,,outl9e-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,religion ,,by ,,lewis ,,ri*>d ,,f>nell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt4 ,,rector ,,( ,,exet] ,,college1 ,,ox=d2 ,,gif=d ,,lectur] ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/4 ,,&rews2 ,,=m]ly ,,wilde ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,natural ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d2 ,,hibb]t ,,lectur]2 ,,hon4 ,d4 ,,litt4 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,g5eva1 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,dubl91 ,,& ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/4 ,,&rews2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,cults ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,/ates10 8,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,religion10 8,,high] ,,aspects ,,( ,,greek ,,religion10 8,,greece ,,& ,,babylon0 ,,london ,,duckwor? ,,co4 #c ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 ,,impr9t ,fir/ issu$ #aibj ,new ,edition #aiba ,all rights res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,! ,s\rces & ! ,evid5ce ,,ii4 ,! ,prehi/oric ,p]iod ,,iii4 ,! ,second ,p]iod1 #ijj-ejj ,b4,c4 ,,iv4 ,! ,?ird ,p]iod1 #ejj-cch ,b4,c4 ,v4 ,! ,p]iod aft] ,alex&] ,lit]ature ,endnotes ,,outl9e-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,religion #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,! f\ndation ( a s]i\s & sci5tific /udy ( ,greek religion1 z di/9ct f ! m]e my?ology ( ,hellas1 may almo/ be said to h be5 an a*ievem5t ( ! la/ g5]ation ( s*ol>s4 ,& x is only ?r\gh rec5t rese>* t ! ,hell5ic _s1 s creative & imp]ial 9 ! doma9s ( lit]ature1 art & sci5ce1 c be recognis$ z manife/+ itself n unwor?ily 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek religion means1 p>tly1 ! acc\nt & ! int]pretation ( ! v>i\s rites1 cults & cult-ideas ( ! v>i\s ,greek families1 tribes & communities2 p>tly ! e/imate ( ! religi\s temp]am5t1 bo? ( ! masses & ( ! individuals :o em]g$ f among !m & ( :om "s record has be5 pres]v$4 ,n[ z ! ,greek _w 9 ! long p]iod ( its indep5d5ce 0 nev] organis$ z a s+le ,/ate1 ! attempt to give a summ>y & g5]al acc\nt ( its religion is confront$ ) ! p]plexity aris+ f ! (t5 incalculable div]sity ( #h religi\s =ms & ideas 9 ! diff]5t c5tres ( its social life1 :i* 0 9 ! highe/ degree c5trifugal4 ,nev]!less1 z w be %[n1 we f9d 9 ! mid/ ( manifold local v>iation c]ta9 uni=mity ( religi\s psy*ology1 mak+ = uni=mity ( practice1 :i* enables u to deliv] c]ta9 g5]al pron\ncem5ts ab\t ! :ole4 ,anci5t ,s\rces3 ,lit]>y4--,our real k ( any anci5t religion dep5ds obvi\sly on ! copi\sness & v>iety ( our records4 ,& x is likely to be m lum9\s1 if ! society 9 "q express$ its religi\s life n only 9 surviv+ lit]ature1 b also 9 surviv+ art4 ,( bo? ^! k9ds ! /ud5t ( ,greek religion has an unusually ri* mat]ial4 ,= 9 spite ( its secul> fre$om1 :i* is its sali5t a*ievem5t1 ,greek lit]ature 9 its highe/ & mo/ popul> =ms1 z well z 9 its n>r[] & m special1 is deeply infus$ or preoccupi$ ) religion & religi\s my?4 ,9 fact1 x reflects ! vivify+ p5etration ( religion into all p>ts ( ,greek activity & m5tal life4 ,?is is obvi\sly true ( ! epic p]iod1 :i* produc$ ! two types ( ! *ivalr\s & ! !ologic epic1 & :i* has left u mo/ valuable mat]ial = ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! t5? & n9? c5turies 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies 9 ! poems ( ,hesiod & 9 ! #8,hom]ic' hymns4 ,x is none ! less true ( ! great lyric movem5t t foll[$ ^u t1 :5 ! greate/ poets devot$ !mselves to ! composition ( songs = fe/al-religi\s occasions or ( hymns = ! s]vice ( temple or alt>2 & besides ^! ^: great names & fragm5ts ( #i ^: great works survive1 !re 0 ano!r less di/+ui%$ gr\p ( special #8hi]atic' poets1 su* z ,pamphos & ,m\saios1 :o compos$ hymns = ! s]vice ( c]ta9 my/]y-cults1 & ^: compositions 7 pres]v$ z liturgical docum5ts by ! prie/ly families t adm9i/]$ !m4 ,! s5t5ti\s e?ical-political poetry ( ! six? c5tury1 ! elegiacs ( ,!ognis & ,solon1 is in/9ct ) religi\s emotion & reflection4 ,& ! greate/ product ( ! poetic g5ius ( ,hellas1 ! tragic drama1 is ( a religi\s "*1 bo? 9 respect ( its orig9 & mu* ( its subject-matt]4 ,f9ally1 ! lat] le>n$ poetry ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 ! ,kass&ra ( ,lycophron1 ! hymns & o!r works ( ,kallima*os1 ! epic poem ( ,apollonios ,rhodios1 are full ( antiqu>ian religi\s lore4 ,at ! same "t1 our k is mu* indebt$ to ! great prose-writ]s ( ,greece1 ! philosoph]s1 hi/orians & orators2 among ! philosoph]s1 especially to ,plato1 :o m copi\sly ?an any ( ! o!rs reveals to u1 h[ev] mu* he idealises1 ! religi\s psy*ology & cult-ph5om5a ( 8 p]iod2 among ! hi/orians1 especially to ,h]odotus1 :o is ! intellectual ance/or ( ! mod]n an?ropologi/ & /ud5t ( comp>ative religion & ^: pres5tation ( ! facts is col\r$ ) religi\s conviction4 ,! works ( ! ,attic orators are ( special value = our purpose1 fir/ because ! classical orator 0 f> m apt ?an ! mod]n to dilate on religi\s !mes & appeal to religi\s s5tim5ts1 z religion 0 f> m closely int]fus$ ) political & social life2 secondly1 because we are m sure ( ! orator ?an we c be ( ! poetic or philosophic #aj writ] t 8 words are attun$ to ! av]age pit* ( popul> belief & s5tim5t4 ,x is true !n t all ! great fields ( ,greek lit]ature make _! sev]al contributions to ! mat]ial ( our subject4 ,& besides ! works ( ! great ma/]s1 ! /ud5t has to reckon ) ! second>y & p>asitic "w ( ! lat] s*olia/s1 compil]s & comm5tators1 :i* is ev5 m replete ) ! special in=mation ^u :i* ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion c be built4 ,! /udy ( x is1 9 fact1 almo/ coext5sive ) ! :ole /udy ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,b amid/ ?is pr(usion ( mat]ial we mu/ specially m>k ! works ( ^? anci5ts :o wrote direct treatises on ! v>i\s religi\s ph5om5a1 on ! ,gods1 ! cult-practices1 ! !ologic & my?ologic sy/ems ( ! ,hell5ic societies4 ,! e>lie/ ( su* works t h come d[n to u are ! poems ( ,hesiod & ! ,hesiodic s*ool1 ! ,works & ,days & ! ,!ogony1 :ile ( p>ts ( ! #8,hom]ic' hymns ! special !me is ! attributes & functions ( ! v>i\s div9ities4 ,b x 0 n till ! p]iod ( sci5tific activity aft] ,ari/otle t def9ite treatises 9 prose on diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! national religion began to be rife4 ,a *apt] on sacrifice by ,!ophra/os is ma9ly pres]v$ = u by ,porphyry4 ,! writ]s ( #8,at?ides' or ,attic hi/ory & antiquities1 :o belong$ ma9ly to ! ?ird c5tury1 7 special work]s 9 ?is field2 ,philo*oros1 ! *ief ( !m1 wrote #8on fe/ivals1' #8on sacr$ days1' #8on div9ation1' #8on ! ,attic my/]ies'2 ,i/ros1 ! slave & fri5d ( ,kallima*os1 on ! #8manife/ations ( ,apollo' & on #aa #8! ,cretan sacrifices'2 :ile ! #8exegetic "w' ( ,kleidemos 01 if we may judge f ! fragm5ts t rema91 occupi$ ) ! problems ( religion & my?ology4 ,outside ?is circle we he> ( o!r contributions to ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion1 su* z ! treatises ( ,h]akleides1 probably ! pupil ( ,ari/otle1 usually call$ #8,pontikos1' on #8! f\ndations ( temples1' & #8on oracles'2 & a "w by an unkn[n ,sokrates ( ,kos on ! important subject ( #8,invocation-titles ( ! ,gods4' ,la/ly may be m5tion$ "h a treatise ( ,apollodoros1 #8 1' :i*1 if he is to be id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ! #8,biblio!ca1' 0 probably a le>n$ acc\nt ( ! popul> religion r ?an a metaphysical enquiry4 ,( ne>ly all ?is sci5tific po/-,ari/otelian lit]ature only isolat$ fragm5ts survive 9 quotations by lat] writ]s1 lexicograph]s1 & s*olia/s1 :o 7 no d\bt m deeply indebt$ to x ?an !y always ackn[l$g$2 b x is "s comp5sation = our loss t ! "w la/ m5tion$1 ! ,biblio!ca ( ,apollodoros1 has be5 pres]v$1 a ri* /oreh\se ( my? & folklore ) "s infusion ( actual cult-record4 ,among ! lat] lit]ature our subject is indebt$ to ! geograph]1 ,/rabo1 = _m incid5tal obs]vations ( local cults & ritual2 /ill m to ! philosophic morali/ & littrateur1 ,plut>*1 a man ( e>ne/ religi\s int]e/ & "s p[] ( orig9al ?\ght1 :o knew ! religion ( 8 c\ntry at fir/ h& & at a "t :5 x 0 yet alive1 & :o devot$ to x mu* att5tion & lit]>y indu/ry2 h5ce we mu/ rank high among our anci5t au?orities 8 ,qu/iones ,grc & 8 #ab treatises #8on ! ,py?ian ,oracle' & on #8! cessation ( oracles4' ,aga91 mu* desultory b v>i$ in=mation is af=d$ by ! compil]s ,a!nu1 9 8 ,deipnosophi/1 & ,/obu1 9 8 ,florilegium4 ,b ( high] value ?an all ^!1 or 9 fact ?an any "w t has be5 bequea!d to u f antiquity1 is ! ,descriptio ,grci1 by ,pausanias1 compos$ ab\t #ahj ,a4,d42 = he travell$ some:at z a mod]n an?ropologi/1 rely+ p>tly on e>li] lit]ature1 yet us+ 8 own eyes & e>s & 8 own notes2 & 8 rul+ passion 0 ! /udy ( ! folk-religion & ! religi\s monum5ts2 s t x is due ma9ly to him t we "k some?+ ( ! village-religion ( ,hellas z di/9ct f t ( ! great cities1 & c frame work+ !ories ( ! evolution ?r\gh immemorial ages ( v>i\s gr[?s ( ! poly!ism4 ,! lexicograph]s ,h>pokration1 ,hesy*ios & ,suidas contribute facts ( value1 especially 9 _! citation ( cult-appellatives1 :i* ow+ to ! magic value ( ! special "n or title :]eby ! deity 0 invok$ ?r[ a reveal+ light on ! significance & p[] ( _m a wor%ip1 & help to frame our conception ( ! complex "* ( _m a div9ity4 ,aga91 ! v>i\s collections ( #8,s*olia' on ! classical texts are a ri* qu>ry = our recon/ruction ( ! fabric ( ,hell5ic religion2 & ( *ief value among ^! are ! ,s*olia on ,hom]1 ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 ,euripides1 ,ari/ophanes & ,!ocritus1 :ile ,s]vius' ,comm5t>y on ,v]gil tells u ev5 m ab\t ,greek cult & my?ology ?an ab\t ,roman2 & high 9 ?is class ( our au?orities we mu/ rank a "w ( late ,byzant9e #ac le>n+1 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,tzetzes on ,lykophron's poem1 #8,kass&ra1' = 8 s*olia are *>g$ ) remote antiqu>ian lore d]iv$ f good s\rces4 ,f9ally1 we ga!r mu* ( our k f ! controv]sial treatises ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 writt5 ) propag&i/ zeal 9 ! heat ( _! /ruggle aga9/ ,paganism4 ,!y reveal to u mu* ( ! religion t !y /rove to ov]?r[ by ! exposure ( its vici\sness & its absurdities4 ,b _! /atem5ts mu/ be us$ ) cauti\s criticism4 ,_! k 0 by no means always at fir/ h&1 unless--:i* we r>ely "k to h be5 ! case--!y 71 l ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria1 conv]t$ ,pagans :o _h be5 br$ up 9 ! ,grco-,roman poly!ism4 ,_! /atem5ts1 = in/ance1 ab\t ! ,greek my/]ies are (t5 vague & unconv9c+1 :ile 9 _! desire to include !m all 9 "o g5]al condemnation !y confuse ,anatolian rites ) ,eleus9ian4 ,& !y are p>donably bl9d to ! (t5 beautiful ritual1 ! nobl] ideas & ! high] moral elem5ts 9 ! old] ,m$it]ranean religions4 ,nev]!less1 if we make due all[ance = prejudice & exagg]ation1 works su* z ! ,protreptica ( ,clem5s1 ! treatise ( ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,g5tes1 ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de ,errore ,pr(an>um ,g5tium1 ,eusebius' ,prp>atio ,evangelica1 ,augu/9e's ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,a!nagoras' ,legatio1 mu/ be rank$ among ! prim>y s\rces ( our hi/ory4 ,a special b v important *apt] 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,greek religion is ! acc\nt ( ! gr[? & diffusion ( ! religi\s bro!rhoods1 especially ! ,orphic ,dionysiac societies4 ,= ^! we h some?+ ( direct liturgical evid5ce 9 ! #ad collection ( ,orphic hymns1 ma9ly ! products ( ! lat] !osophic p]iod1 b ?r[+ light on ! !ology & ritual ( ^! sects4 ,b our k ( ?is my/ic religion :i* 0 engraft$ ^u ,hell5ism has be5 9 rec5t times enri*$ by ! priceless discov]y ( an anci5t poetical ,orphic liturgy engrav$ ^u gold-leaf f\nd 9 tombs ( ,crete & ,s\? ,italy & probably a product ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,monum5tal4--,! above is a sket* ( our m important lit]>y s\rces4 ,! k to be d]iv$ f !m w\ld1 on ! :ole & 9 _m important details1 rema9 vague & unc]ta91 7 x n supplem5t$ & secur$ by ! evid5ce com+ f ano!r s\rce :i* we may t]m semi-lit]>y1 ! evid5ce f inscriptions4 ,^! h be5 accumulat$ 9 va/ pr(usion dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & h be51 & are /ill be+1 r$uc$ to ord] = our special purpose4 ,! public inscriptions1 be+ dry /ate-docum5ts1 d n reveal to u ! he>t ( any my/]y or ! religi\s s\l ( ! p1 b r ! ,/ate-organisation & ! exact m9uti ( ritual & sacrifice f :i* we c sometimes recon/ruct an image ( ! inw>d religi\s ?\ght4 ,& _m a local cult ( value = our total impression t 0 unrecord$ by any writ] is reveal$ to u by ^! monum5ts4 ,b ! ne$s & aspirations ( ! private man are bett] atte/$ by ! private inscriptions atta*$ to ex-voto d$ications or commemorat+ div9e b5efits receiv$4 ,yet amid/ all ?is weal? ( evid5ce !re seems "o ?+ lack+4 ,( actual temple-liturgies1 ( =mal pray]s pr(f]$ r\nd ! alt>s1 ( ! #ae hymns *ant$ 9 ! public s]vice1 ( all t might con/itute a text ( ,greek *ur*-s]vice !re is comp>atively little pres]v$4 ,"o or two hymns & a few fragm5ts ( ! religi\s lyric ( ! sev5? c5tury--to :i* we may n[ add ! important rec5t f9d ( ! pans ( ,p9d>--a /rophe ( an anci5t hymn to ,dionysos sung by ! ,elean wom51 a f\r?-c5tury pan to ,dionysos compos$ = ! ,delphic s]vice1 ! newly discov]$ hymn ( ! ,k\retes 9 ,crete1 a few =mul ( pray]s quot$ or p>aphras$ by lat] writ]s--all ?is appe>s meagre mat]ial :5 we comp>e x ) ! pr(usion ( docum5ts ( ! public & private religion t are /ream+ 9 f ,babylon4 ,b 9 respect ( ano!r s\rce ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 our ,greek mat]ial is unique1 namely1 ! monum5ts ( art4 ,= ! greate/ art ( ,hellas 0 ma9ly religi\s1 ! greate/ arti/s work+ = ! religi\s s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,& ! surviv+ works ( sculpture1 pa9t+ & glyptic1 wr\ght ei!r = public or private purposes1 pres5t u (t5 n only ) facts ( religion & ritual unrecord$ 9 lit]ature1 b also ) an impression h>d to ga9 o!rwise ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! p & s]ve also z witnesses to ! /r5g? ( ! religi\s feel+4 ,= in/ance1 ! k & appreciation ( ,a!na's p]sonality t we d]ive f ,attic monum5ts is deep] & m vivid ?an any t we ga9 f ! lit]ature4 ,!re=e ! /udy ( ,greek religion is conc]n$ z mu* ) ! art & ar*ology z ) ! lit]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prehi/oric ,,p]iod #af ,a summ>y sket* ( s manifold a !me z t ) :i* ?is %ort h&book deals w be ( m value if x c pres5t ! facts 9 "s k9d ( *ronologic sequ5ce4 ,we may conv5i5tly di/+ui% f\r p]iods3 ! fir/1 ! prehi/oric1 fall+ ma9ly 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 & clos+ ) ! epo* m>k$ by ! ,hom]ic poems2 ! second1 ext5d+ f #ijj to #ejj ,b4,c41 beg9n+ ) ! colonial expansion ( ,hellas & end+ be=e ! ,p]sian invasion2 ! ?ird1 f #ejj to #cch ,b4,c41 includ+ ! greate/ c5tury ( ,greek hi/ory & clos+ ) ! battle ( ,*ronea & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,mac$onian supremacy2 ! f\r? & la/1 ! ,hell5i/ic & ,grco-,roman p]iod4 ,! *ronologic /atem5t is emb>rass$ by ! abs5ce ( any record ( date = ! in/itution & diffusion ( mo/ ( ! cults & = ! gr[? ( c]ta9 religi\s ideas2 nor c we safely date a religi\s fact by ! date ( ! au?or :o fir/ m5tions x2 a detail ( ritual1 a my?1 a religi\s concept1 only atte/$ by ,pausanias or a late s*olia/1 may desc5d f an age c5turies be=e ! ,hom]ic4 ,& our e>lie/ inscriptions d n #ag z yet rea* back to a p]iod e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,= det]m9+ our view ( ,greek religion 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 :5 ,hell5ism 0 9 ! mak+1 ! poems ( ,hom] & ,hesiod are ( priceless value if !y are us$ ) cauti\s & tra9$ criticism4 ,we dep5d greatly also on ! g5]al inductions ( comp>ative religion & an?ropology1 :i* may sometimes guide u rightly 9 ?is matt]1 especially if ! an?ropological comp>ison is drawn f m or less adjac5t communities r ?an f ! ,antipodes4 ,we dep5d also on ! evid5ce ( ! monum5ts ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5an religion1 reveal+ glimpses ( ! practices & fai? ( a p ( high culture1 :om no "o w\ld d>e n[ to call1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /age ( _! life1 ,hell5ic1 b f :om ! e>lie/ ,hell5es d\btless adopt$ mu* into _! own religion4 ,sket* ( ,hom]ic religion4--,! poems ( ,hom] pres5t u ) an advanc$ poly!ism1 a sy/em 9 :i* ! div9ities are already correlat$ 9 "s sort ( hi]>*y & organis$ z a div9e family "u a supreme ,god4 ,^! div9e be+s are n m]e #8daimones' or #8num9a1' su* z 7 9 ! ma9 ! old deities ( ,rome1 vague & dimly outl9$ =ces animate yet sc>cely p]sonal2 b r concrete & individual ( robu/ & %>ply def9$ p]sonality1 n spirits b immortal be+s ( sup]human sub/ance & s\l1 conceiv$ 9 ! glorifi$ image ( man4 ,! an?ropomorphic bias is dom9ant 9 ! poems1 pla/ically %ap+ ! figures ( all ! div9ities1 except occasionally "s ( ! l[] grade1 su* z #ah ! riv]-god ,skam&ros4 ,ev5 ! vague gr\p ( nymphs1 female #8daimones' ( ! rill & ! m\nta91 :ile lack+ individual *>act]isation1 be> ! an?ropomorphic "n1 #8,brides1' or #8"y wom51' :i* is ! root-mean+ ( 4 ,?\gh ! gods & goddesses are %ape-%ift]s & may manife/ or disguise !mselves 9 ! =m ( any animal--birds by *oice--yet _! abid+ type is human2 nor has ,hom] any cle> remembrance ( a #8c[-fac$' ,h]a1 /ill less ( an #8owl-fac$' ,a!na1 s9ce = him at lea/ #8,h]a ' 0 ,h]a #8( ! l>ge ox-eyes'--! t]m is a complim5t>y epi!t ( wom5--& ,a!na 1 ! goddess #8( ! fla%+ eyes4' ,also 8 div9ities are moralis$ be+s ) human passions & e?ical z well z arti/ic emotions4 ,! highe/ among !m are n imag9$ z ,nature-p[]s1 b\nd up ) or imman5t 9 ! =ces & dep>tm5ts ( ! natural _w1 = su* a description applies only to 8 w9d-,gods & nymphs & gods ( riv] & sea2 also1 ?\gh m loosely1 to 8 ,helios1 ! ,god ( ! ,sun2 to be+s 9 fact t c\nt little 9 8 religi\s _w4 ,x sc>cely applies to ,poseidon1 = ?\gh 8 prov9ce is ! sea1 & "s ( 8 functions & appellatives #8! girdl] ( ! e>?1' #8! e>?-%ak]1' #8he ( ! d>k blue locks' are d]iv$ f x1 he is also ! build] ( ! walls ( ,troy1 ! family deity ( ! h\se ( ,ne/or1 & ! ,god ( horses4 ,x does n describe at all 8 mode ( imag9+ & pres5t+ ,apollo1 ,h]a1 ,a!na1 ,h]mes & o!rs4 ,!re is no h9t t ^! div9ities 7 conceiv$ by him z nature-p[]s or z evolv$ f any "p ( ! natural _w4 #ai ,! ,high ,god1 ,zeus1 ?\gh specially responsible = ! atmosph]ic & cele/ial ph5om5a1 is n id5tifi$ ) ! ?und] or ev5 ) ! sky1 ?\gh a few phrases may reveal ! influ5ce ( an e>li] animi/ic conception ( ! div9e sky4 ,8 religi\s _w1 9 %ort1 is morphologically nei!r a sy/em ( polydaimonism nor "o ( pan!ism 9 :i* a div9e =ce is reg>d$ z univ]sally imman5t 9 ! _w ( ?+s2 b is con/ruct$ on ! l9es ( p]sonal !ism4 ,we may obs]ve also t ! poly!ism ( ! age ( ,p]ikles 9 reg>d to "s ( its lead+ div9ities has n m>k$ly advanc$ beyond ! ,hom]ic4 ,a!na1 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 is already ! ,goddess ( w>1 arts1 & c\nsel2 & !re are already h9ts 9 ! ,hom]ic pres5tation ( h] ( ! t5d] ,madonna-l "* t is beautifully develop$ 9 ! lat] ,attic monum5ts4 ,! ,hom]ic ,apollo is already ! oracul> ,god :o delights 9 ! music ( ! ,pan1 ?\gh 8 arti/ic & intellectual "* is n yet fully develop$4 ,( ,h]mes & ,hephai/os ! lat] ,attic conception is n notably diff]5t f ! ,hom]ic4 ,aga91 9 spite ( "o or two frivol\s & lic5ti\s passages1 ! religi\s tone 9 ! ,hom]ic poems is s]i\s & 9 _m important respects accords ) an advanc$ morality4 ,! deity1 ?\gh jeal\s & rev5geful ( wrongs or slights to himself1 is on ! :ole on ! side ( righte\sness & m]cy2 8 displeasure is ar\s$ by ^? :o spurn ! voice ( pray]1 :o injure ! suppliant1 ! gue/1 or ev5 ! begg>2 & besides ,zeus & ! o!r #8,olympians1' :o are #bj g5]al gu>dians ( ! "r1 !re loom ! d>k p[]s ( ! l[] _w1 :o are specially conc]n$ ) ! sanctity ( ! oa?4 ,mu* also ( ! religi\s reflection 9 ! poems /rikes u z mature & advanc$3 notably t passage at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,odyssey :]e ,zeus decl>es t x is n ! ,gods :o br+ evil to m51 b t x is ! wick$ness ( _! own he>ts t is ! cause ( all _! evils4 ,f9ally1 ! ,hom]ic ritual appe>s z on ! high] level ( !ism4 ,we c detect x 9 no trace ( savag]y & b little contam9ation ( ! religion ) magic4 ,! sacrifice is m ?an a m]e bribe2 x is a fri5dly communion ) ! div9ity2 & ! s]vice is solemn & beautiful ) hymn & dance4 ,! cult is furni%$ ) alt> & sometimes ) temple & a prie/hood1 b n yet1 z a rule1 ) ! idol1 ?\gh ?is is beg9n+ to appe>4 ,?is slight sket* ( ,hom]ic !ology is pres5t$ "h 9 ! belief t ! ,hom]ic poems enable u to cat* "s glimm] ( ! religion ( ! c5turies prec$+ ! fir/ mill5nium4 ,?is belief is bas$ on ! conviction t ! poems repres5t a ,greek society exi/+ ne> ! date ( #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,x is ( c\rse oppos$ to ! view /ill ma9ta9$ by "s s*ol>s t !y are1 9 _! f9i%$ =m1 a product ( a mu* lat] p]iod1 & t ! religion :i* !y en%r9e may be su* z 0 9 vogue 9 ,attica ab\t ! epo* ( ,peisi/ratos4 ,b c]ta9 argum5ts drawn f e?nology & sociology are fatal to ?is !ory1 & /ill m s are ! argum5ts t may be drawn f ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion2 = at ! p]iod ( ,peisi/ratos c]ta9 #ba religi\s =ces 7 rife1 & c]ta9 religi\s ph5om5a prom95t1 ( :i* ,hom] is entirely sil5t4 ,/ill less reasonable is x to imag9e t ,hom] con/ructs a religi\s _w out ( 8 own bra94 ,we mu/ suppose t he reflects some?+ real & contempor>y4 ,only we mu/ gu>d ourselves f ! s]i\s error ( suppos+ t he reflects ! :ole4 ,mu* is d\btless miss+ 9 8 acc\nt :i* we may be able to supply f ,hesiod & o!r s\rces by means ( reasonable hypo!ses4 ,! assumption is1 !n1 t ! ,hom]ic poems pres5t u ) a "p-picture ( ! religion t prevail$ among "s ( ! lead+ ,greek communities be=e ! ,dorian invasion ( ! ,peloponnese & ! ,ionic colonisation ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,pre-,hom]ic p]iod ( religion4--,n[ :5 we consid] h[ sl[ ( gr[? & endur+ are ! =ms & ! moral & metaphysical concepts ( religion we h ! "r to believe t "p ( :at ,hom] records on ^! matt]s is ! inh]it$ tradition ( an age "s c5turies e>li] ?an 8 own4 ,x is probable t ^? e>lie/ ,aryan immigrants f ! nor?1 ,a*ans1 ,dryopes1 ,m9yai & o!rs--:o by m+l+ ) peoples ( aborig9al ,m$it]ranean /ock & ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5an culture con/itut$ ! happy bl5d t we call ! ,hell5ic race--_h already arriv$ at ! /age ( p]sonal !ism2 & t ,hell5ic religion prop] does n />t ) a #8godless p]iod'#ba4a :5 ! unse5 p[]s 7 only dimly outl9$ 9 ! vagu] & m fleet+ *>act]s ( :at is #bb call$ animism4 ,we n[ "k f ! valuable discov]y ( a cunei=m inscription t ! ,iranian p _h evolv$ su* p]sonal deities z ,mitra & ,v>una be=e #adjj ,b4,c4#bb4a ,& we h ! "r to suppose t _! we/]n k9sfolk1 :o 7 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! ,balkans1 probably only a c5tury e>li]1 7 at lea/ at ! same level ( religi\s imag9ation4 ,we c be/ und]/& ! picture ( ! religi\s _w ( ,hom] & also ! lat] cult-records1 if we believe t ! k9dr$ tribes com+ f ! nor? br\ght 9 c]ta9 p]sonal deities1 "s ( :om 7 common to m ?an "o /ock1 & "o at lea/ may h be5 common to !m all4 ,?is w\ld be/ expla9 ! supremacy ( ,zeus1 ! ,sky-,god1 ! diffusion ( 8 "n ,olympios1 d]iv$ f ! m\nta9 t dom9ates ! nor!rn fronti]1 ne> to :i* ! p t 7 to lead ! hi/ory ( ,greece _h at "o "t tempor>y settlem5ts & :i* !y reg>d$ z ! ?rone ( _! high ,god4 ,! wide geographical area ( 8 cult _c be naturally expla9$ on ! assumption t at any p]iod 9 ,hell5ic hi/ory he _h be5 m]ely ! special deity ( "o p>ticul> tribe4 ,also z reg>ds two o!r high ,gods at lea/1 ,apollo & ,poseidon1 we may be reasonably sure t already 9 ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod c]ta9 tribes o!r ?an ! ,a*ans _h ^! cult-figures4 ,9 ! ,hyp]borean ritual1 :i* reflects at po9ts ! e>lie/ days ( ,hell5ism1 we c foll[ ! track ( ,apollo's invasion f ! nor?2 & ! evid5ce is fairly cle> t #bc ,poseidon 0 equally a nor!rn immigrant1 be+ ! special tribal deity ( ! ,m9yai4 ,we mu/ n !n apply to ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod ( ,greek religion ! =mula1 #8"o tribe "o ,god1' b mu/ imag9e t religion _h already surm\nt$ 9 "s degree ! tribal b>ri]s2 = ?\gh ! _s ( tribal exclusiv5ess 0 /rong ?r\gh\t ! e>li] p]iods ( ?is poly!ism1 c]ta9 families & c]ta9 tribes hav+ ! special pr]ogative ( c]ta9 & jeal\sly exclud+ /rang]s1 yet ! fact ( ! common possession ( c]ta9 wor%ips by v>i\s tribes conta9$ ! g]m ( religi\s expansiv5ess4 ,moreov]1 at "s age indef9itely e>li] ?an ! ,hom]ic1 ! conception ( ! high ,god _h exp&$ bo? cosmically & e?ically4 ,zeus _h become m ?an a #8dep>tm5tal ,god'2 ! deity ( ! sky 0 also 9 ! fir/ p]iod--s f> z we c recon/ruct x--,zeus #8,*?onios1' ! ,"l ( ! life ( e>? & ( ! _w "u ! e>?1 & x is likely t ,hades 0 only an emanation f him4 ,also1 we may reg>d ! ,hom]ic appellation ( ,zeus1 1 z a conv5tional & cry/allis$ phrase desc5d+ f an old] poetic tradition4 ,& we are ju/ifi$ 9 int]pret+ x z a phrase belong+ to ! high] plane ( !ism4#bc4a ,we mu/ also suppose t ! an?ropomorphic view ( ! p]sonal deity1 ( :i* ,hom] is s attractive a spokesman1 _h ass]t$ itself 9 ! p]iod be=e 84 ,unlike ! e>ly ,roman1 ! e>ly ,hell5ic div9ities c\ld be reg>d$ z m>ri$1 & ideas d]iv$ f ! life ( ! #bd family c\ld be appli$ to !m2 al?\gh we c (t5 disc]n t _m ( ! my?s conc]n+ div9e relation%ips--! si/]hood ( ,artemis to ,apollo1 = in/ance--d n belong to ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic epo*4 ,m9oan-,myc5an religion4--,b any acc\nt ( ! ,hell5ic poly!ism ( ! second mill5nium dem&s a critical /udy ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5an religion z well1 & be=e we c decide :at "p ( ! ,hom]ic & lat] sy/ems belongs to ! aborig9al ,aryan-,hell5ic tradition1 we mu/ "k :at ! nor!rn]s f\nd indig5\s 9 ! l&s t !y conqu]$ or occupi$4 ,we "k n[ t !y f\nd 9 _m c5tres a culture sup]ior to _! own & a religion ( an advanc$ !i/ic type ) elaborate1 ?\gh ma9ly aniconic1 ritual1 devot$ pre-em95tly to a ,great ,goddess1 by ^: side a ,god 0 only ! subord9ate p>tn]4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out#bd4a t :]e we f9d 9 hi/oric ,greece ! ,goddess-cult pr$om9ant1 & especially ! preval5ce ( a virg9-goddess1 we %\ld recognise ! ,m9oan-,myc5an tradition 9 antagonism to ! #8,aryan1' ! latt] inv>iably ma9ta9+ ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,god4 ,we may !re=e believe ! cults ( ,artemis 9 ,arcadia & ,attica1 ( ,a!na 9 ,attica1 ! cult--?\gh n ! "n--( ,h]a 9 ,argos#bd4b & ,samos1 to h be5 inh]it$ f ! =m] r ?an to h be5 br\ght 9 by ! latt]4 ,& sometimes l+ui/ic sci5ce w be able to assign ! diff]5t p]sonalities ( ! poly!ism to its diff]5t #be e?nic /ra9s1 by det]m9+ ! gr\p ( languages to :i* ! div9e "n 9 "q belongs4 ,^? t c be expla9$ ) c]ta9ty or probability z ( #8,aryan' or ,indo-,g]manic & may !re=e be presum$ to h p5etrat$ ,greece f ! nor?1 are ,zeus1 ,h]a1 ,ares1 ,demet]1 ,he/ia1 ,dionysos1 probably ,poseidon & ,apollo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #8,a!na1' #8,artemis1' #8,aphrodite1' #8,hephai/os' defy explanation on ^! l9es1 & probably belong to a primitive gean language4 ,we may be d\btful ab\t #8,h]mes1' ?\gh else:]e ,i h argu$ = 8 #8non-,hell5ic' orig94 ,t philology has n yet br\ght u ne>] to ! solution ( _m ( ^! problems is due to ! lacun 9 our k ( ! pre-,hell5ic ,m$it]ranean languages1 & especially to our ignorance ( ! ,m9oan script = :i* we h masses ( mat]ial b z yet no int]pret]4 ,f9ally1 ! evid5ce ( ! e>ly geographical area ( a c]ta9 cult may sometimes be decisive 9 itself2 ?is is ! case 9 reg>d to ! cults ( ! #8,"m ( ! ,gods' & ( ,aphrodite1 :o are aborig9ally connect$ ) ,crete & ,cyprus respectively1 t is1 ) ! c5tres ( ! ,m9oan culture4 ,we assume !n t ! poly!ism ( ! ,greece ( hi/ory 0 a bl5d ( ,nor!rn & ,m$it]ranean elem5ts2 & ! poems ( ,hom] may reveal a reflection ( ! e>ly ,a*an p]iod :5 ! fusion 0 n yet fully accompli%$4 ,?us we f9d !re t ,a!na1 ,hephai/os1 ,h]mes & ! ,goddess ( ,argos _h be5 already #8,a*anis$ or ,hell5is$1' & are w>m *ampions ( ! ,hell5ic cause2 :ile ,artemis1 ,aphrodite1 ,ares1 ?\gh g5ealogically l9k$ to ! ,olympian family1 are #bf equally w>m on ! side ( ,troy & are treat$ by ! poet ) irrev]5ce & ev5 contumely4 ,! position ( ,apollo is diff]5t4 ,!re are ov]p[]+ reasons = reg>d+ him z ( nor!rn orig91 a g5u9ely ,a*an deity1 & ! ,a*an poet treats him ) deep respect4 ,& we c only expla9 8 pro-,trojan sympa?ies by ! assumption t :5 ! poems 7 compos$ 8 cult _h become dom9ant on ! ,trojan %ore1 :i* he 0 !re=e suppos$ to gu>d4 ,b ! e?nic decision is at pres5t impossible on a va/ numb] ( details 9 ?is composite poly!ism1 9 respect bo? ( ritual & ( ! div9e p]sonalities2 & ! /ud5t ( ,hell5ic religion mu/ (t5 ab&on tempor>ily ! que/ ( orig9s 9 8 inve/igation ( ! composite :ole4 ,proto-,hell5ic p]iod4--,! v high developm5t ( ?is ,m$it]ranean civilisation f :i* ,hell5ism drew s mu* ( its own life is 9 itself suffici5t reason = ! belief t ! advanc$ picture t ,hom] pres5ts ( 8 contempor>y poly!ism af=ds u a true e/imate ( ! progress t _h be5 a*iev$ 9 ! c5turies be=e him4 ,& ?is is corroborat$ by a c>eful analysis ( ! lat] cult-records4 ,family religion4--,society 9 ! latt] half ( ! second mill5nium _h already rea*$ ! high] agricultural /age & _h evolv$ ! monogamic family4 ,demet]--^: ,aryan desc5t is prov$ by h] "n--0 g5]ally recognis$ by ! v>i\s ,hell5ic tribes z ! ,e>?