,,ritual ,,& ,,belief     ,,/udies ,,9  
,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(   ,,religion     ,,by  
,,edw9 ,,sidney ,,h>tl&1 ,f4,s4,a4      
,,london   ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate     
#ad ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 
,w4,c4   #aiad           ,,preface    v 
,among ! v>i\s intellectual activities (
 ! la/ fifty ye>s  none has awak5$ a m  
widespread int]e/ ?an t ( ! /udy (  !   
evolution ( human civilization4 ,!      
reason is app>5t3 x has  revolutioniz$  
our conception ( human hi/ory1 & has    
%ak5 to  _! v c5tre ! religi\s          
traditions ( ,europe & civiliz$         
,am]ica4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution z 
appli$ to ! univ]se  at l>ge 0 e/abli%$ 
%ortly aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5?  c5tury
 by ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]4 ,geology _h already 
reveal$ !  enorm\s age ( ! e>?1 & ! long
 procession ( p]iods ?r\gh  :i* ! flora 
& fauna _h advanc$ to ev] high]         
organization4  ,ar*ology _h begun its   
enquiries into ! antiquity ( man2 b !   
evid5ce 0 n yet fully und]/ood1 & its   
weight or ev5 its  exi/5ce 0 d5i$4 ,:ile

 !ology1 aft] fir/ indignantly          
repudiat+ ! new tea*]s1 0 try+ ) _m     
grimaces to  accommodate itself to _!   
tea*+1 new l9es ( inve/igation 7  ent]$ 
^u 9 ?is c\ntry & ,am]ica by ,lubbock1  
,tylor1 ,m#8,l5nan1  & ,morgan4 ,! m5tal
 & social developm5t ( mank9d1 ! hi/ory 
( ideas & ( in/itutions1 receiv$ fre% & 
unexpect$  illum9ation4 ,x began to be  
possible to sket* a v diff]5t  outl9e ( 
human orig9s & e>ly hi/ory f t :i* _h   
hi!rto rema9$ almo/ unque/ion$4 ,9 a    
c\ntry l ours1 :]e  an e/abli%$ ,*ur* vi
 arrogat$ to itself all social & almo/  
all intellectual influ5ces1 & :]e x 0 v 
g5]ally support$  by ^? :o diss5t$ f x  
on o!r po9ts 9 its dogmatic  opposition 
to ! results ( sci5tific enquiry1 x 0   
natural t  att5tion %\ld be direct$ to !
 be>+ ( ^? results on  !ology4          
,an?ropology1 z ! new ,sci5ce ( ,man    
came to be call$1  0 mat]ially assi/$ 9 
! qu>rel by ,biblical criticism begun 9 
,g]many & popul>iz$ 9 ,engl& by ,col5so 
& o!rs4 ,!  au!nticity ( ! books s long 

attribut$ to ,moses 0 que/ion$  &       
ov]?r[n2 !y !mselves 7 empti$ ( all     
hi/orical  au?ority1 & put on a level 9 
?is respect ) ! books (  hea!n nations4 
,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s fight =     
lib]ty (  criticism 9 ! ,free ,*ur* (   
,scotl& r\s$ ! en?usiasm ev5 (  m5 :o   
did n agree ) all 8 op9ions2 & :5 he 0  
f9ally  eject$ f 8 *air at ,ab]de51 he 0
 provid$ ) a home fir/  at ,ed9burgh &  
!n at ,cambridge1 & ! editor%ip ( !     
,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,?us unmuzzl$1
 he devot$ himself to !  /udy ( ,semitic
 religion & cu/oms on ! l>ge/ scale & 9 
!  mo/ unbiass$ _s4 ,un=tunately1 8     
heal? gave way2 & two  preci\s volumes  
are well-nigh all t has rea*$ u ( 8     
lab\rs4  ,b 8 influ5ce at ,cambridge1 & 
p>ticul>ly ov] a y\ng]  fell[-c\ntryman 
to :om we owe ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 0 ( a mo/
  fruitful "*4 ,to ! impulse he gave is 
to be trac$  mu*--p]haps m ?an we       
suspect--( :at an?ropology has          
accompli%$ 9 v>i\s directions dur+ ! la/
 five-&-tw5ty  ye>s4    ,mean:ile revolt

 aga9/ false int]pretation ( kn[n facts 
&  inadequate me?ods ( enquiry _h spread
 else:]e4 ,pr(essor ,max  ,mll]1 by 8   
unsurpass$ vii p[]s ( exposition1 8     
eloqu5ce  & 8 wide k ( ! ,aryan tongues1
 _h become ! *ampion  9 ?is c\ntry ( !  
,g]man explanation ( my?s z a disease ( 
language1 a tea*] on ^: lips le>n$ &    
simple hung4 ,great z  0 8 le>n+1 h[ev]1
 x 0 circumscrib$ by ! ,indo-,european  
languages & lit]ature4 ,he took little  
acc\nt ( savage my?s :i*  c\ld n be     
int]pret$ on 8 pr9ciples1 & /ill less ( 
!  equally important rites & beliefs (  
,european peasants & primitive  peoples 
beyond ! seas4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,mannh>dt1   
orig9ally a disciple  ( ! same s*ool1 _h
 turn$ to m reasonable & p5etrat+  modes
 ( int]pretation4 ,x is 8 glory to h be5
 ! fir/ to  combat ! fancies ( !        
philologi/s 9 a s]ies ( works /eep$ z   
deeply 9 classical le>n+ z !irs1 b ) a  
mu* wid] outlook  & a ke5] s5se (       
actuality4 ,yet he di$ )\t hav+ made _m 
conv]ts2 & 9 ,g]many /ill ! sun-my?     

l+]s1 ?\gh ha/5+  fa/ to its inevitable 
sett+4 ,9 ,engl& 8 works 7 h>dly  kn[n1 
:51 9 #ahhg1 ,&rew ,lang1 aft] a p[]ful 
article on  8,my?ology0 9 ! ,encyclopdia
 ,britannica1 & o!r prelim9>y  essays1  
publi%$ ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 9 :i*
 he attack$  ) ov]:elm+ acum5 & wit !   
philological position4 ,x is n  too mu* 
to say t z f> z ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries 
7  conc]n$ ! bl[ 0 decisive1 !          
philological position 0  c>ri$1 & !     
enemy's flag plant$ triumphantly on !   
battlem5ts4    ,! way 0 ?us cle>$ = a   
really sci5tific enquiry into !  beg9n+s
 ( religion4 ,no long] 7 we hamp]$ ) !  
/ory (  ,g5esis & ! primitive           
revelation4 ,our vision 0 n to be b\nd$ 
by ! ,aryan & ,semitic peoples4 ,!      
guesswork ( ! philological  s*ool 0 at  
an end1 & ritual 0 admitt$ viii to be at
 lea/ z  indisp5sable to ! enquiry z    
/ory & belief4 ,pr(essor ,tylor _h      
already done some?+ m ?an pione] "w 9 ! 
*apt]s on  ,my?ology & ,animism 9       
,primitive ,culture4 ,9 ! *apt]s on     

,animism 9 p>ticul> he _h exhibit$ !    
univ]sal belief 9 !  s\ls1 n m]ely (    
human be+s1 b ( o!r animate1 & ev5 (    
inanimate1 creatures4 ,he _h boldly     
discuss$ ! relation ( ?is  belief to !  
doctr9e ( spirits g5]ally1 & consid]$ ! 
transitional s]ies ( ideas ?r\gh ! cult 
( ! dead1 possession1  feti%ism1        
idol-wor%ip1 & ! beliefs ( ! ,*ri/ian   
,fa!rs4 ,x  became evid5t t a doctr9e s 
complex & subtle1 ev5 9 its  simpl]     
manife/ations1 c\ld n bean orig9al &    
innate belief (  ! human m9d1 b t x mu/ 
h be5 evolv$ f some?+  simpl]1 p]haps   
vagu]1 c]ta9ly m compreh5sive4 8,a      
!oretical  conception ( primitive       
philosophy1 design$ to acc\nt = ph5om5a 
n[ class$ "u ,biology1 especially ,life 
& ,dea?1 ,heal? &  ,disease1 ,sleep &   
,dreams1 ,trance & ,visions0            
pre-supposes a long  p]iod ( obs]vation1
 comp>ison & discussion1 dur+ :i* !     
ideas sl[ly took %ape & rang$ !mselves  
r\nd a c5tral !ory4    ,! late ,mr ,&rew
 ,lang 0 ! fir/ s]i\sly to consid] !    

que/ions involv$4 ,8 answ]1 giv5 9 ,!   
,mak+ ( ,religion  7#ahih71 0 tw(old4   
,on ! "o h&1 he sugge/$ t 8! savage     
!ory ( ! s\l may be bas$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 
on  exp]i5ces0--hypnotism1 clairvoyance1
 halluc9ation1 & s  =?--8:i* _c at      
pres5t be made to fit into any purely   
mat]iali/ic sy/em ( ! univ]se40 ,on !   
o!r h&1 he cont5d$  t 8! idea ( ,god1 9 
its e>lie/ kn[n %ape1 ne$ n logically   
be d]iv$ f ! idea ( _s1 h[ev] t idea    
itself may h  be5 atta9$ or ix evolv$40 
,9 ?is he 0 aim+ p>tly at ,sir  ,edw>d  
,tylor's !ory ( ,animism1 z develop$ 9 !
 la/ ( 8  fam\s *apt]s on t subject1    
p>tly at ! !ory ( ! anci5t  sceptic     
,euhem]us1 reviv$ & *ampion$ )9 rec5t   
ye>s by  ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,grant ,all51 t
 gods _h be5 develop$ out (  ! gho/s (  
dead m54 ,he s\ght to draw a broad      
di/9ction betwe5  ! two concepts1 t ( a 
god & t ( a _s ( any sort4 ,he  claim$ t
 ! idea ( ,god 0 e>li] ?an t ( a _s1 &  
t 8a relatively ,supreme ,god10 (t5     
expressly describ$ z ,creator1  exi/+   

be=e dea? came into ! _w1 & practically 
et]nal1  _h ev]y:]e prec$$ !            
propitiation ( ! dead4 ,he did n  commit
 himself to any def9ite op9ion z to h[  
?is idea ( a  ,supreme ,god 0 rea*$ by !
 rude =efa!rs ( ! race4 ,b :5  he       
oracul>ly obs]v$1 8,! hypo!sis ( ,/     
,paul seems n ! mo/  unsatisfactory10 x 
is no wond] t or?odox read]s und]/ood by
  t expression a primitive revelation1  
:]eas :at he meant 0 !  argum5t f       
,design z /at$ 9 ,rom4 i4 #ai1 #bj4     
,?\gh ,lang's book1  !re=e1 0 hail$ z a 
sign t an?ropological sci5ce 0 aft]  all
 com+ r\nd to ! support ( ! old         
or?odoxy1 he himself 0  too true a      
sceptic to fall satisfactorily into l9e4
 ,9 fact1 he  solv$ no?+4 ,! 8,high     
,gods0 ( ! l[e/ savages mu/ h _h  "s    
orig91 mu/ h be5 evolv$ out (           
conceptions l[] or m  indef9ite4        
,pr(essor ,fraz] has approa*$ ! problem 
f ano!r side4 ,9 !  fir/ edition ( ,!   
,gold5 ,b\gh he attempt$ no def9ition ( 
,religion2 & ! relation ( ,magic to     

,religion1 !re=e1 0 h>dly  cle>4        
,critics did n fail to call 8 att5tion  
to ?is4 ,9 !  second edition 7#aijj7 he 
accord+ly proce$$ to def9e x 8          
position4 ,!re1 ) ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall &  
,pr(essor ,jevons1 he  recognizes 8a    
fundam5tal di/9ction & ev5 opposition ( 
pr9ciple  betwe5 magic & religion02 & 9 
,! ,magic ,art1 he has m  rec5tly       
some:at exp&$ 8 exposition ( _!         
relations4 ,magic1  x appe>s1 is a false
 sci5ce bas$ on ! assumption 8t 9 nature
  "o ev5t foll[s ano!r necess>ily &     
inv>iably )\t !  int]v5tion ( any       
spiritual or p]sonal ag5cy40 ,religion  
is 8a  propitiation or conciliation (   
p[]s sup]ior to man :i* are  believ$ to 
direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & (   
human  life40 ,man began ) magic4 ,he   
knew ( no be+s sup]ior to himself1  & he
 believ$ t by c]ta9 c]emonies he c\ld   
cause ! results  he desir$4 8,yet 8 p[]1
 great z he believes x to be1 is by no  
means arbitr>y & unlimit$4 ,he c wield x
 only s long z he  /rictly con=ms to !  

