,,ukra9e ,,! ,,l& ,,& ,,its ,,p ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,its ,,geography ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,rudnitsky1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,privatdoz5t ,,( ,,geography ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,lemb]g ,,new ,,york ,,city #aiah ,,publi%]',s ,,preface ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is book1 :i* is f ! p5 ( ,/eph5 ,rudnitsky1 ! fam\s geograph] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,lemb]g1 0 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,! book 0 pr9t$ 9 ,ukra9ian1 at ,kieff1 & ! date "u ! publi%]'s impr9t 0 #aiaj4 ,! fir/ translation into a =eign language 0 into ,g]man4 ,?is translation appe>$ at ,vi5na 9 #aiae1 ) _m improvem5ts & additions4 ,! ,engli% translation :i* appe>s 9 ?is volume is an au?oriz$ translation ( ! ,g]man edition above-m5tion$4 ,! read] is respectfully reque/$ to note t ! few unpleasant ref]5ces to ,russia are ( c\rse meant to apply to ! ,russia ( ! ,cz>s1 z ! book 0 writt5 dur+ ! ,cz>i/ rgime4 ,ukra9ian ,alliance ( ,am]ica ,new ,york ,city #aiah ,,cont5ts ,book ,i4 ,physical ,geography ,,page ,ukra9e z a ,geographic ,unit #c ,location & ,size #ab ,! ,black ,sea & its ,coa/s #ae ,g5]al ,survey ( ! ,topography ( ,ukra9e ,! ,ukra9ian ,m\nta9 ,c\ntry #bc ,! ,ukra9ian ,plateau ,c\ntry #cg ,! ,ukra9ian ,pla9 ,c\ntry #ec ,/reams & ,riv]s ( ,ukra9e #fc ,! ,ukra9ian ,climate #he ,flora & ,fauna ( ,ukra9e #ii ,book ,,ii4 ,an?ropogeography ,e?nographic-,b\nd>ies ( ,ukra9e4 ,numb] & ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ! ,ukra9ians #aah ,! ,ukra9ian ,nation z an ,an?ropogeographical ,unit ,g5]al ,survey #adh ,an?ropological ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,ukra9ians #aei ,! ,ukra9ian ,language #afg ,hi/orico-,political ,traditions & ,aspirations ( ! ,ukra9ians #agf ,ukra9ian ,culture #aij ,relations betwe5 ! ,soil & ! ,p ( ,ukra9e #baa ,economic-,geographical ,survey ( ,ukra9e #bdf ,hunt+ & ,fi%+ #bdf ,=e/ry #bea ,agriculture #bee ,fruit & ,vegetable ,rais+ #bfg ,cattle ,rais+ #bga ,m9]al ,production #bge ,indu/ry #bhb ,trade & ,comm]ce #bib ,di/ricts & ,settlem5ts ( ,ukra9e #cjg ,bibliography #cda ,index #cdf ,maps3 ,g5]al ,physical ,*>t ( ,ukra9e ,g5]al ,e?nographic ,map ( ,ea/]n ,europe ,geological ,map ( ,ukra9e ,g5]al ,climatic ,map ( ,ukra9e ,map ( ! ,flora ( ,ukra9e ,/ructural-,morphological ,map ( ,ukra9e ,,book ,i4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,ukra9e ,,z ,a ,,geographic ,,unit ,!re are few l&s ^u ! :ole globe s imp]fectly kn[n to geographic sci5ce z ! "o :i* we %all try to describe 9 ?is little "w4 ,! geographic concept ( ! ,ukra9e does n exi/ 9 ! geography ( today4 ,ev5 ! "n has be5 almo/ =gott5 9 ,europe 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,only occasionally on "s maps ( ,ea/]n ,europe ! "n 8,ukra9e0 %[s timidly along ! middle ( ! ,dniep]4 ,& yet x is an old "n ( ! c\ntry1 orig9at+ 9 ! #aa? ,c5tury1 g5]ally kn[n ?ru\t ,europe f ! #af? to ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & !n1 aft] ! abrogation ( ! autonomy ( ! second ,ukra9ian /ate1 gradually fall5 into oblivion4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t has det]m9$ to erase ! old "n ( ! l& & ! nation f ! map ( ,europe4 ,little ,russia1 ,we/ ,russia1 ,s\? ,russia1 ,new ,russia1 7 (ficially introduc$ 9 place ( ! old "n ,ukra9e1 ! ,au/rian "p ( ! ,ukra9e receiv+ ! "n ( ,ea/ ,galicia4 ,! p 7 nam$ ,little ,russians1 ,s\? ,russians1 ,ru!nians1 & all remembrance ( ! old "n seem$ to h be5 blott$ out4 ,b1 9 ! spee* ( ! p & 9 ! magnific5t unwritt5 popul> lit]ature ( ! nation1 ! "n ( ! l& c\ld n be de/roy$1 &1 ) ! unexpect$ rise ( ,ukra9ian lit]ature1 culture1 & a feel+ ( national political indep5d5ce 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ! "n ,ukra9e came into its own aga94 ,today !re is n an intellig5t patriotic ,ukra9ian :o w\ld use ano!r "n = 8 c\ntry & nation ?an ,ukra9e & ,ukra9ian1 &1 sl[ly1 ^! designations are p5etrat+ =eign l&s z well4 ,! ,ukra9e is ! l& 9 :i* ! ,ukra9ian nation dwells--a great solid national t]ritory embrac+ all ! s\!rn "p ( ,russia 9 ,europe1 besides ,ea/ ,galicia1 ,nor?we/ ,buk[9a & ,nor!a/ ,hung>y4 ,?is di/rict is a def9ite geographic unit4 ,a discussion ( its exact b\nd>ies %all be res]v$ = ! an?ropogeographical "p ( ?is book4 ,a division ( ,europe into natural regions almo/ inv>iably /ops at ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,:ile all ! o!r portions ( our globe h long be5 ! object ( ! mo/ detail$ classification1 ,ea/]n ,europe rema9s1 z be=e1 an undivid$ :ole4 ,to be sure1 !re h be5 _m attempts at classification1 b !y are all bas$ ^u a non-geographical po9t ( view4 ,only ! ,baltic prov9ces & ,pol& are1 9 _! pres5t political ext5t1 reg>d$ z possible geographic units4 ,^! defici5cies 9 ! geographic mat]ial relat+ to ,ea/]n ,europe are due1 above all1 to our imp]fect k ( ?is great region4 ,russian sci5ce is devot+ f> m int5sive /udy to ! ,asiatic bord]l&s ( ! imm5se empire ?an to ! ,european home c\ntry4 ,= ?is reason1 our lit]>y aids 9 ?is direction are few & unreliable4 ,! latt] criticism applies ev5 to ! tw5ty-volume ,geography ( ,russia by ,semyon(f & ! ,geography ( ,krassn(f4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation t x is relatively out ( date1 ! fif? volume ( ,reclus' 8,gographie univ]selle0 /ill (f]s ! be/ insight into ?is unique region ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,if we glance at ! map ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 we p]ceive at once t ! great uni=mity ( ?is imm5se region makes x q impossible to apply to ,ea/]n ,europe z a crit]ion ! division ( ,we/]n or ,c5tral ,europe4 ,x is n seas & m\nta9s t sep>ate ! natural regions & an?ropogeographical units ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 b imp]ceptible morphological transitions1 hydrographic & climatic b\nd>ies1 petrologic & floral conditions4 ,! ,ukra9e is an ,ea/]n ,european c\ntry4 ,its situation1 its decid$ly cont95tal "*1 its geologic hi/ory1 tectonic con/ruction & morphologic conditions1 its climate1 plant & animal life1 its an?ropogeography--all are *>act]i/ic ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,b )9 ,ea/]n ,europe ! ,ukra9e occupies a unique position1 :i* fully w>rants our conceiv+ ( ?is great l& z a geographic unit /&+ on an equal basis ) ! o!r natural units1 z ,great ,russia1 ,nor? ,russia1 ! ,ural1 ,:ite ,russia1 ! ,baltic ,prov9ces4 ,b x also =ms a *>act]i/ic transition c\ntry f ,ea/]n to ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe on ! "o side1 & to ,we/]n ,asia on ! o!r4 ,! location ( ! ,ukra9e causes u necess>ily to consid] x z ! ea/]nmo/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! ,ukra9e diff]s f ^! o!r ,m$it]ranean c\ntries 9 t x is n hemm$ 9 on ! nor? by m\nta9s4 ,! back-c\ntry ( ! ,black ,sea1 :i* ! ,ukra9e really is1 !re=e m]ges gradually into ! l&s ly+ fur!r to ! nor?--,great ,russia & ,:ite ,russia4 ,( all ! regions ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! ,ukra9e alone has access to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! geological hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! pre-,cambrian core ( gneiss-granite ( ! ,ukra9e1 unlike o!r p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 0 n flood$ by ! sea ei!r 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod or ! l[] ,silurian1 :ile 9 ! upp] ,silurian ! sea cov]$ only a slight "p ( ,we/]n ,podolia & ,nor!rn ,bess>abia4 ,! ,devonian sea cross$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9e only 9 ! f>!/ ea/ 7,donetz ,plateau7 & we/ 7,we/]n ,podolia74 ,! c>bon deposits & ,p]mian =mations1 s widely di/ribut$ 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 are f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9e only on ! ,donetz2 triassic rock h>dly at all4 ,! ,jurassic ,sea conf9$ its action almo/ :olly to ! plicat$ bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 al?o x actually flood$ great /ret*es ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,only ! ext5sion ( ! *alk seas ?ru ,ea/]n ,europe affect$ ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 especially ! nor!rn & we/]n bord]l&s4 ,! old t]ti>y sea1 on ! o!r h&1 conf9$ itself = ! mo/ "p to ! ,ukra9e1 ) ! result t a goodly section ( ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ! old t]ti>y deposits co9cides exactly ) ! an?ropogeographical b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! inl& seas ( ! l[] gre5-s& =mation ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 too1 are conf9$ almo/ entirely to ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! geologic hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e 9 ! diluvian p]iod 0 also decid$ly diff]5t f t ( ! o!r di/ricts ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! ,nor!rn ,european inl& ice cov]$ ! nor?we/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e only 9 ! ma9 ice p]iod1 = ! b\nd>y set = ! glaciation ( ! nor?1 on ! basis ( ! inve/igations ( ,russian s*ol>s1 applies 9 great measure only to ! limits ( ! di/ribution ( nor!rn glacial b\ld]s1 :i* 7 c>ri$ to _! pres5t site n by ice b by fl[+ wat]4 ,! two ind5tations ( ! glaciation-b\nd>y 9 ! ,don & ,dniep] di/rict m]ely m>k ! sph]e ( action ( two glacial riv] sy/ems4 ,! abs5ce ( a "o-"t inl&-ice-cap diff]5tiates ! ,ukra9ian di/rict v m>k$ly f ! o!r p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,z we p]ceive1 ev5 f ?is %ort description1 ! ,ukra9e has _h an entirely diff]5t geologic hi/ory f ! re/ ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,m pla9ly /ill1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9e z a natural unit is reveal$ 9 its cont\r-l9e & surface-relief4 ,! ,ukra9e is ! only portion ( ! ,ea/]n ,european pla9 :i* has access to ! m\nta9\s region1 = x re/s ^u ! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s & ! ,caucasus4 ,important individual di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e lie 9 ^! m\nta9s & less5 ! ,ea/]n ,european uni=mity ( ! c\ntry4 ,! =mation ( ! ,yaila & ! ,caucasus began at ! end ( ! ,jurassic p]iod--its completion & ! build+ up ( ! ,c>pa?ians occur 9 ! late t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! pla9s & plateau ( ! ,ukra9e1 :ile at fir/ glance q simil> to ^? ( ,c5tral ,russia1 are 9 reality v diff]5t f ^! z to /ructure & surface-relief4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ! two pla9 di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e1 consi/s ( ! s-call$ ,az( ,hor/ 7s nam$ by ,e4 ,suess71 :i* /ret*es f ! banks ( ! ,sea ( ,az( 9 a nor?we/]ly direction z f> z ,volhynia & ,au/rian ,podolia4 ,?is primeval rock surface1 compos$ ( granite gneiss1 is b\nd$ by qu>ries & edg$ ) declivities1 :i* are hidd5 by m rec5t s$im5t deposits4 ,s9ce ?is ext5d$ ,hor/ /ret*es ?ru practically ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,ukra9e1 we %all call x 8! ,ukra9ian ,hor/40 ,?is ,ukra9ian ,hor/ is ( great importance = ! entire process ( fold+1 all ov] ! e>?4 ,to ! we/ ( ?is ,hor/ is ! imm5se fold-sy/em ( ! ,altai1 fold$ f> into ,nor? ,am]ica t[>d ! nor? & nor!a/1 9 direct opposition to ! ma9 p>ts ( ! enorm\s sy/em :i* lie to ! ea/ ( x4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ! ,hor/ we see ! /raight l9e ( ! m\nta9 sy/em ( ! ,caucasus2 9 ! we/ ! w9d+ guide-l9es ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! region ( ! ,ukra9ian ,hor/ has influ5c$ n only ! =mation ( ! plicat$ c\ntry4 ,9 connection ) x we f9d1 arrang$ on a gr& scale1 b n v int5sive1 dis9tegrat+ l9es1 :i* trav]se ! entire ,ukra9ian c\ntry f ,n4 ,w4 to ,s4 ,e4 ,^! tectonic di/urbances h l$ to /rong fold+ & dislocation ( ! m rec5t s$im5t>y lay]s :i* lie close to ! ,hor/4 ,?is fold+ di/rict c be obs]v$ only 9 ! trunk range on ! ,donetz & 9 a few isolat$ places to ! nor?we/2 beyond ?is x is buri$ "u ! huge cov] ( ! t]ti>y lay]s4 ,! fold+ process took place 9 ! ,donetz ,m\nta9s1 cont9u+ ) long int]ruptions f ! end ( ! paleozoic era to ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,z pre-t]ti>y di/urbances ( ?is k9d we consid] ! di/urbance ( ,isat*ky1 ,trekhtimiriv1 etc41 z well z "s divid+ l9es at ! nor?we/]n extremity ( ! ,ukra9ian ,hor/4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,ukra9ian ,hor/ 0 also ! orig9 ( m rec5t tectonic di/urbances--t]ti>y & po/-t]ti>y4 ,! two ma9 l9es ( ,k>p9sky 7! nor!rn--,volga1 b5d ( ! ,don1 s\rce ( ! ,donetz1 delta ( ! ,desna1 ,s\? ,polissye1 ,w>saw2 ! s\!rn--delta ( ! ,don1 end ( ! ,porohy ( ! ,dniep]1 s\rce ( ! ,boh1 ,we/]n ,podolia7 = ! mo/ "p g back to ^! m rec5t po/-cretace\s di/urbances4 ,besides1 we are already able1 despite our insuffici5t morphological data on ! ,ukra9e1 to e/abli% ! fact t ! entire ,ukra9ian plateau-gr\p is ! sc5e ( a significant po/-glacial elevation4 ,! /rik+ly p>allel c\rses ( ! ma9 /reams1 ! ,dnie/]1 ! ,boh1 ! ,dniep] z f> z ,kat]9oslav1 ! ,donetz & ! ,don1 toge!r ) ! precipices frequ5tly accompany+ !m1 lead u to inf] ! exi/5ce ( tectonic influ5ces4 ,t ! precipices ( ,podolia are v rec5t we may n[ confid5tly ma9ta91 & t ! precipit\s bank ( ! ,dniep] is q z rec5t is %[n by ! famili> dislocation ne> ,kaniv1 :]e ! t]ti>y is affect$4 ,seismic movem5ts ( ! mo/ rec5t pa/ & morphological obs]vations %[ u t ! tectonic di/urbances ( ! ,ukra9e are cont9u+ into our own day4 ,f ?is tectonic *>act]ization ( ! ,ukra9e we p]ceive t ?is c\ntry occupies an indep5d5t position 9 relation to ! re/ ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! mu* m int5sive tectonic di/urbances ( ! ,ukra9ian region h produc$ a great] v>iety ( plateau & pla9 c\ntry "h ?an 9 ,:ite1 ,great or ,nor? ,russia4 ,! ,ukra9ian plateaus atta9 ! cont\r-l9es ( #djj & ev5 #ejj met]s & reveal precipices ( tectonic orig91 :i* = a long "t 7 consid]$ pro( ( ,ba]'s law & h rec5tly be5 expla9$ z ,davis ,cue/as4 ,! ext5sive work+ out ( valleys 9 ! ,ukra9ian plateau regions1 ! *>act]i/ic caon-l type ( ! valleys1 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( hills =m$ by erosion1 lack ( glacial =mations & deposits1 b evid5ces ( great erosive & flatt5+ action--^! are ! *ief elem5ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! plateau l&s ( ! ,ukra9e & o!r ,ea/]n ,european plateau l&s4 ,! pla9s ( ! ,ukra9e possess simil>ities to neighbor+ ,c5tral ,europe only 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,beyond ?is1 !y are all m or less decid$ /eppes1 ! l ( :i* are n met ) 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 ,hung>y n except$4 ,at ! same "t ! "* ( ! /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e is diff]5t f t ( ! /eppe-region ( ,ea/]n ,russia z well1 *iefly because ( ! detail ( ! c\ntry & ! peculi>ities ( vegetation1 :i* are occasion$ by diff]5ces ( climate4 ,hydrographically ! ,ukra9e is di/+ui%$ by a web ( riv]s conc5trat+ 9 ! ,pontus4 ,! ,ukra9e embraces ! riv] sy/ems ( ! ,dnie/]1 ,boh1 ,dniep]1 ,don & ,kuban--n entirely1 to be sure1 yet by f> ! great] "p1 leav+ only ! s\rces ( ! two greate/ riv]s to ! ,:ite & ,great ,russians4 ,only ! mo/ we/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e lie )9 ! wat]%$s ( ! ,baltic ,riv]s 7! ,vi/ula di/rict72 only ! mo/ ea/]n m\nta9-spurs 9 ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,caspian ,sea 7,t]ek & ,kuma74 ,we may !re=e1 )\t hesitation1 conceive ( ! ,ukra9e hydrographically z ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,european wat]-%$4 ,9 respect to climate1 ! ,ukra9e occupies an indep5d5t position 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 fact1 de ,m>tonne rec5tly decl>$ 8! ,ukra9ian climate to be "o ( ! ma9 types ( climate ( ! e>?40 ,we %all n g s f> z ?is1 b we mu/ emphasize ! fact t ! climate ( ! ,ukra9e diff]s no less f t ( ,pol&1 ,:ite ,russia & ,great ,russia ?an does ,g]many's climate f t ( ,engl& or ,france4 ,an important w9d-p>tition crosses ! ,ukra9e 9 w9t] f ,ea/ to ,we/1 subject+ ! entire s\!rn "p to ! sway ( ! ea/ w9d4 ,w9t] 9 ! ,ukra9e is /rictly cont95tal1 ) a coldness ( #cj degrees1 b n ) ! semi-pol> "* ( ! ,russian or ! ,c5tral ,european "* ( ! ,poli% w9t]4 ,! ea/ & s\!a/ w9ds by day prev5t ! sn[-blankets1 produc$ by ! moi/ s\? w9ds ( ! ,pontus1 f ev] becom+ too heavy1 especially 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 & cause !m to disappe> quickly 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ! spr+ ! temp]ature rises v rapidly4 ,! summ] ( ! ,ukra9e is ! hot cont95tal summ]1 & despite ! pr$om9ant ,atlantic we/ w9ds & ! abundant precipitation1 x is n sultry4 ,autumn is pleasant & dry4 ,! climate ( ! ,ukra9e1 !n1 is ! cont95tal climate ( ! ,pontus4 ,t[>d ! we/ x m]ges into ! ,c5tral ,european climatic zone at ! bord] ( ,pol&1 into ! ,ea/]n ,european cont95tal climate at ! bord] ( ,:ite & ,great ,russia1 into ! ,aralo-,caspian dry climate at ! ea/]n bord]4 ,! s\!rn bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 l ^? ( ,france1 con/itute a transition to ! ,m$it]ranean climate4 ,9 respect to its flora1 ! unique position ( ! ,ukra9e dep5ds ^u ! fact t x embraces almo/ ! entire region ( ! prairie-/eppes ( ! ,pontus1 ) _! regions ( transition to ! ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,european =e/ zone4 ,"r ea/ ( ! ,don beg9 ! /eppes & des]t-/eppes ( ! ,caspian region4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,ukra9e is ! only c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* has ! prevail+ "* ( ! /eppes4 ,"h1 aga91 ?is circum/ance is ( geographical importance & makes ! ,ukra9e1 9 ?is respect also1 a geographic unit4 ,! mo/ important signs ( indep5d5ce z a geographic unit1 h[ev]1 are imp>t$ to ! ,ukra9e by its an?ropogeographical conditions1 to :i* we %all turn our att5tion 9 ,book ,,ii ( ?is little "w4 ,we h n[ become acqua9t$ ) ! natural f\ndations ( ! ,ukra9e z a geographic unit4 ,"o important *>act]i/ic ( ?is geographic entity mu/ especially attract our att5tion4 ,! "n ( ! c\ntry is ,ukra9e1 :i* means bord]-c\ntry1 m>*-l&4 ,x is an old hi/orical "n :i* orig9at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies & has become cu/om>y4 ,& yet x is significant z h>dly ano!r "n ( a l& or p c\ld well be4 ,= ! ,ukra9e is a true bord]l& ,europe1 betwe5 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,x lies on ! bord]s ( ! ,european plicat$ m\nta9-girdle & ( ! ,ea/]n ,european table-l&4 ,! ,ukra9ian ,hor/ con/itutes a tectonic bord]-po/ = ! developm5t ( ! entire ,european fold$ area4 ,9 ! morphological s5se z well1 ! ,ukra9e con/itutes a decid$ bord]l&4 ,"h ! glacial =mations give way to ! erosive & flatt5+ =mation4 ,climatologically1 too1 ! ,ukra9e is a decid$ bord]l&4 ,yet1 mo/ ( all1 does ! "* ( ! ,ukra9e z a l& ( b\nd>ies & transitions appe> 9 its biogeographical & an?ropogeographical conditions4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e are m]g$ ! b\nd>ies ( two ,european =e/ regions--( ! sub-/eppes1 transition-/eppe1 prairie-/eppe zone1 & ( ! ,m$it]ranean region4 ,! ,ukra9e is situat$ ^u ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,european family ( peoples--( ,slavdom1 ( ,european culture--&1 at ! same "t1 ^u ! b\nd>ies ( t an?ropogeographical /ructure :i* is s rem>kable & s little kn[n--! body social ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,,location ,,& ,,size ,! ,ukra9e lies betwe5 #dc & #ed nor? latitude & betwe5 #ba & #dg ea/ longitude f ,gre5wi*4 ,if we look = our c\ntry on a map we w f9d t x lies z ! nor!rn h9t]l& ( ! ,black ,sea1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 j on ! ?re%old ( ,asia4 ,f ! foot ( ! ,tatra ,m\nta9s1 f ! sunny ,hegyalia & cl\d-wrea!d ,*ornohora1 f ! silv]-rippl$ ,san1 f ! d>k virg9 =e/ ( ,biloveza & ! imm5se swamps ( ,polissye1 to ! delta ( ! ,danube--s (t5 sung 9 ! lore ( ! ,ukra9ian folk--to ! ,black ,sea1 to ! gigantic ,caucasians & ! ,caspian1 surr\nd$ by br[n des]t /eppes1 ext5ds our fa!rl&1 ! ,ukra9e4 ,f ! beg9n+s ( ! hi/orical life ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 = "o ?\s& two hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,ukra9ian race has resid$ 9 ?is region1 & has be5 able1 n only to pres]ve its b\nd>ies1 b1 aft] heavy losses1 to rega9 & ev5 to pass beyond !m4 ,& ?is cont9u$ ?ru c5turies ( /ress1 ?ru bloody w>s1 aft] ! loss ( ! fir/ & second national gov]nm5ts1 & "u ! m]ciless pressure ( neighbor+ /ates & peoples4 ,t o!r nations1 z ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 ! ,spani>ds1 %\ld h pres]v$ _! orig9al seats1 is n surpris+2 !y 7 protect$ on all sides by high m\nta9s & deep seas4 ,all ! m1 !re=e1 mu/ we admire ! great vitality ( ! ,ukra9ian nation1 :i* has be5 able to reta9 9 its possession a "m-c\ntry ly+ op51 almo/ )\t any protection1 to mighty enemies4 ,= ! ,ukra9e lies at ! s\!a/]n edge ( ,europe1 on ! ?re%old ( ,asia1 at ! po9t :]e ! easie/ ov]l& r\te connects ! two cont95ts4 ,= an entire p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 ?is bord] position 0 mo/ disadvantage\s & dang]\s = ! ,ukra9e2 = ,nature & ,hi/ory did n br+ ! ,ukra9e1 plac$ z x is1 into ! proximity ( t "p ( ,asia :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s pa/ _h be5 inhabit$ by ! ri* civilizations ( t cont95t4 ,! ,ukra9e has always be5 ! ne>e/ ,european neighbor ( ! /eppe-c\ntry ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,!re1 f ! e>lie/ beg9n+s ( hi/ory1 dwelt pillag+ hordes ( ,nomads1 :o w\ld flood ,europe f ?is po9t4 ,! ,pontian /eppes ( ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e 71 = ^! /eppe-p1 ! natural milit>y road to ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/1 :]e ! ri*1 civiliz$ l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean region lay invit+ly op54 ,= m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 f ! beg9n+s ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e1 ^! nomadic ,asiatic tribes trav]s$ ! ,s\? ,ukra9ian /eppes1 cov]+ ! entire ,ukra9e ) w> & unspeakable mis]y4 ,huns1 ,av>s1 ,khaz>s1 ,magy>s1 ,pe*5egs1 ,torks1 ,b]5dians1 ,polovs1 ,tat>s1 ,kalmucks1 infe/$ ! ,ukra9e 9 succession4 ,( all ! ,european peoples1 ! ,ukra9ians always _h to be ! fir/ to oppose ^! /eppe-plund]]s4 ,! nomads always _h fir/ to =ce _! way ?ru ! ,ukra9e4 ,_m ( !m 7 annihilat$ by ! anci5t ,ukra9ians2 ?us1 ! ,khaz>s1 ,pe*5egs1 ,torks & ,b]5dians2 o!rs 7 held (f1 z ! ,polovs or ! ,kalmucks4 ,b ! ,ukra9e exhau/$ its /r5g? 9 ?is et]nal w>f>e1 &1 9 ! t]rible /ress occasion$ by ! ,tat>s1 lo/ _! anci5t culture & _! mighty /ate4 ,if1 !re=e1 any "o ( ! ,european nations may claim ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ,europe's %ield aga9/ ,asiatic b>b>ism1 x is ! half-=gott5 ,ukra9ian nation4 ,! bord] position ( ! ,ukra9e 0 fatal also1 = ! reason t ! c\ntry lay1 & lies1 s f> di/ant f ! cultural c5t]s ( ,europe4 ,z long z ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 ) its cultural weal?1 rema9$ firm1 a /rong /ream ( culture fl[$ f ! ,pontus into ! ,ukra9e4 ,! decl9e & fall ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire sudd5ly transf]r$ ! ,ukra9e to ! fur!/ 79 respect to culture7 corn] ( ,europe1 close to ! ,ottoman ,empire1 :i* 0 at t "t ho/ile to culture4 ,! we/]n neighbors ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! ,magy>s & ,poles1 acquir$ little ( ! culture ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 ! "t ( _! indep5d5ce1 & all[$ /ill less to slip ?ru into ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,russians ent]$ ! circle ( ,european culture only two c5turies ago1 & h made only sup]ficial cultural progress s9ce4 ,& yet ! geographical location ( ! ,ukra9e is n )\t favorable features4 ,! ,ukra9e embraces ! entire nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea & ! ,sea ( ,az(1 & holds consid]able possibilities = ov]sea comm]ce4 ,! proximity ( ,asia is no long] dang]\s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 v advantage\s4 ,a c5tury & a half has pass$ s9ce ! p[] ( ! /eppe-races 0 f9ally brok54 ,_! h]itage has be5 tak5 possession (1 al?o 9 a diff]5t mann]1 by ! ,ukra9ian peasant1 :o has ?ickly settl$ ! ,pontian /eppes4 ,) pl[ 9 h&1 he has reconqu]$ ! l&s :i* 8 ance/ors tri$ 9 va9 to def5d ) ! sword4 ,ukra9ian colonization is /ill advanc+ irresi/ibly 9 ! ,crimea & 9 ! =e-c\ntry ( ! ,caucasus1 & w1 no d\bt1 )9 a v %ort "t1 flood ^! c\ntries completely4 ,a fur!r advantage ( location lies 9 ! circum/ance t ! ,ukra9e is situat$ on ! %orte/ l&-r\te f ,c5tral ,europe to ! s\!rn "p ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,india1 & comm&s a good portion ( ?is r\te4 ,?is fact may1 9 ! v ne> future1 be ( ! greate/ political & economic importance4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,ukra9e is ! only "o ( all ! ,ea/ ,european c\ntries :i*1 ?ru its location1 /&s 9 ! close/ relations to ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,res]v+ ! detail$ discussion ( ! ,ukra9e's geographical location = ! an?ropogeographical "p ( my little book1 let u n[ consid] ! size ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! area ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory is #hej1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,we see be=e u1 !re=e1 a ,european c\ntry :i* is surpass$ 9 area only by pres5t-day ,russia 9 ,europe4 ,no ,european p1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! ,russians1 possesses s l>ge a compact national t]ritory z ! ,ukra9ians4 ,?is *>act]i/ically ,ea/]n ,european spaci\sness ( ! t]ritory1 comb9$ ) ! natural weal? ( ! region w\ld1 if c\pl$ ) ,we/]n ,european culture1 make a fit dwell+-place = a _w-p[]4 ,on su* gr\nd z ?is1 ! possibilities = ! developm5t ( a mat]ial & intellectual culture are almo/ unlimit$4 ,b alas6 ,! greate/ poet ( ! ,ukra9e1 ,t>as ,%ev*5ko1 has *>act]iz$ 8 fa!rl& all too fitt+ly z 8,our ,l&1 b n belong+ to u40 ,^u its l>ge & ri* t]ritory ! ,ukra9ian nation has _h to endure s _m h>d buffets ( fate1 t x mu/ be consid]$1 along ) ! ,jews1 ! mo/ sorely tri$ civiliz$ race on e>?4 ,ev5 d[n to ! pres5t mom5t ! ,ukra9ians are a helot race1 :i* is =c$ to une>? ! treasures ( its fa!rl& = its ho/ile neighbors4 ,,! ,,black ,,sea ,,& ,,its ,,coa/s ,al?o = _m c5turies sep>at$ f ! ,pontus by ! nomad-haunt$ /eppe-bord]1 ! ,ukra9ian nation is closely id5tifi$ ) ?is sea4 ,an enorm\s numb] ( leg5ds & songs ( ! ,ukra9ian p deal ) x2 ev5 9 fanciful love-songs x is m5tion$4 ,& ! intimacy ( ?is ,ea/ ,european nation ) ! ,sea ne$ n surprise u4 ,! ,black ,sea1 ) :i* s mu* 9 ,ukra9ian song & /ory is connect$1 has _h a significance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e :i* has n be5 =gott5 9 ! unwritt5 traditions ( ! p4 ,h[ _m cultural & w>like memories are connect$ ) ! ,black ,sea6 ,h[ mu* ,ukra9ian blood has m+l$ ) its wat]s6 ,! ,black ,sea is n l>ge 7#dej1jjj squ>e kilomet]s74 ,x is a l&lock$ sea1 situat$ betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 & connect$ ) ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea by ! n>r[ ,/raits ( ! ,bosphorus & ! ,d>danelles & ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 :i*1 geologically speak+1 is a bas9 =m$ by subsid5ce4 ,great subsid5ces ( ! e>?'s surface creat$ ! deep bas9 ( ! ,pontus4 ,! ,pontus 0 a "p ( ! ext5sive upp] ,mioc5e & ,s>matian inl& sea1 :i* slightly flood$ l>ge di/ricts ( ! pres5t ,european cont95t z f> z ! ,vi5na bas94 ,t[>d ! end ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ?is inl& sea %rank & sep>at$ into s+le sea bas9s4 ,! ,pontian bas9 became connect$ ) ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea lat]1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! diluvial p]iod1 by means ( great subsid5ces ( rec5t date4 ,! pres5t morphology ( ! ,pontus is 9 full accord ) ?is g5esis4 ,! nor!rn "p1 z f> z ! l9e ( communication betwe5 ! ,balkan & ,yaila ,m\nta9s1 is a %all[ sea ( a dep? ( less ?an #bjj met]s2 ! s-call$ bay ( ,odessa is b>ely #ej met]s deep2 ! ,sea ( ,az(1 project+ to ! nor!a/1 b>ely #ae met]s4 ,b j on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! l9e ( plicat$ m\nta9s1 :i* is brok5 at ?is po9t1 ! bottom ( ! ,black ,sea decl9es rapidly to great] dep?s 7#aejj met]s7 until1 decl9+ m gradually n[1 x atta9s ! dep? ( #bbde met]s 9 ! c5t] ( ! oval-%ap$ ma9 bas9 ( ! ,pontus4 ,! salt cont5t ( ! ,black ,sea is mu* small] ?an t ( ! ocean1 or ev5 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,sea is comp>atively small1 & receives a great deal ( fre% wat] f ! _m & l>ge riv]s ( ! region :i* x dra9s1 :ile ! influx ( salt wat] f ! ,m$it]ranean ?ru ! %all[ /raits _c be great4 ,! salt cont5t is on ! av]age #a4h2 only at great dep?s does x rea* #b4b4 ,! dilut$ surface lay] %[s b>ely #a4e salt cont5t2 ! ,sea ( ,az( h>dly #a4 ,! surface wat]1 conta9+ little salt b a great deal ( air1 _c1 because ( ! great] d5sity ( ! l[] lay]s ( wat]1 s9k f>1 & ?is l[ degree ( v5tilation acc\nts = ! fact t ! wat]s ( ! ,black ,sea bel[ a dep? ( #bcj met]s are saturat$ ) sulphide ( hydrog51 & ?us preclude any possibility ( organic deep-sea life4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,black ,sea is notable = its beautiful blue-gre5 color & ! great transp>5cy ( its wat]s4 ,a :ite disc1 on be+ subm]g$1 disappe>$ only at a dep? ( #gg met]s4 ,! surface temp]ature ( ! ,black ,sea is subject to _m fluctuations2 f #bg ,c 9 midsumm] to #e ,c 9 w9t]4 ,9 sev]e w9t]s ! ,sea is froz5 ov] 9 ! bay ( ,odessa = a %ort "t2 ! ,limans & ! ,sea ( ,az( regul>ly = f two to ?ree mon?s4 ,! ,black ,sea has be5 kn[n s9ce ho>y antiquity z a dang]\s1 /ormy sea4 ,! waves1 runn+ z high z #aj met]s1 ! %ort cross-waves caus$ by ! proximity ( ! %ores1 ! difficult approa*es to ! l&1 are /ill a great h9drance to navigation1 especially 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,n )\t cause did ! ,greeks orig9ally call x 8! inhospitable sea10 until ! great numb] ( fl\ri%+ ,greek settlem5ts on its %ores l$ !m to *ange its "n to 8hospitable sea40 ,despite ?is euphemi/ic "n1 h[ev]1 8,pontus ,euxe9os10 ! ,black ,sea has dev\r$ _m goods & lives1 _m ,greek & ,roman %ips1 _m ,turki% & ,g5oese galleys1 _m ,engli% & ,russian /eam]s4 ,& _m a little ,zaporog vessel sank 9 ! d>k waves ( its native sea1 8on :ite cliffs da%$ to pieces10 z is relat$ 9 ! old folk-epics2 _m a "o 0 driv5 to f>-(f ho/ile ,turki% %ores1 to ! de/ruction ( its crews4 ,be+ a clos$ int]ior sea1 ! ,pontus has no noticeable tides4 ,m>k$ *anges ( level are caus$ by ! action ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! liman ( ! ,boh1 = example1 !y produce #bj c5timet]s diff]5ce ( level 9 a day1 sometimes ev5 #dj c5timet]s2 9 ! bay ( ,yahrlik z mu* z #df c5timet]s4 ,! ,sea ( ,az( becomes #de to #ij c5timet]s deep] :5 !re is a we/ w9d1 up to #a met] deep] 9 ! case ( s\? w9ds1 & %all[] by an equal am\nt :5 ! w9ds are 9 ! opposite direction4 ,slight *anges ( level are dep5d5t also on ! seasons4 ,! ,black ,sea has its l[e/ wat] level 9 ,febru>y1 :5 ! region :i* x dra9s is cov]$ ) sn[2 ! highe/ 9 ,may & ,june1 z a result ( ! melt+ ( ! sn[s & ! e>ly summ] ra9s4 ,^! fluctuations1 h[ev]1 am\nt to only #be cm4 ,! curr5ts ( ! ,black ,sea1 too1 are inconsid]able1 because ( its isolation4 ,outside ( local curr5ts :i* are caus$ by w9ds1 we "k ( only "o great] curr5t1 weak 9 itself1 :i* encircles ! ,pontian ,bas9 9 a c\nt] clock-wise direction & may be trac$ to ! cyclonal motion ( ! air4 ,! same conditions obta9 on a small] scale on ! ,sea ( ,az( & are reflect$ 9 ! direction ( ! tongues ( l& along ! coa/s4 ,despite ! fact t ! deep-sea region ( ! ,black ,sea is poison$ ) sulphide ( hydrog51 x possesses a ri* flora & fauna 9 its surface lay]s4 ,enorm\s %oals ( all k9ds ( fi%--/urgeon1 haus51 /]let1 8kephal10 8bi*ok10 8balmut10 come to ! coa/ & into ! limans ( ! riv] deltas4 ,= ?is reason ! ,pontian fi%+ indu/ry has be5 consid]able = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! extraction ( salt f ! limans & salt lakes is also important4 ,be=e ! age ( ! railroad ! abundance ( fi% & salt ( ! ,black ,sea creat$ a special truck+ trade 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! s-call$ ,*umaki1 :o came to ! ,pontian /r& 9 :ole c>avans ( oxc>ts to take dri$ fi% & salt 9 ex*ange = gra94 ,! ,ukra9ian coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea beg9s at ! delta ( ! ,danube & ends at ! we/]n spurs ( ! ,caucasus4 ,! great] "p is flat coa/1 ! small]1 /eep coa/4 ,at ! nor!rn ,kilian arm ( ! ,danube delta1 :]e n[ ! desc5dants ( ! ,zaporog ,cossacks ga9 a scanty liv+ ?ru fi%+1 beg9s ! coa/ ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! /eppe approa*es ! sea ) a /eep declivity1 :i* is bord]$ by a n>r[ /r& ( s& & pebbles4 ,! coa/ runs ev5ly z f> z ! ,dniep] delta1 )\t any ind5tations4 ,ev5 ! fam\s port ( ,odessa is an artificial h>bor4 ,only at a po9t :]e a riv]1 a /reamlet1 ev5 a balka 7/ep-gl51 rav9e7 op5s into ! sea1 is ! /eep incl9e ( ! /eppe-plateau brok54 ,we !n see be=e u an enorm\s pond z x 71 at ! upp] end ( :i* ! wat]-c\rse ent]s & ! l[] end ( :i* is lock$ f ! sea side by a l&-tongue or b> 7,koss1 ,p]esip7 z by a flat dam4 ,?is sea-wat] lake is call$ liman 9 ,ukra9ian4 ,:]ev] a /ream ( great volume empties into a liman1 ! b> is sev]$ at "o or m places4 ,^! liman deltas are call$1 9 ,ukra9ian1 hirl4 ,limans :i* h su* connections ) ! sea are brok54 ,( su* a k9d are ! limans ( ! ,kunduk1 ,dnie/]1 ,boh & ,dniep]4 ,:]e a little /reamlet dis*>ges :i* has n a suffici5t volume ( wat] to cov] ! loss f evaporation ( ! liman surface & /ill reta9 an excess = keep+ op5 ! outlet1 !n ! b> ( ! liman is )\t an op5+ & ! wat] conta9s a great deal ( salt4 ,( ?is k9d are1 above all1 ! limans ( ,kuyalnik & ,khad%ib ne> ,odessa1 ! l>ge1 deep ,tilihl & _m small] ones4 ,! wat] & ! mud ( su* limans possess heal+ p[]s1 & e summ] ?\s&s ( pati5ts travel to ! hot %ores ( ! limans to rega9 _! heal?4 ,! limans are simply subm]g$ erod$ valleys ( /eppe riv]s :i* are n[ be+ fill$ 9 by alluvial deposits4 ,!re=e1 ! limans ( all l>g] riv]s are too %all[ to s]ve z good h>bors = ! l>g] sea-go+ vessels4 ,! liman ( ! ,dnie/] all[s entrance only to small %ips draw+ two met]s ( wat]2 ! gigantic ,dniep] liman is only #f m4 deep1 & only ! ,boh liman is accessible to l>g] sea-go+ %ips4 ,sy/ematic dr$g+1 h[ev]1 c\ld1 )\t a d\bt1 br+ relief1 & w\ld *ange a numb] ( ! limans into pr(itable h>bors4 ,beg9n+ at ! liman ( ! ,dniep]1 ! coa/ is /rongly ind5t$ z f> z ! bay ( ,k>k9it1 b ^! ind5tations 7,yahrlik1 ,t5dra1 ,kh>ilga*7 are clos$ (f by long tongues ( l& & ! und]sea ext5sion ( ! b> ( ,bakalsk4 ,! we/ coa/ ( ,crimea is also a uni=m liman coa/1 increas+ con/antly 9 height1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! s\?4 ,at ! ,alma delta ! coa/ becomes /eep & has two excell5t h>bors1 ,seva/opol & ,balaklava1 :i* are subm]g$ deep valleys4 ,! s\!a/ coa/ ( ! ,crimean p59sula is a /rongly m>k$ acclivit\s %ore4 ,! /eep desc5t ( ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s has be5 trans=m$ "h1 ?ru ! abrasive action ( ! sea1 into a beautiful coa/l9e4 ,eruptive rock1 capable ( (f]+ great resi/ance1 is f\nd "h 9 places1 =m+ picturesque capes1 jetties & crags1 betwe5 :i* lie pretty little bays & coves4 ,! agreeable climate1 ! cle> sky1 ! good sea-ba?s & ! beautiful c\ntry annually lure to ?is ,ukra9ian ,rivi]a ?\s&s ( consumptives & heal?-seek]s4 ,!re are r[s & r[s ( cottage-colonies & mansions4 ,beg9n+ at ! cresc5t-%ap$ bay ( ,feodosia1 ! coa/ aga9 becomes l[] & also has a numb] ( salty lagoons & b>s4 ,( ! same description are ! coa/s ( ! ,/rait ( ,k]*1 lead+ into ! ,sea ( ,az(1 :i* is #ce1jjj sq4 km4 9 area4 ,?is extremely flat sea is (t5 comp>$ to a liman4 ,num]\s tongues ( l& 7,biriu*a1 ,obito*na1 ,b]dianska1 ,kossa1 etc47 jut out "h into ! sea1 %[+ v cle>ly 9 _! direction ! effect ( ! cyclonal motion ( ! air4 ,! l[ coa/ has an enorm\s numb] ( limans & lagoons1 e4g41 ,utluk1 ,mius1 ,molo*ni1 ,yeski1 ,akhtirski1 ,tamanski1 ,kisilta%1 etc4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! ,sea ( ,az(1 h[ev]1 is ! ,siva%4 ,a b> #aaa km4 9 l5g? %uts ! ,siva% (f f ! ,sea ( ,az(1 leav+ only a connect+ passage ( #aej m41 ne> ,h5i*esk4 ,! curi\sly ragg$ banks ( r$-clay1 ! salt swamps1 lagoons & isl&s1 ! brack51 ill-smell+ wat]1 :i* is salty 9 summ]1 & 9 a few spots at o!r times z well1 h giv5 ! ,siva% ! "n ( ,f\l ,sea 7,hnile ,m74 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e's ,black ,sea coa/ is a m\nta9\s cliff-coa/ aga94 ,! plications ( ! we/]n ,caucasus1 :i* approa* ! sea obliquely1 are "h s quickly de/roy$ by ! p[]ful abrasive action ( ! surf1 t ! erosive action ( ! riv]s & m\nta9 /reams _c keep pace4 ,!re=e1 ! cre/ is difficult ( access & only ! two h>bors ( ,novorossiysk & ,gel5d%ik (f] %elt] = %ips along ?is "p ( ! coa/4 ,b ev5 ?is %elt] is d\btful1 because ( ! bora-l w9ds4 ,z we p]ceive f ?is description ( ! ,ukra9ian coa/1 x is n "o :i* w\ld promote navigation among ! inhabitants4 ,lack ( h>bors1 isolation1 remot5ess f ! ma9 l9es ( ! _w's traffic1 nev] c\ld h an enc\rag+ effect ^u ! developm5t ( navigation among ! ,ukra9ians4 ,despite all ?is1 h[ev]1 !y develop$ v high seaf>+ qualities 9 ! "t ( ! old ,k+dom ( ,kiev & lat] on 9 ! ,cossack p]iod1 & ! pres5t age1 too1 has br\ght a revival ( ! nautical skill ( ! ,ukra9ian coa/ population4 ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,ukra9e ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,m\nta9 ,,c\ntry ,glanc+ at ! map ( ! ,ukra9e1 we p]ceive at once t 9 ?is c\ntry we %\ld seek 9 va9 = su* a v>iety ( surface configuration z is peculi> to ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ,g]many or ,france !re appe> 9 a comp>atively small space ! mo/ v>i$ l&scape--*a9s ( high m\nta9s1 c5tral *a9s ( m\nta9s1 t]race & hill c\ntry1 plateaus & pla9s4 ,x is diff]5t "h 9 our wide ,ukra9e4 ,"o c travel hundr$s ( miles 9 any direction )\t see+ a *ange 9 ! "* ( ! sc5]y4 ,! uni=mity :i* is typical = ,ea/]n ,europe is peculi> also to ! ,ukra9e4 ,b n to ! ext5t t x is to ,great ,russia1 :]e ! endlessness ( ! flat c\ntry we>ies ! eye ( ! travel]4 ,= !re are 9 ! ,ukra9e l&scapes ( high & c5tral *a9s ( m\nta9s1 picturesque hill di/ricts & ri*ly cut plateaus1 m>%y pla9s & /eppes /rewn ) b>r[s4 ,!re is1 !n1 9 ! ,ukra9e1 a v>iety ( surface configuration1 b on a l>ge scale1 n z 9 ,we/]n or ,c5tral ,europe1 conf9$ 9 a small space4 ,! morphological nucleus ( ! ,ukra9e is ! clos$ gr\p ( plateaus1 :i* ext5ds f ! c\ntry at ! foot ( ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,poli% "p ( ! ,vi/ula region to ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,pontian ,plateau or ,avrat9ian ,ridge are ! commonly us$ b incorrect names ( ?is plateau gr\p4 ,! fir/ designation might d1 b ! second transf]s ! "n ( a little de/itute hamlet at ! s\rce ( ! ,sbru* to a t]ritory ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 select = ?is plateau gr\p ! "n ,ukra9ian ,plateau ,gr\p4 ,x =ms a compact :ole betwe5 ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,dniep] & is divid$ into ! foll[+ individual sections3 ,! ,ro/o*1 betwe5 ! ,san & ,buh ,riv]s2 ,vol91 betwe5 ! ,boh & ! ,tet]ev2 ,podolia1 betwe5 ! ,dnie/] & ! ,boh2 ! ,pocutian--,bess>abian ,plateau1 betwe5 ! ,dnie/] & ! ,prut2 ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 betwe5 ! ,boh & ! ,dniep]4 ,! plateau "* cont9ues at ! rapids section ( ?is riv] on ! left bank1 :]e1 at "s di/ance1 ! la/ memb] ( ! ,ukra9ian ,plateau ,gr\p lies--! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,! plateau gr\p ( ! ,ukra9e is bord]$ on ! nor? & s\? by two pla9 di/ricts4 ,! nor!rn di/rict consi/s ( adjo9+ l[l&s--,pidlassye1 ,polissye1 & ! ,dniep] pla9--& _! ext5sions along ! ,donetz2 ! s\!rn di/rict is made up ( ! long /ret* ( ! ,pontian /eppe-pla91 :i*1 9 ! c\ntry at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus1 m]ges into ! ,caspian des]t-/eppe4 ,beyond ! nor!rn pla9 di/rict1 ,ukra9ian t]ritory does n ext5d1 except 9 ! ,don region1 :]e x embraces ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau4 ,besides ^! plateau & pla9 regions ! ,ukra9e takes 9 also p>ts ( ?ree m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,! ,ukra9e is ! only c\ntry ( ,ea/]n ,europe :i* ext5ds ov] into ! region ( ! ,european m\nta9s ( plication4 ,p>ts ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 ! little ,yaila *a9 ( ,crimea1 & ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,caucasus lie1 toge!r ) _! environs1 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,f ?is g5]al survey ( ! surface configuration ( ! ,ukra9e1 we c easily see t m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! surface ( ?is l& is tak5 up by pla9s & plateaus4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! ,ukra9ians h c]ta9ly nev] se5 a m\nta9 & d n ev5 "k :at "o looks l4 ,expressive ( ?is circum/ance is ! fact t 9 ! wide plateau & pla9 region ( ! ,ukra9e ! mo/ insignificant hills be> ! high-s\nd+ "n ( 8m\nta940 ,b1 despite ?is1 ! ,ukra9e also has its %>e 9 ! ?ree m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,europe--! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,yaila1 & ! ,caucasus4 ,all ?ree 7 =m$ ?ru plication ( ! rock-lay]s4 ,! va/ plication-=m$ m\nta9 range ( ! ,caucasus1 ev5 9 ! small "p belong+ to ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 atta9s an alp9e height2 ! sc5]y ( ! ,yaila along ! ,crimean ,rivi]a is wond]ful1 b ! ,c>pa?ians1 al?o n z l(ty z ! ,caucasus & n ( su* sc5ic beauty z ! ,yaila1 are ! de>e/ to ! he>t ( ! ,ukra9ian4 ,= ! ,ukra9ian nation exp&$ 9 ! ,caucasus only a c5tury ago & has b j rea*$ ! ,yaila4 ,& ! ,ea/]n ,c>pa?ians h = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be5 a ,ukra9ian m\nta9 range4 ,/ill1 h>dly "o-?ird ( ! #acjj km4 curve ( ! ,c>pa?ians belongs to ,ukra9ian national t]ritory4 ,t[>d ! we/ ! ,c>pa?ians are inhabit$ by ,poles & ,slovaks2 9 ! ea/ & s\? by ! ,r\manians4 ,! b\nd>y-po/s ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory ext5d 9 ! we/ beyond ! fam\s defile ( ,poprad4 ,f ! r\nd$ peaks ( ! m\nta9 c\ntry :]e ! la/ ,ukra9ian villages lie1 "o sees ris+ at a v %ort di/ance ! impos+ range ( ! ,tatra2 /ill ne>] lie ! cliffs ( ! ,pi59i1 fam\s geologically z well z = _! sc5]y4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,c>pa?ian *a91 ,ukra9ian t]ritory rea*es ! ,prislop pass1 :i* connects ! valleys ( ! ,gold5 ,bi/ritz & ! ,vi%eva 7,visso74 ,to ! ,ukra9e1 !n1 belongs ! s&/one di/rict ( ! ,c>pa?ians at t po9t :]e x is highe/ & mo/ develop$4 ,x is call$ simply ! 8wood$ ,c>pa?ians40 ,! we/]n "p ( ! s&/one ,c>pa?ians :i* lies )9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory is call$ ! ,l[ ,beskid4 ,x is also kn[n z ,lemkivski ,beskid because x is inhabit$ by ! ,ukra9ian m\nta9 tribe ( ! ,lemkes4 ,! ,l[ ,beskyd ext5ds f ! defile ( ,poprad to ! valleys ( ! ,/rviazh ,riv]1 ! ,oslava 7,lupkiv pass71 & ! ,laboretz4 ,x is a broad-back$ b n a high m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,9 long *a9s1 g5tly undulat+ m\nta9 ridges /ret* f we/ to ea/ & s\!a/4 ,_! slopes are g5tle2 "o c easily walk or ev5 ride up1 & num]\s wagon-roads & highways lead /raight ov] ! cre/ or ev5 along ! edge ( ! cre/4 ,! peaks are r\nd$ & ( uni=m height1 except :]e an occasional g5tly vault$ m\nta9 top rises above ! l[-hill c\ntry4 ,betwe5 g5tly slop+ ranges !re ext5d1 9 a longitud9al direction1 valleys ) wat]%$s & communicat+ passes4 ,broad1 well-develop$ defiles sep>ate ! range into diff]5t sections4 ,! ,galician-,hung>ian divid+-ridge has only slight gorges ( g5u9e m\nta9 passes4 ,! peaks & high passes ( ! ,l[] ,beskid are insignificant4 ,only 9 ! extreme we/1 on ! ,poprad & ! ,torissa1 d ! peaks rea* a height ( #ajjj & #aajj m42 fur!r t[>d ! ea/ h>dly #gjj to #hjj m4 ,! important ,dukla ,pass is h>dly #ejj m4 above sea-level4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ,beskid m\nta9 c\ntry we ev5 see a great longi% /rip ( l[] c\ntry 78! ,sianok ,l[l&s07 ^: l[ hills are less ?an #cjj m4 high4 ,!re is a connection betwe5 ! insignificant height & s(t l&scape =ms ( ! ,l[ ,beskid & ! geological con/ruction & evolution ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,?is m\nta9 c\ntry1 l ! :ole s&/one-region ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 is built up ( /rongly plicate & compress$ ,flys*--a s]ies ( s&/ones1 slates1 conglom]ates1 clays1 etc41 ( ! cretacian & t]ti>y ages4 ,all ^! species ( rock occur 9 ?is region 9 ?9 lay]s & h little p[] ( resi/ance2 ev]y:]e ! basic m\nta9 ridge is cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( wea!r+ loam2 rock piles are f\nd v seldom4 ,!re is add$ ! fact t all ! s&/one ,c>pa?ians ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory h be5 ev5$ out by ! de/ructive action ( wat] & air into a m or less p]fect pla94 ,n until ! quat]n>y 0 ! 8oblit]at$0 range rais$ anew & trans=m$ into a m\nta9 di/rict by ! action ( ! riv]s :i* 7 cutt+ 9 aga94 ,! ,l[ ,beskid 0 once cov]$ ) great1 mix$ =e/s4 ,n[ ! once spl5did virg9 =e/s are completely ?9n$ & all ! ill effects ( =e/ de/ruction h visit$ ! poor m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,! f]tile soil 0 wa%$ away on ! m\nta9-sides & heap$ up ) rubble & mud 9 ! valley bottoms4 ,! tribe ( ! ,lemkos is !re=e1 p]haps1 ! poore/ ( all ! ,ukra9ians & is compell$ to seek an exi/5ce 9 di/ant l&s4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,l[ ,beskid ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9ian nation 9 ,hung>y rea* ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,hegyalia-,sov>i ,ridge1 :i*1 at ?is po9t1 is #aajj m4 high1 & is compos$ ( ext9ct tra*yte volcanoes4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,lupkiv ,pass beg9s ! second section ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians--! ,high ,beskid4 ,x /ret*es to ! s\!a/ z f> z ! valleys ( ! ,/ri1 ,opir & ,latoritzia ,riv]s 7,pass ( ,v]ezki74 ,! ,high ,beskid l ! ,l[ is compos$ ( a numb] ( p>allel1 weakly jo9$ m\nta9 ranges1 :i* run nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,! type ( ! ,ro/ ,m\nta9s is1 !re=e1 ev5 m cle>ly m>k$ 9 ?is "p ( ! s&/one ,c>pa?ians ?an 9 ! prec$+4 ,! m\nta9 cre/s are g5tly slop$1 ! edge ( ! cre/s slightly curl$1 ! height ( ! peaks con/ant1 ! passes only wall$ passes4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/1 ?o1 ! ridge /eadily increases 9 height4 ,! highe/ peaks are ,hali* 7#acce m471 ! beautifully pyramid-%ap$ rocky ,piku 7#adje m47 & ! massive ,polon9a ruvna 7#adhj m47 ,9 ! ,flys* ( ! ,high ,beskid1 two species ( s&/one atta9 great] p[] ( =m+ lay]s & ( resi/+ pressure--! *iefly upp] cretacian ,yamna s&/one & ! oligoc5e ,magura s&/one4 ,! =m] =ms beautiful gr\ps ( rocks on peaks & precipices4 ,! cliffs ( ,noi*1 ) its traces ( a rock ca/le1 are ! mo/ fam\s4 ,! longitud9al valleys are mu* less develop$ 9 ! ,high ,beskid ?an 9 ! ,l[4 ,!y are trav]s$ only by small] brooks4 ,all l>g] /reams l ! ,/rviazh1 ,dnie/] & ,opir1 fl[ ?ru well-=m$ passes4 ,expansions ( valleys 79 regions ( s(t slate7 alt]nate ) contractions ( valleys 79 regions ( h>d s&/one74 ,mo/ rem>kable are ! deeply cut out w9d+ valleys 7,san1 ,/riy71 :i* (f] ! be/ pro( ( ! =m] smoo?+ d[n & ! lat] rais+ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,beautiful bee* & ev]gre5 =e/s /ill cov] l>ge p>ts ( ! ,high ,beskid4 ,above ! tree-l9e 7#abjj-acjjm7 we meet = ! fir/ "t ) ! *>act]i/ic plant-=mation ( ! ,polon9i 7m\nta9 pa/ures7 :i* yield excell5t pa/urage = l>ge & small cattle dur+ ! summ] & create ! f\ndation = a primitive dairy indu/ry4 ,along ! s\!rn foot ( ! ,high ,beskid1 & sep>at$ f x by a *a9 ( longitud9al valleys1 a long *a9 ( m\nta9s rises above ! neighbor+ ,hung>ian pla91 be>+ ! "n ( ,vihorlat 7! ,burnt ,out74 ,! ,riv]s ,uz 7,ungh71 ,latoritzia & ,b]%ava1 h cut ! ,vihorlat into f\r sections4 ,! range is l[] ?an ! ,beskyd1 s9ce x is less ?an #aajj m4 high1 b x is /rongly cut up by deep-gorg$ valleys1 & has /eep1 rocky precipices1 bold rocky summits & pretty little m\nta9 lakes4 ,! range1 :i* is cov]$ ) ?ick oak =e/s1 owes its sc5ic "* to its geological composition4 ,! ,vyhorlat is a l9e ( ext9ct volcanoes1 9 ! old crat]s ( :i* ! m\nta9 lakes ( ! region lie4 ,! firm tra*yte lava =ms picturesque rock walls & peaks4 ,ea/ ( ! ,v]ezki ,pass beg9s a new m\nta9 section1 p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic "o 9 ! s&/one ,c>pa?ians4 ,x ext5ds t[>d ! ea/ z f> z ! passes ( ! ,prut & ! ,black ,tyssa 7,!iss7 & ! ,yablonitza ,pass4 ,?is "p ( ! s&/one ,c>pa?ians be>s ! "n ( ,gorgani4 ,! uni=m m\nta9 walls ( ! ,beskid give way "h to %ort] m\nta9 ridges1 /rongly cut up by cross valleys4 ,! ma9 /reams ( ! nor!rn slope1 ,opir1 ,limnitzia--! two ,bi/ritzas--fl[ ?ru deep1 picturesque passes2 /ill deep] are ! valleys ( ! m\nta9 /reams :i* fl[ into ! ,!iss1 z ! ,torez1 ,talabor1 etc4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ! divid+ bord] ridge is l[] ?an ! ridges fac+ x on ! nor? & s\?1 :i* are brok5 ?ru by magnific5t passes4 ,! edge ( ! ,gorgani ridge also %[s traces ( ! old level+-surface & has only small gorges1 yet x is mu* m curl$ ?an 9 ! ,beskid4 ,! ridge (t5 becomes a %>p edge & ! cone-%ap$ peaks fur!r break its monotony4 ,! height ( ! peaks is mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,beskyd4 ,on ! ,galician side ! ,popadia atta9s a height ( #agdj m42 ,dobo%anka1 #agfj m42 ,visoka1 #ahaj m42 ,sivula1 #ahbj m42 9 ,hung>ian t]ritory ! ,/oh 9 ! picturesque ,b]%avi gr\p is #afhj m42 ! ,blisnitza1 9 ! ,svidovez ,range1 #ahij m41 etc4 ,! ridges & peaks ( ! ,gorgani are cov]$ ) seas ( s&/one b\ld]s & are1 !re=e1 difficult ( access4 ,! light gray ,yamna s&/one1 ( great resi/+ p[]1 appe>s 9 ?is m\nta9 section 9 v ?ick lay]s1 & is ! cause ( ! great] height & ! bold] =ms :i*1 9 places1 are sugge/ive ( high m\nta9 ranges4 ,! en]getic wea!r+ process1 aid$ by ! cov] ( w9t] sn[1 breaks up ! mighty s&/one lay]s into great rocks1 b\ld]s1 fragm5ts & rubble4 ,deep fissures yawn betwe5 moss & li*5-cov]$ b\ld]s1 _m b\ld]s rock "u ! foot ( ! w&]]1 & _m ( !m1 ?ru cav+-9 & ?ru accumulation1 h =m$ natural *amb]s & holl[s4 ,! rocky ridges1 cov]$ ) seas ( b\ld]s1 are ,ar%izia1 ! ,gorgan peaks1 :5ce comes ! "n ( ! entire m\nta9 range4 ,! seas ( b\ld]s & rubble-/one are call$ ,zekit or ,grekhit4 ,9 ! highe/ gr\ps ( ! ,gorgani ,range 7especially 9 ! ,svidovez7 are f\nd also di/9ct traces ( ! glacial age1 glacial excavations ) small lakes or ) swamps t h tak5 ! place ( lakes4 ,a spl5did1 only slightly ?9n$ dress ( virg9 =e/ cov]s ! ,gorgani ,*a94 ,! l[] =e/ section is compos$ ( bee*1 a% & fir trees1 ! upp] "p ( p9es & /one-p9es4 ,! tree limit is v irregul> & vascillates betwe5 #aajj & #afjj m4 ,m\nta9 pa/ures are v r>e1 because ( ! seas ( b\ld]s & rubble-/one1 b !re are l>ge & beautiful1 ?o n easily accessible1 /ocks ( m\nta9 p9es4 ,! la/ section ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians is call$ ,*ornohora 7,black ,m\nta9s74 ,x ext5ds f ! ,prut & ! ,black ,!iss to ! ,prislop ,pass2 to ! valley ( ! ,vi%eva & ( ! ,gold5 ,bi/ritza4 ,9 ?is wide & long m\nta9 di/rict we f9d great] morphological v>iety ?an 9 ! m\nta9 sections hi!rto discuss$4 ,9 ! wide zone ( ! nor!rn foo?ills1 :i* sep>ate ) a di/9ct edge f ! sub-,c>pa?ian hills & cont9ue into ! ,buk[9a1 we f9d l[ ridges & r\nd$ peaks1 z 9 ! ,high ,beskid4 ,only 9 places on peaks & valley sides piles ( rock are se54 ,!n t[>d ! int]ior ( ! range foll[s ! wide vale ( ,zabie1 imb$d$ 9 s(t slate1 & above x rises ! mighty *a9 ( ! ,*ornohora1 ! only "p ( ! s&/one region ( ! ,c>pa?ians :i* has high m\nta9 =mations4 ,! *a9 is compos$ ( ! h>d magura s&/one1 ri* 9 mica4 ,a :ole /ret* ( peaks "h atta9s a height ( #bjjj m41 ! highe/ be+ ! ,hov]la 7#bjeh m474 ,well-=m$1 p>tly rocky ribs bran* (f f ! ma9 ridge on ei!r side4 ,! rock piles ( ! ,%pitzi1 ,kisli & ,kisi ,ulohy1 are "s ( ! mo/ impos+ rock =mations ( ! ,c>pa?ian s&/one region4 ,betwe5 ! rocky ribs1 f9ely develop$ gl5s lie on bo? sides ( ! ma9 ridge ( ! ,*ornohora1 ! b$s ( ! anci5t glaci]s4 ,wat]falls da% d[n ! /eep rock walls 9 silv] /reams--( p>ticul> int]e/ is ! cascade ( ! ,prut "u ! ,hov]la--& d[n bel[ lie little crat] lakes reflect+ ! pat*es ( summ] sn[ on ! crat] walls4 ,almo/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ye> ! ,*ornohoras are cov]$ ) sn[4 ,9 summ] ! sn[ almo/ :olly disappe>s1 & ! beautiful c>pet ( fl[]s ( ! m\nta9 pa/ures1 only occasionally int]rupt$ by d>k gre5 res]ves ( m\nta9-p9e1 spreads out ov] ! ridges & peaks ( ! ,*ornohora4 ,e summ] innum]able h]ds ( cattle1 small ,hutzul horses & %eep are se5 "h4 ,!n an int5sive dairy indu/ry enliv5s ! peak regions ( ! range = ?ree mon?s4 ,! l[] regions are /ill cov]$ ) ext5sive =e/s2 9 l[] locations we f9d mix$ =e/s "h2 9 high] altitudes1 almo/ pure /ocks ( p9es4 ,/&+ on "o ( ! ,*ornohora peaks1 on ! ,hov]la = in/ance1 or ! ,petros or ,pip ,ivan1 we see1 9 ! ne> s\?we/1 a new & /range m\nta9 _w4 ,x is ! ?ird zone ( ! ,*ornohora ,m\nta9s1 ! m\nta9 l& ( ,m>m>o%4 ,situat$ 9 ! region ( ! headwat]s ( ! ,!iss & orographically relat$ to ! ,*ornohora1 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,m>m>o% are ( entirely diff]5t geological composition & h a diff]5t morphological appe>ance4 ,gneiss & o!r k9ds ( cry/all9e slate1 p]motriassic & jurassic conglom]ates & lime/ones1 z well z eruptive rock ( old] & ( m rec5t date1 l5d great geological & morphological v>iety to ! ,m>m>o% ,m\nta9s4 ,! high m\nta9 "* "h is ev5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! ,*ornohoras4 ,rocky peaks1 ridges1 m\nta9 walls1 num]\s crat]s1 ) small glacial lakes1 adorn ! ,m>m>o% m\nta9s1 :i* rise high] ?an #aijj m43 ,pip ,ivan1 ,f>ko1 ,mikhalek1 ,petros1 ,troiaga4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/ ! range w&]s ov] into ,s\? ,buk[9a1 :]e its la/ b\nd>y-po/s1 ! rocky peaks ( ,yumal5 & ,r>eu really /& on ,r\manian gr\nd4 ,& 9 ! s\?1 beyond ! ,vi%eva ,valley1 :i* divides ! settlem5ts ( ! ,ukra9ian ,hutzuls f ^? ( ! ,r\manians1 rises ! magnific5t l(ty ramp>t ( ! ,rodna ,m\nta9s1 ) its two peaks ( #bcjj m41 ,pietrosu & ,ineu4 ,on ! outside ( ! ,c>pa?ian curve /ret*es a hill c\ntry ( v>y+ brea?1 ! sub-,c>pa?ian hill-c\ntry1 9 ,ukra9ian3 ,pidhirye or ,pidk>patye4 ,! m\nta9-edge ( ! ,c>pa?ian1 :i* is at all po9ts v di/9ct1 rises /eeply ov] ! l[-hill c\ntry at ! foot1 along an ext5d$ l9e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! cities ( ,p]emi%l1 ,sambir1 ,drohobi*1 ,/riy1 ,kolomia4 ,! ,c>pa?ian riv]s leave ! m\nta9s by way ( funnel-%ap$ valleys1 bord]$ by b\ld] t]races1 & spread _! alluvial m\nds ov] ! l[ hill c\ntry4 ,wide /ret*es ( mead[ accompany ! riv] c\rses2 fields & woodl& lie at a di/ance4 ,! sub-,c>pa?ian hill-c\ntry is built up ( mioc5e gray clays :i*1 along ! edge ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 conta9 an enorm\s treasure ( petroleum1 ozok]ite1 kit*5 salt & pota% salts4 ,b\ld]s lie on ! clay1 n only along ! riv]s1 b also on ! hilltops--traces ( old wat]c\rses1 :i* transport$ ,c>pa?ian & nor!rn rubble-/one t[>d ! ea/ 9 ! direction ( ! ,dnie/]4 ,! yell[i% cov] ( loam & loess lies ov] ! :ole1 & its surface-lay]1 ab\nd+ 9 vegetable soil1 is1 9 places1 v f]tile4 ,! sub-,c>pa?ian hill c\ntry rea*es to ! two sub-,c>pa?ian pla9s 9 ! nor?--! ,vi/ula & ! ,dnie/] ,pla94 ,only along ! ,european ma9 divide a tongue ( hill-c\ntry projects 9 ! direction ( ,lemb]g4 ,9 ! glacial p]iod1 wat]c\rses ( great volume fl[$ directly across ?is hill-c\ntry divide1 :i*1 z might be expect$1 is n[ completely cleft by ! bifurcation ( ! ,vi%nia1 deposit+ consid]able masses ( rubble-/one & s&4 ,?ru de/ruction ( =e/s1 ! s&s h become subject to w9d action & dre>y l&scapes ( s&-dunes h be5 =m$4 ,only ! s\!a/]n rea*es ( ! ,vi/ula ,pla91 ext5d+ along ! ,san ,riv] to ,p]emi%l are "p ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! l[ loam bags1 :i* lie betwe5 s&y & swampy valleys ( ! ,san1 =m ! only rises ( gr\nd 9 ?is pla91 :i* bord]s 9 ! nor!a/ on ! spurs ( ! ,ro/o*4 ,! ,dnie/] ,pla9 ext5ds 9 a broad ribbon along ! riv] f ! place :]e x leaves ! m\nta9s to ! delta ( ! ,/riy4 ,its we/]n "p is a s+le great swamp region1 a "o-"t l>ge lake4 ,! riv]s fl[ on flat dams1 & :5 ! melt+ sn[s come & ! ra9s ( e>ly summ]1 !y ov]fl[ _! banks & flood ! swampy pla9s f> & ne>4 ,9 "s ye>s ! swamp region *anges into a lake = days & weeks4 ,9 ! dry season only a few swamp lakes rema91 b ! entire region rema9s a swamp & produces only a poor s\r hay4 ,settlem5ts lie only on ! high banks ( ! riv]s4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! ,dnie/] ,pla9 ext5ds beyond ! great alluvial m\nds ( ! ,/riy ,riv]1 & !n rea*es ov] into ! broad valley ( ! ,dnie/]1 :i* ends 9 ! ,podolian ,plateau at ! po9t :]e ! riv] ent]s4 ,! ea/]n ,dnie/] ,pla9 is n v swampy1 & only 9 places d rav9es1 swamps1 & old riv] b$s accompany ! riv] c\rse4 ,= ! mo/ "p pretty mead[s1 fields & woods lie on ! ?ick sub-lay] ( rubble-/one & riv]-loam4 ,if ! ,c>pa?ians repres5t a primeval section ( ,ukra9ian gr\nd1 ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,crimea & ! ,caucasus 7 entirely /range to ! ,ukra9ians n s v long ago4 ,h[ _m ,ukra9ian slaves1 9 ! "t ( ,t>t> oppression1 curs$ ! rocky-wall ( ! ,yaila :i* sep>at$ !m f _! belov$ home4 ,h[ discont5t$ 0 ! enslav$ rema9d] ( ! ,zaporogs :5 transport$ to ! ,we/]n ,caucasus4 ,n[ ! conditions are q *ang$4 ,! great coloniz+ movem5t ( ! ,ukra9ians t\*$ ! ,yaila z mu* z tw5ty ye>s ago1 & has ext5d$ ! fronti]s ( ! ,ukra9ian settlem5ts along ! out] m\nta9s ( ! ,caucasus to ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,& ! once /range1 ho/ile m\nta9-worlds h op5$ _! doors to ,ukra9ian colonization4 ,! ,yaila ,m\nta9s ( ,crimea are1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,c>pa?ians1 a small m\nta9 sy/em h>dly #aej km4 long & #ce km4 wide4 ,!y lie 9 ?ree p>allel ranges1 sep>at$ by longitud9al valleys1 along ! s\!a/ %ores ( ! p59sula4 ,! nor!rn declivities ( all ! ridges are g5tly slop+1 ! s\!rn ones /eep4 ,! s\!rn ma9 range exce$s a height ( #aejj m4 ) its peaks1 ,*atirdagh1 ,roman-*o%1 & ,demir ,kapu4 ,?is ma9 ridge1 :i* decl9es t[>d ! sea 9 /eep precipices1 is flat & rocky on top1 /rewn ) rock-crat]s2 x be>s ! "n ,yaila & s]ves z a lean m\nta9 pa/ure4 ,deep gorges cut ! r\gh surface ( ! summit & divide x into s+le table m\nta9s4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,crimea1 l ! ,c>pa?ians1 are m\nta9s ( plication4 ,!y are compos$ ( ,jurassic1 *alk1 & mioc5e-lay]s4 ,! l>ge blocks ( lime ( ! ,jurassic1 :i* re/ on s(t] slates & clays1 =m ! ma9 ridge ( ! m\nta9s4 ,besides crat]s1 we f9d1 9 ! lime/one m\nta9s ( ! ,yaila1 impassable furr[s 7,g]man ,k>r5bildung57 & num]\s holl[s4 ,v picturesque is ! magnific5t precipit\s decl9e ( ! ma9 range ( ! ,yaila to ! sea4 ,"h ! entire s\!rn "p ( ! range has sunk 9 great rav9es & ! resi/+ p[] ( ! eruptive rocks :i* appe> "h has creat$ a coa/al m\nta9 l&scape ( great beauty4 ,protect$ by ! m\nta9 wall f nor!rly w9ds1 a ,m$it]ranean flora has be5 able to develop "h at ! s\!rn foot ( ! range1 :ile beautiful leafy =e/s p>tly cov] ! decl9es ( ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! p59sula ( ,k]*1 :i* =ms ! ea/]n extreme ( ,crimea1 a l[ /eppe-l hill-c\ntry ext5ds seem+ly z a prolongation ( ! ,yaila ,range4 ,! new t]ti>y clays are "h laid 9 flat folds1 :i* are m closely relat$ to ! ,caucasus4 ,"h1 & on ! q simil>ly =m$ ,taman p59sula1 we f9d _m small cone-%ap$ mud volcanoes :i* emit gases1 smoke1 & ?9ly fl[+ blue-gray mud f _! m9iature crat]s4 ,! magnific5t l(ty range ( ! ,caucasus =ms ! b\nd>y-po/ ( ! ,ukra9e on ! ea/4 ,only ! we/]n "p ( ! m\nta9 sy/em lies )9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 discuss x q briefly4 ,! ,caucasian ,m\nta9 sy/em1 :i* is #aajj km4 9 l5g?1 lies l a huge wall ( rock betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,mo/ geograph]s consid] ! ,caucasus z "p ( ! latt] cont95t1 :i* is correct 9 s f> z ^! m\nta9s %[ _m *>act]i/ics ( ,asiatic m\nta9 ranges4 ,fir/ ( all !y are h>d to cross1 mu* h>d] ?an ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ,europe1 ! ,alps4 ,along a /ret* ( #gjj km41 ! ridge ( ! ,caucasus desc5ds only twice to a level ( #cjjj m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,caucasus is n wide--on ! av]age only #aej km4--& at ! po9t :]e ! ,grus9ian army road crosses ! range1 b>ely #fj km4 ,!n1 ! ,caucasus1 l _m m\nta9 ranges ( ,asia1 /ret*es 9 a /raight l9e f ! p59sula ( ,taman to ! p59sula ( ,ap%]on1 fam\s = its abundance ( petroleum4 ,! ,caucasus is a plication-=m$ m\nta9 range compos$ ( fold$ cry/all9e & s$im5t>y rock ( v>y+ ages4 ,along huge rav9es1 ! entire s\!rn "p ( ! range has sunk d[n1 s t ! highe/ cry/all9e c5tral zone ( ! range decl9es directly & v /eeply t[>d ! s\?4 ,! highe/ ,caucasus peaks are old ext9ct volcanoes1 set ov] ! basic m\nta9s2 ! ,elbrus 7#efcj m471 at ! s\rce ( ! ,kuban & ! ,kasbek 7#ejdj m471 at ! s\rce ( ! ,t]ek4 ,pro( t ! subt]ranean p[]s are /ill active are ! num]\s tectonic e>?quakes ( ,transcaucasia4 ,! ma9 *a9 ( ! ,caucasus possesses1 besides ! volcano peaks1 _m rocky granite peaks #djjj-ejjj m4 9 height1 &1 besides ^!1 hundr$s ( l[] peaks1 all ( :i* f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! ,alps4 ,! pres5t glaciation ( ! ,caucasus is v consid]able1 :ile t ( ! glacial p]iod 0 also v ext5sive & det]m9$ ! pres5t m\nta9 =ms ( ! ,caucasus4 ,only ! mo/ beautiful ornam5t ( ! "o-"t glacial l&scape is lack+ 9 ! ,caucasus--! lakes1 :i* are s abundant 9 ! ,alps4 ,all ! l>g] ,caucasus riv]s rise z milky glacial brooks 9 ! ma9 range4 ,!n1 by way ( deep cross-valleys1 !y break ?ru ! l[] ranges1 :i* face ! ma9 ridge 9 sev]al r[s1 & are compos$ ( s$im5t>y rock =mations ( jurassic1 cretace\s1 & old-t]ti>y age4 ,_! cre/s & peaks become con/antly l[] & m r\nd$ t[>d ! nor?4 ,beautiful m\nta9 pa/ures & ?ick virg9 =e/s1 full ( animals t may be hunt$1 cov] ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! c\ntry at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus1 a l[ hill-region is spread1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( new-t]ti>y lay]s ab\nd+ 9 petroleum4 ,at ! ,ponto-,caspian divide1 ! hill-di/rict & plateau ( ,piatihorsk & ,/avropol1 :i* is compos$ ( rec5t lime =mations1 projects f ! ,caucasus4 ,f a height ( #fjj m4 ?is /ructure decl9es sl[ly 9 flat hills t[>d ! we/1 nor? & ea/ to ! ,ponto-,caspian /eppe-pla91 9 :i* lies ! fam\s ,mani* ,furr[4 ,! ,mani*1 or r ,calaus ,riv] rises l ! ,kuma 9 ! ,plateau ( ,/avropol & sep>ates1 9 ! ,furr[1 into two bran*es4 ,! "o fl[s ?ru ext5d$ ,mani* lakes t[>d ! nor!a/ into ! ,don ,riv]1 &1 incid5tally1 into ! ,sea ( ,az(2 ! o!r turns t[>d ! s\? to ! ,kuma ,riv] & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,b its wat]s rea* ?is goal v r>ely2 ! burn+ sun & ! s&y soil ( ! ,caspian /eppe rob ! little riv] ( its small supply ( wat]4 ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,plateau ,,c\ntry ,! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,yaila & ! ,caucasus1 are immovable b\nd>y-walls1 m>k+ ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,on its wide surface !re are only ^! n>r[ zones ( m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,all ! rema9+ t]ritory ( our fa!rl& is occupi$ by plateaus & pla9s4 ,^u ^! ! ,ukra9ian nation has liv$ s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,n cl\d-capp$ highl&s1 b level1 lightly undulat+ plateaus1 furr[$ by picturesque riv] valleys & immeasurable pla9s1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,betwe5 ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s !re ext5ds an imm5se space :i* once bore ! "n ( ,s>matian ,pla9 & is n[ g5]ally call$ ! ,russian ,tablel&1 ?o ! "n ,ea/ ,european ,l[l& w\ld be geographically ! mo/ fitt+4 ,9 ?is space1 :i* embraces half ! surface ( ,europe1 only "o gr\p ( hills 9 ! ,pokutia rises above #ejj m41 & only "o small "p ( ! ,podolia above #djj m4 ,! entire rema9+ space ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ) slight exceptions1 keeps bel[ ! #cjj or ev5 #bjj m4 level4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! l&s ov] #bjj m4 high take up v little room4 ,l great flat isl&s1 !y rise g5tly f ! spaci\s cool l[l&s4 ,9 ,c5tral ,europe ! surface ( ! high "p ( ! flat c\ntry is relatively ! greate/1 b ^! rises ( gr\nd are s insignificant & ! transitions to ! l[ pla9 s imp]ceptible1 t ! ma9 features ( ! surface ( ?is "p ( ,europe 7 only discov]$ 9 ! second half ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! ,ukra9ian s\? ( ,ea/]n ,europe ! "* ( ! gr\nd elevations is diff]5t4 ,!y are ! highe/ ( all 9 ,ea/]n ,europe & sep>ate v di/9ctly1 l>gely by means ( /eep edges1 f ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,! g5u9e plateau l&scape is ! type ( l&scape peculi> to ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p1 ! real morphological nucleus ( ! l& ab\t :i* its bord]l&s are ga!r$1 ext5ds f ! sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry & ! ,poli% ,vi/ula-region to ! ,sea ( ,az( & ! ,donetz ,riv]4 ,x consi/s ( ! foll[+ plateaus3 ,ro/o*e1 ,podolia1 ,pokutye 7,bess>abia71 ,volhynia1 ,dniep] ,plateau & ,donetz ,plateau4 ,we %all beg9 our survey ( ! ,ukra9ian plateaus ) ! ,podolia4 ,! ,podolian ,plateau is ! mo/ massive ( all ! plateaus 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! highe/1 & ! "o possess+ ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( a heavily cut high pla94 ,if1 leav+ ! ,c>pa?ians1 we ov]look ! surr\nd+ c\ntry f ! edge ( ! m\nta9 range1 we obs]ve beh9d ! wide /ret* ( ! sub-,c>pa?ian hills & pla9s1 j on ! horizon1 wide1 flat elevations1 :i* ob/ruct ! horizon 9 ! nor?4 ,^! are ! edges ( ! ,podolian ,plateau4 ,! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,podolia is =m$ by ! wide valley ( ! little ,v]e%itza ,riv]1 a valley cov]$ ) swampy mead[s & l>ge ponds4 ,on ! s\? & s\!a/1 ,podolia is b\nd$ by ! valley ( ! ,dnie/] ,riv]1 :i* is fir/ wide & !n n>r[s d[n to a caon4 ,betwe5 ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,dnie/] & ! ,boh1 ! ,podolian ,plateau gradually leads into ! ,pontian ,/eppe-pla94 ,on ! nor? & nor!a/1 ,podolia is b\nd$ by ! rocky valley ( ! ,boh & !n by ! riv] divide1 :i* ext5ds t[>d ! we/1 betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,dnie/] & ,dniep] ,riv]s4 ,ne> its limit beg9s ! well-kn[n /eep edge :i* =ms ! decl9e ( ! ,podolian ,plateau to ! pla9 ( ! ,buh4 ,f ,brody to ,lemb]g1 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,podolia is v cle>ly m>k$ by ?is /eep edge4 ,despite its di/9ct plateau "*1 ,podolia is by no means lack+ 9 beautiful l&scapes4 ,! nor!rn1 /eep1 bord] ( ! ,plateau occasionally rises = #bjj m4 above ! swampy ,buh pla91 & its height above sea level is 9 "s places #dgj m4 ,! :iti%-gray *alk-m>l :i* =ms ! basis ( ?is l& grade glitt]s f a di/ance1 expos$ ?ru ! action ( ! wat]1 :i* fl[s d[n ! /eep side4 ,! mioc5e s&/one ly+ above %[s fanta/ic rock piles & rav9es4 ,beautiful bee* =e/s are to a great ext5t /ill ma9ta9+ !mselves on ! /eep edge4 ,f a di/ance1 ev]y?+ produces ! illusion ( a high =e/-cov]$ *a9 ( hills4 ,on climb+ x1 h[ev]1 we see 9 ! s\? only an unb\nd$ lightly undulat+ elevat$ pla91 ) flat valleys fill+ ! entire view4 ,t[>d ! s\?we/1 too1 ,podolia decl9es ) a simil> /eep bord]1 b ?is "o is nei!r s uni=m nor s high & picturesque4 ,^! /eep bord]s owe _! orig9 to a rec5t upris+1 :i* has affect$ ! ,podolian ,plateau1 especially 9 ! we/1 s9ce ! glacial p]iod4 ,to ! same cause ! picturesque1 beautifully wood$1 erod$ hill-c\ntry ( ! ,opilye owes its orig91 a section :i* ext5ds s\!a/ f ,lemb]g 9 ! regions ( ,rohat9 & ,b]ezani to ! ,dnie/]1 & :i*1 ) its peaks1 rea*es a height ( #ddj m4 ,mo/ rem>kable1 h[ev]1 is ! long *a9 ( rocky hills :i* ext5ds f ,brody to ! s\!a/ t[>d ,kam5etz ,podilski4 ,?is *a9 ( hills1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,t\tri1 is m>k$ on all maps by ! wilfully *os5 "n ( ,m$obori4 ,! lime/one rock1 :i* conta9s a great am\nt ( fossils1 =ms fanta/ic crags on ! m ?an #djj m4 peaks ( ! hill-*a91 :i* look d[n ^u ! l& l old =tresses4 ,! entire *a9 ( hills is a new-t]ti>y coral & briozone reef :i*1 aft] ! )drawal ( ! sea1 rema9$ beh9d z a long rock dyke4 ,beyond ?is hilly region ! entire ,podolian ,plateau has a flat1 undulat+ surface4 ,beg9n+ z f> back z ! upp] ,s]e? & ,sbru* we f9d typical /eppe-pla9s4 ,! f>!r s\?we/1 ! m flat1 undulat+ & /eppe-l sections d we meet1 until f9ally ! ,podolian elevation gradually m]ges 9 ! ,pontian /eppe-pla94 ,mu* v>iety & beauty is giv5 to ! appe>ance ( ! ,podolian l&scape by ! valleys ( ! ,dnie/] tribut>ies on ! left4 ,9 _! upp] p>ts !y are wide & h flat1 swampy gr\nd1 _m ponds & bogs & g5tle valley decl9es4 ,9 its fur!r c\rse ! riv] beg9s to cut 9 m & m deeply1 ! valley becomes con/antly n>r[] & deep] & w9ds on 9 regul> b5ds1 ! valley-sides become high] & /eep]1 b>e walls ( rock take ! place ( ! s(t gre5 slopes4 ,we are 9 a ,podolian 8y>10 9 a m9iature caon4 ,9 ! sides ( ! y>s ! geologic hi/ory ( ! ,podolia is engrav$ 9 imp]i%able lett]s4 ,! riv] has saw$ ! plateau ?ru z ?o ) a gigantic saw1 & has expos$ ! v>i\s lay]s ( /one4 ,z a rule !y lie ne>ly horizontally above "o ano!r4 ,! olde/ rock species ( ,podolia are ! granite-gneisses1 :i* 7 fold$ & di/urb$ 9 pre-cambrian times4 ,! l9es ( ! folds & breaks /ret* pr9cipally nor? to s\?4 ,granite composes ! rocks ( ! ,dnie/] rapids ne> ,yampol & ! num]\s rapids ( ! ,boh ,riv]1 9 ^: rocky vale ?is primitive rock =mation appe>s di/9ctively4 ,on ! granite base1 almo/ horizontally1 slightly turn$ t[>d ! s\?we/1 lie d>k slate & lime/one1 upp] silurian at fir/ 9 ,we/ ,podolia1 !n ! devonic lay]s1 ( :i* ! old r$ s&/one attracts ! eye mo/ ( all1 because ( ! d>k r$ color+ :i* x gives to ! /eep walls ( ! ,podolian caons4 ,^! are foll[$ by *alk lay]s1 &1 la/ ( all1 by rec5t t]ti>y =mation ^: gypsums =m picturesque gr\ps ( rocks on ! heights ( ! ,y>i walls4 ,9 ! mighty gypsum /ores ( ,podolia may be f\nd _m a l>ge1 beautiful cave1 ) wond]ful alaba/] /alactites4 ,all tribut>ies on ! left side ( ! ,dnie/]1 beg9n+ at ! ,zolota ,lipa1 fl[ into y>i-caons ( ?is sort4 ,! mo/ beautiful & magnific5t is ! caon ( ! ,dnie/]1 ^: walls (t5 exce$ a height ( #bjj m4 ,x cuts ?ru ! high plateau 9 adv5tur\s w9d+s1 e curve reveal+ new1 beautiful prospects ov] ! high1 concave1 /eep edge1 torn by rav9es1 & ! g5tly ris+ convex banks4 ,9 deep gorges ! y>i ( ! tribut>ies op5 into ! y> ( ! ma9 /ream4 ,betwe5 ! defiles /ret*es ! flat1 h>dly undulat+ pla94 ,9 ! summ] only endless wav+ gra9-/eppes pres5t !mselves to ! view ( ! travel]1 only "h & !re a little wood appe>s on ! horizon1 or a lone f>m4 ,sudd5ly ! wood seems to end1 ! travel] is confront$ by a deep1 /eppe-wall$ valley1 d[n ! sides ( :i* climbs ! road4 ,& bel[1 on ! silv]y riv]1 amid ! gre5 ( ! or*>ds1 lies village aft] village4 ,! fur!r to ! ea/1 ! m frequ5t d ! y>i become1 & ! balkas 7gorges7 simil> to !m b small]2 yet ^! are n s deep & picturesque4 ,9 ! regions ( ,tiraspol ,ananiv ! entire plateau surface is v pr(usely cut by ^! defiles4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,ananiv ! balkas take up "o-sev5? ( ! entire surface4 ,! plateau is cut up by ^! wat] crevasses into innum]able n>r[ f5s4 ,! balka1 l ! y>1 owes its exi/5ce to ! erosive activity ( fl[+ wat]s4 ,on ! ,dnie/] we see1 on bo? sides ( its deep y>s1 great masses ( old riv] b\ld]s1 :i* lie on ! summit ( ! plateau b5ea? ! ?ick cov] ( loam4 ,!y are b\ld] deposits ( ! pre-glacial ,dnie/]4 ,lat]1 :5 ! rec5t rais+ ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p began1 & x occurr$ ) p>ticul> =ce 9 ! ,podolian ,plateau1 ! riv]s cut 91 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s =m$ _! pres5t picturesque defiles4 ,! entire surface ( ! ,podolian ,plateau is cov]$ ) a ?ick mantle ( loess1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 ! des]t & /eppe p]iod foll[+ ! glacial age4 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! loess is heap$ up1 9 ! symmetry ( ! riv] valleys1 ^: we/]n declivities are regul>ly /eep]1 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t & =mation ( ! valleys ( ,podolia1 ! great influ5ce ( w9ds may be di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,! upp]mo/ loess lay] has be5 trans=m$ ?ru\t ,podolia into ! fam\s black e>? 7,*ornozem74 ,h5ce ,podolia has = ages be5 fam\s = its f]tility4 8,9 ,podolia10 says an old ,ukra9ian prov]b1 8bread gr[s on ! h$gepo/s & ! h$ges are ( pla%$ sausages40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,podolia suff]s greatly f lack ( =e/s4 ,! l>ge areas ( =e/ :i* /ill exi/$ 9 ! #af? & #ag? ,c5turies h n[ divid$ to small woods4 ,! effects ( =e/ de/ruction 7 n sl[4 ,_m spr+s & brooks h dri$ up1 ! riv]s h langui%$1 s t 9 p>ticul>ly dry summ]s !re is (t5 a de>? ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] ! cutt+ d[n ( ! =e/s1 began ! de/ructive activity ( ! gorges1 :i* ext5d aft] e /rong ra9 & are able 9 a %ort "t to trans=m a ri* agricultural di/rict into a maze ( rav9es4 ,betwe5 ! ,podolian ,plateau & ! hilly sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry lies ! ,pocutian-,bess>abian ,plateau4 ,! f>-/ret*+ n>r[ plateau section :i* lies betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,dnie/] & ! ,prut is call$ ,pokutye 7l& 9 ! corn]7 9 ! we/1 :ile 9 ! ea/ ! "n ,bess>abia 7prop]ly ,bass>abia7 is commonly us$4 ,9 ! we/ ! plateau c\ntry rea*es ! valleys ( ! ,bi/ritza & ,vorona 9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian region2 9 ! s\!a/ x passes ov] into ,pontian /eppe-pla94 ,on ! ,dnie/] "o sees almo/ no diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( ,podolia on ! left bank & ( ,pocutia or ,bess>abia on ! "r4 ,on bo? sides ! same valley slopes1 compos$ ( ! same rock lay]s--except t ! "o on ! "r bank is m compact1 because ! ,dnie/] receives only few & small tribut>ies on ?is side4 ,only at "s di/ance f ! c\rse ( ! ,dnie/] d ! peculi>ities ( ! ,pokutian-,bess>abian ,plateau appe> to ! view4 ,! we/]n "p ( ! plateau1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,pokutye & ext5ds to ! ea/ z f> z ! hill-gr\p ( ,b]do-,horodi%*e1 has a level1 v flat1 undulat+ surface4 ,& yet x is a typical k>/5ite c\ntry1 affect$ by ! exi/5ce ( great /rata ( gypsum4 ,! region has a v great numb] ( funnel-%ap$ depressions :i* are call$ ,v]tep & are altoge!r analog\s to ! ,c>so dolomites4 ,!y orig9at$ ?ru ! dissolv+ action ( ! subt]ranean wat] 9 ! gypsum /rata4 ,! funnel walls are always /eep on "o side1 gray gypsum rocks rise l walls ov] ! bottom ( ! funnel1 :i* is (t5 occupi$ by a small lake4 ,_m brooks disappe> 9 ! k>/5ite funnels1 to cont9ue _! c\rse z subt]ranean /reams4 ,nor does ,pokutye lack o!r m>ks ( a k>/5ite region4 ,! action ( ! subt]ranean wat]s has1 by dissolv+ ! gypsum masses1 =m$ l>ge caves1 :i* are fam\s = _! beautiful /alactites ( :ite alaba/]4 ,! be/ kn[n are ! cave ( ,lokitki1 ne> ,tovma*1 & 9 ! neighbor+ ,s\? ,podolia1 ! caves ( ,bil*e ,zolote & ! rec5tly discov]$ magnific5t caves ( ,criv*e4 ,h[ev]1 ! k>/5ite c\ntry ( ! ,pokutye _c be> comp>ison ) ! k>/5ite regions ( ,kra91 ,i/ria & ,croatia4 ,gypsum is n lime/one1 & its /r5g? is insignificant z comp>$ ) /r5g? ( ! lime-/one 9 g5u9e k>/5ite regions4 ,a g5u9e k>/5ite =mation !re=e does n exi/ 9 ,pokutye1 & a ?ick cov] ( clay is only 9 exceptional cases brok5 by gypsum rocks4 ,! ,pokutian ,plateau is mu* l[] ?an ! ,podolian4 ,only 9 isolat$ places does x atta9 a height ( #cgj-chj m4 & becomes con/antly l[] t[>d ! ea/4 ,b nor? ( ,*]nivtzi 7,cz]n[itz7 x rises to a height :i* we look = 9 va9 9 all ! re/ ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p4 ,! wood$ hill-gr\p ( ! ,b]do ,horodi%*e "h rea*es #eae m41 ! greate/ height above sea level to be f\nd betwe5 ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,ural4 ,9 ! ea/1 ,b]do ,horodi%*e passes ov] into ! *a9 ( hills ( ,khot91 :i* atta9s a height ( #dfj m4 & m>ks ! ea/]n end ( ! ,pocutia4 ,! s\!a/]n long & wide ,bess>abian section ( ! plateau is divid$ into f>-rea*+ n>r[ m>%es by ! flat valleys ( ! ,prut & ,reut ,riv]s4 ,! ,prut-,dnie/] riv] divide atta9s a height ( #dbj m4 7,megura hill7 9 ! headwat] region ( ! ,reut s\? ( ! city ( ,bilzi4 ,! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,bess>abian plateau consi/s ( v num]\s l[ m>%es1 :i* lie betwe5 flat valleys4 ,! plateau becomes con/antly l[] & flatt] & passes imp]ceptibly ov] into ! ,pontian ,/eppe-pla94 ,! ?ird memb] ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p is ! ,ro/o*e4 ,look+ f ! summit ( ! ca/le m\nta9 ( ,lemb]g1 fam\s = its beautiful prospect1 we see1 j beh9d ! broad valley ( ! ,poltva ,riv]1 a *a9 ( high wood$ hills :i* /ret* t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,!y =m ! spurs ( ! ,ro/o*e4 ,! ,ro/o*e1 call$ also ! ,lemb]g-,lubl9 ,ridge1 lies1 a pr(usely cut1 hilly1 n>r[ plateau1 :i* is b\nd$ on ! "o side by ! ,san & ,vi/ula ,pla91 on ! o!r side by ! l[ c\ntry ( ! ,buh4 ,t[>d ! s\?we/ ! ,ro/o*e has a /eep rim1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 is r insignificant-look+2 t[>d ! ea/ x resolves itself into p>allel hill-ridges1 :i* gradually become l[] & betwe5 :i* lie m>%y valleys4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e1 :i* m]ges ) ! ,podolian ,plateau ne> ,lemb]g & ext5ds to ! broad1 s&y & m>%y glacial riv] valley ( ,tanva t[>d ! nor?we/1 is a plateau trans=m$ into an erosive hill-c\ntry4 ,! highe/ hills atta9 a height ( #djj m4 ,! riv] valleys are 9 g5]al flat2 only along ! /eep bord]s ( ! plateau are !y cut deep4 ,! /eep we/]n bord] is v picturesque1 ) its deep gorges & loess walls4 ,_m vigor\s spr+s appe> "h1 among !m ! well-kn[n ,p>a%ka spr+1 f :i* a heavy column ( wat] rises f "t to "t4 ,! olde/ rock lay] ( ! ,ro/o*e is ! *alk-m>l4 ,above x lie1 9 almo/ undi/urb$ horizontal lay]s1 mioc5e lime/one1 s&/one1 clay1 s&1 ,diluvial loam1 :ile s& & brok5 /one ) _m b\ld]s1 :i* are ( unmi/akable nor!rn orig9 & 7 transport$ by glaci]s & /reams ( ! ice p]iod z f> z ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e1 =m a heavy cov] ev]y:]e4 ,! gr\nd is n v f]tile1 s& & m>l soil be+ p>ticul>ly wide-spread4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e1 beyond ! ,tanva valley1 is a broad1 slightly undulat+ plateau1 :i*1 9 its highe/ "p1 rea*es a height ( only #cdj m4 ,! we/]n edge ( ! plateau is di/9ct & /eep & decl9es 9 places #ajj m4 to ! l[ c\ntry ( ! ,vi/ula4 ,t[>d ! nor? ! plateau surface decl9es v gradually & m]ges almo/ imp]ceptibly into ! pla9 ( ! ,pidlassye4 ,! riv] valleys1 z ^? ( ! ,buh1 ,vepr1 are broad1 flat & m>%y4 ,! geological con/itution ( ! nor!rn ,ro/o*e is almo/ entirely simil> to t ( ! s\!rn "p4 ,its soil cov]1 too1 is n v f]tile1 & only great woods h surviv$1 especially 9 ! di/ricts ( ! old mora9ic s& & loam4 ,only 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,pidlassye does ! soil become m f]tile4 ,= ! configuration ( surface ( ! ,ro/o*e1 ! rec5t po/-glacial rais+ ( ! gr\nd has also be5 ( great significance1 al?o "h x 0 n ne>ly s int5sive z 9 ,podolia4 ,! ,volhynian ,plateau ext5ds ov] a broad space betwe5 ! ,buh 9 ! we/ & ! ,tet]ev 9 ! ea/1 betwe5 ! swampy pla9 ( ! ,polissye 9 ! nor? & ! ,dnie/]-,dniep] wat]%$ & ! upp] ,boh valley 9 ! s\?4 ,! ,volhynian ,plateau does n possess ! compactness ( ! ,podolian or ,ro/o*e ,plateau4 ,! swampy l[l& ( ! ,polissye ext5ds along ! riv]s into ! he>t ( ,volhynia1 !reby divid+ its plateau c\ntry into sev]al sections ( diff]5t size4 ,likewise1 ! inn] /ructure & geological con/itution ( ,volhynia is v>iable4 ,we/]n ,volhynia1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,buh & ,hor9 ,riv]s1 has a sub-lay] ( *alk m>l1 :i* is capp$ 9 places by lay]s ( clay & s&/one & lime/one ( rec5t t]ti>y date4 ,ea/]n ,volhynia lies entirely 9 ! region ( ! primeval ,ukra9ian ,hor/1 ^: plicate granite-gneiss sub-lay] is cov]$ by old t]ti>y deposits4 ,9 ?is tectonically di/urb$ region we meet ) traces ( e>ly volcanic action4 ,ne> ,b]e/ovetz1 ,horo%ki1 etc41 species ( eruptive rock appe> z signs ( radical di/urbances ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! surface soil ( ,volhynia is black soil only 9 ! s\?4 ,beyond t we f9d "h s&y soil1 :ite e>? & loamy soil1 z signs ( a "o-"t glacial cov]+ & ! action ( fluvio-glacial wat]s4 ,_m regions ( loamy gr\nd are ri* 9 vegetable soil & n )\t consid]able f]tility4 ,! l[e/ "p ( ! ,volhynian ,plateau is ! we/]n "p1 :i* lies betwe5 ! broad1 m>%y1 flat valleys ( ! ,buh & ! ,/ir4 ,! slightly undulat+1 almo/ level plateau surface1 :i* decl9es imp]ceptibly t[>d ! ,polissye1 "h j atta9s a height ( #bjj m41 :ile ! next section1 betwe5 ! ,/ir & ! ,hor9 is ! highe/ "p ( ,volhynia4 ,z an ext5sion ( ! above-m5tion$ nor!rn edge ( ,podolia1 ! ,kremianetz-,o/roh hill-c\ntry intrudes betwe5 ! two riv]s4 ,ov] #djj m4 high1 ne> ! city ( ,kremianetz1 x decl9es t[>d ! nor?1 a /eep section torn by gorges & rav9es4 ,ne> ,dubno1 ! plateau is cut into a picturesque hill c\ntry ) a maximum height ( #cdj m4 ,! hills ( ,volhynia h /eep1 (t5 rocky decl9es & flatt5$ rocky peaks4 ,nor? ( ,rivne & ,lutzk !y f9ally beg9 to be l[] & m r\nd$1 !n !y dw9dle to a flat bill[y tract ( l&1 until1 at ! bord]s ( ! ,polissye1 we see only an almo/ p]fect pla94 ,betwe5 ! ,hor9 & ,slu* ,riv]s1 ! ,volhynian ,plateau becomes m uni=m4 ,its surface is flat1 & broad valleys ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ t[>d ! ea/1 =m+ num]\s ponds1 "p x slightly4 ,only 9 ! s\? is a height ( m ?an #cjj m4 rea*$2 9 ! nor?1 :]e ! granite sub-lay] appe>s ev]y:]e1 especially 9 riv] valleys1 b>ely #bjj m4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! ,volhynian ,plateau ext5ds1 at fir/1 z a n>r[ plateau zone betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,boh & ! ,tet]ev on "o side & ( ! ,slu* on ! o!r4 ,!n ! plateau spreads out l a fan t[>d ! nor?4 ,at ! s\rce ( ! ,boh & ! ,slu*1 ! plateau rea*es a height ( #cgj m42 at ! s\rces ( ! ,tet]ev1 #cdj m4 ,"h ! surface is level1 except t "h & !re l[1 g5tly-r\nd$ hills arise4 ,9 ! broad1 nor!rn "p1 ! ,volhynian ,plateau becomes mu* l[] & f9ally sep>ates into individual plateau isl&s1 z1 = example1 ne> ,novhorod-,vol9sky1 ,zitomir1 ,ovru*1 :i* rise g5tly f ! m>%y l[l&s4 ,! valleys ( ! ,volhynian riv]s1 broad1 flat1 ) g5tle slopes & m>%y bottoms1 diff]5tiate ! ,volhynian l&scape mo/ /rongly f ! ,podolian4 ,! ,volhynian l&scape pres5ts a view ( flat1 wood$ hills1 sl[ly fl[+ /reams betwe5 flat banks1 m>%es & m>%y mead[s1 s&y gr\nd--all signs ( ! proximity ( ! ,polissye4 ,! ,dniep] ,plateau has ! outl9es ( a longi%1 irregul> polygon4 ,on ! nor?we/ x is b\nd$ by ! rocky valley ( ! ,tet]ev1 on ! s\?we/ by ! ,boh ,riv]1 on ! s\? & s\?we/ by ! ,pontian /eppe-pla91 on ! nor!a/ by ! ,dniep] ,riv]4 ,?is great space1 h[ev]1 does n con/itute a uni=m plateau4 ,! broad riv] valleys & broad depressions :i* trav]se ! plateau h p>t$ x into sev]al sections4 ,only ! uni=m sub-lay] & ! geologic "*1 z well z ! uni=m appe>ance ( ! l&scape1 det]m9e ! natural unity ( ! region4 ,! sub-lay] ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau is made up ( ! primitive granite-gneiss clod ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/4 ,! granite-gneiss =mations 7 fold$ 9 ! pre-cambrian p]iod4 ,! folds & qu>ries /ret* pr9cipally f nor? to s\?1 & appe> v di/9ctly ne> ,zitomir & ,korsun1 & at ! rapids ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! mesozoic lay]s also1 :i* lie close to ! granite-hor/1 are fold$ at ,trekhtimiriv4 ,! t]ti>y lay]s1 :i* =m a ?9 cov] ov] ! granite1 lie mo/ly 9 undi/urb$ horizontal l9es4 ,only along ! "r1 /eep bank ( ! ,dniep] we see !m fold$ & brok5 ?ru by qu>ries4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,%ev*5ko b>r[ !y appe> mo/ di/9ctly4 ,! occurr5ce ( eruptive rock 9 ! s\? ( ! plateau1 appe>+ 9 m\nd-%ap$ flat hills1 is1 h[ev]1 connect$ only ) ! old di/urbances 9 ! hor/4 ,?is species ( rock ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau appe>s almo/ solely 9 ! declivities ( ! valleys & balkas4 ,o!rwise x is cov]$ ev]y:]e by an imm5se mantle ( loam1 loess1 & *ornozyom4 ,! glacial deposits1 ^: s\!rn b\nd>y passes ?r\gh ,zhitomir1 ,t>a%*a1 ,*ihir91 & ,krem9*uk1 pres5t1 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 examples ( g5u9e fluvio-glacial mora9e1 z well z s&s ( no great dep?1 & 9 r erratic di/ribution4 ,! configuration ( surface ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau is v>i$ en\gh4 ,! greate/ height 7#cjj m47 is rea*$ s\? ( ,b]di*iv4 ,t[>d ! ea/ & s\!a/ ! plateau becomes con/antly l[]4 ,?is l[]+1 h[ev]1 does n proce$ regul>ly1 diff]5t sections ( ! plateau pres5t+ diff]5t conditions 9 ?is respect4 ,! section project+ fur!/ t[>d ! we/ to ! ,sob & ,ross ,riv]s is a level1 slightly divid$ plateau1 ) a maximum height ( #cjj m4 ,! tribut>ies ( ! ,tet]ev1 ,irp5 & ,ross fl[ sl[ly 9 flat valleys ?ru :ole r[s ( ponds4 ,:]e !y ent] ! pla9 !y f9ally h /eep granite banks & rocky b$s4 ,! plateau section betwe5 ! ,sob & ,ross ,riv]s 9 ! we/ & ! ,s9iukha & ,huili ,tiki* 9 ! ea/ has m valleys4 ,! riv] valleys & balkas are deep]1 _! sides rocki]1 & ?ru !m ! plateau is trans=m$ 9 places into *a9s & gr\ps ( flat hills4 ,b ?is plateau section is l[] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 atta9+ only #bfj m4 ,/ill l[] is ! section betwe5 ! ,s9iukha & ! ,inhuletz4 ,x atta9s a height ( only #bdj m4 & is v ev54 ,! granite sub-lay] appe>s "h ev5 9 ! level /eppe2 ! valleys & balkas are cut deep ) rocky bottoms & rocky slopes4 ,besides ^! ?ree sections1 ! ,dniep] plateau embraces two long /rips ( plateau :i* /ret* along ! "r bank ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! "o is surr\nd$ by ! ,dniep]1 ,irp51 & ,ross ,riv]s1 ! o!r /ret*es f ! s\rce ( ! ,tiasm9 to ! rapids ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! height ( ^! /rips ( plateau is negligible1 ! highe/ po9ts atta9+ j #aij m4 ne> ,kiev1 #bdj m4 betwe5 ,trekhtimiriv & ,kaniv1 #bej m4 ne> ,*ihir91 & b>ely #ahj m4 at ! fir/ ( ! rapids4 ,! /eep declivity ) :i* ! plateau /rips desc5d to ! ,dniep] pla9 emphasize ! anti!sis betwe5 plateau & pla9 9 ?is region v m>k$ly4 ,! diff]5ce 9 level surpasses #ajj m4 ne> ,kiev & ,kat]9oslav & #aej m4 ne> ! ,%ev*5ko b>r[1 n f> f ,kaniv4 ,! declivity ( ! "r bank ( ! ,dniep] is mu* torn by gorges1 & ev]y:]e we see picturesque rock piles4 ,! /eep bank appe>s1 especially to a pla9-dwell]1 l a *a9 ( m\nta9s & is ev5 call$ 8! m\nta9s ( ! ,dniep]40 ,! idea ( a 8m\nta9 bank0 ( ! ,dniep]1 !re=e1 ne$ n be reject$ outright4 ,! aspect ( ,kiev & ! ,%ev*5ko b>r[ is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! entire ,ukra9e4 ,on asc5d+ ?is 8m\nta9 *a910 h[ev]1 :i* appe>s s impos+ f ! left bank ( ! riv]1 & look+ t[>d ! we/1 we f9d be=e u only a slightly undulat+ plateau surface1 ) r\nd$ dome-%ap$ hills & deep valleys1 belong+ to ! "r-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! nature ( ! l&scape ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau is1 consequ5tly1 diff]5t f t ( ! ,volhynian or ,podolian4 ,! lightly undulat+ plateau1 gradually becom+ flatt] t[>d ! ea/ & s\? & brok5 up only ne> ! riv] valleys into flat dome-%ap$ hills2 ! valleys ( ! riv]s1 wide1 n deep1 & yet ) rocky riv] b$s & rocky slopes1 ) loess gorges & walls2 ! mighty ,dniep] ) its picturesque m\nta9 %ores2 ! nev]-end+ gra9 /eppes cross$ by little woods1 mohilas & long1 ext5d$ old walls ( rock--?is is ! l&scape view ( ! old ,kiev c\ntry1 ! he>t ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,dniep] ,plateau becomes con/antly l[] t[>d ! s\!a/1 )\t1 h[ev]1 los+ its orig9al l&scape nature 9 ! lea/4 ,ne> ! ,dniep] rapids we see1 q di/9ctly1 t ! mioc5e-cov]$ sub-lay] ( granite ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p /ret*es /raight across ! riv] & is ! cause ( its rapids4 ,b ! diff]5ces 9 level at t po9t are no long] diff]5t f ! v>iations 9 a pla94 ,9 ! region ( ! s\rce ( ! ,sam>a & along ! ,donetz ! l& f9ally rises above ! #bjj m4 level aga94 ,we are n[ 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,z ne> z ,isium we confront ! fir/ b\nd>y po/ ( ! plateau 9 ! /eep *alk rocks ( ,mt4 ,kremianetz on ! ,donetz ,riv]4 ,fur!r d[n we see ! picturesque rocks ( ! fam\s mona/]y ( 8! ,holy ,hills40 ,all ^! are p>ts ( ! nor!rn v]ge ( ! plateau1 :i* is its limit on ! nor?4 ,ne> ,slavianos]bsk & ,luhansk ?is picturesque bord] rea*es a height ( #gj m4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,donetz also =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y2 ! s\!rn b\nd>y is =m$ by ! small /rip ( ! ,pontian ,pla9 on ! %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,az(2 ! we/]n bord] is d5ot$ by ! pla9 on ! left bank ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! ,donetz ,plateau /ret*es 9 a long flat ridge f ,n4 ,w4 ,w4 to ,s4 ,e4 ,e41 & ext5ds a flat side-ridge to ei!r side4 ,! long] "o goes s\?w>d1 almo/ z f> z ,m>iupol1 ! o!r nor?w>d to ,bakhmut4 ,! surface ( ! plateau is v level & decl9es v flatly t[>d all sides4 ,only light bill[s ( l& trav]se ! /eppe surface1 :i* is /rewn ) c\ntless tumuli4 ,9 ! s\? ^! hills (t5 h a core ( granite4 ,! riv] valleys h /eep1 al?o n high slopes4 ,!y divide ! uni=m surface ( ! heights b slightly4 ,f ! surface configuration "o c\ld nev] guess t at ?is po9t !re 0 once a m\nta9 range :i* fell victim to ! exog5\s =ces ( ! e>?'s wat] & air blanket4 ,only an insignificant "p ( ! surface ( ! ,donetz ,plateau lies m ?an #cjj m4 high2 ! highe/ po9t1 ,tov/a ,mohila1 b>ely rea*+ #cgj m4 ,9 its inn] /ructure x is entirely diff]5t f all o!r p>ts ( ! ,ukra9ian gr\p ( plateaus4 ,! entire s\? & we/ ( ! plateau is compos$ ( fold$ granite-gneiss1 ( ! ,az( "p ( ! hor/1 capp$ by a ?9 t]ti>y lay]1 & 9 _m places 7especially betwe5 ,volnovakha & ,kalmius7 brok5 ?ru by eruptive rock =mations4 ,next to ^!1 9 ! nor? & s\? ( ! plateau1 lie lime/one1 slate1 clay & s&/one =mations ( devonian1 c>bonic1 p]mian1 jurassic & cretace\s age1 fold$ & brok5 ?ru by rav9es4 ,ov] ?is level$ basic range lie ! horizontal t]ti>y lay]s4 ,! great developm5t ( ! coal-conta9+ c>bon lay]s gives to ! monoton\s1 only rec5tly b>$ /eppe elevation ( ! ,donetz ,plateau1 great significance = ! indu/rial life ( all ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! coal-fields ( ! ,donetz ,plateau1 #bc1jjj km4 9 size1 are ! ri*e/ & mo/ important coal region ( ! pres5t ,russian ,empire4 ,?anks to ^! 8black diamonds10 a =e/ ( factory *imneys 7sp>sely s[n z yet1 to be sure7 has sprung up )9 ! mo/ rec5t pa/ 9 ! black /eppe1 :]e ! an?racite & pit-coal colli]ies furni% ! desir$ n\ri%m5t4 ,besides ?is1 ! p]mian lay]s ( ! ,donetz ,plateau hold great deposits ( rock-salt4 ,"h1 too1 lie ! only quicksilv] m9es ( ! ,russian ,empire 9 ,europe4 ,ri* copp] deposits are be+ exploit$ "h1 besides :i* we mu/ m5tion ! occurr5ce ( z9c1 silv]1 lead1 & ev5 gold 9 ?is ,donetz region1 :i* has n yet be5 suffici5tly explor$ by ! m9+ prospector4 ,! ,donetz ,plateau =ms ! ea/]nmo/ memb] ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p1 :i* con/antly n>r[s t[>d ! ea/4 ,outside ( ?is1 ! gr\p rises only at ! s\!rnmo/ spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau above ! #bjj m4 level4 ,^! regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 h[ev]1 we may safely discuss 9 our description ( ! ,dniep] ,pla91 = ! transition f ?is pla9 to ! ,c5tral ,russian elevation is s imp]ceptible & gradual1 ! plateau "* s undecid$1 t ev5 f ! sci5tific morphological po9t ( view1 "o c h>dly f9d any diff]5ce betwe5 ! pla9 l&scape & ! neighbor+ comb9$ elevat$ surfaces4 ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,pla9 ,,c\ntry ,! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p1 :i* passes ?ru ! ,ukra9e 9 its entire l5g? is hemm$ 9 on bo? sides by two pla9 regions4 ,)\t a break !y accompany ! ext5d$ plateau gr\ps 9 ! nor? & s\?1 unit+ f9ally on ! left bank ( ! ,don & ! c\ntry bel[ ! ,caucasus4 ,! nor!rn pla9 di/rict accompanies ! nor!rn decl9e ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/1 conceal+ a tectonically di/urb$ sub/ratum2 ! s\!rn di/rict accompanies ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,black ,sea & p>ts ! brok5 *a9 ( plicate m\nta9s f ! plateau gr\p ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! nor!rn pla9 di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e jo9s directly on to ! ,poli% l[l&s1 &1 indirectly1 to ! ,nor? ,g]man l[l&4 ,! fir/ section ( ! nor!rn pla9 di/rict is call$ ,pidlassye 7,podlakhia1 l& on ! ,poli% bord]74 ,its nor!rn b\nd>y consi/s ( ! s\!rn limits ( ! ,:ite ,russian ,plateau2 ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! flat elevations ne> ,sidlez & ,bilsk2 on ! s\? ! pla9 bord]s on ! spurs ( ! ,ro/o*e2 9 ! ea/ ! b\nd>y is ! ,buh-,pripet divide1 :i* is only #agj m4 high4 ,! surface ( ! ,pidlassye is v ev51 only slightly undulat+ 9 places on ! nor? & s\? bord]s4 ,! riv] valleys are v broad & flat4 ,only ! great =e/ 7! well-kn[n ,biloveza =e/ lies "h7 & ! wat]-c\rses br+ v>iety into ! monoton\s c\ntry4 ,! ma9 /ream ( ! ,pidlassye1 ! ,buh1 z well z its tribut>ies h ! "* ( g5u9e l[l& riv]s4 ,!y fl[ ?ru _! ov]-great valleys 9 great turns1 divide into _m arms1 & =m innum]able old riv] b$s4 ,besides ^! we f9d1 9 s\!rn ,pidlassye1 a l>ge numb] ( lakes & _m swamps & moors :i* m>k ! sites ( =m] lakes4 ,! *alk & t]ti>y sub/ratum appe>s only 9 v few places1 ! re/ be+ cov]$ ev]y:]e by s& & loam1 :i* include b\ld]s & rubble ( ,f9nic-,sc&9avian orig94 ,^! are traces ( ! great 7second7 glacial p]iod ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 :i* cov]$ ! entire region ( ! ,pidlassye ) glacial ice4 ,! lakes are mora9-lakes4 ,! ice ( ! glacial p]iod did n rea* ,pidlassye4 ,at t "t a broad primeval riv] valley =m$ "h z an ext5sion ( ! primeval ,vi/ula riv] valley4 ,9 ?is valley ! wat] f ! melt+ glaci] fl[$ (f to ! ea/ t[>d ! l[l& ( ! ,polissye4 ,! ,polissye 7woodl&7 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable l&s ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,only a l[ 7#agj m47 & v flat divide1 :i* is cross$ )\t difficulty by ! ,dniep]-,buh %ip canal1 sep>ates ! ,polissye f ! ,pidlassye4 ,9 ! nor? ! ,:ite ,russian ,plateau approa*es1 9 ! s\? ! ,volhynian1 9 ! ea/ ! ,polissye ext5ds beyond ! ,dniep] to ! spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau4 ,! region ?us b\nd$ =ms an imm5se flat tr\gh1 9 ! v]tical axis ( :i* ! ,pripet ,riv] fl[s4 ,! bottom ( ?is tr\gh is v flat & lies at a height ( #abj-aej m4 ,only 9 places d we f9d almo/ imp]ceptible rises ( gr\nd4 ,! sub/ratum ( ! ,polissye is compos$ ( *alk m>l ) num]\s holes made by spr+s 7vikno w9d[71 :ile 9 ! ea/ oligoc5e =mations also appe>4 ,b ?is sub/ratum is se5 v seldom1 all ! re/ ( ! ,polissye be+ cov]$ ) diluvial s&s & great swamps4 ,! s&s take 9 all ! elevat$ places & =m w&]+ or wood-cov]$ dunes4 ,^! s&y rises ( gr\nd1 toge!r ) ! elevat$ banks ( "s ( ! riv]s1 af=d ! only sites = human abodes4 ,all ! rema9+ l& is m>%y wood1 g5u9e =e/ swamps1 bog or moor4 ,! ,pripet ) its tribut>ies1 ! ,/okhod1 ,/ir1 ,horn91 ,ubort1 ,uz 7on ! "r7 & ! ,p9a1 ,yassiolda1 ,slu*1 & ,pti* 7on ! left71 comprises ! wat] sy/em ( ! ,polissye4 ,all ^! riv]s fl[ v sl[ly & deposit ! mud :i* !y br+ f ! plateau regions surr\nd+ ! ,polissye along _! c\rses4 ,by ?is means !y raise _! b$s & _! banks m & m1 s t all ^! ,polissian riv]s fl[ ^u flat dams4 ,at ! "t ( high wat] ! riv]s ov]fl[ _! banks & flood ! entire l[l& f> & ne>4 ,at ! "t ( ! melt+ ( sn[s 9 ! spr+1 or ( ! /rong %[]s 9 ! e>ly summ]1 ! entire ,polissye is trans=m$ into an imm5se lake1 above ^: surface only ! flood$ =e/s & ! settl$ s&y elevations ( gr\nd are visible4 ,! spr+ flood la/s f two to ?ree mon?s1 ! summ] floods ! same l5g? ( "t1 = ! wat] fl[s (f v sl[ly because ( ! slight decl9e4 ,on ! highways & railroads all traffic is block$ & c]ta9 places 9 ! ,polissye may be rea*$ only by wat]4 ,dur+ ! flood p]iod ! riv]s h (t5 s\ght new b$s1 & ?is expla9s ! frequ5cy ( old riv] b$s & riv] bran*es1 :i* are peculi> to all ! ,polissian riv] c\rses4 ,&1 z rem9d]s ( ! floods1 innum]able pools & m>% lakes rema9 beh9d4 ,^! p]iodic floods are ! ma9 cause ( ! cont9uance ( ! ,polissian swamps4 ,we c f9d two ma9 types ( m>%es 9 ! ,polissye4 ,9 ! we/ & nor? ( ! region1 great peat moors1 ) p9e woods1 pr$om9ate2 9 ! s\? & ea/ treeless m>% mead[s1 ov]gr[n ) will[ bru%4 ,^! are call$ hala4 ,_m fictions are told by ! inhabitants ( ! ,polissye ab\t ! swamps & small m>% lakes be+ bottomless4 ,= a long "t x 0 ev5 believ$ t ! swamps lay l[] ?an ! normal surface ( ! riv]s4 ,b exact measurem5ts h prov$ ^! 8fairy tales0 to be false & h %[n t ! swamps ( ! ,polissye are n deep & lie at a high] level ?an ! riv]s4 ,s9ce #ahgc ! ,russian gov]nm5t has be5 work+ to dra9 ! swamps & reclaim !m = civilization4 ,up to #ahih1 #fjjj kilomet]s ( canals are suppos$ to h be5 dug & #cb1jjj squ>e kilomet]s ( gr\nd made usable4 ,! glacial p]iod 0 ( great importance = ! surface configuration ( ! ,polissye4 ,ap>t f ! traces ( ! ma9 glacial p]iod1 :i* are met ) frequ5tly 9 s\!rn ,polissye1 x 0 ! ?ird glacial p]iod t 0 ( m>k$ significance4 ,! wat] f ! ,baltic glaci] fl[$ (f ?ru ! region ( ! pres5t ,polissye & =m$ a l>ge lake ) ! ,dniep] z its outlet4 ,! deposits ( ?is lake are to be f\nd especially 9 ! s\? ( ! ,polissye bas94 ,! lake 0 !n gradually fill$ 91 ! nor!rn & we/]n tribut>ies br++ m s&1 ! s\!rn ones mud4 ,at ! same "t ! ,pripet ,riv] cut 9 m deeply1 & 01 !re=e1 con/antly m able to c>ry ! wat]s ( ! ,polissye to ! ,dniep] ,riv]4 ,swamps h tak5 ! place ( ! lake & h gradually cov]$ ! entire l&4 ,! _m small] lakes ( ! region 7! l>ge/ ( !m are ,vihonivske ,oz]o & ,knias7 are ! only rema9s & pro(s ( ! "o-"t great lake4 ,only at ! "t ( high wat] does ! ,polissye recall ! memory ( =m] times4 ,dre>y is ! ,polissian l&scape4 ,! d>k =e/ 9 ! deep-bottom$ swamps alt]nate ) ! op5 m>%-mead[ cov]$ ) pools2 ) glid+ fl[ ! _m-arm$ riv]s trav]se ! gloomy c\ntry4 ,on yell[-:ite s&-dunes /& a few log-h\ses amid wret*$ little fields & poor mead[s1 corduroy & bru% roads /ret*+ = miles connect small1 v sp>sely scatt]$ human settlem5ts4 ,! ,polissye ,pla9 also ext5ds to ! left bank ( ! ,dniep]1 & !re imp]ceptibly passes ov] into a comp>atively n>r[ l[l& di/rict :i* /ret*es along ! ma9 riv] ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,?is is ! ?ird memb] ( ! s]ies ( pla9s ( ! ,ukra9e--! ,dniep] ,pla94 ,x ext5ds t[>d ! s\!a/ z f> z ! region ( ! rapids 7porohi7 ( ! ,dniep] & rises sl[ly t[>d ! nor!a/1 pass+ ov] into ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau4 ,! transition takes place s imp]ceptibly t ! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! c\ntry only becomes app>5t at ! fur!/ b\nds ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 :i* practically lie 9 ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau4 ,! ,dniep] ,pla9 is q level only along ! riv] itself4 ,e ye> a /rip ( ! pla91 9 places #aj km4 wide1 is flood$ by ! ,dniep] ,riv]1 :]e=e x is full ( old riv] b$s & swamps1 on ! ,desna & ne> ,*]kassy1 :]e ! l[l&1 too1 ent]s ^u ! "r ,dniep] bank1 & also ( s&-dunes4 ,ne> ,*]nihiv & ,uiz9 ! l&scape is q ,polissian & ! "n ,polissye1 too1 is (t5 us$ "h to d5ote ! region4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/ ! ,polissian "* beg9s to gradually disappe>4 ,black e>? takes ! place ( ! s&y soil1 ! =e/ mantle becomes con/antly ?9n]1 & ! flat1 undulat+ /eppe-pla91 ) its innum]able b>r[s & plate-%ap$ depressions ( gr\nd1 :]e1 9 spr+time1 small /eppe lakes gli/5 9 ! sunlight1 increases v rapidly4 ,! riv] valleys1 along :i* ! ,dniep] ,pla9 intrudes f> into ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau1 are v wide valley slopes on ! "r1 & flat slopes on ! left side4 ,s&1 swamps & =e/ t]races cov] ! flat valley bottoms1 :i* are flood$ e spr+4 ,at ! porohs ( ! ,dniep] ! c\ntry rises mu* high] ?an at ,p]eyaslav or ,krem9*uk1 :]e ! ,dniep] ,pla9 rises b>ely #ej m4 above sea-level4 ,at ! porohs ! l&scape on bo? sides is t ( a l[ rock-plateau4 ,! picturesque rocks ( ! ,dniep] banks1 ! rapids & l$ges ( rock 9 ! riv] b$1 ev]y:]e rem9d u t "h ! ,ukra9ian ,hor/ is cross$ by ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,n until we get d[n to ! ,zaporoze 7l& bel[ ! rapids7 d we f9d ! g5u9e l[l& "* aga9--9 ! ,pontian ,/eppe-pla94 ,! transition ( ! ,dniep] ,pla9 to ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau is m>k$ only by ! ris+ ( ! valley slopes ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep] 9 ?is region4 ,beyond t1 ! surface ( ! high bog1 ly+ betwe5 ! riv]s1 rema9s z flat & level z on ! ,dniep] & bel[ ! #bjj m4 level4 ,moreov]1 ! spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian elevation n[h]e )9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory atta9 ! level ( #cjj m4 ,! spur betwe5 ! ,dniep] & ! ,desna b>ely rea*es a height ( #bcj-bdj m42 ne> ! high ,desna bank1 ! spur betwe5 ! ,desna & ! ,sem b>ely #bfj m4 ,ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,sem1 ,psiol & ,donetz1 ! c\ntry atta9s a summit height ( #bhj m42 betwe5 ! upp] ,donetz & ,don only #bej-bfj m4 ,f ^! highe/ regions ! c\ntry decl9es imp]ceptibly b /eadily t[>d ! s\?we/1 s\? & s\!a/4 ,! g5]al nature ( ! l& 9 ! region ( ! s\!rn spur ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau is entirely analog\s to t ( ! neighbor+ ,dniep] ,pla91 except t ! riv] valleys are m deeply cut4 ,! "r valley-side desc5ds to ! riv] 9 a /eep slope1 furr[$ by wat] rifts4 ,! broad1 flat valley bottom is occupi$ by riv] bran*es & old riv] b$s1 m>%es & m>% mead[s1 s& areas or dunes4 ,! left bank rises v g5tly1 & we at la/ come ^u ! level1 or at mo/ slightly undulat+ surface ( ! wat]-%$1 betwe5 two riv]s4 ,x1 9 turn1 decl9es sudd5ly to ! neighbor+ riv] & ! succession ( l&-=ms beg9s anew4 ,?is monotony ( l&scape rem9ds "o ( ! neighbor+ ,great ,russia4 ,! only v>iety is af=d$ "h by ! details ( l&scape1 :i* appe> mo/ num]\s 9 ?is region ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,^! are ra9 wat]-rifts 79 ,ukra9ian balka1 provallia1 y>uha74 ,9 ?is1 & (t5 9 o!r plateau & pla9 l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 !y become a t]rible sc\rge4 ,! heavy mantle ( black soil1 loess & loam favors ! =mation ( wat]-rifts z well z ! loose *alk & old t]ti>y /rata 7m>l1 s&1 clay74 ,! /r5u\s cutt+ d[n ( =e/ 9 ! pa/ c5tury has giv5 ! f9al impulse to ! =mation ( su* wat] clefts4 ,9 ! loose soil1 no long] held toge!r by ! =e/s1 ! wat]-rifts gr[ & spread aft] e heavy ra9 ) t]rible spe$1 & may1 9 a few ye>s1 r$uce a weal?y f>m] to ! begg>'s /aff by trans=m+ 8 mo/ pr(itable black-soil fields into a maze ( deep1 dry rav9es4 ,only a national re-/ock+ ( ! =e/s c\ld br+ ! l& relief4 ,especially 9 ! neighborhood ( ! high precipit\s banks ( ! riv]s1 ! wat]-rifts "w _! mis*ief4 ,! glacial age _h no p>ticul> significance = ! surface configuration ( ! ,dniep] ,pla9 & ! adjac5t plateau spurs4 ,only 9 ! nor? ,*]nihov c\ntry we f9d real traces ( ! glaci]4 ,! l>ge p59sulas :i* ! s\!rn limit ( ! glacial b\ld]s =ms along ! c\rse ( ! ,dniep] & ! ,don are by no means to be reg>d$ z traces ( two great glacial tongues4 ,! s& & loam masses1 ) enclos$ glacial b\ld]s1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! region ( ^! p59sulas1 are ( fluvio-glacial orig91 & 7 deposit$ by melt$ ice f ! glaci] on its way to ! ,black ,sea4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! black soil region is n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ^! problematic glacial p59sulas4 ,aft] ! glacial p]iod1 h[ev]1 movem5ts ( ! e>? took place 9 ! entire ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p4 ,x rose consid]ably1 & ! erosive action ( ! riv]s began4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! axis ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/ cuts ! ,dniep]1 we f9d ?is rise ( gr\nd also 9 ! ,dniep] ,plateau4 ,! rapids ( ! ,dniep] 7 =m$ at t "t1 &1 up to ! pres5t1 ! giant riv] has n succe$$ 9 level+ its falls4 ,t tectonic di/urbances are n unkn[n to ! ,dniep] ,pla9 we le>n f ! occurr5ce ( volcanic rock & displacem5t ( ! /rata ne> ,isa*ki1 n f> f ! city ( ,lokhvitzia1 & on ,m\nt ,pivikha1 nor? ( ,krem9*uk4 ,x seems t along ! nor!a/ bord] ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/ a greatly di/urb$ area is hidd5 b5ea? m rec5t flat-pil$ rock lay]s4 ,great di/urbances ( ! magnetic =ce ( ! e>? seem to indicate ! same4 ,! ,dniep] ,pla9 =ms ! la/ memb] 9 ! nor!rn pla9 di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! s\!rn pla9 di/rict :i* ext5ds along ! nor!rn banks ( ! ,black ,sea1 f ! delta ( ! ,danube into ! ,kuban region1 has s9ce anci5t times borne ! accept$ "n ( ! ,pontian ,/eppe-pla94 ,its old ,ukra9ian "n is simply nis 7l[l&7 or dike pole 7wild field74 ,! /eppe-l& & ! riv] di/rict1 to ?is day1 be> ! fam\s "n ( ,zaporoze 7l& bel[ ! rapids74 ,! ,pontian /eppe-pla9 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! spurs ( ! ,bess>abian1 ,podolian1 ,dniep] & ,donetz ,plateaus4 ,on ! s\?1 by ! sea-%ore & ! c\ntry at ! foot ( ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s1 9 ,crimea4 ,pa/ ! ,danube deltas ! /eppe-pla9 m]ges into ! exactly simil> /eppe-pla9 on ! ,kuban4 ,! surface ( ! /eppe-pla9 is exceptionally flat1 slightly undulat+ only at ! nor!rn bord]1 :]e ! transition to ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau gr\p proce$s imp]ceptibly4 ,innum]able b>r[s 7mohyla7 are z *>act]i/ic ( ! l&scape ( ! ,pontian ,/eppe-pla9 z ! flat plate-%ap$ depressions ( ! gr\nd1 ) small tempor>y lakes1 ! swampy flat valleys & ! small salt m>%es ) _! peculi> vegetation4 ,! _m balkas1 :i* divide ! /eppe-pla9 into innum]able l[ plateaus1 d n affect ! gr& uni=mity ( ! /eppe l&scape v mu*4 ,z 9 ! neighbor+ plateaus1 !y are cut 9 deep1 b d n become visible to ! travel] until he comes directly ^u !m4 ,! plioc5e /eppe-lime :i* pr$om9ates 9 ! entire /eppe-pla91 cov]s ! s>matian & ,m$it]ranean /rata1 & reveals ! cry/all9e sub/ratum only 9 ! we/ ( ! ,dniep] 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 & =ms rocky cornices on ! slopes ( ! balkas4 ,less] tectonic di/urbances1 9 ! %ape ( anticl9als & syncl9als1 h affect$ ^! y\nge/ t]ti>y =mations also4 ,!y are cov]$ by a mantle ( loess & black e>?1 :i* becomes con/antly ?9n] t[>d ! s\?4 ,! typical *ornozyom gives way1 s\? ( ! p>allel ( ,kh]son1 to ! br[n1 also v f]tile /eppe-soil1 :i* is accompani$ 9 long /ret*es1 h[ev]1 by ! sal9e e>?4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,dniep]1 at ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,donetz ,plateau1 ! cry/all9e sub/ratum also appe>s to a great ext5t1 9 banks ( rock1 9 ! mid/ ( ! /eppe-pla94 ,only along ! l>ge /reams ( ! /eppe c\ntry does ! nature ( ! l& *ange4 ,_! valleys are broad & swampy1 cov]$ by ! s-call$ plavni4 ,int]m9able ?ickets ( s$ge & se$s1 m>% =e/ & mead[s1 toge!r ) innum]able riv] bran*es1 old riv] b$s1 & small lakes1 make up a beautiful1 fre%1 v]dant c\ntry 9 ! mid/ ( ! b\ndless /eppe1 ^: v]nal dress1 respl5d5t ) blossoms1 turns yell[ & blacki%-br[n 9 summ] & fall1 f ! fi]ce gl[ ( ! sun4 ,,/reams ,,& ,,riv]s ,,( ,,! ,,ukra9e ,! ,ukra9ian riv]s are g5u9ely typical ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! great uni=mity ( ! surface configuration ( ! ,ukra9e is responsible = ! lack ( t v>iety 9 its own riv] sy/em :i* *>act]izes ! wat]s ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,b ! great ext5t ( ! l& does cause ! ,ukra9e to h m\nta91 plateau & l[l& /reams1 s t x does n atta9 ! degree ( uni=mity 9 hydrographic conditions ( ,russia prop]4 ,! ,ukra9ian riv] sy/em conc5trates 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,f nor?we/1 nor? & ea/1 ! riv]s ( ! ,ukra9e t5d t[>d its sea4 ,besides1 ! we/]n b\nd>y l9es ( ! ,ukra9e lie on ! ,baltic slope4 ,!re1 9 ,podlakhia1 9 ! ,kholm%*9a1 on ! ,san ,riv] & 9 ! ,lemko c\ntry1 ! ,ukra9ian p has _h its seats s9ce ! dawn ( its hi/ory4 ,9 mo/ rec5t times ,ukra9ian colonization has ga9$ also p>ts ( ! ,caspian slope on ! ,kuma & ,t]ek ,riv]s4 ,b ! region dra9$ by ! ,black ,sea surpasses bo? ! o!r regions s mu* 9 ext5t & 9 ! size ( its riv]s1 t ! ,baltic & ,caspian region ( ! ,ukra9e dw9dle 9 comp>ison4 ,nature has1 !re=e1 turn$ ! ,ukra9ian nation t[>d ! s\? & s\!a/ to ! ,black ,sea4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 %e has n d5i$ ! ,ukra9e a conv5i5t connection ) ! nor? & s\? ( ! globe4 ,! ma9 ,european riv] divide is1 p]haps1 n[h]e s flat & s easy to cross z 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,f ! ,dnie/] to ! ,san 7bifurcation ( ! ,vi%nia creek ne> ,rudki71 f ! ,pripet to ! ,buh & ,niem5 ! passages are easy4 ,s9ce anci5t times portages h exi/$ "h1 & 9 mod]n times ! ,pripet has be5 connect$ ) ! ,buh & ! ,niem5 by means ( canals 7,k+'s ,canal & ,og9ski ,canal7 :i*1 h[ev]1 are at pres5t entirely antiquat$ & almo/ useless4 ,besides1 ! widely bran*$ wat] sy/em ( ! ,dniep] outside ! ,ukra9e af=ds easy passage to ! ,dv9a 7,b]es9a ,canal71 ,volga & ,neva1 9 ,:ite ,russian t]ritory4 ,ov] ^! wat]ways & ! portages ly+ betwe5 !m ! old pa? ( ! ,nor?m5 l$ f ,sc&9avia to ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is mo/ important aspect ( ! ,ukra9ian wat] sy/em promises at "s future "t to be> ri* fruit1 if ! rec5tly-=m$ plan to build a wat]way = navigation on a l>ge scale1 f ! ,baltic to ! ,black ,sea1 utiliz+ ! c\rse ( ! ,dniep]1 %\ld become a reality4 ,! ,baltic wat]c\rses ( ! ,ukra9e fl[ into ! ,vi/ula4 ,sev]al l>ge ,c>pa?ian tribut>ies orig9ate 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,"h ! rapid ,poprad c>ries ! melt$ sn[ ( ! ,tatra to ! ,dunayetz4 ,! s\rce ( ! ,visloka also lies 9 ! ,ukra9ian ,lemko c\ntry4 ,! la/ & l>ge/ ,c>pa?ian tribut>y ( ! ,vi/ula belongs1 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( its ext5t1 to ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 namely1 ! navigable ,san4 ,x receives f ! ,c>pa?ians ! ,vislok on ! left & ! ,vihor on ! "r4 ,! o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,san on ! left side1 ! ,vi%nia1 ,sklo1 ,luba*ivka & ,tanva1 come f ! sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry & ! ,ro/o*e ,plateau4 ,all ! ,c>pa?ian tribut>ies ( ! ,vi/ula h only at _! s\rces ! "* ( m\nta9 /reams1 ) swift curr5ts1 9 rocky riv] b$s1 l9$ by banks ( wat]-worn mat]ial4 ,ev5 9 ! m\nta9s _! valleys become wide1 cov]$ ) banks ( pebbles1 s& & loam1 & ov]gr[n ) will[-bru%1 & _! falls insignificant4 ,9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry ! banks become l[ & s&y1 ! /ream sl[1 & ! wat]-level is v un/eady1 ow+ to ! cutt+ d[n ( =e/s 9 ! c\ntry ( ! s\rce4 ,9 spr+1 :5 ! sn[ melts 9 ! m\nta9s1 & at ! "t ( ! e>ly summ] ra9s1 !re are t]rible floods2 9 dry summ]s ! riv]s dw9dle to almo/ insignificant proportions4 ,f ! ,ro/o*e ! ,vepr1 navigable f ,krasno/av d[n1 fl[s ?ru a broad1 m>%y valley1 into ! ,vi/ula4 ,! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,podolian ,plateau s5ds its l>ge/ riv]1 ! ,buh1 navigable f ,sokal on1 d[n to ! ,vi/ula4 ,?is riv] is really a g5u9e l[l& riv]4 ,its valley is wide & flat1 ! riv] w9ds ) its muddy b$ ?ru =e/ m>%es1 ?ickets ( re$s & will[ bru%1 n[ p>t+ into a doz5 bran*es1 n[ fl[+ 9 a wide b$1 pa/ fre%1 gre5 mead[s & d>k =e/s4 ,! same l[l& "* is a common quality ( ! left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,buh1 ! ,poltva1 ,rata1 ,solokia1 ,krna & ( ! ,luha on ! "r h&4 ,! ,mukhavetz1 ,lisna1 ,nurez & ,n>va1 on ! o!r h&1 are typical woodl& /reams1 :i* roll _! great mass ( wat] ?ru ! =e/s ( ,podlakhia4 ,! ,pontian ,riv]s ( ! ,ukra9e belong to ! six great regions dra9$ respectively by ! ,danube1 ,dnie/]1 ,boh1 ,don & ,kuban4 ,( ! great region dra9$ by ! ,danube1 only ! ,c>pa?ian c\ntry ( ! s\rces ( ! ,!iss1 ,s]e?1 & ,prut lie )9 ,ukra9ian b\nd>ies4 ,! ,!iss is =m$ by ! junction ( two s\rce-riv]s ne> ! ,svidovez & ! ,*ornohora1 & collects all ! riv]s ( ! ,ukra9ian c\ntry belong+ to ,hung>y--! ,vi%eva & ,isa on ! left1 ! ,torez1 ,talabor1 ,velika ,rika1 ,b]%ava & ,bodro*ka1 :i* consi/s ( five s\rce-riv]s 7! ,latoritzia1 ,uz1 ,laboretz1 ,tepla & ,ondava74 ,all ^! riv]s ( ! ,hung>ian-,ukra9ian m\nta9 c\ntry break _! difficult way 9 deep1 picturesque passes1 ?ru =e/-cov]$ m\nta9 *a9s4 ,innum]able rafts c>ry ! trunks ( ! fall5 ,c>pa?ian giants into ! treeless pla9s ( ,hung>y4 ,"h1 too1 ! riv]s sudd5ly lose _! m\nta9 "*2 _! curr5ts become sluggi%1 _! wat]s turbid1 _! banks swampy4 ,( ! ,s]e? & its tribut>ies1 ! ,so*ava & ,moldava1 only ! s\rces belong to ,ukra9ian national t]ritory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a consid]able "p ( ! ,prut c\ntry lies )9 x4 ,! ,prut ,riv] rises at ! ,hov]la1 :]e x =ms a beautiful wat]fall along ! crat] walls4 ,!n x fl[s 9 a picturesque defile t[>d ! nor?1 =ms ano!r wat]fall at ,y>em*e1 !n imm$iately leaves ! m\nta9s1 unit+ 9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian hill-c\ntry ) ! ro>+ ,*]emo%1 :i* also rises 9 two s\rce-riv]s on ! slopes ( ! ,black ,m\nta9s & fl[s 9 a deeply-cut me&]+ valley ?ru ! beautiful ,hutzul c\ntry4 ,9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry ! ,prut has a wide1 flat valley1 tak5 up 9 places by m>% mead[s4 ,! riv] w9ds d[n ! wide valley 9 c\ntless twi/s1 =ms side bran*es & old riv] b$s1 & rea*es ! ,danube 9 ! mid/ ( liman-l lakes & bogs1 n f> f ! swampy delta4 ,outside ( ! m\nta9s1 ! ,prut receives only insignificant tribut>ies ( small volume4 ,betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,dnie/] we see only a few mis]able little /eppe riv]s1 empty+ into salty or brack5 liman lakes 7e4g41 ! ,yalpukh & ! ,kunduk ,riv]s74 ,! important ,dnie/] ,riv] atta9s a l5g? ( ov] #acjj km41 & possesses ! greate/ v>iety ( di/9ct sections ( riv] ( all ! ,ukra9ian /reams4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! ,high ,beskid1 ne> ! village ( ,vov*e1 z a v en]getic1 wild creek4 ,9 a defile x advances into ! sub-,c>pa?ian hill-c\ntry1 :]e x has deposit$ great masses ( rubble4 ,! m\nta9 /ream *anges rapidly into a l[l& /ream & =ms great swamps 9 ! ,dnie/] ,pla91 :i*1 9 high-wat] "t1 are conv]t$ into l>ge riv] lakes4 ,f ! left bank1 ! ,dnie/] "h receives ! muddy ,v]e%itza 7f ! ,ro/o*e71 :i* =ms _m ponds1 f ,we/]n ,podolia1 ! ,hnila ,lipa4 ,all ! rema9+ tribut>ies ( ?is section ( ! ,dniep] come f ! ,c>pa?ians1 on ! left ! ,/rviazh 7,/rivihor71 on ! "r ! ,bi/ritza1 ! mighty me&]+ riv] ,/riy ) ! ,opir1 & ! ,svi*a 7) ! ,misunka74 ,all ^! riv]s are m\nta9 /reams1 fl[ 9 beautiful defiles1 & deposit great masses ( rubble on ! v]ge ( ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,beg9n+ at ! delta ( ! ,svi*a1 ! ,dnie/] ,pla9 becomes a wide1 flat-bottom$ valley1 9 :i* ! riv] fl[s along 9 great b5ds & receives ! ,limnitzia & bo? ! ,bi/ritzas f ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,ne> ,nizniv ! banks approa* ea* o!r v closely & ! ,dnie/] ent]s a y> 7caon71 n leav+ its /eep sides until ne> ,tiraspol4 ,! ,podolian tribut>ies ( ! ,dnie/] on ! left side1 ! ,zolota ,lipa1 ,/ripa1 ,s]e?1 ,zbru*1 ,smotri*1 ,u%itza1 ,murakhva1 ,yahorlik1 roll _! turbid wat]s 9 simil> caons t[>d ! ,dnie/]4 ,! ,bess>abian tribut>ies1 on ! contr>y1 h wide1 swampy valleys4 ,all ^! plateau riv]s are slight 9 volume ( wat]1 al?o "s ( !m atta9 consid]able l5g?4 ,only 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! sn[-blanket melts1 d _! wat]s ov]fl[ ! banks4 ,9 summ] ! wat]-level becomes v l[1 & ! wat] ( ! e>ly summ] %[]s is /or$ up 9 ! _m ponds1 :i* are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ! s\rces ( ^! riv]s4 ,all ^! plateau riv]s are n ev5 navigable = rafts2 ev5 ! little fi%]s' boat c h>dly f9d its way along ! muddy %oals4 ,9 its caons ! ,dnie/] ,riv] assumes all ! *>act]i/ics ( a plateau riv]4 ,its wat]s g5]ally take up ! entire bottom ( ! caon1 leav+ v little space = ! abodes ( m54 ,! incl9e ( ! riv] is n uni=m1 b con/itutes a s]ies ( slight /eps4 ,sections ) rapid curr5ts alt]nate ) quiet dep?s4 ,! small brooks :i* come d[n ! %ort lat]al gorges ( ! ,dnie/] caons br+ great masses ( loose /ones & rubble into ! riv] b$1 z a result ( ! reckless de/ruction ( =e/s1 & build con/antly gr[+ cones ( rubble1 :i* ! riv] mu/ remove sl[ly & labori\sly4 ,!y also =m dang]\s %oals & h9d] ! developm5t ( navigation on ! ,dnie/]4 ,! riv] also =ms regul> rapids1 ne> ,yampil1 :]e a lay] ( granite /ret*es cle> across ! riv]4 ,= ?is reason ! ,dnie/]1 ?o navigable along a /ret* ( almo/ #hjj km41 has n become an important wat]way4 ,! navigation ( ! ,dnie/]1 :i* becomes m active f ,khot9 on1 is n[ on ! wane4 ,eight hundr$ ye>s ago sea vessels 7 /ill able to rea* ! old ,ukra9ian royal city ( ,hali*4 ,! floods ( ! ,dnie/] are fam\s4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 ! sn[s melt 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,dnie/] ,pla9 is conv]t$ into a great riv]-lake4 ,! ,c>pa?ian tribut>ies br+ ! ma9 /ream s mu* wat]1 t x _c easily fl[ (f ?ru ! n>r[ caon1 & s1 floods ! :ole wide ,dnie/] ,valley = weeks4 ,!n !re is high wat] ev5 9 ! caon ( ! ,dnie/]1 b x has little scope4 ,ne> ,tiraspol1 ! ,dnie/] ,valley wid5s out aga94 ,swampy plavni wilds ext5d on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,9 a beautiful1 rapidly gr[+ delta1 ! ,dnie/] empties into its liman1 :i* x is sl[ly fill+ 9 ) its precipitates4 ,two n>r[ outlets 7hirl7 break ?ru ! b> ( ! liman & connect x ) ! sea4 ,betwe5 ! ,dnie/] & ! ,boh1 n "o riv] f9ally empties into ! sea4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ riv]s ( ! region1 ! ,little & ,big ,kuyalnik & ! ,tilihul end _! c\rses 9 limans1 :i* are entirely clos$ (f by b>s4 ,! valleys ( ^! coa/al riv]s are n>r[1 becom+ wid] at la/1 :5 !y are ab\t to ent] ! limans4 ,! curr5t is always sl[ & ! wat] (t5 evaporates completely 9 ! summ]4 ,! ,boh1 falsely nam$ ! ,s\!rn ,bug1 is a real plateau riv]4 ,x rises 9 ! village ( ,kupil1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,sbru*1 on ! ,au/rian bord]1 & fl[s z a typical ,podolian mud-/reamlet1 9 a flat valley1 cov]$ ) ponds & swamps4 ,b1 beg9n+ at ,mezibiz1 its b$ becomes rocky1 ! valley slopes become high & keep approa*+ ea* o!r4 ,! ,boh ,valley gradually becomes a caon-l 8y>10 al?o x is at no po9t s deep z ! ,dnie/] ,valley4 ,! granite-gneiss =mations ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/ appe> "h z picturesque %ore rocks & slopes along ! riv] & =m innum]able rapids 7z1 = example1 ,con/ant9ivka7 9 ! riv] b$4 ,/ony b$s & n>r[1 rocky valleys are also f\nd 9 ! mo/ important tribut>ies ( ! ,boh--! ,sob1 ,s9iukha1 ,inhul on ! left2 ! ,kodima & ,*i*iclea on ! "r4 ,all ( !m h little wat]1 & 9 dry summ]s only a *a9 ( ponds m>ks ! valley road ( ! riv]4 ,! ma9 /ream1 too1 has n mu* wat]1 be+ unfit = navigation ev5 9 ! "t ( ! spr+ floods4 ,only ! la/ #acj kilomet]s ( its c\rse1 f ,vosnes5sk d[n1 are navigable4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,inhul ! ,boh beg9s to wid5 consid]ably1 ! curr5t becomes sl[1 & ! dep? at ,mikolaiv suffici5tly great to enable small] sea vessels to rea* its h>bor4 ,sl[ly wid5+1 ! riv] gradually turns into ! ,buh liman1 :i* has ! w9d+ outl9e ( a riv] & unites ) ! great liman ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! ,boh is ov] #gej kilomet]s4 ,we n[ come to ! ma9 riv] ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! maje/ic ,dniep]4 ,to ! ,ukra9ian p ! ,dniep] be>s ! same significance z ! 8,matu%ka ,volga0 to ! ,russians1 ! ,vi/ula to ! ,poles1 & ! ,rh9e to ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,dniep] is ! sacr$ riv] ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,l a div9ity x 0 honor$ by ! old ,polans1 ! f\nd]s ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian /ate ( ,kiev2 ,slavutitza 0 ! "n giv5 x by ! ,ukra9ians ( ! mon>*y4 ,x 0 e/eem$ z a fa!r & provid] by ! brave ,zaporog ,cossacks1 ! *ampions ( ,ukra9ian lib]ty4 ,= _m c5turies ! ,dniep] has play$ an important "p 9 ! folk-lore & lit]ature ( ! ,ukra9e1 9 traditions & fairy-/ories & folk-tales & 9 ?\s&s ( folk-songs2 s9ce anci5t times x has be5 sung by all ,ukra9ian poets1 f ! unkn[n b>d ( ! epic ( ,ihor1 to ! greate/ ( all ,ukra9ian poets1 ,t>as ,%ev*5ko1 & s on1 d[n to ! y\nge/ g5]ation ( ! poets ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,to !m all1 ! ,dniep] is ! symbol ( ! ,ukra9e1 ( its life1 & ( its pa/4 ,n )\t cause did ,%ev*5ko ask to be buri$ on ! m\nta9 %ore ( ! ,dniep]1 8t ,i may see ! endless pla9s & ! ,dniep] & ! crags ( its banks & he> ! ru%+ ( ! ,ru%+ ,"o40 ,= no "o is able to repeat ! impressions :i* fill ! s\l ( e ,ukra9ian :5 he looks d[n f ?is beautiful obs]vation po9t ( ,%ev*5ko's grave ^u ! maje/ic riv] bel[4 ,h[ _m ?\ghts1 !n1 arise ab\t ! glori\s1 & yet s unspeakably sad1 pa/ ( ! ,ukra9e1 ab\t its mis]able pres5t & ! great future t[>d :i* ! nation t5ds1 amid great difficulties1 z does ! ,dniep] t[>d ! ,black ,sea ov] ! porohs4 ,& we d n wond] t ! ,dniep] has become ! national sanctu>y ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,) ?is riv] are connect$ all ! important ev5ts ( ! hi/orical life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,dniep] 0 ! fa!r ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian empire ( ,kiev2 by way ( ! ,dniep] a high] culture made its way into ! ,ukra9e2 on ! ,dniep] ! ,ukra9ian ,cossack elem5t develop$1 :i*1 aft] c5turies ( subjugation1 gave ! ,ukra9ians a new gov]nm5t4 ,! ,dniep] ,riv] has1 s9ce ho>y antiquity1 be5 ! mo/ important *annel ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? ( ,ea/]n ,europe2 x has be5 ! means ( connect+ ! ,ukra9e ) ! sea & ! cultural realm ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,its pres5t importance1 despite ! l[ grade ( culture 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & despite ,russian mismanagem5t1 is great1 & is gr[+ rapidly4 ,& if 9 ! future ! riv] is made accessible to sea-go+ vessels & becomes a road = l>ge-scale navigation1 its significance may become almo/ incalculable4 ,! ,dniep] is ! ?ird l>ge/ riv] 9 ,europe1 aft] ! ,volga & ! ,danube4 ,! l5g? ( its c\rse is m ?an #bajj km4 ,! region x dra9s includes #ebg1jjj sq4 km41 n mu* less ?an ! :ole ( ,france4 ,among ! /reams ( ! globe ! ,dniep] ranks ?irty-second4 ,if ! ,dnie/] possesses "s ( ! prop]ties ( a ,c5tral ,european riv]1 namely1 m\nta9\s c\ntry at its s\rce & _m m\nta9 tribut>ies2 if ! ,boh is a g5u9e plateau riv]2 ! ,dniep]1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! real type ( a riv] 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,x rises 9 ,:ite ,russia ne> ! village ( ,clozove4 ,a little swamp1 :i* 0 =m]ly a small lake1 situat$ at a height ( #bef m41 =ms ! s\rce ( ! riv]4 ,because ( ?is small height ( ! s\rce1 ! ,dniep] has1 z1 9 fact1 all ! ,ea/]n ,european riv]s h1 a v insignificant incl9e & an av]age spe$ ( curr5t ( #j4d m4 p] second4 ,! s\rce ( ! ,dniep] lies ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,dv9a & ! ,volga1 z well z ! s\rce /reams ( ! ,neva4 ,ne> its s\rce ! ,dniep] is a small1 muddy /reamlet1 :i* seeks its way s\?w>d 9 a flat valley1 ?ree miles wide1 betwe5 swamps & moors4 ,b quickly its volume increases1 &1 z ne> ! s\rce z ,dorogobuz1 ! riv] becomes navigable = small] vessels4 ,"h x sudd5ly turns to ! we/1 bo? valley slopes1 b especially ! left "o1 become high] & /eep]1 ! valley n>r[s d[n to km4 ,b aft] a %ort /ret* x becomes wide & swampy aga9 at ,smol5sk4 ,! dep? ( ! riv] is v irregul>1 ! pools 7plessa7 atta9+ a dep? ( #e met]s1 ! rapids (t5 less ?an met]4 ,f ,smol5sk to ,or%a ! ,dniep] ,valley aga9 becomes h>dly #a kilomet] wide1 betwe5 high banks4 ,on ! left bank picturesque1 rocky precipices appe>4 ,at ,or%a ! ,dniep] turns to ! s\?1 reta9+ ?is direction z f> z ,kiev4 ,d[n to ,%clov ! ,dniep] ,valley rema9s n>r[1 ) /eep slopes1 !n x wid5s sl[ly b /eadily4 ,! dep? ( ! riv] rea*es #aj met]s1 b _m %oals1 great mora9 b\ld]s & brok5 s&/one make navigation difficult4 ,bel[ ,mogilev ! spurs ( ! ,:ite ,russian & ,c5tral ,russian plateaus )draw f ! ,dniep] & %[ only on ! left side4 ,! riv] rea*es ! l[ pla9 ( ! ,polissye & fl[s 9 maje/ic turns ?ru swamps & mead[s :i* are dott$ ) old riv] b$s4 ,9 ?is section ( its c\rse ! ,dniep] receives ! ,dru* & ! volum9\s1 navigable ,b]es9a on ! "r1 & ! navigable ,soz on ! left4 ,! ,dniep] receives an especially great am\nt ( wat] f ! ,b]es9a4 ,riv] navigation is d\bl$ bel[ its entrance1 ma9ly because ( innum]able rafts :i* are travel+ to ! treeless ,s\? ,ukra9e & ! ,black ,sea f ! =e/s ( ,:ite ,russia4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,soz num]\s l[ isl&s appe> 9 ! b$ ( ! ,dniep]4 ,! riv] divides into num]\s bran*es4 ,! entire tr\gh ly+ betwe5 ! ,dniep] & ! ,pripet is a labyr9? ( riv] bran*es1 lakes1 old riv] b$s1 swamps & f5s4 ,?ru ! ,pripet ! volume ( ! ,dniep] ,riv] increases tw(old1 & v seldom fl[s along 9 a s+le b$4 ,! tribut>ies on ! "r side1 ! ,tet]ev & ! ,irp51 br+ ! ,dniep] ! fir/ remembrances ( ! ,ukra9ian plateau c\ntry1 & soon its spurs appe> on ! "r riv] bank4 ,! ,dniep] presses aga9/ ?is bank & =ms ! picturesque precipices above :i* gli/5 ! gild$ domes ( ! anci5t *ur*es ( ,kiev4 ,"h ! ,dniep] receives ! l>ge/ ( its tribut>ies on ! left1 ! navigable ,desna4 ,?us ! =mation ( ! ,dniep] ,riv] is complet$1 its s\rce-riv]s1 ! ,pripet1 ,b]es9a1 ! upp] ,dniep]1 ! ,desna & ! ,soz h unit$ to build a maje/ic /ream4 ,its normal av]age wid? is #fjj-hej met]s ne> ,kiev4 ,dur+ ! spr+ floods1 h[ev]1 ! wid? ( ! riv] exce$s #aj km42 f ! high1 "r bank "o c b>ely see ! woods ( ! left4 ,all ! isl&s1 s&-banks1 swamps1 mead[s1 riv] bran*es & old riv] b$s disappe> b5ea? an int]m9able mass ( yell[i% wat]1 roll+ sl[ly t[>d ! s\?4 ,deep into ! valleys ( ! tribut>y /reams ! high-wat] ent]s1 & rec$+1 leaves beh9d a lay] ( f]tile riv] mud4 ,n )\t reason did ,h]odotus comp>e ! ,dniep] ) ! ,nile4 ,! floods g5]ally occur b once a ye>--9 ! spr+1 :5 ! sn[s melt4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,dniep] diff]s f ! ,dnie/] & is simil> to all ! o!r riv]s ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! e>ly summ]1 at ! "t ( ! greate/ precipitation 9 ! ,dniep] c\ntry1 small floods occur only occasionally1 because ! ra9-wat] is /or$ up 9 ! _m swamps & moors ( ! upp] ,dniep] c\ntry4 ,! spr+ high-wat] orig9ates 9 ! great masses ( sn[1 :i* rema9 ly+ all ?ru w9t]1 melt+ & fl[+ (f all at once 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] an ice-drift la/+ #e-ab days1 ! high-wat] comes & la/s a mon? & a half4 ,x atta9s its highe/ level 9 ! middle ( ,april2 at ?is "t ! wat] /&s at #c4b met]s above normal at ,mogilev1 #b4b4 met]s at ,kiev1 #b4f met]s at ,krem9*uk1 #b met]s at ,kh]son1 #j4c met]s at ! delta4 ,! spr+ floods are at pres5t becom+ great] & m irregul>1 consequ5tly m dang]\s1 too1 ?an !y h be5 previ\sly4 ,! progressive de/ruction ( =e/s has contribut$ mo/ to ?is condition4 ,f ,kiev d[n1 ! ,dniep] ,riv] turns 9 a flat curve to ! s\!a/ & reta9s ?is direction z f> z ,kat]9oslav4 ,! "r bank rema9s /eadily high1 torn by gorges & cr[n$ ) rock =mations1 ) num]\s ni*es1 :i* betray =m] places ( contact ( ! riv] b5ds4 ,! view1 def5d$ especially by ,russian s*ol>s1 t ! m\nta9 bank ( ! ,dniep]1 l t ( all o!r ,ea/]n ,european riv]s1 orig9at$ ?ru ! influ5ce ( ! rotation ( ! e>? 7,ba]'s ,law71 notably does n apply to ! ,dniep]1 = ! pla9 on ! left v di/9ctly crosses ov] to ! "r %ore at ?ree places2 at ! m\? ( ! ,/uhna bel[ ,kiev1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,ross & ,*]kassi1 & nor? ( ,*ihir94 ,rec5t movem5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 by elevat+ ! ,dniep] ,plateau 9 huge sections1 prep>$ ! gr\nd = ! m\nta9\s %ores2 ! result+ /eep declivities 7 attack$ & trans=m$ by ! riv] curr5t1 aid$ by an effective simultane\s action ( ! w9ds4 ,! left bank ( ! riv] is v flat1 tak5 up by swamps1 lakes1 old riv] b$s & wood$ f5s4 ,great wild]nesses ( re$s cov] ! swampy banks ( ! num]\s riv] arms4 ,great masses ( s& br\ght by ! tribut>ies on ! left side are ?r[n up by ! /eppe w9ds & f dune l&scapes 9 v>i\s places4 ,! tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep] ,riv] 9 ?is section are ( f> less importance ?an ! above m5tion$ nor!rn ones4 ,f ! "r side ! riv] receives ! plateau /reams ,/uhna1 ,ross & ,tiasm91 f ! left ! ,trubez1 ! ,supo1 ! ,sula ) ! ,udai1 ! ,psiol ) ! ,khorol1 & ,holtva1 ,vorskla & ,orel4 ,all ^! riv]s increase ! volume ( ! ma9 /ream only to a slight degree4 ,! wid? ( ! riv] at ! po9t :]e x fl[s along 9 a s+le b$ is regul>ly #a km4 on ! av]age2 at ! n>r[e/ "p1 to be sure1 only #aej met]s4 ,:]e ! riv] bran*es (f into sev]al =ks1 h[ev]1 ! complete wid?1 ev5 at ! "t ( l[-wat]1 is m ?an #d km41 at high-wat] ov] #h km4 ,! dep? ( ! riv]1 too1 is v *angeable4 ,! tribut>ies on ! left side br+ great masses ( s& to ! ma9 riv] b$1 =m+ great banks ( s&1 :i* sl[ly move d[nw>d & cause great *angeability ( ! dep?4 ,ov] su* banks ( s& ! dep? ( ! riv] is h>dly #a met]s1 b atta9s a dep? ( #ab met]s :]e ! riv] fl[s 9 a n>r[ b$4 ,betwe5 ,kiev & ,krem9*uk1 ! maje/ic "* ( ! ,dniep] ,riv] is mo/ app>5t4 ,! slight incl9e "h causes a curr5t ( only "o-?ird ! spe$ ( ! curr5t ( ! ,volga4 ,) an impressive calm ! wat]s ( ! ,dniep] fl[ along2 x seems z ?o ! mirror-l mass ( wat] 7 motionless4 ,b soon1 above ! m\? ( ! ,psiol1 ! spe$ ( ! curr5t is sudd5ly tripl$1 s t ! /eamboats mu/ ex]t _! entire =ce 9 ! up-/ream trip4 ,! l[ left bank beg9s sl[ly to rise2 ! riv] valley1 up to ?is po9t1 wide almo/ beyond rea* ( ! eye1 becomes n>r[1 ! riv] =ks & isl&s gradually disappe>1 & at ! m\? ( ! ,sam>a bo? banks approa* ! /ream ) /eep precipices4 ,! direction ( ! riv] becomes s\!rly & ! section beg9s :]e ! ,dniep] breaks ?ru ! granite l$ge ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/1 ! fam\s section ( its rapids4 ,"h ! ,dniep] assumes all ! *>act]i/ics ( a plateau riv]4 ,! riv] valley becomes s n>r[ t at high-wat] ! riv] spreads ov] ! entire valley bottom4 ,! settlem5ts take refuge on ! heights ( ! /eep bank4 ,! granite-gneiss sub-lay] appe>s 9 /eep precipices & high picturesque rock =mations on ! valley slopes4 ,we are confront$ ) ! same caon-l valley on ! ,dniep]1 !n1 z on ! ,dnie/] 9 ! ,podolian ,plateau4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,! riv] valley is at mo/ #ajj met]s deep1 & ! granite slopes d n =m compact valley sides su* z we see 9 ! y>s ( ! ,dnie/]4 ,at e mom5t ! /eep decl9e is brok5 by num]\s gorges1 picturesque foo?ills2 & jutt+ cliffs l5d to ! riv] l&scape ( ! ,dniep] ,valley1 at ?is po9t1 a v>iety unkn[n 9 ! y> ( ! ,dnie/]4 ,! section ( ! ,dniep] ,riv] f ! m\? ( ! ,sam>a to ,veliki ,luh1 at ! m\? ( ! ,konca1 =ms a riv] c\ntry :i* is ! only "o ( its k9d 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,x is ! section ( ! ,dniep] rapids4 ,! po/-t]ti>y elevation ( ! ,ukra9ian hor/1 at ?is po9t1 has =c$ ! riv] to dig its b$ into ! h>d granite & gneiss rocks4 ,despite great masses ( wat]1 ! riv] has n succe$$ 9 equaliz+ its incl9e4 ,= ?is reason1 we f9d 9 its b$ innum]able rocky isl&s1 l$ges ( rock1 sep>ate cliffs & great b\ld]s4 ,9 a wild1 ro>+ torr5t1 ! curr5t beats aga9/ ^! ob/acles1 creat+ deep pools & dang]\s vortices4 ,b n at all places 0 ! riv] de/9$ to saw ?ru ! ob/acles 9 its way4 ,at _m po9ts solid l$ges ( rock lie "r across ! riv]4 ,its mass ( wat] falls d[n ov] ^! granite /eps 9 imm5se foam-wrea!d bill[s & see!s ab\t innum]able b\ld]s1 rema9s ( already p>t$ l$ges4 ,! dull ro>+ & rumbl+ c be he>d1 ev5 by day1 = sev]al miles4 ,^! are ! rapids ( ! ,dniep]--! 8porohi0 & 8zabori40 ,! porohi are n real wat]falls or cat>acts2 ! incl9e ( ! riv] 9 ?is section is #ce met]s = a /ret* ( #ge km41 & is1 !re=e1 too slight = regul> falls4 ,! greate/ incl9e atta9$ )9 ?is /ret* ( riv] is #f4 ,!re=e1 only ! individual bran*es ( wat] betwe5 b\ld]s =m small falls1 :ile ! ma9 *annel only %oots along d[n-/ream 9 a long1 foam-cov]$ /reak1 ov] ! incl9$ surface ( ! l$ges4 ,9 summ]1 ! dep? above ! rock l$ges is b>ely #a met]s1 :ile 9 ! spr+ ev5 ! highe/ reefs ( ! rapids disappe> b5ea? ! masses ( ! high-wat]4 ,/ill1 ! rapids ( ! ,dniep] are ev5 n[ a great h9drance to navigation4 ,)9 ! porohi section1 /eamboat navigation is altoge!r impossible1 & ! small] r[boats or sailboats c risk x only dur+ ! spr+ floods1 & !n only ! d[n-trip4 ,only ! rafts c pass ?ru ! porohi at l[-wat] "t1 al?o ) great dang]4 ,! up-/ream trip is almo/ impossible1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ vessel1 al?o1 at "o "t1 ev]yone :o desir$ to jo9 ! ,zaporog ,cossacks 0 requir$ to und]take ?is d>+ ent]prise4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t has attempt$1 inde$1 to make ! rapids ( ! riv] navigable1 & has caus$ a navigable canal to be =m$ at ea* fall1 ?ru bla/+ ( ! rock l$ges4 ,b ^! canals h be5 plann$ 9 s impractical & ev5 faulty a mann] t ! riv] pilots 7lotzmani7 /ill use ! old 8,cossack pa?s0 to a great ext5t 7! ,cosa*i khody7 to br+ riv] boats & rafts ?ru ! porohi4 ,! wid? ( ! riv] 9 ! rapids section rema9s un*ang$--#a to #a kilomet]s4 ,only at its exit f ! porohi1 at ! s-call$ ,wolf's ,?roat 7,vov*e horlo71 ! riv] n>r[s d[n to #afj met]s4 ,! quiet sections betwe5 sep>ate rapids are usually v wide & z mu* z #cj met]s deep4 ,( g5u9e rapids 7porohi71 accord+ to ! pilots1 :o are direct desc5dants ( ! ,zaporog ,cossacks1 !re are n9e2 ( ! l>g] sabori 7l$ges ( rock :i* d n ob/ruct ! entire wid? ( ! riv]71 six4 ,! fir/ rapids bel[ ,kat]9oslav are ! ,kaidac rapids 7,kaidazki porih71 ) f\r l$ges ( rock4 ,!n foll[ ! ,yazeva ,sebora1 ! ,little ,sursky porih1 ) two l$ges1 ! dang]\s ,lokhanski porih ) ?ree l$ges1 & ! ,/ril*a ,sabora1 ) ! great rocks ( ,/ril*a skela & ,kam9 ,bohatir4 ,! next rapids1 ,svonez & ! f>-s\nd+ ,tiah9ska ,sabora1 all[ vessels easy passage1 b aft] pass+ ?ru ! ,dniep] ! pilot mu/ ex]t all 8 /r5g?4 ,ev5 f ! ,svonez rapids on1 "o c he> ! t]rible ro>+ & rumbl+ ( ! l>ge/ ( ! porohi1 ! ,did 7gr&fa!r7 or ,n5assitetz 7insatiable74 ,masses ( :ite foam cov] x completely1 ! wat] %oots d[n ov] ! twelve l$ges ( rock ) ! spe$ ( an arr[4 ,! vessel groans & creaks1 b flies ?ru ! porih 9 ?ree m9utes1 if x c only escape ! dang]\s rock ( ,krutko or ! t]rible :irlpool ( ,peklo 7! ,hell74 ,or x may happ5 t ! %ip is da%$ to pieces 9 ! ,voronova ,sabora1 :i* is full ( dang]\s reefs4 ,aft] ! ,did & ! insignificant ,kriva ,sabora1 comes ! ,vnuk 7gr&*ild7 or ,vovnih1 ^: f\r l$ges1 cov]$ ) great bill[s & masses ( foam1 holds _m hidd5 dang]s = ! sailor4 ,b 8aft] ov]com+ ! ,gr&fa!r & ! ,gr&*ild1 don't g to sleep1 = ! ,awak5] w wake y0--mean+ ! next foll[+ ,porih ,budilo 7,awak5]7 :i* also is dang]\s = %ips4 ,we !n come pa/ ! ,tavolzanska ,sabora1 :]e ! beautiful crag 7,snieva skela7 rises1 to ! next to ! la/ porih1 ,li%ni 7! ,disp5sable71 ) two insignificant edges ( rock1 :i* (f] b slight dang]s4 ,! la/ porih1 h[ev]1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,vilni 7free7 or ,hadiu*i 7s]p5t falls71 is v dang]\s = %ips & rafts1 = ! *annel w9ds 9 s]p5t9e twi/s ?ru ! six l$ges1 & ! pilot mu/ ex]cise all 8 skill 9 ord] to /e] ! %ip entru/$ to him safely ?ru ! dang]\s *annel4 ,aft] ?is foll[s ! n>r[ 7#afj m47 8,wolf's-,?roat0 7,vov*e horlo71 ) ?ree great rocks2 ! small ,javl5a ,sabora1 ?ree dang]\s 8,robb] ,rocks0 7,kam5i ,rosbiyniki71 & two granite precipices1 ,/ovli 7,pill>s71 & we come into ! ,zaporog c\ntry 7,zaporoze74 ,"h ! ,dniep] valley wid5s & num]\s isl&s appe> 9 ! /ream4 ,! upp] ones1 = example1 ,khortizia & ,tomakivka1 :i* 7 once ! site ( ! fir/ ,zaporog ,si*1 are high1 rocky1 & ov]gr[n ) =e/4 ,fur!r s\? ! /eep left-h& valley slope rec$es f> f ! riv] & ! s-call$ ,veliki ,luh beg9s4 ,x is a labyr9? ( flat =e/ & re$-cov]$ alluvial isl&s1 riv] bran*es1 old riv] b$s1 lakes & swamps4 ,"h 7 locat$ ! hunt+ & fi%+ gr\nds ( ! ,zaporog ,cossacks2 "h 0 _! dwell+ place1 wond]fully =tifi$ by nature & surr\nd$ by an inaccessible wild]ness ( =e/s & wat]s1 & ! c5t] ( _! milit>y /ate2 ( ! c5tury-old oaks ( ! ,veliki ,luh1 ! ,zaporogs built _! %ips1 9 ord] to pay _! d>+ visits to ! "l ( ,islam 9 8 own capital4 ,b ! glori\s days are pa/1 ! w>like life & activity has disappe>$1 & /range coloni/s1 :om ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t has s5t "h to settle1 n[ occupy ! gr\nd on :i* ! second ,ukra9ian /ate orig9at$4 ,f ! _m-bran*$ m\? ( ! ,konka 7also nam$ ,k9ska voda7 ! ,dniep] ,riv] turns t[>d ! s\?we/1 :i* direction x reta9s until x disembogues into ! sea4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! riv] n[h]e fl[s 9 a s+le b$2 an enorm\s numb] ( side arms bran* (f f ! ma9 arm or unite ) x4 ,! broad riv] valley1 ^: "r bank cont9ues to be high & rocky = a "t1 is tak5 up by ! plavni =mation & w9ds l a broad b& ( fre%ly gr[+ v]dure ?ru ! /eppe1 :i* /ret*es out dry & gold5-br[n 9 ! hot midsumm]4 ,aft] receiv+1 z its la/ tribut>y1 ! /eppe-riv] ,inhuletz1 x empties ) n9e arms into its liman1 bel[ ,kh]son4 ,( ^! arms only two are navigable = l>g] vessels1 & ! imm5se ,dniep] liman is at mo/ only #f met]s deep4 ,! riv] br+s d[n great masses ( s& & mud1 & fills up its liman s rapidly t /r5u\s dr$g+ is necess>y1 9 ord] to make x possible = small sea-vessels to rea* ! h>bor ( ,kh]son4 ,! ,dniep] ,riv] br+s ! ,black ,sea1 on ! av]age1 #bjjj cu4 m4 ( wat] p] second4 ,x is navigable1 ev5 = l>ge riv] boats1 along a /ret* ( #aijj km4 ,! ice-cov] la/s #ajj days at ,kiev2 #hj days 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse4 ,! tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep] are v num]\s & important2 _! total l5g? is ov] #ac1jjj km4 ,( ^? on ! "r1 ! ,pripet ,riv] is ! mo/ important4 ,x ga!rs 9 all ! wat]s ( ! ,polissye & is ! typical riv] ( t di/rict4 ,its l5g? exce$s #fej km4 ,ris+ 9 ! nor!rn spurs ( ! ,volhynian ,plateau1 v close to ! c\rse ( ! ,buh1 x imm$iately rea*es ! ,polissian ,pla9 & becomes a navigable riv] ov] #ej m4 wide & ab\t #f m4 deep4 ,9 ! ma9 axis ( ! ,polissian bas9 ! ,pripet turns ea/w>d & becomes ab\t #ajj m4 wide4 ,! incl9e ( ! riv] is v slight1 ! numb] ( turns & riv] arms enorm\s4 ,betwe5 swampy woods & moors ! riv] =ms labyr9?s ( delicate1 intricate wat]ways & /agnant pools4 ,ne> ,mosir1 :]e ! riv] turns to ! s\!a/1 its wid? rea*es #dej m41 its dep? #aj m4 ,( q ! same type are ! tribut>ies ( ! ,pripet3 ! ,turia1 ,/okhod1 ,/ir ) ! ,ikva1 ! ,hor9 ) ! ,slu*1 ! ,ubort & ! ,uz on ! "r2 ! ,p9a1 ,yassiolda1 ,slu* & ,pti* on ! left4 ,all ( !m are navigable along great /ret*es4 ,! rema9+ "r-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep]1 ! ,tet]ev & ! ,irp51 h ! ,polissian "* only ne> _! m\?1 o!rwise !y are purely plateau riv]s ) rocky b$s4 ,! ,tet]ev is able to transport rafts ( logs1 :ile ! o!r riv]s ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 z = example1 ! ,ross 7al?o great] ?an ! ,tet]ev7 & ! ,tiasm91 are entirely unfit = navigation1 z a result ( _! rocky b$s & _! small volume 9 summ]4 ,! la/ l>ge ,dniep] tribut>y1 ! /eppe-riv] ,inhuletz1 al?o b>ely #ajj km4 %ort] ?an ! ,pripet1 is1 = ! same reasons1 only capable ( c>ry+ logs 9 ! la/ #aej km4 ( its mu*-twi/$ c\rse4 ,( ! left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep] only ! nor!rn ones possess a suffici5t volume ( wat] to be navigable4 ,! ,soz1 :i* is #eej kilomet]s 9 l5g?1 becomes z wide z #aej met]s1 & is navigable = a /ret* ( ne>ly #cfj kilomet]s4 ,! ,desna is ! longe/ ( all ! ,dniep] tribut>ies 7#ajjj km474 ,x rises ne> ,yelnia1 on ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau1 & fl[s 9 a broad symmetrical valley1 :i* x floods 9 places e spr+ to ! ext5t ( #aj kilomet]s4 ,! normal wid? ( ! riv] at l[-wat] is #afj met]s2 ! dep? is #f met]s4 ,despite _m %all[s & s&-banks1 ! ,desna is capable ( be>+ rafts along a /ret* ( #bej kilomet]s1 & is navigable = #gjj kilomet]s ev5 = ! l>g] riv] boats4 ,( ! ,ukra9ian tribut>ies ( ! ,desna1 ! mo/ important is ! ,sem1 :i* is #fej km4 long & navigable = #ejj kilomet]s4 ,all ! o!r left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep] fl[ 9 broad valleys1 ) high "r slopes & l[ left slopes1 cov]$ ) /agnant wat]s1 m>%y mead[s & areas ( s&4 ,b1 al?o !y all look v impos+ at ! "t ( ! spr+ floods1 yet1 nei!r ! ,sula ) its high wood$ banks1 nor ! ,psiol ) its #fgj km4 ( l5g?1 nei!r ! ,vorscla fl[+ along betwe5 s&banks & dunes1 nor ! ,orel slid+ sl[ly along ) its twi/$ c\rse--none ( ^! h any significance = navigation4 ,only ! /eppe-riv] ,sam>a1 fl[+ betwe5 granite banks1 is capable ( float+ rafts along a %ort /ret*4 ,!re 0 a "t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* all ^! riv]s 7 navigable1 ev5 = %ips ( consid]able size4 ,great old an*ors & wreckage ( %ips1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! b$s & banks ( ^! riv]s1 are suffici5t pro( ( ?is fact4 ,! cause ( ! pres5t condition may be s\ght 9 ! de/ruction ( =e/ 9 ! dra9age c\ntry4 ,! spr+ floods1 increas$ f ?is cause1 develop consid]able de/ructive activity1 fill+ up ! riv] b$ ) masses ( s& & mud1 float+ bru%es & /umps ( trees4 ,! decreas$ volume ( wat] 9 ! dry season1 due to ! dry+ up ( ! swamps & spr+s1 c n transport ^! deposits fur!r1 & ! riv] becomes unfit = any sort ( navigation4 ,! ,don 7,d97 is ! f\r? 9 ! s]ies ( riv]s ( ,europe4 ,x is ov] #ahjj kilomet]s long1 b ! c\ntry x dra9s is small] 9 area by #ajj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s ?an t ( ! ,dniep]4 ,h>dly "o-f\r? ( ! ,don c\ntry belongs to ! ,ukra9e1 & ev5 less ( its c\rse4 ,= ?is reason x 0 long consid]$ z a bord] /ream ( ! ,ukra9e on ! ea/1 until ! pa/ c5tury ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory into ! ,kuban region & to ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! ,don rises 9 ,lake ,ivan-,oz]o1 :i* has also an outlet to ! ,aka on ! ,c5tral ,russian elevation ( gr\nd4 ,its valley is at fir/ deeply cut1 its b$ rocky4 ,!n ! valley wid5s & becomes symmetrical1 ! left bank becomes flat & swampy1 cov]$ 9 places by wide areas ( s&4 ,9 ! s\rce region ! direction ( ! riv] is s\? z f> z ,korotniak1 !n ! riv] turns to ! s\!a/1 =ms a %>p b5d at ! m\? ( ! ,ilovla1 approa*+ to )9 #fj km4 ( ! ,volga4 ,!n ! ,don repeats on a small scale ! direction ( ! c\rse ( ! ,dniep]1 turns t[>d ! s\?we/1 & disembogues 9 ?irty arms1 ( :i* only ?ree are navigable & only "o accessible to sea-vessels1 into ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,its delta region is v ri* 9 fi% & is gr[+ v rapidly4 ,! g5]al volume ( ! ,don is twice z small z t ( ! ,dniep] & is subject to _m vacillations4 ,dur+ ! spr+ floods ! wat]-level rea*es #f-g m4 above ! normal & ! riv] becomes z mu* z #aj km4 wide4 ,at ! "t ( l[-wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! riv]1 despite its wid? 79 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse7 ( #bjj to #djj m4 & dep?s ( #b-af m41 is full ( s&banks & %all[s1 s t navigation on ! ,don is b slightly develop$1 al?o m ?an #acjj km4 ( its c\rse may be consid]$ fit = float+ rafts ( logs & #cjj km4 = %ips4 ,! freez+-"t la/s on ! av]age #ajj days4 ,( ! left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,don1 ! ,voronizh1 ,bitiuh1 ,khop]1 ,m$v$itza1 & ! ,mani* 7fam\s1 because ( its bifurcation7 are ! mo/ important4 ,( ! "r-h& tribut>ies only "o1 ! ,donetz1 is important4 ,its entire c\rse belongs to ,ukra9ian national t]ritory4 ,x is #ajjj km4 long1 &1 9 its s\!rly & !n s\?-ea/]ly direction1 entirely analog\s to ! ,dniep] & ! ,don4 ,! ,donetz fl[s 9 a broad valley & wa%es beautiful :ite cliffs along ! /eep "r bank1 cr[n$ ) d>k =e/s4 ,! ,donetz is capable ( float+ rafts along a /ret* ( ov] #cjj km41 & is navigable = #bjj km4 m4 ,( ! /eppe-riv]s :i* t5d t[>d ! ,sea ( ,az( f ! ea/1 only ! ,yeia rea*es its goal4 ,all ! re/ end _! c\rses 9 lagoons4 ,! la/ great riv] ( ! ,ukra9e is ! ,kuban1 #hjj km4 long4 ,x rises 9 ! glaci]s ( ! ,elbrus & fl[s1 a ro>+ m\nta9 /ream1 9 a n>r[ & deep rocky defile4 ,a great numb] ( ! m\nta9 /reams ( ! nor!rn ,caucasus slope empty into ! ,kuban & make x a /ream ( consid]able volume4 ,9 ! ,/avropol hill c\ntry ! ,kuban turns 9 a widely-drawn curve t[>d ! we/4 ,its valley becomes broad & flat1 cov]$ ) bogs1 swampy =e/s & wild]nesses ( re$s4 ,f ! left side x receives a numb] ( tribut>ies f ! ,caucasus1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,laba & ! ,bila4 ,9 ! mid/ ( imm5se plavni1 lakes & limans1 ! ,kuban =ms its _m-arm$ delta1 :i* c>ries its wat]s p>tly to ! ,black ,sea1 p>tly to ! ,sea ( ,az(1 & embraces ! p59sula ( ,taman4 ,! ,kuban always has a l>ge volume1 ! floods com+ 9 ! e>ly summ]1 :5 ! sn[ blanket ( ! ,caucasus melts4 ,navigation is greatly injur$ because ( banks ( s& & rubble1 bru% & tree-/umps1 b is1 nev]!less1 possible = a di/ance ( ov] #cej km4 ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,climate ,! great uni=mity ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 9 respect to its morphology1 we f9d repeat$ 9 its climatic conditions4 ,b1 to ! same ext5t t ! att5tive inve/igator1 ^u close obs]vation1 f9ds sev]al indep5d5t morphological individualities )9 ! ,ea/]n ,european l[ c\ntry1 he w also obs]ve important climatic diff]5ces 9 ?is great half-cont95t4 ,! ,c5tral ,european climatic zone /ops at ! we/]n bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,simil>ly1 ! cool ,ea/]n ,european cont95tal climate1 :i* rules ov] all ( ,:ite & ,great ,russia1 embraces only insignificant bord]l&s 9 ! nor? ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! ,ukra9ian climate assumes an entirely indep5d5t position4 ,x is m cont95tal ?an t ( ,c5tral ,europe & diff]s f t ( ,great ,russia 9 its great] mildness4 ,! ,ukra9e %>es ) ,france ! advantage t 9 its t]ritory ! direct transition f ! temp]ate climate ( ,ea/]n ,europe to ! ,m$it]ranean climate ( ,s\!rn ,europe takes place4 ,! !rmal conditions ( ! ,ukra9e1 despite its great size1 are v uni=m4 ,! ye>ly av]ages fluctuate betwe5 #f & #i ,c4 ,t]nopil1 9 ,podolia1 & ,vov*ansk1 9 ! ,kh>kov c\ntry1 h ! same ye>ly temp]ature ( #f4c1 ,p9sk #f4g1 ,kiev & ,kh>kiv #f4h1 ,lviv 7,lemb]g7 & ,poltava #f4i4 ,! diff]5ces are conf9$ )9 a space ( #a;,c4 ,*]nivtzi 7,cz]n[itz7 9 ! ,buk[9a1 ,yelisavet 9 ! ,kh]son region1 & ,luhan 9 ! ,donetz region h an annual temp]ature ( #g4f or #g4g1 ,kat]9oslav on ! ,dniep]1 ,tahanroh on ! ,sea ( ,az(1 & ,/avropol 9 ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry #h4c or #h4b4 ,?is great co9cid5ce ( ye>ly av]ages 9 s widely sep>at$ places is all ! m surpris+1 s9ce ! mean temp]ature falls consid]ably directly beh9d ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,?us1 ,kursk has only #e4b1 ,voroniz #e4d4 ,n until we rea* ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e does ! mean temp]ature rise consid]ably4 ,odessa & ,ki%9iv h #i4h1 ,mikolaiv #i4g1 ,simf]opol #aj4a1 ,seva/opol #ab4b1 ,kat]9od> #ab4a1 ,novorossiysk #ab1 ,yalta #ac4d mean annual temp]ature4 ,! la/-nam$ place actually lies 9 ! n>r[ belt ( ! ,m$it]ranean climate1 on ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s4 ,comp>+ ! annual av]ages ( ! ,ukra9e ) ^? ( diff]5t places 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 ! latt] appe> relatively mu* high]4 ,london1 situat$ 9 ! same geographical latitude z ,kursk has an annual temp]ature almo/ twice z high 7#aj4c74 ,london is on ! av]age ev5 a little w>m] ?an ,simf]opol1 :i* actually lies #fej km4 ne>] ! equator4 ,brussels lies a little m nor? ?an ,kiev1 yet x is 9 ! mean w>m] ?an ,odessa4 ,! cause ( ?is unfavorable relation is ! sev]e w9t] ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ,janu>y is #c4e 9 ,london1 #b 9 ,brussels1 #a4b 9 ,frank=t a m41 -#a4b 9 ,prague1 -#c4c 9 ,crac[4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e ! ,janu>y means are mu* l[]4 ,lemb]g has -#d4f1 ,kiev has -#f4b1 ,kh>kiv -#h4c1 ,luhan -#h1 ,vov*ansk -#g4g1 ,kat]9oslav -#g4d1 etc4 ,to be sure ?is is n rem>kable :5 comp>$ ) ! ,janu>y temp]atures ( ev5 ! s\? ( ,great ,russia1 :]e ! w9t] sugge/s pol> conditions1 b ! anti!sis to ! w9t] climate ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe is /rik+4 ,hamm]fe/1 ! nor!rnmo/ city ( ! e>?1 is "o degree w>m] ?an ,kiev 9 ,janu>y & ev5 a little w>m] ?an ,lemb]g4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! summ] ( ! ,ukra9e is ev5 w>m] ?an t ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! ,july mean ( ,london is #ag4i ,c41 ( ,brussels #ah1 ,lemb]g ! same1 b ,kiev has z mu* z #ai4b1 ,kh>kiv #bj4i4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! summ] temp]atures are mu* small]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! diff]5ces 9 ! w9t] temp]atures--h5ce ! comp>atively l[ annual mean 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,^! figures cle>ly %[ ! cont95tal "* ( ! ,ukra9ian climate4 ,! influ5ces ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* /ill /rongly dom9ate ! climate ( ,c5tral ,europe1 become slight 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,p>ticul>ly1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e is almo/ unaffect$ by ! mitigat+ influ5ce ( a ne>by ocean1 & ! necess>y result is ! l[ w9t]-temp]atures4 ,b ! cont95tal "* ( ! ,ukra9ian climate is1 nev]!less1 n s /rongly m>k$ z t ( ! ,russian or ,sib]ian climate4 ,kami%91 ,semipalat9sk1 ,blagovie%*5sk1 situat$ on ! same degree ( latitude z ,kiev1 h a ,janu>y mean ( -#aa4f1 #ag4e & -#be4d1 & a ,july mean ( #bd4a1 #bb4b & #ba4c1 respectively4 ,! influ5ces ( ! ,black ,sea1 al?o 9 g5]al n great1 are at lea/ unmi/akable 9 ! coa/al region ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean ( ! colde/ & t ( ! w>me/ mon? is slight] 9 ! ,ukra9e ?an 9 ,russia or ,sib]ia1 to be sure1 b x is1 at any rate1 consid]able4 ,only 9 ! ,m$it]ranean climate ( ,s\!rn ,crimea does ! diff]5ce am\nt to z little z #bj4 ,! re/ ( ,crimea1 ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry & ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e z f> z ,kiev & ,uman h a diff]5ce ( #bj-be1 ,lemb]g1 = example1 #bb4f1 ,p9sk #bd1 ,*]nivtzi #be4a1 ,kiev #be4b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\!rn & ! entire ea/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e1 especially ea/ ( ! ,dniep]1 %[s a consid]able diff]5ce1 f #be to #cj1 z = example1 ,kiev #be4d1 ,odessa & ,mikolaiv #bf4c1 ,poltava #bg4c1 ,kh>kiv & ,tahanroh ov] #bi1 ,luhan & ,kat]9oslav #cj4d4 ,! w9t] appe>s sev]e 9 ! entire ,ukra9e1 ) ! exception ( ,crimea & ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry4 ,! ,janu>y mean temp]ature ( -#d to -#h !n obta9s 9 ! entire wide t]ritory4 ,lemb]g has -#d4c1 ,t>nopol -#e4e1 ,*]nivtzi -#e4a1 ,kiev -#f4b1 ,vov*ansk -#g4g1 ,kat]9oslav -#g4d1 ,mikolaiv -#d4c1 ,tahanroh -#f4g1 ,luhan -#h4 ,ev5 ! s\!rn l&s ( ! ,ukra9e h a l[ mean = ,janu>y1 = example1 ,odessa -#c4g 7,ki%9iv -#c4e71 :ile ,kam5etz owes its exceptionally high mean1 -#c4c1 to its %elt]$ location 9 a 8y>40 ,! ,janu>y iso!rms run f nor?we/ to s\!a/ 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 9 a wide curve1 :i* becomes increas+ly flat t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,= ?is reason ! cold 9 ! ,ukra9e gr[s 9 int5sity n 9 a nor!rn b 9 a nor!a/]n direction4 ,! mean annual m9imum almo/ ev]y:]e exce$s -#bj 7,lemb]g -#ai4b1 ,*]nivtzi -#ba4a1 ,t>nopol -#bc4d1 ,kiev -#bc4b1 ,mikolaiv -#ba4d1 ,luhan -#bh4d74 ,! absolute extremes atta9 v high values4 ,! absolute m9imum am\nts to -#cj 9 ,mikolaiv & ,odessa1 -#cc4a 9 ,kiev1 -#cd 9 ,t]nopil1 -#ce 9 ,lemb]g & ,cz]n[itz1 -#dj4h 9 ,luhan4 ,! ,ukra9ian w9t] is f> less v>iable ?an ! ,c5tral ,european or ev5 ! ,russian4 ,only 9 ! nor?we/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e does a ?aw1 br\ght by ! ,atlantic w9ds1 frequ5tly appe>4 ,! duration ( ! fro/ on ! ,pontian %ore is at mo/ two mon?s1 9 ! ,pontian /eppe-pla9 & ! s\!rn spurs ( ! plateau gr\ps ?ree mon?s1 9 all ! re/ ( ! ,ukra9e ?ree & a half4 ,only 9 ! nor!a/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 locat$ on ! spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian elevation & ! ,donetz1 does ! fro/ p]iod ext5d ov] f\r mon?s4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e ! w9t] is foll[$ directly by a sunny spr+1 ) dry ea/ w9ds1 :i* p>tly deg5]ate into s&-/orms 7sukhovi74 ,ev]y:]e else 9 ! ,ukra9e wet1 sloppy wea!r foll[s ! /eps ( ! rec$+ w9t]4 ,t[>d ! nor?we/ x cont9ues long] & long]4 ,! sloppy wea!r ( spr+ consi/s ( a con/antly v>y+ succession ( fro/1 ?aw1 sn[/orm1 ra9 & sun%9e1 end+ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e usually 9 ! middle ( ,april1 9 ! nor!rn & nor?we/]n "p at ! end ( ,april or ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ,may4 ,! actual spr+ foll[+ !reon is v %ort ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e & usually la/s ?ree weeks1 except 9 ! nor?we/1 :]e x cont9ues ?ru ! entire mon? ( ,may4 ,! mean ,april temp]ature is ev]y:]e high] ?an ! annual mean 7,lemb]g #g4h1 ,t>nopol & ,kiev #f4i1 ,cz]n[itz & ,odessa #h4f1 ,luhan -#h4a74 ,b ! mon? ( ,may is q z w>m z ,july 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ,may fro/s 9 ! entire ,ukra9e z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea1 al?o !y d n appe> s de/ructive "h z 9 ,russia prop]4 ,! ,ukra9ian summ] is ev]y:]e m>k$ by consid]able heat4 ,only 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,ukra9e 7,ro/o*e1 ,pidlassye1 ,polissye1 ,volhynia7 is ! summ] mod]ately w>m 7,lemb]g #ai4a1 ,t]nopil #ah4g1 ,p9sk #ah74 ,! ,july temp]ature ( all ! re/ ( ! ,ukra9e is mu* high] ?an ?is4 ,! ,july iso!rm ( #bj1 l all ! ,july iso!rms ( ! ,ukra9e1 runs 9 a nor!a/ direction pa/ ! s\rce ( ! ,sbru* & ! m\? ( ! ,pripet1 & ! fur!r we advance f ?is l9e t[>ds ! s\!a/1 ! hott] ! summ]s we f9d4 ,on ! l[] ,dnie/] & ,dniep] ! mean ,july temp]ature exce$s #bc4 ,foll[+ are a numb] ( ,july means3 ,cz]n[itz #bj4a1 ,kiev #ai4b1 ,vov*ansk #bj4c1 ,odessa #bb4f1 ,kat]9oslav & ,mikolaiv #bc1 ,luhan #bb4d1 ,tahanroh #bb4h4 ,! /ronge/ degrees ( heat are #cg to #dc1 & ! mean annual maxima are #cj4c = ,t]nopil1 #ca4a = ,lemb]g1 #cb4g = ,cz]n[itz1 #cb4a = ,kiev1 #ce4b = ,mikolaiv1 #ce4e = ,luhan4 ,! duration ( ! heat p]iod ) temp]atures ( #bj & ov] is two mon?s s\!a/ ( a l9e :i* runs ne> ,ki%9iv1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 "o mon? s\!a/ ( ! l9e ( ,mohiliv1 ,kaniv & ,kursk4 ,! total duration ( ! summ] is only 9 ! nor?we/ ( ! ,ukra9e z %ort z ?ree mon?s2 o!rwise x is f\r1 & on ! ,black ,sea ev5 f\r & a half4 ,! autumn ( ! ,ukra9e is regul>ly v beautiful & comp>atively w>m4 ,! mon? ( ,octob] has a mean ( temp]ature high] ?an ! annual 7,lemb]g #h4e1 ,t]nopil #g4g1 ,cz]n[itz #i1 ,kiev #g4e1 ,vov*ansk #g1 ,kat]9oslav #i4g1 ,luhan #h4d1 ,odessa #aa1 ,mikolaiv #i4g1 ,tahanroh #i4a74 ,b ev5 9 ,octob] ! w>m sunny days are foll[$ by night fro/s4 ,! moi/ autumnal wea!r :i* beg9s ! transition to w9t] la/s z mu* z two mon?s 9 ! nor?we/2 beyond t1 "o to "o & a half mon?s4 ,! mean date ( ! e>lie/ fro/ is ,octob] #ai? = ,kiev1 ,octob] #aa? = ,luhan1 ,octob] #bh? = ,micolaiv1 & ,novemb] #aj? = ,odessa4 ,a diff]5t position1 climatically1 is t ( ,crimea1 ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry1 z well z ! m\nta9 isl&s ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,yaila & ! ,caucasus4 ,9 ! temp]ature conditions ( ,crimea & ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 ! influ5ce ( _! s\!rly location & ! proximity ( ! sea is ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,! mean temp]ature is ev]y:]e high] ?an #aj 7,simf]opol #aj4a1 ,seva/opol #ab4b1 ,kat]9od> #ab4a74 ,! w9t] is %ort & comp>atively mild 7,janu>y mean ( ,simf]opol #j4h1 ,seva/opol #a4h1 ,kat]9od> #b4a1 ,/avropol -#d4g71 b v v>iable4 ,! degrees ( fro/ are sometimes q high 7,seva/opol -#af4i1 ,/avropol -#be4f z absolute m9ima71 b ! fro/ p]iod is %ort 7"o to two mon?s74 ,! spr+ beg9s 9 ,m>* ) full =ce2 9 ,may foll[s ! five-mon?s' summ]4 ,! ,july means are v high1 especially 9 ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 ! heat p]iod la/+ ev]y:]e m ?an two mon?s4 7,july mean ( ,simf]opol #bh1 ,seva/opol #cc4a1 ,/avropol #bj1 ,kat]9od> #be4c74 ,! long autumn also is v mild4 ,s\? ( ! ,yaila & ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 on ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea1 lies a n>r[ /rip ( l& :i* actually %[s ,m$it]ranean climatic *>act]i/ics4 ,! w9t] la/s less ?an a mon? & is v mild 7,janu>y mean ( ,yalta #c4e1 al?o ! absolute m9imum is -#ac71 &1 z 9 ,novorossiysk1 cold1 bora-l gu/s ( w9d are common 9 times ( heavy cold4 ,aft] a long spr+ foll[s a six-mon?s' summ]1 :i* passes imp]ceptibly into a mild autumn4 ,! climate ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,ukra9e has be5 b little inve/igat$4 ,9 ! entire ,ukra9ian t]ritory !re is n a s+le meteorological obs]vatory4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( m\nta9 climate1 its great] uni=mity1 ! small] diff]5ce betwe5 ! w>me/ & colde/ mon?s1 ! belat$ beg9n+ ( all ! seasons1 etc41 may be f\nd 9 all ! m\nta9s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,only ! climate ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians is some:at bett] kn[n4 ,! dre>ie/ climate is t ( ! ,beskyds & ! ,gorgani4 ,! five-mon?s' w9t] & long p]iods ( sloppy wea!r 9 ! spr+ & 9 ! fall encroa* ^u ! %ort summ]4 ,! ,*ornohora *a91 despite ! great] height ( its peaks1 ^u :i* ! sn[ 9 %elt]$ places rema9s ly+ ?ru ! entire summ]1 has a mu* mild] & pleasant] climate4 ,! influ5ce ( ! w>m summ] ( ! adjac5t pla9 regions limits ! duration ( ! sloppy wea!r 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,= ?is reason1 ! m\nta9 valleys h a %ort b v beautiful spr+1 a w>m summ]1 & a wond]ful mild autumn4 ,! m\nta9 pa/ures h 9 place ( ! summ] only a ?ree mon?s' spr+4 ,9 ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s1 z a result ( _! small size & height1 ! *>act]i/ics ( typical m\nta9 climate are lack+1 b 9 ! ,caucasus we f9d !m 9 _! highe/ developm5t4 ,! analogy to ! ,alps is p]fect1 b ! influ5ce ( ! cont95tal /eppe climate ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is unmi/akable1 express+ itself 9 ! position ( ! v>i\s climatic regions1 9 ! height ( ! sn[ limit1 9 ! developm5t ( ! glacial cov]+1 etc41 v di/9ctly & v diff]5tly ?an 9 ! ,alps1 :i* are surr\nd$ by c\ntries ) a climate ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,we n[ come to ! second gr\p ( climatic ph5om5a1 pressure & w9d conditions4 ,! ,ukra9e may1 9 ?is respect1 be divid$ into two great regions4 ,! l9e ( high pressure :i* sep>ates ^! p>ts1 call$ by ,voiek(f ! great axis ( ,europe1 ext5ds f ! b5d ( ! ,volga1 ne> ,ts>its91 ov] ! porohi section ( ! ,dniep] at ,kat]9oslav to ,ki%9ev4 ,nor? ( ?is l9e1 we/ w9ds prevail1 br++ ,atlantic air into ,nor!rn ,ukra9e4 ,9 ! s\?1 ea/ w9ds prevail1 be>+ ! influ5ces ( ! ,asiatic /eppe climate4 ,?is w9d divide is mo/ di/9ct 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e we f9d *iefly we/ & s\?we/ w9ds1 :i* mitigate ! fro/s & cause precipitations ( ra9fall2 9 ! s\!rn "p dry1 cold ea/ w9ds prevail1 increas+ ! cold4 ,sometimes ! ea/ w9d increases to a sn[/orm 7metelitzia1 fuga7 :i* :irls up t]rible masses ( sn[1 fill+ ! air ) sn[flakes until absolutely no?