,,rings ,by ,,george ,,frederick ,,kunz1 ,ph4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,a4,m4 ,,the ,,curious ,,lore ,,of ,,precious ,,stones ,being a description of their sentiments and folklore1 superstitions1 symbolism1 mysticism1 use in protection1 prevention1 religion and divination1 crystal gazing1 birth-stones1 lucky stones and talismans1 astral1 zodiacal1 and planetary4 ,,the ,,magic ,,of ,,jewels ,,and ,,charms ,magic jewels and electric gems2 meteorites or celestial stones2 stones of healing3 fabulous stones3 concretions and fossils2 snake stones and bezoars2 charms of ancient and modern times2 facts and fancies about precious stones4 ,,each3 ,profusely illustrated in color1 doubletone and line4 ,octavo4 ,handsome cloth binding1 gilt top1 in a box4 #f4jj net4 ,carriage charges extra4 ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones ,treating of the known references to precious stones in ,shakespeare's works1 with comments as to the origin of his material1 the knowledge of the poet concerning precious stones1 and references as to where the precious stones of his time came from4 ,four illustrations4 ,square ,octavo4 ,decorated cloth4 #a4be net4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,maharani ,,of ,,sikkim 7,,northeastern ,,hindustan7 ,she wears two gold rings1 one set with a turquoise1 the other with coral4 ,the peculiar crown of gold1 turquoise and coral is that adopted for the queens of ,sikkim4 ,from the necklace of amber beads hangs a gau1 or charm box1 set with rubies1 lapis-lazuli1 and turquoise4 ,oil painting by ,damodar ,dutt1 a ,bengali artist ,dr4 ,berthold ,laufer's 8,notes on ,turquoise in the ,east10 ,chicago1 #aiac ,illustration3 ,,rings ,,for ,,the ,,finger ,,from ,,the ,,earliest ,,known ,,times ,,to ,,the ,,present1 ,,with ,,full ,,descriptions ,,of ,,the ,,origin1 ,,early ,,making1 ,,materials1 ,,the ,,arch,,ology1 ,,history1 ,,for ,,affection1 ,,for ,,love1 ,,for ,,engagement1 ,,for ,,wedding1 ,,commemorative1 ,,mourning1 ,,etc4 ,,by ,,george ,,frederick ,,kunz1 ,ph4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,a4,m4 ,,with #bij ,,illustrations ,,in ,,color1 ,,doubletone ,,and ,,line ,illustration ,,philadelphia ,,london ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company #aiag ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,published ,,january1 #aiag ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,at ,,the ,,washington ,,square ,,press ,,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cooper ,,union ,,for ,,the ,,advancement ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,art ,,edition ,,of ,,rings 7,see ,dedication7 ,limited to fifteen copies #a,miss ,sarah ,cooper ,hewitt1 ,honorary ,associate of the ,trustees #a,mrs4 ,james ,o4 ,green1 ,honorary ,associate of the ,trustees #a,miss ,eleanor ,g4 ,hewitt1 ,honorary ,associate of the ,trustees #a,peter ,cooper ,hewitt1 ,vice-,president of the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,advisory ,board1 ,trustee #a;,edward ,r4 ,hewitt1 ,treasurer #b,peter ,cooper ,bryce1 ,secretary #a;,erskine ,hewitt1 ,r4 ,fulton ,cutting1 ,president ,andrew ,carnegie1 ,trustee ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan1 ,trustee ,charles ,w4 ,gould1 ,trustee ,l4 ,c4 ,levin ,jordan1 ,assistant ,secretary ,charles ,r4 ,richards1 ,director ,one ,copy for the ,reading ,room of the ,cooper ,union for the ,advancement of ,science and ,art ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 ,former ,student and ,assistant in ,chemistry ,this copy was printed for ,,miss ,,sarah ,,cooper ,,hewitt ,with the compliments of the ,author ,to ,,peter ,,cooper ,,and ,,to ,,his ,,descendants ,,who ,,have ,,so ,,generously ,,and ,,devotedly ,,carried ,,out ,,his ,,traditions1 ,,and ,,developed ,,them ,,as ,,occasion ,,demanded1 ,,and ,,to ,,the ,,cooper ,,union ,,of ,,arts ,,and ,,sciences ,,in ,,the ,,laboratories1 ,,lecture ,,rooms ,,and ,,library ,,of ,,which ,,the ,,author ,,spent ,,useful1 ,,profitable ,,evening ,,hours ,,for ,,several ,,years1 ,,at ,a ,,time ,,when ,,there ,,were ,,no ,,other ,,opportunities ,,of ,a ,,similar ,,nature ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york--,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,foreword ,the present volume aims to offer in attractive and convenient form everything that is of importance and interest in regard to finger-rings1 from the fabled ring of ,prometheus down to the latest productions of the goldsmiths and jewellers of our day4 ,the subject offers a striking illustration of the wonderful diversity of form1 decoration and usage1 that the skill and fancy of man have been able to realize in the case of the little circlet constituting a ring4 ,to make this clearer to the reader1 a division in accordance with the general history and the special uses of rings has seemed more effective than any attempt to separate all the material along geographical or chronological lines4 ,one of the earliest uses to which rings were put was for the impression of an engraved design or device upon letters or documents1 as the sign-manual of the wearer4 ,from the time of the ancient ,egyptians1 this use prevailed in various parts of the world and many of the most striking rings of this type are described and figured here4 ,allied to these1 and in some cases identical with them1 are the rings given as marks of official dignity and rank4 ,a most important class are the rings bestowed upon and worn by the higher ecclesiastics4 ,papal rings1 among which the most noted is the 8,fisherman's ,ring10 rings for cardinals and for bishops1 and also occasionally in former times1 for abbots1 were and are still regarded with special reverence in the ,roman and ,greek churches4 ,the usage of wearing rings of this type dates far back in the history of ,christianity4 ,many examples of these rings are given1 as also of others bearing ,christian emblems1 and of those worn by nuns1 and by widows who had vowed never to re-wed4 ,closely connected with these religious rings1 are the betrothal and wedding rings4 ,here it has seemed best to group together the available data1 since the line of demarcation between engagement and wedding rings1 though clearly enough marked to-day1 is not easy to draw in regard to earlier times4 ,a very full selection of mottoes has been added1 some of which might still be used2 the greater number1 however1 belong to a past age1 upon the sentiments of which they cast interesting side lights4 ,rings as charms and talismans form a class apart4 ,often the peculiar form of the circlet was conceived to have a symbolic virtue1 but more frequently the talismanic quality depended upon some curious engraved device1 upon the stones set in the rings1 or upon a mystic or religious inscription4 ,rings of healing were talismans valued for their special power to cure disease2 the 8cramp rings10 dated in legend back to the time of ,edward the ,confessor1 were notable in this series4 ,the rings of famous men and women will always be prized as mementos1 and in the various chapters of this book a large number of them will be found1 both rings of the mighty dead and those of distinguished living persons2 among these latter we are happy to be able to produce an illustration of the inscription of ,president ,wilson's ring from an impression of his seal courteously made by his own hand4 ,it shows his name engraved in ,pitmanic shorthand4 ,our ,american ,indians have also made their contribution to the art of ring-making1 occasionally in the earlier centuries1 and more especially in more recent times4 ,notably the ,navajos of ,new ,mexico have exhibited a considerable degree of skill in this direction4 ,much new information on this subject will be found in the present work4 ,how rings are made by our jewellers of to-day1 more especially by the accurate and varied mechanical methods now employed for their production1 is concisely treated in a supplementary chapter4 ,while machine-made rings can scarcely be expected to equal those executed by the hand of the true artist-goldsmith1 those now produced are nevertheless objects of beauty and adornment4 ,a ring is a symbol to which great interest is attached from the cradle to the grave4 ,frequently1 a natal stone1 or a ring set with a natal stone1 is given to a child at its birth4 ,when the child is baptized it receives the talismanic gem of the guardian angel4 ,at confirmation the gem of the week is given4 ,at graduation from school or college1 a class ring is bestowed4 ,finally1 on the announcement of an engagement1 a ring set with any one of the choicer precious stones is selected for the fiance4 ,thus each important epoch in early life has its appropriate memento1 which will recall the memory of it in after years4 ,as very full indications as to the literature have been given in the footnotes1 it has not seemed necessary to append the numerous titles in the form of a bibliography4 ,the author's thanks are due to the following persons1 who have courteously imparted much valuable information3 ,hon4 ,peter ,t4 ,barlow2 ,miss ,ada ,m4 ,barr2 ,w4 ,gedney ,beatty2 ,theodoor de ,boog1 ,museum of the ,american ,indian2 ,dr4 ,stewart ,culin1 ,brooklyn ,institute2 ,robert ,w4 ,de ,forrest2 ,mrs4 ,alexander ,w4 ,drake2 ,dr4 ,gustavus ,a4 ,eisen2 ,prof4 ,richard ,gottheil1 ,columbia ,university2 ,dr4 ,l4 ,p4 ,gratacap1 ,curator1 ,dept4 of ,mineralogy1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 ,right ,rev4 ,david ,h4 ,greer1 ,bishop of ,new ,york2 ,mrs4 ,isabel ,hapgood2 ,prof4 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson1 ,columbia ,university2 ,william ,h4 ,jones2 ,minor ,c4 ,keith2 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 ,director1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 ,b4 ,mazza2 ,edward ,t4 ,newell1 ,president1 ,american ,numismatic ,society2 ,prof4 ,john ,dyneley ,prince1 ,columbia ,university2 ,mrs4 ,annie ,r4 ,schley2 ,dr4 ,george ,c4 ,stone2 ,j4 ,alden ,weir1 ,president1 ,national ,academy of ,design2 ,dr4 ,clark ,wissler1 ,curator1 ,dept4 of ,anthropology1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 ,theodore ,m4 ,woodland2 ,walter ,c4 ,wyman1 and also the late ,william ,m4 ,chase2 ,dr4 ,charles ,s4 ,braddock1 ,jr42 ,prof4 ,friedrich ,hirth1 ,columbia ,university2 ,sidney ,p4 ,noe1 ,librarian1 and ,howland ,wood1 ,curator1 ,american ,numismatic ,society2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,peters and ,rev4 ,father ,william ,j4 ,stewart1 all of ,new ,york ,city4 ,prof4 ,cyrus ,adler1 ,dropsie ,college1 ,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,hector ,alliot1 ,south ,western ,museum1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,barrow1 ,director1 ,golden ,gate ,museum1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,prof4 ,hiram ,bingham1 ,yale ,university2 ,frank ,s4 ,daggett1 ,director1 ,museum of ,history1 ,science and ,art1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,dr4 ,joseph ,k4 ,dixon1 ,secretary1 ,national ,american ,indian ,memorial ,asso41 ,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,arthur ,fairbanks1 ,director1 ,museum of ,fine ,arts1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,franciscan ,fathers1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mission1 ,arizona2 ,prof4 ,l4 ,c4 ,glenn1 ,vanderbilt ,university1 ,nashville1 ,tennessee2 ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge1 ,ethnologist-in-charge1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 ,head ,curator1 ,dept4 of ,anthropology1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,dr4 ,walter ,hough1 ,acting ,head ,curator1 ,dept4 of ,anthropology1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,prof4 ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr41 ,university of ,pennsylvania2 ,dr4 ,berthold ,laufer1 ,curator of ,anthropology1 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago2 ,waldo ,lincoln1 ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,worcester1 ,mass42 ,prof4 ,george ,grant ,mc,curdy1 ,curator of ,anthropology1 ,peabody ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,yale ,university2 ,dr4 ,william ,c4 ,mills1 ,curator and ,librarian1 ,chicago ,archological and ,historical ,soc42 ,edward ,s4 ,morse1 ,director1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,mass42 ,dr4 ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead1 ,curator1 ,dept4 ,american ,archology1 ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,mass42 ,ostby ,barton ,co41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i42 ,admiral ,robert ,e4 ,peary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,dr4 ,r4 ,rathbun1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,william ,riker1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j42 ,oliver ,a4 ,roberts1 ,librarian1 ,masonic ,temple1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,prof4 ,austin ,t4 ,rogers1 ,leland ,stanford ,jr4 ,university1 ,stanford ,university1 ,cal42 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff1 ,director1 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago2 ,prof4 ,friedrich ,starr1 ,university of ,chicago2 ,rev4 ,john ,baer ,stoudt1 ,northampton1 ,pa42 ,ex-,president ,william ,h4 ,taft1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 ,j4 ,p4 ,tumulty1 ,secretary to ,president ,wilson1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 the late ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward1 ,assyriologist1 ,south ,berwick1 ,mass4 ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 ,mexico ,city2 ,a4 ,w4 ,feavearyear1 ,london1 ,england2 ,r4 ,friedlnder ,sohn1 ,berlin2 ,prabha ,karavongu1 ,siamese ,legation1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,mrs4 ,isabel ,moore1 ,azores2 ,m4 ,georges ,pelissier1 ,paris1 ,france2 ,dr4 ,william ,flinders ,petrie1 ,egyptologist1 ,hampstead1 ,england2 ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read1 ,curator1 ,dept4 ,british and ,medival ,antiquities and ,ethnography1 ,british ,museum2 ,dr4 ,leonard ,spencer1 ,curator1 ,mineralogical ,dept41 ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history72 ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 ,thompson1 ,curator1 ,wellcome ,historical ,medical ,museum1 ,london1 ,england2 ,sir ,herbert ,tree1 ,london1 ,england2 ,dr4 ,t4 ,wada1 ,tokio1 ,japan2 ,herr ,leopold ,weininger1 ,vienna1 and also ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor1 ,vienna1 and ,u4 ,s4 ,consul ,w4 ,bardel1 ,st4 ,michael1 ,azores4 ,the illustrations of rings in the ,british ,museum are mostly from one or the other of the two exceedingly comprehensive catalogues of rings published by this museum3 8,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman10 by ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 and 8,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival1 and ,later10 by ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton4 ,in each volume the section devoted to a special description of each ring is preceded by a most scholarly and enlightening introductory essay4 ,g4 ,f4 ,k4 ,illustration#c ,new ,york ,city1 ,november1 #aiaf ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,origin1 ,,purposes ,,and ,,methods ,,of ,,ring ,,wearing #a #a4 ,the ,origin of the ,ring #b4 ,purposes of ,ring ,wearing #c4 ,methods of ,wearing ,,ii4 ,,forms ,,of ,,rings ,,and ,,materials ,,of ,,which ,,they ,,are ,,made #fg ,the ,materials of ,rings ,,iii4 ,,signet ,,rings #aae ,,iv4 ,,some ,,interesting ,,rings ,,of ,,history #afb #a4 ,on the ,continent #b4 ,english ,rings ,v4 ,,betrothal 7,,engagement7 ,,rings1 ,,wedding 7,,nuptial7 ,,rings1 ,,and ,,love ,,tokens #aic ,,vi4 ,,the ,,religious ,,use ,,of ,,rings #bdi ,,vii4 ,,magic ,,and ,,talismanic ,,rings #bhh ,,viii4 ,,rings ,,of ,,healing #ccf ,,ix4 ,,ring ,,making #cee ,,illustrations ,,color ,,plates ,,page ,the ,maharani of ,sikkim ,frontispiece ,richly ,enameled ,rings in the ,collection of ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor #ij ,shakespeare's ,signet ,ring2 ,lord ,byron's ,ring #aeb ,,doubletones ,evolution of the ,ring #b ,serpent ,ring2 ,greek and ,roman ,rings2 ,mycenan ,rings #c ,ancient ,rings of ,american ,indians #bj ,navajo ,silversmith at ,work #ba ,navajo ,indian ,girl ,wearing ,native ,rings #bd ,navajo ,silver ,rings #be ,navajo ,silversmiths ,working #bh ,pueblo ,indian ,family1 ,showing ,ring-wearing #bi ,autograph ,letter of ,admiral ,robert ,e4 ,peary #cj ,roman ,rings2 ,charioteer's ,ring #cb ,isis and ,serapis ,ring2 ,decade ,ring2 ,supposed ,head of ,plotina on ,ring2 ,key ,rings #cc ,memorial ,rings and ,poison ,ring #dd ,cameo of ,louis ,,xii2 ,nelson ,ring2 ,napoleon ,elba ,ring #de ,hands on ,egyptian ,mummy ,case2 ,hands from ,portrait2 ,hand ,showing ,hindu ,jewels #ej ,hands from ,sepulchral ,effigy2 ,illustrating ,ring-wearing #ea ,upper ,part of ,mummy ,case of ,artemidora1 ,showing ,rings on ,hand #eb ,sketch by ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read of ,finger of ,bronze ,statue with ,seal ,ring #ec ,portrait of a ,lady by ,anton ,van ,dyke #fj ,portrait of ,princess ,hatzfeld by ,antonio ,pesaro #fa ,anglo-,saxon ,rings #fd ,thumb ,ring2 ,frankish and ,lombardic ,rings #fe ,the 8,lorscher ,ring02 ,ring with ,mouse2 ,venetian ,ring2 ,jeweller's ,ring-rod #gb ,spur ,ring2 ,modern ,egyptian ,rings2 ,pipe-stopper ,ring #gc ,oriental ,rings #gh ,rich ,east ,indian ,ring2 ,rings ,made by ,siamese ,priest #gi ,indian ,toe ,rings #hj ,portrait of ,rich ,cinghalese ,merchant with ,many ,rings #ha ,ring of ,president ,franklin ,pierce2 ,old ,rings ,combined as ,pendant #hd ,rings in ,drake ,collection #he ,rings from ,collection of ,w4 ,gedney ,beatty1 ,esq4 #ib ,types of ,watch ,rings #ic ,portrait of a ,man1 ,fifteenth ,century1 by ,antonio del ,pollaiolo1 ,showing ,pointed ,diamond in ,ring #ih ,portrait of a ,venetian ,senator with ,thumb ,ring #ii ,portrait of a ,man by ,lucas ,cranach #aah ,portrait of ,katharina ,aeder1 by ,hans ,bock the ,elder #aai ,portrait of ,cardinal of ,brandenburg1 by the 8,master of the ,death of ,mary0 #abd ,portrait of a ,mother and ,her ,daughter1 by ,bartholomew ,bruyn #abe ,ancient ,roman ,seal ,rings2 ,key ,ring #acb ,roman ,rings of ,bronze and of ,bone2 ,roman ,gold ,ring with ,settings2 ,gold ,ring from ,wiston1 ,sussex2 ,roman ,silver ,ring #acc ,bronze ,signet ,rings2 ,ivory ,signet ,ring #acf ,gold ,signet1 ,sixteenth ,century2 ,massive ,gold ,signet1 ,english1 ,fifteenth ,century #acg ,man's ,portrait1 by ,conrad ,faber2 ,portrait of ,benedikt von ,hertenstein1 by ,hans ,holbein #adh ,man and ,woman at ,casement4 ,florentine1 ,fifteenth ,century #adi ,rings ,from ,collection of ,imperial ,kunstgewerbe ,museum1 ,vienna #aef ,signet ,ring of ,charles ,i #aeg ,ring with ,portrait1 ,given to ,lafayette by ,washington2 ,impression of ,president ,wilson's ,signet ,ring2 ,seal of ,right ,reverend ,david ,h4 ,greer1 ,bishop of ,new ,york #afj ,portrait of a ,lady1 ,cologne ,school1 #aebf1 ,wearing ,pointed ,diamond #afh ,man's ,portrait1 by ,hans ,funk1 #aebc1 with ,seal ,ring #afi 8,campaign ,medals0 of ,henri ,,ii and of ,john ,casimir1 ,count ,palatine1 with ,pointed ,diamonds #agj ,portrait of ,diane de ,poitiers #aga ,portrait of ,henry ,,viii1 by ,hans ,holbein #ahb ,portrait of ,jane ,seymour1 by ,holbein #ahc ,portrait of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 ,french ,school #ahd ,portrait of ,queen ,elizabeth1 by ,lucas de ,heere #ahe ,gold ,ring1 ,cameo ,portrait of ,queen ,elizabeth2 ,venetian ,ring with ,pearls2 ,multiple ,silver ,rings #ahf ,puzzle ,rings #ahg ,portrait of a ,lady1 by ,pantoja de la ,cruz #aid ,portrait of ,empress ,mary1 ,daughter of ,charles ,v1 by ,juan ,pantoja de la ,cruz #aie ,inlaid ,antique ,ring2 ,locket ,ring2 ,antique ,syrian ,ring2 ,roman ,ring with ,pointed ,diamond2 ,silver ,ring on ,bone of ,finger1 from ,saxon ,sepulchre #aif ,syrian ,wedding ,rings of ,agate and ,chalcedony #aig ,betrothal of the ,virgin1 by ,juan ,rodriguez ,juarez 7,xuarez7 #bjb ,hands from the ,preceding ,picture #bjc ,jewish ,betrothal ,rings1 ,muse de ,cluny #bab ,jewish ,rings from ,british ,museum #bac ,portrait of ,anne of ,cleves1 by ,hans ,holbein1 ,showing ,thumb ,ring #baf ,portrait of ,judith1 by ,lucas ,cranach1 ,rings ,worn ,under ,gloves #bag ,ring with ,diamond for ,writing on ,glass2 ,gallo-,roman ,wedding ,ring2 ,signet and ,wedding ,ring of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots #bah ,betrothal ,rings2 ,gimmal ,wedding ,ring #bai ,gimmal ,ring2 ,betrothal ,ring2 ,puzzle ,ring #bbj ,wedding ,rings with ,posies #bba ,portrait of ,clara ,eugenia1 ,daughter of ,philip ,,ii of ,spain1 by ,gonzales #bbb ,portrait of ,catarina ,michela1 ,another of ,philip's ,daughters1 by ,coello ,sanchez #bbc ,engagement and ,wedding ,rings #bcj ,wedding ,rings #bca ,marriage ,medals by ,oscar ,roty #bcb ,puzzle ,ring2 ,gold ,betrothal ,ring2 ,ornamental ,love ,ring #bcc ,portrait of ,young ,woman1 ,dutch ,school #bdj ,portrait of a ,man1 by the 8,master of the ,death of ,mary0 #bda ,rings1 ,italian1 ,french1 ,tyrolese1 in the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts #bdf ,jacques ,guay1 ,gem ,engraver of ,louis ,,xv1 at ,work in the ,louvre #bdg ,ring of ,pius ,,ii1 neas ,sylvius #bfb ,the 8,fisherman's ,ring02 ,hand of ,cranach's 8,judith10 with ,gloves ,slit for ,rings #bfc ,portrait of ,clement ,,ix1 by ,carlo ,maratta #bfh ,portrait of ,julius ,,ii1 by ,rafael #bfi ,christian ,ring of ,glass2 ,venetian ,relic ,ring2 ,poison ,ring2 ,ring of ,bishop ,ahlstan #bgj ,memorial ,rings #bga ,bishops' ,rings2 ,papal ,ring2 ,rosary ,rings #bgb ,bishops' ,rings #bgc ,abbess ,praying1 ,french ,school #bhj ,lady's ,portrait1 by ,coninxbo #bha ,rings with ,greek ,mottoes2 ,ring of ,bronze ,gilt #cjj ,oriental ,rings #cja ,the 8,hermit ,stone10 from ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x #cjd ,the 8,offspring ,stone10 from ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x #cje ,chinese ,jeweller's ,shop in ,san ,francisco2 ,modern ,chinese ,rings #cbj ,specimens of ,curious ,ring ,collection in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york2 ,rings from ,philippine ,islands #cba ,zodiacal ,rings #cbh ,magic ,rings #cbi ,masonic ,rings #ccb ,rings of ,orders and ,societies #ccc ,edward the ,confessor's ,ring2 ,healing ,ring #cdb ,curious ,woodcuts ,regarding ,rings1 from the ,ortus 7,hortus7 ,sanitatis of ,johannis de ,cuba #cdc ,astrolabe ,ring2 ,watch-,ring by ,kossek in ,prague #ceb ,eighteenth ,century ,watch ,ring2 ,modern ,watch ,ring #cec ,production of ,rings with ,precious ,stones by ,means of ,machinery #cef ,successive ,stages in the ,formation of a ,machine-made ,ring #ceg ,the 8,allen ,ring ,gauge0 for ,measuring ,rings #ceh 8,ring1 ,finger and ,millimeter ,locking ,gauge02 8,display ,rings0 #cei ,,rings ,i ,,the ,,origin1 ,,purposes ,,and ,,methods ,,of ,,ring ,,wearing ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,ring ,the origin of the ring is somewhat obscure1 although there is good reason to believe that it is a modification of the cylindrical seal which was first worn attached to the neck or to the arm and was eventually reduced in size so that it could be worn on the finger4 ,signet rings were used in ,egypt from a very remote period1 and we read in ,gen4 xl1 #db1 that the ,pharaoh of ,joseph's time bestowed a ring upon the patriarch as a mark of authority4 ,from ,egypt the custom of wearing rings was transmitted to the ,greek world1 and also to the ,etruscans1 from whom the usage was derived by the ,romans4 ,the ,greek rings were made of various materials1 such as gold1 silver1 iron1 ivory1 and amber4 ,in his ,natural ,history1 ,pliny relates the ,greek fable of the origin of the ring4 ,for his impious daring in stealing fire from heaven for mortal man1 ,prometheus had been doomed by ,jupiter to be chained for #cj1jjj years to a rock in the ,caucasus1 while a vulture fed upon his liver4 ,before long1 however1 ,jupiter relented and liberated ,prometheus2 nevertheless1 in order to avoid a violation of the original judgment1 it was ordained that the ,titan should wear a link of his chain on one of his fingers as a ring1 and in this ring was set a fragment of the rock to which he had been chained1 so that he might be still regarded as bound to the ,caucasian rock4 ,another origin ascribed to the ring is the knot4 ,a knotted cord or a piece of wire twisted into a knot was a favorite charm in primitive times4 ,frequently this was used to cast a spell over a person1 so as to deprive him of the use of one of his limbs or one of his faculties2 at other times1 the power of the charm was directed against the evil spirit which was supposed to cause disease or lameness1 and in this case the charm had curative power4 ,it has been conjectured that the magic virtues attributed to rings originated in this way1 the ring being regarded as a simplified form of a knot2 indeed1 not infrequently rings were and are made in the form of knots4#d ,this symbol undoubtedly signified the binding or attaching of the spell to its object1 and the same idea is present in the true-lovers' knot4 ,illustration3 ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,finger ,,ring #a1 ,egyptian seal ring4 #b1 ,greek snake ring1 found at ,kertch in the ,crimea4 #c1 antique ,roman ring 7,berlin ,antiquarium74 #d1 ,romano-,etruscan ring4 #e1 ,roman key ring4 #f1 ,gothic ring with stone set on raised bezel4 #g1 ,gothic ring with cabochon-cut stone4 #h1 ,renaissance ring with enamel decoration4 #i1 ,hebrew wedding ring4 #aj1 ,renaissance ring4 #aa1 ,renaissance ring4 #ab1 coat of arms of the ,medici1 three interlinked stones1 each set with a natural pointed diamond crystal4 ,illustration3 ,large serpentine ring with many coils4 ,grco-,roman1 ,fourth ,century ,b4,c4 to ,second ,century ,a4,d4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,grco-,roman silver ring1 set with an oval engraved sardonyx4 ,second ,century ,a4,d4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,greek gold ring with eye-shaped bezel4 ,from ,tarsus2 ,third ,century ,a4,d4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,hellenistic bronze ring4 ,bezel set with a convex pale green paste4 ,remains of gilding on ring ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,greek silver ring4 ,engraved design beneath a sunk border2 draped figure of a girl holding out a dove ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,roman ring of opaque dark glass4 ,fourth ,century ,a4,d4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,mycenan gold rings4 #a1 from ,ialysos1 ,rhodes2 given to the ,british ,museum in #ahgj by ,john ,ruskin2 #b1 from excavation at ,enkomi1 #ahif ,british ,museum ,many rings of the ,bronze ,age were found in the course of excavations conducted in #aija by ,m4 ,henri de ,morgan in the valley of ,agha ,evlar1 stretching back from ,kerghan on the ,caspian ,sea1 in the region known as the 8,persian ,talyche40 ,here several sepulchral dolmens were discovered which yielded a considerable number of ornamental objects of metal and stone1 as well as beads of vitreous paste4 ,there was no trace of inscriptions to aid in dating these 8,scythian0 finds1 but they are considered to belong to the second millennium before ,christ4 ,the bronze rings are of several different types1 some of them showing from three to five spirals2 in other cases the ends are overlapping1 or else brought together as closely as possible4#e ,although it would scarcely be safe to assume that finger-rings were never worn by the ancient ,assyrians1 still the almost total absence of representations of them1 even on female figures1 renders it safe to say that this must have been only very rarely the case4 ,possibly the persistence in ,assyria and ,babylonia of the cylindrical form of seal may account for this1 in part at least1 for the signet ring in many places was evolved from the cylinder-seal4 ,moreover1 the absence of small intaglios in the period earlier than #ejj ,b4,c4 would have deprived a ring of its almost essential setting4 ,the plates in ,layard's great work on ,assyrian remains1 as well as those published by ,flandrin and ,coste1 also offer strong negative evidence1 although ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward states that he would have expected finger-rings might have come from ,egypt by the way of ,syria4 ,at a later period1 under ,greek influence1 rings were not uncommon4#f ,in the immense cemeteries at ,warka and elsewhere numerous iron rings have been found1 many of them toe-rings1 as well as some made of shell1 but the date of these burials is not easily determined1 and they are probably1 in most instances1 not of much earlier date than the eighth or even the sixth century before ,christ4 ,a proof that genuine antiques can still be picked up in our day in the ,east is given by ,doctor ,ward1 who said that he bought in ,bagdad a lovely gold ring set with a cameo on which was inscribed in ,greek characters 8,protarchus made it40 ,when1 on visiting ,london1 he told this to ,doctor ,murray1 of the ,british ,museum1 the latter gave full expression to his scepticism1 saying1 8,there are plenty of those signed things40 ,but when the gem itself was shown him1 he exclaimed1 8,this is jolly genuine10 and he had it photographed for his book4#g ,a very interesting find was made in #ahic1 during the excavations conducted under the auspices of the ,university of ,pennsylvania at ,nippur4 ,in the northwestern part of the mound1 as many as #gcj inscribed tablets were unearthed1 which had been carefully stored in a chamber measuring eighteen by nine feet4 ,these tablets1 when deciphered1 proved that the chamber was the record room of the sons of a certain ,murashu1 ,blhtin and ,bl-nadin-shumu1 whose activity seems to have been analogous to that of our counsellors-at-law4 ,many of the tablets bear records concerning the members of the family personally1 but in other cases their services appear to have been claimed in various legal difficulties4 ,one of the most curious of these ancient documents is a contract dated the eighth of the month of ,elul1 in the year #dbi ,b4,c4 7thirty-fifth year of ,artaxerxes ,i of ,persia71 in which ,bl-ah-iddina1 ,blshumu1 and ,htin give the following guarantee to ,bl-nadin-shumu1 son of ,murashu3 ,as concerns the gold ring set with an emerald1 we guarantee that in twenty years the emerald will not fall out of the gold ring4 ,if the emerald should fall out of the gold ring before the end of twenty years1 ,bl-ah-iddina1 ,blshumu1 and ,htin shall pay unto ,bl-nadin-shumu an indemnity of ten mana of silver4 ,the record bears the names of seven witnesses and that of the scribe1 and is signed with the thumb-nail marks of those who guaranteed the jewel1 8instead of their seals40#h ,it seems that we have here the names of the members of a firm of jewellers doing business in ,nippur1 in the fifth century before ,christ1 and evidently they were quite confident that the work they sold was well and solidly done1 for the indemnity represented a sum equivalent to about #djj in our money4 ,this must have been the estimated value of the emerald4 ,as the stone was probably not very large1 this particular gem must have been highly valued at that time1 a fact due1 in all likelihood1 to the special talismanic virtues attributed to it4 ,several gold rings of ,egyptian workmanship1 excavated in tombs at ,enkomi1 ,cyprus1 date back to the time of the ,middle ,empire in ,egypt4 ,one in pale gold1 now in the ,british ,museum1 has a flat oval bezel1 inscribed 8,mat1 the golden one of the two lands40 ,this belongs to the period from the ,,xix to the ,,xxi ,dynasty 7or approximately from #acej to #ajjj ,b4,c474 ,a ring found on the surface of the ground is of electrum and very massive1 and is engraved with a draped figure seated on a throne1 to whom approaches another figure clothed with a lion's skin and wearing on the head a disk and horns2 a lion walking is in the exergue1 and the sun's disk is above the two figures4 ,this is believed to belong to the late ,,xviii ,dynasty1 toward #adjj ,b4,c4 ,a thin1 rounded hoop of pale gold1 the ends of which are twisted round each other1 and a rounded hoop of yellow gold engraved with four uri1 are two other examples in the ,british ,museum of the rings from ,enkomi4 ,a massive silver ring from the same place has a large oval bezel with the following names and titles inscribed in ,egyptian hieroglyphics3 ,r-,heru-,khuti1 ,r-,kheperu ,nefer1 ,meri-,r1 ,ptah-neb-nut-mat4#i ,the ,cypriot gold ornaments which these rings help to date are considered to be essentially contemporary with those from the tombs in the lower town of ,mycen1 the period being approximately #acjj-aajj ,b4,c41 possibly some years earlier or later4 ,a beautifully worked1 perforated gold ring1 set with a scarab of carnelian1 was found in ,cyprus and is now in the ,konstantinidis ,collection at ,nicosia4 ,the workmanship as well as the style of the setting indicates that it was produced in the sixth century ,b4,c4 ,engraved on the carnelian is a fabulous monster1 somewhat resembling a chimra1 half lion1 half boar4#aj ,another ring of the same period from ,marion-,arsino1 ,cyprus1 has a silver hoop1 and is set with a flat scaraboid1 engraved with a female figure kneeling4 ,one of the largest ,mycenan rings shows a goddess seated near a tree1 and worshippers approaching to do her homage4 ,others offer various devices3 an altar with worshippers2 a griffin and a seated divinity2 a pair of sphinxes2 griffins1 bulls' heads1 etc41 in heraldic ordering4#aa ,here we have early ,greek art transforming and adapting ,oriental forms of metal engraving1 to be succeeded1 more than five centuries later1 by the great gem-engravings of the palmy days of the art of ,ionia and ,greece4 ,among the ,cyprian rings of the ,mycenan period1 about #ajjj ,b4,c41 in the ,british ,museum1 is a double gold ring which had been evidently inlaid with some vitreous substance1 all but faint traces of which have now disappeared4 ,this was found in a site near ,famagusta1 ,cyprus1 that has been satisfactorily identified with the spot where the ,greeks under ,teucer are said to have established a settlement on their return from the siege of ,troy4 ,other gold rings discovered here at the same time1 in #ahif1 have plain hoops1 with a small cylindrical ornament strung on the hoop1 to serve in place of a bezel with setting4 ,still another of these rings has1 on one side1 an extension squared off at the corners1 making a long and narrow flat surface on the outside of the hoop2 along its edge runs a beaded ornamentation4#ab ,the oldest ,greek ring bearing an inscription is one believed to belong to the late ,mycenan period4 ,the gold hoop has engraved upon it the ,cypriot syllables ,le-na-ko1 possibly meaning the name ,lenagoras4 ,it was found with other ornaments in a grave near ,lanarka1 ,cyprus4#ac ,the similarity of the name ,lanarka with the phonetic value of the inscribed signs might perhaps suggest that a place name rather than a person's name is signified4 ,that in ancient times several cities had their special signets is proved by a ,greek inscription as to the cities of ,smyrna1 ,magnesia1 and ,sipylum4#ad ,pliny already remarked the fact that nowhere in the ,homeric poems is any mention made of rings or of seals4 ,this is the more singular that we have so much positive evidence in ,cretan and ,mycenan remains that rings were known to a part of the ,greek world for a long time prior to the composition of the ,iliad and ,odyssey4 ,probably due allowance must be made for the individual preference of the poet1 or school of poets1 to whom we owe these masterpieces of ancient literature4 ,in our own day1 the present writer in his researches has often been disappointed to find nothing concerning precious stones or jewels in a given work treating of a subject that would invite their mention1 the obvious reason being that the author cared little or nothing for such things1 and hence passed over1 unnoticed1 all data regarding them4 ,nevertheless1 the metal-worker's art evidently appealed strongly to the author 7or authors7 of the ,homeric epics1 as is shown in many places1 notably in the long description of the representations on the elaborately wrought shield made by ,vulcan for ,achilles 7,il41 xviii1 #dgh-fjh74 ,certainly the traditions of ,homeric times1 recorded by later ,greek writers1 tell of several rings worn by ,homeric personages4 ,a ring of ,ulysses1 engraved with a dolphin by order of the wily hero1 in memory of the rescue of his son ,telemachus by one of the creatures of the deep1 is mentioned by ,plutarch 78,de solertia anim4074 ,moreover1 ,helen of ,troy is stated to have worn on one of her fingers a ring bearing the figure of an 8enormous fish10 and1 finally1 the great ,greek painter ,polygnotus1 a contemporary of ,pericles 7#die-dbi ,b4,c471 in a painting showing the descent of ,ulysses into ,hades1 represented the youthful ,phocus as wearing a ring1 set with an engraved gem1 on one of the fingers of his left hand4#ae ,this painting was highly reputed in ancient times1 and had been dedicated to ,apollo in the shrine at ,delphi by the ,cnidians4 ,the significance of the ring in the fourth century before ,christ1 as an ensign of office in ,athens1 is brought out by a passage in the 8,knights0 of the comic poet ,aristophanes1 where the people1 as an expression of their discontent with the administration of ,kleon1 demand that he surrender the ring with which he has been invested1 as a proof that he is no longer entrusted with the office of treasurer4#af ,a clever use of a ring is reported to have been made by ,ismenias of ,thebes1 when he was sent by the ,botians as an envoy to the ,persian ,king4 ,before he was brought into the royal presence he was instructed by the master of ceremonies that he must prostrate himself before the sovereign4 ,this act was strongly repugnant to his ,greek consciousness1 both as a debasement of his individual dignity1 and as an act of divine homage offered to a mortal4 ,to escape from the dilemma1 the envoy1 as he approached the throne1 took off his ring and succeeded in dropping it without attracting too much attention2 whereupon he stooped and picked it up4 ,the ,greek onlookers understood the meaning of his action1 while the ,persians believed that he had satisfactorily conformed to the court ceremonial4 ,his little ruse was rewarded by a favorable reception of his requests by the ,persian ,king1 who had long been offended by the obstinate refusal of the ,greeks to render him the homage he regarded as his due4#ag ,the iron ring of the ,romans1 accounted for in popular fancy by the tale of the rock and link ring of ,prometheus1 probably came to the ,romans from the ,etruscans1 who appear to have owed the fashion to the ,greeks1 and ,pliny notes in his 8,naturalis ,historia10 written about #ge ,a4,d41 that even then the ,lacedmonians1 with true ,spartan sobriety1 still wore iron rings4#ah ,roman tradition carried back the introduction of such rings to the age of ,numa ,pompilius1 about #gjj ,b4,c41 and there is evidence that1 at a later time at least1 they were regarded as symbols of victory when worn on the hand of a successful general1 a late instance being the wearing of an iron ring by ,marius at his triumph for the victory over ,jugurtha in #ajg ,b4,c4#ai ,the progressive changes in the ,roman regulations and customs governing the wearing of rings and the material of which they should be made have been stated in a concise and convenient form by ,m4 ,deloche1 and his conclusions are of considerable value1 based as they are upon a very careful study of the classic sources and their best interpreters in the past4#bj ,the iron ring1 the only one originally1 was at first regarded as a mark of individual honor1 awarded by the sovereign or in his name4 ,from the earliest times of the ,roman ,republic1 a senator sent on an embassy received a gold ring1 all other senators being restricted to iron ones4 ,soon1 however1 senators of noble birth1 and1 later on1 all senators without distinction1 enjoyed the right of wearing gold rings4 ,in the third century ,b4,c4 this privilege was then extended to the knights1 and in the last years of the ,republic1 as well as under the emperors1 many other classes of citizens were made partakers of the privilege1 so that before long even some freedmen and certain of those pursuing the least reputable vocations were permitted the enjoyment of a distinction once so jealously guarded4 ,toward the latter part of the third century ,a4,d4 all ,roman soldiers could lawfully wear gold rings1 although in the late ,republican and earlier ,imperial periods this right was accorded only to the military tribunes4 ,thus1 finally1 all class distinctions in this respect were done away with4 ,every freeborn man could wear a gold ring1 freedmen1 with a few exceptions1 were confined to silver rings1 and the iron ring became the badge of slavery4 ,after the battle of ,cann 7,august #b1 #baf ,b4,c471 in which the ,romans were totally defeated by ,hannibal1 the ,carthaginian leader ordered that the gold rings should be taken from the hands of the dead ,romans and heaped up in the vestibule of his quarters4 ,enough were collected to fill a bushel basket 7some authorities say three bushel baskets71 and they were sent to ,carthage1 not as valuable spoils of war1 but as proof of the great slaughter among the ,roman patricians and knights1 for at this time none beneath the rank of knights1 and only those of highest standing among them1 those provided with steeds by the ,state 7equo publico71 had been given the right to wear gold rings4#ba ,on days of national mourning the gold rings were laid aside as a mark of sorrow and respect1 and iron rings were substituted4 ,this was the case after the defeat at ,cann in #baf ,b4,c4 and on the funeral day of ,augustus ,csar in #ae ,a4,d4 ,this usage is noted in one of the poet ,juvenal's satires4#bb ,occasionally1 as a mark of disapprobation1 senators would remove their gold rings at a public sitting1 as1 for instance1 when1 in #cje ,b4,c41 the appointment as edile of ,cneius ,flavius1 son of the freedman ,annius1 was announced in the ,senate4 ,in ,rome supplicants took off their rings as a mark of humility1 or a sign of sadness4 ,when the censors ,c4 ,claudius ,pulcher and ,titus ,sempronius ,gracchus were cited by the tribune ,rutilius as guilty of a crime against the ,state1 ,claudius was condemned by eight of the twelve centuries of ,knights4 ,at this1 many of the principal personages of the ,senate1 taking off their gold rings in the presence of the assembled citizens1 put on mourning garments1 and raised supplications in favor of the accused persons4#bc ,another instance of this usage with suppliants is shown in a recital of ,valerius ,maximus1 wherein he relates that when1 about #ee ,b4,c41 ,aulus ,gabinius was violently accused by the tribune ,memmius1 and there seemed to be little hope that he would escape punishment1 his son ,sisenna cast himself as a suppliant at the feet of ,memmius1 tearing off his ring at the same time4 ,this mark of humiliation finally induced ,memmius and his fellow-tribune ,llius to withdraw the accusation1 and set ,gabinius at liberty4#bd ,the wearing of a gold ring1 because it was a sign of patrician and later of free birth1 had such a high value in the eyes of the ,romans that some freedmen used the subterfuge of wearing a gold ring with a dark coating1 so that it would appear to be of iron4 ,thus1 although they neither had the gratification nor incurred the perils of wearing a symbol confined to the freeborn1 they had the intimate personal satisfaction of knowing that it was really on the hand4#be ,from the rather scant evidence that has come down to us1 it appears that ,roman women were not subjected to as strict regulations in the wearing of rings of precious metal as were the men4 ,the wives of simple plebeians who were in good circumstances seem as generally and freely to have worn them as the wives and daughters of senators or knights1 or other patrician women4 ,pliny writes of the women wearing gold on every finger4#bf ,in ,rome1 as early as the first century1 at a time when the right of wearing gold rings was1 as has been shown1 very strictly limited1 it occasionally happened that a famous actor was accorded this privilege by the special favor of some influential admirer of his art4 ,sulla granted this right to ,roscius1 and some years later1 in #dc ,b4,c41 the ,roman qustor in ,spain bestowed a gold ring upon ,herennius ,gallus in the ancient city of ,gades1 the modern ,cadiz4 ,this gave him the right to occupy a seat in one of the first fourteen rows at the theatre1 the part reserved for the knights4 ,this special privilege was accorded to the actor by the ,lex ,roscia of #fg ,b4,c41 conferring the ring upon ,roscius4#bg ,although the ,christian women of the early ,christian centuries were taught to avoid all superfluous adornments1 the wearing of a gold ring was permitted to them4 ,this was not1 however1 to be considered as an ornament1 but was simply for use in sealing up the household goods entrusted to a wife's care4 ,nevertheless1 while noting this use1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus 7ca4 #aej-;ca4 #bag ,a4,d47 adds that1 if both servants and masters were properly instructed in their respective duties and obligations1 there would be no need for such precautions4#bh ,the dignity conferred by the right to wear a gold ring is even noticed in the ,epistle of ,james1 where we read 7ii1 #b-d73 ,for if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring1 in goodly apparel1 and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment1 and ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing1 and say unto him1 ,sit thou here in a good place2 and say to the poor1 ,stand thou there1 or sit here under my footstool2 are ye not then partial in yourselves1 and are become judges of evil thoughts8 ,while this apostle here1 as elsewhere in his epistle1 warmly espouses the cause of the poor1 the prominence he gives to the gold ring as a mark of the rich man1 and a passport to the place of honor in the congregation1 is a full acknowledgment of the impression it created upon strangers1 just as the ribbon of an order is taken as a proof of dignity or station in monarchial countries to-day1 and even to a certain extent in republican ,france4 ,the custom of bestowing birthday rings 7anuli natalitii7 was frequently observed in imperial ,rome1 and a rich and influential personage1 with many friends and clients1 would receive a large number of these rings on the anniversary day of his birth4 ,as a rule1 a setting of white sardonyx seems to have been most favored1 to judge from a line in the first of the ,satires of the ,latin poet ,persius 7#cd-fb ,a4,d474 ,the famous decree of ,justinian1 promulgated in #eci 7,novella #gh of the ,digest71 conferring upon freedmen the right of wearing gold rings1 runs as follows3#bi ,if a master1 on freeing his slave1 has declared him to be a ,roman citizen 7and he is not allowed to do otherwise71 let it be known that1 according to the present law1 he who shall have received his liberty shall have the right to gold rings and to regeneration1 and shall not need to solicit the right of the prince1 or to take any other steps to secure it4 ,it will be his as a consequence of his liberation1 in virtue of the present law1 which goes into effect from this day4 ,this decree shows that1 as is proved by other texts1 freedmen were sometimes accorded the privilege of wearing gold rings by special permission of the ruler or ,state1 but all who could not obtain such special permission were punishable if they ventured to wear a gold ring1 just as in countries where ,state orders are recognized and protected the wearing of such an order or of its ribbon by unauthorized persons is punishable in some way4 ,the 8right of regeneration0 is more peculiar1 as this refers to a legal fiction1 by which it was assumed that some one of the ancestors of the freedman had been freeborn2 hence1 the quality of free-birth was only revived1 not created1 in the case of the descendant4 ,this is1 after all1 not so unreasonable as it may seem to be1 for the slaves1 being generally prisoners of war1 or else the descendants of citizens who had in some way lost their citizenship1 could truly claim1 in a majority of instances1 that they came of freeborn stock4 ,the image of ,mars on a ring-stone was greatly favored by ,roman soldiers4 ,a good example of this style of ring is to be seen at the ,national ,hungarian ,museum in ,budapest4 ,the gem1 a carnelian1 is engraved with a figure of the god1 with helmet and spear2 his left hand rests on a shield bearing the ,medusa's head4 ,the hoop is of silver4 ,this ring was found in ,bosnia and was donated to the museum in #ahbj4cj ,an old ,roman inscription mentions a guild of ring-makers 7conlegium anularium71#ca and the denomination anularius even appears as a proper name of the engraver of a signet ring4#cb ,near the ,forum was a flight of steps designated scal anulari1#cc indicating either that ring engravers or vendors were to be found there1 or that they had their shops or workshops in the neighborhood4 ,treating of the dictatorial conduct of the ,procurator ,verres1 ,cicero1 in his violent1 we might almost say virulent arraignment of him1 were it not so well deserved1 says that when ,verres wished to have a ring made for himself he ordered that a goldsmith should be summoned to the ,forum1 publicly weighed out the gold for him1 and commanded the man to set his bench down in the ,forum and to make the ring in the presence of all4#cd ,tacitus states in his ,germania that the most valiant of the ,catt1 wore 8like a fetter0 an iron ring1 which was a mark of infamy among the ,germans4 ,only when a warrior had killed an enemy had he the right to divest himself of this ring4 ,whether this was a tribal usage1 or only the sign of an obligation voluntarily assumed1 must be left to conjecture4 ,it is supposed to evidence that the slaves of the ,germans wore iron rings1 and that thus such rings were looked upon as badges of slavery4#ce ,finger-rings are exceedingly rare among the remains of the prehistoric ,american peoples1 although a few have been found in the ,pueblo ruins of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,these are usually cut out of shell4 ,some of them are skilfully cut from ,pectunculus shells1 and others from 8cone-shells0 7,conus74 ,of the former kind a number were unearthed at ,chaves ,pass1 ,arizona4#cf ,many of the rings were incised with an ornamental design2 one of the most beautiful of these was decorated with red figures representing clouds and lightning4 ,this ring1 large enough to fit an adult's finger1 was found1 together with bones of a human hand1 in one of the pre-,columbian graves1 at ,casa ,grande1 ,arizona4 ,the remains here also yielded a ring made out of a cone-shell1 with incised decoration4 ,the exceptionally fine specimen noted above almost certainly had a religious or talismanic character1 and it may have been thought to protect the wearer from storms and thunderbolts4 ,the skill with which the shells were utilized for rings as well as for other objects of adornment must have been the result of many generations of experiment and training1 springing from that inherent artistic sense so often manifest in the ,indians of the pueblos in contrast to the ,indians of the plains4 ,often the circular form was already present in the shell1 and this was utilized by dividing a part of the cone into sections1 thus giving rings of varying diameter4 ,the material was then smoothed and polished1 and either left plain or decorated with an incised pattern1 into the outlines of which appropriate coloring matter was introduced4 ,in other cases1 when the shell material did not offer a natural circlet1 a disk was cut out1 and a large perforation produced the rough circlet1 to be worked up later into a finished ring4 ,the attainable evidence in regard to the wearing of rings by the aborigines of ,north and ,south ,america is1 in the main1 negative4 ,this is the case with the ,pacific coast ,indians1 as well as with the ,chiriqui graves and other ancient remains in the present ,united ,states of ,colombia4#cg ,indeed1 so far as can be ascertained1 the wearing of rings is essentially an ,oriental fashion and was brought to the ancient peoples of ,europe from the ,east4 ,still1 here and there on the ,north ,american continent1 as in the instance above noted1 rings have been found in burials believed to be pre-,columbian4 ,to the very few pre-,columbian rings found in ,indian mounds1 belong four from ,ohio1 now in the collection of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,one of the rings was unearthed twenty years ago from a mound in ,hamilton ,county2 it is of spiral form and was on the middle finger of the left hand of a skeleton4 ,the three others came from the ,adana ,mound1 two of them being spiral-rings1 both found on the middle finger of a skeleton's left hand2 the third is not a complete circle1 and was picked up at the base of the mound4 ,the spiral-rings are very finely and delicately fashioned4#ch ,the ,aztecs of ancient ,mexico executed many ornamental objects of gold1 silver1 copper and tin1 and worked in iron and lead as well4 ,specimens of this silversmiths' work were sent by ,fernan ,corts to ,emperor ,charles ,v1 and their artistic quality elicited the admiration of the ,spanish jewellers4 ,these seem to have been only a small portion of the rich booty gathered by the ,spanish ,conquistador1 the metal worth of which he estimated at #ajj1jjj ducats 7#bej1jjj71 or even more1 according to the statement in a letter addressed to his sovereign4 ,the greater part of this treasure is believed to have been lost during the 8,noche ,triste10 the 8,night of ,sorrows10 when the ,spanish conquerors were surprised and attacked in ,mexico ,city by the native warriors1 and were forced to seek safety1 after suffering considerable losses in a retreat from the narrow1 city streets into the open country1 where they could better utilize the enormous superiority conferred on them by their fire-arms4 ,even the few specimens which were actually brought to ,charles ,v seem to have disappeared1 and were probably melted down for use as bullion4#ci ,of the silversmiths' methods a little can be learned from a study of ,aztec paintings4 ,thus we are able to know that they used the crucible1 the muffle and the blow-pipe4 ,the statement is made by ,torquemada and by ,clavigo that they possessed the now lost art of casting objects half of gold and half of silver4 ,some fine examples of ,aztec work in gold and silver are to be seen in the marvelous collections of the ,museo ,nacional in ,mexico ,city1 and among them are several finger-rings4 ,one of these comes from ,teotihuacan2 its broad hoop is decorated with the head of one of the ,aztec gods1 wearing an elaborate and curiously complicated head-dress4 ,other gold rings are of a peculiar type1 the inner half of the hoop being only about two-fifths as high as the outer and very broad half1 so that the finger could be closed without inconvenience4#dj ,illustration3 ,ancient ,indian rings4 #a1 copper finger ring4 ,from a grave in cemetery at mouth of the ,wabash1 ,southern ,indiana1 #ahih4 #b1 stone ring 7874 ,from ,red ,paint ,cemetery1 ,orland1 ,maine4 ,explored by ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead in #aiab4 #c1 shell ring1 broken4 ,from adobe ruin4 ,mesa1 ,arizona1 #ahih4 ,all full size ,courtesy of ,mr4 ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead ,illustration3 ,ancient ,indian metal finger rings4 #a1 spiral ring from middle finger of a skeleton4 ,hamilton ,co41 ,ohio4 #b1 broken ring taken from floor of ,adana ,mound1 ,ohio4 #c and #d1 rings from middle finger of skeleton found in the ,adana ,mound1 ,ohio4 ,natural size ,illustration3 ,four thin shell rings from the ,indian adobe ruins near ,phoenix1 ,arizona1 explored in #ahih ,courtesy of ,mr4 ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead ,illustration3 ,,navajo ,,silversmith ,,of ,,arizona1 ,,koch-,,ne-,,bi-,,ki-,,bitsilly1 ,,called 8,,charley10 ,,making ,,rings ,,at ,,grand ,,canyon1 ,,arizona ,so few finger-rings of the ,indian aborigines1 who once inhabited the present territory of the ,united ,states1 have been brought to light1 that some authorities have been disposed to deny the existence of any relics of this kind4 ,among the rare discoveries may be noted a copper ring found in one of the ,indian mounds near ,chillicothe1 ,ross ,county1 ,ohio4 ,this ring has been made by bending a short copper rod until the ends overlapped and then pounding them as closely together as possible4 ,it is only large enough for a child's finger1 and among the remains of fifteen ,indians found in this particular mound were those of a child4#da ,a few stone rings1 presumably for wear on the finger1 have been met with in ,indian graves in the ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio1 in ,kentucky1 in ,tennessee and also in ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico and ,california4 ,an ornamental stone ring from ,kentucky was evidently a finger-ring1 as are also some others of the stone rings4#db ,a shell ring from the adobe ruins near ,phnix1 ,arizona1 in the ,salado ,valley1 shows the skill of the primitive ,indians of this region in ring-making4 ,art in shell is pronounced by ,dr4 ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead to be characteristic of the early ,indian peoples of this valley1 the shell material1 which is found in great profusion in the ruins and in the desert1 having come here either because of trade relations with the ,indians of the sea-coast1 or as a result of frequent journeys by some of the ,salado peoples to the distant salt water4 ,the discovery of shell frogs in the so-called 8,city of the ,dead0 in this valley1 by ,prof4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1 some thirty years ago1 was at first received with considerable incredulity1 but since then several have been unearthed by successive explorers4 ,shell and bone implements with turquoise inlays occur both in ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4#dc ,the shell ring we have just noted1 is unusually well formed1 the projection at the upper part having a form suggestive of a finished bezel1 thus rendering the ring a harmonious and attractive adornment for the hand4 ,this interesting specimen was brought to light in #ahih1 with a few other shell rings4 ,an ,indian copper finger ring was unearthed1 in the same year1 in a grave forming part of a cemetery at the mouth of the ,wabash ,river1 southern ,indiana4 ,more recently1 in #aiab1 what is believed to have been a stone ring was taken by ,doctor ,moorehead from the ,red ,paint ,indian cemetery at ,orland1 ,maine4#dd ,the proficiency of the ,navajo and ,pueblo ,indians of ,new ,mexico as silversmiths is shown by the fact that there are from fifty to seventy-five ,indians regularly occupied in this way at present1 while several hundred others are more or less familiar with the art and work occasionally4 ,the average pay is so much by the ounce1 fifty cents for bracelets1 conchos1 etc41 and seventy-five cents for rings1 plus twenty-five cents for each and every setting4 ,it has been estimated that a ,navajo silversmith1 if he find steady work1 may earn as much as #abe a month4 ,this1 however1 is rarely the case1 as they are not fond of overwork1 and when they have earned a little sum in ten or fifteen days1 they will lay off until it is spent and they are again forced to resume their tasks4 ,of the more industrious1 who might be willing to work uninterruptedly1 many are quite prosperous1 owning flocks of sheep or other live stock1 or else farm land1 which must be attended to in preference to the jewellery industry4 ,one of the best of these ,indian ring-makers is ,koch-,ne-,bi-,ki ,bitsilly1 called ,charley for short4 ,he finds regular employment in the ,grand ,canyon shop at ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,m41 for several months in each year1 devoting the remainder of his time to the care of his sheep and other property4 ,he is pronounced to be above the average in intelligence1 energy and initiative4 ,other silversmiths are3 ,asidi ,yashe1 ,charlie ,hogan1 ,charlie ,largo1 ,malapai1 ,bigay and ,hastin ,nez4 ,of the stones used for ring-settings1 garnets are never employed except at the special request of a trader2 rarely1 roughly-cut peridots are set in rings4 ,turquoise from ,new ,mexico1 is the favorite stone1 although a little ,persian turquoise is occasionally brought in by the traders and set in ,navajo rings4 ,in early times the turquoise supply came from the deposits near ,cerrillos1 now known as the ,tiffany ,mine1#de which furnished the material for all the turquoise ornaments in the ruins at ,chaco ,canyon and elsewhere4 ,in the manufacture of rings these silversmiths frequently make a number at the same time1 first fashioning all the hoops1 and then adding the design to the hoops1 after which the cups for the settings are added to the series4 ,an industrious worker will be able to finish up as many as a dozen rings on this plan in three days1 whereas1 when special care is to be exercised in making a single ring1 a whole day's work will be required4 ,from four to five thousand rings are made annually in ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,as metal working was unknown to the ,navajos1 as well as to the other ,indians of the ,southwest before the advent of the white man1 it seems most probable that silver jewellery was not made by these ,indians until ,spanish silver coins reached them4 ,the ,navajos are believed to have acquired their knowledge of jewellery-making from the ,pueblo ,indians who were the first to undertake it4 ,prior to this there was massive work in copper probably due to influences from the ,north4 ,the ,spanish derivation of the silver-working is proven by the old ,spanish methods used2 the bellows is ,spanish-,moorish4 ,no reference either to the making or the use of jewellery before recent times by the ,navajos is believed to exist4 ,as an indication of the source of the silver used1 the ,hopi name of this metal is shiba1 the literal meaning of the word being 8a little round1 white cake10 an apt designation of a silver coin4 ,in the total absence of archological evidence as to the ,navajos1 ,dr4 ,walter ,hough is decidedly of the opinion that silver work among the tribe is of comparatively recent date4 ,a few of the ,navajo finger-rings in the ,national ,museum in ,washington are at least old enough to show considerable signs of wear4#df ,among the women of the ,pueblo ,indians the wearing of a great number of rings on the hand is an indication of aristocratic birth4 ,this is illustrated in the accompanying plate1 showing a ring on every finger of both hands2 they are of silver1 set with turquoise4 ,rings of this type are also shown in the portrait of a ,navajo maiden1 a daughter of ,chee ,dodge1 dressed in the costume of the wife of a ,navajo chief4#dg ,illustration3 ,,daughter ,,of ,,chee ,,dodge1 ,,navajo ,,indian4 ,,she ,,wears ,,rings ,,of ,,silver ,,set ,,with ,,turquoise ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,rings ,,set ,,with ,,turquoise ,,mined ,,in ,,arizona ,,and ,,new ,,mexico1 ,,made ,,by ,,the ,,navajo ,,indians1 ,,grand ,,canyon1 ,,arizona4 #aiaf ,as the ,navajo silversmiths dwelt in small huts or temporary shelters which they might move away from at short notice1 they were forced to build low forges directly on the ground1 obliging them to crouch down while working4#dh ,in this respect the ,pueblo artisans had a considerable advantage1 since their spacious dwellings made it possible for them to set their forges solidly in a frame high enough to enable them to do their work standing4 ,a considerable number of tools and appliances are in the workshop of the ,navajo silversmith2 most of them1 however1 of rude fabrication and not well adapted for fine and accurate work4 ,he deserves the more credit for the quality of work he is able to produce4 ,the following is a pretty full list of the outfit in such a workshop3 ,forge1 bellows1 anvil1 crucibles1 molds1 tongs1 scissors1 pliers1 files1 awls1 cold chisels1 matrix and die for moulding buttons1 wooden stake1 basin1 charcoal1 tools and materials for soldering 7blow-pipe1 braid of cotton rags soaked in grease1 wire1 and borax71 materials for polish 7sandpaper1 emery-paper1 powdered sandstone1 sand1 ashes1 and solid stone71 and materials for whitening 7a native mineral substance--almogen1 salt and water74#di ,it has been noted that the ,navajos had not acquired the art of making an air chamber of the mouth in operating the blow-pipe1 but blew with undistended cheeks1 the result being an intermittent flame4 ,the latter is furnished by burning a thick braid of cotton rags soaked in mutton suet or some other similar kind of grease4 ,for the polishing work1 the emery paper is sparingly used because of its cost4 ,after all the preliminary polishing has been done with sandstone1 sand or ashes1 the finishing is done with emery-paper4 ,for the blanching of the silver the hydrous sulphate of ammonia1 termed almogen1 is used1 the silver being bathed in a solution of this1 with the addition of a little salt4 ,the blow-pipe is usually made by beating out a piece of thick brass wire into a long flat strip1 which is then bent into the requisite form4 ,two of the best of these silversmiths were engaged to work for a short time near ,fort ,wingate4 ,as has been noted1 their forges are commonly set very low down1 and the position of the workers was evidently an uncomfortable one4 ,nevertheless1 they showed a great degree of persistence1 working sometimes as many as from twelve to even fifteen hours in a day4 ,when paid by the piece1 artisans could earn about two dollars a day on an average4 ,the method of chasing was excessively primitive4 ,while one worker held the object firmly on an anvil1 the other applied to it part of the shank of a file that had previously been rounded1 and struck this with smart taps of a hammer4 ,finer figures were engraved with the sharpened part of a file1 to which a peculiar zigzag1 forward motion was imparted by the hand4 ,one fault that could be charged against these silversmiths was a lack of economy as to the precious material they used1 no care being taken to gather up and utilize the amount lost in filing and polishing1 as well as by oxidation in the forge1 so that the net loss was estimated at fourteen per cent4 ,while the art of the work produced can scarcely be termed finished1 when judged by very high standards1 still the silver ornaments executed by the ,navajos possess at least the charm inherent in individual work1 as contrasted with the more harmonious and finished productions of merely mechanical art1 where thousands of objects of a given type of design are turned out annually in a highly-organized silversmithing establishment4 ,with these ,indians we have the 8personal note0 that is too often missed in the ornaments of our day4 ,this ,navajo industry has received much encouragement from the managers of the ,santa ,f ,railroad1 and from its agencies4 ,although the art among the ,navajos is generally believed to have been introduced by ,spanish influence1 the fact that before the ,spanish ,conquest the native ,mexicans were able to work metals with considerable skill would make it not improbable that it spread to the ,new ,mexico tribes1 and perhaps from them to the ancestors of the ,navajos of to-day4 ,the ,navajo ,indians belong to the ,athapascan race and emigrated from the northwestern coast4 ,copper had been worked into ornaments from of old by ,indians of the same stock in ,alaska1 and some remains indicate that this was the case1 in rare instances1 with the ,navajos4 ,the superiority of the ,navajos of a later time to the ,pueblos as silversmiths1 may1 perhaps1 result from their already acquired knowledge of copper-working4 ,as the ,navajo men had not the occupation of farming1 as had the ,pueblos1 silversmithing gained favor among them as a fad1 as a means of relieving the tedium of idleness4 ,there is rarely any tendency to transmit this art directly from father to son1 individual preferences being the chief factors4 ,indeed there is so little of the caste spirit among the ,navajos that the occupation of the father counts for but little in determining that of the son4 ,this is largely dependent upon the fact that descent is principally traced through the mother4 ,exogamy1 marrying outside the clan1 is the orthodox code of the ,navajos1 a man being expected to avoid taking a wife from the clan to which his mother belonged1--a wise precaution for them4 ,as an early description of the lack of silversmiths' instruments of precision among the ,navajos in planning and executing their work1 ,mr4 ,matthews says of conditions as he observed them thirty-five years ago3 8,the smiths whom ,i have seen working had no dividers1 square1 measure1 or any instrument of precision4 ,as before stated1 ,i have seen scissors used as compasses1 but as a rule they find approximate centres with the eye and cut all shapes and engrave all figures by the unaided guidance of this unreliable organ4 ,often they cut out their designs in paper first and from them mark off patterns on the metal4 ,even in the matter of cutting patterns they do not seem to know the simple device of doubling the paper in order to secure lateral conformity40 ,illustration3 ,,navajo ,,silversmiths ,,of ,,new ,,mexico1 ,,engaged ,,in ,,making ,,silver ,,rings #a1 ,tsozi ,bigay2 #b1 ,atziddy ,yaski ,illustration3 ,,pablo ,,abeita1 ,,pueblo ,,indian1 ,,with ,,his ,,son ,,and ,,wife ,the latter wears turquoise and silver rings on every finger of each hand ,courtesy of ,dr4 ,joseph ,kossuth ,dixon ,as the ,navajos have no silver mines in their country1 they depend largely for their material upon ,mexican silver dollars worth about #dh cents in ,united ,states money4 ,these are melted and then molded1 or else cut and hammered into the desired forms4 ,sometimes1 ,united ,states half or quarter dollars are used in this way1 although such silver costs more than twice as much1 because of its worth as currency4 ,before silver was freely used1 copper and brass were bought at the trading posts and favored as materials2 a supply of these metals being often secured by melting down parts of the kettles or pans furnished to the ,indians by the ,united ,states ,government1 or else bought from white settlers4 ,some old ,navajo silversmiths assert that the art of working silver was introduced from ,mexico about sixty years ago1 toward the middle of the last century4 ,about this time a ,mexican silversmith named ,cassilio came to the ,navajo country and taught his art to a ,navajo blacksmith called by his people ,atsidi ,sani1 or the 8,old ,smith40 ,cassilio is said to have been still living about #ahgb4 ,an artisan considered to be one of the best1 if not the very best of the ,navajo silversmiths of our day1 who is called ,beshlagai ,ilini ,altsosigi or the 8,slender ,silversmith10 originally learned his art from ,mexicans4 ,the fact that ,lieut4 ,james ,h4 ,simpson1 who explored the heart of the ,navajo country in #ahdi1 has nothing to say about silversmithing1 although he details very fully the various arts and industries of the ,navajos1 goes far to prove the truth of the statement that ,navajo silversmithing dates from a later time4#ej ,borax is now generally used for soldering1 but before it was brought to their country1 the ,navajo silversmiths are said to have mined a certain substance for this use1 probably a kind of native alum4 ,rock salt1 an easily attainable material1 called in the ,navajo tongue tse dokozh 7saline rock71 was used for whitening tarnished or oxidized silver4 ,for this purpose the salt was dissolved in boiling water1 into which the silver articles were thrown and left for a time4 ,in place of the sandstone1 sand and ashes originally used1 the silversmiths are now able to employ sandpaper or emery paper bought at the stores4 ,of the tools employed we have already treated at some length4 ,the details in this and the preceding paragraph have been derived from the very interesting and valuable 8,ethnologic ,dictionary of the ,navaho ,language10 published in #aiaj by the ,franciscan ,fathers1 at ,st4 ,michaels1 ,arizona4#ea ,here the nouns and verbs denoting action are grouped in the only really logical way1 under the respective industries and trades1 or other forms of human activity4 ,as some of the foremost writers on the origin of language have urged that its beginnings are to be sought in the various rhythmic exclamations of a body of workers1 at first uttered automatically and later used consciously as calls to work1 or to favor a cordination of efforts1 no better classification of the vocabulary of a primitive race can be employed4 ,the various forms and qualities of silver rings found full expression in the ,navajo language1 a proof of the importance accorded to this branch of silversmithing among them4 ,the word for ring being yosts1 we have the following designations3#eb yosts deshzhzh1 a worn down ring yosts geldo1 a broken ring yosts nidi1 a new ring yosts quastq1 an old ring yosts ntql1 a broad ring yosts altssi1 a slender ring yosts ntsa1 a large ring yosts altsisi1 a small ring yosts nilgai1 a polished ring yosts yij1 a blackened1 oxidized ring yosts do-bikeeshchni1 a plain ring yosts bikeeshchni1 a ring with a design yosts alksgiz1 a twisted ring yosts bits1 a ribbed ring yosts bin1 the setting of a ring yosts tsso bin1 a ring with a glass setting yosts dotlzhi bin1 a ring with a turquoise setting yosts tlish belya1 a snake-shaped ring ,illustration3 ,,the ,,army ,,and ,,navy ,,club ,,washington4 handwritten text ,illustration handwritten page ,illustration handwritten page ,rings are not in favor with the ,eskimos1 who do not appear to make or wear any4 ,indeed1 ,admiral ,peary found it impossible to dispose of a lot of rings he had taken with him on one of his ,arctic trips in the belief that they would be attractive to the ,eskimos1 and good objects of barter4#ec ,perhaps in the intense ,arctic cold even the slightest pressure on the finger may have been avoided1 lest it should impede circulation and increase the danger of having the fingers frost-bitten4 ,the ,mendans of ,mesopotamia are the silversmiths of this region1 and they exhibit much skill in their work4 ,the greatest demand is for cigarette cases and for signet rings and seals1 although they make a variety of other small ornamental objects4 ,their methods of work are quite characteristic4 ,in the case of the smaller objects1 such as rings1 etc41 they hammer them out from a heated silver bar4 ,when the general form has been attained1 they work up the surface with a steel file or pencil1 which has a triangular point2 with it the desired design is laboriously engraved4 ,this process being completed1 a black metallic powder1 made into a paste1 is rubbed over the entire surface1 naturally accumulating more or less1 according to the greater or lesser depths of the cuttings2 the object is then placed in a charcoal forge and fired4 ,after it has remained therein long enough1 it is removed and the superfluous powder is rubbed or worked off4 ,the completed ring or other ornament then offers most beautiful contrasts between the bright silver and the lustrous black inlay4 ,the ,mendans are sometimes called 8,christians of ,st4 ,john10 because of their great veneration for ,john the ,baptist4 ,however1 they in no sense deserve the name of ,christians1 their peculiar1 eclectic doctrine being a mixture of ancient and ,christian ,gnosticism1 with certain elements of the old ,persian religion4 ,they have quite a literature1 dating back to the early centuries of our era1 and written in an ,aramaic dialect similar to that of the ,talmud4 ,,the ,,purposes ,,of ,,ring ,,wearing ,the wearing of rings as ornaments for the hand requires no explanation in view of the innate love of adornment shown from the very earliest periods of human history4 ,however1 apart from this merely ornamental use1 rings were applied to many special uses and were worn for many definite purposes1 some of which are so important as to merit extended notice in separate chapters2 others again are less far-reaching and less significant1 and certain of these will be explained and illustrated here4 ,illustration3 #a1 ,late ,roman ring2 #b1 gold ring set with an engraved red carnelian4 ,found in #ahdf near ,amiens1 ,france ,illustration3 #a1 ring of gilt copper set with a ruby2 #b1 ring set with irregularly-shaped sapphire ,londesborough ,collection ,illustration3 #a1 ,roman ring1 perhaps a signet2 elliptical hoop with projecting shoulders2 #b1 hexagonal ring set with engraved stone bearing figure of ,hygeia1 the ,goddess of ,health ,illustration3 ,ring that was perhaps given by a ,roman lady to a successful charioteer4 ,bust of donor on summit of ring ,all from ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 spiral ring with heads of ,isis and ,serapis #b1 ,etruscan gold ring ,british ,museum ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,silver ring with ten projections 7decade ring72 that for the ,creed 7the bezel7 has the design of the ,cross4 ,impression ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,immense ring with female head incorrectly said to be that of ,plotina1 wife of ,trajan ,montfaucon1 8,l',antiquit explique10 ,paris1 #agai ,illustration3 ,ancient ,roman ,key ,rings ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,we are not apt to think the wearing of many rings especially in accord with the profession of philosophy1 and yet lian tells us that a chief cause of the dissension between ,plato 7#dbg-cdg ,b4,c47 and his pupil1 ,aristotle 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 arose from the blame bestowed by ,plato upon the greatest of ancient philosophers--8the master of those who know10 as ,dante calls him--because ,aristotle adorned his hand with many rings4#ed ,could this have been done with a view to impressing his students and philosophers with greater respect than they might always have been disposed to accord to his intellectual greatness alone8 ,the externals of luxurious adornment made1 perhaps1 a more direct appeal than the mere power of logical exposition could do1 and such an eminently practical thinker as ,aristotle was may not have been blind to these considerations4 ,a gold ring figured by ,gorius is thought by him to have been a gift from an ardent ,roman sportswoman to a victorious charioteer1 to whose skill she may perhaps have been indebted for some material gain1 since wagering in chariot races was as common in ,roman times as betting on horse races in our own day4 ,this ring is engraved with a woman's head and two heads of reined horses2 the name of the donor1 ,pomphonica1#ee and the words amor and hospes1 are engraved on the circlet4 8,love the ,host10 as these words may be read1 makes a slightly enigmatic inscription4 ,indeed1 it may well be that some fair ,roman had the ring made as a memento for her own use and wear4 ,another conjecture is that it was a man's ring executed as a memento of what was dearest to him1 his ladylove and his chariot horses4 ,it was in the ,cabinet of the ,tuscan grand duke ,francis of ,lorraine1 later ,emperor of ,germany and husband of ,maria ,theresa4#ef ,a ,latin inscription1 from ,granada1 ,spain1 mentions a ring1 set with a jasper1 that was placed by a son upon the statue of his mother4 ,the value of the ring is given as #gjjj sestertii1 indicating that the stone was engraved2 the design probably had a symbolic significance1 as in the case of most of the votive rings4#eg ,martial1 in one of his epigrams 7,v4#ab7 says that there was nothing surprising in the feats performed by certain athletes1 when ,stella could carry ten maidens upon one of his fingers4 ,in a very interesting study on this subject1 ,c4 ,w4 ,king endeavors to prove that the lines refer to a remarkable ring whereon ten precious stones must have been associated in some way with dedicated to ,minerva and the ,nine ,muses4 ,in another epigram 7,v4#aa7 ,martial writes of ,stella turning sardonyxes1 emeralds1 diamonds1 and jaspers around one of his finger-joints1 and ,king conjectures that the ,ten ,maidens were represented by the opal1 sapphire 7hyacinth71 spinel1 ,oriental topaz1 almandine garnet1 and pearl1 in addition to the four stones enumerated above4 ,should this conjecture be well-founded these different stones were set at regular intervals1 these stones being ,minerva and the ,muses1 although we have no direct proof of this4 ,this ring of the ,ten ,maidens suggests the decade or rosary rings1 of which so many specimens exist4 ,usually there were ten bosses or knobs1 as the name indicates1 but occasionally there were eleven1 for counting ten ,aves and a ,pater4 ,the earliest date ,mr4 ,waterton is inclined to assign to rings of this type is the fourteenth century4#eh ,a so-called decade ring with twelve bosses is described in the catalogue of the ,londesborough ,collection4#ei ,here the central knob is a tooth1 opposite this is a piece of labradorite1 while on either side are set two amethysts1 a chrysoprase and an emerald1 two jacinths1 two turquoises1 and two pearls4 ,the twelfth knob stood for the creed4 ,sometimes1 where there are eleven projections1 ten paternosters and the creed were to be recited4 ,a good example of a decade ring is one of silver in the ,british ,museum4 ,the ten projections for the paternosters are very marked and the eleventh1 for the creed1 which forms the bezel1 has the form of a crucifix1 the cross resting on three steps4 ,this rises to a considerable relative height above the hoop4 ,such a ring could scarcely be worn with comfort1 its liturgical use evidently being the paramount idea of the maker4#fj ,the gold and silver chaplet rings1 with a cross and ten beads or bosses in relief upon the hoop1 were frequently used by the ,knights of ,malta1 in the eighteenth century2 indeed this type of ring is said to have been invented by them4 ,their use as substitutes for the less convenient chaplet was spreading1 until in #ahcf the matter was referred by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi to the tribunal of penitentiaries4 ,its decision1 transmitted by the ,cardinal ,penitentiary ,castracane1 as to the question 8whether the gold or silver rings1 surrounded by ten bosses1 which are used by some pious persons for the recitation of the ,rosary of the ,blessed ,virgin1 can be blessed with the appropriate indulgences10 was in the negative4#fa ,the ring-money used by the ancient ,gauls and ,britons illustrates the employment of what might be ornamental objects as currency4 ,an exceptionally fine specimen made of nearly pure gold was recently found by a farmer while he was ploughing a field near ,woodstock1 ,oxfordshire1 ,england4 ,of course many or most of these rings were not worn but merely used as money4 ,a legal use of a sapphire ring to bind a bargain is recorded in a deed of gift1 from about #abjj ,a4,d41 by a certain ,john ,long to ,william ,prohume1 clerk1 of land and houses in ,st4 ,martin's ,street1 ,exeter1 at a rent of #fs #h;d1 which sum was to be donated to ,st4 ,john's ,hospital in ,exeter4 ,the grantor acknowledges the receipt of #de marks and of a gold ring set with a sapphire as the price of this lease on very favorable terms4#fb ,precious stones set in rings sometimes served to hide a 8talisman0 of a peculiar kind1 namely1 a dose of death-dealing poison1 kept as a last resort to free the wearer of the ring from disgrace or from a worse death4 ,so we are told that when ,marcus ,crassus stripped the ,capitoline ,temple of its treasures of gold1 the faithful guardian broke between his teeth the stone set in his ring1 swallowed the poison hidden beneath it1 and immediately expired4#fc ,the great ,hannibal1 also1 had recourse to the poison contained in his ring1 when he was on the point of being given up to his bitter enemies1 the ,romans4 ,of this ring the satirist ,juvenal wrote as follows3 8,cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor ,anulus10 or 8,that ring1 the avenger of those who fell at ,cann1 and of so much blood that had been shed40 ,another great man1 the peerless orator ,demosthenes1 is said to have carried with him a similar ring4 ,in a ,rabbinical commentary on ,deuteronomy occurs the following curious passage3 ,hast thou then no ring8 ,suck it out and thou wilt die4 ,this has been explained as referring to a hollow ring filled with liquid poison4#fd ,some ancient gold rings were made hollow1 so that they could be filled with mastic or brimstone1 or an aromatic material4 ,in the old 8,oneirocriticon10 or 8,dream ,book0 of ,artemidorus1 to see a ring of this kind in a dream portended treachery or deceit1 as they enclosed something hidden from view1 while a ring solidly wrought by the hammer was exactly what it purported to be4#fe ,the poison-rings of the ,borgias are not fabulous1 for some of them still exist1 one bearing the date #aejc and the motto of ,csar ,borgia in ,old ,french1 8,fays ce que doys avien que pourra0 7,do your duty1 happen what may74 ,beneath the bezel of this ring there is a sliding panel and when this is displaced there appears a small space where the poison was kept4 ,such rings simply afforded a ready supply of poison at need1 but another type constituted a death-dealing weapon4 ,it is curious to note how in a ring of this latter type the ,renaissance goldsmith has combined an artistic idea with the nefarious quality of the jewel4 ,the bezel is wrought into the shape of a lion1 and the hollow claws of the animal admit the passage of a subtle poison concealed in a small reservoir back of the bezel4 ,by a mechanical device the poison was pressed out of the cavity through the lion's claws1 and it is conjectured that the death-wound could have been inflicted by turning the bezel of the ring inward1 so that a hearty grasp would produce a few slight punctures in the enemy's hand4#ff ,while these ,borgia rings represent an extreme of diabolical ingenuity1 the perfumed rings1 the use of which has been revived to a certain extent of late1 constitute a refinement of civilization4 ,this ring is generally made of plain gold with a small elastic ball and valve at the back4 ,this is squeezed flat and the ring is immersed in a perfumed liquid2 when the pressure is removed the scent is drawn into the ring by suction4 ,an ingenious adjustment renders it possible for the wearer to discharge a jet or spray of perfume by the exercise of a very trifling pressure4 ,not only perfumes but disinfectants also are sometimes used1 and rings charged in this way may be said to represent antidotes of the dreaded poison rings1 not perhaps in a literal sense1 but at least in the sense of being curative rings4 ,a poison ring of ,venetian workmanship has a richly engraved hoop1 the setting consisting of a pointed diamond on either side of which are two cabochon-cut rubies4 ,on touching a spring at the side of the bezel holding the diamond1 the upper half1 in which the stone is set1 springs open1 revealing a space beneath in which a small quantity of poison could be concealed1 enough in the case of the more active poisons to furnish a lethal dose1 either for an enemy or for the wearer of the ring himself in case of need4#fg ,the son of the great ,egmont was involved more or less directly in an unsuccessful plot to poison the ,prince of ,orange in #aehb4 ,it was asserted that the crime was committed at the would-be assassin's own table1 by means of a drug concealed in a ring4 ,this story appeared to be confirmed by the alleged finding in ,egmont's lodgings of a hollow ring filled with poison4#fh ,a writer on poison mysteries describes a possible poison ring in the great ,british ,museum collection4 ,the bezel has a repository covered by a thin-cut onyx on which is engraved the head of a horned faun4#fi ,however1 in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,rings by ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 the statement is made that there are no authentic poison rings in the ,museum1 and that 8the mere possession of a locket-bezel does not suffice to lend romance to a ring perhaps intended to contain a harmless perfume40#gj ,a golden ring-dial in the ,british ,museum collection is a flat band around the middle of which runs a channel in which another1 movable ring1 fits closely4 ,the month-names are engraved on the band1 six above the channel and six below it4 ,the movable ring has a small hole with a star on one side1 and a hand with index and second fingers extended on the other4 ,inside1 the numbers of the hours from #d ,a4,m4 to #h ,p4,m4 are engraved in two lines1 the hour of noon being beyond them at the point opposite to the ring which suspends the dial4 ,in using a dial-ring the aperture in the movable ring was brought in a line with the month in which the observation was taken2 this being done the figure on the inside upon which the sun's ray would fall would give the approximate time of day4#ga ,shakespeare provides ,touchstone with a dial ring in 8,as ,you ,like ,it0 7,act ,,ii1 sc4 #g7 where ,jaques says3 8,good morrow fool10 quoth ,i4 8,no1 ,sir1 quoth he1 ,call me not fool1 till heaven hath sent me fortune40 ,and then he drew a dial from his poke1 ,and looking on it with lack-lustre eye1 ,says1 very wisely1 8,it is ten o'clock40 ,a watch-ring of the eighteenth century is in the ,franks ,bequest ,collection of the ,british ,museum4 ,the oval watch in the bezel is framed with pearls1 on the back of the ring are the initials ,a4,r4 ,as the bezel measures but nine-tenths of an inch in length1 this tiny watch exemplifies the skill of the watch-makers of the time4 ,the entire ring weighs but #age grains4#gb ,the custom of leaving memorial rings for the friends of the departed had its origin in the bestowal of more substantial bequests4 ,in fact1 these rings stand in somewhat the same relation to such bequests as does the wedding ring to the gifts the husband was expected to make to his wife when he wedded her4 ,in both cases this has been lost sight of1 and the intrinsic value of the objects being slight1 only the sentimental value is considered4 ,an early instance of the bequest of rings is offered in the case of ,richard ,,ii 7#acff-adjj71 who1 by his testament1 left a gold ring to each of the nine executors1 five of whom were bishops and four great nobles4#gc ,in the seventeenth century one who held1 and still holds sway in another realm1 that of literature1 conformed to this usage1 for in ,shakespeare's will1 dated ,march #be1 #afaf1 rings were bequeathed to ,hamlett ,sadler1 ,william ,reynoldes1 ,anthony ,nash and ,john ,nash1 his fellow townsmen1 as well as to three actors1 ,burbage1 ,heming and ,condell1 who had the privilege of 8creating0 parts in the greatest dramas ever written4 ,the sum of #bfs #h;d is appropriated for each of these rings1 about #f4ej of our money4 ,as the fashion became more prevalent1 the number of rings provided for in the wills of well-known persons must have constituted quite a charge upon their estates4 ,the quaint and delightful ,pepys1 that close observer and great gossip who knew all the prominent people of the ,london of his day1 left directions on his death1 in #agjc1 for the distribution of #abc memorial rings among his friends4 ,one of the most important events in ,english history is believed to have given such a great vogue to this usage4 ,the death of ,charles ,i on the scaffold1 ,january #cj1 #afdi--;his martyrdom as the royalists called it--created an ineffaceable impression upon the minds and hearts of those who had taken the king's side in the struggle with the parliamentary party4 ,to commemorate this sad event and to obey the last injunction of the unfortunate monarch1 8remember10 a great number of memorial rings were made1 bearing the name and often the portrait of ,charles1 and these were worn by the royalists4 ,it appears that this seemed to make the bestowal of memorial rings a more general custom than before1 as from this time an increased number of such rings appear4 ,the types of these rings varied considerably in the course of centuries4 ,those of the sixteenth century were made of plain gold1 or of gold enamelled with representations of a skeleton1 spade and pick1 hour-glass1 or similar emblems of death2 the inscription was engraved1 usually on the inside of the ring2 occasionally the bezel was rounded into the form of a skull4 ,in the period succeeding the death of ,queen ,anne 7#agad71 and extending to about #aggd1 the fashion gradually changed1 and the inscriptions1 instead of being engraved1 were in raised letters1 thrown into greater relief by the application of white and black enamel4 ,this style is said to have been brought from ,france1 and the earliest specimens are presumed to have been executed by ,french workmen2 an example of this type of ring1 dating from #agag1 is in the ,crisp ,collection4 ,in one such ring the inscription is enamelled within the hoop4 ,an exceptionally fine specimen of the rings of this period is that in memory of ,richard ,pett1 who died ,february #bc1 #agfe1 aged #gf years4#gd ,this bears an amethyst and four rose diamonds in an openwork setting4 ,another innovation during this period is the employment of white enamel in the case of rings in memory of young maidens2 the earliest example dates from #agbf and was given as a memento of the death1 at fifteen years1 of ,dorothy ,tenison1 daughter of the ,bishop of ,ossory4 ,in their search for novelty the goldsmiths sometimes had resort to rather grewsome decorations1 and the bezel of some rings has the form of a coffin1 within which lies a skeleton1 carefully done in enamel4 ,the last quarter of the eighteenth century supplies us with some of the most elaborately designed memorial rings4 ,in many of these the bezel shows various emblematic figures formed of gold wire1 seed pearls1 ivory and enamel2 one ring of this type has the inscription3 8,heaven has in store what thou hast lost40 ,however1 hair soon became the favorite material4 ,at first1 a lock of hair from the head of the deceased person was enclosed in the bezel1 no attempt being made to form any pattern2 but soon the hair was spread out over the surface and arranged in the form of a tree2 later on1 these rings show us an urn placed beneath the tree1 and still later we have in addition a male or female figure in an attitude of grief1 all these being formed entirely of hair4 ,a unique ring in the ,crisp ,collection#ge is a memento of the death of seven children1 the eldest not over nine years1 who perished in a fire in ,leadenhall ,street1 ,london4 ,this gold and ivory ring bears a design showing seven cherubs' heads surrounding the words3 8,to eternal bliss40 ,at the back of the bezel is inscribed3 8,translated #ah ,january #aghb40 ,as a rule there is little variety in the inscriptions upon memorial rings4 8,memento mori10 and 8,not lost but gone before0 