rules ( 8 art1 or to :at may be call$  !
 laws ( nature z conceiv$ by him4 ,to   
neglect ^! rules1 to  break ^! laws 9 ! 
smalle/ p>ticul> is to incur failure1 & 
may ev5 expose ! unskilful practition]  
himself to ! utmo/  p]il4 ,if he claims 
a sov]eignty ov] nature1 x is a         
con/itutional  sov]eignty1 rigor\sly    
limit$ 9 its scope1 & ex]cis$ 9 exact   
con=mity ) anci5t usage40 ,aft] a :ile  
man f\nd out 8  blund]4 8,! %rewd]      
intellig5ces mu/ 9 "t h come to  p]ceive
 t magical c]emonies & incantations did 
n really  effect ! results !y 7 design$ 
to produce1 & :i* !  majority ( _!      
simpl] fell[s /ill believ$ t !y did     
actually produce4''' ,! discov]y am\nt$ 
to ?is1 t m5 = !  fir/ "t recogniz$ _!  
inability to manipulate at pleasure     
c]ta9 natural =ces :i* hi!rto !y _h     
believ$ to be  completely )9 _! control4
 ,x 0 a confession ( human xi  ignorance
 & weakness4 ,man saw t he _h tak5 =    
causes :at 7  no causes1 & t all 8 ef=ts
 to "w by means ( ^!  imag9>y causes _h 

be5 va94''' ,n t ! effects :i* he _h    
/riv5 s h>d to produce did n cont9ue to 
manife/ !mselves4  ,!y 7 /ill produc$1 b
 n by him40 ,9 ?is em]g5cy he turn$  to 
8a new sy/em ( fai? & practice1 :i*     
seem$ to (f] a  solution ( 8 h>ass+     
d\bts & a sub/itute1 h[ev] prec>i\s1  = 
t sov]eignty ov] nature :i* he _h       
abdicat$4 ,if ! great  _w w5t on its way
 )\t ! help ( him or 8 fell[s1 x mu/    
surely be because !re 7 o!r be+s1 l     
himself1 b f>  /rong]1 :o1 unse5        
!mselves1 direct$ its c\rse & br\ght    
ab\t all ! v>i$ s]ies ( ev5ts :i* he _h 
hi!rto believ$  to be dep5d5t on 8 own  
magic4''' ,to ^! mighty be+s1 ^:        
h&iwork he trac$ 9 all ! gorge\s & v>i$ 
pageantry (  nature1 man n[ address$    
himself1 humbly confess+ 8 dep5d5ce on  
_! invisible p[]1 & besee*+ !m ( _! m]cy
 to furni%  him ) all good ?+s40 ,"h1 to
 be sure1 0 a revolution4 ,! ,age  (    
,religion succe$$ to ! ,age ( ,magic1   
?\gh gradually1  reluctantly1 &1 z      
reg>ds at lea/ ! majority ( mank9d1     

incompletely ev5 to ! pres5t day4    ,x 
is ne$less to dwell on ! contra/ betwe5 
?is hypo!sis &  ,lang's4 ,! "o traces   
religion back to ! belief 9 a ,supreme  
,god1  ! o!r to a reaction aga9/ !      
belief 9 magic4 ,!y are alike 9  "o     
respect3 !y bo? d]ive x f an ex]cise (  
man's reason+  faculties4 ,x seems a j  
criticism to say t nei!r ( !m takes     
suffici5t acc\nt ( man's emotional      
nature4 ,yet x mu/ h play$  an important
 "p 9 ! evolution ( religion4 ,x is1 if 
,i may say  s1 ! m]it ( ano!r xii       
enquir]1 ,dr ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 t he 0  !  
fir/ to po9t ?is out4 ,9 an article     
publi%$ 9 ,folk-lore 9  ! ye> #aijj1 he 
analyz$1 ) psy*ological k & skill1  !   
exp]i5ces t und]lay ,animism1 & came to 
! conclusion t  beh9d ! logic 0 emotion1
 ! recoil f ! uncanny & !  my/]i\s1 8t  
basic feel+ ( awe1 :i* drives a man1 ere
 he c  ?9k or !orize ^u x1 into p]sonal 
relations ) !  ,sup]natural40 ,dr       
,m>ett's views h be5 subsequ5tly        
develop$ 9 a  s]ies ( pap]s pr9t$ 9     

diff]5t p]iodicals & collections1 &     
republi%$ 9 #aiji 9 a volume entitl$ ,! 
,?re%old ( ,religion4  ,?is has be5     
supplem5t$ m rec5tly by 8 inaugural     
lecture z  ,read] 9 ,social ,an?ropology
 at ,ox=d1 on ,! ,bir? ( ,humility      
7#aiaj71 9 :i* he takes ! opportunity ( 
criticiz+ ) vivacity  & effect ,pr(essor
 ,fraz]'s exposition ( ! relations (    
magic &  religion4 ,8 op9ions h be5     
re9=c$ by ! indep5d5t  enquiries ( two  
le>n$ ,fr5*m51 ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 :o
 9 #aijd  publi%$ 9 ,l',anne            
,sociologique a rem>kable 8,esquisse    
d'une  ?orie gnrale de la ,magie10      
reissu$ five ye>s lat] among  _!        
collect$ essays entitl$ ,mlanges        
d',hi/oire des ,religions4  ,!y approa* 
! subject f ! social side1 insi/+ t     
religion is be=e ev]y?+ a social matt]1 
its judgem5ts are  social judgem5ts1 its
 rites social rites4 ,!y po9t out its   
intimate  connection ) magic1 & by      
skilful analysis exhibit ! p>allelism   
betwe5 !m4    ,m rec5tly ! psy*ological 

aspect ( ! problem has be5  consid]$ by 
a gr\p ( ,am]ican writ]s1 notably by    
,pr(essor ,james  ,leuba 7,a            
,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion7 & ,dr  
,irv+ ,k+ 7,!  ,developm5t ( ,religion1 
,new ,york1 #aiaj74 ,! latt] "w is a mo/
  sugge/ive & judici\s survey ( !       
evid5ce af=d$ xiii by  savage rites &   
belief4 ,! writ] insi/s on ! priority ( 
rites  to belief1 & f9ds _! orig9 9     
social activities1 l>gely 9  :at he     
calls play-activities1 & 9 spontane\s   
reactions to !  environm5t4 ,! religi\s 
attitude may be coeval ) ^!  activities1
 b organiz$ beliefs 7 develop$          
gradually4 ,!  p>ticul> =ms !y took 7 ! 
result ( diff]5t social  situations1 ^! 
9 turn dep5d+ on ! physical & cultural  
environm5t4 8,9 & s f> z !y h elem5ts   
:i* are simil>  functionally1 religion &
 magic10 he holds1 8orig9ally =m$ a "p  
( a primitive1 undiff]5tiat$ attitude1 &
 sep>at$ f ea*  o!r z exp]i5ce became m 
complex & ! requirem5ts ( action  m     
v>i$40 ,magic became ! individuali/ &   

antisocial  application ( ! impulses &  
organiz$ me?ods ( :i* religion  0 !     
social expression & application4        
,la/ly1 ,pr(essor ,durkheim1 tak+       
,totemism z ! mo/ primitive  religion   
kn[n to u1 has 9 ,les ,=mes ,elm5taires 
de la vie  ,religieuse analyz$ elem5t>y 
conceptions1 ) ! result t he  d]ives    
religi\s ideas & practices entirely f a 
social orig94  ,z ,i h consid]$ 8 !ory m
 fully on ano!r page1 x ne$s  no fur!r  
ref]5ce "h4    ,?us at ! pres5t mom5t ! 
controv]sy /&s--if x be legitimate  to  
call x a controv]sy4 ,criticism1 accord+
 to a pregnant say+ (  ,&rew ,lang's1 is
 a =m ( co-op]ation--( co-op]ation 9 !  
pursuit ( tru?4 ,! foll[+ essays are    
int5d$ 9 t _s z  a humble contribution  
to ! discussion4 ,_! prim>y int5tion is 
n controv]sial4 ,!y r seek to express "s
 ( ! results (  a /udy ( ! ph5om5a1 f ! 
po9t ( view ( "o :o has be5  conv9c$ t !
 emotions & ! imag9ation--& xiv n m]ely 
! individual1 b ! collective emotions & 
imag9ation--h _h  at lea/ z mu* to d ) !

 g5]ation ( religi\s practices &        
beliefs z ! reason1 & t = ! =m !y may h 
assum$1  physical1 social1 & cultural   
influ5ces mu/ be held acc\ntable4    ,! 
essay on 8,! ,relations ( ,religion &   
,magic0 is an expansion (  two          
presid5tial addresses1 "o deliv]$ to !  
,an?ropological  ,section ( ! ,briti%   
,association at ,york 9 #aijf1 ! o!r to 
!  section on ! ,religions ( ! ,l[]     
,culture at ! ,int]national  ,congress =
 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions at ,ox=d 9      
#aijh4 ,! essay on  8,! ,rite at !      
,temple ( ,mylitta0 0 contribut$ to !   
volume (  ,an?ropological ,essays       
pres5t$ to ,sir ,edw>d ,tylor1 9 hon\r (
  8 sev5ty-fif? bir?day1 9 #aijg4 ,t on 
8,! ,voice ( ! ,/one  ( ,de/9y0 0       
publi%$ 9 ,folk-lore1 #aijc4 ,bo? ( ^! h
  und]gone revision4 ,! rema9+ essays   
are new4 ,"o ( !m deals z  a prelim9>y )
 "s ( ! difficulties t beset ! enquir]  
into ! religi\s ideas ( ! l[] races1 )  
w&]+ fires t  mislead him1 ) b>ri]s t   
seem impassable4 ,! o!rs seek to        

conc5trate att5tion on p>ticul> in/ances
 ( ritual or belief1 to  elucidate !    
ideas & emotions t und]lie !m1 or fur!r 
to  illu/rate _! evolution4 ,i am       
indebt$ to ! publi%]s ( su* z  h be5    
already publi%$ = _! c\rtesy 9          
facilitat+  reproduction "h4            
,e4 ,,sidney ,,h>tl&     ,highg>?1      
,gl\ce/]1     ,janu>y #aiad4            
,,cont5ts    xv     ,,le>n+ ,,to 8,,?9k 
,,black0   ,,! ,,relations ,,(          
,,religion ,,& ,,magic3     ,i4 ,,!     
,,common ,,root     ,,ii4 ,,!ories ,,&  
,,def9itions     ,,iii4 ,,developm5t    
,,iv4 ,,div]g5ce   ,,! ,,boldness ,,(   
,,! ,,celts   ,,! ,,haunt$ ,,wid[   ,,! 
,,philosophy ,,( ,,m\rn+ ,,clo!s   ,,!  
,,rite ,,at ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,mylitta  
,,! ,,voice ,,( ,,! ,,/one ,,( ,,de/9y  
,,bibliographical ,,li/   ,,endnotes    
,,ritual ,,& ,,belief    #a     ,,le>n+ 
,,to 8,,?9k ,,black0    ,sir ,edw>d     
,tylor beg9s ! *apt]s on ,animism 9 t   
great "w  :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n
 /udy ( ! hi/ory (  civilization1 by a  

discussion ( ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce (    
tribes de/itute ( religion4 ,9 "s       
half-doz5 pages he easily %[s  t !      
exi/5ce ( su* tribes1 8?\gh 9 !ory      
possible1 &  p]haps 9 fact true1 does n 
at pres5t re/ on t suffici5t  pro( :i*1 
= an exceptional /ate ( ?+s1 we are     
entitl$ to  dem&40 ,he convicts         
travell]s & mission>ies :o h made !     
ass]tion1 ( contradict+ !mselves2 & he  
r5d]s probable t  ! d5ial ( religion to 
peoples 9 ! l[] culture is begott5 (  a 
p]v]t$ judgem5t 9 !ological matt]s1 & 8!
 use ( wide  words 9 n>r[ s5ses40#a4a   
,o!r causes are equally prolific ( error
 9 reg>d to savage  beliefs4 ,sir ,edw>d
 ,tylor ref]s to ha/e & imp]fect        
acqua9tance  by ! travell] ) ! p ^:     
beliefs he is pr(ess+ to  repeat4 ,^!   
are obvi\s causes on :i* x is ne$less to
 dwell4  ,_m peoples1 too1 are accu/om$ 
out ( m]e polit5ess to endeav\r  to     
div9e :at sort ( answ] to 8 rem>ks w    
please a gue/1 or  :at sort ( answ] an  
enquir] expects to 8 que/ions1 & to make

  x accord+ly1 #b reg>dless :e!r x has  
any relation to !  facts or n4 ,?is     
c\rti]-l etiquette ( agreem5t applies to
  e subject1 & is emphasiz$ :5 ! enquir]
 is an (ficial or  social sup]ior f :om 
fav\r may be look$ = or displeasure     
appreh5d$4 ,! ,malayans1 a jungle tribe 
( s\!rn ,india1  inv>iably say 8,yes0 9 
reply to a "q by a gov]nm5t (fic] or  a 
memb] ( a high] ca/e1 8believ+ t a      
negative answ] might  displease         
him40#b4a ,9 su* cases x is difficult to
 extract !  tru? on ! mo/ indiff]5t &   
trivial1 to say no?+ (  weighti]1       
matt]s4    ,pass+ ov] ^! commonplaces1  
let u pause = a mom5t on ano!r  cause   
m5tion$ by ,tylor1 namely1 ! natural    
reluctance ( savages to  reveal 8to !   
pry+ & contemptu\s =eign] _! wor%ip (   
gods  :o seem to %r9k1 l _! wor%ipp]s1  
be=e ! :ite man &  8 mighti]            
,deity40#b4b ,v in/ructive is ! acc\nt  
giv5 by  ,kolb5 ( ! ,hott5tots4 ,writ+ 9
 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5?  c5tury1 he   
says x is 8a difficult ?+ to get out ( !

 ,hott5tots  :at are really _! notions  
conc]n+ ,god & religion1 or :e!r  !y h  
any at all4 ,!y keep all _! religi\s    
op9ions &  c]emonies1 z !y d e o!r matt]
 e/abli%$ among !m1 z  secret z !y c f  
,europeans1 & :5 !y are que/ion$        
conc]n+ su* matt]s are v %y 9 _! answ]s 
& hide !  tru? z mu* z !y c40 ,!y take  
refuge f que/ions 9 8a  ?\s& fictions10 
:i* !y excuse1 :5 tax$ ) !m1 by  alleg+ 
t 8! ,europeans are a crafty1 design+ p4
 ,!y  nev] ask a "q = ! sake ( ! answ]  
only1 b h o!r  ends to s]ve1 p]haps     
aga9/ ! peace & security ( !            
,hott5tots40 ,f ?is s\rce1 we are told1 
h sprung #c mo/ (  ! contradictions to  
be f\nd 9 au?ors ^u ! religion ( !      
,hott5tots4#c4a ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s    
aft] ,kolb5's day a  ,briti% travell]1  
explor+ ,great ,namaqual& "u ! auspices 
(  ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ( ! ,royal     
,geographical ,society1  assembl$ "s ( !
 old m5 among ! ,namaqua & put !m ?r\gh 
an exam9ation4 ,8 ?ir/ = in=mation 0    
d\btless praisewor?y2  & he 0 at lea/   

