,illustration3 ,fleuron ,the ,boke of ,saint ,albans ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,the ,boke of ,saint ,albans ,,by ,,dame ,,juliana ,,berners ,,containing ,,treatises ,,on ,,hawking1 ,,hunting1 ,,and ,,cote ,,armour3 ,,printed ,,at ,,saint ,,albans ,,by ,,the ,,schoolmaster-,,printer ,,in #adhf ,,reproduced ,,in ,,facsimile ,with an ,introduction by ,,william ,,blades ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,life ,,and ,,typography ,,of ,,william ,,caxton0 ,,london ,,elliot ,,stock1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c4 8,manhood ,i am1 therefore ,i me delyght ,to hunt and hawke1 to nourish up and fede ,the greyhounde to the course1 the hawke to th' flight1 ,and to bestryde a good and lusty stede40 ,from ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more',s ,poems4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,introduction4 ,several independent printing presses were established in ,england before the close of the fifteenth century2 and from them issued numerous books which are invaluable to all students of antiquity from the light they throw upon the social habits and literary progress of our nation4 ,of these it may safely be said that not one exceeds in interest that work of an unknown typographer1 which is here presented in facsimile1 and which1 from the town in which it was compiled1 as well as printed1 is known to all bibliographers as 8,the ,book of ,st4 ,albans40 ,this work has always been a favourite1 partly because our feelings are appealed to in favour of the writer who for centuries has taken rank as ,england's earliest poetess1 and is still1 in all our ,biographical ,dictionaries1 reckoned among 8noble authors20 and partly because we love mysteries1 and a mystery has always enshrouded the nameless printer4 ,the subjects1 too1 so curiously alliterative--,hawking1 ,hunting1 and ,heraldry1 have an enticing and antique flavour about them1 being just those with which1 at that period1 every man claiming to be 8gentle0 was expected to be familiar2 while ignorance of their laws and language was to confess himself a 8churl40 ,as to the language and orthography of the book1 it is a never-failing source of interest1 being quite different from any other printed work of the fifteenth century1 except the ,st4 ,albans' ,chronicle from the same press4 ,among bibliographers it ranks as 8rarissimus10 the known copies being so few that they might probably be counted on the fingers of one hand4 ,looking at the book1 then1 all round1 it will be a convenient plan to consider these subjects separately1 and to treat the volume in its four aspects of ,authorship1 ,typography and ,bibliography1 ,subject-matter1 and ,philology4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,,chapter ,i4 ,authorship4 ,historians and ,biographers1 together with ,librarians and ,booksellers1 have a natural antipathy to anonymous books2 and1 wherever they can1 are willing to accept the smallest amount of evidence as proof of paternity4 ,it saves much trouble and avoids numerous errors in cataloguing1 when a recognised name can be associated with an anonymous work4 ,from this tendency a bad habit has arisen of attributing to particular writers books concerning which the evidence of authorship is doubtful1 if not altogether untrustworthy4 ,in this very book we have a striking instance of such erroneous attribution4 ,the three treatises1 of which the book is made up1 are quite distinct1 and to a portion only of one of these is there any author's name attached4 ,yet that name1 8,dam ,julyans ,barnes10 altered by degrees to 8,dame ,juliana ,berners10 is now universally received as the name of the authoress of the whole volume4 ,with even less show of reason she is credited with the authorship of a 8,treatise on ,fishing0 for which there is not the shadow of evidence1 that treatise having been added ten years later by ,wynken de ,worde1 who1 when reprinting the ,book of ,st4 ,albans1 thought that the subject of ,fishing would complete the work as a ,gentleman's ,vade ,mecum4 ,there are really four distinct tractates in the ,book of ,st4 ,albans1 although the two last being on ,heraldry are generally counted as one4 ,the first is on ,hawking2 to this no name of the author is attached1 but it has a prologue which no one acquainted with the other writings of the printer can doubt to be his4 ,of this we shall have more to say anon4 ,the second tractate is on ,hunting3 it is specially associated with the name of ,dame ,juliana ,berners1 and will require a more extended elucidation than the others4 ,here the evidence of authorship is as good as for most pieces of fifteenth-century production--a period at which literary rights did not exist1 and when the scribe1 if at all acquainted with the subject upon which the book he was copying treated1 did not scruple to interpolate his own ideas1 and that without any egotistical vanity1 but merely from a feeling that all books being written for the good of men1 and not from vanity in the author1 it was a duty to improve them where possible4 ,but as improvement mostly meant the addition of something on the same subject taken from another manuscript1 we have the constant occurrence of one ,,ms4 being a compilation of two or three others1 and yet appearing under the name of the last compiler4 ,in this treatise on ,hunting we have the express statement at the end of the twenty-fourth page--8,explicit ,dam ,julyans ,barnes40 ,this might certainly apply to the transcription only1 but1 when taken with ,wynken de ,worde's version1 the probability is1 that the lady compiled as well as wrote it4 ,in the reprint by ,wynken de ,worde1 only ten years later than the original1 he varies the colophon thus3--8 ,explicit dame ,julyans ,bernes doctryne in her boke of huntynge10 the whole reprint ending 8,enprynted at westmestre by ,wynkyn the ,worde the yere of thyncarnacn of our lorde4 ,m 4 ,,cccc 4 lxxxxvj40 ,so that he1 a contemporary1 evidently believed her to be the authoress4 ,later authorities attributed the whole book to her pen1 but as they were in possession of no more evidence than we now are1 and probably not so much1 we should attach no weight to such statements1 which were founded simply on a vivid imagination4 ,but what is known of the lady who is admitted to have compiled the twenty-four pages on ,hunting8 ,who was ,dame ,julians ,barnes8 ,here1 unless a sentimental and inventive sympathy be employed to throw an artificial light upon the darkness1 we are in total ignorance4 ,a biography of her has certainly been written1 and all our ,dictionaries and ,encyclopdias devote a page or two to her history1 which1 in #ahaj1 under ,haslewood's nurture1 attained its full development4 ,even so far back as #aedi1 or nearly a century after her supposed death1 the learned ,bale1 who wrote an account of all our ,english celebrities1 allows his gallantry to bedeck her memory with garments fine4 8,fmina illustris60 he exclaims1 8corporis et animi dotibus abundans ac forma elegantia spectabilis0 7,an illustrious lady6 abundantly gifted1 both in body and mind1 and charming in the elegance of her mien74 ,considering that the name of the lady is the whole of the text upon which ,bale had to build1 this is by no means a bad specimen of imaginative biography1 and became a good foundation for future commentators4 ,the story1 however1 fared rather badly at first2 for ,holinshed1 in #aegg1 while echoing ,bale very exactly1 is made1 by a curious error of the printer1 who mistook the letters rn for m1 to call the authoress ,julyan ,bemes2 while ,baker in his ,chronicles1 too careless even to refer to the original text1 adds another blunder to the story1 and1 thinking that ,julyan must be a man's name1 dubs the authoress 8a gentleman of excellent gifts1 who wrote certain treatises of ,hawking and ,hunting40 ,chauncy1 in #agjj 7,history of ,hertfordshire71 restored her sex to the lady1 and then set to work upon making a family history for her4 ,his first discovery was that1 being a 8,dame10 she was of noble blood4 ,finding also that the family name of ,lord ,berners was1 in olden time1 spelt occasionally ,barnes1 he soon supplied a father for our authoress1 in the person of ,sir ,james ,berners4 ,and so the game of making history went on merrily up to the time of ,joseph ,haslewood1 who1 in #ahaj1 reprinted ,wynken de ,worde's edition of the ,book of ,st4 ,albans1 and supplied a full-blown biography of the authoress1 giving particulars of her birth and education1 the occupations of her youthful days1 and a most imposing pedigree4 ,let us quote ,haslewood's own words3 8,julyans1 or ,juliana1 ,barnes1 otherwise ,berners1 who has been generally designated as the authoress of the present volume1 is supposed to have been born1 towards the latter end of the fourteenth century1 at ,roding-,berners1 in the county of ,essex4 ,the received report is that she was the daughter of ,sir ,james ,berners1 whose son was created ,baron ,berners1 temp4 ,henry ,,iv41 and that she once held the situation of ,prioress of ,sopwell ,nunnery1 in ,hertfordshire40 ,he then attributes to her the authorship of all four works in the ,book of ,st4 ,albans4 ,the difficulty of accounting for a lady so placed writing upon such subjects1 is cleverly1 if not satisfactorily settled by assuming that she passed her teens at court1 partaking of the amusements of the field1 and writing for her own use a commonplace book on various subjects4 ,then retiring through disappointment 7doubtless a love affair7 to a cloister1 her rank raised her to the position of prioress4 ,there in her seclusion1 writing amidst the solitude of listless hours and vain regrets1 she versified the general rules of sport from her own pleasant recollection1 and from the diaries of her youthful happiness1 which fortunately she had preserved4 ,if we remember the mania which seized all classes for diary-keeping at the beginning of this century1 when ,haslewood wrote this1 it will deepen our sense of humour to note that he attributes private diary-keeping to a young lady who lived ante #adej4 ,but enough of such sham biography2 let us return to facts4 ,the word 8,dame0 did not in the fifteenth century1 as it does now1 imply any connection with a titled family1 it meant simply ,mistress or ,mrs4 ,chaucer speaks of ,dame ,partlet in this sense2 and had the ,dame ,julyans ,barnes of the fifteenth century lived now1 she would have been just 8,mrs4 ,barnes40 ,similarity of name in history1 like similarity of sound in philology is a will-o'-the-wisp which has led many a writer into a bog4 ,allowing that ,lord ,berners' name was sometimes spelt ,barnes1 is that sufficient reason for making our authoress a member of his family8 ,i think not4 ,that the greater portion of the book on ,hunting was compiled by ,mistress ,barnes1 is probably correct1#a and had she written much more1 and produced even an original work on the subject1 she would not have stood alone1 even at that early period1 as an authoress4 ,crystine de ,pisan1 two of whose works were printed by ,caxton1 was contemporary with ,julians ,barnes1 and left not only numerous original writings behind her--one of which was upon the ,art of ,war--but left her mark1 and that no mean nor ignoble one1 upon the political course and moral development of her countrymen4 ,but ,dame ,julyans' work upon ,hunting is certainly not original1 as indeed very few works upon any subject were at that period4 ,this is evident from a glance at the text and the grouping of the subjects4 ,it begins with distinguishing the varieties of beasts and their ages2 the proper names by which to designate the beasts1 singly and together2 on hunting and dressing a ,roe1 a ,boar1 a ,hare2 of flaying2 of the horns of a ,roebuck2 of the ,hart2 of the seasons2 of the ,hare4 ,then follows1 from another source1 an interpolation of a discourse between a ,master of the ,hunt and his man1 going over portions of the same ground again2 and this ended1 we get back again to the original ,,ms4 and the dismemberment of various beasts4 ,all through1 with the exception of the interpolated conversation1 the text is addressed to 8,my deare childe40 ,thus we read--8,do so1 my child20 8,think what ,i say1 my son20 8,my lief childer20 8,say1 child1 where you go8 my dame taught you so40 ,evidently that portion was originally written for a mother to use as a school-book1 by which her son would learn to read1 and1 at the same time1 become familiar with the terms of venery4 ,footnote #a3 ,taking ,berners and ,barnes to be the same word1 it is curious to note--in connection with the work attributed to ,dame ,juliana1 viz41 ,the ,book of ,hunting--that the masters of that sport employed men called ,berners1 to be ready with relays of horses and to feed the hounds4--,see ,halliwell's 8,dictionary of ,archaic and ,provincial ,words40 ,in the ,bodleian ,library is a small manuscript on the ,terms of the ,chase1 the beginning of which is3-- 8,mi dere sones1 where ye fare1 be frith or by fell1 ,take good hede in his tyme how ,tristram wol tell40 ,this manuscript was probably copied by some youth as a school-exercise1 which would account for the following odd colophon--8,explicit1 expliceat1 ludere scriptor eat40 ,compare the above with the opening stanza of the verses we attribute to ,mistress ,barnes3-- 8,wheresoever ye fare1 by frith or by fell1#b ,my dear child1 take heed how ,tristram doth you tell40#c ,footnote #b3 8,by frith or by fell0 by forest or by plain2 but see ,halliwell's ,dictionary4 ,footnote #c3 ,sir ,tristram1 the well-known knight of the ,round ,table1 was a mighty hunter1 and the great authority upon all subjects connected with the chase4 ,popular belief attributed to him the origin of all the special terms used in hunting1 and his name was invoked to give authority to any statement upon this subject1 just as in a later century the arithmetical rules of ,cocker give rise to the popular phrase--8,according to ,cocker40 ,the rest of the ,oxford ,,ms4 is in similar accord with the print1 but nowhere in it is there a word about ,mistress ,barnes4 ,the words 8,explicit ,dam ,julyans ,barnes0 have been considered to prove that the lady was alive when the book was printed4 ,if1 however1 ,sir ,james ,berners were her father1 of which there is no evidence1 she must have been close upon a hundred years old in #adhf1 as he died in #acij4 ,but this is importing a needless difficulty into the theory1 which is not rendered more probable by making the authoress and printer contemporary4 ,it may here be as well to say a few words about ,sopwell ,nunnery1 over which1 without a particle of evidence1 our authoress is supposed to have presided4 ,sopwell ,nunnery1 ,hertfordshire1 was founded about #aadj1 under the rule of ,st4 ,benedict1 and subject to the ,abbot of ,st4 ,albans1 from which it was not far distant4 ,the rule of life among the inmates was very severe1 and at the first the nuns were enclosed under locks and bolts1 made additionally sure by the seal1 on the door1 of the ,abbot for the time being 7,chauncy's ,history1 p4 #dff74 ,how long this lasted1 and how the nuns liked it1 history saith not2 but1 in #acch1 a re-organisation had become imperative1 and the ,abbot of ,st4 ,albans1 among other instructions1 ordered that no nun should lodge out of the house1 and no guest within it 7,newcome1 p4 #dfh74 ,there does not seem much scope left here for the ,prioress to take an active part in field sports1 though a hundred and fifty years later1 which was about the period of our 8,dame10 many relaxations of the strict rules may have become common4 ,but1 then1 we have apparently accurate lists of all the ,prioresses of ,sopwell in the fifteenth century1 and the name of ,juliana ,barnes does not appear at all in them4 ,the known dates are these3--,in #adaf1 ,matilda de ,flamstede was ,prioress4 ,four years before her death1 which was in #adcj1 she was succeeded by ,letitia ,wyttenham4 ,the next whose name is known was ,joan ,chapell2 the date of her appointment is not recorded1 but as she was set aside in #adhj on account of her age1 she had probably occupied the position for many years4 ,in #adhj1 ,elizabeth ,webb succeeded ,joan ,chapell4 ,what is really known of the ,dame is almost nothing1 and may be summed up in the following few words4 ,she probably lived at the beginning of the fifteenth century1 and she possibly compiled from existing ,,mss4 some rhymes on ,hunting4 ,there is still the authorship of the other parts of the book to determine1 and if similarity of wording and phraseology may be taken as evidence1 they were all from one pen4 ,at the end of the book on ,heraldry the printer has put the following--8,here endeth the book of ,blasing of ,arms translated and compiled together at ,seynt ,albons40 ,here we have the printer's own statement as to the origin of his text1 and doubtless this1 as well as the treatise on ,hawking1 were made up or 8compiled0 from more than one manuscript in ,french4 ,haslewood gives a list of such as are in the ,british ,museum1 in several of which portions of the printed work are contained4 ,works on ,hunting and ,hawking were not uncommon in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries1 and are still found in all large collections of manuscripts4 ,there were several in the libraries of the ,dukes of ,burgundy in the fifteenth century1 and many are still extant in the national collections of ,england and ,france4 ,the other tractates in the volume have an origin very similar to that of the ,book of ,hunting4 ,the ,book of ,hawking is an evident compilation from several manuscripts1 which accounts perhaps for its deficiency in arrangement and want of continuity4 ,the ,book of ,coat ,armour also has two distinct sources in contemporary works1 one of which was the 8,de ,officio ,militari0 of ,nicholas ,upton4 ,from this the schoolmaster copied ,book ,,iv4 almost word for word1 supplementing it from 8,the ,book of the ,lineage of ,coat ,armour10 as stated already4 ,the only other literary work which can be attributed to our printer is the extensive compilation known as the ,st4 ,albans' ,chronicle or the ,fructus ,temporum4 ,but neither in the ,chronicle1 where he simply combined two histories into one1 nor in the ,book of ,st4 ,albans1 which is also a compilation1 does the schoolmaster show any literary ability above the average of scholars of his period4 ,as specimens of the schoolmaster's powers of composition we annex the following1 the originals of which can be seen in the ensuing facsimile pages3-- ,prologue to the ,book of ,hawking4 8,in so much that gentlemen and honest persons have great delight in ,hawking1 and desire to have the manner to take hawks3 and also how and in what wise they should guide them ordinately3 and to know the gentle terms in communing of their hawks3 and to understand their sicknesses and infirmities1 and to know medicines for them according1 and the many notable terms that be used in hawking both of their hawks and of the fowls that their hawks shall slay4 ,therefore this book following in a due form shows very knowledge of such pleasure to gentlemen and persons disposed to see it40 ,prologue to ,mistress ,barnes' ,compilation on ,hunting4 8,likewise1 as in the ,book of ,hawking aforesaid are written and noted the terms of pleasure belonging to gentlemen having delight therein1 in the same manner this book following showeth to such gentle persons the manner of ,hunting for all manner of beasts1 whether they be beasts of ,venery1 or of ,chace1 or ,rascal4 ,and also it showeth all the terms convenient as well to the hounds as to the beasts aforesaid4 ,and in certain there be many diverse of them as it is declared in the book following40 ,prologue to the ,book of ,coat ,armour4 8,here in this book following is determined the lineage of ,coat ,armours3 and how gentlemen shall be known from ungentle men1 and how bondage began first in angel and after succeeded in man kind1 as it is here showed in process1 both in the childer of ,adam and also of ,noe1 and how ,noe divided the world in three parts to his three sons4 ,also there be showed the nine colours in ,arms figured by the nine orders of ,angels1 and it is showed by the foresaid colours which be worthy and which be royal2 and of regalities which be noble and which be excellent4 ,and there be here the vertues of ,chivalry1 and many other notable and famous things1 to the pleasure of noble persons shall be showed1 as the works following witnesses1 whosoever liketh to see them and read them1 which were too long now to rehearse4 ,and after these notable things aforesaid followeth the ,blasing of all manner ,arms in ,latin1 ,french1 and ,english40 ,so wrote the schoolmaster4 ,let us now see what kind of book this is typographically4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,typography and ,bibliography4 ,old books must be loved1 and their idiosyncrasies carefully studied1 before they will yield up all their treasures2 that done1 the observant lover will obtain possession of both soul and body2 he may revel in the intellectual feast provided by the author1 or he may study the material and mechanical features of the books as represented by the peculiarities of paper and the habits and customs of the various printers4 ,then1 by grouping these as a botanist does his flowers1 according to their organisation into classes1 orders1 genera1 and species1 he may extract from his volumes true replies to questions which otherwise would remain hidden for ever4 ,so true is the dictum1 8,the ,mind it is which sees1 and not the ,eye alone40 ,many bibliophiles1 however1 of education and taste have been positively blind when outside the circle of their own particular studies4 ,so it was with the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m#8,neille1 a well-known critic and book-collector of sixty years ago4 ,when addressing ,dr4 ,dibdin he wrote thus of 8,the ,book of ,st4 ,albans0--8,this book is itself useless1 and only a bon morceau for the quizzical collector40 ,with such feelings towards one of the most curious works which this country produced during the infancy of the printing press1 it was simply impossible that the interest of its pages should be revealed to him2 and however rich in divinity and editiones principes of the classics the library of the worthy doctor may have been1 it is evident that our ,book of ,st4 ,albans could never have been aught but an alien on his book-shelves4 ,the works printed by ,william ,caxton were almost without exception in the ,english tongue1 while the contemporary presses of ,oxford1 ,st4 ,albans1 and ,machlinia were nearly all in ,latin4 ,of the eight books at present known to have been printed at ,st4 ,albans1 the only two in ,english were the 8,fructus ,temporum0 and the work under review4 ,the 8,fructus0 or ,st4 ,albans' ,chronicle is the same as that printed two years previously by ,caxton1 with the addition of certain ecclesiastical events and ,papal chronology1 probably added by the printer himself to please the monks4 ,the ,book of ,st4 ,albans' and the ,st4 ,albans' ,chronicle make a class of themselves2 but as it is impossible to understand their position without a glance at the other works from the same press1 we will give a tabulated description of the whole eight4 ,,books ,,printed ,,at ,,st4 ,,albans ,,in ,,fifteenth ,,century4 ,title of ,book4 ,language4,size4 ,date of ,no4 of,type4,size of ,printing4,printed ,printed ,leaves4 ,page4 #a;,augustini ,dacti ,latin #dto n4 d4 #ah #a #e #c elegancie #b,laur3 de ,saona ,latin #dto #adhj #ha #b-a #e #c ,rhetorica nova #c;,alberti quest4 de ,latin #dto #adhj #df #c-a #e #c modo ,significandi #d;,joan3 ,canonici ,latin fol4 #adha #agd #c #h #e ,quest4 sup4 ,phys4 ,arist4 #e;,exempla sacre ,latin #dto #adha #hc #c #e #c scripture #f;,ant4 ,andre super ,latin #dto #adhb #cce #c #e #c ,logica ,aristotelis #g;,chronicles of ,engl4 fol4 #adhc8 #bie #b #h #e ,england #h,the ,book of ,st4 ,engl4 fol4 #adhf #hh #b-d #h #e ,albans ,title of ,book4 ,signatures4 ,printed ,ink4 ,device4,woodcuts4,lines ,initials4 in ,page4 #a;,augustini ,dacti none none black none none #cf elegancie #b,laur3 de ,saona signed none black none none #bd ,rhetorica nova #c;,alberti quest4 de signed none black none none #cb modo ,significandi #d;,joan3 ,canonici signed none black none none #dd ,quest4 sup4 ,phys4 ,arist4 #e;,exempla sacre signed none black none none #cb scripture #f;,ant4 ,andre super signed none black none none #cb ,logica ,aristotelis #g;,chronicles of every leaf yes black with yes #cb ,england signed red #h,the ,book of ,st4 signed yes black with yes #cb ,albans red ,but who was the printer8 ,what was his name8 ,was he associated with the great ,abbey8 and is there any internal or external evidence in his works to connect him with any other printer or any other town8 ,the only notice we have of the printer is an accidental one by ,wynken de ,worde1 who1 in reprinting the ,st4 ,albans' ,chronicle1 says in the colophon1 8,here endith this present ,chronicle 444 compiled in a book and also enprinted by our sometime ,schoolmaster of ,st4 ,alban40 ,he was a schoolmaster1 then1 and this will account for the nature of his early works1 all scholastic and all in ,latin4 ,not till the end of his typographical career did he realise the fact that the printing press1 instead of being the hobby of a few learned men1 was the educator of the people1 the whole nation2 and then he gave his countrymen what they wanted--a history of their own country and a book upon the whole 7secular7 duty of the gentleman1 as then understood4 ,the name of the schoolmaster-printer is quite unknown4 ,no notice of him is found in the records of the ,abbey1 nor does he appear in any contemporary document4 ,yet here1 as in ,mistress ,barnes's case1 imagination has come to the rescue and a legendary name has been provided4 ,finding that the ,prologue to the ,book of ,hawking began with the words1 8,insomuch as gentle men and honest persons have great delight in ,hawking20 finding also that the ,st4 ,alban's ,chronicle from the same press began thus3 8,insomuch as it is necessary20 and bearing in mind that certain old authors had veiled their names in the first words of their works1 ,dr4 ,chauncy arrived at the sagacious conclusion that the ,st4 ,albans printer wished to veil his name1 which really was 8,insomuch40 ,the joke1 for it almost seems like one1 does not bear even the scrutiny which itself invites1 for although the schoolmaster uses the words in two other places1 in neither case are they at the beginning of a chapter4#d ,it should be added that in this the worthy historian of ,hertfordshire only followed the lead of both ,bale and ,pits4 ,footnote #d3 ,on sig4 a j recto of 8,cote ,armour0 is 8,insomuch as all gentleness comes of ,god20 and upon sig4 b iij verso is 8,insomuch that in the fifth quadrat10 c4 ,the use of the word in these cases could have no veiled meaning1 and it was probably only a peculiarity of diction which had become a habit with the schoolmaster4 ,was he connected with the ,abbey8 ,i think not4 ,there is not a word to suggest such a connection1 although we may take it for granted that the ,abbot and his fraternity could not have frowned upon the printer1 or he would never have established himself4 ,his imprints all mention the town of ,st4 ,albans1 but never the ,abbey1 and his position was probably similar to that of ,caxton1 who was simply a tenant of the ,abbot of ,westminster1 but1 so far as is known1 nothing more4 ,was he connected with ,caxton and the ,westminster press8 ,without a shadow of doubt ,i say1 ,no6 ,mr4 ,e4 ,scott1 of the ,,ms4 department in the ,british ,museum1 has indeed strung together a number of surmises to show that the ,schoolmaster was employed by ,caxton1 and that all the books without date or place hitherto attributed to ,westminster were really printed at ,st4 ,albans4 ,but internal evidence is against any such gratuitous assumption4 ,there is nothing in common between the two printers in any of their habits or customs except the possession of ,caxton's ,no4 #c type4 ,this is the only one of ,caxton's types used outside his own office 7for ,w4 de ,worde1 his successor in house and business1 must not be regarded as a separate printer74 ,caxton employed it from his arrival in ,england in #adgg till #adhd1 when it makes its last appearance in the headings of 8sop10 the 8,order of ,chivalry10 and 8,the ,golden ,legend40 ,in #adhe ,caxton obtained a new fount1 similar in shape and character1 and from that time the old ,no4 #c disappears to make way for the new and smaller type ,no4 #e4 ,this being more suited to the taste of the day1 we find the larger and worn fount passing over to the country press of ,st4 ,albans1 where the ,schoolmaster first uses it in #adhf1 being the identical year in which its successor appears in ,caxton's 8,royal ,book40 ,we may here observe that after the stoppage of the ,st4 ,albans' ,press the same fount finds its way back again and is seen in ,w4 de ,worde's reprint1 in #adif-ig1 of the two ,english ,st4 ,albans books4 ,but the discovery of a copy of ,caxton's ,boethius in the old ,grammar ,school at ,st4 ,albans1 and the numerous fragments of old books extracted from its covers1 are quoted as confirming the idea4 ,yet the book itself and all these fragments were from ,westminster1 not a single one being from a known ,st4 ,albans book1 and they included the ,caxton 8,chronicles10 #adhj1 the 8,dictes10 #adgg1 and the still earlier 8,life of ,jason20 so that we had better at once remove the whole ,westminster press1 dated and undated1 to ,st4 ,albans1 if such an argument is to have any force4 ,these fragments1 indeed1 can only point to the fact that the copy of ,boethius was bound in the printing office1 as was commonly the case with the books from ,caxton's press4 ,again1 ,mr4 ,scott draws attention to the fact that a page of the ,st4 ,albans' ,book1 #adhf1 has been copied by a contemporary writer on to the blank leaves of one of ,caxton's earliest books4 ',tis true2 but this copying of part of one book into another1 printed ten years before1 has no typographical bearing whatever4 ,lastly1 the name ,causton appears in an old ,st4 ,albans' ,register of the early part of the fifteenth century4 ,but this1 again1 means positively nothing4 ,caxton's name was not at all uncommon2 there were ,caustons or ,caxtons in nearly every ,english county1 and ,i have quite a long list of them4 ,it is highly probable that ,caxton1 while at ,westminster1 in the van of all the literature of his day1 would have communications of some sort with the important town of ,st4 ,albans2 but that the two printers assisted one another in the production of books1 is1 so far as any evidence goes1 a pure fiction4 ,let us now glance at the bibliographical aspect of the book4 ,the work itself has no title4 ,it is difficult in our time1 accustomed as we are to 8teeming millions0 of books1 each with its own title-page1 to conceive a period when the press sent out works without even the shadow of a title-page4 ,before the invention of printing1 the author simply headed his first page with the name of the work1 as 8,here begins the ,confessio ,amantis10 or 8,hic incipit ,parvus ,catho10 and1 without preface or more ado1 the text commenced4 ,sometimes even this little notification was omitted1 and1 as in ,caxton's 8,jason10 8,the ,chess ,book10 8,tulle10 and many other fifteenth-century books1 the subject of the work had to be learned by reading the text4 ,so it is with the book now under review2 it comprises four distinct works1 but to one only is there any heading1 and that has the bare line 8,incipit liber armorum40 ,the first1 8,the ,book of ,hawking10 starts straight off--8,this is the manner to keep ,hawks10 and occupies three signatures1 a1 b1 and c1 of eight leaves each1 and sig4 d1 which has but four leaves1 on purpose that this portion might be complete alone1 if so desired4 ,the same idea controlled the arrangement of 8,the ,book of ,hunting10 which1 beginning on sig4 e j1 ends with ,dame ,juliana's 8,explicit0 on the recto of sig4 f iiij4 ,this left the last seven pages of the quaternion to be filled up4 ,now it was a common practice1 both with the scribes and with the early printers1 when they got to the end of their text and found that a page or two of blank paper was left1 to occupy the blank pages with such common household aphorisms or popular rhymes as came easily to the memory1 or were at hand in some other book4 ,so here the schoolmaster-printer fills up his vacant pages with a number of odd sentences and rhymes1 most of which occur over and over again in numerous manuscripts of early poetry4 ,among others we notice the well-known3-- 8,arise erly1 serue ,god deuouteli1 and the world besily40 c4 c4 ,also the folks proverb3-- 8,too wyues in oon hous1 ,too cattys and oon mous1 ,too dogges and oon boon1 ,theis shall ne accorde oon40 ,then the list of proper terms to be used by gentlemen and those curious in their speech is of very common occurrence3-- 8,an herde of ,hertis ,an herde of all ma dere ,a pride of ,lionys ,a sleuth of ,beeris40 c4 c4 ,this was evidently copied from some ,,ms41 and ends with 8 ,explicit10 and nothing more4 ,on the next page we have the proper terms for carving or dismembering beasts1 fowls1 and fishes1 followed on the last leaf by a list of bishoprics and provinces4 ,having thus filled up all his leaves1 the printer begins his third subject on a fresh signature1 and introduces the 8,liber ,armorum0 with the ,preface 7already printed74 ,a long work on the 8,blasing of ,arms0 follows1 beginning on sig4 c j1 and ending on sig4 f #aj4 ,this is extremely interesting1 both in matter and in the very rude woodcut representations of armorial bearings with which the text is profusely illustrated4 ,except in one or two cases of uncommon tints1 these are all colour-printed1 as are the initials to paragraphs4 ,in the ,grenville copy1 the pressman having forgotten to roll the 8forme10 the initials all appear in that semi-tinted state which would be the natural result of such an omission4 ,we notice1 too1 that where the coats of arms require1 say1 three colours on one page1 then the initials are also in three colours2 but if only one colour is required for the arms1 only one colour1 and that the same1 is used for the initials4 ,occasionally1 where a peculiar colour was necessary1 a brush was used to insert that tint by hand4 ,in workmanship the ,st4 ,albans printer1 especially in the ,english books1 is much inferior to the contemporary issue from the ,westminster press4 ,the types are worse1 the arrangement worse1 the presswork worse1 and the ink worse4 ,from this point of view alone1 the theory that he would print for ,caxton so much better than he did for himself1 is not worth serious consideration4 ,the ,book of ,st4 ,albans went through many editions1 particulars of which are difficult to obtain4 #adhf4 ,the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans 7,brit4 ,mus474 #adi-4 ,by ,wynken de ,worde 8at the sygne of the ,sonne40 #adif4 ,by ,wynken de ,worde 7,brit4 ,mus474 #ae--4 ,by ,w4 ,powell4 8,imprinted at ,london in ,fletestrete at the sygne of ,george next to saynt ,dunston's ,church by ,wyllyam ,powell40 #ae--4 ,by ,w4 ,copland4 8,imprinted at ,london in ,flete ,street at the sygne of the ,rose ,garlande by ,wylliam ,copland for ,richard ,tottell0 7,brit4 ,mus474 #ae--4 ,by ,w4 ,copland4 8,in ,lothebury0 #dto4 #ae--4 ,by ,w4 ,copland4 8,in saynt ,martyns parish in the ,vinetre uppon the three crane wharfe40 #aedh8 ,by ,w4 ,copland4 8,imprynted at ,london in the ,vyentre vppon the thre ,craned ,wharfe by ,wyllyam ,copland40 #aeej4 ,by ,w4 ,powell4 8,hawkynge ,huntynge and ,fishynge40 #hvo4 ,london4 #aeea8 ,by ,abraham ,vele4 #ae--4 ,by ,henry ,tab4 8,imprynted at ,london in ,paul's chyrch yarde by me ,hry ,tab0 7,brit4 ,mus474 #ae--4 ,by ,j4 ,waley4 8,imprinted at ,london in ,foster laen by ,john ,waley0 #dto4 #aefa4 ,by ,copland4 ,in this year ,copland was fined for 8a book of ,hawkyng1 ,huntyng1 and fyshynge ctrary to the orders of this howse--iiij d0 