-,goddess ( corn1 & ! v anci5t fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria 0 commonly associat$ ) h]4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( ! religion ( ! family1 :i* 0 ! life-s\rce #bg ( mu* ( ! private e?ics ( lat] ,greece1 c be trac$ back to ! e>lie/ p]iod2 ! wor%ip1 = in/ance1 ( ,zeus 1 ! ,god ( ! g>?1 ar\nd ^: alt> 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! old ,aryan h\se ! k9sm5 ga!r$ = wor%ip4 ,ano!r sacr$ c5tre ( ! family life 9 ! pre-,hom]ic ,society 0 d\btless ! he>? & ! he>?-/one 9 ! middle ( ! hall2 !re are allusions to its sanctity 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ! cult-records atte/ ! great antiquity ( ?is religi\s fact2 al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! p]sonal goddess ,he/ia is a lat] ph5om5on4 ,aga91 ! wid] k9%ip-gr\ps ( ! & are obvi\sly pre-,hom]ic1 & d\btless ^! _h be5 consecrat$ by aborig9al religion1 ?\gh we _c date precisely ! em]g5ce ( su* cult-=ms z ,zeus & ,a!na 1 ! deities :o 7 specially conc]n$ ) ! con/itution & rights ( ! k9dr$-gr\p4 ,political religion4--,fur!r1 x is fairly cle> t already 9 ?is fir/ /age ! religion _h become closely int]fus$ ) ! high] political & social life4 ,al?\gh ! great] "p ( ! population liv$ /ill "u ! tribal sy/em 9 scatt]$ villages----yet ! #8polis' _h already aris52 & 9 c]ta9 cases we may surmise = x a religi\s orig91 :]e its "n is d]iv$ f ! p]sonal "n or ! %r9e ( "s div9ity4 ,examples are #8,a!nai1' ,alalkom5ai1 ,potniai1 p]haps ,meg>a4 ,9 ^! cases ! temple mu/ h be5 ! nucleus ar\nd :i* grew up ! secul> habitations2 & ! deity ( ! temple w\ld become supreme 9 ! political religion4 #bh ,a!na _h won ?is position at ,a!ns & probably else:]e 9 ! immemorial pre-,hom]ic pa/2 & ?is expla9s h] "* 9 ! ,hom]ic poem z ! div9ity :o m ?an all o!rs inspires political wisdom & c\nsel4 ,v>i\s indications po9t 9 fact to ! belief t ! e>lie/ developm5t ( ! city life 0 closely b\nd up ) ! cults ( ,zeus & ,a!na2 = no o!r div9ity 0 ev] /yl$ ,polieus or ,polias by any ,greek ,/ate2 & ?is agrees ma9ly ) ! pres5tation ( !m 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,! unanimity ( ! tradition po9ts back to ! second mill5nium1 z ! p]iod :5 ?is political *>act]isation ( ! two deities 0 det]m9$4 ,& ?is view is /rik+ly confirm$ by ! records conc]n+ ! ritual & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cult ( ,zeus #8,polieus' on ! ,a!nian ,akropolis1 an in/itution attribut$ to ,kekrops & m>k+ probably ! ,hell5isation ( ,attica2 ! s+ul> features ( ! ritual & ! association pres]v$ 9 its leg5d ( ,attica ) ,crete indicate a high antiquity1 :5 agriculture 0 ! economic basis ( ! political z well z ! religi\s life4 ,we may believe t o!r cults besides ! two j m5tion$ play$ _! "p 9 ! political gr[? ( ! pre-,hom]ic _w4 ,! m>ketplace1 ! cradle ( political oratory1 _h become sacr$ gr\nd1 z ,hom] himself atte/s2 & ?is consecration 0 probably m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( "s #8agalma1' a sacr$ /one ( ,h]mes1 = in/ance4 ,apollo1 also1 _h e>ly dive/$ himself ( ! aborig9al "* ( ! god ( ! wood & ( ! homeless migratory ho/1 _h become a build] ( cities1 & _h e/abli%$ himself 9 ! #bi city's /reets ) a *ange 9 ! mean+ ( 8 title1 1 once an appellative ( ! ,way-,god :o guid$ ! ho/ ?r\gh ! wild1 n[ ( ! deity :o gu>d$ ! ways ( ! city4 ,& already1 be=e ,hom]1 8 %r9e at ,py?o 0 beg9n+ to acquire weal? & political importance z an oracul> c5tre ( consultation4 ,e?ical religion4--,! !i/ic sy/em _h be5 turn$ to good acc\nt 9 o!r directions ?an ! political be=e x appe>$ on ! canvas ( ,hom]4 ,! :ole morality ( e>ly social life _h be5 nurtur$ & protect$ by x2 = we may ma9ta9 t ! e?ical religi\s _s ( ,hom]--unless we reg>d him z a man or z a gr\p ( m5 to :om a special revelation _h be5 made--mu/ reflect 9 "s degree a tradition t _h gr[n up 9 ! c5turies be=e him4 ,we see !n t curr5t conceptions ab\t ! ,gods _h ceas$ to be inspir$ m]ely by fe>2 a mild] s5tim5t _h come to t+e religi\s ?\ght2 ! ,deity 0 reg>d$ n only z a righte\s ,god ( v5geance1 b z lov+ m]cy & compassion & z a def5d] ( ! weak & de/itute4 ,only once1 & only 9 reg>d to ! wild sea-god ,poseidon1 does a ,hom]ic phrase sugge/ t ! deity might h be5 reg>d$ z 9 8 own nature malevol5t4#bi4a ,! cult ( ,zeus 1 ! gu>dian ( ! /rang] & ! w&]]1 _h already aris54 ,& ! sanctity ( ! oa? tak5 9 ! "n ( ! deities ( ! upp] & ! l[] _w 0 ! basis ( mu* private & communal morality4 ,art an aspect ( religion4--,& o!r p>ts ( ! high] activity ( man _h be5 consecrat$ by ! #cj poly!ism ( :i* ,hom] inh]its & develops ! tradition4 ,! e>lie/ imag9ation ( ! ,hell5es appe>s to h p]ceiv$ a daimoniac pot5cy--a #8num5' z we may say--9 ! arts ( song & music2 & ?is _h sometimes cry/allis$ into ! p]sonal =ms ( div9ities1 into su* int]e/+ embodim5ts z ! ,muses or ! ,*>ites1 :o mu/ h belong$ to ! pre-,hom]ic popul> !ism4 ,! latt] gr\p _h gr[n up at ! ,botian ,or*om5os1 an old c5tre ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5an culture4 ,x may be t at "o "t !y _h no o!r ?an ! purely physical significance ( vegetation-p[]s2 b we only und]/& _! value = ,hom] if we suppose t be=e 8 "t !y _h come to be associat$ ) ! arts & ! delight ( human life4 ,we disc]n also t ! high] deities1 ,apollo & ,a!na1 ?\gh by no means m]ely #8functional' or dep>tm5tal p[]s1 _h acquir$ ! special patronage ( song & art4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 ! e>lie/ z 9 ! lat] p]iods ( _! hi/ory ! religion ( ! ,hell5es idealis$ t sph]e ( human activity 9 :i* ! ,hell5ic _s 0 to a*ieve its highe/1 ! sph]e ( art1 & among high] & l[] religions x 0 unique 9 ?is4 ,proto-,hell5ic ritual4--,x seems1 !n1 t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! poly!ism 0 no long] on ! mo/ primitive plane4 ,& we ga!r ! same impression f :at is reveal$ to u ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( ,greek ritual4 ,! ,hom]ic & ,hesiodic poems are full ( in=mation conc]n+ ! liturgy or cult-s]vice ) :i* ! poets 7 famili>2 :at !y tell u avails fir/ ( all = ! p]iod ( ! elev5? to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,b #ca ritual takes long to develop1 & once fix$ is ! mo/ abid+ elem5t 9 religion4 ,x is n too bold1 !n1 to take ! ,hom]ic acc\nt z v\*+ = a tradition t goes back at lea/ to ! lat] c5turies ( ! second mill5nium4 ,! sacr$ place ( wor%ip might be a natural cave1 or a #8tem5os1' a f5c$ cle>+ 9 a grove1 conta9+ z ! ( ! deity a tree-trunk or holy pill> or heap ( /ones1 :5ce gradually an artificial alt> might be evolv$2 ! latt] _h become1 "s "t be=e ,hom]1 ! usual receptacle ( sacrifice & 0 a prom95t figure 9 ! ,m9oan-,myc5an religion1 :i* usually associat$ x ) a sacr$ tree or pill>1 ! tok5 ( ! deity's pres5ce or a magnet = attract+ x1 b n ) any iconic /atue or idol4 ,p]sonal religion c\ld cont5t itself ) su* equipm5t1 b1 if ! an?ropomorphic in/9ct is /rong 9 x1 x prompts ! con/ruction ( ! temple or ! h\se ( ,god4 ,& temples mu/ h be5 f\nd 9 ! l& 9 ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod2 ! few t h z yet be5 reveal$ 9 ! area ( ,m9oan-,myc5an culture 7 built1 ) "o exception1#ca4a )9 ! royal palaces1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z dome/ic *apels ( ! k+1 m>k+ 8 sacr$ "* z head ( ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 ! "* ) :i* ! leg5ds inve/ ,k+ ,m9os & ,k+ ,aiakos4 ,! e>lie/ t h be5 excavat$ on free sites are ! temples ( ,h]a at ,argos & ,olympia1 & ^! are n[ dat$ n e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b ! traditions ( ! e>lie/ temple at ,delphi1 & ( t ( ,a!na on ! #cb ,a!nian ,acropolis1 sugge/ a great] antiquity ?an ?is4 ,) ! multiplication ( temples special prie/hoods mu/ also h multipli$4 ,b ! pr(essional prie/ _h already aris5 9 pre-,hom]ic times2 ,hom] kn[s ( ! bro!rhood call$ ! ,selloi1#cb4a :o t5d$ ! oracul> oak ( ,zeus at ,dodona1 8:o slept on ! gr\nd & nev] wa%$ _! feet10 & he m5tions o!rs :o 7 atta*$ to special deities1 & two ( ^! at lea/ adm9i/]$ cults )\t a temple1 ! prie/ ( ,zeus ( ,m\nt ,ida1#cb4b & ! prie/ ( ! riv] ,skam&ros1#cb4c ( ea* ( :om he says1 8he 0 hon\r$ l a god among ! p40 ,^! words sugge/ a high & sacrosanct position2 yet ^! two prie/s are also w>riors fight+ 9 ! ranks1 :i* is ! m>k ( a secul> prie/hood2 & !re is no leg5d nor any h9t ( evid5ce sugge/+ t a pr(essional prie/hood enjoy$ a political & social p[] 9 ! prehi/oric t we "k 0 nev] a*iev$ by !m 9 ! hi/oric p]iod ( ,greece4 ,= ! evolution ( _m ( ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic in/itutions evid5ce is almo/ :olly lack+4 ,b on g5]al comp>ative gr\nds we c surmise t ! religi\s "* ( ! mon>*y 0 mo/ prom95t 9 ! e>lie/ times & t z its secul> p[] & functions develop$1 ! prie/-exp]t 0 atta*$ to him to assi/ 9 ! national cults1 ov] :i* ! ,basileus reta9$ a g5]al sup]vision4 ,we h sc>cely a h9t1 ei!r 9 ! e>lie/ or lat] days ( ,greece1 ( any conflict betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate2 we "k t1 at lea/1 hi/oric ,greece escap$ sac]dotalism2 #cc & its e>lie/ societies1 :atev] _! dang] or _! /ruggles may h be51 _h escap$ x by ! days ( ,hom]4#cc4a ,be>+ on ?is po9t is ! o!r negative fact1 t = ?is e>lie/ age we h little or no evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( :at is call$ #8,%amanism1' div9e seizures1 ec/atic outbur/s ( wild prophesy+1 by :i* a society c be t]rifi$ & captur$4 ,! pr(essional #8,mantis1' ! prophet or soo?say]1 exi/$ z di/9ct f ! prie/2 b 8 me?ods g5]ally--s f> z our e>lie/ witness in=ms u--7 cool & quasi-sci5tific4#cc4b ,! ritual at ! alt> 9 ! e>ly p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t deal+ consi/$ ( an oblation to ! deity ( an animal victim or an (f]+ ( fruits & c]eals2 ! sacrifice might be accompani$ ) w9e or might be w9eless1 a #8sob]' sacrifice :i* 0 call$ 1 ! latt] be+ p]haps ! m anci5t tradition4 ,we may int]pret ! e>lie/ =m ( ,hell5ic animal-sacrifice z 9 "s s5se a simple tribal or family communion-meal ) ! deity1 :]eby ! s5se ( comrade%ip & clan-feel+ betwe5 man & ,god 0 /r5g!n$ & n\ri%$4 ,?is is ! view t ,hom] has inh]it$1 & x endures ?r\gh\t ! lat] hi/ory ( ! ritual2 & x expresses ! g5]al g5ial temp] ( ,hell5ic religion1 a trait :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? m>k$ z *>act]i/ic ( o!r religions ( ! same social type4#cc4c ,simil>ly ! description giv5 u by ,!ophra/os & ,pausanias ( ! anci5t ritual ( ,zeus #cd ,polieus on ! ,a!nian ,akropolis reveals to u a typical example ( ! civic communion fea/4#cd4a ,su* a sacrifice is m]ely a transf]5ce into ! div9e circle ( ! practice ( ! common fea/ ( ! tribesm54 ,b we c also disc]n a my/ic elem5t 9 ! ,hom]ic ritual text1 :i* is evid5tly bas$ on a tradition indef9itely old] ?an ! poems2 ! sacrificial victim1 usually ! ox1 is fir/ consecrat$ by be+ t\*$ ) ! b>ley-/alks1 :i* _h be5 plac$ on ! alt> & :i* fill him by _! contact ) ! alt>'s div9e _s3 !n :5 he has be5 immolat$ & cut up1 ! sacrific]s are specially said 8to ta/e ! entrails0#cd4b inv>iably be=e ! real sacr$ meal beg9s2 z ! entrails are ! inn] seat ( ! life :i* has be5 consecrat$ by ! hall[+ contact ( ! alt>1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ! object ( ?is solemn act 0 to e/abli% ! real & corporeal communion ( ! wor%ipp] ) ! div9ity4#cd4b ,*?onian wor%ip4--,! important di/9ction :i* is well atte/$ ( ! lat] ages betwe5 ! #8*?onian' & ! #8,olympian' ritual--to use ^! two conv5tional t]ms = conv5i5ce--may already h be5 9 vogue 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! poly!ism4 ,9 ! fir/ type ( sacrifice1 :]e ! (f]+ 0 made to ! ne!r div9ities1 ! victim's head 0 held d[n above a hole 9 ! gr\nd--a --& ! blood f ! sev]$ ?roat 0 %$ into x4 ,9 ! second1 :]e ! upp] p[]s1 ^: region 0 ! air or #ce ! sky1 7 ! recipi5ts1 ! victim 0 held up erect (f ! gr\nd1 8 face lift$ t[>ds ! sky1 & 9 ?is attitude 8 ?roat 0 cut4 ,hom] %[s himself aw>e ( ?is =m ( sacrifice2 & t ! o!r1 ! *?onian1 0 also 9 vogue 9 8 "t is to be inf]r$ f 8 acc\nt ( ! ritual p]=m$ by ,odysseus 9 hon\r ( ! %ades1 :]e he m5tions ! 1 ! sacrifice ( black %eep1 ) _! heads turn$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! l[] _w1 & ! triple libation ( honey1 w9e & wat]4#ce4a ,= ! ritual ( ! dead 9 ! ,greek religi\s tradition 0 closely modell$ on ! s]vice ( ! ne!r div9ities4 ,! triple libation is kn[n to h be5 "p ( ,m9oan-,cretan cult1 z ! alt> table f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,m\nt ,dikte atte/s4#ce4b ,& a %r9e ) a 9 ! middle ( ! cella has be5 f\nd at ,pr9i 9 ,crete1 consecrat$ to a *?onian goddess1 ( :i* ! f\ndation is ascrib$ to ! n9? c5tury4#ce4c ,f ^! indications & f ! preval5ce ( *?onian cults atte/$ by lat] records1 9 :i* we c disc]n features ( great antiquity1 we c ga!r t ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion 0 n :olly *>act]is$ by ! brightness ( ritual & ! g5iality ( religi\s feel+ t appe> on ! surface ( ,hom]ic poetry4 ,! ,hom]ic sacrifice 0 (t5 accompani$ by a s5se ( s91#ce4d ?\gh ! poet %[s no cognisance ( any peculi> ritual ( a specially piacul> type4 ,also he 0 aw>e ( ! d>k _w ( p[]s :o av5g$ #cf ! brok5 oa? & puni%$ s9n]s ev5 aft] dea?4 ,long be=e 8 "t1 we may suppose1 gloomy wor%ip1 su* z t ( ! describ$ by ,pausanias at ,myonia 9 ,lokris1#cf4a ( :i* ! rites 7 p]=m$ by night1 0 9 vogue 9 p>ts ( ,greece4 ,"m-,e>?1 prophesy+ ?r\gh phantom-dreams1 _h held rule at ,delphi be=e ,apollo came1 & t 0 long be=e ,hom]'s "w began4#cf4b ,!re are /rong reasons also = believ+ t ! cult ( h]o-ance/ors 0 already a "p ( ! pre-,hom]ic religion1 z x 0 a prom95t "p ( ! po/-,hom]ic4 ,! elaborate t5dance ( ! dead atte/$ ( ! ,myc5an p]iod by ! graves discov]$ at ,tiryns & ,myc51 c\ld easily develop into actual wor%ip if x 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 z x 0 at ,m5idi 9 ,attica4 ,d\btless1 ! common & promiscu\s wor%ip ( ! dead 0 a morbid developm5t ( ! lat] poly!ism4 ,b ,hom]1 :o is g5]ally sil5t ab\t su* cults1 & 9 a well-kn[n passage ab\t ! ,tw9-,bre?r5#cf4c seems to ignore delib]ately _! div9e or semi-div9e "*1 almo/ reveals 8 k ( ! wor%ip ( ,h]akles1#cf4d & c]ta9ly 0 aw>e ( ! ,attic cult ( ,ere*!us1 unless ! passage t ref]s to x 0 ! "w ( ! int]polator4#cf4e ,x is a difficult "q h[ we are to e/imate & h[ f> we c tru/ ! ,hom]ic evid5ce on ?is important po9t ( religion4 ,ev5 if we tru/ x s f> z to say t ! ,a*ans at lea/ practis$ #cg no real wor%ip ( ! dead1 x yet rema9s probable t !y f\nd x exi/+ "h & !re 9 ! l&s 9 :i* !y settl$4 ,x is important to emphasise ?is gloomi] side ( ,greek religion2 b x is detrim5tal to exagg]ate x1 z has be5 ! t5d5cy ( "s mod]n writ]s 9 a p>donable revolt f ! old %all[ !ories ( or?odox classicism4 ,we ought to recognise t at no p]iod ( 8 hi/ory 0 ! ord9>y ,hell5e gho/-ridd51 worri$ & dismay$ by demoniac t]rors1 or by morbid anxiety ab\t ! o!r _w or 8 de/9y aft] dea?2 at lea/ he w n appe> s1 :5 we comp>e 8 religi\s & my?ologic records ) ^? ( ,babylon1 ,egypt1 & ,*ri/5dom4#cg4a ,nor d>e we affirm t ! prehi/oric ,hell5e 0 weak]-m9d$ & m timor\s 9 respect ( su* matt]s ?an ! lat]4 ,he may ev5 h be5 /rong]-m9d$1 & at lea/ z will+ to eat a sacram5tal meal 9 company ) ! #8,!oi ,meili*ioi' 7%ad[y p[]s ( ! l[] _w71 or ) ! ,ne!r-,zeus1 or ! ,ne!r ,e>?-,"m1 & ) 8 dep>t$ family-spirits1 z 7 8 lat] desc5dants at ,lokris1 ,mykonos & o!r places4#cg4b ,! e>lie/ my?s h little ( ! gobl9 elem5t4 ,hom] inde$ himself 0 cognisant ( su* =ms ( t]ror z a black #8,k]'--,p5elope lik5s ,ant9oos to "o2#cg4c ! anci5t folklore ( ,argolis 0 aw>e ( a bad _s t once ravag$ its homes4#cg4d ,! e>ly popul> imag9ation 0 sure to h inh]it$ or to h evolv$ su* creations ( fe>2 & a black ,e>?-,goddess ) a horse's #ch head & snake-locks1 :o liv$ 9 a d>k cave at ,phigaleia1 almo/ c]ta9ly 9 ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod1 0 a suffici5tly t]rify+ p]sonality4#ch4a ,b happily = ! ,greek imag9ation1 ! div9ities ( ! _w ( dea?1 abid+ bel[ ! e>?1 t5d$ to take on ! b5ign functions ( ! p[]s ( vegetation4 ,! ,god ( ! l[] _w is sc>cely call$ by ! ill-om5$ "n ( ,hades 9 cult1 b ,pl\ton or ,trophonios or ,zeus ,*?onios1 names import+ b5efic5ce2 = ! ,hom]ic & ,hesiodic _w ,demet] is a goddess ( bless+1 n ( t]ror4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod c]ta9 demoniac p]sonages su* z ,m$\sa--id5tical 9 =m & p]haps 9 "* ) ! snake-lock$ horse-head$ ,demet]--may h loom$ l>ge & t]rible 9 popul> cult1 & aft]w>ds fad$ :olly f actual wor%ip or surviv$ 9 ! l[] /rata ( ineffectual folklore1 yet ! m civilis+ imag9ation _h also be5 op]ative 9 ! religion ( ! second mill5nium4 ,! monum5ts ( ! ,m9oan-,myc5an religion reveal sc>cely an elem5t ( t]ror4 ,& at "s p]iod be=e ,hom] ! k9dly deity1 ,h]mes1 _h assum$ ! function ( ! lead] ( s\ls4 ,z reg>ds ! es*atological views ( ! prehi/oric ,greek we c say little1 unless we believe t ,hom] 0 8 spokesman2 & su* belief w\ld be v haz>d\s4 ,! e>lie/ communities may h _h no special hopes conc]n+ ! dep>t$ s\l2 we h no reason = ?9k+ t ! my/]ies :i* came to (f] "s promise ( happ9ess 9 ! _w to come _h z yet proclaim$ su* a doctr9e2 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,eleus9ia may h be5 t ( a secret #ci society organis$ = agr>ian purposes4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no pro( t ! primitive m9d ( ! ,hell5e brood$ mu* on ! problem ( dea?1 or 0 at all possess$ ) morbid feel+ ab\t x2 & 9 pre-,hom]ic times he mu/ h be5 fre] f c>e 9 ?is matt] ?an he 0 9 ! lat] c5turies1 if we accept ! view ( c]ta9 s*ol>s t ! elaborate ritual ( #8,ka?>sis' or purification1 :i* 0 ma9ly dep5d5t on ! idea ( ! impurity ( dea?1 gho/s & blood%$1 0 :olly ! creation ( po/-,hom]ic days4 ,e>lie/ ritual ( purification4--,x has be5 ev5 said t ! v idea ( ! ne$ ( purification on special occasions 0 unkn[n to ,hom]4 ,?is is demon/rably false2 x is en\gh to m5tion "o passage alone3 at ! close ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,iliad1 ! ,a*ans at ,agamemnon's bidd+1 purify !mselves f ! plague1 & ?r[ ! infect$ m$ia ( purification into ! sea2 ?is is a religi\s lu/ration4 ,& :5 ,hesiod m5tions ! rule t a man return+ f an #8ill-om5$' fun]al c\ld n )\t p]il attempt to beget a *ild on t day1#ci4a he happ5s to be ! fir/ lit]>y witness to ! ,greek tabu ( dea?2 b we may be sure t he is giv+ u a tradition ( indef9ite age1 & t ! #8,a*an' society1 ( :i* ,hom] is suppos$ to be ! spokesman1 _h "s ( ! ,ka?>tic rules & sup]/itions t are f\nd broadca/ 9 lat] ,greece4 ,x may n h elaborat$ or laid m>k$ /ress on !m2 x may h _h no /rong s5se ( ! impurity ( homicide nor devis$ any special code = its expiation4 ,b if x 0 entirely )\t any in/9ctive feel+ = ! #dj impurity ( bir? & dea?1 & = ! dang] ( ! #8miasma' aris+ f c]ta9 acts & /ates1 x 0 almo/ unique among ! races ( man4 ,only1 a progressive p does n ov]/ra9 su* feel+s4 ,su* a religion z has be5 sket*$ might accord ) a high social & political morality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld n be likely to fo/] & consecrate c]ta9 m5tal moods1 ennobl$ by ,*ri/ian e?ic1 su* z #8fe> ( ,god1' humility1 fai?4 ,nev] 9 ! free p]iods ( ,greek hi/ory 0 #8deisidaimonia' 7#8fe> ( div9e p[]s'7 reg>d$ z a virtue1 b r z a vice or weakness4 ,! ,hell5e 0 humble 9 8 attitude to ,god only 9 ! s5se t he dislik$ ov]we5+ acts & spee* ( self-glorification2 ! phrase1 1 #8slave ( ,god1' common 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian docum5ts1 w\ld be z repugnant to ! ,hell5e z w\ld be ! ec/asy ( self-abasem5t cong5ial to ! ,babylonian & ! ,*ri/ian religions4 ,z = ! ,paul9e use ( ! ^w 1 #8fai?1' its value = religi\s morality w\ld h be5 un9telligible = ! e>li] ,greek4#dj4a ,crud] religi\s conceptions 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod4--,s f>1 ! religi\s ph5om5a discov]able ) "s c]ta9ty or "s probability 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory indicate a !i/ic sy/em ( a some:at advanc$ type4 ,b d\btless we mu/ reckon ) ! pres5ce ( mu* else t 0 crud] & m savage4 ,:5 we f9d 9 ! lat] records ample evid5ce ( ! l[] products ( ! religi\s imag9ation1 ! products ( #8animism' or #8feti*ism' or #8!riomorphism' or #8polydaimonism1' #da m in>ticulate & unc\? embodim5ts ( ! concept ( div9ity1 or d>k] & m cruel ritual ?an t :i* ,hom] describes1 su* z human sacrifice1 ! driv+ out ( ! scapegoat1 blood-magic = controll+ w9ds or f9d+ wat]1 no reasonable critic w call all ^! ?+s po/-,hom]ic because !y may n be m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 or suppose t ! pure-m9d$ ,hell5es 7 s$uc$ into borr[+ !m f ! ,ori5tals1 or t !y 7 spontane\s products ( a lat] deg5]ate age4 ,! view tak5 ( !m by ^? :o h 9 rec5t times appli$ comp>ative ,an?ropology to ! /udy ( ,hell5ism is ! only "o t is possible on ! :ole2 ^! ?+s are a surviv+ tradition ( a mode ( religi\s ?\ght & feel+ prop] to ! aborig9al ance/ors ( ! ,hell5ic race1 or immemorial indig5\s products ( ! soil ^u :i* t race grew up4 ,!re is no cataclysm 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,greece1 no viol5t brea* ) its pa/1 no de/ruction ( primitive =ms at ! adv5t ( a high] enlight5m5t2 no fanatic prophet arose1 & ! prote/s ( philosophy 7 comp>atively g5tle & ineffective4 ,only a few religi\s =ms ( an undevelop$ society t might %ock a m civilis$ consci5ce 7 gradually ab&on$2 mo/ ( !m 7 tol]at$1 "s 9 a moribund condition1 "u a m advanc$ religion1 ) :i* !y might be se5 to cla% if any "o c>$ to reason ab\t !m4 ,!re=e a *apt] or a /atem5t 9 ,pausanias may really be a record ( ! pre-,hom]ic age2 & 9 ?is way we c supplem5t ! p>tial picture t has be5 giv5 above4 ,animal-,gods & ,animal-wor%ip4--,! an?ropomorphic #db pr9ciple1 :i* is n necess>ily ! highe/ ^u :i* a p]sonal !ism c\ld be con/ruct$1 is ! ma9 =ce ( ! high] life ( ,hell5ic poly!ism4 ,we may believe t x _h begun to "w be=e ,hom]1 b n pr$om9antly or ) suffici5t effect to produce a /able an?ropomorphism 9 religion4 ,"s wor%ip ( animals :i* is call$ #8!riolatry1' "s beliefs 9 ! animal-inc>nations ( ! div9ity1 7 c]ta9ly 9 vogue4 ,a few ( ! m anci5t cult-titles w\ld be evid5ce suffici5t1 ap>t f ! lat] records4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant & olde/ is 1 an epi!t ( ,apollo m>k+ 8 association ) wolves2 we f9d also t 9 _m leg5ds & ev5 occasionally 9 ritual ! wolf appe>s z 8 sacr$ animal4 ,^! facts po9t back to a p]iod :5 ,apollo 0 /ill ! hunt]-god ( ! wild wood1 & 0 reg>d$ z occasionally inc>nate 9 ! bea/ ( ! wild4 ,we h also a few indications ( direct rev]5ce be+ paid to ! wolf1 ap>t f its connection ) any god4#db4a ,ano!r sali5t example ei!r ( !riolatry or !riomorphic god-cult is snake-wor%ip1 prov$ to h exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ epo* ( ! ,delphic religion1 & 9 vogue accord+ to lat] records 9 ,epirus & ,mac$onia4 ,x may h be5 rev]5c$ 9 its own "r1 or z ! inc>nation ( "s p]sonal div9ity or h]o1 z we f9d x lat] atta*$ to ! *?onian deities1 to ! ,e>?-,"m1 ,zeus & 1#db4b ,asklepios1 & to ! buri$ h]o or h]o9e1 su* z ,ere*!us1 ,ky*reus4 ,we h also reasons = assum+ a v e>ly cult ( a ,be>-,artemis 9 #dc ,attica#dc4a & ,arcadia2 & _m o!r examples ( simil> ph5om5a w be f\nd 9 a treatise on ! subject by ,de ,viss]4#dc4b ,lat] ,arcadia 0 full ( ! products & ( ! tradition ( ?is e>ly mode ( religi\s imag9ation2 besides ! horse-head$ ,demet] at ,?igaleia1 we he> ( ! wor%ip at ! same place ( a goddess call$ ,eurynome1 repres5t$ z half-woman1 half-fi%2 & bronze figures1 belong+ to ! ,roman p]iod1 h be5 f\nd at ,lykos\ra 9 ,arcadia1 app>5tly repres5tations ( div9ities p>tly !riomorphic4#dc4c ,! fir/ an?ropologi/s :o dealt ) ! primitive =ms ( ,hell5ic religion read ?is special set ( ph5om5a 9 ! light ( totemism2 b progressive /ud5ts h n[ ab&on$ ! totemi/ic hypo!sis1 on ! gr\nd t !re is little or no trace ( ,totemism 9 any ,greek or any ,aryan ,society1 & t !riolatry1 or ! direct wor%ip ( animals1 ne$s no su* explanation4 ,also1 z ,i h rec5tly po9t$ out else:]e1#dc4d ! !riomorphic concept ( div9ity c & frequ5tly does co-exi/ at c]ta9 p]iods & 9 c]ta9 peoples ) ! an?ropomorphic2 nor c we say ) assurance t 9 ! m5tal hi/ory ( our race ! =m] is prior to ! latt]1 or t g5]ally ! an?ropomorphic 0 evolv$ f ! animal-god4 ,functional ,deities3 polydmonism4--,9 attempt+ to p5etrate ! pre-,hom]ic pa/1 we h to reckon ) ano!r ph5om5on :i*1 ?\gh #dd reveal$ 9 lat] records only1 has c]ta9ly a primitive "* & has be5 reg>d$ z belong+ to an age :5 ! concept ( def9ite complex p]sonalities1 su* z 1 _h n yet aris54 ,x 0 ,us5]#dd4a :o fir/ call$ att5tion to a l>ge numb] ( local cults ( p]sonages unkn[n to my? or g5]al lit]ature & designat$1 n by :at are call$ prop] names1 su* z ,h]mes1 ,apollo1 ,zeus1 b by transp>5t adjectival names1 express+ a p>ticul> quality or function or activity1 to :i* ! ess5ce ( ! div9e p[] 9 ea* case 0 limit$3 su*1 = in/ance1 are 1 1 1 be+ no?+ m1 respectively1 ?an ! h]o ( ! pl\gh%>e at ,m>a?on1 ! #8h]o :o makes ! beans gr[' on ! sacr$ way to ,eleusis1 #8! h]o :o gives ! good return ( corn' at ,tanagra2 = ^! he inv5t$ ! t]m1 #8,sond]-,gtt]1' mean+ deities ( a s+le function only2 & to ^? ( !m to :om only a mom5t>y function & !re=e only a mom5t>y exi/5ce seem$ to app]ta91 he appli$ ! t]m #8,aug5blick-,gtt]1' #8,mom5t>y ,gods'2 an ,hell5ic example ( ?is type might be #81' #8,fly-*as]1' 9 ,arcadia1 & ,elis1 :o at ! sacrifice to ,a!na or ,zeus 0 call$ ^u to *ase away ! flies t w\ld worry ! sacrific]s1 & :o only exi/$ = ! purpose & at ! "t ( t call4 ,we may comp>e also1 = vagu5ess & in*oat5ess ( p]sonality1 c]ta9 aggregates ( deities hav+ no def9ite s+le exi/5ce1 b gr\p$ by "s adjectival functional "n1 su* z 1 #8! deities t av]t evil1' at ,sikyon1#dd4b #de 1 ! goddesses ( bir?1 9 ,attica1#de4a ! 1 ! goddesses ( j requital1 at ,hali>tos4#de4b ,su* =ms seem to hov] on ! conf9es ( #8polydaimonism1' & to be ! products ( an embryonic p]ception ( div9ity1 crud] & dimm] ?an ! robu/ & bright creations ( ! ,hell5ic poly!ism1 to :i* s ri* a my?ology & s manifold a p]sonality atta*$4 ,& ano!r fact seems to fall into l9e ) ^!2 9 "s cult-c5tres ! deity1 ?\gh p]sonally & an?ropomorphically conceiv$1 might only be designat$ by "s vague descriptive title1 l & 1 z occasionally at ,eleusis1 or #8,despo9a1' #8! ,mi/ress1' ! ,goddess ( ,arcadia1 or #8'1 ! #8,virg91' on ! coa/ ( ,c>ia1 & 9 ! ,*]sonnese2 ev5 z late z ! "t ( ,pausanias ! m5 ( ,b\lis 9 ,phokis nev] call$ _! highe/ ,god#de4c by any o!r "n ?an 1 #8! ,greate/4' ,& x has be5 ?\ght t ! well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,h]odotus t ! ,pelasgians _h no names = _! div9ities 0 bas$ on "s su* facts z ^!4 ,! importance ( ^! ph5om5a w\ld be all ! great] if ,us5]'s !ory 7 true t !y repres5t ! crude mat]ial out ( :i* mu* ( ,greek poly!ism has gr[n4#de4d ,b 9 any case !y claim m5tion "h1 because !y are ! products ( a m5tal op]ation or in/9ct t mu/ h #df be5 op]ative 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,hell5ic religion4 ,animism or animatism4--,9 ano!r set ( facts1 also atte/$ by lat] records1 we may disc]n ! surviv+ addition ( an animi/ic p]iod4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,hell5ic1 z ( o!r religions1 reflects man's relation & feel+ t[>ds ! _w ( nature1 8 dep5d5ce on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ! w9ds1 ! wat]s1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! sky4 ,! tr5d ( ! high] poly!ism 9 ! ,hell5ic m9d 0 to set ! p]sonal div9ity above & outside ^! ?+s1 :i* he or %e directs z an intellectual w-p[]4 ,b we h suffici5t evid5ce ( ano!r po9t ( view :i* is t ( m primitive religion1 f :i* ! deity is imag9$ z ess5tially imman5t 9 ! ?+1 n z a di/9ct p]sonality em]g+ & sep>able f x4 ,! ,arcadians :o wor%ipp$ #8,zeus ,k]aunos1'#df4a or #8,zeus-,?und]1' at ,mant9eia1 or ! p at ,gy?ion 9 ,laconia1 :o call$ a sacr$ meteoric /one1 #8,zeus 1'#df4b #8! fall5 ,zeus1' or ! ,a!nians :o wor%ipp$ #8,demet] 1' #8,demet] ,gre5 ,v]dure1'#df4c reveal 9 ^! /range titles an attitude ( m9d t is midway betwe5 #8animatism1' t religi\s p]ception ( ea* /rik+ ?+ or ph5om5on 9 nature z 9 itself my/]i\sly alive & div9e1 & #8!ism' :i* imag9es x controll$ by a p]sonal deity4 ,at ! /age :5 ,demet] c\ld be nam$ & p]ceiv$ z #8,*loe1' #8,v]dure1' ! an?ropomorphic conception ( div9ity1 ?\gh c]ta9ly exi/+1 0 n yet /able or cry/allis$4 #dg ,b !re are o!r cult-facts report$ to u ( a /ill crud] type t seem to reveal animatism pure & simple & ! infancy ( ! ,hell5ic m9d4 ,! ,arcadians1#dg4a always ! mo/ cons]vative & backw>d among ! ,hell5es1 9 _! colony ( ,trapezus1 #8(f]$ sacrifice to ! lightn+ & ?und] & /orms'2 x seems t = !m ^! ?