are most frequent4 ,on the ring of ,princess ,amelia1 the favorite daughter of ,george ,,iii1 who died ,november #b1 #ahaj1 are the words 8,remember me40#gf ,there is a touching story regarding this ring4 ,on her death-bed the princess ordered that it should be made and had a lock of her hair enclosed in it4 ,as she lay dying she put the ring on her father's finger with the words of the inscription4 ,the loss of this dearly beloved daughter appears to have finally determined the madness of the unhappy king1 for he never recovered his reason after the event4 ,another interesting ring is that dedicated to the memory of the rather notorious ,lord ,lovat1 who was beheaded in ,london1 ,april #i1 #agdg1 for alleged complicity in the ,jacobite rising of #agde4 ,this is set with a crystal1 beneath which is some hair between two rose diamonds1 and bears ,lovat's last words1 the famous line of ,horace1 8,dulce et decorum est pro patria mori40#gg ,the extravagance and tastelessness shown in many of the more elaborate forms of the memorial ring1 have had the natural result of causing a reversion to the severe simplicity of the earlier types1 and a plain1 but massive gold ring1 with the words1 8,to the memory of ----0 became the usual type4 ,illustration3 #a1 memorial ring of ,charles ,i1 concealed portrait beneath a table-cut diamond4 #b1 memorial ring with two skeletons supporting a sarcophagus4 ,when the lid is raised a minute skeleton is seen within ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 design for a memorial ring from the 8,recueil des ,ouvrages d',orfevrerie0 by ,gilles l',egar2 early part of reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 #b1 ,english memorial ring converted into a memorial of ,charles ,i by the following inscription inside the hoop3 8,c4 ,r41 ,jan4 #cj1 #afdi1 ,martyr40 #c1 memorial ring1 early part of ,eighteenth ,century ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,gold memorial ring of ,capt4 ,robert ,jackson1 died ,october #bi1 #agbf1 aged fifty-six years ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,cameo portrait of ,louis ,,xii of ,france1 cut in a pale ruby4 ,on the gold plate at the back of the bezel is the inscription3 ,loys ,,xiime ,roy de ,france deceda #a ,janvier1 #aeae4 ,latter part of ,fifteenth or beginning of ,sixteenth ,century4 ,double linear size ,c4 ,d4 ,fortnum's 8,antique ,gems and ,jewels in ,her ,majesty's ,collection at ,windsor ,castle0 ,illustration3 ,nelson memorial ring4 ,gold ring with two initial letters3 ,n1 beneath a viscount's coronet1 referring to the title ,viscount ,nelson of the ,nile2 and ,b1 beneath a ducal coronet1 for the title ,duke of ,bront ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,napoleon memorial ring of gold1 said to be one of six given those concerned in his escape from ,elba in #ahae4 ,portrait concealed beneath hinged lid ,british ,museum ,seven ,nelson memorial rings were shown at the ,royal ,naval ,exhibition at ,chelsea in #ahia2 two of these contained some of the hero's hair1 and one belonged to those distributed among ,nelson's captains and other officers after his death4 ,of the two rings enclosing hair1 one set with a diamond was loaned by ,messrs4 ,lambert ,co4 and the other by ,admiral ,sir ,arthur ,farquhar1 ,k4,c4,b4#gh ,a fine specimen of a ,nelson ring is in the ,british ,museum4 ,the broad1 flat hoop expands at the shoulders1 and in a raised oblong bezel are figured a viscount's coronet and a ducal coronet with ,n beneath the former and ,b beneath the latter1 indicating his titles ,viscount ,nelson of the ,nile and ,duke of ,bront4 ,below the letters is the name ,trafalgar and on the exterior of the hoop appears ,nelson's motto 8,palmam qui meruit ferat0 7,let him bear the palm who merits it74 ,there is historic record of two memorial rings1 one set with an emerald and the other with a sapphire1 the gifts of two unhappy royal personages made shortly before death4 ,the first of these rings was bestowed upon the great ,french preacher ,bossuet by the ,stuart princess ,henrietta ,anne1 who1 on her death-bed1 directed that after she had gone to rest there should be given to ,bossuet 8the emerald ring she had ordered to be made for him40 ,of the second ring1 that set with a sapphire1 we learn that shortly before her execution in #aehg1 the unfortunate ,mary of ,scotland took it from her finger and sent it to her faithful follower1 ,lord ,john ,hamilton1 in whose family it has since then been passed down from generation to generation as a priceless heirloom4#gi ,several memorial or mourning rings are among the treasures of the ,figdor ,collection in ,vienna4 ,one of these is of massive silver and has the ,old ,french inscription3 8dort couat10 7rest in peace72 it was found at ,huy1 near ,statte1 ,belgium1 and represents work of the fifteenth century4 ,another is of enamelled gold1 and is evidently for a woman's wear4 ,the inscription is3 8,r4 ,c4 ,not lost but gone before10 in gilt letters on a white enamel ground4 ,this is an ,english ring of about #ahjj4 ,a ,german ring of the eighteenth century has its head formed in the shape of a coffin1 on which are skull and cross-bones2 on its sides is the inscription3 8,hir ist ,ruhe10 7,here is rest74 ,when the lid is lifted1 a heart is disclosed in the coffin4#hj ,memento mori rings1 bearing a death's head1 were sometimes left as legacies4 ,such was the 8golde ringe with a deathe's head0 bequeathed by ,thomasin ,heath to her sister in #aeif1 8for a remembrance of my good will40 ,shakespeare wrote in his ,love's ,labour's ,lost 7,act ,v1 sc4 #b7 of 8a ,death's face in a ring10 where poor1 pedantic ,holofernes' countenance is made the subject of mockery4 ,a rather unaccountable circumstance is that such rings are asserted to have been worn1 toward the end of the sixteenth century1 by professional 8ladies light o' love10 if we can safely generalize from a passage in ,marston's 8,dutch ,courtezan40#ha ,the ruthless executions carried out after the suppression of the last ,jacobite revolt in #agde1 are memorialized in a ring of the period4 ,this is of gold1 the inscriptions being defined by a white enamel background4 ,on the panel-shaped bezel are the letters ,b4 ,d4 ,l4 ,k41 the initials of the ,jacobite lords1 ,balmerino1 ,kilmarnock 7exec4 ,aug4 #ah1 #agdf71 ,deruentwater 7exec4 ,dec4 #h1 #agdf71 and ,lovat 7exec4 ,april #i1 #agdg71 and the dates #h1 ,,dec4 #i1 ,,ap4 #ah1 ,,au2 in the middle is an axe and the date #agdf4 ,the initials of seventeen of these lords' followers1 executed on ,kensington ,common in the same year1 are marked on the hoop of the ring4#hb ,in the possession of ,waldo ,lincoln1 of ,worcester1 ,mass41 is a memorial ring consisting of a narrow plain gold band4 ,there is faintly discernible on this a winged head1 apparently a skull1 similar to the heads of this type sometimes to be seen sculptured on old gravestones4 ,around the inner side of the band runs the following inscription3 8,hoble ,i4 ,winslow ,esqr41 ob4 #ad ,decr4 #agch #fh40hc ,this refers to ,isaac ,winslow1 a son of the noted ,josiah ,winslow 7#afbi-afhj71 governor of ,plymouth ,colony from #afgc until his death1 and who was the first native-born governor in ,new ,england4 ,it was during his term of office that the severe contest with the ,indians1 known as ,king ,philip's ,war1 was fought out successfully4 ,a mourning ring with a strangely materialistic motto is that executed by order of the ,beefsteak ,club to commemorate the demise of ,john ,thornhill1 ,esq41 on ,september #bc1 #ageg1 according to the inscription in white enamel on the hoop4 ,the bezel is flat and of oval form1 enamelled in pale blue and white2 in the centre is shown a gridiron and around this is the legend3 8,beef and ,liberty40#hd ,the ,beefsteak ,club1 formed early in the eighteenth century1 was ,tory in politics1 an opponent of the ,kit-,cat ,club1 whose members were devoted to the success of the ,whigs4 ,rings as memorials of the dead suggest the mention of a memorial ring of another kind1 one destined to favor the revival of a defunct government4 ,when ,napoleon ,i was exiled to ,elba after the overthrow of his empire and the restoration of the ,bourbons1 many of his faithful followers clung to the hope that he would return and re-establish his rule in ,france4 ,in order to aid in keeping this hope alive1 a number of rings were made which could be worn with impunity1 but which could also serve when desired as proofs of the wearers' attachment to the ,napoleonic cause4 ,one of these is described as a gold ring on which a minute gold and enamel coffin was set2 on pressing a spring at the side of the ring a section of the circlet sprang up and revealed a tiny figure of ,napoleon executed in enamel4#he ,at the ,english ,bar1 the usage long existed that certain chosen barristers should be given the title and superior rank of serjeants4 ,in important cases1 a serjeant was usually retained as principal manager and chief representative at the trial1 and generally made the statement of the case in court1 while one or more ordinary barristers got up the evidence and aided in the examination of witnesses2 no serjeants have been appointed since #ahfh4 ,as with almost all the stages of an ,english law-student's and barrister's progress1 heavy expenses had to be born by the new serjeant1 as he was expected not only to give a splendid dinner1 or rather a series of dinners lasting for a week1 to all who were closely or distantly related to his preferment1 but to bestow a gold ring upon each one of the numerous guests1 these 8serjeant rings0 varying in elegance and value according to the rank of the recipient4 ,so strictly was this purely traditional custom construed that a close watch was kept to prevent any cheapening of the quality or intrinsic value of these obligatory rings4 ,as it had been laid down by a leading authority that the ring to be given to a chief justice1 or 8chief baron10 must have the weight of twenty shillings' worth of gold1 a formal protest was made on one occasion1 when rings weighing a tenth less than this had been bestowed1 not1 as ,lord ,chief ,justice ,kelynge told the newly appointed serjeants1 because of the money value1 but 8that it might not be drawn into a precedent40#hf ,the average cost of one of these bestowals of rings has been estimated at about #dj 7#bjj74 ,the first definite notice of the bestowal of serjeants' rings comes from the later years of ,elizabeth's reign1 although the usage is believed to date back at least as far as the time of ,henry ,,vi 7#adbb-adfa74 ,the ,latin motto on a ring of ,sir ,john ,fineux1 called in #adhe1 is 8,su quisque fortun faber10 or 8,every man is the artizan of his own fortune40 ,the mottoes engraved on these rings have varied from reign to reign4 ,one of ,elizabeth's time bears 8,lex regis prsidium0 7,the ,law is the stronghold of the ,king72 under ,charles ,,ii the motto was 8,adest ,carolus magnus0 7,charles the ,great is with us74 ,much more dignified and telling is the motto in ,james ,,ii's reign1 8,deus1 lex1 rex0 7,god1 the ,law1 the ,king71 implying that ,god is the source of the law1 and that the law is above kings4 ,as to the heavy tax sometimes imposed upon a new barrister's pecuniary resources1 it is stated that on one occasion #adji rings were given at an expense of #ggc 7#chfe74 ,the usage1 though maintained to a considerable extent1 became somewhat less oppressive toward the end of the eighteenth century1 but even in #ahef rings were given1 some of them bearing the motto 8,cedant arma tog0 7,arms will give place to the ,gown7 in allusion to the approaching peace with ,russia after the ,crimean ,war4#hg ,about #ahcj1 when popular feeling was roused to the highest pitch by the agitation for the repeal of the ,corn ,laws1 many rings were set with the following stones1 the initial letters forming the word 8repeal03 ,ruby ,emerald ,pearl ,emerald ,amethyst ,lapis lazuli ,an ,irishman1 who owned such a ring1 noted one day that the lapis lazuli had fallen out1 and took the ring to a jeweller in ,cork1 to have the missing stone replaced4 ,when the work was completed1 the owner1 seeing that the jeweller had set a topaz in place of a lapis lazuli1 protested against the substitution2 but the jeweller induced him to accept the ring as it was1 by the witty explanation that it now read 8repeat10 and that if the agitation were often enough repeated1 the repeal would come of itself4#hh ,illustration3 ,crossed hands of the figure of a woman upon a mummy case in the ,british ,museum ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,hands from portrait of a woman4 ,school of ,cranach ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,hindu ring jewel combining a ring for each finger and for the thumb1 a large ornament for the back of the hand1 and a bracelet ,barth1 8,das ,geschmeide0 ,illustration3 ,hands from effigy of ,sir ,humphrey ,stafford's wife in ,bromsgrove ,church1 ,staffordshire1 ,england4 ,rings on every finger except on little finger of right hand4 ,four of these rings are figured1 the full size of the originals ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,three rings strung on a necklace4 ,detail of portrait of ,john ,constans of ,saxony ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,right hand from portrait of ,benedict von ,hertenstein by ,holbein2 seal on index finger ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,illustration3 ,hands from ,botticini's 8,st4 ,jerome with ,st4 ,damasius and other ,saints0 ,national ,gallery1 ,london ,,methods ,,of ,,wearing ,a striking illustration of the large number of rings that some of the noblewomen of ancient ,egypt wore on their fingers is given by the crossed hands of the wooden image on a mummy case in the ,british ,museum4 ,the left hand is given a decided preference in this respect over the right1 there being no less than nine rings on the former against but three on the latter4 ,these left-hand rings comprise one thumb-ring 7the signet71 three for the index1 two for the middle finger1 two for the 8ring-finger10 and one for the little finger4 ,the thumb of the right hand bears a ring and two are on the middle finger4 ,in the tomb of a king of the ,chersonesus1 discovered at ,nicopolis in the ,crimea1 two rings were on the king's hand and ten on that of the queen4 ,the style of workmanship indicated that these rings were productions of the ,greek art of the fourth century ,b4,c41#hi a period when in the ,greek world rings were usually worn more sparingly1 in contrast with the fashion that prevailed during the latter part of the first ,christian century in ,rome4 ,the fine ,egyptian collection of the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york ,city offers an illustration of ,egyptian ring wearing at the beginning of our era4 ,this appears in the mummy-case of ,artemidora1 daughter of ,harpocradorus1 who died in her twenty-seventh year4 ,the wooden case figures the form of the deceased woman4 ,the index1 fourth and little fingers of the left hand1 each bear a ring2 the fingers of the right hand have been broken off4 ,the hands are of stucco and the rings are gilded4 ,in the ,golden ,age of ,greek gem-engraving1 from about #dhj ,b4,c4 to #djj ,b4,c41 the scarab1 never used by the ,greeks of ,asia ,minor1 came into general disuse in the ,greek world1 and a type of ring-stone appeared1 destined to become very popular4 ,in these the engraving was often done on the convex side of a scaraboid form1 the convexity having been much flattened out1 while with the true scarab the flat underside bore the engraved design or characters4 ,occasionally ring-stones had been originally pierced for suspension4 ,the flattened scaraboid marked a transition to the flat ring-stones2 but few1 if any1 examples of these antedate the beginning of the fourth century ,b4,c4 ,one of the theories given by ,macrobius to explain the wearing of rings on the fourth finger1 attributes this usage to the desire to guard the precious setting of the ring from injury4 ,he states that rings were first worn1 not for ornament1 but for use as signets1 and in the beginning were made exclusively of metal4 ,however1 with the increase of wealth and luxury1 precious stones were engraved and set in the metal ring1 and it became necessary to place such a ring on the best-protected finger4 ,the thumbs were most constantly used2 the index was too exposed2 the third finger was too long1 and the little finger too small1 while the right hand was much more frequently used than the left hand4 ,hence the choice fell upon the fourth finger of the left hand as the best fitted to receive a precious ring4#ij ,pliny declares that while at first1 in the ,roman world1 the ring was worn on the fourth finger1 as was shown in the statues of the old kings ,numa ,pompilius and ,servius ,tullius1 it was later on shifted to the index and finally to the little finger1#ia this being in accord with our modern custom1 for men's seal-rings especially4 ,illustration3 ,,upper ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,mummy ,,case ,,of ,,artemidora1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,harpocradorus 7,,about #ajj ,a4 ,d47 ,she died at the age of twenty-seven4 ,on the fingers of the left hand there are three rings2 the fingers of the right hand are broken off4 ,the rings 7which are gilded7 as well as the hands themselves are modeled in relief in stucco ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,gift of ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan1 ,esq4 ,illustration3 ,,sketch ,,kindly ,,made ,,for ,,the ,,author ,,by ,,sir ,,charles ,,hercules ,,read ,curator of the ,department of ,british and ,medieval ,antiquities and ,ethnography in the ,british ,museum1 with his autograph description ,isidore of ,seville1 in his brief chapters on rings1 cites the words spoken by ,gracchus against ,mnius1 before the ,roman ,senate1 as a proof that the wearing of many rings was then considered to be unworthy of a man4 ,the speaker calls upon his hearers to 8look upon the left hand of this man to whose authority we bow1 but who with a woman's vanity1 is adorned like a woman40 ,the ,bishop of ,seville also adduces the declaration of ,crassus who1 as an explanation for his wearing two rings1 although an old man1 said that he did so in the belief that they would further increase his already immense wealth4#ib ,hence he must have thought them endowed with some magic power4 ,one explanation of the greater supply of ancient gems of the period subsequent to the ,augustan ,age1 as compared with those of an earlier date1 has been found in the increasing popularity of ring-wearing4 ,horace 7#fe-h ,b4,c47 already considers three rings on the hand as marking the limit of fashionable wear1 but ,martial 7ab4 #dj-ajd ,a4,d471 writing a century later1 tells of a ,roman dandy who wore six rings on each finger4 ,as an instance of the multiplication of seal-rings1 ,pliny states#ic that the signet proper had to be placed for safe-keeping in a special receptacle1 which was then stamped with the impression of another seal1 lest some improper use should be made of the signet1 the equivalent of an individual signature4#id ,when the usage of wearing rings set with plain or engraved precious stones became general in ,rome1 special caskets were made--many of them of ivory--to contain the rings and other small jewels4 ,the name dactyliotheca1 8ring-treasury10 was given to such a casket4 ,the first ,roman to own one was ,emilius ,scaurus1 son-in-law of ,sylla 7#ach-gh ,b4,c471 who lived in the early part of the first century before ,christ1 but for a long time his example was not followed by the ,romans1 the next dactyliotheca to be seen in ,rome being that dedicated by ,pompey to the ,capitol in #fa ,b4,c41 out of the spoils of ,mithridates the ,great1 who owned the most famous gem collection of his time4#ie ,in the first century ,a4,d4 these ring-caskets came into general use1 and were regarded as indispensable parts of a rich man's luxury4 ,this is brought out in one of ,martial's epigrams when1 after saying that ,charmius wore six rings on each finger and kept them on at night and even when he took his bath1 he proceeds3 8,you ask why he does so8 ,because he has no dactyliotheca40#if ,this evidently implies that he lacked one of the elements of ,roman 8good form0 in the fashionable world4 ,the ,latin epigrammatist whose brief1 caustic poems are a mine of information regarding the customs and costumes of the ,romans in the ,imperial age1 wrote the following couplet1 probably designed for an inscription upon a dactyliotheca1 or ring-case3#ig 8,often does the heavy ring slip off the anointed fingers2 but if you confide your jewel to me1 it will be safe40 ,in the large ring collections of royal treasuries or of wealthy nobles in medival times1 the rings with precious-stone settings were often classified according to the particular stones1 and then those of each of these classes were strung on one or more small sticks or wands 7bacula74 ,among ,king ,john's 7#aafg-abaf7 jewels in the ,tower of ,london1 an inventory of #abje lists several such bacul1 one with #bf diamonds1 two with #dj and #dg emeralds1 respectively1 another shorter one with #g 8good0 topazes and still another with #i turquoises4#ih ,jewellers also1 were wont to keep their rings strung on such small rods1 an example of this being shown in a portrait depicting a jeweller1 painted by an unknown ,german artist of the sixteenth or seventeenth century4 ,with other royal collections of rings the classified set rings were kept already in ancient times in dactyliothec1 or ring-caskets1 the term dactyliotheca coming to be used later more broadly as an equivalent for 8ring collection0 or even 8gem collection40 ,in #abgb the ,crown ,jewels of ,henry ,,iii of ,england included a number of these ring boxes1 four of them for #ajf ruby1 or balas-ruby rings1 two for #ch emerald rings1 one for #bj sapphire rings1 and another for #aa topaz rings and one set with a peridot4#ii ,the following description of a jade 7nephrite7 ringbox of seventeenth-century ,indian workmanship1 in the ,heber ,r4 ,bishop ,collection1 is given in one of the great folios treating of these wonderful jades4#ajj ,a small covered box of three compartments in the form of three compressed plums 7or similar fruit7 held together by the twigs and leaves of a leafy branch which projects to form a handle1 and hollowed out to form a receptacle for finger-rings1 studs or the like4 ,the box proper is decorated underneath with leaves carved in slight relief1 and is flanged on the edges to receive the three upper segments of the fruit which forms the cover and are similarly decorated on top with plum blossoms and held together by a twig1 a leaf1 and an upright bud which serves as a handle4 ,the whole is very daintily cut and polished1 and is so thin and of such translucency that print in contact with it can easily be read through it4 ,the mineral is remarkably pure and resembles a pale transparent horn4 ,while the ,greeks and ,romans did not usually wear rings on the middle finger1 the ,gauls and ,britons adorned it in this way4 ,in the sixteenth century it was customary to assign rings as follows1 according to the quality of the wearer3#aja ,to the thumb for doctors4 ,to the index finger for merchants4 ,to the middle finger for fools4 ,to the annular finger for students4 ,to the auricular finger for lovers4 ,there is a curious ,hindu superstition to the effect that anyone who wears a ring on the middle finger will probably be attacked and bitten by a scorpion4 ,for this reason the ,hindus are said to avoid wearing any rings on this finger1 although the others are laden with them1 each finger-joint having its special adornment4#ajb ,in the ,grco-,roman world also there was a prejudice against decorating the middle finger with a ring4 ,regarding the liberality with which the ,greeks and ,romans of the second century of our era used ring adornments for their fingers1 the great ,greek humorist ,lucian gives testimony4 ,in his writing entitled 8,the ,cock10 he makes a character relate a dream in which the dreamer thought that a rich man had just died and had left him his fortune4 ,thereupon1 in his dream1 he saw himself arrayed in splendid raiment and wearing sixteen rings on his fingers4#ajc ,of the affectations practiced in ring wearing by some nouveau-riches foreigners in ,roman times1 ,juvenal says3 ,when one sees an ,egyptian plebeian1 not long before a slave in ,canopus1 carelessly throwing back over his shoulder a mantle of ,tyrian purple1 and seeking to cool his perspiring fingers by wearing summer-rings of openwork gold1 as he cannot bear the weight of gemmed rings1 how can one fail to write it down in a satire8#ajd ,indeed1 to judge from the weight and size of some of the rings that have been preserved from ancient times1 this practice was not quite so foolish as it may seem1 for in the moist heat of the dog-day in ,rome such heavy rings may well have been a burden4 ,with the ,roman ladies rings bearing images of the animals worshipped by the ,egyptians came into fashion in ,imperial times1 favored no doubt by the enthusiastic worship of ,isis and ,serapis4 ,such rings are said to have been worn almost exclusively by women up to the reign of ,vespasian1 when men began to wear them also4#aje ,in ancient ,rome it was not unusual for the admirer of a philosopher or a poet to wear his portrait engraved on a ring-stone4 ,one of the elegies of ,ovid#ajf 7b4 #dc ,b4,c471 written during his banishment from ,rome1 by order of ,augustus1 alludes feelingly to this custom4 ,the poem is addressed to a faithful friend1 who wears the poet's portrait in his ring1 and ,ovid says3 8,in casting your eye upon this1 perhaps you sometimes say1 #8how far away is poor ,ovid now6'0 ,he died in exile in #ah ,a4,d4 ,so huge were the proportions of the ,roman emperor ,maximinus 7d4 #bch ,a4,d471 who rose from the ranks to the imperial dignity1 that he is said to have used his wife's bracelet for a thumb-ring4#ajg ,the great size of some of the ,roman rings to be seen in collections indicates that they could only have been worn on the thumb4 ,one of the fingers of a bronze statue in the ,british ,museum1 a ,roman work of the third or fourth century1 ,a4,d41 has a ring on its second joint4 ,we are fortunate enough to be able to reproduce here a full-size drawing of this1 courteously made for the present book by ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read1 ,curator of the ,department of ,british and ,medival ,antiquities and ,ethnography in the ,museum4 ,in a letter to ,m4 ,deloche1 the ,german archologist ,lindenschmit states that in only one instance was he able to ascertain definitely on which finger the rings of the early medival period were worn4 ,this concerned a female skeleton1 exceptionally well preserved1 owing to favorable conditions of sepulture2 on the fourth finger of the right hand there was a bronze ring4 ,this sepulchre was found at ,obermorlen1 in ,hessen-,darmstadt4 ,researches in ,france have furnished confirmation of this4 ,in the ,merovingian cemetery of ,yeulle 7dept4 ,pas-de-,calais7 a woman's ring was found on the right hand of the skeleton1 as was also the case with two rings in the ,visigothic and ,merovingian cemetery at ,herpes 7dept4 ,charente71 and this proved to be the case with almost all the early medieval rings found in this region4 ,on the contrary1 ,m4 ,albert ,bquet1 ,curator of the ,archological ,museum of ,namur1 and the ,french archologist1 ,m4 ,l4 ,pilloy1 report the discovery of rings placed upon the left hand4 ,as a possible explanation of these contradictory results1 the opinion has been advanced that the rings on the right hand were wedding rings1 and those on the left1 rings worn for ornament1 as there is good evidence that at an early period among the ,gauls the betrothal ring was put on the right hand1 not on the left4#ajh ,the portrait by ,coello of ,maria of ,austria1 daughter of ,charles ,v of ,germany1 shows on the fourth finger of the left hand a ring set with a large table-cut stone1 which may be a ruby1 or else a rather dark-hued spinel4 ,the right hand is gloved1 the parts of the glove covering the index and fourth fingers having slits so as to give space for the rings on those fingers4 ,there is an elaborate girdle of table-cut stones1 a richly worked cross with three pendent pear-shaped pearls is suspended from a gauze scarf about the neck1 splendid pearl earrings hang from the ears1 and the coiffure is surmounted by a head ornament set with precious stones and pearls4 ,in a three-quarter length portrait of ,henry ,,viii1 painted by ,hans ,holbein in #aedj1 when the king was in his forty-sixth year1 he is represented wearing three rings on his hands1 two of these1 set with square-cut stones1 are on the index fingers of the right and left hand1 respectively4 ,the third and smaller ring1 also set with a square-cut stone1 is on the little finger of the king's left hand4 ,there is an intentional harmony in the jewelling1 for stones of the same form1 alternating with pearls1 adorn the collar suspended from ,henry's neck and serve also as decoration for the sleeve-guards4 ,this portrait is in the ,reale ,galleria d',arte ,antica1 ,rome4 ,princess ,mary1 daughter of ,henry ,,viii and ,catherine of ,aragon1 and afterwards ,queen of ,england 7#aeec-aeeh71 is portrayed in a painting in the ,university ,galleries1 ,oxford1 by an unknown artist1 as wearing1 in addition to many fine pearls both round and pear-shaped1 three rings1 one on the index1 another on the middle finger1 and the third on the fourth finger of the left hand4 ,that on the middle finger is set with a pearl1 and the ring-adornment of this finger is quite worthy of note because of the comparative rarity of this setting4 ,a large pear-shaped pearl1 figured on a portrait of 8,bloody ,mary10 was given to her by ,philip of ,spain1 who afterward took it back to ,spain with him4 ,it later came into the possession of ,jerome ,bonaparte1 who gave it to ,queen ,hortense4 ,she gave it to the young prince1 who later became ,napoleon ,,iii1 and he1 in turn1 disposed of it to the ,duke of ,abercorn1 in whose possession it now remains4 ,allison ,v4 ,armour1 ,esq41 to whom it was shown in ,ireland by the ,duke1 at the time of an expected visit from ,king ,edward1 told the author it was very interesting to note that it had apparently preserved all its original lustre4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady1 ,,by ,,anton ,,van ,,dyke 7#aeii-afda7 ,the thumb ring on the right hand1 and the ring on the index of the left hand1 are both set with square-cut stones1 the last-named probably a ruby ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,marquand ,gift1 #ahhh ,illustration3 ,,princess ,,hatzfeld1 ,,by ,,antonio ,,pesaro 7#afhd-ageg7 ,large pearl cluster on little finger of right hand ,catholina ,lambert ,collection sold at ,american ,art ,galleries1 ,new ,york1 ,february1 #aiaf ,the adornment with a ring of the second phalanx of the right-hand middle finger1 appears in the fine portrait1 said to be that of ,mary ,stuart1 in the ,prado ,gallery1 ,madrid2 the little finger of the same hand shows a stone-set ring1 worn as usual4 ,over the elaborately embroidered bodice hangs a neck-ornament1 at the different sections of which are groups of three pearls1 and there are pearl earrings in the ears1 as well as groups of pearls in the head-ornament4 ,the portrait is listed as a production of the ,french ,school1 but is of doubtful authenticity as a likeness of the unhappy queen4 ,the ,italian fashion of ring-wearing in the sixteenth century is illustrated by the portrait of a noblewoman by ,lorenzo ,lotto1 in the ,galleria ,carrara at ,bergamo1 ,italy4 ,on the right hand are two rings1 on the fourth and little finger respectively2 the left hand bears three1 one on the index1 apparently set with an engraved gem1 and two on the fourth finger1 the larger of which seems to have as setting a pointed diamond1 while the smaller one1 possibly bearing a little facetted diamond1 is on the second phalanx of the finger1 a fashion sometimes followed instead of wearing the two rings together1 one directly over the other1 on the third phalanx4 ,a fine example of a pearl-cluster ring is to be seen in the portrait of ,princess ,hatzfeldt by the artist ,antonio ,pesaro 7#afhd-ageg74 ,the ring1 worn on the little finger1 has a large centre-pearl surrounded by five smaller ones1 the whole constituting a rather inconveniently large jewel1 although unquestionably a very beautiful one4 ,it appears to be the only ring worn by the fair princess when posing for her portrait4 ,finger rings were sometimes worn suspended from the neck1 usually strung on a chain4 ,this custom is testified to by several old portraits1 among them by one of the ,elector ,john ,constans of ,saxony1 in the ,collection of ,prince ,george of ,saxony1 ,dresden1 and also in several of ,lucas ,cranach's portraits4 ,in one of the latter1 depicting an elderly and hard-featured ,dutch lady1 eight rings are to be seen strung on a chain or band below the collar4 ,as the sitter's hands are adorned with five rings1 her object may rather have been to display all her choicest rings1 than to wear them as amulets1 although this superstitious use is generally believed to be the true explanation of wearing finger-rings suspended from the neck4 ,sometimes a single ring was hung from the neck on a long string1 and rings were occasionally worn attached to a hat or cap1 as shown in the portrait of ,bernhard ,,iv1 ,margrave of ,baden 7#adgd-aecf71 by ,hans ,baldung ,grien1 in the ,pinakothek1 ,munich4#aji ,the painting of hands adorned with one or more rings1 was not favored by several of the portraitists of the seventeenth century4 ,few if any rings1 for example1 can be found on the delicately shaped hands of any of ,sir ,peter ,lyly's beauties1 hands undoubtedly lacking in individuality and conforming to a preconceived type4 ,vandyke's usage in this respect varied1 probably1 with the taste of the respective sitters1 although the frequent absence of rings might lead to the inference that he did not favor them in portraits4 ,the great masters of the sixteenth century certainly gave no evidence of any such prejudice1 their realism and their fondness for rich ornament and color causing them to adorn the hands of their subjects1 both men and women1 with valuable and finely wrought rings4 ,with eighteenth century painters1 the tendency to discard rings was very pronounced1 as indicated by their sparing appearance in portraits of this period4 ,it may be interesting to note the distribution of the rings in seventeen portraits of the ,blakeslee ,collection1 disposed of in ,new ,york ,city1 ,march1 #aiaf1 and representing a kind of average for the period from the latter part of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century3 ,right ,hand ,left ,hand ,index finger1 #g ,index finger1 #d ,middle finger1 #a ,middle finger1 #j ,fourth finger1 #g ,fourth finger1 #g ,little finger1 #a ,little finger1 #f ,thus the index and fourth fingers of the right hand and the fourth and little fingers of the left hand are almost equally favored4 ,an oil-portrait of the ,mahrn of ,sikkim1 painted in #aijh by ,damodar ,dutt1 a ,bengali artist1 shows this queen decked out with all her favorite jewel adornments2 among them are two gold rings1 one set with a turquoise and the other with a coral1 on the middle and fourth fingers of the left hand 7see ,frontispiece74 ,the right hand is concealed in a fold of her mantle1 but had there been any rings on it1 it would probably have been displayed1 to judge from the variety of the ornaments she was pleased to wear at the sittings4 ,she is a full-blooded ,tibetan princess1 was born in #ahfd1 and became the second wife of the ,king of ,sikkim in #ahhb1 so that she was forty-four years old when the portrait was painted4 ,at this time she and her husband had been held in captivity by the ,british since #ahic4 ,the singular crown is the one adopted by the queens of ,sikkim4 ,it is composed of broad bandeaux of pearl1 turquoise and coral2 the gold earrings are inlaid with turquoise in concentric rings2 the necklace has large amber balls1 and suspended from it is a gau or charm-box1 set with rubies1 lapis lazuli and turquoise2 on the wrist is a triple bracelet of corals4#aaj ,in the opinion of ,j4 ,alden ,wier1 ,president of the ,academy of ,design1 ,new ,york ,city1 rings can scarcely be regarded as in any sense important accessories of a good portrait1 as this does not depend upon the elaboration of such detail4 ,with ,popes and ,doges1 and with some of the higher ecclesiastics1 however1 rings are significant as insignia of office1 and are therefore depicted as marks of individuality4#aaa ,a fifteenth century example of a thumb ring was found in ,england at ,saxon's ,lode1 a little south of ,upton4 ,the material was of silver1 either considerably alloyed1 or else plated with a baser metal4 ,in seventeenth century times in ,england the wearing of such rings was favored by many of the richer1 or more prominent citizens1 so that they served to differentiate the wearer from those less well-to-do1 although he might not have the right to a crest or coat-of-arms4 ,a character in one of the ,lord ,mayor's shows given in the reign of ,charles ,,ii 7#affd71 is described as 8habited like a grave citizen1--gold girdle and gloves hung thereon1 rings on his fingers1 and a seal ring on his thumb10 like ,falstaff's alderman4#aab ,illustration3 ,two wire rings from a tumulus near ,canterbury1 ,kent1 ,england1 one with a bezel effect ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,two ,anglo-,saxon rings found near ,preston1 ,lancashire1 ,england1 in #ahdj ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,silver thumb ring found at ,saxon's ,lode1 ,england4 8,fifteenth ,century ,archologia10 vol4 iii1 p4 #bfh ,illustration3 ,silver-gilt ring1 with broad1 flat hoop1 and rectangular bezel set with a carbuncle ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,ring of mixed metal set with engraved stone showing a monkey looking into a mirror ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 thumb-ring2 two cockatrices engraved in relief on agate4 #b1 ring set with ,gnostic gem ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,two gold rings4 #a1 with high circular bezel2 ,frankish 7872 ,sixth or ,seventh ,century2 #b1 with pyramidal bezel2 ,lombardic 7872 ,seventh ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,agate ring with a ,runic inscription4 ,late ,saxon ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,massive gold ring with two bezels1 one engraved with circular design of interlacing curves1 the other with three interlaced triangles4 ,late ,saxon ,british ,museum ,even native ,african potentates could boast of fine jewelled rings in the seventeenth century4 ,when an embassy of ,hollanders came to visit the christianized ,king of the ,congo in #afdb1 and were ushered into his presence1 they found him vested in a coat and drawers of gold-cloth1 and adorned with three heavy gold chains4 ,on his right thumb was 8a very large ,granate or ,ruby ,ring1 and on his left hand two great ,emeralds40#aac ,the red stone was almost certainly a large cabochon-cut garnet1 and it is very doubtful that the green stones were genuine emeralds4 ,under the strict discipline of the ,catholic rulers of ,poland the wearing of rings was for a long time forbidden to the ,jews4 ,this restriction was removed in the reign of ,sigismund ,augustus 7#aejf-aedh71 but the permissive decree required that a ,jewish ring must bear the distinguishing inscription 8,sabbation10 or 8,jerusalem40 ,the ,jews themselves sometimes enacted rigid sumptuary laws as to rings1 for instance in ,bologna1 where a convocation of rabbis decided that men should be confined to one ring1 while women were not to be allowed to wear more than three4#aad ,at a later period a ,frankfort convocation decreed that no young girl should be permitted to wear a ring4 ,not improbably the natural fondness of the ,hebrew women for rich jewels1 a fondness already emphasized by the prophet ,isaiah 7chap4 iii1 vs4 #af-bf7 in the case of the ,daughters of ,jerusalem in the eighth century ,b4,c41 may have led to an excessive use of fine rings4 ,indeed any strict sumptuary regulation always implies the existence of an undue degree of luxury in the usages that are subjected to legal restraint4 ,a unique collection of ring stones may be seen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,these are oval1 domed stones1 about one inch long1 and are all cut so as to fit a single setting4 ,they were gathered together by an old gentleman in the seventeenth century1 so that without changing the gold ring to which he was accustomed1 he could vary the color of the precious stones1 thus bringing them into harmony with that of the waistcoat he was wearing4 ,as there are two hundred and forty of these specially-cut stones1 the waistcoats must have represented the whole gamut of colors and shades4 ,a few of the stones are capped with a different gem4 ,this collection was presented to the ,museum in ,january1 #ahgc1 by the late ,samuel ,p4 ,avery1 ,esq4 ,there is also in the ,museum a remarkable collection of rings begun in the eighteenth century by a ,viennese imperial and royal jeweller named ,trk1 and continued by his grandson up to #ahfj4 ,it was later acquired by ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan1 ,esq4 ,the settings of the seventy rings comprise a variety of colored diamonds1 as well as emeralds1 sapphires1 and a number of uncommon stones4 ,,ii ,,forms ,,of ,,rings ,,and ,,materials ,,of ,,which ,,they ,,are ,,made ,among ancient gold rings1 one of ,egyptian workmanship is especially noteworthy for its size and weight as well as for its design4 ,it is inch in its largest diameter1 and bears an oblong plinth1 which turns on a pivot2 it measures #f_/aj inch at its greatest1 and #d_/aj inch at its least breadth4 ,on one of the four faces is the name of the successor of ,amenhotep ,,iii1 ,amenhotep ,,iv 7,akhenaten71 who lived about #adjj ,b4,c42 on another is figured a lion1 with the inscription 8lord of strength02 the two remaining sides show a scorpion and a crocodile respectively4 ,the weight of this massive ring is stated to be about five ounces and its intrinsic gold value nearly a hundred dollars4#aae ,some remarkably fine finger-rings were among the ornaments found by ,ferlini1 an ,italian physician1 when he unearthed the treasure of one of the queens of ,mero4 ,these rings are now in the ,berlin ,royal ,museum4 ,some of them are plain hoops to which movable plates are attached2 others are signet rings4 ,in a few specimens of the first-named class the plate is so large as to extend over three fingers1 the inconvenience to which this could give rise being partly obviated by joints in the plate1 so that the fingers might be moved with greater facility4 ,we hardly think that a design of this type is ever likely to become popular in our times4 ,scarabs strung on wire so as to be worn on the finger were found at ,dahshur by ,de ,morgan4 ,these belonged to the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 to the time from ,usertasen ,,iii to ,amenemhat ,,iii 7ab4 #bffj-begh ,b4,c474 ,stronger wire was used at a later time1 the ends being thrust into perforations on the sides of the scarabs4 ,in all these cases the scarab and the circlet1 more or less well formed1 were separate parts loosely put together4 ,it was not until the ,golden ,age of the ancient ,egyptian civilization that complete metal rings were made1 in which both circlet and chaton formed one piece4 ,rings of the ,egyptian type1 although strongly modified by ,ionic or ,phnician art1 were introduced into ,etruria at a very early period1 and probably thence into ,latium4#aaf ,at an even earlier date1 at least #abjj ,b4,c41 scarab rings were worn in ,cyprus1 several examples having been found in sepulchres there1 the scarab being made of porcelain strung on a gold-wire hoop4 ,the ancient rings in the ,british ,museum offer examples of nearly all the different types favored in early times4#aag ,some1 from the ,mycenan period1 exhibit a long shield-shaped bezel1 convex above and concave beneath1 across the direction of the hoop2 others have a flat band decorated with plaited or twisted wire on which is set a bezel holding a paste4 ,phnician rings of the period from #gjj to #ejj ,b4,c4 present a variety of forms1 some being swivel rings1 the extremities of the rounded hoops passing into beads1 in which are inserted the pivots of a scarab-setting2 another type has elliptical hoops1 either plain or ornamental1 the scarab being in a filigree-decorated bezel2 in still another1 the lower part of the hoop is twisted into a loop1 so that the ring can be worn suspended2 there are also some plain1 flat or rounded hoops1 sometimes with the ends overlapping4 ,the ,greek and ,hellenistic periods1 from the sixth to the second century ,b4,c41 furnish a large variety of forms1 some copied or adapted from earlier ones and then independently developed4 ,a rounded hoop tapering upward1 with ornamental extremities1 occasionally appears in fine examples1 the ends of the hoop representing the lions' masks2 the bezels are frequently of oval shape1 and the shoulders of the hoop are often nearly straight2 in another type while the outside of the hoop is rounded1 the inside is facetted2 sometimes there is a high convex bezel1 bevelled underneath4 ,there are still a few swivel rings with scaraboids4 ,in the ,hellenistic period appear massive gold rings with square-cut shoulders and raised oval settings1 in which a convex stone is placed4 ,still another type is an expanding hoop formed of two overlapping ribbons and with a convex bezel4 ,etruscan rings assume various characteristic and peculiar forms1 many of which are found among the ,roman rings of a later period1 indicating the derivation from the ,etruscans of ring-wearing among the ,romans4 ,one of these in the ,british ,museum has a broad hoop ending in convex shields1 a scarab being pivoted in the terminals2 in others1 the hoop is hollow1 terminating in cylindrical ornaments1 between these a scarab revolves on a wire swivel4 ,a peculiar example has a grooved hoop1 the ends being convex disks1 in which is pivoted a scarab4 ,one of these ,etruscan rings has a very large convex oval bezel1 around the slope of which run a series of embossed figures4 ,as an example of ,roman art found in ,egypt1 we have a spiral ring of serpent form1 either extremity terminating in a bust1 of ,isis and ,serapis respectively4 ,the conjecture has been made that this ring1 and others of the type1 may have been intended to figure the reigning emperor and empress of ,rome under the types of ,isis and of ,serapis1 the latter a ,grco-,egyptian divinity as worshipped in ,alexandria and in the ,roman world1 though having a distinctly ,egyptian form in the national pantheon as ,asar-,hapi1 or ,osiris-,apis4 ,the rings of the type described have the advantage of being easily adapted to a finger of any size1 since pressure at both extremities would enlarge the girth of the single spiral4#aah ,in his ,etymologi1 ,isidore of ,seville defines three of the types of rings worn in ancient times1 the ungulus1 the ,samothracius and the thynnius4#aai ,the ungulus was set with a gem and owed its designation to the fancy that the stone was as closely attached to the gold of the ring as a human nail 7ungulus7 was to the flesh of the finger4 ,the ,samothracian ring was of gold1 but had an iron setting4 ,lucretius in the sixth book of his great philosophic and scientific poem1 8,de ,natura ,rerum10 in speaking of the magnet to which he attributes negative and positive powers1 of repulsion and of attraction1 relates that when1 in an experiment1 ,samothracian rings were placed in a brazen dish beneath which a piece of magnetic iron was moved to and fro1 he had seen the rings leap up1 as though to flee from an enemy4 ,the third type of ring was the thynnius1 the name indicating1 according to ,isidore1 that it was made in ,bithynia1 called at an earlier time1 ,thynna4 ,horace writes1 in one of his odes1 of rings 8chased by a ,thynnian graver40 ,of the key-shaped rings1 several specimens of which have been preserved from ,roman times1 it has been suggested that the key projection was intended to serve as a guard for an exceptionally long finger-nail1 similar to the finger-guards the ,chinese wear for a like purpose4 ,the fact that many of these key-rings are evidently too large to have been worn on the finger1 makes it not improbable that the ring form was arbitrarily chosen1 and that they may have been carried suspended from a girdle4 ,some of them1 however1 might have fitted on a very stout thumb1 and a few of the rings of this type do not exceed the ordinary finger-ring in diameter4#abj ,one of the large and unwieldly ,roman rings1 or at least a ring made on this model1 bears a bust said to be that of ,plotina1 the wife of ,trajan4 ,this was in the collection of ,monsignor ,piccolomini4 ,the extraordinarily elaborate coiffure shows three rows of facetted gems1 and this alone may be considered to testify against the antiquity of the ring4 ,still1 even as a production of the ,renaissance period1 the fact that it at least figures an ancient form makes it an object of interest and of a certain archological value4#aba ,it was in the late ,republican1 and especially in the ,imperial age in ,rome1 that the greatest variety of ring forms were produced1 originally influenced by the earlier ,etruscan art1 and later largely by the extraordinary eclectic art of ,alexandria1 where the combination of ,egyptian1 ,oriental and ,greek elements brought forth many peculiar forms1 some of which are noted elsewhere4 ,a ,romano-,egyptian ring has a flat hoop1 sub-angular on the outside1 the large circular bezel being engraved with three figures of divinities4 ,then there are the composite rings1 sometimes having as many as four hoops1 joined together at the back of the bezel4 ,a striking type is the penannular ring in the form of a coiled serpent1 or else having at each extremity the head of a serpent4 ,in another form the bezel is lozenge-shaped4 ,there are also massive rings with an elliptical hoop and thick projecting shoulders1 the setting being depressed2 sometimes the shoulders slope sharply up to the bezel1 forming a decided angle on the hoop4 ,hoops polygonal on the outside and circular within also occur4 ,some twin rings were made adapted to fit on two fingers of the hand2 in one of these are three cup settings holding garnets1 one on the top of each hoop and one between the hoops4 ,in some instances the hoops of these twin rings were not closely joined to each other1 but connected by a short gold chain1 so that the rings could either be worn on a single finger1 or on two fingers4 ,illustration3 ,gold ring with plain hoop on which is freely looped a little mouse wrought in gold and white enamel4 ,it slips around the hoop4 ,about #afjj ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,gold ring of ,venetian workmanship4 ,the ends of the hoop form monsters' heads1 supporting a bezel formed like the petal of a flower4 ,,xiv ,cent4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,,hand ,,of ,a ,,jeweler1 ,,holding ,a ,,bacula ,,with ,,five ,,rings ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,gold ring set with an amethyst4 ,found at ,lorsch1 ,grand ,duchy of ,hesse-,darmstadt1 and hence called the 8,lorscher ,ring40 ,german2 end of ,tenth or beginning of ,eleventh ,century4 ,grossherzoglich-,hessisches ,museum1 ,darmstadt ,illustration3 ,silver ring having projecting bezel in form of a spur with revolving rowel4 ,italian 7871 ,fourteenth or ,fifteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 8,regard ring10 with seven hoops4 ,the initials of the six stones spell the word 8regard0 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,rings of modern ,egyptian type4 #a1 woman's ring2 hoop of twisted gold2 #b1 man's ring made by silversmith of ,mecca1 with stone setting2 #c1 cast silver ring2 stone setting2 with guards ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,pipe stopper ring4 ,a silver ring on which are set three ,indian1 rose-cut zircons4 ,this ring was placed on the finger and the tobacco in the bowl of the pipe was pressed down with it4 ,french2 about #agej4 ,a similar ring was figured by ,hogarth in one of his illustrations ,field ,museum1 ,chicago ,many of the hoops of the later ,roman rings were elaborately decorated1 either in openwork1 with spirals in wire1 or with beads on the shoulders2 this latter type is1 however1 more probably of ,merovingian times4 ,a ,roman polygonal hoop1 with a high-set bezel1 has on the side of this loops for carrying a string of pearls suspended from the ring4 ,in one of the rings specially designed for insetting with engraved gems1 the hoop1 rounded on the outer side1 has shoulders ending in curling leaves4 ,a curious specimen is a plain hoop broadening in an oval bezel2 in this has been inserted an intaglio head in sard1 the shape of the stone following the exact outline of the head1 without any margin4 ,a ,burgundian ring of a form that ,m4 ,deloche believes to be unique1 has an open hoop4 ,at one extremity is a nail-shaped attachment which can be passed through the other extremity1 thus closing the ring4 ,a bronze ring1 also ,burgundian1 of a rare or unique type has at the bezel a high1 oblong projection4 ,both these rings are of the ,merovingian period which closed in #geb ,a4,d4#abb ,in no period were a greater number of ring forms produced than in the ,middle ,ages4 ,the major part of these medival rings were made as insignia of office or rank1 for sealing official documents1 or for ceremonial use4 ,one of the earliest is that known as the ,lorscher ,ring4#abc ,it is considered to belong to the end of the tenth1 or the beginning of the eleventh century1 and to be a product of ,german workmanship under the influence of the ,byzantine art of the ,merovingian period4 ,the artistic and finely executed design of the bezel is especially worthy of admiration4 ,the stone set therein is a light-colored amethyst cut en cabochon and without foil4 ,this ring is now in the ,grossherzoglich-,hessisches ,museum in ,darmstadt4 ,the ,besborough ,collection of ,gems1 shown in ,june1 #ahfa1 by the ,archological ,institute of ,london1 was interesting for the high artistic excellence of the rings in which many of the gems were set4 ,a number of them rank among the finest examples of ,renaissance work in this direction4 ,one1 set with a sard in which a head of ,lucilla has been engraved1 shows1 carved in flat relief on the gold hoop1 two nude figures bearing in their hands torches1 the design continuing completely around the hoop2 about the figures are doves and flowers4 ,this beautiful specimen of goldsmiths' work belongs to the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,the pose of the small figures has been wonderfully adapted to the curve of the ring4#abd ,to a special class has been given the name 8iconographic rings10 this designates those bearing1 either on the bezel or the sides1 images of the ,virgin and ,child or of the saints4 ,these rings1 which date from a period running from #acij to about #aebj1 are peculiar to ,england and ,scotland4 ,the material is either gold or silver1 those of the latter metal showing much ruder workmanship than was devoted to the gold rings4#abe ,what must have been regarded in its time as an exceptionally ornate ring is listed in an inventory of #adaf4 ,it is described as a gold ring having a helmet and a shield made of a sapphire1 the shield bearing the arms of 8,monseigneur40 ,as supports of the shield were an emerald bear and a swan made of a white chalcedony4#abf ,an ornate though tasteless type of ,italian rings were those called 8giardinetti10 showing flower baskets1 jardinires1 or nosegays1 the flowers being figured by precious stones and pearls1 with stems and leaves of gold4 ,as the aim was purely decorative1 the stones and pearls were usually small and inexpensive ones4 ,very few such rings have been made in recent times1 but from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century they were much favored and a number of fine specimens have been preserved from that period4#abg ,a ring-setting consisting of a turquoise surrounded by small diamonds appears to have been favored in ,england in the seventeenth century1 for ,samuel ,pepys in his 8,diary10 under date of ,february #ah1 #affh1 writes that he had been shown a 8ring of a ,turkey-stone1 set with little sparks of diamonds40 ,a 8,trinity ,ring10 that is a ring consisting of three intertwined circlets1 was shown in ,february1 #aheg1 to the ,society of ,antiquaries in ,london by ,mr4 ,octavius ,morgan4 ,this specimen1 carved1 or turned out of a circular band of ivory1 was believed to be one of three executed by the ,german ivory carver1 ,stephan ,zick 7#afci-agae71 who is said to have been the first to make a ring of this type out of ivory1 although they may have been made of gold--no exceptionally difficult task--before ,zick executed his ivory rings4#abh ,this ring1 or one similar to it1 is now in the ,british ,museum1 ,franks ,bequest4 ,while the rings of the ,louis ,quinze period were generally of delicate and beautiful form1 the tendency to exaggeration in fashions that characterized the succeeding ,louis ,seize period found expression in rings of disproportionate size4 ,at the same time both the number of rings in a fine lady's jewel casket1 and the number she would wear at the same time upon her hand1 greatly increased over what was customary in the preceding reign4 ,thus ,bachaument1 in his 8,mmoires ,secrets10 states that at the sale of ,mlle4 de ,beauvoisin's jewels1 which took place ,november #bb1 #aghd1 there were #bjj rings rivalling one another in magnificence4 ,another ,french author of this time1 ,m4 ,mercier1 wrote in #aghb 8when one takes the hand of a pretty woman1 one only has the sensation of holding a quantity of rings and angular stones1 and it would be necessary first to strip these off the hand before we could perceive its form and delicacy40 ,the enthusiasm of the early days of the ,revolution brought into vogue rings set with a little fragment of the stone-work of the recently demolished ,bastille2 at the same time wedding-rings were enamelled in red1 white and blue1 the new ,republican colors4 ,at the outset the young royalists1 as a protest1 wore rings of tortoise-shell1 with the motto1 ,domine salvum fac regem1 8,god save the ,king40 ,a type of ring that became popular during the darkest days of the ,french ,revolution1 the period of the dreadful ,reign of ,terror1 was that of a large silver hoop with a plain gold bezel on which was graven the head of some one of the leading spirits of the time1 such as ,marat1 ,de ,chalier1 or ,de ,lepelletier ,st4-,fargeau4 ,there are several significant ,french proverbs regarding rings1 of which we may here note the following3 8,ne mets pas ton doigt en anneau trop troit0 7,do not put your finger in too small a ring72 8,anneau en main1 honneur vain0 7,a ring on the finger is an empty honor72 8,bague d'amie porte envie0 7,the ring of a lady friend arouses envy74 ,portrait rings were very popular at the time of the ,french ,revolution1 as they afforded an opportunity for the expression of the ardent devotion to particular personalities characteristic of that troublous period4 ,many ,washington rings and ,robespierre rings were to be seen1 bearing the enamelled portrait of the respective hero1 but the most popular were the ,franklin rings1 for ,franklin's personal influence1 born of his sterling qualities of insight and common sense1 and perhaps strengthened by the contrast of his cool-headedness with the feverish excitement of the ,paris of that time1 was wide and far-reaching4 ,hindu tradition tells of the wearing of rings in ,india in very ancient times4 ,the earliest forms used by the ,brahmans in their forest life1 were woven of kusa-grass 7,saccharum spontaneum71 and even in our time rings of this kind are worn by those assisting at a religious ceremony1 as otherwise the water offered to gods or to the spirits of ancestors will not be accepted4 ,as to metal rings1 ,hindu law assigns those of gold to the index finger and silver rings to the fourth finger4 ,a story related in the ,hindu epic 8,mahabharata0 alludes to a trick or magic practice with rings1 denominated ishika4 ,a ring was thrown into a deep well and then recovered in some mysterious way after it had seemed to be irrevocably lost4 ,the 8,mahabharata0 in its present form may date from about #ejj ,a4,d4 ,the other great ,hindu epic1 the ,ramayana of ,valmiki1 written perhaps as early as #ejj ,b4,c4 even mentions engraved rings4 ,when ,sita1 wife of ,rama1 the hero of the poem1 is abducted by ,rvana1 the ten-headed ,cinghalese giant1 ,rama sends a monkey called ,hanumn to seek for her1 giving him a seal ring as a token4 ,as soon as the monkey succeeds in finding ,sita1 he approaches her holding out the ring and saying1 8,gracious ,lady1 ,i am the messenger of ,rama4 ,look1 here is his ring engraved with his name40 ,in ,sanskrit books the following types and kinds of rings are mentioned3#abi ,dwi-hirak 7double diamond74--,rings with a diamond on either side and a sapphire in the centre4 ,vajra 7diamond1 thunderbolt74--,a triangular finger ornament1 with a diamond in the centre and other stones on the sides4 ,ravimandal4--,a ring with diamonds on the sides and other stones in the middle4 ,nandyvarrta4--,a four-sided finger ornament studded with precious stones4 ,nava-ratna or ,navagraha4--,a ring on which the nine most precious stones have been set4 ,the nine precious stones in ,sanskrit are called3 ,hirak1 ,nnikya1 ,baiduryya1 ,mukt1 ,gomed1 ,bidrum or ,prabl1 ,marakata1 ,pushpa-rg1 and ,indranil2 or the ,diamond1 ,ruby1 ,cat's-eye1 ,pearl1 ,zircon1 ,coral1 ,emerald1 ,topaz1 and ,sapphire4 ,bajra-beshtak4--,ring of which the upper circumference is set with diamonds4 ,trihirak 7triple diamond74--,ring with two small diamonds on the sides and a big one in the centre4 ,sukti-mudrik4--,ring made like the hood of a cobra snake1 with diamonds and precious stones on the upper surface4 ,mudr or ,anguli-mudr4--,ring with name engraved upon it4 ,these are some of the principal names for finger rings in modern ,india3 ,angushtri4--,a ring set with stones1 called also ,mundri or ,anguthi4 ,chhall4--,the chhall is a quite plain hoop or whole hoop ring 7with or without stones71 being gold or silver1 but the same all round4 ,worn also on the toes4 ,angushtr or ,anguth4--,a big ring with a broad face1 worn on the great toe4 ,khari panjngla4--,a set of finger rings of ordinary shape4 ,shhlami or ,khri4--,a ring of long oval shape4 ,birhamgand4--,a broad ring4 ,in ,bombay1 the local designations for finger rings are3 ,angthi1 ,salle1 ,mohorechi ,angthi and ,khadyachya angthya2 toe-rings are named3 ,ranajodvi1 ,jodvi1 ,phule1 ,gend1 and ,masolia4#acj ,illustration3 ,oriental gold ring1 large globular bezel with leaves and flowers in openwork4 ,said to have belonged to ,chief ,samory ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,oriental rings4 #a1 of cast silver2 #b1 of brass2 #c1 of silver2 #d-f1 ,moorish rings2 #d1 set with turquoise and rubies2 #e1 with octagonal bloodstone and turquoise2 #f1 signet-ring bearing name of owner on a carnelian ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 ring with pendent garnets2 #b1 silver ring4 ,east ,indian4 ,the loose-hung silver drops jingle as the hand moves ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,elaborate ,east ,indian ring1 with figure of ,buddha4 ,hoop of peculiar shape to keep the ring from falling off the finger ,courtesy of ,miss ,helen ,bainbridge ,illustration3 ,rings made by ,siamese ,bonza1 or ,priest1 from metal lying about among the idols at ,ongchor1 ,old ,cambodia1 in #ahga ,courtesy of ,mr4 ,walter ,c4 ,wyman ,rings1 necklaces1 armlets and ,sirpech 7or tiaras7 are made at ,biknir1 and exquisitely light and fine rings of gold and silver are produced at ,jhnsi in the ,gwalior territory4 ,an unusual form of ring ornamentation appears in a silver ring of ,indian workmanship1 dated in the fourteenth or fifteenth century4 ,this has a projecting bezel in the form of a spur1 with a revolving swivel4 ,a ring of similar design1 believed to be ,venetian1 now in the ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford1 was brought from ,chalis4#aca ,the rings made by the ,hindu goldsmiths are in many cases very elaborately chased and ornamented1 in the ornate style characteristic of ,indian jewellery4 ,the women of the ,deccan almost universally wear rings2 they are usually of gold1 a silver ring being looked upon as showing meanness on the part of the wearer4 ,there does not appear to be any preference of one finger over the other for decoration with rings4 ,one of the most attractive types is a closely-fitting ring to which is affixed a little mirror1 about the size of a silver quarter-dollar2 this may be mounted either in gold or silver1 and undoubtedly ,hindu female vanity finds this thumb mirror of some practical use4 ,with its rich ornamentation a ring of this kind is in itself a pretty jewel1 but would hardly suit ,occidental taste on account of its size and the inconvenience of wearing it4 ,a rather singular fact is that mirror-rings are sometimes worn on the great toe1 where they would seem to be quite useless2 but it has been suggested that as the ,hindu women of the better class commonly have their feet nearly or quite bare when in their apartments1 and have acquired the power to move and use their feet much more freely than is the case with ,occidentals1 a toe mirror might possibly be of some slight utility2 still1 it seems probable that they are purely ornamental and came into fashion in imitation of the thumb-mirrors4 ,many varieties of toe-rings are made1 a special type being that for wear on the middle toe4#acb ,a ring of an unusual form is worn on the great toe of the left foot by some ,hindu married women1 as a distinguishing mark of the married state4 ,men frequently wear a ring on the big toe for curative purposes1 or to augment their masculine vigor4 ,these toe-rings of the men are not generally closed circles1 but open hoops1 so that they can be easily removed when this is desirable4#acc ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,toe ,,rings ,,of ,,silver1 ,,madras ,,presidency #a1 three views of ring worn on second and third toes of the left foot2 the conventional fish is an emblem of ,siva #b1 #c1 #d1 other toe rings ,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry1 vol4 v1 #ahid ,illustration3 ,,rich ,,cinghalese ,,merchant1 ,,in ,,gala ,,dress ,the immense1 round ring on the little finger of his right hand is a favorite adornment in ,ceylon2 smaller rings are on the fourth finger of right hand1 and on the little finger of left hand ,the art of the ,persian goldsmith in the fifteenth century is displayed in a ring belonging to one of the splendid collections of the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 in ,new ,york4 ,it is of massive form with an immense bezel1 richly decorated in openwork2 the hoop is also elaborately chased4 ,the flat surface of the bezel is adorned with a design in keeping with the ornamentation of its sides and of the hoop4 ,for a large and massive ring this one is remarkably well-proportioned and harmonious in design4 ,a good specimen of the rings worn on state occasions by ,east ,indian princes was sold in ,february1 #aiac1 at the ,american ,art ,galleries4 ,it is of gold1 but bears no precious stones2 the circlet is ornamented with white enamelled crocodiles1 and also with a minute enamelled figure1 within a temple and incased in glass2 the bezel of this ring is decorated in blue1 green and red enamel4 ,while the simpler ,chinese rings as a general rule are unset1 usually consisting merely of a plain silver band on which are engraved designs of various objects1 or else coated with ornaments in enamel1 the rings of the ,tibetans display a considerable variety of settings1 turquoise1 coral1 agate1 mother-of-pearl1 mica and similar stones being used4 ,few or none of the true precious stones are to be found in the rings of these countries4 ,the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,chicago has a large number of specimens some of which are figured in the accompanying plate4#acd ,a collection of some two dozen rings of artistic ,siamese workmanship were sent to the ,chicago ,exhibition of #ahic1 in charge of ,prince ,surrya1 later ,siamese ambassador to ,france4 ,these rings were of nearly pure gold1 and were ornamented with designs in red1 green1 and white enamel1 representing animals1 fish1 and other forms1 but never human figures4 ,they were believed to be of considerable age and historic value2 indeed1 they were so highly prized that they were not publicly exhibited but were kept locked up in a safe1 and only rarely displayed to some especially favored visitor4 ,after the close of the ,exhibition they were safely returned to ,siam4 ,an ,american traveller in ,cambodia1 in #ahga1 succeeded in having a few rings made for him by a native ,buddhist bonza1 the material being old metal found lying about among the idols of a temple at ,ongchor4 ,the work of the priest gives evidence of a considerable degree of skill in design1 doubtless derived from examination and study of native and ,indian types of rings4 ,the type having an intertwined bezel prevails2 one massive ring is penannular4#ace ,an elaborate ,burmese ring has the hoop in the form of a serpent1 whose open mouth displays the death-dealing fangs4 ,along the body runs a continuous band of rubies placed in oval settings4 ,the rest of the surface is adorned with green1 red and white enamel--mouth1 nose1 tail and scales being brought out in this way4 ,of two red stones which originally marked the serpent's eyes1 one has fallen out2 on either side of the head is a small sapphire4 ,this fine ring is in the ,british ,museum4#acf ,while fifty years ago in ,japan the women of the better classes did not favor the wearing of finger-rings1 it was not infrequently the case that kitchenmaids and housemaids would wear silver or brass rings4 ,they are believed to have been influenced by the example of ,dutch women in ,nagasaki4#acg ,at the present day ,american and ,european influence is very slow in making itself felt in the direction of ring-wearing4 ,in the large oval bezel of a fine ,syrian ring is set a paste representing a topaz4 ,the shoulders expand to form the bezel4 ,this ring1 the lower half of which has been broken off1 shows an exceptionally fine patina2 it was of large size and must have been a striking ornament on the wearer's hand4 ,as the broad oval extends across the hoop1 not at right angles with it1 it must have interfered slightly with a free use of the fingers near the one on which the ring was worn4 ,in the ,philippine ,islands a type of ring that is made by the natives has a number of spiral twists1 from five to as many as a dozen coils appearing in these rings4 ,the serpentine form is accentuated by a pattern of dots or cross-marking1 with sometimes the indication of a conventional flower design4 ,while rather clumsy for wear1 these rings still possess a certain artistic quality4 ,fine examples are in the ,ethnological ,department of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ancient city of refuge1 ,machu ,picchu1 probably built by the ,incas nearly #bjjj years ago on a ,peruvian mountain top1 was uncovered by the ,national ,geographic ,society--,yale ,university ,peruvian ,expedition of #aiab1 of which ,dr4 ,hiram ,bingham was the director4 ,among the many interesting relics found on this unique site were some silver rings1 one being of the twisted type1 with the ends free1 so as to suit the size of any finger1 while another has been welded or hammered into a closed circlet4 ,while it is impossible to date these rings with any approach to exactness1 they are undoubtedly examples of the art of native ,peruvian silversmiths prior to the ,spanish ,conquest4#ach ,rings in great variety are worn in the ,congo region and in every part of ,bantu and ,negro ,africa4 ,there are heavy rings and light ones1 simple hoops and spirals1 and they are worn on neck1 arm1 leg1 finger and toe4 ,they are made of brass1 copper1 ivory1 iron1 elephant foot-pad1 and several other materials4 ,at ,akkra1 and in ,liberia1 there is quite a manufacture of gold rings1 and1 to a lesser extent1 of silver rings also4#aci ,an example of the exceptionally large rings sometimes made to commemorate special occasions1 rather than for possible wear1 is one donated to ,president ,pierce by some ,californian admirers in #aheb4 ,this somewhat ambitious production scarcely answers the requirements of a high standard of art1 but its decoration offers a great variety of appropriate designs illustrating life in the ,far ,west in the middle of the past century4 ,the ring is of solid gold and weighs something over a pound1 thus having a mere metal value of about #bej4 ,on square surfaces cut on the circlet are a series of designs intended to present an epitome of ,california's early history2 the native animals in a wild state1 the ,indian warrior armed with bow and arrow1 and a native mountaineer2 then comes a ,californian1 riding a horse at full speed and casting his lasso2 to him succeeds the miner with pick and shovel4 ,the bezel is engraved with the arms of ,california2 it is hinged and when opened reveals a kind of box having nine compartments divided by golden bars4 ,in each compartment is a characteristic specimen of one of the principal ores found in ,california4 ,inside the circlet has been engraved the inscription3 8,presented to ,franklin ,pierce1 the ,fourteenth ,president of the ,united ,states40#adj ,what may be called a presidential ring is that depicted in the effigy of ,abigail ,power ,fillmore1 wife of ,president ,fillmore 7#ahej-ahec71 a quaint wax figure in the ,wives of ,presidents series1 shown in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,washington ,d4 ,c4 ,in this she is shown wearing a handkerchief ring4 ,illustration3 ,ring given to ,president ,franklin ,pierce in #aheb by citizens of ,california 8,gleason's ,pictorial ,magazine10 ,december #be1 #aheb ,illustration3 ,series of old rings worked up to form a pendant ,jewelers' ,circular-,weekly1 ,december #h1 #aiji ,illustration3 ,,rings ,,from ,,the ,,alexander ,w4 ,,drake ,,collection1 ,,sold ,,at ,,the ,,american ,,art ,,galleries ,,in ,,march1 #aiac #a1 silver ring of ,east ,indian workmanship4 #b1 massive ,tartar finger ring of fine gold4 #c1 copy in silver of the betrothal ring of ,martin ,luther1 a gift of ,richard ,watson ,gilder4 #d1 finger ring with precious stone setting and two irregularly-shaped pearls4 ,pendant shows the bust of a bearded man in armor4 #e1 gold betrothal ring4 ,two hands holding a crowned heart4 ,type used by ,galway fisherman from the ,thirteenth ,century and called a 8,claddugh ,ring40 #f1 openwork gold ring4 #g1 old ,chinese gold ring--oval with ,chinese characters1 on either side a chiseled bat4 #h1 ,moorish finger ring of fine gold4 ,large shield with characteristic ornamentation4 #i1 gold ring with intaglio of a shepherd and goat cut on a light sard4 #aj1 square gold ring1 with bead groups in centre and at corners1 the central part in raised openwork4 #aa1 gold ring4 ,french4 ,heart-shaped bezel set with ,watteau figure in repousse1 under crystal1 and surrounded with bits of green and white crystal between small flowers of gold4 #ab1 silver finger ring4 ,two hoops linked together by true-lovers' knot4 ,an unusually large ring was worn by the well-known theatrical manager1 ,sheridan ,shook4 ,it was set with an amethyst an inch long by three-quarters of an inch broad and half an inch deep1 and weighing two and a half ounces4 ,the letter ,s was engraved in the stone and inlaid with small diamonds4 ,this immense ring with its massive gold setting can hardly be termed a great work of art1 but it is unique in its way and was greatly valued by its owner1 who only ceased to wear it when ill-health and weakness made it too much of a burden4 ,the extensive and remarkable collections of the late ,alexander ,wilson ,drake1 which were disposed of at the ,american ,art ,galleries in ,new ,york1 ,march #ajth to #agth1 #aiac1 comprised a fine collection of finger rings1 illustrating a large variety of forms and periods4 ,there were in all nearly #hjj examples1 set and unset4 ,there were betrothal rings1 memorials rings1 gimmal rings1 puzzle rings1 rings of ,roman1 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,russian1 ,irish1 ,scandinavian1 ,english and ,american workmanship1 and many ,oriental rings1 ,sassanian1 ,indian1 ,japanese1 ,chinese1 ,hebrew1 ,gypsy and ,moorish1 one of the latter being a gold circlet with the twelve signs of the zodiac engraved in high relief around it4 ,the personality of the collector added greatly to the charm of this collection for all who had known him4 ,as art editor of the ,century ,magazine1 and in a thousand other ways1 no one had labored more enthusiastically and successfully in the cause of art encouragement and art education1 and his death constituted a real loss for the progress of art in ,america4 ,the valuable and carefully chosen collection of gem stones set in rings1 which was made by the late ,sir ,arthur ,herbert ,church 7#ahcd-aiae71 has been presented by his widow1 ,lady ,church1 to the trustees of the ,british ,museum and is shown in the ,natural ,history building4#ada ,of the #ah examples in the ,british ,museum collection of the interesting class of rings cut out of a single stone1 ,the collection comprises #afi specimens1 #de of them zircons1 fully illustrating the wide range of color to be found in this gem-stone2 two of them are of a beautiful sky-blue4 ,the following list gives the number of rings for each mineral species3 ,corundum #ab ,spinel #ag ,chrysoberyl #h ,quartz 7amethyst1 tiger-eye1 chrysoprase7 #c ,peridot #a ,spodumene #a ,labradorite #a ,beryl #d ,andalusite #a ,tourmaline #bj ,opal 7precious1 fire1 black and milk7 #aj ,zircon #de ,phenacite #e ,enstalite #a ,moonstone #b ,garnet #ai ,topaz #h ,cordierite #b ,sphene #a ,turquoise #a ,only three of the rings are set with more than a single stone4 ,several belonged to the collection of ,sir ,hans ,sloane in #agec1 five of them being archers' thumb-rings1 of agate1 carnelian1 mocha-stone1 or jasper4 ,a green jasper ring of this type is thus entered in the ,sloane ,manuscript catalogue3 8,a thumb piece for defending it from being hurt by the bowstring1 from ,turkey40 ,a remarkable1 though decidedly eccentric ring of the art nouveau style of ,ren ,lalique shows in the long1 irregularly oval bezel1 a full-length1 nude female figure cut in very high relief out of a bluish rock-crystal2 set at one side about the middle of the figure is a round pearl1 apparently of immense proportions as compared with those of the human body4#adb ,not only are there the watch-bracelets which have been so extensively worn of late years1 but minute ornamental watches have been set in finger-rings1 where they can be consulted with even greater ease than when worn on the wrist4 ,the watch-face is surrounded by a bordering of small jewels4 ,apart from their practical value1 the 8watch-rings0 are pretty and dainty objects in themselves1 and lend a new element of variety to the long list of ring forms4#adc ,there is in the collection of the ,imperial ,kunstgewerbe ,museum1 ,vienna1 an exceptionally fine example of the watch-ring1 made by ,johann ,putz1 of ,augsburg1 in the seventeenth century4 ,it has a detachable cover1 cut from an emerald1 on which the ,austrian double-eagle has been engraved4 ,in the same collection are two sun-dial rings2 one1 made in the seventeenth century1 has a lid figuring a hedgehog1 studded with black diamond lozenges2 the other1 a sixteenth century ring1 bears a ,greek inscription to the effect that 8time removes all things and brings forgetfulness20 the sun-dial is on the inner side of this ring1 which is of silver gilt4 ,there is also a gold astrolabe ring1 which when closed looks like an ordinary one2 but when the connected circles are opened up1 the ring constitutes a veritable astrolabe4#add ,a gold 8sphere-ring0 in the ,british ,museum collection has an outer hoop in two parts1 working like a gimmal1 and three interior hoops which are almost concealed when the ring is closed4 ,the exterior hoop is chased2 on the inner surfaces1 concealed from view when the ring is closed1 appears in sections the following inscription in black enamel3 ,verbo ,dei celi firmati sunt4 ,dixit et creata sunt1 ipse mandavit et creata sunt4 7,the heavens are founded in the word of ,god4 ,he spoke and they were created2 he commanded and they were created47 ,after 8firmati sunt10 is the date #aeee4 ,the three interior hoops bear1 enameled in black1 the signs of the zodiac1 stars1 and other astral figures4 ,this ring is of ,german workmanship4#ade ,in the collection of works of art bequeathed to the ,british ,museum in #ahih by ,baron ,ferdinand ,rothschild1 and designated as the ,waddesdon ,bequest1 there are several characteristic rings4 ,of these perhaps the most notable is a large finger ring of gold1 enameled and set with jewels1 a sixteenth century example of ,german workmanship4 ,the bezel is in the form of a clasped book2 on the cover is a skull1 about which are four stones1 sapphire1 ruby1 emerald1 and diamond1 and two toads and snakes in enamel4 ,when the book cover is thrown back there appears a loose plate of gold1 on which is enameled a recumbent figure with skull and hour-glass2 on the under side of the cover is inscribed in black enamel 7in capitals73 ,,sive ,,vivimus1 ,,sive ,,morimur1 ,,domini ,,sumus4 ,,commenda ,,domino ,,viam ,,tuam1 ,,et ,,spera ,,in ,,eum ,,et ,,ipse ,,faciet 7,whether we live or whether we die we are the ,lord's4 ,commit thy way unto the ,lord and trust in ,him1 and ,he shall bring it to pass74 ,this combines the text1 ,romans xiv1 #h with ,psalm xxxvii1 #e4 ,on the shoulders of the ring are two groups in enamel1 the ,fall and the ,expulsion from ,eden4#adf ,sixteenth century ring-making1 so rich in its variety of eccentric types1 evolved whistle-rings1 one of which is in the ,british ,museum4 ,this is of bronze gilt2 the large oval bezel is engraved with a shield of arms2 the hoop is slender at the back4 ,the shoulders are engraved with strap-work1 one of them having a tubular whistle4#adg ,an enameled gold ring of striking and original design is owned by ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor1 ,vienna4 ,the bezel has a lid on which is enameled a head wearing a half-mask2 the eyes are of small lozenge-shaped diamonds1 and there is a bordering of seventeen rubies4 ,on lifting the lid there appears beneath an oval surface1 on which is enameled a heart with the motto3 8,pour vous seule0 7,for you alone74 ,the inner side of the lid is hollowed out so as to serve as a receptacle for hair4 ,the hoop1 of a ribbon-like form1 bears the significant inscription3 8,sous le masque la vrit0 7,beneath the mask is truth74 ,this ring1 which belonged to the famous ,viennese tragedienne1 ,charlotte ,wolter1 is of ,french workmanship and dates from about #ahjj4 ,a whimsical gold ring in the collection has a plain hoop1 to which the figure of a little mouse1 wrought in gold1 is looped by the tail so that it slips around the circlet4 ,another gold ring of singular design is one having a diamond in a silver setting about which are three rubies in gold settings2 between the rubies are three playing cards in enamel4 ,the hoop is of openwork with two playing cards and two ovals2 a section of reddish gold that has been added to it1 indicates that the ring was enlarged at some time from its original size4#adh ,a decoration of a somewhat unusual type appears in a ring to be seen in the ,cleveland ,museum of ,art1 the gift of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,homer ,wade4 ,it has for its adornment a minute landscape painting1 in place of a precious stone or seal decoration4#adi ,this might be a suggestion to those who may wish to bear with them a pretty reminder of their favorite country home1 or else of some scene that is associated with exceptionally happy memories4 ,illustration3 ,,gold ,,ring1 ,,richly ,,enameled ,the hoop has white1 red and black enameling1 and is studded with little emeralds and rubies4 ,the high bezel is set with an emerald and with a small ruby on each of the four sides4 ,second half of ,sixteenth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,,gold ,,ring1 ,,with ,,head ,,in ,,form ,,of ,a ,,rose ,,knot ,the setting consists of a diamond in a silver bezel1 and three rubies in gold bezels2 between the rubies are three enameled playing cards4 ,the hoop is of openwork interspersed with two playing cards and two ovals in enamel2 a section of reddish gold indicates an enlargement of this ring4 ,eighteenth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,a symbolic ring recently designed and executed in ,new ,york artfully combines a number of significant elements1 each of which has a distinct bearing upon the history1 the fortunes1 or the taste of the prospective wearer4 ,at the head of the ring is set his birth-stone1 the sard1 about which are engraved his family crest and motto1 and the initials of his name4 ,on the shank are two relief representations1 one of a lion1 8the king of beasts10 typifying royal descent1 the other showing the wearer's patron saint1 ,michael2 at the left of this figure is set an emerald as the talismanic gem4 ,surmounting the head of the ring are a series of light gothic arches1 indicating the religious character of this jewel4 ,on the smooth inner side of the head is engraved a mystic design1 consisting of a double triangle1 interlaced to form a six-pointed star1 and enclosed by a circle2 within the triangles appears in blue emerald the 8mystic number0 #ae1 that of the wearer1 blue being his astral color2 the triangles symbolize the inseparability of the ,holy ,trinity1 and the circle typifies ,eternity1 this word being engraved above1 as well as the date of the wearer's birth1 and a legend commemorating the gift of the ring4 ,it is made of fine gold1 so that it may the better denote absolute purity4 ,in one type of serpent ring1 one of the ends is inserted loose into the mouth of the serpent's head terminating the other end1 so that by a little careful bending1 the trifling difference in the diameter of the hoop necessary to adjust it perfectly to a finger can be easily attained4 ,this form already appears among ancient rings4#aej ,two finely wrought serpent rings are shown on the ,plate4#aea ,in one of these 7,no4 #b71 with three coils1 the erect head of the snake with distended jaws is vividly portrayed1 making the ring a work of art indeed1 but arousing an instinctive repulsion in the beholder4 ,the other serpent ring constitutes a simple circlet1 the head of the snake overlapping the tail4 ,as an example of artistic workmanship it fully equals the larger ring1 and may be considered better adapted for the adornment of the hand1 since the serpent nature is not so aggressively presented4 ,rings of a quite unique type1 that owes its origin to the great war and to ,french skill and taste in adapting the most unpromising means to an artistic end1 are those made by ,french soldiers out of aluminum fuses taken from the bombs which their ,german foes have so liberally rained upon them4 ,at the outset the disks were first worked with scissors to make rude rings for men's big fingers4 ,later on the well-furnished tool-box of the machine-gun squad was called into requisition4 ,this early primitive type was soon abandoned1 and in order to make rings of the proper dimensions the metal from the ,german shells was fused and run into ingots2 the crucible was frequently one of the new iron helmets1 which was set on a wood fire that was kept going by a bellows improvised from a bayonet sheath4 ,however1 the soldiers finally became so reckless in their search for material that it was found necessary to put a stop to this1 after several had been shot by the enemy4 ,illustration3 #a1 mourning ring4 ,gold with enamel and jewels1 ,seventeenth ,century4 #b1 snake ring4 ,carved gold with diamond eyes4 ,modern ,oriental4 #c1 ,chinese ring4 ,native gold with seal reading1 8,riches and public honors40 ,overlapping back4 ,nineteenth ,century4 #d1 wish-bone ring4 ,copy of an ,african one in gold4 #e1 ,persian ring4 ,gold and silver1 set with a carnelian having seal characters of owner's name4 ,metal engraved inside4 ,eighteenth ,century4 #f1 ,chinese ring4 ,native gold with seal reading1 8,long life and riches40 ,overlapping back4 ,eighteenth ,century4 #g1 animal ring4 ,carved gold in two colors with continuous procession of tigers4 ,modern ,french4 #h1 ,chinese ring4 ,of greenish jadeite in one piece4 ,eighteenth ,century4 ,rings from the ,collection of ,w4 ,gedney ,beatty ,illustration3 ,,three ,,types ,,of ,,watch ,,ring ,front1 side and end views ,the first models for the rings were made of wood or soft limestone4 ,at a more advanced stage1 round bars were made1 which were cut into sections by means of the jagged edge of an old trench-spade4 ,the smoothing off was done with a knife1 and for making the ring apertures a pick was commonly used4 ,they were then polished with a piece of hard wood1 moistened from time to time to soften it4 ,this still primitive form failed to satisfy the amateur ring-makers1 and soon some of them began to engrave their rings with the point of a pocket-knife1 and others1 more ambitious1 encrusted them with small pieces of copper1 either mortised or rivetted in4 ,although many of the rings were undoubtedly the work of entirely unpracticed hands1 of course in any of the great modern national armies men of all trades and professions are represented1 and hence the really fine examples of these war-time rings have been the work of those familiar with the jewellers' art4 ,so eagerly did some of the soldiers pursue this avocation1 that when their aluminum threatened to give out1 they would look impatiently for a bombardment to get a new supply4#aeb ,the 8add-a-link0 ring is made up of a series of small links which all snap one in the other4 ,the purchaser buys one with the number of links requisite to fit the finger exactly4 ,if he wishes to have a stone in it he buys a link with a stone inserted therein4 ,a plain link is snapped out of the ring and the link with the stone is snapped in4 ,sometimes these rings are made up of a variety of stones and then again with only one stone4 ,it is possible in this way for the purchaser to obtain1 at a moderate cost1 a variety of settings1 changeable at will4 ,moreover1 a ring of this type can be enlarged as the finger grows larger4 ,among a number of ring-types designed for the practical convenience of the owner and only worn temporarily to serve a particular purpose1 we may note the cigarette ring1 provided with a straight sliding rod the end of which clasps the middle of a cigarette1 so that when a whiff has been taken1 the hand may be freely used without laying aside or dropping the cigarette4 ,another smokers' ring is one provided with a projection for stopping a pipe1 rendering it possible for the ardent pipe-smoker to keep his pipe-bowl well filled and well packed without soiling the tips of his fingers4 ,these pipe-stopping rings are sometimes of rich materials1 in one instance the stopper was of a beautiful white zircon1 finely contrasting with the rich yellow gold of the ring proper4 ,rings of this kind were very much in vogue in the eighteenth century1 and one appears on the hand of a gentleman in one of ,hogarth's engravings4 ,the name 8swivel ring0 is applied when the head of the ring is loose1 and is loosely secured by a bar to the band or circlet1 so that the ring will swing around4 ,this type is frequently used in scarab rings1 or where there is a double intaglio1 a double miniature1 or other double object1 or where the ring is what is known as a concealed seal ring1 the outside part being a gold ornament or a stone4 ,one of the 8surprise rings0 in which a hinged outer section of the hoop can be made to detach itself1 on a spring being pressed1 so that a concealed surface appears1 shows on its hidden surface a number of magical signs and the names of the angels or spirits ,ashmodel1 ,nachiel1 ,zamiel1 and others4 ,wearing a ring of this kind1 the adept could reveal his belief in the magic arts to others of his sect or fraternity1 thus bearing about with him a secret passport admitting him to their confidence4#aec ,a pretty way of utilizing old and cherished rings for the production of an attractive ornament is to link them together so as to form a chatelaine4 ,by this means a large number of family memorial rings1 either those of more or less remote ancestors or of persons whom the owner has known and loved1 may be combined in a single beautiful chain4 ,this can be done in several ways4 ,after opening the rings at the joint1 they are strung one below the other1 the monotony of the effect being varied by one or more double rings1 the terminal of the chain being a seal-ring with the bezel downward4 ,another method is to have a series of double rings1 each one of which is joined to the member of the pair immediately below1 by means of a small ring made for this purpose2 here again the terminal will be either a seal-ring1 or one set with a large precious stone4 ,such ornaments are not only things of beauty in themselves1 but unique in the memories they serve to perpetuate in the hearts of the wearers4 ,,the ,,materials ,,of ,,rings ,ring whittling or carving is a favorite occupation of sailors and young boys4 ,many interesting rings have been carved by them out of peach pits1 flexible ivory1 cocoanut shells1 gutta percha1 walrus ivory1 boxwood1 whale's teeth and many other substances4 ,these are frequently incised with the initials of the wearer or the one to whom the ring is to be presented4 ,then again1 pins are cut off and the upper part driven into the hoop1 in such a way that the head of the pin appears as a beading2 often metallic points are added4 ,other rings are carved with hearts1 folded hands and other symbols of sentiment4 ,as a ring is necessary in marriage it has occasionally happened when no precious metal was available in hasty marriages1 or out of economy1 that a curtain ring1 taken from the church curtain1 has been used4 ,memory rings1 of threads wound around the finger1 have often been employed4 ,sometimes these are made of cord or yarn1 and each ring is supposed to represent one object to be remembered1 and to be purchased1 or delivered at the final place of destination4 ,the writer distinctly remembers seeing an old man nearly #ij years of age1 wearing a waistcoat older than himself1 and with at least twenty strings of different colors and variety on his