successful 9 prov+1 albeit unconsci\sly1
 !  tru? ( ! old] travell]'s words4 ,= !
 proce$+ he adopt$  af=ds a brilliant   
example ( 8h[ n to d x40 ,i quote "s ( 8
  que/ions3 8,:at laws h ! ,namaqua80   
,answ]--8,!y h none2 !y  only li/5 to _!
 *iefs40 8,d ! p "k any?+ ( !  />s80    
,answ]--8,no?+40 8,d ! ,namaqua believe 
9 lucky &  unlucky days80 ,answ]--8,!y  
don't "k any?+ ( ^! ?+s40  8,are !re    
ra9mak]s 9 ! l&80 ,answ]--8,none40 8,:at
 d ! old  ,namaqua ?9k becomes ( p :5 !y
 die80 ,answ]--8,!y "k  no?+ ( ^! ?+s2  
all !y see is t ! p die & are  buri$1 b 
:at becomes ( !m !y "k n2 & be=e !      
mission>ies came to ! ,great ,riv] ! p  
_h nev] he>d (  ano!r _w40#c4b    ,_m   
,european casui/s ju/ify "o :o is       
que/ion$ conc]n+  matt]s he desires to  
keep secret1 & :o meets ! inquisitive   
p]son ) a falsehood4 ,x _c !re=e be     
surpris+ t ^!  poor ,hott5tots ?us took 
advantage ( ! only def5ce op5 to !m  :5 
!y f\nd _! mo/ *]i%$ beliefs & cu/oms ! 
subject  ( imp]t95t & bungl+            

int]rogations by an #d unsympa!tic      
intrud] into _! c\ntry4 ,_! ,bantu      
neighb\rs d ! same4 ,!  ,kaffir1 we are 
told1 8dislikes to f9d ,europeans       
inve/igat+ 8  cu/oms1 & he usually hides
 all he c f !m & takes a  sportive      
pleasure 9 baffl+ & mislead+ !m40#d4a   
,:5  que/ion$ by ,&]sson1 ! ,ovambo d5i$
 t !y _h any belief1  or abruptly /opp$ 
him ) a 8,hu%60#d4b ,pry+ ( ?is k9d is  
r>ely welcom$ ev5 among peoples on a mu*
 high] plane (  civilization4 ,n to     
appeal to our own feel+s1 we may take z 
an  illu/ration a p ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,to "q
 a native ( ,korea  conc]n+ cu/om or    
belief at once ar\ses 8 suspicions4     
,inde$1  = a /rang] to enquire ! numb] (
 h\ses 9 a village1 or :at  ! l&        
produces1 ne$s mu* tact if bad feel+ is 
to be avoid$4 ,a  mission>y :o liv$ = _m
 ye>s 9 ! c\ntry 0 ( op9ion t  p are    
unconsci\s ( _! cu/oms4 ,at any rate a  
,korean ask$  sudd5ly ab\t a c]ta9 cu/om
 w 9 all likelihood d5y t su*  a ?+     
exi/s2 & yet he may be absolutely free f

 di%one/y 9  ! matt]3 he is simply      
unconsci\s1 he has nev] ?\ght ab\t      
x4#d4c    ,to ?is po9t we w return      
directly3 our pres5t po9t is !  consci\s
 refusal ( in=mation4 ,& "h x %\ld be   
not$ t  savages1 z well z o!rs1 d n hide
 _! beliefs only because  !y d n und]/& 
! motive ( enquiry1 or because !y are   
afraid ( ridicule or ( ! d5unciations ( 
! mission>y1 ev5  :]e ! ,*ri/ian prie/ c
 call d[n ! ?und]bolt ( !  magi/rate4   
,^! reasons op]ate1 b n alone4 #e ,f all
  qu>t]s ( ! _w comes ! report t !      
native is  uncommunicative4 ,! ,l5gua   
,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco are q     
aw>e t _! 8sup]/ition is reg>d$ )       
disfav\r by !  mission>ies02 b !y are   
naturally 8v retic5t 9 ^!  matt]s10 & _!
 retic5ce is only height5$--n caus$--by 
?is  k4#e4a ,an excell5t illu/ration ( !
 difficulty (  discov]+ ! beliefs & ev5 
! practices ( savages is af=d$  by ,mr  
,bat*elor1 a mission>y :o1 hav+ resid$  
among ! ,a9u (  ,japan = m ?an twelve   
ye>s1 wrote an int]e/+ book ^u !m4  ,he 

naturally suppos$ t s long a resid5ce & 
intimacy ) !m  entitl$ him to ?9k he    
knew practically all t c\ld be told ab\t
  !m4 ,alas = ! fallibility ( ev5 a     
c>eful obs]v]6 ,!re 0  "o *amb] 9 ! m9d 
( e ,a9u :i* he _h n explor$4 ,:5  ano!r
 twelve ye>s _h elaps$ he wrote t 8:5   
writ+ t book  ,i mu/ frankly confess t  
,i _h no idea1 nor _h ,i = _m ye>s      
aft]1 t ophiolatry 0 practis$ at all by 
?is p40 ,& all  ! :ile ! ,a9u :om he    
knew s well 7 hold+ beliefs1 relat+     
my?s1 & practis+ rites ( :i* he _h n !  
lea/  suspicion4#e4b ,nor is !re any    
reason to sugge/ t !y 7  conceal+ ^? ?+s
 f him out ( fe> ( ridicule or cl]ical  
repro(s4    ,deep] reasons exi/4 ,g]man 
mission>ies h be5 lab\r+ = a  numb] (   
ye>s among ! tribes on ! nor?-ea/]n coa/
 ( ,new  ,gu9ea4 ,9 view ( ! v>i\s      
difficulties att5d+ !  inve/igation ( ! 
beliefs ( ^! tribes ! late/ sci5tific   
explor] ( ! c\ntry call$ 9 ! aid ( "s ( 
! m  exp]i5c$ #f ( ! mission>ies4 ,he   
?us sums up ! position3  8,! hea!n      

,papuan is a retic5t fell[1 & no p[] 9 !
 _w  c move him to disclose ! secrets ( 
8 fa!rs4 ,he has too mu*  fe> ( !       
v5geance ( ! spirits & ( ! sorc]]s1 :o  
w\ld  infallibly kill him if he betray$ 
! smalle/ ?+4 ,long ye>s (  "w          
accompli%$ ) endless pati5ce h be5      
necess>y to  conv9ce ! ,black t sorc]y  
is p[]less1--t x is all lies &  deceit4 
,only if he is ab\t to be baptiz$ w he  
volunt>ily deliv]  up to 8 tea*] 8 k (  
wit*craft & its me?ods4 ,9  pla9 t]ms1  
he feels ! ne$ on ?is po9t to light5 bo?
 8  consci5ce & 8 pocket40#f4a ,reasons 
( ?is ord] h nev]  be5 bett] put ?an by 
an em95t ,fr5* an?ropologi/ ^:  untimely
 dea? a few ye>s ago 0 a s]i\s bl[ to ! 
cause (  sci5ce4 ,review+ ! "w ( a lady 
= :om ,engli% colleagues yet  m\rn1 he  
says3 8,! savage does n l to speak ( 8  
belief2 he  fe>s ! contemptu\s mock]y ( 
! ,:ites4 ,p]haps1 too1 he fe>s  to give
 an advantage ov] himself1 9 all[+ m to 
be kn[n ?an  is fitt+ ( ! rites by :i*  
he tries to conciliate !  b5evol5ce ( ! 

spirits1 or to turn away _! disfav\r f 8
  hut & 8 plantations4 ,to make kn[n 8  
res\rces = ! fight  w\ld be to          
half-dis>m him2 surr\nd$ ) sup]natural  
dang]s1 he  does n will+ly indicate !   
sup]natural means by :i* he  gu>antees  
himself aga9/ !m40#f4b ,"o o!r reason   
may be add$  to ^!3 a reason probably   
op]ative 9 _m m cases ?an  enquir]s h   
be5 aw>e (4 ,! ?+s aft] :i* !y ask are  
(t5 reveal$ only to ! initiate4 ,an #g  
outsid]1 "o :o is n  kn[n to be1 or at  
lea/ treat$ z1 an initiate1 w seek 9 va9
 by  means direct or indirect =         
in=mation on ^! matt]s4 ,a /ony  sil5ce 
or repeat$ lies are all he w get4 ,?is  
has be5 ! cause  ( mu* my/ification & _m
 contradictory /atem5ts ab\t tribes  9  
v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 n ! lea/ 9           
,au/ralia4#g4a    ,x is n sugge/$1 (    
c\rse1 t all contradictory /atem5ts     
emanate f ! delib]ate my/ification (    
non-initiate enquir]s4  ,we h n by any  
means exhau/$ ! causes ( error 9 reg>d  
to  savage beliefs4 ,contradictory      

/atem5ts are made 9 good fai?  because  
^? :o make !m hold contradictory        
beliefs4 ,on !  subject1 = example1 ( ! 
future life ! mutually de/ructive  "* ( 
! beliefs (t5 held by ! same tribes1 &  
ev5 by  ! same individuals1 is "o ( !   
truisms ( an?ropology4 ,! ,zulus  & _!  
neighb\rs hold t _! dead are to be      
recogniz$ 9 !  =m ( v>i\s animals1      
notably snakes1 t haunt ! tomb or !     
abodes ( ! liv+1 & yet t ^! v dead dwell
 9 ! b[els  ( ! e>?1 presid+ 9 patri>*al
 fa%ion ov] %ad[y kraals1  & rejoic+ 9 !
 possession ( h]ds ( sky-blue k9e ) r$ &
  :ite spots4 ,moreov]1 not)/&+ ?is     
weal? ( cattle1 !y are  dep5d5t1 if n = 
_! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 at lea/ = _!  com=t1
 on ! sacrifices (f]$ by _! desc5dants4 
,! tru? is  t 8! :ole _s-_w is "o ( haze
 & unc]ta9ty40#g4b  ,?is op9ion1        
express$ by an exp]i5c$ mission>y1 #h is
 true (  all savage & b>b>\s nations4 ,x
 is n m]ely ! doctr9e (  s\ls t is      
difficult to und]/& fully & to /ate     
cle>ly3 all  ! relations ) ! sup]natural

 are %ift+2 & ! sup]natural  itself     
melts away into mi/ & gloom & ! undef9$ 
t]rors (  night4    ,pro( ( ! m5tal     
capacity ( peoples 9 ! l[] culture1 &   
_! al]tness )9 ! n>r[ range ( _!        
appetites1 _!  bodily ne$s1 & ! w>f>e !y
 wage = exi/5ce aga9/ unt[>d  environm5t
 ( v>i\s k9ds1 is to be f\nd 9 e record 
(  exploration1 9 ! reports ( e         
mission>y4 ,beyond t range  !re are     
diff]5ces betwe5 races1 z betwe5        
individuals1 9  reason+ p[]1 9          
curiosity1 & 9 g5]al developm5t4 ,"s    
cause  to u unkn[n may h turn$ ! ?\ghts 
( "o p into  pr(\nd] & subtl] *annels   
?an ^? ( ano!r4 ,we are told (  two     
neighb\r+ tribes 9 ,cali=nia t _!       
diff]5ces are v  /rik+1 & are bas$ on   
deep-ly+ racial factors4 ,! my?ology (  
! "o is m dramatic1 t ( ! o!r is m      
metaphysical1  exhibit+ 8m ( ! p[] (    
ab/ract ?\ght & intellectual            
conception40#h4a ,we mu/ bew>e ( read+  
too ext5sive a mean+  into :at is aft]  
all m]ely a comp>ison ( *>act]i/ics4 ,x 

is  adduc$ "h = ! sole purpose (        
illu/rat+ ! /atem5t t  su* diff]5ces    
exi/ ev5 betwe5 tribes t are subject to 
simil>  ext]nal influ5ces4 ,9 spite ( ^!
 diff]5ces ! unanim\s  v]dict1 alike (  
mission>ies & explor]s1 sci5tific       
enquir]s &  trad]s1 giv5 ) tiresome     
it]ation1 is t ( dormant faculties1     
want ( int]e/1 inability to foll[ a tra9
 ( ?\ght1 & dislike  ( intellectual     
ef=t4 ,^! are qualities t we are        
suffici5tly  famili> #i ) at home to    
r5d] !m fully cr$ible 9 8! poor  hea!n40
 ,ask a man any:]e--ask a ,zulu1 ask an 
,engli% peasant--:y  su* & su* a ?+ is  
done4 ,he w tell y3 8,x is ! cu/om10  & 
w look at y ) wond]+ eyes t y c dem& a  
reason  or dream ( any alt]native z     
possible4 ,cu/om to him is m ?an a      
second nature4 ,x is nature itself1 !   
e/abli%$ ord]1 ! cosmos4  ,to conceive (
 dep>ture f x w\ld entail a great] burd5
 (  ?\ght ?an he has ev] und]tak5 or    
w\ld will+ly be>4 ,x may  ev5 be s mu* a
 "p ( 8 exi/5ce t1 l ! ,korean ref]r$   

to above1 he is b>ely consci\s ( x4     
,9 su* a case ! cu/om may be d5i$ 9     
p]fect good fai?4  ,sometimes1 x is     
true1 ano!r cause may lead to ! d5ial4  
,?is is  well illu/rat$ 9 a rec5t "w on 
! ,holy ,l&4 ,! au?or1  speak+ ( local  
v>iations ( cu/om1 says3 8,! small area 
9 :i*  peculi> cu/oms occur1 & !        
comp>ative isolation ( ^! areas  :i*    
/ill prevails1 make x (t5 extremely     
difficult to asc]ta9  local cu/oms &    
usages4 ,_m ( ^! c only be discov]$     
accid5tally or by long resid5ce 9 !     
p>ticul> locality4 ,!  p ( neighb\r+    
villages may be q unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce  ( 
a c]ta9 cu/om1 :ile only a few miles    
away x may be v  famili>4 ,i h kn[n     
intellig5t1 educat$ natives to be       
entirely  ignorant ( c]ta9 cu/oms1 & ev5
 to d5y _! exi/5ce1 because  !y 7 n 9   
vogue 9 _! own p>ticul> di/rict1 :]eas  
fur!r enquiry or full] acqua9tance ) o!r
 p>ts reveal$ !  fact t !y 7 p]fectly   
famili> to o!rs40#i4a ,"h !  expression 
8intellig5t1 educat$ natives0 mu/ be    

int]pret$ (  c\rse by ref]5ce to ! /&>d 
#aj ( intellig5ce & education  9 ! rural
 p>ts ( a c\ntry s backw>d z ,pale/9e4  
,9 su* a  case ! ignorance by natives   
describ$ z intellig5t & educat$ (       
cu/oms q diff]5t f1 & p]haps oppos$ to1 
_! own may be  due to ! conc5tration (  
_! faculties 9 ! /ruggle = daily  ne$s1 
or ! absorption ( _! int]e/s 9 ! conc]ns
 ( _!  own little community4 ,millions (
 m5 & wom5 9 our c\ntry1 :o  may be     
fairly describ$1 by ref]5ce to _! class 
& occupation1  z 8intellig5t1 educat$   
natives10 are q ignorant--& supremely   
indiff]5t--ab\t ev]y?+ n p]ta9+ to _!   
mat]ial  well-be+1 _! habitual          
amusem5ts1 ! affairs ( _! little  t[n1  
_! family or _! *ur*1 or ! late/ sc&al  
:isp]$ 9  _! t9y cot]ie4 ,^! fill up _! 
life2 !y h nei!r  leisure nor incl9ation
 to worry ab\t any?+ beyond4 ,we _c1    
!re=e1 be surpris$ t :]e ! facilities = 
communication  are small] & ! g5]al     
indig5ce great]1 simil> m5tal  indol5ce 
may exi/4 ,economic causes1 ! product   