+ c be se51 & causes t]rific de/ruction4 ,h]ds ( a ?\s& head fall victim to its icy brea?1 ev5 9 ! /eppes ( ,crimea1 & woe to ! travel] :o is caught 9 a sn[/orm 9 ! /eppe4 ,9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 moi/1 w>m s\? w9ds frequ5tly come up f ! ,pontus4 ,b ! absolute balance is on ! side ( ! freez+ ea/ w9ds1 to :i* is to be ascrib$ ! sev]e w9t] climate ( ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,! nor!rn half ( ! ,ukra9e z a rule1 is seldom rea*$ by ! ea/ w9ds1 ! nor?we/]n corn] v seldom4 ,_! occasional appe>ance is accompani$ by heavy fro/s ) fair wea!r4 ,9 ! spr+1 ea/ & s\? w9ds bl[1 especially ov] ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,!y (t5 *ange to heavy s&-/orms 7sukhovi7 v h>mful to ! crops1 :i* c>ry cl\ds ( s&1 ) :i* !y =m m9iature dunes z high z #cj cm4 ,! ea/ & s\? w9ds1 at su* times1 p5etrate ev5 into ,nor!rn ,ukra9e1 al?o ) ! exception ( ! nor?we/ corn]4 ,9 ! summ]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! we/1 nor?we/1 & s\?we/ w9ds hold a decid$ balance ov] ! ea/ w9ds1 ev5 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,!y br+ moi/ ,atlantic air & ra9 into ! entire l& & mitigate ! heat4 ,! occasional ea/ w9ds increase ! heat & br+ p]iods ( dr\ght1 b usually n until ,augu/1 :5 !y are r frequ5t4 ,9 ,septemb] all ! w9ds are weak ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 ) high pressure4 ,t is :y ! fall is s beautiful too4 ,!n1 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 foll[s ! gradual transition to ! w9t] w9d conditions4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 humidity & precipitation1 possesses ! same great uni=mity 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory z ! o!r two elem5ts ( ! climate4 ,! humidity ( ! air 9 ! ,ukra9e is 9 g5]al slight4 ,x is greate/ 9 ! =e/-cov]$ p>tly swampy ,we/ & ,nor?we/4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/ ! humidity 9 ! ,ukra9e con/antly decreases4 ,fogs appe> seldom & are only light1 s t ! anti!sis to ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 z well z ,russia1 is /rik+4 ,! light night & morn+ fogs :i* appe>1 especially 9 ! latt] "p ( summ] & 9 ! fall1 only contribute to ! beautification ( ! l&scape1 by flood+ ! depressions ( l& l a sea4 ,cl\d-=mation is mu* slight] 9 ! ,ukra9e ?an 9 ,we/]n or ,c5tral ,europe1 or 9 ,russia prop]1 ! dre>y ,muscovite c\ntry4 ,! greate/ numb] ( cl\d$ days occurs 9 ! we/]n & nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e2 t[>d ! s\!a/ & ea/ ! numb] ( su* days dw9dles cont9u\sly4 ,! lea/ am\nt ( cl\dy wea!r occurs 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,9 ,septemb] & ,octob] ! increase is v slight4 ,novemb] & ,decemb] are mu* cl\di] & ,janu>y is mo/ cl\dy all ov] ! ,ukra9e4 ,aft] t ! cl\dy wea!r less5s consid]ably at fir/1 !n sl[ly1 until ,augu/4 ,! atmosph]ic precipitations 9 ! ,ukra9e are 9 g5]al insignificant1 except 9 ! ,c>pa?ian & ,caucasus regions4 ,! ,ukra9e has less ra9fall ?an ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ! mo/ important s\rce ( ! precipitations 9 ,europe1 lies f> di/ant1 & ! cyclonal sy/ems on _! way ea/ drop _! collect$ moi/ure ^u ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,= ! ,ukra9e1 & p>ticul>ly = ! ea/]n "p ( x1 !re is1 !re=e1 v little left4 ,9 ?is connection ! ,black ,sea has only a local significance1 & ! evaporation ( wat] f ! riv]s1 lakes & swamps1 f ! plants & ! gr\nd1 is h>dly wor? consid]+1 except z x happ5s 9 ! summ]4 ,! great am\nts ( precipitation are to be f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,ukra9e1 :]e ris+ curr5ts ( air help along ! cond5sation ( ! wat] vapor4 ,ev5 9 ! ,l[ ,beskid ! precipitation exce$s #ajjj mm4 7,yasliska #aagj mm471 9 ! ,gorgani & ,*ornohora we f9d 9 l>ge areas1 especially on ! s\!rn slope1 a precipitation ( ov] #abjj mm41 9 a few places #adjj mm4 7,kobiletzka ,polana #acgg mm41 ,bradula #adai mm474 ,! am\nt ( precipitation is /ill l>ge 9 ! entire ,pidhirye1 b at only a %ort di/ance x decreases consid]ably4 ,lemb]g has only #gce mm4 ( ra9fall1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e z mu* z #ijj mm4 9 places1 s9ce ! we/]n edges act l *a9s ( m\nta9s to ! we/ w9ds4 ,b ,cz]n[itz1 ne> z x is1 has only #fai mm4 & ! ,podolia on ! ,dnie/] /ill less4 ,! ,khot9 ly+ 9 ! y> ( ?is riv] has only #cjj mm41 :i* be/ illu/rates ! significance ( local conditions4 ,at a great] di/ance f ! curve ( ! ,c>pa?ians ! am\nt ( precipitation %[s a sl[ b regul> decrease t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,only 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e & ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,podolia does ! am\nt ( precipitation atta9 #fjj mm41 :ile fur!r t[>d ! s\? & ea/ a wide zone /ret*es out ) only #ejj-fjj mm4 7,p9sk #eha mm41 ,kiev #ecd mm41 ,uman #edf mm41 ,poltava #ecb mm474 ,ano!r wide zone1 :i* ext5ds f ! m\? ( ! ,dnie/] to ! b5d ( ! ,don1 has a precipitation ( betwe5 #djj & #ejj mm4 7,kh>kiv #dfe mm41 ,kat]9oslav #dge mm41 ,ki%9ev #dga mm41 ,yelisavet #ddd mm41 ,odessa #djh mm474 ,! next n>r[ zone ( ! ,pontian & ,crimean /eppe has a precipitation ( less ?an #djj mm4 7,mikolaiv #cfj mm41 ,seva/opol #chf mm41 ,luhan #cgi mm471 a corn] ( ,crimea on ! p59sula ( ,t>khankut has ev5 b>ely m ?an #bjj mm4 ,! ,yaila ,m\nta9 ,range is too small to h any m>k$ influ5ce on ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( precipitation4 ,yalta has only #ejh mm4 precipitation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,caucasus is v great4 ,! sub-,caucasus ,kuban region1 to be sure1 has only #djj-ejj mm4 precipitation1 ,/avropol #gbj mm41 ,novorossysk #fia mm4 ,h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( precipitation on ! s\?we/]n side ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s increases uncommonly4 ,at ! bord]s ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 ,so*i has n less ?an #bjga mm4 ,f ?is acc\nt we see cle>ly en\gh t1 9 comp>ison ) ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe1 ! ,ukra9e is r poor 9 ra9fall1 especially 9 ! s\!a/4 ,b ! di/ribution ( ! precipitations among ! seasons is s favorable t mo/ ( !m fall at ! "t !y are mo/ ne$$1 namely1 9 ! e>ly "p ( summ]4 ,! entire ,ukra9e lies )9 ! area ( ! summ] ra9s1 only ! n>r[ /rip ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,crimea & ! ,caucasus are )9 ! area ( ! w9t] ra9s4 ,! reason ( ! prepond]ance ( ! summ] ra9s lies 9 ! we/]n & nor?we/]n ,atlantic w9ds1 :i*1 9 t season1 h easy access f> into ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,^! w9ds br+ s mu* moi/ure into ! ,ukra9e t almo/ two-?irds ( ! annual ra9fall belongs to ,may1 ,june & ,july4 ,! mon? ) ! greate/ am\nt ( precipitation = ! entire ,ukra9e is ,june4 ,only ! ,polissye1 ,nor?we/]n ,volhynia & ! we/]n "p ( ! ,kiev t]ritory %[ ! heavie/ precipitation 9 ,july1 s9ce1 9 ^! regions ( =e/s & swamps1 evaporation is heavie/ at ?is "t ( greate/ heat4 ,! summ] ra9s ( ! ,ukra9e diff] f ^? ( ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe 9 _! heav9ess4 ,only 9 ! ,we/]n ,ukra9e are ! summ] ra9s ( ! type ( g5tle ra9s t are uni=m = an entire c\ntry2 9 ! s\? & ea/ !y appe> z cl\dbur/s 9 heavy %[]s4 ,9 ,sama%cani1 9 ,bess>abia1 !re h be5 times :5 #bjj mm4 ( ra9 fell 9 a s+le day1 9 ,korov9tzi 9 ! ,poltava region1 #e mm4 9 "o m9ute4 ,9 ! ,pontian /eppes all ra9 falls 9 ! =m ( heavy %[]s4 ,! wat] fl[s (f quickly & evaporates rapidly1 be=e x is able to ?or\ghly saturate ! gr\nd4 ,electric dis*>ges & hail/orms occur 9 close connection ) ! summ] ra9s1 mo/ frequ5tly 9 ,june1 less s 9 ,july & 9 ,may4 ,!y usually come f ! s\?we/ 9 ! aft]noon h\rs4 ,mo/ ( ^! /orms orig9ate 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s & rea* ,volhynia & ,kiev1 b d n cross ! ,dniep]4 ,! ,caucasus1 too1 has v _m /orms4 ,hail/orms are mo/ frequ5t 9 ,galicia & ,volhynia & ! we/]n "p ( ! ,kiev regions2 v r>e 9 ! s\!a/4 ,9 ,augu/ ! am\nt ( ra9fall sl[ly decreases2 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] /ill m1 & s x cont9ues until ,decemb]4 ,janu>y is ! mon? ( lea/ ra9fall = ! entire ,ukra9e 7only "o-f\r? ( ! ,june figure71 & ?is circum/ance is ( p>ticul>ly great significance = ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,= ?is reason ! cov] ( sn[ 9 ! ,ukra9e is mu* less ?an 9 ,c5tral ,europe or ,muscovy1 besides :i*1 x is (t5 di/urb$ by sn[/orms4 ,! slight sn[-cov] melts d[n quickly 9 ! spr+1 )\t saturat+ ! soil well1 & )\t requir+ mu* w>m?4 ,?is expla9s ! rapid rise ( heat 9 ! ,ukra9ian spr+4 ,f ,janu>y until ! end ( ,april ! am\nt ( ra9fall aga9 gr[s sl[ly b /eadily1 rea*+ its maximum 9 ,june4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,crimea & ! ,caucasian %ore h j ! opposite annual di/ribution ( ! precipitations4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! moi/ ,pontian w9ds1 ! greate/ am\nt ( ra9 falls 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :ile ! spr+ & summ] h v little ra94 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,m$it]ranean climate1 ! ra9y w9t] aft] ! dry summ]1 are all ! m /rik+1 s9ce ! opposite condition prevails on ! o!r side ( ! ,yaila & ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ! ,ukra9ian climate we see t ?is climate reta9s an entirely indep5d5t position z aga9/ t ( ,c5tral ,europe or ,russia4 ,! ,ukra9ian climate is *>act]iz$ by an annual amplitude ( #bj to #cj1 a mean annual temp]ature ( f #f to #ab1 a ,july mean ( f #ai to #bd1 & a ,janu>y mean ( f #j to #h1 ) pr$om9ant summ] ra9s & a g5]ally insignificant cov] ( sn[4 ,! diff]5ce f ! ,russian climate is1 consequ5tly1 q consid]able4 ,! ,russian climate =ms ! transition to ! pol>1 t ( ! ,ukra9e to ! ,m$it]ranean climate4 ,nature has provid$ ! ,ukra9e ) a pleasant1 v :olesome climate4 ,on ! :ole temp]ate1 x does n lack heavy fro/s & consid]able degrees ( heat1 :i* h>d5 ! ,ukra9ian to any inclem5cies ( ! wea!r4 ,! diff]5ces ( ! seasons cause a pleasant v>iety1 /rong w9ds cle> ! atmosph]e & br+ motion into nature1 ! ra9s are ev]y:]e suffici5t = ! gr[? ( vegetation & ! c>ry+ on ( ! mo/ important occupation ( ! ,ukra9e--agriculture4 ,! great uni=mity ( ?is ,ukra9ian climate has rec5tly caus$ ! ,fr5* geograph]1 de ,m>tonne1 to set x up z "o ( ! types ( climate ( ! globe4 ,,flora ,,& ,,fauna ,,( ,,ukra9e ,ea/]n ,european bigness *>act]izes also ! organic life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,b x foll[s1 f ! location ( ! c\ntry1 t ! ,ukra9e has a mu* m v>i$ plant & animal geography ?an ! prop] ,russian t]ritory1 despite ! latt]'s mu* great] ext5t4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! bord]s ( ?ree ma9 divisions ( plant-geography ( ,europe meet--! ,m$it]ranean division1 ! /eppe region1 & ! =e/ region1 ) _! transition regions4 ,besides1 we meet 9 ! ,ukra9e ?ree m\nta9 regions--! ,c>pa?ian1 ! ,crimean1 & ! ,caucasian4 ,9 respect to flora1 ! ,ukra9e possesses only a few endemic species4 ,to be sure ! great ice p]iod cov]$ only comp>atively small areas ( ! ,ukra9e ) its glaci]1 b ! pol> flora und\bt$ly prevail$ 9 ! entire c\ntry at t "t4 ,aft] ! )drawal ( ! glaci]1 /eppes fir/ appe>$ 9 its place1 :i* !n1 especially 9 ! ,nor?we/1 7 =c$ to make room = a =e/ flora t _h immigrat$ f ,c5tral ,europe & ,sib]ia4 ,h5ce1 despite ! consid]able area ( ! ,ukra9e1 s few endemic species4 ,s9ce ^? primeval days1 only a v few natural *anges h occurr$ 9 ! vegetation ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,h[ev]1 man1 ?ru 8 cultural activity1 has wr\ght _m *anges 9 ! plant-_w ( ! c\ntry4 ,! =e/ region occupies b>ely "o-fif? ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 only ! nor?we/]n & nor!rn bord]l&s4 ,! s\!a/]n bord] ( ! =e/ region ext5ds f ! ,prut & ,dnie/] on ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,pokutye & ,podolia 9 a curve to ! s\rce ( ! ,buh1 !n ne> ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau ea/ z f> z ,kiev1 & !nce t[>d ! nor!a/ z f> z ! s\rce ( ! ,aka4 ,?is b\nd>y1 h[ev]1 is n %>p4 ,9 num]\s p59sulas ! compact =e/ p5etrates ! adjac5t transition region t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is =e/ b\nd>y co9cides almo/ exactly ) ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! black soil4 ,! soil ( ! =e/ region is 9 g5]al poor4 ,only 9 high] places we f9d f]tile turf2 beyond t s&y soil & ! podsol1 ri* 9 qu>tz1 pr$om9ate4 ,! prevail+ plant =mation 9 ?is region is ! =e/4 ,x once cov]$ ! entire region & 0 ?9n$ to any great ext5t only )9 ! la/ two c5turies4 ,:at ^! primeval =e/s 7 l we c n[ tell 9 only a few di/ricts ( ! ,polissye & 9 ! fam\s virg9 =e/ ( ,biloveza1 :i* lies 9 ! extreme nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,"h we see ! primeval =e/ 9 its mighty size & beauty4 ,9 w9d-fall5 woods1 sev]al met]s high1 rott51 decay+ /umps cov] ! gr\nd4 ,_! roots /& up high into ! air above swampy holes & va/ masses ( rott+ rema9s ( plants4 ,above ?is swampy f5 rise1 l a va/ mass ( pill>s1 ! knotty trunks ( c5tury-old oaks & l9d5s1 a% & asp51 & ! sl5d] p9e & fir4 ,high above ! gr\nd _! bran*es int]tw9e4 ,all /rive up t[>d ! sun1 = a cont9u\s semi-d>kness reigns bel[4 ,%rub & h]b vegetation ?rives only 9 cle>+s2 beyond t only la/ ye>'s leaves1 ne$les1 & a my/]i\sly gl[+ decay cov] ! gr\nd4 ,dead sil5ce1 only occasionally brok5 by ! hamm]+ ( a woodpeck] or by ! timid voice ( a bird1 reigns ev]y:]e1 mak+ all ! m impressive ! mighty ro>+ ( ! l(ty cr[ns 9 ! /orm4 ,z to _! composition1 ! woods ( ! ,ukra9ian =e/ region are mix$1 al?o local conditions cause "o or ! o!r species ( tree to pr$om9ate4 ,! ,ukra9ian =e/ region may be divid$ into two regions by a l9e runn+ ?ru ,lubl9 s\!a/ t[>d ,lutzk4 ,s\?we/ ( ?is l9e ext5ds ! ,c5tral ,european =e/ zone1 nor!a/ ( x ! ,nor!rn ,european =e/ zone4 ,! ,c5tral ,european =e/ zone embraces ! entire ,pidhirye 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ro/o*e1 & ! we/]n spurs ( ,volhynia & ,podolia4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by a great] v>iety ( tree species4 ,"h1 ^u damp1 loamy hills1 entire =e/s ( bee* are f\nd1 on ! ,c>pa?ian foo?ills ! p9e1 & s+ly or 9 small gr\ps1 ! l>*1 ! yew1 ! maple1 etc4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,european zone all ^! trees disappe>1 due to ! increas+ cont95tality ( ! climate4 ,! pr$om9at+ species ( tree "h is ! p9e1 :i* =ms l>ge woods ev]y:]e on s&y soil1 !n ! bir*1 :i* always accompanies ! p9e1 ! fir on s&y soil1 ! oak & :ite bee* on loamy soil4 ,!re is an admixture ( a consid]able numb] ( ald]s on swampy gr\nd1 asp5s1 l9d5s1 elms1 maples1 a% & wild apple1 pe> & *]ry trees4 ,hazel bu%es1 will[ 7salix caprea71 m\nta9 a%1 raspb]ry & blackb]ry bu%es comprise ! ?ick und]bru% 9 ^! mix$ =e/s1 & contribute a great deal to ! beauty ( ! woods1 toge!r ) grass & h]b vegetation1 especially 9 num]\s cle>+s4 ,9 tru] ev]gre5 =e/s ! und]bru% usually is v poor4 ,!re are a great _m swamp =e/s 9 ! ,ukra9ian =e/ region4 ,9 ! ,c>pa?ian foo?ills !y are call$ lasi1 & are q common !re1 b 9 ! ,polissye !y are mo/ widely develop$4 ,!re !y are usually compos$ ( p9es1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 ! swampy gr\nd does n agree v well4 ,! ald]s & will[s1 h[ev]1 gr[ all ! bett]4 ,! second important =mation ( ! =e/ region are ! luhi4 ,!y usually /ret* ?ru ! wide1 flat riv] valleys ( ! region4 ,^! are luxuri\s mead[s ) a beautiful gr[? ( grass & h]bs set ) s+le trees & clu/]s ( trees4 ,9 dry places ! oak usually gr[s1 9 damp places ! ald]4 ,! ?ird typical plant =mation is t ( ! swamps4 ,!y are widely develop$ 9 ! =e/ region ( ! ,ukra9e1 especially 9 ! flat riv] valleys ( ! ,ro/o*e & ,volhynia4 ,polissye is ! greate/ swamp c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,regul> moors1 made up ( peat mosses1 alt]nate ev5 9 ! ,polissye region ) mead[ moors1 9 :i* swamp grass & h]b vegetation pr$om9ates4 ,! =e/ region has play$ a significant "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,:5 ! ,turki% nomad tribes1 us+ ! /eppe di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e z a conv5i5t milit>y road1 de/roy$ ! "w ( ,ukra9ian civilization 9 ! /eppe region1 ! ,ukra9ian p retreat$ into ! =e/s & swamps ( ! nor? & we/1 advanc+ t[>d ! s\!a/ aga91 at ! prop] mom5t1 to re9habit ! ravag$ & desolat$ l&s4 ,?is circle ( ev5ts repeat$ itself frequ5tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,today ! woods ( ! ,ukra9e =e/ region are greatly ?9n$1 s t !y take up m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total surface only 9 ! ,polissye4 ,cutt+ d[n & root+ up ( ! woods "s c5turies ago 01 )\t a d\bt1 an important "p ( ! "w ( civilization4 ,b n[ ?+s are diff]5t4 ,n[ ! =e/ is consid]$ a v important "p ( a well organiz$ cultural section1 & is1 !re=e1 c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! truly civiliz$ l&s ( ,europe4 ,9 ! beautiful =e/s ( ! ,ukra9e1 h[ev]1 a reckless exploitation is go+ on1 & ! evil results are already app>5t1 especially 9 ! sp>sely wood$ bord]s ( ! =e/ region1 z well z 9 ! entire c\ntry surr\nd+ ! /eppe4 ,! riv]s h become small 9 volume ( wat]1 ! s\rces dri$ up1 & ! rav9es annually trans=m ?\s&s ( hect>es into des]t l&4 ,& ?is is happ5+ 9 ! gran>y ( ,europe1 :i* "s #cjj ye>s ago made =eign travel]s m>vel at its incr$ible f]tility4 ,all ! re/ ( ! ,ukra9e1 z f> z ! foo?ills ( ! ,yaila & ! ,caucasus1 is occupi$ by ! /eppe region4 ,! limits ( ?is region1 z we h said1 are n di/9ct4 ,9 p59sula & isl& =mations ! =e/ p5etrates t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,9 ?is direction ! =e/ isl&s become con/antly r>] & small]1 s t ! ,russian plant-geograph]s h felt call$ ^u to ins]t two transition zones betwe5 ! real =e/ & ! real /eppe--! zone ( ! ext]ior /eppe & ! zone ( ! transitional /eppe4 ,! actual /eppe region is suppos$ to beg9 at ! l9e :i* ext5ds ?ru ,ki%9ev & ,kat]9oslav to ! b5d ( ! ,don4 ,?is division may be criticiz$1 h[ev]1 s9ce x at mo/1 fits pres5t conditions br\ght ab\t 9 ! la/ #bjj ye>s by ! de/ruction ( =e/s on ! "p ( m54 ,! hi/orical s\rces ( ! ,ukra9e tell ( l>ge woodl&s1 :i*1 9 ! #af?1 #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies1 /ill ext5d$ along ! s\rces ( ! ,inhul & ,inhuletz1 along ! ,tasm91 on ! riv] divides betwe5 ! left-h& tribut>ies ( ! ,dniep]1 etc4 ,!y 7 n =e/ t]races1 n m]e /rips ( woods conf9$ to riv] valleys2 !y cov]$ ! divides f> & wide1 z well z ! broad tableau %$s ly+ betwe5 riv]s4 ,= ?is reason c>e mu/ be tak5 9 sket*+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! /eppe4 ,we !re=e compreh5d bo? ! above m5tion$ transition zones into "o1 = :i* we w\ld sugge/ ! "n luhi zone1 because ! luh1 a mead[ /udd$ ) scatt]$ gr\ps ( trees & little groves1 mu/ h be5 ! pr$om9at+ plant =mation ( ?is transition c\ntry4 ,! typical soil ( ! transition c\ntry1 z well z ( ! /eppe region1 is ! black e>? 7,ukr4 *ornozem1 ,russ4 *]nozyom74 ,e ,ukra9ian is famili> ) ?is blacki%1 ev] f]tile soil1 :i* _c be duplicat$ ! _w ov] & :i* makes ! ,ukra9e ! gran>y ( ,russia4 ,! black e>? is a product ( ! trans=mation ( loess1 ) a /rong admixture ( ! products ( decomposition ( plants4 ,9 places x atta9s a dep? ( #b m4 & ov]4 ,! black-e>? region ext5ds longitud9ally ?ru ! ,ukra9e1 embrac+ ov] ?ree-f\r?s ( its t]ritory4 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! black-e>? region passes f ,lemb]g along ! nor? bord] ( ! ,podolian & ,dniep] ,plateau z f> z ,kiev1 & !n nor!a/ to ! b5d ( ! ,aka1 s\? ( ,kaluga4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y describes a l9e drawn ?ru ! ,boh & ,dniep] deltas to _! limans & ! city ( ,m>iupol4 ,! entire ,kuban pla9 & ! plateau ( ,/avropol also belong to ! region ( black e>?4 ,along ! nor!rn bord] ( ! black-e>? region ext5ds a transition zone ( ab\t #ajj kilomet]s wid?1 ^: black e>? conta9s #d to #f decay+ plant matt]4 ,s\? ( ?is lies ! wide ma9 area ( ! black e>? ) #f to #aj decay+ matt]4 ,on ! sea & along ! l[] ,dniep] ! region ends ) ano!r transition zone1 ^: br[ni% black e>? conta9s #d to #f ( decay+ matt]4 ,on ! ,sea ( ,az( & 9 ,s\!rn ,crimea ! br[n dry /eppe soil1 ) num]\s isl&s ( sal9e soil 7solon*aki7 & a peculi> vegetation1 incl9$ to absorb salt1 prevails4 ,^! are pres5t also 9 ! rema9+ black e>? region1 & !re are also isl&s & /rips ( sal9e e>? along ! riv]s & ! sea%ore4 ,9 ! /eppe region1 ! /eppe is n ! only plant =mation4 ,above all we mu/ diff]5tiate betwe5 ! mead[-/eppe ( ! transition zone & ! real /eppe ( ! s\?1 z well z ! des]t /eppe 9 "s di/ricts ( ,crimea & ! ,caucasus4 ,besides ?is %rub =mation1 mead[-woods 7luhi7 & real =e/s are f\nd 9 ! /eppe region4 ,9 ! vegetation ( ! mead[-/eppe1 grasses & h]bs take ! fir/ place4 ,( ! grasses ! /ippa species are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 7tirsa1 kovil72 ( ! h]bs1 ! lily-l gr[?s4 ,! gr[? ( grass 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /eppe region is v luxuriant & ?ick1 & atta9s great heights1 al?o ! times 9 :i* a rid] & 8 horse might disappe> 9 ! grass belong to ! pa/4 ,high we$s & ?i/les 7buriani1 bodiaki7 =m ?ickets ( great luxuriance4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 ! fre% "y grass beg9s to spr\t up & ! blossom+ h]bs conv]t ! /eppe into a c>pet ( fl[]s1 :5 ev]y?+ is respl5d5t ) ! fulness ( life & beauty1 !n ! ,ukra9ian /eppe pres5ts a wond]ful picture4 ,b ?is picture is n la/+4 ,! heat & ! dr\ght trans=m ! fre%1 gre51 primitive color into yell[ & br[n4 ,grasses & h]bs )] & die away1 & only ! roots & se$s pres]ve ! liv+ p[] ( ! plant1 surviv+ ! autumnal dr\ght & ! sev]e cold ( w9t]1 once m to wrap ! /eppe 9 its bridal g[n 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /eppe region ! plant cov]+ is n s luxuri\s z 9 ! nor?1 & ! grasses & h]bs gr[ 9 isolat$ little bu%es1 betwe5 :i* ! b>e gr\nd ( ! /eppe rema9s visible4 ,! sal9e e>? appe>s mu* (t5]1 ) its gray-gre5 vegetation ( salt plants1 & we (t5 f9d s& areas1 :i* beg9 to sugge/ ! des]t /eppes ( ! ,caspian /eppe c\ntry4 ,a *>act]i/ic plant =mation 9 ! entire /eppe region is compris$ by ! bu%es 7bairaki1 *ah>i71 :i* g5]ally consi/ ( heavily tangl$ ?ickets ( wild *]ry 7prunus *amaec]asus1 vi%5nik71 spiral 7tavolha71 sn[ball 7cal9a71 almond %rub 7amygdalus nana1 bobovnik71 etc4 ,!y g5]ally gr[ 9 ! /eppe balkas1 or ne> !m1 & cov] ext5d$ areas4 ,! ,ukra9ian /eppe1 despite contr>y curr5t op9ion1 does n lack tree gr[?4 ,9 ! region ( ! real /eppe1 to be sure1 we meet only =e/ t]races1 :i* ext5d along ! riv] c\rses1 b 9 ! transition zone we /ill f9d woods & groves1 :i* n only appe> 9 riv] valleys1 b also cov] ! plateaus betwe5 ^!4 ,! oak1 ! :ite bee*1 ! maple1 ! popl>1 ! wild apple & pe> trees1 are ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! tree species ( ! woods ( ?is section4 ,ev5 ! p9e v5tures z f> z ! di/rict ( ,kh>kiv4 ,besides ! =e/ t]races1 ! riv]s ( ! /eppe region are accompani$ by ! =mation ( ! s-call$ plavni4 ,!y are ?ickets ( s$ge & re$s1 ) luxuriant will[ & ald] gr[?2 9 dri] places1 :i* are flood$ only dur+ high-wat] "t1 real oak =e/s are add$4 ,) pleasure ! eye ( ! travel]1 we>i$ by ! uni=mity ( ! /eppe1 re/s ^u !m4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e1 s*ol>s diff]4 ,e "o ( !m ?9ks he has f\nd ! only correct explanation4 ,9 reality1 ! orig9 & pres]vation ( ! ,ukra9ian /eppes c be trac$ to ! comb9$ action ( v>i\s causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! cont95tal dry climate4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall is too slight = ! developm5t ( =e/-flora2 ! dr\ght ( ! summ] & fall too long4 ,a m9or cause is ! salt cont5t ( ! /eppe-soil1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is app>5t only 9 places4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %ape ( ! gr\nd is v important4 ,:]e ! l& is level1 :]e ! dry /eppe w9ds h free play & ! ra9wat] _c easily dissolve & wa% away ! salt ( ! soil1 ! /eppe prevails4 ,:]e ! l& is cut by riv] valleys & balkas1 h[ev]1 !re is m %elt] f w9d1 m moi/ure1 & no salt 9 ! soil1 s t conditions are giv5 :i* are favorable = ! developm5t ( tree vegetation4 ,= ?is reason n only ! valleys ( ! riv]s1 b also ! balkas1 :i* b seldom c>ry wat]1 h always _h tree gr[?1 & ev5 woods & groves4 ,! trees :i* are plant$ !re ?rive v well1 :ile attempts at cultivation 9 ! real level /eppe almo/ regul>ly fail4 ,! mo/ important f\ndation = ! exi/5ce ( /eppes1 h[ev]1 is _! "* z rema9s ( ! old po/-glacial /eppe =mation4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+s ( ! alluvial epo*1 its t]ritory is be+ won by ! =e/1 :i* is con/antly pu%+ =w>d t[>d ! s\? & s\!a/1 us+ ! riv] valleys z ! ma9 l9es ( advance4 ,9 ?is advance t[>d ! s\?1 ! =e/ has n[ be5 /opp$ by man be=e x 0 able to rea* ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea & ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,man has wr\ght _m *anges 9 ! /eppe region4 ,9 ! fir/ place he has ent]$ into ! /ruggle betwe5 ! woods & ! /eppe 9 opposition to ! woods4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ians ( ! ,kiev /ate root$ out great areas ( =e/ & reclaim$ !m = civilization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nomad tribes1 roam+ ! /eppes ev] s9ce man c rememb]1 repeat$ly de/roy$ =e/s ) fire1 9 ord] to obta9 good pa/ure = _! h]ds & to break d[n ! be/ def5se ( ! agricultural ,ukra9ian population4 ,9 ! #af? ,c5tury began ! de=e/ation ( ! transition zone ?ru ! progress+ colonization movem5t ( ! ,ukra9ians1 "u ! protection ( ! ,cossack organization4 ,b ev5 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury !re 7 /ill great =e/s 9 ! transition zone1 :i* h s9ce entirely disappe>$4 ,! int5sive colonization movem5t ( ! #ai? ,c5tury put an end to !m4 ,at ! same "t ! h& ( man attack$ ! /eppe =mation4 ,today only v small p>cels ( /eppe are 9 _! orig9al condition4 ,! /eppe grasses h yield$ place to an increas+ly int5sive cultivation ( gra9 grasses2 ! place ( ! natural /eppe has be5 usurp$ by ! cultivat$ /eppe1 ) its wav+ fields ( gra9 & inevitable dre>y /ubble fields4 ,) ! progressive de/ruction ( =e/s ?is cultivat$ /eppe ( man's fields con/antly moves t[>d ! nor? & we/ ( ! ,ukra9e1 favor+ ! accompany+ migration ( ! /eppe-plants & /eppe animals into ,c5tral ,europe4 ,entirely indep5d5t is ! position ( ! ,ukra9ian flora 9 ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,yaila & ! ,caucasus4 ,!y belong really to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea region4 ,! mild climate "h has matur$ a flora ( an entirely s\!rn type1 ) _m ev]gre5 trees & %rubs peculi> to ! ,m$it]ranean region4 ,yet ! vegetation ( ?is di/rict c only be consid]$ z ! advance gu>d ( ! real ,m$it]ranean vegetation1 = ! repres5tatives ( ! nor!rn flora by f> pr$om9ate ov] ! s\!rn species ( plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! =e/s :i* develop 9 high] altitudes4 ,besides ! j discuss$ plant-geographical regions & zones ( ! pla91 ! ,ukra9e has ?ree m\nta9 regions--! ,c>pa?ian1 ! ,crimean & ! ,caucasian4 ,! foot ( ! ,c>pa?ians is cov]$ by mix$ & leafy =e/s4 ,:ite bee*1 bir*1 l9d51 asp5 & p9e comprise ^! =e/s4 ,at "o "t ! oak pr$om9at$ "h1 z x /ill does on ! s\!rn slope ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,on high] ridges ( ! ,l[ & ,high ,beskid1 mix$ =e/s ( bee* & fir are f\nd4 ,at ! upp] tree limit ( ! ,high ,beskid ! bee* appe>s almo/ exclusively 9 =e/ =mation4 ,! trees become con/antly small] & m gn>l$1 & at a height ( #ajjj m4 we meet only bee* bru%4 ,on ! s\!rn side ( ! m\nta9 range pure bee* woods prevail4 ,9 ! ,gorgani we soon di/+ui% two =e/ zones4 ,! l[] "o has pr9cipally bee* woods1 ) an admixture ( firs & maples2 ! upp] "o consi/s almo/ entirely ( fir woods4 ,_! upp] limit usually lies at a height ( f #aejj to #afjj m41 b ! zekoti 7seas ( s&/one b\ld]s71 :i* cov] all ! high] peaks & ridges1 r$uce ! upp] tree limit a great deal 9 "s places4 ,9 ! ,*ornohory1 a simil> division ( ! =e/ zone prevails4 ,oak =e/s1 ) ?ick und]bru%1 cov] ! foot ( ! range on bo? slopes4 ,above ! oak woods lies ! zone ( mix$ =e/s1 9 :i* :ite & r$ bee*1 bir*1 a%1 maple & firs pr$om9ate4 ,above ! height ( #acjj m4 lies ! upp] tree zone1 :i* is made up ( /ocks ( fir entirely4 ,! upp] tree limit lies at a height ( #agjj m4 ,! mild] climate ( ! ,*ornohory matures a mu* m luxuri\s & a ri*] vegetation ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians4 ,9 ! =e/ zones ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 great complex primeval =e/s h surviv$ to a great ext5t4 ,!y lie 9 inaccessible places1 :i* ! b&it axe ( ! pr(essional =e/ de/roy] has n yet p5etrat$4 ,! ,c>pa?ian virg9 =e/ is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful plant =mation ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,giant firs1 z mu* z #fj m4 9 height & six feet ?ick1 raise _! d>k gre5 sl5d] pyramids above rocky slopes & imm5se w9d-fall5 woods1 9 :i* ! mod]n firs lie 9 piles4 ,?ick %rubb]y cov]s ! cle>+s1 :ile 9 ! et]nal semi-d>kness ( ! ?ickets1 on rocky gr\nd cov]$ ) ne$les1 j an occasional pill[ ( moss may be f\nd4 ,a second plant-=mation ( ! ,c>pa?ians is t ( ! dw>f-%rubs4 ,!y develop above ! =e/ limit & cov] wide areas 9 ! ,gorgani & ,*ornohori4 ,m\nta9 fir 7z]ep71 accompani$ by junip] 79 ! ,beskyds & ,gorgani7 & by dw>f-ald] bu%es 7leli*1 9 ! ,*ornohory71 9 ?ickets :i* are impassible 9 places4 ,! =m]ly widely di/ribut$ /one p9e has become r>e1 s9ce its fragrant wood is pref]r$ by ! m\nta9-dwell]s = all sorts ( woodwork4 ,! ?ird plant =mation ( ! ,c>pa?ians are _! m\nta9 mead[s 7polon9i74 ,!y lie above ! =e/ limit & beg9 to appe> at ! s\rce ( ! ,san4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/ !y become con/antly m luxuriant & m frequ5t4 ,! grass & h]b gr[? ( ! polon9i is v v>i$ & ri*1 especially 9 ! s-call$ z>9ki1 t is1 p>ts ( ! m\nta9 mead[s :]e hay is made4 ,! polon9i are ( great importance to ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s4 ,great h]ds ( horses1 cattle & %eep rema9 "h all summ]4 ,! polon9i are peopl$1 & a life ( great privation--a h>d life b free--develops 9 primitive dairy huts1 ) nev] dy+ camp-fires4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,crimea we f9d1 9 ! ma91 ! same arrangem5t ( plant zones4 ,at "s height above sea-level ! =e/ zone beg9s4 ,:ite & r$ bee*1 oak1 & two species ( p9e appe> "h 9 =e/s4 ,only on ! broad peak surfaces we f9d poor m\nta9 mead[s ) ?ick b %ort grasses4 ,! "n ( ^! m\nta9 pa/ures 7yaila7 has be5 transf]r$ to ! entire m\nta9 *a94 ,9 ! ,caucasus we f9d1 )9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 only ! =e/ zone ( ?is m\nta9 sy/em4 ,! =e/s (t5 atta9 a height ( #bejj m41 & consi/ ( v>i\s k9ds ( oak1 bee*1 elms1 l9d51 maple & a%4 ,above ! =e/ limit we meet ) a l[ %rub =mation & ! beautiful1 wond]fully ri* grass & h]b gr[? :i* cov] ! m\nta9 mead[s ( ! ,caucasus1 ris+1 at a height ( #bijj-cejj m41 to ! sn[ bord]4 ,! animal-geographical conditions ( ! ,ukra9e are mu* simpl] ?an ! plant-geographical4 ,! ,ukra9e1 l ! re/ ( ,europe1 belongs to ! hol>ctic region1 & despite ! ext5t ( ! l&1 only slight diff]5ces 9 ! fauna are f\nd1 ^! be+ due to ! floral & morphological diff]5ces ( ! m\nta9s1 =e/s & /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,s9ce ! ice age1 ! animal _w ( ! ,ukra9e has exp]i5c$ no less] *anges ?an ! plant _w4 ,9 ! ice p]iod _m mighty bea/s ( prey 7cave be>1 cave lion1 cave hy5a1 etc47 liv$ "h1 besides ?ick-sk9n$ animals 7mammo?1 rh9oc]os71 toge!r ) ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t animal _w & v>i\s pol> =ms4 ,all ^! animals are ei!r altoge!r ext9ct1 or !y foll[$ ! rec$+ glaci] to ! nor?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 toge!r ) ! po/ glacial /eppe1 a /eppe-fauna spread out f s\? & ea/1 :i* !n gradually _h to make way = ! =e/ fauna advanc+ s\?w>d ) ! =e/s4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! ,ukra9ian fauna suff]$ only v slight natural *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! artificial *anges produc$ by ! h& ( man h be5 all ! great]4 ,_m species :i* 7 dang]\s z bea/s ( prey or useful = food or sk9s1 h ei!r be5 entirely ext]m9at$ by man or greatly limit$ 9 _! spread4 ,9 de/roy+ ! =e/s & putt+ cultivat$ /eppes & fields 9 _! place1 he has1 to a great ext5t1 beat5 ! way to ! he>t ( ,c5tral ,europe = ! animals ( ! /eppe4 ,b 8 activity has be5 r to ext]m9ate ?an to *ange1 & he has de/roy$ ! once wond]ful animal life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,( ! high] animal life ( ! ,ukra9e on ! middle & l[] ,dniep]1 we are told1 9 a hi/orical s\rce1 almo/ incr$ible facts prevail+ ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 8,! ,ukra9e is s ri* 9 game t bisons1 wild horses & de] are hunt$ m]ely = ! sake ( _! sk9s4 ,( _! meat only ! *oice/ cuts ( *9e & lo9 are us$1 all o!r p>ts ?r[n away4 ,h9ds & "y bo>s are n hunt$ at all4 ,roes & wild bo>s w&] 9 great h]ds f ! /eppes into ! woods 9 w9t]1 return+ to ! /eppes 9 summ]4 ,dur+ ?is season !y are kill$ by ! ?\s&s4 ,on all ! riv]s1 /reamlets1 brooks1 live innum]able beav] colonies4 ,! bird _w is s rem>kably ri* t enorm\s quantities ( wild goose1 wild duck1 crane & swan eggs & "y ones are ga!r$4 ,9 ! riv]s1 su* great %oals ( fi% sw>m 9 ! spr+ t ! fi%+ spe> ?r[n 9 /&s upright40 ,ano!r *ronicl]1 ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1 tells t he 0 pres5t :5 a s+le ?r[ ( ! net at ! m\? ( ! ,orel br\ght #bjjj fi% to light1 ( :i* ! smalle/ 0 "o foot long4 ,( ! cat family1 ! lynx & ! wildcat h become v r>e & are met ) only 9 ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,caucasus2 ! lynx also 9 ! ,polissye c\ntry4 ,! be>1 =m]ly v frequ5t ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 is n[ also conf9$ to ^! ?ree regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wolves1 foxes1 badg]s1 m>t5s1 polecats & all sorts ( small animals ( prey h surviv$1 al?o 9 v mu* small] numb]s4 ,( ! l>ge plant-eat+ animals ! bison 7?anks only to ! unusual c>e on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t7 has surviv$ 9 ! primeval =e/ ( ,biloveza1 ! moose-de] only 9 ! ,polissye1 ! /ag only 9 ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,caucasus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are /ill a great _m roes & wild bo>s 9 ! woods4 ,( ! rod5ts ! h>e is /ill common ev]y:]e1 :ile ! beav]1 :i* at "o "t inhabit$ all ! riv]s ( ! ,ukra9e1 is n[ conf9$ to ! mo/ inaccessible swamps ( ! ,polissye & ! ,caucasian tribut>ies ( ! ,kuban4 ,! bird k+dom1 too1 has become mu* poor] 9 species4 ,l>ge birds ( prey1 l eagles & hawks1 ne/ only 9 ! ,c>pa?ians & 9 ! ,caucasus--v seldom 9 ! woods ( ! pla94 ,! hea? f[l & gr\se seek ! mo/ inaccessible ?ickets1 & ev5 ! numb] ( small insect & gra9-fe$]s has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,( ! wat]f[l1 wild ducks1 wild geese1 coot1 div+ birds1 etc41 are /ill v num]\s4 ,cranes & h]ons are r>e4 ,! =m] weal? ( fi% is ru9$ & no "o takes c>e ( ! artificial rais+ ( fi%4 ,to be sure1 mu* fi% is /ill caught1 especially 9 ! ,dniep] & ,don sy/ems1 ma9ly pike1 t5*1 c>p1 crucian1 %ad1 etc41 & tr\t 9 ! m\nta9 /reams2 b ( ! abundance ( ev5 ! comp>atively rec5t pa/1 !re is no trace4 ,/urgeon1 /]let & o!r sea fi%1 :i* =m]ly came 9 great sw>ms up ! ,dnie/]1 ,boh & ,dniep]1 are only seldom f\nd today4 ,! /eppe region has lo/ ev5 m ( its animal weal?4 ,above all1 ! ri* high] animal life ( ! transition zones1 :i* z late z ! #ah? ,c5tury provid$ food = ! popul\s ,zaporog ,si*1 has q disappe>$4 ,! t>pani 7wild horses71 :i* /ill inhabit$ ! /eppe 9 great h]ds 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 are n[ completely ext]m9at$4 ,saiga antelopes 7saihaki71 once g5]ally di/ribut$ ?ru\t ! /eppe region ( ! ,ukra9e1 h retreat$ to ! ,caspian /eppe4 ,! small] game & ! bird _w h suff]$ f> less1 b ! activity ( man1 :o has *ang$ ! /eppes into fields & pa/ures1 has be5 fatal to !m too4 ,! bu/>d1 s&pip]1 p>tridge & gr\se1 :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! /eppe bru% 9 great numb]s h become r>e4 ,! same may be said ( ! bird-_w ( ! wat]c\rses & swamps :i* once inhabit$ ! riv] di/ricts ( ! /eppe 9 imm5se sw>ms4 ,! insectivor\s birds1 too1 h decreas$1 & ! h>mful insects are increas+ at a t]rible rate4 ,only ! locu/ pe/1 :i* =m]ly caus$ great damage 9 agriculture1 is n[ almo/ gone4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! w> ( ext]m9ation :i* man is wag+ aga9/ ! animal _w ( ! /eppe1 animal species are f\nd :i* 7 well able to adapt !mselves to ! new circum/ances1 h become accu/om$ to man & h f\nd pl5ty ( food 9 ! fields ( ! cultivat$ /eppe 7field-mice1 m>mot1 gr\nd squirrels1 etc474 ,!y h increas$ greatly & h migrat$ t[>d ! we/ & nor?1 caus+ great damage to f>m+4 ,z we mu/ disp5se ) a sci5tific discussion ( ! flora & fauna ( ! ,ukra9e1 we %all only report a few ess5tial facts ab\t ! useful plants & dome/ic animals4 ,! ,ukra9e1 accord+ to its soil & its climate1 is ! ri*e/ gra9 c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,= :eat ! conditions 9 ! ,ukra9e are ! mo/ favorable1 especially 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! black-e>? region4 ,rye is rais$ m widely 9 ! nor? & nor?we/2 b>ley ev]y:]e1 b on a l>ge scale only 9 ! s\?2 oats 9 ! nor? & 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 :]e x is (t5 us$ to make bread4 ,buck:eat is di/ribut$ *iefly on ! nor!rn edge ( ! black-e>? region2 millet ?rives well 9 ! entire ,*ornozyom region4 ,corn is rais$ on a l>ge scale only 9 ! s\?we/ & 9 ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry4 ,( pod plants1 peas & beans are especially import$2 !y are rais$ n only 9 vegetable g>d5s b also 9 fields4 ,( ! tub]\s plants1 ! potato is g5]ally di/ribut$ only 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e & increases 9 importance b sl[ly 9 ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,sug> beets are cultivat$ on great areas ( ! ,volhynian1 ,podolian & ,dniep] ,plateaus4 ,vegetable culture embraces all ! vegetables ( ,c5tral ,europe1 b is n especially develop$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wat] melons1 cantal\pe1 cucumb]s 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e7 are rais$ 9 special plantations 7ba%tani74 ,hemp1 flax1 rape-se$1 sunfl[]1 are g5]ally di/ribut$1 & poppy is cultivat$ n only 9 g>d5s b also 9 fields4 ,tobacco culture is v important 9 ! ,ukra9e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,dniep] ,pla94 ,?anks to ! w>m summ] & fall1 ! ,ukra9ian climate is well fitt$ = fruit culture4 ,! or*>d is a necessity to ! ,ukra9ian f>m] & is plant$ & c>$ = ev5 "u difficult conditions4 ,fruit culture fl\ri%es p>ticul>ly 9 ,pokutye1 ,podolia 7:]e ! m t5d] species ( apple & pe>1 z well z apricots1 ?rive 9 ! ,dnie/] valley71 9 ,bess>abia1 9 ,crimea & ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 :]e ev5 pea*es & grapes are add$4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! v9e ext5ds along ! ,dnie/]1 !n ?ru ,kam5etz & ,kat]9oslav to ! b5d ( ! ,don4 ,w9e-culture has its ma9 regions 9 ,bess>abia1 9 ,crimea & 9 ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 al?o ,s\? ,podolia & ! ,dniep] valley 9 ! old ,zaporog c\ntry d n lack v9ey>ds4 ,! dome/ic animals are ! same 9 ! ,ukra9e z 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,only 9 ! extreme s\? camels & buffaloes are add$4 ,! horn$ cattle belong *iefly to ! s-call$ ,ukra9ian bre$1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by its gray color & its size1 & is bony & /rong-limb$4 ,x is v well fitt$ = "w & is ri* 9 milk4 ,on ! s\?we/ bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e ! ,hung>ian great-horn$ bre$ is widely di/ribut$4 ,9 rec5t times ! pure ,holl&1 ,tirol & ,swiss bre$s are cont9ually spread+4 ,! horses ( ! ,ukra9e belong to v>i\s mix$ bre$s4 ,! mo/ beautiful bre$ ( horses1 ! ,ukra9ian1 has be5 rais$ by ! ,zaporog ,cossacks4 ,x is ( m$ium size1 v /rong & fleet1 v endur+ & useful = any sort ( "w4 ,! ,*ornomoric v>iety is n[ be+ rais$ by ! ,kuban ,cossacks & is rightfully fam$ ?ru\t ,ea/]n ,europe = its high qualities4 ,v effici5t1 too1 is ! ,hutzulian bre$ ( m\nta9 horses1 small ( /ature b v /rong1 unsurpass$ = m\nta9 roads & foot-ways4 ,! peasant horses ( ,galicia1 ,volhynia1 etc41 are1 despite _! unseemly outw>d appe>ance1 really creat$ = ! r\gh roads ( _! l&4 ,donkeys & mules are r>ities 9 ! ,ukra9e1 also v few goats are kept4 ,9 %eep1 h[ev]1 ! ,ukra9e is ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,n only native bre$s 7among !m ! ju/ly fam\s re%etilivka1 z x is call$71 b also =eign m]9o %eep are rais$1 especially 9 ! /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,hog rais+ is v highly develop$4 ,usually ,poli% hogs are rais$ 9 ,we/]n ,ukra9e1 ,russian %ort-e>$ hogs 9 ! ea/]n "p1 & 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 s\!rn cr9kl$ hogs4 ,9 b>ny>d f[l ! ,ukra9e is ! ri*e/ l& 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,also bee culture is v important1 especially 9 ! ,dniep] ,pla94 ,silkworm culture1 h[ev]1 is n v important1 al?o ! mulb]ry trees f9d favorable climatic conditions ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e4 ,,book ,,ii ,,an?ropogeography ,,e?nographic ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,ukra9e ,,numb] ,,& ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,ukra9ians ,to give ! e?nographic b\nd>ies ( a ,we/]n or ,c5tral ,european nation is v easy1 = !y h long s9ce be5 det]m9$ & inve/igat$1 & x w\ld be h>d to f9d anyone :o might try to efface or disreg>d !m1 lea/ ( all to falsify !m4 ,b ) ! ,ukra9ians x is q diff]5t4 ,!y possess nei!r political indep5d5ce1 z = example1 ! ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,italians1 etc41 nor political influ5ce1 z = in/ance1 ! ,poles & ,cze*s 9 ,au/ria4 ,! ,ukra9ians inhabit p>ts ( two /ates1 ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,russia1 & h "s political significance 9 ! =m]1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are n ev5 recogniz$ z a racial entity4 ,accord+ly1 ! real b\nd>ies ( ! ,national t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9e are insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,!y are be/ kn[n )9 ,au/rian t]ritory1 al?o ! /ati/ics1 especially ^? ( ,galicia1 are v poor4 ,ev5 less exact 9 respect to ! di/ribution ( ! ,ukra9ians are ! ,hung>ian /ati/ics4 ,9 ,russia ! condition is wor/ ( all4 ,! fir/ real c5sus "h 0 tak5 on ,janu>y #bh1 #ahig4 ,all e>li] calculations & e/imates are ( v que/ionable wor?4 ,= in/ance1 all ! ,p9*uks1 ! ,ukra9ian inhabitants ( ! ,polissye1 h be5 errone\sly c\nt$ ) ! ,:ite ,russians1 ! ,ukra9ians 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mhil9 & ,/>odub ) ! ,great ,russians4 ,besides1 v _m ,ukra9ians 7 regi/]$ "u ! g5]al head+ ( 8,russians40 ,= ?is reason1 x is impossible at ! pres5t "t to give ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9ian racial t]ritory z exactly z ^? ( ! ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,european c\ntries4 ,! b\nd>ies "h giv51 h[ev]1 are drawn f (ficial /ati/ical s\rces1 & only v conspicu\s & g5]ally ackn[l$g$ errors h be5 correct$4 ,! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! compact ,ukra9ian national t]ritory beg9s on ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea at ! delta ( ! ,danube1 :]e "p ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,zaporogs are /ill devot$ to _! traditional vocation ( fi%+4 ,"h ! neighbors ( ! ,ukra9ians are ! ,r\manians & ,bulg>ians4 ,! ,ukra9ian-,r\manian b\nd>y l9e !n goes ?ru ,bess>abia1 ,buk[9a1 & ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y4 ,9 ,bess>abia ! bord] passes ?ru ,ismail1 ,bilhorod1 ! m\? ( ! ,dnie/] at its liman1 !n up ! ,dnie/] to ,dubos>i1 runn+ 9 adv5tur\s w9d+s pa/ ,orhiev & ,bilzi until x rea*es ! ,prut-,dnie/] divide1 & leav+ ?is prov9ce ne> ,novoselitza4 ,innum]able e?nographic isl&s lie on bo? sides ( ?is b\nd>y2 ,r\manians on ,ukra9ian t]ritory & ,ukra9ians on ,r\manian t]ritory4 ,only )9 ! pa/ c5turies has ! l& be5 settl$ m ?ickly & ! ma9 body ( ,r\manians has be5 s dott$ ) ?is m$ley ( races z to =m a v]itable e?nographic mosaic4 ,9 ! ,buk[9a1 ! b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 runn+ along ! national bord] at fir/1 rea*es ! cities ( ,s]e? & ,radivtzi4 ,!n x turns ) a %>p b5d to ,*]nivtzi & passes 9 a wide curve t[>d ! s\?we/ & we/1 ?ru ,/orozh9etz1 ,vikiv1 ,moldavitsia & ,kirlibaba to ! ,:ite ,*]emo%1 :]e x ext5ds ov] into ,hung>y4 ,9 ! ,buk[9a1 too1 ! e?nographic b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9ians is n ( great antiquity 7! ,*]emo% region exclud$74 ,! b\nd>y is all ! old] 9 ,hung>y1 = ! ,ukra9ian p h _h a place "h s9ce ! e>ly middle ages4 ,?is b\nd>y ext5ds along ! ,vi%eva1 & !n ! ,tissa1 pa/ ,sihot to ,vi%kiv4 ,at ?is place ! bord] crosses to ! left bank ( ! riv] &1 pass+ along ! ,gut9 ,m\nta9 ,ridge1 rea*es ! riv] ,tur ne> ,polad4 ,"h ! ,r\manian-,ukra9ian b\nd>y ends & ! neighbor+ c\ntry ( ! ,magy>s beg9s4 ,! b\nd>y ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory "h runs 9 a g5]ally nor!a/ direction1 t\*+ ,uylak1 ,b]egszasz1 ,muka*iv 7,munkacs71 ,uzhorod 7,unghv>71 ,b>diiv 7,b>tfa71 ,sab9iv 7,kis ,szeb571 ,kesm>k4 ,at ,lublau ! b\nd>y crosses ! ,poprad ,riv] & rea*es ,galicia4 ,betwe5 ,unghv> & ,b>tfeld1 ! ,slovaks become ! neighbors ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ,slovaks & ,ukra9ians is v indi/9ct1 & only ! inve/igations ( ,hnatik & ,toma%ivsky h succe$$ 9 det]m9+ x & 9 prov+ t ?ru ! c5turies ! bord]s ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory h be5 subject to comp>atively slight *anges4 ,9 ,galicia1 ! ,ukra9ians are neighbors to ! ,poles4 ,! ,poli% rule ( ov] #ejj ye>s' duration1 has =c$ ! ,ukra9ian elem5t ea/w>d to a great ext5t into ! hill c\ntry & ! pla94 ,only 9 ! m\nta9s has ! ,ukra9ian elem5t pres]v$ itself & ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory "h =ms a p59sula ext5d+ f> to ! we/4 ,! ,ukra9ian-,poli% b\nd>y 9 ,galicia beg9s at ! village ( ,%lakhtova1 we/ ( ! ,poprad ,pass1 & ext5ds ea/w>d1 t\*+ ! small t[ns ( ,pivni*na1 ,hribov1 ,horlitzi1 ,zmigrod1 ,dukla1 ,rimanov1 ,z>%91 z f> z ,sianik1 :5ce x foll[s ! g5]al direction ( ! ,san z f> z ,dubetzco4 ,"h x turns t[>d ! nor!a/1 rea*es ! ,san ,riv] aga9 ne> ,radimno1 & runs along ! left %ore pa/ ,y>oslav1 ,s9iava1 ,lezaisk1 rea*+ ,russian-,pol& at ,t>nogrod4 ,9 ,russian ,pol&1 ! ,ukra9ians inhabit ! newly-creat$ ,gov]nm5t ( ,kholm1 & = five c5turies !y h _h to w>d (f ! ea/w>d expansion ( ! ,poles4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,poloniz+ ( ! c\ntry began to progress "u ,russian rule1 z a result ( ! inconsid]ate ,russification policy ( ! au?orities & ! sympa?y ( ! ,ukra9ian population ) ! ,greek-,ca?olic fai?1 ru?lessly suppress$ by ! ,russians1 to :i* ! ,ukra9ians ( ! ,kholm c\ntry /ill belong$ half a c5tury ago1 a sympa?y :i* is n yet ext9ct4 ,! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,poles & ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,kholm c\ntry has1 on bo? sides1 a m or less wide zone ( a mix$ population & num]\s e?nographic isl&s4 ,x passes ?ru ,t>nogrod1 ,bilhoray1 ,%te%ebre%91 ,zamo/ye1 ,krasno/av1 ,lub>tiv1 ,rad91 ,lukiv1 ,sokoliv1 ,dorohi*9 & ,bilsk1 rea*+ ! ,n>ev ,riv] 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,grodno4 ,"h ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9ian & ! ,poli% national t]ritory meet ! ,:ite ,russian bord] & ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,ukra9e beg9s4 ,! ,ukra9ian-,:ite ,russian b\nd>y ext5ds ?ru ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,grodno & ,m9sk1 at fir/ along ! ,n>ev ,riv]1 up to its s\rce 9 ! ,biloveza ,=e/4 ,!n ! l9e passes ,pruzani ov] to ! ,yassiolda ,riv]1 turn+ (f ne> ,pori*e t[>d ! nor!a/ & rea*+ ! lake ( ,vihonivske ,oz]o4 ,f "h x turns t[>d ! s\!a/ & rea*es ! ,pripet ,riv] at ! m\? ( ! ,zna4 ,!n ?is riv] =ms ! b\nd>y up to :]e x jo9s ) ! ,dniep]4 ,only bel[ ,mosir ! ,:ite ,russians pu% =w>d 9 an obtuse sali5t to ! "r bank ( ! ,pripet4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! ,:ite ,russians along ! b\nd>y describ$ =m a transition 9 respect to language & e?nology betwe5 ! real ,:ite ,russians & ! real ,ukra9ians1 :o1 9 ?is region1 are call$ ,p9*uki4 ,! transition zone is #cj to #ej kilomet]s 9 wid?4 ,! ,dniep] =ms ! b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9e only along a %ort /ret* 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*]nihiv1 f ! m\? ( ! ,pripet to ! m\? ( ! ,sol ne> ,lov4 ,!n ! bord] runs nor!a/ pa/ ,novosibkiv1 ,nove mi/o & ,suraz1 z f> z ,mhl91 :]e ! ,:ite ,russian c\ntry ceases & ! ,russian beg9s4 ,to sket* accurately ! b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9e t[>d ,muscovy is n easy1 ev5 ?o !re is by no means a gradual transition "h1 z !re is on ! ,:ite ,russian bord]4 ,! b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9e is ev5 mu* m %>ply def9$ "h ?an 9 ! region :]e x sep>ates ! ,ukra9ians f ! ,poles1 ,r\manians & ,magy>s4 ,b x is h>d to det]m9e )\t detail$ inve/igation on ! spot1 = ! (ficial ,russian /ati/ics h be5 compil$ v mu* 9 favor ( ! rul+ race4 ,9 addition1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! di/ricts along ?is bord] 7 n ?ickly settl$ until ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies4 ,! settl]s came f ! ,ukra9e on ! "o side & f ,muscovy on ! o!r1 & e/abli%$ !mselves 9 sep>ate settlem5ts4 ,to ?is day a purely ,ukra9ian village or small t[n (t5 bord]s on "o made up entirely ( ,russians1 & ! numb] ( e?nographic isl&s is r l>ge on bo? sides4 ,! b\nd>y ( ! compact ,ukra9ian t]ritory 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kursk & ,voronizh passes ?ru ,putivil1 ,rilsk1 ,sudza1 ,miropilia1 ,oboian1 ! s\rces ( ! ,psiol1 & ,vorskla1 ,bilhorod1 ,koro*a1 ,/>i ,oskol1 ,novi ,oskol1 & ,biriu*1 & rea*es ! ,don ,riv] ne> ,o/rohosk4 ,! ,don =ms a small] "p ( ! bord] ( ! ,ukra9e ?an ! ,dniep]4 ,! b\nd>y l9e leaves ! riv] at ! m\? ( ! ,icorez1 cuts ! ,bitiuh ,riv] &1 pass+ ,baturl9ivka & ,novokhop]sk1 rea*es ! ,khop] ,riv] 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,don ,cossacks4 ,"h beg9s ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9ian c\ntry4 ,x ext5ds fir/ along ! ,khop] ,riv] s\?w>d1 crosses ! ,don p]p5dicul>ly at ! m\? ( ! ,khop]1 passes along ! ,kalitva & ! ,donetz1 cross+ ! ,don = ! ?ird "t ne> ,novo*]kask1 &1 pursu+ a wide curve along ! ,sal ,riv]1 rea*es ,lake ,mani*4 ,"r opposite1 on ! left bank ( ! ,don1 ! ,ukra9ians confront ! ,kalmucks1 ! advance gu>d ( ! sub-,caucasian & ,caucasian m$ley ( races4 ,among ^! ?9ly scatt]$ & culturally inf]ior tribes1 a /rong flood ( ,ukra9ian & ,russian colonization has be5 p\r+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,! ,ukra9ian elem5t is gradually pr$om9at+ 9 ! entire region ( ,ciscaucasia & is con/antly pu%+ =w>d t[>d ! ea/ & s\!a/4 ,new isl&s ( ,ukra9ian-speak+ p are =m+ & are gr[+ con/antly & unit+ to =m l>g] complexes4 ,f ,lake ,mani*1 ! bord] ( ! ,ukra9e c\ntry runs s\?w>d ?ru ! di/rict ( ,m$veza ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,/avropol1 z f> z ! s\rces ( ! great ,yahorlik4 ,!n x turns ea/w>d pa/ ,/avropol1 ,alex&rivsk & ,novohrihoryvsk4 ,9 a n>r[ /rip ! ,ukra9ians "h rea* ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,x 0 only sugge/$ 9 ! c5sus ( #ahig1 b prov$ beyond d\bt by ! reports ( ! new settlem5ts ( ! ,ukra9ian elem5t 9 ^! regions1 t ! ,ukra9ian area "h %[s a great increase4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9e 9 ! ,caucasian l&s passes ?ru ! ,t]ek1 ,kuban & ,black ,sea ,gov]nm5ts by way ( ,nal*ic1 ,piatihorsk1 ,lab9sk & ,maikop1 rea*+ ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea betwe5 ,tuapse & ,so*i4 ,9 ?is region ! ,ukra9ians h z neighbors besides ! ,russians1 ! ,kalmucks1 ,kirgizians1 ,norgaians1 ,*e*5ians1 ,cab>d9es1 ,circassians1 ,abkhasians & ,caucasian ,t>t>s4 ,! fur!r c\rse ( ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,ukra9e1 z f> z ! delta ( ! ,danube1 is indicat$ on ! :ole by ! coa/s ( ! ,black ,sea & ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,only ,crimea has1 until rec5tly1 rema9$ outside ! e?nographic conf9es ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,to ! ext5t t ! ,crimean ,t>t>s h begun to emigrate to ,turkey1 h[ev]1 ! ,ukra9ian elem5t has ga9$ /r5g? ?ru con/ant re9=cem5ts f ! ,c5tral ,ukra9ian di/ricts1 s t today only ! m\nta9 region & ! s\? coa/ ( ,crimea are consid]$ ,t>t> c\ntry4 ,^! b\nd>ies enclose ! compact c\ntry :i* is inhabit$ by ! ,ukra9ians4 ,?is c\ntry includes ,nor? & ,we/ ,buk[9a1 ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y1 ,ea/ ,galicia & ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,we/ ,galicia1 ! newly-creat$ ,gov]nm5t ( ,kholm 7! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,lubl9 & ,sidlez 9 ,russian ,pol&71 ! s\!rn "p ( ,grodno & ,m9sk1 all ( ,volhynia1 ,podolia1 ,kiev & ,kh]son1 besides ! s\!a/]n & nor?we/]n di/ricts ( ,bess>abia4 ,to ! left ( ! ,dniep]1 ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e include ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,*]nihiv1 ,poltava1 ,kh>kiv1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,tauria 7) ! exception ( ! ,yaila7 & ! entire ,kuban region1 ! *a9s ( high m\nta9s except$4 ,9 addition1 ! foll[+ belong to ! t]ritory ( ,ukra9e3 ,! s\!rn ?ird ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kursk1 ! s\!rn half ( ,voroniz1 ! we/]n ?ird ( ! ,don ,cossack c\ntry1 ! s\!rn half ( ,/avropol1 ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,t]ek region1 &1 f9ally1 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,= ,europe x is a v spaci\s t]ritory1 be+ second 9 size only to ! ,russian 7,muscovite7 national t]ritory4 ,! area ( ! ,ukra9ian national t]ritory is #hej1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 ( :i* only #ge1jjj squ>e kilomet]s lie )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian mon>*y1 ! rema9+ c\ntry ( #gge1jjj squ>e kilomet]s be+ subject to ,russian rule4 ,beyond ?is compact ,ukra9ian national t]ritory1 ! ,ukra9ians live 9 num]\s great homog5e\s pat*es1 scatt]$ ov] wide areas ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 ,9 ,bess>abia we meet ) a :ole s]ies ( ^! ,ukra9ian language areas or isl&s along ! ,prut ,riv] & ! ,russian-,r\manian b\nd>y1 9 ! ,r\manian ,dobrudja1 & 9 ! delta ( ! ,danube4 ,9 ! ,buk[9a !re are ,ukra9ian language isl&s at ,su*ava & ,kimpolung1 9 ,hung>y 9 ! ,backza1 at ,nyregihatza1 ,nagi-,c>oli1 ,gllnitz1 etc41 9 ! ,kholm c\ntry betwe5 ,lukov & ,zelekhov1 betwe5 ,sidletz & ,kalusz91 & ne> ,sokolov4 ,along ! ,:ite ,russian bord]1 :]e ! transition is gradual1 no real language isl&s are f\nd 9 ! int]v5+ zone be=e m5tion$4 ,we f9d all ! m ( !m 9 ,ukra9ian-,russian bord]l&s1 :]e ! two nationalities are v %>ply sep>at$ & !re are no transitions4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kursk we f9d a :ole *a9 ( well-def9$ ,ukra9ian language isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,russian t]ritory2 at ,fatiez1 betwe5 ,dmitriev & ,oboian1 & also at ! s\rces ( ! ,sem4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,voroniz !re are sev]al language isl&s at ,siemlansk & ,borisoglebsk4 ,a few scatt]$ ,ukra9ian settlem5ts ext5d to ! di/rict ( ,tambov & ,yelez4 ,! ,don c\ntry1 = a long "t practically clos$ to settl]s because ( its ,cossack organization1 0 a valuable ?or\ghf>e = ! ,ukra9ian colonization movem5t 9 its expansion 9 ! c5tral ,volga di/rict4 ,"h !re liv$ 7#aiaj7 ov] #fjj1jjj ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,s>atov1 ,sam>a & ,a/rakhan4 ,"h lie1 9 close/ proximity to num]\s ,g]man colonies1 great ,ukra9ian language isl&s1 ne> ,bala%ov1 ,atk>sk1 ,bal&a1 on ! ,eman & ,m$v$itza1 at ,nikolaievsk1 ,khval9sk1 ,sam>a & ,boguruslan4 ,f ,khval9sk on1 ! ,ukra9ian colonies on ! left bank ( ! ,volga take up z mu* space z ! ,russian4 ,we f9d ! ,ukra9ian colonies "h opposite ,s>atov1 ,kami%91 ,dubivka1 ,*orni ,y>1 & at ,z>ev4 ,besides ^! !re are1 at a great] di/ance f ! ,volga1 ,ukra9ian language isl&s 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ! s\rce ( ! ,y]uslan & ! ,great ,us51 on ,lakes ,elton & ,baskun*ak1 on ! ,ilovla & ! ,y]g5i hills4 ,9 ! ,or5burg ,gov]nm5t1 on ! ,ural ,riv]1 m ?an #ej1jjj ,ukra9ian coloni/s n[ dwell4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,ukra9ians 9 ! ye> ( #ahig compris$ #ac ( ! population ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,a/rakhan 7,di/rict ( ,z>ev #ch1 ,*ornoy> #dc71 m ?an #g 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,s>atov1 ne>ly #e 9 ,sam>a4 ,at pres5t1 consid]+ ! active ,ukra9ian colonization ( ! pa/ decades1 ^! p]c5tages mu/ be mu* great]4 ,9 ! ,caucasus l&s we likewise f9d a goodly numb] ( ,ukra9ian ,colonies4 ,accord+ to ! results ( ! c5sus ( #ahig ! ,ukra9ians compris$ #ag to #ai ( ! 8,russian0 population 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,erivan1 ,kutais1 ,daghe/an & ,k>s1 #g1e 9 ,tiflis & #e 9 ,yelisavetpol & 9 ,baku ea*4 ,?ru ! ,volga & ,caucasus l&s1 ! tide ( ,ukra9ian emigrants rea*$ ,russian ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,ukra9ian settlem5ts 9 ?is region only began t[>d ! end ( ! pa/ c5tury & has cont9u$ to ?is day4 ,9 ! ye> #ahig ! ,ukra9ians already compris$ #bi ( ! 8,russian0 population 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sir ,d>ia & #bc 9 ! prov9ce ( ,akmol9sk4 ,9 ! ,prov9ces ( ,transkaspia1 ,siemirie*5sk1 ,turgai1 ,sam>k& & ,f]ghana1 ! ,ukra9ians compris$ #aj to #bj ( ! 8,russian0 population2 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,siemipalat9sk1 #e4 ,b ,ukra9ian colonization 9 ,sib]ia appe>s on ! l>ge/ scale ( all4 ,9 a long l9e ( ?\s&s ( kilomet]s1 ,ukra9ian language isl&s & deta*$ colonies /ret* along ! s\!rn bord] ( ?is l& ( tomorr[4 ,! highe/ p]c5tages ( ,ukra9ians are f\nd among ! 8,russian0 population ( ! coa/ prov9ce ne> ,vladivo/ok 7ov] #bi7 & ! ,prov9ce ( ,amur 7ov] #bj71 ! greate/ absolute numb]s 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,tomsk1 ,tobolsk & ,y5iseysk4 ,besides ^! colonies & language isl&s 9 ,eurasia1 we f9d settlem5ts ( consid]able size 9 ,am]ica4 ,m ?an half a million ,ukra9ians are scatt]$ 9 small gr\ps ov] ! spaci\s area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 m9e & factory work]s1 :o usually return1 ) ! e>n+s !y h sav$1 to _! fa!rl&4 ,p5nsylvania is especially ri* 9 ,ukra9ian emigrants1 :o sometimes take root "h1 b usually lose _! nationality 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,agricultural colonies h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,ukra9ians 9 ,canada4 ,"h we f9d ,ukra9ian language isl&s ( "s size 9 ,manitoba1 ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta1 & small] gr\ps ( settlem5ts 9 ,ont>io1 ,quebec & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! numb] ( ! ,ukra9ians 9 ,canada exce$s #bjj1jjj1 & ! /eady "* & compactness ( ! settlem5ts pres]ve ! ,ukra9ian elem5t f rapid d5ationalization4 ,! same k9d ( agricultural colonies h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,ukra9ian peasants 9 ,brazil4 ,!y are locat$ *iefly 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p>ana1 also 9 deta*$ gr\ps 9 ,rio ,gr&e d ,sul1 ,santa ,cat>9a & ,so ,paulo1 z well z 9 ! adjac5t l&s ( ,arg5t9a4 ,^! rapidly increas+ settl]s1 ab\t #fj1jjj 9 numb]1 =m an important cultural elem5t "h among ! indol5t ,luso-,brazilians4 ,b we d n desire1 9 ?is small "w1 to write a geography ( ! ,ukra9ian colonies4 ,all are bran*es sev]$ f ! "m-tree1 :i*1 consid]+ ! l[ grade ( culture ( ! settl]s1 mu/ soon] or lat] be assimilat$ by ! =eign race4 ,only ! ,asiatic colonies h "s 7?\gh r slight7 prospects ( pres]v+ _! national individuality into ! remote future4 ,! con/ant addition ( new arrivals f ! home c\ntry1 z well z ! high] culture ( ! ,ukra9ian p z oppos$ to ! ,russian masses1 w pres]ve ! ,ukra9ian coloni/s 9 ,asia f rapid d5ationalization4 ,:at is ! total numb] ( ,ukra9ians1 & h[ _m ( !m live 9 ! compact ,ukra9ian national t]ritory8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is n easy--= ! same reasons :i* d n p]mit u to draw accurately ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9ian c\ntry4 ,! political subjugation ( ! ,ukra9e on ! "o h&1 & ! size ( ! nation & its t]ritory on ! o!r1 cause ! rul+ gov]nm5ts to falsify ! /ati/ics1 ?us conceal+ ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,to a great ext5t1 also1 ! ignorance ( ! organs p]=m+ ! c5sus be> ! blame = ! unreliability ( ! /ati/ics collect$ 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! ,ukra9ians are ei!r simply regi/]$ z memb]s ( ano!r 7usually ! rul+7 nationality1 or =c$1 by v>i\s means1 to d5y _! inh]it$ nationality4 ,9 ,hung>y entire villages are sometimes set d[n z ,magy>1 ,slovak or ,r\manian1 al?o _! population is :olly1 or = ! mo/ "p1 ,ukra9ian4 ,9 ! ,buk[9a1 too1 a great _m ,ukra9ians are regi/]$ z ,r\manians4 ,9 ,galicia1 all ,roman-,ca?olic ,ukra9ians are regul>ly ent]$ z ,poles1 al?o1 z a rule1 !y h n ev5 a ma/]y ( ! ,poli% language4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian /ati/ics all[ ! possibility ( det]m9+ v closely ! true condition4 ,! ,russian c5sus ( #ahig1 :i* gives u ! sole mat]ials = /ati/ics on a racial basis 9 ! ,ukra9e1 0 c>ri$ out greatly to ! disadvantage ( ! ,ukra9ian elem5t4 ,9 ! cities1 only ! smalle/ m9ority ( ! ,ukra9ians are regi/]$ z su*1 all ! re/ be+ c\nt$ z ,russians4 ,! same has be5 ! case 9 all ! ,ukra9ian colonies & language isl&s scatt]$ ?ru ! great space ( ! gigantic ,russian ,empire4 ,ev5 s1 we are omitt+ f consid]ation ^? ,ukra9ians :o1 because ( lack ( national consci\sness or = fe> ( p]secution1 h d5i$ _! nationality4 ,despite all ^! %ortcom+s ( ! (ficial /ati/ics1 we %all make _! /atem5ts ! basis ( our calculations4 ,only ! mo/ m>k$ falsifications or errors c be consid]$ & correct$4 ,z ! basis ( our calculations1 we %all take ! figures ( ! c5sus 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y ( ! ye> #aiaj1 z well z ! ,russian calculations ( ! same ye>4 ,z ! latt] lack any /atem5t z to ! relative proportions or p]c5tages ( ! nationalities1 we mu/ apply ! p]c5tages ( ! enum]ation ( #ahig to ! totals ( #aiaj4 ,?is process1 ( c\rse1 gives u only approximate values1 b x is ! only available me?od4 ,we %all beg9 our /ati/ical view ( ! ,ukra9ian l&s ) ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y4 ,"h ! ,ukra9ians inhabit a compact t]ritory ( ov] #ad1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,! greate/ "p ( x lies 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s & includes ! nor!rn ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,c\nty ( ,m>m>o%1 ! nor!a/]n half ( ! ,c\nty ( ,ungh1 ! nor!rn bord]l&s ( ! ,c\nties ( ,sempl5 & ,%>o%1 & ! nor!a/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,c\nty ( ,zips4 ,! total numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ,hung>y 0 #dgj1jjj 9 #aiaj1 a numb] :i*1 because ( ! insuffici5t ,hung>ian /ati/ics1 may be confid5tly rais$ to a half a million1 if we consid] ! fact t ev5 ! doctor$ ,greek-,ca?olic figures ( ! eighties gave approximately ! latt] numb]4 ,! p]c5tages ( ! ,ukra9ians 9 diff]5t c\nties1 accord+ to (ficial reckon+1 are z foll[s3 ,9 ,m>moro% #df1 ,uho*a #ci1 ,b]eg #df1 ,ungh #cf1 ,%>o% #bj1 ,sempl5 #aa1 ,zips #h4 ,9 ! ea/ ! ,r\manians =m small scatt]$ language isl&s1 9 ! we/ ! ,slovaks4 ,amid ! ,ukra9ian population1 scatt]$1 b 9 consid]able numb]s1 live ,jews2 9 ! cities1 ,magy>s & ,g]mans besides4 ,! ,ukra9ians inhabit all ! m\nta9\s1 sp>sely settl$ p>ts ( ! c\nties1 h5ce ! p]c5tage ( !m is small1 despite ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry !y inhabit4 ,! ,ukra9ian p 9 ,upp] ,hung>y consi/ almo/ exclusively ( peasants & petty b\rgeois4 ,! lack ( national s*ools causes illit]acy to gr[ rampant4 ,! upp] /rata ( ! p are ?ree-f\r?s d5ationaliz$2 ! common p are /ifl$ 9 ignorance1 & 9 ! consequ5t poor economic conditions1 :i* ! ,hung>ian ,gov]nm5t is va9ly try+ to relieve4 ,9 ! ,buk[9a ! ,ukra9ians1 ov] #cjj1jjj 9 numb] 7#ch ( ! total population ( ! l&71 inhabit a region ( #ejjj squ>e kilomet]s1 situat$ mo/ly 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,ukra9ians inhabit ! foll[+ di/ricts3 ,za/avna 7#hj71 ,va%kivtzi 7#hc71 ,viznitza 7#gh71 ,kitzman 7#hg71 & ,*]nivtzi 7#ee71 half ! ,di/rict ( ,s]e? 7#db71 a ?ird ( ! ,di/rict ( ,/orozh9etz 7#bf71 besides p>ts ( ! ,di/ricts ( ,kimpolung1 ,radautz & ,su*ava4 ,amid ! ,ukra9ian population a great _m ,jews are settl$1 scatt]$1 & 9 ! cities _m ,g]mans1 ,r\manians1 ,arm5ians & ,poles besides4 ,! degree ( education & ! economic /ate ( ! ,buk[9a ,ukra9ians are incomp>ably bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,ukra9ians ( ,hung>y4 ,f ! rural population a num]\s educat$ class has sprung1 :i* has tak5 ! lead ( ! masses 9 ! economic & political /ruggle4 ,9 ,galicia 7#gh1ejj squ>e kilomet]s1 #h million inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians1 #c1baj1jjj1 t is #dj ( ! total population 7) #ei ( ,poles & #a ( ,g]mans7 occupy a compact space ( #ef1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 9 :i* !y comprise #ei ( ! population4 ,^! figures are tak5 f ! c5sus ( ! ye> #aiaj1 :i*1 because ( its p>tisan compilation1 is p]haps unique among ! civiliz$ /ates ( ,europe4 ,= n only are all ! ,jews 7:o speak a ,g]man j>gon7 li/$ z ,poles1 b also all ! ,ukra9ians ( ,roman-,ca?olic fai?1 ( :om !re is m ?an half a million1 & #agj1jjj pure ,ukra9ians ( ,greek-,ca?olic 7unit$7 fai?4 ,bas+ our calculations1 n on ^! /ati/ics ( ! v]nacul>1 b on ! /ati/ics ( fai?1 :i*1 too1 are n unobjectionable1 we obta9 ! foll[+ results3 ,= ! ,greek-,ca?olic ,ukra9ians #c1chj1jjj 7#db71 = ! ,roman-,ca?olic ,poles #c1gcj1jjj 7#dg71 & = ! ,jews #hgj1jjj 7#aa74 ,accord+ to religi\s convictions1 !n1 ,ukra9ian ,ea/ ,galicia w\ld conta9 #fb ( ,ukra9ians1 ov] #be 7#a1cej1jjj7 ,poles1 & ov] #ab 7#ffj1jjj7 ,jews4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ,galicia1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,okhrimovi*1 %\ld be rais$ to at lea/ #c1ejj1jjj1 &1 add+ ! ,roman-,ca?olic ,ukra9ians ( ,ea/ ,galicia1 ! numb] is #d1jjj1jjj4 ,we %all reta9 ! figure #c1chj1jjj1 h[ev]1 b = ! foll[+ view ( ! di/ricts1 ! p]c5tages w be tak5 f ! mu* m ju/ly compil$ c5sus ( ! ye> #aijj4 ,! greate/ p]c5tage ( ! ,ukra9ian population1 t is #ge-ij1 is f\nd 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,di/ricts ( ,turka1 ,/>i ,sambir1 ,kossiv1 ,pe*5iz92 ! sub-,c>pa?ian ,di/ricts ( ,bohorod*ani1 ,kalu%1 ,zida*iv2 ! ,pocutian ,di/ricts ( ,sniat9 & ,horod5ka1 besides ! ,di/rict ( ,yavoriv 9 ! ,ro/o*e4 ,! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians vacillates betwe5 #fg & #ge 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,lisko1 ,dobromil1 ,/riy1 ,dol9a1 ,nadvirna1 ,tovma*1 ,sali%*iki1 ,bor%*iv1 ,rohat91 ,bibrka1 ,zovkva & ,rava4 ,m ?an ?ree-fif?s ( ! population 7#fj-ff7 is made up ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,drohobi*1 ,sambir1 ,rudki1 ,mo/iska1 ,horodok1 ,kolomiya1 ,sokal1 ,kam9ka1 ,brody1 ,sb>az ,zolo*iv1 ,p]emi%lani1 ,b]ezani1 ,pidhaytzi1 ,*orytkiv1 & ,husiat92 #ej-fj ,ukra9ians are f\nd 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,*esaniv1 ,p]emi%l1 ,sianik1 ,t]nopil1 ,skalat1 ,t]ebovla1 ,bu*a* & ,/anislaviv4 ,9 only two di/ricts ! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians falls bel[ #ej3 9 ! di/ricts ( ,lemb]g 7#di7 & ,y>oslav 7#da74 ,9 ! city ( ,lemb]g ! ,ukra9ians comprise only "o-fif? ( ! population1 & 9 o!r l>g] cities ( ,ea/ ,galicia1 too1 _! p]c5tage is n great4 ,consequ5tly1 ! total p]c5tages ( ! ,ukra9ians 9 ! di/ricts are influ5c$ v unfavorably ?ru ! addition ( ! city population4 ,besides1 ! ,ea/ ,galician cities1 inhabit$ *iefly by ,jews & ,poles1 are ! *ief c5t]s ( ! ,poloniz+ ef=ts4 ,only 9 ! mo/ rec5t times is ! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! l>g] cities ( ,ea/ ,galicia becom+ great]1 z a result ( ! cont9u$ flock+ 9 ( ! ,ukra9ian rural population4 ,9 ! fifty small] cities ( ,ea/ ,galicia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ukra9ians comprise absolute majorities1 e4g41 ,yavoriv1 ,horod5ka1 ,tism5itza4 ,9 ,we/ ,galicia only ! ,di/rict ( ,horlitzi 7,gorlice7 has m ?an #be ,ukra9ians1 ! rema9+ f\r 7,yaslo1 ,new ,s&etz1 ,krosno1 ,hribov7 only #aj-bj4 ,! ,ukra9ian population ( ,galicia consi/s n9e-t5?s ( peasants & petty b\rgeois4 ,f !m a num]\s educat$ class has sprung 9 ! pa/ c5tury1 :i* has tak5 ! political & cultural lead]%ip ( ! masses4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 national consci\sness has advanc$ mo/ among ! ,ukra9ians ( ,galicia4 ,9 ! compass ( ! ,russian ,/ate ! ,ukra9ians occupy a compact national t]ritory ( almo/ #gge1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,! actual size ( ?is t]ritory w be accurately det]m9$ only :5 we possess an accurate e?nographic map ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,until !n ! size ( ! v>i\s ,ukra9ian sections c only be e/imat$4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ical in=mation is tak5 f ! calculation ( #aiaj1 ! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians f ! ,russian c5sus ( #ahig4 ,b ! ,p9*uks1 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,m9sk1 7 c\nt$ z belong+ to ! ,ukra9ians by ! common op9ion ( all ,russian & non-,russian e?nograph]s1 al?o ! (ficial /ati/ics h designat$ !m z ,:ite ,russian4 ,we %all beg9 at ! we/]n bord] region1 at ! ,kholm%*9a 7,kholm l&71 :i* 0 rec5tly organiz$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t z an indep5d5t ,gov]nm5t ap>t f ,russian ,pol&1 & includes ! ea/]n areas ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,lubl9 & ,sidletz4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,lubl9 7#af1hjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #a1ejj1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians comprise #ag ( ! population 7#bej1jjj71 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,sidletz #ad 7#adj1jjj74 ,! region inhabit$ by ! ,ukra9ians 9 bo? ,gov]nm5ts toge!r1 am\nts to #aj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,poles & ,jews inhabit n only ! cities 9 ! ,kholm c\ntry1 b to a great ext5t villages z well1 & comprise a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! population ne> ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! p]c5tage figures ( ! ,ukra9ians & ,poles 79 p>5!ses7 are 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,lubl93 ,hrube%iv #ff 7#bd71 ,toma%iv #eb 7#cg71 ,kholm #ch 7#ch71 ,bilhoray #bb 7#fh71 ,zamo/ye #i 7#hc71 ,krasno/av #f 7#hc72 9 ! di/ricts ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,sidletz3 ,vlodava #fd 7#bj71 ,bila #dh 7#ch71 ,kon/ant9iv #bb 7#ee71 ,rad9 #e 7#hg74 ,9 ^! di/ricts ! ,jews comprise #e-ac ( ! population1 ! ,g]mans #ad 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,kholm4 ,! numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! g5]ally ,poli%-,jewi% cities is n insignificant1 ev5 compris+ ! absolute majority 9 ,hrube%iv4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,grodno 7#ch1fjj squ>e kilomet]s #a1iej1jjj inhabitants71 ! ,ukra9ians comprise #bc ( ! population & inhabit ! di/ricts ( ,b]e/ia 7#ha ,ukra9ians71 ,kobr9 7#hc71 ,bilsk 7#db relative majority71 & ! bord] ( ,pruzani 7#g71 altoge!r #ad1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 ) a ,ukra9ian population ( #ddj1jjj4 ,! ,poles & ,:ite ,russians comprise #b-c 9 ! fir/ two ( ^! di/ricts1 ! ,poles #cg 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,bilsk1 ! ,:ite ,russians #gi 9 ,pruzani1 ! ,jews #i-aa 9 all di/ricts4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,m9sk 7#ia1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #b1hjj1jjj inhabitants71 ! ,ukra9ians 7,p9*uks7 comprise #ad ( ! population4 ,!y inhabit ! entire ,di/rict ( ,p9sk & ! half ( ! ,di/rict ( ,mosiv1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,pripet ,riv]1 altoge!r #ag1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 ) a ,ukra9ian population ( #cij1jjj4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,volhynia 7#ga1gjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1hej1jjj inhabitants7 is a c5tral ,ukra9ian region4 ,! ,ukra9ians 7#b1gjj1jjj7 "h comprise ov] #gj ( ! population1 ! ,jews #ac1 ! ,poles ov] #f1 ! ,g]mans ab\t #f1 ! ,russians #c1 ! ,cze*s #a4 ,^! =eign peoples live scatt]$1 or z coloni/s1 & *iefly 9 ! cities ( ,volhynia1 9 all ( :i* 7,kremianetz except$7 !y are m num]\s ?an ! ,ukra9ians4 ,9 ! c\ntry x is diff]5t4 ,! p]c5tages ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! di/ricts ( ,volhynia are v high3 ,kovel #hf1 ,ovru* #hg1 ,o/roh #he1 ,zaslav #hb1 ,kremianetz #hd1 ,/>okon/ant9iv #hj4 ,some:at small] are ! p]c5tages 9 ! foll[+ di/ricts3 ,zitomir #gc1 ,dubno #gc1 ,volodimir ,vol9sky #fh1 ,rivne #fe1 ,lutzk #fb4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev 7#ea1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #d1egj1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians comprise ov] #gi 7#c1fbj1jjj7 ( ! population4 ,?is p]c5tage takes into acc\nt ! city population1 ( :i* ! majority are ,jews & 8,russians40 ,9 ! di/ricts1 z ,*ihir91 ,sv5ihorodka1 ,uman1 ,t>a%*a1 ! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians exce$s #ij1 9 ,radomi%l #hj4 ,! *ief =eign elem5t are ! ,jews 7#ab71 !n ! ,russians 7ov] #f71 & ! ,poles 7#b74 ,9 ! city ( ,kiev ! ,ukra9ians comprise m ?an "o-fif? ( ! population1 z mu* z ! ,jews & ,poles toge!r4 ,an absolute ,ukra9ian majority exi/s 9 ! cities ( ,vassilkiv1 ,kaniv1 ,t>a%*a1 ,zv5ihorodka & ,*ihir94 ,9 ,b]di*iv1 ,*]kassi1 ,uman1 ,lipovetz1 ,skvira & ,radomi%l ! ,jews pr$om9ate4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,podolia 7#db1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1gdj1jjj inhabitants7 has ov] #ha ( its population ,ukra9ian 7#c1jcj1jjj74 ,9 "s di/ricts ! p]c5tage is mu* high]1 z = example 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,mohiliv1 #hi4 ,! ,jews are ! l>ge/ =eign elem5t 7#ab7 !n ! ,russians 7#c71 & ! ,poles 7#b71 :o live pr9cipally 9 ! cities4 ,only ! small] ,podolian cities1 e4g41 ,olhopol1 ,yampol1 ,/>a ,u%itza1 ,khmelnik1 h a ,ukra9ian majority4 ,9 ,hais91 ,v9nitza1 ,lit9 & ,b> ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians equals ! numb] ( ,jews2 9 ,kam5etz1 ,balta1 ,bratzlav1 ,leti*iv1 ,mohiliv & ,proskuriv ! ,jews pr$om9ate4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son 7#ga1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1ejj1jjj inhabitants71 j z ! ?ree la/ discuss$1 is "p ( ! compact ,ukra9ian national t]ritory1 al?o ! population ( ?is region appe>s mu* m mix$4 ,! ,ukra9ians 7#a1fdj1jjj7 "h comprise b>ely #ed ( ! population4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is is ! fact t 9 ! l>ge cities ( ?is ,gov]nm5t1 ,jews & ,russians pr$om9ate1 & !n !re are a great _m ,r\manian1 ,g]man & ,bulg>ian colonies4 ,despite ?is1 h[ev]1 ! ,ukra9ians con/itute an absolute majority 9 mo/ ( ! di/ricts 7e4g41 ! ,di/rict ( ,alex&ria #hh ( ,ukra9ians1 ,yelisavet #gc1 ,kh]son #gj1 ,ananiiv #fc71 a relative majority 9 ! re/ 7,odessa #dg1 ,tiraspol #ch74 ,! ,russians comprise m ?an #ba ( ! population1 ! ,jews #ab1 ! ,r\manians ov] #e 7,di/rict ( ,tiraspol #bg71 ! ,g]mans ne>ly #e1 ! ,bulg>ians & ,poles #a ea*4 ,odessa is a city ( _m languages4 ,russians & ,jews pr$om9ate2 ! ,ukra9ians comprise b>ely "o-elev5? ( ! population1 besides :i* !re are ,g]mans1 ,r\manians1 ,bulg>ians1 ,poles1 ,greeks1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,albanians1 etc4 ,9 ,mikolaiv ! ,ukra9ians are only "o-?irte5? ( ! population1 9 ,kh]son "o-fif?1 9 ,yelisavet "o-f\r?4 ,9 ! foll[+ cities ! ,ukra9ians possess an absolute majority ov] ! ,russians3 ,alex&ria1 ,ananiiv1 ,bobr9etz1 ,vosnes5sk1 ,olviopol1 ,o*akiv1 ,b]islav1 ,dubos>i4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bess>abia 7#df1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #b1ddj1jjj inhabitants7 has only its nor?we/ tip & its coa/al region )9 ,ukra9ian national t]ritory4 ,! ,ukra9ians 7#dfj1jjj7 comprise b>ely #bj ( ! population ( ?is ,gov]nm5t1 :i* consi/s pr9cipally ( ,r\manians4 ,! t]ritory inhabit$ by ! ,ukra9ians am\nts to #aj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,! ,ukra9ians comprise an absolute majority only 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,khot9 7#ef71 along ) #be ,r\manians & #ac ,jews4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,ak]man ! ,ukra9ians make up #bd ( ! population1 ! ,bulg>ians ! same1 ! ,g]mans & ! ,r\manians #ah ea*1 ! ,turks #d4 ,! ,ukra9ians settle on ! sea-coa/ & ! ,dnie/]4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,ismail !re are #ag ,ukra9ians1 #dg ,r\manians1 #aa ,bulg>ians1 #i ,turks1 #c ,g]mans2 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,soroki #ag ,ukra9ians1 #fg ,r\manians1 #aa ,jews4 ,9 o!r di/ricts ( ,bess>abia !re are mu* few] ,ukra9ians2 9 ! di/rict ( ,biltzi #ab1 ,b5d]i #i1 ,orhiiv #f1 ,ki%9ev only #b4 ,9 ! cities ,jews1 ,russians & ,r\manians pr$om9ate4 ,! ,ukra9ians possess an absolute majority only 9 ,ak]man1 a relative majority 9 ,ismail & ,kilia4 ,9 our survey ( ! ,ukra9e on ! left ,dniep] bank we %all beg9 ) ! bord] regions1 com+ gradually to ! c5tral p>ts4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kursk ! ,ukra9ians 7#fgj1jjj7 comprise ov] #bb ( ! population & inhabit ! foll[+ di/ricts3 ,putivl 7#ee ,ukra9ians71 ,hraivoron 7#fa71 ,novo ,oskol 7#ef71 & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,sudga 7#dd71 ,rilsk 7#cc71 ,koro*a 7#ce71 ,bilhorod 7#bd74 ,besides t1 ! ,ukra9ians are scatt]$ 9 l>ge & small language isl&s ov] ! ,di/ricts ( ,oboian 7#ab71 ,/>i ,oskol 7#i71 & ,lhov 7#e74 ,! area ( ! compact ,ukra9ian t]ritory 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kursk may be e/imat$ at #ab1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,! only neighbors & co-inhabitants ( ! ,ukra9ians "h are ! ,russians1 :o1 ev5 9 _m cities ( ! purely ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 comprise majorities4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a numb] ( ,ukra9ian cities 9 ! ,kursk c\ntry4 ,miropilia has #ih1 ,sudza #fe ,ukra9ians1 ,hraivoron & ,koro*a are half ,ukra9ian4 ,9 ! next foll[+ bord] region1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,voroniz 7#fe1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1cfj1jjj inhabitants71 ! ,ukra9ians inhabit ! ,di/ricts ( ,o/roho% 7#id ,ukra9ians71 ,bohu*a 7#hc71 ,biriu* 7#gj71 ,valuiki 7#ec71 & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,pavlovsk 7#dc71 ,bobrovsk 7#ag71 ,korotoiak 7#ag71 ,novokhop]sk 7#af74 ,ukra9ian language isl&s are f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,semliansk 7#d74 ,! total p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,voroniz is #cf1 _! numb] ov] #a1baj1jjj1 ! surface !y inhabit #bi1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,! only neighbors ( ! ,ukra9ians "h are ! ,russians1 :o also comprise ! majority 9 all cities4 ,only 9 ,biriu*1 ,bohu*>1 ,o/roho%1 d ! ,ukra9ians pr$om9ate4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,don ,cossack army 7#afd1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1ejj1jjj inhabitants7 ! relation ( ! ,ukra9ians to ! population is simil> to t 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kursk & ,voroniz4 ,j z ! ,ukra9ian di/ricts !re bord] on ! adjac5t c5tral ,ukra9ian l&s ( ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 s ! ,ukra9ian p>ts ( ! ,don c\ntry t\* ! c5tral ,ukra9ian l&s ( ,kh>kiv & ,kat]9oslav4 ,! ,ukra9ians 7#ihj1jjj7 comprise #bh ( ! population ( ! ,don c\ntry & inhabit #de1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,mo/ ?ickly populat$ by ,ukra9ians are ! s\!rn di/ricts3 ,tahanroh 7#fi71 ,ro/iv 7#eb71 ! we/]n half ( ! ,donetz ,di/rict 7#dj74 ,! /ati/ics %[ f> less ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,*]kask 7#bc7 & ,sal 7#ca74 ,9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,don ,i 7#ab71 ,don ,,ii 7#d71 ,u/ ,m$v$9sk 7#aa71 ,khop] 7#g71 ! ,ukra9ians =m language isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( a ,russian population4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,sal ! relative majority is cr$it$ to ! ,kalmucks 7#ci71 b beyond t only ,russians are ! neighbors ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,b all ?is data is n unobjectionable4 ,x has long be5 an e/abli%$ fact t ! l[] 8,don ,cossacks0 are = ! mo/ "p ( ,ukra9ian nationality4 ,at ! same "t we see1 f ! (ficial c5sus ( #ahig1 t none ( ! ,don ,cossacks 7 c\nt$ z memb]s ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,9 ! cities ( ! ,don c\ntry ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians is v small1 e4g41 9 ,ro/iv h>dly great] ?an "o-fif?4 ,only ! city ( ,osiv 7,az(7 is pr$om9antly ,ukra9ian4 ,! ,kuban c\ntry 7#ib1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #b1fcj1jjj inhabitants7 has a relative ,ukra9ian majority 7ov] #dg #a1bej1jjj71 along ) #dd ,russians & #i ,caucasus races4 ,9 ?is l& ! purely ,ukra9ian c\ntry embraces ov] #ef1jjj squ>e kilomet]s4 ,?ree ( ! di/ricts h an absolute ,ukra9ian majority3 ,yask 7#ha71 ,temriuk 7#gi71 & ,kat]9od> 7#eg ,ukra9ians1 #bg ,russians1 #aa ,circassians74 ,9 ! ,caucasian ,di/rict !re are #dg ( ,ukra9ians & z _m ,russians1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,maikop #ca ,ukra9ians1 #eh ,russians1 #f ,circassians1 #b ,kab>d9es1 9 ! ,lab9sk ,di/rict #bh ,ukra9ians1 #gg ,russians1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,batalpa%9sk #bh ,ukra9ians1 #ci ,russians1 #ac ,k>a*aians1 #e ,abkhasians1 #d ,kab>d9es1 #c ,nogaians1 #b ,circassians4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t p]haps n[h]e h s _m ,ukra9ians be5 ent]$ z ,russians 9 ! c5sus z 9 ^! v ,caucasian l&s4 ,= ?is reason ! entire ,kuban c\ntry may be consid]$ ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 except ! *a9s ( high m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,/avropol 7#fj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #a1bcj1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians comprise #cg 7#dej1jjj74 ,!y inhabit a region ( ne>ly #bb1jjj squ>e kilomet]s 9 ! we/ & s\? ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :]e ! bord] ( ! ,ukra9ian settlem5ts1 :i* rea*es ! ,caspian ,sea1 beg9s4 ,! ,di/rict ( ,m$veza has #dh ,ukra9ians 79 ! we/71 ! ,di/rict ( ,/avropol #ac 79 ! extreme s\?71 ! ,di/rict ( ,olex&rivsk #dj1 ,novotvihoriiosk #ed 7*iefly 9 _! s\!rn halves74 ,! neighbors "h are ,russians & ,nogaians4 ,9 ! ,t]ek region 7#fi1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #a1ahc1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians (ficially comprise only #e ( ! population 7#ej1jjj71 al?o x is g5]ally kn[n t an appreciable "p ( ! ,t]ek ,cossacks belongs to ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians 7#ad7 is f\nd only 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,piatihorsk2 outside ( t ! ,ukra9ians are unit$ 9 a n>r[ seam ( settlem5ts ext5d+ to ! ,caspian ,sea4 #bi ( ! population 9 ! ,t]ek region is ,russian2 ! absolute majority is made up by v>i\s ,caucasian races 7,kab>d9es1 ,tat>s1 ,ossetians1 ,+u%ians1 ,*e*5ians1 ,av>o-&ians1 ,kumikians1 ,nogaians74 ,! small ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,black ,sea 7#gjjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #acj1jjj inhabitants7 has only #af ,ukra9ians :o live1 #aj1jjj 9 numb]1 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ext5d$ coa/ region4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,tuapse !re are #bg ,ukra9ians2 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,so*i #h4 ,_! neighbors are ,russians1 :o d n =m an absolute majority at any place1 !n ,arm5ians1 ,circassians1 ,greeks1 ,turks1 etc4 ,! mo/ important bord] c\ntry 9 ! s\?1 h[ev]1 is1 )\t d\bt1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,tauria 7#fj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #a1hjj1jjj inhabitants74 ,! ,ukra9ians "h comprise ! relative majority ( ! population 7#db--gij1jjj71 ) #bh ,russians1 #ac ,crimean ,tat>s1 ov] #e ,g]mans1 ab\t #e ,jews1 ab\t #c ,bulg>ians1 ab\t #a ,arm5ians1 etc4 ,! ,ukra9ians comprise an absolute majority 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,dniprovsk 7#gf71 ,b]diansk 7#fd71 & ,melitopol 7#eg71 & l>ge m9orities 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,eupatoria 7#bg7 & ,p]ekop 7#bd71 ! nor!rn p>ts ( :i* !y inhabit4 ,! entire ma9l& "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,crimean p59sula1 consequ5tly belong1 )\t d\bt1 to ! compact ,ukra9ian national t]ritory1 :ile ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! s\!rn regions ( ,crimea appe>s mu* small] 7,di/rict ( ,feodosia #ac1 ,simf]opol #aj1 ,yalta #b74 ,! *ief =eign elem5t 9 ,tauria is compos$ ( ,russians 7,dniprovsk #af1 ,melitopol #cb1 ,b]diansk #ah1 ,p]ekop #bd1 ,eupatoria #ag71 & ,tat>s 7,yalta #ga1 ,simf]opol #ea1 ,feodosia #de1 ,eupatoria #dj1 ,p]ekop #bd74 ,to ! ext5t t ! ,tat>s emigrate to ,turkey1 h[ev]1 ! settl$ area & ! numb] ( ! ,ukra9ians ( ,tauria con/antly increase1 s t ! "t does n seem f> (f :5 ! ,ukra9ian elem5t w h ga9$ ! entire ,crimean p59sula = its national t]ritory4 ,besides1 "o mu/ ent]ta9 /rong d\bts conc]n+ ! actual numb] ( ! ,russians m5tion$ 9 ! /ati/ics1 = ! ,ritti* map ( #ahgh gives almo/ no ,ukra9ians 9 ,tauria1 & calls ev5 ! ma9l& p>ts ( ,tauria ,russian4 ,& tw5ty ye>s lat] came ! j-m5tion$ figures ( ! (ficial /ati/ics4 ,we may !n1 confid5tly consid] ! entire ,gov]nm5t ( ,tauria a ,ukra9ian di/rict1 ) consid]able colonization by =eign-speak+ p4 ,! mo/ important ( ! =eign settl]s are )\t a d\bt ! ,g]mans4 ,!y are #bd ( ! population 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,p]ekop1 #ab 9 ,eupatoria1 #h 9 ,b]diansk1 #e 9 ,melitopol2 ! ,bulg>ians make up #aj ( ! population 9 ,b]diansk4 ,next to be consid]$1 aft] ^! bord]l&s1 are ! f\r c5tral regions ( ! ,ukra9e :i* lie on ! left bank ( ! ,dniep]4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kat]9oslav 7#fc1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1jfj1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians #b1aaj1jjj 9 numb]1 comprise #fi ( ! total population1 ) #ag ,russians1 #e ,jews1 #d ,g]mans1 #b ,greeks1 #a ea* ( ,tat>s1 ,:ite ,russians & ,poles4 ,deta*$ di/ricts ( ! l& h v high p]c5tages ( ,ukra9ians1 e4g41 ,di/rict ( ,novomoskovsk #id1 ,v]khnodniprovsk #ia1 ,olex&rivsk #hf1 ,pavlohrad #hc4 ,9 ! l>ge cities ! numb] ( ! =eign elem5ts is v great1 h5ce1 ! ,di/rict ( ,kat]9oslav has #gd ,ukra9ians1 & :5 ! city is c\nt$ 91 only #ef ,ukra9ians1 ) #ba ,russians1 #ac ,jews1 #f ,g]mans1 #b ,poles4 ,! smalle/ p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians is f\nd 9 ! s\!a/]n di/ricts ( ! region1 :]e popul\s settlem5ts ( =eign elem5ts exi/4 ,! ,di/rict ( ,bakhmut1 = in/ance1 has #eh ,ukra9ians ) #cb ,russians1 ! ,di/rict ( ,slavianos]bsk #ee ,ukra9ians besides #db ,russians1 ! ,di/rict ( ,m>iupol #ea ,ukra9ians besides #bj ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,city ( ,kat]9oslav ! ,ukra9ians comprise b>ely "o-sev5? ( ! population1 :ile 9 ,olex&rivsk1 ,v]khnodniprovsk1 ,novomoskovsk & ,bakhmut1 !y pr$om9ate ov] ! ,russians1 & are equal to !m 9 ,slaviansk & ,pavlohrad4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh>kiv 7#ed1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1bej1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians make up #gj ( ! total population1 or #b1bge1jjj4 ,z a result ( consid]able ,russian colonization 7#bh71 =m+ sev]al language isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 ! p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians 9 sev]al di/ricts v>ies appreciably 7e4g41 ,smiiv #ff1 ,vov*ansk #ge1 ,/>obilsk #hd1 ,kupiansk #hg74 ,b we note = ! fir/ "t1 "h1 ! rem>kable fact t 9 all ! di/rict cities ! ,ukra9ians are mu* m num]\s ?an ! ,russians4 ,only 9 ! capital city1 ,kh>kiv1 are !y 9 ! m9ority1 & comprise little m ?an "o-f\r? ! population4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,poltava 7#ej1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #c1ehj1jjj inhabitants7 may be consid]$ ! he>t ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ukra9ians "h comprise #ie ( ! population1 or #c1daj1jjj1 beside #d ,jews & #a ,russians4 ,! p]c5tage 9 deta*$ di/ricts v>ies betwe5 #hh 7,di/rict ( ,kon/ant9ohrad7 & #ii 7,di/rict ( ,s9kiv74 ,! ,russians & ,jews live pr9cipally 9 ! cities1 :]e !y are always second to ! ,ukra9ians1 h[ev]1 except 9 ! city ( ,krem9*uk1 :]e ! ,jews comprise ! majority4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*]nihiv 7#be1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 #b1ihj1jjj inhabitants7 ! ,ukra9ians comprise #hf ( ! population 7#b1dej1jjj71 beside #e ,:ite ,russians1 #e ,jews1 & #d ,russians4 ,) ! exception ( ! nor!rn di/ricts1 ,suraz 7,ukra9ians #ai1 ,:ite ,russians #fg1 ,russians #aa71 ,novosibkiv 7,ukra9ians #ff1 ,russians #cj1 ,:ite ,russians #b71 & ,/>odub 7,ukra9ians #ge1 ,russians #bb71 all ! di/ricts ( ! region h f #hh 7,horodnia7 to #ii 7,krolevetz7 ( ,ukra9ians4 ,all ! di/rict cities1 except ,novosibkiv1 ,/>odub1 ,suraz & ,mhl91 h an absolute ,ukra9ian majority2 ! capital1 ,*]nihiv1 only a relative "o4 ,! numb] ( ,ukra9ians )9 ! compact national t]ritory 9 ,russia1 !n1 am\nts to almo/ #bh millions4 ,exclud$ 9 ?is e/imate are ! ,ukra9ians ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,a/rakhan 7#aij1jjj71 ,s>atov 7#bbj1jjj71 ,sam>a 7#aej1jjj71 ,or5burg 7#ej1jjj71 z well z ! ,ukra9ians ( all ,asiatic-,russian l&s1 ^: numb] is n plac$ too high at #ejj1jjj4 ,we may !re=e e/imate ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! entire ,russian ,empire z #bi millions4 ,?is figure1 :i* 0 ga9$ ?ru a critical survey ( ! /ati/ical mat]ial ( ! individual adm9i/rative units ( ,russia1 is approa*$ ) rem>kable clos5ess by ! figure :i* may be gott5 9 ano!r1 m g5]al way4 ,9 ! ye> ( #ahig ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians 9 ! ,russian ,empire 0 #bb1djj1jjj2 t is1 #ag4d ( ! total population ( #abi1jjj1jjj4 ,apply+ ! same p]c5tage to ! num]ical e/imate ( #aiaj1 we get #bh1ijj1jjj ,ukra9ians 9 a total ,russian population ( #aff1jjj1jjj4 ,add+ ! ,p9*uks 7#cij1jjj7 :o1 9 ! (ficial /ati/ics 7 errone\sly c\nt$ z ,:ite ,russians1 we receive = ! numb] ( ,ukra9ians ( ,russia 7#aiaj7 #bi1cjj1jjj4 ,n[1 add+ up all ! ,ukra9ians ( ! globe1 we receive 7= #aiaj7 an am\nt ( #cd millions2 #cb1gjj1jjj ( x 9 ! compact ,ukra9ian c\ntry4 ,?is figure is a m9imum value1 = 9 calculat+ x ! int5tional errors ( ! (ficial /ati/ics 7 tak5 into ! b>ga94 ,nev]!less1 ?is figure %[s u t ! ,ukra9ians occupy ! six? place1 num]ically1 among ! nations ( ,europe1 ! five above !m be+ ! ,g]mans1 ,russians1 ,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,italians4 ,among ! ,slavic races !y /& 9 ! second place4 ,h[ ?is great num]ical /r5g? ( ! ,ukra9ian nation c be br\ght into h>mony ) its political & economic weakness we %all try to %[ 9 ! sections foll[+4 ,n[ let u turn briefly to ! d5sity ( population ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! #hej1jjj squ>e kilomet]s ( solid ,ukra9ian national t]ritory are inhabit$ by approximately =ty-five million p 7#aiaj71 ( :om1 accord+ to (ficial e/imates1 #gc are ,ukra9ians4 ,! g5]al d5sity ( ! ,ukra9e1 consequ5tly1 am\nts to #ec inhabitants to ! squ>e kilomet]4 ,! ,ukra9e is also ! transition f ! ?ickly populat$ c\ntries ( ,c5tral ,europe to ! ?9ly-peopl$ nor!a/ & ea/ ( ! globe4 ,?is transition may easily be foll[$ out )9 ! ,ukra9e also4 ,! we/]n bord] regions are ! mo/ ?ickly settl$4 ,galicia has a d5sity ( #ajb1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,lubl9 #ij1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev #ij1 ,podolia #hi1 ,buk[9a #gg1 ,poltava #gb4 ,we see a wide zone ( d5se population1 !n1 ext5d+ along ! #ej? p>allel ( latitude1 f ! ,c>pa?ians to ! ,dniep]4 ,to ! nor? ( x1 ! fir/ m ?9ly peopl$ zone ext5ds3 ,sidletz #fi1 ,grodno #ea1 ,m9sk #ci1 ,volhynia #ed1 ,*]nihiv #eg1 ,kursk #fe1 ,voroniz #ea4 ,on ! s\? ( ! ?ickly peopl$ zone lies ! second m sp>sely settl$ zone3 ,bess>abia #ec1 ,kh]son #di1 ,tauria #ca1 ,kat]9oslav #dh4 ,mo/ ?9ly settl$1 h[ev]1 are ! ea/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e3 ,kuban #bh1 ,don & ,/avropol ea* #ba1 ,*ornomoria & ! ,t]ek region ea* #ag4 ,)9 ^! ext5sive regions1 too1 ! d5sity ( population v>ies greatly4 ,sometimes di/ricts v close toge!r h a widely diff]5t d5sity4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are l>gely only seem+ diff]5ces & are caus$ by ! city populations4 ,?us1 = example1 ! m>k$ d5sity ( ! ,di/ricts ( ,/anislaviv 7#ahd71 ,t]nopil 7#afa71 ,p]emi%l 7#afj71 ,kolomia 7#aef71 is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ! popul\s cities ( ! same names4 ,!re=e ! ,pokutian ,di/rict ( ,sniat9 7#adg7 seems v ?ickly settl$1 because ( ! smallness ( ! di/rict cities4 ,! av]age d5sity ( ,ukra9ian ,ea/ ,galicia is only #ih2 9 ! m\nta9\s ,di/ricts ( ,dol9a & ,kossiv x only atta9s #de4 ,! same conditions exi/ 9 ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,! ,di/rict ( ,kh>kiv has a d5sity ( #afd inhabitants to ! squ>e v]/2 ! ,di/rict ( ,kiev #aeb4 ,consid]+ only ! rural population1 h[ev]1 ^! figures s9k to #ha & #ge respectively4 ,!re=e1 ! ,di/rict ( ,kaniv ) its #aag inhabitants to ! squ>e v]/1 7#aac1 or n reckon+ 9 ! inhabitants ( ! cities71 appe>s to be ! be/-populat$ di/rict ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,_m di/ricts besides1 9 ,podolia1 ,kiev1 ,poltava1 ,kh>kiv & ,s\? ,volhynia 7)\t c\nt+ ! cities71 h a d5sity ( #ge & #ajj1 :ile o!r di/ricts ( ! same region v>y betwe5 #ej & #ge4 ,9 ! =e/ swamp regions ( ,nor!rn ,ukra9e ! d5sity figure falls a great deal4 ,! ,di/rict ( ,ovru*1 9 ,nor!rn ,volhynia1 atta9s a d5sity ( only #bi2 ! ,polissian ,di/ricts ( ,p9sk & ,mosir #bf & #ag respectively4 ,! /eppe c\ntry ( ,s\!rn ,ukra9e is likewise v ?9ly settl$ 9 places4 ,! d5sity ( population ( mo/ ( ! di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,ukra9e v>ies betwe5 #cj & #ej1 b ! ,di/ricts ( ,eupatoria & ,p]ekop1 = example1 h only #aa inhabitants p] squ>e v]/1 ! second ,don ,di/rict #ab1 ! ,sal only #f1 ! ,di/rict ( ,batalpa%9sk 9 ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry only #ag4 ,f ^! figures we see t ! ,ukra9e1 z reg>ds its d5sity1 is a g5u9e ,ea/]n ,european l&4 ,b 9 comp>+ its d5sity ( population ) t ( ! ,russian ,empire1 or ev5 ( ,russia 9 ,europe1 we p]ceive t ! ,ukra9e is ! mo/ ?ickly settl$ "p ( ! giant ,russian ,empire1 aft] ,pol&4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ?9ly settl$ s\!a/]n bord] regions h a great] population to ! squ>e kilomet] ?an ,russia's av]age 7#be p] squ>e kilomet]74 ,almo/ "o-f\r? ( ! enorm\s human res]voirs ( ,russia are f\nd on ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,& yet ! ,ukra9e1 despite its great size1 is only "o-tw5ty-n9? ( ! giant ,russian ,empire4 ,f ^! figures we see1 fur!rmore1 t trade1 indu/ry & comm]ce h1 to ?is day1 be5 unable to influ5ce ! d5sity ( population ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ukra9e has rema9$ 9 ! orig9al /age ( developm5t1 9 :i* only ! age ( settlem5t & ! f]tility ( ! soil =m ! basis = increase 9 ! d5sity ( population4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e has1 to ?is day1 influ5c$ ! c\ntry's d5sity ( population4 ,! =m] c5tral di/ricts ( ! old ,ukra9ian /ate ( ,kiev & ,hali* are /ill ! mo/ ?ickly settl$2 ! s\!rn & ea/]n bord] regions1 :i* h suff]$ mo/ f ! #ejj ye>s ( ! ,t>t> sc\rge1 ! mo/ ?9ly settl$4 ,?is is ! reason t ,galicia1 "o ( ! poore/ regions ( ! ,ukra9e 9 natural res\rces1 :]e indu/ry & trade are s little develop$1 is at ! same "t ! mo/ ?ickly populat$ region4 ,simil>ly primitive1 & betray+ a l[ grade ( culture1 is ! relation betwe5 ! city & c\ntry population ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,only a v insignificant fraction ( ! population inhabits ! cities & t[ns ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ,galicia 7#aiaj7 only #ad ( ! population lives 9 places ^: population is m ?an #e1jjj2 only #i 9 cities ( ov] #aj1jjj4 ,simil> conditions prevail 9 ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,v r>ely does ! city population exce$ #aj ( ! total numb] ( p1 usually keep+ bel[ ?is p]c5tage1 :i* is typical = all ( ,russia4 ,podolia has only #g city population1 ,volhynia #h1 ,*]nihiv #i1 ,poltava #aj1 ,kuban #aa1 ,kat]9oslav #ab1 ,kiev #ac1 & ,kh>kiv #ad4 ,only ! regions coloniz$ )9 ! la/ c5tury 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 ) _! l>ge cities1 h a l>ge p]c5tage ( city population 7,tauria #bj1 ,kh]son #bi74 ,m gl>+ly /ill does ! l[ grade ( culture ( ! ,ukra9e /& out :5 we give ! p]c5tage ( ! ,ukra9ian population 9 ! cities ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,only 9 ,galicia d #ad ( ! ,ukra9ian p ( ! c\ntry live 9 ! cities4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh>kiv only #aj ( ! ,ukra9ians ( ! di/rict belong to ! city population1 9 ,kh]son only #i1 9 ,kuban #h1 9 ,*]nihiv #g1 ,poltava #f1 ,tauria #e1 ,kiev & ,kat]9oslav ea* #d1 9 ,podolia #c1 & 9 ,volhynia actually only #b4 ,x is true t1 especially 9 ! cities1 ! (ficial e/imates 7 8made0 v unfavorably to ! ,ukra9ian elem5t1 b1 nev]!less1 !y %[ cle>ly en\gh t ! ,ukra9ian p1 cl++ to _! agr>ian /ate1 h left ! cities1 ^? c5t]s ( cultural & economic life1 9 ! h&s ( =eign elem5ts4 ,only )9 v rec5t ye>s h ^! conditions begun to improve4 ,! =eign-speak+ cities are gradually com+ to be ,ukra9e-iz$1 & ! v rapidly gr[+ p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians 9 ,galicia & ! ,russian ,ukra9e ju/ify u 9 hop+ t ! ,ukra9ian elem5t1 9 its cont9u\s /ream f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 w1 9 "t1 absorb ! =eign-speak+ elem5ts :i* n[ comm& ! cities ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,nation ,,z ,,an ,,an?ropogeographic ,,unit ,,g5]al ,,survey ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( our little book we m5tion$ ! reasons :i* compel u to reg>d ! ,ukra9e z a physico-geographic :ole4 ,we emphasiz$ ! fact t ! geographic units ( ! great uni=m c\ntry ( ,ea/]n ,europe c\ld n1 = obvi\s natural reasons1 appe> s well-def9$ & individualiz$ z ! diff]5t sections ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! same is true ( ! an?ropogeographic conditions ( ,ea/]n ,europe z well4 ,! an?ropogeography ( ,ea/]n ,europe is s unfamili> a "p ( geographic sci5ce t ev5 su* pione] geograph]s z ,ratzel1 ,kir*h(f & ,hettn] entirely misund]/ood & misrepres5t$ ! an?ropogeographic conditions ( ,russia1 & especially ! racial conditions ( ?is giant empire4 ,!re are two reasons = ! univ]sal ignorance ( ! an?ropogeographic conditions ( ,russia :i* exi/s ev5 9 ! ranks ( r5[n$ s*ol>s4 ,! fir/ cause lies 9 ! s\rces f :i* s*ol>s1 & subsequ5tly publici/s1 draw _! k ( ! subject4 ,n[ ! (ficial ,russian s\rces on ! basis ( :i* an an?ropogeography ( ,ea/]n ,europe w\ld h to be writt5 are n immune f s]i\s criticism4 ,! ranks ( ,russian s*ol>s h always work$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,russian political idea1 & latt]ly1 caught by ! mighty wave ( ,pan-,slavic-,russian nationalism1 !y are do+ _! be/ to repres5t z actual fact :atev] ,russian gov]nm5tal politics w\ld desire to be fact4 ,russian geography1 e?nography1 /ati/ics1 hi/ory1 h always work$ 9 accordance ) approv$ 8unify+0 designs4 ,h5ce1 ,european le>n+ involunt>ily sees all t exi/s & is com+ into exi/5ce 9 ,russia ?ru ! spectacles put on x by (ficial ,russia4 ,! same (ficial ,russia comes to meet ! ,european travel] ^u e /ep ( 8 j\rney1 & guides him 9 su* a way t he may be sure n to see bel[ ! g5]al (ficial ,russian v>ni% :at is actual & true4 ,besides1 !re is ! ,russian c5sor%ip1 :i* ev5 n[1 aft] ! introduction ( ! con/itution1 takes v good c>e to veil ev]y?+ f ! view ( ! outside _w1 :i*1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,russian political idea1 %\ld rema9 hidd54 ,! second cause ( ignorance z to ! an?ropogeography ( ,russia lies 9 ! subject itself4 ,! ,ea/]n ,european family ( races inhabit+ ,russia is s diff]5t f t ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe 9 its evolution & composition1 t ! an?ropogeographical laws & me?ods :i* 7z f> z civiliz$ peoples are conc]n$7 are bas$ ^u ,we/]n ,european conditions1 d n apply 9 ! lea/ 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,a difficulty confronts an?ropogeography "h1 analog\s to ! difficulty :i* confront$ geologic sci5ce :51 fitt$ out ) ,european /ratigraphy1 x s\ght to explore ,s\? ,africa or ,india4 ,! geologi/s1 z repres5tatives ( a natural sci5ce1 7 readily able to f9d ! way out1 b ! an?ropogeograph]s1 ^: field is m t ( a psy*ic sci5ce1 h lo/ !mselves 9 false assumptions & 9 commonplaces4 ,we mu/ n wond]1 !re=e1 if e critical read] ( ! prec$+ *apt] is assail$ by a ho/ ( que/ions3 ,:y 9 ! _w are ! ,ukra9ians1 ?is second l>ge/ ,slavic nation ( ! :ole _w1 s utt]ly unkn[n8 ,p]haps ,ukra9e is only an e?nographic conception1 & ! ,ukra9ians only a bran* ( ! ,russian race1 j z ! ,bav>ians or ,saxons are bran*es ( ! ,g]man p8 ,or are ! t]ms 8,ukra9e10 8,ukra9ian01 only outgr[?s ( ! idle imag9ation ( a few belat$ en?usia/s1 :o rave ab\t a glori\s pa/ & a brilliant future1 & repres5t :at !y are /riv+ aft] z a fait accompli1 & s =?4 ,su* que/ions1 bas$ ^u deep ignorance ( ! an?ropogeography & hi/ory ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 come up 9 ?is v #bj? ,c5tury1 ev5 9 ! le>n$ circles ( s*ol>s1 publici/s & politicians4 ,to answ] ^! & simil> que/ions correctly1 ?is little book has be5 writt54 ,! ,ukra9ians are q z indep5d5t a ,slavic nation z ! ,cze*s1 ,poles1 ,:ite ,russians1 ,russians1 ,s]bs or ,bulg>ians4 ,! hi/oric roots ( ! ,ukra9ian nation ext5d j z f> back into ! e>ly middle ages z ! roots ( ! ,g]man1 ,fr5* or ,engli% nations4 ,! old ,ukra9ian ,empire ( ,kiev is ( ! same age z ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! ,g]man ,nation4 ,b1 :ile ! evolution ( ! great ,european nations 0 /eady & un9t]rupt$1 ! ,ukra9ian ,nation 0 h9d]$ 9 its developm5t by reason ( its geographical position on ! ?re%old ( ,asia4 ,! ,mongolian attack 9 ! #ac? ,c5tury %att]$ ! /ate ( ,kiev & introduc$ ! #ejj ye>s' ,t>t> sc\rge4 ,weak5$ by ! cont9ual exp$itions & slave-hunts ( ! ,crimean ,tat>s1 ! ,ukra9e fell "u ! rule ( ,li?uania & ,pol&1 :o n only c\ld n relieve ! l& ( ! ,tat> m5ace b ev5 add$ national1 social & religi\s pressure4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation l$ ! ,ukra9ian nation1 9 t tr\bl$ "t1 to create ! spl5did milit>y organization ( ! ,ukra9ian ,cossacks1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1 9 a victori\s w>1 to %ake (f ! ,poli% yoke4 ,?us1 ! second ,ukra9ian /ate1 ! ,cossack ,republic1 came into exi/5ce4 ,by ! ,treaty ( ,p]eyaslav 7#afed7 x 0 c$$ z a vassal /ate to ,russia1 :i* 0 relat$ to x 9 religi\s fai?4 ,b ,russia broke ! treaties ( suz]a9ty1 %>$ ! desolat$ ,ukra9ian l& ) ,pol&1 &1 aft] a c5tury & a half1 *ang$ ! autonomy ( ! ,ukra9e into abject s]fdom4 ,aft] ,russia1 9 ! p>titions ( ,pol&1 _h unit$ almo/ ! entire ,ukra9ian t]ritory "u its rule 7) ! exception ( ,ea/]n ,galicia1 ,nor?we/]n ,buk[9a1 & ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y71 x set all =ces to "w to de/roy ! national indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ians z well4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies ! ,ukra9ian ,nation lo/ its upp] classes--! ari/ocracy1 ! less] nobility1 ! weal?y burgh]s--fir/ ?ru ,polonization1 !n ?ru ,russification4 ,x _h left only its m9or cl]gy1 its l[] middle class1 & a completely d[ntrodd5 peasantry4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 x seem$ z if ! la/ h\r ( ! ,ukra9ian p _h /ruck4 ,x is !re=e easy to expla9 t 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 :5 ! national "q became "o ( ! mo/ important problems ( humanity1 ! two neighbor nations ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! ,poles & ! ,russians1 believ$ !y _h solv$ ! 8,ukra9ian "q40 ,! views ( ,poles & ,russians co9cide absolutely 9 emphasiz+ "o /atem5t3 8,!re is no su* c\ntry z ! ,ukra9e2 no su* p z ! ,ukra9ians2 !re are only ,pol& & ,russia2 a ,poli% nation & a ,russian nation40 ,?is complete agreem5t ( bo? nations1 ^: giant /ates f\ght = two c5turies = dom9ation 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 may be easily und]/ood4 ,! ,ukra9e has always be5 ! ri*e/ region ( ,ea/]n ,europe 9 natural res\rces1 ! ,ukra9ians ! second l>ge/ nation1 ! ,ukra9ian "q ! mo/ important problem 9 e /ate comm&+ ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,n[ ! ,ukra9ian nation 0 completely exhau/$ by half a ?\s& ye>s ( ,tat> oppression & an equally long p]iod ( s]fdom4 ,s t x seem$ an easy matt] to ! mighty neighbor nations to ev5 d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian nation1 to hold up its developm5t1 & gradually to absorb x4 ,! ,poles1 s9ce _! c\ntry lo/ its indep5d5ce1 h made h]oic attempts to w9 back _! fre$om by arm$ upris+s4 ,despite all defeats1 !y h nev] giv5 up _! hopes ( re-e/abli%+ ! ,poli% ,k+dom4 ,b ^! hopes 7 nev] conf9$ to ! e?nographic t]ritory ( ! ,poli% nation4 ,! future ,poli% ,k+dom 0 to h ! old b\nd>ies ( ! hi/oric ,pol&--! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea4 ,h5ce1 ! geographical conception ( ,pol&1 ev5 to ! sci5tific ,poli% geograph]s1 /ill includes1 besides ! entire ,poli% e?nographic t]ritory1 ,li?uania1 ,:ite ,russia & all ( ! ,ukra9e1 z f> z ! ,dniep] ,riv] & ! ,black ,sea4 ,h[ c\ld ?is hi/orico-geographical conception ( ,pol& be made to h>monize ) ! e?nographic conception ( ! ,ukra9e8 ,! solution ( ?is "q seem$ v easy to ! ,poli% s*ol>s & politicians4 ,!y simply prov$ t ! ,ukra9ians con/itut$ a "p ( ! ,poli% nation1 t _! language 0 a prov9cial dialect ( ! ,poli% language1 & t only ! religi\s fai?1 a numb] ( mann]s & cu/oms1 songs1 etc41 7 slightly diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,poles2 ^! slight diff]5ces ! common c\ntry folk might reta91 likewise ! educat$ ,ukra9ian might be p]mitt$ to keep 8 language & cu/oms 9 private life1 b 9 8 political s5tim5ts1 9 8 culture1 9 8 lit]>y language1 he mu/ be & rema9 a ,pole4 ,?is ,poli% solution ( ! ,ukra9ian "q is d]iv$ f ! ,poli% 8/ate-idea0 ( a ,poli% ,empire ext5d+ f ! ,baltic to ! ,black ,sea4 ,despite ! fact t ! hi/ory ( ! national relations ( ,ea/]n ,europe cle>ly prov$ ?is solution false 9 ! second half ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ! op9ion prevails 9 all important ,poli% circles1 t ! ,ukra9ian p m]ely con/itutes an e?nographic mass :i* %all make a good f\ndation = ! expansion ( ,poli% culture & p[]4 ,?is ,poli% !ory 9 ! ,ukra9ian "q has n be5 detrim5tal to ! developm5t ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,t ! ,ukra9ians are n a ,poli% p 0 q cle> to e ,ukra9ian at ! v beg9n+ ( ! relations ( ! two nations 7#aa? ,c5tury74 ,among ! masses ! feel+ ( indep5d5ce 0 always lively & /rong1 & only ^? ( ! educat$ ,ukra9ians cr$it$ ,polonophile !ories1 :o 7 ! few memb]s ( ,poli% secret societies1 plots1 upris+s 7#ahca1 #ahfc71 etc4 ,polonization1 9 =m] c5turies1 dem&$ _m victims f among ! educat$ ,ukra9ians2 9 ! pa/ half a c5tury x has only v slight successes to %[1 al?o ! ,ukra9ians ( ,galicia /ill cont9ue to be "u ! political & cultural influ5ce ( ! ,poles4 ,mu* m dang]\s = ! ,ukra9ians 0 ! o!r solution ( ! ,ukra9ian "q4 ,x1 too1 is d]iv$ f a /ate-idea1 namely1 f ! idea ( a ,russian /ate :i* %\ld unite all ,slavdom1 or at lea/1 all ( ! "o-"t ,empire ( ,vladimir ! ,great1 "u its scept]4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is end ! 8,!ory ( ! ,unity ( ! ,russian ,nation0 0 =m$1 z f> back z ! times ( ,pet] ! ,great1 :o trans=m$ ! old ,muscovite ,cz> /ate into an imp]ial ,russian gov]nm5t1 & lat] ?is doctr9e 0 fur!r develop$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! ,russian nation consi/s ( ?ree tribes3 ! ,great ,russians1 ! ,little ,russians1 & ! ,:ite ,russians1 ^: tongues diff] f "o ano!r only dialectically4 ,a common lit]>y language1 ,russian1 connects all ! tribes2 race1 cu/oms1 hi/ory1 political aspirations are ! same = all ?ree4 ,ukra9e1 ,ukra9ian1 are only local names1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be> a /rong ta9t ( sep>atism1 & mu/1 !re=e1 appe> dang]\s & inadmissible4 ,9 ! _s ( ?is !ory ( ! unity ( ! ,russian nation1 ! politics ( ! ,russian /ate h1 = m ?an two c5turies1 aim$ incessantly to h9d] ! developm5t ( ! ,ukra9ian nation1 by means ( ! mo/ ru?less oppression1 & to degrade x to an e?nographic mass :i*1 ?ru its increas+ d5ationalization1 %\ld /r5g!n ! ,russian /ate & support its political expansion4 ,9 a lat] section we %all be able to foll[ ! individual phases ( ,russian /ate politics 9 reg>d to ! ,ukra9e4 ,we %all turn1 n[1 to consid] ! great injury :i* ! ,russian unity !ory has done to ! progress ( ! ,ukra9ians z a nation4 ,! int]nal injury ( ! ,russian unity !ory to ! ,ukra9ian peasantry is comp>atively slight4 ,! ,ukra9ian peasant 9 ,russia is mu* m highly consci\s ( 8 national individuality z oppos$ to ! ,russian ?an z oppos$ to ! ,pole4 ,! e?nologic culture ( ! ,ukra9ian peasantry is s mu* high] ?an t ( ! ,russian1 t ! ,ukra9ian looks d[n ) contempt ^u ! 8r\gh ,katzap40 ,?is1 z x 71 e?nologic feel+ ( indep5d5ce has protect$ ! ,ukra9ian peasantry f ,russification1 n only )9 its national t]ritory1 b ev5 9 its di/ant ,sib]ian or ,turke/an colonies4 ,only a small "p ( ! s-call$ village ari/ocracy1 e4g41 p5sion$ soldi]s1 village mayors1 not>ies1 =m] city workm5 :o h le>nt "s ,russian1 try to murd] ! ,russian language & to pass = ,russians4 ,! same is true ( a "p ( ! city prolet>iat4 ,b ! great mass is oppos$ to ! ,russian language & cu/oms1 & pres]ves its national individuality un*ang$4 ,f> m s]i\s injuries has ! ,russian unity !ory caus$ among ! upp] classes ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,= ! sake ( (fice1 honors & gifts ( l&1 ! ,ukra9ian nobility has1 9 ! la/ two c5turies1 p]mitt$ itself to be ,russifi$ = ! mo/ "p2 likewise a ho/ ( gov]nm5t (ficials1 milit>y m51 cl]gym51 etc4 ,9 ! second half ( ! #ai? ,c5tury ! ,russification ( ! educat$ ,ukra9ian circles has slack5$ its pace1 al?o1 ev5 n[1 !re are 9 ,russia a great _m ( ! educat$ ,ukra9ians by bir? :o are completely ,russifi$ & ! wor/ enemies ( _! own nation4 ,! ,russian unity !ory1 9 ! sixties ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 f\nd its way into ,au/ria-,hung>y too1 & f\nd$ ! s-call$ 8,russophile ,p>ty40 ,its educat$ reta9]s1 ) few exceptions1 d n ev5 comm& ! ,russian language4 ,nev]!less1 !y call !mselves ,russians1 propagate 8! unity ( ! ,russian ,p f ! ,c>pa?ians to ! ,kam*atka10 & call _! ,ukra9ian "m-tongue 8a dialect ( ! ,c>pa?ian h]dsm5 & sw9eh]ds40 ,!y speak & write a rem>kable j>gon consi/+ ( ,ukra9ian1 ,russian & ,*ur*-,slavic words 7! s-call$ ,yazi*iye72 only 9 v rec5t ye>s h !y begun to use a bad ,russian4 ,support$ by consid]able subsidies ( money f ,russia1 ! educat$ ,russophiles are develop+ an active agitation among ! peasants ( ,ea/]n ,galicia1 ! ,buk[9a & ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y4 ,! ,russophile peasants ( ^! c\ntries1 ^: numb] is insignificant1 to be sure1 con/itute a rem>kable type ( a s$uc$ mass4 ,!y also try to speak ! ,yazi*iye1 use ! old-fa%ion$ 8?\s&-ye>-old0 or?ography1 :i* is entirely analog\s to ! ,russian &1 at lea/1 p>tly hides ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ukra9ian & ,russian languages1 live 9 ! illusion t ! ,cz> speaks ! same language t !y speak1 use ! ,russian national colors1 & hate ev]y?+ ,ukra9ian ) ! passion ( ! r5egade4 ,^! int]nal injuries ( ! ,russian unity !ory & ! ,russophile tide x has creat$ are becom+ slight] ye> by ye>4 ,ukra9ian national consci\sness is cont9ually gr[+ 9 ! masses ( ! ,ukra9ian nation1 & ! ,russophile wave w\ld long s9ce h disappe>$ if x 7 n = ! ,russian subsidies1 & if c]ta9 ,poli% circles1 fright5$ by ! rapid advance ( ! ,ukra9ian national idea1 7 n work+ ) all _! might to prev5t ! fall ( ,russophilism4 ,mu* m important are ! ext]nal injuries done to ! ,ukra9ian national idea by ! ,russian unity !ory4 ,!y may be express$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce3 ,z a result ( ! absolutism ( ! ,russian unity !ory 9 ! hi/ory1 geography & /ati/ics ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! civiliz$ _w does n "k t !re exi/s 9 ,europe a l>ge c\ntry :i* is call$ 8,ukra9a10 & t 9 ?is c\ntry !re lives a nation ) a sep>ate individuality1 a nation ( ov] ?irty million s\ls1 :i* be>s ! "n 8,ukra9ians40 ,x is true t1 f "t to "t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 magaz9e articles & pamphlets 9 v>i\s lead+ languages h appe>$1 :i* aim to in=m ! _w ab\t ! ,ukra9e & ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,b ^! j\rnali/ic ef=ts h only an ephem]al value4 ,politicians only occasionally int]e/ !mselves 9 ! ,ukra9ian "q :5 x is br\ght to _! notice4 ,& s*ol>s1 h[ev] well-dispos$1 c n give su* publications pref]5ce ov] ! (ficial ,russian s\rces4 ,! "y ,ukra9ian le>n+ has ?us f> be5 unable to spread true in=mation on ! ,ukra9ian nation1 & to e/abli% ! ,ukra9ian nation 9 ! sci5tific _w z an indep5d5t unit among ! ,slavic nations4 ,only 9 ! hi/orical field ! indep5d5t position ( ! ,ukra9ians among ! nations ( ,ea/]n ,europe has be5 demon/rat$1 ?anks to ! compositions ( a ,ko/om>iv1 ,antonovi*1 ,drahomaniv1 ,hru%evsky4 ,9 ! fields ( philology1 an?ropology1 e?nology1 e?nography & folk-lore1 !re are _m treatises relat+ to ^! sci5ces1 b !re is no sy/ematic exposition ( ! ,ukra9ian nation z a uni=m :ole 9 relation to ^! bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! an?ropogeographic field ! pres5t l9es con/itute ! fir/ ef=t4 ,9 addition1 all ^! treatises h appe>$ only 9 ,ukra9ian or ,russian1 &1 consequ5tly1 rema9 inaccessible to ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! ,european _w ( s*ol>%ip4 ,= ^! reasons sci5ce mu/ dep5d ^u ! (ficial /atem5ts4 ,! (ficial ,russian geography consid]s ! ,ukra9ians only z "o ( ! ?ree tribes ( ! unifi$ ,russian p4 ,! (ficial ,russian /ati/ics report ?is to ! _w4 ,h5ce1 ,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,engli% geographic sci5ce1 too1 usually acc\nts = ! ,ukra9ians z ,russians4 ,! names ,kle9russ51 ,petits ,russes1 ,little ,russians1 d n mean an indep5d5t nation1 b a tribe ( ! ,russian nation4 ,su* errone\s views may be f\nd 9 all ! g5]al encyclop$ias & lexicons1 9 all h&books ( geography & /ati/ics4 ,! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,ukra9ians1 :o are m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial /ati/ics z ,ru!nians1 are also to a great ext5t tak5 = a "p ( ! ,russian p :i* diff]s f ! mass ( ,russians only 9 its ,ca?olic fai?1 or m rem>kably /ill1 = an entirely indep5d5t little nation call$ ,ru!nia1 & diff]+ bo? f ! ,little ,russians & ! ,russians4 ,! results ( su* ignorance ( ! ,ukra9ian ,nation 9 ! sci5tific _w are disa/r\s = ! ,ukra9ians4 ,e appe>ance ( ! ,ukra9ians 9 ! political & cultural ar5a rema9s enigmatic to ! :ole _w4 ,enigmatic rema9s ! /ruggle ( ! ,ukra9ians aga9/ ,russia & p>ticul>ly aga9/ its ,russification policy4 ,9 case aft] case x is expla9$ by f>-fet*$ political1 social & economic causes1 b nev] by national-cultural reasons4 ,= almo/ no "o 9 ,europe kn[s t 9 ! ,ukra9e a great indep5d5t nation is /ruggl+ = its national life1 & n a political or social p>ty = its significance 9 ! /ate4 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,au/rian ,ukra9ians aga9/ ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,poles 9 ,galicia seems h>dly m reasonable to ! =eign] ?an ! /riv+ ( ! ,russian ,ukra9ians4 ,mo/ incompreh5sible "h appe>s ! /ruggle ( ! ,ukra9ians aga9/ ! ,russophile movem5ts4 ,= a long "t x 0 reg>d$ z ins9c]e1 or ev5 z non-exi/+1 & ?is circum/ance has br\ght ! ,ukra9ians innum]able political injuries4 ,f ^! briefly /at$ obs]vations we see :at ob/acles are imp$+ ! ,ukra9ians 9 _! ef=ts to br+ _! ,ukra9ian nation to a po9t :]e x w be respect$ z an elem5t ( equal wor? ) ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,! two neighbor+ nations1 ! ,poli% & ! ,russian1 politically & culturally /rong]1 are try+ to divide ! ,ukra9ians betwe5 !mselves1 & are refus+ !m ! "r to exi/ z an indep5d5t nation4 ,aga9/ ^! appetites = conque/ ! comp>atively small army ( educat$ ,ukra9ians is fight+ ) might & ma91 support$ semi-consci\sly by ! mass ( ! ,ukra9ian ,p4 ,! ,ukra9ian peasantry has = c5turies defi$ all attacks ^u its e?nographic-national indep5d5ce4 ,x refuses1 ev5 9 its mo/ di/ant ,ea/]n ,sib]ian colonies1 to be assimilat$ by ! ,russians4 ,?is *>act]i/ic has made ! ,ukra9ians ! subject ( a prov]b ) _! ,russian neighbors3 8,khakhol vsyegda khakhol0--! ,ukra9ian rema9s a ,ukra9ian ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! foll[+ sections we %all discuss briefly all ! f\ndations ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ians z a nation4 ,! *ief f\ndations ( an indep5d5t nation are1 proce$+ f ! less important to ! mo/ important3 ,indep5d5t an?ropological *>act]i/ics1 a di/9ct1 indep5d5t language1 uni=m hi/orico-political traditions & aspirations = ! future1 an indep5d5t culture1 &1 especially1 a compact geographical t]ritory4 ,,an?ropological ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,ukra9ians ,an?ropology is a comp>atively rec5t sci5ce4 ,b>ely a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( its s]i\s "w4 ,! mat]ial ?us f> collect$ by an?ropological sci5ce1 :ile x might seem imm5se to "s1 is1 nev]!less1 /ill small1 & :at is ev5 m important1 irregul>4 ,conc]n+ "s races & peoples ! sci5ce has _m ?\s&s ( measurem5ts at its comm&1 :ile o!r races & peoples are kn[n f v few measurem5ts4 ,= ?is reason ! sci5ce ( an?ropology is /ill a long way remov$ f an exact k & p]fect description ( diff]5t races & peoples4 ,ev5 9 ,europe1 :]e an?ropological inve/igations h be5 bas$ on a /udy ( ! greate/ numb] ( human individuals1 ! di/ribution ( v>i\s an?ropological racial *>act]i/ics 9 diff]5t peoples & tribes ( ! cont95t 71 until rec5tly1 v h>d to int]pret & to und]/&4 ,x is ! pione] "w ( inve/igation ( ,d5ik]1 ,hamy & o!rs1 t has made x possible to divide ! population ( ,europe into s-call$ an?ropological races4 ,pure-blood$ peoples1 all ( ^: individuals possess ! same an?ropological *>act]i/ics1 exi/ n[h]e4 ,h>dly 9 ! mo/ inaccessible corn]s ( ! globe1 are small primitive peoples f\nd :o approa* ! ideal ( pure-blood$ness4 ,! great civiliz$ peoples ( ! e>? are all ( !m m or less het]og5e\s peoples1 & %[ no uni=m an?ropological type4 ,?is is true especially ( ! ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,european cultur$ peoples3 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 ,italians1 ev5 ,g]mans4 ,cont9u$ commixtures1 :i* c c]ta9ly be prov$ hi/orically1 h entirely eradicat$ ! orig9al an?ropological *>act]i/ics ( ^! civiliz$ nations4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t an?ropogeography1 9 view ( ^! mo/ app>5t examples1 has almo/ giv5 up designat+ an?ropological *>act]i/ics z ! *>act]i/ics ( nations4 ,b1 9 consid]+ an ,ea/]n ,european nation1 su* misgiv+s ( an?ropogeographical sci5ce _c be ju/ifi$4 ,j z ! physico-geographic conditions ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe are measur$ by o!r /&>ds ?an ^? ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 s ! an?ropogeographical problems ( ?is region1 too1 mu/ be approa*$ diff]5tly4 ,j z ! physico-geographical v>iety ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe gives way to ,ea/]n ,european uni=mity 9 ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 s ! an?ropological v>iety gives place to great] unity4 ,va/ areas ( ! ,ukra9e1 ev5 )\t any great natural h9drance1 7 always unfavorable to sep>ation into classes1 & did n enc\rage ! developm5t ( physical diff]5ces4 ,& =eign admixtures are almo/ out ( ! "q4 ,= ! =eign peoples :i*1 s9ce ! e>lie/ beg9n+s ( hi/ory1 trav]s$ or ev5 dom9at$ ! region ( ! ,ukra9e1 7 fir/ ( all too small 9 numb] to make any noticeable impression on ! an?ropological type ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,&1 besides t1 ! =eign races--almo/ all nomad peoples--came into ! l& z fi]ce enemies1 ) :om !re exi/$ no volunt>y peaceful relations4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,ukra9ian nation reveals a mu* great] uni=mity 9 its an?ropological aspect ?an ! nations ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 7 visit$ by innum]able peoples ( ! mo/ v>i$ an?ropological types1 :o /ay$ !re & 7 assimilat$4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ^! peoples1 an?ropological *>act]i/ics c h no p>ticul> significance1 ! matt] is q diff]5t ) ! ,ukra9ians & _m o!r ,ea/]n ,european nations4 ,"h1 an?ropological peculi>ities /ill h consid]able weight z di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( nations4 ,inve/igations conc]n+ ! an?ropology ( ! ,ukra9ians began m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,b !y 7 made1 )\t any sy/em1 9 diff]5t regions ( ! great national t]ritory select$1 q )\t a plan1 & = a long "t gave no acceptable results4 ,n until ! #bj? ,c5tury 0 en\gh mat]ial ga!r$ to at lea/ make x possible to det]m9e ! ma9 an?ropological type ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! mo/ important inve/igators 9 ?is field are3 ,hop]nitsky1 ,protz5ko1 ,welk]1 ,popov1 ,hil*5ko1 ,krasnov1 ,petrov1 ,erck]t1 ,emme1 ,talko ,hr9cewi*1 ,diebold1 ,biloyid1 ,anu*91 ,ivanovsky1 ,vovk & ,rakovsky4 ,to be sure1 accord+ to ^! inve/igations1 ! ,ukra9ians1 too1 are an?ropologically a mix$ race1 j z ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,b ! =mation ( ?is mix$ race took place 9 a v di/ant prehi/oric pa/ & lat] admixtures h be5 too insignificant to visibly *ange ! orig9al racial type ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,f ! ,vislok to ! ,kuban1 f ! ,pripet to ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,ukra9ian p con/itute a uni=m an?ropological type4 ,?is type has pres]v$ itself 9 its pure/ /ate 9 "o wide zone :i* embraces ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9 l&s1 ,pokutye1 ,podolia1 ,dniep] ,plateau & ,dniep] ,pla91 ! ,donetz ,plateau & ! ,kuban sub-,caucasus c\ntry4 ,tall /ature1 ) long legs & broad %\ld]s1 /rongly pigm5t$ complexion1 d>k1 ri*1 curly hair1 r\nd$ head & long face ) a high & broad br[1 d>k eyes1 /raight nose1 /rongly develop$ elongat$ l[] "p ( ! face1 m$ium m\? & small e>s2 t is ! type4 ,outside ! describ$ ma9 zone ( di/ribution ( ! ,ukra9ian racial type1 ^! *>act]i/ics become less & less %>ply def9$1 al?o at all p>ts ( ! e?nographic b\nd>y ! an?ropological diff]5ces ( ! ,ukra9ians f _! neighbors1 especially f ! ,poles1 ,:ite ,russians & ,russians1 are v cle>ly m>k$4 ,! mean /ature ( ! ,ukra9ians is #afgj mm4 ,consequ5tly ! ,ukra9ians are among ! talle/ peoples ( ,europe1 & 9 ?is respect !y surpass _! neighbor+ nations by a great deal4 ,! av]age height ( ! ,:ite ,russians is only #afea mm41 ! ,poles #afed mm41 ! ,russian #afeg mm41 ( #ajj individuals among ! ,ukra9ians1 #ec are tall] ?an ! av]age1 #dg %ort]2 among ! ,poles & ,russians #ea tall] & #di %ort]4 ,"r "h we see a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ukra9ians & _! neighbors1 z well z a great simil>ity ( ^! ?ree peoples4 ,! tall /ature ( ! pure ,ukra9ian racial type is pretty regul> 9 ! above-m5tion$ ma9 zone4 ,! talle/ /ature is t ( ! ,kuban ,ukra9ians ( ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry 7#agja mm474 ,x is due to ! fact t ! ,ukra9ians ( t region are1 to a great ext5t1 desc5dants ( ! ,zaporog ,cossacks1 :o = c5turies repres5t$ ! fl[] ( ! physical p[] ( ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,b>ely bel[ t is ! /ature ( ! ,hutzuls 7#afic mm471 ( ! ,podolians1 ,volhynians & ,dniep] dwell]s4 ,9 ,c5tral ,galicia1 ,podlakhia1 ,polissye1 9 ! ,don c\ntry1 t is 9 direct proximity to ! ,poles1 ,:ite ,russians & ,russians1 ! /ature ( ! ,ukra9ians decreases appreciably4 ,b1 ev5 9 ^! bord] c\ntries1 ! ,ukra9ian p =m a /rong contra/1 ) _! high] /ature1 to _! neighbors1 especially to ! ,russians1 ) _! heavy mixture ( ! small gr[n ,f9ni%-,mongolian elem5ts4 ,anu*9 emphasizes expressly t 9 ^? p>ts 9 any ,russian 8,gov]nm5t0 into :i* ! smalle/ tip ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory ext5ds1 ! av]age height ( ! recruits is noticeably increas$4 ,because ( _! f9e /ature _m ,ukra9ians 9 ,russia are /ation$ 9 ! regim5ts ( ! gu>d4 ,9 ! ,ukra9ians1 ! tall sl5d] =m is c\pl$ ) bread? ( %\ld]s & great *e/-measurem5t4 ,f ! mat]ial ga!r$ by ,ivanosky1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is respect ! ,ukra9ians surpass all _! neighbors4 ,! av]age *e/-measurem5t ( ! ,ukra9ians is #ee4jd ( ! l5g? ( ! body1 ( ! ,poles #ed4aa1 ( ! ,:ite ,russians #ec4hd1 ( ! ,russians only #eb4ah4 ,9 respect ( l5g? ( arms & legs1 ! ,ukra9ians aga9 occupy an indep5d5t position among ! nations ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,russians1 ! l5g? ( ! arms is #de4a ( ! l5g? ( ! body1 9 ! ,poles & ,ukra9ians #de4g1 9 ! ,russians #df4j4 ,! l5g? ( ! legs is greate/ 9 ! ,ukra9ians 7#ec4f71 mu* less 9 ! ,poles 7#eb4a7 & ,:ite ,russians 7#ea4g71 & lea/ 9 ! ,russians 7#ej4e71 :i* aga9 indicates consid]able mixture ( ,f9ni%-,mongolian blood4 7,! l5g? ( leg ( ! ,mordv9es is only #di1 t ( ! ,altaic ,t>t>s #dh4f74 ,! mo/ important an?ropological *>act]i/ic 0 = a long "t ?\ght to be ! %ape ( ! skull4 ,! ,ukra9ians belong 7z d all ,slavs1 = t matt]7 to ! class ( ,bra*icephalites 7%ort heads74 ,! av]age skull index 9 ! ,ukra9ians am\nts to #hc4b4 ,among ! neighbor+ peoples1 ! ,poles 7#hb4a7 are lea/ %ort-head$1 !n foll[ ! ,russians1 almo/ ! same z ! ,poles 7namely #hb4c71 & !n fur!r away ! ,ukra9ians 7#hc4b74 ,! greate/ ,bra*icephal\sness appe>s 9 ! ,:ite ,russians 7#he4a74 ,! height ( ! skull is greate/ 9 ! ,ukra9ians 7#gj4c71 small] 9 ! ,russians 7#gj4a71 smalle/ 9 ! ,:ite ,russians 7#ff4a74 ,! skull index ( ! ,ukra9ians %[s a simil> t]ritorial di/ribution z ! /ature4 ,! greate/ bra*icephal\sness is f\nd 9 ! ,hutzuls2 x decreases cont9ually z we g nor!a/ & ea/1 s t 9 ! ,don & ,kuban region ! skull index is smalle/4 ,besides1 ! %ortness ( head ( ! ,ukra9ians decreases regul>ly on ! ,poli% & ,russian bord]s1 z a result ( c5turies ( proximity4 ,9 ! ,russians ! %ortness ( head is mu* less m>k$ ?an 9 ! ,ukra9ians1 because ( ! ,f9ni% /ra91 9 ! ,poles because ( ! commixture ) ,f9ns & a primeval ,european long-head$ & light-hair$ race4 ,j z 9 ! %ape ( ! skull1 s also 9 ! =m ( ! nose1 ! ,ukra9ians reveal di/9ct diff]5ces f _! neighbors4 ,9 ! ,ukra9ians ! nose is usually /raight & ?94 ,! nasal index is #fg4g1 & consequ5tly some:at great] ?an 9 ! ,poles 7#ff4b74 ,!n foll[ ! ,russians 7#fh4e7 & ! ,:ite ,russians 7#fi4b74 ,! wid? ( ! face 9 ! ,ukra9ians is on ! av]age #ahj1 t ( ! ,poles #aha1 ( ! ,russians #ahb1 ( ! ,:ite ,russians #ahf2 ! facial index 9 ! ,ukra9ians #gh4a1 9 ! ,:ite ,russians #gf4b1 9 ! ,poles #gf4c1 9 ! ,russians #gf4g4 ,"h1 too1 we note ! great diff]5ce ( ! ,ukra9ians f _! neighbors & ! simil>ity ( ^! to "o ano!r4 ,! color ( hair & eyes is by f> n s sure an an?ropological *>act]i/ic z ! above-m5tion$1 yet con/itutes an important complem5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ! position ( ! ,ukra9ians among _! neighbor nations is j z indep5d5t z 9 reg>d to ! above discuss$ *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! ,ukra9ians d>k %ades pr$om9ate1 s t out ( #ajj individuals only #bi4e h light hair & eyes1 #ce m$ium color1 & #ce d>k4 ,9 ! ,russians ! p]c5tages run #cg light1 #da m$ium1 #bb d>k2 9 ! ,poles #ce light1 #df m$ium & only #ai d>k4 ,?us ! light type is mu* m common 9 ! neighbor+ races ?an 9 ! ,ukra9ians4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( color ( eyes & hair 9 ! ,ukra9ians ! same t]ritorial law holds z 9 ! di/ribution ( /ature & %ape ( skull4 ,9 ! ma9 zone ( ! ,ukra9ian racial type1 b especially 9 ! s\?we/1 ! color ( hair & eyes is mo/ *>act]i/ically repres5t$4 ,ne> ! ,poli%1 ,:ite ,russian & ,russian bord]s1 ! ,ukra9ian type loses mu* ( its peculi>ity4 ,?is %ort an?ropological sket* ( ! ,ukra9ians1 despite its scanty & g5]al "*1 enables u to p]ceive v cle>ly t ! ,ukra9ians %[ extremely little an?ropological simil>ity to ! ,poles1 ,:ite ,russians & ,russians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ( ^! neighbor+ races ( ! ,ukra9ians are v simil>1 & closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! ,pole1 ! ,:ite ,russian & ! ,russian1 /& v close to "o ano!r1 :ile ! ,ukra9ian is v diff]5t f all 8 neighbors &1 f an an?ropological po9t ( view1 holds an entirely indep5d5t position4 ,! vanity ( ! impression t ! ,ukra9ians are ,poloniz$ ,russians or ,russifi$ ,poles1 !re=e1 becomes app>5t at once4 ,! 8unity !ories10 ,poli% & ,russian1 :i* are bas$ on p]v]t$ hi/orical & philological phrases1 are "h oppos$ by a natural sci5ce1 ) its exact results ( inve/igations4 ,b an?ropology discr$its n only ^! !ories :i* are /ill dom9at+ ,european sci5ce4 ,sev]al ,poli% hi/orians h rec5tly evolv$ a new !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,ukra9ians & spread x ?ru ,europe4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! ,ukra9ians are a mixture ( ,slavs & ! ,mongolian-,turki% nomad tribes :i* trav]s$ & comm&$ ! ,ukra9ian /eppes = c5turies2 !y are a semi-nomadic /eppe p1 incapable ( culture1 ^: developm5t might br+ ) x ! greate/ dang]s = ,european civilization4 ,! sci5ce ( an?ropology1 h[ev]1 robs ?is !ory ( its v f\ndation4 ,! ,mongolian-,turki% nomad tribes 7 almo/ all di/+ui%$ by l[ /ature1 %ort legs1 long arms & r\nd heads4 ,! same *>act]i/ics %\ld !re=e appe> v di/9ctly 9 ! ,ukra9ian racial type4 ,b ! ,ukra9ians h a high] /ature ?an any ( ! neighbor+ peoples1 ! longe/ legs1 & arms ( m$ium l5g?4 ,& ! bra*icephal\sness ( ! ,ukra9ians is lea/ j 9 ! ea/1 :]e mix+ ) ! ,mongolian tribes c\ld proce$ mo/ easily4 ,! an?ropological type ( ! ,ukra9ians1 !n1 reveals complete individuality z oppos$ to ! ,poli%1 ,:ite ,russian & ,russian type1 & betrays no noticeable trace ( a ,mongolian admixture4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian type f ! types ( o!r ,ea/]n ,slavs caught ! att5tion ( ! great geograph]1 ,reclus1 9 ! eighties ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,at t "t he notic$ ! clos] relation%ip ( ! ,ukra9ians to ! ,s\!rn ,slavs4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ,hamy divid$ all ! ,slavs into two l>ge gr\ps1 a tall bra*icephal\s gr\p ) d>k hair1 & a %ort1 less bra*icephal\s gr\p ) light hair4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p he includ$ ! ,s]bians1 ,croatians1 ,slov5es1 ,cze*s & ,ukra9ians2 9 ! second ! ,polabians1 ,poles1 ,:ite ,russians & ,russians4 ,a simil> division 0 accept$ also by ,d5ik]4 ,accord+ to 8 view ! ,ukra9ians belong to ! s-call$ ,adriatic 7,d9>ic7 ,race1 :ile ! ,poles & ! ,russians belong to ! two closely relat$ races1 ! ,vi/ula ,race & ! ,ori5tal ,race1 respectively4 ,! ,adriatic ,race has rec5tly come to be consid]$ by _m ! specifically ,slavic ,race4 ,h[ev]1 x has rema9$ comp>atively pure only 9 ! case ( ! ,s\!rn ,slavs & ! ,ukra9ians1 :ile ! ,nor!rn ,slavic races reveal /rong =eign admixtures4 ,an?ropology %[s u1 9 ! ,ukra9ians1 a f9ely gr[n1 physically /urdy race ( m54 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ukra9ian ,p is its great fecundity4 ,:]ev] ! ,ukra9ian ,p has n yet deg5]at$ ?ru social pressure & ! spread ( paup]ism1 x %[s rem>kably high bir? figures1 :i*1 despite ! high infant mortality result+ f ! l[ grade ( culture1 occasion a v rapid increase 9 population4 ,! bir? rate & rate ( increase 7#aijj-aijd7 = ! c5tral di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e 9 ,european ,russia are on ! av]age ye>ly3 ,volhynia #d4e & #b1 ,podolia #d4c & #a4h1 ,kiev #d & #a4d1 ,kh]son #d4e & #b1 ,tauria #d4b & #a4i1 ,kat]9oslav #e4f & #b4h1 ,*]nihiv #d4f & #b1 ,poltava #d4c & #a4i1 ,kh>kiv #d4i & #b4 ,galicia1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 has _h a ye>ly increase 9 population ( #a4f to #a4h4 ,^! figures1 :i* are mu* high] ?an ! correspond+ figures 9 ,poli% or ,russian national t]ritory1 con/itute "o ( ! less agreeable facts :i* enable u to look ) confid5ce t[>d ! future ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,= ! great] increase ( ! ,ukra9ians is n due to a high] /ate ( culture ( ! neighbor nations4 ,! ,poli% & ,russian peasantry is n only n sup]ior to ! ,ukra9ian 9 respect to culture1 b1 on ! contr>y1 inf]ior4 ,! great] increase ( ! ,ukra9ians is connect$ only ) _! sup]ior racial qualities4 ,,! ,,ukra9ian ,,language ,language is n an absolutely necess>y di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a nation1 z is %[n by ! examples ( ! ,swiss1 ! ,nor? ,am]icans1 & ! ,spani% & ,portuguese daught]-nations 9 ,am]ica4 ,if ! ,ukra9ians1 det]m9+ to be consid]$ an indep5d5t nation1 _h ! rema9+ *>act]i/ics ( an indep5d5t nation1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly be "o ev5 if _! language 7 id5tical ) ! ,russian1 ,:ite ,russian or ,poli%4 ,b1 9 ?is reg>d1 ! ,ukra9ians are 9 ! favorable position ( really call+ an indep5d5t language _! own4 ,to be sure1 ! op9ion has be5 to a great ext5t spread ?ru\t ,europe t ! ,ukra9ian language is a rural dialect ( ! ,poli% language1 & (ficial ,russia is /ill enc\rag+ ! view t !re is only a 8,little ,russian dialect0 ( ! ,russian language2 ,european sci5ce & publicism op5$ ! doors to bo? ! above-m5tion$ unity !ories1 & ! ,russian unity !ory has become ! solely dom9at+ "o ev5 9 ,g]man sci5ce4 ,slavic philology passes a diff]5t judgm5t4 ,) ! exception ( a few ,pan-,russian philologi/s 7,flor9sky1 etc471 :o1 z a matt] ( fact1 are n capable philologi/s at all1 ! entire philological pr(ession is decid$ on ! po9t t ! ,ukra9ian language is relat$ to ! ,russian & ! ,poli% only to ! ext5t t ! ,s]bian & ,bulg>ian are1 = in/ance1 or ! ,poli% & ,cze*ic4 ,! inve/igations ( ,miklosi*1 ,mal9ovsky1 ,dahl1 ,maksimovi*1 ,potebnia1 ,zitetsky1 ,ohonovsky1 ,%akhmatov1 ,bro*1 ,baud\9 de ,c\rt5ay1 ,=tunatov1 ,kor%1 ,krimsky1 ,satotsky1 & o!rs1 h prov$ beyond a d\bt t ! ,ukra9ian language is n a dialect ( ! ,russian language1 b an indep5d5t language ( equal rank ) ! ,russian4 ,! same op9ion has be5 express$ mo/ =cibly by ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 its fam\s (ficial decision1 8,conc]n+ ! ,removal ( ! ,re/rictions on ,little ,russian ,publications1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aije40 ,! ,academy emphasiz$ expressly t ! ,russian & ,ukra9ian languages are two indep5d5t languages ( equal rank4 ,! ,russian writt5 language is n built up on a g5]al ,ea/ ,slavic1 b only on a ,great ,russian f\ndation4 ,h5ce1 x _c be =c$ ^u ! ,ukra9ians1 s9ce !y h a completely develop$ writt5 language at _! comm&4 ,x is v likely t1 9 a f> di/ant prehi/oric "t1 all ,ea/]n ,slavic tribes1 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,ukra9ians1 ,:ite ,russians & ,russians1 spoke a common tongue4 ,b soon aft] ! beg9n+s ( hi/orical life 9 ,ea/]n ,europe we see ^! ,slavic races divid$ l+ually into ?ree gr\ps4 ,9 ! #aa? ,c5tury1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! language spok5 9 ,kiev or ,hali* on ! "o h&1 & ,vladimir on ! ,klasma or ,sugdal on ! o!r1 7 already di/9ct4 ,! political unification ( all ! ,ea/]n ,slavic tribes 9 ! ,kiev ,empire c\ld n eradicate ^! diff]5ces betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 & !y are v evid5t 9 ! lit]>y monum5ts ( t "t4 ,! disruption ( ! ,empire ( ,kiev into loosely connect$ pr9cipalities1 ! =mation ( ! ,muscovite political c5t]1 ! decl9e ( ,kiev--all w5t to /r5g!n ! l+ual anti!ses betwe5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,ukra9ians & ^? ( ! ,russians4 ,! ,tat> oppression f9ally sep>at$ ! ,muscovite gr\p p]man5tly f ! ,ukra9ian1 =c+ ea* to lead a sep>ate hi/orical life4 ,! ,ukra9e fell "u ,li?uanian1 !n ,poli% rule2 ,muscovy gradually develop$ into ! ,russian ,empire4 ,! diff]5ces 9 language1 :i* 9 ! #ad? ,c5tury 7 already appreciable1 increas$ s /rongly ?ru ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ea* language t 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury1 :5 ,russia receiv$ ! greate/ "p ( ! ,ukra9e b5ea? h] dom9ion1 ! ,russian & ,ukra9ian languages confront$ "o ano!r z entirely indep5d5t languages4 ,accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,/otzky & ,g>tn]1 ! ,ukra9ian language1 f a philological po9t ( view1 is relat$ to ! ,russian only to ab\t ! same ext5t t x is relat$ to ! ,poli% or ,cze*ic4 ,( all ,slavic languages ! ne>e/ to ! ,ukra9ian is ! ,s]bo-,croatian4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! ,ukra9ians mu/ at "o "t h _h a mu* clos] community ) ! ,s]bo-,croations ?an ) ! ,russians4 ,we see "h a f9e example ( h[ relation%ip ( languages goes h& 9 h& ) an?ropological relation%ip4 7,incid5tally1 pro( is h]e) pres5t$ t ! an?ropological *>act]i/ics 9 ! peoples ( ,ea/]n ,europe h an entirely diff]5t significance f ! same 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe74 ,?is co9cid5ce ( two sci5ces1 entirely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 causes ! ,ukra9ians to appe> to u a v peculi> indep5d5t unit 9 ! ,slavic family ( races4 ,only ! re/riction ( ! k ( ,ukra9ian among ,slavi/s1 ! int]pretation ( ,ea/]n ,european hi/ory always f ! ,russian po9t ( view1 ! common *ur* language1 :i*1 = a long "t1 0 ! basis ( ! writt5 language z well1 ! un=tunate confusion due to ! "n ,russ1 ,russki1 :i* z anci5t /ate designations = ! ,empire ( ,kiev 7 usurp$ by ! ,muscovite ,empire & appli$ to all ,ea/]n ,slavic nations2 ^! ?+s h made x possible to conceal ! real /ate ( affairs f ! eyes ( ,european sci5ce & h help$ e/abli% ! ,russian unity !ory4 ,t ! ,ukra9ian language is indep5d5t & entirely diff]5t f ,russian or ,poli% is kn[n to e illit]ate peasant f "o end ( ! ,ukra9e to ! o!r4 ,he does n und]/& ! ,pole & ! ,russian2 likewise 8 language is un9telligible to a ,pole or ,russian4 ,poli% is ! m easily und]/ood by ! un$ucat$ ,ukra9ian1 s9ce ! liv+ toge!r ( ! ,poles & ,ukra9ians = c5turies 9 ! ,poli%-,li?uanian /ate result$ 9 important influ5ces 9 bo? directions1 especially 9 ! vocabul>y4 ,b ,russian1 ) its /range vocabul>y & phonetic "*1 diff]5t mann] ( ^w-build+1 decl5sion & conjugation1 is = a ,ukra9ian a difficult =eign language4 ,h[ mu* tr\ble mu/ ! ,ukra9ian peasantry endure at e /ep because ! un9telligible ,russian language is us$ exclusively 9 adm9i/ration1 c\rt1 s*ool & *ur*6 ,! educat$ ,ukra9ian :o has be5 tra9$ 9 ,russian s*ools has _h mu* tr\ble to le>n 8 ,russian1 & he nev] has s complete a comm& ( x t a ,russian c\ld n imm$iately recognize 8! ,khakhol 9 him40 ,= an educat$ ,ukra9ian tra9$ outside ( ,russia1 ,russian is z h>d to le>n1 if n m s1 ?an ! ,poli%1 ,cze*ic or ,s]bian4 ,su* obvi\s facts conv9ce u ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian language1 p]haps1 m =cibly ?an ! argum5ts ( le>n$ philologi/s4 ,! ,ukra9ian language1 l e o!r great ,european language1 is n uni=m4 ,because ( ! great ext5t ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory & ! great population1 favorable conditions h always be5 pres5t = ! =mation ( dialects & idioms4 ,! ,ukra9ian language has f\r dialects1--! ,s\? ,ukra9ian1 ! ,nor? ,ukra9ian1 ! ,galician 7,r$ ,ru!nian71 & ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9 dialect4 ,! ,s\? ,ukra9ian dialect embraces ! s\? ( ! region ( ,kiev1 ,kursk1 ,voroniz1 ! entire regions ( ,poltava1 ,kh>kiv1 ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,tauria1 ,don & ,kuban4 ,x possesses ?ree idioms2--! nor!rn1 :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! pres5t ,ukra9ian lit]>y language1 ! c5tral1 & ! s\!rn or /eppe idiom4 ,! ,nor? ,ukra9ian dialect includes ! ,*]nihov c\ntry1 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,kiev di/rict1 ,nor!rn ,volhynia1 ! ,polissye along ! ,pripet1 & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,pidlassye4 ,its idioms are ! ,*]nihov1 ! ,nor? ,ukra9ian prop]1 ! ,polissian1 & ! ,black ,ru!nian4 ,! ,galician or ,ru!nian dialect takes 93 ,galicia 7outside ( ! m\nta9s71 ! ,kholm region1 ,s\!rn ,volhynia & ,we/]n ,podolia1 & possesses two idioms1--! ,podolian-,volhynian & ! ,galician 7,dnie/]7 idiom4 ,! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9 dialect includes ! entire ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ian c\ntry & has f\r idioms1--! ,hutzulian1 ! ,boiki%1 ! ,lemko idiom1 & ! ,slovak-,ru!nian bord]-idiom4 ,! ,ukra9ian dialects & idioms diff] v little f "o ano!r1 z inde$ is ! case ) all ! dialects & idioms ( all ! ,slavic languages4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,ukra9ian dialects & idioms ) ! ,g]man1 = in/ance1 is entirely impossible4 ,! ,kuban ,cossack or ! ,boiko1 an ,ukra9ian inhabitant ( ,polissye or ( ,bess>abia1 und]/& "o ano!r )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,only ! ,lemko idiom & ,ru!nian-,slovak bord]-idiom %[ great] diff]5ces ?an o!r ,ukra9ian idioms4 ,beyond t1 a great uni=mity ( language prevails ?ru\t ! wide areas ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,a popul> tale tak5 on a phonograph 9 ! ,kuban sub-,caucasus c\ntry is he>d ) ! same und]/&+ 9 a peasants' read+ society 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p]emi%l1 z if x came f a neighbor+ village1 in/ead ( a bord] c\ntry ( ! ,ukra9e ?\s&s ( kilomet]s di/ant4 ,! same folk-songs1 prov]bs & fairy tales are f\nd 9 ,pidlassye & along ! ,mani*1 at ,*]nihiv & ,odessa1 on ! ,don & on ! ,dnie/]4 ,! ,ukra9ian language is di/+ui%$ by advantages :i* insure x a high place among ,slavic languages4 ,! great weal? ( v[els1 ! full tone1 ! s(tness & flexibility1 ! transition ( _m v[els to ! i-s\nd1 ! abs5ce ( ! mass+ ( sev]al consonants 9 "o syllable1 make ,ukra9ian ! mo/ melodi\s ,slavic language4 ,aft] ! ,italian language ! ,ukra9ian is be/ adapt$ = s++4 ,mo/ important1 h[ev]1 is ! great ri*ness ( ! ,ukra9ian language4 ,?is ri*ness is all ! m rem>kable 9 t x did n come ab\t ?ru c5turies ( developm5t ( ! language 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,! common p h collect$ & pres]v$ ! treasures ( ! ,ukra9ian language4 ,:ile ! vocabul>y ( an ,engli% f>m]1 accord+ to ,ratzel1 does n include m ?an ?ree hundr$ words1 ! ,ukra9ian peasant uses z _m ?\s&s4 ,&1 incid5tally1 ! purity ( ! language is rem>kable4 ,b>ely a few borr[$ words h be5 introduc$ into ! language ( ! p ?ru ! c5turies ( contact ) neighbor+ peoples4 ,!y disappe> entirely amid ! weal? ( pure ,ukra9ian words4 ,:at int]e/s u geograph]s & natural sci5ti/s mo/ ( all is ! wond]ful weal? ( ! colloquial language 9 v /rik+ names = surface =ms1 natural ph5om5a1 plants & animals4 ,! con/ruction & codification ( ! ,ukra9ian t]m9ology ( natural sci5ces & geography 01 !re=e1 v easy4 ,! infant sci5ce ( ! ,ukra9e possesses a t]m9ology :i*1 = example1 f> surpasses ! ,russian4 ,! mo/ important pro(s ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian language are ,ukra9ian lit]ature & ,ukra9ian sci5ce4 ,! ,ukra9ian language has giv5 pro(1 ?ru its developm5t ( a ?\s& ye>s1 t x is capable ( giv+ expression to ! l(tie/ products ( human feel+ & human intellect4 ,ukra9ian national lit]ature _c possibly be comp>$ ) ! lit]ature ( a ,prov5al or ,l[ ,g]man dialect1 :i* repres5ts ! daily life ( a small gr\p ( p4 ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature is ! v]satile lit]ature ( a great nation2 a lit]ature :i* looks back ^u a hi/ory ( a ?\s& ye>s & cont9ues to develop 9 spite ( all ob/acles4 ,a /rong f\ndation is furni%$ x 9 ! rem>kably ri*1 popul> poetry1 :i* has n a c\nt]p>t 9 ! entire civiliz$ _w4 ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature holds a high place among ,slavic lit]atures4 ,only ,russian & ,poli% ,lit]ature surpass x 9 ! numb] & greatness ( _! works4 ,! hi/ory ( almo/ a ?\s& ye>s ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature beg9s at ! "t ( ! fulle/ developm5t ( ! ,kiev ,empire1 :5 ! s-call$ ,*ronicle ( ,ne/or orig9at$1 ! ,galician-,volhynian ,*ronicle1 ! p[]ful ,epic ( ,igor & o!r important monum5ts ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature 7! works ( ,il>ion1 ,s]apion1 ,kirilo ,turivsky1 etc474 ,_! language is built up ^u ! ,*ur*-,slavonic dialect1 b pres5ts great l+ui/ic dep>tures1 z e>ly z ! #aa? ,c5tury1 f ! lit]>y works simultane\sly produc$ 9 ! ,russian t]ritory to ! nor?4 ,?is promis+ beg9n+ ( ! old ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature 0 almo/ completely cru%$ by five c5turies ( ,tat> b>b>ism4 ,! cont9u\s /ate ( w>1 ! loss ( _! indep5d5t political organization1 ! cru%+ =eign yoke1 p]mitt$ only a weak vegetat+ ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature = five c5turies4 ,legal1 !ological1 philosophical & polemic lit]>y monum5ts & ! beg9n+s ( ! drama1 writt5 9 a ,mac>onic language made up ( a mixture ( ,ukra9ian & ,*ur*-,slavonic1 c at ! mo/ be consid]$ pro( t ! educat$ ,ukra9ians ( t "t _h too little leisure & opportunity to devote !mselves to arti/ic lit]ature4 ,b ^! times ( decl9e ( ! writt5 lit]ature are at once ! times ( ! greate/ fl\ri%+ ( ! unwritt5 lit]ature ( ! p4 ,! old pre-*ri/ian religi\s & secul> songs & tales 7 n =gott51 & ! active1 w>like life ( ! nation creat$ an imm5se mass ( epic folk-lore dumy1 :i* 0 sung by by w&]+ m9/rels 7kobz>1 b&uri/74 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 :5 ! political & national de/ruction ( ! ,ukra9ian nation seem$ inevitable1 ! ,ukra9ian popul> lit]ature rea*$ su* a high /age ( developm5t t x awoke ! educat$ classes ( ! nation to new lit]>y life4 ,?r\gh ! introduction ( ! pure popul> spee* into ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature 7by ,kotl>evsky1 9 #agih71 & ?ru ! great influ5ce ( ! popul> lit]ature1 ! f\ndation 0 laid = an unanticipat$ rise ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! #ai? ,c5tury ! hi/ory ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature has a numb] ( great poets & prose writ]s to %[1 :o w\ld be a cr$it ev5 to ! greate/ lit]atures ( ! _w 7,%ev*5ko1 ,vov*ok1 ,kuli%1 ,f$kovi*1 ,franko1 ,mirni1 ,kotsiub9sky1 ,v9ni*5ko & o!rs71 z well z a consid]able numb] ( less] poets4 ,great v]satility *>act]izes ! works ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 & 9 ! #bj? ,c5tury its developm5t 9 all directions is mak+ giant /rides4 ,! second half ( ! #ai? ,c5tury 0 also m>k$ by a v active /udy ( ! sci5ces1 lead+ to ! f\nd+ ( two le>n$ bodies v mu* along ! plan ( ! s-call$ 8,academies0 79 ,lemb]g & ,kiev74 ,9 e bran* ( human k ! ,ukra9ians c already po9t to publications1 books & diss]tations 9 _! own language4 ,! v]satility & ri*ness ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature assure x a prom95t place among ,slavonic lit]atures1 ?us furni%+ pro(1 if any is ne$$1 t ! ,ukra9ian language is n a m]e dialect1 b a civiliz$ language 9 e s5se ( ! ^w2 & ! te/imony ( ,ukra9ian s*ol>%ip /r5g!ns ! case beyond a d\bt4 ,= surely nobody c\ld discuss problems ( high] ma!matics1 biology or geomorphology 9 a dialect analog\s to ! ,prov5al or ,l[ ,g]man4 ,! rise ( ! ,ukra9ian lit]>y language f ! spee* ( ! common p makes cle> t x w be an admirable means ( educat+ ! race1 9 view ( its well-kn[n intellig5ce1 into an enlight5$ & progressive nation4 ,b ! ,russian gov]nm5t has be5 ?or\ghly aw>e ( ?is1 & = fe> ( national sep>atism1 has left no /one unturn$ 9 its ef=ts to /op ! developm5t ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature &1 f9ally1 by ! fam\s ukase ( ! ,cz> ( ! ye> #ahgf has =bidd5 absolutely ! publication ( any writ+s 9 ! ,ukra9ian language4 ,none b a really liv+ & significant lit]ature c\ld h surviv$ ^! ?irty ye>s 7#ahgf-aije7 ( repression1 & ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature has /ood ! te/6 ,,hi/orico-,,political ,,traditions ,,& ,,aspirations ,,( ,,! ,,ukra9ians ,an?ropological & l+ual di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are n suffici5t to make a race into a nation4 ,an individual nation1 :e!r x be a ,/aatsnation or a ,kulturnation1 mu/ h its own hi/orical tradition1 its own sacrifices & h]oes1 its own hi/orical griefs & joys4 ,^! are ! basis ( ! unit$ aspiration to an ideal ( ! future1 ( t con/ant plebiscite :i* ,e4 ,r5an reg>ds z ! ?