fingers4 ,he trudged a distance of six miles to the nearest village and had been instructed not to return until he had purchased or obtained the object meant by each string4 ,this memorizing by cords or strands has been practised by many primitive peoples who had not developed any system of writing1 a well-known instance being the wampum records of some of our ,north ,american ,indian tribes4 ,to the famous episode of the descent of the life-goddess ,ishtar to the infernal regions1 forming part of the great ,babylonian poem known as the 8,gilgamesh ,epic10 have been appended a few lines suggesting an idea distantly resembling that in the ,greek myth of ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,a mourner who seeks to release a loved one from the ,realm of ,death1 is told to address himself to ,tammuz 7 ,adonis74 ,a festival garment is to be put on the god's statue to induce him 8to play on the flute of lapis-lazuli10 with a ring of porphyry4 ,this divine music was believed to arouse the dead and call them to inhale the fragrance of the incense offering prepared for them4#aed ,the 8porphyry ring0 for playing the musical instrument might seem to indicate that it was some form of lyre1 on which the ring could be used as a kind of plectrum1 rather than a flute or other wind-instrument4 ,rings made entirely of a precious stone substance were not uncommon in the time of ,rameses ,,iii 7#abjb-aagj ,b4,c47 and later ,egyptian sovereigns1 but there is no evidence of their having been made at a more remote period4 ,the prejudice against burying rings with the dead does not seem to have affected the ,egyptians1 for in a number of cases rings have been found on the fingers of mummies4#aee ,the sardonyx was a favorite stone with the ,romans of the ,imperial ,age1 as is proved by the frequent allusions to it by the poets of this time4 ,of a celebrated player on the lyre1 ,juvenal 7#ej-acj ,a4,d47 says that as his hand passed over the strings the whole instrument was lighted up by the sheen of his many sardonyx rings4#aef ,such a ring was regarded as a most appropriate birthday gift4#aeg ,another passage relates that the advocate ,paulus1 in order to render his address before the court more impressive1 wore upon his hand a fine onyx ring which he had borrowed from a friend especially for this occasion4#aeh ,indeed1 so highly was the stone prized that it was called the first of gems 7gemma princeps sardonychus7 and ivory caskets were regarded as fit receptacles for sardonyxes4#aei ,the value of rings set with them is shown by the fact that in ,hadrian's 7#gf-ach ,a4,d47 time1 they were expressly associated with the gems of greatest value1 such being strictly differentiated from those worth but four gold pieces each4#afj ,several rings of the ,later ,roman period in the ,british ,museum are set with small diamonds4 ,of these the following are believed to represent original settings3#afa ,no4 #ggi4 ,plain solid hoop with sides cut flat4 ,it is set with a small pointed diamond4 ,castellani ,coll41 #ahgb4 ,no4 #ghe4 ,thin rounded hoop1 slightly expanding upwards4 ,pointed diamond in raised oblong setting4 ,from ,tarts4 ,franks ,bequest1 #ahig4 ,no4 #ghg4 ,angular hoop1 projecting sharply below the shoulders1 which are in the form of hollow leaves within a triangular frame4 ,the bezel is square and contains an octahedral diamond2 the sides are open and form a kind of wave pattern4 ,castellani ,coll41 #ahgb4 #crd century1 ,a4,d4 ,no4 #ghh4 ,type akin to last4 ,on either shoulder is an openwork triangle4 ,the bezel is square and contains an octahedral diamond2 on either side of the bezel is a small openwork triangle4 ,no4 #ghi4 ,type akin to last4 ,the lower part of the hoop has a groove running along its middle2 either shoulder is cut away in a slight curve4 ,the bezel is square1 with a triangular space left open in each side and with a round opening below4 ,it contains a diamond of octahedral form4 ,franks ,bequest1 #ahig4 ,no4 #gij4 ,type akin to last4 ,the hoop is rounded without2 the curved excision of the shoulders is more pronounced4 ,two double pyramid-shaped 7octahedral7 diamonds are set in the bezel4 ,a triangle is cut out of either shoulder1 and two smaller triangles on either side of the bezel4 ,underneath the stone are two lozenge-shaped openings4 ,franks ,bequest1 #ahig4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,an ,,unknown ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,costume ,,of ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,century1 ,,by ,,antonio ,,del ,,pollaiolo ,he holds between the thumb and index of his left hand a ring set with a naturally pointed diamond crystal ,galleria ,corsini1 ,florence ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,venetian ,,senator1 ,,by ,a4 ,,da ,,solario ,seal ring on thumb of left hand ,national ,gallery1 ,london ,in all these cases the diamond is a small natural crystal of octahedral form suggesting the 8diamond1 a point of a stone10 of which the astronomer ,manilius wrote in the first century1 and1 perhaps1 the diamond in ,berenice's ring mentioned in the same period by the satirist ,juvenal4 ,another ring in the ,british ,museum1 however1 is set with two facetted diamonds1 as well as with two other stones 7,no4 #ggh of catalogue1 ,plate xx1 same number74 ,here the diamonds have unquestionably been set at a time long posterior to the making of the ring1 which is believed to belong1 approximately1 to the same period as the others we have listed4 ,the diamonds were probably inserted to replace two of the original stones that had fallen out of their settings4 ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read pronounces the instances of diamond settings in ancient rings to be exceeding rare4 ,he states that the examples above noted are the only ones of which he knows1 and considers that they belong to the third or fourth century of our era4#afb ,the famous ,marlborough collection of gems includes a thumb ring entirely of sapphire4 ,to give this stone ring the necessary resisting power1 it has been lined with a thick hoop of gold4 ,the engraving it bears1 a head of the ,elder ,faustina1 the wife of ,antoninus ,pius 7#hf-afa ,a4,d471 is believed to replace an original ,arabic inscription that fitted this ring for use as a seal4#afc ,rings entirely of precious-stone material1 or 8hololith0 rings1 have been found at ,mycen1 one of jasper and another of rock-crystal1 and a carnelian ring was discovered in a tomb in southern ,russia4 ,each of these bears an engraved design4 ,two carnelian rings are in the ,british ,museum4 ,chalcedony rings1 that is1 rings entirely formed of this stone1 while quite rare1 are represented by a few specimens4 ,we describe elsewhere the so-called betrothal ring of the ,virgin at ,perugia1#afd and the ,british ,museum has a large example of a chalcedony ring1 with the hoop rounded on the outer side1 and a raised bezel that has been roughly cut so as to indicate a human head1 some scratches marking the hair4 ,the work is late ,roman and the inscription shows that it was made for some adherent of the ,gnostic sect4#afe ,a large ring1 entirely of rock crystal1 shows on the oval flattened surface of the upper part a curious combination of the 8,tau ,cross10 with superposed 8chrisma10 and with a serpent twined about it1 recalling the brazen serpent of ,moses1 the view of which restored health to the diseased2 the ,greek letters1 alpha and omega1 8the beginning and the end10 complete this interlacing of ,old and ,new ,testament emblems2 the doves facing the cross are the faithful to whom the ,cross of ,christ brings salvation4#aff ,another entire crystal ring bears on its flat face a design of somewhat similar import1 with1 however1 the curious difference that the lower end of the cross is supported on a little ,cupid1 on either side of which figure is a dove4#afg ,the jewels of the ,mogul emperors were the most splendid in the world1 but few have survived intact to our time1 as nearly all were broken up by the spoilers of the ,mogul ,empire4 ,however1 one of the few that have been preserved for us is a most interesting illustration of the type of ring favored in that age and region4 ,this is one made for ,jehangir ,shah1 the father of ,shah ,jehan1 for whom was erected the wonderful ,taj ,mahal at ,agra1 a memorial of his dearly beloved wife1 ,mumtaz ,mahal1 who died in #afbi4 ,it is about #a inches in diameter and is cut out of a solid emerald of exceptional purity and beauty of color2 from the ring proper depend two fine emerald drops1 while set in two collets are rose diamonds with ruby bordering4 ,jehangir's name is engraved on the hoop4 ,this ring was probably carried off by ,nadir ,shah at the looting of ,delhi in #agci1 and after remaining in the ,persian treasury for a few years found its way1 with other gems and jewels plundered from the ,moguls1 into the hands of the ,afghan chiefs4 ,one of these1 the unfortunate ,shah ,shujah1 in the course of his wanderings after he had been blinded and deprived of his throne by a brother1 finally sought and found refuge under the protection of the ,british ,east ,india ,company1 and as a token of gratitude1 or as a slight quid pro quo1 he gave this historic ring to the company4 ,after having been acquired by ,lord ,auckland1 it passed into the hands of the ,hon4 ,miss ,eden4 ,this is probably the very finest specimen of the rare type of hololith rings1 or rings entirely consisting of a single precious-stone material4#afh ,for those who believed in the magic virtues of precious stones1 a ring of this kind would possess much greater efficacy than would a metal ring set with the stone1 as in the former case the substance when worn would always be in direct contact with the skin of the wearer4 ,jehangir also owned an entire ruby ring given him by ,shaikh ,farid-i-,bukhari1 and valued at #be1jjj rupees 7about #ab1ejj74 ,in modern times1 the ,burmese ambassador to the court of ,persia is said to have brought with him1 as a gift to the ,shah1 a ring cut out of a solid ruby of the finest color4#afi ,one of the most remarkable archers' rings was engraved out of a single piece of emerald4 ,it is an example of the type which is narrow at one end1 tapering to a broad edge at the other4 ,it is of a beautiful green emerald and very handsomely engraved4 ,this ring was probably made for the ,mogul ,emperor ,shah ,jehan1 about #afej4 ,it was part of ,nadir ,shah's share of the booty from the sack of ,delhi in #agci1 and this ,persian adventurer had the following inscription engraved upon it in ,persian characters3 8,for a bow for the ,king of ,kings1 ,nadir1 ,lord of the ,conjunction1 at the subjugation of ,india1 from the ,jewel-house at ,delhi it was selected #aaeb #agci ,a4,d404 ,the luckless ,shah ,shuja gave it to ,runjit ,singh1 the ,lion of the ,panjab1 in #ahac1 when he took refuge at the latter's court at ,lahore4 ,at the end of the second ,sikh war in #ahdi it was found with the regalia in the royal treasury of ,lahore4 ,this splendid ring once owned by ,lord ,dalhousie1 was sold at ,edinburgh in #ahih2 it came into the possession of ,w4 ,h4 ,broun1 ,esq41 and is now one of the gems of a private collection in ,philadelphia4#agj ,in past times the ,shahs of ,persia have passed ordinances restricting the exportation of turquoise4 ,regarding this precious stone as peculiarly ,persian and for the furthering of ,persian goldsmiths1 it was enacted that no unset turquoises should be exported2 as a rule the settings were in rings1 these being easily transported1 since a great number of them could be strung together4 ,sometimes a prospective purchaser was permitted to test the quality of a string of turquoise rings by wearing a bunch of them for a while under his arm-pit1 to see whether the stones would change color4 ,although some failed to endure this rather severe test1 many withstood it successfully4 ,the entire circlet of certain of the finest turquoise rings was of pierced gold enriched with rose diamonds2 other1 less valuable turquoises have been set in fine gold rings1 carved or plain1 and those of the next lower value1 in ornamented silver4 ,the cheaper sort ranged in price all the way from one cent to a few dollars1 and were often set in rings made of tin1 or of tinned iron1 the hoop costing but two cents4 ,the stones were always cut irregularly en cabochon1 the form being frequently quite pleasing2 if the turquoise were thin the back was coated with pitch to bring out the color1 and on the surface was engraved some short formula from the ,koran1 such as 8,allah be praised60 or 8,allah is great60 ,occasionally the ,shah's portrait was the subject4 ,in the ,roman world entire rings of yellow amber were sometimes formed1 and in a few instances figures or heads have been engraved in relief upon the chaton4 ,their execution need not have presented any greater difficulty than did the carving of the many small amber figures which have come down to us from ancient times4 ,a carved amber ring in the ,franks ,bequest of the ,british ,museum is beautifully formed with full-relief figures of ,venus and of ,cupid on either side4 ,it is cut out of a single piece of amber1 and is considered to be the finest example extant of ,roman carving in that material1#aga but unfortunately is considerably damaged4 ,pliny declares that in his time amber ornaments were almost exclusively for women's wear2 indeed1 a few years later1 ,artemidorus1 in his 8,oneirocritica10 an interpretation of dreams1 after saying that amber and ivory rings were only appropriate for women1 proceeds to assert that this was true of all kinds of rings4#agb ,there are but a very few ivory rings in the ,british ,museum1 although the collection includes several bone rings1 probably for wear on the thumb4 ,the relief-carving of masks has been thought to make it likely that they were actors' rings4#agc ,not only have entire emerald and ruby rings been formed1 but even the intractable diamond has lately been cut in this form4 ,an entire diamond ring1 the work of the diamond-cutter ,antoine1 of ,antwerp1 was shown in the exposition held in ,antwerp in #ahid4agd ,another such ring has since been executed by ,bart ,brouwer of ,amsterdam4 ,in this latter ring the facets are all triangular4 ,the unrivalled ,heber ,r4 ,bishop ,collection of ,jades1 now in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,city1 contains an ancient thumb-ring 7pan chih71 entirely of jade1 from the time of the ,han ,dynasty 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bbj ,a4,d474 ,its major and minor diameters are #a4af inches and #a4jc inches1 respectively1 and it weighs 4#hji ounce4 ,the material is the nephrite variety of jade1 the color being clouded gray with very dark brown veinings4 ,the rings of this type were worn on the thumb of the left hand to protect it from injury by the bowstring after the discharge of the arrow4 ,the dark veining results from the filling of the fissures in the material with some brownish-black substance2 it is an excellent example of the amphibolic alteration of jadeite1 which is shown by chemical analysis to be present here to the amount of #d4ae per cent4 7,no4 #ccj of the collection74 ,a recent type of archer's thumb ring in this collection1 of the ,ch'ien-,lung period 7#agcf-agie ,a4,d471 is of cylindrical form1 the thick solid side bevelled inward at the base so as to adjust the ring to the hand2 the convex top slopes downward from the middle4 ,this is of a beautiful light emerald-green jadeite1 clouded here and there with shades of greenish gray4 ,it has diameters of #a4jf inches and #a4be inches1 and weighs about #a ounces4 ,the specific gravity and hardness are those of the jadeite variety of jade1 a silicate of aluminum1 while nephrite is a silicate of magnesium 7,no4 #ejh74 ,the ,bishop ,collection also contains two archers' rings of the original type1 with a wide flange on the lower side4 ,these are entirely of carnelian1 and are representative of the kind really used by archers4 ,the greater part of the thumb-rings1 many of them called more or less loosely 8archers' rings10 were never designed for any such special use1 but constitute a modification of the original form to suit them for habitual wear4 ,indeed1 in many cases the more ornate were rather used as pretty toys to handle1 as ,orientals are fond of handling gems or small jewels1 than for wear4 ,of course the gradual disuse of archery in military operations contributed greatly to the change of fashion4 ,in this collection may be seen a finger-ring 7chih-huan7 of white jade 7nephrite7 set with jewels4 ,its shape resembles that of an archer's ring and it is decorated with floral designs1 the effect enhanced by sixty precious stones1 comprising twenty-four rubies1 thirty-two emeralds and four diamonds4 ,this ring is of ,indian workmanship1 those made in ,china scarcely ever having any precious-stone adornment4 ,in the floral ornamentation a row of rubies and emeralds cut en cabochon are outlined in gold so as to represent flowers1 while in the field are four conventionalized upright sprays1 each composed of three flowers1 the upper one a facetted diamond1 while the lateral pair are facetted emeralds4 ,on the upper rim an undulating floral scroll has stem and leaves of gold1 and flowers set alternately with rubies and emeralds4#age ,at the time a ,corean embassy visited the ,united ,states in #ahhc1 one of its leading members was ,min ,yonk ,ik1 a princely personage1 closely related to the queen of the country1 who brought with him two thumb-rings1 which he wore1 alternately1 on his right hand thumb4 ,in the case of one of these rings the ,corean must have been imposed upon by the seller1 for he supposed it to be jade1 while the present writer's examination of it showed that the material was merely serpentine4 ,its outside diameter was #cd mm4 7#a in471 the inside diameter being #bb mm4 7about in471 the length1 or height1 was #bh4e mm4 7#a in474 ,this ring was described by the writer in #ahhd1 in ,science2 in the succeeding year he had occasion to correct a statement that it was an archer's ring4#agf ,the ,corean women commonly wear two rings1 always exactly similar in every respect4 ,as a rule they are perfectly plain1 of oval form1 the material being gold1 silver1 amber or coral4 ,the coral was usually imported from ,china4 ,the ,chinese ambassador1 ,wu ,ting ,fang1 wore a jade ring in which was a thick plate of gold to reduce the size4 ,some of the more beautiful are of the pale green jade1 known by the ,chinese as fei ts'ui1 or 8kingfisher-plumes40 ,many of these rings are exceedingly costly2 when made of some piece of jade possessing very exceptional qualities of color and surface1 a thumb-ring may cost as much as #aj1jjj1 or even #ae1jjj4 ,incidentally1 it should be noted that ,wu ,ting ,fang is an excellent judge of precious stones4 ,archers' rings are made by ,chinese and ,manchus1 ,turks and ,persians1 who release the arrow according to ,asiatic style1 the bowstring being held by the bent thumb4 ,in ,china they eventually became the insignia of military rank1 and were of jade1 or a glass imitation of jade2 the latter are the kind usually to be found in curio shops4 ,the ,japanese did not use them1 the archers wearing a glove with a horn thumb-piece4 ,this type of glove was1 however1 not used by the ,japanese swordsmen1 as the stiff thumb-piece would have hindered the free use of the hand4#agg ,an engraved finger ring entirely of milk-white jade is in the ,berlin ,mineralogical ,museum1 and in the collection of ,dr4 ,david ,wiser1 of ,zurich1 there is a jade ring-setting on which is engraved a scorpion4 ,this image was believed to lend to the object so engraved a talismanic virtue4 ,a slab of jade in the ,freiburg ,museum bears the carefully engraved figure of a scorpion and is considered to be an amulet4 ,the source of this specimen and the place and time in which it was engraved have not been accurately ascertained4#agh ,the ,pueblo ,bonito ruins in ,new ,mexico have furnished us with a fragment of a jet ring4 ,the portion remaining of this ring shows that it must have had a diameter of about #b4c centimetres1 the width of the band being #a4d centimetres4 ,apparently some accident befell the original ring1 causing part of the brittle material to chip off1 for in the section that has been preserved a piece of jet1 as wide as the band and #i millimetres across1 has been inlaid in the body of the ring4 ,this was cut away to a depth of a millimetre1 and the concave-convex inlay was then glued on4#agi ,the gold-plating of bronze rings dates back to the ,mycenan period1 and ,ionic silver rings with gold plating were made in the sixth century ,b4,c42 ,cypriote bronze rings of about the third century ,b4,c4 have also been found4 ,where1 as in many cases1 mere gilding has been resorted to1 only traces of this may remain after the lapse of centuries4#ahj ,we note elsewhere the gold-plated iron rings worn by some ,roman slaves to evade the penalty imposed upon those who illegally wore gold rings4 ,glass rings are frequently made at ,murano and other places in ,italy of the so-called 8gold stone10 aventurine1 or ,venice gold stone4 ,they are very inexpensive and are generally worn by children or young girls4 ,mosaic rings are those in which the upper part of the ring contains either a ,byzantine mosaic made up of colored glass or other material1 or a ,florentine mosaic1 in which shell1 marble and other materials are set in slate or marble settings4 ,bohemian garnet rings are generally made of facetted1 rose cut1 or cabochon cut garnets1 set usually in #h to #ad carat gold4 ,they are made in ,prague and other cities in ,bohemia1 the garnet material1 of the pyrope variety1 coming largely from the mines at ,meronitz1 ,bohemia4 ,among the cheap materials that have been used on occasion for making rings1 are horseshoe nails1 which may perhaps be supposed to possess some of the wonderful talismanic power accorded by popular fancy to the horseshoe4 ,the nails are more or less skilfully twisted into a ring form1 and are at least as durable as other forms of iron rings4 ,an extraordinary material combination for the substance of rings1 is that of dynamite and pewter4 ,at present when the war-fever has seized upon almost all civilized peoples1 we might accord to the dynamite in this composition a symbolic martial meaning4 ,what risk there might be of the painful results of war befalling the wearer of a dynamite ring through its detonating unexpectedly because of some powerful shock1 is perhaps too slight to deter those who are in eager pursuit of novelties4 ,the pale alloy of gold1 known as electrum1#aha was favored for ring-making in ,oriental ,greece1 and is termed 8white gold0 in ancient inventories4 ,thus in an inventory of the temple treasures of ,eleusis1 made in #ccb ,b4,c41 there is mention of 8two plain gold rings of white gold40#ahb ,some ,ionic rings of the fifth century1 ,b4,c4 from ,cyprus are also of this metallic composition4 ,of gold rings set with stones1 a ,parthenon inventory of #dbb ,b4,c4 lists one with an onyx1 perhaps a scaraboid1 and in a ,delos inventory of #bgi ,b4,c41 there is one with an anthrax1 probably a garnet4 ,the variation of the phrasing in these two mentions1 the former naming an onyx having a ring of gold1 while the latter speaks of a 8gold ring having a garnet10 might be taken to indicate that the onyx was a large object compared with the hoop1 and the garnet a relatively small one4#ahc ,in the masterpiece of ancient ,greek romantic prose literature1 the thiopica of ,heliodorus 7fl4 ab4 #djj ,a4,d471 perhaps ,heliodorus ,bishop of ,tricca1 the writer describes a splendid ring given by ,kalasiris to ,nausikles4 ,this was one of the royal jewels of the ,king of ,ethiopia4 ,the hoop was of electrum1 and in the bezel was set a beautiful amethyst engraved with a design showing a shepherd pasturing his flock4#ahd ,heliodorus especially dwells upon the fact that this was an ,ethiopian 7probably an ,indian7 amethyst1 this variety far surpassing those from ,iberia 7the ,spanish ,peninsula7 and ,britain4 ,in the very successful rendering of this ,greek passage by ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 the contrast between the former and the latter is thus gracefully expressed3#ahe ,for the latter blushes with a feeble hue1 and is like a rose just unfolding its leaves from out of the bud1 and beginning to be tinged with red by the sunbeams4 ,but in the ,ethiopian ,amethyst1 out of its depth flames forth like a torch a pure and as it were ,spring-like beauty2 and if you turn it about as you hold it1 it shoots out a golden lustre1 not dazzling the sight by its fierceness1 but resplendent with cheerfulness4 ,moreover1 a more genuine nature is inherent in it than is possessed by any brought from the ,west1 for it does not belie its appellation1 but proves in reality to the wearer an antidote against intoxication1 preserving him sober in the midst of drinking-bouts4 ,in his 8,rape of the ,lock10 ,pope writes of ,belinda's golden hair-bodkin1 that the metal had originally been worked up into rings and then into a gold buckle1 thus the gold was ,the same1 his ancient personage to deck ,her great-great-grandsire wore about his neck ,in three seal-rings1 which1 after melted down1 ,formed one huge buckle for his widow's gown4 ,besides the precious metals many other materials were used in ancient times for rings4 ,thus a few leaden rings have been preserved1 a number of them having been unearthed in a tomb at ,beneventum4 ,the casting has been roughly done1 without finishing touches4 ,it has been suggested that in view of the rarity of leaden rings1 the large number found in this tomb may be taken to indicate that the deceased had been a manufacturer of rings of this kind4 ,from ,tanagra comes a leaden ring of great size2 as it is too large for wear1 it might be regarded as a votive offering to a shrine or temple4 ,glass rings were also used at times for this purpose by the poorer classes1 an example of such a ring being listed among the possessions of the temple of ,asklepios at ,athens as early as the fourth century ,b4,c4 ,the manufacture of glass rings was quite extensively carried on in ,alexandria4 ,in one case the bezel had been adorned with a painting of a woman's head1 over which was placed a translucent glass plate4 ,this was found at the ,rosetta ,gate1 ,alexandria4#ahf ,an ivory ring of ,roman times1 later provided with a band of silver1 is noted in the descriptive catalogue of the ,royal ,museum at ,budapest4 ,it is of oval form and artistically engraved with the seated figure of a military leader clothed with a mantle1 the left hand extended as though delivering a speech2 in his right hand he holds a spear4 ,behind him is a trophy1 and before him stands a ,roman soldier fully armed4 ,engraved ivory rings from ,greek or ,roman times are rare1 just as are engraved amber rings4 ,the trophy emblem denotes that this ring commemorated some triumph1 or victory4#ahg ,a 8,st4 ,martin's ring0 had become1 in the seventeenth century1 a name for a brummagem ring1 as is shown among other examples by the following satirical passage from a book entitled 8,whimsies1 or a new ,cast of ,characters10 published in ,london in #afca3 8,st4 ,martin's ,rings and counterfeit bracelets are commodities of infinite consequence2 they will passe current at a may-pole1 and purchase favor from their ,may ,marian40 ,a rare tract called 8,the ,captain's ,commonwealth0 7#afag7 says that kindness was not like alchemy or a ,st4 ,martin's ring1 8that are faire to the eye and have a rich outside2 but if a man should breake them asunders1 and looke into them1 they are nothing but brasse and copper40 ,the makers1 or vendors of these rings lived within the precincts of the collegiate church ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand1 and had long enjoyed a certain immunity from prosecution under the laws prohibiting the manufacture of ornaments made in imitation of genuine gold or silver ones4 ,the gilding or silvering of brooches or rings made of copper or latten1 is prohibited by an ordinance of ,henry ,,iv 7#adjd71 and another of ,edward ,,iv 7in #adfd71 which1 while pronouncing it to be unlawful to import rings of gilded copper or latten1 expressly declared that the act should not be construed as meaning anything prejudicial to one ,robert ,styllington1 clerk1 dean of the ,king's free chapel of 8,st4 ,martin le ,graund de ,londres0 or to any person or persons dwelling within this sanctuary or precincts1 or who might in after time dwell there1 or more especially in ,st4 ,martin's ,lane4#ahh ,rings set with precious stones1 other than turquoises and pearls1 can be safely cleaned with warm water1 white soap and a trifle of ammonia4 ,the wash should be applied with a soft old tooth-brush1 so as to cleanse the spaces between the filling and the stone-setting4 ,a little polishing off with a soft chamois will thoroughly restore the brilliancy of the stone4 ,turquoise or pearl rings1 however1 need more careful treatment and the above directions do not apply in their case4 ,,iii ,,signet ,,rings ,if we pass over the scene between ,judah and his daughter-in-law ,tamar1 related in ,gen4 xxxvii1 #ab-bf1 where the patriarch leaves his signet 7not necessarily a signet ring7 his bracelets and his staff1 as pledges for a promised gift1 the earliest ,hebrew notice of a ring is in ,genesis xlii1 #db1 where we read that in return for the interpretation of his dream and for the valuable counsel as to laying up a stock of grain in ,egypt to forestall a coming famine1 the ,pharaoh of the time 8took off his ring from his hand1 and put it upon ,joseph's hand40 ,this might refer to a period about #afjj ,b4,c41 or possibly somewhat earlier1 always providing the tradition be accepted as in a certain sense exact4 ,centuries later1 in the ,desert1 when the ,lord commanded offerings for the ,tabernacle1 the ,ark of the ,covenant1 and for the ephod and breastplate1 among the gifts proffered are enumerated 8bracelets1 earrings1 and rings0 7,exodus1 xxxv1 #bb74 ,the ,book of ,daniel1 written not earlier than the sixth century before ,christ1 and more probably1 in its present form1 a work of the second century ,b4,c41 relating the imprisonment of ,daniel in the lions' den1 states that when at the reluctant command of ,king ,darius he was shut up therein1 8a stone was brought1 and laid upon the mouth of the den2 and the king sealed it with his own signet1 and with the signet of his lords0 7,dan4 vi1 #ag74 ,still1 these might have been of the well-known ,babylonian type of 8rolling seals0 and not rings4 ,the ,book of ,esther1 however1 of later date than ,daniel1 makes definite mention of the signet ring of the ,persian monarch called ,ahasuerus 7,artaxerxes7 in the ,biblical text1 and while the recital can scarcely be accepted as historical in any sense1 the details of custom and adornment are probably quite trustworthy4 ,on investing ,haman with a great authority1 ,ahasuerus 8took his ring from his hand and gave it unto ,haman10 whereupon the latter summoned the king's scribes and had them write letters to the provincial governors--instructing the latter to kill all the ,jews in the kingdom on the thirteenth day of the month ,adar2 each of these letters was 8sealed with the king's ring40 ,before this dire disaster could be consummated1 the royal favor was gently swayed in an opposite direction by the grace and charm of ,esther1 the ,hebrew favorite of the sovereign1 and the wicked ,haman was hanged on the tall gallows he had set up for ,mordecai1 ,esther's guardian1 on whom the ring stript from ,haman's hand was bestowed4 ,in spite of the somewhat confused recital1 one point is always strongly brought out1 that the impression of the royal signet imparted to letters or documents the quality of royal ordinances4 ,in ,persia the power and authority attributed to the ring of the sovereign is noted by the ,persian poet ,unsuri 7fl4 #ajjj ,a4,d471 and in the legends of that land the famous though fabulous hero-king1 ,jemshid1 is said to have had a magic ring of wondrous power4 ,among the ,persians1 as in many other ,oriental countries1 the signet-ring was long considered to be a symbol of authority4#ahi ,the gold ring of ,queen ,htshepset 7about #aejj ,b4,c471 consort of ,thothmes ,,ii1 whose prenomen1 ,mat-ka-,ra1 signifies 8flesh and blood of ,amen ,ra10 is set with a lapis lazuli scarab inscribed with the above words4#aij ,another ring with lapis lazuli setting is that of ,thothmes ,,iii1 whose titles1 ,beautiful ,god1 ,conqueror of ,all ,lands1 ,men-kheper-,ra1 are inscribed on one side of the rectangular stone above a design representing a man-headed lion in the act of crushing a prostrate foe with his paw4#aia ,a steatite scarab1 set in a gold ring1 bears the name of ,ptah-mes1 a high priest of ,memphis4#aib ,another steatite ring-scarab is inscribed with the name and title of ,shashank ,i1 the ,shishak of the ,bible1 who reigned about #iff ,b4,c4#aic ,the gold signet ring of ,aah-hotep ,i1 queen of ,seqenenra ,,iii 7#afaj-aeig ,b4,c47 of the ,,xvii ,dynasty1 was found with a wealth of other jewels at ,draa-abul-,nega1 the northern and most ancient part of the ,theban necropolis4 ,this queen had an unusually long and eventful life4 ,the records clearly indicate that she must have been one hundred years old1 or very nearly that age1 at the time of her death1 and while her youth was passed at the end of the period of the oppressive rule of the foreign ,hyksos kings1 she lived to witness the glorious revival of native ,egyptian rule under her husband1 son and grandson4 ,this ring is now in the ,louvre ,museum4#aid ,an interesting ,egyptian signet bears the cartouche of ,khufu1 the second ruler of the ,,iv ,dynasty 7ab4 #cifi-cijh71 the ,cheops of the ,greeks 7,manetho's ,suphis71 in whose reign the greatest of the pyramids was built4 ,the worship of ,khufu continued to a late period of ,egyptian history1 and this signet belonged to a ,ra-nefer-ab1 priest or keeper of the pyramid under the ,,xxvi ,dynasty1 #ffd-ebe ,b4,c4#aie ,the ring is of fine gold1 and weighs nearly ounce2 it was found at ,ghizeh by ,colonel ,vyse1 in a tomb known as ,campbell's ,tomb1 and was acquired in ,egypt by ,dr4 ,abbott1 who gathered together a choice collection of ,egyptian antiquities during a residence of twenty years in ,egypt4 ,in #ahfj1 this collection was given to the ,new ,york ,historical ,society through the liberality of citizens of ,new ,york4#aif ,the rings of the ,minoan and ,mycenan periods from about #agjj ,b4,c4 to #ajjj ,b4,c4 offer a great variety of engraved designs1 some in relief and others in intaglio1 but all destined it seems for use as signets4 ,undoubtedly these rings derive in the last instance from ,egyptian influence1 their especial characteristics1 however1 are early ,greek1 but rarely ,egyptian1 as in the case of a bronze ring with a sphinx in relief found in the necropolis of ,zafer ,papoura near ,knossos in ,crete4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,by ,,lucas ,,cranach ,,the ,,elder 7#adgb-aeec7 ,seal ring on index of left hand with plain ring beneath it2 ring with precious stone setting on little finger of the same hand ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,katharina ,,aeder1 ,,wife ,,of ,,melchow ,,hanlocher1 ,,by ,,hans ,,bock ,,the ,,elder ,gem and serpent ring on right forefinger1 and three rings on left fourth finger ,art ,gallery at ,basel1 ,switzerland ,many of the ,mycenan engraved rings were evidently not intended to be used for sealing1 as the intaglio is frequently very shallow1 and as the proper position of the parts of the body would not be rightly shown in an impression4 ,hence these rings must have been designed simply for wear as ornaments4 ,the hoop is often astonishingly small1 so much so that it will not pass down onto the third finger-joint of an average man's hand1 and would only fit the very slender finger of a woman4#aig ,some remarkably fine rings are in the ,cesnola ,collection of ,cypriote ,antiquities in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,among them two serpentine rings of gold are well worth noting4 ,in one of these the coil has six turns which are brazed together2 at either end is a ram's head4 ,the other ring shows a serpent of two full coils1 with erect head and curved neck and tail2 scales are marked at the ends4 ,the bands of the ring are smooth and plain4#aih ,many of the rings are of the swivel type and are set with artistically engraved scarabs4 ,in one of these the scarab is of green plasma1 translucent but somewhat clouded2 the cutting is well executed4 ,the bottom shows two wrestlers1 each entirely nude with the exception of a short ribbed apron about the loins4 ,behind each is an erect urus 7the serpent emblem of ,egyptian divinities and kings71 with wings like those of the goddess ,mut1 extended in protection4 ,between the wrestlers1 on the ground1 is an object resembling a wolf's head4 ,the bow and collet of this signet are of gold4 ,the plasma scarab in another of these swivel rings has been pronounced to be a perfect example of this form4 ,the stone is a pure green and the scarab has been decorated with two seated1 winged androsphinxes 7with man's head and lion's body71 the paws raised before the sacred tree between them2 the symbol of lordship1 neb1 is placed below4 ,the hoop is a plain1 thin wire4#aii ,two massive ivory rings were found in the course of excavations at ,salamis1 on the island of ,cyprus4 ,one was set with an oval disk of green glass1 and was of the type used for sealing amphor of wine4 ,the other bears the head of a woman in bas-relief2 this is probably a cameo of ,arsino4#bjj ,the story of the ring of ,polycrates1 tyrant of ,samos 7d4 #ebb ,b4,c471 is related by ,herodotus#bja 7b4 #dhd ,b4,c471 who1 writing less than a century after the death of ,polycrates1 may probably give us the main facts with reasonable accuracy4 ,according to this account1 ,polycrates had formed an alliance with ,amasis1 ,king of ,egypt1 and the latter began to fear that the unbroken good fortune of the ,samian ruler would arouse the jealousy of the gods2 he therefore counselled ,polycrates to throw away his most prized treasure4 ,this was a splendid emerald1 set in a gold ring1 and engraved by ,theodorus of ,samos1 the supreme master of the art of gem engraving in that age4 ,acceding to the request of ,amasis1 ,polycrates sailed out to sea on one of his ships and cast the precious ring into the waters4 ,however1 the gods refused the gift1 for not long afterward the tyrant's chief cook brought him back the ring1 which had just been found in cutting up a fish4 ,news of this occurrence was sent to ,amasis1 who immediately broke off the alliance1 since he believed that the gods were implacable1 and would visit ,polycrates with downfall and destruction4 ,this1 indeed1 proved to be the case1 as a few years later the tyrant was inveigled into the power of ,ortes1 a ,persian satrap1 and was put to death by crucifixion4 ,the design engraved upon this ring was a lyre1 if we can trust the statement to this effect made centuries later by ,clemens ,alexandrinus4#bjb ,strange to say ,pliny1 who relates the story quite fully1 asserts that in the ,temple of ,concord there was shown the supposed gem of the famous ring of ,polycrates4 ,this was an unengraved sardonyx1 set in a golden cornucopia1 and had been dedicated to the temple by ,augustus4 ,pliny is careful to write 8if we may believe10 in reporting this almost certainly spurious treasure of the ,temple of ,concord4 ,probably the attribution was nothing more than an invention of the custodians to enlist the interest of visitors4 ,a corroboration to a certain extent of the tradition that the seal of ,polycrates was cut on an emerald is given by the existence of a small engraved emerald of about this period1 found in ,cyprus1 and evidently of ,phnician workmanship4 ,it bears the figure of a sovereign holding a sceptre in one hand and an axe in the other2 on his head is a high tiara and the arrangement of hair and beard1 as well as the dress and other details1 are of gypto-,syrian type4 ,this gem formed part of the ,tyszkiewicz ,collection4#bjc ,in a recently published work1 ,m4 ,salomon ,reinach1 of the ,national ,museum at ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 an archologist of the highest repute1 makes a curious conjecture in regard to the real significance of the story related by ,herodotus regarding this signet4 ,m4 ,reinach holds that when ,polycrates sailed out to sea to cast away his ring1 he was engaged in the performance of a ceremony similar to that performed annually by the ,doges of ,venice1 when they wedded the ,adriatic by casting a ring into its waters4 ,polycrates1 as a 8thalassocrat10 or ruler of the sea1 celebrated in this way his mastery over this element1 and ,m4 ,reinach believes that this act1 told as an isolated happening by ,herodotus1 was really a ceremony repeated each year4 ,the conjecture is an ingenious one1 although it may not be generally accepted4#bjd ,the signet of the ,persian sovereign1 ,xerxes1 is said to have borne the nude figure of a woman with disheveled hair4#bje ,this depicted ,anahita1 the ,persian goddess of fertilization and also of war1 a divinity closely resembling the ,assyrian ,ishtar in her attributes and functions4 ,according to other ancient authorities1 however1 the design was either a portrait of ,xerxes himself1 that of ,cyrus the ,great1 or else a representation of the horse whose neighing legend states to have been received as an omen determining the choice of ,darius ,hystaspes1 father of ,xerxes1 as ,king of ,persia4 ,in ,grco-,roman times1 a certain ,eurates is represented to be the owner of a ring set with an engraved signet bearing the head of the ,pythian ,apollo1 and to have boasted that the ring literally 8spoke0 to him4 ,of course1 the satirist ,lucian1 who tells this tale1 only offers it as a specimen of the lies told by ,eurates1 still the recital indicates that such fables were credited in the second century of our era4#bjf ,another superstitious use of signet rings was to throw a number of them into a heap and pull out one at random1 the design engraved on the signet being interpreted as a favorable or unfavorable omen1 which foretold the outcome of any contemplated action4 ,an instance of this appears in ,plutarch's life of ,timoleon 7d4 #ccg ,b4,c471 the ,greek general who freed ,syracuse from the tyrant ,dionysius4 ,in one of his campaigns the enemy had taken up a strong position behind a river1 which the troops of ,timoleon were forced to ford4 ,a noble rivalry sprang up among the officers as to who should be the first to enter the river1 and ,timoleon1 fearing that confusion would result from the dispute1 decided to settle the question by lot4 ,therefore he took from each of the officers his signet ring1 cast them into his own cloak1 shook them together1 and drew out one1 which fortunately bore the figure of a trophy4 ,this was hailed as a good omen1 the quarrel was forgotten1 and the stream was forded so impetuously1 and the attack was so vigorous that the enemy was overwhelmed4#bjg ,after his ,persian conquests1 in #cca ,b4,c41 ,alexander the ,great sealed the letters he sent to ,europe with his old seal1 while for those sent to functionaries in his new ,asiatic domains he used the seal of ,darius ,,iii1 ,codomannus 7reigned #ccf-ccj ,b4,c471 whose daughter ,statira he afterwards wedded4 ,quintus ,curtius regards this as emblematic of the idea that a single mind was not wide enough to embrace two such destinies1#bjh but the true reason was undoubtedly that the ,asiatic officials were already familiar with the ,persian sovereign's seal and were accustomed to render it due obedience4 ,the emblem of the anchor used by the ,seleucid1 the dynasty founded in ,syria by ,seleucus ,nicator1 one of ,alexander's generals1 is said to have originated in a strange dream of ,laodicea1 mother of ,seleucus and wife of ,antiochus4 ,one night she dreamt that she was visited by the ,god ,apollo1 and that he bestowed upon her a ring set with a stone on which an anchor was engraved4 ,this was to be given to the son she was to bear4 ,as such a ring was found in the room the next morning1 the dream seemed to be thoroughly corroborated1 and1 moreover1 when ,seleucus was born1 he had on his thigh the birthmark of an anchor4 ,subsequent to ,alexander's death in #cbc ,b4,c41 ,seleucus founded1 in #cab ,b4,c4 the kingdom of ,syria1 which was transmitted to a long series of his descendants1 each of whom in turn is said to have borne a similar birthmark4#bji ,illustration3 ,,cardinal ,,of ,,brandenburg1 ,,by ,,the ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,mary ,seal ring on index of right hand2 rings set with precious stones on fourth and little fingers of the same hand ,reale ,galleria ,nazionale1 ,rome ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,mother ,,and ,,her ,,daughter1 ,,by ,,bartholomew ,,bruyn ,three rings on right hand1 one with a pointed diamond2 also three rings on left hand1 two on index finger2 the one on the fourth finger set with two pearls ,imperial ,hermitage1 ,petrograd ,in the ,hellenistic period 7ca4 #cjj ,b4,c4-ca4 #ajj ,b4,c47 signet rings entirely of metal largely gave place to those in which the seal was engraved on a stone set in a metal ring4 ,chalcedony continued to be freely used for this purpose1 but the employment of the choicer and harder precious stones from ,india1 transparent and brilliant1 and of deeper coloring1 characterizes this period4 ,in the front rank is the jacinth1 unknown in earlier times1 with its wonderful ruddy hues4 ,this is the favorite stone of the time4 ,usually the gem is given a strongly convex form in order to bring out better the play of color4 ,scarcely less favored than the jacinths were the garnets1 also cut in a convex shape2 in many cases the under side was cut slightly concave to enhance the effect4 ,evidently1 however1 garnets were less prized than jacinths1 for the engravings on the former are almost without exception much inferior to those on the latter4 ,sometimes1 in this period1 unengraved garnets1 cut convex1 are used for ring adornment4 ,another precious stone that makes its first appearance in the ,hellenistic epoch is the beryl1 which1 because of its costliness1 is more rarely met with than those we have already mentioned4 ,it is only used for the very finest work1 as is also the case with the topaz4 ,the amethyst1 which had almost gone out of fashion in the preceding periods1 was now restored to favor1 principally because of its beautiful color2 like the other stones1 it was cut convex4 ,rock crystal was still used1 as were also carnelian and sardonyx4#baj ,that cruel persecutor of the ,jews1 ,antiochus ,,iv1 ,epiphanes 7#age-afd ,b4,c471 on his death-bed1 confided to his most trusted councillor1 ,philip1 the signet ring from his finger1 that it might be held in trust for his son1 a child but nine years old1 until the latter should come of age and exercise the royal authority4 ,in the meanwhile1 the grant of the signet was equivalent to the bestowal of the regency upon ,philip1 as he had the power to affix the royal seal upon all edicts or ordinances4 ,the son did not1 however1 live to receive the ring1 as he only survived his father two years1 although he was a nominal successor under the title1 ,antiochus ,v1 ,eupator4#baa ,two ,greek epigrams in the ,anthology1 on engraved amethysts in signet rings1 express the prevailing superstition regarding the sobering effect of this precious stone2 these have been very well ,englished by ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king4#bab ,one1 by ,antipater1 concerns a signet of ,cleopatra and runs in ,king's version as follows3 ,a ,mnad wild1 on amethyst ,i stand1 ,the engraving truly of a skilful hand2 ,a subject foreign to the sober stone1 ,but ,cleopatra claims it for her own2 ,and hallow'd by her touch1 the nymph so free ,must quit her drunken mood1 and sober be4 ,that this was really a ring-stone is proved by the ,greek words 8on the queen's hand10 which ,king has not literally translated4 ,the image was that of ,methe1 goddess of intoxication4 ,the other epigram is shorter but to the same point3 ,on wineless gem1 ,i1 toper ,bacchus1 reign2 ,learn1 stone1 to drink1 or teach me to abstain4 ,that admiration of a work of art on the part of an unscrupulous official is sometimes fraught with danger for the rightful ownership of the object1 was illustrated in the case of a seal ring belonging to a ,roman citizen of ,agrigentum in ,sicily4 ,the arch-pilferer ,verres1 ,roman governor of the island from #gc to #ga ,b4,c41 being on one occasion struck by the beauty of a seal impression on a letter just handed to his interpreter ,vitellius1 asked whence the letter came and who was the sender4 ,the information was of course quickly given1 and thereupon ,verres1 then in ,syracuse1 dictated a letter to his representative in ,agrigentum1 requiring that the seal ring should be forwarded to ,syracuse without delay1 and the owner1 a certain ,lucius ,titius1 was forced to give it up to the unscrupulous ,roman governor4#bac ,the injustice of this act must have been felt all the more keenly that the special and peculiar design on a seal was then regarded as something closely linked with the personality of the owner4 ,a strong appeal to the memories aroused by a signet bearing the effigy of a renowned ancestor1 was made by ,cicero in one of his orations against ,catilina4 ,he declared that when he submitted to ,publius ,lentulus ,sura1 who was involved in the great ,catilinian conspiracy1 an incriminating letter believed to be his1 asking him whether he did not acknowledge the seal with which it was stamped1 ,lentulus nodded assent4 ,thereupon ,cicero addressed him in these words3 8,in effect the seal is well known1 it is the image of your ancestor1 whose sole love was for his country and his fellow-citizens4 ,mute as it is1 this image should have sufficed to hold you aloof from such a crime40#bad ,when1 after the decisive battle of ,pharsala1 ,julius ,csar came to ,egypt in pursuit of his defeated adversary1 ,pompey1 he learned that the latter had been treacherously assassinated by the ,egyptians1 who hoped thereby to gain favor with the conqueror4 ,as proof of ,pompey's death1 his head was brought to ,csar1 who turned away in aversion from the messenger of death4 ,at the same time1 ,pompey's signet ring was given to the victor1 on receiving which tears rose to his eyes1#bae for no memento could be more potent than such a ring4 ,csar's manifestation of grief was absolutely free from hypocrisy for he was 8of a noble generous nature10 and had long had the most friendly relations with ,pompey1 to whom he gave his daughter ,julia in marriage1 until the inevitable rivalry for the control of ,rome brought them into enmity4 ,the death of ,julia is said to have contributed not a little to the termination of the friendship between ,csar and ,pompey4 ,st4 ,ambrose answering the self-posed query1 whether anyone having an image of a tyrant was liable to punishment1 asserts that he remembered to have read that certain persons who wore rings bearing the effigies of ,brutus and ,cassius1 the assassins of ,csar1 had been condemned to capital punishment4#baf ,of course1 the wearing of such a ring would imply not only an admiration of the person figured1 but also devotion to his cause4 ,the imprint of a proprietor's seal was frequently made upon his trees1 and served to establish his ownership1 so that strangers could have no excuse for cutting them down1 or in case of fruit trees1 for plucking the fruit4 ,the degree of confidence reposed in the seal impression is strikingly illustrated by the account that when ,pompey learned that some of his soldiers were committing atrocities on the march1 he ordered that all their swords should be sealed1 and no one should remove the impression without having obtained permission to do so4#bag ,the symbols used as mint-marks on ancient coins are often reproductions of the seals of the chief magistrate of the city or district1 or else of the mint-master4 ,among these may be noted such types as3 a locust1 a calf's head1 a dancing ,satyr1 a young male head1 a culex 7gnat71 etc4#bah ,a ring as a mint-mark on early ,english coins is a clear indication that such coins were struck in one of the ecclesiastical mints4 ,on a penny of ,stephen's reign 7#aace-aaed71 from the ,archbishop of ,york's mint1 this mint-mark has been made by converting the left leaf of the fleur-de-lys surmounting the sceptre into a small annulet4 ,the ring-mark appears on the coins of ,york from the earliest times1 and is assumed to have been especially favored for the ,english ,primate's mint in reference to the ,ring of ,st4 ,peter1 or the ,fisherman's ,ring4 ,a penny1 probably coined after the installation of ,archbishop ,william in #aada1 appears to be one of the earliest of this type4 ,the reverse gives ,ulf as the name of the coiner or moneyer4#bai ,while none of the signet rings of ,roman emperors1 or even of ,romans prominent in the social or political life of the centuries immediately preceding and succeeding the beginning of the ,christian ,era1 have been preserved1 it is possible to learn from literary sources the devices engraved on many of them4 ,scipio ,africanus1 the conqueror of ,hannibal1 had his father's portrait engraved on his signet1 and his son followed the father's example in this respect4 ,the idea seems to be an excellent one1 as both family honor and filial love could thus find expression4 ,the gifted1 but dissolute ,sylla1 in the first design he had cut upon his signet1 sought to perpetuate the memory of his victory over ,jugurtha in #ajg ,b4,c41 the ,mauritanian king ,bocchus being depicted in the act of surrendering ,jugurtha4 ,later on ,sylla used a signet with three trophies1 and finally selected one with a portrait of ,alexander the ,great4 ,for ,lucullus1 the great gourmet and master of all the arts of ,roman luxury1 the head of ,ptolemy1 ,king of ,egypt1 seemed the design best fitted for his signet4 ,the two great rivals1 ,pompey and ,csar1 chose widely divergent symbols4 ,the former wore a signet engraved with a lion bearing a sword1 while on ,csar's ring was cut an armed ,venus1 the ,venus ,victrix1 from whom the gens ,julia claimed descent1 and for whose statue ,csar is said to have brought pearls from ,britain to be set on the statue's breastplate4 ,the first choice made by ,augustus was a sphinx1 in symbolical allusion to his taciturnity2 later in his reign he wore a signet with ,alexander the ,great's head engraved thereon1 and finally1 moved perhaps by the flatteries of his adulators1 he substituted his own image for that of the great ,macedonian4 ,the famous literary patron of the ,augustan ,age1 ,mcenas 7d4 #h ,a4,d471 who was at the same time a very able statesman1 chose the singular emblem of a frog4 ,that the bloodthirsty ,nero should select a design figuring a martyrdom seems very appropriate1 and in the flaying of ,marsyas by ,apollo cut on his ring1 he undoubtedly identified himself with the sun god and leader of the muses who took vengeance upon his would-be rival in the musical art4 ,for ,nero was a most devoted amateur of the arts as he understood them1 and had sung--in a strained1 high-pitched voice it is said--in the theatres of ,greece1 earning applause enough from the wily ,greeks we may be sure4 ,actuated by jealousy1 he is said to have had the singer ,menedemus whipped1 and to have warmly applauded his 8melodious0 cries of agony1 evidently rejoicing in having forced him to 8sing another song40 ,galba 7#c-fi ,b4,c471 ,nero's immediate successor1 is said to have used successively three signets1 the first depicting a dog bending its head beneath the prow of a ship2 this was followed by a ring showing a ,victory with a trophy1 and lastly came one bearing the effigies of his ancestors4 ,as his reign of less than a year seems too short for us to suppose that all these changes were made in that time1 perhaps only the last-mentioned ring was the one he used as emperor4 ,commodus 7#afa-aib ,a4,d471 the unworthy son of the philosopher-emperor1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 had the figure of an ,amazon engraved for his signet1 this choice having been made1 so it is said1 because of the pleasure he took in seeing his mistress ,martia dressed in this way4 ,augustus ,csar reposed such unlimited confidence in his son-in-law1 ,agrippa1 and in his friend and finance minister1 ,mcenas1 that he was in the habit of confiding his letters to them for correction1 and gave them permission to send off the corrected letters1 bearing the stamp of his signet which he had deposited in their charge1 without submitting them again to him4 ,similar trust was reposed by ,vespasian in ,mutianus4#bbj ,the seal was stamped on a linen band passed around the closed tablets on the inside surfaces of which the letter had been written4 ,the impression1 made when the ends of the band were joined1 was either upon wax1 soft viscous earth1 or even on a mixture of chalk2 this was commonly moistened with saliva before the signet was used1 so that the engraved stone might not adhere to the imprint and could be easily taken off4 ,the bearer of such a letter fully realized his responsibility for its delivery with unbroken seal1 and generally took pains to have this duly recognized by the person to whom it was addressed4#bba ,the personal seal was also impressed1 both in ,roman times and later1 upon all documents private or public4 ,in the case of private documents the strictly guarded individuality of the seal really afforded a very considerable guarantee of the genuineness of a document4 ,a survival of this is the common little red seal attached now-a-days to legal documents1 necessary to their validity it is true1 but giving no possible confirmation of the signature4 ,this latter was in fact represented by the design of the old signets4 ,the 8,dream ,book0 of ,artemidorus relates as an especially direful vision1 that of one who dreamed his signet ring had dropped from his finger1 and that the engraved stone set therein had broken into many fragments1 the result of this being that he could transact no business for forty-five days1#bbb presumably until he could have a new signet engraved4 ,for the impression of the individual signet was indispensable to give validity to any order or agreement4 ,illustration3 ,two brass rings4 ,roman4 #a1 set with an inscribed agate12 #b1 key-ring1 set with an engraved onyx ,gorlus1 ,dactyliotheca1 ,delphis ,bat41 #afja ,illustration3 ,two gold rings1 with onyx gems4 ,roman4 #a1 engraved with seated figure of ,ceres2 #b1 design of dove bringing back the olive branch to the ,ark ,gorlus1 ,dactyliotheca1 ,delphis ,bat41 #afja ,illustration3 ,two bronze rings excavated at the ,borough ,field1 ,chesterford1 ,essex1 #ahdh4 ,late ,roman4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,bone ring with grotesque mask carved on bezel4 ,found near the amphitheatre at ,lyons1 ,france4 ,roman4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,roman gold rings of the ,fourth ,century ,a4,d4 #a1 set with plasma bead2 #b1 double ring1 set with garnets2 #c1 gold hoop composed of a plain band on either side of a wavy band2 set with a convex plasma2 #d4 set with convex almandine intaglio ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,ornamental gold ring from ,wiston1 ,sussex1 ,england1 set with a dark amethyst ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,silver ring4 ,on bezel engraved design of a bird approaching a fallen stag4 ,about ,fifth ,century ,a4,d4 ,british ,museum ,the ,jewish historian ,josephus cites1 as an example of absent-mindedness1 that when the ,roman senator ,cneius ,sentius ,saturninus arose in the senate and pronounced a fiery harangue on the death of ,caligula1 urging the senators to regain their former liberties of which they had been robbed1 he quite forgot that he wore on his hand a ring set with a stone on which the head of the detested tyrant was cut4 ,his fellow senator1 ,trebellius ,maximus1 remarking it1 however1 snatched it from his finger1 and the stone was crushed to pieces4#bbc ,how common in ancient ,rome was the use of a signet ring to seal up the provision rooms in a household1 is shown by a passage in the 8,casina0 of the comic poet ,plautus1 written about #bjj ,b4,c41 where ,cleopatra on leaving her home to visit a neighbor1 directs her slaves to seal these rooms and bring her ring back to her4#bbd ,of the betrothal ring1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus says that it was not given as an ornament1 but for sealing objects in the conjugal domicile4 ,as the husband's signet ring was often used in a similar way1 it was quite customary to bequeath it to a wife or a daughter4 ,an example of this appears in the case of ,emperor ,aurelian 7#bad-bge ,a4,d47 who left his seal ring to his wife and daughter jointly1 the ,latin historian adding that in so doing he was acting 8just like a private citizen40#bbe ,a curious subject was chosen for his signet-ring by a native of ,intercatia in ,spain4 ,his father had been killed in a single combat by the ,roman leader ,scipio milius1 and it was this scene that the son had engraved upon his ring4 ,when ,stilo ,preconinus related this fact in ,rome he laughingly demanded of his hearers what they supposed the ,spaniard would have done if his father had killed ,scipio instead of being killed by him4#bbf ,in the ,roman world the custom of removing the rings in case of death is noted by ,pliny1 who says that they were taken from the fingers of those in the comatose state of the dying2 the rings were often replaced after death4#bbg ,an instance in point is noted by ,suetonius1 who reports that when ,tiberius became unconscious1 and was believed to be about to die1 his seal ring was slipped from his finger1 but on regaining consciousness the emperor demanded that it should be replaced4#bbh ,to have a ring drop from the finger was regarded as a bad omen1 and when an accident of this kind happened to ,emperor ,hadrian1 he is said to have exclaimed3 8,this is a sign of death40 ,the ring which fell from his finger bore a gem engraved with his own image4 ,the elegy of ,propertius 7#di-ae8 ,b4,c47 on the 8,shade of ,cynthia10 gives proof that a valuable ring was often left on the hand of the corpse when it was burned on the funeral pyre4 ,the ,latin verses describing the apparition may be thus rendered in prose3#bbi 8,she still had the same eyes and hair as when on the funeral couch2 but her garments had been burned away4 ,the flame had destroyed the beryl which used to grace her finger1 and the infernal stream had discolored her lips40 ,the sense of intimate connection between a valued ring and the wearer1 finds expression in ,shakespeare's lines 7,cymbeline ,act ,i1 sc4 #e73 ,my ring ,i hold dear as my finger2 'tis part of it4 ,and if we go back #bbjj years to a far distant quarter of the globe we meet with the same feeling of intimate connection in the inspired words of the ,hebrew prophet ,jeremiah 7xxii1 #bd73 ,as ,i live1 saith the ,lord1 though ,coniah the son of ,jehoiakim ,king of ,judah were the signet upon my right hand1 yet would ,i pluck thee hence4 ,the prophet ,haggai 7chap4 ii1 verse #bc7 uses the designation signet to indicate a specially chosen instrument1 in the following words3 ,in that day1 saith the ,lord of hosts1 will ,i take thee1 ,o ,zerubbabel1 my servant1 the son of ,shealtiel1 saith the ,lord1 and will make thee as a signet3 for ,i have chosen thee1 saith the ,lord of hosts4 ,the ,freemasons have adopted the signet of ,zerubbabel as one of the symbols of the ,royal ,arch1 the seventh masonic degree4#bcj ,the monogram of ,christ appears on a signet made for a ,christian lady of ,roman times1 lia ,valeria4 ,of this sacred symbol ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom wrote that the ,christians of his time always inscribed it at the beginning of their letters1 and he gives as a reason for this that wherever the name of ,god appeared there was nothing but happiness4 ,undoubtedly the shape of the ,greek ,x 7,ch71 forming part of this monogram1 suggested a form of the cross1 and gave an added significance to the monogram1 especially in view of ,chrysostom's statement that the ,christians of his time painted or engraved a cross on their houses and made the sign of the cross over their foreheads and their hearts4#bca ,clemens ,alexandrinus in the second century tells us that men were required to wear the seal ring on the little finger1 as worn in this way it would interfere least with the use of the hand1 and would be best protected from injury and loss4#bcb ,while1 however1 fashion must have dictated to a great extent the finger on which a seal ring was to be worn1 we should bear in mind that any particular custom in this matter was not constant1 and that individual preferences must often have determined the finger chosen to bear the seal ring4 ,this diversity is attested by the differing statements of the old writers1 as well as by the rare examples offered by ancient statues and paintings4 ,one of the rare ivory rings in the ,british ,museum is a signet the bezel of which bears an engraved design of ,christ on the ,cross1 with the ,virgin and ,st4 ,john on either side4 ,the legend is the motto of ,constantine the ,great3 ,in hoc signo vinces4 ,the hoop of this ring1 which was found in ,suffolk1 has been restored at the back4 ,the figures are very rudely engraved for a production of the sixteenth century4#bcc ,illustration3 ,bronze signet-ring1 ,byzantine1 two views and impression4 ,the abbreviated ,greek inscription reads3 8,may the ,lord help his servant ,stephan0 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,bronze signet ring4 ,european4 ,fifteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,silver ring1 broken at the back4 ,bezel bears letter 8,t0 crowned4 ,fifteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,ivory signet ring1 with impression4 ,on the carved bezel1 the ,crucifixion1 between the ,virgin and ,st4 ,john2 legend3 8,in hoc signo vinces10 motto of the ,emperor ,constantine ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,bronze signet4 ,the octagonal bezel is engraved with a greyhound's head1 and a rather obscure inscription4 ,ring and impression of signet4 ,fifteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,gold signet ring1 engraved with a lion rampant2 beneath1 a star4 ,ring and impression4 ,sixteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,massive gold ring2 bezel engraved with a lion passant regardant1 and the legend3 8,now is thus40 ,english1 late ,fifteenth ,century4 ,ring and impression of signet ,british ,museum ,it appears to have been an ancient usage in some parts of the ,christian world to use two signet rings in connection with the baptismal ceremonies4 ,one of these was employed to seal up the font1 or else the baptistry1 while the other was used to affix a seal upon the profession of faith made by the neophyte1 this profession being later entered on a public register4 ,some of the ecclesiastical writers saw the origin of the first-named ring in the text 7,cant4 iv1 #ab73 ,a garden enclosed is my sister1 my spouse2 a spring shut up1 a fountain sealed4#bcd ,a recognition that at the beginning of the sixth century ,a4,d4 bishops were in possession of signet rings is offered by a circular letter addressed by ,clovis ,i1 in #eaa ,a4,d41 after his victory over the ,visigoths at ,vougl1 to the bishops of the many cities that came under his domination as the fruits of this success4 ,he informs the bishops that he will free all prisoners1 either clerical or lay1 for whom this favor shall be asked in letters 8sealed with your ring40 ,this1 however1 only confirms the other testimony to the effect that the bishops had signets1 but does not suffice to establish the existence at this time of rings given to them at their consecration as symbols of their office4#bce ,the ,french kings of the ,merovingian age stamped upon their royal documents the design engraved on their signet rings1 the accompanying formula being frequently as follows3 8,by the impress of our ring we corroborate 7roborari fecimus702 slightly different forms appear sometimes4 ,the following list gives1 with the dates1 a number of seal impressions that have been found on such documents3#bcf ,childebert ,i1 #ebh ,a4,d4 ,sigebert ,i1 #ede1 ,a4,d4 ,childeric ,i1 #ehc ,a4,d4 ,dagobert ,i1 #fbi1 #fca-fcb1 #fce ,a4,d4 ,childeric ,,ii1 #ffd ,a4,d4 ,thierry ,,iii1 #fgc ,a4,d4 ,dagobert ,,ii1 #fge ,a4,d4 ,charles ,martel 7mayor of the palace71 #gbd ,a4,d4 ,pepin le ,bref 7mayor of the palace71 #gdh and #gea ,a4,d4 ,pepin le ,bref1 king1 #gee and #gfh ,a4,d4 ,in the ,carolingian period1 ,charlemagne and his successors continued the use of the same formulas4 ,the possession of signet rings by well-born women1 although not usual in ,roman times1 became quite common in the early ,middle ,ages1 under the influence of the ,germanic peoples1 which accorded to woman a much more important station than did the ,romans or ,gallo-,romans4 ,among the relics of the ,merovingian period that have been preserved to our day1 is the ring of ,berteildis1 one of the wives of ,dagobert ,i 7#fjb8-fch74bcg ,it is of silver and is inscribed with the name of the queen and the monogram of the word regina4#bch ,a document from the time of ,childeric ,,ii1 dated in #fcg1 shows impressions of two queenly signets1 one that of ,emnechildis1 wife of ,sigebert ,,ii1 ,king of ,austrasia and guardian of ,childeric1 and the other belonging to ,blichildis1 ,childeric's wife4 ,in the tomb of the ,frankish king ,childeric ,i 7#deh-dha ,a4,d471 accidentally discovered at ,tournai in #afec1 in an ancient cemetery of the parish church of ,st4 ,brica1 were found a number of valuable relics of this sovereign1 among them his signet ring4 ,after having been taken to ,vienna by ,archduke ,leopold ,wilhelm1 then governor of the ,low ,countries1 the treasure came1 after his death1 into the ,imperial ,cabinet there4 ,in #affe the ,archbishop of ,mayence secured from ,emperor ,leopold ,i permission to offer it to ,louis ,,xiv4 ,in ,july of this year the precious objects were transmitted to the ,french king and were deposited in the ,cabinet de ,mdailles1 recently constituted in the ,louvre4 ,shortly afterward1 they were transferred to the ,bibliothque du ,roi1 and were safely preserved in this institution1 under its changing names1 until #ahca1 when the ring and other of the ,childeric relics1 as well as a number of other historic objects1 were stolen from the library4 ,the ring was never recovered4 ,fortunately there exists a very exact description and a figuration of the ring in an account of the treasure published in #afee1 at ,antwerp1 by ,jean ,jacques ,chifflet1 first physician of the ,archduke4#bci ,the ring1 which is of massive gold1 bears a large oval bezel on which is engraved the bust1 full face4 ,the sovereign is beardless1 with long hair parted in the middle and hanging down to his shoulders4 ,the bust is garbed in ,roman style2 on the tunic may be seen a decorative plaque4 ,the king's right hand holds a lance which rests on his shoulder1 as may be observed in the imperial medals of ,constantine ,,ii1 ,theodosius ,,ii1 and their successors4 ,the legend1 in the genitive case1 ,childerici ,regis1 presupposes the word signum or sigillum1 as the ring was unquestionably a signet4 ,m4 ,deloche considers it probable that it was made on the occasion of ,childeric's marriage with ,basnia1 ,queen of ,thuringia1 who had abandoned her native land and her husband to wed the ,frankish sovereign4 ,clovis ,i 7#dha-eaa7 was the offspring of this union4 ,although the original has been lost there has fortunately been preserved an imprint from it on the margin of a manuscript in the ,bibliothque de ,sainte ,genevive2 of the entire ring there is the carefully executed drawing made for ,chifflet's work4#bdj ,in many cases the ,carolingian monarchs rendered their signets1 set with antique gems1 significant of their own personality by having their names engraved around the setting4 ,in this way ,carloman 7#gda-gdg7 utilized an antique gem showing a female bust with hair tied in a knot1 while ,charlemagne's choice was a gem engraved with the head of ,marcus ,aurelius2 at a later time he substituted for this one bearing the head of the ,alexandrian god ,serapis4 ,it is noteworthy that there is a great likeness between the portraits of ,antoninus ,pius and the type chosen for ,serapis4 ,louis ,i1 le ,debonnaire 7#had-hdj71 selected a portrait of ,antoninus ,pius1 and his son1 ,lothaire1 ,roman emperor1 #hdj-hee ,a4,d41 a gem with ,caracalla's head1 the choice being no inappropriate one in view of ,lothaire's weak and treacherous character4 ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king conjectures that the selection of the particular head may have depended upon its resemblance1 more or less close1 to the features of the monarch1 as even though the likeness should not be very exact1 the work would surpass anything that the unskilful gem-cutters of this age could produce4#bda ,of the seal of the ,prophet ,mohammed1 we are told by ,ibn ,kaldoun that when he was about to send a letter to the ,emperor ,heraclius1 his attention was called to the fact that no letter would be received by a foreign potentate unless it bore the impression of the ,prophet's seal4 ,mohammed therefore had a seal made of silver1 bearing the inscription 8,mohammed rasl ,allah10 8,mohammed the ,apostle of ,god02 these three words1 according to ,al-,bokhari1 were disposed in three lines4 ,the ,prophet made use of this seal and forbade the making of any one like it4 ,after his death it was employed by his successors1 ,abu ,bekr1 ,omar and ,othman1 but the last-named unluckily let it fall from his hand into the well of ,aris1 whose depth it had never been possible to measure4 ,a duplicate was executed to replace the original1 but its loss was greatly deplored1 and was looked upon as a possible presage of ill-fortune4#bdb ,the title inscribed upon it was prouder in its simplicity than that assumed by any other ruler1 not excepting those who claimed for themselves a divine ancestry1 or divine attributes4 ,these could at most pretend to rank as divinities of a lower order1 while ,mohammed claimed to be the mouthpiece of the one and only ,god4 ,burton writes that it is 8a tradition of the ,prophet0 that the carnelian is the best stone for a signet ring1 and this is still the usage among ,mohammedans in the ,orient4 ,in the ,arabian tale entitled 8,history of ,al ,hajjaj ben ,yusuf and the ,young ,sayyed10 we read that the signet should be of carnelian because the stone was a guard against poverty4#bdc ,some ,arabic signets bore peculiarly apt inscriptions4 ,one of these reads3 8,correspondence is only a half-joy10 a delicate piece of flattery for the recipient of a letter bearing this seal4 ,another signet gives the following very necessary warning to the person to whom the letter is addressed1 should it happen to contain something which ought not to be revealed4 8,if more than two know it1 the secret is out40#bdd ,such inscriptions are certainly more significant than a motto of less special meaning4 ,in an essay on ,arabic signets1 ,hammer-,purgstall#bde calls attention to a fundamental distinction between talismans and signets4 ,with the former1 the inscription is engraved so that it may be read as it stands1 while with the latter the characters are reversed so that only the impression gives them in their proper order4 ,besides this1 the talismans rarely contain the wearer's name1 which is the most essential part of the signet4 ,nevertheless1 there can be little doubt that in many cases the signet was at the same time a talisman4 ,that lovers--even ,mohammedan lovers--in the seventeenth century1 had romantic designs engraved upon seal rings1 is illustrated by what ,garzoni relates concerning the seal ring of 8,mahometh ,bassa40 ,this bore the figure of a silk-worm upon a mulberry leaf1 the design commemorating the wearer's love for a ,moorish girl1 and signifying that he drew his life from her as did the silk-worm from the leaf4#bdf ,tavernier relates that in his time1 the last half of the seventeenth century1 the secret treasure of the ,sultans in ,constantinople was guarded in an innermost treasure-chamber of the ,serail4 ,this chamber was only opened at intervals to receive the surplus gold that had been collected from the ,empire or received in any way1 when the total sum had reached #ah1jjj1jjj livres 7over #g1jjj1jjj according to the value of the livre in ,tavernier's day74 ,the gold was contained in sacks1 each of which held #ae1jjj ducats4 ,when an addition to the treasure was to be deposited1 the ,sultan himself led the way to the treasure-chamber and stamped his seal1 with his own hand1 on red wax spread over the knot of the cord with which the sack was secured4 ,this seal was engraved on the bezel of a gold ring and constituted no design1 but simply the name of the reigning sovereign1 the characters being probably intricately combined in the elaborate and cryptic manner used in the case of the imperial name and titles4#bdg ,a ,byzantine signet ring of the sixth or seventh century of our era1 in the ,british ,museum1 shows the head of ,christ1 beneath which bending figures of two angels in profound adoration are depicted4 ,angel-figures almost exactly similar may be seen in ,byzantine ivory carvings of this later period1 the type evidently being one of those rigidly defined in the hieratic art of the school4 ,with this ring were found coins of ,heraclius 7#faj-fda71 the ,greek emperor in whose reign fell the death of ,mohammed 7,june #h1 #fcb7 and the overthrow of the ,sassanian ,persian monarchy by the ,mohammedans4#bdh ,how important the possession of a royal seal-ring was considered to be1 as proving the title of a successor1 appears in the story that at the death-bed of ,alexius ,comnenus 7#ajhd-aaah71 ,emperor of the ,east1 when the son and rightful successor1 ,john ,comnenus1 perceived that his mother ,irene was working to exclude him from the throne and to seat thereon his blue-stocking sister ,anna1 he took off the imperial ring from the hand of his dying father and thus ensured for himself the title to the ,eastern ,empire4#bdi ,saint ,bernard of ,clairvaux 7#ajia-aaec71 the enthusiastic preacher of the ,second ,crusade in #aadg1 excuses himself in some of his letters that he has failed to seal them1 because he could not lay his hand on his signet4 ,in a letter to ,pope ,eugene ,,iii1 the saint complains that several spurious letters bearing his name have been circulated1 sealed with a counterfeit seal2 he also notifies the pontiff that from this time his letters will bear a new seal1 on which will be his portrait and his name4#bej ,well-to-do merchants of medival times1 not entitled to armorial bearings1 often had special individual marks or symbols engraved upon their signets4 ,this custom obtained on the continent as well as in ,england1 and allusion is made in the ,old ,english poem of the fourteenth century1 8,piers ,plowman10 to 8merchantes merkes ymedeled in glasse40#bea ,probably emblems of this kind came to have a certain association with the business which in many cases descended from father to son through a number of generations4 ,a royal signet ring once believed to be that of ,saint ,louis 7,louis ,,ix1 #abad-abgj7 and long preserved in the treasury of ,st4 ,denis1 as an object of reverent care1 is now in the ,louvre ,museum4 ,the fact that the crescent is introduced as a symbol fails to connect the ring with the ,crusader ,st4 ,louis1 as this symbol was not used by the ,saracens of his time1 but was only adopted as a ,mohammedan device after the ,turks captured ,constantinople1 the crescent having been a recognised symbol in ancient times in ,byzantium long before the city came to be called ,constantinople4#beb ,the engraved stone in the ring is a table-cut sapphire1 the monarch being figured standing1 with a nimbus around his head2 he is crowned and bears a sceptre4 ,the letters ,s ,l on the stone have been interpreted to mean rather sigillum ,ludovici than ,sanctus ,ludovicus1 and one critic suggests the possibility that it may have been executed in ,constantinople1 in ,byzantine times1 for ,louis ,,vii1 who was there in #aadg1 and was received with high honors by ,manuel ,comnenus1 the ,greek emperor's courtesy being rather bred of fear of ,french aggression than of affection for the ,french crusader4 ,as we have good evidence that gem-cutting was not practised at this time in ,france1 it seems plausible enough that ,louis ,,vii should have availed himself of this opportunity to have a signet engraved for him by a ,greek gem-cutter4#bec ,the signet ring of ,king ,charles ,v of ,france 7#accg-achj7 was set with an ,oriental ruby on which was engraved 8the bearded head of a king40 ,this signet was used by ,king ,charles to seal the letters written by his own hand4 ,the somewhat vague description in the inventory suggests that this may have been an antique gem1 the supposedly royal head being that of some ,greek divinity4 ,the art of engraving on such hard stones as the ruby does not seem to have been practised in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries1 the revival of this art belonging to a later period4 ,evidently the head was not that of ,charles himself or of any of his predecessors1 for1 had this been the case the inventory would hardly fail to note the fact4#bed ,when a certain ,bratilos was sent as a messenger by the eastern emperor ,cantacuzene 7#acda-acee7 to his empress ,irene1 to announce the outbreak of a dangerous revolt1 he bore a sealed letter from the emperor4#bee ,while on his journey1 however1 he began to fear that he might be waylaid and robbed of the important document4 ,this peril he effectively provided against by memorizing the letter and then destroying it1 after he had removed the wax impression of the imperial signet1 which he could safely guard in his mouth1 and which served to accredit him when he came before the empress4#bef ,not long afterward ,cantacuzene was defeated and deposed by ,john ,v1 ,palologus1 and retired to a monastery1 where he lived until #adaa1 composing a history of his own times in his leisure moments2 his wife also took the religious vows under the name of ,eugenia4 ,much has been written about the ring or rather the engraved seal of ,michelangelo4 ,this gem enjoyed such high esteem that it was very often copied1 the copies sometimes acquiring the repute of being originals4 ,four of them1 two in paste1 one in amethyst1 and one in carnelian1 exist in ,denmark1 the two latter having the dimensions of the original gem4 ,the copy in carnelian--the stone in which the original was cut--is exceptionally well executed4#beg ,the original seal is now in the ,bibliothque ,nationale in ,paris and came into the possession of ,louis ,,xiv in #afhj4 ,the king wore it set in a ring4 ,it was brought to ,france in #afjj by a ,sieur ,bigarris1 director of the ,mint1 and its history was at the time traced back to ,agosto ,tassi1 goldsmith in ,bologna1 to whom ,michelangelo had bequeathed it4 ,the gem was the work of ,pier ,maria di ,pescia1 and bears his symbolic signature1 a boy fishing 7pescia1 fishing74 ,the dimensions are given as #ae mm4 by #aa mm41 the form being oval1 and in this restricted space is a design embracing twelve human figures1 two genii1 a horse1 a goat and a tree4 ,two of the figures appear to have been copied from a detail of ,michelangelo's ,sistine ,chapel frescoes3 a woman helping another woman to place a basket of grapes upon her head4 ,watelet and ,levesque in their 8,dictionnaire des ,arts0 published in #agia1 characterize this seal as 8the most beautiful engraved gem known40 ,the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor ,castle contains a gold ring set with a cameo portrait of ,louis ,,xii1 of ,france 7#adih-aeae71 cut in a pale ruby of clear lustre4 ,the work is believed to have been executed during the lifetime of the king1 and was considered by ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king to be the earliest ,renaissance portrait cut on a stone of the hardness of a ruby4 ,he regarded it as a work of the famous ,renaissance gem-cutter ,domenico dei ,camei1 this artist having engraved a portrait of the ,milanese duke ,ludovico ,sforza1 surnamed ,il ,moro1 on the same hard material4 ,the gold plate at the back of the bezel holding the gem bears the inscription 8,loys ,,xiime ,roy de ,france dcda ,i ,janvier1 #aeae10 the stone having been set in the ring at some time after the monarch's death4#beh ,this collection also contains an imperfect specimen of a squirt-ring4 ,the hoop is of enamelled gold set with a garnet engraved in relief with a mask or bacchic head finely executed by a sixteenth-century artist4 ,the hole at the base of the hoop1 with its internal screw-worm1 indicates that it was once provided with a squirt for projecting perfumed liquids4#bei ,a sixteenth-century portrait by the ,german painter1 ,conrad ,faber1 depicts a well-to-do burgher1 possibly a burgomaster1 who wears a seal ring on the index finger of his left hand and a ring with a precious stone setting on the fourth finger of the same hand4 ,in this hand he holds something which may be a staff of office2 it is surmounted by an octagonal block of ebony in which is inlaid a medallion figuring ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon4 ,the city1 as carefully delineated in the background as in the finest of engravings1 appears to be one of the historic ,rhine cities1 and is evidently that with which the sitter was identified4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,by ,,the ,,sixteenth-,,century ,,german ,,painter1 ,,conrad ,,faber ,seal ring on index of left hand1 sapphire-set ring on fourth finger of this hand1 which holds what seems to be a wand or staff of office1 surmounted by an octagonal ebony block1 with inserted medallion of ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 ,kennedy ,fund1 #aiab ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,benedikt ,,von ,,hertenstein1 ,,by ,,hans ,,holbein ,showing seal ring on index finger1 two rings on third finger1 and three on little finger of left hand ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,city ,illustration3 ,,man ,,and ,,woman ,,at ,a ,,casement ,the woman wears three rings 7sapphire1 ruby and some other stone7 on the index of right hand1 and two on the middle finger of this hand1 one of them on the second joint4 ,the young man has a large oval topaz on the little finger of his left hand4 ,florentine1 ,fifteenth ,century ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,for signet rings1 antique gems continued to be those most favored until the ,renaissance period1 and even to a considerable extent during this period4 ,however1 the development and elaboration of the science of heraldry and the great importance accorded to the possession of armorial bearings soon induced the engraving of these upon the signets1 in preference to using antique gems or copying their types4 ,in ,elizabeth's reign and in those of her immediate successors1 it is believed that scarcely a gentleman was to be found who did not own and wear a signet ring on which appeared his coat-of-arms4 ,those not fortunate enough to have the right to display armorial bearings1 sometimes sought to make their signets individual by using as designs rebuses expressing more or less well the pronunciation of their names4#bfj ,arms were sometimes blazoned on rings by enamel applied to the base of a setting2 thus the arms engraved on a rock-crystal or a white sapphire1 would appear with their proper hues1 the colors showing through the transparent stone1 and their effect being heightened by the brilliant medium4 ,a fine example of this kind of ring is one made for ,jean ,sans-,peur1 ,duke of ,burgundy 7#adja-adai72 another is the signet ring of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 now in the ,british ,museum4#bfa ,bequests of signets to near relatives occur not infrequently in wills of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 as for example in that of ,john ,horton1 dated #aefe1 wherein appears the following3 8,item1 ,i give unto my brother ,anthony ,horton1 for a token1 my golde ringe wth the seale of myne armes1 desirenge him to be good to my wiffe and my childringe as my trust is in him40 ,besides this seal ring1 the testator willed 8a golde ringe wth a turkes turquoise in it0 to his 8singular good ,lord the ,lord ,eueerye10 with a plea for friendship toward his wife and children4 ,a ring set with a diamond was bequeathed in #adbg by ,elizabeth1 ,lady ,fitzhugh to her son ,william4#bfb ,this was almost certainly one of the uncut1 pointed diamonds used for settings at this early time4 ,the signet ring of ,mary ,stuart is one of the chief treasures in the ring collection of the ,british ,museum4 ,it was made for her use after her betrothal to the ,french ,dauphin1 later1 for a few months1 ,king of ,france as ,francis ,,ii 7#aedc-aefj71 just before her marriage1 as after that time the arms of ,france would have been combined with those of ,scotland4 ,the following description is given of this ring in the exceedingly valuable catalogue of the ,franks ,bequest by ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton#bfc3 #caf4 ,gold2 the shoulders ornamented with flowers and leaves once enamelled2 oval bezel containing a chalcedony engraved with the achievement of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,the shield is that of ,scotland surrounded by the collar of the ,thistle1 with the badge1 and supported by two unicorns chained and ducally gorged2 the crest1 on a helmet with mantlings and ensigned with a crown1 is a lion sejant affront1 crowned and holding in the dexter paw a naked sword2 in the sinister a sceptre1 both bendwise4 ,legend3 ,in ,defens1 and the letters ,m ,r4 ,on the dexter side is a banner with the arms of ,scotland2 on the sinister side1 another1 with three bars and over all a saltire4 ,the metals and tinctures appear through the crystal on a field of blue4 ,within the hoop at the back of the bezel is engraved a cipher in a circular band and surmounted by a crown1 once enamelled4 ,the cipher is formed of the ,greek letter and ,m1 for the names ,francis and ,mary4 ,in this example of sixteenth-century ,french goldsmithing1 the colors of the arms have been applied beneath the crystal so that they would not be effaced in using the signet for sealing4 ,in #agib this ring was in the possession of ,queen ,charlotte1 wife of ,george ,,iii4 ,after her death it became the property of the ,duke of ,york1 and when his plate and jewels were sold at ,christie's1 in ,london1 ,march1 #ahbg1 it was bought by ,mr4 ,richard ,greene1 ,f4,s4,a41 and was acquired from him in #ahef by the ,british ,museum4 ,a signet ring believed by many to be that of the immortal ,shakespeare1 was found on ,march #af1 #ahaj4 ,it was picked up on the surface of the mill-close that adjoins ,stratford churchyard2 the finder was the wife of a poor laborer4 ,how lightly it was esteemed at the outset is shown by the low price at which it was acquired by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,wheeler1 who paid only thirty-six shillings 7#i4jj71 considered to be the value of the fifteen pennyweights of gold in the ring4 ,in fact1 the only circumstances seeming to connect it with ,shakespeare are the initials ,w4 ,s41 and the facts that the ring appears to be of ,elizabethan workmanship and that it was found at ,stratford-on-,avon1 ,shakespeare's home4#bfd ,the initial letters are bound together with a design composed of an ornamental band with tassels1 so arranged as to outline a heart4 ,a queer coincidence1 if the report be true1 is that a certain ,william ,shakespeare was at work nearby when the ring was found4#bfe ,one of the somewhat less well-known ,shakespeare portraits depicts the poet wearing a thumb ring on his left hand4 ,this is the work of ,gerald ,soest1 who was born twenty-one years after ,shakespeare's death2 its inspiration is probably to be sought in the ,chandos portrait of which it is an amplification and re-arrangement4 ,the face1 however1 wholly lacks the dignity and expression of the ,chandos1 being exceedingly weak and commonplace4 ,the hands give the effect of having been copied from those in some other portrait1 and1 of course1 under all these circumstances we would scarcely be justified in assuming that ,shakespeare wore a thumb ring1 although he may well have done so1 in view of the fact that the fashion was common enough in his time4 ,queen ,elizabeth1 even1 is depicted as wearing one in ,zucchero's portrait of her at ,hampton ,court4#bff ,illustration3 #a1 ,shakespeare's gold signet ring1 found in ,stratford-upon-,avon1 ,march #af1 #ahaj4 #b1 brass signet supposed to be that of the physician1 ,john ,hall1 ,shakespeare's son-in-law4 #c1 wax impression from ,shakespeare's ring4 7,photographed expressly for this book as attested by signatures of ,sir ,sidney ,lee1 ,chairman of the ,executive ,committee of 8,shakespeare's ,birthplace10 and of the ,librarian1 ,f4 ,c4 ,wellstood47 #d and #e1 gold signet ring owned by ,lord ,byron1 with impression from it4 ,the seal shows the crests and mottoes of three families4 ,photographed for this book4 ,in the possession of ,judge ,peter ,t4 ,barlow1 ,new ,york ,illustration ,another ,english poet1 that master of impassioned verse1 ,byron1 had in his possession a most interesting bloodstone signet ring1 engraved with the following three family mottoes3 8,tout prest0 7,quite ready71 motto of the families ,monk1 ,murray and ,younger2 8,confido1 conquiesco0 7,i trust and am contented71 motto of the ,dysart1 ,hodgett1 ,maroy1 ,tollmache and ,turner families2 8,pour y parvenir0 7,in order to accomplish1 or succeed71 motto of the families ,manners and ,manners-,sutton4 ,this ring was owned by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 and at the dispersal sale of his personal effects at ,abbotsford it was acquired by the late ,samuel ,latham ,mitchell ,barlow1 the great art connoisseur and collector1 by whose son1 ,judge ,peter ,t4 ,barlow1 of ,new ,york1 it has been inherited1 in whose possession it now is1 and through whose courtesy it is here reproduced4 ,many interesting facts in regard to the history of the diamond engraved for ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 wife of ,charles ,i1 have been presented by ,mr4 ,c4 ,drury ,fortnum1 who purchased the diamond from the collection of the ,duke of ,brunswick in #ahgi4bfg ,in the catalogue of the ,duke's collection this stone is described as the signet of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 an attribution which had been current for many years2 but ,mr4 ,fortnum has shown that the initials on the diamond should be read ,,mr1 the cross-bar in the first character representing the letter ,h1 and the whole signifying ,maria ,henrietta ,regina4 ,fortunately we have the original of the treasury order given by ,charles ,i1 under date of ,january #af1 #afbi1 directing the payment of a sum of money to the engraver for his work4 ,as this is probably the only case in which the original record of payment for engraving an historical diamond has been preserved1 it is reproduced here from ,mr4 ,fortnum's paper in ,archologia4#bfh ,charles by the grace of ,god ,king of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,defender of the ,faith1 c4 ,to the ,trr and ,undertrr of or ,exchecqr for the time being greeting3 ,wee doe hereby will and comand you out of or treasure remaining in the ,receipt of or ,exchecqr forthwith to pay or cause to be paid unto ,francis ,walwyn or his assignes the some of two hundred three-score and seven pounds for engraving1 polishing1 ,dyamond boart and divers other materialls for the ,cutting and furnishing of or ,armes in a ,dyamond with l'res of the name of or deerest ,consort the queene on each side1 ,and these or l'res shal be yor sufficient warrt and discharge in this behalfe4 ,given under or privy ,seal att or pallace of ,westmr the sixteenth day of ,january in the fourth yeare of or ,raigne4 ,jo3 ,packer4 ,as a general rule a signet ring was one of the last objects of value that an owner would part with1 but we know that after ,charles' execution ,henrietta ,maria was reduced to dire straits and was obliged to sell all her possessions in order to procure the bare necessaries of life4 ,in ,tavernier's account of his travels in the ,east he states that in #affd1 he showed to the representative of the ,shah of ,persia a ring engraved with the royal arms of ,england1 and which had belonged 8to the late ,king of ,england40 ,as letters and papers have been preserved1 dating from #afef to #afgc1 and sealed by ,charles ,,ii with the diamond signet used by his father1 we have proof that ,charles ,,ii had that signet in his possession in #affd1 and ,mr4 ,fortnum's conjecture that the engraved diamond in ,tavernier's hands was that of ,henrietta ,maria is plausible enough4 ,the ,shah of ,persia sent the diamond back to ,tavernier1 requesting information as to what was engraved upon it1 but the ,french jeweller1 fearing possible complications1 did not venture to go beyond the vague statement that the stone bore the arms of a 8,european prince40 ,the ,shah does not appear to have bought this diamond2 probably he did not care much for historic souvenirs of ,european royalties1 and possibly he doubted whether ,tavernier had the right to offer for sale what might be the signet of a ,european monarch4 ,however1 the ,shah's minister did not fail to express his admiration of the skill shown by the 8,franks0 in the art of diamond-engraving4#bfi ,already1 in the ,vetusta ,monumenta of ,astle1 published by him in #agib1 the seal is figured as that of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 and is said to have been in the possession of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,if this statement be correct1 the signet might have been among the diamonds sold by ,tavernier to ,louis ,,xiv1 on the former's return to ,europe4 ,it seems to have shared the fate of a large number of the jewels belonging to the ,french crown and to the royal family1 and next appears in a sale held in ,london ,june #ai1 #ahag1 being described in the catalogue as 8the engraved diamond ring of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 upon which are engraved the arms of ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland1 quartered10 and authenticated by a communication from 8that correct and learned antiquary the late ,robert ,gough1 ,esq40 to the following effect3 ,that it descended from ,mary to her grandchild ,charles ,i1 who gave it on the scaffold to ,arch ,bishop ,juxon for his son ,charles ,,ii1 who in his troubles pawned it in ,holland for #cjj1 where it was bought by ,governor ,yale and sold at his sale for #cbj1 supposed for the ,pretender4 ,afterwards it came into the possession of the ,earl of ,ilay1 ,duke of ,argyle1 and probably from him to ,mr4 ,blashford4 ,in these statements there is probably a confusion between the diamond of ,henrietta ,maria1 known later as that of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and a diamond signet of ,charles ,i1 for such a signet is said to have been given to ,bishop ,juxon by ,charles just before his execution4 ,we have every reason to believe that ,henrietta ,maria bore her own signet with her when she left ,england4 ,the ring containing this historic diamond was purchased at the sale of ,june #ai1 #ahag1 by ,dr4 ,curry 7probably ,james ,curry1 ,m4,d41 physician at ,guy's ,hospital7 for the sum of #ij #fs 7#dej71 although a contemporary letter states that the sum was #hf1 and adds that the stone itself was worth but #aj4 ,the ring was subsequently acquired by an agent1 ,van ,prague1 and after passing through several hands came into the possession of ,mr4 ,leverson1 a diamond dealer of ,paris1 who sold it to the ,duke of ,brunswick4 ,at one time it was owned by the ,earl of ,buchan1 and it was exhibited at ,holyrood in #ahdc1 when several rock crystal models were made of it4 ,one of these served ,mr4 ,fortnum as a standard of comparison for the identification of the ,duke of ,brunswick's diamond4 ,the stone is a table diamond and is engraved with the arms of ,england and ,france in the first and fourth quarters1 with those of ,scotland in the second quarter1 and those of ,ireland in the third4 ,in #ahhg1 on the occasion of ,queen ,victoria's ,jubilee1 this signet was presented to the queen by ,mr4 ,drury ,fortnum1 and it is now in the royal collection at ,windsor ,castle4#bgj ,illustration3 ,,rings ,,from ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,,imperial ,,kunstgewerbe ,,museum1 ,,vienna #a and #c1 rings of ,empress ,eleonora1 wife of ,ferdinand ,,iii 7#afjh-afeg72 enameled gold2 ,seventeenth ,century4 #b1 gold ring said to have belonged to ,mary of ,burgundy1 daughter of ,charles the ,bold1 and wife of ,maximilian ,i41 ,emperor of ,germany4 ,bears an ,m formed of black diamonds and has twice on the inner side the monogram of ,maria in ,gothic capitals4 #d1 ring with miniature portraits of ,emperor ,mathias and his wife ,empress ,anne2 enameled gold2 #afab-afai4 #e1 7a7 ring with watch by ,johann ,putz of ,augsburg1 and 7b7 lid made of an emerald on which the ,austrian double-eagle is engraved2 ,seventeenth ,century4 #f1 ring with a sun-dial1 the lid representing a hedgehog studded with black diamond lozenges2 ,seventeenth ,century4 #g and #h1 two rings set with topaz2 enameled gold2 ,sixteenth and ,seventeenth ,century4 #i1 bronze ring1 with head of ,christ in white enamel on blue ground1 the hair being of gold2 ,seventeenth ,century4 #aj1 ring set with a rock crystal1 engraved with the arms of an ,austrian archduke4 ,on the inner side is a sun-dial2 ,seventeenth century4 #aa1 ring with a miniature portrait of ,empress ,claudia ,felicitas2 enameled gold4 ,illustration3 ,,impression ,,of ,,signet4 ,double size linear4 ,,signet ,,ring1 ,,charles ,i4 ,double size linear4 ,,signet ,,ring ,,of ,,charles ,i ,the richly ornamented gold hoop has on its shoulders a lion and a unicorn of chiseled steel4 ,on the bezel is a steel plate engraved with the ,royal arms1 those of ,france and ,england in the first and fourth quarters2 in the second1 the arms of ,scotland2 and in the third1 the ,irish harp4 ,on the sides of the gold base of the bezel is the inscription3 8,dieu et mon droit10 inserted in steel letters ,one of the most interesting engraved diamonds is the signet of ,charles ,i of ,england1 when ,prince of ,wales4#bga ,this is a large shield-shaped diamond engraved in intaglio with the ,prince of ,wales' feathers between the letters ,c4,p4 and issuing from a coronet2 on a ribbon beneath appears the motto ,,ich ,,dien4 ,the stone is set in a ring of enamelled gold4 ,the engraving is finely executed and deeply cut4 ,this signet has often been regarded as that of ,charles ,,ii1 but all doubt as to the original owner is set at rest by the existence of an autograph letter of ,charles ,i1 in the possession of ,m4 ,labouchre of ,paris1 bearing its impress4 ,the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor ,castle also contains the signet used by ,charles ,i1 as ,king4 ,it has a richly ornamented hoop1 to which are attached1 at the shoulders1 chiseled steel figures of a lion and a unicorn4 ,the gold bezel has a steel facing constituting the seal4 ,this is engraved with the royal arms2 in the first and fourth quarters1 the arms of ,england and of ,france2 in the second quarter1 those of ,scotland2 in the fourth quarter1 the ,irish harp4 ,on the gold base of the bezel is the motto3 ,dieu et mon ,droit1 inserted in letters of steel4 ,this constitutes an exceptionally fine example of composite metal-work4 ,the archologist1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 suggests that it may be the work of the 8,inimitable ,simon10 as he was called1 who later engraved dies for the coinage of the ,lord ,protector1 ,oliver ,cromwell1 although he admits that it may have been executed by ,vanderdoort1 who was commanded in #afbe to make pattern pieces for the coinage of ,charles ,i1 at the beginning of the ,king's reign4#bgb ,a signet ring used by ,kaiser ,william ,,ii is set with a reddish-white onyx1 on which has been engraved a shield bearing the ,german eagle1 and surmounted by a crown and the letters1 ,w4 ,,ii4 ,i4 ,r41 ,wilhelm der ,zweite1 ,imperator ,rex4 ,this signet belonged to the present ,kaiser's grandfather ,william ,i1 and has been adapted to the present monarch's use4 ,signet rings were very popular in the latter part of the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century4 ,then1 later on1 they were revived in the latter part of the nineteenth century1 this revival continuing into the twentieth century4 ,in the earlier period it was customary to engrave the crest and motto1 or the full arms and motto1 on the ring stone1 which was generally bloodstone or carnelian1 occasionally white chalcedony1 more rarely lapis lazuli1 in contradistinction to the large seal fobs1 in which the favorite stones were amethyst1 rock crystal1 smoky topaz 7quartz variety71 pale chalcedony or some lighter colored material4 ,many signet rings were engraved upon gold1 the sides of the rings being also engraved1 as a general rule4 ,since the year #aijj1 great interest has been aroused in seal rings1 many of the designs of which are incised in gold or in platinum1 the entire ring being of gold or platinum1 or having a platinum disk set in a gold hoop4 ,the entire variety of fancy stones is used3 pale amethyst1 ruby1 beryl1 aquamarine1 zircon1 garnet1 sard which has been stained brown1 carnelian 7rarely71 bloodstone1 and jade--both the nephrite variety from ,new ,zealand and ,russia and the jadeite variety found at ,bahmo1 ,burma4 ,occasionally the seals of rings are made of fine sapphires1 emeralds1 or rubies1 and sell for from #a1jjj to #aj1jjj1 or even more4 ,seal rings were extensively worn in the period from about #ahfe to #ahhe4 ,frequently these had absolutely nothing engraved upon them4 ,the setting was often an oblong1 rectangular onyx1 sometimes one inch or one and a quarter inches long4 ,occasionally upon this was inset a rose diamond initial2 or else the initial was cut upon the stone--when the onyx was black on top--rarely a crest4 ,in many cases the stone was white above and pink below1 a sardonyx1 and the initial was cut through the light layer4 ,or else it was white or pale gray on a black ground4 ,the general effect was thus gray1 the gem being of the type known as nicolo4 ,then came the cameo rings1 with designs either black on white or brown on white1 sardonyx2 or white on green1 chrysonyx4 ,later again taste developed for intaglio rings4 ,in this instance1 instead of stones of a brownish or whitish gray1--chalcedony1--those of a pale brown or a dark brown were chosen and these were called sard4 ,because of the brown hue1 the term onyx was also applied to them4 ,this must not be confused with the antique sard which resulted from burning a stone of a different hue1 as in the case of the antique carnelian also4 ,the translucent or opaque varieties1 with rich red or dark brown top1 were called sard1 whereas the paler translucent and almost transparent varieties1--when pale red1 yellowish red or almost yellow1--were called carnelian4 ,while the natal gem in a simple but effective setting is the most appropriate ring for a girl or boy1 a small seal ring for the boy1 when he is about #ab years old is not unfitting1 the seal being so well-executed that it may serve him when he has reached manhood4 ,for very young children1 no stone can be given the preference over the turquoise1 which in its delicacy and beauty of color cannot be excelled4 ,small pearls are also used1 or tiny brilliant rubies4#bgc ,in a brightly-written tale for children1 the style of which is rather pronouncedly 8up-to-date10 a sapphire signet is an important element of the story4 ,long years ago1 in the island of ,bermuda1 in the ,revolutionary period1 this heirloom was surreptitiously secured by a young girl1 to whom it was destined on her coming of age1 but who was childishly impatient to gain possession of it before the time4 ,the little heroine comes to ,new ,york and under the stress of a weird ,tory plot1 hides away her signet in the false bottom of an old trunk1 stored away in the garret of the ,charlton ,street house in which she has lived4 ,here1 more than a century later1 a group of bright children find a diary of the long-dead heroine written in cipher4 ,one of them is clever enough to unravel this mystery and they finally succeed in finding the hidden signet4#bgd ,illustration3 ,gold ring with miniature portrait1 given by ,washington to ,lafayette on the latter's return to ,france4 ,see pages #aia and #aib4 ,it is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,gsta ,frln of ,falun1 ,sweden ,illustration3 ,photograph of two impressions in sealing wax1 made by ,president ,woodrow ,wilson1 of his seal ring1 the inscription reading 8,woodrow ,wilson10 in ,pitmanic shorthand4 #aiaf ,illustration3 ,episcopal seal of ,right ,rev4 ,david ,h4 ,greer1 ,bishop of ,new ,york4 ,motto3 ,crux mihi grata quies 7,the ,cross is my grateful rest74 ,the shield bears the monogram of the bishop's name1 above which are two keys in saltire2 below is the coat-of-arms of ,new ,amsterdam4 ,as crest is an ,episcopal mitre ,two characteristic ,oriental seal rings are owned by ,miss ,joan ,st4 ,michael ,peters and ,miss ,katherine ,harrower1 both of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the gems with which they are set were bought by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,peters from an ,arab1 in the ,kut-el-,amara region1 where the ,british invaders of ,mesopotamia underwent such a disastrous defeat4 ,they are engraved carnelians4 ,miss ,peters' ring offers the design of a winged figure4 ,the excellence of the cutting might seem to indicate that it was done some time between #ejj ,b4,c4 and the beginning of our era1 but a later date has been assigned to it by ,prof4 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson of ,columbia ,university1 who pronounces it to be a ,sassanian gem1 and hence not older than the third ,christian century4 ,the other ring1 that belonging to ,miss ,harrower1 appears to be of the ,seleucidan period1 and may be dated from #cjj to #bjj ,b4,c4 ,the inscription1 difficult to decipher1 should be read 8,khan0 in ,prof4 ,jackson's opinion4 ,one of the most intrinsically valuable of ancient signets is that engraved for ,constantius ,,ii 7#cag-cfa ,a4,d474 ,this is of sapphire1 the stone weighing #ec of the older carats 7#ed4dj metric carats74 ,the design shows the emperor in the act of spearing an enormous wild boar on the plains of ,csarea1 the ,greek inscription xiphius denoting the sword-like tusks of the animal4 ,the exploit is performed before a reclining female figure1 a personification of the city ,csarea of ,cappadocia4 ,a ,latin inscription ,,constantius4 ,,aug is considered to prove that this is veritably the emperor's signet4 ,this remarkable gem is in the collection of ,prince ,trivulzio of ,milan4#bge ,a novel idea finds expression in the ring of ,president ,wilson1 on which he has had engraved his name in stenographic symbols4 ,this is in thorough agreement with his aim to utilize business methods in the administration of national affairs1 to do away with routine and take the most direct route to the solution of national problems4 ,one of our two ex-,presidents1 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 sent us this reply3 8,i never wear a finger ring and never have done so4 ,for that reason1 ,i cannot comply with your request40#bgf ,,iv ,,some ,,interesting ,,rings ,,of ,,history ,the principal types of the rings used as insignia1 religious or secular1 or as signets1 as well as of those devoted to some special purpose or believed to possess talismanic or magic virtue are treated of in other chapters4 ,there are many rings1 however1 which owe their chief or only interest to their association with some particular historic personage1 event or period1 while often the mere fact that the ornament has been owned by a famous person suffices to make it precious and interesting2 in a number of cases the ring itself has been closely connected with some important historic happening or else with some cherished legend4 ,examples of this are the ring of ,essex in ,elizabeth's time1 and the legendary ring of ,edward the ,confessor1 regarding the stone setting of which several discrepant accounts exist4 ,the ,bibliothque ,nationale in ,paris has in its ,cabinet des ,mdailles1 two massive gold rings1 in each of which the chaton is formed by an ancient coin4 ,in one is set a rare gold quinarius of ,maximinus 7#bce-bch ,a4,d47 with his effigy1 and the ring is believed to have been made during this giant emperor's brief reign2 the other bears a golden solidus probably of ,clotaire ,,ii1 ,king of the ,franks1 who reigned from #ehd to #fbh ,a4,d4 ,this coin shows a figure of the king with the name ,chlotarius ,rex1 and the mint-mark of the city of ,arras4 ,the coin is more than inch in diameter4#bgg ,in a ,frankish sepulchre at ,laubenheim1 near ,bingen1 ,hessen-,darmstadt1 was found a gold ring on the bezel of which is engraved the head of a woman1 turned to the right1 around which are the letters of the ,gothic name ,hunila4 ,a princess of this name was married1 about #bhj ,a4,d41 to ,quintus ,bonosius1 one of the ,thirty ,tyrants who established themselves in the ,roman ,empire during the short and troubled reign of ,probus 7#bhj-bha74 ,while the ring we describe cannot be assigned to such an early period1 but probably belongs to the end of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh century of our era1 the intrinsic value and the workmanship1 superior for the place and time1 render it likely that this ,hunila1 also1 was of royal race and station4 ,in the sepulchre which yielded this ring there was a chain of amber and amethyst beads4#bgh ,the ,persian poet-philosopher1 ,saadi1 relates in his ,gulistan1 or 8,garden of ,roses10 a story illustrating how a happy chance may do more to help the attainment of a temporary success than special ability or training4 ,a ,persian sovereign1 passionately devoted to archery1 determined to make a crucial test of the skill of his most famous archers1 and to stimulate their efforts by the bestowal of a rich prize4 ,to this end he caused a ring set with an immensely valuable precious stone to be suspended above the dome of ,azad on the mosque near ,shiraz1 and proclaimed to all men that this ring would be given to the one who succeeded in shooting an arrow through its hoop4 ,despite the apparent impossibility of the task1 several hundred of the ,shah's archers strove to fulfil the conditions of the trial1 but in vain4 ,suddenly the ,shah and his companions1 who were closely watching the contest1 saw1 to their amazement1 an arrow speed through the air and exactly traverse the ring4 ,none of the archers before the mosque had been shooting at the moment1 and only after a careful search had been made did it come out that the arrow had been shot off by a youth at play in a nearby garden of a monastery4 ,nevertheless1 the royal word had been pledged1 and the ring was adjudged to the youth4 ,the latter1 however1 showed his wisdom by breaking his bow and arrows1 and never trying another shot1 thus keeping unsullied his reputation as a great archer4#bgi ,one of the ,latin treatises of ,petrarch tells of a carbuncle or ruby1 worn set in a ring by ,john ,,ii of ,france1 and believed to possess talismanic power4 ,the poet remarks1 however1 that this stone did not preserve the ,king from being defeated and made prisoner at the battle of ,poitiers in #acef4 ,this ruby was taken by the ,english1 but was returned to ,john several years later1 so that he was able again 8to see an object of infinite value1 but of no use whatever40 ,while admitting the beauty of gems1 ,petrarch did not share the belief common in his day that they possessed occult powers4#bhj ,of the diamond he says that1 while in ancient times it was a gem worn only by kings1 in his own day luxury and pride had increased to such an extent that many who were not kings possessed the stone1 and even some of the common people wore it on their fingers4#bha ,a ring called the 8,friday ,ring0 is listed among the jewels of ,charles ,v of ,france 7#accg-achj71 in the inventory made in #acgi4 ,this had on either side a double black cross in niello work1 and was set with a cameo bearing a crucifix and the figures of the ,virgin ,mary1 ,st4 ,john and two angels4 ,the name was derived from the fact that the king wore this ring every ,friday1 doubtless in memory of the ,crucifixion1 which took place on that day4#bhb ,there is also mention of another ring1 set with a large ruby1 8the form of a halfbean4 ,this is the ruby which belonged to ,st4 ,louis 7#abae-abgj71 and which has always been guarded successively by the kings of ,france40#bhc ,there seems to be some likelihood that this was the highly prized ruby lost by ,king ,john ,,ii about #aceg1 and in this case it must have been restored to the ,french treasury4 ,still another ring was set with a large ruby1 called the 8ruby de la ,caille10 which had formerly belonged to the dukes of ,brittany and had been given to ,king ,charles by ,monseigneur d',anjou4 ,a note to this inventory informs us that the term 8ruby d',alexandrie10 so often met with in old ,french lists of jewels1 denotes a ruby bought in ,alexandria1 where many of the finest precious stones from the ,east were dealt in during medieval times4#bhd ,the battlefield of ,agincourt1 in the department of ,pas-de-,calais1 not far removed from the trenches of the ,anglo-,french army in the great war of to-day1 was visited in #ahae by ,general ,sir ,john ,woodford1 who was serving with the ,grenadier ,guards4 ,hoping to unearth a few relics of the famous battle he had some excavations made1 and his efforts were rewarded by the discovery of several knightly rings inscribed with mottoes or posies4 ,about #ahej one of these rings1 which had probably been worn by a ,french noble1 was shown at a meeting of the ,london ,archological ,institute4 ,the battle of ,agincourt1 where the ,french army was decisively defeated by ,henry ,v of ,england1 was fought ,october #be1 #adae1 on the day of ,sts4 ,crispin and ,crispian1 and inspired ,shakespeare with the following proud lines addressed by the ,english king to his soldiers3 ,and ,crispin ,crispian shall ne'er go by ,from this day to the ending of the world1 ,but we in it shall be remembered4 ,hungary's great hero1 ,john ,hunyady 7#achg8-adef71 had in his coat of arms a raven holding a ring in its beak4 ,the legendary explanation of this is that ,king ,sigismund once gave a ring to his mistress1 the hero's mother1 as a passport for entrance to the court4 ,one day the royal parent wished to see his offspring1 and the child's uncle received orders to bring it to the court4 ,on his way thither1 while traversing a piece of woodland1 the man came to a clearing and sat down on the grass to repose himself1 giving the precious ring1 his token to the king1 to the child as a plaything4 ,suddenly a raven swooped down from a tree1 picked up the ring and flew away with it2 but the man caught up a bow he had with him and sped a shaft after the bird1 which fell dead to the ground with the ring still tightly held in its beak4 ,when1 in later years1 the illegitimate child grew up and finally ascended the throne of ,hungary1 this event was figured on his coat of arms by the emblems of the raven and the ring4#bhe ,when the ,constable ,louis of ,luxembourg was condemned to death in #adge1 in the reign of ,louis ,,xi of ,france1 he drew from his finger a small gold ring set with a diamond and requested the father confessor to offer it to the image of ,our ,lady of ,paris4 ,then1 turning to the ,franciscan monk1 ,jean de ,sordun1 he said3 8,here is a stone ,i have long worn on my neck and which ,i have greatly prized1 for it resists poison1 and also protects against pestilence4 ,i pray you to take this stone for me to my son1 to whom you will say that ,i beg him to keep it for love of me40 ,this touching mission was never fulfilled1 for after the execution of the ,constable1 the court ordered that the stone should be given to ,king ,louis4 ,the diamond ring1 however1 was duly dedicated to the image of the ,virgin4#bhf ,of ,louis ,,xi himself1 the chronicler quaintly says3 8,before his death he suffered much from various diseases for the cure of which the physicians who attended him concocted dreadful and wonderful medicines4 ,may these illnesses procure the salvation of his soul60#bhg ,some interesting historic rings are in the fine collection of ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor1 ,vienna4 ,one of them is a gold ring believed to have belonged to ,mary of ,burgundy1 7d4 #adhb7 daughter of ,charles the ,bold1 and wife of ,maximilian ,i of ,germany4 ,on the ring is the letter ,m formed of black diamonds1 and the monogram of the name ,maria1 in ,gothic characters1 appears twice on its inner side4 ,two enameled gold rings of ,empress ,eleonora1 third wife of ,ferdinand ,,iii of ,germany 7#afjh-afeg71 are good examples of seventeenth century work4 ,more interesting is a ring bearing miniature portraits of ,emperor ,mathias of ,germany 7#aeeg-afai7 and his wife ,empress ,anne4#bhh ,the first historical instance of writing with a diamond point concerns ,francis ,i1 who wrote1 with the diamond of his ring1 upon a pane of glass in the ,castle of ,chambord1 the following oft-quoted lines3 ,souvent femme varie1 ,mal habile qui s'y fie4 ,the king 8engraved0 these lines in such a conspicuous place that they might be seen by his favorite1 ,anne de ,pisseleu1 ,duchesse d',estampes1 and make it clear to her that his jealousy was aroused by her conduct4#bhi ,the story runs that the celebrated sister of ,francis1 ,marguerite de ,valois1 authoress of the ,heptameron1 who was on very friendly terms with the ,duchesse d',estampes1 immediately capped this distich by writing with her diamond-point the following rejoinder3#bij ,souvent homme varie1 ,bien folle qui s'y fie4 ,brantme1 who relates that he saw the window-pane inscription of ,francis ,i at ,chambord1 merely cites the first words3 8,souvent femme varie10 and as there is considerable lack of agreement as to the second line1 this may have been added by those who reported the writing1 according to their own idea of what a continuation should be4 ,there is a rather vague rumor that the glass was broken out by order of ,louis ,,xiv1 the fact being that it is no longer in existence and evidently disappeared at least a couple of centuries ago4#bia ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady1 ,,painted ,,in ,,cologne1 ,,about #aebf4 ,ring set with a pointed diamond on index of right hand1 small ring on little finger of the same hand2 two rings on index of left hand and one on fourth finger of the same hand2 all set with precious stones ,knigliche ,gemlde-,galerie1 ,cassel ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,by ,,hans ,,funk1 ,,painted ,,in #aebc ,large seal ring on right hand forefinger and two on left hand1 one on forefinger and one on fourth finger ,gallery at ,basel1 ,switzerland ,a ring set with a pyramidal diamond1 one of the type used by ,francis ,i on this occasion1 is shown in the ,londesborough ,collection4 ,this ring1 which dates from the sixteenth century and is of ,italian workmanship1 is known as a 8tower ring10 possibly because those confined in the ,tower of ,london were able to use such rings for writing names or verses upon the windowpanes of their prison4#bib ,still another story of diamond-point writing1 probably even less well attested than the anecdote of ,francis ,i1 is that referring to ,queen ,elizabeth and ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4#bic ,on the occasion of an interview with the wily queen1 ,sir ,walter1 rather distrustful of the royal encouragement accorded him1 is said to have gone to a window in the royal audience chamber and written on the window-pane with his diamond ring3 ,fain would ,i climb1 but that ,i fear to fall4 ,for answer the queen scratched beneath this the following admonition1 at once an encouragement and a warning3 ,if thy heart fail thee1 do not climb at all4 ,an eighteenth century instance of diamond-point writing on a pane of glass was reported in an old newspaper4#bid ,a celebrated ,english beauty of the eighteenth century1 while sojourning at the famous ,english watering-place1 ,bath1 wrote on a window-pane the following impromptu lines3 ,in vain1 in vain is all you've said1 ,for ,i'm resolved to die a ,maid4 ,in answer to this a gentleman of her acquaintance cut this rejoinder1 the idea being better than the rhyme3 ,the ,lady who this resolution took1 ,wrote it on ,glass to show it might be broke4 ,the visitor who relates this states that on returning to ,bath at a later time1 he found that the window-pane had been removed1 and a new one substituted4 ,did this mean that the vow had been broken8 ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,showing ,,ring1 ,,struck ,,in #aegh ,,for ,,john ,,casimir1 ,,count ,,palatine1 ,,to ,,commemorate ,,his ,,alliance ,,with ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,anjou ,,against ,,the ,,spanish ,,in ,,the ,,low ,,countries ,the clasped hands signify indissoluble friendship2 the palm and olive branches1 victory and peace2 and the diamond1 courage ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,showing ,,ring1 ,,struck ,,for ,,henri ,,ii ,,of ,,france1 ,,in #aeed1 ,,in ,,commemoration ,,of ,,his ,,campaign ,,to ,,flanders ,the diamond is a symbol of dauntless courage2 the crowned fish probably denotes the ruler of ,flanders2 the palm branch and olive branch above signify the ,french ,king's victory ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,diane ,,de ,,poitiers 7#adii-aeff7 ,mistress of ,henri ,,ii of ,france1 who gave her the splendid ,chteau de ,chenonceaux4 ,she had great artistic taste and possessed many jewels4 ,to her ability1 knowledge and power were due some of the finest architectural and mobiliary achievements of the period4 ,muse de ,versailles ,the use of rings set with natural diamond-points in a symbolical sense1 as in the case of the three interlaced rings forming the impresa of ,cosimo de' ,medici1 probably had to do with the ancient tradition that the diamond conferred courage or even invincibility upon the wearer4 ,it is in this sense that this type of ring is figured on the reverse of certain 8campaign medals0 issued in commemoration of important expeditions4 ,such is the medal struck for ,henri ,,ii of ,france when1 in #aeed1 he set out from ,champagne to invade ,flanders4 ,on the reverse of this medal there is within the ring a palm branch and an olive branch1 significant of an unconquerable soul and of victory4 ,across the bottom of the hoop is a fish of a species very common in ,flanders1 on the head of which is a crown1 this apparently denoting the ruler of that land4 ,the diamond emphasizes the idea of an unbroken and unconquered soul4 ,in a similar though slightly different sense must be explained the diamond-set ring on a 8campaign medal0 struck in #aegh for ,john ,casimir1 ,count ,palatine2 this is also a memorial of one of the periodical incursions into unhappy ,flanders4 ,as the ,count ,palatine was at this time in alliance with the then ,duke of ,anjou1 brother of ,henri ,,iii of ,france1 the hoop of the ring terminates in two clasped hands1 denoting the fast friendship of the allies1 which was1 however1 of very uncertain duration4 ,the rich ,arundel ,collection1 chiefly brought together by a ,lord ,howard of ,arundel1 towards the end of the seventeenth century1 incorporated in the ,marlborough ,cabinet and later dispersed1 included a beautifully adorned gold ring set with a splendid lapis lazuli on which a ,roman engraver had cut the design of ,hercules wrestling with ,antus4 ,the hoop of this ring is ornamented on the inside with two fleur-de-lys in white enamel1 the entire ring being covered with arabesques of entwined vine branches in black enamel4 ,in his description1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king conjectures from the style of ornamentation that the ring may have belonged to one of the ,valois kings of ,france4#bie ,on the accession of ,frederick the ,great1 he is said to have found in the royal treasury a case containing a ring1 accompanied by a memorandum to the following effect1 in the handwriting of ,king ,frederick ,i 7#afhh-agdj73 8,this ring was given to me by my father on his death-bed1 with the reminder that so long as it was preserved in the ,house of ,brandenburg1 this would not only prosper1 but would grow and increase40 ,the way in which ,frederick the ,great spoke of this ring illustrates at once his habitual scepticism and his devotion to family tradition1 for while declaring that he put no faith in the peculiar virtues of such an object1 he gave strict injunctions that it should be carefully preserved4 ,a rather doubtful tradition designates this ring as the one said to have been surreptitiously removed from the hand of ,frederick ,william ,i1 when he was dying1 by the ,countess ,lichtenau4 ,the dying king feebly protesting against this spoliation1 murmured3 8,her den ,ring0 7,give back the ring71 but the countess saved the situation by saying to those assembled in the deathchamber3 8,he wants to have a herring60 ,this same tradition attributes the subsequent disastrous defeat of ,prussia by ,napoleon ,i to the loss of the ring1 which the countess finally yielded to ,frederick ,william ,,iii in #ahac1 whereupon the fortunes of war changed and ,prussia was avenged for her humiliations4 ,hofrath ,schneider1 for a long time reader to ,emperor ,william ,i1 relates that when he questioned that monarch touching the story of the ring1 he only learned that it had been a long time in the ,hohenzollern family2 that it was an old-fashioned ring1 and that it was set with 8a plain1 dark-colored stone40 ,emperor ,william did not display much interest in the matter and did not appear to have any superstitious reverence for the ring4#bif ,an old ,portuguese ring has a half-sphere of rock crystal set in silver4 ,at the side of the bezel is a minute catch1 and when this is put back1 the crystal setting1 hinged on the opposite side1 can be raised1 revealing beneath a tiny ,st4 ,andrews cross in gold1 with a small ruby set in the centre4 ,this ring is in the possession of an ,englishman1 a descendant of the ,duke of ,peterborough who fought in the ,peninsula ,war under ,wellington4 ,in one of the battles he was seriously wounded1 and was kindly and carefully nursed by a ,portuguese family4 ,a not unnatural result was that he fell in love with one of the daughters and married her4 ,the ring is said to have formed part of her ancestral jewels1 and this may be regarded as a characteristic example of the ,portuguese art of the past in ring-making4#big ,a gold ring1 said to be one of six made for distribution among the conspirators who planned ,napoleon's escape from ,elba in ,march1 #ahae1 is to be seen in the ,british ,museum4 ,the bezel has a hinged lid1 on the inner side of which is engraved in relief the head of ,napoleon2 on the outer side is an enamelled design showing three flowers on stems1 a laurel wreath running around the edge4#bih ,whether the story of its having belonged to one of the conspirators be true or not1 the concealment of the ,napoleon head shows that this ring was made for1 and worn by1 an adherent of the fallen emperor1 at a time when it would have been dangerous to proclaim his loyalty openly4 ,,english ,,rings ,in the ,british ,museum are two ,anglo-,saxon rings of unrivalled historic interest4 ,they bear1 respectively1 the names of ,ethelwulf1 father of ,alfred the ,great and of ,ethelswith1 his sister1 the queen of ,mercia4 ,both of these rings are of gold4 ,in that of ,king ,ethelwulf the flat hoop rises in front in the form of a high mitre-shaped bezel showing the design of a conventional tree flanked by two peacocks2 the ground-work is of niello4 ,the nielloed legend around the hoop reads3 ,,ethelwvlf 4 ,,rex4 ,this ring was found in a cart-rut at ,laverstock1 ,wiltshire1 in the summer of #aghj4 ,the ring of ,ethelwulf's daughter1 ,ethelswith1 has a circular bezel with the figure of the ,lamb of ,god2 here also the design is chased on a niello ground4 ,on each shoulder of the ring is figured a monster on a similar ground-work4 ,the inscription1 engraved inside the ring runs3 ,,eadelzvid4 ,,regina4 ,ethelswith's ring was found in the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 between ,aberford and ,sherburn1 and was tied to a dog's collar by the farmer who discovered it4 ,for this ignoble use it served during some six months until1 to his surprise1 the farmer learned that his ring was of gold4#bii ,the famous ring known as that of ,edward the ,confessor 7#ajbd-ajff71cjj and which was to be used as the ,coronation ,ring of the ,kings of ,england1 was granted on ,november #ad1 #achi1 by ,king ,richard ,,ii1 to the ,abbot1 etc41 of ,westminster1 for the shrine of the ,confessor in this church4 ,it is described as 8a certain ring with a precious ruby inserted therein40 ,the ,king reserved the privilege of wearing it when he was in ,england1 but should he go abroad it was to be returned to the shrine4 ,a few years later the ,abbot of ,westminster appears to have been guilty of some negligence in sending this ring to the sovereign when the latter required it for use1 and the repentant abbot craves pardon of the king and prays that his fault shall not invalidate the church's rights to the possession of the relic4 ,nearly eighty years later1 a record dated ,december #ba1 #adfh 7#g ,edward ,,iv7 registers the delivery by the former keeper1 ,thomas ,arundell1 of the vestments1 cloths1 relics and jewels of the ,shrine of ,st4 ,edward in ,westminster to his successor1 ,richard ,tedyngton4#cja ,the jewels and precious stones of this shrine were taken away and pawned by ,henry ,,iii in #abfg1 the monarch having entered into a solemn engagement1 under the ,great ,seal1 to return them in a year's time from the ensuing ,michaelmas4 ,henry also sent to the then ,abbot of ,westminster a 8,letter ,obligatory0 promising the restitution of the gems and submitting himself in the matter to the judgment of the ,pope and the ,papal ,legate4 ,the precious jewels were really restored to the ,abbey shortly afterwards1 as is shown by a document dated ,february #aj1 #abfi 7#ec ,henry ,,iii74 ,the ruby ring1 being a later gift1 could not have been among them4#cjb ,a contemporary entry referring to this shrine in ,edward ,i's time 7#abgb-acjg71 is interesting as casting a sidelight on the ,english coinage at the end of the thirteenth century4 ,under date of #abii1 provision is made for returning to the church of ,westminster the half of #ch marks of gold 7about #i1ejj intrinsic value7 that had been taken from the shrine of ,st4 ,edward for the jewels sent to ,queen ,margaret on her first coming to ,westminster1 8the coinage being so debased and real sterlings rarely found40#cjc ,the cross on the summit of the ,imperial ,state ,crown of ,england1 as described by ,prof4 ,tennant1 is surmounted by a rose-cut sapphire4 ,there is a tradition that this sapphire was once set in the ring of ,edward the ,confessor1 a ring which1 according to popular belief1 was endowed with wonderful curative virtues1 and gave its successive owners the power to consecrate the so-called cramp rings4#cjd ,this attribution of the sapphire is in disagreement with the early notice of the ruby ring given to ,westminster ,abbey by ,richard ,,ii as that of the saintly ,edward1 and also to the usage long observed of setting a ruby in the ,coronation ,ring4 ,king1 in his account of ,edward's ring1 calls attention to an entry in the inventory of ,henry ,,iii's jewels describing a sapphire weighing #eb dwts 7about #ccg metric carats71 and suggests that this may be the large sapphire of the ,english crown4#cje ,when ,pope ,hadrian ,,iv 7#aaed-aaei7 acknowledged the sovereignty of ,henry ,,ii of ,england over ,ireland1 he sent to the monarch by ,john of ,salisbury1 the messenger who bore the ,brief of ,investiture1 a valuable ring set with an exceptionally fine emerald4 ,this historical fact probably suggested the name ,emerald ,isle as a designation for ,ireland4 ,the ring and the ,brief were carefully guarded in the royal archives at the time ,john of ,salisbury wrote his recital4#cjf ,during the crusade which brought into martial rivalry two of the most romantic figures of history1 ,richard ,cur de ,lion and ,saladin1 an ,english knight1 ,sir ,william ,d',annay1 killed a ,saracen prince1 in #aaib1 and not long afterwards vanquished a lion near the ancient ,syrian city of ,acre1 later known as ,st4 ,jean d',acre1 as it was placed under the care of the knights of the ,order of ,st4 ,john4 ,as a special and appropriate offering to ,king ,richard1 ,sir ,william brought him a paw of the slain lion1 and received from the king as a recognition of the bravery he had displayed a ring from the royal finger4 ,the knight was also directed to bear on his crest a 8demi ,saracen0 holding in one hand a lion's paw and in the other a ring1 so that the memory of the gallant deeds and of the royal recompense should never be forgotten4 ,in #ahef this ring was in the possession of ,dawnay1 ,viscount ,downe1 a lineal descendant of the crusader1 who still bore the crest assigned by ,richard ,cur de ,lion4#cjg ,the ring is of silver and is set with a so-called toadstone1 the palatal tooth of a ray1 famous in medival times as a talisman against poison4#cjh ,pope ,innocent ,,iii 7#aaih-abaf7 sent to ,richard ,cur de ,lion four gold rings1 each set with a different stone4 ,with the rings1 the pope sent a letter from ,st4 ,peter's in ,rome1 dated ,may #bh1 #aaih1 in which he wrote that the four stones were symbolical4 ,the verdant hue of the emerald signified how we should believe1 the celestial purity of the sapphire1 how we should hope1 the warm color of the garnet1 how we should love1 and the clear transparency of the topaz1 how we should act4 ,moreover1 the ring-form also possessed a symbolical meaning1 roundness denoting eternity1 which has neither beginning nor end4 ,hence the royal conscience had in the ring a monition to pass from terrestrial to celestial matters1 from temporal to eternal things4#cji ,in the ruins of the palace at ,eltham in ,kent was found a gold ring set with an ,oriental ruby surrounded by five diamonds in their native crystalline state1 placed at equal distances from one another4 ,this ring weighed over half an ounce 7exactly1 #bfg grains7 and bore the following inscription in ,old ,french3 ,qui me portera expliotera ,et a grant joye revendra4 7,whosoever weareth me will do doughty deeds1 ,and will return filled with joy47 ,this motto is believed to indicate that the ring had been given to a ,crusader to wear on his expedition for the rescue of the ,holy ,land from the hands of the infidels4 ,that it should have been found on ,english soil seems to be proof that the wearer returned safely to his native land4#caj ,in #aggd1 after long and urgent solicitation1 the ,dean of ,westminster1 ,dr4 ,john ,thomas1 later ,bishop of ,rochester1 consented to the opening of the tomb of ,edward ,i of ,england 7#abgb-acjg7 and the disinterment of his body4 ,the corpse was found closely wrapped in coarse1 thick linen cloth1 the face being covered with a face-cloth of crimson sarcinet4#caa ,the features were still in great part well-preserved though the skin was dark brown1 almost black4 ,the monarch had been clothed with royal vesture and royal insignia1 but no ring was found on either of the hands4 ,the disinterment of ,king ,canute's body1 however1 resulted in the finding of a ring set with a large and fine stone1 of what particular kind we are not informed4 ,when1 in #aefb1 the iconoclastic ,calvinists of ,caen broke open the tomb of ,matilda1 wife of ,william the ,conqueror1 in the ,abbey of the ,holy ,trinity1 there was still to be seen on one of the queen's fingers a gold ring set with a fine sapphire4 ,this was yielded to the ,abbess1 of the house of ,montmorency1 who later gave it to her father1 the famous constable of ,france1 ,anne de ,montmorency1 when he attended ,charles ,,ix on the latter's visit to ,caen in the following year4 ,the tomb of ,william ,rufus1 the ,conqueror's son1 in ,winchester ,cathedral1 was opened in the reign of ,charles ,i1 and in the dust of the king lay a large gold ring4 ,so customary was it at this period to have a royal ring interred with the sovereign's body1 that even when ,richard ,,ii left special directions in his will that the crown and sceptre to be buried with him should not be enriched with any precious stones1 he expressly ordered that a ring set with a precious stone and worth #bj marks should be put on his finger4#cab ,when1 in #acfj1 the ,earl of ,richmond married the ,lady ,blanche1 daughter of the ,duke of ,lancaster1 ,king ,edward ,,iii gave as presents a ring with a ruby and a belt garnished with rubies1 emeralds and pearls4#cac ,the rubies may have been considered especially appropriate1 since the red rose was the emblem of the ,house of ,lancaster4 ,more than a century later1 in the reign of ,henry ,,vii1 when ,perkin ,warbeck utilized his striking resemblance to ,edward ,,iv in support of his claim that he was one of the princes slain in the ,tower1 in #adhc1 by order of ,richard ,,iii1 and succeeded in persuading ,edward's sister1 ,margaret1 and also ,king ,james ,,iv of ,scotland1 of the truth of his pretensions1 one of his rural agents in ,england was called in the conspirators' correspondence 8,the ,merchant of the ,ruby10 a designation designed to cast off possible suspicion by representing the agent to be only a gem dealer4 ,there still exists in the ,english records a paper dated in #adde1 the year of ,margaret of ,anjou's marriage1 and signed by ,king ,henry ,,vi4 ,in this the king directs that a warrant of discharge be given to 8our ,trusty and ,wellbeloved ,squire ,john ,merston1 ,tresorier of our ,chambre and ,keper of our juwelles10 for sundry jewels which had been confided to his care4 ,the following item refers to the ring of ,margaret of ,anjou3#cad 8,a ,ryng of ,gold1 ,garnished with a fayr ,rubie1 somtyme ,yeven unto ,us by our ,bel ,oncle the ,cardinal of ,englande1 with the which we were ,sacred in the ,day of oure ,coronation at ,parys1 delivered unto ,mathew ,phelip1 to ,breke1 and thereof to make an other ,ryng for the ,quenes ,wedding ,ring40 ,there is no mention here of any engraving on the stone of this ring1 which had been used in #adca1 when ,henry ,,vi was crowned in ,paris4 ,if the spinel in the ,marlborough ,collection1 engraved with a head somewhat resembling that of ,henry ,,vi on his coins1 really adorned this ring1 the engraving may have been executed subsequent to ,henry's marriage with the unfortunate ,margaret of ,anjou4 ,rings set with precious stones were given as prizes at the tournament held by ,henry ,,vii of ,england in #adid4 ,the prize for jousting was to be a ruby ring1 while the best in the tourney and the one delivering the most telling strokes was to be rewarded with a diamond ring4 ,the ,earl of ,suffolk1 ,thomas ,brandon1 who later married ,king ,henry's daughter ,margaret1 after the death of her first husband ,louis ,,xii of ,france1 was successful in gaining one of the ruby rings1 bestowed upon him by the 8,ladie ,margaret10 his future wife1 and ,sir ,edward ,a4 ,borough fought so stoutly in the mle that he was adjudged worthy of a diamond ring4 ,an extra prize of an emerald ring was given to the ,earl of ,essex for his valor4#cae ,in #afha the ,duke of ,norfolk presented to the ,college of ,arms in ,london the sword1 dagger1 and ring worn by ,james ,,iv of ,scotland 7#adgc-aeac7 at the battle of ,flodden ,field1 fought ,august #bb1 #aeac1 in which he met his death4 ,this ring was set with a turquoise and had been sent to ,james by the queen of ,france1 as a pledge of friendship and regard1 when she solicited the good offices of the ,scottish monarch with ,henry ,,viii1 who had just laid siege to ,trouanne4 ,another account states that when the queen sent the ring to ,james1 she charged him to break a lance for her sake4 ,this ring is said to have been taken from the body of ,king ,james by ,thomas1 ,duke of ,norfolk1 an ancestor of the donor4#caf ,the belief that the turquoise protected those who wore it from falls and wounds1 probably determined its selection1 but the result in this case was hardly calculated to increase the stone's prestige4 ,on the site of this disastrous defeat of the ,scotch by the ,english army under the ,earl of ,surrey1 an inscribed ring was found in #aghc4 ,the inscription1 in ,norman ,french1 reads3 8,on est mal loiauls amans qui se poet garder des maux disans0 7,only a lover of scant loyalty can escape calumny74 ,the words are disposed in groups of two1 and between each pair is a boar's head1 the crest of the ,campbells4 ,this has led to the conjecture that the ring belonged to the second son of the ,duke of ,argyll1 ,archibald ,campbell1 who met his death in the forefront of the fight4#cag ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,henry ,,viii1 ,,by ,,hans ,,holbein1 ,,painted ,,in #aedj ,rings of identical form and setting on index fingers of each hand and on little finger of left hand4 ,these are designed to match exactly the jewels on his collar and sleeves4 ,reale ,galleria d',arte ,antica4 ,palazzo ,corsini1 ,rome ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,jane ,,seymour 7,,ca4 #aeaj-aecg7 ,,third ,,wife ,,of ,,henry ,,viii1 ,,and ,,mother ,,of ,,edward ,,vi1 ,,by ,,hans ,,holbein1 ,,the ,,younger ,rings set with precious stones on index and fourth fingers of left hand ,kaiserliche ,gemlde-,galerie1 ,vienna ,at the spoliation of the tomb of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket at ,canterbury in #aech1 among the precious objects taken away was 8a stone with an angel of gold pointing thereunto1 offered by the ,king of ,france3 which ,king ,henry put into a ring and wore it on his thumb40 ,this jewel1 containing a diamond1 was the most prized ornament of the shrine1 and is believed to have been given by ,louis ,,vii of ,france on the occasion of his visit in #aagi4 ,henry ,,viii must have tired of his massive thumb ring1 for in the inventory of the precious stones delivered to ,queen ,mary1 ,march #aj1 #aeed1 shortly after her accession1 there appears the following entry3 8,a collar of golde set with sixteen faire diamounts1 whereof the ,regal of ,france is one1 and fourteen ,knotts of perles1 in every ,knotte four perles40#cah ,two pretty ,new ,year's gifts for ,january first1 #aega1 were delivered to ,lady ,mary ,sidney on the last day of the year #aegj4 ,one of them was a ring 8set with a rose02 the other was more ambitious in design1 being described as 8a jewell with the storie of time0 set with diamonds and rubies1 certainly an appropriate gift for the day4 ,this cost but #aj or #ej1 a much larger sum1 however1 in those bygone days than it is accounted to be to-day1 for the purchasing power of money was many times greater4#cai ,the earliest mention of the diamond ring given by ,elizabeth to ,mary ,queen of ,scots occurs in ,camden's account of the events of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,after relating the events that determined ,mary to seek ,elizabeth's protection1 ,camden continues3 ,she therefore sent ,john ,beatoun to her ,elizabeth with the diamond she had formerly received from her as a symbol of mutual good-will1 signifying to her that she was about to come to ,england and ask for aid in case her subjects continued to make war against her4#cbj ,this is said to have been a gimmal-ring1 two diamonds joining together to form a heart4 ,one half was kept by ,elizabeth who gave the other half to ,mary4 ,this appeal to the tender mercies of the ,virgin ,queen1 and ,mary's hope1 were in vain1 for 8she cutt off her head for all that0 as ,aubrey dryly puts it4#cba ,several epigrams on this diamond were written by the ,scotch poet and publicist ,george ,buchanan 7#aejf-aehb71 the best being as follows3#cbb ,quod te jampridem fruitur1 videt1 ac amat absens1 ,haec pignus cordis gemma1 et imago mei est4 ,non est candidior1 non est haec purior illo1 ,quamvis dura magis1 non magis firma4 ,this has been rendered3 ,the gem which saw thee near and loves thee still1 ,is pledge and image of my heart and will4 ,my heart is not less white or pure than this1 ,and though less hard1 'tis quite as firm ,i wis4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,scots 7#aedb-aehg74 ,,french ,,school ,rings on the second joint of fourth finger of right hand1 and on little finger of the same hand ,museo del ,prado1 ,madrid ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,queen ,,elizabeth1 ,,by ,,the ,,flemish ,,painter ,,lucas ,,de ,,heere ,on little finger of left hand1 ring set with a large1 oblong1 table-cut stone ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,a memorial ring was sent by ,mary of ,scotland1 just before her execution at ,fotheringay ,castle1 ,february #h1 #aehg1 to her faithful follower and kinsman1 ,lord ,john ,hamilton1 with an affectionate message and her last farewell4 ,this ring1 set with a sapphire1 was handed down from generation to generation in the ,hamilton family1 and was seen1 in #aheg1 at ,hamilton ,palace1 by ,miss ,agnes ,strickland4 ,she described the sapphire as being large1 of rectangular form1 and cut with a number of facets1 a kind of rose-cutting2 the setting was of blue enamelled gold in the style favored by sixteenth century goldsmiths4#cbc ,it might be looked upon as a noteworthy coincidence1 that as a sapphire was a memorial of ,mary's death1 another sapphire was the token to her son1 ,james ,i1 of ,elizabeth's death and his accession to the throne of ,england4 ,on the night before her execution1 ,mary ,stuart found an opportunity to ask her apothecary1 a ,monsieur ,gorion1 whether he could safely convey a letter and two diamonds to those for whom they were intended1 and whether he would promise to perform this service faithfully4 ,he assented1 saying that he could make some drug in which the objects might be safely concealed1 so that he could carry them away with him4 ,one of these diamonds was to be given to ,mendoza1 for a long time ,spanish ambassador to the court of ,elizabeth2 the other1 and larger one1 was destined for ,philip ,,ii of ,spain4 ,this was to be received as 8a sign that she was dying for the truth1 and was also meant to bespeak his care for her friends and servants40#cbd ,of rings which have been treated as sacred relics1 none can be said to recall a more painful tragedy than one donated to the monastery-church of the ,escurial4 ,on ,april #ae1 #aehg1 the ,spanish king ,philip ,,ii had a nocturne and a requiem sung in the church in memory of the unfortunate ,mary of ,scotland4 ,when the echoes of the solemn chants had died away1 the king gave to the abbot a ring set with a diamond which had belonged to the unhappy victim1 with the injunction that it should be placed among the sacred relics and preserved as 8a symbol of the purity and the firm faith of this saintly queen40#cbe ,this ring1 or at least the large diamond of its setting1 must have been the farewell gift which we have just noted4 ,although not a betrothal ring1 that given by ,queen ,elizabeth to the ,earl of ,essex was most certainly a love token4 ,when this nobleman was high in the queen's favor she bestowed upon him a gold ring set with a sardonyx cut with her portrait2 giving him1 at the same time1 a solemn promise that whatever charges might be brought against him she would accord him her pardon if he sent her this ring4 ,some years later1 ,essex--who in the meanwhile had lost the queen's favor--was impeached for high treason and condemned to death4 ,in this extremity1 he endeavored to find some means of transmitting to the queen the ring she had given him4 ,fearing to trust his keepers with the execution of his wish1 ,essex found no better way than to throw the ring to a boy who was passing the prison1 directing him to give it to ,lady ,scrope1 ,lady ,nottingham's sister4 ,unfortunately for ,essex1 the boy gave the ring1 by mistake1 to ,lady ,nottingham1 whose husband was one of his bitterest enemies1 so that the token never reached the queen1 who was convinced that her former favorite was too proud and obstinate to seek her mercy4 ,she thereupon left him to his fate4 ,years afterwards1 when ,lady ,nottingham was on her death-bed1 she asked for the queen and confessed that she had failed to deliver the ring sent to her by ,essex4 ,this confession aroused the queen's wrath to such an extent that she burst forth in violent reproaches and rushed from the room exclaiming3 8,god may forgive you2 ,i never shall60 ,the proud heart of the virgin queen was broken by this revelation1 and1 weighed down by remorse for the death of ,essex1 she expired a few weeks later4 ,illustration3 ,gold ring set with an oval cameo-portrait1 on onyx1 of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,sixteenth ,century4 ,two views ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,gold ring set with pearls pierced and threaded2 two views4 ,venetian 787 late ,seventeenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,multiple silver rings4 ,four hoops connected by three vertical bars3 one of these is set with two corals and a glass paste4 ,north ,african 787 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,,puzzle ,,or ,,magic ,,rings1 ,,plain ,,and ,,jewelled ,quite recently this historic ,essex ring has found its way to the auction-room1 and to judge from the price it brought1 the purchaser must have been convinced of the truth of the legend concerning it1 as its merely artistic qualities--which are in no wise remarkable--and the fact that it is incidentally a product of sixteenth century art would scarcely suffice to justify the amount paid for it4 ,the sale took place at ,christie's in ,london1 on ,may #ah1 #aiaa1 and after spirited bidding the ring was adjudged for #ag1jfj4 ,a firm of dealers in antiquities were the nominal purchasers1 but they are said to have acted for ,lord ,michelson of ,hollingly1 a baron in the lately overthrown ,kingdom of ,portugal1 and the senior partner in the firm of ,stern ,bros41 of ,london4 ,this ring is stated to have been bequeathed by mother to daughter in a long line of ,essex's descendants1 beginning with his daughter ,lady ,francis ,devereux4 ,finally it came to ,louisa1 daughter of ,john1 ,earl of ,greville1 and wife of ,thomas ,thyme1 second ,viscount ,weymouth and great-grandfather of the late owner4 ,some authorities do not think that the story of the ,essex ring has a satisfactory historical foundation4#cbf ,it first appears in a book published about #afej and entitled 8,history of the most renowned ,queen ,elizabeth and her great ,favourite1 the ,earl of ,essex4 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,a ,romance40 ,in #afeh ,francis ,osborn repeats it in his 8,traditional ,memoires of ,elizabeth40 ,it was even treated dramatically by ,john ,banks 7fl4 #afif7 in his play 8,the ,unhappy ,favourite40 ,certain later writers claim to have learned of it through trustworthy informants1 as for example1 ,louis ,aubery1 ,sieur de ,maurier1 who published in ,paris1 in #afhj1 a history of ,holland and therein states that ,sir ,dudley ,carleton told the story to ,prince ,maurice of ,saxony4 ,in the ,english translation of this work the episode has been omitted4 ,still later1 at the end of the seventeenth century1 it is given by ,lady ,elizabeth ,spelman on the authority1 as she alleged1 of ,sir ,robert ,carey1 brother of ,lady ,scrope4 ,in earlier versions the ring was represented to have been sent directly by ,essex to ,lady ,nottingham2 in ,lady ,spelman's recital1 however1 as we have already noted1 ,essex instructs the boy to whom he entrusts the ring to deliver it to ,lady ,scrope1 sister of ,lady ,nottingham4 ,it is suggested that this variation was made to offset the objection that ,essex would never have chosen his enemy1 ,lady ,nottingham1 as an intermediary between himself and the queen4 ,manningham1 in his 8,diary10 the only contemporary who alludes to a ring in connection with ,essex's relations with ,elizabeth1 only states that 8the queen wore till her death a ring given her by ,essex40 ,possibly this fact may have served as a nucleus for the romantic tale4 ,a portrait of ,queen ,elizabeth1 elaborately be-pearled as usual1 the work of the ,flemish painter1 ,lucas ,de ,heere1 shows her with a ring on the little finger of her left hand4 ,it is set with an oblong1 table-cut stone4 ,this interesting portrait1 which is in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 while conforming generally to the type with which we are familiar1 differs in some respects therefrom4 ,the very slender neck1 the delicacy of form and face1 may1 of course1 represent mannerisms of the artist4 ,the sapphire set in the ring thrown out of the window of ,queen ,elizabeth's death chamber by ,lady ,scrope to her brother ,robert ,carey1 as a signal that the queen was dead1 so that he might be the first to bear the news to her impatient successor1 ,james ,i1 was exhibited in the great ,loan ,exhibition of ,ancient and ,modern ,jewellery shown at the ,south ,kensington ,museum in ,london1 in #ahgb4 ,as there shown1 this historic sapphire was the central ornament of a diamond star1 or cinque-foil4 ,the original ring was given to ,john1 ,earl of ,orrery1 by the ,duchess of ,buckingham1 natural daughter of ,james ,,ii1 and the small brilliants surrounding it in its present setting are the same as those which were about it in the ring4#cbg ,by the terms of his will1 dated ,december #ah1 #afcj1 ,sir ,edward ,coke1 of ,godwick1 bequeathed among other jewels two of historic significance4 ,one of these was a ring 8set with a great ,turkey 7turquoise71 which ,king ,henry the ,eighth used to wear1 and was painted with it on his forefinger40 ,the other jewel1 also a ring1 is curiously suggestive when we recall that an attempt 7unsuccessful1 of course7 had been made to poison the unfortunate ,sir ,thomas ,overbury with diamond dust1 before poison of a more effective sort was administered to him4 ,the ring in question is described here as set with 8a ,diamon cut with faucetts 7facets70 and the statement is added that it had been given to ,sir ,edward by ,anne of ,denmark1 ,queen of ,james ,i1 8for the discovery of the poisoning of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury40#cbh ,a gold ring1 said to have been one of five such rings given by ,charles ,i to ,bishop ,juxon1 on the scaffold1 just before the king's execution1 was shown in the ,loan ,collection exhibited in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 in ,london1 in #ahgb4 ,the statement is made that this ring was presented by ,bishop ,juxon to ,sir ,john ,halloway1 and from him passed into the possession of the ,dalby family4 ,the ring bears a death's head in white enamel on a black ground1 and has the motto1 8,behold the ende02 around the edge is the inscription1 8,rather death then fals fayth02 at the back are the initials 8,m0 and 8,l10 tied with a mourning ribbon4#cbi ,the 8,verney ,ring10 with a portrait of ,charles ,i of ,england1 is1 if genuine1 the only relic of a heroic tragedy4 ,it is said to have been bestowed by ,charles ,i upon ,sir ,edmund ,verney1 one of his most faithful followers in the perils of the ,civil ,war4 ,sir ,edmund was killed at the battle of ,edgehill1 in #afdb1 where the ,cavaliers were utterly defeated1 but even in death he still held the royal standard in his grasp4 ,the ring was taken from his hand1 and the body abandoned2 it was never recovered4 ,as he was helped into the world by a ,csarean operation1 it became a common saying in the neighborhood of ,edgehill that ,sir ,edmund was neither born nor buried4#ccj ,with that striking indifference to moral right and wrong so characteristic of ,charles ,,ii of ,england1 he did not hesitate to bestow a choice ring from his own hand upon the notorious ,jeffreys1 when the latter was leaving ,london on one of his circuits always marked by the browbeating of witnesses and accused1 and the imposition of capital sentences1 wherever possible4 ,it was at a somewhat later date1 in #afhe1 just after the accession of ,james ,,ii1 that ,jeffreys conducted the trials of the unfortunate ,duke of ,monmouth's adherents1 which came to be known as the 8,bloody ,assize40 ,this fact of the presentation was published in the ,royal ,gazette1 thus notably strengthening ,jeffreys' prestige4 ,so general1 however1 was the reprobation of his heartless and bloodthirsty administration of his judicial office that the ring was called 8,jeffreys' bloodstone40#cca ,in ,march1 #agdh1 as some ploughmen were tilling a field seven miles from ,mullingor1 ,county ,westmeath1 ,ireland1 they discovered a grave1 the bottom1 sides and ends of which were formed each of a single slab of stone4 ,within the grave were the bones of a man of gigantic stature1 and also an urn and a valuable ring1 set with twenty-five diamonds4 ,bishop ,pococke1 treating of this ring1 mentions the fact that ,rosa ,failge1 eldest son of ,cathoir ,more1 known as ,cathoir the ,great1 who reigned in #abb ,a4,d41 was called the 8,hero of ,rings10 but the writer adds that the ring could scarcely have belonged to him1 since diamonds do not appear to have been known in ,ireland at this early date4#ccb ,a most interesting ,washington relic is a pearl and gold ring made in his lifetime and containing a lock of his hair placed beneath a conical glass4 ,this is encircled by a setting of blue and white enamel1 a square of red being set at each corner1 and around this a circle of thirteen pearls1 the number of the original ,states4 ,this ring was given by ,washington to ,lieut4 ,robert ,somers4 ,the latter lost his life while fighting the ,algerene pirates in ,tripoli1 but before his departure he confided the ring to the care of his sister1 ,sarah ,keen4 ,it is now owned by ,vice-,chancellor ,e4 ,b4 ,leaming of ,camden1 ,new ,jersey1 who inherited it from his paternal grandmother1 an heir to ,somers' estate4 ,only two other rings containing ,washington's hair are known of1 one in ,washington's ,headquarters at ,newburgh on the ,hudson1 the other in the ,boston ,museum4#ccc ,in far-away ,sweden there has been preserved a historic ,washington relic4 ,this is a ring given by the ,revolutionary leader to ,lafayette before the latter's return to ,france after the victorious ,yorktown campaign4 ,the ring passed from ,lafayette to his intimate friend1 ,baron ,erik ,magnus ,stal von ,holstein1 ,swedish ambassador to ,france4 ,the latter1 on a visit to his native land gave it to his brother1 ,major ,bogislaus ,stal von ,holstein1 in whose family it was transmitted as an heirloom until it reached the hands of the maternal grandfather of the present owner1 ,mr4 ,gsta ,frlen of ,falun1 ,sweden4 ,the ring is of gold and is set with a miniature portrait of ,washington4 ,it is said that two other rings were given by ,washington about the same time to two ,swedish noblemen1 who had served as adjutants to ,rochambeau4 ,the presentation occurred at a banquet given in their honor1 just before their departure for their native land1 at the ,city ,tavern in ,philadelphia1 ,november #aa1 #aghb4 ,in bestowing these gifts ,washington is said to have used the following words3 8,i am happy to be here amongst men belonging to the race of my own early ancestors40 ,all trace of these rings has been lost4 ,v ,,betrothal 7,,engagement7 ,,rings1 ,,wedding 7,,nuptial7 ,,rings1 ,,and ,,love ,,tokens ,special wedding-rings1 as we understand them1 were not used at an early period1 the espousal ring being employed at the wedding ceremony also4 ,at a later time1 a signet was set in the anulus pronubus1 or betrothal ring1 to signify that the spouse was to have the right of sealing up the household goods1 and occasionally a small key formed part of the ring1 with a similar significance4 ,we have a testimony to this view in the words of the marriage ceremony3 8,with all my worldly goods ,i thee endow40 ,the wives of our day are quite disposed to accept this passage in its literal sense1 although some may incline to a more liberal interpretation of the promise to love1 honor and obey their husbands4 ,the ring as a pledge of love is said to be first mentioned in ,roman literature by ,plautus in his 8,miles ,gloriosus0 7,act ,,iv1 sc4 i1 v4 #aa72 this passage1 however1 does not refer to a nuptial ring1 but rather to a love token4 ,somewhat distantly related to the betrothal or wedding rings were those given by lovers to the objects of their affection4 ,of such a ring the ,roman poet ,ovid writes1 apostrophizing it as 8a ring soon destined to encircle the finger of a beauteous girl1 a ring having no worth except the love of the giver40 ,it was to be a gift to the poet's ladylove ,corinna4#ccd ,the ring sent by a fair lady1 as a token of love to a handsome soldier1 in the 8,miles ,gloriosus0 of ,plautus was also of this class4 ,the custom of placing the betrothal or wedding ring upon the fourth finger seems undoubtedly to owe its origin to the fancy that a special nerve1 or vein1 ran directly from this finger to the heart4 ,macrobius1 in his ,saturnalia1#cce alludes to the belief in the following words3 8,because of this nerve1 the newly betrothed places the ring on this finger of his spouse1 as though it were a representation of the heart40 ,macrobius asserts that he derived his information from an ,egyptian priest4 ,it has been conjectured that this was not the real source of the custom1 but that in the church service it was usual for the ,christian priest to touch three fingers successively with the ring while saying3 8,in the name of the ,father1 of the ,son and of the ,holy ,ghost10 and then to place it upon the last finger touched4 ,we know that this was the usage in the bestowal of episcopal rings1 and later with wedding rings1 but the express statement cited from the pagan writer ,macrobius shows that in the earlier marriage or betrothal ceremony this custom must have had an entirely different origin4 ,during the reign of ,george ,i of ,england it was not unusual to wear the wedding ring on the thumb1 although it had been placed on the fourth finger at the marriage ceremony4 ,possibly this custom may have arisen because exceptionally large wedding rings were favored by fashion at that time4 ,that wedding rings were often worn on the thumb in the middle of the seventeenth century is proved by the lines from ,samuel ,butler's ,hudibras quoted on another page4#ccf ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,an ,,unknown ,,woman ,,by ,,pantoja ,,de ,,la ,,cruz ,rings on thumb and index of right hand1 and on fourth and little fingers of left hand ,museo del ,prado1 ,madrid ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,empress ,,mary1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,charles ,v ,,and ,,wife ,,of ,,maximilian ,,ii1 ,,by ,,juan ,,pantoja ,,de ,,la ,,cruz ,two rings on index and one on little finger of right hand2 one on index of left hand2 all set with precious stones ,museo del ,prado1 ,madrid ,ecclesiastical rituals in ,france from the eleventh to the fifteenth century prove1 with but few exceptions1 that the nuptial ring was to be placed on the right hand of the bride1 in most of the dioceses upon the middle finger of this hand1 but in the diocese of ,lige on the fourth finger4 ,as ,isidore of ,seville1 writing in the early part of the seventh century1 declares that the betrothal ring was put on the fourth finger1 and repeats the ,roman fancy as to the vein intimately connecting this particular finger with the heart1#ccg it seems likely that this rule was generally followed in the ,roman ,empire up to its end1 and even later in some parts of what had once been ,roman provinces1 while the early ,french rules were derived from a ,gallic usage which had never been supplanted by the ,roman one4#cch ,that the ,gauls and ,britons of the first century wore their rings on the middle finger is already noted by ,pliny4#cci ,a gold ring1 a unique relic of ,anglo-,saxon times in ,england1 was found in an ancient burial place at ,harnham ,hill1 near ,salisbury4#cdj ,it was on a finger bone of the left hand of a skeleton1 and resembles exactly our wedding-ring of to-day4 ,in the same cemetery was unearthed a twisted ring of silver1 a mere band twice encircling the finger2 a section of the finger-bone remains within the ring4 ,these relics are believed to date from the seventh century4 ,on or near the skeleton with which this silver ring was found were several amber beads2 the remains were evidently those of an elderly person1 although of one not over #ee years of age1 according to ,professor ,owen4 ,that part of the ,order of ,matrimony relating to the marriage vows and to the wedding ring1 in the ,sarum ,rite or ,use current in ,england in pre-,reformation times1 runs as follows1 after the bride and groom have clasped hands3#cda ,ich ,n4 take the ,n4 to my wedded wyf1 to haven and to holden fro this day forward1 for betre for wors1 for rychere for porere1 in syknesse and in helthe1 til deth us departe1 and theerto y plith the my trewthe4 ,then the woman3 ,ich ,n4 take the ,n4 to my wedded hosebund1 to haven and to holden fro this day forward1 for betre and for wors1 for rychere and for porere1 to be boneyre and buxum 444 and at borde1 till dethe us departe and thereto y plith the my trewthe4 ,then let the man lay gold1 silver1 and a ring on a dish or book2 and let the ,priest ask if the ring hath been blessed already2 if it be answered not1 then let the ,priest bless the ring4 ,bless1 ,o ,lord1 this ring 7looking at it7 which we hallow in ,thy ,holy ,name1 that whosoever she be that shall wear it may be steadfast in ,thy peace and abide in ,thy will1 and live1 increase1 and grow old in ,thy love1 and let the length of her days be multiplied4 ,illustration3 ,gold ring in which are inserted representations of two winged figures cut in intaglio in a brown chalcedony4 ,antique workmanship4 ,see page #cfc ,collection of ,b4 ,g4 ,fairchild1 ,esq41 ,new ,york ,city ,illustration3 ,locket ring1 opening at the bezel and on the sides1 leaving room for the introduction of hair1 or tiny portraits4 ,when closed the ring appears to be plain and smooth ,illustration3 ,antique ,syrian ring of bronze1 set with a yellowish green paste4 ,half of the circlet has broken away ,illustration3 ,gold ring set with octahedral diamond4 ,late ,roman4 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,twisted hoop of silver on the bone of a finger4 ,from an ancient sepulchre at ,harnham ,hill1 ,england4 ,saxon1 #gth century ,archologia1 vol4 xxxv1 pl4 opp4 p4 #bgh ,illustration3 ,,wedding ,,rings ,,from ,,syrian ,,tombs ,,of ,,chalcedony1 ,,agate1 ,,and ,,banded ,,agate ,but if the ring shall have been already blessed1 then1 as soon as the man have laid it on the book1 let the ,priest take the ring and deliver it to the man2 and let the man receive it in his right hand1 with the first three fingers1 holding the right hand of the ,bride with his left hand1 and say1 after the ,priest3 ,with this ryng ich the wedde1 and with my body ich the honoure and with al my gold ich the dowere4 ,and then let the bridegroom put the ring on the thumb of the ,bride1 saying-- ,in the ,name of the ,father2 7on the first finger7 and of the ,son2 7on the second finger7 and of the ,holy ,ghost2 7on the third finger74 ,amen4 ,and there let him leave it1 because in that finger there is a certain vein which reaches to the heart2 and by the purity of the silver is signified the inward affection which ought ever to be fresh between them4 ,in the modern ,protestant ,episcopal service1 the bestowal of the ring is ordered as follows3 ,then shall they again loose their hands2 and the ,man shall give unto the ,woman a ,ring4 ,and the ,minister1 taking the ,ring1 shall deliver it unto the ,man1 to put it upon the fourth finger of the ,woman's left hand4 ,and the ,man holding the ,ring there1 and taught by the ,minister1 shall say3 ,with this ,ring ,i thee wed1 and with all my worldly goods ,i thee endow3 ,in the ,name of the ,father1 and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,amen4 ,it will be noted that the ring is first given by the man to the woman1 then taken from her by the priest who returns it to the man1 upon which the latter puts it on the fourth finger of the woman's left hand4 ,four fine specimens of later ,byzantine work in ring-making are in the ,british ,museum4 ,these are all marriage-rings of massive gold1 the designs being similar1 with certain variations4 ,the bezels bear engraved figures of ,christ alone1 or of ,christ and the ,virgin1 bestowing a blessing upon the newly wedded pair2 beneath is the ,greek word 7or 71 signifying their spiritual union4 ,all but one have on the hoop in ,greek characters the inscription3 8,my peace ,i give unto you0 7,john1 xiv1 #bg74 ,on the remaining ring there is on the hoop a decoration in niello1 depicting very roughly scenes from the ,gospel4 ,the character of the work indicates that it probably belongs to the tenth century4#cdb ,a massive gold ring found not long since in ,mainz1 bears a ,greek inscription showing that it was executed for the nuptials of ,king ,stephen ,radislav of ,servia 7#abbh-abcd7 with ,anna ,comnena1 daughter of ,emperor ,theodore ,anglus ,comnenus1 ,duke of ,thessalonica1 the region of the ,saloniki of to-day4 ,the inscription on this early thirteenth century ring of ,byzantine workmanship is nielloed on the gold4#cdc ,some interesting inscriptions appear on certain of the ,greek betrothal rings in the collection of the ,british ,museum4 ,a gold ring of about the fourth century ,b4,c4 bears a ,greek inscription which may be rendered as follows3 8,to her who excells not only in virtue and prudence1 but also in wisdom40 ,in marked contrast to this rather elaborate dedication is the inscription on another ring1 which bears the single word 8,honey40 ,it strikes us strangely enough to find this particular term of endearment1 so freely used by the ,negroes1 on a ring from classic times4 ,perhaps the most beautiful of all these inscriptions is on a late ,greek ring and runs3 8,i rejoice in the gift because of the affection of the giver40#cdd ,the custom of bestowing a ring upon the betrothed bride has been traced back in ,rome to the second century ,b4,c4 ,plain iron rings were first used for this purpose and they were still favored even when the wearing of gold rings had become general among certain classes of the ,roman citizens4 ,however1 in the course of the second century of our era1 and perhaps earlier1 gold rings came into use in the ceremony of betrothal4 ,pliny's assertion that the bride wore an unset iron ring has been interpreted to mean no more than that1 in the case of those entitled to wear gold rings1 the bridegroom after having given the bride a gold ring1 later bestowed upon her one of iron for wear within doors4 ,for it appears to have been a rather general usage1 in or before ,pliny's time1 to wear gold rings only when in public1 and within the house iron rings4 ,that the nuptial ring was of gold1 in the second century at least1 is plain from the statement of ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 who declares that this ring was not bestowed upon the spouse as an ornament1 but that she might seal up whatever was worthy of special care in the household4#cde ,perhaps the earliest allusion in ,christian literature to the betrothal ring appears in one of ,tertullian's writings1 dated from the end of the second century ,a4,d41 wherein he says3 8,among our women the time-honored rules of their ancestors1 which enjoined modesty and sobriety1 have died out4 ,in former times women knew nothing of gold except the single betrothal ring1 which was placed on one of their fingers by the fianc40#cdf ,that this usage had endured for many years is clearly apparent from the allusion to times long past4 ,in a curious passage1#cdg ,st4 ,augustine1 in the fourth century1 writes3 8,no priest shall hesitate to wed a couple who present themselves before the altar1 if the bride and bridegroom are not able1 because of poverty1 to give rings to each other2 for the 7offering of7 the earnest-money is a matter of decorum1 not of necessity40 ,one of the rare marriage rings or love tokens of the early ,christian centuries1 bears incised on its circular1 button-shaped chaton1 a male and a female bust1 the faces turned toward each other4 ,above is a cross1 the lower part of its upright shaft much longer than the upper part or the arms4 ,this ring is of ,byzantine workmanship and has been approximately dated about #ddj ,a4,d4 ,it is a good example of the so-called bi-cephalic rings1 rings bearing two heads1 and weighs #c dwt41 or #hg grains4#cdh ,this usage was introduced among the ancient ,germans by the ,romans4 ,the significance of the betrothal ring is noted in a law of the ,visigoths1 promulgated by ,chindaswinthe 7#fdb-fdc ,a4,d474 ,there had evidently been a disposition to treat lightly the obligations of betrothal1 for we read3 8,since there are many who1 forgetful of their plighted faith1 defer the fulfillment of their nuptial contracts1 this license should be suppressed40 ,therefore1 it was provided that when a solemn declaration had been made before witnesses and the espousal ring had been given and accepted as representing earnest-money1 the marriage ceremony must follow1 if either of the parties should fail to agree to a rupture of the engagement2 that is1 it could only be broken by mutual consent4 ,a celebrated betrothal ring was that sent by ,clovis ,i 7#dfe-eaa ,a4,d47 to ,clothilda in #dic4 ,the following account is given of the bestowal of this ring3 8,aurelian pursued his journey from these parts of ,burgundy1 bearing with him the ring of ,chlodwig that he might gain the better credence thereby4 ,when he arrived at the city where ,chrotechilda resided with her aunt1 ,aurelian presented himself and said3 #8,chlodwig1 ,king of the ,franks1 hath sent me to thee2 if such be the will of ,god1 he wishes to associate thee with himself in his majesty1 as spouse4 ,that thou mayst be assured of this1 he hath sent thee this ring4' ,accepting the ring1 she was filled with great joy1 and answered3 #8,take a hundred solidi as a reward for thy labor4 ,return quickly to thy lord and say to him3 #8,if thou desirest to associate me with thyself in matrimony1 send envoys straightway to my paternal uncle ,gundobard1 and ask him for my hand4'0#cdi ,the money gift was a considerable one for the time1 as the solidus was worth intrinsically about #c of our money1 and six or eight times as much in purchasing power in that age4 ,a most interesting ancient wedding ring1 presumably of the ,gallo-,roman period1 was unearthed toward #ahej in the neighborhood of ,mulsanne1 dept4 ,sarthe1 ,france4 ,it is of massive gold and weighs #bd grams1 #bj centigrams1 or over ounce4 ,on the bezel1 which is square1 are rudely engraved two figures1 that of a warrior resting on his lance and that of a woman holding out her arms to him4 ,on the shoulders1 toward the bezel1 is a foliated ornamentation1 and along the edge of the bezel are engraved the two names 8,dromacius0 and 8,betta10 the characters being filled in with the black enamel called niello4 ,this ring is believed to date from the fifth century ,a4,d4#cej ,the religious aspect of the ring in the ritual of the ,greek ,church finds an exponent in ,symeon1 ,archbishop of ,thessalonica1 who wrote about a half-century before the capture of ,constantinople by the ,turks in #adec4 ,in his description of a typical marriage ceremony he states that the officiating priest laid upon the altar two rings1 an iron one symbolic of masculine force1 and a gold one typical of the less hardy but purer feminine constitution4 ,these rings he consecrated4 ,after bestowing his benediction upon the bride and bridegroom and offering a prayer for them1 he gave the woman the iron ring1 as from the man1 and to the man the gold ring on the part of the woman1 and changed them three times1 in adoration of the ,holy ,trinity1 the perfecter and sustainer of all things4 ,hereupon he joined the right hands of the spouses1 demonstrating their unity in ,christ and that the man had received the woman from the hand of the ,church4 ,the rings also signified the agreement and sealing of the marriage contract4#cea ,illustration3 ,,betrothal ,,of ,,joseph ,,and ,,mary1 ,,by ,,juan ,,rodriguez ,,juarez 7,,or ,,xuarez71 ,,mexico ,,city1 7#afff-agcd7 ,,called ,,the 8,,mexican ,,carracca0 ,in the possession of the author ,illustration3 ,right hand of the ,virgin1 right hand of ,st4 ,joseph1 and hands of the high-priest1 showing the manner of placing the wedding ring at ,hebrew marriages as depicted in the picture of ,rodriguez ,juarez ,xuarez4 ,the ring contains an octahedral diamond crystal set in gold ,according to ,buxtorf 7,de sponsal4 et divort471 the ,jews did not place the betrothal ring upon the annular finger1 but upon the index4 ,as to this there is a curious statement in the 8,opus aureus contra ,judos10#ceb by ,victor de ,carben1 a converted ,jew4 ,he states that1 at the betrothal ceremony1 care should be taken that the fiance extends her index finger to receive the ring1 lest it should be put1 by mistake1 upon the middle finger1 for it was on this finger that ,joseph placed the ring when he betrothed ,mary4 ,buxtorf adds that he has never been able to find this statement in ,jewish writings4 ,one of ,ghirlandajo's frescoes in the church of ,santa ,croce1 in ,florence1 depicts the betrothal of the ,virgin4 ,here the ring is placed by ,joseph on the fourth finger of the ,virgin's right hand1 and the famous ,sposalizio by ,rafael in the ,brera ,gallery in ,milan illustrates the same usage4 ,possibly the ring was transferred to the left hand at the actual marriage ceremony4 ,the custom of the ,greek church at the present day in relation to betrothal or wedding rings differs in some respects from that observed in other ,christian churches1 for the priest places a ring on the fourth finger of each of the contracting parties1 who then proceed to exchange them with each other4 ,the old custom of exchanging rings and betrothal vows obtains in the ,russian branch of the ,eastern ,church4 ,for the succeeding marriage ceremony1 or 8crowning10 the same rings are again used4 ,the rubric states that the bride's ring should be of silver to show that she is the less honorable vessel1 while the bridegroom's ring is of gold to signify the superiority of the man4 ,the brides1 however1 have shown a disposition to resent this inequality1 and1 in modern times at least1 they are given gold rings also4 ,the old ,russian custom is for the husband to wear his ring on his forefinger4#cec ,in the ,greek and ,russian churches1 the rings--of gold for the man1 of silver for the woman--are bestowed at the betrothal ceremony1 when also a contract between the parties is made4 ,the later nuptial ceremony is generally designated as 8the crowning10 a crown being placed on the heads of bride and bridegroom by the officiating priest4 ,the question was often raised whether the mere fact of giving or accepting a ring constituted a definite promise of marriage4 ,the best authorities decided the question in the negative4 ,in reference to this matter ,peter ,mller writes3 8,if when a ring is given there is no promise of marriage1 the ring shall not be regarded as a betrothal ring1 but as a simple gift4 ,whence it may be inferred that a contract of marriage cannot be proved by a ring alone1 since mere donations1 bestowed through liberality1 do not produce any obligation40#ced ,the connection between the wedding ring and the bestowal of earnest-money is clearly indicated in the marriage service as given in the ,prayer-,book of ,edward ,,vi4 ,here1 after the words 8with this ring ,i thee wed10 there is added3 8,this gold and silver ,i give thee02 and at these words the bridegroom usually placed in the bride's hands a purse containing a sum of money4 ,there can1 indeed1 be little doubt that the espousal ring was rather the type of a valuable consideration offered at the consummation of the marriage contract1 than a symbol of the bondage and subjection of the spouse as many have maintained4 ,that the ring was sometimes given conditionally is shown by a curious old ,german formula to the following effect3 8,i give you this ring as a sign of the marriage which has been promised between us1 provided your father gives with you a marriage portion of #ajjj reichsthalers40#cee ,it is not possible to indicate with any precision at what date the betrothal ring became the wedding ring1 but this change seems to have taken place in ,england about the time of the ,reformation4 ,this did not1 however1 entail the abandonment of the betrothal ring1 but rather the substitution of another1 and frequently less simple ring1 to mark the betrothal4 ,of course1 the change was gradual and the usage varied in different countries1 since the employment of a separate marriage ring was rather a matter of custom than of ecclesiastical ordinance4 ,the ,manx usages and customs are so strange in many cases that the ring traditions of the ,isle of ,man also present certain peculiarities4 ,thus if a man was found guilty of having done injury to a maiden1 the latter was given a sword1 a rope and a ring1 signifying that she could either have him beheaded1 or hung1 or else could force him to wed her4 ,that the last-mentioned choice was the one most frequently made is very probable1 as the rehabilitation of her good name thus attained might well outweigh any satisfaction to be gained from the exercise of revenge4#cef ,the use of rush-rings in ,england1 in #abag1 for mock marriages1 is vouched for in the 8,constitutiones0#ceg of ,richard1 ,bishop of ,salisbury4 ,it is provided that whoever places a rush-ring1 or a ring of cheap or precious material1 in sport and jest upon a woman's hand1 that she shall the more willingly become friendly with him1 although imagining himself to be joking will be constrained to marry4 ,another authority declares that when the ecclesiastical court enforced matrimony as a penalty or a reparation for bad conduct1 a rush ring or a ring of straw was used at the ceremony4#ceh ,there are several passages in ,english poetry of the ,elizabethan age and later1 referring to this use of a 8rush ring40 ,in his 8,two ,noble ,kinsmen10 ,fletcher writes3 ,rings she made ,of rushes that grew by1 and to 'em spoke ,the prettiest posies2 ,thus our true loves ty'd2 ,this you may loose1 not me1 and many a one4 ,in the seventeenth century ,sir ,william ,davenant 7#afje-affh7 speaks in the following mocking strain of such a ring3 ,i'll crown thee with a garland of straw then ,and ,i'll marry thee with a rush ring4 ,the ballad called the ,winchester ,wedding has these lines3 ,pert ,strephon was kind to ,betty1 ,and blithe as a bird in the spring2 ,and ,tommy was so to ,katy1 ,and wedded her with a rush ring4 ,the 8rush ring0 is touched on in an old ,english ballad of ,shakespeare's time1 in which occur the lines3#cei ,then on my finger ,i'll have a ring ,not one of rush1 but a golden thing2 ,and ,i shall be glad as a bird in spring1 ,because ,i am married o' ,sunday4 ,a purely spiritual view of the meaning of a wedding-ring is expressed by ,guillaume ,durant1 ,bishop of ,mende 7died #abif74 ,for him it was the symbol of the mutual love of the espoused1 at once a pledge and a symbol of the union of their hearts4 ,however1 the more mercenary significance of the ring1 as a sign of the marriage gift to be bestowed upon the bride by the bridegroom before the wedding1 is quite clearly brought out in the old ,french ,rituals1 wherein its composition and meaning are defined4 ,a simplification of the ring itself seems to have taken place from about the thirteenth century when gold rings adorned with precious stones were generally worn4 ,the metal used at a later time varied in different dioceses4 ,while in that of ,limoges the ring was of gold1 the rituals of the dioceses of ,auxerre1 ,lyons and ,paris prescribe a silver ring4 ,in the ,manual of the priests belonging to the diocese of ,paris1 it is strictly enjoined that there shall be no inscription or figure upon the ring1 and that no precious stone shall be set therein4 ,the officiating priest receives it from the bridegroom together with one or more pieces of money 8as sign of the constituted endowment40 ,the ,manuel de ,beauvais1 published in #afcg1 also prescribes that the nuptial ring shall be severely plain and entirely without inscription4 ,the ritual of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,victor is even more definite1 for here the blessing of the ring is preceded by the reading of the endowment on account of marriage 7dotalitium propter nuptias74 ,hence the 8dower0 was not given with the wife1 but was bestowed upon her by the husband4#cfj ,this has been erroneously looked upon by some as a survival of the primitive custom of wife-purchase2 it differs1 however1 essentially from this in that the wife receives the endowment for her own use and as her own property4 ,a curious superstition is condemned by the ,ritual of ,evreux4 ,as the ring was handed to the bride by the bridegroom1 the former would let it fall on the ground to conjure a possible evil spell4 ,it has been remarked by ,jacob ,grimm 7#aghe-ahfc7 the great lexicographer and student of ,german archology1 that in early times1 among the christianized ,germans1 the fianc gave the ring to the young woman1 who was thenceforth bound to carry out the marriage contract4 ,on the