!mselves ( !  environm5t1 are (t5       
responsible = int]nal conditions1 & _c  
be dis5tangl$ f !m4 ,intellig5t         
curiosity ab\t ?+s n  imm$iately or     
app>5tly affect+ ourselves is a r>e     
virtue1 & (  late developm5t4 ,we       
ourselves (t5 deem t we pay x abundant  
homage by witness+ ! exhibition ( a few 
lant]n slides1 or  slumb]+ tranquilly   
?r\gh a lecture on ,dante4 ,b to x1 if  
rightly & /r5u\sly pursu$1 we owe h[ mu*
 ( mod]n discov]y  & ! am5ities (       
civilization6 ,let u1 h[ev]1 return to  
our  savages4    ,( ! ,nootkas or ,ahts 
( ,vanc\v] ,isl& we are told by ,sproat 
9 a  passage t has (t5 be5 quot$ t he   
8_h abundant pro( 9  conv]s+ ) !m ab\t  
matt]s 9 :i* !y took an int]e/1  t _!   
m5tal #aa capacities are by no means    
small4 ,x is true  t ! native m9d1 to an
 educat$ man1 seems g5]ally to be       
asleep2 & if y sudd5ly ask a novel "q1 y
 h to repeat  x :ile ! m9d ( ! savage is
 awak+1 & to speak ) emphasis  until he 
has got y\r mean+4 ,?is may p>tly arise 

f !  que/ion]'s imp]fect k ( ! language2
 /ill1 ,i ?9k1 n  entirely1 z ! savage  
may be obs]v$ occasionally to become    
=getful :5 volunt>ily communicat+       
in=mation4 ,on 8 att5tion  be+ fully    
ar\s$ he (t5 %[s mu* quickness 9 reply &
  +5uity 9 argum5t4 ,b a %ort           
conv]sation we>ies him1  p>ticul>ly if  
que/ions are ask$ t require ef=ts (     
?\ght or  memory on 8 "p4 ,! m9d ( !    
savage !n appe>s to rock to &  fro out (
 m]e weakness1 & he tells lies & talks  
nons5se40#aa4a ,on ?is ,pr(essor ,boas1 
! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican  an?ropologi/1      
comm5ts ?us3 8,i happ5 to "k ?r\gh      
p]sonal  contact ! tribes m5tion$ by    
,sproat4 ,! que/ions put by !  travell] 
seem mo/ly trifl+ to ! ,indian2 & he    
naturally soon  tires ( a conv]sation   
c>ri$ on 9 a =eign language1 & "o 9  :i*
 he f9ds no?+ to int]e/ him4 ,z a matt] 
( fact1 !  int]e/ ( ^? natives c easily 
be rais$ to a high pit*1 & ,i  h (t5 be5
 ! "o :o 0 we>i$ out fir/4 ,nei!r does !
  managem5t ( _! intricate sy/em (      

ex*ange prove m5tal  in]tness 9 matt]s  
:i* conc]n ! natives4 ,)\t mnemonic     
aids1  !y plan ! sy/ematic di/ribution (
 _! prop]ty 9 su* a  mann] z to increase
 _! weal? & social position4 ,^! plans  
require great =esight & con/ant         
application40#aa4b    ,s f> z ?is comm5t
 is direct$ to depreciate ! #ab value ( 
,sproat's e/imate ( ! m5tal p[]s ( !    
,nootkas1 ,i _c ?9k  t ,pr(essor ,boas  
has be5 q fair to ! writ]4 ,sproat 0 no 
pass+ travell]1 speak+ to ! natives 9 a 
=eign language1 &  jott+ d[n sup]ficial 
impressions d]iv$ f ha/y obs]vation4    
,he _h 8liv$ among !m & _h a long       
acqua9tance%ip ) !m40  ,he 0 a settl]1 &
 = five ye>s a colonial magi/rate 9     
con/ant  contact ) sev]al ( _! tribes4  
,8 own acc\nt ( 8 me?od (  collect+     
in=mation & ! sub/ance ( 8 book are     
conclusive z  to 8 pa9/ak+ rese>*es2 &  
,pr(essor ,boas himself else:]e  be>s   
te/imony to 8 tru/wor?9ess4#ab4a        
,moreov]1 a comp>ison  ( ! quotations   
r5d]s x cle> t on ! :ole !y confirm "o  

ano!r4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor      
,boas' criticism is int5d$ to  apply n s
 mu* to ,sproat's /atem5ts z to ! use   
made ( !m by  ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & o!r       
!ori/s4 ,x comes to ?is1 !re=e1 t  !    
,nootka's m5tal capacity is consid]able1
 8 m9d is al]t &  active on subjects t  
int]e/ him1 b t he is n int]e/$ 9  _m ( 
^? on :i* an an?ropologi/ desires to    
le>n1 & h5ce  he spe$ily becomes 8bor$0 
& answ]s at r&om4    ,! horizon ( savage
 int]e/s among ! neighb\r+ ,d5e or ,t5'a
  ( ! ,yukon ,valley is ?us def9$ by an 
exp]i5c$ mission>y3 8,!  activity ( _!  
m9ds is commonly conf9$ )9 a n>r[       
circle1  z is evid5c$ by _! fav\rite    
subjects ( conv]sation4 ,food1  hunt+ & 
fi%+1 ) _! att5dant circum/ances1 family
  happ5+s1 heal? & disease1 devils & _! 
actions1 sexual  prop5sities--su* are ! 
topics :i* practically sum up !         
encyclopdia ( _! conv]sation40 8,! #ac  
,t5'a m9d10 he says  9 ano!r place1 8is 
any?+ b speculative1 & its imag9ative   
p[]s h n be5 turn$ to build+ !ories (   

its belief1 b  r to excogitate a v>iety 
( ways :]eby ?is belief  p]sev]+ly      
ass]ts itself40 ,! native's 8dogmas are 
v nebul\s  & undef9$1 & he has nev] he>d
 !m explicitly =mulat$1 nor  ev5        
attempt$ to /ate !m di/9ctly to         
himself40 ,consequ5tly1  8:]eas !re is a
 c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ! practices1 & an     
ov]abundance ( !m1 !re are v few po9ts (
 belief common to  sev]al individuals1 &
 ^! are ( ! vague/ k9d40#ac4a    ,if we 
turn to an entirely diff]5t race1 ! same
 features pres5t  !mselves4 ,! capacity 
( ! ,bantu peoples ( ! ,l[] ,congo =  ! 
intellectual acts ( p]ception1          
recognition1 memory1 & s  =?1 is well   
develop$ & appe>s e>ly 9 *ildhood4 8,9  
?is  respect ! natives are mu* on a p> )
 ! civiliz$ races2 b  ! limit is rea*$  
e>ly 9 life1 & b little m5tal progress  
is  obs]vable aft] adolesc5ce is rea*$4 
,! ideas are mo/ly ( !  simpl] =ms1     
seldom pass+ ! concretes ( actual       
exp]i5ce1  g5]alizations be+ z a rule   
beyond _! p[]4 ,association (  ideas1   

?\gh good z impli$ by good memory1 only 
takes place 9 !  concrete =m (          
contiguity 9 "t & space z actually      
already  p]ceiv$2 analogies are conf9$  
to ! crude/ =ms1 & a v  simple figure ( 
spee* is apt to be un9telligible4''' ,! 
fundam5tal act ( intellig5ce1 !         
intuition ( lik5ess &  unlik5ess1 is v  
circumscrib$2 & high acts ( intellect   
are  !reby negativ$4''' ,an accompany+  
trait is ! abs5ce ( rational  surprise4 
,on see+ some?+ new a vacant wond] is   
all t is  obs]vable2 & ?is is v         
transi5t1 & ! #ad new exp]i5ce is       
classifi$ z #8:ite man's fa%ion4' ,x    
almo/ foll[s z a matt] (  c\rse t !re is
 no curiosity1 no wi% to enquire into ! 
cause  ( a novel exp]i5ce2 x nev] occurs
 to ! native t !re is a  cause ( !      
novelty or an explanation requir$4 ,9 l 
mann] !re  is almo/ total abs5ce (      
!oriz+ ab\t natural ph5om5a40 ,9  fact1 
! relation ( cause & effect 9 all b !   
mo/ pat5t &  me*anical cases is said to 
be beyond 8 grasp4#ad4a ,9 g5]al  t]ms  

?is description may /& = all ! ,bantu1  
due all[ance  be+ made1 z po9t$ out     
above1 = individual & tribal  diff]5ces4
    ,! natural result is vagu5ess on all
 religi\s & metaphysical  subjects4 ,?is
 is a *>act]i/ic ( savages all ov] ! _w4
 ,nor  is x limit$ by any means to !m4  
,rec5t inve/igations h  e/abli%$ !      
evolution ( "s at lea/ ( ! maje/ic      
figures (  ! ,olympian ,pan!on f n m]ely
 rude b vague & nameless  p]sonalities2 
& to ! v end ( ,hell5ic religion1 unkn[n
 gods  & dim1 indef9ite h]oes cont9u$ to
 be hon\r$ n m]ely 9  e c\ntry place1 b 
9 ,a!ns h]self4 ,! ,arabs ( ,moab h     
pr(ess$ = _m g5]ations ! religion ( !   
,prophet4 ,yet !y  h ! feeble/          
appreh5sion ( t great ,allah 9 :om !y   
are  suppos$ to believe4 ,:5 que/ion$ on
 8 nature1 8 abode1 8  occupation1 !y   
usually answ]3 8,we d n "k40 ,"o ( !m   
told a  mission>y3 8,x is said t ,allah 
is l an old man ) a :ite  be>d1 b ,i d n
 "k :]e he dwells2 x is ass]t$ t he is  
above10 po9t+ to ! sky4 ,!y also hon\r  

num]\s be+s call$  by ! g5]ic "n ( ,wely
 7protector or fri5d71 :o are  id5tifi$ 
) rocks1 trees1 & o!r holy places4 ,ev5 
( ^!1  h[ev]1 #ae _! ideas are obscure4 
,l ! local h]o ( !  ,greeks1 ! ,wely is 
n z a rule individualiz$ ) a p]sonal    
"n4 ,:o he is 9 mo/ cases is unkn[n4 ,8 
exact connection )  ! spot :]e he is    
hon\r$ is equally unkn[n4 ,"s ,arabs say
 t  x is he :o gives vig\r to ! sacr$   
tree2 o!rs decl>e t he  dwells b5ea? x1 
or t he dwells 9 ! bran*es & ! leaves2  
b ,allah kn[s4#ae4a ,& ! pi\s ref]5ce to
 ,allah & 8  k is suffici5t = ! ,arab4  
,! fact is t on ^! subjects ! majority (
 ! human race1  :e!r savage or civiliz$1
 ?9k little4 ,_! m9ds are seldom  excit$
 to ! po9t ( reason+ on _! beliefs4 ,!y 
accept :at  !y are told1 & d n ev5 "k   
:e!r !y believe x or n1  because !y h   
nev] reflect$ ^u x4 ,"o has only to talk
 = a  few m9utes to a peasant at home to
 f9d out h[ n>r[ ! bord] (  8 k is1 h[  
mi/y & unc]ta9 is ev]y?+ beyond !  r\t9e
 ( 8 daily life & ! village gossip &    

amusem5ts1  unless :]e 9 ! neighb\rhood 
( a t[n ! supreme int]e/s (  football   
op5 to him a prospect into ano!r _w4    
,gossip1  amusem5ts1 8 daily bread are  
subjects ( importance2 !y fill 8        
horizon2 on !m 8 views are p]fectly     
def9ite4 ,nor does he diff]  9 ?is      
respect f p :o are look$ ^u z 8 social  
sup]iors4 ,x w\ld be mak+ too /r5u\s a  
dem& ^u _!  intellectual life to expect 
!m to rise above ! m>kets1 !  newspap]1 
! late/ novel1 ! c\nty cricket-score1 & 
!  problems ( golf & bridge4 ,all ! re/ 
!y are cont5t to leave to  _!           
pr(essional advis]s1 :o 9 n9e cases out 
( t51 if !  tru? mu/ be told1 h z little
 ta/e or capacity z !mselves =          
metaphysical speculation1 hi/orical     
rese>* or !ological enquiry1  & #af are 
b\nd z tightly 9 ! cords ( tradition z !
 f>  m imag9ative ,zulu m$ic9e-man1 or !
 ,eskimo wiz>d4 ,= !  av]age man 9      
civilization appraises ! subjects (     
?\ght no  o!rwise ?an does 8 bro!r 9    
savag]y4 ,ea* alike is em95tly          

practical4 ,some?+ done1 or to be done1 
by himself or o!rs is :at  int]e/s him4 
,"s p]sonal ga91 "s bodily pleasure--=  
?is he  w ?9k & ?9k h>d2 all o!r m5tal  
ex]tion mu/ be easy &  %ort4 ,nor c\ld !
 human race exi/ on any o!r t]ms4       
,/ill fur!r difficulties beset ! enquir]
 into ! beliefs ( !  l[] culture4 ,on ! 
?re%old is t ( language4 ,to be sure t  
y h grasp$ ! real mean+ ( y\r savage    
fri5d y mu/ be  able to talk 8 language 
z he talks x himself--& ev5 !n y  may be
 mi/ak54 8,:5 !re is no c]ta9 m$ium (   
communication10  says ,bi%op ,codr+ton1 
writ+ ( ! ,melanesians1 8:5 a native    
int]pret] :o speaks a little brok5      
,engli% is employ$ to ask  que/ions & to
 return ! answ]s1 no?+ c be dep5d$ on z 
c]ta9 :i* is receiv$4 ,to be able to use
 "s ,european ^w1 or  ^w suppos$ to be  
,engli%1 to describe a native practice  
or to  convey a native belief1 is to h  
an easy means ( giv+  in=mation2 & s    
among ! isl&s #8pl5ty devil' is !       
description giv5 ( a sacr$ spot1 &      

#8tevoro' 7devil7 9 ,fiji has  become ! 
common appellation ( ! native gho/s or  
spirits4  ,suppos+1 aga91 t ! enquir] is
 able to communicate pretty  freely on  
ord9>y subjects 9 ! language ( any isl&1
 he w  surely f9d himself baffl$ :5 any 
"o ( ! eld] p  und]takes to give him    
in=mation4 ,! vocabul>y ( ord9>y life is
  almo/ useless :5 ! region ( my/]ies & 
sup]/itions is  approa*$40#af4a    #ag  
,! use ( ! ^w 8devil10 univ]sal 9 &     
ar\nd ,melanesia :5  speak+ 9 pigeon    
,engli% ( ! native my/]ies & ! objects (
  ! native cult or fe>1 illu/rates "o ( 
! pitfalls 9 ! pa?  ( ! an?ropologi/4 ,!
 native ideas d n co9cide ) ours4 ,!    
hi/ory1 ! environm5t1 ! social &        
intellectual condition (  peoples 9 !   
l[] culture are z div]se f ours z _!    
geographical situation4 ,consequ5tly _! 
spee* conta9s no  equival5t = _m ( our  
words1 ev5 ( words t seem to u to       
convey ideas elem5t>y & simple4 ,no     
,au/ralian language possesses a  ^w :i* 
is ! exact equival5t ( our ^w 8"m40 ,!  

