,,essays1                               
,,or                                    
,,disc\rses1                            
,,select$ ,,f                           
,,! ,,works ,,( ,,feyjoo1               
,,&                         ,,translat$ 
,,f ,,! ,,spani%1                       
,,by                                    
,,john ,,brett1 ,,esq4                  
,,volume ,,! ,,second4                  
,,london3                               
,pr9t$ = ! ,,translator3                
,sold by ,h4 ,,payne1 ,pall-,mall2 ,c4  
,,dilly1 9 !                   ,p\ltry2 
& ,t4 ,,evans1 9 ! ,/r&4                
,,mdcclxxx4          ,,cont5ts    ,,(   
,,! ,,second ,,volume          ,,!      
,,balance ,,( ,,a/rea2 ,,or1 ,,upright  
,,adm9i/ration ,,(      ,,ju/ice4       
,page #a        ,,on ,,! ,,impunity ,,( 
,,ly+4                                  
p4 #da        ,,on ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,our 
,,c\ntry1 ,,& ,,national ,,prejudice    
,,or      ,,prepossession4              
p4 #ff        ,,on ,,true ,,& ,,false   

,,urbanity4                             
p4 #aji        ,a ,,def5ce ,,or         
,,v9dication ,,( ,,! ,,wom54            
p4 #ahi        ,,on ,,*ur* ,,music4     
p4 #cac        ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,effects 
,,( ,,music1 ,,& ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! 
,,anti5t ,,) ,,! ,,mod]n4               
p4 #ceg          ,illu/ration           
,,!    ,,balance ,,( ,,a/rea2    ,,or1  
,upright ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice3    ,9 
a ,,lett] f an ,,old ,,judge1 to 8 ,,son
 :o 0 newly rais$ to !  ,b5*4           
,,sect4 ,i4    ,i4 ,i d n "k1 my ,son1  
:e!r to congratulate or condole )  y on 
! in=mation y give me1 ( 8 ,maje/y hav+ 
hon\r$  y ) a ,judge's robe4 ,i         
contemplate y z plac$ 9 a /ate (        
slav]y1 :i*1 al?\gh x is an hon\rable   
"o1 mu/ always rema9  & cont9ue a       
slav]y4 ,already y are nei!r m9e nor y\r
 own1 b  belong to ! public at l>ge4 ,! 
obligations ( ?is *>ge %\ld  n only     
emancipate y f y\r fa!r1 b deta* y f    
y\rself  also4 ,!re is an end ( y\r     
consid]+ y\r conv5i5ce1 y\r  heal?1 or  

y\r ease2 & y h only n[ to att5d to !   
duties  & dis*>ge ( y\r consci5ce2 y    
%\ld look ^u y\r own good  z a =eign    
conc]n1 & reg>d t ( ! public z y\r own4 
,y  are already dive/$ ( neighb\rs1     
fri5ds1 or k9dr$2 y h no  c\ntry1 & mu/ 
h no reg>d = ! tyes ( fle% & blood4 ,d  
y ?9k ,i mean to say1 y %\ld cease to be
 a man8 ,no1 c]ta9ly2  b ,i w\ld h x    
und]/ood1 t ! affections ( ! man %\ld   
live 9 su* a /ate ( sep>ation f ! duties
 ( ! ,judge1 t  !re %\ld n be ! slighte/
 comm]ce or correspond5ce betwe5  !m4   
,,ii4 ,i repeat aga91 t ,i am at a loss 
:e!r to condole ) or  congratulate y on 
! ev5t4 ,i view y\r s\l z expos$ to !   
cont9ual haz>d ( be+ lo/2 & ,i 0 on !   
po9t ( say+1 !  (fice ( a ,judge af=ds  
proximate occasions = s9n+ ?r\gh !      
c\rse ( a man's life4 ,y may say ?is is 
a h>d proposition2 &  ,i ackn[l$ge x is2
 b :at o!r inf]5ce c be drawn f !       
t]rible s5t5ce ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1   
:i* is 9 ! foll[+  words3 ,x appe>s to  
me impossible t any ( ^? :o gov]n %\ld  

be sav$4 ,& :at o!r ?+ c\ld ! religi\s  
,pontiff1 ,pius !  ,v?1 mean1 :5 he     
said1 t :ile he 0 a private ,religi\s1  
he _h  great hopes ( be+ sav$1 ?\gh :5  
!y made him a ,c>d9al he  began to fe>1 
b :5 !y made him a ,pope he almo/       
despair$ (  salvation8 ,if ?is is n a   
virtual assev]ation1 t ! occupation  ( a
 rul] furni%es a cont9ual & proximate   
occasion = s9n+1 ,i  d n und]/& !       
expression4 ,b x is true1 t al?\gh ?is  
%\ld be ! case1 ! crime w\ld be obviat$1
 because ! necessity  ( ! public makes !
 ex]cise ( su* a function inevitable2 b 
!n ! crime w\ld only be obviat$ 9 su*   
subjects1 :o feel 9  !mselves1          
dispositions to p]=m ! duties ( su* an  
(fice )  rectitude & propriety2 z = !   
o!rs1 ,i w n exculpate !m4  ,i d n      
und]/& t text ( ! ,ecclesia/es z an     
advice or  caution1 b z a precept &     
injunction1 :i* says1 ,don't solicit to 
be made a judge1 unless y f9d y\rself   
possess$ ) t virtue  & =titude1 :i* is  
necess>y to extirpate evil de$s4        

,,iii4 ,he :o d\bts :e!r he is endu$ ) a
 suffici5t %>e (  k1 or a necess>y      
portion ( heal? & con/itution1 to       
und]take s weighty a *>ge2 he :o does n 
f9d himself possess$  ( a robu/ he>t1   
:i* is inv9cible to1 & pro( aga9/ !     
promises & ?reats ( ! great & p[]ful2 he
 :o feels himself  enam\r$ ) ! beauty ( 
gold2 he :o kn[s 8 s5sibility  liable to
 be wr\ght ^u by ! intreaties (         
dome/ics1 fri5ds1 or  relations1 _c1 9  
my op9ion1 ent] ^u ! (fice ( a magi/rate
  ) a good consci5ce4 ,i d n1 al?\gh x  
is indisp5sably  necess>y1 compreh5d 9  
?is catalogue ( requisites ! virtue (   
prud5ce1 because e "o fancies he        
possesses x2 b1 if a man  mi/akes 9 ?is 
p>ticul>1 ,i judge 8 error to be        
incurable4    ,,iv4 ,he :o is cloa!d ) a
 robe1 ought to keep 8 s\l well  =tifi$ 
at all po9ts1 because 9 a v>iety (      
occurr5ces1 !re  is no passion t may n  
be inimical to ju/ice2 & ! suitors  are 
v solicit\s 9 exam9+ :]e ! def5ce is    
weak2 ev5  lawful affections are        

sometimes ho/ile to h]4 ,:at is m "r or 
prop] ?an a man's t5d]ness = 8 wife8 ,b 
h[ (t5 has a man's  affection = 8 wife1 
be5 ! cause ( w>p+ ! w& ( ju/ice6    ,v4
 ,i don't mean to inculcate1 t a judge  
%\ld be fi]ce1  unfeel+1 & h>%2 b t he  
%\ld be firm1 spirit$1 & a man  (       
integrity4 ,x is r>e1 b n impossible1 = 
a man to possess  a s\l ( wax = ! duties
 ( private life1 & a m9d ( brass  = !   
adm9i/ration ( public ones2 al?\gh !    
he>t may be  susceptible ( its          
t5d]nesses1 ! sacr$ ca/le ( ju/ice %\ld 
be inaccessible to su* feel+s4 ,x is    
said1 t fri5d%ips may be  p]mitt$ to    
approa* ev5 to ! alt>2 b !y %\ld n be s 
mu*  z suff]$ to ent] ! doors ( ! temple
 ( ,a/rea4    ,,vi4 ,i contemplate y1 my
 ,son1 z hav+ "s advantage\s            
dispositions  = ex]cis+ ?is (fice2 y are
 dis9t]e/$1 an important quality  9 a   
judge2 b t does n quiet my fe>s2 = h[ c 
,i be c]ta9  y w cont9ue s 9 future8    
,dis9t]e/$ness1 l beauty1 is  an end[m5t
 & ornam5t ( y\?1 & r>ely accompanies   

life 9  old age4 ,i h read b ( two wom5 
:o pres]v$ _! beauty  till sev5ty2 ! "o 
0 ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 ,dut*ess (         
,val5t9e1  :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry !  
,i,id4 ,k+ ( ,france2 ! o!r  0 ,aspasia 
( ,miletus1 concub9e ( ,cyrus ,k+ (     
,p]sia4 ,i d n  "k :e!r y c reckon _m m 
m51 :o left totally to _!  natural      
dispositions1 )\t ! inv5tion or         
assi/ance ( o!r  helps1 pres]v$ _!      
contempt = gold till !y arriv$ at t age4
  ,! s\l fades ) ! body1 & ! n>r[ness & 
contractions (  av>ice are its wr9kles4 
,,vii4 ,! dang] ( p 9 exalt$ /ations 9 !
 law1 fall+  into ?is vice1 is great]1  
because !y are expos$ to m frequ5t      
temptations4 ,elizabe? ( ,engl& us$ to  
say1 t ! (fice ( a  ,judge at 8 fir/    
elevation1 seem$ to fit on him l new    
cloa?s1  :i* appe> tight & /rait at !   
beg9n+1 b aft] a little  "t !y /ret* &  
become easy & famili>4 ,! same may be   
said  ( ,judges 9 all o!r k+doms4 ,_m1  
:o at fir/ scruple to accept  an apple1 
9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 are capable (   

swall[+  ! :ole or*>d ( ! ,hesp]ides2 & 
y "k ! apples ( t  or*>d 7 gold5 ones4  
,! same ?+ happ5s to !m t happ5s  to    
rivulets1 :i* r>ely fall into1 & are    
swall[$ by ! sea1 )  ! scanty /ock !y   
conta9$ 9 _! fir/ passages4    ,,viii4  
,let no caution1 my ,son1 appe> too     
great1 to gu>d y aga9/  ! trea*]\s      
attacks ( av>ice2 ?is s]p5t1 ^: bulk 9  
"t  increases )\t limits1 is at fir/ no 
bigg] ?an a hair2 ,i mean to  say1 !y   
commonly beg9 ) pres5ts ( su* trifl+    
value1 t  ! refus+ to accept !m w\ld be 
blam$ by ! _w z affect$  nicety4 ,b :at 
foll[s8 ,:y1 t :5 !y are once admitt$1  
by  ! ex]tion ( _! p[] 9 ! fir/         
entrances ( ! door ( !  w1 !y proce$ to 
wid5 x by little & little1 s t e  day x 
becomes capable ( receiv+ m & m4 ,god   
def5d u f  a magi/rate's sett+ ab\t to  
enri* himself6 because 9 su* a  case1 he
 may be comp>$ to ! elem5t ( wat]1 ^:   
/ock be>s  proportion to ! contribution 
x receives2 :ile x is a brook1 x  only  
receives f\nta9s2 aft]w>ds becom+ a     

riv]1 x receives  brooks2 & :5 x arrives
 at be+ a sea1 x receives riv]s4        
,,ix4 ,x is n suffici5t t y keep y\r own
 h&s clean2 b x is  also necess>y t y   
exam9e ^? ( y\r dome/ics4 ,! integrity  
( a magi/rate requires1 t he %\ld adopt 
! practice ( an  active & vigilant      
matron1 :o n only takes c>e ( !         
cleanl9ess  ( h] own p]son1 b looks also
 to ! cleanl9ess ( ! re/ ( h]  h\sehold4
 ,?is is n only an obligation y owe to  
y\r consci5ce1  b is likewise a matt] t 
conc]ns y\r reputation1 because x  is   
g5]ally und]/ood1 t ! inf]ior "p ( !    
family is a  subt]rane\s conduit-pipe1  
?r\gh :i*1 supplies are convey$ to  ! h&
 ( ! ma/]2 b 9 tru? x happ5s 9 po9t (   
regale or  refre%m5t1 z x happ5$ to !   
f\nta9 ( ,are?usa1 :i* al?\gh  x 0      
receiv$ by a cav]n 9 ,greece1 ! place x 
f]tiliz$ 0 !  l& ( ,sicily4 ,we read 9  
,daniel1 t ! m9i/]s ( ! temple  are !   
da9ties :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! idol2 9 !    
h\se (  a magi/rate1 ! idol eats !      
da9ties :i* are pres5t$ to 8  m9i/]s4   

,x4 ,! appreh5sions ,i am "u1 t y may "o
 day be betray$ into  ?is corruption1   
move me at pres5t to give y an excell5t 
caution1  z a pres]vative aga9/ !       
temptation ( gifts1 :i* is1 t y  %\ld   
consid] any "o :o attempts to ga9 y\r   
fav\r 9 ?is way1  z a p]son :o (f]s a   
direct affront to y\r hon\r2 = x is     
cle>1 t by su* an action1 he gives x to 
be und]/ood1 t y  hold 9 y\r h&s !      
scales ( v5al ju/ice4 ,!re are two sorts
 (  p 9 ! _w1 :o fall into ! dang]\s    
error1 ( mi/ak+  injuries = c\rtesies2  
wom5 :o receive pres5ts f gallants1 &   
m9i/]s ( ju/ice :o p]mit ! reception (  
!m f suitors3 =  ) respect to ! giv]s1 e
 pres5t is meant z a subornation2       
o!rwise1 :y is n _! lib]ality manife/$  
to o!r p z  well z to ^? f :om !y       
ent]ta9 expectations8 ,x c only  be1    
because !y consid] :at !y give z an (f]+
 made to _!  int]e/2 & t1 to :i* !y     
affect giv+ ! appe>ance (  a c\rtesy1 is
 at bottom no?+ bett] ?an a bribe4 ,he  
:o makes  pres5ts to a lady1 or a m9i/] 

( ju/ice1 attempts _! corruption  by !  
act1 & 9 8 imag9ation supposes he has   
effect$ x4 ,y  ought1 !re=e1 my ,son1 to
 consid] e "o :o attempts to ga9  y\r   
fav\r by su* means1 z an enemy to y\r   
consci5ce1 & z a  p]son dang]\s to1 & "o
 :o w\ld injure y\r hon\r2 & y  %\ld    
look ^u him z a man1 m des]v+ ( y\r     
contempt &  indignation1 ?an y\r        
c\rtesy4    ,,xi4 ,i h giv5 ! "n (      
pres]vative to ! =ego+ reflection1      
because x is r calculat$ to prev5t !    
infection f gett+  foot+ 9 ^?1 :o are   
s\nd & 9 heal?1 ?an to cure !  disease1 
aft] x has once tak5 root4 ,he :o has   
contract$ a habit (  gorg+ himself )    
pres5ts1 is call\s to ! reproa* ( hav+  
put  8 decisions to sale4    ,,xii4 ,i  
am incl9$ to ?9k1 ,spa9 is m free f ?is 
pe/il5ce  ?an o!r k+doms2 at lea/ 9     
m9i/]s ( y\r class1 ?is meanness  has   
r>ely be5 obs]v$4 ,x has ev] be5 rem>k$1
 t ) u1  ! high] p h be5 rais$ on !     
seats ( ju/ice1 !y h  seem$ ! fur!r     
remov$ f ! bas5ess ( av>ice4    ,,xiii4 

,w\ld to ,god1 our tribunals 7 z deaf to
 recomm5dations1  z !y are unta9t$ )    
bribes6 ,x is on ?is side1 _! cr$it  is 
mo/ t>ni%$ 9 ! public op9ion4 ,!re is   
sc>ce a s5t5ce  giv5 9 a civil          
controv]sy1 :i* ! malice ( grumbl]s1 & !
  voice ( neutral p1 does n impute to h 
be5 ! effect (  "s p[]ful recomm5dation4
 ,! presumption ( ! influ5ce1 :i*  !    
protection ( m5 ( weight has ) !        
,judges1 is s preval5t1  t _m :o h be5  
despoil$ by an unfair decision1 & :o are
  p]suad$ ( ! ju/ness ( _! cause1 are   
afraid to appeal1 if !y  "k _! oppon5t  
has great connections4    ,,xiv4 ,we    
%\ld hope1 ! _w is greatly mi/ak5 9 ?is 
matt]4 ,!  m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 z f> z !y   
are able1 & !y mo/ commonly  c d ?is1   
mu/ dis*>ge & comply ) ! duties ( _!    
function 9 judicial phrases1 & accord+  
to ! words ( ! law2  & al?\gh !re may h 
be5 positive promises made1 :5 !y  come 
to ! s5t5ce1 !y mu/ consult & con=m to !
 books (  jurisprud5ce1 & n ! lett]s (  
recomm5dation4 ,god def5d u1  h[ev]1 f !

 s]i\s mis=tune ( ! protector ( ei!r    
p>ty1  hav+1 or ev] be+ able to h1      
influ5ce 9 ! seats ( ju/ice6  ,= !n we  
may h reason to appreh5d1 t to ! %ame ( 
!  law1 ! motive ( ! conduct ( ! p>tial 
,judge may be betray$  by 8 c\nt5ance1 &
 t ! dread ( su* motive be+ kn[n1  may  
be ! tortur] :o presses out & exposes ! 
secret1 or else1  t ! ?+ may be         
unravell$ by conjectures1 or prov$ by "s
  transactions 9 ! bus9ess2 & ^! are !  
sort ( cases1 :i*1  aft] _m ye>s /udy1  
make p und]/& ! law 9 a s5se !y  nev]   
und]/ood x be=e1 & :i*1 9 ! same in/ant1
 increases  & less5s _! e/eem = ! same  
au?ors1 & causes ! brea?  ( fav\r to    
incl9e ! balance1 ) :i* !y weigh        
probabilities1  to ! side :]e !re is !  
lea/ weight 9 ! scale4 ,i rememb]  t    
great lawy]1 ,alex&] ( ! family ( !     
,alex&]s1 9 8  treatise call$ ,dias     
,g5iales1 says ( himself1 t he ab&on$ ! 
pr(ession ( an advocate 9 disgu/1 f hav+
 obs]v$ 9 8 own  practice1 t nei!r !    
wisdom or abilities ( a c\nsellor1 nor !

  goodness ( a cause1 7 ( any avail 9   
c\rts1 :5 ! opposite  p>ties 7 esp\s$ by
 p ( p[]4    ,,xv4 ,b except+ ^!        
in/ances1 :i* h weight ) ^? only1  :o _h
 r rise to ! highe/ seats on ! b5* ?an  
asc5d to  heav51 o!r modes ( fav\r 9    
c\rts are trifl+ & ( little use  or     
consequ5ce2 b to speak ! tru?1 we       
ourselves give occasion  to _! be+ ?\ght
 useful & ( consequ5ce4 ,if :5 a p]son  
( au?ority int]c$es on behalf ( a       
suitor1 we give him hopes &             
enc\ragem5t2 or if our answ]s to su*    
applications1 are 9 t]ms  :i* exce$ :at 
is necess>y 9 a judicial reply2 & if    
aft]w>ds1  :5 t p]son obta9s a s5t5ce 9 
8 fav\r1 we seem desir\s1 or  behave s z
 to make x be ?\ght1 our suffrage 0 a   
complim5t to  ! great man :o int]e/$    
himself 9 ! suitor's behalf1 9 ord]  t  
he %\ld ?9k he 0 oblig$ to u2 we are !  
au?ors ( ?is  error 9 mank9d1 & ! cause 
( ! injury1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce (  x1 our 
cr$it suff]s ) ! _w4    ,,xvi4 ,?is     
notion ( ! utility ( recomm5dations1 is 

an imp$im5t  to our bus9ess1 z well z   
injuri\s to our reputation2 = x is !    
occasion ( our be+ int]rupt$ ) visits1 &
 puts u "u !  necessity ( answ]+ lett]s 
( int]cession1 by :i* means we wa/e  a  
great "p ( t "t1 :i* we ought to employ 
9 /udy4 ,if !y  knew !y 7 tak+ all ?is  
pa9s to no purpose1 !y w\ld n  emb>rass 
u ) _! applications1 nor rob u ( our "t4
    ,,xvii4 ,h[ !n are we to act8 ,t is 
easily det]m9$2 speak pla91  & undeceive
 all ! _w4 ,let !m "k1 t ! s5t5ce dep5ds
  ^u1 & is rul$ by ! law1 & n by        
solicitations & private  fri5d%ips2 t we
 c s]ve no man at ! exp5ce ( ju/ice &   
our consci5ce2 & t t :i* !y call be+    
fav\rable1 !  pret5ce ) :i* !y cov] all 
_! petitions1 ^u a practical  exam9ation
 ( ?+s1 is a *im]a2 = a ,judge c nev]   
%ew fav\r1  or at mo/ ! cases 9 :i* he c
 d x are metaphysical2 ev5  9 d\btful & 
obscure cases1 & 9 ^? :]e !             
probabilities  are equal1 ! laws        
prescribe rules ( equity1 :i* we are    
/rictly  & rigor\sly b\nd to foll[4 ,oh6

 b "s cases are left to !  discretion ( 
! judge6 ,x is true1 b !y are n = ?is   
reason  to be det]m9$ by 8 absolute w4  
,prud5tial maxims1 & rules (  equity1   
po9t out ! road we %\ld pursue2 & x is n
 lawful =  u to foll[ any o!r c\rse1    
ei!r = ! sake ( oblig+ great  m5 or     
fri5ds4 ,:5 x is said1 ?is or t is left 
to ! w  & pleasure ( ! ,judge1 x %\ld n 
be und]/ood to mean 8  absolute         
uncontrolable w1 b to imply1 t he is to 
be guid$ 9  8 decision by ! dictates (  
reason1 & ! pr9ciples ( law4 ,?is       
def9ition1 is con=mable to ! s5se ( !   
,lat9 v]b arbitror1  :i* signifies an   
act ( ! und]/&+1 & n ( ! w4    ,,xviii4 
,i am well aw>e1 t objections may be    
made to ?is frank mode  ( act+3 ! fir/  
is1 t we may be call$ blunt & ill-br$2  
b1 besides t ! reflection w\ld be unju/1
 x w\ld la/ no  long]1 ?an till x 0     
g5]ally kn[n1 we _h resolv$ to adopt ?is
  me?od ( act+1 & till x 0 become common
 & famili> among  u4 ,:ile !re %all be b
 "o or two judicial m9i/]s :o act 9  ?is

 op5 +5u\s mann]1 _! c&id behavi\r may  
pass among !  ignorant = want ( bre$+ & 
c\rtesy2 b if all ! re/ 7 to  d ! same1 
ev5 ! ignorant w\ld become s5sible1 t   
:at !y  _h call$ want ( bre$+1 0        
integrity2 & !y w\ld also be  conv9c$1 t
 ?is is b5eficial to !m1 & a great sav+ 
bo? (  money & tr\ble1 :i* are bo? wa/$ 
9 runn+ aft]1 & seek+  = fri5ds &       
patrons1 ^: assi/ance & protection is   
useless to  !m4    ,,xix4 ,! second     
objection is1 t judicial m9i/]s w\ld    
lose a  great "p ( ! respect & homage   
:i* is n[ paid !m1 x be+  c]ta91 t      
civilities ( ?is sort1 are n s mu* !    
result (  ! rev]5ce due to ! "* ( a     
,judge1 z ! effect ( !  imag9$ dep5dance
 on 8 fav\r4 ,x is e/abli%$ ^u ! cr$it  
( good au?ors1 t ,epicurus did n1 z x is
 vulg>ly ?\ght1  d5y ! exi/5ce ( !      
deities1 b only _! influ5ce or p[]  to d
 good or h>m2 b ?is 0 suffici5t1 to     
cause ! t5et to be  held z a!i/ical 9   
practice2 = he :o d5ies ! p[] ( !       
,gods1 d5ies !m adoration also4 ,m5 d n 

s[ obsequies1 b )  ! expectation ( reap+
 a h>ve/ ( b5efits1 & dep5dance is !    
only /imulus or fir/ mov] to wor%ip2    
!re=e1 :5 m5 come to  consid] ! tribunal
 z ! m]e organ ( ! law1 :]e e ?+  dep5ds
 ^u ! int5tion ( ! legislature1 & no?+  
^u !  incl9ation ( ! ,judge1 !          
applications to ! m9i/]s ( ju/ice1  w\ld
 be v few & v slight4    ,,xx4 ,?is     
objection w\ld h great weight ) ^?      
,judges1 :o  desire to be reg>d$ &      
address$ z deities3 b d y1 my ,son1     
contemplate y\rself z plac$ on ! b5*1 & 
n on ! alt>2 &  rememb]1 t y are n an   
idol de/9$ to receive wor%ip &  (f]+s1 b
 an oracle orda9$ to articulate tru?s4  
,?is is !  mann] 9 :i* y %\ld expla9    
y\rself1 & undeceive ! _w2  assure !    
great ( y\r respect1 & y\r fri5ds ( y\r 
e/eem2 b  intimate bo? to "o & ! o!r1 t 
nei!r e/eem nor respect c  ga9          
admittance into ! cab9et ( ju/ice1      
because ! fe> ( ,god1  :o is !          
door-keep] ( ! consci5ce1 requires t !y 
%\ld  rema9 9 ! anti*amb]4    ,,xxi4 ,b 

!re may /ill re/ ) ,judges a            
discretion>y p[] (  %ew+ c\rtesies1 if n
 9 po9ts t conc]n ! sub/antial p>ts  ( !
 cause1 9 ! mode ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice2 ,i  
mean1 if n 9  ! ess5ce ( ! s5t5ce1 9 !  
brevity ( dispat*4 ,?is is an  error1   
:i* ,i h obs]v$ "s ( our ,judges to h   
fall5 into2  & ,i call x an error1      
because ) reg>d to myself1 ,i h no d\bt 
( its be+ "o4 ,x is an obligation ^u u1 
to give ! quicke/  dispat* possible to  
causes3 & we d n %ew fav\r to him1 ^:   
bus9ess is done ) all possible spe$2 b  
to him we d n dispat*  ) ! same         
exp$ition1 we d inju/ice4 ,! pref]5ce   
giv5 to  p 9 priority ( dispat*1 is     
p>tiality2 & ! m9i/] :o  is ! au?or ( x1
 ought to make good ! damages occasion$ 
by !  delay to him :o 0 next 9 turn2 9  
?is matt]1 att5tion %\ld be  _h to !    
nature ( ! cause1 to ! "t ! suit 0      
comm5c$1 &  to ! injury t w\ld att5d    
procra/9ation 9 ! decision ( x4         
,,xxii4 ,) reg>d to ?is la/ circum/ance1
 :5 !re are n o!r  reasons to =bid x1 ! 

poor %\ld be dispat*$ 9 pref]5ce to  !  
ri*2 & ^? :o come f di/ant prov9ces1    
be=e ^? :o  live 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,/4  
,j]ome1 9 8 comm5t on a passage  ( !    
,prov]bs1 says1 t =m]ly c\rts ( ju/ice 7
 plac$  at ! gates ( cities2 :i* ! ,sa9t
 imag9es to h be5 done1  ) a view (     
prev5t+ ! att5tion ( /rang]s :o come ^u 
law  bus9ess1 & especially t ( ! ru/ics1
 f be+ tak5 up &  conf\nd$ by !         
multitude ( /range objects :i* pres5t   
!mselves  to _! sight1 & by ! bu/le &   
hurry ( ! city2 f h5ce x  may be inf]r$1
 t ! dispat* 0 v quick1 & t x 0 n       
necess>y = !m to take a lodg+ 9 t[n2 b  
?+s are greatly  alt]$ n[-a-days1 &     
/rang]s :o come f a great di/ance to    
prosecute _! causes1 are deta9$ s long1 
t !y 9 a mann]  become neighb\rs &      
inhabitants ( ! city4 ,no?+ is s        
p]nici\s  z ! amaz+ delays ( judicial   
proce$+s2 z =m]ly1 !y saw  ! tribunals  
at ! gates ( great t[ns1 at pres5t1 we  
see intire  t[ns built r\nd ! gates ( ! 
tribunals1 because ! sl[ness (  dispat* 

increases ! bulk ( ! causes 9 ! (fice1 &
 ! numb]  ( suitors 9 & ab\t !          
(fice-por*4    ,,xxiii4 ,i reflect )    
horror on ! mis*iefs :i* ^! delays      
occasion2 = 9 consequ5ce ( ! exp5ce !y  
create1 x frequ5tly  happ5s t bo? !     
suitors are ru9$1 ! vanqui%$ is /ripp$  
& laid pro/rate1 & ! conqu]or has sp5t 8
 all4 ,!re are  litigations1 :i* la/ z  
long z ! f\r elem5ts 9 man1 t is  to    
say1 = ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life2 & ! result
 ( !m is  ! same1 ! ru9 ( ! :ole4 ,o    
t]m9ations ( law6 y appe>  l ! b\nd>ies 
( ! _w 9 ! op9ion ( ,desc>tes1 t is1    
indef9ite4    ,,xxiv4 ,ev5 :]e !re is   
no?+ to wait =1 & !re is no occasion  ( 
delay1 ! cause is sometimes susp5d$ =   
mon?s toge!r4 ,my ,son1  y are n        
ignorant ( ! rule ( law laid d[n by     
,sextus ,pomponius1  :i* says1 9 !      
dis*>ge ( all our obligations1 :]e !re  
is  no p>ticul> day prescrib$ or assign$
 = dispat*+ a bus9ess1  we %\ld make use
 ( ! pres5t day4 ,! practice ( all      
tribunals  %\ld be con=mable to ?is     

rule1 & :5 ?+s are prep>$ =  trial1 !   
decision %\ld n be delay$ a day1 & !    
,judges %\ld  direct1 t ! prep>ations   
are made ) all ! exp$ition possible4    
,,xxv4 ,f :at has be5 premis$1 x is     
evid5t t a ,judge c nev]  prop]ly       
receive f a suitor any complim5t or     
ackn[l$gm5t1 on  acc\nt ( hav+ dispat*$ 
8 cause1 because he _c be suppos$       
capable ( do+ him any fav\r1 &          
consequ5tly is n entitl$ to  any        
recomp5ce4 ,! m9i/]s ( ju/ice ought to  
resemble ! heav5ly  bodies1 :o be/[     
great b5efits on ! e>?1 al?\gh !y       
receive  no?+ f x2 = x is _! duty1 &    
incumb5t on !m1 to  conf] ^? b5efits4   
,!y receive _! rew>d & support f !      
great ,sov]eign ( all1 :o has assign$ !m
 _! /ations & _!  duties1 & ! assi/ance 
( _! light & _! influ5ce is a debt  !y  
owe to ! inf]ior _w2 b ! inf]ior _w is n
 *>g$  ) obligations to !m4    ,,xxvi4  
,ev5 ! visit to return ?anks1 :i* aft] !
 suitor has got  8 cause1 is made by him
 to ! ,judges1 ,i look ^u z sup]flu\s4  

,= :at does he ?ank !m8 ,= hav+ giv5 him
 :at belong$ to  him & 0 8 own4 ,!y are 
entitl$ to no ?anks = t2 & if  !y h giv5
 him :at 0 ! prop]ty ( ano!r man1 !y    
des]ve  puni%m5t4    ,,xxvii4 ,:at has  
be5 said on ! subject ( brevity &       
dispat*1 is  equally p]t95t to crim9al z
 well z civil causes4 ,! p]son  accus$  
has a "r to be cle>$ if he is innoc5t1 &
 8 puni%m5t  is a debt due to ! public  
if he is guilty2 & x is g5]ally         
exp$i5t1 = "o or o!r ( ^! p>ties to be  
press+ =  dispat*4 ,x is v cle>1 t      
proce$+ ) caution 9 crim9al  cases is   
necess>y1 le/ y fall into ! s]i\s       
mis*ief1 (  puni%+ z guilty p ^? :o are 
innoc5t4 ,b /&+ /ill  & do+ no?+1 is n  
proce$+ ) caution2 nei!r is ?9k+  no m (
 ^? 9 ! dungeon1 ?an ( ^? 9 ! grave4    
,,xxviii4 ,besides ! reasons = dispat*1 
:i* are common to1 &  apply equally to  
bo? sorts ( causes2 !re is "o ( special 
note1  & great weight1 :i* po9ts out :y 
x is mo/ necess>y 9 crim9al  ones2 & t  
is1 delay be+ frequ5tly ! cause (       

malefactors  escap+ )\t puni%m5t4 ,?is  
happ5s by two ways3 ! fir/ is1  t by    
delay+ ! process1 !re is m "t giv5 to ! 
culprits  to contrive & execute _!      
escape f prison1 :i* :5 ^!  fi]ce       
savages h effect$1 !y are commonly seiz$
 ) a rage1 (  recov]+ 9 a few days1 ! "t
 !y h be5 depriv$ ( by _!  conf9em5t1 to
 commit outrages2 & !y fancy !y h a "r  
to  rev5ge !mselves by new s*emes (     
rogu]y1 = ! puni%m5t !y  h und]gone by  
hav+ be5 *a9$ & fett]$4 ,!re is sc>ce an
  innoc5t p]son :om !y d n reg>d z _!   
enemy1 & ^? only  :o are _! bre?r5 9    
iniquity1 are exempt$ f _! fury &       
indignation4    ,,xxix4 ,?is is ! common
 way ( _! rev5g+ !mselves 9 g5]al1  b _!
 malice & res5tm5t t[>ds p>ticul> p is !
 mo/  p]nici\s to ! public2 ^? :o are   
mo/ ?reat5$ ) _!  v5geance1 be+ su* z h 
9 any %ape be5 in/rum5tal 9 _!          
conf9em5t1 or 9 hav+ !m br\ght to       
ju/ice4    ,,xxx4 ,! second way1 by :i* 
delays 9 crim9al prosecutions af=d      
occasions = del9qu5ts to escape )       

impunity1 is n s palpable1  nor s obvi\s
 z ! fir/1 b 9 g5]al is m successful1 & 
(t5] takes effect4 ,i w expla9 :at ,i   
mean4 ,:5 a notori\s  crime is newly    
committ$1 all m9ds are %>p5$ aga9/ !    
(f5d]1  & fill$ ) horror at ! outrage4  
,ev5 ! mo/ mild call out  = puni%m5t1 & 
! injur$ p]son1 invokes heav5 & e>? =   
x4 ,! public 9 g5]al seem fill$ )       
res5tm5t1 & brea!  no?+ b sev]ity4 ,all 
?is indignation1 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort     
space ( "t1 beg9s to less51 & by little 
& little1 ?is fi]ce  fire proce$s to    
vani% 9 smoak2 & ! fur!r we advance f ! 
ra ( ! fact1 ! less impression ( ! de$  
is left on ! m9d2  & 9 our conv]sation  
on ! subject1 we beg9 to mix apoph!gms  
( compassion ) !orems ( ju/ice2 & by s  
mu* ! long] !  cause is delay$1 by s mu*
 ! m our zeal abates2 we pass f hot  to 
lukew>m1 & f lukew>m to actual cold4 ,! 
susp5sion ( half  a ye>1 *anges ! burn+ 
heats ( ,july1 to ! cool air & fro/s  ( 
,janu>y4 ,p brea! no?+ b pity1 & e ?+   
seems  9 fav\r ( ! culprit1 except 8    

crime4 ,! supplicants 9 8  behalf are   
num]\s1 _m f compassion1 & "s f fri5d%ip
 or  int]e/4 ,:5 ! temp]s ( p are br\ght
 to ?is disposition1  ! culprit1 :o b a 
little be=e1 9 ! univ]sal op9ion1  0    
deem$ des]v+ ( a halt]1 is releas$ f    
prison1 )\t  und]go+ a puni%m5t t is    
equal to a pat ) ! op5 h&4    ,,xxxi4 ,i
 h (t5 wond]$ at ! fav\rable mann] 9 :i*
 crim9als  are sometimes treat$1 :5 !re 
does n appe> any reason1 or  motive1 =  
be+ fav\rable to !m2 b x %\ld be        
rememb]$1  !re is always a motive = br++
 !m to ju/ice4 ,god comm&s x1  & !      
public safety requires x2 & ! community 
has a "r to  dem&1 t del9qu5ts %\ld be  
*a/is$2 = ! impunity ( evil  de$s       
multiplies ! numb] ( evil do]s4 ,9      
consequ5ce ( sav+ "o  malefactor f !    
gall[s :o is des]v+ ( dea?1 _m innoc5t  
p may aft]w>ds lose _! lives1 or _!     
=tunes4 ,o m]cy ill  und]/ood6 ,o impi\s
 compassion6 ,o tyrannic pity6 ,o cruel 
pity6    ,,xxxii4 ,i d n d5y t crim9als 
%\ld sometimes be p>don$2 b  !n x %\ld  

only be 9 ^? cases1 :]e ! public is z   
mu*1 or  m1 int]e/$ 9 _! =giv5ess1 ?an x
 is 9 _! puni%m5t4  ,! public good is ! 
true nor?1 to :i* ! w& ( ju/ice  %\ld   
always po9t4 ,! s]vices ! guilty p]son  
has done to !  commonweal?1 or ^? :i* he
 may be expect$ to d to x1 on acc\nt  ( 
8 s+ul> tal5ts = do+ !m1 are special &  
mat]ial  consid]ations 9 su* a case4 ,! 
law furni%es precepts conducive to  ?is 
end1 9 =mal t]ms4 ,!re=e1 ! dea? :i*    
,manlius ,torquatus  inflict$ on 8 brave
 son1 :5 he return$ victori\s1 = hav+   
f\ght )\t ord]s1 0 contr>y to ! rules ( 
equity4 ,:at m  c\ld h be5 done to "o1  
:o _h return$ vanqui%$1 & :o _h  no     
antec$5t m]it to plead :i* might entitle
 him to a p>don8    ,,xxxiii4 ,pr9ces h 
a l>g] discretion>y p[] 9 ^! matt]s1    
?an _! m9i/]s ( ju/ice2 n because !y c  
p>don  accord+ to _! w & pleasure2 = !y 
mu/ be guid$ by _!  obligations to ,god 
& ! commonweal?2 b because ! g5]al or   
common int]e/s1 are m prop] objects = _!
 consid]ation1 ?an  = t ( p>ticul>      

,judges4 ,) reg>d to a sov]eign1 n only 
! p]sonal s]vices ( ! guilty individual1
 b ^? also ( 8  ne> relations1 su* z 8  
fa!r1 8 wife1 8 bro!rs1 & 8  sons1 may  
furni% motives = conciliat+ a p>don1 or 
= mitigat+  ! puni%m5t2 & ?is has always
 be5 ! practice ( ! mo/  illu/ri\s      
pr9ces4 ,x is ma/]ly policy1 to in=m    
g5]\s m9ds  by su* in/ances ( clem5cy1 t
 !y _c only acquire m]it  = !mselves1 b 
= _! relations also4 ,great b5efit may  
be  d]iv$ to ! community f ?is inc5tive2
 & _m o!r me?ods  ( d]iv+ advantages to 
! public1 by a judici\s disp5sation (   
l5ity or p>don1 may be hit ^u by pr9ces1
 al?\gh x is n easy  = me to po9t out or
 enum]ate !m4    ,,xxxiv4 ,9 crimes     
committ$ ?r\gh inatt5tion or weakness1  
!re  is a l>ge scope all[$ = ! ex]cise (
 pity or =giv5ess4  ,! laws !mselves    
allot less puni%m5ts = su* (f5ces1 :i*  
puni%m5ts ! pr9ce1 9 "s cases1 may      
totally & consi/5tly  disp5se )4 ,i w   
give an example4 ,x hav+ come to ! k  ( 
,pyrrhus k+ ( ! ,epirots1 t "s "y fell[s

 9 _! cups  _h murmur$ aga9/1 & ca/ %>p 
reflections ^u him2 he caus$  !m to be  
br\ght into 8 pres5ce1 :]e he ask$ !m1  
if x 0  true t !y _h said su* & su* ?+s2
 to :i* "o ( !m1  :o 0 a c&id spirit$   
lad1 answ]$1 ,yes1 sir1 x is true1 t    
aft] hav+ drank pl5tifully1 we did say  
:at y h m5tion$2 &  if we _h drank m1 we
 %\ld h talk$ m 9 ! same /ra94  ,pyrrhus
 p>don$ !m1 & 9 my op9ion he act$       
wisely4 ,x 0 a  great mitigation ( su* a
 fault1 t ! (f5ce 0 committ$ "u  a k9d (
 p]v]t$ /ate ( ! und]/&+2 & z x 0       
entirely  p]sonal aga9/ ! ,k+1 8 p>don+ 
x _h an air ( g5]osity1  :i* t5d$ to    
augm5t ! love & respect ( 8 subjects1 a 
consid]ation ( great importance 9 all   
k+doms4 ,by ?is mode (  proce$+1 !      
public ga9$ a great deal m1 ?an x 0     
possible  x c\ld lose by su* a crime go+
 unpuni%$4    ,,xxxv4 ,b waiv+ !        
p>ticul> circum/ance ( _! be+ 9  liquor1
 :i* less5$ ! (f5ce ( ^? "y fell[s2 !   
%ew+ indulg5ce & l5ity by ,pr9ces1 to ^?
 :o ca/ p]sonal  reflections on !m1 w   

always h a good effect2 because by act+ 
9 ?is mann]1 !y manife/ _! clem5cy1 &   
cause ! reflection  itself to be        
discr$it$4 ,! evil-speak+ ( a few       
subjects1 _c  take f sov]eigns any ?+ l 
! proportion ( respect1 :i*  ! op9ion ( 
_! be+ clem5t & magnanim\s1 w\ld ga9 !m 
) all _! o!r subjects4 ,! del9qu5t      
himself w\ld be put  to %ame by ! p>don1
 because1 if he consid]s x z an act (   
g5]osity & l5ity1 x proves to him t he  
murmur$ )\t  reason2 & if he ?9ks !     
g5tl5ess proce$$ f contempt1 no  o!r    
puni%m5t c\ld mortify him s mu*1 or be  
bett] adapt$2  & ?is is ! prop] way (   
*a/is+ insol5cies ( ! tongue1  because1 
by proce$+ 9 any o!r mann]1 y w\ld fe$ !
 vanity  ( murmur]s1 & beget 9 !m a     
presumption t !y 7 fe>$2  y w\ld also   
inflame _! hatr$1 & /imulate _! ra%ness4
  ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t pr9ces1 :o h be5 
v solicit\s  9 fi%+ out & puni%+ !      
murmurs ( juntos ( p1 h  increas$ ^?    
evils 9 _! own "t1 & h et]niz$ !m to    
po/]ity4 ,?is is a ,hydra1 ! numb] ( ^: 

heads is multipli$  by v5geance & !     
knife1 & :o is suffocat$ by ! fumes (   
contempt4    ,,xxxvi4 ,! behavi\r ( our 
graci\s & magnanim\s ,k+ ,philip ,v4 may
  s]ve z a patt]n1 = ! application ( ?is
 mixture ( sev]ity &  clem5cy1 :i* !    
virtue ( ju/ice requires ( ,pr9ces4     
,inexorable  ) reg>d to ^? s]i\s crimes 
t 7 to ! prejudice ( a  ?ird p]son1 he  
always %ew$ a g5]\s indulg5ce to ^? :i* 
only respect$ himself4 ,9 ! civil w>s ( 
"s ye>s back1 :5  ! agitation ( ! w9ds 0
 su*1 z to cause ev5 ! rocks &  m\nta9s 
to %ake2 :5 ! con/ancy ( _m wav]$1 & !y 
s\ght  pret5ces = loyalty 9 des]tion    
itself2 he w9k$ at _m (f5ces  ( de$s1 & 
p>don$ all ^? ( words1 :i* did n relate 
to1  or 7 n connect$ )1 ! de$s !mselves4
 ,?is augm5t$ !  love ( all ^? he>ts :o 
7 fai?ful to him1 & 9 ! end 0           
productive ( fidelity 9 ! he>ts ( all   
m54    ,,xxxvii4 ,b to return to !      
subject ( sev]ity 9 puni%+ crimes1  & ! 
duties ( a magi/rate 9 t respect2 ,i say
 t sev]ity  is n only necess>y = ! good 

( ! public1 b t x is  also b5eficial to 
! crim9al himself4 ,x is a receiv$      
op9ion1  t ^? :o die by ! h& ( ,ju/ice1 
r>ely g to a /ate (  condemnation4 ,all 
appe>ances p]suade su* a belief1 & !re  
are c]ta9 p>ts ( writt5 revelation1 :i* 
seem to confirm !  s5tim5t4 ,:at b5efit 
!n d y conf] on a malefactor1 :o if he  
dies by ! halt]1 takes 8 flight to a    
/ate ( bliss2 & :o1 if  he aft]w>ds     
loses 8 life 9 "s ( ^? adv5tures :i* are
  incid5t to 8 pr(ession1 is laun*$ into
 p]dition8    ,,xxxviii4 ,) respect to  
c]ta9 sorts ( crimes1 9 "s in/ances  :]e
 ,i h wi%$ to see ,judges v solicit\s to
 inflict  puni%m5t1 ,i h obs]v$ !m v    
indulg5t4 ,i speak ( ^?  faults 9 !     
practice ( ! law1 :i* are committ$ by p 
( !  pr(ession1 & ^? :o "k ! true /ate &
 secrets ( causes1  & :o int]v5e z      
in/rum5ts 9 ! prosecution ( !m2 su* z  !
 advocate1 ! solicitor1 or ! attorney1  
to :i* we may add !  witnesses also4 ,! 
tribunal is a :ole ( su* delicate       
contexture1  t !re is no integral "p ( x

 :atev]1 :i* is n ess5tial4  ,x is a    
ma*9e1 9 :i*1 a failure1 false          
con/ruction1 or weakness  ( ! mo/ m9ute 
:eel1 disord]s all its movem5ts4 ,( :at 
avail is  x1 t ! ,judges are upright1 if
 ! proce$+s & in=mations  come adult]at$
 to _! h&s & e>s8 ,! great] _!          
integrity1  ! m c]ta9 9 ! issue w\ld be 
! pronunciation ( a false  & unju/      
s5t5ce2 because ! judgm5t w\ld be f\nd$1
 on !  vitiat$ proce$+s & te/imony :i*  
_h be5 laid be=e !m4  ,among !          
,japanese1 !y puni% ) ! utmo/ sev]ity1  
all false  in=mation :i* is giv5 to     
,judges ) respect to causes !y are      
try+1 ev5 :5 x is pref]r$ by a p>ty     
int]e/$4 ,?is appe>s  to me excell5t    
policy4 ,! way to make ! road to ju/ice 
smoo? &  secure1 is to dis9cumb] x ( all
 imp$im5ts to ! advancem5t (  tru?2 & to
 d ?is1 !re is no alt]native1 b t (     
puni%+  lyes ) ! utmo/ sev]ity4         
,,xxxix4 ,if x is object$1 t ?is w\ld be
 excess ( rig\r1 because  ! puni%m5t    
might exce$ ! proportion ( ! crime2 ,i  

answ]1 t  ,lawy]s %\ld weigh crimes 9 a 
diff]5t mann] f ,!ologians4  ,!         
,!ologian exam9es ! intr9sic malice or  
evil ( ! act3 !  lawy] att5ds to !      
consequ5ces t may result to ! public2  &
 ^! may be important1 al?\gh ! fault may
 at fir/ sight  appe> light & trifl+4 ,x
 is true1 t ! ,!ologian consid]s  !     
consequ5ces also1 :5 x appe>s t !       
del9qu5t =esaw  !m1 & 9 t case reg>ds   
?is circum/ance z a proportionable      
aggravation ( ! crime 9 =o consci5ti4 ,!
 ,lawy] _c1 nor  does x belong to him1  
to enquire :e!r ! culprit =esaw !m2  =  
he is only to apply ! rem$y ! law has   
prescrib$ to prev5t  ! mis*ief2 & ?us1 =
 ! sake ( example to ! _w at l>ge1  !   
(f5d] is puni%$ 9 ! same mann] z if he  
_h actually  =ese5 ! mis*ief4    ,,xl4  
,let u n[ consid]1 t ! falsehoods &     
deceits1 ) :i*  tribunals are environ$1 
make ! inve/igation ( tru? s difficult1 
t 9 "s causes x is come at late1 & 9    
o!rs nev]4 ,?is  is a mo/ p]nici\s      
injury to ! public1 = ! t$i\sness &     

difficulty ( ! v]ification1 gives       
brea?+-"t = ! ill  int5tion$1 to devise 
& conc]t all sorts ( wick$ness4 ,:at    
rem$y  !n c y apply to ?is evil1 b t (  
puni%+ rigor\sly e  k9d ( judicial      
deceit8 ,! mo/ p]nici\s loss or         
disadvantage to a  commonweal?1 does n  
consi/ s mu* 9 !re be+ a great numb] (  
memb]s 9 x :o d n fe> ,god1 z x does 9  
^? memb]s :o d  n fe> ,god1 n fe>+ !    
magi/rate nei!r4    ,,xli4 ,i am n      
surpriz$ t !re are s _m false witnesses1
 :5 ,i  obs]ve ! l5ity t is %ewn to !m4 
,among ! ea/]n nations1  accord+ to     
,/rabo1 !y us$ to cut (f _! feet & _!   
h&s4  ,& ,h]aclides says1 t among !     
,lycians1 !y us$ to confiscate  all _!  
effects1 & sell !m = slaves4 ,alex&] (  
,alex&ria  relates1 t ! ,pysidians ?rew 
!m headlong f a high precipice4  ,9 !   
,helvetic hi/ory1 we read1 t !          
magi/rates ( ,b]n put to  dea? two      
witnesses by boil+ !m 9 oil1 = hav+     
depos$ falsely1  t "o citiz5 ow$ ano!r a
 l>ge sum ( money4    ,,xlii4 ,:5 ,i    

contemplate h[ necess>y rig\r is 9 su*  
matt]s1  none ( ^! puni%m5ts /rike me ) 
horror4 ,! mo/ j &  reasonable puni%m5t 
= ?is mis*ief1 & ! be/ adapt$ = !       
purpose1 is ! ,lex ,talionis1 :i* 0     
dictat$ by ! ,div9e m\?1  & :i* ,god    
orda9$ to be e/abli%$ among ! p (       
,israel1  & :i* is also recomm5d$ by    
v>i\s texts ( ! civil law4 ,x  0 9 use 9
 ,spa91 accord+ to ! practice ( ! anti5t
 law1  call$ ! law ( ,toro4 ,b          
ultimately1 on acc\nt ( its n be+       
adapt$ to all cases1 ,philip ! ,i,id4   
leav+ x 9 its full vig\r  ) respect to  
capital cases1 :]e ! false witness 0 to 
suff]  ! same puni%m5t1 :i*1 if 8       
evid5ce _h tak5 effect1 0 to  h be5     
inflict$ on ! p]son accus$2 ,i say1 )   
?is exception1  he orda9$ = all o!r     
cases ( p]jury1 t ! del9qu5t %\ld  be   
expos$ to public %ame & disgrace1 &     
condemn$ to p]petual  imprisonm5t 9 !   
gallies4 ,b :5 w ^! laws be put 9       
execution8 ,i don't "k :e!r 9 ! long    
c\rse ( my life1 ,i h  once se5 !       

application ( !m4 ,:at mo/ commonly     
happ5s is1 t  j z !y are on ! po9t (    
det]m9+ on ! s5t5ce1 ,pity  viol5tly &  
abruptly ent]s1 & makes h] appe>ance 9 !
 c\rt2  & ^u contemplation ( ?is mo/    
s]5e lady1 ! ,judges1 in/ead (  public  
%ame & p]petual conf9em5t 9 ! gallies1  
decree a f9e or  pecuni>y puni%m5t4     
,,xliii4 ,! words ( ,god to ,moses1 :5  
he spoke to him ( false  witnesses1 z   
relat$ 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 are 
v  rem>kable2 he says1 non mis]eb]is    
ejus4 ,no1 ,moses2 h no  t5d]ness1 no   
compassion1 nor any b[els or pity = su*4
 ,! decree  seems rigid1 & s x does2 b x
 is absolutely necess>y also4 ,)  a     
false witness1 all %\ld be rig\r1 )\t ! 
lea/ mixture (  clem5cy3 non mis]eb]is  
ejus4 ,& s x is fit x %\ld be2 = if  x 0
 o!rwise1 :o w\ld be safe 9 _! prop]ty1 
_! hon\r1  or _! lives8 ,?is is n 9     
reality ab&on+ or los+ sight (          
compassion1 b fix+ y\r att5tion to x on 
! prop] objects2 x  is turn+ ! eyes (   
pity f a guilty individual1 & plac+ !m  

on an innoc5t multitude4    ,,xliv4 ,!  
same sort ( puni%m5t1 :i* is inflict$ on
 a false  witness1 hav+ reg>d to        
proportion+ ! quantum ( x to !  nature  
or degree ( ! (f5ce1 %\ld be appli$ to  
all ^?1 :o  deceive1 or 9 any %ape      
procure deceit to be practis$ on        
,judges1  9 ! bus9ess ( try+ a cause4 ,x
 is necess>y1 9 ord] to  insure ju/ice1 
to smoo? ! way by :i* tru? is to advance
 to !  tribunal1 al?\gh x %\ld be done )
 fire & sword4 ,all t  w\ld be exp5d$ 9 
rig\r on ?is side1 w\ld be sav$ ) int]e/
  on ! o!r4 ,by s mu* ! m ! pro( (      
(f5ces is facilitat$1  by s mu* ! less w
 ! numb] ( !m be2 & ! less frequ5t  !   
sad spectacle ( executions is1 s mu* !  
less w ! innoc5t  suff]4 ,dispat* 9     
civil causes1 is also a matt] ( great   
importance1  & %\ld be add$ to !        
catalogue ( ^! utilities4    ,,xlv4 ,on 
?is acc\nt1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t no        
indulg5ce1 or remission  :atev]1 %\ld be
 all[$ at ! in/ance ( an advocate1 ^u a 
sugge/ion ( false citations1 or mi/akes 

9 t]ms ( law 7leav+  h[ev] su* cases to 
discretion1 :i* may be attribut$ to !   
equivocal mean+ ( words1 or accid5tal   
omissions72 b ab/ract$  f ?is exception1
 su* attempts1 if y consid] !m1 are     
contr>y  to ! virtue & ess5ce ( ju/ice1 
& %\ld n be p]mitt$ to  succe$4         
,,xlvi4 ,nei!r %\ld ! advocate escape   
)\t sev]e puni%m5t1  :o esp\ses causes  
:i* are evid5tly unju/2 & ,i ?9k ! mo/  
prop] p5alty :i* c\ld be inflict$ 9 su* 
cases1 w\ld be a long  susp5sion f !    
ex]cise ( 8 function2 & a ,solicitor    
%\ld  be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 :o      
raises imp]t95t difficulties1  & makes  
frivol\s objections1 ) a view ( creat+  
delay4 ,b1  ,o p]nici\s l5ity6 already  
^! s]i\s (f5ces1 :i* are  contr>y to    
good fai?1 & ! true _s ( law1 are judg$ 
to be  suffici5tly puni%$ by a v]bal    
repreh5sion4 ,?is is a weak bridle1  to 
curb & re/ra9 ! impulses ( av>ice1      
ambition1 love1 fe>  & hatr$1 five      
enemies ( ju/ice1 :o alt]nately1 accord+
 to  ! p[] or influ5ce ( ! p>ties to !  

cause1 incite judicial  m9i/]s to       
violate ! *a/ity ( _! (fice4    ,,xlvii4
 ,we 9 all p>ts he> compla9ts aga9/ !   
proce$+s (  ,ju/ices1 _! cl]ks1 & o!r   
att5dants on !m4 ,i believe1 if all  !  
del9qu5ts ( ?is class 7 puni%$ accord+  
to _! des]ts1  we %\ld see an inf9ite   
numb] ( ! w&s & p5s ( ,spa9  conv]t$ to 
o>s4 ,^! p are accus$ (1 & suppos$ to   
make  a trade ( _! pr(ession4 ,if all be
 true t is said ( !m1 x  seems z if !   
,devil1 :o aft] 8 own mann] is always   
endeav\r+  to imitate ! works ( piety & 
b5evol5ce1 ^u see+ ! *ur*  _h f\nd$ "s  
conv5ts ( religi\s ,m5dicants1 = !      
b5efit &  salvation ( s\ls1 _h a m9d to 
f\nd 9 ^! g5try1 a ,m5dicant            
irreligion1 = ! p]dition ( !m4 ,_! duty 
is to appreh5d1  or cause to be         
appreh5d$1 ?ieves & robb]s2 _! practice 
is1  in/ead ( tak+ ! ?ief1 to take      
some?+ ( or f him2 &  !re are few       
del9qu5ts :o are n suff]$ to g at l>ge1 
& )  impunity1 provid$ !y h some?+ l>ge 
to be/[ = be+ w9k$  at4 ,x is v         

difficult to detect collusions ( ?is    
sort2 b 9  proportion to ?is difficulty1
 %\ld be ! rig\r ( puni%+ !m4  ,if out (
 a great numb] :o practise ^!           
iniquities1 y %\ld be  only able to     
prove ! guilt ( "o1 x w\ld be necess>y  
to proce$  ) su* sev]ity aga9/ t "o1 z  
might t]rify all ! re/2  t if !y are n  
al>m$ by ! frequ5cy ( ! puni%m5t1 !y    
%\ld be made to dread ! weight ( x4     
,,xlviii4 ,hav+ be=e t\*$ ^u mulcts or  
pecuni>y puni%m5ts1 ,i  w "h frankly    
make kn[n to y a reflection1 :i* _m ye>s
  ago occurr$ to me on ?is mode (       
puni%+1 & :i* occasion$ me  to look ^u x
 9 no v fav\rable light4 ,i say1 ,i h   
consid]$  t ! burd5 ( ! mulct is n only 
load$ on ! %\ld]s (  ! guilty1 b _m     
times sits equally1 if n m heavy1 on ^? 
( ! innoc5t4 ,a fa!r ( a family1 ) a    
scanty income1 commits  a crime1 & by   
way ( *a/is+ him1 he is f9$ a hundr$    
ducats4  ,! sub/raction ( ?is sum1 is n 
felt by him only :o 0 guilty  ( ! (f5ce1
 b by 8 wife & 8 *ildr5 also2 & !y are  

^? :o commonly suff] ! mo/2 = z e "o    
loves himself  bett] ?an 8 ne>e/        
relations1 & ! del9qu5t be+ ma/] (  !   
h\se1 he keeps z l>ge a %>e ( ! good ?+s
 x conta9s  = 8 own use z he ?9ks prop]1
 & seldom curtails himself (  !         
gratifications he enjoy$ be=e1 ei!r )   
respect to food1  raim5t1 or div]sions4 
,! sav+ to make good ! sum tak5 f him   
is p9*$ out ( ! re/ ( 8 h\sehold4 ,8 own
 exp5ces are !  same1 & ! inconv5i5ce   
occasion$ by ! d$uction is *iefly  borne
 by 8 wife & *ildr54 ,don't be surpriz$ 
!n1 t ,i look  ) an unfav\rable eye on a
 puni%m5t1 ! greate/ portion ( :i*      
falls m on ! innoc5t ?an ! guilty4 ,i   
confess1 h[ev]1 t  _m times ?is is      
unavoidable1 & ! levy+ pecuni>y p5alties
  e/abli%$ by law1 = c]ta9 (f5ces &     
neglects1 is inevitable2  besides :i*1  
!re is a necessity to di/ra9 = money1 to
 defray  ! exp5ces ( law *>ges4 ,:at c  
be done !n 9 ?is case8 ,:y1  y c only   
det]m9e1 to r$uce ?is mode ( puni%m5t1  
)9 z  n>r[ a compass z possible4        

,,xlix4 ,! hon\r ( ! ,judges also       
requires ?is %\ld be done1  because !   
vulg>1 :5 !y see mulcts laid on ) a     
heavy h&1  & d n p]ceive ! money aris+ f
 !m appli$ to purposes  ( public b5efit1
 su* z ! build+ ( bridges1 ! repair+  ( 
highways1 ! mak+ ( aqu$ucts1 & 9 ! aid (
 hospitals  = ! poor1 c4 !y easily      
p]suade !mselves1 t ! ,judges  are      
int]e/$ 9 ! imposition ( f9es2 & al?\gh 
,judges may  sometimes be indiscreet &  
ra%1 x is necess>y to rescue !m f  ^?   
gross imputations1 :5 x c conv5i5tly be 
done4    ,l4 ,:5 del9qu5ts h no         
families1 & ! consequ5ces ( depriv+  !m 
( _! money are only felt by !mselves1 no
 puni%m5ts appe>  to me m rational &    
prop] ?an pecuni>y ones1 & especially :5
  ! nature ( ! (f5ce does n dem& a m    
sev]e *a/isem5t4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is 
n a sangu9>y puni%m5t1 & is m  consonant
 to ! feel+s ( compassion1 ?an "o t is  
t+$ )  blood1 bo? ) respect to him :o   
pron\nces ! s5t5ce1 & him  to :om x is  
appli$4 ,secondly1 despoil+ an          

evil-dispos$ man (  8 money1 is dis>m+  
him ( vice1 z x deprives him ( ! weapons
  ) :i* he 0 enabl$ to d mis*ief4       
,?irdly1 if ! money is  exp5d$ = ! good 
( ! public1 ! community w d]ive a d\ble 
advantage f ?is mode ( puni%m5t1 z      
some:at ( temporal b5efit  w be add$ by 
x1 to a well-adapt$ & exempl>y          
application (  ju/ice4    ,,li4 ,i n[1  
my ,son1 h told y my s5tim5ts on all t  
has occurr$  to me z mo/ ess5tial 9     
judicial adm9i/ration4 ,if1 ^u see+  me 
s scrupul\sly t5aci\s on ! side (       
ju/ice1 x %all appe>  to y t ,i mean to 
erase clem5cy out ( ! catalogue (       
virtues1  y are mi/ak54 ,i "k !         
excell5ce ( ?is virtue1 & ev5  lam5t1 t 
9 our m9i/ry !re is b small scope =     
ex]cis+  x4 ,i v5]ate ?is div9e quality1
 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its elevat$  & sublime
 nature1 ,i contemplate1 z sup]ior to ! 
sph]e ( our  jurisdiction4 ,i call x    
div9e1 by reason ( its active p[] to    
remit  p5alties decre$ by ! laws1 :i* is
 an au?ority or pr]ogative  almo/       

peculi>ly belong+1 & prop] to ,god      
alone4 ,he1 z ,supreme  ,ma/]1 c p>don  
all sorts ( crimes2 ,k+s z next to him 9
  sov]eignty1 c p>don "s2 b ! h&s ( _!  
inf]ior m9i/]s  are ti$ 9 all cases2 =  
he :o is subject to ! laws1 c nev] be   
ve/$ ) a p[] to arbitrate & disp5se     
=giv5esses4    ,,lii4 ,x is true1 t :]e 
! law is obscure1 we h au?ority to      
int]pret & con/rue x 9 a b5ign s5se2 b 9
 ?is con/ruction1  we %\ld n lose sight 
( ! exig5ce ( ! public safety1 nor  !   
dictates ( natural equity3 & act+ 9 ?is 
mann]1 is n  clem5cy b ju/ice4 ,we may  
also 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple :i* is  call$
 ,epeikeyan1 t all[s ( a wise & mod]ate 
int]pretation (  ! law1 less51 or ev5 9 
_m cases omit1 ! p5alties :i* !  law    
decrees4 ,?is also is n l5ity b ju/ice1 
because ^u su*  occasions1 we are r     
oblig$ to con=m to ! int5tion ( !       
legislature1 ?an ! lett] ( ! law2 & su* 
cases frequ5tly  occur 9 small (f5ces1  
because1 ^u an exam9ation ( ! nature (  
^! ?+s1 x (t5 appe>s to ! eye (         

,prud5ce1 t great]  inconv5i5ces w\ld   
att5d ! puni%+1 ?an ! tol]at+  !m4      
,foll[+ ! lett] ( ! p5al law1 )\t       
admitt+ any  exceptions1 ev5 9 ^? cases 
:]e ! legislature c\ld n int5d1  nor    
prud5ce suppose x 0 meant to b9d1 is :at
 is call$ ju/ice  9 extreme1 or summum  
jus1 :i* ) great reason is t]m$ extreme 
inju/ice2 !re=e1 act+ contr>y to ! lett]
 ( ! law 9 ^!  in/ances1 is likewise n  
clem5cy1 b ju/ice4 ,ari/otle1 :o v  well
 und]/ood ! nature ( ?+s app]ta9+ to    
,e?ics1 judges !  ,epiekeyan1 to be a   
pr9ciple1 or "p ( ju/ice4 ,f all t has  
be5 said1 x may be inf]r$1 t reque/+    
fav\r or compassion (  a ,judge1 or     
suppos+ him capable ( %ew+ any 9 !      
dis*>ge (  8 duty1 is an absurdity1 &   
call+ ?+s by improp] names2 =  if he    
acts accord+ to ! law1 reasonably &     
rightly und]/ood1 he  does ju/ice2 if   
contr>y to x1 he does inju/ice4 ,9 :at  
are call$  casos omissos1 & :5 ! law is 
obscure1 !re are g5]al rules  =         
int]pret+ x & supply+ ! defects1 :i*    

int]pretations  h ! =ce ( laws2 s t !re 
is no middle pa? betwe5 ju/ice  &       
inju/ice1 = a ,judge to walk 92 because 
!re are no means1 by  :i* he c act      
con=mable to law1 & contr>y to law4 ,god
 keep y4          ,,on ,,! ,,impunity   
,,( ,,ly+4      ,,sect4 ,i4    ,i4 ,two 
common errors pres5t !mselves to me )   
respect to !  subject-matt] ( ?is       
disc\rse1 ! "o !oretical1 ! o!r         
practical4 ,! !oretical is d]iv$ f ly+  
among m5 be+  reput$ z infam\s1 or z a  
vice ne>ly bord]+ ^u infamy4 ,let u     
admit1 = argum5t's sake1 ! divisions !  
!ologians make ( a  lie1 into (fici\s1  
jocose1 & p]nici\s4 ,let u admit also1 t
  a p]nici\s lie is reput$ 9 ! common   
op9ion z x des]ves to  be reput$1 & t x 
is treat$ ) all possible abhorr5ce1 s  t
 ^? :o are not$ = tell+ lies to !       
prejudice ( _!  neighb\rs1 are g5]ally  
consid]$ z ! pe/s ( society2 b  not)/&+ 
all ?is1 my rem>ks w be pr9cipally      
conf9$ to  (fici\s & jocose lies2 t is1 
to su* z are n int5d$ to  injure a ?ird 

p]son1 b are only told to ent]ta91 or   
because !y  may be ( "s utility to a    
man's self1 or to "s o!r p]son4 ,i mu/  
also premise1 t ,i mean to treat ?is    
po9t m z a politician1  ?an z a moral   
!ologian4 ,! !ologians e/imate (fici\s1 
&  jocose lies1 z v5al s9s2 nor %\ld ,i 
or any "o else 9 a moral  light1        
repres5t !m black]4 ,b if view$ 9 a     
political light1 my  s5tim5t is1 t !    
common op9ion is excessively fav\rable &
  indulg5t to ?is species ( vice4       
,,ii4 ,& :at is ! reason ( ?is excessive
 indulg5ce8 ,:y ! reason  is1 because   
?is sort ( lie is n consid]$ z an       
affront (f]$ to  any man4 ,! be+ not$ = 
an (fici\s or jocose li>1 does n take  f
 any man ! hon\r1 :i* 9 o!r respects is 
?\ght due to him4  ,a g5tleman1 let him 
tell z _m ( ^! sort ( lies z he w1 is   
/ill look$ ^u z a g5tleman2 a nobleman  
also1 not)/&+ 8  be+ rem>k$ = ?is vice1 
is consid]$ z a nobleman1 & a pr9ce  z a
 pr9ce4 ,b ?is appe>s to me repugnant to
 all reason4 ,ly+ is  infam\s1 bad1 &   

vile2 & a li> is unwor?y ( human        
society2 he is  an impo/or1 :o          
trait]\sly avails himself ( ! good fai? 
( o!r  m51 9 ord] to deceive !m4 ,! mo/ 
preci\s int]c\rse among m51  is t ( a   
frank & reciprocal communication ( _!   
s\ls2 )  :i*1 !y 9 conv]sation lay op5 &
 disclose to ea* o!r1 !  affections ( _!
 wills1 ! s5tim5ts ( _! m9d1 & all t  is
 treasur$ up 9 _! memories4 ,n[ :at is a
 li>1 b a solemn  circumv5tor ( ?is     
ine/imable comm]ce8 :at1 b a deceiv]1 :o
  imposes on u delusions = realities8   
:at b a circulator ( false  money1 :o   
passes ! iron ( a lie = ! gold ( tru?8 &
 f9ally1  :at c !re be f\nd 9 ?is man1 t
 %\ld excuse him f be+  disc>d$ &       
reject$ by all o!rs1 z a nuisance to    
company1 a vile  contam9ator (          
conv]sation1 & z a dete/able falsifi] ( 
all  intellig5ce & in=mation8           
,,sect4 ,,ii4    ,,iii4 ,i _c help      
rem>k+ a mon/r\s contradiction1 t is  v 
frequ5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,if a man ( any    
rank or figure 9 !  _w1 is told to 8    

face t he lies1 he consid]s himself z v 
s]i\sly injur$1 & accord+ to ! cruel    
laws ( human hon\r1 is  e/eem$ z hav+   
put up ) a v gross affront1 if he does n
  dem& ( ! man :o told him s1 a v       
sangu9>y satisfaction2 b  ,i w\ld be    
glad to "k1 h[ tell+ a man he lies1 c be
 a v  s]i\s injury1 if ly+ is n e/eem$ a
 v s]i\s defect 9 him  :o is addict$ to 
x2 or h[ a man c be consid]$ z affront$1
  because he is told he lies1 if !      
action ( ly+ is n sc&al\s  or unwor?y4  
,! degree ( reproa* annex$ to a vice1 is
 g5]ally  e/imat$ accord+ to ! light 9  
:i* t vice is consid]$  by ! _w at l>ge4
 ,if ! vice is n held to be su* a "o1 z 
t>ni%es a man's hon\r1 8 hon\r w n be   
deem$ w\nd$ by  ! commission ( x2 & x   
may be said ( a man 9 su* a case1  t 8  
hon\r is n injur$4 ,?is be+ a notori\s  
fact1 !  inf]5ce ,i w\ld draw f !       
be=e-m5tion$ obs]vation1 is1 t  !       
frequ5cy ( ly+1 less5s 9 ! g5]ality (   
mank9d1 !  abhorr5ce1 :i* natural reason
 left to itself1 has ( ?is vice2 b      

not)/&+ ?is cu/om1 x has n dim9i%$ s    
?or\ghly1 b  t !re /ill rema9s 9 ! s\l (
 man1 a cle> conviction1 t  ly+ is a    
bas5ess4    ,,iv4 ,i am confirm$ 9 ?is  
op9ion1 by ! obs]vation1 t a man's  d5y+
 :at he has said1 is look$ ^u z an      
opprobrium to him4  ,& :y is ?is8 :y    
because x am\nts to a confession t he _h
  be=e told a lie4 ,! opprobrium _c lie 
9 ! tru? ( :at he  n[ confesses2 & !re=e
 mu/ consi/ 9 ! lie :i* he told  be=e4  
,confess+ t he has li$1 is a m>k (      
s9c]ity1 & no "o  ne$ blu% = hav+ be5   
s9c]e2 !re=e all ! ignom9y mu/ be       
annex$ to ! lie4 ,?is1 ,i say1 makes x  
manife/ to me1 t _!  native s5tim5t (   
?is matt] is n s obscur$ 9 mank9d1 b t  
x repres5ts a lie to !m z a mo/ unwor?y 
& a vile ?+4      ,,sect4 ,,iii4    ,v4 
,! practical error 9 ?is matt]1 is d]iv$
 f a lie's go+  unpuni%$1 & f ! laws n  
hav+ prescrib$ any puni%m5t  = li>s4 ,:y
 is !re no bridle to curb ! prop5sity m5
 h to  deceive "o ano!r8 & :y %\ld a man
 be all[$ to lie to :at  am\nt he       

pleases at free co/8 ,al?\gh m5 are n   
cont5t$ )  enjoy+ a total indemnity 9   
?is case1 b frequ5tly glory 9 :at  !y h 
done1 & g on to insult ^? !y h impos$   
on1 &  to treat ! s9c]ity ( o!r m5 z    
imprud5ce2 is n ?is an  abom9able (f5ce1
 & su* a "o z des]ves to be puni%$8     
,,vi4 ,i may be told1 t human laws d n  
att5d to det]r+ by !  fe> ( puni%m5t1 p 
f committ+ any o!r crimes1 except  su* z
 are prejudicial to ! public1 or        
injuri\s to a ?ird p]son2  & t (fici\s  
or jocose lies1 :i* are ^? we are       
disc\rs+  ( at pres5t1 hurt no body1 =  
if !y _h be5 f\nd to be  injuri\s1 !y   
w\ld be=e ?is1 h be5 class$ among1 &    
deem$  z p]nici\s (f5ces4    ,,vii4     
,aga9/ ?is rem>k1 solid z x may appe>1  
,i h two v  notable replies to make4 ,! 
fir/ is1 t al?\gh e (fici\s  or jocose  
lie consid]$ by itself1 is injuri\s to  
nobody2 /ill1 !  frequ5cy & impunity )  
:i* !y are told1 h a p]nici\s  effect on
 ! public2 = !y deprive ! g5]ality (    
mank9d ( a  v valuable b5efit4 ,to make 

my mean+ m cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i  mu/ beg 
e man to contemplate ! inconv5i5cies t  
w\ld arise  f a d\bt or di/ru/1 :e!r    
:atev] is told u be true or false2  :i* 
di/ru/ is unavoidable1 & f\nd$ on       
prud5ce1 if we adv]t  to ! frequ5cy )   
:i* p lie4 ,^u he>+ any piece (         
intellig5ce1 9 :i* our wi%es1 or our    
conv5i5cies are int]e/$1  we rema9 9 a  
/ate ( p]plexity1 :e!r to believe or    
disbelieve  x2 & ?is p]plexity is       
g5]ally att5d$ ) a v disagreeable       
agitation ( ! m9d1 t sets a man at      
v>iance z x 7 )  himself1 & causes him  
to halt betwe5 two op9ions1 & to rema9  
9 a disagreeable /ate ( susp5ce1 :e!r to
 reject z false1 or  ass5t to !         
intellig5ce he he>s z true4 ,^? to :om !
 rum\r  t is propagat$ may be           
s]viceable1 ei!r ) reg>d to _!          
communicat+ x1 or on acc\nt ( ! use x   
may be ( to illu/rate  any ?+ !y h be5  
writ+1 & are ab\t to publi%1 are set  on
 ! t5t]s by reason ( ?is unc]ta9ty4 ,!y 
w\ld give any  ?+ to asc]ta9 ! reality (

 a curi\s ev5t1 t 0 applicable  to1 &   
w\ld t5d to embelli% ! subject !y _h be5
 writ+  ^u1 b _c take a /ep t[>ds in=m+ 
!mselves1 )\t  meet+ ) a /umbl+ block 9 
_! way4 ,"s affirm ! tru? (  ! ?+1 o!rs 
d5y x2 "h !y tell ! /ory 9 "o way1 &    
!re !y relate x 9 ano!r2 & all ?is :ile1
 ! p5 ( !  au?or is oblig$ to /& /ill1 &
 to cont9ue = a long "t 9 a             
disagreeable & viol5t /ate ( susp5ce4   
,,viii4 ,b al?\gh ! p]plexity t may     
att5d our d\bt+ :e!r  we %all give our  
ass5t to :at we he>1 may be productive (
 ^!  evils1 ! mis*ief t w\ld result f   
our giv+ easy fai? &  cr$it to all we   
are told1 w\ld be mu* great]2 = if we   
reflect1  we %all f9d1 t ! alt]cations1 
disputes1 & di/urbances  :i* arise 9    
conv]sation1 are produc$ = ! mo/ "p by  
easy  cr$ulity4 ,diff]5t p1 he> diff]5t 
acc\nts ( ! same ?+1  & because ea*     
believ$ :at he he>d2 !y aft]w>ds        
alt]cate  furi\sly1 ea* p]si/+1 t !     
acc\nt he _h he>d ( !  matt] 0 ! true   
"o4 ,reflect h[ _m p h made !mselves    

ridicul\s1 by believ+ :at !y %\ld h     
reject$ z fabul\s4  ,reflect also1 t    
human society1 :i* is ! sweete/ boon (  
life1  or :i* w\ld be s if mank9d 7 to  
behave to ea* o!r ) tru?  & c&\r1 is    
made ungrateful & disgu/+ at e turn1 by 
!  di/ru/ :i* is occasion$1 9 consequ5ce
 ( our exp]i5c+ h[  mu* p are addict$ to
 lie4    ,,ix4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d h[  
great a good we are depriv$ ( by ?is    
di/ru/1 let u figure to ourselves a     
republic1 al?\gh ,i fe> !re  nev] 0 su* 
a "o 9 ! _w1 :]e ei!r f ! g5]\s         
influ5ce ( _! soil & climate1 m5 7 m    
noble-m9d$2 or  f ! fe> ( a lie be+     
puni%$ ) great sev]ity1 all !           
individuals :o compose x1 7 /rict       
obs]v]s ( ! tru?2 ,i say  admitt+ ?is1  
my imag9ation repres5ts to me1 t su* a  
community  w\ld be a sort ( ,heav5 ^u   
e>?4 ,:at bro!rly love w\ld !re  prevail
 9 x6 & h[ sweet & sav\ry w\ld !        
confid5ce betwe5  man & man be1 & h[    
grateful ! satisfaction1 ) :i* !y  talk$
 & li/5$ to ea* o!r1 free f ! suspicion 