+s 7 animate & div9e directly1 j z ! ,air--,b$u--0 = ! ,mac$onians4 ,aga91 ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( ,hell5ic religion1 ! wor%ip ( riv]s & spr+s only at c]ta9 po9ts approa*$ ! bord]s ( !ism2 sometimes (f]+s 7 flung directly into ! wat]1 & pray] might be made #8into ! wat]'--we mu/ n say #8to ! riv]-god1' b to ! div9e wat]4#dg4b ,we disc]n ^! two diff]5t ways ( imag9+ div9ity 9 ! wor%ip & ideas atta*+ to ,helios1 #8,sun1' & ,he/ia1 #8,he>?'2 z reg>ds ! =m]1 we h reason to surmise t 8 religi\s pre/ige 0 high] 9 ! pre-,hom]ic ?an 9 ! lat] age1 & t ! exalt$ position z a great political & cultur$ ,god :i* he enjoy$ 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,rhodes 0 a h]itage f ! ,m9oan religi\s tradition4#dg4c ,9 ,hom]'s poems we f9d him p]sonal & an?ropomorphis$2 b we may well d\bt if he 0 s = ! av]age ,greek1 :o m]ely kiss$ 8 h& to him e morn+ or b[$ to him on com+ =? f 8 h\se1 & :o1 reg>d+ him m]ely z animate1 or #8,liv+ ,sun1' f\nd x difficult to develop him #dh into a free & complex individual p]son4 ,z reg>ds ,he/ia ! facts are /ill cle>]4#dh4a ,9 h] wor%ip1 :i* belong$ to ! aborig9al p]iod ( ,greek religion1 %e 0 at fir/1 & 9 ! ma9 %e cont9u$ to be1 no?+ m ?an #8,holy ,he>?1' ! ,he>? felt z animate1 nor 0 ! attempt to an?ropomorphise into a free p]sonal ,goddess ev] :olly successful4 ,magic4--,n[ t :i* is "h call$ #8animatism' is a religi\s feel+ :i* may inspire real wor%ip1 b is m liable ?an pure !ism to be associat$ ) magic2 & x is reasonable to believe t magic 0 9 vogue 9 prehi/oric ,hellas1 n necess>ily 9 antagonism to religion1 b practis$ = purposes ( ! community z well z = private ends4 ,x is true t ! records :i* tell u ab\t ^! ?+s are all ( a p]iod mu* lat] ?an ,hom]'s1 & t he is almo/ sil5t ab\t su* matt]s4#dh4b ,b we "k n[ h[ to appreciate ,hom]'s sil5ces4 ,& g5]al an?ropology compels u to believe t "s ( ^? records reveal facts ( immemorial antiquity 9 ,greece4 ,! ,!smophoria1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,hell5ic s]vices1 0 p>tly magical2 t is1 x includ$ rites t _h a direct efficacy1 ap>t f ! appeal to any div9ity1 su* z ! /rew+ ! fields ) ! decay+ rema9s ( ! pigs t _h be5 consecrat$ to ! e>?-,goddesses & ?r[n d[n into _! vault4#dh4c ,s also 9 ! ,?>gelia ( #di ,attica & o!r ,greek communities1 ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! scapegoat1 ! rituali/ic :ipp+ & transf]5ce ( s91 belong to ! doma9 ( magic r ?an to religion4#di4a ,we h also direct te/imony ( a magical deal+ ) ! elem5ts 9 ! titles ( (ficials at ,a!ns call$ ! #8,heudanemoi'#di4b & ( ^? at ,cor9? call$ 1#di4c bo? words d5ot+ #8w9d-lull]s1' ^? #8:o *>m$ ! w9ds to sleep'2 & aga9 9 ! description ( ! rite p]=m$ by ! magicians at ,kleonai :o accord+ to ,clem5s#di4d 8av]t$ ! sky's wra? by incantations & sacrifices02 or 9 ,pausanias' acc\nt ( ! op]ations ( ! prie/ ( ! w9ds at ,titane 9 ,sikyon#di4e :o endeav\r$ to assuage _! fi]c5ess by 8s++ ov] !m ! spells t ,m$ea us$40 ,d\btless ^! (ficials are only ma9ta9+ ! practices ( an indef9itely remote pa/4 ,& ^! are also reflect$ 9 ! leg5d ( ! anci5t ,salmoneus ( ,!ssalian & possibly ,m9yan orig91 :o drove ab\t 9 a *>iot imitat+ ?und] &1 :ile m]ely practis+ a well-kn[n type ( wea!r-magic1 0 misund]/ood by ! high] p[]s & lat] morali/s4 ,! few records t may avail = an op9ion conc]n+ ! e>ly p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$ entirely fail to sugge/ any su* preval5ce ( magic z might ob/ruct intellectual progress or ! gr[? ( a high] religion4 ,!y reveal g5]ally a type t is h>mless or ev5 philan?ropic4#di4f ,d\btless "s black magic #ej exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ z 9 ! lat] ,hellas1 direct$ aga9/ ! life or ! prop]ty ( individuals1 & work$ by evil means2 ! m anci5t lit]ature is entirely sil5t ab\t ?is2 b a late record ( ,pausanias te/ifies to a b>b>\s magic practis$ by ! community ( ,hali>tos to discov] a wat]-supply#ej4a3 a son ( "o ( ! *ief m5 0 /abb$ by 8 own fa!r1 & z he ran ble$+ ab\t ! l& spr+s ( wat] 7 f\nd :]e 8 blood dripp$4 ,b at no "t1 we may judge1 0 ! religion or ! intellect ( ,greece s cl\d$ ) magic z 0 ! case else:]e 9 ! anci5t civilisations1 notably 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4 ,human sacrifices4--,?is attempt$ pres5tation ( ! fir/ era ( ,greek religion mu/ raise ! "q z to ! practice )9 x ( ! ritual ( human sacrifice4 ,= we are apt to associate ?is ) a primitive society & ) a crude or savage religion4 ,b ?is association is n borne out by ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! practice has be5 f\nd 9 societies highly develop$ bo? 9 morality & civilisation2 & ! a priori argum5t is dang]\s1 :e!r we apply x 9 "o way or ! o!r4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,hom]ic poems %[ no consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cruel rite 9 ! ,greek _w ( ! p]iod2 & x has be5 argu$ on ?is gr\nd t ! ,a*an society ( :i* !y are ! voice 0 innoc5t ( x4#ej4b ,a d\bt may arise conc]n+ ! slaught] ( ! ,trojan captives at ! pyre ( ,patroklos1#ej4c an act ( f]ocity = :i* ,hom] outspok5ly blames ,a*illes4 ,! passage #ea c]ta9ly sugge/s t ! poet 0 aw>e t su* ?+s 7 occasionally done at contempor>y fun]als2 9 ,myc5an tombs at ,argos & ,myc5 human rema9s h be5 f\nd be=e ! entrance-door t po9t to an (f]+ ( slaves or captives4#ea4a ,b ?is ne$ n h be5 an act ( wor%ip or /rictly ( religion4 ,! dead might be imag9$ z ne$+ slaves2 & to kill slaves to accompany ! dep>t$1 j z to kill horses ov] ! pyre1 may only imply #8t5dance' & no wor%ip ( ! _s4 ,b ,hom]'s sil5ce conc]n+ human sacrifice z a rite ( religion is ( no value z evid5ce = our pres5t "q1 z ,i h argu$ else:]e4#ea4b ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! fairly num]\s records ( actual human sacrifice1 or ( ! semblance or rem9isc5ce ( x1 9 lat] ,greek wor%ip1 records t are f\nd sporadically among mo/ ( ! lead+ ,greek /ocks8 ,! old %ift ( attribut+ to ,ori5tal influ5ces ev]y?+ 9 ,hell5ic religion t cla%$ ) our ideal ( ,hell5ism 0 navely unsci5tific4 ,t ! practice %\ld h sprung up spontane\sly & sudd5ly 9 ! lat] society1 :5 civic life & morality 7 advanc+1 is h>d to believe4 ,x is m natural to suppose t x 0 an immemorial & endur+ tradition ( ! race1 :i* 0 only ) difficulty aboli%$ & :i* l+]$ "h & !re till ! end ( paganism4 ,x has be5 f\nd among _m o!r ,aryan races1 & x 0 especially 9 vogue among ! ,?raco-,phrygian /ock1 ( ne> k9 to ! ,hell5ic4 ,^! g5]al gr\nds = believ+ t #eb x 0 a feature ( ! e>lie/ ,greek religion are confirm$ by "s special evid5ce d]ivable f ! leg5ds & cult-records4 ,x is g5]ally impossible to date ! bir? ( leg5ds2 b "s c be disc]n$ to belong to an e>li] /ratum ?an o!rs2 su* are ! leg5ds conc]n+ ! human sacrifice to ,zeus on ,m\nt ,lykaion 9 ,arcadia1 to :i* is atta*$ ! /ory ( ,k+ ,lykaon & ! banquet t he (f]s to ,zeus on ! fle% ( 8 own son2#eb4a ! ,a*an or ,m9yan /ory ( ! sacrifice to ,zeus ,laphy/ios--,zeus ! ,rav5+--( ! k+'s son ( ! h\se ( ,a?amas2#eb4b ,kyknos' sacrifice ( pilgrims & ! d$ication ( _! skulls to ,apollo on ! ,hyp]borean pilgrims'-way at ! ,a*an ,pagasos2#eb4c ! sacrifice ( a boy & a maid5 to ,artemis by ! ,ionians on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?4#eb4d ,a c>eful /udy ( ! leg5ds ( ^! v>i\s rites w conv9ce "o t !y belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion4 ,! la/ example is specially illum9at+3 ! human sacrifice is "h practis$ by ! ,ionians 9 _! anci5t settlem5ts 9 ! l&1 aft]w>ds call$ ,a*aia2 & its cessation is connect$ ) ! arrival ( ! cult ( ,dionysos & ! return ( ! h]oes f ,troy4 ,! purpose & significance ( ! rite diff]$ probably 9 ! diff]5t cult-c5tres4 ,9 mo/ cases we may int]pret x z piacul>1 ! d$ication to an (f5d$ deity ( a valu$ life1 ! life ( ! k+'s son or daught]1 z a sub/itute = ! life ( ! p1 su* vic>i\s sacrifice be+ a common human in/itution2 9 "s few cases we may #ec disc]n an agricultural motive1 ! blood be+ %$ z a magic *>m to secure f]tility4#ec4a ,at c]ta9 cult-c5tres & at c]ta9 times ! human victim may h be5 reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( ! deity or ! #8daimon'2 & ?is idea might expla9 ! leg5ds conc]n+ ! slay+ ( ,iphig5eia ! prie/ess ( ,artemis1 or ( ! prie/s ( ,dionysos4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ritual ( ,zeus ,lykaios1 we may detect a cannibal-sacram5t1 9 :i* ! holy fle% ( ! victim1 ^: life 0 my/ically "o ) ! ,god's & ! p's1 0 sacram5tally dev\r$4 ,?is gha/ly practice is only d\btfully disclos$ by leg5ds & by int]pretation ( lat] records2 a fa9t rem9isc5ce ( x may also h surviv$ 9 ! ,argive /ory ( ,h>palyke & ,klym5os4#ec4b ,b a close p>allel to x w be not$ 9 ! ,?racian ,dionysiac ritual4 ,summ>y acc\nt ( ! fir/ p]iod4--,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! pre-,hom]ic religi\s age mu/ at _m po9ts rema9 d\btful & hypo!tical2 b c]ta9 def9ite & important facts may be e/abli%$4 ,an?ropomorphism1 9 a degree n f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ,roman religion1 0 already preval5t1 ev5 dom9ant2 & ne>ly all ! lead+ p]sonal div9ities ( ! lat] poly!ism _h already em]g$2 only ,dionysos _h n yet cross$ ! bord] f ,?race2 ,asklepios1 dimly kn[n to ,hom]1 0 m]ely ! local deity ( a small ,!ssalian community1 ,pan m]ely ! daimon ( flocks 9 remote ,arcadia4 ,cretan religion1 also p]sonal 9 its imag9ation & ma9ly an?ropomorphic1 _h left its deep impr9t on ! ma9l&2 & its div9e p]sonalities1 su* z ,rhea1 ! #ed ,"m ( ! ,gods1 & ,aphrodite 7 soon adopt$ by ! nor!rn immigrants1 b n at fir/ into high positions4 ,! deity 0 g5]ally imag9$ n z a _s or a vague cosmic =ce1 b z glorifi$ man1 & !re=e ! religion became adaptable to human progress 9 arts1 civilisation & morality4 ,b mu* 9 ! animal _w /ill appe>$ sacr$ & weird2 & ! deity might be at times inc>nate 9 animal =m4 ,at ! same "t ! religi\s imag9ation 0 /ill p>tly free f ! bias ( p]sonal !ism1 & produc$ vagu] div9e =ms1 ( "s =ce & p[]1 b belong+ r to #8animatism' or polydaimonism ?an to poly!ism4 ,f9ally a /udy ( all ! facts & probabilities may conv9ce a c>eful /ud5t t ! orig9 ( ,greek poly!ism z a :ole f simpl] =ms _c be f\nd 9 ?is e>lie/ p]iod4 ,9 ! second mill5nium1 :i* is ! />t+-po9t = ,hell5ic hi/ory prop]1 we _c disc]n ! #8mak+ ( a ,god' 7unless we mean ! build+-up ( 8 m complex "*71 nor d we />t ) a godless p]iod4 ,we may well believe t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d !ism 0 evolv$ f animism or polydaimonism2 we may believe ! mu* m d\btful !ory t an?ropomorphism arises f a previ\s !riomorphism1 & !re may /ill be "s :o are conv9c$ t !riomorphism implies a totemi/ic society4 ,b1 at any rate1 ^! v>i\s evolutions _h already happ5$ indef9itely be=e ! two /ra9s--! ,nor!rn & ! ,m$it]ranean--_h bl5d$ into ! ,hell5ic race4 ,! high] & ! l[]1 ! m complex & ! simpl]1 =ms ( religi\s imag9ation #ee op]ate toge!r ?r\gh\t ,hell5ic hi/ory2 & ! high]1 ?\gh dom9ant1 nev] :olly absorbs ! l[]1 bo? be+ an intellectual tradition ( an indef9ite pa/4 ,mu* "w on ! orig9s ( ,greek religion has be5 wa/$ because its *ronology is ana*roni/ic4 ,& ! attempt to unlock _m ( its my/]ies by ! key ( totemism has be5 ab&on$ by ^? :o recognise t _m ( ! views conc]n+ ?is social ph5om5on & its religi\s importance1 preval5t 9 a =m] g5]ation1 7 errone\s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod1 #ijj-ejj ,b4,c4 #ef ,we c n[ pursue ! enquiry ne>] ! bord]l9e ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 z x is conv5tionally t]m$4 ,introduction ( wor%ip ( ,dionysos4--,z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & probably e>li]1 a new religion ) a new & impos+ div9ity 0 intrud+ itself into ,hell5ic l&s f ,?race & ,mac$onia4#ef4a ,dionysos & ! ,?racian ritual-leg5d ( ,lyk\rgos are kn[n to ,hom]2 b ! poems sugge/ t he 0 n yet def9itely receiv$ into ! ,hell5ic pan!on4 ,yet !re are reasons = believ+ t ,botia _h receiv$ ! ali5 wor%ip 9 ! #8,m9yan' epo*1 be=e ! incom+ ( ! #8,boiotoi'2 & ,attica be=e ! ,ionic emigration2 :ile 9 ! ,peloponnese ! ,argive leg5d associates ! adv5t ( ! god ) ! names ( ,p]seus & ! ,prtid dyna/y4 ,9 spite ( local opposition & its natural antagonism to ! nasc5t _s ( ,hell5ism1 :i* 0 n[ t5d+ to express itself 9 c]ta9 def9ite & ord]ly =ms ( mood1 ?\ght & feel+1 ! new religion won its way victori\sly1 tak+ ,!bes = its ,hell5ic metropolis1 & "s "t aft]w>ds secur+ its position at ,delphi1 :]e ! prie/hood & ! ,apoll9e oracle become its eag] *ampions4 #eg ,x 0 di/+ui%$ f ! traditional ,hell5ic 9 reg>d to its idea ( div9e p]sonality1 its ritual & its psy*ic influ5ce1 t is to say1 ! mood t x evok$ 9 ! vot>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! figure ( ,dionysos belong$ inde$ to p]sonal !ism1 c]ta9ly 9 ,hell5ic cult & probably 9 ! ,?racian2 b he 0 less %>ply def9$ z a concrete individual ?an 01 = in/ance1 ,apollo or ,a!na2 he 0 vagu] 9 outl9e1 a *angeful p[] conceiv$ m 9 accordance ) daimoni/ic1 lat] ) pan!i/ic ?\ght1 inc>nate 9 _m animal-%apes & op]ative 9 ! life-processes ( ! vegetative _w2 & an atmosph]e ( nature-magic accompani$ him4 ,! c5tral motives ( 8 olde/ =m ( ritual 7 ! bir? & dea? ( ! ,god1 a conception pregnant ( ideas t 7 to develop 9 ! religi\s future1 b ali5 to ! ord9>y ,hell5ic !ology1 ?\gh probably n unfamili> to ! e>li] ,cretan-,myc5an cre$4 ,b ! dea? ( ?is ,god 0 p>tly a fact ( ritual2 he 0 torn to pieces by 8 mad wor%ipp]s & dev\r$ sacram5tally1 = ! bull or ! goat or ! boy :om !y r5t & dev\r$ 0 suppos$ to be 8 tempor>y inc>nation1 s t by ?is savage & at times cannibali/ic communion !y 7 fill$ ) 8 blood & 8 _s & acquir$ miracul\s p[]s4 ,by su* an act &--we may suppose--by ! occasional use ( intoxicants & o!r n]v\s /imulants ! psy*ic condition t ?is wor%ip evok$ 0 fr5zy & ec/asy1 :i* might %[ itself 9 wild outbur/ ( m5tal & physical =ce1 & ! en?usia/ic feel+ ( self-ab&onm5t 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] escap$ ! limits ( 8 own #eh nature & a*iev$ a tempor>y s5se ( id5tity ) ! ,god2 & su* union ) div9ity might avail him ev5 aft] dea?4 ,?is privilege ( ec/asy might be us$ = ! practical purposes ( vegetation-magic1 yet 0 desir$ & proclaim$ = its own sake1 z a m int5se mood ( life4 ,?is religion prea*$ no morality & c\ld ill adapt itself to civic life2 its ideal 0 supranormal psy*ic en]gy4 ,! process :]eby x 0 half captur$ & half tam$ by ! "y ,hell5ic _s =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ,hell5ism4 ,x is conv5i5t = ! purposes ( religi\s /udy to m>k (f ! p]iod betwe5 ! n9? & ! six? c5turies z ! second p]iod ( ,greek religion1 9 :i* we c obs]ve ! work+ ( new =ces & ! developm5t ( old] g]ms into new life4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ! fusion ( ! ,nor!rn]s & ! ,m$it]ranean population 0 ma9ly complete1 & ! ,hell5ic _s _h acquir$ its def9ite in/9cts & bias4 ,! n9? & ! eigh? c5turies witness$ ! diffusion ( epic lit]ature1 ! rise ( lyric poetry1 ! em]g5ce ( ! #8eikon' or idol 9 religi\s art1 & g5]ally ! developm5t ( cities & civic life2 & x is ess5tial to e/imate ! religi\s influ5ce ( ^! =ces4 ,influ5ce ( epic & lyric poetry4--,t ! contribution ( ,hom]ic & ( ! lat] ,hesiodic lit]ature to ! %ap+ & fix+ ( ,hell5ic religion 0 mo/ fruitful & effective _c be d\bt$4 ,only we mu/ n accept ! exagg]at+ view ( ,h]odotus#eh4a t ^! two poets 7 really #ei ! f\nd]s ( ! an?ropomorphic religion1 creat+ ! or?odox ,hell5ic !ogony & det]m9+ ! names & functions & %apes ( ! special div9ities4 ,by su* a /atem5t "s s*ol>s h be5 misl$ into reg>d+ ! ,hom]ic poems z a k9d ( ,greek ,bible1 :i* 9 respect to religi\s matt]s x might be h]esy to disbelieve4 ,b we "k t local temple-leg5d & local folklore c\ld always ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce ( ,hom]ic1 or ,hesiodic au?ority1 9 respect to ! titles ( ! ,gods1 _! relation%ips & g5ealogies4 ,artemis 0 n ev]y:]e reput$ to h ! same p>5tage or ,zeus ! same sp\se4 ,! e>ly epic poets ga!r$ _m ( ! ( %r9es1 b !re 0 mu* t !y did n ga!r & :i* yet surviv$4 ,!re 0 a noticeable p>ticul>ism 9 ,greek !ology1 & no or?odoxy & no het]odoxy 9 ! s5se t x 0 moral to believe or immoral to disbelieve any sacr$ book4 ,! *ief religi\s a*ievem5t ( ,hom] & 8 fell[s 0 to int5sify ! an?ropomorphic tr5d 9 ,greek religion1 to %>p5 & individualise ! concepts ( div9ity1 & to diffuse ?r\gh\t ! ,hell5ic _w a c]ta9 uni=mity ( religi\s imag9ation4 ,to _! "w p>tly1 z well z to ! high] syn!tic p[] ( ! ,greek m9d1 we may ascribe ! fact t 9 spite ( local v>ieties ( my? & cult-title1 9 spite ( ! v>i\s elem5ts t ! div9e p]sonality may h absorb$ f e>li] cult-figures & cult-=ms 9 ! v>i\s cult-c5tres1 yet ! s5se ( ! individual unity ( p]son 0 n lo/ s long z ! same "n 0 9 vogue2 h5ce ,apollo ,lykeios ( ,argos c\ld n be a #fj diff]5t p]son f ! ,apollo ,patros ( ,a!ns1 nor c\ld ho/ility arise betwe5 !m4 ,t is to say1 ! high] religi\s lit]ature impr9t$ a c]ta9 precision & def9it5ess ^u ! p]sonal names ( ! lead+ div9ities & end[$ !m ) a c]ta9 ess5tial connotation2 = example1 ! dogma ( ! virg9ity ( ,a!na & ,artemis1 always pres5t$ 9 ! high] poetry1 prevail$ s f> z to suppress ! mat]nal "* t may h atta*$ to !m 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod & ( :i* we c /ill disc]n a glimm]+ 9 c]ta9 local cults4#fj4a ,& to ?is task ( %ap+ ! div9e *>act]s ! ris+ lyric poetry1 :i* 0 gr[+ up ) ! decay ( ! epic1 & :i* 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,hell5ic passion = discipl9$ =m 0 develop+ fix$ types ( song & music appropriate to special fe/ivals & wor%ips1 mu/ h contribut$ mu*4 ,! #8spondaic' metre 0 adapt$ to ! invocation or hymn sung at ! libation--! --to ,zeus1 & ! solemn gravity ( ! spondaic fragm5t attribut$ to ,t]p&] fitt+ly expresses ! maje/y ( ! high ,god1 8! primal cause ( all ?+s1 ! ,lead] ( ! _w40#fj4b ,! pan & ! #8nomos' became in/9ct ) ! ,apoll9e1 ! ,di?yrambos ) ! ,dionysiac _s1#fj4c ! _s ( ord] & self-re/ra9t on ! "o h&1 ! _s ( ec/asy & passion on ! o!r4 ,! e>li] ,greek lyric 0 9 fact ma9ly religi\s1 be+ compos$ = public or private occasions ( wor%ip2 its vogue 0 !re=e wide & 9 "s communities1 z 9 ,arcadia1 ! s++ #fa ( ^! compositions =m$ "p ( ! national tra9+ ( ! "y4#fa4a ,idolatry4--,ano!r ph5om5on ( importance at ! beg9n+ ( ?is second p]iod is ! rise ( idolatry1 ! preval5ce ( ! use ( ! #8eikon' 9 actual wor%ip 9 place ( ! old] aniconic #8agalma1' :i* _h suffic$ = ! ,m9oan & ! ,hom]ic _w z a tok5 ( ! div9e pres5ce or z a magnet attract+ x to ! wor%ipp]4 ,?is important *ange 9 ! object ( cult may h be5 beg9n+ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 = we h "o indication ( x 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 & rec5tly on "o ( a s]ies ( vases ( ! e>ly geometric /yle f\nd 9 a grave ne> ,knossos ( ! po/-,m9oan p]iod ! figures ( an arm$ ,god & ,goddess are depict$ on l[ bases1 evid5tly idols1 & p]haps ! e>lie/ surviv+ ( any ,hell5ic div9ity4#fa4b ,h5ce=?1 al?\gh ! old feti*-object1 ! aniconic #8agalma1' l+]$ long 9 c]ta9 %r9es & holy places1 ! impulse t[>ds idolatry became imp]i\s & almo/ univ]sal1 ex]cis+ a mighty influ5ce on ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! ,hell5es bo? be=e & aft] ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! wor%ip be=e ! idol int5sifi$ ! already p[]ful an?ropomorphic in/9ct ( ! poly!ism2 & 0 at once a s\rce ( /r5g? & a cause ( n>r[ness4 ,x br\ght to ! p a /rong conviction ( ! real pres5ce ( ! concrete & individual div9ity2 &1 z x gave its m&ate to ! greate/ art ( ! _w1 x evolv$ ! ideal ( div9ity z ! ideal ( humanity1 expressible 9 =ms ( beauty1 /r5g?1 & maje/y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a =ce #fb work+ aga9/ ! developm5t ( a m my/ic1 m immat]ial religion1 or ( a consci\sness ( ,godhead z an all-p]vad+ _s1 su* z might arise out ( ! vagu] religi\s p]ception ( ^? half-p]sonal #8daimones' or #8num9a1' :i* nev] :olly fad$ f ! popul> cre$4 ,progress ( an?ropomorphism4--,x is int]e/+ to m>k )9 ?is second p]iod ! v>i\s effects ( ! n[ regnant an?ropomorphism4 ,^? functional #8daimones' m5tion$ above t5d to leave ! amorph\s twilight ( religi\s p]ception1 9 :i* ! ,roman #8,indigitam5ta' rema9$1 & to be attract$ into ! /rong] life ( p]sonal !ism4 #8,k\rotrophos1' once p]haps only a vague functional p[] t nurtur$ *ildr51 becomes id5tifi$ ) ,artemis or ,ge2#fb4a #81' #8,div9e v]dure1' :5 ! cult 0 introduc$ f ! ,m>a?onian ,tetrapolis to ! ,akropolis ( ,a!ns--if ?is inde$ is a true acc\nt ( its c>e]1 c\ld only ma9ta9 h]self z ,demet] 4#fb4b ,aga9 ! "n comes to be appli$ to ev5 ! mo/ %ad[y ( ^! functional p[]s1 to 1 ! ,fly-*as]1 ! mo/ limit$ & mom5t>y ( !m all1 to ,euno/os1 ! daimon ( good h>ve/1 ab\t :om a v human tale is told1 & to call !m #8,h]oes' implies t !y 7 imag9$ z semi-div9e m5 :o once liv$ on ! e>?4 ,ev5 ! mo/ immat]ial =ces1 "s ( ^? :i* m>k m5tal phases or social conditions1 su* z ,love1 ,fri5d%ip1 ,peace1 became (t5 = ! religi\s imag9ation p]sonal individuals ) human relation%ips2#fb4c ?us ,eir5e #fc em]ges almo/ z a real goddess ) ! traits ( ,demet]1 on a relief 9 ! ,jacobs5 ,collection is individualis$ z ! "m ( ,zeus ,philios1 9 defiance ( ! traditional !ogony4#fc4a ,o!rs su* z #8' #8,compassion' rema9$ 9 ! bord]l& betwe5 animat+ =ces & p]sonal deities4 ,b we obs]ve 9 _m cases t ! "n itself 0 an ob/acle to ! em]g5ce ( a conv9c+ly p]sonal ,god or ,goddess2 & :]e ?is is ! case ! p]sonality nev] c\ld play a lead+ "p 9 ! advanc$ religion4 ,?us bore a "n t d5ot$ no?+ m ?an #8! ,he>?1' consid]$ z animate & holy2 ,greek an?ropomorphism did its utmo/ = h]1 b nev] or r>ely succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ h] z a fully =m$ p]sonal goddess4 ,! same ph5om5on is obs]vable 9 reg>d to ,ge1 ,helios & ,sel5e2 x 0 easy to reg>d !m z animate sub/ances or p[]s & z su* to wor%ip !m2 su* wor%ip !y receiv$ ?r\gh\t all p]iods ( ,greek religion1 b no direction ( ! moral1 social & spiritual progress ( ! race1 = _! names connot$ s obvi\sly sub/ances unlike & ali5 to man t !y c\ld n ) conviction be imag9$ z glorifi$ m5 or wom54#fc4b ,x 0 o!rwise ) su* names z ,apollo1 ,h]a1 ,a!na1 :i* c\ld become z real & individual z ,miltiades or ,!mi/okles2 & x is ^! humanis$ p]sonalities t alone dom9ate ! high] religion ( ,greece4 ,! spiritual c>e] ( ,demet] only began :5 m5 =got ! orig9al mean+ ( h] "n & half =got t %e 0 #fd only ,"m ,e>?4 ,! #8,anemoi' be+ m]e #8,w9ds1' 7 sc>cely fitt$ = civic life2 b ,boreas1 hav+ a p]sonal "n1 c\ld become a citiz5 & 0 actually wor%ipp$ z #8! ,citiz5' at ,?\rioi4#fd4a ,a curi\s & unsci5tific di/9ction t ,ari/ophanes makes betwe5 ! religions ( ! ,hell5es & ! ,b>b>ians#fd4b has its ju/ification f ?is po9t ( view4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,polis on religion4--,! _s ( ! ,polis1 ! dom9ant influ5ce 9 ,greek religion ?r\gh\t ?is second p]iod1 work$ 9 ! same direction z ! an?ropomorphic in/9ct2 giv+ complexity1 v>i$ individuality & an ev]-gr[+ social value to ! idea ( ,godhead4 ,! deities ( ! wild ent] ! r+-wall ( ! city & %$ mu* ( _! wild "*4 ,apollo ,lykeios ! ,wolf-,god1 ent]s ,argos & becomes ! political lead] ( ! ,/ate1 9 ^: temple a p]petual fire 0 ma9ta9$1 symbol ( ! p]petual life ( ! community4#fd4c ,& ! advanc$ civic imag9ation t5d$ to trans=m ! primitive !riolatry or !riomorphic ideas t /ill surviv$4 ,pro(s ( direct animal wor%ip 9 ! lat] p]iod are v r>e & g5]ally d\btful2 = ! anci5t writ]s apply ! t]m #8wor%ip' c>elessly1 apply+ x to any trivial act ( rev]5tial treatm5t4#fd4d ,9 ! few cases :]e we c /ill disc]n ! animal receiv+ cult1 we f9d ! anomaly expla9$ away by "s association e/abli%$ betwe5 ! animal & ! an?ropomorphic deity or h]o4 ,?us ! wolf became no long] sacr$ 9 #fe its own "r--if inde$ x ev] 0--b might be rev]5c$ "h & !re z ! occasional inc>nation ( ,apollo or z 8 guide or companion4 ,! primitive population ( ! ,troad may once h #8wor%ipp$' ! field-m\se1 ?\gh ! au?ority t atte/s x is a late & d\btful "o2 b :5 ,apollo becomes 9 ?is region ! civic gu>dian ( ! olians & ! protector ( _! crops1 he takes a title f ! m\se 7 f 71 & ! m\se is c>v$ at ! side ( ! an?ropomorphic image z a propitiatory h9t to ! re/ ( ! species n to injure ! corn1 or z a h9t to ! ,god t mice ne$$ regulat+4#fe4a ,! s]p5t wor%ipp$ 9 ! cav]n1 or 9 "s hole or corn] ( ! h\se--vaguely1 9 #8,aryan' times1 z ! ,e>?-daimon or ,h\se-g5ius--became int]pret$ z ! embodim5t ( ! ance/or ,ere*!us ( ,a!ns1 or ,ku*reus ( ,salamis1 or ,zeus 1 ! gu>dian ( ! h\sehold possessions1 or ( ,zeus ,meili*ios1 ! ne!r ,god4 ,:5 ! v human ,asklepios came to ,a!ns t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 he br\ght ) him c]ta9 dogs :o 7 m9i/]s ( heal+2 & ! ,a!nians (f]$ sacrificial cakes bo? to ! ,god & to 8 dogs :o p>took ( 8 sanctity4#fe4b ,?is may appe> a /range imbecility2 b at all ev5ts we disc]n 9 ^! facts ! preval5t an?ropomorphism dom9at+ & trans=m+ :at x c\ld n aboli% ( ! old !riolatry2 j z we see ! co9-arti/ ( ,phigaleia trans=m+ ! unc\? type ( ! horse-head$ ,demet] into a beautiful human =m ( a goddess #ff we>+ a necklace ) a horse-ho( z its p5dant4 ,! sacr$ animal nev] :olly di$ out ( ,hellas2 b x c\ld only ma9ta9 its wor%ip by ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! human gods4 ,! expansion ( ! civic sy/em 9 ?is second p]iod1 due to ext5d$ colonisation & comm]ce1 induc$ a developm5t ( law & an expansion ( moral & religi\s ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ vital results ( ! in/itution ( ! ,polis 0 ! wid5+ ( ! idea ( k9%ip4 ,= 9 !ory ! city 0 a congregation ( k9sm51 a comb9ation ( tribes1 phratries1 & families1 wid] or n>r[] associations fram$ on a k9-basis2 & x gradually evolv$ ! belief1 pregnant ( legal & moral developm5ts1 t e citiz5 0 ( k9 to e o!r4 ,9 consonance ) ! conception ( ! ,/ate z an ext5d$ family1 we f9d c]ta9 anci5t family-cults tak5 ov] into ! religion ( ! ,polis4 ,z ! private family 0 knit toge!r by ! wor%ip ( ! ,he>? 9 ! hall & ( ,zeus 1 #8! ,god ( ! ,g>?1' 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se1 s ! ,city has its common ,he/ia or ,holy ,he>?1 ^u :i* (t5 a p]petual fire 0 ma9ta9$ 9 its #8,prytaneion' or ,common ,hall2 & ! ,cult ( ,zeus 0 e/abli%$ 9 anci5t days on ! ,akropolis ( ,a!ns4 ,! organisation ( ! #8phratries' 0 consecrat$ to ! high deities1 ,zeus ,a!na &--among "s ,ionic communities--to ,aphrodite2 & ! decisions ( ! #8phrat]es' or #8,bro!rs' on que/ions ( adoption & legitimacy ( citiz5s 7 deliv]$ f ! alt> ( ,zeus ,phratrios2 :ile ! union ( ! local di/ricts or #8demes' 0 sanctifi$ by ! cult ( ,zeus or #fg ,aphrodite ,p&emos1 ! ,god or ,goddess ( #8all ! demes4' ,also1 ! ,polis organis$ & ma9ta9$ ! k9dr$-fe/ivals ( commemoration prop] to ! family or g5s or phratria1 ! ,all-,s\ls celebration ( ! dead :i* 0 held at ! end ( ! ,an!/]ia2 ! 1 ! fun]al fea/s ( ! 2 ! #8,apat\ria1' ! jo9t fe/ival ( ! phratries2 :ile ! great a*ievem5t ( ! consolidation ( ! scatt]$ gr\ps into ! s+le city 0 celebrat$ at ,a!ns by ! fe/ival ( ! 1 ! #8,union ( all ! ,h\ses1' & ! ,pana!naia1 ! all-,attic fea/ ( ,a!na4 ,! picture t ^! facts pres5t ( a ,/ate-religion bas$ on ! idea ( ! family & ( k9%ip is ma9ly drawn f ,a!ns1 ( :i* ! religi\s record is always ! ri*e/2 b x reflects und\bt$ly ! sy/em ( ! o!r ,hell5ic /ates z well4 ,_m ( _! records atte/ ! belief t "s "o ( ! high div9ities 0 ! ance/or or ance/ress ( ! :ole p1 & ?is ance/ry 0 und]/ood 9 ! physical & lit]al s5se4 ,?us ,apollo #8,patros' 0 ! div9e ance/or1 be+ ! fa!r ( ,ion1 ( ! ,ionic population ( ,attica1 & ev5 ! non-,ionic /ock ( t community1 desir$ = political purposes to affiliate !mselves to ?is ,god4#fg4a ,9 ! same s5se he 0 call$ 1 #8! ,fa!r' 9 ,delos4#fg4b ,zeus 0 ! fa!r ( ,arkas1 ! eponym\s h]o ( ! ,arcadians1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z at ,tegea#fg4c2 ,h]mes also 0 ance/ral ,god ( "p ( #fh ! ,arcadian l& & id5tifi$ ) ! ance/or ,aipytos4#fh4a ,^! religi\s fictions came to ex]t an important influ5ce on morality & also to develop a c]ta9 spiritual significance :i* w be consid]$ lat]4 ,h]o-cult4--,?is aspect ( ! public religion is fur!r emphasis$ by ! prevail+ cu/om ( h]o-wor%ip :i* appe>s to h ga!r$ /r5g? 9 ?is second p]iod4 ,! h]o 9 ! te*nical s5se 0 "o ^: tomb 0 hon\r$ ) semi-div9e rites & :o 0 reg>d$ ei!r z a glori\s man ( ! pa/ or z ! mortal ance/or ( ! ,/ate or ! tribe or ! clan4 ,! fir/ cle> evid5ce ( ?is 9 lit]ature is 9 ! poem ( ,arkt9os ( ,miletos call$ ! #8,ai?iopis1' t may belong to ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 9 :i* ! apo!osis ( ,a*illes 0 describ$4 ,b !re is1 z has be5 said1 /rong reason = believ+ t ! practice ( #8h]ois+' ! dead desc5d$ f ! pre-,hom]ic age4 ,nev]!less1 ( ! multitude ( h]o & ance/or cults record$ 9 anci5t ,hellas1 ! great] numb] are probably po/-,hom]ic4 ,we f9d ! ,delphic oracle giv+ vigor\s enc\ragem5t to ! in/itution ( !m1 & 9 ! six? c5tury cities beg9 to negotiate & dispute ab\t ! possession ( ! relics ( h]oes4 ,"s ( ^! 