^w we  r\ghly equate ) 8"m0 includes a  
ho/ ( o!r wom5 beside h]  :o has giv5   
bir? to ! *ild4 ,"s ( ^! wom5 we %\ld   
designate z 8aunt10 or z 8/epmo!r02 b _m
 ( !m /& 9 no  relation ( k9%ip accord+ 
to our reckon+4 ,yet !y are all         
address$ & spok5 ( by ! same t]m z !    
v]itable "m4  ,k9%ip1 9 fact1 is c\nt$ 9
 ! l[] culture along l9es q  diff]5t f  
ours2 & ?\gh x is probable t our degrees
 (  k9dr$ h evolv$ f a rudim5t>y        
condition simil> to t  :i* we f9d among 
savages1 we h s f> outgr[n x t _!       
reckon+ is (t5 un9telligible to u1 &    
only a v few ( !  t]ms 9 use among      
,european nations rema9 to po9t back to 
an e>li]  /age ( developm5t4 ,if we h   
?is difficulty 9 f9d+  equival5ts = t]ms
 expressive ( ! simple/ relation%ips (  
our  social life1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be  
our difficulty :5 we come to  t]ms      
expressive ( ! my/]i\s & sup]s5sual     
relations ( man  to ! unkn[n & dimly    
conceiv$ p[]s ( ! univ]se ab\t him6  ,we
 h no ^w to r5d] ! ,fijian mana1 !      

,si\an wakan1 !  ,malagasy &ria-manitra4
 #ah ,conv]sely1 sc>ce a savage language
  c r5d] our ^w 8,god40 ,ov] & ov] aga9 
mission>ies h  s\ght1 & s\ght 9 va91 = a
 native ^w = ! purpose4 ,:5  !y h fix$  
^u "o1 z (t5 z n !y h _h to confess a   
blund]2 & _m times 9 despair !y h inv5t$
 a ^w4 ,! idea  embodi$ 9 ! acts by :i* 
! my/]i\s relations betwe5 man &  !     
sup]natural are emphasiz$ & knit toge!r 
is equally incapable  ( translation by  
any "o vocable4 ,a ,roman ,ca?olic      
mission>y1  speak+ ( ! religi\s assembly
 ( ! ,creeks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1  says3 8,!
 mitewew9 repres5ts ! highe/ expression 
( magic  7maeghiw or maskikiy7 among !  
nations ( ! ,algonkian /ock4  ,! ^w1 9  
fact1 signifies at ! same "t lab\r1     
occupation1  judgem5t1 adoration1 &     
sacrifice4 ,x is a religi\s act address$
  to ! p[akans1 or animal feti%es1 & a  
sort ( ,ill9oian  freemasonry requir+   
initiation & inviolable secrecy2 x is a 
camp-meet+'''2 x is ! gr& c\ncil ( an   
entire nation40#ah4a  ,^! s5t5ces af=d  

an excell5t example ( ! difficulty (    
translat+ ! native ideas into ,engli%   
words4 ,!y unite a brave  & m or less   
successful attempt to convey ! notion ( 
mitewew91 ) incid5tal b none ! less     
c]ta9 failures 9 !  cases ( maeghiw or  
maskikiy & p[akan4 ,= none ( !m w\ld  a 
s+le ,engli% ^w1 or ev5 a phrase1 be    
adequate4    ,! opportunity ( blund]+ 9 
! endeav\r to und]/& &  report ! beliefs
 & usages ( ! l[] races is obvi\sly z   
great  z c\ld be desir$4 ,:5 to ! v>i\s 
causes enum]at$ above is  add$ n m]ely !
 consci\s want ( sympa?y on ! "p ( !    
obs]v]1 b 8 unconsci\s prejudice 9 fav\r
 ( #ai c]ta9  int]pretations d]iv$ f !  
civiliz$ & ! specifically  ,*ri/ian     
notions 9 :i* he has be5 br\ght up f 8  
y\?1 !  wond] is n t s _m mi/akes h be5 
made1 b t we h  on ! :ole succe$$ 9     
obta9+ s l>ge a mass ( fairly  tru/wor?y
 in=mation4 ,ev5 t ( :i* we are ! be/   
assur$1  h[ev]1 mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,x
 mu/ be criticiz$1 *eck$  ) o!r acc\nts 
( ! same or neighb\r+ tribes2 & all[ance

  mu/ be made = ! p]sonal equation ( !  
obs]v]4 ,! use ( a  ^w l wor%ip1 _s1 or 
,god1 :i* connotes to u v  diff]5t ideas
 f ^? connot$ to ! native m9d by !      
native  ^w ?us translat$1 mu/ put u at  
once on our gu>d4 ,fanci$  resemblances 
betwe5 ! my?s1 he>d p]haps at second-h& 
& only  half-und]/ood1 & "s /ory1       
,biblical or o!r1 kn[n to !  report]1 & 
! expectation ( f9d+ 9 savage tradition 
"s  fragm5t ( div9e revelation h prov$  
real ,w-o'-!-wisps to  ! unw>y4 ,nor mu/
 we =get t ?+s actually se5 are also    
liable to be mis9t]pret$4 ,capta9 ,john 
,smi?1 9 writ+ (  ,virg9ia1 describes z 
a human sacrifice--a sacrifice (        
*ildr5--:at seems to h be5 no m ?an !   
c]emony (  initiation into manhood4#ai4a
 ,x is true t 8 acc\nt 0  writt5 ?ree   
hundr$ ye>s ago1 & t he 0 n all[$ to    
witness ! :ole p]=mance4 ,b aft] all our
 subsequ5t exp]i5ce  & accumulation (   
records1 no?+ is h>d] ev5 yet ?an to    
det]m9e ! mean+ ( c]emonies &           
in/itutions1 (t5 c>efully  exam9$ &     

m9utely describ$ by skill$ eyewitnesses 
& sci5tific  explor]s4    ,we may g     
fur!r /ill4 ,:]e ! obs]v] puts aside 8  
prejudices1  :]e he is animat$ by true  
sympa?y--n #bj ! false & mawki%  sympa?y
 t too (t5 takes its place--:]e he is   
able to  communicate ) ! natives 9 _!   
own tongue1 !re is  not)/&+ v (t5 a     
difficulty 9 foll[+ _! ideas4 ,we  h be5
 told ( ! ,&aman ,isl&]s t 8) ^!1 z )   
o!r savages1 x is va9 to expect !m to   
und]/& ! logical  conclusions to :i* _! 
beliefs t5d40#bj4a ,t may be because  !y
 h nev] ?\ght !m out4 ,9 ! majority (   
cases x w\ld  probably be ju/] to say t 
_! logic foll[s a diff]5t c\rse1  _!    
ideas run 9 diff]5t *annels1 f ours4    
,aft] conc$+  ev]y?+ t has be5 said )   
p]fect tru? z to _!  vagu5ess1 _!       
indol5ce ( m9d on subjects n conc]n$ )  
_! daily life1 & _! dislike (           
intellectual ef=t1 !re  rema9s ! fact t 
!y are human2 !y d reason1 albeit aft]  
_! own fa%ion4 ,language among ! high]  
races has be5 tra9$  & tortur$ dur+ _m  

c5turies to express ! highe/ ?\ghts (  !
 highe/ ?9k]s2 & h[ inadequate an       
in/rum5t has x (t5  be5 f\nd6 ,x mu/    
!re=e n surprise u if ! ?\ght ( races  9
 ! l[] culture occasionally surpasses a 
language n yet  ex]cis$ & adapt$ to !   
complicat$ processes ( ideation &       
ratioc9ation4 ,?us n m]ely is x         
difficult or impossible to  translate   
native words by ,engli% equival5ts1 z ,i
 h already  po9t$ out3 ! native f9ds x n
 easy to translate 8 ?\ghts  into 8 own 
tongue4 ,:5 he has /ruggl$ ) m or less  
success  to effect ?is1 8 c\rse ( ?\ght 
is s widely diff]5t f ours  t we c h>dly
 believe 9 its coh]5ce4    ,! objects ( 
?\ght1 alike among savages & among      
ourselves1 fall  into categories4 ,_m ( 
^! categories manife/ !mselves 9 !  v   
fibre ( language4 ,a #ba famili>        
illu/ration is ! curi\s  di/9ctions (   
grammatical g5d]1 s diff]5t ev5 9       
diff]5t  languages sprung f a common    
/ock1 & ^? comp>atively simple1  z are !
 ,aryan tongues ( civilization4 ,:5 we  

ref] to !  languages ( ! l[] culture1 ) 
_! m9ute di/9ctions (  numb] & p]son1 ( 
action1 t5se1 & all sorts ( relations ( 
"t & place1 we are ov]:elm$ by _!       
complexity & puzzl$ by  ! oddness ( _!  
gr\p+4 ,categories ( ano!r k9d become   
visible :5 we attempt to pu% our        
explorations fur!r into savage  ?\ght4  
,! c\nt+ ( k9%ip & ! difficulties att5d+
 !  attempt to translate words          
expressive ( religi\s ideas h already   
be5 m5tion$4 ,9 ! totemism ( ,au/ralia !
 totems are classes (  animals or o!r   
objects n m]ely unit$ by "s my/ic bond  
to "o  or o!r class ( tribesm52 !y are  
relat$ to o!r objects (  human          
environm5t 9 su* a way t ! :ole univ]se 
is %>$  among !m4 ,to u ^! relation%ips 
are /range & inexplicable2  !y =m       
categories t we d n und]/&4 ,to ! native
 ^!  categories are famili> by          
immemorial association2 !y h become  "p 
( ! texture ( 8 m9d2 & !reby !y h       
acquir$  emotional values1 f ! bonds (  
:i* he c h>dly deliv]  himself4 ,s x    

seems t ! ,we/ ,african ,bantu comprise 
_! entire  social sy/em1 e activity ( _!
 m5tal & physical life1 &  e aspect ( ! 
ext]nal univ]se "u a limit$ numb] (     
categories :olly ali5 to our modes (    
?\ght4 ,h9ts ( !m are  p]haps to be f\nd
 9 ! v>i\s classes ( ,bantu n\ns t h  n 
yet be5 fully expla9$ by philologi/s4 ,9
 any case !  classification ( ^! n\ns is
 probably no arbitr>y association (     
purely =mal significance4 ,x is bas$ on 
"s ar*aic exp]i5ce1  :i* has gr\p$ #bb  
toge!r v>i\s objects (t5 to u utt]ly    
dissimil>3 ! connect+ l9ks escape       
u4#bb4a ,among o!r peoples  9 p>ts ( !  
e>? remote f "o ano!r categories h be5  
discov]$ associat+ & dissociat+ acts &  
modes ( feel+1 &  apportion+ _!         
environm5t 9 unexpect$ ways4 ,su*       
categories  mu/ react on m5tality to an 
ext5t t we c h>dly measure4 ,!y  =m "p (
 ! traditional presuppositions ( ?\ght4 
,!y are !  framework 9 :i* ideas are    
gr\p$4 ,we1 :o h gradually  elaborat$ & 
e/abli%$ ?r\gh g5]ations ( increas+     

discov]y  & inv5tion a habit ( reg>d+   
ev]y?+ f a m or less  sci5tific /&po9t1 
h acquir$ a s]ies ( presuppositions ( an
  entirely diff]5t "*4 ,to ! educat$    
classes ( ,europe &  ,am]ica !y 9 _!    
turn h become traditional4 ,!y are !    
axioms f :i* we argue4 ,e new exp]i5ce  
mu/ be fitt$ into  ! framework ?us      
suppli$1 o!rwise we _c logically        
int]pret  x4 ,at ! be/ we may make = x  
:at has be5 wittily call$ a  wat]tight  
comp>tm5t4 ,m5 ( ! l[] culture br\ght   
sudd5ly into  contact ) civilization &  
civiliz$ ideas exp]i5ce a  correspond+  
difficulty4 ,mission>ies are (t5 9      
despair ov] _!  conv]ts' relapses4 ,^!  
relapses are occasion$ n m]ely by !     
diff]5ce ( moral atmosph]e1 b q z mu* by
 ! intellectual  abyss betwe5 savag]y & 
civilization4 ,*ri/ianity &  hea!nism--!
 new & ! old--are jumbl$ toge!r 9 !     
conv]t's  m9d4 ,8 traditional modes (   
?\ght are z little *ang$ z 8  outw>d    
environm5t1 & ! new ideas are incongru\s
 ) !m4 ,!  result is *aos4 ,s ! civiliz$