( n  be+ believ$1 or ! fe> ( be+        
deceiv$6 ,!re we %\ld survey  at e /ep1 
! mo/ pleas+ spectacle ! _w c af=d1 t  (
 a man's op5+ ! :ole !atre ( 8 s\l to   
ano!r4 ,i d  n ?9k t ,heav5 adorn$ ) all
 its spl5dor1 or ! spr+  embelli%$ ) all
 its fl[]s1 c\ld furni% a m delightful  
picture to ! eyes ( man1 ?an t :i* w\ld 
be pres5t$ to human  curiosity1 by !    
exposure ( a v>iety ( s5tim5ts1         
affections1 &  passions1 ( ^? ) :om we  
conv]se4 ,9 su* a society1 all m5  w\ld 
enjoy a peaceable tranquillity ( m9d1   
)\t ! dread1 t  by means ( political    
arts1 a traitor %\ld impose himself ^u  
!m  = a fri5d2 t hypocrisy %\ld usurp an
 unju/ v5]ation2 t  applause %\ld be    
ta9t$ ) ! v5om ( flatt]y2 t advice  %\ld
 be ins9c]e1 & calculat$ to promote !   
int]e/ ( him :o  gave x2 or t correction
 %\ld be ! *ild ( ang]1 & n !  (fspr+ ( 
zeal4 ,b unhappy = u1 h[ di/ant are we f
 enjoy+  ! bless+s ( su* happy citiz5s6 
= we sc>ce are all[$ an  in/ant (       
relaxation1 f ! fe>s1 inquietudes1 &    

suspicions1  t cont9ually afflict u1 &  
:i* are produc$1 by ! exp]i5ce  we h1 ( 
! little s9c]ity !re is to be met ) 9 ! 
_w4 ,consid] n[1 :e!r ! frequ5cy ( ly+1 
does n rob u  ( a great bless+1 or to   
speak m prop]ly1 ( _m ine/imable        
bless+s4      ,,sect4 ,,iv4    ,x4 ,!   
second reply ,i h to make to ! be=e-nam$
 obs]vation1  is1 t x v frequ5tly       
happ5s1 t ^? lies :i* are only  look$ ^u
 z (fici\s & jocose1 are att5d$ )       
p]nici\s  consequ5ces4 ,:at does x      
signify1 t he :o tells a lie did n  d x 
) an int5tion to injure any "o1 if 9    
reality ! mis*ief  foll[s8 ,! emp]or    
,!odosius ! second1 pres5t$ ! empress   
,eudoxia ) an apple ( uncommon          
magnitude2 & %e aft]w>ds gave  x to     
,paul9us a le>n$ & discreet man1 ^:     
conv]sation %e 0  v fond (1 & ) :om1 h] 
correspond5ce 0 p]fectly innoc5t4       
,paul9us1 ignorant ( ! h& by :i* ! apple
 0 br\ght to !  ,empress1 %ew$ x to !   
,emp]or1 & begg$ him to accept ( x2  !  
,emp]or1 recollect+ t x 0 ! same apple  

he _h giv5 !  ,empress1 took an occasion
 to ask ,eudoxia by surprize1 :at %e _h 
done ) ! apple8 ,! "q com+ ^u h]        
unaw>es1 & %e1  appreh5sive ! ,emp]or   
might be displeas$ ) h] = p>t+  ) !     
apple1 answ]$ %e _h eat5 x4 ,?is1 9 !   
int5tion (  ,eudoxia1 0 a lie purely    
(fici\s2 b 0 att5d$ ) a mo/  p]nici\s   
consequ5ce1 z x 0 ! occasion ( ,paul9us 
be+ put  to dea?2 = ,!odosius1 suspect+ 
! comm]ce betwe5 him & !  ,empress n to 
be v *a/e1 ord]$ him to be dispat*$4    
,,xi4 ,caligula hav+ recall$ f bani%m5t1
 "o :o _h be5  s5t5c$ to t puni%m5t by 8
 pr$ecessor1 ask$ him h[ he  employ$ 8  
"t :ile he 0 bani%$2 & he1 to recomm5d  
himself  to ! good graces ( ! ,emp]or1  
answ]$1 t he employ$ !  greate/ "p ( x 9
 pray+ to ! gods = ! dea? ( ,tib]ius2   
because t w\ld make way = 8 asc5d+ !    
?rone4 ,:at lie  to all appe>ance c\ld  
be m innoc5t ?an ?is8 ,yet 9 its        
consequ5ces1 x 0 v p]nici\s1 =          
,caligula1 tak+ x into 8  head1 t ^? he 
_h bani%$ w\ld occupy !mselves 9 ! same 

way1 ord]$ !m all to be put to dea?4    
,,xii4 ,i c\ld give m examples ( ! same 
sort2 b am aw>e1 t x  may be said 9     
answ] to !m1 t ^! are un=ese5 accid5ts2 
b !y not)/&+1 are ! evil accid5tal      
consequ5ces (  lies1 :i* al?\gh ! p]son 
:o tells !m _c =esee1 are n  unwor?y !  
att5tion ( ! legislature2 & ( _! tak+   
measures  to prev5t ! mis*iefs aris+ f  
!m1 by assign+ "s species  ( puni%m5t to
 all k9ds ( lies :atev]4 ,at lea/1 !    
motive (  prev5t+ ^! accid5tal mis*iefs1
 %\ld op]ate jo9tly ) !  reasons we h   
already giv51 to induce ! legislature1  
to fall ^u  "s mode ( puni%m5t to curb !
 vice ( ly+4      ,,sect4 ,v4    ,,xiii4
 ,b ! pr9cipal mis*iefs t are produc$ by
 lies1 :i* are  call$ jocose & (fici\s1 
d n only happ5 by accid5t1 b su*  lies h
 9 _! own nature1 a t5d5cy to br+ on ^? 
mis*iefs4  ,( ?is sort are all flatt]+  
lies4 ,( ! _m apoph!gms we meet  )1 t h 
be5 sev]e ^u li>s1 !re is no "o seems to
 me  to be bett] po9t$1 ?an t ( ,bion "o
 ( ! sev5 wise m5  ( ,greece4 ,he be+ "o

 day ask$1 :at animal he e/eem$ ! mo/   
p]nici\s8 answ]$1 t to ! _w at l>ge x 0 
a tyrant1 &  9 private life1 a flatt]]4 
,= s x is1 t flatt]y always1 or  ne>ly  
always1 is p]nici\s to ! p]son to :om x 
is address$4  ,! same man1 :o if !      
inc5se ( unm]it$ applause 0 n (f]$  to  
him1 w\ld be g5tle1 prud5t1 & mode/1    
w\ld by ! application  ( x1 be corrupt$ 
to su* a degree1 z to become pr\d1      
fi]ce1  intol]able1 & ridicul\s4 ,x is n
 "o man only1 t a flatt]+  lie may be ! 
undo+ (1 b x is also capable ( ru9+ a   
:ole  k+dom2 & ?is is a fatality t has  
(t5 happ5$4 ,_m pr9ces1  :o h _h a      
portion ( ! ta9t ( ambition 9 _!        
compositions1  if !re _h n be5 ^? ab\t  
!m1 :o fom5t$ ?is evil t5d5cy  ( _!     
m9ds1 w\ld h l$ happy & peaceable lives1
 b ^u  be+ p]suad$ by a flatt]]1 t _!   
greate/ glory consi/$ 9  add+ new       
dom9ions to _! cr[n1 h become bloody    
sc\rges1 bo?  to _! own subjects1 & ^? (
 _! neighb\rs4    ,,xiv4 ,! great ,l\is 
! ,f\rte5?1 0 )\t d\bt1 endu$ )         

excell5t qualities2 & 0 bless$ ) a      
suffici5t und]/&+1  to di/+ui% 9 :at !  
mo/ solid glory ( a k+ consi/$1 &  to be
 conv9c$1 t x consi/$ 9 mak+ 8 subjects 
happy4  ,not)/&+ :i*1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8  
dom9ions1 ! bulk (  8 p 7 oppress$1 &   
groan$ "u ! intol]able weight (  !      
taxes1 he f\nd x necess>y to load on !m1
 9 ord] to support  ! va/ exp5ces ( ! _m
 w>s he engag$ 92 to :i* grievance1     
might be add$ ! lam5tation & grief t 0  
produc$1 by ! loss  ( ! inf9ite quantity
 ( ,fr5* blood t _h delug$ ! fields 9  8
 qu>rels4 ,f :5ce did all ?is mis*ief   
proce$8 ,:y f !  v5om\s influ5ce (      
poison\s flatt]]s1 :o p]suad$ him1 t 8  
greate/ glory consi/$ 9 ext5d+ 8        
dom9ions by 8 arms1 & 9  mak+ himself   
dread$ by all ! neighb\r+ p[]s4 ,!y n   
only  p]suad$ him to ?is1 b ev5 intimat$
 to him1 t ^! 7 !  mo/ effectual means1 
to r5d] 8 own k+dom happy & fl\ri%+4  ,a
 flatt]+ poet c>ri$ 8 s]vile            
complaisance s f>1 z to s+  9 8 e>1 t by
 pursu+ ?is conduct1 he w\ld n only make

 8  own p happy1 b w\ld make ^? s       
likewise1 :om he conqu]$2  & t !y w\ld  
hug ! *a9s1 ) :i* he b\nd ! little      
lib]ty !y ev] possess$2 & :at 0 beyond  
all ! re/1 ?is  fulsome poet1 w5t s f> z
 to ass]t1 t 8 desire ( mak+ !m  happy1 
0 8 only motive = br++ !m "u 8 yoke4    
,il regne p> am\r dans les ,villes      
conquises1      ,et ne fait des sujets  
que p\r les r5dre heureux4    ,9 ! idea 
( ?is poet1 desolat+ 8 own c\ntry by    
excessive  contributions1 c>ry+ fire &  
sword into ! t]ritories ( 8  neighb\rs1 
& sacrific+ m5 by t5s ( ?\s&s on ! alt>s
 (  ,m>s1 is ! mo/ effectual way to make
 p happy2 & t x is  ! great glory ( a   
mon>*1 to be ! pe/ ( 8 own dom9ions1 &  
^? ( all 8 neighb\rs4 ,to ^! extravagant
 l5g?s has flatt]y  be5 c>ri$1 & su* are
 ! unhappy effects x has produc$4       
,,xv4 ,a flatt]+ lie 9 private life1 is 
n capable ( do+ s mu*  mis*ief1 if we   
consid] x z /&+ by itself2 b ! mis*ief  
is inf9itely ext5sive1 t results f _m ( 
^? lies put  toge!r2 z ! use ( !m is s  

g5]al1 t _! numb]s are  ne>ly inf9ite4  
,a le>n$ mod]n ,fr5* au?or1 says1 t !   
practice ( ! _w1 is made up ( p's       
occupy+ !mselves  cont9ually 9 circulat+
 false complaisance4 ,mank9d dep5d      
reciprocally ^u ea* o!r2 & ! poor man n 
only flatt]s !  ri* "o1 b ! ri* "o      
flatt]s ! poor "o 9 8 turn4 ,! poor  man
 c\rts ! ri* "o1 because he has ne$ ( 8 
contributions2  & ! ri* "o endeav\rs to 
conciliate himself ) ! poor man1        
because he _c subsi/ )\t ! aid ( 8      
lab\r4 ,! money !y  all g to m>ket )1 to
 ga9 & pur*ase ! he>ts ( ea* o!r1  is   
co9$ f ! bullion ( flatt]y2 :i* is !    
false/ money t  c be circulat$1 because 
9 consequ5ce ( traffick+ ) x 9  ?is vile
 comm]ce1 all sides are *eat$4          
,,sect4 ,,vi4    ,,xvi4 ,b besides      
flatt]+ lies1 !re are _m o!rs :i* are   
hurtful 9 v>i\s ways1 not)/&+ we f9d !m 
class$ among  ! jocose & (fici\s ones4  
,a c[>d brags ( 8 pr[ess1 &  m>tial     
de$s2 a /&]-by :o he>s him1 & believes  
:at he says1  endeav\rs to make a fri5d 

( him1 9 hopes t he w be> him out  9 any
 fray or qu>rel 9 :i* he %\ld happ5 to  
be engag$2 & 9  consequ5ce ( ! confid5ce
 he puts 9 ?is support1 he precipitates 
himself into "s dispute1 :]e 8 bravo    
des]ts him1 & he loses  8 life4 ,an     
ignorant fell[1 palms himself ^u simple 
p = a  le>n$ man1 & !y1 by believ+ all  
he says to be "r & true1  get _! heads  
fill$ ) extravagances1 :i* !y aft]w>ds  
by  v5t+ 9 o!r companies1 expose _!     
folly1 & s by a v easy  & %ort me?od1   
acquire ! reputation ( blockheads4    ,a
 neglect$ or disappo9t$ man1 brags ( !  
int]e/ he has ) a  great p]son2 & "s :o 
he> & believe :at he says1 fancy he  w  
be a good *annel ?r\gh :i* !y may convey
 an application to  t great p]son1 &    
induce him to assi/ !m 9 a matt] !y h   
mu* at he>t1 & 9 :i* !y are deeply      
int]e/$1 & 9 hopes  ( ! great b5efits !y
 may d]ive f 8 fri5d%ip & aid1 pay      
great c\rt to him1 & wa/e ! greate/ "p (
 _! sub/ance 9  pres5ts & bribes to him4
 ,a spiritual puff]1 brags ( ! miracles 

he has se5 & exp]i5c$ ( su* & su* a     
sa9t2 :i* "o way  or o!r1 is g5]ally    
att5d$ ) prejudicial consequ5ces to !   
cause ( religion4 ,! physician brags ( a
 skill or k he does  n possess2 a       
valetud9>y p]son :o he>s him1 believ+   
him to  be an ,esculapius1 surr5d]s     
himself )\t fur!r enquiry to 8          
managem5t1 & becomes a volunt>y victim4 
,a "y m>9]1 brags (  8 great abilities &
 skill 9 navigat+ & conduct+ a %ip1  :i*
 aft]w>ds be+ tru/$ to him1 is %ipwreck$
 & da%$ to  pieces1 on "s rock or %oal4 
,! same dang]s1 9 a great] or a  less   
degree1 & 9 proportion to ! matt]s t are
 confid$ to  _! managem5t1 are we expos$
 to1 by tru/+ vaunt]s 9 all arts  &     
pr(essions1 :o al?\gh !y are unskilful1 
presume to boa/ (  _! great k4 ,i %\ld  
nev] h done1 0 ,i to set ab\t  enum]at+ 
all ! species ( lies1 :i* g "u ! "n (   
jocose  & (fici\s1 & :i* are att5d$ )   
p]nici\s consequ5ces4      ,,sect4      
,,vii4    ,,xvii4 ,b ,i _c avoid mak+   
p>ticul> m5tion1 ( a c]ta9  species (   

lies1 :i* f9d ample protection )1 & pass
 curr5t  ?r\gh ! _w1 z if !y 7 p]fectly 
innoc5t2 :5 9 reality1  !y are extremely
 injuri\s to ! public4 ,i mean judicial 
lies2  su*1 z :5 9 /at+ a fact :i* gave 
rise to1 or is ! subject  matt] ( a     
litigation1 ! p>ties int]e/$1 & ^?      
employ$ 9  ! suit1 disguise & disfigure 
x1 to make x appe> m fav\rable  to _!   
own side4 ,?is species ( deceit1 or z ,i
 may say lie1 is s  frequ5t1 t we sc>ce 
see a cause 9 :i* x is n practis$1  & 9 
:i*1 bo? p>ties agree 9 ! /ate ( !      
facts1 on :i*  ! matt] 9 issue re/s2 & f
 h5ce arise ! l5g? ( !  plead+s1 & !    
pr9cipal delay1 & great exp5ce (        
law-suits4 ,:o  c ent]ta9 a d\bt1 b t   
?is is v injuri\s to ! public8  ,yet !re
 is nobody w attempt f9d+ out a rem$y = 
! evil4  ,x might p]haps be ask$1 :at   
rem$y c be appli$ to x2 b to  ?is ,i    
%\ld answ]1 ! rem$y t is made use ( 9   
,japan4 ,among  ^? isl&]s1 ^: political 
gov]nm5t !re is no d\bt excells  ours 9 
_m p>ticul>s1 !y puni% a judicial lie1  

or "o advanc$  9 a legal process1 )     
great sev]ity2 & ! ,alg]9es d !  same4  
,:oev] lies1 or :5 he is br\ght be=e !  
,bey1 or any (  8 judicial magi/rates1  
to answ] to a civil process1 %all d5y1  
if ! prosecution is = a debt1 t he owes 
! p]son su+ =  x ! money 9 "q1 or if !  
prosecutor %all be f\nd guilty  ( mak+ a
 false or unju/ dem&1 9 ei!r ( ^! cases1
 he :o  %all be f\nd to falsify1 is     
adjudg$ to a rigor\s ba/9ado+4  ,?us ^! 
causes are spe$ily & safely det]m9$1 nor
 is !re !  lea/ necessity = any writ+ 9 
!m1 = ! fe> ( t sev]e  puni%m5t1 det]s  
any man f dem&+ :at is n due to him1 &  
t]rifies any "o f d5y+ a j debt4 ,if    
some?+ l ?is  me?od 0 to be adopt$ among
 u1 law-suits ( ?is sort 9 ,spa91  w\ld 
be z %ort z !y are 9 ^? places4 ,:at    
delays law-suits1  is n s mu* !         
difficulty ( f9d+ out :at ! law is )    
respect to ! matt] 9 "q2 b su* delays   
arise = ! mo/  "p1 f fallaci\s          
sugge/ions1 & evasive /at+s ( facts4 ,if
  ! suitors1 & all ! p>ties conc]n$ or  

employ$ 9 a cause1  knew1 t = e fallacy 
!y advanc$1 !y 7 to pay a l>ge  f9e1 !y 
w\ld be c>eful n to sugge/ or advance   
any ?+1 t  0 n simply & exactly true4   
,by ?is means1 ! p>ties w\ld  soon be   
agre$ z to ! fact1 & a det]m9ation w\ld 
quickly be  made 9 fav\r ( ! p]son :o _h
 ! "r ( 8 side1 & !re  w\ld be no?+ left
 to d1 b = process to issue agreeable to
 !  ord9>y =ms ( law1 9 ord] to en=ce & 
compleat ! judgm5t4  ,! do+ ( ?is1 is   
seldom att5d$ ) mu* exp5ce or delay2 &  
by adopt+ ! be=e-m5tion$ me?od (        
proce$+1 !re w\ld soon  be a /op put to 
all law-suits1 t are f\nd$ on false or  
s9i/]  sugge/ions2 & p w\ld n be ne> s  
expos$ to h vexati\s  & rogui%          
prosecutions comm5c$ aga9/ !m1 z !y are 
at  pres5t4 ,! /ate or public at l>ge1  
w\ld be great ga9]s by su* a  regulation
 tak+ place1 z ! loss occasion$ by !    
att5dance1 t  _m artific]s1 & p employ$ 
9 useful bran*es ( trade are  oblig$ to 
give on c\rts ( law w\ld be avoid$4 ,s t
 ! :ole  loss t w\ld be incurr$ by      

adopt+ ?is me?od1 w\ld fall on !        
advocates1 solicitors1 & o!r m5 ( ! law2
 b ?is w\ld be  amply comp5sat$ = to !  
/ate1 by ! increase x w\ld occasion  (  
pr(essors 9 useful arts4    ,,xviii4 ,x 
is true1 t our laws 9 ,spa9 h n be5 s   
defici5t 9  ?is respect1 z n to h       
assign$ c]ta9 puni%m5ts 9 v>i\s  cases  
to judicial lies4 ,"o ( ^? :i* is to be 
f\nd among  ! laws :i* we t]m ! laws de 
,p>tida seems to me admirably  calculat$
 to suppress ?is evil4 ,x runs ?us3 ,he 
( :om any ?+  is dem&$ judicially by    
ano!r p]son1 z 8 prop]ty1 :o %all  d5y !
 p]son mak+ ! dem& 0 ev] possess$ ( x1  
%all1  if x is aft]w>ds prov$ t ! p]son 
:o makes ! dem& 0  possess$ ( x1 be     
oblig$ to surr5d] x to him :o dem&s x1  
al?\gh ! dem&] %\ld n be able to prove !
 ?+ ev] 0  8 prop]ty4 ,b ,i c\ld wi% 9 !
 fir/ place1 t bo? ?is law1  & all o!rs 
( ! same sort1 %\ld be ext5d$ to m cases
 ?an  !y take 91 or to speak m prop]ly1 
to all cases :atev]2 s t  e judicial lie
 %\ld be liable to a puni%m5t1          

proportion$ to  ! mis*ief x might be    
att5d$ )4 ,i w\ld wi% secondly1 t  "s   
lawy]s 9 exp\nd+ ^? laws1 _h giv5 a l>g]
 ext5t to  !m1 & n h limit$ ! op]ation (
 !m b to few cases2  = we h reason to   
appreh5d1 t x is 9 consequ5ce ( ^!      
expositions1 t we v r>ely or nev]1 h se5
 any "o puni%$  = ?is (f5ce1 at lea/ ,i 
d n rememb] to h ev] kn[n1 or to  h ev] 
he>d ( any "o t 0 puni%$ = x4 ,! greate/
 "p  ( ! ,judges1 al?\gh !re may appe> b
 little reason = _!  act+ ) l5ity1 are  
apt to lean to ! compassionate side2 b x
  seems to me1 t x w\ld be = ! good ( ! 
public1 if ^u ^!  occasions1 !y w\ld    
ex]cise a prop] degree ( sev]ity4       
,,sect4 ,,viii4    ,,xix4 ,f9ally1 by   
contemplat+ a lie 9 all its ext5t1 ,i   
f9d x s  inconv5i5t to ! life ( man1 t  
,i am dispos$ to ?9k ! :ole  rig\r ( !  
laws %\ld be levell$ aga9/ x1 & t x %\ld
  be treat$ z a mo/ pe/if]\s enemy to   
human society4 ,zoroa/]  ! fam\s        
legislator ( ! ,p]sians1 or ,z]dus*t1   
:i* accord+  to ! le>n$ ,?omas ,hyde 0 8

 "n1 9 :i* s5tim5t ,?omas  ,/anley      
diff]s b little f him1 he writ+ x       
,z>aduissit2 f  all :i* we may conclude1
 t ! *ang+ 8 "n to ,zoroa/]1  0 an      
alt]ation made by ! ,greeks to make x   
correspond ! bett]  ) _! own language2 b
 to h done ) criticis+ ^u 8  "n1 he 9 ! 
/atutes he =m$ = ! gov]nm5t ( t nation1 
e/imat$ a lie1 z "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s crimes
 a man c\ld commit4  ,i mu/ confess2 t  
he err$ 9 ?is z a ,!ologian2 b t he 0  q
 "r1 & act$ wisely z a politician2      
because no bett] means  c be fall5 ^u1  
to make m5 live happy 9 society1 ?an t (
  introduc+ among !m1 an utt] abhorr5ce 
( a lie2 & on ! o!r  h&1 if ! great     
prop5sity 9 man to ly+ is n curb$1      
al?\gh  ! re/ ( ! laws %\ld be ev] s    
pi\s & j1 !y w n be  able to prev5t     
innum]able mis*iefs & disord]s4         
,,sect4 ,,ix4    ,,xx4 ,x is only 9 "o  
p>ticul> in/ance1 t ,i look ^u ly+  to  
be suff]able2 & t is1 :5 !re is no f5ce 
to resi/ !  imp]t95t & (fici\s enquiries
 ( p into secrets1 t are  tru/$ to a man

 9 confid5ce4 ,i /ate ! case ?us3 a     
fri5d (  m9e1 = ! sake ( ask+ my advice1
 in=ms me 9 confid5ce (  a crime t he   
has committ$4 ,a p]son 9 p[] suspects   
him to be  ! man :o committ$ ! crime1 & 
by mak+ an improp] use ( 8  au?ority1   
dem&s ( me1 :e!r ,i d n "k t su* a p]son
  committ$ su* a crime4 ,i w suppose =  
argum5t's sake1 t he is  a p]son ( su*  
p5etration1 t ,i c\ld n deceive him by  
evasions1  & giv+ answ]s1 t am\nt$ to my
 nei!r own+ nor d5y+ t  ,i knew any ?+ (
 x2 & t my n giv+ a positive answ]1 w\ld
  only t5d to confirm him 9 ! op9ion t  
my fri5d _h actually  committ$ ! crime  
he suspect$ him (2 s t ,i am drove to ! 
necessity ( answ]+ positively1 yes1 or  
no4 ,x is c]ta9 9 su* a  case1 t ,i am  
b\nd by ! laws ( fri5d%ip1 fidelity1    
*>ity &  ju/ice1 n to reveal ! secret   
confid$ to me4 ,h[ !n am ,i to act  9   
su* a press+ exig5cy8    ,,xxi4 ,aft]   
/at+ a v>iety ( diff]5t op9ions (       
,!ologians1  & o!r em95t m5 ^u cases (  
?is sort1 :i* ,i %all omit to  ins]t1 z 

,i appreh5d !y w\ld r seem t$i\s1 ?an   
af=d  ei!r ent]ta9m5t or in/ruction to !
 read]2 ,fa!r ,feyjoo  proce$s ?us3 ,b  
,i d n *use to take any "p 9 ?is "q1 z  
x w\ld require m "t to discuss1 ?an ,i  
at pres5t h leisure  to be/[ ^u x2 &    
!re=e %all waive ent]+ into x1 &        
return+ to ! subject ( my disc\rse1 %all
 say1 t admitt+  a man1 ^u be+ unfairly 
press$1 _c avoid disclos+ a secret  :i* 
has be5 confid$ to him1 )\t tell+ a lie1
 ^? lies  ought to be tol]at$ by human  
society1 & ! puni%m5t ( !m  %\ld be left
 to ,god alone1 = t a republic or /ate  
is expos$ to  no inconv5i5ce f !m2 & t  
on ! contr>y1 daily mis*iefs  might     
result to x1 by n prev5t+ ! evil        
effects1 ( !  malici\s1 & vici\s        
curiosity ( m51 :o are imp]t95tly fond (
  pry+ into o!r p's secrets4 ,& he :o   
makes ^! enquiries1  %\ld blame himself 
= any imposition or deceit t happ5s 9   
consequ5ce ( !m1 & n ! p]son :o told !  
lie1 = !  inquisitor is ! aggressor 9   
?is case1 z he may be t]m$ an  invad] ( 

o!r p's secrets1 :i* he _h improp]ly1 & 
)\t  any "r s to d1 tak5 ^u him         
(fici\sly to pry into4              ,,on
      ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,our ,,c\ntry1    
,,&      ,national ,prejudice or        
,prepossession4      ,,sect4 ,i4    ,i4 
,i ,seek 9 m5 t love ( _! c\ntry1 :i* ,i
 f9d s mu*  celebrat$ 9 books1 b ,i d n 
meet ) x2 ,i mean t j1 noble  & virtu\s 
love1 :i* !y owe to _! c\ntry4 ,9 "s1 ,i
 see no  k9d ( affection = _! c\ntry at 
all2 9 o!rs1 ,i p]ceive only  a crim9al 
affection1 :i* is vulg>ly call$ national
 prejudice4    ,,ii4 ,i d n d5y1 t by   
turn+ ov] hi/ory1 y w f9d  ?\s&s (      
victims sacrific$ to ?is idol4 ,:at w>  
is und]tak5  )\t ?is speci\s pret5ce8   
,:at field d we see dr5*$ )  human      
blood1 t po/]ity1 ov] ! c>cases f :5ce x
 fl[$1  has n fix$ ! hon\rable          
inscription1 t ^? m5 lo/ _!  lives = !  
good ( _! c\ntry8 ,b if we exam9e ?+s   
critically1 we %all f9d ! _w is mu*     
mi/ak51 9 ?9k+  !re h be5 s _m1 or s    
ref9$ sacrifices made to ?is  imag9>y   

deity4 ,let u figure to ourselves a     
republic1 arm$ = a  w>1 und]tak5 on !   
pr9ciple ( a j def5ce2 & let u also     
proce$ to exam9e by ! light ( reason1 ! 
impulse :i* animates  m5's he>ts to     
expose _! lives 9 ! qu>rel4 ,among !    
private  m51 "s inli/ = ! pay & !       
plund]1 o!rs ) ! hopes (  bett]+ _!     
=tunes1 & acquir+ milit>y hon\r &       
pref]m5t2  b ! greate/ "p1 f motives (  
ob$i5ce1 & fe> ( !  ,pr9ce or ! ,g5]al4 
,he :o comm&s ! army1 is in/igat$ by 8  
int]e/ & 8 glory4 ,! ,pr9ce1 or ,*ief   
,magi/rate1 :o is at a  di/ance f !     
dang]1 acts m = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ 8      
dom9ion1 ?an = support+ ! republic4 ,n[ 
admitt+ t all  ^! p %\ld f9d x m = _!   
int]e/ to retire to _!  h\ses1 ?an to   
def5d ! walls1 y w\ld h>dly see t5 m5   
left on  ! ramp>ts4    ,,iii4 ,ev5 ^?   
feats ( pr[ess ( ! anti5ts1 :i* are s   
blazon$  & immortaliz$ by fame1 z !     
ultimate ex]tions ( zeal = !  public    
good1 7 m probably g5]at$ by ambition1 &
 ! love (  glory1 ?an by ! love ( _!    

c\ntry2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1  t if !re
 _h n be5 witnesses pres5t1 to h h&$ d[n
 to  po/]ity an acc\nt ( _! exploits1 t 
f a pr9ciple ( love  to 8 c\ntry1 nei!r 
,curtius w\ld h precipitat$ himself into
  ! pit1 nor ,m>cus ,attilius ,regulus h
 submitt$ to die a l+]+  dea? 9 an iron 
cage2 nor w\ld ! tw9 bro!rs1 = ! sake ( 
ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( ,c>?age1 h cons5t$  
to be buri$  alive4 ,! incitem5t (      
po/hum\s fame _h great influ5ce among  !
 ,g5tiles2 & x might also happ51 t "s   
ru%$ on a viol5t  dea?1 n s mu* ) a view
 ( acquir+ po/hum\s fame1 z f  ! mad    
vanity ( see+ !mselves admir$ & applaud$
 = a few  in/ants ( _! lives1 ( :i*     
,lucian gives u a /rik+ example1  9 !   
dea? t 0 submitt$ to by ! philosoph]    
,p]egr9us4    ,,iv4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! 
love ( _! c\ntry1 0 s mu* 9  vogue & s  
preval5t1 t x seem$ z if ?is noble      
incl9ation  0 ! s\l ( _! :ole republic4 
,b :at appe>s to me is1  t ! ,romans    
!mselves1 on acc\nt ( ,cato's con/ant & 
/eady  atta*m5t to ! public1 look$ ^u   

him z a v uncommon man1  & z "o desc5d$ 
f ,heav54 ,x may be said ( all ! re/  ( 
!m1 almo/ )\t exception1 t 9 s]v+ _!    
c\ntry1  !y s\ght m _! own exaltation   
?an ! public utility4 ,!y  gave ,cic]o !
 glori\s surname ( fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 = ! 
successful & vigor\s opposition he made 
to ,catil9e's conspiracy4  ,?is 9       
appe>ance 0 a great m]it1 al?\gh 9      
reality x 0 b  an equivocal "o2 = n only
 ! success ( ,cic]o's atta9+ !          
consulate1 dep5d$ ^u t fury's n c>ry+ 8 
po9t1 b 8  life also2 = x is true1 t :5 
aft]w>ds ,cs> tyranniz$ ov]  ! republic1
 ,cic]o accommodat$ himself v well )    
him4 ,!  subornations ( ,jugur?a1 ,k+ ( 
,numidia1 %ew$ abundantly1 :at sort  (  
_s influ5c$ ! ,roman s5ate2 :i*1 contr>y
 to ! int]e/  ( ! republic1 tol]at$ 9 t 
p5etrat+ & viol5t ,pr9ce1 _m  grave &   
p]nici\s evils1 because e new insol5ce  
he committ$1  0 accompani$ ) a new      
pres5t to ! s5ators4 ,he 0 at la/       
br\ght to ,rome1 & deta9$ !re2 & al?\gh 
he 0 s f> f  correct+ or re=m+ 8 old    

practices1 t )9 ! city itself1  he      
committ$ new & enorm\s (f5ces2 by !     
fav\r ( gold1 he 0  p]mitt$ to g at     
l>ge1 :i* 9 ! del9qu5t himself begot su*
 a  contempt ( t gov]nm5t1 t :5 he left 
,rome1 aft] gett+ at a  little di/ance f
 ! city1 he turn$ ab\t1 & look+ at x )  
disda91 call$ x a v5al city1 add+1 t x  
w\ld soon p]i%1  if any "o c\ld f9d     
money en\gh to pay ! price ( its ru93   
,urbem v5alem1 et mature p]ituram1 si   
emptorem inv5irit 7,sallu/  9 ,jugur?a74
 ,! same ?+1 & ev5 m po9t$ly1 0 said by 
,petronius3        ,v5alis populus1     
v5alis curia patrem4    ,?is is a       
picture ( ! love ( _! c\ntry s celebrat$
 among !  ,romans1 & to :i* _m at ?is   
day1 judge !y ow$ ! enorm\s  ext5sion ( 
! ,roman empire4      ,,sect4 ,,ii4     
,v4 ,our op9ion ( ?is matt] diff]s      
greatly f t ( ! bulk (  mank9d1 by :om x
 is g5]ally believ$1 ! love ( _! c\ntry 
is natural to1 & transc5d5t 9 all m52 & 
z a pro( ( x1 !y  all$ge ! repugnance1  
:i* all1 or ne>ly all m5 feel at ab&on+ 

! c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 born1 to g & reside 
9 any o!r  :atev]2 b ,i f9d "h a great  
equivocation1 & t :at m5 call  ! love ( 
_! c\ntry1 is 9 reality1 no?+ else b !  
love  ( _! own conv5i5ce4 ,!re is no man
 :o does n leave 8 own  c\ntry *e]fully1
 :5 he has expectations by go+ to ano!r 
(  m5d+ 8 =tune2 & examples ( ?is sort  
are se5 e day4 ,(  all ! fables t h be5 
fabricat$ by ! poets1 !re is no "o      
appe>s to be m void ( probability1 ?an t
 ( ,ulysses's hav+  pref]r$ ! dre>y &   
unpleasant rocks & craigs ( 8 own c\ntry
  ,i?aca1 to ! immortality full (       
delights1 :i* 0 (f]$ him by  ! nymph    
,calipso1 ^u condition t he w\ld come & 
live ) h]  9 ! isl& ( ,ogygia4    ,,vi4 
,i may be told1 t ! ,scy?ians1 z ,ovid  
te/ifies1 fl$ f  ! delicacies ( ,rome1  
to ! asp]ities ( _! own froz5 soil2  t !
 ,lapl&]s1 maugre all ! conv5i5ces &    
accommodations  t 7 (f]$ !m at ,vi5na1  
sigh$ to return to _! own poor  /]il    
c\ntry2 & t b a few ye>s ago1 a         
,canadian savage :o  0 br\ght to ,p>is1 

:]e he 0 furni%$ ) e possible           
conv5i5ce1 liv$ !re 9 a seem+ /ate (    
affliction &  melan*oly4    ,,vii4 ,i   
say 9 answ] to all ?is1 t x is true2 b x
 is also true1  t ^! m5 live ) m        
conv5i5ce to !mselves 9 ,scy?ia1  9     
,lapl&1 & 9 ,canada1 ?an 9 ,vi5na1 at   
,p>is1 or 9 ,rome4  ,habituat$ to ! food
 ( _! c\ntry1 h[ev] h>d & co>se x  may  
appe> to u1 !y f9d x bo? grateful &     
salut>y4 ,!y are  born among sn[1 & live
 pleasantly 9 ! mid/ ( x2 & z we  _c be>
 ! cold ( nor!rn regions1 !y _c endure !
 heat  ( s\!rn ones4 ,_! mode (         
gov]nm5t1 is suit$ to _! temp]s  &      
dispositions1 & al?\gh ! =m is b        
indiff]5t1 !y be+  reconcil$ to x by    
cu/om1 believe t nature itself nev]     
dictat$  any o!r4 ,our policy seems z   
b>b>\s to !m1 z !irs does to  u4 ,"h1 we
 ?9k x impossible to live )\t a h\se or 
p]man5t  abode2 !y look ^u ?is z a      
volunt>y imprisonm5t1 & reg>d x  z mu* m
 conv5i5t1 to be at lib]ty to *ange _!  
habitation1  :51 & unto :]ev] x is mo/  

agreeable to !m1 fabricat+ x 9  ! ev5+1 
= ! use ( ! night & ! next day1 ei!r 9 !
  valley1 on ! side ( ! m\nta91 or 9 !  
pla94 ,! accommodation  af=d$ by *ang+  
situations z ! seasons ( ! ye> v>y1  is 
enjoy$ among u1 by none b ! great & !   
opul5t2 among  ^? b>b>ians1 !re is no "o
 :o does n enjoy x2 & ,i mu/  confess = 
myself1 t ,i look ^u a man's hav+ p[]1  
:5ev]  he pleases1 to remove f a        
disagreeable neighb\rhood1 & settle     
himself 9 "o he likes bett]1 z a v      
enviable happ9ess4    ,,viii4 ,olaus    
,rudbec1 a noble ,sw$e1 :o _h travell$ a
 great deal  ?r\gh ! nor!rn regions1 9 a
 book t he wrote1 intitl$  ,lapl&       
,illu/rat$1 says1 t ! inhabitants ( x1  
are s  conv9c$ ( ! advantages ( _!      
situation1 t !y w\ld n  ex*ange _! own1 
= all ! c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,9 fact1 !y    
possess "s b5efits or conv5i5cies 9 x1  
:i* are n imag9>y1  b real4 ,t c\ntry1  
produces "s regal+ fruits1 al?\gh !y    
are diff]5t f ours2 & ! abundance ( game
 & fi% 9 x1 all  ( !m rem>kably f9e     

flav\r$1 is imm5se4 ,! w9t]s1 :i* )  u  
are s disagreeably damp & ra9y1 are !re 
cle> & s]5e2  f :5ce x foll[s1 t !      
natives are active1 heal?y1 &  robu/4   
,?und] /orms are sc>ce ev] kn[n 9 t     
region1 nor is  !re a v5om\s snake to be
 f\nd 9 all ! c\ntry4 ,!y live also     
exempt f ^? two great sc\rges ( ,heav51 
w> & pe/il5ce1  _! climate def5d+ !m f  
bo? ^! visitations1 x be+ z  obnoxi\s to
 /rang]s & ! plague1 z x is heal?y to ! 
natives4  ,! sn[ does n incommode !m1 = 
by _! natural agility1 add$  to art &   
contrivance !y fly ov] ! tops ( ! sn[y  
heights l  cr[s4 ,! multitude ( :ite    
be>s ) :i* ! c\ntry ab\nds1  s]ves !m = 
amusem5t & div]sion2 = !y are s dextr\s 
9  combat+ ^! fi]ce animals1 t !re is   
sc>ce a ,lapl&]1 :o  does n kill _m ( !m
 9 a ye>1 al?\gh x is v r>e1 t a        
,lapl&] is ev] kill$ by "o ( !m4        
,,ix4 ,we may add1 t ! long nights 9 ^? 
subpol> regions1 (  :i* !y give u s     
horrible a repres5tation1 are n s dismal
 z  !y are imag9$ to be4 ,!y h>dly      

exp]i5ce total d>kness !re  above "o    
:ole mon?2 ! reason is1 because ! sun   
desc5ds bel[  8 horizon only tw5ty-?ree 
degrees & a half2 & accord+ to !        
computation ( a/ronom]s1 ! twilight may 
be p]ceiv$ at eighte5  degrees (        
depression4 ,nei!r does ! app>5t abs5ce 
( ! sun  cont9ue = six mon?s1 z x is    
commonly ?\ght1 b = five only1  = on    
acc\nt ( ! great refraction ( ! rays 9 t
 atmosph]e1  y see ! sun1 half a mon?   
be=e x m\nts above ! horizon1 &  = !    
same space ( "t aft] x desc5ds bel[ x4  
,"s ,dut*m5  9 a nor!rn voyage !y made 9
 #aeif1 be+ 9 ! latitude ( #gf1  7 va/ly
 a/oni%$ at see+ ! sun fifte5 or sixte5 
days be=e  !y expect$ to see x4 ,9 our  
disc\rse on ma!matical p>adoxes1  we    
expla9$ ?is phnom5on1 & %ew$1 t by      
att5d+ to1 &  comput+ all ?+s1 ^? :o    
inhabit ne> ! ,poles1 enjoy ! light  ( !
 sun = a great] portion ( ! ye>1 ?an ^? 
:o live 9  ! temp]ate & torrid zones2   
!re=e :at is said ( ! equal  rep>tition 
( light all ov] ! _w1 al?\gh x is       

g5]ally  ass5t$ to1 is n true4    ,x4   
,we mu* admire1 & live v happily on !   
alim5ts we commonly  use2 b !re is no   
nation1 to :i* ! same ?+ does n  happ54 
,! p ( ! nor!rn regions1 f9d ! fle% (   
be>s1  wolves1 & foxes1 v sav\ry &      
regal+4 ,! ,t>t>s are fond  (           
horse-fle%2 ! ,arabs ( ! fle% ( camels2 
& ! ,africans  & ,*9ese1 ( t ( dogs2 =  
!y bo? eat & sell !m 9 !  m>kets z we d 
pig pork4 ,9 "s regions ( ,africa1 !y   
eat monkies1  crocodiles1 & s]p5ts2 &   
,scalig] says1 t 9 v>i\s p>ts (  ! ea/1 
bats are e/eem$ z regal+ a di%1 z *ick5s
 are ) u4    ,,xi4 ,! same t happ5s 9   
po9t ( food1 happ5s ) respect to  ev]y?+
 else1 = :e!r x proce$s f ! =ce ( habit 
or !  proportion ( temp]am5t or         
disposition ( ea* nation respectively1  
or t ?+s ( ! same species1 h diff]5t    
qualities 9  diff]5t c\ntries1 :i* make 
!m m or less commodi\s or  agreeable2 e 
"o f9ds himself bett] satisfi$ ) ! ?+s (
  8 own c\ntry1 ?an ) ^? ( a =eign "o1 &
 he is !re=e  atta*$ to x1 because he   

feels 8 own conv5i5ce bett] gratifi$    
!re1 & 8 p>tiality = x is n influ5c$ by 
! suppos$ love  ( 8 c\ntry4    ,,xii4 ,!
 inhabitants ( ! ,m>ian isl&s1 :i* are s
 call$  f ,dona ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 :o   
s5t mission>ies among !m =  _!          
conv]sion1 made no use (1 nor _h any k (
 fire4  ,:o1 h[ev]1 w\ld v5ture to      
ass]t1 t ?is elem5t 0 n  indisp5sably   
necess>y to human life1 or t !re 0 any  
nation  :atev]1 :i* c\ld subsi/ )\t x8  
,b not)/&+ ?is1  ^? isl&]s1 )\t fire1   
liv$ cont5t$ & happy4 ,!y 7  n s5sible (
 ! want ( x1 because !y did n "k x4     
,roots1  fruit1 & crude fi%1 7 all _!   
alim5t2 & /ill !y 7 m  heal?y & robu/   
?an we1 = liv+ to a hundr$ ye>s ( age1 0
  v frequ5t & common among !m4          
,,xiii4 ,! =ce ( cu/om is amaz+ly       
p[]ful1 = x is capable (  n only mak+ ! 
greate/ asp]ities suff]able1 b by       
peoples  be+ famili>iz$ to !m1 x also   
causes _! be+ satisfi$  "u !m4 ,he :o 0 
n well appriz$ ( ?is tru?1 w\ld be l$   
to ?9k :at pass$ betwe5 ,e/eban ,k+ (   

,pol&1 & ! ,peasants  ( ,livonia1       
incr$ible4 ,?is glori\s ,pr9ce hav+     
obs]v$1 t  ^! poor p 7 cruelly & v      
ill-treat$ by ! nobles (  ! prov9ce1    
conv5$ !m toge!r1 & aft] condol+ ) !m   
on _! mis]y1 told !m1 he propos$ to make
 _! subjection less  sev]e & easi] to be
 tol]at$1 by re/ra9+ ! ex]cise ( p[]  9 
! nobility1 )9 m mild & mod]ate b\nds2 b
 wond]ful to  relate1 in/ead ( seem+    
s5sible ( 8 b5evol5ce1 & embrac+  ! (f] 
he made !m1 !y ?rew !mselves at 8 feet1 
& begg$  he w\ld n alt] _! cu/oms1 )    
:i*1 ?r\gh long usage1 !y  7 q satisfi$4
 ,:at w n ! =ce ( habit conqu]1 if x  is
 capable ( mak+ tyranny agreeable6 ,jo9 
to ?is1 ! circum/ance  ( ! ,muscovite   
wom51 :o are n happy or cont5t$1 unless 
_!  husb&s1 )\t _! giv+ !m any occasion 
= x1 beat or cudgel  !m e day1 reg>d+   
?is unprovok$ ill-treatm5t1 z a tok5 (  
_! great love = !m4    ,,xiv4 ,we may   
add to ! =ego+ rem>ks1 t an uni=mity (  
language1 religion1 & cu/oms1 makes !   
int]c\rse ) our  c\ntrym5 grateful &    

pleas+1 z a div]sity 9 ^? matt]s1  makes
 ! society ( /rang]s aukw>d & un5t]ta9+4
 ,our  p>ticul> connections & p]sonal   
fri5d%ips also1 t5d to produce  ! same  
effect2 & g5]ally speak+1 ! love (      
conv5i5ce1 &  ( t private ease &        
happ9ess1 :i* e man f9ds 9 8 own        
c\ntry1 is :at attracts him to1 & reta9s
 him 9 x1 & n !  love ( ! c\ntry itself4
 ,he :o %\ld exp]i5ce bett] p]sonal     
accommodation 9 ano!r region1 w\ld d z  
,/4 ,pet] did1 :o1 z  soon z he f\nd    
himself happily situat$ on ,m\nt ,tabor1
 resolv$ to  fix 8 la/+ abode on t      
em95ce1 & to ab&on = good & all  !      
valley 9 :i* he 0 born4      ,,sect4    
,,iii4    ,,xv4 ,x is also true1 t n    
only real1 b imag9>y conv5i5ces1  h _!  
influ5ce1 to promote an adh]5ce to our  
c\ntry4  ,ent]ta9+ a flatt]+ op9ion ( ! 
c\ntry 9 :i* we 7  born1 & pref]r+ x to 
all o!rs 9 ! _w1 is "o ( ! mo/  common (
 all common errors4 ,!re is sc>ce any   
man1 & among !  l[] class ( p n a s+le  
"o1 :o does n ?9k 8 own  c\ntry ! fir/  

production ( nature1 & ab\nd+ 9 a       
?ree-fold  proportion1 ) all ! goods %e 
di/ributes1 ei!r ) respect to  ! g5ius  
or ability ( ! natives1 ! f]tility ( !  
soil1 or  ! happ9ess ( ! climate4 ,to   
und]/&+s ( inf]ior rank1 ne>  objects   
are repres5t$ z by ! corporeal eye1 :i* 
al?\gh !y  are really less1 appe> l>g]  
?an ?+s at a di/ance4 ,9 8 nation  only1
 are to be f\nd le>n$ & wise m51 ^? (   
o!r k+doms are  h>dly civiliz$2 ! cu/oms
 ( 8 c\ntry only are rational1 &  !     
language ( x is ! only s(t & suff]able  
"o2 ! he>+ a  /rang] speak1 z           
effectually excites !m to laught]1 z    
see+ ,jack  ,pudd+ on a /age2 8 nation  
only ab\nds 9 ri*es1 & ! ,pr9ce  ( x is 
! only p[]ful "o4 ,at ! end ( ! la/     
c5tury1 :5  ! arms ( ,france 7 s        
preval5t1 a junto ( p at ,salamanca  be+
 talk+ on ?is subject1 a l[ ,portugueze 
:o 0 among !m1  ) an air ( great        
sagacity & importance1 made ! foll[+    
political rem>k3 ,!re is c]ta9ly n[ no  
,pr9ce 9 ,europe capable  ( resi/+ ! ,k+

 ( ,france1 except ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,b
 :at  ,mi*ael ,montona1 9 8 treatise    
intitl$ ,moral ,reflections1 relates  ( 
a ru/ic ,savoy>d1 is m extravagant /ill1
 :o said1 ,i don't  believe ! ,k+ (     
,france has ! ability he is said to h1 =
 if  t 0 ! case1 he w\ld h negotiat$ )  
our ,duke long ago1  ab\t mak+ him 8    
,major ,domo4 ,ne>ly aft] ?is mann]1 d  
all !  l[ vulg> disc\rse ( ! ?+s ( _!   
own c\ntry4    ,,xvi4 ,nei!r are _m ( ^?
 exempt$ f s gross an error1  al?\gh x  
is 9 a less degree1 :o by _! bir? or    
pr(essions1 are  mu* sup]ior to ! l[]   
class ( p4 ,! numb] ( vulg> :o  d n     
associate ) ! common h]d1 b are intrud$ 
among p  ( und]/&+1 is inf9ite4 ,h[ _m  
m5 ( s*ool le>n+1 ^:  heads 7 /or$ )    
texts1 h ,i se5 fill$ ) ! caprice1  t   
our nation is ! only seat ( k & le>n+1 &
 t  9 o!r c\ntries1 !y pr9t no?+ b      
pu]ilities & bagatelles1  m especially  
if !y write 9 _! own native idiom2 nor  
does x  appe> to !m1 t any ?+ wor?      
read+1 c be publi%$ 9  ,fr5* or         

,italian1 :i* is 9 a mann] ma9ta9+1 t ! 
mo/  important tru?s c't be express$ or 
expla9$ 9 o!r languages1  al?\gh x is   
c]ta91 ! ,apo/les exp\nd$ ! mo/ ess5tial
 &  sublime ones 9 all tongues4 ,b      
/rang]s are suffici5tly rev5g$  on u =  
?is conceit$ness1 = 9 return = our      
consid]+  !m z p ( little le>n+1 !y look
 ^u u z illib]al  & b>b>\s4 ,?us 9 all  
c\ntries1 y w f9d ?is piece (  bad road 
to travel ?r\gh1 :i* is worn 9 holes &  
made r\gh1  by ! hackni$ passage (      
c>riages1 load$ ) ! high notions  &     
op9ions ! natives h ( !mselves1 & ! l[  
ones !y  ent]ta9 ( /rang]s4      ,,sect4
 ,,iv4    ,,xvii4 ,! wor/ is1 t ^? :o d 
n ?9k ) ! vulg>1 talk  l ! vulg>4 ,?is  
proce$s1 f :at we call national passion 
or prejudice1 ! legitimate *ild (       
vanity1 & emulation4 ,vanity  tea*es u1 
t we are int]e/$ 9 our nation be+ e/eem$
  sup]ior to all o!rs1 because e        
individual looks ^u himself  z a p>tak] 
9 ! pre-em95ce2 & emulation causes u to 
view  /rang]s1 especially ^? :o are     

ne>e/ u1 ) a jeal\s eye1 &  also incl9es
 u to wi% _! abasem5t = our own         
security4 ,f  bo? ^! motives1 p         
attribute to _! own c\ntry1 a ?\s&      
feign$ excell5cies1 al?\gh at ! "t !y   
m5tion !m1 !y "k  !y are fictiti\s4     
,,xviii4 ,?is abuse1 has fill$ ! _w )   
lyes1 & has corrupt$  ! fai? ( almo/ all
 hi/ories4 ,:5 ! glory ( 8 own nation   
influ5ces him1 y w h>dly f9d an hi/orian
 compet5tly  s9c]e4 ,plut>* 0 "o ( ! mo/
 imp>tial writ]s ( antiquity2  not)/&+  
:i*1 ! love ( 8 c\ntry1 9 matt]s t      
relat$ to x1 made him deviate n a little
 f 8 c&\r2 =1  z ! illu/ri\s ,cano      
rem>ks1 he aggr&izes ! ev5ts & ?+s      
app]ta9+ to ,greece1 beyond _! j        
proportion4 ,& ,john ,bod9  obs]ves1 t  
^u exam9+ 8 lives1 y w f9d1 al?\gh 8    
comp>isons betwe5 ,greek h]oes & ,greek 
h]oes1 & betwe5 ,roman  & ,roman ones1 7
 rightly & fairly made2 t :5 he came to 
draw  ! p>allel betwe5 ,greeks &        
,romans1 he w>p$ 9 fav\r ( 8 own        
c\ntrym54    ,,xix4 ,i h always admir$  

,titus ,livius1 n only = 8 em95t        
discretion1 me?od1 & judgm5t1 b also = 8
 v]acity4 ,he  does n conceal or        
dissemble ! fail+s ( ! ,romans1 :5 9  ! 
c\rse ( 8 hi/ory !y come 9 ! way ( 8 p52
 b on  ! contr>y he lays !m op5 &       
exposes !m2 & :at is m1  at ! haz>d (   
(f5d+ ,augu/us1 he highly extoll$       
,pompey1 &  blazon$ 8 "* z pref]rable to
 ,cs>'s1 :i* 9 ^? times  am\nt$ to !    
same ?+1 z decl>+ himself a zeal\s      
republican4  ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i obs]ve a  
fault 9 ?is pr9ce ( hi/orians1  :i* if x
 did n proce$ f want ( 8 adv]t+ to1 or  
be+  aw>e ( x1 we mu/ confess to be !   
effect ( 8 passion = !  m>vell\s4 ,9 !  
two fir/ ages ( _! republic1 he gives an
  acc\nt ( z _m battles ga9$1 & z _m    
cities tak5 by !  ,romans1 z w\ld be    
suffici5t to compleat ! conque/ ( a va/ 
empire2 b at ! end ( ?is "t1 we see t   
republic conf9$  )9 su* n>r[ b\nds1 t   
few less /ates are at ?is day to be     
f\nd 9 all ,italy1 :i* is a pro( t !    
antec$5t victories1  7 n s _m nor s     

great 9 ! orig9al1 z !y are repres5t$   
to be 9 ! copy4    ,,xx4 ,!re is sc>ce  
"o ( ! mod]n hi/orians ,i h read1 9 :om 
,i  h n obs]v$ ! same inconsi/5cy4 ,if  
!y relate ! ev5ts (  a long w>1 !y pa9t 
!m s fav\rably to _! own side1 t !      
read] f ^? premises1 is induc$ to       
promise himself1 t x w  end 9 an        
advantage\s peace1 9 :i* 8 nation w give
 ! law  to ! enemy2 b z ! premises are  
false1 ! conclusion does n  foll[1 & 9 !
 end1 he f9ds ?+s turn out q contr>y to 
:at  he expect$4    ,,xxi4 ,i am n      
ins5sible1 t dur+ a w>1 su* sort ( lies 
may be  politically necess>y2 !re=e 9   
all c\ntries1 !y pr9t ,gazettes  )      
privilege2 ,i don't say ( ly+1 b (      
col\r+ ev5ts1 s t  !y %\ld n di%e>t51 b 
seem enc\rag+ to ! p2 & 9  _!           
description ( ?+s1 !y imitate ! artifice
 ( ,apelles1 :o  pa9t$ ,antigonus 9     
pr(ile1 to conceal 8 be+ bl9d ( "o eye2 
,i  mean1 t !y display ! fav\rable side 
( ev5ts1 & cov] !  adv]se "o by a       
deception4 ,i say1 t policy requires ?is

 %\ld be  done 9 ,gazettes1 to prev5t ! 
subjects be+ dismay$ by ! adv]se  /rokes
 ( =tune2 b 9 books t are writt5 _m ye>s
 aft] !  transactions1 :at dang] is !re 
9 speak+ ! tru?8    ,,xxii4 ,! case is1 
t al?\gh none c\ld happ5 to ! public by 
x1 ! writ] himself :o %\ld make !       
attempt1 w\ld be expos$  to a great     
deal4 ,! poor hi/orians1 sc>ce d>e to d 
o!rwise ?an  disguise su* tru?s1 z are n
 advantage\s to _! c\ntrym54  ,!y mu/   
ei!r flatt] _! own nation1 or lay d[n ! 
p52 =  if !y fail to d ?is1 !y w be br&$
 ) ! epi!t (  be+ disaffect$ to _!      
c\ntry4 ,i lam5t mo/ he>tily ! lot (    
fa!r ,m>iana2 ?is v le>n$ ,jesuit1 ov] &
 above possess+ !  o!r tal5ts necess>y =
 an hi/orian1 0 exce$+ly s9c]e &  +5u\s2
 b ?is illu/ri\s quality1 :i* aggr&iz$ 8
 glory  ) f\nd critics1 dim9i%$ x among 
! vulg> ( ,spa92 !y said  he _h n a     
,spani% he>t1 & t 8 affections & 8 p5 7 
inimical to 8 c\ntry2 & z h]et(ore1 !   
extreme rig\r (  ,septimus ,sev]us to ! 
,romans1 0 attribut$ to 8 be+ ( ,african

  extraction by 8 fa!r's side1 !y imput$
 to fa!r ,m>iana1 a  c]ta9 k9d ( pique  
aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 & assign$ z ! cause  
( x1 ,i don't "k :e!r ) tru? or n1 8 be+
 ( ,fr5*  desc5t on ! side ( 8 "m4 ,!y  
w\ld h _h him relate  ev5ts1 n z !y     
happ5$1 b 9 su* a way z %\ld seem mo/   
pleas+ to !m2 & by su* z are fond (     
adulation1 ! man :o  is n a flatt]] is  
reg>d$ z an enemy4 ,b ! same ?+ :i*     
made ?is great man ill look$ ^u 9 ,spa91
 ga9$ him ! highe/  eulogiums f ! mo/   
em95t p]sonages 9 ,europe3 ! foll[+1    
be/[$ on him by ! great ,c>d9al         
,b>onius1 is suffici5t to  e/abli% 8    
hon\r & 8 fame3 ,fa!r ,john ,m>iana1 a  
scrupul\s  lov] ( ! tru?1 an excell5t   
patt]n & sect>y ( virtue1 a  wor?y      
pr(essor among ! society ( ,jesus1 & a  
,spani>d by bir?1  b void ( all national
 passion or prejudice1 9 a le>n$ &      
elegant  /ile1 wrote a mo/ p]fect &     
fai?ful hi/ory ( ,spa94 7,b>on4 ad  ann4
 ,*ri/i #fhh47    ,,xxiii4 ,x is n only 
9 ,spa91 t !y w\ld h _! hi/orians       

panegyri/s1 = ! same ?+ happ5s 9 o!r    
c\ntries4 ,! ,k+  ( ,engl&1 s5t = !     
fam\s ,gregory ,leti1 to write ! hi/ory 
(  t k+dom2 b he hav+ prote/$ he w\ld n 
take p5 9 h&1  unless he 0 all[$ to     
speak ! tru?2 ! ,k+1 to enc\rage him  to
 engage 9 ! und]tak+1 assur$ him1 t he  
%\ld be p]mitt$  to comply ) ?is        
indisp5sable obligation1 ^u :i*1 he set 
to  "w1 & compil$ 8 hi/ory f ! be/      
au?orities1 & ! mo/  fai?ful monum5ts & 
records he c\ld discov]2 b ! natives    
hav+ f\nd reason to be dissatisfi$ ) _m 
( ! facts laid  op5 9 x1 ! ,k+ rep5t$ ( 
! p]mission he _h giv5 him1 !  copies 7 
all call$ 9 by ! procurem5t (           
adm9i/ration1 & !  hi/orian oblig$ to   
leave ,engl&1 b ill recomp5s$ = 8       
tr\ble4    ,,xxiv4 ,we ,spani>ds1       
compla9 mu* ( ! ,fr5* au?ors1 all$g+1  t
 f _! hatr$ to u1 !y disfigure          
transactions :i* are  glori\s to our    
nation1 & aggr&ize 9 proportion1 su* z  
are  fav\rable to _! own4 ,?is compla9t 
is reciprocal1 & ,i believe  well f\nd$ 

on bo? sides4 ,:5 !re h be5 frequ5t w>s 
betwe5  two nations1 y w always obs]ve1 
t f ! jeal\sies &  animosities ^! h     
produc$1 ! w>s are con/antly kept up 9 !
  writ+s ( ! au?ors ( bo? k+doms2 =     
unit$ z 9 ! arr[1  ! fea!r foll[s !     
impetus ( ! /eel4    ,,xxv4 ,b z a      
tribute due to tru? & ju/ice1 ,i c't    
avoid tak+  notice 9 ?is place1 ( an    
unju/ accusation1 :i* has be5  fulm9at$ 
by our c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! au?ors ( t      
nation4 ,!y  say1 t 9 relat+ ! ev5ts ( t
 k+dom 9 ! reign (  ,francis ! fir/1 !y 
are ei!r sil5t1 or d5y ! imprisonm5t  ( 
t ,k+ at ! battle ( ,pavia4 ,?is        
compla9t has n ! lea/  f\ndation1 = ,i h
 read acc\nts ( ?is advantage ( our arms
 9  v>i\s ,fr5* au?ors1 & ev5 9 "o ( !m1
 ,i saw celebrat$ !  piquant answ] ( a  
,fr5* lady to ,k+ ,francis1 on ! ev5t ( 
8  imprisonm5t4 ,! ,k+ 9 a satyrical    
mann]1 t ins9uat$ ,"t _h  robb$ h] ( h] 
*>ms1 said to h]1 ,madam1 h[ long is x  
s9ce  y came f ! l& ( ,beauty8 ,to :i* !
 lady readily answ]$1  ,ev] s9ce y came 

f ! c\ntry ( ,pavia4    ,,xxvi4 ,:]e ,i 
f9d ! mo/ reason = ! ,spani>ds to be    
angry  ) ! ,fr5* au?ors1 is 9 _! d5y+ ! 
com+ ( ,/4 ,james  to ,spa91 & 9 _!     
refus+ to ackn[l$ge t 8 sacr$ body  is  
deposit$ !re2 b ^! pret5sions are m !   
(fspr+ (  criticism ?an national        
jeal\sy1 & nev] 7 mat]ial objects (     
emulation betwe5 ! two nations4 ,x is on
 ! subject ( ! ju/ice  ( w>s1 & !       
advantages ga9$ 9 ! prosecution ( !m1 t 
! p5s engage ) ! mo/ acrimony4          
,,sect4 ,v4    ,,xxvii4 ,f ?is _s (     
national prejudice1 :i* prevails 9      
almo/ all hi/ories1 x happ5s1 t )       
respect to an inf9ite  numb] ( facts1 ! 
?+s :i* are pa/ seem z unc]ta9 to u1 z  
^? :i* are to come4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 t !   
hi/orical ,pyrrhonism  ( ,campanela 0   
extravagant1 :o c>ri$ 8 want ( confid5ce
 9  hi/ory to su* a po9t1 z to say1 he  
d\bt$ :e!r !re ev] 0  an ,emp]or 9 ! _w 
nam$ ,*>les ! ,great4 ,b ) respect to   
^? ev5ts1 :i* ! hi/orians ( "o nation   
affirm1 & ^? (  ano!r d5y2 & z !re are  

_m su* ev5ts1 x w be prud5t  = u to     
susp5d our judgm5t1 till "s well-in=m$  
?ird p]son  %all decide ^u !m2 =1 excit$
 ei!r by vanity or incl9ation1  or l$ by
 condesc5sion1 e "o goes on to flatt] 8 
own nation2  ! light ( tru? at ! same   
"t1 be+ conceal$ f ! eyes (  ! p1 by !  
smoke ( ! inc5se ( flatt]y1 & ! h>mony (
  adulation1 prev5t+ _! li/5+ to ! voice
 ( reason4    ,,xxviii4 ,i %all n dwell 
^u ^? au?ors1 :o c>ri$ ! passion  = _!  
c\ntry1 to l5g?s ( extravagance1 su* z  
,goropius  ,becanus1 a native (         
,brabant1 :o v delib]ately endeav\r$ to 
prove1 t ! ,flemi% tongue 0 ! fir/ 9 !  
_w2 & ,olaus  ,rudbec1 a ,sw$e1 :o1 9 a 
book he wrote on purpose1 tri$ to ev9ce1
  t all :i* ! anti5ts _h said ( !       
,=tunate ,isl&s1 !  g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides 
& ,elysian fields1 allud$ to ,sw$51     
pron\nc+ at ! same "t1 8 own c\ntry to  
be ! s\rce &  p]fection ( ,european     
le>n+2 & ass]t+1 t lett]s &  ! art (    
writ+1 did n desc5d f ,phnicia to       
,greece1 b  f ,phnicia to ,sw$52 9 !    

prosecution ( :i* und]tak+1 he  rummag$ 
out1 & exp5d$ 9 wa/e1 mu* hidd5 le>n+4  
,,xxix4 ,x may also be prop] to obs]ve  
"h1 t ano!r opposite  vici\s extreme1 if
 x is n d]iv$ f1 arises 9 consequ5ce (  
?is prejudice4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by "s1 
( a mod]n ,spani%  au?or1 t he has be5  
guilty ( unju/ly d5y+ to ,spa91 !  hon\r
 ( "s glori\s antiquities1 ) a view (   
be+ applaud$ z  a s9c]e man among       
/rang]s4 ,p]haps ?is 0 n 8 motive1 b  t 
8 criticism 0 defective1 = want ( be+   
temp]$ ) a  due mixture ( ! indulg5t & !
 sev]e2 & t to avoid !  imputation (    
flatt]y1 he ran into ! opposite (f5sive 
extreme2 =        ,dum vitant /ulti     
vitia1 9 contr>ia currunt4      ,,sect4 
,,vi4    ,,xxx4 ,b ! national prejudice 
( :i* we h spok5 hi!rto1 is1  if we may 
s call x1 an innoc5t vice comp>$ to     
ano!r1 :i* by  be+ m common1 is m       
p]nici\s4 ,i speak ( t prepo/]\s        
affection1 :i* is n relative to a       
republic at l>ge1 b applies  to a       
p>ticul> di/rict or t]ritory :i* we call

 our own4 ,i d n  d5y1 t by ! t]m       
c\ntry1 is und]/ood n only ! republic   
or /ate ( :i* we are memb]s1 & :i* may  
be call$ our common  c\ntry1 b also !   
prov9ce1 diocese1 city or di/rict1 :]e e
  "o drew 8 fir/ brea?1 & :i* on t      
acc\nt may be t]m$  8 p>ticul> c\ntry2 b
 x is c]ta91 ! phrase 8love ( our       
c\ntry10 _c be suppos$ to be conf9$ or  
apply to our c\ntry  accord+ to ?is     
second def9ition1 b accord+ to ! fir/2  
= t is ! s5se1 9 :i* x is recomm5d$ &   
en=c$1 by  examples1 p]suasions1 &      
apoph!gms1 ( hi/orians1 orators1 &      
philosoph]s4 ,! c\ntry to :i* we %\ld   
sacrifice our lives 9  h]oic arms1 & :i*
 we ought to e/eem sup]ior to all our   
private  int]e/s1 & z ! cr$itor ( all   
our possible obsequies &  s]vices1 is t 
body ( /ate1 "u :i* we are unit$ 9 "o   
civil gov]nm5t1 & protect$ by1 & b\nd to
 ! obs]vance ( !  same laws4 ,?us ,spa9 
is ! prop] object ( ! love ( a ,spani>d1
  ,france ( a ,fr5*man1 & ,pol& ( a     
,pol&]4 ,b ?is %\ld be  und]/ood1 n to  

relate to su* p1 :o by migrat+ to1 &    
settl+ 9 o!r c\ntries1 make !mselves    
memb]s ( o!r /ates1  9 :i* case1 ! duty 
!y owe to ! c\ntry :]e !y reside1 &  are
 protect$1 ought to prevail ov] !       
affection !y be> to !  c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7
 born2 & on ?is di/9ction1 we %all  9 ! 
sequel make an important rem>k4 ,!      
divid+ ( a k+dom  into prov9ces or      
di/ricts1 :i* is done = ! conv5i5ce (   
adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 & conduct+ o!r bus9ess 
( gov]nm5t1  has a mat]ial influ5ce ov]1
 & is 9 a great measure ! cause (       
divid+ m5's he>ts4    ,,xxxi4 ,!        
p>ticul> or limit$ love ( "o's c\ntry1  
in/ead (  be+ useful to a /ate1 is 9 _m 
respects injuri\s & hurtful1  because x 
induces a division 9 ! m9ds ( ^?1 :o    
ought to  be reciprocally unit$ = ! sake
 ( mak+ m firm & /able1  ! bond ( common
 society2 & because also ?is limit$ love
 (  our c\ntry1 is an inc5tive to civil 
w>s1 & revolts aga9/ !  sov]eign p[]2 = 
always :5 a p>ticul> prov9ce or di/rict 
fancies itself aggriev$1 all !          

individuals ( x ?9k !  r$ress+ !        
grievances ( _! injur$ c\ntry1 an       
obligation  sup]ior to all o!rs2 &      
f9ally1 ?is conf9$ pr9ciple1 is an      
ob/acle to ! "r adm9i/ration ( ju/ice   
among all classes (  p1 & 9 e judicial &
 m9i/]ial dep>tm5t4    ,,xxxii4 ,?is la/
 inconv5i5ce is s common & app>5t1 z to 
be  hidd5 f no man2 & :at is worse1 no  
"o endeav\rs to hide x4  ,?is pe/il5ce (
 p>tiality to c\ntrym5 is1 to ! p]v]sion
 &  corruption ( good regulation1       
introduc$ & *]i%$ 9 ! mo/  b>e-fac$     
mann]1 into ^? dep>tm5ts :i* are ve/$ ) 
!  p[] ( di/ribut+ hon\rable & useful   
employm5ts4 ,:at sanctu>y  has be5 able 
to protect or pres]ve u1 f ! viol5cies (
 ?is  decl>$ enemy ( reason & equity8   
,h[ _m he>ts1 inaccessible to  !        
temptations ( gold1 ins5sible to !      
allurem5ts ( ambition1  intrepid1 & pro(
 aga9/ ! ?reats ( p[]1 h suff]$         
!mselves to be mis]ably delud$ & p]v]t$1
 by national passion8  ,n[-a-days1 if a 
man is a c&idate = an (fice or          

employm5t1 he  always reckons ^u z _m   
protectors z he has c\ntrym51 :o h  any 
conc]n or int]e/ 9 ! disposal ( x4 ,8   
pret5sions be+  unreasonable1 to a man  
sway$ by national or prov9cial          
prejudice1  are no objection1 because ! 
only m]it ) su* a "o1 is !  c&idate's   
be+ 8 c\ntryman4 ,we h se5 m51 9 o!r    
respects  ( unimpea*able integrity1 :o 7
 mu* infect$ ) ?is malady2  f h5ce ,i h 
be5 incl9$ to conclude1 t ?is is an     
inf]nal  ma*9e1 artfully inv5t$ by !    
,devil1 to subdue ^? s\ls1 :o  by all   
o!r ways are inv9cible2 b alas1         
,a*illes1 al?\gh 9 "o  little "p only1 y
 are vuln]able1 :at does x avail y1 if  
,p>is1  9 %oot+ ! arr[1 has ! skill &   
address to hit t little  "p8            
,,sect4 ,,vii4    ,,xxxiii4 ,i d n      
condemn t affection = our native soil1  
:i* does  n op]ate to prejudice a ?ird  
p]son4 ,ari/otle's employ+ 8  fav\r )   
,alex&]1 to procure ! rebuild+ ! t[n (  
,/agira  8 native c\ntry1 ru9$ by !     
soldi]s ( ,philip1 always appe>$  to me 