7,herbert1 p4 #cfg74 #aehf4 ,by ,e4 ,alde4 #dto4 7,bib4 ,dec474 #aeij4 ,by ,john ,wolfe 8at the sygne of the ,gunne40 #aeie4 ,by ,h4 ,lownes4 8,the ,gentleman's ,academie or the ,booke of ,st4 ,albans 99 99 99 ,compiled by ,juliana ,barnes in the year from the incarnation of ,christ #adhf4 ,and now reduced into a better method by ,g4 ,m40 7,gervase ,markham74 ,london4 #dto4 7,brit4 ,mus474 #aeif4 ,by ,wolffe4 #aeif4 ,by ,islip4 8,hawking ,hunting ,fowling and ,fishing10 by ,adam ,isllip4 #dto4 #aeif4 ,by ,e4 ,alde4 8,hawking ,hunting ,fowling and ,fishing10 by ,edward ,alde4 #afjj4 ,by ,wolffe4 #afjf4 ,by ,wolffe4 #afad4 ,by ,helme4 8,a ,jewell for ,gentrie by ,s4 ,t40 #dto4 7,brit4 ,mus474 #agic4 8,the ,book of ,cote ,armour40 ,london1 #dto1 reprinted by ,j4 ,dallaway1 with an excellent introduction 7,brit4 ,mus474 #ahaj4 ,the ,boke of ,hawking ,hunting and ,cote ,armour4 ,hazlewood's reprint4 ,london4 #dto4 7,brit4 ,mus474 ,how did the schoolmaster at ,st4 ,albans obtain his types8 ,this is a puzzling question in the present state of palotypography4 ,mr4 ,bradshaw of ,cambridge has1 by unwearied study of early printed books1 thrown great light upon the connection and genealogy of numerous founts used by fifteenth-century printers1 and systematic attention to the minute peculiarities of each printer is doubtless the only way in which those old books can be forced to yield up their secrets2 but the task is immense1 and beyond the powers of any one man to complete4 ,some day1 however1 when the palotypography of this country1 as well as of the ,continental presses1 shall have received that full technical and philosophical analysis which time is sure to bring1 the more fortunate bibliographer of the future will be able with certainty to track the footsteps and operations of the early typefounders1 and will be enabled to state for certain to what extent ,caxton and the ,st4 ,albans printer were their own typefounders1 and to what extent and to whom they looked for outside help4 ,as the case now stands1 we can only confess our ignorance of where the ,st4 ,albans types came from4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,subjects ,treated4 ,in the rude civilisation of the fifteenth century1 a year's experience of which would send most of us to our graves1 the mental occupation as well as the bodily recreation of our ancestors was almost confined to hunting and hawking4 8,fishing with an ,angle0 came in as a bad third1 being too tame a pursuit for men who were no men if not men of war4 ,mimic war--war on the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air--war which could be pursued in times of peace1 and which yet required knowledge1 patience1 fortitude1 and courage--this had great attractions1 and we cannot wonder at the general popularity of these pursuits4 ,the first treatise in the following reprint is upon ,hawking1 a pastime essentially aristocratic from the great expense it entailed in the purchase1 breeding1 and maintenance of the birds4 ,this1 indeed1 coupled with the diminution of game consequent on the progress of civilisation and the increase of the population1 led to the gradual decadence of the sport1 and nearly to its extinction in the eighteenth century1 although1 in very rare cases1 falconry is even now practised4 ,as we have seen1 one of the most difficult objects in hawking was to obtain an easy command of the proper vocabulary1 and so at first start our author instructs us in 8,the manner to speak of ,hawks1 from the egg40 ,we must not say a young hawk is hatched1 but #8disclosed2' they do not breed but 8eyer20 it was a want of culture in any falconer to say that hawks were building their nest1 they 8timbered0 it4 ,when the young could first leave the nest they were 8,bowesses10 and when they could fly they were 8,branchers10 and then was the time to catch and train them4 ,when the young were caught1 which was with nets1 the first thing was to 8ensile0 them1 that is1 to 8take a needle and thread and sew up the eyelids10 so that they 8see never a dele40 ,after a night and a day the threads were cut softly for fear of breaking the 8lyddis of the ighen10 then they were fed with well-washed flesh1 but kept awake the next night and day1 after which they were supposed to be tame1 or 8reclaimed40 ,the various diseases to which ,hawks are liable are then explained1 and medicines prescribed for them4 ,some of these are very absurd and some contradictory4 ,then comes a variety of terms for every movement and habit1 for every limb or part of the body1 and for almost every feather in the plumage4 ,in this minute description the author begins at the feet of the bird and so works upwards1 as when 8,knyghttis been harnesside40 ,next we are instructed how important it is to be careful of the manner of guiding the ,hawk the first time it is ready to 8nomme a partridge20 how to reward her by giving her the head and neck1 after which on no account is she to fly again till she has 8rejoiced10 i4e41 sharpened her beak and shaken her feathers4 ,more medicines follow1 among which is how to get rid of 8lies0 7lice74 8,take a piece of rough blanket and hold it to the fire till it is quite hot2 wrap the hawk therein1 and without hurting hold her #8softely and stylly' in your hands1 and all the vermin will creep into the cloth40 ,a happy thought this6 ,the 8,gesse10 or strip of leather by which the ,hawk is held when carrying her on the hand1 is next described1 together with the creance or long line4 ,more medicines still1 and then how to treat ,hawks when 8in mew10 or moulting1 a matter of great importance4 ,to promote 8mewing0 give the flesh of a kid1 a young swan1 and especially rats flesh2 stewed adders are also strongly recommended1 or chickens which have been fed upon wheat soaked in broth of vipers4 ,gout seems a common disease in various parts of the ,hawk's body1 which may be known by swelling and 8ungladness20 also rheum and fever and blains and agrum1 which last is cured by a red-hot silver needle thrust into the nostrils4 ,botches in the jaw should be 8kutte with a knyfe40 ,more terms follow for various habits and actions1 the last paragraph being upon the variety of ,bells used for ,hawks4 ,there should be two1 one a 8semytoyn0 7semitone7 below the other4 8,the ,bells of ,melen 7,milan87 were the best1 but10 says the author1 8there be now used ,dutchland bells1 of a town called durdright 7,dordrecht71 and they be passing good1 sonowre 7sonorous7 of ringing in shrillness1 and well lasting40 ,the whole ends with a list of various species of ,hawks and their appropriateness to the various stations of life1 among which are-- ,an ,eagle for an ,emperor4 ,a ,gerfalcon for a ,king4 ,a ,peregrine for an ,earl4 ,a ,merlyon for a ,lady4 ,a ,goshawk for a ,yeoman4 ,a ,sparehawk for a ,priest4 ,a ,muskyte for 8an holiwater clerke40 ,the second treatise is upon ,hunting1 and has a short preface1 which probably came1 like the first1 from the pen of the ,schoolmaster4 ,the work is all in metre1 and evidently intended for boys to learn by heart4 ,it begins by telling 8my dere chylde0 the various kinds of beast to be hunted2 the changes of name they take as they grow older2 the variety of horns2 how to skin and dismember2 the various cries and noises to be used2 the seasons of hunting various beasts4 ,then follow instructions how to hunt the ,hare1 and what to say to the hounds1 who must always be addressed in ,french1 as 8arere60 when he enters the kennel-door2 8this is the first word1 my son1 of venery40 8,sa sa cy auaunt10 8,sweff mon amy sweff10 and other similar cries are noted down1 some to be shouted twice only and some thrice1 the chief cry being 8,so how40 ,the knowledge of when and how often these cries should be used was most important1 as their proper use would bring 8worship among all men40 ,here1 apparently1 in the midst of one essay1 another is interpolated1 and we are treated to a portion of some old dialogue like 8,the ,master of the ,hunt10 in which the 8,man0 asks all sorts of questions and the 8,master0 replies4 ,it might indeed be dubbed 8,the ,hunter's ,catechism40 ,this occupies eight pages1 and then we fall back upon the original rhyme again and the instructions of the ,dame to 8my childe10 ending with the 8,explicit0 of ,dam ,julyans ,barnes4 ,some leaves remaining to be filled up1 the moral and other sentences1 as already described at page #ba1 were added4 ,perhaps the third treatise upon ,coat ,armour and the ,blason of ,arms is the most interesting portion of the book4 ,the quaintness of some of the explanations is very amusing1 and many people will find more points of sympathy1 both historical and technical1 with this than with the others4 ,the headline1 8,incipit ,liber ,armorum10 gives us at once the title of the manuscript from which the text was compiled4 8,heraldry ,run ,mad0 might indeed have been an appropriate title for this1 as well as all similar tractates2 for the author1 in his anxiety to honour the science1 does not scruple to take the reader back historically not to ,noah only1 but to ,adam1 whose spade1 he tells us1 was the first shield in ,heraldry1 and who was the first to bear ,coat ,armour4 ,the argument1 if it may so be called1 is3--,all 8gentilnes0 comes from ,god2 there were originally in heaven ten ,orders of ,angels bearing ,coat ,armour1 but now only nine1 ,lucifer with 8mylionys of aungelis0 having fallen out of heaven into hell and other places4 ,as a bondman might say that all men come from ,adam1 so might ,lucifer say he and his angels came from heaven4 ,cain1 for his wickedness1 was the first churl1 and all his offspring were churls also by the curse of ,god4 ,seth1 on the other hand1 was a gentleman by his father's blessing2 ,noah1 too1 was a gentleman by nature1 but of his three sons1 8,sem1 ,cham1 and ,jafeth10 ,cham1 for his unfilial conduct1 was made 8ungentle40 ,the address of ,noah to his three sons is curious1 and is thus supplemented3-- 8,of the offspring of the gentleman ,japhet came ,abraham1 ,moses ,aaron1 and the prophets1 and also the ,king of the right line of ,mary1 of whom that gentleman ,jesus was born1 very ,god and man1 after his manhood ,king of the land of ,judah and of ,jews1 a gentleman by his mother ,mary1 and ,prince of ,coat ,armour40 ,some say that ,coat ,armour began at the siege of ,troy1 but it was of far greater antiquity than that1 and was founded upon the nine ,orders of ,angels1 who were crowned each with a diadem of precious stones--the ,topaz 7truth71 ,smaragdus 7hardihood71 ,amethyst 7chivalry71 ,loys 7powerful71 ,ruby 7courageous71 ,sapphire 7wisdom71 ,diamond1 a black stone 7durable71 ,carbuncle 7doughty and glorious74 ,these represent ,gentleman1 ,squire1 ,knight1 ,baron1 ,lord1 ,earl1 ,marquis1 ,duke1 and ,prince4 ,here we probably have the origin of the shape of various crowns and coronets4 ,everything is treated in nines1 and the nine virtues and nine vices of gentleness follow1 with nine rejoicings1 nine articles that every knight should keep1 and nine manner of gentlemen1 in which we learn that the ,evangelists and ,apostles were all gentlemen of the right line of that worthy conqueror1 ,judas ,machabeus1 who in course of time had fallen to labour1 and so were not called gentlemen4 ,the four doctors of the ,church--,st4 ,jerome ,ambrose1 ,augustine1 and ,gregory--were also gentlemen of blood and of ,coat ,armour4 ,there are nine differences of ,coat ,armour and nine quadrats1 all of which are explained4 ,the 8,blasyng of ,arms0 comes next1 the preface to which is by the author1 and not by the printer4 ,it begins with the varieties of the ,cross as borne in arms1 each being illustrated by a rude woodcut printed in its proper colours1 and the blason1 or technical description of each is given in ,latin1 ,french1 and ,english4 ,all varieties of arms follow1 with the mysteries of bends1 engrail1 borders1 chequers1 balls1 cakes1 rings1 c41 offering but little which can be quoted1 but forming an interesting and useful book of reference4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,philology4 ,there is a strongly marked individuality in the spelling throughout all the treatises in this work4 ,if the ,hunting rhymes belong to ,dam ,julyans1 their orthography1 like the prose portions1 is that of the ,schoolmaster1 who appears to have been a ,north-countryman1 many words leading to that conclusion4 ,the formation of the plural by adding the letters 8is0 or 8ys0 strikes the attention at once4 ,thus the plural of bells is bellis2 egg1 eggis2 vetch1 fetchis2 fulmert1 fulmertis2 hawk1 hawkys2 herd1 herdys2 person1 personys1 and so on4 ,the change of a y at the end of a word to an i is common1 as onli1 softeli1 unthrefti2 and for if2 algate2 awth for all the2 bowke2 chylder2 clepit2 clees2 knaw2 ken2 yowre2 and many others are ,northern4 ,as might be expected1 many ,anglo-,saxon and ,anglo-,norman words now obsolete are found1 such as benymme1 blynne1 byzete1 canell1 clepit1 colver1 dagon1 gobbit1 kawe1 kydde1 liggen1 merde1 nasethrils1 nym1#e raton1 and many others4 ,footnote #e3 ,in the slang of thieves to steal is to nim at this day4 ,the following vocabulary will show the chief words in which peculiarity of spelling or dialect are noticeable3-- alfe1 half algate1 always and1 used for 8if0 appillis1 apples arn1 are assone1 as soon awntelere1 antler awth1 aught awth1 all the barris1 bars beestys1 beasts beke1 beak bellis1 bells bene1 be benymme1 take away blynne1 to cease boon1 bone bodi1 body bowellis1 bowels bott1 but bottre1 butter bowke1 crooked bridde1 bird broght1 brought bysprenged1 sprinkled byzete1 gain calt1 called calde1 called cattis flesh1 cat's flesh canell1 cinnamon callish1 call 7imper47 chycon1 chick chykynnes1 chickens chooce1 choice chylder1 children clepit1 called cloos1 close communeli1 commonly commythe1 cometh cowntenansis1 countenances coluer1 a dove colode1 cold cogh1 cough contenyt1 contained cowples1 couples croampe1 cramp currage1 courage cum1 cumme1 come dais1 days dagon1 a piece dayses1 daisies deeil1 a portion defawte1 default diueris1 divers dookes1 ducks doon1 do doys1 does echeon1 each one ech1 each eeg1 egg eegis1 eggs ellis1 else elis1 eels errabull1 arable eseli1 easily eueri1 every euerose1 rosewater euyn1 eeuen1 even eyre1 air eygh1 eyghen1 eye1 eyes febulness1 feebleness fechens1 stoats faukeneris1 falconers feederis1 federes1 feathers fetchis1 vetches feldis1 fields fosterys1 foresters folowys1 follows flee1 flay forder1 further forrgeet1 forget fostewt1 fost fowrith1 fourth fulmertis1 polecats gedder1 gather glayre1 white of an egg gobbit1 piece gres1 grease groyn1 grown gyde1 guide habull1 able hawkys1 hawks hawtyn1 proud hakke1 hack haare1 hare heepis1 heeps hedgis1 hedges herdys1 herds howndys1 hounds hoole1 whole hoold1 holde1 old hoom1 home hudge1 small huntid1 hunted hunterys1 hunters hennys1 hens huicles oppon hir houghis hanylon1 wiles of a fox igh1 ighe1 iyen1 eye1 eyes ingraylyt1 engrailled inowgh1 enough ilich1 alike iren1 iron ilke1 each juse1 juice kawe1 call ken1 know knaw1 knawe1 know knottis1 knots kneys1 knees kow1 cow knyue1 knife kydde1 known kyndeli1 natural kut1 cut layserly1 leisurely lew warme leppys1 leaps leif1 dear leuer1 liver lies1 lice linne1 lynne1 linen littyl1 little liggyn1 lie luke water lyddis of the ighen1 eyelids lymayall1 iron filings looff1 loaf maake1 make mary1 marrow markeris1 markers merde1 dung medecyne1 medesyn1 medlide1 mingled meele1 melis1 meal1 meals medill1 mingle moch1 much mony1 many mowothe1 mouth moystour1 moisture myddes1 midst mynne1 mine nasethrillis1 nostrils nares1 nostrils naamys1 names natheless1 nevertheless neppe1 catmint nettis1 nets notabull1 notable no moo1 no more nombur1 number not1 a nut nyghtis1 nights nym1 nomme1 take1 taken okys1 oaks onli1 only ony1 honey ones1 onys1 once oouen1 oven oon1 one oppyn1 open ordenatili owte1 out parlous1 perlous1 perilous pennyd1 feathered personys1 persons pellittis1 pellets pike1 pick proceis1 process puttith1 putteth praty1 pretty properteis1 properties quarterit1 quartered rad1 8 afraid raton1 a rat restith1 resteth rede1 ready rebuket1 rebuked roys1 roes roungeth rowse1 rouse saauue1 save serven1 sew semytoyn1 semitone se1 see shewys1 shows slau1 slow snakys1 snakes softeli1 softly somwatt1 somewhat soore1 sore sowre1 soar soper1 supper sowkyng1 sucking sonnys1 sons spanyellis1 spaniels snakys1 snakes taake1 take takys1 takes tempur1 temper termys1 termis1 terms tho1 thei1 they thridde1 third theyem1 them threis1 thrice theys1 thighs togeyder1 together toon1 two tweys1 twice tymeli1 timely thredis1 threads varri rede1 very red veri1 very vnthrefti1 unthrifty vreyne1 urine warbellith1 warbelleth watt1 what weere1 where weere1 weary ware1 were wengys1 wings whaan1 when whote nat1 wot not wroght1 wrought wode1 wold1 would wight1 swift woddys1 woods wylis1 while yche1 each yghes1 eyes yolow1 yellow yowre1 your yowris1 yours ,we have now traced the various aspects in which this curious work may be viewed4 ,there is not one of them that would not repay much deeper study1 and the reader will1 doubtless1 sympathise with the writer in the wish that more could be discovered concerning the schoolmaster-printer4 ,that his pioneer attempts to establish a printing press met with many discouragements was a matter of course2 and1 doubtless1 he had many technical1 business1 and even social difficulties to overcome2 for a reading public had to be created and patronage was scantily afforded4 ,nevertheless he struggled on for at least seven years1 as we learn from the dates on his books1 and whatever may have been his shortcomings1 either as author or as printer1 the fact of his having been one of the earliest promoters in this country of the grandest discovery which the mind of man has yet made1 will unite all of us in honouring the memory and respecting the name1 shadowy though it be1 of the 8,scole mayster of ,st4 ,albon40 ,,william ,,blades4 ,illustration3 ,fleuron ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,in so moch that genti men and honest persones haue greete delite in haukyng and desire to haue the maner to take haukys3 and also how and in waat wyse they shulde gyde theym ordynateli3 and to knaw the genti termys in communyng of theyr haukys3 and to vnderstonde theyr sekeneses and enfirmitees3 and also to knawe medicines for theym accordyng4 and mony notabu termys that ben vsed hawkyng both of their haukys and of the fowles that their hawkys sha sley4 ,therfore thys book fowlowyng in a dew forme shewys veri knawlege of suche plesure to genti men and sonys disposed to se itt4 ,thys is the maner to begynne to kepe hawkys3 bot not a maner hawkys4 bott oonli ,goshawkys3 and ,tercellis of ,goshawkys4 and spare hawkys4 and in watt maner thay sha be taake4 ,the maner to speke of hawkis fro an eeg to thei be habu to be takene4 ,now to speke of hawkys4 first thay been ,egges4 and afterwarde they bene disclosed hawkys4 and communeli goshawkys been disclosed4 as sone as the choughe and in some place more tymeli after the contre is of hete4 and tymeli bredyng4 ,and we sa say that hawkis doon ,eyer4 and not brede4 in the woodes4 ,and we sha say that howkys doon draw when they bere tymbering to their nestes4 and nott they beld ne make ther nestes ,and in the tyme of their loue they ca4 and not kauke4 ,and we sha say that they trede4 ,and when they bene vnclosed and begynneth to feder any thyng of lengthe ,anoon be kynde they wi draw somwatt out of the nest3 and draw to bowis4 and come agayn to ther nest ,and then thay be clepit ,bowessis ,and after saynt ,margaretis day thay wi flie fro tree to tree4 ,and then thay bene calde ,brawncheris4 ,and then it is time for to take hem ,and 4vij4 nighttis be fore saynt ,margaritis day 4vij4 nightis after is beste takyng of spare hawkes4 ,how e shall demen ow takng of hawkis with wat instrumtis how e shall kide them ,who so wi take hawkes he must haue nettis wich ben kalled vrines and tho must be made of good small threde4 and it hade need to be died other green or blwe for espieng of thee hawke4 and he most take with hym neede and threde to ensile the hawkes that ben takien4 ,and in this maner they must be ensiled4 ,take the neede and threde3 and put it thorow the ouer igh lid and so of that other4 and make hem fast vnder the beke3 thatt she se neuer a dee and then se is ensiled as she awthe to be4 ,sum vsen to ensile hem with the needer igh lidde a bone the beke on the hede almost3 bot that is the wors way ,for of reeson the ouer igh lidde closith more iustly then the nether be cause of the largenesse4 ,when she is ensiled then bere thi hawke home on thi fiste and cast hir on a perch and let hir stande ther a night and a day and on that other day towarde eeuen4 then take and cut eseli the thredes and take hem a way softeli for brekyng of the lyddis of the ighen4 ,then softe and faire begynne to fede her4 and fair fare with her ti se wi sitte wee vppon the fist4 ,for it is drede for hurtyng of hir wengys4 ,and then thessame night after the fedyng wake her a nyght and the morow a day4 ,then shee wi be preui ,inowgh to be reclamed4 ,and the first meete that she sha eete3 lett it be hoot4 and yeue her ,inough ther of ,whan owre hawke ma be draw to reclame and the maner of hir dette ,and if yowre hawke be harde pennyd3 she may be drawne to be reclaymed ,for a the while that she is tender pennyd3 she is not habu to be reclaymed ,and if she be a ,goshawke or ,terce that sha be reclaymed euer fede hym with wase meete at the drawyng4 and at the reclaymyng4 bot loke that hit be hoote4 and in this maner wase it4 ,take the meet and go to the water and strike it vpp and downe in the water4 and wringe the waater owte4 and fede hir ther with and she be a brawncher4 ,and if it bene an ,eyesse thow most was the meete clenner then ye doo to the brawncher4 and with a linne cloth wipe it and fede hir4 ,and euermore the thrid day yeue her castyng when she is fleyng if she be a ,goshawke or ,terce in this maner3 ,take new blanket cloth and cut 4v4 pelettis therof of an inche longe4 ,and take the fles and cutt 4v4 morceilis3 and withe a knyues poynt make an hoole in eueri morce4 and put therin the pellettis of cloth4 and take a fair dis with water and put hem therin4 ,then take the hawke and yeue her a morce of hoote meete the mowntenawns of halfe hir soo4 ,then take hit that lyth in the waa4 and fede hir for a nyght4 ,how e shall fede owre hawke4 and to knawe hir infirmiteis4 ther bene mon diueris of them ,if yowre hawke be a spare hawke3 euer fede hir with vnwasc meet and looke that hir castyng be plumage4 than looke that it be cleyn vnder the perch4 and in the morow ye shal fynde the castyng vnder the perch4 and ther ye sha knowe whether the hawke be clene or noo4 ,for sum gobbit wi be yolow and sum greene4 and sum glaymous4 and sum cleere ,and if itt be yolow she engenderith the frounce4 the wych is an eue that wi riese in the mowothe or in the cheke4 ,and if it be grene4 she engenderith the ,ry4 ,the condicion of this eue is this4 it wil arise in the hede and make the hede to swe4 the iyen a glaymous4 and dyrke and bot it haue helpe3 it wi downe in to the legges4 and maake the legges to rancle4 and if it goo fro the legges in to the hede a gayne4 thi hawke is bot loost4 ,and if it be glaymous and roping she engenderith an eue callid the ,cray4 that is whan an hawke may not muteyse ,merke wele owre medicines here folowng ,a medicine for the frounce the mowth ,take a siluer spoone and put the sma ende in the fyre ti it be hoote4 ,then let holde the hawke and oppyn hir beke and brin the soore and anoynte it with the mary of a goose that hathe lyne longe4 and she sha be hoole4 ,and if the frounce be wex as greete as a note4 ,than ther is a grubbe ther in4 and then thow most cutt it with a ,rasure in this maner4 ,lette hoolde the hawke3 and slitte ther the soore is4 and thew shalte fynde ther as it ware the mawe of a pegeon4 ,take it owte a hoole4 and take a payre of sheeris and cutt the hoole of the soore4 and make it as fayre as ye may with a lynne cloth4 and wipe clene the bloode a way4 and anoynt the soore with bawme 4iiii4 dais arewe and afterwarde with papylyen4 ti it be hoole4 how the frounce commthe4 ,the frounce commyth whan a man fedith his hawke withe ,porke or cattis fles 4iiii4 days to geyder4 how the ,r commthe4 ,for defawte of hoote meete this sekenese the ,ry commyth4 how the ,cra commthe4 ,the ,cray commyth of was meete the wich is was withe hoote water in the defawte of hoote meete4 ,also it commythe of thredis the wtch ben in the fles that the hawke is fedde with4 ,for though thow pike the fles neuer so clene4 yit thow shalte fynde thredes ther in4 whan thn hawke shall bathe hm4 ,and euermore ech thridde day let thyn hawke bathe hym4 a the somer if it be mere wether4 and onys in a weeke in wynter if it be fayre wether4 and not ellis4 ,and whan thow bathes thy hawke3 euer yeue hir a morce of hoote meete vnwas though she bene a ,goshawke4 ,how e ma cawse owre hawke to fle withe a currage in the morow4 ,iff ye wi that yowre hawke flye in the morowtide4 fede hir the nyght before with hoote mete4 and was thessame meete in vreyne and wryng owt the water clene4 and that sha make hir to haue lyst and currage to flie the morow in the best maner4 ,how e shall gde ow if owre hawke be full goorged and e wode soone haue a flght4 ,iff yowre hawke be fu goorged4 and that ye wold soone vppon haue a flighte take 4iij4 cornes of whete4 and put hem in a morce of fles4 and yeue thessame morcellie to the hawke4 and she wi cast anoon a that she hath with in her4 and anoon after that she hath cast4 ,looke ye haue a morce of hoote meete to yeue hir ,and if yowre hawke be ouergoorged4 yeue her thessame medesyn4 ,a medecne for the ,r ,take dayses leeuys4 and stampe hem in a morter4 and wrynge owt the ,iuse4 and with a penne put it in the hawkis nares ,ones or twyes whan the hawke is smalle goorged4 and a non after let hir tyre4 and she sha be hoole as a fys ,or ellis take percelli ,rootis and serue hir with theyem in thessame maner4 and when she tyrith holde rew yowre honde with the tyring and that sha make hir voide4 bot it is perlous to vse it often that the ,iuce fa ner spryng in to hir yghes4 ,also and ye yeue yowre hawke fres butter or the marow of hogges that is in the bone of the butte of porke4 it sha make hir to cast water wele at the nares4 and it will kepe the nares opyn4 bot it wi make hir hawtyn and prowde ,a medecne for the ,cra moo folow ,take and chafe with yowre hondys the fundement of yowre hawke with luke water a longe tyme4 and after that take the powder of ,saxifrage or ellis the powder of ,rewe4 and a quantite of may butter4 and temper hit wee to geder ti thay ben euen medlide4 than putte it in a litty box and stoppe it faste4 as oftyn as yow fede yowre hawke an hoole meele anoynt hire meete a litty ther with4 and that sha make hir to loue meet the bettir for loue of the oyntement4 and it sha saaue hir fro the ,cray and from mony oder sekeneses3 that gender ofte in an hawke4 ,also take the hoote hert of a swyne or of a pigge and feede her 4ij4 days therwith4 and she sha be hoole4 ,also take porke and weete it in hoote mylke of a cowe4 fede the hawke therwith4 and that sha make hir mutyse att the best4 ,also poorke with the mary of the boon of the but of porke sha make hir mutise fede hir with booth to geder4 ,also vse hir to fresh butter and it wi doo thessame4 ,also oon mele or 4ij4 at the most of the hoote leuer of a pig sha make hir to mutyse weele4 be ware ye yeue hir not to grete a goorge therof4 for it is a perlous meete ,also take ye white of an egge4 labur thessame a spoge as weele as ye wolde make glayre for rede ,inke ti it be like wat4 put thessame a vesse4 let the meete yt sha be for hir so3 ly a stepe ther in a the day be for4 at night fede hir therwt and that the wich sha be for hir dyner in the mornyng let it ly a the nyght4 bot in any wyse that ye haue alway fress gleyre4 and if hir fedyng be poorke it is the bettir4 yt is proued ,the kndeli termis that belong to hawkis ,in the begynnyng of kyndeli spech of the termys that belong to hawkys here ye may fynde theym ,the first is holde fast at a timys4 and specially whan she batith4 ,it is calde batyng4 for she batith with hir selfe most oftyn causeles ,the secunde is rebate youre hawke3 to yowre fyst4 thatt is whan yowre hawke batith4 the leest meuyng that ye can make with yowre fyst she wi rebate ayen vppon yowre fyst ,the thride is feede yowre hawke4 and not gyue hir meete ,the fawrith is an hawke snytith4 or sewith hir beke and not wipith hir beke ,the 4v4 youre hauke ,ioukith4 and not slepith ,the 4vi4 youre hawke proynith4 and not pikith and she pronyth not bot whan she begynnyth at hir leggys4 and settheth moystour like oyle4 at hir tai4 and bawmeth hir fete strikyth the federis of hir wynges thorow her beke4 and it is calde the note4 than as she fetchis the oyle4 ,and ye sha vnderstonde an hawke wolde not be letted of hir proynyng4 ,for that tyme that she proynyth she is lykyng and lusty4 and whanne she hathe doone she wi rowse hire myghtyly4 ,and sum tyme yowre hawke cowntenansis as she piked hir4 and yet she proynith not4 and then ye most say she ,reformith hir federis and not piketh hir federis4 ,the 4vij yowre hawke colyeth and not beckyth ,the 4viij4 she rowsith and not shakith her selfe ,the 4ix4 she streynith and not ,clithith nor ,cratchith ,the 4x she mantellith and not stretchith whan she puttith her leges from hir oon after an other3 and hir wynges folow after hier legg4 then she dooth manti hir and whaan she hath mantilled hir and bryngith booth her wynges to geider ouer hir backe ye sha say yowre hawke warbellith hir wynges4 and that is oon terme dewe therfore ,the 4xi ye sha say yowre hawke mutessith or mutith and not sklysith4 ,the 4xij ye sha say cast yowre hawke to the perch4 and not set youre hawke vppon the perch4 ,here shal e vnderstonde furthermore other maner of terms that belong vn to hawkis for to cmende them for diuerse of there propirteis ,first ye sha say ,this is a fayr hawke4 an hudge hauke a longe hawke4 a short thike hawke4 say not this is a grete hawke4 also ye sha say this hauke has a large beke ,or a shortt beke4 and ca it not bille4 an hudge hede or a sma hede fayre sesoned ye sha say yowre hawke is fu goorged and not cropped4 and yowre hawke puttithouer and endueth4 and yet she dooth booth dyuersely4 ,how owre hawke puttithouer ,an hawke puttithouer when she remeuith the mete from hir goorge in to hir bowillis4 ,and thus ye sha knawe it whan she puttithouer she trauersith withe hir bodi4 and specialli with the necke3 as a ,crane doothe or an other bridde whan e shall sa enduth embowellid ,an hawke enduth neuer as long as hir bowillis bene fu at her fedyng4 bot assone as she is fedde4 and restith she enduthe litti and litti4 ,and if her goorge be wide and the bowe any thyng stiffid4 ye sha say she is embowellid and hath not fully endewed and as long as ye may fele any thyng in hir bowellis it is perlous to gyue her any mete4 ,merke well thes terms folowng ,say an hawke hath a long wyng4 a faire long tay with vi barris owt4 and stondith vppon the 4vii4 ,this hawke is entirpenned ,that is to say when the federis of the wynges bene bitwen the body and the thighis4 ,this hawke has an hudge legge or a flat leg4 or a rownde legge4 or a faire enserid legge ,to knawe the maill of an hawke ,hawkes haue white mai4 ,canuasmai or ,rede mai4 ,and som ca ,rede mai ,iren may4 white mai is soone knawe4 ,canuasmai is betwene white mai and ,iron mai4 ,and ,iron mai is varri ,rede4 ,plumage4 and ,caste owre hawke4 ,a ,goshawke nor a terce in thare sore aage haue nott thau mayles named4 bot it is calde their plumage4 and after the cote4 it is calde theyr ,mai ,and if yowr hawke reward to any fowle by countenance for to flee ther to ye sha say cast the hawke ther to4 and not lett fli ther to4 ,nomme or seesid4 ,and if yowre hawke ,nomme a fowle4 and the fowle breke a way fro hir4 she hath discomfet mony federes of the fowle4 and is brokyn a way for in kyndeli spech ye sha say youre hawke hath ,nomme or seesid a fowle and not take it werfore an hawke is calde a ,rifelere4 ,and oft tyme it happith mony an hawke for egernesse when he shulde ,nomme a fowle he seesith bot the federis4 and as ofte as he doos so he ,riflith4 therfore such hawkys been called ,rifeleres if they doo ofte so4 ,how e shall naame the memberes of owre hawkis in conuenient termes4 ,now ye sha vnderstande the naamys off the membries of hawkys3 to begynne at hir fete and goo vpwarde as knyghttis been harnesside and armeed4 so we sha enarme her ,talons4 ,fyrst the grete ,clees behynde4 that strenyth the bake of the hande4 ye sha ca hom ,talons ,pownces4 ,the ,clees with the fote ye sha ca of right her ,pownces ,longe ,sengles4 ,bott certaynly the ,clees that are vppon the medy stretcheris ye sha ca the loong ,sengles4 ,pet ,sengles4 ,and the vttermest ,clees ye sha ca the ,pety ,sengles ,the ke or ,closer4 ,vnderstond ye also that the longe ,senclees be calde the key of the fote4 or the ,closer4 ,for what thyng som euer it be yt yowre hawke strenyth3 open that ,sengle4 and a the fote is oppen for the strength ther of fortyfieth a the fote4 ,seris of water or wax colowre4 ,knawe ye3 that the skynne a bowte yowre hawkys legges his fete is calde3 the ,seris of hir legges and hir fete4 whether thay be watery hewed or of waxy colowre yolowe4 ,the ,beme feder4 ,full ,sommd and ,reclamede4 ,an hawke hath 4xij4 federis vppon his tayle4 and oon principa feder of thessame is in the myddis4 and in maner a that oder bene couertid vnder thessame feder4 and that is called the ,beme feder of the tayle4 ,and ther gooth blacke barris ouerwarde the tayle4 and thos same barris sha telle yow whan she is fu summed4 or fu fermyd4 ,for whan she is fu barrid she stondith vppon 4vij4 and then she is perfite rede to be ,reclaymede4 ,ye sha vnderstonde that as longe as an hawke stondeth vnder the nombre of 4vij4 barris4 ,and she be in hir sore aage3 it most be sayde that she is not fu summed4 for so longe she is bot tender ,pennyd whether she be brawncher or ,eyes4 ,and iff she be a mewed hawke4 and stonde within 4vij4 barris4 ye sha say she is not fu fermed4 for she is not habu to be ,reclaymed4 be cause she is drawe to soone owt of the mewe for she is not harde pennyde4 no more than a soore hawke4 ,brales or ,bralfeders4 ,degouted ,to knaw forthermor of hawkes4 an hawke hath long smale white federis4 hangyng vndeer the tay3 from hir bowe downe warde4 and the same federis ye sha ca the brayles or the brayle federis4 ,and communely euery goshawke and euery tercellis braylis bene bysprenged with blake speckes4 like ,armyns4 and for a that thay bene accomptid neuer the better4 ,bot and a sparehawke be so ,ermyned vppon the brayles4 or a ,musket4 oder ye sha say she is ,degouted to the vttermost brayle4 and much it betokynis hardenes4 ,brest feders4 ,plumage4 ,barbe feders4 ,pendaunt feders4 ,the federis abowte the formore parteys of an hawke3 becalled the brest feederis4 the feederis vnd the wynges are plumage ,the federis vnder the beke be calde the barbe federis4 ,and the federis that bene at the ,ioynte3 at the hawkes kne thay stonde hangyng and sharppe at thendes4 thos be calde the pendaunte federis4 ,flagg or faggis feders4 ,the federis at the wynges next the body be calde the flagg or the fagg federis4 ,beme federes of the wng ,sercell ,and the long federis of the wynges of an hawke bene calde the beme federis of the wyng4 ,and the federis that sum ca the pynyon feder4 of a noder fowle4 of an hawke3 it is calde the ,serce ,and ye sha vnderstonde iff an hawke be in mewe yt same serce feder sha be the last feder that she wi cast4 and ty that be cast4 she is neuer mewed4 yit it has bene seen3 that hawkes haue cast that same first as ,i haue herde say4 bot that other ,rewle is gendra4 and whan she hath cast hir sercellis in mew4 then and not erst it is tyme for to fede hir with was meete and to begynne to ensayme hire4 ,ensame ,ensayme of an hawke is the grece4 and bot if that be take a way with fedyng of was meete and otherwyse as it sha be declared here after4 she wi