 enquir] into savage belief is          
con/antly br\ght up 9 :at seems #bc a   
bl9d alley4 ,he _c f9d  ! way out1 n    
because !re is n a logical issue1 b     
because !  l&scape is unfamili>4 ,he    
attempts to adapt ! ?\ghts ( !  savage1 
s f> z he has seiz$ !m1 to 8 own totally
 diff]5t  m5tal framework2 & !y are     
refractory4 ,n until ! ef=t is  ab&on$1 
& pati5t1 unprejudic$ se>* has discov]$ 
! true  patt]n ( ! puzzle1 w x be solv$4
    ,= x ne$s a consid]able appr5tice%ip
 to enable ! obs]v]1 9  ,miss ,k+sley's 
phrase1 to 8?9k black10 to und]/& !     
logic (  8black0 ?\ght1 & accurately1 or
 at lea/ approximately1 to  reproduce   
its process & aims4 ,:5 we are told1    
!re=e1 by a  writ] :om ,i cit$ a few    
pages back t ! relation ( cause &       
effect 9 all b ! mo/ pat5t & me*anical  
cases is beyond !  grasp ( ! ,we/       
,african ,bantu1 t /atem5t mu/ be tak5 )
  "s qualification4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t
 x is ! relation (  cause & effect      
accord+ to our ideas & our reason+ t is 

beyond ! native grasp1 because our      
axioms are unkn[n to him2 he  reasons f 
q ano!r set ( logical presuppositions4  
,to *ange  ! figure1 he is a *ild1 b a  
*ild famili> only ) :at we deem  a      
topsy-turvy _w1 ?\gh x is ! same _w f   
:i* we  ourselves em]g$ long ago4 ,if we
 w\ld compreh5d him we mu/  pa9fully    
climb d[n into t _w aga91 brea! its air1
  famili>ize ourselves ) its sc5es (    
wond] & ( t]ror1 &  make intimate       
companions ( all its /range inhabitants4
 ,?us & ?us  only c we recov] ! clue t w
 lead u safely ?r\gh !  %ad[y =e/s &    
haunt$ valleys & ov] ! primeval         
m\nta9-tops ( native ?\ght4 ,!n we %all 
f9d t ! savage is  n s irrational z we h
 ?\ght him1 & t 9 8 wilde/  div]g5ce f  
our #bd me?ods ( reason+ he has a me?od 
( 8  own--a me?od foll[$ once ^u a "t by
 our own ance/ors1 a me?od  f :i* !     
peasantry ( _m a ,european c\ntry is n  
yet :olly  emancipat$4    ,?is is to    
8?9k black40 ,x is n ev]ybody :o c d x3 
x  requires m sympa?y & insight ?an are 

giv5 to all m54 ,above  all1 x requires 
pati5ce1 long & close contact ) !       
native1 &  ! p]si/5t & self-ab&on+      
endeav\r to p5etrate 8  ?\ghts4 ,"s     
mission>ies h a*iev$ x1 "s travell]s1 "s
  trad]s1 "s coloni/s1 "s gov]nm5t      
(ficials4 ,too _m ( !m1  alas6 h only   
skimm$ ! surface ( ! native m9d4 ,ev5 ! 
latt]1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y h fail$ to read ! 
und]ly+  mean+ ( :at !y saw1 h sometimes
 taught u :at to look =4  ,to t ext5t ! 
mod]n s*ool ( an?ropology is f\nd$ on _!
  obs]vations4 ,! tra9+ n[ giv5 9       
an?ropology at !  univ]sities & else:]e 
utilizes & criticizes ! reports ( all   
obs]v]s1 z well z ! conclusions drawn f 
!m by  an?ropologi/s at home4 ,t tra9+  
is ( mat]ial assi/ance 9  fitt+ new     
lab\r]s out = fre% fields ( enquiry1 or 
= work+  ov] aga9 ^? fields :i* h be5   
hi!rto imp]fectly reap$ by  ill-equipp$ 
enquir]s4 ,9 "s measure x supplies !    
place (  long] prelim9>y int]c\rse ) !  
man ( l[] culture2 & x  has ! advantage 
t x tea*es ! /ud5t :at k9d ( ph5om5on   

to expect--an advantage p]haps n        
unaccompani$ by dang]s ( its  own4      
,be t z x may1 ! in=mation ( all k9ds1  
good1 bad1 &  indiff]5t1 already at our 
s]vice on ! subject ( ! religions (  !  
l[] culture has be5 & is /ill be+       
subject$ to ru?less  comp>ison &        
criticism4 ,! result ( ?is con/ant sift+
 is to  put u 9 #be possession ( a      
consid]able body ( mat]ial = a  sane    
judgem5t 9 reg>d to "s ( ! beliefs (    
tribes 9 v>i\s  p>ts ( ! _w & to help u 
=w>d on ! track ( o!rs4 ,we  no long]   
summ>ily d5y ! possession ( religion to 
tribes ^:  practices we d n und]/&4 ,we 
no long] attempt to docket beliefs      
imp]fectly appreh5d$ "u head+s          
applicable only to ! highly  develop$ & 
lit]>y !ology ( ,europe4 ,we lie "u a m 
insidi\s temptation--t ( ! too rapid    
g5]alization ( !  beliefs ( ! l[]       
culture1 = :i* ! gr\ndwork may n z yet  
exi/4 ,b we are le>n+ ! lesson t only by
 unwe>i$  inve/igation1 dilig5t         
obs]vation1 sympa!tic enquiry )\t       

prepossession1 c we atta9 to a real     
grasp ( ! protean ideas &  half-=mulat$ 
speculations ( savage m9ds4             
,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,religion   ,,&    
,,magic    #bf     ,i4 ,! ,common ,root 
,?us =ew>n$ ( ! difficulties & dang]s ( 
our pa?1 let u  proce$ to enquire :e!r  
!re are any g5]al ideas relat+ to       
religion dissem9at$ among m5 9 ! l[]    
/ages ( culture1 t  ei!r are !mselves   
primitive1 or c h be5 d]iv$ f an  e>li] 
condition ( ?\ght discov]able by u4     
,! religi\s practices ( savage & b>b>\s 
peoples are l>gely  bas$ ^u ideas :i*   
an?ropologi/s h agre$ to gr\p toge!r  "u
 ! compreh5sive title ( animism4        
,animism is1 to quote ,sir  ,edw>d      
,tylor1 :o 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate !     
subject & to use  ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 8!   
gr\ndwork ( ! philosophy ( religion1  f 
t ( savages up to t ( civiliz$          
man40#bf4a ,z he uses  ! ^w1 x expresses
 ! doctr9e :i* attributes a liv+ &  (t5 
a sep>able s\l--a s\l 9 any case di/9ct 
f !  body--alike to human be+s1 to ! l[]

 animals & plants1 & ev5  to inanimate  
objects4 ,let u note1 h[ev]1 t ?is s\l  
is n  necess>ily immat]ial4 ,! ref9$    
conception ( ! s\l1 :i* we  h receiv$ f 
! ,greek philosoph]s1 belongs n to !    
savage4  ,to him1 z to ! av]age man (   
civilization1 ! notion ( an  absolutely 
immat]ial be+ w\ld seem to be un?9kable4
 ,at all #bg  ev5ts x has h>dly occurr$ 
to him4 ,! s\l1 to him1 may be ?9 z  a  
vap\r1 (t5times invisible z ! air2 at   
o!r times x takes a  visible & ev5      
tangible =m4 ,s f> z x is connect$ ) :at
 we  "k z a liv+ body1 ! ord9>y1 famili>
 =m & sub/ance1 x  is ! pr9ciple ( life4
 ,b x is capable ( exi/+ indep5d5tly  ( 
! body1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,! body1 on !   
o!r h&1 is also  capable ( cont9u+ to   
exi/1 & ev5 to live1 ?\gh n 9 full      
heal? & vig\r1 = a "t )\t ! s\l2 b a    
l5g!n$  sep>ation usually means dea?4   
,?is1 )\t tak+ acc\nt (  details v>y+ f 
culture to culture & p to p1 may be     
describ$ z ! outl9e ( ! savage doctr9e (
 ! s\l1 r$uc$  z ne>ly z may be into !  

t]ms 9 :i* we ?9k4 ,beyond ?is1 &       
probably z a developm5t ( x1 is ! belief
 9 spirits1 be+s  frequ5tly vague &     
%ad[y1 sometimes reg>d$ z m sub/antial1 
sometimes inhabit+ objects & p]sons kn[n
 & def9ite1 at o!r  times unatta*$1 b 9 
all cases ( m or less p[]1 :i* may be   
ex]cis$ to ! advantage or to ! detrim5t 
( _! human fell[s1  or p]haps           
subord9ates4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 spirits
 & gods is  n v easy to =mulate1 & ne$ n
 = our pres5t purpose  tr\ble u4        
,animism ?us conceiv$ is1 x is obvi\s1  
too complex & elaborate to  be really   
primitive4 ,x appe>s to be itself d]iv$ 
f a simpl]  & e>li] conception1 :]eby   
man attributes to all ! objects (       
ext]nal nature life & p]sonality4 ,9 o!r
 words1 ! ext]nal  _w is fir/ int]pret$ 
by ! savage ?9k] 9 ! t]ms ( 8  own      
consci\sness2 animism1 or ! di/9ction ( 
s\l & body1 is a  developm5t necessitat$
 by subsequ5t obs]vation & ! tra9 (     
reason+ :i* t obs]vation awak5s4    #bh 
,primitive man is s f> away f u1 n m]ely

 9 "t b 9  ?\ght1 t we f9d x difficult  
to imag9e 8 attempts to grapple  ) !    
int]pretation ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,:at   
waves ( desire1  ( curiosity1 ( wond]1 (
 awe1 ( t]ror1 ( hope1 ( bewild]m5t  mu/
 h roll$ ?r\gh ! sluggi% dawn ( 8       
intellect6 ,z he  /ruggl$ 9 8 little    
communities 7t9y by comp>ison ) ours7  )
 ! evolution ( spee*1 h[ did ^? v>i\s & 
p]haps  ill-def9$ emotions come to      
utt]ance8 ,he 0 n naturally             
speculative4 ,savage man ev5 n[ is n1 z 
a rule1 speculative1  ?\gh1 z we h se5 9
 ! prec$+ essay1 obs]v]s :o h _h        
opportunities ( comp>ison h not$        
diff]5ces 9 ?is respect  betwe5 "o p &  
ano!r4 ,ev]y?+ primitive man saw1       
ev]y?+ he he>d or felt mu/ h /ruck 8 m9d
 prim>ily 9  relation to himself--or r  
to ! community 7! food-gr\p1 z x  has   
be5 call$71 ( :i* ! individual =m$ a "p1
 to its  dang]s & its ne$s4 ,! p]sonal  
elem5t w\ld dom9ate 8  ?\ghts1 & mu/ h  
f\nd expression 9 8 words4 ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 x =ms ev]y:]e ! basis ( language4 

,h5ce x 0  impossible = man to int]pret 
ext]nal ph5om5a 9 any o!r ?an  p]sonal  
t]ms4 ,?is necessity may h be5 an       
inh]itance f a  pre-human /age1 s9ce !re
 is reason to ?9k t ! l[] animals       
project _! own s5sations to o!r animals1
 & ev5 to objects  )\t life4 ,yet to fix
 ! objective p]sonalities t primitive   
man ?\ght he saw & felt ab\t him mu/ h  
tak5 "t &  obs]vation4 ,n all objects   
claim$ 8 att5tion 9 ! same degree  or ) 
! same insi/5ce4 ,"s w\ld /& out        
aggressively1 w\ld  fill him ) a s5se ( 
p[] manife/$ 9 ways t seem$  analog\s ) 
8 own4 ,o!rs w\ld long rema9            
comp>atively  unreg>d$1 #bi until some?+
 happ5$ :i* ar\s$ 8 int]e/4  ,8 attitude
 0 fir/ ( all & int5sely practical1 n   
contemplative4 ,8 fell[-m51 ! animals he
 hunt$1 ! trees ^:  bran*es he saw wav+ 
9 ! breeze1 ! sun & moon ov]head go+  _!
 daily r\nds--to all ^! he w\ld e>ly    
atta* significance3  !y w\ld easily     
yield ! p]sonal quality4 ,b :at ( !     
pools1  ! hills1 ! rocks1 & s =?8 ,!re  

mu/ h be5 _m ?+s  t long abode 9 !      
twilight ( p]ception--_m ?+s ^u :i*     
reflection 0 n yet conc5trat$4 ,! ,nor? 
,am]ican ,indian lays a  tribute (      
tobacco at ! foot ( any /range rock ^:  
=m /rikes  him z he goes by1 or /rews 8 
gift ^u ! wat]s ( ! lake or  /ream t    
be>s 8 canoe4 ,on ! top ( e pass 9 !    
,cordill]as ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ( e pass 9 
! m\nta9s (  ,*9a ! native leaves a tok5
 /ill m trivial4 ,x may be t 8  e>lie/  
=efa!r1 :o set ! example ( su* an (f]+1 
did s  )\t any def9ite conception ( a   
p]sonality beh9d !  ph5om5on1 b1 smitt5 
by fe> or awe1 simply s\ght1 by ! means 
famili> to him 9 ! case ( kn[n p]sonal  
be+s1 to conciliate  :atev] p[] might   
lurk b5ea? an unwont$ =m4 ,& al?\gh a   
comp>atively def9ite conception ( a     
p]sonality might 9 "t  cry/allize1 to be
 trans=m$ lat] by ! evolution ( animism 
into  ! idea ( a _s1 yet !re mu/ always 
h rema9$1 aft] all  ^! cry/allizations1 
! vague & =mless ,unkn[n1 confront$ 9   
all its m prom95t manife/ations ?r\gh ! 

m$ium ( an  undef9$ dread ( p[] :i*     
might at any "t be reveal$ f x4    ,9   
?is relation ( ! p]sonal & ! imp]sonal  
lies1 z x seems  to me1 ! secret (      
primitive philosophy1 if philosophy x   
may be  call$1 all un-selfconsci\s z #cj
 x mu/ h be54 ,!re is no  writt5 record 
( man's e>lie/ guesses at ! mean+ ( !   
univ]se4 ,:atev] !y 71 !y 7 limit$ to 8 
imm$iate  surr\nd+s & ! relation ( ^!   
surr\nd+s to himself4 ,we  mu/ judge (  
!m z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! beliefs &     
actions  ( mod]n1 or at all ev5ts mu*   
lat]1 savages & 9 ^? ( great  hi/oric   
nations4 ,= all sci5tific enquir]s are  
agre$ t !  hi/ory ( ! human m9d has be5 
t ( a sl[ evolution f  some?+ l[] ?an ! 
l[e/ savag]y kn[n to-day1 t x has n     
ev]y:]e evolv$ 9 ! same way or to ! same
 degree1 & t !  c\rse x has tak5 has    
left traces1 discov]able by close       
inspection1  ^u e m5tal product & 9 e   
civilization ?r\gh\t !  _w4 ,! te/imony 
on :i* we h to rely 9 ! inve/igation is 
( ! mo/ v>i\s value1 & (t5 mo/ difficult