"r & prop]2 & ,i condemn ! indiff]5ce ( 
,crates1 ^:  city _h suff]$ ! same      
mis=tune1 = hav+1 :5 ,alex&] ask$  him  
if he 0 desir\s x %\ld be rebuilt1      
answ]$1 ,( :at use  w\ld ! rebuild+ x   
be1 if !re %\ld come ano!r ,alex&] to   
de/roy x afre%8 ,h[ exce$+ly &          
ridicul\sly affect$ 0 !  behavi\r ( t   
philosoph]1 :o lo/ to 8 c\ntrym5 s      
signal a  b5efit1 = ! sake ( a cold     
apoph!gm8 ,! mis=tune 01 t  no o!r      
opportune s5t5ce ( a contr>y t5d5cy     
occurr$ to !  philosoph] j at t "t2 = if
 !re _h1 he w\ld h accept$  ! fav\r (f]$
 by ,alex&]4 ,i h obs]v$1 t !re are no  
p m unfit to be consult$ ^u s]i\s &     
weighty po9ts (  bus9ess1 ?an ^? :o     
pride !mselves 9 speak+ ) grace &       
elegance2 = !y are always apt to w>p _! 
op9ion t[>ds t  side1 on :i* a /rik+    
expression occurs to !m1 & provid$ !y   
deliv] !mselves ) air & brilliancy1 !y d
 n emb>rass  !mselves ab\t a little     
false reason+4    ,,xxxiv4 ,i say once  
m1 t ,i d n condemn any innoc5t or      

mod]ate  affection = our native l&4 ,a  
love extremely s(t & t5d]1 is  bett]    
suit$ to wom51 & m prop] = *ildr5 j ris+
 up  9 ! _w1 ?an = m52 & !re=e ,i am (  
op9ion1 ! div9e  ,hom] humanizes        
,ulysses to a degree ( excess1 :5 he    
pa9ts him1  amid/ all ! regales (       
,pheacia1 pant+ & p9+1 to see ! smoke   
arise on ! m\nta9s ( ,i?aca1 8 own      
c\ntry3        ,exoptans oculis surg5tem
 c]n]e fumum      ,natalis t]r4    ,?is 
t5d]ness 9 "o ( ! wise/ ( ! ,greeks 0 v 
pu]ile2  b ) all1 !re is n mu*          
inconv5i5ce 9 view+ )  t5d]ness ! smoke 
( "o's c\ntry1 provid$ ! smoke does n   
bl9d ! eyes ( him :o looks at x4 ,let   
him view ! smoke ( 8  own c\ntry2 b     
alas1 d n let him pref] x to ! light &  
spl5d\r ( =eign ones2 b ?is is :at we   
see e day4 ,he :o  by be+ plac$ at !    
head ( an em95t dep>tm5t1 has ! disposal
  ( v>i\s employm5ts at 8 pleasure1 c   
sc>ce f9d any p]sons  prop]ly qualifi$ =
 ^? employm5ts1 b p ( 8 own  c\ntry4 ,9 
va9 x is repres5t$ to him1 t ^! m5 are  

unfit to  fill ! po/1 & t !re are o!rs  
bett] qualifi$4 ,he f9ds !  smoke ( 8   
c\ntry s grateful an aromatick1 t he    
w\ld ab&on  = x ! mo/ brilliant lights (
 o!r places4 ,o h[ /rangely does  ?is   
smoke bl9d m5's eyes6 ,h[ wond]fully    
does x disord] &  affect _! heads6      
,,xxxv4 ,9 tru?1 "s s9 9 ?is p>ticul> ) 
_! eyes wide op52  ,i speak ( ^?1 :o ) !
 view ( =m+ a p>ty to support _!        
au?ority1 promote z _m ( _! c\ntrym5 z  
!y possibly c1  )\t pay+ ! lea/ att5tion
 to m]it4 ,?is is n manife/+  _! love to
 _! c\ntry1 b to !mselves1 & is b5efit+ 
_!  own soil1 z ! e>? is b5efit$ by !   
lab\r ( ! husb&man1  :o does n be/[ x ) 
a view ( improv+ ! l&1 b (  advantag+   
himself4 ,^! are op5 & decl>$ enemies ( 
a republic1  because x be+ next to      
impossible1 t "o di/rict c furni%  p    
suffici5tly qualifi$ = su* a v>iety (   
employm5ts1  ! places are fill$ )       
unwor?y objects2 ?is1 if x is n !       
greate/ evil t c befall a /ate1 at lea/ 
ultimately disposes  t[>ds produc+ su*  

an evil4    ,,xxxvi4 ,( ^?1 :o ex]cise  
_! passion = _! c\ntrym51 f  a belief t 
!y are ! mo/ des]v+1 ,i am at a loss :at
 to say1  al?\gh ! motive ( _! p>tiality
 9 ?is matt] frequ5tly  appe>s to me a  
volunt>y bl9dness2 & if t is ! case1 !y 
d  n /& excus$4 ,:5 ! excess ( m]it 9 ! 
p]son set aside1  is s notori\sly       
sup]ior to t ( ! man promot$1 t x is    
manife/ to all ! _w1 except to him :o   
disp5s$ ! pref]m5t1  :at d\bt c !re be1 
t he %ut 8 eyes to avoid see+ x8  or    
else1 t ! microscope ( 8 passion        
magnifi$ to 8 view1  ! virtues ( ! man  
pref]r$1 & ! defects ( him neglect$8    
,!re is sc>ce any man1 :o has n a       
portion ( good & bad 9 8  composition2 a
 man )\t fault w\ld be a miracle1 & "o  
)\t  a s+le virtue w\ld be a mon/]4 ,?is
 made ,/4 ,au/9 say1 t  gigantic vice 0 
z r>e to be f\nd among u1 z em95t       
virtue3  ,sicut magna pietas paucorum   
e/1 ita et magna impietas nihilom9us    
paucorum e/4 7,s]m4 #aj4 de v]bis       
,dom9i47 ,:at happ5s !n is1 t  passion1 

be+ to *use betwe5 p]sons ( unequal     
m]it1 magnifies  :at is good 9 ! bad    
man1 & also :at is bad 9 ! good "o4     
,!re is n a m unfai?ful balance to weigh
 m]it 91 ?an t  ( passion & prejudice2 b
 ?is is :at m5 commonly use = !         
purpose4 ,?is caus$ ,david to say1 m5   
are false 9 _! balances3  ,m5daces filii
 hom9um 9 /at]is4 ,job1 to express !    
greatness &  p[] ( ,god1 says1 t he is  
able to give weight to ! w9d3 qui  fecit
 v5tis pondus4 ,b ,i am n cle> 9 :at    
s5se to und]/&  ?is1 because ,i also    
see1 t ! p[]ful ( ! _w 9 !  balance ( _!
 passion1 frequ5tly give weight1 & mu*  
weight to  ! air4 ,:at d y see 9 t p]son
 !y h j rais$8 ,no?+  solid1 no?+ b air 
& vanity2 b to ?is air1 ! great man :o  
exalt$ him gave m weight1 ?an to ! gold 
( ! o!r p]son :o  0 8 competitor = !    
(fice4 ,b h[ 0 ?is done8 ,:y1 toge!r  ) 
! air1 he put e>? into ! scale1 ,i mean 
! e>? ( !  c\ntry 9 :i* he 0 born1 & ?is
 e>? weighs v heavy 9 t  balance4       
,,xxxvii4 ,x happ5s 9 ! cont5tions ab\t 

occupy+ places1 z x  happ5$ 9 ! conflict
 betwe5 ,h]cules & ,antu4 ,h]cules 0 mu*
  m valiant & p[]ful ?an ! o!r1 & ?rew  
him repeat$ly to  ! gr\nd2 b ! falls1   
enabl$ ,antu to r5ew ! combat )  r$\bl$ 
vig\r1 because by 8 contact ) ! e>?1 8  
/r5g?  0 d\bl$4 ,! explanation ( ! matt]
 is ?is3 ,! anti5ts "u  ! veil ( fables1
 conceal$ physical & moral maxims1 &    
accord+  to ! hea!n my?ology1 :i* 0 !   
t]m !y us$ to signify !  exposition ( ^?
 my/]i\s fictions1 ,antu 0 ! son ( !    
,e>?4 ,i believe1 to make ?is fable     
apply to ! pres5t "q1 we  ne$ say no m1 
?an t z ?+s g 9 ! _w1 e c\ntry by  its  
recomm5dation1 gives /r5g? to its sons  
to ov]come /rang]s1  al?\gh !y are p (  
sup]ior abilities & vig\r4 ,h]cules     
lift$ ,antu f ! gr\nd1 & kept him       
susp5d$ 9 ! air1 by  :i* means he f\nd  
no difficulty 9 ov]com+ him4 ,x 7 mu* to
  be wi%$1 t ^u _m occasions1 9 ord] to 
det]m9e ! wor? (  p1 !y %\ld be exam9$  
dive/$ ( all fav\r & advantage  !y c    
d]ive f belong+ to a p>ticul> c\ntry1 = 

!n x  w\ld be mu* bett] kn[n to :om !   
pref]5ce is due4      ,,sect4 ,,viii4   
,,xxxviii4 ,^! m5 ( national g5ius &    
prejudice1 ^: spirits are  all fle% &   
blood1 & ^: brea/s are always 9 contact 
) !  e>?1 l t ( a snake1 d 9 a          
community1 :at ! old s]p5t  did 9       
p>adise1 or z ,luzbel did 9 ,heav51 t   
is1 introduce into  x1 s$itions1        
revolts1 s*isms1 & battles4 ,no fire    
assails a civil  edifice s viol5tly1 z !
 flame ( national passion1 = x consumes 
! v /ones ( ! fabric1 levels m]it to !  
gr\nd1 & makes  reason tremble1 excites 
tumults & insults1 & makes way = !      
triumphant entry ( ambition4 ,^? he>ts  
:i* ought to be cordially  unit$ by !   
bond ( bro!rly love1 t bond be+ brok5   
asund]1  are mis]ably divid$1 & brea!   
no?+ b v5geance & ranc\r4  ,!y =m       
p>ties1 inli/ auxili>ies1 & range _!    
=ces2 b  alas6 9 ! end bo? ! victors &  
vanqui%$ are un=tunate &  unhappy2 ! la/
 lose ! day & _! pati5ce1 & ! fir/ by   
_! conque/ lose !mselves4    ,,xxxix4 ,9

 no words ( sacr$ writ1 is a call to a  
g5]\s & virtu\s  life pa9t$ 9 m lively  
col\rs1 ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,psalmi/1  ,psalm  
xliv4 ,m>k me1 my ,son1 incl9e y\r e>1 &
 att5d to my words1  y mu/ =get y\r     
t[nsm51 & ! h\se ( y\r fa!r4 ,b h[      
greatly does he deviate f ! precept     
conta9$ 9 ?is admonition1  :o s f> f    
=gett+ 8 t[nsm51 & ! h\se ( 8 fa!r1     
treasures up 9 8 he>t & memory1 n only a
 h\se or a t[n1 b a  :ole prov9ce or    
k+dom4    ,,xl4 ,alex&]1 aft] he _h     
conqu]$ ,p]sia1 caus$ ! ,mac$onian      
soldi]s to m>ry ,p]sian wom51 to ! end1 
says ,plut>*1 t  =gett+ _! native l&1 !y
 %\ld only e/eem z _!  c\ntrym51 ^? :o 7
 good1 & reg>d z /rang]s ^? :o 7  bad3  
,ut mundum pro patria1 ca/ra pro arce1  
bonos pro cognatis1 malos  pro p]egr9is 
agnosc]5t4    ,,xli4 ,x is an apoph!gm1 
( _m le>n$ & wise m5 among !  ,g5tiles1 
t to a man ( a /rong & lib]al m9d1 all !
 _w is  8 c\ntry4 ,he :o atta*es 8 he>t 
to t corn] ( ! e>? 9  :i* he 0 born1 _c 
look ^u all ! _w z 8 c\ntry1 nor        

himself z a citiz5 ( x1 & !re=e ! _w    
%\ld despise him1  z a n>r[-m9d$ &      
mean-spirit$ p]son4    ,,xlii4 ,i       
believe not)/&+1 t !re is some?+        
figurative  conta9$ 9 ! words ( !       
s5t5ces be=e quot$1 = mank9d  c nev] be 
und]/ood to be exempt$ f ! love & s]vice
 !y  owe to ! republic ( :i* !y are     
memb]s1 9 pref]5ce to all  o!r /ates &  
k+doms2 b ,i appreh5d also1 t ?is       
obligation  %\ld n be conf9$ to a       
republic1 because we 7 born )9  its     
limits1 b because we are memb]s ( its   
society2 !re=e1 he  :o has legally      
transf]r$ 8 resid5ce f ! k+dom 9 :i*  he
 0 born1 to ano!r diff]5t "o1 :]e he has
 settl$ himself1  & tak5 up 8 abode1    
contracts ) respect to t k+dom1 !  same 
obligations he ow$ to t 9 :i* he 0 born 
& nurs$1  & he ought to reg>d x z !     
c\ntry to :i* he belongs4 ,?is  is a    
di/9ction1 t 0 n rightly und]/ood by _m 
great m5  ( antiquity2 & = ?is reason1  
we see 9 v>i\s au?ors (  note1 "s       
actions celebrat$ z h]oic1 :i* ought to 

h be5  condemn$ z infam\s4 ,dem>atus ,k+
 ( ,sp>ta1 :5 he 0 unju/ly  de?ron$ &   
driv5 out ( 8 k+dom by 8 own subjects1 0
  k9dly receiv$ & protect$ by !         
,p]sians4 ,he liv$ among !m z  a memb] (
 ! ,p]sian empire1 & ow$ to t c\ntry1   
besides !  obligation ( gratitude1 !    
duty ( a subject2 b m>k ! sequel3  !    
,p]sians m$itate a milit>y exp$ition    
aga9/ ! ,lac$emonians2  & ,dem>atus1 :o 
is let into ! secret1 communicates !    
design  to ! ,sp>tans1 9 ord] t !y might
 be prep>$ to defeat !  ent]prize4      
,h]odotus1 & _m o!r au?ors1 celebrate   
?is action1  z a comm5dable m>k ( !     
glori\s & h]oic love :i* ,dem>atus      
ent]ta9$ = 8 c\ntry2 b ,i say1 x 0 a    
p]fidi\s1 base1  unwor?y1 & trea*]\s    
act2 because 9 virtue ( ! antec$5t      
circum/ances1 ! obligation ( 8 loyalty1 
toge!r ) 8 p]son1  _h be5 transf]r$ f   
,lac$emonia to ,p]sia4    ,,xliii4 ,to  
conclude3 ,i ass]t t if by reason ( be+ 
born 9 x1  we contract any obligation to
 a p>ticul> di/rict or place1 t         

obligation is inf]ior to1 & ought to    
give place to e o!r  *ri/ian or         
political "o :atev]4 ,surely ! diff]5ce 
( be+  born 9 ?is or t c\ntry is n s    
mat]ial1 t ?is %\ld  out-weigh e o!r    
consid]ation2 !re=e we ought nev] to    
pref]  our c\ntryman only because he is 
our c\ntryman1 except 9 ^?  cases1 :]e  
!re is a p]fect equality ( all ! o!r    
circum/ances4    ,,xliv4 ,9 sup]ior     
rul]s1 ,i don't ev5 ) ?is limitation1   
admit (  any p>tiality1 ) respect to    
c\ntrym51 = ! foll[+ reasons3  fir/1    
because )\t be+ p]fectly dive/$ ( ?is   
passion1 x  is h>dly possible 9 "o      
in/ance or ano!r1 to %un ! dang] (      
pass+ f fav\r to inju/ice4 ,secondly1 t 
9 :atev] mann]1  fav\r to our c\ntrym5  
is limit$ & re/ra9$1 we are apt to fall 
into an acceptation or pref]able *oice (
 p]sons1 :i* by all ^?  :o gov]n ought  
to be /udi\sly avoid$4 ,?irdly1 sup]ior 
rul]s  be+ truly ! fa!rs ( _! p1 _!     
imp>tial affection =  !m %\ld be reg>d$ 
z a consid]ation s incomp>ably sup]ior  

to all o!rs1 t x ought to /ifle &       
suffocate e k9d (  motive or incl9ation 
to pref]5ce1 except t1 :i* is d]iv$ f   
sup]ior m]it4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 a  
fa!r to love "o *ild  bett] ?an ano!r1  
only because ?is 0 born 9 8 own t[n or  
city1 & ! "m 0 deliv]$ ( ! o!r 9 a      
diff]5t place1  9 consequ5ce ( h] be+ f 
home on a j\rney4 ,!re=e all  ^? :o     
gov]n1 ought ev] to reta9 9 _! he>ts &  
memories1  ! maxim ( ! fam\s que5 (     
,c>?age1 :o be+ in=m$ t  ! ,trojans1 9  
consequ5ce ( h] m>ry+ ,eneas1 ent]ta9$  
hopes  ( receiv+ sup]ior indulg5ces to !
 ,tyrians f h]1 decl>$  h] p]fect       
indiff]5ce ( affection = !m all z a que5
 9 !  foll[+ words3        ,tros1       
,tyriusque mihi nullo discrim9e agetur4 
,,sect4 ,,ix4    ,,xlv4 ,hav+ spok5 9   
?is disc\rse1 ( ! fav\r t may be %ew$   
to a c\ntryman 9 pref]5ce to a /rang]1 9
 case he is a man (  equal m]it1 ,i     
?\ght x w\ld n be improp] "h1 to take   
notice  ( a moral po9t1 :i* frequ5tly   
occurs 9 practice1 & 9 :i*  ,i h (t5 se5

 m5 mi/ake1 :o 9 o!r respects are f> f  
absurd4 ,^?1 :o h annex$ to _! *>ges !  
di/ribution (  hon\rable & useful       
employm5ts1 if !y h n a p]fect k  ( !   
competitors = a vacant place1 commonly  
avail !mselves (  judicial or           
extrajudicial in=mations t\*+ _! m]its4 
,?is is  a case t (t5 occurs 9 !        
appo9tm5t to su* pr(essor%ips 9  _m     
univ]sities1 z are 9 ! disposal ( ! k+1 
or 8 supreme  c\ncil2 & 9 ^! in/ances1  
all ! doctors ( ?is univ]sity  ( ,oveido
 give _! in=mation to ! royal c\ncil    
promiscu\sly4  ,x is to be suppos$1 t ! 
p]son1 :o by 8 own or delegat$  au?ority
 appo9ts to ! (fice1 :5 two p]sons (    
equal m]it are  propos$ to him1 may v   
consi/5tly *use :i* he pleases2 b )     
respect to ! equality ( m]it1 if he is a
 /rang] to ! p>ties1  he mu/ be guid$ by
 ! in=mations he receives2 & ,i h se5 x 
v common1 :5 !y _h no j reason = do+ x1 
= p to  give _! in=mation 9 fav\r ( !   
man !y lik$ be/1 & ,i h  kn[n !m g s f>1
 z n only to recomm5d him 9 pref]5ce to 

8  competitor1 b to repres5t him z !    
only p]son qualifi$ to fill  ! vacant   
(fice4    ,,xlvi4 ,i call ?is an error1 
because t 9 my op9ion1 su* an  in=mation
 ^u ! face ( x1 is injuri\s & void ( all
  probability1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to  
demon/rate1 by expos+  ! malice &       
indirect proce$+ ( him1 :o betwe5 two   
equal  subjects1 ,pet] & ,john =        
example1 gives 8 in=mation 9 fav\r  (   
,pet]1 9 pref]5ce to ,john2 = ,i p]ceive
 9 su* behavi\r1  n only "o1 b ?ree     
s]i\s & di/9ct (f5ces4 ,& fir/1 he      
(f5ds mat]ially 9 8 in=mation1 aga9/ !  
virtue ( legal &  imp>tial ju/ice1 :i*  
requires1 t he %\ld repres5t p  accord+ 
to ! true degree ( _! m]its2 b he sw]ves
 f ?is  pr9ciple1 :o repres5ts ,pet] z  
sup]ior to ,john1 :5 he is n  s 9       
reality4 ,secondly1 he behaves unwor?ily
 & unju/ly to 8  ,pr9ce1 by usurp+ &    
preoccupy+ ! "r1 :i* he has to *use     
betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,?irdly1 he is guilty (
 inju/ice to ! said  ,john1 :o has a "r 
to be repres5t$ accord+ to ! true degree

 (  m]it he possesses2 & ! propos+ him z
 inf]ior to ,pet]1 :5  9 tru? he is     
equal to him1 is do+ him a manife/      
injury1 :i*  besides prejudic+ him )    
reg>d to o!r cont+5cies1 r5d]s x        
impossible 9 ?is in/ance1 = him to      
p>take ( ! k+'s grace (  *us+ him 9     
pref]5ce to 8 competitor ,pet]4         
,,xlvii4 ,f :at has be5 premis$1 x may  
be inf]r$1 t no  cont+5t c ev] happ51 9 
:i* an in=mant or vot] c  consi/5tly %ew
 fav\r1 or be p>tial to any man1 ei!r 9 
su*  an in/ance z we h j m5tion$1 or 9  
any o!r :atev]1  judicial or            
extrajudicial2 because z we h %ewn1     
competitions  betwe5 subjects ( equal   
m]it d n admit ( x1 & if ! m]its  ( !   
competitors are unequal1 ! inju/ice (   
su* a proce$+  is self-evid5t2          
consequ5tly1 to him :o acts             
consci5ti\sly1 all  recomm5dations or   
solicitations are useless & improp]2 =  
he w  n be biass$ by fri5d%ip1 c\ntry1  
gratitude1 s*ool-alliances1  religion1  
college-connections1 or any o!r motives 

:atev]4 ,b  ! mis=tune is1 t 9 !        
practice ( ! _w1 we see b few  examples 
( su* dis9t]e/$ & upright conduct1 ev5 9
 cases :]e  ! m]its ( c&idates are      
unequal2 b on ! contr>y1 :5ev]  an      
opposition is set on foot1 ! fav\r]s (  
ea* c&idate1 are  m occupi$ 9 canvass+  
suffrages1 ?an 9 /udy+ que/ions1  & m   
busi$ 9 exam9+ ! connections ( vot]s1   
?an books (  faculty4 ,! abuse is c>ri$ 
to su* a l5g?1 t sometimes a man's  act+
 ) integrity is imput$ to him z a crime4
 ,if a vot]1 :o  is solicit$ by a man ( 
em95ce1 answ]s +5u\sly1 & excuses       
himself f comply+ ) :at is reque/$ (    
him2 !y say he  is a r\gh1 ill-br$1     
unpoli%$ man3 if he does n yield to !   
solicitations ( a b5efactor1 !y call him
 ungrateful2 & if he  does n give way to
 ! intreaties ( a fri5d1 !y exclaim t he
  is call\s to ! feel+s ( fri5d%ip4     
,f9ally1 x appe>s to me1  t a m         
intol]able error ?an ?is _c exi/1 = ,i h
 se5  m5 mu* e/eem$ by ! g5]ality (     
mank9d = _! wor?1 :o  h always pro/itut$

 _! votes to ^! or "s o!r temporal      
motives2 b 9 ! "n ( reason1 c a man h   
any fri5d s great  or s good z ,god8 ,is
 !re any b5efactor1 to :om we owe s mu* 
z to him8 ,h[ %all we reconcile ?is8 ,c 
he be call$ a grateful1  an hon\rable1  
or a good man1 :o c be want+ 9 8 duty to
 8  be/ fri5d & greate/ b5efactor1 by   
act+ unju/ly to oblige a  creature1 to  
:om he owes ?is or t limit$ respect1 &  
to :om  also x is impossible he %\ld owe
 any ?+ :atev]1 b :at he  owes          
pr9cipally1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,god8 
,9 va9 ,i h  urg$ ^! argum5ts 9 v>i\s   
private conv]sations2 & ,i believe  x is
 9 va9 also1 t ,i n[ use !m ) ! public  
at l>ge2 b  if !y %all n be effectual to
 am5d ! abuse1 !y w at lea/  s]ve to    
disbur!n my m9d1 & give v5t to my *agr94
              ,,on      ,,true ,,&      
,,false      ,,urbanity4      ,,sect4   
,i4    ,i4 ,! signification ( ! ^w      
,urbanity is equivocal1 s t :5  y read x
 9 diff]5t au?ors :o liv$ 9 di/9ct      
times1 y  w f9d1 ! s5se !y und]/ood x 9 

v>i$ exce$+ly4 ,x's  imm$iate d]ivation 
is f ! ,lat9 ^w ,urbanus1 :i* spr+s  f  
urbs a city2 b not)/&+ ?is1 x did n     
imply city 9  g5]al2 = x's mean+ at     
fir/1 0 conf9$ 9 an especial mann]  to  
signify ! city ( ,rome4    ,,ii4 ,!     
reason ( ?is 01 t ! ^w urbanus began to 
be fir/  made use (1 at ! "t t ! ,roman 
republic 0 9 ! z5i? (  x's prosp]ity1 & 
?is may be evid5tly inf]r$1 f           
,qu9tilian's  say+ ! ^w 0 new 9 ! days (
 ,cic]o2 ,cic]o favorem1 et  urbanum    
nova cr$it4 ,x 0 !n t ! g5]ical ^w urbs 
began  to be us$ by way ( em95ce1 to    
signify ! city ( ,rome1 on acc\nt  ( x's
 port5t\s gr&eur2 & ) ! same pace t     
,rome proce$$  to dom9e] ov] ! _w1 t    
sort ( culture :i* ! ,romans  look$ ^u z
 an excell5ce peculi> to !mselves1      
proce$$ to ga9  gr\nd1 & prevail 9 !    
city1 & x 0 !n t ! ,romans began  to    
make use ( ! ^w ,urbanus1 to express t  
comp\nd sort (  cultivation t p receiv$ 
!re1 :i* seem$ n to be conf9$  to lett]s
 & sci5ces only1 b also to compreh5d    

mann] &  punctillo also2 homo urbanus1  
s]mo urbanus2 & !y us$ ! ^w  urbanitas1 
to express ^? accompli%m5ts 9 an        
ab/ract$ s5se4    ,,iii4 ,b all au?ors  
did n give ! same ext5sion to !         
cultivation  impli$ by ! ^w urbanitas4  
,cic]o1 z we "k f 8 book de  cl>is      
oratoribus1 re/ra9$ x to a graceful     
mann] ( speak+1  :i* 0 peculi> to !     
,romans4    ,,iv4 ,qu9tilian ?9ks1 !    
graceful mann] ( speak+1 :i* 0  peculi> 
to ! ,romans1 & :i* consi/$ 9 _! prop]  
*oice (  words1 _! j application ( !m1 &
 ! dec5t tone ( _!  voices1 did n       
compreh5d ! :ole1 b 0 only a "p ( !     
accompli%m5t t 0 meant to be express$ by
 ! t]m ,urbanity2 &  he assigns z ano!r 
"p app]ta9+ to x1 a t9cture ( erudition 
acquir$ by frequ5t conv]sation ) le>n$  
m52 nam1 et urbanitas  dicitur1 qua     
quidem signific>i s]monem pr se f]5tem 9
 v]bis1 et  sono1 et usu proprium       
quemdam gu/um urbis1 et sumptam ex      
conv]satione  doctorum tacitam          
eruditionem1 d5ique cui contr>ia sit    

ru/icitas4    ,v4 ,domitius ,m>sus1 an  
au?or :o liv$ ab\t mid-way betwe5 ! days
  ( ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian1 & :o wrote a   
treatise ^u ,urbanity1  :i* we are      
indebt$ to ,qu9tilian = ! k (1 /rikes   
into a new track1 & ma9ta9s ,urbanity to
 consi/ 9 ! ke5ness  & =ce ( a %ort pi?y
 expression1 :i* delights & incl9es  !  
he>] to be affect$ 9 ! mann] ! speak]   
c\ld wi%2 &  :i* is well adapt$ to      
excite ei!r resi/ance or ass5t1 accord+ 
to ! circum/ances ( p]sons & ?+s3       
,urbanitas e/ virtus  qudam 9 breve     
dictum coacta1 et apta ad delect&os1    
mov5dosque 9  omnem affectum animos1    
maxime idonea ad resi/5dum1 vel         
lacess5dum1  pr\t quque res ac p]sona   
desid]ant4 7,qu9tilian ubi supra47 ,?is 
def9ition is truly confus$1 & ei!r      
expla9s no?+1 or else1  only expla9s a  
p>ticul> idea ( ! au?or1 di/9ct f e  ?+ 
t has hi!rto be5 und]/ood1 respect+ !   
mean+ ( !  ^w ,urbanity4    ,,vi4 ,!    
moral philosoph]s1 :o h /udi$ & lab\r$  
to expla9  ! admirable e?ics (          

,ari/otle1 h consid]$ ?is ^w z          
equival5t to ! ,greek "o ,eutrapelia1   
:i* ,ari/otle made use (  to express t  
virtue1 :i* influ5ces p to obs]ve       
mod]ation  9 ! tone ( _! voice1 & _!    
mann] ( express+ !mselves2  z vici\s    
extremes 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 7 apt to       
deg5]ate into  ru/icity1 or else1 to be 
att5d$ ) scurrility & buffoonry2 &  ^!  
are ! s5tim5ts ( our c>d9al ,aguirre &  
c\nt ,manuel  ,!saurus4    ,,vii4 ,b    
nei!r ! ^w urbanity1 nor t ( ru/icity1  
:i* is  its opposite1 are made use ( to 
express at pres5t1 :at !y 7  und]/ood to
 imply =m]ly4 ,!y call him n[-a-days1 an
 agreeable  or well-br$ man1 & n a man (
 urbanity1 :o speaks 9 a mod]ate  &     
pleas+ tone ( voice1 & :o expresses     
himself 9 dec5t &  opportune phrases2 & 
he :o deliv]s himself 9 an opposite     
mann]1  !y d n call a ru/ic1 b a co>se  
or an unpleasant man1 or else  describe 
him by phrases t are equival5t to ^?4   
,,sect4 ,,ii4    ,,viii4 ,b to come to !
 acceptation t is giv5 to ! ^w ,urbanity

  9 ^! pres5t times1 & to ! s5se 9 :i* x
 seems n[ to be  g5]ally und]/ood 9     
,spa91 x signifies ! same z ,cortesania2
  b x is also true1 t "s give a m       
limit$1 & "s a m  ext5sive signification
 to ?is phrase4 ,!re are ^? :o und]/&   
cortesane1 or c\rte\s1 to mean ! same z 
well-br$1 & to express  a man :o 9 8    
comm]ce ) o!r m51 conducts himself ) t  
decorum & c]emony :i* is prescrib$ by   
good education4 ,b among/  ^? :o def9e  
?+s ) propriety1 ,i believe a c\rte\s   
man  is und]/ood to mean "o1 :o1 by 8   
natural disposition1 has a  prop5sity 9 
all 8 words & actions1 to conduct       
himself ) t  temp] & mann]1 t makes 8   
conv]sation & company agreeable  &      
pleas+ to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,tak5 9 ?is   
s5se1 ! ,spani%  ^w ,cortesania1 is     
equival5t to ! ,fr5* "o ,politesse1 to !
  ,italian "o ,civilit1 & to ! ,lat9 "o 
,comitas4    ,,ix4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w  
,cortesania1 is analog\s to t (         
,urbanitas2 = z ?is la/ 0 tak5 f ! ^w   
,urbs1 :i*  accord+ to ! cu/om !n 9 use1

 0 look$ ^u to be applicable  to ! city 
( ,rome1 :i* 0 !n ! capital ( a v great 
"p  ( ! _w1 ! t]m ,urbanity 0 und]/ood  
to imply1 t sort (  cultivation :i* 0 !n
 9 vogue at ,rome4 ,j s ,cortesania1    
:i* 9 ,spa9 is d]iv$ f ,corte1 or c\rt1 
:]e x is g5]ally  suppos$ p behave ) !  
greate/ polit5ess is und]/ood to  imply 
t sort ( good bre$+ :i* is g5]ally      
practis$ !re1  & :i* we express by ! t]m
 ,cortesania4    ,x4 ,und]/&+ !n ! ^w   
,urbanity 9 ?is s5se1 ,i %all def9e  x 9
 ! foll[+ mann]2 t x is a virtue1 or    
virtu\s habit1  :i* directs & leads a   
man bo? 9 8 words & actions 9 su*  a    
way1 z makes 8 company & behavi\r       
sav\ry1 grateful1 &  engag+1 to ! re/ ( 
mank9d4 ,i %all n emb>rass myself1 ab\t 
:e!r "s p ?9k ?is def9ition too         
r$undant1 & t x  seems to express m ?an 
! t]m ,urbanity implies4 ,i adju/ !     
def9ition to ! int]pretation ,i myself  
put ^u ! t]m1 & to !  s5se x is und]/ood
 91 by ^? :o h treat$ ( ! subject 9  !  
mo/ approv$ mann]4 ,^? :o give less     

ext5sion to ! ^w1  may1 if !y please1   
def9e ! ?+ 9 ano!r mann]4 ,disputes     
ab\t def9itions are m]e nom9al que/ions1
 & may n improp]ly  be call$ play+ ^u   
words4 ,e "o def9es a ?+1 accord+ to  ! 
acceptation he gives to ! ^w t expresses
 x4 ,if all m5  7 to agree 9 !          
acceptation ( a ^w1 !y w\ld sc>ce ev]   
diff] 9 ! def9ition ( ! object t is     
express$ by x2 b  ! mis=tune is1 t !    
same ^w1 excites 9 diff]5t p  diff]5t   
ideas ) respect to ! mean+ ( x1 & h5ce x
 is1  t we see su* a v>iety (           
def9itions4    ,,xi4 ,!re is no d\bt1 b 
t all ! p>ticul>s :i* compose a  c\rte\s
 c>riage1 %\ld lead to ! atta9m5t ( a   
c]ta9 end1 &  %\ld be calculat$ to      
induce a c]ta9 mann] 9 all a man's      
ext]ior  behavi\r1 t %\ld be free f any 
mixture ( ! indec5t1 !  (f5sive1 or !   
tiresome2 b t on ! contr>y x %\ld r  be 
comb9$1 ) ! grateful1 ! dec5t1 & !      
opportune4    ,,xii4 ,urbanity1 l all   
o!r moral virtues1 is plac$ betwe5 two  
vici\s extremes2 "o ( :i* x is apt to   

run into by exce$+1 &  ! o!r by         
defici5cy1 or n do+ en\gh4 ,! fir/ is   
occasion$  by t excessive complaisance  
:i* bord]s ^u meanness2 & !  second1 by 
a rigid unsav\ry res]ve1 :i* has !      
appe>ance (  ru/icity4      ,,sect4     
,,iii4    ,,xiii4 ,z !re is no virtue1  
^: use is s g5]al & common z ?an  (     
,urbanity1 s !re is no "o :i* is s mu*  
c\nt]feit$ &  falsifi$ by hypocrisy4    
,!re are m5 :o by seldom f9d+ !mselves  
9 a situation to ex]cise "s p>ticul>    
virtues1 are n v  anxi\s ab\t contriv+  
means to imitate !m by hypocrisy2 b z   
,urbanity is a virtue t all m5 h        
opportunities ( ex]cis+1  x is 9 ! p[] (
 all m5 to c\nt]feit x by deceit4 ,9    
tru?1  ! hypocrites 9 ! l9e ( ,urbanity 
are innum]able4 ,all ! _w  sup]-ab\nd ) 
expressions ( submission & pr(\nd       
respect1  ) obsequi\s (f]s1 & )         
exagg]at$ pr(essions ( e/eem1  ) smil+  
c\nt5ances1 ^: ess5ce consi/s 9 ! comm& 
!y  h ( _! features1 & 9 expressions (  
_! lips1 9 :i*  _! he>ts h n ! lea/ %>e2

 b on ! contr>y1 are r  impress$ )      
s5tim5ts1 t are q opposite to ^? false  
appe>ances1 & mock demon/rations4       
,,xiv4 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld ,urbanity be      
implant$ 9 ! he>t8 ,)\t  d\bt x %\ld1 or
 x is at lea/ f !nce t x ought to d]ive 
its orig94 ,if x 0 o!rwise1 h[ c\ld x be
 a virtue8 ,reason tells  u1 t !re is an
 hone/ complaisance due f "o man to     
ano!r2  & :atev] reason dictates %\ld be
 e/eem$ a virtue4 ,b h[ c a  ly+1       
deceitful1 & affect$ complaisance be a  
virtue8 ,x is evid5t  x _c4 ,urbanity !n
 %\ld arise f ! bottom ( ! s\l4 ,:at    
does n d t1 is n ,urbanity1 b hypocrisy 
t c\nt]feits  x4 ,an hone/ s\l1 /&s 9 no
 ne$ ( fiction to assi/ x 9 !  obs]vance
 ( all ^? att5tions :i* compose         
good-bre$+1 because  x is naturally     
incl9$ to ! obs]vance ( !m1 left alone  
to  itself4 ,by an innate prop5sity1    
accompani$ by ! light ( reason1  su* a  
"o w nev]1 ^u any occasion1 be f\nd     
want+ 9 !  respect t is due to 8        
sup]iors1 nor 9 ! condesc5sion he  %\ld 

%ew to 8 equals1 nor 9 ! affability he  
%\ld practice  ) 8 inf]iors1 nor 9 !    
good-w & graci\s mann]1 )  :i* he %\ld  
manife/ to all m51 bo? 9 words & de$s1  
^!  laudable dispositions ( 8 m9d1 & 8  
love ( human society4    ,,xv4 ,i am n  
ignorant1 t ,urbanity is commonly       
und]/ood to consi/  9 our ext]nal       
te/ification ( respect & b5evol5ce to ^?
  ) :om we conv]se4 ,b if ?is           
te/ification1 is n accompani$  ) !      
affections ( ! m9d t are express$ by x1 
x becomes  deceitful1 & _c possibly     
con/itute t sort ( urbanity1 :i*        
consi/s 9 a virtu\s habit2 = 9 ord] to  
con/itute su* a "o1  x w\ld be necess>y 
t ! te/ification %\ld be s9c]e1 :i*     
am\nts to ! same z say+1 t !re is       
ess5tially includ$ 9  urbanity1 !       
exi/5ce ( ^? s5tim5ts1 :i* are express$ 
by  c\rte\s words & actions4            
,,sect4 ,,iv4    ,,xvi4 ,x is c]ta91 t  
c\rts are ! great public s*ools ( true  
,urbanity2 b !y h mix$ s mu* false 9 ^? 
s*ools 9 !  practice ( x1 t "s h be5 l$ 

to ?9k1 x has ne>ly  obscur$ ! true1 (  
:i*1 !re seems to be sc>ce any ?+ left  
b ! m]e appe>ance4 ,i believe1 t )\t    
disp>agem5t to  any o!r c\rts we ev]    
he>d (1 ^? ( anti5t ,rome1 & mod]n      
,p>is1 may be e/eem$ ! mo/ cultivat$ &  
polite t h be5  kn[n 9 ! _w4 ,aft]      
m5tion+ ?is1 let u he> :at two au?ors   
say :o 7 well v]s$ 9 ! practice ( !m    
bo?4 ,! fir/ is  ,juv5al1 :o cle>ly     
gives u to und]/&1 t he :o c\ld n lie  &
 flatt] %\ld )draw f c\rt1 z !re 7 no   
hopes ( 8  gett+ any ?+ by 8 att5dance  
!re--        ,quid ,rom faciam8 ,m5tiri 
nescio2 librum      ,si malus e/1 nequeo
 laud>e1 c4    ,,xvii4 ,! second is !   
abbot ,boileau1 a fam\s prea*] at ,p>is 
9  ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4 ,?is     
em95t man1 9 a treatise  he publi%$1    
entitl$ ,*oice ,?\ghts or ,reflexions1  
drew su* a  picture ( ! c\rt (          
,v]sailles1 z %ews ! ,urbanity ex]cis$  
!re1 _h deg5]at$ n only into            
dissimulation1 b ev5 into  trea*]y1     
al?\gh he admits1 ?is 0 n ! practice ( e

 "o  :o att5d$ x4 ,^! are 8 words3      
,,xviii4 8,:at are ! mann]s & behavi\r (
 a c\rti]8 ,:y !y  consi/ 9 flatt]+ 8   
enemies :ile he is afraid ( _! p[]2  & 9
 endeav\r+ to de/roy !m :5ev] he f9ds an
 opportunity  = do+ x2 9 be+ civil to1 &
 mak+ use ( 8 fri5ds :5 he  /&s 9 ne$ ( 
_! assi/ance1 & 9 turn+ 8 back ^u !m  :5
 !y c be ( no fur!r s]vice to him2 9    
seek+ out p[]ful  protectors1 :om he    
fawns on1 & idolizes ext]iorly1 &       
frequ5tly  despises 9 secret4    ,,xix4 
8,c\rtly ,urbanity1 consi/s 9 conv]t+   
dissimulation &  deceit1 into ! law or  
rule ( a man's actions2 & repres5t+ all 
sorts ( p 9 su* col\rs1 z y\r int]e/    
dictates to y t  y %\ld pa9t !m2 9 be>+ 
slights & disappo9tm5ts ) a  =c$ res]ve1
 & 9 await+ ) a /ra9$ appe>ance ( mode/y
  & composure1 ! fav\rs ( ,=tune4       
,,xx4 8,9 a c\rt1 = ! mo/ "p !re is no  
s9c]ity1 b almo/  e ?+ y see !re1 is    
comp\nd$ ( hypocrisy1 deceit1 &         
malevol5ce2 = example1 9 peoples do+    
und]h& ill (fices  to ea* o!r2 9        

contriv+ & lay+ sn>es t nobody c be     
aw>e (2 9 be>+ pa9ful & mortify+ disgu/s
 ) a smil+  c\nt5ance2 & 9 hid+ "u an   
app>5t %ew ( mode/y1 !  pride ( ,lucif]4
 ,x is v common 9 a c\rt1 = a man n to  
be  p]mitt$ to love :om he likes1 to d  
:at he %\ld1 nor to speak  :at he ?9ks4 
,x is necess>y to keep sil5ce1 9 ord] to
 conceal  y\r s5tim5ts1 & x is also     
necess>y1 to acquire a facility at      
*ang+ !m4 ,y mu/ applaud1 abuse1 love1  
abhor1 speak1 & live1  n accord+ to y\r 
own lik+ or incl9ation1 b 9 con=mity to 
! arbitr>y w & caprice ( o!r p4         
,,xxi4 8,9 :at d ! o!r mann]s & mode ( a
 man's conduct+  himself consi/ 9 a     
c\rti]8 ,:y 9 dissembl+ injuries1 & 9   
rev5g+ !m2 9 flatt]+ 8 enemies1 & 9     
de/roy+ !m2 9  promis+ e ?+ = ! sake (  
obta9+ a dignity or promotion1  & 9     
p]=m+ none ( ^! promises aft] he has got
 x2 9  repay+ fav\rs ) words1 s]vices ) 
plausible assurances1 &  debts )        
?reat5+s4 ,at c\rt1 !y 9 ! same brea?   
implore &  execrate ,=tune1 applaud &   

despise m]it2 & !y also disguise !      
tru?1 "u an o/5tati\s appe>ance (       
frankness40    ,,xxii4 ,i believe !re is
 a great deal ( ?is sort ( dissimulation
  all ov] ! _w2 b x is natural to       
suppose1 !re is m (  x practis$ 9 c\rts 
?an 9 o!r places1 = ! incitem5ts to  !  
ex]cise ( ! be=e-m5tion$ vices1 are     
g5]ally /rong]  !re1 ?an !y are f\nd to 
be out ( ^? circles4 ,!re is n a        
passion nor an appetite1 :i* !re a man  
does n seem )9 rea*  ( indulg+1 & !     
objects :i* /imulate 8 desires1 %9e  =? 
!re also 9 _! greate/ spl5dor4 ,!       
ambiti\s man fancies  himself on ! po9t 
( grasp+ hon\rs1 & ! covet\s "o ri*es4  
,! pret5d]s are vy+ ) ea* o!r1 ! emul\s 
cont5d+ )  ! emul\s1 & ! envi\s ) !     
envi$4 ,!re ! success ( !  unwor?y man1 
is />+ ! neglect$ des]v+ "o 9 ! face1 & 
!re ! h&s ( ! unskilful arti/ fully     
employ$1 is exhibit+  a disgu/+         
spectacle1 to ! able "o :o has no?+ to  
d4 ,&  al?\gh a mode/ man :o only views 
?is at a great di/ance1 or :o  only he>s

 x f report1 may reason ^u x1 & conta9  
himself l  a philosoph]1 /ill1 :5 !     
mortify+ prospect is s ne> him1 he  c   
sc>ce speak ( ! ?+ ) temp]1 nor look ^u 
x )\t  fall+ into a passion4 ,?us x is  
almo/ morally impossible1 t  ! he>ts ( !
 neglect$ m5 %\ld n be 9 a cont9ual /ate
 (  f]m5tation1 & _! feel+s 9 a         
tumultu\s agitation1 :i* is  att5d$1 n s
 mu* ) ! corruption ( ! m5 !mselves1 z  
) t ( _! mann]s4    ,,xxiii4 ,b not)/&+ 
all t has be5 all$g$1 we ought to       
conclude1 t ! two be=e-nam$ au?ors      
exagg]at$ ! evils !y  meant to repreh5d4
 ,!re is a great deal ( bad 9 c\rts1 b  
!re  is also "s good to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,!
 compla9ts t m]it is  neglect$1 are     
frequ5tly no?+ m ?an sighs1 :i* express 
!  grief & disappo9tm5ts ( ! he>t f :5ce
 !y proce$4 ,!  same man :o lam5ts      
political mismanagem5t1 :ile he is n    
p]mitt$  to g beyond ! por* ( !         
fav\rite's h\se1 :5 he has once  ga9$   
admittance into x1 beg9s to applaud 8   
conduct1 z he asc5ds  ! /eps lead+ to 8 

levee-room2 :i* is a pro( t :at he      
meant by mismanagem5t & a bad conduct$  
gov]nm5t1 0 su* a "o  z he got no?+ "u1 
& t :at he und]/&s by a good "o1  is su*
 a "o z is advantage\s to him4 ,i h at  
all times he>d !  adm9i/ration ill spok5
 (1 b if we come to enquire by :om1 we  
%all f9d x is *iefly done1 by           
importunate c&idates = places  &        
employm5ts1 :o are unable to atta9 :at  
!y nev] des]v$1  & by litigi\s suitors1 
:o 7 ju/ly disappo9t$ ( success 9  _!   
vexati\s attempts1 & :o h be5 condemn$  
to pay co/s1 =  comm5c+ unju/           
prosecutions2 by del9qu5ts :o h be5     
legally  mulct$ = _! misde$s2 by        
ignorant p :o h pass$ = m5  ( und]/&+1 &
 :o )\t hav+ /udi$ 9 any o!r s*ool1  ?an
 t ( a c(fee-h\se or a club-room1 h     
presum$ to give  positive op9ions1 ^u ! 
mo/ important & difficult political &   
milit>y que/ions2 & f9ally1 by weak p1  
:o fancy t a good  gov]nm5t c effect    
impossibilities1 & t !y are able to make
  all ! subjects ( a /ate1 happy &      

cont5t$4    ,,xxiv4 ,nei!r my g5ius1 nor
 my de/9y h all[$ me to h mu*  int]c\rse
 ) m9i/]s 9 high /ations2 b ,i h he>d   
s9c]e  judici\s m51 :o h kn[n _m ( !m   
well1 speak ( !m1 9  t]ms v diff]5t f ^?
 !y h be5 spok5 ( by ! vulg>2  & :o h   
express$ a diff]5t op9ion1 bo? ( _!     
abilities &  _! int5tions1 f t :i* has  
be5 commonly propagat$4 ,nor  inde$ is x
 cr$ible1 t pr9ces1 :o g5]ally "k m5's  
political  *>act]s bett] ?an private p1 
%\ld make *oice ( m5 =  _! m9i/]s1 :o   
are ei!r incapable1 or wick$ly dispos$4 
,if 9 case t !y %\ld h be5 mi/ak5 9 !   
op9ion !y  ent]ta9$ ( !m1 & !y f9d ^u   
try+ !m1 t !y are n  equal to conduct ! 
bus9ess !y h confid$ to _! managem5t1   
!y may easily remove !m4 ,?us x is      
utt]ly improbable to me1 t  a man       
de/itute ( all m]it1 %\ld = any l5g? (  
"t1 occupy a  po/ ( great importance1 or
 h ! e> ( 8 sov]eign4    ,,xxv4 ,)      
respect to inf]ior m9i/]s1 su* =        
example1 z !  pr9cipal p & magi/rates 9 
! prov9ces1 ,i h _h a great  deal (     

exp]i5ce1 & prote/1 t = ! mo/ "p1 ,i h  
f\nd  !m to be ! be/ sort ( m5 to be met
 ) 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i say  = ! mo/ "p1 = x  
_c be d5i$1 t among ?is class1  !re are 
m5 to be f\nd t are n v upright1 & m ?an
 a  little addict$ to av>ice4 ,& by :at 
,i f9d ! pr9cipal directors1  lawy]s1 & 
magi/rates 9 ! c\ntry to be1 ,i judge ( 
^? ab\t  ! c\rt2 & x seems natural to   
me1 t ! high] ! sph]e (  life is 9 :i* p
 move1 !y are ! m /imulat$ by motives  (
 hon\r1 & less likely to desc5d to1 or  
be guilty ( mean actions4      ,,sect4  
,v4    ,,xxvi4 ,nei!r d ,i believe above
 half t is said1 ( ! neglect t  is %ewn 
to m]it1 & ! ab&on$ situation x f9ds    
itself 9 at  c\rt2 = ! numb] ( c&idates 
= pref]m5t t may be f\nd  !re1 :o h no  
m]it at all1 w\ld ^u enquiry appe> to be
 v  consid]able1 & t among !m1 y w meet 
) mis*ief-mak]s1  toge!r ) crafty1      
deceitful1 & trea*]\s p1 ^: bad         
practices & *>act]s1 x is almo/ beyond !
 p[] ( language to  describe2 :o are a  
sort ( imps ( ,satan1 t = ! mo/ "p s]ve 

! ,devil )\t pay2 & are a k9d ( galley  
slaves ^u e>?1 :o  jo9 to t slav]y1 be+ 
! galley boatswa9s mates1 or driv]s  (  
ea* o!r1 ^: o>1 & ^: sc\rge1 are nev]   
out ( _!  h&s1 = fe> ( _! n be+ ! fir/  
to arrive at ! desir$  port1 & to       
accompli% :at !y _h 9 view4 ,!y are a   
species (  idolat]s ( ,=tune1 :o        
sacrifice z victims to t deity1 _!      
companions1 _! relations1 _! fri5ds1 &  
_! b5efactors2 &  9 ! end !mselves also1
 or _! own s\ls4 ,:at h we n to  expect1
 or :at h we n to fe> f m5 ( ?is "*8    
,,xxvii4 ,i h be5 ?ree times at c\rt1 b 
ei!r f my natural  incuriosity1 or      
because my /ay !re ea* "t 0 b %ort1 ,i  
came  away z ignorant ( ! practices ( a 
c\rt1 z ,i w5t2 & only  took p>ticul>   
notice ( "o circum/ance1 :i* is relative
 to  ! subject ,i am n[ treat+ (4 ,i saw
 !re1 z 9 o!r places1  ,urbanity        
deg5]ate into t fulsome k9d ( c]emony1  
:i* may be  t]m$ cr++ complaisance4     
,accid5t furni%$ me ) numb]less         
opportunities ( see+ su* ?+s2 & ,i h    

frequ5tly obs]v$  two p :o h usually met
 toge!r 9 _! walks1 & :o1 z  ,i h be5   
in=m$1 _h a tol]able indiff]5ce = ea*   
o!r1  & ev5 look$ ^u "o ano!r )         
reciprocal contempt2 ,i say ,i  h se5 ^!
 p ^u _! meet+1 /rive :i* %\ld excel  9 
expressions ( ! love1 v5]ation & respect
 !y bore to ea*  o!r4 ,!re 0 sc>ce a ^w 
came out ( _! m\?s1 :i* 0 n  accompani$ 
) "s affect$ ge/ures4 ,_! eyes ca/      
glances (  t5d] devotion on ea* o!r1 &  
milk & honey fl[$ f _!  lips2 b at !    
same "t _! affectation 0 s palpable1 t  
any  man ( ! lea/ disc]nm5t1 might h    
p]ceiv$ ! disagreem5t  !re 01 betwe5 _! 
he>ts & _! appe>ances4 ,i laugh$        
inw>dly at !m bo?1 & ,i believe !y also 
9 _! he>ts1 laugh$  mutually at ea* o!r4
    ,,xxviii4 ,i saw once two lawy]s    
acco/ ea* o!r1 ) su* extreme            
expressions ( t5d]ness1 t a ,portuguese 
might h le>n$ f  !m1 phrases & ge/ures =
 feats ( gallantry4 ,bo? ^! p  _h places
 at c\rt1 on :i* acc\nt !y c\ld n avoid 
see+ ea*  o!r pretty frequ5tly2 & !re 0 

no fri5d%ip betwe5 !m2  not)/&+ :i*1 _! 
expressions 7 l ^? ( ! mo/  cordial     
fri5ds1 :o _h met toge!r aft] a long    
abs5ce4    ,,xxxix4 ,hav+ express$ to "s
 p :o 7 us$ to ! c\rt1 h[  disgu/+ ?is  
appe>$ to me1 !y answ]$ t ?is 0 behav+  
9 ! c\rt /ile2 b w\ld n any "o :o he>s  
?is1 conclude !  c\rt 0 no?+ b a comic  
!atre1 :]e all ! _w act ! "p  (         
enamoratos2 al?\gh to speak ! tru?1 x 0 
only 9 spirits (  inf]ior ord]1 t ,i    
not$ ?is amor\s k9d ( f>rago4 ,9 ^? (  m
 elevat$ he>ts & m9ds1 if !y don't owe !
 ?+ to _!  own g5ius & disposition1 !   
education ( a c\rt produces a bett]     
effect1 & exhibits p ( a m noble        
behavi\r1 & su* z is  prop] to1 &       
expressive ( true urbanity4 ,i say ,i h 
obs]v$ 9  su*1 affability1 sweetness1   
expressions ( b5evol5ce1 & (f]s  ( k9d  
s]vices2 all :i* 7 t5d]$ ) propriety1 & 
9 a  dec5t g5]\s mann]1 free f affect$  
exagg]ations1 b animat$  at ! same "t1 &
 express$ ) s natural an air1 t !       
articulations ( ! tongue1 7 indications 

( ! emotions ( !  m9d1 & ! feel+s ( !   
he>t4    ,,xxx4 ,cato1 z ,tully tells u1
 said1 he wond]$ h[ two augurs :5ev]  !y
 met1 c\ld refra9 f laugh+ at ea* o!r2 z
 !y bo? well  knew1 t _! :ole art 0 a   
m]e impo/ure4 ,i ?9k ! say+ may  be     
appli$ to two fulsomely complaisant     
c\rti]s2 = ,i d n see h[  ^? :o h once  
salut$ ea* o!r 9 ?is cr++ & affect$     
way1 c ^u meet+ aga91 =be> laugh+ 9 ea* 
o!rs faces1 z  !y bo? "k1 t all !       
hyp]bolical pr(essions ( _! e/eem1      
affection1 & read9ess to oblige1 mean   
no?+1 & t ?is is all  a m]e common-place
 f>rago or rhapsody1 q de/itute ( tru?  
or  reality4    ,,xxxi4 ,i h said1 t 9 !
 less] t[ns ,i h visit$1 ,i h  n obs]v$ 
s mu* by a great deal1 ( ?is ridicul\s  
p>ade4 ,x  is true1 t y w f9d 9 !m1 "s  
few p :o walk ab\t  ! /reets ) inc5se 9 
_! h&s1 to (f] up to1 & idolize  all ^?1
 :om !y fancy c be ( any s]vice to !m2 b
 !y  are look$ ^u l :at !y are1 n z m5 (
 wor?1 b z m5  ( craft1 ^: inc5se smells
 sav\ry 9 ! no/rils ( none b  fools4    

,?is sort ( behavi\r ab\t ! c\rt1       
frequ5tly passes =  good-bre$+2 b 9 ^!  
o!r places x is condemn$ z meanness4    
,,sect4 ,,vi4    ,,xxxii4 ,i am p]suad$ 
t solid & brilliant urbanity1 has mu* m 
( ! natural ?an ! acquir$ 9 its         
composition4 ,a good1 s\nd1  &          
unemb>rass$ m9d1 accompani$ )           
discretion1 :i* is g5tle  )\t meanness1 
& is dispos$ by g5ius & incl9ation to   
con=m  to e ?+ t is n contr>y to reason1
 to :i* dispositions  !re is annex$ a   
cle> und]/&+1 or native prud5ce1 :i*    
dictates to a man h[ he %\ld speak &    
act1 accord+ to !  diff]5t circum/ances 
& situations 9 :i* he f9ds himself1  w1 
)\t /udy+ 9 any s*ool1 acquit himself   
well1 & appe>  agreeable 9 8 comm]ce )  
mank9d4 ,x is true1 t he w be  defici5t 
9 8 k ( ^? =ms1 modes1 & c]emonies1 :i* 
p /udy 9 c\rts1 & :i* are *ang$ by      
caprice at e  turn2 b 9 ! fir/ place1   
natural advantages1 :i* always are      
intr9sically valuable1 & :i* w ev]      
op]ate1 w supply ^u  ord9>y occasions1 !

 want ( /udi$ =ms2 & secondly1 a mode/  
& c&id confession1 to ^? y happ5 to be 9
 company )1 (  y\r ignorance ( political
 =ms & c]emonies1 on acc\nt ( y\r  hav+ 
be5 born & br$ 9 ! prov9ces :]e !y are n
 g5]ally  practis$1 w be a suffici5t    
excuse = y\r transgression (  ^? =ms1 & 
ev5 y\r do+ ?is1 w appe> bett] 9 ! eyes 
( reasonable p1 ?an y\r obs]v+ a /ra9$ &
 scrupul\s  att5tion to !m4    ,,xxxiii4
 ,i h avail$ myself _m times ( ?is      
res\rce at c\rt2  :]e ,i h made no      
scruple to decl>e1 t ,i 0 born & br$ 9  
a small c\ntry t[n2 & t ,i e>ly ent]$   
myself a memb] ( a  religi\s ord]1 ^:   
pr9cipal c>e x 01 to seclude its sons1  
& especially 9 _! y\?1 f all comm]ce ) !
 _w4 ,t  my g5ius naturally dispos$ me  
to abhor bu/le1 & avoid great  conc\rses
 ( p2 & except+ ?ree ye>s t ,i 0 a /ud5t
  at ,salamanca1 :i* may n improp]ly be 
t]m$ ?ree ye>s (  solitude1 on acc\nt ( 
! heads ( our college n p]mitt+ _!  "y  
memb]s to h ! lea/ int]c\rse ) secul> p2
 ,i say  except+ ^! ?ree ye>s1 ,i h liv$

 all ! re/ ( my life1 9  ,galicia &     
,a/urias1 :i* are prov9ces at a great   
di/ance f  c\rt2 & besides all ?is1 ,i h
 a natural dislike to /udy+  c]emonies2 
b ,i am aw>e h[ev]1 t n only ! sub/ance1
 b  ! =ms ( !m also1 are necess>y to    
political society2 al?\gh ,i  d n       
consid] t z an important =m1 :i* consi/s
 ( rules t  are e/abli%$ to-day1 & *ang$
 to-morr[1 j z :im & caprice  dictate2  
"s ( :i* =ms1 or modes1 prevail 9 "o    
c\ntry1 &  are diff]5t 9 ano!r2 b ,i    
mean to speak ( ^? =ms or modes  only1  
:i* reason dictates %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all
 times1 & 9 all  places4 ,f ! be=e-nam$ 
decl>ation1 x may be easily conceiv$  h[
 little ,i und]/& ( c\rtly c]emonies2   
not)/&+ :i*1  ) ! assi/ance ( ! above   
frank confession1 ,i nev] f\nd  myself !
 lea/ emb>rass$1 & ,i p]ceiv$1 no?+ ,i  
said or did  appe>$ disagreeable to ^?  
,i conv]s$ )1 b t r on !  contr>y1 my   
natural behavi\r seem$ pleas+ to !m4    
,,xxxiv4 ,m5 ( sublime spirits & elevat$
 und]/&+1 possess a  natural privilege  

to disp5se ) =malities :5ev] !y ?9k     
prop]2 j z musicians ( great g5ius are  
all[$ ^u _m  occasions1 to dep>t f !    
common rules ( _! art2 _! do+  :i*1     
h>dly ev] r5d]s ! music ungrateful to ! 
e>2 s m5  :o are end[$ ) great tal5ts1 &
 display a manife/ sup]iority  9        
conv]sation1 may disp5se ) ! ord9>y &   
common me?ods (  speak+1 )\t ev] (f5d+ !
 e>s ( _! auditors4 ,natural  advantages
 %9e =? ) a great] lu/re1 & are m solid1
 &  m pleas+ ?an borr[$ acquisitions4   
,?us ! _w are well  satisfi$1 to accept 
! fir/ 9 ! room ( ! la/1 & look ^u      
!mselves z ov]-paid = ! loss ( ! "o1 by 
! introduction (  ! o!r 9 its /ead4     
,,xxxv4 ,i 0 ev5 ab\t to say1 t !       
e/abli%m5t ( c]emonies  ( urbanity1 0   
only calculat$ = p ( middl+ or inf]ior  
g5iuses1 & 0 meant z a succ$aneum = a   
discretion s sup]ior  to t :i* ! o!rs we
 h m5tion$ possess1 z to be capable  (  
dictat+ ( itself1 ! rule ( deportm5t "o 
man %\ld obs]ve  to ano!r4 ,i believe x 
happ5s 9 ?is1 ) v little diff]5ce1  !   

same t x happ5s 9 all mat]ial movem5ts4 
,!re are m51 :o  naturally & )\t any    
tea*+1 h a grace & air 9 all _!         
actions1 9 ! motions ( _! h&s1 & _!     
feet1 9 ! b5d+  _! bodies1 & incl9+ _!  
heads1 9 ! ca/+ d[nw>ds &  lift+ up _!  
eyes1 & 9 :om 9 e motion & ge/ure1 all  
is  done ) su* a native grace1 t x      
enam\rs ^? :o behold !m2  & is t sort ( 
excell5ce1 :i* is describ$ by ,tibullus 
to h  be5 possess$ by ,sulpicia3        
,illam quid quid agit1 quoquo ve/igia   
flectit1          ,componit furtim1     
subsequiturque decor4    ,i %\ld consid]
 x z v useless & unnecess>y1 to         
prescribe  rules = ! c>riage & actions (
 su* sort ( p4 ,let precepts  be kept = 
! use ( ^? :o are naturally aukw>d1 &   
let !m be  tri$ to see :e!r by art1 !y c
 m5d ?is defect ( nature4    ,,xxxvi4 ,x
 is only ) respect to two sorts ( p1 t  
no body is  all[$ to be exempt f obs]v+ 
c]emony1 & !y are pr9ces &  wom54 ,!    
fir/1 f "t immemorial1 h in/itut$       
c]emonies z  ess5tial app5dages to      

maje/y4 ,! second1 f education & habit1 
h be5 taught1 & accu/om$ to reg>d z !   
sub/ance1 :at 9  reality is an accid5tal
 or vision>y entity1 & ev5 to pref] ?is 
vision>y or accid5tal entity1 to !      
sub/ance itself4 ,?us !y are  apt to    
dise/eem ! mo/ discreet & agreeable man 
9 ! _w1 &  to give ! pref]5ce to "o (   
mu* inf]ior tal5ts1 because he is  well 
in/ruct$ 9 fa%ionable =malities1 & is a 
/rict obs]v] (  !m4 ,i except f ?is     
numb]1 ! wom5 ( sup]ior abilities1 :o   
"k z well z any body1 h[ to di/+ui%1 & d
 ju/ice to true  m]it4      ,,sect4     
,,vii4    ,,xxxvii4 ,:e!r ?is native    
grace is an integrant "p (1 or an       
ornam5t to t urbanity1 :i* seasons &    
adorns m5's words &  actions1 x is      
c]ta91 t /udy & art c nev] supply !     
defect  ( x4    ,,xxxviii4 ,?is is t    
sort ( p]fection1 :i* ,plut>* extols 9  
,agesilaus1 & by ! help ( :i*1 he       
obs]ves1 t al?\gh he 0  b a little man1 
& 8 figure r contemptible1 he 9 8 old   
age1 appe>$ m amiable & engag+1 ?an any 

( ! h&some "y  fell[s4 ,dicitur autem   
pusillus fuisse1 et specie asp]n&a2     
ct]um  hil>itas ejus omnibus horis1 et  
urbanitas ali5a ab omni1 vel vocis1  vel
 vultus morositate1 et ac]bitate1       
amabiliorem eum ad s5ectutem  usque     
prbuit omnibus =mosis4    ,,xxxix4 ,?is 
is t species ( season+ ( :i* ,qu9tilian 
speaks1  :5 he says1 t x makes ! same   
s5t5ce seem to come bett] f  ! m\? ( "o 
man ?an ano!r3 ,ine/ proprius quibusdam 
decor  9 habitu1 atque vultu1 ut eadem  
illa m9us1 dic5te alio1 videantur       
urbana esse4    ,,xl4 ,?is is t k9d (   
ornam5t1 :i* ,cic]o call$ ! col\r1  or  
blazon ( urbanity1 & in/ances ,brutus1 z
 "o :o 0 t+$  ) x 9 great p]fection1 b  
:5 he came to expla9 or describe  ?is   
blazon1 he def9$ x to h consi/$ ( a     
my/]i\s je ne  scai quoi4 ,^! are 8     
words1 tak5 f 8 dialogue ,de cl>is      
,oratoribus3 et ,brutus1 quis e/1       
inquit1 t&em urbanitatis color8         
,nescio1 inquam1 tantum esse qu5dam     
scio4 ,:i* la/ expression1 ,i am  oblig$

 to deciph] by ! s5t5ce ,je ne scai     
quoi1 z ,i c f9d  no o!r t is equival5t 
to x4 ,?is native grace1 or if y please 
to call x by ! figurative "n ,cic]o has 
express$ x by1 ?is  col\r+ ( urbanity1  
is compos$ ( _m p>ticul>s4 ,= example1  
! neatness ( ! articulation1 ! good     
tone1 & ! h>moni\s  flexibility ( !     
voice1 ! graceful attitude ( ! body1 !  
well  regulat$ movem5ts ( ! action1 !   
amiable mode/y ( ! c>riage  or mann]1 & 
! /rik+ or lively expression ( ! eyes1  
are !  p>ts1 :i* con/itute ! :ole ( ?is 
grace4    ,,xli4 ,x is easy to p]ceive1 
t all ! be=e-m5tion$ are gifts  (       
nature2 :i* c nev] be acquir$ by /udy1  
or suppli$ by  in/ruction4 ,_m p h hop$ 
to succe$1 by attempt+ to  imitate ^?1 9
 :om ^! natural gifts are respl5d5t1 or 
to  speak m prop]ly1 are a "p ( _!      
nature2 b ! v means  !y employ to give  
!mselves a pleas+ & agreeable air1 cause
  !m to appe> ridicul\s4 ,t :i* is a    
grace 9 ! orig9al1 has  (t5 an api% look
 9 ! copy4 ,! imitation ( natural       

end[m5ts1  seldom am\nts to m1 ?an a    
contemptible mock semblance ( !m4  ,!   
affectation 9 ^! attempts is gl>+ &     
palpable1 & all  affectation is         
surfeit+4    ,,xlii4 ,i %all only /ate  
two limitations1 or exceptions1 to !    
possibility ( acquir+ ^? p>ts (         
gracefulness1 :i* consi/  9 ! position (
 ! body1 & ! motion ( its memb]s2 & %all
  admit 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^! may 9 "s   
measure be acquir$ by  imitation2 b :58 
:y :5 p d n ?9k ( acquir+ !m1  & are n  
s5sible t !y d acquire !m2 t is 9 _!    
infant  /ate4 ,x is !n t nature is s    
pliant & flexible1 t l s(t  wax1 x may  
be easily mold$ to any %ape1 & made to  
receive any  impression2 & h5ce x is1 t 
we frequ5tly see *ildr5 9 _!  ord9>y    
actions & motions1 greatly resemble _!  
p>5ts4    ,,xliii4 ,9 ,galicia :]e ,i 0 
born1 !re are _m p :o  und]/& ,spani%   
p]fectly well1 :o speak x 9 a drawl+    
sort (  a way1 & by leav+ out n[ & !n a 
lett]1 are apt to lose !  exact & prop] 
pronunciation4 ,_m h attribut$ ?is      

defect1 to  ! imp]fect organization ( ! 
tongues ( ! p ( ,galicia1  produc$ by ! 
influ5ce ( ! climate2 b x is no su* ?+1 
=  ?is vici\s pronunciation1 is d]iv$ f 
! bad habit ( speak+  !y contract 9 _!  
infancy2 & x is evid5t t x proce$s  f   
!nce1 because _m ,galician *ildr5 :o h  
be5 c>ri$  f home :5 !y 7 v "y1 & h be5 
aft]w>ds br\ght  up & educat$ at        
,ca/ile1 "s ( :om ,i h se51 pron\nce !  
,ca/ilian language ) z mu* cle>ness &   
read9ess1 z ! natives  ( t prov9ce      
!mselves4 ,x is n _m ye>s ago1 t !re 0  
a celebrat$ actress1 :o 0 born 9 a small
 village 9 ,galicia1 &  :o 0 c>ri$ to   
c\rt by h] uncle at f\r ye>s old1 & 0   
!re  tra9$ up to ! /age1 & :o 0 greatly 
admir$ = h] neat &  ready pronunciation4
    ,,xliv4 ,! second limitation &      
exception ,i admit to ! position  ,i h  
advanc$1 is1 t bo? a vici\s             
pronunciation1 & an  aukw>dness ( motion
 & mann]1 may be greatly correct$ &     
am5d$1  ev5 aft] p are gr[n to a /ate ( 
maturity1 & especially  :5 ^! defects   

proce$ f bad habits contract$ 9 _! y\?4 
,b 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 !re is ne$ (
 great p]sev]ance  & application4 ,ev5  
an invet]ate bad habit1 may be torn up  
by !  roots by apply+ va/ =ce & ex]tion 
to eradicate x2 b :5 !  fibres ( ! root1
 are ins]t$ into ! pr(undities ( nature1
 all  endeav\rs are va94      ,,sect4   
,,viii4    ,,xlv4 ,al?\gh ,urbanity1 )  
respect to ! mo/ brilliant &  beautiful 
p>ts ( x1 :i* we describe by ! t]m      
gracefulness1 z  we h be=e obs]v$1      
dep5ds v little ^u /udy or in/ruction1  
/ill 9 all its sub/antial & ess5tial    
p>ts1 x admits ( precepts  & rules2 s t 
any man :o has be5 taught1 or has made  
himself  acqua9t$ ) !m1 may p]fectly    
und]/& 9 :at ?is appe>ance  ( ,urbanity 
consi/s4    ,,xlvi4 ,p v frequ5tly1 & 9 
_m ways (f5d aga9/ ! laws  ( ,urbanity2 
& ,i h se5 ^?1 :o h _h a reasonable good
  education1 :o h not)/&+ t1 be5        
frequ5tly guilty (  (f5d+ aga9/ ! rules 
( good-bre$+4 ,all ^? imp]fections1  are
 ! v rev]se ( ,urbanity1 :i* t5d to make

 p  disagreeable 9 _! conv]sation1 & :5 
9 company ) o!r m5  tr\blesome or       
disgu/+ 9 _! behavi\r2 & ?is            
explanation1  suits well ) ! def9ition  
we at fir/ gave ( ,urbanity4 ,b :i*  are
 ^! imp]fections8 ,to ?is ,i %all answ]1
 t !y are _m1  & t ,i w proce$ to po9t  
"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ ones out1  :i* ,i      
appreh5d w be ! mo/ in/ructive "p ( ?is 
essay1 z  enum]at+ ! mo/ gl>+           
imp]fections t t5d to make p            
disagreeable & tr\blesome 9 conv]sation1
 w h ! same  effect1 z prescrib+ rules t
 %\ld be obs]v$1 to r5d] _!  company    
pleas+ & desirable to society4 ,z ,i    
proce$1 ! read]  may accompany me1 &    
exam9e 8 political consci5ce z we g on1 
9  ord] to discov] :e!r any ( ! faults  
or fail+s ,i po9t out1  are applicable  
to himself4      ,,sect4 ,,ix4          
,loquacity4    ,,xlvii4 ,i consid]      
talkative p z a sort ( tyrants (        
conv]sation2 = accord+ to my op9ion1 :o 
admit ( a limit$  species ( reason 9    
brutes1 talk+ is a faculty m peculi> to 

man  ?an reason+2 & engross+ all !      
conv]sation to a man's self is  a mo/   
arbitr>y proce$+4 ,he :o is always      
desir\s ( be+ he>d1  & is impati5t (    
att5d+ to any "o else1 usurps a         
privilege  to himself1 :i* %\ld be      
enjoy$ 9 g5]al by all mank9d1 z a       
pr]ogative prop] to _! be+4 ,b :at fruit
 c be ga!r$  f 8 torr5t ( words8 ,none1 
except ! tir+ & disgu/+ 8  he>]s may be 
call$ a fruit1 :o aft] !y are rid ( him1
 make  am5ds = ! sil5ce he _h impos$ on 
!m1 by speak+ ( him )  d]ision &        
contempt4 ,no "t is worse employ$1 ?an t
 :i* is  consum$ 9 he>+ talkative p2 :o 
are g5]ally m5 )\t  discretion or       
reflection1 = if !y _h any1 !y w\ld be m
  res]v$ & keep )9 reasonable b\nds1 9  
ord] to avoid mak+  !mselves            
contemptible2 & if !y want reflection1  
!y mu/ want  judgem5t also1 & h[ c he :o
 wants judgem5t talk ) propriety8  ,or  
:at b5efit c result to ^? :o li/5 to an 
extravagant  prat+ man1 except t ( 8    
af=d+ !m an opportunity = !  m]itori\s  

ex]cise ( _! pati5ce8 ,?us :at ,!ocritus
 said (  ! v]bose flu5cy ( ,anaxim5es1  
may be appli$ to all talkative  p2 t he 
consid]$ !m z a luxuriant riv] ( words1 
9  ! :ole /ock ( ^: wat]s1 y c\ld n f9d 
"o drop (  und]/&+3 ,v]borum flum51     
m5tis gutta4    ,,xlviii4 ,:at fl[s f   
su* tongues1 may be comp>$ to vomit+s  (
 ! s\l2 or to ! sickly dis*>ges f an    
uns\nd m9d1 :i*  ?r[s up be=e x has     
dige/$ !m1 all ! m5tal species or       
alim5t x has receiv$4 ,!y w\ld h t pass 
= a faculty or  p[] ( expla9+ !mselves1 
:i* 9 reality is no?+ m ?an  ! want ( a 
ret5tive faculty1 or ! p[] ( keep+ d[n  
:at is  9 !m4 ,i w\ld describe ?is      
malady1 by call+ x a relaxation (  !    
rational faculty2 :]eas o!rs might be   
apt to say1 t is n  ! case1 = ! species 
are ?r[n up1 = want ( space to conta9   
!m 9 ! "p de/9$ = _! reception4         
,,xlix4 ,let no man plume himself too   
mu*1 ^u 8 be+ well att5d$  to or        
applaud$ :5 he fir/ beg9s to speak 9    
public2 = ?is may  be a fav\rable tempt+

 breeze1 t may enc\rage him to loose !  
sails ( loquacity2 b al?\gh x may be a  
fav\rable & a tempt+  "o1 x may be a    
breeze ( b %ort duration4 ,conv]sation  
is ! food  ( ! s\l1 b ! crav+s ( ! s\l1 
are z v>i\s1 z delicate1  & z caprici\s 
z ^? ( ! body4 ,! mo/ noble diet p]si/$ 
9 = too long a "t1 becomes satiat+1 &   
loa?some4 ,?us !  oratory ( him1 :o = a 
c]ta9 space %all be li/5$ to )  pleasure
 by 8 he>]s1 may become tiresome to !m  
aft] a :ile1  & !y w\ld n att5d to :at  
he said1 if he p]si/$ 9 talk+  too long4
 ,! planets a man %\ld consult ! aspect 
(1 to "k  :5 he %\ld ent] deep1 or g b a
 little way into ! gulph (  conv]sation1
 are ! eyes ( 8 auditors2 _! pleas+     
s]5ity1 or  l[]+ appe>ances1 %\ld be !  
signs1 t %\ld ei!r enc\rage  him to     
spread all ! sails ( rhetoric & make    
great way2 or else  %\ld w>n him ( !    
haz>d & risque ( proce$+ any fur!r1 &  t
 = ! pres5t x w\ld be mo/ prud5t = him  
to lay-by1 &  wait a m safe & fav\rable 
opportunity to pursue 8 c\rse4    ,l4 ,b

 ev5 ^! appe>ances may be fallaci\s &   
deceiv+1 & m  especially to p]sons (    
high rank & au?ority2 = ! dep5dants  (  
su*1 n only flatt] !m ) _! tongues1 b ) 
_!  eyes also4 ,:y %\ld ,i conf9e _!    
adulation to ! expressions (  _! tongues
 & _! eyes1 :5 !y conv]t _! :ole bodies1
  & e limb & memb] ( !m1 to in/rum5ts ( 
delusion &  flatt]y8 = ) c]ta9 fawn+    
movem5ts1 & c]ta9 my/]i\s  ge/ures (    
complaisance & admiration1 !y att5d to &
 applaud all  t is said or done by a man
 9 p[]1 on :om !y are 9 any %ape        
dep5d+4 ,he at ! same "t1 big ) 8 own   
clev]ness1 & 8  *ops wat]+ ) approbation
 ( himself1 ) ! drivel runn+ out  at bo?
 corn]s ( 8 m\?1 v5ts 8 oratory1 & talks
 :atev]  comes upp]mo/1 be x good or    
bad1 9 a full p]suasion1 t !  words (   
,apollo ( ,delphos 7 nev] li/5$ to ) m  
att5tion1  or m respect4 ,b1 unhappy    
man1 h[ d y deceive y\rself6 = y  tire e
 body1 & y disgu/ e body2 &1 ! wor/ is1 
t  ^? :o _h be5 j li/5+ to y ) su* seem+
 applause1 z  soon z y\r back is turn$1 

to relieve !mselves f ! pa9 !  =c$      
tribute ( _! adulation to y gave !m1 v5t
 !mselves 9  repeat$ bur/s ( laught] &  
d]ision at y\r folly4 ,great p  may     
believe :at ,i say1 & be conv9c$ t ?is  
is ! way ( !  _w2 & !y may also believe 
me :5 ,i tell !m1 t p[] 9 !  h&s ( a    
weak man1 only t5ds to make him appe> m 
ridicul\s2  & t 9 ! h&s ( a discreet "o1
 if he is n extremely s1 x  t5ds 9 a    
great measure to ca/ a blemi% on 8      
und]/&+4      ,,sect4 ,x4    ,ly+4      
,,li4 ,:at c be m obnoxi\s to urbanity  
?an ly+8 ,:at man (  und]/&+ is !re :om 
x does n (f5d8 ,or to :om is x n        
disgu/+8 & h[ c deceit cease to be      
injuri\s8 ,all ! utility1  all ! delight
 t c be obta9$ by conv]sation1 is       
de/roy$ by a  lie4 ,if he1 ) :om ,i     
conv]se1 tells me lies1 ( :at s]vice w  
! in=mation ,i receive f him be to me8 =
 if ,i d n believe  him1 all he says w  
only t5d to irritate me2 & if ,i d1 to  
fill me  ) errors4 ,if ,i am n assur$ he
 tells me tru?1 :at satisfaction  c ,i h