gedder a pane wich may be hir vttermost confusion4 and she flye therwith4 and take blood4 and colde ther vppon4 ,couertis or couert ,ther bene also federis that cloos vppon the sarcellis4 and thossame be calde the couertis or the couert federis4 and so a the federis be calde that bene next ouer the long beme federis4 and the fagg federis vppon the wynges4 ,backe federis4 ,the federis vppon the backe halfe be called the backe federis4 ,beke ,clape ,nares ,sere ,the ,beke of the hawke is the vpper parte that is croked4 ,the neder parte of hir beke is calde the clape of the hawke4 ,the ,hoolis in the hawkes beke bene callede the ,nares4 ,the yolow be twene ye ,beke ye yeghen is calde ye ,sere4 ,crnettis4 ,ther be oon an hawke long smale blake federis3 like heres about the sere thossame3 be calde ,crinettis of ye hawke4 ,sore aage4 ,ye sha vnderstonde that the first yere of an hawke whether she be calde ,brawncher or ,eyes4 that first yere is calde hir sore aage4 and a that yere she is calde a sore hawke4 for and she eskape that yere4 with good fedyng she is likly to endure longe4 ,to ,reclame an hawke ,iff ye wi ,reclaym yowre hawke ye most departe oon mele in 4iij4 melis4 vnto tyme that she wi come to ,reclayme4 and whan she wi come to ,reclayme encrece her melis euery day better and better4 ,and or she come to the ,reclame make her that she sowre not4 ,for thogh she be wele ,reclaymed hit may happyn that she wi sowre3 so hegh in to the ,eyre4 that ye sha ,nether se hir nor fynde hir4 ,and iff yowre hawke sha flie to the partrich4 looke that ye ,ensayme her or she flie4 whether she be ,brawncher or ,eyes ,or mewed hawke4 wh an hawke is called an ,ees4 ,an hawke is calde an ,eyes of hir ,eyghen4 for an hauke that is broght vp vnder a ,bussard or a ,puttocke3 as mony be3 hath wateri ,eyghen4 ,for whan they be disclosed and kepit in ferme ty thay be fu summyd4 ye sha knawe theym by theyr wateri ,eyghen4 ,and also hir looke wi not be so quycke as a ,brawncheris is4 and so be cause the best knawlege is by the ,eygh4 they be calde ,eyeses4 ,ye may also knawe an ,eyes4 bi the palenese of the seres of her legges of the sere ouer the beke4 ,and also by the tayntys that be vppon her tay and her wengys wiche tayntys com for lacke of fedyng4 when thay be ,eyes4 what a tant is4 ,a ,taynt is a thyng that gooth ouerwarte the federis of the wynges4 and of the tay lyke as and it were eetyn with wormys and it begynyth first to brede at the body4 in the penne and that same penne sha frete asonder4 and falle a way thurrow thessame taynte and then is the hawke disparagid for a that yere4 ,medecns to ,ensame owre hawke ,take the ,rote of ,rasue and do it in clene water4 and lay thy fles ther in4 to temper a grete whyle4 and yeue it to yowre hawke to eete4 and if she eete therof4 drede not bot hit sha benymme hir grece4 bot within 4iij4 days she sha not grettely abate4 ,also take pulia and garlek and stampe it wele to geder4 and wrynge owte the ,iuce in a dys4 and then weete the fles ther in4 and fede yowre hawke therwyth4 and bot it tempur yowre hawke4 that is to say ensayme yowre hawke4 with in 4iiij4 days4 ,i merue ,bot looke eueri day that ye make new ,iuce and whan ye fede hir4 weete yowre meete ther in4 ,also take the ,iuce of percelly ,moris otherwise calde percelly ,rootis4 and thossame of ,isop4 and was yowre fles ther in and yowre hawke sha be ,ensaymed kyndly4 and no grete abate to the hawke4 ,som vse to lay thare fles in water almost a day4 and yeue thessame to the hawke at soper4 and that at lyth a nyght4 to geue to hir in the mornyng4 and thus to fede hem in mew or thay be drawen a bowte a monyth or 4vi4 weekys4 and to ensayme theym or thay com on fist4 as sone as thay cast theyr cerce4 then is the tyme to begynne to fede hem soo4 ,how owre hawke ensamthe ,understonde ye for certayn3 that as longe as yowre hawkes fete be blakys and rough3 she is fu of grece4 and euer as she ensaymyth4 hir fete wi wax yolow and smothe ,how e shall gde ow whan owre hawke is red to flie4 ,also e shall sa put vp a partriche ,whan ye haue ensaymed yowre hawke3 and ,reclaymyd hir4 and that she is redi to flie to the partrich4 ye most take a partrich in yowre bagge4 and goo in to the felde4 and let yowre spanyellis fynde a ,couy of partrichys4 and when thay be put vpp4 and begynne to scatre4 ye most haue markeris to marke som of thaym4 and then cowple vp yowre houndys4 wan ye haue so doon4 let sum felow of yowris preueli take the partrich owte of yowre bagge4 and ty it by the legge3 with a creaunce4 and cast it vp as high as he can4 and as soon as the hawke seith hir she wi flie ther to4 and if yowre hawke sees the partirich a boone4 yeue hir a rewarde3 theruppon4 and go after yt by laysoure to the partrich that be marked and doo as ,i sha te yow here folowyng4 ,iff ye haue a chastised hounde3 that wi be rebuket3 and is a ,retriuer4 vncouple him and no moo of yowre houndis4 and goo to a sengler partrich3 of the couy so sparplid4 and be as nygh as ye can to the ,risyng therof and if yowre hawke desire cast hir to it4 and if she take it then is yowre hawke made for that yere4 and of thessame partrich that she sleth4 thus ye moost rewarde hir as it shewith here next folowyng4 how e shall rewarde owre hawke4 ,take a knyfe and cutt the hede and the necke from the body of the partrich4 and stripe the skynne a way from the necke4 and yeue that same to the hawke4 and couer the body of the fowle with a bonett or an hatt4 and lay thessayd hede and the necke theruppon4 and if she wi forsake the fowle that she plumyth on4 and com to the rewarde4 then preuyli take a way the partrich4 and rewarde yowre hawke with the ,brayne4 and the necke4 ,beware that she eete no bonys4 for that is eue to endewe4 and it wi make hir vnlusty3 for to flye4 ,and thus ye most serue hir of as many as she sleth4 bot let hir rewarde be the lasse4 for ellis she may be sone fu goorged4 and then she may flye no more a grete while4 how owre hawke shall ,reiose4 ,and whan yowre hawke hath sloyne a fowle4 and is rewarded as ,i haue sayde4 let hir not flie in no whise ty yt she haue ,reioysed hir4 that is to say4 tyll she haue sewed4 or snyded her beke4 or ellys rowsed her4 and whan she hath done any of theys4 or a4 go and retriue moo and she wi nym plente4 ,whan owre hawke hath nomme a fowle how e shall do that e rebuke not the hawke4 ,lerne wele oon thyng4 and beware therof4 whan yowre hauke hathe nomme a partrich4 stonde a goode way of4 and come not to nygh her4 and dryue a way yowre houndys for rebukyng of hir4 for many hawkys loue noon howndys4 and also many howndys wi benymme theym theyre gamme from ther fote4 and that is parlous4 and whiles yowre hawke plumith cumme softely towarde hir4 alway nere and nere4 and if she leue plumyng4 and loke vppon yow4 stonde sty and cherke hir4 and whisty hir4 ty she plume ayen4 and thus serue hir ty ye be right nere hir4 ,than softe and layserly3 fa oppon yowre kneys4 and preuely while she plumyth sett yowre honde and be sure of the gesse4 and than ye may gyde a thyng as ye wy4 and if ye doo the contrary3 she wi for feere cary hir game or let it go quyke4 and that is bot losse to yow and yowre hawke also4 ,a medecne for to make an hawke to cast that is a comberd with castng with in her bod ,take the ,iuce of ,salandyne4 and wete a morce of fles therin4 the mowntenaunce of a ,note4 and yeue that morce to the hawke4 and that sha make hir for to cast hir olde casttyng4 and the hawke sha be safe4 ,a medecne for an hawke that will soure ,wass the fles that yowre hawke sha be fedde with3 in ye ,iuce of fene4 and that sha take away that pride from hir and make hir to leue hir sowryng whether she be lene or fatte4 ,and mony tymes an hawke wi sowre whan she lackyth bathyng4 ,a medecne for an hawke that is lowse4 ,take quycke siluer and put it in a bassien of brasse4 and do ther to saladyne3 and askys4 and medy it wele to geder4 ty a the quycke siluer be dede4 and medy therto fat of bonnys4 and anoynte the hawke ther with4 and hang it aboute hir necke ty it fa a way4 and that sha slee the lies4 ,also powdre of orpement blowen vppon an hawke3 with a penne sha slee the lies4 ,also take a dagon or pece of ,rough blanket vnshoron and holde it to the fire4 vnto tyme it be thorough owte warme and wrappe the hawke therin4 and than holde hir softely and stylly4 for hurtyng in yowre hondys4 and the vermyn wi crepe in to the cloth4 ,also holde hir in the sonne in a fayre day4 ye sha se the vermyn crepe owte vppon her federis4 then take a knyfe and wete the oon side of the blade therof wt yowre mowth4 alway as thay appere lay the wete side of the knyfe to theym4 and they wi cleue ther to4 and then ye may slee thaym4 ,the opnon of ,ostregiers4 ,after the opynyon of many ,ostregiers3 and ye fede yowre hawke contynually with ,porke with ,iayes4 with ,pyes4 ,or especially bere hir moch in ,rayeny weder4 thay sha be lowse4 ,ostregeris4 ,speruiteris4 ,faukeneris4 ,now be cause ,i speke of ,ostregeris3 ye sha vnderstonde that thay be calde ,ostregeris that kepe ,goshawkys4 or ,tercellis4 and tho that kepe ,sperhawkys and muskettys ben called ,speruiteris4 and keperis of a other hawkys ben callidde ,faukeneris4 ,the length of the ,gesse4 ,lewnes4 ,trettis4 and how the be fastined4 ,bewettis ,hawkys haue aboute ther legges ,gesse made of leder most commynly4 some of silke4 wich shulde be no lenger bot that the knottis of theym shulde4 appere in myddys of the lefte honde3 betwene the longe fyngre and the leche fyngre4 be cause the lewnes shulde be fastened to theym4 with a payre of tyrettis4 wich tyrettis shuld rest vppon the lewnes4 and not vppon the gesses4 for hyngyng and fastynyng vppon trees when she flyeth4 and the saame lewnes4 yow sha fastyn than abowte yowre lytty fyngre slackely4 in compaysyng the saame in 4iiij4 or 4v4 folde4 as a bowstryng vnocupyede and the terettys serue to kepe hir from wyndyng whan she bathes ,also thessame letheris that be putt in hir bellis3 to be fastyned a boute hir leggys ye sha calle ,bewettis4 ,creaunce4 ,also ye sha ca the long lyne that ye do ca youre hawke to ,reclaym with3 yowre ,creaunce4 what so euer it be4 ,a medecne for an hawke that will cast flesh ,putt the fles that yowre hawke sha eete3 in fayre water4 and fede her therwith 4iij4 days4 and she sha holde hir fles at the best4 ,a medecne for an hawke that has lost here corrage4 ,an hawke that hath loost her corrage3 aman may knawe if he wi take good hede4 ,for siche is hir maner4 whan she is cast to a fowle4 she fleith a waywarde as thogh she knewe nott the fowle4 ,or ellis she wi flie a litty way after4 and a noon she yeueth it vpp4 and for suche an hawke thys is a goode medecyn4 ,take ,oyle of spayne and tempere it with clere wyne4 and with the yolke of an egge and put therin befe4 and therof yeue to yowre hawke 4v4 morcellis4 and then set hir in the sonne4 and at euen fede hir with an olde hote coluer4 and if ye fede hir th iij tymys that hawke was neuer so lusty nor so ,ioly before4 as she wi be after and come to hir owne corege4 ,othir make poudre of mecles that stynkith4 and putt the poudre on the fles of a pecoke and medi the blode of the pecoke among the poudre4 and make hir to eete the fles4 ,a medecne that an hawke shall not lie mew for vnlustnese4 ,take ferne ,rotis that growith on an ,oke4 and oke appillis and make ,iuce of theym4 and wete hir fles therin4 feede the hawke 4ij4 timys or 4iij4 and that sha make hir to leue that ,a medicine for an hawke that hath the tene ,an hawke that hath the teyne a man may sone knaw if he take hede4 for this is hir maner ,she wi pante more for oon batyng then an other for 4iiij4 if she shulde flie a litty wile she shuld almost lese her breth4 whether she be fatte or lene4 and alway she makyth heuy chere4 and for that this is the medycyne4 ,take a quantyte of the ,redenesse of hase with the poudre of ,rasne and peper and somwhat of gynger4 and make thereof in fres grece iij4 pellettys and holde the howke to the fire and when she felith the hete make hir to swalowe the 4iij pellettys by strength4 and knytte fast her beke that she cast it not owte and do so thries4 and she sha be safe4 ,also take ,rasne and ,rubarbe4 and grynde it to gedre4 and make ,iuce therof and wete the fles therin4 and yeue it hir to eete4 and she sha be hoo4 ,also take alisawndre and the ,roote of prima rose and the ,roote of gro gnauteles and seeth a in the bottre of a kow and yeue hir 4iij morcellis euery day vnto the tyme that she be hoole4 and looke that she be voide when ye yeue hir the medecyne4 ,how a man shall take an hawke fro the ,erer ,who so takys an hawke from the ,eyerer3 hym behoueth to doo wisely4 in bryngyng hym easeli4 and to kepe him wele from colde4 and from hurtyng of theyr bonys4 for thay be fu tendre4 and thay most haue grete rest4 and thay may not haue stynkyng filthy ,eyre bot as clene as can may be thoght4 and euermore yeue him clene meete4 and hote4 a litty oftyn4 change oftyn ther meete bot loke it be hot and cutt her meete in to smale morcellis4 for thay shulde nott tyre on bonys ty they myght flie4 ,then after when she begynnyth to penne4 and plumyth4 and spalchith and pikith her selfe4 ,putt hir in a cloose warme place4 that no fulmertis nor fecheus4 ne other vermyn com nott in to hir4 and let the place be secure from wynde and rayne4 and then she wi preue hir selfe and euer more yeue hir good hote meetys4 ,for it is better to a man to fede his hawke while she is tendre with hoote meetis4 to make hir good with somme cost4 then to fede hir with eue meetis to make hir vnthrefti with lyty cost4 ,and looke whan she begynnyth to ferme then yeue hir bathyng4 ,a medecne for worms in an hawke wiche sekenesse is called the ,flaundris4 ,merke wele this sekenese and beware therof4 ,this is the medecyne therfore4 ye sha take an herbe that is called ,neppe and putt it in a sma gut of a ,capon or of an henne4 and knyt it with a threde4 and let hir ,resaue it hoo4 and she sha be hoo and saafe ,thus ye sha knawe whan yowre hawke hath wormys in hir bowke4 ,looke whan she hath castyng and ye sha fynde oon or 4ij4 a bowte hir castyng place iff she haue ony4 ,a medecne foor an hawke that casts worms at the foundemt what wormis that thei be ,take the lymay of ,iren3 medy it wt fles of porke yeue it to ye hauke 4ij4 days for to heete4 and she sha be hoo ,a medecne for an hawke that hath a sekenesse the wich is called the aggrestene4 ,whan ye se yowre hawke hurte his fete with his ,beke4 and pullyth her tay4 then she hath the aggresteyne4 ,for this sekennese take ,merde of a dove4 and of a shepe4 and of an allow4 and stronge vynegre4 and do a softely in a bassyn of brasse4 ,medy hem wele to geder3 to serue 4iij4 days after4 and yeue hir fles of a coluer with ony and with powder of peper4 and set hir in a derke place4 and doo so 4iv4 days4 and when ye see ,new federis in the tay4 was hir with euerose4 and she sha be hoole and saafe4 ,a medecne for an hawke that hath the croampe in hir wnges and how it cummth4 ,for this ,croampe take a whyte looff of brede sumwat colder then it commyth owt of the oouen4 and let holde the hawke sooftely for hurtyng4 and kut the loofe almoost thorow owte4 and display the wynge esely4 and holde it betwene the 4ij4 partes of the loofe4 and let it be hoolde so4 the space of alfe a quarter of an howre4 and she sha be hoole4 ,the ,croampe commyth to an hawke with takyng of coolde in hir yowthe4 ,therfore it is goode for an hawke to kepe hir warme3 yonge and hoold4 and this medycyne is good at a tymes for hir whether she be yonge or holde4 ,let not an hawke be put in mew to late bot in this maner as it folowth4 if e loue oure hawke ,iff ye loue wele yowre hawke4 kepe her wele4 and put hir nott late in mewe4 for who so for couetesnese of flieng leses the tyme of his hawke mewyng4 and withholdis her to long therfro he may after putt hir mewe at auenture4 for then a parte of hir mewying tyme is past4 ,who so puttyth his hawke in mewe in the begynning of ,lentyn4 if she be kepit as she awth to be she sha be mewed4 in the begynnyng of ,auguste4 how e shall dispose and ordan owre mewe ,sett and dispose yowre mewe4 in this maner so4 that no wese ner pulcatt ner non other vermyn entre ther to ,ner none wynde4 ner no grate colde ,ner that it be ouer hote4 ,let that on parte of the mewe be turned to warde the sonne4 so that in the moost parte of the day3 the sonne may come ,inne4 ,also ye most se that she be not auexed ner greued withe mych noyse4 ner with song of men4 and that no manner folkes come to hir4 bot oonly he that fedyth hir4 ,it behouyth that yowre hawke haue a fedyng stokke in hir mewe4 and a longe stryng tyed therto3 to fastyn hir mete with for ellis she wi cary it a bowte the hous4 and soyle it with dust ,and perauenture she wi hyde it ti it stynke4 and then fede vppon it4 and that myght be hir deth4 and therfor when it is bondyn to the sayd fedyng stocke4 she sha nether at the fedyng ner at the tyryng ne at the lightyng ne at the ,rysyng hurtte hir selfe4 ,and whan she hath fedde4 take a way the remenaunt if any leeue4 and in anywyse that she haue clene mete4 and att euery mee fres4 for of stale metis and eue metis she shal engender mony sekeneses4 ,and loke ye go neuer to yowre mew hot when ye sha yeue yowre hawke meete4 or ellis to bryng water to bathe her4 and suffyr no ,rayn to weete hir at no tyme4 and ye may4 and as for hir bathyng that sha no thg hynder hir mewyng4 ,the maner how a man shall put an hawke in to mewe4 and that is to be wele nooted4 ,off oon thyng ye most be ware wee yff she haue any sekenes that ye make her hole or ye put hir in mewe4 for as ,i vnterstonde a seke hawke sha neuer mew we4 for though she mewe she sha not endure bot while she is grete and fatte4 for at the abatyng of hir astate she may no lenger endure4 ,some tyme with owt any medicyne many men deuysyn hou thay myght mew ther hawkys for sum put hawkys in mew at high estate4 and sum when thay be right low4 and sum whan thay be fu4 and sum when they be ,empty and lene4 and sume when thay be myserabu lene4 ,bot therof it is no force4 iff she be hole ,neuertheles4 ,i sha say myn aduyce as ,i haue sene lerned4 ,who so puttith a ,goshawke or a ,terce or a spere hawke in to mew so high that she may be no higher4 she wi holde hir longe in the poynt3 or that she lese or lent any federis4 ,and who so puttith hir in mew lene4 it will be long or she be remounted and who so puttith hir in mew to hungry and to lene3 if she haue meete at hir wi she wi eete to moch4 be cause of hungre4 and auenture she may be dede ther by4 as hath ofte be sene ,bot who so wi that an hawke endure and mew kyndli4 myn counce it is that she be not to high noder to low4 noder in grete destresse of hungre4 bot like as she wolde flee best then take hede the first day of to moch eetyng4 vnto tyme that she be stawnchid and after that a man may take her sich mete as ,i sha te more playnli here after ,in what maner and how a man shall fede his hawke in mewe4 ,loke with wat meetis she hath bene most vsed to be fedde and fede hir therwith 4viij4 days contynualli4 and tho 4viij4 days yeue hir birdis ,inow4 both morow and euyn4 and let hir plomme vppon hem wele4 and take castyng of the plomage4 and that sha talawnt hir wele4 and cause her to haue goode appetide and it sha clense wele hir bowillis and whan she is wee clensed4 ye may yeue hir what meete that ye wi so it be clene and fres ,bot the beste mete to make an hawke to mewe moost sone wyth owte any medecyne is the fleshe of a kydde and of a yong ,swanne and of a chikyn and especia ,ratonys fles so thei be not assaughte ,noon like to hit and of a yong goos for sich meete is hote of it selfe4 ,and take gobittis of grete fres ,elis4 and specialli the colpon next the ,naue4 and weete it in hote blode of moton it is goode to make her to mewe4 bot specialli it sha make her wight after hir soore aage ,thees sayd fleshes bene goode to mewe an hawke3 and to kepe hir in state bot loke she haue goode plente euery day4 so that she ,rather leue parte then lacke any4 and euery 4ijj4 day let hir bath if she lyst ,and when she waxith nygh ferme yeue hir hennys and fatt porke and of an hounde is passing good4 ,an hawke is neuer fu ferme nor redy forto drawe owte of mew vnto tyme hir serce be fu groyn4 yet haue ,i sene s folkys take hem owte of mewe when the sarce were bot halfe ispronge4 and that is parlous4 for they are not then harde penned4 ,som folkys vsen when an hawke has cast hir sarce to begynne and was hir meete4 and fede hir so in mew with was meete a monyth or 4vi4 weekys or euer thay drawe thaym4 ,bot of a fleshes after she is mewed4 a resenable goorge of an hoote haare is beest4 and also of a crowe hoote4 bot it moste be was in water3 and then it is the better4 ,for that wi not benymmen hem hastely theyr grece4 ner put hem in no grete febulnes4 for it durith sumwat with hir4 ,to make an hawke to mew tmeli with owt an hurtng of hir4 ,now ,i sha te yow verray true medecynes for to mewe an hawke hastyly that ye sha beleue for trowthe and ye wi as-say theym4 ,ther be in woddys or in hedgis wormys calde edders that ben ,redde of nature4 and he is calde vea4 and also ther be snakys of thessame kynde4 and they be verri bitter4 ,take 4ij4 or 4iij of theym and smyte of ther hedes and thendys of theyr taylis4 ,then take a new erthen pot3 that was neuer vsed4 and cut hem to sma gobettys4 and put thossame therin4 and let hem sethe stronglich4 a grete while4 at good layser4 and let the pot be couered4 that no ayre com owte of it ner no breth and let it sethe so long that the saame colpons seth to grece4 then cast it out and doo a way the bonis4 and geder the grece4 and put it in a clene vessi4 and as oft as ye fede yowre hawke3 anot her meete therin4 and let hir ete as moch as she wi4 and that meete shal mewe her at yowre awne wi4 ,a nother medecne4 ,take whete3 and put it in the brothe that thedderis were sothen in4 and when ye se the whete begynnyth to cleue3 take it owt and fede hennys or chykynnes therwith4 and fede yowre hawke with thessame polayn4 ,who so will that an hawke mewe not nor fall noon of hir federis4 therfore here is a medecne ,take powder of ,cane4 and the ,iuce of franke cost and the ,iuce of paranye4 and take morcellis of fles 4iij4 or 4iiij4 if ye lust and weete them therin4 and make the hawke to swalow hem and serue hir so mony tymys4 ,also take the skynne of a snake or of an ,edder4 and cut it in to smale peces4 and temper it with hoote blode3 and cause yowre hawke oftyn tyme to fede therof and she sha not mewe4 ,for the gowte in the throte4 ,when ye se yowre hawke blaw oftyn tymes3 and that it commys of no batyng4 ye may be sure she hath the gowte in the throte ,and for that ,take the blode of a pekoc4 and ,encense myrabolanana4 and clawis of gelofre4 and cane and gynger4 and take of a thes euynlich and medy hem with pecokkys blode and seth it ty it be thycke4 and therof make morcellis4 and yeue the hawke therof eueri day4 at mydmorne and att ,noone4 ,for the gowte in the hede and the ,ranes4 ,when ye se yowre hawke may not endew her meete nor remote her astate4 she hath the gowte in the hede and in the ,raynes4 ,take ,momyan oderwise called momyn4 among ,poticaries ye may haue it4 and the skynne of an haare and yeue it to yowre hawke to eete 4ix4 tymes with the fles of a catt4 and iff she may holde that meette she sha be saafe4 ,a medecne for a sekenes called the fallera ,when ye se that yowre hawkes clees wax white3 then she has the fallera4 ,for this sekenes take a blacke snake4 and cutte a way the hede4 and the tay4 and take the myddy4 and fry it in an erthyn pote4 and take the grece and saue it4 and anoynt the fles of a pecoke therwith and yeue it to the hawke for to eete viij4 days3 and ye haue no pecoke yeue hir fles of a colu and after the 4viij4 days yeue hir a chekyn4 and was it a littil and yeue it hir to eete4 and take the tenderist of the brest withe the ffreshe bone and let hir eete it4 and if she amende anythyng she sha be hoo4 ,a medecne for the crampe in the thigh in the legge and in the fote of an hawke4 ,when ye se youre hauke lay hir oon fote vpp her oder fote4 she is take with the crampe4 ,then drawe hir blode vppon the fote yt lies vppon that other fote4 and vppon the legge also4 and she sha be hoole4 ,for the ,cogh or the poose4 ,take powdre of ,bays3 and put it vppon the fles of a ,coluer4 and yeue it ofte to yowre hawke and with owte dowte she sha be hoole4 ,a medecne for the podagre4 ,when yowre hawkes fete be swollyn she hath the podagre then ,take fres may butter and as moch of ,oy of olyf and of alyn4 and chaufe it wele to gedre at the fiere and make therof of anoyntement4 and anoynt the fete 4iiij4 days4 and set hir in the sonne4 and yeue hir fles of a cat4 and if that auay nott ,seth the cuttyng of a vyne4 and wrappe it a bowte the swellyng4 and let hir sit vppon a colde stone and anoynt hir with butter or freshe grece4 and she sha be hoo4 ,a medecne for a sekenes within the bod of an hauke and it shewith not outewarde how she shall be holpen and in what maner4 ,a man ma knaw by the chere4 and vngladnes of an hawke this infirmyte bot yit it is straunge to knawe3 thyngys that a man may not se3 in what sekenes and what maner thay be greuyde and specialli whan a man whote not wherof it commyth ,fede yowre hawke wele vppon an henne and then make her to fast 4ij4 days after3 to avoide weele hir bowellis4 ,the thryd day take hony soden and fy hir body fu4 and bynde hir beke that she cast it not owt of hir body and then set hir owtt in the sonne4 and when it drawith towarde euen fede hir with an hoote fowle4 for as ,i herde my maystris say and she be nott hoo herof4 loke neuer oder medecyne4 ,for the passion that ,goshawkis haue fastng ,take the ,rote of sma ,rysshes4 and make ,iuce of hem and weete yowre fles therin and make her to eete it4 ,for hawkis that ben wonded4 ,take a way the federis abowt the wonde and take the white of an ,egge and ,oyle of ,olyue4 and medi it to geder4 and anoynt the wonde and kepe it with white wyne4 vnto tyme ye se dede fles4 and then put in the wonde ,escompe sa vnto tyme the dede fles be wastyde4 after take encence3 and clene as myche of that oon as of that oder4 medi it infere4 and whan ye wi anoynt the soore heete yowre oyntement and anoynt it with a pen3 ty the tyme the skynne grow ayenne4 and if ye se dede fles theron3 and wo haue it a way ,take venecreke then anoynt itt with this ,oyntement afforsayde and she sha be hoo ,a medecine for an hauke that has the artetik ,when ye se yowre hawke fat abowte the hert trust it for trouth she hath the artetike4 ,therfore do let hir blode in the ,origynal vayne4 and after that yeue hir a frogge for to eete4 she sha be hoo ,a medecine for an hauke combred the bowillis ,when yowre hawke is ,encombred in the bowillis ye sha knaw it by hir ,eyghes4 for hir ,eighen wi be derke and she wi looke vngladli and hir metessing wi defowle hir foundement4 ,then take the hawkes meete and anoynt it with powdre of canne and yeue it hir to eete4 and she sha be hoo4 ,a medecne for an hawke that has the goute ,fede yowre hawke with an ,irchyn onys or twyes4 it sha helpe hir3 ,a medecne for an hawke that hath mites4 ,take the ,iuce of wormewode and put it ther thay be and thei sha dye4 ,that an hauke vse hir craft all the seson to fle or lefe4 ,when ye go to the felde in the latter ende of hawkyng and desire that yowre hawke sha vse hir crafte4 ,do to hir in this maner let hir sle a fowle4 and let hir plym vppon it asmoch as she wi4 and when she hath plymmed ,inough go to hir softely for frayng4 and rewarde hir on the fowle4 and after that ye may cast hir on a perch4 aswe she may vse hir craft so4 as that she slew a the yere4 ,a medecne for an hauke that has the stoon ,anoynt hir fundement with ,oy4 and put the powder of alym with an hole straw4 ,also take an herbe callid cristis lardder4 anoynt hir mowthe within and she sha be hoo4 ,also take smale flambe rotis and polipodi and the cornes of sporge and grinde it wee and seeth it in butter4 and drawe it thorugh a clooth4 and make throf 4iij4 pellettis of the grettenes of a ,not4 and put it in his mowth in the morowtide4 and loke that she be voide4 and then let her fast ti euensong4 and fede hir litti and litti4 and she sha be hoo4 ,a medecne for vermn4 ,take the ,iuce of the ,roote of ffene4 and do it where the vermyn be4 and thay sha dye4 ,a medecine for the ,reume that haukis haue ,when ye se yowre hauke cloose her ,eyghen4 and shakith hir hede4 then hath she the ,reume in the hede4 ,therfore yeue hir larde of a gote the first day and the secunde yeue hir epatike with the fles of a chycon and she sha be hoo4 ,a medecne for haukis that bene dr and desre to drnke1 to kepe hem most in knde4 ,take the ,iuce of haarhounde and weete thyn hawkys mete therin4 and fede her therwith onys or twyes4 and she sha be hoo4 ,for sekenes that haukis haue their ,entrellis4 ,an hawke that is seke withi thentrayles3 is of an oder aray then in oder sekeneses4 for if she holde not her mete bot cast it4 that is tokyn of the foule glet4 for surfete of federis that be yeuen to hawkis in theyr yowth and afterwarde when thay come vnto trauay4 and ben anoyde of the ,reuer then thay waxen slow to flye and desire forto rest4 and when thauke is vppon hir perch then she wi slepe forto putouer4 at thentrg and if she holde fles any while in hir goorge3 it wi loke as it wor sooden and when she is waked she assayeth to put ouer at thentryng4 and it is agluttide and colded3 with the glett yt she hath engenderid4 and if she shulde ascape she most put ouer4 or ellis she most dye4 or cast it and if she cast it she may be holepe with the medecyne4 ,a medecne for the ,entrellis4 ,take yolkys of ,egges rawe4 and whan they be wele beton to geder4 put therto spanyshe salte4 and as mych hony therto4 weete therin thy fleshe4 and fede thyn hawke 4iij4 days therwith and if she make daunger to eete it4 let holde thyn hawke4 and make hir to swalow 4iij4 or 4iiij4 morcellis in a day4 and securli she sha be hoo ,yit ,i sha say to yow a noder thyng4 take hony at the choungyng of the moon4 and a kene netty and therof make sma powdre and when it is we grownde4 take ye brest boon of an henne4 and a noder of a coluer4 and hakke it with a knyfe4 and do a way the skynne4 and do theron the powdre and a hoote with the powdre fede hir4 and do so thries4 and she sha be hoo4 ,for sekenes of ,swellng4 ,iff an wicked felon be swollyn in sich a maner yt a man ma hee it4 that the hawke sha not dye thus a man may helpe hir strongly4 and lengthe hir lyfe4 bot the hawke wi be very eegre and glettous of the seekenes4 and therfor ye moost ,take the ,rote of comfory and sugre iliche mych4 and sethe it in fres grece with the thridde parte of hony4 and then draw it thorogh a fayre clooth4 and oft yeue it to the hawke and she sha amende4 ,for blanis haukes mouthes cald frounches ,off the frounches it is dredde for hawkes4 for it is aoyus sekenes4 and drawith hir to deth4 and with holdeth hir strengthe4 for men sayn that it commyth of colde4 ,for colde doth hawkes mych harme4 and makyth flewme fa owte of the brayne the ,eyghen wi swe and empeyre in her hede4 and bot she haue hasteli helpe it wi stoppe her nase thrillis4 ,and therfor ,take ,fene ,marya and ,kersis ilich moch4 and sethe it draw it thorough a cloth4 and oderwhiles3 was her hede therwt and put som in the ,roofe of her mowth4 and she sha be saafe ,a medicine for an hauke that castis hir flesh ,wete hir fleshe in sarfoi or ellis seeth ,rafne in water and put her fleshe therin3 when it boylith4 ,a medecne for the ,reume clepid ,agrum ,when thou seeth thy hauke vppon his mouth and his chekis blobbed4 then she hath thys sekenes calde ,agrum4 ,therfor take a nede of siluer and hete it the fire4 and brynne the ,narellis thourogh owte4 then anoynt it with oyle of ,olyff4 ,for to make an hawke grete and fatte4 ,take a quantyte of poorke and ony and butter ,iliche myche and porgede grece and do a way the skynne4 and sethe hem to geder4 and anoynt thy fles therin4 and fede yowre hawke therwith4 and she sha encrece myghtely4 ,ellis take the wynges of an ,eued4 and fede hir and kepe hir from traue and do so ofte though the eued be neuer so fatte4 and if yowre hawke be not passing fat within a fortenet wondre ,i thynke4 ,for booches that growe in an hawkis ,iowe ,kutt theys botches with an knyfe4 and let owte the mater of theym4 and after clense theym clene with a syluer spone or ellis fille the hoo with a powdre of arnement ,ibrent4 and vppon that powdre do a litti larde3 that is resside and so it wi a way4 ,here is a goode medecne for an hawke that wyll not coom to ,reclame4 ,take fres butter and put therto sugre and put it in a clene cloth and ,reclayme her to that and kepe it in a box in youre4 bagge4 ,a medecne for hawkis that bene ,refrened4 ,when ye se yowre hawke ,nesyng and ,castyng wat thorogh her ,nostrellis or hir nares then dowteles she is ,refraned4 ,for that sekenes3 take ye greynes of shaffelegre and of peper and grynde it wee4 and temper it with strong vynegre and put in hir ,nares and in the ,rooff of hir mowth and yeue hir fles to eete4 and she sha be saaff4 ,a medecne for hawks that haue pane in ther croupes4 ,ye sha take fayre ,morsum and poudre of gelefre3 and meddi it to gedre4 and yeue it to yowre hawke to eete4 and if she holde it past the secunde day after4 she sha be hoole4 ,a medecne for the stoone in the fundement ,when yowre hawke may not metese then she hathe thatt sekenes calde the stoon4 ,and for this sekenes3 ye sha take the hert of a swyne and the grece of a swyne4 and cutt it with the fles of the hert and she sha be holpe4 ,a medecne for the dr ,frounce4 ,for thys sekenes take the ,roote of ,pillipody that growth vppon ,okys4 and seth it a grete while then take it fro the fire and let it stonde and wax lew warme4 then was yowre fles therin4 and feede yowre hawke 4iij4 tymes4 and she sha be hoole ,a medecne for worms called anguellis ,take pressure made of a lombe that was borne in vntyme maake therof 4iij4 morcellis and put it in a gut of a coluer and fede her therwith and loke the hawke be voide when ye yeue hir thys medecyne4 ,also take ,iuce of dragonys and put fu the gut of a pegion and then cut it and departe it as the hawke may ouerswolow it4 and put it in his body4 and knytt his beke for castyng ,also yeue hir the ballockys of a ,buc as hote as thay ben cut owte4 and make powdre of the pynty and cast it vpp the fles of a ,cat4 and fede her therwith she sha be hoo4 ,an hawke ,trith4 ,fedith4 ,goorgith4 ,bekith4 ,rousith4 ,enduth4 ,mutith4 ,perchth4 ,iokith4 ,puttithouer4 ,pronth4 ,plommth4 ,she warbullith4 and mantellith4 ,she tyrith vppon ,rumppys4 ,she fedith on a maner of fles4 ,she goorgth when she fillith hir goorge with meete4 ,she bekyth when she sewith3 that is to say she wypith hir beke4 ,she ,rousith when she shakith a hir federis and hir body to gedre4 ,she ,enduyth when hir meete in hir bowellys fa to digestion4 ,she mutith when she auoydith hir order4 ,she perchith when she stondyth on any maner bowe or perch4 ,she ,ioykith when she slepith4 ,she puttithouer when she ,euoidith hir meete owte of hir goorge in to hir bowillis4 ,she proynith when she fetchyth oyle with hir beke ou hir tayle and anoyntith hir fetr hir federis4 ,she plmyth when she pullith federis of any fowle or of any other thyng and castys hem from her ,she warbbelyth when she drawith booth her wyngys ouer the myddys of her boeke4 and ther they mete both and softely shakyth them4 and let hem fa ayen4 ,and she mantyllith when she stretchith her oon wyng a long after her lege4 and afterwarde that other wyng4 and moost comynly she doth that affore or she warbelyth hir4 ,the nams of a ,spare hauke as ,ostrigers and ,sparuiters haue determned ,ther is a question axyd whether a man sha ca a spare hawke ,or a spere hawke ,or an aspere hawke4 ,ostrigers4 and also ,sparuiters3 sayen she may be callid a 4iij4 ,namys4 for thees resonys4 ,she may be callid a ,spere hawke for of a the hawkys that ther be she is moost spere4 that is to say moost tendre to kepe4 for the leest mysdyetyng and mysentendyng sleth ,also she may be calde an aspare hawke of sharpenesse of