 ( int]pretation4  ,its difficulties &  
defects h already be5 t\*$ ^u2 nor d ,i 
propose fur!r to consid] !m n[4 ,! m9ute
 exam9ation &  rel5tless criticism to   
:i* x has be5 subject$ h reveal$ its    
weakness2 !y h also reveal$ its /r5g?4  
,!y h left a solid  body ( evid5ce f :i*
 we may cauti\sly b confid5tly reason4  
,:at c we le>n f x on ! po9t "u         
discussion8    ,! fir/ ?+ to be notic$  
is ! fluidity ( ! savage concept (      
p]sonality4 ,x is n conf9$ )9 ! b\nds ( 
"o /able &  relatively un*angeable body4
 ,y may q easily be trans=m$1  l ! h]o (
 ,apuleius' tale1 into an ass4 ,y\r     
next-door  neighb\r1 = :om y h !        
pr(\nde/ respect z a prosp]\s  man (    
bus9ess & a *ur*w>d5 ( exempl>y piety1  
may />tle y  "s morn+ ) a sudd5 *ange   
into a noisy little /reet-arab1 n  a t5?
 #ca ( 8 own portly dim5sions1 turn+ a  
:eel all d[n  8 g>d5 pa?1 or into a     
melan*oly c[ cropp+ a b>e pittance (    
grass f 8 closely trimm$ lawn4 ,he & 8  
magnific5t wife may  ev5 become1 l      

,philemon & ,baucis1 an oak & a         
lime-tree be=e  y\r eyes1 or a pair (   
/&+ /ones ^u ! moor4 ,none ( ^!         
metamorphoses w\ld be acc\nt$ impossible
 by peoples 9 ! l[]  culture4 ,to !m !  
ess5tial incid5t ( ! tale ( ,dr ,jekyll 
&  ,mr ,hyde w\ld be m]e commonplace4 ,!
 p]sonality :i* !y h  kn[n runn+ 9 "o   
m\ld c1 9 _! op9ion1 be direct$ into1  &
 w run z freely 91 ano!r m\ld1 & yet be 
! same4 ,s h>d  d su* ar*aic beliefs    
die1 t 9 remote p>ts ( our own c\ntry  x
 is /ill firmly believ$ t a wit* may    
assume ! =m ( a  h>e1 & if any bold     
sportsman succe$ 9 w\nd+ ! animal1 !    
injury w aft]w>ds be f\nd on ! wit*'s   
prop] p]son1  te/ify+ beyond dispute to 
! pres]vation ( h] individuality  "u !  
tempor>y *ange ( %ape & species4        
,%ape-%ift+1 z x is call$1 may ev5 take 
place by means ( dea?  & a new bir? )\t 
loss ( id5tity4 ,miss ,k+sley tells u t 
9 ,we/ ,africa 8! new babies z !y arrive
 9 ! family are %[n  a selection ( small
 articles belong+ to deceas$ memb]s ^:  

s\ls are /ill abs5t3 ! ?+ ! *ild cat*es 
hold ( id5tifies  him4 #8,:y1 he's      
,uncle ,john2 see6 he kn[s 8 own pipe'2 
or #8,t's  ,c\s9 ,emma2 see6 %e kn[s h] 
m>ket calaba%1' & s on40#ca4a  ,?is     
belief & correspond+ practices are f\nd 
ov] a l>ge "p (  ! _w4 ,nor is x        
necess>y t ! deceas$ %\ld be born aga9  
9 human =m1 or ev5 ( ! same sex4 ,a gr\p
 ( tribes 9 ,c5tral  ,au/ralia #cb h    
elaborat$ ! doctr9e ( re-bir? to an     
unusual  degree4 ,two ( ! tribes1 !     
,w>ramunga & ,urabunna1 def9itely  hold1
 if we may tru/ our au?orities1 t ! sex 
*anges ) ea*  successive bir?4#cb4a ,a  
,mongolian tale relates t a c]ta9       
,khotogait pr9ce1 hav+ be5 behead$ =    
conspiracy aga9/ !  ,*9ese ,emp]or1     
twice reappe>$ z a *ild ( ! ,empress1 & 
0  id5tifi$ by ! cicatrice on 8 neck4   
,bo? *ildr5 7 de/roy$1  & he 0 !n born z
 a hairless bay m>e1 ^: hide is /ill    
pres]v$4#cb4b ,9 ! same way1 fi%1 fruit1
 worms1 /ones1 any  object inde$1 may1  
if x c once 7no matt] h[7 ent] ! body ( 

a woman1 be born aga9 & become human4 ,z
 develop$ by animism1 !  doctr9e ( a new
 bir? has become :at we "k z t ( !      
,transmigration ( ,s\ls1 :i* has play$ a
 "p 9 m religions &  m philosophies ?an 
"o4#cb4c    ,moreov]1 deta*$ portions ( 
! p]son1 z locks ( hair1 p>+s  (        
f+]-nails1 & s =?1 are n dead in]t      
matt]4 ,!y are  /ill endu$ ) ! life ( _!
 orig9al own]4 ,nay1 g>m5ts once  worn1 
or o!r objects :i* h be5 9 intimate     
contact ) a  human be+1 are p5etrat$ by 
8 p]sonality1 rema9 z x 7  unit$ ) him =
 good & ill4 ,x w\ld be no exagg]ation  
to say  ( ?is belief t x is univ]sal4   
,^u x re/s mu* ( !  practice (          
wit*craft1 z well z ( ! m$ic9e ( ! l[]  
culture4 ,! cleft a% ?r\gh :i* a *ild   
has be5 drawn = !  cure ( infantile     
h]nia1 b\nd up & all[$ to gr[ toge!r1   
cont9ues to sympa?ize ) him 9 heal? &   
sickness #cc z ?\gh  "p ( 8 own body4 ,9
 anci5t ,greece maid5s on _! m>riage    
(f]$ _! veils to ,h]a1 ! goddess :o     
fav\r$ m>riage &  aid$ *ildbir?2#cc4a & 

,a!nian wom5 :o became pregnant =  !    
fir/ "t us$ to hang up _! girdles 9 !   
temple ( ,artemis4  ,^! cu/oms 7 n m]e  
acts ( homage2 !y _h a practical        
int5tion4    ,"s votive (f]+s may p]haps
 be int]pret$ z surrogates (  human     
sacrifice4 ,o!rs1 made :5 ! vot>y is    
suff]+ f  sickness1 may be int5d$ to    
transf] ! disease4 ,^! explanations  are
 9 _m cases v que/ionable2 & a l>ge     
numb] ( (f]+s  rema9 t d n easily submit
 to be ?us expla9$4 ,! ,greek wom5  j   
m5tion$ _h no disease to be return$ to !
 cu/ody ( !  goddess1 ready = ano!r     
victim4 ,9 view ( future cont+5cies  !y 
plac$ 9 h] c>e objects id5tifi$ )       
!mselves2 !y  br\ght into physical t\* )
 h] a portion ( _! own  p]sonality4     
,conv]g5ce ( m ?an "o rite1 simil> 9    
outw>d  =m b di/9ct 9 orig91 has        
d\btless occurr$ v (t5 9  human hi/ory4 
,b ! ambiguity :i* w\ld foll[ is n      
always to  be trac$ on a c>eful         
analysis4 ,x is obvi\s1 at all ev5ts1 t 
if  an article ( my clo?+ 9 a wit*'s h&s

 may cause me to suff]  & die1 ! same   
article 9 contact ) a b5efic5t p[] may  
relieve my pa91 re/ore me to heal?1 or  
promote my g5]al  prosp]ity4 ,my %irt or
 /ock+1 or a %r$ f x1 plac$ ^u a  sacr$ 
bu%1 or ?ru/ into a sacr$ well--a lock (
 my hair laid ^u  a sacr$ image--my "n  
writt5 ^u ! walls ( a temple--a /one  f 
my h& ca/ ^u a sacr$ cairn--a remnant ( 
my food ?r[n  into a sacr$ wat]fall or  
susp5d$ f a sacr$ tree--a nail #cd      
driv5 by my h& into ! trunk ( a tree--is
 !nce=? 9  imm$iate contact ) div9ity4  
,x is a portion ( my p]sonality         
envelop$ ) ! sanctity ( ! div9e be+2 & s
 long z x  rema9s !re ,i am myself 9    
contact ) ! same div9e be+1  :oev] he   
may be1 & d]ive all ! advantages incid5t
 to !  contact4    ,su* beliefs z ^! are
 _w-wide2 !y are a commonplace (        
an?ropology2 & x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to   
multiply examples4 ,!y  exhibit a       
concept ( p]sonality imp]fectly         
cry/alliz$4 ,x is /ill  fluid & vague1  
only to become entirely def9ite "u !    

influ5ce  ( tra9$ reason & l>g] & m     
sci5tific k4 ,b1 su*  z x is1 !re is    
beh9d & ar\nd x ! /ill vagu]1 !         
unlimit$ t]ritory ( ! ,imp]sonal1       
because ! ,unkn[n4 ,e  object on :i* !  
att5tion has be5 fix$1 e object1 !re=e1 
t may be said to be kn[n1 has its own   
p]sonality--e object1  :e!r liv+1 or1   
accord+ to our ideas1 n-liv+4 ,:at      
rema9s  is ! /uff out ( :i* p]sonalities
 are =m$ z x is gradually  r$uc$ into   
relations ) ! savage obs]v]4 ,^!        
p]sonalities  d n necess>ily correspond 
ev5 to any?+ objective4 ,!y may be      
creations ( ! excit$ imag9ation4 ,x is  
suffici5t = ! savage  t !y seem to be1 &
 to h a relation to himself :i* he  _c  
o!rwise int]pret4 ,8 emancipation f ?is 
/ate ( m9d  is sl[1 ?\gh among "s       
peoples 9 ! l[] culture x is m          
p]ceptible ?an among o!rs4 ,b x leaves  
its traces  ev]y:]e--!re1 mo/ ( all1 :]e
 emotion is mo/ acute &  p]man5t1 :]e   
hopes & fe>s are mo/ ov]:elm+1 9 ! sph]e
  ( religion4    ,n[ e p]sonality is    

end[$ ) qualities :i* enable x to       
p]si/1 to influ5ce o!rs1 & ev5 to #ce   
ov]come1 subjugate1  & de/roy !m = its  
own ends4 ,no m ?an ourselves c\ld !    
primeval savage avoid be+ influ5c$ & (t5
 ov]mat*$ by !  *>m & wiles ( woman1 !  
wisdom ( ! eld]s ( 8 horde1 !  dauntless
 might ( ! w>rior4 ,! non-human         
p]sonalities ) :i*  he came 9 contact   
possess$ qualities n less rem>kable ?an 
^?  ( ! human4 ,! /r5g?1 ! fi]c5ess1 !  
agility ( ! lion1  ! spe$ ( ! antelope1 
! cunn+ ( ! fox1 ! l(ty =ms &  endurance
 ( ! =e/ trees1 _! response to e brea? (
 w9d1  & ! k9dly %elt] !y yield$ to     
birds & bea/s & m51 !  fanta/ic =ms &   
/]n pati5ce ( ! rocks1 ! smoo? &  smil+ 
trea*]y ( ! lake1 ! g5tle murmur & b5ign
 l>gess (  ! riv]1 ! spl5d\r1 ! burn+   
heat ( ! sun1 !  *angeabl5ess & movem5t 
( ! cl\ds are a few ( ! m  obvi\s       
qualities atta*$ to ! myriad            
p]sonalities ) :i* m5  f\nd !mselves    
environ$4 ,^! p]sonalities & _!         
qualities  w\ld impress !m all ! m      

because ( ! my/]y t  p]petually mask$   
!m4 ,my/]y magnifi$ !m4 ,h5ce e         
non-human  p]sonality 0 apt to be       
conceiv$ 9 l>g] ?an human t]ms1 &  its  
qualities 7 l>g] ?an human4    ,i d n   
pause "h to adduce illu/rations ( ?is   
attitude t[>ds  ! objects surr\nd+      
mank9d4 ,9 any ev5t x w\ld ( c\rse be   
impossible to illu/rate x f prehi/oric1 
n to say primeval1  ages4 ,x is         
*>act]i/ic ( mod]n savages :]ev] an     
intimate  acqua9tance enables ! civiliz$
 obs]v] to p5etrate into _!  arcana4 ,"s
 ( !m h got no fur!r2 o!rs h advanc$ to 
! full /age ( animism4 ,ref]5ce may be  
made to any "w 9 :i*  ! life & ideas ( a
 savage tribe are depict$4    #cf    ,n 
m]ely 0 e p]sonality1 human & o!r1 end[$
 )  qualities1 b by virtue ( ^?         
qualities x possess$ a  pot5tiality & an
 atmosph]e ( its own4 ,! successful     
w>rior &  huntsman by m ?an 8 successes1
 by 8 confid5ce & 8 brag1  8 read9ess to
 qu>rel & 8 v9dictiv5ess1 or ! _m-w9t]$ 
eld]1 wise & sl[ to wra?1 exp]i5c$ 9 w> 