9 ! old] cults may h be5 actual liv+ m51 dimly rememb]$1 "s 7 fictiti\s ance/ors1 l ,arkas & ,lak$aimon1 "s may h be5 fad$ deities1 su* z 7 ,eub\leus at ,eleusis & ,trophonios at ,lebadeia4 ,b all 7 imag9$ by ! wor%ipp] to h be5 once m5 or wom5 liv+ ^u ! e>?4 ,?is1 #fi !n1 becomes a fact ( importance = ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! _w1 = x eng5d]s1 or at lea/ enc\rages1 ! belief t human be+s might ?r\gh exceptional m]it be exalt$ aft] dea? to a condition ( bless$ immortality1 n z m]e spirits1 b z be+s ) glorifi$ body & s\l4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 anci5t h]oes1 long ende>$ to ! p z ! primeval p>5t or ! w>-lead] ( _! =efa!rs1 become rais$ to ! position ( ! high ,god & m]g$ 9 8 be+2 ,ere*!us %>es ! alt> & ev5 ! title ( ,poseidon & ,zeus1 ,aipytos ( ,arcadia becomes ,h]mes1 ,agamemnon 9 ,laconia at la/ is fus$ ) ,zeus4#fi4a ,nor 9 ?is second p]iod 7 su* h]oic hon\rs res]v$ = ! remote ance/or or ! great k+ or w>rior ( old1 b 7 sometimes paid to ! rec5tly dead1 to ! m5 :o _h s]v$ ! ,/ate well by arms or by c\nsel4 ,on ! assumption t ,lyk\rgos ( ,sp>ta 0 a real man--& no o!r !ory t be>s scrut9y has be5 put =w>d ab\t him--8 case is ! e>lie/ record$ in/ance ( ! #8h]ois+' ( a p]sonage ( ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,a great /imulus ab\t ?is "t 0 giv5 to ?is practice by ! expansion ( ,greek colonisation1 ! greate/ _w-ev5t ( ! p]iod1 :i* react$ 9 _m ways on religion4 ,z ! new coloni/s c\ld n take ) !m ! tombs or ! bones ( ! aborig9al h]o ( _! /ock1 !y mu/ in/itute a new h]o-cult1 s z to b9d ! new citiz5s toge!r by ! tie ( h]oic k9%ip4 ,! #gj mo/ natural p]son to select = ?is high hon\r 0 ! f\nd] or lead] ( ! colony1 ! or z he 0 call$2 & we may reg>d x z ! usual rule t1 :5 he di$1 he w\ld be buri$ )9 ! city & 8 tomb w\ld become a #8' & w\ld be visit$ ye>ly ) annual (f]+s4 ,t ! ord9>y head ( ! private h\sehold 9 ?is p]iod receiv$ po/hum\s hon\rs am\nt+ to actual wor%ip _c be def9itely prov$4 ,! t5dance ( ! dead _h become inde$ a matt] ( religion1 & at ,a!ns 0 atta*$ to ! ritual ( ! /ate by ! commemorative fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls1 ! 1 or #8,fea/ ( ,pots1' ! la/ day ( ! ,an!/]ia4 ,b no?+ t is record$ ( ?is gho/-c]emony convicts x ( actual wor%ip2 ! gho/s are invit$ to sp5d ! day ) ! h\sehold t holds !m 9 affection2 !y are (f]$ pots ( porridge1 & !n at sunset are reque/$ or comm&$ to dep>t4 ,pray]s are pr(f]$ 9 _! behalf to ! p[]s ( dea?1 b n directly to ! gho/s !mselves2 no cult is (f]$ !m z to sup]ior be+s end[$ ) sup]natural p[] ov] ! lives ( individuals & /ates4#gj4a ,nev]!less1 ! passionate s]vice ( lam5tation & ! extravagant d$ication ( gifts :i* m>k$ ! fun]al c]emonies ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies & :i* c]ta9 e>ly legislation 0 fram$ to *eck1 reveals a feel+ ab\t ! dead bord]+ on v5]ation & su* z might inspire actual wor%ip4 ,we may safely assume t ! gr[+ int]e/ ( ! ,/ates 9 h]o-cult int5sifi$ ! family #ga aspect ( ! ,/ate-religion2 ! h]o z ! glori\s k9sman is invit$ to ! sacrifices ( ! high] deities1 & to ! hospitable ritual kn[n z ! #8!ox5ia' 9 :i* ! ,god himself is ! ho/4 ,x is important = ! /ud5t ( religion to m>k ! consequ5ces ( ?is close association ( ! civic religion ) ! idea ( k9%ip t held toge!r ! family & tribe4 ,^! h be5 e/imat$ m at l5g? else:]e#ga4a & only a few g5]al obs]vations are possible "h4 ,:]e a family bond exi/s betwe5 ! deity & ! city1 ! _s ( g5ial fell[%ip is likely to prevail 9 ! ritual & religi\s emotions1 & ! family meal might become ! type ( ! public sacrificial meal ) ! god4 ,su* a religion is adv]se to proselytism2 = z x is ! sacr$ pr]ogative ( c]ta9 k9dr$ /ocks1 its pr9ciple means ! exclusion ( ! /rang]4 ,its religi\s & moral feel+ is naturally clanni%2 ! :ole gr\p mu/ %>e 9 ! moral guilt ( ! individual1 & ! s9s ( ! fa!rs w be visit$ on ! *ildr54 ,x af=ds a ke5 /imulus to local patriotism & quick5s an ard5t life )9 ! wall ( ! city2 x has at ! same "t ! natural defects ( n>r[ness ( view4 ,yet1 9 ! c\rse ( religi\s evolution1 we mu/ reg>d ! old ,hell5ic conception ( ! ,god ! ,fa!r ( ! tribe or ! city z pregnant ( ! l>g] idea ( ,god z ! ,fa!r ( mank9d1 an idea :i* _h already dawn$ ^u ,hom] at a "t :5 ! tribal _s ( religion 0 /ill at its height4 ,a fur!r result ( su* a sy/em is t ! #gb ,/ate-div9ities become also ! patrons & gu>dians ( ! family morality1 ,zeus & ,h]a1 = in/ance1 ! sup]visors ( ! human m>riage & ( ! duties ( m>ri$ life2 & copi\s records pres5t ! ,high ,god z ! protector ( ! fa!r's "r2 ( ! tie t b9ds toge!r ! bre?r51 ! si/]s1 ! k9sm54 ,:ile su* a religion 0 a liv+ =ce1 x 0 n likely t ! family c\ld ass]t itself z aga9/ ! ,/ate2 to m>ry heal?fully & e>ly1 to beget vigor\s *ildr5 z def5d]s ( ! ,/ate & ! family graves1 to *]i% & hon\r "o's p>5ts1 to protect ! orphan1 ^! 7 patriotic religi\s duties t 7 inspir$ by ! develop$ ,/ate-religion & /r5u\sly prea*$ by ! be/ e?ical tea*]s ( ,greece4 ,! ,/ate be+ ! family #8writ l>ge1' private morality & public c\ld n cla%4 ,! brutal action ( ,kreon 9 ! ,antigone is equally an attack on ! religion ( ! ,/ate z on t ( ! family2 & x 0 n till ! fif? c5tury t ! claim ( private consci5ce z aga9/ ! family & ! ,/ate c\ld arise or t ! "q c\ld be ask$ 8,:e!r ! good man 0 really ! same z ! good citiz540 ,influ5ce ( political religion on law4--,( /ill great] int]e/ is an important advance 9 crim9al law1 disc]nible z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury1 :i* may be trac$ p>tly to ! gr[? ( ! ,city1 ) its ext5d$ idea ( k9%ip1 p>tly to ! gr[+ int5sity ( ! belief 9 ! p[] & significance ( ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,9 ! mo/ primitive p]iod ( ,hellas1 ! %$d+ ( k9sman's blood 0 already a he9\s s92 b ! slay+ ( "o outside ! k9dr$ #gc circle 0 nei!r a s9 aga9/ ,god nor a social crime4 ,b z ! public m9d ( ,greece became p5etrat$ ) ! feel+ t all ! citiz5s ( ! ,polis 7 9 "s s5se ak91 ! slay+ ( a citiz5 became a crim9al act ( :i* ! ,/ate1 & no long] m]ely ! clan ( ! sla9 man1 w\ld take cognisance4 ,& ?is exp&$ concept ( law is reflect$ 9 ! expansion ( an anci5t & mo/ significant cult1 ! cult ( ,zeus ,meili*ios4#gc4a ,?is 0 ! und]world ,god1 :o 0 ang]$ & mu/ be appeas$ :5 k9dr$ blood 0 %$2 z ! idea ( k9%ip 0 enl>g$1 any civic massacre might ar\se 8 wra? & rites ( atonem5t might be (f]$ to him4 ,?is ke5] s5sitiv5ess conc]n+ ! sanctity ( human life 0 accompani$ by a feel+ t blood%$ might impr9t a /a9 on ! slay] t r5d]$ him rituali/ically unclean1 t is1 tempor>ily unfit to approa* ! ,gods or m52 x 0 also =tifi$ by ! gr[+ fe> ( ! gho/-_w1 :i* seems to h la9 m heavily on ! po/-,hom]ic society ?an on ,hom]'s m54 ,x is h>d to give ! dates = ?is section ( ! m5tal hi/ory ( ,hellas4 ,! fir/ record ( ! ?\ght1 :i* is n[h]e explicit 9 ,hom]1 t homicide 9 c]ta9 circum/ances dem&s purification is d]iv$ f ! ,ai?iopis ( ,arkt9os1 ! epic poet ( ,miletos 9 ! eigh? c5tury4#gc4b ,a*illes1 hav+ sla9 ! wor?less ,!rsites1 mu/ retire f ! army = a :ile to be purifi$ 9 ,lesbos by ,apollo & ,artemis2 we m>k "h t ! sla9 man 0 no k9sman ( ! slay] 9 any true s5se #gd ( ! ^w1 b 0 a memb] ( ! same ,a*an community1 & !re=e 8 slay+ br\ght a religi\s impurity ^u ! h]o2 & we may believe t ! n>rative reveals ! e>ly religi\s law ( ,miletos4 ,b we mu/1 9 pass+1 recognise ! possibility t ^! app>5tly new manife/ations may be only a revival ( immemorial ?\ght & feel+1 common 9 ! old] non-,hell5ic societies1 & only = a "t susp5d$4#gd4a ,influ5ce ( ,delphi & ,crete4--,9 ?is po/-,hom]ic developm5t ( a sy/em ( purification f blood%$1 ! leg5ds sugge/ t ,crete & ,delphi play$ a mom5t\s "p4 ,9 ! great isl&1 ! cradle ( ,european culture1 ! cult ( ,zeus _h e>ly atta*$ to itself c]ta9 ,ca?>tic ideas1 probably ( ,dionysiac orig94 ,& probably 9 ! pre-,hom]ic p]iod ! influ5ce ( ,crete _h rea*$ ,delphi2 :ile ! leg5d ( ! migration ( ,apollo ,delph9ios f ,crete to ,delphi1 & ! /ory t ! ,god himself mu/ g to ?is isl& to be purifi$ f ! blood ( ,py?on1 belong to ! second p]iod ) :i* we are deal+4 ,we h reason to believe t ! ,delphic ,god--?r\gh ! ag5cy ( 8 politic prie/hood--0 ass]t+ 8 claim 9 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies to be ! dictator 9 ! matt] ( purification f homicide1 & ?us to satisfy ! crav+s ( an awak5+ consci5ce4 ,?is claim may h be5 sugge/$ p>tly by ! fe> ( competition ) ! spread+ ,dionysiac religion1 :i* also br\ght ) x a #8,ka?>tic' message1 & ) :i* ! ,delphic prie/hood 7 wise en\gh to agree quickly2 p>tly also by ! aborig9al nature ( #ge ,apollo1 :o 0 immemorially or #8pure4' ,?\gh ! claim 0 n univ]sally admitt$ & ! ,apoll9e jurisdiction c\ld n oblit]ate ! function ( o!r div9ities 9 ?is matt]1 yet x 0 p[]ful & effective ( mu* t 0 vital bo? to law & religion4 ,( ! e>ly proc$ure at ,delphi we "k no?+4 ,if ! god ex]cis$ discretion 9 8 grant ( purification1 if he refus$1 = in/ance1 to purify ! delib]ate & cold-blood$ murd]]1 "h 0 ! opportunity = ! em]g5ce ( a civilis$ law ( homicide4 ,x may n h be5 until ! sev5? c5tury t any ,hell5ic /ate c\ld express 9 a legal e/abli%m5t its consci\sness ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! act ( murd] & ! act ( ju/ifiable or accid5tal homicide4 ,! e>lie/ t we "k ( 0 ! law-c\rt1 1 8ne> ! image or %r9e ( ! ,dolph9-,god0--e/abli%$ at ,a!ns "u ! patronage ( ! ,cretan-,delphic ,god to try cases :]e ! homicide 0 admitt$ & ju/ification 0 plead$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ,attic c\rts t dealt ) ! same (f5ce1 rites ( purification 7 (t5 an ess5tial adjunct ( ! c]emony4 ,! typical leg5d t en%r9es ! e>ly ideas ( #8,ka?>sis' & turns on ! "q ( ju/ifiable homicide is ! leg5d ( ,ore/es1 :i* _h spread ar\nd ! ,peloponnese & p5etrat$ ,attica z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury1 & lat] became ,pan-,hell5ic4 ,apollo1 z a div9e ag5t1 appe>s 9 x fir/1 z f> z we h any lit]>y record1 9 ! lyric ( ,/esi*oros1 & at "s indet]m9ate date 9 ?is p]iod und]took ! purification ( ! matricide4 ,influ5ce ( ,delphi on colonisation4--,^! #gf ,ca?>tic functions & ! g5]al dem& = _! ex]cise mu/ h greatly enhanc$ ! influ5ce ( ,delphi 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod4 ,x 0 d\btless /r5g!n$ ev5 m by ! great secul> movem5t ( ,greek colonisation4 ,) wise =esight ! ,god _h und]tak5 ! guidance & enc\ragem5t ( ?is already 9 ! e>lie/ days :5 ! ,hell5es 7 pu%+ across ! sea2 = x seems z if ! fir/ ,greek settlem5ts on ! ,asia ,m9or coa/1 ! ,lycian & ! olic1 7 due to 8 lead]%ip if n to 8 inspiration4 ,! leg5ds t associate him ) ! ,dorian migration into ! ,peloponnese are too p[]ful to be reject$4 ,& aft] ?is ev5t1 :5 light beg9s to %9e on ,greek hi/ory & ! ,hell5ic race 0 rapidly e/abli%+ t *a9 ( colonies across & ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean :i* 7 to diffuse ,greek culture ?r\gh ! _w1 ! p[] ( ,delphi & ! ,delphic oracle rea*$ its z5i?4 ,= x is cle> t x 0 ! prevail+ fa%ion to consult ! ,py?ian ,apollo z to ! *oice ( a site4 ,h5ce x came ab\t t 9 s _m ,greek cities ,apollo 0 wor%ipp$ z 1 t is1 z ! div9e f\nd]1 & t ! fl\ri%+ communities ( ! ,we/ s5t back ti!-(f]+s to 8 %r9e4#gf4a ,0 x by "s accid5t or by some?+ ess5tial 9 8 e>ly cult & "* t ! ,god 0 able to play ?is mom5t\s political "p1 su* z no o!r deity has ev] play$ 9 ! secul> hi/ory ( 8 p8 ,! cause may lie f> back 9 ! dim antiquity ( ! ,apoll9e cult1 :5 he 0 specially 1 a god #8( ! road1' ! lead] ( ! migratory ho/4 ,& #gg 9 pre-,hom]ic times1 if n aborig9ally1 he 0 already an oracul> ,god2 nor 0 any occasion s urg5t = a consultation ( ! local oracle z :5 ! p 7 sett+ =? on _! p]il\s pa? to f9d a new home4#gg4a ,! ,delphic oracle4--,! spiritual hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic race 9 ! e>ly hi/ory p]iod1 :5 we m>k a gr[+ consci\sness ( nationality & ( k9%ip 9 ! v>i\s /ocks1 is v mu* a record ( ! c>e] & activity ( ! ,delphic oracle2 & ?is is too complex & l5g?y a !me to be m ?an adumbrat$ "h4#gg4b ,due p>tly to ! local position & ! immemorial sanctity ( ! oracle1 p>tly to ! devotion & ! grateful remembrance ( ! p[]ful ,dorian /ates 9 ! ,peloponnese1 ! ,py?ian wor%ip came to ov]%ad[ ! ,delian1 & provid$ ! *ief religi\s c5tre & ! /ronge/ bond ( spiritual unity 9 ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,= political unity x c\ld d little1 ow+ to ! c5trifugal bias ( ,greek politics2 yet ! ,delphic ,amphiktyony1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ^! religi\s conf$]ations t are record$ "h & !re 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greece1 conta9$ )9 x ! g]ms ( int]tribal morality & concord4 ,its memb]s 7 n inde$ pl$g$ to p]petual amity1 b at lea/ to a c]ta9 mutual =be>ance ev5 9 _! w>like deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,b ! *ief regulative functions ( ! oracle 7 conc]n$ ) que/ions ( ! in/itution & adm9i/ration ( cults1 ) ! doma9s ( legislation1 colonisation1 public & ev5 private morality & conduct4 ,9 ! sph]e ( religion x d\btless #gh emphasis$ ! necessity ( purification f blood%$2 o!rwise x _h no high religi\s message to deliv]2 b x 0 en?usia/ic = ! propagation ( ! cult ( ,dionysos1 & x au?oris$ & sometimes enc\rag$ ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds ! po/hum\s wor%ip ( di/+ui%$ m54 ,9 ! sph]e ( morality its /&>d 0 g5]ally high & its influ5ce b5efic5t1 especially--if we c tru/ ! record--9 ! lat] p]iod :5 x play$ ! "p ( a ,/ate-,confessional & 9 its utt]ances reflect$ g5]ally ! progress ( ,greek e?ics & ! _s ( an enlight5$ humanit>ianism4 ,b its *ief religi\s a*ievem5ts 7 to br+ "s pr9ciple ( unity & au?ority into ! complex & %ift+ aggregate ( ,greek poly!ism1 & to deep5 ! impression on ! ,hell5ic m9d ( ! div9e ord]+ ( ! _w2 & ! fruits ( ?is tea*+ we ga!r 9 ! works ( ,attic trag$y & 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus4 ,9 view ( ! hi/ory ( o!r temple in/itutions ( l p[] among o!r peoples--! ,mesopotamian1 = in/ance--we may be surpris$ t ! ,delphic prie/hood made no attempt to impose ,apollo z ! supreme ,god ^u ! ,hell5ic /ates4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic hymn1 compos$ p>tly "u ,delphic influ5ces1 exalts ,apollo z high z he d>es2 b nei!r 9 ?is nor 9 any ,delphic utt]ance is ,apollo pres5t$ z m ?an ! m9i/] ( ,zeus1 ! m\?piece ( ! supreme ,fa!r-,god1 ! tradition ( ^: supremacy among ! ,aryan ,hell5es _h be5 fix$ fa/ by ,hom] & ! ,hom]idai4 ,nor did ! ,delphic ,apollo succe$ 9 a*iev+ a monopoly ( div9ation2 = ! _s ( local #gi indep5d5ce 0 oppos$ to any div9e monopoly 9 any dep>tm5t ( life4 ,& o!r oracles1 su* z "s ( ^? on ! ,asia ,m9or %ore1 acquir$ consid]able pre/ige1 especially 9 ! lat] p]iod :5 ! influ5ce ( ,delphi _h decl9$4 ,b f ! eigh? till ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! ,py?ian is ! only "o ( ! _m mantic in/itutions t is to be reg>d$ z a vital =ce ( ,pan-,hell5ism4 ,! games ( ,greece4--,z ano!r important ph5om5on belong+ to ! e>li] "p ( ?is second p]iod we note ! em]g5ce & developm5t ( ! great ,hell5ic games4 ,"s rec5t !ori/s h suppos$ t all ! public a?letic conte/s 9 ,greece arose directly f "s religi\s ritual belong+ to ! cult ei!r ( ! gods or ( ! dead h]o4 ,! evid5ce is faulty & ! rituali/ic orig9 ( ^! in/itutions is unprov54 ,b a common temple-wor%ip und\bt$ly gave ! opportunity & ! occasion to ! developm5t ( ! f\r ,great ,games1 & f ! beg9n+ !y 7 plac$ b5ea? ! gis ( religion4 ,& ^! mu/ be reckon$ z among ! /ronge/ ,pan-,hell5ic influ5ces1 evok+ & /r5g!n+ ! consci\sness ( nationality4 ,= 9 ! six? c5tury ! :ole ( ,hellas1 ea/]n & we/]n1 0 repres5t$ at ,olympia1 ,py?o1 ! ,i/hmus & ,nemea2 "h 0 ma9ta9$ ! #8truce ( ,god' betwe5 ! jeal\s or ho/ile communities2 & at ,olympia once 9 e f\r ye>s ! ,pan-,hell5es (f]$ a common homage to _! aborig9al ,fa!r-,god4 ,we mu/ !n reg>d ! great games & ! ,py?ian e/abli%m5t z mom5t\s factors 9 ! #hj religi\s national life1 z t5d+ to evolve a religion ( a broad] compass ?an ! n>r[ tribal type ( ! remote pa/4 ,& !y conc]n ! high] m5tal hi/ory ( ! race because mo/ ( !m1 & notably ! ,py?ian1 includ$ competitions ( art & lit]ature2 & ?us !y assi/$ 9 e/abli%+ ! specially ,hell5ic !ory ( ! div9e "* ( ! arti/ic & intellectual life4 ,!re 7 o!r fe/al & public meet+s ( a m exclusively religi\s purpose t also s]v$ to deep5 9 ! v>i\s /ates ! consci\sness ( spiritual unity1 & (t51 :]e ! great lyric poets compos$ hymns = ! occasion1 to exalt & illum9ate ! ideal conception ( ! div9ity2 ! ,pan-,ionic ,delian fe/ival ( ,apollo1 = in/ance1 ( :i* ! spl5d\r develop$ 9 ! e>ly po/-,hom]ic age & ) ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! new ,ionic colonies1 mu/ h contribut$ mu* to ! build+ up ( ! peculi>ly ,hell5ic ideal ( ,apollo2 & ! ,hom]ic hymn1 inspir$ by ?is occasion1 is ! e>lie/ record ( ! national consci\sness ( ! ,ionic race4 ,diffusion ( ,dionysos-wor%ip4--,ano!r religi\s ph5om5on1 pregnant ( consequ5ces = ! spiritual hi/ory ( ,hell5ism1 is ! diffusion ( ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos4 ,fa9t1 ?\gh indubitable traces ( ?is c be disc]n$ 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod1 b x only beg9s to be palpable & important 9 ! e>ly hi/oric4 ,its significance has already be5 indicat$ 9 g5]al outl9es4#hj4a ,hav+ ent]$ ,attica f ,botia & be5 adopt$ into ! ,attic /ate-religion "s "t be=e ! ,ionic migration to ! ,asia ,m9or coa/1 #ha x gradually1 9 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies captur$ mo/ ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,peloponnese1 ( ! isl&s & ! m di/ant colonies4 ,! ,hell5ic culture ( ,dionysos =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ! spiritual c>e] ( ,hell5ism2 = ! tam+ ( ! wild ,?racian ,god1 ! trans=mation ( him into a civic deity1 ! discipl9+ & ! adaptation ( ! ?iasoi ( ! ,ma5ads to ! uses ( an ord]ly /ate-religion1 7 n ! lea/ among ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,hell5ic g5ius4 ,& z ! /ate-religion ( ^! c5turies _h no es*atologic !ory1 s x seems to h disc>d$ ev]y:]e :atev] es*atologic promise ! ,dionysiac religion proclaim$ on its entrance into ,greece4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! *a/5+ influ5ce ( ! civic _s1 ! wor%ip pres]v$ mu* ( its di/9ctive tone & religi\s p[]2 evok+ a special mood unkn[n 9 ! o!r cults2 :ile ev5 ! savage =m ( sacram5t1 9 :i* ! ,god 0 dev\r$ 9 8 human or animal-inc>nation1 surviv$ ) "s modifications 9 ,t5$os & ,*ios d[n to a late p]iod4 ,! hi/ory1 !n1 ( ! ,dionysiac religion conc]ns ! acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! sacram5tal idea 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x conc]ns also ! hi/ory ( ,hell5ic culture2 = "o ( its modes ( expression 0 a peculi> type ( emotional music1 accompany+ ! ,dionysiac hymn kn[n z ! di?yramb1 :i* has be5 reg>d$1 ?\gh probably errone\sly1 z ! p>5t ( ,attic trag$y4 ,its ma9 contribution to ! poly!ism ( ,greece 0 its /imulation ( a w>m] & /rong] religi\s fai?2 & its special lat] s]vice to popul> religi\s !ory 0 ! ref9+ & #hb bright5+ ( m5's ?\ghts & s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! life aft] dea? & ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w1 ) :om ! mild & g5ial ,god 0 g5]ally id5tifi$ or associat$4 ,orphic ?iasoi4--,b its highe/ importance is f\nd r 9 ! esot]ic ?an 9 ! ext]nal or popul> doma9 ( ,hell5ic religion4 ,=1 p]haps z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury1 ! cult ( ,dionysos 0 rais$ to a high] p[] by ! rise & diffusion ( ! ,orphic bro!rhoods or #8?iasoi' :o wor%ipp$ ?is deity "u v>i\s my/ic names4 ,! /udy ( ,orphism is ( ! highe/ int]e/ & complexity2 & x is only possible "h to indicate its g5]al features & significance4 ,! prea*]s ( ! ,orphic doctr9es are ! fir/ propag&i/s or mission>ies t we c discov] 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,= !y _h a def9ite message1 & ignor+ ! g5tile & civic b>ri]s ( ! old political religion1 !y prea*$ x1 if n to all mank9d1 at lea/ to all ! ,hell5es4 ,x 0 a message fraught ) "s new & mom5t\s ideas1 ^: real import we h be5 able to ga!r 9 "p f ! n[ fam\s gold-tablets f\nd 9 ! graves ( ,crete & ,s\? ,italy1 & conta9+ p>ts ( a metric ,orphic liturgy & cre$ t is a product at late/ ( ! fif?1 if n ! six?1 c5tury ,b4,c4 ,comb9+ ^! ) "s passages 9 ,p9d>'s ,odes & ,plato's ,dialogues1 we c recov] 9 outl9e ! doctr9e ( e>ly ,orphism4 ,x proclaim$ a !ory1 unfamili> to native ,greek my?ology & religion1 t ! s\l ( man is div9e & ( div9e orig92 t ! body is its impure prison-h\se :]e x is 9 dang] ( contract+ /a92 t by elaborate purifications & #hc ab/95ces ! s\l might reta9 its purity1 & by sacram5tal & magic me?ods ! pure s\l might enjoy 9 ?is life & 9 ! next full communion ) ,god4 ,preoccupi$ ) ! problem ( ! life aft] dea?1 ! ,orphic my/ics evolv$ ! concept ( ,purgatory1 a mode ( po/hum\s puni%m5t tempor>y & purificatory2 also1 if we c tru/ c]ta9 indications 9 ,p9d> & ,plato1 ! dogma ( re9c>nation or m specially ( a triple cycle ( lives bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,/ud5ts ( religi\s philosophy h not$ "h ! /rik+ resemblance to ,buddhi/ic ?\ght2 & h consid]$ :e!r ,indian speculation c\ld h ca/ its influ5ce s f> we/w>d at s e>ly a "t4 ,x is ( m imm$iate importance = ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! ,greek p to det]m9e--if we c\ld--! measure ( success t ^! missions a*iev$1 h[ f> !y succe$$ 9 captur+ ! masses or ! lite ( ! p4 ,!y c]ta9ly did n succe$ 9 p5etrat+ ! inn] circle ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies2 !re is no evid5ce t !y ev5 tri$1 ?\gh x is likely t !y did2 b we may surmise t _! influ5ce 0 at "o "t /rong at ,a!ns1 z ,ari/ophanes proclaims z a g5]ally accept$ tradition t ,orpheus 0 ! apo/olic f\nd] ( all my/]ies4 ,!y 7 evid5tly p[]ful 9 ,crete2 b ! *ief ar5a ( _! activity & ! *ief sc5e ( _! secul> & political influ5ce 0 #8,we/]n ,hellas' or ,magna ,grcia1 :]e ,py?agoras 0 _! greate/ conv]t & ! ,py?agorean clubs _! militant ord]s4 ,! c>e] ( ^! =ms a page ( g5]al ,greek hi/ory4 ,_! d[nfall reliev$ ,hellas f ! dang] ( ! e/abli%m5t #hd ( ,orphism z a secul> p[]1 :i* ?reat5$ ! ,hell5ic _s ) a bondage to sac]dotalism & ! ph>isaic =malism ( ! puri/4 ,h5ce=?1 ! ,orphic religion 0 a private influ5ce only1 & we h no evid5ce to det]m9e precisely h[ great x 0 at any p>ticul> epo*4 ,p9d> 0 deeply t\*$ by x4 s*ylus & ,sophocles1 s f> z we c see1 rema9$ unmov$1 :ile ,euripides may h be5 at times attract$ & at times repell$ b 0 9 no s5se its *ampion4 ,plato 9 a well-kn[n passage#hd4a prote/s /rongly aga9/ ! ,orphic my/]y-mong]s z spiritual quacks de/itute ( any real morality1 :o dealt 9 magic & trad$ 9 promises & ?reats conc]n+ ! o!r _w4 ,:e!r ?is moral e/imate ( ,orphism 0 j or n1 !re is no d\bt t ,plato's !ory ( ! s\l z express$ 9 ! ,phdrus 0 indebt$ to ! ,orphic metaphysic4 ,& ! "p play$ by ^! prea*]s ( purity & salvation 9 ! lat] spiritual hi/ory ( ,greece 0 c]ta9ly ( high importance4 ,!y m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new era ( individualism & ( :at is call$ #8o!rworldl9ess' 9 religion2 = _! conc]n 0 ) ! p]sonal s\l & its de/9y4 ,eleus9ian my/]ies4--,! ,eleus9ia or ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis 7 a m national & ,pan-,hell5ic in/itution ?an ! ,orphica1 b ( some:at simil> influ5ce & purpose4 ,orig9ally !y may h be5 m]ely ! tribal my/]ies ( an agr>ian society to :i* only ! adult memb]s ( ! ,eleus9ian community 7 admitt$4 ,b :5 our e>lie/ record reveals !m1 namely1 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet] :i* _c be lat] #he ?an ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury1 !y h already enl>g$ _! bord]s & _! scope4 ,= !y appe> !re z appeal+ to ! :ole ,hell5ic _w1 & _! special promise to ! initiat$ is ! happ9ess ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,hav+ once transc5d$ ! tribal limits1 !y seem to h impos$ no conditions on ! aspirants = admission except ! possession ( ,hell5ic spee* & purity f actual /a92 ! initiation 0 op5 to wom5 & occasionally to slaves4 ,nor does _! influ5ce & ! p[] ( _! appeal appe> to h wan$ until ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_m s*ol>s h lab\r$ to solve ! problems conc]n+ _! ritual1 _! doctr9e & _! inn] significance4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t _! *ief attractiv5ess may h la9 9 _! pres]vation ( a high] sacram5tal conception ( ! sacrifice t _h di$ out 9 ! ord9>y public ritual2 t ! initiate drank ( a sacr$ cup 9 :i* 7 my/ically infus$ ! v life & sub/ance ( ! k9dly ,e>?-,"m1 ) :om _! own be+ 0 ?us transc5d5tally unit$4 ,b m c>eful criticism %[s t1 ?\gh a simple =m ( sacram5t 0 "p ( ! prelim9>y s]vice1 ! real pivot ( ! my/]y 0 n ?is b a solemn pageant 9 :i* c]ta9 sacr$ ?+s fraught ) my/ic p[] 7 %[n to ! eyes ( ! initiat$1 :o also 7 all[$ to witness mimetic p]=mances %[+ ! action & passion ( a div9e drama1 ! ,abduction ( ! ,daught]1 ! sorr[ & long se>* ( ! ,"m1 ! ,holy ,m>riage ( reconciliation1 possibly ! bir? ( a holy infant4 ,to imag9e ! ?rill & ! =ce ( ^! rites1 "o mu/ imag9e a m$ival passion-play #hf p]=m$ ) surpass+ /atel9ess & solemnity4 ,^? :o saw ^! ?+s 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,my/]ies at ,eleusis may h c>ri$ away ) !m an abid+ s5se ( a clos] communion ) ! b5ign p[]s ( ! ne!r _w & a result+ hope ( a happi] po/hum\s lot4 ,we mu/ reg>d !m z ! highe/ & mo/ spiritual product ( ! pure ,hell5ic religion1 inve/+ x ) an atmosph]e ( my/]y & awe t 0 g5]ally lack+ 9 ! public cult1 & :i* 0 unp]turb$ at ,eleusis by any viol5ce ( morbid ec/asy su* z m>k$ ! ,phrygian & "s ( ! ,orphic rites4 ,we may believe t !y ex]cis$ a heal?ful influ5ce on ! moral & spiritual temp]am5t ( ! ,hell5e2 b x is n cle> t !y def9itely proclaim$ any high] moral !ory1 nor d !y appe> l ! ,orphica to h prea*$ any dogma ( metaphysic or !ology4 ,b1 l ! ,orphica1 !y t5d$ to wid5 ! horizon ( ! religi\s _s2 = !y appeal$ to a f> l>g] public ?an ! ord9>y cults ( ! city2 & :ile be+ ,pan-,hell5ic 9 ?is s5se !y belong to ! doma9 ( p]sonal religion1 = !y satisfi$ ! p]sonal crav+ ( ! individual = clos] fell[%ip ) ! deity & !y soo!d ! tr\bl\s appreh5sions t 7 gr[+ up 9 ?is second p]iod conc]n+ ! individual de/9y ( ! s\l4 ,yet z reg>ds ,attica & ,a!ns at lea/ & probably z reg>ds ,hellas1 !y are n to be rank$1 z ! ,orphica may be1 among ! disruptive =ces ( individuali/ic religion1 und]m9+ ! social fabric ( public wor%ip4 ,= ! ,a!nian ,/ate adm9i/]$ !m--by ! help ( ,eleus9ian (ficials--9 its corporate capacity2 & "o ( ! cate*um5s--! #hg --0 initiat$1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable view1 9 behalf ( ! :ole y\? ( ! city4#hg4a ,9 ! great my/]ies ! agr>ian significance1 ?\gh discov]able & associat$ ) simple agr>ian magic1 0 ov]%ad[$ by high] & m spiritual religion4 ,& else:]e 9 ! ,/ate-fe/ivals we note ?is same ph5om5on ( progress 9 ?is second p]iod4 ,old-_w utilit>ian rites ( agriculture & f]tility 7 (t5 tak5 ov] by ! exp&+ ,polis & receiv$ an arti/ic elaboration t disguis$ _! orig9al significance = ! primitive peasant & rais$ !m to a high] plane ( social religion4 ,?is int]e/+ process c be be/ /udi$ 9 foll[+ ! detail$ records ( ! ,laconian ,k>neia & ,hyak9?ia1 ! ,delphic ,py?ia1 ! ,attic ,pana!naia3 we c feel+ly appreciate 9 ^! ! pot5t influ5ce ( ! lyric poetry1 ! music1 & ! art ( e>ly ,greece1 %ap+ & elevat+ m5's imag9ation ( div9ity4 ,by ! close ( ?is second p]iod--c4 #ejj ,b4,c4--! ,hell5ic national consci\sness _h realis$ itself 9 respect ( intellectual culture1 e?ics & religion4 ,zeus ,hellanios1 ! tribal ,god1 is becom+ ,panhellanios4 ,! age ( ! tyrants contribut$ mu* to ! gr[? ( ,pan-,hell5ism2 ,peisi/ratos some?+ to ! idea ( a national religion1 9 t he seems to h work$ zeal\sly = ! organisation & expansion ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,! cult ( ,dionysos has p5etrat$ ! lead+ communities & mo/ ( ! byways ( ,greece2 & ne>ly ev]y:]e he has be5 p>tially tam$ & ! ,mnads ei!r suppress$ or discipl9$ to ! m sob] purposes ( civic wor%ip4 #hh ,b ! two mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! spiritual hi/ory ( ! six? c5tury 71 fir/1 ! rise & expansion ( ,ionic philosophy & physical speculation1 &1 secondly1 ! developm5t ( a new =m ( lit]ature t came to be kn[n z ! ,attic ,drama4 ,& bo? mu/ be reckon$ ) among ! =ces affect+ ! life ( ! popul> religion4 ,six?-c5tury philosophy4--,! relations ( ,greek philosophy to ,greek religion is a great & complex subject1 ! !me ( _m mod]n treatises2 & 9 ?is slight sket* ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ! poly!ism !re is no room = m ?an a few mo/ g5]al obs]vations4 ,s f> z ! new speculation1 :i* gave bir? to ! free secul> sci5ce ( ,europe1 0 preoccupi$ ) que/ions ( ! physical orig9s ( ?+s & elem5tal !ories ( cosmogony1 x w\ld n necess>ily cla% ) any or?odox prejudice ( ! av]age ,hell5e4 ,= he _h no sacr$ books :i* dictat$ to him any views conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! _w or ! con/itution ( nature1 & :i* he w\ld h consid]$ x immoral to disbelieve4 ,9 fact :5 ,h]akleitos boldly decl>$ t 8nei!r ,god nor man made ! ,kosmos10 !re 0 no au?oritative ,greek my? or !ologic dogma to ga9say him4 ,b ! great philosoph]s ( ! six? c5tury1 ,py?agoras1 ,emp$okles1 ,x5ophanes & ,h]akleitos 7 also directly conc]n$ ) ! philosophy ( religion1 ) speculations on ! nature & ) ! true def9ition ( ,godhead2 & "s ( ! surviv+ fragm5ts ( _! works express ideas & s5tim5ts 9 %>p antagonism to ! concepts & ritual ( ! contempor>y poly!ism4 ,! ma9 tr5d ( _! #hi speculations ran c\nt] to ! an?ropomorphic !ory ( div9ity2 & !y t5d to def9e ,god n z a p]son1 b r z ! highe/ spiritual or metaphysical or ev5 physical p[] or function ( ! univ]se2 & !re is a common t5d5cy 9 ?is six?