hir corage4 and of hir lokyng quicly4 and also of her fleyng ,for she is moost asper and sharpe in a thyng that belong vnto hir of any other hawkys ,she may be also callid a spare hawke for 4ij4 ,resones4 oon is she sparith goshawkys and tercellys both4 siche as ben in their soore aage4 vnto tyme thay may be ,reclaymyd4 and made redy to flye4 as ,goshawkys and tercellys that be not fully mewed3 vnto tyme they may be clene ensaymyd and redy to flye4 for a the whyle thay bene vnabu4 the spare hawke occupithe thesseson4 and sleth the partrich wee4 that is to say froom saynt ,margaritys day vnto it be lammas4 and so forth in the yere4 ,and she wy slee wee yong fesawntis3 yong heth cockys in the begynnyng of the yere4 ,and after ,michelmas whan partriches passe her daunger ,i haue seen them made sum to sle the pie sum to sle the ,tele vppon the ,reuer3 at the ,iutte4 sume to sle the wodecok and sum for the blacke bride and the thrushe4 ,the wodecok is comborous to sle3 bot if ther be crafte4 therfore when ye come to a wode or a quech of bushus4 cast yowre sparehawke in to a tre and beete the buses then and if any wodecok a rise she wi be sure therof4 ,ye most first make hir to a fowle cast vp owt of the bushes4 and yowre hawke most sit on loofte as ye make hir to a partriche4 ,also as ,i sayde ye may ca hir a spare hawke3 for an oder cause4 for and ther weer a shippe fraght fu of hawkis4 and no thyng ellis4 and ther were a spare hawke among thaym ther shuld no custom be payd because of hir4 ,and so for the most comune name thay be calde spare hawkes for the resones a forsayd4 ,an hawke flieth to the vew to the ,beke4 or to the ,toll4 ,n ,crepe ,querre ,fer ,iutt ,an hawke fleeth to the ,ryuer dyuersis ways4 and slethe the fowle dyuerli4 ,that is to say she flieth to the vew or to the beke4 or to the to4 a is bot oon4 as ye sha knawe here after ,she fleeth also to the quarre3 to the crepe4 and no mo ways bot thoos 4iij4 ,and she ,nymmyth the fowle at the fer ,iutty or at the ,iutty ferre4 ,now shall e knaw what theis termes betokn moo folowng4 as ,hut4 ,iutt ferr4 ,mounte ,raundon4 ,crepe4 ,ennewed4 ,a ,goshawke or a terce that sha flee to the vew4 to the to or to the beke4 in this maner she is taught ye most fynde a fowle in the ,reuer or in a pitte preueli4 and theen sett youre hauke a grete space of4 vppon a moo hi or on the grownde4 and crepe softeli towarde the fowle3 from yowre hawke streght way and when ye come almost ther as the fowle lyeth4 looke backewarde towarde the hawke4 and with yowre hande or with yowre tabur styke3 becke yowre hawke to come to you4 and when she is on wyng4 and comyth low bi the grounde4 and is almost at yow4 then smyte youre tabur4 and cry huff4 huff4 huff and make the fowle to spryng4 and with that noyse the fowle wil rise and the hawke wy nym it4 ,and now take hede4 ,iff yowre hawke nym the fowle at the fer side of the ,ryuer or of the pitt from yow ,then she sleeth the fowle at the fer ,iutty and if she slee it vppon that side that ye ben on4 as it may hape dyuerse times4 ,then ye sha say she hath sleen the fowle at the ,iutty ferry4 ,iff yowre hawke nym the fowle a lofte3 ye sha say she toke it at the mounte or at the souce4 ,and if the fowle spryng not bot flee a long after the ,reu and the hawke nym it then4 ye sha say she slew it at the ,raundon4 ,creepe4 ,and yowre hawke fleeth at or to the ,creepe when ye haue yowre hawke on yowre fyst and crepe softely to the ,ryuer or to the pit4 and stelith softeli to the brynke therof4 and then cry huff4 and bi that meane ,nym a fowle4 ,then it is slayn at the ,crepe oder at the fer ,iutty4 or at the ,iutty ferry4 as a booue is sayde4 ,and if it happyn as it dooth oftimes the fowle for fere of yowre hawke wo spryng and fa ayen in to the ,ryuer4 or the hawke sees hir4 and so lie sty and dare not arise4 ye sha say then yowre hawke hath ennewed the fowle in to the ,ryuer4 ond so sha ye say and ther be moo fowles in the ,ryuer then thatt yowre hawke nymmyth if thay darenot arise for fere of yowre hawke ,a thefe4 ,understonde ye that a ,goshawke shulde not flie to any fowle of the ,ryuer with bellis in no wise4 and therfore a ,goshawke is calde a theef4 ,querre4 ,and yowre hawke fleeth to the querre4 when ther be in a stobu tyme ,sordes of mallardes in the felde and when she espith theym and commyth couerte her selfe4 and flie preuyli vnder hedges or law bi the grownde4 and nym oon of hem4 or thay rise then ye sha say that the fowle was slayn at the querre4 ,merke this terme draw ,som folke mysuse this terme draw4 and say that thayr hauke wi draw to the ,ryuer4 ,and that terme draw is propurli assigned to that hawke that wi slee a ,roke or a ,crow or a ,reuyn3 vppon a londe sittyng4 and then it most be sayd that sich an hawke wi draw wee to a ,rooke4 ,nowe e shall vnderstonde if a man will make an hawke to the querre in this maner he most do ,take a tame ,malarde and set hym in a fayr playn4 and let hym goo where he wi4 then take yowre hawke vppon yowre fist4 and goo to that playn4 and holde vp yowre hande a praty way of from the ,malarde4 and looke if the hawke can espie it4 by hir awyn corage and if she haue fowude the fowle and desire to flee ther to4 let hir slee it4 and plymme we vppon hir4 and serue her so 4ij4 or 4iij4 tymes and then she is made to the quarre4 ,i haue knawyn gentylmen that whensoeuer and whersoeuer thay se any tame ,dookes4 and if theyr hawkys wolde desire to thaym4 then thay wolde let flee to theym in coragyng theyr haukys to be wee fleyng to the quarre an oder tyme4 ,a prat craft to take an hawke that is brokn owt of mew4 and all maner of fowls that st in trees if a man wll4 ,looke where an hawke perchith for a nyght3 in any maner place4 and softe and layserly clymbe to her with a sconce or a lanterne that hath bot oon light4 in yowre hande and let the light be towarde the hawke so that she se not yowre face and ye may take hir by the leggys or oder wise as ye lyst4 and in lyke wise a other maner fowle4 ,of hawks ,bells4 ,the bellis that yowre hawke sha wheer looke in any wise that thay be not to heuy ouer hir power to weyr4 also that noon be heuyer then an other bot like of weyght4 ,looke also that thay be sonowre and we sowndyng and shil and not both of oon sowne3 bot that oon be a semytoyn vnder a noder4 and that thay be hoole and not brokyn and specialli in the sowndyng place4 ,for and thay be brokyn thay wy sowne fu dulli4 ,off spare hawke bellis ther is chooce and lytti of charge of thaym3 for ther beeth plenty4 ,bot for ,goshawkes somtyme ,bellis of ,melen were calde the best4 and thay be fu goode for thay comunely be sownden with siluer and solde ther after4 ,bot ther be now vsed of ,duchelande bellys3 of a towne calde durdright4 and thay be passing goode4 for thay be wele sortid we sownded4 sonowre of ,ryngyng in shilnes and passing we lastyng4 ,here endyth the proceis of hawkyng4 ,and now foloys the naamys of a maner of hawkys to whom they belong4 ,thes haukes belong to an ,emproure ,theys be the names of a maner of hawkes4 ,first an ,egle4 a ,bawtere4 a ,melowne4 ,the symplest of theis 4iij wi slee an ,hynde calfe4 a ,fawn4 a ,roo a ,kydde4 an ,elke4 a ,crane4 a ,bustarde a ,storke4 a ,swan4 a ,fox in the playn grownde4 ,and theis be not enlured4 ne reclaymed4 by cause that thay be so ponderowse to the perch portatiff4 ,and theis 4iij4 by ther nature belong to an ,emprowre4 ,theis hawkes belong to a kng4 ,ther is a ,gerfawken4 a ,terce of a gerfauken4 ,and theys belong to a kyng4 ,for a prnce4 ,ther is a ,fawken genti4 and a ,terce genti4 and theys be for a prynce4 ,for a duke4 ,ther is a ,fawken of the rock4 ,and that is for a duke ,for an ,erle4 ,ther is a ,fawken peregryne ,and that is for an ,erle ,for a ,baron4 ,also ther is a ,bastarde and that hauke is for a ,baron ,hawkes for a knght ,ther is a ,sacre and a ,sacret4 ,and theis be for a ,knyght4 ,hawkis for a ,squer4 ,ther is a ,lanare and a ,lanre4 ,and theys belong to a ,squyer4 ,for a lad ,ther is a ,merlyon4 ,and that hawke is for a lady ,an hawke for a ong man ,ther is an ,hoby4 ,and that hauke is for a yong man ,and theys be hawkes of the towre3 and ben both ,ilurid to be calde and reclaymed ,and it ther be moo kndis of hawkes ,ther is a ,goshawke4 and that hauke is for a yeman ,ther is a ,terce4 ,and that is for a powere man4 ,ther is a ,spare hawke4 and he is an hawke for a prest ,ther is a ,muskyte4 ,and he is for an holiwater clerke ,and theis be of an oder maner kynde4 for thay flie to ,querre and to fer ,iutty and to ,iutty fferry4 ,explicit4 ,lyke wise as the booke of hawkyng aforesayd are writyn and noted the termys of plesure belongyng to genti men hauyng delite therin4 ,in thessame maner thys booke folowyng shewith3 to sych genti personys the maner of huntyng for a maner of beestys4 wether thay be ,beestys of venery4 or of chace4 or ,rasca4 ,and also it shewith a the termys cuenyent as we to the howndys as to the beestys a forsayd4 ,and in certayn ther be many dyuerse of thaym4 as it is declared in the booke folowyng4 ,bests of vener4 ,wheresoeuere ye fare by fryth or by fe ,my dere chylde take hede how ,tristram dooth you te ,how many maner beestys of venery ther were ,lystyn to yowre dame and she sha yow lere ,fowre maner beestys of venery there are ,the first of theym is the 4hert4 the secunde is the hare ,the boore is oon of tho4 the wolff and not oon moo ,bests of the ,chace4 ,and where that ye cum in playne or in place ,i sha yow te which be beestys of enchace ,oon of theym is the 4,bucke4 a nother is the ,doo ,the ,fox and the ,martron4 and the wilde ,roo ,and ye sha my dere chylde other beestys a4 ,where so ye hem fynde ,rasca ye sha hem ca ,in fryth or in fe3 or in forest ,i yow te4 ,note here the aage of an hert4 ,and for to speke of the hert iff ye wi it lere ,ye sha hym a 4,calfe4 ca at the fyrst yere ,the secunde yere a 4,broket4 so sha ye hym ca ,the therde yere a 4,spayad4 lerneth thus a ,the fowrith yere a 4,stagge4 ca hym by any way ,the fithe yere a 4grete ,stagge4 youre dame bide yow say ,the vi4 yere ca ye him an 4hert4 ,doth so my childe wylis ye been in quart ,to knaw the hede of an hert4 that is duerse ,and of the horny that he then berith a bowte ,the fyrst hede sha be ,iugett wyth owte ,ther in fyndyn wee suche dyuersite4 ,natheles the 4vi4 yere euermoore at the leest ,thow shalt we ,iuge the perche of thessame beest ,when he hath ,awntelere with owt any lett ,rya and ,surria also there ,isett ,and that in the toppe so when ye may hym keen ,then sha ye ca hym forchyd an hert of tenne ,and when he hath in the toppe 4iij4 of the selue ,then ye sha ca hym trochid an hert of 4xij4 ,and afterwarde in the toppe when ther 4iiij4 bene ,then sha ye ca hym sommyd an hert of 4xvi4 ,and from 4iiij4 forwarde watt so befa ,be he neuer of so many ye sha hym summed ca ,ryght of the nombre euyn that he is ,callith hym from 4iiii4 forth summed ,iwys ,also haue ye sele an hert heded weele4 ,an ,heerde4 ,a ,beve4 ,a ,sounder4 ,a ,route4 ,my chylde callith herdys of hert and of hynde ,and of ,bucke and of doo where yo hem fynde ,and a ,beue of ,roos what place thay be in ,and a ,sounder ye sha of the wylde swyne ,and a ,rowte of wolues where thay passin inne ,so sha ye hem ca as many as thay bene ,a ,littill herde4 ,a mdll heerd ,a grete heerd 4xx4 is a litty herde though it be of hyndis ,and 4xl4 is a mydyle herde to ca hym be kyndis ,and 4lxxx4 is a grete herde ca4 ye hem so ,be it hert be it hynde buce or ellis doo ,how e shall sa a gret hert not a fair oder ,a grete hert when ye hym se so sha ye hym ca ,bot neuermore a fayre hert for no thyng that may be fa ,a grete hynde a grete bucke and a fayre doo ,my sonnys where ye walke ca ye hem so ,so ye shulde naame sich dere3 and do as ,i yow lere what is a beu of ,roos grete or small ,and sex is a beue of ,roos on a rawe ,and 4x4 is a mydy beuy fu wele ,i it kawe ,a grete beuy is 4xij4 when thay to gedre be ,and so ca hem sonnys woere that ye hem se ,the moore nombur than ywis3 the gretter the beuy is ,what is a ,sounder of swne grete or small ,twelfe make a ,sounder of the wylde swyne ,xvi4 a medy ,sounder what place thay be inne ,a grete sounder of swyne 4xx4 ye sha ca ,forr geet not this lession for thyng that may fa ,thynke what ,i say3 my sonne nyght and day ,of the ,roo huntng4 brekng4 and dressng ,when ye hunt at the ,roo then sha ye say thoore ,he crossies and tresones yowre howndys byfoore ,a grete ,roobucke ye ca hym not so ,bot a fayre ,roobucke and a fayre doo ,with the bowellis and with the bloode ,rewarde ye yowre howndes my sonnys so goode ,and eche foote ye sha cutte in 4iiij4 ,i yow kenne ,take the bowellis and the bloode and do a to gedre then ,yeuyth hit than to yowre howndys so ,and moche the glaadder then thay wi go ,that to yowre howndes a rewarde is calt ,for hit is eeten on the grownde and on the skynne dalte ,the ,roo sha be herdeled by veneri ,i weene ,the 4ij4 forther legges the hede layde by twene ,and take oon ender legge vp ,i yow pray ,and that oder forder legge right as ,i yow say vppon the oder forder legge booth ye hem pytte ,and with that other forther legge vp ye hem knytte ,oon thys maner thus when ye haue wroght ,a hoole to the kechen then hit sha be broght ,saue that yowre howndes eete3 the bowillis and the fete4 ,now of thage vndong of the boore ,now to speke of the boore the fyrst yere he is ,a pygge of the ,sounder called ale haue ,i blis ,the secunde yere an hogge and so sha he be ,and an hoggestere when he is of yeris 4iij4 ,and when he is of 4iiij4 yere a beore she he be ,from the ,sounder of the swyne then detiith he ,a ,synguler is he so3 for a lone he wi goo4 when ye haue slayn the boore and wi do hym right ,ye sha vndo hym vnflayne when he sha be dight ,xxx4 bredys and 4ij4 of hym ye sha make ,by the law of venery as ,i dare vnder take ,thurgh yowre houndys by stryngth iff that he be dede ,thay sha haue the bowyllis boyle with the brede ,cast vppon the grownde ther the boore was slayne ,and that is calde a ,rewarde so hunteris it sayne vppon the erth so haue ,i blis3 for that so eeten is ,now of the hare4 ,now for to speke of the hare my sonnys secureli ,that beest kyng sha be calde of a venery ,for a the fayre spekyng and blawyng lerf sere ,commyth of sechyng and fyndyng of the hare ,for my leif chylder ,i take it on honde ,he is the meruellest beest that is in ony londe ,for he fymaes and crotis and ,roungeth euermoore ,and beerith talow and gris3 and a boue teeth hath be foore ,and other while he is male3 and so ye sha hym fynde ,and other while female and kyndelis by kynde ,and when he is female and kyndelis hym with in ,in 4iij4 degrees he hem berith or he with hem twyn ,too ,rough and 4ij4 smoth who wi hem se ,and ij4 knottis also that kyndelis wi be ,when he is female so te ,i my tale4 ,the rewarde for hownds4 ,when yowre houndis by strenath hath done her to dede ,the hunter sha rewarde hem then with the hede ,with the shulderis and the sides and with the bowellis a ,and a thyng with in the wombe saue onli the ga ,the paunche also3 yeue hem noon of thoo4 ,wich rewarde when oon the erth it is dalt4 ,with a goode hunteris the 4halow4 it is calt ,then the loynes of the hare loke ye not forgete ,bot bryng hem to the kechyn for the lordis meete ,and of this ilke hare speke we no mare4 ,wiche beestes shall be flane wich stripte ,now to speke of the bestes when thay be slayne ,how many be strypte and how many be flayne ,a that bere skyne and talow and ,rounge leue me ,sha be flayne safe the hare for he sha stripte be ,and a that berith greece3 and piles ther vppon ,euer sha be strypte when thay be vndoon ,on theys maner play3 thus ye sha say4 ,whiche beestis shall be reride with the lmer4 ,my dere sonnys echeon now wi ,i yow lere ,how many maner beestys as with the lymere ,sha be vpreryde in fryth or in felde ,booth the hert and the bucke and the boore so wilde ,and a other beestys that huntid sha be ,sha be sought and founde with ,ratchis so fre ,say thus ,i yow tolde3 my childer so bolde ,the discreung of a ,bucke4 ,and ye speke of the ,bucke the fyrst yere he is ,a fawne sowkyng on his dam say as ,i yow wis ,the secunde yere a preket4 the 4iij4 yere a sowre ,a sowre at the 4iiij4 yere the trowthe ,i yow te ,the 4v4 yere ca hym a ,bucke of the fyrst hede ,the 4vi4 yere ca hym a ,bucke and do as ,i you rede ,of the horns of a ,bucke4 ,the hornys of a grete ,bucke or he so be ,most be summyd as ,i say herkenyth to me ,too braunchis first pawmyd he most haue ,and 4iiij4 avauncers the soth iff ye wi saue ,and xxiiij4 espelers and then ye may hym ca ,where so ye be a grete ,bucke ,i te yow a ,of the ,roobucke4 ,and iff ye of the ,roobucke wi knaw thessame ,the first yere he is a kyde soukyng on his dame ,the secunde yere he is a gerle3 and so be siche a ,the thirde yere an hemule loke ye hym ca ,robucke of the first hede he is at the iiij4 yere ,the 4v4 yere a ,roobucke hym ca ,i yow lere ,at saynt andrew day his hornys he wi cast ,in moore or in moos he hidyth hem fast ,so that no man may hem sone fynde ,ellys in certayn he doos not his kynde ,at saynt ,iamys day where so he go ,then sha the ,roobucke gendre with the ,roo ,and so boldely ther as ye durne ,then is he calde a ,roobucke goyng in his turne ,and iff ye may a ,robucke sle with owt any fayle ,and ye fynde that heue grece at his tayle ,as sum ,robuckys haue when ye hit fynde ,then sha ye rere it as ye do of hert and of hynde ,also the ,robucke as hit is weele kyde ,at holyrode day he gooth to ,ryde4 ,and vsith the bit3 when he may gete hit ,now of the hert and of the hynde4 ,sonnys of the hert and the hynde lerne yit ye may ,ther thay draw to the herde at holi roode day ,to the stepe then thay goon yche hote day at noon ,which stepe thay vsen my childer ,i yow say ,ti hit be ,myddesomere at the last way ,the cause of the stepe is to weere hym fro the flee ,who so commyth to that place may se hit with his ighe ,an other thyng thay vse my chylde also ,the same seson of the yere to soyle to go ,of the cring of thes beests4 ,an hert belowys and a bucke gronys ,i fynde ,and iche ,roobucke certayne bellis by kynde ,the noyes of theyes beestys thus ye sha ca ,for pride of theyre make thay vsen hit a ,say chylde where ye goo3 yowre dame taght you so ,merke well thes sesons folowng4 ,tyme of grece begynnyth at mydsomer day ,and ty holi ,roode day lastyth as ,i you say ,the seson of the fox fro the ,natiuyte ,ty the annunciacion of owre lady fre ,seson of the ,robucke at ,ester sha begynne ,and ti mychelmas lastith nygh or she blynne ,the seson of the ,roo begynnyth at ,michelmas ,and hit sha endure and last vnti ,candilmas ,at ,michelmas begynnyth huntyng of the hare ,and lastith ti mydsomer ther ny no man hit spare ,the seson of the wolfe is in iche cuntre ,at the seson of the fox and euermore sha be ,the seson of the boore is from the ,natiuyte ,ti the purification of owre lady so fre ,for at the ,natiuyte of owre lady swete ,he may fynde where he goth vnder his feete ,booth in wodys and feldis corne and oder frute ,when he after foode makyth any sute ,crabbys and acornys and nottis ther thay grow ,hawys and heeppes and other thyng ynow ,that ti the purification lastys as ye se ,and makyth the ,boore in seson to be ,for while that frute may3 last his time is neuer past ,of the huntng of the haare ,now to speke of the haare how a sha be wroght ,when she sha with houndes be foundyn and soght ,the first worde to the houndis that the hunt sha owt pit ,is at the kene doore when he openys it ,that a may hym here3 he sha say arere4 ,for his howndes wolde cum to hastely ,that is the first worde my sonne of venery ,and when he hath couplyd his houndes ychoon ,and is forth with hem to the felde goon ,and when he has of cast his cowples at wi ,then sha he speke and say his howndes ti ,hors de couple auaunt se auaunt twis so ,and then ,so ho so ho4 thries and no mo ,and then say 4,sa sa cy auaunt ,so how ,i you pray ,and iff ye se yowre howndes haue good wi to renne ,and draw a waywarde fro yow say as ,i yow kenne ,here how amy4 agayne hem ca so ,than 4,sweff mon amy sweff4 to make hem soft go ,and iff any fynde of the haare ther he hath bene ,and he hight ,richer or ,bemounde thus to hym bedene ,oyes a ,bemounde le vaillant4 and ,i sha you avowe ,qe quida tron la cowarde on la court cowe ,that ,bemonde the worthe with owt any fayle ,that wenyth to fynde the coward with the short tayle ,and iff ye se where the haare at pasture hath bene ,iff hit be in the tyme of the corne grene ,and iff yowre houndes chace wee at yowre wi ,then 4iij4 motis sha ye blaw booth lowde and shi ,there oon and there an other there be pasturyde has ,then say 4illoques illoques in thessame place ,so say to hem in kynde3 vnto tyme that ye hir fynde ,and then cast a signe a the feld abowte ,to se at hir pasture where she hath be in or owte ,oder at hir forme for gladli to be she is not lefe ,ther she hath pasturid in tyme of ,relefe ,and any hounde fynd or musyng of hir mace ,ther as she hath byne and is goon owt of that place ,ha sy touz cy est yll4 so sha ye say venez auez so how sa4 also lowde as ye may ,sa cy ad este so how4 after that ,sa sa cy auaunt4 and therof be not lat ,and when ye se vnto the playne her at the last ,in felde or in errabu londe3 or in to the wode past ,and yowre hounde wi fynde of her ther then ,say 4la douce amy la est a4 and do as ,i yow ken ,that is to say swete frende3 ther is he come low ,for to dry here4 and ther with ye sha say so how ,illoques ey douce ey vaylaunt so how so how4 then twy ,thus may y now dere sonnys lerne of venery ,and when ye come ther as ye trow he wi dwe ,and so semeth to yow we then say as ,i yow te ,la douce la est a venuz4 for to dwe thoore ,and therwith 4iij4 sohow4 say ye no moore ,and iff it semes wo yow to fynde a in fere ,and wenen so to do then say 4douce how here how here ,how here douce how here how here he sittys ,so sha ye say my chyldre and for no thyng lettyz ,a maner bestys that euer chasede wore ,haue oon maner of worde 4so how4 and no more ,to fulfi or vnfi eche maner of chaas ,the hunt euermoore in his mowth that worde he haas ,and iff yowre houndys at a chase renne ther ye hunt ,and the beest begynne to renne as herttis be wont ,or for to hanylon as doos the fox with his gyle ,or for to crosse as the ,roo dooth oder while ,oder dwe so that yowre honndys cannot owte go ,then sha ye say4 hoo sa amy sa sa ,a complex sa arere so how4 sich is the play ,and sohow as moch is as sa how to say ,bot for 4sohow is short in speche when it is brought ,therfore say we 4sohow bot sa how say we noght ,and iff yowre houndis chase at hert or at haare ,and thay renne at defaute thus ye sha say thare ,icy sohow assayne assayne ston hoho ,sa assayne arere sohow theis wordes and no moo ,and iff yowre houndes renne wee at fox or at doo ,and so fayle at defaute say thus ferther or ye goo ,ho ho ore swef aluy douce a luy4 that thay here ,ho hoy assayne assayne sa arere ,so how so how venez a coupler4 and do as ,i yow kenne ,the moore worshyp may ye haue among a menne ,yowre craftis let be kydde3 and do as ,i yow bydde ,a my sonnys in same3 and thus may ye konne of game ,the boost that the master hunter makthe to his man now here folong e ma here4 ,the mayster to his man makyth his ,roys ,that he knowith be kynde what the hert doys ,att huntyng euermoore when he goys ,quod the man to his maister that were good loore ,for to knaw what he doos the houndes befoore ,what dooth he mayster quod the man ,he dooth quod he eeuyn as thow mayst se ,brekyth4 and so dooth no beest bot he ,when brekyth he quod the man what is that to say ,with his feete he opynys the erth ther he gooth a way ,what is the cause quod the man maister ,i the pray ,that the hert be foore the houndes when thay hym hunt ay ,that then to the ,ryuer he wellis for to goon ,quod the maister to the man ther ar causes toon ,for 4ii4 cawses the hert desirith to the ,ruer4 note wele theis terms folong descende oder ,oon cause for the ,ryuer descende he is ay ,and so is he to the water when he takith the way ,why callist thow hym 4descende4 mayster ,i the pray ,for he payris of is myght the sooth ,i the say ,a nother is to the water whi he gooth other whyle ,the howndes that hym sewen to founde to begyle ,yit of this hert quod his man maister wolde ,i ken ,in to the water when he leppys what he makes then ,he proferith quod the mayster and so ye sha say ,for he wot not hym selfe yit how he wi a way ,whether ouer the water he wi for passe ,or turne ayen thessame way ther he fyrst was ,therfore hit is profre as theys hunteris sayne ,and ,reprofer iff thessame way he turne ayene ,at that oder side of the water iff he vp sterte ,then sha ye ca hit the 4soule4 of the hert ,and that is for the water of his leggee weete ,downe in to the steppis ther fallyn of his fete ,ayen the water his way eeuen iff he hent ,then brekyth he water ther to take yow tent ,and iff with the water go algate yow hit sha ,defoulant the water an hert so hym ca ,now of the ,nomblis merke wele the terms ,the man to his mayster spekyth fu blyth ,off the nomblys of the hert that he wolde hym kith ,how mony endys ther sha be hem with inne ,quod the mayster bot oon thyk nor thynne ,and that is bot the ,gargilon to speke of a bi dene ,and a theys oder 4crokes and ,roundulis4 bene ,the ,auauncers4 the ,forchers ,yit wolde ,i wit and thow woldest me leere ,the crokes and the ,roundellis of the ,nomblys of ye dere ,oon croke of the ,nomblis lyth euermoore vnder the throote bolle of the beest be foore ,that callid is 4auauncers4 who so can hem kene ,and the hyndermost parte of the ,nomblis thene ,that is to say the ,forchers that liggyn euer betwene ,the 4ij4 theys of the beest that oder crokis euene ,in the ,mydref that callid is the ronde also ,for the sides rownde a bowte coruen it is fro ,my deere sonnys bolde3 say of game ,i thus yow tolde ,yit wolde ,i witt maister whi theys houndes a ,bayen and cryen when thay hym ceche sha ,for thay wolde haue helpe that is thayr sky ,for to slee the beest that thay renne ty ,te me mayster quod the man what is the skyll ,why the haare woolde so faynne renne ayenest the hi ,quod the mayster for her leggys be shorter be foore ,then be hynde3 that is the sky of yoore ,what is the cause quod the man yt men say of yt beest ,that the haare sittith aye when she takyth heir reest ,and oder beestys ly3 as communeli men sayne ,for 4ij4 causes quod the mayster ,i te the playne ,oon is for she hurcles vppon hir houghis ay ,and a other beestys3 can the side to the grownde lay ,an oder cause ther is and that is noo lees ,for she beerith booth sewet and pure greece yit wolde ,i mayster quod the man fayne witt more ,where lyth the suet of the haare be hynde or befoore ,ouer the loyne quod the mayster of iche haare thow take ,by twix the tayle and the chyne euen oon the backe yit wolde ,i mayster quod the man thees at the leer ,what thow walkest in the felde with thy lymeer ,ther as an hert pasturred hath3 or yt thow hym se ,to knawe faatt or lene whether that he be ,i can quod the mayster wee te the thys caas ,whaite wele where he lay3 and where he fumeyed haas ,yolow and englaymede iff that it be ,then is he fatt ,i the te lerne theys of me ,and iff it be booth blacke and harde and clene ,then he is meegre larbre and leene ,and of thys ilke thyng iff thow leue not me ,take heede in the wyntre and then thow may it se ,yit mayster of the haare fayn wolde ,i wit moore ,what he dooth when he gooth the howndys befoore ,he sorth and resorth ther he gooth a way ,pryckyth and repryckyth the sooth for to say ,bot wat is that quod the man when thay so doone ,that sha ,i quod the mayster te the fu soone ,in the feeldes wheer he gooth no ways beene ,ther he sorth when he steppyth and hit may not be seene ,and after when he dowblith and turnyth agaynne ,then he resoorth as goode hunteres saynne ,and when he rennyth in the way dry or weete ,then men may fynde fostalx of clees or of feete ,that pryckyth the haare aye when he dooth soo ,and repryckyth then iff he agaynne goo ,maister yit quod the man what is this to say ,a vauntellay a lay4 and a ,relay4 ,that sha ,i te the quod he3 for a litti byete ,when the howndys ar set3 an hert for to mete ,and other hym chasen and folowyn to take ,then a the ,relais thow may vppon hem make ,even at his comyng yf thow lett thy howndys goo ,while the oder that be behynde fer arn hym froo ,that is 4a vauntelay4 and so thow sha hit ca ,for thay are than fer before thoos oder howndes a ,and an hynderyng grete a oder vnti ,for thay may not that day nomore sewe at wi ,and holde thyn houndes sty iff that thow so do ,ti a the houndes that be behynd be cum therto ,than let thyn houndes a to geder goo ,that called is an allay4 and looke thow say so ,and that hynderyng is yit to them that be behynde ,for the restede wi ouergo the weere by kynde ,a relay is after when the houndes ar past ,fer be fore with the hert that hiet hem fast ,to let thyn houndes fer after hem goon ,and that is then a fortheryng to hem echoon ,for and thyn houndes haue ouertake thees oder bi destres ,then sha they a folue hym of oon sweftnes ,what is a forlong4 ,yit mayster wolde ,i fayn thus at yow leere ,what is a forloyng for that is goode to here ,that sha ,i say the quod he the soth at lest ,when thy houndes in the wode sechyn any beest ,and the beest is sto a way owt of the fryth ,or the houndes that thow hast meten therwith ,and any other houndes before3 than may with hem mete ,thees oder houndes arn then forloyned ,i the hete ,for the beste and the houndes arn so fer before ,and the houndes be hynde be weere and soore ,so that thay may not at the best cum at ther wi ,the houndes before forloyne hem and that is the sky ,thay be ay so fere be fore to me iff thow wi trust ,and thys is the forloyne lere hit iff thow lust ,wiche thre thnges cause the houndes to endure ,yit wolde ,i weete mayster iff it ware thy wi ,whan thyn houndes renne an hert vnti ,and ay the forther they goo the gladder thay bene ,for 4iij4 causes quod he oft tyme is sene ,oon is when the hert rennys fast on a rese ,he swetith that hit rennyth downe thorogh owt his clees ,the houndes when thay fynde of that it is swete ,then ar thay leuer to renne and lother to lete ,an oder cause when the hert ny no moore may ,then wi he white froth caste ther he gooth a way ,when thyn houndes fynde of that then ar thay glad ,in hope thay sha hym haue and renne so rad ,the 4iij4 cause is of the hert when he is nygh dede ,then he castys owt of his mowth froth and blade rede ,the houndes knaw that he sha be take soone than ,and euer the forther they goo the gladdir they renne ,thes are the causes 4iij4 that cawses hem gladde to be ,wich best a slau hounde takis as sone as aswift ,what beest yit mayster ,i ax it for non y ,that moost hoole a houndes rennen vnti ,and also sone the slowyst sha hym ouer take ,as the swyftist sha do what way so euer he take ,that beest a ,bausyn hight a ,brok or a ,gray ,thees 4iij4 namys he hath the sooth for to say ,and this is cause therof3 for he wi by kynde ,go thorugh thornys a way the thykest he may fynde ,ther as the swyftist houndes may no forther goo ,then the slowest of foote be he neuer so thro ,wh the hare fumas and croteis4 yit mayster wolde ,i wete whi that men sayn ,that the haare fumays and croteys booth playn ,and a other maner beestys that huntid be ,femyon or fenon as we wele hit se ,that sha ,i wee te the quod the mayster then ,for why that he femays and crotis wee ,i ken ,he femaith for he beryth talow4 this is no lees ,and he croteis men sayn for he beerith grees ,and ,roukis on his houghis when he lettis it go ,and beestys of sich kynde fynde wee no moo ,how mony beestis femayen mayster fayn ,i wolde lere ,and how many fenon that ware goode to here ,a this to te quod the mayster ,i holde hit bot lihgt ,a beestis that beere talow and stonde vpright ,femayen when thay do so say as ,i the kenne ,and a oder fenon that rowken downe thenne4 ,how non maner beestis of vener ,releue ,how many maner beestis yit mayster me te ,off venery ,releuen by fryth or by ffe ,to this quod the mayster ,i sha the answare ,off a beestis bot 4ij4 the hert and the haare ,from the ,annunciacion of owre lady day ,the hert then releues the sooth for to say ,ti saynt ,petris day and paule4 and the haare right3 ,from the ,purificacion of owre lady bright3 ,ti the translacion ,releuys3 leue ye me ,off saynt ,thomas tide of ,caunturburie4 ,to vndo the wlde ,boore4 ,yit my chylde of the boore for to speke moore ,when he sha be vndoon ,i te yow be foore xxxij4 bredis ye sha of hym make ,now wi yow my sonnys wit weere ye sha them take ,the fyrst of theym is the hede what euer be fa ,an oder is the coler and so ye sha hit ca ,the sheldys on the sholderis3 therof sha 4ij4 be ,then eyder side of the swyne depertid in 4iij4 ,the peestellis and the gambons dete theym 4ij4 ,and 4ij4 feleteys he hath3 forgete not thoo ,then take is legges and is feete shewith yowre sleght ,for they sha of his bredys be countid for 4viij4 ,departith the chyne in 4iiij4 pecis and nomoo ,and take ther yowre bredis 4xxx4 and 4ij4 ,and fayre put the grece whan it is take a way ,in the bledder of the boore my chylde ,i yow pray ,for hit is a medecyne3 for mony maner pyne how e shall breeke an ,hert4 ,and for to speke of the hert while we thynke oon ,my chylde fyrst ye sha hym ue when he sha be vndoon ,and that is for to say or euer ye hym dyght ,with in his owne hornys to lay hym vpright ,at thessay cut hym that lordys may see3 ,a noon fat or leen wheder that he bee ,than cut of the coddis the bely euen froo ,or ye begynne hym to flee3 and then sha ye goo ,at chaulis3 to begynne assone as ye may ,and slyttith hym downe euen to thassay ,and fro thassay euen dewne the bele sha ye slitt ,to the pissi ther the codde was a way kytt ,then slit the lyfte legge euen first before ,and then the lyfte legge by hynde or ye do moore ,and thees oder legges vppon the right syde vppon thessame maner slyt ye that tyde ,to goo to the chekys looke ye be prest ,and so fleeth hym downe euen to the brest ,and so fleeth hym forth right vnto thessay ,euen to the place where the codde was cut a way ,then fleeth thessame wyse a that oder syde ,bot let the tay of the beest sti ther oon byde ,than sha ye hym vndo my chylde ,i yow ,rede ,ryght vppon his awne skynne and lay hit on brede ,take heede of the cuttyng of thessame dere ,and begynne fyrst to make the ,erbere ,than take owt the shulderis4 and slyttith a noon ,the baly to the syde from the corbyn bone ,that is corbyns fee3 at the deeth he wi be ,then take owt the sewet that hit be not lafte ,for that my chylde is good for lechecraft ,than put thyn honde softely vnder the brest bone ,and ther sha ye take owt therber a noon ,than put owt the paunche4 and from the paunche taas3 ,a way wightly the ,rate sich4 as he haas ,hoole it with a fyngre4 do as ,i yow kenne ,and with the bloode and the grece fillith hit thenne ,looke threde that ye haue and nede therto3 ,for to sew it with a or ye moore do4 ,the smale guttis than ye sha owt pyt ,from hem take the maw4 foryet not it4 ,than take owt the leuer4 and lay hit on the skynne ,and after that the bledder with owt moore dynne ,than dresst the ,nombles3 first that ye reke ,downe the avauncers kerue that cleues to the necke ,and downe with the bolthrote put them a noon ,and kerue vp the fles ther vp to the hach boon ,and so forth the fillittis that ye vp arere ,that fallith to the nombles4 and sha be ther3 ,with the neres also and sewit3 that ther is ,euen to the mydryf that vppon hym is ,than take downe the mydrif from the sides hoote ,and haue vp the nombles hoole by the bo throte ,in thyn hond than them holde4 and looke and se ,that a that longith them to4 to geder that thay be ,than take them to thy broder to holde for trist ,whylis thow them dowblyst and dightis as the list ,than a way the lyghtis4 and oon the skynne them lay ,to a byde the querre my chylde ,i yow pray4 ,than sha ye slyt the slough ther as the hert lith ,and take a way the ,eres from it and by slyth ,for sich heris hath his hert3 ay it vppon ,as men may se in the beest when he is vndon ,and in the myddis of the hert