 9 att5d+ to him8 ,= 8 conv]sation1 s f>
 f  af=d+ me ent]ta9m5t or in/ruction1 w
 set my m9d on !  rack1 & cause me to   
wav]1 & cont9ue 9 a pa9ful /ate ( d\bt1 
& also p]plex me1 to f9d out reasons =  
believ+ or disbeliev+  :at he has told  
me4    ,,lii4 ,conv]sation is a species 
( traffic1 9 :i* mank9d ex*ange         
in=mations & ideas ) ea* o!r2 & :at     
bett] "n c we  give to him1 ?an t ( a   
*eat & a deceiv]1 :o 9 ?is comm]ce1     
passes false in=mations & ideas = true  
ones2 & ought we n  also to treat him z 
a prev>icator1 :o is unwor?y ( be+      
admitt$  into human society8    ,,liii4 
,i h always be5 amaz$ at1 & h always    
condemn$1 !  indulg5ce & tol]ation t ly+
 p f9d 9 ! _w4 ,i h  already exclaim$   
aga9/ ?is practice 9 my ,essay on !     
,impurity  ( ,ly+1 & mu/ beg leave to   
ref] ! read] ?i!r = a m  full discussion
 ( ! po9t2 b x has occurr$ to me s9ce ,i
 wrote  t ,essay1 t x is probable1 ?is  
tol]ation may h aris5  f ! great        
ext5sion ( ! vice ( ly+2 & t ! numb]  ( 

^? :o f9d !mselves int]e/$ 9 ?is        
indulg5ce1 is mu*  great]1 ?an t ( ^? :o
 f9d !mselves injur$ by x2 & t  p]haps  
!y tol]ate ly+ 9 "o ano!r1 because !    
tol]ation is  necess>y & useful to bo?  
p>ties4 ,if ! s9c]e "p ( ! _w  consi/s (
 b few p1 !y _c1 )\t be+ guilty ( great 
ra%ness1 attempt to wage w> aga9/ ! _m2 
b !y at lea/ may  remon/rate1 & ) temp] 
compla9 ( ! disgu/ !y receive1  f !     
indulg5ce t is %ewn to ly+4 ,i +5u\sly  
confess =  myself1 t ,i look ^u him z a 
man ( b little s9c]ity1 :o  he>s a lie )
 mu* seem+ composure1 & )\t express+ any
  signs ( 8 dislike ( x2 al?\gh ,i mu/  
confess at ! "t ,i say  ?is1 t a frank  
manife/ation ( our dislike ( ! practice1
 _c  s easily be %ewn1 unless x is to   
our equals or our inf]iors4    ,,liv4   
,!re is a species ( lie1 t passes 9 ! _w
 = hum\r  & pleasantry1 :i* ,i w\ld     
puni% z a crime4 ,:5ev] !re  happ5s to  
be a p]son 9 company :o is not$ = be+ an
 exce$+  cr$ul\s man1 x frequ5tly       
happ5s1 t "s "o or o!r tells a  v       

incr$ible /ory1 = ! sake ( expos+ ! easy
 fai? ( su*  a p]son1 & ( %ew+1 h[ apt  
he is to swall[ absurdities &           
improbabilities = tru?4 ,?is is receiv$ 
z a piece ( wit1 & all  ! by-/&]s laugh 
& applaud ! +5uity & inv5tion ( him  :o 
told ! lie1 & !y all regale !mselves at 
! exp5ce ( !  innoc5t cr$ul\s p]son4 ,b 
,i consid] ?is z an abuse2 = does  !    
simple & easy cr$ulity ( any p]son give 
o!rs a "r to  insult him8 admitt+ t 8   
excessive cr$ulity proce$s f !          
scant9ess ( 8 und]/&+2 are we p]adv5ture
 only oblig$ to  be civil to1 & treat ) 
urbanity1 ! discreet & ! acute8 ,if     
,god has bless$ y ) m tal5ts ?an ano!r  
man1 w\ld x n be  an insol5t abuse ( !m1
 if y made t p]son an object ( y\r      
scorn1 & play$ ^u him1 & treat$ him ) ! 
same d]ision &  contempt t y w\ld treat 
a monkey8 ,w\ld ?is be us+ him l  y\r   
neighb\r8 ,or w\ld x be apply+ y\r      
tal5ts to ! end &  purpose1 = :i* ,god 0
 pleas$ to end[ y ) !m8    ,,lv4 ,b !   
tru? is1 t excessive cr$ulity proce$s m 

f  goodness ( he>t1 ?an f want (        
discretion4 ,i h se5 m5 :o  7 v simple1 
& at ! same "t v p5etrat+4 ,! same      
rectitude ( he>t1 :i* excites a man (   
simplicity ( mann]s to  conduct himself 
)\t deceit1 incl9es him to ?9k1 t o!r  p
 conduct !mselves ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,x
 (t5 happ5s1  t a lie is believ$ by "o  
p]son because he is an +5u\s man2  &    
discr$it$ by ano!r1 because he is a     
simpleton4 ,! case is1  t ! fir/1 excit$
 by ! goodness ( 8 disposition1 sets    
himself ab\t f9d+ out gr\nds (          
probability = :at he has  he>d1 & by 8  
p5etration discov]s su*4 ,! o!r1 :o is  
only  influ5c$ by ! dictates ( 8 malice1
 nev] seeks aft] any su*  ?+2 & al?\gh  
he %\ld seek aft] x1 8 /upidity w\ld n  
p]mit him to discov] x4    ,,lvi4 ,i    
don't "k :e!r ! /ory t is commonly told 
( ,/4 ,?omas  ,aqu9as1 :i* is1 t he 0   
made to believe !re 0 an ox t  c\ld fly1
 be true or n1 z likewise :at 0 said    
ab\t 8 go+  out v anxi\s to see !       
spectacle2 b ?is ,i "k1 t ! rebuke  :i* 

0 c\*$ 9 ! answ] he gave to ^? :o       
attempt$ to put  t affront on 8         
cr$ulity1 is well wor?y ( a ,/4 ,?omas2 
,i say  wor?y ( t great repository (    
excell5t virtues1 bo? moral &           
intellectual1 & wor?y also ! g5]osity ( 
he>t1 & exalt$  prud5ce1 ( t sublime    
g5ius4 ,! answ] 0 z foll[s3 ,i c\ld  m  
easily be made to believe t !re 0 an ox 
:i* c\ld fly1  ?an ,i c\ld be made to   
believe1 t mank9d 7 capable ( giv+ a    
ly+ relation ( su* a ?+4 ,:at repro(    
c\ld be m discreet  ?an ?is6 & :at en]gy
 & delicacy is !re conta9$ 9 x6 ,i      
e/eem ?is s5t5ce m1 ?an ,i d any ( ^?   
:i* ! anci5t  ,grecians h record$ ( _!  
wise m54 ,! sublimity ( x p]suades  me1 
t x 0 ! legitimate *ild ( ,/4 ,?omas's  
bra91 & (  c\rse ,i c h no d\bt1 b !    
/ory we h relat$ 0 true4  ,?us we see1 !
 greate/ discretion is n incompatible )1
 b  may be easily reconcil$ to1 & br\ght
 to unite ) ! greate/  simplicity4      
,,sect4 ,,xi4    ,speak]s ( bold ,tru?s4
    ,,lvii4 ,z !re are _m p :o behave ) 

ill-bre$+1 f be+  addict$ to relate     
falsehoods1 s !re are _m o!rs1 :o (f5d  
aga9/ ! laws ( urbanity by speak+       
ill-tim$ & uncivil tru?s4  ,i mean to   
h9t at ^?1 :o "u pret5ce ( undeceiv+ p1 
&  ( be+ _! fri5ds1 out ( "t1 & contr>y 
to all ! rules (  dec5cy1 take ! lib]ty 
( po9t+ out all _! faults1 & (  speak+  
_! op9ion1 bo? ( !m & _! conduct4 ,?is  
is an act  ( b>b>ism1 disguis$ "u ! veil
 ( hone/ s9c]ity4    ,,lviii4 ,we %all  
describe ^! p1 by giv+ ! "* &  behavi\r 
( ,philotimus4 ,philotimus is a man1 :o 
at all times is  d9n+ 9 p's e>s !       
pr(essions ( 8 +5u\sness1 &  declaim+   
till he is out ( brea? aga9/ adulation4 
,he is ev]  dwell+ ^u 8 immutable love (
 tru?1 :i* he uses z a sort (  c\pl+1 to
 all ! ins9uations he ?r[s out aga9/ ?is
 or t  p]son4 ,he rudely tells a man 8  
faults to 8 face1 & !n %elt]s  himself  
"u ! pret5ce1 t :5 an occasion pres5ts  
itself =  8 do+ x1 he _c refra9 f speak+
 ! tru?1 = all !  gratifications &      
indulg5ces ! _w c af=d4 ,if he he>s any 

p]son prais$1 be he abs5t or pres5t1 9  
^: conduct he conceives  !re is some?+  
repreh5sible1 he imm$iately gives v5t to
 8  sple51 & tells all he kn[s or has   
ev] he>d to t p]son's  prejudice1 &     
reproa*es ^? :o h spoke well ( him1 )   
hav+  flatt]$ or be5 p>tial to him2 & !n
 imm$iately pleads 8 great  love ( tru?1
 z a ju/ification = :at he has done4    
,,lix4 ,:at %all we say ( su* a man8 ,we
 may v5ture to pron\nce1  t !re is mu* m
 /uff ab\t him1 ?an is necess>y to =m   
ei!r a fool or a ru/ic2 & t he is an    
extravagant babbl]1 :o  9 8 conv]sation 
obs]ves no ord] or b\nds2 t he is a     
rude1  yea a v rude unpoli%$ man1 :o    
does n und]/& ! diff]5ce  betwe5 s]vile 
adulation1 & b>e-fac$ effront]y4 ,he be+
 su* a  sort ( man1 :y %\ld ^? :o he>   
him reg>d any ?+ he says8  ,or :o c     
believe t he is capable ( =m+ a j op9ion
 (  matt]s or ?+s1 :o is s f> infatuat$ 
z to ov]look1 or n  att5d to ! maxims1  
:i* natural reason has s cle>ly dictat$ 
& po9t$ out8 ,b if we 7 to admit t he   

does n err 9 !  conception he =ms ( ?+s1
 we mu/ at lea/ grant1 t he errs 9  8   
mode ( advanc+ 8 op9ions1 if he pref]s  
!m out ( "t1  inopportunely1 & )\t      
me?od4 ,has he p]adv5ture a royal lic5ce
  or pat5t1 = be+ ! sup]9t5d5t or       
corrector ( o!r m5's  mann]s & conduct8 
,b admitt+ = argum5t's sake1 t he is a  
man ( z great v]acity z he pret5ds to   
be1 :i* by ! way is :at  ,i v mu* d\bt  
(2 = my exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me1 t if x 
does n apply to e individual1 t f9e     
s5t5ce is mo/ true  & applicable to !   
bulk ( mank9d1 :i* ,i h read some:]e1   
al?\gh ,i c't rememb] 9 :at au?or1 & is 
z foll[s3 ,v]itatem  nulli frequ5tius   
ldunt1 quam qui frequ5tius jactant4 ,!re
 are no  p lie m frequ5tly1 ?an ^? :o   
are always boa/+ ( _!  v]acity4 ,i say1 
admitt+ t !y are z s9c]e z !y pret5d  to
 be1 does _! be+ m5 ( v]acity give !m a 
"r to g ab\t  cudgel+1 & break+ ! heads 
( all ! _w8 ,tru?1 accord+  to ! doctr9e
 ( ,/4 ,paul1 is ! belov$ companion (   
*>ity3  ,*>itas congaudet v]itati2 &    

%\ld x !n be us$ 9 a gross  mann]1 & s z
 to become (f5sive & disgu/+8 ,! tru? ( 
!  ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to ! description  
giv5 ( x by ,/4 ,au/91  is m beautiful  
?an ! ,hel5 ( ! ,greeks3 ,incomp>abilit]
  pul*rior e/ v]itas ,*ri/ianorum1 quam 
,hel5a ,grcorum2 & %\ld  x appe>1 or be 
*>act]is$ ) s bras5 a face1 t x aba%es  
& />es e body out ( c\nt5ance8    ,,lx4 
,i confess t !re are occasions1 on :i* e
 man is oblig$  to speak ! tru?1 al?\gh 
8 do+ x %\ld (f5d1 or be att5d$  ) !    
res5tm5t ( ^? :o he> him2 b ?is lic5ce  
%\ld only  be tak5 9 "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ 
in/ances1 ! v9dication (  div9e hon\r1 !
 def5ce ( accus$ innoc5ce1 & ! re=m+ or 
reclaim+ y\r neighb\r2 & ,i suppose ?is 
la/ is ! only motive1  f :i* ! speak]s (
 bold tru?s we h j be5 describ+  pret5d 
to act2 b are !y ignorant1 t1 al?\gh x w
 always  be sure to give (f5ce1 _! mann]
 ( attempt+ ?is1 c nev]  accompli% !    
re=mation !y affect to br+ ab\t8 ,nor c 
x be  o!rwise1 = h[ c _! s\r1 ov]be>+1 &
 arrogant behavi\r1  produce s good an  

effect8 ,or h[ c !y expect1 accord+ to !
  scripture phrase1 t by s[+ ?orns1 !y  
%\ld h]eaft] ga!r a  h>ve/ ( grapes8    
,,sect4 ,,xii4    ,t5aci\sness or       
,ob/9acy4    ,,lxi4 ,n less tiresome ?an
 ^? we h j be5 speak+ (1 nor  less      
int]rupt+ to ! pleasure ( conv]sation1  
are t5aci\s or  ob/9ate p4 ,! _s (      
contradiction is an inf]nal _s1  & at ! 
same "t s p]v]se a "o1 t ,i v mu* d\bt1 
:e!r  !re has hi!rto be5 a rem$y f\nd   
out = ! cure ( ^? :o  are possess$ ) x4 
,,lxii4 ,?is br+s to my m9d ! example ( 
,ari/ius4 ,he is a great  frequ5t] (1 & 
a busy man 9 clubs & c(fee-h\ses1 to :i*
  he is always runn+1 9 que/ (          
disputations & argum5tations4  ,8 op9ion
 is 8 idol1 & nobody mu/ diss5t f x1 on 
pa9 (  exp]i5c+ ! effects ( 8           
indignation2 nei!r mu/ any body  pref]  
an opposite "o1 le/ he %\ld be treat$ by
 him z an enemy2  & no?+ c satisfy him1 
b a total acquiesc5ce 91 or sil5t       
approbation ( all he says4 ,8 influ5ce 9
 conv]sation may be  comp>$ to t ( !    

s\!rn con/ellation1 call$ ,orion's      
,belt1  :i* excites no?+ b tempe/s4     
,nimbrosus ,orion1 z ,virgil calls  x4  
,no soon] does he ent] a company1 ?an ! 
s]5ity ( a pleas+  tranquil conv]sation1
 beg9s to deg5]ate into a turbul5t      
tumultu\s  noise4 ,he beg9s )           
contradict+1 ! p]son contradict$ def5ds 
himself1 o!rs take "p 9 ! dispute1 !    
fire ( alt]cation  lights up1 & cat*es f
 "o to ! o!r l ! contagion ( a          
pe/il5ce1 ,insequitur clamorque virm1   
/ridorque rud5tum1 till  at la/1 !      
conv]sation s\nds l ! talk+ ( gibb]i%1 &
  becomes a confus$ j>gon & noise1 s t !
 company c nei!r  he> or und]/& ea* o!r4
 ,all ?is mis*ief 9 political society1  
may be1 & frequ5tly is introduc$ by a   
t5aci\s & ob/9ate man4  ,nor is ?is     
malady ev] to be cur$2 = y c m easily   
turn !  /ream ( a rapid riv]1 & make x  
run back contr>y to its c\rse1  ?an =ce 
him to give up an op9ion he has once    
advanc$4      ,,sect4 ,,xiii4           
,excessive ,gravity4    ,,xliii4        

,opportune *e]fulness1 is ! mo/ sav\ry  
season] (  conv]sation1 & has s great a 
%>e 9 true urbanity1 t "s1  z we obs]v$ 
be=e1 h consid]$ x z ! mo/ ess5tial "p  
( x2 =1 :5 introduc$ ) propriety1 x     
produces ! mo/  desirable effects1 z x  
enliv5s bo? ! speak]s & ! auditors1     
conciliates _! good-w to ea* o!r1 &     
af=ds a relaxation  to ! m9d1 aft] x has
 be5 fatigu$ ) /udy1 or any s]i\s       
occupation4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt1 t !     
moral g5tiles1 & ev5  ! *ri/ians also1  
plac$ *e]fulness among ! numb] ( moral  
virtues4 ,he> :at ,sa9t ,?omas says on  
?is head1 9 l4 #b4 qu/4 #afh4  art4 #b4 
aft] decl>+ *e]fulness to be a virtue1  
he describes !  delight t results f x1 n
 only to be useful1 b necess>y also  = !
 purpose ( giv+ ease & relaxation to !  
s\l3 ,hujusmodi  autem dicta1 vel facta1
 9 quibus non quritur nisi delectatio   
animalis1 vocantur ludicra vel jocosa4  
,et ideo necesse e/ talibus  int]dum    
uti1 quasi ad qu&am anim quietem4       
,,lxiv4 ,m5 :o are always grave1 may be 

t]m$ a sort ( entities  betwe5 m5 &     
/atues4 ,risibility be+ a prop]ty or    
quality  insep>able f reason1 he :o     
d5ies himself ! pleasure (  laugh+1     
degrades himself bel[ ! degree ( a      
rational animal4  ,fools1 are apt to    
e/eem su* p z m5 ( s5se1 judgm5t1 &     
mature und]/&+4 ,b is a man's deport+   
himself ) ! dryness  & rigidity ( a /ock
 or a /one1 a pro( ( 8 und]/&+8 ,no     
brute is capable ( laugh+2 & ought a    
prop]ty t is common  to e brute1 to be  
consid]$ z a descriptive m>k (1 & !     
*>act]i/ic ( a man ( und]/&+8 ,i look ^u
 su* a c>riage1  to bespeak an ob/9ate  
g5ius1 & a man ( a sull5 temp]4 ,!      
anti5ts 7 us$ to say1 t all ^? :o _h ev]
 ent]$ !  en*ant$ cav]n ( ,trophonius1  
nev] laugh$ aft]w>ds4 ,if !re is  any   
tru? 9 ?is /ory1 :i* _m p d\bt1 x is    
probable1 t  ! inf]nal deity :o 0       
consult$ 9 t cav]n1 in/ill$ into  ^? :o 
consult$ him ?is black diabolical       
melan*oly4      ,,sect4 ,,xiv4          
,disgu/+ or unseasonable ,jocos5ess4    

,,lxv4 ,b excessive gravity1 is p]haps n
 m repugnant to true  ,urbanity1 ?an    
unseasonable jocos5ess4 ,pleasantry 9   
conv]sation1 c  be disagreeable b 9 ?ree
 ways2 by exce$+ 9 ! quantity ( x1  by  
indec5cy 9 ! quality ( x1 & by its be+  
defici5t 9 po9t  ( nature4    ,,lxvi4   
,he :o is always laugh+ & ^u ! gog1 may 
be m prop]ly  t]m$ a buffoon1 ?an a man 
( good-bre$+4 ,no p]son makes himself  m
 ridicul\s1 ?an "o :o is always laugh+1 
& he :o is always  affect+ to be gay1 is
 ev] disgu/+2 & a man likewise :o acts  
! jack-pudd+ all 8 life1 is a m]e       
jack-pudd+ & no?+ m4    ,,lxvii4        
,*e]fulness may be also repreh5sible1 by
 deg5]at+ into  ribaldry1 or by be+ ov] 
satyrical4 ,! fir/1 is prop]ly !        
language ( /ables & tippl+ h\ses1 & z ,i
 don't write =  lacqueys1 grooms1 &     
coa*m51 we %all pass ?is ov]1 & proce$  
on to ! second po9t4 ,^? :o h a high    
op9ion ( _! own  tal5ts1 are v frequ5tly
 guilty ( ?is fault4 ,i mean to speak ( 
^? :o set !mselves up = dictators1 b :o 

ought m prop]ly  to be t]m$ babbl]s &   
prat]s1 b ,i d n mean to enum]ate 9  ?is
 catalogue1 su*1 z may be truly t]m$ m5 
( und]/&+1  b su* only z ,horace spoke  
(1 :5 he said1 t if opportunities       
occurr$ = indulg+ _! satyrical ve91 !y  
made no scruple (  la%+ _! mo/ intimate 
fri5ds4                                 
,dummodo risum      ,excutiat sibi1 non 
hic cuiquam p>cet amico4    ,( ^?1 :o   
accord+ to ! description giv5 ( !m by   
,ennius1  c\ld m easily reta9 9 _! m\?s 
a hot iron1 ?an a ke5  say+2 ^! are a   
sort ( p1 :o seem to claim a "r ( mak+  
error pass = /]l+ gold1 ( conv]t+ com$y 
into trag$y1  injuri\s treatm5t into    
good behavi\r1 & ( conv]t+ honey also   
into poison4 ,_! tongues may be comp>$  
to ^? ( ! lions1 :i*  are s r\gh & %>p1 
t :]ev] !y lick !y take ! sk9 (f4  ,!y  
are also call$ humm]s2 & s !y are1 = l  
wasps1 hornets1  flies1 & all o!r vile  
insects ( ! humm+ k9d1 !y ! in/ant  !y h
 humm$1 implant _! /+4    ,,lxviii4 ,b  
let !m make :at p>ade !y w ( _!         

abilities1  !y c nev] escape be+ not$ = 
malignant or tr\blesome p2  & :e!r !y   
are "o or ! o!r1 all hone/ m5 %\ld ei!r 
disc>d !m f _! company1 or re/ra9 !m by 
?reat5+s4 ,!  ,c\nt de ,amayuelas1 :om  
,i became acqua9t$ ) 9 my y\?1 said  to 
a g5tleman ( ?is k9d1 :o _h tak5 frequ5t
 occasions to say  rude & ill-natur$ ?+s
 to him1 "u ! pret5ce ( be+ jocose1     
,fri5d ,don ,n4 ,i h bore ) sev]al      
indelicacies f y1 &  y may v5t z _m m ^u
 me z y ?9k prop]1 b let x be  und]/ood 
betwe5 u f h5ce=w>d1 t = e indelicacy y 
mu/ expect a /ab4 ,by :i* intimation1 he
 took ! /+ out ( !  tail ( ! humm]4     
,,lxix4 ,!re is a s]i\s fault 9 humm]s1 
& "o t !y v  frequ5tly commit1 :i* is _!
 ex]cis+ _! bant] ^u  common-place ?+s1 
& g5]al topics1 & po9t+ _! sne]s1  =    
example1 aga9/ ! rank1 or nation ( !    
p]son !y attack4  ,i am oblig$ = ?is    
obs]vation1 to t great ma/] ( ,urbanity 
,qu9tilian2 ^! are 8 words3 ,male etiam 
dicitur quod 9 plures  conv5it3 si1 aut 
nationes tot incessantur1 aut ord9es1   

aut conditio1  aut /udia multorum4 ,p ( 
/]il g5iuses1 are ! mo/ apt to  fall    
into ?is absurdity1 :o be+ at a loss :at
 to say conc]n+  m5's actions or p]sonal
 qualities1 fall ^u "s common-place     
obs]vations1 respect+ _! condition1     
c\ntry1 c4    ,,lxx4 ,! reason :y ?is   
%\ld be avoid$ is1 because among !      
multitude ( ^? :o are compreh5d$ 9      
common-place & g5]al  obs]vations1 !re  
may be m ?an a few ( !m1 :o may con/rue 
! hum into an affront2 & al?\gh !y may n
 h be5 pres5t at  ! conv]sation 9 :i*   
?is happ5$1 ^u he>+ aft]w>ds :at  pass$ 
9 x1 may be excit$ to %ew _! res5tm5t   
aga9/ :at !y  h be5 told 0 said1 :i* is 
a ?+ ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$4 ,&  ,i h also   
se5 ?is att5d$ ) n a little injury to   
common-place  humm]s1 :o h drawn on     
!mselves res5tm5ts !y 7 n aw>e  (4 ,b   
al?\gh !re %\ld be no dang] att5d+ ?is  
practice1  x %\ld be avoid$ f motives ( 
equity2 = not)/&+  pleasantry is 9 its  
own simple nature innoc5t1 x is n "r to 
ex]cise x t[>ds him1 :o may fancy       

himself injur$ by x4 ,^? :o  are s t5d] 
& delicate1 t !y w\ld feel z a h>d bl[1 
:at  to o!rs w\ld only seem a playful   
pat ) ! h&1 %\ld nev] be  s mu* z       
lightly t\*$ ) ! f+]1 = if ! lighte/ t\*
  goes to _! he>ts1 :oev] t\*es !m c't  
fail to w\nd !m4 ,x  n be+ possible !n1 
= ^? :o deal 9 g5]al or common-place    
hum\r & bant]1 to avoid giv+ (f5ce to _m
 p1 e "o  :o w\ld be ?\ght a man (      
urbanity or good-bre$+1 %\ld ab/a9  f t 
practice entirely4    ,,lxxi4 ,f9ally1  
all pleasantry t is n natural is        
disgu/+4 ,^?  :o )\t g5ius attempt to be
 witty1 soon gr[ tiresome1 & make       
!mselves appe> ridicul\s4 ,!re is no?+ m
 insipid1 ?an a  man :o is desir\s (    
mak+ himself seem ent]ta9+1 by v5t+     
/udi$ conceits1 & by aukw>d & =c$       
endeav\rs to imitate  p ( natural hum\r4
 ,x is true1 t !y succe$ 9 "p (  :at !y 
aim to accompli%1 :i* is ! mak+ o!r m5  
laugh1 b  !n !y !mselves1 & n _! wit1 /&
 z ! object ( _!  laught]4 ,if !re      
happ5s to be a man 9 a t[n1 :o is       

rem>kable &  celebrat$ = 8 hum\r1 & say+
 ( good ?+s1 tw5ty or ?irty  o!rs1 w    
attempt to imitate & set !mselves 9     
competition )  him2 b all _! endeav\rs1 
w nev] enable !m to exhibit m  ?an a    
ridicul\s mock copy ( t p]son4 ,mank9d  
don't c>e to be  conv9c$1 t 9 ?is & all 
o!r su* end[m5ts1 nature n only         
furni%es ! means1 b does ! :ole         
executive "p ( ! bus9ess  h]self4 ,x is 
= ! want ( mak+ ?is reflection1 t ^? :o 
are ! lea/ qualifi$ = x by nature1      
attempt to imitate o!rs1 on  :om %e has 
) a b\ntiful h& be/[$ ! *oice/          
qualities4 ,!  exce$+ lik5ess !re is    
betwe5 a man & a monkey1 seems to me to 
be great] /ill1 if 9 mak+ ! comp>ison   
betwe5 !m1 we beg9  ) ! man fir/4 ,x has
 be5 insi/$1 t bo? 9 ,asia & ,africa1   
!re h be5 apes or monkeys f\nd1 :o h !  
exact appe>ance (  m52 & ,i insi/1 t 9  
,africa1 ,asia1 & ,europe1 & 9 all o!r  
places1 !re are m5 :o h ! exact         
appe>ance ( monkeys1 & 9  effect1 t !y  
put on1 or we> ?is appe>ance1 by _!     

attempt+  to imitate ea* o!r4 ,!re nev] 
/>ts up an excell5t orig9al  9 our      
species1 ( :i* y w n see innum]able     
affect$  copies2 b !n ^! are a sort (   
copies1 t nev] exce$ a mock  sc>e-cr[   
imitation4      ,,sect4 ,,xv4           
,o/5tation ( ,k4    ,,lxxii4 ,sci5ce is 
a treasure t %\ld be exp5d$ ) conomy1 & 
n squ&]$ away pr(usely4 ,x is ( great   
value to ! possessor  :o lays x out     
sp>+ly1 b if squ&]$ & made o/5tation (1 
x becomes trifl+ & ridicul\s2 & inde$ ^u
 a /rict enquiry1  x w be f\nd t !y v   
seldom possess x1 :o boa/ or make  p>ade
 ( be+ ma/]s ( x4 ,!y :o "k b little1   
are ! only  p1 :o 9 all places1 are fond
 ( expos+ _! :ole /ock (  k to view4 ,!y
 nev] ent] into a conv]sation1 t )\t    
wait+ a fit opportunity = do+ x1 !y     
don't exhibit _! :ole  scanty budget (  
in=mations4 ,betwe5 ^? :o are truly     
le>n$1 &  m5 ( b sl5d] lit]>y           
acquisitions1 !re is ! same diff]5ce1  t
 !re is betwe5 m]*ants :o keep great    
/ocks ( goods1 &  p$l>s :o g ab\t ) a   

pack4 ,! fir/ 9 _! w>eh\ses1 lay  up    
l>ge assortm5ts ( ?+s1 :]e all p may    
resort1 & be  furni%$ ) :at !y h        
occasion =2 ! o!rs c>ry _!  mis]able    
scanty %op ( w>es at _! backs1 & !re is 
nei!r  /reet1 alley1 or corn]1 :]e !y   
don't cry !m ab\t1 & expose  & (f] !m to
 sale4    ,,lxxiii4 ,"s are s simple1 z 
among all classes ( p1 to  introduce1 or
 z we may say lug-9 by ! head & %\ld]s1 
a  conv]sation1 on ! subject ( !        
pr(ession !y 7 br$ to4 ,!  abb          
,belleg>de1 tells a /ory ( a milit>y    
man1 :o 9 a visit he  made to "s ladies1
 )\t be+ ask$ to d x by any body1 set   
himself ab\t relat+ v circum/antially1  
all ! p>ticul>s (  a siege he _h be5    
employ$ 91 :i* he did 9 all ! te*nical  
t]ms ( milit>y art1 tak+ c>e also1 to   
m5tion ! regim5ts  & (fic]s t assi/$ at 
x1 & to describe m9utely1 all !         
manoeuvres bo? ( ! besieg]s & ! besieg$1
 f ! "t  ( inve/+ ! place to ! day ( its
 surr5d]2 :i* t$i\s  relation1 mu/ )\t  
d\bt h be5 v ent]ta9+ to !  ladies4 ,b  

,moli]e's comic description ( ^! sort ( 
p1 :i*  he gives u 9 ! "* ( a "y        
practition] 9 surg]y1 is  m laughable   
/ill2 :o 9 "o ( 8 fir/ visits to a lady 
he  paid 8 addresses to1 aft] hav+      
exhau/$ all 8 complim5ts1 9  anatomical 
phrases & *yrurgical t]ms ( art1 invit$ 
h] to see  ! dissection ( a dead body1 &
 express$ h[ greatly he %\ld  be oblig$ 
to h] = h] company2 = t he himself 0 to 
be !  op]ator4 ,?is und\bt$ly c\ld n    
fail ( af=d+ a pleas+  ent]ta9m5t to a  
delicate & t5d]-he>t$ lady4    ,,lxxiv4 
,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial in/ructions t c be 
acquir$ by  true ,urbanity1 is t ( le>n+
 ^u all occurr5ces1 to accommodate      
y\rself & y\r conv]sation1 to ! g5ius & 
capacities ( y\r  company2 & ( leav+ to 
! *oice ( o!rs1 ! subject-matt] (       
disc\rse1 & 9 foll[+ !m 9 ! pursuit ( x1
 z f> z !y  %all f9d x pleas+ &         
agreeable to c>ry x4 ,he is n m absurd  
& extravagant :o talks to ano!r on a    
subject or faculty he does  n und]/&1   
?an he1 :o talks to him 9 a language he 

is an utt]  /rang] to4      ,,sect4     
,,vi4    ,affectation ( ,sup]iority4    
,,lxxv4 ,! diff]5t behavi\r ( "s p at _!
 fir/ entrance  into a room1 & aft] _!  
com+ to engage 9 conv]sation )  !       
company !y f9d !re1 is v rem>kable4 ,at 
_! fir/  com+ 91 if ! p !y meet happ5 n 
to be su* z !y are  pretty intimate )1  
!y seem ov] & above complaisant1 make   
mo/  respectful conges1 are v           
hyp]bolical 9 _! pr(essions (  atta*m5t 
& e/eem to e "o !y acco/1 & are v pr(use
  ( _! (f]s to oblige & s]ve !m2 b aft] 
a little :ile1  !y beg9 to draw !mselves
 up1 to assume an air ( gravity &       
consequ5ce1 & 9 all _! words & actions1 
to behave z if !y  7 ve/$ ) a s5atorial1
 or legislative au?ority4 ,su* a man    
beg9s to array himself ) a habit (      
importance1 & to appe> on  ! !atre ) an 
air ( pomp & arrogance4 ,he lays by !   
easy  sock1 & assumes ! busk94 ,8 sol fa
 :i* comm5c$ 9 a l[  tone 9 e faut1 is  
rais$ 9 a v little "t1 to ! highe/ note 
9 g solre4 ,8 political /ature gr[s to a

 gigantic size1 & he  beg9s to look d[n 
on all ar\nd him1 & to treat all !y say 
)  t scorn & disda91 :i* is g5]at$ by1 &
 l9eally desc5d$  f ru/ic pride4        
,,lxxvi4 ,treat+ on ?is subject1 br+s to
 my m9d a /ory :i* ,mor]i  tells (      
,brunon1 bi%op ( ,langres1 :o 9 ! beg9n+
 ( "o (  8 pa/oral lett]s /iles himself 
humilis prsul1 & aft]w>ds  9 ! body ( x1
 assumes a maje/ic tone1 & says1 no/ram 
odi5s  maje/atem4 ,^? :o behave 9 ?is   
mann]1 mu/ c]ta9ly lie "u  ! delusion1 t
 urbanity & mode/y1 7 only calculat$ =  
exordiums1 prologues1 & salutations at  
peoples fir/ meet+4      ,,sect4 ,,xvii4
    ,speak+ 9 a magi/]ial tone4         
,,lxxvii4 ,among ! pr(essors (          
lit]ature1 !re are n a few1 :o  make    
!mselves unpleasant companions1 by      
assum+ an ov]be>+ &  dictatorial mann]4 
,) !m e place is a s*ool1 e *air a      
pr(essional "o1 & all _! auditors _!    
pupils4 ,conceit$1 &  full ( !mselves & 
_! sci5ce1 & big also ) ! dignity  ( _! 
(fice & degrees1 !y look ^u ^? :o h n   

gone  ?r\gh ! s*ools1 z p ( an inf]ior  
species1 :om !y sc>ce  ev] deign to     
speak to1 b ) a fr[n+ br[1 & a          
contemptu\s  look4 ,!y always talk 9 a  
dictatorial tone ( voice1 & express     
!mselves ) ! maje/ic au?ority ( an      
oracle1 & 9 _!  conv]sation ) o!r m51   
seem to ex]cise ! p[] ( a *apel  ma/]1  
:o regulates ! tone ! :ole b& are to s+ 
& play 94    ,,lxxviii4 ,i h kn[n _m1   
inde$ v _m1 :o 7 prepossess$  ) ! error1
 t /udy augm5ts ! und]/&+4 ,& is ?is an 
error8 )\t d\bt x is1 = :e!r we suppose1
 t inequality  ( und]/&+ or reason 9    
mank9d1 proce$s f an entitive           
inequality ( s\ls1 z "s h imag9$2 or    
:e!r we suppose x  proce$s f a diff]5t  
temp]am5t or =mation ( m5's organs1  :i*
 is ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion2 x w   
necess>ily  foll[ f ^! premises1 t ) !  
assi/ance ( /udy1 or  )\t x's aid1 !    
intellectual faculty1 mu/ ev] rema9     
equally  & id5tically ! same2 x be+     
c]ta91 t /udy c nev] alt]  !            
organization or native temp]am5t ( man2 

& mu* less c x  *ange ! sub/antial      
entity ( ! s\l4 ,?us aft] _m ye>s /udy1 
! reason+ faculty c nev] be increas$ 9  
natural /r5g?1 s  mu* z half a degree4  
,! be=e-nam$ argum5t demon/rates x2 b   
besides ?is1 my own exp]i5ce has %ewn me
 ! ?+ palpably &  cle>ly4 ,i h se5 p (  
great application to lett]s1 :o aft]    
consum+ a l>ge portion ( _! lives 9 t   
pursuit1 reason$  mis]ably on :atev]    
subject !y attempt$ to talk ^u2 & ,i h  
obs]v$ o!rs1 :om ,i h _h frequ5t        
opportunities ( see+ =  a great numb] ( 
ye>s1 & :o 7 sc>ce ev] )\t a book 9  _! 
h&s1 :o lab\r$ "u ! same inability (    
reason+1 &  ^: ideas 7 equally confus$1 
& _! compreh5sion j z  obscure at ! end 
( t p]iod1 z at ! beg9n+4 ,/udy assi/s  
p ) c]ta9 in=mations1 & furni%es !m ) a 
v>iety  ( species or matt]1 by ! help ( 
:i*1 !y are enabl$ to make  _m          
d$uctions1 :i* !y c\ld n h made )\t t   
aid2 b  ! p[] or activity ( ! und]/&+1  
_c be increas$ or  enl>g$ by any su*    
means4 ,a workman1 :o %\ld be furni%$ ) 

_m in/rum5ts ( 8 art1 :i* he 0 n        
possess$ ( be=e1  w\ld ) ?is assi/ance1 
be enabl$ to d _m ?+s1 :i* )\t  _! help 
he c\ld n h execut$2 b ?is w\ld n prove 
t  ! /r5g? ( 8 arm 0 increas$4          
,,lxxix4 ,ev5 ) respect to ! p>ticul>   
faculty or sci5ce m5  /udy1 !y nev] c   
get ov]1 or pass beyond ! f5ce rail :i* 
nature has plac$ be=e !m2 !y read mu*1  
conv]se mu*1 &  treasure up a great _m  
species 9 _! memories1 b nev] collect   
!m ) any ord]1 or sep>ate & apply !m )  
any judgm5t or  discretion1 & nev]      
cle>ly p5etrate or compreh5d _! uses4   
,?us  "o ( ^! comes out f 8 /udies1 l a 
le>n$ man t is  only skill$ 9           
p]spective1 & capable ( fasc9at+ !      
ignorant  vulg> ) false lights & %ad[+s2
 or su* a "o z ! common  p call wells ( 
sci5ce1 b !y are only wells ( muddy     
wat]1  t is ( no use or b5efit to       
mank9d4    ,,lxxx4 ,?is be+ ! case1 :i* 
x mo/ und\bt$ly is1 x is v  cle> &      
evid5t1 t ! faculties !y h /udi$1 give  
!m no  "r or pret5sions to ! magi/]ial  

air !y assume on acc\nt (  ! degrees !y 
h tak51 & t ! insignia or outside m>ks (
  ^? hon\rs & dignities1 give !m no j   
reason = affect+1  or claim+ any        
au?ority or sup]iority1 ov] ! re/ (     
mank9d4  ,! mo/ provok+ "p ( ?is matt]1 
& t :i* height5s !  ridicul\sness ( x to
 an extreme degree1 is1 t ^? :o =  ! mo/
 "p are "u ! dom9ion ( ?is va9          
presumption1 are  pr(essors ( inf]ior   
note2 = ^? :o are really +5i\s1 &  m5 ( 
cle> und]/&+s1 let !mselves be influ5c$ 
by reason4  ,i repeat aga91 t !         
pr(essors ( little note1 are ^? :o are  
o/5tati\sly fond ( enl>g+ ! size ( _!   
little lett]s1  & ( mak+ !m all appe> l 
capitals4 ,!y are ^?1 :o f  /udy extract
 a great deal ( smoke1 b little cle> or 
lum9\s  fire4 ,?us :5 !y mix ) ! re/ ( !
 _w1 !y assume an air  ( sup]iority ov] 
o!r m51 & say a ?\s& silly ?+s1 )  z    
solemn & grave a face1 z if all !y      
articulat$ 7 pr(\nd  apoph!gms4         
,,lxxxi4 ,x may be ?\ght t ,i exagg]ate1
 b ,i d n2 = !  read] may believe me :5 

,i assure him1 t ,i h kn[n _m1 nay  v   
_m1 :o )\t any m m]it1 ?an t ( hav+ kept
 _!  t]ms at a univ]sity = a c]ta9 numb]
 ( ye>s1 & ( hav+  tak5 a degree1 & be+ 
au?oriz$ to we> ! insignia ( academic   
dignity1 treat ) contempt e ?+ t is     
advanc$ by a lay man1  & behave to him1 
z if he 0 a rational animal ( an inf]ior
 ord]  to himself4 ,9 :atev] company su*
 a man f9ds himself1 :e!r !  conv]sation
 turns ^u w>1 politics1 or civil        
gov]nm5t1 he )  a ridicul\s             
self-suffici5cy1 takes ^u him to give 8 
op9ion1  al?\gh x is 9 opposition to t (
 a man1 :o may be reasonably  suppos$ to
 und]/& ^! ?+s mu* bett] ?an him4 ,& :at
 does  he get by all ?is8 ,he causes    
himself to be despis$ & d]id$1 &  to be 
po9t$ & laugh$ at = a blockhead4        
,,lxxxii4 ,i c't omit m5tion+ ano!r     
gross fault1 :i* ^! m5  ( sl5d] tal5ts  
are apt to fall into2 al?\gh x may )    
tru? be  said1 t x is frequ5tly incurr$ 
by p ( all classes2 :i*  is1 be+ mu*    
addict$ to criticise & c5sure !         

productions or  abilities ( o!rs1 :o are
 bett] in=m$ ?an !mselves4 ,x is  to be 
sure v laughable1 to ?9k ( a silly      
fell[1 :o runs ab\t  call+ ! re/ ( ! _w 
fools2 & to reflect1 t he :o does  n "k 
a ^w ( sci5ce1 %\ld busy himself )      
measur+ by  in*es1 ! sci5tific tal5ts ( 
o!r m51 :i* he h>dly ev] w  v\*safe to  
e/imate by feet or y>ds1 because !re are
 v few  in/ances1 9 :i* he w admit _!   
tal5ts to arrive at ^?  dim5sions4 ,?us 
a bad prea*]1 w nev] ackn[l$ge t he has 
he>d a good s]mon2 a bad taylor1 t he   
has se5 a suit ( cloa?s  :i* 7 well     
made2 or a bad smi?1 t he has se5 a     
piece ( "w  t 0 well execut$1 c4        
,,sect4 ,,xviii4    ,tr\blesome or      
ill-tim$ visits4    ,,lxxxiii4 ,!re are 
"s m51 :o by be+ ov] att5tive & civil to
  _! fri5ds1 become intol]able4 ,i speak
 ( ^?1 :o make visit+  an employm5t or  
occupation1 & :o are always ex]cis+     
!mselves  9 t way1 z if x 0 _!          
pr(ession4 ,^! are a sort ( p1  :o n    
kn[+ :at to d ) !mselves1 or h[ to      

employ _! own  "t1 run ab\t tir+ &      
break+-9 ^u ! avocations ( o!r  p1 :o   
are engag$ 9 mo/ hon\rable & important  
occupations2  !y are a sort ( robb]s (  
m5's "t1 :o /eal f !m t1  :i* x is      
necess>y = !m to employ 9 _! bus9ess2 !y
 are  a sort ( knights errant1 ^:       
tongues in/ead ( spe>s1 are ev]  prep>$ 
= attack1 & :o busy !mselves 9 do+      
wrongs1 in/ead  ( r$ress+ !m2 a k9d (   
deal]s 9 common-place phrases1 :o g     
ab\t l begg>s f h\se to h\se2 & :o may  
be t]m$ *eats  9 good-bre$+1 & su*1 z   
w\ld impose on ! _w vexation =          
obsequi\sness4    ,,lxxxiv4 ,^? :o ?9k  
to recomm5d !mselves to ! good graces ( 
m5 9 p[]1 by a repetition ( visits1     
deceive !mselves greatly2  = :at m]it c 
!re be 9 keep+ su* a p]son conf9$ an    
h\r to 8 room e ?ird day1 :]e he may    
possibly rema9 z  uneasily1 z if he 0   
sitt+ 9 ! /ocks1 & be depriv$ ( an      
opportunity ( tak+ "s amusem5t or       
recreation he is fond (1 or  else1 (    
employ+ t "t 9 "s bus9ess he want$ to   

att5d to8  ,:at mo/ commonly happ5s 9 ^!
 cases is1 t ! visitor has no  soon]    
tak5 leave & turn$ 8 back1 ?an ! p]son  
visit$ v5ts a  ?\s& curses on 8         
imp]t95ce2 & if !re %\ld *ance to be    
any "o by to :om he c unbosom himself 9 
confid5ce1 he decl>es to  him1 t he nev]
 met ) a great] savage 9 all 8 life4    
,,lxxxv4 ,i feel mu* = m9i/]s :o are    
expos$ to ?is sort (  p]secution2 = to !
 heavy load ( _! (fice t lays on !m1    
may be add$ ! sur*>ge ( ^! tiresome     
visits1 ! weight (  :i* may possibly sit
 m bur!nsome on !m1 ?an t ( ! :ole  duty
 !y h to d besides4      ,,sect4 ,,xix4 
,visits to sick p4    ,,lxxxvi4 ,on !   
head ( visits to sick p1 !re is mu* to  
be  said1 z 9 mak+ !m1 we %\ld att5d n  
only to ! rules (  good-bre$+1 b to ^? (
 *>ity also2 & x is impossible1  if we  
are want+ 9 ! la/ ( ^! obligations1 = u 
to comply  ) ^? ( ! fir/4 ,sick p1 bo? )
 respect to _! s\ls  & bodies1 %\ld be  
treat$ & dealt by ) z mu* delicacy &    
caution1 z y w\ld h&le an exquisitely ?9

 vessel ( glass4 ,a  sick body is       
affect$ by1 & s5sible ( ! slighte/ t\*2 
&  an afflict$ s\l1 may be inquiet$ by  
su* a s5sation z _c be  def9$4          
,,lxxxvii4 ,visit+ sick p1 is n only an 
act ( urbanity1 b  an act ( t5d]ness &  
humanity also2 b 9 ord] to con/itute  x 
su* an act1 x is ess5tially & absolutely
 necess>y1 t !  visit %\ld be s manag$1 
& att5d$ ) su* circum/ances1 z  w af=d  
relief & com=t to ! sick p]son4 ,b h[ _m
 (  ^! k9d ( visits are exp]i5c$ by !   
poor sick8 "o may v5ture  to ass]t1     
sc>ce "o 9 fifty4 ,! prud5t "p ( mank9d 
are b  few 9 numb]1 b ! visitors consi/s
 ( _m4 ,:at effect mu/  8 visits h on a 
sick man1 :o tires & disgu/s "o 9 heal? 
) !m8 ,nor is x suffici5t1 t he :o      
visits a sick p]son is  discreet1 if 8  
discretion does n lead to in/ruct him1  
:51 h[  mu*1 & 9 :at mann] a sick p]son 
%\ld be talk$ to4 ,to "k  :5 he %\ld be 
talk$ to1 ! physician1 & ^? :o att5d him
  %\ld be consult$2 h[ mu*1 9 :at mann]1
 & on :at subject1  mu/ be det]m9$ &    

regulat$1 by ! prud5ce ( ! p]son :o     
visits him4    ,,lxxxviii4 ,! h[ mu*1 is
 ! po9t :i* visitors mo/ commonly       
mi/ake4 ,sick p %\ld be b little talk$  
to1 ev5 al?\gh  ! subject ( !           
conv]sation is su* z !y are fond (2 =   
_! att5tion to :at is talk$ (1 is apt to
 fatigue !m1 & to  wade ^? spirits1 :i* 
w\ld be bett] employ$ 9 resi/+ !        
disease4 ,?us x 9 g5]al is bett] to     
leave !m 9 t sort (  half slumb]1 &     
languid quiet ( m9d1 :i* by n be+       
di/urb$  or int]rupt$1 p]mits all !     
ideas t occur to !m to pass easily      
?r\gh ! bra94    ,,lxxxix4 ,) reg>d to !
 mann] !y %\ld be talk$ to 91 x  ought  
to be su*1 z by no means %\ld inquiet or
 di/urb !m2 &  to prev5t _! be+ surpriz$
 or al>m$1 x w be necess>y to  talk to  
!m 9 a l[ voice4 ,if l\d talk+ is       
capable ( crack+ a  head ( brass1 :at   
effect mu/ x h on a glass "o8 ,!y %\ld n
  be ask$ _m que/ions1 nor %\ld !y z    
little z possible1 be put  "u a         
necessity ( reply+ to :at is said ( !m1 

= f !nce  !re w\ld result two fatigues1 
t ( reason+1 & t ( talk+4    ,,xc4 ,!   
subject ( ! conv]sation ) a sick ,p]son1
 %\ld 9  g5]al turn ^u su* ?+s1 z he 0  
obs]v$ to be mo/ fond (  :5 9 heal?2 = )
 respect bo? to ! alim5ts ( ! s\l1  z   
well z ^? ( ! body1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t   
physicians &  ^? :o att5d on1 or visit  
sick p1 %\ld h reg>d to _!  appetites & 
desires1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t )     
respect  to ^! p>ticul>s1 !re are       
frequ5t mi/akes made1 & especially  )   
relation to ! alim5ts ( ! s\l1 = by mak+
 !m grateful  to p1 !re w seldom any    
inconv5i5ce result1 b hav+  reg>d to do+
 ?is1 may be att5d$ ) mu* use & b5efit4 
,:5ev] an epidemical di/emp] prevails 9 
a t[n or c\ntry1 x may  n be improp] n[ 
& !n1 to talk to sick p on ! subject  ( 
t disord]2 b 9 do+ ?is1 c>e %\ld always 
be tak5  to m5tion to !m only ^? :o h   
be5 visit$ )1 & h  recov]$ f ! disease2 
& reg>d %\ld likewise be _h1 nev] to    
say a ^w ( su* z h di$ ( x2 b ,i h kn[n 
visitors :o  7 su* blund]]s1 z sc>ce to 

tell a sick p]son any o!r news1  ?an t  
su* a "o1 or su* a "o is dead4 ,?is t5ds
 to make a sick  man v unhappy1 =       
accord+ to ! logic ( 8 melan*oly1 he is 
apt to conclude1 t 8 dea? mu/ be an     
infallible consequ5ce (  t ( ! o!r      
p]sons4    ,,xci4 ,to ^! g5]al rules1 ,i
 %all add a rem>k on two mi/akes t  are 
v commonly fall5 into by ^? :o visit    
sick p4 ,! fir/  ( ^! is1 _! beg9n+ ^u  
_! entrance into ! *amb] (  a sick      
p]son1 if !re are ?ree or f\r ( !m1 to  
ask him "o by  "o1 h[ he goes on1 & h[  
he f9ds himself4 ,a man _h ne$ h !      
pati5ce ( ,job1 to answ] su* a numb] (  
id5tical que/ions4 ,ev5  9 slight       
illnesses1 ! pa9 & uneas9ess x gives a  
man to answ]  ! same /r+ ( que/ions ov] 
& ov] aga91 is v evid5t &  palpable4    
,!re=e ! me?od p %\ld pursue 9 _! visits
  to a man :o is s]i\sly ill1 %\ld be1  
to ask 9 a l[ voice1 h[  he is ( ^? :o  
att5d him4 ,or ! exp$i5t may be _h      
rec\rse  to1 t 0 practis$ by a fri5d (  
m9e1 :o 0 ( ! same  religi\s ord] z     

myself2 :o :5 he 0 once v ill1 to avoid 
?is  inconv5i5ce1 ord]$ t e morn+1 !re  
%\ld be writt5 on a  piece ( pap]1 all !
 que/ions t are g5]ally ask$ by         
visitors1  toge!r ) ! answ]s to !m2 su* 
z :at sort ( a night he  _h _h1 :e!r !  
pa9 9 8 head 0 abat$1 :e!r 8 ?ir/       
cont9u$1 or :e!r he _h tak5 any         
n\ri%m5t1 c4 ,?is pap] he  ord]$ to be  
/uck ) waf]s on ! side ( 8 *amb] door1 t
  ^? :o came to visit him might read x1 
9 ord] to prev5t _!  fatigu+ him ) a    
numb] ( ^? que/ions4    ,,xcii4 ,!      
second mi/ake1 is t ( all ! visitors    
tak+ ^u !m  to be physicians1 & to      
prescribe = ! sick p]son4 ,?is is an    
affectation practis$ by _m2 b :5 we     
consid]1 h[ ab/ruse &  h[ ardu\s a /udy 
physic is1 & h[ long practice & exp]i5ce
 x  requires to obta9 a compet5t k ( x1 
& t ! greate/  +5uity is f\nd to be     
unequal to ! acquisition2 ,i say :5 we  
consid] all ?is1 mu/ x n appe> v absurd 
& presumptu\s1  = e "o to pret5d to take
 ^u him ! (fice4 ,?us1 :atev] a  visitor

 fancies w\ld be s]viceable to ! diseas$
 p]son1 ei!r z  food1 or m$ic9e1 he is  
cont9ually teas+ ! sick man1 & vex+  !  
physician ) 8 recomm5dation (4 ,h[ (t5 h
 ,i se5 v  prud5t & able physicians1 mu*
 p]plex$ to det]m9e :at !y  %\ld        
prescribe2 & at ! same "t1 h obs]v$ a   
?\s& va9  pret5d]s fl\ri% away1 & v     
self-suffici5tly1 & mu* to _!  own      
satisfaction1 det]m9e (f h&1 ! m$ic9e ! 
pati5t %\ld  take6 ,h[ _m times also h  
,i se5 ^! conceit$ wrong-head$  p1 ) _! 
importunities1 drive an able le>n$      
physician out  ( 8 c\rse1 :o _h det]m9$1
 aft] well consid]+ all !  circum/ances 
( 8 pati5t1 to /& /ill = a little :ile1 
&  leave ! disease to nature1 9 ord] to 
see :i* way %e w\ld po9t2  b p]secut$ & 
ov]come by ! press+ in/ances ( ! p  we h
 be5 m5tion+1 he is br\ght to break ?is 
resolution1 &  to set p5 to pap]1 &     
prescribe some?+ t he _h bett] h  desi/$
 f ord]+6 ,^! ignorant folks1 are ev]   
exclaim+ t  nature %\ld always be       
assi/$4 ,?is is a gr& aphorism2 & "o  t 

all ! _w pret5d to und]/&2 b :at su* m5 
z we h  j m5tion$ fancy to be assi/+    
nature1 is 9 reality1 & mo/  commonly1  
cutt+ (f h] legs & arms4      ,,sect4   
,,xx4    ,visits ( ,condol5ce4          
,,xciii4 ,all ^? :o lab\r "u any great  
mis=tune1 may prop]ly be  class$ among !
 sick or infirm4 ,^? ?+s :i* we commonly
 call  diseases1 beg9 ) ! body1 & f !nce
 proce$ to affect !  s\l2 b ! disease ( 
grief1 or sadness1 beg9s ) ! s\l1 &  f t
 is communicat$ to1 & infects ! body4   
,to ! afflict$  ) grief1 all ! visitors 
%\ld act ! physician1 nor inde$ are  !re
 any o!r physicians1 :o c af=d !m s mu* 
relief4 ,!  cure ( ! passions ( ! s\l1 d
 n app]ta9 to m$ic9e1 b to  e?ics4 ,?us 
! discretion ( a man :o visits an       
afflict$ p]son may  af=d him relief1 :5 
all ! precepts ( old ,hippocrates c     
furni%  him ) none4    ,,xciv4 ,b :at   
mo/ frequ5tly happ5s 9 ^! cases8 :y1 t !
  visits ( condol5ce1 add a new         
affliction to him :o is already borne   
d[n by grief4 ,x is necess>y to leave a 

disconsolate wid[1 or a man  :o 0       
exce$+ly fond ( 8 deceas$ wife1 = a few 
days aft]  _! loss to !mselves1 bo? out 
( respect to ! =malities (  ! _w1 & to  
af=d !m an opportunity to v5t _! sorr[4 
,! natural alleviators ( great grief1   
are abundant te>s1 impetu\s  sighs1     
repeat$ exclamations1 & extravagant     
ge/ures4 ,none ( ^!  c be indulg$ by any
 "o1 :ile he or %e is receiv+ a visit2 =
  p at su* times1 are oblig$ to behave )
 z mu* composure1  z a p]son :o is act+ 
a s]i\s "p 9 a play2 & mu/ conf9e       
!mselves to expressions ( _! grief1 t   
are purely !atrical4  ,_! words & _!    
sighs1 mu/ issue f !m1 9 =m1 9 ord]1  & 
accord+ to rule4 ,_! bosoms are oppress$
 ) an ocean (  bitt]ness1 & !y are only 
p]mitt$ to v5t x drop by drop4 ,!  do+ (
 :i* if y consid] x1 does n af=d !m !   
slighte/  relief2 b on ! contr>y1 !     
viol5ce !y put ^u !mselves  to con=m to 
^! regul> demon/rations ( sorr[1 is r an
  addition to _! torm5t4    ,,xcv4 ,!   
cruel consequ5ces t result to afflict$  

p1 by d5y+  !m ! natural brea?+s ( _!   
sorr[1 & re/ra9+ !m  f v5t+ _! grief by 
all ways & means1 is well expla9$ by    
,pic9eli 9 8 simile ( a ,riv]1 :i*      
swells ! m1 ! m its  c\rse is ob/ruct$1 
ab obice crescit2 = s x is1 t grief     
increases by be+ suppress$1 & t ! less  
v5t is giv5 to x1  ! m apt x is to      
suffocate4 ,/rangulat inclusus dolor1   
said  ,ovid1 :o 0 well v]s$ 9 ^! matt]s4
    ,,xcvi4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i am (      
op9ion1 ^? :o h met ) su*  mis=tunes1   
%\ld = a c]ta9 "t1 be only se5 by _!    
relations  & mo/ intimate fri5ds1 _!    
famili> int]c\rse ) :om1 w\ld  r        
facilitate1 ?an int]rupt ^? bur/+s ( _! 
s\ls1 :i*  relieve ! oppressions ( _!   
brea/s4 ,! visits ( su* p1  %\ld always 
be accompani$ ) expressions ( fri5d%ip1 
& he>ty  t5d]s ( k9d & g5]\s (f]s1 &    
especially1 :5 ! grief  is increas$ by  
appreh5sions1 t ! consequ5ces ( ! loss  
!y  h su/a9$1 w be a p>tial1 or total   
privation ( _! temporal  conv5i5ces4 ,& 
besides ^? intimate fri5ds & relations1 

!  visits ( "s spiritual man1 ^: "* =   
virtue & discretion  is g5]ally         
ackn[l$g$ & confess$1 might af=d great  
com=t  9 affliction1 or to speak m      
prop]ly1 ! int]position ( ,div9e        
,provid5ce ?r\gh him1 might adm9i/]     
great] relief 9 su* cases1  ?an c\ld be 
furni%$ by ! ne>e/ relations1 & ! mo/   
s9c]e  fri5ds4 ,& ! be/ (fice t c\ld be 
done to ^? :o are borne  d[n ) grief by 
_! fri5ds & relations1 might possibly be
 to  procure !m frequ5t visits f m5 (   
?is "*4    ,,xcvii4 ,i w\ld h x         
und]/ood1 t ,i mean all ,i h j said1  z 
applicable only to great & real griefs2 
= truly appe>ances 9  ^! cases are v    
unc]ta9 & equivocal4 ,if a fa!r1 a "m1 a
  husb&1 or a wife dies1 ! ne>e/        
relation to ! deceas$ p>ty1  manife/s   
great tok5s ( be+ deeply affect$4 ,b :o 
w believe  t a husb& c be greatly       
conc]n$ = ! dea? ( 8 wife1  :o 0 kn[n to
 be mu* fond] ( o!r wom5 ?an ( h]8 or :o
  c believe t a wife c be really griev$ 
= ! dea? ( h]  husb&1 :o always play$ ! 

tyrant ) h]1 & treat$ h] l a            
galley-slave ( matrimony8 or :o t a son 
c be feel+ly affect$  by ! dea? ( a     
fa!r1 ^: e/ate he has long pant$ to be 9
  possession (8 ,9 su* in/ances z ^!1   
multitudes ( visits (  condol5ce may n  
be improp]2 = condol5ces ( complim5t1   
are well  suit$ to m\rn+s ( c]emony4    
,,sect4 ,,xxi4    ,lett]-writ+4         
,,xcviii4 ,! writ+ lett]s ) address &   
propriety1 is a v  ess5tial "p (        
urbanity1 & a matt] ^u :i* a great deal 
may be said by way ( in/ruction2 b z !  
want ( ?is may be  suppli$1 by read+    
approv$ books ( lett]s on v>i\s         
subjects1  ,i w\ld recomm5d to ! read] !
 p]usal ( ^? ( _m em95t  m51 :i* h be5  
lately collect$ & publi%$1 by t dilig5t 
& pa9s-tak+ p]son ,don ,gregorio ,mayans
 y ,sisc>1 libr>ian to  8 maje/y1 &     
pr(essor ( civil law 9 ! k+dom (        
,val5tia2  & w\ld advise him to read !m 
ov] & ov] aga9 ) mu*  att5tion1 z ! be/ 
patt]ns ( lett]s 9 our language4 ,)     
respect to ! writ+ ( ,lat9 lett]s1 ^? :o

 desire to be well  in/ruct$ 9 t1 %\ld  
read att5tively1 ^? ( ,don ,manuel ,m>ti
  ,dean ( ,alicant1 :i* h be5 lately    
publi%$ by ! be=e-nam$  ,don ,gregorio  
,mayans 9 two volumes 9 octavo2 & ^? (  
,mayans's  own1 :i* he publi%$ 9 "o     
volume 9 qu>to 9 #agcb4 ,i consid]  !   
publication ( ^! books1 to h be5 ( !    
greate/ use &  importance1 on acc\nt ( !
 mis]able /ate1 to :i* ! writ+ !  ,lat9 
language 0 r$uc$ 9 ,spa91 & especially )
 respect to  ! famili> or epi/ol>y /ile4
 ,h[ (t5 h ,i exp]i5c$1 t  :5ev] x      
became necess>y = a religi\s society or 
community1 to  write a ,lat9 lett] to   
,rome1 or "s o!r =eign k+dom1 t !re  7 v
 few m5 to be f\nd among !m1 :o 7       
capable ( do+ x1  unless x 0 9 ,lat9    
/uff$ full ( ,hispanisims8 ,& :5ev] x   
became necess>y = !m to conv]se 9 ,lat9 
) any /rang]1 !y  seem$ z mu* at a loss1
 & z mu* emb>rass$1 z if !y _h be5      
oblig$ to talk to him 9 ,arabic4        
,,xcix4 ,p are apt to run into ! same   
error 9 writ+ multitudes  ( lett]s1 t !y

 are 9 pay+ too _m visits2 z lett]s may 
be t]m$ a sort ( visits 9 writ+4 ,numb]s
 ( p are addict$  to ?is fault1 & _!    
reason = committ+ x is1 t !y are  9     
hopes by ?is means1 to recomm5d !mselves
 to ! good graces (  ^? !y write to2 b  
no?+ c be m absurd or ridicul\s1  ?an   
?9k+1 t by be+ tr\blesome to p1 y w ga9 
_! e/eem & affection2 :]eas ! commission
 ( ?is fault1  is mo/ commonly att5d$ ) 
a q opposite effect2 & ,i h  se5 _m1 :o 
by ! frequ5cy ( _! lett]s1 h lo/ !      
good-w ( ^? :o _h a reg>d = !m1 & ^:    
fri5d%ip  !y w\ld h cont9u$ to possess1 
b = _! teas+ !m )  a sup]flu\s          
repetition ( lett]s4 ,!re are n a few1  
:o write  ^! sort ( lett]s1 = ! sake    
aft]w>ds ( fe$+ _! own  vanity by %ew+ !
 answ]s to !m1 9 ord] to manife/ t !y   
are e/eem$ by1 & hon\r$ ) !             
correspond5ce ( p]sons (  di/9ction4 ,^!
 are n only tr\blesome to ^? !y write   
to1  b to ^? also to :om !y %ew ! answ]s
 to _! lett]s2 &  :at mo/ commonly      
happ5s is1 t in/ead ( mak+ !mselves     

appe>  respectable by do+ ?is1 !y cause 
!mselves to be despis$1 &  to look      
ridicul\s2 = !re is sc>ce any "o :o does
 n reg>d  ) contempt1 a man t runs ab\t 
f company to company read+  & %ew+ 8    
lett]s1 l a bad poet1 :o is always      
tr\bl+ 8  fri5ds ) a repetition ( 8     
v]ses4    ,c4 ,b :at rem$y is !re = ^!  
imp]t95ces8 :y no o!r1 b  disreg>d+1 & n
 giv+ answ]s to su* lett]s4 ,oh6 b ?is  
w\ld %ew want ( urbanity2 no x w\ld n1 =
 ,i ass]t1 t s f>  f x1 x w\ld manife/  
mu* discretion2 & ,i consid] any man :o 
ma9ta9s a contr>y op9ion1 to be "u a    
great mi/ake4 ,!re is no  "o :o ?9ks x  
%ews want ( urbanity1 to d5y y\r be+ at 
home to  a man :o p]secutes y )         
tr\blesome visits4 ,:y !n %\ld x  be    
?\ght t a man is want+ 9 ?is respect1 :o
 returns no answ]  to ^! sort ( lett]s8 
,x is v likely1 t ! writ] ( !m  w be mu*
 conc]n$ & affect$ at n hav+ answ]s to  
!m2 b  if ,i c cure an indisposition ,i 
lab\r "u1 by mak+ ! p]son  :o br\ght x  
^u me1 swall[ ! bitt] draught t x may be

  necess>y %\ld be tak5 to accompli% t  
end1 in/ead ( my tak+  x myself1 :y %\ld
 n ,i avail myself ( su* a rem$y8 ,9    
%ort1  9 cases ( ?is sort1 x is         
impossible to adopt any o!r me?od ?an  t
 ( giv+ no answ] to ^! k9d ( lett]s2 =  
attempt+ to  d o!rwise1 w\ld be attempt+
 m ?an a man :o receives great  numb]s (
 su* lett]s c\ld f9d leisure to execute2
 = ,i c safely  decl>e ) respect to     
myself1 t if ,i _h n tak5 a resolution  
n to answ] all ! lett]s ,i receiv$1 my  
:ole "t w\ld n h  be5 suffici5t to write
 ^? answ]s1 nor my :ole =tune1 to pay  !
 po/age ( ^? t w\ld h be5 address$ to   
me4              ,a      ,,def5ce       
,,or      ,,v9dication ,,( ,,! ,,wom54  
,,sect4 ,i4    ,i4 ,i ,ent] ^u a s]i\s &
 difficult und]tak+2 9 ! prosecution  ( 
:i*1 x is n "o ignorant vulg> p]son only
 ,i %all h to  cont5d )1 = sett+ ab\t to
 def5d all ! wom51 am\nts to  pretty ne>
 ! same ?+ z resolv+ to (f5d all ! m51  
!re  be+ sc>ce "o among !m1 :o1 9 ord]  
to give prec$5ce to 8  own sex1 does n  

endeav\r to br+ ! o!r into dise/eem2 &  
to  su* an extravagant l5g?1 has ?is    
cu/om ( abus+ & vilify+  ! wom5 by      
common cons5t be5 c>ri$1 t 9 a moral    
s5se !y  load !m ) defects1 & 9 a       
physical "o ) imp]fections1  & w sc>ce  
all[ !m to possess a s+le good quality3 
b  !y lay ! greate/ /ress on ! scant9ess
 or limitation ( _!  und]/&+s2 = :i*    
reason1 aft] briefly v9dicat+ !m 9  o!r 
respects1 ,i %all disc\rse m at l>ge on 
_! aptitude1 =  atta9+ all sorts (      
sci5ce & sublime k4    ,,ii4 ,! false   
prophet ,mahom$1 d5i$ ! wom5 entrance   
into t  ill-laid-out & absurdly-dispos$ 
p>adise1 :i* he _h devis$ &  appropriat$
 to be possess$ by 8 foll[]s1 limit+ !  
felicity (  ! females to behold+ f )\t1 
! glory & happ9ess enjoy$  by ! m5 )92 &
 x c]ta9ly mu/ give ! wom5 great        
pleasure1  to survey _! husb&s 9 t sc5e 
( delights1 compos$ all (  turpitudes1  
clasp$ 9 ! arms ( o!r consorts1 :i* 7   
feign$  to be newly creat$ = ?is        
p>ticul> purpose by t great arti/ 9     

fabricat+ *im]as4 ,su* a delirium be+   
admitt$ & receiv$ by a  great "p ( ! _w1
 suffici5tly %ews1 to :at a degree      
mank9d  are capable ( runn+ into error4 
,,iii4 ,b x seems z if ^!1 :o d5y ! wom5
 almo/ e k9d  ( m]it 9 ?is life1 d n    
diff] mu* f ^? :o d5y !m  happ9ess 9 !  
next4 ,! mo/ vile among ! vulg>1 v      
frequ5tly  repres5t t sex z hav+ a mo/  
horrible prop5sity to vice2 &  w\ld     
ins9uate1 t ! m5 are ! sole repositories
 ( virtue4  ,x is c]ta9ly true1 t y w   
f9d ^! species ( s5tim5ts  l\dly        
trumpet$ =? 9 an inf9ite numb] ( books2 
9 "s (  :i*1 ! invective is c>ri$ to su*
 a po9t1 z sc>cely to admit  !re is "o  
good woman1 & ass]t+1 t _! blu%1 :i* has
  be5 g5]ally consid]$ z an addition to 
_! beauty1 & a tok5  ( mode/y1 is !     
effect ( ! lewdness ( _! s\ls4          
,asp]a si visa e/1 rigidasque imitata   
,sab9as        ,velle1 s$ ex alto       
dissimul>e puta4    ,in/ead ( reply+ to 
su* insol5t malevol5ce1 ! be/ me?od is1 
to treat x ) contempt & dete/ation4 ,n a

 few ( ^?1 :o are  mo/ addict$ to pa9t !
 sex 9 ! blacke/ col\r+1 h be5  obs]v$  
to be ! mo/ solicit\s ab\t obta9+ _!    
fav\r &  good graces4 ,euripides1 :o 0  
exce$+ly satirical ^u !m 9 8  trag$ies1 
z ,a!nu & ,/obu in=m u1 0 excessively   
fond (  !m 9 private4 ,he execrat$ !m on
 ! !atre1 & idoliz$ !m  9 ! *amb]4      
,boccace1 :o 0 excessively addict$ to   
wom51 wrote  a satyr aga9/ !m1 entitl$1 
,! ,labyr9? ( ,love4 ,:at 0 !  my/]y (  
?is8 ,:y x mo/ probably 01 t1 "u !      
disguise (  hav+ an av]sion to !m1 he   
endeav\r$ to conceal 8 passion =  !m2 or
 x might be1 t ! brutal satiety ( !     
turpid appetite  _h br\ght on a loa?+1  
:i* caus$ e ?+ app]ta9+ to !  o!r sex to
 appe> hateful & disgu/+4 ,?is sort (   
abuse1 may  also sometimes proce$ f a   
refusal to l5d a k9d e> to entreaties  &
 solicitations2 = !re are m5 s          
malevol5t1 z to be capable  ( say+ a    
woman is n good1 because %e has refus$  
to be bad4  ,?is unju/ motive = compla9t
 & res5tm5t1 has sometimes v5t$  itself 