-c5tury ?\ght away f ! !i/ic to ! pan!i/ic view4 ,py?agoras is said to h expla9$ ! conception ( ,god 9 t]ms ( ma!matics & to h be5 will+ to accept ! p]sonages ( ! popul> poly!ism on condition ( f9d+ _! true ma!matical equation4#hi4a ,b ?is philosoph] /&s ap>t f ! o!r lead]s ( ?is fir/ p]iod ( ,hell5ic free ?\ght4 ,! ma!matical m9d is (t5 a prey to my/icism4 ,& ,py?agoras 0 ! mo/ p[]ful *ampion & apo/le ( ,orphism1 ! f\nd] ( ^? secret societies t ?reat5$ ! secul> & ! intellectual fre$om ( ,hellas4 ,equally on its my/ic z on its rationali/ic side ! ,py?agorean tea*+ 0 9 t5d5cy inimical to ! public religion ( ,greece1 ?\gh ! memb]s ( ?is sect appe> always to h compromis$ ) x4 ,9 ! fragm5ts ( ,x5ophanes we f9d ! mo/ sev]e prote/s aga9/ ! curr5t religi\s conceptions ( ,hellas2 8 v]ses quot$ by ,clem5s#hi4b polemise /rongly aga9/ ! folly ( an?ropomorphism1 :i* is ! ma/]-passion ( ,greek poly!ism2 & if "o or two ( 8 quot$ utt]ances seem to proclaim mono!ism1 x is cle> t = 8 high] ?\ght ,godhead 0 n a p]son1 b a cosmic pr9ciple or a noetic idea4 ,on ! :ole ! same acc\nt may be giv5 ( ! religi\s !ory ( ,h]akleitos s f> z ?is is reveal$ at all 9 ! #ij fragm5ts4 ,x has inde$ be5 rec5tly ma9ta9$ t he tol]at$ & f\nd a place 9 8 sy/em = ! contempor>y poly!ism2#ij4a b x is probably a tru] view t he reg>d$ x ) half-disguis$ contempt & only us$ its t]ms & figures on occasion z lit]>y expressions2 :ile ?ree ( 8 fragm5ts are scornful exclamations aga9/ ! excesses ( ! ,bac*ic ritual1 ! me?ods ( purification f blood1 & ! folly ( idolatry4#ij4b ,yet 9 ?is e>ly speculation ( ! six? c5tury ! p>t+ ( ! ways has n yet be5 rea*$ = physical sci5ce & religion2 ! cosmic !ory is express$ 9 spiritual & animi/ic r ?an 9 mat]iali/ic t]ms2 = ,emp$okles ,love & ,/rife are creative pr9ciples1 9 ! view ( ,?ales ! magnet has a s\l & all ?+s are full ( div9e pot5cies4 ,! great movem5t ( ,ionic ?\ght 0 inde$ adaptable to a high pan!i/ic or animi/ic cre$1 b n to ! p]sonal poly!ism ( ! ,hell5es1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! philosoph]s d n appe> to h be5 vehem5t prote/ants4 ,& at fir/ _! prote/s c\ld h influ5c$ only ! m9ds ( a few2 n be=e ! fif? c5tury 0 ! popul> ,/ate-religion oblig$ to take notice ( x4 ,rise ( trag$y4--,! o!r ph5om5on ref]r$ to above z m>k+ ! close ( ?is p]iod 0 ! rise ( trag$y4 ,! "q ( its influ5ce on ! :ole popul> religion belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,:at conc]ns u *iefly at ?is po9t is its close association ) ,dionysos-cult4 ,! traditional view t x actually orig9at$ 9 "s #ia mimetic =m ( ,bac*ic ritual is 9 ! op9ion ( ! pres5t writ] /ill ! mo/ reasonable1 al?\gh ?is is n[ d5i$ by "s s*ol>s4#ia4a ,b ev5 if its connection ) ,dionysos-wor%ip is a second>y or accid5tal fact1 x is /ill a fact ( importance = ! hi/ory ( ,greek poly!ism4 ,! records conc]n+ ,!spis ( ! ,attic village ,ik>ia1 a place dom9at$ by anci5t ,dionysiac leg5d1 ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus conc]n+ ,klei/h5es1 ! tyrant ( ,sikyon1 :o gave to ,dionysos ! tragic *oruses t hi!rto _h be5 devot$ to ! h]o-cult ( ,adra/os1 are suffici5t pro(s t ?is greate/ ( all ! lit]>y a*ievem5ts ( po/-,hom]ic ,hellas 0 d$icat$ to ! ,god already 9 ! six? c5tury2 & ?r\gh\t ! glori\s c>e] ( ! ,attic /age ,dionysos rema9$ its patron-,god4 ,8 wor%ip1 !n1 mu/ h receiv$ a /rong /imulus f ?is new =m ( lit]ature :i* rapidly a*iev$ popul>ity & appeal$ directly to a l>g] public ?an ! o!r4 ,& 8 "* ?us und]goes a s+ul> trans=mation2 ! wild ,god ( b>b>ic orig9 comes to take rank by ! side ( ,apollo & ! ,graces z a div9ity ( culture & education1 ! inspir] ( "o ( ! greate/ ( ,hell5ic arts4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! cults ( ,apollo1 ,a!na & ! ,muses1 we m>k ! *>act]i/ically ,hell5ic fusion ( art & religion2 & ! hi/ory ( ! di?yramb1 ! ,dionysiac hymn :i* may h be5 ! p>5t ( ! drama & :i* 0 w$d$ to a peculi> mode ( music & rhy?m1 is an important *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european music4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod1 #ejj-cch ,b4,c4 #ib ,! ?ird p]iod ( ,greek religion may conv5i5tly include ! fif? c5tury & t "p ( ! f\r? t ends ) ! d[nfall ( ! sy/em ( civic autonomy at ! battle ( ,*aironeia4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion z ( ,greek culture1 x is ( ! highe/ int]e/1 be+ ! ri*e/ 9 respect ( religi\s monum5ts & lit]ature & ! mo/ =ceful & mom5t\s 9 reg>d to ! influ5ces at "w4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ext]nal hi/ory x witness$ su* _w-crises z ! /ruggle ( ,hell5ism aga9/ b>b>ism1 ! rise & fall ( ! ,imp]ial ,city-,/ate1 & ! em]g5ce ( ,mac$on z a _w-p[]2 9 ! sph]e ( culture x witness$ ! culm9ation ( ! greate/ art ( ! _w1 ! bloom & maturity ( ! ,attic drama & ,p9d>'s lyric1 ! diffusion ( education & ! _s ( enquiry ?r\gh ! activity ( ! ,sophi/s1 & ! high] developm5t ( philosophy & sci5ce4 ,to %[ h[ ! religi\s practice & !ory ( ! high] & l[] memb]s ( ,hell5ic society 7 affect$ by ! great ev5ts & a*ievem5ts ( ?is greate/ p]iod ( human hi/ory is a necess>y b a difficult task4 ,fif?-c5tury religion contra/$ ) ! ,hom]ic4--,if we take ,a!ns z ! typical religi\s community ( ! fif? c5tury & comp>e ! #ic /ructure & =ms ( h] /ate-poly!ism ) ^? ( ! old ,hom]ic _w1 we f9d ! p]sonalities ( ! prehi/oric pan!on /ill wor%ipp$ & *]i%$2 no prehi/oric cult ( t epic _w has z yet fall5 into desuetude2 nor _h ! mo/ civilis$ city ( ,hellas disc>d$ ! immemorial rites ( ! simple peasant religion1 ! wor%ip ( riv]s & /reams1 nor "s ( ! mo/ nave practices ( animism4 ,& x is cle> t ?is cons]vatism 0 no hi]atic conv5tion1 b a liv+ fai?1 express+ a religi\s intuition ( ! p1 :o 7 z yet unt\*$ by ! cool+ influ5ces ( sci5ce & philosophic scepticism4 ,9 fact1 = ! great] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! life ( ! poly!ism 0 probably /rong] ?an x _h be5 ev] 9 ! pa/4 ,x 0 /r5g!n$ by ! admission ( a few new figures & by ! developm5t ( "s ( ! old4#ic4a ,x is r 9 respect to its _s1 tone & outlook t ! religion ( ! fif? c5tury pres5ts "s /rik+ contra/s to ! ,hom]ic4 ,its an?ropomorphism is ev5 m pron\nc$1 ?anks to its great art-p[]1 b x reveals a deep] conviction conc]n+ ! "p play$ by moral ag5cies & p[]s 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,! writ+s ( ,h]odotus exp\nd a religi\s view ( hi/ory ( :i* only fa9t indications 7 f\nd 9 ! e>li] epic lit]ature4 ,! hi/orian ( ! fif? c5tury reg>ds ! mom5t\s conte/ ( ,greece ) ,p]sia z a conflict ( moral =ces1 ! issue be+ work$ out by unse5 p[]s1 su* z ,nemesis1 ,viol5ce & ,ju/ice1 ) ,zeus z ! #id righte\s ,judge4 ,& 9 weav+ into 8 n>rative ! /ories ( acid h]oes & ! ,eleus9ian deities spe$+ to ! help ( ! ,hell5es at ,salamis1 he d\btless repres5ts ! fai? ( ! av]age ,greek4 ,a simil> view 0 also impress$ on ! religi\s imag9ation ( ! p by oracul> utt]ances1 su* z t :i* 0 imput$ to ! prophet ,bakis-- 1 1#id4a 8,ju/ice div9e %all qu5* fell ,koros1 ! *ild ( ,insol5ce10 ,koros /&+ = ,p]sia1 ! tyranny born ( satiety4 ,x is express$ pictorially on ! fam\s vase at ,naples1 repres5t+ ,hellas & ,asia plead+ _! cause be=e ! ,high ,god ) 1 z a tempt+ demon1 /&+ by ,asia4#id4b ,9 ?is sc5e we trace also ! influ5ce ( ! fam\s trag$y ( s*ylus1 ! #8,p]s1' :i* 9 m ?an "o passage ( deep religi\s conviction pron\nces moral judgm5t on ! great ev5t4#id4c ,! same view is express$ & ! same tone he>d 9 ! /rik+ poem ( ,p9d>'s eigh? ,py?ian ode1 :]e he exults ov] ! triumph ( #8,hesy*ia1' ! arm$ ,peace ( ,hellas1 :o has ca/ ,insol5ce into ! sea1 ev5 z ,zeus quell$ ! mon/] ,typhu4 ,pan-,hell5ism4--,! ,hell5ic conf$]ate ef=t aga9/ ,p]sia 0 ! ne>e/ approa* ev] made by ! ,hell5ic race to ,pan-,hell5ic action2 & 9 a /rik+ *apt] ( ,h]odotus1 eulogis+ ! loyalty ( ! ,a!nians to ! cause ( ,greece1 emphasis is laid on ! "n ( ,zeus ,hell5ios4#id4d ,?is is ! highe/ political title ( ! ,high ,god2 #ie & its hi/ory is int]e/+4 ,orig9ally ! n>r[ tribal "n ( ! ,god ( ! ,hell5es1 a small ,!ssalian gr\p "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,aiakidai1 x 0 transport$ to ,aig9a by a migration ( ! same tribe1 ^: ance/or ,aiakos 0 ! high-prie/ ( ,zeus ,hellanios2 already 9 ! six? c5tury1 :5 ! d5otation ( ,hellas 0 enl>g$1 ! title may h tak5 on a wid] mean+4 ,b x 0 ! dang] ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 & ! "p play$ 9 !m--we may believe--by ! m5 & ! old h]oes ( ,aig9a t br\ght ! cult into prom95ce1 inve/+ ! cult-"n ) a wid] significance & a m pot5t appeal4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ,hell5ic religion giv+ voice to an ideal t might be realis$ by ! poet1 ! arti/1 & ! ?9k]1 b nev] by any /atesman or /ate4 ,ano!r cult belong+ to ! same range z ?is 0 t ( ,zeus ,eleu!rios1 ! ,god ( ,hell5ic fre$om4 8,hav+ driv5 out ! ,p]sian !y rais$ an alt> to ,zeus1 ! ,god ( ! free1 a fair monum5t ( fre$om = ,hellas40#ie4a ,^! l9es ( ,simonides commemorate ! d$ication ( ! ,greeks aft] ! victory at ,plata1 :5 !y _h purifi$ ! l& & its %r9es f ! pollut+ pres5ce ( ! b>b>ian by means ( sacr$ fire br\ght f ,delphi4 ,! significance ( ?is has be5 po9t$ out else:]e#ie4b by ! pres5t writ]2 ! fight = lib]ty 0 prompt$ by m ?an a m]e secul> passion1 b by an idea inh]5t 9 ! civic religion4 ,! title is only kn[n be=e ! ,p]sian w>s 9 ! ,zeus-wor%ip ( ,laconia2 h5ce=? x 0 widely diffus$1 commemorat+ n only ! deliv]ance ( ,greece f #if ! b>b>ian1 b1 9 ,sicily = in/ance1 emancipation f ! dome/ic tyrant4 ,9 contra/ ) ! det]ioration ( ! old ,roman religion1 caus$ by ! ,hannibalic w>s1 ! successful /ruggle ( ,greece aga9/ b>b>ism 9 ! ea/ & ! we/ und\bt$ly quick5$ = a "t ! f]v\r & devotion inspir$ by ! national cults4 ,! suff]+s ( ,hellas 7 easily repair$2 ! ,gods 9 :om !y _h tru/$ _h n fail$ !m1 & mu* ( ! spoils won f ! b>b>ian 7 gratefully d$icat$ to ! embelli%m5t ( ! %r9es4 ,! vacillat+ & "t-s]v+ policy ( ,delphi at ! h\r ( ! greate/ p]il 0 condon$ or unnot$ by ! victors1 & ,apollo receiv$ an ample %>e ( ! fruits ( victory4 ,! *ampions ( ,hell5ism 9 ! ,we/1 ,gelo & ,hi]o1 commemorat$ _! victories ov] ! ,c>?ag9ian & ,etruscan p[]s at ,him]a & ,kyme by ?ank(f]+s s5t to ,apollo at ,delphi & ,zeus at ,olympia4 ,! bronze helmet f\nd at ,olympia1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 inscrib$ ) ! simple d$ication1 8,hi]on ! son ( ,de9om5es & ! ,syracusans s5d ,tuscan spoils to ,zeus f ,kyme10 is an epo*-m>k+ monum5t ( ,pan-,hell5ic hi/ory & religion4 ,! gratitude ( ,hellas 0 paid 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! ,high ,god ,zeus2 to him 0 consecrat$ ! #8fea/ ( fre$om' at ,plata1 :i* 0 /ill commemorat$ ) pa!tic f]v\r ev5 9 ! la/ days ( ,hell5ic decay2#if4a to him1 "u ! national title ( ,olympios1 0 d$icat$ ! mighty temple at ,akragas1 f ! spoils won by ,gelo at ,him]a4 ,b ! outfl[ ( national #ig ?ankfulness 0 direct$ to o!r div9ities z well2 notably & naturally to ! ,w>-,goddess ( ! ,a!nians1 & ! spoils ( ,p]sia at ,a!ns & ,plata 7 p>tly devot$ to ! erection ( two /rik+ /atues ( ,a!na4 ,nor 7 ! less] p[]s ( ! elem5ts =gott52 ! w9ds t assi/$ ! ,greek fleet at ,artemision & ! nymphs ( ! soil on :i* ! battle ( ,plata 0 f\ght2 ! grateful ,a!nians in/itut$ a cult ( ,boreas1 _! k9sman1 9 _! re/or$ city & assi/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,nymphs at ,ki?airon4 ,! ,arcadian goa!rd-,god1 ! ru/ic ,pan1 0 admitt$ into ,a!ns %ortly be=e ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 & ! /ory to :i* ! ,a!nians gave curr5cy ( ! help he r5d]$ !m at ! great battle contribut$ some?+ no d\bt to ! subsequ5t diffusion ( 8 cult4 ,a fur!r religi\s consequ5ce ( ^! great ev5ts 0 ! /imulus giv5 to h]o-wor%ip2 ,gelo1 ! victor at ,him]a1 & "s ( ! ,hell5es :o fell at ,!rmopyl1 ,m>a?on & ,plata receiv$ h]oic hon\rs4 ,?is #8h]ois+' ( ! rec5tly defunct _h its moral value z a /rong /imulus to patriotism1 :5 !y _h di$ 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry2 & ?\gh x 0 degrad$ 9 ! fif? c5tury to ! exaltation ( ! useless a?lete1 yet x mu/ be reckon$ among ! life-=ces ( lat] poly!ism & z a mom5t\s factor ( high] religi\s hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 we may ) probability ascribe to ! triumph ( ,hellas & to ! exp&+ glory & greatness ( ,a!ns a m>k$ increase 9 ! ,hell5ic popul>ity ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,= ?is ! ,a!nians might ?ank ,h]odotus & 8 ?rill+ #ih n>rative ( ! vision ( a heav5ly ho/ se5 mov+ f ,eleusis t[>ds ,salamis1 = ! salvation ( ,hellas2 !y might also ?ank _! own f>-sight$ policy ( enc\rag+ ! :ole ,hell5ic _w to take "p 9 ! wor%ip at ,eleusis1 aspir+ ?us to make ! ,hall ( ! ,my/]ies1 a rec5t ar*itectural "w ( ! ,p]iclean adm9i/ration1 ! c5tre ( a ,pan-,hell5ic fai?4#ih4a ,& _! attempt 9 great measure succe$$4 ,influ5ce ( religi\s art4--,! /udy ( ! poly!ism ( ?is c5tury is ess5tially also a /udy ( ! great religi\s art :i* culm9at$ 9 ! h&iwork ( ,pheidias1 b :i* cont9u$ =ceful & prolific till ! age ( ,alex&]4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! iconic art ^u ,greek religion has be5 briefly indicat$ above2 & long be=e ?is c5tury ! religi\s bias ( ! race 0 committ$ to idolatry2#ih4b ! p crav$ an image t !y c\ld love & *]i%1 ?\gh "h & !re !y might reta9 ! unc\? feti*1 ! block ( wood or rudely hewn /one1 because ( ! immemorial magic :i* x _h acquir$ ?r\gh ages ( %y half-savage v5]ation4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,pheidias & 8 contempor>ies 0 only ! culm9ation 9 a process ( ideal an?ropomorphism t began ) ,hom] & 0 help$ =w>d by ! lyric poetry & music ( ! po/-,hom]ic age & by ! art ( ! six? c5tury4 ,/rictly e/imat$ & /udi$ 9 all its fullness1 9 ! m>vell\s products ( vase-pa9t+1 glyptic & sculpture t ev5 ! %att]$ fabric ( antiquity pres5ts to u1 ! art ( ! fif? & e>ly f\r? c5tury mu/ be call$ ! mo/ p]fect religi\s art #ii ( ! _w4 ,a m spiritual or m my/ic religion c\ld n h produc$ or c\ld n h borne ) su* an art4 ,b x 0 ! be/ & mo/ satisfy+ expression ( ! be/ t ! religi\s _s ( ,hell5ism admitt$2 = ?is poly!ism _h be5 built up by ! tea*]s ( ! p1 poets & arti/s obey+ ! race-in/9ct1 n on vague conceptions ( inf9ite ,godhead ineffable = art & inexpressible 9 cle> spee*1 b on vivid p]ceptions ( concrete div9e p]sonages1 di/9ct 9 =m1 attributes & "* robu/ & v real4 ,! ,greek arti/1 ) 8 miracul\s cunn+ ( h&1 c\ld deal ) su* types z he c\ld n h dealt ) #8! ,^w' or ) ! #8,buddha4' ,nor 0 he m]ely ! expon5t ( ! highe/ popul> imag9ation1 b1 unconsci\sly p]haps & 9 ob$i5ce to a true art-tradition1 at times a re=m] & 9 any case a creator4 ,= u 8 works h ?is value among o!rs t1 ev5 m ?an ! poetic lit]ature1 !y reveal to u h[ ! p at _! be/ imag9$ _! deities4 ,b !y also help$ ! p to imag9e !m bett] & m nobly4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ art ( ,hellas t takes rank among ! works ( high religi\s inspiration are ! ,attic vase-pa9t+s produc$ ne> to #ejj ,b4,c4 t portray ! ?iasos ( ,dionysos4 ,! /rong _s ( t religion t lift$ ! vot>y above ! conv5tional moral human life1 ! wild joy ( self-ab&onm5t1 ! ec/asy ( communion ) ! ,god1 all are "h m />tl+ly express$ ?an ev5 9 ! lyrics ( ! ,bac* ( ,euripides or 9 ! s+le p]fect ,bac*ic ode ( ,sophocles' ,antigone4 ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ,skopas 9 ! f\r? #ajj c5tury t ,greek sculpture c\ld s deal ) ?is orgia/ic !me4 ,! pla/ic "w ( ! fif? c5tury deal+ ) div9e =ms is ma9ly tranquil1 maje/ic1 e?ical1 intellectual2 ! physical p]fection ( ! div9ities sculptur$ on ! ,p>!non impresses u n m]ely & n s mu* ) ! s5se ( physical beauty & /r5g?1 b r ) ! s5se ( a high] & nobl] vital p[]2 s in/9ct is ! beauty ) t quality t ! ,greeks call$ 1 a quality p>tly e?ical1 p>tly spiritual1 b palpable 9 mat]ial =ms t h9t at a tranquil res]ve ( /r5g?4 ,! expressive p[] ( su* an art c %[ b5ignity & mildness ( mood )\t s5tim5tality1 because )\t voluptu\sness1 intellectual ?\ght )\t morbidness1 maje/y )\t self-display4 ,! g5tle & tranquillis+ _s ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies speaks 9 ! fam\s ,eleus9ian relief %[+ ! "m & ! maid giv+ 8 mission to ,triptolemos4 ,! ,pheidian ,a!na ,p>!nos 0 a m deeply conceiv$ ideal ?an ! ,a!na ( ! poets1 = x %[$ h] z ! ,madonna ( ! ,a!nian p1 ) a s(t] t\* ( mat]nal g5tl5ess 9 ! face4 ,! ,zeus ,olympios ( ,pheidias transc5d$ ! portrait ( ! ,high ,god z giv5 by ,hom] or ev5 by s*ylus2 = ! *ryselephant9e /atue impress$ ! lat] ,greeks z ! ideal ( ! b5ign & fri5dly deity1 ! div9e patron ( a ,hellas unit$ & at peace ) itself2 an image t appe>$ 8to add some?+ to ! traditional religion10#ajj4a embody+1 z ,dio ,*ryso/om says1 a conception ( ! ,god s #aja conv9c+ & complete t 8hav+ once se5 x "o c\ld n imag9e him o!rwise40#aja4a ,nor _h any ( ! poets pres5t$ ,h]a 9 =ms s w9n+ & graci\s z ^? 9 :i* ! be/ art ( ?is age embodi$ h]1 z ! ,argive ,goddess #8( good works' 89 ^: face & p]son brightness appe>$ by ! side ( maje/y40#aja4b ,! poetic pres5tation ( ,apollo is blurr$ & incomplete comp>$ ) su* pla/ic types z ! ,apollo ( ! ,p>!non frieze & ! ,pheidian /atue 9 ! ,museo delle ,t]me4 ,! old] poetic ideal ( ,aphrodite 0 %all[ & trite comp>$ to ! ,aphrodite ( ! ,pheidian type1 su* z we see pres5t$ by ! ,laborde head 9 ! ,l\vre2 "h is some?+ ( ! maje/y ( ! great cosmic goddess imag9$ by s*ylus 9 8 ,danaides1 b comb9$ ) an emotion ( human love 9 ! c\nt5ance & a w9n+ appeal t ! v]ses ( ! great poet d n cle>ly convey4 ,& we may surmise t ! #8,ourania' ,aphrodite ( ,pheidias _h "s influ5ce on ! !ory ( ,plato & 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! heav5ly & ! s5sual love4 ,! full imag9ation ( ! p]sonality ( ,kore w\ld comb9e ! radiance & ! grace ( ! "y cornfield ) ! awe & my/]y ( ! l[] _w2 ! =m] is ma/]fully pres5t$ by a co9#aja4c ( ,lampsakos t %[s h] ris+ f among ! corn/alks ) uplift$ ye>n+ face2 ! unkn[n arti/ ( ! great ,syracusan m$allion /ruck t[>ds ! close ( ! fif? c5tury comb9es ?is aspect ( h]1 9 a type ( surpass+ #ajb lovel9ess1 ) a t\* ( melan*oly t h9ts at ! "* ( ! ,goddess ( dea?4#ajb4a ,& yet ?is triumphant an?ropomorphic art mu/ h fail$1 & judg$ by ! fragm5ts t survive did fail1 :5 x tri$ to reveal 9 cle> outl9e & full light ! half-%r\d$ =ms ( ! ne!r _w1 ! ,*?onian ,goddesses & ! ,eum5ides ^: nature appeal$ to ! s5se ( religi\s awe1 to :at ! ,greeks call$ 1 & did n brook to be :olly reveal$4 ,we may d\bt !re=e if ev5 ! /atues ( ! ,holy ,ones1 ! ,semnai1 c>v$ by ,kalamis & ,skopas1 7 types s expressive ( ! real moral-religi\s imag9ation t fa%ion$ ^! figures ( cult z 7 c]ta9 awe/ruck v]ses ( ,sophocles 9 ! dipus ,coloneus4 ,nev]!less1 ?is ideal ,greek art1 by express+ 9 palpable =ms ( b5ign beauty ! half-palpable p]sonages ( ! l[] _w1 did "o s]vice to religion & ! religi\s imag9ation2 x bani%$ ! unc\? & ! t]rible & help$ to purge & tranquillise ! ,greek m9d by inve/+ ! ,*?onian p[]s ) b5evol5ce & grace4 ,we disc]n "h ! influ5ce ( ! ,bac*ic & ,demet] my/]ies work+ ^u ! arti/ & ( ! arti/ ^u ! popul> fai?4 ,t ! av]age ,greek ( ! classic p]iod 0 sav$ f ! vampire t]rors t ,mr4 ,lawson has discov]$ 9 mod]n ,greece#ajb4b 0 due equally to ! religion & to ! art t he saw ar\nd him4 ,ap>t f ?is special fact1 a ph5om5on s mom5t\s 9 ! spiritual _w z ! fl[]+ ( ?is religi\s art 9 ! fif? c5tury claims #ajc prom95t notice ev5 9 ! slighte/ sket* ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek religion2 = x mu/ h work$ an effect :i* no /ud5t ( insight w\ld be tempt$ to belittle ^u ! religi\s mood & ?\ght ( ! p4 ,greek records suffici5tly atte/ its religi\s work+2 ev5 ! ali5 ,roman1 milius ,paulus1 :5 he approa*$ ! ,pheidian ma/]piece ( ,zeus ,olympios felt ! ?rill ( ! #8real pres5ce'#ajc4a2 :5 ,ari/ophanes f]v5tly calls on ,a!na z 8! ,maid5 :o holde? our city 9 h] h& & alone ha? visible p[] & might & is call$ ! ,w>d] ( ! ,gate10#ajc4b he is ?9k+ ( ! bronze /atue c>v$ by ,pheidias & set to gu>d ! entrance to ! ,akropolis4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 t ?is beautiful idolatry1 aga9/ :i* ! philosoph]s might occasionally prote/1#ajc4c c\ld h weak5$ ! popul> fai? 9 ! native deities4 ,introduc$ sudd5ly into ,rome x help$ to de/roy ! old ,roman animi/ic religion4 ,b ! religi\s in/9ct & hi/ory ( ,greece 0 :olly diff]5t f t ( ,rome4 ,greek poly!ism w\ld probably h p]i%$ or be5 trans=m$ by ali5 sy/ems ( cult f> soon] ?an x 01 if ,greek art _h n =tifi$ & ennobl$ x1 root+ x deeply 9 ! /hetic-religi\s emotions & p]ceptions ( ! p4 ,by e/abli%+ s conv9c+ly ! individuality ( ! ,greek div9ities1 x pres]v$ !m f a too rapid absorption into ! p]sonalities ( ,ori5tal religions1 :5 ! fusion ( we/ & ea/ _h be5 a*iev$ by ,alex&] & 8 successors4 #ajd ,influ5ce ( ,lit]ature3 ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 ,sophocles4--,m famili> & app>5tly m answ]able is ! "q conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( ! poetic ma/]pieces ( ?is p]iod1 ! works ( ,p9d> & ! ,attic drama1 on ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,greek religion4 ,! subject is obvi\sly too complex = ! scope ( ?is summ>y1 & has be5 h&l$ by _m s*ol>s 9 l>ge treatises4 ,!re is only room "h = ! mo/ g5]al /atem5t ( facts1 t5d5cies & effects4 ,z expon5ts ( ! highe/ contempor>y religi\s ?\ght ! names ( ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 ,sophocles & ,euripides are ^? ( prim>y au?ority4 ,x is easy & int]e/+ to collect religi\s citations f _! works1 to comp>e ^! "o ) ano!r & ) ! curr5t poly!ism4 ,x is f> m difficult to decide g5]ally & 9 reg>d to any special po9t h[ f> any "o ( !m c\ld h influ5c$ or modifi$ ! popul> religion4 ,nor are all ^! f\r on ! same foot+ 9 respect ( opportunity4 ,= ,p9d> writes = dyna/s & ari/ocrats &1 be+ a hirel+1 might be ?\ght fett]$ 9 ! free expression ( 8 s5tim5ts2 & 9 any case 8 public 0 m limit$ ?an t :i* ! ?ree dramati/s address$4 ,!re=e _! message 0 likely to rea* fur!r & to p5etrate ! ,greek m9d m deeply ?an any?+ t ,p9d> _h to say2 & t ?is 0 actually ! case c be prov$4 ,nev]!less1 ,p9d> mu/ be reckon$ ) z an orig9al ?9k] :o spoke words ( p[]2 9 spite ( 8 pr(ession1 8 m9d rema9$ imp]ial & free2 & 9 8 attitude to ! public religion he is to be gr\p$ ) s*ylus & ,sophocles2 & all ?ree /& toge!r & ap>t #aje f ,euripides4 ,all ?ree %[ ! virility1 ! m5tal tranquillity comb9$ ) imag9ation & audacity1 t m>k$ ! typical "* ( ! greate/ age ( ,hellas4 ,& all ?ree g5ially & )\t qu]ul\s prote/1 ?\gh ) "s fre$om ( criticism1 accept ! exi/+ religi\s ord]1 desir+ to ennoble x1 n to de/roy x4 ,p9d> himself 0 ! e/abli%] ( c]ta9 new cults1 & ! fir/ great lit]>y prea*] 9 ,greece ( ,orphic es*atology1 &1 we may say1 ! fir/ great poet 9 ,europe :o rais$ ! !me ( ,p>adise to ! level ( ! highe/ poetry4 ,su* a m>vel ( song on ! my/]ies ( life & dea? z ! second ,olympian ode 0 a new voice 9 ,hellas2 h[ f> x e*o$1 & ) :at influ5ce on ! fai? ( ! p1 is impossible to measure ) accuracy4 ,= ! progress ( ?is new es*atology1 :i* is a weighty subject = ! hi/ory ( lat] ,hell5ism1 we h "s important negative evid5ce 9 ! fact t nei!r s*ylus nor ,sophocles %[ any k ( ,orphism or int]e/ 9 x1 or any preoccupy+ conc]n ) ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?2 nor 9 _! occasional utt]ances conc]n+ po/hum\s judgm5t d !y g beyond ! popul> traditional view3 ?\gh ! ?\ghtful ref9em5t ( ,sophocles sugge/$ to him t !re might be =giv5ess ( s9s & reconciliation aft] dea?4#aje4a ,nor d we f9d any:]e 9 ! works ( ! two dramati/s any h9t ( t pregnant ,orphic doctr9e to :i* ,p9d> gives voice1 t humanity is ( div9e orig9-- --a doctr9e :i* pass$ into ! high] ?\ght ( lat] ,greece4 #ajf ,leav+ aside ?is special "q1 we f9d a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance 9 ! religi\s view ( ^! e>li] poets ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,all ?ree prea* ! supremacy ( ,zeus1 8 omnipot5ce & p]fect ju/ice1 :ile ,sophocles lays /ress on 8 m]cy4 ,! effect ( ?is poetic message 0 probably great & c]ta9ly timely2 = ! gr[+ p[] & frequ5cy ( h]o-cult1 :i* ,p9d> himself & ! dramati/s indirectly enc\rag$1 0 a dang] to ! high] religion2 & ! backw>d & less cultur$ ,hell5es 7 d\btless liable to ! prop5sity ( ! savage m9d to pref] ! wor%ip ( ! local daimon to t ( ! high ,god4 ,aga9/ su* deg5]acy ! works ( ! greate/ fif?-c5tury poets1 l ! ma/]piece ( ! greate/ fif?-c5tury sculptor1 s]v$ at lea/ z an endur+ prote/ 9 ,hellas4 ,& x w\ld be ( int]e/ to consid] h[ f> ! sculptor1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al conception ( 8 mighty !me & 9 ! *oice ( my/ic bywork :]eby he made x articulate1 drew c]ta9 sugge/ions f ! poetry ( s*ylus4 ,^! poets also deal ) ! "q ( ,fate & ,de/9y4 ,! p]sonal1 or half-p]sonal1 0 an old b insignificant figure ( ! popul> religion & my?ology1 & ,hom] is aw>e ( h] & has to reckon ) h]4 ,%e might become m =midable "u ! philosophic conception ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,h]akleitos2 & we "k t lat] philosophy & cultivat$ ?\ght 0 mu* p]plex$ ov] ! problem ( ! reconciliation ( ,fate ) ! idea ( a free div9e ,provid5ce4 ,! great ,attic poets1 tak+ _! cue f ,hom]1 8foll[ a %ort #ajg cut10 int]pret+ ,moira z ! voice or ag5t or emanation ( ! p[] ( ,zeus4#ajg4a ,& ! pupil ( ,pheidias1 ,!okosmos ( ,meg>a1 0 work+ out ! same idea :5 he c>v$ ! ,fates ) ! ,h\rs z subord9ate adjuncts to ! great =m ( ,zeus4#ajg4a ,we may say1 !n1 t bo? ! poetry & ! art ( ?is p]iod work$ = ! deliv]ance ( ! poly!ism f ! burd5 ( fatalism1 :i* t5ds to l[] ! value & sap ! =ce ( all p]sonal religion4 ,! ,prome!us ,v9ctus ( s*ylus expresses inde$ a view ( ,zeus t conflicts ) ! high] religi\s ?\ght ( ! poet4 ,b s*ylus has "h tak5 up a crude /ory t he _c :olly moralise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 h&l+ ( ! idea ( ! curse 9 ! h\se ( ,pelops is n work$ out on ! l9es ( me*anical fatalism2 "o is made to feel x z a spiritual atmosph]e :i* eng5d]s a bias t[>ds evil1 b does n ov]p[] ! fre$om ( ! individual4 ,aga91 ea* ( ^! poets1 :ile accept+ & 9 c]ta9 po9ts purify+ ! traditional poly!ism1 0 capable ( religi\s ?\ght t work$ on o!r l9es ?an an?ropomorphism4 ,! ,high ,god1 ,zeus1 is g5]ally = !m a def9ite p]sonal ,be+2 b once at lea/ s*ylus transc5ds ?is appreh5sion ( him & def9es ,zeus pan!i/ically z a supreme cosmic =ce2 a fragm5t ( 8 #8,heliades' speaks ( him ?us3 8,zeus is air1 e>?1 heav52 ,zeus is ! :ole ( ?+s1 & :atsoev] is high] /ill ?an ^!40 ,moreov]1 ! o!r div9e =ces t %ape our lives are pres5t$ by him & 8 fell[-poets1 n always z 1 b z moral #ajh p[]s t are only half-p]sonal1 n z concrete individual deities1 b z emanations ( ! div9ity4 ,we may call !m #8p]sonifications ( moral ideas1' & "s are no m ?an :at ?is phrase implies1 su* z ^? = in/ance ) :i* ,euripides caprici\sly plays4 ,b "s may be r describ$ z ! ,s\l-p[]s ( ! ,high ,god1 l1 9 "s ways1 to ! ,p]sian ,frava%i2 su* are ,p9d>'s 1#ajh4a ! ,dike ( s*ylus1 8,ju/ice1 ! ,maid5 ,daught] ( ,god10#ajh4b :o 8%9es 9 ! poor man's smoke-dimm$ cab902#ajh4c ,m]cy 9 ! v]se ( ,sophocles1#ajh4d 8,m]cy %>es ! ?rone ( ,god to deal ) all ! de$s ( m540 ,:ile ,p9d>'s g5ius incl9es to ! bright] ( ^! emanations1 s*ylus broods r ov] ! gloomy =ces ( ! %ad[y _w1 :i* he might at times be con/ra9$ to pres5t 9 palpable concrete =m = /age purposes & yet 8 own deep] ?\ght c\ld grasp z half-outl9$ spiritual p[]s1 n ! less real because impalpable4 ,! ord9>y ,hell5e 9 8 religi\s p]ceptions laid too mu* /ress on p]sonal individuality1 z if ?is 7 ! only crit]ion ( ideal reality2 f 8 po9t ( view if ,eros 0 to be a real p[] ( ! div9e _w1 !n ,eros mu/ be imag9$ z a beautiful y\?4 ,b ,kypris or ,aphrodite 9 a /rik+ ,sophoclean fragm5t is no long] pres5t$ z a p]sonal goddess1 b z a diffus$ pan!i/ic =ce4#ajh4e ,& ! ,attic drama may h enl>g$ ! m5tal outlook ( ! succe$+ g5]ations 9 ?is matt]2 = ! au?or ( ! spee* aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton 9 ! f\r? #aji c5tury mu/ h be5 sure t 8 audi5ce w\ld und]/& him :5 he said1 8all mank9d h alt>s d$icat$ to ,ju/ice1 ,law-abid+ness & ,pity1 ! faire/ & holie/ 7be+ ^?7 9 ! v s\l & ! nature ( ea* individual40#aji4a ,?is is j h[ ,euripides might speak4 ,! great fif?-c5tury poets 7 all morali/s ea* 9 8 own way4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek e?ics only conc]ns u at ! sev]al po9ts :]e x t\*es religion2 & to ?is hi/ory1 bo? g5]ally & on its religi\s side1 ! works ( ,p9d> & ! ?ree dramati/s make important contributions4 ,( special int]e/ is _! attitude to ,greek my?ology :i*1 9 spite ( its g5]al brightness & beauty1 s]i\sly ne$$ 9 p>ts ! puritanical re=m]1 if x 0 to be h>monis$ ) ! high] religi\s ?