other hand1 according to the poetical recitals of the thirteenth century1 the fiance gives a ring to her future husband1 without receiving one from him4 ,the same writer regards the usage of betrothal rings as one introduced among the ,germans by ,christian influence1 not one that can be looked upon as properly ,germanic4#cfa ,the contracting parties often exchanged rings at the betrothal ceremony1 which in many cases was celebrated in the church with all due solemnity4 ,shakespeare's 8,two ,gentlemen of ,verona0 contains an allusion to a more informal exchange of rings3 ,julia3 ,keep this remembrance for your ,julia's sake4 ,proteus3 ,why then we'll make exchange2 here take you this4 7,giving a ring47 ,julia3 ,and seal the bargain with a holy kiss4 ,in our own time1 in ,germany1 two rings1 one for the bride and the other for the bridegroom1 are given at the marriage ceremony1 and these rings are called 8,trauringe10 a name which designates the ring as an emblem of faith and trust1 just as does the ,italian name for the betrothal ring1 fede1 or faith4 ,from the almost innumerable poesies inscribed upon espousal rings we select a few of the more noteworthy4 ,an antique ,roman ring has the words3 8,pignus amoris habes0 7,thou hast a pledge of love72#cfb another shows the simple form 8,proteros ,ugi0 7,proteros to ,ugia71 the names being inscribed between two clasped hands4#cfc ,a sentiment given by one who was no believer in unrequited love reads3 8,love me1 ,i will love thee40 ,a massive gold ring of early date1 found in #ahbc at ,thetford1 in ,suffolk1 gives us the following inscription in ,old ,french3 8,deus me octroye de vous servir a gree com moun couer desire0 7,god grant me to serve thee acceptably as my heart desires74#cfd ,on a ring in the collection of the late ,sir ,john ,evans we have the following graceful inscription3 8,je suis ici en lieu d'ami0 7,i am here in the place of a friend74 ,an elaborate wedding-ring1 probably executed in ,germany1 in the latter half of the fifteenth century1 is in the fine collection of the court jeweler ,koch1 of ,frankfort-on-the-,main4 ,out of richly ornamental foliage work arise the figures of the wedded pair1 evidently carefully rendered portraits4 ,although somewhat lacking in purely artistic harmony1 this production of the ring-maker's art is an excellent illustration of the quality of the best ,german goldsmith work of the time in the smaller objects4 ,the ,figdor ,collection in ,vienna contains a fifteenth century betrothal ring made in ,france4 ,it is of gold and bears the inscriptions3 8,il est dit0 7in small letters7 and 8,,elle ,,me ,,tient0 7in capitals71 literally3 8,it is said 7spoken70 and 8,she holds me40 ,a betrothal ring in the form of a so-called 8,puzzle ,ring10 has six connecting hoops4 ,three of these are enameled1 two others bear closed hands1 and the last shows a key and the head of a winged angel4 ,this is of seventeenth century workmanship4#cfe ,a wedding-ring of simple ,gothic design formed part of a grave treasure1 the characteristic inscription3 8,in ,mir ,ist ,treue0 7,in me is fidelity71 leaving no doubt as to the use to which the ring had been put4 ,this plain triangular band is in the ,germanic ,museum in ,nuremberg and is assigned to the thirteenth century4 ,another most interesting ring from the same period was found in the territory formerly known as the ,frstenbergerhof1 at the southwest end of the city of ,mainz2 it is now owned by the family ,heerdt of that city4 ,the clasped hands engraved on the lower part of the hoop designate this clearly as a betrothal or wedding-ring4 ,an ,english ring of the early part of the fifteenth century bears this couplet3 ,most in mynd and yn myn herrt ,lothest from thee ferto deparrt4 ,in seventeenth century rings the religious sentiment predominates3 8,i have obtaind whom ,god ordaind02 8,god unites our hearts aright02 8,knitt in one by ,christ alone02 8,wee join our love in ,god above40 ,a little more human1 if less devotional1 are the mottoes3 8,united hearts death only parts02 8,a faithfull wife preserveth life10 and 8,love and live happily40 ,there have been many types of betrothal rings from the simplest up to the most elaborate and ornate4 ,one having a graceful symbolism was found near ,wassy1 dept4 ,haute ,marne1 ,france1 in ,june1 #ahfh4 ,the hoop is of yellow gold1 alloyed sufficiently to give it consistence4 ,instead of one chaton1 it has two placed close to one another and each set with a small1 cabochon-cut emerald4 ,the choice of this stone is a good indication that we have to do here with a betrothal rather than a wedding ring1 for the emerald was emblematic of hope1 of unfulfilled desire and of virginity4 ,around the setting runs the following inscription in ,old ,french1 beginning with the sign of the cross3 ,,ce ,,que ,,desir ,,hom ,,done ,,un ,,bien4 ,this may be rendered3 8,what one desires brings happiness10 the idea being perhaps that so beautifully expressed by ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas3 8,the soul dwells with the loved one rather than in the body it animates40#cff ,while the letters of the ,french inscription are so much worn as to make the decipherment of two words a little uncertain1 the general sense is clear enough1 and constitutes a very fine motto for such a ring4#cfg ,the ring which had been used by ,louis ,,ix 7,st4 ,louis7 at his betrothal to ,marguerite de ,provence1 in #abca1 was so greatly prized by him that on his death-bed he expressed the wish that it should be interred with his body4 ,on its gold hoop he had caused to be engraved the lilies of ,france and certain military emblems4#cfh ,a graceful thought is expressed in the following ,old ,french inscription on a ring found near ,poitiers3 ,mon cuer se est resioui aussi doit il si maist ,dieux4 ,a mon gre ne puis mieux aueir choisi4 8,my heart is rejoiced1 and so should it be1 if ,god aid me4 ,for ,i feel ,i could not have chosen better40 ,a shorter motto1 but one full of significance1 appears on a ring in the museum of ,poitiers2 it consists merely of the two words3 8,sans ,partir40 ,this could mean either 8we shall never separate10 or else that the donor would never abandon his love4 ,another brief motto1 found on a ring in the ,louvre dating from the reign of ,francis ,i1 runs 8,riens sans amour10 or 8,love is all in all40#cfi ,illustration3 ,,jewish ,,betrothal ,,rings ,,in ,,gold1 ,,set ,,with ,,precious ,,stones ,muse de ,cluny1 ,paris ,illustration3 ,jewish wedding rings1 one with ,temple dome1 the other with slant-roofed structure4 ,each bears the ,hebrew words ,mazzel ,tob1 or 8,good ,luck0 ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,jewish wedding ring1 with five bosses and as bezel a projecting figure4 ,this is hinged and covers a gold plate4 ,on the inside ,mazzel ,tob or 8,good ,luck0 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,jewish marriage ring4 ,gold hoop with five bosses of filigree enriched with flowers in pale blue1 green and white enamel1 and a gable-like projection with two small windows4 ,nrnberg4 ,sixteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,jewish wedding ring2 broad gold hoop1 the sides showing the ,creation of ,eve1 the ,fall1 and the ,expulsion from ,eden4 ,german4 ,sixteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,at weddings in ,spain and also in some parts of ,france1 in connection with the bestowal of a ring1 the curious usage has been observed of giving thirteen pieces of money to the bride4 ,this gift1 called in ,french a treizain1 has its origin1 as the name indicates1 in the ancient custom of giving to the purchaser of a dozen articles1 an extra one1 ostensibly as a testimonial of good will1 but really to induce further purchases4 ,this old usage is said to have been observed at the marriage of ,king ,alfonso ,,xiii of ,spain in #aijf4 ,the ,hebrew betrothal rings were elaborate and somewhat clumsy productions1 frequently of massive gold4 ,the broad hoop was surmounted by the representation of a temple1 sometimes with a ,moorish dome1 but usually with a slanting roof4 ,this is a curiously conventionalized figuration of ,solomon's ,temple1 similar to that found upon certain spurious ,hebrew coins4 ,upon the temple or else around the ring1 are generally the ,hebrew words ,,fio ,,erg1 equivalent to 8,good ,fortune40#cgj ,several such rings are described in the privately printed catalogue of the ,londesborough ,collection 7,london1 #ahec1 p4 #d74 ,a more artistic specimen1 also in the ,londesborough ,collection1 bears the figures of ,adam and ,eve in ,paradise1 accompanied by representations of animals1 all in high relief4#cga ,the specimens described belong to the sixteenth century4 ,the learned ,jesuit1 ,athanasius ,kircher1 cites a statement to the effect that the inscription mazzel tob1 engraved upon many ,hebrew betrothal rings1 referred to the planet ,jupiter as the 8good star40#cgb ,this planet was1 indeed1 called by the ,hebrews cocab zedeq1 8star of righteousness0 or 8justice10 but there is little doubt that mazzel tob should be rendered 8good fortune0 or 8propitious fate40 ,the earliest ,jewish wedding-rings are said to have been plain golden circlets1 without setting1 indeed a silver substitute or even one of a cheaper metal was not forbidden4 ,pearls1 favorite gems with the ,jews1 were sometimes used for settings at a later period4 ,the purely ceremonial or symbolic significance of the ,jewish wedding ring in early times is exemplified in its great size1 the major part of these rings being much too large for wear4 ,sometimes1 at the wedding feast1 rings of this type were used as holders of myrtle-branches4 ,the circlet surmounted with the temple figure was occasionally formed of two cherubim4#cgc ,a ring supposed to have been the wedding ring of the ,roman ,tribune1 ,cola di ,rienzi 7ca4 #acac-aced71 is of silver1 with an octagonal bezel2 the hoop bears the names3 8,catarina0 and 8,nicola10 those of ,rienzi and of ,catarina di ,raselli1 his bride4 ,the letters have been placed in sharp relief by cutting away the background and filling it up with niello4 ,between the names are two stars4 ,as ,rienzi chose a star as his emblem on the coins he struck during his brief rule in ,rome1 this device coupled with the names makes the attribution of the ring not without some good foundation4#cgd ,this ring was bought by ,mr4 ,waterton in ,rome for a trifling sum4 ,it had been pledged in a ,monte di ,piet1 and was disposed of at one of the periodical clearing sales4 ,in the fifteenth century the betrothal ceremony was usually performed in the presence of a notary public1 not of a priest1 and this continued to be the usage until after the ,council of ,trent1 which ended in #aefc4 ,at the betrothal1 by proxy1 of ,lucrezia ,borgia with ,giovanni ,sforza1 ,february #b1 #adic1 twin gold rings set with precious stones were given1 one to be put on the fourth finger of the fiance's left hand1 8whose vein leads to the heart0 as the record specifies1 while the other was to be placed on the bridegroom's little finger4#cge ,in one of the very risqu tales forming the 8,cent ,nouvelles ,nouvelles10 the authorship of which has been attributed to ,king ,louis ,,xi of ,france 7#adfa-adhc71 it is related that a lady1 while bathing1 lost a diamond ring2 the narrator adds3 8,this was one her liege lord had given her on the day of her espousal1 and she prized it the more highly on this account40 ,although diamond rings were not common at this time1 the recently invented art of facetting the diamond was rapidly bringing these stones into fashion and favor4 ,there is1 indeed1 a record1 or at least a family tradition1 that one of the three large diamonds cut in facets by ,lodowyk van ,berken of ,bruges1 about #adgf1 at the order of ,duke ,charles the ,bold of ,burgundy1 was set in a ring and given by the duke to ,louis ,,xi1 with whom he was then seeking to get on a friendly footing4 ,this diamond is described as having been cut as a 8triangle and a heart40 ,this possibly means that the triangular shape was slightly modified into a heart shape4#cgf ,a ,scotch legend relates that a married woman by ill-chance let her wedding ring fall into the river ,clyde4 ,on her return home her husband noted its absence and1 believing she had given it to a lover1 became furiously jealous1 used the harshest language to her and even threatened her life4 ,in her despair the innocent wife went and cast herself at the feet of ,st4 ,kentigern1 ,bishop of ,glasgow1 supplicating him to render her faithfulness manifest4 ,the bishop had compassion upon her1 and uttered a prayer that the ring might be restored4 ,his prayer was answered1 for ere a few hours had passed a fisherman came to him bearing as a gift a large salmon he had just caught1 and in the mouth of the fish was found the lost ring4 ,the husband1 convinced of his injustice1 was kinder to his wife than ever before1 so as to make good the wrong he had done her4 ,to the story given in this legend are ascribed the figures of a salmon with a ring in its mouth on the coat-of-arms of the city of ,glasgow1 as well as on the armorial bearings of several of the bishops of that city from the time of ,bishop ,wishert1 who lived under ,edward ,,ii of ,england 7#acjg-acbg74cgg ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,anne ,,of ,,cleves 7#aeae-aeeg71 ,,fourth ,,wife ,,of ,,henry ,,viii1 ,,by ,,hans ,,holbein ,thumb-ring on left hand1 one ring on index finger1 and two on fourth finger of right hand4 ,this portrait1 when shown to ,henry1 pleased him so well that he agreed to the marriage1 but he expressed sore disappointment when he at last saw the new queen ,muse du ,louvre1 ,paris ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,judith1 ,,after ,,lucas ,,cranach ,rings worn beneath gloves1 which have slits to relieve the pressure and to show the rings4 ,right hand has four rings1 on thumb1 index1 fourth finger1 and little finger1 respectively ,kaiserliche ,gemlde-,galerie1 ,vienna ,among historic wedding rings especially worthy of note is that commemorating the marriage of ,martin ,luther to ,catharina von ,bora1 ,june #ac1 #aebe4cgh ,both ,luther and his wife had taken the vow of celibacy in the ,roman ,catholic church1 and he was bitterly reproached by ,roman ,catholics for contracting this marriage4 ,replying to his accusers1 he is declared to have said that he married 8to please himself1 to tease the ,pope1 and to spite the ,devil40 ,the inscription on this ring is3 8,d4 ,martino ,luthero ,catharina v4 ,boren1 #ac ,jun4 #aebe40 ,this probably indicates that the ring was given to ,luther by his wife in memory of the wedding4 ,it is stated to have belonged to a family in ,leipsic as late as #ahag4 ,a copy of the ring is in the writer's possession4 ,it was given him by ,mrs4 ,edith ,true ,drake1 as a memento of her husband ,alexander ,w4 ,drake1 of whose collection it had formed part4 ,the original ring is set with a small ruby1 and bears in high relief representations of the crucifixion1 and of the instruments of the ,passion2 the pillar1 scourge1 spear1 etc4 ,a pendant to this is a ring given either to ,luther or his wife1 as a memento of his marriage1 by some friend4 ,this is of the type of gimmal rings1 divisible but not separable4 ,on one hoop the setting is a diamond1 on the other a ruby4 ,the bezel separates into two halves when the ring is opened1 and reveals on the two hidden sides the initials ,c ,v ,d and ,m ,l ,d1 for ,catharina von ,bora and ,martin ,luther1 ,doctor4 ,on the inner side of the conjoined hoops is the inscription3 8,was ,got zusamen fiegt sol kein mensch scheiden0 7,those whom ,god hath joined1 shall no man put asunder71 in the old ,german spelling4#cgi ,the diamond is on the ,luther side of the divided bezel1 and signifies power1 durability and fidelity2 the ruby on the side marked with the wife's initials is taken to mean exalted love4 ,both this ring and the one already described are believed to have been designed by the artist1 ,lucas ,cranach1 who was a friend of ,luther's and assisted at his marriage4 ,the ring is in the ,grossherzogliches ,museum at ,brunswick4 ,a very noteworthy ring1 in the ,waterton ,collection at the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 ,london1 belonged to ,henry1 ,lord ,darnley1 and commemorated his marriage with ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,on the bezel are the initials ,m ,h1 entwined with a true-love knot1 and within the hoop is engraved ,,henri ,l4 ,,darnley1 and the date1 #aefe4 ,between the two groups of letters constituting the inscription1 is figured a lion rampant on a carved shield4 ,this ring is said to have been found in the ruins of ,fotheringay ,castle1 where ,mary ,stuart was executed4#chj ,a peculiar class of rings bears the name of 8gimmal rings40 ,this designation is derived from the ,latin gemelli1 8twins10 and indicates the form of the ornament4 ,two rings are joined together by a pivot so that when united they constitute a single ring1 although they can be easily separated4 ,on each circlet there is a band1 so disposed that when both are brought together the hands are clasped and hold the separate rings in place4 ,occasionally1 there are three or more rings combined in the same way1 the designation 8gimmal ring0 being used for these also4 ,the following lines by ,herrick refer to this latter type3 8,thou sent'st to me a true-love knot2 but ,i ,return a ,ring of jimmals to imply ,thy love had one knot1 mine a triple tye40 ,a specimen of this type of ring is given in the privately-printed catalogue of ,lady ,londesborough's collection 7,london1 #ahec1 p4 #ag74 ,this is described as 8a triple gimmal1 the first and third circlet having each a hand1 so that1 when joined1 the two hands are clasped together and serve to conceal two united hearts on the third ring4 ,of ,german workmanship40 ,it was customary to separate the conjoined rings at the betrothal ceremony and to give the upper and lower to each of the betrothed1 respectively1 while the middle ring was given to an intimate friend of the lady4 ,when the marriage was solemnized1 the rings were reunited and bestowed upon the bride4 ,as a general rule all rings bearing clasped hands were termed gimmal rings1 although the designation properly belonged to two or more separate rings joined together4 ,illustration3 ,ring with pointed diamond used for writing on glass ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,massive gold ,gallo-,roman ring4 ,found near ,mulsanne1 dept4 ,sarthe1 ,france1 about #ahej4 ,believed to be a wedding ring2 five views4 ,fifth ,century4 ,see page #bjb ,abbe ,barraud1 8,des ,bagues de ,toutes les ,epoques10 ,paris1 #ahfd ,illustration3 ,rings of ,mary ,stuart4 #a1 signet ring2 #b1 wedding ring of ,mary and ,darnley1 with date of marriage1 #aefe2 two views ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,gold betrothal ring1 bezel in form of clasped hands1 hoop shaped as two amoretti4 ,sixteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,hebrew wedding ring4 ,adam and ,eve in ,paradise ,wedding ring of ,martin ,luther1 two views4 ,original had a small ruby in the centre ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,wedding ring of gimmal type4 ,german1 ,sixteenth ,century4 ,set with a ruby and an aquamarine4 ,inscription visible when ring is separated3 ,quod ,deus conjunxit homo non separet 7,let man not separate what ,god hath joined together74 ,the betrothal or wedding ring of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham 7#aeai-aegi7 is of similar design ,british ,museum ,the following lines from ,don ,sebastian1 a play written by ,dryden 7#afij71 explains quite fully the character and use of a gimmal ring3 ,a curious artist wrought 'em ,with joynts so close as not to be perceiv'd2 ,yet are they both each other's counterpart4 7,her part had ,juan inscrib'd1 and his had ,zayda1 ,you know these names were theirs37 and in the midst ,a heart divided in two halves was plac'd4 ,now if the rivets of those ,rings inclos'd ,fit not each other1 ,i have forg'd this lye3 ,but if they join1 you must for ever part4 ,in ,burgon's life of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 the merchant prince of ,queen ,elizabeth's time and founder of the ,royal ,exchange1 we are shown his wedding ring4 ,this is a gimmal ring composed of two hoops1 one bearing the inscription 8,quod ,deus conjunxit0 7,what ,god hath joined together7 and the other3 8,homo non separet0 7,let not man put asunder74#cha ,the two hoops are set with a red and a white stone1 respectively4 ,a curious development of the gimmal-ring was the so-called 8puzzle-ring0 consisting of pieces of gold wire ingeniously bent and intertwined so that they appeared to form a single indivisible ring1 although by a certain clever twist they could easily be separated into several independent hoops4 ,this type was derived from the ,east4 ,on a gimmal ring belonging to the first half of the fifteenth century1 in the ,londesborough ,collection1 is an engraved head of ,lucretia2 at the back appear two hands clasped4 ,this type seems to have been common in ,shakespeare's time1 for in ,twelfth ,night 7,act ,,ii1 sc4 #e71 ,malvolio exclaims1 after examining the seal on a letter3 8,by your leave1 wax4 ,soft6--and the impressure her ,lucrece with which she uses to seal40#chb ,the choice of this image for a betrothal ring must have been intended either as a tribute to the lady's chastity1 or else as a kind of amulet to protect her from attacks on her virtue4 ,illustration3 ,gimmal ring1 open ,edward's 8,history and ,poetry of ,finger ,rings0 ,illustration3 ,silver betrothal ring2 two views4 ,on the shoulder appears the legend3 8,god ,help40 ,english1 ,fifteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,gold puzzle rings4 #a1 three hoops1 cruciform bezel3 #b1 with four hoops4 ,two views of each1 closed and open4 ,seventeenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,curious old posy ring4 ,the motto is to be read3 ,our hands and hearts with one consent1 ,hath tied this knot till death prevent ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,wedding rings with 8posies40 ,english1 ,seventeenth ,century ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,two ,gimmal rings1 one double1 the other triple4 ,betrothal or wedding rings ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,the talismanic quality of the turquoise is noted by ,edward ,fenton1 in his 8,secrets of ,nature0 7#aefi71 wherein he says3 8,the ,turkeys doth move when there is any perill prepared to him that weareth it40 ,in his commentary on ,shakespeare's ,othello1 ,steevens remarks that the poet probably had the mystic virtues of this stone in mind when he made ,shylock mourn the loss of the turquoise his wife ,leah had given him before their marriage4#chc ,in the original text of this passage the name is spelled 8turkie10 and this old spelling is interesting as showing the identity of the name given to the stone with that bestowed upon the fowl known to us as a turkey4 ,in this latter case the spelling and pronunciation have been retained1 while in the former we have the modified form turquoise1 both names indicating an association of the respective objects with ,turkey1 as the land from whence they were erroneously believed to come4 ,as ,shylock's turquoise seems to have been set in a betrothal ring1 it is singular to note that at the present day the turquoise is a favorite stone for betrothal rings in ,germany4 ,in ,shakespeare's ,cymbeline1 where the diamond is so often mentioned in connection with a ring given as a sign of faithfulness1 a passage occurs denoting that this stone was sometimes set in a betrothal ring in ,shakespeare's time4 ,the line runs 7,act ,i1 sc4 #d73 ,this diamond was my mother's3 take it1 heart2 ,but keep it till you woo another wife4 ,the preciousness and dazzling lustre of diamonds are also alluded to in this play4 ,it is worthy of note that while in all of ,shakespeare's plays the diamond is only mentioned twenty-one times1 seven of these mentions are in his ,cymbeline4 ,an emblematic wedding-ring with a deep1 and perhaps somewhat ambiguous significance1 was bestowed upon his spouse by ,bishop ,cokes4 ,upon it was engraved a hand1 a heart1 a mitre1 and a death's head1 the inscription reading3 ,these three ,i give to thee ,till the fourth set me free4#chd ,a frankly humorous inscription was that placed upon the wedding-ring of ,lady ,cathcard when1 in #agac1 she wedded her fourth husband1 ,hugh ,maguire4 ,this was as follows3 ,if ,i survive ,i will have five ,a similar poesy is said to have been used at a later date by ,john ,thomas1 ,bishop of ,london1 on the ring which he used at his fourth marriage3 ,if ,i survive ,i'll make them five4#che ,the ,puritan reaction in ,england during the ,commonwealth1 against the customs of the ,english ,church1 extended to the use of the wedding-ring1 and ,samuel ,butler in his ,hudibras alludes to this tendency in the following lines3 ,others were for abolishing ,that tool of matrimony1 a ring ,with which the unsanctify'ed bridegroom ,is marry'd only to a thumb4 ,there is a possibility that this curious custom of wearing a wedding ring on the thumb may have had some connection with the old fancy that the second joint of the thumb was dedicated to the ,virgin ,mary1 whose supposed espousal ring is preserved in the ,cathedral of ,perugia4 ,it is true that this ought rather to apply to a betrothal ring than a wedding ring4 ,the following list gives the religious dedication of the various finger-joints3 ,in the right hand the upper joint of the thumb was dedicated to ,god1 the lower joint to the ,virgin2 the first joint of the index to ,st4 ,barnabas1 the second to ,st4 ,john1 the third to ,st4 ,paul2 the first joint of the middle finger to ,st4 ,simon ,cleophas1 the second to ,st4 ,thaddus1 the third to ,st4 ,joseph2 the first joint of the annular to ,st4 ,zacchus1 the second to ,st4 ,stephen1 the third to ,st4 ,luke2 the first joint of the little finger to ,st4 ,leatus1 the second to ,st4 ,mark1 the third to ,st4 ,nicodemus4 ,the dedication of the left hand fingers was3 ,first joint of thumb1 to ,christ1 second joint to the ,virgin2 first joint of the index to ,st4 ,james1 the second to ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 the third to ,st4 ,peter2 first joint of the middle finger to ,st4 ,simon1 the second to ,st4 ,matthew1 the third to ,st4 ,james the ,greater2 first joint of the annular to ,st4 ,jude1 the second to ,st4 ,bartholomew1 the third to ,st4 ,andrew2 first joint of the little finger to ,st4 ,matthaias1 the second to ,st4 ,thomas1 the third to ,st4 ,philip4#chf ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,clara ,,eugenia1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,philip ,,ii ,,of ,,spain1 ,,by ,,gonzales ,rings on thumb and index of right hand1 which holds a miniature of ,philip4 ,elaborately jewelled dress and splendid pearl necklace and head-ornament ,museo del ,prado1 ,madrid ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,catarina ,,michela1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,philip ,,ii ,,of ,,spain1 ,,by ,,coello ,,sanchez ,thumb ring on right hand and ring on index of same hand2 both with precious-stone settings4 ,similar rings on index and little fingers of left hand ,museo del ,prado1 ,madrid ,as in ,europe a couple of centuries ago1 so in the ,india of to-day1 a wedding ring is often worn on the thumb4 ,this is of gold1 about an inch wide4 ,it is only worn1 however1 for a short period1 sometimes only during the several days devoted to the celebration of the wedding ceremonies2 in other cases1 it is worn for six months1 or occasionally even for twelve months after marriage4 ,eventually it is melted down1 the precious metal being then worked up into some other ornament4#chg ,the great lexicographer1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 was devotedly attached to his wife1 although the alliance can scarcely be looked upon as a love match on the learned doctor's side4 ,his patient devotion to his sickly and rather ugly wife goes to show how wide is the divergence between theory and practice1 for in his dictionary ,johnson defines a ring as3 8a circular instrument placed upon the noses of hogs and the fingers of women to restrain them and bring them into subjection40 ,after his wife's death ,dr4 ,johnson preserved her wedding-ring in a box bearing the following inscription3 8,eheu6 ,eliza ,johnson1 ,nupta ,july #io #agcf1 ,mortua1 eheu6 ,mart4 #ago #ageb40 ,that the betrothal ring was occasionally worn on the index finger is shown in two celebrated seventeenth century pictures1 the 8,betrothal of ,marie de' ,medici10 by ,rubens1 and the 8,betrothal of ,st4 ,catherine10 by ,murillo4 ,sometimes1 however1 the little finger was chosen for this honor and an interesting example of this custom is given by a document in the ,hohenzollern ,museum in ,berlin4 ,here is exhibited a list of the rings worn by ,queen ,louisa of ,prussia on the day of her death1 written down by her husband1 ,king ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,,iii1 and the first entry reads3 8,our betrothal ring1 on the little finger of the right hand40 ,the list closes with the following simple and touching words in the ,king's handwriting3 8,at ,hohenzieritz1 on the most unhappy day of my life1 ,july #ai1 #ahaj10 this being the day of ,queen ,louisa's death4 ,it may be noted that at the present day1 while the usual custom in ,south ,germany is to wear the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand1 in ,north ,germany the right hand is generally given the preference4 ,this applies both to men and women4 ,king ,george ,,iv of ,england is said to have had two rings made1 each provided with a secret spring which1 on being pressed1 opened a panel and revealed the king's portrait and that of ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert1 respectively4 ,the ring containing the king's portrait was bestowed by him upon ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert1 whom he is said to have married in #aghe1 and that with her portrait was kept by him1 and1 before his death1 entrusted to the ,duke of ,wellington1 the latter promising solemnly that he would place it upon his royal master's breast when his remains were in the coffin4 ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert left her ring to ,miss ,dawson ,damer4#chh ,another ring given by ,george ,,iv to ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert was exhibited in the ,victoria ,exhibition1 at the ,new ,gallery1 ,london1 and is described as being a gimmal1 the two hoops closely fitting together1 with the inscription 8,geo4 ,adolph4 ,frederick0 on the inside of one and 8,maria ,anne0 on that of the other4#chi ,in former times rings used to be presented to the chief guests at a wedding1 and at the marriage of ,queen ,victoria with ,prince ,albert1 six dozen such rings were bestowed1 each one having a profile portrait of the bride engraved upon it1 with the inscription1 8,victoria ,regina40 ,the revival of this graceful custom would serve to perpetuate among the wedding guests the memory of the ceremony at which they had assisted4 ,wedding rings figuring two clasped hands are still used by the peasants of ,normandy1 and in ,galway also rings bearing two hands clasping a heart have been passed down from generation to generation1 from the mother to the eldest daughter4 ,this illustrates the general rule that long after a custom or a form of personal adornment has ceased to be in favor with the higher classes it continues to be popular with the peasantry4 ,the inscriptions on rings occasionally seen1 which appear to be a medley of meaningless letters1 are often the makeup of two names interlocked1 such as 8,george0 and 8,sophia03 g,ae,io,hr,pg,oe,s the one name reading to the right and the other to the left4 ,in some parts of ,ireland the belief in the special virtue of a gold wedding ring is so strong that when the bridegroom is too poor to buy one he will hire it for the occasion1 and it is reported that a shopkeeper of ,munster realized quite a little sum annually by renting rings for weddings1 to be brought back to him after the ceremony4 ,strange to say1 there is said to have been a superstitious fancy in ,yorkshire1 ,england1 that to wed with a borrowed ring would bring good luck4#cij ,a ,scottish tradition in regard to a ring used at a wedding is imbued with the gloomy superstition so characteristic of ,scotland4 ,the heir of a noble family was about to be married to a ,dutch lady of rank1 but when the wedding-day came was so apathetic1 or so preoccupied1 that he forgot the hour of the ceremony1 and had to be hurried from his breakfast to the church4 ,in his haste he had forgotten all about the wedding-ring1 and was obliged to use a ring offered to him by a bystander when the ceremony reached the point where one had to be put on the bride's finger4 ,what was her terror1 however1 when she saw that it was a mourning-ring that had been placed upon her hand1 one bearing the sinister design of a skull and cross-bones4 ,this she felt to be an omen that death would soon overtake her1 and she brooded so much over the happening that she sank into a decline1 and died before a year had passed4 ,the effect of the mind upon the body is so great1 especially in highly nervous organisms1 that such a tragic result of a mere piece of carelessness is far from being impossible4 ,in modern times betrothal rings are often of the type called 8regard rings10 where the letters of a word are indicated by the initial letters of the stones set in the ring1 as1 for example3 ,r uby ,e merald ,g arnet ,a methyst ,r uby ,d iamond ,in a similar way the ,christian name of either of the betrothed may be indicated1 as1 for instance3 ,s apphire ,o pal ,p eridot ,h yalite ,i olite ,a methyst ,although a diamond ring is the one most appropriate as an engagement ring1 it has long been recognized that for a wedding ring nothing can replace the simple hoop of precious metal1 which may1 indeed1 be rendered a trifle less plain by some very chaste and beautiful engraving4 ,a reason for the preference given to the ring without setting is offered by ,fuller in his 8,holy ,state10 where he says3 8,marriage with a diamond ring foreshadowed evil1 because the interruption of the circle augured that the reciprocal regard of the spouse might not be perpetual40#cia ,an attempt is being made in ,germany to introduce the use of wedding-rings with moderate ornamentation and appropriate mottoes patterned on those of former times1 in place of the severely plain gold hoop that has for a long time been decreed to be the only proper form of wedding-ring4 ,if the tendency to over-ornamentation is kept strictly within bounds and if the mottoes are well chosen1 there is some reason to think that the innovation1 or rather revival1 may meet with some success1 as it will afford scope for individuality of taste to assert itself1 and for the expression of sentiment in a way that has not been possible under present conditions4 ,a wedding ring of iron and gold artistically combined has gained some favor of late1 as symbolizing the union of strength and beauty1 of the more solid with the more brilliant qualities4 ,the uncompromising plainness of the plain gold ring1 which represented a reaction to primitive forms from the over-ornamentation of the ,rococo period1 will probably give place to certain simple and chaste designs which can be made to symbolize some of the thoughts and sentiments connected with the marriage ceremony4 ,but the unstable1 oxidizing quality of the iron will not recommend this metal for durability4 ,the recurrence of a great national crisis will often cause the revival of some custom or usage of an earlier one4 ,thus it is that in the present ,war of ,nations1 ,germans have revived the practice of exchanging gold rings for iron ones that was resorted to in the dark time of ,napoleonic supremacy in ,germany4 ,the total value of the metal secured in this way is of course relatively small1 though not entirely negligible1 but the spirit of devotion to the ,vaterland finds both a real and a symbolic expression in the deposition of many a valued heirloom on the country's altar4 ,to avoid a rust stain on the finger these iron rings--which usually bear the figure of the ,iron ,cross--are frequently lined with a thin layer of gold4 ,not only rings but gold and silver objects of all kinds and valuable jewels have been brought in by patriotic ,germans1 to such an extent1 indeed1 that the ,viennese jewellers are urging that the metals should be immediately melted1 as in case the objects or ornaments should be put on the market1 they would compete disastrously with the jewellers' shops4 ,it is stated that up to the middle of ,september1 #aiae1 as many as five thousand wedding rings were donated in the single ,prussian province of ,posen1 and the estimate has been made that about one million dollars will be realized from the total offerings throughout the ,germanic countries4 ,the ancients and the alchemists called gold the metal of the sun and silver the metal of the moon1 but within the past two centuries the world has become familiar with platinum1 a metal of equal dignity with gold1 but with the pure whiteness of the somewhat tarnishable silver4 ,platinum1 because of its durability and purity1 may well be called the metal of ,heaven1 and within the past century we have added to our list of metals aluminum1 a metal which constitutes a fair percentage of the earth's surface4 ,this can be appropriately termed the metal of the earth4 ,these two metals1 platinum and aluminum1 have been used to a great extent2 platinum for the purpose of mounting jewels--the stars of ,heaven1 as it were1 in their heavenly setting--and aluminum1 the metal of earth1 for a great variety of purposes4 ,surely platinum1 the metal of ,heaven1 is a most appropriate material for a wedding ring1 and as gold has always been termed the metal of man1 so platinum1 the metal of ,heaven1 might be dedicated to woman1 the fairest gift of ,heaven1 and an alliance ring made of these two metals would be an ideal matrimonial ring4 ,many of those who were married before platinum was used for wedding rings have recourse to an ingenious device by which a plate of platinum is spun or turned over the entire part of the setting which is visible1 so that the gold ring will appear to be of platinum1 either plain1 carved or chased4 ,great ingenuity is required in this mounting1 because it is in most cases impossible to permit the metal to do more than touch the inner part of the ring4 ,otherwise1 the size of the circlet would be reduced4 ,alliance rings are sometimes made one side gold and one side platinum4 ,at the present time many platinum wedding rings are made perfectly plain1 others are engraved with a laurel wreath1 as a peace or anti-divorce symbol1 with oak leaves for strength1 ivy for clinging devotion1 and some other symbolic devices4 ,many alliance rings are made of two parts1 one bearing the names of the engaged couple1 the other the date of the engagement4 ,narrow gold rings with diamond settings are also used1 closely resembling the type of diamond ring that has been worn as a guard-ring for many years4 ,that men should be forced to wear wedding rings is a proposition recently agitated in ,london4 ,public attention was called to this question by newspaper reports to the effect that a young lady had testified at a divorce suit that she had innocently encouraged the attentions of a married man1 because she had no means of knowing that he was married4 ,in many continental countries married men are always expected to wear such rings1 although there is of course no legal compulsion to do so1 any more than in the case of a wife4 ,we can hardly deny that anything serving to fix the status of both men and women in the matter of their marital relations is eminently desirable4 ,illustration3 ,lady's gold ring1 with ,french motto3 8,mon cur est vous0 7,my heart is yours7 ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,engagement ring with adjustable hoop2 fully open2 half-open2 and closed ,illustration3 ,ornamental wedding rings1 and separable alliance wedding ring of 8gimmal0 type closed and open ,illustration3 ,,wedding ,,rings4 ,,plain ,,gold1 ,,platinum ,,and ,,chased ,apropos of wedding rings1 the notice of a special marriage ceremony performed for a man and woman who were both ardent advocates of woman suffrage1 suggests that such unions might be signalized by the use of a ring of a characteristic type4 ,in this case the parties to the marriage contract were careful to emphasize the fact that the union was one between equals1 each of whom made the same pledge of fidelity and love to the other4 ,perhaps a ring enamelled with the suffragette colors might be acceptable to the pioneers of the new era4 ,as in many old-fashioned marriages the woman was accorded a de facto primacy1 the man who willingly accepts the doctrine of the equality of the sexes may be rather a gainer than a loser by his adherence to the new faith4 ,in ,england1 it is said that a movement has been initiated to abolish the use of the wedding-ring1 possibly in some sense as a war measure1 to constitute a slight check on the use of gold for ornamental purposes4 ,it is1 however1 conjectured that its real source is rather to be sought in the general movement for the complete independence of women1 the wedding-ring being looked upon by some extremists as an antiquated badge of slavery4 ,it is hardly probable that such a movement will meet with any considerable measure of success1 for the idea that the ring is a symbol of faith has become too deeply rooted in the popular mind to warrant the rejection of the time-honored usage4 ,perhaps the objection of the extreme advocates of 8woman's rights0 might be satisfied by the introduction of an interchange of rings both at engagements and marriages4 ,this exchange of rings is an acknowledgment of the mutuality of the relation1 and it has been practiced1 and still is practiced in many countries on the ,european continent4 ,moreover1 the introduction of this usage in ,england and the ,united ,states would afford scope for a broadening of the symbolism connected with these rings1 by differentiating them in some way1 so that they might signify the special virtues each of the contracting parties bring to their mutual relation4 ,this differentiation would in no wise imply any subjection1 but would merely emphasize those fundamental distinctions1 without which the true progress of the world would be checked4 ,real equality consists in the untrammeled development of the characteristic excellences1 not in any arbitrary reduction of all to some preconceived standard4 ,of all the marriage-medals that have been struck none can be said to equal in beauty of design and tenderness of sentiment that designed in #ahie by the great ,french medallist ,oscar ,roty 7#ahdf-aiaa74 ,the obverse shows the bridegroom about to place the wedding-ring on the bride's hand1 but in the very act of doing so1 he is impelled to look upward1 as though calling for ,heaven's blessing upon his marriage4 ,the girlish bride has her head slightly bent down in token of assent4 ,the scene is in the open country2 the figures are seated opposite to one another on plain stone seats1 and the landscape background is ,rafaelesque in its delicate beauty4 ,beneath1 in the exergue1 is the single word 8,semper10 an earnest that the solemn contract so gladly and so religiously entered into will be kept for this world and for the great future4 ,the reverse shows a statue of ,cupid on a fountain pedestal2 alongside rises the trunk of a sturdy oak4 ,on the right is ample space for a dedicatory inscription4 ,the companion-piece1 ,roty's second marriage medal1 executed ten or more years later1 although a noble work1 falls something short of his first effort4 ,here the bridegroom1 who displays no ring1 kneels before the bride with uplifted head1 the ,french motto reading 8,a ,elle ,toujours0 78,forever ,hers072 on the reverse is a church altar4 ,under this is a plaque1 enclosing which are roses1 oak-leaves and acorns4 ,illustration3 ,,marriage ,,medals ,,by ,,the ,,great ,,french ,,medallist1 ,,oscar ,,roty 7#ahdf-aiaa7 ,the upper medal shows the putting on of the wedding ring ,illustration3 ,,betrothal ,,ring ,,of ,,gold ,,in ,,form ,,of ,,so-,,called 8,,puzzle ,,ring0 ,six connecting hoops1 three of them enameled1 two others with clasped hands1 and the sixth with a key and a winged angel's head4 ,seventeenth ,century4 ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,,betrothal ,,ring ,,of ,,gold ,inscribed in ,old ,french 8,il est dit0 and 8,elle me tien0 7literally 8,it is said 7spoken70 and 8,she 7or it7 holds me074 ,french4 ,fifteenth ,century4 ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,,love ,,ring ,,of ,,gold1 ,,enameled ,,and ,,set ,,with ,,precious ,,stones ,the bezel has a lid on which is enameled a head wearing a domino mask2 it is framed by seventeen rubies4 ,when the lid is raised there appears beneath an oval1 enameled with a heart1 around which is the motto3 8,pour vous seule0 7,for you alone74 ,the interior of the lid is hollowed out to serve as a receptacle for hair4 ,on the ribbon-like hoop is the inscription3 8,sous le masque la vrit0 7,beneath the mask is truth74 ,about #ahjj4 ,formerly belonged to the great ,viennese tragic actress ,charlotte ,wolter4 ,a type of ring of occasional use1 not distantly related to the wedding ring1 comprises the so-called 8pacifying10 or teething rings1 generally made of ivory1 rubber or celluloid1 and large enough for one or two fingers of a child4 ,diagonally on the hoop is a flat1 circular piece of the same material as that of which the ring is made1 and which prevents it from slipping into the mouth of the child4 ,upon this flat piece is mounted a small bit of rubber or ivory for the child to suck or bite upon1 to develop its teeth1 or at least to keep it quiet4 ,what might be called a 8,latitude and ,longitude ,ring10 would be an attractive memento of engagement and marriage4 ,there would be a narrow band showing1 around it1 a degree of latitude marked with longitudes1 and having a small star at the place where the parties became engaged1 and a double star at the spot where they were married4 ,a few appropriate inscriptions on modern engagement rings are as follows3 8,our engagement02 8,my love to thine02 8,to her who merits all my love02 8,to my ,pet02 8,to my #8,chiquita' from ,bill10 this last in ,spanish4 ,in a more serious vein we have3 8,time-,eternity10 and 8,perfect love casteth out fear40 ,occasionally there is a note of sadness1 as appears in the inscription3 8,faithful1 but unhappy40 ,a ring bearing the words 8,stick to me1 my darling0 may show that the fianc was a trifle distrustful of his lady love's constancy2 another who sets in his ring 8,firm and ,true0 makes us infer that he had more faith4 ,the three words 8,bessie sweet sixteen0 show that early engagements sometimes occur even in our sophisticated age4 ,on ornaments other than rings1 bestowed in connection with either engagement or marriage1 we read3 8,my heart ,i take not back from thee4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l40 and 8,thine own wish1 wish ,i thee4 ,a4 ,b4 ,t4 ,r4 ,v4 ,p40 ,a curious inscription runs3 8,a nasty cold face and metal eye10 and we have3 8,for my sake wear this1 it is a manacle of love40 ,modern wedding rings are often inscribed with pious sentiments1 such1 for instance1 as3 8,all for ,jesus02 8,each for the other1 both for ,god02 8,our unity is ,christ02 8,mercifully ordain that we may grow old together02 8,in ,christ and in ,thee my comfort shall be02 8,god gave thee to me02 8,through weal and through woe1 to each other on earth1 to ,god in ,heaven4 ,always true to ,bertha40 ,a somewhat philosophic sentiment appears in the words3 8,ultimate ,good1 not present pleasure40 ,latin inscriptions are now quite rare1 but here is one3 8,si ,deus nobiscum1 quis contra nos80 7,if ,god be with us1 who can be against us87 ,in other cases the legend is more worldly3 8,love for ,love0 and 8,he that taketh a wife hath a good thing40 ,let us hope that this optimist was not mistaken in his confidence4 ,another bridegroom declares that he1 at least1 has a 8good thing10 for he places in his ring the simple motto3 8,carrie suits40 ,if she suits him1 that is enough4 ,lastly1 we have the most satisfactory inscription of all1 since it testifies to the result of one fortunate experiment2 this reads3 8,in token of #cj years fidelity as ,wife and ,mother40 ,the use of a diamond ring for betrothals seems to have been general toward the end of the fifteenth century1 for royal personages at least1 to judge from a letter written from ,ghent on ,july #cj1 #adgg1 by ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,moroltinger to ,archduke 7later ,emperor7 ,maximilian1 just before his betrothal to ,mary of ,burgundy1 daughter of ,charles the ,bold4 ,this letter runs3 8,at the betrothal your ,grace must have a ring set with a diamond and also a gold ring4 ,moreover1 in the morning your ,grace must bestow upon the bride some costly jewels40#cib ,from time immemorial we have had wedding-rings1 but it seems that in view of the great number of divorces now granted we might well introduce the custom of giving 8divorce-rings10 for at no time in the history of the ,christian world have there been more divorces than at the present day4 ,this divorce-ring might be differentiated from the old-fashioned wedding-ring by substituting the inscription ,a ,b ,c from ,d ,b ,f for ,a ,b ,c and ,d ,e ,f4 ,a novel idea in divorce-rings is reported from ,chicago1 where a fashionable divorce had her wedding-ring made smaller so that she could wear it on the little finger of her left hand as a divorce-ring4 ,however1 we fear that if this idea should be generally adopted1 the little finger would scarcely offer room for the series of rings that some of our theatrical stars would have to wear4 ,perhaps in some cases this wearing of the wedding-ring1 even in a modified form1 after a divorce1 might be intended to indicate that the old love had not wholly vanished1 and that some day those who had been put asunder could be rejoined1 as occasionally happens now-a-days4 ,at weddings in ,tunis1 the ,arabs have the custom of placing the wedding-ring upon the first finger of the left hand1 and the finger and toe-nails of the bride receive an especially rich coloring of henna on this occasion1 staining them a deep red2 her eyebrows also are heavily pencilled and joined across the nose so that they form a single bar over the eyes4 ,in order to make the home-coming as auspicious as possible1 a gilded pair of horns are set above the portal of the house1 along with the favorite charm known as 8the hand of ,fatima10 believed to afford safety from the malign influence of the ,evil ,eye1 so much dreaded in the ,east and in some ,occidental lands also4#cic ,an interesting incident in which a ring plays an important part is related in connection with the visit of ,secretary1 afterward ,president ,taft1 accompanied by a number of prominent ,americans1 to the ,sulu ,islands a few years ago4 ,mrs4 ,longworth1 then ,miss ,alice ,roosevelt1 was one of the party1 and the ,sultan of ,sulu1 ,jamalul ,kiram ,,ii1 expressed a great desire to be introduced to her4 ,the favor was readily accorded1 and on the day set for the interview the ,sultan and several ,sulu dattos1 or chiefs1 duly presented themselves4 ,one of the dattos was a mortal enemy of the ,sultan1 but naturally on this occasion all personal or political feuds were forgotten for the time being4 ,after the ,sultan had been presented to ,miss ,roosevelt1 came the turn of the rebellious datto1 who approached the sprightly young ,american girl1 greeted her1 and presented to her a native pearl of great beauty1 which was graciously accepted4 ,the chagrin of the ,sultan may easily be imagined1 for he had forgotten to provide himself with a suitable gift1 and now his mortal enemy was basking in the sunshine of favor1 while he himself1 the lord paramount1 was neglected4 ,suddenly his eye fell upon a ring set with a magnificent pearl which he wore on his left hand4 ,he immediately took off this ring1 and again approaching ,miss ,roosevelt1 gave it to her4 ,as the ,sultan's pearl far exceeded in beauty and value that given by the datto1 the former's dignity was cleared of all reproach and the situation was saved4 ,a curious sequel to this incident was the circulation of a report in the press to the effect that the ,sultan of ,sulu had made an offer of marriage to ,miss ,roosevelt4 ,this proved how closely the gift of a ring is associated with the idea of engagement or marriage4 ,a ,pennsylvania 7,u4 ,s4 ,a47 court has been called upon to decide whether the gift of an engagement ring bestowed by a man just prior to a declaration of bankruptcy1 should be looked upon as a transfer of assets to the prejudice of the creditors4 ,the fact that in this case the fair recipient of the ring was a jeweller's daughter might be thought to render it likely that this particular engagement ring was of substantial intrinsic value4 ,the court reserved its decision4 ,a choice of pretty 8posies0 for rings was offered to seventeenth century readers in a ,london publication entitled 8,love's ,garland2 or ,posies for ,rings1 ,handkerchiefs and ,gloves1 and ,such ,pretty ,tokens as ,lovers ,send ,their ,loves40 ,unyielding constancy found expression in the couplets3 ,where once ,i choose ,i ne'er refuse4 ,hearts content ,can ne'er repent4 ,another verse makes a very modest claim for an expression of gratitude on the part of the recipient3 ,the sight of this ,deserves a kiss4 ,the warmth of reciprocated love is thus asserted3 ,in thee a flame ,in me the same4 ,another lover wishes to proclaim that his love will rise superior to all offenses3 ,no bitter smart ,can change my heart4 ,a more serious and trusting posy runs3 ,to me till death ,as dear as breath4 ,a ring mentioned in an old ,english record dating from #adgc1 offers apparently an early example of a so-called 8posy0 ring4 ,it is here termed a 8hope rynge with scrytorio0 7inscription72 this1 together with a brooch adorned with the figure of a 8jyntylle woman10 was pledged with a certain ,richard ,walker to secure a small loan of #d #h;d4#cid ,a good example of a 8ring posie0 is given by ,ben ,jonson in his play 8,the ,magnetic ,lady1 or ,humours ,reconciled10 first licensed for performance in #afcb1 during the reign of ,charles ,i1 and but five years before ,jonson's death4 ,here1 when bride and groom come before the parson to be wedded1 he asks the bridegroom3 ,have you a wedding ring8 ,to which the latter replies3 ,ay1 and a posie3 ,annulus hic nobis1 quod sic uterque1 dabit4 ,this the parson quickly renders as follows3 ,this ring will give you what you both desire2 ,i'll make the whole house shout it1 and the parish4 ,on other pages a number of characteristic and striking ring-inscriptions are given1 but in view of the wide range of these 8posies0 7poesies7 and mottoes1 a fairly full list of them1 compiled from various sources1 may be of interest here4#cie ,the ,french mottoes are nearly all in ,old ,french1 and the ,english spellings of those of the seventeenth century are delightfully irregular4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,young ,,woman4 ,,dutch ,,school ,large rings on little finders of right and left hands2 large ring on third joint of left-hand fourth finger1 and smaller one on second joint of the same finger2 plain gold ring 7wedding ring87 on fourth finger of left hand ,kaiserliche ,gemlde-,galerie1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,,known ,,as ,,the 8,,master ,,of ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,mary10 ,,from ,,his ,,most ,,noted ,,picture ,rings on index and little fingers of right hand ,knigliche ,gemlde-,galerie1 ,cassel ,till death divide4 ,nemo nisi mors4 7,no one but ,death74 ,tout pour bein feyre4 7,all to do well74 ,in bone fay4 7,in good faith74 ,sans mal desyr4 7,without evil wish74 ,amor vincit om4 7,love conquers all things74 ,till my life's end4 ,erunt duo in carne una4 7,they shall be two in one flesh74 ,semper amemus4 7,may we love forever74 ,in ,christ and thee my comfort be4 ,honeur et joye4 7,honor and joy74 ,let reason rule affection4 ,god continue to love us4 ,mon cur avez4 7,you have my heart74 ,deux corps ung cuer4 7,two bodies and one heart74 ,amour et constance4 7,love and constancy74 ,god unite our hearts aright4 ,knit in one by ,christ alone4 ,god's providence is our inheritance4 ,our contract was heaven's act4 ,in thee1 my choice1 do ,i rejoice4 ,god above increase our love4 ,my heart and ,i1 until ,i dye4 ,not two1 but one1 till life be gone4 ,when this you see1 remember me4 ,julia is mine own peculiar4 ,i cannot show the love ,i ,o4 ,we strangely met1 and so do many1 ,but now as true as ever any4 #afeh4 ,as we begun1 so let's continue4 ,my beloved is mine1 and ,i am hers4 ,true blue will never stain4 #afec4 ,against thou goest1 ,i will provide another4 #afeh4 ,in loving thee1 ,i love myself4 #afeh4 ,let him never take a wife1 ,that will not love her as his life4 ,a heart content cannot repent4 ,i do not repent ,i gave consent4 ,no gift can show the love ,i owe4 ,what the heart saw the love hath chosen4 ,love one little1 but love one long4 ,love him who gave thee this ring of gold1 ',tis he must kiss thee when thou art old4 ,this circle1 though but small about1 ,the devil1 jealousy1 will keep out4 ,if ,i think my wife is fair1 ,what need other people care8 #afec4 ,god's appointment is my contentment4 ,love1 ,i like thee2 sweet1 requite me4 ,with heart and hand at your command4 ,my heart in silence speaks to thee1 ,though absence barrs tongue's liberty4 ,faithful ever3 deceitful never4 ,i like1 ,i love as turtle dove4 ,as gold is pure1 so love is sure4 ,despise not mee3 yt joyes in thee4 ,if you deny1 then sure ,i dye4 ,your right is my delight4 ,as true1 bee just4 ,no better smart shall change my heart4 ,this ring is a token ,i give to thee1 ,that thou no tokens do change for me4 ,my dearest ,betty is good and pretty4 #afeh4 ,i did commit no act of folly1 ,when ,i married my sweet ,molly4 #afeh4 ',tis fit no man should be alone1 ,which made ,tom to marry ,joan4 #afeh4 ,sue is bonny1 blythe1 and brown2 ,this ring hath made her now my own4 #afeh4 ,like ,phillis there is none3 ,she truly loves her ,choridon4 #afeh4 ,my life is done when thou art gone4 #afec4 ,this hath no end1 my sweetest friend3 ,our loves be so1 no ending know4 ,god send her me my wife to be4 ,as ,god decreed so we agreed4 ,take hand and heart1 ,i'll ne'er depart4 ,love and dye in constancy4 ,a virtuous wife that serveth life4 ,as long as life yr loving wife4 ,i will be yours while breath endures4 ,love is sure where faith is pure4 ,a virtuous wife doth banish strife4 ,god did forsee we should agree4 ,love me1 and be happy4 ,none can prevent the ,lord's intent4 ,virtue surpasses riches4 ,let virtue rest within thy breast4 ,time lesseneth not my love4 ,joye without end4 ,let lykinge last4 ,this and giver are thine for ever4 ,think on mee4 ,let love increase4 ,thou art my star1 be not irregular4 #afec4cif ,without thy love ,i backward move4 #afac4 ,thine eyes so bright are my chief delight4 #afec4 ,this intimates true lovers' states4 #afec4 ,thou wert not handsome1 wise1 but rich2 ',twas that which did my eyes bewitch4 #afeh4cig ,as we begun1 so let's continue4 #afeh4 ,what the eye saw the heart hath chosen4 #afeh4 ,more faithful than fortunate4 #afeh4 ,constancy and heaven are round1 ,and in this the emblem's found4 ,as ,god hath knit our hearts in one1 ,let nothing part but death alone4 ,god our love continue ever1 ,that we in heaven may live together4 ,weare me out1 love shall not waste1 ,love beyond lyvie still is placed4 ,weare this text1 and when you looke ,uppon your finger1 sweare by th' booke4 ,there is no other1 and ,i am he1 ,that loves no other1 and thou art she4 ,eye doth find1 heart doth choose1 ,faith doth bind1 death doth loose4 ,as ,god hath made my chyce in thee1 ,so move thy heart to comfort me4 ,god yt hath kept thy heart for mee1 ,grant that our love may faithful bee4 ,fear ye the ,lord then rest content1 ,so shall we live and not repent4 ,divinely knit by grace are wee1 ,late two1 now one1 ye pledge here see4 #afeg4 ,breake not thy vow to please the eye1 ,but keepe thy love1 so live and dye4 ,love thy chast wife beyond thy life4 #afja4 ,i love the rod and thee and ,god4 #afdf4 ,pray to love2 love to pray4 #afdi4 ,more weare--more wear4 #afeb4 ,endless as this shall be our bliss4 #agai4 ,be truly wise lest death surprise4 ,live in love and fear the ,lord4 ,godly love will not remove4 ,united hearts death only partes4 ,you and ,i will lovers die4 ,we joyn our love in ,christ above4 ,god gives increase to love and peace4 ,god did decree our unitie4 ,heart content cannot repent4 ,live1 love1 and be happie4 ,noe heart more true than mine to you4 ,in thee ,i find content of mind4 ,a blessing we do hope to see4 ,in love divine we love to joine4 ,hearts united live contented4 ,in love and joy ,i will live and die4 ,in thy breast my heart shall rest4 ,the love is true that ,i4,o4,u4 ,my love is fixed ,i will not range4 ,i like my choice too well to change4 ,this is the thing ,i wish to win4 ,my promise past shall ever last4 ,well projected if accepted4 ,god thought fit this knott to knitt4 ,thy ,desart hath won my heart4 ,true love is the bond of peace4 ,let our contest be who loves best4 ,thine eyes so bright are my chief delight4 ,our loves be so no ending know4 ,my pledge ,i prove of mutuall love4 ,gift and giver1 your servants ever4 ,lel ami avet4 7,thou hast a loyal friend74 ,remember ,him who died for thee1 ,and after that remember me4 ,take hand and heart1 ile ne'er depart4 ,breake not thy vow to please the eye1 ,but keepe thy love1 so live and dye4 ,i will be yours while breath endures4 ,i am sent to salute you from a faithfull friend4 ,this and my heart4 ,too light to requite4 ,your sight1 my delight4 ,for a kiss1 take this4 ,my heart you have and yours ,i crave4 ,the want of thee is grief to mee4 ,privata di te morir4 7,deprived of thee ,i shall die74 ,mon esprit est partout1 ,mon cur est avec vous4 7,my mind is everywhere1 ,my heart is with you74 ,faithfull ever1 deceitfull never4 ,god's blessing be on thee and me4 ,love him in heart whose joy thou art4 ,a loving wife prolongeth life4 ,desire hath set my heart on fire4 ,both or neither1 chuse you whether4 ,parting is vayne when love doth remayne4 ,i fancy none but thee alone4 ,god sent her me my wife to be4 ,this is your will1 to save or kill4 ,if you deny1 then sure ,i dye4 ,your sight1 my delight4 ,joyfull love this ring do prove4 ,in thee ,i prove the joy of love4 ,silence ends strife with man and wife4 ,this ring doth binde body and minde4 ,death never parts such loving hearts4 ,body and mind in thee ,i finde4 ,ryches be unstable ,and beauty will dekay1 ,but faithful love will ever last ,till death dryve it away4 ,one of those posies might seem to refer covertly to the length of the foregoing list3 ,this hath no end1 my sweetest friend4 #afec4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,rings ,,in ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,fine ,,arts1 ,,boston #a1 silver and gilt2 pierced with scrolls and the 8,little ,monk0 of ,munich4 ,modern4 ,bavarian4 #b1 ,tyrolese4 ,peasant's engagement ring of silver with design of two hearts and scrolls4 #c1 ,french 7874 ,said to have belonged to a collateral branch of the ,montmorency family4 ,gold1 large garnet with emerald each side2 the crown composed of pearls and small diamonds4 ,bought in ,london4 #d1 ,chinese ornament4 #e1 heavy silver1 set with malachite4 #f1 ,chinese ornament4 #g1 ,italian 7874 ,peasant's engagement ring of silver4 #h1 ,italian4 ,gold1 set with a turquoise1 a horse's head in white enamel at either side4 #i1 ,tyrolese4 ,silver1 set with a chamois tooth for good luck4 #aj1 ,french4 ,bishop's ring of gold and silver4 ,enameled bezel set with an almandine and diamonds4 ,bought in ,geneva4 #aa1 ,italian4 ,sixteenth ,century style4 ,gold set with a garnet4 #ab1 ,italian 7874 ,silver1 set with a large crystal 7874 ,black and white enamel on bezel4 #ac1 ,italian4 ,gold1 set with a cluster of red and green stones alternating2 a crystal in the centre4 #ad1 gilt1 set with red glass 7874 #ae1 bronze1 decoration in relief4 #af1 ,italian4 ,gold set with turquoises4 #ag1 ,french 7874 ,gold1 set with a brilliant4 #ah1 ,laplandish4 ,silver-gilt with pierced design4 ,illustration3 ,,jacques ,,guay1 ,,court ,,gem ,,engraver ,,of ,,louis ,,xv1 ,,engraving ,,gems ,,in ,,his ,,workroom ,,at ,,the ,,louvre ,mariette1 8,trait des ,pierres ,graves10 ,paris1 #agej ,the sacred and peculiar quality of a ring that has been given to a man by his wife as a memorial of marriage is expressed in strong terms in ,shakespeare's ,merchant of ,venice 7,act v1 sc4 #a74 ,one of these rings was given by ,nerissa to ,gratiano1 the other by ,portia to ,bassanio4 ,when ,gratiano is charged with having parted with his ring1 he defends himself by making light of it but is rebuked for this by ,nerissa4 ,the verses run as follows3 ,gratiano3 444 a hoop of gold1 a paltry ring ,that she did give me1 whose posy was ,for all the world like cutler's poetry ,upon a knife1 8,love me1 and leave me not40 ,nerissa3 ,what talk you of the posy or the value8 ,you swore to me1 when ,i did give it you1 ,that you would wear it till your hour of death1 ,and that it should be with you in your grave4 ,portia1 joining in ,nerissa's feigned rebuke1 says3 ,you are to blame1 ,i must be plain with you1 ,to part so lightly with your wife's first gift2 ,a thing stuck on with oaths upon your finger ,and so riveted with faith unto your flesh4 ,i gave my love a ring and made him swear ,never to part with it2 and here he stands2 ,i dare be sworn for him he would not leave it1 ,nor pluck it from his finger1 for the wealth ,that the world masters4 ,bassanio1 however1 is forced to confess that he1 too1 has relinquished his ring4 ,of course1 as all readers of ,shakespeare know1 both ,portia and ,nerissa have these rings in their own possession1 since they themselves were1 in disguise1 the judge and the clerk to whom ,bassanio and ,gratiano unwillingly yielded them4 ,while the finger-ring was known to the ,chinese from a very early period1 it never seems to have enjoyed great favor with them4 ,according to primitive court etiquette in that land1 the ,emperor's 8leading lady0--for the time being--had to wear a silver ring at court4 ,in case she presented her sovereign with a descendant1 she was rewarded by the gift of a gold ring1 which she wore on one of the fingers of her left hand4 ,about the mid-period of the ,han dynasty 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bba ,a4,d47 nephrite 7jade7 rings were known as well as those with stone setting but they were only rarely used as ornaments4#cih ,,vi ,,the ,,religious ,,use ,,of ,,rings ,the adornment of rings with religious emblems1 and their use as insignia of office for the higher ecclesiastics and for the priests of the ancient ethnic religions will be considered in the present chapter4 ,of special interest are the rings used by ,roman ,catholic popes1 cardinals and bishops1 the usage in this direction having varied considerably in the different periods4 ,with regard to the engravings on many ancient rings it may often be difficult1 however1 to know whether a religious symbol1 or the conventional figure of a divinity1 has been used in a strictly religious sense1 or merely for ornamental purposes4 ,the employment of rings as religious symbols is often bound up with their use in some other way1 as in the case of many seal rings for instance4 ,this was undoubtedly the case with a large number of the ancient rings noted in earlier chapters4 ,here we have endeavored to group together those which were more exclusively religious in their character1 the ecclesiastical rings1 especially those worn by ,roman ,catholic popes1 cardinals and bishops1 constituting of course a large part of these4 ,a very few examples will serve as brief illustrations of the religious use of rings in pagan times4 ,there is in the ,louvre1 among the ,egyptian antiquities1 a gold ring engraved with figures of two horses4 ,the symbol of the ,sun-,god which it bears is believed to signify the gratitude of ,rameses ,,ii--to whom this ring is attributed--for the aid of the divinity in securing the king's victory over the ,khetas in one of his ,asiatic campaigns4 ,unquestionably many of the engraved scarabs set in ,egyptian rings had a specifically religious significance1 and the same is true of the engravings on the chatons of gold rings1 as1 for example1 in the case of that worn by the priest in charge of the ,pyramid of ,cheops 7,khufu74 ,some of these have already been described in the chapter on signets1 the essential use of these rings being for sealing4 ,in many other cases the presence of a divine name as a component of the royal name1 or in a royal title1 probably had not much more of a distinctly religious meaning than the 8,dei ,gratia0 on the coins of ,european rulers4 ,the rings worn by the high priests of ,jupiter 7flamines ,diales71 who had1 ex-officio1 the rank of senators1 were made hollow and of openwork4 ,this particular form is said to have been chosen for mystic and symbolic reasons1 as showing that everything indicating hardness or severity1 the restriction of liberty1 or arduous labor1 was to be held aloof from this flamen1 who1 with those of ,mars and ,quirinus 7,romulus71 belonged to the group of greater priests selected from the patrician order4#cii ,the conjecture that we should seek here the origin of ,christian episcopal rings is very far-fetched1 the general symbolism of the ring as an emblem of eternity1 and its bestowal as a mark of rank1 having been probably sufficient determining factors4 ,no one1 man or woman1 was permitted to enter the sanctuary of the 8,mistress0 at ,lycosura1 wearing a ring on any finger2 only rings destined for dedication might be brought into the temple4#djj ,this is attested by an inscription from the second century ,b4,c42 the regulation must1 however1 date from an earlier period4 ,the same prohibition as to wearing rings was decreed in the case of all those who wished to seek for enlightenment from the oracle of ,faunus1 and the petitioners were also required to abstain from meat and to preserve their chastity4 ,the ring was supposed to interfere with the freedom of the spirit to receive the divine grace or counsel4#dja ,of rings apparently dedicated to some deity1 the rich ,british ,museum collection has several examples4 ,a bronze ring1 having a thin rounded hoop1 to the ends of which a transverse oval plate has been soldered1 bears an inscription in ,greek letters signifying 8,great is the name of ,serapis02 this ring is late ,roman1 from a time when the worship of ,serapis was wide-spread in the ,roman world4 ,an octagonal ring of solid gold may have been dedicated to ,apollo1 as it is engraved with the name of this divinity2 the two sides of the octagon flanking the central one bear1 respectively1 engravings of a crescent and of a star4 ,an inscription found in ,delos records several rings dedicated to the ,delian temple by ,stratonice1 wife of ,seleucos ,i1 ,nicator 7#cfe-bha ,b4,c474 ,one of these was a gold ring1 set with a sard on which was engraved the image of ,apollo1 the temple god2 a gold ring dedicated to both ,apollo and ,artemis1 and having the image of a ,victory2 and another gold ring1 set with a stone on which was engraved an inscription signifying that it was dedicated by ,queen ,stratonice1 daughter of ,demetrius1 to the ,artemis of ,delos4#djb ,in a list of jewels dedicated to ,isis1 engraved on the base of an ancient statue of that goddess at ,alicante1 ,spain1 four rings are noted4 ,two of them had emerald settings1 while the other two1 placed on the little finger of the statue1 were set with diamonds4 ,this inscription contains the name of the donor1 ,fabia ,fabiana1 and the statement that the gift was made on behalf of her granddaughter ,avita4 ,the statue has disappeared1 but the inscription still calls to mind the honor it received in long past time and the brilliancy of the jewel decoration1 for beside the rings1 a pearl and emerald earring was inserted in either ear2 about the neck was a necklace of four rows of emeralds and pearls2 two circlets composed of eleven beryls and two emeralds clasped the ankles1 and two bracelets set with eight emeralds and eight pearls spanned the wrists4#djc ,there does not appear to have been any 8,rabbi's ,ring0 worn as an insignia of office1 although many rabbis owned and wore engraved rings1 perhaps using them as signets4 ,of this class may be an old ring referred to the time of ,judah ,hanasi 7#age-bdg ,a4,d471 now in the ,albertinus ,home in ,dresden1 ,saxony4 ,it is set with an amethyst on which has been engraved the seven-branched candlestick1 one of the adornments of the ,temple and figured on the ,arch of ,titus1 in ,rome1 as among the treasures borne off by the victorious ,romans after the fall of ,jerusalem in #gj ,a4,d4 ,rabbi ,judah ben ,ezekiel 7#bbj-bii ,a4,d47 had a ring showing the figure of a man's head4 ,the design on a ring of ,rabba bar ,rabbi ,huna 7ca4 #cjj ,a4,d47 depicted a palm1 while on a fifth century ring worn by another ,rabbi ,judah ,hanasi was engraved the figure of a fish4#djd ,the following principal symbolic or typical designs have been observed upon early ,christian rings3#dje ,the lyre1 rare4 ,a ship1 denoting the life-voyage of the ,christian to the port of salvation4 ,an anchor1 emblem of constancy and of hope4 ,a dove1 symbolical of innocence and typical of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,alpha and ,omega1 the ,greek characters1 first and last of the alphabet4 ,symbol of ,christ1 as in ,rev4 i1 #h3 8,i am ,alpha and ,omega1 the beginning and the ending1 saith the ,lord40 ,the ,monogram of ,christ formed of the first two ,greek letters of the name ,christos1 the so-called ,chrisma combining the ,x 7,ch7 and the ,p 7r74 ,the ,good ,shepherd1 with the lost sheep on his shoulder4 ,scenes from the life of ,christ4 ,episodes of the story of ,jonah1 as ,jesus cited this story when speaking of the ,resurrection4 ,daniel in the ,lion's ,den1 a triumph of faith which must have appealed strongly to the ,christians in time of persecution1 when those of the faith were often given as prey to wild beasts4 ,elijah borne to heaven1 probably typical of the resurrection4 ,orpheus playing on the lyre4 ,this pagan design was given a ,christian meaning1 mainly because of certain spurious ,orphic poems foreshadowing the birth of ,christ4 ,fall of ,adam and ,eve4 ,here the meaning is quite obvious3 8,as in ,adam all died so in ,christ shall all be made alive10 as the apostle ,paul wrote4 ,the ,ark of ,noah2 ,god's promise to save mankind4 ,a lion1 evidently signifying the ,lion of the ,tribe of ,judah1 applied to ,christ4 ,a lamb1 typical of ,christ and of ,christians4 ,in the ,gospel of ,john1 ii1 #cf1 ,john the ,baptist exclaimed on seeing ,jesus3 8,behold the ,lamb of ,god40 ,a hare4 ,this may denote the dangers which so often menaced the early ,christians1 who had to be constantly apprehensive1 as a hare is of the hunters4 ,a phnix2 naturally figuring the ,resurrection4 ,a peacock4 ,this has a similar meaning1 for the peacock1 ,juno's bird1 had been used by the ,romans as an emblem of the apotheosis of an empress4 ,a cock1 as awakener of grace1 and typical of the awakening of mankind to the true faith4 ,a serpent4 ,this may seem strange as a ,christian symbol1 but it denotes foresight1 and recalls the ,gospel monition1 8,be ye wise as serpents and harmless as doves40 ,a ,christian gem evidences this interpretation1 for on either side of the serpent is figured a dove4 ,the vine2 suggested by the words of ,christ3 8,i am the vine and ye are the branches40 ,a blade of wheat4 ,the harvest of souls8 ,the symbolic design of a ship traversing the sea was used in early ,christian funeral sculptures1 and also in pagan ,rome1 to denote the course of life4 ,for the ,christians the tempest-tossed vessel of life found its port and resting place in death4 ,this idea is rudely figured in a design on a sepulchral stone1 in memory of a certain ,firmia ,victoria1 from one of the early ,christian cemeteries of ,rome4 ,on it appears a ship riding the waves1 and in the background a four-storied tower from which rises a flame1 the lighthouse marking the final port toward which the vessel bends its course4#djf ,of the few designs engraved upon ,grco-,roman rings which were permitted to the early ,christians1 the dove1 as has been noted1 symbolized the ,holy ,spirit2 a fish became a ,christian symbol because the ,greek word for fish 7ichthus7 gave the initial letters of ,iesus ,christos1 ,theou huios1 ,soter 7,jesus ,christ1 ,the ,son of ,god1 the ,saviour74 ,an anchor1 or the representation of a fisherman1 recalls to mind the ,fisherman's ,ring of the ,roman pontiff4 ,the fish symbol appears on an engraved ,gnostic gem bearing the head of ,christ surrounded with the ,greek letters of his name4 ,this offers one of the types current in the third and fourth ,christian centuries4 ,we have the testimony of ,st4 ,augustine that the diversity of types in his time was very great1 and that no record remained of what ,christ's physical appearance really was4#djg ,the oldest portrait is believed to be that on the ceiling of a chapel in the cemetery of ,st4 ,calixtus at ,rome1 and the type presented here is that which has persisted essentially to the present day4 ,the ring of the ,christian martyr ,saturus was a precious memorial of his death for the faith4 ,when he had already received his death-blow1 he took off his ring and moistening it with the blood that was flowing from his wound1 handed it to the ,roman soldier1 ,pudeus1 who was present at his death1 but was a secret convert to the ,christian faith1 charging the soldier to guard it as a heritage and a reminder that true faith was rather confirmed than weakened by the martyr's death4#djh ,a tender and beautiful allusion to a religious ring is contained in the account of the life and death of ,st4 ,marcina the ,younger 7ca4 #ccj-cgi ,a4,d471 by her brother ,st4 ,gregory ,nyassa4 ,when1 after the death of this pious daughter of ,basil the ,great1 her body was being prepared for burial1 there was found1 suspended by a cord from her neck and resting just over her heart1 an iron ring4 ,on its chaton was engraved a cross1 and in a hollow space beneath was secreted a small fragment of the ,true ,cross4 ,this ring the brother removed1 declaring that it should be his precious heritage1 the more sacred that it recalled the cross of ,christ1 not only by its engraved design1 but still more by the priceless memento placed beneath this4#dji ,an antique ivory ring found at ,arles in ,france bears inscriptions denoting that it had been designed for use as a ,gnostic amulet1 and illustrating the peculiar eclecticism of ,gnostic belief4 ,the monogram of ,christ appears here between the two ,greek letters and 1 symbolizing the beginning and the end#daj2 added to this is the name ,,abra,,ax 7,abrasax1 ,abraxas71 the favorite designation of the ,creative ,energy among the ,gnostics4#daa ,a ,christian talismanic ring in the ,british ,museum is set with a red jasper upon which is engraved1 in ,greek characters3 ,,ihcoyc ,,oeoy ,,yioc ,,thpe1 8,jesus son of ,god1 preserve 7me740#dab ,to jasper at all times has been accorded a high rank among talismanic stones1 more especially to the green and red varieties1 the latter being particularly favored where protection was sought against death from wounds or hemorrhage4 ,oriental ,christian rings include many unusual types4 ,the ,british ,museum has one of gold1 with engraved and nielloed ornament2 on the flat octagonal hoop is depicted the ,annunciation1 in the rigid1 hieratic style of ,byzantine art4 ,the ,virgin is seated on a high-backed chair2 before her stands the archangel ,gabriel4 ,the hoop bears as inscription the first words of the angel's greeting1 in ,greek characters 7,luke i1 #bh3 8,hail thou that art highly favoured1 the ,lord is with thee4074 ,this ring is believed to belong to the seventh century ,a4,d41 and is a very characteristic example of the type4#dac ,three ,merovingian rings found in ,august1 #ahhe1 on the skeleton finger of a woman1 at ,aigusy1 dept4 ,aisne1 offer proof that in this period many rings were sometimes worn on a single finger4 ,the upper and lower are plain silver rings1 but the central one1 of bronze1 has a circular bezel on which is engraved a cross1 with1 at its angles1 the nails of the ,passion4 ,another ring1 from the same locality1 with a cross of simpler form engraved on the chaton was found attached to a chain4 ,both ring and chain are of bronze1 the ring1 presumably a signet1 having been worn suspended by the owner1 instead of on the hand4 ,a silver ring from the same ,french department1 bears the ,latin inscription ,v ,i ,v ,a ,s1 and in six compartments the following symbolic figures3 a dove holding a branch2 a lamb1 above which is a star2 an upright palm2 a stag2 a fantastic animal figure1 and a hare4 ,these symbols1 most of which are characteristically ,christian1 and the ,latin invocation 8mayst thou live10 vivas1 usually followed by the words 8in ,deo0 7in ,god71 point clearly to the religious faith of the owner of the ring4 ,it is true that the presence of a gold solidus of ,valentinian ,,ii 7#cge-cib7 in the mouth of the deceased person1 as 8,charon's toll10 might be thought to indicate that we had here to do with a pagan1 were it not well known that this custom was maintained to some extent after the decisive triumph of ,christianity4#dad ,according to ,mercato a toadstone set in a silver ring was preserved in the ,monastery of ,saint ,anne in ,rome4 ,the popular belief was that this ring had belonged to the ,virgin ,mary1 and it was considered to be a cure for fistulas1 if the stone were rubbed around them twelve times4#dae ,the ring known as the betrothal ring of the ,virgin ,mary1 now in the cathedral of ,perugia1 has had a long and eventful history4 ,the following details are taken from a monograph written by ,abbot ,adamo ,rossi4 ,according to the legend1 this ring was given by ,mary to ,st4 ,john1 the 8beloved disciple10 and was taken by him to ,rome in #ie ,a4,d4 ,here it seems to have come into the possession of the ,romans1 and about #bge ,a4,d4 it was in the hands of ,mostiola1 a cousin of ,marcus ,aurelius ,claudius1 and a convert to ,christianity4 ,in the reign of ,aurelian began what was known as the eighth persecution of the ,christians1 and ,mostiola was obliged to flee from ,rome4 ,she sought refuge in ,clusium1 the ancient capital of the ,etruscans1 the ,chuisi of a later time1 but she was seized by the ,roman authorities and died a martyr's death4 ,in the eighth century a church was erected at the spot where she was buried and the ring was guarded therein as a precious relic4 ,about the middle of the thirteenth century this ring was transferred1 for greater security1 from the ,church of ,st4 ,mostiola1 which lay outside the city1 to the cathedral1 where it was seen1 ,april #ag1 #acee1 by ,emperor ,charles ,,iv1 on his return from his coronation4 ,in #adbj1 by order of the bishop1 the ring was taken to the ,church of ,st4 ,francesco4 ,there was a belief that a mysterious virtue emanated from it which acted miraculously upon the sight of those who gazed upon it4 ,learning of this1 ,filippo ,maria1 ,duke of ,milan1 who suffered from a disease of the eye1 requested1 in #adde1 that the ring might be brought to him4 ,although ,pope ,eugene ,,iv supported his request1 the historian inclines to the belief that nothing came of the matter1 for the ,duke became completely blind a year later4 ,among the ,franciscan friars who had the care of the ring was a certain 8,fra ,vinterio0 7,winter71 called 8the ,german10 from the land of his birth4 ,possibly because he was a foreigner1 he became an object of dislike1 and upon the occurrence of a robbery of some articles of value1 his fellow monks eagerly seized upon the occasion to fix the guilt upon the unfortunate ,winter4 ,he was cast into prison and subjected to the most cruel tortures1 but as no avowal could be wrung from him1 he was finally released and resumed his life in the community4 ,however1 although outwardly calm1 the cruelties to which he had been subjected burned into his soul1 and aroused thoughts of vengeance4 ,he could think of but one way to punish his tormentors effectively1 and that was by taking away the precious ring4 ,if this were lost1 the ,chiusans would place the blame upon its careless guardians and would perhaps drive them from the city4 ,winter succeeded in taking wax impressions of the keys of the chamber where the ring was kept and of the case wherein it lay4 ,he had duplicate keys made from these impressions1 and1 on the night of ,july #bc1 #adgc1 he secured possession of the ring4 ,of course he was no longer safe in ,chiusi and he made all haste to ,perugia1 where he determined to rid himself of his treasure and curry favor with the ,perugians by conferring it upon them4 ,his offer was accepted without hesitation1 and when the ,chiusans energetically demanded the return of the ring1 the ,perugians refused compliance4 ,the matter was brought before the ,roman court and was the subject of prolonged controversy4 ,for a time it seemed as though resort would be had to arms1 but finally1 in #adhf1 a decision was reached to the effect that the ring should remain in ,perugia4 ,here it has been preserved ever since1 and many wonderful stories are told of its miraculous virtue4 ,in seasons of prolonged drought and also when the land was deluged by superabundant rains1 the betrothal ring of the ,virgin was solemnly borne from the chapel of ,st4 ,joseph1 where it was kept1 to the high altar1 and the result was always fortunate4 ,whatever may be thought of the credibility of the legend1 there can be no question that this ring is one of the most highly prized relics4 ,it is of chalcedony1 and its form seems to indicate that it was at one time set with a precious stone4 ,on only four days in the year1 ,march #ai1 the second ,sunday in ,july1 ,july #cj1 and ,august #b1 can this unique ring be seen by the public4 ,the betrothal ring of the ,virgin is in the ,capella del ,santo ,anello1 in the left aisle of the ,cathedral1 where the celebrated painting by ,perugino1 the ,spozalizio1 now at ,caen in ,normandy1 was preserved until #agig1 when it was taken off by the ,french invaders4 ,the ornate tabernaculum was executed by the goldsmith ,cesarino del ,roscetto in #aeai4 ,the espousal ring of ,st4 ,anne1 mother of the ,virgin ,mary1 was preserved in the monastery of ,st4 ,sylvester1 at ,rome4 ,it is of unwrought silver1 with a clear crystal set in the middle1 surrounded by black spots and opaque at the back1 so that it reflects images1 just as does a mirror4 ,on the festival of the betrothal of ,st4 ,anne1 the eyes of those whose sight was weak were touched with the ring4#daf ,the curative results of this application were doubtless all that could be desired1 more especially as weak sight is often caused by nervous depression1 or nervous derangements4 ,the body of ,st4 ,caius1 martyred in #bif ,a4,d41 was exhumed from the ,cemetery of ,calixtus1 in ,rome1 on the anniversary of the sainted pope's birth1 ,april #ba1 #afbb1 in the reign of ,pope ,gregory ,,xv4 ,within the sepulchre were found three coins of ,diocletian1 in whose reign ,st4 ,caius 7#bhc-bif ,a4,d47 received the papal crown1 and also the pope's ring1 probably his signet1 although no exact description of it has reached us4#dag ,in the succeeding century there is notice of another ecclesiastical signet-ring1 for in a letter of ,st4 ,augustine 7#ced-dcj7 to ,victorinus1 the ,church ,father concludes with the words3 8,i have sent this epistle sealed with a ring which shows the profile-head of a man40#dah ,as in the case of all the very early bishops' rings1 this one of ,st4 ,augustine was merely his personal signet and had no direct connection with his sacred office4 ,a massive ring of ,pope ,pius ,,ii 7,aeneas ,sylvius ,piccolomini1 #adeg-adfd7 has on the sides of the hoop the coats-of-arms of the ,piccolomini and ,tiara families2 below the bezel are figures symbolical of the ,four ,evangelists4 ,this interesting papal ring is in the collection of ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor1 ,vienna4#dai ,the 8,fisherman's ,ring10 or ,annulus ,piscatoris1 is the gold seal ring of the pope1 a new one being made for each successive pontiff4 ,as testified to by early records1 the custom of breaking the ring on the death of a pope has long obtained4 ,after the attending physicians have pronounced him to be dead1 the ,cardinal ,camerlengo1 or ,papal ,chamberlain1 approaches the body1 and taps it thrice with a golden hammer1 each time calling on the pope by name4 ,the ring is then handed by him to the papal master of ceremonies1 who breaks it2 he is permitted1 or perhaps required1 to keep the fragments4 ,the design on the seal depicts ,st4 ,peter seated in a bark and holding a net in each hand1 the name of the reigning pope being inscribed above4 ,the ring takes its name from the words of ,christ to ,peter1 after the latter made the miraculous draught of fishes 7,luke1 v1 #aj73 8,from henceforth thou shalt catch men40 ,in ,mark i1 #ag1 a similar announcement is made to both ,simon 7,peter7 and his brother ,andrew3 8,come ye after me1 and ,i will make you to become fishers of men40 ,illustration3 ,,five ,,views ,,of ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,pope ,,pius ,,ii 7,,neas ,,sylvius ,,piccolomini1 #adeg-adfd7 ,on the sides of the hoop are the coats-of-arms of the ,piccolomini and ,tiara families1 and below the bezel are figures symbolical of the ,four ,evangelists ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 8,ring of the fisherman0 ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,hand of 8,judith0 from picture by ,lucas ,cranach3 ,rings beneath glove-fingers slit to give them room ,illustration3 ,impression of the ,annulus ,piscatoris 7,ring of the ,fisherman7 of ,pope ,clement ,,viii 7#aeib-afje7 ,archologia1 vol4 xl1 p4 #adj ,the ring is broken to prevent the sealing of any pontifical document during the vacancy of the papal see4 ,when the army of the ,french ,republic occupied ,rome in #agih1 the ,republican emissary ,haller1 after informing ,pius ,,vi that he would be taken from ,rome1 demanded all his papal rings4 ,after surrendering the others1 the pope pleaded that he might be allowed to keep the ,fisherman's ,ring1 but as the ,frenchman sternly insisted that this also must be given up1 the pope reluctantly yielded4 ,however1 when on examination1 the ring was found to be of small value1 it was restored to the pontiff4 ,the earliest existing mention of the ,fisherman's ,ring seems to be in a letter addressed by ,pope ,clement ,,iv1 in #abfe1 to his nephew ,pietro ,grossi of ,st4 ,gilles1 in which he states that in addressing members of his family he used the ,sigillum ,piscatoris1 the private seal of the popes4#dbj ,it was not until the fifteenth century that this originally private seal came to be generally used for the papal ,briefs4 ,an impression of the ,fisherman's ,ring of ,clement ,,viii made in #aeih1 in the sixth year of the pope's reign1 is surrounded with a bit of twisted vellum4 ,a comparison of this seal with the one used by ,pius ,,ix1 shows the modifications of the established design due to the preferences of the engravers of successive rings4 ,the ring of ,pius ,,ix was of plain gold1 weighing about an ounce and a half1 the design was engraved on an oval plate4 ,it is said to have been made out of the gold constituting the ,fisherman's ,ring of his predecessor1 ,gregory ,,xvi4#dba ,it is thought probable that the custom of breaking the ,fisherman's ,ring on the demise of a pope was first instituted at the death of ,leo ,x in #aeba4 ,the papal engravers are believed to have kept a new ring ready in case of sudden need1 leaving a blank space for the new pope's name4 ,when his election has been confirmed1 the ,cardinal ,camerlengo places the ring on his hand1 asking him at the same time by what name he elects to be called4 ,the ring is then removed and given to the engraver for the addition of this name4 ,in later times it has been kept permanently in the guardianship of the ,cardinal ,chamberlain1 and has not been generally used for stamping documents1 an iron die of like design being employed for this purpose4 ,in at least one instance this ring was not destroyed at a pope's death4 ,when ,pius ,,vi expired at ,valence1 ,aug4 #bi1 #agii1 his ,fisherman's ,ring was left unbroken and1 with a new inscription1 served for his successor1 ,pius ,,vii4 ,when this latter pope fell into disgrace with ,napoleon in #ahji1 because he refused to nullify the marriage of ,jerome1 ,napoleon's brother1 to ,miss ,patterson1 he was carried off from ,rome to ,france1 and obliged to surrender his ,annulus ,piscatoris to ,general ,radet4 ,before relinquishing it1 however1 he took the precaution of having it cut down the middle4 ,later when he was restored to the ,roman ,see1 a substitute ring was made1 as the original1 given back by ,louis ,,xviii after ,napoleon's downfall1 could no longer be used because of its mutilation4#dbb ,besides the ,fisherman's ,ring1 the popes now have two others1 the papal ring which they habitually wear1 and the pontifical ring1 which is only assumed for the pontifical ceremonies4 ,the pontifical ring of ,pius ,,ix was worth more than #f1jjj4 ,it is of gold1 of remarkably fine workmanship1 and is set with a magnificent oblong brilliant4 ,this ring could be made smaller or larger at will1 so that it might serve for future popes4#dbc ,by a special privilege the ring ordinarily worn by a pope may bear a cameo1 that usually worn by ,pius ,,ix showed an image of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the ,fisherman's ,ring is but rarely worn4 ,when after a pope's death1 the ring has been broken1 as we have noted1 a cheap facsimile1 or the broken ring1 is sometimes buried with the pope4#dbd ,of the three main classes of ecclesiastical rings1 the pontifical ring with its single precious stone1 worn over a glove and exclusively at pontifical ceremonies1 is so large that its stone setting covers the first phalanx of the fourth finger of the right hand1 on which it is worn4 ,the 8gemmed ring10 a mark of distinction1 may have but one stone1 or a central stone surrounded by brilliants1 just as the regulations provide4 ,a third class of ecclesiastical rings are those of plain gold1 commonly with a smooth chaton2 sometimes1 however1 this may be engraved with armorial bearings1 so that the ring can be used as a signet4 ,in ,rome those who have received the degree of doctor of divinity have the word ,,roma engraved upon the chaton of the ring4#dbe ,one of the earliest notices of a bishop's ring1 not however in the strictly ecclesiastical sense1 but of one worn by a bishop1 is given in a letter written by ,st4 ,avit1 ,archbishop of ,vienne 7#did-ebe71 to his colleague1 ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,valencia 7ca4 #ebj73 8,the ring you have been kind enough to offer me should be made as follows3 ,in the middle of a very thin iron hoop1 representing two dolphins facing each other1 a double seal should be set by means of two pivots1 so that either side may be shown or hidden at will and in turn1 and offer1 alternately1 to the eyes a green stone or a pale electrum4 ,let not this metal be as ,i have sometimes seen it1 easily tarnished in the cleanest hands1 and similar to the impure mixture of gold that has not been exposed to the fire2 let it not resemble the alloy which formerly the king of the ,goths introduced into his coinage1 an emblem of his downfall4 ,let my electrum be of a medium color1 having at once the tawny hue of gold and the whiteness of silver1 precious by their union and enhancing the brilliant green of the emerald when it appears4 ,let my monogram be engraved on the seal surrounded by my name1 so that it may be read4 ,opposite the setting1 the middle of the ring shall be formed by the tails of the dolphins2 to set between these an oblong stone shall be sought1 pointed at the extremities40#dbf ,it will be noted that this was not a gold ring1 but an iron one1 and thus essentially different from the recognized episcopal rings4 ,the oldest formula used at the conferring of the pontifical ring upon a bishop1 is found in the ,sacramental of ,st4 ,gregory1 #eij ,a4,d4 and1 translated into ,english1 runs as follows3 8,receive this ring of distinction and honor1 a symbol of faith1 that thou mayst seal what is to be sealed1 and reveal what is to be revealed1 and that to believers baptized into the faith1 who have fallen but are penitent1 thou mayst by the mystery of reconciliation open the gates of the ,kingdom of ,heaven40 ,a much shorter formula is that in the ,pontifical of ,ecgberht1 ,archbishop of ,york2 it reads3 8,receive the ring of the pontifical honor that thou mayst be endowed with sound faith40 ,at present the following simple formula is used3 8,receive the ring of faith as a sign that thou wilt guard the ,bride of ,god1 ,holy ,church1 with undaunted faith40 ,a very early mention of the true episcopal rings is to be found in the writings of ,isidore1 ,archbishop of ,seville from #fja to #fcf ,a4,d4#dbg ,he definitely states that the ring was one of the canonical insignia of the episcopate and terms it 8a sign of pontifical honor1 or a seal of secrets10 adding that priests must keep many secrets confided to them hidden in their breasts as though beneath a seal4#dbh ,at about the same time a decree of ,pope ,boniface ,,iv1 promulgated in the third council of ,rome1 in #faj1 mentions a pontifical ring1 and in the fourth council of ,toledo1 in ,december1 #fcc1 a canon treating of the restitution to his office of an unjustly deposed bishop1 directs that he be given anew his stole1 his ring1 and his pastoral staff4#dbi ,the liturgical kissing of a bishop's hand usually means a kiss impressed upon the ring he is wearing at the ceremony4 ,that in the works of ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,archbishop of ,mainz 7#ghf-hef71 and in those of others of his time1 no mention is made of episcopal rings of investiture1 cannot be taken to prove that none were worn in this period1 but only that they were not yet in general use4#dcj ,the distinct evidence contained in the canon of the ,council of ,toledo1 over which ,isidore of ,seville presided in #fcc1 and the still earlier formula of investiture in the ,sacramental of ,gregory1 #eij ,a4,d41 must be accepted as conclusive evidence that such rings were conferred4 ,until after the eleventh century1 almost all the ,episcopal rings were used as signets and the ,sacramental of ,st4 ,gregory alludes to this use4 ,the ring was generally worn on the index finger of the right hand1 the middle of the three fingers uplifted in conferring a blessing2 but1 when celebrating mass1 the bishop transferred it from the index finger to the annular4 ,at the present day it is always worn on this latter finger4 ,the removal of the ring from the index is explained by ,garanti1#dca as being an act of humility1 since the ring was regarded as a kind of crown upon the index1 8for sages say that the ring is the crown of the hand10 and this crown should be removed in the presence of ,christ4 ,in our day bishops wear but one ring1 but in old pictures and effigies they are shown wearing several1 and sometimes even a thumb ring4 ,the celebrated portrait of ,leo ,x1 by ,raphael1 represents the pope wearing no less than six rings1 and the hands of ,julius ,,ii in ,raphael's portrait are adorned with rings of equal number4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,pope ,,clement ,,ix 7#affg-afgj7 ,,by ,,carlo ,,maratta ,ring with square-cut1 beveled stone on fourth finger of right hand ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,gift of ,archer ,m4 ,huntington1 ,esq4 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,pope ,,julius ,,ii 7#aejc-aeac7 ,,by ,,rafael ,six rings1 three on each hand2 on index1 fourth and little fingers ,uffizi ,palace4 ,florence4 ,while the sapphire eventually became the stone especially assigned for use in episcopal rings1 the older specimens which have been preserved for us show that1 in early times1 many other precious stones were employed for this purpose4 ,indeed1 the emerald1 or some green stone1 seems to have been given the preference at one time1 if we can judge from the letter sent by ,avitus1 ,archbishop of ,vienne to ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,valencia4 ,besides rubies and emeralds1 balas-rubies1 turquoises1 chalcedonies and even the opal were used1 while pearls and garnets1 also appear occasionally4 ,possibly the earliest known specimen of an episcopal ring is in the treasury of the cathedral of ,metz4 ,it is believed to have belonged to ,arnulphus1 who was consecrated ,bishop of ,metz in #fad4 ,this ring1 which has been sometimes ascribed to the fourth century1 is set with an opaque milk-white carnelian4 ,an episcopal ring found at ,oxford and now in the ,waterton ,collection1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 is a curious specimen of the adaptation of antique gems to ,christian uses4 ,the gold circlet is set with an antique plasma engraved with the bust of a female1 the pagan original doing duty for some ,christian saint1 or perhaps for the ,virgin ,mary4#dcb ,an intaglio of ,jupiter-,serapis was provided by the monks of ,durham with an inscription designating it to be a portrait of ,st4 ,oswald4 ,cameos were also used1 on occasion1 as we read in the enumeration of the precious stones and rings donated by ,henry ,,iii to the shrine of ,st4 ,edward in ,westminster ,abbey1#dcc the following entry3 8j chamah in uno annulo pontificali40 ,occasionally a stone was taken from some antique ornament and set in an episcopal ring4 ,of this kind is the pierced sapphire in ,mr4 ,waterton's collection1 and probably another ring described in the ,wardrobe ,books of ,edward ,i and which belonged to ,robert1 ,bishop of ,coventry and ,lichfield1 who died in #abie4 ,the old description calls this 8a golden ring with a perforated ruby40#dcd ,the same records mention a gold ring with a sapphire1 the ornament being1 as was supposed1 the work of ,st4 ,dunstan1 who is reputed to have been a skilful worker in metals4 ,a letter written in #hfg by ,charles the ,bald to ,pope ,nicholas ,i1 mentions a ring sent to ,ebbo1 ,bishop of ,rheims1 by ,judith1 the mother of ,charles the ,bald4 ,this ring was given by the empress at the time of the birth of her son1 so that ,ebbo1 who had been made bishop because of his piety and sanctity1 should remember the child in his prayers4 ,in later years1 whenever the good bishop was in trouble1 he used to send his ring to the empress with an humble petition for aid1 and the letter of ,emperor ,charles was written as a result of a most earnest appeal of ,bishop ,ebbo1 after he had been deposed from his office and subjected to persecution4#dce ,illustration3 ,christian ring of glass4 ,design shows snake and doves1 a cross1 the ,greek letters alpha and omega and the ,latin word ,salus4 ,bosio4 8,roma ,sotterranea10 ,roma1 #afej ,illustration3 #a1 ,venetian ring4 ,bezel with engraved figure of ,st4 ,mark is hollowed to enclose relics4 #b1 poison ring set with a diamond and two rubies4 ,the poison was concealed beneath the bezel4 ,see pages #cf-ci ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 ,gold ring of ,ahlstan1 ,bishop of ,sherborne 7#hbd-hfj ,a4,d47 ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xx1 p4 #bbf1 #ahfc ,illustration3 ,bishop's ring of investiture4 ,bezel set with flat crystal2 two views4 ,said to have belonged to ,robert of ,anjou1 ,king of ,naples 7#acji-acdc ,a4,d47 ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,lady's memorial ring of enameled gold inscribed 8,r4 ,c4 ,not lost but gone before10 in gilt letters on a white enamel ground4 ,english1 about #ahjj ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,mourning ring of gold4 ,the head has the form of a coffin with skull and cross-bones on the lid4 ,when this is lifted a heart is disclosed within4 ,the hoop has two wires4 ,on the sides of the coffin is inscribed3 8,hier ist die ,ruhe0 7,here is rest74 ,german4 ,eighteenth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,massive silver mourning ring inscribed in ,old ,french1 dort couat 7rest in peace74 ,found at ,huy near ,statte1 ,belgium4 ,french4 ,fifteenth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,it is said that only one episcopal ring from ,anglo-,saxon times has been preserved in ,england4 ,this relic forms part of the ,waterton ,collection in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum2 it is of gold1 nielloed1 and shows the letters of the name ,ahlstan4 ,this name was borne by a ,bishop of ,sherborne who held the office from #hbd to #hfg ,a4,d41 his death occurring four years before the accession of ,alfred the ,great4#dcf ,niello is a mixture of silver1 copper1 lead1 crude sulphur1 and borax2 frequently a little antimony is added4 ,the mixture is fused and pressed into the design engraved upon a silver plate2 when it has cooled off it forms a deep black1 brilliant1 and tough1 though not hard1 substance1 like an enamel4 ,the antimony on cooling1 spreads slightly1 thus obviating any danger of undue contraction of the alloy1 which might fail to fill out the design exactly2 occasionally1 however1 the antimony expands unequally1 producing some slight irregularities of outline or surface4 ,sometimes the alloy is applied to the silver background of the design1 instead of to the design itself1 so that the latter appears white against a rich dark foundation4 ,this variety of enamelling was already used in ,roman times2 in our day it is most extensively employed in ,russia1 where very beautiful work of the kind is done1 the lines being of hair-like fineness and delicacy4 ,in #hhf1 at the degradation of two bishops who had been consecrated without the consent of their metropolitan1 their episcopal vestments were rent1 their croziers broken on their heads1 and their episcopal rings rudely snatched from their fingers4 ,here1 as in cases of military degradation1 the ignominious removal of the insignia of rank served to give public emphasis to the sentence passed upon the condemned4#dcg ,the ,cathedral of ,chichester has yielded a number of fine specimens of medival episcopal rings4 ,notable among these as a curiosity is one that belonged to ,bishop ,seffrid who died in #aaea1 for it is set with a ,gnostic gem showing the well-known cock-headed figure generally cut to represent the divine principle the ,gnostics called ,abrasax 7or ,abraxas74 ,this is an intaglio on jasper1 and the ring was found in the bishop's tomb4 ,the fact that he was willing to wear it shows either that he was ignorant of its being a ,gnostic1 and hence an heretical design1 or else that he was more than usually tolerant4 ,another of the ,chichester rings came from the tomb of ,bishop ,hilary 7#aadf-aafi72 it is of massive gold and is set with a sapphire4 ,when the tomb was opened the ring was on the thumb of the skeleton4 ,in a stone coffin on which were cut the letters ,episcopus1 with no personal name1 there was found a ring adorned with an octagonal sapphire1 on four sides of which was set a small emerald4 ,as the sarcophagus contained a pastoral staff and remains of a vestment1 this was undoubtedly an episcopal ring4 ,it will have been remarked that of these rings two were set with sapphires1 but the ring of ,archbishop ,sewall 7d4 #abeh71 found in his tomb in the ,cathedral of ,york1 and that from the tomb of ,archbishop ,greenfield 7d4 #acae71 were each set with a ruby4#dch ,illustration3 ,gold ring with inscription4 8,buredruth0 is probably a personal name1 and the ,greek characters alpha and omega should have a religious significance4 ,late ,saxon ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,episcopal rings4 #a1 found in ,york ,minster1 tomb of ,archbishop ,sewall 7d4 #abef72 #b1 found in tomb of ,archbishop ,greenfield 7d4 #acae7 ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 ,papal ring set with large crystal1 ,londesborough ,collection2 #b1 ring of ,bishop ,stanbury of ,hereford 7#adeb-adgd74 ,found in his tomb1 #ahdc2 two views ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 silver ring1 two clasped hands2 inscription signifies ,jesus ,nazarenus ,rex4 #b and #c1 rosary rings1 with bosses used to count the prayers recited ,londesborough ,collection4 ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 gold ring set with ,gnostic intaglio on jasper4 ,found in tomb of ,seffrid1 ,bishop of ,chichester 7#aabe-aaea72 three views4 #b1 gold ring set with a sapphire4 ,found in tomb of ,hilary1 ,bishop of ,chichester 7#aadf-aafi72 two views4 #c1 gold ring set with a sapphire and four emeralds4 ,found in tomb of unknown bishop ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xx4 pl4 opp4 p4 #bce2 #ahfc ,the mystic significance of the episcopal ring as typifying the union of ,christ with his ,church was expressed by ,innocent ,,iii 7#aaih-abaf7 in these words3 8,the ring is a sacrament of faith1 by which ,christ endows his spouse the ,holy ,church40#dci ,this can be taken as confirmatory of the theory that the episcopal rings were directly derived from the betrothal rings1 and were not merely attributes of ecclesiastical rank4 ,so closely was the ,bishop bound to his see1 that his abandonment of it to go to another was regarded by some as equivalent to the commission of adultery4 ,a fine example of a sapphire-set episcopal ring was found in #ahdd1 during some alterations to the chapel of ,notre ,dame in the ,cathedral of ,troyes4 ,several stone coffins were discovered1 among them that containing the remains of ,herve1 ,bishop of ,troyes1 consecrated in #abjf4 ,the body was clothed in full episcopal vestments4 ,the ring had fallen from the hand but was found at the left side of the body4 ,it had a diameter of #b cm4 7about inch7 and was set with a fine oblong sapphire held in place by four claws4#ddj ,the opening of the tomb of ,pope ,boniface ,,viii 7#abid-acjc7 revealed the presence1 on the gloved hand of the dead pope1 of a splendid gold ring1 set with a sapphire of quite exceptional size and beauty4#dda ,in #ahjd1 at the opening of a thirteenth-century archbishop's sepulchre in the ,cathedral of ,mainz1 believed to be that of ,archbishop ,sigfroi ,,iii1 #abdi1 a fine pontifical ring was found2 it is set with a large ruby4#ddb ,the bezel is of disproportionate size in comparison with the dimensions of the rather slender circlet4#ddc ,this ring is large enough to be worn over a glove in accord with liturgical requirements4 ,it has been noted that in process of time the width and thickness of the circlet were gradually increased1 at first to make it harmonize better with a large bezel2 gradually1 however1 both bezel and hoop were made so large as to render the ring a burden to the wearer1 and even difficult to keep from slipping off the finger4 ,indeed1 it was sometimes necessary to wear a second1 closer-fitting ring under it as a guard4#ddd ,the treasury of ,canterbury ,cathedral contained in #acae1 according to an inventory of the 8,ornamenta ,ecclesiastica10 a very rich and elaborate pontifical ring4 ,it is described as a large square ring1 set with an oblong emerald1 four plasmas 7leek-green quartz71 and four garnets4 ,the other episcopal rings listed on this inventory were set with sapphires bordered with small gems1 one of them having a 8black sapphire0 set jour1 and held in place by claws4 ,while at this period great latitude was exercised regarding the particular stone to be chosen for the chief adornment of the ring1 it was required that it should be one of the more precious stones4#dde ,the color of the stones chosen for the adornment of episcopal rings always had a symbolical significance4 ,the glowing red of the ruby indicated glory1 the clear blue of the sapphire1 chastity and happiness1 the pure white of the rock-crystal1 guilelessness1 while the hue of the amethyst called to mind the color of the wine used in the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the emerald1 as is well known1 signified by its green color the virtue of hope and also the ,resurrection4 ,the general rule1 expressed or understood1 that a sapphire should be set in an episcopal ring1 seems to have been more commonly observed in ,england in the earlier centuries than it was on the ,continent4 ,undoubtedly many of these stones were obtained at the time of the ,crusades4 ,as ,english examples1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton cites the rings of three early bishops1#ddf namely1 those of ,flambard 7#ajii-aabh71 ,geoffrey ,rufus 7#aacc-dj7 and ,william de ,st4 ,barbara 7#aadc-eb71 now in the ,durham ,chapter ,library2 all have sapphires4 ,the same stone serves as setting for the ring of ,william of ,wykeham1 a massive plain gold hoop1 exhibited by the ,dean of ,winchester at ,south ,kensington in #ahfb1 to which the cathedral also contributed a thirteenth-century episcopal ring set with a large sapphire cut en cabochon4#ddg ,there is as well the ring of ,william ,wytlesey1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury 7d4 #acgd7 in the possession of ,sir ,arthur ,evans and that of ,john ,stanbery1 ,bishop of ,hereford 7d4 #adgd74 ,the inventory of #bh ,edward ,i lists sapphire-set rings of the archbishops of ,dublin and ,york as well as of the bishops of ,salisbury and ,st4 ,asaph4 ,the rebel ,piers ,gaveston1 favorite of ,edward ,,ii1 carried off with him1 among other royal jewels1 sapphire rings that had belonged to the ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells and to the ,abbot of ,abingdon4 ,in the inventory of ,elizabeth's favorite ecclesiastic1 ,archbishop ,parker of ,canterbury1 is listed 8a ringe with a blewe sapphire10 valued at four pounds sterling4 ,old records show that even in the fourteenth century1 the sapphire1 although greatly favored for prelates' rings1 did not yet enjoy any exclusive preference4 ,for example1 during the reigns of ,clement ,v1 and ,john ,,xxii1 in ,avignon 7#acjg-accd71 the papal registers for #acag note1 in one case1 8seven gold rings with various stones for new cardinals1 #fh gold florins40 ,this1 however1 is followed by another entry recording 8four gold rings with ,oriental sapphires for the consecration of prelates1 #bf gold florins10 and again 8a gold ring with an ,oriental sapphire for ,cardinal ,a1 #bc florins40 ,three years later1 in #acbj1 we have 8seven rings for the seven new cardinals1 three set with ,oriental sapphires1 three others with ,oriental emeralds1 and one with a balas-ruby1 the total cost being #ajf gold florins40#ddh ,that the topaz at one time shared with the sapphire the honor of being especially fitted for use in ecclesiastical rings is shown by a passage in a rare fourteenth-century manuscript written in ,italy4 ,here we are informed that the topaz was the most honorable of stones 8above all other stones10 and that for this reason the great prelates wore it on their fingers4#ddi ,the green variety of tourmaline found in ,brazil1 and often called 8,brazilian emerald10 was for a long time and is now used quite freely in ,brazil as a setting of episcopal rings4#dej ,while this is a departure from the general usage of selecting a blue stone1 preferably sapphire1 for this purpose1 it nevertheless finds a parallel in the employment of emeralds for bishops' rings in quite ancient times1 as is the case with one of the earliest of these rings1 that described1 or we should rather say proposed1 in the letter of ,st4 ,avitus1 ,bishop of ,vienne in ,france4 ,when a prelate has been raised to the rank of cardinal1 he has to resign any ring he may have been entitled to wear previously1 and awaits the bestowal of the special cardinal's ring by the pope4 ,it is conferred by the pope personally at the consistory wherein he assigns a title to the newly-chosen cardinal4 ,this ring is made by a pontifical jeweller2 it is of gold1 with a sapphire in the bezel and1 on the inside1 the arms of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,withal it is rather inexpensive1 the average cost having been put at about #cb1 although each cardinal is obliged to pay into the ,congregation of the ,propaganda the sum of #fdb 7#c1baj francs7 as a 8ring tax40 ,this payment1 however1 gives him the valuable right of bequeathing his property as he pleases by testament2 otherwise everything would go to the ,church4#dea ,as in many portraits of cardinals and high church dignitaries they are depicted as wearing two or more rings1 it has been erroneously conjectured that each ring represented a separate benefice1 there being thus as many rings as benefices4 ,the ceremonial regulations1 however1 clearly indicate that the wearing of many rings is simply a matter of taste1 all except that on the annular finger of the right hand being purely ornamental4#deb ,a ring on the fourth finger of the right hand is shown in ,carlo ,maratta's portrait of ,pope ,clement ,,ix 7#affg-afgj71 given to the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 by ,archer ,m4 ,huntington1 ,esq41 in #ahia4 ,the ring bears no design1 the setting being a large1 square1 beveled stone4 ,the beard and mustache of the pontiff are of the type familiar to us in portraits of ,cardinal ,richelieu1 who died in #afdb4 ,a splendid example of the cardinal's ring was recently made for ,cardinal ,farley4 ,it is set with an exceptionally large and fine sapphire1 of rounded oval form and an inch in length2 the color is rich and deep2 the stone weighs #ah carats and is a ,cinghalese sapphire4 ,a bordering consisting of twenty-eight diamonds surrounds the central stone and serves to render more strikingly beautiful the rich blue of the sapphire1 often called the 8cardinal's stone0 because it is the one used for cardinal's rings4 ,this is noteworthy1 as red is pre-eminently the cardinal's color1 as is shown in his robes1 hat1 etc42 hence we might rather expect that the ruddy ruby would have the preference4 ,however1 the fact that the sapphire denotes chastity and celestial purity has caused this stone to be chosen for the adornment of the rings worn by those who1 from their exalted ecclesiastical rank1 are more especially called upon to set a high example to the priesthood4 ,the shank of ,cardinal ,farley's ring is one of the most beautiful examples of ,american goldsmithing in existence4 ,the chasing of the circlet shows on one side the ample facade and the lofty spires of ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral in ,new ,york1 and on the other side emblems of the cardinalate4 ,it was the gift of a priest who has known the ,cardinal for many years4#dec ,when the ,right ,rev4 ,david ,h4 ,greer was consecrated ,bishop of ,new ,york1 some of his friends presented him with a very handsome amethyst signet1 but unfortunately this tribute was stolen from his home by burglars1 two or three years ago4 ,when necessity arises of making an official signature he uses a steel impression stamp of the seal of the diocese4 ,he has a facsimile impression stamp of the seal which was stolen1 but he seldom or never uses this4#ded ,the amethyst seal of ,bishop ,greer bore for its motto1 8,crux ,mihi ,grata ,quies0 7,the ,cross is for me a grateful rest74 ,this is the motto of ,mrs4 ,greer's family4 ,on the shield is the monogram of the bishop's initials1 ,d4 ,h4 ,g42 above are two keys in saltire2 on the lower part of the shield just beneath the monogram1 is the coat-of-arms of ,new ,amsterdam2 as crest is an episcopal mitre4 ,this was not1 however1 a seal ring4 ,the so-called 8mitred abbots01 those who governed the larger monasteries1 or whose notable services in the cause of the ,church were thought to merit some special mark of honor1 were sometimes given the right of wearing the episcopal ring at solemn ceremonies4 ,we are told that at the deposition of ,abbot ,rainaldus1 head of the great ,benedictine ,abbey of ,monte ,casino1 not far from ,naples1 he publicly laid his staff and his ring upon the shrine containing the body of ,st4 ,benedict4#dee ,the energy with which some of the leading theologians of the twelfth century protested against the use of episcopal rings by abbots1 merits illustration by an extract from the writings of ,st4 ,bernard1 who in a tractate addressed to ,henri1 ,archbishop of ,sens1 writes3#def 8,several have clearly enough indicated where were their thoughts when1 having obtained apostolic privileges by many intrigues and by bribery1 they appropriated to themselves and use1 in virtue of these concessions1 the mitre1 the ring and the sandals1 just as do the pontiffs themselves4444 ,oh1 ,monks1 whither will this lead you8 ,have you banished all fear from your souls8 ,can the blush of shame no longer rise to your cheeks80 ,illustration3 ,,abbess ,,praying4 ,,french ,,school ,seal ring on index of right hand2 ring with precious stone setting on fourth finger of the same hand ,muse du ,louvre ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady1 ,,by ,,coninxbo ,two rings on index of right hand and two on index of left hand2 smaller one on fourth finger of left hand ,muse de ,bruxelles ,not only abbots1 but abbesses also1 are represented on their monuments as wearing rings1 as for example ,agnes ,jordan1 ,abbess of the ,bridgetine ,convent of ,syon1 whose brass figure at ,denham1 ,bucks ,county1 ,england1#deg shows a ring on her finger4 ,however1 in #aegb1 the year of his accession to the papal throne1 ,gregory ,,xiii abolished this custom2 how long it had endured has not been determined4#deh ,certain other prelates of lesser rank than bishops have the right to wear rings1 such as the protonotaries1 for example1 but as a rule they are not permitted to wear them while celebrating an ordinary mass1 low or high2 only when officiating pontifically may they wear pontifical rings4 ,the ring commonly worn is much smaller than that accorded to a bishop and is set with a single stone1 as is expressly ordained in the constitution ,apostolic ,sedis of ,pius ,,ix1 dated in #ahgb4dei ,that the canons of a cathedral should generally be allowed to wear rings has been repeatedly decided adversely in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 a recent instance being when the ,bishop of ,nicaragua submitted this question to the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites in ,rome1 because the practice had become common in ,nicaragua4 ,in reply he was informed that this must not be tolerated1 except in case of a special indulgence from the pope1 and the bishop was required to suppress the abuse4 ,the reply was dated ,august #bj1 #ahgj1 just a month before the entry of the ,italian army into ,rome and the cessation of the papal rule over the city4#dfj ,in a letter written ,december1 #agea1 ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv relates the finding of a gold ring so small that it would fit the finger of a three-months' old babe1 and bearing certain characters indicating a priestly quality of the infant4 ,this the pope understood not as signifying that it had been made a deacon1 but that its parents had consecrated it to the service of the church1 so that it should later become a monk or priest4#dfa ,his ,grace1 the ,most ,reverend ,archbishop ,evdokim1 the highest dignitary of the ,russian ,church in the ,united ,states1 has stated that neither the ,metropolitan1 nor the ,archbishops nor clergy of the ,russian ,church wear rings of any kind4 ,they use seals but these are not in the form of signets4 ,in this respect1 the usage differs from that in many other churches4 ,the ring given to the ,king of ,england at his coronation bears a close relationship to the episcopal ring1 and emphasizes the religious authority of the sovereign4 ,this appears very clearly in the ,english ceremonial1 where the ,archbishop of ,canterbury pronounces the following prayer of consecration3 ,bless1 ,o ,lord1 and sanctify this ,ring1 that ,thy servant1 wearing it1 may be sealed with the ring of faith1 and by the power of the ,highest be preserved from sin2 and let all the blessings which are found in ,holy ,scriptures plentifully descend upon him1 that whatsoever he may sanctify may be holy1 and whatsoever he may bless may be blessed4 ,amen4#dfb ,the ,coronation ,ring of the ,english kings is of pure gold and is usually set with a large table ruby of a violet hue1 the flat surface engraved with the figure of a ,st4 ,george's cross4 ,about the ruby are set twenty-six diamonds4 ,as the ring is designed to serve for successive coronations1 the circlet is jointed so as to fit a larger or smaller finger4 ,a queen consort is given at the ceremony of coronation a ring of pure gold also bearing a ruby1 but unengraved2 about the stone are sixteen smaller rubies1 so graded as to size that the largest are placed nearest to the central stone1 the size diminishing as the distance increases4 ,the ruby has been chosen as emblematic of faithfulness4 ,these rings are put on the fourth finger of king and queen1 and the king's ring is called by some writers 8,the ,wedding-,ring of ,england10 the sovereign being regarded as espoused to the nation over whose welfare he is to watch4#dfc ,the coronation ring of ,william ,,iv of ,england1 although scarcely a notable example of the jeweller's art1 is striking enough in its way4 ,in many earlier coronation rings1 for which the ruby 7or a spinel7 was the stone traditionally favored1 a ,st4 ,george's cross was engraved on the ruby1 but in the case of ,william ,,iv's ring the cross is formed of five rubies1 a square central stone and four oblong ones for the arms of the cross1 all set over a large cabochon-cut sapphire1 this affording a blue background for the red cross1 similar to the blue field of the cross of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,there is also a bordering of brilliants4 ,this ring while effective enough in the sharp contrast of color1 is lacking in harmony and taste4#dfd ,the insignia of the ,prince of ,wales include most of the emblems belonging to royal insignia1 and each of them has its especial and peculiar significance4 ,unity is typified by the ring2 the coronet is an emblem of friendship4 ,the staff in conjunction with the ring suggests the religious side of the princely or royal office1 for these emblems form an important part of the episcopal insignia4 ,a special local association results from the fact that ,welsh gold1 mined by ,welshmen in the ,merionethshire mines1 is used in the manufacture of these ornaments4 ,a gold medal bearing the head of the ,prince of ,wales on the obverse1 and on the reverse a representation of the ,eagle ,tower of ,carnarvon ,castle1 was struck for the present holder of the title4 ,at the coronation ceremonies of the kings of ,france1 the officiating ecclesiastic said to the sovereign in handing him the ,coronation ,ring3 8,receive this ring1 a symbol of holy faith and of the stability of the ,kingdom1 a sign of power1 by which thou shalt be able to defeat all enemies with triumphant power1 to destroy all heresies1 to unite all subjects and to maintain them constantly bound together by the ,catholic faith40 ,this formula dates back at least as far as #ihf ,a4,d41 and was probably in use at an even earlier date4#dfe ,the close union of ,church and ,state is strongly emphasized1 as well as the necessity for uniformity of belief1 this having been a source of strength for the ,state when voluntarily present1 but a cause of manifold and dreadful misfortunes when the religious convictions of the subjects became discordant4 ,when a nun is consecrated the priest places a ring on her finger1 reciting the following words from the ,roman pontifical3 ,i espouse thee to ,jesus ,christ1 ,son of the ,supreme ,father1 who will preserve thee from all ill4 ,accept1 therefore1 this ring of faith1 a symbol of the ,holy ,spirit1 that thou mayst be called a spouse of ,god1 and be crowned for ever4 ,before the rings are bestowed they are heaped up on the altar and are collectively blessed by the officiating priest4 ,as the formula used defines the character and quality of the ring more closely than do the simple words of presentation1 it is here given as follows1 this formula already appearing in the pontifical of ,pierre1 ,bishop of ,senlis1 #acej3dff ,creator and preserver of the human race1 grantor of spiritual grace and bestower of bodily health1 ,o ,god1 send forth thy blessing upon these rings that those who may wear them1 shall possess celestial virtue1 perfect faith and true fidelity1 shall maintain1 as spouses of ,christ1 their vow of virginity1 and shall persevere in constant chastity4 ,by ,christ ,our ,lord4 ,a pretty usage was observed at the reception into the order of the ,augustinian nuns of ,saint ,thomas1 at ,villeneueve4 ,on taking the vow1 a ring was placed on the nun's finger by a poor little girl1 who said at the same time3 8,remember1 dear sister1 that you have become this day the spouse of ,jesus ,christ and the servant of the poor40 ,the sister1 after having respectfully accepted the gift made her by one who represented the ,lord1 kisses the child who has reminded her of the poor to whose service she is consecrated4#dfg ,according to an old recital1 a miraculous ring was once found by a pious nun in the convent garden4 ,one day when she was engaged in tending a bed of flowers1 there came over her the ardent wish to receive a divine sign in the shape of a ring1 testifying to the reality of her espousal with ,christ4 ,the ,lord answered the fervent aspiration of his handmaiden1 for suddenly there appeared before her in the flower bed an actual ring1 no deception of the senses1 but a material body4 ,this story is related by ,johann ,nider in his ,latin work1 8,formicarius10 published in ,strassburg in #aeag1 and the writer asseverates that he saw the ring1 which was of a white substance resembling pure silver4#dfh ,a ,ring of ,widowhood1 sealing a widow's vow to remain faithful to the memory of her dead husband1 was not rarely bestowed1 three or four centuries ago1 to serve as a mark of the solemn vow4 ,a noteworthy instance is that of ,katherine ,rippelingham1 who1 in her will dated ,february #h1 #adgc1 describes herself as 8advowes0 78vowed071 and expresses the wish to be interred in 8,baynardes ,castell of ,london40 ,in a codicil she leaves to her granddaughter1 ,alice ,st4 ,john1 8her gold ring with a diamante therein wherewith she was sacrid10 or consecrated4 ,in another will1 that of ,william ,herbert1 ,lord ,pembroke1 the wife is enjoined to remember her promise that she will take the order of widowhood1 so that1 as the testator continues1 8ye may be the better maistres of your owen1 to perform my will1 and to help my children1 as ,i love and trust you40#dfi ,in view of the bad results of a second marriage when a widow falls into the hands of some designing man1 to the destruction of her children's welfare1 this usage1 so long discontinued1 of binding herself by a solemn vow1 had something to recommend it in times far past1 when more stress was laid upon the sanctions and prohibitions of religion than is generally the case in our day4 ,at a solemn ceremony of this kind1 held at the ,priory of ,campsey1 in #achb1 during the reign of ,richard ,,ii1 ,isabella1 ,countess of ,suffolk1 took the vow in the presence of the ,earl of ,warwick1 ,lords ,willoughby and ,scales1 and other nobles4 ,the old ,norman ,french form of her pledge has been preserved and may be given here for its historic interest3 8,jeo ,isabella1 jadys la femme ,william de ,ufford1 ,count de ,suffolk1 vowe ,dieu1 en presence de tres reverentz piers en ,dieu1 vesques de ,ely et de ,norwiz1 qe jeo doi estre chaste d'ors en avant ma vie durante40 7,i1 ,isabella1 formerly the wife of ,william de ,ufford1 ,count of ,suffolk1 vow to ,god in presence of the very reverend fathers in ,god1 the bishops of ,ely and of ,norwich1 that ,i shall remain chaste from now on during my entire life47#dgj ,,vii ,,magic ,,and ,,talismanic ,,rings ,from their close contact with the person as well as from their symbolic form1 the significance of many designs engraved upon them1 and the supposed virtues of stones set in them1 some rings have enjoyed the repute of possessing magic powers1 both in ancient and medival times1 and even much later4 ,in a number of cases1 we can find some clue to the attribution of a special virtue to a magic ring2 in other cases1 however1 the circumstances leading to this are no longer to be ascertained1 and we must content ourselves with the fact that such and such a ring1 or type of rings1 has been thought to have such and such a mysterious influence4 ,no ancient talisman enjoyed a greater repute in medival legend than the 8,ring of ,solomon0 or 8,solomon's ,seal0 as it was often called4 ,an ,arab legend tells that by means of the power inherent in his ring1 the ,hebrew ,king was able to succeed in all his undertakings4 ,however1 for the space of forty years he was deprived of its aid1 as he once thoughtlessly took it off his hand when he was in the bath and it was carried away by a malevolent genius4 ,at the end of the forty years it was found again in the body of a fish served on the monarch's table4 ,in ,rabbinical legend this ring is said to have been set with a marvellous precious stone1 perhaps a diamond1 which served as a magic mirror wherein ,solomon was able to see reflected the image of any distant place or of any persons in regard to whom he wished to be informed4#dga ,a variant of the legend we have just given is found in another ,arabian tradition1 which recounts that ,solomon was so much infatuated with a female prisoner1 the daughter of a ,gentile prince1 and named ,aminah1 that he entrusted to her care his precious signet1 given to him by the four angels that presided over the four elements4 ,a mighty ,jinn succeeded in gaining possession of the ring1 and1 by its power1 assumed ,solomon's form1 at the same time changing that unhappy monarch's appearance to such an extent that his courtiers no longer recognized him1 and drove him from his kingdom4 ,however1 one of ,solomon's ministers was shrewd enough to see through the disguise of the ,jinn1 and proceeded to exorcise the evil spirit by reciting certain verses of the ,law4 ,the ,jinn fled affrighted1 and dropped the ring into the sea4 ,here it was swallowed by a fish1 and in due time this fish was caught by ,solomon1 who had entered the employ of a fisherman4 ,once again in possession of his ring1 ,solomon soon regained his kingdom4#dgb ,the great ,persian poet ,hafiz of ,shiraz thus uses ,solomon's ,seal to point a moral3#dgc ,matters of beauty other there be1 beside sweet speech1 ,and ,solomon-hood by a seal-ring alone is not begot4 ,the legend of the mystic ring of ,gyges is related by ,plato in his ,republic4#dgd ,according to this recital the ring was found under very extraordinary circumstances by 8an ancester of ,gyges the ,lydian10 but the text seems to be corrupt1 and ,gyges himself was probably said to have been the finder4 ,gyges 7or his ancestor7 was at the time a shepherd in the service of the ,lydian ,king4 ,one day a violent storm occurred1 followed by an earthquake which opened up a deep chasm in the earth1 near the place where this shepherd was feeding his flock4 ,moved by curiosity1 he descended into the chasm and saw therein a hollow1 brazen horse1 with openings at the sides2 bending down and looking through these openings1 he discerned within the horse the body of a man of immense size4 ,a golden ring glittered on the finger of the corpse4 ,this the shepherd removed1 and climbing out of the chasm1 straightway took his departure4 ,when1 a few days later1 all the shepherds assembled to prepare their monthly reports to the king1 the man who had found the ring was of their number4 ,as he sat with the others he carelessly turned and twisted the ring which he had placed on his finger1 until1 by chance1 he turned the bezel toward the inside of his hand4 ,immediately he became invisible1 and heard the other shepherds talking of him as though he were absent2 but when he turned the ring around again1 so that the bezel was outside1 he reappeared4 ,he repeated this experiment several times until he had assured himself of the strange virtue of the ring4 ,realizing then the extraordinary opportunities that this power afforded him1 the shepherd asked and obtained the privilege of bearing the reports to the king1 and soon found means to seduce the queen1 and1 by her aid1 to slay the king and gain possession of the kingdom4 ,although the legend does not expressly state that the ring was set with a stone1 the use of the term 8bezel0 77 suggests that some precious stone was the seat of the magic power the ring possessed4 ,the traditions current at a later period with regard to the opal1 which was reputed to render the wearer invisible1 make it not improbable that1 in the original legend1 the ring of ,gyges was represented to have been set with an opal1 or rather perhaps with one of the rainbow-hued specimens of iridescent quartz4 ,plato may well have omitted this detail1 for he was making a didactic use of the story and would naturally treat his material very freely4 ,an old author conjectures that the stone set in the ring of ,gyges was a serpent-stone from ,india4 ,in that land brilliant and exceedingly beautiful stones were said to be found in the heads of certain crested snakes that abode in the mountains4 ,if such a stone were set in a gold or silver ring1 at the time when the planetary or stellar control of the stone was in the ascendant1 the wearer of the ring was sure to have the fullest possible benefit from its powers4#dge ,the idea that serpents were endowed with supernatural wisdom was held by many ancient peoples1 and in ,india legend assigned to these mysterious and dreaded reptiles the guardianship over diamonds1 and also over the corundum gems1 chief among which are the fair sapphire and the glowing ruby4 ,the gold ring of ,minos1 ,king of ,crete1 although of course purely mythical1 is usually ranked among the magic rings4 ,it is said to have been used by the ,cretan1 who claimed ,jupiter as his father1 to test whether ,neptune were really the father of ,theseus4 ,taking his ring off his finger1 ,minos cast it into the sea1 and commanded ,theseus to bring it back to him1 if the latter wished people to believe ,neptune to be his father4 ,he himself1 ,minos1 could easily furnish proof of his descent from ,jove by praying for a celestial sign4 ,this he did1 and immediately a loud thunder-clap resounded in the heavens4 ,not to be outdone1 ,theseus1 not even stopping to make any supplication1 threw himself into the sea to seek the ring4 ,on this1 there appeared a multitude of dolphins1 and ,theseus was softly borne away to the ,nereides1 who gave him the ring so that he might restore it to ,minos4#dgf ,the legendary ring of ,helen of ,troy is said to have borne as its setting an astroites or star-gem taken from the head of a mysterious fish called pan1 because in appearance it resembled the god ,pan4 ,perhaps the gem was simply one of the head-stones existing in certain fishes of other species4 ,this stone1 which emitted rays of flame1 was conceived to be a most potent love-charm1 drawing to its wearer the love of anyone he1 or she1 might wish to fascinate1 and the particular specimen of this strange gem which ,helen wore was a signet1 engraved with the image of the god by whose name the fish was called4#dgg ,among the rings miraculously found after they have apparently been irrevocably lost1 was one of iron given to ,seleucus ,i1 ,nicator 7#cfe-bha ,b4,c471 whose wide dominions stretched from the western seaboard of ,asia ,minor to ,india4 ,this prized ring was lost by chance near the river ,euphrates1 but was later recovered at the very spot where the ruler's mother had predicted it would be found4#dgh ,whether this was revealed to her in dream or trance the recital does not state4#dgi ,a talismanic bronze ring in the ,british ,museum is set with an amethyst on which has been engraved a human eye1 evidently a charm against the ,evil ,eye4 ,this dread influence was also combated by a peculiar type of ring having gold nails or studs inserted in them4 ,this is a ,grco-,roman type of about #ejj to #bjj ,b4,c41 and does not appear to have gained favor with the ,romans4 ,in a large and massive gold ring of the late ,roman period1 the entire bezel has been given the form of an eye4 ,this ring weighs #ige grains1 or over two ounces2 it was found in ,tarsus1 and belongs to the third ,christian century4#dhj ,in a few ancient rings gold and silver have been combined1 as shown by a striking example in the ,british ,museum1 where the upper part of the hoop is of gold and the lower half of silver4 ,this has been conjectured to have been designed to render the ring a talisman1 the joining of gold and silver having a similar effect to that obtained by inserting a gold nail in the bezel of a silver ring4 ,the bezel of the massive ring we have noted is set with a sard engraved in intaglio with the design of a shepherd seated on a rock4#dha ,the wearing1 at certain religious ceremonies1 of a ring set with a gem on which was engraved a design having some fancied connection with the ceremony1 appears not to have been uncommon in the ,roman world4 ,an instance of this is given by the historian ,suetonius1 who states that when ,nero was about to take the auspices 7the bird-augury71 ,sporus gave him a ring the gem of which represented the carrying off of ,proserpina1 goddess of the infernal regions4#dhb ,the finding of a ring with a particular design was also looked upon as a harbinger of good fortune4 ,shortly after the choice of ,galba as emperor 7#fh ,a4,d471 there was found in building the fortifications of a city1 on the spot the emperor had selected for a military exercising ground1 a ring of antique workmanship engraved with the figure of a ,victory with a trophy4 ,this was accepted as a happy presage4#dhc ,josephus tells us of a magic ring which was used by a ,jew named ,eleazar4 ,in the presence of the emperor ,vespasian1 of his son1 and of his court1 this man cured those suffering from demoniacal possession4 ,his method was to introduce into the nose of the patient a ring having beneath its device an herb designated by ,solomon4 ,the evil spirit was attracted by the odor of the herb and immediately passed out of the man's body4 ,after this ,eleazar exorcised it by chanting certain 8psalms of ,solomon40 ,furthermore1 in order to convince the spectators of the presence of the evil spirit1 he used to place on the ground a vase filled with water1 and command the demon to upset it4 ,as the text of ,josephus indicates that this experiment was successful1 ,eleazer must have had recourse to some clever deception in the matter4#dhd ,this tale shows that rings somewhat similar to those described in the ,cyrianides 7a work written in ,alexandria about the third or fourth century of our era7 were used in the first century4 ,it is true that ,josephus does not say that the ring was set with a stone1 but merely states that it bore a device4 ,the god ,mercury was popularly regarded as a bestower of magic rings1 to judge from the words ,lucian1 the greatest humorist of ancient times1 puts into the mouth of one of his characters4 ,timolaus1 in 8,the ,ship10 expresses the wish that ,mercury would grant him a number of wonder-working rings2 one of these should preserve his health and protect him from wounds and other injuries2 another should make him invisible as did the ring of ,gyges2 a third should give him the strength of ten thousand men2 a fourth was to give him the power to fly through the air1 and a fifth1 the power to sleep at will1 and the privilege of seeing all doors open before him4 ,the crowning gift1 however1 would be a ring possessing the virtue of attracting the love of all fair women1 and the affection and respect of his fellow men4#dhe ,we might infer from this that rings engraved with the figure of ,mercury were supposed to be especially propitious2 very possibly the story of the magic rings of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 later embodied in the life of this strange personality written by ,philostratus1 was known to ,lucian1 and suggested this description of the various and wonderful powers inherent in rings of this kind4 ,the same author mentions a magic ring used to frighten away ghosts4#dhf ,this was made1 by an ,arab1 out of an iron nail from a cross1 and the virtue ascribed to it recalls that attributed to a piece of wood from a gallows4 ,in each case an object that was associated with a violent and ignominious death was believed to have the power of exorcising unwelcome visitants from the grave4 ,the ,church father ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 born about #aej ,a4,d41 says1 giving ,aristotle as his authority1 that a certain ,execestus1 a tyrant of ,phocis1 owned and wore two magic rings1 and by means of the stones set in these rings he had knowledge of future events4 ,they seem to have done him but little service1 however1 for he met his death by assassination1 although it is stated that the gems gave him warning of this4#dhg ,flavius ,philostratus1 who flourished under ,septimius ,severus 7#aic-baa ,a4,d47 and later1 wrote at the request of the ,empress ,julia ,domna1 a remarkable life of ,apollonius of ,tyana in which he laid special stress upon the miracles ascribed to this pagan saint4 ,the work was used later to oppose the teachings of the ,christians4 ,here we read that ,apollonius possessed seven enchanted rings corresponding to the seven planets1 the gift of the ,hindu prince ,iarchas4 ,these he wore1 one by one1 in the order of the week days2 8for it is said that he revered them as divine1 so that he changed them each day and made them partakers of his greatest secrets40#dhh ,the ,leyden ,papyrus 7,no4 ,v71 of the third century of our era1 contains a number of directions1 in ,greek and ,demotic ,egyptian1 for the preparation of amulets and talismans1 and gives two formulas for the making of magic rings4 ,the text of one is defective in part1 but can be rendered as follows3#dhi 8,a ring for constant use and for prosperity 444 very efficacious for kings and emperors4 ,take an azure jasper1 engrave on it a dragon in the form of a circle1 the tail in the mouth1 and in the midst of the dragon 7an animal7 having two stars on its two horns1 and the sun above 7with the name7 ,abrasax1 and place as an inscription upon the stone the same name1 ,abrasax1 and on the 444 engrave the great and supreme appelation1 ,iao ,sabaoth4 ,wear the stone in a gold ring4 ,may it be always useful for you1 existing pure and 444 for whatever you may desire4 ,consecrate the ring and the gem which projects above it4 ,the design upon the gold1 which has been described above1 has the same virtue40 ,the names ,abrasax and ,iao ,sabaoth indicate that this ring was probably designed to be a talisman for adherents of the ,marcian form of ,gnosticism4 ,a second formula runs thus3 8,ring to obtain 7a wish7 a favor and success2 it renders glorious1 great1 admirable and rich2 it insures love4 ,it is proper and excellent to be worn on all occasions1 this incomparable ring4 ,it bears the wonderful name of the sun1 cut in a heliotrope1 and is fashioned as follows3 ,a complete serpent1 like a circle1 holding its tail in its mouth2 on the inside is a scarab1 sacred and radiant4 ,as to the name1 thou shalt engrave this in sacred characters on the reverse side of the gem1 as is taught by the prophets1 and thou shalt wear the ring in all purity4 ,having it with thee1 all thy wishes will be fulfilled2 the hatred of kings and emperors toward thee will be appeased2 when thou wearest it all that thou sayest to others will be believed1 all will favor thee1 all doors will be open to thee4 ,thou wilt rend the bonds and break the stone-walls1 if thou takest out the stone1 that is the gem1 and pronouncest the name inscribed beneath it4 ,this ring is equally useful for demoniacs1 give it to them1 and on the instant the demon will flee40 ,dreams of rings set with precious stones have a special significance1 and ,achametis tells us1 from his ,hindu sources1 that if anyone should dream of receiving a ring set with a red stone1 the splendor of the stone signified great authority and much joy to the dreamer4 ,if1 however1 a man had a dream of a ring set with a yellow stone1 the vision portended that his wife would be liable to illness and chagrin4#dij ,an ,anglo-,saxon dream-book from the time before the ,norman ,conquest1 gives the significance of various dreams about rings4 ,thus1 for example1 merely to see a ring betokened a desired place2 should one dream of receiving a ring as a gift1 however1 this denoted freedom from care4 ,if the dreamer fancied himself to be the owner of a gold ring1 this indicated that great honor was going to be his portion4 ,lastly1 the dream that a gem had been lost from a ring was a very bad omen and portended some serious accident4#dia ,three subjects of the ,eastern ,emperor ,valens 7#cfd-cgh ,a4,d471 believing that he had incurred the public hatred to such a degree that he would soon perish at the hands of his enemies1 sought the aid of the diviners ,hilarius and ,patricius to learn what would be his fate and who would succeed him4 ,the diviners1 having engraved around the edge of a basin the characters of the ,greek alphabet1 suspended above it an enchanted ring1 which1 by its vibrations marked in turn the letters that composed the words of the response of the oracle4 ,it was conceived in the following terms3 8,the successor of ,valens will be an accomplished prince4 ,the curiosity of those who have consulted the oracle will be destruction to them1 but their murderers will themselves incur the vengeance of the ,gods40 ,as the oracle had failed to designate the prince clearly1 the inquirers demanded his name4 ,thereupon the ring struck successively at the letters ,t4 ,h4 ,e4 ,o4 ,d41 and one of those present exclaimed that the ,gods named ,theodore4 ,the others all accepted this view and the matter appeared so evident that no further attempt at research was made4#dib ,a curious type of magic ring is vouched for by ,st4 ,augustine1 in the fourth century1 who notes as a superstitious practice the wearing of a ring 7or 8fingerband0 ansula7 made from the bone of an ostrich4#dic ,whether the attribution of a magic quality resulted from the rarity of the bird for the ,romans1 or from some analogy with its habits1 is left to our imagination to determine4 ,a talismanic ring of the late ,roman times1 about the fifth century ,a4,d41 was found by ,lieut4 ,scheibel1 in #ahif1 embedded in sand that had been dredged from the bed of the ,save ,river1 near ,vincovce1 ,slavonia1 ,austria4 ,the hoop is divided by ridges into eleven compartments in which are engraved the ,greek letters 7equivalent to 8,long live ,arion074 ,this ring is in the ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna4#did ,among the legends which gathered about the personality of ,charlemagne1 none is more interesting than that which tells of a precious stone which exercised a magic power over him4 ,this legend is of ,german origin and probably localized in ,aix-la-,chapelle2 it does not appear in any of the numerous ,french chansons de geste treating of ,charlemagne and his times4 ,it seems to have originated about the thirteenth century1 although it may have been current at an earlier date1 and we have two principle versions1 one given by ,brandwaldius1#die and the other by ,petrarch4 ,illustration3 ,silver-gilt ring with ,greek inscription ' 7,time removes all things and brings forgetfulness74 ,in the interior a sun-dial4 ,sixteenth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,ring of gilt bronze1 set with a square table-cut rock crystal ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,gold ring4 ,the hoop has eleven ridges between which are the ,greek letters ,z 7,long live ,arion74 ,found by ,lieutenant ,scheibel1 in #ahif1 in sand dredged from the bed of ,save ,river1 near ,vincovce1 ,slavonia1 ,austria4 ,late ,roman1 about ,fifth ,century ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 #a1 copper ring1 with glass paste4 ,first ,century ,a4,d4 ,syria4 #b1 bronze ring1 shape of finger4 ,found in grave in ,syria4 ,first ,century ,a4,d4 #c1 #d1 jadeite finger rings4 ,body of the ring pale white jade2 top1 intense emerald green4 ,chinese1 ,twentieth ,century4 #e1 ,chinese signet ring1 made of ,burmese jadeite4 ,top1 intense green2 sides1 pale green4 ,twentieth ,century4 #f1 antique ,christian hollow ring of fine gold with ,greek ,cross engraved on garnet4 ,second ,century ,a4,d4 #g1 antique ring of fine gold with ,nicolo4 ,black band surrounding white oblong4 #h1 ,chinese ring of fine gold1 with motto4 ,shank of ring is in two parts1 all fine gold1 so they can be made to fit any finger4 #i1 ancient ,greek ring of twisted gold4 ,sard engraved with figure of man4 #aj1 ring of ,egyptian gold1 carved4 ,second ,century ,b4,c4 ,the first-named version describes the acquisition of the stone in much the same terms as are employed in the story from the ,gesta ,romanorum regarding the stone brought by a serpent to the blind ,theodosius2#dif indeed1 the resemblance is so close that one of these tales must be derived from the other4 ,here also the serpent rings a bell outside the palace gates1 and finally succeeds in obtaining justice against a toad which has secured possession of its nest4 ,grateful for this service1 the serpent appears before ,charlemagne1 when he is seated at meat1 crawls up on the table and1 lifting the cover of a beaker1 drops therein a precious stone4 ,from this point we have the specifically ,carolingian legend4 ,the stone possessed a strange1 hidden power1 by means of which it attracted the affections of the first owner to any one who subsequently acquired it4 ,charlemagne gave it to his wife and immediately all his thoughts became centered in her4 ,naturally enough she in no wise objected to this1 but when she was taken dangerously ill she could not endure the thought that some other woman should acquire the stone1 and take her place in ,charlemagne's heart2 therefore1 when at the point of death1 she slipped it beneath her tongue and soon thereafter expired4 ,the power of the charm over ,charlemagne's mind was so great that after his wife's body had been interred he caused it to be exhumed1 and spent his days and nights with it4 ,this state of things continued for no less than eighteen years1 until1 finally1 one of ,charlemagne's ministers discovered the cause of the enchantment and removed the stone from beneath the tongue of the corpse4 ,instantly the spell was broken1 but all the emperor's regard was now directed toward his minister1 whose presence became indispensable to him4 ,marking this1 and fearing that the gem might fall into unworthy hands1 the minister threw it into a spring1 which chanced to be that of ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,even here the stone did not lose its power1 and the place became the favorite resort of ,charlemagne1 who established himself there and built a church and a palace near the resting place of the charmed stone4 ,a somewhat different version of this tale is given by ,petrarch1#dig who states that he had it from the priests of ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,there is here no mention of a serpent bringing a stone1 and the object of ,charlemagne's love is not his wife but a woman who possesses a magic ring4 ,the emperor is so thoroughly infatuated that when she dies he has the body decked out with gorgeous apparel1 adorns it with precious stones and refuses to leave it4 ,anxious to relieve his sovereign from this obsession1 the ,bishop of ,cologne prays to ,god for a solution of the mystery1 and is told1 in a vision1 that the cause lies beneath the tongue of the corpse4 ,he searches in the place indicated and finds there a gem set in a slender ring4 ,when this is removed ,charlemagne regains his normal state1 and gazes with surprise and horror upon the object of his love4 ,the story then proceeds in much the same way as in the older ,german version4 ,the remains of ,charlemagne1 and presumably whatever ornaments may have been buried with him1 were disinterred at ,aachen 7,aix-la-,chapelle7 in #ajjj1 by order of the ,german emperor ,otto ,,iii4 ,the bare fact of the discovery of ,charlemagne's bones is recorded in the early chronicle1#dih but according to legends of a later time1 when the imperial crypt was opened1 the emperor was to be seen seated on a marble throne and adorned with imperial vesture and ornaments4 ,such had been his persistent vitality that his finger-nails had continued to grow after his death1 and had pierced through the gloves on his hands4#dii ,the magic ring of the ,nibelungen was given by the ,asar ,loki to ,hreidmar1 as wergeld for the murder of ,hreidmar's son ,otr1 whom ,loki had killed4 ,as ,otr had assumed the shape of an otter when he met his death at ,loki's hands1 the latter was required to furnish enough blood-ransom to fill the otter's skin4 ,this he obtained by capturing the dwarf ,andvari and forcing him to give up his riches to ransom his life4 ,his other treasures ,andvari yielded with much hesitation1 but he was extremely loath to part with his ring1 and when finally forced so to do1 he pronounced a curse upon all who should ever come into possession of it4 ,this curse was fulfilled by the successive violent deaths of ,hreidmar1 killed by his son ,fafner who wished to rob him of his treasure2 of ,fafner1 who in the snake or dragon form he had assumed was slain by ,sigurd2 of the hero ,sigurd himself and of ,brunhilde upon whom he bestowed the fatal ring4#ejj ,this is the legend as related in the ,volsung ,saga1 composed in the fourteenth century from older traditions4 ,caxton's ,english version of the tale of ,reynard the ,fox1 derived from the eleventh century 8,roman de ,renard10 contains a detailed description of a magic ring4#eja ,a rynge of fyn gold1 and within the rynge next the fyngre were wreton letters enameld wyth sable and asure1 and there were thre ,hebrews names therein4 ,i coude not my self rede ne spelle them1 for ,i understonde not that langage1 but moister ,abrion of ,tryer1 he is a wyse man1 he understandeth wel al maner of herbes 444 ,and yet he bileveth not on ,god1 he is a ,jewe1 the wysest in conynge1 and especially he knoweth the vertue of stones4 ,i shewde hym this ryng1 he saide that they were the thre names that ,seth brought out of ,paradys1 when he brought to his fadre ,adam the oyle of mercy4 ,and who somever bereth on hym thise thre names1 he shal never be hurte by thondre1 ne by lyghtnyng1 ne no witchecraft shal have power over hym1 ne be tempted to doo synne4 ,and also he shall never take harm by colde1 thaugh he laye thre wynters nyghtis in the feelde1 thaugh it snowed1 stormed1 or froze never so sore1 so grete myght have thise wordes4 ,this wonder-working ring was set with a stone 8of three maner colours10 red1 white and green4 ,the red part had the fabled quality of the ruby for 8the shynyng of the stone made and gaf as grete a lyghte as it had been mydday40 ,the white portion was a remedy for diseases of the eye1 for headache1 and1 indeed1 for almost all ills1 8sauf only the very deth10 if the part affected were stroked with the stone1 or1 when the malady was internal1 if the patient drank of water in which the stone had been placed4 ,the third color was 8grene lyke glas10 with some small spots of purple4 ,this procured love and friendship for the wearer and also victory in battle2 even should he be 8al naked in the felde agayn an hondred armed men10 he would escape with honour4 ,however1 the ring must only be worn by one of gentle birth4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,hermit ,,stone10 ,a ,,talisman ,,of ,,chastity ,,when ,,worn ,,set ,,in ,a ,,ring ,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x1 ,codice ,original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 fol4 #ad ,illustration3 ,,finding ,,of ,,stone ,,which ,,when ,,set ,,in ,a ,,ring ,,assures ,,male ,,offspring ,,to ,,the ,,woman ,,who ,,wears ,,it ,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x1 ,codice ,original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 fol4 #c ,the 8,lapidario10 an astrological treatise on stones1 written at the instance of the ,castilian ,king1 ,alfonso ,x1 the ,wise1 7#abba-abhd71 ostensibly a translation from a 8,chaldee0 original1 but probably mainly based on ,arabic lore1 gives1 under the obscure name ceritiz1 an account of an ,indian stone found on the banks of the river of the same name4 ,it was of a very dark green hue1 was exceedingly tough and its weight is fixed at #abj drachmas4 ,when cleaned and polished it cast a reflection like that of a fine mirror4 ,a piece of this stone set in a ring and worn by a woman would assure her a series of boy babies4 ,another ring-stone1 one having a different effect1 was that called the 8hermit's stone10 which was washed up by the waves on the shore of the ,red ,sea4 ,its color was yellow1 transparent1 and had a sheen like that of pure oil2 possibly this may have been chrysolite4 ,it was eminently and rigidly a stone of chastity4 ,the lapis lazuli was dedicated to ,venus1 and any man who wore one set in a ring1 while ,venus was in the ascendant1 would attract the love of women1 especially of those with blue-gray eyes4 ,on a woman's hand1 it had a corresponding effect upon the opposite sex4#ejb ,an old ,german lay tells of a magic gold ring set with a diamond4 ,should the woman wearing this ring prove unfaithful in love1 the gold turned to dross1 and the diamond became glass4 ,the ,latin name of the diamond1 adamas1 is the form used in this poem4#ejc ,this word1 which primarily signified an exceedingly hard metal1 finally came to mean the diamond1 or at least what was believed to be a diamond1 although it might in reality be only a colorless corundum1 much less hard than the genuine diamond1 but harder than any of the other precious stones except the colored corundums1 ruby1 sapphire1 etc4 ,the thirteenth century ,german romance1 8,wolfdietrich10 celebrates a ring given by the empress to the hero of the poem4 ,this ring was set with a stone destined to double the strength of the wearer1 and to protect him from the sheets of flame ejected by the fearful dragon he was about to combat4 ,however1 before his encounter with this fabulous monster1 ,wolfdietrich determines to return the ring1 and sends it back to the empress1 whereupon she bursts into tears1 exclaiming3 8,i let it down from the battlements with my own hand4 ,does he value it so lightly1 that he sends it back to me80#ejd ,in a satirical and malicious life of ,pope ,boniface ,,viii 7ca4 #abbh-acjc71 the bitter opponent of the ,french king ,philippe le ,bel 7#abfh-acad71 written by1 or at the instance of his royal enemy1 it is related that when this pope was dying and was told that he must prepare his soul for the great change1 he cast his eyes upon a stone set in a ring he was wearing1 and exclaimed 8,o you tricky spirits imprisoned in this stone1 why have you deceived me to abandon me now in my extremity80 ,and so speaking he snatched off the ring and threw it away4#eje ,one of the old monkish tales from medival times1 collected under the title of 8,gesta ,romanorum10 runs as follows3 ,frediricus1 who reigned in a ,roman city1 had been a long time without offspring4 ,finally1 by the advice of wise counsellors1 he married a beautiful girl in parts far distant and lived with her in an unknown land and had offspring4 ,after this1 he wished to return to his realm but could not obtain his wife's consent2 indeed1 she always repeated that if he abandoned her she would kill herself4 ,hearing this1 the emperor caused two splendid rings to be made1 and had engraved upon two gems images of the following efficacy3 one of remembrance and the other of forgetfulness4 ,having set these in their appropriate rings he gave one--that of forgetfulness--to his wife1 and kept the other for himself 444 ,the wife began straightway to forget the love of her husband1 and the emperor1 noting this1 journeyed back to his realm with great joy1 and never returned to his wife4 ,he ended his life in peace4#ejf ,welsh legend offers us parallels to the ring of ,gyges and to that set with the 8,stone of ,remembrance0 told of in the ,gesta ,romanorum4 ,in the old ,welsh epic1 the ,mabinogion1 the following directions are given by a damsel to her lover in regard to a ring of the former type3 8,take this ring and put it on thy finger with the stone within thy hand2 and close thy hand upon the stone1 and as long as thou concealest it1 it will conceal thee40 ,this ,stone of ,invisibility was regarded as one of the thirteen rarities of the ancient ,british regalia1 formerly treasured up in ,caerleon1 ,monmouthshire1 and in another ,welsh legendary cycle 7the ,triads7 it is said to have 8liberated ,owen1 the son of ,urien1 from between the portcullis and the wall40 ,whoever concealed the stone would be concealed by it4 ,here indeed the similarity with the story told of the ring of ,gyges is so close that it is apparent we only have to do with an adaptation of the classic tale4 ,as to the stone of ,remembrance1 however1 the ,welsh tradition seems to be essentially an independent one4 ,the ,mabinogion makes ,iddawe say to ,rhonabwy3 8,dost thou see this ring with a stone set in it upon the ,emperor's hand8 ,it is one of the properties of that stone to enable thee to remember that thou seest here to-night1 and hadst thou not seen the stone1 thou wouldst never have been able to remember aught thereof40 ,this refers to a dream or vision accorded to ,rhonabwy while he lay upon an enchanted calf-skin4#ejg ,dactylomancy1 as it was called1 was resorted to in the ,middle ,ages by those who sought to probe the mysteries of the future4 ,this art was practiced by the use of a ring 7sometimes bearing the figure of one of the constellations71 which was suspended by a thread in the middle of a glass or metal vessel4 ,the number and quality of the strokes it made against the sides of the vessel as it swung free on the thread1 were interpreted by the magician according to a secret formula1 and were explained by him to signify that some expected or dreaded event would or would not take place4#ejh ,among the ,sagan ,kerens of southeastern ,asia there is a curious superstitious use of a ring in connection with funeral feasts4 ,on such occasions a metal ring is suspended from a support just over a brass basin4 ,one by one the relatives of the deceased person approach and strike a succession of quick taps on the edge of the basin with a piece of bamboo4 ,when it comes to the turn of the one who was most beloved by the departed1 the spirit is believed to answer the call by making the string twist about and lengthen1 so that1 finally1 it either parts and permits the ring to fall into the basin1 or else swings and lengthens sufficiently to cause the ring to strike the basin edge4#eji ,a magic ring is introduced by ,sir ,thomas ,malory in his 8,morte d',arthur10 written in #adfi or #adgj1 the tale being of course borrowed from some one of the numerous sources he used in this compilation of the story of ,king ,arthur and the ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,the ring was given by ,dame ,liness to ,sir ,gareth1 who wished to hide his personality while competing in a tournament4 ,the dame assured the ,knight that this ring had such virtue that it would turn green to red1 blue to white1 and vice versa1 and so through all the range of colors4 ,the lady required1 however1 a solemn promise that her ring would be returned to her at the close of the tournament1 for in addition to its other virtues1 it possessed marvellous cosmetic powers1 increasing her beauty to an extraordinary degree4 ,in the tourney1 the baffling changes of color in ,sir ,gareth's arms and equipment confused his assailants and rendered him more easily victorious than he would otherwise have been1 good knight that he was4 ,having ridden for a moment out of the press of knights to adjust his helmet1 which had become loosened1 a dwarf approached him1 offering a cup of wine to quench the knight's thirst1 at the same time asking to hold the ring lest ,sir ,gareth should let it slip from his finger while drinking4 ,the knight gave it to him1 but in his eagerness to join again in the affray1 forgot to take it back4 ,but now his armor retained its normal yellow tint1 and1 fearing recognition1 for it was important for him to conceal his personality at this time1 he noted that his ring was not on his hand4 ,he quickly sought the dwarf and obliged him to surrender the magic ring4 ,no sooner was it on his finger than his armor changed color1 and he was able to avoid a threatened pursuit1 as all were in search of the ,yellow ,knight4 ,a ring having magic power to protect the wearer from danger appears in the medival romance of ,sir ,eglamore4 ,the tale appears to have been known to ,shakespeare1 to judge from the line3 8,what think'st thou of the fair ,sir ,eglamore10 which occurs in ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona4 ,this ring was given to the gallant knight by his lady love3#eaj ,then said ,arnada1 that sweete thing 8,have here of me a gold ring ,with a precyous stone2 ,where-soe you bee on water or ,land ,and this ring upon your hand ,nothing may you slone40#eaa ,sometimes the virtues of the ring are conceived in a poetic spirit and are associated intimately with the giver1 as we find in the romance of ,ywaine and ,gawin4 ,here the stone set in the ring given by ,ywaine protects the wearer from imprisonment1 illness1 loss of blood1 and danger in battle1 but the lady tells her lover that this virtue exists in the ring 8while you it have and think on me10 that is1 only so long as his love endures4#eab ,that the magic virtues of the images and talismans were liable to wane and pass away1 was taught by ,albertus ,magnus1 who likened these powers to those of animate objects which were also transitory4 ,when the period fixed by heaven had come to an end1 the power of the image would be broken and it would be useless1 cold and dead4 ,this1 in his opinion1 accounted for the fact that many talismanic figures failed to display any efficacy1 although they had done so in ancient times4#eac ,in the 8,book of ,thetel10 as quoted by ,konrad von ,megenberg1#ead one of the engraved gems is described as follows3 ,a man seated upon a footstool1 crowned1 and stretching forth his hands to the heavens4 ,beneath him are four men appearing to support the stool4 ,take mastic and terebinth 7turpentine7 and put them under the stone in a silver finger-ring1 having twelve times the weight of the stone in the ring4 ,if this be placed beneath the head of a sleeping person1 he dreams of what he longed for when awake4 ,the curious statement that the metal ring was to weigh twelve times as much as the stone1 seems to indicate an influence of the superstition in regard to the number twelve4 ,the ,londesborough ,collection contains a ring which represents a toad swallowing a serpent4 ,this was evidently used as an amulet and the design seems to have some connection with the curious superstition that a serpent1 to become a dragon1 must swallow a serpent4 ,a ,greek proverb1 found in ,suidas 7ab4 the tenth century ,a4,d471 is aptly rendered by ,dryden 7,edipus1 ,act ,,iii1 sc4 #a7 as follows3 ,a serpent ne'er becomes a flying dragon till he has eat a serpent4 ,hence this ring combined the curative or talismanic powers attributed to the toad1 the serpent and the dragon4#eae ,the ring of ,st4 ,mark1 said to have been long preserved in the treasury of ,st4 ,mark's cathedral at ,venice1 was believed to have been acquired in a miraculous way4 ,in the time of ,henry ,,iii 7#abaf-abgb7 the body of the saint1 which had been taken to the cathedral1 was suddenly missed and no trace of it could be found4 ,resort was then had to prayers and supplications1 and these appear to have been answered1 for one day the sacristan1 while traversing the nave1 saw an arm emerge from one of the pillars4 ,he hastened to report this wonderful thing to the ,doge and the cathedral clergy1 who on reaching the building became witnesses of the miracle4 ,as they were kneeling reverently before the column the hand of the apparition opened and let fall a ring1 which was picked up by the ,bishop of ,olivolo4 ,at the same instant1 hand and arm disappeared1 and the column opened1 revealing in its interior an iron casket in which were the lost remains of ,st4 ,mark4 ,not many years later this ring served to give proof of an appearance of the saint4 ,one ,february day a fearful storm arose1 piling up the waters of the lagoons and threatening the destruction of ,venice4 ,in the midst of the tempest1 a man approached one of the gondoliers on the ,riva dei ,schiavoni1 near the cathedral1 and asked to be rowed across the canal to ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore4 ,it was in vain that the gondolier protested he could not make head against the storm2 he was at last forced to yield to the importunities of his would-be passenger4 ,but what was his surprise to find that his boat proceeded as easily as though no storm were raging4 ,on their arrival at ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore they were joined by another man1 and the gondolier was now directed to proceed to the ,lido4 ,this time his reluctance was less difficult to overcome1 although the storm was growing worse1 for he felt encouraged by the ease with which he had already made part of the journey4 ,and sure enough his long row to the ,lido was equally uneventful4 ,here a third man joined the party1 and the gondolier was told to row out between the castles on either side of the entrance into the open ,adriatic4 ,feeling that he could now refuse nothing1 the gondolier undertook to accomplish this apparently impossible task1 and succeeded in reaching the sea4 ,here there arose before them a ship manned by the demons of the storm1 who were steering their way in toward ,venice1 bringing utter destruction with them4 ,and now the three men in the little boat stood up and pronounced an exorcism of such power that the ship foundered1 and the demons1 howling fearfully1 were swallowed up in the deep4 ,immediately the tempest was stilled and the waves died down4 ,the gondolier was now ordered to take his passengers back to the places where they embarked1 and when the last of them1 the first one he had picked up1 stepped on to the ,riva dei ,schiavoni1 he announced himself to be ,mark1 the ,evangelist1 and dropped a ring worth five ducats into the gondolier's hand1 telling him to show it to the authorities and say that it was ,st4 ,mark's ring1 in proof of which they would find that its carefully locked receptacle in the cathedral was empty4#eaf ,this proved to be true1 and the gondolier received a liberal pension as a reward for having aided1 however humbly1 in the preservation of ,venice by ,st4 ,mark4#eag ,the marvellous ring of ,gyges may have suggested to ,abbot ,tritheim1 or ,trithemius1 of ,spandau 7#adfb-aeaf7 the idea of fabricating a ring which would give the wearer the power of becoming invisible at will4 ,the ,abbot asserts that he had made such a ring out of the material called electrum1 a natural alloy of gold and silver1 having the color of amber4 ,to possess the requisite power1 the ring must be cast at the hour at which the person designing to use it was born1 and it should be inscribed with the word 8,tetragrammaton0 signifying the four letters composing the ,ineffable ,name4 ,when this ring was placed upon the thumb of the left hand1 the wearer immediately became invisible4 ,besides this virtue1 when worn on any finger1 the ring preserved the wearer from poison and betrayed the presence of enemies by changing color4#eah ,rings bearing the ,latin inscription 8,jesus autem transiens per medium illorum0 7,jesus1 however1 passing through their midst71#eai were thought to confer invisibility upon the wearer4 ,this inscription occurs on the hoop of a gold ring set with an uncut diamond1 shown at the ,special ,exhibition at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb4 ,this motto1 8,jesus autem transiens10 etc41 was in medival times regarded as a great charm against the dangers that menaced a traveller on his journeys4 ,in his quaint old ,english1 ,sir ,john ,mandeville says of this that these words were sometimes pronounced by 8some men when thei dreden them of thefes on any way1 or of enemyes1 in token and mynde that our ,lord passed through out of the ,jews' crueltie and scaped safely fro hem40 ,on the gold noble which ,edward ,,iii had struck in commemoration of his victory in the naval battle of ,helvoet ,sluys in #acdj1 and of his escape from the perils he underwent therein1 this motto appears as the legend4#ebj ,lambeccius narrates that he once told ,emperor ,leopold ,i 7#afeg-afge7 of a magic gold ring1 said to have been long preserved in the ,austrian treasury1 and whose special virtue was that it could be used as an oracle to foretell the results of an approaching battle4 ,if victory was to crown the ,austrian army1 this ring would shine with an unwonted splendor4 ,it was said to be made from the gold offered by the ,magi to the ,infant ,jesus4 ,while1 however1 sacred ceremonies were being performed before the ,emperor ,frederick1 grandson of ,rudolph ,i41 just before his departure for a disastrous battle with ,louis of ,bavaria1 the ring vanished from the eyes of man4 ,later1 it was said to have been recovered and ,lambeccius suggested that a ring he had recently observed in the treasury1 bearing certain characters difficult of interpretation1 might be the ring made from the offering of the ,magi4#eba ,the omen of victory observable in this ring must have been suggested by what ,josephus writes of the high-priest's breastplate4 ,according to his story 8,god announced victory in battle0 by means of the twelve stones set in this breastplate1 and he proceeds 8such a splendour shone from them when the army was not yet in motion1 that all the people knew ,god himself was present to aid them40 ,a magic ring was made in the seventeenth century by a ,florentine monk1 named ,nicolaus2 this was designed to drive away gnats4 ,it bore a charmed figure executed during the ascendency of the planet ,saturn4 ,the charm is said to have worked successfully4 ,since ,saturn was usually regarded as a bearer of ill-luck1 the operation of the magic figure must have depended upon sympathetic magic1 the enlisting of the help of an evil power to combat a nature-plague4#ebb ,it is related that long ago in the ,principality of ,anhalt1 a princess had the habit of going to the window after dinner and shaking out the crumbs from her napkin4 ,intention or chance induced a great toad to station itself under this window so as to eat up the precious crumbs4 ,in due time the princess was wedded1 and one night1 shortly before the birth of a child1 she saw a maid enter the room with a lighted candle in her hand4 ,approaching the bedside she handed a gold ring to the princess1 telling her at the same time that it was sent by the toad1 out of gratitude for the food she had given it1 with the earnest warning to guard the ring carefully1 as the fortunes of ,anhalt were bound up with it4 ,moreover1 every precaution was to be taken on ,christmas ,eve to guard against fire4#ebc ,it is stated that this ring was still to be seen in ,dessau in #agbb1 and that it was customary to put out all the fires in the palace on ,christmas ,eve1 and to have watchmen patrol the building all through the night4#ebd ,a luminous ring is poetically described in ,titus ,andronicus1 a play somewhat doubtfully attributed to ,shakespeare who probably merely revised and embellished1 in or about #aeij1 an original from some other hand4 ,in any case1 the lines referring to the luminous stone are highly expressive4 ,after the murder of ,bassianus1 ,martius searches in the depths of a dark pit for the dead body and suddenly cries out to his companion1 ,quintus1 that he has discovered the bloody corpse4 ,as the interior of the pit is pitch-dark1 ,quintus can scarcely believe what he hears1 and asks ,martius how the latter could possibly see what he has described4 ,the answer is given in the following lines3 ,martius1 ,upon his bloody finger he doth wear ,a precious ring1 that lightens all the hole1 ,which like a taper in some monument1 ,doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheek1 ,and show the ragged entrails of this pit4 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #d4 ,for the superstitious among certain ,oriental peoples any injury to an amulet-ring was looked upon as a sure presage of coming misfortune4 ,it is related of a ,turk in the town of ,jablanica1 ,bosnia1 that having broken his amulet-ring1 he started out forthwith on an arduous ten-hours' journey to ,mostar1 the nearest place where his ring could be repaired1 and he no doubt pursued his way in fear and trembling lest the threatened ill-fortune should befall him ere he reached the goldsmith who could mend his ring and thus restore its virtue4#ebe ,in the ,national ,hungarian ,museum at ,budapest is a silver ring set with a carnelian1 on which are engraved ,oriental characters4 ,this was found1 in #ahab1 in the garden of the royal palace at ,budapest4 ,rings of a similar kind are often worn by ,turks and ,arabs1 and are greatly valued as talismans1 as they are believed to afford the wearers protection in battle1 in the chase1 and when indulging in dissipation4#ebf ,the ring with its smooth circle1 having neither beginning nor end1 is a fit symbol of eternity1 and is often figured in this connection2 and yet its material substance is transitory4 ,this aspect is illustrated by the ,eastern story that a wise man and favorite of a king once gave him a ring on which was the inscription3 8,even this shall pass away40 ,in bestowing it upon the king1 the sage said3 8,when in dire distress your soul is weighed down with trouble1 look at this ring6 ,when in the midst of festivities1 joy and wild hilarity1 look at this ring6 ,even this shall pass away40#ebg ,in an illustrated work on ancient jades1 in two quarto volumes1 published in #ahhi by the well-known scholar and statesman1 ,wu ,ta-cheng 7b4 #ahcc71 this writer conjectures that archer's rings of white jade were reserved for the emperor's use4 ,at the present day rings of this type are made in ,peking from the antler of a species of elk4 ,the ,catholic missionary1 ,father ,zi1 states that the rings most highly valued are those made out of jade of the ,han period 7,han y71 of a white gray with red veining and green stripes4 ,rings found in the graves of students who have passed the military examinations are of reddish hue1 and the opinion prevails that they afford protection against malevolent spirits4#ebh ,in the symbolism of the ring1 the complete circle is regarded by the ,chinese as denoting the combination of all divine principles1 as these are supposed to move in an everlasting and unbroken circle1 having neither beginning nor end4 ,an evil significance1 however1 attaches to an incomplete or half-ring1 called keh1 a sound that means 8to cut off1 to slay2 to pass sentence2 to decide1 to settle40 ,an early instance of the use of such a ring to signify banishment is related of the ,prince ,shn-shng whose father sent him on a fatal military expedition in #fei ,b4,c41 at the instigation of one of his concubines4 ,this ring1 which was attached to a girdle1 was equivalent to a formal decree that the prince was cast off and should never return4 ,in consequence of the ambiguity of ,chinese spoken and written words1 a half-ring or at least one not describing a closed circle is said to have been worn at one time by ,chinese scholars1 because one of the meanings of the sound keh is 8to decide10 as has been noted above4#ebi ,the ,chinese writer ,pan ,ku 7d4 #ib ,a4,d47 says that those who cultivated moral conduct without end1 wore a complete ring suspended from the girdle1 while those able to decide questions of aversion and doubt1 wore half-rings1 this being again a symbolic use of the double meaning of keh4 ,as the ,chinese word signifying 8a jade-ring0 has the same sound 7huan7 as the word meaning 8to return1 to repay10 and is expressed with the same phonetic symbol1 the sending of such a ring by an emperor to an exiled official was a symbolic summons for the official to return4 ,however1 a jade-ring could also be a signal for besieging a city1 since the syllable huan can mean 8an enclosing wall40#ecj ,as an illustration1 the word 8ring10 a ring2 and 8ring10 imperative of 8to ring10 might make the sending of a ring to a bell-ringer signify that he should let his bells peal forth4 ,quite a number of finely-executed gold rings1 with or without settings1 as well as other pieces of jewelry1 are made by ,chinese goldsmiths in ,san ,francisco4 ,silver is never used4 ,seal rings are occasionally made2 the favorite setting is jade1 next to which comes the opal2 diamonds are also used for this purpose4 ,no wedding rings are given1 although the bestowal of a ring as a gift is highly appreciated4 ,the prices range from #f for a plain gold ring to from #bj to #bjj for one of mandarin-style1 set with a piece of jade4 ,sometimes short inscriptions are engraved on rings1 such as 8,long ,life10 or 8,beautiful40#eca ,in the plate representing the interior of a ,chinese jeweller's shop in ,san ,francisco1 the proprietor of the place is shown seated in the background4 ,none of the artisans1 however1 were willing to face the camera1 either from superstitious dread of having their pictures taken1 or perhaps through fear of being molested in some way by the ,government4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,cardinell-,vincent ,co41 ,san ,francisco ,,shop ,,of ,a ,,chinese ,,silversmith ,,in ,,san ,,francisco ,as the workers were unwilling to have their pictures taken1 the only figure is that of the proprietor ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,chinese ,,rings ,illustration3 ,inset ring stones4 #a1 moss agate in dark gray jasper2 #b1 garnet in chalcedony2 #c1 almandine garnet in brownish chalcedony2 #d1 aquamarine in red jasper2 #e1 sardonyx2 #f1 topaz in lapis-lazuli2 #g1 banded agate4 ,part of a collection of rings that all fit in one setting4 ,see page #fe ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ,illustration3 ,spiral brass rings made in the ,philippine ,islands ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city ,when the nine gems of the great ,hindu charm1 the naoratna1 are set in rings1 the ,burmese usage is to place the ruby in the centre1 and group around it the eight other stones4 ,rings of this description were worn by ,burmese kings and nobles as preventives of disease or danger4 ,sometimes an incantation is recited over these nine stones1 which are then immersed in water1 the belief being that whoever drinks of this water will secure immunity from all evil4#ecb ,in the masterpiece of ,hindu dramatic literature1 the akuntal of the poet ,klidsa1 written about the sixth century of our era1 a ring plays a most important part4 ,the heroine1 the daughter of the nymph ,menak and the sage ,vivamitra1 has had it foretold to her that the man who loves and marries her will entirely forget her1 until his love and memory are revived by a ring4 ,in due time she is beloved of the ,king ,dushyanta1 who marries her1 but soon leaves her1 to return to his court4 ,when she follows him thither he fails to recognize her4 ,thereupon she remembers what had been predicted in regard to a ring1 but finds to her dismay that the one the ,king gave her has been lost4 ,in the next act of the play a fisherman is dragged in by guards who charge him with having in his possession the royal signet-ring and with having invented the tale that he found it inside a fish4 ,the king1 however1 admits the truth of the story1 rewards the fisherman1 and gladly receives the ring4 ,as soon as he places it on his finger he recognizes his bride and his love for her is renewed4#ecc ,the ,khedive ,tewfik ,pasha related1 about #ahhj1 his experience with a certain ,ahmed ,agha1 a ,turk1 who possessed a magic ring4 ,it was a plain hoop of gold set with a red stone 7probably a carnelian71 and was said to have come from ,mecca4 ,the ,turk claimed that by its help visions could be seen1 and the ,khedive consented to make a test of the ring's virtue4 ,ahmed said that he required for the experiment the assistance of a child under ten years of age1 whereupon the ,khedive summoned a little girl from the harem to act as assistant1 or we might rather say principal4 ,the ,turk attached to this girl's head a silver plate on which a verse of the ,koran was engraved1 and placed in her hand the mystic ring with the red stone which1 he declared1 would change from red to white if the experiment was to be successful4 ,a few moments after the preparation had been made1 the girl cried out3 8,the stone has changed to white40 ,hereupon the ,khedive asked her to describe a number of persons she had never seen1 and she invariably gave correct answers4 ,tewfik was so much impressed by the experiment that he exclaimed3 8,i can believe it1 and yet ,i cannot understand it40 ,a few days later he sent word to the ,turk that he wished to borrow the ring1 but the man besought him not to take it away4 ,an offer of #ajj from a court noble was also refused4 ,finally1 ,ahmed was summoned to the court and the ,khedive again urged him to surrender the ring1 but when he repeated his prayers that it should not be taken from him the ,khedive lost patience and said to