9 ! mo/ cruel acts ( rev5ge2 an example 
( :i*1 may  be in/anc$ 9 ! unhappy fate 
( t mo/ beautiful ,iri% lady  madam     
,d\glass1 aga9/ :om1 ,william ,le\t 0   
bl9dly irritat$1 =  hav+ refus$ to      
comply ) 8 lewd solicitations4 ,to be   
rev5g$1  he accus$ h] ( high treason2 & 
procur$ ! calumniat+ &  false *>ge to be
 prov$ by suborn$ witnesses4 ,%e suff]$ 
capital  puni%m5t2 & la ,mo! de la      
,vay]1 :o 79 8 ,opusc4 ,scept47 gives  !
 relation1 says1 t ,le\t himself        
aft]w>ds confess$ ! falsity  ( !        
accusation1 & ! wick$ means us$ to prove
 h] guilty4    ,to ?is in/ance1 may be  
add$ t ( a mo/ virtu\s & beautiful      
,fr5* lady1 ! m>*ioness ( ,gange4 ,h]   
two bro!rs-9-law made  di%on\rable      
propositions to h]1 & successively tri$ 
_m arts1 to  prevail on h] to gratify _!
 base incl9ations2 b1 not)/&+  "o ( !m1 
:o 0 an extreme cunn+ man1 & gov]n$ !   
m>quis  h] consort entirely1 ?reat5$ to 
in/il into ! m9d ( h] husb&  suspicions 
( h] fidelity1 %e vigor\sly reject$ _!  

entreaties4  ,f9d+ !mselves 9 spite ( ! 
m5ace1 repeat$ly repuls$  ) scorn &     
indignation1 !y resolv$ to c>ry ! ?reat 
into  execution2 &1 hav+ prevail$ on !  
cr$ul\s husb& to ent]ta9  d\bts ( 8     
wife's hon\r & con/ancy1 he cons5t$ t ! 
two  bro!rs %\ld take away ! life ( !   
innoc5t m>*ioness2 :i*  !y did 9 a      
b>b>\s & cruel mann]1 by fir/ =c+ h] to 
swall[ a poison\s draught1 b aft]w>ds1  
d\bt+ ( ! efficacy  ( ! potion1 !y gave 
h] sev]al desp]ate w\nds4 ,al?\gh %e    
surviv$ bo? ! w\nds & ! op]ation ( !    
poison = ! space  ( n9ete5 days1 &1 by  
means ( h] relation ( ! matt]1 :i*  0   
corroborat$ by o!r circum/ances1 !      
(fic]s ( ju/ice &  ! public 7 in=m$ ( ! 
:ole transaction1 & measures 7  tak5 =  
appreh5d+ ! del9qu5ts2 yet !y1 f9d+     
!mselves  discov]$1 fl$ ! k+dom1 &      
escap$ ! puni%m5t due to _!  crime4 ,?is
 tragical ev5t happ5$ 9 ! ye> #affg1 &  
is relat$ by  ,gayot ,piteval1 9 8 fif? 
volume ( ,rem>kable ,cases4    ,,iv4 ,i 
don't d5y t _m ( !m are vici\s2 b1 alas6

 if we 7  to trace _! slips &           
irregul>ities to _! s\rce1 ,i fe> we    
%\ld f9d !m orig9ate 9 ! ob/9ate &      
p]sev]+ impulse  or solicitations ( our 
sex4 ,he1 :o w\ld wi% or endeav\r to    
make  all ! wom5 good1 %\ld beg9 )      
conv]t+ all ! m54 ,nature  implant$     
mode/y 9 ! sex1 z a f5ce-wall to resi/ !
 attacks (  appetite2 & x v r>ely       
happ5s1 t a brea* is made 9 ?is  wall by
 =ce appli$ on ! inside4    ,v4 ,!      
declamations aga9/ ! wom51 :i* we read 9
 "s p>ts  ( holy writ1 %\ld be und]/ood1
 z po9t$ & levell$ at !  p]v]se ones1 z 
!re is no d\bt b !re are su*2 &1 al?\gh 
!y %\ld be suppos$ to h an eye to ! sex 
9 g5]al1 no?+  c\ld be inf]r$ f !nce2   
because ! physicians ( ! s\l  declaim   
aga9/ wom51 z ! physicians ( ! body     
declaim aga9/  fruit1 :i*1 al?\gh x is  
good1 beautiful1 & useful 9 itself1 !   
abuse or excess ( x is p]nici\s3 besides
 ?is1 all[ance %\ld be  made = !        
latitude p]mitt$ to oratory ( magnify+ !
 risque1  :5 x is us$ to div]t or turn p

 f dang]\s c\rses4    ,,vi4 ,let !m1 :o 
suppose ! female sex to be m vici\s ?an 
ours1  tell me1 h[ !y c reconcile ?is1 )
 ! *ur* hav+ 9 an  especial mann]1 be/[$
 on !m ! epi!t ( dev\t8 ,h[ ) !  words (
 _m ( ! mo/ grave & em95t doctors1 :o h 
decl>$  x z _! op9ion1 t !re are m wom5 
sav$ ?an m51 ev5  hav+ reg>d to !       
proportion1 9 :i* x is g5]ally ?\ght !  
numb] ( females exce$s t ( ! males8 ,:i*
 op9ion1 !y d  n1 nor _c f\nd on any o!r
 ?+1 ?an _! hav+ obs]v$ 9  !m a great]  
incl9ation to piety4    ,,vii4 ,me?9ks  
,i already he>1 9 opposition to our     
und]tak+1 t  proposition ( mu* noise1 & 
little or no tru?1 t ! wom5 are  ! cause
 ( all evil2 &1 by way ( prov+ x1 !     
vulg>1 d[n to  ! meane/ & mo/           
contemptible ( !m1 endeav\r to inculcate
 at  e turn1 t ,la ,caba occasion$ ! ru9
 ( all ,spa91 & ,eve t  ( all mank9d4   
,,viii4 ,b ! fir/ in/ance is absolutely 
a false "o4 ,! c\nt ,don  ,julian 0 !   
p]son :o br\ght ! ,moors into ,spa91 b 0
 n  p]suad$ to x by 8 daught]1 :o did no

 m ?an make kn[n  to h] fa!r ! affront &
 injury %e _h receiv$4 ,h[ unhappy  is !
 lot ( wom51 if1 9 ! case ( be+ trampl$ 
on by an  insol5t ravi%]1 !y are to be  
depriv$ ( ! relief ( unbosom+  !mselves 
to _! fa!rs1 or _! husb&s6 ,!           
aggressors1 9  ^! cases1 w\ld gladly    
deprive !m ( ?is relief & b5efit2  ?\gh 
if at any "t an unju/ v5geance %\ld be !
 consequ5ce  ( ! compla9t1 ! fault w\ld 
n lie at ! door ( ! innoc5t  (f5d$      
p]son1 b w\ld re/ ) him :o did !        
execution ) !  sword1 & ! man :o        
committ$ ! insult2 & ?us ! :ole blame  &
 crime w\ld be imputable to ! m5 only4  
,,ix4 ,if ! second example proves1 t !  
wom5 9 g5]al are worse  ?an ! m52 by !  
same mode ( reason+ x may be prov$1 t  !
 angels 9 g5]al are worse ?an ! wom52   
because1 z ,adam 0  induc$ to s9 by a   
woman1 ! woman 0 s$uc$ by an angel4 ,x  
is n  yet decid$ ^: s9 0 ! greate/1 t ( 
,adam1 or t ( ,eve1  because ! fa!rs are
 divid$ 9 _! op9ions2 &1 9 tru?1 !      
excuse :i* ,cayetane makes 9 fav\r (    

,eve1 t %e 0 deceiv$ by  a creature (   
mu* sup]ior intellig5ce & capacity to   
h]self1 is  a circum/ance t _c be urg$  
on behalf ( ,adam1 & greatly  abates h] 
crime 9 comp>ison ) 84      ,,sect4     
,,ii4    ,x4 ,b pass+ f ! moral to !    
physical1 :i* is m applicable  to our   
pres5t purpose1 we %all f9d ! pref]5ce (
 ! robu/  ov] ! delicate sex is a po9t  
settl$1 & any claim or pret5sions  to   
equality on ! "p ( ! wom5 is set aside1 
& treat$ )  contempt2 & to su* a l5g?   
has depreciat+ ! wom5 be5 c>ri$  by "s1 
t !y h n scrupl$ to call !m imp]fect1 & 
ev5  mon/r\s animals1 ass]t+1 t ,nature1
 9 ! "w ( g5]ation1  nev] int5d$ to     
produce any ?+ b males1 & t x 0 only by 
mi/ake1 or 9 consequ5ce ( "s defect 9 ! 
matt] or faculty1  t females 7 produc$4 
,,xi4 ,o admirable adepts 9 physics6 ,x 
w\ld foll[ f h5ce1 t  ,nature conspir$  
to "w its own de/ruction1 because1 )\t !
  concurr5ce ( bo? sexes1 ! species _c  
be pres]v$4 ,x w\ld  foll[ also1 t      
,nature 9 ?is h] pr9cipal "w1 is m      

frequ5tly  mi/ak5 ?an "r2 because x is  
all[$1 t %e produces m  wom5 ?an m54    
,nor :5 we see females ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts 
:o  are heal?y1 robu/1 & 9 ! fl[] ( _!  
age1 c we attribute  ! =mation ( !m to  
debility1 want ( vig\r1 or a defect 9 ! 
matt]2 nor is x probable1 t if man _h   
pres]v$ 8 orig9al  innoc5ce1 9 :i* case 
!re w\ld h be5 none ( ^! defects1  we   
%\ld h _h no wom5 born1 & t ! human     
l9eage w\ld h  be5 kept up or cont9u$   
)\t propagation4    ,,xii4 ,i "k v well 
!re 0 an au?or1 :o1 = ! sake (  indulg+ 
8 malice1 & support+ 8 envi\s           
ins9uations aga9/  ! o!r sex1 swall[$ s 
palpable an absurdity4 ,?is 0 ,alm>icus1
  a ,p>isian doctor ( ! twelf? c5tury1  
:o1 among o!r errors1  ass]ts1 t1 if !  
/ate ( innoc5ce _h cont9u$1 all !       
individuals ( our species w\ld h be5    
males1 & t ,god w\ld  h creat$ !m       
imm$iately himself z he did ,adam4      
,,xiii4 ,alm>icus 0 a bl9d foll[] (     
,ari/otle1 insomu* t all1  or v ne> all 
8 errors1 7 produc$ by conclusions1 :i* 

he _h drawn f ! doctr9es ( t philosoph]2
 &1 see+  t ,ari/otle1 9 m ?an "o "p ( 8
 works1 gives x to be  und]/ood1 t a    
female is a defective animal1 its       
g5]ation  accid5tal1 & out ( ! design ( 
nature1 he conclud$1 t !re  7 no wom5 9 
! /ate ( innoc5ce2 & ?us x comes to     
pass1  t an h]etical !ology is v        
frequ5tly occasion$ by a mi/ake  9      
physics4    ,,xiv4 ,b ! great & av[$    
adh]5ce ( ,alm>icus to ,ari/otle1 0  r  
un=tunate to !m bo?2 because ! errors ( 
,alm>icus 7  condemn$ by a c\ncil held  
at ,p>is 9 #abji2 &1 9 ! same c\ncil1  !
 read+ ! books ( ,ari/otle 7 prohibit$1 
:i* prohibition  0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by 
,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 ,alm>icus _h be5   
dead a  ye> :5 8 dogmas 7 proscrib$2 b 8
 bones 7 aft]w>ds dug  up1 & ?r[n into a
 jake4    ,,xv4 ,?is %ews1 t we %\ld n  
lay any great /ress ^u !  op9ion ( a few
 doctors1 :o1 ?\gh !y 7 9 o!r respects  
discreet m51 h ass]t$1 t ! female sex is
 defective1 = no  o!r reason1 ?an       
because ,ari/otle ^: foll[]s !y 7 _h    

decl>$ s2 b !y did n h[ev] proce$ s f>1 
z to precipitate  !mselves into ! error 
( ,alm>icus4 ,x is c]ta91 t ,ari/otle's 
treatm5t ( ! wom5 proce$$ f spite2 = he 
n only proclaim$  ) vehem5ce _! physical
 defects1 b 0 m vehem5t /ill 9  blazon+ 
_! moral ones2 "s in/ances ( :i*1 ,i    
%all po9t  out 9 ano!r place4 ,:o w\ld n
 suppose f all ?is1 t 8  disposition    
incl9$ him to %un ! sex8 ,b no?+ 0 s    
opposite  to him1 = he n only t5d]ly    
lov$ two wives :i* he m>ri$1  b 8       
affection = ! fir/1 nam$ ,py?ais1 :o1 z 
"s say1  0 daught]1 o!rs niece (        
,h]mias1 tyrant ( ,at>neus1 c>ri$  him s
 f> beside himself1 t he franticly (f]$ 
inc5se to h]  z a deity4 ,!y also give u
 a relation ( 8 loose am\rs ) a  little 
s]vant girl1 ?\gh ,plut>* does n incl9e 
to cr$it !  tale2 b 9 ?is bus9ess1 !    
te/imony ( ,!ocritus ,*io1 :o 0         
contempor>y ) ,ari/otle1 ought to h m   
weight ?an ! op9ion  ( ,plut>*1 :o 0 mu*
 po/]ior to him2 & ,!ocritus1 9 a lively
  epigram1 la%$ ,ari/otle = 8 obsc5ity4 

,f ?is in/ance we may  p]ceive1 t m5's  
seem+ malignity to1 & invet]ate abuse ( 
wom51 is1 z we h obs]v$ be=e1 frequ5tly 
accompani$ ) an  inord9ate incl9ation = 
!m4    ,,xvi4 ,f ! same physical error  
:i* condemn$ woman = an  imp]fect       
animal1 !re sprung ano!r !ological "o1  
:i* is  combat$ by ,/4 ,au/91 9 ,lib4   
#bb1 de ,civit4 ,dei cap4 #ag4 ,!       
au?ors ( ?is sy/em say1 t1 at ! univ]sal
 resurrection1 ?is  imp]fection is to be
 rem$i$1 by conv]t+ all ! wom5 into m52 
& t !n1 grace is to compleat & f9i% ! "w
 :i* nature  _h only begun4    ,,xvii4  
,?is error is v l t ( ! infatuat$       
,al*ymi/s1 :o1  rely+ on ! maxim1 t     
nature 9 ! =mation ( metals1 nev]       
int5d$ to produce any ?+ b gold1 & t x 0
 only f  "s ob/ruction1 or f "s defect (
 vig\r & virtue1 t %e  fabricat$ o!r    
imp]fect metals2 also pret5d1 t art is  
aft]w>ds  capable ( c>ry+ ! "w to       
p]fection1 & mak+ gold ( t  :i* 0       
orig9ally produc$ iron4 ,b1 aft] all1   
?is error is  ! mo/ suff]able ( ! two1  

because x does n int]f]e )  matt]s (    
fai?2 & because also1 let ! int5tion (  
nature 9  ! =mation ( metals1 & !       
imag9>y capacity ( art1 be :at  !y w1 x 
is a fact1 t gold is ! mo/ noble (      
metals1 &  t ! o!rs are ( a mu* inf]ior 
quality comp>$ to x4 ,b1 9  our pres5t  
"q1 ! ass]tion1 t ,nature always int5d$ 
!  production ( males1 & t h] produc+   
females 0 ! effect ( a  ba/>d op]ation1 
is all false & errone\s2 & mu* m s is ! 
affirm+1 t ?is is to be am5d$ at !      
resurrection4      ,,sect4 ,,iii4       
,,xviii4 ,i w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood  
to approve ( :at is  ?r[n out by ,zacuto
 ,lusitano1 9 ! introduction to 8       
,treatise ,de  ,morbis ,muli]um1 :]e1 ) 
frivol\s reasons1 he attempts to give  !
 pref]5ce to ! wom51 & to p]suade u1 t  
_! physical  p]fections greatly exce$ ^?
 ( ! m54 ,su* an op9ion1 might be       
support$ by mu* m plausible argum5ts ?an
 are us$ by him2 b my  view is n to     
p]suade a sup]iority1 b only an         
equality4    ,,xix4 ,& to beg91 sett+   

aside ! "q ( _! und]/&+s1  :i* ,i mean  
to discuss sep>ately & m at l>ge 9 ?is  
disc\rse1  let u consid] ! ?ree         
end[m5ts1 9 :i* ! m5 seem manife/ly  to 
h ! advantage ( ! wom51 to wit1         
robu/ness1 con/ancy1  & prud5ce2 b1     
al?\gh ?is %\ld be grant$ by ! wom51 !y 
might pret5d to a competition1 by po9t+ 
out o!r ?ree qualities1  9 :i* !y excel 
! male sex1 to wit1 beauty1 g5tl5ess1 & 
simplicity4    ,,xx4 ,robu/ness1 :i* is 
a bodily p]fection1 may be consid]$  z  
c\nt]pois$ by beauty1 :i* is s likewise4
 ,_m p are  dispos$ to give ! la/ !     
pref]5ce2 & !y w\ld be "r1 if  t 0 to be
 e/eem$ ! mo/ valuable1 :i* is ! mo/    
flatt]+  or pleas+ to ! sight3 b !      
consid]ation ( :i* is mo/ useful  to !  
public1 %\ld1 9 ! eye ( s\nd judgm5t1   
weigh mo/ 9  decid+ ! "q2 &1 view+ ! ?+ 
9 ?is light1 robu/ness  mu/ be pref]r$  
to beauty4 ,! robu/ness ( m51 furni%es !
  _w ) ?ree mo/ ess5tial b5efits1 :i*   
may n improp]ly  be t]m$ ! ?ree columns 
:i* support e /ate1 to wit1 arms1       

agriculture1 & me*anics4 ,f ! beauty (  
wom51 ,i d n "k  :at important advantage
 c accrue1 unless x comes by accid5t4   
,"s  w argue1 t beauty1 s f> f produc+  
b5efits1 occasions  s]i\s mis*iefs1 by  
caus+ unruly am\rs1 :i* inflame & excite
  competitions & /rife1 & :i* involve ^?
 :o are *>g$ )  ! cu/ody ( wom51 9 c>es1
 uneas9ess1 & anxiety4    ,,xxi4 ,b ?is 
accusation1 z x orig9ates f a want (    
reflection1  is ill-f\nd$2 = suppos+1 = 
argum5t's sake1 t all ! wom5  7 ugly1 9 
^? :o 7 blemi%$ ) ! fewe/ de=mities1 we 
%\ld exp]i5ce ! same attraction1 :i* we 
d at pres5t 9 !  h&some ones1 & !y w\ld 
consequ5tly occasion ! same mis*ief4  ,!
 lea/ ugly plac$ 9 ,greece w\ld h caus$ 
! burn+ ( ,troy1  z ,hel5 did2 & plac$ 9
 ! palace ( ,k+ ,rod]igo1 w\ld h  be5 ! 
ru9 ( ,spa91 z ,la ,caba 04 ,9 ^?       
c\ntries :]e !  wom5 are ! lea/ tempt+1 
!re are n few] disord]s ?an !re  are 9  
^? :]e !y are m g5teelly1 & m admirably 
=m$3  ev5 9 ,muscovy1 :i* 9 numb] (     
h&some wom5 exce$s all !  o!r k+doms (  

,europe1 incont95ce is n s unbridl$ z 9 
o!r  c\ntries1 & conjugal fai? is obs]v$
 !re1 ) m exactness  ?an x is 9 o!r     
places4    ,,xxii4 ,beauty !re=e (      
itself1 is n ! cause ( ! mis*iefs  :i*  
are attribut$ to x2 not)/&+ :i*1 9 !    
pres5t  "q1 ,i mu/ give my vote 9 fav\r 
( robu/ness1 z ,i e/eem  x a mu* m      
important quality ?an beauty1 & !re=e1 9
 ?is  p>ticul>1 mu/ give ! pref]5ce to !
 m54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1  sav$ & rema9+ to !
 wom51 if !y *use to avail !mselves (   
x1 an objection to ?is decision1 :i* may
 be f\nd$ on ! judgm5t  ( _m le>n$ m51 &
 :i* 0 ass5t$ to & admitt$ by a :ole    
illu/ri\s s*ool3 ?is judgm5t1 recognizes
 ! w = a m noble  faculty ?an ! und]/&+1
 :i* is r fav\rable to _!  cause2 = if  
robu/ness1 z be+ ( ! mo/ consequ5ce1 is1
 9 !  g5]al op9ion1 mo/ priz$ & valu$1  
beauty1 z ! m amiable  quality1 has mo/ 
control ov] ! w4    ,,xxiii4 ,! virtue (
 con/ancy1 :i* ennobles ! m51 may be    
contra/$ ) docility1 :i* is respl5d5t 9 
! wom54 ,b x  w be prop] "h to rem>k1 t 

we d n treat ( ^! or o!r  qualities1 z  
=mally consid]+ !m 9 ! /ate ( virtues1  
because 9 ?is s5se1 !y are n ( ! l9eage 
( nature1 b only  z !y are graft$ into1 
& display !mselves 9 ! temp]am5t or     
habit2 &1 z ! embryo ( in=mation is     
indiff]5t to receive good  or bad       
impressions1 x w\ld be bett] to call !m 
flexibility1 or  inflexibility (        
disposition1 ?an con/ancy or docility4  
,,xxiv4 ,i may be told1 t ! docility (  
wom5 deg5]ates _m times  into levity2 to
 :i* ,i answ] t ! con/ancy ( m5 z       
frequ5tly  t]m9ates 9 t5aci\sness4 ,i   
confess1 t firmness 9 a good cause  is  
productive ( great b5efits2 b x c't be  
d5i$1 t ob/9acy  9 a bad "o is also     
productive ( great evils4 ,if x is      
argu$1 t  an inv9cible adh]5ce to good  
or evil is a quality app]ta9+ to  angels
 only3 ,i answ]1 t ?is is n s c]ta91 =  
_m great  !ologians d5y x2 & _m         
prop]ties1 :i* 9 sup]ior be+s  spr+ f _!
 excell5ce1 9 inf]ior ones proce$ f _!  
imp]fection4 ,! angels1 accord+ to !    

doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas1  are ! m p]fect1 !
 few] ?+s !y und]/&2 9 m51 _!  k be+    
conf9$ to a few p>ticul>s1 is consid]$ z
 a  defect4 ,9 angels1 /udy w\ld be     
reg>d$ z a dim9ution (1 or  a reflection
 ^u _! und]/&+s2 al?\gh x is kn[n to be 
absolutely necess>y1 to illu/rate &     
adorn ^? ( m54    ,,xxv4 ,! prud5ce ( ! 
m51 may be balanc$ by ! simplicity  or  
g5tl5ess ( ! wom52 & ,i 0 ev5 ab\t to   
say m ?an  balanc$1 =1 9 reality1       
simplicity or g5tl5ess1 is m b5eficial  
to ! human race1 ?an ! prud5ce ( all its
 individuals2 = nobody  has ev] describ$
 ! gold5 age z compos$ ( prud5t1 b (    
c&id  m54    ,,xxvi4 ,if x is object$1 t
 mu* ( t :i* is call$ simplicity  9     
wom51 is ?\ghtlessness or inatt5tion3 ,i
 reply1 t mu* ( t  :i* is call$ prud5ce 
9 m51 is fallacy1 duplicity & trea*]y1  
:i* are mu* worse qualities4 ,ev5 t v   
indiscreet frankness1  ) :i* !y         
sometimes incauti\sly unbosom !mselves1 
is a good  tok51 consid]$ z a symptom4  
,no p]son is ignorant ( 8 own vices2  & 

:oev] f9ds himself load$ ) !m to a l>ge 
am\nt1 is v  c>eful to %ut ! crevices ( 
8 he>t1 to prev5t ! pry+s (  curiosity3 
:oev] commits crim9al disord]s )9 8     
h\se1 does  n leave 8 doors op5 at all  
h\rs1 & by t means expose himself  to be
 detect$4 ,res]ve is ! insep>able       
companion ( a bad he>t2  & y may        
conclude1 t ^? :o famili>ly1 & ) ease1  
unbosom  !mselves1 h little ab\t !m !y  
are anxi\s ( conceal+4  ,consid]$ !n 9  
?is light1 ! simplicity or c&\r ( !     
wom51  is always a valuable quality2 b1 
:5 conduct$ ) good s5se1  x approa*es to
 a p]fection2 &1 :5 x is n1 x may always
 be  look$ ^u z a fav\rable symptom4    
,,sect4 ,,iv4    ,,xxvii4 ,ov] & above !
 good qualities we h specifi$1 ! wom5  h
 ano!r1 :i* is ! mo/ beautiful &        
transc5d5t ( all1 to  wit1 _! mode/y2 a 
grace s *>act]i/ic ( ! sex1 t is does  n
 =sake ev5 _! dead bodies2 = ,pl9y      
rem>ks1 t :5 !  c>casses ( dr[n$ p]sons 
float on ! wat]1 ^? ( ! m5 swim  ) !    
face upw>ds1 & ^? ( ! wom5 ) ! face     

d[nw>d4        ,veluti pudori defunct>um
 p>c5te natura4        ,lib4 #g4 ,cap4  
#ag4    ,,xxviii4 ,a c]ta9 philosoph]1  
be+ ask$ :at t9t gave ! mo/  graceful   
hue to a woman's c\nt5ance1 answ]$ ) mu*
 tru? &  p]spicuity1 mode/y2 & ,i am    
really ( op9ion1 t x is !  greate/      
advantage ! wom5 c claim ov] ! m54      
,mode/y is a  scre5 or f5ce1 :i* nature 
seems to h plac$ betwe5 virtue &  vice1 
& is1 z a discreet ,fr5* au?or obs]ves1 
! %ield ( f9e  s\ls1 & ! visible "* (   
virtue3 & ,/4 ,b]n>d ext5ds  ! simile   
/ill f>!r1 illu/rat+ x ) ! epi!ts ( !   
preci\s gem ( mann]s1 ! tor* ( ! *a/e   
s\l1 & ! si/]  ( cont95ce2 ! gu>dian (  
fame1 hon\r & life1 ! f\ndation  (      
virtue1 ! pride ( nature1 & ! symbol (  
all hone/y 7,s]m4  #hf1 9 ,cant47 &     
,diog5es +5i\sly & prop]ly calls x !    
symbol  ( virtue4 ,9 fact1 ?is is !     
great & =midable bulw>k1 :i*  nature has
 rais$1 & plac$ 9 front1 to oppose vice1
 & to s]ve  z a %elt] & cov]+ to ! :ole 
=tress ( ! s\l2 &1 z  ,nazianz5us said1 

:5 ?is is once subdu$1 no f>!r resi/ance
 c  be made to e k9d ( vici\s outrage4  
,prot9us ext9cto subeunt  mala cuncta   
pudore4    ,,xxix4 ,x may be said1 t    
mode/y is a signal pres]vative aga9/    
ext]ior assaults1 b n aga9/ int]ior     
acquiesc5ce2 & ?us a  door always is    
left op51 at :i* vice may make a        
triumphal entry1  :i* may be effect$ by 
! means ( invisible attacks1 9 p>ts1  t 
are n %elt]$ or protect$ by ! wall (    
mode/y4 ,b ev5  admitt+ t su* a ?+ might
 happ51 %ame w\ld ev] rema9 a  mo/      
valuable pres]vative1 & be ! cause (    
prev5t+ an inf9ite  deal ( sc&al1 & !   
fatal consequ5ces att5d+ x4 ,^u s]i\s   
reflection x w be f\nd1 t1 if x does n  
def5d totally1 x is  9 a great measure a
 protection ev5 aga9/ ^? sil5t & secret 
assaults1 :i* sc>ce ev] peep out or %ew 
!mselves beyond !  occult recesses ( !  
s\l3 = int]nal cons5t+s are v r>e1  :5  
!y are n excit$ by "s sort ( attempts1 =
 ^! are !  ?+s :i* radicate crim9al     
affections 9 ! s\l1 & also ^?  :i*      

augm5t & /r5g!n prop5sities to vice4 ,x 
is true1 t  )\t ^! /imulants1 we n[ & !n
 see turpitude introduce  itself into ! 
_s2 b he does n seem to lodge !re z if  
he  0 at home1 or l ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 b  
only z a /rang] or  a soj\rn]4    ,,xxx4
 ,! passions1 )\t ! alim5t t n\ri%es !m1
 lay v  languid1 & act v timidly1       
especially 9 p]sons :o are mu*  addict$ 
to blu%2 & ^?1 9 :om !re is su* a frank 
& easy  comm]ce betwe5 ! bosom & !      
c\nt5ance1 are always "u  appreh5sions1 
left ! mo/ secret op]ations ( _! brea/s1
 %\ld  be expos$ to public view on !    
p>ade ( _! faces4 ,9 fact1 if  ^u e     
occasion1 _! mo/ private or conceal$    
affections are  blazon$ on _! *eeks1 !  
gl[ ( ! blu%1 seems ! only t9t1  ) :i* !
 images ( invisible objects c be pa9t$  
or describ$2  & ?us1 ! fe> ( be+ liable 
to h :at is impress$ 9 _!  m9ds read 9  
_! faces1 becomes a re91 :i* conf9es &  
*ecks  ! dang]\s sallies ( desire4      
,,xxxi4 ,to ?is may be add$1 t ! col\r  
is s apt to rise 9 !  c\nt5ances ( "s ( 

!m1 t !y w (t5 blu% at !mselves4  ,?is  
h]oic excell5ce1 or type ( mode/y1 :i* !
 +5i\s  fa!r ,vi]a celebrates 9 "o ( 8  
s]mons1 is n1 z "s co>se  spirits h t]m$
 x1 purely ideal1 b 9 p]sons ( ! mo/    
noble  s5tim5ts & dispositions1 real1 & 
natural4 ,?is 0 well kn[n to  ,demetrius
 ,phal]eus1 :o1 :5 he 0 in/ruct+ ! y\? (
 ,a!ns1  enjo9$ !m1 t at home !y %\ld   
behave ) mode/y to _!  p>5ts1 t abroad  
!y %\ld obs]ve ! same deportm5t to e  "o
 !y saw1 & t 9 private !y %\ld pres]ve a
 dec5cy & a  mode/ c>riage ev5 to       
!mselves4      ,,sect4 ,v4    ,,xxxii4  
,i ?9k ,i h po9t$ out z _m advantages on
 ! side ( !  wom51 z w balance1 if n    
out-weigh1 ! qualities 9 :i* !  m5      
excel4 ,:o n[ is to give s5t5ce 9 ?is   
plea8 ,if ,i _h au?ority  to d x1 ,i    
might p]haps pron\nce a %ort "o1 decl>+1
 t !  qualities 9 :i* ! wom5 excel1     
conduce to make !m bett] 9  !mselves2 & 
t ^? 9 :i* ! m5 excel1 make !m bett]  =1
 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 ( great] use to
 ! public2 ?\gh  z ,i am n ex]cis+ !    

(fice ( a judge1 b only t ( an          
advocate1 ! cause mu/ = ! pres5t rema9  
undecid$4    ,,xxxiii4 ,& ev5 suppos+ ,i
 _h ! necess>y au?ority to det]m9e1  ,i 
%\ld be oblig$ to susp5d giv+ judgm5t1 z
 x might be urg$ on  behalf ( ! m51 t ! 
good qualities :i* are attribut$ to !   
wom5 are common to bo? sexes3 ,i confess
 !y are1 b ! same ?+  may be said )     
equal ju/ice ) respect to ^? ( ! m54 ,9 
ord] n to conf\nd ! "q1 x w be necess>y 
to po9t out  ! good qualities :i* are m 
frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! individuals  ( "o    
sex1 & seldom] 9 ^? ( ! o!r4 ,i grant   
!n1 t y  meet ) m5 :o are docile1 c&id1 
& capable ( blu%+2 & ,i  w add1 t blu%+1
 :i* is a good symptom 9 wom51 is a     
bett]  /ill 9 m51 because x d5otes a    
g5]\s nature & mu* +5uity2  :i* ,john   
,b>clay has m ?an once decl>$ 9 8       
,satyricon2 & x  c't be d5i$1 t ! op9ion
 ( a man ( 8 subtile g5ius1 is a  vote (
 great consequ5ce 9 su* a "q2 & al?\gh  
?is may n  be an infallible sign1 ,i    
myself h made s mu* obs]vation 9 ^!     

matt]s z to be conv9c$1 t no great      
expectations c be =m$ (  a boy1 :o is   
audaci\s & =w>d4    ,,xxxiv4 ,i say !n1 
t v>i\s individuals ( our sex1 may be   
obs]v$  to possess ! f9e qualities :i*  
enoble ! o!r1 ?\gh n )  ! same frequ5cy2
 b ?is by no means incl9es ! balance 9  
our  fav\r1 because1 on ! o!r h&1 !     
p]fections ! m5 boa/ (1  be+ communicat$
 to _m wom51 h equal weight 9 ! opposite
  scale4      ,,sect4 ,,vi4    ,,xxxv4  
,!re h be5 a ?\s& examples ( pr9cesses1 
:o 7  exp]t & able politicians4 ,no age 
w ev] =get ! fir/ woman1  ^: true "*    
hi/ory develop$ & rescu$ f ! obscurity  
( fable3 ,i mean ,semiramis1 que5 ( !   
,assyrians1 :o 9 h] infancy  0 nurs$ by 
doves1 b aft]w>ds so>$ sup]ior to !     
eagles3  %e n only knew h[ to make      
h]self bl9dly obey$ by ! subjects  h]   
husb& _h left h]1 b %e also made        
subjects ( all !  neighb\r+ nations1 &  
by ext5d+ h] conque/s1 %e likewise made 
neighb\rs ( ! mo/ di/ant ones4 ,h]      
empire ext5d$ on "o side to  ,e?iopia1 &

 on ! o!r to ,india4 ,nor c ,artemisia1 
que5 ( ,c>ia1  be =gott51 :o n only     
ma9ta9$1 dur+ h] long wid[hood1  !      
respect & adoration ( t k+dom2 b1 be+   
invad$ by !  ,rhodians1 %e1 9 h] own    
t]ritories1 by two s+ul> /ratagems1 )   
two attacks only de/roy$ ! troops ( h]  
enemies2 &1 pass+  sudd5ly f ! def5sive 
to ! (f5sive1 %e invad$ !m 9 h]  turn1 &
 conqu]$ & triumph$ ov] ! isl& (        
,rhodes4 ,! two  ,aspasias also w be ev]
 rememb]$1 to ^: admirable managem5t1   
,p]icles ! husb& ( "o ( !m1 & ,cyrus !  
son ( ,d>ius  ,no?o1 gallant ( ! o!r1   
happily & successfully1 confid$ !       
gov]nm5t ( _! /ates2 z w likewise ! mo/ 
prud5t ,phile1  daught] ( ,antipat]1    
:om1 :ile %e 0 a *ild1 h] fa!r advis$  )
 conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! k+dom (         
,mac$onia1 & :o  aft]w>ds1 by h] wise   
/ratagems & great address1 extricat$ h] 
husb&1 ! precipitate & flighty          
,demetrius1 f a ?\s&  difficulties4     
,livia1 ( f]tile inv5tion1 ^: subtile   
cunn+  seems to h be5 too deep = !      

p5etration ( ,augu/us1 is  ano!r in/ance
 ( female ability1 = %e c\ld nev] h _h  
su*  dom9ion ov] 8 m9d1 if he _h kn[n   
h]4 ,! sagaci\s ,agripp9a  is likewise  
ano!r1 al?\gh h] arts1 z %e unhappily   
employ$  !m 9 promot+ h] son ,n]o to !  
?rone1 7 fatal to h]self  & ! _w4       
,amale?unsa also1 is well des]v+ ( be+  
reckon$  among ! wom5 ( great tal5ts1 9 
:om1 h] und]/&+ all !  languages ( e    
nation subject to ! ,roman empire1 0    
e/eem$ an  inf]ior accompli%m5t1 comp>$ 
to ! great skill & address1 :i*  %e     
display$ 9 gov]n+ ! /ate dur+ ! m9ority 
( h] son  ,a?al>icus4    ,,xxxvi4 ,nor1 
pass+ ov] _m o!rs1 & approa*+ ne>] to   
our  own times1 %\ld we ev] =get        
,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 9 ^:  composition1 !
 influx ( ! ?ree ,graces concurr$       
equally )  t ( ! ?ree ,furies4 ,h]      
conduct z a sov]eign1 w\ld ev]  rema9 ! 
admiration ( ,europe1 if h] vices 7 n s 
int]wov5  ) h] maxims ( gov]nm5t1 z to  
make x impossible to sep>ate  !m2 & h]  
political image1 w ev] pres5t itself to 

po/]ity1  col\r$1 or1 to speak m        
prop]ly1 /a9$ & blemi%$ ) !  blood ( !  
innoc5t ,m>y ,/ew>t1 que5 ( ,scots4     
,nei!r %\ld  we =get ,ca?>9e ( ,m$icis1 
que5 ( ,france1 ^: sagacity 9  negotiat+
 & ma9ta9+ a balance betwe5 ! opposite  
p>ties (  ,calv9i/s & ,ca?olics1 9 ord] 
to save ! cr[n f a precipice1  resembl$ 
! dext]ity ( a rope-danc]1 :o1 m\nt$ on 
a cord1 by  8 ready art & address at    
pois+ himself ) ! weights at !  ends ( 8
 poles1 secures himself f fall+1 &      
delights &  amuses ! spectators1 by     
display+ ! risque1 at ! same "t t  he   
dextr\sly avoids ! dang]4 ,our own que5 
,isabella1 w\ld n  h be5 inf]ior to any 
( !m 9 ! bus9ess ( adm9i/ration  &      
gov]nm5t1 if1 in/ead ( a que5 consort1  
%e _h be5 a  que5-reg5t4 ,"u all ?is    
disadvantage1 :5 prop] occasions        
pres5t$ !mselves1 %e manife/$ by h]     
actions1 t %e 0 a  woman ( consummate   
prud5ce & ability2 & ,lawrance ,bey]l9k 
9  8 eulogium ( h]1 says1 t no great ?+ 
0 done 9 h] "t1  9 :i* %e did n assi/1  

or 0 :olly ! au?or (4 ,quid magni  9    
regno1 s9e illa1 imo nisi p] illam f]   
ge/um e/8 ,at lea/ !  discov]y ( ! new  
_w1 :i* 0 an ev5t ! mo/ glori\s =  ,spa9
 t _h fall5 out 9 ! c\rse ( _m ages1    
w\ld c]ta9ly  nev] h be5 effect$ or     
accompli%$1 b = ! magnanimity  (        
,isabella1 :o dispell$ ! fe>s1 &        
vanqui%$ ! slo? (  ,f]d9&4    ,,xxxvii4 
,9 f9e1 & :at seems to h m weight ?an   
all ! re/1  x appe>s to me1 al?\gh ,i am
 n v c]ta9 ( ! computation1  t among !  
que5s :o h reign$ = any l5g? ( "t z     
absolute sov]eigns1 ! greate/ "p ( !m1 h
 be5 celebrat$  9 hi/ory = excell5t     
gov]nors4 ,b ! poor wom51 are /ill s    
unhappy1 z always to h trump$ up aga9/  
?is tra9 ( illu/ri\s  examples1 a       
,brunequilda1 a ,fr$egunda1 ! two ,joans
 ( ,naples1 & a  few o!rs2 b1 by ! way1 
! two fir/1 al?\gh !y ab\nd$ 9  mis*ief1
 did n want und]/&+4    ,,xxxviii4 ,nor 
is ! _w s univ]sally p]suad$ z "s may   
?9k1  t a cr[n does n sit well on ! head
 ( a woman1 because 9 an  isl& or       

p59sula1 :i* is =m$ by ! ,nile 9        
,e?iopia1 call$  ,m]oe1 wom51 accord+ to
 ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 reign$ = _m        
successive ages4 ,fa!r ,cornelius       
,alapide1 speak+ ( ,saba1 :o  0 "o ( _! 
que5s1 supposes1 t h] empire ext5d$ mu* 
beyond ! limits ( ,m]oe1 & t x might    
possibly compreh5d !  greate/ "p (      
,e?iopia1 gr\nd+ 8 op9ion1 ^u an        
expression  ( our ,savi\r1 :o call$ h]  
,que5 ( ! ,s\?1 :i* words seem$  to     
imply1 t %e possess$ va/ dom9ions 9 t   
qu>t]4 ,?omas  ,cornelius also tells u1 
t au?ors 7 n want+1 :o ass]t$1  t ,m]oe 
0 bigg] ?an ! isl& ( ,great ,brita91 &1 
if s1 !  t]ritories ( ^? que5s 7 n v    
conf9$1 ?\gh !y did n  ext5d beyond !   
limits ( ,m]oe4 ,ari/otle 7,lib4 #b4    
,polit4 ,cap4 #g47  says1 t among !     
,lac$emonians1 ! wom5 _h a great %>e 9 !
  political gov]nm5t2 & t _! be+ all[$  
x1 is agreeable to  ! laws giv5 !m by   
,licurgus4    ,,xxxix4 ,9 ,borneo also1 
accord+ to ! relation ( ,m&eslo1 :i*    
may be se5 9 ! second volume ( ,ole>ius1

 ! wom5 reign1 &  _! husb&s enjoy no o!r
 privilege1 ?an t ( be+ _! mo/  dignifi$
 subjects4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 situat$ 9
 ! s\!rn  "p ( ! ,*9ese sea1 ^? idolat]s
 :o inhabit x1 h su*  confid5ce 9 !     
prud5t conduct ( ! wom51 t ! ,sac]dotal 
function1 toge!r ) e ?+ :i* relates to  
religi\s matt]s1  is confid$ :olly to   
!m2 & t1 ) reg>d to politics1 !y  enjoy 
a p[] sup]ior to t ( ! s5ators1 !y be+  
consid]$  z ! int]pret]s ( ! w ( _!     
deities4    ,,xl4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 !   
ord9>y practice ( nations is mo/        
con=mable to reason1 z x corresponds be/
 ) ! div9e decree  notifi$ to our fir/  
"m 9 ,p>adise1 & to all h] daught]s 9   
h] "n1 :i* enjo9s a subjection to ! m52 
& we %\ld only  correct ! impati5ce1 :i*
 _m p %ew at submitt+ to female         
gov]nm5t1 :5 accord+ to ! laws ( ! l& !y
 %\ld obey2  & we %\ld also bridle t    
extravagant e/imation = our own sex1    
:i* c>ries u su* l5g?s1 z to pref] !    
gov]nm5t ( a weak  *ild1 to t ( an able 
& exp]i5c$ woman4 ,! anti5t ,p]sians  7 

drawn by ?is prepossession to su* a     
ridicul\s extreme1 t !  wid[ ( "o ( _!  
pr9ces happ5+ to be left ) *ild at !    
dea? ( h] husb&1 & be+ advis$ by _!     
magi1 t %e _h  conceiv$ a male1 !y cr[n$
 ! belly ( ! que51 & be=e x  0 born1    
proclaim$ ! ftus k+ by ! "n ( ,sapor4   
,,sect4 ,,vii4    ,,xli4 ,we h hi!rto   
treat$ ( political prud5ce only1 9 !    
discussion ( :i* po9t1 we h cont5t$     
ourselves ) a few  examples1 & h omitt$ 
! _m4 ,x is ne$less to insi/ on !       
ability ( wom5 9 po9t ( conomical       
prud5ce1 z e day's  exp]i5ce exhibits to
 u1 h\ses & families extremely well     
gov]n$  by wom51 & v badly gov]n$ by m54
    ,,xlii4 ,we %all next proce$ to     
consid] resolution z a prop]ty1 :i*  !  
m5 look ^u z peculi>ly annex$ to1 or    
insep>able f1 _!  own sex4 ,i admit t   
heav5 has end[$ !m 9 comp>ison to !     
wom51 ) a quadruple portion ( ?is       
+r$i5t2 b n t x 0  giv5 !m z an exempt  
prop]ty1 peculi>ly annex$ to1 & belong+ 
to _! sex only1 & t ! o!r 0 to be       

exclud$ f ! lea/  p>ticipation ( x4     
,,xliii4 ,n an age has pass$1 :i* has n 
be5 ennobl$ & grac$ by  wom5 ( em95ce & 
wor?2 & )\t dwell+ on ! h]o9es (        
,scripture1 & ! m>tyrs to ! law ( grace1
 because actions1 :i*  are aid$ by !    
especial int]v5tion ( a sup]natural h&1 
%\ld  be attribut$ to ! div9e p[]1 & n  
to any natural virtue1 or  faculty ( a  
sex3 ,i say1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ^! sort
 (  examples1 wom5 ( h]oic val\r1 pres5t
 !mselves to ! memory 9  cr\ds2 & aft] !
 ,semiramis's1 ! ,artamissas1 !         
,?omyris1 !  ,z5obias1 !re appe>s an    
,aretaphila1 ! wife ( ,nicrotatus1 !    
sov]eign ( ,cyr5e 9 ,libya1 9 ^:        
incomp>ably g5]\s nature1  ! greate/    
=titude ( m9d1 ! mo/ t5d] love ( h]     
c\ntry1  & ! mo/ subtile & disc]n+      
und]/&+1 cont5d$ =  ! pre-em95ce2       
because1 to deliv] h] c\ntry f ! viol5t 
tyranny ( h] husb&1 & to rev5ge ! murd]1
 :i*1 = !  sake ( possess+ h] he _h     
p]petrat$ on h] fir/ consort1 %e  made  
h]self ! lead] ( a conspiracy1 & depriv$

 ,nicrotatus (  ! k+dom & 8 life4 ,le&]1
 :o inh]it$ all 8 bro!r's  cruelty1 hav+
 succe$$ to ! cr[n1 %e _h ! val\r &     
address  to rid ! _w ( ?is second tyrant
 also2 cr[n+ 9 ! end1 all  h] h]oic     
actions1 by decl9+ to accept ! diadem1  
:i* f a  grateful s5se ( ! _m b5efits %e
 _h conf]r$ on !m1 0  (f]$ to h] by !   
,cyr5eans4 ,d5epet9a1 ! daught] ( !     
great  ,mi?ridates1 & ! insep>able      
companion & p>tn] ( h] fa!r1  9 all 8   
dang]\s und]tak+s & projects1 9 !       
execution (  :i* %e manife/$ ^u e       
occasion1 t /r5g? ( m9d &  body1 :i* !  
s+ul> circum/ance ( h] com+ into ! _w ) 
d\ble r[s ( tee?1 seems to h =etold at  
h] bir?2 aft] h]  fa!r 0 defeat$ by !   
great ,pompey1 %e 0 %ut up & besieg$  9 
a ca/le by ,manlius ,priscus1 :]e1 f9d+ 
x impossible to def5d  h]self1 %e       
depriv$ h]self ( life1 to avoid suff]+ !
 ignom9y  ( be+ made a slave4 ,an       
,arria1 ! wife ( ,cec9us ,peto1 ^:      
husb& hav+ be5 conc]n$ 9 ! conspiracy ( 
,camilus aga9/  ! emp]or ,claudius1 0 = 

?is crime condemn$ to dea?2 & %e1       
det]m9$ n to outlive h] consort1 hav+   
sev]al times tri$ 9  va9 to beat h] head
 to pieces aga9/ a wall1 procur$ at la/ 
to  be introduc$ to h] husb& 9 prison1  
:]e %e extort$ f him a  promise1 to     
anticipate ) 8 own h&s ! "w ( !         
execution]1  &1 by way ( enc\rag+ him to
 d x1 imm$iately transfix$ h]  own brea/
 ) a dagg]4 ,an ,eppon9a1 ^u h] husb&   
,julius ,sab9us  hav+ 9 ,gaul arrogat$  
to himself ! title ( ,cs>1 endur$1 )    
r>e con/ancy & =titude1 unspeakable     
toils2 & be+ at la/  condemn$ to dea? by
 ,vespasian1 %e frankly & op5ly told    
him1 %e  %\ld die cont5t$1 z dea? w\ld  
deprive h] ( ! disgu/ (  see+ s bad an  
emp]or z him on ! ?rone4    ,,xliv4 ,&1 
t x %\ld n be ?\ght ! latt] ages are    
inf]ior  to ! anti5t ones 9 resolute &  
c\rage\s wom51 see ! maid  ( ,orleans   
pres5t h]self1 & /& =? compleatly arm$1 
z !  pill>1 :i*1 9 its greate/ di/ress1 
support$ ! tott]+  mon>*y ( ,france2 :i*
 %e did s amaz+ly1 t ! ,engli% &  ,fr5*1

 :o 7 z opposite 9 s5tim5ts z 9 arms1   
imput$ h]  extraord9>y feats1 ! "o to a 
diabolical compact1 & ! o!r  to div9e   
assi/ance4 ,! ,engli% p]haps feign$ !   
fir/1 = !  purpose ( ?r[+ an odium on _!
 enemies2 & ^? :o _h !  managem5t (     
affairs 9 ,france1 sugge/$ ! o!r        
politically2  = x 0 ( va/ importance1 :5
 ! p & soldi]s 7 s  greatly dismay$1 to 
raise _! deject$ spirits1 by p]suad+ !m1
  t heav5 _h decl>$ itself _! ally1 &   
introduc$ on !  !atre ( ! _w1 a damsel (
 p]spicuity & magnanimity1 z an  inspir$
 in/rum5t1 :i* 0 equal to1 & capable (  
effect+ !  miracul\s succ\r4 ,a ,m>g>et 
( ,d5m>k1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1  9 h] own 
p]son1 head$ an army1 & conqu]$ ! k+dom 
( ,sw$51  tak+ k+ ,alb]tus prison]4 ,!  
au?ors ( ^? times1 call h] !  second    
,semiramis4 ,"o ,m>ulla1 a native (     
,lemnos1 an isl& 9 !  ,ar*ipelago1 :5 ! 
=tress ( ,co*9 0 besieg$1 ^u see+ h]    
fa!r sla91 snat*$ up 8 sword & %ield2 & 
hav+ prevail$ on  ! :ole g>rison to     
foll[ h]1 %e put h]self at _! head1 &1  

enc\rag+ !m by h] example1 *>g$ ! enemy 
) su* ard\r1  t %e drove !m f _! tr5*es1
 & oblig$ ! ,ba%a ,soliman  to raise !  
siege3 :i* action1 ! ,v5etian g5]al     
,lor$ano1 :o  0 proprietor ( ! place1   
rew>d$1 by p]mitt+ h] to *use =  a      
husb&1 :i*ev] ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s capta9s 
( 8 army  %e lik$ be/1 promis+ at ! same
 "t1 to settle on h] & h]  consort1 a   
=tune suitable to _! rank1 :i* he did 9 
! "n  ( ! republic4 ,"o ,blanca de      
,rossi1 ! wife ( ,bapti/a ,porta1 a     
,paduan capta91 :o1 aft] def5d+         
valor\sly a po/ on ! walls  ( ,bassano1 
a =tress 9 ! m>* ( ,tresv9a1 f9d+ !     
place  sudd5ly tak5 by trea*]y1 & h]    
husb& made prison] & put to  dea? by !  
tyrant ,ezel9us1 & p]ceiv+ %e _h no     
means left to  escape fall+ a victim to 
! brutal passion ( t ravi%]1 :o  0      
furi\sly enam\r$ ) h] beauty2 %e ?rew   
h]self out ( !  w9d[ ( an upp] room2 b  
be+ aft]w>ds1 aga9/ h] incl9ation1  cur$
 ( ! bruises %e receiv$1 & endur+ )     
angui% & regret  "u t oppressive        

b>b>ian1 ! %ame ( hav+ be5 =c$1 %e1  to 
relieve ! bitt]ness ( h] grief1 & to    
extricate h]self f  cont9u+ 9 a /ate (  
violation to h] conjugal fai?1 depriv$  
h]self ( life 9 ! sepul*re ( h] husb&1  
:i* = ! purpose  ( do+ x !re %e _h caus$
 to be op5$4 ,we c\ld in/ance _m  o!r   
wom5 ( h]oic c\rage1 & p>ticul>ize !    
occasions on :i*  !y ex]t$ x2 b1 to     
avoid ! recital appe>+ prolix or t$i\s1 
we %all omit ! relation ( !m4    ,,xlv4 
,! reason ( my n hav+ yet m5tion$ !     
,amazons1 :i* is  a case s applicable to
 ?is matt]1 is1 because ,i ?9k x w be   
bett] to treat ( !m sep>ately4 ,"s      
au?ors1 9 opposition to _m  o!rs :o     
affirm x1 d5y _! exi/5ce2 b )\t engag+ 9
  ?is dispute1 we mu/ all[1 t mu* fable 
has be5 mix$ ) !  hi/ory ( ! ,amazons2  
su* z t !y de/roy$ all _! male  *ildr52 
t !y liv$ 9 a total /ate ( sep>ation f !
 o!r  sex1 & only consort$ ) !m once a  
ye> = ! sake ( becom+  pregnant4 ,( a   
piece ) ^!1 are ! tales ( _! enc\nt]s  )
 ,h]cules & ,!seus1 & ! succ\r giv5 to  

afflict$ ,troy by  ! fi]ce ,p5!silea1 & 
p]haps t also1 ( ! visit ( que5         
,tale/ris to ,alex&]4 ,b ) all ?is1     
aga9/ ! te/imony &  cr$it ( s _m anti5t 
au?ors1 x w\ld be ra% to d5y1 t !re  0 a
 =midable body ( w>like wom5 9 ,asia1 :o
 w5t by ! "n (  ,amazons4    ,,xlvi4 ,b 
9 case ?is %\ld be d5i$1 9 lieu ( !     
,asiatic  ,amazonians !y deprive u (1 we
 %\ld be suppli$ ) ano!r set1  drawn f !
 o!r ?ree p>ts ( ! globe1 ready to /& =?
 &  take _! places4 ,! ,spani>ds        
discov]$ ,am]ican ones1 navigat+  arm$1 
on ! riv] ,m>anon1 :i* is ! l>ge/ 9 !   
_w1 &  to :i*1 = ?is reason1 !y gave !  
"n ( ! riv] ( !  ,amazons4 ,!re are "s (
 !m 9 ,africa1 9 a prov9ce ( ! empire  (
 ,monomotapa3 &1 x is said1 !y are ! be/
 soldi]s 9 all t  t]ritory2 !re are n   
want+ geograph]s1 :o made ,monomotapa a 
di/9ct /ate f ! c\ntry ^! w>like wom5   
inhabit4    ,,xlvii4 ,9 ,europe1 al?\gh 
9 no "p ( x ! wom5 are milit>y  p by    
pr(ession1 we may v5ture to give ! "n ( 
,amazons to  ^? :o ^u diff]5t occasions1

 h f\ght 9 su* battalions or  squadrons1
 z h defeat$ & triumph$ ov] ! enemies ( 
_!  c\ntry4 ,su* 7 ! ,fr5* wom5 (       
,beauvais1 :o1 :5 t city1  9 ! ye>      
#agdb1 0 besieg$ by ! ,burgundians1 on !
 day ( !  assault1 unit$ !mselves toge!r
 "u ! conduct or comm& (  ,joan ,ha*eta1
 & vigor\sly repuls$ ! enemy2 _! capta9 
,ha*eta1  hav+ ) h] own h&s1 tumbl$ !   
p]son headlong f ! walls1  :o attempt$  
to erect ! enemies' /&>d !re4 ,to       
commemorate  ?is transaction1 !y keep an
 annual fe/ival 9 t city1 & !  wom5 on !
 fea/-day1 h ! s+ul> privilege ( walk+ 9
  procession be=e ! m54 ,su* also1 7 !  
inhabitants ( !  isl&s ,e*9adas1 call$  
at pres5t ,bur-,sol>es1 celebrat$ = !   
victory ( ,lepanto1 :i* 0 ga9$ 9 ! sea (
 ^! isl&s4 ,!  ye> antec$5t to ?is fam\s
 battle1 ! ,turks hav+ attack$ !        
pr9cipal isl&1 ! ,v5etian gov]nor       
,antonio ,balbo1 & all ! m51  7 s       
t]rifi$1 t !y betook !mselves to flight 
9 ! night1  leav+ ! wom5 beh9d !m1 :o1  
at ! in/ance ( a prie/ nam$  ,antonio   

,rosoneo1 resolv$ to def5d ! place2 &1  
mu* to ! hon\r  ( _! own sex1 & !       
disgrace ( ours1 !y really did def5d x4 
,n4 ,b4 ,) respect to ! wom5 :o laid    
viol5t h&s on !mselves1  we d n mean to 
propose _! resolution z examples (      
virtue1 b  only to exhibit x1 z a vici\s
 excess ( fi]ce c\rage1 :i* is          
suffici5t to answ] ! purpose int5d$4    
,,sect4 ,,viii4    ,,xlviii4 ,aft] all  
?is recital ( magnanim\s wom51 !re /ill 
rema9s some?+ to be said on a p>ticul>1 
:i* ! m5 po9t  out z _! weak side1 & )  
respect to :i*1 !y *>ge !m  ) ! greate/ 
want ( con/ancy2 t is1 _! n be+ firm 9  
keep+ a secret4 ,cato ! ,c5sor 9 ?is    
in/ance1 w\ld n admit (  any exception  
:atev] ) reg>d to !m1 & condemn$ ! tru/+
  a secret to any woman1 be %e :o %e    
w\ld1 z "o ( ! greate/  errors a man    
c\ld run into2 b ,cato's own great niece
 ,porcia1  daught] ( ,cato ! y\ng]1 &   
wife ( ,m>cus ,brutus1 gave ! lie  to   
?is ass]tion1 %e hav+ oblig$ h] husb&1  
to confide to h]  ! gr& secret ( !      

conspiracy aga9/ ,cs>1 by ! extraord9>y 
pro( %e exhibit$ to him ( h] val\r &    
con/ancy1 9 ! great  w\nd %e volunt>ily 
gave h]self ) a knife 9 ! ?igh4         
,,xlix4 ,pl9y1 quot+ ! ,magi z 8 au?ors1
 tells u1 t ! he>t  ( a c]ta9 bird1     
appli$ to ! brea/ ( a woman :5 %e is    
asleep1  w make h] reveal all h]        
secrets4 ,& 9 ano!r place1 he says1  !  
tongue ( a c]ta9 snake w h ! same       
effect4 ,! magicians  be+ oblig$ to se>*
 among ! hidd5 secrets ( ,nature1 = keys
  to unlock ! doors ( _! he>ts1 is no   
pro(1 ( ! wom5's be+  s easily br\ght to
 reveal :at has be5 confid$ to !m4 ,b   
let  u laugh ) ,pl9y at ^! inv5tions2 & 
let u grant1 if y  please1 t !re are v  
few wom5 /rict obs]v]s ( a secret2  b1 9
 return to ?is1 x is confess$ on ! o!r  
h& by ! mo/  exp]i5c$ politicians1 t !re
 are v few m5 also1 to :om  y c confide 
secrets ( importance2 & truly1 if su* m5
 7  n v sc>ce commodities1 pr9ces w\ld n
 hold !m 9 su* high  e/imation1 z to ?9k
 sc>ce any ( _! ri*e/ moveables equal to

  !m 9 value4    ,l4 ,nor are !re       
examples want+1 ( wom5 ( inv9cible      
con/ancy 9  ! article ( keep+ a secret4 
,py?agoras1 :5 he f\nd himself  ne> dy+1
 deliv]$ all 8 writ+s1 9 :i* 7 conta9$  
! mo/ hidd5 my/]ies ( 8 philosophy1 into
 ! cu/ody (  8 prud5t & dutiful daught] 
,damo2 direct+ h] at ! same  "t1 nev] to
 p]mit !m to be publi%$1 :i* injunction 
%e s  punctually obey$1 t1 ev5 :5 %e    
f\nd h]self r$uc$ to extreme  pov]ty1 & 
c\ld h sold ^? books = a l>ge sum (     
money1  %e *ose r to endure ! angui% &  
p9*+s ( want1 ?an be  defici5t 9 po9t ( 
! confid5ce repos$ 9 h] by h] fa!r4     
,,li4 ,! magnanim\s ,aretaphila1 :om we 
h already m5tion$1 hav+  attempt$ to    
take away ! life ( h] husb& by a        
poison\s draught  be=e %e ent]$ into a  
conspiracy aga9/ him1 :i* 0 to be  c>ri$
 into execution by =ce ( arms1 0        
surpriz$ & detect$  9 ! fact1 & be+ put 
to ! torture to discov] :o 7 h]  com=t]s
 & abettors1 ! =ce ( ! torm5t 0 s f> f  
extort+ ! secret1 or depriv+ h] ( !     

possession ( h]self1  or ! use ( h]     
reason1 t1 aft] own+ %e int5d$ to give  
him ! poison1 %e _h ! address to p]suade
 ! tyrant x 0 a  love-philt]1 & contriv$
 = ! purpose ( increas+ 8 passion  = h]4
 ,9 fact1 ?is +5i\s fiction _h ! effect 
( a philt]1  = ,nicotratus's love ( h] 0
 aft]w>ds greatly increas$ f  ?is       
p]suasion1 t %e1 :o 0 solicit\s to      
excite 9 him an  ardu\s & excessive     
desire = h]1 c\ld n d o!rwise ?an       
ent]ta9 a s9c]e t5d]ness & affection =  
him4    ,,lii4 ,9 ! conspiracy set on   
foot by ,ari/ogiton1 & :i* 0 begun  to  
be execut$1 by putt+ to dea? ,hipp>*us1 
! bro!r ( ,hippias1  a c\rtesan woman1  
:o _h be5 tru/$ ) ! secret1 & knew all  
! accomplices1 0 put to ! torture2 b %e1
 to conv9ce !  tyrant ( ! impossibility 
( extort+ ! secret f h]1 cut h]  tongue 
asund] ) h] tee?1 & let ! end drop be=e 
8 face4    ,,liii4 ,:5 ! fir/           
indications ( ! conspiracy ( ,pison     
aga9/  ,n]o1 began to %ew !mselves1 _m (
 ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 (  ,rome %runk "u1 &

 gave way to ! rig\r ( ! torture4       
,lucan1  = example1 discov]$ 8 own "m z 
an accomplice1 & _m  o!rs _! mo/        
intimate fri5ds2 & !re 0 only "o        
,epi*>is1  an ord9>y & obscure woman1 :o
 0 acqua9t$ ) ! :ole  transaction1 on   
:om nei!r :ips nor fire1 nor all !      
m>tyrdoms  !y c\ld inv5t1 _h p[] to te> 
f h] brea/ ! lea/  in=mation4    ,,liv4 
,i knew a c]ta9 "o myself1 :o1 be+      
exam9$ by ! torture1  t\*+ an atroci\s  
crime :i* _h be5 committ$ by h] ma/]  & 
mi/ress1 resi/$ ! =ce ( t rigor\s te/1 n
 to save  h]self1 b only to skre5 !m2 = 
s small a portion ( ! fault  c\ld be    
imput$ to h]1 ei!r on acc\nt ( h]       
ignorance ( !  magnitude ( ! crime1 or f
 h] hav+ act$ by ! comm& (  o!rs1 & f   
v>i\s circum/ances ( mitigation1 t ! law
  w\ld n h condemn$ h] to a puni%m5t1   
any ?+ comp>able to  ! sev]ity ( t %e   
und]w5t4    ,,lv4 ,b ( wom51 f :om ! p[]
 ( torture c\ld n te> !  secrets ( _!   
brea/s1 ! examples are inf9ite4 ,i he>d 
a p]son  :o _h be5 us$ to assi/ ^u su*  

occasions decl>e1 t1 al?\gh  he _h kn[n 
_m ( !m confess1 r ?an be /ripp$ nak$ to
  prep>e !m = ! execution ( ! puni%m5t (
 ! rack1 !  in/ances ( _! hav+ confess$ 
aft] und]go+ ?is m>tyrdom (  _! mode/y1 
7 v r>e4 ,a truly great & %9+ excell5ce 
9 ! sex ?is1 t ! reg>d = _! mode/y1 %\ld
 h m  weight ) !m ?an all ! t]rors ( an 
execution]4    ,,lvi4 ,i d n d\bt1 b ?is
 p>allel ,i h drawn ( ! sexes1 may      
appe> to _m some:at flatt]+ to ! wom52 b
 ,i %all reply  to ^!1 t ,s5eca1 ^:     
rigid ,/oicism removes all d\bts ( 8    
imp>tiality1 & ^: sev]ity sets him at a 
great di/ance f all  suspicion (        
flatt]y1 has made a comp>ison n a jot   
less fav\rable  to ! side ( ! wom51 = he
 absolutely ass]ts !m to be equal  to ! 
m51 9 all ! valuable natural faculties &
 dispositions4  ,^! are 8 words3 ,quis  
autem dicat1 naturam malign cum         
muliebribus  +5iis egisse1  virtutes    
ill>um 9 arctum retraxisse8 ,p> illis   
mihi cr$e1 vigor1 p> ad hone/a 7libeat7 
facultas e/4 ,laborem1  doloremque ex   

quo si consuev]e patiuntur4 79 ,consol4 
ad ,m>ciam47      ,,sect4 ,,ix4         
,,lvii4 ,we are come n[ to def5d ! great
 article ( all1 :i* is !  "q ( !        
und]/&+2 &1 ,i mu/ confess1 if my reason
 does  n assi/ me 9 argu+ ?is po9t1 t ,i
 expect b little help or  res\rce f     
au?orities2 because all ! au?ors :o h   
t\*$  ^u ! matt]1 ) ! exception ( "o or 
two p>ticul> ones only1  h wrote s mu*  
on ! side ( ! vulg> op9ion1 t !y almo/  
uni=mly speak ( ! und]/&+s ( ! wom5 )   
contempt4    ,,lviii4 ,& truly1 ,i might
 reply to ! au?ority ( ! greate/ "p  (  
^! books1 ) ! fable ( ! lion & ! man1   
ins]t$ by  ,c>ducius 9 "o ( 8 dialogues1
 :i* is to ?is effect4 ,a man & a  lion 
travell+ toge!r1 fell to dispute :e!r   
lions or m5 7 !  brave/ animals3 & z !y 
proce$$ on _! road1 !y came to a        
f\nta91 at ! top ( :i*1 !re 0 exhibit$  
c>v$ 9 m>ble1 a  man te>+ a lion 9      
pieces2 ^u see+ ?is1 ! man turn$ %ort on
  ! lion1 & 9 ! tone ( a conqu]or1 ask$1
 if he c\ld make any  reply to s conv9c+

 an argum5t2 to :i* ! lion answ]$ ) a   
smile1 ?is is v pretty reason+ ( y\rs1 !
 c>v+ 0 design$  & execut$ by a man2 we 
lions are none ( u sculptors2 if we _h1 
& 7 capable ( do+ ?is sort ( "w1 ,i w   
v5ture to assure  y1 ! repres5tation    
w\ld h be5 made q ! rev]se to :at  y !re
 see x4    ,,lix4 ,! case is1 !y 7 m5 :o
 wrote ^? books1 9 :i* !  und]/&+s ( !  
wom5 are held s *eap2 _h !y be5 writt5  
by  wom51 ! m5 w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 !     
inf]ior class3 & !re  has n be5 want+ a 
woman1 :o has done some?+ ( ?is sort2  =
 ,lucretia ,m>9ella1 a le>n$ ,v5etian   
lady1 among o!r works  compos$ a book ) 
?is title1 ,! ,excell5ces ( ,wom51      
comp>$  ) ! ,defects & ,vices ( ,m52 !  
sole object ( :i*1 0 to  prove a        
pref]5ce ( h] own sex to ours4 ,! le>n$ 
jesuit ,john (  ,c>?ag5a says1 t he saw 
& read ?is book ) great pleasure at     
,rome1 & t he saw x also 9 ! royal      
libr>y at ,madrid2 b !  tru? is1 t nei!r
 %e nor we c be judges 9 ?is plea1      
because  we are p>ties to ! suit2 &     

!re=e ! s5t5ce & decision  mu/ be       
confid$ to ! angels1 :o be+ ( no sex1   
are imp>tial4    ,,lx4 ,& 9 ! fir/      
place1 ^? :o hold ! und]/&+ (  wom5 9   
su* contempt1 z h>dly to all[ !y are    
endu$ ) m  ?an pure in/9ct1 are unwor?y 
to be admitt$ z p>ties 9 !  controv]sy2 
nei!r are ^?1 :o ma9ta91 t ! greate/    
rea*  ( a woman's capacity1 does n ext5d
 f>!r ?an to qualify h] =  manag+ a     
h5-roo/4    ,,lxi4 ,"s prelate1 :o is   
quot$ by ,don ,francisco ,manuel 9 8    
,guide  to ,m>ri$ ,p1 said1 t ! und]/&+ 
( ! mo/ kn[+  woman did n exce$ ! b\nds 
( ord]+ h[ a *e/ ( clean  l95 %\ld be   
pack$4 ,let ^? :o adh]e to su* op9ions1 
be z  respectable z !y w 9 o!r po9ts (  
view1 !y d !mselves  no sort ( cr$it by 
su* decl>ations2 = ! mo/ fav\rable      
int]pretation !y admit (1 is1 t !y 7    
int5d$ z hyp]bolic  jokes4 ,x is a fact 
( public notoriety1 t !re h be5 wom51   
:o well und]/ood ! ord]+ & gov]n+       
religi\s communities1  & also wom51 :o  
are equal to ! gov]nm5t & direction (   

:ole  /ates4    ,,lxii4 ,^! disc\rses   
aga9/ ! wom51 are ! works ( sup]ficial  
m52 :o1 see+ !y 9 g5]al und]/& no?+ b   
h\sehold  bus9ess1 :i* is commonly !    
only ?+ !y are in/ruct$ 91 or  employ$  
ab\t1 are apt to inf] f !nce1 )\t be+   
aw>e t  !y draw ! inf]5ce f t           
circum/ance1 t !y are unfit  =1 or      
incapable ( any o!r matt]4 ,! mo/ %all[ 
logician kn[s1  t x is n a valid        
conclusion1 to suppose t because a p]son
  =be>s to d an act1 t he is unable to d
 x1 & !re=e1 f  ! wom5 9 g5]al kn[+ no  
m1 x _c be inf]r$1 t !y  h n tal5ts to  
compreh5d m4    ,,lxiii4 ,nobody und]/&s
 radically & well1 m ?an ! subject  he  
has /udi$2 b y _c d$uce f h5ce1 )\t     
incurr+  ! note ( b>b>ism1 t 8 ability  
ext5ds no f>!r4 ,sir ,?omas  ,m1 9 8    
,utopia1 /ates ! foll[+ "q3 suppose all 
m5  7 to d$icate !mselves to            
agriculture1 9 s close & /rict a  mann]1
 z to occasion _! und]/&+ no?+ else2    
w\ld ?is  be a f\ndation :]eon to argue 
& insi/1 t !y 7 incapable  ( und]/&+ any

 o!r ?+8 ,) ! ,druses1 a p (  ,pala/9e1 
! wom5 are ! only repositories ( !      
little le>n+  t subsi/s among !m1 =     
almo/ all ( ^! c read & write2  9       
consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! little lit]ature !y 
c boa/ (1 is  treasur$ up 9 ! heads ( ! 
wom51 & totally hidd5 f !  m51 :o devote
 !mselves solely to agriculture1 w>1 &  
h&y-craft  bus9ess4 ,if ! same cu/om    
prevail$ all ! _w ov]1 ! wom5  w\ld     
und\bt$ly consid] ! m5 z unfit =1 or    
incapable (  lit]ature1 9 :i* light1 !  
m5 at pres5t consid] ! wom52 &  z su* a 
judgm5t w\ld c]ta9ly be errone\s1 9 !   
same mann] is  t mi/ak51 :i* we at      
pres5t make1 because x proce$s ^u !     
same pr9ciple4      ,,sect4 ,x4         
,,lxiv4 ,& p]haps fa!r ,malebran*e      
adopts ! same mode ( reason+2  =1 al?\gh
 he 0 mu* m b5ign t[>ds ! wom51 & 9 8   
art  ( inve/igat+ tru? ackn[l$ges1 t 9 !
 faculty ( disc]n+  s5sible ?+s1 !y are 
kn[n to h ! advantage ( ! m52  /ill he  
insi/s1 !y are mu* inf]ior to !m 9 !    
compreh5sion  ( ab/ract ideas2 & assigns

 z ! reason ( x1 ! s(tness (  _! bra9s4 
,x is v well kn[n1 t p se>* = ^!        
physical causes1 & aft] "s exp]i5ce1 :5 
!y are1 or fancy  !y are sure ( _!      
effects1 apply !m 9 _! own mann]1 to    
suit  _! own doctr9es4 ,?is be+ ! case1 
! consequ5ce :i* results  f h5ce is1 t !
 au?or himself falls into ! same        
intellectual  disease1 ( :i* he _h      
int5d$ to cure all mank9d4 ,?is error1  
is  produc$ by common pre-occupations1 &
 pr9ciples ill consid]$ &  dige/$4 ,he  
)\t d\bt made ?is judgm5t1 ei!r to avoid
 be+  l$ away by ! common op9ion1 or f  
hav+ obs]v$1 t wom5 (  ability1 or ^? :o
 are reput$ su*1 reason ) m facility1 & 
talk m p]t95tly ?an ! m51 on su*        
subjects z app]ta9 to  s5sible ?+s1 & ) 
no less precision ?an !m 7if 9 su* cases
  !y d n obs]ve a total sil5ce7 on      
ab/ract$ matt]s2 b ?is  proce$s1 n f an 
inequality ( tal5ts1 b f a diff]5ce (   
application & practice4 ,wom5 employ    
!mselves1 & ?9k mu* m  ?an ! m51 ab\t   
da9ty eatables1 sett+ out a table1      

ornam5ts (  dress1 & o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d2 
f :5ce x happ5s1 t !y  disc\rse & talk (
 !m m p]t95tly1 & ) great] facility  ?an
 ^? ( ! o!r sex4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is v  
r>e1 t  any woman att5ds to que/ions (  
!ory1 or be/[s ! lea/ ?\ght  on !       
subject ( ab/ract ideas1 & !re=e x is no
 wond] !y  seem dull1 :5 ! conv]sation  
turns on su* matt]s4 ,if y obs]ve  !m1 y
 w f9d1 t wom5 :o are in=m$1 & are ( a  
gay  ca/1 & :o sometimes take pleasure 9
 disc\rs+ on ! delicacies  ( platonic   
love1 :5ev] x happ5s t !y argue ) ! m5  
on  ?is po9t1 !y greatly out-d ev5 ! mo/
 discreet ones1 :o h  n appli$ !mselves 
to explore ^! bagatels ( fancy3 ?is 9 a 
great measure confirms ! rem>ks we h    
made above4    ,,lxv4 ,9 g5]al1 any     
p]son :atev]1 be 8 capacity ev] s great1
  w appe> m rude ?an a man ( little     
p5etration1 if he talks  ) him ( su*    
matt]s z ! o!r has _h exp]i5ce 9 & he   
has  nev] appli$ himself to und]/&4 ,a  
lab\r] 9 husb&ry1 :om ,god  has end[$ ) 
a mo/ p5etrat+ g5ius1 :i* is no uncommon

 case1  if x happ5s t 8 att5tion has    
nev] be5 fix$ on any o!r  ?+ b 8 "w1    
w\ld appe> greatly inf]ior to ! mo/     
heavy  politician1 if he %\ld ev] *ance 
to conv]se ) him ab\t reasons  ( /ate2 &
 ! mo/ wise politician1 if he is m]ely a
 politician1  :o %\ld set himself to    
talk ab\t ! disposition ( troops1 & !   
fight+ ( battles1 w\ld utt] a ?\s&      
absurdities2 insomu*1  t if a man skill$
 9 milit>y affairs 0 to he> him1 he w\ld
  be apt to conclude he 0 mad1 z        
,hannibal ?\ght ! great ,asiatic  orator
 01 :o1 9 ! pres5ce ( k+ ,antio*us &    
him1 und]took  to argue ab\t ! art &    
conduct ( w>4    ,,lxvi4 ,x happ5s      
exactly ! same 9 ! bus9ess we are n[    
treat+  (4 ,a woman ( excell5t und]/&+1 
^: ?\ghts are con/antly  occupi$ on     
dome/ic managem5t & ! c>e ( h] h\se1 )\t
  sc>ce ev] he>+ matt]s ( a sup]ior     
nature talk$ (1 or1 if  x does happ5 t  
%e he>s any su* ?+1 %e r>ely pays mu*   
att5tion to x3 h] husb&1 ?\gh mu*       
inf]ior to h] 9 tal5ts1  conv]ses       

frequ5tly abroad ) able m5 ( v>i\s      
pr(essions1 by  communicat+ ) :om1 he   
acquires v>iety ( k1 or he ent]s  into  
public bus9ess1 & receives important    
in=mation4 ,in/ruct$  9 ?is mann]1 if x 
happ5s at any "t t 9 ! company ( 8      
wife1 ^! matt]s are talk$ (1 %e1 :o by !
 means & 9 ! way  we h j m5tion$1 c ga9 
b little aid or assi/ance1 if %e  happ5s
 to speak j :at occurs to h] on !       
subject1 f ! want  ( in/ruction1 mu/    
appe> a little defective 9 po9t ( k1    
let h] be ev] s acute & p5etrat+4 ,h]   
husb&1 & ! o!rs  :o he> h]1 conclude f  
!nce1 t %e is a fool2 & he 9  p>ticul>1 
plumes himself on 8 sup]ior tal5ts &    
abilities4    ,,lxvii4 ,z x f>$ ) ?is   
woman1 s x f>es ) an inf9ity (  o!rs1   
:o1 ?\gh !y may h mu* m s5se ?an ! m5 !y
  happ5 to be 9 company )1 are condemn$ 
by !m z unfit to reason  on any k9d (   
subject3 b ! tru? is1 t _! n be+ able to
  reason at all1 or _! reason+ ill on   
su* matt]s1 does n proce$  f a want (   
tal5ts1 b f a want ( be+ prop]ly in=m$2 