\ght4 ,b none ( ^! poets1 n ev5 ! grave s*ylus1 0 will+ to und]take su* a rle4 ,p9d> ( all ! ?ree comes ne>e/ to prea*+1 = 8 mti] all[$ him m p]sonal fre$om ( comm5t4 ,:ile foll[+1 on ! :ole1 ! beat5 pa? ( tradition1 he c\ld innovate or inv5t if a moral purpose 0 to be ga9$2 = in/ance1 he prea*es to a fri5d ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess ( injuries & confirms x by ! example ( ,zeus1 :o =gave & releas$ ! ,titans1 a my? = :i* he is ! sole au?ority4#aji4b ,we f9d him anticipat+ ,plato 9 8 prote/ aga9/ "s grotesque & repulsive /ories1 su* z ! cannibalism ( ! ,gods 9 ! my? ( ,pelops1 or blasphem\s /ories1 su* z ! !oma*ies & ! combats ( h]oes aga9/ div9ities3 8let all w> & /rife /& f> ap>t f ! immortals0#aji4c #aaj is a good s5t5ti\s maxim = ! expurgation ( ,greek my?ology & = ! enri*m5t ( ,greek e?ico-religi\s ?\ght4 ,b nei!r ,p9d> nor ! two old] dramati/s prote/ aga9/ ! m lic5ti\s my?s1 & !y accept at ne$ v>i\s leg5ds ab\t ! am\rs ( ! ,gods4 ,9 fact1 ! axiom t sexual purity 0 an ess5tial attribute ( all div9ity 0 n yet accept$ by ! high] ?\ght ( ,greece4 ,p9d>'s fre$om & s5se ( irresponsibility 9 reg>d to my?s has a c]ta9 value 9 t x %[s t ! futilities & improprieties ( my?ology--! 8unhappy /ories ( b>ds0--7 n necess>ily a burd5 on ! /rong] religi\s m9ds ( ,hellas1 & t !y c\ld be greatly excis$ f ! poly!ism )\t endang]+ ! popul> wor%ip & fai?1 :i* 9 ! ma9 0 indep5d5t ( !m4 ,z = ! two dramati/s1 8 contempor>ies1 my?ology 0 _! public bus9ess1 & !y accept$ x g5ially because !y 7 n1 9 ! fir/ place1 moral tea*]s1 b dramati/s2 x did n !re=e occur to !m to prote/ or viol5tly to re=m4 ,b !y might select1 disc>d & re%ape2 !y c\ld take ! great leg5ds ( ! pa/1 leg5ds ( ,!bes1 ! /ory ( ! ,niobids1 ( ,prome!us1 ! dea? ( ,ajax1 all ( !m irreconcilable 9 p>ts ) high] morality & religion1 & inve/ !m ) z mu* morality z ! tradition admitt$4 ,?is !y did ) =ce & subtlety4 ,& g5]ally ! moral _s & imag9ation ( s*ylus & ,sophocles mu/ be c\nt$ among ! spiritual facts ( ?is p]iod ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ,greek e?ics & religion mu/ #aaa deal4 ,d\btless ! old] & robu/] poet 0 ! /rong] moral & religi\s =ce2 8 prote/s aga9/ ! non-moral doctr9e ( ,nemesis1 8 pr(\nd utt]ances conc]n+ moral responsibility & ! moral cont9uity t l9ks our lives & actions1 8 discov]y t suff]+ br+s moral wisdom--^! are l&m>ks 9 ! e?ical /ory ( ,greece2 :ile ) ,sophocles ! conviction is no less deep ( ! et]nity & div9ity ( ! moral law4 ,!y 7 ! la/ spokesm5 ( a civic-imp]ial sy/em ) a civic religion & morality t _h n yet pass$ its z5i?4 ,euripides4--,! "p play$ by ,euripides 9 ?is spiritual hi/ory ( ,hellas 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,y\ng] contempor>y ( ,sophocles z he 01 he seems to belong to a diff]5t age4 ,9 8 "w & ?\ght is reflect$ f> m vividly ?an 9 ! old] poets ( ! same c5tury ! new m5tal life :i* 0 fo/]$ by ! philosoph]s & ! sophi/s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! physical speculations ( ! six? c5tury & ( ^? ( ,demokritos & ,anaxagoras ( ! fif?1 :i* at "s po9ts advanc$ fur!r 9 mat]ialism1 has _h "t to p5etrate ! m gift$ m9ds & to compel ! public to a c]ta9 att5tion4 ,! paid #8,sophi/1' ! pione] ( mod]n education & ! fir/ *ampion ( ! critical _s1 0 travell+ ar\nd4 ,& aft] #dgj ,b4,c4 ! imp]ial greatness ( ,a!ns _h begun to attract ! greate/ tea*]s & ?9k]s ( ! age4 ,x 0 ( great mom5t = ,euripides t su* m5 z ,anaxagoras & ,protagoras 7 active 9 ,a!ns = _m ye>s1 & t he _h enjoy$ famili> int]c\rse ) !m #aab z he also enjoy$ ) ,sokrates4 ,x is cle> t ! poet imbib$ deeply _! tea*+ & _! _s2 he 0 also le>n$ 9 ,orphism1 antiqu>ianism & remote folklore4 ,be+ by nature a great poet1 he has also some?+ ( ! weakness ( ! #8polyma?' or ! #8intellectual'2 he _h n ! /ead9ess ( bra9 or /rong conviction en\gh to evolve a sy/ematic philosophy or cle> religi\s fai?2 8 01 9 fact1 ! /imulat+1 eag]1 critical _s1 n ! con/ructive4 ,8 m5tal sympa?ies & int]e/s %ift & range f pole to pole4 ,he is a secul>i/ 9 8 view ( a physical univ]se1 & he =e%ad[s a secul> treatm5t ( e?ics bas$ on ideas ( & h]$ity1 ?\gh a *orus ( 8 maid5s may praise *a/ity z 8! faire/ gift ( ! ,gods40 ,x 0 !re=e possible1 ?\gh mo/ unju/1 t ,ari/ophanes %\ld call him an a!i/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is capable ( pr(\nd religi\s s5tim5t & exalt$ religi\s utt]ance1 & /rikes out fla%es ( light t might k9dle & illum9ate a high] religion4 ,!re=e x 0 possible = ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria to f9d 9 "s ( 8 words a =e%ad[+ ( ,*ri/4#aab4a ,he rema9s = u an enigma1 & probably no f9al judgm5t w ev] be pron\nc$ ^u him1 9 :i* we %all all agree4 ,b ! /ud5t ( ,greek religion mu/ confront ^! two que/ions ab\t him3 7a7 ,:at 0 8 real s5tim5t conc]n+ ! popul> religion8 7b7 ,:at 7 8 contributions to religi\s ?\ght1 & :at 0 likely to be 8 influ5ce on ! religi\s temp]am5t8 ,to make up "o's m9d on ^! que/ions dem&s a long & critical /udy1 #aac also a tactful s5se ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,euripides ! playwright & ,euripides ! ?9k]4 ,x is ! confusion ( ?is di/9ction t leads1 = in/ance1 to ! /rangely errone\s views held conc]n+ ! religi\s significance ( 8 #8,bac*4' ,a sympa!tic read+ ( _m ( ! plays mu/ convey ! impression t c]ta9 cult-figures & leg5ds ( ! poly!ism fill$ ! poet ) scorn & loa?+2 & at times he seems to compose z if he _h a p]sonal hatr$ ( ,apollo & ,aphrodite 9 p>ticul>1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,ion & ,hippolytus4 ,:5 he c int]pret ,aphrodite z a cosmic =ce he c dilate on ?is z beautifully & ard5tly z ,lucretius2 if he c\ld h believ$ t ,apollo 0 m]ely ! ,sun1 z he tells u #8! wise' 7 well aw>e1 he might h =giv5 him4 ,b x is ! real p]sonal ,aphrodite ( ,hom] & ,hel51 ! p]sonal ,apollo1 ! fa!r ( ,ion1 ! s$uc] ( ,kreusa1 & ! belov$ ance/or ( ! ,a!nians1 t rankl$ 9 8 m9d4 ,:5 he h&les ! /ory ( ! madness ( ,h]akles & br+s madness on ! /age1 he uses h] fir/ z 8 m\?piece to convey to ! ,a!nians :at he ?\ght ( ,h]a2#aac4a j z he puts into ! m\? ( ,amphitryon 8 own mordant criticism ( ! action ( ,zeus4#aac4b ,yet ) o!r p>ts ( ! poly!ism he seems at times 9 ! mo/ gl[+ sympa?y2 9 ! ,hippolytus1 = in/ance1 :]e he expresses = ! fir/ "t 9 lit]ature ! religi\s rapture ( purity2 9 ! ,bac* :]e he discov]s ! necess>y phrase = ! expression ( ! ,bac*ic communion1 = ! ec/asy ( ! ,mnad-revel on ! m\nta91 9 v]ses t t+le ) ! nature-magic #aad :i* 0 at ! root ( ?is wild cult4 ,yet no "o %\ld be deceiv$ into ?9k+ t he is prea*+ ! cause ( ,dionysiac wor%ip2 = ! ,bac* closes ) t depress+ anti-climax1 :]e ,dionysos plays ! sorrie/ "p1 & ,euripides' own s\r dislike ( ! p]sonal traditional ,god gives an unpleasant flav\r to ! la/ sc5e4 ,x is ?is bitt]ness ( prote/antism & criticism 9 ?is poet t /rikes a new note 9 ,greece2 & ,euripides may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ 9 ,european hi/ory to be possess$ ) ! !ologic temp]4 ,x _c be said t he prea*$ a new religion2 he 0 no vot>y ev5 ( ,orphism1 = ?\gh1 z ! ,bac* & ! fragm5t ( 8 #8,cretans' atte/1 he felt some?+ ( its spell1 he 0 n ( t ca/ ( m9d t c\ld be deceiv$ by its ph>isaic ritual & laws ( diet1 & he c]ta9ly *]i%$ no my/ic belief conc]n+ ! life aft] dea?2 = ev5 9 ! #8,bac*' !re is no ref]5ce to ?is attractive dogma1 :i* 0 ! ma9 an*or ( ! ,orphic fai?4 ,nor c he be truly describ$ z a zeal\s re=m] ( ! p's fai? & practice2 = ! re=m] mu/ h "s belief 9 t :i* he wi%es to re=m2 & t ,euripides firmly believ$ 9 any "p ( ! poly!ism is h>d to ma9ta92 8 f9al attitude is g5]ally a d\bt4 ,nev]!less1 8 prote/s might h be5 ( value to ! m cultur$ citiz5 :o /ill clave to 8 civic wor%ip4 ,!y are direct$ ma9ly & mo/ =cibly aga9/ ! /ories ( div9e v9dictiv5ess & div9e lic5ti\sness4 ,he is evid5tly t\*$ ) ! new idea t v5geance is ali5 to ! p]fect nature ( ,god2 ?is 0 /ill m insi/5tly proclaim$ by ,plato & by ! ,py?agoreans & #aae lat] philosoph]s4#aae4a ,on ! second c\nt 8 prote/ is sugge/$ by ! notion t 0 dawn+ 9 him t purity 9 e s5se 0 ess5tial to ! div9e nature2 he is !n ! h]ald 9 lit]ature ( a ?\ght :i* ,orphism may h prompt$ & :i* 0 to play a lead+ "p 9 lat] religion & religi\s speculation1 b :i* 0 unfamili> to 8 contempor>ies ei!r 9 ,hellas or any:]e 9 ! ,m$it]ranean except 9 ,israel4 ,8 lead+ pr9ciple ( criticism 9 all ^! matt]s is express$ 9 ! ,iphig5eia 9 ,tauris1 namely1 t ! evil 9 religi\s practice & leg5d arises f m5 imput+ _! own evil nature to ,god4#aae4b ,we owe mu* to ! man :o fir/ utt]$ ?is w>n+ aga9/ a debas+ an?ropomorphism4 ,! immoral elem5ts 9 ,greek my?ology1 :i* h be5 con/antly reprobat$ by anci5t & mod]n writ]s1 h (t5 bl9d$ !m to ! fact t ,greek religion 9 its =ms ( wor%ip & sacr$ =mul 0 ma9ly pure & ref9$4 ,! /ories ab\t ! ,gods1 (t5 ( ! type natural to savage folklore1 did n con/itute anci5t religion2 & !y 7 ! less able to *oke ! gr[? ( a high] e?ical-religi\s _s 9 t !y 7 n en%r9$ 9 sacr$ books t c\ld speak ) au?ority to ! p4 ,yet we h n infrequ5t pro(s 9 ,greek lit]ature1 notably 9 ,plato's ,eu?yphron1 t !y might ex]cise at times an immoral influ5ce on m5's conduct4 ,meantime ! educational movem5t 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies _h awak5$ m5's m9ds to ! importance ( ! moral "q 9 lit]ature4 ,& ! prote/s ( ,euripides are develop$ by ,plato 9 8 #aaf s*eme ( education 9 ! ,republic1 & ! same po9t ( view prompts him to 8 puritanical legislation aga9/ poets4 ,su* moral movem5ts 9 ! poly!i/ic societies ( ,greece are int]e/+ to m>k1 ?\gh _! effect is (t5 difficult to e/imate4 ,! new puritanical _s _h probably a :olesome influ5ce on ! m cultur$ m9ds2 x _h little influ5ce on ! mass ( ! p1 nor does ! lat] poetry ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod %[ mu* trace ( x4 ,z reg>ds ! actual =ms ( ,greek ritual & wor%ip1 ,euripides has no?+ revolution>y to say4 ,he appe>s to h a /rong dislike = prophets1 & 9 ?is he 0 9 "s accord ) s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ! ,a!nian p4 ,he %[s great di/ru/ = ,delphi2 & its influ5ce 0 d\btless impair$ at ,a!ns dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,he prote/s aga9/ human sacrifice z a b>b>ic & non-,hell5ic in/itution#aaf4a--?\gh he appe>s fond ( x z a dramatic motive--& on "o occasion ! speak] argues t ! ,gods ne$ no?+ f mortals at all2#aaf4b ! ?\ght 0 sugge/$ m]ely by dramatic exig5cies2 & ,euripides n[h]e attempts a crusade aga9/ ! value ( sacrifice 9 g5]al4 ,he has only "o important ?+ to say ab\t x1 namely t ! small sacrifice ( ! pi\s (t5 outweighs ! hecatomb4#aaf4c ,?is ?\ght implies a m spiritual view ( ! div9e nature & is n infrequ5tly express$ 9 ! lat] lit]ature2 accord+ to ,!ophra/os & ,!opompos ?is high] view ( sacrifice 0 ev5 enc\rag$ by ! ,delphic oracle4#aaf4d #aag ,!re is mu* inde$ 9 ! s5t5ti\s poetry ( ,euripides t might h elevat$ & cle>$ ! religi\s ?\ghts ( 8 age2 b x is d\btful if 8 ultimate conception ( ,godhead1 z x t5ds t[>ds pan!ism1 c\ld h be5 reconcil$ ) ! an?ropomorphic poly!ism ( ! p or if ^? mo/ conv]sant ) 8 tone & inspir$ by 8 _s c\ld h rema9$ long 9 sympa?y ) or?odoxy4 ,& !re is an in/9ct 9 ,euripides :i* enhances 8 value = ! mod]n man1 b :i* 0 to be subv]sive 9 ! longrun ( ! old civic religion1 namely1 ! humanit>ian or cosmopolitan in/9ct2 t :i* all[$ him to sympa?ise ) ,trojans1 wom51 *ildr5 & slaves1 :i* inspir$ him ) ! beautiful ?\ght t 8! :ole e>? is ! good man's fa!rl&10 :i* also prompt$ him to despise ! life ( civic duty & activity & to recomm5d1 z ,ari/otle does1 ! seclud$ & contemplative life4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ?is cosmopolitan _s & its effect on ! old civic religion w be not$ bel[4 ,x has be5 necess>y to dwell s long on ,euripides1 n only = ! reasons m5tion$ above1 b also because ow+ to ! vogue t he won 9 8 lifetime & t 0 greatly to increase aft] 8 dea?1 he m ?an any o!r ( ! great m5 ( lett]s mu/ be reg>d$ z ! popul>is] ( ! new enlight5m5t4 ,:e!r he individually ex]cis$ any imm$iate religi\s influ5ce ^u ! popul> religi\s m9d1 = good or = h>m1 is n easy to decide ) precision2 = !re 7 o!r expon5ts ?an he ( ! same fre] & m advanc$ ?\ght1 :i* #aah began to express itself e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,z a result we are able to disc]n ! religi\s view ( human life & conduct1 becom+ :at we %\ld t]m m spiritual1 m inw>d4 ,! moral judgm5t beg9s to look to ! s\l or ! inn] pr9ciple2 ! doctr9e beg9s to be proclaim$ t ,god z a spiritual p[] c read ! he>t ( man & judges him by t2 t s9 lies n 9 ! ext]nal act alone2 t ext]nal rituali/ic purity is ( less avail ?an purity ( s\l4 ,su* ?\ghts z ^! :i* c\ld s]ve z ! f\ndation-/ones ( a new religion & :i* help$ to %ape ! lat] religi\s hi/ory ( ,europe 7 ma9ly a h]itage f ! speculation ( ! six? c5tury & 7 9 ! air ( ! fif?4 ,we _c ?9k t !y 7 conf9$ to ! philosophic circles until ,euripides gave !m publicity2 = ! notable oracle quot$ & comm5t$ on by ,h]odotus _h proclaim$ to ! p ! novel view t a s9ful purpose 0 ! same 9 ! sight ( ,god z a s9ful act2#aah4a ,epi*>mos1 ! ,sicilian poet ( ! e>li] fif? c5tury1 _h prea*$ ! high] ideal ( purity--8if ?\ art pure 9 m9d1 ?\ art pure 9 ?y :ole body40 ,x 0 probably 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same c5tury t "s rhetorician ( ! s*ool ( ,gorgias int]polat$ ! proem ( ,hesiod's ,works & ,days1 :i* reveals an exalt$ view ( ! ,high ,god4#aah4b ,we may believe1 !n1 t ?is high] religi\s e?ic _h a c]ta9 elevat+ influ5ce on ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! "q ( imm$iate int]e/ is :e!r we c trace any effects ( ?is 9 actual wor%ip4 ,did ! new enlight5m5t1 = in/ance1 #aai lead to ! abolition or re=m ( cruel or impure or absurd =ms ( ritual8 ,human sacrifice4--,?is "q involves ! consid]ation ( ! practice ( human sacrifice1 :i* _h be5 c]ta9ly preval5t 9 prehi/oric & e>ly hi/oric ,greece1 z 9 o!r ,m$it]ranean communities4 ,we h evid5ce t 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ! practice 0 ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! ,greek societies & 0 repugnant to ! religi\s morality ( all b ! mo/ backw>d4 ,! feel+ ab\t ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia manife/$ 9 ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus1 ! /ory ab\t ! ,botian g5]als & ! sacrifice ( a maid5 be=e ! battle ( ,leuktra are suffici5t pro(4#aai4a ,! ,platonic dialogue ( ! ,m9os contra/s ! ,greeks ) ! b>b>ians 9 ?is matt]1#aai4b yet implies t ! ,arcadians 9 ! cult ( ,zeus ,lykaios & ! m5 ( ,halos 9 t ( ,zeus ,laphy/ios#aai4c cont9u$ ! cruel (f]+s t disgrac$ _! ,hell5ism4 ,euripides atte/s t ! human sacrifice once cu/om>y 9 ! rites ( ,artemis1 ne> ,brauron1 _h be51 be=e 8 day1 trans=m$ to a m]e fiction1#aai4d & at "s "t e>li] ?an ?is ! ,a!nians mu/ h ceas$ to immolate human scapegoats1 call$ 1 9 _! ,?>gelia4#aai4e ,! ,rhodians eas$ _! consci5ces & at ! same "t ma9ta9$ _! immemorial rite by *oos+ a malefactor :o _h be5 condemn$ to dea? z a human victim to ,kronos4#aai4f ,accord+ to ,porphyry ! practice #abj surviv$ "h & !re "u ! ,roman ,empire until ! "t ( ,hadrian4#abj4a ,& ,plut>*#abj4b decl>es t ! ye>ly cu/om ( expos+ ! two ,locrian maid5s to ! *ance ( a cruel dea? on ! %ore ( ,ilium1 9 expiation ( ! s9 ( ,aias ! ,less aga9/ ,a!na ,ilias1 _h be5 ab&on$ n v long be=e 8 "t4 ,b ! bett] s5tim5t ( ,greece 9 respect ( su* rites _h probably begun to "w z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]1 = c]ta9 leg5ds conc]n+ ! abolition ( ?is ritual & ! sub/itution ( ! animal = ! human life po9t back to ! prehi/oric p]iod2 & ! m]ciful re=m 0 ascrib$ to ! ,high ,god himself 9 a ,laconian leg5d t closely resembles ! /ory ( ! sacrifice ( ,isaac4#abj4c ,! humanit>ian _s1 !n1 _h ass]t$ itself be=e ! six? c5tury2 b d\btless ! high] tea*+ & ?9k+ ( ?is & ! succe$+ age quick5$ its influ5ce4 ,phallic ritual4--,z reg>ds t elem5t 9 ,greek ritual :i* ! mod]n ta/e pron\nces impure1 !re is little trace ( any attempt at re=m 9 any p]iod ( ! poly!ism4 ,! elem5t 0 inde$ b slight4 ,! =ms ( wor%ip 71 on ! :ole1 decor\s1 (t5 /ately & beautiful2 anci5t leg5d reveals ! anxi\s c>e ( ! e>ly ,hell5es to pres]ve _! temples f any sexual defilem5t2 :]e a 1 or ,holy ,m>riage1 0 enact$ 9 any ( ! %r9es1 !re is no ne$ to suspect any lic5ti\sness2#abj4d no su* feature is disc]nible 9 ! ,eleus9ian or o!r ,hell5ic my/]ies1 al?\gh #aba ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs are eag] 9 _! ins9uations2 ! ,hell5ic#aba4a cults ( ! ,ori5tal ,aphrodite 7 g5]ally innoc5t ( t ritual ( temple-pro/itution :i* 0 f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,anatolian cults & :i* sc&alis$ ! ,greek z mu* z ! ,*ri/ian writ]s2 ! few impure titles atta*+ to ?is goddess may well h aris5 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! decad5t poly!ism4#aba4b ,9 ! e>ly ages1 x is cle>1 ! :olesome & temp]ate influ5ce ( ! ,hell5ic _s _h work$ ^u ! =ms ( ! poly!ism4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! ritual ( a few div9ities1 ,demet]1 ,h]mes1 ,dionysos1 & ev5 ( ,artemis h]self1#aba4c sexual emblems 7 occasionally 9 vogue1 dances ( a m or less lic5ti\s "* are m5tion$1 ?\gh ^! 7 v r>e2 :ile 9 ! ,!smophoria & o!r s]vices ( ,demet]1 :at 0 call$ 1 indec5t & scurril\s bad9age1 0 indulg$ 9 by ! wom5 among !mselves or m r>ely ) ! m5 also4 ,we note t su* ritual is practically conf9$ to vegetation-cults1 & 9 "s x is m]ely vegetation magic h>dly atta*+ to ! div9ity1 nor affect+ 8 or h] moral aspect4 ,! phallic emblem & ! procession call$ ! or 7 specially associat$ ) ,dionysos & ,h]mes2 & ,plut>*1 a man ( m ?an ! av]age culture & ref9em5t & /rik+ly susceptible to ! spiritual influ5ces ( ! m my/ic religions1 describes x z a h>mless adjunct ( ! ance/ral & *e]ful ritual ( ! #abb ,botian peasant4#abb4a ,n[ x is wor? not+ t aga9/ ?is elem5t 9 ,greek ritual !re is sc>cely a ^w ( prote/ 9 all ! e?ical & philosophic lit]ature ( ,greece4 ,! exception is only a fragm5t>y utt]ance ( ,h]akleitos1 9 :i* he seems to rail aga9/ ! phallic procession ( ,dionysos2 b ! exact s5se ( 8 words is n q cle>4#abb4b ,! high] moral ?\ght ( ,greece on ?is matt] is probably m ne>ly repres5t$ 9 ! utt]ance ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,politics1#abb4c :]e he lays d[n au/]e rules = ! tra9+ ( ! "y3 8,no impure emblem or pa9t+ or any repres5tation ( impropriety is to be all[$ by ! ar*ons1 except 9 ! cults ( ^? div9ities to :om ! law atta*es ! ritual ( scurrility 773 9 _! case ! law all[s ^? ( m advanc$ age to p]=m ! div9e s]vice 9 behalf ( !mselves1 _! *ildr5 & _! wives40 ,ev5 9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 :5 great] /ress 0 cont9ually be+ laid ^u purity 9 cult1 no prote/ is he>d aga9/ ^! old-_w =ms1 :i* h ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe d[n to ! pres5t day 9 spite ( ! d5unciations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! seem+ p>adox is expla9$ :5 we reflect t ! idea ( purity *anges its cont5t 9 ! diff]5t g5]ations2 & secondly t ! ,hell5ic1 l all ! o!r ,m$it]ranean religions1 except ! ,hebraic1 reg>d$ ! physical procreative p[] z belong+ to ! div9e "* & z "p ( 8 cosmic creative =ce2 !re=e an emblem t 0 secul>ly impure might be made holy by cult & consecration4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t ! mod]n #abc ideas ( ref9em5t diff] mo/ m>k$ly f ! classic4 ,survival ( o!r primitive ritual4--,!re is mu* besides 9 old ,greek ritual t appe>s to u h>mless b unc\? & irrational2 /range & nave ?+s 7 done t primitive ideas ( magic & animism inspir$2 & "o may be surpris$ to f9d t ! high] culture ( ! fif? & succe$+ c5turies is n kn[n to h suppress$ a s+le "o ( ^!4 ,/ill1 9 ! "t ( ,!ophra/os1 & indef9itely lat]1 ! ,a!nians 7 capable ( ! qua9t old-_w ritual ( ! ,b\phonia1 t /range m$ley ( wor%ip & magic & dramatic make-belief#abc4a2 /ill 9 ! "t ( ,demo/h5es#abc4b !y 7 capable ( br++ up to judgm5t 9 ! law c\rt an axe or any o!r inanimate ?+ t _h caus$ ! dea? ( a man or ( ! sacr$ ox & solemnly condemn+ x to be ?r[n into ! sea2 ! driv+ out ( s9 or fam9e1 inc>nate 9 a human be+1 0 a c]emony 9 vogue at ,massilia#abc4c & probably also at ,a!ns long aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,nor did ! high] an?ropomorphism1 p[]ful z its work+ 01 entirely oblit]ate ! wor%ip or half-wor%ip ( animals 9 ! lat] c5turies4#abc4d ,ev5 ,zeus might /ill be conceiv$ by ! m5 ( ! f\r? c5tury z occasionally inc>nate 9 ! snake2 & 9 a ritual law regulat+ ! cult ( ,asclepios at ,a!ns1 compos$ %ortly aft] #djj ,b4,c41 a sacrifice 0 ord]$ to c]ta9 sacr$ dogs2 ! pi\s vot>y w\ld comply1 h[ev] ! act might awak5 ! laught] ( a comic poet4 ,h]akleitos prote/$ aga9/ ! #abd absurdity ( pray+ to idols2 b no voice ( ! new enlight5m5t is he>d aga9/ ^! f> m irrational & backw>d c]emonies4 ,! av]age public ?\ght ( ! fif? c5tury did n repudiate ! use ( magic2 9 fact1 x is n till ! fif? c5tury t its efficacy is kn[n to h be5 recognis$ by legislation4#abd4a ,& ,plato1#abd4b speak+ ab\t x 9 8 ,laws1 a "w ( 8 decl9+ ye>s & intellect1 is n sure :e!r he believes or disbelieves 9 its p[]4 ,!re is no?+ m cons]vative ?an ritual2 & ,greece produc$ no ard5t ,prote/ant re=m]4 ,!re=e1 ! av]age educat$ ,a!nian ev5 ( ! f\r? c5tury w\ld d\btless agree ) ! orator ,lysias1 t 8x is prud5t to ma9ta9 ! same sacrifices z _h be5 orda9$ by our ance/ors :o made our city great1 if = no o!r reason1 = ! sake ( ! city's luck40#abd4c ,/r5g? ( ! traditional religion 9 ! fif? c5tury4--,! "q naturally occurs--7 ! mass ( ! citiz5s t\*$ at all 9 _! inw>d !ory ( ?+s by ! _s ( mod]nism :i* brea!d f ,ionia & inspir$ ! sophi/s8 ,! culture t 0 ! /ock-9-trade ( ! latt] 0 only (f]$ to ^? :o c\ld pay2 & ^u ^! ! poor] ,a!nian look$ askance4 ,he he>d ( x at fir/ ) a dislike t might become dang]\s4 ,fanaticism1 z we are famili> ) x 9 ! pages ( ,european & ,semitic hi/ory1 0 happily ali5 to ! ,greek temp]am5t4 ,b ! bani%m5t ( ,anaxagoras & ,protagoras1 & ! execution ( ,sokrates by ! city t 0 to become #abe ! s*oolmi/ress ( ,greece1 might seem to sav\r some:at ( ?is temp] ( m9d4 ,^! acts1 inde$1 7 n inspir$ solely by religi\s feel+s2 b !y are cle> pro(s t ! poly!ism 0 by no means moribund & c\ld be dang]\s 9 its own def5ce4 ,no?+ is m errone\s ?an ! view :i* is sometimes express$1 t ! popul> devotion to ! old religion 0 abat+ & its div9e p]sonalities & =ms los+ life & value t[>ds ! close ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 _! d>k days ! ,a!nians bid$ tru] to _! old fai? ?an did ,rome 9 h] "t ( t]ror4 ,we d n f9d a pro/rate ,a!ns turn+ desp]ately = aid to ali5 ,ori5tal cults4 ,we he> inde$ ( ! beg9n+s ( ,adonis-cult 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! fir/ ripple ( a wave ( ,ori5talism t 0 to surge we/w>d lat]4 ,b ?is fem99e excess 0 unau?oris$1 & ,ari/ophanes hates x & mocks at x4 ,& ! %all[ view m5tion$ above w\ld be suffici5tly refut$ by 8 com$y ( #8! ,cl\ds1' 9 :i* he1 ! greate/ lit]>y g5ius ( 8 "t1 poses z ! *ampion ( ! reaction aga9/ mod]nism4 ,x is refut$ also by o!r incid5ts 9 ,a!nian hi/ory t fall )9 ! la/ decades ( ?is c5tury2 = ! rage ( ! p at ! mutilation ( ! ,h]mai1 at ! suppos$ insult to ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 at ! neglect ( ! dead aft] ! battle ( ,arg9\sai1 may be evid5ce ( morbid religiosity1 & is surely inconsi/5t ) a g5]al preval5ce ( scepticism4 ,9 ^! episodes ! :ole p reveal a passionate atta*m5t to _! holy my/]ies1 to _! qua9t phallic ,h]me-images on :i* ! luck & ! life ( ! ,/ate dep5d$1 to #abf ! duties ( ! lov+ t5dance ( ! dead4 ,ev5 _! animi/ic beliefs conc]n+ ! common ph5om5a ( ! physical _w _h n yet be5 extirpat$ or purg$ by ! physical philosophy ( ,ionia2 = accord+ to ,plato x 0 /ill a dang]\s p>adox1 :i* 8 ,sokrates disclaims be=e ! jury1 to ma9ta9 ) ,anaxagoras t ! ,sun & ! ,moon 7 m]ely mat]ial bodies & n 9 !mselves div9e4 ,intellectually ,nikias appe>s inf]ior to ,hom]'s ,hektor4 ,x 0 ,a!ns t produc$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! #8sup]/iti\s man' ( ,!ophra/os2 b x is "r to be> 9 m9d t %e also produc$ ! man :o c\ld s g5ially & tol]antly expose t "*4 ,influ5ce ( com$y4--,^? :o believ$ t ! fai? 9 ! poly!ism 0 fall+ into rapid decay by #djj ,b4,c4 sometimes quote by way ( evid5ce ! a/oni%+ lic5ce ( ,attic com$y 9 deal+ ) ! div9e p]sonalities2 ! notori\s example is ! ludicr\s figure & "p ( ,dionysos 9 ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,yet ! p :o enjoy$ ! hum\r ( ! play 7 m devot$ to ,dionysos ?an to mo/ ( ! o!r p]sons ( _! pan!on4 ,if ! #8excell5t fool+' ( ,ari/ophanes is a pro( ( popul> unbelief1 :at %all we say ( t ,attic t]ra-cotta ( ! six? c5tury t repres5ts him half asleep & half drunk on ! back ( a mule & support$ by an anxi\s ,seil5os8#abf4a ,! pres5t writ] has sugge/$ t 8?is is "s peasant's d$ication1 :o fe>$ 8 god little b lov$ him mu* & treat$ him en bon cam>ade40 ,epi*>mos 9 ,sicily _h be5 be=eh& ) ,ari/ophanes 9 v5tur+ on ! burlesque ( div9e actions1 ,hephai/os & ,h]akles #abg specially l5d+ !mselves to ridicul\s situations4 ,ev5 9 ! epic p]iod ! same gay irrev]5ce _h occasionally appe>$1 z 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,h]mes4 ,^! ?+s d n necess>ily arise f an anti-religi\s _s1 b !y may be tak5 z indication ( a c]ta9 ve9 9 ! ,hell5ic "*1 a light-he>t$ness & a reckless fre$om 9 deal+ on c]ta9 occasions ) ?+s div9e t is m>k$ly 9 contra/ to ! ,ori5tal _s4 ,nev]!less1 x is n improbable t com$y at ,a!ns & else:]e did gradually ex]cise a weak5+ or a debas+ influ5ce on ! popul> fai?4 ,= ! o!r poets ( ,attic com$y took great] lib]ties ?an ev5 ,ari/ophanes2 ,krat9os & ,telekleides ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,amphis ( ! f\r?1 did n %r9k f introduc+ ! ,high ,god himself on ! /age 9 ridicul\s & lic5ti\s situations4 ,!re probably 0 "s res]ve & no gross indec5cy 9 ! pres5tation ( ^! plots4 ,& mu* is conc$$ to ! _s ( ! c>nival1 especially :5 a c]ta9 0 sanctifi$ by cu/om & ritual4 ,nev]!less1 ! m e>ne/-m9d$ ( ! ,a!nians may h agre$ ) ,plato's condemnation ( su* a h&l+ ( div9e p]sonages1#abg4a & ?\gh ! popul> fai? may h be5 robu/ en\gh to endure su* %ocks1 "o _c b suspect t ! p's religi\s imag9ation suff]$ a debasem5t 9 moral tone4 ,a few ,s\?-,italian vases ( ! f\r? c5tury1 on :i* are sc5es t appe> to h be5 inspir$ by su* com$ies1 are ! wor/ examples ( ,hell5ic vulg>ity4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek religion1 !n1 mu/ reckon ) ,attic com$y z among ! possible causes ( #abh religi\s corruption & decay2 b at ! wor/ ?is is only "o side ( ! picture1 = ! fragm5ts ( ! com$ies ( ,m5&]1 z w be %[n1 conta9 _m a /rik+ expression ( ! high] religi\s _s & advanc$ e?ical s5tim5t4 ,wan+ ( ! political value ( ,delphi4--,!re are c]ta9 ext]nal ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion t[>ds ! close ( ! fif? c5tury t mu/ be not$ 9 a g5]al sket* ( its c>e]4 ,"o is ! wan+ ( ! political influ5ce ( ! ,delphic oracle2 its secul> mission appe>$ to h be5 accompli%$ :5 ! era ( ,greek colonial expansion _h clos$2 at ! fir/ t]ror ( ! ,p]sian invasion ! great /ates anxi\sly resort$ to ,delphi = guidance1 b ! prie/hood fail$ to rise to ! ,pan-,hell5ic occasion & play$ a d\ble game4 ,dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w> x 0 obvi\s t !y 7 #8,laconis+'2 nor 7 !y ev] giv5 aga9 an opportunity ( lead+ la haute politique ( ,hellas1 & 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,demo/h5es c\ld speak contemptu\sly ( #8! %ad[ at ,delphi1' al?\gh ! ,amphictyonic ,league1 z ! only f$]al c\ncil ( ,hellas1 /ill reta9$ a nom9al value suffici5t to induce ,philip to s*eme = admission4 ,g5]ally1 9 ! f\r?1 ?ird & second c5turies1 ! oracle reta9$ influ5ce only 9 ! sph]es ( religion & morality4 ,plato /ill reg>ds ! ,delphic ,god z ! natural director ( ! religi\s in/itutions ( ! ,/ate4 ,& we h int]e/+ examples 9 ! lat] lit]ature ( consultation ( ! oracle by individuals ^: m9ds 7 tr\bl$ by religi\s t]rors & remorse4 ,9 fact1 x came to s]ve ! purposes ( a private confessional1 giv+ advice on #abi que/ions ( consci5ce2 & its advice 0 g5]ally sane & (t5 enlight5$ & %[s ! prie/s z possess$ ) ! progressive _s ( ,greek e?ical philosophy4#abi4a ,spread ( ,asklepios-wor%ip4--,ano!r ev5t ( importance is ! diffusion ( ! cult ( ,asklepios & ! gr[+ influ5ce on ! ,hell5ic m9d ( ?is once obscure h]o or e>?-daimon ( ! ,!ssalian ,trikka4 ,x 0 !nce t sometime probably 9 ! six? c5tury he _h migrat$ to ,epidauros1 :]e 8 p[] exp&$ ?r\gh 8 union ) ,apollo4 ,8 cult-settlem5t 9 ,kos 0 connect$ ) ! ,epidaurian2 & already 9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,asclepieion ( ?is fav\r$ isl& _h re>$ ! great ,hippokrates & 0 ?us ! cradle ( ! lat] m$ical sci5ce ( ,europe4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ?is c5tury ,asklepios & 8 daught]s came ev5 f ,epidauros to ,a!ns1 & accord+ to a well-f\nd$ tradition ! poet ,sophocles 0 8 fir/ apo/le2 9 ! next g5]ation we f9d ! ,a!nian /ate regulat+ 8 wor%ip1 :i* 0 soon to conqu] ! :ole ,hell5ic _w4 ,& 9 ! survey ( ! ,hell5i/ic age x mu/ be reckon$ ) z "o ( ! ma9 religi\s =ces ( lat] ,hell5ism4 ,we may note 9 pass+ a /rik+ div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,european _s ( ,hell5ic religion & ! ,ori5tal _s ( ,mesopotamia3 ! ,babylonian ,god practises magic1 ! ,hell5ic ,asklepios1 ?