+ :i* makes a race into a nation4 ,n[ x is really ! hi/orico-political traditions :i* are v /rongly develop$ 9 ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! /ory ( 8 fa!rl&1 full ( ! mo/ t]rible cata/rophes1 ) ! frightful ,tat> m5ace & ! oppression endur+ = c5turies1 /ill lives 9 ! consci\sness ( ev5 ! mo/ un$ucat$ ,ukra9ian4 ,h[ few happy mom5ts does ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e pres5t1 & yet no p 9 ! _w s de>ly loves its pa/ & s pi\sly honors its national h]oes z ! ,ukra9ian ,p4 ,& 9 ?is connection ,i d n mean ! educat$ ,ukra9ians :o "k ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry1 b ! illit]ate peasant1 :o recalls 9 8 songs ! naval exp$itions to ,con/ant9ople1 ! old pr9ces ( ! ,kiev dyna/y1 ! hetmans1 & ! great comm&]s ( ! ,cossack p]iod4 ,x is ! hi/orico-political tradition1 liv+ ev5 9 ! l[e/ ranks ( ! nation1 t gives ! ,ukra9ians _! mo/ important indications ( sep>ate national exi/5ce4 ,&1 _h x n be5 = ! d5se ignorance t prevails 9 ,we/]n ,europe reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t1 & = ! adv]tis+ c>ri$ on to ?is v day by ,russian s*ol>s 9 behalf ( _! propag&a = 8,russian0 hi/ory1 :i* has work$ its way into all ! hi/ory books1 ?is real condition ( affairs c\ld nev] h be5 obscur$ s long4 ,we %all n[ attempt to det]m9e ! ma9 l9es ( ! ,ukra9ian hi/orical tradition1 bas+ our exposition on ! works ( ,ko/om>iv1 ,antonovi*1 ,drahomaniv1 ,hru%evsky & o!rs4 ,! hi/orical life ( ! ,ukra9ian ,nation has be5 ( an entirely diff]5t type f t ( ! ,poles or ,russians4 ,h5ce1 ! hi/orical traditions &1 consequ5tly1 ! pres5t political aspirations ( ! ?ree nations1 are entirely diff]5t4 ,! ,ukra9ian hi/orical tradition has its roots 9 ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev4 ,al?o ! hi/orians ( ,ea/]n ,europe are /ill undecid$ z to :e!r ! s-call$ ,old ,russian ,k+dom 0 f\nd$ by ! ,v>angians 9 ! pres5t ,nor!rn ,russia1 or by ! ,ea/]n ,slavic tribes ( ! s\? 9 ,kiev1 ,i h no d\bt t ! latt] view %\ld be approv$4 ,an?ropogeography kn[s no in/ance ( a pirate b&1 at mo/ a few ?\s& /rong1 :i*1 )9 a few decades1 c\ld con/itute a k+dom embrac+ half a cont95t4 ,! ,normans1 to be sure1 7 able to f\nd gov]nm5ts 9 ,norm&y1 ,naples & ,sicily2 !y 7 ev5 able to conqu] ! ,engl& ( _! day & to settle !re1 because ev]y:]e !y c\ld take advantage ( already exi/+ /ate organizations & modify !m to suit _! purpose4 ,:5ev] ! /ate organization 0 j 9 its beg9n+s1 z = in/ance1 9 _! own c\ntry1 ! ,normans exhibit$ no p>ticul> capacity = /ate-organization4 ,! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 :i* is call$ 8,old ,russian0 9 all hi/orical works1 0 a /ate organiz$ by ! s\!rn gr\p ( ! ,ea/]n ,slavic races1 p>ticul>ly ! ,polan race ar\nd ,kiev4 ,! tribal *iefs1 :o _h gr[n ri* ?ru comm]cial relations ) ,byzantium1 f\nd$ ! ,/ate ( ,kiev4 ,?is gov]nm5t 0 already 9 exi/5ce 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #i? ,c5tury4 ,) ! aid ( m]c5>ies f ,sc&9avia 7,v>angians7 :o1 s9ce ! middle ( ! #i? ,c5tury1 _h be5 s]v+ 9 ! armies ( ! pr9ces ( ,kiev1 ! ,k+dom dur+ ! #aj? ,c5tury gave rem>kable evid5ces ( a v unusual activity ( expansion4 ,! ,nor!rn ,slavic tribes1 ! =be>s ( ! ,russians ( today1 7 subjugat$1 ! nomadic tribes ( ! /eppes 7 driv5 back1 comm]cial & cultural relations 7 e/abli%$ ) ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,9 ! ye> #ihh ! ,great ,pr9ce ( ,kiev 7,vladimir ! ,great71 toge!r ) all 8 peoples accept$ ,greek ,*ri/ianity--) ,slavic rites4 ,!re ensu$1 especially "u 8 successor1 ,y>oslav ! wise1 a great advance 9 ! mat]ial & spiritual civilization ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ians4 ,! fact t ! anci5t /ate ( ,kiev1 z well z its civilization1 0 produc$ by ! anci5t ,ukra9ians1 is evid5t1 n only f ! fact t ! mo/ anci5t lit]>y monum5ts ( ,kiev already %[ specifically ,ukra9ian peculi>ities ( language4 ,a /ill m important piece ( evid5ce is ! con/itution ( ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 :i* orig9at$ ?ru ! amalgamation ( ! newly organiz$ royal p[] ) ! orig9al republican con/itution ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! anci5t clan con/itution has be5 ( z fundam5tal importance = ! hi/orico-political tradition ( ! ,ukra9e z ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev itself4 ,all ! p[] ( gov]nm5t re/$ orig9ally 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al assembly ( all freem51 ^: decrees 7 execut$ by elect$ (ficials1 consi/+ 9 "p ( ! w>-*iefta9s 7probably ! lat] pr9ces74 ,9 ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev !re 0 con/ant opposition betwe5 ! p[] ( ! pr9ces1 :i* orig9at$ lat] & re/$ on milit>y might1 & ! p[] ( ! clan assembly1 sanction$ by long tradition4 ,! ,pr9ce1 8 reta9]s1 & ! ,boy> nobility1 :i* gradually develop$ out ( ! body ( reta9]s1 7 nev] lik$ by ! p4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,kiev grew out ( ! union ( trade1 & 0 a union :i* at t "t 0 necess>y4 ,! gov]nm5tal sy/em e/abli%$ by ! pr9ces ( ! ,kiev dyna/y1 on =eign models1 0 inh]5tly ali5 to ! orig9al social-political sy/em ( ! ,ukra9ian ,p1 s t ! amalgamation ( ^! two elem5ts 0 difficult1 9 fact1 almo/ impossible4 ,al?o1 z "t pass$1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly 7vi*e--a "n t is appli$ to all political assemblies ( ! ,ukra9ians to ?is day7 p>tly rega9$ _! =m] p[]1 &1 al?o at ! same "t v>i\s provisions ( ! orig9al con/itution sift$ into ! new gov]nm5tal organization1 mon>*y1 nev]!less1 always rema9$ some?+ extrane\s & unpleasant to ! p4 ,!re is no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! ,/ate ( ,kiev nev] atta9$ a p[] 9 keep+ ) its great t]ritory & population4 ,! p o/5sibly support$ ev]y?+ :i* t5d$ to weak5 ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?ru ! entire exi/5ce ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 its ,great ,pr9ces 7 =c$ to wre/le ) ! ,boy> nobility & ! p = absolute p[]4 ,?is limitation ( ! mon>*ic p[] turn$ out to be a disa/] = ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev4 ,by apply+ ! practice ( succession to ! ?rone1 9 accordance ) a pr9ciple kn[n z t ( 8s5iority10 !re result$ ! =mation ( num]\s petty pr9cipalities1 all r loosely1 p]haps only nom9ally1 subject to ! au?ority ( ! ,great ,pr9ce ( ,kiev4 ,! ,boy> ca/e & ! p 7 v p]si/5t 9 _! labors to aid 9 ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( ^! petty pr9cipalities ?ru\t ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev4 ,at ! same "t1 x is v probable t if ! anci5t ,/ate ( ,kiev _h surviv$ a long] "t1 ! ,ukra9ian ,p w\ld gradually h become accu/om$ to a con/itution f\nd$ on ca/e & privilege4 ,x w\ld also h be5 possible1 z e>ly z ! ,middle ,ages1 = ! ,ukra9ian ,p to atta9 a con/itutional mon>*y4 ,b ?+s happ5$ diff]5tly4 ,! ,k+dom1 weak5$ by p>titions1 0 soon confront$ by a p[]ful enemy 9 ! "y ,muscovite ,/ate :i* 0 =m$ by ! nor!rn petty pr9cipalities ( ! ,k+dom4 ,9 a s]ies ( bloody w>s ) ! ,muscovite ,/ate1 ,kiev 0 s p]man5tly weak5$ t ! headqu>t]s ( ,ukra9ian political life _h to be %ift$ s\?w>d1 9 ! #ac? ,c5tury1 to ,hali* on ! ,dnie/]4 ,!n1 ! situation ( ?is ,kiev c\ntry 0 su* z to expose x to cont9u\s invasion on ! "p ( ! nomadic w>like tribes :i* infe/$ ! /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,b ! nation manag$ to hold !m 9 *eck dur+ ?is we>y t]m ( w>f>e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ho/s ( ! ,mongol pot5tate1 ,dj+is ,khan1 appe>$ 9 ! ,pontian /eppes1 ! res\rces ( ,kiev & ,hali* 7 no long] equal to ! pressure4 ,9 ! ?ree days' battle on ! ,kalka 7#abbd7 _! army 0 annihilat$1 & 9 #abdj ! city ( ,kiev 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! pr9cipality 7lat] k+dom7 ( ,hali* surviv$ x by almo/ a c5tury1 b c\ld n )/& ! cont9u$ aggressions ( ! ,tat>s on ! "o side & ( ! ,poles & ,li?uanians on ! o!r2 9 #acdj x 0 incorporat$ ) ,pol& by "r ( succession1 & ?us end$ ! fir/ national organization ( ! ,ukra9ian ,p4 ,all ! ,ukra9e1 except+ ! =e/ regions 9 ! nor?we/1 _h be5 completely deva/at$4 ,! ,poli%-,li?uanian /ate treat$ ! ,ukra9e z conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,be+ n[ diss5t]s 9 ! mid/ ( a ,ca?olic /ate1 ! ,ukra9ian nobles 7 limit$ 9 _! pr]ogatives1 & des]t$ _! fai? & _! nationality1 9 ord] to h a %>e 9 ! gold5 fre$om ( ,pol&4 ,! burgh] class 0 tyranniz$ 7z 0 ! practice all ov] ,pol&72 ! peasant became a s]f4 ,! spl5did task ( an ecclesia/ical union ) ,rome 0 solv$ 7,flor5ce1 #adci2 ,bre/ #aeif7 9 an unsatisfactory mann] & bore little fruit at ! "t4 ,e ,ukra9ian 0 made to feel ! iron h& ( ! ,poli% gov]nm5t1 & _! dissatisfaction express$ itself 9 num]\s rebellions4 ,& yet ! ,poli%-,li?uanian ,/ate 0 f> too weak to protect ! ,ukra9e aga9/ ! onslaughts ( ! ,tat>s4 ,e ye> ^! hordes ( rid]s salli$ =? f ! ,crimea1 pu%+ _! invasions ev5 z f> z ,galicia & ,volhynia1 deva/at+ ! c\ntry & depopulat+ x by seizures ( slaves1 conduct$ accord+ to a sy/ematic plan4 ,! victims ( ?is slave trade fill$ ! m>kets ( ! ,ori5t = c5turies4 ,x 0 inevitable t ?is sorely-tri$ nation %\ld take /eps to def5d itself4 ,& its ef=ts 7 successful 9 t !y l$ to ! =mation ( a new indep5d5t /ate1 b unsuccessful 9 t !y exhau/$ its res\rces & lat] _h a tragical outcome4 ,! con/ant /ate ( w>f>e on ! ,tat> bord] =c$ ! ,ukra9ian population 9 ^? p>ts to adopt a policy ( cont9ual 8,prep>$ness40 ,^! fight+ p ( ! m>%es l$ a prec>i\s life1 b !y _h access to ! virg9 l&s ( ! bord]s ) all _! natural treasures1 & ! exploit+ ,poli% (ficials did n d>e v5ture =? into ^! dang]\s di/ricts4 ,^! arm$ f>m]s1 hunt]s & fi%]m5 l$ an indep5d5t life & call$ !mselves ,cossacks1 i4e41 8free w>riors40 ,9 ! #af? ,c5tury !re arose among ^! ,ukra9ian ,cossacks a milit>y /ate organization1 ! c5t] ( :i* 0 a /rongly =tifi$ position bel[ ! rapids ( ! ,dniep] 7! ,zaporog ,si*74 ,! ,zaporog w>rior /ate1 comp>$ by "s to a religi\s ord] ( knights 7because ( _! compulsory celibacy & _! w>s aga9/ unbeliev]s71 by o!rs to a communi/ic republic1 %[s u mo/ cle>ly :at has always be5 ! goal ( ! ,ukra9ian 8political idea40 ,9 ! ,zaporog organization1 absolute equality ( all citiz5s 9 all political & social rights prevail$ above all else4 ,all au?ority 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( all ! ,zaporogs1 & _! decisions 7 en=c$ by elective (fic]s :o 71 at ! same "t1 (fic]s ( ! army4 ,! lib]ty ( ! individual 0 v great1 b _h to yield to ! w ( ! :ole4 ,& :51 9 "t ( w>1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly delegat$ unlimit$ dictatorial p[] to ! highe/ (ficial1 ! ,hetman1 x gave him a degree ( au?ority ) :i* ! p[] ( any "o ( ! absolute rul]s ( ,europe at ! "t c\ld n be comp>$4 ,9 ! ari/ocratic /ate organization ( ,pol& !re 0 no room = su* a lawless democratic /ate z t ( ! ,zaporogs 0 9 ,poli% eyes4 ,! entire ,ukra9ian nation reg>d$ ! ,zaporog ,cossacks z _! natural def5d]s aga9/ ! t]rible ,tat> p]il1 & likewise z _! sole hope z oppos$ to ! oppression practic$ by ! ,poles4 ,an om9\s discont5t prevail$ ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 & aft] ! ,poles _h naturally tak5 sev]e measures1 a numb] ( ,cossack revolts occurr$ 9 rapid succession1 beg9n+ t[>d ! end ( ! #af? ,c5tury & fill+ ! fir/ half ( ! #ag?4 ,9 ^! revolts ! ,cossacks 7 support$ by ! oppress$ peasantry4 ,b ! ,poli% ,k+dom 0 r defici5t1 always1 z f> z its /&+ army 0 conc]n$1 & 0 oblig$ to appeal to ! ,ukra9ian ,cossack organization1 :i* x c\ld n possibly de/roy1 to aid 9 its w>s aga9/ ! ,turks1 ! ,russians & ! ,sw$es4 ,f9ally1 9 #afdh1 ! ,ukra9ian ,cossacks1 aid$ by ! entire p1 f ! ,dniep] to ! ,san1 rais$ ! /&>d ( rebellion1 & "u ! lead]%ip ( ,bohdan ,khmelnitsky1 succe$$ 9 annihilat+ ! ,poli% armies4 ,?us ! ,ukra9ian ,nation f\ght = & won its indep5d5ce aga9 aft] ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( a =eign yoke4 ,khmelnitsky1 aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,poles1 ext5d$ ! ,cossack organization beyond ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! ,zaporoze1 ov] ! entire huge area ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,surr\nd$ by enemies on all sides1 ! new /ate ne$$ calm & quiet to enable x to a*ieve ! necess>y int]nal organization4 ,mu* "t 0 ne$$ to organize ! new ord] completely 9 s enorm\s a c\ntry1 to br+ to a successful conclusion ! fight aga9/ ! ,poli% social-political ord]1 :i* _h prevail$ "h s long & 0 s diff]5t f ! ,ukra9ian4 ,x requir$ mu* "t to "w out new con/itutional =ms1 :i* 7 inevitable1 n[ t ! ,zaporog organization 0 ext5d$ ov] great areas4 ,khmelnitsky negotiat$ ) all ! surr\nd+ gov]nm5ts & peoples1 ) ! ,poles1 ! ,transylvanians1 ! ,sw$es1 ! ,turks1 & f9ally1 9 #afed1 conclud$ ! treaty ( ,p]eyaslav ) ,russia1 ) :i* !y 7 relat$ by ties ( religion4 ,?is treaty provid$ t ! ,ukra9e %\ld reta9 a complete autonomy1 z well z _! ,cossack organization1 ! latt] "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,cz>4 ,! ,hetman1 :o 0 to be elect$ by ! votes ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 0 ev5 to reta9 ! "r ( conduct+ an indep5d5t =eign policy4 ,b ,russia _h no m9d to respect ! treaty t b\nd x 9 dual alliance ) ! w>like ,ukra9ian nation4 ,! democratic =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,ukra9e 0 an abom9ation to ,russia1 j z x 0 to ari/ocratic ,pol&4 ,once ! ,cossack republic 0 "u ! control ( ,mosc[1 ! ,russian gov]nm5t felt t n a /one mu/ be left unturn$ to de/roy ?is dang]\s national organism4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! untimely dea? ( ,khmelnitsky 7#afeg71 & ! incompet5ce ( 8 imm$iate successors1 ,russia began h] political ma*9ations 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,cossack g5]als 7 inspir$ ) prejudice aga9/ ! ,hetman1 ! common ,cossacks aga9/ _! sup]ior (fic]s1 & ! common p aga9/ all :o 7 weal?y & 9 au?ority2 huge sums ( money 7 sp5t1 successfully1 & va/ tracts ( l& grant$ z fiefs2 & ,russia ?us fi%$ 9 tr\bl$ wat]s to v good advantage4 ,at e successive election ( a new ,hetman ! autonomy ( ! ,ukra9e 0 cut d[n1 & 9 ! ,peace ( ,&russovo 7#affg7 ) ,pol&1 ! c\ntry 0 p>tition$4 ,( ! two sections1 "o1 t ne>e/ to ,pol&1 :i* _h be5 dreadfully deva/at$ & depopulat$1 0 c$$ to t c\ntry1 & ?is section v soon lo/ its ,ukra9ian =m ( gov]nm5t & its ,cossack organization4 ,! section on ! o!r side1 ! left side1 ea/ ( ! ,dniep]1 "u its da%+ ,hetman1 ,mazeppa1 made an ef=t1 dur+ ! ,sc&9avian ,w>1 to ?r[ (f ! ,russian yoke4 ,mazeppa made an alliance ) ,*>les ,,xii ( ,sw$54 ,b ! ,battle ( ,poltava 7#agji7 buri$ all 8 hopes4 ,he _h to flee to ,turkey ) ,*>les ,,xii1 & ! ,ukra9ian rebellion 0 put d[n by ,pet] ! ,great ) ! mo/ frightful atrocities1 & f9ally ! gu>ante$ autonomy ( ! ,ukra9e 0 aboli%$4 ,to be sure1 ! title ( ,hetman 0 aga9 introduc$ aft] ! dea? ( ,pet] ! ,great1 b x _h only a wret*$ semblance ( life4 ,ev5 ?is %ad[ ( autonomy 0 de/roy$ 9 #agfd2 9 #agge ! la/ bulw>k ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! ,zaporog ,si*1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,russians ?ru trea*]y1 & 0 de/roy$ by !m4 ,! peasants became s]fs4 ,russia ?us succe$$1 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t a c5tury & a half1 9 completely wip+ out ! lat]1 second ,ukra9ian /ate4 ,! devi\s policy ,russia 0 simultane\sly c>ry+ on 9 ,pol&1 l$ also to ! latt]'s d[nfall4 ,9 ! successive p>titions ( ,pol& 7#aggb-agie71 ! entire "p ( t nation :i* 0 inhabit$ by ,ukra9ians1 ) ! exception ( ,ea/]n ,galicia & ! ,buk[9a1 :i* fell to ,au/ria1 became ! prop]ty ( ,russia4 ,b ,russia 0 n satisfi$ ) political dom9ation alone4 ,russia already und]/ood1 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 t ! ,ukra9ians diff]$ entirely f ! ,russians 9 language1 cu/oms & views ( life4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 inaugurat$ a policy ( rigid repression ( all ^! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,z e>ly z #afhj x prohibit$ any use ( ! ,ukra9ian language 9 ecclesia/ical lit]ature4 ,9 #agbj1 ! pr9t+ ( any ,ukra9ian books at all 0 =bidd54 ,all ,ukra9ian s*ools 7 clos$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ah? ,c5tury !re 71 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*]nihov1 #hff s*ools t _h be5 f\nd$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ,ukra9ian autonomy2 sixty ye>s lat] n "o ( ^! 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! attempt to introduce ! ,russian language1 :i* none ( !m und]/&s1 is ! cause ( ! ov]:elm+ p]c5tage ( analphabets among ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! ,ukra9ian or?odox *ur*1 :i* enjoy$ absolute autonomy1 ) a sort ( loose subord9ation to ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 made subject to ! ,patri>* ( ,mosc[ 7lat] to ! ,holy ,synod7 & became completely ,russifi$4 ,! ,greek-,unit$ fai?1 :i* _h _m adh]5ts 9 ! ,we/]n ,ukra9e1 0 completely suppress$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 & all :o confess$ x 7 oblig$1 by ! mo/ t]rible p]secutions1 to 8return to ! or?odox belief40 ,! ,ukra9ian p became completely e/rang$ f _! =m] national *ur*1 :i* n[ is a tool wield$ = purposes ( ,russification4 ,! bloody w>s = indep5d5ce :i* ! ,ukra9ian nation wag$ aga9/ ,pol& & ,russia consequ5tly br\ght no realization ( its political ideals ( lib]ty1 equality1 & a con/itutional1 democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,in/ead came a t]rible political1 social & national oppression1 :i* ?reat5$ to br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( ! tortur$ nation4 ,b ! ,russification ( ! ,ukra9e seem$ to be mak+ v little headway4 ,to be sure1 _m educat$ ,ukra9ians1 = ! sake ( p]sonal advantage or = o!r consid]ations1 did r5\nce _! nationality1 & "s 9 fact1 l ,gogol1 became great lights ( ,russian ,lit]ature4 ,yet !re always rema9$ ! feel+ ( national indep5d5ce1 toge!r ) a liv+ hi/orical tradition1 :i* cont9u$ to groan despite all ob/acles4 ,! rise ( ,ukra9ian ,lit]ature did mo/ to aid ?is great movem5t4 ,! idea ( work+ = national indep5d5ce 0 reviv$ fir/ 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 & f\nd its logical />t+ po9t 9 ! tradition ( ! "o-"t autonomy ( ! c\ntry4 ,z e>ly z ! =ties ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ! national ideology ( ! mod]n ,ukra9ian movem5t 0 complete 9 all ess5tial respects4 ,x !n made its way v rapidly to ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e1 & ,galicia1 p>ticul>ly1 soon became a national ,pi$mont to ! ,ukra9ian p1 :o 7 s ru?lessly oppress$ 9 ,russia4 ,! pres5t-day political ef=ts ( ! ,ukra9ian nation are a direct cont9uation ( ! =m] ef=ts1 & a logical result ( ! hi/orical tradition ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ideal ( ^! ef=ts 01 & is1 lib]ty & equality & ! p>ticipation ( all 9 gov]nm5t & legislation4 ,n until ! pres5t "t has ?is ideal ceas$ to be an ana*ronism2 only ! pres5t has op5$ to ! ,ukra9ian nation a field ( political activity2 only 9 ! pres5t h ^! =ms ( political life1 :i* ! ,ukra9ian nation /rove =1 )\t success1 s _m c5turies1 become ! common possession ( ! entire civiliz$ _w4 ,h5ce1 we may look ) confid5ce t[>d ! future4 ,n[1 at la/1 ! times h come 9 :i* ! ,ukra9ian nation may freely develop its political life2 ! times 9 :i* ! political ideals :i* h be5 sacr$ to ?is nation = c5turies1 h become ! common goal ( civiliz$ humanity4 ,! idea ( ! revival ( ! ,ukra9ian /ate develop$ gradually f a movem5t ) mode/ aims to "o ( l>g] aims4 ,x 0 g5]ally recogniz$ t ! free developm5t ( ! ,ukra9ian ,nation c\ld take place only outside ( ,russia4 ,h5ce1 9 ! #bj? ,c5tury1 an indep5d5t democratic ,ukra9e1 enclos$ 9 its e?nographic b\nd>ies1 became ! highe/ national ideal4 ,t[>d ?is goal all political p>ties ( ! ,ukra9e are /riv+ today4 ,! pa? lead+ to ?is goal is ! fight = ! autonomy ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory 9 ! frame ( ! /ates dom9at+ x4 ,9 ,russia1 ! ef=ts ( ! ,ukra9ians are almo/ hopeless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ukra9ians place mu* hope 9 ,au/ria1 :o has af=d$ h] ,ukra9ians opportunities = political & cultural developm5t4 ,! hi/orico-political traditions ( ! ,ukra9ians are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! nations adjac5t to !m4 ,! ,poli% tradition is a tradition ( a "o-"t great k+dom1 :i* 0 probably built up ^u a local con/itution simil> to t ( ! olde/ ,ukra9ian ,/ate4 ,b fate p]mitt$ ,pol& to live ?ru ! sorr[ful p]iod ( p>titions & civil w>s1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! old ,k+dom ( ,kiev 0 de/roy$ by ! ,mongols4 ,pol& consolidat$ into a /rong unit$ k+dom1 we/]n influ5ces de/roy$ ! old local con/itution entirely1 ! common p became s]fs1 & ! classes ( ! ari/ocracy1 nobility & b\rgeoisie 7 =m$4 ,?ru w>s1 & p>ticul>ly ?ru its union ) ,li?uania1 ,pol& increas$ consid]ably 9 size1 = a "t includ+ almo/ ! entire bridge ( l& betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,seas1 &1 9 ! #ae? ,c5tury1 became ! mo/ p[]ful /ate ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,at t "t ! ,poles became ! dom9ant race ov] ! ,li?uanians1 ,:ite ,russians1 & ,ukra9ians4 ,! entire ideology ( ! dom9ant ca/e became a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,poles4 ,9 ?is v prop]ty ( a rul+ p lies ! basis ( ! ari/ocratic nature ( ! hi/orico-political tradition ( ! ,poles4 ,?is ari/ocratic quality has a m important f\ndation 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,poli% society4 ,! middle class 9 ,pol& decl9$ v rapidly1 & ! nobility & ! magnates dom9at$ ! entire political1 social & intellectual life ( ! c\ntry1 s t ,poli% society1 9 ! la/ c5turies ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,poli% k+dom1 0 purely ari/ocratic1 & 0 support$ on ! backs ( ! completely subm]g$ peasant & middle classes4 ,ev5 ?o1 9 ! patrician republic1 :5 ! p[] ( ! k+s 0 extremely limit$1 mobocracy or ev5 an>*y v (t5 prevail$1 ^! =ms also 7 ari/ocratic4 ,?is ari/ocratic tradition is responsible = ! fact t democratic curr5ts /ill f9d little enc\ragem5t among ! ,poles4 ,ev5 ! social democrats are obsess$ ) ! ,great-,poli% /ate-idea4 ,f ^! facts1 we p]ceive t ! hi/orico-political traditions ( ! ,poles are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,j z great is ! diff]5ce 9 _! pres5t aspirations4 ,! ,poles1 ) an endurance t is wor?y ( admiration1 & awak5s univ]sal sympa?y1 are /riv+ = ! reorganization ( _! indep5d5t /ate4 ,b n ) e?nographic b\nd>ies l ! ,ukra9ians1 b ) anci5t hi/orical b\nd>ies f ! ,baltic to ! ,dniep] & ! ,black ,sea4 ,to atta9 ?is goal1 ! ,poles are try+1 above all1 to h9d] ! adjac5t peoples1 ! ,li?uanians1 ,:ite ,russians & ,ukra9ians1 9 _! national progress1 &1 :5ev] possible1 to assimilate !m4 ,^! ef=ts are responsible = ! v %>p conflicts ( ! pres5t day betwe5 ! "o-"t rul]s & _! "o-"t subjects4 ,! ,russian hi/orico-political traditions are q z diff]5t f & z oppos$ to ^? ( ! ,ukra9ians z ! ,poli%1 b 9 ano!r direction4 ,! ,muscovite ,/ate 0 creat$ out ( ! petty pr9cipalities :i* ! anci5t ,kiev dyna/y _h f\nd$ among ! ,ea/]n ,slavic races & ! ,f9ni% tribes ( ! nor?4 ,f ! bl5d+ ( ! ,slavs & ! ,f9ns came ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,russian or ,great ,russian 7,muscovite7 ,nation4 ,! "n 8,russian0 0 d]iv$ f ! "n ( ! dyna/y4 ,b ! /ate 0 9 reality simply ,muscovite1 = ! ,muscovite p gave ?is /ate a sub/ance :i* 0 entirely diff]5t f ! sub/ance ( ! old ,k+dom ( ,kiev4 ,z e>ly z ! #ab? ,c5tury we obs]ve ! ,muscovite p /riv+ = c5tralization & absolute p[] = ! pr9ces 9 _! /ate4 ,x 0 to ! advantage ( ! pr9ce to und]m9e ! influ5ce ( ! ,boy> nobility & ! cl]gy1 & to atta9 absolute or ev5 despotic p[] 9 ! /ate4 ,n equal rights & lib]ty = all citiz5s z ) ! ,ukra9ians1 or = c]ta9 classes z ) ! ,poles1 b ! despotic au?ority ( ! ,great ,pr9ce 7lat] ,cz>71 is ! basis ( ! hi/orico-political tradition ( ! ,russian p4 ,! absolute p[] ( ! rul]1 t ev]la/+ bugbe> ( ! ,poles & ,ukra9ians1 becomes a sacr$ object to ! ,russian nation1 & makes x possible = !m to e/abli% a ,russian ,empire :i* dev\rs ,pol& & ! ,ukra9e4 ,= a comp>ison ( ! ?ree adjac5t /ates1 ! second half ( ! #af? ,c5tury af=ds ! be/ illu/ration4 ,at ! same "t t ! radical-democratic ,cossack republic orig9at$ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 & ,pol& 0 a p>adise ( gold5 fre$om = ! ari/ocrats & ! nobility1 ) a p[]less k+%ip & a suppress$ p1 we witness 9 ,russia ! bloody orgies ( ! despotism ( ,ivan ! ,t]rible4 ,! hi/orico-political tradition ( ! ,russian p places ! ,cz> only slightly bel[ ,god4 ,! entire p1 )\t class di/9ction1 are slaves 7kholopi7 ( ! ,cz>1 8 prop]ty4 ,! individual c\nts = no?+2 ev]y?+ mu/ be sacrific$ to ! g5]al good1 :i* is embodi$ 9 ! ,cz>4 ,! re=ms ( ,pet] ! ,great1 al?o !y gave ,russia ! ext]nal appe>ance ( a civiliz$ /ate1 _h no significance = ! hi/orico-political tradition ( ,russia4 ,at mo/1 !y ev5 /r5g!n$ ! pre/ige ( ! absolute rule ( ! ,cz>1 ?ru argum5ts repeat$ aft] ! ,we/]n ,european absolutism4 ,ev5 ! ,russian revolution ( #aije c\ld n weak5 ?is hi/orico-political tradition4 ,at be/ ! revolution und]m9$ its significance 9 "s sph]es ( ! ,russian intellig5zia 7num]ically small74 ,&1 ev5 9 ^! sph]es1 x meant only ! modification ( ! au?ority = :i* ! ,russian national _s reta9s an immutable respect4 ,! pres5t-day aspirations ( ! ,russian ,nation are h>dly def9ite 9 _! outl9es4 ,nev]!less1 x c already be cle>ly se5 t !y w foll[ ! beat5 pa? ( ! c5tury-old tradition4 ,! greate/ possible expansion & /r5g!n+ ( ! ,empire & ! assimilation ( all =eign peoples 7includ+ ! ,ukra9ians too71 w con/itute ! ma9 sub/ance ( ^! aspirations4 ,! ,muscovite _w has always be5 extremely intol]ant ( div]g5cies 9 fai?1 language & cu/oms4 ,?is intol]ance has always exi/$1 & always w exi/1 ev5 ?o x may sometimes conceal itself beh9d a v clev]ly adju/$ mantle ( commonplaces4 ,,ukra9ian ,,culture ,:5 we speak ( culture z a di/+ui%+ m>k ( a specific nation1 we mean1 ( c\rse1 n culture 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 b ^? well-kn[n cultural peculi>ities :i* *>act]ise e ,european nation4 ,! ,ukra9e lies :olly )9 ! conf9es ( ! great] ,european cultural community4 ,b its di/ance f ! great culture-c5t]s ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe has1 ( c\rse1 n be5 )\t pr(\nd effect4 ,! ,ukra9e is at a l[ /age ( culture1 & mu/ be measur$ by ,ea/]n ,european /&>ds4 ,! ,ukra9e1 :i* 9 ! #aa? ,c5tury caus$ great a/oni%m5t among travel]s f ,we/]n ,europe1 because ( its comp>atively high culture1 c n[ be c\nt$ only z "o ( ! semi-cultural c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! v l[ /age ( mat]ial culture1 to :i* ! economic conditions ( ! c\ntry be> ! be/ witness1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ukra9e 9 its entire ext5t4 ,! intellectual culture ( ! p appe>s frightfully l[4 ,! numb] :o "k h[ to read are #agb out ( a ?\s& 9 ,volhynia1 #aee 9 ,podolia1 #aha 9 ,kiev1 #bei 9 ,kh]son1 #ahd 9 ,*]nihiv1 #afi 9 ,poltava1 #afh 9 ,kh>kiv1 #bae 9 ,kat]9oslav1 #bgi 9 ,tauria1 & #afh 9 ,kuban4 ,^! hopeless figures1 to be sure1 are only a result ( ! exclusive use ( ! ,russian language1 :i* is un9telligible to ! ,ukra9ians1 9 all ! s*ools4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ s*ool-ye>1 x is n p]mitt$ to expla9 ! mo/ un9telligible words ( ! =eign language 9 ,ukra9ian4 ,?is frightfully l[ grade ( education ( ! p p]mits ( no progress 9 ! economic life ( ! c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! mo/ well-mean+ ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t or ! ,zem/vo1 break on ! braz5 wall ( illit]acy & ignorance ( ! ,russian language4 ,& ,ukra9ian books ( in/ruction & in=mation are =bidd5 z dang]\s to ! /ate4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! ,ukra9ian f>m] tills 8 field1 raises 8 cattle1 c>ries on 8 home indu/ries1 cures 8 ills1 etc41 j z 8 =efa!rs us$ to d4 ,!re is a small numb] ( ! educat$ :o are /ill cultivat+ lit]ature & art1 feebly en\gh = ! size ( ! nation--b h[ c\ld "o speak ( a di/9ct1 indep5d5t culture "h8 ,& yet x exi/s4 ,= ! l[ /age ( culture :i* e =eign t\ri/1 :o only kn[s ! railroads & cities1 imm$iately notices1 applies only to ! culture creat$ 9 ! ,ukra9e by ! rul+ =eign peoples1 toge!r ) ! small mass ( ,ukra9ian intellig5zia4 7,! intellectual culture ( ! ,ukra9ian educat$ classes w be discuss$ lat]74 ,9 ! same way1 e ha/y obs]v] w\ld consid] ! ,ukra9ian peasant z a semi-,european1 /&+ on a v l[ level ( culture4 ,& yet ?is illit]ate peasant possesses an individual popul> culture1 f> exce$+ ! popul> cultures ( ! ,poles1 ,russians & ,:ite ,russians4 ,! settlem5ts1 build+s1 co/umes1 ! n\ri%m5t & mode ( life ( ! ,ukra9ian peasant /& mu* high] ?an ^? ( ! ,russian1 ,:ite ,russian & ,poli% peasant4 ,h5ce1 ! ,ukra9ian peasant easily & completely assimilates all peasant settl]s 9 8 own l&4 ,! ri* e?nological life1 ! unwritt5 popul> lit]ature & popul> music :i*1 p]haps1 h no c\nt]p>t 9 ,europe1 ! highly develop$ popul> art & /&>d ( liv+1 pres]ve ! ,ukra9ian peasant f d5ationalization1 ev5 9 8 mo/ di/ant colonies4 ,! p[] ( opposition to ,russification is p>ticul>ly great4 ,! ,ukra9ian peasant nev] ent]s into mix$ m>riages ) ! ,russian muzhik1 & h>dly ev] lives 9 ! same village ) him4 ,! e?nological culture ( ! ,ukra9ian p is1 by all means1 orig9al & peculi>2 entirely diff]5t f ! popul> cultures ( all ! neighbor+ peoples4 ,ev5 9 prehi/oric times1 ,ukra9ian t]ritory 0 ! seat ( a v high culture1 ! rema9s ( :i*1 n[ br\ght to light1 a/oni% ! inve/igator ?ru _! l(t9ess & beauty4 ,9 anci5t times ! e>ly ,greek cultural influ5ces fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 !n ! ,roman1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,byzant9e4 ,byzant9e culture _h a great influ5ce ^u anci5t ,ukra9ian culture1 & its traces may /ill be se5 9 ! popul> co/ume & 9 ornam5tation4 ,! mo/ important elem5t 9 ,ukra9ian culture1 h[ev]1 is entirely peculi>1 & indep5d5t ( ^! influ5ces4 ,! entire view ( life ( ! common man1 to ?is day1 has its roots 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian culture ( ! anci5t ,ukra9e4 ,! entire creative faculty ( ! _s ( ! nation has its s\rce !re2 all ! cu/oms & mann]s & v _m ( ! songs & say+s4 ,*ri/ianity did n de/roy ! old view ( life 9 ! ,ukra9e1 b 0 adapt$ to x4 ,?is accommodation 0 all ! easi]1 because ! "* ( ! anci5t fai? & philosophy ( life ( ! ,ukra9ian p 7 n s gloomy & cruel z 0 ! case ) _m ( ! o!r peoples ( ,europe4 ,outside ( ! prehi/oric1 ,byzant9e & ,*ri/ian body ( culture1 we obs]ve extremely few =eign influ5ces 9 ! popul> culture ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,x is highly indep5d5t & individualiz$4 ,! ,poli% & ,muscovite influ5ces are v insignificant1 & appe> only "h & !re 9 ! bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,x w\ld require ! giv+ ( a detail$ e?nological description ( ! ,ukra9ian p if we wi%$ to draw a complete picture ( its peculi> culture4 ,su* a description has no place 9 geography1 & c]ta9ly none 9 a book ( su* g5]al nature z ?is4 ,!re=e1 ,i %all discuss b briefly ! v>i\s phases ( ! popul> culture ( ! ,ukra9e1 s t 9 ?is respect1 too1 ! indep5d5t position ( ! ,ukra9ians among ! peoples ( ,ea/]n ,europe may appe> 9 ! prop] light4 ,! ,ukra9ian villages 7) ! exception ( ! m\nta9 villages1 :i* consi/ ( a long irregul> l9e ( f>ms7 are always built picturesquely1 9 pretty places4 ,! huts ( a typical ,ukra9ian village are always surr\nd$ by or*>ds1 :i* is h>dly ev] ! case among ! ,russians & ,:ite ,russians1 & v r>ely s among ! ,poles4 ,^! neighbors ( ! ,ukra9ians plant or*>ds only 9 ! few regions :]e pr(essional fruit-gr[+ has develop$4 ,9 a ,ukra9ian village1 ! gre5 ( ! or*>ds is consid]$ absolutely necess>y4 ,! ,russian w n endure trees 9 ! neighborhood ( 8 hut2 !y ob/ruct 8 view4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e an or*>d is an indisp5sable con/itu5t "p ( ev5 ! poore/ peasant home/ead4 ,& ! sep>ate f>ms1 9 :i* v mu* ( ! _s ( ! glori\s national pa/ /ill lives1 are hidd5 9 ! fre% gre5 ( fruit or*>ds & api>ies4 ,! ,ukra9ian h\se is built ( wood only 9 ! m\nta9s & o!r wood$ areas4 ,9 all o!r regions x is made ( clay & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,! front w9d[s are always built fac+ ! s\?4 ,9 ?is way1 diff]5t sides ( ! h\ses face ! /reet1 & 9 g5]al1 too1 /reet life does n play s important a "p 9 a ,ukra9ian village z x does 9 ,poli%1 ,:ite ,russian or ,russian villages4 ,! ,ukra9ian h\ses are always well f5c$ 91 al?o n s /rongly & s high z ! ,russian h\ses 9 ! =e/ zone1 or z ! ,:ite ,russian h\ses4 ,!y usually /& 7except 9 ,we/]n ,podolia7 r f> ap>t4 ,?us1 ! dang] ( fire is less ?an 9 ! ,russian villages ( ! ,*ornozyom region1 :]e ! huts lie v close toge!r4 ,z a result1 ! insurance companies1 = in/ance1 *>ge small] premiums 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kursk & ,voroniz = insur+ ,ukra9ian village prop]ties ?an = ,russian4 ,! g5]al ext]nal appe>ance ( ! ,ukra9ian huts1 :i* are always well :itewa%$ & h fl[] g>d5s be=e ! w9d[s1 is v picturesque1 & contra/s to advantage ) ! dwell+s ( ! neighbor+ races1 especially ! mis]able & dirty ,russian 8izbas40 ,all ! h\ses ( ! ,ukra9ians1 except+1 ( c\rse1 ! poore/ huts1 are divid$ by a ve/ibule into two p>ts4 ,! division into two we d n f9d 9 ! typical huts ( ! ,poles & ,:ite ,russians4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic 9 :i* ! ,ukra9ian h\se diff]s f ! h\ses ( ! neighbor+ peoples1 is its comp>ative cleanl9ess4 ,p>ticul>ly does x diff] 9 ?is respect f ! ,russian izbas1 :i* are regul>ly full ( v>i\s insects & p>asites1 :]e %eep & pigs1 &1 9 w9t]1 ev5 ! l>ge cattle1 live com=tably toge!r ) ! human inhabitants4 ,! well-kn[n au?ority on ! ,russian village1 ,novikov1 relates a v *>act]i/ic little /ory 9 ?is connection4 ,sev]al ,russian families settl$ 9 a ,ukra9ian village4 ,naturally1 cattle 7 kept 9 ! liv+ room4 ,& :5 ! ,ukra9ian village eld]s expressly =bade ! keep+ ( cattle 9 ! huts1 ! ,russians mov$ out1 because !y c\ld n become accu/om$ to ! ,ukra9ian ord]l9ess4 ,x happ5s v seldom t ! ,russians live toge!r ) ! ,ukra9ians 9 "o & ! same village4 ,9 su* a case1 ! ,russian "p ( ! village lies sep>ate1 on ! o!r side ( a rav9e1 a creek1 or a rivulet4 ,9 ! regions ( mix$ nationality we see1 adjo9+ "o ano!r1 purely ,ukra9ian & purely ,russian villages4 ,! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! h\ses & ! arrangem5t ( ! b>ny>d diff]5tiate ! ,ukra9ian v %>ply f 8 neighbor4 ,/ill m decid$ly does he %[ 8 individuality 9 8 dress4 ,! mode ( dress is q v>i$ ?ru\t ! great area ( ! ,ukra9e1 & yet we obs]ve ev]y:]e a di/9ctness ( type & individuality z oppos$ to ! dress ( neighbor+ peoples4 ,only ! dress ( ! ,polissye p be>s "s trace ( ,:ite ,russian influ5ce1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,poli% influ5ce1 9 ,kuban ( ,caucasian influ5ce 7,russian influ5ce appe>s n[h]e74 ,b all ^! influ5ces are slight4 ,ukra9ian dress is always orig9al & e/hetic4 ,no "o c wond]1 !re=e1 t ! ,ukra9ian co/ume is surviv+ long] ?an ! ,poli%1 ,:ite ,russian & ,russian1 & is giv+ way v sl[ly to ! co/ume ( ! cities4 ,! description ( ev5 ! ma9 types ( ,ukra9ian co/ume w\ld take u too f> afield2 simil>ly1 we _c discuss ! diet ( ! p 9 detail1 al?o 9 ?is respect1 too1 ! ,ukra9ian race reta9s its def9ite individuality1 ^? cases except$1 ( c\rse1 9 :i* economic /ra9 =ces ! p to be satisfi$ ) 8int]national0 potatoes & bread4 ,we n[ come to ! intellectual culture ( ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,if ! mat]ial culture ( ! ,ukra9ians1 despite its orig9ality & indep5d5ce is n at a /rik+ly high] level ?an t ( ! neighbor+ peoples1 ! intellectual culture ( ! ,ukra9ian p c]ta9ly f> out/rips all ! o!rs4 ,! ,ukra9ian peasant is di/+ui%$1 above all1 by 8 e>ne/ & s$ate appe>ance4 ,beside ! lively ,pole & ! active ,russian1 ! ,ukra9ian seems sl[1 ev5 lazy4 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is 9 "p only sup]ficial1 comes f ! g5]al view ( life ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ! ,ukra9ian1 life is n m]ely a t]rible /ruggle = exi/5ce1 oppos+ man to h>d necessity at e turn2 life1 9 itself1 is ! object ( contemplation1 life af=ds possibilities = pleasure & feel+1 life is beautiful1 & its e/hetic aspect mu/1 at all times & 9 all places1 be highly respect$4 ,we f9d a simil> view among ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,9 ! pres5t "t1 ?is view is v unpractical = nations ) wide sph]es ( activity4 ,at all ev5ts ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ukra9ian p is ! sign ( an old1 l(ty1 individual culture1 & "h1 too1 is ! orig9 ( ! not$ 8ari/ocratic democracy0 ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,o!r f\ndations ( ! individuality ( ! ,ukra9ian are ! results ( ! gloomy hi/orical pa/ ( ! nation4 ,x is ! orig91 fir/ ( all1 ( ! g5]ally melan*oly individuality1 taciturnity1 suspicion1 scepticism1 & ev5 a c]ta9 indiff]5ce to daily life4 ,! ultimate f\ndations ( ! individualism ( ! ,ukra9ian are d]iv$ f 8 hi/orico-political traditions2 pref]5ce = extreme individualism1 lib]ty1 equality & popul> gov]nm5t4 ,proce$+ f ^! fundam5tals1 all ! typical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ukra9ians may be logically expla9$ ) ease4 ,! family relations reflect ! peculi>ity ( ! ,ukra9ian p v cle>ly4 ,! comp>atively high anci5t culture1 c\pl$ ) individualism & a love ( lib]ty1 does n p]mit ! developm5t ( absolute p[] 9 ! head ( ! family 7z is ! case among ! ,poles & ,russians74 ,likewise ! position ( woman is mu* high] 9 ! ,ukra9ian p ?an 9 ! ,poli% or ,russian4 ,9 innum]able cases ! woman is ! real head ( ! h\sehold4 ,f> less (t5 does ?is /ate ( affairs occur among ! ,poles1 & only by exception among ! ,russians4 ,a daught] is nev] m>ri$ (f aga9/ h] w among ! ,ukra9ians2 %e has human rights 9 ! matt]4 ,among ! ,russians1 ?is bus9ess is 9 ! h&s ( ! fa!r1 :o takes ! s-call$ kladka = 8 daught]1 t is1 he sells h] to :omev] he pleases4 ,gr[n sons among ! ,ukra9ians1 z soon z !y are m>ri$1 are pres5t$ by _! fa!rs ) a h\se & an indep5d5t f>m4 ,! dwell+ "u "o ro( ( a composite family 7a family clan71 z is usual among ! ,russians1 is almo/ impossible among ! ,ukra9ians1 & is ( exce$+ly r>e occurr5ce4 ,! fa!r has no absolute p[] 9 ?is case 7z among ! ,russians7 to prev5t discord 9 ! family4 ,x is "p ( ! peculi>ity ( ! ,ukra9ians t !y seldom =m fri5d%ips1 b ^! are all ! m la/+1 al?o res]v$ & r>ely intimate4 ,! ,russians make fri5ds among "o ano!r v easily1 b !y sep>ate v easily1 too1 & become viol5t enemies4 ,! ,poles =m close fri5d%ips easily & are true fri5ds1 too4 ,enmity is t]rible among ! ,russians2 among ! ,poles & ,ukra9ians x is less bitt]1 & is1 moreov]1 less la/+4 ,! capacity = association is v consid]able 9 ! ,ukra9ians4 ,all su* association is bas$ on complete equality 9 ! division ( labor & pr(it4 ,a =eman is elect$ & 8 ord]s are obey$1 b he receives an equal %>e ( ! pr(its & works toge!r ) ! re/4 ,among ! ,russians1 ! bol%ak selects 8 workm5 himself1 does n "w1 & is simply an ov]se]4 ,/ill he receives ! greate/ "p ( ! pr(its1 ,among ! ,poles ! capacity = association is b slightly develop$4 ,at ?is juncture we may also discuss ! relation ( ! ,ukra9ians to _! communities4 ,! ,ukra9ian community 7hromada7 is a volunt>y union ( freem5 = ! sake ( common safety & ! g5]al good4 ,beyond ?is purpose ! ,ukra9ian hromada possesses no p[]1 = x might limit ! individual desires ( "s "o ( ! hromada memb]s4 ,= ?is reason1 = example1 common own]%ip ( l& :i* has be5 introduc$1 foll[+ ! ,russian model1 *iefly 9 ! left half ( ! ,ukra9e1 is an abom9ation 9 ! eyes ( ! ,ukra9ian p1 & is ru9+ !m1 economically1 to a mu* great] ext5t ?an ! division ( ! l& 9 ! case ( individual own]%ip4 ,! ,russian 8mir0 is some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,x is a m9iature absolute /ate1 al?o x appe>s 9 ! g>b ( a communi/ic republic4 ,! mir is completely a "p ( ! ,russian national _s1 & ! ,russian muzhik obeys ! w ( ! mir unque/ion+ly1 al?o its w enslaves 8 own4 ,! g5]al relation to o!r p has become a matt] ( fix$ =m to ! ,ukra9ians2 a =m develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,! anci5t culture & ! individuali/ic cult h produc$ social =ms among ! ,ukra9ian peasantry :i* sometimes rem9d "o ( anci5t c\rt-=ms4 ,! proximity & influ5ce ( cities & o!r c5t]s ( 8culture0 h1 to a great ext5t1 spoil$ ?is peasant c]emonial4 ,b 9 c]ta9 l>ge areas ( ! ,ukra9e x may /ill be obs]v$ 9 its full developm5t4 ,great delicacy1 c\rtesy & att5tion to o!rs1 c\pl$ ) unselfi% hospitality1 ^! are ! g5]al sub/ance ( ! social =ms ( our peasants4 ,^! social =ms are entirely diff]5t f ! r\gh mann]s ( ! ,poli% or ,muscovite peasants1 :i*1 9 addition1 h be5 spoil$ by ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ! cities4 ,! relation ( ! ,ukra9ian p to religion is also orig9al & entirely diff]5t f t ( all ! adjac5t nations4 ,to ! ,ukra9ian1 ! ess5ce ( 8 fai?1 its e?ical sub/ance1 is ! important factor4 ,?is he feels deeply & respects 9 himself & o!rs4 ,dogmas & rites are less significant 9 ! ,ukra9ian's conception ( religion4 ,h5ce1 despite diff]5ces 9 fai?1 n ! slighte/ di%>mony exi/s betwe5 ! great mass ( ! or?odox ,ukra9ians ( ,russia & ! ,buk[9a1 & ! #d1jjj1jjj ,greek-,ca?olic ,ukra9ians ( ,galicia & ,hung>y4 ,f ! anci5t culture & consid]ation ( ! individual comes1 also1 ! great tol]ance ( ! ,ukra9ians t[>d o!r religions1 a tol]ance :i* we d n f9d among ! ,poles & ,russians4 ,! _s ( ! ,ukra9ians has1 likewise1 be5 v indiff]5t t[>d all sects & roskols4 ,among ! ,poles1 sects fl\ri%$ v luxuriantly 9 ! #af? ,c5tury2 among ! ,russians1 !re are to ?is day any numb] ( sects1 (t5 v curi\s ones1 & m are con/antly aris+4 ,among ! ,ukra9ians1 a s+le sect has be5 =m$1 ! s-call$ /unda 7a sort ( ,bapti/ cre$74 ,?is sect is n ! result ( rite =malism1 h[ev]1 b m]ely an effect ( ! ,russification ( ! ,ukra9ian national *ur*4 ,9 ord] to be able to pray to ,god 9 _! "m-tongue1 m ?an a million ( ! ,ukra9ian peasantry is p]sev]+ 9 ?is fai?1 :i* came ov] f adjac5t ,g]man colonies1 despite h>% p]secution on ! "p ( ! ,russian cl]gy & gov]nm5t4 ,! wor? ( ,ukra9ian culture appe>s1 9 its mo/ beautiful & its highe/ =m1 9 ! unwritt5 lit]ature ( ! p4 ,! philosophical feel+ ( ! ,ukra9ian p f9ds expression 9 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( pregnant prov]bs & p>ables1 ! l ( :i* we d n f9d ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ nations ( ,europe4 ,!y reflect ! great s\l ( ! ,ukra9ian p & its worldly wisdom4 ,b ! national g5ius ( ! ,ukra9ians has ris5 to ! greate/ height 9 _! popul> poetry4 ,nei!r ! ,russian nor ! ,poli% popul> poetry c be> comp>ison ) ! ,ukra9ian4 ,beg9n+ ) ! hi/orical epics 7dumy7 & ! extremely anci5t & yet liv+ songs ( wor%ip1 z = example1 ,*ri/mas songs 7kolady71 ,new ,ye>s' songs 7%*$rivki71 spr+ songs 7vessilni71 h>ve/ songs 7obz9kovi71 d[n to ! little songs = p>ticul> occasions 7e4g4 %umki1 koza*ki1 kolomiyki71 we f9d 9 all ! productions ( ,ukra9ian popul> epic & lyric poetry1 a ri* cont5t & a great p]fection ( =m4 ,9 all ( x ! sympa?y = nature1 spiritualization ( nature1 & a lively compreh5sion ( h] moods1 is sup]b2 9 all ( x we f9d a fanta/ic b w>m dream9ess2 9 all ( x we f9d ! glorification ( ! l(tie/ & pure/ feel+s ( ! human s\l4 ,a gl[+ love ( c\ntry reveals itself to u ev]y:]e1 b p>ticul>ly 9 innum]able ,cossack songs1 a he>tr5d+ long+ = a glori\s pa/1 a glorification1 al?o n )\t criticism1 ( _! h]oes4 ,9 _! love-songs we f9d n a trace ( sexuality2 n ! physical1 b ! spiritual beauty ( woman is glorifi$ above all4 ,ev5 9 je/+ songs1 & fur!r1 ev5 9 ribald songs1 !re is a great deal ( anacreontic grace4 ,&1 at ! same "t1 :at beauty ( diction1 :at wond]ful agreem5t ( cont5t & =m6 ,no "o w\ld believe t ?is neglect$1 & = s _m c5turies1 suppress$ & torm5t$ p c\ld scatt] s _m pe>ls ( true poetic inspiration ?ru its unhappy l&4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! poetical creative _s enables u1 j z d ! o!r elem5ts ( culture1 to recognize ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ukra9ian & ! ,russian p4 ,! ,russian folk songs are small] 9 numb] & v>iety1 =m & cont5t4 ,sympa!tic appreciation ( nature is scant4 ,! imag9ation ei!r rises to sup]natural heights or s9ks to m]e trifl+4 ,crim9al mon/rosities & ! _s ( de/ruction are glorifi$ z objects ( national wor%ip4 ,! conception ( love is s5sual1 ! je/+ & ribald songs disgu/+4 ,l _! popul> poetry1 ! popul> music ( ! ,ukra9ians f> surpasses ! popul> music ( ! neighbor+ peoples1 & diff]s f !m v noticeably4 ,poli% popul> music is j z poor z ,poli% popul> poetry1 & almo/ ?ru\t possesses a *e]ful major "*4 ,russian popul> music has _m m9or elem5ts 9 addition to ! major elem5ts4 ,b ! ,russian popul> melodies are q diff]5t f ! ,ukra9ian4 ,!y are ei!r boi/]\sly joy\s or hopelessly sad4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( ! melodies are s great t "o ne$ n be a speciali/ to be able to tell at once :e!r a melody is ,ukra9ian or ,russian4 ,popul> art1 9 our p1 is entirely orig9al & mu* m highly advanc$ ?an 9 ! neighbor+ peoples4 ,! rema9s ( ! anci5t popul> pa9t+ are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! left half ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,wood c>v+ has develop$ to a highly arti/ic =m among ! ,hutzuls 7!re are ! well-kn[n peasant-arti/s ,%kriblak1 ,meh$9yuk1 & o!rs74 ,! *ief field ( ,ukra9ian popul> art1 h[ev]1 is decoration4 ,two fundam5tal types are us$2 a geometric patt]n ) ! cross+ ( /raight & brok5 l9es1 & a natural patt]n1 :i* is modell$ aft] p>ts ( plants 7z leaves1 fl[]s1 etc474 ,9 ! embroid]ies1 clo?s & glass bead-"w1 we f9d su* an e/hetic play ( colors1 t ev5 ?o ea* individual color is gl>+1 ! :ole has a v picturesque & h>moni\s effect4 ,! decorative art ( ! ,russians is mu* l[]4 ,x is bas$ on animal motifs or entire objects1 e4g41 :ole plants1 h\ses1 etc41 & ev9ces an outspok5 pref]5ce = gl>+ colors1 :i* are s comb9$1 h[ev]1 z to %ock ! eye4 ,among ! ,poles1 ! art ( ornam5tation is v slightly develop$4 ,z = colors1 !y pref] ! gaudy1 n _m at a "t2 usually1 blue is comb9$ ) bright r$4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess1 we mu/ /ill say some?+ ab\t ,ukra9ian mann]s & cu/oms4 ,9 ?is aspect1 too1 ! ,ukra9ian peasantry is ri*] ?an its neighbors4 ,only ! ,:ite ,russians are n f> beh9d !m4 ,! entire life ( a ,ukra9ian peasant1 9 itself full ( ne$ & pov]ty1 is1 nev]!less1 full ( poetic & deeply significant usages & cu/oms1 f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,bir?1 *ri/5+1 m>riage1 dea?1 all are comb9$ ) v>i\s symbolic usages1 p>ticul>ly ! w$d+1 s ri* 9 c]emonies & songs1 s diff]5t 9 its entire sub/ance f ! ,russian or ,poli%4 ,! entire ye> ( ! ,ukra9ian con/itutes "o great cycle ( holidays1 ) :i* a ho/ ( c]emonies are connect$1 mo/ ( :i* h come d[n f pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,we f9d simil> c]emonies among ! ,:ite ,russians1 "s also among ! ,poles1 e4g41 ,*ri/mas songs1 songs ( ! seasons1 b among ! ,russians1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d no p>allel to ! ,ukra9ian conditions4 ,among ! ,russians1 nei!r ! ,*ri/mas songs 7kolady7 are cu/om>y1 nor ! c]emonies ( ,*ri/mas eve 7bohata kutya71 nei!r ! midw9t] fe/ival 7%*$ri ve*ir71 ) its songs 7%*$rivki71 nor ! spr+ holidays 7yur russal*9 velikd57 & spr+ songs 7vesnianki71 nor ! fea/ ( ! sol/ice 7kupalo71 nor ! autumn c]emonies on ! fea/-days ( ,/4 ,&rew or ,/4 ,ka!r9e1 etc4 ,! entire ess5ce ( ! popul> metaphysics ( ! ,ukra9ians is q =eign to ! ,russians1 & almo/ entirely s to ! ,poles4 ,only ! ,:ite ,russians =m a c]ta9 analogy1 b1 among !m1 pure sup]/ition outweighs cu/oms & c]emonies 9 importance4 ,suffici5t facts h be5 giv5 to make cle> to ! read] ! complete orig9ality & indep5d5ce ( ,ukra9ian popul> culture4 ,we n[ come to a brief survey ( ! cultural ef=ts ( ! educat$ ,ukra9ians4 ,! numb] ( educat$ ,ukra9ians is comp>atively small4 ,h>dly a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ! intellig5ce ( ! nation awoke to new life1 yet1 9 its h&s lies ! developm5t ( ! national culture 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! disproportion betwe5 ! magnitude ( ! task & ! small numb] ( ! work]s = culture1 is at once app>5t4 ,& yet ! results ( ! "w1 9 spite ( ob/acles on e side1 h gr[n 9 volume4 ,! ,ukra9e lies )9 ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ,european culture4 ,?is culture has spread f ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe ov] ! t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9e & its neighbor+ peoples1 ! ,poles1 ,russians1 ,:ite ,russians1 ,magy>s & ,r\manians4 ,ea* "o ( ^! nations has accept$ ! mat]ial culture ( ,we/]n ,europe to a great] or less degree1 & adju/$ ! spiritual culture to its national peculi>ities4 ,! ,ukra9ians1 = a long "t aft] ! loss ( _! fir/ /ate & ! decl9e ( _! anci5t culture1 f\nd no l9e along :i* !y c\ld develop _! national culture indep5d5tly4 ,= c5turies !y vacillat$ betwe5 ! cultures ( ,pol& & ,russia4 ,to ?is day1 n[ t ! conditions are mu* bett]1 "o may /ill f9d among ! ,ukra9ians individuals :o1 culturally1 are ,poles or ,russians1 & only speak & feel z ,ukra9ians4 ,su* a condition is v sad1 & causes ! ,ukra9e untold injury--mo/ ( all 9 ! field ( mat]ial culture1 :i*1 9 bo? ^! neighbor+ nations1 is v incomplete4 ,agriculture1 m9+1 trade & comm]ce1 are on a mu* l[] plane among ! ,poles ?an 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,& :at is to be said ( ! ,russians1 :o are a m]e p>ody ( a cultur$ nation 9 almo/ e field1 al?o !y possess s great a political organization8 ,no "o ne$ be surpris$ t mat]ial culture is ( s l[ a grade 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has become cle> to e intellig5t ,ukra9ian1 t ! developm5t ( mat]ial culture is possible only ?ru ,we/]n ,european influ5ce1 by s5d+ ,ukra9ian eng9e]s1 manufactur+ speciali/s1 m]*ants & f>m]s1 to ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe to le>n _! bus9ess4 ,9 ! field ( ,ukra9ian m5tal culture1 ! *ief influ5ces to be consid]$ are ,poli% & ,russian4 ,9 ?is field1 ,poli% culture is comp>atively v high4 ,x possesses a v ri* lit]ature1 consid]able sci5ce & art1 & v def9ite pr9ciples ( life4 ,! influ5ce ( ,poli% culture is limit$ almo/ exclusively to ,galicia at ! pres5t "t4 ,b x 0 v /rong until v rec5t ye>s1 :5 x began to decrease4 ,at "o "t1 h[ev]1 ! entire ,ukra9e1 p>ticul>ly ! "r half1 0 emphatically "u ! influ5ce ( ,poli% culture = c5turies 7#af? to ! #ah? ,c5tury74 ,!re is "o elem5t 9 ! spiritual culture ( ! ,poles :i* c]ta9ly des]ves to be1 & is1 imitat$ by ! ,ukra9ians4 ,x is ! tone ( national patriotism1 ! love = ! nation1 its pres5t & its pa/1 :i* is ev]y:]e evid5t4 ,h5ce1 mod]n ,poli% lit]ature mu/ be a model = ,ukra9ian lit]ature 9 its t5d5cies & its s5tim5ts4 ,b1 beyond its patriotic tone1 ,poli% culture is n appropriate = ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,x is ari/ocratic1 by reason ( its desc5t & its philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,x is f> remov$ f ! mass ( ! p x %\ld repres5t4 ,9 spite ( all ef=ts1 ! ,poli% culture ( ! educat$ classes has be5 unable to e/abli% an organic connection ) ! common p ( ,pol&4 ,x has be5 built up above ! masses & has n gr[n out ( !m4 ,to build up ,ukra9ian culture entirely aft] ! model ( ,poli% culture1 w\ld mean to te> x f its life-giv+ roots 9 ! s\l ( ! p4 ,t x w\ld be deadly to ,ukra9ian culture1 ! ,ukra9ians h p]ceiv$ = a long "t4 ,russian culture is mu* m dang]\s to ! ,ukra9ian p ?an ,poli%4 ,9 its mat]ial aspect x is ( a v l[ grade4 ,9 ! spiritual field x possesses a v ri* lit]ature & a notewor?y sci5ce & art4 ,! spiritual culture ( ,russia n[ dom9ates all ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 & has1 to a great ext5t1 become preval5t ev5 among ^? educat$ ,ukra9ians 9 ,russia :o possess real national consci\sness4 ,?is v circum/ance con/itutes a great dang] = ! developm5t ( ,ukra9ian culture4 ,=1 let ! ,muscovite conque/ ext5d ov] ! ,ukra9ians1 ev5 9 ! cultural field1 & !re is an end ( all ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian elem5t1 & its beautiful language w be1 9 fact1 degrad$ to a peasant dialect4 ,b a /ill great] dang] lies 9 ! quality ( ! ,russian cultural influ5ce4 ,! fir/ evil *>act]i/ic ( ,russian culture is ! complete lack ( national & patriotic s5tim5t1 :i* is absolutely necess>y = an aspir+ culture l ! ,ukra9ian4 ,russian culture is infect+ ! ,ukra9ians ) an om9\s national indiff]5ce4 ,ano!r unfavorable *>act]i/ic ( all ,russian culture1 is ! fact t x is undemocratic ?ru & ?ru1 & v f> remov$ f ! ,russian p4 ,! ,russian p did n create ?is culture2 ! educat$1 9 produc+ x1 took no?+ f ! p4 ,an intellig5t man1 br\ght up 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,russian culture1 is unspeakably di/ant f ! ,russian p1 s t x is impossible = him to "w at ! task ( enlight5+ !m4 ,! views ( ! ,russian 8lov]s ( ! p0 7n>odniki71 or ( a ,tol/oy1 conc]n+ ! common p & its s\l1 simply (f5d u ?ru _! unexampl$ ignorance ( ! peculi>ities & cu/oms ( ! common p4 ,a culture s f> remov$ f ! p z ! ,russian c br+ no b5efit to ! ,ukra9ians4 ,we obs]ve ?is1 be/ ( all1 9 ! condition ( ! muzhik1 to :om ! educat$ ,russian has nev] be5 able to f9d an approa*1 & n[ ! latt] looks on indiff]5tly1 :ile ! masses s9k deep] & deep] d[n into ! abyss ( intellectual & spiritual d>kness4 ,to guide ! common p along ! pa? ( organic social-political & economic progress1 is a task :i* an intellect p]meat$ ) ,russian culture c nev] p]=m4 ,! la/ ,russian revolution1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( con/itutional gov]nm5t = ,russia1 h furni%$ ! be/ pro( = ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! o!r *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,russian culture is its manife/ sup]ficiality4 ,hidd5 b5ea? a ?9 v5e] ( ,we/]n ,european am5ities lies co>se b>b>ism4 ,! ext]nal mann]s ( ! educat$ ,russian v (t5 /rike "o by ! co>s5ess1 lack ( re/ra9t & brutal recklessness accompany+ !m4 ,we see1 !n1 t ev5 ! ext]nal =ms ( ,european culture h only be5 outw>dly assum$ by ! ,russians4 ,/ill poor] is _! condition ) respect to ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,we h obs]v$ to :at a slight degree ! ,russians h be5 able to assimilate ! mat]ial culture ( ,europe4 ,! same holds = spiritual culture4 ,russian lit]ature1 p>ticul>ly ! late/1 has br\ght e?ical elem5ts ( ! mo/ que/ionable wor? into ! _w's lit]ature4 7,artziba%ev & o!rs74 ,russian sci5ce1 al?o x c po9t to "s great names & has unlimit$ means at its disposal1 /&s f> beh9d ,g]man1 ,engli% or ,fr5* sci5ce4 ,9 ,russian sci5ce1 ev]y?+ is done = ! sake ( effect1 )\t ?oroness1 )\t me?od1 h5ce fatal gaps appe>4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 our sci5ce ( geography4 ,h>dly a ye> passes 9 :i* ! ,russian gov]nm5t does n s5d "o or m great sci5tific exp$itions to ,asia or to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,ea* exp$ition h&s 9 volumes ( sci5tific results1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! surface configuration ( ! mo/ popul\s & culturally mo/ advanc$ regions ( ,european ,russia1 = example1 is b>ely kn[n 9 its ma9 aspects4 ,! be/ geography ( ,russia 0 writt5 by ! ,fr5*man ,reclus4 ,a mod]n1 really sci5tific geography ( ,russia does n exi/4 ,ev5 m emphatically does ! sup]ficiality ( ,russian culture appe> 9 social & political que/ions4 ,^! two directions ( human ?\ght h1 9 mo/ rec5t times1 become v popul> 9 all ,russian society4 ,b :at an abyss sep>ates a ,european f a ,russian 9 ?is field6 ,9 ,europe ! !ses ( ! social sci5ces or ( politics are ! result ( life4 ,!y are adju/$ to life conditions & treat$ critically4 ,9 ,russia !y are lifeless dogmas1 ab\t :i* ,russian s*ol>s ( ! #bj? ,c5tury dispute ) ! same heat & 9 ! same mann] z _! ance/ors1 a few hundr$ ye>s ago1 disput$ z to :e!r ! ,hallelujah %\ld be sung twice or ?ree times1 :e!r ! confession ( fai? %\ld read 8born1 n creat$0 or 8born & n creat$10 :e!r "o %\ld say1 8,god h m]cy ^u u0 or 8,oh ,god1 h m]cy ^u u10 :e!r "o %\ld use two f+]s 9 cross+ oneself or ?ree1 & s on4 ,naturally1 at t "t religi\s que/ions 7 ! fa%ion4 ,today x is social que/ions4 ,& :at does x am\nt to8 ,rampant doctr9ism1 ! et]nal use ( banal commonplaces1 an immature sett+ up ( pr9ciples4 ,& ! result is--extreme unwield9ess ( ,russian society 9 int]nal politics & 9 p>liam5t>ism1 9 social & national "w1 toge!r ) a deep scorn ( ! deprav$ ,we/ 7gnili zapad74 ,) ?is sup]ficiality ( ,russian culture1 its mo/ evil *>act]i/ic is connect$2 ! decl9e ( family life & a c]ta9 moral p]v]s5ess4 ,?is ph5om5on is commonly met ) 9 all peoples :o h b rec5tly come 9 contact ) ,we/]n ,european culture4 ,! bad qualities ( a high civilization are always assum$ fir/1 ! good qualities sl[ly4 ,9 ?is field ! ,russians h f> out/ripp$ _! ,european models4 ,! above facts suffice to prove t ,russian cultural influ5ces are dang]\s = ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,! sev]e1 rigid mat]iali/ic "* ( ! ,russian p w1 )\t any d\bt1 enable x to outla/ ! /orm & /ress p]iod ( ! pres5t ,russian culture1 & guide x to a spl5did future4 ,b = ! ,ukra9ian p1 ) its s5tim5tal1 g5tle "*1 ! assum+ ( ,russian culture w\ld be a deadly poison4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! ,ukra9ian p might survive su* an exp]im5t1 a ?+ :i* is n likely1 x w\ld =ev] rema9 a mis]able app5dage ( ! ,russian nation4 ,& besides1 su* an exp]im5t is entirely unnecess>y4 ,ei!r we say1 8,we are ,ukra9ians1 an indep5d5t race & diff]5t f ! ,russians10 & build up our culture q indep5d5tly1 or we say1 8,we are #8,little ,russians1' "o ( ! ?ree tribes ( ,great ,russia & ( its high culture10 &1 9 t case1 we may calmly lie d[n on ! _w r5[n$ ,ukra9ian /ove4 ,= !n x does n pay ev5 to "w at ! developm5t ( our language4 ,a ?ird alt]native does n exi/4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! =m] view is g5]ally pr$om9ant among ! intellig5zia ( ! l&1 & ! fact t _m intellig5t ,ukra9ians are p]meat$ ) ,russian culture is due1 n to an ideal conviction1 b only to ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! ,russian s*ools & ! ,russian cities4 ,h[ d ^! educat$ p /& b5ea? ! ,ukra9ian peasant :o1 ev5 on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 does n ex*ange 8 individual ,ukra9ian popul> culture = ! ,russian1 & des]ves ! scornful1 b 9 our eyes v comm5dable say+ ( ! ,russians1 8,khakhol vyesdie kh>khol60 ,if1 !n1 we are to rema9 a really indep5d5t nation1 !re is only "o av5ue op5 to ,ukra9ian culture1 & t is to foll[ ! culture ( ,we/]n ,europe /ep by /ep1 to seek its models among ! ,g]mans1 ,sc&9avians1 ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,& ?is entire developm5t we mu/ base ^u ! broad f\ndation ( our high popul> culture4 ,let u consid] ) :at piety ! really cultural nations ( ,europe pres]ve ! little rema9s ( _! popul> culture4 ,_! few usages or sup]/itions1 _! little body ( folk-songs6 ,h[ mu* ri*] ?an !y are we 9 all our mis]y6 ,! ,ukra9ian p spoke a mighty fir/ ^w ?ru ,kotl>evsky a c5tury ago2 x !n f\nd ! fir/ diamond ^u its pa?1 ! pure language ( ! p4 ,un=tunately1 no ,ukra9ian has yet aris5 :o c\ld speak j z mighty a second ^w by f9d+ ways & means ( lift+ ! treasures ( ! home culture ( ! l&1 & enabl+ ! entire nation to "w at ! task ( us+ !m to advantage4 ,?is 8apo/le ( tru? & sci5ce10 z he is call$ by ,%ev*5ko1 has n appe>$1 al?o he has _h sev]al ance/ors1 l ,drahomaniv4 ,b !re are already v _m ,ukra9ians :o w\ld place _! seal ^u ! decl>ation3 8t ! ,ukra9e possesses s ri* a popul> culture1 t by develop+ all its hidd5 possibilities & supplem5t+ !m by elem5ts drawn f ! unta9t$ s\rces ( ,we/]n ,european culture1 ! ,ukra9ian nation c\ld atta9 a complete culture j z peculi> to itself1 & j z exalt$ among ! great ,european cultures1 z ,ukra9ian popul> culture is among ! popul> cultures ( o!r peoples40 ,h5ce1 ! way lay cle>ly indicat$ = ! ,ukra9ians ( ! #ai? & #bj? ,c5tury4 ,e?nological inve/igations & ! sci5tific /udy ( folk-lore h be5 tak5 up v eag]ly by ,ukra9ian s*ol>s1 s t 9 ?is p>ticul> field1 rec5t ,ukra9ian sci5ce1 p]haps1 ranks highe/ 9 all ,slavic sci5ce4 ,9 no o!r cultur$ nation ( ,europe is ! life ( ! educat$ elem5ts s p]meat$ ) ! influ5ces ( ! nation's own popul> culture4 ,! ,ukra9ian cultural movem5t is h>dly a c5tury old1 & yet x has results to %[ :i*1 ev5 today1 gu>antee ! cultural indep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,active relations ) ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,european cultures h be5 e/abli%$1 :i* may become ( incalculable effect 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ,ukra9ian culture4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,ukra9e ,! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e is ! same today z x 0 a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,if ! !ories :i* call ! pres5t ,ukra9ian t]ritory ! orig9al home ( ! ,aryans are true1 ! ,ukra9ians mu/ be consid]$ ! primeval auto*?ones4 ,! limits ( ! ,ukra9ian nation1 too1 are almo/ ! same today z !y 7 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 al?o1 9 ! meantime1 great %ifts h tak5 place4 ,only 9 ! we/1 ! ,ukra9ians h lo/ a /rip ab\t #cj kilomet]s wide to ! ,poles1 ?ru ! ,polonization movem5t1 :i* has be5 advanc+ ea/w>d s9ce #acdj4 ,9 ?is section ! ,ukra9ian elem5t has surviv$ only 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! nor!rn bord]1 next to ! ,:ite ,russians1 :i*1 s9ce primitive times1 has consi/$ ( great =e/s & swamps1 has always rema9$ )\t *anges ( any k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "p ( ! nor!rn bord] ea/ ( ! ,dniep]1 & /ill m ! ea/]n & s\!rn bord]s1 h be5 subject to radical *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ,ukra9ian hi/ory4 ,! old ,ukra9ian /ate ( ,kiev rapidly develop$ a f>-flung expansive movem5t1 & soon cov]$ almo/ all ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! old ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 & toge!r ) x ! s\!rn tribes ( ,ea/ ,slavs 7! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,ukra9ians7 rea*$ ! delta ( ! ,danube & ! ,black ,sea & ! foo?ills ( ! ,caucasus1 :]e1 9 ! pres5t ,kuban di/rict1 ! old prov9ce & petty pr9cipality ( ,tmutorokan 0 situat$4 ,h[ f> to ! nor? ! s\!rn ,ea/ ,slavic tribes !n ext5d$ we c n tell exactly4 ,b x is v improbable t !y ext5d$ beyond ! woods & swamps ( ! ,polissye4 ,ev5 at t "t1 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! geographical position ( ! ,ukra9e1 on ! edge ( ,europe & ! /eppe-c\ntry ( ,c5tral ,asia1 prov$ itself dang]\s4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages on1 innum]able tribes ( ,turki%-,tat> orig91 came cr[d+ out ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic /eppes we/w>d1 ?ru ! /eppes ( ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ukra9e _h to be ! fir/ ( all ! c\ntries ( ,europe to )/& ! attack ( ^! hordes4 ,! fir/ ,ukra9ian conqu]or1 ,sviatoslav1 :o de/roy$ ! /ate ( ! ,khaz>s & ,bulg>s & defeat$ o!r weak hordes1 0 kill$ 9 ! /ruggle ) ! ,pe*5egs4 ,volodimir ! ,great 0 =c$ to fight ^! nomads "u ! v walls ( 8 capital4 ,^! w>s ) nomad tribes1 :i* began be=e ! ,ukra9e appe>$ 9 ! ar5a ( hi/ory1 la/$ f ?is "t until ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ) v>y+ =tunes4 ,at times ! balance ( p[] 0 on ! side ( ! ,ukra9e1 & !n ,ukra9ian colonization advanc$ victori\sly to ! s\? & ea/ z f> z ! ,black ,sea4 ,at o!r times ! nomads 7 victori\s1 & ! ea/]n & s\!rn b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9e rec$$ nor? & we/4 ,! great *a9s ( =tifications & bord] walls erect$ by ! ,great ,pr9ces ( ,kiev1 on ! s\!a/ bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e1 7 ( no avail4 ,at ! "t ( ! greate/ ext5t ( ! ,tat> attacks 7#ae? to #af? ,c5tury7 almo/ all ! left half ( ! ,ukra9e 0 a wild]ness1 & 9 ! "r half ,kiev 0 a bord] =tress4 ,all ! s\!rn ,dniep] c\ntry1 ! ,boh c\ntry & ,ea/]n ,podolia1 0 at t "t a sp>sely-peopl$ bord]l&1 & con/antly expos$ to ! dang]s ( ,tat> attacks4 ,at t "t ,ukra9ian t]ritory 0 conf9$ to ! ,polissye1 ! nor!rn "p ( ,*]nihiv1 ,volhynia1 ,we/]n ,podolia1 ,ea/]n ,galicia & ,podlakhia1 & only small1 v ?9ly populat$ bord] /rips ( ! adjac5t regions4 ,^! fluctuations 9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,ukra9e h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 & %[ mo/ cle>ly 9 :at difficult /raits ! ,ukra9ian nation 0 =c$ to live = c5turies4 ,! proximity ( nomadic ,asia = a "t greatly weak5$ ! influ5ces ( ! proximity ( ano!r neighbor--! ,black ,sea4 ,! ,black ,sea 01 = ! ,ukra9e1 ! means ( int]c\rse ) ,byzantium1 ! greate/ cultural c5t] ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,ukra9e1 because ( its wat]ways1 0 ne>e/ to ,byzantium ( all ! ,european c\ntries4 ,?is comp>atively %ort p]iod 9 :i* ! ,ukra9e 0 able to ma9ta9 int]c\rse ) ,byzantium1 )\t ob/acles1 br\ght ! ,ukra9e spl5did cultural advantages4 ,9 a wide /ream ! ,byzant9e mat]ial & spiritual culture fl[$ into ! ,ukra9e1 s t ! c\ntry f ! #aa? to ! #ac? ,c5tury /ood highe/1 culturally1 among all ! ,slavic /ates & almo/ equall$ ! ,we/]n ,european /ates4 ,9 "s respects ! ,ukra9e ( ^? days 0 ev5 sup]ior to ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ^? days ,kiev or ,hali* surpass$ ,london or ,p>is 9 weal? & comm]cial importance4 ,! relations ) ! sea & ) ,byzantium kept gr[+ ev] m difficult = ! ,ukra9e to ma9ta91 h[ev]1 z a result ( ! ev] gr[+ pressure ( ! nomad hordes4 ,f9ally1 9 ! #ac? ,c5tury1 came ! ,tat> invasions4 ,^! h be/ demon/rat$ ! significance ( ! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ian /ate _h to be ! fir/ to )/& ! ,mongol attack4 ,aft] ! defeat1 ! ,ukra9e 0 ! fir/ ( all ! c\ntries ( ,europe to be desolat$ by fire & sword4 ,x is true t ! /rong resi/ance ( ! ,ukra9e effectively /opp$ ! ,tat> pressure1 & ,europe has ?is circum/ance to ?ank = its escape f ! fate ( ,asia 9 ! #ac? ,c5tury1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* 0 conqu]$ by ! ,mongols ( ,dj+is ,khan4 ,! ,ukra9ian /ate f\ght a :ole c5tury long] ) ! ,tat>s1 b c\ld n hold _! own aft] t4 ,! ,ukra9e 0 sy/ematically deva/at$ by ! ,tat>s1 & 9 ! /ruggle ) !m ! entire milit>y p[] ( ! ,ukra9e 0 sp5t4 ,at ! same "t ! neighbors on ! nor? & we/--! ,poles & ,li?uanians--7 able to develop freely beh9d ! protect+ back ( ! ,ukra9e1 & to increase _! p[]s4 ,f9ally ! ,poles annex$ ,ea/]n ,galicia1 & ! re/ ( ! ,ukra9ians fac$ ! *oice ( ei!r jo9+ !mselves to ! ,li?uanians1 ^: upp] classes 7 at t "t1 culturally1 entirely ,ukra9ian1 or to place !mselves b5ea? ! ,muscovite yoke4 ,!y *ose ! fir/4 ,9 #aefi ! ,lubl9 ,union jo9$ ! ,ukra9e to ,pol&4 ,all ^! ?+s are ! unhappy results ( ! geographical situation ( ! l& on ! ?re%old ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,a long "t foll[+ ! loss ( ,ukra9ian political indep5d5ce1 ! sad results ( ! geographical situation ( ! c\ntry cont9u$4 ,! con/ant attacks ( ,tat>s & ,turks1 ! millions ( ,ukra9ian slaves 9 ! slave-m>kets ( ! ,ori5t1 _h to cont9ue = _m c5turies to be ! s\rce ( ! ori5tal _w1 :i* 0 fa/ hurry+ t[>d its fall4 ,b soon ! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e began to "w positively too4 ,! geographical situation1 toge!r ) o!r natural factors1 became "o ( ! ma9 causes = ! =mation ( ! ,ukra9ian ,cossack organization4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss at l5g? ! significance ( ! ,cossack organization = ! ,ukra9e2 we are only emphasiz+ ! fact t ! ,cossack organization alone has pres]v$ ! ,ukra9e f complete d[nfall4 ,! ,cossack organization1 z a product ( geographical situation1 has a p>allel only 9 ! famili> ,nor? ,am]ican backwoodsm51 prairie hunt]s & pione]s :o con/itut$ ! advance gu>d ( ,european civilization on _! cont95t4 ,yet ?is analogy is a v weak & incomplete "o4 ,! ,zaporog ,cossacks c 9 no way be comp>$ ei!r ) ! ,volga1 ,don or ,ural ,cossacks1 :o 7 *iefly brig&s1 or ) ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian bord]-soldi]s1 :o 7 a /ate organization4 ,! ,ukra9ian ,cossack organization repres5t$ ! ef=ts = lib]ty & indep5d5ce ( ! entire ,ukra9ian p1 &1 f9ally1 l$ up to ! revival ( ,ukra9ian political life 9 ! =m ( an indep5d5t hetman /ate4 ,to be sure1 ! t]ritory ( ?is hetman /ate embrac$ b>ely "o-half ( ! ,ukra9e1 b x con/itut$ a region ab\t :i* a ,pi$mont ( indep5d5ce = ! entire ,ukra9e might gr[ up4 ,s9ce ! la/ decades ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e on ! ?re%old ( two cont95ts has be5 gr[+ f an unfavorable position to "o t may be describ$ z v favorable4 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p ) ,ukra9ian =ces t ,russia f9ally de/roy$ ! nomads ( ! ,ukra9ian /eppes4 ,?is fact has be5 ( great significance = ! ,ukra9e4 ,s9ce t "t ! va/1 ?o almo/ imp]ceptible1 colonization movem5t ( ! ,ukra9ian p to ! ea/1 s\!a/ & s\?1 has be5 9 progress4 ,?is movem5t ext5d$ ! ,ukra9ian b\nd>ies twice )9 a s+le c5tury4 ,= ! second "t1 & 9 a peaceful way1 ! ,ukra9e rea*$ ! delta ( ! ,danube1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caucasus & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,all ?is is only an outcome ( its geographical situation4 ,9 ano!r situation ! ,ukra9ians c\ld n s easily dispose ( unsettl$ l&s4 ,?is expansion ( ! ,ukra9ian p has by no means rea*$ its maximum1 b x has surely pass$ its climax4 ,to be sure1 ! migration ( ! ,ukra9ian elem5t to ! ea/ & s\? is /ill v l>ge1 b !re are no long] s _m un9habit$ di/ricts op5 to settlem5t z 9 =m] times1 & ! emigration 9 masses has _h to /op4 ,nev]!less1 ! geographical situation op5s a v f9e prospect = lat] ,ukra9ian colonial expansion4 ,ciscaucasia & _m regions on ! l[] ,volga & ,ural are1 culturally consid]$1 really a bonum nullius4 ,russian colonization is direct$ to o!r regions1 *iefly = climatic reasons1 & o!r compet+ races ne$ h>dly be consid]$ because ( _! smallness4 ,ev5 at pres5t ! ,ukra9ians con/itute a v notewor?y m9ority2 9 ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry mo/ probably an absolute majority4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few decades ( r unsy/ematic colonization1 ext5sive regions ( ! sub-,caucasian c\ntry1 ) _! weal? ( natural res\rces1 w become ,ukra9ian2 ! entire ,kuban region already is "p ( ! compact national t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9ians1 & ! ,ukra9ian language has become an int]national language = ! small m\nta9 races ( ! ,we/]n ,caucasus4 ,! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e on ! ?re%old ( ,asia is di/9ctly favorable to ! immigration ( ,ukra9ians into ,c5tral ,asia & ,s\!rn ,sib]ia4 ,9 a /rip ( ?\s&s ( kilomet]s1 *a9s ( ,ukra9ian settlem5ts ext5d along ! s\!rn bord] ( ,sib]ia to ! ,japan ,sea4 ,along ?is immeasurable /rip ! numb] ( ,ukra9ian settlem5ts is cont9ually gr[+4 ,?is colonization1 :i* leads t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,ukra9ian peasant-settl]s to ! f> ea/ e ye>1 has attract$ ! att5tion ( wid] circles only )9 ! la/ two decades4 ,9 reality x is mu* old]1 = z e>ly z ! sev5ties ( ! pa/ c5tury1 ,g]man explor]s f\nd ,ukra9ian colonies at ! nor!rn base ( ! ,altai & on ! ,*9ese bord]1 etc4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^! old & new colonies ( ! ,ukra9ians 9 ,asia is proce$+ 9 all quietude1 & is q analog\s to t spl5did colonization movem5t ( ! ,ukra9ians at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 :i*1 at "o "t1 q imp]ceptibly d\bl$ ! national t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,yet ! colonial expansion ( ! la/ c5tury br\ght ! ,ukra9ian nation _m disadvantages along ) ! advantages4 ,= m ?an a c5tury x dra9$ ! entire en]gy ( ! nation & depriv$ x ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! mo/ active & en]getic individuals e ye>4 ,all ! /r5g? ( ! nation 0 turn$ to ! "o task ( settl+ new l&s & cultivat+ !m accord+ to anci5t usage4 ,f ?is cause1 ! political idea & ! cultural ef=ts ( ! ,ukra9ians h suff]$ v ke5ly4 ,aft] ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory _h aga9 rea*$ ! ,black ,sea1 z a result ( colonial expansion1 ! ,black ,sea rega9$ its anci5t significance to ! ,ukra9ians4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no long] any su* cultural c5t] on ! ,pontus z ,byzantium once 01 & ,turki% dom9ation has depriv$ ! =m]ly highly cultur$ di/ricts on ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea ( all _! anci5t civilization4 ,b ! sea has reta9$ its capacity = promot+ culture1 &1 aft] _m c5turies1 once m gave ! ,ukra9ians direct connection ) ! wide _w4 ,to be sure1 ! ,black ,sea is clos$ by nature & by int]national treaties1 & ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 has nev] p>ticul>ly enc\rag$ ! developm5t ( ,pontian navigation2 &1 to be sure1 ! ,black ,sea lies f> di/ant f ! ma9 comm]cial ?or(>es ( ! _w4 ,b all ^! disadvantages ( ! ,black ,sea may lose mu* ( _! weight 9 a %ort "t4 ,! mat]ialization ( ! spl5did project to connect ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea by means ( a canal1 includ+ ! ,dv9a & ! ,dniep]1 navigable by l>ge vessels1 c n be f> (f4 ,aft] ! c>ry+ out ( ?is project ! isolation ( ! ,black ,sea w be less5$1 & an important *annel ( sea-navigation w run across ! entire ,ukra9e4 ,pontian navigation mu/ soon] or lat] exp]i5ce a great advance1 = x is a natural necessity = ! productive h9t]l& & = ! entire ,ukra9ian %ore p1 :o h always exhibit$ consid]able skill z seam54 ,! ,ukra9ians already con/itute m ?an two-?irds ( ! crews ( all ,russian trade & w>%ips on ! ,black ,sea4 ,) ! /r5g!n+ ( ! con/itutional regime 9 ,russia1 ! ob/acles :i* h be5 plac$ 9 ! way ( ,pontian navigation by ! ,russian gov]nm5t 9 favor ( ,baltic navigation mu/ disappe> ( !mselves4 ,f9ally1 ! great comm]cial ?or(>es ( ! _w are beg9n+ to move ne>] to ,ukra9ian t]ritory z ! cultural developm5t ( ! ,ori5t advances4 ,z ! ,european influ5ces 9 ! ,iran1 9 ,syria & ,mesopotamia beg9 to gr[1 new projects = an ov]l& connection ( ,europe ) ,india cont9ually arise4 ,at pres5t ! ,bagdad ,railroad is ! c5t] ( int]e/1 & soon ! ,p]sian railroad projects w claim att5tion4 ,b ! %orte/ & easie/ ov]l& r\te f ,europe to ,india mu/ cross ! l5g? ( ! ,ukra9e1 t\*+ ,kiev & ,kh>kiv1 go+ pa/ ! deltas ( ! ,volga & ,ural & ! ,aral ,sea1 along ! ,amu1 & ?ru ,afghani/an & ! ,punjab4 ,:5 ?is r\te is once e/abli%$ ! ,ukra9e w atta9 a great comm]cial significance z ! "r ( way ( "o ( ! _w's mo/ important comm]cial highways4 ,!n1 only1 w ! importance ( ! ,dniep] & ,don1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,sea ( ,az( & ! ,caspian ,sea1 z be>]s ( ! ma9 comm]cial road1 be inde$ realiz$4 ,ev]yone c readily und]/& t 9 ?is case ! political significance ( ! ,ukra9e w\ld also be v great4 ,ev5 n[ ?is l& is an invaluable possession to ,russia4 ,only ! possession ( ! ,ukra9e makes possible = ,russia access to ! ,black ,sea & p]mits h] to gravitate t[>d ! /raits1 to w9 influ5ce on ! ,balkan p59sula1 to ?reat5 ,turkey & ! ,m$it]ranean1 to dom9ate ! ,caucasus c\ntry1 to oppress ,p]sia & seek ! ne>e/ way to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,& :5 once ! ov]l& r\te to ,india goes ?ru ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 ! ,ukra9e w comm& ov] a ?