him3 8,you are mistaken in thinking that ,i believe in the power of your ring or in things of that kind4 ,i wish you good morning40 ,poor ,ahmed was only too glad to get off so easily and he left ,cairo never to return there4#ecd ,in this case1 as in many others1 a change of color is asserted to take place in the stone1 an indication that the mineral substance responds to some impression from without4 ,it is as though part of the virtue of the stone had left it1 for with a colored stone we might say1 in a poetic sense1 that its color is its life and soul4 ,hence in this particular instance the loss of color was probably thought to indicate that some in-dwelling spirit had passed from the stone to the little girl and dictated her responses2 possibly if the ring were arranged with some mechanical or hollow space a colored foil could be pressed under the white stone1 or a liquid passed under it1 giving the delusion of the change from white to red and red to white4 ,in ,scandinavia1 carnelians were used as ring-stones in very early times2 a fine specimen of such a ring was found in ,ysted1 in the province of ,scania1 and another at ,verdalen1 ,norway4 ,that these were credited with power as amulets seems highly probable1 for some of the early ,norse rings were so highly valued by their owners that they were designated by individual names4 ,thus we are told of a gold ring named ,hnited1 8,the ,welded10 which was given as a precious gift by ,ulf the ,red to ,king ,olaf4 ,this particular ring was welded together from seven pieces of exceptionally pure gold1 the number of pieces evidently having a mystic significance4#ece ,there is or was a superstition among the ,swedish ,lapps that at times1 on the lonely moorlands1 might be seen visionary herds of reindeer1 packs of dogs1 or even apparitions having the form of ,laplanders4 ,when one who sees any such objects goes in pursuit of them1 they disappear before they can be reached2 if1 however1 while they are still visible a steel or brass ring is thrown at them1 they immediately become real living creatures4 ,popular legend even has to tell of men or women who in this way have secured wives or husbands1 respectively1 in reality changelings1 trolls1 apparently or really transformed into human beings4#ecf ,an onyx ring is made the cause of a series of wonderful transmigrations in an old-fashioned tale written about #ahdj by ,john ,sterling1 of whom ,thomas ,carlyle has left us a most interesting biography4#ecg ,in this story1 the hero1 a young barrister discouraged in his profession and disappointed in love1 finds himself one night in an exceptionally depressed frame of mind4 ,opening1 at chance1 an old necromantic work1 he is fascinated1 perhaps hypnotized1 by the vaguely mystic sentences1 and is scarcely astonished to perceive1 standing before him in his deserted room1 what appears to be the figure of an aged man1 who in the most-approved magician fashion offers him an onyx ring1 engraved with the head of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 and of such virtue that if he puts it on the forefinger of his right hand1 he will be able to transfer himself into the body of any existing personage4 ,his identification with the new personality will indeed be so complete1 that his old existence will be entirely forgotten4 ,this is to last for a week1 at the expiration of which his memory will suddenly be revived for a short time1 and he will have the choice to remain as he is1 to change his fleshly tabernacle again1 or to return to his own body4 ,in the last-named case1 however1 his special power will be taken from him1 and he must continue in his own form4 ,the offer is accepted and a series of transmigrations begins1 in the course of which the hero becomes in turn a baronet1 a farmer1 a traveler1 a divine1 a poet1 a political reformer and an old basket-maker4 ,in this last avatar he is involuntarily forced to return to his own body1 for the basket-maker dies before the week is up4 ,the various characters through whose lives he passes belong to his immediate neighborhood1 and the slight plot of the story can thus be carried forward without interruption4 ,when at last the barrister comes to himself1 he has just recovered from a long period of unconsciousness1 and there is a little intentional uncertainty whether the vision and its consequences really took place1 or were only the products of a fevered mind4 ,among the old basket-maker's effects is found an onyx ring enclosed in an old box and engraved with a man's head4 ,the greater part of the splendid precious stones in the collection of the ,english banker ,henry ,philip ,hope were set in rings4 ,one of the finest and most interesting of these gems was the beautiful sapphire often called 8,le ,saphire ,merveilleux10 the title of a story written by ,mme4 de ,genlis1 who had seen the stone when it formed part of the collection of the ,duke of ,orleans4 ,its peculiar charm is that its color changes when seen by artificial light4 ,in daylight it is a beautiful sapphire blue1 but by candle light1 or other yellow light it acquires an amethystine hue4#ech ,this fine sapphire1 interesting both for its rare dichroism and its historic associations1 was sold about #ahih for #gjj 7#cejj74 ,it weighs #ai metric carats4 ,another attractive gem in the ,hope ,collection is a cabochon-cut amethyst1 engraved in intaglio with the figure of a ,bacchante carrying a thyrsus4 ,at the back of the stone are two strata of different colors1 one a whitish gray1 the other showing brown spots on a velvet ground4 ,this peculiarity has been skilfully utilized by the engraver1 who has cut on the stone the form of a panther in relief4#eci ,the so-called 8,pennsylvania ,dutch10 largely ,germans from the southern parts of ,germany1 made1 in the early days1 rings out of horseshoe nails4#edj ,the good-luck supposed to be inherent in the horseshoe was probably believed to extend to the detachable nails also1 so that these rings might have been looked upon as endowed with magic or talismanic virtue4 ,lord ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf7 in his 8,sylva ,sylvarum10 published in #afbf1 suggests a curious test of telepathy4 ,this is that two parties to an agreement or contract1 should exchange rings1 each wearing the other's ring1 and they are then to note whether1 in case the contract or promise should be broken by one of the parties1 the other would become sensible of this by means of an influence transmitted through the ring4 ,he adds that it has been regarded as a help to the continuance of love to wear a ring or a bracelet of the loved one1 but he believes that 8this may proceed from exciting the magnetism1 which1 perhaps1 a glove1 or other like favour1 might do as well40 ,the peculiar inherent virtue of a ring given by1 or exchanged with1 a loved person1 renders it far more prized than a merely beautiful or costly ring4 ,while we may regard as superstition any fancy that the material ring possesses any magic quality1 that lent to it by association or by memory is none the less real though it is only in the brain or heart of the wearer4 ,the effect of this association of a ring or other jewel with a person is also to be seen in the case of rings bestowed by royal personages as tokens of gratitude or favor4 ,in olden times they were often regarded as amulets and believed to transfer something of the power or genius of the bestower to the recipient4 ,indeed the qualities were conceived to have embodied themselves in the ornament1 which was therefore handed down from generation to generation as a precious heritage1 one sure to bring good fortune to the wearer4 ,in the case of lovers the token served as a connecting link1 transmitting and transfusing the love sentiment4#eda ,besides the zodiacal1 or natal rings1 there were also made in medival times a number of planetary rings1 the metal supposed to be especially under the guardianship of the ,sun1 ,moon or five planets known to the ancient world1 being in each case chosen as the material for the ring of the special planet4 ,these rings were frequently set with the precious stone assigned to the planet1 and thus a series was obtained of seven rings1 each of a different metal and set with a different stone4 ,the sun-ring was of gold with diamond or sapphire2 the silver moon-ring bore a rock crystal or a moonstone2 the ring of ,mars was of iron set with an emerald2 for ,mercury1 the ring was of quicksilver and bore a piece of magnetic iron2 ,jupiter's was of tin1 the setting being a carnelian2 copper was1 of course1 the material of the ,venus-ring 7cyprium1 copper1 being sacred to the ,cyprian goddess71 and the stone was an amethyst2 lastly1 the ,saturnian ring was of lead and had for setting a turquoise4 ,some of the appropriate rings and stones to be worn by those who hope to attract to themselves the favorable influences of ,sun1 ,moon1 and planets1 are given in the ,syro-,arabic work of the eighth or ninth century on the mystic potencies of stones1 put forth under the name of ,aristotle4 ,for the ,sun the stone is rock crystal1 which must be set in a gold ring2 ,mercury's influence is secured by wearing a piece of magnetite in an electrum setting1 and for those wishing the help of the ,moon1 one of the varieties of onyx is recommended1 silver being the metal in which it is to be set4#edb ,illustration3 ,,gold ,,zodiac ,,ring1 ,,probably ,,made ,,on ,,the ,,west ,,coast ,,of ,,africa ,,in ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,,zodiacal ,,ring ,,of ,,silver2 ,,four ,,views4 ,,set ,,with ,,an ,,engraved ,,onyx4 ,,on ,,the ,,sides ,,are ,,chased ,,the ,,signs ,,leo ,,and ,,cancer1 ,,and ,,the ,,shoulders ,,of ,,the ,,hoop ,,are ,,inlaid ,,with ,,brass ,,and ,,iron1 ,,respectively ,gorlus1 ,dactyliotheca1 ,delphis ,bat41 #afja ,illustration3 ,amulet ring of ,twelfth ,century1 engraved with cabalistic characters ,edwards' 8,history and ,poetry of ,finger ,rings0 ,illustration3 ,talismanic ring1 with cabalistic inscription4 ,found on coast of ,glamorganshire1 ,wales ,rings inscribed with names of ,three ,kings1 or ,magi3 ,melchior1 ,jasper and ,balthazar4 ,worn as talismanic rings ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 toad swallowing a serpent2 #b1 toadstone with embossed figure of toad2 #c1 massive thumb-ring set with teeth of an animal ,londesborough ,collection ,fairbolt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,illustration3 #a1 talismanic ring that opens when the stone setting 7ruby and amethyst7 is pressed down1 releasing a spring4 ,hoop inscribed with names of spirits and magic signs2 #b1 ring set with a ruby2 #c1 gold enameled ring said to have belonged to ,frederick the ,great ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist0 ,for some reason or other zodiac rings1 that is rings bearing zodiacal symbols1 seem to be especially favored by the modern goldsmiths of the ,portuguese island ,madeira4 ,occasionally a ring of this type from earlier times may be seen there2 one of these1 of crude workmanship and much the worse for wear1 has been attributed to the time of a twelfth-century duke of ,burgundy1 whose crusading expedition did not extend much beyond the frontiers of ,portugal4#edc ,more than likely ,moorish influence1 or that of the ,orient at least1 was a determining factor1 for the study of zodiacal influences was eagerly pursued in ,spain in the thirteenth century and earlier1 as is witnessed by the curious ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x1 the ,wise1 composed in the latter half of that century4 ,the survivance of this style in ,madeira depends quite probably upon one of those rather inexplicable chances that cause the production of a certain class of jewels or ornaments1 when a curious or unusual example strikes some tourist's fancy1 and he shows it to friends at home2 these in their turn will ask for it when they go to the same place1 thus creating a demand and a local fashion4 ,rings of this kind are brought from ,madeira by sailors and travelling jewellers1 and are found at a number of places1 including the west coast of ,africa4 ,many gold zodiac rings of a simple type are made on the ,gold ,coast and brought thence to ,europe4 ,the hoop is a flat band1 on which the conventional symbols of the zodiacal signs are soldered1 scroll borders also being applied in the same way4#edd ,while these rings are totally lacking in artistic quality1 their production on the ,gold ,coast may indicate that long ago some better work of the class was done here1 probably under ,portuguese influence4 ,rings holding truly 8celestial stones10 gems from the heavens as they are called1 are those in which have been set small1 but perfectly cut chrysolites 7peridots7 from crystals found in meteorites4 ,one of these was of the pallasite type1 from ,brenham1 ,kiowa ,county1 ,kansas#ede and gems were also cut out of chrysolite from the meteorite of ,glorietta ,mountain1 ,santa ,f ,county1 ,new ,mexico4#edf ,a most attractive kind of natal ring is that having the birth stone in the centre between the stones of the guardian angel and of the apostle of the month4 ,while this particular arrangement of the settings is followed in the greater number of cases1 it sometimes happens that a better artistic effect is obtained1 a better harmony of color1 by making either the stone of the angel or that of the apostle the central gem4 ,the essential thing is that the three particular stones assigned to the given month shall be grouped together4 ,the following table renders it easy to find the proper combination for each month1 or each zodiacal sign3 ,zodiacal ,natal ,guardian ,angel's ,apostle ,month ,sign ,stone ,angel ,gem of ,month ,january ,aquarius ,garnet ,gabriel ,onyx ,peter ,february ,pisces ,amethyst ,barchiel ,jasper ,andrew ,march ,aries ,bloodstone ,malchediel ,ruby ,james and ,john ,april ,taurus ,diamond or ,ashmodel ,topaz ,philip ,sapphire ,may ,gemini ,emerald ,amriel ,carbuncle ,bartholomew ,june ,cancer ,agate ,muriel ,emerald ,thomas ,july ,leo ,turquoise ,verchiel ,sapphire ,matthew ,august ,virgo ,carnelian ,hamatiel ,diamond ,james the ,less ,september ,libra ,chrysolite ,tsuriel ,jacinth ,thaddeus ,october ,scorpio ,beryl ,bariel ,agate ,simon ,november ,sagittarius ,topaz ,adnachiel ,amethyst ,matthias ,december ,capricornus ,ruby ,humiel ,beryl ,paul ,apostle's ,flower ,month ,gem of ,month ,january ,jasper ,snowdrop ,february ,carbuncle ,primrose ,march ,emerald ,violet ,april ,carnelian ,daisy ,may ,chrysolite ,hawthorne ,june ,beryl ,honeysuckle ,july ,topaz ,water ,lily ,august ,sardonyx ,poppy ,september ,chrysoprase ,morning ,glory ,october ,jacinth ,hops ,november ,amethyst ,chrysanthemum ,december ,sapphire ,holly ,if1 like ,apollonius of ,tyana1#edg anyone should wish to wear on each week day a ring set with the stones especially appropriate to the day1 the following list gives for the successive days the pair of stones whose combination was believed to unite the most favorable planetary and celestial influences3 ,gem of ,talismanic ,astral the ,day ,gem ,control ,sunday ,diamond ,pearl ,sun ,monday ,pearl ,emerald ,moon ,tuesday ,ruby ,topaz ,mars ,wednesday ,amethyst ,turquoise ,mercury ,thursday ,carnelian ,sapphire ,jupiter ,friday ,emerald ,ruby ,venus ,saturday ,turquoise ,tourmaline ,saturn ,the use of fraternity rings is often connected with a certain amount of sentiment or even superstition concerning their emblematic value4 ,the most important of this type of rings are those worn by the ,free ,masons4 ,the greater number of ,masonic rings are intended for those ,masons who have attained the two highest degrees1 the thirty-second and the thirty-third2 some1 however1 are appropriate to those of the lower degrees4 ,the bezels of the ,blue ,lodge1 or ,master ,mason rings1 frequently have the square compasses and the latter ,g in gold on a background of blue enamel2 occasionally emblems and paraphernalia used in the ,lodge are enamelled in blue on the gold hoops of the ring4 ,sometimes1 instead of enamel1 the background is formed of sapphire1 bloodstone1 or some other stone on which the emblems are encrusted in gold4 ,an example of the ring of a ,past ,master bears a raised gold sun-face4 ,in a ring for the ,chapter of ,royal ,arch ,masons1 the keystone is usually enameled white with a black circle and white centre4 ,shrine ,rings are distinctly ,oriental in type1 the prevailing design showing a simitar passed between the horns of a crescent moon4 ,in rings of the ,knights ,templar the design is usually a cross passed through a crown1 with the motto of ,constantine the ,great3 ,in hoc ,signo vinces4 ,the cross will be of black enamel 7occasionally of red enamel7 and the crown is gold4 ,a special ring for this order has a ,blue ,lodge emblem on one shoulder and the ,chapter emblem on the other1 and is arranged for a diamond to be set in the centre of the bezel4 ,on a fourteenth degree ring 7,lodge of ,perfection7 appears the initial ,hebrew letter 7yod7 of the ,tetragrammaton1 or ,ineffable ,name1 now approximately sounded ,yahweh4 ,sometimes the symbols of more than one degree appear on the ring1 one example bearing those of the fourteenth1 sixteenth1 eighteenth1 thirtieth and thirty-second2 this is one of the ,consistory rings1 as those for thirty-second degree ,masons are denominated4 ,these usually have the double eagle on the bezel4 ,illustration3 ,,masonic ,,rings #a1 #c1 ,master ,mason or ,blue ,lodge2 #b1 #d1 ,knights ,templar2 #e1 8,the ,signet of ,zerubbabel10 adopted as one of the ,royal ,arch symbols4 ,explained as the 8,signet of ,truth40 ,see ,haggai1 ii1 #b-c2 #f1 #adth ,degree1 or ,lodge of ,perfection2 #g1 ,emblem of #adth ,degree on one side1 of #cb;d ,degree on the other2 #h1 #i1 #cb;d ,degree2 #aj1 #ab1 ,mystic ,shrine rings2 #aa1 #cc;d ,degree ,illustration3 ,,rings ,,of ,,orders ,,and ,,societies #a1 ,senior ,order ,united ,american ,mechanics2 #b1 ,knights of ,columbus4 ,raised centre emblem on black enamel2 #c1 ,brotherhood of ,locomotive ,engineers2 #d1 ,knights of the ,maccabees2 #e1 ,order of ,railroad ,telegraphers2 #f1 ,improved ,order of ,red ,men2 #g1 ,independent ,order of ,odd ,fellows 7encrusted sardonyx72 #h1 ,fraternal ,order of ,eagles2 #i1 ,knights of ,pythias 7encrusted sardonyx72 #aj1 ,sons of ,veterans2 #aa1 ,knights of ,pythias 7raised centre emblem on black enamel72 #ab1 ,patriotic ,order ,sons of ,america2 #ac1 ,woodmen of the ,world2 #ad1 ,improved ,order of ,red ,men 7raised centre72 #ae1 ,junior ,order ,united ,american ,mechanics ,the variety of types of fraternity rings is manifold1 most of the orders having a half-dozen or more different ring-designs1 although certain distinctive elements run through all1 as with the wide-spread ,benevolent ,protective ,order of ,elks1 for instance1 on whose rings the elk-head is always conspicuously present4 ,for rings of the ,knights of ,columbus1 the anvil1 sword and battleaxe are never-failing marks4 ,the ,brotherhood of ,locomotive ,engineers1 a labor organization of the highest type1 has for its device a locomotive running on a railway track1 with a telegraph pole at one side4 ,the ,loyal ,order of ,moose has the head of the patron animal1 less graceful than the elk1 but better suggesting the aggressive quality of this order4 ,a considerable variety of designs are represented among the rings worn by the ,knights of ,pythias2 in most cases a helmet and battleaxes are combined with a shield4 ,last1 but not least1 the ,independent ,order of ,odd ,fellows has many rings rich in symbols1 the all-seeing eye1 the open hand with a heart in it1 a death's-head and cross-bones1 and everywhere1 the three interlinked rings characteristic of the order4 ,these are only a few of the innumerable ingenious designs that ,american factories have produced to satisfy an overwhelming demand for fraternity rings4 ,for the leading schools also1 many special rings have been executed to be used as prizes1 or else to meet the wants of school fraternities or sororities4 ,of course1 the numerous college fraternities also frequently use specially designed rings as distinguishing emblems4 ,the immense number of rings that must have been produced for members of the largest societies becomes apparent when we consider that the ,independent ,order of ,odd ,fellows1 whose ,english foundation dates back to about #agde1 now has a membership of over #a1ejj1jjj1 in the ,united ,states and more than #afj1jjj in other countries4 ,to this must be added the membership of the ,daughters of ,rebekah1 a cordinate body of women numbering about #gjj1jjj4 ,another society1 the ,knights of ,pythias1 though of comparatively recent organization1 having been founded in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahfd1 has over #gjj1jjj members in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,this order has a branch exclusively for the colored race1 denominated the ,knights of ,pythias of ,north and ,south ,america1 ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa2 its members number #ej1jjj4 ,the ,benevolent and ,protective ,order of ,elks counts #daj1jjj members in #acji lodges and the ,knights of ,columbus1 a fraternal and benevolent society founded in ,new ,haven in #ahhb1 had1 on ,july #a1 #aiad1 #cbf1heh members4 ,the membership of the ,greek-letter fraternities of the universities and colleges in the ,united ,states is enormous4 ,in #aiad there were #ch leading fraternities distributed in #abbh active chapters and counting #b1fef1hag members1 with #igi fraternity houses4 ,the oldest ,greek-letter society1 ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 was organized at ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,virginia1 in #aggf2 ,kappa ,alpha was founded at ,union ,college1 in #ahbg1 this being the first fraternity to be organized according to the system at present prevailing4 ,the first sorority was ,kappa ,alpha ,theta1 established at ,de ,pauw in #ahgj4 ,the sororities now have about #ej1jjj members in #cie chapters4 ,a gem representing one of the ,states is often set in a talismanic ring4 ,the following is a list of the stones of the various ,states in the ,united ,states1--a precious or semi-precious stone having been found in every ,state3 ,alabama ,beryl ,arizona ,turquoise ,arkansas ,diamond ,california ,kunzite ,colorado ,aquamarine ,connecticut ,beryl ,delaware ,pearl ,florida ,chalcedony ,georgia ,ruby ,idaho ,opal ,illinois ,pearl ,indiana ,pearl ,iowa ,fossil ,coral ,kansas ,chalcedony ,kentucky ,pearl ,louisiana ,chalcedony ,maine ,topaz ,maryland ,orthoclase ,massachusetts ,beryl ,michigan ,agate ,minnesota ,chlorastrolite or ,agate ,mississippi ,pearl ,missouri ,pyrite ,montana ,sapphire ,nebraska ,chalcedony ,nevada ,gold ,quartz ,new ,hampshire ,garnet ,new ,jersey ,prehnite ,new ,mexico ,garnet or ,peridot ,new ,york ,beryl ,north ,carolina ,emerald ,north ,dakota ,agate ,ohio ,chalcedony ,oklahoma ,smoky ,quartz ,oregon ,agate ,pennsylvania ,sunstone or ,moonstone ,rhode ,island ,amethyst ,south ,carolina ,beryl ,south ,dakota ,agate ,tennessee ,pearl ,texas ,agate ,utah ,topaz ,vermont ,beryl ,virginia ,spessartite ,washington ,agate ,west ,virginia ,rock-crystal ,wisconsin ,pearl ,wyoming ,moss ,agate ,for fuller information concerning natal stones1 stones of the month1 stones of the day1 stones of the week1 stones of sentiment1 stones for posy rings1 for wedding anniversaries and similar occasions1 see ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 8,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones10 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company1 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiac1 xiv #djf pp41 #eh pl4 7#h in color71 many text cuts4 ,,viii ,,rings ,,of ,,healing ,closely allied with the magic rings1 so closely indeed that it is often difficult to establish a satisfactory distinction between them1 are the rings of healing1 those to which were ascribed special and peculiar curative powers4 ,in some instances this was due to a legend connected with a particular ring or with the prototype of a class of rings2 at other times the therapeutic virtue was believed to result from the inscription of certain letters or words4 ,in other cases1 again1 the belief arose from the form given to the ring4 ,in the course of his eleventh consulate1 ,augustus was attacked by a serious illness4 ,none of the remedies prescribed for him were of any avail1 until finally he was relieved by following the directions of ,antonius ,musa1 who recommended cold baths and cold drinks4 ,as a reward ,musa was granted the privilege of wearing gold rings1 and also received a large gift of money from the grateful emperor4#edh ,although this ring was not in itself a cause of healing it was certainly the memorial of a successful cure4 ,a strange remedy for sneezing or hiccoughing1 recommended by ,pliny1 was to transfer a ring from one of the fingers of the left hand to the middle finger of the right hand4#edi ,this prescription is copied from ,pliny by the physician ,marcellus ,empiricus#eej who says1 however1 that a ring should be put on the middle finger of the left hand1 adding that the cure was immediate4 ,probably the explanation is to be found in the fact that rings were rarely worn by the ,romans on the middle finger1 and hence the unusual sensation produced by placing a ring on this finger operated to check the nervous spasm causing the sneezes or hiccoughs4 ,it is well known that any nervous shock1 sometimes a very slight one1 will suffice to cure such spasms2 indeed1 ,pliny also advises the immersion of the hand in very hot water4 ,since lizards were believed to recover their sight by natural means after they had been blinded1 this fancy led to the use of a strange method for procuring remedial rings4 ,a blinded lizard was put into a glass vessel1 in which iron or gold rings were also placed4 ,when it became apparent that the creature had regained its sight1 the rings were taken out and used for the cure of weak and weeping eyes4 ,something of the natural force that operated to restore the lizard's vision was supposed to communicate itself to the rings4#eea ,in a treatise incorrectly attributed to the ,roman physician ,galen 78,de incantatione071 the statement is made that the wearing of a ring set with a sard weighing twenty grains will ensure deep and tranquil sleep and give protection against bad dreams or fearful 8visions of the night40 ,for nervous derangement1 often a cause of nightmare1 ,marcellus ,empiricus1 who practised medicine in the ,roman world of the sixth century ,a4,d41 recommended a finger ring made out of the hoof of a rhinoceros1 asserting that any patient suffering from 8obstruction of the nerves0 would surely experience relief by wearing such a ring4 ,on the other hand a ring turned out of rhinoceros horn was supposed to have efficacy against poison and spasms4#eeb ,as a cure for bilious or intestinal troubles1 the physician1 ,alexander ,trallianus 7sixth century ,a4,d47 recommends an iron ring with an octagonal chaton on which should be inscribed the words3 1 1 1 4 8,fly1 fly1 wretched bile1 the swallow is seeking thee40#eec ,this refers to the belief that the flesh of the swallow was a remedy for those suffering from colic4 ,a gold ring1 evidently of ,byzantine origin1 bears on the face1 divided into six segments1 an invocation to the saints ,cosmas and ,damian4 ,according to ,catholic legend these saints were brothers1 of ,arabian birth1 who practised medicine in gae in ,cilicia at the end of the third century4 ,they were regarded as the patron saints of physicians and were often invoked by those suffering from disease4 ,hence this ring probably represents a type common in the ,eastern ,empire and used as a talisman for the cure or prevention of various illnesses4 ,we know that the ,byzantines were fervently devoted to three groups of saints1 regarded as physicians1 whose festival days were ,july #a1 ,november #a1 and ,october #ag4eed ,the initial letters of some magic or religious formula believed to operate as a charm1 were engraved on certain rings1 as1 for example1 the four ,hebrew letters or their equivalents in ,roman characters1 sometimes disposed as follows3 a l ------ g a ,this was called the ,shield of ,david and was believed to afford protection from injury by wounds1 fire1 etc4 ,the ,hebrew letters are the initials of the four words3 8,thou1 ,god1 art mighty for ever40 ,a gold ring with a ,runic 7old ,scandinavian7 inscription was owned by the ,earl of ,aberdeen in #ahbg4 ,it had evidently been destined for use as an amulet1 the characters reading in translation as follows3 8,whether in fever or in leprosy1 let the patient be happy and confident in the hope of recovery40 ,on rings for wear as protection from the plague the favorite inscriptions were ,,iesvs--,,maria--,,ioseph and ,,ihs ,,nasarenvs ,,rex ,,ivdeortum4#eee ,a massive thumb-ring in ,mr4 ,hamper's possession bore an old ,french legend more in accord with true ,christian piety than the inscription we have noted1 namely3 ,candu plera meleor cera1 or 8,when ,god pleases1 things will be better40 ,the curiously learned theologian and natural philosopher1 ,albertus ,magnus 7#aaic-abhj71 ,count of ,bollstdt1 and ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 affirmed that he had seen a sapphire set in a ring remove impurities from the eyes4 ,he had also witnessed the curative effects of the stone when applied to carbuncles1 and declares the common belief that after operating such a cure a sapphire would lose its virtue1 to be entirely false4#eef ,as the name carbuncle 7or anthrax as ,albertus puts it7 was given both to a boil and to ruby or garnet1 we have here an instance among many of the cures by antipathy1 the blue stone curing a red1 inflamed tumor4 ,should we need proof that in the ,middle ,ages rings were believed to have remedial powers1 this is offered by a passage in the statutes of the ,htel ,dieu of ,troyes1 dated in #abfc4 ,here it is decreed that the nuns should not be permitted to wear rings set with precious stones1 except in case of illness4#eeg ,probably in this event the appropriate stone was selected by those versed in this branch of knowledge1 after they had determined1 as well as they were able1 the real nature of the disease4 ,if the owner of a garnet ring who was not an expert in precious stones wished to assure himself of the genuineness of his garnet1 the following rather troublesome experiment was at his disposal4 ,he was to disrobe1 still wearing his ring1 and then to have his body smeared with honey4 ,this done1 he was to lie down where flies or wasps were about4 ,if in spite of the sweet temptation they failed to light on his body1 this was a proof that the garnet was genuine1 an added proof being that when he took off the garnet ring the insects would hasten to make up for lost time and suck up the honey4#eeh ,jacinth as a ring-setting was said to preserve a traveller from all perils on his journey and to make him well received everywhere4 ,another merit was that he was protected against plague and pestilence1 and would enjoy good sleep4#eei ,certainly if this were true1 the traveller could ask for no better amulet to bear about with him on his trip4 ,a toadstone set in an open ring1 so that the stone could touch the skin1 was thought to give notice of the presence of poison by producing a sensation of heat in the skin at the point of contact4 ,a ring made out of narwhal tusk was believed to be an effective antidote to poisons4 ,apart from these materials1 several precious or semi-precious stones1 such as emeralds1 agates1 and also amber and coral1 were assumed to be especially sensitive to the approach of poison1 so much so that when worn suspended from the neck or set in rings1 they would lose their natural color1 thus giving timely warning to their wearers4#efj ,the earliest notices of cramp rings are from entries made in the reign of ,edward ,,ii 7#acjg-acbg71 recording the ,good ,friday gifts of coins by the sovereign to the altar1 the metal of which1 or else an equivalent quantity of metal1 was to be made up into rings4 ,although no cramp ring has been preserved--at least none concerning which there is any good evidence--it has been considered probable that it was a simple gold hoop4 ,its curative power was not connected with any image or inscription1 but solely due to the magic effect of the royal blessing4 ,some old wills contain bequests of cramp rings1 or what we may assume to have been such rings4 ,thus ,john ,baret of ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds1 in his will dated in #adfc1 left a 8rowund ryng of the ,kynges silver10 that is of the silver coins of the royal offering2 another bequest in the same will is that of a 8crampe ryng with blak innamel1 and a part of silver and gilt40 ,a few years later1 in the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 ,edmund ,zee wills to his niece a 8gold ryng with a turkes 7turquoise7 and a crampe ryng of gold40#efa ,at his coronation1 ,edward ,,ii of ,england offered at the high altar of ,westminster ,abbey a pound weight of gold1 fashioned with 8the likeness of a king holding a ring in his hand1 to this was added a golden image weighing eight ounces 7 pound71 representing a pilgrim stretching forth his hand to take the proffered ring40 ,the offering of a pound of gold has persisted down to modern times1 although the later offerings have been in the form of plain ingots1 while in medieval times the sovereign would have it formed into the saintly figure or figures to which he paid particular devotion1 as ,edward ,,ii did to ,st4 ,edward the ,confessor4#efb ,illustration3 ,massive gold ring engraved with the ,wounds of ,christ4 ,a healing talisman2 ,english2 ,fifteenth ,century4 ,found at ,coventry1 #ahjb ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,edward the ,confessor bestowing his ring upon the beggar4 ,from a tile in the ,chapter ,house at ,westminster4 ,thirteenth ,century ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,the sapphire as an eye-stone4 ,the woman points to her eye1 which the physician is about to relieve by applying a sapphire ring ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis10 ,strassburg1 #adhc1 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 cix ,illustration3 ,curious test of the genuineness of a garnet set in a ring4 ,should the stone not be an imitation1 flies and wasps will not alight on the wearer's body1 even though it be smeared with oil ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis10 ,strassburg1 #adhc1 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 lx ,illustration3 ,jeweller offering rings ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis10 ,strassburg1 #adhc1 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 lxv ,these so-called 8cramp-rings10 long regarded in ,england as specifics for the cure of cramps and convulsions1 and even of epileptic attacks1 owed their virtue1 as has been stated1 to the royal blessing4 ,polydore ,vergil1 writing in #aecd1 in the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 asserts that the original cramp-ring was brought to ,edward the ,confessor shortly before his death by some persons who came from ,jerusalem4 ,this very ring had been given by ,edward1 many years before1 to a beggar1 who had craved alms of the ,king for the love he bore ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,the historian appears to regard the return of the ring as a warning to the ,king of his approaching death4 ,when ,edward was interred in ,westminster1 this ring was placed in that church1#efc and it became an object of great veneration there1 for it cured those suffering from paralysis or epilepsy1 if they touched it4 ,from this time1 says ,polydore ,vergil1 the kings of ,england adopted the practice of consecrating1 on ,good ,friday1 similar rings1 which received the name of 8cramp-rings0 from their special efficacy4#efd ,confirmation of the exercise of this rite of consecration by ,henry ,,viii after the establishment of the ,english ,church is given by ,andrew ,borde1 who writes in #aedb as follows3 8,the ,kynges of ,englande doth halowe every yere ,crampe rynges the whyche rynges1 worne on ones fynger1 dothe helpe them the whyche hath the ,crampe40#efe ,cramp rings appear to have been consecrated by ,henry ,,viii both before and after his breach with the ,roman ,church1 for in #aebi ,anne ,boleyn wrote to ,bishop ,gardiner1 then in ,rome1 that she was sending him cramp rings for himself and certain of his friends4#eff ,after the death of ,henry1 ,bishop ,gardiner wrote to ,ridley that he trusted the young king 7,edward ,,vi7 would not neglect to continue the usage4 ,however1 as we have no information that such rings were consecrated during ,edward's reign 7#aedg-aeec71 it seems probable that the practice was discontinued4#efg ,in the early part of ,mary's reign 7#aeec-aeeh71 a special ,latin service for the consecration of cramp rings was drawn up1 some extracts from which are here translated3#efh ,the rings lying in one basin or more1 this prayer is to be said over them3 8,o ,god1 the creator of all celestial and terrestrial creations1 the restorer of the human race1 and the bestower of all blessings1 send ,thy ,holy ,spirit1 the ,paraclete1 from heaven upon these rings made by the hand of man1 and deign to so purify them by ,thy power1 that all the corruption of the envious and venomous serpent being expelled1 the metal created by ,thee in ,thy goodness may remain untainted by all the stains of the enemy4 ,through ,christ1 our ,lord4 ,amen40 ,benediction3 ,o ,god1 who in every disease hast always shown miracles of ,thy power1 and who hast willed that rings should be a pledge of faith for ,judah1 a priestly ornament for ,aaron1 a symbol of a faithful custodian for ,darius1 and a remedy for various diseases in this reign1 graciously vouchsafe to sanctify and to bless these rings2 that all who wear them may be protected from the wiles of ,satan and armed with the virtue of a celestial guardianship2 and that they shall neither be menaced by convulsions nor by danger of epilepsy1 but shall find by ,thy succor1 alleviation of all manner of diseases4 ,in the name of the ,father 1 of the ,son 1 and of the ,holy ,spirit 4 ,amen4 ,a manuscript owned by the late ,cardinal ,wiseman described the ceremonies of the service under this heading3 8,certain prayers to be used by the ,quene's ,heighnes in the ,consecration of the ,cramp-rynges40 ,there is also an illuminated design showing ,queen ,mary as she knelt at the ceremony1 a dish filled with the rings being set on either side of her4 ,king ,philip was also present to take part in the ceremonial1 although the ,queen's share in the consecration must have been regarded as the principal one2 still ,philip's fervent devotion to the church ritual found expression here as elsewhere1 for on entering the chapel he is said to have crept on his knees along a carpet extending from the entrance to the place where the rings were to be blessed4 ,here a crucifix had been placed on a cushion1 and the ,king1 still in a kneeling attitude1 bestowed his royal blessing on the rings4 ,this intensely devout approach to them was then repeated by ,queen ,mary and the ladies who attended her to the chapel4#efi ,a talismanic ring especially valuable for a physician is described by ,konrad von ,megenberg4 ,this is to be of silver and set with a stone bearing the figure of a man with a bundle of herbs hanging from his neck4 ,the wearer is given the power to diagnose diseases1 and he will be able to stanch any hemorrhage1 however severe1 if he only touch the affected part with the stone4 ,as a natural result1 we learn that the physician will gain both reputation and honors1 and it is related that ,galen1 the great ,roman medical authority1 wore such a ring4#egj ,in the 8,gesta ,romanorum0 is a story of a ring endowed with great remedial powers3 ,a certain king had three sons and one precious stone4 ,when the hour of his death had come1 he reflected that his sons would dispute for the possession of the stone4 ,now he loved one of his three sons better than the others1 wherefore he caused three similar rings to be made and two glass imitations resembling the precious stone2 he then had the three stones set in their respective rings4 ,lest his plan should fail1 the father called his three sons to him1 and gave to each the ring destined for him1 giving the best one to the son he most loved4 ,after the father's death each of the sons declared that he had the ring with the precious stone4 ,hearing this1 a sage said3 8,let us make a test1 for that ring which can cure disease is the most precious40 ,the test was made1 and two of the rings had no effect1 but that with the precious stone cured the disease2 whence it became manifest which of the sons had been best loved by his father4#ega ,it was this medival tale that suggested to the ,german dramatic poet and critic1 ,lessing1 the celebrated parable of the three rings1 which he puts into the mouth of ,nathan the ,sage1#egb in answer to ,saladin's question as to whether the true religion was ,judaism1 ,christianity or ,mohammedanism4 ,nathan likens them to the three rings given by the father to his sons1 the secret as to which was the genuine magic ring being hidden from them4 ,pursuing the parable1 he makes the sons1 after the father's death1 bring their dispute before a court of justice4 ,the judge having heard the testimony1 at first declares that it is impossible for him to determine which of the rings is the genuine one2 then1 after a moment's thought1 he recalls the statement that the hearts of all will be drawn toward him who has it1 and asks which of the brothers is most loved by the other two4 ,they are honest enough to confess in turn that each loves himself the best4 ,thereupon the judge adjourns the case for a few thousand years1 during which the race that has shown the greatest virtues will become the favored one1 and thus prove that its ring was the true one4 ,medival superstition did not shrink from the belief that some magicians had such power over the spirits of evil that they could force a demon to take up his abiding-place in a ring1 and rings of this kind were thought to be powerful medical amulets4 ,in classic times also medicine-rings were known and used1 one having been given by ,augustus to his son-in-law ,agrippa4#egc ,it was not uncommon in the ,middle ,ages for a pharmacist to make an impression from a signet upon his prescription as a guarantee that it had been prepared by a trustworthy person4 ,a fine specimen of this type of ring is one that belonged to a certain ,donobertus4#egd ,it was found at ,st4 ,chamant1 dept4 ,corrze1 in #ahfg4 ,the material is gold and the ring was set with an antique carnelian around which is engraved on the gold bezel a circular inscription signifying 8,donobertus has made this medicine40 ,the supposition is that1 as in so many cases1 the functions of the physician and pharmacist were here exercised by the same person4#ege ,at the trial of ,jeanne d',arc1 her judges questioned her closely regarding certain magic rings she was asserted to have worn4 ,from the tenor of the questions we can infer that ,jeanne was accused of having used the rings for the cure of diseases and also that they were believed to have been set with charmed stones4 ,interrogated as to whether she had any rings1 ,jeanne replied3 8,you have one of mine2 give it back to me40 ,she added that the ,burgundians had taken away another1 and requested that if the judges had the firstmentioned ring in their possession they should show it to her4 ,when questioned as to who had given her the ring taken by the ,burgundians1 ,jeanne answered that she had received it in ,domremy1 either from her father or her mother1 and that she believed it was inscribed with the names 8,jhesus ,maria40 ,she did not know who had made the inscription and did not believe there was any stone in the ring4 ,she strenuously denied ever having cured anyone by means of her rings4 ,it is characteristic of the simple straightforward way in which ,jeanne refuted the accusation of witchcraft that she charged her judges to give to the church the ring in their possession4#egf ,in #ahjb there was found in ,coventry ,park an ancient gold ring1 weighing #a oz41 #ac dwts41 #h grains1 and bearing a number of religious designs4 ,in the central division was depicted ,christ rising from the tomb1 the hammer1 ladder1 sponge and other emblems of the ,passion being shown in the background4 ,in two compartments on either side were graven the five wounds1 with the following ,old ,english legends3 8the well of everlasting lyffe10 8the well of confort10 8the well of gracy10 8the well of pity10 8the well of merci40 ,still existent traces evidenced that black enamel had been used in the figure of ,christ1 and red enamel to picture the wounds and the drops of blood4 ,inside the hoop ran the following legend3 8,vulnera quinq4 dei sunt medicina mei1 pia crux et passio xpi sunt medicina mihi4 ,jaspar1 ,melchior1 ,baltasar1 ananyzapta tetragrammaton40 ,the whole signifying that the wounds and ,passion of ,christ were to serve as remedial agents for the wearer1 the healing virtue of the ring being strengthened by the names of the ,three ,kings1 by an enigmatic ,gnostic epithet1 and by the tetragrammaton1 or the four ,hebrew letters forming the ,ineffable ,name4 ,a series of sixteen mourning rings 8of fyne ,gold10 bequeathed by ,sir ,edmond ,shaw1 ,alderman of ,london1 by his will made about #adhg1 were 8to be graven with the well of pitie1 the well of mercie1 and the well of everlasting life40#egg ,it has been conjectured that the names of the ,magi1 the 8,three ,kings10 ,gaspar1 ,melchior and ,balthazar1 which nowhere appear in the ,scriptures1 may have been originally titles or epithets of ,mithras1 signifying respectively 8,white ,one10 8,king of ,light10 and 8,lord of ,treasures40#egh ,the invocation or inscription of these names was1 in early ,christian and medival times1 believed to have great curative effect1 more especially against epilepsy1 and hence they were often engraved on rings4 ,a number of these may be seen in the ,british ,museum4 ,cologne ,cathedral has been and still is the great centre of attraction for all devotees of the ,three ,kings1 for their remains are said to have been brought there in #aafb from ,milan1 whither they had been miraculously conveyed long before from ,constantinople4 ,medicinal rings were often used in the reign of ,elizabeth1 and one was given to this queen by ,lord ,chancellor ,hatton4 ,writing to ,sir ,thomas ,smith1 under date of ,september #aa1 #aeh-1 ,hatton says3 8,i am likewise bold to recommend my most humble duty to our dear mistress ,queen ,elizabeth by this letter and ring1 which hath the virtue to expell infectious airs1 and is 7as it telleth me7 to be worn between the sweet duggs1 the chaste nest of pure constancy4 ,i trust1 sir1 when the virtue is known1 it shall not be refused for the value40#egi ,this rather coarse flattery would not offend the ,virgin ,queen1 who habitually indulged in very plain speaking4 ,a diamond ring said by a faithful courtier to have brought him health and strength when he was at death's door1 was one sent by ,king ,james ,i to ,thomas ,sackvil1 ,duke of ,dorset1 ,high ,treasurer both under ,elizabeth and ,james4 ,when1 early in ,june1 #afjg1 news was brought the king that his ,treasurer was so dangerously ill that his life was despaired of1 he sent him a rich gold ring set with twenty diamonds1 five of which were so disposed as to form a cross4 ,with the ring ,james sent a special message1 expressing the hope that ,sackvil would recover and might live as long as the diamond in the ring endured4 ,this proof of his sovereign's favor called the patient back to life1 according to his own narration4#ehj ,convulsions and fits were believed to be cured by rings made of a silver coin representing the value of a number of smaller pieces of money1 sixpences or even pennies1 collected at the church door from those who had just been present at a communion service4 ,should this have taken place on ,easter ,sunday1 the value and efficacy of the talismanic ring made from the offering were much enhanced4 ,a less religious source for a silver ring of this kind has been reported4 ,five bachelors were to contribute a sixpence apiece1 and a bachelor was then to convey the silver to a blacksmith who was also unmarried and who was to make the ring4 ,an absolute requisite1 however1 was that none of the voluntary contributors should have the slightest idea of the destination of his sixpence4#eha ,for the cure of ulcers1 ,johannes ,agricola advises the wearing of rings made from solidified quicksilver1 during a conjunction of the moon with the planet ,mercury2 these rings were to be worn on the side opposite to that afflicted with the ulcer4#ehb ,this might suggest some vague idea of the fact that the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body1 and vice versa1 although if the effect of the ring was to be transmitted by reflex action of the brain1 the stimulus must of course1 proceed from the afflicted side4 ,it is said that if a remedial potion were stirred about with the ring finger1 the heart would quickly realize the presence of poison1 and would thus give warning against drinking it2 the fourth finger was therefore sometimes called the 8medical finger40#ehc ,the idea that the ring possessed a mystic restraining power finds expression in the curious custom of the ,bagobos of the ,philippine ,islands1 who encircle the wrists and ankles of the dangerously ill with rings of brass wire1 in the belief that these serve to keep the soul from taking its flight4#ehd ,an analogous1 although apparently contradictory impulse induces the ,greek inhabitants of the island of ,scarpanto 7,carpathus71 near ,rhodes1 to take off all rings from a dead person lest the soul should be bound to the body even after death2 the pressure of a ring on the little finger being sufficient to interfere with the freedom of the spirit4#ehe ,similar beliefs obtained as to the secret binding power of knots4 ,illustration3 ,,astrolabe ,,ring1 ,,of ,,gold ,two views1 closed and open ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 ,,physician',s ,,ring ,,of ,,gold1 ,,with ,,minute ,,watch ,,for ,,counting ,,the ,,pulse-,,beats ,beneath the watch is the maker's name1 ,kossek in ,prague4 ,the movement is regulated by a slide at one side2 the hole for the watch key is on the lower side4 ,enameled leaf-work decoration4 ,two views ,albert ,figdor ,collection1 ,vienna ,illustration3 #a4 ,,watch ,,ring1 ,,set ,,with ,,diamonds #b4 ,,watch ,,ring1 ,,set ,,with ,,pearls ,showing the dial and the movement of the balance staff ,eighteenth ,century ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,watch ,,ring ,side and front views ,a ring made from the hoof of a wild ass was supposed to possess medicinal virtue1 and one made from the hoof of a rhinoceros1 if placed on the finger1 was believed to cure certain nervous disorders4 ,a ring of rhinoceros-horn was a still more powerful remedial agent and its wear was favored in ,india as an antidote for poisons and to cure convulsions or spasms4#ehf ,a ring made from the hoof of the elk possessed similar virtues1 and cramps in the legs would be cured if the afflicted part were merely touched with such a ring4 ,as to the mode in which the elk-hoof should be used for curative rings for epilepsy1 the old authorities differed1 ,goclenius affirming that a piece of the hoof should be set in a ring1 while others believed that the entire ring should be turned out of this material4 ,the proper way of wearing it was to place it on the fourth finger1 so that it could come in contact with the palm of the hand4 ,the choice of the particular hoof was also matter for debate1 some favoring that of the left hind foot and others that of the right one4 ,rings set with teeth of the sea-horse were recommended by ,johann ,michales1 a famous physician of ,leipsic4 ,a ring made of pure silver1 of 8the moon10 as the astrologers said1 if set in a piece of elk-hoof1 under the zodiacal sign of ,pisces and during a favorable conjunction of the planets1 would prove a certain cure for epilepsy and all brain diseases4#ehg ,the ,tyrolean hunters have the same superstitious fancy as to the talismanic power of an antelope's tooth set in a ring as is 7or was7 held in some other parts of the world regarding elks' teeth set in rings4 ,of the ,tyrolean rings1 four examples were disposed at the sale in ,new ,york in #aiac1 of the fine collections of ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,drake4#ehh ,a gold ring specially designed for a physician's use in counting pulse-beats is to be seen in the collection of ,dr4 ,albert ,figdor1 ,vienna4 ,it is set with a watch1 below which1 on the bezel1 is inscribed the name of the watchmaker1 ,kossek in ,prague4 ,the aperture for the insertion of the watch key is on the lower side1 and there is a slide for regulating the movement of the little timepiece4#ehi ,among healing rings none might be thought to promise better results than the 8electric rings10 made of an amalgam of copper and some other metal1 which are sold to a considerable extent1 their curative power being supposedly derived from an electric charge1 or a generation of electricity4 ,whatever good effects may have been observed as a result of the use of such rings1 presumably few would be inclined to deny that one of the active agents in the cure was the faith of the wearer1 which assuredly would fortify or supplement the beneficial effects of electric emanations1 where the mind was firmly impressed with the conviction that a curative power existed in the ring4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,ring ,,making ,the modern methods of ring manufacture in the ,united ,states are far different from those of the past1 due to an endeavor to keep pace with the growth of the country and with an increase in production4 ,owing to the introduction of modern systems1 great quantities of an article can now be sold1 which1 though not preserving the character of the finest handiwork1 yet cost so much less to produce that they can now be offered at greatly reduced prices4 ,in the manufacture of the modern ring1 there is first prepared a design1 or even a model4 ,the initial process consists in cutting this object exactly as it will appear when it is finished1--or such parts of it as are made by measure1--on what is known as a 8hub0 made of soft steel4 ,when the design is finally completed1 it is hardened by heating and then by dipping into water1 oil or other solution4 ,when the metal hub has been hardened1 it is forced into a mass of soft steel by great pressure1 usually hydraulic1 producing a die1 as it is termed1 on which all the ornamentation is the reverse of that on the desired object4 ,this die is then hardened4 ,the die is placed on the stand of the drop press1 the upperweight strikes it and forces the metal into it2 this requires from four or five to seven or eight operations4 ,each time the metal is struck it is annealed1 then restruck and again annealed1 until the ring is ready for trimming4 ,this trimming removes all the superfluous metal1 and the ring is then in condition for the jeweller to bend it into a complete circle4 ,in the manufacture of many rings1 the metal first receives a special form4 ,the gold plates are blanked and rolled to a definite thickness according to the pattern of the ring desired1 the width being controlled by screws attached to the rolls themselves4 ,to obtain the exact width1 the measure in which it is placed can be adjusted to cut a strip of metal from a millimeter1 or thinner1 up to several inches in width4 ,it is slid over a roll and two wheels with sharp edges separate the mass of gold into exactly the desired widths4 ,the gauges are so exact as in one instance to provide #af variations to a millimeter1 approximately #a_/be of an inch4 ,another screw gauge is so delicate that it can be adjusted to the four-thousandth of an inch4 ,each piece is then put in a cutter exactly the outline of the desired piece1 which1 for a ring1 is usually quite flat4 ,the piece of metal then drops into a cutting box and a number can be struck out successively by simply raising the press and allowing the cutter to come down4 ,the metal is now placed in another roll1 which1 in the case of the signet ring1 rolls the sides thinner than the head4 ,when this process is completed the product is put in a gauge measure which measures the length of the ring from #j4d to size #ac1 on ,allen's standard gauge4 ,the ends of the metal are then cut off so that the ring is approximately the desired size1 and the ends are annealed or soldered without any further operation4 ,illustration3 ,,production ,,of ,,rings ,,with ,,precious ,,stone ,,settings ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,machinery #a1 original blank struck from plate of metal4 #b1 same raised1 with claws pointing upward4 #c1 same reduced4 #d1 first strike of a one-piece ring4 #e1 second operation4 #f1 third operation4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 successive stages in the manufacture of a gallery for the ring ,illustration3 ,,successive ,,stages ,,in ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,a ,,ring 7,,machine ,,made7 ,,from ,,the ,,shaped1 ,,bent1 ,,unornamented ,,bar ,,to ,,the ,,finished ,,ring ,in most cases when striking a signet-ring1 the top is not cut out entirely4 ,the gold backing of the stone is left1 and the head of the ring is struck with a concave space so that when the two sides are brought down the space will remain flat4 ,for transparent stones1 the top is cut out of the setting entirely4 ,when the rings are finally completed they are cleaned by what is known as a stripping wheel1 the reverse of a plating wheel1 which removes all the fire-markings1 and all the other impurities that exist1 leaving the metal clean4 ,the rings are then polished by rapidly revolving wheels of hair1--at times1 of other materials4 ,after this1 the stones are set4 ,if the rings need engraving1 they are then passed to an engraver and are finally polished1 leaving the metal entirely finished4 ,in former times1 and now also1 by hand methods one man would frequently make an entire ring4 ,by modern methods1 the ring passes through the hands of a number of workers3 first1 the blank-maker1 then in succession the man who operates the drop press1 the jeweller1 the stone setter1 the engraver1 and finally1 the polisher4 ,as to the statistics of ring-making1 with the great demand throughout the ,united ,states a single factory has produced #c1jjj1jjj rings a year1 some selling for less than #a4jj each1 and on up to #e4jj and #aj4jj each2 very occasionally for higher prices1 up to #ej4jj or #fj4jj4 ,recently to fill an order for a chain of popular shops1 this factory turned out #b1jjj1jjj rings to be sold at ten cents apiece4 ,in the region of ,providence1 ,rhode ,island1 and the nearby ,attleboro1 ,mass41 the total value of the annual ring output1 which gives employment to some two thousand persons1 is put at #e1jjj1jjj4 ,in a factory of the largest kind1 frequently the various parts for making up a ring may be kept in small boxes1 because a stamper1 in making an intricate ring1 is able to produce more in one day than a jeweller can finish in a week4 ,in simple rings1 however1 the jeweller finishes as many rings as the stamper can produce in a day4 ,there is no piece of jewellery that is more generally worn nor whose possession causes more joy1 than a finger ring4 ,and the proper fitting of a ring for comfort in wearing it1 or to prevent its loss1 which frequently would be looked upon almost as a calamity1 is something that can be attained by careful adjustment to the proper size4 ,many fingers taper forward4 ,in other fingers1 the knuckle is very large and the third joint much smaller than the knuckle4 ,where the finger tapers from the joint at the hand to the tip it is frequently difficult to make a ring hold properly4 ,but this can be done by wearing a tiny guard ring4 ,in cases where the finger is much smaller between the third and fourth joint the ring will turn around1 which is not only uncomfortable but makes the ornaments fail to show properly4 ,this can be prevented by having the hoop penannular in shape1 or by the addition of an internal spring4 ,to prevent the rubbing together of two rings worn on the same finger1 and the resulting attrition1 which in the lapse of years sometimes wears down a gold ring until the hoop becomes so thin that it may crack1 a simple device has been patented4 ,this is a narrow circlet which may be made of ivory or any other suitable material4 ,it has a thin vertical flange just high enough to interpose between the rings that are to be kept apart1 and two horizontal flanges to pass beneath the hoops of the rings4 ,to protect two rings from rubbing against each other1 an exceedingly narrow gold circlet is worn between them4 ,where there is risk that a hard stone in one ring will come in contact with a pearl in the other1 or a diamond with any other stone1 necessarily softer1 one or more very small beads are welded on that part of the hoop nearest to the setting4 ,in cases where a treasured ring has worn almost to the thinness of paper1 it is possible to strengthen it by adding gold at either side of the hoop4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,allen ,,ring ,,gauge0 ,generally used in the ,united ,states for measuring accurately the size of the ring required to fit a given finger ,illustration3 #a1 ,engelmann's ring1 finger and millimeter locking gauge4 #b1 8,display rings10 in which a succession of precious stones can be set and tried on the fingers ,the size of the finger is often recorded by what is known as the ,allen gauge1 a tapering stick numbered from #a to size #ac in half sizes4 ,to this stick is attached a chain1 and pendant to the chain is a series of rings of graduated sizes4 ,when it is decided which ring of the series best fits the finger1 it is slipped on the gauge and its size ascertained4 ,if size #f is a little tight and #f a trifle loose1 this indicates that #f is the correct size4 ,in measuring the finger for a ring1 by ,engelmann's ,ring1 ,finger and ,millimeter ,locking ,gauge1 the ring is set over the outside perpendicular ends of the gauge 7see plate74 ,these are then separated to their fullest extent1 so that they touch the ring on both sides4 ,the exact size of the ring is thus indicated on the scale over the mark on the movable upper part of the right-hand end4 ,to measure the size of a finger1 the ends should be separated sufficiently to permit the finger to pass through the aperture between them4 ,they are then to be closed so as to touch lightly--not pinch or squeeze--the flesh of the finger4 ,when this has been done the ends are locked1 and if the knuckle passes easily through the aperture1 the right size has been found4 ,this is recorded on the scale in the same way as in the ring measurement4 ,in measuring the finger of either a child1 boy1 girl1 or woman1 who has not a large or high knuckle1 a safe rule is to add a ring-size to that which has been indicated by the measurement4 ,the width of the metal ring-shank is ascertained by placing its lower1 centre part between the two inside perpendicular ends1 and the exact dimensions will be made apparent on the millimeter scale4 ,where the shank is tapered1 the maximum and minimum widths must be taken1 and these must both be stated in ordering a ring4 ,an unset stone is to be measured in the way just described1 maximum and minimum widths being taken2 for this purpose also1 only the extreme pointed ends are to be used2 these dimensions should be correctly stated when the ring is ordered4 ,to alter a ring to any size1 place the lower1 centre part of the shank over the scale and estimate the width of metal to be taken off or added1 respectively1 by the millimeter-lines4 ,where the proper measuring devices are not attainable1 resource may be had to various simple expedients4 ,for instance1 a bit of copper wire can be used2 one end is turned so as to form an eye1 and through this the other end is drawn until the circle fits the finger2 the free end is then twisted to keep it from slipping back4 ,in this way the exact size of a finger can be obtained4 ,it is also possible to have the wire notched so as to indicate the standard numbers of rings1 or better still1 to have them stamped on a narrow1 flat strip of copper or steel with a slot at one end1 through which the other end can be passed and turned down when the band has closely encircled the finger4 ,of course1 these simple methods need only be resorted to when the prospective buyer is ordering a ring by mail or messenger1 as jewellers are always provided with instruments for taking the exact measurement of the fingers4 ,a new and practical invention is that of a 8display ring10 by means of which the jeweller can enable anyone who desires to order a ring1 to judge of the effect of various stones when worn as ring settings4 ,this little device is open at one end1 the metal band being flexible enough to yield to slight pressure applied to both sides4 ,in front1 on either side1 are two claws1 which open up and grasp the stone when the pressure is relaxed4 ,thus one gem after another can be displayed4 ,sets of these display-rings are made comprising eighteen different sizes4#eij ,when a ring has become painfully and injuriously tight on a finger1 a simple method and often efficacious1 for its removal1 is to take several feet of cotton cord1 soak this in soapsuds1 glycerine1 or oil1 and pass one end of it under the ring1 leaving about six inches loosely hanging down4 ,the other end of the cord is then to be wound tightly around the finger1 beginning close to the ring and continuing over the middle joint up to the end of the finger4 ,if left on for a while1 the cord compresses the flesh to such an extent that when it is unwound by pulling at the loose end hanging down from the base of the finger1 the ring will be gradually and painlessly forced off4 ,in very serious cases it is safest to file through the hoop and bend it open sufficiently to free the finger4 ,the trifling injury to the ring can easily be repaired1 leaving it in all respects in its original condition4 ,a ring that fits too tightly may become a source of serious injury to the wearer in course of time4 ,this applies especially to engagement or wedding-rings1 for many wearers have a sentimental1 or even superstitious disinclination to remove such a ring after it has once been placed on the finger by the cherished donor4 ,slight as the effects appear to be1 since the progressive tightening is so very gradual1 there have been cases where the increasing plumpness of a hand has caused the pressure of the ring to become so intense as to induce an affection of the arm1 rendering it liable to serious trouble in case of an attack of rheumatism or a severe cold4 ,in some cases1 when such a tight ring has been cut from the hand1 the present writer has seen that the entire finger under the ring was an open wound1 occasionally a deep one4#eia ,throughout ,europe--,england and the ,continent--narrow gold rings are generally worn1 almost invariably of #bb-;carat gold2 among the poorer classes1 the standard falls to #ah-;carat--never lower4 ,in the ,united ,states the correct wedding ring is a #bb-;carat ring1 but away from the large cities and among their less prosperous inhabitants #ah-;carat rings are worn to a considerable extent4 ,these are often two1 three1 or four times the weight of the ,european #bb-;carat ring1 flatter and sharp on the edges1 thus cutting the finger4 ,frequently perspiration under the ring will cause the finger to become sore and infected4 ,the narrow ring is more rounded on the inside and never infects the finger in any way4 ,charges of selling illegally stamped wedding-rings have recently been preferred in a ,new ,york court4 ,the proceedings were instituted under paragraph #dca of the ,penal ,law4 ,the marking in one case was 8#ad ,kt4 10 this having been stated to signify that nine-tenths of the metal was #ad-;carat gold and one-tenth of some baser metal4 ,the real meaning1 however1 appears to be that one-tenth is of #ad-;carat gold1 the remaining nine-tenths being alloy4 ,the ring was found to weigh #gb grains1 and on being tested at the ,united ,states ,assay ,office1 the fineness of the entire metal was determined to be #eb_/ajjj1 equivalent to a fineness of but #ab carats for the one-tenth represented to be of #ad-;carat gold4 ,the utmost variation from standard permitted by the statute is one carat4 ,the quantity of pure gold in such a ring would only be about #c grains1 worth a fraction over #af cents4 ,the rings were sold for #c4ge and #d4 ,an alarm ring1 giving the wearer timely notice if its stone setting should fall out1 has recently been invented4 ,beneath the stone1 a needle traversing the ring is so adjusted to a coiled spring that if the stone drops out1 the spring is released1 and the needle-point gives a slight prick to the wearer's finger4 ,the idea is ingenious enough and the ring may find favor among those who value their ring-stones enough to endure a 8sharp reminder0 of their loss when this helps their recovery4#eib ,a curious and interesting example of inlaying1 is a gold ring owned by ,b4 ,g4 ,fairchild1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york4 ,in the flat bezel have been inserted two winged figures1 cut in intaglio on pieces of brown chalcedony4 ,as there is no margin of stone showing about the figures1 the effect is very striking1 the chalcedony appearing to be naturally embedded in the gold4 ,this is a production of antique art4 ,in designing a ring the goldsmith must constantly bear in mind that only the upper part1 less than half the circle1 will be displayed1 and he should thus carefully avoid regarding the whole ring as an ornamental object and chasing or adorning the part that will not be shown4 ,to this end he is advised to model the design in wax on the circlet itself1 rather than to work from a sketch or drawing4 ,if any plant or other nature form enters into his composition1 he should1 where possible1 have a specimen before him while he works1 so that whatever modifications or adaptations he may make will not violate the main lines of the natural type4 ,in making a ring of solid metal1 it is either cast in the desired form1 or hammered from a cast4 ,after the metal has been annealed1 the design is sketched on in black water-color2 it is then outlined with a small round-edged tracing-tool and the ground-work is chiselled away4 ,the design can now be finished with chasing tools4#eic ,the making of finger rings as well as of everything else has been strongly influenced by machine production4 ,cloth is machine-made1 pictures are lithographed1 lace1 macaroni1 and even small houses are now produced with an exactness that was never before possible4 ,but1 unfortunately1 with the dominance of the 8machine-made0 product1 the artistic quality is entirely obliterated4 ,rings are now made in such vast quantities that exactness of reproduction is the great aim4 ,thus while the initial design may possess a certain measure of originality1 the single ring of the type1 one out of thousands or tens of thousands stamped out of the same model1 necessarily lacks that personal touch which alone can produce a truly artistic object4 ,names of the ,ring#eid in ,various ,foreign ,languages4 ,anglo-,saxon ,hringe ,arabic ,khatam1 mabas ,babylonian ,shemiru1 lulimtu8 ,bohemian1 ,serbo-,croatian ,kruh1 prsten ,bulgarian ,prsten ,chinese ,pan-chih1 chih huan#eie ,danish ,ring ,dutch ,ring ,french ,anneau1 bague ,gaelic 7,erse7 ,fainne1 failbeagh ,german ,ring ,greek1 ancient 1 ,greek1 modern ,hebrew ,tabba'ath1 otham ,hungarian 7,magyar7 ,gyr ,italian ,anello ,icelandic ,hringr ,irish ,fainne ,japanese ,yubi no wa ,laos ,pawp ,m ,latin ,anulus1 anellus ,lithuanian ,ziedas ,persian ,angushtar 7aat7 ,polish ,piercien1 krouzek ,portuguese ,annel ,roumanian ,inel ,russian ,kolts1#eif prsten#eig ,ruthenian 7,little ,russian7 ,persten ,sanskrit ,angulya1 anguli mudra ,serbian ,prsten ,siamese ,new nang 7nang pet7 ,spanish ,sortija1 anillo ,sumerian ,,mur 7,,khar7 ,swedish ,ring ,syriac ,tab'1 athm ,turkish 7,osmanli7 ,ysk1 halqa ,welsh ,modrwy ,the following hints as to the proper pronunciation of some of the rare words in the above list have been kindly furnished by ,prof4 ,john ,dyneley ,prince1 of ,columbia ,university1 who has also supplied several of the names3 ,in prsten 7,bulgarian1 ,bohemian and ,serbo-,croatian71 the r has a peculiar rolling sound with an inherent vowel2 this cannot be correctly reproduced in ,english spelling4 ,the ci of ,polish piercien is pronounced like the ,italian ci 7chee74 ,little ,russian 7,ruthenian7 and ,russian persten means literally 8finger-thing40 ,in the ,lithuanian ziedas1 the z is pronounced like ,french j1 or our z and azure4 ,the ,hungarian gyr sounds like dy-r2 it means something rolled4 ,the in ,hebrew1 ,arabic and ,syriac is an explosive t unknown in ,english2 the letter rendered by the sign is a deep1 guttural and faucal exhalation4 ,irish fainne is pronounced fau-in-nye1 and the ,welsh bodrwy is sounded as bod-roo-ee4 ,the word 8ring10 tabba-ath1 appears once in ,genesis 7xli3 #db71 the ring given by ,pharaoh to ,joseph2 six times in ,esther iii3 #aj1 #ab2 viii3 #b1 #h 7bis71 #aj1 the ring of ,ahasuerus4 ,in the ,new ,testament the ring is mentioned once in ,luke xv3 #bb1 the ring given the ,prodigal ,son2 and once in the ,epistle of ,james1 ii3 #b4 ,the word 8rings10 as finger-rings1 occurs in ,exodus xxxv3 #bb1 of the offerings of the people of ,israel in the desert2 in ,numbers xxxi3 #ej2 in ,canticles v3 #ad 7this is probably to be rendered 8rods071#eih and in ,isaiah iii3 #ba4 ,that rings should be so rarely alluded to in the ,old ,testament might seem to prove that they were not as extensively worn in the land of ,israel as some have assumed4 ,the finest ancient ,hebrew signet is said to be one of the time of ,jeroboam ,,ii1 ,king of ,israel 7#gij-gdi8 ,b4,c471 found at ,megiddo4 ,this is the seal of ,shemai1 the ,king's ,minister of ,state4 ,it is of jasper and bears the finely engraved figure of a lion4 ,the form is oval and the seal measures #c4g by #b4g cm4#eii ,,index ,a ,aah-hotep1 ,queen1 signet of1 #aag ,abbots' rings1 #bhj ,abbott1 ,dr41 ,egyptian collection of1 #aah ,abbesses' rings1 #bhj ,aberdeen1 ,earl of1 #cci ,achametis1 on dreams of rings1 #bih ,add-a-link ring1 #ic ,adjustable rings1 #ic ,adler1 ,cyrus1 viii lian1 #cb ,african rings1 #fd1 #hc1 #hd1 #cbh ,agate1 #ha1 #hg1 #cce ,agincourt1 rings found on battlefield of1 #afe ,agla motto on healing rings1 #cci ,agricola1 ,johannes1 on healing rings1 #cea ,ahasuerus1 signet of1 #aaf ,ahlstan1 ,bishop of ,sherbourne1 ring of1 #bga ,albert1 ,prince1 #bbe ,albertus ,magnus1 on virtues of talismans1 #caa ,alexander the ,great1 signet of1 #abc ,alfonso ,x1 ,lapidario of1 #cjd1 #cje ,alfonso ,,xiii1 old usage said to have been observed at marriage of1 #bac ,alliot1 ,hector1 viii ,amber1 #ajd1 #cda entire rings of1 #ajd ,ambrose1 ,st41 #abh ,amelia1 ,princess1 ,memorial ring of1 #dc ,amenhotep ,,iv 7,akhenaten71 ring of1 #fg ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 #fe ,american rings1 #ag-cj1 #dg1 #hd1 #he1 #ajh ,amethyst1 #cd1 #ej1 #gc1 #hf1 #aaa1 #abe1 #abf1 #aeh1 #bbg1 #beb1 #bgi1 #cbh1 #cce ,andalusite1 #hf ,anglo-,saxon rings1 #aie of ,bishop ,ahlstan1 #bga of ,ethelswith1 #agc1 #agd of ,ethelwulf1 #agc1 #agd ,anhalt1 princess of1 magic ring of1 #caf1 #cag ,annay1 ,sir ,william d'1 ring given to by ,richard ,cur-de-,lion1 #agg ,anne1 ,st41 betrothal ring of1 #bfa ,anne of ,denmark1 #ahi ,antiochus ,,iv1 ,epiphanes1 signet of1 #abe ,antoninus ,pius1 head of1 on signet1 #adj ,anularius1 a ring-maker1 #af ,anuli natalitii1 #ae ,anulus pronubus1 #aic ,apollonius of ,tyana1 magic rings of1 #bif1 #cbe ,aquamarine1 #aeh ,aquinas1 ,st4 ,thomas1 #baa ,arabic rings1 ,mohammed's seal1 #ada with carnelians1 #ada mottoes and devices on1 #adb ,archological ,institute1 ,london1 #gc ,archers' rings1 #hg1 #aje-ajh ,aristophanes1 of rings1 #i ,aristotle1 blamed by ,plato for wearing rings1 #cb ,arnulphus1 ,bishop of ,metz1 ring of1 #bfi ,art nouveau rings1 #hg ,artemidora1 mummy-case of1 #ea ,artemidorus1 rings in dream-book of1 #cg ,arundel collection1 #aga ,arundel1 ,thomas1 keeper of jewels of ,edward the ,confessor's shrine1 #age ,assyrian and ,babylonian rings1 #c ancient contract as to emerald set in one1 #d1 #e ,assyrian jewellers' firm1 #d ,astle1 ,thomas1 #aee ,astrolabe ring1 #hh ,auckland1 ,lord1 #aja ,augustine1 ,st41 #bii ,augustus1 #ccf1 #cdg signet of1 #acj1 #aca ,aurelian's seal ring1 #acc ,austrian rings1 #hg1 #aaj ,avery1 ,samuel ,p41 #ff ,avitus1 ,archbishop of ,vienne1 letter of1 describing ring1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgg ,aztecs1 treasures of the1 #ai silversmiths of the1 #bj finger-rings of the1 #bj ,b ,bachaumont1 ,louis ,petit de1 #gf ,bacon1 ,francis1 on telepathic test with a ring1 #cbf1 #cbg ,bacula1 little rod for rings1 #ee ,bagobos of ,philippine ,islands1 superstitions of the1 #ceb ,balas-ruby1 #bgf ,bardel1 ,w41 x ,barlow1 ,hon4 ,peter ,t41 vii1 #aec ,barr1 ,miss ,ada ,m41 vii ,barrow1 ,f4 ,h41 viii ,beatty1 ,w4 ,gedney1 vii ,beauvoisin1 ,mlle4 de1 rings owned by1 #gf ,becket1 ,st4 ,thomas 1 ring taken from shrine of1 #ahb1 #ahc ,beefsteak ,club memorial rings1 #dg ,benedict ,,xiv1 #bha ,bequests of signets1 #adi ,berghem ,lodowyck van 7,louis de ,berquen7 cuts diamonds for ,charles the ,bold1 #bae ,bquet1 ,albert1 #ei ,berlin ,mineralogical ,museum1 #ajh ,berlin ,royal ,museum1 #fg ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 ,st41 signet of1 #ade ,bernhard ,,iv1 ,margrave of ,baden1 portrait of1 #fb ,berteildis1 wife of ,dagobert ,i1 signet of1 #ach ,beryl1 #acd1 #aeh1 #beb1 #ccd1 #cce ,besborough collection1 #gc ,betrothal rings1 see wedding rings ,bible1 rings mentioned in the1 #a1 #aae1 #aaf1 #ccf ,bibliothque ,nationale1 #afb ,bibliothque du ,roi 7later ,bibliothque ,nationale71 #aci ,bingham1 ,hiram1 viii ,inca rings found by1 in ,peru1 #hc ,bishop1 ,heber ,r41 collection1 #ee1 #aje1 #ajf ,bishops' rings1 of ,allstan1 ,bishop of ,sherborne1 #bga of ,arnulphus1 ,bishop of ,metz1 #bfi of ,ebba1 ,bishop of ,rheims1 #bgj of ,bishop of ,flambard1 #bge of ,bishop ,geoffroy ,rufus1 #bge of ,archbishop ,greenfield1 #bgb of ,bishop ,herve1 #bgc of ,hilary1 ,bishop of ,chichester1 #bgb ,innocent ,,iii's definition of1 #bgc of ,archbishop ,parker1 #bgf of ,seffrid1 ,bishop of ,chichester1 #bgb of ,archbishop ,sewell1 #bgb of ,archbishop ,sigfroi1 #bgd of ,bishop ,john ,stanberry1 #bge stolen by ,piers ,gaveston1 #bgf set with green tourmalines1 #bgf of ,bishop ,william of ,st4 ,barbara1 #bge of ,bishop ,wykeham1 #bge of ,wytlesey1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 #bge ,blake1 ,w4 ,w41 ix ,blakeslee collection1 portraits in1 showing ring wearing1 #fb ,bloodstone1 #aeh1 #aia1 #cca ,bohemian garnet wings1 #aji ,boleyn1 ,anne1 sends 8cramp rings10 #cdc ,boniface ,,iv1 mention of pontifical ring in decree of1 #bfg ,boniface ,,viii1 ring found in tomb of1 #bgc magic ring of1 #cjf ,bonza1 ,buddhist priest1 rings made by1 #hb ,boog1 ,theodore de1 xi 8,book of ,thetel10 magic ring described in1 #caa ,borde1 ,andrew1 on cramp rings1 #cdc ,borgia1 ,cesare1 motto in poison-ring of1 #cg ,borgia1 ,lucrezia1 rings at betrothal of1 #bae ,borgias1 poison rings of the1 #cg ,borough1 ,sir ,edward1 wins diamond ring at tournament1 #aha ,bossuet1 ,jacques ,bminge1 memorial ring given him by ,princess ,henrietta ,anne1 #de ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts1 #aib ,braddock1 ,charles ,s41 ,jr41 ix ,brandon1 ,thomas1 ,earl of ,suffolk1 wins ruby ring at tournament1 #aha ,brantme1 ,pierre de ,boudeilles1 ,seigneux de1 #afh ,branualdius1 #cjj ,brass rings1 #hb1 #hd1 #ceb ,brera gallery1 ,milan1 #bjc ,british ,museum1 x1 #e1 #ce1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd1 #ej1 #eh1 #fh1 #fi1 #ge1 #hb1 #hf1 #hi1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #acf1 #adc1 #aej1 #aea1 #agc1 #aig1 #bea1 #beg1 #bic ,bronze age1 rings of the1 #b ,bronze rings1 #eh1 #hi1 #aji1 #bea1 #beg1 #bic ,broun1 ,w4 ,h41 entire emerald ring1 owned by1 #ajc ,brouwer1 ,bart41 entire diamond ring by1 #aje ,brummagem rings1 #aac1 #aad ,burgundian rings1 #gc ,burmese rings1 #hb ,butler1 ,samuel1 #aid1 #bbb ,buxtorf1 ,johann1 on ,hebrew betrothal rings1 #bjc ,byron1 ,lord1 signet owned by1 #aeb ,byzantine rings1 #adc1 #add-adf1 #afa1 #aig1 #bef1 #cch ,c ,csar1 ,julius1 signet of1 #acj ,caius1 ,st41 ring of1 #bfa ,caligula1 head of1 on ring1 #acc ,cambodian rings1 #hb ,camden1 ,william1 #ahc ,campbell1 ,archibald1 ring of1 #ahb ,cantacuzene1 ,emperor1 #adf ,canute1 ,king1 ring found on body of1 #agi ,caracalla1 head of1 on signet1 #adj ,cardinals' rings1 sapphire used for1 #bgf various stones used for in earlier times1 #bgf cost of1 #bgg of ,cardinal ,farley1 #bgh in portraits1 #bgh ,carlomans' signet ring1 #adj ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #cbd ,carnelian1 #f1 #abe1 #ada1 #aeh1 #bfi1 #cah1 #cbc1 #cbh entire rings of1 #ajj ,casa ,grande1 ,arizona1 rings found at1 #ag ,casimir1 ,john1 ,count ,palatine1 medal of1 with figure of diamond ring1 #aga ,catharine von ,bora1 ring commemorating her marriage to ,martin ,luther1 #baf1 #bag ,cathoir the ,great1 called 8,hero of ,rings10 #aia ,cat's-eye1 #gh 8,celestial stones0 in rings1 #ccj 8,cent ,nouvelles ,nouvelles10 story of a ring in1 #bae ,cesnola collection of ,cypriote antiquities1 #aai ,chalcedony1 #gd1 #abd1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cfc entire rings of1 #ajj1 #beh-bfa ,charioteer's ring1 #cc ,charlemagne1 ring of1 #cjj-cjb ,charles the ,bald1 letter of1 to ,pope ,nicholas ,i1 #bgj ,charles ,i1 #aec1 #ahi1 #aij memorial rings of1 #da signet of1 as ,prince of ,wales1 #aef1 #aeg as king1 #aeg ,charles ,,ii1 sealed with diamond signet of his father1 #aeg gave ring to ,judge ,jeffreys1 #aia ,charles ,,iv1 ,emperor1 #bei ,charles ,v1 of ,france1 signet of1 #adf ,charles the ,bald1 letter of1 to ,pope ,nicholas ,i1 #bgj ,charlotte1 ,queen1 #aea ,chase1 ,william ,m41 x ,chaves ,pass1 ,arizona1 ring found at1 #ag ,chifflet1 ,jean ,jacques1 #aci ,childeris ,i1 signet of1 #ach-adj ,chindaswinthe1 ,visigoth sovereign1 promulgated law regarding betrothal rings1 #bjj ,chinese rings1 #ha1 #he1 #aje-ajh1 #bdh1 #cai-cba ,chlorastrolite1 #cce ,chrysoberyl1 #hf ,chrysolite1 see peridot ,chrysoprase1 #cd ,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,john1 on ring inscriptions1 #ace ,church1 ,sir ,arthur ,herbert1 #hf ,church collection1 #hf ,cicero1 tells how ,verres had rings made1 #af of ring seized by ,verres1 #abg ,cigarette ring1 #id ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 #ad1 #aba1 #acc1 #aii1 #bif ,clement ,,iv1 ,pope1 8,fisherman's ,ring0 of1 #bfc ,clement ,v1 ,pope1 stones used in ecclesiastical rings in time of1 #bgf ,clement ,,viii1 ,pope1 #bfc ,cleopatra1 signet of1 #abf ,cleveland ,museum of ,art1 #ij ,clotaire ,,ii1 coin of1 set in ring1 #afb ,clothilda1 receives betrothal ring from ,clovis ,i in #dic ,a4,d41 #bja1 #bjb ,clovis ,i of ,france1 on bishops' signets1 #acg ,coats-of-arms on signet rings1 #adi ,coello1 ,claudio1 #ei ,coins set in rings1 #afb ,coke1 ,sir ,edward1 historic ring bequeathed by1 #ahi diamond ring of1 #ahi ,college of ,arms1 ,london1 gift to1 by ,duke of ,norfolk1 #aha ,color of stones in bishops' rings1 significance of1 #bgd1 #bge ,columbus1 ,knights of1 rings of1 #ccb ,commodus1 signet of1 #aca 8,communion rings10 #cea ,comnenus1 ,alexis1 signet-ring of1 #add ,comnenus1 ,john1 #add 8,cone-shell0 rings1 #ag ,congo1 ,king of the1 thumb ring of1 #fd ,conlegium anularium1 #af ,constantius ,,ii1 signet of1 #afa ,copper rings1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #hd1 #cbh ,coral1 #fc1 #gh1 #cda ,cordierite1 #hf ,corean rings1 #ajg ,coronation ring1 ,english1 #agd1 #bhb1 #bhc ,coronation ring1 ,french1 #bhd ,corts1 ,fernan1 #ai ,corundum1 #hf ,cosmas and ,damian1 ,sts41 effigies of1 on a healing ring1 #cch 8,cramp rings10 #cda-cde ,cranach1 ,lucas1 #fa ,crisp collection of memorial rings1 #dc ,culin1 ,stewart1 vii 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,philostratus to write life of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 #bif ,drake1 ,alexander ,wilson1 #he1 #hf1 #bag ,drake1 ,mrs4 ,alexander ,w41 vii1 #bag ,drake collection1 #he1 #cec ,dreams about rings1 #cg1 #ajd1 #acb1 #bih ,dryden1 ,john1 #cab on gimmal ring1 #bai ,durant1 ,guillaume1 ,bishop of ,mende1 on spiritual meaning of wedding ring1 #bjg ,dutt1 ,dasmodar1 ,hindu portraitist1 #fc ,dynamite rings1 #aaj ,e ,ebbo1 ,bishop of ,rheims1 ring sent to1 by mother of ,charles the ,bald1 #bgj ,ecgberht1 ,archbishop of ,york1 #bfg ,eden1 ,hon4 ,miss1 #aja ,edward the ,confessor's ring1 #afb1 #agd1 #agf1 #cdb1 #cdc ,edward ,i1 tomb of1 opened in #aggd1 #agi ,edward ,,ii1 #bgf ,edward ,,iii1 #cae gives ruby ring1 #ahj ,edward ,,iv1 decree of1 against spurious rings1 #aad ,edward ,,vi1 #cdc marriage service in prayer-book of1 #bjd ,eglamore1 ,sir1 medival romance1 magic ring in1 #caj ,egmont's poison ring1 #ch1 #ci ,egyptian rings1 #a1 #e1 #f1 #ea1 #fg1 #fh1 #if1 #aag1 #aah1 #bdi ,eisen1 ,gustavus ,a41 vii ,eleanora1 ,empress of ,germany1 ring of1 #afh ,eleazar's magic ring1 #bid1 #bie ,electric curative rings1 #ced ,electrum rings1 #aaj1 #cad ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 #di1 #adi1 #aeb1 #afb1 #afi1 #bai diamond ring given by1 to ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #ahc1 #ahd ring given by1 to ,essex1 #ahf-ahh portrait of1 showing ring1 #ahh healing ring sent to1 #cej ,elk-hoof1 rings made from1 #ceb1 #cec ,elks1 ,benevolent ,protective ,order of1 rings of1 #ccb ,emblems1 ,christian1 on rings1 #bec-bee ,emerald1 #d1 #e1 #cd1 #ej1 #gd1 #gh1 #hi1 #ajf1 #aba1 #agf1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #baa1 #bbg1 #beb1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhb1 #cje1 #cbh1 #cce entire rings of1 #aja-ajc ,emnechildis1 wife of ,childeric ,,ii1 signet of1 #ach ,engagement rings1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bcc-bce1 #bcg ,english rings1 #cf1 #da-de1 #dg1 #dh1 #fd1 #gd1 #he1 #aac1 #abi1 #add1 #adi-aeg1 #afi1 #agc-aib1 #baa1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bca1 #bfi-bgb1 #bgd1 #bhb-bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cdi ,enkomi1 ,cyprus1 rings found in tombs at1 #e1 #f ,enstatite1 #hf 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,filipino rings1 #hc1 #ceb ,filippo ,maria1 ,duke of ,milan1 #bei ,finger on which betrothal or wedding ring is placed1 #aid-aig1 #bjc1 #bae1 #bbb ,fish symbol 7,christian71 #bee 8,fisherman's ,ring10 #bfb-bfe ,fitzherbert1 ,mrs41 ring of1 with portrait of ,george ,,iv1 #bbd ,flambard1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bge ,fletcher1 ,john1 allusion of1 to rush-rings1 #bjf ,fortnum1 ,drury1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef ,fossil coral1 #ccd ,francis ,i1 verses written with diamond ring by1 #afh ,francis ,,ii of ,france1 #aej ,franklin rings1 #gg ,franks ,bequest collection1 #dj1 #ajd1 #aej ,frederick ,i of ,prussia1 talismanic ring of1 #aga1 #agb ,frederick the ,great1 #aga ,frederick ,william ,i of ,prussia1 #agb ,frederick ,william ,,iii of ,prussia1 #agb ,french ,revolution1 rings of1 #gf ,french rings1 #de1 #dg1 #ge-gg1 #he1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #aci1 #adj1 #ade1 #adg1 #adi-aea1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj1 #agc1 #agi1 #bja1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae1 #bgc1 #cdh ,french soldiers1 rings made by1 #ib1 #ic 8,friday ,ring0 of ,charles ,v of ,france1 #afd1 #afe ,friedlnder1 ,r1 ,sohn1 ix ,frlen ,gsta1 ,washington ring owned by1 #aib ,fuller1 ,thomas1 #bbg ,g ,galba1 signet of1 #aca ,galen1 soporific ring in supposed treatise of1 #ccg ,galleria ,carrara1 ,bergamo1 #fa ,gallo-,roman rings1 #ei1 #bjb ,gardiner1 ,bishop1 of 8cramp rings10 #cdc ,garnet1 #ba1 #hf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abe1 #agh1 #bbg1 #cce curious test of genuineness of1 #cdj ,gauge1 ,allen's ,standard1 #cef ,gauge1 ,engelmann's ring1 finger and millimeter1 #cei ,gaveston1 ,piers1 carries off bishops' rings1 #bgf ,genesis1 signet mentioned in1 #aae ,genlis1 ,mme4 de1 8,sapphire ,merveilleux0 by1 #cbf ,geoffroy ,rufus1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bge ,george ,i1 wedding rings frequently worn on thumb in reign of1 #aid ,george ,,iii1 #dc1 #aea ,george ,,iv1 ring of1 with portrait of ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert1 #bbd ,germanic ,museum1 ,nuremberg1 #baj ,german rings1 #ag1 #de1 #eh1 #ge1 #he1 #hh1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afg1 #aga1 #agb1 #bjj1 #bjh-baj1 #baf1 #bba1 #bbg-bbi1 #bce1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cje ,germans1 ancient1 rings of1 #ag 8,gesta ,romanorum10 story of ring in1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cde1 #cdf ,ghirlandajo's portrayal of the betrothal of the ,virgin1 #bjc ,giardinetti rings1 #gd ,gilgamesh ,epic1 porphyry ring mentioned in1 #if ,gimmal ring1 #bah-bbj ,glasgow1 explanation of arms of city of1 #baf ,glass rings1 #aji1 #add ,glenn1 ,l4 ,c41 viii ,goclenius1 #cec ,gold-plated rings1 #aji ,gold quartz1 #cce ,gorius1 #cc ,gothic rings1 #afc ,gottheil1 ,richard1 vii ,gratacap1 ,l4 ,p41 viii ,greek ,church1 usage as to wedding rings in1 #bjc1 #bjd ,greek-letter fraternities1 rings of1 #ccd ,greek rings1 #g-aj1 #ea1 #fi1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abb1 #abd1 #abf1 #aih1 #bea1 #bef ,greenfield1 ,archbishop1 ring of1 #bgb ,greer1 ,right ,rev4 ,david ,h41 viii1 seal of1 #bgi1 #bhj ,gregory1 ,st41 formula as to bishops' rings in ,sacramental of1 #bfg1 #bfh ,gregory ,,xiii1 ,pope1 #bha ,gregory ,,xvi1 #ce ,gregory1 ,nyassa1 ,st41 #bef ,gresham1 ,sir ,thomas1 wedding ring of1 #bai 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#bad1 #beb1 #bec1 #cch1 #cff ,helen of ,troy1 magic ring of1 #ib1 #bib ,heliodorus1 describes a ring in his 8thiopica10 #aaa ,henri ,,ii1 medal of1 with figure of diamond ring1 #agj ,henry ,,ii receives emerald ring from ,pope ,hadrian ,,iv with grant of sovereignty over ,ireland1 #agf ,henry ,,iii1 of ,england1 rings among ,crown ,jewels of1 #ee pawns jewels of ,edward the ,confessor's shrine1 #age ,henry ,,iv of ,england1 decree of against spurious rings1 #aad ,henry ,v of ,england1 #aff ,henry ,,vi1 of ,england1 serjeants' rings in time of1 #di ,henry ,,vii of ,england1 gives rings as tournament prizes1 #aha ,henry ,,viii1 #ahb1 #ahi portrait of1 #ei ,henrietta ,maria1 ,queen1 signet of1 #aec-aef ,heraclius1 ,emperor1 #ada 8,hermit's stone0 in ring1 #cje ,herrick1 ,robert1 #bah ,herve1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bgc ,hilary1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bgb ,hindu rings1 #fc1 #gg-hj1 #he1 #aja-ajc1 #bbc1 #cba ,hirth1 ,friedrich1 viii 8,hnited0 7,the ,welded71 mystic ring given ,king ,olaf by ,ulf the ,red1 #cbc ,hodge1 ,f4 ,w41 viii ,hogarth1 ,william1 #id ,hohenzollern ,museum1 ,berlin1 #bbd ,holbein1 ,hans1 #ei ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h41 viii ,hololith rings1 #ig1 #ii sqq4 ,homeric epics1 rings not mentioned in1 #h ,hope1 ,henry ,philip1 #cbe ,horace1 #dd1 #ec on ,thynnian rings1 #ga ,horseshoe-nail rings1 #aaj ,hough1 ,walter1 viii1 #bd ,humerous mottoes on rings1 #bba1 #bbb ,hungarian rings1 #aff1 #cah ,hunila1 ,gothic ring of1 #afc ,hunyady1 ,john1 ring story concerning1 #aff ,huntington1 ,archer ,m41 #bgh ,hyalite1 #bbg ,i ,iconographic rings1 #gd ,imperial ,kunstgewerbe ,museum1 ,vienna1 #hg ,indians1 ,american1 rings of1 #ag-cj ,innocent ,,iii sends four rings to ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 #agh definition of bishops' rings by1 #bgc ,iolite1 #bbg ,irene1 ,empress1 wife of ,alexis ,comnenus1 #add ,irish rings1 #he1 #bbf one set with diamonds found near ,mallingor1 ,co4 ,westmeath1 #aia ,iron rings1 #aj1 #aa1 #ag1 #hd1 #bbh1 #cbh ,isaiah on rings of ,hebrew women1 #fe ,isidore of ,seville1 #eb1 #gj1 #aie1 #bfg ,isis and ,serapis1 ring figuring1 #eg1 #gj ,isis1 rings dedicated to statue of1 in ,spain1 #beb ,italian rings1 #gd1 #gi1 #he1 #aji1 #adg1 #bad1 #bfb-bfe ,ivory rings1 #hd1 #ajd1 #aac1 #abj1 #acf ,j ,jacinth1 7zircon71 #ba1 #gh1 #hf1 #abd1 #cdj healing power of1 set in a ring1 #cdj ,jade1 #aeh ring box of in ,bishop ,collection1 #ee entire rings of1 #aje-ajh1 #cai ,jadeite1 #aeh ,jackson1 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams1 viii1 #afj ,james1 ,epistle of1 wearer of gold ring in1 #ad ,james ,i1 sapphire ring announcing ,elizabeth's death brought to1 #ahh1 #ahi ,james ,,iv of ,scotland1 turquoise ring of1 #aha1 #ahb ,japanese rings1 #hb1 #he ,jasper1 #cc1 #hg1 #beg entire ring of1 #ii ,jastrow1 ,morris1 ,jr41 viii ,jean ,sans-,peur1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 ring of1 #adi ,jeanne d',arc1 rings of1 #cdg1 #cdh ,jeffreys1 ,judge1 ring of1 #aij1 #aia ,jehangir ,shah1 entire emerald ring of1 #aja entire ruby ring of1 #ajb ,jemshid1 magic ring of1 #aaf ,jeremiah1 on the signet ring1 #ace ,jeroboam ,,ii1 ,king of ,israel1 signet ring from time of1 #cff ,jet1 entire ring of1 #ajh ,john1 ,king1 jewels of1 #ee ,john ,,ii of ,france1 ruby ring of1 lost at ,poitiers1 #afd1 #afe ,john ,v1 ,paleologus1 ,emperor1 #adf ,john ,,xxii1 ,pope1 stones used in ecclesiastical rings in time of1 #bgf ,john ,constans1 ,elector of ,saxony1 portrait of1 #fa ,john of ,salisbury1 #agf1 #agg ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 wedding ring of1 #bbc ,jones1 ,william ,h41 viii ,jonson1 ,ben1 8ring posy0 of1 #bch ,jordan1 ,agnes1 abbess of ,bridgetine ,convent1 ring on sepulchral image of1 #bhj ,joseph's ring1 #a ,josephus1 #acb story of magic ring1 #bid1 #bie ,jupiter1 ring of priests of1 #bej ,justinian1 ,emperor1 decree of1 regarding rings1 #ae ,juvenal1 #eg1 #if1 #ig ,juxon1 ,bishop1 and rings of ,charles ,i1 #aef ,k ,kalidasa1 #cba ,karavongu1 ,prabha1 ix ,keith1 ,minor ,c41 viii ,kentigern1 ,st41 promises finding of a wedding ring1 #baf ,key-shaped rings1 #ga ,khufu 7cheops71 ring of priest of his pyramid1 #aah ,king1 ,c4 ,w41 #aaa1 #adg1 #aeg1 #aga ,kircher1 ,athomasius1 #bac ,knights of ,columbus1 rings of1 #ccb ,knights of ,pythias1 rings of1 #ccd ,knot1 the1 as origin of the ring1 #b ,koch1 ,court ,jeweller1 ring collection of1 #bji ,konstantinidis ,collection at ,nicosia1 #f ,kunzite1 #ccd ,kusa-grass 7,saccharum spontaneum7 rings of1 among the ,hindus1 #gg ,l ,labouchre1 ,m41 #aeg ,labradorite1 #cd1 #hf ,lafayette1 ring given to1 by ,washington1 #aib ,lalique1 ,ren1 #hg ,lambeccius1 #cae ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cbh ,lapis-lazuli1 #ej1 #fc1 #if1 #aag1 #aeh1 #aga ,lapplanders1 magic rings of the1 #cbd 8,latitude and ,longitude ,ring10 #bcc ,laufer1 ,berthold1 viii ,layard1 ,sir ,austen ,henry1 #c ,leaden rings1 #aab1 #cbh ,leaming1 ,vice-,chancellor ,e4 ,b41 #aib ,legal use of a ring1 #cf ,legend1 ,scotch1 of