a boon sha ye fynde ,looke ye yeue hit to a lorde4 and chylde be kynde ,for hit is kynde for mony malydies ,and in the myddis of the hert euermore it lies ,than sha ye kyt the skyrtis the teeth euen fro ,and after the ,ragge boon cuttis euen also ,the forchis3 and the sydes euen betwene ,and looke that yowre knyfe ay whettyd bene ,than turne vp the forchis4 and frote them with bloode ,for to saue the grece4 so do men of goode ,than sha ye cut the nek the sydes euen fro ,and the hede fro the nek cuttyth also ,the toong the brayn the paunch and the necke ,when thay was be wee with water of the becke3 ,the smale guttis to the lightis in the derys3 ,a boue the hert of the beest when thow them reris ,with a the blode that ye may gete and wyn ,a to geder sha be take4 and layde oon the skyn4 ,to geue yowre houndes4 that callid is ,i wis3 ,the quyrre4 a boue the skyn for it etyn is ,and who dightis hym so by my counsayle ,sha haue the lefte shuder for hys trauayle4 ,and the ,right shulder where so euer he bee ,yeueth to the foster for that is his fee ,and the lyuer also of thessame beest ,to the fosterys knaue yeueth at the leest ,the nombles trussith in the skynne4 and harde hym fast ,the sides and the forches to geder that thay last ,with thender legges4 be doon so it sha ,than bryng it hoom4 and the skynne with a ,the nombles4 and the hornes4 at the lordis yate ,than boldely blow the price tharat4 ,yowre play for to mynne4 ,or that ye come ,inne ,explicit ,dam ,iulyans ,barnes in her boke of huntyng4 ,bestis of the chace of the swete fewte stinkg4 ,ther be beestys of the chace3 of the swete fewte4 ,and tho be the ,bucke4 the ,doo4 the ,beere4 the ,reyn the ,elke4 the ,spyccard4 the ,otre4 and the ,martron4 ,ther be beestis of the chace of the stynkyng fewte ,and thay be the ,roobucke4 and the ,roo4 the ,fulmard4 the ,fyches4 the ,baude4 the ,graye4 the ,fox4 the ,squyre4 the whitrat4 the ,sot4 and the ,pulcatte4 ,the nams of diuerse maner houndis ,theis be the namys of houndes4 ,first ther is a ,grehownd a ,bastard4 ,a ,mengre4 a ,mastyfe4 a ,lemor4 a ,spanye4 ,rachys4 ,kenettys4 ,teroures4 ,bocheris houndes4 ,myddyng dogges4 ,tryndeltayles4 and ,prikherid curris4 and smale ladies popis thai beere a way the flees and dyueris smale fawtis4 ,the propreteis of a goode ,grehound4 ,a ,grehounde shulde be heded like a ,snake4 and necked like a ,drake4 ,foted like a ,kat4 ,tayled like a ,rat4 ,syded lyke a ,teme4 ,chyned like a ,beme ,the first yere he most lerne to fede4 ,the secund yere to felde hym lede4 ,the 4iij4 yere he is felow lyke4 ,the 4iiij yere ther is noon sike4 ,the 4v4 yere he is good ,inough ,the 4vi4 yere he sha holde the plough ,the vij yere he wi avayle3 grete bikkys for to assayle4 ,the 4viij4 yere likladi4 ,the 4ix4 yere cartsady4 ,and when he is commyn to that yere3 haue hym to the tanner4 ,for the beest hownde that euer bikke hade4 at 4ix4 yere he is fu badde ,the propretees of a goode hors4 ,a ,goode hors shulde haue 4xv4 pretees4 and condicions4 yt is to wit 4iij4 of a man 4iij of a woman 4iij4 of a fox iij4 of an haare and 4iij4 of an asse4 ,off a man boolde prowde and hardy4 ,off a woman fayre brestid faire of here esy to lip vppon4 ,off a fox a faire tayle short eris with a goode trot4 ,off an hare a grete eygh a dry hede4 and we rennyng ,off an asse a bigge chyne a flatte lege4 and goode houe4 ,we trauelid women ner we trauelid hors wer neu goode ,arise erly4 serue god deuouteli4 and the worlde besily doo thy werke wiseli4 yeue thyn almese secretly ,go by the way sadly4 ,answere the peple demurely4 ,go to thi mete appetideli4 ,sit ther at discretely4 ,of thi tonge be not to liberalli4 ,arrise therfrom tematly4 ,goo to thi soper soborly ,and to thy bedde merely4 ,be in thyn ,inne ,iocdely ,plese thy loue duly4 ,and slepe surely4 ,merke wele thes 4iiii thnges4 ,ther be 4iiij thyng principa to be drad of euy wise man ,the first is the curse of owre holy fader the pope4 ,the secunde is thindignacion of a prince ,quia indignacion regis vel principis mors est ,the thridde is the fauor or the wi of a ,iuge4 ,the iiij4 is ,sclaunder the mutacion of a comynalte4 ,who that makith in ,cristynmas a doog to his larder4 ,and in ,marche a ,sow to is gardyner4 ,and in ,may a fole of a whise mannys counse4 ,he sha neuer haue goode larder4 fayre gardyn4 ,ner wele kepyd cownce4 ,fer from thy kynnysmen keste the4 ,wrath not thy neighborys next the4 ,in a goode corne cuntre threste the4 ,and sitte downe ,robyn and rest the4 ,who that byldys his hous a of salowes4 ,and prickyth a blynde hors ouer the falowys4 ,and suffrith hys wyfe to seche mony halowys4 ,god sende hym the blysse of euerlastyng galowis4 ,if theis be not directid then go thei at aventr ,ther be iiij4 thynges fu harde for to knaw4 ,wyche way that thay wi drawe4 ,the first is the wayes of a yong man4 ,the secunde the cours of a vessay in the see4 ,the thridde of an ,edder or a serpent sprent4 ,the 4iiij4 of a fowle sittyng on any thyng4 ,too wyues in oon hous4 too cattys and oon mous3 ,too dogges and oon boon3 theis sha neu accorde oon ,who that mannyth hym with his kynne4 ,and closith his croofte wyth cheritrees4 ,sha haue many hegges brokynne4 ,and also fu lytty goode seruyes4 ,the ,compans of beests and fowls4 ,,an ,herde of ,hertis an herde of a ma dere an ,herde of ,swannys an ,herde of ,cranys an ,herde of ,corlewys an ,herde of wrennys an ,herde of harlottys a ,nye of ffesaunttys a ,beuy of ,ladies a ,beuy of ,roos a ,beuy of ,quaylis a ,sege of heronnys a ,sege of betouris a ,sorde or a sute of malardis a ,mustre of ,pecockys a walke of ,snytis a ,congregacion of peple an ,exaltyng of ,larkis a wache of ,nyghtingalis an hoost of men a ffelisippyng of yomen a ,cherme of ,goldefynches a ,cast of ,brede a ,couple or a payer of botillis a fflight of ,doues an vnkyndenes of ,rauenes a ,clateryng of choughes a ,dissimulacion of breddis a ,route of ,knyghtis a ,pride of ,lionys a ,sleuth of ,beeris a ,cete of ,graies a ,bery of ,conyis a ,riches of ,martronys a ,besynes of ferettis a ,brace of grehoundis of ij a ,lece of ,grehoundis of 4iij a ,coupu of spaynellis a ,couple of rennyng houndis a ,litter of welpis a ,kyndy of yong ,cattis a ,synguler of ,boris a ,dryft of tame ,swyne an ,harrasse of horse a ,ragg of coltis or a ,rake a ,baren of ,mulis a ,trippe of ,gete a ,trippe of haaris a ,gagle of gees a ,brode of hennys a badelyng of ,dokis a ,noonpaciens of wyues a ,state of ,prynces a ,thongh of barons a ,prudens of vikeris a ,sufluyte of ,nunnys a ,scole of clerkes a ,doctryne of doctoris a ,conutyng of prechouris a ,sentence of ,iuges a ,dampnyng of ,iurrouris a ,diligens of ,messangeris an ,obeisians of uauntis a ,sete of vssheris a ,draught of boteleris a ,proude shewyng of taloris a ,temans of cokys a ,stalke of fosteris a ,boost of saudiouris a ,laughtre of ,osteloris a ,glosyng of ,tauerneris a ,malepertnes of pedleres a ,thraue of ,throsheris a squatte of ,dawberis a ,fightyng of beggers an vntrouth of sompneris a ,melody of ,harpers ,a ,pauuerty of pypers a sotelty of sergeauntis a ,tabernacle of bakers a ,drifte of fisers a ,disgysyng of ,taylours a ,bleche of sowteris a ,smere of ,coryouris a ,clustre of ,grapys a ,clustre of chorlis a ,rage of ,maydenys a ,rafu of ,knauys a blus of boyes an vncredibilite of ,cocoldis a ,couy of partrichis a ,sprynge of ,telis a ,desserte of ,lapwyng a fa of woodecockis a ,congregacion of ,pleuers a ,couert of cootis a ,due of ,turtillis a ,titengis of ,pies an ,ost of sparowis a ,swarme of bees a cast of haukis of ye tour 4ij a ,lece of thessame haukis 4iij a ,flight of ,goshaukes a ,flight of swalowes a beldyng of ,rookes a ,murmuracion of stares a ,route of woluess a ,lepe of ,lebardis a ,shrewdenes of ,apis a ,skulke of ,theuys a skulke of ffoxis a ,nest of ,rabettis a ,labor of ,mollis a ,mute of houndes a ,kene of ,rachis a ,sute of a lyam a ,cowardnes of curris a ,soundre of wilde swyne a ,stode of ,maris a ,pase of ,assis a ,droue of ,nete a fflocke of ,shepe a ,gagle of women a ,pepe of chykennys a ,multiplieng of husbondis a ,pontificalite of prelatis a ,dignyte of chanonys a ,charge of curatis a ,discrecion of ,prestis a ,sculke of freris a bhomynable sight of mkis a ,sco of ffys a ,example of ,maisteris an ,obuans of herimytis an ,eloquens of laweyeris an ,execucion of ,officerys a faith of ,marchandis a uision of steward of hous a ,kerff of ,panteris a ,credens of ,seweris an vnbrewyng of ,kerueris a ,safegarde of ,porteris a ,blast of hunteris a ,thretenyng of courteyeris a ,promyse of ,tapsteris a ,lyeng of pardeneris a ,misbeleue of paynteris a ,las of ,carteris a ,scoldyng of ,kemsteris a wonderyng of ,tynkeris a waywardnes of haywardis a worship of writeris a ,neuthriuyng of ,iogoleris a ffraunch of ,mylneris a ,festre of ,brewris a ,goryng of ,bochouris a ,trynket of ,corueseris a ,plocke of ,shoturneris a ,dronkship of ,coblers a ,sculke of foxis a ,clustre of ,nottis a ,rage of the teethe a ,rasca of ,boyes a ,disworship of ,scottis ,explicit ,here folow the dew terms to speke of breekng or dressng of duerse beestis and fowlis ,and thessame is shewed of certan fsshes4 ,a ,dere brokenne4 ,a ,goose rerede a ,pigge hedede and sydede a ,capoon sawsede a ,checoon frusshyd a ,cony vnlaceedde a ,crane displayde a ,curlew vnioyntede a ffesawnt alet a ,quayle wyngged a ,plouer ,mynsed a ,pegeon thyghed ,brawne leechyd a ,swanne lyfte a ,lambe shulderide a ,kidde shulderide an ,hen spoylede a ,malarde vnbrasid an ,heron dysmembrid a ,pecoke disfigured a ,beture vntachid a ,partrich alet a ,raale brestyde a ,wodecoke thyghed an ,egge ,tyred a ffyre ,tymbered ,now of fsshes ,a ,sawmon ,chyned a ,pyke splatted an ,haddoke sided a ,cheuen fynned a ,sole loyned a ,gurnarde chyned a ,tenche sawced an ,ele trousoned a ,breme splayed a ,barbi tuskyd a ,trought gobettid e shall sa thus4 ,an hert ,herbourghith a ,bucke lodgith an ,esquyer lodgith a ,roo beddith a yoman beddith an haare in her forme shulderyng or leenyng4 a ,cony sittyng4 a ,wodecoke beekyng ,here now foloyng sha be shewed a the ,shyreys and the ,byshopryches of the reolme of ,englond ,and ye sha vnderstonde that the ,shyres be written before and the bisshopriches of thessame ar writ folowyng next aft and then afterward ar shewed the ,prouynces of this londe4 ,kente4 ,caunturbury4 ,rouchestre4 ,southesex4 ,chychestre4 ,haampshyre4 ,sutherey4 ,wynchestre4 ,wyldeshyre4 ,barkeshyre4 ,salybury4 ,somersete shyre4 ,dorset shyre4 ,bathe4 ,deuenshyre4 ,cornewayle4 ,excestur ,essex4 ,medelsex4 ,london4 ,northfolke4 ,suthefolke4 ,norwyche4 ,cambrygeshyre4 ,elye4 ,laycetre4 ,huntyngdon4 ,northampton4 ,hertford4 ,bedford4 ,bokyngham4 ,oxynford4 ,lyncolne4 ,lyncolne ,gloucetur4 ,worcetur4 ,wigorn4 ,herfordshyre4 ,herford4 ,chesshyre4 ,shropshyre4 te of ,lcashire4 ,chestre4 ,yorkeshire4 ,stafordshire4 ,darbishire4 ,notynghamshyre4 and oder as parte of ,lancastreshire4 ,yorke4 ,prounces of ,england4 ,caunturburi4 and ,yorke4 ,stafford4 ,darby ,notingham4 ,northumberlonde4 ,durham4 ,westmerlond4 ,tendale4 ,karlile ,here in thys booke folowyng is determyned the lynage of ,coote armuris3 and how gentilmen sha be knowyn from vngenti men4 and how bondeage began first in aunge and after succeded in man kynde4 as it is shewede in processe boothe in the childer of ,adam and also of ,noe4 and how ,noe deuyded the worlde in 4iij4 partis to his 4iij4 sonnys4 ,also ther be shewyd the 4ix4 colowris in armys figured by the 4ix4 orderis of aungelis4 and it is shewyd by the forsayd colowris wych ben worthy and wych ben ,roya4 and of rigaliteis wiche ben noble and wich ben exellent4 ,and ther ben here the vertuys of chyualry and many other notable and famowse thyngys to the plesure of noble personys sha be shewyd as the werkys folowyng witteneses who so euer likyth to se thaym and rede thaym wych were to longe now to rehers4 ,and after theys notable thyng aforesayde folowyth the ,blasyng of a maner armys in latyn french and ,englis4 ,incipit ,liber armorum4 ,beyng in worthenes aarmes for to beere by the ,roya blode in ordynance all nobu and genty men from the hyest degre to the lawyst thys booke sha be shewed4 and to deseuer ,gentilnes from vngentilnes4 ,in so moche thatt a gentilnes cummys of god of heuyn4 at heuyn ,i wy begyn where were 4x4 orderis of aungelis and now stonde bot 4ix4 in coote armuris of knawlege encrowned fu hye with precious stones4 where lucifer with mylionys of aungelis owt of heuyn fe vnto he and odyr places and ben holdyn ther in bondage4 and a where creatid in heuyn of genti nature4 ,a bonde man or a churle wy say a we be cummyn of adam4 ,so lucifer with his cumpany may say a we be cummyn of heuyn4 ,adam the begynnyng of man kynde was as a stokke vnsprayde and vnfloreshed4 and in the braunches is knowlegge wiche is rotun and wiche is grene4 ,how ,gentilmen shall be knawn from churlis how the first began4 ,and how ,noe deudd the world in 4iii4 partit to his iii sonns4 ,now for to deuyde gentilmen from chorlis in haast it sha be preued4 ,ther was neuer gentilman nor churle ordenyd by kynde bot he had fadre and modre4 ,adam and ,eue had nother fadre nor modre4 and in the sonnys of ,adam and ,eue war founde bothe gentilman and churle4 ,by the soonnys of ,adam and ,eue ,seth ,abe and ,cayn deuyded was the roya blode fro the vngenti4 ,a brother to sley his brother trary to the law where myght be more vngentelnes4 ,by that did ,cayn become a chorle and a his ofspryng after hym by the cursyng of god and his owne fadre adam ,and ,seth was made a gentilman thorow his fadres and moderis blissyng4 ,and of the ofspryng of ,seth ,noe come a gentilman by kynde ,noe had 4iij4 sonnys begetyn by kynde4 by the modre 4ij4 were named ,cham and ,sem4 and by the fadre the thirde was namyd ,iafeth4 ,yit in theys 4iij4 sonnys gentilnes and vngentilnes was founde ,in cham vngentilnes was founde to his owne fadre doon to discuuer his preuytes and laugh his fadre to scorne ,iafeth was the yongist and repreued his brodre4 ,than like a gentilman take mynde of ,cham4 for his vngentilnes he was become a chorle3 and had the cursyng of god and his fadre ,noe4 ,and whan ,noe awoke he sayde to ,cham his sonne3 knowyst nott thow how hit become of ,cayn ,adam soon3 and of his churlis blode4 ,a the worlde is drownde saue we 4viij4 ,and now of the to begynne vngentilnes and a cause to destroye vs a3 vppon the hit sha be so ,i pray to god that it sha fa4 ,now to the ,i gyue my curse wycked kaytife for eu4 and ,i gyue to the3 the north parte of the worlde to drawe thyn habitacion for ther sha it be4 where sorow and care colde and myschef as a churle thow shalt haue4 in the thirde parte of the worlde wich sha be calde ,europe that is to say the contre of churlys4 ,iafeth e heder my sonne thow sha haue my blissing dere stede of ,seth ,adam son ,i make the a gentilman to the weste parte of the worlde4 and to the occident ende3 where as welth and grace sha be4 ther thyn habitacion sha be4 to take that other therde parte of the worlde which sha be calde asia that is to say the contre of gentilmen4 ,and ,sem my son also a gentilman ,i the make to multipli abellis blode that so wykkedli was slayn4 the oryente thow shalt take that other theirde parte of the worlde which sha be calde affrica4 that is to say the contre of tempurnes4 ,of the ofspryng of the gentilman ,iafeth come ,habraham ,moyses ,aron and the profettys4 and also the kyng of ye right lyne of mary4 of whom that gentilman ,ihesus was borne very god and man3 after his manhode ,kyng of the londe of ,iude of ,iues gentilman by is modre mary prynce of ,cote armure4 ,how longe ,cote armures wer begunne afore thncarnacion of owre lorde ,ihesu crst4 ,iafeth made first ,barget and ther in he made a ba in token of a the worlde4 and afterwarde 4ijm4 yere and 4xviij4 before thyncarnacion of ,criste3 ,cote armure was made4 and figurid at the sege of troye where in gestys troianorum it teith thatt the first begynnyng of the lawe of armys was4 the wiche was effugured and begunne before any lawe in the worlde4 bott the lawe of nature4 and before the 4x4 cmawndementis of god ,and thys lawe of armys was grounded vppon the 4ix4 orderys of angelis in heuen encrowned with 4ix4 dyueris precious stonys of colowris and of vertuys dyueris4 also of them ar figurid the 4ix4 colouris in armys4 as in nowmbre to begynne the first stone is callid ,topasion ,prim lapis ,the first stone is calde ,topasion signfing golde in arms4 ,this stone ,topasion is a semy stone4 and golde it is calde in armys4 ,the vertue ther of is3 that the gentilman the wiche thys stone in his cote armure berith a fare messangere in his kyng baty sha be4 ,the wich stone is reued in the angelis crowne that was a trwe massanger and a sure in his kyng batay of heuen whan they faught with ,lucifer ,secd lapis ,the secunde stone is cald ,smaragdus a grauel stone signifing vert in arms ,the secunde stone is calde ,smaragdus a grauell stone4 vert it is calde in armys4 ,the vertu ther of is3 that the gentylman the wich in his cote armure it berith kene and hardy in his kyng bate sha be4 the wiche stone is reserued in tharchangelles crowne that was kene and hardy in his kyngis bataile of heuen whan thei faught with lucifer ,tercius lapis ,and this stone is calde brusk colore arms ,the thirde ston is calde an ,ametisce a dusketli ston brusk hit is calde in armys4 ,the vertu ther of is3 that he the wich berith in his ,cotearmur that stone4 fortunable of victori his kges batay sha be4 the wich stone is reserued to the virtutys crowne that was fortunable and victoriows in his kyng batail of heuen whan thay faught with ,lucifer ,quartus lapis ,and this stone is calde plb color arms ,the 4iiij4 stone is calde a ,margarete a clowdy stone ,plumby hit is calde in armys4 ,the vertue ther of is4 what gentilm that his ,cotearmure that stone berith grete gounawnce of chiualrie in his kyngys batay he sha haue4 the wich stone is reued in the potestatis crowne that was cheualrius of gounaunce in his kyngys batay of heuyn whan thay faught with ,lucifer ,quintus lapis ,a los is calde sinamer or sanquine arms ,the 4v4 ston is calde a ,loys4 a sanquine stone or sinamer hit is calde in armys4 ,the vertue therof is3 the gentilman thatt in his ,cotearmure this stone berith myghtifu of power in his kyngys batay sha be4 the which stone was reserued in dominacionys crowne that was myghtifu of powere in his kyngys batai of heuyn whan thei faught with ,lucifer ,sextus lapis ,and ths stone is calde gowls in arms ,the 4vi4 stone is calde a ,ruby a redly stone4 gowlys it is calde in armys4 the vertue therof is4 the gentylman that his ,cotearmure that stone berith hote and fu of corage in his kyngys batay sha be4 the wich stone is reserued in the principatis crowne that was hote brinnyng as fire in his kyngys batay of heuyn whan thay faught with ,lucifer ,septim lapis ,a blue stone it is it is cald asure arms ,the 4vij4 stone is calde a ,saphyre a blew stone ,asure hit is calde in armys4 ,the vertue therof is4 the gentilman that in his ,cotearmure berith that stone3 wyse and vertues in his werkyng in his kyng batay sha be4 the wich is reserued to tron crowne that was wyse and vertues in his kyngys batay of heuyn whan they faught with ,lucifer ,ottau lapis ,this stone is blake and it is called ,sabull ,the 4viij4 ston is a ,dyamond a blake stone4 ,sable it is calde in armys4 ,the vertue therof is4 what gentilman that his ,cotearmure thatt stone berith3 durabu vnfaynt in his kyngys batay he sha be4 ,the wich stone was reserued the cherubyns crowne that was durable vnfaynt in his kyngys batay of heuyn4 whan thay faught with ,lucifer ix lapis ,a shinng ston and is calde ,siluer arms ,the 4ix4 stone is calde ,carbuncle a shynyng stone4 ,silu hit is calde in armys4 ,the vertue therof is3 what gentilman yt in his ,cotearmure this stone berith4 fu dowghti glorious shynyng in his kyngys batay he sha be ,the wich stone was reserued in the ,serophyns crowne3 that was fu doughti glori shing his kg batay of heuyn whan thei faught wt ,lucifer ,of the diuse coloreis for the feld of cotearmuris 4v4 bene worth and 4iiii4 bene ,roall ,ther be 4ix4 dyuse coloris for the felde of ,cotearmuris v worthy 4iiij4 ,roya4 ,the 4v4 worthy be theys3 ,golde verte ,brusk ,plumby ,synam4 ,and the 4iiij4 ,roya be theis3 ,gowlis ,asure ,sable ,siluer ,bot now aft blaseris of armys ther be bot 4vi4 coloris of ye wich 4ij4 be meta iiij4 coloris4 ,golde ,silu for meta4 vert ,goulis ,asure ,sabu for coloris4 theys be vsid and no moo4 ,of nine preci stonis 4v4 be noble 4iiii4 of dig ,ther be 4ix4 precious stonys 4v4 noble 4iiij4 of dignite ,the 4v4 noble stonys be theys ,topasion ,smaragmat ,amatisce ,margaret ,aloys4 ,the 4iiij4 of dignite be theys ,rubi ,saphyr ,dyamond and ,carbuncu ,of thorderis of gelis 4v4 be ierarch 4iiii4 tr ,ther be 4ix4 orys of angelis 4v4 ,ierarchie4 4iiij4 ,trly ,the v4 ,ierarchye be theys3 ,angelis ,archangelis virtutes ,potestates dominacos ,the 4iiij4 ,tronli be theys ,principat ,trony ,cherubyn and ,seraphyn4 v4 of the dignites of regalite be noble 4iiii4 ,ther be 4ix4 dignites of ,regalite 4v4 noble and iiij excellent ,the 4v noble be theys ,gentilm ,squier ,knyght ,baron and ,lorde4 ,and 4iiij4 excellt be theis ,erle ,mark ,duke and ,prynce ,nne vertues of preci stons ,nyne vertues of preci stonys ben ther 4v4 genera and iiij4 specia ,the v4 gea ben theys ,a sure messenger ,kene hardy fortunat of victori ,cheualri of gounaunce myghtifu of power ,the 4iiij4 specia be theis3 hote of corage wyse redy vertues in werkyng ,durable vnfaynt fu doughti gloriose shynyng4 ,the 4iiii4 vertues of cheualr ,fowre vertues of cheualry ben ther3 ,the first is iuste in his beestis4 clennes of his sone4 peti to haue of the poore4 to be gracious to his preso4 to be reuerent and faythfu to his god ,the secunde is that he be wyse his batai4 prudent his fightg knowyng hauyng mynde his wittis4 ,the 4iij4 is yt he be nott slow his werris loke be fore yt his qri be true thanke god euer of his victory for to haue mesure his sustince4 ,the iiij is to be strg stedfast his gounce4 to hope to haue ye victory ,and vode not frome the felde and not to shame his cote armure4 ,also that he be not to bostfu of his manhod ,loke that he be curtes lowly and genti and with owte rebawdry in his langage4 ,here shall be shewed the 4ix4 artikelis of gentilnes4 v of them ar amorows and iiii soueran ,ther be 4ix4 artycles of gentilnes4 and of theym 4v4 bene amorows4 and 4iiij4 soueren4 ,the 4v4 amorows gentilneses ben thees ,lordeli of cowntenawnce ,treteable in langage ,wyse in his answere ,perfite in gouernawnce4 and ,cherefu to faythfulnes4 ,the 4iiij souerayn gentilneses ben theis ,fewe othes in sweryng4 ,boxom to goddis byddyng4 ,knowyng his owne birth in beryng4 and to drede his souerayn to offende4 ,ther be ix4 vices contrar to gentilmen ,ther ben 4ix4 vices contrari to gentilmen of the wiche 4v4 ben indetermynable and iiij4 determynable ,the 4v4 indetermynable ben theys3 oon to be fu of slowthe in his werris4 an other to be fu of boost in his manhode4 the thride to be fu of cowardnes to is enemy4 the faurth to be fu of lechri his body4 the fifthe to be fu of drynkyng dronckunli4 ,ther be 4iiij4 determynable3 on is to reuoke is own chalange4 an other to sley his presoner with his own handis4 the thride to voyde from his soueraygnes baner in the felde4 and the fifthe to te his soueraygne fals talys ,ther be 4ix4 estimable reiongis in arms ,the 4ix4 inestimable reioyng of armys ben theys ,first is a gentilman to be made a knyght the felde at bati ,the secunde is lyuelode of hym to resayue after manhode ,the 4iij4 is cheualry to do by fore his soueren ,the 4iiij4 is ambassatt to be put in his honde for wisdom4 ,the 4v4 is proues of knyghthode done be fore alioundis honor of renowne4 ,theys be calde in armys the 4v4 autentyke ,now folowith the 4iiij4 endyng stremytallis persona ,the first is a poore knyght to be maried to the blode ,roya ,the secunde is to haue thanke of his souereyn perpetua4 ,the 4iii4 is to kepe his ,cote armure vnshamyd in tria ,and the 4iiij4 is to kepe a poyntis of is knyghthod as gestys troianorum declarith4 ,knaw e that theis ii4 orderis wer4 first wedlok then knhthode4 and knhthode was made before ,cote armure was ordened4 ,ther was non order bot 4ij4 wedloke first and knyghthod after4 ,a knyght was made before ony cote armure4 and ,olybion was the first knyght that euer was4 ,asteriali his fader come bi the right lyne of that gentilman ,iafeth and saw the peple multiplie had no gouerner ,and the cursed peple of ,sem wered ayenys them ,olibion was the stryngest and the manfullest man in his tyme ,and the peple cried on ,olibion to be theyr maister and their gouner ,a thowsand men wer than multiplied of ,iafethis lyne4 ,asteria made to his son a garlande abowte his hede of 4ix4 diueris preciouse stonys in tokenyng of chyualri to be a gouner of a 4,m4 men4 vnto thys same day ye kg haue his name lat yt is as moch to sai ye gou of 4im4 m ,olibion knelyd to ,asterya his fader and askyd his blissyng4 ,asterya toke ,olibions swerde that was ,iafethis fawlchon that ,tuba made be fore the floode3 and smote flatlyng 4ix4 tymys vppon the ryght shuldre of ,olibion in tokenyng of the ix4 vertuys of the forsayde precious stonys and gaue him his blissing with a charge to kepe the 4ix4 vertuys of charyte now foloyng as ye sha here4 ,theis be the charges or artikelis that euer knght shlude kepe b the dignte of his order the be ix4 v4 temall and iiii goostl ,ther be 4v4 tempera utuys 4iiij4 gostly utuys of charite the 4v4 tema vertuys be theys4 he sha not turne his backe to his enemy for to flee4 ,the 4ij4 is that he sha truly holde his promyse to his frende3 and also to his foo4 ,the 4iij4 is he sha be free of mete and drinke to a his meny a boute him ,the 4iiij4 is he sha vpholde maydonys ryght4 ,the 4v4 is that he sha holde vp wydoys ryght4 ,theys be the 4iiij4 vertuys of charite goostly4 ,the first is3 he sha honoure his fader and his moder4 ,the 4ij is he sha do noon harme to the poore4 ,the 4iij4 is he sha be mercifu4 ,the 4iiij4 is he sha holde with the sacifice of the grete god of heuyn4 ,and than ,asterya did make to ,olibion a targett of ,olyfe tree with iij4 corneris 4ij4 a bouen is face and oon downe to the growndwarde4 in tokenyng that thys ,olibion was the cheue of a the blode of the 4iij4 sonnys of ,noy ,by the ,olif tree he vnderstode victery for to wyn ,by the poynt of his target to the grownde the cursed brothir ,cham ,by the corner of his target a bouen firtherest that other brothir ,sem4 ,that othir corner next to hym selfe betokenyth that gentilman ,iafeth the blissed brothir of whome god and man come by right lyne ,the maner of knghthodis ben 4ii4 oon with the ,swerde ,an other with the ,bath ,ther be 4ij4 maner of knyghthodes oon with the swerde and an other with the bath ,the bath is the worthest by cause of iiij4 ,royaltes4 ,oon is whan an vnaged prynce is made knyght or be crouned kyng ,the secunde is whan a ,kyng or an ,emperoure is crowned4 ,the thyrde is whan a quene or an ,emperis is crowned4 ,the iiij4 is whan a ,kyng or an ,emperowre cum to speke with an other of dyuerse londys ,nne maner of gentlmen ther bene ,ther is a ,gentylman of ,auncetre and of blode ,and ther is a ,gentylman of bloode ,ther is a ,gentylman of ,cootearmur3 and theos be 4iij ,oon of the ,kyngys bage4 ,an other of a lordeship4 ,and the therde is of the kyllyng of a ,saryson ,and ther is a gentylman vntrya ,and ther is a gentylman ,ypocrafet ,and ther is a gentylman ,sperytua ,ther is also a gentylman speritua and tempera4 and a theys ben more playnly declared in thys booke ,gentilmen be calde 4iiii4 maner of wse one of awncetreis and iii of ,cotearmure ,ther be 4iiij4 diuerse maner of gentilmen4 ,oon his a gentylman of awncetreys3 wich muste nedis be a gentilman of blode4 ,ther be 4iij4 gentilmen of ,cotearmure and not of blode ,oon is a gentylman of ,cotarmure of the kynges bagge4 that is to say his deuice by an herawd ,igouen4 ,an other gentilman of ,cotarmure is and not of blode a kyng geuyng a lordshipp to a yoman vnder his sea of patent to hym and to his eyrys for euer more he may were a ,cotarmure of the same lordshipp ,the thride his a yoman cristenyd yif he ki a gentylman sorsyn he may were the sarsinys ,cotarmure and noo sarsyn a sarsynis cotarmure nethir cristennys cotarmure bi feghtyng in noo wyse ,yit sum men say that a cristen man ouercomyng a cristen man feghtyng in the list sha bere the cotarmure of him that is ouer comyn4 ,or if a souereyn kyng make of a yoman a knyght that same knyght is a gentylman of blode by the royalte of the kyng and of knyghthood ,a gentlman spirituall ,ther is a gentylman a churle sone a preste to be made and that is a spiritua gentylman to god and not of blode4 ,butt if a gentylmannys sone be made preste he is a gentilman both spiritua and tempera4 ,criste was a gentilman of his moder behalue and bare cotarmure of aunseturis4 ,the 4iiij4 ,euangelist berith wittenese of ,cristis warkys in the gospe with a thappostilles4 ,they were ,iewys and of gentylmen come by the right lyne of that worthy queroure ,iudas machabeus bot that by succession of tyme the kynrade fe to pouerty4 after the destruccion of ,iudas ,machabeus and then they fe to laboris ware calde no gentilmen4 and the 4iiii4 doctoris of holi chirch ,seynt ,ierom ,ambrose ,augustyn and ,gregori war gentilmen of blode and of cotarmures ,also the diuisions of cotarmuris be 4ix4 thatt is to witt 4v4 perfte and 4iiii4 vnperfte ,ther be 4ix4 dyuisionis of cotarmures 4v4 perfite 4iiii4 vnperfite4 ,the 4v4 perfite be theys4 ,termyna ,collatera ,abstrakte ,fixa and ,bastard4 ,diferens ,enbordng ,termyna is calde in armys a the bretheren of right lyne hethir by fadre or by modre may bere the right heyris cotarmure with a differens calde ,enbordyng ,dferans ,iemews ,collatera is calde in armys the sonnys of the bretheren of the right heyre beryng the cotarmuris of theyr faderis with a dyfferans ,iemews ,diferens molet ,fixa in armys is calde the thirde degre by the rightlyne from the right heyre by line male4 thay may bere there faderis cote armure with a differans molet ,diferans countertreuis ,the bastarde of fixa sha bere his faderis cotarmure counturtreuys4 that is to say what so euer he berith in his felde he sha bere in the colowris dyuerse and no more ,how ther be 4iiii4 cotarmurs imperfite and be born wth owte diferans ,ther be 4iiij4 cotarmuris vnperfite3 and be borne with owte differance4 ,the first cotarmure is if a lordshipp a fore sayde be gouen vnder patent bi the kyng4 and if he die with oute heyr his cotarmure is ,idon4 ,the secunde is the cotarmure of the kyng gyfte yif he dye with owte heyr his cotarmure is done4 and yif theys 4ij4 cotarumuris haue vsshew forth3 the fith degre of theam bering lyne by male be gentilmen of blode by lawe of armys ,the threde cotarmure of the ,sarsyn yif the cristyn man dye with owte vsshew his cotarmure is done4 and if he had vsshew forth vnto the fith degree from him by right lyne of vsshew male he is a gentylman of blode ,the fawrith cotarmure of the chefe blode yif he dye with owte ony vsshew the hole cotarmure is lost than it fallith to be a cotarmure of thymperfite beryng with a differans ,a the bastardis of a cotarmuris sha bere a fesse ,s ca hit a baston of oon of the 4iiij4 dignites of colouris4 excepte the bastarde of the fixiales and the bastarde of the brethyrne of the cheue blode where theritaunce is deparded to euych brothir e like moch theys bastardis sha adde more bagy to his armys or take a way a bagy of armys ,note here well who shall gue cotarmures ,ther sha none of the 4ix4 orduris of regalite bot a onli the soueregne ,kyng geue cootarmur4 for that is to hym improperid bi lawe of armys4 ,and yit the kyng sha nott make a knyght with owte a cootarmure by fore4 ,euy knyght cheftayn the felde mai make a cootarmur knight ,in how man places a knght ma be made ,a ,knyght is made in 4v4 dyuerse placis ,in musturing in londe of werris4 ,in ,semblyng vnder baneris4 ,in listys of the bath ,and at the sepulcur ,a lassed cotarmure is on the moderis parte ,a lassed cootarmure is calde the coote of a gentylwoman hauyng lyuelode weddyd to a man hauyng noo cootarmure4 hir sone may were hir cootarmur with a differance of armys duryng his liue by the curtesy of law of armys4 and his sone sha none bere bot so be that the gentylwoman be heyr or next of blode to that cootarmure4 ,or ellis beyng hir byrth of the blode ,roya and than sha hir heyre bere hir cootarmure ,how ,gentll men be made of ,gromis that be nott of cootarmure nether blode and the be cald vntriall and apocrifate as hit shewith folong ,ther be 4ij4 dyuerse ,gentylmen made of gromys3 that be nott gentilmen of cotearmure nother of blode4 ,oon is calde in armys a gentylman vntria that is to say made vp emong relygyous men as priorys ,abbottis or ,bysshoppis4 ,that other is called in armys a genti man appocrifate that is to say made vpp and gouyn to him the name and the lyueray of a gentylman4 ,in arms be vi diferences that is to sa ii4 for excellent and iiii4 for nobulls ,ther be 4vi4 ,differences in armys 4ij4 for thexcellent4 and 4iiij4 for the nobles4 ,labe and ,enborduryng for lordis4 ,iemews ,molettys ,flowre delyce and ,quyntfoyles for thee nobles4 ,in blasng of arms be 4ix4 quadrattis that is to sa 4v4 quadrate finiall and iiii4 ,roall ,in blasyng of armys ther be 4ix4 quadrattis for to consider 4v4 quadrate finia and 4iiij4 ,roya4 ,fyue quadrate finia be theys4 ,gereri4 ,gerundi4 ,fretly4 ,geratly4 and ,endently4 ,gereri is called in armys whan cootarmuris ar 4ix4 quarteris dyuerse colowris4 ,gerundi is called in armys whan the cootarmure is of 4ix4 dyuerse colowris3 a fusitarget with in the cootarmure of whatt colowre that hit be of ,fretly is calde armys whan the cootarmure is counterfesid ,geratly is calde in armys whan the cootarmure is powderd ,bot a blaisar sha not say he berith ,ermen4 ,siluer powderd with ,ermen ,bot he sha say he berith ,ermen or ellis in sume armys he muste say demy ,ermen3 wich is to sai whitli ,ermen ,in so moch that the fifthe quadrat finia hit is determyned of the tokenys of armys4 or ,i procede to hit3 is shewed whatt maner of tokeny a genty man may weer4 ,a gentilman mai not weer tokynys of armys bot of steing colowre4 that is to say his cootarmure ynyat or ellis ,i geratt with preciouse stonys ,gerattyng haue 4ix4 bagges of cootarmuris4 ,first with croslettis4 and of theym ther be 4iiij dyuerse4 and tho bene theys ,cros fixyly4 ,cros paty ,cros croslettis4 and ,cros flory ,the secunde bage is flowre delyce4 ,the threde baage is roslettys ,the fowrith baage is prymarose4 ,the fifthe baage is quynfolis4 ,the sexthe baage is diaclys ,the seuenith baage is chappelettys ,the 4viij4 baage is ,molettys4 ,and the 4ix4 baage is ,cressauntis that is to say halfe the moone4 theys be powderygis of cootarmuris4 ,the fifthe quadrate is calde ,endently of 4iij4 diuse weis that is to say bebally lentally and fyesly4 ,bebally is calde armys whan a cotearmure is calde ,endentyde of 4ij4 dyuerse colowris in the length of the cotearmure ,lentalli is calde in armys whan ye cootarmure is ,endentid with 4ij4 dyuerse colowris in the berde of the cootarmure ,fyesly is called in armys 4iij4 manere weys ,fesybagy fesy target and fesy genera4 ,fesy bagy is whan tokenys of armys be disseiuered from the cheef of the cotearmure to the right spleyer in the feelde ,fesy target is whan a scogion or an engislet is made in the myddu of the cootarmure4 ,fesy genera is calde in armys whan the cootarmure is ,endentid with 4ij4 dyuerse colouris from the laste poynt of the cootarmure to the spleyer ,the chefe is calde in armys the myddys of the cootarmure of the right syde4 ,quadrat is calde in armys whan the felde is set with sum tokyn of armys4 ,a quadrant fina is called in armys whan the felde is discolourid with tokenis of armys hauyng no beest in the felde4 ,a ,quadrant ,roya is calde whan the feelde occupyeth ye token of a beest or ony other tokyn set with in the cotarmure to the nowmbre of fiue4 ,the first quadrant is oon tokyn of armys allonli sett and whatt after his byrthe he beerith4 ,the secunde quadrant ,roya is beryng in his cootarmur iij4 thyng calde the tokenys of armys4 that is to say iij4 flowredelice in fylcyals 4iij4 rosis 4iij4 chapplettis iij4 lebardis 4iij4 lyonys4 and so the 4iiij4 quadrat ,roya is to bere a beest ,raunpande3 bebaly4 lentally4 and fessely4 ,here shall be shewed what ,cootarmuris restral ben and weer the blaser shall begn to blase4 ,thre cootarmuris be ther called restrya in armys4 ,oon is whan a cootarmure is barri of dyuerse colowris to the poynt4 and what colowre the poynt be of4 the poynt is the felde4 ,ther the blaser sha begynne4 ,the secunde cootarmure restria is calde armys whan a cootarmure is paly of dyuerse colouris to the poynt4 whatt pale medy in the poynt yt coloure is the felde ,the blaaser sha blase from that colowre to the next coloure pale4 ,the threde cootarmure restria is calde in armys whan a cootarmure is sentry of dyuerse colowris to the poynt and whatt settre mydy in the poynt yt colowre is the felde4 ,the blaseyr sha blase from yt colowre to the next colowre of the lefte side of the cootarmure and blase the colowre sentri4 ,merke what sentre ,fixal ,mangis ,gorgis other diuerse here now folowng be calde arms ,a ,sentre in armys is called stakar of tentis4 ,fixia be called in armys mylner pykes4 ,mangys be called in armys a sleue4 ,gorgys be called in armys water bulgees4 ,elynellis be calde in armys 4iiij4 quadrantis truncholis4 ,oglys be calde in armys gonestonys4 ,tortlettis be calde in armys waste4 ,diaclys be called in armys scopprellys4 ,myrris be calde in armys merowris or glasses4 ,feons be calde in armys brode arow hedys4 ,tronkys be calde in armys any bestys hede or neck ,ikytt chagikli a sonder4 ,demy is calde in armys halfe a best in the felde4 ,countretreuis is calde in armys whan halfe the beest is of oon coloure and that other halfe of an other coloure ,eny cotarmure that berith a crosse to the poynt3 the poynte is the felde4 as ,seynt ,george berith gollis fowre anglettis of ,siluer4 bot ayens this rule sum blaseris of armys repungne as hit is shewed in the boke foloyng4 ,theis 4iij4 termys4 of4 and4 with sha not be rehersed in armys bot onys any of thaym ,ther be diuerse berngs of feelds ,dyuerse beryngis of feeldis ther be ,oon is beryng hole felde4 hit is clepyd in armys claury ,the secde is berg too feldis4 hit is calde armis ,coli ,the threde is beryng too feldis in 4iiij4 quarteris3 hit is calde in armys quarily ,ther bene 4iii4 cote armurs grtt ,thre cootarmuris grytty ther bene in armys4 ,oon is called checky that is whan the felde is chekerd with diuse colouris ,the secunde is calde wyndi that is to say whan the felde is made like wawis of oon coloure or of diuerse colouris ,the threde is calde werry whan the felde is made like gobolettys of dyuerse colowris4 ,in arms be ii4 pinons4 also it shews wat clawr cownterl and quarterl bene with other ,ther be in armys calde 4ij4 pynyonys ,oon is whan the feeld his a sawtri4 ,seynt andrewys crosse may be clauri counterly quarterly4 ,clawri is called playn of oon coloure4 ,cownterly is whan colowris quarterly be 4ij4 colowris sett in 4ij4 quarteris ,the secunde pynyon is called cheffrounce that is a couple of sparis4 and that may be claury counterly quarterli gereri and byally4 ,gereri is whan 4iij4 cheffrounce be to gedur or moo4 ,bya is called whan a barre is be twene 4ij4 cheffrounce ,here endeth the mooste specia thyngys of the boke of the lynage of ,coote armuris and how gentylmen sha be knowyn from vngentylmen4 and now here foloyng begynnyth the boke of blasyng of a ma armys3 latyn french ,englis ,explicit prima pars4 ,here begnnth the blasng of arms ,i haue shewyd to yow in thys booke a foore how gentilm began4 and how the law of armys was first ordant4 and how moni colowris ther be in cootarmuris4 and the difference of cootarmuris with mony other thynggis that here needis not to be rehersed4 ,now ,i intende to procede of signys in armys and of the blasyng of a armys4 ,bot for to reherce a the signys that be borne in armys as ,pecok ,pye ,bacc ,dragon ,lyon ,dolfyn and flowris and leeuys it war to longe a tariyng4 ner ,i can not do hit3 ther be so mony4 ,bot here sha shortli be shewyd to blase a armys if ye entende diligentli to youre rulys4 ,and be cause the cros is the moost worthi signe emong al signys in armys3 at the cros ,i wi begynne4 in the wich thys nobu and myghti prynce ,kyng ,arthure hadde grete trust so that he lefte his armys that he bare of 4iij4 ,dragonys4 and ou that an other sheelde of 4iij4 crownys4 and toke to his armys a crosse of ,siluer in a feelde of verte and on the right side an ymage of owre blessid lady with hir sone in hir arme4 and wt that signe of the cros he dyd mony maruelis after4 as hit is writyn in the bookis of cronyclis of his dedys ,also ,i haue red thys signe of the cros to be sende from god to that blessid man ,marcuri as vincencius sayth4 in speculo historiali4 of the maruellis deth of ,iulian thappostita ,emproure4 lio 4xvo4 he saythe thangele brought vn to the foresayd ,mercuri a armure necessari with a shelde of asure and a cros fluri with 4iiij4 rosis of golde4 as here this ,and ,i fonde neuer that euer any armys waar sende from heuyn bot in theym was the sygne of the cros4 ,exceppid in tharmys of the ,kyng of fraunce the wiche armys certanli war sende bi an awnge from heuyn that is to say4 in flowris in maner of ,swerdis in a felde of asure4 as hit shewis here4 ,the wich certan armys ware geuyn to the forsayd kyng of fraunce in sygne of euerlastyng trowbu and that he and his successaries a way with batai and swereddys shulde be punyshid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,i aske here moo questionis of the crossis signe ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now ,i turne agayne to the signe of the cros and aske a question3 how mony crossis be borne in armys4 to the wich questtion vnder a certan nowmbur ,i dare not answere4 for crossis innumerabu ar borne now dayli4 bot decendyng to eueri cros the wich a fore tyme ,i haue seen as fer as ,i can ,i entende to discribe4 emong the wich first the playn cros sha be discribed of the with cros moo dowtis be made then of mony odyr crossies4 for as moch as wyse men in blasyng of armys holde for a veri rule that ye moost begynne to blase at the lowyst poynt of the sheelde4 if the poynt be of oon coloure4 and so that coloure thatt is in the poynt of the sheelde is the felde of the armys ,bot in that rule to remeue a way a dowtis ye most merke dyligently3 that4 that rule is true with a litty addicion4 yt is to witte that in armys to be blased it is a way to begynne at the poynt of the sheelde3 if the poynt be of oon coloure that is true3 if the coloure of the poynt be more copiose or gretter in thos armys4 and then with owte dowte ye sha begyn ther4 or ellys not ,and weer the colowres be equa tid other on length or ouerwart then euermore ye sha begynne to blase thoos armys in the right side4 and in that case ye sha haue no respecte to the poynt4 ,and iff it be asked how berith ,seynt george4 it is to be knaw that ye most say4 latine4 ,portat vnum scutum de argento cum quadam cruce plana de rubio4 ,gallice4 ,il port dargent vng cros playn de gowlez4 ,anglice4 ,he beris a felde of ,siluer with a playn cros of gowles4 as here apperith in theys armys4 ,and the same maner of wyse ar a crossis hauyng a playn cros to be blased ,therfore thay er3 yt say ,seynt george beris the felde of gowles with 4iiij4 quarteris of ,siluer of whome the resonis ,i lowue not4 for by thoos resonis a playn cros shulde neuer be founde in armys ner welny no differens in armys4 ,off an cros of an equa length on eueri parte4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a ,playn cros is founde in armys differyng from the first cros4 and hit is of an equa length on eui parte as it apperith here4 and theys armys be harder then the other to blase as hit is opyn4 for thendys of thys cros towchis not the hemmys or the vtter parte of ye sheelde no parte in wich ye sha say that he3 that beris theis armys4 latine4 sic ,ille portat de asuro cum vna cruce plana aurea equalis longitudinis ey omni parte ,gallice4 ,il port daser vng cros playn dung longur tont4 ,anglice4 ,he berith asure with a playn golden cros of equa length on euy parte4 ,and this is the differans in blasyng4 that a thendys of thys cros arne of equa length the wich mai not be in the playn cros a fore4 for the foote is the lengest parte4 and hit be we made4 ,and this differens sha appere bettir in a cootarmure3 then it doth in a sheeld so ther is an euydent differens be twix ye 4ij4 crossis aforsaid ,off a playn cros strayte4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther is an oder cros aqua straythyr in the myddis then in thenddys with opyn corneris as here not touchyng the vtterist parte of the sheelde in any parte ther of4 and hit is calde a cros patent4 ,and ye sha say that he the wich beris this cros beris this ma4 latine sic4 ,ille portat vnam crucem argentatam patentem in campo nigro4 ,gallice4 ,il port de sable vng cros patee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith ,sable a cros paty of ,siluer4 ,off a cros patent fixiby4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,this cros patent is made dyuerse in the footo of the same as hit apperith here4 ,and then hit is calde a cros pate fixible4 for the erth sych a cros may be pycchit4 in the wich cros 4iij4 of the heyr partes ar opyn in the corneris and bradder thhan in the myddys4 his foote is disposid to piche the erthe4 latine4 ,ille portat de rubio cum vna cruce figitiua de albo ,gallice4 ,il port de gullis vng cros patee fiche dargent4 ,et anglice4 ,he berith ,gullys and a cros paty fixibi of ,siluer4 ,and knawe ye that ther be mony crossis the wych may be maade fixibi as hit sha be shewd here folowyng in dyuerse4 ,off a playn cros cordyd4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,emong odyr crossis oon is founde the wich is calde a corddid cros as here it is shewed this cros the wich is calde a corddid cros3 for hit is made of cordys4 the wich certan cros ,i se bott late3 in tharmys of a nobu man3 the wich in very deed was summe tyme a crafty man a ,roper as he hym selfe sayd4 ,and ye sha say of him that berith theys armys latine ,ille portat gowlles cum vna cruce plana cordata de argento4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port de goullez vng cros playn cordee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gullis and a cros playn cordyd of ,syluer4 ,off a cros playn foratid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther is an odyr cros playn the wich meruelusly fro the playn cros of ,saynt george differis4 as here apperith4 ,and here it is to be merkyd4 that thoppynyon of sum men3 sayng is4 that theis armys be chekkerd armys4 and this oppynyon is vtturli to be repreuyd for armys may not be checkerd bot at the lest in the nombur of 4iiij4 and in a grettyr nombur they may wele be made4 as afterward sha be shewed4 ,therfor it is to be said4 latine sic4 ,ille portat vnam crucem argente foratam in campo nigro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de ,sable vng cros dargent tee4 ,anglice4 ,he berith ,sable and a cros perforatid of ,siluer4 ,off a besantid cros4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,over theis crossis we heue an odyr cros the wiche ,i sawe late in tharmys of a certan ,ianuens as here it shewis ,and this is calde a besant cros for it is made a of besanttis4 and sych a cros may be made als sone with lyti cakys as with besanttys4 for besantys and lyti cakys differ not bot in colore4 for besanttis be euer of golden coloure4 ne the coloure of the besant sha be expressid in blasyng of armys4 for it nedis not to say a besant of golde for ther be no besantis bot of golde ,therfor it is to be sayd4 latine sic4 ,ille portat vnam crucem talentatam in campo rubeo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng cros besauntee4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a cros besauntid4 ,off a cros flurry4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now folowith an odyr cros flurry4 the wich is so called as hit apperith here4 ,and therfor hit is calde de florishyng cros4 for hit has flouris in eueri ende vpwarde that is to say saue the foote4 thys cros flurri sum tyme is borne in armys fixabu4 ,and then it is calde in armys a cros flurri fixabu4 for in iij4 of his endys he is florishyng and in the foote pichabu or fixabu4 ,therfore it is to be sayde of him that beris hit4 latine4 ,portat vnam cuccem auream floridam in campo asoreo4 ,et gallice4 ,il port dasor vng croys flouretee dor4 ,anglice4 ,he berith asure and a cros flurri of golde4 ,now here sha be shewyd of a cros flurri patent armys ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now folowith a no cros the wich is called a cros flurry patent4 as here it apperith4 ,and hit is calde a cros flurri patent for he hath his endis opyn and ye myddys of eueri ende apperith an other thryde in the maner of a flowre as it is opynli shewed in this cros4 ,therfore it sha be sayd that the berer of theys armys3 beris in this wyse as foloth first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem floridam patentem de auro in campo asureo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng patee flouretee dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure with a cros patent flurri of golde4 ,ye sha vnderstand here of a playn wateri cros4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,moore ouer ye sha vnderstonde that ther is an othere playn cros the wich certanly is calde a watery cros4 and hit is calde a wateri cros for hit is made bi the maner of water trowbulled with wynde4 as here hit shewys theys armys4 ,therfor he the wich berith theys armys beris in this wyse as it sha folow first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem planam vndosam de argento in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng cros playn vndee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a playn wateri cros of ,syluer4 ,also ther is a cros that is calde inueckyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,in armys also ar founde moo crossis the wich ar made of colowris inuekkyt or indentit as here in thys cros apperith ,and it is calde a cros inuekkyt for the cause that hit has 4ij4 colouris4 oon put in to an other4 ,and of him that beris theys armys ye sha say first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem planam inuectam de coloribus albis nigris in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng cros playn verre dargent sable4 ,anglice4 ,he berith gowles and a cros of ,siluer and ,sable inuekkyt4 ,off an other maner cros that is calde a cros croslet4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,yett folowith an other cros the wich es calde a cros crossit or croslet4 and hit is calde crossit for eur ende he is crossit as here apperis4 ,bot this cros is not so oft borne in armys by him selfe as other crossis neuer the lees mony tymys hit is borne dimynutiuys that is to say in litty crossis crossit ,and then tharmys ar powderit with litty crossis cruciatit4 ,and ye sha say thus of hym yt beris theys armys first in latyn4 ,ille portat vnam crucem cruciatam de argento in campo asoreo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng crois croycee dargent4 ,anglice sic ,he berith asure a cros croslet of ,siluer4 ,and whan such crossis ar borne and put armys as ,i said afore dymynutiuys wt owte any tan nombre then thay ar called in french ,croslettys4 ,more ouer ther is a cros masculatit as here it folowis4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,wytt ye we yit yt ther is an other cros the wych is called a cros masculatit as here it apperis4 ,and this cros is called a cros masculatit for he is made of masculys of the wich certan masculis ye sha se afterward in the chapitur of fusyllis mascult3 and losyngys where this mater sha be moor playnli tretit4 ,and he that beris thys armys beris as it is shewed here after4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem masculatam de argento in campo asereo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng cros masculee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and a cros masculatit of ,syluer4 ,also ther is a cros masculatit and perforatit as here4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,be it knowe3 that thys cros masculatit sum tyme is foratit4 in the masculys as it is opyn in the persyng he e folowyng4 ,and thus ye most blase hym4 first in latyn in thys wyse4 ,ille portat vnam crucem masculatam perforatam de rubeo in scuto argenteo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dargent vng cros de gullez mascule see4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith ,siluer with a cros of gowles masculatit persit4 ,ther is a mylneris cros as here it sha be shewed4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,here folowis an other cros the wich is calde the cros of a milne for hit is made to the simylitude of a tan strument of yrne in mylnys the wich berith the mylne ston by the wich strument3 that ston in his cors is borne equally that he declyne not ouer myche on the right te ner on the lefte parte4 bot mynisteryng to eueri parte that3 that is his equally and with owte frawde4 ,and thys is geuyn to ,iugis to bere in theyr armys3 and to thos that haue ,iurisdiction vnder theym4 ,that is to say as the forsayd strumt is directe3 to the mylne stone equalli and with owte gyle4 ,so thos ,iuges ar bondyn to gyffe equalli to eueri man his right4 ,and it is to be sayd yt the possessor of theis army beris this wyse4 first latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem moldinarem argenteam in campo rubeo4 ,et iam gallice4 ,il port gowlez vng cros moleyne dargent4 ,anglice4 ,he berith gowlles and a mylneris cros of ,syluer4 ,now it sha be shewed of a cros that is turnyt a gayn4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,certan we haue a cros the wich is calde a cros turnyt agayn4 and this cros is calde retornyt3 for the cause yt thendys of this cros on eueri side ar retornytt agayn bi the maner of a ,rmys horne4 ,and he that beris theis armys beris this wise first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem auream usam in scuto asureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng cros recercilee dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he beris asure with a cros reuersit of golde4 ,off a cros fforkyd4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,under stande ye that ther be other men the wich beer in theyr armys a certan forkyd cros as thys is4 ,and hit is called forkyd3 for as moch as that a thendys of hit ar clouyn and forkyd4 ,therfore hit sha be sayd of thos men that berit theys armys in this whise4 primo latine4 ,portat vnam crucem furcatam de auro in campo asereo4 ,gallice4 ,il port dasor vng cros dor4 ,anglice4 ,he berith asure with a cros forkyd of golde ,off a cros engraylid or engradid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also ther be certayn nobu men the wich beer a cros engradyd or engraylid4 as it apperis here folowyng ,and hit is calde a cros engraylid for hit is not playne in ony parte of him bot engraylid also we ouer his length as ouer his breed4 ,neuer the lees this engraylyng is no propur langage aftir the sight of thys cros3 bot rather an endentyng as truth is ,bot it is the comune maner of spekyng in theys armys4 ,therfore ye most say as ,i sayd a fore4 ,and ye sha say of him that beris theys armys in thys wyse4 ,first in latyne thus4 ,portat vnam crucem ingradatam de albo in campo rubeo4 ,et iam ,gallice4 ,il port de gullys vng cros ingral dargent4 ,anglice ,he beris gowlys and a cros ingrayled of ,syluer4 ,off a cros cutoff4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,i ,fynde yet an othyr cros3 the wich is borne mony timys tharmys of nobu men4 the wich is calde a cros trcatid4 ,and hit is calde trunkatid for hit is made of 4ij4 treys the boys cut a way4 as here4 ,therfore it is to be sayd that the possessor of theys armys beris in latine thus4 ,portat vnam crucem truncatam de argento in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice4 ,il port de gullez vng cros recopee dargent4 ,anglice4 ,he berith gowles with a cros trunkatid of ,siluer4 ,off a knotty cros4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,knowe ye yit after theys crossis ther is an other cros the wiche is calde a knotty cros3 the wich certan is calde so for hit has in euy ende certan knottis4 as here4 ,and it is to be sayde of hym that beris theys armys in thys wyse4 ,primo latine4 ,ipse portat vnam crucem auream nodulatam scuto asoreo4 ,et gallice4 ,il port dasor vng cros botone dor4 ,anglice4 ,he beris asure with a cros knotty of goolde4 ,and thys cros is founde other while pycche or figityue armys4 and then his foote is figityue as ,i sayd a fore4 ,off a cros flurri knottid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,over thies crossis we haue a certan cros flurri of the wiche it is spokyn a foore4 the wiche cros flurri is founde knotty as here4 ,and that is as ,i soyd a foore whan knottys ar founde thendys and the anglis of the sayd cros4 ,and the berer of the sayd armys latine4 ,portat vnam crucem nodulatam floridam aurream in campo de asuro4 ,et gallice sic ,il port dasor vng cros floretee botone dor4 ,anglice4 ,he berith asure and a cros flurri knotty of golde4 ,off a cros dowbu titid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a ,cros dowbu is founde in the armys of dyuerse nobu men the wych certan cros is calde a dowbu titid cros4 ,for if it be deuydid or partid after the long way or the brode way yit ther a bydys on dowbu cros as we may se here4 ,yit ,i haue seen many nobu men dowttyng of thys cros moore then of any cros a fore said3 the wich neuer the lees aftir long disputacionis in thoppynion a foresayd restid and concludid4 ,therfore he that beris theys armys4 latine sic4 ,portat vnam crucem duplicatam argenteam in campo nigro4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port sable vng cros dowble petie dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith ,sable and a cros dowble pertitid of ,siluer4 ,off a cros dowble titid florishid ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,this cros dowble titid is varied sum timys4 and then hit is called a cros dowble partitid florishid4 as here4 ,neuertheles hit is calde a cros flurri inpropurli as sum men sayen for hit faylith the myddys of that flowre as a noon hit sha folow in the next armys4 the wich certan myddys by no maner of wyse in that cros dowble titid may be4 as a noon it sha be shewed4 ,bot he that berith theis armis latine4 ,portat vnam crucem duplam titam auream in campo rubeo4 ,gallice4 ,il port de gowlez vng cros double tie floretee dor4 ,anglice4 ,he berith gowles and a cros dowble titid flurri of golde4 ,off a cros tripartitid florishid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,bot as is shewed a fore this cros is calde a cros dowble titid florisid for ther faylith the myddys of the cros by the wich the cros florishid is made fite4 as here hit is opyn4 the wich certan myddys putt ther to it sha not be called a cros dowble titid florished ,bot rathir it sha be calde a cros threfolde titid flurri4 ,and then it is we blased4 for and it be dyuidid after the longnes or after the brodenes4 a way oon parte sha a byde trititid in the myddis of the cros as it is opyn tharmys a fore writtyn4 ,and therfore he that berith theis armis4 latine4 ,portat vn cruc tritit de argo cpo de asuro4 ,gallice4 ,il port daser vng cros trefoys tee floretee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith of asure with a cros trititid floree of ,siluer4 ,off a mylneris cros shadowyd or vmbratid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a dowte theer is yit of a certayn shadow of a mylnerys cros as it shewith here folowyng4 ,and knaw ye that it is called a shadow of a cros for euermore thys shadow is made of blacke coloure4 of what sum euer coloure the felde be of4 the shadow is made of blacke4 and the bodi of the same shadow is of ye same coloure with the felde4 ,and he that berith theys armys4 latine4 ,portat vnam crucem vmbratam in campo aureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng cros moleyne vmbre4 ,anglice4 ,he berith of golde with a mylneris cros vmbratid or shadowyd4 ,off a cros floree patent vmbratid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,another sampu is sene of the vmbracion of a certayn cros4 and thys cros is calde a cros floree vmbratid as apperith here4 bot truly spekyng and propurli it is no cros3 bott a shadow of such a cros4 and the reson is4 for the bodi of the said shadow is of the same coloure with the felde4 ,and so the colore that is in the felde shewith by a the body of the sayd shadow4 ,and thoo that beer thes armys4 latine4 ,portant vnam cruc floridam patentem vmbratam in campo rubeo ,gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng cros patee floritee vmbre ,anglice sic4 ,he berith of gowles and a cros potent flore vmbratyd4 ,off a cros flori patent vmbratit and perforatid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,neuertheles after sum men thys shadoyd cros other wyle is persid maruelusly as hit folowith here and than hit is calde a cros floori patent vmbratyd and perforatid for hit accordis with the croos precedyng exceppid the persyng in the myddys of the sayd shadoo4 ,and then hit sha be sayd that he the wiche berith this cros4 latine4 ,portat vn crucem floridam patentem vmbratam perforatam cum rubio in campo aureo ,et gallice sic ,il port dor vng croys patee florotee vmbre partee de gowlez4 ,anglice ,he berith of golde a cros patent flurri shadoyd persyd with gowles4 ,blaseris moost be ware of theis armys vmbratid of the wich3 mony rewles be shewed a fore4 ,bot for the blasyng of theis certan armys sum ignorant men of thys crafte take the rule goyng a fore that is to wite of the colowris transmutid as ye saw a fore ,bot ther be certan nobuls and gentilmen in englonde the wich beere shadoys diuerse in theyr armys as ,lyon ,antlop and other4 and they that bere theys armis and hit be a lyon ye sha sai in latyn ,portat vnum leon vmbratam in campo aureo ,gallice4 ,il port dor et vng leon vmbree4 ,anglice4 ,he beerith of golde and a lyon vmbratid4 ,and men say that suche sonys as beer theys vmbratid armys had there genitoris beryng the same not vmbratid bot hole ,bot the possessionis the patrimonyes descendid to other men4 then the ,neuoys or ,kynnysmen leuyng in goode hoope and trustyng to haue the possessionis of their genitoris3 beer their armys vmbratid4 a oder differens a fore said leug4 for when they haue that patrimony3 that thai trustit oon4 soon thay may beer that lion or other beest of the same coloure the wiche theyr progenytoris bare4 and it is bettyr to beer thos armis vmbratit then hoolly to leeff theyr progenitouris armys4 ,yitt here folowis an odir cros hemyt or borderit as apperis ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a ,gret dowte yit remaynys a nendys blaseris of armys dyfferens be twix thys cros fimbriatit or borderit4 as here now apperis and the forsayd cros vmbratit4 in so moch that they are mych like4 and it apperis in the first sight that they be bot oon4 bot and a man beholde we ther is a gret differens4 for the bordir of thys cros is variet as we fro the coloure of the cros as fro the coloure of the felde4 and elles is ther no dowte4 ,therfore it sha be sayde of hym that beris theys armys in thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem nigram perforatam floridam patentem fimbriatam siue borduratam cum argento in campo rubeo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port de gullez vng crois flouretee patee percee de sabu bordure dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith goules with a cros flurri patent persit of ,sable borderit wt ,silu4 ,now folowis an ,ermyn cros as it sha be shewyd ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,for certan ther is an ,ermyn cros4 hitt is a meruelus cros of ye wich ther was a disputacion at london by a certan herrowde of ,bretan4 ,and it was determynyt that theys armys may be in non other coloure bot as here it apperis ,and thys cros is calde an ,ermyn cros4 and it sha be sayd of him that beris theys armys in thys wyse as it sha folow4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem ereminalem4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port vng croys ,eremmee ,anglice sic4 ,he berith a cros ermyn ,and here ye moost note that the coloure theys armys sha not be expressit for this cros ner theis armis may not be made bot of theys colouris that is to say allone of blacke and white the wich ar the propur coloris of theys armys4 ,sufficientli is spokyn of crossis afore4 now folowis an odir treteys of dyuerse armys quarteryt as here sha be shewyt4 ,off armys quarterit sum ar armis quarterit playn ,sum quarterit engradit4 ,sum quarterit irrasit4 ,sum quarterit inueckyt4 ,sum quarterit indentit of the wich it sha be spokyn euerich oon after other4 and first of tharmys playn ,itt sha be shewyd first of armys quarterit playn4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,thre maner of wyse armys may be quarterit4 ,the first maner is opyn whan 4ij4 dyuerse armys ar borne quarterli as it is opyn and playn in tharmys of the kyng of ,fraunce of ,englond ,and ye sha say of hym yt beris theys armys thus as folowys4 first latyn4 ,ille portat arma regis ,francie ,anglie qurteriata4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il ,port lez armes de ,francee et dangleterre quarteles4 ,anglice sic4 ,he beris tharmys of ,france ,englonde quarterli4 ,and it sha not be tedeus to no man that ,fraunce is put before ,englonde blasyng4 bot the cause is this4 for tharmys of ,fraunce in armys be put afore and we haue a gena rule yt whensumeu in armys be 4ij4 colouris or moo the poynt of the shelde4 then ye sha not begyn at the poynt to blase them4 bot in the right te or side of thos armys4 that same coloure ther founde the right side of ye shelde is not the felde of tharmis4 for it mai fortune it is not the gretist coloure tharmys aforsayd bot les or with othir equa4 and neu the les ye sha begyn to blase ther4 ,off armys quartly borne now it sha be shewyd4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,the secde maner of wyse of beryng quarterit armys is when 4iiij4 diuse armys quartli be borne as here is shewyt ,and he that beris theys armys3 beris 4iiij4 diuse armys quartli4 latine sic4 ,ille portat quatuor arma diusa quartiata4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port quarter armes diusez quarteleez4 ,anglice sic ,he berith 4iiij4 armys diuse quartli4 ,and then if it be askyt how theys armys shulde be blasit4 ,the blaser most begyn the heyst corne ou the right side cedyng to euy armys4 tharmys in the right side blasit3 ye most go to the odir side then to the thirde side af to the last4 ,and ye most know that theys armys rehersit afore be playn armys quarterit4 ,ther is an othir man of beryng of armys quarit when ij armis quarterit be borne quartli4 and it is borne most armis of quenys and so bare that noble quene of ,englond quene ,anna wyfe to that roya prince ,kyng ,richard the secunde3 the wiche bare tharmes of ,englond of ,fraunce and of themor of ,almayn quarli in 4xvi4 tes4 that is to say in the right side of the shelde in the first quarter she bare tharmys of fraunce 4iij4 floredelucis of golde a felde of asure4 the secunde quar 4iij ,libartis of golde a felde of gowles4 ye thirde quar an ,egle splayd wt 4ij4 neckis4 the 4iiij4 a blake ,lyon rampyng a felde of ,silu4 and so chaungeably she bare theys armys in 4xvi4 quarteris the wich seldyn is seen in any armys4 ,off armys quarterit and engraylyt now sha be shewytt ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now ,i shew yow yt sum time we haue armys quarterit engraylit4 that is to witt whan euy armys his quar is engraylit as here apperis4 it sha be sayd of him yt beris theis army thus4 first latyn ,ille portat de auro rubio arma quarteriata ingradata4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dor et gowlez quartlee engreylee4 ,anglice sic ,he berith of golde gewles quarteriy engraylit4 ,and thei ar calde armys engradit for they ar made of 4ij4 colouris the wich graditly ar broght to gedir oon coloure in to an other coloure ,off armys quaterit and irrasyt now ,i will speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,certan armys ther be quarterit and irrasit as here apperis4 the wich tan armys ar called quarterit armys irrasit4 for the colouris be rasit owt as oon coloure rasyng ware take away from an othir4 ,and it sha be sayd of him yt beris theis armys in latyn thus4 ,portat arma quarteriata irrasa de albo nigro4 ,gallice sic ,il port dargent et ,sable quartlee irrase4 ,anglice sic4 ,he beris ,siluer and ,sable quarterely irrasyd4 ,off armys quarterit inueckyt now here it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be yet fownde armys quarli inueckyt4 or as sum men say they be army quarterit of colowris inueckyt as here apperis4 the wich for soth ar calde armis quarterit ueckit or of colowrus inueckyt4 for them ar 4ij4 colouris quarli put3 ye toon to the othir4 so oon colowre is uehit to an othir4 ,therfore it is said of h yt beris theis armys this wise4 first latyn thus ,ille portat quariatim de asurio et auro uectis ,et gallice sic4 ,il port quartli verre dasor et dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith quarli inueckyt of asure and golde4 ,now of armys quarterit indentyt it sha here be shewyd4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,qvarterit armys be founde diuerse the wych ar calde indentit as here apperis3 and they are calde indentit for 4ij4 colowris oon in to an othir by the ma of teth ar indentit3 as is opyn the shelde4 ,and thus ye sha blase theym first in laty4 ,portat arma quarteriata dentata de rubio et auro4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port quartertlee endentlee de gowlez et dor4 ,anglice4 ,he berith quarli endentit of gowles and golde4 ,off armys partit aftir the long way here sha be shewyt4 ,i intende now to detmyn of armys partit after the longe way the wich tan partyng aft the long way or on length is made many ma of wyse4 ,the first ticion for soth is of 4ij colouris in armys after the long way in the playne man ,ther is also a tyng of armys of 4ij4 colouris ingradyt4 ,and also ther is a tyng of 4ij4 colowris irrasit4 ,also forsoth ther is a partyng of 4ij4 colowris inueckyt4 ,and ther is an othir partyng of 4ij4 colowris endentit4 ,ther is also a tyng of 4ij4 colowris clowdit or nebulatit4 ,and more ouer ther is a tyng of 4ij4 colowris watery4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,fyrst ,i shewyd to yow that ther be certan armys partit after the long way of 4ij4 colowris in the playn way as here apperis theys armys4 ,and they ar calde tit armys for they be made of 4ij4 colouris equalli tit4 ,and he that beris theis armys beris th latyn4 ,ille portat arma partita plana secundum longum de asorio et albo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor et dargent playn tee4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and ,syluer playn tit4 ,off armys partit the long way ingralyt ,i wi shew here ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also ther is ticion of armys engralyt the long way as is said a fore bi engraylyng of 4ij4 colouris to gedir as here apperis4 ,and theys armys ar calde armys engraylyt tit after the long way of siluer and ,sable4 ,and it sha be sayd of him that berith thes armys latyn thus4 ,portat arma tita secundum longum gradata de argento et nigro4 ,gallice sic ,il port dargent ingraylee et ,sable tee du long4 ,anglice sic ,he berith ,syluer and ,sable ingraylyt tit after the long way4 ,here now it sha be shewyt of armys partit and irrasit ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,the thrid maner of wise ar founde armys partit of 4ij4 colowris irrasit as here4 of the wich it is to be sayd3 as afore of quarterit armys irrasit4 ,and he that beris theys armys3 