\s& kilomet]s ( ?is important road & beg9 to be a prime factor 9 _w politics4 ,! possession ( ! ,ukra9e w !n be ! co/lie/ treasure & a life-problem to ! /ate :i* w dom9ate ?is t]ritory4 ,or1 if ! ,ukra9e1 9 all its e?nographic ext5t1 %\ld w9 its political indep5d5ce1 x may 9 "t become "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful /ates ( ,europe4 ,ano!r elem5t ( ! geographical situation ( ! ,ukra9e1 :i* %\ld n be und]e/imat$1 is ! fact t ! ,ukra9e is s remote f all ! cultural c5t]s ( ,europe4 ,we indicat$ briefly1 above1 ( :at great importance 0 ! %ort1 direct connection ( ! ,ukra9e ) ! ,byzant9e cultural c5t]4 ,only dur+ ?is %ort p]iod did ! hi/orical fate ( ! ,ukra9e p]mit ! l& to h direct relations ) an important culture c5t]4 ,! wall ( b>b>ian nomad attack sep>at$ ! ,ukra9e v quickly f ?is culture c5t]1 & :5 x di$ ! ,ukra9e sudd5ly fell into a situation 9 :i* x 0 f> remov$ f all ! cultural c5t]s ( ,europe4 ,only ,pol& all[$ a few elem5ts ( ,we/]n ,european culture to sift ?ru into ! ,ukra9e4 ,b ! lack ( ,poli% political & social organization did n all[ ,we/]n ,european culture to take firm root 9 ,pol&4 ,! ,ukra9e c\ld1 !re=e1 receive only a little ( ! ,we/]n ,european weal? ( culture ?ru ?is *annel4 ,until well into ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ,russia /ood ^u a mu* l[] grade ( culture ?an ! ,ukra9e4 ,& al?o ,russia v soon rea*$ & surpass$ h] rival1 ! ,ukra9e has1 to ?is day1 receiv$ no?+ wor? :ile f ,russia4 ,! ,ukra9e ev5 suff]$ great loss1 culturally1 f its union ) ,russia4 ,! ,:ite ,russians1 ! ,r\manians1 ! ,slovaks1 ! ,magy>s1 7 nev] s f> advanc$1 culturally1 z to be able to tea* ! ,ukra9ians any?+4 ,! c5t]s ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,european culture--,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 ,france & ,engl&--are s f> di/ant f ! ,ukra9e t !y c ex]t only slight & indirect influ5ce ^u its cultural progress4 ,! l[ /ate ( culture ( ! ,ukra9e1 consequ5tly1 spr+s *iefly f its geographical situation4 ,! second geographical elem5t1 surface =mation1 has _h z /rong an influ5ce ^u ! ,ukra9ian p z ! geographical situation4 ,! *ief factor 9 ! surface configuration ( ! ,ukra9e is ! great prepond]ance ( pla9s & plateaus4 ,^! take up n9e-t5?s ( ! area ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! gr\nd is f #bjj to #cjj met]s4 ,su* slight v>iations 9 height are ( great significance z f> z an?ropogeographical conditions are conc]n$4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( level c\ntries su* z ?is1 is ! complete lack ( su* ob/acles z might make good natural b\nd>ies4 ,& ! lack ( good natural b\nd>ies is v /rongly felt 9 ! hi/ory ( all l[l& peoples4 ,?is lack ! ,ukra9ians h always felt v deeply4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,black ,sea1 :i* 0 once ! b\nd>y ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,k+dom ( ,kiev & n[ =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9e1 &1 ) ! exception1 also1 ( ! =e/ swamps ( ! ,polissye1 ! ,ukra9e nev] possess$1 & does n n[ possess1 any good natural b\nd>ies4 ,nei!r ! ,c>pa?ians nor ! ,caucasus h provid$ ! ,ukra9e ) a di/9ct natural b\nd>y l9e4 ,! bord]s & bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e lie op51 7 always easily accessible to all conqu]ors1 & made ! def5se ( _! political indep5d5ce mu* h>d] = ! ,ukra9ians ?an x has be5 = any o!r nation ( ,europe4 ,to be sure1 ! lack ( ob/acles on ! bord]s made x v easy = ! ,ukra9ian ,k+dom to ext5d its limits1 z ! rapid & appreciable gr[? ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev be/ proves4 ,b lat]1 un=tunately1 ?is favorable surface =mation 0 tak5 advantage ( ) mu* great] ga9 by ! ,tat>s1 ,li?uanians1 ,poles & ,russians1 to ! ru9 ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! facility ( milit>y campaigns & ( t]ritorial conque/s1 two favorable f\ndations = ! developm5t ( great l&-conqu]+ nations1 & at ! same "t typical an?ropogeographical *>act]i/ics ( l[ c\ntries1 h play$ an active "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! pressure ( v>i\s races1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( pla9 c\ntries1 is ano!r condition ! ,ukra9e _h to face4 ,f ! ,cimm]ians to ! ,turks1 h[ _m races h inhabit$ ! /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e6 ,9 ! pres5t times ( highly develop$ int]c\rse1 natural ob/acles are los+ mu* ( _! value1 &1 = ! same reason1 ! disadvantages ( l[ c\ntries are becom+ less s]i\s4 ,x is true t ! ,ukra9e is h>d to def5d /rategically1 & an enemy wi%+ to attack ,russia 9 ! ,ukra9e w\ld place h] 9 a v prec>i\s position4 ,b ! lack ( pron\nc$ natural l9es ( def5se is also peculi> to ! ea/]n bord] ( ,g]many1 = example1 or ! nor!rn bord] ( ,france4 ,ap>t f ^! /rategic elem5ts1 ! ,ukra9ian pla9 c\ntry & plateau c\ntry has no?+ b advantages4 ,! migration ( ! ,ukra9ian p has always be5 v easy1 & ! gr[? ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory has be5 unh9d]$ because ( ! op5ness ( ! bord]s4 ,! l[l& "* ( ! ,ukra9e is important n m]ely 9 respect to bord]s4 ,! lack ( ob/acles )9 ! c\ntry 9 ! way ( highl&s always favor$ easy travel 9 all directions4 ,! build+ ( ! roads met ) no ob/acles1 & 0 able to proce$ 9 /raight l9es4 ,9 ! pres5t days ( high-roads & railways1 ?is is a v important *>act]i/ic ( ! l&4 ,un=tunately x has nev] be5 tak5 advantage (4 ,! railroads ( ! ,ukra9e t5d t[>d unkn[n ,russian c5t]s1 )\t consid]ation ( ! natural c5t]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce its insuffici5t importance = traffic4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( all pla9 c\ntries1 & !re=e ( ! ,ukra9e1 is great homog5eity4 ,x produces a great uni=mity ( liv+ conditions1 & gives ! ,ukra9e great unity ( language1 cu/oms & /&>d ( liv+4 ,! types ( build+s1 national co/ume1 etc41 s v>i$ 9 ! small area ( ,g]many1 ext5d ov] hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ) only m9or *anges4 ,! uni=m l[l& "* ( ! ,ukra9e favor$1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! con/ant pres]vation ( ! old cu/oms & ! gradual developm5t ( culture4 ,! lack ( natural diff]5ces )9 ! c\ntry has br\ght ) x ! lack ( diff]5ces among ! inhabitants1 & x is well kn[n t su* diff]5ces enri* ! ability & ! "* ( ! entire nation consid]ably4 ,h5ce1 ! lack ( ^? necess>y conditions ( developm5t & progress has always _h a pr(\nd influ5ce 9 ! ,ukra9e1 :ile we meet su* favorable conditions at e /ep 9 ! small areas ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ) _! small] supply ( natural weal?4 ,melan*oly & indiff]5ce1 ^! typical m>ks ( ! l[l& peoples1 h always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ukra9ians also4 ,& ^! types are n favorable to ! developm5t ( culture4 ,only ! pres5t "t ( easy communications are capable ( weak5+ ! bad influ5ce ( ! uni=mity ( surface ( ! ,ukra9e to any m>k$ degree4 ,yet1 n all ! typical *>act]i/ics ( a l[l& c\ntry are common to ! ,ukra9ians4 ,above all1 !y lack1 & always h lack$1 ! capacity = ! developm5t ( great political /r5g?1 ! capacity = c5tralization2 9 a ^w1 ! capacity = /ate organiz+4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! l[l& peoples1 :i* is v /rongly develop$ among ! ,russians1 m weakly 9 ! ,poles1 has always be5 v poorly br$ 9 ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! ,ukra9ians h possess$ ! t5d5cy1 peculi> to all l[l& peoples1 to level its aspirations1 to div]t !m to "o side1 b nev] to ! subord9ation ( _! individuality to ! int]e/s ( ! /ate4 ,only :5 ! g5]al equality ( all citiz5s ( ! /ate op5s to e man an equal field = ! activity ( 8 p]sonal ego1 h ! ,ukra9ians be5 able to d ! /ate-idea ju/ice & to embody x v f9ely4 ,!y h giv5 ! be/ pro( ( ?is 9 ! ,zaporog ,cossack organization4 ,?is fact gives u ! only hope t ! ,ukra9ians may yet become an organiz$ nation 9 mod]n times4 ,! pres5t mann] ( national life is :at ! ,ukra9ians wi%$ to h c5turies ago--mu* too e>ly1 ( c\rse4 ,9 view ( ! great uni=mity1 e rise ( l& is significant4 ,slight elevations1 *a9s ( hills1 riv] valleys1 ev5 swamps & =e/s appe> 9 ! ,ukra9e z important b\nd>ies1 l9es ( def5ce1 f\ndations = cities & ca/les1 =tifi$ places1 look\t /ations1 etc4 ,ev5 ! _m b>r[s 7mohili1 kurhani7 h play$ an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! an?ropogeographical significance ( ! ,ukra9ian m\nta9s is 9 g5]al slight1 al?o we f9d all ! typical influ5ces ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! m\nta9 tribes ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,great physical endurance1 c\pl$ ) a feel+ = lib]ty & indep5d5ce1 great p]sonal c\rage1 great love ( c\ntry1 etc41 h always di/+ui%$ ! ,ukra9ian m\nta9 dwell]s4 ,! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians are1 to ?is day1 "o ( ! mo/ ?9ly settl$ regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 *iefly = ! reason t x 0 always a passive region1 :i* 0 n consid]$ 9 political life4 ,great hi/orical movem5ts h>dly ev] t\*$ ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,= _m c5turies !y rema9$ almo/ devoid ( human life4 ,h5ce1 ! ,c>pa?ians play$ h>dly any "p z a bord] def5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian /ate organizations4 ,m\nta9 *a9s usually are ( v great importance z a def5ce = individual tribes or entire races4 ,! ,c>pa?ians1 ) _! great ease ( passage1 especially 9 ! ,ukra9ian "p1 h be5 ( no significance 9 ?is respect4 ,!y did provide effective protection = ! ,wala*ian %eph]ds ?ru _m c5turies4 ,^! %eph]ds l$ a nomad life ) _! flocks on ! ,c>pa?ian pa/ures1 & left pro( ( _! pres5ce 9 num]\s names ( m\nta9s1 riv]s & villages4 ,! ,c>pa?ians also provid$ %elt] = ! num]\s ,ukra9ian fugitives :o fl$ f oppressive s]fdom & =m$ b&s ( half-political freeboot]s1 fri5ds ( ! l[ly1 & w>riors aga9/ ! lords 7opri%ki74 ,! brig&age peculi> to all m\nta9 regions fl\ri%$ also 9 ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,b no /ate orig9at$ 9 ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,! ,alps 7 ! f\ndation ( ,switz]l&1 & play$ a "p 9 ! =mation ( ! ,au/rian /ate4 ,! ,c>pa?ians h giv5 ! ,ukra9e no?+1 ap>t f occasional pass+ %elt]4 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ emphasize ano!r an?ropogeographical *>act]i/ic ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x is ! g5]al pov]ty ( _! inhabitants & _! consequ5t desire1 "u compulsion1 to seek expansion4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 7 9 a s]i\s economic condition because ( ! small am\nt ( productive gr\nd4 ,ne$ came fir/ to ! ,lemkos1 !n to ! ,boikes1 & la/ to ! ,hutzuls4 ,above all1 x p>tly dive/$ ! m\nta9 population ( ! !n pr$om9at+ indu/ry ( cattle rais+4 ,! ,lemkos at fir/ c>ri$ on a lively trade 9 wagon grease ?ru\t ! s\!rn "p ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 !n !y turn$ to h>ve/ "w1 9 ! surr\nd+ l[l&s1 & la/ to ! annual emigration to ,am]ica4 ,! ,boikes fir/ c>ri$ on trade 9 salt1 !n *ang$ to ! fruit trade1 :i* !y are c>ry+ on today1 d[n z f> z ,w>saw & ,mosc[4 ,v lately1 ! annual emigration to ,am]ica has be5 deplet+ _! ranks also4 ,! ,hutzuls h b j begun to resort to emigration4 ,!y hire out less frequ5tly = agricultural "w ?an = ! lumb] indu/ry1 9 :i* !y are v skilful4 ,_! highly develop$ dome/ic indu/ry1 :i* bord]s on ! arti/ic1 might provide !m ) ri* support1 b x is r h9d]$ ?an advanc$ by ! det]m9+ factors ( ! l&4 ,9 pres5t+ ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! gr\nd =mation on ! p1 we mu/ also consid] ! an?ropogeographical significance ( ! geological conditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y %\ld n be und]e/imat$1 z "o might expect1 :ile to ov]e/imate !m1 z "s s*ol>s h done1 by ev5 ref]r+ an?ropological *>act]i/ics back to ! geological composition ( ! c\ntry1 is q z bad2 at all ev5ts v _m ( ! liv+ conditions ( ! inhabitants are dep5d5t ^u ! geological make-up ( ! l&4 ,we %all skip ov] ! great importance ( ! geological composition ( ! c\ntry = ! surface =mations :i* x det]m9es4 ,we %all pay att5tion only to ! direct geological influ5ces4 ,! ,ukra9e possesses v great m9]al treasures4 ,! mo/ important m9]al deposits = ! pres5t "t1 namely1 coal1 iron1 salt & petroleum1 are v l>ge 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,( all ^! m9]al treasures1 h[ev]1 only ! salt deposits h _h an hi/orical significance1 s9ce f> back 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,k+doms ( ,kiev & ,hali* !y fur!r$ active trade & comm]ce1 & lat] favor$ ! developm5t ( ! ,*umak organization4 ,! o!r m9]al treasure atta9$ a great] importance only 9 ! pa/ c5tury4 ,:5 "o consid]s today t ! ,ukra9e furni%es almo/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! coal & iron output ( ,russia1 "o c readily believe t ! ,ukra9e might "s day become z great an indu/rial c\ntry z ,g]many1 ,engl& or ,belgium4 ,a s+le glance at ! m9+ map ( ! ,ukra9e soon %[s u1 h[ev]1 h[ small ! regions conta9+ ?is abundance ( m9]al weal? are 9 proportion to ! entire t]ritory4 ,!n ev]yone c und]/& :at ! geological composition ( ! c\ntry means4 ,x condemns ! ,ukra9e =ev] to rema9 an agricultural c\ntry1 al?o x also p]mits ! developm5t ( a consid]able indu/ry 9 sev]al c5t]s4 ,! same pa? ( future developm5t is outl9$ = ! ,ukra9e by its f]tile soil4 ,almo/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory lies )9 ! ,ea/]n ,european black-e>? zone4 ,! *ornozyom1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile species ( e>? on ! globe1 makes ! ,ukra9e ! mo/ fruitful l& ( ,europe4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t ! ,ukra9ians h1 to ?is day1 rema9$ almo/ entirely an agricultural p4 ,! f]tility ( ! soil mu/ also rema9 ! greate/ weal? ( ! l& into ! remote/ future4 ,n[ t ! greate/ gra9 l&s ( ! e>?1 ! ,am]ican prairies & pampas1 ! ,au/ralian bord]-/eppes1 etc41 h be5 almo/ entirely subject$ to cultivation1 ! ext5sive m>ket production ( gra9 mu/1 9 ! ne>e/ future1 give way to int5sive production4 ,!n ! importance ( ! ,ukra9ian black e>?1 :i* has ma9ta9$ its great f]tility = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w become ev5 great] ?an x is today2 & ev5 today ! ,ukra9e mu/ be consid]$ "o ( ! ma9 c5t]s ( gra9 production4 ,! f]tility ( ! ,ukra9ian soil has _h sev]al unfavorable z well z favorable results4 ,l a promis$ l&1 ! ,ukra9e has always lur$ =eign conqu]ors & coloni/s4 ,its f]tility has br\ght ! ,ukra9e mu* w> & tr\ble4 ,= c5turies ! f]tile gr\nd ( ! ,ukra9e gave its own p only a "p ( its ri* produce4 ,to ?is day ! =eign l&[n]s & gra9 m]*ants dem& ! great] "p ( ! h>ve/1 :ile ! native p ( ! ,ukra9e1 :o h dwelt 9 ! l& s9ce "t out ( m9d1 c h>dly res]ve en\gh = !mselves to keep f dy+ ( hung]4 ,! f]tile ,ukra9ian gr\nd has ex]t$ ano!r important unfavorable influ5ce ov] ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,! great f]tility ( its fields has caus$ a c]ta9 indiff]5ce & c>elessness 9 plant+ among ! ,ukra9ian peasants4 ,to be sure1 ! ,ukra9ian is a bett] f>m] ?an ! ,:ite ,russian1 ,russian or ,r\manian4 ,b = c5turies he has be5 accu/om$ to dep5d on ! f]tility ( 8 native soil & is1 !re=e1 f> beh9d ! progressive f>m] ( ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe4 ,antiquat$ me?ods ( plant+ h until rec5tly prevail$ 9 ! ,ukra9e )\t ! slighte/ *ange4 ,at ! same "t ! gr\nd has become scant1 & progressive me?ods ( cultivation mu/ be adopt$ 9 ord] to get z mu* z possible out ( ! l& & to balance ! relative dim9ution ( ! cultivation area4 ,! geological conditions h also ex]t$ a great deal ( influ5ce ov] ! build+s & roads ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,clay h\ses1 cov]$ ) /raw1 are /ill typical = ! ,ukra9e today4 ,only 9 ! mo/ rec5t times brick h\ses1 cov]$ ) %+le1 are beg9n+ to appe> 9 ! ,ukra9ian villages4 ,/one build+s 7 n orig9al ) ! ,ukra9e1 & 7 only adopt$ ) ! high] grade ( culture4 ,! cause ( ?is is n ! lack ( build+ mat]ial4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e good build+-/one is f\nd b5ea? ! ?ick cov] ( loose e>?4 ,b ! abundance ( clay always %[$ ! ne>] & easi] way--clay huts4 ,ev5 ?is small matt] has _h an unhappy influ5ce ^u ! fate ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ian cities consi/$ *iefly ( wood & clay build+s & 7 =tifi$ by means ( e>?works1 palisades & clay cov]$ wood5 t[]s4 ,wall$ h\ses & circul> walls 7 v r>e4 ,?is condition made ! def5ce ( ! cities & ca/les1 ev5 aga9/ ! attacks ( nomadic tribes1 v difficult4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,/ate w\ld n h be5 de/roy$ s soon if x _h _h an abundance ( /rongly =tifi$ wall$ cities4 ,! black e>? & clay sub-lay] ( ! ,ukra9e has1 s9ce ! mo/ anci5t times1 be5 an unfavorable influ5ce z f> z ! quality ( its roads are conc]n$4 ,outside ( ! neglig5ce ( ! ,poli% & ! ,russian ,/ate1 :i* alt]nat$ 9 ! dom9ation ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 natural conditions1 too1 h _h a great deal to d ) ! roads 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! /one lay f> bel[ ! loose cov] ( clay2 x 0 us$ v r>ely = build+ purposes2 h5ce ! idea ( pla/]+ ! roads ) /ones c\ld h>dly occur to anyone4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! an?ropogeographical significance ( ! ,ukra9ian bodies ( wat]4 ,( ! importance ( ! ,black ,sea we h already spok54 ,! ,ukra9ian p liv$ 9 close connection ) ?is sea 9 ! days ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 z well z 9 ! days ( ! ,cossack organization4 ,b ! lack ( well-develop$ coa/1 ( h>bors & isl&s1 h prev5t$ ! developm5t ( ! ,ukra9ians into a seaf>+ nation1 al?o favorable t5d5cies 7 n lack+4 ,! smallness & isolation ( ! ,black ,sea c\ld n favor ! developm5t ( navigation4 ,! frequ5cy ( dang]\s /orms _h a det]r+ effect1 al?o !y /r5g!n$ ! c\rage ( ! sailors4 ,!n aga91 ! smallness ( ! sea made ! use ( small vessels suffici5t1 :i* c\ld m readily f9d %elt] at any "t or at any po9t along ! coa/1 ) its few h>bors1 ?an l>g] %ips4 ,^! circum/ances h h9d]$ ! developm5t ( ext5sive navigation = long di/ance traffic4 ,h5ce1 ! ,ukra9ians1 al?o 9 c]ta9 p]iods ( _! hi/ory !y ga9$ a n inconsid]able famili>ity ) ! sea1 c\ld n rise to a g5u9e seaf>+ p4 ,mu* /rong] ties connect ! ,ukra9ian p ) ! riv]s ( its t]ritory4 ,! riv]s h an an?ropogeographical significance *iefly z ways ( travel4 ,! great ma9 /reams ( ! ,ukra9e1 p>ticul>ly ! ,dniep] & ! ,dnie/]1 h always _h ! "* ( a transition betwe5 riv]s & arms ( ! sea4 ,at ! "t ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 seaf>+ vessels sail+ up ! ,dnie/] rea*$ ! royal city ( ,hali*1 &1 9 ! "t ( ! ,cossacks1 ! ,zaporog boats 7 pursu$ by ! ,turki% galleys z f> z ! rapids ( ! ,dniep]4 ,z f> z anci5t navigation 0 conc]n$1 !re 0 v little diff]5ce betwe5 riv] & sea2 riv]s 7 simply ! ext5sion ( sea r\tes4 ,9 ! anci5t ,ukra9e1 ! ,v>angians 7 ! fir/ to use !m 9 ?is s5se4 ,_! r\te 8f ! ,v>angian ,l& to ,greece10 :i* lat] became "o ( ! ma9 pa?s ( ! old ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 l$ f ! ,baltic to ! ,black ,sea by way ( riv]s & portages4 ,^! w&]+s ( ! ,v>angians 9 ! ,ukra9ian wat] sy/em are ( great hi/orical significance4 ,= al?o we are n[ almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,v>angians 7 n ! f\nd]s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 x _c be d5i$ t !y play$ a great "p 9 ! =m+ ( x4 ,riv]s are natural1 & !re=e1 also ! easie/ & *eape/ roads4 ,especially 9 c\ntries ( great area1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia & ! ,ukra9e1 ! importance ( riv]s z roadways is v great4 ,riv]s connect ! nations4 ,! ,dnie/] & ! ,dniep] connect$ ! ,ukra9e ) ! sea1 ) ! highly-cultur$ ,con/ant9ople1 ) ! entire ,m$it]ranean & ,ori5tal _w ( culture4 ,! ,dniep]1 ?ru its mu* bran*$ wat]-web1 connect$ ! ,ukra9e directly ) ,pol& & ,:ite ,russia1 & indirectly ) ! ,baltic ,sea & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,ev5 today1 al?o ! canals connect+ ! ,dniep] ) ! ,vi/ula1 ,niem51 & ,dv9a are entirely neglect$1 ! ,dniep] ,riv] plays a v significant "p z a great ve9 ( traffic connect+ diff]5t l&s1 peoples & produc+ regions4 ,x may become m important /ill if x is made accessible to sea vessels & connects two di/ant seas4 ,9 ! ,cossack p]iod a consid]able portion ( ! ,ukra9ians became a riv] p4 ,! life & "w ( ! ,zaporog ,si* dep5d$ entirely ^u ! ,dniep] ,riv]4 ,x protect$1 f$ & clo!d !m4 ,s /rongly 7 ! ,zaporogs b\nd to ! ,dniep]1 s necess>y did ! great riv] become to !m1 t all attempts to f\nd new ,zaporog c5t]s on o!r riv]s simply fail$4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !n1 t ! ,dniep] is celebrat$ 9 all ! ,cossack songs z a sacr$ possession ( ! nation4 ,closely connect$ ) ! "* ( riv]s z roadways1 is _! importance z ! direct+ l9es ( ! movem5ts ( races4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e tells u h[ ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev p5etrat$ t[>d ! s\? along ! ,dniep]1 & h[ ! ,k+dom ( ,hali* rea*$ ! delta ( ! ,danube by way ( ! ,dnie/] & ,prut4 ,mo/ likely ! fir/ expansion ( ! ,ukra9ians proce$$ along ! ,dnie/]1 ,boh & ,dniep]1 s\?w>d4 ,at ! "t ( ! great %ifts ( ! ,ukra9ian s\!a/ bord]1 ! advance ( ! ,ukra9ians 0 always direct$ s\!a/1 _! retreat always nor?we/4 ,! hi/ory ( ! #af? ,c5tury %[s pla9ly h[ ! fir/ pione]s ( ! new colonization movem5t--! ,cossacks--pu%$ along ! ,dniep]1 t[>d ! s\!a/1 into ! /eppe region4 ,al?o x is a commonplace1 yet x may be e/abli%$ )\t d\bt t ! :ole ,ukra9ian nation took its way s\!a/ along ! ,ukra9ian riv]s4 ,to ?is day ! national t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9e is advanc+ irresi/ibly 9 t direction4 ,b n only ) ! s\!a/ has ,nature connect$ ! ,ukra9e4 ,important bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory--,c5tral ,galicia1 ! region ( ,kholm1 ,podlakhia1 ,we/]n ,volhynia--) _! riv] sy/em1 belong to ! ,baltic slope4 ,at ! same "t1 ! transition f ! ,pontian riv] sy/em to ! ,baltic sy/em is v easy1 ! divides flat & l[4 ,! easy transition f ! ,dnie/] to ! ,san & ,buh1 f ! ,pripet to ! ,vi/ula & ! ,niem51 0 ( great importance 9 ! pa/1 :5 we/]n influ5ces c\ld easily p5etrate ^! ,ukra9ian bord]l&s1 & is ( great importance 9 ! pres5t4 ,if1 9 ! ne> future1 ! n[ antiquat$ canals are improv$ & new ones built1 ! ,ukra9e w h z good connections ) ! we/ z x has ) ! ea/4 ,!n ! ,ukra9e may1 f a hydrographic po9t ( view1 ga9 great importance z a transition c\ntry ( important wat]ways4 ,by no means accid5tal is ! rem>kable fact t ! ,ukra9e has no hydrographic connection ) ! nor!a/1 ! real ,muscovite c\ntry4 ,( ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,don1 only ! region ( ! ,donetz 7:i* also fl[s s\!a/7 & ! m\? ( ! ma9 /ream belong to ! t]ritory ( ! ,ukra9e1 & t only s9ce a relatively %ort "t4 ,outside ( ! ,don region ! ,ukra9e has no hydrographic connections ) ! ,muscovite c\ntry1 :i* has always _h diff]5t directions1 diff]5t *annels ( traffic1 & diff]5t c5t]s ( wat]ways4 ,mod]n geography does n consid] riv]s good natural b\nd>ies1 & does n believe 9 _! p[]s ( sep>ation4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e1 riv]s h play$ almo/ no "p z b\nd>ies4 ,ev5 ! ,pripet1 surr\nd$ z x is ) inaccessible swamps1 does n make a good natural b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,ukra9e & ,:ite ,russia4 ,! e?nographic influ5ces on bo? sides1 & ev5 ! political b\nd>ies are h>dly consid]$4 ,nor c\ld ! riv]s be important la/+ ob/acles2 in/ead ( sep>at+ !y are m likely to connect individuals1 & ev5 :ole nations4 ,only z pass+1 mom5t>y ob/acles1 !y 7 ( importance to ! ,ukra9e 9 ! innum]able w>s :i* 7 wag$ on ,ukra9ian soil1 & mu* ,ukra9ian blood 0 c>ri$ by !m to ! sea4 ,we n[ come to ! relations betwe5 climate & p ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! situation ( ! ,ukra9e at an equal di/ance f ! equator & ! pole1 on ! s\!a/ bord] ( ! ,european cont95t1 :i* is s v favor$ climatically1 has giv5 ! c\ntry "o ( ! f9e/ climates ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,! hot summ] p]mits ( an ext5sive exploitation ( ! gr\nd1 ! sev]e w9t] h>d5s ! body & /r5g!ns ! s\l1 /rong w9ds cle> ! atmosph]e & br+ motion into nature4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall is suffici5t = ! vegetable _w1 & is z f> remov$ f ! sup]abundance ( damp ,we/]n ,europe1 z f ! deadly dryness ( ! ,asiatic /eppes4 ,z = ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian climate ^u ! p1 x is 9 ! ma9 simil> to t ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! ,ukra9ians are "o ( ! nor!rn peoples ( ,europe1 & !y %[ x by ! difficulty ) :i* !y become acclimat$ to ! tropical conditions ( ,brazil & ,arg5t9a4 ,!re conditions are mu* worse = ! ,ukra9ians ?an = ! ,spani>ds1 ,portuguese & ,italians1 b at lea/ bett] ?an = ! ,engli% or ,sc&9avians4 ,! ,ukra9ian is already accu/om$ to a hot & long summ] 9 8 native l&4 ,he accu/oms himself quickly & easily to ! cold ,sib]ian climate1 because ! fro/s 9 ! ,ukra9e1 despite ! %ort fro/ p]iod1 are v sev]e4 ,= climatic reasons !n1 ! colonial capacity ( ! ,ukra9ians mu/ be ev5 bett] ?an t ( mo/ ( ! peoples ( ,we/]n or ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! climate ( ! ,ukra9e1 :i* we h discuss$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 is v uni=m ?ru\t ! entire great t]ritory1 ) ! exception ( ! s\!rn bord]s4 ,?is homog5eity is favorable on ! "o h&1 because x advances ! homog5eity ( ! p1 unfavorable on ! o!r h&1 because diff]5ces 9 climate z a rule enliv5 & quick5 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ( a c\ntry4 ,! v>iations 9 "* ( ! p & 9 ! mode ( liv+ due to ! diff]5ces 9 climate give c\ntless impulses to developm5t & to progress4 ,despite ! g5]al uni=mity ( ! climate1 we d f9d appreciable diff]5ces :5 we comp>e ! nor!rn bord] regions ( our c\ntry ) ! s\!rn ones4 ,! ,ukra9e has ! same climatic peculi>ity z ,france on a small scale1 ! transition ( ! temp]ate to ! ,m$it]ranean climate )\t %>ply def9$ b\nd>ies4 ,9 ?is way "s diff]5ce ( products does arise1 :i* advances ! developm5t ( trade & comm]ce4 ,9 our description ( ! ,ukra9ian climate1 we emphasiz$ its peculi> position z comp>$ ) ! climates ( ! adjac5t di/ricts ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,j beyond ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e1 to ! nor? & ea/1 ! annual temp]ature becomes l[] & ! duration & sev]ity ( ! w9t] sudd5ly becomes v mu* great]4 ,! ,muscovite climate & t ( ! ,ukra9e w\ld n be rank$ toge!r by anyone :o und]/&s any?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,& yet ! r5[n$ hi/orian & publici/1 ,l]oy ,beaulieu1 consid]s a uni=m climate z "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! unity ( ,russia4 ,9 ,janu>y1 he writes1 "o may ride 9 a sleigh f ,a/rakhan to ,ar*angel2 ! ,sea ( ,az( & ! ,caspian ,sea freeze ov] j z ! ,:ite ,sea or ! ,f9ni% ,gulf1 ! ,dniep] z well z ! ,dv9a2 ! w9t] wraps nor? & s\? 9 "o va/ blanket ( sn[ e ye>4 ,less /rong are ! ties =m$ by ! summ]1 b !re is a prepond]ance ( unify+ circum/ances4 ,su* /atem5ts c come only f "o :o has no conception ( climatology & an?ropogeography4 ,on su* premises no conclusions may be bas$1 except by p]sons :o h previ\sly con/ruct$ a hypo!sis & n[ wi% at all co/s1 to prove its validity4 ,= x is c]ta9ly g5]ally kn[n t ! same w9t] cov]s all ,sc&9avia1 ,pol&1 ,g]many & ,nor!rn ,france toge!r ) ! same :ite mantle4 ,9 ! w9t]-"t "o may travel by sleigh n only f ,a/rakhan to ,ar*angel1 b also to ,irkutsk 9 "o direction & to ,/ockholm 9 ! o!r1 & ev5 to ,p>is4 ,n only ! ,dniep] freezes1 b also ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,od]1 ! ,elbe1 & sometimes ev5 ! ,se9e4 ,if we consid] ice & sn[ z ! basis ( 8unification10 v little ( ,europe rema9s4 ,= n only 9 sn[ & ice %\ld we seek signs ( uni=mity 9 climate1 b 9 its g5]al "*1 9 ! community ( all climatic *>act]i/ics4 ,x is true t ! ,ukra9e is "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,european climatic prov9ce1 b 9 ?is prov9ce we may also include almo/ all ( ,sw$51 almo/ all ( ,pol&1 a "p ( ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,prussia1 & ,supan adds all ( ,we/]n ,sib]ia1 ,caucasia & ,turke/an z well4 ,e geograph] und]/&s t s great a climatic prov9ce mu/ be divid$ into small] di/ricts ev5 9 climatology1 n to m5tion ! details ( daily life4 ,e inhabitant ( ,s\!rn ,russia1 :e!r a ,ukra9ian or n1 feels ! diff]5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian climate f t ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg or ,mosc[ v ke5ly4 ,!re is h>dly a ,russian au?or :o does n describe ! f9e climate ( ! ,ukra9e z wond]fully mild comp>$ to ! inhospitable climate ( 8 native l&4 ,h[ ke5ly1 !n1 does a ,ukra9ian feel ! diff]5ce 9 ! two climates1 :o is =c$ to live 9 ! cold ,muscovite c\ntry4 ,! climatic diff]5ce is illu/rat$ m cle>ly /ill :5 we consid] ! matt] f ! climatological side4 ,voyekov1 ! great ,russian climato pze%asiemlogi/1 expressly ! slight cov] ( sn[ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! relatively high temp]ature ( ! w>m] p]iods ( ! w9t]1 & ! abnormally w>m spr+1 :i* is due to ! lightness ( ! sn[-cov]1 :i* requires only a little ( ! spr+ w>m? to melt x4 ,! sn[ cov] ( ,pol&1 ,li?uania or ,nor!a/]n ,g]many is mu* m simil> to t ( ,muscovy ?an ! ,ukra9ian4 ,! ,janu>y iso!rms 9 ! ,ukra9e swit* ov] f ! ,n4 to ,s4 direction to ! ,n4 ,w4 to ,s4 ,e4 direction4 ,! iso!rm ( ! typical ,russian w9t] 7,janu>y -#h to -#aj7 avoids ! region ( ! ,ukra9e entirely4 ,x is true t ! ,dniep] & ,dnie/] h ! same am\nt ( ice z ! ,volga or ! ,dv9a4 ,b "h ! ma9 consid]ation %\ld be ! p]iod ( freez+2 ! ,dv9a is cov]$ ov] = #aij days1 ! ,volga #afj1 ! ,dniep] 9 ! ,ukra9e only #hj to #ajj days1 ! ,dnie/] #gj days4 ,^! are c]ta9ly great] diff]5ces4 ,/ill great] diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ukra9ian & ! ,muscovite climates become evid5t :5 we comp>e ! l5g? ( ! w9t]1 or ! "t suitable = "w outdoors4 ,9 ,great ,russia ?is "t is at mo/ f\r mon?s2 9 ! ,ukra9e1 at lea/ six & a half2 & 9 its s\!rn bord]l&s ev5 n9e mon?s4 ,su* diff]5ces play a great "p 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,! "t ( ! w9t] ob/ructions & en=c$ idl5ess is twice z great 9 ,russia z 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! /ruggle ) ! cold takes on =ms 9 ! ,ukra9e :i* are entirely analog\s to ! ,we/]n ,european =ms4 ,9 ! ,muscovite c\ntry we obs]ve pol> elem5ts 9 ! w9t]-life ( ! p4 ,! ,ukra9ian w9t] does n depress ! p1 does n bore !m to dea?1 b only /eels _! bodies 9 ! /ruggle ) ! cold & gives !m ! desir$ re/ aft] ! summ]'s heat4 ,! w9t] is ! "t ( ! mo/ int5sive social life among ! ,ukra9ian peasantry4 ,! spr+ ( ! ,ukra9e1 w>m & sunny1 has q a diff]5t influ5ce ^u p to t ( ! cool1 damp ,russian or ,poli% spr+4 ,! sunny climate ( ! spr+ & ! cl\dlessness ( ! summ] h produc$ 9 ! ,ukra9ian a quiet1 fundam5tally *e]ful temp]4 ,yet1 we f9d 9 him none ( ! gaiety :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! p ( ! s\? z comp>$ ) ! p ( ! nor?1 b r a quiet melan*oly4 ,x is j ! ,russians or ! ,poles t are ( a mu* gay] sort ?an ! ,ukra9ians1 liveli]1 m easy-go+ 9 _! social life1 m frolicsome2 n ! ,ukra9ians1 b ! ,russians & ,poles1 are ! v ones t are vy+ ) "o ano!r = ! epi!t ( ! 8,fr5*m5 ( ! ,nor?0 or 8( ! ,ea/10 respectively4 7,?is rem>kable fact is due1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! unhappy hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! melan*oly ( ! ,ukra9ians is quiet1 :ile ! occasional melan*oly ( ! ,russians turns into despair & pessimism4 ,! ,ukra9ian summ] & fall1 w>m & beautiful1 has made ! ,ukra9ian1 9 contra/ ) ! ,russian1 a f>m] p> excell5ce4 ,! w>m? ( ^! seasons is v simil> to ,s\!rn ,european conditions1 & gives to ! life ( ! ,ukra9ian p _m s\!rn *>act]i/ics4 ,! life 9 op5 communion ) ,nature1 ! accessibility ( h] organic treasures1 is mu* m pron\nc$ 9 ! ,ukra9e ?an 9 ,russia1 ,:ite ,russia or ,pol&4 ,9 ! w>m seasons ! ,ukra9ian lives mu* ( ! "t outside 8 h\se4 ,9 ! day he works cont9u\sly 9 ! field or 9 ! g>d51 & ev5 at night he usually sleeps outdoors 9 ! or*>d or ! y>d4 ,if ! fields are at a di/ance f ! village1 a l>ge "p ( ! population ( ! place camp out 9 ! op5 fields = sev]al days dur+ h>ve/ "t4 ,^! are all *>act]i/ics ( ! life ( ! s\?4 ,yet we see 9 our p no real *>act]i/ics ( ! p ( ! s\?4 ,despite all ?is1 ! ,ukra9ian is mu* m dome/ic ?an ! ,russian1 m frugal & m temp]ate2 ! 8extravagant ,russian nature0 is entirely =eign to him4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,ukra9ians d n h gay mann]s1 & 9 l mann] _! activity ( ?\ght is less ?an t ( ! nor!rn peoples1 ! ,russians & ! ,poles4 ,yet ! dep? ( ?\ght ( ! ,ukra9ians is mu* great]1 & _! popul> poetry incomp>ably deep] ?an t ( ! ,russians or ,poles4 ,dream9ess & res]ve ( "* is mu* great] 9 ! ,ukra9ians :o live 9 ! s\? ?an 9 ! ,poles & ,russians :o live 9 ! nor?4 ,all ^! are ! effects ( a sorr[ful pa/4 ,only 9 "o respect d ! ,ukra9ians be> out _! s\!rn type ( "*2 9 _! great abilities & _! g5]ally ri* intellectual gifts4 ,e unprejudic$ obs]v] mu/ admit t ! ,ukra9ian peasant1 almo/ ! only typical repres5tative ( our nation1 surpasses almo/ all 8 neighbors 9 8 natural accompli%m5ts4 ,! laz9ess & weakness ( w peculi> to ! s\!rn nations comp>$ to ! nor!rn1 h n develop$ into a typical *>act]i/ic among ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! (t5 rem>kable indiff]5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian is r an outgr[? ( sad hi/orical ev5ts ?an ( ! climate & ! nature ( ! l& 9 g5]al4 ,at mo/ "o might blame ! great f]tility ( ! black soil4 ,= ! fai? 9 ?is f]tility is almo/ nev] misplac$ & favors ! indiff]5ce ( ! peasant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! five hundr$ ye>s ( ,tat> oppression 7 actually able to produce an inh]it$ indiff]5ce4 ,& :y /rive & "w1 :5 at any mom5t ! ,tat> hordes might come & take or burn ev]y?+8 ,despite ?is hi/orically inh]it$ indiff]5ce1 z we may call x1 ! laz9ess peculi> to s\!rn]s _c be ascrib$ to ! ,ukra9ians4 ,!y are bett] f>m]s ?an all _! neighbors1 ) ! s+le exception ( ^? :o adopt$ progressive f>m+1 z1 = example1 ! ,prussian ,poles4 ,dome/ic indu/ry is also well develop$ among ! ,ukra9ians1 & ! ,ukra9ian seasonal work]s are actually s\ght aft]1 especially 9 ,g]many1 & e>n a great deal4 ,! ,ukra9ian h>ve/-work] is m s\ght aft] & bett] paid ?an ! ,russian4 ,he works sl[ly b me?odically1 & a*ieves good results4 ,! ,ukra9ian coloni/s f9d tol]able liv+ conditions 9 places 9 :i* ! ,russian />ves to dea? or f :i* he flees4 ,9 l mann] weakness ( w is n a real peculi>ity ( ! ,ukra9ians1 9 spite ( _! s\!rn location4 ,! ?\s& ye>s' /ruggle ) piratical ,asia1 ! indep5d5t e/abli%m5t ( two great /ate organizations1 especially ! second1 aft] ?ree c5turies ( slav]y1 ! new awak5+ 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury "u su* difficult & ho/ile conditions1 ! spl5did colonial expansion--all ?is speaks r = great en]gy ?an = weakness ( w4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t 9 our p1 oppress$ by c5turies ( s]fdom1 en]gy & /r5g? ( "* mu/ hide b5ea? a ?ick cru/ ( indiff]5ce1 & our educat$ p f9d _! en]gy weak5$ by ! bad influ5ce ( =eign cultures4 ,b ^! facts %[ mo/ cle>ly t an enorm\s am\nt ( en]gy & willp[] is lat5t 9 ! ,ukra9ian p1 :i*1 to ?is day1 h[ev]1 has n be5 prop]ly develop$4 ,among hi/orians & an?ropogeograph]s x is a mu* us$ commonplace t ! nor!rn peoples always appe> z conqu]ors :o subjugate ! s\!rn peoples1 & t !y are always ! f\nd]s ( /ates 9 _! p>ticul> climatic zones4 ,! ,g]mans ov]?rew ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ,nor!rn ,fr5*m5 f\nd$ ! ,fr5* /ate1 ! ,nor!rn ,spani>ds ! ,spani%1 ! ,nor!rn ,italians1 ! ,italian /ate1 & ! ,nor? ,g]mans unit$ ,g]many4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 t ?is commonplace %\ld be appli$ also 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! 8,nor!rn0 ,russians h1 by ! natural necessity ( hi/ory1 8unit$0 ! 8s\!rn0 ,russians4 ,! same explanation %\ld be accept$ z a necessity by ! ,ukra9ians1 & no?+ %\ld be done to resi/ ?is condition6 ,9 reality ?is commonplace1 l s _m o!rs1 is false4 ,! ,ukra9ians1 z we h already obs]v$1 possess no su* *>act]i/ics1 z oppos$ to ! ,russians1 z a s\!rn race possesses ) reg>d to a nor!rn neighbor4 ,to be sure1 ! ,russian /ate n[ dom9ates ! ,ukra9e4 ,b ! pres5t ,russian /ate is1 aft] all1 only a bran* ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,k+dom ( ,kiev4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,k+dom subjugat$ ! pres5t ,russian t]ritory1 organiz$ x z a /ate1 ev5 p>tly coloniz$ x1 & gave x a rul+ dyna/y4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ian /ate tradition 0 usurp$ by ! ,muscovite /ates1 & gave !m all ! pre/ige :i* ! ,muscovite possesses4 ,x 0 only ! ,tat> invasion t entirely held up ! political developm5t ( ! ,ukra9e1 &1 at ! same "t1 favor$ ! developm5t ( ! ,muscovite ,empire4 ,only ! ,tat> invasion br\ght ,mosc[ ! supremacy ov] ! ,ukra9e :i* ,russia /ill enjoys4 ,x 0 a =eign conque/1 :i* has no?+ to d ) climatic influ5ces4 ,! v "n ( ,russia only came into use 9 ! "t ( ,pet] ! ,great6 ,f ?is survey ( climatic influ5ces1 x appe>s1 unequivocally1 t ! ,ukra9ians _c be class$ ) ! s-call$ s\!rn peoples4 ,! ,ukra9ians h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! races ( ! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone1 :o are ! repres5tatives ( ! ,european culture ( today4 ,! gr[? ( national consci\sness & ( culture w1 )\t a d\bt1 raise ! ,ukra9ians to ! /&>d ( ! ,european family ( cultur$ nations4 ,! nature ( ! c\ntry has1 by means ( its influ5ces1 giv5 !m all ! necess>y pr]equisites4 ,! significance ( ! flora & fauna1 = a l[l& p l ! ,ukra9ians1 %\ld be consid]$ v great4 ,f ! physico-geographical description ( ! ,ukra9e1 ev]yone w obs]ve t ! ,ukra9e may be naturally divid$ into two ma9 p>ts1 ! =e/ c\ntry & ! /eppe c\ntry4 ,! m\nta9 =mations take up only a comp>atively small "p ( our t]ritory4 ,ev5 among ! ,ukra9ians !mselves1 ! op9ion is v widespread t !y are a /eppe-p4 ,! enemies ( ! ,ukra9e h l>gely repres5t$ !m 9 ! eyes ( ,europe z a semi-nomadic /eppe-p1 devoid ( all culture1 :i* ?ru _! gr[? & developm5t might ?reat5 ! cultural treasures ( ,europe4 ,^! views1 ?o bas$ p>tly ^u ! great "p ! /eppe has play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e1 & p>tly ^u ! unque/ionable fact t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! pres5t ,ukra9ian t]ritory lies )9 ! /eppe region ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 are1 nev]!less1 incorrect4 ,=1 a glance at ! floral map ( ,europe is en\gh to %[ t ! s-call$ old ,ukra9e1 t is1 ! orig9al ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 lies almo/ completely )9 ! =e/ region4 ,t means ,galicia1 ,kholm1 ,we/]n ,podolia1 ,we/]n ,volhynia1 ,kiev1 ,*]nihiv1 etc4 ,f "h ! mo/ anci5t ,ukra9ian colonization advanc$ to ! ,black ,sea1 only to lose all ! /eppe di/ricts aga9 ^u ! sudd5 nomad attack4 ,= c5turies ! /eppes ( ! pres5t ,ukra9e 7 ! /amp+-gr\nd ( ,mongolian-,turki% nomad tribes4 ,! ,cossack organization at la/ wre/$ great areas f !m1 & made ^! accessible to ,ukra9ian colonization4 ,& only ! la/ colonial expansion ( ! ,ukra9ians has be5 able to rea* ! ,pontian %ore aga94 ,! ,ukra9ians1 !n1 7 orig9ally a =e/ & wood-mead[ p4 ,!y h become 9 "p a /eppe p1 b only ?ru _! late/ colonial expansion4 ,&1 j z today we w\ld n call ! ,engli% or ! ,nor? ,am]icans /eppe peoples1 m]ely because !y coloniz$ ! ,am]ican prairies & n[ inhabit !m1 s we c no m call ! ,ukra9ians a /eppe p1 m]ely because !y h coloniz$ ! ,s\!rn ,european /eppes4 ,n ! /eppe1 b ! =e/ & ! wood-mead[ are ! native floral conditions ( ! ,ukra9ian4 ,9 ! =e/ zone & 9 ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! =e/-mead[ zone1 ! se$ ( ! ,kiev ,/ate orig9at$4 ,9 its expansion1 ?is /ate fir/ ( all embrac$ ! =e/ regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 :ile ! /eppe regions 7 conqu]$ lat] & kept "u ! dom9ion ( ! /ate = a comp>atively %ort "t only4 ,! second c5t] ( ! old ,ukra9ian hi/oric life also lies )9 ! =e/ zone ( ! ,ukra9e1 namely1 ! ,galician-,volhynian4 ,ev5 ! c5t] ( ,ukra9ian hi/orical life t ext5d$ f>!/ into ! /eppe1 ! ,zaporog ,si*1 0 dep5d5t = its exi/5ce ^u ! great wood$ areas ( ! ,veliki ,luh on ! ,dniep] & its tribut>ies1 & ?us b\nd to ! =e/ c\ntry4 ,! pron\nc$ incl9ation ( ! ,ukra9ian p to agriculture1 f ! mo/ anci5t times d[n to ! pres5t1 is ano!r pro( t x is a =e/ p1 p>adoxical ?o x may seem4 ,= x is an undisput$ fact t1 al?o ! /eppes h app>5tly be5 mo/ favorable to ! cultivation ( ! gra9 grasses1 & al?o ! pres5t ma9 c5t]s ( ! gra9 production ( ! _w lie 9 ! /eppe c\ntry ( ! prairies1 pampas1 ,ukra9e1 yet n[h]e 9 ! :ole _w h ! /eppes br\ght =? an agricultural p4 ,no /eppe-p1 any:]e1 ev] began agriculture ( its own accord4 ,! =e/ peoples _h to tea* ! /eppe-races agriculture 9 ! fir/ place4 ,only 9 case ( bitt] necessity d ! inhabitants ( ! /eppes take to ! pl\gh1 & nev] has agriculture become "p ( _! sy/em to !m4 ,h[ great 0 ! "p ( ! ,ukra9ian =e/ region 9 ! pa/ life ( ! nation has already be5 sugge/$ 9 ,book ,i4 ,only to ! =e/s does ! ,ukra9ian nation owe its pres]vation dur+ ! ,tat> attacks4 ,! =e/s 7 ! only refuge ( ! p1 to ! =e/ zone ! inhabitants ( ! /eppes retreat$ :5ev] ! /eppes 7 ?reat5$ by ! nomads1 mov+ back aga9 at a favorable opportunity4 ,! ,ukra9ian =e/s h also be5 ( great importance z b\nd>ies4 ,! function ( ! =e/ to =m important b\nd>ies = races on a l[ grade ( culture is famili> to an?ropogeography4 ,9 ,ukra9ian hi/ory1 too1 ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! =e/s has appe>$ prom95tly4 ,! =e/s ( ! ,ukra9ian ,polissye 7 ( great importance = ! f5c+-(f ( ! ,ea/ ,slavic tribes1 & by =m+ a wide zone1 difficult ( passage1 sep>at+ ! ,ea/ ,slavic tribes ( ! s\? f ^? ( ! nor? & we/1 !y h contribut$ a great deal to ! =mation ( ! ?ree ,ea/ ,slavic nations ( today4 ,9 ! days ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 ! c5t]s 9 :i* ! ,muscovite nation lat] develop$ bore ! "n ( ,salissye 7l& beh9d ! =e/74 ,!re 0 a ,p]eyaslav ,saliski1 ,vladimir ,saliski1 etc4 ,! significance ( ! =e/ z a b\nd>y has also made itself felt 9 ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,= ! grade ( culture ^u :i* ! ,ukra9e rema9$ ?ru\t ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! mod]n era1 ! =e/s con/itut$ good b\nd>ies4 ,! =e/ divid$ ! population into small gr\ps1 :i* liv$ ap>t 9 sep>ate cle>+s1 e gr\p liv+ its own life4 ,! =e/ made communication difficult & did n p]mit ! organization ( a p[]ful c5tral /ate4 ,! =e/ "* ( ! old ,ukra9e 0 ! natural *ief cause ( ! =mation ( pr9cipalities 9 ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,kiev1 & advanc$ t fateful p>ticul>ism4 ,x is n by m]e accid5t t ,kiev lies on ! bord] ( ! =e/ zone ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,toge!r ) o!r causes1 ! ?9n] =e/s 7 an aid to ! m rapid developm5t ( ! ,kiev pr9cipality1 & made x ! natural />t+ po9t = ! great expansion "u ! reigns ( ,oleh1 ,sviatoslav1 ,volodimir4 ,f 8 orig9al t]ritory ! ,ukra9ian took ) him 8 great pref]5ce = trees1 a love ( trees :i* causes ! :ite huts ( a typical ,ukra9ian village to be bord]$ ) ! fre% gre5 ( leaves4 ,! gre5 ( ! trees 9 :i* ! ,ukra9ian huts disappe>1 enables u imm$iately to diff]5tiate a ,ukra9ian f a ,russian village1 :i* seems to be afraid ( trees4 ,consequ5tly1 ! /eppe is n orig9ally native to ! ,ukra9ian4 ,! words ( ! ,cossack song1 8,! /eppes s wide1 ! joy\s l&0 7 n compos$ until ! latt] days ( ! ,cossack organization4 ,= c5turies ! /eppe meant to ! ,ukra9ian ! t]rible1 my/]i\s1 8wild field10 f :i* at e mom5t ! nomad ho/s1 l a sw>m ( locu/s1 invad$ ! ,ukra9e4 ,! /ruggles ( ! ,k+dom ( ,kiev ) ! nomads %[ an an?ropogeograph] v pla9ly ! reason ( _! f9al failure4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ians1 be+ =e/ dwell]s1 simply c\ld n successfully fight ! rid]s on ! natural /eppe or ! artificial /eppe ( _! own fields4 ,! anci5t ,ukra9ians did n feel at home 9 ! /eppe4 ,a long evolution 0 necess>y be=e ! ,ukra9ians adapt$ !mselves to ! /eppe1 & ! beg9n+ ( ?is adaptation 0 ! ,ukra9ian ,cossack organization4 ,n until aft] ! =mation & developm5t ( ! ,cossack organization c\ld ! ,ukra9ian p successfully advance into ! /eppe zone & colonize x4 ,yet ! d5s] settlem5t ( ! /eppes did n take place until t[>d ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly ,ukra9ian settlem5ts h1 to ?is day1 n lo/ ! "* ( new colonies4 ,b ^! /eppe di/ricts 7 coloniz$ by s great a mass ( ,ukra9ian coloni/s1 & !y increas$ s rapidly 9 ! f]tile c\ntry1 t today m ?an half ! ,ukra9ians live 9 ! /eppe zone1 & !reby favor ! widespread commonplace t ! ,ukra9ians are a /eppe p4 ,! weal? ( its flora & fauna v soon enabl$ ! ,ukra9e to prosp]4 ,v e>ly x 0 call$ a l& 8:]e milk & honey fl[s40 ,?is natural weal? ( ! organic _w possess$ ! great] wor? = ! reason t x 0 n soon exhau/$1 & (f]$1 z x /ill (f]s1 to ! population1 an opportunity = con/ant "w1 endur+ activity & /eady developm5t4 ,! natural treasures ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory are n ! treasures ( tropical c\ntries :i* favor laz9ess1 b ! treasures ( a m ?rifty ,nature1 :i* require con/ant "w to prop]ly exploit !m4 ,man has *ang$ ! natural conditions ( ! flora & fauna ( ! ,ukra9e to a great ext5t4 ,^! *anges are n z fundam5tal z 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 b !y h a great an?ropogeographical significance4 ,! =e/ zone ( ! ,ukra9e is ?9n$ ev5 beyond ! normal & 9 places de/roy$4 ,! artificial /eppe ( ! cultivat$ l& has p5etrat$ v f> to ! nor? & we/4 ,c]ta9 plant species h become r>e1 o!rs h entirely disappe>$1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 new ones h be5 acclimat$4 ,! orig9al weal? ( game ( ! ,ukra9e is a ?+ ( ! pa/ n[1 & ! great abundance ( fi% is almo/ all gone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man has increas$ ! numb] ( dome/ic animals enorm\sly4 ,all ^! conditions give to ! ,ukra9e *>act]i/ics ( a cultivat$ c\ntry4 ,z we %all see fur!r on1 ! degree ( exploitation ( natural res\rces is /ill v l[1 mu* l[] ?an 9 ! g5u9ely cultur$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,despite all ?is1 ! ,ukra9e mu/ be consid]$ a l& exceptionally end[$ ) ri*es by ,nature4 ,up to ! pres5t day ?is has be5 a mis=tune1 = f all sides /rang]s h come 9 to take ) full h&s ( ! ri*es ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,b ! "t has come1 at la/1 9 :i* ! possibility lies 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ukra9ian p to make use 9 ! future ( ! ri* res\rces ( ! ,ukra9ian l& = !mselves4 ,,economic-,,geographical ,,survey ,,( ,,ukra9e ,to give a lucid economic-geographical view ( ! ,ukra9e today is v difficult--almo/ impossible4 ,! ,ukra9ian t]ritory is divid$ among ?ree /ates1 & n[h]e does ! ,ukra9ian c\ntry =m unbrok5 adm9i/rative units4 ,consequ5tly1 ! (ficial /ati/ics _c give an exact picture ( ! economic conditions ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! foll[+ attempt1 also1 c lay no claim to accuracy4 ,a v het]og5e\s & incomplete mass ( mat]ial has made x impossible to atta9 ! desir$ accuracy & uni=mity4 ,! ,ukra9e diff]s f ! cultural c\ntries ( ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe fir/1 9 t its settlem5t is n yet complete1 s to say4 ,only ! nor?we/]n regions ( ! 8,old ,ukra9e0 possess a suffici5t d5sity ( population4 ,! entire s\? & ea/ are ?9ly1 9 places ev5 v ?9ly1 peopl$4 ,& ! complete exploitation ( ! natural res\rces is /ill a f> way (f1 ev5 9 ! mo/ ?ickly settl$ p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,ukra9e4 ,9 our economic-geographical survey ( ! ,ukra9e1 we %all beg9 ) ! mo/ primitive bran*es ( ! exploitation ( natural res\rces & proce$ f !m to ^? t are m advanc$4 ,,hunt+ ,,& ,,fi%+ ,! mo/ primitive way ( exploit+ ! natural res\rces ( a c\ntry has always1 & ev]y:]e1 be5 hunt+ & fi%+4 ,bo? play$ a great "p 9 ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9e a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,our anci5t *ronicles conta9 _m reports ( ! great abundance ( game & fi% 9 ! ,ukra9ian l&1 & ( _! great importance = ! population4 ,five c5turies ( ,tat> w>f>e effectively int]rupt$ ! exploitation ( ^! natural treasures1 & ev5 9 ! #af? & #ag? ,c5tury ! ,ukra9e /ill ar\s$ ! amazem5t ( travel]s f =eign l&s1 ?ru its great weal? ( game & fi%4 ,9 ^! c5turies1 hunt+ & fi%+ 7 among ! ma9 bran*es ( indu/ry ( ! ,cossack bord] population ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,z late z ! second half ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 hunt+ & fi%+ 7 /ill two ( ! ma9 s\rces ( indu/ry ( ! ,zaporog ,si*4 ,b soon agriculture began to ga9 gr\nd 9 ! regions rul$ by x1 ! d5sity ( ! population increas$1 & ) x ! fundam5tal /r5g? ( ! ,zaporog organization4 ,?is circum/ance seem$ ?reat5+ to ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 & 0 ! *ief motive = ! de/ruction ( ! ,si*4 ,today hunt+ has almo/ no significance 9 ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,al?o 9 ! ye> #aijf1 9 ,galicia1 #ejj /ags1 ab\t #aj1jjj roes1 ov] #bjjj bo>s1 ab\t #ij1jjj rabbits1 ov] #hjjj pheasants1 #ej1jjj p>tridges1 #cj1jjj quail1 #aj1jjj woodcocks1 & #ad1jjj wild ducks 7 kill$1 ! figures = o!r c\ntries at ! same "t 7 mu* high]2 9 ,bohemia :i* is m ?ickly populat$ !re 7 br\ght d[n m ?an #hjj1jjj rabbits1 #a1jjj1jjj p>tridges1 etc4 ,^! figures %[ t 9 ,galicia ! natural weal? ( game has decl9$ consid]ably1 :ile ! artificial cons]vation ( game has n yet begun4 ,9 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian "p ( ! ,ukra9e1 hunt+ has become a m]e div]sion ( ! upp] classes--a m]e sport4 ,! hunt+ monopoly ( ! upp] classes ev5 br+ to ! c\ntry folk s]i\s disadvantages1 = bo>s & /ags cause great damage to agriculture1 especially 9 ! ,boiko & ,hutzul c\ntry1 & x is =bidd5 to keep !m (f4 ,?is circum/ance enc\rages poa*+1 :i* 9 _m di/ricts is q common4 ,! ext]m9ation ( bea/s ( prey1 be>s1 wolves1 lynx & wildcats is z a rule1 und]tak5 only 9 occasional g5]al *ases1 b ! ,ukra9ian m\nta9-dwell]s are v well able1 despite all game laws1 to def5d !mselves & _! h]ds effectively f ^! wild animals4 ,9 #aijf m ?an #ijjj foxes 7 br\ght d[n 9 ,galicia4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e ! economic importance ( hunt+ is z slight z 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,n[h]e 9 ?is region d we f9d a develop$1 pr(itable hunt+ indu/ry4 ,ev5 9 ! ,polissye hunt+ is n v important & is at mo/ an avocation = a few =e/ settl]s4 ,"h rabbits1 roes1 bo>s1 elk1 gr\se1 wild f[l & wat]-game are sometimes hunt$4 ,bison & beav] hunt+ is n[ v /rictly =bidd54 ,_m foxes & badg]s are kill$ & a relatively l>ge numb] ( be>s & wolves4 ,volhynia is mu* poor] 9 game1 & /ill poor] are ,podolia1 & ! di/ricts ( ,kiev1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv4 ,9 all ! places1 ! mo/ t "o c get a %ot at1 aside f wild f[l1 is rabbits & foxes1 & sometimes wolves4 ,9 ! =e/s & swamps ( ! ,*]nihov c\ntry !re is a some:at great] abundance ( game4 ,hunt+ is mo/ important1 relatively1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e1 on ! ,black ,sea bord] & 9 ! ,caucasus l&s4 ,besides roes1 rabbits1 & foxes1 !re are hunt$ 9 ! /eppes3 wolves1 sayga-antelopes & wild dogs2 & 9 ! ,caucasus3 bison1 /ags1 be>s1 & lynx4 ,! numb] ( /eppe & wat]f[l1 e4g41 bu/>ds1 p>tridge1 quail1 wild geese & wild ducks1 & ( m\nta9 f[l1 z pheasants1 m\nta9-quail1 & gr\se1 is /ill consid]able4 ,collect+ ! eggs ( wat]f[l is /ill a remun]ative occupation4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea #acj1jjj ,caspian seals are kill$ e ye>4 ,( mu* great] importance ?an hunt+ is ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,x is only a weak rem9isc5ce ( :at x once 01 yet x rema9s to ?is day an important economic elem5t4 ,! ,ukra9ian fi%+ indu/ry is c>ri$ on 9 ?ree regions3 on ! high sea1 9 ! riv]-m\?s1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ! l&1 9 riv]s1 lakes & ponds4 ,! actual sea-fi%+ indu/ry atta9s relatively slight results1 on ! av]age #bd million kilograms a ye>4 ,on ! ,black ,sea1 along ! %ores ( ,bess>abia1 ,kh]son & ,tauria1 a great am\nt ( mack]el1 s>d9es1 h]r+s & /urgeon-l fi% are caught4 ,! ma9 fi%]ies ( ! nor!rn ,pontian %ore are situat$ at ! ,k9burn b>1 at ! isl& ( ,t5dva1 9 ! ,bay ( ,k>k9it1 at ,cape ,t>khankut1 at ,eupatoria1 ,balaklava1 ,yalta1 ,sudak1 & ,!odosia4 ,fi%+ on ! high seas1 because ( its great co/1 is und]tak5 only by ! l>ge ent]pris+ companies1 :o hire ! ,ukra9ian fi%+ companies 7artili7 = ! entire summ]4 ,( late1 fi%+ on a small scale has begun to develop4 ,! small fi%]m5 cat* *iefly mack]el1 :i* are !n salt$1 or1 less (t51 smok$4 ,!y also g aft] ! small b savory ,black ,sea oy/]s1 ( :i* an av]age numb] ( "o million a ye> are ga!r$4 ,f> great] pr(it is yield$ by ! fi%]ies at ! m\?s ( ! riv]s1 9 ! limans1 & p>ticul>ly on ! l>ge/ liman ( all1 ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,! annual yield "h atta9s an av]age ( #adj million kilograms4 ,at ! m\?s ( ! ,danube ! *ief fi%+ c5t] is ,vilkiv4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury !re liv$ at ?is place #ijj indep5d5t fi%]man1 :o sometimes unit$ to =m artils4 ,"h !y cat* *iefly /urgeon & o!r fi% ( ! /urgeon class 7on ! av]age #cj1jjj a ye>71 & f\r & a half million ( ,pontian h]r+s4 ,at ! m\?s ( ! ,dnie/]1 ,boh & ,dniep]1 *iefly riv] fi% are caught4 ,h]r+s & /urgeon-l fi% are ( m9or consequ5ce "h4 ,! fi%]m5 9 ?is region are always organiz$ ei!r 9 artils1 9 :i* ! pr(its are %>$ equally among ! memb]s1 or 9 s-call$ takhvi1 :i* are hir$ by ! entrepr5eurs4 ,! *ief c5t] ( ! fi%+ trade & ( ! putt+ up ( cann$ fi%1 is ,odessa4 ,yet ! ,bay ( ,odessa _c comp>e ) ! ,sea ( ,az( 9 fi% production4 ,! av]age value ( ! annual haul "h exce$$ a million rubles 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4 ,ov] #aa million kilograms ( /urgeon-l fi% & o!r l>ge fi%1 besides #g million h]r+s1 7 caught "h annually4 ,9 "s w9t]s m ?an #gj1jjj fi%]m51 ) #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj horses & ox51 ga!r on ! froz5 ,sea ( ,az(4 ,) gigantic nets1 :i* are sometimes ne>ly two kilomet]s long1 a v pr(itable fi%+ indu/ry is c>ri$ on "h4 ,important fi%+ c5t]s1 ) great freez+ plants & works = salt+ & smok+1 are situat$ 9 ,osiv 7,az(7 & ,k]*4 ,! memb]s ( ! fi%] artils come pr9cipally f ! ,poltava & ,kh>kiv c\ntry4 ,! ,ukra9ians may also claim a r prom95t "p 9 ! fi%+ indu/ry ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 :i* yields m ?an half a billion kilograms ( fi% annually4 ,! ,ukra9ian ,caspian fi%]m5 come f ,ukra9ian colonies on ! ,volga1 & f ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e prop]4 ,! int]ior fi%+ indu/ry on ! riv]s1 lakes & ponds n[ has only slight significance4 ,on ! ,dnie/] & ,dniep] on ! ,pripet1 ,desna1 ,sula & ,orel1 & on ! ,donetz !re /ill exi/ "h & !re fi%]-artils1 b ! fi% are caught only = local use4 ,9 ! ,polissye region ! fi%+ indu/ry /ill yields "s pr(it1 e4g41 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,mosir ab\t #dj1jjj rubles a ye>1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,p9sk only #cejj rubles4 ,lake ,knias yields #aj1jjj rubles wor? ( fi% annually4 ,all ( ,galicia yields ab\t #a1ejj1jjj kilograms a ye>1 ( :i* two-?irds are contribut$ by ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 exam9+ ! fi%+ indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e "o _c escape rem9isc5ces t are pa9ful4 ,ev]y:]e a ru?less sy/em ( pillage & wa/e is c>ri$ on4 ,! excessively f9e me%es ( ! nets cat* ! "y broods ( fi% ) ! old1 & ^! are ei!r sold = a few kopeks a p\nd or simply ?r[n away4 ,! fi% :i* come up ! riv]s to spawn are ru?lessly int]cept$4 ,a clos$ season or region b>ely exi/s1 except on pap]4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t ! abundance ( fi% 9 ! ,ukra9e is rapidly decreas+1 & fi%+ is los+ its importance m & m4 ,n a s\l ?9ks ( a rational me?od ( bre$+ fi%1 ( increas+ ! /ock ( fi% 9 ! /reams4 ,9 ,galicia a />t has be5 made1 b ?us f> ! results are v slight4 ,& yet ! ,ukra9e1 be+ an almo/ exclusively agricultural c\ntry1 :]e !re is no factory sewage to poison ! riv]s1 c\ld v easily recov] its fame z a l& ab\nd+ 9 fi%4 ,! relat$ indu/ry ( crab-fi%+ is n develop$ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 al?o ! ,jewi% deal]s ( ,ea/]n ,galicia s5d :ole wagon-loads ( crabs f ,galician & ,russian ,podolia to ! we/4 ,! old ,zaporog regions h be5 fam\s s9ce anci5t times = _! abundance ( crabs4 ,9 ,ole%ki !re also exi/s a dry+-plant = crabs' tails4 ,f ?is %ort survey ( ! hunt+ & fi%+ indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e1 we p]ceive t ^! bran*es ( indu/ry play only a small "p 9 ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9ian population4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ?is fact is ! small p]c5tage ( ! population :i* engages 9 ?is "w4 ,?is p]c5tage am\nts to #j4b 9 ! ,russian-,ukra9e2 9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e x mu/ be mu* small] /ill4 ,,=e/ry ,h[ ext5sive ! wood$ area ( ! ,ukra9e is _c be det]m9$ exactly )\t detail$ inve/igation1 = ! same reason t /ati/ical figures conc]n+ ! ,ukra9e 9 o!r fields are difficult to det]m9e4 ,an approximate calculation ( ! =e/ surface gives u an area ( ov] #aaj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 t is #ac ( ! entire surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! figures %[ u t ! ,ukra9e is "o ( ! m sp>sely-wood$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,( all ! l>g] t]ritories ( our cont95t1 only ,engl&1 ) its #d1 is poor] 9 =e/s4 ,!re rema9 only small] t]ritories1 z ,portugal 7#b4h71 ! ,ne!rl&s 7#h71 ,d5m>k 7#h4c71 ,greece 7#i4c74 ,s old a l& ( culture z ,france /ill possesses #ae4h =e/ surface1 ,g]many #be4i1 ,hung>y #bg4d1 ,au/ria #cb4g1 ,russia #ch4h4 ,among ! l>ge t]ritories1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /& ne>e/ to ! ,ukra9e z f> z _! =e/ area 7#aj4c7 is conc]n$4 ,! causes ( ! comp>ative lack ( =e/s 9 ! ,ukra9e are to be s\ght1 fir/ ( all1 9 ! fact t x includes l>ge p>ts ( ! /eppe region ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! p]c5tage ( =e/ l& 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! ,ukra9e %[ u ?is mo/ cle>ly4 ,! m\nta9 regions /ill reta9 ! highe/ proportion ( =e/4 ,! ,buk[9a has #db ( =e/ 7,di/rict ( ,kimpolung #gh71 ! ,ukra9ian region ( ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y ab\t #dj 7,m>m>o% #fb74 ,!n come ! ,ukra9ian regions ( ! =e/ zone3 ,polissye1 f ,m9sk d[n #ch4b1 ,volhynia #bi4f1 ,galicia #be4d1 ,grodno #be4e1 ,podlakhia1 />t+ f ,lubl91 #be4a1 f ,sidletz #ai4h4 ,9 ! same class1 z f> z =e/ area is conc]n$1 ! ,kuban region seems to /&4 ,besides ! heavily wood$ m\nta9 region1 ?is division includes ! luhi 9 ! foo?ill c\ntry & ! treeless /eppes2 h5ce ! p]c5tage comes out v small--#ai4h4 ,! transition betwe5 ! =e/ & ! /eppe zone is indicat$ by ! foll[+ s]ies3 ,kiev #ah1 ,*]nihiv #ae1 ,podolia #aj4i1 ,kh>kiv #h4e ( =e/ area4 ,! /eppe regions ( ! ,ukra9e h v little =e/ l&3 ,kursk #g4a1 ,voroniz #f4h1 ,bess>abia #e4h1 ,tauria 7,yaila =e/s7 #e4g1 ,poltava #d4g1 ,kat]9oslav #b4d1 ! ,don region ! same1 ,kh]son #a4d1 ,/avropol #j4c4 ,9 ?is di/ribution ( =e/ we see a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! ,ukra9e & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h ! /eppes are treeless1 !re x is ! prairies4 ,"h ! =e/ pr$om9ates 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 !re 9 ! ,appala*ians2 "h1 j z !re1 we h zones ( transition f =e/ regions to ! /eppes4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,ukra9e & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--! ru?less exploitation & wa/e 9 =e/ry4 ,?is crim9al wa/e is ! second ma9 cause = ! lack ( =e/s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,x began 9 ! #af? ,c5tury & x /ill cont9ues today4 ,hi/orical s\rces m5tion great =e/ =mations1 ev5 9 ^? regions ( ! ,ukra9e :i* are n[ poor 9 =e/s4 ,! 8,great ,=e/0 7veliki luh7 9 ! ,zaporog l&1 ! 8,black ,=e/0 at ! s\rces ( ! ,inhul1 ! l>ge =e/s ( ! ,poltava & ,kh>kiv region1 ! ,d]evlan jungles1 ! gigantic =e/s on ! ,buh & ,vislok1 9 ! ,ro/o*e1 all h ei!r entirely disappe>$ f ! e>?'s surface or h *ang$ into mis]able remnants1 :i*1 at any mom5t1 may fall a f9al victim to human gre$4 ,a ho/ ( geographical names1 9 regions :i* are almo/ entirely treeless today1 po9t to =m] =e/s4 ,?ick1 primitive oak trunks are f\nd 9 ! b$s ( riv]s :i* fl[ only ?ru ! treeless /eppe-region4 ,9 five decades1 9 ! second half ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ! =e/ area ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh>kiv decreas$ f #aj4i to #h4e1 9 ,poltava f #ac to #d4g1 ,*]nihiv f #ag4a to #ae4 ,detail$ inve/igations ( ! gr\nd h prov$ t ! =e/ area ( ! ,di/rict ( ,poltava 0 orig9ally #cd 7n[ #g71 ( ! ,di/rict ( ,romny #bh 7n[ #i7 & ( ! ,di/rict ( ,lubni #cj 7n[ #d74 ,simil> conditions ( =e/ deva/ation prevail ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,?us1 ! =e/ area ( ,galicia1 = example1 has decreas$ by #bjjj squ>e kilomet]s1 i4e41 almo/ #c ( ! total surface area ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,we h already frequ5tly call$ att5tion to ! sad results ( ?is crim9al wa/e = ! entire l&4 ,b1 because ( ! l[ grade ( culture ( ! nations dom9at+ ! ,ukra9e1 ! ,poli% nation & ! ,russian1 no att5tion is paid to ! fatal results ( =e/ de/ruction4 ,! =e/s are recklessly cut d[n = lumb]1 & ye> by ye> ! sc>city ( wood is be+ felt 9 mo/ regions ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,only 9 ,podlakhia1 ,volhynia1 ,polissye1 & 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 is !re no sc>city ( wood4 ,! ?ree cubic met]s ( wood :i*1 on ! av]age1 are due e inhabitant ( ! ,ukra9e1 are n easily accessible to m ?an "o-fif? ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,at ! same "t1 ! =e/s ( ! ,ukra9e are1 z a rule1 badly manag$4 ,ev5 9 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e !re are v few pr(essional =e/]s2 9 ,galicia = example1 #bej to #hjj4 ,conditions are /ill worse 9 ! ,russian-,ukra9e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! =e/ does n gr[ up aga9 v well1 & a great deal ( wood is simply ru9$4 ,?is happ5s *iefly 9 ! m\nta9 =e/s ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 :]e hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( cubic met]s ( wood decay e ye>4 ,9 ! regions :i* are poor 9 =e/s1 ! products ( ! woods are c>efully & economically us$1 s t1 = in/ance1 f "o hect>e ( =e/ 9 ! ,poltava region1 #aa4e cubic met]s ( wood are produc$ e ye>2 9 ! region ( ,kat]9oslav1 #g cubic met]s4 ,( ! production ( ! ,ukra9ian =e/1 build+ wood con/itutes only a comp>atively small "p4 ,!re is a cru%+ prepond]ance ( firewood1 especially 9 ! regions :i* are poor 9 =e/s4 ,build+ wood1 9 l>ge quantities1 comes f ! =e/s ( ! ,polissye & ( ! ,c>pa?ians only4 ,! export ( build+ wood f ,galicia & ! ,buk[9a rea*$ a million & a half cubic met]s annually at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! export ( wood f ! ,polissye1 />t+ f ,m9sk1 exce$$ #ijj1jjj cubic met]s4 ,! complete production ( ,galicia 9 ! ye> #aijj 0 #c1ffj1jjj cubic met]s ( build+ wood & an equal quantity ( firewood4 ,! reclaim+ ( =e/s1 ev5 9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e1 :]e x is requir$ by law1 is n prop]ly adm9i/]$4 ,x is /ill worse 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,h5ce1 ! =e/ surface ( ! ,ukra9e is con/antly decreas+ in/ead ( rema9+ un*ang$ or ev5 increas+1 z usually happ5s 9 ! cultur$ l&s ( ,europe4 ,& yet1 ! ,ukra9e is "o ( ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ! =e/ problem is a life problem4 ,! ,ukra9ian p engage 9 ! ,ukra9ian lumb] indu/ry only z labor-p[]1 :ile ! money pr(it goes to /rang]s--great l&[n]s or middlem54 ,! =e/-area :i* is 9 ! possession ( ,ukra9ian peasants is v small1 ev5 9 ,galicia1 :]e at ! "t ( ! removal ( ! labor tax sy/em1 at lea/ small pat*es ( =e/ came into ! possession ( ! peasant communities4 ,almo/ all ! =e/s ( ! ,ukra9e belong to ! l>ge l&[n]s1 ! cl]gy & ! national l&s4 ,! lumb] indu/ry & ! indu/rial exploitation ( ! =e/ products engages b a slight "p ( ! ,ukra9ian p4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e ! p]c5tage ( su* work]s is b>ely #j4a4 ,9 ?is p]c5tage1 h[ev]1 ! entire mass ( ,ukra9ian peasants :i* seeks its incid5tal pr(it 9 =e/ "w1 is n consid]$4 ,9 ! ,c>pa?ian regions ( ! ,ukra9e ?is p]c5tage increases a hundr$fold & m4 ,,agriculture ,s9ce ! v fir/ beg9n+s ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! ma9 occupation ( its p has be51 & has rema9$ to ?is day1 agriculture4 ,to give a complete picture ( ,ukra9ian agriculture is beyond ! scope ( our little book4 ,ev5 a detail$ economic /udy c\ld n d ju/ice to ?is task4 ,h5ce1 we %all h to limit ourselves to its mo/ important phases4 ,almo/ n9e-t5?s ( ! ,ukra9ian p are engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 ! agricultural p]c5tage ( ! population1 accord+ to (ficial e/imate1 is #hf4d4 ,?is figure is probably correct = ! ,au/rian-,ukra9e z well1 al?o ! bias$ calculations ( ,buzek place ! p]c5tage ( f>m]s among ! ,ukra9ians ( ,galicia at #id4d4 ,^! figures %[ u v cle>ly ! significance ( agriculture 9 ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,n[1 a p]son see+ ^! figures & kn[+ ! f]tility ( ! ,ukra9e might easily imag9e t agriculture "h /&s ^u a high plane4 ,su* a view1 h[ev]1 w\ld be entirely false4 ,agriculture is on a v v l[ plane 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,yet ! causes ( ?is sad /ate ( affairs d n lie 9 ! nature ( ! l&4 ,! climate ( ! ,ukra9e favors ! cultivation ( gra9s z no o!r does4 ,b>ely "o small "p ( ! /eppe-zone is unfavorable to agriculture1 because ( its frequ5t p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,! soil ( ! ,ukra9e is "o ( ! mo/ f]tile on ! :ole globe4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,ukra9e lies 9 ! ,black ,e>? ,region1 & _m v>ieties ( soil 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,ukra9e are by no means )\t value & at lea/ equal to ! be/ soils ( ,g]many4 ,n 9 ,nature1 b 9 ! cultural conditions1 lie ! causes ( ! l[ grade ( ,ukra9ian agriculture4 ,! fir/ & ma9 cause is ! lack ( enlight5m5t among ! p ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ukra9e peasant cultivates 8 field entirely aft] ! mann] ( 8 =efa!rs1 :i* may h prov$ excell5t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & actually did make ! ,ukra9ian peasant appe> z ! be/ f>m] among 8 neighbors ( o!r races1 b !y fail completely 9 ^! days ( int5sive cultivation ( ! soil4 ,! illit]acy ( ! ,ukra9ian peasant r5d]s almo/ inaccessible to him all ! great progress ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,! old me?ods ( cultivation1 ! primitive agricultural implem5ts1 wa/e 8 en]gy & 8 /ock ( liv+ res\rces4 ,! use ( agricultural ma*9es1 :i* may be ( great significance ev5 9 int5sive f>m+ on a small scale1 is almo/ unkn[n to ! ,ukra9ian peasant4 ,! progressive amelioration ( ! soil & ! national rotation ( crops is n at all ( wide application4 ,& all ef=ts at enlight5+ ! ,ukra9ian peasantry are h9d]$ z mu* z possible by ! gov]nm5ts dom9at+ !m1 by _! ,poli% & _! ,russian ma/]s4 ,! highe/ level1 relatively1 9 agriculture1 is atta9$ by ! we/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 ,podlakhia1 ! ,khohos c\ntry1 & ,galicia4 ,! poor] quality ( ! soil has always requir$ m int5sive cultivation "h4 ,besides1 ! influ5ces ( advanc$ me?ods ( cultivation sift$ ?ru m easily "h1 :e!r indirectly ?ru ! ,poli% t]ritory1 or directly ?ru ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man colonies4 ,! great] enlight5m5t ( ! ,ukra9ian peasants ( ,galicia has br\ght x ab\t t !y n[ regul>ly apply rational rotation ( crops & f]tilization ( ! soil1 ev5 ) artificial f]tiliz]s1 & possess pretty good agricultural implem5ts4 ,! ?ree-field sy/em has disappe>$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ?is region1 & cont9ues 9 use only 9 ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ,podolia4 ,9 ! m\nta9s1 on ! o!r h&1 mak+ l& arable by means ( fires foll[$ imm$iately by plant+1 is /ill a proc$ure frequ5tly met )4 ,9 ! ,polissye region burn+ is /ill frequ5tly appli$1 b ! two-field & ?ree-field sy/ems are us$ m frequ5tly4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 agriculture is c>ri$ on 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,volhynia1 ,kiev & ,*]nihiv4 ,9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ^! di/ricts1 z well z 9 ,podolia1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 ! ?ree-field sy/em pr$om9ates4 ,manur+ is usually conf9$ to small plots directly adjo9+ ! f>mh\se4 ,"h1 too1 h[ev]1 an advance to rational rotation ( crops & to ! multi-field sy/em is und5iable4 ,9 ! /eppe zone ! me?od ( cultivation becomes m c>eless & ! s-call$ fall[-sy/em prevails4 ,! /eppe soil is cultivat$ = a numb] ( ye>s & !n left ly+ fall[ = "s "t4 ,9 v rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! /eppe-peasant has _h to face ! h>d necessity ( go+ on to ! int5sive me?ods ( cultivation4 ,! agricultural implem5ts ( ! ,ukra9ian peasants h und]gone a great *ange4 ,! primitive wood5 pl\gh1 )\t metal m\nt+1 has be5 reta9$ only 9 places1 9 ! ,polissye region & ! ,c>pa?ian c\ntry1 m z a relic ( ! fa!rs ?an z an agricultural implem5t4 ,9 ! entire c5tral zone ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! typical ,ukra9ian pl\gh1 made ( wood1 ) /rong iron fitt+s1 is us$4 ,iron pl\ghs are rapidly com+ into use4 ,9 ! s\!rn /eppe zone ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! peasant has by f> ! be/ implem5ts4 ,iron pl\ghs ( diff]5t k9ds are us$ "h1 9 imitation ( ! ,g]man coloni/s1 :ile s[+1 h>ve/+1 & also ?re%+ ma*9es are f\nd z ! prop]ty ( l>ge f>m]s or ( agricultural co-op]ative associations4 ,x is possible1 !n1 to note a c]ta9 progress 9 ,ukra9ian agriculture4 ,! ,russian & ,:ite ,russian peasant is mu* m badly (f1 b ! ,ukra9ian peasant1 too1 has a long way to g 9 ord] to rea* ! level ( ev5 ! ,ukra9ian l>ge l&[n]s4 ,v>i\s agricultural co-op]ative associations are work+ to raise ! /&>d ( agriculture among ! ,ukra9ian peasantry4 ,"o ( ^! co-op]ative associations has #ij bran*es1 #aajj local gr\ps1 & #bg1jjj memb]s--! ,ea/]n ,galician 8,silsky ,hospod>40 ,su* associations w\ld1 if n h9d]$ 9 _! developm5t 7especially by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t71 become ( great importance 9 rais+ ! level ( ! agricultural indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e1 t anci5t gran>y ( ,europe4 ,! second cause ( ! sad condition ( ,ukra9ian agriculture lies 9 _! uns\nd prop]ty conditions4 ,! =eign conqu]ors1 :o 7 cont9ually attract$ by ! f]tility ( ! ,ukra9ian l&1 aft] tak+ possession ( ! l&1 divid$ x among _! upp] classes4 ,! =eign conqu]ors h succe$$ 9 d5ationaliz+ ! ,ukra9ian nobility1 h succe$$ ev5 9 develop+ ! republican ,cossack organization into a new class ( l&[n]s &1 v l>gely 9 russify+ !m4 ,=eign rule 9 ! ,ukra9e has always support$ =eign own]%ip ( l& on a l>ge scale1 & ! ,ukra9ian peasant mu/ be satisfi$ ) small1 m$iocre & widely scatt]$ bits ( l&4 ,n[ = a few corroborative figures4 ,9 ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ,galicia ! l>ge e/ates embrace #dj4c ( ! total area4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,*]nihiv1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 ! proportion ( peasant-own$ l& is /ill r l>ge 7#ec1 #eb1 #ei71 because "h ! prop]ty ( desc5dants ( ! old-"t ,cossacks is includ$4 ,f> worse are ! conditions 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ,volhynia ! peasant-own$ l& con/itutes only #dj ( ! area1 9 ,podolia #dh1 9 ,kiev #df1 9 ,kh]son #cg1 9 ,kat]9oslav #de1 9 ,tauria #cg1 :ile 9 ! ,polissian ,gov]nm5t ( ,m9sk ! peasants reta9 only #bh ( ! l&4 ,! results ( su* uns\nd prop]ty conditions are fatal to ! ev]-increas+ d5sity ( ! peasant population4 ,l&-fam9e has become *ronic all ?ru ! ,ukra9e4 ,! p>cell+ out ( ! l>ge e/ates :i* began ) su* f9e results 9 ,galicia a few ye>s ago has n[ come to a halt1 & ! ,/olyp9 radical agr>ian re=m 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e has ?us f> only slight results to %[4 ,to be sure1 ! am\nt ( prop]ty ( ! m$ium l&[n]s is decreas+1 b ! giant e/ates are n only n los+ gr\nd1 b ev5 %[ a /eady1 ?o gradual1 gr[?4 ,z a result ( ! ev] increas+ sc>city ( l&1 ! ,ukra9ian peasants are splitt+ up _! prop]ty m & m1 try+ to r5t z mu* l& z possible f ! l>ge l&[n]s1 & seek+ subsidi>y occupations 9 dome/ic "w2 b a l>ge p]c5tage f9d x necess>y to leave _! fa!rl& & to seek homes 9 ,caucasia1 ,turke/an1 ,sib]ia1 ,canada1 ,brazil & ,arg5t9a4 ,& ?is sad fact ne$ n amaze u4 ,=1 :ile ! =eign coloni/s :o settl$ 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e ^u ! invitation ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii 7 giv5 #fe hect>es ( l& p] head1 ! ,ukra9ian peasant1 aft] ! abolition ( s]fdom1 9 #ahfa1 0 giv5 a maximum ( #c hect>es1 & 9 _m cases only #a hect>es p] head4 ,9 half a c5tury ! rural population has d\bl$1 :ile ! area ( cultivation has n increas$ p]ceptibly at all4 ,?us1 !re exi/$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,poltava1 z e>ly z tw5ty ye>s ago1 m ?an #fj ( peasant-f>ms ) an area ( cultivation ( only #a4c desiat9s1 :ile ano!r f\r p]c5t ( e/ates occupi$ m ?an #e desiat9s4 ,h[ c "o speak ( progressive f>m+ "u su* prop]ty conditions8 ,^? #fj ( peasant f>ms resemble v closely ! sort ( plots occupi$ by cottag]s or squatt]s4 ,& ! consequ5ce3 #fb ( ! emigrants :o emigrat$ to ,russian ,asia 9 #aiaj came f ! ,ukra9ian gov]nm5ts1 t 8gran>y0 ( ,russia4 ,& n only f ! ?ickly populat$ di/ricts ( ,kiev or ,poltava1 b also f ! comp>atively ?9ly populat$1 v f]tile di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e--f ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav & ,tauria4 ,! ?ird reason = ! sad condition ( ,ukra9ian agriculture1 is ! community own]%ip ( l& e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ukra9e4 ,! basis ( _! sy/em1 :i* is 9 vogue ev]y:]e 9 ,great-,russia1 is t ! l& is n own$ by ! individual peasant1 b by ! entire community1 :i* apportions x among its individual memb]s4 ,?is ,muscovite prop]ty sy/em is unbe>able to ! ,ukra9ian peasant & causes him to neglect 8 l&1 s9ce x does n really belong to him4 ,x does n pay him at all to cultivate ! gr\nd bett] ?an 8 neighbor1 s9ce1 9 ! new apportionm5t1 ! c>efully improv$ pat* may fall to someone else4 ,if1 !re=e1 despite all ^! unfavorable conditions1 ! agricultural production ( ! ,ukra9e & its exports ( food /uffs are v great1 ?is fact is due1 above all1 to ! great f]tility ( ! ,ukra9ian soil & ! economic policy ( ! l>ge l&[n]s1 :o1 9 spite ( ! frequ5t dang] ( fam9e 9 _! own c\ntry1 cont9ue to export ! products ( _! great e/ates beyond ! bord]s ( ! l&4 ,aft] ^! g5]al obs]vations1 we proce$ to a %ort survey ( agriculture 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,none ( ! ,european c\ntries 7) ! exception ( ,russia7 possesses z great an area "u cultivation z ! ,ukra9e4 ,x am\nts to m ?an #de million hect>es1 t is1 m ?an #cb ( ! area ( cultivation ( ,european ,russia1 :i* is six times z l>ge z ! ,ukra9e4 ,! proportion ( ! area ( cultivation 9 ! ,ukra9e is ne>ly #ec ( ! total area ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ukra9e is surpass$ only by ,france 7#ef74 ,9 ,g]many1 ! proportion is only #dh4f1 9 ,au/ria #cf4h1 9 ,hung>y #dc4a1 9 ,russia #bf4b4 ,to be sure1 ! proportion ( ! cultivat$ area is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! mo/ agricultural l& is f\nd 9 ! /eppe & transition regions3 ,kh]son #gh1 ,poltava #ge1 ,kursk #gd1 ,kh>kiv #ga1 ,voroniz & ,kat]9oslav #fi ea*1 ,podolia & ,tauria #fd ea*1 ,bess>abia #fa1 ,kiev #eg1 ,*]nihiv #ee4 ,! =e/ regions possess mu* less f>m l&3 ,galicia #dh1 ,grodno #dj1 ,volhynia #cg1 ,m9sk #bd1 etc4 ,besides ?is1 ! f>m l& )9 ea* ( ! above m5tion$ regions is div]sely di/ribut$4 ,9 ,galicia1 = example1 ! area ( cultivation is apportion$ z foll[s3 ,9 ,ea/]n ,podolia #ge-hj1 9 ,we/]n ,podolia #fj-ge1 9 ,pidhirye only #bj-cj1 9 ! ,hutzul c\ntry only #aj1 ( ! total area4 ,simil> conditions prevail 9 ! ,buk[9a1 9 ,upp] ,hung>y1 ,caucasia4 ,9 ! level regions ( ! ,ukra9e ^! local diff]5ces are slight]4 ,to calculate ! g5]al agricultural production ( ! ,ukra9e is difficult1 if n impossible4 ,by comb9+ v>i\s reports1 we get1 = ! ye>ly av]age 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? ,c5tury1 a gr& total ( #aej million metric hundr$ weights4 7,?is numb]1 h[ev]1 includes only ! :eat1 rye1 & b>ley production47 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,ukra9e surpasses all ! c\ntries ( ,europe except ,russia4 ,its production is great] ?an t ( ,au/ria1 ,hung>y or ( ,france1 to say no?