& )\t ?is assi/ance1 a p]son1 endu$ )   
ev5 an angelic  und]/&+1 c\ld n disc\rse
 p]t95tly on any subject :atev]4  ,! m5 
at ! same "t1 al?\gh inf]ior to !m 9    
und]/&+1  %9e & triumph ov] !m ) an air 
( importance1 because !y  happ5 to be   
bett] provid$ ) in=mation4    ,,lxviii4 
,ov] & above ?is advantage ( be+ bett]  
in=m$1 !  m5 h ano!r1 :i* is ( great    
mom5t1 to wit1 t !y are mu*  accu/om$ to
 m$itate1 disc\rse1 & reason ^u su*     
matt]s1 x  be+ 9 a mann] _! daily       
practice2 :ile ! wom5 h>dly ev]  be/[ a 
?\ght on !m3 on :i* acc\nt1 :5ev] ^! ?+s
 are  />t$ 9 conv]sation1 ! m5 are      
prep>$ to talk ^u !m1 &  ! wom5 are tak5
 by surprize4    ,,lxix4 ,f9ally1 m51 by
 _! reciprocal communication ) ea* o!r  
^u su* subjects1 ga9 mutual in/ruction1 
ea* individual1 receiv+  lights &       
in=mation f ! obs]vations & exp]i5ce (  
^? we  conv]se )2 & !re=e1 :5 !y argue  
^u ^! matt]s1 !y  n only make use ( _!  
own und]/&+s & improvem5ts1 b  !y       
likewise avail !mselves ( :at !y h      

acquir$ f _!  neighb\rs2 s t _m times1  
:at is express$ & expla9$ by !  m\? ( "o
 man1 is n ! produce ( "o und]/&+ only1 
b (  _m4 ,! wom51 :o 9 _! ord9>y        
conv]sations1 don't disc\rse  on ^!     
sublime que/ions1 b r ( _! dome/ic      
amusem5ts &  employm5ts1 furni% to ea*  
o!r no reciprocal lights or assi/ance1  
) respect to ^! great po9ts2 9          
consequ5ce ( :i*1 :5ev]  !y happ5 to be 
pres5t :5 su* subjects are agitat$1 y   
%\ld  add to _! talk+ unprep>$1 !       
disadvantage1 ( ea* ( !m  be+ conf9$ to 
! use ( no m ?an _! own prop] lights &  
ideas4    ,,lxx4 ,^! advantages1 by     
means ( :i*1 a man ( v %ort  p5etration1
 may say mu* m1 & mu* m to ! purpose1 ^u
  noble subjects1 ?an a woman ( great   
p]spicuity1 are ( su* mom5t1  t "o :o   
has n att5d$ to ! above reflections1 if 
he %\ld  happ5 to be pres5t at a        
conv]sation ( ?is sort1 betwe5 a v  ke5 
woman & a v heavy man1 might be apt to  
conclude1 t he 0  a discreet p]son1 & %e
 a fool4    ,,lxxi4 ,9 fact1 ! want ( ^!

 reflections1 has eng5d]$ 9 _m  m51 & "s
 ( !m 9 o!r respects wise & prud5t ones1
 ?is  great contempt = ! und]/&+ ( wom52
 b :at is mo/  laughable & ridicul\s1 !y
 h exclaim$ s mu* & s l\dly  aga9/ !m1 &
 h ass]t$ ) su* confid5ce ! pov]ty &    
scant9ess ( _! und]/&+s1 t _m1 if n !   
bulk ( !  _w1 h be5 idle en\gh to       
believe !m4      ,,sect4 ,,xi4          
,,lxxii4 ,& x seems to me1 t n ev5 ^?1  
:o approa*+ ne>]  to reason1 admit1 t   
?\gh ! m5 9 g5]al excel ! wom5 9        
und]/&+1 /ill own !re are wom5 ( solid &
 p]spicu\s  p>ts2 ,i say1 n ev5 ^! h1 to
 my satisfaction1 e/abli%$  ! inequality
 9 po9t ( und]/&+ betwe5 ! two sexes4   
,if  !y _h att5d$ to ! circum/ances ,i h
 be=e-m5tion$1 &  :i* frequ5tly occur1  
!y w\ld h p]ceiv$1 t1 9 ! cases         
specifi$1 wom51 ( mu* bett] und]/&+s ?an
 ! m5 !y  conv]s$ )1 w\ld appe> greatly 
inf]ior to !m4    ,,lxxiii4 ,nor d ,i   
conceive1 :at o!r f\ndation ?is pret5d$ 
inequality c be built on1 ?an t ,i h    
m5tion$1 !  equivocation & fallibility (

 :i*1 ,i h j po9t$ out4 ,= if  ,i am    
told1 ! ?+ has be5 demon/rat$ by        
exp]i5ce1 ,i am prep>$  ) a reply1 &    
%all answ]1 t ! exp]i5ce !y all$ge is   
deceitful1 & t ,i h expos$ its fallacy 9
 _m in/ances2  besides ?is1 ) reg>d to !
 matt] ( exp]i5ce1 ,i %all cite two     
witnesses ( great cr$it 9 fav\r ( !     
wom54 ,! fir/ is1 !  sagaci\s & discreet
 ,portugueze ,don ,francisco ,manuel1 :o
 wrote a  little treatise1 call$1 ,a    
,guide to ,m>ri$ ,p4    ,,lxxiv4 ,9 ?is 
,cavali]1 all ! circum/ances t c be     
desir$  concur1 to make 8 vote ( s+ul>  
weight 9 ! "q we are  treat+ (2 because1
 9 addition to 8 be+ a man ( rem>kable  
k & in=mation1 he _h travell$ ?r\gh _m  
c\ntries1  :]e he 0 g5]ally *>g$ ) &    
negotiat$ important conc]ns2  9         
consequ5ce ( :i*1 & by means ( 8 elevat$
 g5ius &  c\rte\s deportm5t1 he _h      
opportunities ( be+ introduc$ to1 &     
conv]s+ )1 ladies ( rank & fa%ion 9 all 
places1 z may be  se5 by 8 writ+s4      
,,lxxv4 ,x appe>s by ?is au?or1 t1 n    

satisfi$ ) consid]+  ! wom5 z equal to !
 m5 9 _! intellectual capacities1 he    
incl9es to all[ !m "s advantage ov] !   
o!r sex 9 ?is  p>ticul>4 ,9 ! book be=e 
quot$1 fol4 #gc1 aft] recit+1 t  ! g5]al
 op9ion ) respect to ! wom5 is o!rwise2 
he says1  ,i am ( a diff]5t s5tim5t1 &  
am c]ta91 t _m wom5 are  exce$+ly       
judici\s & s5sible1 ,i hav+ se5 &       
conv]s$ )  abundance ( su*1 bo? 9 ,spa9 
& o!r c\ntries2 & x appe>s to  me1 t1 on
 acc\nt ( _! hav+ ! advantage ( u 9     
quickness  ( p]ception1 & read9ess (    
rep>tee1 x is necess>y to use great     
caution 9 talk+ ) !m3 & a little l[] he 
speaks ?us2  al?\gh x w\ld be unju/ to  
dispute ! purity ( ! metal )  :i*       
,nature =m$ _! und]/&+s1 we may         
nev]!less take  precaution to save &    
gu>d !m1 9 situations :]e !y may be  l$ 
into dang]1 & ourselves may be injur$4  
,! te/imony ( ?is  au?or1 z ,i h be=e   
said1 is ( great weight1 because to 8   
great  exp]i5ce & discretion1 we may    
add1 t 9 ! treatise we h  quot$1 he is n

 v fav\rable to ! wom52 & ev5 at ! end (
  x1 he does n scruple1 nor is he a%am$ 
to accuse himself ( be+  too sev]e ^u   
!m4    ,,lxxvi4 ,! second evid5ce1 is t 
mo/ le>n$ ,fr5*man1 !  ,abb ,belleg>de1 
a man :o 0 also us$ to c\rts1 & le>n$ 8 
k ( ! _w 9 ! great !atre ( ,p>is4 ,?is  
au?or1 9  a book he publi%$1 intitl$1   
,curi\s ,obs]vations on ,lit]ature  &   
,morality1 affirms1 t ! m9ds ( wom51 = !
 purpose (  obta9+ a k ( all sorts (    
sci5ces & arts1 & also e  k9d ( bus9ess1
 are 9 no mann] inf]ior to ^? ( m54 ,i h
  n se5 ?is au?or1 b ! editors ( !      
,memoirs ( ,trev\x1 9  ! mon? ( ,april1 
#agjb1 quote him on ! subject4 ,! au?or 
( !  ,j\rnies 9 ! ,coa*es ( ,madrid &   
,alcala1 :o1 let him be :o he  w\ld1 0 a
 man ( note1 ma9ta9s ! same s5tim5t     
7pag4 #de72 &  fa!r ,buffi]1 a celebrat$
 ,fr5* writ]1 9 a book intitl$1 ,an     
,exam9ation ( vulg> ,prejudices1 :i* he 
wrote expressly = !  purpose ( do+ x1   
proves ! same ?+4      ,,sect4 ,,xii4   
,,lxxvii4 ,hav+ !n answ]$ ! argum5ts    

all$g$ to be built ^u  exp]i5ce1 !re    
only rema9s1 t !y prove to u ! pret5d$  
inequality by "s physical reason4 ,b ,i 
affirm no su* c be  assign$1 because    
rec\rse c only be _h 9 ?is matt]1 ei!r  
to  an entative inequality ( s\ls1 to a 
di/9ct organization1 or to a  diff]5t   
temp]am5t ( ! bodies ( bo? sexes4       
,,lxxviii4 ,f ! entative inequality (   
s\ls1 no?+ c be d$uc$1  = x is a g5]ally
 receiv$ op9ion among philosoph]s1 t all
  rational s\ls1 9 po9t ( physical      
p]fection1 are equal4 ,i well  "k1 t "s 
quote ,/4 ,au/9 z ent]ta9+ an opposite  
s5tim5t1  9 8 #ae? book1 *ap4 #ac1 on ! 
,tr9ity2 b ,i c't f9d1 t ,/4  ,au/9 9 t 
*apt]1 does ev5 s mu* z t\* ^u ! matt]4 
,i  "k likewise1 t ! faculty ( ,p>is    
condemn$ a proposition1 :i*  affirm$ !  
s\l ( our ,"l ,*ri/ 0 n m p]fect ?an !  
s\l  ( ! trea*]\s ,judas4 ,to ?is !     
great ,scotti% ma/] answ]$1  t1 z !     
condemnation 0 n confirm$ by ! holy see1
 we are n  b\nd to obs]ve x4 ,9         
/rictness ?is is s2 b ,i ?9k x w\ld be  

"r t su* a proposition %\ld be blott$   
out ( e book 9  :i* x is f\nd1 z        
dissonant1 h>%1 & (f5sive to weak p1  :o
 9 s\ls1 c't di/+ui% ! physical f !     
moral2 b ?is  does n 9 any mann] affect 
! tru? ( ! g5]al op9ion1 :i*  ass5ts to 
a total physical equality ( s\ls4       
,,lxxix4 ,b if we 7 to admit ( an       
entative inequality ( s\ls1 h[  w\ld !y 
prove to u1 or make u believe1 t ,god   
*ose ! be/ =  ! m51 & left ! lea/-p]fect
 = ! wom58 ,we ought r to  believe 9 ?is
 matt]1 t ! s\l ( holy ,m>y 0 ! be/ :i* 
c\ld be possess$ by a pure creature2 &1 
9 fact1 ! fam\s ,saurez  affirms1 t1    
physically speak+1 x 0 mo/ p]fect2 s t !
  wom5 may be firm 9 ass]t+1 t ! s\l is 
nei!r mascul9e nor  fem99e1 because su* 
an ass]tion is well f\nd$4    ,,lxxx4 ,)
 reg>d to organization1 ,i am incl9$ to 
?9k1 t !  v>iation ( x1 may greatly v>y 
! op]ations ( ! s\l2 ?\gh  we don't to  
?is day "k1 :i* organization is be/     
suit$ to1  or conduces mo/ to1 di/+ui%+ 
& reason+ well4 ,ari/otle  pret5ds1 t ^?

 ) small heads are ! be/ reason]s1 a    
conjecture1 :i* be=e he committ$ x to   
writ+1 he took c>e  %\ld correspond ) ! 
measure ( 8 own head4 ,o!rs give _!     
vote 9 fav\r ( l>ge heads2 ^! we may    
conclude1 are n ( !  little-head$ race1 
if !y _h1 we might suppose !y w\ld h    
be5 on ! side ( ,ari/otle4 ,c>d9al      
,s'frondati1 9 8 ,curso  ,philosophico1 
says1 t ! reason+ organs ( ,c>d9al      
,ri*elieu  7 d\ble1 to :i* he attributes
 ! signal p]spicuity1 &  intellectual   
agility ( t m9i/]4 ,i appreh5d1 t he mu/
 mean  d\ble 9 magnitude1 & n 9 numb]1 =
 t w\ld be mon/r\s2  & ?is corresponds )
 :at _m o!rs say1 t ! l>g] !  bra9 is 9 
quantity1 ! bett] p reason1 :i* !y      
collect  f hav+ obs]v$1 t ! human bra9  
is bigg] 9 proportion  ?an t ( any o!r  
animal4 ,m>t9ez & o!rs1 9 _! books (    
anatomy1 exclud+ ! great heads & !      
little ones1 ma9ta91 t  ^? ( ! middle   
size are ! be/ adapt$ = ! op]ations (  !
 und]/&+4 ,^? :o g ab\t tak+ measure ( !
 memb]s  ( ! body1 9 ord] to compute !  

value ( ! s\l1 may say :at  !y please2 b
 exp]i5ce %ews1 t among m5 ) l>ge heads1
 y  w f9d "s /upid1 & o!rs +5i\s1 & t ! 
same ?+  is to be obs]v$ among ^? )     
small ones4 ,if a diff]5ce 9 !          
magnitude ( ! head or ! bra91 0 to      
induce an inequality 9 !  op]ations ( ! 
und]/&+1 we %\ld f9d a great diff]5ce  9
 po9t ( compreh5sion1 among m5 ( unequal
 /ature1 because 9  proportion z !y 7   
l>g] or small]1 s w\ld _! sculls &      
bra9s be2 b ?is is contr>y to           
obs]vation4    ,,lxxxi4 ,b ) all ?is1 & 
ev5 admitt+ :at ,pl9y says to be  true1 
t ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! bra91 is l>g] 9
 m5 ?an  x is 9 wom51 t\*+ :i* matt]1 ,i
 beg leave to susp5d my  judgm5t1 till !
 ass]tion is affirm$ by "s able         
anatomi/s2 b  ,i say1 admitt+ ! ?+ to be
 true1 x proves no?+2 = if !  compreh5d+
 bett]1 0 to be gov]n$ by ?is mat]ial   
exce$+ 9  ! sub/ance ( ! bra91 x w\ld   
foll[1 t an +5i\s man1  %\ld h =ty or   
fifty times m bra9 ?an an ideot1 & t m5 
( l>ge bulk %\ld be p ( mu* m p]spicuity

 ?an ^? (  small /ature1 z we mu/       
suppose _! bra9s to be 9 proportion to  
_! size2 b ^?1 he :o writes ?is c       
p]suade to believe x1  %\ld return him  
?anks1 = broa*+ a doctr9e s well suit$  
to  _! capacities4    ,,lxxxii4 ,i agree
 h[ev]1 t ! great] or less degree (     
cle>ness1  or facility ( und]/&+1 dep5ds
 9 a great measure ^u !  diff]5ce (     
organization2 ?\gh n ^u a s5sible       
diff]5t  organization ( ! l>g] p>ts1 b  
^u ! ins5sible diff]5t "o  ( ! mo/ m9ute
 p>ts1 su* z ! diff]5t texture or       
firmness (  ! mo/ subtile fibres1 or !  
fre5ess f ob/ruction1 or cle>ness  ( !  
delicate passages ?r\gh :i* ! animal    
spirits circulate1  & also ^u ! t5sion &
 ela/icity ( ! membranes :i* =m  ^?     
passages2 al?\gh1 we c "k no?+ ab\t :e!r
 ^! are  diff]5t 9 m5 & wom51 nor c ev5 
! anatomical spectacles1 pry  into !    
secret1 or assi/ u ) su* a disc]nm5t or 
discov]y2  nei!r c ! ,c>tesians1 ) all !
 microscopes !y are capable  ( inv5t+1  
explore1 :e!r ! p9eal gl&1 :i* !y assign

 z  ! seat ( ! s\l1 is ( a diff]5t      
texture 9 wom51 f :at x  is 9 m54       
,,lxxxiii4 ,t a diff]5t s5sible         
organization1 does n produce a  v>iety 9
 ! rational op]ations1 is manife/1 at   
lea/1 if ?is  diff]5ce is n v enorm\s2  
!re be+ m5 diff]5tly organiz$1  :o are (
 equal abilities2 & m5 organiz$ z ne>ly 
alike z  possible1 :o1 ) respect to !   
faculties ( ! s\l1 are v  dissimil>4 ,! 
frigid sop1 0 9 e "p ( 8 body1 s de=m$  
& ill-%ap$1 t he sc>ce appe>$ a human   
creature2 on :i*  acc\nt1 8 "n 9 succe$+
 ages1 0 us$ to express an extreme      
degree ( de=mity2 ) all ?is1 x is well  
kn[n1 t he 0 (  a delicate & p5etrat+   
m9d4 ,socrates1 did n diff] mu* f  sop 9
 ! irregul>ity ( 8 make2 not)/&+ :i*1   
antiquity  knew no man ( a cle>] or     
bett] und]/&+4 ,b suppos+ we 7  to      
admit1 t a di/9ct s5sible organization  
produc$ a di/9ct  intellectual ability1 
:at c\ld y 9 ?is case inf] f x8 ,:y     
no?+1 because wom5 are n =m$ diff]5tly f
 m5 9 !  organs :i* adm9i/] to1 or assi/

 ! faculty ( reason+1 b are  di/9ctly   
=m$ 9 ^? only1 :i* ,nature has          
appropriat$ = !  propagation ( !        
species4      ,,sect4 ,,xiii4           
,,lxxxiv4 ,nei!r 9 ! diff]5ce (         
temp]am5t1 c be f\nd$ !  imag9$         
inf]iority ( fem99e und]/&+2 b ,i don't 
d5y1 t  ! temp]am5t has mu* influ5ce1 & 
conduces greatly to ! j or  disord]ly   
ex]cise ( ! faculties ( ! s\l2 s f> f x1
 ,i am  r p]suad$1 t a di/9ct           
temp]ature1 occasions m v>iety  9 !     
op]ations ( ^? faculties1 ?an a diff]5t 
organization3  = !re is no man1 :o mu/ n
 h exp]i5c$ 9 himself1 t1  accord+ z 8  
m9d is v>i\sly dispos$1 or he is 9 good 
or bad  spirits1 )\t f9d+ ! lea/ bodily 
alt]ation1 he is m or  less fit = all   
sorts ( op]ations2 ) all ?is1 !re is    
sc>ce an  intemp]ance t (f5ds ! body1   
:i* does n at ! same "t1  m or less     
di/urb ! functions ( ! s\l2 b :at       
species (  temp]am5t or disposition1    
conduces mo/ to und]/&+ or reason+      
well1 x is n easy to asc]ta94           

,,lxxxv4 ,if ?is po9t is to be settl$ by
 ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1  we might       
conclude1 ! fem99e temp]am5t is be/     
adapt$ = !  purpose4 ,?is philosoph]1 :o
 subjects all ! effects :i* appe>  9 !  
ext5sive field ( ,nature1 to ! dom9ion (
 8 f\r fir/  qualities1 says1 9 ! #bd?  
,sect4 ( 8 ,problems1 qu/4 #ae1 t  m5 ( 
a cold temp]am5t h bett] intellects1 &  
reason bett]1  ?an m5 ( a hot temp]am5t2
 not)/&+ :i*1 he ent]s ^u  ! same "q1 ) 
suppos+1 t 9 hot climates ! m5 are  m   
+5i\s ?an 9 cold ones1 :i* ,i c h>dly   
believe1 because  x w\ld foll[ f !nce1 t
 ! ,africans are m +5i\s ?an  ! ,engli% 
or ! ,dut*3 b pursu+ ! ?read ( 8        
disc\rse1  & expla9+ ! efficacy ( !     
qualities by ! p[] ( !  antip]a/is1 he  
affirms1 t 9 ! colde/ c\ntries ! m5  are
 mo/ ard5t1 & 9 ! hot ones mo/ cold4    
,et5im1 qui s$es  frigidas hab5t1       
frigore loci obsi/5te1 longe calidiores1
 quam sua  s9t natura1 r$duntur4 ,he    
?9ks p ( w>m con/itutions1 s  mu*       
inf]ior to ^? ( cool ones ) respect to  

_! reason+  p[]s1 t he makes no scruple 
to decl>e1 ! la/ comp>$ to !  fir/1 are 
l m5 ^: heads are turn$ by dr9k+ too mu*
 w9e4  ,he proce$s imm$iately aft] !    
words be=e-cit$1 ?us3 ,itaque  v9ol5tis 
admodum similes esse vid5tur1 nec +5io  
val5t quo  prospiciant1 r]umque rationes
 inquirant4 ,?is philosoph]1 :5 he      
class$ ! hot & /upid toge!r1 _h q =got 8
 disciple  ,alex&]1 ?\gh he n only =got1
 b bore him 9 m9d at ! same  "t3 = x is 
v c]ta91 t he wrote ! greate/ "p ( 8    
works1 aft] ,alex&]1 on acc\nt ( ! d\bts
 he ent]ta9$ ( 8  fidelity1 _h disc>d$  
him2 & aft] he _h retir$ to ,a!ns1 :]e  
he exp]i5c$ a fre% disgu/1 to wit1 be+  
witness to ,alex&]'s  s5d+ )\t tak+ !   
lea/ notice ( him1 ?irty tal5ts ( gold  
to 8 s*ool-fell[ ,x5ocrates z a         
gratuity2 b x is d\btful1  :e!r 8       
res5tm5t c>ri$ him s f>1 z to conspire )
  ,antipat] aga9/ ,alex&]'s life1 & to  
consult ) him ab\t !  be/ me?od ( c>ry+ 
_! purpose into execution by poison4 ,b 
let  u return to our subject4           

,,lxxxvi4 ,! same ,ari/otle tea*es1 & 9 
?is1 all ! naturali/s  & m$ical p agree 
) him1 t ! dissimil>ity (  temp]am5t 9 !
 two sexes1 consi/s1 9 ! m5 be+ hot &   
dry1 & 9 ! wom5 be+ cold & moi/3 ,e/    
autem vir calidus1   siccus1 muli]      
frigida1 humidaque4 ,sect4 #e4 ,que/4   
#bf4 ,! cold  temp]am5t1 9 ! op9ion (   
,ari/otle1 be+ !n ! be/ adapt$  =       
reason+1 & ! hot ! opposite1 ! wom5 be+ 
cold1 & !  m5 hot1 x foll[s1 t ! fem99e 
temp]am5t is bett] suit$ to  compreh5d &
 reason well1 ?an ! mascul9e4           
,,lxxxvii4 ,?is pro( is conclusive1 to  
^? :o believe e ?+  ,ari/otle has said2 
b ,i prote/ = myself1 t x has n ! lea/  
weight ) me2 = ,i nei!r believe t !     
g5iuses are bett] 9  hot c\ntries ?an 9 
cold ones1 nor t m5 ( cold temp]am5ts   
are  m +5i\s ?an ^? ( hot ones2 & mu*   
less d ,i believe1 t  ^? ( fi]y         
dispositions are 9 a mann] ins5sible2 & 
z to !  pret5d$ p[] ( ! antip]a/is1 let 
x = ! pres5t rema9 9  ! /ate ( d\bt1 :i*
 is annex$ to1 & insep>able f x4        

,,lxxxviii4 ,moi/ure & dryness1 are !   
o!r two di/9ct qualities  ( ! two       
compositions or temp]am5ts2 & by att5d+ 
to !m1 x  may also be inf]r$ f ! doctr9e
 ( ,ari/otle1 t ! wom5 are  m p]spicu\s 
?an ! m54 ,^? :o ma9ta91 t ! l>g] !     
quantity ( ! bra91 ! bett] ! faculty ( !
 und]/&+1  f\nd _! op9ion1 ^u hav+ be5  
taught1 t a man has a l>g]  bra9 9      
proportion ?an any o!r animal3 & !y     
argue ?us1  ,ari/otle says1 t man is ( a
 m humid temp]am5t ?an any o!r  animal4 
,homo omnium animantium maxime humidus  
natura e/4 ,sect4  #e1 ,qu/4 #g4 ,f     
h5ce1 if x may be inf]r$1 t f a man's   
hav+ a l>g] bra9 ?an brutes1 is to be   
imput$ 8 hav+ m  und]/&+2 9 ! same mann]
 x may be inf]r$1 f 8 be+  m moi/ ?an   
!m1 z humidity is productive ( k1 t he  
kn[s m4 ,a woman !n is ( a m humid      
composition ?an a man1 &  consequ5tly   
mu/ be m intellig5t ?an him4            
,,lxxxix4 ,al?\gh ?is argum5t proves    
no?+1 & ought only to be  us$ by way (  
retortion on ^? :o ma9ta9 opposite      

op9ions2  = ! pr9ciples on :i* su*      
conclusions are f\nd$1 to speak         
lib]ally1 are unc]ta9 & d\btful4 ,:o    
told ,pl9y1 t ! bra9  ( a man 0 l>g] ?an
 t ( any o!r animal8 ,has any "o1 ?9k   
y1 und]tak5 ! prolix lab\r ( break+ !   
skulls ( ! :ole  s5sitive species1 9    
ord] aft]w>ds to weigh _! bra9s8 ,or :o 
told ,ari/otle1 t man is m humid ?an any
 ( ! brute creation8  ,c x be suppos$1 t
 ?is philosoph] _h squeez$ !m all 9 a   
press1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! quantity (   
moi/ure conta9$ 9  ea*8 ,!re seems m    
probability 9 suppos+1 t c]ta9 dome/ic  
brutes1 ! greate/ "p ( insects1 & almo/ 
e species ( fi%1  are m humid ?an m54   
,nor ev5 admitt+ x to be true1 t !      
human bra9 is l>g] 9 proportion ?an t ( 
any o!r animal1  c\ld x be inf]r$ f     
!nce1 t a great %>e ( und]/&+  9 ! human
 species is ! effect ( a l>g] portion ( 
bra94 ,a man  9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! body1   
diff]s greatly 9 ! proportion (  8 make 
f brutes1 b an excess ( ^? p>ts 9 "s    
individuals1  does n argue a great]     

degree ( excell5ce4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1
  9 ord] to make ?is inf]5ce1 to h      
obs]v$1 t1 among !  brutes !mselves1 ^? 
:i* _h ! l>ge/ bra9s1 _h !  /ronge/ or  
be/ in/9ct2 b ,i believe ?is is n !     
case1 = if  x 01 a total want (         
p]ception w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( a total
  lack ( bra91 :i* is n s2 =1 accord+ to
 ,pl9y1 !re are _m  s5sitive be+s1 )\t  
blood & )\t bra9s1 not)/&+  :i*1 !y     
pres]ve _! in/9ct4      ,,sect4 ,,xiv4  
,,xc4 ,b waiv+ ^! pro(s1 :i* proce$ ^u  
,ari/otelic doctr9es1  :i* are ei!r     
false or unc]ta91 & :i* on ?is acc\nt1 c
  only be s]viceable to ! cause ( !     
wom51 by way ( retort+ ^u  ^? rigid     
p>tizans ( ,ari/otle1 :o approve ( all  
_! ma/]  has said3 ,i say1 waiv+ ^!     
pro(s1 let u proce$ to enquire1 if1  f !
 cause ( ! humidity 9 :i* a woman exce$s
 a man1 !re  c be d$uc$ any objection to
 h] intellectual aptitude4 ,on ?is      
gr\nd1 ^? commonly take _! /&1 :o are   
desir\s ( prov+  by physical argum5ts1 !
 inf]iority ( fem99e und]/&+2 &  _!     

reason+ seems to h an air ( probability1
 because an excess  ( hum\r1 ei!r (     
itself1 or by means ( ! vap\r x         
attracts1 is  apt to ret>d ! c\rse ( !  
animal spirits1 by occupy+ 9 "p1  ! n>r[
 passages ?r\gh :i* ^! exce$+ f9e       
sub/ances fl[4    ,,xci4 ,b ) all ?is1 !
 argum5t is evid5tly fallaci\s2 = if  x 
0 n1 x w\ld prove1 n t ! m9ds ( wom5 7  
less  disc]n+ ?an ^? ( m51 b t !y 7 m   
sl[ & dull (  compreh5sion ?an !m1 :i*  
is false2 = mo/ m5 all[1 t 9  po9t (    
quickness !y h ! advantage4    ,,xcii4  
,fur!r2 _m m51 :o are ke51 ready1 &     
pr(\nd1 ab\nd  ) habitual defluxions &  
cat>rhs1 :i* are caus$ by a quantity  ( 
excrem5titi\s moi/ure collect$ 9 ! mo/  
remote recesses  ( ! head1 & )9 ! v     
sub/ance ( ! bra91 z may be  se5 9      
,rib]ius1 :]e he treats ( cat>rhs4 ,!   
excessive humidity  ( ! bra9 !n1 does n 
ob/ruct ! ready or "r use ( !  und]/&+2 
& if an excrem5titi\s moi/ure does n    
ob/ruct  x1 mu* less c a natural "o h t 
effect4    ,,xciii4 ,& z a reason :y a  

natural "o does n h9d] x1 we may  add1  
t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,pl9y1 ! bra9 
( a man  is m humid ?an t ( e o!r liv+  
creature3 ,s$ homo  portione maximum    
humidissimum4 ,lib4 #aa1 ,cap4 #cg4 ,nor
 is x cr$ible1  t ,nature %\ld place 9  
an organ de/9$ = our mo/ p]fect  k1 a   
temp]am5t1 capable ( ob/ruct+1 or mak+ !
  op]ations ( our reason sl[ &          
defective4 ,if ,i %\ld be told1 t1      
not)/&+ ?is native humidity1 9 :i* !    
bra9 ( man exce$s  t ( a brute1 x rema9s
 temp]$ 9 ! exact proportion :i* is  be/
 suit$ to ! op]ations ( reason1 & t !   
humidity ( !  bra9 ( a woman exce$s t   
proportion2 ,i answ]1 ev5 suppos+ t     
humidity1 by means ( its natural        
quality1 does n ob/ruct1 nobody  kn[s 9 
:at proportion1 or to :at degree1 !     
bra91 = ! be/  ex]cis+ its functions    
%\ld be moi/2 & !re=e x is vague to     
say1 !re is a great] proportion ( x 9   
wom5 ?an 9 m51 or 9  m5 ?an 9 wom54     
,,xciv4 ,!re may be oppos$ h[ev]1 to ?is
 doctr9e ( humidity1 !  op9ion ( _m1 :o 

affirm1 t ! humid & cl\dy c\ntries      
produce heavy dull spirits2 &1 on !     
contr>y1 t 9 ! bright  & cle> c\ntries1 
are born +5i\s & sprightly ones4 ,b be  
^? few or _m :o say ?is1 !y say x )\t m 
f\ndation1  ?an hav+ imag9$1 ! cl\ds ( !
 horizon are translat$ to !  sph]e ( !  
bra92 z if 9 ra9y c\ntries1 ! opacity ( 
!  atmosph]e 0 a d>k %ade1 :i* obscur$ !
 s\l1 & t 9  c\ntries :i* are bless$ ) a
 s]5e sky1 ! great] spl5dor  ( ! day1   
w\ld communicate great] cle>ness to !   
und]/&+4  ,!y might1 ) m aptness &      
propriety1 say1 t 9 ! regions  :i* are  
mo/ bright & cle>1 ! objects be+ m      
visible1 !y1  ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( ! eyes1   
ent] 9 su* numb]s1 t !y  di/ract ! s\l1 
& r5d] x less fit = reflection &        
reason+2  & h5ce x is1 t1 9 ! obscurity 
( ! night1 we f9d !  ?read ( our reason 
! lea/ int]rupt$1 & t we d$uce our      
conclusions ) m firmness ?an 9 cle>     
day-light4    ,,xcv4 ,let ^?1 :o ma9ta9 
humid regions to be ill-suit$ to !      
production ( subtile m51 ca/ _! eyes on 

! ,v5etians & !  ,holl&]s1 :o are "s ( !
 mo/ able m5 9 ,europe3 ! fir/ (  ^!1   
/ole "p ( _! t]ritories f ! fi%2 & ! la/
  may be said to live 9 lakes & bogs4   
,ev5 "h 9 ,spa91 we h  an example ( ?is 
sort 9 ! ,a/urians1 :o1 not)/&+ !y      
inhabit a prov9ce1 ! mo/ beset ) cl\ds1 
& ! mo/ subject  to ra91 ( any 9 ! :ole 
p59sula1 are g5]ally reput$ =  subtile1 
ready1 & exp]t p4 ,b our wond] at ?is w 
less51  if we consid] ! beav]s1 :o live 
almo/ cont9ually 9 ! wat]1  not)/&+ :i*1
 ,nature has produc$ no brutes ( s noble
 an  in/9ct1 nor :o approa* s ne> to m51
 bo? 9 _! love = !m1  & 9 ! imitation ( 
_! cu/oms3 = y may read 9 ,conradus     
,gesn]o1 t !y take p>ticul> c>e ( _! ag$
 p>5ts1 & !y  h be5 se5 to direct m5 9  
_! navigation1 & to assi/ !m  9 fi%+2 & 
!re has su* an att5tion be5 obs]v$ 9 !m 
to  ! dead1 t !y )draw & conceal !      
c>casses ( _! defunct  species1 at !    
haz>d ( _! be+ dev\r$ by o!r aquatic    
bea/s4    ,,xcvi4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^?     
birds1 :o ! greate/ "p ( _!  "t1 brea! !

 mo/ subtile pure air1 & ! mo/ dive/$ ( 
vap\rs1 "o :ile fleet+ on ! w9ds1 & at  
o!r times plac+  !mselves on ! tops (   
m\nta9s1 ought to be m sagaci\s ?an     
t]re/rial brutes2 :i* is n ! case4      
,,xcvii4 ,by ! same mode ( reason+1 !   
,egyptians %\ld be !  ke5e/ p 9 ! _w1   
because !y dwell "u ! brighte/ &  mo/   
s]5e sky t is to be f\nd 9 all ! globe4 
,!re is sc>ce  a cl\d passes ov] ,egypt 
9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 & ! l& w\ld  be      
totally b>r51 if x 0 n refre%$ &        
f]tiliz$ by ! wat]s  ( ! ,nile2 & al?\gh
 = "s ages1 antiquity v5]at$ t  region z
 ! seat ( ! sci5ces1 :i* is manife/ f   
,py?agoras1  ,hom]1 ,plato1 & o!r ,greek
 philosoph]s1 hav+ travel$ ?i!r to      
improve !mselves 9 philosophy & !       
ma!matics2 ?is does n  prove1 t !y 7 m  
subtile & +5i\s ?an o!r mortals1  b r1 t
 ! sci5ces _h gone w&]+ ab\t ! e>?1 &  t
 sometimes !y took _! /ations 9 "o      
c\ntry1 & at o!rs  9 ano!r4 ,! same ?+  
may be said ( ! valley ( ,lima1 !       
inhabitants ( :i* c\ntry d n "k :at ra9 

is1 ! l& be+  f]tiliz$ by a light dew1  
assi/$ by a happy temp]am5t ( air1  :i* 
is nei!r hot nor cold2 not)/&+ :i*1 !   
natives are  n p ( a delicate +5uity1 b 
r ! contr>y1 = !  ,piz>ras f\nd !m m    
easy to be subdu$ by a few /ratagems1   
?an  ,cortez f\nd ! ,mexicans1 ) all !  
arts he c\ld employ1 assi/$  by ! :ole  
p[] ( 8 arms4    ,,xcviii4 ,i am n      
ignorant1 t ! inhabitants ( ,botia 7    
anti5tly look$ ^u1 z a mo/ rude1 dull p1
 & t ,boticum  ,+5ium & ,btica ,sus1 7  
prov]bial t]ms ( contempt1 &  us$ to    
express or d5ote1 a heavy /upid p]son2 &
 also1 t ?is  /upidity 0 attribut$ to ! 
gross atmosph]e1 load$ ) vap\r1  :i*    
prevails 9 t c\ntry2 h5ce ! expression (
 ,horace 9  "o ( 8 epi/les3 ,boticum 9  
crasso jur>es are natum4 ,b ,i  believe1
 & ) "s f\ndation1 t ! anti5ts quot$ did
 n  d t c\ntry ju/ice2 imput+ !         
ignorance :i* proce$$ f  want (         
application1 to ! want ( capacity2 &    
,botia's ly+ on  ! conf9es ( ,attica1   
:]e le>n+ fl\ri%$1 seems to /r5g!n  ?is 

op9ion2 = x is h>dly probable1 t )9     
sight ( a  prov9ce1 :i* is ! !atre (    
wisdom1 y %\ld view ano!r1  :i* is a    
colony ( ignorance & /upidity4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 x  is c]ta91 t ,botia has produc$  
"s g5iuses ( ! fir/ rate2  su* z ,p9d>1 
! pr9ce ( ,lyric ,poets1 & ! great      
,plut>*1  :o1 9 ! op9ion ( "l ,bacon1 0 
full equal to ! fir/ m5 (  antiquity2 & 
,i suspect1 t by look+ back to ! m e>ly 
times  ( antiquity1 we %all f9d a p]iod1
 9 :i* ! ,botians1 9 _!  culture ( !    
arts & sci5ces1 excell$1 n only _!      
neighb\rs1  b all ! o!r nations (       
,europe2 because ,cadmus1 :5 he came f  
,phnicia1 0 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ! lett]s
 ( ! alphabet into  ,greece1 & 0 ! fir/ 
p]son 9 ,europe1 :o inv5t$ ! art (      
writ+2 & we le>n f hi/ory1 t he settl$ 9
 ,botia1 :]e  he f\nd$ ! city ( ,!bes4  
,to ?is may be add$1 t 9 ,botia  is f\nd
 ,m\nt ,helicon1 d$icat$ to ! ,muses1 & 
f :i* !y  d]ive _! "n ( ,heliconides2 & 
t f ?is m\nta91 desc5ds  ! fam\s        
,aganippe f\nta91 consecrat$ to ! same  

fictiti\s  deities1 ! wat] ( :i*1 !y    
feign to h be5 ! w9e ( !  poets1 :i*    
enraptur$ & inspir$ !m1 & light$ up !   
fire (  en?usiasm 9 _! bra9s4 ,x seems z
 if all ^! fictions c\ld  h no o!r      
orig91 ?an poetry hav+ 9 "s =m] "t      
fl\ri%$  9 t region4    ,,xcix4 ,b      
admitt+ ! ,botians by nature to be rude 
& /upid1  h[ c x be prov$1 t ?is is     
d]iv$ f ! humidity ( !  c\ntry1 & n f "s
 o!r hidd5 cause2 especially1 :5 we  see
 moi/ or damp c\ntries1 on :i* ?is /igma
 is n fix$8 ,let  humidity !n1 be       
acquitt$ ( ! false accusation :i* has   
be5  rais$ aga9/ x1 to wit1 ( be+ at w> 
)1 & an enemy to  +5uity2 & let x be    
settl$1 t f ?is pr9ciple1 no pro(  c be 
d$uc$ to asc]ta91 t ! wom5 9 po9t (     
und]/&+1  are inf]ior to ! m54          
,,sect4 ,,xv4    ,c4 ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 
reasons 9 ano!r way1 & d5ies ! wom5  h  
equal und]/&+ ) ! m51 on acc\nt ( _!    
bra9s be+  m s(t & t5d] ?an ^? ( ! o!r  
sex4 ,i really don't "k  :e!r :at he    
supposes ab\t ?is great] degree (       

s(tness be true  or n1 b ,i h read two  
treatises on anatomy1 & did n f9d !     
lea/ m5tion ( x 9 ei!r ( !m4 ,p]haps1 f 
hav+ tak5 x  = grant$1 t ! bra9s ( wom5 
7 m humid1 he conclud$  !y 7 m s(t2 b   
?is is n always a c]ta9 consequ5ce1 =   
ice is humid & n s(t1 & melt$ metal is  
s(t1 b n humid2 or  p]haps1 f hav+      
obs]v$ ! wom5 7 ( a m s(t & docile      
disposition ?an m51 he inf]r$1 t 9 _!   
mat]ial composition  !y 7 ! same2 = !re 
h be5 p s sup]ficial1 z to  =m ideas ^u 
^! sort ( analogies1 :i* aft]w>ds1 =    
want (  due reflection1 h be5 adopt$ by 
p]sons ( great p]spicuity4    ,,ci4 ,b  
tak+ all ?is = grant$1 ,i w\ld be glad  
to "k1 h[ a  great] degree ( s(tness 9 !
 bra91 produces or occasions1 an        
imp]fection 9 ! und]/&+8 ,i %\ld r ?9k1 
t on  acc\nt ( its be+ m pliable to !   
impression ( ! spirits1 x  w\ld be an   
in/rum5t or organ1 bett] suit$ or adapt$
 to m5tal  op]ations4 ,?is argum5t1 is  
/r5g!n$ by ! doctr9e ( !  au?or1 because
 he says 9 ano!r place1 ! ve/iges or    

traces1  :i* ! impression ( ! animal    
spirits leaves on ! bra91 are  ! l9es1 )
 :i* ! faculty ( ! imag9ation1 =ms on x 
!  effigies ( objects2 & ! l>g] or m    
di/9ct ^! ve/iges  or impressions are1 !
 great] w be ! =ce & cle>ness1  ) :i* ! 
und]/&+ mu/ p]ceive ! objects4 ,cur     
igitur  imag9atio consi/at 9 sola       
virtute1 qua m5s sibi imag9es objectorum
  ef=m>e pote/1 eas imprim5do1 ut ita   
loqu>1 fibris c]ebri1 c]te  quo ve/igia1
 spirituum animalium1 qu sunt veluti    
imag9um ill>um  l9eam5ta erunt          
di/9ctiora1  gr&iora1 eo =tius1         
di/9ctius  m5s objecta illa imag9abitur4
 7,lib4 #b4 de ,inquir5da ,v]itate1 "p  
#a1 cap4 #a47    ,,cii4 ,n[ !n1 x be+   
admitt$1 ! s(t] ! bra9 is1 ) great]     
ease w ! animal spirits make impressions
 on x1 & t1 = !  same reason1 ! ve/iges 
or traces w be l>g] & m di/9ct2  !y w   
make !m ) great] ease1 & bigg]1 because 
! matt]  resi/s less2 m di/9ct because !
 fibres be+ some:at rigid1  !y w\ld1 by 
means ( _! ela/icity1 make ef=ts to     

re/ore  !mselves to _! =m] %ape &       
position2 & ?us1 ! pa? on  traces made  
by ! c\rse ( ! animal spirits1 w\ld be v
 fa9t1  if n q effac$4 ,! fibres ( !    
bra9 ( a woman1 be+ !n  m flexible ?an  
^? ( ! bra9 ( a man1 !y are capable (   
hav+ l>g] & m di/9ct images impress$ on 
!m1 & !y mu/  consequ5tly1 accord+ to   
?is doctr9e1 p]ceive objects bett] ?an  
m54    ,,ciii4 ,b ,i w\ld n be und]/ood 
to admit1 t ! wom5 h  m und]/&+ ?an !   
m52 ,i only mean to retort on fa!r      
,malebran*e1 ! doctr9e1 f :i* he pret5ds
 to inf] !  advantage to be on ! side ( 
! m51 9 contradiction to :at 9  ano!r   
place1 he himself has ass]t$4 ,my own   
op9ion ( ! matt]  is1 t1 by su* sort (  
philosophical reason+1 y may prove e    
?+1 :5 9 reality y prove no?+4 ,e "o    
philosophizes 9  8 own mode1 & if ,i 0  
to write ) a view ( flatt]+1 or  f      
caprice or o/5tation1 or ) a design (   
mak+ p>ade ( my  +5uity1 ,i c\ld easily1
 by d$uc+ consequ5ces f admitt$         
pr9ciples1 elevate ! und]/&+s ( ! wom51 

sup]ior to  ^? ( ! m51 by _m degrees2 b 
?is is n my nature1 or  disposition2 on 
! contr>y1 ,i _h mu* r prop\nd my       
s5tim5ts  ) s9c]ity2 & !re=e ,i say1 t  
nei!r fa!r ,malebran*e1  nor any o!r    
p]son1 ev5 to ?is day1 has kn[n !       
punctual act+s1  or specific manuvres1  
by :i* ! organs ( ! head1 adm9i/] to  ! 
faculties ( ! s\l4 ,we don't "k z yet1  
h[ fire burns1 or h[  sn[ occasions     
cold1 al?\gh !y are ?+s :i* are manife/ 
to  our sight & our t\*2 & w\ld fa!r    
,malebran*e1 & ! o!r  ,c>tesians1       
p]suade u1 t !y h regi/]$ & exam9$ all  
t passes 9 ! mo/ hidd5 & remote corn]s (
 ! cab9et (  ! rational s\l8 ,nei!r d ^!
 maxims appe> to me well f\nd$1  :i*1 by
 r$uc+ e ?+ to me*anical pr9ciples1     
figure to u  ! _s1 /amp+ mat]ially !    
images ( objects on ! bra91 9  ! same   
mann]1 t impressions are made on copp] )
 a *issel4  ,i am also aw>e ( ! s]i\s   
difficulties1 t are att5dant on1  &     
annex$ to1 ! int5tional species (       
,ari/otle4 ,b :at is !  result ( all    

?is8 ,:y1 t none ( u h done m1 ?an j    
t\* ! outside cov]+ ( ,nature4 ,we all  
walk bl9dfold1 & he  is ! mo/ bl9d1 :o  
fancies he p]ceives ?+s ) ! greate/     
cle>ness1 & may be comp>$ to a s]vant ( 
,s5eca1 nam$ ,h>pacta1  :o 0 s          
infatuat$1 aft] hav+ lo/ all 8 visual   
faculties1 &  hav+ become /one-bl9d1 z  
to fancy he c\ld see4 ,x is c]ta91  t ^?
 :o live 9 a confid5ce1 t !y c p5etrate 
& look  into ,nature1 are ! mo/ expos$  
to dang]\s errors2 because he :o  walks 
on ) mu* boldness1 hav+ b a dim light to
 guide him1 runs  ! mo/ haz>d ( fall+2  
on ! contr>y1 he is ! fur!/ f  ?is      
dang]1 :o kn[+ ! way is d>k1 proce$s )  
caution4    ,,civ4 ,b grant+ to fa!r    
,malebran*e1 & ! re/ ( !  ,c>tesians1 t 
! repres5tation ( objects to ! m9d1 is  
made by  means ( ^! mat]ial traces1 :i*1
 9 _! c\rse1 ! spirits  impress on !    
bra92 :at foll[s f x is1 t ! bra9s (    
wom5 be+ s(t] ?an ^? ( m51 ! m>ks1 on   
acc\nt ( !  pliability ( ! matt]1 w be  
l>g] & m di/9ct 9 !  fir/1 ?an 9 ! la/2 

& :at c be inf]r$ f ?is8 ,:y1 by  !     
doctr9e ( fa!r ,malebran*e1 y may make  
:i*ev] ( ! two  foll[+ inf]5ces y l be/1
 ei!r t ! wom5 compreh5d  bett] ?an !   
m51 or t !y d n compreh5d s well4 ,!    
fir/1 may be inf]r$ f ! place we a      
little be=e cit$2 &  ! second1 because  
:]e he expla9s himself ) reg>d to :at he
  has said aga9/ ! wom51 he ma9ta9s1 t !
 excessive lively  imag9ations1 :i*     
result f ^! l>ge images or impressions1 
are unfav\rable to ! "r compreh5sion (  
objects4 ,cum enim  t5uiora objecta     
+5tes 9 delicatis c]ebri fibris excit5t 
motus1  9 m5te prot9us etiam excitant   
s5sationes ita vividas1 ut ijs tota     
occupetur4 ,lib4 #b4 "p ii4 cap4 #a4    
,,cv4 ,b ?is second is contr>y to all   
reason1 = x does n foll[  f ?is doctr9e 
( l>ge images1 t small ones d n repres5t
  objects well1 = 9 "s cases !y r       
conduce to repres5t !m  be/2 atoms1 =   
example1 be+ bett] se5 ?r\gh a          
microscope ?an  l>g] bodies2 & livel9ess
 ( imag9ation1 if x does n ext5d to     

madness1 contributes mu* to a p]spicu\s 
und]/&+ ( ?+s4    ,,cvi4 ,b1 9 reality1 
f ?is great] s(tness ( ! bra91 x  _c be 
d$uc$1 t ! und]/&+s ( wom5 are ei!r l>g]
  or small]1 because y _c inf] f x1 t ! 
impressions  made by ! spirits on !     
organ1 are bigg] or less2 :i* is !      
pr9ciple1 f :5ce y mu/ conclude bo? ! "o
 & ! o!r2  ! reason is1 because x seems 
mo/ probable1 t ! impulse ( !  spirits  
is proportion$ to ! docility ( ! matt]1 
& ?us1 t  spirits feebly impell$1 d n   
make a l>g] impression on a s(t  bra91  
?an t :i* is made on a m firm & t5se "o1
 by spirits  :i* move ) great] =ce &    
impetuosity2 9 ! same mann]1  t by      
regulat+ ! =ce ( y\r h&1 y may make z   
sup]ficial  a m>k ) a tool on wax1 z y  
may on lead4 ,my op9ion ( ! matt]  is1 t
 f ?is sy/em ( ! bra9s ( wom51 all y c  
inf] is1  t ! corporeal movem5ts 9 !m1  
are less vigor\s ?an !y are  9 m52 on   
:i* acc\nt1 ! n]ves :i* h _! orig9 9 !  
fibres ( ! bra91 & ! sp9al m>r[1 h less 
p[] 9 wom51  or move ) m feeble impulses

 9 !m ?an !y d 9 m52 b n  t _! m5tal    
op]ations are m or less p]fect4         
,,sect4 ,,xvi4    ,,cvii4 ,i ?9k x is n[
 "t to dep>t f ! labyr9?s ( physics1  & 
to ent] on ! op5 & pleas+ pla9s (       
hi/ory1 & to  p]suade by examples1 t !  
und]/&+s ( ! wom51 are n  inf]ior to ^? 
( ! m51 ev5 = ! atta9m5t ( ! mo/        
difficult sci5ces4 ,?is is ! be/ me?od1 
:i* c be fall5 ^u  to conv9ce ! vulg>1  
:o are g5]ally m influ5c$ by examples1  
?an argum5ts4 ,to recite all t occur1   
w\ld be tiresome1 &  !re=e1 ,i %all only
 m5tion "s ( ^? wom51 :o1 9 ^!  latt]   
ages1 h be5 ! mo/ em95tly di/+ui%$ = _! 
le>n+1 & :o h fl\ri%$ 9 our own c\ntry  
,spa91 & 9 !  neighb\r+ k+doms4         
,,cviii4 ,spa91 :i* /rang]s hold *eap 9 
?is p>ticul>1 has1 to  ! hon\r (        
lit]ature1 produc$ _m wom51 rem>kably   
em95t =  all sorts ( le>n+4 ,! pr9cipal 
ones are ! foll[+4    ,,cix4 ,donna     
,anna de ,c]vaton1 lady ( hon\r to !    
,g]manic ,que5  de ,fox1 second wife (  
,don ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic2 %e 0 a mo/      

celebrat$ woman1 b m s on acc\nt ( h]   
le>n+ & r>e  tal5ts1 ?an = h] uncommon  
beauty1 :i* 0 s /rik+1 t %e  0 g5]ally  
all[$ to be ! f9e/ woman ab\t ! c\rt4 ,9
 ,lucio  ,m>9o ,siculo1 may be se5 !    
,lat9 lett]s :i* t au?or wrote  h]1 & ! 
lady's answ]s 9 ! same idiom4    ,,cx4  
,donna ,isabel de ,joya1 9 ! sixte5?    
c5tury1 0 e/eem$ a  woman ( great le>n+4
 ,x is told ( h]1 t %e prea*$ 9 !  *ur* 
( ,b>celona1 to ! amazem5t ( a great    
conc\rse ( auditors4  ,i suppose !      
prelates :o p]mitt$ x1 judg$ t !        
injunction (  ! ,apo/le1 :i* 9 ! ,fir/  
,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 prohibits  wom5
 to speak 9 ! *ur*1 admitt$ ( "s        
exceptions1 9 !  same mann] ! injunction
 did1 :i* prohibits !m to tea* 9  !     
,epi/le to ,timo?y2 = x is a fact1 t    
,priscilla1 :o 0  ! companion ( ?is same
 apo/le1 taught & in/ruct$ ,apollo      
,pontonicus9 ! evangelic doctr9e1 z     
appe>s f ! ,acts ( !  ,apo/les2 & t     
aft]w>ds pass+ to ,rome 9 ! pontificate 
( ,paul ,,iii4 %e1 9 ! pres5ce ( !      

c>d9als1 mu* to _!  satisfaction1       
expla9$ _m ( ! difficult passages 9 !   
books (  ! subtile ,scotus2 b :at r$\nd$
 mo/ ( all to h] hon\r1 0  h] hav+      
conv]t$ 9 t capital ( ! _w1 a great     
numb] (  ,jews to ! ca?olic fai?4       
,,cxi4 ,luisa ,sigea1 a native ( ,tol$o1
 b ( ,fr5* extraction1  besides be+     
skill$ 9 philosophy1 & s\nd lit]ature1 0
  ornam5t$ 9 a s+ul> mann]1 ) a k (     
languages1 = %e  und]/ood ,lat91 ,greek1
 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 & ,syriac2 & x is    
said1  %e wrote a lett] to pope ,paul   
,,iii4 9 ea* ( ^! languages4 ,h]  fa!r1 
,diego ,sigea1 be+ aft]w>ds call$ to !  
c\rt ( ,lisbon1  z preceptor to         
,!odosius ( ,portugal duke ( ,braganza2 
! infanta  ,donna ,m>ia ( ,portugal1    
daught] ( ! k+ ,don ,manuel1 & ( 8  ?ird
 wife1 ,donna ,leonora ( ,au/ria1 :o 0 a
 great lov] ( lett]s1  took mu* pleasure
 9 ! company ( ! le>n$ ,sigea2 :o       
aft]w>ds  m>ri$ ) ,francisco de ,cuevas1
 ! ,"l ( ,villanasur1 & a  cavali] (    
,burgos1 f :i* m>riage1 z ,don ,luis    

,salaz> in=ms u  9 8 hi/ory ( ! h\se (  
,f>nese1 !re desc5d$ a f9e prog5y1  :i* 
are n[ liv+ 9 ,ca/ile4    ,,cxii4 ,donna
 ,oliva ,sabuco de ,nantes1 a native (  
,alc>az1 0 a  woman ( sublime           
p5etration1 & ( an elevat$ g5ius1 em95t 
=  h] k ( physical1 m$ic9al1 moral1 &   
political matt]s1  z may be se5 by h]   
writ+s2 b ! ?+ :i* mo/ illu/rat$  &     
di/+ui%$ h]1 0 h] new phisiological     
sy/em1 :]e1 9  opposition to all !      
anti5ts1 %e ma9ta9$1 t x is n !  blood  
:i* invigorates ! body1 b a :ite fluid  
issu+ f !  bra91 :i* p]vades ! :ole     
n]v\s sy/em2 & %e attributes  almo/ all 
disord]s to ?is vital dew be+ vitiat$4  
,?is sy/em1  :i* ! incuriosity ( ,spa9  
neglect$1 ! curiosity ( ,engl&  embrac$ 
) eag]ness1 & n[ we receive f ! h&s (   
/rang]s  z _! inv5tion1 t1 :i* 9 reality
 0 orig9ally our own4  ,fatal g5ius (   
,spani>ds1 :o1 9 ord] t :at is produc$ 9
  _! own c\ntry %\ld seem pleas+ to !m1 
mu/ h x fir/  monopoliz$ by /rang]s1 &  
aft]w>ds by ^? /rang]s sold to  !m aga94

 ,x seems also1 t ?is great woman 0     
be=eh& )  ,r5>d ,desc>tes1 9 broa*+ !   
op9ion1 t ! bra9 0 !  seat ( ! rational 
s\l1 ?\gh %e did n1 l ,desc>tes1 conf9e 
its habitation to ! p9eal gl& only1 b   
suppos$ x to occupy  ! :ole sub/ance4 ,!
 confid5ce :i* ,donna ,oliva _h 9 h]    
own abilities to def5d h] s+ul> op9ions1
 0 su*2 t 9 an  epi/le-d$icatory        
address$ to c\nt ,b>ajas1 presid5t (    
,ca/ile1  %e intreats him to use 8      
au?ority1 to conv5e toge!r ! mo/  le>n$ 
natural philosoph]s1 & doctors ( m$ic9e 
9 ,spa91 &  t %e w\ld und]take to       
conv9ce !m1 t ! physics1 &  m$ic9al     
doctr9es1 :i* 7 taught 9 ! s*ools1 w5t  
all on  errone\s pr9ciples4 ,%e fl\ri%$ 
9 ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii4    ,,cxiii4   
,donna ,b]n>da ,f]reyra1 a ,portuguese  
lady1 ! daught]  ( ,don ,ignatio        
,f]reyra1 a knight ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,jago1
 besides  kn[+ & speak+ ) ease v>i\s    
languages1 und]/ood poetry1  rhetoric1  
philosophy1 & ! ma!matics4 ,%e left _m  
poetical  writ+s2 & our fam\s ,lopez de 

,vega1 _h su* a v5]ation = !            
extraord9>y m]it ( ?is lady1 t he       
d$icat$ to h] 8 elegy1  intitul$ ,la    
,philis4    ,,cxiv4 ,donna ,juana       
,morella1 a native ( ,b>celona1 0 a     
woman (  wond]ful le>n+4 ,h] fa!r hav+  
kill$ a man1 0 oblig$ to  fly1 & c>ri$  
h] ) him into ,lyons 9 ,france1 :]e ?is 
extraord9>y *ild1 betak+ h]self to /udy1
 made s rapid a  progress1 t at twelve  
ye>s ( age 7:i* 0 9 ! ye> #afjg7  %e    
def5d$ conclusions 9 philosophy         
publicly1 :i* %e aft]w>ds  committ$ to  
writ+1 & d$icat$ to ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1  
que5 (  ,spa94 ,at ! age ( sev5te51     
accord+ to ! relation ( ,guidon  ,pat91 
:o liv$ at t "t1 %e ent]$ ^u public     
disputations 9  ! jesuits college at    
,lyons4 ,%e und]/ood philosophy1 music1 
&  jurisprud5ce1 & x is said1 t %e spoke
 f\rte5 languages4 ,%e  took ! veil1 9 !
 ,dom9ican conv5t ( sa9t ,prx$is at     
,avignon4    ,,cxv4 ,! celebrat$ nun (  
,mexico1 ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz1 
is s  well kn[n to e body by h] le>n$ & 

+5i\s poetical works1  t x is ne$less to
 say any ?+ 9 h] eulogium4 ,i %all only 
m5tion1 t ! lea/ ( h] accompli%m5ts 0 h]
 tal5t =  poetry1 al?\gh t 0 ! ?+1 = :i*
 %e 0 mo/ celebrat$4  ,_m ,spani% poets 
h be5 sup]ior to h] 9 po9t ( poetical   
g5ius1 b p]haps no "o has equall$ h]1 ) 
reg>d to h]  univ]sal k1 9 all k9ds (   
faculties4 ,h] poetry 0 natural1  b %e  
want$ en]gy4 ,9 ! critical "p ( ! s]mon 
( fa!r  ,vi]a1 he gives h] cr$it = h]   
+5uity2 b to speak ! tru?1  %e 0 n equal
 9 t respect1 to t le>n$ jesuit himself1
 (  :om %e 0 ! oppon5t3 nor is !re any  
?+ extraord9>y1 9 a  woman's be+ f\nd   
inf]ior to a man1 :o1 = elevation (     
?\ght1  reason+ ) p]spicuity1 & expla9+ 
himself ) cle>ness1 has  n yet be5      
equall$ by any prea*] :atev]4    ,,cxvi4
 ,! panegyric ( ! late du*ess ( ,aveiro1
 is also ne$less1  z h] memory is /ill  
rec5t at c\rt1 & all ov] ,spa94         
,,sect4 ,,xvii4    ,,cxvii4 ,! le>n$    
ladies ( ,france1 are v num]\s1 because 
!re1  !y 9 g5]al h m opportunities (    

/udy+1 & m "t  all[$ !m = do+ x1 ?an !y 
h 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries2 ,i  %all !re=e1   
only recite su* ( !m z 7 mo/ fam\s4     
,,cxviii4 ,susana de ,hub]t1 wife (     
,*>les ,j>d91 an att5dant (  ,h5ry      
,,iii4 und]/ood philosophy & !ology1 & 0
 well v]s$ 9  ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,%e _h
 le>n$ ! ,spani%1 ,italian1  ,lat91     
,greek1 & ,hebrew languages2 b h]       
*ri/ian piety1 :i* 0  exce$+ly exempl>y1
 contribut$ m to ! advancem5t ( h] true 
glory1 ?an h] va/ erudition4    ,,cxix4 
,m>ia de ,gu]nay1 a ,p>isian ( illu/ri\s
 family1 to :om !  le>n$ ,dom9ic ,baudio
 gave ! "n ( ! ,syr5 ( ,france1 arriv$  
to  su* a pit* ( glory & fame1 = g5ius &
 lit]ature1 t !re  0 sc>ce a le>n$ man (
 h] "t1 :o did n e/eem x a great  hon\r 
to keep-up a lit]>y correspond5ce ) h]2 
& h5ce x  01 t !re 7 f\nd 9 h] cab9et :5
 %e di$1 lett]s1 f  ! c>d9als ,ri*elieu1
 ,b5tivolio1 & ,p]ron2 f ,san ,francisco
 de  ,sales1 & o!r enlight5$ prelates2 f
 ,*>les ! ,fir/1 duke (  ,mantua1 f !   
,c\nt de ,ales1 f ,erycio ,puteano1     

,ju/us ,lipsius1  ,messrs4 ,balzac1     
,mayn>d1 ,he9sius1 ,cs> ,capacio1 ,c>los
 ,p9to1 &  _m o!r m51 ( ! mo/ %9+ p>ts &
 le>n+ 9 t age4    ,,cxx4 ,madal5a      
,scud]i1 :o 0 call$ ) great reason !    
,sappho  ( h] age1 z %e equal$ t mo/    
celebrat$ ,greek lady1 9 !  elegance (  
h] compositions1 & excell$ h] mu*1 9 !  
purity (  h] mann]s4 ,%e 0 em95t = h]   
le>n+1 b incomp>able =  h] judgm5t &    
discretion1 z h] _m & excell5t works    
te/ify4  ,h] ,artam5es1 or ,cyrus !     
,great1 & h] ,clelia1 9 :i* tracts1  9  
imitation ( ,b>clay's ,arg5is1 "u !     
figure ( novels1 mu*  true hi/ory is    
conta9$1 are pieces ( consummate value1 
& 9  my judgm5t1 are pref]able to any ?+
 ( ! k9d t has be5  writt5 9 ,france1 or
 any o!r c\ntry1 ! ,arg5is only except$4
  ,! nobl5ess ( ! ?\ghts1 ! h>moni\s    
comb9ation ( !  n>rative1 ! pa!tic      
efficacy ( ! p]suasion1 ! livel9ess  ( !
 descriptions1 & ! native purity1       
maje/y1 & =ce (  ! /yle1 make a         
composition1 :i* all toge!r1 is         

admirable &  en*ant+2 to ?is we may add1
 by way ( enhanc+ ! value ( !  p]=mance1
 t ! amor\s passages1 are describ$ ) all
 !  delicacy & dec5cy possible1 ! moral 
virtues1 repres5t$ 9 !  mo/ engag+ &    
attractive light1 & ! h]oic ones1 ) !   
mo/  brilliant spl5dor4 ,z a pro( ( !   
prodigi\s tal5ts ( ?is woman1  ! hon\r (
 hav+ h] ent]$ z a memb] ( _! societies1
 0  indu/ri\sly s\ght aft]1 by all ^?   
academies1 ^: in/itutions1  all[$ (     
admitt+ among !m p]sons ( h] sex4 ,%e 9 
! ye>  #afga1 ga9$ ! prize ( eloqu5ce 9 
! ,fr5* academy1 :i*  am\nt$ to ! same  
?+1 z t truly-noble body1 hav+ pron\nc$ 
h] ! mo/ eloqu5t p]son 9 all ,france4 ,!
 mo/ ,*ri/ian k+1  ,lewis ,,xiv4 ^:     
att5tion1 no elevat$ m]it escap$1 settl$
 on h] a  p5sion ( twelve hundr$ livres 
a ye>1 & c>d9al ,maz>9e _h long  be=e1  
by 8 w1 bequea!d h] a legacy ( ! same   
value1 & %e  receiv$ ano!r donation to  
ab\t ! same am\nt1 f ! le>n$  *ancellor 
( ,france1 ,l\is de ,b\*]at2 by ! help (
 :i*1 %e  0 enabl$ to pass ?r\gh a      

regul>1 glori\s1 & long life1 :i*       
t]m9at$ 9 ! ye> #agja4    ,,cxxi4       
,antonieta de la ,gu>dia1 beautiful bo? 
9 %ape & features1  ) :i* bodily        
p]fections1 ! sweetness ( h]            
disposition1 &  ! *>ms ( h] s\l         
correspond$2 s t x seem$ z if nature  _h
 tak5 pride1 ) respect to h]1 ( unit+ 9 
"o woman1 all  ! graces ( p]son1 &      
attractions ( m9d4 ,%e 0 s em95t =      
poetry1 t1 at a "t 9 :i* ?is art 0 mu*  
cultivat$1 &  9 high e/imation 9        
,france1 !re 0 n any man :atev] 9 t     
ext5sive k+dom1 :o excell$ h] 9 x4 ,h]  
works 7 collect$  9 two volumes1 :i* ,i 
h n se54 ,%e di$ 9 #afid1 leav+ a       
daught]1 ! heir ( h] g5ius &            
accompli%m5ts1 :o won ! prize  = poetry 
9 ! ,fr5* academy4    ,,cxxii4 ,lady    
,m>ia ,madal5a ,gabriela de ,montem>1   
daught] ( ! duke  de ,montem>1 & a      
,b5$ict9e nun1 :o 0 born ) all ! natural
  qualifications or dispositions1       
necess>y = atta9+ ! mo/  ab/ract$1 &    
difficult sci5ces1 = %e 0 end[$ ) a     

happy  memory1 a subtile +5uity1 & a "r 
judgm5t4 ,9 h] e>ly "t (  life1 %e le>n$
 ! ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,lat91 & ,greek   
languages2  & at fifte5 ye>s old1 be+   
pres5t$ to ,m>ia ,t]esa ( ,au/ria1  que5
 ( ,france1 j at h] fir/ arrival 9 t    
k+dom1 %e amaz$  all ! c\rt1 to he> h]  
speak ! ,spani% language ) elegance  &  
propriety4 ,%e acquir$ a k ( all t is n[
 und]/ood1  bo? ( ! anti5t1 & new       
philosophy1 & 0 consummately v]s$  9    
s*ola/ic1 dogmatic1 expositive1 & my/ic 
!ology4 ,%e made  "s translations1 ! mo/
 admir$ ( :i*1 7 ! fir/ books  ( !      
,iliad4 ,%e wrote ^u v>i\s subjects1 &  
discuss$ po9ts  ( morality1 criticism1 &
 su* z relat$ to academic matt]s4 ,h]   
lett]s 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & ,l\is 
,,xiv4 receiv$ &  read !m ) great       
pleasure4 ,%e compos$ admirable v]ses1  
?\gh  !y 7 b few 9 numb]1 & ^?1 aft]    
once read+ !m1 %e  us$ to ?r[ into !    
fire2 :i* 0 a sacrifice1 h] humility    
induc$ h] to make ( _m o!r ( h] works2 &
 %e w\ld h  made x ( all ( !m1 if by    

fri5dly int]position1 %e _h n  be5      
prev5t$ f foll[+ ! dictates ( h] own    
incl9ation4  ,h] piety1 & tal5t =       
gov]n+1 %one =? 9 equal proportion  to  
h] le>n+2 & 9 consid]ation ( ^! em95t   
qualities1 %e  0 elect$ abbess ( !      
congregation ( ,fontevrauld1 ( ! ord]  (
 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 :i* has ?is peculi>ity    
belong+ to x1 t  al?\gh x is compos$ ( a
 great numb] ( mona/]ies ( bo?  sexes1  
:i* are scatt]$ ab\t 9 f\r prov9ces1 t  
!y all  ackn[l$ge z _! univ]sal prelate1
 ! abbess ( ,fontevrauld1 a  di/+ui%$   
mona/]y1 :i* is no less fam\s = be+ !   
!atre  ( nobility1 ?an ( virtue2 = !y   
reckon among _! prelates1  f\rte5       
pr9cesses1 five ( :om 7 ( ! royal h\se (
 ,b\rbon4  ,lady ,montem> fill$ ?is high
 employm5t1 mu* to ! satisfaction1  &   
edification ( ! _w1 & also to ! b5efit &
 increase (  h] congregation1 exhibit+ a
 woman1 comm&+ ! m5 ) dignity1  & :o 9 !
 op9ion ( ^? :o 7 "u h] direction1 if %e
  0 n sup]ior1 0 at lea/ equal 9 po9t ( 
und]/&+ to !  wise/ man liv+4 ,%e di$ 9 

#agjd1 full ( m]it & mu* e/eem$4        
,,cxxiii4 ,m>ia ,jacquel9a de ,blemur1 a
 ,b5$ict9e nun1 :o ! mo/  le>n$         
,mabillon1 9 ,e/ud4 ,mono/ic4 ,bibliot4 
,ecclesia/4 ,sect4 #ab1  tells u1       
compos$ a "w1 call$ ! ,b5$ict9e ,ye>1 ( 
sev5  volumes 9 qu>to2 & ano!r1 intitl$ 
,eulogiums on _m illu/ri\s  ,p]sons ( ! 
,ord] ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 ( two volumes 9  
qu>to4    ,,cxxiv4 ,anna la ,fevre1     
commonly kn[n by ! "n ,madam ,daci]1    
daught] ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,tanaquildo le    
,fevre1 prov$ equal to h]  fa!r 9       
erudition1 & sup]ior to him 9 eloqu5ce2 
& also 9  ! faculty ( writ+ ) elegance &
 delicacy1 h] own language4  ,%e 0 a    
critic ( ! fir/ rate1 s t 9 ?is         
p>ticul>1 at  lea/ ) respect to pr(ane  
au?ors1 !re 0 n a man ( h]  "t1 nei!r 9 
,france nor out ( x1 :o excell$ h]4 ,%e 
made  _m translations f ,greek au?ors1  
:i* %e illu/rat$ ) a  v>iety ( comm5ts4 
,h] passion = ,hom]1 excit$ h] to write 
_m  diss]tations1 ! object ( :i* 0      
ma9ta9+ ! sup]iority  ( ! ,greek poet   

,hom]1 ov] ! ,lat9 "o ,virgil1 9 :i*1 ! 
vivacity ( h] g5ius1 & ! rectitude ( h] 
judgm5t1 %one  =? ) equal spl5dor2 %e 0 
*iefly /imulat$ to d ?is1  f a desire ( 
reply+ to1 & confront+ ,mons4 ,la ,mote1
 :o 0  a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & ( a
 contr>y op9ion2 ?is %e  did s well1 t  
"s p>tizans ( ! ,lat9 poet1 :o _h sid$  
) ,mons4 la ,mote1 c\ld n d5y1 t 8      
judgm5t 9 comp>ison  ( h]'s1 _h b little
 weight1 = want ( 8 hav+ a compet5t  k (
 ,greek1 ! language ,hom] wrote 91 :i* 8
 oppon5t  und]/ood to p]fection4 ,)     
reg>d to ! m]its ( ! case1  x %\ld be   
obs]v$1 t !re are only "s ,lat9 au?ors  
:o  give ! pref]5ce to ,virgil1 b t !re 
is n a s+le ,greek  "o1 :o w all[ him to
 be sup]ior1 or ev5 equal to ,hom]4 ,!  
circum/ance ( ?is la/1 hav+ 9 8 fav\r   
all ! ,greeks1 &  _m ,lat9s1 among :om1 
"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s is ! celebrat$    
hi/orian ,velleius ,pat]culus1 :o be/[s 
on him ! high eulogium1  t !re nev] yet 
0 any "o :o c\ld imitate him2 & decl>es 
fur!r1 t1 9 8 op9ion1 !re nev] w be any 