beris in this wyse as folowys first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma tita secund longum irrasa de argento et rubio4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port tee du long dargent et de gowlez race ,anglice sic4 ,he berith armys partit on length of ,siluer and gowles irrasit4 ,off armys tit the long way and inueckyt now ,i wi speke ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also the fourith maner of wyse3 armys partit ar borne after the longe way of 4ij4 colouris inueckyt as here apperis ,and theis armys be calde inueckyt for the colowris be put oon in to an othir on rounde wyse4 ,and theys armys differ moch fro tharmys next beyng afore irrasit4 ,wherfore it sha be sayd of hym the which beris theys armys thus as it sha folow first in latyn thus4 ,ipse portat arma partita secundum longum de coloribus albo et rubio inuectis ,gallice sic4 ,il port partee verre du long dargent et de gowlez4 ,anglice sic ,he berith partit inueckyt on lengthe of ,siluer and gowles4 ,off armys partit on the long way indentyt her it is shewyd ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,sotheli an othir maner of partyt armys ther is the wiche is calde the fyfthe maner partyt after the long way of 4ii4 colouris and theys armys ar called partytt indentytt4 for thys cause that 4ij4 diuse colowris ar put to gethir3 that is to say white and blac ar put to ge aft the ma of mnis tethe as it is sayd afore in the quarterit armys indentyt4 ,and therfore ye sha say of hym the wich beris theys armys in thys wyse4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et nigro indentata4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port partee endentee du long dargent sable ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith armys tit indentit on length of ,syluer and ,sable4 ,off armys partyt aft the long way clowdy or nebulatyd4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,in the sext ma of wyse ther be armys borne partyt aft the long way nebulatyt as here it sha be shewyd in this scochon4 ,and theys armys be calde innebulatyd for 4ij colowris ar put to gedre by the manere of clowdys4 ,therfore the possessor of theys armys beris in thys wyse as it sha be sayd first latyn thus4 ,portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et asorio innebulata4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port tie du long dargent dasor innevve4 ,anglice sic4 ,he beris armys partytt on length of ,siluer and asure innebulatyt4 ,off armys tyt wati of ,syluer and gowles this scochon is ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,more ouer aft theys armys aforesayd yit ther be borne armys partyt after the longe way4 and they be watteri as here in this scochon it apperith4 and theys armis ar calde watteri3 for 4ij4 colowris ar incariet oon in to an other by the maner of water trobulde wt wynde4 ,and ye sha say of him that beris theis armys in thys wyse as folowys3 first in latyn4 ,portat arma tyta vndosa secundum long de argento et rubio4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port tiee du long dargent et de gowlez vndee4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith armys partyt the long way of ,syluer and gowles watteri ,now here ,i begynne to speke of armys partyt ouerwart3 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,here now folowys to se of armys tyt ouerwart4 the wich certan particion ouerwart is made as mony wyse as is the tycion on length4 that is to say on the playn way ouerwart4 ingraylyt4 irrasit4 inueckyt4 indentit4 innebulatit4 and watteri ,werfore of theys certayn sha be shewyd by signys4 and first ,i begyne at playn armys ouwart4 as here it sha be shewyd4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym that berithe theys army in thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma partita extransuso plana de auro asorio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port tiee transusie dor dasor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde and asure tit ouwart ,knaw ye that here is no dowte of that first rule3 that is to say that a man sha begyn at the poynt of the shelde to blase for here is as mych coloure of golde as of asure4 ,off armys irrasit ouwart now here it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now of a nothir maner of partycion of colouris in armis ouwarte ,i wi speke4 ,and it is calde irrasit as here it sha appere in this scochion4 of the wich it is to be sayd that the genty man the wich beris theys armys beris in this maner as folowis4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma partita extransuso irrasa de auro et rubio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port partiee transuerse irrase dor et gowlez4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith armys partyt ouerwart irrasyt of golde and gowles4 ,now of armys partyt ouwartt ye sha haue an exemple4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,armys ther be also dentyd ouwart and partyt4 ,and they be calde indentyd for theyre colowris as is sayd afore ar put oon in to an othir bi the maner of mennis tethe4 ,and it sha be sayd of him that beris theys armys in thys wyse4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma tita extransuso dentata de auro et asorio as afore is rehersit4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port tiee de trauers dor et dasor endentee4 ,anglice sic ,he berith armys tyt ouwarte indentytt of golde and asure ,and to reherse moore of tyt armys ouwarte it nedisnot for it is rehersyt sufficientli in the rules next afore armys tyt on lengthe4 ,therfore it sha not be rehersytt here agayn4 quia inutilis est repeticio vnius ad eiusdem4 and that is to say ,it is an vnfitabu rehersyng of oon thyng to reherse the saame a gayn in the next sentans4 ,therfore to speke moore of armys partit and figure theym3 other of ingraylit or irrasit inueckyt indentit nebulatyt and vndatyt3 it nedys not4 for they be taght sufficiently the long way4 ,and ,i beleue it sha be hard to fynde mony moo armys tyt af the long way or ouwart then ar rehersit a fore ,neu the lees if any be founde or sene4 in theym the same rules sha be obseruit3 as is rehersit a fore4 and it is enogh for a armys on that man to be blasit that any genty man berith tyt4 ,off armys the wich ar calde cheiff or an hede ,i wi shewe4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,sotheli certan men wolde3 yt theys armys after rehersitt shulde be calde armys tyt4 the wich certanli ir rfor yt3 that ther is no verri ticion of the colouris or any liclenes of dyuision of colouris4 ,certanly in armys tit it is requyrit alway that the tys of the colouris be equa4 and that is not trew in this figure4 for the moore te by mych is ,siluer4 ,therfore ye sha say of him that beris theys armys th first in latyn4 ,portat de argento et caput scutti de asorio c duabus maculis foratis de auro4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dargent vng cheiff dasor et deux molettis tees dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith ,siluer a ,cheiff or a ,cheftan of asure and ij4 molettys forat of golde4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,and ye sha knaw that theys armys the rule afore wretyn most be considerit that is to say3 that at the ,coon it is to begyn to blase if that colowre of the ,coon be gretter or more copyous coloure in armys as it is sayd afore ,and more ouer it is to be merkyt that no armis awe to be calde tyt armis bot iff they be made of 4ij4 colouris onys partit and no more for armys palit ar not callit3 nor awe not to be calde partyt armys a thogh they be made of ij4 colouris for thes colowris not allonli onys bot dyuerse tymys ar partyt as here apperis ,and theys armys be calde palit armys for they be made bi the ma of palis4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym that beris theys armys latyn thus4 ,portat arma palata de auro et asorio4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port pale dor et dasor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith pale of golde and asure4 ,off armys palit vndatit now here it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,palyt armys oftyme ar founde vndatyt that is to say watteri as here apperis4 ,and theys be calde polyt armys vndatyt to the differance of barrit armys vndatyt4 the wich armys barrit may also be vndatyt as after sha be shewyt4 ,and it sha be sayd of him that beris theys armys thus in latyn ,portat arma palata vndata vel vndosa de rubio et argto4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port polee vndee de gowlez et dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith paly vndatyt of gowles and ,siluer4 ,off armys palit crokyt and sharpe now ,i wi speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,loke and beholde how mony maner of wyse thes palit armys be borne dyuerseli4 as it is shewyt in thys boke4 and theis armys now shewyt here3 be calde palit crokyt and sharpe4 for in theys armys 4ij4 coloris paly ar put to gethir3 oon in to an othir crokytly and sharpe4 ,therfore it sha be sayd of h the wich beris thes armis in thys wyse4 first latyn thus4 ,portat arma palata tortuosa acuta de nigro et argento4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port pale daunsete de ,sable et dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith pale crokyt and sharpe of ,sable and ,syluer4 ,off armys barrit playn now here it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,here thys chapyture afore is determynyt of palit armis and in thys chapyture now folowyng it sha be determynyt of barrit armys4 for the wich it sha be know that armys may be mony maner of wyse barrit4 and the first maner of wyse is playn barrit4 as here apperis4 ,and ye sha know that ther be certan armys barrit playn4 and then ye sha nott nede to say the blasyng of theys armys3 he berith playne armys barrit4 ,bot a othyr disperyng armys barrit3 ye most nedys declare the blasyng of theym howe thoos barrit armys differ from playn4 for s be barrit wt a ,lyon raumpyng or a grehonde or odir beestis s be barrit powderit with cros croslettys molettys ,scresentis smale briddis or other difference bot as for theys playn armis afore ye shal say in latyn in thys wyse4 ,portat arma barrata de argento nigro ,et gallice sic4 ,il port barre dargent et ,sable4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith barri of ,siluer and ,sable ,off barrit armys vndatit now ,i wy shew as apperith4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,knaw ye for tan that armys barrit othir wile be barrit vndatit that is to say wateri4 as here it apperith4 ,and they be called barrit vndatit for they be made of 4ij4 colouris metyng to gedre by the maner of a floyng watre as it is opyn afore4 ,and ye sha say of hym that beris theis armys this wyse4 first latyn thus ,portat arma barrata vndata de nigro et albo ,gallice sic4 ,il port barri vndee de ,sable et dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he beris barri vndatit of ,sable and ,siluer4 ,off armys barrit and inueckyt ye shale haue exemple ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,barrit armys inueckyt ar borne of diuerse genti men4 as here is shewyd4 ,and thay ar called inueckyt for in eueri barre 4ij4 colouris ar put inueckyt by the maner of a rounde way as is sayd afore4 ,and he yt beris this armys beris in thys wyse4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat arma barrata de coloribus rubeo et albo inuectis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port barri verree de gowlez et dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith barri inuetkyt of gowles and ,siluer4 ,and ,i begyn with gowles for that coloure is the first in the right corne4 ,off armys barryt crokyt and sharppe as here af is shewit4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,gentill men ther be certanli the wich bere armis barrid crokyt and sharpe as here it apperith in theys armys4 and thay be called armys barrit for differance of armys the same ma of wyse palit3 and thay be called crokyt and sharpe4 for as it is sayd a fore 4ij colowris ar put to gethyr crokytli and sharpe4 ,thefore it sha be sayd that the lorde the wich beris theys armys berith in this wyse4 first latyn ,ille portat arma barrata tortuosa et acuta de nigro et auro4 ,et gallice sic ,il port barri dauncetee acute de ,sable et dor ,anglice sic4 ,he berith barris crokyt and sharpe of ,sable and golde4 ,now it sha be shewyd of armys that ar bendly barryt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be forsothe certan armys bendli barrit4 and thei be called bendly barrit4 and for this cause they be calde bendly barrit4 for 4ij4 colouris ar iunyt to gether in euery barre bendly4 as it is opyn here theis armis ,and therfore it sha be sayd of him that beris theis armys3 in this wyse as folowis4 first in latyn thus4 ,ipse portat arma bendaria de rubio et auro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port barre bendee de gowlez et dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith barri bendy of gowles and golde4 ,bot neuer the lees ye most dyltgentli attende in the blasyng of sych armys3 as palyt barrit and bendyt4 for and they ben not suttelly consauyt a man sodanly onsweryng may lightly in thoos armys be dissayuyt4 ,for certanly thoos armys be callede palyt armys in the wich ar fownde so many palys of oon colowre as ar of an other4 ,and iff the palys of bothe the colowris ben not equa thoos armys be not palyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,in diuerse armys of genti men be fownde 4ij4 palis of oon colowre4 and 4iij4 of an other as here in theis armys folowyng it sha be shewed4 that is to say ther be 4iij4 palys of gowles and 4ij4 of golde for of the colowre of reede apperith 4iij4 partes in the shelde and bot ij4 allone of the colowre of golde ,therfore the gti man that berith theis armys3 beris this wise thus ye sha say of him4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat duos palos aureos in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowllez et deux pales dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowlys and 4ij4 palis of golde4 ,here ye sha diligently merke armys barrit and lees barrid4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ye most also dilygently attende to the nombre of both too colowris in armys palyt barrit or lees barrit of the wich lytty barris ye most be ware when thay be fownde in armys4 as here it is shewyd in theys armys4 for sych lynes be called lytti barris to the differance of litti barris4 ,and it sha be sayde that the genti man the wich berith theys armys beris in this thys wyse4 first in latyn thus as folowis ,portat vnam barram et duas barulas de albo in campo rubio ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng barree et deux barrelettee dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles oon barre and 4ij4 lite barris of ,syluer4 ,now ,i wy speke of armys barrid lite barris florishyt ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,beholde how the forsayd leti barris ar othyrwyle made florishingli than thei be calde florishyt as here thys scochon4 ,and they be calde florishit3 for they be made bi ye maner of a flowre deluce4 ,and ye sha say of him that is possessor of theys armys thys wise as folowys4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam barram et duas barulas floridas albas in scuto siue campo blodio4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng barriee et deux barrelettes florit dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure oon bar and 4ij4 liti barris florishyt of ,syluer4 ,now ,i intende to speke of bendys in armys as here4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,other wyle ther is borne in armys a bende as is founde dyuerse armys of certan noble gentilmen as here now itt sha beshewyt4 ,and ye moost knawe that it is calde a bende the wich begynnys at the right corner or the horne of the shelde3 and discendith to ye lefte side of the same sheelde3 to the differans of fissures or of lite stauys of the wich it sha be spokyn after4 ,and of hym that has theys armys ye sha say thus as folowys4 first in latyn4 ,portat vnam bendam de rubio in campo aureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng bende de gowlez4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berit h golde a bende of gowles4 ,off lite bendys in armys now here is an exempu4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,knaw ye how afore it is sayd that certan litty barris ar borne armys mony tymys4 ,on the same maner of wise ar borne litti bendys as here it sha be shewyt4 ,and they be calde bendyllys to the differans of grete bendys as it is opyn4 ,and of hym that beris theys th it sha be sayd4 first in latyn as here folowys4 ,portat vnam bendam duas bendulas de auro campo blodeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng bend et deux bendelettis dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure a bende and 4ij4 bendils of golde4 ,and thes bendyls ar othirwyle florishyt as is shewyt in the figure a fore in barris4 ,and in diuse armys they be founde that they be chenyt4 ,and sum be powderit with molettis4 and sum with odir dyfferans the wich nedys not to be figurit here ,off armys palit and bendyt now here it sha be shewyde ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,the best maner of wyse certanly of beryng of dyuse armys in oon sheelde is in theys bendys bering for a man that has a patrimony left by his fadyr4 ,and other certan londys by his modyr cumyng to him to the wich londys of his moderis ar appropurt armys of olde tyme for it may hap that theys armys coom to hir by the way and discent of hir progenyturis4 then may the hayre and hym list bere the hoo armys of his fadyr in ye hoo sheelde4 ,and syche a bende he may bere his moderis armys as here in the scochon afor apperis4 ,and it sha be sayd of him that beris theys armys in latyn thus4 ,portat arma palata de argento et rubio cum vna benda de nigro4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port palee dargent et de gowles et vng bende de sabu4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith palee of ,syluer and gowles with a bende of sabu4 ,and othyrwyle syche a bende ther is founde 4iij4 molettys or macules of golde4 ,off armys bende fusillyt here now ,i wi exempu4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,more ou ther be founde in armys other certan bendys to s man strange from theys4 and here ,i wy shew to yow a bende the wich is calde a bende fusillit3 as here apperith in this scochon4 ,and it is calde fusullit for it is made a of fusillis of the wich certan fusillis more sha be spokyn afward4 ,bot he the wich has theys armys beris in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam bendam fusillatum de auro in campo asorio ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng bendee fusillee dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure a bende fusillit of golde4 ,and thys bende mony tymys is borne with strangeris and specialli in ,burgon4 ,here now it sha be spokyn of dyuerse borduris armys4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,bordures many and dyuse ar founde armys and ar borne of many nobu men3 of the wich sum be playn4 sum graylit4 sum talentit4 sum playn powderit4 sum chekerit4 sum gobonettyt4 sum inueckyt4 of the wiche it sha be spokyn euyche oon after ordir4 ,and first of playne borduris ,i wi speke as here it apperis4 ,and the bordure is calde playne when it is made playn of oon colowre aloon4 as here in thys scochon4 ,and it sha be sayde of hym that is possessor of theys armys first in latyn th ,portat tres rosas rubias in campo argenteo cum vna bordura de rubio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dargent trois rosis de goulez et vng bordure de gowles4 ,et anglice sic ,he berith ,siluer 4iij4 rosis of gowles and a bordure of gowles4 ,off armys bordurit and ingraylit now here folowys exemple ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,armys with a bordure ingraylit other while ar borne of certan nobu men as here now is shewit in thys scochon4 ,and syche a bordure is calde a bordure ingraylit for the colowre of hym is put gre by gre in to the felde of tharmys as it is opyn here4 ,and the possessor of theys armys beris latyn tong thus as folowys4 ,portat arma de auro fymbriata siue bordurata de nigro ingradata cum tribus maculis perforatis de nigro4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor trois mullettis perforatee de ,sable vng borduree ingraylee de ,sable4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde 4iij4 molettis perforatit of ,sabu and a bordure ingraylit of ,sabu4 ,now of armys borderit and talentit ,i wi shew exemple4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther is borne in armys a certan bordure talentit as here4 and it is not necessari here to expres the colowre of the talentis or besantis3 for thay be euer of golde4 ,and it sha be sayd of him that beris thes armis in thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnum signum capitale de rubio in campo albo borduratum cum rubio talentatim4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dargent vng cheueron de gowlez borduree de gowlez talentee4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith siluer a ,cheueron of gowles bordurit with gowles talentyt4 ,off armys bordurit hauyng 4ij4 ,cheuerons of siluer 4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,understonde ye that certan tymys a bordure is borne in armys powderit dyuerse ways other wyle with molettis with rosis or with litty crossis or with besantis or oder dyuse4 ,and it is calde a bordure powderit when any thyng is that bordure3 of what sum eu signe it be4 as it is sayd a fore4 and theys signys as rosis moletis and other ar not countit for tan nombur3 for ye nombur of that powderyng excedis the nombur of ix ,and then yt bordure is calde powderit as here4 ,and ye sha say that the possessor of theys armys beris in this wyse as folowys4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnum scutum de rubio cum duobus signis capitalibus de albo et vna bordura puluisota cum talentis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez deux ,cheuerons dargent et vng bordure de gowlez powdree telentee4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles 4ij4 ,cheuerons of ,syluer and a bordure powderit with besantis4 ,yit ther is an other maner bordure that is calde ,cheekert4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,we haue yit an other bordure in armys the wich is calde a bordure chekkerit4 ,and it is calde a chekkerit bordure for hit is made of 4ij4 colowris by the maner of a ,chekker as here it apperis4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym the wich beris theys armys in this wyse as folowys4 first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam crucem rubiam planam campo argenteo cum vna bordura scaccata de nigro et argento4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dargent vng croys playn de gowles borduree chekkee de ,sable et dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith ,siluer oon cros playn of gowles a bordure chekkerit with ,sabu ,siluer4 ,off borduris gobonatit now here is an exempu4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,knaw ye more ou that yit by side theys armys the wich ,i haue spoke of afore wt borduris3 ther is an other bordure that is calde a bordure gobonatit4 as here it sha be shewyt thys scooehon next folowyng4 ,and hit is calde gobonatyt for hit is made of ij4 colouris quadratli ioynyt4 yt is to say of blacke white4 of hym that beris theys armys ye sha sey in latyn thus as foloyis ,portat de argento duas bendas de nigro c una bordura de nigro et albo gobonata4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dargent deux bendee et vng bordure de sable et dargent ,anglice sic4 ,he berith siluer ij bendys of ,sable with a bordure gobonatit of ,sable siluer ,and thys same bordure baare that nobu prynce the duke of ,gloucestyr brothyr to that nobu weriowre ,kyng henri the fifth3 the wich roya duke bare in his armys the hoo armys of ,fraunce and of ,englond quartly with a bordure gobonatit of ,siluer and sable as is shewyt in diuse placis4 ,and to blase theys armys it nedis not to be rehersit4 for it is suffisciently taght afore in diuerse placis4 ,item of borduris had in armys of colowris inueekyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be yit borduris armys of ij4 colowris inueckyt4 as here in thys figure apperis4 and hit is calde a bordure inueckyt for hit is made of 4ij4 colowris to gedyr inueckyt4 ,and ye sha say of hym the wich berith theys armys in latyn thus4 ,portat arma quariata de rubio et auro cum vna bordura de argento et nigro simul inuectis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port quartelee de gowlez et dor ouesq vng bordure verre dargent et de sable4 ,anglice sic ,he berith quartly gowles and golde with a bordure inuekkyt of siluer and sable4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,bott thes borduris ther is a grete differans emg men pretendyng theym exte and wyse in thys sciens as specially it is opyn tharmys in olde tyme of therle of ,marche whe they shulde be calde borduris or not4 as here thys figure4 ,and certan men say yt men not puttyng a merueles differans of blasyng say3 that the forsayd ,erle of marche the wiche wos calde ,roger ,mortememer when that he leuyd bare armys in latyn in thys wyse to say ,portauit arma palata barrata et contraconata de asorio auro cum vno simplici scuto de argento4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port pale barree girone dasor dor et vng escu simple dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith paly barri contrari conyt of asure golde with a sple shelde of silu4 ,and this opynyon afore rehersit in the blasyng plesyt many a man the wich in no ma of whise may be trw4 ,for if thes armys as it is sayd afore war contrari conatit4 then the lawist corner or the coone of tharmys that is to say the lawyst poynt of the shelde may neu be of oon colowre as certanly it is of asure4 ,over theys thyngys afore rehersit in theys armis it is tan that in a armys contrari conyt a the conys of what sum eu colowre tharmys be made they mete to gedyr conally in the middis of the shelde4 as in the next figure of the shelde opynly it sha be shewyd4 ,wher fore as it apperith to my reson trulier they shal be blasit on this wyse3 exceppit the gretter autorite that the forsoyd ,erle of ,marche berith thus in latyn4 ,portauit arma barrata et caput scuti palatum angulatum de asorio auro cum quodam scuto simplici de argento4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port barree et vng ,chieff palee cunecte dasor dor et vng escu simple dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith barri and a ,cheeff pale angulatit of asure and golde with a symple shelde of ,silu4 ,off armys contrari conyt here ,i wi informe yow ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be yit for sooth diuerse noble men the wich bore armys contrari conyt4 as here in thys scochon apperith4 ,and theys armys be calde contrari conyt for this cause4 for a the colouris of theys armys meete to gedir at oon coone4 that is to say at the myddyst poyntt of the shelde oonly4 ,for euy body triangulit is moore of lengthe then of brede and naamly conyt vt p4 ,therfore the opynyon of thos men the wyche sayd that the armys afore rehersit3 that is to witte of therles armys of ,marche war palyt barrit and contrari conyt is to be repreuyt4 for so mych that the conys of the forsayd armys accorde not the wich of necessite shulde accorde iff the forsayd opynyon wer trw4 ,and of hym that beris theys armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat arma contraconata de blodio et albo ,et gallice sic4 ,il port girone dasor et dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith contrari conyt of asure and siluer4 ,off pilit armys now here it sha be shewyt3 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,for as mych as it is spokyn afore of armys3 in the wich the colowris mete to gedyr in the myddist poynt coonly4 ,now folowyth of certan armys in the wich iij4 pilis mete to gedyr in oon coone4 as here in thys figure4 ,and it sha be sayde of hym the wiche beris theys armys in latyn in thys wyse4 ,portat tres pilas nigras in campo aureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor trois piles de sable4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith golde 4iij4 pilis of sable4 ,of ballis in armys here now it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,neuer the les ye most consydyr a differans theys blasyngys of theys armys afore3 and theys that cum after when ye blase theym in latyn tong4 for other while thys terme pila latyn is take for to be a peese of tymbre to be put vnder the pelor of a bryge3 or to syche a like werke as thexempu afor ,and odyr while this terme pila is take for a certan rounde strumt to play wt3 the wich strumt uys other while to the hande and then it is calde latyn pila manualis as here ,and other while it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in latyn pila pedalis a fote bal ,therfor it sha be sayd of ym that beris thes armys in latyn ,portat tres pilas argenteas in campo rubio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez trois pelettit dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles iij4 ballis of ,siluer4 ,certanli ye most merke that this figure of ballis a m may soon er4 ,werfore shortly it is to be knaw that sich ballis may haue a colowris bot the colowre of golde for thei be of goldyn colouris3 they shulde be calde talentis or besantis the wiche be eu of golden colowre4 ,off tortellys or liti ,cakys in armys4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be also tortellis yt be liti ,cakys the wich be grettir then ballys tharmys be truly made as here it is opyn4 ,and he that beris theys armys beris in this wyse first latyn4 ,portat tres tortellas rubias campo aureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor et trois torteulx de gowlez4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith golde 4iij4 ,cakys of gowles4 ,more ouer merke3 that as wele ballys in armys as kakis and besantis a way ar hoo rownde figuris not forat ,off fontans or wellis here ,i wi speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,neu the les ther be tan nobu men the wich beer siche rounde figuris3 the wich figuris ar calde fontanys or wellis as here apperis4 the wich fontans eumore most be of whyte colowre for the thyng the wich they represent4 ,for they represent eumore the colowre of the water of a we the wich is white ,and of hym yt beris thes armys ye most say in latyn thus4 ,portat tres fontes campo aureo4 ,gallice sic ,il port dor et trois fonteyns4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith of golde and 4iij4 wellis4 ,off ryngys the wich be other rounde instrumentis ,i wi speke ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,after theis rownde figuris a fore rehersyt ther be tan figuris the wich be foratit as be ryngys3 as here apperis4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym that beris theis armys latyn th4 ,pertat tres anulos aureos campo negro4 ,gallice sic ,il port de sable et trois anulettis dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith ,sabu and 4iij ryngys of golde ,off tractys in armys4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,afore it is sayd of borduris armys4 now it folowith to se of tractis or lynys4 and first of a symple tract4 and they be calde tractis for as mych as the felde remaynyng of tharmys as wele with as with owte4 an other lyne is drawyn of an other colowre as here3 to the ma of a shelde4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym that beris thes armys latyn4 ,portat vn tract splicem planam aure campo asoreo ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng trace playn dor4 ,anglice sic ,he berith asure a playn tract of golde4 ,off a tract ingraylyt oon booth the sydys here is an exemple4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a tract or a lyne othir while is ingraylyt on booth the partes as here in thys fygure apperith4 ,and then it sha be sayd of hym that beris theys armys thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnum tract ex vtraque parte gradatum de aupo campo rubio ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng trace ingrayle de chestim coste dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles wyth a tract ingraylyt on booth the sidys of golde4 ,off a tract dowbu and florishyt it sha be shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,thys tract is other wyle dowbu as in tharmys of the ,kyng of ,scottelonde4 as here in this scochon apperis4 the forsayd ,kyng of ,scottelond beris thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat duplicem tractum cum floribus gladioli contrapositis et vno leone rapaci de rubio in campo aureo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng dowble trace floretee countree et vng leon rampant de gowlez4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde a dowble trace florishyt contrari and a ,lyon rampyng of gowles4 ,off tractis triplatit and quatriplatit othyrwyle4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also of theys armys afore rehersit ,i fynde more dyuersite for ther be certan nobu men the wich bere theys tractis triplatit as here in thys fygure4 and sum bere hit quatriplatit as is founde diuse armis4 ,and ye sha say of him that beris theys armys triplatit latyn thus4 ,portat tractum triplicat de albo campo aureo4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng trace triplee dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde a trace triplatit of ,siluer4 ,off a tract sympu of 4ij4 colowris and inueckyt an exemple ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be other nobu men the wich bere a simpu tract of 4ij colowris inueckyt as here now it sha be shewyt in thys scochon4 ,and the possessor of theys armys beris in this wyse as folowis first in latyn4 ,portat vnum tractum simplicem de coloribus asorio argenteo inuectis in scuto aureo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng trace simple verre dasor et dargent ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde and a tract symple inueckyt of asure and ,siluer4 ,after tractis now it sha be spokyn of fyssuris or stauys4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,afore theys fyssuris it is spokyn of bendys3 and their differans4 ,now it sha be spokyn of fyssuris4 the wych tan fyssuris or stauys begynne in the lefte horne of the shelde3 ar drawne to the right parte of the shelde beneeth to the differance of bendys the wych begynne in the right horne of the shelde ar drawne to the lefte side of the shelde beneeth4 and thys way most the fyssure be drawne as here apperis thys fygure4 ,and ye sha vndirstonde that theis fissuris differ as mony ways as the forsayd bendys dyfferyt4 bot it nedys not to be rehersyt for it is playn shewyt afore4 ,ther be fyssuris or stauys playn4 ingradyt4 inueckyt4 and fusyllatit4 as ,i sayd afore in the place of bendys4 ,and theys stauys bastardys ar wont to bere or namli thay shulde bere thaym4 ,and then thys fyssure is calde a staffe3 french it is cald a baston ,bot commynli it is calde a fissure for as mych that he cleuys his faderis armys in 4ij partes for that bastard is clouyn and deuydyt from the patrimony of his fader4 ,and so sych a bastard is forbedyn to bere the hoo armys of his fader for the reuerans of his blode4 bot his faderis armys he may bere with sych a staffe as is sayd afore3 in signe and fina declaracion of his bastardy and to the differance of propur and natura hayre of his fader4 ,and when ye haue any sych a playn fissure or a staffe armys or ingraylit inueckyt or fusillatit3 of that same staffe ye sha say as a fore is rehersit in the chapiture of bendys moore playnli4 ,and the bastarde the wich berith theys armys possessis in latyn on thys maner as now here folowys4 ,portat vnam fissuram siue baculum aureum campo asorio4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port