\gh he work$ miracles en\gh1 came 9 a lat] day at lea/ to fo/] sci5ce1 & ev5 8 cases at ,epidauros 7 n all m]ely ( ! ,l\rdes type4 ,gr[? ( ! ,?iasoi4--,ano!r int]e/+ ph5om5on t beg9s to arre/ our att5tion 9 #acj ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury is ! gr[? ( private or volunt>y religi\s associations indep5d5t ( ! public religion & devot$ to a special div9ity :o might be an ali54 ,! mo/ int]e/+ te/imony is ! title ( a com$y by ,eupolis call$ ! #8,baptai1' :i* we may int]pret z #8! ,baptis]s1' satiris+ a society devot$ to ! ,?racian goddess1 ,kotytto1 ^: initiation-rites mu/ h includ$ a c]emony ( baptism1 ( :i* ?is is ! e>lie/ example )9 ! ,hell5ic area4 ,x w be m conv5i5t to e/imate ! importance ( religi\s significance ( ^! 9 ! survey ( ! next p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,mean:ile1 x is well to m>k c]ta9 evid5ce t ! mo/ p[]ful & appeal+ ( ^!1 ! ,orphic my/]y1 hav+ fail$ 9 ! six? c5tury to capture ! ,/ates ( ,magna ,grcia1 0 increas+ its private influ5ce 9 ,ea/]n ,greece 9 ! c5tury be=e ! rise ( ,alex&]4 ,plato's attack is itself a witness ( ?is4 ,& :5 ,ari/ophanes#acj4a & an ,attic orator contempor>y ) ,demo/h5es#acj4b op5ly ackn[l$ge ,orpheus z ! apo/le to ! ,hell5es ( ! mo/ holy my/]ies1 & ! tea*] ( a high] way ( life1 we mu/ conclude t ! _s ( ! ,orphic bro!rhoods _h t\*$ ! imag9ation ( ! g5]al public outside ! circle ( ! initiat$4 ,religion 9 fir/ half ( f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4--,yet x is haz>d\s & probably false to say t ! public religion ( ,greece 0 decay+ visibly ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,a!ns is z usual our *ief witness4 ,! re/or$ democracy 0 all ! m /r5u\s 9 matt]s ( religion z scepticism 0 consid]$ a m>k ( ! #aca new culture ( ! olig>*ically-m9d$4 ,! trial ( ,socrates is an indication ( ?is temp]4 ,we h also evid5ce f ?is p]iod ( ! occasional sev]ity ( ! ,a!nian p aga9/ ^? :o tri$ to introduce unau?oris$ & un-,hell5ic cults4 ,! ,hell5ic tradition is /ill /rong aga9/ ! contagion ( ! orgia/ic _s ( ! ,anatolian religion1 & x 0 ) difficulty t ! ,a!nian public c\ld tol]ate ! wild ritual ( ,sabazios & ! ,phrygian ,"m1 nor ev5 9 ! "t ( ,demo/h5es 7 ! p>ticipants 9 x secure f dang]4 ,! e>ly f\r?-c5tury art /ill exhales ! religi\s _s & s]i\s e?os ( ! ,pheidian s*ool2 & x creat$ ! type1 & almo/ succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! cult1 ( ! new ,goddess ( ,peace1 ,eir5e1 = ^: pres5ce among !m ! we>i$ ,a!nians might well ye>n2 x also p]fect$ ! ideal ( ,demet]1 ! ,madre ,dolorosa ( ,greek my?1 ^: ,eleus9ian rites ) _! b5ign promise ( salvation add$ p[] & significance to ! lat] poly!ism4 ,! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod atte/s ! endur+ vitality ( ! popul> religion4 ,! ,attic oratory ( ! f\r? c5tury 0 m religi\s 9 its appeal ?an any mod]n has be51 z might be expect$ ( a "t :5 !re 0 yet no divorce conceivable betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,x is n a "q ( ! religi\s fai? ( ! individual orator1 b ( ! religi\s temp] ( ! audi5ce :i* is atte/$ by _m /rik+ passages 9 ! spee*es4 ,accord+ to ,antiphon1 ! puni%m5t ( s9n]s & ! av5g+ ( ! wrong$ is specially ! conc]n ( ! deities ( ! ne!r _w#aca4a2 ,&okides av]s #acb t f\l misconduct 0 a m he9\s s9 9 a man :o _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,"m & ! ,maid ( ,eleusis#acb4a2 ! spee* aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton is almo/ z mu* a religi\s z a juridical utt]ance4 ,demo/h5es may h be5 a sceptic at he>t1 believ+ 9 *ance--z he once says--z ! gov]n+ =ce ( our life2 b o!rwise he is gl[+ly or?odox 9 respect ( ,attic religion & my?ology1 & ! greate/ ( 8 spee*es closes ) a f]v5t & pi\s pray]4#acb4b ,& aga9 x is well to rem9d ourselves t ! political or =5sic orator is a tru] witness to ! av]age popul> belief ?an ! poet or ! philosoph]4 ,plato's attitude t[>ds ! popul> religion4--,a consecutive hi/ory ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght z embodi$ 9 ! surviv+ writ+s or records ( ! philosophic s*ools ( ,hellas is f> too l>ge a subject ev5 to be adumbrat$ "h4 ,& a g5]al survey ( ! religion c only notice %ortly ! lead+ ?9k]s ^: works !re is reason to suppose _h popul> vogue & la/+ influ5ce ^u ! religi\s _w4 ,among ^! ! primacy belongs to ,plato2 & ! full acc\nt ( ,greek religion1 bo? 9 ! p]iod t prec$es ! d[nfall ( ,greek indep5d5ce & 9 ! p]iods t foll[1 mu/ include a critical e/imate ( 8 religi\s speculation4 ,?is is no place = an elaborate consid]ation ( ! metaphysic ( 8 ideal !ory1 or ! relation ( 8 ideas to a !i/ic sy/em2 b only ! mo/ g5]al obs]vations may be all[$ = ! purpose ( ?is sket*4 ,to und]/& 8 ma9 attitude t[>ds ! popul> cults1 & 8 influ5ce ^u ! lat] #acc educat$ _w ( ,greece1 we mu/ recognise at once t1 ideali/ & re=m] z he 01 he 0 no revolution>y or iconocla/ 9 matt]s ( religion2 he w\ld re=m ,greek my?ology1 purg+ x ( /ories ( div9e conflicts1 div9e v5geance1 div9e am\rs2 &1 z ^! =tunately 7 en%r9$ 9 no sacr$ books1 he feels t ?is might be done g5tly & easily )\t di/urbance to ! e/abli%$ =ms ( wor%ip4 ,he does n desire to aboli% sacrifice or idolatry1 b inculcates simplicity 9 ! (f]+s4#acc4a ,9 "o passage he ev5 ma9ta9s t ! legislator w n *ange a s+le detail ( ! ritual1 if only = ! reason t he does n "k any?+ ( ! inn] tru? t may lie beh9d su* outw>d =ms4#acc4b ,ev5 9 8 mo/ advanc$ physical & metaphysical speculations he f9ds a place = ! popul> pan!on2#acc4c 9 ! hi]>*ic scale ( ?+s ! ,olympians are rang$ some:]e bel[ ! supreme transc5d5tal ,god ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! #8,timu' dialogue pres5ts "s int]e/+ !ologic dogma2 "h#acc4d 9 ! scale ( ,div9e creation ! ,olympian ,pan!on1 :i* seems to be accept$ r = ! sake ( anci5t tradition1 is giv5 ! ?ird place aft] ! planets & ! ,sun :i* are ! second works ( ! ,supreme ,creator1 ! fir/ be+ ! cosmic ,heav54 ,^! deities ( ! poly!ism1 !n1 are n immortal 9 _! own nature1 b are held toge!r = all et]nity by ! w ( ! highe/ ,god4 ,& x 0 to !m t he committ$ ! =mation ( man1 & l5t = ?is purpose a portion ( 8 own immortality2 ! mortality ( man is ?us acc\nt$ #acd =2 :i* w\ld h be5 inexplicable _h he sprung directly f ! immortal ,supreme ,be+4 ,x is int]e/+ = our pres5t purpose to note t ?is esot]ic & transc5d5tal sy/em1 devis$ by ! great ma/] & p>5t ( ,greek !osophy1 w\ld leave ! e/abli%$ religion m or less unimpair$2 x ev5 accepts its data at c]ta9 po9ts1 namely1 ! nativity ( its ,gods1 & draws ! logical conclusion t ,gods1 :o 7 born c\ld n be by ess5ce immortal2 !re=e ,zeus c\ld n be accept$ z ! ,absolute & ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,cosmos4 ,also x proclaims ! idea ( an immortal elem5t 9 man1 :i*1 aga91 is 9 accord n only ) ,orphic tea*+1 b also ) ! contempor>y popul> fai? 9 ! survival ( "s "p ( our be+ aft] dea?4 ,b ! "w :i* reflects mo/ vividly ! popul> religion & betrays ! /ronge/ sympa?y ) x is ! ,laws1 a "w ( 8 old age 9 :i* ! cons]vative _s ( ! religi\s re=m] is no less /rik+ ?an ! intellectual decay ( ! philosoph]4 ,he accepts ! great] "p ( ! civic political religion1 m]ely purify+ ! my?ology & "s ( ! ideas conc]n+ div9ity2 & x is /rik+ h[ easily he f9ds 9 x mat]ials ready to 8 h& on :i* he c build an exalt$ e?ical-religi\s sy/em ( rights & duties1 especially ^? :i* conc]n ! life ( ! family & ! gr\ps ( k9%ip4#acd4a ,9 fact1 ! backgr\nd ( ! ?\ght 9 ?is l5g?y treatise is almo/ always ! ,greek ,polis1 ?\gh glimpses may "h & !re break ?r\gh ( a wid] vi/a4 ,he expresses ! prejudices ( ! ,greek citiz5 aga9/ new =ms ( private or =eign orgia/ic cult :i* #ace 7 dang]\sly entic+ to wom52#ace4a any d\btful "q t might arise conc]n+ rite or cult he w\ld leave to ! decision ( ! oracles ( ,delphi or ,dodona or ( ,zeus ,ammon4#ace4b ,we feel g5]ally t ,plato did n assume ! "p ( an apo/le ( a new ord] ( religion1 b t bo? 9 8 philosophy & religi\s !ory he f\nd a suffici5t po9t d'appui 9 ! old1 ( :i* he tri$ to /r5g!n ! moral pot5tialities4 ,! lat] sects :i* atta*$ !mselves to 8 "n or to 8 s*ool 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 religi\s speculation1 :i* deg5]ates at la/ into ! my/ic sup]/ition ( ,neoplatonism4 ,!re=e1 z ! "w ( ,ari/otle belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,european sci5ce1 s ! philosophy ( ,plato conc]ns ! lat] hi/ory1 bo? ( pre-,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian religi\s ?\ght4 ,to e/imate exactly h[ 8 influ5ce work$ on ! bett] popul> m9d 9 ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/ is impossible4 ,b we may naturally & ) probability surmise t he contribut$ mu* to ! diffusion ( ! belief 9 ! spiritual nature & p]fection ( ,god1 to ! extirpation ( ! crude notions ( div9e v9dictiv5ess & jeal\sy1 to ! int]pretation ( ! ext]nal _w 9 t]ms ( m9d & _s z aga9/ any mat]iali/ic expression1 to ! acceptance ( ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! human s\l & its aff9ity ) ,god & 9 ! importance ( its po/hum\s life1 :i* 0 p>tly condition$ by ! atta9m5t ( purity4 ,^! latt] ideas con/itute ! fai? ( ! ,orphic sects1 f :om ,plato may h sil5tly borr[$ !m4 ,b :e!r ?r\gh ,plato or ! ?iasoi _m ( !m #acf came to appeal /rongly to ! popul> m9d ( lat] ,hellas4 ,religi\s art 9 ! f\r? c5tury4--,our g5]al survey is n[ approa*+ t p]iod ( _w-*ange br\ght ab\t by ! rise ( ,mac$on4 ,b be=e leav+ ! sc5e ( ! free ,city-,/ate1 we %\ld rememb] to e/imate ! religi\s "w done by ! great f\r?-c5tury ma/]s ( sculpture be=e ! p[] ( ,alex&] rea*$ its z5i?4 ,! fi]y imag9ation ( ,skopas f\nd pla/ic types = ! =ms ( ,dionysos & 8 ?iasos1 & 8 "w rivall$ at lea/1 if x did n surpass1 9 inspiration ( tumultu\s life ! ma/]pieces ( ! old] ,attic vase-pa9t]s notic$ above4 ,praxiteles1 ! ma/] ( ! g5tl] moods ( ! s\l1 9 ! religi\s sph]e consummat$ ! types ( ,aphrodite & ,demet]2 ! almo/ p]fect embodim5t ( ! latt] goddess1 ! ,cnidian ,demet] ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 a "w ( 8 s*ool1 comb9es some?+ ( ! te>ful expression ( ! ,madre ,dolorosa ) ! bli!ness ( ! ,corn-,goddess4 ,we are consci\s inde$ ( a *ange 9 ! repres5tation ( div9ity4 ,! works ( ?is lat] g5]ation h lo/ ! maje/y & awe1 ! 1 z ! ,greeks call$ x1 ( ! fif?-c5tury art2 nor c ! ,greek /ates comm& any long] ! creation ( ! *ryselephant9e colossal /atues ( temple-wor%ip4 ,9 ^! lat] types1 ?\gh /ill div9e1 !re is m infusion ( human passion1 ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ! /ruggles & ye>n+ ( ! individual s\l4 ,an?ropomorphism is pursu+ its pa?1 & ?\gh /ill f]tile 9 works ( high spiritual value1 may come to we>y & weak5 ! religi\s s5se4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,aft] ,,alex&] #acg ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mac$onian ,empire wr\ght mom5t\s *anges 9 ! civic-political religion ( ,hellas2 & "s ( ^! 7 9 ! direction ( loss & decay1 :ile o!rs work$ = ! bir? ( new religi\s life4 ,! political significance ( ,apollo ( ,delphi1 ( ,zeus & ,a!na1 ! div9e lead]s ( ! ,polis 9 its c\nsels & ambitions1 0 doom$ to pass away4 ,a!na1 z ! w>d] & c\nsellor1 0 ( less avail = ,a!ns ?an 7 ! ,samo?racian sea-deities = ! victori\s ,demetrios4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,hell5i/ic age !re 7 few ext]nal signs ( decay2 we d n yet he> ( ru9$ %r9es or ! decl9e ( great fe/ivals su* z ! ,delia2 ,a!na1 ?\gh no long] ! goddess ( a civic ,empire1 0 /ill & = ages yet rema9$ ! b5ign ,madonna = ! ,a!nian1 to ^: c>e ! boy-a?lete & ! m>riageable girl 7 d$icat$2 we h record f ! isl& ( ,t5os#acg4a ( ! abid+ hold t ev5 su* a deity z ,poseidon /ill ex]cis$ on ! affections ( 8 p1 z late z ! second & fir/ c5turies ,b4,c42 & if we _h cont9u\s *ronicles ( ea* cult-c5tre we %\ld probably f9d simil> evid5ce %[+ t ! dom9ant #ach figures ( ! old poly!ism 7 /ill able to fulfil 9 "s degree ! religi\s wants ( ! individual wor%ipp]4 ,& s*ol>s :o h be5 tempt$ to ante-date ! decay ( ,hell5ic poly!ism h ignor$1 among o!r evid5ce1 ?is important hi/oric fact t 9 ! f\r? c5tury x 0 /ill vital en\gh to make =eign conque/s1 to p5etrate & take possession ( ,c>?age1 = in/ance1 & t 9 ! ?ird c5tury x began to secure = itself a new lease ( life )9 ! city & ! gr[+ ,empire ( ,rome2 9 fact1 ! la/ *apt] ( ,greek religion falls )9 ! ,roman imp]ial p]iod4 ,gr[+ =ce ( p]sonal religion4--,yet ! ,hell5e 9 ! f\r? c5tury & 9 ! e>ly days ( ,mac$onian asc5dancy began to crave o!r outlets = 8 religi\s emotion ?an ! traditional cults ( 8 phratry or tribe or city4 ,p]sonal religion 0 beg9n+ to be a m p[]ful impulse & to /imulate a crav+ 9 ! individual = a m intimate union ) ! div9ity1 su*1 = in/ance1 z 0 (f]$ freely by ! ,great ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis4 ,& we h fairly suffici5t evid5ce t ! f\r? c5tury witness$ a great ext5sion ( _! influ5ce4#ach4a ,! my/]ies ( ,megalopolis 7 in/itut$ & ^? ( ,&ania 7 reorganis$ by _! aid2 & ! fir/ ,ptolemy is said to h invit$ an apo/le f ,eleusis to assi/ 9 "s religi\s in/itutions ( 8 new city ( ,alex&ria4#ach4b ,! religi\s bro!rhoods4--,! same aspiration 0 also satisfi$ by ! private 1 ! guilds ( bre?r5 devot$ to ! special cult ( "o #aci div9ity4 ,^! unions belong to ! type ( ! secret religi\s society :i* is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w at v>y+ levels ( culture4 ,9 ,greece we h evid5ce ( !m z e>ly z ! "t ( ,solon2 x 0 probably n till ! fif? c5tury t any ( !m 7 in/itut$ = ! s]vice ( =eign div9ities2 we he> !n ( ! ?iasos ( ! ,?racian ,goddess1 & 9 ! e>li] half ( ! f\r? c5tury ( ! orgia/ic frat]nity devot$ to ,sabazios1 ) :i* s*9es 9 8 y\? 0 associat$4 ,b x is n till ! ,mac$onian p]iod t ! epigraphic record ( !m beg9s2 h5ce=? ! inscriptions are num]\s & enlight5+ conc]n+ _! organisation & _! wide preval5ce ?r\gh\t ! ,hell5ic _w4#aci4a ,_! importance = ! hi/ory ( religion is great on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,!y %[ ! developm5t ( ! idea ( a humanit>ian religion 9 t !y transc5d1 9 mo/ cases1 ! limits ( ! old tribal & civic religion & invite ! /rang]2 s t ! memb]s1 bo? m5 & wom51 associate volunt>ily1 no long] on ! gr\nd ( bir? or /atus1 b drawn toge!r by _! p]sonal devotion to a p>ticul> deity1 to :om !y /& 9 a f> m intimate & individual relation ?an ! ord9>y citiz5 c\ld /& to ! div9ities ( 8 tribe & city4 ,?is s5se ( div9e fell[%ip might sometimes h be5 enhanc$ by a sacram5t :i* ! memb]s p>took ( toge!r2 we "k t ?is 0 ! bond ( fell[%ip 9 ! ,samo?racian my/]ies1 :i* 7 beg9n+ to appeal widely to ! e>ly ,hell5i/ic _w4 ,a common meal at #adj lea/1 a love-fea/ or #8,agape1' =m$ ! *ief bond ( ! #8?iasotai1' & ?is 0 sometimes a fun]al-fea/ commemorative ( ! dep>t$ bro!r or si/]4 ,!re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ?iasos *oos+ z its patron-deity "s "o ( ! lead+ div9ities ( traditional poly!ism1 to :i* !y mu/ n be suppos$1 z ,f\c>t suppos$ !m1 to /& 9 any natural antagonism2 !re=e1 = in/ance1 !re 7 local reasons :y ,greek m]*ants ^: c5tral meet+-po9t 0 ,rhodes %\ld =m "u ! protection & 9 ! "n ( ,zeus ,x5ios1 ! ,god :o protects ! /rang]1 or ( ,a!na ,l9dia1 ! anci5t & p[]ful div9ity ( ,l9dos1 or ( ,helios1 ! prehi/oric ,sun-,god ^: p]sonality p]vad$ ! :ole isl&4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! religi\s importance ( ^! societies consi/s 9 _! quick5+ influ5ce on p]sonal religion1 9 ! gratification t !y af=d$ to ! individuals crav+ = p]sonal union ) ! ,godhead1 also 9 _! organisation :i* ar\s$ a ke5] s5se ( religi\s fell[%ip betwe5 ! memb]s1 & :i* lat] s]v$ z a model to ! nasc5t ,*ri/ian community4 ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic religion _! significance is ev5 great] on ano!r gr\nd1 namely1 t !y be> a mo/ /rik+ te/imony to t fusion ( ,ea/ & ,we/ :i* x 0 ! object ( ,alex&]1 & ! mission ( 8 successors1 to effect2 = _m ( ^! religi\s bro!rhoods1 ^: memb]s & organisation 7 ,hell5ic1 7 consecrat$ to =eign deities1 ,sabazios1 ,adonis1 ,x\s>es1 ! ,syrian ,goddess2 s t !y play$ undesign$ly ! "p ( mission>ies 9 ! mom5t\s movem5t sometimes call$ ! #ada 1 ! bl5d+ ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n religions & div9e p]sonalities1 ( :i* ! significance w be consid]$ a little lat]4 ,m5&]4--,! /ud5t :o is track+ ! c\rse ( ! religi\s life & exp]i5ce ( ,hellas ?r\gh ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod %\ld endeav\r to ga!r be=eh& a vivid impression ( ! _s ( ! ,m5&rian com$y4 ,= ,m5&]1 ! fri5d ( ,epicurus & ! devot$ admir] ( ,euripides1 0 ! fav\r$ heir ( ! humanit>ian _s t _h gleam$ fitfully ev5 9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod & _h ga!r$ /r5g? & articulate expression 9 ! c5tury be=e ,alex&] op5$ ! gates ( ! ,ea/4 ,patronis$ & c\rt$ by ,demetrios ,phal]eus & ,ptolemy1 admir$ by ! s*ol>s & read+ public ( ,alex&ria & ! ,hell5i/ic _w ev5 m ?an he _h be5 by 8 own contempor>ies1 ,m5&] 0 em95tly 9 a position to give a tone to ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ?is p]iod2 & ! ,an?ologies ( 8 works prove t he 0 actually rev]5c$ z an e?ical-religi\s tea*]4#ada4a ,!re=e1 = ! g5]al exot]ic hi/ory ( ,greek religion he c\nts = m ?an any ( ! philosoph]s1 = he address$ a f> l>g] public4 ,yet ! message t he has to deliv] has come to him f ! philosoph]s & f ! inspiration ( ! humanis$ ,attic _s1 ( :i* he appe>s #adb ! mo/ delicate & f9al expression4 ,:ile writ+ & ?9k+ pre-em95tly z ! cultur$ ,a!nian ( ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 he is ! m\?piece ( cosmopolitanism 9 e?ics & religion--8no good man is ali5 to me2 ! nature ( all is "o & ! same 7 70#adb4a2 ! ,t]5tian =mula--#8homo sum1 humanum nil a me ali5um puto'--is only an ext5sion ( ?is1 los+ some?+ ( its e?ical col\r+4 ,_m ( ! fragm5ts1 %[+ /rik+ approximations to ,new ,te/am5t tea*+1 are ( vital importance = ! hi/ory ( ,greek e?ics4 ,z reg>ds religion1 !y may conta9 prote/s aga9/ sup]/ition & ! extravagance ( sacrifice pr(f]$ z a bribe#adb4b2 b !y exhibit no real or veil$ attack on ! popul> poly!ism z a :ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h pres]v$ _m memorable s5t5ces t be> witness to ! developm5t ( a religion m p]sonal1 m inw>d & spiritual ?an _h hi!rto be5 curr5t1 save p]haps 9 ,platonic circles4 ,god is pres5t$ z a _s & z spiritually disc]n$ by ! m9d ( man2 & a high ideal ( ,platonic speculation is deliv]$ to ! public 9 ! beautiful l9e1 1 8! light ( ! m9d is to gaze ev] ^u ,god40#adb4c ,! s5se ( close & my/ic communion betwe5 man & ! div9e omnipres5t _s is /rik+ly atte/$ 9 ! passage ( "o ( 8 unkn[n com$ies3 8a gu>dian _s /&s by e man1 /raightway f 8 bir?1 #adc to guide him into ! my/]ies ( life1 a good _s1 = "o mu/ n imag9e t !re is an evil _s injur+ good life1 b t ,god is utt]ly good40#adc4a ,9 attempt+ to grasp :at is mo/ elusive1 ! inn] religi\s s5tim5t ( any p]iod1 x is important to rememb] t ! au?or ( su* expression 0 de> to at lea/ ! cultivat$ public ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,! 4--,! tol]ant humanit>ianism ( ,m5&]1 ( :i* we cat* ! e*o 9 c]ta9 =mul inscrib$ on ! ,delphic & o!r temples1 is reflect$ 9 t :i* is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ religi\s ph5om5on ( ?is p]iod1 namely1 ! #8!ocrasia1' ! fusion ( div9ities ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,z reg>ds religi\s !ory ?is is n to be reg>d$ z a new dep>ture4 ,h]odotus %[s h[ natural x 0 to ! ,hell5ic m9d to int]pret ! deities ( =eign nations 9 t]ms ( its native pan!on2 & x 0 easy = ,euripides to comm5d ,kybele z ,demet]4#adc4b ,b x 0 by no means easy1 9 fact x 0 exce$+ly dang]\s1 be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]1 to introduce any unau?oris$ =eign cult into ! ,city-,/ate4 ,we he> vaguely ( ! dea?-s5t5ce inflict$ or ?reat5$ on ^? :o did s4 ,nev]!less1 z we h se51 su* =eign]s z ,sabazios & ,attis 7 intrud+ !mselves into ,a!ns at ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 trail+ ) !m ! orgia/ic atmosph]e ( ,phrygia2 & at "s indef9ite "t be=e ?is ! impure ritual ( c]ta9 ,ori5tal ,goddess-cults _h invad$ ! ,cor9?ian wor%ip ( ,aphrodite4 ,b aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+doms ( ! ,diado*i1 ! g5tile b>ri] 9 #add religion loses gradually its =ce & significance4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a f>-sight$ measure ( policy on ! "p ( "s ( ! k+s to e/abli% "s common cult t might w9 ! devotion ( ! ,hell5ic & ,ori5tal peoples alike4 ,su* 0 ! int5tion ( ,ptolemy :5 he f\nd$ at ,alex&ria ! cult ( ! ,babylonian god1 ,s>apis1 :om ! ,egyptians 7 able ow+ to a simil>ity ( "n to id5tify ) _! ,osiris-,apis1 & ! ,hell5es ) _! ,pl\ton1 ow+ to ! accid5tal fact t an image ( ?is und]world-god happ5$ to be consecrat$ to ! cult at its fir/ in/itution4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,syrian city ( ,bambyke 0 resettl$ z ,hi]apolis by ,seleukos ,nikator1 ! p]sonality ( ! great goddess1 ,at>gatis1 0 bl5t ) t ( ,artemis1 ,h]a1 ,aphrodite & o!r ,hell5ic goddesses2 & ! treatise ( ,lucian1 de ,dea ,syria1 gives u ! mo/ int]e/+ picture pres5t$ by antiquity ( ! work+ ( ! 9 ! doma9 ( religion & religi\s art4 ,! _s ( syncretism gr[s /rong] & m p]vad+ ?r\gh ! lat] ,greek & ,grco-,roman p]iods1 & dom9ates ! lat] ,orphic & ,gno/ic ?\ght2 & ! inscriptions1 usually ! be/ record ( ! popul> religi\s practice1 atte/ its wide diffusion4 ,we f9d ! deities ( div]se l&s--,egypt1 ,syria & ,greece--l9k$ toge!r 9 ! same =mula ( ?anksgiv+ & ! same (f]+ d$icat$ to !m all4 ,& ! "n ,zeus is appli$ to s _m gods ( ! ,ea/ t 9 ! cult-=mul x seems (t5 to h lo/ all its p]sonal & concrete value & acquir$ ! vagu] mean+ ( #8,god4' ,! ,jewi% ,jahiv himself--"u ! "n --0 occasionally #ade id5tifi$ ) him & at times1 x seems1 ev5 ) ,dionysos4#ade4a ,! importance ( ?is movem5t = religi\s ?\ght 0 ( ! highe/4 ,v>ro's view1 record$ by ,augu/9e4#ade4b t ! "n ( ! deity made no diff]5ce1 s long z #8! same ?+ is und]/ood1' & t !re=e ! ,god ( ! ,jews 0 ! same z ,jupit]1 is a great idea t has be5 bequea!d to ! _w by ,greek tol]ance & ,greek sanity4 ,only a nation c\ld atta9 to ?is fre$om ( religi\s imag9ation t 0 n held captive by ! magic spell ( names#ade4c :i* made x s difficult = ! ,jew to %ake (f ! tribal _s ( ! religi\s blood-feud4 ,?is ,hell5ic expression ( religi\s enlight5m5t prep>$ ! way = mono!ism & ?us indirectly = ,*ri/ianity4 ,x also c\ld induce ! pan!i/ic idea ( a diffus$ omnipres5t _s ( div9ity1 su* z is express$ 9 ! l9es ( ,aratos1 ! sci5tific poet ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 8all ! ways are full ( 7! _s (7 ,god1 & all ! ga!r+-places ( m51 ! sea & h>b\rs2 & at e turn we are all 9 ne$ ( ,god1#ade4d = we are ( k9 to him40 ,/oicism1 ,epicureanism1 ,cynicism4--,?is pan!i/ic speculation inspires "s ( ! dogmas ( ,/oicism2 & = mo/ ( ! ,/oic writ]s & ?9k]s ! concept ( div9ity 0 less t ( a p]sonal concrete ,be+ ?an ( a spiritual =ce or s\l-p[] imman5t 9 ?+s2 !re=e :ile "s ( !m tri$ to f9d a place 9 _! #adf metaphysical sy/em = ! creations ( ! poly!ism & ev5 a ju/ification = augury & div9ation1 ! impression left on our m9ds by ! fragm5ts t h come d[n to u ( ! religi\s speculation ( ! ,/oa is z ( a sy/em ali5 & antipa!tic to ! popul> !i/ic po9t ( view & especially to ! social religion ( k9-gr\p & city2 & ,z5o ! f\nd] is said to h prote/$ aga9/ %r9es & idols4#adf4a ,8 prote/ 0 9 va92 nor is !re any cle> indication t ,/oicism _h any influ5ce on ! religi\s ?\ght & practice ( ! av]age man ( ! p2 unless1 inde$1 ! em]g5ce ( ! cult ( 1 ,virtue1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 at ,p]gamon & ,smyrna 0 sugge/$ by ! /rong !ologic col\r+ t ! ,/oics gave to morality4#adf4b ,z = ,epicureanism1 x _c be reg>d$ normally z a religi\s =ce2 if x t\*$ ! popul> m9d at all its influ5ce mu/ h be5 g5]ally 9 ! direction ( a!ism or indiff]5tism2 ! only signs t x did are occasional grave-inscriptions t brea! ! ,epicurean _s ( unp]turb$ quiesc5ce 9 reg>d to ! po/hum\s fate ( ! s\l4 ,! philosophic s*ool t 0 mo/ aggressively prote/ant aga9/ ! popul> cre$s & cults appe>s to h be5 ! ,cynic1 mordant & outspok5 criticism be+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is sect4 ,we h record ( ,diog5es' contempt = ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 ( ,anti/h5es' disda9 = ! ,great ,"m ( ,phrygia & h] m5dicant prie/s2 & ! fragm5ts 9 a newly discov]$ papyrus ( #adg a treatise by ,k]kidas1#adg4a ! ,cynic philosoph] & /atesman ( ,megalopolis 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 conta9 a !ory :i* r$uces p]sonal deities to impot5t in/rum5ts ( ,fate & w\ld sub/itute = ,zeus & 8 colleagues c]ta9 div9is$ ab/ractions1 su* z ,nemesis & 2 ! latt] t]m1 if ! read+ is s\nd1 seems to d5ote ! ,_s ( ,unselfi%ness or ,sacrifice1 an int]e/+ & pot5tially valuable idea1 b at ?is "t /ill-born4 ,asclepios-,cult & lat] my/]ies4--,! philosophic sect>ians ( ?is lat] age d n appe> to h made a s]i\s attempt to capture ! m9d ( ! public2 & ! popul> religi\s movem5ts = ! mo/ "p ignor$ !m & _! tea*+4 ,! ,hell5i/ic religions are z conv9c$ly !i/ic & idolatr\s z ! old] 74 ,! *ief *ange lay 9 ?is1 t a man n[ might to "s ext5t *oose 8 own div9ity or--:at 0 ev5 ( m import--be *os5 by him or h]2 he 0 no long] limit$ to ! cults into :i* he 0 born4 ,?is fre$om _h already = "s "t be5 (f]$ by ! #8?iasoi'2 & n[ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic _w1 especially ?r\gh ! p[]ful & wide influ5ce ( ! cult ( ,asklepios1 ! idea 0 develop$ ( a deity :o z ,heal] & ,savi\r call$ all mank9d to himself2 & x 0 ?is significant cult-ph5om5on t induc$ ,k]kidas 9 ! above-m5tion$ passage to include 1 ! #8,heal]1' among ! true div9ities ^: wor%ip ought to supplant t ( ! old] gods4 ,9 ! treatise call$ #8,asclepios' ( ! pseudo-,apuleius a long address & pray] to ?is deity are pres]v$ ( :i* ! tone is /rik+ly #adh ,*ri/ian4#adh4a 8,we rejoice 9 ?y div9e salvation1 because ?\ ha/ %[n ?yself :olly to u2 we rejoice t ?\ ha/ deign$ to consecrate u to et]nity1 :ile we are /ill 9 ^! mortal bodies4''' ,we h kn[n !e1 oh1 true life ( ! life ( man4''' ,ador+ ?y goodness we make ?is our only pray]''' t ?\ w\ld/ be will+ to keep u all our lives 9 ! love ( ?y k40 ,non-,hell5ic my/]ies4--,! ph5om5on "h indicat$ atte/s ! /rong] vitality at ?is p]iod ( p]sonal or individual1 z di/9ct f tribal or political religion2 & ?is 0 quick5$ also by ! gr[? ( c]ta9 non-,hell5ic my/]ies 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area 9 ! latt] c5turies ( ,paganism1 notably by ! ,samo?racian1 ^? ( ,attis & ! ,great ,"m1 ! ,egyptian ,isis1 & f9ally 9 ! la/ p]iod ( all ( ,mi?ras4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! ! records all[ u to discov] _m int]e/+ ideas t reappe> 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 su*1 = in/ance1 z communion ) ! div9ity ?r\gh sacram5t1 ! my/ic dea? & rebir? ( ! ,cate*um51 ! sav+ efficacy ( baptism & purification4 ,^! rites c\ld satisfy ! crav+ ( ! mortal to atta9 to ! conviction ( immortality & to ! ec/atic consci\sness ( complete or tempor>y self-absorption 9 ,god4 ,b 9 ! my/]ies ( ,sabazios & ,cybele & possibly 9 o!rs ?is s5se ( div9ity 0 convey$ to ! #8my/es' by ! simulation ( a holy m>riage or sex-communion ) ! ,god or ,goddess2 & = ?is reason ! ,pagan my/]ies 7 g5]ally attack$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs z obsc5e2 ! #adi *>ge 0 unju/ on ! :ole1 ?\gh ! psy*ic effect ( ! special act ( ritual j allud$ to 0 probably detrim5tal to ! moral imag9ation4 ,h]metic lit]ature4--,! /range/ & mo/ int]e/+ manife/ation t ! anci5t records h pres]v$ = u ( ?is fusion ( ,hell5ic culture & ,ori5tal religi\s s5tim5t is pres5t$ by ! ,h]metic lit]ature4 ,! orig9s ( ?is fanta/ic product ( ! human m9d are trac$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie#adi4a back to ! six? or fif? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,b1 ?\gh mu* ( x is pre-,*ri/ian1 its philosophic diction proves t x _c be e>li] ?an #cjj ,b4,c41 & ! bulk ( x is probably lat]4#adi4b ,a frequ5t ,h]metic =mula1 address$ to ! deity-- 1 8,i am ,?\ & ,?\ art ,i0--may be tak5 z ! ma/]-^w ( ^! hi]atic writ+s4 ,?is unnatural alliance betwe5 ,greek philosophy & ,ori5tal my/ic !osophy is a mom5t\s ph5om5on ( lat] ,paganism2 & ! /udy ( ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ian metaphysic is mu* conc]n$ ) x4 ,su* !osophy _h a natural aff9ity ) magic2 & magic1 always a p[] 9 an age ( intellectual decay1 beg9s to be mo/ p[]ful 9 ?is late/ age ( ,hell5ism4 ,x is a j reproa* t ,augu/9e br+s aga9/ ,porphyry1 ! mo/ notable ( ! ,neoplatoni/s t he #8wav]$ betwe5 philosophy & a sacrilegi\s curiosity1' t is1 a vici\s int]e/ 9 ! black art4#adi4c ,9 ^! /range =ms ( fai? & speculation ! cle>ness & sanity ( ! pure ,hell5ic intellect appe> cl\d$ & tr\bl$1 ! l9eam5ts ( ! #aej old types ( ! ,hell5ic ?