+ ( o!r ,european ,/ates4 ,foll[+ are sev]al figures ab\t ! h>ve/ yield ( ! ,c5tral regions ( ! ,ukra9e 9 #aiaj4 ,volhynia produc$ #gc4d million puds 7#a pud #af4d kilograms71 ,kiev #aac4d1 ,podolia #aae4i1 ,kh]son #ahh4f1 ,*]nihiv #dj1 ,poltava #aac4f1 ,kh>kiv #ie4i1 ,kat]9oslav #aid4i1 ,tauria #ach4c1 ,kuban #bad4d million puds4 ,! total yield ( ! c5tral regions ( ! ,ukra9e 7)\t ! bord]l&s1 :i* also produce a great deal1 z = example1 p>ts ( ,kursk1 ,voroniz1 ! ,don region1 etc47 totall$ #bae million metric hundr$ weights1 & 01 consequ5tly1 six times z great z ! h>ve/ yield ( ,russian ,pol&1 & compris$ #ci ( ! total production ( ,european ,russia & ov] #cc t ( ! entire ,russian ,empire4 ,if we consid] n[ t ! ,russian ,ukra9e comprises only a tw5ty-n9? "p ( ! gigantic ,russian ,empire & b>ely "o-f\r? ( its population1 we recognize ! great importance atta*$ to ! ,ukra9e z ! gran>y ( ,russia4 ,among ! species ( gra9 gr[n 9 ! ,ukra9e1 :eat is )\t d\bt ( ! fir/ importance4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e :eat takes up half ! area ( cultivation1 decreas+ rapidly t[>d ! nor? & we/4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son ! :eat fields cov] #ea ( ! cultivat$ surface1 9 ,kat]9oslav #ej1 9 ,tauria & 9 ! ,don region #di1 9 ,bess>abia #cf1 9 ,podolia #cj1 9 ,kh>kiv #bi1 9 ,poltava & 9 ,kiev #bb1 9 ,galicia #ad1 9 ,volhynia #aa1 9 ,grodno #d1 9 ,m9sk #c1 9 ,*]nihiv only #a4 ,9 ,kiev1 ,podolia1 ,volhynia1 ,galicia1 m w9t] :eat is rais$2 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 m summ] :eat4 ,! mean annual yield p] hect>e is #aj hl4 = w9t] :eat & #g hl4 = summ] :eat4 ,! mean annual yield ( :eat 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! #bj? ,c5tury 9 ,russian ,ukra9e 0 #fh million metric qu9tals1 t is1 ov] #df ( ! production ( ,european ,russia4 7,9 ,ea/]n ,galicia x 0 #a4i million q474 ,! *ief c5t]s ( :eat production 9 ! ,ukra9e are ,kuban 7#ag million q471 ,kat]9oslav 7#ab4d million q471 ,kh]son 7#ab4d million q471 ,tauria 7#i million q471 ,poltava 7#f4c million q471 ,podolia 7#e4h million q471 ,kh>kiv 7#d4i million q471 ,kiev 7#d4b million q471 ,/avropol 7#c4c million q471 & ,volhynia 7#b4g million q474 ,:eat is "o ( ! *ief exports ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,rye is cultivat$ *iefly 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e1 :]e x is ! *ief gra9 us$ = breadmak+4 ,9 ,*]nihiv1 ,m9sk & ,grodno1 rye takes up #dh ( ! f>m l&1 9 ,volhynia #ch1 9 ,poltava #c1 9 ,kh>kiv #bi1 9 ,kiev #bh1 9 ! ,don region #bb1 9 ,kat]9oslav & ,podolia #ai1 9 ,tauria #ah1 9 ,kh]son & ,galicia #ag1 9 ,bess>abia only #g4 ,rye 7almo/ ev]y:]e w9t] rye7 yields on ! av]age #aj hl4 p] hect>e4 ,! *ief di/ricts ( production are ,poltava 7#ee million q471 ,volhynia 7#d4i million q471 ,kiev 7#d4h million q474 ,! total rye output ( ! ,ukra9e is z high z #db million q41 t is1 ov] #bj ( ! ,russian output4 ,b>ley is rais$ mo/ly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 :]e x takes up #bh ( ! f>m l& 9 ,tauria1 #bf 9 ,kat]9oslav1 #ba 9 ,kh>kiv & ,kh]son1 #ah 9 ,bess>abia1 #ag 9 ! ,don regions4 ,! *ief di/ricts ( production are ,kat]9oslav 7#i4b million q471 ,kh]son 7#g4i million q471 & ,kuban 7#f4i million q47 ,b>ley is also an important export ( ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,9 o!r regions ( ! ,ukra9e less b>ley is rais$1 e4g41 9 ,poltava #ac1 9 ,polissye & 9 ,galicia #i4 ,! b>ley production ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e am\nts to #di million q41 !re=e #fa ( ! ,russian production ( b>ley4 ,! importance ( ! rema9+ gra9s is1 ( c\rse1 comp>atively slight4 ,oats take up on ! av]age #af ( ! f>m l& 9 ! ,ukra9e 7#ba 9 ! ,polissye region1 #ag 9 ,galicia1 #af 9 ,*]nihiv1 #aa 9 ,kh>kiv & ,poltava1 #e 9 ,s\!rn ,ukra9e74 ,! total production is #bh million q4 ,kiev1 ,volhynia & ,poltava take fir/ rank4 ,z a bread c]eal1 oats are ( "s importance only among ! ,c>pa?ian p ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ,ea/]n ,galician oats production am\nts to #d4e million q4 ,spelt is rais$ v seldom & !n only along ! we/]n bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,buck:eat is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry 7ab\t #bg ( ! f>m area & a yield ( #j4h million q4 a ye>71 & ,kiev1 ,volhynia1 & ,poltava ea* produce almo/ z mu*4 ,9 o!r regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 buck:eat is rais$ mu* less frequ5tly 7#g 9 ,polissye1 #b 9 ,galicia71 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e almo/ none at all4 ,millet is rais$ *iefly 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev 7#aj ( ! f>m-l&1 #b4c million q4 annual production7 & ,voroniz 7#i74 ,9 ,kh>kiv & ,poltava ! am\nt ( l& us$ = millet is only #d1 9 ,galicia #a4 ,9 ,kh]son ! cultivation ( ! ,*ug>a-millet has be5 begun4 ,! *ief region ( ,indian corn cultivation is ,bess>abia1 :]e ?is crop takes up #cb ( ! area ( cultivation4 ,indian corn is also gr[n 9 ! adjac5t regions ( ,podolia 7#g71 ,kh]son 7#c71 ,galicia 7#c71 & ! ,buk[9a1 play+ an important "p 9 fe$+ ! population 9 ^! regions4 ,! *ief regions ( corn production are ,podolia 7#a4h million q471 ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ,bess>abia & ,kh]son 7ea* #a4a million q47 & ,s\!a/]n ,galicia 7#j4i million q474 ,besides gra9s & c]eals1 "s o!r species ( plants are ( great importance 9 ! agricultural production ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! potato4 ,! fact t ! yield ( ! potato is six or eight times t ( ! o!r plants makes x a v important /aple4 ,yet ?is advantage ( ! potato is b little exploit$ 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,only 9 ,galicia does ! potato take up #ad ( ! f>m-l& 7annual production 9 ,ea/]n ,galicia #ch4g million q474 ,ev5 9 ! ,polissye region & 9 ,*]nihiv1 only #f ( ! f>m-l& consi/s ( potato-fields1 9 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv only #c1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e b>ely #a4 ,! total production ( potatoes 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e is #fc4b million q4 annually1 !re=e #bb ( ! production ( ,european ,russia4 ,! l>ge l&[n]s use ! potato = di/ill+ alcohol 7especially 9 ,galicia71 or = cattle-fe$4 ,v>i\s species ( beans & l5tils are rais$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e1 b on a small scale1 *iefly 9 kit*5-g>d5s4 ,9 ,galicia ^! vegetables take up #c ( ! f>m-l&1 9 ,polissye & ,*]nihiv #b ea*1 9 ! o!r di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e /ill less4 ,! culture ( =age 7clov]1 luc]ne1 fodd]-turnip7 is /ill 9 its infancy 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,only 9 ,galicia d su* plants take up m ?an #aj ( ! f>m-l&4 ,! cultivation ( comm]cial plants /&s ^u a comp>atively l[ level4 ,mo/ ext5sive is ! cultivation ( hemp & flax2 b x takes up only a t9y "p ( ! g5]al area ( cultivation ( ! l&4 ,flax is cultivat$ *iefly 9 ! ,polissye region & 9 ,kat]9oslav 7#c ( ! f>m-l&74 ,9 ,*]nihiv1 ,poltava1 ,kh>kiv1 x takes up #a to #b ( ! f>m-l&1 9 ,galicia #a 7toge!r ) hemp74 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e a %ort-/emm$ v>iety ( flax1 rais$ only = obta9+ oil1 is cultivat$ widely4 ,hemp takes up on ! av]age #a ( ! f>m-l&1 only 9 ,*]nihiv z mu* z #d4 ,all ! hemp products are us$ 9 home indu/ry1 :ite ! flax products are mo/ly export$4 ,ano!r plant gr[n = ! sake ( oil ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 b especially 9 ! ea/]n bord]l&s ( ! c\ntry1 is ! sunfl[]4 ,rapese$ is gr[n only by ! l>ge l&[n]s1 *iefly 9 ,kh]son1 ,kiev1 ,poltava1 & ,podolia4 ,poppy is cultivat$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e ev5 by ! peasants4 ,among ! indu/rial plants ( ! ,ukra9e ! sug>-beet plays a v important "p4 ,9 ! ye> #ahig ,russia _h #daj1jjj hect>es ( beet-fields1 #ccj1jjj hect>es ( ?is area be+ 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! total ,russian production ( sug>-beets 0 #fj million metric hundr$weights1 ( :i* #ej millions1 t is1 five-six?s1 came f ! ,ukra9e4 ,! mo/ important c5t]s ( sug>-beet production lie 9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kiev1 ,kh>kiv & ,podolia1 mu* less be+ produc$ 9 ,volhynia1 ,*]nihiv & ,kursk4 ,9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e sug>-beet culture is develop$ only 9 ,s\!a/]n ,galicia & ,nor!rn ,buk[9a4 ,n only ! l>ge l&[n]s1 b also frequ5tly ! peasants1 engage 9 sug>-beet culture ) great pr(it4 ,ano!r important comm]cial plant ( ! ,ukra9e is tobacco1 :i* takes up ov] #ej1jjj hect>es ( f>m-l&1 #cjjj hect>es ( x 9 ,galicia4 ,! *ief di/ricts ( tobacco production are ,*]nihiv1 ,poltava1 ,kuban & ,tauria4 ,mu* less is produc$ 9 ! ,black ,sea region 9 ,podolia1 ,volhynia1 ,bess>abia1 ,kh]son & ,kh>kiv4 ,! tobacco production 9 ,russian ,ukra9e 9 #aijh am\nt$ to ov] #ffj1jjj q41 t is1 #fi ( ! total production ( ,russia1 9 ,galicia #ej1jjj q4 ,tobacco culture has a great future 9 ! ,ukra9e1 because ! gr\nd & ! climate are wond]fully fit = x4 ,b fir/ ! unfavorable conditions1 :i* lie *iefly 9 ! poor organization ( ! tobacco trade1 mu/ be remov$4 ,hops are rais$ 9 ! ,ukra9e to a v slight ext5t4 ,9 ,galicia only ! l>ge l&[n]s engage 9 a little hop culture on #bcjj hect>es ( gr\nd4 ,9 ,volhynia ! ,*ekhic coloni/s h introduc$ ! cultivation ( hops4 ,x comprises ab\t #cjjj hect>es ( l& & yields ov] #af1jjj q4 ( hops a ye>1 t is #dj ( ! total ,russian output ( hops4 ,,fruit ,,& ,,vegetable ,,rais+ ,vegetable-culture is v slightly develop$ 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,beyond ! little vegetable g>d5s ab\t ! h\ses & ! melon-pat*es 9 ! /eppe we see no develop$ vegetable culture ev5 9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge cities4 ,x is wor?y ( m5tion only 9 ! ,*]nihiv & ,odessa regions1 z well z 9 ! old ,zaporog c\ntry on ! ,dniep] 7,ole%ki1 etc474 ,"h vegetables are h>ve/$ twice a ye>1 9 ! e>ly summ] = exportation & 9 ! fall = home use4 ,! ,s\? ,ukra9ian melon plantations 7ba%tani7 annually yield great masses ( sweet melons1 wat]melons1 pumpk9s & cucumb]s4 ,"h !re has ev5 aris5 a special class ( ba%tanki1 :o r5t pieces ( l& = melon pat*es4 ,fruit-culture is mu* m highly develop$ 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! love ( ! ,ukra9ian p = trees favors ! plant+ ( or*>ds4 ,! ignorance ( progressive fruit-culture1 ow+ to illit]acy1 z well z ! exploitation ( ! fruit gr[]s by middlem5 is h9d]+ ! developm5t ( ,ukra9ian fruit-culture1 :i*1 nev]!less1 has a great future be=e x1 & ev5 n[ plays an important "p 9 ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( space is tak5 up by or*>ds 9 ,bess>abia 7#dj1jjj hect>es71 :]e ! m delicate k9ds ( apples1 pe>s1 plums & walnuts1 almonds & apricots are rais$4 ,9 ,podolia ! or*>ds ( ! peasants alone comprise m ?an #bf1jjj hect>es4 ,besides apples1 pe>s & plums1 great quantities ( *]ries are rais$ "h4 ,! or*>ds usually lie 9 ! deep riv]-valleys4 ,! y> ( ! ,dnie/]1 betwe5 ,khot9 & ,yampol1 produces annually half a million metric hundr$weights ( fruit4 ,f ,podolia & ,bess>abia ov] #hjj1jjj q4 ( fre% fruit1 #ajj1jjj q4 ( dri$ fruit & #bj1jjj q4 ( nuts & almonds are export$ annually4 ,! mo/ luxuriantly gr[+ or*>ds are ^? ( ,tauria1 :i* cov] ov] #gjjj hect>es on ! nor!rn declivities ( ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s4 ,! annual production exce$s #afj1jjj q4 ( fruit & #dj1jjj q4 ( nuts4 ,9 ?is region ! t5d]e/ species ( apples1 pe>s & plums fl\ri%1 besides apricots 7#d1jjj q4 a ye>7 & pea*es4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,may ! *]ries rip5 "h4 ,9 ! middle ( ,june ! apricots2 at ! end ( ,june plums & e>ly pe>s2 ab\t ! middle ( ,july pea*es & e>ly apples2 9 ,augu/ we h autumn pe>s & apples1 & 9 ! fir/ half ( ,septemb]1 ! w9t] apples4 ,beyond ^! di/ricts1 fruit-culture is practis$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! ,kiev region & 9 ,volhynia4 ,"h1 above all1 ! h>di] nor!rn species ( apples & pe>s are rais$1 z well z *]ries4 ,9 ,kh]son & ,kat]9oslav1 too1 fruit-rais+ fl\ri%es2 especially 9 ! ,dniep] valley1 :]e apricots also ?rive4 ,9 ! ,poltava c\ntry fruit-culture is /ill important en\gh1 :ile 9 ! di/ricts ( ,kh>kiv1 ,voroniz1 ,kursk & ,*]nihiv x is mu* less significant1 al?o we f9d1 ev5 "h1 a few c5t]s ( int5sive fruit-gr[+2 = in/ance1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! cities ( ,kh>kiv1 ,okhtirka1 ,bohodukhiv4 ,9 ,galicia fruit-gr[+ is n especially develop$1 except 9 ,pokutia1 ! vic9ity ( ,kossiv1 & ! ,podolian y>i-valleys1 :]e 7ne> ,zali%*iki7 ev5 apricots & grapes are gr[n4 ,!re is a c]ta9 connection betwe5 fruit-gr[+ & v9iculture4 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! grape 9 ! ,ukra9e1 co9cides approximately ) ! ,may iso!rm ( #af & rea*es ! #di? p>allel4 ,?is b\nd>y l9e may be drawn f ,zali%*iki1 pa/ ,kamianez & ,kat]9oslav1 to ,a/rakhan4 ,9 places1 h[ev]1 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! v9ey>ds ext5ds beyond ! #ej? p>allel2 = example1 ne> ,bilhorod1 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kursk4 ,?us1 ! entire s\!rn "p ( ! ,ukra9e may be consid]$ a favorable v9e-gr[+ region4 ,b v9e-culture has n develop$ 9 ! entire great expanse ( ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e2 x is conf9$ to only a few c5t]s4 ,9 ,galicia ! v9e is cultivat$ only 9 ,zali%*iki1 9 ,russian-,podolia only 9 a few riv]-valleys4 ,some:at great] is ! w9e-production ( ! old ,zaporog di/rict1 :]e bo? incl9es ( ! ,dniep] valley are plant$ ) grape-v9es4 ,9 ! ,kh]son region ! v9ey>ds cov] ab\t #gjjj hect>es4 ,! mo/ important w9e-produc+ di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e is ,bess>abia1 :]e ! v9ey>ds take up #ge1jjj hect>es1 t is1 a ?ird ( ! entire ,russian w9e-c\ntry1 & yield ov] #b million metric hundr$weights ( grapes annually4 ,f ?is am\nt usually #hgj1jjj hl4 ( w9e are obta9$1 :i*1 despite its f9e quality1 is s *eap1 z a result ( ! poor organization ( ! w9e trade1 t ! b>rel (t5 co/s m ?an its cont5ts4 ,v9e-gr[+ is b slightly develop$ 9 ! ,don region1 :]e #cc1jjj q4 ( grapes are obta9$ e ye>1 & ! famili> sp>kl+ w9es are manufactur$4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,/avropol we f9d l>ge v9ey>ds only 9 ! ,kuma & ,t]ek valley4 ,9 ,ciscaucasia1 ! v9ey>ds cov] ab\t #ai1jjj hect>es1 & ne>ly #bjj1jjj hl4 ( w9e 7( v good quality7 are obta9$ annually4 ,grapes fl\ri% v luxuriantly 9 ! ,black ,sea region & 9 ,tauria4 ,_m v9ey>ds are f\nd 9 ,melitopol & ,b]diansk1 b ! mo/ successfully fl\ri%+ v9es are ^? ( ,crimea1 :]e t5d] ,fr5* & ,spani% v>ieties are also cultivat$4 ,w9e-gr[+ has become an important bran* ( indu/ry = ! population "h4 ,tauria yields only #bej1jjj hl4 ( w9e annually1 because ( ! exclusive use ( raw grapes = m$ic9al purposes4 ,bee-culture has1 s9ce anci5t times1 be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! ,ukra9e 9 v close connection ) fruit-gr[+4 ,x is v popul> ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 & 9 "s di/ricts ( ! c\ntry we r>ely f9d a peasant f>m )\t sev]al beehives4 ,yet ! almo/ fabul\s weal? ( honey :i* ! ,ukra9e orig9ally possess$ is /eadily decl9+4 ,de=e/ation has limit$ ! orig9al =e/ bee-culture to ! ,polissye only4 ,! cont9u$ assimilation ( mead[s & /eppes = agriculture has greatly injur$ ! ,ukra9ian bee indu/ry1 & progressive bee-culture is spread+ v sl[ly among ! ,ukra9ians1 due to ! lack ( education & in/ruction4 ,! *ief produc+ c5t]s ( honey 9 ! ,ukra9e are ,kuban 7#cbf1jjj bee-hives71 ,poltava 7#cje1jjj bee-hives71 ,*]nihiv 7#bhc1jjj bee-hives71 ,kh>kiv 7#bdf1jjj bee-hives71 ,kiev 7#bdb1jjj bee-hives71 ,volhynia & ,podolia 7ea* #bjf1jjj bee-hives74 ,! total production ( honey ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 9 #aiaj1 am\nt$ to #abe1ijj q41 wax #ac1gjj q4 7#ch & #cd respectively ( ! total production ( ! ,russian ,empire74 ,9 ,galicia1 9 #ahhj1 ! numb] ( bee-hives 0 /ill z high z #cjj1jjj1 9 #aijj only #baj1jjj4 ,nev]!less1 ! l& produc$ "o-half ( ! honey & "o-eigh? ( ! wax ( ! entire ,au/rian production 7#be1jjj & #cej q4 respectively74 ,! damp1 cool summ]s ( ! pa/ decades h greatly injur$ ! ,galician bee indu/ry1 b1 9 v rec5t ye>s1 progressive bee-culture has begun to develop /rongly "h1 & to increase ! honey & wax production ( ! l&4 ,silkworm-culture is v slightly develop$ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 al?o ! mulb]ry trees ?rive almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 & silkworm-culture requires no great outlay 9 money & labor4 ,attempts are be+ made 9 ! ,don region1 ,tauria1 ,bess>abia1 ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,kh>kiv1 ,kiev1 ,poltava & ,*]nihiv1 b ! silk output is /ill v small4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev1 9 #aijg1 b>ely #a1cjj q4 ( cocoons 7 obta9$4 ,,cattle ,,rais+ ,cattle-rais+ ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e is closely jo9$ to agriculture4 ,only 9 ! ,pontian /eppes ! rema9s ( ! orig9ally ext5sive cattle indu/ry are left today4 ,) ! prevail+ %ortage ( l&1 cattle-rais+ is a s\rce ( indu/ry ( ! greate/ importance to ! ,ukra9ian peasantry1 ! mo/ important s\rce ( ready money ) :i* to pay taxes & to inve/ 9 f>m improvem5ts4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,ukra9ian peasantry is only beg9n+ to und]/& ! importance ( progressive cattle-rais+ & to introduce x4 ,9 ,galicia1 ?is movem5t has already _h a good />t4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 only ! l>ge l&[n]s 7& !y b r>ely7 are c>ry+ on progressive agriculture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be not$ t only ext5sive cattle-rais+ pays ! l>ge l&[n]1 h5ce1 cattle-rais+ by ! peasants is ( incomp>ably high] importance 9 ! life ( e cultur$ nation4 ,= ?is reason1 cattle-rais+ 9 ! ,ukra9e gives promise ( a spl5did future1 once x is c>ri$ on by an enlight5$ peasant class4 ,! total numb] ( cattle 9 ! ,ukra9e c h>dly be e/imat$1 ev5 r\ghly4 ,at any rate x is consid]ably m ?an #cj million1 ( :i* approximately f\r million belong to ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e4 ,comp>$ to ! adjac5t c\ntries1 ! ,ukra9e is v ri* 9 cattle4 ,! ,russian ,ukra9e1 :i* comprises n q a six? "p ( ,european ,russia1 possesses fully a ?ird ( ! ,russian /ock ( cattle2 t is1 ab\t d\ble ! am\nt x %\ld h accord+ to ! size ( ! t]ritory4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e is important = its exports ( cattle to ,we/]n ,au/ria & ,g]many4 ,( all ! di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! relatively smalle/ /ock ( cattle is f\nd 9 ,galicia1 = "h !re are only #gbc head ( cattle 7#aaf horses1 #cgb horn$ cattle1 #fj %eep1 #agb hogs7 = ea* #ajjj inhabitants4 ,! proportions are great] 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e4 ,= e #ajj ( ! population ,volhynia has #ai horses1 #cb /e]s1 #ah %eep1 #ag hogs4 ,! correspond+ numb]s = ,podolia are #af1 #ai1 #ag1 #aa2 = ,kiev #ac1 #ah1 #ag1 #aj2 = ,kh]son #bi1 #bd1 #af1 #aa2 = ,*]nihiv #ba1 #be1 #cc1 #af2 = ,poltava #ad1 #bb1 #bg1 #aa2 = ,kh>kiv #ag1 #bg1 #bc1 #aj2 = ,kat]9oslav #be1 #bf1 #ba1 #ab2 = ,tauria #cj1 #bh1 #fa1 #aa2 = ,kuban #cd1 #ed1 #hj1 #ba4 ,we %all beg9 our survey ( ! cattle indu/ry ) a consid]ation ( horse-rais+4 ,! ,ukra9ian bre$ ( horses is widely di/ribut$ ?ru\t ! entire ,dniep] region1 its ,*ornomoric v>iety 9 ! ,kuban region1 its ,don v>iety 9 ! ea/]n bord] di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! ,ukra9e horses1 h[ev]1 are a mix$ bre$1 ( small /ature1 &1 despite great p[]s ( endurance1 n p>ticul>ly /rong4 ,( ! diff]5t bre$s ( small horses1 only ! ,hutzulian m\nta9-bre$ are important1 because ( _! f9e qualities4 ,! rema9+ millions ( small horses r m>k ! l[ grade ( horse-bre$+ ?an real value = ! population1 :i*1 9 proportion to its economic res\rces1 keeps entirely too _m horses4 ,v little is be+ done to raise ! /&>ds ( horse-rais+ 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,bre$+-/uds are kept up by ! l>ge l&[n]s only = ! bre$+ ( race-horses1 :ile no?+ at all is done = ! bre$+ ( "w-horses4 ,only 9 ,voroniz a bre$ ( /rong draught-horses is produc$ 7bitiuhi71 & a little is accompli%$ also by ! bre$+-/uds ( ,novo-,alex&rivsk 7,kh>kiv region7 & 9 ,yaniv 79 ! ,kholm c\ntry74 ,9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e ! w>-dep>tm5t takes c>e ( ! bre$+ ( ! ,hutzulian bre$ ( horses ) great success4 ,horn$ cattle are ( mu* great] importance to ! ,ukra9ian p ?an horses1 & ! bre$ is relatively mu* bett]4 ,?anks to ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! native gray bre$1 ! addition ( ! r$ ,kalmuck bre$ ( cattle 9 ,ea/]n ,ukra9e1 & ! frequ5t cross+ ) ,we/]n ,european bre$s accompli%$ ?ru ! ag5cy ( ! l>ge l&[n]s1 ! gov]nm5ts & ! agricultural organizations1 cattle-bre$+ 9 ! ,ukra9e appe>s mu* m advanc$ ?an horse-bre$+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dairy+ 9 ! ,ukra9e is b>ely 9 its beg9n+s4 ,only 9 ,galicia has a dairym5's organization be5 =m$ by ! ,ukra9ian peasants1 :i* produce million kilograms ( butt] a ye>4 ,%eep-rais+ 9 ! ,ukra9e decreas$ consid]ably )9 ! la/ decades ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 z a result ( ,au/ralian competition4 ,=m]ly1 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e 0 "o ( ! mo/ important wool produc+ regions ( ! _w4 ,! decl9e ( ! %eep-rais+ indu/ry has be5 accel]at$ a great deal by ! trans=mation ( ! /eppes into f>ml&4 ,! imm5se flocks ( %eep :i* roam$ ! ,ukra9ian /eppes "u ! c>e ( semi-nomadic %eph]ds are a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,nev]!less1 ab\t #aj million %eep c /ill be f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! greate/ "p ( !m is rais$ 9 ! ,don region1 ! ,kuban region1 ,tauria1 ,kat]9oslav & ,bess>abia4 ,j z 9 ! o!r bran*es ( live-/ock-bre$+1 s also 9 ! matt] ( %eep-rais+1 ! mo/ important "p is p]=m$ by ! peasant4 ,! peasants bre$ *iefly co>se-wool$ %eep ( v>i\s bre$s4 ,^! %eep c graze ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ye> out 9 ! /eppes4 ,! l>ge l&[n]s raise f> less %eep1 b ^! belong to ! f9e-wool$ ,m]9o bre$1 ! rais+ ( :i* is m exp5sive1 b also m pr(itable4 ,9 v rec5t ye>s ! peasants h at la/ begun to engage 9 bre$+ ! f9e-wool$ v>ieties4 ,%eep-rais+ is v important 9 ! di/ricts ( ,*]nihiv1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 :]e1 9 ! ye> #aijj1 !re 7 #c million %eep 7#c million ( :i* belong$ to peasants74 ,"h ! greatly r5[n$ ,re%etilov bre$ ( %eep is rais$4 ,! rema9+ di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e c>ry on v little %eep-rais+4 ,only 9 ! ,c>pa?ians is x an important bran* ( indu/ry ( ! population4 ,"h ! co>se-wool$ m\nta9-%eep graze 9 ! m\nta9 pa/ures1 & br+ almo/ great] pr(it ?ru _! dairy products & sk9s ?an ?ru _! wool4 ,goats are f\nd v r>ely 9 ! ,ukra9e1 almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,c>pa?ian1 ,yaila & ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,hog-rais+1 h[ev]1 is p]haps ! mo/ important s\rce ( income ( ! poor] ,ukra9ian peasantry1 & z su* x is common ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e1 mo/ ( all 9 ,*]nihiv1 ,volhynia & ,kuban4 ,besides /y-bre$+1 ext5sive bre$+ is c>ri$ on 9 "s di/ricts4 ,on ! l[] ,dniep] & ,dnie/] l>ge droves ( sw9e rema9 9 ! plavni all summ] & fall4 ,improv$ bre$s ( ,engli% hogs 7,york%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 etc47 are n common 9 ! ,ukra9e & easily deg5]ate1 :ile ! mo/ common bre$s1 ! ,russian1 ! ,poli% & ! s\!rn curly-hair$ v>iety1 are v h>d to fatt54 ,camels are kept only 9 ! s\!a/]n /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e 7,tauria1 ,don region1 ,/avropol71 buffaloes only 9 ,bess>abia1 asses & mules 9 ,bess>abia & ,tauria4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! end ( our survey ( cattle-rais+ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 we mu/ turn to p\ltry-rais+1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important s\rces ( ! money income ( ! peasantry4 ,9 view ( ! truly ,sp>tan mode ( life ( our peasants1 v little p\ltry is consum$ by ! bre$] himself1 mo/ ( x be+ sold to ! deal]s or 9 ! cities4 ,! balance ( ! production ov] ! local consumption is s great t ! entire ,ukra9e has become an export+ region = p\ltry1 eggs & fea!rs to ! o!r di/ricts ( ,russia1 to ,we/]n ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 etc4 ,f ! n9e gov]nm5ts ( ! ,ukra9e1 9 #aije1 ov] #fjj1jjj q4 ( eggs 7 export$1 #ij ( :i* w5t ov] ! bord]4 ,^! ,ukra9ian gov]nm5ts yield$ #dj ( ! total ,russian exportation ( eggs1 ,kh>kiv alone giv+ #h1 ,kiev #e4 ,if we consid] ! rema9+ ,ukra9ian di/ricts ( ,russia1 we c say1 )\t fe> ( error1 t all ! ,russian t]ritory toge!r t is inhabit$ by ,ukra9ians produces m ?an half ! ,russian output ( eggs & p\ltry4 ,podolia alone1 9 #aijh1 sold ne>ly #c million f[l1 ,kh>kiv 7#aijf7 #a million4 ,galicia1 ab\t ! ye> #aijc1 export$ annually eggs to ! value ( #ce million cr[ns #a1 fea!rs to ! value ( #c million1 & p\ltry to ! value ( #a million1 ( :i*1 at lea/1 two-?irds mu/ be cr$it$ to ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ! l&4 ,e f>m] 9 ! ,ukra9e raises live-/ock4 ,! p]c5tage ( exclusive bre$]s ( live-/ock is v small2 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 9 #ahig1 x 0 h>dly #j4d4 ,,m9]al ,,production ,al?o f>m+--agriculture & cattle-rais+--mu/1 = ! "t be+1 comprise ! ma9 s\rce ( indu/ry ( ! population ( ! ,ukra9e1 ?is bless$ l& does n lack o!r res\rces z well4 ,v great m9]al res\rces lie 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e2 ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau1 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 & 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,!re is little prospect1 to be sure1 t ! ,ukra9e might1 ) ! aid ( its m9]al res\rces1 become an indu/rial c\ntry l ,g]many or ,engl&1 yet !re does exi/ "s hope t x w soon be 9 a position to provide its own ne$s 9 ! way ( indu/rial products4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9e only 9 traces1 h>dly wor? m5tion+1 9 ! gold-conta9+ qu>tz ( ! ,naholni kriaz 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,silv]1 toge!r ) lead1 appe>s mu* m frequ5tly1 *iefly 9 ! ,kuban & ,t]ek regions ( ! ,caucasus1 :]e1 9 #aiaj1 ab\t #cjj1jjj q4 ( lead & silv] ore 7 m9$ 7#gc ( ! total ,russian production71 yield+ #be4e q4 ( silv] 7#ij7 & ab\t #aa1jjj q4 ( lead 7#ha71 & also 9 ! ,donetz region & 9 ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians ( ! ,buk[9a & ,nor!rn ,hung>y4 ,! am\nt produc$ outside ( ! ,caucasus1 on ! o!r h&1 is v insignificant4 ,z9c is f\nd only 9 small quantities 9 ! ,naholni kriaz4 ,t91 nickel1 *romium & plat9um are n f\nd any:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ! m important m9+ products ( ! ,ukra9e is m]cury4 ,x is obta9$ f ! c9nab> m9es ( ,mikitivka1 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,"h1 #hdb1jjj q4 ( c9nab> 7 m9$ 9 #aije1 yield+ #cbj1jjj kilograms ( m]cury4 ,outside ! ,ukra9e1 ! ,russian ,empire has no m]cury m9es wor?y ( m5tion4 ,copp] ore is f\nd 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau1 9 ,kh]son & ,tauria1 9 ! ,buk[9a & ,m>m>o%1 yet ! production is comp>atively small4 ,mu* great] is ! copp] production ( ! ,caucasus1 :]e1 9 #aiaj1 ab\t #b1ejj1jjj q4 ( copp] ore 7#ce ( ! ,russian production7 & #ha1jjj q4 ( copp] 7#ca7 7 ga9$4 ,mu* m important is ! manganese production ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,manganese ores are ga9$ *iefly f ! oligoc5e /rata ( ! ,nikopol region 7on ! l[] ,dniep]71 & 9 ,ea/]n ,podolia4 ,! production = ! ye> #aijg am\nt$ to #c1bde1jjj q41 or #cb ( ! total ,russian output & ab\t "o-six? ( ! output ( ! _w4 ,b all ! rema9+ metal res\rces ( ! ,ukra9e disappe>1 z x 71 beside ! enorm\s weal? ( iron ( ! l&4 ,iron ores are f\nd 9 great quantities 9 v _m places 9 ! ,ukra9e2 _m deposits h n be5 suffici5tly explor$ to make exploitation seem advisable1 & _m1 = v>i\s reasons1 are n be+ exploit$4 ,! iron production ( ! ,ukra9e is consequ5tly limit$ to a few c5t]s1 b 9 ^! x is ( v great importance4 ,! mo/ important c5t] ( iron m9+ is ,krivi ,rih 7,gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son7 & vic9ity4 ,! annual production "h 7#aijc-aijd7 am\nt$ to #bf million metric hundr$weights4 ,! entire supply ( iron ore at ,krivi ,rih is e/imat$ at #hgj million metric hundr$weights1 b 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity !re lie mu* l>g] unt\*$ deposits4 ,! iron cont5t ( ! ores 7r$ & br[n iron ore7 is #fj-ge4 ,o!r iron ore deposits ( ! ,ukra9e are ( mu* less significance4 ,only 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,k]* are iron ores /ill m9$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! iron ore deposits ( ! ,caucasus1 ! br[n iron ores & swamp-ores ( ,volhynia1 ( ! we/]n ,kiev c\ntry & ( ! ,polissye1 are n exploit$1 & 9 9 ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians ( ! ,buk[9a & ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y1 iron m9+ is dy+ out4 ,! iron production ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e 9 #aijg am\nt$ to #ci4i million q41 t is1 #gc ( ! total ,russian production4 ,! figures = ! ye>s foll[+ are3 #aijh--dj4c million q4 #gd2 #aiji--ci million q4 #gd2 #aiaj--dc4d million q4 #gd2 #aiaa--ea4a million q4 #gb4 ,^! figures %[ cle>ly en\gh :at a weal? ( iron ! ,ukra9e possesses1 & :at "p ! c\ntry plays z ! *ief produc] ( iron = ,russia4 ,we n[ come to ! second gr\p ( m9]al res\rces1--! m9]al fuels4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ! ,ukra9e is ri*ly suppli$4 ,! ,ukra9e possesses b "o coal-field 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau1 b ?is coal-field is "o ( ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ 9 ,europe4 ,its surface area is #bc1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 ! annual production 7#aiaa7 #bjc million metric hundr$weights1 t is1 #gj ( ! total production ( coal ( ! entire ,russian ,empire4 ,!n1 ! coal-di/rict on ! ,donetz is v ri* 9 an?racite4 ,9 #aiaa1 approximately #ca million metric hundr$weights ( an?racite 7 ga9$ "h 7#ih4e ( ! total ,russian production74 ,= coke-mak+1 practically ! only coal t c be us$ 9 ,russia is ! ,donetz coal4 ,9 #aiaa1 #cc4g million metric hundr$weights ( coke 0 ga9$ 9 ! ,donetz region2 9 all ! rema9+ coal di/ricts ( ! ,russian ,empire1 b>ely #ac1fjj q4 ,f ^! figures we see cle>ly t ! ,ukra9e1 despite its g5]al agr>ian "*1 possesses great supplies ( coal1 t indisp5sable aid 9 mod]n indu/ry4 ,to be sure1 ! ,ukra9e takes only sev5? rank 9 ! _w's coal production 7be+ prec$$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,france & ,belgium7 yet x is1 nev]!less1 n to be despis$ z a produc+ di/rict4 ,:5 we consid] ! backw>d /ate ( mat]ial culture 9 ,russia z a :ole1 ! y\? ( ! ,ukra9ian coal-m9+ indu/ry1 & ! c5tripetal railway t>iff policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 we mu/ come to realize t1 ) bett] conditions1 a brilliant future awaits ! ,ukra9ian coal indu/ry4 ,! br[n-coal deposits ( ! ,ukra9e are z yet b slightly explor$1 &1 9 !mselves1 mu* less important ?an ! pit-coal deposits4 ,a br[n-coal field ( #ejjj squ>e kilomet]s is "p ( ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau 7,kiev-,yelisavet coal region74 ,t[>d ! end ( ! pa/ c5tury an annual av]age ( #hb1jjj q4 ( br[n-coal 0 m9$ "h 7,kat]9opol1 ,zuraska74 ,j z unimportant is ! br[n-coal production 9 ! ,caucasian foo?ills 7,batalpa%9sk74 ,9 ! ,c>pa?ian foo?ill c\ntry & 9 ! ,ro/o*1 9 #aija1 ov] #a million metric hundr$weights ( br[n-coal 0 m9$2 9 #aije b>ely "o-half t am\nt4 ,not)/&+1 "s importance mu/ be atta*$ to ! br[n-coal indu/ry 9 ! ,ukra9e = ! future4 ,l>ge peat deposits are widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,polissye1 9 ,volhynia1 ,podlakhia1 ,galicia1 ,kiev1 ,podolia1 etc41 b extremely little is done 9 ! way ( rational exploitation4 ,only 9 ! ,polissye & 9 ,galicia 7#dj places 9 #aije7 is peat cut on a l>ge scale1 al?o its importance1 especially = ! di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e1 :i* h few =e/s1 %\ld n be und]e/imat$4 ,9 petroleum & ozok]ite ! ,ukra9e is ! ri*e/ l& 9 ,europe4 ,along ! great b5d ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 beg9n+ at ! ,poprad ,pass1 "o petroleum di/rict cr[ds close ^u ! next4 ,!y lie almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory ( ,galicia1 e4g41 ,borislav & ,tu/anovi*i1 :i*1 9 #aijg1 yield$ ab\t #hf ( ! ,galician petroleum output1 9 ! ,ukra9ian ,di/rict ( ,drohobi*4 ,! ,galician petroleum production 9 #aiaa am\nt$ to #ad4i million metric hundr$weights--79 #aijg ev5 #ag4e million metric hundr$weights71 & takes ?ird rank 9 ! _w's production 7be+ outrank$ by ,russian ,caucasia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,consid]able naph?a fields are also f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9ian sub-,caucasian c\ntry1 :]e1 9 #aiaj1 ne> ,hrosni & ,maikop1 #ab4f million metric hundr$weights ( petroleum 7 ga9$4 ,f ! ea/]n tip ( ,crimea & ! ,taman p59sula to ! ,caspian ,sea imm5se treasures ( petroleum are hidd54 ,! only place 9 ! _w :]e ozok]ite is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities is ,ea/]n ,galicia4 ,9 #ahhe ,borislav yield$ #abc1jjj q4 ( ?is r>e m9]al4 ,! unexampl$ wa/efulness 9 m9+ acc\nts = ! fact t1 9 #aiaa1 ,borislav toge!r ) o!r small sub-,c>pa?ian m9es 7,dsv9ia*1 ,/>unia1 ,truskavetz7 yield$ b>ely #ai1djj q4 ( ozok]ite4 ,ozok]ite is also f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9ian sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 b 9 inconsid]able quantities4 ,q z important z ! iron1 coal & petroleum deposits ( ! ,ukra9e1 are its salt deposits4 ,! ,ukra9e has ?ree di/ricts ( salt-production--! ,c>pa?ian foo?ills1 ! ,donetz ,plateau1 & ! ,pontian-,caspian salt-lake & liman region4 ,! sub-,c>pa?ian salt-m9es & salt-works ( ,galicia 7,latzke1 ,drohobi*1 ,/ebnik1 ,bolekhiv1 ,dol9a1 ,kalu%1 ,delat91 ,lan*91 ,kossiv7 all lie )9 ,ukra9ian national t]ritory1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,vieli*ka & ,bokhnia4 ,9 #aiaa ,galicia produc$ ab\t #a1ddj1jjj q4 ( rock salt1 mo/ ( :i*1 to be sure1 mu/ be cr$it$ to ,vieli*ka & ,bokhnia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! #a1fij1jjj q4 ( manufactur$ salt & br9e 7 produc$ ma9ly 9 ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ,galicia4 ,9 #aijh ! salt production ( ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ,galicia am\nt$ to only #edj1jjj q4 ,9 ! ,donetz region !re are imm5se deposits ( rock-salt 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bakhmut 7e4g41 ,branzivka ) a deposit ( pure rock-salt #ajj met]s deep74 ,"h1 9 #aiaa1 ab\t #d4i million metric hundr$weights ( rock-salt 7 m9$ 7#hf ( ! total ,russian rock-salt production7 & ! ri* salt-spr+s & salt-lakes exploit$ besides4 ,9 ! ,ponto-,caspian region fir/ place is held by ! salt-lakes & limans ( ,crimea1 !n foll[ ! limans ( ! ,kh]son region 7,knyalnik1 etc471 ! ,mani* lakes1 etc4 ,! am\nt produc$ vacillates betwe5 #c & #e million metric hundr$weights a ye>1 & dep5ds l>gely on ! degree ( dryness & heat ( ! summ] season4 ,! total salt production ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e 9 #aijg atta9$ #aj million metric hundr$weights1 or #ec ( ! production ( ! entire ,russian ,empire4 ,nitre salts are f\nd 9 great quantities only 9 ! ,ukra9ian sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry4 ,9 #aija ! am\nt produc$ 0 ab\t #agi1jjj q42 9 ! ye> ( #aijh x decreas$ to #aba1jjj q4 ,besides ! above-m5tion$ mo/ important treasures ( ! soil1 m9]als less important1 b yet notewor?y1 are f\nd 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ,podolia & ! adjo9+ bord] /rips ( ,bess>abia !re lie "s ri* deposits ( phosphorites 7#gj-ge phosphoric acid71 out ( :i*1 9 #aijg1 ov] #aad1jjj q4 7#gb ( ! total ,russian production7 7 m9$4 ,9 ! di/ricts ( ,kat]9oslav1 ,kh]son1 ,poltava1 ,*]nihiv1 ,kiev1 ,volhynia1 9 #aijg1 ov] #baf1jjj q4 ( kaol9 7 m9$4 ,outside ( ! ,ukra9e no kaol9 is f\nd 9 ,russia4 ,good pott]y clays are f\nd ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 mo/ly ar\nd ,kiev1 ,*]nihiv & ,poltava4 ,firepro( clays occur 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau1 slate 9 ! ,zaporoze 7,kat]9oslav71 li?ographic /one 9 ,podolia 7ne> ,kamianez & ,mohiliv71 graphite 79 inconsid]able quantities1 to be sure7 9 ,volhynia1 on ! ,slu* ,riv]1 ne> ,krivi ,rih 7,kh]son71 9 ! di/ricts ( ,kiev & ,kat]9oslav1 m9]al pa9ts ne> ,lissi*ansk 7,donetz region71 ,krivi ,rih1 & ,yelisavet 7,kh]son71 ,/>i ,oskol 7,kursk74 ,sulphur is obta9$ on ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,kuban ,riv]1 pumice /one 9 ! ,caucasus1 rott5-/one ne> ,sv5ihorodka 7,kiev74 ,mill-/ones are obta9$ 9 _m places1 ! be/ v>iety ne> ,hlukhiv 7,*]nihiv71 :et/ones especially 9 ! ,poltava region & 9 ! ,devonian region ( ,galician-,podolia 7,t]ebovla74 ,*alk is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,podolia1 ,volhynia & ,kh>kiv1 gypsum 9 ,podolia & ,pokutia 7beautiful alaba/]s71 z well z 9 ! ,donetz region4 ,build+-/ones1 lime1 s&1 loam are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e & are ( good quality4 ,! mo/ fit = masonry "w are ! devonian s&/one ( ,podolia1 ! granite gneisses ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 & ! old eruptive =mations ( ,volhynia4 ,f ?is %ort survey ( ! m9]al res\rces ( ! ,ukra9e1 we p]ceive t ! ,ukra9e1 al?o 9 ?is respect x does n comp>e ) ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 yet does produce a great deal1 & aft] a ?oro *ange 9 ! political & cultural conditions1 %\ld be able to occupy an important place 9 ! _w's production ( m9]al weal?4 ,at pres5t ! ,ukra9ian p contributes only ! poorly-paid labor1 :ile ! pr(it falls to ! =eign rul]s4 ,,indu/ry ,! indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e is n[ 9 an important /age ( transition4 ,! orig9ally v important home indu/ries :i*1 until rec5tly1 satisfi$ all ! ne$s ( ! peasantry1 _c endure ! competition ) ! factory sy/em ( l>ge-scale indu/ry1 :i* is p5etrat+ m & m deeply into ^? regions ( ! ,ukra9e t lie f>!/ f ! highways ( ! _w's trade4 ,home indu/ry is decl9+ irresi/ibly1 factory indu/ry is develop+ m & m1 &1 al?o ! latt] is /ill "y & is ret>d$1 9 ! textile bran*es1 by ! c5tralization ( indu/ry at ,mosc[1 /ill ! ,ukra9e 7especially ! s\!rn "p7 is on ! way to becom+ ! mo/ important indu/rial di/rict ( all ,russia4 ,ukra9ian home indu/ry is j z old & ( z high a grade z all ! popul> culture ( ! ,ukra9ians--?is typical primitive agricultural p4 ,! products ( ,ukra9ian home indu/ry are *>act]iz$ above all by _! great solidity & durability4 ,_! di/+ui%+ feature is 9 ! orig9al ornam5tation on all objects1 ev5 ^? de/9$ = e-day use1 noticeable p>ticul>ly 9 ! products ( ! textile1 wood-c>v+ & pott]y indu/ries4 ,anyone :o kn[s ,ukra9ian home indu/ry is ov]come by a sad feel+ :5 he p]ceives t ?is indu/ry1 :i* may really be call$ a f9e art1 w soon be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! =eign rul]s ( ! ,ukra9e are ho/ile1 or at be/ indiff]5t1 to ,ukra9ian home indu/ry1 & all ef=ts ( ! ,ukra9ians to promote _! v vital native home indu/ry are h9d]$ at e turn4 ,! middlem5 ru?lessly exploit ! artisan1 ^: e>n+s are a m]e pittance1 insuffici5t ev5 = ! cont5t$ ,ukra9ian4 ,m & m ( ^? :o "w at a trade are turn+ _! backs ^u _! ?ankless occupations1 if !y c only f9d a means ( subsi/5ce at some?+ else4 ,! mo/ important bran* ( ,ukra9ian home indu/ry is weav+4 ,x is n conf9$ only to ! weav+ ( co>se1 v durable k9ds ( l95 & clo?2 = v f9e1 sometimes really arti/ically ornam5t$ tableclo?s1 t[els & h&k]*iefs1 f9e wool5s1 decorative fabrics ) inwov5 patt]ns1 gold & silv] ?read1 c>pets & tape/ries1 too1 come out ( ! primitively equipp$ work%ops ( ! ,ukra9ian weav]s4 ,"u v difficult work+ conditions1 ) ! mo/ primitive means1 g5u9e works ( art are frequ5tly creat$4 ,= all t1 ! arti/ic weav] mu/ yield place to factory goods1 ev5 9 ! ,ukra9e1 & ! home weav+ indu/ry is surely hurry+ t[>d ext9ction4 ,yet1 to ?is day1 ?anks to ! p]si/5ce ( ! p 9 pres]v+ _! national co/ume1 ! weav+ indu/ry is /ill s widespread ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e t !re is h>dly a hamlet :]e !re are n "s weav]s by trade1 or at lea/ su* p]sons z c>ry on weav+ z an avocation4 ,home weav+ is at its height 9 ! di/ricts ( ,poltava1 :]e x occupies #bj1jjj families 7#aijb71 ,*]nihiv & ,kh>kiv4 ,its *ief c5t]s are ,krolevetz & vic9ity1 ,s9kiv1 ,mirhorod1 ,zolotono%a 7wool-weav+74 ,9 ,galicia1 ! entire ,ukra9ian ,pidhirye is fam\s = its home weav+ indu/ry2 9 ! m\nta9s x is ! neighborhood ( ,kossiv1 9 ! l[ c\ntry ! di/ricts ( ,horodok1 ,kom>no1 ,hali*1 ,busk1 etc41 :i* are important 9 ?is connection4 ,! mo/ beautiful c>pets & tape/ries1 work$ 9 colors1 come f ! di/ricts ( ,mirhorod & ,s9kiv 7,poltava71 ,olhopol1 ,balta1 ,yampol1 ,bratzlav 7,podolia71 ,sb>az1 ,bu*a*1 ,kossiv 7,ea/]n ,galicia74 ,tailor+ is n[h]e develop$ to l>ge proportions1 al?o no place1 n ev5 ! smalle/ village1 is )\t x4 ,9 ,poltava1 tailor+ & cap-mak+ occupies ov] #aj1jjj families4 ,rope-mak+ is v common ?ru\t ! ,ukra9e1 mo/ly 9 ! di/ricts ( ,poltava1 ,kiev 7,lissianka7 & 9 ,galicia 7,radimno74 ,nets are made 9 ! di/rict ( ,lokhvitzia 7,poltava7 & ,o/] 7,*]nihiv7 on a l>ge scale4 ,aft] ! textile indu/ry comes ! wood-work+ indu/ry4 ,x is common1 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! /eppe c\ntry alone except$4 ,almo/ e ,ukra9ian peasant ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 ( ! ,polissye1 ,volhynia1 ,kiev1 ,*]nihiv1 kn[s ! c>p5t] trade4 ,! be/ c>p5t]s are ! ,hutzulians1 :o1 indep5d5tly1 )\t drawn plans1 build *ur*es ( f9e /yle1 ev5 = ! mo/ di/ant villages ( ! l[ c\ntry4 ,%ip-build+ is c>ri$ on *iefly 9 ! ,polissye 7,mosir1 ,petrikiv1 ,balazevi*i on ! ,pripet1 & p>ticul>ly ,davidhorodok on ! ,hor974 ,on ! ,dniep] ,riv]1 %ips are built at ,horodnia1 small sea-vessels 9 ,nikopol1 ,ole%ki1 ,hola ,pri/an1 ,kh]son2 on ! ,don 9 ,osiv 7,az(74 ,on ! ,dnie/]1 riv]-%ips are built 9 ,zuravno1 ,hali*1 ,zvanetz1 ,mohiliv1 ,yampol4 ,cab9et-mak+1 al?o 9 g5]al b slightly develop$1 /ill supplies ! dem& ( ! peasantry & ! common city-dwell]s4 ,arti/ic cab9et-mak+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! ,hutzul c\ntry 7,kossiv1 ,yavoriv1 ,ri*ka1 ,viznitza71 :]e1 besides furniture1 v>i\s k9ds ( woodwork1 decorat$ ) arti/ic c>v+s & ) ! beautifully conv5tionaliz$ specifically ,hutzulian bead & brass-wire ornam5ts are produc$1 e4g41 canes1 boxes1 picture-frames1 etc4 ,! furniture indu/ry is common 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,*]kassia 7,kiev7 & 9 ! entire ,poltava c\ntry4 ,"h1 too1 beautiful & durable wood5 *e/s are made4 ,wood5 spoons are produc$ 9 ! di/ricts ( ,poltava 7,kalaid9tzi71 ,kiev 7,*ornobil1 ,horno/apol71 9 ! ,hutzul c\ntry 7,porohy1 ,yavoriv71 9 ! ,ro/o*e region 7,yavoriv1 ,vi%5ka71 & smok+-pipes ( wood 9 ! ,poltava region 7,velika ,pavlivka74 ,coop]age & ! mak+ ( wood5 vessels is common ev]y:]e1 b x is mo/ ext5sive 9 ! di/ricts ( ,poltava 7#c1gjj families71 ,kh>kiv 7,okhtirka1 ,kotelva71 ,polissye 7,mosir71 ,kiev 7,di/rict ( ,radomi%l71 ,*]nihiv1 ,volhynia & ! ,hutzul c\ntry4 ,wagon-mak+ & ! mak+ ( sl$s & wood5 agricultural implem5ts has its *ief c5t] 9 ! ,poltava c\ntry1 :]e x occupies ov] #bdjj families 7,di/ricts ( ,s9ikiv1 ,lubni1 ,hadya*74 ,9 ! ,kh>kiv c\ntry ?is indu/ry is important ab\t ,/>obilsk1 ,bohodukhiv1 ,isium1 ,kupiansk1 z well4 ,9 ,ardon 7,gov]nm5t ( ,*]nihiv7 beautiful c>riages are produc$ & 9 ,t>a%*a 7,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev7 ! _w-r5[n$ t>antas4 ,! %+le indu/ry1 *>coal-burn+1 pit* & pota%-mak+ are met ) only 9 ! ,c>pa?ians & 9 ! ,polissye region4 ,yet1 n s long ago1 ^! compris$ "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( indu/ry ( ! =e/-dwell]s4 ,basket-weav+ is especially develop$ 9 ! ,poltava region 7ab\t #ajjj families1 *iefly 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,lokhvitzia & ,kupiansk71 to "s degree also 9 ,podolia 7,di/ricts ( ,lit9 & ,v9itza71 ,kh]son1 ,kiev1 ,polissye ab\t ,mosir4 ,sieves are made ev]y:]e ! wood indu/ry is e/abli%$4 ,ba/ %oes are made only 9 ! ,polissye region4 ,among ! bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* m9]al sub/ances are us$1 pott]y takes fir/ rank4 ,?anks to great deposits ( spl5did pott]y clay1 ! ,ukra9ian pott]y indu/ry develop$ v e>ly & n[ /&s ^u a v high plane4 ,its products usually h f9e =m & beautiful ornam5tation4 ,pott]y is be/ develop$ 9 ! ,poltava region1 especially 9 ! ,di/ricts ( ,mirhorod1 ,s9kiv 7well-kn[n c5t] ( ,opo%nia71 ,rom5 & ,lokhvitzia4 ,9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry pott]y is almo/ z important1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,horodnia1 ,krolevetz1 ,hlukhiv 7,polo%ki & ,novhorod ,siv]sky74 ,9 ! ,kh>kiv region we f9d l>ge pott]y works 9 ! regions ( ,valki1 ,leb$91 ,okhtirka1 ,bohodukhiv1 ,isium2 9 ! ,kiev c\ntry ab\t ,*ihir91 ,uman1 ,*]kassia1 ,sv5ihorodka1 ,kaniv1 9 ,podolia ab\t ,mohiliv1 ,u%itza1 ,yampol1 & ,leti*iv4 ,9 ,galicia ! ,ro/o*e region 7,potili*1 ,hl9sko1 etc471 ,podolia 7,*ortkiv1 ,bor%*iv1 ,kopi*9tzi1 etc471 & especially ! ,hutzul c\ntry 7,kolomia1 ,kossiv1 ,pi/91 ,kuti7 are r5[n$ = pott]y products4 ,9 o!r regions ( ! ,ukra9e pott]y is less develop$4 ,! brick-mak+ indu/ry is actively gr[+ all ov] ! ,ukra9e1 & ! introduction ( tile-cov]$ brick build+s has l$ to ! =mation ( num]\s peasant organizations1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ^! build+-mat]ials4 ,! /one-cutt+ indu/ry is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale only 9 ! region ( ,odessa1 ,olex&rivsk 7,kami%evakha7 & ,bakhmut4 ,! metal-work+ indu/ry is1 9 g5]al1 n highly advanc$4 ,only ! blacksmi? trade is c>ri$ on ev]y:]e & %[s a f9e developm5t1 especially 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e4 ,9 ! village smi?ies 9 ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav & ,tauria1 ev5 complicat$ agricultural ma*9es are (t5 made4 ,! production ( iron pl\ghs has = its c5t]s ! di/ricts ( ,/>obilsk 7! village ( ,bilovodsk produces on ! av]age #c ?\s& pl\ghs a ye>71 ,isium & ,valki ( ! ,kh>kiv c\ntry1 9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry 7di/ricts ( ,/>odub & ,sosnitza71 9 ! ,poltava c\ntry 7,zolotono%a & vic9ity74 ,arti/ic brass-"w is made by ! ,hutzuls ( ! ,kossiv region 7,bru/uri1 ,yavoriv1 etc474 ,! utilization ( animal raw-mat]ials plays an important "p 9 ! home indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,sausage-mak]s are f\nd 9 all ! t[ns ( ! ,ukra9e1 especially ^? ( ! left half1 & _! products enjoy a good reputation1 ev5 beyond ! bord]s ( ! l&4 ,tann+ & fur-manufactur+ fl\ri% 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,ukra9ian workm5 h _h no small %>e 9 e>n+ _w-r5[n = ! ,russian lea!r indu/ry4 ,! *ief c5t]s ( ?is home indu/ry lie 9 ! di/ricts ( ,*]nihiv 79 ! regions ( ,*]nihiv1 ,koseletz1 ,krolevetz71 ,poltava 7ab\t ,s9kiv1 ,poltava1 ,re%etilivka ) its fam\s furri]y1 ,p]eyaslav1 ,kobeliaki71 ,kh>kiv 7ab\t ,okhtirka1 ,valki1 ,isium1 ,sumi74 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,voroniz1 ! village ( ,buturl9ivka is not$ = its lea!r indu/ry4 ,%oemak+ engages ov] #ijjj families 9 ,poltava 7di/ricts ( ,s9kiv1 ,kobeliaki1 ,rom51 ,kon/ant9ohrad1 etc474 ,9 ! region ( ,kh>kiv1 ! t[ns ( ,okhtirka & ,kotelva are ! ma9 c5t]s ( ! %oemak+ indu/ry1 9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry ! regions ( ,novosibkiv1 ,borsna & ,o/]4 ,9 ! region ( ,voroniz 7di/ricts ( ,bobrivsk1 ,biriu*1 ,valuiki7 !re are ov] #ab1jjj %oemak]s4 ,9 ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ,kursk ! *ief c5t]s are ! di/ricts ( ,sudza 7#ejjj %oemak]s1 #cjjj ( !m 9 ,miropilia alone7 & ,hraivoron4 ,9 ,galicia we f9d a /rongly develop$ %oemak+ & tann+ indu/ry 9 ,horodok1 ,kulikiv1 ,busk1 ,uhniv1 ,/>i ,sambir1 ,riboti*i1 ,nadvirna1 ,bu*a*1 ,potik1 etc4 ,! horn indu/ry1 especially ! mak+ ( horn combs1 appe>s 9 ,mirhorod & ,s9kiv1 9 ,kh>kiv & ab\t ,sumi4 ,( ! num]\s o!r bran*es ( home indu/ry 9 ! ,ukra9e ! organiz$ 7guild7 pa9t]s ( sacr$ pictures1 ( :om !re are ov] #cjj families 9 ! ,poltava region1 may be m5tion$ 9 pass+4 ,s mu* = home indu/ry4 ,! factory indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,not)/&+1 x is already produc+ s mu*1 despite its y\?1 t ,s\!rn ,ukra9e1 9 p>ticul>1 is on ! way to becom+ ! mo/ important indu/rial c5t] ( all ,russia4 ,l>ge-scale production 9 ! ,ukra9e is c>ri$ on almo/ exclusively by =eign 7,russian1 ,jewi%1 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,belgian7 capitali/s--! ,ukra9ians contribute only ! poorly-paid labor4 ,ukra9ian l>ge-scale indu/ry mu/ wage a h>d battle aga9/ ! economic policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 :i* aims to /op ! decl9+ prepond]ance ( ! ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg c5t]s ( indu/ry1 & to prev5t ! indu/rial rise ( ! s\?4 ,! total value ( ! indu/rial output ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 9 #aijh1 0 approximately #hgj million rubles1 or #ai ( ! total ,russian l>ge-scale production4 ,! production ( ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e am\nts to n ev5 "o-t5? ( ?is am\nt4 ,! ma9 c5t]s ( l>ge-scale production are ,kat]9oslav 7#aff4b million rubles71 ,kiev 7#adc4e71 ,kh]son 7#abg4e71 & ,kh>kiv 7#ih4g74 ,ukra9ian l>ge-scale indu/ry conc]ns itself *iefly ) ! manufactur+ ( ! m9]al products ( ! l& & ! prep>ation ( foods4 ,! textile indu/ry is artificially suppress$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,c5tral ,russian indu/rial di/ricts4 ,! cotton indu/ry is conf9$ to only a few small factories 9 ! ,don region 7,ro/iv1 ,nakhi*evan7 & ,kat]9oslav 7,pavloki*kas74 ,! wool5 indu/ry is less limit$ 7,*]nihiv c\ntry1 especially ,kl9zi1 !n ,kh>kiv1 ,kiev1 ! ,don region1 ,volhynia74 ,! l95 & hemp indu/ry is well develop$ only 9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry 7,po*ep1 ,mhl91 ,/>odub1 ,novosibkiv7 & 9 ,kh]son 7,odessa7 jute factories are also f\nd4 ,! clo?+ indu/ry is wor?y ( m5tion only 9 ,kh]son & ! l>g] cities ( ,ea/]n ,galicia4 ,( ! _m bran*es ( ! food indu/ry1 ! fir/ to be m5tion$ is ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,! sug> ref9]ies ( ! ,ukra9e1 m ?an #bjj 9 numb] 7mo/ ( !m 9 ! t]ritories ( ,kiev1 ,kh>kiv1 ,podolia1 ,kh]son71 produce annually 7#aijd7 ov] #f4f million metric hundr$weights ( raw sug> & #c4i metric hundr$weights ( ref9$ sug>4 ,^! figures repres5t #gf & #fh respectively ( ! total ,russian output4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e1 :]e ! sug> indu/ry has ! f9e/ possibilities ( exp&+1 x is entirely undevelop$ 7only two factories74 ,! mill+ indu/ry1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 is c>ri$ on *iefly 9 small wat] & w9d-mills1 possesses also "s l>ge mills op]at$ by /eam 7,kh>kiv1 ,kiev1 ,poltava1 ,krem9*uk1 ,odessa1 ,mikolaiv1 ,melitopol1 ,lviv1 ,brody1 ,t]nopil1 ,/anislaviv1 ,kolomia1 etc474 ,ano!r important indu/ry is alcohol-di/illation1 :i* is well advanc$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ,russian & ,galician ,podolia 7,galicia has #hjj /ills71 ,kh>kiv & ,kiev4 ,! be]-brew+ indu/ry is b slightly develop$1 & ! only di/ricts 9 :i* x yields a product ( "s quality are ,galicia & ! ,buk[9a4 ,mead brew+1 also a common indu/ry1 is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale only 9 ! ,kh>kiv c\ntry & 9 ,ea/]n ,galicia4 ,oil-press+ is important 9 ! t]ritories ( ,kh]son 7,odessa71 ,kiev1 ,*]nihiv 7,po*ep1 ,novosibkiv71 9 ,kh>kiv & 9 ,krem9*uk4 ,! important tobacco indu/ry is c>ri$ on to a consid]able degree 9 #ajj factories 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e 7,kiev1 ,kh>kiv1 ,odessa1 ,zitomir1 ,poltava1 ,krem9*uk1 ,rom51 ,kat]9oslav1 ,mikolaiv1 etc47 z well z 9 ?ree gov]nm5t factories 9 ,galicia 7,v9niki1 ,mona/iriska & ,zabolotiv74 ,! lumb] indu/ry embraces l>ge saw-mills 9 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,galicia1 ! ,buk[9a & ,nor!a/]n ,hung>y1 z well z long ! ,pripet & ,dniep] ,riv]s 7,mosir1 ,krem9*uk1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,kh]son1 etc474 ,! cork indu/ry is e/abli%$ 9 ,odessa1 ! pap] indu/ry 9 ,ro/iv1 ,odessa1 ,kh>kiv1 ,poltava4 ,! mo/ important bran* ( ,ukra9ian l>ge-scale indu/ry is ! metal-indu/ry4 ,! ,ukra9ian iron indu/ry1 despite its y\?1 has rapidly surpass$ ! ,poli%1 ,mosc[ & ,ural indu/ry1 & w\ld be ev5 m advanc$ if ! economic policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t _h n tak5 measures = ! protection ( ! ,mosc[ & ,ural indu/ry f ! indu/rial competition ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,h5ce1 ! ,ukra9ian metal indu/ry mu/ furni% *iefly semi-manufactur$ goods1 :i* are aft]w>ds work$ into f9i%$ goods 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,empire4 ,9 #aiaa1 !re 7 obta9$ 9 ! ,ukra9e1 #bd1fbe1jjj q4 ( ca/ iron1 t is1 #fg4d ( ! total ,russian production2 9 #aiab ! p]c5tage is said to h rea*$ #gj1 :ile ! re/1 #cj1 is accr$it$ to ,pol&1 ,great-,russia & ,russian-,asia4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,ukra9e produc$ #ah4h metric hundr$weights 7#ee4f ( ! total ,russian production7 ( wr\ght iron & /eel1 & 9 ! ye> #aiab1 x atta9$ ! same p]c5tage4 ,! significance ( ^! figures is at once app>5t4 ,! iron works ( ! ,ukra9e lie *iefly ne> ,krivi ,rih1 9 ,kat]9oslav & vic9ity1 ,olex&rivsk1 ! ,donetz ,plateau & ! adjac5t di/ricts 7,yusivka1 ,hru%ivka1 ,tahanroh1 ,m>iupol1 ,k]*1 etc474 ,! nail & wire indu/ry has its c5t] 9 ,kat]9oslav1 ma*9e-manufactur+ 9 ,kat]9oslav1 ,kiev1 ,kh>kiv1 ,yelisavet1 ,odessa1 ,olex&rivsk1 ,mikolaiv & ,b]diansk4 ,! iron /eam%ip build+ indu/ry has its seat 9 ,ro/iv & ,mikolaiv4 ,9 ,galicia we f9d only a v small iron indu/ry1 & at be/ a few railway supplies1 factories & work%ops are wor?y ( m5tion1 e4g41 ^? 9 ,sianik 7c> factory71 ,new ,s&etz & ,lemb]g4 ,( ! o!r bran*es ( indu/ry :i* manufacture m9]al products1 ! petroleum ref9]ies mu/ be m5tion$ above all1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,c>pa?ian foo?ill c\ntry 7,horlitzi1 ,drohobi*1 ,kolomia7 & at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus 7,hrosni74 ,! factory indu/ry ( pott]y is c>ri$ on 9 ,lviv & ,kh>kiv2 porcela9 & *9aw>e manufacture 9 ! ,kh>kiv region 7,budi1 ,slaviansk7 & 9 ,odessa2 cem5t manufacture 9 ! ,black ,sea region1 9 ,odessa & 9 ! ,buk[9a2 brick & tile manufacture 9 all ! l>ge cities ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,glass manufacture1 once v ext5sive 9 ! =e/ regions ( ! ,we/]n ,ukra9e 7,ro/o*e1 ,volhynia71 is n[ conf9$ to ! neighborhood ( ,kh>kiv1 ,horodnia & ,bakhmut4 ,( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! *emical indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( mat*es is important2 its seat is 9 ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry ne> ,novosibkiv1 & 9 ! ,galician sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry 7,/riy1 ,skole1 ,bolekhiv1 etc474 ,?is does n exhau/ ! bran*es ( indu/ry ( ! ,ukra9e1 b1 because ( _! comp>ative insignificance1 we mu/ desi/ f describ+ !m4 ,hav+ n[ come to ! end ( our pres5tation ( ,ukra9ian indu/ry1 we h /ill to consid] :at p]c5tage ( ,ukra9ians engage 9 indu/rial pursuits4 ,accord+ to (ficial ,russian e/imates ( ! ye> #ahig1 ! p]c5tage is b>ely #e 79 ,galicia1 accord+ to ,buzek's bias$ calculation1 #a4d74 ,! smallness ( ! figures w\ld surprise u if we did n "k h[ ! ,russian & ,poli% nationality 8make0 _! /ati/ics2 nev]!less1 x _c be d5i$ t ! ,ukra9ian p /ill engage too little 9 indu/ry4 ,among ! ,ukra9ians :o seek _! subsi/5ce 9 indu/ry1 ! greate/ numb] 7#ad7 engage 9 ! mak+ ( clo?+2 !n foll[1 9 ord]1 ! build+1 metal1 lumb] & food indu/ries1 l95-weav+ & pott]y4 ,,trade ,,& ,,comm]ce ,! m]cantile movem5t 9 ! ,ukra9e1 z1 9 fact1 9 all ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 is comp>atively slight4 ,to give an exact picture ( ,ukra9ian comm]ce is mu* m difficult ?an to describe its agricultural & indu/rial production4 ,! great ex*anges ( goods 9 ! int]ior1 ! comm]cial relations ( ! ,ukra9e ) ! o!r di/ricts ( ,russia & ,au/ria-,hung>y1 its "p 9 ! export trade ( ^! /ates1--all ?is matt] awaits work+ up on ! "p ( compet5t economi/s & geograph]s4 ,! ,ukra9ian p take b little "p 9 ! comm]cial activity ( _! c\ntry2 ! ,ukra9ian peasant simply consid]s trade an occupation v little 9 accord ) ! rank ( a l&$ proprietor1 & ! middle class has only begun 9 ! la/ decades to recov] f ! suppression ( c5turies4 ,h5ce1 ,ukra9ian comm]ce lies almo/ :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! =eign races--! ,russians1 ,jews1 ,arm5ians & ,greeks4 ,! causes ( ?is condition are usually s\ght & f\nd by ! =eign 7,russian & ,poli%7 8/&>d-be>]s ( culture0 9 ! indiff]5ce & incapacity = culture ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 c be object$ to :5 we recall ! great comm]cial importance ( ! anci5t ,k+doms ( ,kiev & ,hali*1 z well z ! long p]sev]ance ( ! ,ukra9ian trade d[n into ! #af? ,c5tury1 despite its sy/ematic suppression by ! ,poli% ,gov]nm5t4 ,naturally1 ! five c5turies ( ,tat> invasion caus$ sev]e injuries to ,ukra9ian trade4 ,& :5 ! comm]cial activity ( ! ,ukra9e ( ! hetmans began to fl\ri% 9 ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies1 x 0 sy/ematically suppress$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 foll[+ ! ill-fat$ rebellion ( ,mazeppa4 ,!n we mu/ consid] ! difficulties ( competition ) ! ,russians1 a v tal5t$ comm]cial race1 ) ! ,jews1 ! ,arm5ians & ! ,greeks4 ,mo/ ke5ly1 h[ev]1 ! calamit\s lack ( education is be+ felt4 ,:]ev] ! education ( ! p is m advanc$1 z1 = example1 9 ,ea/]n ,galicia1 !re is a revival ( ! comm]cial _s 9 ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! ,galician ,ukra9ians h ?\s&s ( %ops1 l>ge comm]cial co-op]ative organizations 7,n>odna ,torhovla1 ) sev5te5 bran* w>eh\ses & sev]al hundr$ %ops1 ,soyuz tohorvelnick spilok1 ,soyuz zbutu khudobi1 etc471 ) ! l>ge annual turnov] 7l>ge = ,galician conditions7 ( #be million cr[ns4 ,! enlight5$ peasantry ( ,s9evidsko & vic9ity 7,boiko c\ntry7 c>ries on an active fruit-trade f> beyond ! ,au/rian bord]s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e trade is com+ to life 9 all places4 ,! co-op]ative movem5t has tak5 su* a b\nd 9 advance1 9 spite ( ! frightful illit]acy1 t 9 #aiab !re 7 ov] #bejj su* organizations1 :ile all ( ,russia 7includ+ ! ,ukra9e7 _h #ebfj1 & ,pol& only #ibj4 ,f ^! facts we may safely conclude t1 ) ! elevation ( ! grade ( culture1 ! =m] comm]cial _s ( ! ,ukra9e is reawak5+4 ,to be sure1 ! /urdy1 upright nature ( ! ,ukra9ian1 :i* abhors e =m ( di%one/y1 w n l5d to ?is new comm]cial _s a _w-conqu]+ "*1 b x w1 on ! o!r h&1 increase ! influ5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian m]*ant 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,! pres5t condition ( comm]ce 9 ! ,ukra9e is /ill v primitive2 fir/1 because ( ! g5]ally l[ grade ( culture2 second1 because ( ! v primitive traffic conditions ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! fir/ m>k ( ! primitive condition is probably ! exi/5ce ( c\ntless annual fairs 9 ! ,ukra9e--a relic ( m$ieval trade conditions4 ,! numb] ( annual fairs 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e exce$s #djjj1 al?o x is f> out ( proportion to ! great numb] ( annual fairs 9 ,great ,russia4 ,b out ( tw5ty-two gr& annual fairs ( ,russia1 elev5 fall to ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory--f\r 9 ,kh>kiv1 two 9 ,romny1 "o 9 ,poltava1 ,kursk1 ,kolevez1 ,yelisavet & ,sumy1 respectively4 ,9 addition1 !re are ! once fam\s ,kiev 8kontrakti0 7n[ decl9+71 & ! small] annual fairs 9 ,b]di*iv1 ,zitomir1 ,dubno1 etc4 ,! greate/ ex*anges ( goods take place 9 ! ,yordan fair 9 ,kh>kiv 7,janu>y #bj?71 & ! ,elias fair 7,augu/ #bnd7 9 ,poltava4 ,"h ! :olesale deal]s sell _! goods to ! retail]s 7,(5yi--,russians f ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,vladimir & ,slobozani--,russian sect>ians1 coloni/s f ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry1 ,jewi% retail]s :o sell 9 ! "r half ( ! ,ukra9e71 :o buy or supplem5t _! /ock ( goods dur+ ! annual fairs4 ,9 ^! :olesale transactions1 ! s-call$ prassoli--,russian b>t]]s--also engage1 deal]s :o travel all ye> ?ru ! villages ( ! ,ukra9e1 ex*ange ! wool1 bri/les & flax ( ! peasants = h>dw>e1 & sell ! collect$ raw mat]ials to ! :olesal]s4 ,9 ?is annual fair sy/em1 ! ,ukra9ians h1 until rec5tly1 play$ an important "p z paid driv]s1 :o drove ! goods on _! oxc>ts f fair to fair4 ,^! driv]s at "o "t =m$ a sort ( class ( _! own--! 8*umaki0--& ev5 engag$ indep5d5tly 9 ! trad+ ( ! ,crimean salt & ! dri$ fi% ( ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,! railroads h put an end to ! =m] importance ( ! *umaki1 yet ! scanty l5g? ( ! ,ukra9ian railway sy/em prev5ts ?is c>t+ indu/ry f disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,9 ! eighties ( ! pa/ c5tury !re 7 c\nt$ 9 ! di/ricts ( ,poltava1 ,kh>kiv & ,*]nihiv1 #baj1jjj *umaks2 9 ! ye> #ahig1 9 ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,tauria & ,don1 ab\t #ajj1jjj ( ^! hir$ driv]s4 ,! fair sy/em ( ,ukra9ian trade is c>ri$ on n only by means ( great annual fairs1 :i*1 by ! way1 are decreas+ 9 importance ye> by ye>1 b also by means ( an enorm\s numb] ( small] annual fairs 9 ! cities1 t[ns1 & ev5 villages ( ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 :i* take c>e ( ! retail trade4 ,9 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e ! annual fairs 7z = in/ance1 ! once fam\s fairs ( ,t>nopol1 ,ula%kivtzi1 ,cz]n[itz7 h lo/ all significance s9ce ! mod]nization ( ! c\ntry's comm]ce4 ,_w-comm]ce has1 until v rec5tly1 left ! ,ukra9e almo/ unt\*$4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ! primitive =ms ( comm]ce 7 able to la/ s long 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,until rec5tly1 _w-comm]ce has tak5 ! ,ukra9e m]ely = a produc+ & export+ c\ntry ( raw mat]ials1 & left ! supply+ ( local dem&s to ! traditional =ms ( trade4 ,only )9 ! la/ decades has ! mod]n comm]cial organization begun sl[ly to take 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! ex*anges 9 ,kiev1 ,kh>kiv1 ,odessa1 ,krem9*uk1 ,mikolaiv1 ,tahanroh1 ,ro/iv1 ! *amb]s ( comm]ce 9 ,lviv & ,brodi1 are organiz+ ! export ( raw mat]ials f ! ,ukra9e1 & ! flood+ ( ! c\ntry ) ! products ( =eign indu/ry is becom+ m & m int5sive4 ,9 spite ( all we h m5tion$1 ! significance ( ! ,ukra9e 9 ! int]nal comm]ce ( ,russia & 9 _w-trade is v great4 ,! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 its situation on ! ?re%old ( ,asia & ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 its prop]ty ( be+ a direct h9t]l& ( ! ,black ,sea1 give to ! ,ukra9e a comm]cial importance ) :i* t ( any o!r individual di/rict ( ,european ,russia1 ! ,baltic l&s & ,pol& n except$1 c nev] comp>e4 ,9 ! int]nal comm]ce ( ,russia1 ! ,ukra9e figures1 fir/ ( all1 z purveyor ( food/uffs1 & 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e plays ! same "p on a small scale4 ,to repres5t ^! relations 9 figures enc\nt]s great difficulties1 & ! figures c be only approximate4 ,9 #ahie ! ,ukra9e export$ ov] #a4e million metric hundr$weights ( gra9 to ,li?uania & ,:ite ,russia1 ab\t #a4g million metric hundr$weights to ,pol&1 & ab\t #j4i million metric hundr$weights to ,c5tral ,russia4 ,9 #aije1 two ,ukra9ian di/ricts alone1 ,poltava & ,kh>kiv1 export$ ov] #j4g metric hundr$weights ( gra9 to ,c5tral ,russia4 ,^! figures mu/ be mu* great] today4 ,& ! gra9 exportation ( ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e to ! int]ior ( ,au/ria mu/ be relatively z great4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,galicia produces "o-?ird ( ! total ,au/rian output ( oats & :eat1 & almo/ half ! output ( potatoes4 ,q z important is ! ,ukra9e's exportation ( live-/ock4 ,9 ! ye>s #aijb-aijd1 ! ,ukra9e export$ #hj1jjj head ( cattle to ,c5tral ,russia1 & ! "p play$ by ,galicia z purveyor ( live-/ock = slaught] is well-kn[n4 ,equally important is ! exportation ( small cattle1 p\ltry1 eggs & butt]4 ,! exportation ( wool f ! ,s\!rn ,ukra9e plays an important "p 9 ! int]nal comm]ce ( ,russia4 ,! ,polissye1 ,c>pa?ian & ,caucasus regions furni% great quantities ( lumb] = exportation4 ,! m9]al products ( ! ,ukra9e are us$ = ! great] "p outside ! c\ntry--,caucasian & ,c>pa?ian petroleum1 ! iron ore ( ,krivi ,rih1 ! salt1 ! manganese1 ! coal ( ! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,( ! entire yield ( coal ( ! ,donetz bas9 9 #aije1 b>ely "o-?ird 0 us$ up 9 ! factories ( ?is region2 ! o!r two-?irds 7 to s]ve ! advancem5t ( ,c5tral ,russian indu/ry4 ,all ^! products are ! object ( an active export trade4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! exports1 ! imports ( ! ,ukra9e _c be v l>ge4 ,! imports embrace1 almo/ exclusively1 products ( =eign manufactur+4 ,9 view ( ! g5]al pov]ty & ! v limit$ wants ( ! ,ukra9ian peasantry1 ^! imports mu/ be small1 s9ce home indu/ry /ill cov]s ! greate/ "p ( ! dem&4 ,! "p ( ! ,ukra9e 9 ! ext]nal comm]ce ( ! ,russian ,/ate is v important1 :ile ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e plays a v subord9ate "p 9 ?is respect4 ,! t5 c5tral regions ( ! ,ukra9e furni% ov] #fj ( ! total gra9 export ( ,russia4 ,9 ! cu/oms di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ! we/]n bord] ( ,russia1 #bh4f million rubles' wor? ( goods 0 export$1 #ad4c million rubles import$4 ,! cu/oms di/ricts ( ! ,pontian & ,az( coa/ )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9e pass$ #bde million rubles 9 exports1 #fd4h million rubles 9 imports4 ,ov] ! bord]s ( ,russian ,ukra9e pass$ #cc ( ! ,russian exportation & only #aa ( ! importation4 ,?is %[s u h[ mu* ! ,ukra9e contributes to ! balance ( trade 9 favor ( ,russia4 ,traffic 9 ! ,ukra9e is v slightly develop$4 ,al?o ! natural conditions = traffic are v favorable1 ! hi/orical =tunes ( ! c\ntry took su* a c\rse t we _c wond] at ! pres5t /ate ( int]c\rse4 ,! ,ukra9e 0 = a long "t "u ! dom9ation ( ,pol&1 :i* nev] c>$ = ! condition ( ! roads2 !n ! c\ntry fell "u ! rule ( ,russia1 :i* to ?is day /&s ^u a v l[ level z f> z traffic conditions are conc]n$4 ,! ,au/rian ,ukra9e has ! greate/ numb] & ! be/ roads1 b !y are f\nd especially 9 ,buk[9a & ,nor!rn ,hung>y4 ,= 9 ,galicia1 :]e mo/ ( ! roads are "u ! managem5t ( ! autonom\s ,poli% au?orities1 ! condition ( ! roads is sad en\gh4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( ,ukra9ian highways are unpav$4 ,all t ! ,russian geograph]1 ,krassnov1 has said 9 g5]al ab\t ! highways ( ,russia1 applies 9 its fulle/ ext5t to ! unpav$1 unmacadamiz$ roads ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,^! roads are among ! wor/ 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! summ] !y are envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( du/2 9 ! spr+ & fall1 z well z 9 ra9y wea!r1 !y are /rips ( bottomless mud1 9 :i* ev5 ! light f>m-wagon s9ks to its axles4 ,:]ev] x is at all possible1 vehicles drive across ! fields along ! roadway4 ,wor/ ( all are ! ways 9 ! vic9ity ( & )9 villages & small t[ns4 ,dra9s & bridges are ei!r unkn[n1 or else !re are n en\gh ( !m4 ,! k9d ( roads j describ$ are kn[n 9 ! entire "r half ( ! ,ukra9e by ! traditional "n ( 8,poli% roads40 ,/ill worse are ! cane & corduroy roads ( ! ,polissye2 rid+ ov] ^! a long "t becomes a positive torture to ! travel]4 ,9 ! ,hutzul c\ntry mo/ ( ! roads are ord9>y bridle-pa?s 7plai71 accessible only to foot pass5g]s & bridle-horses4 ,9 ,galicia1 only villages & hamlets are connect$ by unpav$ roads2 9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e ev5 l>ge cities4 ,n a s+le macadamiz$ road leads to cities l ,poltava1 ,krem9*uk1 ,kat]9oslav1 ,ro/iv1 ,kh]son4 ,t su* neglig5ce ( ! gov]nm5t %\ld cause ! ,ukra9ian peasantry incalculable damage1 & actually h9d] trade & comm]ce1 is obvi\s at once4 ,macadamiz$ roads are v sc>ce 9 ! ,ukra9e z a :ole4 ,! ,au/ro-,hung>ian "p ( ! ,ukra9e1 al?o 9 ?is respect x is f> beh9d ! cultural c\ntries ( ,europe1 possesses a great] absolute numb] ( macadamiz$ roads ?an ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 :i* is t5 times z l>ge 9 area4 ,all cities & t[ns ( ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e are connect$ by macadamiz$ roads4 ,eight su* roads meet at ,lemb]g1 sev5 9 ,cz]n[itz1 six ea* 9 ,p]emi%l1 ,t]nopil1 ,kolomia1 ,bu*a*1 ,horod5ka1 etc4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! only macadamiz$ roads t des]ve ! "n1 are ! road f ,homel to ,kiev1 ! road f ,kiev to ,b]e/ia 7by way ( ,zitomir1 ,novhorod-,vol9sky1 ,rivne1 ) bran*es to ,dubno & to ,kremianetz1 ,lutzk1 ,kovil71 ! road f ,toma%iv to ,lubl91 ! road f ,/>okon/ant9iv to ,kam5etz1 ! road f ,kursk to ,kh>kiv1 & ! m\nta9-road 9 ! ,yaila ,m\nta9s 9 ,crimea4 ,! rema9+ 8great tracts0 & 8po/-roads0 7al?o !y sometimes figure z macadamiz$ roads7 are 9 su* a mis]able condition1 t ev5 9 ! l>ge cities !y look m l mora9es ?an /reets 9 a civiliz$ city4 ,q analog\s conditions prevail1 also1 9 ! railroad traffic ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ! ,au/rian ,ukra9e surpasses ! ,russian ,ukra9e by f>1 despite ! backw>d condition ( ! =m]4 ,galicia1 = in/ance1 has #e kilomet]s ( railroad = #ajj squ>e kilomet]s ( surface1 ! ,russian ,ukra9e b>ely #a kilomet]4 ,besides ! loose me% ( ! railway-net ( ! ,ukra9e1 !re is ! additional disadvantage t its l9es t5d t[>d =eign c5t]s1 & consid] ! local ne$s ( ,ukra9ian traffic only 9 r>e cases4 ,galicia1 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ,au/ria-,hung>y by ! natural b\nd>y ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 has _h to develop an indep5d5t sy/em ( railways1 ) ! ma9 junction at ,lemb]g4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e all ! ma9 l9es 7 built only = ! conv5i5ce ( ! ,mosc[ c5t] & ! ,baltic ports4 ,h5ce1 !re is no direct railway l9e betwe5 ,kiev & ,odessa1 = in/ance1 or to ,kh>kiv1 :ile !re exi/ almo/ /raight l9e connections betwe5 ,rom5 & ,libau1 betwe5 ,seva/opol & ,kh>kiv & ,mosc[4 ,besides t1 /rategic factors 7 ! decid+ ones 9 ! build+ ( ! railroads 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,we/]n ,ukra9e71 & ! economic life ( ! c\ntry (t5 has _h to suff] = x4 ,a ?ird disadvantage\s aspect ( ! ,russian ,ukra9ian railway sy/em is its t>iff regulations1 ! purpose ( :i* is to conc5trate ! greate/ possible am\nt ( traffic on ! railroads ( ,c5tral ,russia & ! ,baltic prov9ces1 & ?us r$\nd to _! advantage4 ,z a result ( ?is t>iff policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 x happ5s t x is sometimes *eap] to transport goods f ! ,ukra9e to ! mo/ di/ant ,baltic ports1 ?an to ! adjac5t ports ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,?us1 ! t>iff rates = gra9 f ,rom5 to ,libau 7#ajgg v]/s7 are #ba kopeks p] pud1 f ,rom5 to ,mikolaiv 7#dbi kilomet]s7 #ah kopeks4 ,x co/s m money & tr\ble to transport coal f ! ,donetz region to ! ,black ,sea ports ?an to ! ports ( ! ,baltic1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are f> m di/ant4 ,naturally ,pontian navigation suff]s above all f ?is cause1 b all ,ukra9ian trade 9 g5]al suff]s likewise4 ,z a result ( ! loose web ( ! net ( railroads1 & ! de/9ation ( all ! railroad l9es 9 ! ,ukra9e to =eign c5t]s1 !re are almo/ no important railway c5t]s 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,! only c5t] ( ,european proportions is ,lemb]g1 :]e n9e ma9 & local l9es meet4 ,/riy1 ,/anislaviv1 ,kolomia & ,t]nopil are small] junctions1 ) five conv]g+ l9es4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 only ,b]e/ia & ,kh>kiv des]ve ! "n ( railway junction1 9 ! /rict s5se ( be+ a po9t ( int]section ( at lea/ two ma9 l9es2 ! same is true ( ,poltava & ,ro/iv4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! ,ukra9ian railway l9es ^u =eign c5t]s is ! cause ( ! fact t frequ5tly v important cross+s lie beyond l>ge t[ns1 ne> to "s mis]able little village1 z = example1 ,s>ni1 ,bakhma*1 ,kosiat91 ,zm]9ka1 etc4 ,! only conc5trat$ di/rict ( ! ,ukra9ian railroad sy/em ) num]\s local junctions1 lies 9 ! ,donetz ,plateau4 ,we %all n[ enum]ate sev]al railroads ( ! ,ukra9e :i* are mo/ important = ! traffic ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,ukra9e is connect$ ) ! ,black ,sea by means ( sev5 ma9 l9es3 ,lemb]g-,odessa1 ,znam5ka-,mikolaiv1 ,kh>kiv-,seva/opol 7) a bran* to ,k]*71 ,kat]9oslav-,b]diansk1 ,donetz ,plateau-,m>iupol1 ,donetz ,plateau-,tahanroh1 ,kat]9od>-,novorossysk4 ,direct railroad connections ) ,r\mania exi/ via ,tiraspol to ,yassy1 & f ,lemb]g by way ( ,cz]n[itz to ,buk>e/4 ,! foll[+ l9es lead into ,hung>y3 ,/anislaviv-,sihot1 ,lemb]g-,muka*iv1 ,lemb]g-,uzhorod-,p]emi%l-,uihely4 ,! connection ) ,au/rian-,pol& 7,we/]n ,galicia7 is =m$ by ! ,lemb]g-,crac[ & ,/anislaviv-,new-,s&etz l9es1 ! connection ) ,russian-,pol& by ! l9es ( ,kovel-,lubl9-,w>saw & ,b]e/ia-,sidletz-,w>saw4 ,! l9es ( ,b]e/ye-,bilo/ok1 ,rivne-,vilna1 & ,rom5-,m9sk-,libau lead nor? to ,:ite ,russia1 ,li?uania & ! ,baltic4 ,! ,ukra9e is connect$ ) ! nor? & nor!a/ 7,great ,russia7 by ! l9es ( ,kiev-,kursk1 ,kh>kiv-,mosc[1 ,kupiansk-,p5za-,sam>a1 & ,donetz ,plateau-,voroniz4 ,ea/w>d1 ! railroad l9es run f ! ,donetz region & ,kat]9od> to ! b5d ( ! ,volga1 & f ,ro/iv along ! ,caucasus to ,baku4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e itself1 ! ma9 l9es ( ! railroads %\ld run 9 a direction we/ & nor?we/ to ea/ & s\!a/4 ,h5ce1 ! ma9 pa?s ( traffic %\ld be ! foll[+ l9es3 ,cz]n[itz-,odessa1 ,b]e/ye-,rivne-,b]di*iv-,uman1 ,kovel-,kiev-,poltava-,donetz region-,ro/iv1 ,fa/iv-,kat]9oslav1 ,novosibkiv-,sumi-,kh>kiv-,donetz ,plateau1 etc4 ,z a result ( ! railroad policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 ! nor? & s\? l9es1 :i* lead directly or indirectly to ! ,muscovite c5t]s1 are held to be m important1 z = in/ance1 ! foll[+3 ,b]e/ye-,m9sk-,mosc[1 ,lemb]g-,rivne-,vilna1 ,novoselitza-,kiev-,kursk1 ,vapni>ka-,*]kassi-,piriat91 ,mikolaiv-,krem9*uk-,romni1 ,balta-,krem9*uk-,kh>kiv-,kursk1 etc4 ,( greate/ importance are1 also1 ! indu/rial railroads :i* connect ! iron m9es ( ,krivi ,rih ) ! coal-fields ( ! ,donetz region1 via ,kat]9oslav4 ,! wat]ways ( ! ,ukra9e 7 at "o "t ! ma9 roads ( trade & comm]ce4 ,! great cultural mission ( ! ,ukra9ian wat]ways is famili> f hi/ory2 ?ru ! c\rse ( long c5turies !y 7 ! only conv5i5t ?or(>es ?ru ! difficult =e/ regions & ! pa?less /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,traffic on ! ,ukra9ian wat]ways 01 9 =m] times1 mu* m important ?an at pres5t1 n only because ( ! lack ( o!r conv5i5t pa?ways1 b also because ( _! =m] great] l5g? & capacity4 ,de=e/ation has decreas$ ! normal level ( ! riv]s2 mill-dams h cut (f ! once navigable /ret*es ( wat]4 ,! ,ukra9e possesses almo/ no artificial wat]ways4 ,! only ones 9 exi/5ce--! ,org9ski ,canal 7,yassiolda-,vihonivske oz]o-,%*>a1 #ed kilomet]s ( canal1 #abd kilomet]s ( connect$ wat]c\rses7 & ! ,dniep]-,buh ,canal 7,p9a-,mokhavez1 #ha kilomet]s ( canal1 #acd kilomet]s ( connect$ wat]c\rses7--7 built back 9 ! days ( ,poli% rule4 ,!y are antiquat$1 %all[ & neglect$1 s !y c s]ve only occasionally1 & !n only = log-float+4 ,! total l5g? ( ,ukra9ian wat]ways exce$s #gjjj kilomet]s1 :i* is j z mu* z ! l5g? ( ! wat]ways ( ,au/ria or ( ,engl&1 b only "o-t5? t ( ,european ,russia4 ,9 ?is figure1 sections ( riv]s are includ$ :i* are navigable only = small] riv] vessels4 ,! /atem5t ( ! navigability ( individual riv]s ( ! ,ukra9e is conta9$ 9 ! section :i* deals ) ! riv]s ( ! ,ukra9e 7v4 p4 #gj ff474 ,! mo/ important wat]way ( ! ,ukra9e is ! ,dniep] sy/em4 ,! ma9 riv] is navigable 9 its entire ,ukra9ian section by ! l>ge/ riv] vessels4 ,9 ! entire ,russian riv] sy/em ! ,dniep] sy/em con/itutes #aa ( ! l5g?1 #aj ( ! total navigable l5g?1 #af ( ! l5g? navigable by /eam%ip-l9es4 ,! rapids section1 h[ev]1 z a result ( ! incompreh5sible neglig5ce ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 is1 to ?is day1 accessible only to ! small] %ips & rafts1 & !n only = sail+ d[n/ream4 ,! canals built by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,porohi 7#ahdc-ahef7 are s badly plac$ t navigation1 to ?is day1 mu/ /ill keep l>gely to ! natural anci5t 8,cossack pa?s40 ,9 ! ye>s #ahic-ahie1 inve/igat+ eng9e]+ commissions det]m9$ t x 0 possible1 )\t great co/1 to make ! ,porohi section completely navigable4 ,b ! ?