dasor et vng fees dor4 ,anglice sic ,he berith asure and a fissure or a staffe of golde4 ,now here ,i begynne to speke of armys hedyd as it apperis4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be certan nobu men the wich bere armis hedit as here it apperith4 ,and ye most knaw that theis armys be called hedyt3 when the hyer parte of the shelde that is to say the hede is made of oon coloure or of moo then of oon4 that parte extendys not to the myddis of the shelde as aboon is shewyt by the shelde4 ,and knwe ye that in the hedit armys is a good ma of beryng of dyuse armys as by fortune s noble man has mony londis and grete lordshippys by his modyr for the wych londys of his moderis he intendys to bere the armys of his modyr4 and so he may do for it is rightwys4 ,bot he that discendys of a nobu fadyr or of a genti man4 by the wych he had any simple patrimony4 then sych a nobu man3 and he wi3 may bere the hoo armys of his moodyr in the lawyr parte of his shelde4 and in sych an hede as ,i sayd a fore he may and he wi bere the hoo armys of his fadyr ,and it sha be sayd of hym that beris theys armys thys wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnum signum capitale de nigro in campo aureo cum vno capite rubio et tribus talentis eodem4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dor vng cheueron de ,sabu et vng ,cheeff de gowlez et trois besantis en la mesmes4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith golde a cheueron of ,sabu wt a ,cheeff of gowles and 4iij4 besantis ther in4 ,and ther be certan nobu sones the wich beer in the shelde afore rehersit of golde as is sayd a fore a ,cheueron of ,sabu or of sum odyr colowre and 4iij4 rede roosis or whyte or sum other sygnys as crossis cressantis briddys or flowris and a cheeff sum of ,sabu sum of other colowre with the signe of molettis or oder tokynyng the wich need not to be rehersit4 ,and then sha euerich oon of theym be blasit in his nombur like as the felde and the signes require3 as by fortune sum men bere thus to say4 ,he berith ,sabu a ,cheueron of golde 4iij4 rede rosys of gowles a ,cheeff of asure with 4iij4 molettys perforatit of vert and thus of a other differansys4 ,off armys palit with oon quarter of an other coloure4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,certanly ther be sum nobu men the wych bere in ther armys oon quarter of an other colowre dyfferyng from the coloure or the colowris of the shelde as here4 in the wich armis it is to be sayd that the nobu man the wich beris theym berith in this wyse first in latyn4 ,portat arma palata de aserio auro cum vna quarteria eremetica4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port palee dasor et dor vng quar dermyn4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith paly asor and golde with oon quar of ,ermyn4 ,and it is to be notit that ye most haue a respebkyt to the colowre of that pale the wich shulde ascendee to the right horne of the shelde iff that quarter wer not ther4 and that colowre ye most eu moore begyn to blase thoos armys like as the quart were not ther as afor is rehersit4 ,now of armys chekkerit here ye sha haue an exemple4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,more ouer other whyle we se armys chekkerit as here now it apperith in thys figure folowyng and they be calde armys chekkerit when they ar made of 4ij4 colouris to the maner of a chekker4 ,and theys armys resayue many differens as in hedys or quarteris barris and bendis and other wyles ,cheuerons of ye wich it sha be spokyn a noon foloyng4 ,and of hym the wich possessis theys armys ye sha say in latyn thus4 ,portat arma scakkata de aserio et auro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port scakke dasor et dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith ,chekker of asure and of golde ,off ,cheuerons the wich englis ar calde cowpuls of sparris ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,we haue sotheli in armys certan signys the wich ar calde ,cheuerons in french4 ,and they be calde in latyn ,signa capitalia vel tigna4 and in englis a cowpu of sparris as here is shewyd theys signes3 the wich signes by liklenes first war borne of carpentaries and makeris of howses4 for an howse is neu made fite ty thoos sparris be put a pon hit3 by the maner of an hede4 and 4ij4 syche sparris or cheuerons ionyt to gedyr make a capita sygne4 yt is to say a cowpu of sparris4 and other while 4ij4 syche be borne armys and othyr while 4iij4 odyr while 4iiij4 as it is knawyn4 ,and of him that beris theys armys afore ye sha say thus as folowys first latyn4 ,portat de rubio et duo signa capitalia de auro c tribus talentis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowz et deux ,cheurons dor et trois talen4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and 4ij4 ,cheuerons of golde with iij besantis4 ,off a ,cheurron or a sygne capita engraylyt here is shewyt4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also a ,cheueron is othir while engraylyt as here and then it is to be sayd of hym the wich beris theys armys in latyn in thys wyse4 ,portat vnum signum capitale ingradatum de albo in campo asoreo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng ,cheueron dargent ingraylee4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and a ,cheueron of ,syluer engraylyt4 ,off dyuerse and meruelus ,cheuerons yit ,i wi speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,more ouer yit theys signys of ,cheuerons other while is fownde a dowte in the blasyng of theym4 when thei be made of dyuerse colowris transmutit as here in this scochon apperith4 ,and of hym the wych beris thes armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat arma quarteriata de nigro argento cum vno signo capitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port quarterlee de sable dargent vng ,cheueron chaungee lung de laultre4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith quarterly ,sable and ,siluer with a ,cheueron of the sayd colowris transmutit4 ,off ,cheuerons differyng on the longe way4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also theys signes or ,cheuerons be differit after the long way in armys as here in this figure apperith4 ,and then of hym the wich beris theys armys ye sha say in lat4 ,portat arma partita secd lg de coloribus aureo rubeo cum vno signo capitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port partie du long de dor gowlez vng cheueron chaunge lung de laultre4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith party af the longe way of 4ij colouris golde and goules with a ,cheueron of sayd colowris transmutit4 ,off dowtis emong herroddis blasyng theys armys suyng ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,emong othyr dowtis3 a bowte the blasyng of tharmis here folowyng now next ,i haue herde herroddys pretendyng theym selfe veri conng in blasyng of armys meruelusli to dreeme in the blasyng of theys armys4 ,and sum holde oon opynyon and sum an othyr4 neuer the les it is no grete neede to dowte in the blasyng of theym as to conyng men4 ,thefore of hym yt beris thes armys ye sha say latyn4 ,portat duas tes capitis scuti de rubio ciam tem de albo ad modum signi capitalis et tres rosas de coloribus transmutatis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port lez deux ties du chief de gowlez et le troisune dargent tiez en manere du cheueron et trois roses lung de laultre4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith 4ij partis of the heede of the shelde gowles and the thride te ,siluer by the maner of a cheueron and 4iij4 roses of the same colowris transmutit4 ,off armys fusyllit in englis spyndyllis now ,i will speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther be certan gentylmen and nobuls the wich beere in theyr armys fusellis3 of the nombur of the wich3 my lorde of ,glaucestur yt nobu prince vncle to ,kyng henri the sext was4 ,for he had in his armys 4iij4 fusillis of gowles by the ma of a bar in a felde of siluer the wich ctan armys this nobu duke bare by the reson of certan londis belongyng to the mounte4 ,bot ye sha say of hym that beris theys armys this scochon in latyn th ,portat de rubio et tres fusulos de argento4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez et trois fusulez dargent4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and 4iij fusules of ,siluer4 ,and otherwhyle theys 4iij4 fusules or 4iiij4 be borne by the maner of a paale4 ,it is to be notit that when 4iii fusules or 4ij4 ar borne or moo to the nombur of 4ix4 the wich nombur if thei excede3 say euermore that thos armys be powderit with fusillis or other thyngys and noon othyr wyse4 ,and so generalli ye most knaw that iff any thyng be borne in armys ouer the nombur of 4ix4 then thoos armys what sum euer they be thay ar powderit4 ,off oon fusy borne in armys here ,i wi exempu4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,other while oon fusy is borne allon in armys as here thys figure it apperith4 in wich mater ,i haue herd certan herroddis dowte in theyr opynyonys4 ,neu the lees it is tan that ye sha say of hym the wich beris theys armys with owte dowte latyn thus as folowis4 ,portat de rubio cum vno fusulo de auro ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng fusi oor ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a fusi of golde4 ,off an fusy of dyuerse colowris now here ,i wi speeke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also theys fusyllis sum tyme ar borne of dyuerse colowris as here in thys figure it is shewyd4 ,bot it is a moore dowte how theys armys shulde be blasit then tharmys afore4 bot ye sha say latyn of hym the wyche has thes armys in this wyse4 ,portat arma partita ex transuerso de albo et nigro cum vno fusulo ex eisdem coloribus transmutatis4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port partie de trauers dargent et sable et vng fusy de mesmes colours lung de laultre4 ,et anglice sic ,he berith armys partit ouerwart of ,siluer sable with a fusy of the saam colowris transmutit4 ,off fusyllis by the maner of a bende here ,i wi swat say4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,more ouer sych fusyllis ar borne in armys by the maner of a bende4 as here now apperith ,and then ye sha say of hym the wich possessis theys armys in this wyse first in latyn thus4 ,portat vnam bendam fusillatam de auro in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic ,il port de gowlez vng bende fusy dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a bende fusyllit of golde4 ,off a bar fusyllit in armys here is an exemple4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also ther be borne in armys theys fusyllys in a bar fusyllit as here it apperith4 ,and then it is to be sayd of hym the wich hath theys armys in latyn thus4 ,portat de rubio cum vna barra fusillata de argento4 ,gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng barre fusulee dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a bar fusyllyt of ,siluer4 ,and sum men say that the forsayd armys began of weueris for as mych as weueris vse sich fusillys made of sponnyn wo ,knawe ye ye differans bitwix ffusillis ,masculis ,losyng ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now here ye sha knaw the differans be twix fusillis masculys and losyngys4 ,wherfore it is to be knaw that fusyllis ar euer more long also fusyllis ar strattyr ouerwart in the baly then ar ,mascules4 ,and ,mascules ar larger ouwartt in the baly3 and shorter in the length then be fusylles4 as here this scochon it apperith4 ,and it sha be sayd of hym that possessis theys armys in this wyse4 first latyn4 ,portat de rubio sex masculas de auro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowles et 4vi4 mascules dor3 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and sex mascules of golde4 ,and theys mascules other while ar foratit as ,i sayd ofore in the chapiture of the cros masculatit4 ,off an othyr maner of mascules yit here ,i wi speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also other while ar borne armys masculatit as here now in this figure folowyng is shewyt4 ,and ye sha vnderstande that thos armys be calde masculatit in the wich the forsayd mascules begyn most plentuysly in the right angle of the shelde4 and ar endid towarde the lefte te4 the wich certan armys in uy deed ar palit4 ar deuydit to 4iij4 palys yf thei be subtile consayuyt4 ,and of hym that beris theys armys it sha be sayd this wyse first in latyn4 ,portat arma masculata de argento asorio4 ,et gallice sic ,il port dargent et dasor masculee4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith of ,siluer and asure masculatit4 ,off losyngys how and what maner of wyse they be made4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,also losyngye no maner of wyse be made bot armys bendit4 ner they may not be made by ther selfe4 and they be made a way as theys be made bendit4 ,and ye sha haue the moost verey differans by twix the forsayd masculatit armys and bendid in the picturis of the forsayd armys4 ,and ye most take thys for a genera enformacion and instruccion thatt certanli losyng eumore stande vpright3 that is to say that the heyst poynt or the heght3 eu ascendis to heuen or to a mannys heed4 so that the heyst poynt extendys vttirly to the heed of the shelde4 and of the ouerwart corneris oon extendis vtterly to the right side4 and that other corner extendys to the lefte side of the shelde4 and the lawist parte extendys to the lawist parte of the shelde dyametrali as it is opyn in the shelde next a fore4 ,and so with owte dowte we haue the differans of the forsayd signes4 that is to wete of ,mascules and ,losynges4 ,nota also the forsayd fusyllis neuer be founde foratit ner losyngys afore sayd be neu foratit4 ,now of a signe armis yt is calde a ,saltori a ma of a cros ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,ther is an other maner of signe in armys3 by dyuse nobu men borne3 the wich is calde a ,saltori4 and it is made by the ma of a cros of ,sayntandrew as here now it apperith4 ,and thys cros is lickynt after certan men to an instrument made in dyuerse parkys the wich is of a grete magnytude or largenes3 to the comparison of thys signe4 ,and it is we know of nobu gentelmen and huntteris that sych saltatories ar ordant in mony parkys plaas to take wilde beestys the wich onys their enteryng3 by thatt instrumente may neu goo a gayn4 ,wherfore in olde tyme thes signys were geuyn to rich men4 and otherwyse calde auaris ,nygonys or keperis the wich men suffir not their tresures what maner of wyse they be getyn3 to passe from theym4 ,and of hym the wich possessis theys armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat de asorio et vnum saltatorium de auro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng saultiere dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and a ,saltory or a sawtri of golde4 ,off armys sawtrie engradit here ,i wi exempli4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,now here ye most knaw that theys armys ,sawtre be other while engradit as here in thys figure now apperith ,and then they be calde sawtre engradit as it is sayd afore in mony placis4 as of the cros ingradit of barris and bendys4 ,and of hym that beris theys armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat vnum saltatorium ingradatum de auro in campo asorio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor vng saultier dor engraylee4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and a cros sawtre of golde engradit4 ,off many crossis sawtre borne in armys ingradyt an exemple ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,other while ther be borne mony crossis sawtre armys engradit in oon shelde4 other while 4ij4 other while 4iij4 as here4 ,and of hym that beris theys armys thus it sha be sayd in latyn4 ,portat vnam barram planam et tria saltatoria ingradata de auro campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng barre playn et trois saultiers engreilez dor ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles oon bar playn and iii4 sawtre crossis engradyt of golde4 ,off ,crownys in armys borne by the maner of a pale4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,it is diligentli to be markyt that when we say sich a lorde berith in sych sygnys4 ,how theys 4iij4 signes ar borne in armys we say not a way4 ,for other while theys 4iij4 signys ar put in a shelde by the maner of a pale4 ,and then ther be calde signes palit4 as here thys figure it apperith4 ,and of hym that has theys armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat iij4 coronas de auro palatas in campo asorio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor et trois corones dor paleez4 ,anglice sic ,he berith asure and iij cronys of golde palit4 ,off crownys in armys borne barrit here ,i wi informe yow ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,how theys 4iij4 signes othrr while be borne barrit here now apperith in thys figure4 ,and then of him that beris theys armys ye sha say in latyn4 ,portat tres coronas aureas campo asorio4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor et trois corones barrez dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith asure 4iij4 crounys of golde barritt4 ,off 4iij4 ,cronys borne in the ,corneris of the shelde4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,certanly theys3 iij cronys be borne the most comyn way in the corneris of the shelde as here in thys scochon it apperith ,and then ye most thus say that thes 4iij signes be borne in the corneris of the shelde4 for that is the most comune the moost famust maner of beryng of thes 4iij signes or ani maner signes ,therfore ye sha say that sych a lorde berith latyn in thys wise as here folowys4 ,portat de asorio et tres coronas aureas4 non expremendo loca4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor et trois corones dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith asure and 4iij crownys of golde4 ,off fisys borne in armys in dyuse wyse here is a dectrine ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a new dowte yit is founde in armys4 for as mych as ther was a certan man that heght ,petrus de rupibus in tyme passit the bisshop of ,wychester3 the wich baar his armys iij ,rochys after hys awne naam in wich armys it is dowtit4 whether it is enogh to say in the blasyng of them3 that he bare sych iij fisys allone4 as here in thys scochon4 ,and certanly ,i thynke nay4 for the rule goyng a fore4 ,bot it is thus to be sayd3 of the sayd ,petur in latyn4 ,portauit tres huiusmodi pisces argenteos natantes in campo nigro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de ,sable et trois ,rochez nyantz dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith ,sable and iij ,roches swymmyng of ,siluer4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,and then to tharmys of ,galfride lucy as here now apperis this figure ,and ye most say yt he bare thus in latyn4 ,portauit tres lucios aureos in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez et trois lucez dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and iij luces of golde4 the wich certan blasyng with owte declaracion here is enogh4 for the sayd fishes ar in thare propur placis as ,i sayd in the rule afore4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,bot what sha be sayd of thys man then3 the wich beris 4ij4 barbellis turnyng theyr backys to geder as here apperis4 ,ye most say in latyn th ,portat duos barbillos aureos adinuicem ga vertentes in scuto asorio puluerisato c crucibus cruciatis figitiuis de auro4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port dasor poudree dez croys crocelez fichez et deux barbulx dors an dors dor4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith asure powderit with crossis croslettys pycche and 4ij4 barbellis of golde backe to backe4 ,off armys the wich ar calde frectis here now ,i wy speke4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,a certan nobu baron that is to say the lorde awdeley of the ,reame of ,englonde baar in his armys a frecte4 the wich certan frectis mony armys of dyuerse genti men ar founde4 other while reede other while golde4 and other whyle blac oderwhile simple and oderwhile dowble otherwhile tripu and other while it is multepliet ou a the sheld as here it apperith4 and ye most vndirstande on gret differans by twix armys bendit and theis armys the wich be made with the forsayd frettys wherfore it is to be markyt that in bendyt armys the colouris contenyt equally ar dyuydit4 ,bot thes frectis the felde alwai a bydys hoo as here4 and this forsayd lorde audeley beris thus in latyn4 ,portat arma frectata de auro in campo rubeo4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il por de gowlez vng frette dor4 ,anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles and a frecte of golde4 ,off armys hauyng beestis salyentyng or rampyng4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,beestis in tharmys of dyuerse nobu ar borne rampyng as here thys figure folowyng apperith4 of the wich the boke afore ,i haue made no mencion4 ,and of hym that is possessor of theys armys ye sha say latyn4 ,portat de rubio vnum leonem de argento4 ,et gallice sic4 ,il port de gowlez vng ,leon saliantz dargent4 ,et anglice sic4 ,he berith gowles a lion rampyng of siluer4 ,and he is calde a ,lion ramppyng for thys cause4 for as mych as the right foote ascendyth to the right horne of the shelde4 and the lefte foote descendyth in to the foote of the shelde as apperith the figure4 ,and this same ma is obseruyt in a beestis hauyng 4iiij4 feete4 that is to say in lionys leopardis beeris doggis with other like to them4 ,off armys barrit and of labellis borne in armys4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,first note we tharmys of the fadyr as here4 and then the differancis as it sha be shewyt4 for certan ther be dyuse nobu men ye wich bere labellis in theyr armys as it sha be shewyt figure after4 for the wich it is to be knawe that sych labellis ar not propurli calde signes in armys bot dyfferancis of signes4 that when it is so3 that any nobu man haue mony lefu getyn sonnys3 then ye first son the wich is his faderis ayre3 sha bere the hoo armys of his fadyr with sum lytti differans as here4 to whom specialli is geuyn a moon encresyng4 for that first son is in hoope of augmentacion and encressyng of his patrimony4 thys differans may be sum litti molet or a cros croslet or sych a like differans4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,the secunde broder sha bere the hoo armys of his fader with 4iij4 labellis to the differans and in to the signe that he is the thride that beris thos armys4 ,also the thride broder if ther be any shall bere iiij4 labellis tokyn that he is the faurith3 that berith thos armis of whom the fader is the first4 the ayre is the secunde4 and the secunde broder is ye thride3 that beris thoos armys4 ,and so folowys that the thride broder sha beere 4iiij4 labellis as here it apperith in thys figure4 ,and so forthe iff ther be moo brether ye sha encree yowre labellys after the forme afore rehersit4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,and the sunnys of thoos same brether sha beere the same labelis4 ,and case that the secunde brother the wich berith iij4 labeles haue 4ij sonnys certanly thelder soon of thos 4ij4 the wich is hayre to his fadyr sha bere the hoo armys of his fadyr3 with also many labelys as his fadyr did4 with a litty differans as here it apperith in thys scochon4 ,and hys secunde brodyr sha bere the hoo armys of hys fadyr with the same labellis as his fadyr baare and no moo with a bordure as here in thys figure next folowyng it sha be shewyt4 and as it is rehersit in the chapiture of borduris4 ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,and iff ther be the thride brodyr then he sha beere hys faderis armys with the same labellis and a bordure of an other colowre to the differans of hys brothyr as it sha be shewyt thys scochon next suyng ,illustration3 ,cote ,armour ,and the chyldyr of thoos men sha beere theyr dyfferans not in theyr faderis armys1 bot in borduris and dyuysionys dyuse4 ,and like as the chylder of the secunde brodyr beryng iij4 labellis ar dyuydyt and dyfferit3 by theye signys and theyr borduris4 ,so the chylder of the thride broder beryng 4iiij4 labellis3 bere the same armys that theye fader did also mony labellis4 ,and they ar dyfferit by theyr signys and theyr borduris as afore is rehersit3 and dyuse othyr4 as oder while a ,lyon raumpyng oon parte reed an othdr blakke4 ,now certanly of a the signys the wich ar founde armys as of flowris leuys and other merueys tokenys ,i can not declare here3 ther be so mony4 ,bot ye sha knaw generally that for a tharmys the wich lyghtly any man has seen his days3 ye haue rules sufficient as ,i be leue4 to dyscerne and blase any of theym3 and it be so that ye be not in yowre mynde to hasty or to swyfte in the dyscernyng4 ,ner ye may not ouerryn swyftly the forsayd rules4 bot dyligently haue theym in yowre mynde4 and be not to fu of consaitis4 ,for he that wi hunt ij haris oon owre3 or oon while oon4 an other while an other lightly he losys both4 ,therfore take heede to the rules4 ,iff so be that they be not a genera doctrine3 yet sha thai profecte for thys sciens gretly4 ,merke ye wele theys questionys here now folowyng4 ,bot now to a question ,i wi procede4 and that is thys ,whethyr tharmys of the grauntyng of a prynce or of other lordys ar better or of sych dignyte3 as armys of a manis propur auctorite take4 when that it is leefu to eueri nobu man to take to hym armys at his plesure ,for the wich question it is to be knaw that 4iiij4 maner of wyse we haue armys ,the first maner of wyse we haue owre awne armis the wiche we beer of owre fadyr or of owre moodyr or of owre predycesessoris4 the wych maner of beryng is comune and famus in the wych ,i wi not stonde long4 for that maner is best uyt ,the secunde maner we haue armys by owre merittys as verey playnly it apperith by the addicion of tharmys of ,frace to tharmys of ,englonde getyn by that moost nobu man prynce ,edward the first getyn sone of ,kyng ,edward the thride yt tyme ,kyng of ,englond after the takyng of ,kyng ,iohn of ,fraunce the bate of ,peyters4 ,the wich certan addicion wos lefu and rightwysli doon4 and on the saame maner of whyse myght a poore arche haue take a prynce or sum nobu lorde4 so tharmys of that prysoner3 by hym so take rightwisly he may put to hym and to his hayris4 ,on the thride maner of whise whe haue armys the wich we beere by the grauntyng of a prynce or of sum other lordys4 ,and ye most knaw that thoos armys the wych we haue of the grawntyng of a prynce or of a lorde resayue no question why that he berith thoos same4 for whi the prynce wy not3 that sich a question be askyt4 whi he gaue to any man sych an armys as it is playn in the lawe of nature and ,ciuy4 ,for that same that pleses ther prynce has the strength of lawe4 bot if any m bare thoos armys afore4 for that thyng the wich is myne with a rightwys tity with owte deseruyng may not be take fro me4 ner the prynce may not do hit rightwysly4 ,the faurith maner of whise we haue thoos armys the wich we take on owre awne pur auctorite4 as in theys days opynly we se4 how many poore men by thayr grace fauoure laboure or deseruyng3 ar made nobuls4 ,sum by theyr prudens4 ,s bi ther mhod4 s bi ther strength4 s bi ther cong4 s bi o utuys ,and of theys men mony by theyr awne autorite haue take armys to be borne to theym and to ther hayris of whoom it nedys not here to reherse ye namys4 ,neu the lees armys that be so takyn they may lefully and frely beer4 ,bot yit they be not of so grete dignyte and autorite as thoos armys the wich ar grauntyt day by day by the autorite of a prynce or of a lorde4 ,yet armys bi a mannys propur auctorite take3 if an other man haue not borne theym afore3 be of strength enogh4 ,and it is the opynyon of moni men that an herrod of armis may gyue armys4 ,bot ,i say if any sych armys be borne by any herrod gyuyn that thoos armys be of no more auctorite then thoos armys the wich be take by a mannys awne auctorite4 ,explicit4 ,here in thys boke afore ar contenyt the bokys of haukyng and huntyng with other plesuris dyuerse as in the boke apperis and also of ,cootarmuris a nobu werke4 ,and here now endyth the boke of blasyng of armys translatyt and compytyt to gedyr at ,seynt albons the yere from thincarnacion of owre lorde ,ih ,crist4 ,m4 ,,cccc4 lxxx vi4 ,hic finis diuso geosis valde vtili vt tutib patebt ,illustration3 ,icon ,sanctus albanus3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,page ,original ,changed to #ch ,for sum gobbit wi be yolow and ,for sum gobbit wi be yolow and sum geene sum greene #ch she e3genderith the ,ry she engenderith the ,ry #dj ,how e ma cawse owre hawke to ,how e ma cawse owre hawke to fle withe a cnrrage in the fle withe a currage in the morow morow #db sha make hit to loue meet the sha make hir to loue meet the bettir for loue of the bettir for loue of the oyntement oyntement #de a cownde legge a rownde legge #ej and co ther vppon and colde ther vppon #ej like he3 abowte the sere like heres about the sere thossame thossame #eb same penne sh frete asonder same penne sha frete asonder #eb and then weete the sles ther in and then weete the fles ther in #ec ,whan ye haue ensaymed yowre ,whan ye haue ensaymed yowre hawke3 and ,rerlaymyd hir hawke3 and ,reclaymyd hir #ed wan ye haue so coon wan ye haue so doon #ee and is dewarded as ,i haue sayde and is rewarded as ,i haue sayde #ee she haue ,reiosed hir she haue ,reioysed hir #ee ,lrene wele oon thyng ,lerne wele oon thyng #fc ,the ,croampe commyth to an hawke ,the ,croampe commyth to an hawke with takyng of colode in hir with takyng of coolde in hir yowthe yowthe #fh anoyt her meete therin anot her meete therin #fh fede hennys or ehykynnes therwith fede hennys or chykynnes therwith #gd secunde yeue hir epatike with the secunde yeue hir epatike with the fhes of a chycon fles of a chycon #gd for furfete of federis that be for surfete of federis that be yeuen to hawkis yeuen to hawkis #ge she is waked she assayeth to put she is waked she assayeth to put ouer ot ouer at #ge ,a medeene for the ,entrellis ,a medecne for the ,entrellis #ge the hawke wi be very eegre and the hawke wi be very eegre and gleetous of the seekenes glettous of the seekenes #gf ,for blanis haukes monthes cald ,for blanis haukes mouthes cald frounches frounches #gf ,wete hir fleshe in sarsoi or ,wete hir fleshe in sarfoi or ellis seeth ,rafue in water ellis seeth ,rafne in water #gg ellis fille the hoo with a ellis fille the hoo with a powdre of arnemelit ,ibrent powdre of arnement ,ibrent #gi ,perchth4 ,iokith4 ,puttihouer ,perchth4 ,iokith4 ,puttithouer ,pronth ,pronth #gi ,she tytith vppon ,rumppys ,she tyrith vppon ,rumppys #ha ,the wodecok is comboroue to sle ,the wodecok is comborous to sle #hd ,nowe e shall vnderstonde if a ,nowe e shall vnderstonde if a man wlll make man will make #hg ,and theis be of an oder maner ,and theis be of an oder maner kynde4 for thay flie to ,ouerre kynde4 for thay flie to ,querre #hi declared in the boooke folowyng declared in the booke folowyng #ib ,sane that yowre howndes eete ,saue that yowre howndes eete #ih ,and iff yowre houudes chace wee ,and iff yowre houndes chace wee at yowre wi at yowre wi #aja ,what is the cause quod the man ,what is the cause quod the man naister ,i the pray maister ,i the pray #ajb ,now of the ,nomblis nierhe wele ,now of the ,nomblis merke wele the the terms terms #ajh ,to vudo the wlde ,boore4 ,to vndo the wlde ,boore4 #aaa ,than bryng it hoom4 aud the ,than bryng it hoom4 and the skynne with a skynne with a #aag a ,festre of ,brweris a ,festre of ,brewris #abc the oryente thow shat take that the oryente thow shalt take that other theirde parte of the other theirde parte of the worlde which sha be calde worlde which sha be calde affrica affrica #acb ,by the ,olif tree he vnderstode ,by the ,olif tree he vnderstode vietery for to wyn victery for to wyn #acc ,oon is a gentylman of ,cotarmure ,oon is a gentylman of ,cotarmure of the gynges bagge of the kynges bagge #acc a kyng geuyng a lorshipp to a a kyng geuyng a lordshipp to a yoman yoman #acc same knyght is a gentyman of same knyght is a gentylman of blode blode #acd modre may bere the right heyris modre may bere the right heyris cotamrure cotarmure #ach ,the fifthe quadrate is calde ,the fifthe quadrate is calde ,endently of 4iij4 diuse weis ,endently of 4iij4 diuse weis #aci ,here shall be shewed what ,here shall be shewed what ,cootarmtris restral ,cootarmuris restral #aeb crucem planom inuectam de crucem planam inuectam de coloribus albis nigris coloribus albis nigris #afj ,and then hit sha be sayd that ,and then hit sha be sayd that he the the wiche berith this he the wiche berith this cros4 cros4 #afe men say they be army quarterit of men say they be army quarterit of cololowris inueckyt colowris inueckyt #aff ,ther is also a tyng of 4ij4 ,ther is also a tyng of 4ij4 colowris clowdit or nbulatit colowris clowdit or nebulatit #aff calde ptit armys for they be made calde tit armys for they be made of 4ij4 colouris equalli ptit of 4ij4 colouris equalli tit #aff ,he berith asure and ,syluer playn ,he berith asure and ,syluer playn ptit tit #aff ,also ther is pticion of armys ,also ther is ticion of armys engralyt the long way as is engralyt the long way as is #aff ,il port dargent ingraylee et ,il port dargent ingraylee et ,sable ptee du long ,sable tee du long #afg ere now it sha be shewyt of now it sha be shewyt of armys armys partit and irrasit partit and irrasit #afg ,il port tee du long dargent et ,il port tee du long dargent et de gwlez race de gowlez race #afi ,off armys tyt wati of ,syluer ,off armys tyt wati of ,syluer and gowles this scochon is and gowles this scochon is #agb made bi the man of palis made bi the ma of palis #agd ,il port barre dargent et ,sale ,il port barre dargent et ,sable #agh ,il port dor vng bende de gwlez ,il port dor vng bende de gowlez ,anglice ,anglice #agh ,he beth golde a bende of gowles ,he berith golde a bende of gowles #agi bere the boo armys bere the hoo armys #ahj ,protat arma de auro fymbriata ,portat arma de auro fymbriata siue bordurata siue bordurata #ahb ther is an other bor- that is ther is an other bordure that is calde a bordure gobonatit calde a bordure gobonatit #ahb it sha be shewyt thys it sha be shewyt thys scooehon neyt folowyng scooehon next folowyng #aij wych begynne in the right borne wych begynne in the right horne of the shelde of the shelde #aie ,off ,cheueuerons differyng on the ,off ,cheuerons differyng on the longe way longe way #aie ,also theys signes or ,cheuroens be ,also theys signes or ,cheuerons be differit after the long differit after the long #bjj to a mannye heed to a mannys heed #bjj ,and so wich owte dowte ,and so with owte dowte #bja wich onys their enteryng3 by wich onys their enteryng3 by tbatt instrumente thatt instrumente #bja ,how here ye most knaw that theys ,now here ye most knaw that theys armys ,sawtre be other armys ,sawtre be other #baj ,and they they be calde sawtre ,and then they be calde sawtre engradit engradit #bjb it sha be sayd in lotyn it sha be sayd in latyn #bjb signys ar put in a shelde by the signys ar put in a shelde by the mauer of a pale maner of a pale #bjb ,il port dasor et et trois corones ,il port dasor et trois corones barrez dor barrez dor #bjc pisces argnteos natantes in campo pisces argenteos natantes in nigro campo nigro #bjd the hoke afore ,i haue made no the boke afore ,i haue made no mencion mencion #bjh an other while an other lightly an other while an other lightly be losys both he losys both #bjh other rordys ar better or of sych other lordys ar better or of sych dignyte dignyte #bji s bi od utuys s bi o utuys ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,except as noted spelling errors were left uncorrected4 #b4 ,re-indexed footnotes using numbers4 #c4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #d4 ,enclosed blackletter font in equals4 #e4 ,denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mister4