\ght & imag9ation almo/ effac$4 ,& ! le>n+ & sci5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic age /ood ma9ly alo( f ! religi\s =ces t mov$ ! masses ( ! p4 ,daimonism4--,! my/ic & !osophic lit]ature ( ! ,hell5i/ic & ,grco-,roman p]iod 0 m>k$ly #8daimoni/ic1' be+ infect$ ) ! polydaimonism ( ! ,ea/ & posit+ ! exi/5ce ( good & evil #8daimones' z a metaphysic dogma4 ,we c trace a correspond+ *ange 9 ! popul> ,hell5ic imag9ation4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod1 z has be5 %[n1 ! native ,hell5e 01 z comp>$ ) o!r races1 fairly /rong-m9d$ 9 respect ( ! t]rors ( ! demon-_w2 b ! lat] p ( ! ,greek area 7 c]ta9ly ta9t$ 9 "s degree ) ?is un=tunate sup]/ition ( ! ,ea/1 & v>i\s =ms ( exorcism1 conjuration & evocation became m preval5t4 ,! mod]n ,greek temp]am5t appe>s to be morbidly possess$ ) ?is disease#aej4a2 & we may suppose t ! g]ms h be5 inh]it$ & develop$ f ?is la/ p]iod ( ! old civilisation4 ,es*atology4--,b ano!r feature t we m>k 9 ^! my/ic wor%ips & my/ic societies ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w indicates a high] aspect ( religion & m>ks an epo* 9 religi\s aspiration4 ,mo/ ( !m1 if n all1 proclaim$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 a happy resurrection1 a div9e life aft] dea?4 ,! ,hell5e :o _h be5 initiat$ into ! ,osiris fai? hop$ to atta9 immortal happ9ess 9 & ?r\gh ,osiris1 avail+ himself ( ,egyptian ideas & ,egyptian spell-=mul4 ,! prie/ ( c]ta9 #aea my/]ies1 probably ( ,attis1 com=ts ! congregation ( ! fai?ful1 sorr[+ ov] ! dea? ( _! ,god1 ) words t av] ! c]ta9ty ( 8 resurrection & by implication ! hope ( _! own-- 4#aea4a 8,be ( good *e]1 ye ( ! my/]y ( ! sav$ ,god1 = aft] our tr\bles !re %all be to u salvation40 ,! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras embodi$ mu* ! same es*atologic ideas & hopes2 b ^! came to ! ,grco-,roman _w only 9 ! late/ p]iod be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & _h little hold on ,hell5ic society prop]4 ,d\btless ! mo/ attractive my/]y = ! ,hell5es 0 ! ,orphic1 & we h _m pro(s ( its activity & life 9 ! two c5turies be=e & aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era2 & we c well und]/& ! causes ( its popul>ity4 ,its deity _h become ,hell5is$ long ago2 ! ,orphic =mul 7 free f b>b>\s j>gon & admitt$ ! famili> div9e names2 ! insi/5ce on purification 0 cong5ial to _m ,hell5ic temp]am5ts2 !re 0 probably no?+ surviv+ 9 ! ritual t 0 objectionable to ! cultivat$ ,hell5e2 & f9ally its picture ( ,p>adise seems to h accord$ ) ! tr5d ( ! ,hell5ic imag9ation4 ,! num]\s grave-inscriptions ( ^! c5turies r>ely express any def9ite ,orphic s5tim5t or allude to any specially my/ic fai?2 b we "k t ! #aeb sacr$ hymn ( ! vot>ies 0 buri$ ) !m f ! f\r? c5tury d[n to ! ,roman ,imp]ial p]iod2 & we h ! evid5ce ( ,plut>* atte/+ ! preval5ce ( ^! societies & _! p[] ( appeal1 =1 :5 he is consol+ 8 wife = ! dea? ( _! *ild1 he rem9ds h] ( ! promises ( future happ9ess held out by ! ,dionysiac my/]ies1 into :i* !y h bo? be5 initiat$4#aeb4a ,h]o-wor%ip & apo!osis4--,! idea t 0 common to _m ( ^! my/ic bro!rhoods1 t ! mortal might a*ieve div9ity1 is illu/rat$ by ano!r religi\s ph5om5on :i* /&s out 9 ?is late/ p]iod1 namely1 ! wor%ip ( individual m5 & wom5 ei!r 9 _! lifetime or imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,to appreciate ! full significance ( ?is1 "o mu/ be famili> ) ! usages ( ! e>li] ,hell5es z also ( ! ,ori5tal peoples :o became subjects ( ! ,diado*i4 ,we h obs]v$ t ! ,greek ( ! six? & fif? c5turies 0 will+ to conc$e h]oic hon\rs to c]ta9 di/+ui%$ individuals aft] dea?2 9 ?is !re 0 no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( high] poly!ism2 & 9 ! e>li] cases ! gr\nds ( canonisation 7 usually good & reasonable4 ,x becomes a m s]i\s "q ab\t ! religi\s & moral "* ( a p :5 div9e wor%ip is pr(f]$ to a liv+ p]son4 ,( ?is ! fir/ example is ! cult ( ,lys&] z a ,god1 :i*1 z ,plut>* seems to imply1 arose ev5 9 8 lifetime4#aeb4b ,! same writ] records ! /ory ( ! apo!osis (f]$ by ! p ( ,?asos #aec to ,agesilaos & 8 s>ca/ic refusal4#aec4a ,! same k9d ( adulation 0 lavi%$ by ! deg5]ate ,a!nians on ,alex&] & ,demetrios ,poliorketes4 ,! mo/ sali5t examples are d]iv$ f ! records ( ! ,seleukidai & ! ,ptolemies1 ! k+s ( ^! dyna/ies usually enjoy+ div9e hon\rs aft] dea?1 & sometimes be>+ div9e titles1 su* z 1 ,savi\r1 1 or ,god1 9 _! lifetime4 ,is ?is m]ely ! gross s]vility ( a decad5t age t _h lo/ all real s5se ( religion8 ,?is is no d\bt ! true acc\nt ( x 9 "s degree2 ,dio ,*ryso/om exclaims aga9/ ! quack]y & vanity ( x2#aec4b & ! %>p-witt$ ,a!nians & ! educat$ ,greek g5]ally w\ld be "u no illusion :5 !y pro/rat$ !mselves be=e ^! human-,gods4 ,x is natural to suppose t ! effect ^u ! life ( ! old religion 0 corrosive :5 a que5 or a c\rtesan c\ld be publicly recognis$ z ,aphrodite1 & t ! g5]al belief 9 ,apollo & ,dionysos w\ld t5d to collapse :5 ! "o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,seleukidai1 ! o!r ) ,attalos4 ,yet ! fai? 9 ,dionysos at lea/ 0 able to survive ! /ra94 ,& :at seems to u m]e hypocrisy & blasphemy w\ld appe> to _m ( ! ,hell5i/ic communities 9 ano!r light4 ,x seems t ! uncultur$ ,greek 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus 0 capable ( believ+ 9 all s]i\sness t ,x]xes might be a real inc>nation ( ,zeus ^u e>?2#aec4c & su* an idea w\ld be famili>1 z an old tradition 9 ! popul> e/imate ( k+%ip1 to ! #aed natives ( ,syria & /ill m to ! ,egyptians4 ,:5 ! ,rosetta /one proclaims ! ,ptolemy z #8! liv+ image ( ,god1' ! av]age ,greek might smile 9 secret1 b ! native ,egyptian w\ld in/9ctively ass5t to ?is assumption ( div9ity by ! heir ( ! anci5t ,ph>aohs4 ,?is apo!osis ( ! mortal1 s rife 9 ?is lat] p]iod1 may be reg>d$ z a moral & religi\s evil4 ,yet x mu/ n be tak5 too ha/ily z a pro( ( ! unreality ( ! prevail+ poly!ism4 ,&1 = bett] or worse1 x 0 a mom5t\s fact belong+ to ! high] hi/ory ( ,european religion2 = x famili>is$ ! ,grco-,roman _w ) ! idea ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,man-,god4 ,signs ( decay & ( new life 9 lat] ,paganism4--,! ,hell5i/ic p]iod _c be sev]$ by any %>p divid+ l9e f ! ,grco-,roman2 b x belongs r to ! /ud5t ( ,roman religion & ! ,roman ,empire to pursue ! hi/ory ( ,hell5ic poly!ism ?r\gh ! fir/ c5turies ( our era d[n to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religi\s ph5om5a ( ! p]iod t has j be5 sket*$ pres5t1 on ! "o h&1 ! signs ( decay1 ! decay ( ! old civic & political religion :i* fo/]$ ! gr[? ( ! ,greek ,polis1 ! intrusion f ! ,ea/ ( demonology & magic1 & on ! o!r h& ! work+ ( new religi\s =ces :i* prep>e ! way = ,*ri/ianity4 ,! cults ( ,apollo1 ,zeus & ,a!ne 7 among ! fir/ to )]2 yet a liv+ & p]sonal religi\s s5se 0 9 all probability m diffus$ ?r\gh ! ,greek _w "u ! ,epigoni & ! ,roman ,empire ?an x _h be5 9 ! e>li] c5turies4 ,contact ) ! ,ori5tal _s br\ght to _m a /rong] #aee int5sity ( religi\s life2 religion is no long] preoccupi$ ) ! physical & political _w1 b its horizon lies beyond ! grave & its =ce is #8o!r-worldl9ess4' ,m5 flock to ! my/]ies1 seek+ communion ) ! div9ity by sacram5t1 & su/a9+ _! fai? by my/ic dogmas4 ,! religi\s virtue mo/ emphasis$ is purity1 ( :i* ! influ5ce is (t5 anti-social2 ?is 0 no long] always und]/ood 9 a ph>isaic s5se1 b its spiritual significance 0 proclaim$ to ! p & p5etrat$ ! sph]e ( temple-ritual4 ,an inscription f a temple 9 ,rhodes ( ! "t ( ,hadrian conta9s a li/ ( rules conc]n+ righte\s entrance into ! %r9e1 8! fir/ & greate/ rule is to be pure & unblemi%$ 9 h& & he>t & to be free f an evil consci5ce40#aee4a ,some?+ simil> 0 inscrib$ on ! temple ( ,asklepios at ,epidauros4#aee4b ,! objective ( ! e>li] ,hell5ic poly!ism 0 ! city1 ! tribe1 ! family2 t ( ! lat] 0 ! individual s\l2 ! e>li] religi\s morality look$ r to works & practice1 ! lat] r to purity & p]sonal intimacy ) ,god1 :i* gave ! cue to ! lat] #8gnosis' & !osophy4 ,! gradual divorce ( religion f political life 0 a loss :i* 0 n repair$ = _m c5turies2 b x 0 comp5sat$ by ! rise ( a humanit>ian _s :i* 0 to be infus$ into a new cosmopolitan religion4#aee4c ,! above is only a panoramic sket* indicat+ ! v>i\s elem5ts ( a s+ul>ly manifold religi\s sy/em4 ,x has be5 impossible to t\* #aef on all ! special po9ts ( int]e/1 su* z div9ation & ! m9uti ( ritual & ( ! fe/ivals2 = ^! ! /ud5t mu/ consult special treatises4 ,! object ( ?is monograph has be5 to pres5t ! ma9 ess5tial features 9 a *ronologic survey & to assign to ea* its significance & relative importance4 ,! hi/ory has be5 adumbrat$ ( a religion t ma9ta9$ itself = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s on ! high] plane ( poly!ism2 a religion :i*1 :ile lack+ ! sublimity & moral f]v\r ( "s ( ! ,ori5tal cre$s1 made c]ta9 unique contributions to ! evolution ( society & ! high] intellectual life ( man4 ,by ! side ( ! high] gr[?s _m ( ! products ( l[] & savage culture 7 ma9ta9$ :i* 7 ma9ly oblit]at$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is necess>y to note & appreciate ^! l[] facts2 b !re is a risk ( ov]e/imat+ _! importance & vitality4 ,_m ( ^! are f\nd 9 all high] religions1 usually 9 a moribund /ate4 ,x is its high] a*ievem5t t makes any p>ticul> religion ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation2 & we are n[ aw>e t ,greek religion c claim ?is importance4 ,nor c ! l[] elem5ts z a :ole be %[n to be ! g]ms ( ! high] )9 ! ,hell5ic p]iod prop]4 ,we _c %[ ! evolution ( ! p]sonal an?ropomorphic deities ( ,greece f magic ritual or totemism or !riomorphism )\t transc5d+ ! *ronologic limits ( ! p]iod )9 :i* x is all[able to speak ( a ,hell5ic p at all4 ,! em]g5ce ( p]sonal ,gods1 f :atev] region or by :atev] influ5ce !y em]g$1 is an ev5t ( v primitive hi/ory4 ,at lea/ we "k t ( #aeg ! two populations ^: bl5d+ made ,hell5ism1 ! indig5\s ,m$it]ranean & ! ,nor!rn or ,c5tral ,european invad]1 ! =m] possess$ a p]sonal !ism ( dateless antiquity2 :ile all ! evid5ce po9ts to ! conviction t ! ,aryan tribes ent]$ ,greece ) c]ta9 p]sonal deities already evolv$ or acquir$4 ,we f9d t an?ropomorphism 0 ! /ronge/ bias ( ! ,hell5ic religi\s imag9ation2 & ) ?is we associate 8 passion = idolatry & h]o-wor%ip4 ,x is int]e/+ = ! /ud5t ( ,hell5ic ,*ri/ianity to note ! influ5ce ( ^! t5d5cies on ! lat] hi/ory ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 & g5]ally x has be5 ! result ( mu* mod]n rese>* to reveal ! tru? t ! indebt$ness ( ,*ri/ian dogma & ritual to ! lat] ,hell5ic paganism 0 f> great] ?an us$ to be suppos$4 ,,lit]ature #aeh ,old] works1 su* z ,welck]'s ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre 7#c vols41 #aheg-ahfc71 & ,prell]'s ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie 7#b vols41 #d? ed41 by ,c4 ,rob]t1 #ahhg71 are only useful n[ = _! collection ( facts4 ,rec5t lit]ature3 ,o4 ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,culte und ,my!n 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion51 #ahhg2 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te1 #aijf2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 #e vols4 7#ahif-aiaj72 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionges*i*te 7,greek section1 #aijf72 ,jane ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion 7#aijc71 ,!mis1 a ,/udy ( ! ,social ,orig9s ( ,greek ,religion 7#aiab7 7bo? works deal+ ma9ly ) special que/ions & ! m primitive aspects ( ! religion74 ,treatises on special cults & special que/ions3 ,ros*]1 ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,my?ologie 7#ahhd1 9 progress72 ,paulz-,wiss[a1 ,real ,encyclopdie 7#ahid1 9 progress72 & ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits 7#ahgc-aiag72 ,%[]man1 ,! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods 7,wiscons91 #aija72 ,fraz]1 ,attis1 ,adonis1 ,osiris 7#bnd ed41 #aiaj72 ,a4 ,diet]i*1 ,mutt] ,erde 7#aije72 ,eitrem1 ,h]mes und die ,tot5 7,*ri/iania1 #aiji72 ,imm]wahr1 ,kulte und ,my! ,arkadi5s 7#ahia72 ,s4 ,wide1 ,lakonis*e ,kulte 7#ahic72 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam5 7#ahif72 cf4 pap] on 8 !ory 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 8,! ,place ( ! ,sond]gtt] 9 ,greek ,poly!ism10 by ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell 7#aijg72 ,de ,viss]1 ,de ,graecorum ,diis non ref]5tibus speciem humanam 7,leyd51 #aijj72 ,e4 ,fehrle1 ,die ,kultis*e ,keus*eit im ,alt]?um 7,giess51 #aiaj72 cf4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion 7#aije71 ,lect4 iii1 8,! ,ritual ( ,purification02 #aei ,?4 ,w*t]1 ,re9heitsvors*rift5 im gries*is*5 ,kult 7,giess51 #aiaj72 ,c4 ,ausfeld1 ,de ,graecorum precationibus quae/iones1 9 ,fleckeis5's ,supplem5t 7#aijc72 cf4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 op cit41 ,lect4 iv1 8,! ,evolution ( ,pray]02 ,s4 ,re9a*1 v>i\s articles on ,greek cults & my?s 9 ,cultes1 ,my!s et ,religions1 #c vols4 7#aijd-aijh74 ,= ,es*atology1 ,my/]ies1 ,?iasoi1 ,h]o-wor%ip3 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 #b vols4 7#ahbi72 ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e 7#bnd ed41 #ahih72 ,a4 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia 7#ahic72 also ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie 7#aijc72 ,jong1 ,das ,antike ,my/]i5-,wes5 7,leid51 #aiji72 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,eleus9ia 7,p>is1 #aijc72 ,f\c>t1 8,les ,gr&s ,my/res d',eleusis0 7#aijj71 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 xxxvii2 ,pr+%eim1 ,ar*ologis*e ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,eleus9is*5 ,kults 7,muni*1 #aije72 ,f\c>t1 ,associations religieuses *ez les ,grecs 7#ahgc72 ,l4 ,w5ig]1 ,ueb] das ,collegium d] ,?yiad5 7#ahgf72 ,article on 8,hros10 by ,d5ek51 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon2 ,pfi/]1 ,d] ,reliqui5-kult im ,alt]?um 7#aiaj74 ,greek ritual & fe/ivals3 ,a4 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n 7#ahih72 ,p4 ,/5gel1 8,die grie*is*5 ,sacral-alt]?m]10 9 ,iwan von ,mll]'s ,h&bu* 7vol4 v1 #ahih72 id4 ,opf]bra*e d] ,grie*5 7#aiaj72 ,fritze1 ,die ,rau*opf] bei d5 ,grie*5 7#ahid72 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 8,sacram5tal ,communion 9 ,greek ,religion10 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 7#aijc72 ,m4 ,p4 ,nillson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7#aijf71 also ,/udia de ,dionysiis ,atticis 7#aijj72 ,f\c>t1 ,le culte de ,dionysos en ,attique 7#aijd72 ,a4 ,?oms51 8,d] ,trug des ,prome!us10 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religions-,wiss5s*aft 7#aiji72 ,r\se1 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s 7#aijb72 ,b\*-,lecl]q1 ,hi/oire de la div9ation 7#d vols4 #ahgi-ahha72 ,deubn]1 ,de ,incubatione 7#aijj72 ,e4 ,samt]1 ,geburt ,ho*zeit und ,tod 7#aiaa74 ,greek religi\s ?\ght & speculation3 ,l4 ,campbell1 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature 7#ahih72 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s 7#b vols41 #aijj-aijb72 ,j4 ,adam1 ,! ,religi\s ,tea*]s ( ,greece 7#aijh72 ,de*>me1 ,la critique des traditions religieuses *ez les ,grecs des orig9es au temps de ,plut>que 7#aijd74 #afj ,epigraphic mat]ial3 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um 7passim72 special collections ( inscriptions be>+ on ,greek religion3 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge 7vol4 #b71 8,res ,sacrae02 ,j4 von ,prott & ,l4 ,zieh51 ,leges ,graecorum sacrae e titulis collectae 7#ahif-aijf1 9 progress74 ,religi\s monum5ts3 ,ov]beck1 ,grie*is*e ,kun/ ,my?ologie 7#ahga-ahhg1 unf9i%$72 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,cults2 ,j4 ,h>rison1 op4 cit42 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des klassis*5 ,alt]?ums 7#ahhe-ahhh72 ,ros*]1 op4 cit42 ,d>emb]g-,saglio1 op4 cit42 ,c4 ,btti*]1 b] d5 ,baumkultus d] ,hell55 und ,rm] 7#ahef74 ,! ,mayfl[] ,press1 ,plym\?1 ,engl&4 ,william ,br5don ,son ,,endnotes #ba4a ,z ,k>/5 assumes 9 8 ,outl9es ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #f4 #bb4a ,vide ,e4 ,mey]1 8,d] er/e auftret5 d] ,ary] 9 d] ,ges*i*te10 ,sitzungsb4 d4 ,knig4 preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*41 #aijh1 p4 #ad4 #bc4a ,vide my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ic4 #bd4a ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #ie-ii4 #bd4b ,! "n ,h]a is probably ,aryan-,hell5ic1 b appli$ 9 ,argolis to ! pre-,hell5ic ,goddess4 #bi4a ,od41 #ac1 #agd4 #ca4a ,at ,g\rnia4 ,vide ,hawes' ,crete ! ,=]unn] ( ,greece1 pp4 #aja-ajb4 #cb4a ,il41 #af1 #bcd4 #cb4b ,il41 #af1 #fje4 #cb4c ,il41 #e1 #gg4 #cc4a ,he is aw>e1 h[ev]1 t a 1 an oracul> m&ate1 might be deliv]$ aga9/ ! royal h\se4 ,od41 #c1 #bae4 #cc4b ,vide my ,cults1 #d1 p4 #aij4 #cc4c ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #bcf-bde4 #cd4a ,vide ,cults1 #a1 pp4 #hh-ib4 #cd4b ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 p4 #bcf2 also my article on 8,sacrificial ,communion 9 ,greek ,religion0 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijd3 on 8,sacrifice0 7,greek71 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 #ce4a ,od41 #aj1 #eag-ebj1 #ebh4 #ce4b ,vide ,evans' 8,myc5an ,tree & ,pill> ,cult10 ,hell4 ,j\rn41 #ija1 p4 #aia4 #ce4c ,ar*4 ,anzeig41 #aiji1 p4 #ih4 #ce4d e4g4 ,il41 #i1 #ejj4 #cf4a #aj1 #ch1 #h4 #cf4b ,cults1 #d1 pp4 #ahj1 #aic4 #cf4c ,il41 #c1 #bdc3 b ! poet ( ! ,nekyia is well aw>e ( ! h]oic or div9e hon\rs paid !m1 ,od41 #aa1 #cjj-cjd4 #cf4d ,od41 #aa1 #fjb4 #cf4e ,il41 #b1 #edh4 #cg4a ,vide ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #bjf-bjg4 #cg4b ,vide v4 ,prott1 ,leges ,grcorum ,sacr1 n4 #d4 ,cf4 ,ar*4 fr ,religionsw41 #aiji1 pp4 #dfg1 #dhb-dhe4 #cg4c ,od41 #ag1 #ejj4 #cg4d ,paus41 #a1 #dc1 #g4 #ch4a ,cults1 #c1 pp4 #ej-fb4 #ci4a ,op41 #gce4 #dj4a ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #aib-aid4 #db4a ,cults1 #d1 pp4 #aac-aaf4 #db4b ,vide ,nillson1 9 ,a!n4 ,mit?41 #aijh1 p4 #bgi4 #dc4a ,cults1 #b1 pp4 #dcd-ddi4 #dc4b ,de ,grcorum deis non ref]5tibus speciem humanam1 #aijj4 #dc4c ,bull4 ,corresp4 ,helln41 #ahii1 p4 #fce4 #dc4d ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #ff-hj4 ,vide ,s*rad]'s article1 8,aryan ,religion10 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ch4 #dd4a ,gtt]nam51 #ahif4 #dd4b ,paus41 #b1 #aa1 #b4 #de4a ,paus41 #a1 #a1 #e4 #de4b ,paus41 #i1 #cc1 #c4 #de4c ,paus41 #aj1 #cg1 #c4 #de4d ,i h criticis$ ?is !ory ( evolution 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 #aijg1 8,! place ( ! ,sond]gtt] 9 ,greek ,poly!ism10 :]e ,i h tak5 ! view t "s ( !m are products ( ! same religi\s in/9ct t produces !ism or poly!ism & t "s appe> to be late (f%oots ( ! poly!i/ic sy/em4 #df4a ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahgh1 p4 #eae4 #df4b ,paus41 #c1 #bb1 #a4 #df4c ,id41 #a1 #bb1 #c2 = o!r ref]5ces vide ,cults1 #c1 p4 #cab1 ,r4#i4 #dg4a ,paus41 #h1 #bi1 #a4 #dg4b ,paus41 #h1 #ch1 #c4 4 ,cf4 ,hesiod41 ,op41 #gcg2 = ! g5]al facts vide ,cults1 #e1 pp4 #dbj-dbd4 #dg4c ,vide ,cults1 #e1 pp4 #dag-dbj4 #dh4a ,vide ,cults1 #e1 pp4 #cde-cfe4 #dh4b ,agam$e ( ,ephyra seems to h practis$ h>mless magic1 ,il41 #ad1 #gdj2 & ! poet may h reg>d$ ! ,elean ,ephyra z ! special home ( magic4 ,vide ,od41 #b1 #cbh4 #dh4c ,cults1 #c1 p4 #he-ic2 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #abj-acf4 #di4a ,cults1 #d1 p4 #bfh1 etc4 #di4b ,arrian1 ,anab41 #c1 #af1 #h4 #di4c ,hesy*41 s4v4 #di4d ,/rom41 p4 #gee4 #di4e #b1 #ab1 #a4 #di4f ,9 ! e>lie/ v]sions ( h] leg5d1 ! magic ( ,m$ea is n black b b5evol5t4 #ej4a #i1 #cc1 #d4 #ej4b ,&rew ,lang1 ,! ,_w ( ,hom]1 pp4 #baj1 #baf4 #ej4c ,il41 #bc1 #agd4 #ea4a ,vide ,ts\ntas 9 ,ephem4 ,ar*aiol41 #ahhh1 pp4 #acj-aca1 & ,vollgraff1 9 ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #aijd1 p4 #cgj4 #ea4b ,vide ,hibb]t ,lectures1 8,high] ,aspects ( ,greek ,religion10 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #eb4a ,vide ,cults1 #a1 p4 #dj-db4 #eb4b ,ib41 p4 #db4 #eb4c ,ib41 #d1 p4 #bgb2 ,s*ol4 ,p9d41 ,ol41 #aj1 #ai4 #eb4d #g1 #ai1 #a-i4 #ec4a e4g4 vide ,cults1 #c1 #ic4 #ec4b ,cults1 #c1 p4 #bb4 #ef4a ,vide ,cults1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #he-aah4 ,cf4 g5]ally *s4 iv & v4 #eh4a #b1 #ec4 #fj4a ,vide ,cults1 #b1 pp4 #ddb-ddi4 #fj4b ,b]gk1 ,pt ,lyrici ,grci1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,fr4 #a4 #fj4c ,philo*oros ,frag41 #ba1 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,h4 ,g41 vol4 i4 #fa4a ,a!n41 p4 #fbf ,b4 #fa4b ,vide ,ar*4 ,anzeig1 #aijh1 p4 #abb4 #fb4a ,cults1 #c1 pp4 #ag-ah4 #fb4b ,ib41 #c1 pp4 #cc-cd4 #fb4c ,cults1 #e1 p4 #ddc-ddg4 #fc4a ,vide ,furtwngl]1 9 ,mn*5] ,sitzungsb]41 #ahig1 #a1 p4 #dja2 ,nillson1 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!il41 #aijh1 p4 #bhd4 #fc4b ,! /rik+ exception to ?is rule is ! great cult ( ,helios at ,rhodes4 ,vide supra1 p4 #bi4 #fd4a ,ael41 ,v>4 ,hi/41 #ab1 #fa4 #fd4b 8,!y wor%ip ,sun & ,moon1 we wor%ip real ,gods su* z ,apollo & ,h]mes10 ,pax1 #daj4 #fd4c ,s*ol4 ,soph41 ,elec41 #f4 #fd4d ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #gg-hj4 #fe4a ,vide ,cults1 #d1 pp4 #afc-aff4 #fe4b ,prott-,zieh51 ,leg4 ,sa]41 n41 #ah4 #fg4a ,plat41 ,eu?yd41 p4 #cjb ,c2 ,demo/h41 #ah1 #ada1 #eg1 #ed1 #fg2 ,ari/41 ,a?4 ,polit41 #ee4 #fg4b ,diog4 ,la]t41 #h1 #a1 #ac2 ,macrob41 #c1 #f1 #b4 #fg4c ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahic1 p4 #bd4 #fh4a ,paus41 #h1 #dg1 #d4 #fi4a ,! o!r view1 /ill held by "s1 t ,zeus-,agamemnon is ! e>li] fact1 & ,agamemnon ! h]o ! lat]1 does n be> criticism4 #gj4a ,cults1 v1 pp4 #bai-bba2 ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 *4 ii4 #ga4a ,vide 8,high] ,aspects ( ,greek ,religion10 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #gc-ia4 #gc4a ,vide ,cults1 #a1 pp4 #fd-fi2 = ! religi\s evolution ( ! ,greek laws conc]n+ homicide1 vide my ,evolution ( ,religion1 pp4 #aci-aeb4 ,cults1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bie-cjf4 #gc4b ,epic4 ,grc4 ,frag41 ,k9kel1 p4 #cc4 #gd4a ,vide ,cults1 #d1 p4 #bii4 #gf4a ,vide ,cults1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #gg4a ,vide ,cults1 ,,iv1 pp4 #afa-afb1 #bjj-bjb4 #gg4b ,a full] acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ,cults1 ,,iv1 pp4 #agi-bah4 #hj4a ,vide supra1 pp4 #cd-ce4 #hd4a ,republ41 pp4 #cfd-cfe4 #hg4a ,= m detail$ discussion1 vide ,cults1 #c1 pp4 #abf-aih4 #hi4a ,plut41 ,mor41 p4 #hha ,e2 ,porphyr41 ,vit4 ,py?41 #ai1 #bj4 #hi4b ,/rom41 ,v1 p4 #gad4 #ij4a ,vide ,gilb]t1 8,speculation und ,volksglaube 9 d] ,ionis*5 ,philosophie10 9 ,ar*4 ,relig4 ,wiss41 #aiaj1 p4 #cjf4 #ij4b ,frag41 ,,cxxvi1 ,,cxxvii1 ,,cxxx 7,bywat]74 #ia4a ,vide ,ridgeway's ,orig9 ( ,trag$y2 8 !ory is criticis$ 9 ,h]ma!na1 #aiab4 #ic4a ,pan1 ! daimon-god ( flocks1 came 9 f ,arcadia at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 7vide ,cults1 ,v1 p4 #dca72 ,asklepios1 ) 8 circle f ,epidauros1 at ! close4 #id4a ,h]od41 #h1 #gg4 #id4b ,heydemann1 ,die ,vas5sammlung5 des ,museum ,nazionale zu ,neapel1 #cbec4 #id4c ,vide specially l4 #hje-hjh1 #hbb-hbd4 #id4d #i1 #g1 #d4 #ie4a ,b]gk1 ,frag41 #adj4 #ie4b ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #hc-hd4 #if4a ,plut41 ,vit4 ,ari/41 #bj2 ,paus41 #i1 #b1 #e4 #ih4a ,vide ,cults1 ,,iii1 pp4 #aef-aeg4 #ih4b ,vide supra1 pp4 #cf-cg4 #ajj4a ,qu9til41 ,in/4 ,orat41 #ab1 #aj1 #i4 #aja4a ,or41 #ec1 p4 #dja4 #aja4b ,vide ,cults1 #a1 p4 #bca4 #aja4c ,cults1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,co9 ,pl4 ,no4 #b2 ,g>dn]'s ,types ( ,greek ,co9s1 ,pl4 #aj1 #be4 #ajb4a ,vide ,cults1 ,,iii1 pp4 #bga-bgb1 ,co9 ,pl4 ,no4 #ah4 #ajb4b ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion4 #ajc4a ,livy1 #de1 #bh4 #ajc4b ,!smoph41 #aacf4 #ajc4c ,x5ophanes' prote/ 9 ! six? c5tury is ! mo/ noticeable1 ,clem41 ,/rom41 #e1 pp4 #gad-gae ,p4 ,! ,/oic !ory ( ,z5o condemn$ ! erection ( temples z well z idols1 ib41 p4 #fia ,p4 #aje4a ,antig41 #eba4 #ajg4a ,paus41 #a1 #dj1 #d4 #ajh4a ,ol41 #h1 #bh4 #ajh4b ,sept4 c4 ,!b41 #ffb4 #ajh4c ,agam41 #ggf4 #ajh4d ,o$4 ,col41 #abfh4 #ajh4e ,trag4 ,grc4 ,frag4 7,nanck71 #hee4 #aji4a #ce4 #aji4b ,py?41 #d1 #eag4 #aji4c ,ol41 #i1 #fj4 #aab4a ,/rom41 p4 #fhh4 #aac4a ,h]c4 ,fur41 l4 #hdg-heh4 #aac4b ,ib41 #cci-cdg4 #aae4a ,vide my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aad4 #aae4b l4 #cia4 #aaf4a ,iphig ,taur41 l4 #cia4 #aaf4b ,clem41 ,/rom41 p4 #fia ,p4 #aaf4c ,vide ,/ob1 ,flor41 ,vol4 ,,iv 7,me9eke71 p4 #bfd4 #aaf4d ,vide ,cults1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #baj4 #aah4a #f1 #hf4 #aah4b ,vide ,ziegl]1 9 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,religionswiss1 #aiaa1 p4 #cic-dje4 #aai4a ,plut41 ,vit4 ,pelop41 ,c4 #ba1 #bb4 ,cf4 ,eur41 ,iph4 ,taur41 l4 #cia4 #aai4b p4 #cae ,b-,c4 #aai4c ,cf4 ,h]od41 #g1 #aig1 :o %[s t ! human sacrifice 9 ?is cult 0 r>e & conditional4 #aai4d ,iph4 ,taur41 l4 #adeh4 #aai4e ,vide ,cults1 #d1 pp4 #bgf-bgi4 #aai4f ,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/941 #b1 #ed4 #abj4a ,ib41 #b1 #ef4 #abj4b ,de s]4 num4 v9d41 #ab1 p4 #eeg ,c-,d4 #abj4c ,plut41 ,p>allela1 #ce4 ,vide ,cults1 #a1 #ie4 #abj4d ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 p4 #bfg4 #aba4a ,! exceptions are ! cults ( ,aphrodite at ,cor9? & among ! ,lokri ,epizephyrii4 ,vide ,cults1 #b1 pp4 #fce-fcf4 #aba4b ,cults1 #b1 p4 #ffg4 #aba4c e4g41 9 ! cult ( ,artemis 9 ,elis1 said to be ( ,lydian orig9 7,cults1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dde74 #abb4a p4 #ebg ,d4 #abb4b ,bywat]1 ,frag41 ,,cxxvii4 #abb4c #g1 #ag1 p4 #accf b4 #abc4a ,cults1 ,i1 pp4 #ef1 #hh-ib4 #abc4b #bc1 #gf4 #abc4c ,s]v4 ad ,v]g41 n41 #c1 #eg4 #abc4d ,vide my ,greece & ,babylon1 pp4 #gf-ha4 #abd4a ,vide fif?-c5tury inscription ( ,teos conta9+ a law ?reat5+ ) p5alties ^? :o us$ magic aga9/ ! ,/ate or aga9/ individuals 7,rhl1 ,inscr4 ,grc4 ,antiq41 #dig74 #abd4b p4 #icb ,e-#icc ,e4 #abd4c ,or41 #cj1 #ah4 #abf4a ,cults1 #e1 p4 #bfd4 #abg4a ,rep41 #cgh ,c41 :]e he seems to glance at ,epi*>mos4 #abi4a ,vide ,cults1 #d1 pp4 #baa-bad4 #acj4a ,frags41 #ajcb4 #acj4b 4 1 #aa4 #aca4a ,or41 #a1 p4 #ca4 #acb4a ,de ,my/]41 #abe2 cf4 #ca4 #acb4b ,de ,cor41 #cbd4 #acc4a ,laws1 #ief ,a-,b4 #acc4b ,ib41 #ihe ,d4 #acc4c e4g4 ib41 #ihd ,d4 #acc4d p4 #cd-da4 #acd4a ,= p>ticul>s vide ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #cg1 #df-dh1 #ajc1 #aag4 #ace4a ,laws1 p4 #iji ,e4 #ace4b #gch ,c4 #acg4a ,bull4 ,corr4 ,hell41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cii-dhi4 #ach4a ,vide ,cults1 #c1 pp4 #aii-bjb4 #ach4b ,ib41 p4 #aii4 #aci4a ,vide ,f\c>t1 ,des ,associations religieuses4 #ada4a ,a pap] by ,pi]re ,waltz 9 ! ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #aiaa--#8sur les s5t5ces de ,mn&re'--aims at discov]+ or imag9+ ! dramatic sett+ ( ea* fragm5t & at disprov+ ! view t ,m5&] 0 pos+ z an orig9al e?ical tea*]4 ,accept+ 8 !ory1 we c /ill assign high value to ! #8s5t5ces' = ! purpose ( ,greek e?ical hi/ory1 :e!r we reg>d !m z orig9al & e>ne/ utt]ances ( ,m5&] or commonplaces :i* he uses lightly = dramatic purposes2 = if ! latt] view ( !m is ! tru]1 !y %[ at lea/ :at 0 9 ! air4 #adb4a ,kock1 ,com4 ,att4 ,frag41 #fjb4 #adb4b e4g41 quotation by ,clem5s1 ,/rom1 p4 #gbj ,p4 ,cf4 fragm5t ( ! 1 ,kock1 #bde4 #adb4c #ehi1 ,me9eke1 #d1 p4 #cef4 #adc4a ,fab4 ,inc]t41 ,kock1 ,frag41 #eej4 #adc4b ,hel5e1 #acjj-acfe4 #ade4a ,vide ,a4 ,b4 ,cooke1 ,zeus1 pp4 #bcb-bcd4 #ade4b ,de ,cons5su ,evangeli/>um1 #a1 #cj 7xxii72 cf4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei41 ,,iv1 #i4 #ade4c ,vide my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ajd-ajf4 #ade4d ,pha9om51 #a1 #b-e4 #adf4a ,clem41 ,/rom41 p4 #fia4 #adf4b ,vide ,cults1 #e1 pp4 #ddf1 #gde ,r1 #bba4 #adg4a ,oxyrhyn*4 ,papyri41 viii1 p4 #ca4 #adh4a ,vide ,ar*iv1 fr ,relig4 ,wiss41 #aijd1 p4 #cie2 my ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #bjg4 #adi4a ,p]sonal ,religion 9 ,egypt1 p4 #dj4 #adi4b ,vide ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res4 #adi4c ,de ,civ4 ,dei41 #aj1 #i4 #aej4a ,vide ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion1 #aiaj4 #aea4a ,firm4 ,mat41 ,de ,err41 #bb2 cf4 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 p4 #agd4 #aeb4a ,consol4 ad uxor41 #aj1 p4 #faa ,d4 #aeb4b ,vit4 ,lys&r41 #ah4 ,cf4 ,a!nag1 p4 #ea 7,le*air74 #aec4a p4 #baj ,d1 ,apo?4 ,lacon2 he advis$ !m to beg9 ) mak+ !mselves ,gods if !y felt equal to mak+ him "o4 #aec4b ,or41 #fd ,r1 #cch 7,d9d1 #b4 p4 #bac74 #aec4c #g1 #ef4 #aee4a ,c4,i4,g4 ,ins4 ,m>4 g41 #a1 #ghi4 #aee4b ,vide my ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #ach4 #aee4c ,vide my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,lect4 ,,vi1 8,p]sonal ,religion 9 ,greece40 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,?is book is fir/ 9 ! ,duckwor?'s ,/ud5t ,s]ies4 ,page numb]s are giv5 9 curly brackets4 ,pla9 text v]sion only3 endnote m>k]s are giv5 9 squ>e brackets4 ,add ! book title & au?or's "n to ! cov] image4 ,m9or spell+ inconsi/5cies 7e4g4 e?ical-religi\s_/e?ical religi\s1 ,ma5ads_/,mnads1 etc47 along ) ! use ( bo? ,arabic & ,roman num]als to indicate volume numb]s 9 ! endnotes h be5 pres]v$4 7p4 #adb1 note #c7 ,! la/ "*7s7 ( ! ^w beg9n+ ) 80 are illegible 9 ! s\rce text4 is us$ until ! prop] ^w c be det]m9$4 ,alt]ations to ! text3 ,conv]t footnotes to endnotes1 relabel note m>k]s 7app5d ! orig9al note numb] to ! page numb]71 & add a correspond+ entry to ! ,,toc4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,*ange 8or 7 specially associat$ ) ,dionysos'''0 to 4 ,*apt] ,v 8ab/ractions1 su* z ,nemesis & #82 ! latt] t]m'''0 delete left s+le quotation m>k4 ,endnotes ,a c\ple ( trivial punctuation corrections4 7p4 #di1 note #f7 8! magic ( ,m$ia is n black b b5evol5t0 to ,m$ea4 ,end ( text