"o capable (  do+ x 9 "t to come3 ,i    
say1 :5 all ?is is consid]$1 x %\ld  h  
great weight 9 det]m9+ ! "q 9 ,hom]'s   
fav\r4 ,anna  le ,fevre1 ,i ?9k1 has be5
 dead b a few ye>s4      ,,sect4        
,,xviii4    ,,cxxv4 ,italy is little    
inf]ior to ,france1 9 numb]s ( le>n$    
wom52  b1 = ! same reason = :i* we      
curtail$ ! recital ( !  ,fr5* ladies1 we
 %all d s by ! ,italian ones4           
,,cxxvi4 ,doro!a ,bucca1 a native (     
,bologna1 hav+ f h] infancy  be5 de/9$  
to ! /udy ( lett]s1 advanc$ 9 !         
pr(ession )  su* giant /rides1 t ! fam\s
 univ]sity ( t city1 made  9 h] fav\r1 !
 s+ul>1 & till !n unhe>d-( prec$5t1 (   
conf]r+ on h] ! degree ( a doctor2 & %e 
cont9u$ 9 !  univ]sity z a pr(essor (   
div9ity1 = a long "t4 ,%e fl\ri%$  9 !  
fifte5? c5tury4    ,,cxxvii4 ,isota     
,nog>ola1 born at ,v]ona1 0 ! oracle (  
h] age2  =1 ov] & above be+ v le>n$ 9   
philosophy1 & !ology1 %e  add$ to x1 !  
accompli%m5t ( und]/&+ v>i\s languages1 
& be+ deeply read 9 ! ,fa!rs2 & 9 po9t (

 eloqu5ce1 x  is ass]t$1 t %e 0 n       
inf]ior to ! greate/ orators (  t age4  
,! pro(s ( h] ability 9 ?is sci5ce1 are 
n vulg>1  = %e spoke _m times be=e !    
popes ,ni*olas ,v4 & ,pius ,,ii4 9  !   
c\ncil ( ,mantua1 :i* 0 conv5$1 = !     
purpose ( unit+  ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces aga9/
 ! ,turk4 ,t illu/ri\s protector (      
lett]s1 c>d9al ,bess>ion1 hav+ se5 "s ( 
! works ( ,isota1  0 s *>m$ ) ! _s ( !m1
 t he took a j\rney f  ,rome to ,v]ona  
on purpose to see h]4 ,?is lady1 di$ at 
! age (  ?irty-eight1 9 ! ye> #adff4    
,,cxxviii4 ,laura ,c]etti1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 
! sixte5? c5tury1 at  ! age ( eighte51  
taught philosophy publickly1 ) great    
applause4    ,,cxxix4 ,cass&ra ,fidele1 
a ,v5etian lady1 0 s celebrat$ =  h] k (
 ! ,greek language1 & likewise = und]/&+
  philosophy1 !ology1 & be+ deeply read 
9 hi/ory1 t !re  0 sc>ce an illu/ri\s   
pr9ce ( t "t1 :o did n give h]          
te/imonies ( 8 e/eem2 & !y reckon among 
! admir]s (  ,cass&ra1 ! popes ,julian  
,,ii41 ,leo ,x41 ,l\is ,,xi41 k+ (      

,france1 &  our ,ca?olic k+ ,f]d9&1 & 8 
que5 ,isabel4 ,%e wrote sev]al  works1 &
 di$ at ! age ( a hundr$ & two1 9 ! ye> 
#aefg4    ,,cxx4 ,ca?al9a de ,cibo1     
dut*ess ( ,cam]9e1 9 ! ,m>* (  ,ancona1 
und]/ood ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1        
philosophy1 & !ology4 ,h]  virtue gave  
spl5dor to h] le>n+2 %e built ! fir/    
conv5t !  ,capu*9s possess$1 & di$ 9 !  
ye> #aeeg4    ,,cxxxi4 ,m>?a ,m>*9a1 a  
,neapolitan ( l[ bir?1 b elevat$  g5ius1
 :o1 surm\nt+ ! imp$im5ts annex$ to h]  
humble =tune1  manag$ s z to get h]self 
in/ruct$ 9 ! ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew   
languages1 :i* %e atta9$ a compet5t k (1
 ) wond]ful  velocity1 & 0 no vulg>     
poetess2 b h] excell5t tal5ts 7 n       
capable ( rais+ h] above ! sph]e ( life 
9 :i* %e 0 born1  ! influ5ce ( h] adv]se
 />s1 ob/ruct+ ! advancem5t ( h]  =tune4
 ,%e remov$ to ,rome1 :]e %e support$   
h]self & family  by mak+ wa%-balls3 b x 
is probable1 if %e _h _h ! same         
opportunities ( /udy+ :i* h fall5 to !  
lot ( o!r wom51  t %e w\ld h be5 a      

prodigy among ! females2 & ev5 among  ! 
m5 also4 ,%e di$ at ! age ( =ty-six1 9 !
 ye> #afdf4    ,,cxxxii4 ,lucretia      
,hel5a ,corn>o1 ( ! illu/ri\s family ( !
  ,corn>o's ( ,v5ice1 :o1 ?\gh 9 ! s]ies
 ( ?is memorial1 is !  la/ ( ! le>n$    
,italian wom51 on acc\nt ( h] be+ ! mo/ 
mod]n1 we may truly say1 )\t do+        
inju/ice to any "o1 t %e  9 dignity is !
 fir/4 ,?is woman1 :o 0 an hon\r to h]  
sex1  0 born 9 #afdf4 ,f h] t5d]        
infancy1 %e manife/$ a viol5t           
incl9ation = lett]s1 ) :i* incl9ation1 !
 wond]ful rapidity  ( h] progress       
correspond$2 = %e n only in/ruct$ h]self
  ) uncommon facility1 9 ! ,lat91       
,greek1 & ,hebrew languages1  b %e le>n$
 also1 almo/ all ! liv+ languages (     
,europe4 ,%e  di/+ui%$ h]self s         
conspicu\sly 9 ma!matics1 philosophy1  &
 sacr$ !ology1 t ! univ]sity ( ,padua1  
_h resolv$ to  conf] on h] ! degree ( a 
doctor ( div9ity1 :i* w\ld h be5  done1 
if c>d9al ,b>b>igo1 ! bi%op ( t city1 _h
 n oppos$  c>ry+ ! resolve into         

execution1 on acc\nt ( "s scruples  he  
ent]ta9$ ( ! propriety ( ! ?+1 x be+    
contr>y to  ! maxim ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i*    
prohibits wom5 f adm9i/]+1 or  tea*+ 9 !
 *ur*2 & ?us1 to prev5t violat+ ?is     
canonical  rule1 & at ! same "t1 n to be
 want+ 9 ! prop] reg>d  due to ! des]v+ 
m]it ( ,hel5a1 !y fell ^u ! exp$i5t (   
mak+ h] a doctor ( philosophy2 ! c]emony
 ( conf]r+ :i*  degree on h]1 0 grac$ & 
hon\r$1 ) ! att5dance ( _m  pr9ces &    
pr9cesses1 f v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy4 ,h]   
em95ce 9  sci5tific k1 c\ld only be     
exce$$1 :i* 9 reality x 01  by h]       
exempl>y piety4 ,at twelve ye>s ( age1  
%e took ! v[ (  virg9ity4 ,& al?\gh     
aft]w>ds1 a ,g]man pr9ce1 solicit$ )    
ard\r1 ! h& ( ,hel5a1 & (f]$ to obta9 f 
! pope a  disp5sation ( h] v[1 & 0      
likewise assi/$ 9 8 suit )  ! intreaties
 ( all h] relations1 x 0 impossible to  
subdue h]  con/ancy4 ,9 ord] to cut (f  
at a /roke1 ! hopes ( _m o!r            
importunate admir]s1 %e 0 desir\s (     
imm$iately ent]+ h]self  a ,b5$ict9e    

nun2 b be+ prev5t$ by h] fa!r1 %e did   
all %e  c\ld1 :i* 01 to r5ew by a writt5
 in/rum5t1 h] promise (  virg9ity1      
toge!r ) ! addition ( ! o!r religi\s    
v[s1  usually tak5 by nuns2 :i*1 aft]   
hav+ execut$1 %e deliv]$  into ! h&s ( !
 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,george1 z an  
oblation to ! ,b5$ict9e religion4 ,?is  
sacrifice ( h] lib]ty1  0 foll[$ by h]  
lead+ s exempl>y a life )9 ! walls ( h] 
fa!r's h\se1 z might excite ! envy ( !  
mo/ au/]e nun4 ,h]  love ( retirem5t 0 s
 great1 & su* 0 h] %ame ( appe>+  9     
public1 t1 al?\gh 9 ob$i5ce to h] fa!r's
 comm&s1 %e  suff]$ h]self sometimes to 
be se52 h] con=m+ to d x gave h]  su*   
pa91 t %e 0 us$ to say1 t ob$i5ce w\ld  
co/ h] h]  life4 ,9 effect1 ?is 0 b     
%ort1 = %e pass$ f x to ano!r1  at ! age
 ( ?irty-eight ye>s1 ) equal rejoic+s ( 
! angels1  & lam5tations ( mank9d1 leav+
 _m works1 :i* are suffici5t  to et]nize
 h] fame4 ,a numb] ( au?ors 7 !         
panegyri/s (  ?is extraord9>y woman1    
among :om1 0 ,gregory ,leti1 :o1 9 8    

select extracts f hi/ory1 gives h] !    
epi!ts ( ! h]o9e (  lett]s1 & a mon/] ( 
sci5ce2 call+ h] at ! same "t1 an  angel
 ( beauty & c&\r4      ,,sect4 ,,xix4   
,,cxxxiii4 ,g]many1 9 ^: froz5 region1  
,apollo has m p[] to  inspire ! m9d1 ?an
 to ?aw ! limbs1 pres5ts u ) a sp>k f  !
 sun1 9 ! p]son ( a woman ( t c\ntry4   
,,cxxxiv4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,anna ,m>ia    
,surman1 ! glory ( bo?  ,upp] & ,l[]    
,g]many2 = al?\gh %e 0 born at ,cologne1
 h]  p>5ts & ance/ors 7 f ! ,l[         
,c\ntries4 ,!re nev] _h  appe>$1 till h]
 "t1 a p]son ( ei!r sex1 ( m univ]sal   
capacity4 ,all ! arts1 & all ! sci5ces1 
recogniz$1 & submitt$  ) equal ob$i5ce  
to ! empire ( h] g5ius1 & none ( !m  ev]
 made ! lea/ resi/ance1 :5 ?is h]o9e    
und]took _!  conque/4 ,at six ye>s (    
age1 %e1 )\t any in/ruction1 cut1  )    
sciss>s 9 pap]1 e/imable & delicate     
figures4 ,at eight1  %e le>n$ 9 a few   
days to pa9t fl[]s1 & did actually1 at !
  end ( t "t1 pa9t "s1 :i* 7 mu* priz$4 
,at t51 x did  n co/ h] m ?an ?ree h\rs 

lab\r1 to acquire ! art (  embroid]+ )  
elegance1 b h] tal5ts = m exalt$        
ex]cises  cont9u$ hid1 till at twelve   
ye>s ( age1 !y 7 discov]$ 9  ! foll[+   
mann]4 ,%e _h two bro!rs1 :o /udi$ at   
home1 &  x 0 rem>k$1 t at v>i\s times1  
^u _! repeat+ _!  lessons1 :5 ! memory (
 ! boys fail$ !m1 ! girl w\ld set  !m   
"r1 :i* %e 0 able to d )\t any /udy+1   
hav+  reta9$ ! lessons1 f only casually 
he>+ h] bro!rs repeat  ! words ( !m1    
:ile !y 7 gett+ !m by he>t4 ,?is m>k1   
jo9$ to ! o!rs %e _h %ewn1 ( be+ end[$ )
 a capacity  t 0 q extraord9>y1 det]m9$ 
h] fa!r to p]mit 8  daught] to pursue h]
 c>e] 9 /udy1 :i* 0 s correspond5t  ) ! 
b5t ( h] incl9ation2 b ! swift motion1 )
 :i*  %e pass$ ov] ! ext5sive pla9s (   
sacr$ & pr(ane erudition1  ought m      
prop]ly to be call$ a flight1 ?an a     
c>e]2 & !  %ort "t 9 :i* %e possess$    
h]self ( almo/ all ! human  sci5ces1    
toge!r ) sacr$ !ology1 & a great k ( !  
scripture1 is z a/oni%+4 ,%e und]/ood   
p]fectly1 ! ,g]man1  ,dut*1 ,engli%1    

,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1
 ,syriac1 ,*aldee1  & ,arabic languages4
 ,%e 0 also endu$ ) ! gift ( poetry1 &  
compos$ _m v s5sible works 9 v]se4 ,9 ! 
lib]al arts1 %e  acquir$ applause equal 
to t :i* %e _h obta9$ 9 sci5ces  &      
languages4 ,%e und]/ood music           
sci5tifically1 & play$ _m  in/rum5ts )  
dext]ity4 ,z a pa9t]1 & a /atu>y1 %e 0  
excell5t2 z likewise 9 ! art ( engrav+4 
,x is relat$ ( h]1  t1 hav+ made h] own 
effigy 9 wax1 "s artificial pe>ls1 :i*  
%e _h introduc$ z ornam5ts to ! figure1 
appe>$ s natural1  t nobody w\ld believe
 !y 7 wax1 till aft] hav+ made !        
exp]im5t ( prick+ !m ) a p94 ,h] lett]s 
7 e/eem$1  & s\ght aft]1 n only = !     
beauty ( ! /ile1 b = !  elegance ( !    
h&-writ+ also1 insomu*1 t all :o saw !m 
?\ght !y 7 inimitable2 h5ce1 almo/ e    
trace ( h] p51 0  indu/ri\sly collect$1 
z furniture wor?y to adorn a cab9et4    
,!re  0 sc>ce a great man ( h] "t1 :o   
did n give h] te/imonies  ( 8 e/eem1 &  
:o did n solicit a lit]>y correspond5ce 

)  h]4 ,! illu/ri\s que5 ( ,pol&1 ,l\isa
 ,m>ia ,gonzaga1 aft] be+  m>ri$ at     
,p>is by proxy to k+ ,/anislaus1 9 h]   
passage to t  k+dom ?r\gh ,g]many1      
condesc5d$ to visit ,surman at h] own   
h\se4  ,%e w\ld nev] m>ry1 al?\gh a     
matrimonial connection ) h]1 0  ardu\sly
 solicit$ by _m m5 ( rank & =tune2      
p>ticul>ly by  ,mons4 ,catec1 p5sion>y (
 ,holl&1 & a fam\s poet1 :o _h made  "s 
v]ses 9 h] eulogium1 :5 ,anna ,m>ia 0 b 
f\rte5 ye>s  old4 ,at l5g?1 ?is woman1  
:o 0 wor?y ( be+ immortal1 di$ 9  #afgh1
 at sev5ty-"o ye>s ( age4      ,,sect4  
,,xx4    ,,cxxxv4 ,i %all omit m5tion+  
_m m le>n$ wom51 :i* ennobl$  ,g]many & 
o!r c\ntries1 to conclude ) a rec5t     
example f  ,asia1 z a pro(1 t female    
lit]ature is n conf9$ & %ut up  )9 !    
limits ( ,europe4    ,,cxxxvi4 ,?is %all
 be ! *>m+1 discreet1 & g5]\s ,sitti    
,maani1 wife ( ! fam\s travell]1 ,p$ro  
de la ,valle1 a ,roman  knight4 ,maani 0
 born 9 ,mesopotamia1 9 ord] t t c\ntry1
  )9 ^: b\nds1 "s expositors believe !  

g>d5 ( ,p>adise  0 plant$1 might be !   
happy spot :i* _h produc$ two em95t     
,ra*aels2 = x is c]ta91 t ,h>an1 :]e !  
belov$ wife (  ,jacob 0 born1 0 a place 
( ,mesopotamia4 ,! fame ( ! nobl5ess  ( 
h] g5ius1 ! vivacity ( h] und]/&+1 & !  
beauty (  h] p]son1 _h be5 blazon$      
abroad :5 %e 0 v "y2 ?is  excit$ !      
curiosity ( ,p$ro de la ,valle1 & he 0  
desir\s (  see+ a lady1 ( :om he _h he>d
 s _m encomiums4 ,8 exp]i5ce1  ^u !     
int]view :i* 0 p]mitt$ him1 confirm$ !  
tru? ( all  he _h he>d1 inflam$ 9 8     
bosom ! passion ( love1 & caus$  him    
anxi\sly to solicit obta9+ h] = a wife1 
:i* purpose he  effect$2 & ,maani1 aft] 
m>ry+ him1 n only =sook ! ,*aldean      
rites 9 :i* %e _h be5 br$ up1 & turn$   
ca?olic h]self1 b  p]suad$ h] p>5ts to d
 ! same4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible1 :at  ?is
 amiable ,asian acquir$ 9 a few ye>s1 & 
inde$ ! ye>s (  h] life 7 b few2 = %e n 
only atta9$ a k ( all  ! le>n+1 :i* ^?  
c\ntries1 /ill /rang]s to ! sci5ces1    
c\ld af=d1 b %e arriv$ at und]/&+ twelve

 diff]5t idioms4  ,b ! bulk1 z well z   
p]fection1 ( h] moral virtues1 exce$$  t
 ( h] acquisitions2 among :i*1 ?\gh n   
common to h] sex1  h] c\rage %one ! mo/ 
brilliant1 = %e f\ght arm$ 9 ?ree       
enc\nt]s1 & ) great brav]y1 9 def5ce (  
h] husb&4 ,?is  woman1 9 _m ways        
extraord9>y1 em95t = h] tal5ts1 & fam\s 
= h] travels & voyages1 9 "o ( !m1 ne>  
,ormuz1 became !  victim ( a fev]1 :i* 0
 truly malignant1 hav+ depriv$ h] (     
life at ! age ( tw5ty-"o4 ,?us di$1 to !
 great grief ( all  :o _h kn[n h]1 ?is  
new ,ra*ael1 :o 0 s l ! anti5t "o1  t x 
seems1 z if ,nature & ,=tune _h /udi\sly
 =m$ !  p>allel2 bo? natives (          
,mesopotamia2 bo? beautiful 9 extreme2  
bo?  m>ri$ to v des]v+ m51 :o 7 /rang]s 
to !m1 & came  f o!r c\ntries2 bo?      
alike1 ) respect to _! det]m9ation1  (  
=sak+ ! rites ( _! c\ntry1 & foll[+ !   
religion  ( _! husb&s2 bo? equally      
con=m+1 to lead a w&]+ life1  & foll[ ! 
/eps ( _! consorts2 &1 9 ! end1 bo? dy+ 
9 ! fl[] ( _! age1 & on ! road4 ,b !    

behavi\r ( !  two husb&s1 at ! "t ( !   
fatal crisis1 seems to h be5  v diff]5t2
 ,p$ro de la ,valle at t p]iod1 appe>+  
to h  conduct$ himself ) mu* m delicacy1
 ?an ! patri>* ,jacob4  ,! la/1 buri$ 8 
,ra*ael on ! road1 at ! place :]e %e    
di$2  ?\gh x w\ld h correspond$ bett] ) 
! m]it ( 8 wife1  if he _h paid ! same  
c>e & att5tion1 & _h tak5 ! same        
precaution ab\t h] dead c>case1 t he did
 ) reg>d to 8 own1  :5 he /rictly enjo9$
 8 son ,joseph1 to convey x to !        
sepul*re  ( 8 ance/ors1 :i* 0 9 ,hebron4
 ,! t5d] c>e & reg>d =  8 wife 9 ?is la/
 (fice1 :i* seems to h be5 little att5d$
  to by t fond patri>*1 ?\gh we %\ld    
suppose x happ5$ f  "s p[]ful reason1   
ei!r my/]i\s or natural1 :i* he _h =    
omitt+ x1 %one =? ) respect to ,p$ro de 
la ,valle1 9 acts (  ! mo/ punctual &   
precise reality2 & :i*1 9 ! mo/ ref9$  &
 nice mann]1 express$ ! affection he    
bore 8 dep>t$ consort3  = aft] hav+     
embalm$ ! dead body ( 8 ador$ ,maani1 he
 c>ri$  x ab\t ) him inclos$ 9 a co/ly  

urn1 f\r :ole ye>s1 all  :i* "t1 he     
cont9u$ to travel ?r\gh1 & explore v>i\s
 p>ts  ( ,asia2 ) 8 eyes ev] att5tive to
 h] a%es1 & 8 he>t &  memory to h]      
virtues3 till ^u return+ to ,rome1 he   
deposit$ !  rema9s ( 8 belov$ object1 9 
! sepul*re ( ! noble family (  ! ,valles
 8 ance/ors1 :i* !y h belong+ to !m1 9 !
  *apel ( ,/4 ,paul1 app]ta9+ to ! *ur* 
( ,santa ,m>ia de ,ara  ,cli3 ?is 0 done
 ) su* fun]al pomp1 t a m magnific5t    
%ew ( ?is sort _h sc>ce ev] be5 se51    
,p$ro de la ,valle himself1  pron\nc+ ! 
fun]al oration2 9 do+ :i*1 8 eyes       
express$  mu* m ?an 8 lips1 z 9 a %ort  
"t 8 lips ceas$ to move1  & left ! eyes 
to speak ! re/2 = x s happ5$1 t 8  ?roat
 ?r\gh excessive grief1 0 ob/ruct$1 & he
 0 ne> be+  *oak$2 s t he 0 unavoidably 
oblig$ to leave ! oration  unf9i%$2 b   
su* ( ! eloqu5t clauses z 7 congeal$ &  
ob/ruct$ 9 ! passage1 melt$ d[n1 & fl[$ 
9 t5d] te>s1  mix$ ) sighs1 ! true &    
prop] acc5ts ( grief1 :i* 7  res\nd$ &  
e*o$ back1 by a num]\s conc\rse (       

sympa!tic  auditors4    ,n4,b4 ,sitti is
 a title ( hon\r among ! ,p]sians1 &    
equival5t to  lady ) u4      ,,sect4    
,,xxi4    ,,cxxxvii4 ,t ! relation %\ld 
n appe> t$i\s1 we h omitt$  _m mod]n    
le>n$ wom5 9 ?is catalogue1 & h         
design$ly  =bore to m5tion ! anti5t     
ones1 z an acc\nt ( !m1 may be  f\nd 9  
an inf9ite numb] ( books2 b we h said   
en\gh to  ev9ce1 :at seems ( mo/        
importance 9 ?is argum5t1 :i* is1 t     
almo/ all ! wom51 :o h d$icat$ !mselves 
to /udy1 h  become em95t1 & made        
consid]able figures 9 ! lit]>y _w2      
:]eas1 !re are sc>ce ?ree 9 a hundr$1   
among ! m5 devot$ to  lit]ature1 :o h   
be5 rem>kable = _! advances 9 ! sci5ce1 
or :o c\ld truly & prop]ly1 be /il$ p ( 
le>n+ &  ability4    ,,cxxxviii4 ,b     
because ?is reflection may occasion !   
wom5 to fancy  !mselves p]sons ( mu*    
sup]ior capacity to ! m51 x is b j  &   
necess>y1 by way ( *eck+ su*            
presumption1 to obs]ve1 t  ?is          
inequality ( improvem5t by /udy1        

proce$s1 f none ( _!  sex be+ devot$ to 
x1 except ^?1 9 :om ! p :o h _h  ! c>e (
 _! education h rem>k$ peculi> tal5ts = 
su*  pursuits1 or ^?1 :o h f\nd 9       
!mselves a great prop5sity =  lit]ature1
 & a p>ticul> disposition = atta9+ a k (
  ! sci5ces2 on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 are n    
left to _! *oice  9 ^! matt]s2 ! p>5ts1 
) a view ( advanc+ _! =tune1  )\t att5d+
 to _! capacities1 or consid]+ :e!r !y  
are  dull boys1 or lads ( g5ius1 de/9e  
!m to ! c>e] ( lett]s2  & ! bulk (      
mank9d be+ p ( scanty abilities1 x mu/  
unavoidably foll[1 t a few only c make a
 figure 9 ! le>n$  _w4    ,,cxxxix4 ,my 
op9ion ( ! matt] h[ev] is1 t !re is no  
inequality1 9 ! capacities ( ! "o & !   
o!r sex4 ,b if  ! wom51 to repress ! va9
 contemn]s ( _! aptitude = !  arts &    
sci5ces1 %\ld be dispos$ to pass f !    
def5sive to  ! (f5sive1 & by way ( play+
 at disputation1 to cont5d = a          
sup]iority ov] ! m51 !y may make use ( !
 argum5ts ,i h  m5tion$ above1 by :i*1 f
 ! same physical maxims1 :]e) !  m5     

pret5d to be> d[n1 & depreciate !       
capacities ( ! wom51  we h %ewn1 t x may
 ) m probability be inf]r$1 !  tal5ts & 
aptitude ( ! t5d] sex1 excel ^? ( !     
robu/4    ,,cxl4 ,to ?is1 we %all add ! 
au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 :o 9 v>i\s  places
 tea*es1 t 9 all ! animal species1      
expressly includ+ !  human1 ! females   
are m p5etrat+ & +5i\s ?an ! males2     
p>ticul>ly 9 8 n9? book1 de ,hi/or4     
,animal4 cap4 #a1 :]e he  expresses     
himself 9 ^! words3 ,9 omnibus v]1      
quorum procreatio  e/1 fm9am1  m>em     
simili f] modo ,natura di/9xit moribus1 
quibus  mas diff]t  fm9a3 quod prcipu   
tum 9 hom9e1 tum etiam 9 iis1  qu       
magnitud9e pr/5t1  quadrup$es vivip>    
s9t1 p]cipitur3 sunt  enim fm9 moribus  
mollioribus1 mitescunt cel]ius1  malum  
facilius  patiuntur2 discunt etiam1     
imitanturque +5iosius4    ,,cxli4 ,?is  
au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 :i* gives !       
advantage to !  wom51 n only 9 docility1
 & s(tness ( disposition1 b all[s  also1
 t !y exce$ ! m5 9 +5uity2 ought to h   

great  weight ) ^?1 :o are su* admir]s (
 ,ari/otle1 z to call  him ! p5etrat+   
g5ius ( ,nature1 & ! sum & p]fection (  
human intellig5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ caution !  
wom51 n to put too mu*  confid5ce 9     
,ari/otle3 because1 al?\gh 9 ! place we 
h j  cit$1 he ennobles !m ) a sup]iority
 9 po9t ( p]spicuity2  a little l[] d[n1
 he is v lib]al 9 8 abuse ( !m1 &  says1
 !y are greatly addict$ to mis*ief3     
,v]um malitiosiores1  a/utiores1        
insidiores fm9 sunt2 & al?\gh j         
aft]w>ds1 he  conc$es !m ! pref]5ce to !
 m51 9 ! noble attribute (  t5d]ness or 
compassion1 he in/antly /igmatizes &    
m>ks !m1  ) ! blemi%es ( envy1          
evil-speak+1 invet]acy1 & o!r su*  bad  
qualities3 ,ita quod muli]1 mis]icors   
magis1  ad lacrymas  prop5sior1 quam vir
 e/3 invida item magis1  qu]ela         
mal$ic5tior1   mordacior4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i
 am n cle>1 :e!r ! ladies w  accept !   
advantage ( +5uity :i* ?is philosoph]   
has ?\ght  fit to conf] on !m1 load$ ) !
 *>ges he has be5 pleas$ to  annex to x2

 we may h[ev] conclude f ! premises1 t  
:5 su*  a man1 :o 0 s ill dispos$ t[>ds 
!m1 admits z a fundam5tal1  t !y are m  
+5i\s ?an m51 ! evid5ce ( _! abilities  
does n re/ on slight gr\nd4      ,,sect4
 ,,xxii4    ,,cxlii4 ,x occurs to me "h1
 t x is necess>y to say some?+  ( !     
aptitude ( wom5 = ^? arts1 :i* are m    
elevat$  ?an ^? !y commonly ex]cise     
!mselves 92 su* z pa9t+1  & sculpture4  
,v few wom5 h d$icat$ !mselves to ^!    
applications1 b ( ^? few1 "s h turn$ out
 excell5t arti/s4  ,we h already said ( 
! admirable ,m>ia ,surman1 t %e 0  em95t
 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & engrav+4         
,,cxliii4 ,9 ,italy1 ! ?ree si/]s1      
,sophonisba1 ,lucia1 & ,europa          
,angosciola1 7 celebrat$ pa9t]s2 ! fir/ 
( :i*1 ,isabella1  que5 ( ,spa91 ! wife 
( ,philip ! ,second1 took into h]       
s]vice1  & %e 0 9 su* high repute1 t    
pope ,pius ,,iv4 solicit$ a  portrait ( 
t que51 done by ! h& ( ,sophonisba4     
,,cxliv4 ,ir5e de ,spilimb]g 0 s        
excell5t 9 ! same art1 t  h] pa9t+s 7   

(t5 tak5 = ^? ( ,titian1 :o 0 h]        
contempor>y4 ,fate snat*$ h] away at !  
age ( tw5ty-six1 :i*  ev5t caus$        
univ]sal grief1 & drew te>s f ! eyes (  
h]  competitor4    ,,cxlv4 ,t]esa de ,po
 0 held 9 great e/imation at ,naples z a
  pa9t]2 & preci\s traits ( h] p5cil1   
may be se5 9 ! cab9et  ( ! mo/ excell5t 
m>quis ( ,vill5a1 :o employ$ h] :5 %e 0 
vice-que5 ( ,naples4    ,,cxlvi4 ,& ev5 
9 /atu>y1 ,italy has produc$ fam\s wom54
  ,prop]cia de ,rossi 0 g5]ally applaud$
 = h] beautiful designs1  & well-wr\ght 
/atues 9 m>ble2 b ! di/+ui%$ ,lab9ia    
,fontana1 acquir$ great] applause ?an   
h]1 or inde$ ?an any "o  else4 ,i h _h  
in=mation ( b "o female pa9t] 9 ,france1
  ?\gh %e 0 ( ! fir/ rate4 ,?is 0       
,isabela ,sophia de ,*]on1  kn[n by ! "n
 ( ,madame le ,hai2 :o1 ov] & above     
possess+  tal5ts beyond ! degree (      
m$iocrity1 = music & poetry1 0 a  mo/   
f9i%$ pa9t]2 & became s celebrat$ = h]  
skill 9 ?is  art1 t ! dauph91 :o 0 son  
to ,l\is ,,xiv4 employ$ h] to pa9t  him 

& all 8 *ildr53 & ,casimir1 k+ ( ,pol&1 
:o1 aft] 8  volunt>y abdication ( t     
cr[n1 resid$ 9 ,p>is1 caus$ h] to  d !  
same = him1 & _m p ( ! fir/ rank &      
quality  9 ,france foll[$ _! example2 & 
ev5 deign$ to g & sit at  ! h\se (      
,isabela1 :i* ! pr9ce ( ,cond did sev]al
 times4  ,! emp]or ,joseph1 endeav\r$ to
 draw h] to ,vi5na1 by ! (f]  ( a l>ge  
p5sion2 b n be+ able to prevail on h]1  
he s5t  h] ! draw+s ( 8 own lik5ess1 &  
^? ( all ! imp]ial  family1 t f !m %e   
might pa9t _! portraits4 ,h] designs &  
col\r+1 7 exquisite1 & h] facility (    
execution1 wond]ful1  = %e w\ld cont9ue 
to be> a "p 9 :atev] conv]sation        
occurr$1 )\t giv+ ! lea/ relaxation to !
 op]ations ( !  p5cil2 b h] *ri/ian &   
g5]\s actions1 add$ to ! piety (  h] _s1
 made h] m e/eem$1 ?an ! traits ( h] h&2
 &  %e di$ z %e liv$1 9 ! ye> #agaa4    
,,cxlvii4 ,b :]e ! equal degree (       
aptitude 9 ! wom5 = !  noble arts1      
comp>$ to t ( ! m51 is mo/ conspicu\s1  
is 9 !  in/ance ( music1 :i* is a       

faculty suit$ indiff]5tly to ei!r  sex2 
z ! females :o apply !mselves to x1 9   
proportion to !  "t !y /udy1 g5]ally    
make z great progress z ! m5 d2 nor     
does a ma/] ( ?is art1 f9d m difficulty 
9 tea*+ girls ?an  boys4 ,i knew "o girl
 ( ?is pr(ession1 :o1 be=e %e arriv$ at 
! age ( fifte51 0 a compos]4 ,i h       
purposely1 9 ! m5tion (  s _m illu/ri\s 
wom51 avoid$ t\*+ on ! exquisite        
end[m5ts  ( our mo/ enlight5$ que51     
,donna ,isabel ( ,f>nese1 because x     
w\ld h be5 presumption 9 s gross a p5 z 
m9e1 to und]take  ! discussion ( s      
sublime a subject2 & because ano!r1 mu* 
bett] cut1 & sup]iorly qualifi$ = !     
task1 has1 betwe5 !  escut*eons ( h]    
royal h\se1 drawn "s traces ( !         
excell5cies  & spl5dor ( h] p]son4      
,,sect4 ,,xxiii4    ,,cxlviii4 ,i am    
aw>e n[1 t aga9/ all ,i h said1 x may be
  repli$ to me to ?is effect3 ,if wom5  
are equal to m51 9 _!  aptitude = arts1 
sci5ces1 political conomy1 & gov]nm5t1  
:y  has ,god e/abli%$ ! ma/]y1 &        

sup]iority 9 ! m51 by !  s5t5ce 9 ! ?ird
 *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :i* says1 ,sub viri   
pote/ate eris8 ,because x is probable1  
he gave ! gov]nm5t to t  sex1 :i* he    
knew to be mo/ capable ( execut+ x4     
,,cxlix4 ,i answ] fir/1 t ! specific    
mean+ ( ! text is  n c]ta9ly kn[n1 on   
acc\nt ( ! v>iation 9 ! v]sions4  ,!    
read+ 9 ! ,septuag9t is3 ,ad virum      
conv]sio tua4 ,9 !  ,aquilean3 ,ad virum
 societas tua4 ,9 ! ,sam>itan3 ,ad virum
  appetitus1 vel impetus tuus4 ,& !     
le>n$ ,b5$ict ,p]ceyra says1  t by      
translat+ ! ,hebrew lit]ally1 ! s5t5ce w
 run ?us3  ,ad virum desid]ium1 vel     
concupisc5tia tua4    ,,cl4 ,i answ]    
secondly1 t x might be insi/$1 !        
political  subjection ( ! woman 0       
absolutely a puni%m5t = h] s91 &  !re=e1
 t 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce !re 0 no su* ?+4 
,!  text at lea/ does n contradict su*  
an op9ion2 = x r seems1  t if x _h be5  
int5d$ ! woman %\ld obey ! man 9 ! /ate 
( innoc5ce1 ,god w\ld h intimat$ ?is    
subjection1 at ! "t he  =m$ h]2 & f ^!  

premises1 x _c s prop]ly be inf]r$1  t  
,god gave ! man ! pref]5ce1 on acc\nt ( 
8 possess+ an  und]/&+ sup]ior to !     
woman's1 z t x 0 done1 because %e  gave 
! fir/ occasion to s94    ,,cli4 ,i say 
?irdly1 t admitt+1 ,god f ! beg9n+ gave 
!  rule ov] ! woman to ! man1 x does n  
foll[ f !nce1 t  he endu$ him ) an      
und]/&+ sup]ior to h]'s2 b x r  seems   
likely1 ?is 0 done = ! sake ( ma9ta9+   
family ord]  & decorum1 = all[+ !m to be
 equal 9 po9t ( tal5ts1  unless !       
gov]nm5t & direction 0 ve/$ 9 "o1 all   
w\ld be  an>*y & confusion4 ,among !    
probable species ( gov]nm5ts1 !  moral  
philosoph]s1 copy+ aft] ,ari/otle1 h    
held or consid]$1  t :i* is call$ !     
,timocracian1 to be ! wor/ & mo/        
exceptionable3 = by ?is1 all !          
individuals ( ! republic h  equal       
au?ority1 & an equal voice2 b 9 ! case (
 a man & 8  wife1 ?is mode ( direct+1 ) 
respect to conomical gov]nm5t1  w\ld n  
only be imp]fect1 b impossible2 = among 
a multitude  ( p1 :]e !re is a v>iety ( 

op9ions1 ! dispute may be  decid$ by a  
plurality ( votes2 :i* _c be done betwe5
 a man  & 8 wife1 = !y are "o1 to "o2 & 
?us if !y %\ld happ5  to be ( diff]5t   
s5tim5ts1 unless "o ( !m _h !           
sup]iority1  ! po9t c\ld nev] be settl$2
 b x may be said1 :y1 if _!  capacities 
7 equal1 %\ld ,god ?9k fit to give !    
sup]iority  to ! m58 ,v>i\s reasons &   
motives may be assign$ = ?is1  su* z 8  
excell+ ! wom5 9 _m o!r useful          
qualities1 =  example1 con/ancy &       
c\rage2 :i* virtues1 are necess>y = mak+
  prop] det]m9ations1 & = support+ !m   
aft] !y are made1 by  subdu+ & be>+ d[n 
all ! ob/acles1 produc$ by va9 & light  
fe>s2 b we %\ld d bett]1 in/ead (       
reason+ 9 ?is way1 to  confess1 we = !  
mo/ "p are ignorant ( ! motives ( div9e 
resolutions4      ,,sect4 ,,xxiv4       
,,clii4 ,i %all conclude ?is disc\rse1  
by endeav\r+ to set aside  an exception 
t may be made to ! und]tak+2 :i* is1 t  
p]suad+ mank9d ( ! intellectual equality
 ( bo? sexes1 does  n seem to be        

productive ( any utility to ! public1 b 
is r  likely to occasion mis*ief1 z x   
t5ds to fom5t 9 ! wom51  presumption &  
pride4    ,,cliii4 ,i might reply to ?is
 scruple1 by only say+1 t1 9 :atev]     
matt] t may pres5t itself to our        
reflection1 kn[+ ! tru?1  & sett+ aside 
error1 is an utility :i* is app>5t1 & ( 
itself  suffici5t to ju/ify our enquiry4
 ,! "r und]/&+ ( ?+s1  is ( itself      
e/imable1 )\t reg>d to any o!r end or   
object 9  ! creation4 ,tru?s h _!       
intr9sic value3 & ! /ock1 or  ri*es ( ! 
und]/&+1 does n consi/ ( any o!r money4 
,"s  pieces are m valuable ?an o!rs1 b  
none are useless4 ,nor c  ! tru? we h   
prov$1 ( itself1 induce 9 ! wom5 vanity 
or  presumption4 ,if !y1 9 ! p]fections 
( ! s\l1 are truly equal  to u1 !re c be
 no h>m 9 _! kn[+1 or be+ s5sible ( x4  
,/4 ,?omas1 speak+ ( va9-glory1 says1   
?is s9 is n incurr$ by a  man's kn[+1 or
 be+ conv9c$ ( ! p]fection he possesses1
 &  :i* is conta9$ 9 him3 ,quod autem   
aliquis bonum suum cognoscat1           

approbet1 non e/ peccatum 7#b ,qu/4     
#acb4 ,art4 #a47 & 9 ano!r  place1      
speak+ ( presumption1 he says1 ?is vice 
is always f\nd$  9 "s error or mi/ake ( 
! und]/&+3 ,prsumptio autem e/  motus   
appetitivus1 quia importat quondam spem 
inord9atam1 habet  autem se con=mit]    
intellectui falso 7,qu/4 #bb4 ,art4 #b47
 ,!  wom5 !n1 by kn[+ :at !y are1 if !y 
don't e/imate _!  qualifications above  
_! real value1 c nev] become            
va9-glori\s1  or presumptu\s2 b by      
att5d+ to ! ?+1 x w be f\nd1 !          
deception ?is *apt] is calculat$ to     
remove1 w r h a  diff]5t effect2 &      
in/ead ( add+ presumption to ! wom51 w  
take x away f ! m54    ,,cliv4 ,?\gh ,i 
g fur!r1 & ma9ta91 ! maxim we h         
e/abli%$1  is n only incapable (        
occasion+ any moral evil1 b t x  may be 
productive ( mu* good4 ,consid]1 h[ _m  
m5 ! imag9$  sup]iority ( tal5ts1 has   
embold5$ to attempt crim9al conque/s    
ov] ! o!r sex4 ,9 e enc\nt]1 !          
confid5ce1 or diffid5ce  ( a p]son's own

 /r5g? or p[]1 goes a great way t[>ds   
det]m9+ ! ev5t ( ! conflict4 ,! man1    
presum+ on !  advantage ( 8 sup]ior     
und]/&+1 proposes boldly2 ! woman1      
judg+ h]self inf]ior1 li/5s ) respect4  
,:o c d5y1 t  su* circum/ances promote a
 great t5d5cy & disposition1 to 8       
becom+ a conqu]or1 & h] fall+ a victim8 
,,clv4 ,let ! wom5 !n "k1 t1 9 po9t (   
und]/&+1 !y  are n inf]ior to ! m54 ,!y 
w !n det]m9e ) confid5ce1  on repell+ & 
refut+ ^? sophisms1 by :i*1 "u ! col\r  
& pret5ce ( reason & argum5ts1 ! m5     
attempt inju/ice &  injuries4 ,if a     
woman c be p]suad$1 t a man comp>$ to   
h]1  is an oracle1 %e w l5d an att5tive 
e> to ! mo/ indignant  proposition1 & w 
rev]5ce z an infallible tru?1 ! mo/     
notori\s falsehood4 ,x is v well kn[n1  
into :at acts ( turpitude  _m wom5 h be5
 drawn1 by ! sect call$ ,mol9i/s1 :o1   
be=e  _! practices ^u !m1 7 e/eem$ v    
virtu\s p]sons4 ,?is  p]v]sion1 proce$$ 
f no o!r cause1 ?an _! hav+ consid]$  ^!
 ,mol9i/s1 z m5 ( sup]ior lights &      

tal5ts1 & _!  hav+ ent]ta9$ an extreme  
di/ru/ ( _! own und]/&+s1  :5 !y        
repres5t$ to !m cle>ly1 ! falsity ( ^?  
v5om\s  dogmas4    ,,clvi4 ,!re is ano!r
 consid]ation to be att5d$ to1 :i* is ( 
great importance 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is     
c]ta91 t e "o submits  easily1 & )\t    
reluctance1 to a p]son1 :o he is s5sible
 has  "s notable advantage ov] him4 ,a  
man s]ves ano!r man )\t  regret1 :o is m
 noble ?an himself1 b he does x ) great 
repugnance1 if !y happ5 to be equal 9   
bir?4 ,! same ?+ is  obs]vable1 or may  
be appli$ to ! case we are treat+ (4 ,if
 a  woman is "u ! mi/ake1 t a man is ( a
 mu* m noble sex ?an  h]self1 & t %e1 f 
a defect 9 h]'s1 9 comp>ison to him1  is
 a poor contemptible animal ( little    
value1 %e w ?9k x no  %ame to submit to 
him2 & by ^! pre-dispos+ circum/ances1  
be+  aid$ ) ! flatt]y ( obsequi\sness1  
%e may be betray$ into  e/eem+ t z an   
hon\r1 :i* 9 reality is ignom9i\s4 ,to  
use  ! words ( ,/4 ,leon's exclamation  
to ! m51 let ! wom5 !n "k  _! dignity1 &

 let !m be s5sible1 t1 9 po9t (         
intellectual  capacity1 our sex has no  
advantage ov] !m1 & t x w ev]  be       
opprobri\s & vile 9 !m1 to all[ a man ! 
dom9ion ( _!  bodies1 save :5 he is     
emp[]$ to claim x1 by ! au?ority1 &  "u 
! sanction1 ( holy matrimony4           
,,clvii4 ,i h n yet told all ! utility1 
:i*1 9 a moral s5se1  w result to bo? ! 
m5 & ! wom51 by extricat+ !m f !  error 
!y lay "u1 ) respect to ! inequality ( !
 sexes4 ,i  firmly believe1 ?is error is
 ! cause1 ( _m m>riage-b$s hav+  be5    
di%on\r$ & contam9at$ ) adult]ies4 ,x   
may seem t ,i  am entangl+ myself 9 a   
/range p>adox1 b ?is is n ! case2 ,i    
hav+ done no m1 ?an ass]t an e/abli%$   
tru?4 ,att5d4    ,,clviii4 ,a few mon?s 
aft] ! s\ls ( two consorts1 are unit$   
toge!r by ! matrimonial bond1 a woman   
beg9s to lose t  e/imation1 :i* %e at   
fir/ obta9$1 z a delectable object newly
  acquir$1 & rec5tly possess$4 ,! man1  
passes f t5d]ness to  lukew>mness1 :i*  
lukew>mness _m times1 comes to end 9    

contempt1  & positive dise/imation4 ,:5 
! husb& arrives at ?is vici\s  extreme1 
he1 presum+ on ! advantages :i* he      
supposes to be  annex$ to ! sup]iority (
 8 sex1 beg9s to triumph ov]1 &  insult 
8 wife2 in/ruct$ by1 & v]s$ 9 ^?        
s5t5ces1 :i*  pron\nce1 t ! mo/ :i* a   
woman c atta91 may be atta9$  by a boy (
 f\rte5 ye>s old1 & t x is 9 va91 to    
seek =  ei!r s5se or prud5ce 9 !m1      
toge!r ) o!r ridicul\s1  & injuri\s     
reflections ( ! same k9d2 treat+ e ?+ he
  obs]ves 9 8 wife1 ) ! utmo/ contempt4 
,9 ?is situation1 if  ! poor woman      
attempts to remon/rate1 %e is accus$ (  
rav+2 all  %e says1 is imp]t95t1 & =eign
 to ! purpose2 all %e does  is wrong4   
,if %e is h&some1 ! attraction ( h]     
beauty /&s  h] 9 little /ead1 = its *>m 
is dissolv$1 & ! security (  possess+ x1
 has made x ( no value4 ,! husb& only   
recollects1  t 8 wife is an imp]fect    
animal2 & if he neglects h]1 w  upbraid 
! mo/ spotless woman ) be+ a vase (     
impurities4    ,,clix4 ,:5 ! unhappy    

woman is 9 ?is humiliat+ & deject$ /ate1
  a gallant ca/s fond1 or1 z we commonly
 say 9 ,spa91 good eyes  on h]4 ,to h]1 
:o at all times is condemn$ to see no?+ 
b a  fr[n+ br[1 x is natural to suppose1
 a pleasant c\nt5ance appe>s  v         
delightsome3 & su* a lead+ circum/ance  
conduces mu* to  br+ on1 & facilitates a
 conv]sation betwe5 ! p>ties2 9 :i*1  ! 
woman he>s no?+ b :at is flatt]+ &      
pleas+ to h]4  ,be=e ?is1 %e us$ to be  
acco/$ 9 n\ght b t]ms ( reproa*  &      
contempt1 & n[1 %e is address$ 9        
expressions ( t5d]ness  & adoration4 ,%e
 lately 0 treat$ z some?+ b5ea? a woman2
 &  n[1 %e is elevat$ to ! sph]e ( a    
div9ity4 ,%e 0 accu/om$  lately to be   
call$ no?+ b fool2 & n[1 %e is told t %e
  possesses a sublime und]/&+4 ,9 !     
language ( h] husb&1  %e 0 all          
imp]fections2 9 t ( h] gallant1 %e is   
all *>ms  & graces4 ,! p>tn] ( h] b$1   
lord$ x ov] h] l a tyrant  ma/]2 ! o!r1 
?r[s himself at h] feet z an humble     
slave2 &  al?\gh ! lov]1 if he _h be5 h]

 husb&1 w\ld h act$ j  z ! husb& did3   
?is reflection escapes ! mis]able wife1 
& %e  only sees t sort ( diff]5ce betwe5
 !m1 :i* !re is betwe5  an angel & a    
brute4 ,%e views 9 h] husb&1 a he>t full
 ( ?orns2  & 9 h] gallant1 "o cr[n$ )   
fl[]s4 ,!re a *a9 ( iron  pres5ts itself
 to h] sight2 "h a gold5 "o4 ,!re       
slav]y2 "h  dom9ion4 ,!re a dungeon2 "h 
a ?rone4    ,,clx4 ,9 ?is situation1 :at
 c ! mo/ resolute woman d8 ,h[ c  %e    
resi/ two impulses1 direct$ to ! same   
po9t1 "o t impels1  & ! o!r :i* attracts
 h]8 ,if heav5 does n /ret* =? a  p[]ful
 & a fri5dly h& to support h]1 h] fall  
is inevitable4  ,& if %e does fall1 :o c
 d5y t h] own husb& =c$ h] ov]  !       
precipice8 ,if he _h n treat$ h] )      
indignity & abusive  rail+1 ! flatt]y ( 
! lov] w\ld h be5 ( no avail4 ,x 0  8   
ill-treatm5t :i* occasion$ h] d[nfall4  
,all ?is mis*ief1  mo/ frequ5tly proce$s
 f ! mean op9ion1 :i* m>ri$ m5 are  apt 
to ent]ta9 ( ! o!r sex4 ,let !m r5\nce  
^! errone\s  maxims1 & ! consequ5ce w   

be1 t _! wives w become m  fai?ful &    
con/ant4 ,let !m *]i% & e/eem !m1 = ,god
 has  comm&$ !y %\ld love !m2 & ,i c't  
und]/&1 h[ love &  contempt1 ) respect  
to ! same object1 c be ent]ta9$1 &      
accommodate !mselves toge!r 9 "o & !    
same he>t4              ,,on      ,,*ur*
 ,,music4      ,,sect4 ,i4    ,i4 ,9    
anci5t times1 if we believe ,plut>*1    
music 0 us$ only 9  temples1 & t        
aft]w>ds x pass$ to !atres4 ,=m]ly1 x   
s]v$ z an ornam5t to div9e wor%ip2      
aft]w>ds1 x 0 us$ to  /imulate vice4    
,h]et(ore1 ! melody ( sacr$ hymns only 7
 he>d2  aft]w>ds1 we began to li/5 to   
pr(ane songs4 ,music orig9ally1  0 us$ z
 an obsequies to ! ,deities1 x 0        
aft]w>ds appli$ to  inflame ! passions4 
,9 old times1 x 0 d$icat$ to ,apollo1 b 
x  seems z if aft]w>ds1 ,apollo _h      
divid$ ! protection ( ?is art  ) ,v5us2 
& z if to poison ! s\l1 & pa9t on !     
!atres  ! *>ms ( vice1 ! f9e/ col\r+s ( 
rhetoric1 jo9$ to !  h>mony ( poetic    
numb]s1 7 n suffici5t1 !y1 to r5d] ^!   

*>ms m attract+1 & make ! v5om m active1
 confection$  & comp\nd$ rhetoric1      
poetry1 & music toge!r4    ,,ii4 ,?is   
div]sity ( uses to :i* music 0          
appropriat$1 induc$  a diff]5ce 9 !     
composition ( x3 & z x 0 necess>y 9  !  
temple1 & 9 ! !atre1 to excite di/9ct   
affections1 !y  contriv$ di/9ct modes ( 
melody1 to correspond1 z _! e*oes1  ) ! 
diff]5t affections ( ! s\l4 ,! ,dorian  
mode1 z grave1  maje/ic1 & dev\t1 0     
res]v$ = ! temple2 & 9 ! !atres1  !y    
adopt$ diff]5t modes1 suit$ to !        
div]sity ( ! matt]s4  ,9 ! amor\s       
repres5tations1 !y us$ ! ,lydian mode1  
:i* 0  s(t & t5d]2 & :5 !y _h a m9d to  
give ! movem5t a  /rong] effect &       
expression1 !y appli$ ! mix$ ,lydian1   
:i*  0 m pa!tic & /rik+ ?an ! ,lydian by
 itself4 ,9 w>like  repres5tations1 !y  
us$ ! ,phrygian mode1 :i* is t]rible &  
furi\s2 & 9 affairs ( mir? & jollity1 or
 fav\r+ ( !  ,bac*analian1 !y adopt$ !  
olian1 :i* 0 sprightly & comic4  ,!     
,subphrygian mode1 0 appropriat$ to calm

 ! transports1 rais$  by ! ,phrygian2 & 
?us1 to produce o!r effects1 !y _h o!r  
modes ( melody4    ,,iii4 ,:e!r ^! modes
 ( ! anti5ts1 correspond$ ) !  diff]5t  
tones us$ by ! mod]ns1 is n cle>ly      
asc]ta9$4 ,"s  au?ors affirm !y d1 o!rs 
d\bt x4 ,i myself1 am incl9$ to  ?9k !y 
d n1 because ! div]sity ( our tones1 h n
 t  influ5ce to v>y ! passions1 :i* 0   
exp]i5c$ 9 ! diff]5t  modes ( ! anti5ts4
      ,,sect4 ,,ii4    ,,iv4 ,?us music1
 9 ^? remote ages1 0 divid$ betwe5 !    
temple  & ! !atre1 & 0 appli$           
promiscu\sly1 to wor%ip at !  alt>1 & to
 ! corruption ( mann]s4 ,b al?\gh ?is 0 
a  lam5table fall+-(f1 x 0 n ! greate/  
abuse :i* has be5  practis$ on ?is noble
 art1 ! accompli%m5t ( its p]v]sion  be+
 res]v$ = our times4 ,:5 ! alt]ation 9 !
 application  ( music1 :i* 0 employ$    
h]et(ore only 9 div9e wor%ip1 took      
place1 ! ,greeks made a v judici\s      
division & di/ribution (  x2 res]v+ to !
 temple1 t :i* 0 prop] = ! temple2 &    
giv+ to ! !atre1 t :i* 0 suitable to !  

!atre2 b  :at has be5 done 9 ^! latt]   
times8 ,n cont5t ) keep+  !atrical music
 = ! use ( ! !atre1 !y h translat$ x to 
! *ur*4    ,v4 ,! *ur* *ants ( ^! times1
 ) respect to _! =m &  mann]1 s\nd l !  
songs ( a jovial company sitt+ r\nd a   
table4 ,!y are all compos$ ( m9uets1    
recitatives1 light airs1 &  allegros2 at
 ! end ( :i*1 !y sub/itute some?+ :i* is
  call$ grave2 b ?is is done v sp>+ly1  
le/ x %\ld seem  tiresome & disgu/+4    
,:at c ?is mean8 ,%\ld n all ! music  9 
a *ur* be grave8 ,ought n ! :ole        
composition to be calculat$  to impress 
gravity1 devotion1 & dec5cy8 ,!         
in/rum5tal music is  ! same2 b :at      
effect c ^! ,can>y-birds airs1 s        
pr$om9ant  9 ! ta/e ( ! mod]ns1 produce 
9 ! s\l8 ,?is music1 s  replete ) jigs1 
t y c sc>ce f9d a piece )\t "o1 c  raise
 no o!r emotions 9 ! imag9ation1 ?an ^? 
( frolic &  levity4 ,he :o he>s on !    
organ1 ! same m9uet :i* he he>d at  !   
ball1 :at effect w x h on him8 ,no o!r1 
?an rem9d+ him  ( ! lady ) :om he danc$ 

! prec$+ night4 ,?us ! music1  :i* ought
 to translate ! _s ( him :o li/5s to x1 
f !  t]re/rial to ! cele/ial temple1    
conveys x f ! *ur* to !  banquet2 & !   
ideas rais$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p]son :o 
he>s ?is1 if ei!r f con/itution1 or     
vici\s habits1 he is ill  dispos$1 w n  
=sake him at ! *ur* door4    ,,vi4 ,o   
good ,god6 is ?is ! sort ( music1 :i*   
express$ f !  brea/ ( ! great ,au/91    
:ile he 0 /ill wav]+ betwe5 ,god &  !   
_w1 sighs ( compunction1 & te>s ( piety8
 ,oh h[ ,i wept1  said ! sa9t1 address+ 
himself to ,god 9 8 confessions1 mov$  &
 excit$1 by ! salut>y hymns & canticles 
( ?y *ur*6 ,^?  words & s\nds1 made a   
lively impression on my e>s1 & ?r\gh    
!m1 ?y tru?s p5etrat$ my m9d4 ,my he>t  
burn$ ) affection1  & my eyes melt$ 9   
te>s4 ,?is 0 ! effect ( ! *ur* music  ( 
^? times2 :i*1 l ! lyre ( ,david1       
expell$ ! evil  _s1 t _h n q =sak5 !    
possession ( ,/4 ,au/91 &  invok$ ! good
 "o2 ! music ( ^! times expels ! good   
"o1  if su* resides1 & invites ! evil   

"o4 ,! ecclesia/ical *ant  ( ^? days1 0 
l ! s\nd ( ! trumpets ( ,jo%ua1 :i*     
?rew d[n ! walls ( ,j]i*o1 t is1 !      
passions :i* =tify  ! /rong t[n ( ,vice4
 ,! *ant ( ! pres5t times1 resembles !  
songs ( ! ,syr5s1 :i* lead navigators on
 rocks & %oals4      ,,sect4 ,,iii4     
,,vii4 ,h[ mu* bett] 0 ! *ur* ) ! pla9  
*ant1 ! only "o  kn[n 9 x = _m ages1 &  
:i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 compos$  by ! monks (
 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 :o 7 ! greate/ ma/]s 9 !  
_w at t "t1 among :om1 %\ld be fir/     
reckon$ ,gregory !  ,great1 & !         
celebrat$ ,guido ,aret9us2 aft] !m came 
,john ,murs1  a doctor ( ! ,sorbonne1 :o
 inv5t$ ! notes1 :i* m>k !  v>i\s       
duration ( ! po9ts2 & truly1 !          
simplicity ( t  *ant1 0 n defici5t 9    
melodies1 capable ( mov+ ! passions1  & 
sweetly susp5d+ ! he>]s4 ,! compositions
 ( ,guido ,aret9us  7 reckon$ s pa!tic1 
t c>d9al ,b>onius tells u1 t1 9  ! ye>  
#ajbb1 pope ,gregory ,,viii4 s5t = him f
 8 conv5t (  ,arezzo1 & w\ld n let him  
dep>t 8 pres5ce1 till he _h taught  him 

to s+ a %ort v]se ( 8 ,antiphon>io4 ,?is
 0 ! p]son :o  inv5t$ ! mod]n sy/em (   
music1 or artificial progression1 :i*   
is n[ us$1 & call$ ! scale ( ,guido     
,aret9us4 ,he also contriv$  ! h>moni\s 
comb9ation ( voices1 9 diff]5t tones2   
:i* art1  0 9 all probability kn[n to ! 
anti5ts1 b all traces ( x 7  !n lo/4    
,,viii4 ,! pla9 *ant1 execut$ ) prop]   
pauses1 has a peculi>  excell5ce = ! use
 ( *ur*es1 :i* is1 t be+ incapable  (   
excit+ su* affections z are rais$ by    
!atrical music1 x  necess>ily foll[s1 t 
x mu/ be ! be/ adapt$ to induce su*  z  
are prop] = ! *ur*4 ,:o1 by ! sonor\s   
maje/y ( !  hymn ,vexilla ,regis1 by !  
fe/ive gravity ( ! ,pange ,l+ua1  by !  
m\rnful t5d]ness ( ! ,invitatorio de    
,difuntos1 w\ld  n feel himself excit$  
to v5]ation1 devotion1 & contrition8 ,we
  he> ^! *ants e day1 not)/&+ :i*1 !y   
always seem  pleas+2 :5 at ! same "t1   
aft] half a doz5 repetitions1 mod]n     
compositions gr[ tiresome & unsav\ry to 
u4    ,,ix4 ,i w\ld n h[ev]1 on ?is     

acc\nt1 qu>rel ) ! figur$1  or1 z x is  
commonly call$1 ! organ *ant2 z ,i am   
s5sible1 x  has great advantages ov] !  
pla92 because x pres]ves & m>ks  !      
acc5ts on ! words1 :i* 9 ! pla9 *ant is 
impossible2 &  because ! diff]5t        
duration ( ! po9ts1 produce to ! e> t   
agreeable effect1 :i* is caus$ to !     
sight1 by a well-proportion$  inequality
 ( col\rs4 ,x is only ! abuse t has be5 
introduc$ 9  ! organ *ant1 :i* makes me 
pref] ! pla9 "o2 & am 9 ?is  respect1 l 
a man :o anxi\sly covets pla9 food1 &   
avoids !  m delicate1 :5 he kn[s x is   
corrupt$4      ,,sect4 ,,iv4    ,x4 ,:at
 good-dispos$ e>s c1 9 sacr$ *ants1     
endure ^? enorm\s  breaks1 & lascivi\s  
inflections1 :i* (f5d aga9/ ! rules (   
dec5cy1 & are contr>y to ^? ( music8 ,i 
speak ( ^? flights  & w&]+s1 :i* seem z 
if !y _h be5 /udi$1 & :i*  ! voice takes
 by /ray+ f ! subject ( ! melody2 ( ^?  
langui%+ falls f "o po9t to ano!r1 t run
 n only ?r\gh  ! semi-tone1 b also ?r\gh
 all ! int]m$iate comas1 & are          

transitions1 :i* are n conta9$ 9 art1   
nor does ,nature all[ !m4    ,,xi4      
,exp]i5ce %ews1 t ! *anges :i* ! voice  
makes 9 !  *ant1 by runn+ ?r\gh small   
int]vals 7su* passages conta9+  9       
!mselves a degree ( effem9ate s(tness1  
if n a lascivi\s  t5d5cy71 are apt to   
produce 9 ! m9ds ( he>]s1 an effect1    
correspond5t to su* sort ( ideas1 &     
impress on ! fancy c]ta9  confus$       
images1 :i* repres5t no?+ good4 ,on ?is 
acc\nt1 _m  ( ! anti5ts1 & p>ticul>ly ! 
,lac$monians1 reprobat$ z  p]nici\s to  
y\?1 ! sort ( music call$ ,*romatic1 :i*
 by !  introduction ( ,b-flatts1 &      
so/5utos1 divides ! octave into  small] 
int]vals ?an ! natural ones4 ,he> :at   
,cic]o says ( ?is3  ,*romaticum cr$itur 
repudiatum pridem fuisse g5us1 quod     
adolesc5tum  remolesccr5t eo g5]e animi2
 ,lac$mones improbasse f]5tur4 7,lib4   
#a4 ,tuscul4 ,qu/47 ,x may be suppos$1  
!y w\ld h f\nd m  reason = prohibit+ !  
,enh>monic also2 :i*1 by ! addition (  m
 flats & so/5utos1 & by be+ jo9$ to !   

two o!r sorts1  ! ,diatonic & ,*romatic1
 :i* mu/ necess>ily prec$e x1 &  by mak+
 ! int]val less /ill1 divides ! octave  
into a great]  numb] ( po9ts3 9         
consequ5ce ( :i* comb9ation 7! voice1 by
  sometimes deviat+ f ! natural po9t1   
?r\gh spaces :i* are  yet %ort]1 t is to
 say1 ! m9or semi-tones7 !re results a  
music1 m s(t & effem9ate ?an !          
,*romatic4    ,,xii4 ,is x n mu* to be  
lam5t$1 t ! ,*ri/ians don't use !  same 
precaution ! anti5ts did1 to prev5t     
music f p]v]t+ !  mann]s ( y\?8 ,b we   
are s f> f do+ ?is1 t already no  music 
is all[$ to be good1 9 :i* !re is n     
introduc$ at e  turn1 bo? 9 ! human     
voice1 & 9 ! in/rum5ts1 po9ts1 :i*  !y  
call =eign1 & :i* pass ?r\gh all p>ts ( 
! diapason1  f ! natural po9t to !      
accid5tal "o2 & ?is is ! mode4  ,!re is 
no d\bt b ^! transitions1 manag$ )      
mod]ation1  art & g5ius1 produce an     
admirable effect2 because !y m>k !      
expression ( ! words ) m vivacity & _s1 
?an ! pure  diatonic progressions2 & !re

 results f s contriv+ ?+s1  a m delicate
 & expressive music4 ,b ! compos]s :o   
are  capable ( do+ ?is1 are v few1 & ^? 
few are ! occasion  ( an inf9ite numb] (
 o!rs los+ & expos+ !mselves2 :o1  by   
endeav\r+ to imitate !m1 = want ( tal5ts
 & address to  manage ! bus9ess1 fail 9 
! attempt1 & =m ) _! =eign              
introductions1 a ridicul\s music1 :i*   
sometimes is insipid1 & at  o!rs h>%2 & 
:5 !y mi/ake ! lea/1 !re results f _!   
lab\rs1 an unmean+ s(tness1 & lascivi\s 
delicacy1 :i* has no  good effect on !  
m9d1 because !re is no expression 9 x1  
capable  ( excit+ any noble emotion4    
,if1 not)/&+ all t is object$  to x1    
compos]s are desir\s su* music %\ld g   
d[n1 because x is  ! fa%ion1 let !m     
apply x to ! use ( ! !atres & conc]t    
rooms2 b don't let !m introduce x into !
 *ur*es1 z fa%ions  7 nev] contriv$ or  
calculat$ = !m2 & if ! div9e (fices  d n
 admit ( *ange ( modes1 ei!r 9 ve/m5ts  
or rites1 :y  %\ld !y be admitt$ 9      
musical compositions8    ,,xiii4 ,! case

 is1 t ?is *ange ( modes1 conta9s at !  
bottom  a c]ta9 v5om1 :i* ,cic]o gives  
an admirable description (2  = he       
rem>ks1 t 9 ,greece1 ) ! same pace      
mann]s decl9$  t[>ds corruption1 music  
decl9$ f its anti5t maje/y1 t[>ds  an   
affect$ s(tness2 ei!r because an        
effem9ate music corrupt$  ! integrity ( 
m5's m9ds1 or because a vitiat$ &       
deprav$ music  debau*es _! ta/e1 &      
incl9es !m to reli% ^? ba/>d  melodies1 
:i*1 z symbols (1 are be/ suit$ to _!   
p]v]t$  mann]s3 ,civitatumque hoc       
mult>um 9 ,grcia int]fuit1 antiquum     
vocum s]v>e modum3 qu>um mores lapsi1 ad
 mollitiem p>it] sunt  immutati 9       
cantibus2 aut hac dulc$9e1 corruptelaque
 depraviti1 ut  quidam putant3 aut cum  
sev]itas morum ob olia vitia cecidisset1
 tum  fuit 9 auribus1 animisque mutatis 
etiam huic mutationi locus4 7,lib4  #b4 
de ,legibus47 ,s t ! ta/e = ?is         
effem9ate music1 is !  effect or cause (
 "s relaxation 9 ! m9d4 ,i w\ld n h[ev] 
be  und]/ood to say1 t all ^? :o h a    

ta/e = su* music1 are  ta9t$ ) ?is      
defect4 ,_m ( /rict & incorruptible     
virtue1 :om  no vitiat$ music c w>p1    
seem to approve x2 b !y 9 g5]al d  ?is1 
because !y he> x is ! fa%ion3 & ev5 _m1 
?\gh 9  reality !y d n reli% x1 are l$  
to say !y d1 only because  !y w\ld n be 
look$ ^u z p w$d$ to1 & prejudic$ 9     
fav\r ( antiquat$ cu/oms1 & z p]sons1 :o
 are n possess$ (  faculties1 capable ( 
reli%+ ! f9e ta/e ( ! mod]ns4           
,,sect4 ,v4    ,,xiv4 ,i am ready h[ev] 
to confess1 t !re h lately be5  publi%$ 
"s excell5t compositions1 bo? ) respect 
to !  pleas+ elegance ( _! ta/e1 & !    
subtilty ( ! art display$  9 !m2 b by   
way ( contra/ to ^!1 :i* are v r>e1 an  
innum]able quantity ( o!rs h be5        
produc$1 t to ! e>s are  insuff]able4   
,?is arises1 p>tly f p und]tak+ to      
compose1  :o are n capable ( do+ x2 &   
p>tly f ord9>y compos]s  pret5d+ to take
 lic5ces1 :i* %\ld only be attempt$ by  
great  ma/]s4    ,,xv4 ,x f>es ) music  
at ?is "t1 z x f>es ) surg]y4 ,9 !  same

 mann]1 t e blood lett] ( middl+        
ability1 takes ^u  him ! "n & occupation
 ( a surgeon1 e organi/ & viol9  play]1 
( reasonable dext]ity1 sets himself up =
 a compos]4 ,?is  !y c d1 ) little      
difficulty or lab\r1 = !y h only to  get
 by he>t1 ! g5]al rules ( consonance &  
dissonance2 & !n1  f ! numb]less        
manuscripts1 or pr9t$ viol9 sonatas )   
:i*  ! _w ab\nds1 take ! fir/ light air 
:i* occurs1 or seems  pleas+ to !m1 &   
apply ! tone ( t air to ! words2 &  z ! 
voice proce$s1 !y1 by ^? g5]al rules1 g 
on cov]+  x ) a dry accompanym5t1 :i*   
conta9s nei!r imitation nor  excell5ce2 
& betwe5 ! pauses ( ! voice1 !y may     
introduce  a bur/ ( viol9s = t5 or a    
doz5 b>s1 m or less1 provid$  t is !    
/ile ( ! sonata f :5ce !y made ! !ft4   
,if  !y w\ld cont5t !mselves ) do+ no m 
?an ?is1 we might  be br\ght to endure  
_! productions3 b ! wor/ ( ! evil  is1 t
 f an affectation ( be+ ?\ght sup]ior to
 trivial  composition1 !y introduce     
false concords1 )\t prep>+1 or be+  able

 to resolve !m1 & by t means1 make      
t]rible blemi%es1  & commit faults1 t   
are inexcusable2 & because also1 !y see 
"s illu/ri\s compos]s1 disp5se ) !      
common rules1 & take  lib]ties1 su* z   
writ+ two-fif?s1 or two octaves         
imm$iately  foll[+ ea* o!r1 :i* !y d    
only = ! sake ( introduc+  a good       
passage1 or to atta9 "s excell5ce (     
h>mony1 & :i*1  )\t tak+ su* a lib]ty1  
!y c\ld n h effect$3 &  al?\gh ^! nev]  
take su* a latitude1 b "u p>ticul>      
circum/ances1 & subject to c]ta9        
limitations2 ! o!rs h !  audacity to    
attempt x1 out ( "t1 & :5 x c answ] no  
purpose  :atev]2 by :i* means1 !y are   
?r[n to ! gr\nd ) su*  viol5ce1 t !     
/roke ( _! fall is %ock+ to ! e>4       
,,xvi4 ,middl+ compos]s1 al?\gh1 by     
endeav\r+ to tread 9 !  /eps ( !        
excell5t ones1 !y d n fall into su*     
gross errors1  g5]ally =m a music1 :i*  
at "s times is lifeless1 & at o!rs      
turgid4 ,?is is occasion$ by _!         
introduc+ accid5tals1 &  *ang+ ! keys 9 

! same piece2 :i* me?od1 if practis$ by 
great ma/]s1 :o us$ x seasonably &      
opportunely1 n only gives a  great]     
sweetness to ! music1 b communicates to 
! words1 a m  /rik+ impression1 ?an !y (
 !mselves1 )\t ?is assi/ance1  c\ld     
convey or produce4 ,"s /rang]s _h a     
happy tal5t at do+  ?is2 b no "o        
und]/ood x bett]1 ?an our ,don ,antonio 
de ,lit]es1  a compos] ( ! fir/ rate1 & 
:o is p]haps ! only "o1 :o  kn[s h[ to  
unite all ! maje/y & sweetness ( !      
anti5t music1  ) ! bu/le & hurry ( !    
mod]n2 b 9 ! managem5t (  ! accid5tal   
po9ts1 he has a s+ul> address1 = almo/ e
  "t he introduces !m1 !y give an en]gy 
to ! music1 :i* is  correspond5t to1 &  
/r5g!ns ! signification ( ! words !y    
fall on4 ,to d ?is1 requires bo? g5ius &
 sci5ce1 b mu* m  g5ius ?an sci5ce4 ,f  
?is defici5cy 9 po9t ( g5ius1 we f9d    
ma/]s 9 ,spa91 ( great k & compreh5sion1
 :o 7  n s happy z to succe$ 9 ?is way2 
s t1 al?\gh 9 _!  compositions we admire
 ! subtilty ( _! art1 _! works d n      

obta9 ! approbation ( our e>s4          
,,xvii4 ,^? :o are unassi/$ by g5ius1 & 
:o1 on ! o!r h&1  d n possess m ?an a   
mod]ate k ( music1 make false           
concordances1 introduce accid5tals1 &   
*ange ! keys1 because do+  s is !       
fa%ion2 & because !y are fond ( hav+ x  
?\ght1 !y  "k h[ to manufacture ^! sort 
( airs2 al?\gh1 9 reality1 !y  seldom   
produce any air at all2 & not)/&+ _!    
compositions  are con=mable to ! common 
rules1 /ill !y are unsav\ry1 &          
disagreeable2 & :5 !y are p]=m$ 9 !     
*ur*1 in/ead (  produc+ t sweet calm1 & 
inw>d composure :i* are requisite to    
devotion1 !y excite p]turbations 9 !    
he>ts ( ! he>]s4    ,,xviii4 ,betwe5 !  
fir/ & second ( ^!1 !re comes 9 ano!r   
sort ( compos]s1 :o1 ?\gh 9 po9t (      
abilities1 are above  m$iocrity1 !y =   
sacr$ compositions are ! wor/ ( all4 ,^!
  are !y1 :o sport )1 & run ! *anges1 ^u
 all ! delicacies  music is capable (2 b
 dispose !m 9 su* a mann]1 t ! melody   
produc$1 has ! s\nd ( pantomime airs4   

,all ! irregul>ities  !y practise1 ei!r 
9 false concordances1 or accid5tals1 are
  introduc$ z graces1 b graces v diff]5t
 f ^? recomm5d$  by ,/4 ,paul 9 8       
,epi/le to ! ,colossians3 ,+ratia       
cantantes 9  cordibus ve/ris ,deo3      
in/ead ( su*2 !y are graces ( bant]1 &  
h>monies ( indec5cy2 & are a sort (     
passages1 ! be/ ( :i*1  ! musicians     
!mselves call *ildi% & api%4 ,are su*   
prop] =  ! *ur*8 ,let !m1 9 ,god's "n1  
be s5t to ! c\rts ( !  com$ies1 & !     
halls ( ! dance4 ,b is x n an impi\s    
abuse1  to introduce into ! h\se ( ,god1
 ?+s :i* are trifl+1 api%  & indec5t8 ,&
 is n ! bl5d+ !m ) div9e wor%ip1 an     
abom9able error8    ,,xix4 ,is n ?is    
attempt+ to bani% f music1 all enliv5+  
*e>fulness1 except t :i* sav\rs ( !     
pu]ile & buffoon8  ,music may be        
exce$+ly *e>ful1 & at ! same "t1        
impregnat$  ) a maje/ic gravity1 capable
 ( excit+ 9 ! he>]s1 affections  (      
respect & devotion3 or1 to speak m      
prop]ly1 ! mo/ *e>ful  & delectable     

music ( all1 is t :i* induces a sweet   
tranquillity  9 ! s\l2 collect+ x )9    
itself1 & let u say1 elevat+ x  ) a k9d 
( extatic rapture1 sup]ior to ! body x  
is atta*$ to2  t ! m9d may take a       
flight1 t[>ds ! mansions ( bliss1 &     
contemplate div9e ?+s 9 a ne>] po9t (   
view4 ,?is is ! sort  ( *e>ful music1   
:i* ,/4 ,au/9 approv$ z useful 9 *ur*es1
  & :i* he treat$ ,/4 ,a?anasius )      
excessive sev]ity = hav+  object$ to2   
because its prop] effect1 is elevat+ ^? 
he>ts to  noble affections1 :i* are     
oppress$ & weigh$ d[n ) e>?ly           
incl9ations3 ,ut p] hc oblectam5ta      
aurium infirmior animus 9  affectum     
pietatis assurgat4 7,lib4 #aj4 ,confess4
 cap4 #cb47    ,,xx4 ,x is true1 t !    
ma/]s capable ( =m+ ?is noble k9d  (    
melody1 are v few2 b ^? :o c't atta9 ?is
 degree (  p]fection1 %\ld cont5t       
!mselves ) do+ some?+ less2 tak+  c>e   
h[ev]1 t _! compositions %\ld t5d to    
excite su*  dispositions1 z are suitable
 to div9e (fices2 or at lea/ be+        

c>eful1 t !y %\ld n conduce to promote  
incl9ations ( an  opposite nature2 & at 
all ev5ts1 al?\gh x %\ld be at ! haz>d  
( disoblig+ ! multitude1 to %un ^?      
skitti% sort ( airs1  :i* h a c]ta9     
occult relation to =bidd5 affections2 b 
(  ! two evils into :i* *ur* music is 9 
dang] ( fall+1 t (  its be+ (f5sive to !
 e>s1 is a less mis*ief1 ?an t ( its    
be+ an inc5tive to vice4    ,,xxi4 ,!   
p[] ( music to /ir ! passions1 & raise 9
 ! m9ds  ( m51 dispositions to virtue or
 vice1 is v well kn[n4 ,x is  relat$ (  
,py?agoras1 t1 hav+ by music adapt$ to  
produce su* an  effect1 inflam$ ! he>t (
 a c]ta9 y\? to a di%on\rable am\r1  he 
aft]w>ds1 by *ang+ ! tone1 r$uc$ him to 
! dom9ion (  cont95ce4 ,x is also relat$
 ( ,timo!us1 a musician ( ,alex&]  !    
,great1 t he c\ld irritate ! m>tial fury
 ( t pr9ce to  su* a degree1 t he w\ld  
seize on 8 arms1 & put himself 9  an    
attitude1 z if 8 enemies 7 9 front1 & he
 on ! po9t (  *>g+ !m4 ,?is effect1     
h[ev]1 0 ! less surpris+1 because  !    

natural disposition ( ! pr9ce1 conspir$ 
to assi/ ! skill  ( ! arti/4 ,"s add1 t 
aft] hav+ enrag$1 he calm$ him2 &  caus$
 ,alex&]1 :o nev] turn$ 8 back on any   
dang]1 to become a  fugitive f 8 own    
rage4 ,b :at is told ( ! p[] ( ano!r    
musician1 :i* 0 ex]cis$ on ,h5ry ,,ii4  
,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 call$ !  ,good1 is m      
extraord9>y ?an all ?is2 = x is said1 t 
by a  movem5t & t\*1 calculat$ to excite
 *ol]1 he inflam$ ! rage  ( t pr9ce to  
su* a degree1 t he fell ^u1 & put to    
dea?1  ?ree or f\r ( 8 dome/ics1 & w\ld 
h c>ri$ ! havoc &  deva/ation /ill      
fur!r1 if he _h n be5 re/ra9$ by        
viol5ce4  ,?is 0 ! m wond]ful1 because !
 k+'s natural disposition1  0 g5tle &   
peaceable4    ,,xxii4 ,i don't imag9e ! 
musicians ( ^! times c p]=m su*         
miracles1 nei!r p]haps did ! anti5t     
ones2 = ^! hi/ories  are n extract$ f   
,holy ,writ4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta91 t music1
  accord+ z ! melody is v>i$1 induces 9 
! m9d a v>iety (  dispositions1 "s good1
 o!rs bad4 ,) "o we f9d ourselves mov$  

to sorr[1 ) ano!r to mir?2 ) "o to      
clem5cy1 ) ano!r to  blood2 ) "o to     
=titude1 ) ano!r to pusillanimity2 & s  
on  ) respect to o!r incl9ations4       
,,xxiii4 ,!re is no d\bt ( ! ju/ness (  
?is rem>k2 nei!r is  !re any1 t a ma/]1 
:o composes = ! *ur*1 %\ld dispose  !   
music 9 su* a way1 & write x 9 su* a    
/ile1 z is be/  calculat$ to promote !  
spiritual welf>e ( s\ls2 & to su/a9  !  
maje/y1 decorum1 & solemnity ( div9e    
wor%ip4 ,/4 ,?omas1  t\*+ ^u ?is po9t1  
says1 ! *ant 0 a salut>y in/itution  9 !
 *ur*1 because x excit$ sickly s\ls1 t  
is1 su* z 7  weak 9 _s1 to devotion4 ,b1
 alas6 :at w\ld ! sa9t say1 if  he 0 to 
he> 9 ! *ur* "s ( ! airs ( ^! times1    
:i*1  s f> f =tify+ ! sick1 enfeeble !  
heal?y2 :i*1 in/ead  ( promot+ devotion 
9 ! brea/1 bani% x f ! s\l2 &  in/ead ( 
elevat+ ! m9d to pi\s reflections1 br+  
to ! memory  =bidd5 ?+s8 ,i repeat x    
aga91 t x is an obligation on           
musicians1 & a v s]i\s "o1 to correct   
?is abuse4    ,,xxiv4 ,truly1 :5 ,i     

reflect on ! s]i\s turn ( m9d = :i*     
,spani>ds h]et(ore 7 rem>kable1 ,i c't  
help be+ /ruck  ) amazem5t1 to f9d at   
pres5t1 t we c reli% no o!r b           
puppet-%ew music4 ,?is looks z if !     
celebrat$ ,spani% gravity1 0  r$uc$ to  
no?+ m1 ?an /alk+ /iff & erect up & d[n 
!  /reet4 ,! ,italians1 by means ( !    
false flatt]+ ins9uation1  t music has  
be5 improv$ ( late days1 h made u !     
slaves (  _! ta/e4 ,i1 = my own "p1     
believe :at !y call improvem5t1 to  be  
ru9 & de/ruction1 or some?+ v ne> x4    
,all intellectual  arts1 ( ^:           
excell5cies1 ! und]/&+ & ! ta/e1 cloa!d 
) an equal degree ( au?ority are judges1
 h _! po9ts1 or  z5i? ( p]fection1 :i*  
:5 !y are once arriv$ at1 he :o         
attempts to advance !m1 commonly        
occasions _! decl9e1 & puts  !m 9 a     
tra91 :i* leads to _! de/ruction4       
,,xxv4 ,x w p]haps1 ) respect to !      
sci5ce ( music1 happ5  to ,italy v soon1
 if x has n happ5$ !re already1 j z  x  
happ5$ to x ) reg>d to ! ,lat9 language1

 oratory1 &  poetry4 ,^! faculties1 9 ! 
age ( ,augu/us1 arriv$ to t /ate  (     
propriety1 beauty1 elegance1 & natural  
en]gy1 9 :i* _!  true p]fection consi/$4
 ,^? :o succe$$ to t age1 pret5d$1  by !
 viol5t introduction ( improp] ornam5ts1
 to ref9e !m2  by do+ :i*1 !y           
precipitat$ !m f ,nature to affectation1
  & f !nce !y aft]w>ds fell into        
b>b>ism4 ,! poets :o  succe$$ ,virgil1 &
 ! orators :o succe$$ ,cic]o1 7 ?or\ghly
  p]suad$ 9 !mselves1 t !y _h giv5 new  
graces1 & new  excell5cies to ! two     
arts2 b ! ke5 ,petronius ,arbit]1 aft]  
upbraid+ !m ) _! ridicul\s & pomp\s     
affectation1 told  !m v pla9ly1 :at 9   
reality !y _h done3 ,vos primi omnium   
eloqu5tiam p]didi/is4      ,,sect4      
,,vii4    ,,xxvi4 ,to see :e!r ! music (
 ^! times suff]s ! same  %ipwreck1 :i* !
 be=e-nam$ sci5ces und]w5t2 let u       
exam9e1  9 :at ! music1 :i* is n[       
practis$1 diff]s f t ( !  antec$5t age4 
,! fir/ & mo/ rem>kable di/9ction :i*   
occurs1  is ! dim9ution ( ! figures4 ,! 