loss of a wedding ring1 #bae1 #baf ,lentulus1 signet of1 #abg ,leo ,x1 ,pope1 #bfd1 #bfi ,leopold ,i1 #cae ,lessing ,g4 ,e41 tale of rings in his 8,nathan der ,weise10 #cdf1 #cdg ,levesque1 ,m41 #adg ,leyden ,papyrus1 formulas for magic rings in1 #big1 #bih ,lichtenau1 ,countess1 anecdote of ring taken by1 #agb ,lincoln1 ,waldo1 ix1 #dg ,lindenschmidt1 ,ludwig1 #eh ,locomotive ,engineers1 ,brotherhood of1 ring of1 #ccb ,londesborough collection1 #cd1 #afi1 #bac1 #bah1 #bbj1 #caa ,london ,archological ,institute1 #aff 8,lorscher ,ring10 #gc ,lothaire's signet1 #adj ,lotto1 ,lorenzo1 #fa ,louis ,i1 signet of1 #adj ,louis ,,vii1 donates ring to shrine of ,thomas ,becket1 #ahc ,louis ,,ix1 supposed signet ring of1 #ade ,louis ,,xi1 #afg ,louis ,,xii1 signet of1 #adg1 #adh ,louis of ,luxembourg1 ,constable1 rings given by1 #afg ,louisa1 ,queen of ,prussia1 betrothal ring of1 #bbd ,louvre ,museum1 #bdi ,lovat1 ,lord1 memorial ring of1 #dd ,lucas1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a41 viii ,lucian1 tale of a magic ring told by1 #abb ,lucretius1 of ,samothracius rings1 #gj ,lucullus1 signet of1 #acj ,luminous ring1 #cag ,luther1 ring commemorating wedding of1 #baf1 #bag ,lyly1 ,sir ,peter1 #fb ,m 8,mabinogian10 magic ring in1 #cjg1 #cjh ,mc,curdy1 ,george ,grant1 ix ,machu ,picchu1 ,inca city of refuge1 #hc ,macrobius1 on ring-finger1 #eb1 #aid ,mcenas1 signet of1 #acj ,magic rings1 see talismanic ,magnetic iron1 #cbh 8,mahabharata10 rings mentioned in the1 #gg ,mharn of ,sikkim1 portrait of1 #fc 7,frontispiece7 ,malory1 ,sir ,thomas1 #cji ,mandeville1 ,sir ,john1 #cae ,manx customs as to rings1 #bje ,marat1 effigy of on ring1 #gf ,maratta1 ,carlo1 portrait by1 #bgh ,marcellus ,empiricus1 on cure of hiccoughs by the placing of a ring1 #ccf ,marcina1 ,st41 the ,younger1 ring of1 #bef ,marcus ,aurelius1 head of1 in signet1 #adj ,margaret of ,anjou1 #ahj1 #aha ,marguerite de ,valois1 verses written with diamond ring by1 #afh ,maria of ,austria1 portrait of1 #ei ,marius1 wore iron ring at triumph1 #aj ,mark1 ,st41 legend of ring of1 #cab1 #cad ,marlborough ,collection of ,gems1 #ii ,marston ,john1 rings mentioned in play by1 #df ,martial1 epigrams of1 on rings1 #cd1 #ec1 #ed ,mary of ,burgundy1 ring of1 #afg ,mary ,i of ,england1 #ahc ,mary1 ,princess1 afterwards ,queen1 portrait of1 #fj ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #aee ring memorials of1 #de1 #ahd-ahf portrait of1 #fj signet ring of1 #adi-aea1 #aec ring given her by ,elizabeth1 #ahc1 #ahd wedding ring of1 #bag1 #bah ,masonic rings1 #cca1 #ccb ,materials of rings1 #ie-aad ,mathias1 ,emperor of ,germany1 ring of1 #afh ,matilda1 wife of ,william the ,conqueror1 ring found in tomb of1 #agi ,maurus1 ,rabonus1 ,archbishop of ,mainz1 #bfh ,maximilian ,i1 ,emperor1 betrothal ring of1 #bcd1 #bce ,maximinus1 ,emperor1 thumb ring of1 #eh1 #afb ,mazza1 ,b41 viii ,mazzel tob1 inscription on ,hebrew betrothal rings1 meaning of1 #bac ,medici1 ,cosimo d1 impresa1 with diamond rings1 #agj ,megenberg1 ,konrad son1 #caa ,memorial rings1 #dj-dh ,mendans of ,mesopotamia as silversmiths1 #ca1 #cb ,mendoza1 ,spanish ambassador1 ring sent to1 by ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #ahe ,mercato1 ,michele1 #beh 8,merchant of the ,ruby10 #ahj ,merchant's ring of glass1 mentioned in 8,piers ,plowman10 #add ,mercier1 ,louis ,sebastien1 #gf ,mercury as bestower of magic rings1 #bie1 #bif ,mero1 ring of a queen of1 #fg ,meronitz1 ,bohemia1 garnets from1 #aaj ,merovingian rings1 #eh1 #gb1 #gc1 #acg1 #ach1 #beg ,meteorites1 rings set with peridots from1 #ccj ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 #ea1 #hj1 #aje1 #aai1 #ahh 8,michelangelo's ,signet10 #adg ,mills1 ,william ,c41 ix ,min ,yonk ,ik1 ,corean prince1 jade rings of1 #ajg ,minoan rings1 #aaf1 #aah ,minos of ,crete1 ring of1 #bia1 #bib ,mint-marks from signets1 #abi ,mirror rings1 ,hindu1 #gi ,mithridates the ,great1 #ed ,mocha-stone1 #hg ,mohammed's seal1 #ada ,moonstone1 #cce ,moore1 ,isabel1 ix ,moorehead1 ,warren ,k41 ix1 #ba1 #bb ,moose1 ,loyal ,order of1 rings of1 #ccb ,morgan1 ,henri de1 #b1 #fh ,morgan1 ,j4 de1 #fh ,morgan1 ,octavius1 #ge ,morse1 ,edward ,s41 ix 8,morte d',arthur10 story of magic ring in1 #cji1 #caj ,moss-agate1 #cce ,mostiola1 ,st41 has betrothal ring of the ,virgin1 #bei ,mother-of pearl1 #ha ,mottoes1 #bji-bac1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcg-bdh formed by initials of stones set in rings1 #ej1 #bbf ,mller1 ,peter1 on legal significance of giving a ring1 #bjd ,murray1 ,george ,gilbert ,aim1 #d ,musa1 ,antonius1 granted right to wear gold rings1 by ,augustus1 #ccf ,museo ,nacional1 ,mexico ,city1 ,aztec finger-ring in1 #bj ,mycenan rings1 #f1 #fh1 #ii1 #aji1 #aah ,n ,nadir ,shah1 entire emerald rings of1 #aja1 #ajb ,nails1 horseshoe1 rings of1 #aaj1 #cbf ,names of rings in ancient and modern ,india1 #gh1 #gi in various modern languages1 #cfd-cfe 8,naoratna0 7navaratna7 ring1 #gh1 #cba ,napoleon memorial rings1 #dg1 #dh ,napoleonic rings1 #agc ,narwhal tusk1 rings of1 #cda ,natal rings1 #ij1 #ia1 #cbh1 #cbi 8,nathan der ,weise10 tale of rings in1 #cdf1 #cdg ,national ,geographic ,society1 #hc ,national ,hungarian ,museum1 #af1 #cah ,national ,museum at ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 #aba ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #he ,navajo ,indians1 rings of1 #bb-cj ,nelson1 ,admiral ,horatio1 memorial rings of1 #dd ,nero1 signet of1 #acj ,new ,gallery1 ,london1 #bbe ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 #aah ,newall1 ,edward ,t41 viii ,nibelungen ,ring1 #cjc ,nider1 ,johann1 legend of miraculous nun's ring in his ,formicarius1 #bhf ,niello1 how made and applied1 #bga ,nippur1 record of emerald ring found at1 #d1 #e ,noe1 ,sydney ,p41 viii ,norfolk1 ,duke of1 donates ring of ,james ,,iv of ,scotland1 #aha ,numa ,pompilius1 iron rings worn in age of1 #aj rings on statues of1 #eb ,nuns' rings1 #bhd-bhf ,o ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society1 #ai ,ominous substitution for a wedding ring in a ,scotch legend1 #bbf 8,oneirocritica0 of ,artemidorus1 #cg ,onyx1 #ci1 #aaa1 #aeh1 #aei1 #cbh ,opal1 #hf1 #bbg1 #bfi1 #bia ,orders and societies1 rings of1 #ccb1 #ccc ,origin of the ring1 #a-cb ,ostby ,barton ,co41 ix ,othman1 loses ,mohammed's seal1 #ada ,otto ,,iii of ,germany1 orders disinterment of ,charlemagne's remains1 #cjb ,overbury1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ahi ,ovid1 portrait ring of1 #eg on a ring gift1 #aic ,owen1 ,sir ,richard1 #aif ,p 8,pacifying ring10 #bcc ,papal rings1 #bfb-bfe ,passion1 healing ring with emblems of the1 #cdh1 #cdi ,pearl1 #cd1 #ej1 #fj1 #gh1 #hg1 #aad1 #ahj1 #bcf1 #beb1 #ccd1 #cce figured on portrait of ,queen ,mary ,i of ,england1 #fj ,peary1 ,admiral ,robert ,e41 ix ,pectunculas shells1 rings made of1 #ag ,pelissier1 ,georges1 ix ,pembroke1 ,william ,herbert1 ,lord1 enjoins in his will that his widow shall enter order of widowhood1 #bhf ,pepys1 ,samuel1 his bequest of rings to his friends1 #da ,perfume rings1 #ch ,peridot 7chrysolite71 #ba1 #hf1 #bbg1 #cce ,persian rings1 #b1 #hj1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abc ,perugia1 betrothal ring of the ,virgin at1 #ajj1 #bbb1 #beh-bfa ,peruvian rings1 #hc ,pesaro1 ,antonio1 #fa ,peters1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,p41 viii1 #afj ,peters1 ,miss ,joan ,st4 ,michael1 signet owned by1 #afj ,petrarch1 on ruby ring of ,john ,,ii of ,france1 #afd ,petrie1 ,william ,flinders1 ix ,phenacite1 #hf ,philip ,,ii of ,spain1 ring sent to by ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #ahe1 #ahf at consecration of 8cramp rings10 #bde ,philostratus1 ,flavius1 #bif ,phocus1 ring of1 #i ,phnician rings1 #fh1 #aba ,physicians' rings1 #cde ,piccolomini ,collection1 #ga ,pierce1 ,president1 ring given to1 #hd ,pinakothek1 ,munich1 #fb ,pilloy1 ,l41 #ei ,pipe-stopper ring1 #id ,pius ,,ii1 ,pope1 ring of1 #bfb ,pius ,,vi1 #bfc1 #bfd ,pius ,,ix1 #bfc1 #bha ,planetary rings1 #bif1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cea ,plasma1 #bgd ,platinum rings1 #bbi1 #bcj ,plato1 blames ,aristotle for wearing rings1 #cb on ring of ,gyges1 #bij1 #bia ,plautus1 ring mentioned by1 in his 8,miles ,gloriosus10 #aic1 #aid of sealing up household goods1 #acc ,pliny1 #a1 #h1 #aj1 #ec1 #ajd1 #aba1 #aie1 #aii1 #ccf ,plotina1 wife of ,trojan1 supposed ring of1 #ga ,plutarch1 #h1 #abc ,pococke1 ,bishop1 #aia ,poison ring1 in ancient ,rome1 #cf of ,hannibal1 #cf of ,demosthenes1 #cf ,rubbinical1 #cf of the ,borgias1 #cg ,egmont's1 #ch ,polish rings1 #fe ,polycrates1 ring of1 #abj-abb ,polygnotus1 rings in pictures by1 #i ,pompey1 #ed signet of1 #abg1 #acj ,pomphonica1 ,roman lady1 ring of1 #cc ,pope1 ,alexander1 #aab ,porphyry1 #if ,portrait rings1 #gf ,portraits illustrating ring-wearing1 #fj-fd1 #adh1 #aeb1 #ahh1 #bgh ,portuguese rings1 #agb1 #agc1 #cbh1 #cbi 8,posies0 for rings1 selection of1 #bcg-bdg ,prado ,gallery1 ,madrid1 #fj ,prehnite1 #cce ,prince1 ,john ,dyneley1 viii1 #cfe ,prometheus1 legend as to ring of1 #a1 #b ,propertius1 of a ring burned in a funeral pyre1 #acd ,protonotaries' rings1 #bha ,proverbs1 ,french1 regarding rings1 #gf ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,nev41 rings found at1 #ajh ,pueblo ruins of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 rings from1 #ag ,purposes1 special1 of ring wearing1 #cb-ej ,puzzle rings1 #bai ,pyrite1 #cce ,pythias1 ,knights of1 rings of1 #ccd ,q ,quicksilver rings1 #cbh1 #cea ,r ,rabbies' rings1 #beb1 #bec ,rafael's 8,sposalizio0 in ,brera ,gallery1 ,milan1 #bjc ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 lines written with diamond ring by1 #afi 8,ramayana10 rings mentioned in the1 #gg ,rameses ,,ii1 ring of1 #bdi ,rameses ,,iii1 rings in time of1 #ig ,rathbun1 ,r41 ix ,read1 ,sir ,charles ,hercules1 ix1 #eh1 #ii ,reale ,galleria d',arte ,antica1 ,rome1 #fj 8,regal of ,france10 large diamond in ornament given by ,louis ,,vii to shrine of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 #ahc 8,regard ,rings10 #bbg ,reinach1 ,salomon1 #aba ,religious use of rings1 #bdi-bhg 8,repeal ,ring10 #ej 8,reynard the ,fox10 magic ring described in1 #cjc1 #cjd ,rhinoceros horn1 healing rings of1 #cch1 #ceb hoof rings of1 #ccg ,richard1 ,cur de ,lion receives four gold rings from ,pope ,innocent ,,iii1 #agh ,richard ,,ii1 memorial rings of1 #da grants coronation ,ring to ,westminster ,abbey1 #agd directs that a ring be put on his finger after death1 #agi ,rienzi1 ,cola di1 wedding ring of1 #bad ,riker1 ,william1 ix ,ring-making1 #ced-cfd ,ring-money1 #ce ,roberts1 ,oliver ,a41 ix ,robespierre rings1 #gg ,rock-crystal1 #abe1 #adi1 #aeh1 #cbh1 #cce entire rings of1 #ajj ,rogers1 ,austin ,t41 ix ,roman rings1 #aj1 #cc1 #eb-eh1 #ga-gc1 #he1 #ig-ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aac1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj-acb1 #acd1 #aih1 #bej1 #bee1 #beh-bfa1 #bic1 #ccg rules as to wearing those of iron or gold1 #aj-af ,roosevelt1 ,miss ,alice 7,mrs4 ,longworth7 anecdote regarding ring given to1 by ,sultan of ,sulu1 #bcf1 #bcg ,roscius1 ,roman actor1 right of wearing a ring accorded to1 #ac ,rossi1 ,abbot ,adamo1 #beh ,rothschild1 ,baron ,ferdinand1 #hh ,roty1 ,oscar1 marriage medals of1 #bcb1 #bcc ,royal ,collection at ,windsor ,castle1 #adg1 #aef ,rubens' 8,betrothal of ,marie de',medici10 #bbd ,ruby1 #ej1 #gh1 #hi1 #ij1 #aja1 #ajf1 #add1 #adg1 #afd1 #afe1 #agd1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #bbg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bhc1 #ccd1 #cdj entire ring of1 #ajb ,runic inscription on healing ring1 #cci ,rush-rings1 for mock marriages1 #bjf1 #bjg ,russian ,church1 usage as to wedding rings in1 #bjc1 #bjd ,russian rings1 #he1 #ajj1 #bjd ,s ,saadi1 ring story in ,gulistan of1 #afc1 #afd ,sackvil1 ,thomas1 ,duke of ,dorset1 ring given to by ,james ,i1 #cej ,sagan ,kerens of ,s4 ,e4 ,asia1 superstitious use of rings with1 #cjh 8,st4 ,martin's ,ring10 #aac1 #aad 8,sakuntala0 of ,kalidasa1 magic ring in1 #cba1 #cbb ,salisbury1 ,richard1 ,bishop of1 on rush-rings1 #bjf ,samothracian rings1 #gj1 #he ,santo ,anello1 ,capella del1 #bfa 8,saphire ,merveilleux10 #cbe1 #cbf ,sapphire1 #cf1 #gd1 #gh1 #hi1 #adc1 #aeh1 #afa1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bbg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cbe1 #cca1 #cce1 #cci ,sard1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ccg ,sardonyx1 #if1 #aba1 #abe1 #aei ,sarum ,rite1 order of matrimony in the1 #aif1 #aig ,sassanian rings1 #he1 #afa ,saxon's ,lode1 thumb ring found at1 #fd ,scal anulari in ,rome1 where ring-dealers sold their wares1 #af ,scandinavian rings1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cci ,scaraboid rings1 #ea ,scaurus1 ,emilius1 dactyliotheca of1 #ed ,scheibel1 ,lieut41 ring found by1 #cjj ,schley1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,r41 viii ,schneider1 ,hofrat1 #agb ,scipio ,africanus1 signet of1 #abi ,seffrid1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bgb ,seleucus ,i1 ,nicator1 signet of1 #abd magic ring of1 #bic ,senlis1 ,pierre ,bishop of1 formula for dedicating nun's rings in his pontifical1 #bhe ,serapis and ,isis1 ring figuring1 #eg1 #gj head of ,serapis on signet1 #adj ,serjeants' rings1 #dh1 #ej ,serpent rings1 #gb1 #gh1 #ia1 #ib ,servius ,tullius1 rings in statues of1 #eb ,sewall1 ,archbishop1 ring of1 #bgb ,shakespeare1 #dj1 #df1 #aeb1 #aff1 #bjg1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bdg1 #caj1 #cag bequest of rings to his friends1 #da signet of1 #aea ,shashank ,i 7,shishak71 ring of1 #aag ,shaw1 ,sir ,edmund1 mourning rings bequeathed by1 #cdi ,shell rings1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba ,shemai1 signet ring of1 #cff 8,shield of ,david0 on healing rings1 #cci ,shook1 ,sheridan1 amethyst ring worn by1 #he ,shujah1 ,shah1 entire emerald ring given by1 to ,british ,east ,india ,company1 #aja to ,runjit ,singh1 #ajb ,shylock's turquoise1 #bbj ,siamese rings1 #ha ,sigfroi1 ,archbishop1 ring of1 #bgd ,sight1 restoration of1 by rings1 #ccg ,sigismond ,augustus of ,poland1 decree of1 as to ,hebrew rings1 #fe ,signet ring or rings of ,queen ,aah-hotep1 #aag of ,ahasuerus1 #aae of ,alexander the ,great1 #abc of ,amenhotep ,,iv1 #fg of ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 #abe of the ,arabs1 #adb of ,augustus1 #acj1 #aca of ,aurelian1 #acc of ,st4 ,bernard de ,clairvaux1 #add at baptisms1 #acf bequests of1 #adi betrothal rings used as1 #acc of bishops1 #acg owned by ,lord ,byron1 #aeb of ,julius ,csar1 #acj of ,charles ,i of ,england1 #aef of ,charles ,v of ,france1 #adf of ,childeric ,i1 #ach-adj of ,childeric ,,ii's wife1 #ach coats of arms on1 #adi of ,commodus1 #aca of ,alexis and ,john ,comnenus1 #add of ,constantius ,,ii1 #afa of ,dagobert ,i's wife1 #ach of ,darius1 #abc dreams of1 #acb of early ,french ,kings1 #cg1 #ach of ,galba1 #aca of ,hadrian1 #acd of ,queen ,hatshepset1 #aag diamond1 of ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 #aec-aef ivory1 for sealing amphor1 #abj-abb of priest of ,khufu's pyramid1 #aah of ,lentulus1 #abg of ,lothaire1 #adj of ,louis le ,debonnaire1 #adj of ,louis ,,ix1 #ade of ,louis ,,xii1 #adg1 #adh of ,lucullus1 #acj of ,mcenas1 #acj of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 #adi-aea merchants'1 #add 8,michelangelo's ,signet10 #adg of ,mohammed1 #ada mottoes on1 in ,arabic1 #adb of ,nero1 #acj in platinum or gold1 #aeh of ,polycrates1 #abj of ,pompey1 #abg of ,scipio ,africanus1 #abi of ,seleucus1 #abd of ,shakespeare1 #aea of ,shemai1 #cff superstitious use of1 #abb1 #abc of ,sylla1 #acj of ,thothmes ,,iii1 #aag of ,tiberius1 #acd one stolen by ,verres1 #abf1 #abg of ,wilhelm ,i of ,germany1 #aeh of ,president ,wilson1 #afa of ,xerxes1 #abb of ,zerubbabbel1 #ace ,skiff1 ,f4 ,j4 ,v41 ix ,sloane1 ,sir ,hans1 rings in collection of1 #hg ,smith1 ,sir ,thomas1 #cej ,society of ,antiquaries1 ,london1 #ge ,solomon's ring1 #bhh1 #bhi ,somers1 ,lt4 ,robert1 ring given to1 by ,washington1 #aib ,south ,kensington ,museum1 #aij1 #cae ,spanish rings1 #he ,spartans1 iron rings of1 #aj ,spencer1 ,leonard1 ix ,spessartite1 #cce ,sphere1 #hf ,sphere ring1 #hh ,spinel1 #hf ,spodumene1 #hf ,squirt ring1 #adh ,stal von ,holstein1 ,baron ,erik ,magnus1 #aib ,stanbery1 ,john1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bge ,starr1 ,friedrich1 ix ,state gems for ring setting1 #ccd1 #cce ,steevens1 ,george1 on ,shylock's turquoise1 #bbj ,stephen ,radislav1 ,king of ,servia1 nuptial ring of1 #aih ,sterling1 ,john1 8,onyx ,ring0 by1 #cbd1 #cbe ,stewart1 ,rev4 ,father ,william ,j41 viii ,stone1 ,george ,c41 viii 8,stone of ,invisibility10 #cjg ,stone rings1 #b1 #ba 8,stone of ,remembrance10 #cjg ,stoudt1 ,rev4 ,john ,baer1 ix ,stratonice1 wife of ,seleucus ,i1 rings dedicated by1 #bea ,strickland1 ,agnes1 #ahd ,suetonius1 #acd ,suffolk1 ,countess of1 takes vow of widowhood1 #bhg ,suidas1 #cab ,sulu1 ,sultan of1 pearl ring given by1 #bcf1 #bcg ,sunstone1 #cce ,superstitious use of seal-rings1 #abb1 #abc ,surprise rings1 #id ,surrya1 ,prince1 #ha ,swivel rings1 #id ,sylla1 signet of1 #acj ,symeon1 ,archbishop of ,thessalonica1 his description of ,byzantine marriage ceremony about #adjj ,a4 ,d41 #bjb ,symbols1 ,christian1 #bec-bee ,syrian rings1 #abd1 #abe1 #afj ,t ,tacitus on ,germanic iron rings1 #ag ,taft1 ex-,president ,william ,h41 ix1 #afa1 #bcf ,talismanic and magic rings ,albertus ,magnus on1 #caa ,apollonius of ,tyana's1 #bif1 #cbe ,boniface ,,viii's1 #cjf ,charlemagne's1 #cjj-cjb ,christian1 in ,british ,museum1 #beg ,clemens ,alexandrinus on1 #bif as charm against the ,evil ,eye1 #bcf1 #bic fortune-telling by means of1 #bii of ,frederick ,i of ,prussia1 #aga1 #agb of ,gesta ,romanorum1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cde of ,gyges1 #bhi-bia of ,helen of ,troy1 #ib1 #bib 8,hnited0 78,the ,welded07 given to ,king ,olaf1 #cbc in the 8,mabinogian10 #cjg ,sir ,john ,mandeville on1 #cae ,st4 ,mark's1 #cab-cad of ,minos of ,crete1 #bia1 #bib in 8,morte d',arthur10 #cji1 #caj naoratna ring of ,hindus1 #gh1 #cba in ,reynard the ,fox1 #cjc 8,saphir ,merveilleux10 #cbe ,scandinavian1 #cbc1 #cci of ,seluecus ,i1 ,nicator1 #bic in ,sir ,eglamore1 #caj 8,ring of ,solomon10 #bhh1 #bhi in ,sterling's 8,onyx ,ring10 #cbd superstitious use of1 by ,sagan ,karens1 #cjh ,tewfik ,pasha's experience with one1 #cbb1 #cbc in 8,book of ,thetel10 #caa one made by ,abbot ,tritheim1 #cad in ,wolfdietrich1 #cje1 #cjf in ,yuain and ,gawin1 #caj ,tanagra1 ring from1 #aab ,tassi1 ,agosto1 engraver of 8,michelangelo's ,signet10 #adg ,tavernier1 ,jean ,baptiste1 #adc1 #aed1 #aee ,tedyngton1 ,richard1 keeper of jewels of ,edward the ,confessor's shrine1 #age ,tertullian on betrothal ring1 #aii ,tewfik ,pasha1 experience of1 with a magic ring1 #cbb1 #cbc ,theodorus of ,samos1 engraver of ring of ,polycrates1 #abj ,thomas1 ,dr4 ,john1 ,dean of ,westminster1 #agi ,thompson1 ,c4 ,j4 ,s41 ix ,thothmes ,,iii1 ring of1 #aag ,thumb rings1 #eh1 #hg1 #aje-ajh1 #aid1 #bbb ,thynnian rings1 #gj ,tiberius1 seal ring of1 removed when he became unconscious1 #acd ,tibetan1 #ha ,tin rings1 #cbh ,toad swallowing a serpent1 ring designed in form of a1 #caa ,toadstone1 warns of poison when worn in a ring1 #cda ,toe rings1 #gh1 #hj ,topaz1 #gh1 #hf1 #abe1 #aeh1 #agh1 #bgf1 #cce ,tourmaline1 #hf green 78,brazilian emerald071 used for bishops' rings in ,brazil1 #bgg ,tournament1 rings as prizes at a1 #aha 8,tower ,rings10 #afi ,trallianus1 ,alexander1 recommends ring as cure for biliousness1 #cch ,trauring1 ,german designation of betrothal ring1 #bji ,tree1 ,sir ,herbert1 x ,trees sealed with rings1 #abh ,tricolored magic ring1 #cjd 8,trinity ,ring10 #ge ,tritheim1 ,abbot of ,spandau1 magic ring made by1 #cad ,true-lovers' knot1 #b ,tumulty1 ,j4 ,p41 ix ,trk1 ,viennese court jeweller1 collection of rings made by1 #ff 8,turkie10 old name of turquoise1 #bbj ,turquoise1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #cd1 #fc1 #ge1 #ha1 #hf1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aej1 #ahb1 #cbh1 #ccd ,tyrolean rings1 #cec ,tyszkiewicz ,collection1 #aba ,u ,ulysses1 ring of1 #h ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #he ,university ,galleries1 ,oxford1 #fj ,university of ,pennsylvania1 excavations at ,nippur by1 #d ,v ,valens1 ,emperor1 #bii ,vandyke1 ,anthony1 #fb ,vergil1 ,polydore1 #cdb ,verney1 ,sir ,edmund1 ring given to1 by ,charles ,i1 #aij ,verres1 seal ring stolen by1 #abf ,victoria1 ,queen1 #aef1 #bbe ,victoria and ,albert ,museum 7,south ,kensington ,museum71 #bag1 #bfi1 #bga ,virgin1 betrothal ring of1 at ,perugia1 #ajj1 #bbb1 #beh-bfa ,visigoths1 law of1 concerning betrothal rings1 #bjj ,vyse1 ,colonel1 #aah ,w ,wada1 ,t41 x ,waddesdon ,bequest1 #hh ,wade1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,homer1 #ij ,wales1 ,prince of1 ring among insignia of1 made by ,welsh gold1 #bhc1 #bhd ,walwyn1 ,francis1 engraver of ,henrietta ,maria's diamond signet1 #aed ,warbeck1 ,perkin1 #ahj ,ward1 ,william ,hayes1 ix1 #c anecdote of ring bought by1 #c1 #d ,washington rings1 #gg1 #aia1 #aib ,watch rings1 #dj1 #hg1 #cec ,watelet1 ,m41 #adg ,waterton1 ,edmund1 #cd1 #bad ,waterton ,collection1 #bag1 #bfi-bga ,wearing of rings1 methods of1 #ej-ff ,wedding or betrothal rings sent by ,clovis ,i1 #bja conditional gift of1 #bje diamond1 in ,shakespeare's ,cymbeline1 #bba on which finger placed1 #aid-aig1 #bjc1 #bae1 #bbb ,george ,,iv's with portrait of ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert1 #bbd1 #bbe in ancient ,germany1 #bjh in modern ,germany1 #bji gimmal rings as1 #bah1 #bai gold1 already used by ,romans in #b;d4 century1 #aii gold1 surrendered for iron in ,germany1 #bbh in ,greek ,church1 #bjb-bjd of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 #bai ,hebrew use of1 #bac1 #bad of iron1 in early ,roman times1 #aii of ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 #bbc loss of a1 ,scotch legend regarding1 #baf of ,queen ,louisa of ,prussia1 #bbd commemorating ,luther's marriage1 #baf1 #bag ,manx custom as to1 #bje of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 #bag for men1 #bcj mottoes on1 #bji1 #baa1 #bba1 #bcc-bdh with names formed by initial letters of precious stones1 #bbg obligation involved in giving a1 #bjd ominous substitute for one1 in a ,scotch legend1 #bbf of ,cola di ,rienzi1 #bad rush-ring as1 #bjf ,shylock's turquoise perhaps in betrothal ring1 #bbj story of a1 in 8,cent ,nouvelles ,nouvelles10 #bae turquoise used for in ,germany1 #bba ,week-day gems for ring-setting1 #cca ,weininger1 ,leopold1 x ,weir1 ,j4 ,alden1 viii ,wellington1 ,duke of1 #bbd ,welsh gold used for ,prince of ,wales' ring1 #bhd ,widowhood10 8,ring of1 #bhf1 #bhg order of1 #bhf1 #bhg ,wier1 ,j4 ,alden1 on rings in portraits1 #fd ,wild-ass1 healing rings made from hoof of1 #ceb ,william the ,conqueror1 tomb of1 at ,caen destroyed by ,huguenots1 #agi ,william ,rufus1 ring found in tomb of1 #agi ,william ,i of ,germany1 #agb signet of used by ,william ,,ii1 #aeh ,william ,,iv1 of ,england1 ,coronation ,ring of1 #bhc ,william de ,st4 ,barbara1 ring of1 #bge ,wilson1 ,president ,woodrow1 signet-ring of1 vi1 #afa ,winslow1 ,isaac1 memorial ring of1 #dg ,winslow1 ,josiah1 #dg ,wiseman1 ,cardinal1 manuscript describing ,solessing of 8cramp rings10 owned by1 #cdd1 #cde ,wiser1 ,david1 #ajh ,wissler1 ,clark1 viii 8,wolfdietrich10 story of magic ring in1 #cje1 #cjf ,wolter1 ,charlotte1 ring of1 #ij ,woodford1 ,general ,sir ,john1 #afe ,woodland1 ,theodore ,m41 viii ,writing with diamond ring1 #afh-agj ,wu ,ting ,fang1 jade rings of1 #ajg1 #ajh ,wykeham1 ,bishop1 ring of1 #bge ,wyman1 ,walter ,c41 viii ,wytlesey1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ring of1 #bge ,x ,xerxes1 signet of1 #abb ,y 8,ywaine and ,gawin10 romance1 magic ring in1 #caj ,z ,zerubbabel1 ring of1 #ace ,zick1 ,stephan1 ivory ring made by1 #ge ,zircon 7jacinth17 #gh1 #hf1 #abd1 #cdj ,zodiacal rings1 #he1 #cbh1 #cbi ,,footnotes3 #a ,grandchild4 #b ,great grandchild4 #c ,signet of the author1 reading ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ,new ,york4 ,engraved upon a dark red sard1 in ,teheran1 ,persia1 in #ahie4 #d ,fossey1 8,la magie assyrienne10 ,paris1 #aijb1 p4 #hc4 #e ,dlgation en ,perse1 ,mmoires publis sous la direction de ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan1 vol4 viii1 8,recherches archologiques10 #c;d ser41 ,paris1 #aije1 pp4 #cba1 #cbb2 figured on p4 #cbj4 #f ,communicated by the late ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward4 #g ,communicated by the late ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward4 #h ,hilprecht and ,clay1 8,business ,documents of ,murash ,sons of ,nippur03 ,the ,babylonian expedition of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,series ,a3 ,cuneiform texts1 vol4 ix1 ,philadelphia1 #ahih1 p4 #cj4 #i ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the 444 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #iig 7see pl4 xx72 also the same author's ,catalogue of the ,jewellery ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the 444 ,british ,museum1 ,london1 #aiaa1 p4 xvii4 #aj ,max ,ohnefalsch-,richter1 8,kypros1 the ,bible1 and ,homer10 ,london1 #ahic1 vol4 i1 p4 #cfg1 and vol4 ii1 plate xxxii1 fig4 #cb4 #aa ,strena ,helbigena1 #gc2 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #aee1 fig4 #cc2 p4 #aei1 fig4 #ci2 ,schliemann ,mycen and ,tiryns1 pp4 #ced1 #cfj4 #ab ,see ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 op4 cit41 p4 #c2 rings from ,enkomi1 ,cyprus4 #ac ,pauly's ,real ,encyclopdie der ,altertumswissenschaft1 vol4 ix1 pt4 i1 col3 #hbg2 ,stuttgart1 #aiad2 ,marshall1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,british ,museum1 ,london1 #aijg1 ,no4 #egd4 #ad ,corpus inscriptionum ,grcarum1 #cacg1 i1 #hg sq4 #ae ,le ,brun-,dalbanne1 8,les ,pierres graves du trsor de la cathdrale de ,troyes10 ,paris1 #ahhj1 p4 #cb4 #af ,aristophanes1 8,knights10 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 #d4 #ag liani1 8,varia historia10 ,lib4 ,i1 cap4 xxi4 #ah ,lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 iv4 #ai ,ibid41 loc4 cit4 #bj ,m4 ,deloche1 8,le port des anneaux dans l'antiquit romaine1 et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge02 extrait des ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xxxv1 ,paris1 #ahif1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #ba ,titi ,livii1 8,ab urbe condita10 lib4 xxiii1 cap4 xii4 #bb ,sat4 iii1 lines #aec-aef4 #bc ,titi ,livii1 8,ab urbe condita10 lib4 xlii1 cap4 xvi4 #bd ,valerii ,maximi1 8,factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri ,,ix10 lib4 viii1 cap4 i4 #be ,see ,plinii1 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 xxiii4 #bf 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 xi4 #bg ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman10 in the 444 ,british ,museum1 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xix1 citing ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia ,,iii1 #ad1 #ac1 and ,cicero1 ,ad4 ,fam4 ,x1 #cb1 #b4 #bh ,clementis ,alexandrini1 8,pdagogus10 lib4 iii1 cap4 ii4 #bi ,beck1 8,corpus juris civilis10 vol4 ii1 pp4 #djf1 #djg4 #cj 8,cimeliotheca ,musei ,nationalis ,hungarici1 sive catalogus historico-criticus antiquitatum1 raritatum1 et pretiosorum--eius instituti10 ,bud1 #ahbe1 p4 #acf4 #ca ,corpus inscriptionum ,latinarum1 vol4 i1 ,no4 #aajg4 #cb ,ibid41 vol4 xi1 ,no4 #abce4 #cc ,suetonii3 8,vita ,augusti10 #gb4 #cd ,cicero1 8,in ,verrem10 iv1 #be1 #bf4 #ce ,deloche1 8,le port des anneaux dans l'antiquit romaine1 et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge10 ,paris1 #ahif1 pp4 #df1 #dg2 extrait des ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xxxv1 part ii4 #cf ,jesse ,walter ,fewkes1 8,two ,summers' ,work in ,pueblo ,ruins10 ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 xxii1 pt4 i1 p4 #ia4 ,also the same writer's 8,casa ,grande1 ,arizona10 ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 xxviii1 pp4 #adc1 #add2 rings figured on pl4 lxxv1 fig4 ,a1 and in text cut1 fig4 #di4 #cg ,communications from ,prof4 ,george ,grant ,mc,curdy1 ,curator1 ,anthropological ,section of ,peabody ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,yale ,university1 and from ,dr4 ,frank ,s4 ,daggett1 ,director1 ,museum of ,history1 ,science and ,art1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #ch ,communicated by ,dr4 ,william ,c4 ,mills1 ,curator and ,librarian of the ,museum4 #ci ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 8,the ,antiquities of ,mexico10 ,new ,york1 #ahia1 p4 #gd1 figure4 #dj ,ibid41 p4 #gc1 figures4 #da ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead1 8,primitive ,men in ,ohio10 ,new ,york1 #ahib1 p4 #adh2 see plate xxvi1 p4 #aeb4 #db ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead1 8,stone ,age in ,north ,america10 ,boston and ,new ,york1 #aiaj1 vol4 i1 p4 #ddj1 fig4 #che1 ring in ,collection of ,b4 ,h4 ,young1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 #dc ,see the writer's 8,magic of ,jewels and ,charms10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiae1 pp4 #ceb1 #cec2 colored plate opp4 p4 #ceb4 #dd ,warren ,k4 ,moorehead1 8,a ,narration of ,exploration in ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,indiana1 etc410 ,andover1 ,mass41 #aijf1 p4 #hi1 fig4 #de4 #de ,not named after ,charles ,l4 ,tiffany4 #df ,communicated by ,walter ,hough1 ,acting ,head ,curator1 ,dept4 of ,anthropology1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #dg ,communicated by ,joseph ,k4 ,dixon1 ,secretary of the ,national ,american ,indian ,memorial ,association4 #dh ,the details in this and the following paragraphs are taken from ,washington ,matthews1 8,navajo ,silversmiths10 in the ,second ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology1 #ahhj-ahha1 ,washington1 #ahha1 pp4 #aga-agh4 #di ,op4 cit41 between pp4 #agd and #age1 plate showing silversmith's shop set up near ,fort ,wingate4 #ej 8,an ,ethnologic ,dictionary of the ,navaho ,language10 published by the ,franciscan ,fathers1 ,saint ,michaels1 ,arizona1 #aiaj1 p4 #bga4 #ea ,this is a well-printed octavo of #ecf pages1 with a most comprehensive index4 #eb ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd4 #ec ,communicated by ,admiral ,peary in a letter to the author1 ,february #ac1 #aiaf4 #ed ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,antique ,gems10 ,london1 #ahfj1 p4 #bha2 citing lian1 iii1 #ai4 #ee ,frederick ,william ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,archologist10 ,london1 #ahga1 p4 #hf1 with figure of ring4 #ef ,j4 ,p4 ,mariette1 8,trait des pierres graves10 ,paris1 #agej1 vol4 i1 p4 #ah4 #eg ,see ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the finger rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the departments of antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xxvi1 note4 #eh ,archological ,journal1 ,london1 #ahfc1 vol4 xx1 p4 #ge4 #ei ,london1 #ahec1 p4 #f4 #fj ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later0 7,british ,museum71 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #abb1 ,no4 #gib1 pl4 xi4 #fa ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le costume et les usages ecclsiastiques selon la tradition romaine10 ,paris1 #ahig1 vol4 i1 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 #fb ,historical ,manuscripts ,commission1 ,report of ,,mss4 in various collections1 vol4 iv1 ,dublin1 #aijg1 p4 #ei4 #fc ,plinii1 ,hist4 ,nat41 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 xxv4 #fd 8,neuhebrisches und ,chaldisches ,wrterbuch10 by ,jacob ,levy1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aci1 s4 v4 tabba'ath4 #fe ,artemidorus1 8,oneirocritica10 ii1 #e4 #ff ,davenport1 8,jewelry10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 #fg ,frederick ,william ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 ,london1 n4 d4 7#ahfe871 p4 #add1 fig4 #agg4 #fh ,john ,lathrop ,motley1 8,the ,rise of the ,dutch ,republic10 ,new ,york1 #ahef1 ,vol4 iii1 pp4 #eeh1 #eei1 citing a curious ,dutch pamphlet published at ,leyden in #aehb and consisting of two letters1 one from ,bruges1 dated ,july #be1 #aehb1 the other written two days later from ,antwerp4 #fi ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 ,thompson1 8,poison ,romance and ,poison ,mysteries10 ,london1 n4d41 #b;d4 ed41 p4 #abc4 #gj ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger-rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival1 and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 lv4 #ga ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,medival and ,later10 bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks 7,british ,museum71 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bdc1 ,no4 #afih1 pl4 xxiii4 #gb ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later0 7,british ,museum71 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bde1 ,no4 #agjh1 pl4 xxiii4 #gc 8,memorial ,rings1 ,charles the ,second to ,william the ,fourth1 in the ,possession of ,frederick ,arthur ,crisp10 privately printed 7,london74 ,the data in this and succeeding paragraphs treating of memorial rings1 are 7unless otherwise noted7 derived from this valuable and interesting work4 #gd ,crisp ,collection1 ,no4 #ccd1 p4 #aae4 #ge ,no4 #fcb1 p4 #aig4 #gf ,crisp ,collection1 ,no4 #iha1 p4 #cag4 #gg ,no4 #afe1 p4 #fi4 #gh ,notes and ,queries1 #aath ser41 ,no4 #caa1 ,december #aa1 #aiae1 p4 #dfi4 #gi ,a4 ,e4 ,cropper1 8,some ,notes ,on ,three ,classes or ,types of ,rings10 in ,the ,connoisseur1 ,london1 vol4 xix1 p4 #ahd1 ,september to ,december1 #aijg4 #hj ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #ha ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later10 bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b4 7,british ,museum1 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 xxxiii1 footnote47 #hb ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival1 and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bjd1 ,no4 #adag4 #hc ,communicated by ,waldo ,lincoln1 the owner of the ring4 #hd ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton3 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bcb1 ,no4 #afbh4 #he ,szendrei1 8,catalogue de la collection de bagues de ,mme4 de ,tarnczy10 ,paris1 #ahhi1 pp4 #adb1 #adc4 #hf ,charles ,edwards1 8,the ,history and ,poetry of ,finger-,rings10 ,new ,york1 #ahee1 pp4 #hf-ij4 #hg ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,neville 7#dth baron ,braybrooke71 8,the ,romance of the ,ring1 or the ,history and ,antiquity of ,finger ,rings10 ,saffron ,walden1 #ahef1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #hh ,londesborough ,collection3 ,catalogue of a collection of ancient and medival rings and personal ornaments1 ,london1 #ahec1 p4 #g4 ,privately printed4 #hi ,compte rendu de la ,commission ,arch4 de ,st4 ,ptersbourg1 #ahfd1 p4 #ahb4 #ij ,macrobii1 8,saturnalia10 ,lipsi1 #ahfh1 p4 #ddf1 lib4 vii1 cap4 #ac4 #ia 8,historia ,naturalis10 liber xxxiii1 #bd4 #ib ,sancti ,isidori ,hispalensis ,episcopi1 8,opera ,omnis10 vol4 iv1 col4 #gjb1 ,etymologi1 lib4 xix1 cap4 #cc1 vol4 lxxxii of ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina1 ,paris1 #ahej4 #ic 8,historia ,naturalis10 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 #f4 #id ,duffield ,osborne1 8,engraved ,gems10 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #ajg4 #ie ,plinii1 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #aa4 #if ,martialis1 8,epigrammata10 xi1 #ei4 #ig ,martial1 ,bk4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 cxxiii2 from 8,martial translated into ,english prose10 ,london1 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahig4 #ih ,hardy1 8,rotuli litterarum patentium in tursi ,londinensi asseverati10 ,london1 #ahce1 vol4 i1 pt4 i1 p4 #ee4 #ii ,rymer1 8,fdera10 ,london1 #agbg1 vol4 i1 pp4 #hgh1 #hgi4 #ajj ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bdi1 #bej1 ,no4 #gfj1 illustration4 #aja ,schaumi1 8,de annulis10 ,francofurti1 #afbj1 cap4 ix4 #ajb ,col4 ,t4 ,c4 ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #gi4 ,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry4 #ajc ,luciani1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,paris1 #afae1 p4 #gab4 #ajd ,juvenal ,sat4 ,i1 ll1 #bf-cj4 #aje ,schaumi1 8,de annulis10 ,francofurti1 #afbj1 cap4 iv4 #ajf ,tristia1 ,lib4 i1 el4 vii4 #ajg ,julii ,capitolini1 8,maximini duo10 cap4 vi2 ,scriptores hist4 ,august41 vol4 ii1 p4 #g4 #ajh ,deloche1 8,le port des anneaux dans l'antiquit et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge10 pp4 #fa-fc4 #aji ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later1 bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b4 7,british ,museum710 ,london1 #aiab1 pp4 xxv1 xxvii1 #a1 figs4 #f1 #ae4 #aaj ,berthold ,laufer1 8,notes on ,turquoise in the ,east10 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,pub4 #afi1 ,anthrop4 ,ser41 vol4 xiii1 ,no4 #a1 plate #a2 ,chicago1 ,july1 #aiac4 #aaa ,communicated by ,j4 ,alden ,weir1 ,n4,a41 in letter of ,march #ae1 #aiaf4 #aab ,journal of ,archology1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bfh4 #aac ,john ,ogilby1 ,africa1 ,london1 #afga1 p4 #eei4 #aad ,vogelstein and ,rieger1 8,geschichte der ,juden in ,rom10 vol4 i1 p4 #ccg4 #aae ,sir ,john ,gardner ,wilkinson1 8,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians10 vol4 iii1 p4 #cgc4 #aaf ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 p4 #ej1 ,nos4 #bgh-bha2 pl4 vii1 ,no4 #bha4 #aag ,see ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 xxxvii-xlix4 #aah ,figured in ,caylus1 8,receuil d'antiquits10 vol4 ii1 p4 #caj4 #aai ,sancti ,isidori ,hispalensis ,episcopi1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 iv1 col4 #gjb1 ,etymologi1 lib4 xix1 cap4 #cb2 vol4 lxxxii of ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina1 ,paris1 #ahej4 #abj ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,fortnum1 8,additional ,notes on ,finger ,rings and on ,some ,engraved ,gems of the ,early ,christian ,period10 ,archological ,journal4 #aba ,dom ,bernard de ,montfaucon1 8,l',antiquit expliqu10 ,paris1 #agbd1 ,suppl41 vol4 viii1 p4 #dj2 pl4 xiv1 opp4 p4 #dc1 two views1 side and front4 #abb ,m4 ,deloche3 8tude historique et archologique sur les anneaux sigillaires10 ,paris1 #aijj1 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf1 figs4 #abc ,friedrich ,henkel1 8,der ,lorscher ,ring10 ,trier1 #ahif4 #abd ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,notices of ,glyptic ,archology exhibited by the ,archological ,institute in ,june1 #ahfa10 ,london 7,report from ,archological ,journal71 p4 #ab4 #abe 8,catalogue of the ,special ,exhibition of ,works of ,art at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb10 section #cb1 8,rings10 by ,edmund ,waterton1 p4 #fbb4 #abf ,de ,laborde1 8,notice des maux du ,muse du ,louvre10 #b;d ,part1 8,documents et ,glossaire10 p4 #aca1 s4 v4 ,anel4 #abg ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 p4 #aah4 #abh ,william ,jones1 8,finger-,ring ,lore10 ,london1 #ahgg1 pp4 #dhg1 #dhh4 #abi ,t4 ,n4 ,mukharji1 8,art ,manufactures of ,india10 ,calcutta1 #ahhh1 pp4 #aje-ajg4 #acj ,t4 ,n4 ,mukharji1 8,art ,manufactures of ,india10 pp4 #abd-abh1 ,calcutta1 #ahhh4 #aca ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival1 and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bdg1 fig4 #acb ,col4 ,t4 ,h4 ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry1 vol4 xii1 pp4 #d1 #e2 #aijg-aiji4 ,figs4 on plates #f1 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #ah4 #acc ,ibid41 p4 #ajc4 #acd ,communicated by ,dr4 ,berthold ,laufer1 ,curator of ,anthropology1 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago4 #ace ,communicated by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,partridge1 through ,mr4 ,walter ,c4 ,wyman4 #acf ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest3 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #ccf1 ,no4 #bdbb1 ,pl4 xxx4 #acg ,communicated by ,dr4 ,t4 ,wada1 of ,tokio4 #ach ,hiram ,bingham1 8,the ,story of ,machu ,picchu10 in ,the ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 ,february1 #aiae1 pp4 #agb-bag4 #aci ,communicated by ,prof4 ,frederick ,starr1 of the ,university of ,chicago4 #adj ,charles ,edwards1 8,the ,history and ,poetry of ,finger-,rings10 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 pp4 #db-dd2 quoting from ,gleason's ,pictorial ,newspaper1 ,december #be1 #aheb4 #ada ,communicated by ,dr4 ,leonard ,j4 ,spencer1 ,curator of the ,department of ,mineralogy1 ,british ,museum 7,nat4 ,hist474 #adb ,figured in ,journal der ,goldschmiede ,kunst1 #cj ,jahrg41 ,no4 #bg1 ,leipzig1 ,july #c1 #aiji1 p4 #bbj4 #adc ,see also p4 #cec of the present work4 #add ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #ade ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #bdc1 ,no4 #agjj1 ,plate xxiii4 #adf ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read1 8,the ,waddesdon ,bequest3 ,catalogue of the ,works of ,art ,bequeathed to the ,british ,museum by ,baron ,ferdinand ,rothschild1 ,m4,p410 #ahih2 ,london1 #aijb1 p4 #id4 #adg ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival1 and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #hg1 ,no4 #ega1 fig4 #adh ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #adi ,the ,cleveland ,museum of ,art1 ,catalogue of the ,inaugural ,exhibition1 ,june #f to ,september #bj1 #aiaf1 ,cleveland1 #aiaf1 p4 #fh1 ,no4 #aji4 #aej ,frederick ,william ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 ,london1 n4 d41 p4 #gg1 fig4 #hh4 ,a later edition of this book1 dated #ahga1 bears the title1 8,rambles of an ,archologist40 #aea ,from the collection of ,w4 ,gedney ,beatty1 ,new ,york ,city4 #aeb 8,les bagues des tranches10 ,l',illustration1 ,july #c1 #aiae1 p4 #bj1 with cuts showing soldiers at work and specimens of their rings4 #aec ,frederick ,william ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #ada1 fig4 #aga4 #aed ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr41 8,the ,civilization of ,babylonia and ,assyria10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiae1 pp4 #dei1 #dfj4 #aee ,sir ,j4 ,gardner ,wilkinson1 8,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians10 revised by ,samuel ,birch1 ,new ,york1 #ahgi1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdj1 note by ,birch4 #aef ,juvenal1 sat4 vi1 #a1 #chb4 #aeg ,persius1 sat4 i1 l1 #af4 #aeh ,juvenal1 sat4 vii1 ll1 #adc1 #add4 #aei ,idem1 sat4 xiii1 ll1 #ach1 #aci4 #afj ,ulpian1 ,l41 #f sqq41 ,de bon4 damnat4 #afa ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #abg-abi1 pl4 xx1 #ggh1 #ghe1 #gij1 and text figures #ajf1 #ajg on p4 #abi4 #afb ,from a personal letter to the writer1 dated ,february #ba1 #aiaf4 #afc ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,antique ,gems and ,rings10 ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #cgc4 #afd ,see pp4 #bbb1 #beh-bfa of present work1 and plate opposite p4 #caf of the writer's1 8,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiac4 #afe ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 #aaj1 ,no4 #fed1 pl4 xvii4 #aff ,bosio1 8,roma ,sotteranea10 ,rom1 #afgb1 vol4 i1 p4 #baa4 #afg ,gorli1 8,dactyliotheca10 #afgb1 vol4 i1 p4 #baa2 cited in 8,dictionnaire d',archologie ,chrtienne et de ,liturgie10 ,paris1 #aijg1 vol4 ii1 col4 #baid1 figures4 #afh ,king1 8,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones10 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #big4 #afi ,blochmann1 8,ain-i-,akbari10 ,calcutta1 #ahga1 p4 #dad and ,wills1 8,the ,land of the ,lion and the ,sun10 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #cgf2 cited in ,ball1 8,a ,description of ,two ,large ,spinel ,rubies10 ,dublin1 #ahid1 p4 #cij2 reprint from ,proc4 of the ,roy4 ,ir4 ,soc41 #c;d ser41 vol4 iii1 ,no4 #b4 #agj ,t4 ,h4 ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry1 vol4 xii1 #aijg-aiji1 p4 #aff2 pl4 #ada4 ,gul-,begum1 8,the ,history of ,humyn10 translated by ,annette ,s4 ,beveridge1 ,london1 #aijb1 p4 #aba1 note2 ,orient ,trans4 ,fund1 n4 s41 vol4 i4 #aga ,hodder ,m4 ,westropp1 8,a ,manual of ,precious ,stones and ,antique ,gems10 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #abj4 ,no4 #afbg of ,british ,museum ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the ,dept4 of ,antiquities1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 ,london1 #aijg4 #agb ,oneirocritica1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #e4 #agc ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xxxvii2 see plate xxiv1 ,nos4 #afba1 #afbd4 #agd ,figured in ,leviticus1 8,geillustreerde encyclopedie der diamantnijverheid10 ,haarlem1 #aijg1 p4 #bbi4 #age 8,the ,heber ,r4 ,bishop ,collection of ,jades10 ,new ,york1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bei1 illustration4 #agf ,science1 vol4 iv1 ,no4 #hb1 pp4 #agb1 #agc1 with cut of the ring2 vol4 iv1 ,no4 #he1 pp4 #bgj1 #bga1 communication by ,edward ,s4 ,morse on the subject2 vol4 vi1 ,no4 #abf1 ,july #c1 #ahhe1 reply of ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 citing letter of ,lieut4 ,g4 ,c4 ,foulke1 ,u4,s4,n41 of ,u4 ,s4 ,legation at ,seoul1 ,corea4 #agg ,communicated by ,stewart ,culin1 ,brooklyn ,institute4 #agh ,heinrich ,fischer1 8,nephrit und ,jadeit10 ,stuttgart1 #ahhj1 pp4 #ci1 #ccd1 fig4 #eb on page #ci4 #agi ,george ,h4 ,pepper1 8,the ,exploration of a ,burial ,room in ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,new ,mexico10 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 p4 #bdd1 fig4 #g4 #ahj ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the 444 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xxxii4 #aha ,a natural or artificial mixture of gold and silver found native at ,vorospotak1 ,transylvania1 and elsewhere1 mentioned by ,herodotus4 ,the electros1 1 of ,homer and ,strabo2 ,pliny1 xxxiii1 #bc2 although this word was most frequently used to designate amber4 ,varying in specific gravity from #ae4e to #ab4e4 ,the ratio of gold to silver is #a3a4 ,specific gravity of gold1 #ai4cc2 silver1 pure1 #aj4e2 correspond to #ce4c per cent4 of silver1 gold #fd4g per cent4 ,pliny states that when the proportion of silver to gold is #a3d 7#bj per cent471 it is called electra4 #ahb ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,atticarum1 ii 7#e71 #gfg b1 #a1 #ai4 #ahc ,j4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the 444 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xxxi4 #ahd 8,heliodorou ,aithiopikn1 biblia deka10 ,parisiois1 #ahjd1 pt4 i1 pp4 #aij-aib4 #ahe ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,the ,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones and ,gems10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #fd4 #ahf ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 xxxv1 xxxvi4 #ahg 8,cimeliotheca ,musei ,nationalis ,hungarici sive catalogus historico-criticus antiquitatum raritatum et pretiosorum eius instituti10 ,bud1 #ahbe1 p4 #acf4 #ahh ,francis ,cohen1 8,st4 ,martin's rings10 ,archologia1 vol4 xviii1 pt4 i1 ,london1 #ahae1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 #ahi ,communicated by ,prof4 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson1 of ,columbia ,university1 who cites ,g4 ,b4 ,browne's 8,literary ,history of ,persia0 7,london and ,new ,york1 #aijf71 vol4 ii1 p4 #abc1 note #c1 and ,louisa ,stuart ,costello1 8,rose ,garden of ,persia10 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #cc4 #aij ,british ,museum1 ,fourth ,egyptian ,room1 ,no4 #bja 7,table ,case ,j74 #aia ,british ,museum1 ,fourth ,egyptian ,room1 ,no4 #bjb4 #aib ,british ,museum1 ,fourth ,egyptian ,room1 ,no4 #bjd4 #aic ,british ,museum1 ,fourth ,egyptian ,room1 ,no4 #bag4 #aid ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders ,petrie1 8,a ,history of ,egypt ,during the ,,xvii and ,,xviii ,dynasties10 ,london1 #aijd1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #aie ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders ,petrie1 8,a ,history of ,egypt from the ,earliest ,times to the ,,xvi ,dynasty10 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 p4 #db4 #aif ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 8,catalogue of ,egyptian ,antiquities10 ,new ,york1 #aiae1 p4 #fc2 ,no4 #ajdf1 figs4 #a1 #b and #c4 #aig ,adolph ,furtwngler1 8,die ,antiken ,gemmen10 ,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijj1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ca4 #aih ,a descriptive atlas of the ,cesnola ,collection of ,cypriote ,antiquities in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 by ,louis ,p4 di ,cesnola1 vol4 iii1 pt4 i1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 pl4 xxiv1 ,nos4 #ab and #ac4 #aii ,ibid41 pl4 xxv1 figs4 #aj and #ab4 #bjj ,alexander ,palma di ,cesnola1 8,salaminia 7,cyprus71 ,the ,history1 ,treasures and ,antiquities of ,salamis in the ,island of ,cyprus10 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #gc1 figs4 #g and #ac on pl4 vii4 #bja ,lib4 iii1 caps4 #dj-dc4 #bjb ,pdagogus1 lib4 iii1 cap4 ii4 #bjc ,adolf ,furtwngler1 8,die ,antiken ,gemmen10 ,berlin1 #aijj1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bgc1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ha2 see vol4 i1 plate lxi1 ,no4 #aa4 #bjd ,reinach1 8,cultes1 ,mythes et ,religions10 ,paris1 #aijf1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bad4 #bje ,duffield ,osborne1 8,gem ,engraving10 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #bhg4 #bjf ,luciani1 8,opera10 vol4 iii1 ,lipsi1 #ahha1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 ,philopseudes1 #cg4 #bjg ,plutarchi1 8,vit10 vol4 ii1 ,lipsi1 #ahgi1 p4 #cb4 ,timoleon1 #ca4 #bjh 8,de rebus gestis ,alexandri ,magni1 regis ,macedoni10 lib4 vi1 ,no4 #f4 #bji ,justini1 8,historiarum phillipicarum libri ,,xliv10 lib4 xv1 cap4 #d4 #baj ,adolf ,furtwngler1 8,die antiken ,gemmen10 ,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijj1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aej4 #baa 8,le ,cabinet de la ,bibliothque de ,sainte ,genevive10 by the ,rev4 ,father ,claude du ,molinet1 ,paris1 #afib1 p4 #bi4 #bab 8,the ,natural ,history1 ,ancient and ,modern1 of ,precious ,stones and ,gems10 ,london1 #ahfe1 pp4 #fj1 #fa2 ,anthology ix1 #geb2 ix1 #gdh4 #bac ,m4 ,tullii ,ciceronis1 8,in ,verrem1 lib4 iv10 ,oratio nona1 cap4 #bf4 #bad ,ciceronis1 8,in ,catilinam10 iii1 cap4 v4 #bae ,georgii ,longi1 8,de annulis signatoriis antiquorum10 ,francofurti et ,lipsi1 #agji1 p4 #bd1 citing ,plutarch's life of ,pompey4 #baf ,ibid41 p4 #dj4 #bag ,ibid41 p4 #aae4 #bah ,edward ,t4 ,newell1 8,historia numorum10 ,oxford1 #aiaa1 p4 #aei4 #bai ,w4 ,j4 ,andrew1 8,a ,remarkable ,hoard of ,silver ,pennies and ,halfpennies of the ,reign of ,stephen1 found at ,sheldon1 ,derbyshire1 in #ahfg10 in ,the ,british ,numismatic ,journal1 #ast ser41 vol4 vii 7#aiaa71 pp4 #eb1 #ef2 see pl4 ii1 fig4 #bg4 #bbj ,p4 ,j4 ,mariette1 8,trait des pierre graves10 ,paris1 #agej1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #bba ,p4 ,j4 ,mariette1 8,trait des pierre graves10 ,paris1 #agej1 vol4 i1 p4 #bj4 #bbb ,georgii ,longi1 8,de anulis signatoriis antiquorum10 p4 #be2 ,artemidori1 8,oneirocriticon10 lib4 v1 cap4 #cb1 i1 #gji4 #bbc ,josephus1 8,history of the ,jews10 book xix1 chap4 #b4 #bbd ,act ,,ii1 sc4 i1 ver4 #eh4 #bbe ,vopisci1 8,divus ,aurelianus10 in ,scriptores hist4 ,august41 vol4 ii1 p4 #ahd4 #bbf ,abb ,barrand1 8,des bagues toutes les poques10 ,paris1 #ahfd1 p4 #agg2 reprint from ,bulletin ,monumental1 vol4 xxx4 #bbg ,plinii1 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxiii4 #bbh ,suetonii1 8,vita ,csarum10 ,tiberius4 #bbi ,lib4 iv1 ,no4 vii4 #bcj ,albert ,g4 ,mackey1 8,the ,book of the ,chapter3 or ,monitorial ,instructions in the ,degrees of ,mark1 ,past and ,most ,excellent ,master and the ,royal ,arch10 ,new ,york1 #aheh1 p4 #abh4 #bca 8,le ,cabinet de la ,bibliothque de ,sainte ,genevive10 by the ,rev4 ,father ,claude du ,molinet1 ,paris1 #afib1 p4 #c1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #e1 impression of seal2 the letters are rather irregularly disposed4 #bcb ,clementis ,alexandrini1 8,pdagogus10 lib4 iii1 cap4 ii4 #bcc ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later 7,british ,museum710 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #abj1 ,no4 #ggh4 #bcd ,,ss4 ,zenonis et ,optati1 8,opera omnia10 in ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina1 vol4 xi1 ,paris1 #ahde2 ,s4 ,optati1 8,de schismate ,donatistiarum10 lib4 i1 cap4 #aj1 note4 #bce ,philippi ,labbi and ,cossarti1 8,sacrosancta concilia10 vol4 iv1 col4 #adjc4 #bcf ,deloche1 8,le port des anneaux dans l'antiquit romaine1 et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge10 ,paris1 #ahif1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji2 from ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xxxv4 #bcg ,m4 ,deloche in ,revue archologique1 #c;d ,series1 #ahhf1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ada and #ahic1 vol4 i1 p4 #bfi4 #bch ,see also the same writer's 8tude historique et archologique sur les anneaux sigillaires10 ,paris1 #aijj1 p4 #bjc1 fig4 ,this ring was found at ,laon1 dept4 ,aisne4 #bci 8,anastasis ,childerici ,i ,francorum regis1 sive ,thesaurus sepulchralis ,tornaci ,nerviorum effossus et commentario illustratus10 ,antverpis1 ex officina ,plantaniana ,balthazaris ,moreti1 #afee4 ,this is a quarto of #cfg pages1 with #bg plates and copper-plate engravings4 #bdj ,deloche 8,anneaux ,sigillaires10 ,paris1 #aijj1 pp4 #aib1 #aic4 #bda ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,on the ,use of ,antique ,gems in the ,middle ,ages40 #bdb 8,prolgomnes ,historiques10 of ,ibn4 ,kaldoun1 in ,notices et ,extraits des ,manuscripts de la ,bibliothque ,impriale1 vol4 xx1 pt4 i1 pp4 #fa-fb1 ,paris1 #ahfe4 #bdc ,burton1 8,supplementary ,nights10 #ahfh1 vol4 v1 p4 #eb4 #bdd ,hammer-,purgstall1 8,abhandlung ber die ,siegel der ,araber1 ,persen und ,trken10 ,denkschriften der ,kaiserl4 ,akad4 der ,wissenschaften1 ,phil4-,hist4 ,kl41 ,wien1 #ahej1 p4 #bi4 #bde ,ibid41 p4 #a4 #bdf ,garzoni1 8,piazza ,universale10 ,german transl41 ,franckfurt am ,main1 #afda1 p4 #fig4 #bdg ,jean ,baptiste ,tavernier1 8,relation du ,serrail10 ,paris1 #agjb1 pp4 #dhj1 #dha4 #bdh ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,byzantine ,art and ,archology10 ,oxford1 #aiaa1 p4 #edj2 figs4 #cai1 #cbj on p4 #ecg4 #bdi ,nicetas1 8,histoire de l',empire ,grec1 ,rgne de ,john ,comnnus10 ,paris1 #afic1 p4 #g4 #bej ,p4 ,j4 ,mariette1 8,trait des pierres graves10 ,paris1 #agej1 vol4 i1 p4 #ba4 #bea 8,catalogue of the ,special ,exhibition of ,works of ,art at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb10 section #cb1 8,rings10 by ,edmund ,waterton1 p4 #fbb4 #beb ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,antique ,gems and ,rings10 ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #cii4 #bec ,jules ,labarte1 8,dissertation sur l'abandon de la glyptique en ,occident au ,moyen ,age et sur l'poque de la renaissance de cet art10 ,paris1 #ahga1 pp4 #ab-ah4 #bed ,labarte1 8,inventaire du mobilier de ,charles ,v10 ,paris1 #ahgi1 p4 #hf1 ,no4 #eee4 #bee ,joannis ,cantacuzeni1 8,histori10 vol4 i1 lib4 iii1 cap4 xlvii4 #bef ,migne's ,patrologia ,grca1 vol4 cliii1 ,paris1 #ahff4 #beg ,emil ,hannover in 8,politikon0 ,kjobenhavn1 ,april #aj1 #aiaa4 #beh ,c4 ,drury ,fortnum1 8,notes ,on ,some of the ,antique and ,renaissance ,gems and ,jewels in ,her ,majesty's ,collection at ,windsor ,castle10 ,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ab1 #ac2 cut double linear size on p4 #ac4 #bei ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 #bfj ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later 7,british ,museum710 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 xxxi4 #bfa 8,catalogue of the ,special ,exhibition of ,works of ,art at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb10 section #cb1 8,rings10 by ,edmund ,waterton1 p4 #fbc4 #bfb ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later1 bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b4 7,british ,museum710 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 li1 footnote4 #bfc ,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later 7,british ,museum71 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #ec4 #bfd ,see also ,catalogue of the ,books1 ,manuscripts1 ,works of ,art and ,relics1 at present exhibited in ,shakespeare's ,birthplace1 with #fa illustrations1 ,stratford-upon-,avon1 #aiaj4 #bfe ,halliwell1 8,life of ,william ,shakespeare10 ,london1 #ahdh1 p4 #ccd4 #bff 8,catalogue of an ,exhibition ,illustrative of the ,text of ,shakespeare's ,plays10 ,new ,york1 ,the ,grolier ,club1 #aiaf1 plate opposite p4 #if1 from a mezzotint by ,g4 ,f4 ,storm1 #ahdg4 #bfg ,see ,archologia1 vol4 xlvii1 #cic1 and vol4 #a1 p4 #aad4 #bfh ,vol4 xlvii1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #cic4 ,the original document is in the privy seal books of the ,clerk of the ,pells1 now in the ,public ,record ,office1 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #adb4 #bfi 8,les six voyages de ,jean ,bapiste ,tavernier10 ,la ,haye1 #agah1 vol4 i1 pp4 #edj1 #eda4 #bgj ,h4 ,clifford-,smith1 8,the ,king's ,gems and ,jewels at ,windsor ,castle10 ,the ,connoisseur1 #aijc1 vol4 v1 p4 #bdd4 #bga ,fortnum1 8,collection at ,windsor ,castle10 ,london1 #ahgf1 p4 #ada4 #bgb ,c4 ,drury ,fortnum1 8,notes on ,some of the ,antique and ,renaissance ,gems and ,jewels in ,her ,majesty's ,collection at ,windsor ,castle10 ,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #bgc ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 8,the ,etiquette of ,gems10 ,saturday ,evening ,post1 ,june #bg1 #aijh1 p4 #e4 #bgd ,augusta ,huiell ,seaman1 8,the ,sapphire ,signet10 ,new ,york1 ,the ,century ,co41 #aiaf4 #bge ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,the ,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones10 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #bed2 ,duffield ,osborne1 8,engraved ,gems10 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #bic4 ,first published by ,ducange1 in the seventeenth century4 #bgf ,from letters of ,ex-,president ,taft and of ,private ,secretary ,tumulty to the author4 #bgg ,chabouillet1 8,catalogue gnral et raisonn des cames et pierres graves de la ,bibliothque ,nationale10 ,paris1 #aheh1 p4 #chh1 #chi2 ,nos4 #bfcf1 #bfci4 #bgh ,m4 ,deloche1 8tude historique et archologique sur les anneaux sigillaires et autres des premiers sicles du moyen ge10 ,paris1 #aijj1 pp4 #ij-ib1 figure4 #bgi 8,the ,gulistn or ,rose ,garden10 trans4 by ,edward ,b4 ,eastwick1 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #adh4 #bhj ,francisci ,petrarch1 8,de remediis10 ,genev1 #afac1 p4 #aea4 #bha ,francisci ,petrarch1 op4 cit41 p4 #adg4 #bhb ,labarte1 8,inventaire du mobilier de ,charles ,v10 ,paris1 #ahgi1 p4 #hc1 ,no4 #ebd4 #bhc ,ibid41 p4 #hj1 ,no4 #dia4 #bhd ,ibid41 p4 #af1 note2 for the ruby of the dukes of ,brittany1 see p4 #hj1 ,no4 #dib4 #bhe ,szendrei1 8,catalogue de la collection de bagues de ,mme4 ,tarnczy10 ,paris1 #ahhi1 pp4 xxvii1 xxviii4 #bhf ,chroniques d',enguerrand de ,monstrelet1 ,paris1 #aeif1 vol4 ii1 8,autres nouvelles chroniques10 f4 #ee recto4 ,these 8new chronicles0 are from various sources1 and were composed by one of the continuators of ,monstrelet's work4 #bhg ,ibid41 f4 #gh recto4 #bhh ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #bhi ,see for original accounts ,lettres indites de la ,reine ,marguerite1 pt4 i2 ,brantme1 ed4 ,lalanne1 vol4 ix1 p4 #gae and also ,bermier1 ,hist4 de ,blois1 ,paris1 #afhb1 p4 #h4 #bij ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 p4 #abf4 #bia ,theodore ,andrea ,cook1 8,old ,touraine10 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 p4 #aie4 #bib ,catalogue of a collection of ancient and medival rings and personal ornaments1 ,london1 #ahec1 p4 #ae4 ,privately printed4 #bic ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 p4 #abg4 #bid ,s4 ,d4 ,c4 in ,the ,boston ,chronicle1 ,feb4 #ag1 #agfi1 from a copy in the ,union ,league ,club ,library1 ,new ,york ,city4 #bie ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,notices of ,collections of ,glyptic ,art exhibited by the ,archological ,institute in ,june1 #ahfa10 pp4 #bj1 #ba2 reprint from ,archological ,journal4 #bif ,see ,schneider1 8,aus dem ,leben ,kaiser ,wilhelms10 ,berlin1 #ahhh1 vol4 i1 pp4 #aed-afa4 #big ,communication by ,mrs4 ,isabel ,moore1 formerly of ,woodstock1 ,n4 ,y41 now in the ,azores4 #bih ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later 7,british ,museum710 p4 #bjf4 #bii ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later1 ,bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b4 7,british ,museum710 ,london1 #aiab1 pp4 xvi1 #bi1 #cj1 pl4 ii 7,nos4 #agi1 #ahj74 #cjj ,see pp4 #cdb1 #cdc1 in chapter on ,rings of ,healing4 #cja ,fourth ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,manuscripts1 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #aia4 #cjb ,idem41 loc4 cit4 #cjc ,idem1 loc4 cit4 #cjd ,see pp4 #cda-cde4 #cje ,king1 8,precious ,stones and ,metals10 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #cai1 note4 #cjf ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later1 ,bequeathed by ,sir ,augustus ,wollaston ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b40 7,british ,museum71 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 xiii4 #cjg ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,neville 7#dth baron ,braybrooke71 8,the ,romance of the ,ring1 or the ,history and ,antiquity of ,finger ,rings10 ,saffron ,walden1 #ahef1 p4 #ai4 #cjh ,on the toadstone1 see the present writer's 8,the ,magic of ,jewels and ,charms10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiae1 pp4 #afb-afg4 #cji ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina1 vol4 ccxiv1 cols4 #agi1 #ahj4 #caj ,archologia1 vol4 xix1 ,london1 #ahba1 pp4 #daa1 #dab4 #caa ,a fine1 thin silk stuff1 plain1 but especially valued for its softness4 #cab ,sir ,joseph ,ayloffe1 8,an ,account of the ,body of ,king ,edward the ,first ,as ,it ,appeared in the ,tomb in the ,year #aggd10 ,archologia1 vol4 iii1 ,london1 #agge1 pp4 #chi-cia4 ,see also ,rhymer's 8,foedera10 vol4 viii1 p4 #ge4 #cac 8,issues of the ,echequer10 from ,henry ,,iii to ,henry ,,vi1 ed4 by ,frederick ,devon1 ,london1 #ahcg1 p4 #agj4 #cad ,rhymer1 8,fdera10 ,london1 #agbg1 vol4 xi1 p4 #gf4 #cae ,william ,jones1 8,finger-,ring ,lore10 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #aig4 #caf ,archologia1 vol4 xxxiii1 p4 #cce sqq41 ,london1 #ahdi4 #cag ,william ,jones1 8,finger-,ring ,lore10 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #dgh4 #cah ,gasquet1 8,henry ,,viii and the ,english ,monasteries10 ,london1 #aijf1 p4 #dji4 ,cott4 ,,ms4 ,tib4 e4 viii1 f4 #bfi4 #cai ,third ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,historical ,manuscripts1 ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #bca4 #cbj ,camdeni1 8,annales rerum ,anglicarum et ,hibernicarum regnante ,elizabetha10 ,francofurti1 #afaf1 pp4 #aea1 #aeb4 #cba ,in ,thoms' 8,anecdotes and ,traditions10 ,london1 #ahci1 p4 #ajg 7,camden ,soc4 ,pub474 #cbb ,buchanan1 8,poems10 ,st4 ,andrews1 #aeid1 p4 #aag4 #cbc ,agnes ,strickland1 8,history of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots10 ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ddf4 #cbd ,james ,anthony ,froude1 8,history of ,england10 ,london1 #ahii1 vol4 xii1 chap4 #fi1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi4 #cbe ,c4 ,justi1 8,felipe ,,ii amigo del arte02 ,espaa moderna1 ,april1 #aiad1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #cbf ,see ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 vol4 xiv1 ,london1 #ahhh1 pp4 #dcg1 #dch2 in ,sir ,sidney ,lee's article on ,essex4 #cbg ,catalogue of the ,loan ,exhibition of ,ancient and ,modern ,jewellery and ,personal ,ornaments1 #ahgb1 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #cc1 ,no4 #acg4 #cbh ,historical ,manuscripts ,commission1 ,report of ,,mss4 in various collections1 vol4 iv1 ,dublin1 #aijg1 p4 #cbc4 #cbi ,south ,kensington ,museum3 ,catalogue of the ,loan ,collection1 #ahgb2 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #gb1 ,no4 #hch4 ,the ring is figured in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #agig1 vol4 lxvii1 pt4 ii 7,oct471 on plate opposite p4 #hbg1 figs4 #e and #f2 see also pp4 #hcj and #ajag4 #ccj 8,catalogue of the ,special ,exhibition of ,works of ,art at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb10 section #cc1 8,miscellaneous ,rings10 by ,r4 ,h4 ,s4 ,smith1 p4 #fcg4 #cca ,gilbert ,barnet 7,bishop of ,salisbury71 8,history of ,his ,own ,time10 ,london1 #agbd1 #agcf4 ,first published by his son ,thomas1 after the bishop's death in #agae4 #ccb ,archologia1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cb-ce1 ,london1 #aggc4 ,figured on plate i1 figs4 #a and #b4- #ccc ,george ,frederick ,kunz and ,charles ,h4 ,stevenson1 8,the ,book of the ,pearl10 ,new ,york1 #aijh1 p4 #dch4 #ccd ,federici ,augusti ,junii1 8,de annulo ,romanorum sponsalitio10 ,lipsi1 #agdd1 citing ,ovidii1 lib4 ii1 ,amor4 ,eleg4 xv4 #cce ,saturnalia1 lib4 vii1 cap4 #ac4 #ccf ,see page #bbb4 #ccg ,isidori1 8,de ecclesiasticis officiis10 lib4 xx1 cap4 #h1 in ,migne's 8,patrologia ,latina10 vol4 lxxxiii1 cols4 #haa1 #hab4 #cch ,deloche1 8,le port des anneaux dans l'antiquit romaine1 et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge10 ,paris1 #ahif1 pp4 #if-ih2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xxxv1 pt4 #b4 #cci ,naturalis ,historia1 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 #bd4 #cdj ,john ,yonge ,akerman1 8,an ,account of ,excavations in an ,anglo-,saxon ,burial ,ground at ,harnham ,hill ,near ,salisbury10 in ,archologia1 vol4 xxxv1 p4 #bff1 and ,plate ,,xii 7opp4 p4 #bgh74 #cda 8,the ,sarum ,missal done into ,english by ,a4 ,harford ,pearson10 ,london1 #ahdd1 p4 #eeb4 ,the directions and blessings are translated from the ,latin2 the vows of the bride and bridegroom are from an old ,english version4 #cdb ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,byzantine ,art and ,archology10 ,oxford1 #aiaa1 p4 #edd1 fig4 #cbi4 #cdc ,ibid41 p4 #edf4 #cdd ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj2 ,no4 #egi1 pl4 xvii4 #cde ,federici ,augusti ,junii1 8,de annulo ,romanorum sponsalitio10 ,lipsi 7#agdd71 pp4 xiii1 xiv2 citing ,pliny's 8,hist4 ,nat410 lib4 xxxiii1 cap4 i1 and ,clement's 8,pdogogus10 lib4 iii1 cap4 xi4 #cdf ,tertulliani1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,migne1 ,parisiis1 #ahgi1 vol4 i1 col4 #cec4 ,apol4 adv4 gen4 #cdg ,august4 ,epist4 #aai ad ,januar4 cap4 #ah4 #cdh ,c4 ,drury ,fortnum1 8,on ,finger ,rings of the ,early ,christian ,period10 in ,journal of ,archology1 vol4 xxviii1 pp4 #bff-bib2 figured on p4 #bia4 #cdi ,fredegari1 8,historia ,francorum epitomata10 cap4 xviii2 in ,patrologia ,latina1 ed4 ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1 ,parisiis1 #ahgi1 vol4 lxxi1 col4 #ehd4 #cej ,hucher1 8,sigillographie du ,maine10 ,bulletin ,monumental1 vol4 xviii1 p4 #cjh4 #cea ,symeonis ,thessalonicensis ,archiepiscopi1 8,opera ,omnia10 in ,migne's ,patrologia ,grca1 vol4 clv1 ,paris1 #ahff1 cols4 #eje1 #ejh1 8,de honesto et legitimo conjugio40 #ceb ,coloni1 #aeji1 cap4 #aa4 #cec ,communicated by ,mrs4 ,isabel ,f4 ,hapgood4 #ced ,petri ,mlleri1 8,de annulo pronubo10 ,jen1 #agcd1 p4 #bb4 #cee ,petri ,mlleri1 8,de annulo pronubo10 ,jen1 #agcd1 p4 #ca4 #cef ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 p4 #aad4 #ceg ,cap4 #ee4 #ceh 8,glossarium ad scriptores medi et infim ,latinitatis10 ,parisiis1 #agcc1 vol4 i1 col4 #deg4 #cei ,cited in ,h4 ,r4 ,d4 ,anders1 8,shakespeare's ,books10 ,berlin1 #aijd1 p4 #ahi4 #cfj ,deloche1 8,le port des bagues dans l'antiquit romaine et dans les premiers sicles du moyen ge10 ,paris1 #ahif1 pp4 #fa-fc2 from ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xxxv4 #cfa ,jacob ,grimm1 8,deutsche ,rechtsalterhmer10 ,berlin1 #ahed1 pp4 #agg1 #agh4 #cfb ,this recalls ,juvenal's 8digito pignus fortasse dedisti0 7perhaps thou hast set a pledge on a finger74 ,sat4 vi1 #bg4 #cfc ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 ,london1 n4d41 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ig4 #cfd ,ibid41 p4 #abd1 fig4 #abd4 #cfe ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #cff ,anima magis est ubi amat quam ubi animat4 #cfg ,barbier de ,montault1 8,un anneau du ,x,ve sicle10 ,tours1 #ahgf4 #cfh ,jean ,szendrei1 8,catalogue de la collection de bagues de ,madame ,gustave de ,tarnczy10 ,paris1 #ahhi1 p4 xlviii4 #cfi ,barbier de ,montault1 8,un anneau du ,x,ve sicle10 ,tours1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ad-ag4 ,for additional 8posies0 see pp4 at end of this chapter4 #cgj ,shown in ,fairholt's 8,rambles of an ,artist10 p4 #abg1 figs4 #aeb1 #aec4 #cga ,ibid41 p4 #abh1 fig4 #aed4 #cgb ,kircheri1 8dipus gyptiacus10 ,rom1 #afeb1 vol4 i1 p4 #bhc4 #cgc ,jewish ,encyclopdia1 vol4 x1 art4 ,rings by ,albert ,wolf1 of ,dresden1 ,saxony4 #cgd 8,catalogue of the ,special ,exhibition of ,works of ,art at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb10 section #cb1 8,rings10 by ,edmund ,waterton1 pp4 #fcj1 #fca4 #cge ,see ,gregorovius1 8,lucrezia ,borgia10 pp4 #cge1 #cgf1 of ,ital4 translation4 #cgf ,robert de ,berquen1 8,les ,merveilles des ,indes ,orientales et ,occidentales10 ,paris1 #affa1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,robert de ,berquen writes of ,louis 7,lodowyk7 as 8one of his ancestors40 #cgg ,alfred ,maury1 8,croyances et ,legendes du ,moyen ,age10 ,paris1 #ahif1 p4 #bgg1 note4 #cgh ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 p4 #abh1 fig4 #aee4 ,the authenticity of the ring may be regarded as somewhat doubtful4 #cgi ,julius ,kstlin1 8,life of ,luther10 trans4 from the ,german1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc2 pp4 #ccd1 #cce4 #chj ,fairholt1 8,rambles of an ,artist10 p4 #acb1 fig4 #afe4 #cha ,burgon1 8,the ,life and ,times of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 i1 p4 #ea4 #chb ,catalogue of a collection of ancient and modern rings and personal ornaments formed for ,lady ,londesborough1 ,london1 #ahec1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,privately printed4 #chc ,cited in ,furness1 8,variorum ,shakespear10 vol4 vii 7,othello71 ,phila41 #ahhh1 p4 #acb4 #chd ,evans1 8,posy ,rings10 ,london1 #ahib1 p4 #ac4 #che ,ibid41 p4 #ac4 #chf ,thomas ,joseph ,pettigrew1 8,on ,superstitions ,connected ,with the ,history and ,practice of ,medicine and ,surgery10 ,london1 #ahdd1 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #chg ,col4 ,t4 ,h4 ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 8,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry10 vol4 xii1 p4 #e1 #aijg-aiji4 #chh ,g4 ,bapst1 8,les ,joyaux de la ,couronne10 ,paris1 #ahhi1 p4 #ah4 #chi ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 p4 #aab4 #cij ,william ,tegg1 8,the ,knot ,tied3 ,marriage ,ceremonies of ,all ,nations10 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #cad4 #cia ,fuller1 8,holy ,state10 chap4 xxii1 ,of ,marriage4 #cib ,jahrbuch der ,kunsthistorischen ,sammlungen des allerhchsten ,kaiserhauses1 vol4 i1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 xxi1 ,wien1 #ahhc4 #cic ,johnson1 8,tunis of ,to-day02 in the ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 vol4 xxii1 p4 #gdg2 ,no4 #h1 ,aug41 #aiaa4 #cid ,historical ,manuscripts ,commission1 ,twelfth ,report1 ,appendix1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,mss4 of ,duke of ,rutland at ,belvoir ,castle1 vol4 i1 ,london1 #ahhh1 p4 #f4 #cie ,a number of posies of the list comes from ,joseph ,maskell's excellent little monograph1 8,the ,wedding-,ring10 ,london1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ca-ce4 #cif ,from the 8,card of ,courtship1 or the ,language of ,love10 published in #afec2 cited in ,tegg's 8,the ,knot ,tied10 ,london1 #ahgg4 #cig ,from 8,the ,mysteries of ,love and ,eloquence10 ,london1 #afeh2 in ,tegg's 8,the ,knot ,tied40 #cih ,t4 ,wada1 8,die ,schmuck- und ,edelsteine bei den ,chinesen10 ,tokyo1 #aijd1 reprint from the 8,mitteilungen0 of the ,deutsche ,gesellschaft fr ,natur- und ,volkeskunde ,ostasiens1 vol4 x1 ,pt4 ,i4 #cii ,pompei ,fasti1 8,de verborum significatu10 lib4 xx1 s4 v4 ,edera1 ed4 of ,ed4 ,thewrewk de ,ponor1 ,budapest1 #ahhi1 p4 #eh4 #djj ,adolf ,furtwngler1 8,die ,antiken ,gemmen10 ,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijj1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ddf4 #dja ,f4 ,g4 ,frazer1 8,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 iii1 ,london1 #aiaa1 p4 #cad4 #djb ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall1 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the 444 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 xxix1 xxx1 ,nos4 #fbi1 #fdj4 #djc ,montfaucon1 8,l'antiquit expliqu10 vol4 ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,paris1 #agai1 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe2 ,plate #acf4 #djd ,communicated by ,prof4 ,cyrus ,adler of the ,dropsie ,college for ,hebrew and ,cognate ,learning1 in ,philadelphia1 the information being derived from the ,hebrew ,encyclopdia entitled 8,ozar ,yisrael10 vol4 v1 p4 #f1 col4 i1 s4 v4 ,tabaath4 ,prof4 ,richard ,gottheil of ,columbia ,university confirms the views expressed by ,prof4 ,cyrus ,adler that the ring was never the distinguishing mark of a ,rabbi4 #dje ,abb ,barraud1 8,des bagues toutes les poques10 ,bulletin ,monumental1 vol4 xxx1 pp4 #fbd-fda4 #djf ,raoul ,rochette1 8,tableau des ,catacombes de ,rome10 ,paris1 #ahcg1 pp4 #bce1 #bcf4 #djg ,s4 ,augustini1 8,de trinitate10 lib4 viii1 cap4 #e1 #f4 ,figured in ,raoul ,rochette1 8,tableau des ,catacombes de ,rome10 ,paris1 #ahcg1 title page4 #djh ,ruinart1 8,acta sanctorum martyrum sincera et selecta10 ,paris1 #afhi1 p4 #dj4 #dji ,gregorii episcopi nysseni1 8,opera10 vol4 iii1 in ,migne's ,patrologia ,grca1 vol4 xli1 ,parisiis1 #aheh1 col4 #iij4 #daj ,see ,rev4 ,i1 viii4 #daa ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,antique ,gems10 ,london1 #ahfj1 p4 #ceh4 #dab ,king1 8,the ,gnostics10 ,london1 #ahfd1 p4 #aci4 #dac ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #g1 ,no4 #ci4 #dad ,m4 ,deloche1 8tude historique et archologique sur les anneaux sigillaires10 ,paris1 #aijj1 pp4 #aci-adb1 figs4 #dae ,mercati1 8,metallotheca ,vaticana10 ,rom1 #agai1 p4 #ahe4 #daf ,giacinto ,gimma1 8,delia storia naturale delle gemme10 ,napoli1 #agcj1 vol4 i1 p4 #ci4 #dag ,pauli ,aringhi1 8,roma subterranea10 ,rom1 #afea1 p4 #gja4 #dah ,santi ,aurelii ,augustini1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,migne1 ,parisiis1 #ahhd1 cols4 #bbf1 #bbg4 #dai ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #dbj ,platina 8,de vitis ,pontificorum02 8,vita ,clementis ,,iv40 #dba ,edmund ,waterton1 8,on the ,annulus ,piscatoris1 or ,ring of the ,fisherman02 ,archologia1 vol4 xl1 figures on pp4 #adj and #adb4 #dbb ,edmund ,waterton1 8,on the ,annulus ,piscatoris1 or ,fisherman's ,ring10 ,archologia1 vol4 xl1 pp4 #ach-adb1 ,london1 #ahff4 #dbc ,abb ,barraud1 8,des ,bagues toutes les poques et en particulier de l'anneau des vques et des abbs10 ,bulletin ,monumentale1 vol4 xxx1 pp4 #cij1 #cia1 #ahfd4 #dbd ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le costume et les usages ecclsiastiques selon la tradition romaine10 ,paris1 n4d41 vol4 i1 p4 #afa4 #dbe ,ibid41 pp4 #aeh1 #aei4 #dbf ,sancti ,aviti1 ,epist4 lxxviii1 ,migne1 8,patrologia ,latina10 vol4 lix1 col4 #bhj4 #dbg ,isidori1 8,de ecclesiasticis officiis10 lib4 ii1 cap4 v1 #ab4 #dbh ,migne1 8,patrologia ,latina10 vol4 lxxxiii1 cols4 #ghc1 #ghd4 #dbi ,philippe ,labb and ,cossart1 8,sacros4 concil410 vol4 v1 cols4 #afah1 #agad4 #dcj ,wetzer and ,welte's 8,kirchenlexikon10 #b;d ed41 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahig1 vol4 x1 p4 #baa1 art4 ,ringe by ,k4 ,schrod4 #dca ,ed4 ,merati1 p4 #agcg4 #dcb ,edmund ,waterton1 8,on ,episcopal ,rings10 ,the ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xx1 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #bbh4 #dcc ,rot4 ,pat4 ,hen4 ,,iii4 m4 #bj d4 #dcd ,liber #bh1 ,ed4 ,i2 fol4 #bgh1 p4 #cdd4 #dce ,philippi ,labbei et ,cossarti1 8,sacrosancta concilia10 vol4 viii1 col4 #hgh4 #dcf ,edmund ,waterton1 8,episcopal ,rings10 in ,the ,archological ,journal vol4 xx1 p4 #bbg1 fig4 p4 #bbh4 #dcg ,ph4 ,labbei et ,cossarti1 8,sacrosancta ,concilia10 vol4 ix1 col4 #cie1 of the ,council of ,nimes4 #dch ,edmund ,waterton1 8,episcopal ,rings10 in ,the ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xx1 p4 #bce1 figs4 #f1 #g and #h on plate opposite that page4 #dci 8,de sacro altaris mysterio10 ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina1 vol4 ccxvii1 col4 #gif4 #ddj ,arnaud1 8,notice sur les objets trouvs dans plusieurs cercueils de pierre la cathdral de ,troyes10 ,troyes1 #ahdd1 p4 #ac4 #dda ,catalan1 8,pontificale romanum10 vol4 iii1 p4 #ceh1 citing the annals of ,abraham ,begovius1 ad annum #acjc1 num4 #h4 #ddb ,r4 ,rucklin1 8,das ,schmuckbuch10 ,leipzig1 #ahga1 vol4 ii1 pl4 #ef1 fig4 #e4 #ddc ,see also ,hefner1 8,trachten10 pl4 #i4 #ddd ,op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #afg4 #dde ,edmund ,waterton1 8,on ,episcopal ,rings10 ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xx1 p4 #bbh1 ,london1 #ahfc2 citing ,dart1 8,hist4 of ,cant4 ,cath410 p4 #cdf1 fol4 #bgi1 and ,duranti1 8,de ritibus10 lib4 ii1 cap4 ix1 sec4 #cg4 #ddf ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic ,medivel1 and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 pp4 xxxvii1 xxxviii4 #ddg ,catalogue of the special exhibition of works of art 444 at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june1 #ahfb1 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #fcf4 #ddh ,maurice ,faucon1 8,les arts la cour d',avignon sous ,clment ,v et ,jean ,,xxii10 in ,mlanges d',archologie et d',histoire ,,iime ,anne1 pp4 #gf1 #gg2 ,,ivme ,anne1 p4 #ajg4 #ddi ,italian ,,xiv ,century ,,mss4 in the author's library4 ,what appears to be a topaz ring is on the fourth finger of the right hand in ,titian's portrait of ,archbishop ,filippo ,archinto1 painted in the middle of the sixteenth century4 #dej ,edinburgh ,review1 ,july1 #ahff1 p4 #bdg4 #dea ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le costume et les usages ecclsiastiques selon la tradition romaine10 ,paris 7#ahig71 vol4 i1 p4 #afb4 #deb ,ibid41 vol4 i1 p4 #aei4 #dec ,this ring is figured as frontispiece to the writer's 8,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiac4 #ded ,from a letter written by ,bishop ,greer to the author1 ,september #bb1 #aiaf4 #dee ,kirchmann1 8,de anulis10 ,lugd4 ,bat41 #afgb1 p4 #ahe4 #def ,tractatus de officio episcopi1 ad ,henricum ,senonensem episcopum1 cap4 ix4 #deg ,h4 ,druitt1 ,costume in ,brass1 p4 #ih4 #deh 8,dictionnaire d'archologie chrtienne et de liturgie10 ed4 by ,dom ,fernan ,cabrol1 vol4 i1 ,paris1 #aijg1 col4 #bahg1 art4 anneau by ,leclercq4 #dei ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le costume et les usages ecclsiastiques selon la tradition romaine10 ,paris 7#ahig71 vol4 i1 pp4 #afc1 #afd4 #dfj ,ibid41 vol4 i1 pp4 #afd-agj4 #dfa ,ibid41 vol4 i1 pp4 #age1 #agf4 #dfb ,the complete ceremonies and procedures observed at the coronation of the kings and queens of ,england1 ,london 7#aijb71 p4 #cj4 #dfc ,debrett's ,dictionary of the ,coronation1 ,london 7#aijb71 pp4 #ch1 #abf4 #dfd ,cyril ,davenport1 8,jewellery10 ,chicago1 #aijh1 ,plate xvi1 opp4 p4 #aaj4 #dfe ,abb ,barraud1 8,des bagues toutes les poques1 et en particulier de l'anneau des vques et des abbs10 ,bulletin ,monumental1 vol4 xxx1 p4 #ag4 #dff ,abb ,barraud1 8,des bagues toutes les poques et en particulier de l'anneau des vques et des abbs10 ,bulletin ,monumentale1 vol4 xxx1 p4 #cb4 #dfg ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le costume et les usages ecclsiastiques selon la tradition romaine10 ,paris1 7#ahig71 vol4 i1 p4 #agd1 note4 #dfh ,cited by ,william ,jones1 8,finger-,ring ,lore10 ,london1 #ahgg4 pp4 #bcf1 #bcg4 #dfi ,henry ,harrod 8,on the ,mantle and ,ring of ,widowhood10 ,archologia1 vol4 xl1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cjh2 ,london #ahfd4 #dgj ,op4 cit41 p4 #cji1 citing ,gough1 8,sepulchral ,monuments10 vol4 i1 p4 cxix4 #dga ,giovanni ,b4 ,rampolli1 8,annales ,musulmani10 vol4 viii1 ,milano1 #ahbd1 p4 #edd sqq41 note #ij4 #dgb ,burton 8,supplementary ,nights10 ,london1 #ahhf1 vol4 iii1 p4 #gb1 note4 #dgc ,the poems of ,mohammed ,hafiz of ,shiraz1 translated by ,john ,payne1 ,london1 #aija1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bcj2 epodes ,,ii1 #b4 #dgd ,lib4 ii1 cap #c2 ,platonis ,dialogi1 ed4 ,hermann1 vol4 iv1 ,lipsi1 #ahhc1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #dge ,cselii1 8,commentarii antiquorum lectionum10 ,venetiis1 #aeaf1 p4 #ada2 lib4 iii1 cap4 xxv4 #dgf ,hygini1 8,astronomica10 ed4 by ,emile ,chatelain and ,paul ,legendre1 ,paris1 #aiji1 p4 #ai4 ,bibliothque de l'cole des ,hautes tudes1 ,fasc4 #afh4 #dgg ,king1 8,handbook of ,engraved ,gems10 ,london1 #ahff1 p4 #ahd1 citing ,ptolemy ,hephaistion1 bk4 ii1 and ,suidas4 #dgh ,this may have been the ring supposed to have been given by ,apollo1 before the birth of ,seleucus4 #dgi ,abrahami ,gorli1 8,dactyliotheca10 ,delphi ,batavorum1 #afja1 p4 #c4 #dhj ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall 8,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan and ,roman1 in the ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 xxiii1 xxxiii1 #aca1 ,plate ,,xx1 fig4 #hja4 #dha ,f4 ,h4 ,marshall4 8,catalogue of ,finger ,rings1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 and ,roman1 in the ,departments of ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 xxxiii1 ,no4 #chf2 see ,plate ,,xii4 #dhb ,suetonii1 8,nero10 cap4 xlvi4 #dhc ,suetonii1 8,galba10 cap4 x4 #dhd ,flavii ,josephi1 8,antiquitates ,judeorum10 ,basile1 #aedj1 p4 #bjc4 #dhe ,luciani1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,jocobitz1 ,lipsi1 #ahha2 ,navigium1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 #dhf ,philopseudos1 #ag4 #dhg ,clementis ,alexandrini1 8,stromata10 lib4 i4 #dhh ,longi1 8,de annulis signatoriis0 ,francofurti et ,lipsi1 #agji1 p4 #ci4 #dhi 8,dictionnaire d'archologie chrtienne et de liturgie10 ed4 by ,dom ,fernan ,cabrol1 vol4 i1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,paris1 #aijg1 cols4 #bbae1 #bbaf1 s4 v4 anneaux4 #dij ,artemidori ,daldiani et ,achametis ,sereini 8,oneirocritica10 ,lutiti1 #afjc1 p4 #bei4 #dia ,rev4 ,oswald ,cockayne1 8,anglo-,saxon ,leechdom10 vol4 iii1 ,london1 #ahff1 pp4 #aii1 #bje1 #bae in 8,a ,book of ,dreams by the ,prophet ,daniel40 #dib ,lebeau1 8,histoire du ,bas-,empire10 livre ,,xix2 vol4 iv1 p4 #cjg1 ed4 ,desaint et ,saillant1 ,paris1 #agei4 #dic ,st4 ,augustine1 8,de doctrina christiana10 lib4 ii1 cap4 #bj4 #did ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #die ,scheuzeri1 8,itinera per ,helveti alpinas regiones10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #gbc1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #cha-chc4 #dif ,see the present writer's 8,the ,magic of ,jewels and ,charms10 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiae1 pp4 #bch1 #bci4 #dig ,petrarch1 ,epistolarum libri1 ,lugduni1 #afja1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #dih ,annales ,lamberti1 in ,monum4 ,germ41 vol4 iii1 p4 #ia4 #dii ,monum4 ,germ4 ,script41 vol4 vii1 p4 #ajf4 #ejj 8,the ,edda10 by ,winchell ,faraday1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,london1 #aijc1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #eja ,the history of 8,reynard the ,fox10 trans4 and pub4 by ,william ,caxton1 #adha2 ed4 by ,edmund ,goldsmid1 ,edinburgh1 #ahhd1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 ,privately printed4 #ejb 8,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x1 codice original10 ,madrid1 #ahha1 folios #c recto1 col4 #b2 #ad recto1 col4 #b2 #ajf1 verso1 col4 #b4 #ejc ,mauricii ,pinder1 8,de adamante10 ,berolini1 #ahbi1 p4 #fh4 #ejd 8,der grosse ,wolfdietrich10 ed4 ,holtzmann1 ,heidelberg1 #ahfe1 pp4 #bdc1 #bga4 #eje ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 8,antique ,gems and ,rings10 ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #cic2 citing 8,la vie1 tat et condition du pape ,maleface1 raconts par des gens de foi40 #ejf 8,die ,gesta ,romanorum10 ed4 ,wilhelm ,dick1 ,erlangen1 #ahij1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #ejg ,wirt ,sikes3 8,british ,goblins3 ,welsh folklore1 fairy myths1 legends and traditions10 ,london1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cfe-cff4 #ejh ,pierre ,lacroix1 8,sciences et ,lettres au ,moyen ,age10 ,paris1 #ahgg1 p4 #bch4 #eji ,mason in ,journal of the ,asiatic ,society of ,bengal1 #ahfe1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjj2 ,bastian1 8,oestliches ,asien10 vol4 i1 p4 #adf4 #eaj ,bishop ,percy's ,folio ,manuscript1 ed4 by ,john ,w4 ,hales and ,frederick ,j4 ,furnivall1 ,london1 #ahfh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc4 #eaa ,slay4 #eab ,ritson1 8,ancient ,english ,medical ,romances10 ,london1 #ahjb1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fe4 #eac ,jacobi ,gaffarelli1 8,curiositates inaudit10 ,hamburgi1 #agjf1 p4 #aab2 ,latin trans4 citing ,alberti1 8,de mirabilibus10 tr4 #c1 cap4 #c4 #ead ,konrad von ,megenberg1 8,buch der ,natur10 ed4 by ,dr4 ,franz ,pfeiffer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa1 p4 #dgb4 #eae ,catalogue of a collection of ancient and medival rings and personal ornaments1 ,london1 #ahec1 p4 #e4 ,privately printed4 #eaf ,william ,jones1 8,credulities1 ,past and ,present10 ,london1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bjh-baj4 #eag ,the ,venetian artist1 ,paris ,bordone 7#aejj-aegj7 painted a picture depicting the gondolier in the act of delivering ,st4 ,mark's ring to the ,doge4 #eah ,johannes ,tritheim's 8,wunder-,buch10 ,passau1 #aejf 7,reprint1 p4 #bge74 #eai ,luke iv1 #cj3 8,but he passing through the midst of them went his way40 ,this refers to his escape at ,nazareth from those who sought to cast him down from the hill4 #ebj ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #ach1 ,nos4 #hgg1 #hgh1 #hgi2 see ,plate ,,xv4 #eba ,petri ,lambeccii1 8,de ,augustissima ,bibliotheca ,csarea0 ,vindobon1 #affe1 p4 #bh4 #ebb ,jacobi ,gaffarelli1 8,curiositates inaudit10 ,hamburgi1 #agjf1 p4 #aah2 ,latin trans4 #ebc ,william ,jones1 8,credulities ,past and ,present10 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #baa4 #ebd ,citing ,beckmann1 8,geschichte des ,frstentums ,anhalt10 ,dessau1 #agbb4 #ebe ,william ,jones1 8,credulities ,past and ,present10 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #agg4 #ebf 8,cimeliotheca ,musei ,nationalis ,hungarici10 ,bud1 #ahbe1 p4 #ee4 #ebg ,communicated by ,mr4 ,george ,osborn4 #ebh ,berthold ,laufer1 8,jade1 a ,study in ,chinese ,archology and ,religion10 ,chicago1 #aiab1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 #ebi ,berthold ,laufer1 8,jade1 a ,study in ,chinese ,archology and ,religion10 ,chicago1 #aiab1 pp4 #baj1 #baa2 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,pub4 #aed1 ,anthropological ,series1 ,vol4 ,x1 citing ,a4 ,conrady in preface to ,stentz1 8,beitrge zur ,volkskunde ,sd-,schantung's10 p4 #aj4 #ecj ,ibid41 p4 #baj4 #eca ,communicated through ,prof4 ,austin ,f4 ,rogers1 ,leland ,stanford ,university1 by ,mr4 ,wah ,s4 ,lee4 #ecb ,personal communication from ,kien ,taw ,sein ,ko1 of ,rangoon1 ,burma4 #ecc ,arthur ,a4 ,macdonel1 8,a ,history of ,sanskrit ,literature10 ,new ,york1 #aiad1 pp4 #ced-ceh4 #ecd ,butler1 8,court ,life in ,egypt10 ,london1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bch-bdb4 #ece ,du ,chaillu1 8,the ,viking ,age10 ,new ,york1 #ahhi1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #caj1 #cbf4 #ecf ,torsten ,kolmodin1 8,lapparne och deres ,land3 ,skildringar och ,studier10 ,stockholm1 #aiad1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #cj4 #ecg ,john ,sterling1 8,the ,onyx ,ring10 ,boston1 #ahej1 xxii #bfc pp4 #h vo4 #ech ,catalogue of the ,collection formed by ,henry ,philip ,hope ,esq41 arranged and described by ,b4 ,herz1 ,london1 #ahci1 #f #aab p41 #db pl41 folio2 see p4 #ch1 ,no4 #c4 ,plate ,,xi4 #eci ,ibid41 p4 #hf1 ,no4 #e4 #edj ,communicated by the ,rev4 ,john ,baer ,stoudt1 of ,northampton1 ,pa4 #eda ,jacobi ,wolfii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti ,lipsi1 #afib1 pp4 #ffj1 #ffa4 #edb ,julius ,ruska1 8,das ,stienbuch des ,aristoteles10 ,heidelburg1 #aiab1 p4 #f4 #edc ,communicated by ,mrs4 ,isabel ,moore1 formerly of ,woodstock1 ,n4 ,y41 now in the ,azores4 #edd ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 8,franks ,bequest1 ,catalogue of the ,finger ,rings1 ,early ,christian1 ,byzantine1 ,teutonic1 ,medival and ,later ,british ,museum10 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #cdg1 ,no4 #bead1 fig4 #ede ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 8,on five new ,american ,meteorites10 ,american ,journal of ,science1 #crd ,series1 vol4 #dj1 pp4 #cbj-cbb4 #edf ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 8,on three masses of meteoric iron from ,glorietta ,mountain near ,canoneito1 ,santa ,f ,co41 ,new ,mexico10 ,amer4 ,journal of ,science1 #crd ,series1 vol4 #cj1 p4 #bch2 vol4 #cb1 pp4 #caa-cac4 #edg ,see p4 #bif4 #edh ,cassius ,dio1 lib4 liii4 #edi ,plinii1 8,historia ,naturalis10 lib4 xxviii1 cap4 #ae4 #eej ,marcelli ,empirici1 8,de medicamentis10 cap4 #ag4 #eea ,plinii1 8,naturalis historia10 lib4 xxix1 cap4 #ch4 #eeb ,jacobi ,wolfii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti ,lipsi1 #afib1 pp4 #chh1 #cib4 #eec ,alexandri ,tralliani1 8,de medicamentis10 ,basile1 #aeef1 p4 #eic2 lib4 x1 cap4 #a4 #eed ,g4 ,schlumberger in the ,mm4 de la ,soc4 des antiq4 de ,france1 #ahhb1 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #ace sq4 #eee ,william ,hamper1 8,observations on a ,gold ,ring with a ,runic ,inscription10 ,archologia1 vol4 xxi1 ,london1 #ahbg1 pp4 #bd-cj4 #eef ,cited in ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis0 7,strassburg1 ca4 #adhc72 8,de lapidibus10 cap4 cix4 #eeg ,havard1 8,historie de l'orfvrerie10 ,paris1 #ahif1 p4 #ceh4 #eeh ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis10 8,de lapidibus10 cap4 lx4 #eei ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,ortus ,sanitatis10 7,strassburg1 ca4 #adhc74 8,de lapidibus10 cap4 lxv4 #efj ,jacobi ,wolfii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti ,lipsi1 #afib1 pp4 #djh1 #dji1 #dai4 #efa ,edmund ,waterton on ,cramp ,rings in the 8,archological ,journal10 vol4 xxi1 pp4 #ajc-aac4 #efb 8,ancient and ,modern ,gold and ,silver ,smiths' ,work in the ,south ,kensington ,museum10 with introduction by ,john ,hungerford ,pollen1 ,london1 #ahgh1 p4 cxlix4 #efc ,see also pp4 #agd1 #age4 #efd ,polydori ,vergilii1 8,histori ,anglic10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afea1 p4 #ahg4 #efe ,the fyrst ,boke of the ,introduction of ,knowledge made by ,andrew ,borde of ,physcycke ,doctor2 ed4 by ,furnivall1 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,early ,english ,text ,series2 ,extra ,series ,no4 ,x4 #eff ,burton1 8,history of the ,reformation10 ,oxford1 #ahbi1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii 7,collection of ,records1 bk4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #bd7 pp4 #dac1 #dad4 #efg ,ibid41 vol4 ii1 p4 #fde4 #efh ,ibid41 vol4 ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii 7,collection of ,records1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #bd7 pp4 #dae1 #daf4 #efi ,william ,jones1 8,crowns and ,coronations10 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #dgd4 #egj ,konrad von ,megenberg1 8,das ,buch der ,natur10 ed4 ,pfeiffer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahff1 p4 #dgj4 #ega 8,die ,gesta ,romanorum10 ed4 ,wilhelm ,dick1 ,erlangen1 #ahij1 pp4 #fe1 #ff4 #egb 8,nathan der ,weise10 ,act ,,iii1 sc4 #g1 #aa4 #cie sqq4 #egc ,jacobi ,wolffii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti et ,lipsi1 #afib1 p4 #egd4 #egd ,m4 ,deloche1 ,revue archologique1 #b;d ,ser41 #ahhj1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #a sqq4 #ege 8,etude historique et archologique sur les anneaux sigillaires10 ,paris1 #aijj1 pp4 #bci-bdb1 fig4 #egf ,quicherat1 8,procs de condemnation et de rhabilitation de ,jeanne d',arc10 vol4 i1 ,paris1 #ahda1 pp4 #hf1 #hg4 #egg ,thomas ,sharp1 8,an account of an ancient gold ring found in ,coventry ,park in the year #ahjb10 ,archologia1 vol4 xviii1 pp4 #cjf-cjh4 ,the 8,coventry ,ring0 as it has been called is now in the ,british ,museum4 #egh ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 in ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xxvi1 p4 #bcd4 #egi ,pettigrew1 8,on ,superstitions ,connected with the ,history and ,practice of ,medicine and ,surgery10 ,london1 #ahdd1 p4 #fg4 ,this letter is among the ,harleian ,,mss1 and was read before the ,soc4 of ,antiquaries1 ,nov4 #ab1 #aggb1 according to the ,minute ,book of the ,society4 #ehj ,arthur ,collins1 8,the ,english ,baronage10 ,london1 #agbg4 #eha ,thomas ,joseph ,pettigrew1 8,superstitions ,connected with the ,history and ,practices of ,medicine and ,surgery40 ,london1 #ahdd4 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #ehb ,jacobi ,wolfii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti ,lipsi1 #afib1 p4 #dfj4 #ehc ,ibid41 p4 #egj4 #ehd ,blumentritt1 8,das ,stromgebiet des ,rio ,grande de ,mindaao10 in ,petermann's ,geographische ,mitteilungen1 vol4 xxxvii1 p4 #aaa1 #ahia4 #ehe ,blackwood's ,magazine for ,february1 #ahhf1 p4 #bch4 #ehf ,jacobi ,wolfii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti et ,lipsi1 #afib1 pp4 #cij1 #cib4 #ehg ,ibid41 p4 #cb2 ,sec4 ,i1 cap4 ii4 #ehh 8,illustrated ,catalogue of ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,drake's famous collections10 ,new ,york1 #aiac1 ,pt4 ,i1 ,nos4 #ageg1 #ageh1 #agei1 #agfj4 #ehi ,communicated by ,l4 ,weininger1 of ,vienna4 #eij ,patent application filed ,april #c1 #aiab1 by ,monroe ,engelsman1 and serial number #fhh1bdd4 #eia ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 8,the ,etiquette of ,gems10 the ,saturday ,evening ,post1 ,june #bg1 #aijh1 p4 #bi4 #eib ,u4 ,s4 ,patent1 ,no4 #a1agi1jbe1 ,april #aa1 #aiaf4 #eic ,h4 ,wilson1 8,silverware and ,jewelry10 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #eid ,the word 8ring0 belongs to the ,teutonic language group1 and etymologically it is what is termed common ,teutonic4 #eie ,archer's thumb ring4 #eif ,plain ring4 #eig ,ring set with a stone4 #eih ,the word used here and also in ,num4 xxxi3 #ej is glilim4 otham means a seal-ring in ,jeremiah xxii3 #bd4 #eii ,mitteilungen and ,nachrichten des deutschen ,palstina-,vereins1 #aijd1 pp4 #a sqq4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious printers'1 punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently4 #b4 ,some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original4 #c4 ,where hyphenation is in doubt1 it has been retained as in the original4 #d4 ,superscripts are represented using the caret character1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #e4 ,italics are shown as xxx4