+ nev] w5t any fur!r ?an t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? ,c5tury1 ,engli% eng9e]s work$ out a plan = ! complete regulation ( ! ,pohori section & ! con/ruction ( a wat]way1 accessible ev5 to sea-go+ %ips1 :i* %\ld connect ! ,baltic ) ! ,black ,sea by means ( ! ,dv9a & ! ,dniep]4 ,! realization ( ?is plan1 :i* w\ld be ( ! v greate/ importance to ! ,ukra9e1 is /ill di/ant1 & !re is no hope t ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t w attack x v soon4 ,?us1 ! rapids h9d] ,dniep] navigation to ?is day1 & n lea/ = ! reason t ! insurance companies w n insure vessels = ! rapids section4 ,= ?is reason1 ! riv] fleet ( ! ,dniep] is sep>at$ into two p>ts4 ,above ! rapids 79 #aijj7 #bjh /eamboats & #ajjb o!r %ips1 bel[ ! rapids 7toge!r ) ! inlets ( ! ,boh7 #adh /eamboats & #abjc o!r %ips 7 ply+4 ,! numb] ( /eamboats increas$ ?reefold above ! rapids & d\bl$ bel[ ! rapids dur+ ! la/ sixte5 ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! total horse p[] 9 #aijj 0 ov] #af1jjj4 ,9 #aijf ! numb] ( /eam]s ( ! ,dniep] region 0 #chb1 ! numb] ( o!r %ips #bbah4 ,! ,dniep] %ips1 propell$ by sails & o>s1 :i* c>ry lumb]1 gra91 fruit & o!r goods1 are ( v>i\s types4 ,! l>ge/ are call$ 8hon*aki10 & h a tonnage ( up to #adjj2 !n come ! 8b>zi0 & 8b>ki0 7#ijj-acjj tons71 8b]l9i0 7#hjj-aadj tons71 :i* are ! mo/ useful1 8baidaki0 7#fej tons71 8trembaki10 8laibi10 8dubi0 7#acj-afj tons71 8lodki0 7#hj tons71 8gal>i0 7#ej tons71 & 8*aiki0 7#cj tons74 ,! tonnage ( ! riv] fleet ( ! ,dniep] 7n c\nt+ /eam]s71 9 #aijj1 0 approximately #ejj1jjj tons1 h5ce n mu* less ?an ! tonnage ( ! pres5t ,au/ro-,hung>ian m]*ant-m>9e4 ,besides ?is1 ! ,dniep] & its tribut>ies are navigat$ by a great numb] ( rafts4 ,9 #aiaj ! numb] ( !m 0 #ae1fgf4 ,( ! riv] h>bors ( ! ,dniep] sy/em1 ,kh]son c>ries on ! greate/ ex*ange ( goods 7#aj million q4 9 #aiaj74 ,!n foll[ ,kiev 7#e4c million q471 ,kat]9oslav 7#c4a million q471 ,*]kassi 7#b4a million q471 ,niznodniprovsk 7#a million q471 ,*]nihiv 7#j4f million q471 & ,p9sk 7#j4e million q474 ,navigation on ! ,don1 z a result ( ! small volume ( wat]1 is mu* slight] ?an ! ,dniep] navigation1 despite ! abs5ce ( rapids4 ,9 #aijj1 ! numb] ( /eamboats on ! ,don 0 #ahi1 ) #aj1jjj horse-p[] 79 #aijf x 0 #chb72 ! numb] ( o!r %ips #dhh1 ) #bjj1jjj tonnage 79 #aijf only #dga %ips74 ,! ma9 riv]-h>bor is ,ro/iv1 :i* h&les goods to ! am\nt ( #g4e million q4 annually4 ,a good deal small] /ill is ! navigation ( ! ,dnie/]4 ,"h1 9 #aijj1 !re 7 only #i /eam]s1 ) #bjj horse-p[] 7#af /eam]s 9 #aijf71 & #ahg %ips ( o!r k9ds ) a tonnage ( #bb1jjj tons 7#bgg ( !m 9 #aijf74 ,! h>bors ( ! ma9 /ream are ,b5d]i 7h&les #j4g million q4 ( goods7 & ,maiaki 7#j4e million q474 ,on ! ,kuban ,riv] #fi /eam]s 7c\nt+ 9 ^? ( ! ,kura7 & #aca o!r %ips pli$ 9 #aijf4 ,9 g5]al1 riv] navigation 9 ! ,ukra9e is on a v mod]ate scale4 ,! neglig5ce ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t & ! l[ grade ( culture limit ! developm5t ( ,ukra9ian int]ior navigation4 ,?ru ! regulation ( ! ,dniep] rapids & ! connection ( ! riv] sy/ems ( ! ,dniep] & ,dnie/] ) ! ,baltic wat]s1 by means ( practicable canals1 ! wat]ways ( ! ,ukra9e c\ld atta9 a wond]ful importance4 ,hav+ come to ! end ( our description ( ,ukra9ian traffic1 we mu/ /ill devote "s att5tion to ,ukra9ian sea-navigation4 ,its pres5t condition is z lam5table z ! g5]al condition ( ,ukra9ian traffic4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no d\bt t ! ,black ,sea has _m qualities unfavorable to ! developm5t ( navigation--its seclusion1 ! lack ( good h>bors1 & an abundance ( dang]\s /orms4 ,yet1 :at are ^! disadvantages aga9/ mod]n eng9e]+8 ,to assign all ! blame to ! l[ grade ( ,russian indu/ry1 z ! ,russian publici/s are 9 ! habit ( do+1 w n d4 ,! causes ( ! slight developm5t ( ,pontian navigation %\ld be s\ght 9 ! l[ cultural conditions ( ! rul+ ,russian nation & 9 ! indol5ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* is n prop]ly enc\rag+ ?is navigation4 ,! ,russian /eam]s d n enjoy a good reputation on ! ,black ,sea4 ,pontian coa/wise navigation1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? ,c5tury _h a spl5did />t1 & 0 c>ri$ on pr$om9antly by ,ukra9ians1 has n be5 able to develop prop]ly "u ! heavy fi/ ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,today1 conditions on ! ,black ,sea are su*1 t ! transportation ( a unit by weight ( goods f "o ,pontian h>bor to ano!r1 co/s j z mu* z ! transportation ( ! same unit f ! same port to ,engl&4 ,! numb] ( /eam]s :i* sail ! ,black ,sea "u ! ,russian flag 01 9 #aija1 only #caf1 ) a tonnage ( #ahg1jjj tons1 t is1 #db ( ! numb] & #eb ( ! tonnage ( ! entire /eam%ip fleet ( ,russia4 ,9 #aiab ! figures 7 #daj /eam]s1 #bbc1jjj tons1 ! p]c5tages be+ #db & #dg4 ,! numb] ( sail+ vessels 9 #aija 0 #fce1 ) a total tonnage ( #dg1jjj1 & 9 ! ye> #aiab !re 7 #hbg sail+ vessels1 ) ov] #ec1jjj tons4 ,! developm5t ( ,pontian navigation is ?us go+ a v sl[1 if n a retrogressive c\rse4 ,! ,russian ,black ,sea /eam]s ma9ta9 a m or less regul> s]vice betwe5 ! mo/ important ,black ,sea ports--,odessa1 ,mikolaiv1 ,kh]son1 ,seva/opol1 ,ro/iv1 ,novorossysk1 etc4 ,f ,seva/opol a l9e goes to ,con/ant9ople1 f ,odessa "o to ,alex&ria & ,vladivo/ok4 ,despite ?is mis]able condition ( ,pontian navigation1 f a ,european po9t ( view1 x /ill has great] significance ?an navigation on o!r seas ( ,russia4 ,ne> ! end ( ! pa/ c5tury1 #gj ( ! total ov]sea exportation ( ,russia by weight1 & #fe by value1 w5t ?ru ! h>bors ( ! ,ukra9ian coa/4 ,to be sure1 9 #ahif1 only #g4e ( ! %ips :i* visit$ ^! ports sail$ "u ! ,russian flag4 ,9 ! ye> ( #aiaa x 0 n mu* diff]5t2 ( ! outgo+ %ips only #aa4d1 & ( ! incom+ %ips only #ac4i c>ri$ ! ,russian flag6 ,among ! ,black ,sea ports1 ,odessa1 n[1 z ev]1 takes fir/ place4 ,! imports ( ,odessa1 9 #aiaa1 am\nt$ to #ai4b million q41 ! exports #bf4b million q4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is an example ( ! great prepond]ance ( exportation ov] importation4 ,9 o!r ports ! disp>ity is ev5 great]4 ,?us1 ! imports ( ,mikolaiv am\nt to only #b4c million q41 ! exports #bb4h million q4 ,= ,tahanroh ! respective figures are #a4i & #ai4e1 = ,novorossysk #a4e & #ah4c1 = ,m>iupol #c4a & #af4b1 = ,kh]son #a4a & #aa4c1 = ,feodosia #j4f & #d4h1 = ,ro/iv #b4a & #b4d1 = ,b]diansk #j4c & #c4i1 = ,eupatoria #j4h & #b4i1 = ,ak]man #j4d & #b4j4 ,^! figures once m br+ be=e our eyes ! ru9\s effect ( ! economic policy ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t ^u ! ,ukra9e4 ,! natural res\rces ( ! ,ukra9e are export$ 9 enorm\s masses1 )\t consid]ation ( ! ne$s ( ! ,ukra9ian population2 ! imports are to a great ext5t direct$ to o!r f> di/ant coa/s ( ! ,russian ,empire1 & ,great ,russia gets ! advantage ( !m1 :ile ! ,ukra9e is flood$ ) ! inf]ior goods ( ,c5tral ,russian indu/ry4 ,if we consid]1 fur!r1 t an annual cu/oms balance ( #bjj million rubles goes to ! c5tral gov]nm5t f ! ,ukra9e1 an am\nt :i* is !n us$ = ! developm5t ( ! c5tral prov9ces1 we become able to und]/& "u :at unfavorable conditions ! economic life ( ! ,ukra9e mu/ develop1 & h[ de>ly its progress mu/ be paid =4 ,,! ,,di/ricts ,,& ,,settlem5ts ,,( ,,ukra9e ,= c5turies robb$ ( its political indep5d5ce1 ! ,ukra9e today simply vegetates1 in/ead ( liv+ 9 a /ate ( full developm5t4 ,! fatal results ( its lack ( indep5d5ce are visible 9 e aspect ( ! mat]ial & spiritual life ( ! c\ntry4 ,! pres5t political-adm9i/rative division ( ! ,ukra9e is also a result ( ! want ( political indep5d5ce ( ?is nation4 ,?is division corresponds nei!r to ! natural nor to ! an?ropogeographical conditions1 & to a great degree repres5ts only entirely antiquat$1 n[ wor?less remnants ( ! /atesman%ip ( =m] c5turies4 ,ev5 ! /ate b\nd>ies are v unnaturally drawn 9 ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! ,au/rian cr[n-prov9ce ( ,galicia embraces p>ts ( ,ro/o*e1 ,volhynia1 ,podolia1 ,pokutye1 :ile o!r p>ts ( ?is natural t]ritory lie outside ! /ate bord]1 9 ,russia4 ,! topography & ! p are ! same on bo? sides ( ! cordon2 only ! /ate au?orities & ! rul+ races are diff]5t4 ,! ,c>pa?ian b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,au/rian & ,hung>ian p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e1 to be sure1 seems a good natural b\nd>y1 b 9 reality x w\ld be t only if x ran along ! s\!rn foot ( ! range4 ,= ! ,c>pa?ian region ( ! ,ukra9e1 z a result ( its easy communications con/itutes n only a physico-geographical1 b also an an?ropogeographical unit4 ,on bo? sides ( ! bord] live ! same ,lemkos1 ,boikos & ,hutzuls4 ,m gl>+ly /ill does ! unnaturalness ( ! pres5t political division ( ! ,ukra9e /& out1 :5 we view ! adm9i/rative units 9 ! framework ( ! /ates :i* at pres5t dom9ate ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ,hung>y1 ! ,ukra9ian "p ( ! l& is unit$ into "o great :ole1 toge!r ) ,slavonia1 ,transylvania1 ,alfld1 ,banat1 etc4 ,all is c5t]$ 9 ,budape/4 ,ev5 ! b\nd>ies ( ! autonom\s c\ntries are s con/ruct$ t1 besides a piece ( ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 !y embrace an equally great or ev5 great]1 b1 at any rate1 heavily peopl$ piece ( a =eign national t]ritory1 e4g41 ( ! ,r\manian1 ,magy>1 ,slov5ian4 ,z a result ( ?is scatt]+ allotm5t1 ! ,ukra9ians ( ,hung>y possess no political influ5ce4 ,! same is ! case 9 ! ,au/rian p>ts ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,galicia prop]1 :i* is inhabit$ by ,ukra9ians1 ! nucleus ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,k+dom ( ,hali*1 :i*1 9 its physico-geographical aspect1 is :olly a "p ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 is weld$ toge!r ) ! s-call$ ,we/]n ,galicia1 prop]ly a "p ( ,little ,pol& 7gr&-du*y ( ,crac[71 :i* is inhabit$ entirely by ,poles & belongs physically to ,c5tral ,europe1 bo? halves con/itut+ toge!r "o adm9i/rative unit4 ,! result ( ?is unnatural union is ! bitt] racial /ruggle ( c5tury-long duration betwe5 ! ,poles & ,ukra9ians1 a /ruggle :i* is /ill go+ on )\t prospect ( peace1 & is v unfavorable = ! b5eficial developm5t ( ! l&4 ,! ,ukra9ians are fight+ = equal rights & aga9/ ,polonization2 ! ,poles1 9 ! "n ( _! /ate tradition1 = _! hegemony 9 ! l& & = ! =cible assimilation ( ! ,ukra9ians4 ,! only rem$y :i* pres5ts itself w\ld be ! division ( ! pres5t cr[n-prov9ce ( ,galicia into two cr[n-prov9ces1 an ea/]n ,ukra9ian1 & a we/]n ,poli% prov9ce4 ,! pres5t cr[n-prov9ce ( ,buk[9a also consi/s ( p>ts ( ,pokutye1 ,pidhirye & ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians1 toge!r ) a "p ( ! ,r\manian ,c>pa?ian foo?ills4 ,?is circum/ance aga9 br+s ab\t a national /ruggle betwe5 ! ,ukra9ians & ! ,r\manians4 ,! greate/ portion ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,russian ,ukra9e1 also suff]s f an unnatural political division4 ,! ,ukra9ian t]ritory is divid$ into sev]al great adm9i/rative di/ricts1 or gr\ps ( gov]nm5ts4 ,p>ts ( ! ,ukra9ian national t]ritory lie 9 ! ,vi/ula ,gov]nm5ts 9 ,we/]n1 ,s\?we/]n1 ,s\!rn & ,little ,russia & ,caucasia4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! individual gov]nm5ts ev]y:]e are drawn )\t consid]ation = natural & e?nographic conditions4 ,9 ?is way ! bord] di/ricts ( ! unbrok5 ,ukra9ian t]ritory h be5 unit$ ) p>ts ( =eign racial t]ritories into artificial adm9i/rative units1 z1 = example1 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,lubl9 & ,sidlez 7! pres5t ,gov]nm5t ( ,kholm71 ,grodno1 ,m9sk1 ,kursk1 ,voroniz1 ,don region1 ,/avropol1 ,bess>abia1 etc4 ,?is circum/ance be+ a result ( ! poor developm5t ( con/itutional life 9 ,russia1 has no great significance n[1 b may 9 ! future become z unfavorable = ! ,ukra9e z is ! simil> condition today 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,! an?ropogeography ( today 9 describ+ a l&1 v seldom takes su* artificial divisions into consid]ation4 ,!n !re is ! additional circum/ance t ^! divisions1 z is obvi\s1 h no physico-geographical value4 ,9 l mann]1 ! division ( ,russia 8accord+ to natural & economic *>act]i/ics10 by ,ars5iev1 ,semyon(f1 ,ri*t]1 ,=tunatov1 etc41 are wor?less = geographical purposes4 ,! mo/ suitable ( any ( !m is t ( ,ri*t]1 :i* gives ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory an indep5d5t position4 ,a good division also comes f ,m4 ,drahomaniv1 b x is n suitable = a geographical description4 ,= all ^! reasons we %all keep to ! natural di/ricts :i* we describ$ 9 ,book ,i4 ,su* a division is ! only ju/ifiable "o 9 a c\ntry :i*1 l ! ,ukra9e1 has no political indep5d5ce4 ,! ,c>pa?ian region con/itutes ! fir/ natural di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,x is populat$ by ?ree ,ukra9ian m\nta9-tribes--! ,lemkos 7f ,poprad to ! ,oslava71 ! ,boikos 7toge!r ) ,tukholzians1 f ! ,oslava to ! ,limnitzia7 & ! ,hutzuls 7f ! ,limnitzia to ! ,r\manian e?nographic bord]74 ,! population is ev]y:]e ?9ly /rewn1 especially 9 ! ,boike c\ntry4 ,! agriculture ( ! region is n suffici5t at any po9t to n\ri% ev5 ! sp>se population4 ,! ,lemkos & ,boikos c>ry on a little f>m+ 7oats1 potatoes71 ! ,hutzuls only along ! edge ( ! m\nta9s4 ,cattle-rais+1 ) dairy+1 =e/ry & lumb]+1 & among ! ,hutzuls _! f9e home indu/ry z well1 con/itute ! ma9 s\rces ( su/5ance ( ! m\nta9 dwell]s4 ,e ye> a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! population goes out = seasonal migrations4 ,! settlem5ts ( ! ,ukra9ian ,c>pa?ians all h ! "* ( villages4 ,! ,lemko & ,boiko villages usually =m long r[s ( f>ms1 :i* ext5d along ! valley bottom4 ,! ,hutzulian villages1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/ ( sep>ate f>ms :i* lie scatt]$ on valley sides1 valley pla9s1 & ev5 valley spurs4 ,! huts are ev]y:]e built ( wood1 & cov]$ ) %+les or bo>ds2 only among ! ,boikos1 sometimes1 ) /raw4 ,! v practical block h\ses1 adapt$ to ! climate1 :i* are built by ! ,hutzuls1 look v neat4 ,!re are no cities 9 ! ,c>pa?ian region1 b only small t[ns1 inhabit$ = ! mo/ "p by ,jews1 & bri/l+ ) dirt4 ,! ,lemko c\ntry 7,lemkiv%*9a7 has only "o l>g] t[n1 ,sianik 7#aa1jjj inhabitants71 ) railway-c> factories4 ,also notewor?y1 on ! ,hung>ian side1 are ! little t[ns ( ,svidnik & ,/rupkiv1 on ! ,galician side ! resorts ( ,kr9itzia1 ,zeghe/iv1 ,vissova1 ,rimaniv4 ,9 ! little t[ns ( ! adjac5t ,poli% 7,new ,s&etz1 ,gorlice1 ,gribov1 ,dukla7 & ,slov5ian t]ritory 7,b>tfeld7 ! ,lemkos supply _! ne$s 9 indu/rial products & gra94 ,9 ! ,boiko c\ntry 7,boikiv%*9a7 ! t[ns are little c5t]s = ! retail trade & ! lumb] indu/ry1 z = in/ance1 ,turka on ! ,/riy 7#aa1jjj pop471 ,lisko on ! ,san1 ,/>i ,sambir on ! ,dnie/]1 & ,skole on ! ,opir 7mat* manufacture74 ,! village ( ,smorze is not$ = its cattle fairs1 ,s9evidsko = its fruit trade4 ,along ! ,opir valley lie num]\s summ] resorts 7,tukhla1 ,slavsko74 ,9 ! ,hutzul c\ntry1 too1 !re are _m summ] resorts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! valley ( ! ,prut 7,dora1 ,y>em*e1 ,mikuli*91 ,tat>iv1 ,vorokhta74 ,! ,hutzuls make _! pur*ases 9 ! little t[ns :i* lie at ! exit ( ! ma9 passes ( ! range--9 ,nadvirna 7saw-mills71 ,delat9 7salt-works71 9 ,kossiv1 not$ = its mild climate1 its fl\ri%+ home indu/ry & fruit-culture & its salt-works1 9 ,kuti1 :]e tann+ & furri]y fl\ri%1 & 9 ,viznitza 7saw-mills & lumb] indu/rial s*ool74 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! ,hutzul c\ntry lies ! l>ge ,hutzulian village ( ,zabye4 ,!re are not$ m9]al spr+s 9 ,burkut & ,pi/94 ,on ! s\!rn slope ( ! range lies ! only city ( ! ,hutzul c\ntry 7#ba1jjj pop47 & ! t[n ( ,hu/ 7#aj1jjj pop471 bo? important z trade c5t]s ( ! ,hung>ian ,hutzul c\ntry4 ,9 ! s\!rn sub-,c>pa?ian zone ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory ext5ds =w>d b a slight di/ance4 ,! economic conditions ( ! m\nta9 range sudd5ly give way to agriculture & v9e-gr[+4 ,all ! cities ( ! region lie on ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory at ! po9ts ( exit ( important railroad l9es & highroads out ( ! m\nta9s4 ,su* is ! position ( ,uzhorod 7#ag1jjj pop47 & ,muka*iv 7#ag1jjj pop47 :]e ! products ( ! pla9 & ! m\nta9s are ex*ang$4 ,! ,galicia-,buk[9a sub-,c>pa?ian hill c\ntry 7,pidhirye7 =ms a g5tle transition f ! m\nta9s to ! pla94 ,) ! great weal? ( =e/ & mead[ & a n v f]tile soil1 agriculture beg9s to pr$om9ate b sl[ly z we dep>t f ! limits ( ! m\nta9 di/rict4 ,besides1 ! great abundance ( salt & petroleum dem&s _m h&s4 ,! villages ( ! ,pidhirye are z a rule1 n l>ge2 ! huts are regul>ly cov]$ ) /raw4 ,"h we f9d ! r unattractive type ( ! ,galician cities & t[ns4 ,_! *ief *>act]i/ic is unfa?omable mud or unfa?omable du/ on ! /reets1 dep5d+ on ! season ( ! ye>4 ,only ! suburbs inhabit$ by ! ,ukra9ian city-f>m] population appe> at all fri5dly1 ) _! or*>ds & _! little :ite-pa9t$ h\ses4 ,! c5t] ( ! city is regul>ly tak5 up by ! ,jews4 ,_! h\ses1 z a rule1 defy all ideas ( cleanl9ess & hygi5e1 &1 amid bri/l+ dirt1 ! retail trade surges ?ru mis]able boo?s & %ops4 ,almo/ n[h]e 9 ! ,galician cities d we f9d :olesale trade or indu/ry on a l>ge scale1 9 ! ,european s5se4 ,! ,*ri/ian middle-class does n exi/1 & ! educat$ class ( ! city population is repres5t$ by (ficials 7usually ,poles1 &1 9 decreas+ proportions1 ,ukra9ians74 ,on ! we/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,ukra9e1 9 ?is region1 lies ! city ( ,y>oslav on ! ,san 7#be1jjj pop471 a railway junction 9 an important /rategic position4 ,f\nd$ by ! anci5t ,ukra9ian pr9ces ( ,kiev1 ,y>oslav 0 once fam\s = its annual fairs4 ,ne> x1 on ! ,san1 lies ,radimno ) its rope indu/ry4 ,b ! mo/ important city on ! ,san is ,p]emi%l 7#eg1jjj pop471 at once "o ( ! olde/ cities ( ,galicia & ! "o-"t capital ( ! ,ukra9ian dyna/y ( ! ,ro/islavids4 ,p]emi%l owes its importance to its position z a bridge city at a po9t :]e important roads f ! we/ & nor?we/ cross ! ,san to ! ea/ & s\?4 ,x lies at ! important junction ( ! ,galician ma9 railroad l9e1 ) ! important ,lupkov l9e com+ f ,hung>y1 & is accord+ly1 z a result ( its position1 a fir/-class =tress1 :i* closes ! ,san valley & cuts (f access to ! adjac5t ,c>pa?ian passes4 ,! comm]cial /&+ ( ! city is consid]able2 "h1 too1 a ,greek-,ca?olic bi%opric has its seat1 & "h !re exi/ num]\s ,ukra9ian cultural & economic societies4 ,9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian ,dnie/] region1 :i* is trav]s$ l5g?wise by ! ,galician ,transv]sal ,railroad1 lie a numb] ( important cities4 ,on ! ,dnie/] we f9d ,sambir 7#ba1jjj pop47 at ! cross+ ( ! railroads1 ) a lumb] indu/ry ( "s size4 ,on ! ,tism5itza ,railroad lies ,borislav 7#ae1jjj pop471 b rec5tly a little ,boike village1 n[1 toge!r ) ! adjac5t t[ns ( ,tu/anovi*i 7#ab1jjj pop47 & ,skhidnitza1 ! c5t] ( petroleum & ozok]ite production4 ,a =e/ ( artesian wells1 factory *imneys1 petroleum res]voirs1 h sprung up amid ! fam\s 8,borislav mud10 among mis]able dirty h\ses :i* %elt] s _m millionaires & hungry wret*es1 s mu* happ9ess & mis]y1 crime & immorality4 ,! ref9]ies = ! petroleum t is ga9$ "h are locat$ mo/ly 9 ! adjac5t ,drohobi* 7#ci1jjj pop471 ! seat ( ! petroleum speculators4 ,salt works also are f\nd 9 ?is city1 /ill great] ones 9 ! adjac5t ,/ebnik1 :]e enorm\s deposits ( salt h be5 discov]$1 b ?us f> n be5 exploit$4 ,truskavetz is a well-kn[n wat]+-place4 ,on ! ,/riy lies ! important railroad junction ( ,/riy 7#cc1jjj pop471 ) a mill1 lumb] & mat* indu/ry1 ! seat ( ! ,ukra9ian dairym5's association & o!r ,ukra9ian organizations2 at ! m\? ( ! ,/riy ! anci5t t[n ( ,zida*iv4 ,on ! sub-,c>pa?ian ,transv]sal ,railroad t[>d ! ea/1 lie ! foll[+3 ! wat]+-place ,mor%91 ,bolekhiv ) salt-works & mat* factories ,dol9a ) salt-works & saw-mills1 ,kalu% ) saltpet]-m9+ & salt-works4 ,/anislaviv 7ov] #fj1jjj pop471 situat$ at ! junction ( ! two ,bi/ritza riv]s1 is an important railway c5t] 9 :i* ! ,lemb]g-,cz]n[itz ,railroad meets ! ,transv]sal railroad1 ! ,s\? ,poli% ,railroad & ! ,hung>ian bran* railroad to ,m>m>o%4 ,! city has an important indu/rial & comm]cial activity1 & is ! seat ( ! ,greek-,ca?olic bi%opric4 ,/anislaviv has inh]it$ ! =m] importance ( ,hali*1 ! "o-"t capital ( ! ,ukra9ian ,k+dom ( ! same "n1 :i*1 at its highe/ developm5t1 rea*$ ! ,polissye swamps on ! nor?1 ! ,dniep] on ! ea/1 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,danube delta on ! s\?4 ,at t "t 7#aa? & #ab? ,c5tury71 ,hali* equall$ or surpass$ 9 size1 weal? & comm]cial importance1 mo/ ( ! capitals ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( ,poli% dom9ion x is n[ a mis]able t[n 9 a beautiful location1 important geographically = its traffic advantages4 ,a side-l9e "h bran*es (f f ! ma9 railroad into ,podolia4 ,attempts are be+ made to enliv5 ,dnie/] navigation1 :i* beg9s "h & 9 ,zuravno at ! m\? ( ! ,svi*a4 ,n f> f ,/anislaviv lie ,tovma*1 ,tism5itza 7#aj1jjj pop47 ) a lea!r indu/ry1 & ,ott9ia ) a ma*9e indu/ry ( "s size4 ,9 ! ,galician ,prut region1 ,kolomia 7#de1jjj pop47 is ! mo/ important city1 at ! junction ( sub-,c>pa?ian & ,pokutian railroad l9es1 ) an important comm]ce & pott]y indu/ry4 ,fur!r to ! ea/1 on ! ,prut1 lies ,zabolotiv ) a tobacco factory & ,sniat9 7#ab1jjj pop47 ) an active comm]ce & agricultural production4 ,dzuriv & ,novoselitza h lignite m9es4 ,9 ! sub-,c>pa?ian c\ntry ( ! ,buk[9a1 ! capital city1 ,cz]n[itz1 develop$ 9 "o c5tury f a mis]able village to a city ( #ic1jjj inhabitants4 ,cz]n[itz has "s indu/ry & consid]able comm]ce4 ,important railroads lead f "h1 via ,novoselitza to ,russia1 & via ,itzkany to ,r\mania4 ,cz]n[itz is ! seat ( ! mo/ ea/]n ,g]man ,univ]sity 7b sev]al pr(essors lecture 9 ,ukra9ian71 a ,greek-,ca?olic metropolitan1 & num]\s ,ukra9ian organizations4 ,9 ne>by ,sadahora1 well-frequ5t$ annual fairs take place4 ,! cities c>ry+ on a lively trade1 ,s]et1 ,/orozh9etz 7#aj1jjj pop471 ,radivtzi 7#ag1jjj pop4--! city ) ! great bre$+-/ud71 & ,su*ava 7#ab1jjj pop471 all lie on ! b\nd>y ( ! ,ukra9ian & ,r\manian-speak+ populations4 ,kat%ka possesses l>ge salt-works4 ,! ,ro/o*e1 :i* embraces a "p ( ,nor!rn ,galicia & ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kholm 7ea/]n bord]l&s ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,lubl9 & ,sidletz71 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 an agricultural c\ntry1 al?o ! =e/ areas1 :i* are /ill r l>ge1 h reta9$ _! once fl\ri%+ lumb] indu/ry4 ,! villages ( ?is region are l>ge1 b consi/1 z a rule1 ( scatt]$ hamlets & lone f>ms4 ,!re are n _m cities 9 ! ,ro/o*e region1 b on its s\!rn bord] we f9d "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! ,ukra9e1 ! anci5t royal city ( ,lviv 7,lemb]g1 #bbj1jjj pop474 ,! importance ( ! geographical position ( ,lemb]g is 9 ! fact t x lies at ! po9t ( ! easie/ passage f ! l[ c\ntry ( ! ,buh to ! we/1 & into ! ,c>pa?ian c\ntry across ! ,ukra9ian gr\p ( plateaus1 :i* is n>r[e/ "h4 ,lemb]g comm&s all ! m important roads ( ! ,we/]n ,ukra9e1 &1 aft] _! union1 leads !m we/w>d4 ,lemb]g is ! greate/ railroad c5t] ( all ! ,ukra9e2 n9e railroads z well z eight highroads conv]ge "h f all p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,! ?+ t has contribut$ mo/ to ! rem>kable gr[? ( ,lemb]g 9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 besides ! railroads1 is its position z ! capital ( ,galicia1 t l>ge/ ( ! ,au/rian cr[n-prov9ces4 ,f\nd$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #ac? ,c5tury by ! ,ukra9ian pr9ces ( ,hali*1 ,danilo & ,lev1 ,lemb]g1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ad? ,c5tury1 fell "u ,poli% rule4 ,"h indu/ry & comm]ce fl\ri%$ 9 ! #ae? & #af? ,c5turies1 ?anks to ! ,g]man middle-class ( ! city2 !n ,lemb]g decl9$ irresi/ibly until x came "u ,au/ria's dom9ion z a little t[n1 f :i* "t on1 x fl\ri%$ aga94 ,at pres5t ,lemb]g is ! trade c5t] ( ,ukra9ian-,galicia & %[s "s indu/rial progress 7brick-kilns1 brew]ies1 alcohol di/ill]ies1 railroad %ops1 etc474 ,z a result ( rec5t rapid developm5t1 ! "* ( ! city is almo/ :olly mod]n2 ! numb] ( hi/orical l&m>ks is n l>ge4 ,lemb]g is ! seat ( ?ree ar*bi%ops1 a ,univ]sity ) sev]al ,ukra9ian *airs1 a te*nical & a comm]cial college1 z well z _m trade s*ools & int]m$iate s*ools4 ,lemb]g is also "o ( ! *ief c5t]s ( ,ukra9ian cultural life1 & ! seat ( _m important ,ukra9ian societies & in/itutions4 ,9 ! ,galician ,ro/o*e region !re are besides ,lemb]g1 only small t[ns3 ,zovkva1 ,yavoriv 7#aj1jjj pop471 ) lumb] indu/ry1 ,rava 7#aa1jjj pop474 ,at ! railroad junction1 ,nemiriv ) m9]al spr+s1 ,potili* ) a consid]able pott]y indu/ry4 ,mo/i veliki1 ! l>ge village ( ,kam9ka voloska 7#aj1jjj pop471 ,belz1 =m]ly a ,ukra9ian royal resid5ce4 ,on ! ,buh lie ! foll[+3 ! old t[n ( ,busk1 ,kam9ka /rumilova1 ,sokal1 at ! po9t :]e m active riv] navigation beg9s4 ,9 ! ,kholm ,ro/o*e1 ! mo/ important city is ,kholm 7#bj1jjj pop471 f\nd$1 l ,lemb]g1 by ,pr9ce ,danilo1 n[ a ,jewi% city c>ry+ on a lively trade 9 ! agricultural products ( ?is f]tile region1 & ! capital ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! same "n4 ,t>nohorod & ,toma%iv are notori\s = _! smuggl+1 ,bilhoray is kn[n = its sieve indu/ry1 ,hrube%iv & ,zamo/ye 7#ab1jjj pop47 = _! trade 9 food/uffs4 ,a c\ntry ( simil> an?ropogeographical "* is ! adjac5t pla9 ( ,pidlassye4 ,?is c\ntry embraces ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kholm & ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,grodno4 ,f]tile /ret*es ( l&1 ) l>ge villages1 "h alt]nate ) l>ge wood$ areas 7! virg9 =e/ ( ,biloveza7 & swamp areas1 9 :i* small villages & hamlets pr$om9ate4 ,! mo/ important city ( ! ,pidlassye is ! =tress ( ,b]e/ia 7#eg1jjj pop47 on ! ,mukhavetz1 ! ea/]n base ( ! =tress quadrangle ( ! ,vi/ula region & an important railroad c5t]1 :]e five l9es meet ) ! ,dniep]-,buh ,canal4 ,besides its v consid]able comm]ce1 ,b]e/ye has great hi/orical rem9isc5ces ( ! union ( ! or?odox *ur* ) ,rome1 accompli%$ "h 9 #aeif4 ,on ! left bank ( ! ,buh lie ! comm]cial cities ( ,vlodava & ,bila 7#ac1jjj pop471 on ! ,mukhavetz lies ,kobr9 7#aj1jjj pop471 & 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,bilovez ,=e/1 ! anci5t ,kam5etz-,litovsky & ,bilsk4 ,! neighbor+ ,ukra9ian c\ntry 9 ! ea/ is ! ,ukra9ian ,polissye4 ,x embraces ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,m9sk1 on ! "r %ore ( ! ,zna & ! ,pripet1 & ! nor!rn l[l& region ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,volhynia & ,kiev4 ,z a result ( ! decid$ prepond]ance ( =e/ & swamp1 agriculture mu/ retire to ! backgr\nd1 & conf9e itself only to ! small numb] ( high] & m f]tile places4 ,!re are n su* great ob/acles to cattle-rais+1 b =e/ry & lumb]-float+ play ! mo/ important "p4 ,! mo/ important city ( ! ,polissye is ,p9sk 7#cg1jjj pop471 situat$ on ! navigable ,p9a1 :]e ! ,dniep]-,buh ,canal & ! ,dniep]-,niem5 ,canal connect ) ! ,pripet sy/em4 ,"h beg9s ! regul> /eam%ip navigation ( ! ,pripet1 "h !re are l>ge saw-mills1 mat* factories1 %ipy>ds1 be] & mead brew]ies & tobacco factories1 & "h active comm]ce & lumb]-float+ fl\ri%4 ,ano!r important riv] port is ,davidhorodok on ! m\? ( ! ,hor91 ! p ( :i* c>ry on %ip-build+ & riv]-navigation & engage 9 sausage-mak+ & *eese-mak+4 ,f>!r d[n ! riv] is ! antique ,turiv1 a =m] royal city1 n[ a mis]able little t[n ) a population ( f>m]s & timb]-float]s4 ,! equally antique t[n ( ,mosir 7#ab1jjj pop47 has reta9$ a great] significance1 ) a good riv] h>bor1 %ip-build+ indu/ry & mat*-mak+4 ,! la/ important port on ! ,pripet is ,*ornobil4 ,9 ! ,volhynian ,polissye1 ,kovel 7#ag1jjj pop471 situat$ on ! navigable ,turia1 is1 above all1 an important railroad c5t]1 :i* c>ries on a consid]able trade 9 agricultural products & wood4 ,ano!r important railroad c5t] is ,s>ni on ! ,slu*4 ,! antique t[n ( ,orru* on ! ,nor9 is ri* 9 swamp-ores & pott]y-clay4 ,! natural di/rict ( ,volhynia embraces only ! ,volhynian ,plateau1 toge!r ) ! wide riv] pla9s1 :i* p5etrate f> into ! he>t ( ! ,plateau4 ,to ,volhynia1 !n1 belongs ! s\!rn "p ( ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t ( ,volhynia1 z well z a small /rip ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kiev1 on ! left bank ( ! ,tet]ev4 ,"h agriculture =ms ! ma9 occupation ( ! p4 ,=e/ry & lumb]+ become less important4 ,) reg>d to ! mann] ( settlem5t1 ,volhynia /ill has a sugge/ion ( ! adjac5t regions 9 ! we/ & nor?1 ) _! small villages1 hamlets & s+le f>ms4 ,9 ! ea/ x beg9s to assume ! g5u9e ,ukra9ian "*1 ) l>ge villages & c\ntry t[ns4 ,! cities & t[ns ( ,volhynia are1 z a rule1 n l>ge1 inhabit$ *iefly by ,jews1 dirty & neglect$1 surpass+ 9 ?is respect ev5 ! typical ,galician villages & t[ns4 ,on ! ,galician side !re is only "o city wor?y ( m5tion1 namely ,brodi 7#ah1jjj pop471 :i* c>ries on a consid]able trade 9 agricultural & animal products1 z well z "s lively smuggl+4 ,on ! ,russian side ! foll[+ may be enum]at$1 f we/ to ea/3 ,volodimir vol9sky 7#aj1jjj pop471 =m]ly a royal city1 n[ a mis]able ,jewi% t[n ) "s lumb] & gra9 trade & smuggl+4 ,lutzk1 ,dubno & ,rivne =m ! ,volhynian triangle ( =ts direct$ aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,lutzk 7#cb1jjj pop47 is an old royal city at ! junction ( roads :i* cross ! navigable ,/ir at ?is po9t1 & c>ries on a consid]able trade1 z well z a clo? & lea!r indu/ry ( "s dim5sions2 ,dubno 7#ad1jjj pop471 on ! ,ikva1 is kn[n = its once fam\s annual fairs2 ,rivne 7#ci1jjj pop47 c>ries on a consid]able trade ) gra91 live-/ock1 alcohol1 etc4 ,along ! ,au/rian bord] lie3 ,b]e/e*ko on ! ,/ir1 memorable = ! unhappy battle f\ght by ,khmelnitsky aga9/ ! ,poles 7#afea72 ,radiviliv1 opposite ,brody1 ! ma9 seat ( smuggl+2 ,po*ayiv1 a fam\s place ( pilgrimage1 & simultane\sly a d5 ( smuggl]s4 ,kremianetz 7#ah1jjj pop47 on ! ,ikva1 a /rong =tress 9 ! days ( ! ,ukra9ian pr9ces1 n[ c>ries on a consid]able gra9 trade4 ,on ! ,hor91 at ! po9t :]e t riv] becomes navigable1 lies ,o/roh 7#ae1jjj pop471 ) _m ru9s1 ! =m] resid5ce ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,o/rohsky1 :o f\nd$ an academy "h 9 ! #af? ,c5tury1 & made ( ,o/roh an important spiritual c5t] ( ! ,ukra9e ( t "t4 ,zaslav 7#ac1jjj pop471 likewise on ! ,hor91 0 once ! resid5ce ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,zaslavsky4 ,bo? cities c>ry on "s trade 9 gra9 today4 ,on ! ,slu* lie ! cities ( ,/>okon/ant9iv 7#ag1jjj pop471 f\nd$ by ! ,pr9ces ( ,o/rohsky1 ) consid]able export ( gra9 & cattle1 & ,novhorod-,vol9sky 7,zviahel1 #ag1jjj pop471 ri* 9 m>%-ore & pott]y-clay4 ,korez 7#aj1jjj pop47 is fam\s = its porcela9 clay4 ,j on ! bord] ( ,volhynia lies its adm9i/rative c5t]1 ,zitomir 7#ic1jjj pop474 ,?is old city lies at ! edge ( ! =e/ & agricultural regions1 c>ries on a consid]able trade 9 gra9 & wood1 salt & sug>1 & has an important clo?+1 lea!r & tobacco indu/ry4 ,d[n/ream1 on ! ,tet]ev1 lies ! little comm]cial city ( ,radomi%l 7#aa1jjj pop474 ,podolia's natural t]ritory embraces ! mo/ ea/]n "p ( ,galicia & almo/ ! entire ,gov]nm5t ( ,podolia1 besides ! nor!rn bord]l&s ( ,kh]son4 ,podolia is a purely agricultural region2 its manufactur+ is limit$ to home indu/ry1 besides "s mills1 di/ill]ies & sug> factories4 ,! ,podolian villages are l>ge z a rule1 lie 9 r[s 9 ! caon valleys1 :ile1 on ! height ( ! plateau1 usually only s+le f>ms & hamlets are se54 ,! huts are almo/ all built ( loam & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,city settlem5ts are r>e & small1 all insignificant emporiums = agricultural & animal products4 ,on ! we/]n edge ( ,galician-,podolia lie ,horodok 7#ac1jjj pop471 on a l>ge pond =m$ by ! ,v]e%itza1 & ,lubl91 ) sulphur ba?s2 on ! ,hnila ,lipa1 ! antique city ( ,rohat92 on ! ,zlota ,lipa1 ,b]ezani 7#ac1jjj pop471 ) a l>ge pond2 on ! ,koropetz ,riv] !re are ,pidhaitzi & ,mona/iriska1 ) a tobacco factory2 on ! ,/ripa ,riv]1 ,zboriv1 memorable = ! decisive victory ( ,khmelnitsky ov] ! ,poles & = ! treaty ( #afdi foll[+1 :i* all[$ ! ,ukra9e almo/ complete autonomy--)9 ! framework ( ! ,poli% /ate4 ,d[n/ream1 on ! ,/ripa1 lies ! comm]cial city ( ,bu*a* 7#ad1jjj pop474 ,on ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,podolia1 already 9 ! ,buh region1 lie ,zolo*iv 7#ac1jjj pop47 & ,sassiv1 ) a pap] & pott]y indu/ry4 ,on ! ,s]e?1 & 9 its di/rict1 lie ,zb>az1 memorable = ! victory ( ,khmelnitsky 7#afdh72 ,t]nopil 7#cd1jjj pop471 ! mo/ important railroad c5t] & comm]cial city ( ,podolia1 ) a l>ge gra91 cattle & alcohol trade2 ,t]ebovla1 a =m] ,ukra9ian pr9ce's resid5ce2 ,*ortkiv1 a c5t] ( ,podolian local railroads4 ,on ! ,sbru*1 ! only t[n wor? m5tion is ! bord] t[n & bord] /ation ( ,pidvolo*iska-,volo*iska4 ,9 ! ,dnie/] caon !re is only "o important place4 ,sali%*iki1 ) consid]able fruit-culture4 ,all ! cities ( ,galician-,podolia are bridge cities1 & lie at conv5i5t cross+s ov] ! left tribut>ies ( ! ,dnie/]4 ,all ^! cross+s 7 once gu>d$ by ca/les1 ab\t :i* cities 7 lat] develop$4 ,9 ,russian-,podolia ! numb] ( cities & t[ns is /ill small]4 ,! capital ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kam5etz ,podilsky 7#ej1jjj pop471 lies on ! ,smotri*1 & 0 at "o "t an important bord]-=tress aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,to ?is day ! city has no railroad connections1 h5ce its comm]cial importance is v slight4 ,! adjac5t ,zvanetz is memorable because ( ! ,khmelnitsky campaign 7#afec74 ,on ! ,dnie/]1 ^: entire valley is cov]$ ) fruit or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 lies ! important riv] port ( ,mohiliv 7#cc1jjj pop471 ) consid]able lumb]1 gra9 & fruit trade2 ,u%itza ) a fruit trade2 ! riv] "p ( ,yampol on ! ,dnie/] rapids4 ,9 ! region & ! valley ( ! ,boh lie ,proskuriv 7#da1jjj pop471 a g5u9e village-city ) consid]able trade2 ,pilavtzi1 memorable because ( ! complete defeat suff]$ !re by ! ,poles 7#afdh72 ,meziboz1 9 an important /rategic position aga9/ ! ,au/rian bord]2 ,leti*iv & ,khmelnik 7#aa1jjj pop471 surr\nd$ by or*>ds2 on ! ,%> ,r41 ,lit9 7#aj1jjj pop472 on ! ,rivi ! once fam\s ,b> 7#aa1jjj pop471 n[ a mis]able t[n2 fur!r d[n/ream on ! ,boh1 ,v9nitza 7#dh1jjj pop471 once a ,cossack city1 memorable because ( a defeat ( ! ,poles 7#afea71 n[ a lively comm]cial city4 ,! =m] capital ( ! palat9ate ( ,bratzlav is n[ entirely insignificant1 likewise ! new ,olhopil on ! ,savranka4 ,! only comm]cial city ( any importance 9 ,s\!rn ,podolia is ! muddy ,balta1 :i*1 9 its fam\s annual fairs1 trades 9 gra91 cattle1 bacon & sk9s1 b especially pumpk9s & melons1 & has a soap & c&le indu/ry ( "s importance4 ,! adjac5t city ( ,ananiiv 7#ag1jjj pop47 also c>ries on consid]able trade 9 agricultural products4 ,! ,pokutian-,bess>abian ,plateau embraces a n>r[ zone ( ,s\!a/]n ,galicia & ! ,nor!rn ,buk[9a1 z well z ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t ( ,bess>abia4 ,! mann] ( settl+ is simil> to ! ,podolian1 ) l>ge villages & few small cities4 ,agriculture & w9e-gr[+ are ! mo/ important occupation ( ! p2 t[>d ! s\? cattle-rais+ is becom+ ( great] importance4 ,home indu/ry is insignificant1 ( factory indu/ry !re is almo/ none4 ,9 ,galician-,pokutye ! only cities wor?y ( m5tion are ,horod5ka 7#aa1jjj pop471 9 a v f]tile region1 & ! old comm]cial city ( ,sniat9 7#ab1jjj pop471 & 9 ,buk[9a-,pokutye ! comm]cial t[n ( ,kitzman4 ,9 ,bess>abia we f9d1 on ! ,dnie/]1 ! =m] =tress ( ,khot9 7#ah1jjj pop471 memorable = two ,turki% battles 7#afba & #afgc71 n[ a riv] port & ! seat ( an active gra9 & fruit trade1 z well z a notori\s ne/ ( smuggl]s4 ,! second ,dnie/] port ( ,bess>abia1 ,soroki 7#ae1jjj pop471 s]ves pr9cipally ! export trade4 ,at "s di/ance f ! c\rse ( ! ,dnie/] lies ! insignificant t[n ( ,orhv 7#ac1jjj pop471 & ! dirty city ( ,biltzi 7#ai1jjj pop471 ) a l>ge gra9 & cattle trade4 ,! capital ( ,bess>abia1 ,ki%9iv 7#abe1jjj pop471 lies outside ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory4 ,! ,dniep] ,plateau is important1 n only because ( its agriculture1 cattle-rais+ & fruit-culture1 b also because ( a consid]able cultivation ( comm]cial plants1 because ( a develop$ home & factory indu/ry1 & because ( a comp>atively lively trade4 ,x is "o ( ! c5tral di/ricts ( ! ,ukra9e1 ) typical conditions ( settlem5t4 ,l>ge agglom]ations ( dwell+s1 picturesquely locat$1 consi/+ ( :itewa%$1 /raw-cov]$ clay huts1 lie on ! riv]s & creeks1 usually on wide valley bottoms or slightly incl9$ valley sides1 surr\nd$ & dott$ ) ! fre% gre5 ( or*>ds4 ,on ! plateau1 :i* is "o great wave ( nev]-end+ gra9-fields1 !re lie only a few scatt]$ manors ( l>ge l&[n]s1 s+le f>mh\ses1 bee or*>ds1 adjo9+ little woodl&s & groves4 ,! numb] & size ( ! cities is n great4 ,! prevail+ type is t ( ! village city--a great village ) an area ( build+s 9 ! middle1 :i* h a city-l "*4 ,! /reets are broad & unpav$1 ! gre5 ( ! g>d5s be+ app>5t ev5 9 ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,:]e ! nor!a/]n spurs ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau rea* ! ,dniep] ,riv]1 lies ! natural capital ( ! ,ukra9e1 ! =m] 8"m ( ! ,ru!nian cities10 ,kiev 7#ejf1jjj pop474 ,its great hi/ory f9ds expression 9 an enorm\s numb] ( ar*itectural monum5ts1 especially *ur*es & conv5ts4 7,lavra ,pe*]ska1 ! ,*ur* ( ,sophia1 ! ,*ur* ( ,&reas1 ! ,ti! ,*ur*1 ! ,gold5 ,gate1 etc474 ,kiev 0 ! capital ( ! anci5t ,ukra9ian ,k+dom & its spiritual c5t]2 today x is call$ ! 8,ukra9ian ,j]usalem10 & is visit$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( pilgrims e ye>4 ,besides its hi/orical importance1 ,kiev possesses also a great geographical significance4 ,its picturesque position on ! l(ty "r-h& bank ( ! ,dniep]1 :i* is cut up into beautiful erosive hills1 (f]s great geographical advantages4 ,"h1 opposite ! ,desna outlet1 ! ,dniep]1 aft] receiv+ its two l>ge/ tribut>ies1 completes its trans=mation into ! second l>ge/ riv] ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! wat]ways ( ! ,pripet1 ! upp] ,dniep] & ! ,desna "h =m a junction1 ! importance ( :i* is height5$ by ! junction ( railroads & highways at ! same po9t2 su* ?or(>es h always f\nd 9 ,kiev ! mo/ conv5i5t cross+ ov] ! ,dniep] ,riv] into ! ,we/]n ,ukra9ian l&s4 ,?is junction ( roads favors ! rapidly progress+ developm5t ( ,kiev's comm]ce1 :i* conc5trates 9 ! 8l[] city0 7,podil7 & 9 its great riv] h>bor4 ,kiev is ! mo/ conv5i5t emporium = ! =e/ & gra9 regions ( ! ,ukra9e1 :i* bord] on "o ano!r "h4 ,9 ! la/ decades a consid]able factory indu/ry has develop$ 9 ,kiev1 embrac+ all possible bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,above all1 ! sug> indu/ry has its c5t] "h4 ,kiev has a ,russian ,univ]sity & a te*nical college4 ,ukra9ian cultural life1 :i* has always _h its ma9 headqu>t]s 9 ,kiev1 has exp]i5c$ an unexpect$ rise "h s9ce #aije4 ,n f> f ,kiev1 :i* is an important =tress today1 !re lie _m places ( hi/orical significance1 among !m ! conv5ts ( ,vidubitsky & ,mezihirsky4 ,rzi%*iv is a riv] port ) "s gra9 exportation4 ,on ! ,/uhna lies ! old city ( ,vassilkiv 7#ah1jjj pop471 ) an insignificant trade1 f a mod]n po9t ( view4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! bord]s ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kiev1 ,volhynia & ,podolia t\*1 lies ,b]di*iv1 a city ( #hc1jjj1 inhabit$ mo/ly by ,jews1 aft] ,kiev ! mo/ important emporium = cattle & gra9 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! products ( ! indu/ry ( ?is place are (f]$ = sale by ,jewi% p$dl]s ?ru\t ! entire "r half ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ! riv] region ( ! ,ross we f9d sev]al cities :i* are local c5t]s ( ! sug> & alcohol indu/ry3 ,skvira 7#af1jjj pop471 9 a region cov]$ ) anci5t walls1 ) pott]y & cap manufactures2 ! old ,cossack city ( ,bila ,ts]kov 7#fa1jjj pop471 fam\s = ! treaty ( ,khmelnitsky ) ! ,poles 7#afeb71 n[ a lively comm]cial city1 ) sug> & ma*9e manufactures2 ,t>a%*a 7#aa1jjj pop471 ) a consid]able wagon indu/ry 7! famili> t>antasses are made "h74 ,korsun is notewor?y because ( ! victory ( ,khmelnitsky ov] ! ,poles 7#afdh74 ,ne>by lie ! villages ( ,kirilivka & ,mor9tzi1 ! home ( ! greate/ ,ukra9ian poet1 ,t>as ,%ev*5ko4 ,! entire plateau zone along ! "r ,dniep] bank is full ( old monum5ts ( ,ukra9ian hi/ory1 ( walls1 anci5t =tifications1 ru9s & b>r[s4 ,along ! ,dniep] lie 9 succession3 ,trekhtimiriv1 ,kaniv1 ,*]kassi1 once ! mo/ important c5t] ( ! ,ukra9ian ,cossack organization ,ne> ,kaniv1 elevat$ on ! l(ty "r bank ( ! ,dniep]1 is ! m\nd ( ,%ev*5ko1 visit$ e ye> by num]\s companies ( pilgrims ( all classes ( ! ,ukra9ian nation4 ,kaniv is n[ a little t[n ) an insignificant riv] h>bor4 ,*]kassi 7#dj1jjj pop471 on ! o!r h&1 ?anks to its l>ge riv] h>bor & ! railroad :i* crosses ! ,dniep] "h1 has develop$ into a lively comm]cial city 7wood1 iron1 sug> & salt trade1 lumb] & sug> indu/ry74 ,by ! example ( ,*]kassi or ,krem9*uk1 we are %[n h[ ! poor villages & t[ns on ! ,dniep] c\ld be develop$ if cultural conditions 7 favorable4 ,a f9e example ( su* a neglect$ t[n is ,*ihir9 7#aj1jjj pop471 on ! ,tiasm91 ! =m] resid5ce city ( ! ,ukra9ian hetmans4 ,situat$1 z ?o by a wond]ful co9cid5ce1 9 ! c5t] ( ! pres5t ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 ,*ihir9 is h>dly m ?an a l>ge village1 ) crook$1 muddy /reets1 a slight lumb] & gra9 trade1 rema9s ( ! ,*umak organization1 & an insignificant /onecutt]s' trade4 ,9 ,subotiv1 ne>by1 ,khmelnitsky 0 buri$1 b 8 grave 0 de/roy$ by ! ,poles a %ort "t aft]4 ,at ! ,tiasm9 outlet lies ! riv] port ( ,kriliv 7#ab1jjj pop471 ) lumb] & cattle trade2 fur!r d[n/ream1 ,v]khnodniprovsk1 ) an iron indu/ry4 ,at ! s\rce ( ! ,inhuletz is ,olex&ria 7#ad1jjj pop471 notewor?y = "s mill+ indu/ry4 ,on ! s\?we/]n & s\!rn bord] ( ! ,dniep] ,plateau1 :i* is really "p ( ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,boh1 !re lie sev]al small] t[ns1 e4g41 ,lipovetz1 ,hais91 ,novomirhorod1 ) "s gra9 & cattle trade4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,zv5ihorodka 7#ag1jjj pop47 is ( great] importance4 ,ne>by lies ,kat]9opol1 ) its lignite m9es4 ,uman 7#db1jjj pop47 is kn[n because ( its associations ) ! ,haydamak times1 its great p>k1 & its consid]able gra9 trade4 ,! l>ge/ city ( ?is /rip ( bord]l&1 ,yelisavet 7#gf1jjj pop471 at ! s\rce ( ! ,inhul1 c>ries on a consid]able trade 9 gra9 & wool1 & possesses an important factory indu/ry4 ,! ,dniep] ,pla91 9 its nor!rn "p1 reveals q a ,polissian "*4 ,b 9 ! nor? we note ! fir/ diff]5ces too--! highly develop$ home indu/ry & agriculture mu* m highly develop$ ?an 9 ! ,polissye region4 ,on ! left ,desna bank1 lumb]+ decl9es gradually1 & ! villages ( ! ,polissian type give way to ! typical ,ukra9ian villages1 consi/+ ( neatly :itewa%$1 /raw-cov]$ huts1 :i* lie picturesquely among fruit-g>d5s4 ,! t[ns & suburbs "h1 z 9 fact ev]y:]e 9 ! left half ( ! ,ukra9e1 h an entirely rural appe>ance4 ,! cities h v wide /reets & squ>es4 ,!re are v few connect$ r[s ( h\ses1 & ! s+le h\ses are surr\nd$ by g>d5s & l>ge y>ds4 ,! ,dniep] ,pla9 embraces ! greate/ "p ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,*]nihiv & ,poltava1 & ! nor!rn edge ( ,kat]9oslav4 ,! *ief city ( ! nor!rn half ( ! section is ,*]nihiv 7#cc1jjj pop471 an old city1 p]haps z anci5t z ,kiev4 ,x lies at ! cross+ ( ! ma9 road lead+ to ,muscovy1 across ! navigable ,desna4 ,9 ! city & its vic9ity we f9d _m hi/orical monum5ts1 *ur*es1 walls & b>r[s2 b ! pres5t comm]cial importance ( ! city is v slight4 ,konotop 7#bj1jjj pop471 surr\nd$ by swamps1 & at "o "t a /rong =tress1 fam\s = ! victory ( ! ,cossack hetman1 ,vihovsky1 ov] ! ,russians 7#afei71 n[ c>ries on a consid]able comm]ce1 ?anks to its railroad junction1 & has l>ge peat deposits4 ,bakhmat*1 :i* lies ne>by1 is an important railroad junction4 ,on ! ,sem lies ! comm]cial t[n ( ,batur91 ! =m] hetman resid5ce1 ^: population 0 completely slaught]$ by ,m5%ikov 9 #agji4 ,sosnitza1 ,borsna 7#ab1jjj pop47 & ,b]ezna 7#aj1jjj pop47 c>ry on an insignificant gra9 & cattle trade4 ,on ! navigable ,o/] lies ,niz9 7#eb1jjj pop471 an old city ( ! "t ( ! ,ukra9ian pr9ces1 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury a ,greek colony c>ry+ on a lively trade1 lat] fam\s = its great annual fairs4 ,j n[ ! tobacco & gra9 trade ( ! city is increas+ consid]ably4 ,!re is also a philological academy "h4 ,fur!r d[n/ream1 on ! ,o/]1 we f9d two old t[ns1 ,koseletz & ,o/]1 ) a riv] h>bor & a consid]able net indu/ry4 ,on ! ,trubaylo & on ! ,alta lies ! anci5t city ( ,p]eyaslav 7#ae1jjj pop471 f\nd$ by ,volodimir ! ,great1 notewor?y = ! victory ( ! ,cossack hetman1 ,t>as ,triasilo1 ov] ! ,poles 7#afcj74 ,"h ! un=tunate treaty ( #afed 0 enact$1 jo9+ ! ,ukra9e1 :i* _h j be5 fre$ f ,poli% rule1 to ,russia1 z an autonom\s vassal /ate4 ,! once navigable ,trubaylo has become %all[1 ! railroad l9e has left ! city ly+ to "o side & ,p]eyaslav has lo/ all significance4 ,equally insignificant is ! adjac5t t[n ( ,zolotono%a4 ,9 ! ,sula region1 on ! v]ge ( ! ,dniep] ,pla91 lies ,rom5 7,romni1 #cc1jjj pop471 ) annual fairs t are important ev5 today1 ! c5t] ( ! judicial di/rict ( ,romni-,libau1 :i* transports ! products ( ! ,ukra9e to ! di/ant ,baltic ports4 ,rom5 has a soap indu/ry & tobacco factories1 & "h & 9 ! adjac5t t[n ( ,lokhvitzia1 fruit & tobacco culture fl\ri%4 ,! c5t] ( ,ukra9ian tobacco-culture is ,priluky 7#ca1jjj pop471 on ! ,udai1 :i* c>ries on ! greate/ tobacco trade 9 all ,russia1 export+ half a million puds ( x annually4 ,on ! ,udai also lies ! old ,cossack city ( ,piriat91 n[ an important railroad c5t]4 ,bel[ ! outlet ( ! ,udai into ! ,sula1 lies anci5t ,lubni 7#aj1jjj pop471 ) its great fruit-g>d5s & tann]ies4 ,9 ! region dra9$ by ! ,psiol1 we f9d on ! ,khorol1 ! old ,cossack city ( ,mirhorod 7#aj1jjj pop471 s ma/]fully pictur$ by ,gogol1 ) its indu/rial s*ool & its great home indu/ry4 ,mirhorod 0 once an important c5t] ( ! ,*umak organization4 ,n f> f x lies ! railroad c5t] ( ,romodan & ! antique t[n ( ,khorol4 ,hadya* is notewor?y because ( ! treaty ( ! ,cossack hetman1 ,vihovsky1 ) ,pol& 7#afeh71 :i* 0 to jo9 ! ,ukra9e z ! ?ird autonom\s unit to ! ,poli%-,li?uanian /ate4 ,s9kiv 7#aj1jjj pop47 is an important c5t] ( a v]satile home indu/ry2 ,ra%ivka1 a c5t] ( ! ,prassoli societies2 ,soro*9tzi1 ! bir?place ( ,gogol1 has gra9 & cattle m>kets2 ,re%etilivka is fam\s = its %eep-rais+ & its lea!r indu/ry4 ,above ! outlet ( ! ,psiol into ! ,dniep]1 lies ! *ief riv] port ( ! region1 ,krem9*uk 7#ii1jjj pop471 an important bridge city1 :]e num]\s highways & two railroads cross ! navigable ,dniep]4 ,krem9*uk trades1 p>ticul>ly 9 lumb] & gra91 is an emporium = lumb]1 coal & salt1 & has ma*9e1 tobacco1 c>riage & lea!r factories1 & l>ge saw-mills4 ,! city is subject to _m floods & conflagrations1 b is gr[+ con/antly4 ,half ( ! population is compris$ ( ,jewi% m]*ants & bus9ess m54 ,9 ! spr+ ! population ( ! city is regul>ly d\bl$4 ,on ! opposite ,dniep] bank lies ! riv] port ( ,krukiv 7#aj1jjj pop471 almo/ a suburb ( ,krem9*uk4 ,9 ! riv] region ( ! ,vorskla1 on ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ! pla91 lies ,opo%nia1 widely kn[n = its pott]y4 ,f>!r d[n/ream lies ! city ( ,poltava 7#hc1jjj pop471 ! *ief city ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! left half ( ! pla91 notable = ! un=tunate battle 7#agji7 9 :i* ,pet] ! ,great1 ) ,poli% help1 de/roy$ ! plan ( ! da%+ hetman1 ,mazeppa1 to free ! ,ukra9e f ,russian dom9ion1 ) ! aid ( ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$54 ,today ,poltava is a ris+ indu/rial city1 ) an important railroad junction & great annual fairs1 *iefly = wool & horses4 ,kobeliaki 7#ab1jjj pop471 situat$ d[n/ream on ! ,vorskla1 has a clo? indu/ry ( "s dim5sions1 z has also ! di/rict ( ,kon/ant9ohrad1 9 ! riv] region ( ! ,orel4 ,on ! s\!a/]n bord] ( ! pla91 :]e x jo9s ! ,pontian pla9 9 ! region ( ! ,sam>a1 lie ! old ,zaporog settlem5ts ( ,sam>*ik 7,novonoskovsk1 #ac1jjj pop47 & ,pavlohrad 7#da1jjj pop471 ) a consid]able gra9 trade & a l>ge mill1 lea!r & wax indu/ry4 ,! spurs ( ! ,c5tral ,russian ,plateau1 :i* lie )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,ukra9ian national t]ritory (f] an almo/ complete an?ropogeographical analogy to ! above discuss$ di/rict4 ,9 ! nor? ! ,polissian "* is /ill app>5t4 ,9 ! s\? agriculture & home indu/ry are well develop$4 ,traffic is m difficult1 because ( ! great] di/ance to ! navigable ,dniep]1 b is r active ) ! ,muscovite c\ntry4 ,! left plateau di/rict embraces ! nor?we/ fronti]s ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,*]nihiv & ,poltava1 all ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh>kiv & ! adjac5t di/ricts ( ,kursk1 ,voroniz & ,don4 ,! nor!rnmo/ t[n ( ! ,ukra9e is ,mhl91 ) its important annual fairs4 ,9 ! vic9ity lies ,po*ep1 ) "s textile indu/ry & ,kl9tzi 7#ab1jjj pop471 ! 8,man*e/] ( ! ,*]nihiv c\ntry10 ) sp9n+-mills1 clo?1 lea!r & metal factories4 ,! inhabitants ( ne>by ,ardon engage 9 c>riage-mak+1 & c>ry on p$dl+ ?ru\t ! entire ,ukra9e4 ,consid]able indu/ry & trade is c>ri$ on also by ,novosibkiv 7#af1jjj pop47 & ,klimiv4 ,/>odub 7#ac1jjj pop471 ! old ,cossack city1 on ! o!r h&1 is ri* 9 hi/orical rem9isc5ces4 ,! anci5t t[n ( ,novhorod ,siv]sky1 on ! ,desna1 & ,korop1 d[n/ream1 are insignificant today4 ,kluhiv 7#ae1jjj pop47 c>ries on a consid]able gra9 trade4 ,9 ! vic9ity lies ,%o/ka1 ) a p[d] factory :i* supplies all ! p[d] factories ( ,russia ) salpet]4 ,krolevetz 7#aj1jjj pop47 /ill has important annual fairs1 ! old t[n ( ,putivl "s trade 9 gra9 & flax1 ,bilopilye 7#ae1jjj pop471 important annual fairs & a great gra9 trade4 ,9 ! c\ntry ab\t ! s\rce ( ! ,sula lies ,n$rihailiv2 at ! s\rce ( ! ,psiol is ,sudza 7#ac1jjj pop471 ) a l>ge gra91 honey & fruit trade4 ,miropilye 7#aa1jjj pop471 has an important %oe indu/ry1 ,sumi 7#eb1jjj pop471 situat$ at a railroad junction1 has an important factory indu/ry 7especially sug> factories7 & important annual fairs4 ,! old ,cossack city ( ,leb$9 7#ad1jjj pop471 fam\s because ( ! atrocities ( ,m5%ikov 7#agjh71 n[ c>ries on a consid]able gra9 trade4 ,9 ! region ( ! s\rce ( ! ,vorskla lies ! t[n ( ,hraivoron1 d[n/ream ,okhtirka 7#cb1jjj pop471 a mu* frequ5t$ place ( pilgrimage1 ) consid]able fruit-culture & lumb]1 fur1 %oe1 pott]y & mill+ indu/ries4 ,consid]able fruit-culture is c>ri$ on also by ,bohodukhiv4 ,! f>!r "p ( ! left plateau lies 9 ! region dra9$ by ! ,don4 ,on ! small riv]s1 ,kh>kiv & ,lopan1 lies ! capital ( ! region1 ,kh>kiv 7#bdh1jjj pop474 ,f\nd$ z a ,cossack hamlet 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 ,kh>kiv has gr[n v rapidly1 ?anks to its geographical position at a conv5i5t cross+ po9t f ! ,dniep] region into ! ,don region1 betwe5 ! int]ior & ! sea4 ,"h 0 once a cross+ ( ,*umak roads1 & is n[ a railroad junction4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ,kh>kiv lies 9 comm]ce4 ,f\r great fairs1 ^: bus9ess /ill am\nts to #hj million rubles a ye>1 on an av]age1 are especially important = trade 9 gra91 horn$ cattle1 horses1 wool & manufactures4 ,besides1 ,kh>kiv has a consid]able factory indu/ry 7l951 clo?1 soap1 c&le1 sug>1 alcohol1 tobacco1 brick1 c]amic1 ma*9e1 boil] & bell factories74 ,kh>kiv is ! seat ( a ,russian ,univ]sity1 & "o ( ! *ief c5t]s ( ,ukra9ian cultural life4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ! ,donetz c\rse lie sev]al small cities1 e4g41 ,zolo*iv1 ) its annual fairs2 ,valki1 ) a consid]able home indu/ry & l>ge fruit-g>d5s4 ,9 ! c\ntry ab\t ! s\rce ( ! ,donetz1 on ! bord] ( ! ,ukra9e1 lies ,bilhorod 7#bb1jjj pop471 a comm]cial city ) a wool5 indu/ry4 ,d[n/ream1 on ! ,donetz1 lie ,vov*ansk 7#aa1jjj pop471 ,*uhuyiv 7#ac1jjj pop47 & ,smiiv4 ,koro*a 7#ad1jjj pop47 c>ries on gra91 cattle & fruit trade 9 its annual fairs1 & has "s indu/ry 7oil-press+1 alcohol-di/illation1 & album5 manufacture74 ,on ! ,oskol lie ! foll[+3 ,/>i-,oskol 7#ag1jjj pop471 ) a consid]able trade & ) a lea!r1 wax1 mead & tobacco indu/ry2 ! insignificant t[n ( ,novi-,oskol1 ,valuiki1 ,urasova 7#ac1jjj pop471 ) gra9 trade1 tann]ies & rope factories2 ,kupiansk at a railroad junction4 ,on ! ,tikha ,sosna lies ,biriu* 7#ac1jjj pop471 ) annual fairs & oil factories1 ,olexiyivka1 kn[n = sunfl[]-culture & pa9t]s' guilds1 & ,o/rohorsk 7#bb1jjj pop471 ) a l>ge gra91 cattle & bacon trade1 & soap1 wax & tobacco indu/ry1 once a c5t] ( ! fi% trade4 ,/>obilsk 7#ac1jjj pop47 has lively annual fairs4 ,on ! ,don1 )9 ! prov9ce ( ! plateau1 !re are no l>g] cities4 ,korotoiak 7#aj1jjj pop47 c>ries on an active trade1 ,pavlovsk has soap factories1 fat-extraction & oil-presses1 & is an important riv]-port1 f :i* ! regul> ,don navigation beg9s4 ,altoge!r1 on ! ea/]n bord] c\ntry ( ! ,ukra9e1 !re are no l>g] cities or ev5 t[ns4 ,only a few isolat$ l>ge villages ga9 great] significance ?ru _! m>kets & indu/ry4 ,"o ( ^! is ! l>ge/ village ( ! ,ukra9e3 ,buturl9ivka 7#ch1jjj pop471 ) important annual fairs1 ) brick-kilns1 tann]ies1 alcohol-/ills1 z well z v consid]able furri]y & %oemak+4 ,! ,donetz ,plateau is1 f an an?ropogeographical po9t ( view1 a v rem>kable c\ntry1 :i* has its close/ analogy 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican m9+ di/ricts4 ,only ! nor!rn edge ( ! c\ntry on ! ,donetz has an appe>ance analog\s to ! adjac5t ,kh>kiv c\ntry1 ) l>ge1 typically ,ukra9ian villages & village-t[ns4 ,all ! rema9+ region ( ! ,donetz ,plateau is a nak$ /eppe4 ,"h & !re factory *imneys1 isolat$ or 9 gr\ps1 rise1 surr\nd$ by factory build+s & labor]s' huts4 ,! settlem5ts come into exi/5ce & gr[ ) true ,am]ican spe$4 ,! ,donetz ,plateau embraces p>ts ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,kh>kiv1 ,kat]9oslav & ,don4 ,"o ( ! f>!/ advance gu>ds ( ! typical ,ukra9ian settlem5ts is ,isium 7#bc1jjj pop471 on ! ,donetz1 "o ( ! *ief c5t]s ( ! pott]y indu/ry4 ,slaviansk1 once ,tor 7#bj1jjj pop471 on ! ,torez1 has l>ge salt m9es & salt lakes1 ) ba?+ pavilions1 :i* draw _m gue/s 9 ! summ]1 l>ge salt-works & a numb] ( mills1 porcela9 & metal indu/ries4 ,besides1 ,slaviansk has important horse-m>kets4 ,ne>by1 on ! *alk-cliffs ( ! ,donetz1 lies ! fam\s conv5t ( ! ,holy ,m\nta9s4 ,on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,ukra9e1 on ! ,donetz1 lies ! riv] port ( ,kam5ske 7#ea1jjj pop471 ) a great gra9 trade & glass-works4 ,9 ! m9+ & factory di/rict ( ! ,donetz ,plateau !re lie1 besides innum]able small indu/rial t[ns1 a numb] ( m important c5t]s4 ,luhan 7#fj1jjj pop47 has a l>ge metallurgical indu/ry ) f\ndries & hamm]-works1 ma*9e-factories1 num]\s alcohol-/ills1 brew]ies1 tann]ies1 soap & tile factories4 ,bakhmut 7#cc1jjj pop47 has l>ge salt m9es & salt-works & consid]able trade2 ! adjac5t t[n ( ,mikitivka1 m]cury & coal m9es4 ,yusivka 7#di1jjj pop47 is ! *ief c5t] ( ! coal m9es1 iron & /eel factories2 ,hru%ivka 7#df1jjj pop47 ! c5t] ( ! an?racite m9es4 ,! ,pontian ,pla9 gives u an an?ropogeographical picture :i* is diff]5t f t ( ! ?us f> describ$ sections ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,"h1 9 ! newly settl$ /eppe region1 ! type ( ! ,ukra9ian settlem5ts gradually disappe>s4 ,! ,ukra9ian type ( ! l>ge villages rema9s1 to be sure1 b ^! villages are1 by _! position1 dep5d5t ^u ! wat] z well z o!r conditions ( a practical nature1 su* z roads1 m9es1 etc41 :i* tempt a great numb] ( p to settle 9 ! di/rict4 ,! huts "h & !re be> ! m>ks ( provisional build+s1 are n always :itewa%$1 are cov]$ ) re$s1 & 9 "s places ev5 e>!n huts h be5 pres]v$4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! typical ,ukra9ian :itewa%$ & /raw-cov]$ clay hut advances f>!r & f>!r1 & is sometimes ev5 pretti] & bett] equipp$ "h ?an 9 ,nor!rn ,ukra9e1 ?anks to ! great] prosp]ity ( ! peasant4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s m & m brick h\ses h be5 built1 cov]$ ) tiles4 ,ext5sive /eppe agriculture & /eppe cattle-rais+ h1 to ?is "t1 be5 ! *ief occupation2 on ! coa/1 salt-extraction & navigation4 ,typical ,ukra9ian t[ns are r>e "h1 b 9 ! once wild /eppes1 on ! o!r h&1 l>ge comm]cial & indu/rial cities h %ot up1 :i* possess a mu* m ,european appe>ance ?an ! ,russian cities4 ,almo/ all ^! cities lie on ! sea1 or at ! riv] outlets4 ,! ,pontian ,pla9 embraces ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,bess>abia1 ,kh]son1 ,kat]9oslav1 ! ma9l& "p ( ,tauria1 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! ,don region & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,kuban region4 ,on ! ,kilia arm ( ! ,danube delta lie ! foll[+ important riv] ports1 at ! same "t ! c5t]s ( ! ,danube trade & ( ! sea-fi%+ indu/ry3 ,ismail 7#cf1jjj pop471 ,kilia 7#ab1jjj pop47 & ,vilkiv4 ,ak]man 7#dj1jjj pop471 on ! ,dnie/] liman1 ri* 9 hi/orical memories1 is an important h>bor = small] %ips1 & c>ries on a consid]able salt1 fi%1 bacon & wool5 trade4 ,on ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,dnie/] lie ! riv] ports ( ,dubos>i 7#ac1jjj pop471 locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( v9ey>ds & fruit-g>d5s & tobacco fields1 ) a consid]able tobacco1 w9e1 cattle & gra9 trade2 ,b5d]i 7#fj1jjj pop471 a /rong =tress ) a consid]able trade1 surr\nd$ by fruit-g>d5s1 v9ey>ds & melon-pat*es & ,t]aspol 7#cb1jjj pop47 ) a l>ge gra9 trade4 ,"h ! goods %ipp$ d[n ! ,dnie/] are unload$1 to be s5t by rail to ,odessa4 ,odessa 7#fbj1jjj pop471 ! l>ge/ city & ! mo/ important port ( ! ,ukra9e1 is situat$ #cb kilomet]s nor? ( ! ,dnie/] outlet1 & opposite ! ,dniep] liman1 on a deep b op5 road/ead4 ,by means ( exp5sive con/ructions1 ! unprotect$ h>bor ( ,odessa 0 consid]ably improv$4 ,x n[ has six protect$ h>bor bas9s = %ips4 ,9 "s w9t]s ! h>bor does n freeze ov]1 at o!r times rema9+ froz5 f #ca to #fg days1 b !n x c be kept op5 )\t difficulty by ice-break]s4 ,! city itself is built up on ! high & nak$ /eppe pla91 :]e or*>ds c be plant$ & tak5 c>e ( only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! city has an entirely ,european appe>ance1 ) broad1 /raight /reets & f9e h\ses4 ,!re are almo/ no hi/oric l&m>ks 9 ,odessa1 s9ce x 0 f\nd$ z late z #agid4 ,! city grew v rapidly1 especially 9 its free-h>bor p]iod 7#ahag-ahei74 ,today ,odessa is ! mo/ important seaport ( ! ,russian ,empire1 aft] ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ev5 surpasses ! latt] 9 exports4 ,! exports f ,odessa are made up *iefly ( gra91 also cattle1 wood1 sug>1 fi%+ products1 fats & alcohol4 ,^! exports g to ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,holl&1 ,belgium & ! f> ea/4 ,! imports ( ,odessa are disproportionately small] ?an ! exports1 & are made up *iefly ( coal1 rice1 tropical fruits1 tea1 etc41 ! b5efit ( :i* goes mo/ly to ! cities ( ,c5tral ,russia4 ,outside ( ?is comm]cial activity1 :i* is direct$ by ! /ock ex*ange & ! num]\s banks1 ,odessa also possesses a well-develop$ factory indu/ry 7mills1 sug>1 oil1 mac>oni1 cann$-goods1 alcohol1 metal1 c]amic1 & *emical factories74 ,ab\t ! ye> #aijj1 ! annual productive value 0 #gj million rubles4 ,odessa is also a univ]sity city1 & "o ( ! intellectual c5t]s ( ! ,ukra9e4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,odessa are ! fam\s limans ( ,kuyalnik & ,khadzybei1 ) _! sanatoriums4 ,on ! ,boh1 at ! po9t :]e ! riv] becomes navigable1 lies ,vosnes5sk1 an important riv] port1 ) "s indu/ry & consid]able wood & gra9 trade4 ,on ! deep ,boh liman1 at ! m\? ( ! ,inhul1 lies ,mikolaiv 7#ajc1jjj pop471 a v important naval & comm]cial h>bor1 :i* has ! greate/ exportation ( gra91 aft] ,odessa1 & l>ge %ipy>ds1 f\ndries & ma*9e-%ops4 ,krivi ,rih 7#ae1jjj pop471 on ! ,inhul1 has #cc iron m9es1 & is ! c5t] ( ,ukra9ian iron m9+4 ,on ! ,dniep]1 on ! bord] ( ! ,pontian & ,dniep] ,pla9s1 lies ! city ( ,kat]9oslav 7#bah1jjj pop471 h>dly m ?an a c5tury old4 ,kat]9oslav owes its great importance to its position on ! ,dniep] at ! beg9n+ ( ! rapids section1 & at ! end ( ! upp] /eamboat navigation1 :]e an important railroad l9e crosses ! riv]1 connect+ ! iron m9es ( ,krivi ,rih ) ! coal fields on ! ,donetz4 ,h5ce1 ,kat]9oslav is1 above all1 an indu/rial city ) l>ge f\ndries1 =ges & ma*9e %ops4 ,kat]9oslav c>ries on ! greate/ lumb] trade 9 ! entire ,ukra9e4 ,its gra9 & coal trade is v important too4 ,bel[ ! rapids1 9 ! old ,zaporog c\ntry1 sacr$ to e ,ukra9ian1 lies ! rapidly ris+ city ( ,olex&rivsk 7#ea1jjj pop471 an important riv] port & railroad junction1 ) a metal & mill+ indu/ry4 ,nikopol 7#ag1jjj pop471 ! po9t ( cross+ ( ! old comm]cial road ov] ! ,dniep] into ,crimea1 is ! c5t] = manganese m9+1 & has "s mill+ indu/ry4 ,its h>bor is exceptional 9 t x is rea*$ by small] sea-vessels1 :i*1 h[ev]1 sail up ! ,dniep] only z f> z ,b]islav 7#ab1jjj pop471 :]e ! gra9 is transf]r$ f riv] boats to sea-vessels4 ,on ! left ,dniep] bank1 opposite ,b]islav1 lies ! important riv] h>bor ( ,kakhivka4 ,ole%ki has consid]able vegetable1 fruit & melon-culture1 fi%+ & crab-fi%+4 ,n f> f ! outlet ( ! ,dniep] into its liman1 lies ! gov]nm5t capital1 ,kh]son 7#ib1jjj pop471 l ,odessa1 ,mikolaiv & ,kat]9oslav1 a "y city ( ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,its h>bor 0 fir/ made accessible to l>ge sea-vessels by ! dr$g+ ( ! %ip-canal ( ,ot%akiv 9 ! ,dniep] liman 7#ahhg71 & s9ce !n ! city has be5 gr[+ rapidly4 ,kh]son c>ries on a v important lumb] & gra9 trade1 & has l>ge saw-mills1 gra9-mills1 soap & tobacco factories4 ,two =tresses def5d ! entrance to ! ,dniep] liman1 ,o*akiv 7#ab1jjj pop471 ) an insignificant h>bor = coa/ vessels1 & ,k9burn4 ,9 ! n>r[ /rip ( l[ c\ntry on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,black ,sea1 all ! l>g] cities keep close to ! coa/4 ,melitopol on ! ,molo*na 7#ag1jjj pop471 c>ries on consid]able trade 9 cattle1 lumb]1 sk9s1 eggs & wool1 & has l>ge mills1 alcohol-/ills & factories1 :i* make agricultural ma*9]y4 ,b]diansk 7#cf1jjj pop471 despite its poor h>bor1 exports mu* gra91 & has ma*9e factories1 mills1 brew]ies1 & f9e fruit g>d5s & v9ey>ds4 ,! =m] great importance ( ,b]diansk has be5 inh]it$ by ,m>iupol 7#ec1jjj pop471 ) a good h>bor at ! m\? ( ! ,kalmius1 a city :i* possesses "s factory indu/ry1 & c>ries on an active export trade 9 coal1 coke1 metal & gra94 ,/ill m important are ! h>bors at ! m\?s ( ! ,don4 ,opposite ! ,don delta lies ,tahanroh 7#ge1jjj pop47 ) a lea!r & metal indu/ry1 z well z an ext5sive trade 9 gra91 fi%1 beef1 oil1 bacon1 lea!r & fruit1 ! mo/ important gra9 export+ h>bor ( ! ,ukra9e1 aft] ,odessa & ,mikolaiv4 ,9 ! ,don delta lies ,ro/iv 7#agb1jjj pop471 ! mo/ important comm]cial city ( ,s\!a/]n ,ukra9e1 ) an ext5sive trade 9 gra91 cattle1 wool & flax1 l>ge mills1 %ipy>ds1 tobacco & ma*9e factories4 ,! ,arm5ian city ( ,nakhi*evan 7#ga1jjj pop47 =ms ! suburbs1 z x 71 ( ,ro/iv1 tak+ consid]able "p 9 its indu/rial & comm]cial activity4 ,! hi/orically memorable city ( ,osiv 7,az(1 #ca1jjj pop47 is an important c5t] ( ! ,don & ,az( fi%+ indu/ry1 & has "s gra9 trade4 ,yesk 7#ea1jjj pop471 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,az(1 has "s gra9 export1 & is a n insignificant import+ city4 ,! m\nta9s & hill c\ntry ( ! ,crimea are n prop]ly a "p ( ! ,ukra9ian t]ritory1 al?o ! ,ukra9ian elem5t fl[s into ! villages & cities ( ! l& 9 an un9t]rupt$ /ream1 :ile ! ,mohamm$an ,t>t> population emigrates to ,turkey4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,crimean p59sula1 ! economic & settlem5t conditions are ! same z 9 ! ,pontian l[l&4 ,!re is an especially important cattle-rais+ indu/ry4 ,9 ! s\!rn1 m\nta9\s "p ( ! p59sula1 agriculture & cattle-rais+ lose _! pr$om9at+ importance1 & fruit1 w9e & vegetable-cultivation1 navigation & salt-mak+1 :i* fl\ri%es along almo/ ! entire coa/ ( ! ,crimea1 comprise ! *ief occupations ( ! population4 ,! *ief c5t] ( salt-manufacture lies on ! salt lakes & limans ( ,eupatoria 7#cj1jjj pop471 :]e also fam\s sanatoriums are locat$4 ,9 ! nor!rn foo?ills ( ! ,yaila lies ! anci5t capital ( ! ,khans1 ,bak*is>ai 7#ac1jjj pop471 :i* has entirely pres]v$ its ori5tal "*1 z well z ! new capital ( ,tauria1 ,simf]opol 7#ga1jjj pop471 ! c5t] ( ! fruit & w9e-culture & ( important fruit-cann+ factories4 ,an ext5sive fruit trade is c>ri$ on also by ,k>asubaz> 7#ae1jjj pop474 ,at ! gates ( ! ,crimean ,rivi]a is ! city ( ,seva/opol 7#gg1jjj pop471 _w r5[n$ s9ce ! ,crimean ,w>1 a great sea-=tress & ! /ronge/ naval port ( ! ,russian ,empire 9 ,europe4 ,! comm]cial h>bor ( ! city has be5 )\t importance = ! la/ twelve ye>s4 ,9 ! vic9ity1 on a beautiful bay1 lies ,belklava1 kn[n = its fi%]ies4 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ is ! foll[+ *a9 ( wat]+-places & summ]-resorts3 ,alupka1 ,livadia1 ,yalta 7#bc1jjj pop471 ,ori&a1 ,alu%ta1 ,hursuf4 ,9 ! summ] pati5ts & vacationi/s come "h f all ! cities ( ,russia1 & ! ,rivi]a ( ,crimea is also gr[+ cont9ually 9 importance z a w9t] resort4 ,on ! ea/]n spurs ( ! ,crimean p59sula lie two l>ge cities4 ,feodosia 7=m]ly ,kaffa1 #dj1jjj pop47 is ! l>ge/ comm]cial port ( ,crimea1 ) a consid]able gra9 & fruit export4 ,k]* 7#eg1jjj pop47 also has a comm]cial port1 us$ especially by l>ge %ips1 :i* mu/ avoid ! %all[ ,sea ( ,az(1 b ! city d]ives a mu* great] importance f its ext5sive fi%+ indu/ry1 its fi%-cann+ & mill+ indu/ry1 & 9 rec5t ye>s its metallurgical indu/ry1 :i* exploits ! l>ge m9]al deposits ( ! region4 ,! sub-,caucasus c\ntry ( ,kuban1 coloniz$ a c5tury ago by ! po/]ity ( ! ,zaporogs1 (f]s1 9 its we/]n "p1 an an?ropogeographical picture q analog\s to ! o!r c5tral regions ( ! anci5t ,ukra9e4 ,x is actually a piece ( ! old ,ukra9e1 transplant$ to ! foot ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 ) its l>ge villages1 f>ms 7khutori71 its important agriculture & ext5sive cattle-rais+4 ,fi%+1 lumb]+ & hunt+ play an important "p 9 its economic life1 besides fruit & w9e-culture4 ,! m9+ indu/ry is %[+ great promise4 ,! ea/]n & s\!rn "p ( ! sub-,caucasus c\ntry1 :i*1 besides p>ts ( ,kuban1 embraces also p>ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,/avropol & ( ! ,black ,sea & ,t]ek regions1 is a l& newly settl$ by ! ,ukra9ians1 & has a /ill imp]fect an?ropogeographical type4 ,! c5t] ( ! l& & ( ! ,ukra9ian cultural life is ,kat]9od> 7#ajj1jjj pop47 on ! ,kuban1 ! capital ( ! ,kuban ,cossacks4 ,x c>ries on an active trade 9 agricultural products4 ,! ma9 port ( ! region is ! ris+ city ( ,novorossysk 7#fa1jjj pop471 ) a l>ge gra91 wool & petroleum export4 ,temriuk1 9 ! ,kuban delta1 also exports mu* gra94 ,on ! ,bila lies ! comm]cial city ( ,maikop 7#di1jjj pop472 on ! ,luba1 ,lab9sk 7#cc1jjj pop471 bo? important = ! ex*ange ( products ( ! pla9s & ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! ,/avropol ,plateau lies ,/avropol 7#fa1jjj pop471 ) an important gra9 & cattle trade1 ,praskoveya 7#aa1jjj pop471 ) consid]able w9e-culture1 & ,olex&rivsk 7#aj1jjj pop474 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 range lies ! r5[n$ m9]al spr+ region ar\nd ! comm]cial city ( ,piatihorsk 7#cb1jjj pop474 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,! ,,ukra9e ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,works4 ,,physical ,,geography ,atlas ,climatologique de l'empire de la ,russie4 ,pet]sburg #aijj 7,russian74 ,atlas geologiczny ,galicyi4 ,crac[ #ahhb ff4 7,poli%74 ,beauplan4 ,description de l',ukra9e4 ,r\5 #affj4 ,bonm>iage4 ,la ,russie d',europe4 ,brussels #aijc4 ,brockhaus-,efron4 ,enciklop$*eski ,slav>4 ,pet]sburg1 #a/ ed4 beg9n+ #ahij4 #bnd ed4 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,c>te gologique int]nationale de l',europe4 ,b]l94 ,d ,,iv1 ,d ,v1 ,e ,,iv1 ,e ,v1 ,f ,,iv1 ,f ,v4 ,dokut*aev4 ,! ,russian ,/eppes4 ,pet]sburg #ahic4 ,encyklop$ia ,polska4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,crac[ #aiab4 7,poli%74 ,fri$]i*s54 ,me?odis*] ,atlas zur v]glei*5d5 ,lnd]kunde von ,europa4 ,"p ,i1 ,hannov] #aiad4 ,guide des excursions du ,,vii ,congrs gologique int]nationale4 ,pet]sburg #ahig4 ,geolog*eski ,komityt4 ,c>te gologique gnrale4 ,pet]sburg #ahig ff4 ,k>p9sky4 b]si*t d] phys4-geogr4 ,v]hltnisse ,russl&s whr5d d] v]floss55 geologis*5 ,p]iod54 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis des russis*5 ,rei*s4 #ahhg4 ---- ,sur les m\vem5ts de l'corce t]re/re dans la ,russie d',europe4 ,annales de ,gographie4 #ahie-f4 ,kehn]t ,hab5i*t4 ,map ( ,russia 7,scale3 #a-c1gjj1jjj7 9 ,/iel]'s ,h&atlas4 ,no4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,kohl4 ,reis5 9 ,sdrussl&4 ,b]l9 #ahda4 ,krassnov-,voyeykov4 ,russl& 7,93 ,kir*h(f's ,lnd]kunde von ,europa1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,leipzig #aijg74 ,krassnov4 ,travynye /ypi syvy]navo poly%ryia4 ,mosc[ #ahid4 7,russian74 ,mur*ison1 de ,v]neuil1 ,keys]l+4 ,geology ( ,russia4 ,pet]sburg #ahdf4 /]rei*is*-ung>is*e ,mon>*ie 9 ,wort und ,bild4 ,wi5 #ahgg ff4 b]si*tsb&4 ,galizi51 ,buk[9a4 ,philippson4 ,l&eskunde des europis*5 ,russl&s neb/ ,f9nl&s4 ,leipzig #aijh4 ---- ,geographis*e ,reiseskizz5 aus ,russl&4 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde4 ,b]l9 #ahih4 ,reclus4 ,n\velle gographie univ]selle4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,p>is #ahgf4 ,russian translation ) supplem5t>y volume4 ,pet]sburg #ahhd4 ,rehmann4 ,ziemie davnej ,polski4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,lemb]g #ahie1 #aijd4 7,poli%74 ,rossya1 yey na/oy%*eye i pro%d%eye4 ,a volume consi/+ ( articles collect$ f ,brockhaus-,efron4 ,pet]sburg #aijj 7,russian74 ,rudnitsky4 ,korotka geografia ,ukra9y4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,lemb]g1 ,kieff4 7,ukra9ian74 ---- ,d] /li*e ,kriegss*auplatz4 ,j5a #aiae4 ,sibirtseff4 ,etude des sols de la ,russie4 ,pet]sburg #ahig4 ---- ,po*vnnaya k>ta evropiskoi ,rossyi4 ,scale3 #a-b1ebj1jjj4 ,pet]sburg #aijb4 ,siemiradzki4 ,geologia ziempolski*4 ,lemb]g ,i4 #aijc1 ,,ii4 #aiji4 7,poli%74 ,semyonov4 ,rossya4 ,plnoye geogr4 opisnye aty*e/va1 #bb vols4 ,pet]sburg #ahii ff4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,,vii1 ,,ix1 ,,xiv4 7,russian74 ,suess4 ,antlitz d] ,erde4 ,bd4 ,i-,,iii4 ,wi51 ,leipzig #ahhc-aiji4 ,tanfilyev4 ,die ,waldgr5z5 9 ,sdrussl&4 ,pet]sburg #ahid4 7,russian1 ) a rsum 9 ,g]man74 ,tillo4 ,gipsometr*eskaya krta yevropiskoi ,rossyi4 #a/ ed4 ,pet]sburg #ahhi1 #a3b1ebj1jjj4 #bnd ed4 ,pet]sburg #ahif1 #a3a1fhj1jjj4 ,uhlig4 ,bau und ,bild d] ,k>pa!n4 ,wi5 #aijc4 ,,p]iodicals ,izv/ya ,imp4 rsskavo geografi*eskavo b%*e/va4 ,pet]sburg #ahfe ff4 7,russian74 ,izv/ya geologi*eskavo komityta4 ,pet]sburg #ahhb ff4 7,russian74 ,kosmos4 ,lemb]g #ahge ff4 7,poli%74 ,! ,zapiski 7,transactions7 ( ! ,russian univ]sities & le>n$ societies ( ,kieff1 ,kh>kov1 ,odessa1 ,w>saw1 ,mosc[1 ,pet]sburg1 etc4 7,russian74 ,sbirnyk mat4-pryr4 nauk ,tov>y/va im4 ,%ev*5ka4 #ae vols4 ,lemb]g #ahig ff4 7,ukra9ian74 ,trdy geolog*eskavo komityta4 ,pet]sburg #ahhc ff4 ,zyemlevy$ynye4 ,mosc[ #ahid ff4 ,,ii4 ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,o!r ,,auxili>y ,,sci5ces ,ait(f4 ,c>te de l'ext5sion du peuple ukra9i54 ,p>is #aijf4 ,akademya nak imp]atrskaya4 ,ob atmynye /yessnnyi malorsskavo yazyk4 ,pet]sburg #aije4 7,russian74 ,&ree4 ,die ,ru!n54 ,globus #ahgj4 ,annales des nationalits4 ,p>is #aiac4 ,no4 #c & #d4 ,antonovy*4 ,try natsionalni typy4 ,pravda #ahgh 7,ukra9ian74 ,g]man translation 9 ,ukra9is*e ,runds*au4 ,jahrgang ,v4 ---- ,monogrfiyi po i/ryi zpadnoi i ygozpadnoi ,rossiyi4 ,i4 ,kieff #ahhe4 7,russian74 ,antonovy* i ,drahomaniv4 ,i/ori*eskiya pyessni malorusskavo n>oda4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,kieff #ahgd-e4 ,b$w9 ,s&s4 ,! ,ukra9e4 ,london #aiad4 ,bod5/$t4 ,die poetis*e ,ukra9e4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #ahde4 ,czo]nig4 ,e?nographie d] /]rei*is*5 ,mon>*ie4 ,i-,,iii4 ,wi5 #ahee-eg4 ---- ,e?nographis*e ,k>te d] /]rei*is*5 ,mon>*ie4 ,wi5 #ahee4 ,drahomanov4 ,polit*eskaya so*9ynyia4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,p>is #aije-f4 ,i4 ,mosc[ #aijh4 7,russian74 ,engel4 ,ges*i*te d] ,ukra9e4 ,halle #agif4 ,ev>nitzky4 ,i/riya zaporzhskikh kazkov4 ,i-,,iii4 ,pet]sburg #ahib-ig4 7,russian74 ,goebel4 ,russis*e ,indu/rie4 ,b]l9 #aiac4 ,hax?aus54 ,/udi5 b] die inn]5 ,zu/&e ,russl&s usw4 ,i-,,iii4 ,b]l9 #ahdg-eb4 ,hettn]4 ,das europis*e ,russl&4 ,leipzig #aije4 ,hoetzs*4 ,russl&4 ,b]l9 #aiac4 ,hru%evsky4 ,ges*i*te des ukra9is*5 ,volkes4 ,leipzig #aijf4 ---- *]k i/ryi ukranskavo n>da4 ,pet]sburg4 #crd ed4 #aiaa4 7,russian74 ---- ,ilu/rovana i/orya ,ukra9y4 ,kieff #aiaa4 7,ukra9ian74 ---- ,die ukra9is*e ,frage 9 hi/oris*] ,entwicklung4 ,wi5 #aiae4 ,ivanovsky4 ,ob antropolog*eskom so/vye nasyelynya ,rossyi4 ,trudy antr4 otdyel b%*e/va liubtelyei ye/y/voznnya4 ,vol4 ,,cv 7,,xxii74 ,mosc[ #aijd4 7,russian74 ,k4 ,die ,haupt/mme d] ,russ54 ,k>te #a3c1gjj1jjj4 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung54 #ahgh4 ,ko-yi4 ,natsionalno-t]itorialni mezhi ,ukra9y4 ,lit4 nauk4 ,vi/nyk #aijg4 7,ukra9ian74 ,ko/om>ov4 ,dvy rsskiya n>dno/i4 ,pet]sburg #ahfc4 7,russian74 ,fr5* translation 9 ,revue ukra9i5ne4 ,lausanne #aiae4 ---- ,sobrnie so*9ynye4 ,pet]sburg ,i-,,viii1 #aijc-f4 7,russian74 ,kovalevsky4 ,die ,produktivkrfte ,russl&s4 ,leipzig #ahih4 ---- ,l',agriculture en ,russie4 ,p>is #ahig4 ---- ,la ,russie la f9 du ,,xix siecle4 ,p>is #aijj4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu4 ,l',empire des ,ts>s4 ,i-,,iii4 ,p>is #ahha4 ,lip9ski4 ,zdziej[ ,ukra9y4 ,crac[ #aiab4 7,poli%74 ,ma*at4 ,le dveloppem5t conomique de la ,russie4 ,p>is #aijb4 ,melnik4 ,russ5 b] ,russl&4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #aijf4 ,myezhov4 ,lit]atra rsskoi geogrfiyi1 etnogrfiyi1 /at/iki4 ,pet]sburg1 #i vols4 clos+ #ahhj4 7,russian74 ,pyp94 ,i/riya rsskoi etnogrfiyi4 ,,iii4 ,pet]sburg #ahia4 7,russian74 ,pab/4 ,d] ,ausbau d] russis*5 ,seeh&el%f54 ,weltv]kehr und ,weltwirts*aft4 #aiad-ae4 ,rambaud4 ,la petite ,russie1 etc4 ,la ,russie pique4 ,p>is #ahgf4 7,revue politique et littraire74 ,rec5sem5t gnral de l',empire4 #ahig4 b%*i svod po impriyi etc4 ,pet]sburg #aije4 7,russian74 ,ritti*4 ,e?nographie des russis*5 ,rei*s4 ,k>te #a3c1gjj1jjj4 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung54 ,ergnzung%eft #ed4 #ahgh4 ---- ,etnograf*eskaya krta yevrop4 ,rossyi #a3b1ebj1jjj4 ,pet]sburg #ahge4 7,russian74 ,rudnitsky4 ,ukra9a und die ,ukra9]4 ,wi5 #aiad4 #bnd ed4 ,b]l9 #aiae4 ,russov4 ,krta razselynya ukranskavo n>da4 ,ukranski vy/nik #aijf4 7,russian74 ,russ'ka i/ory*na biblioteka4 ,vols4 ,i-,,xxiv4 ,lemb]g #ahhf-aijd4 7,ukra9ian74 ,/ockyj-,g>tn]4 ,grammatik d] ru!nis*-ukra9is*5 ,spra*e4 ,wi5 #aiac4 ,s*ulze-,gv]nitz4 ,volkswirts*aftli*e ,/udi5 aus ,russl&4 ,leipzig #ahii4 ,/ati/*eski yezhegdnik4 ,pet]sburg1 beg9n+ 9 #aiab4 7,russian74 ,supan4 ,ergebnisse d] ,spra*5zhlung im russis*5 ,rei*e #ahig4 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung5 #aije4 ---- ,die ,bevlk]ung d] ,erde4 ,,xiii4 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung54 ,ergnzung%eft #afc4 #aiji4 ,toma%ivsky4 ,etnografi*na k>ta uhorskoi rusy4 #a3cjj1jjj4 ,pet]sburg #aiaj4 7,ukra9ian74 ,toma%ivsky4 ,die weltpolitis*e ,b$eutung ,galizi5s4 ,mn*5 #aiae4 ,trdy etn4-/at4 eksp$tsiyi v zpadno russky krai ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iv1 ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,pet]sburg #ahgb-gh4 7,russian1 ) ,ukra9ian language texts74 ,ukransky n>d v yev pr%lom i na/oy%*em4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,pet]sburg #aiad4 ,ukransky voprs4 ,izdnye r$4 zhurnla ,ukranskaya ,zhiz4 ,pet]sburg #aiae4 ,velit*ko4 ,n>odopysna k>ta ukra9skoho n>odu4 #a3cgj1jjj4 ,lemb]g #ahif4 7,ukra9ian74 ,vovk4 ,antropometri*ni doslidy ukra9skoho nasel5ya etc4 ,lemb]g #aijh4 7,ukra9ian74 ,wallace4 ,russia4 ,london #aiab4 ,zepel94 ,die ,k/5 und ,hf5 des russis*5 ,rei*es4 ,b]l94 ,zh]ela d i/oriyi ,ukra9y4 ,i-,,xii4 ,lemb]g #ahie-aiaa4 ,,p]iodicals ,etnografi*ni ,sbirnyk4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #ahie4 #cj vols4 7,ukra9ian74 ,kieffskaya ,/>9a4 ,kieff4 #ahhb-aije4 7,russian74 ,lit]aturno-naukovy vi/nyk4 ,lemb]g1 ,kieff1 beg9n+ #ahih4 #ag vols4 7,ukra9ian74 ,mat]ialy d ukra9skoyi etnologiyi4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #ahii4 #ac vols 7,ukra9ian74 ,ru!nis*e ,revue4 ,wi5 #aijc-e4 ,sbirnyk i/4 fil4 sektsyi nauk4 ,tov4 im4 ,%ev*5ka4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #ahig4 #ad vols4 7,ukra9ian74 ,sbirnyk filol4 sektsyi nauk4 ,tov4 im4 ,%ev*5ka4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #ahih #ac vols4 7,ukra9ian74 ,/udiyi s polya suspilnykh nauk i /aty/yky4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #aiji4 7,ukra9ian74 ,ukra9is*e ,runds*au4 ,wi51 beg9n+ #aijf4 ,ukra9skaya ,zhiz4 ,mosc[1 beg9n+ #aiab4 7,russian74 ,yefim5ko4 ,i/riya ukra9skavo n>da4 ,pet]sburg #aijf4 7,russian71 ,yefremov4 ,i/oriya ukra9skoho pysm5/va4 ,pet]sburg1 beg9n+ #aiaa4 7,ukra9ian74 ,yezhegodnik ,rossiyi4 7,annuaire de la ,russie74 ,pet]sburg1 beg9n+ #aijd4 ,zapisky naukovoho tov>y/va im5y ,%ev*5ka4 ,lemb]g1 beg9n+ #ahia4 #abj vols4 7,ukra9ian74 ,zapisky ukra9skoho naukovoho tov>y/va v ,kyivi4 ,kieff1 beg9n+ #aijh4 7,ukra9ian74 ,,note #a #a cr[n 7#a krone7 #bj c5ts 7,u4 ,s4 ,a47