%orte/ po9ts :i* 7  =m]ly kn[n1 7       
demi-semi quav]s2 & ) !m1 x 0 imag9$1   
!y _h giv5 to ! execution ( ! *ant1 & ! 
in/rum5ts1 z  great a degree ( velocity1
 z )\t do+ viol5ce to bo?1 !y  7 capable
 ( atta9+4 ,?is did n seem suffici5t1 & 
a little  :ile aft]w>ds1 !y inv5t$      
divid+ ! demi-semi quav]s into  ?irds1  
by :i* means1 ! movem5t became "o "p 9  
?ree quick]  ?an x 0 be=e4 ,!           
extravagance ( compos]s did n /op "h1  =
 !y d\bl$ ! demi-semi quav]s1 & made a  
movem5t1 t1 =  its rapidity1 seems to h 
gone beyond ! rea* ( imag9ation1 :i*  c 
sc>ce conceive1 h[ x is possible1 9 !   
compass ( a b>1 to  articulate or       
express sixty-f\r po9ts4 ,i don't "k    
:e!r be=e  ?is age1 any d\ble demi-semi 
quav]s ev] appe>$ figur$ 9 any          
composition2 except x 0 9 ! song ( !    
,risu5or1 :i* fa!r  ,kir*]1 9 ! middle (
 ! la/ c5tury1 caus$ to be pr9t$1 9  !  
fir/ book ( 8 ,musurgia ,univ]salis2 &  
,i am ev5 incl9$  to ?9k1 t solfa sav\rs
 ( ! hyp]bolic2 = x is n easy to        

p]suade me1 t t bird1 ) all 8 agility & 
flexibility (  ?roat1 c\ld articulate   
sixty-f\r po9ts1 9 ! space ( rais+ &    
fall+ ! h&1 )9 ! compass ( regul> "t4   
,,xxvii4 ,i n[ say1 ?is dim9ution (     
figures1 in/ead ( p]fection+  music1    
entirely spoils & ru9s x2 = two reasons3
 ! fir/ is1  t x w be v difficult to f9d
 a p]son1 :o ei!r )  ! voice1 or an     
in/rum5t1 is capable ( execut+ po9ts (  
su*  velocity4 ,! be=e-cit$ fa!r ,kir*]1
 says1 t hav+ made "s  compositions :i* 
7 out ( ! common track1 & ( difficult   
execution1 7?\gh ,i believe !y 7 n s    
difficult z ^? :i*  are n[ ! fa%ion7 he 
c\ld n f9d 9 all ,rome1 a s+] capable  (
 p]=m+ !m4 ,h[ !n c y expect to f9d 9 e 
prov9ce1  & 9 e ca!dral1 in/rum5tal     
p]=m]s & s+]s1 :o1 9  exact "t1 & ) !   
due intonation1 are capable ( execut+ ^!
  exce$+ m9ute figures2 & to ?is        
difficulty1 we may likewise add1  t ( ! 
_m extravagant flights & jumps1 :i* at  
pres5t are  ! fa%ion also4 ,to          
articulate su* a solfa1 requires a ?roat

 (  prodigi\s volubility2 & to express  
su* music on an in/rum5t1  dem&s        
admirable agility1 & dext]ity ( h&2 &1  
!re=e1 su*  compositions are only fit = 
"o or two v s+ul> executioni/s1  :i* may
 be f\nd 9 ?is or t p>ticul> c\rt2 b !y 
%\ld  n be pr9t$ = ! use ( ! _w at l>ge2
 = ! same s+]1  :o1 ) a natural & easy  
solfa1 w\ld give pleasure to ! he>]s1   
w\ld1 by attempt+ ^! difficult passages1
 di/ract !m2 & f  ! same h&1 by :i* a   
sonata1 ( easy execution1 w\ld s\nd     
delightsome & sweet1 "o ( ardu\s        
difficulty w\ld s\nd l !  talk+ (       
gibb]i%4    ,,xxiv4 ,! second reason :y 
?is dim9ution ( figures de/roys music1  
is because x does n give space = ! e> to
 p]ceive melody4 ,z  ! delight ! eye    
receives by a well-dispos$ v>iety (     
col\rs1  c\ld n be atta9$1 if ea* 0 to  
pass ! sight ) s quick a  motion1 t x   
c\ld sc>ce make a di/9ct impression on !
 organ1  & x is ! same ) all sorts (    
visible objects2 j s1 if !  po9ts into  
:i* music is divid$ are ( s %ort a      

duration1 z to  be incapable ( act+     
di/9ctly on ! e>1 ?is organ1 w\ld n     
p]ceive h>mony b confusion4 ,fur!r1 ?is 
second inconv5i5ce1  l ! re/1 is        
increas$ by ! abuse1 :i*1 9 _! practice 
is committ$ by in/rum5tal p]=m]s2 :o1   
al?\gh !y are b  sl[ or indiff]5t h&s1  
g5]ally make o/5tation ( play+ )  great 
velocity2 & commonly /rive to execute ! 
sonata1 ) m  rapidity ?an ! compos]     
int5d$1 or ?an ! "* ( !  music requires4
 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t by a defect 9 ! mo/
  ess5tial "p ( ! execution1 :i* is     
precision & exactness1  ! music loses   
its true & prop] g5ius2 & ! by-/&]s he> 
no?+ b a confus$ clatt]4 ,let e "o !n   
pursue ! mode1  :i* is suitable to 8    
tal5ts & abilities2 = if he1 :o is      
heavy & sl[ ( foot1 endeav\rs to run z  
fa/ z him :o is light  & nimble1 8 :ole 
c>e] w be no?+ b /umbles3 & if he1  :o c
 only run1 attempts to fly1 he w soon   
fall1 & da% himself  to pieces4         
,,xxix4 ,! second di/9ction betwe5      
anti5t & mod]n music1 consi/s  9 !      

frequ5cy & excess ( transitions 9 ?is   
la/1 f !  diatonic to ! *romatic &      
enh>monic /ile2 & 9 (t5 *ang+  ! tones1 
by ! introduction ( so/5utos & ,b flats4
 ,?is1 z ,i  obs]v$ be=e1 has a good    
effect1 if x is done ) mod]ation &      
opportunely4 ,b ! ,italians ( ?is day1  
run to su* an extravagant  excess ) ^!  
transitions1 t !y =ce h>mony (f its     
h+es4  ,:oev] has any difficulty (      
believ+ ?is1 let him1 free f  prejudice 
or p>tiality1 consult 8 own e>s1 :5ev]  
he he>s any (  ^? sonatas or *ants p]=m$
 :i* ab\nd mu* 9 accid5tals4    ,,xxx4  
,! ?ird di/9ction consi/s 9 ! lib]ty :i*
 compos]s at  pres5t take1 ( mix+ 9 _!  
music1 all sorts ( modulations t  occur 
to !m2 )\t conf9+ !mselves1 ei!r to     
imitation or  !me4 ,! pleasure p]ceiv$  
by ?is music1 :i* ,i w take !  lib]ty ( 
call+ loose & di%evell$1 is va/ly       
inf]ior to !  enjoym5t af=d$ by t       
beautiful regul>ity & contrivance1 )    
:i* ! ma/]s ( ! la/ age1 introduc$ a    
pleas+ v>iety into  a passage2 &        

especially1 :5 ! music 0 calculat$ = f\r
  voices4 ,/rang]s are s5sible ( ! high 
value ( su* compositions2  nor are      
excell5t ones ( ?is species want+ 9 o!r 
c\ntries2 b  compos]s 9 g5]al1 avoid    
writ+ 9 ?is /ile1 because ! do+ x  well1
 dem&s m lab\r & /udy1 ?an !y are       
commonly dispos$  to take2 s t if n[ &  
!n !y introduce1 & beg9 pursu+  a       
passage1 !y quickly leave x1 & give a   
loose to _! fancy1  lett+ x run :]e x   
lifts4 ,/rang]s1 :o come to ,spa91 are =
  ! mo/ "p m]e executioni/s1 & !re=e n  
capable ( =m+  ?is k9d ( music2 because 
x requires m sci5tific k1 ?an  !y are   
g5]ally ma/]s (2 & !re=e1 to conceal t  
!y are  defici5t 9 po9t ( ability1 !y   
endeav\r to p]suade p1 !  me?od ( pursu+
 passages is out ( fa%ion4      ,,sect4 
,,viii4    ,,xxxi4 ,?is is ! species (  
music1 ) :i* ! ,italians1 by !  h& ( _! 
belov$ ma/] ,duron1 h regal$ u2 = he 0 !
  man1 :o fir/ introduc$ =eign modes    
into ! music ( ,spa94 ,x is  true1 t    
s9ce 8 "t1 ^! modes h be5 s ref9$1 t if 

,duron c\ld n[ rise f 8 grave1 he w\ld n
 "k !m2 b /ill1  ! blame ( all ^!       
novelties is imputable to him1 = he 0 ! 
fir/ :o op5$ ! door = _! introduction4  
,virgil's description  ( ! w9ds1 may be 
appli$ to ! airs ( ! ,italian music4    
,qua data porta ruunt1  t]ras turb9e    
p]flant4    ,) reg>d to ! sci5ce (      
music1 we see v]ifi$ 9 ! ,spani>ds1  )  
respect to ! ,italians1 t easy          
condesc5sion 9 admitt+  novelties1 :i*  
,pl9y lam5t$ 9 ! ,italians !mselves1 )  
respect to ! ,greeks3 ,mutatur quotidie 
ars int]polis1  +5iorum  ,grci flatu    
impellimur4    ,,xxxii4 ,) all ?is1 we  
are n )\t able compos]s 9 ,spa91 :o  h n
 totally fall5 9 ) ! fa%ion1 or :o      
jo9tly1 )  con=m+ to x1 & judici\sly    
comb9+ ! anti5t & mod]n  toge!r1 h wrote
 "s valuable & delectable pieces (      
grammatical  music2 9 :i*1 ! sweetness &
 maje/y ( ! old compositions  has be5   
pres]v$4 ,speak+ ( ?is1 br+s afre% to my
 memory1 !  sav\ry & luxuriant ,lit]es2 
& ,i c't help m5tion+ him a second  "t1 

= he is a compos] truly orig9al4 ,a "* (
 elevat$  sweetness1 :i* is prop] &     
natural to him1 is respl5d5t 9 all  8   
works1 & :i* nev] =sakes him1 ev5 :5 he 
sets words to  music1 on amor\s or      
pr(ane subjects3 s t ev5 9 songs ( love1
  or comic gallantry1 he pres]ves a k9d 
( sublimity1 :i* c only  t\*1 or be felt
 by ! sup]ior "p ( ! s\l2 ?is he manages
  ) su* address1 t he awakes t5d]ness1 &
 at ! same "t  lulls lu/ to sleep4 ,i   
w\ld h ?is compos] always employ$ 9     
writ+ = sacr$ subjects3 because ! g5ius 
( 8 compositions1  is bett] calculat$ to
 inspire cele/ial affections1 ?an to    
fom5t  e>?ly am\rs4 ,if "s ( 8 music1 is
 less impregnat$ ) t  tumultu\s air &   
clatt]1 = :i* ! works ( _m o!r au?ors   
are admir$3 x1 = t v reason1 is1 9 my   
op9ion1 bett]  calculat$ = ! use (      
*ur*es2 because music 9 !m1 dem&s a     
s]i\s gravity1 :i* %\ld sweetly calm !  
m9d2 & n a pu]ile  flight9ess1 :i* w\ld 
excite to dance ) ca/anets4             
,compositions  ( ! la/ k9d are v easy1 &

 are !re=e made by _m2 ^?  ( ! fir/ sort
 are difficult1 & !re=e b few attempt   
!m4      ,,sect4 ,,ix4    ,,xxxiii4 ,:at
 we h hi!rto said ( ! irregul>ity &     
disord]s  ( *ur* music1 does n ext5d to 
*ants 9 ! vulg> tongue  only1 b to      
psalms1 masses1 lam5tations1 & o!r p>ts 
( div9e  s]vice1 because ! modes 9      
fa%ion1 h be5 introduc$ into !m  all4 ,i
 h1 9 pr9t$ lam5tations1 se5 ! *anges ( 
! airs  *>act]is$ 9 ! same t]ms1 :i* are
 us$ to describe !m 9  comic music4 ,"h 
y read grave1 !re ayroso1 & 9 ano!r     
place &ante4 ,:at1 c't we admit ( all ! 
music be+ grave1  ev5 9 a lam5tation8 ,&
 is x necess>y to introduce light com$y 
airs into ! repres5tation ( ! mo/       
afflict+ my/]ies8 ,if grief  c\ld f9d a 
place 9 heav51 ,j]emiah w\ld lam5t      
afre%1 at see+  su* music appli$ to 8   
songs ( m\rn+4 ,is x impossible1 t 9  ^?
 compla9+s1 :]e e lett] is a sigh1      
correspond+ )1  & expressive ( ! v>i\s  
s5sations1 aris+ f ! subjects  ( 8      
lam5tation2 ei!r ! ru9 ( ,j]usalem by ! 

,*aldeans1  ! de/ruction ( ! _w = s91 ! 
affliction ( ! *ur*  militant = !       
p]secution ( its m>tyrs2 &1 to sum up ! 
:ole1  ! angui% & suff]+s ( our ,r$eem]1
 = ! salvation (  mank9d4 ,i say1 c !   
feel+s produc$ by su* sad & di/ress+    
calamities1 be express$ ) airy tunes &  
recitatives8 ,9 !  m\rnful songs (      
,j]emiah1 :i* "s expositors call !      
,alphabet (  ! ,p5it5ts1 %\ld we he> !  
s\nd ( fe/ive airs & s]5ades8  ,) h[ mu*
 m reason ?an him1 ought we to exclaim  
"h 9 !  language ( ,s5eca1 :5 he c5sur$ 
,ovid1 = hav+ introduc$  into !         
description ( s tragical an ev5t z t (  
,deucalion's  flood1 a v]se :i* sav\r$ (
 gallantry3 ,non e/ res satis sobria    
lascivire devorato orbe t]r>um4 ,!      
,cy?>a ( ,n]o1 :ile ,rome 0  burn+1 _h n
 s h>% a s\nd1 z ! h>mony ( dances 9 !  
repres5tation ( su* affect+ my/]ies4    
,,xxxiv4 ,& besides (f5d+ 9 ?is p>ticul>
 aga9/ ! rules (  reason1 !y s9 also    
aga9/ ! laws ( music1 :i* prescribe1 t  
! tone ( ! *ant1 %\ld be suit$ to !     

mean+ ( ! words2  & !re=e1 :5 ! language
 is solemn & expressive ( sorr[1  ! tone
 ( ! music %\ld be grave & affect+4     
,,xxxv4 ,x is true1 t aga9/ ?is rule1   
:i* is "o ( ! mo/  c>d9al1 musicians v  
frequ5tly s9 9 all sorts ( compositions1
  "s f be+ defici5t1 & o!rs by exce$+4  
,^? fall into  ! error ( defici5cy1 :o  
=m music )\t any att5tion to !  _s or   
mean+ ( ! words to :i* !y apply x2 b    
h>dly any  fall into ^? gross mi/akes1  
except su* z sc>ce des]ve ! "n  (       
compos]s1 & :o are capable ( do+ no?+ m1
 ?an rack+  or weav+ toge!r1 %r$s &     
/rips1 ( ! compositions ( o!r           
musicians4    ,,xxxvi4 ,^? err by exce$+
 or do+ too mu*1 :o regulate _!  music )
 a pu]ile nicety1 to correspond ) !     
di/9ct or  sep>ate signification ( ea*  
^w1 tak5 or /&+ by itself1  )\t hav+    
reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! :ole context4 ,an  
example  produc$ by fa!r ,kir*] to      
illu/rate ?is abuse1 w expla9 :at  ,i   
mean4 ,he in/anc$ ! mann]1 9 :i* a      
compos] _h set to music  ! foll[+ v]se3 

,mors fe/9at luctuosa2 to ! words mors &
  luctuosa1 he appli$ a m\rnful solfa2 b
 to ! ^w fe/9at1  :i* /ood 9 ! middle   
betwe5 !m1 z x seem$ to him1 to signify 
vivacity or quickness1 he appropriat$ a 
c>e] ( allegros1 t w\ld  h caus$ ! mo/  
sluggi% nag :o he>d !m1 to b\nd ab\t &  
give cabriols4    ,,xxxvii4 ,i saw      
some?+ z bad1 or inde$ ev5 worse ?an    
?is1 9  "o ( ! lam5tations ,i cit$ be=e2
 :]e to ! music adapt$  to express !    
foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,deposita e/ vehem5t] non
  hab5s consolatorem1 0 m>k$ ayroso4 ,h[
 ill-suit$ is an airy  movem5t1 to      
express ! lam5table fall ( ,j]usalem1 & 
also t  ( all mank9d b[$ d[n & crippl$ )
 ! weight ( _! s9s2  :i* mis=tune1 0    
aggravat$ ) ! additional & di/ress+     
circum/ance1 ( _! be+ de/itute ( com=t  
"u ! calamity8  ,b ! blame ( all ?is1 0 
imputable to ! adv]b vehem5t]1  because 
to express vehem5ce1 appe>$ to ! compos]
 to require a  lively movem5t2 & ?us1 :5
 he came to t ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1  he quick5$
 8 pace1 & ^u ! adv]b vehem5t]1 exp5d$ 9

  rapid notes1 music to ! am\nt ( =ty   
crot*ets2 b ! ^w1  9 ! s5se x 0 !re us$1
 0 int5d$ to signify ! same z           
gravissime1 & to express ) en]gy1 !     
degree ( grief &  sadness1 occasion$ by 
! fall ( ,j]usalem1 :i*1 crippl$ & bore 
d[n ) ! cru%+ weight ( its s9s1 came to 
! gr\nd1 temple1  walls1 & h\ses1 all   
toge!r4    ,,xxxviii4 ,nobody 0 m guilty
 ( ?is fault1 ?an ! celebrat$  ,duron1 &
 he committ$ x to su* a degree1 t       
sometimes 9 ! same  c\plet1 j z !       
signification ( ! words ( ! v]se v>i$1  
tak5 sep>ately or by !mselves1 he w\ld  
v>y ! affectations (  ! *ant1 six or    
eight times2 & al?\gh x requir$ great   
address  & ability to d ?is1 :i* he 9   
reality 0 possess$ (2 su* an  ex]tion ( 
8 tal5ts 0 ill appli$4      ,,sect4 ,x4 
,,xxxix4 ,"s 7= we w\ld n omit to m5tion
 ?is7 judge1 t !  compos+ music adapt$  
to diff]5t subjects1 consi/s mu*1 9 a   
"r *oice ( ! keys2 & !y assign "o =     
grave subjects1  ano!r = *e>ful ones1 & 
ano!r = m\rnful ones1 & s on2  b ,i     

believe1 ?is contributes little or no?+ 
to ! bus9ess2  = !re is no key :atev]1 9
 :i* !re h n be5 writt51  v expressive &
 pa!tic compositions1 suit$ to excite   
all k9ds  ( affections4 ,! diff]5t place
 :i* ! two semi-tones occupy 9  !       
diapason1 & :i* is :at ! di/9ction (    
keys consi/s 91  is insuffici5t to      
induce ?is div]sity2 because 9 :atev]   
place  an accid5tal is introduc$1 & !y  
introduce !m at e turn1  ?is ord] is    
*ang$2 & because v>i\s1 or ! mo/ p>ts ( 
!  composition1 by v>y+ _! t]m9ations1  
fall ^u1 or cat* !  semi-tones1 9 a     
diff]5t position1 f t 9 :i* !y /& or    
are plac$1 ) respect to ! diapason4 ,=  
example2 al?\gh !  fir/ key-tone1 :i*   
beg9s ,d solre1 proce$s 9 ?is ord]1 fir/
 a  tone1 !n a semi-tone1 aft] t ?ree   
tones1 to :i* !re foll[s  ano!r         
semi-tone1 & at la/ !re comes a :ole    
tone4 ,! diff]5t  traces1 or m9ute      
passages ( ! composition1 tak5 ea* by   
itself1  d n foll[ ?is ord]2 because "o 
beg9s 9 ! fir/1 ano!r 9  ! tone :i* is  

next aft] x1 & s on ) respect to all !  
o!r p>ts ( ! diapason1 & !y t]m9ate     
:]ev] ! compos]  likes be/2 by :i*      
means1 9 e trace or m9ute passage ( !   
composition1 ! position ( ! semi-tones  
is v>i$1 z mu*1 z 9  ! diff]5t          
diapasons1 :i* con/itute ! div]sity ( ! 
keys4    ,,xl4 ,:at confirms me 9 ?is   
s5tim5t1 t ! suit+ music to  produce a  
grave or a sprightly effect1 does n     
dep5d ^u ! *oice  ( ! key x is wrote 91 
is1 t ! greate/ musicians1 are mu*      
divid$ 9 _! op9ions ^u ?is po9t4 ,:at "o
 consid]s z a  lively key1 ano!r ?9ks a 
m\rnful "o2 :at "o e/eems a dev\t  key1 
ano!r calls a flighty "o4 ,! two great  
jesuits1 fa!r  ,kir*]1 & fa!r ,de*ales1 
are s opposite 9 _! s5tim5ts  ^u ?is    
head1 t ! same key1 :i* fa!r ,kir*]     
*>act]izes  9 ?is mann]1 ,h>moniosus1   
magnificus1  regia maje/ate pl5us1  fa!r
 ,de*ales speaks ?us (3 ,ac tripudia1   
*oreas e/ comp>atus1  diciturque        
propt]ea lascivus2 & !y diff] little    
less1 9 _!  assignation ( ! *>act]s ( _m

 o!r keys1 if n ( all4    ,,xli4 ,!     
=ego+1 %\ld be und]/ood to relate &     
apply to !  ess5tial diff]5ce ( keys1   
:i* consi/s1 9 ! div]sity (  position ( 
! semi-tones 9 ! diapason2 b n to _!    
accid5tal  diff]5ce2 :i*1 consi/s1 9 _! 
be+ tak5 high] or l[]4 ,?is  may conduce
 some?+ to create effect2 because ! same
 music1 set  9 l[ notes1 :i* is religi\s
 & grave1 transpos$ to high ones1  loses
 ( its maje/y1 & acquires a degree (    
vivacity1 t is ill  suit$ to a solemn   
subject3 & = ?is reason1 ,i am ( op9ion1
 t  ! movem5ts ( *ur* music %\ld n be v 
quick3 because1 by  hurry+ ! voices 9 ! 
*ant1 !y occasion !m to s\nd h>%2  &    
besides ?is1 prev5t t easy play &       
flexibility ( ?roat1  :i* is necess>y to
 produce ! effect ! music requires2 &   
:i*  _m times consi/s1 or is conta9$ 9 !
 intonations2 ,i say fur!r1  t ov] &    
above ^! inconv5i5ces1 music compos$ (  
quick  movem5ts1 & set 9 high notes1 is 
n s well calculat$ to move !  affections
 ( respect1 devotion1 & piety1 z t :i*  

is writt5 9  l[] tones1 & m>k$ to be    
p]=m$ 9 sl[] "t4      ,,sect4 ,,xi4     
,,xlii4 ,= ! same reason1 ,i am aga9/ ! 
introduction ( viol9s  into *ur*es4 ,/4 
,?omas1 9 ! place ,i be=e cit$1 objects 
to  ! admitt+ any k9d ( in/rum5ts 9 !   
*ur*2 & ! reason  he gives = ! objection
 is1 t ! s5sible delight :i* !          
in/rum5tal music occasions1 h9d]s       
devotion4 ,b x is n easy  to reconcile  
?is reason+1 ) :at ! sa9t says 9 ano!r  
place1 to wit1 t ! delight p]ceiv$ by ! 
air1 excites weak  spirits to devotion2 
& he1 9 ! same place1 approves ( ! use  
( musical in/rum5ts 9 synagogues1       
because ! ,jews be+ a h>d  & c>nal p1   
!re is a necessity = hav+ rec\rse to su*
  means1 to provoke & /ir !m to piety4  
,at lea/ !n = p (  ?is /amp1 musical    
in/rum5ts 9 *ur*es w\ld be v s]viceable2
  & !re be+ a great _m ( t disposition  
:o frequ5t  *ur*es2 consequ5tly1 !      
in/rum5ts w\ld be f\nd exce$+ly  useful4
 ,besides1 ,i c't compreh5d1 h[ !       
s5sible delight :i*  in/rum5tal music   

occasions1 %\ld induce to devotion ^? :o
 on  acc\nt ( _! h>dness are little     
dispos$ to x1 & ob/ruct x 9  ^? ^: he>ts
 are m incl9$ to div9e wor%ip4          
,,xliii4 ,i ackn[l$ge & confess1 t x is 
mu* m easy = me to  misund]/& ,/4       
,?omas1 ?an = ,/4 ,?omas to advance any 
?+  t is wrong3 b aft] all1 ! univ]sal  
practice ( ! :ole  *ur* au?orizes ! use 
( in/rum5ts2 & ! only difficulty or     
disagreem5t1 seems to re/ 9 ! *oice (   
!m4 ,i = my own "p  ?9k1 t viol9s are   
improp] 9 t sacr$ !atre2 _! %rill       
notes1 al?\gh h>moni\s1 are /ill %rill1 
& excite a pu]ile  vivacity 9 our       
spirits1 v diff]5t f t dec5t att5tion1  
:i* is due to ! maje/y ( my/]ies2 &     
especially 9 ^!  times1 :5 ^? :o compose
 = viol9s1 /udi\sly write _! music  s   
high1 t he :o is to execute x1 c sc>ce  
=be> /rik+ !  bridge ( ! in/rum5t ) 8   
f+]s4    ,,xliv4 ,!re are _m o!r        
in/rum5ts mu* fitt] to be us$ 9  *ur*es 
?an viol9s1 _! tones be+ mu* m          
respectful &  grave2 su* z ! h>p1 !     

viol9cello1 & ! h>psi*ord2 nei!r  w\ld !
 inconv5i5ce ( ! want ( trebles 9 !     
in/rum5ts be  felt1 by leav+ out !      
viol9s1 b r1 ! music by ! omission  w\ld
 appe> m maje/ic1 :i* is :at is mo/     
requir$ 9 *ur*es4  ,! organ is an       
admirable in/rum5t2 or1 to speak m      
prop]ly1 _m  in/rum5ts compriz$ 9 "o4 ,x
 is true1 t ! organi/s1 :5  !y are s    
dispos$1 c make a sort ( pipe & tabor ( 
x2 & x  is also true1 t ?is disposition 
seems to come ^u !m pretty  frequ5tly4  
,,sect4 ,,xii4    ,,xlv4 ,x w\ld n be   
=eign1 b r v consonant to ! object  (   
our pres5t criticism1 to say some?+ 9   
?is place ( ! poetry1  to :i* !y give ! 
epi!t ( div9e1 & :i* is compos$ to be   
sung 9 *ur*es1 ,i may )\t tem]ity1      
v5ture to pron\nce1 t  poetry 9 ,spa91  
is 9 a worse /ate ( p]dition ?an music4 
,!  numb] ( ^? :o write c\plets is      
inf9ite1 b none ( !m are  poets4 ,if ,i 
0 to be ask$1 :i* are ! mo/ difficult ( 
all arts1  ,i %\ld answ]1 m$ic9e1       
poetry1 & oratory3 & if ,i 0 also to  be

 ask$1 :i* are ! mo/ easy2 ,i %\ld      
answ]1 oratory1 poetry1  & m$ic9e4 ,!re 
is no /ud5t1 :o1 if he takes a fancy to 
x1 does  n write v]ses4 ,all ! religi\s 
:o m\nt ! pulpit1 & all !  doctors :o h 
/udi$ & practis$ physic1 f9d _!         
p>tizans3  b :]e w y meet ) ! truly able
 physician1 ! compleat  poet1 or !      
p]fect orator8    ,,xlvi4 ,our mo/ le>n$
 monk ,don ,john de ,mabillon1 9 8      
,treatise on  ,mona/ic ,/udies1 says1 t 
an excell5t poet is a v r>e treasure1  &
 ,i agree ) him 9 s5tim5t2 = ^u /rict   
exam9ation1 :]e1  among ! numb]s (      
poetical essays t are publi%$1 w y  meet
 ) any "o1 :i* 7omitt+ _m o!r requisite 
qualities7 is  natural1 sublime1 sweet &
 po9t$2 & at ! same "t1 +5i\s1  & cle>2 
brilliant )\t affectation1 sonor\s )\t  
turgidity1  & h>moni\s )\t impropriety2 
t runs )\t hobbl+1 is  delicate )\t     
affectation1 =cible )\t h>%ness1        
beautiful  )\t pa9t or /ra9$ col\r+1    
noble )\t presumption1 &  copi\s &      
compreh5sive )\t obscurity8 ,i w almo/  

v5ture to  pron\nce1 t he :o w\ld f9d a 
poet capable ( writ+ v]ses 9  ?is /ile1 
%\ld seek = him 9 ! regions inhabit$ by 
! ,phnix4    ,,xlvii4 ,9 ,spa9 h[ev]1   
poetry is 9 s deplorable a /ate1 t      
accord+ to all appe>ances1 x w\ld be    
ne$less to se>* = su*  a "o !re4 ,he :o 
errs ! lea/1 ) ! exception ( "h &  !re a
 p>ticul> "o1 seems z if he /udi$ h[ he 
%\ld commit  faults4 ,all 8 c>e appe>s  
to be plac$1 9 swell+ ! v]se )          
irrational hyp]boles1 & pomp\s words2 by
 :i* means1 he produces  a bloat$1 &    
confirm$ dropsical poem1 ! sight ( :i*  
turns y\r  /oma*1 & ! p]usal fills y )  
melan*oly4 ,^? ess5tial  qualities1     
propriety & nature1 )\t :i*1 nei!r      
poetry or  prose c ev] be good1 seem to 
h ab&on$1 & become fugitives  f our     
compositions4 ,our au?ors don't 9 _!    
productions1 appe>  to h hit ^u t native
 spl5dor1 :i* gives a brilliancy to  _! 
ideas1 b r1 to h disfigur$ _! be/       
?\ghts1 )  affect$ & bomba/ expressions2
 s t _! orig9al conceptions1  may be    

comp>$ to a f9e woman t falls into      
indiscreet h&s to be  dress$ & ornam5t$4
    ,,xlviii4 ,?us mu* 9 g5]al = mod]n  
,spani% poetry2 b ! wor/  is1 t y he> ^!
 sort ( compositions 9 ! sacr$          
canticles2  :i* are (t5 s bad1 t x w\ld 
be bett]1 in/ead ( !m1 to  s+ ! c\plets 
( bl9d m52 because ^! seem to h a t5d5cy
  to promote dev\t affections1 & _!     
ru/ic simplicity is 9 "s  degree !      
symptom ( a good int5tion4 ,all !       
gracefulness1 or r  ! attempt at        
display+ x1 9 ! *ur* canticles ( ^!     
times1  consi/s 9 l[ equivocations1     
trivial metaphors1 & pu]ile *anges  &   
re*anges4 ,! wor/ is1 t !y are entirely 
void ( _s1  & n at all calculat$ to     
excite religi\s emotions1 :i* are !     
pr9cipal1 if n ! only qualities requir$1
 & :i* ought to be  s\ght aft] 9 su*    
compositions4 ,don ,antonio de ,solis 0 
)\t  d\bt a p]son ( sublime g5ius1 & "o 
:o well und]/ood !  excell5cies (       
poetry4 ,he exce$$ all o!rs1 & ev5      
sometimes  himself also1 9 pa9t+ !      

passions ) su* apt1 close1 &  subtile   
expressions1 t ! descriptions ( 8 p5    
seem to give  y a cle>] idea (1 & make y
 bett] acqua9t$ ) !m1 ?an  ! k :i* is   
ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b ) all ?is1 we 9  8 
small sacr$ tracts1 p]ceive a /range    
fall+-(f2 because 9  !m1 we don't meet )
 t nobl5ess ( ?\ght1 t delicacy (       
expression1 & t /irr+ ( ! passions1 :i* 
is frequ5t &  common 9 8 o!r ,lyric     
,poems4 ,?is did n happ5 because he     
want$  g5ius or tal5ts to write sacr$   
compositions2 = 8 dirges ^u !  conv]sion
 ( ,/4 ,francisco de ,borja1 are "s ( ! 
be/ ?+s he  ev] exhibit$1 & p]haps ! mo/
 sublime1 :i* to ?is day h  be5 compos$ 
9 ! ,spani% language4    ,,xlix4 ,i     
believe ! badness ( ! composition ( ^!  
c\plets1  call$ ,letrillas1 :i* are     
g5]ally writt5 = fe/ivals1 has  proce$$ 
f ,solis1 & o!r poets ( ability1 hav+   
look$ ^u  !m z trifles2 ?\gh 9 reality1 
no o!r compositions require s  mu* /udy 
or s]i\s att5tion4 ,:at subjects c be m 
noble ?an  ^?1 :]e ! eulogium ( ! sa9ts 

& m>tyrs is sung1 & !  excell5cy ( !    
div9e attributes & my/]ies1 is repres5t$
 &  celebrat$8 ,^! are ! ?+s1 on :i* m5 
( abilities1 %\ld  ex]t ! :ole p[] ( _! 
g5ius & tal5ts4 ,:at employm5t  c be m  
wor?y a man ( %9+ p>ts1 ?an t ( pa9t+ ! 
beauty ( virtue 9 su* amiable col\rs1 z 
to make mank9d 9 love  ) x2 & repres5t+ 
! de=mity ( vice1 9 s /rik+ a po9t  (   
view1 z to make ! _w abhor & dete/ x2 & 
to contrive to  praise ,god & 8 angels 9
 su* a way1 z w\ld /imulate p  to a     
desire ( imitation1 & light up 9 _!     
m9ds1 ! flame (  adoration & wor%ip8 ,! 
gr&eur ( poetry1 consi/s 9 t active     
p]suasion1 :i* ! poet in/ills into !    
s\l1 & ) :i* he  moves ! he>t1 to foll[ 
! c\rse he w\ld wi% x %\ld pursue4  ,to 
write 9 ?is /ile1 says our ,mabillon1   
speak+ ( poetry1 is n  *ildr5's play2   
mu* less !n1 %\ld sacr$ poetry be only  
fit to  amuse infants2 b aft] all1 t :i*
 is sung 9 our *ur*es is  no?+ bett]4   
,l4 ,ev5 ^?1 ^: compositions are held 9 
e/imation1 d no m1  ?an provide & prep>e

 ! fir/ light conceits t occur to !m on 
! subject !y are ab\t to write ^u2 &    
al?\gh !y h n  9 !mselves1 union )      
respect to "t1 or t5d5cy to any design  
:atev]1 !y di/ribute !m 9 c\plets1 &    
not)/&+ "o  leads to ,fl&]s1 & ano!r to 
,morocco1 !y introduce !m into !        
context2 & provid$ ea* c\plet says      
some?+1 = ?is is _!  explanation1 al?\gh
 x is )\t life1 _s1 or =ce2 nay m1      
al?\gh x is )\t ord]1 or direction to   
any det]m9ate po9t or  purpose1 !y say x
 is good composition2 :51 9 tru?1 x no m
  des]ves ! "n ( a composition1 ?an a   
heap ( /ones t ( an  edifice1 or ! ?r[+ 
or huddl+ toge!r a numb] ( col\rs1 t  ( 
a picture4    ,,li4 ,ke5 s5t5ces1 wit1  
airy pleasantry1 & lively conceits1 are 
!  precise ornam5ts ( poetry2 b !y %\ld 
n be introduc$ into a  poem1 z if !y _h 
be5 /udi\sly s\ght aft]2 on ! contr>y1  
!y %\ld seem z if !y 7 always 9 wait+1 &
 ready ei!r  = ! poet to lay 8 h& on !m1
 or to obey 8 comm&2 :o  %\ld pursue !  
r\t he has *alk$ out = himself1 & z he  

proce$s on1 ga!r su* fl[]s z he meets on
 8 way1 & :i* gr[  naturally 9 ! road   
?r\gh :i* he travels4 ,?is 0 ! practice 
( ,virgil1 ,ovid1 ,horace1 & all !      
illu/ri\s poets ( antiquity4  ,to make  
c\plets1 :i* are no m ?an an un=m$ mass 
( little  conceits1 is a ?+ v easy1 & at
 ! same "t v useless2  because !re is n 
9 !m1 nor are !y capable ( conta9+1 any 
( ! sublime excell5ces ( poetry4 ,:y d  
,i say sublime excell5ces8  ,n ev5 !    
l[e/ requisites :i* are ( its ess5ce4   
,,lii4 ,b ,i h n ev5 yet m5tion$ ! wor/ 
"p belong+ to  ! div9e canticles2 :i*   
is1 t if n all1 a great _m ( !m  are    
compos$ 9 a burlesque /ile4 ,?is is     
c]ta9ly done ) great  discretion2       
because by ?is practice1 ! ?+s app]ta9+ 
to  ,god1 are conv]t$ to ?+s ( int]lude4
 ,:at idea c a ?\s&  extravagances1 put 
9 ! m\?s ( ,gill & ,pasquil1 give ( !   
ineffable my/]y ( ! inc>nation8 ,i %all 
leave x "h1 = !  ?\ghts ( su* an        
absurdity put me out ( all pati5ce2 & he
 to  :om su* an indignant abuse1 does n 

( itself appe> disgu/+1 ,i  %all nev] be
 able to p]suade or conv9ce1 by any     
argum5ts :atev]4              ,! foll[+1
 :i* is extract$ f ! le>n$ ,lett]s (    
,,feyjoo1 is an ,answ] ( ! ,au?or's to a
 ,lett] f a ,fri5d on      ! ,subject ( 
,music4 ,! ,title he gives to ! ,lett]1 
is1                                     
,,!                          ,,wond]ful 
,,effects ,,( ,,music1                  
,,& ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,!              
,,anti5t ,,) ,,! ,,mod]n4          ,,de>
 ,,sir1    ,i4 ,be=e ,i ceas$ to be a "y
 man1 or inde$ be=e ,i became "o1  !    
difficulty y n[ prop\nd occurr$ to me1 &
 is1 9 my humble  op9ion1 a v grave "o4 
,x seems beyond a d\bt1 t ! music  ( ^! 
times1 does n produce ! admirable       
effects :i* are  relat$ ( ! music (     
antiquity1 & x seems also z if ?is argu$
  a great] degree ( p]fection 9 ! anti5t
 ?an ! mod]n4 ,on !  o!r h&1 x appe>s   
difficult to expla91 9 :at ?is sup]ior  
degree ( p]fection 9 ! anti5t consi/$2 n
 s mu* = !  reason y m5tion1 z = ano!r1 

:i* ,i %all po9t out 9 !  sequel4       
,,ii4 ,we at pres5t "k ( no musician    
:atev]1 :o1 by ! use ( 8  art1 c excite1
 or appease a viol5t passion2 b if v>i\s
 au?ors  d n deceive u1 ! music (       
antiquity1 produc$ bo? ! "o  & ! o!r (  
^! effects4 ,x is relat$ ( ! two        
musicians1  ,timo!us & ,antig5ides1 t !y
 c\ld1 :5ev] !y pleas$1  enrage ,alex&] 
to su* a pit*1 z to make him seize on 8 
arms1  & fall into su* excesses ( fury1 
z t]rifi$ ! by-/&]s1 &  fill$ !m )      
appreh5sions t _! lives 7 9 dang]4 ,!y  
tell u also ( a trumpet] ( ,meg>a1 nam$ 
,h]odotus1 :o p]ceiv+  ! /r5g? &        
endeav\rs ( ! soldi]s ( ,demetrius1     
insuffici5t  to move a w>like ma*9e (   
enorm\s weight t[>ds ! walls (  ,argos1 
:i* !y 7 !n besieg+1 he1 by bl[+ two    
trumpets at  a "t1 s inspir$ !m1 t !y   
f\nd _! vig\r 9 a mann]  d\bl$1 &       
!mselves enabl$ to conduct ! ma*9e to ! 
place  !y wi%$4 ,!y tell u likewise1 ( a
 rem>kable flute-play]1 :o  0 a         
,milesian1 t by t\*+ 9 ! ,phrygian mode 

enrag$ c]ta9  m51 & by *ang+ to ! ,doric
 f ! ,phrygian1 imm$iately calm$  !m    
aga94 ,( ! fam\s musician ,t]p&ro1 !y   
relate1 t )  8 lyre1 he /ifl$ ! flame ( 
a s$ition among ! ,lac$monians2  & (    
,emp$ocles1 t he also ) 8 lyre1 dis>m$ a
 y\? ( 8  *ol]1 :o 0 on ! po9t (        
committ+ a p>ricide4 ,i %all omit  _m   
o!r cases ( ?is k9d4    ,,iii4 ,if x    
appe>s wond]ful1 t ! anti5t music %\ld h
  inflam$1 & calm$ viol5t passions1 x   
seems m s1 t x %\ld  h be5 made use ( to
 cure v>i\s diseases2 & sometimes1 n    
only 9 "h & !re an individual1 b ev5 9 a
 :ole k+dom2 =  ,plut>* says1 t         
,?aletas1 a native ( ,crete1 ) !        
en]getic  sweetness ( ! lyre1 fre$ !    
,lac$monians f a plague2 & x  may be    
ga!r$ f v>i\s au?ors1 t anti5tly1 !y us$
 music  = ! cure ( fev]s1 !             
fall+-sickness1 ! epilepsy1 deafness1  !
 sciatica1 & ! bite ( a vip]4    ,,iv4  
,b to tell y ! tru?1 ,i ?9k ^! facts    
%\ld n pass  curr5t )\t "s critical     
exam9ation4 ,& fir/ ( all1 none (  !    

au?ors :o te/ify ^! extraord9>y in/ances
 ( ! p[]  ( music ov] ! passions1 speak 
( !m1 z transactions !y _h  be5         
eye-witnesses (1 or z ?+s t !y knew f _!
 own  exp]i5ce4 ,all ! facts cit$1 are  
mu* ant]ior to ! au?or by  :om !y are   
h&$ d[n to u2 s t x seems v probable1  !
 in=mation came to !m by tradition1 or  
proce$$ f "s  popul> rum\r unwor?y ( all
 cr$it4 ,9 matt]s t fav\r ( !  m>vell\s1
 bo? ) respect to natural1 &            
prt]-natural ?+s1  nobody is ignorant h[
 _m fables h be5 deliv]$ d[n to u 9  !  
writ+s ( ! anci5ts4    ,v4 ,secondly1 9 
"s ( ! cases1 !re seems no occasion to h
  rec\rse to miracles = _! explanation2 
,i mean !re is no occasion  = attribut+ 
! ev5ts !y tell (1 to ! wond]ful p[]s ( 
music4 ,x requir$ b little impulse1 to  
r\ze ! w>like ard\r (  ,alex&]2 a sp>k  
only w cause a va/ conflagration1 if x  
falls  on a l>ge quantity ( gun-p[d]4   
,a!nu1 :o relates ! /ory  ( ,h]odotus1  
says1 he 0 a man ( gigantic size1 &     
extraord9>y  robu/ness4 ,he gives him   

ne> eight feet ( /ature1 & says fur!r1  
t he ate tw5ty p\nds ( meat a day1 &    
drank w9e 9 proportion4  ,a man ( su*   
robu/ness1 c\ld make use ( mu* l>g]     
trumpets ?an  ^? ( ! common size1 &     
might bl[ 8 brea? ?r\gh !m )  su* an    
impetus1 z might /rik+ly agitate ! m9d1 
& might also  add "s tempor>y degrees ( 
vig\r to ! body2 & = accompli%+  ?is1 x 
is n necess>y to suppose any special    
dext]ity 9 !  managem5t ( ! in/rum5ts1 =
 /r5g? 0 m requisite to  produce su* an 
effect ?an address2 & :oev] at ?is "t1  
%\ld  be equally robu/ ) ,h]odotus1     
might be capable ( do+ !  same ?+4      
,nei!r p]haps 9 ! o!r in/ances1 ,i mean 
^? (  irritat+ & mitigat+ rage1 is !re s
 mu* to be admir$2 =  ! influ5ce ( !    
music1 might be appli$ to subjects1 :o  
are  v easily mov$2 "s su* z we         
frequ5tly see1 t l light  wea!r-cocks1  
are waft$ & turn$ r\nd ) ! slighte/     
breeze2  & p]haps "s mod]n musician1    
might be able to "w equal *anges  9 !   
passions1 on subjects :o are equally    

susceptible4    ,,vi4 ,?irdly1 ! tales (
 cures :i* are pret5d$ to h be5  p]=m$  
by ! means1 or p[] ( music1 ,i consid] z
 fabul\s  relations2 at lea/1 ,i h no   
d\bt ( ! major "p ( !m be+  su*4 ,:o1 ,i
 won't say c believe1 b if he has any   
und]/&+1  c endure to he> ! *im]a1 t !  
s\nd ( a lyre bani%$ !  plague f a :ole 
k+dom8 ,su* tales z ^!1 7 writt5 by !   
au?ors ( la/ ye>1 9 ord] t ! fools ( ?is
 might believe  !m4    ,,vii4 ,) respect
 to ! cur+ "s p>ticul> diseases1 x may  
be  prop] to all[ to music1 an equal    
degree ( cr$it1 to t giv5  to _m o!r    
rem$ies1 s mu* puff$1 & blazon$ 9 books1
 :i*  al?\gh 9 reality !y seldom d any  
good1 /ill pres]ve _!  reputation2 n s  
mu* on acc\nt ( ! few times !y h prov$  
s]viceable1 z f ! sick p]son's hav+ ow$ 
8 recov]y to  ! assi/ance ( ,nature2 :5 
at ! same "t1 p va9ly &  mi/ak+ly h     
attribut$ x to ! application ( ! *os5   
rem$y4  ,9 ?is mann]1 & ) ^!            
explanations & re/rictions1 we %\ld     
und]/& music z a specific1 = ?is or t   

disease2 = if we  consid] x1 z hav+     
influ5ce to *e] ! m9d1 !re is no d\bt1  
t x may contribute some:at to ! relief (
 su* sick p1 z  are v fond ( x2 9 ! same
 mann]1 z any o!r ?+ w\ld d1  :i* gave  
!m special pleasure or delight4 ,i don't
 h[ev]1 f9d  any reason to pref] !      
anti5t music to ! mod]n1 z be/ suit$  to
 produce ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^!        
effects2 = we h  se5 cases1 9 :i* we h  
exp]i5c$ ?is la/1 to h be5 v  b5eficial 
to sick p2 & probably ! anti5ts nev]    
knew "o1  9 :i* ! curative excell5ce (  
music %one =? ) m lu/re1  ?an x did 9 an
 in/ance1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 
&  :i* is relat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal  
,academy ( ,sci5ces at  ,p>is1 9 ! ye>  
#agjg1 :i* ,i %all "h transcribe1 9     
ne>ly !  words ( its illu/ri\s au?or4   
,,viii4 ,a fam\s musician & great       
compos]1 0 attack$ ) a  fev]1 :i*       
cont9u$ augm5t+1 till on ! sev5? day1 x 
?rew  him into a viol5t delirium1 :i*   
rema9$ on him ) little or  no           
int]mission1 accompani$ ) %rieks1       

lam5tations1 t]rors1  & p]petual wat*+4 
,on ! ?ird day1 "o ( ^? natural         
in/9cts1 :i* are said to cause sick     
brutes to seek su* h]bs  z are b5eficial
 = !m1 induc$ him to reque/ "s music =  
8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,!y sung to him1 prop]ly  
accompani$ )  in/rum5ts1 "s ( !         
compositions ( ,mons4 ,b]ni]1 a         
celebrat$  ,fr5* musician3 z soon z !   
h>mony began1 8 c\nt5ance appe>$  s]5e1 
8 eyes look$ m tranquil1 ! convulsions  
ceas$ intirely1  & he %$ te>s (         
pleasure2 ! fev] left him :ile ! music  
cont9u$1 b :5 t ceas$1 ! fev] & !       
symptoms return$  aga94 ,^u ?is happy & 
unexpect$ success1 !y repeat$ ! music   
aga9 & aga91 & always obta9$ a susp5sion
 ( ! fev] &  ! symptoms1 :ile ! music   
la/$4 ,a relation ( 81 us$ "s  nights to
 sit up ) him1 :om he intreat$ to s+ &  
dance to him1  & always f\nd great      
relief f x2 & x sometimes happ5$1  t =  
want ( o!r music1 !y ent]ta9$ him )     
common nurses  songs1 & su* z are us$ to
 div]t *ildr51 & f :i* he f\nd  great   

b5efit4 ,9 f9e1 t5 days music1 )\t any  
o!r m$ic9al  assi/ance ?an "o ble$+ 9 ! 
ankle1 :i* 0 ! second t  _h be5         
prescrib$ = him1 p]fectly cur$ him4     
,,ix4 ,!re may be "s d\bt1 :e!r ! total 
cure ( ?is man 0  ow+ to music2 & ,i mu/
 confess1 !re is no c]ta9ty t x  04 ,he 
might owe 8 recov]y to ! second ble$+2  
or he might be  indebt$ to ,nature = x4 
,! transitory relief :i* he receiv$ f  !
 melody1 _h no m fix$ connection ) !    
sub/antial "p  ( ! cure1 ?an ^? int]vals
 ( am5dm5t h1 :i* 9 _m  diseases1       
,nature af=ds ( h]self4 ,! susp5sion ( !
 symptoms1  frequ5tly proce$s f         
pr9ciples1 :i* h n suffici5t  influ5ce  
to entirely extirpate ! malady4 ,! kn[+1
 t 9  g5]al1 x c't be inf]r$1 t ! ?+ is 
able to p]=m !  :ole1 :i* only executes 
a "p1 makes su* a connection z we h     
m5tion$ be=e d\btful4 ,b ev5 if ?is 0   
admitt$1 !re /ill  exi/s 9 ! case       
relat$1 an undubitable & m>vell\s effect
 (  music2 & p]haps1 ! quick susp5sion (
 ! fev] & ! symptoms1  e "t !y repeat$ !

 music1 is a m /rik+ in/ance ( its      
imm$iate & wond]ful p[]1 ?an ! p]fect+ a
 total cure w\ld  h be54 ,i say1 ?is    
appe>s m amaz+ to me1 ?an if ! rem$y  _h
 work$ an intire cure1 by contribut+ to 
! recov]y ( ! sick  p]son1 by sl[       
degrees1 & by little & little1 & :i*    
c\ld n  h be5 compleat$1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a
 consid]able numb] (  days4    ,x4 ,x   
seems to me also1 t ^? :o are ( op9ion !
 mod]n music  is br\ght to great]       
p]fection ?an ev] ! anti5t 01 may avail 
!mselves ( ?is in/ance v advantage\sly2 
fir/ ( all1 because  !re c't be produc$ 
9 fav\r ( anti5t music1 ano!r ( !  same 
"*2 & secondly1 because x has appe>$ 9 !
 case  ( our sick p]son1 t he n only    
receiv$ relief f conc]tos  ( excell5ce1 
b ev5 f ! mo/ trifl+ & imp]fect songs2  
:]eas ! cures attribut$ to anti5t music1
 are all$g$ to h  be5 effect$ by t ( !  
fir/ class4    ,,xi4 ,h[ev]1 let ?is    
pro(1 ^: =ce or debility ,i %all n      
dwell ^u at pres5t1 am\nt to :at x w2 t 
:i* y urge  9 fav\r ( mod]n music1 does 

n appe> to me ( any weight or  efficacy4
 ,y say1 t at pres5t ?is art is mu* m   
cultivat$1  & by m5 ( m indu/ry1 & bett]
 in=m$1 ?an ! unle>n$  & b>b>\s anti5ts 
( yore1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! times :5 ^!      
extraord9>y effects ( music are relat$  
to h be5 exp]i5c$4  ,f ?is supposition x
 %\ld foll[1 t ! mod]n music is mu*  m  
p]fect ?an ev] ! anti5t 04 ,b ,i look   
bo? ^u !  op9ion1 t x is m cultivat$ at 
pres5t ?an x 0 =m]ly2  & likewise1 t x  
is m p]fect n[ ?an x 0 !n1 n only z     
unc]ta91 b ev5 entirely false &         
ill-gr\nd$4    ,,xii4 ,two facts (      
public notoriety1 :i* are relat$ by     
,polybius1  are suffici5t to induce a   
belief1 t music 0 z mu*1 or m  cultivat$
 among ! anti5ts1 ?an x is 9 our times4 
,! fir/  is1 t bo? ! ,cretans1 &        
,lac$monians1 did n make use (  !       
horrible clang ( trumpets1 ev5 9        
battles1 b ( ! melody  ( flutes4 ,!     
second is1 t ! ,arcadians1 f ! f\ndation
 (  _! republic1 caus$ x to be obs]v$ z 
an inviolable law1 t all  _! sons1 f _! 

infancy till !y atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-"o 
ye>s1 %\ld apply !mselves to music4 ,9  
:at k+dom 9 ! _w1  is ^! at ?is "t1 s   
great & s g5]al an application to ?is   
art8    ,,xiii4 ,! va/ inf]iority ( !   
anti5ts1 comp>$ to ! mod]ns1  ) respect 
to indu/ry & ability1 is also a volunt>y
 supposition4  ,if ?is 0 s1 x ought n   
only to be inf]r$1 t !y 7  defici5t 9 ! 
sci5ce ( music1 b 9 all ! o!r arts also2
 b  ?is is s f> f be+ ! case1 t x is    
kn[n to a c]ta9ty1  !re 7 _m m5 among   
!m1 :o arriv$ to ! highe/ pit* (        
excell5ce1 bo? z pa9t]s1 /atu>ies1 &    
poets1 & :o 7  su*1 z c h>dly be equall$
 = em95ce by any mod]n :atev]4  ,( ! two
 la/ ( ^! arts1 !re are /ill monum5ts   
subsi/+1  :i* are inv9cible pro(s1 ( _! 
great tal5ts =1 & ma/]ly  p]=mances 9   
bo? ( !m2 & _! skill 9 ! fir/1 may be   
reasonably inf]r$1 f _! ability 9 ! o!r 
two2 = z  ,v9c5tio ,c>du*o1 9 8         
,dialogues on ,pa9t+1 ju/ly reasons1 if 
! works ( ! pa9t]s _h be5 defective 9   
any ( ! mat]ial  requisites1 z "s h     

conjectur$1 ! skill ( ! /atu>ies1  & !  
p]fection ( ! /atues1 w\ld gl>+ly h     
display$ !  faults ( ! pa9t]s2 & w\ld   
consequ5tly1 h discr$it$ !m  z arti/s2 b
 ?is 0 n ! case1 = x is e/abli%$ by !   
au?ority ( hi/ory1 t _! works 7 exce$+ly
 priz$4    ,,xiv4 ,?is pro( !n1 falls to
 ! gr\nd z ill-f\nd$2 b !  p>tizans (   
mod]n music1 urge ano!r t is tol]ably   
speci\s2  :i* is1 t ! anti5t 0 v limit$1
 bo? 9 ! modulation  & h>monies ( x4 ,z 
to :at reg>ds ! modulation1 we %\ld     
obs]ve1 t be=e ! "t ( ! fam\s musician  
,timo!us1 :o  fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign (       
,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! lyre _h no m ?an   
sev5 /r+s1 :i* express$ or m>k$ sev5    
tones or po9ts only2  because to !      
anti5t lyre1 !re 7 no frets1 nor any    
sub/itute  = !m1 :]e) !y c\ld make on ! 
same /r+ any progression  ( di/9ct      
s\nds4 ,timo!us add$ two /r+s to x1 :i* 
made x  an in/rum5t ( n9e2 o!rs ma9ta9 x
 _h n9e be=e1 & t he  add$ two to !m1 & 
made x "o ( elev54 ,b admitt+ ?is la/   
to be ! fact1 x !n rema9$ an in/rum5t ( 

v small compass1  comp>$ to mod]n       
in/rum5ts4 ,! *ant c\ld n exce$ ! b\nds 
( ! in/rum5t1 & by all ?is we may       
p]ceive ! little v>iety  & ext5sion (   
anti5t modulation4    ,,xv4 ,) respect  
to h>mony & concordances1 au?ors1 :o h  
exam9$ ! ?+ ) mu* att5tion1 assure u1 ! 
anti5ts knew  no o!r ?an ! ?ird1 !      
octave1 & ! d\ble octave2 add+1  t !y 7 
entirely ignorant ( ! conc]to1 or music 
( diff]5t  tones2 & !re=e all _!        
accompanym5ts1 ei!r ( an in/rum5t  ) !  
voice1 or ( "o voice1 or "o in/rum5t )  
ano!r1 7  con/antly 9 unison4 ,x may be 
ask$ n[1 :at excell5cies c\ld  be       
conta9$ 9 a music1 :i* 0 s limit$ & s   
simple8 ,or :at  comp>ison c y imag9e   
!re is betwe5 t & ours1 ei!r to  delight
 ! e>1 or give satisfaction to !        
und]/&+8    ,,xvi4 ,i h ackn[l$g$1 t ?is
 objection is speci\s1 b d5y  t x is    
conclusive4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p>ts (   
,plut>*'s  works1 z well z ^? ( o!r     
au?ors1 f :5ce !y pret5d to  h collect$ 
?is sy/em ( anti5t music1 are s         

complicat$ &  obscure1 t no?+ c )       
c]ta9ty be det]m9$ on ! cr$it  ( !m2    
h5ce x comes to pass1 t writ]s1 9 _!    
reason+s &  disquisitions on ?is        
subject1 are mu* divid$ 9 _! op9ions4   
,,xvii4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i d n ass5t1
 t music1 on acc\nt (  its be+ some:at !
 m simple1 is ! less delici\s or pa!tic4
  ,i ackn[l$ge1 t ! v>iety 9 t1 z 9 all 
o!r ?+s1  contributes to ! delight ( x2 
b !n ! v>iety ought to be  conf9$ )9    
c]ta9 limits1 = t1 l e o!r ?+1  has two 
vici\s extremes1 ! "o ( :i* is incurr$  
by excess1  ! o!r by defici5cy4 ,if !   
v>iety is v small1 y soon gr[  tir$ ( x1
 & x seems r surfeit+4 ,if x is         
excessive1 !  s\l is di/urb$ & bewild]$ 
by ! _m p>ts ( ! object1 &  by be+ toss$
 & hurri$ f "o to ! o!r1 is n all[$1    
nor has x leisure1 = t extatic          
susp5sion1 9 :i* ! mo/  int5se "p ( !   
pleasure consi/s4 ,i h se5 an inf9ite   
numb]  ( p1 mu* m regal$ by he>+ a good 
voice1 accompani$ by  a guitt> j scrap$1
 ?an by he>+ a conc]t ( _m voices &     

in/rum5ts2 & ,i h sometimes se5 a p]son 
( v good tal5ts  %$ te>s ( delight &    
t5d]ness1 on he>+ a guitt> play$        
po9t$ly1 & ) expression2 :i* nev] w\ld h
 happ5$ to  him1 by he>+ a symphony (   
v>i\s in/rum5ts1 al?\gh he %\ld  h      
att5d$ su* p]=mances ev] s (t54 ,!      
musicians ( ^!  times boa/ exce$+ly ( ! 
improvem5ts !y h made 9 _!  pr(ession1 &
 ( hav+1 f an insipid1 heavy1 co>se     
h>mony1  advanc$ to a sweet1 airy1 &    
delicate music2 & _m ( !m h  be5 br\ght 
to conjecture1 t ! practice ( ?is       
faculty 9 !  pres5t age has be5 c>ri$ to
 z high a degree ( p]fection1 z  x is   
capable ( atta9+4 ,9 my ,disc\rse on    
,music 9 ! fir/  volume ( ! ,!atrico    
,critico1 ,i made a comp>ison betwe5    
anti5t  & mod]n music2 b :at seems ( !  
mo/ importance to exam9e  "h is1 :e!r ! 
music ( ! la/ & pres5t c5tury is s mu*  
improv$1 z to intitle x to be consid]$ z
 greatly sup]ior to t  :i* 0 practis$ by
 ! ,greeks tw5ty c5turies ago4 ,! au?or 
( ! ,dialogues ( ,!ag5es & ,callima*us1 

pr9t$ at ,p>is 9  #agbe1 treats ?is po9t
 mo/ le>n$ly2 & affirms1 t ! anti5t     
musicians excell$ ! mod]n 9 expression1 
delicacy1 & v>iety2 &  also 9 ! f95ess (
 _! execution2 & our great expositor ( !
  scripture1 fa!r ,don ,augu/9 9        
,calmet1 is ( ! same op9ion2 z  he is   
likewise1 ) reg>d to ! anti5t music be+ 
m excell5t  ?an ! mod]n tak5 9 g5]al4 ,9
 ! fir/ volume ( 8 "w1  intitl$         
,diss]tationes ,biblicas1 page #djc1 :]e
 he approves &  confirms my s5tim5t &   
ta/e ) respect to music1 z express$  9  
my be=e-m5tion$ disc\rse1 he speaks ?us3
 ,_m look ^u !  simplicity ( ! anti5t   
music z rud5ess & imp]fection2 b ,i     
consid] x z an argum5t ( its excell5ce1 
= an art is reput$  by s mu* ! m p]fect1
 by s mu* ! ne>] x approa*es to         
,nature2 & :o c d5y1 b simple music is !
 mo/ natural1 &  be/ suit$1 to imitate !
 voice & passions ( man8 ,x rises1 or   
glides easi] f ! int]ior "p ( ! brea/1 &
 has a m  c]ta9 effect to *e] ! he>t1 & 
/ir ! affections2 besides1  ! op9ion :i*

 is g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( ! simplicity (   
anti5t  music1 is errone\s4 ,x is true1 
t x 0 exce$+ly simple1 b  not)/&+ t1 x 0
 v copi\s also2 = ! anti5ts _h  _m      
in/rum5ts1 :i* we are /rang]s to2 & on !
 o!r h&1  _! music 0 n want+ 9 concord &
 h>mony4 ,to ?is we may  add1 t x _h !  
advantage ( ours 9 ano!r respect1 = x 0 
a "p ( ! excell5ce ( ! anti5t music1 t !
 s\nd ( !  in/rum5ts did n conf\nd or   
int]rupt ! words ( ! song1 b  r en=c$ or
 gave en]gy to !m2 s t at ! same "t !   
e> 0 delight$ ) ! sweetness ( ! voice1 !
 m9d ta/$ !  elegance & n]v\s expression
 ( ! v]se4 ,we ought n !re=e  to wond]  
at ! prodigi\s effects :i* we are told 7
 produc$  by ! music ( ! anti5ts2       
because x possess$1 jo9$ toge!r  &      
unit$1 all ^? excell5cies1 :i* are      
conta9$ 9 ours1 only  s+le or divid$4   
,calmet also1 9 8 ,diction>io ,biblico1 
gives u  a %eet ( engrav+1 conta9+ tw5ty
 diff]5t in/rum5ts :i*  7 9 use among ! 
,hebrews2 & x is v probable1 t among  ! 
,greeks1 :o 7 a m poli%$ p1 & great]    

lov]s (  music ?an ! o!rs1 !y _h _m m2  
nei!r h we any great  reason to value   
ourselves ^u our inv5tion 9 contriv+    
musical  in/rum5ts be+ great] or bett]  
?an t ( ! anti5ts2 =  !re has nev] yet  
appe>$ among u an hydraulic organ1 :i* 0
  9 use among ! anti5ts1 & ( :i*        
,ctesibius1 a ma!matician (  ,alex&ria1 
0 suppos$ to be ! au?or1 a hundr$ ye>s  
prior to !  *ri/ian ra2 & ,vossius says1
 !y h (t5 tri$ & lab\r$  s9ce1 b )\t    
effect1 to re/ore x4 ,x is also prop] to
 obs]ve1  t "s in/rum5ts1 :i* we reckon 
! inv5tion ( latt] ages1  7 9 use among 
! anti5ts2 su* z ! viol9cello1 & viol92 
^: antiquity ! au?or ( ! ,dialogue (    
,!ag5es & ,callima*us  proves1 by a m$al
 :i* is describ$ by ,vignete1 & a /atue 
(  ,orpheus1 :i* is at ,rome4           
,,xviii4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,i d n ass5t1 
t ! anti5t music 0  s simple z x is     
pret5d$ to h be52 b am r incl9$ to  ?9k1
 t 9 ! ess5tial x 0 m complicat$ ?an !  
mod]n4  ,my reason = ?is op9ion is1 t   
ov] & above ! ,diatonic &  ,*romatic    

species :i* is conta9$ 9 our music1 &   
:i* is  common to bo?1 !y1 9 ! division 
( ! octave1 made use ( !  ,enh>monic    
also1 :i* our music does n possess or   
p>take (4  ,! ,enh>monic consi/s 9 !    
introduction ( ! t5?s1 :i* are  int]vals
 ( no m ?an ! qu>t] "p ( a tone1 or (   
two comas1  & ! qu>t] "p ( ano!r4 ,x is 
true1 t ! mod]ns give !  "n ( t5? to !  
m9or semi-tone2 b 9 ! music ( antiquity1
  t5?s _h ! signification :i* ,i h "h   
assign$ to !m4    ,,xix4 ,?is1 z ,i said
 be=e1 creates a v ess5tial v>iety 9 a  
music1 & diff]5t f t :i* consi/s purely 
9 runn+ !  composition ?r\gh two1 ?ree1 
or m octaves2 & :i* may be  call$       
accid5tals1 because ! po9ts ( "o octave 
are little m  ?an a m]e repetition ( !  
correspond5t ones ( ano!r2 & ,i n  only 
judge ?is v>iety ( ! anti5t music       
ess5tial 9 itself1 b  ?9k x is likewise 
s ) respect to ! effects ( x2 = x mu/   
necess>ily produce a great]1 & v        
probably a mu* m lively  v>iation ( !   
affections4 ,s t by mix+ ! ,h>monic     

species  ) ! o!r two1 ! same advantages 
w accrue z arose by mix+  ! ,diatonic ) 
! ,*romatic2 & ! music1 9 consequ5ce (  
do+  x1 w be z mu* b5efit$1 z x 0 by    
jo9+ ^? two toge!r1  :i* made x         
inf9itely pref]able to :at x 0 :5 !y us$
 ea*  s+ly1 & by itself4    ,i h n[ /at$
 to y ! argum5ts & reason+s on bo? sides
  ( ! "q1 ) respect to ! competition    
betwe5 anti5t &  mod]n music2 & me?9ks  
,i already he> y say1 to :i* %all we    
give ! pref]5ce8 ,to ?is ,i %all only   
answ]1 t ,i h s5t  y all ! plead+s &    
docum5ts 9 ! cause1 & mu/ beg y to      
pron\nce ! s5t5ce1 = ,i mu/ confess1 =  
my own "p1 t ,i am  undecid$4      ,,!  
,,end ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4        
,,errata4          ,pag4 l9e4           
#abc    #i read fav\rite's h\se1        
#adj    #a /rike out &      #bhc   #bc  
read h] k          ,transcrib]'s ,notes 
,obvi\s typographical errors h be5      
sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations  9         
hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all 
o!r  spell+ & punctuation rema9s        

un*ang$4    ,! errata on page #cgg h be5
 correct$ 9 place4    ,italics are      
repres5t$ ?us italic4