& =e/ry1 (  f>-rea*+ purpose & subtle 9 
execution1 w\ld be en%r9$ 9 a  belief 9 
8 p[]s1 surr\nd$ ) a halo ( :i* we /ill 
see a  dim1 a v dim1 reflection 9 ! t\*+
 reg>d ent]ta9$ = a  political lead] or 
! wor%ip paid to an ecclesia/ical       
dignit>y4  ,nor w\ld ?is atmosph]e      
surr\nd only important or successful m54
  ,ev]yone is consci\s ( p[]s ( "s sort1
 & ev]yone w\ld  attribute to o!rs      
capabilities l>g] or small]4 ,"s w\ld   
possess  9 _! own consci\sness & 9 !    
eyes ( _! fell[s a v  small modicum (   
p[] = good or evil4 ,! m]e glance or    
voice (  o!rs w\ld inspire t]ror or     
confid5ce4 ,?is pot5tiality1 ?is        
atmosph]e w\ld (t5 cl+ ) great] int5sity
 to non-human  be+s1 objective or       
imag9>y4 ,! snake1 ! bird1 ! elephant1 !
  sun1 ! invisible w9d1 ! unkn[n wield] 
( ! lightn+1 w\ld  be ri*ly end[$4      
,none1 human or non-human1 w\ld 79 !ory1
 at  lea/7 be :olly )\t x4    ,!        
,iroquoian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica       
possess a ^w :i* exactly  expresses ?is 

pot5tiality1 ?is atmosph]e1 :i* !y      
believe  inh]es 9 & surr\nds e          
p]sonality4 ,!y call x or5da4 ,a  f9e   
hunt] is "o ^: or5da is f9e1 sup]ior 9  
quality4 ,:5  he is successful he is    
said to baffle or ?w>t ! or5da ( !      
qu>ry2 :5 unsuccessful1 ! game is said  
to h foil$ or  outmat*$ 8 or5da4 ,a     
p]son :o defeats #cg ano!r 9 a game  (  
skill or *ance is said to ov]come 8     
or5da4 8,at public games  or conte/s (  
skill or endurance1 or ( swiftness (    
foot1 :]e clan  is pitt$ aga9/ clan1    
phratry aga9/ phratry1 tribe aga9/      
tribe1  or nation aga9/ nation1 !       
%amans--m5 reput$ to possess  p[]ful    
or5da--are employ$ = hire by ! oppos+   
p>ties  respectively to ex]cise _! or5da
 to ?w>t or ov]come t (  _! antagoni/s10
 & ?us secure victory4 ,s1 :5 a /orm is 
brew+1 x 7! /orm-mak]7 is said to be    
prep>+ its or5da2  :5 x is ready to     
bur/1 x has f9i%$1 has prep>$ its or5da4
  ,simil> expressions are us$ = a man or
 "o ( ! l[] animals  :5 9 a rage4 ,a    

prophet or soo?say] is "o :o habitually 
puts  =? 8 or5da1 & has !reby le>n$ !   
secrets ( ! future4  ,! or5da ( %y birds
 & o!r animals :i* x is difficult to    
ensn>e or kill is said to be acute or   
s5sitive--t is1 9  detect+ ! pres5ce ( !
 hunt]1 :e!r man or bea/4 ,any?+  reput$
 to h be5 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ "s good or
  accompli%+ "s end is said to possess  
or5da4 ,( "o :o1 x is  believ$1 has di$ 
f wit*craft x is said1 8,an evil or5da  
has  /ruck him40#cg4a    ,among !       
,algonkian & ,si\an tribes are f\nd     
beliefs t seem to  g beh9d ?is p]sonal b
 my/ic pot5tiality to its s\rce 9 !     
,unkn[n1 ! ,imp]sonal4 ,! ,algonkian ^w 
expressive ( ! idea is  manit\4 ,! e>ly 
,fr5* mission>ies1 :o 7 ! fir/ to make  
x kn[n to u1 int]pret$ x ( a p]sonal    
be+--,god or ! ,devil1  !y h>dly knew   
:i*4 ,!y 7 read+ into x _! own m  highly
 cry/alliz$ beliefs4 ,z 9 ! case (      
or5da1 we are  =tunate 9 hav+ ! t]m m   
accurately def9$ = u by a  desc5dant #ch
 ( ! native tribes1 :o may be presum$ to

 h be5  bett] equipp$ by inh]itance &   
e>ly associations to und]/&  ,algonkian 
?\ght ?an ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs 74 8,!       
,algonk9  conception ( ! manit\10 he    
tells u1 8is b\nd up ) !  manifold ideas
 t fl[ f an unconsci\s relation ) !     
outside  _w4''' ,! t]m manit\ is a      
religi\s ^w2 x c>ries ) x  ! idea (     
solemnity2 & :atev] ! association x     
always  expresses a s]i\s attitude1 &   
k9dles an emotional s5se (  my/]y4''' ,!
 ess5tial "* ( ,algonk9 religion is a   
pure1  nave wor%ip ( nature4 ,9 "o way  
or ano!r associations clu/]  ab\t an    
object & give x a c]ta9 pot5tial value2 
& because (  ?is suppos$ pot5tiality !  
object becomes ! recipi5t ( an          
adoration4 ,! degree ( ! adoration      
dep5ds 9 "s measure ^u  ! ext5t (       
confid5ce repos$ 9 ! object1 & ^u its   
suppos$  p[] ( br++ pleasure or inflict+
 pa94 ,! important ?+  ) ! individual is
 ! emotional effect exp]i5c$ :ile 9 !   
pres5ce ( ! object1 or ) an int]pret$   
manife/ation ( !  object4 ,! individual 

keeps wat* = ! effect1 & x is !  effect 
t fills ! m9d ) a vague s5se ( some?+   
/range1  some?+ my/]i\s1 some?+         
intangible4 ,"o feels x z ! result  ( an
 active sub/ance1 & "o's attitude t[>d x
 is purely  passive4 ,to exp]i5ce a     
?rill is au?ority en\gh ( ! exi/5ce  ( !
 sub/ance4 ,! s5tim5t ( its reality is  
made kn[n by !  fact t some?+ has       
happ5$4 ,x is futile to ask an ,algonk9 
=  an articulate def9ition ( ! sub/ance1
 p>tly because x w\ld be  some?+ ab\t   
:i* he does n conc]n himself1 & p>tly   
because  he is q satisfi$ ) only !      
s5tim5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,he  feels t !   
prop]ty is ev]y:]e1 is omnipres5t4 ,!   
feel+  t x is #ci omnipres5t leads      
naturally to ! belief t x  ent]s into   
ev]y?+ 9 nature2 & ! notion t x is      
active  causes ! m9d to look ev]y:]e =  
its manife/ations4 ,^!  manife/ations   
assume v>i\s =ms2 !y v>y ) individuals &
  ) ref]5ce to ! same & diff]5t objects4
    8,language af=ds means ( approa*+   
ne>] to a def9ition ( ?is  religi\s     

s5tim5t4 ,9 ! ,algonk9 dialects ( !     
,sauk1 ,fox1 &  ,kickapoo1 a rigid      
di/9ction ( g5d] is made betwe5 ?+s )   
life & ?+s )\t life4''' ,accord+ly1 :5  
!y ref] to !  manit\ 9 ! s5se ( a       
virtue1 a prop]ty1 an ab/raction1 !y    
employ ! =m expressive ( inanimate g5d]4
 ,:5 ! manit\  becomes associat$ ) an   
object1 !n ! g5d] becomes less          
def9ite4'''    8,:5 ! prop]ty becomes ! 
indwell+ elem5t ( an object1 !n  x is   
natural to id5tify ! prop]ty ) animate  
be+4 ,x is n  necess>y t ! be+ %all be !
 tangible repres5tative ( a  natural    
object40 ,?is ! writ] illu/rates f !    
acc\nt giv5 by  a ,fox ,indian ( !      
sweat-lodge1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he obs]ves3
  8,! manit\ comes f ! place ( 8 abode 9
 ! heat$ /one1  ''' :5 ! wat] is spr9kl$
 on x4 ,x comes out 9 ! /eam1 &  9 !    
/eam x ent]s ! body :]ev] x f9ds        
entrance4 ,x moves  up & d[n & all ov]  
inside ! body1 driv+ out ev]y?+ t       
inflicts pa94 ,be=e ! manit\ returns to 
! /one x imp>ts "s  ( its nature to !   

body4 ,t is :y "o feels s well aft] hav+
  be5 9 ! sweat-lodge40 ,! writ]'s      
comm5t on ?is is in/ructive4  8,!       
s5tim5t10 he says1 8beh9d ! words re/s  
^u !  consci\sness ( a belief 9 an      
objective pres5ce2 x re/s on !  s5se (  
an exi/+ reality ) ! quality (          
self-dep5d5ce2 x  re/s on ! p]ception ( 
a def9ite1 #dj localiz$ p]sonality4 ,yet
  at ! same "t !re is ! feel+ t !       
appreh5d$ reality is  )\t =m & )\t      
feature4 ,?is is ! dom9ant notion 9     
reg>d to ! virtue abid+ 9 ! /one ( !    
sweat-lodge2 x takes  on ! "* ( consci\s
 p]sonality ) "s attributes (  imman5ce 
& design40    ,b fur!r1 z ! manit\--?is 
my/ic1 all-p]vasive prop]ty or          
sub/ance--on inve/+ an object acquires  
consci\s p]sonality1 s  also 8x is      
natural to confuse ! prop]ty0--!        
manit\--8) an  object conta9+10 or      
inve/$ )1 8! prop]ty40 8,x is no  tr\ble
 = an ,algonk9 to inve/ an object ) !   
my/ic sub/ance1  & !n call ! object by !
 "n ( ! sub/ance4 ,! process  sugge/s a 

possible explanation ( h[ an ,algonk9   
comes to p 8  _w ) manit\ =ces diff]5t 9
 k9d & degree2 x expla9s 9  "s measure !
 sup]natural p]=mances ( my?ological    
be+s1 !  be+s t move 9 ! =m ( m51 bea/s1
 birds1 fi%es1 & o!r  objects ( nature4 
,all ^! are a collection ( ag5cies4 ,ea*
  possesses a virtue 9 common ) all !   
re/1 & 9 s f> d !y  all h c]ta9 m>ks (  
agreem5t4 ,:]e "o diff]s f ano!r is  9 !
 nature ( its function1 & 9 ! degree ( !
 possession (  ! cosmic sub/ance4 ,b !  
inve/m5t ( a common my/ic virtue  gives 
!m all a common "n1 & t "n is manit\40  
,! conclusion is 8t !re is an           
unsy/ematic belief 9 a cosmic  my/]i\s  
prop]ty :i* is believ$ to be exi/+      
ev]y:]e 9  nature2 t ! conception ( !   
prop]ty c be ?\ght ( z  imp]sonal1 b t x
 becomes obscure & confus$ :5 ! prop]ty 
becomes id5tifi$ ) objects 9 nature2 t x
 manife/s itself 9  v>i\s =ms2 & t its  
emotional effect awak5s a s5se (  my/]y2
 t !re is a lively #da appreciation (   
its miracul\s  efficacy2 & t its        

int]pretation is n accord+ to any regul>
  rule1 b is bas$ on "o's feel+s r ?an  
on "o's  k40#da4a    ,:atev] diff]5ces  
an exact analysis1 9 accordance ) !     
cle>ly  cut me?ods ( sci5tific ?\ght1   
may result 9 discov]+ betwe5  ! concept 
( manit\ z "h display$ & ! ,iroquoian   
or5da1  two resemblances /& out         
prom95tly4 ,or5da is1 l manit\1 a       
my/ic1 or magical--n a natural--quality 
or pot5tiality1 :i*  resides 9 "s p]sons
 or objects 9 great] measure ?an o!rs4  
,&  ! fact t x is 8held to be ! prop]ty 
( all ?+s1 all  bodies1 & by ! in*oate  
m5tation ( man is reg>d$ z !  effici5t  
cause ( all ph5om5a1 all ! activities ( 
8  environm5t10#da4b approximates !     
conception v closely to t  ( manit\4    
,:5 we turn to ! ,omaha1 a ,si\an tribe1
 we f9d a concept h>dly  di/+ui%able f t
 ( ! ,algonk9s4 ,"h aga9 we h !         
advantage ( native help4 ,mr ,francis   
,la ,fles*e1 ! son ( a =m]  *ief ( !    
tribe1 is jo9tly responsible = an       
exhau/ive monograph  on ! ,omaha ) ,miss

 ,alice ,flet*]1 ^: k ( ?is &  neighb\r+
 tribes is among inve/igators (         
,european desc5t  unrivall$4 ,we may    
!re=e rely ^u _! exposition )  confid5ce
 equal to t we h giv5 to ^? already cit$
 on !  ,iroquois & ! ,algonk9s4 8,an    
invisible & cont9u\s life 0  believ$10  
!y tell u1 8to p]meate all ?+s1 se5 &   
unse54  ,?is life manife/s itself 9 two 
ways3 fir/1 by caus+ to move--all       
motion1 all actions ( m9d or body are   
because ( ?is invisible  life2 second1  
by caus+ #db p]man5cy ( /ructure & =m1 z
 9  ! rock1 ! physical features ( !     
l&scape1 m\nta9s1 pla9s1  /reams1 riv]s1
 lakes1 ! animals & man4 ,?is invisible 
life 0  also conceiv$ ( z be+ simil> to 
! w-p[] ( :i* man is  consci\s )9       
himself--a p[] by :i* all ?+s are br\ght
 to  pass4 ,?r\gh ?is my/]i\s life & p[]
 all ?+s are relat$ to  "o ano!r & to   
man1 ! se5 to ! unse51 ! dead to !      
liv+1 a fragm5t ( any?+ to its entirety4
 ,?is invisible life  & p[] 0 call$     
,wakonda4 ,:ile x 0 a vague entity1 yet 

!re  0 an an?ropomorphic col\r+ to !    
conception1 z is %[n 9 !  pray]s (f]$ & 
! mann] 9 :i* appeals = compassion &    
help 7 made1 also 9 ! e?ical quality    
attribut$ to c]ta9  natural ph5om5a--!  
regul>ity ( night foll[+ day1 ( summ]   
w9t] 7^! 7 recogniz$ z emphasiz+        
tru?fulness z a  dep5dable quality & set
 =? = man's guidance71--& 9 !  approval 
by ,wakonda ( c]ta9 e?ical actions on ! 
"p (  mank9d40#db4a 8,!re is !re=e10 !  
writ]s tell u 9 ano!r  place1 8no       
propriety 9 speak+ ( ,wakonda z #8!     
,great ,_s4'  ,equally improp] w\ld x be
 to reg>d ! t]m z a synonym (  nature1  
or ( an objective god1 a be+ ap>t f     
nature4 ,x is  difficult to =mulate !   
native idea express$ 9 ?is ^w4 ,!       
,european m9d dem&s a k9d ( intellectual
 cry/allization (  conceptions1 :i* is n
 ess5tial to ! ,omaha1 & :i*1 :5        
attempt$1 is apt to modify ! orig9al    
mean+40 ,b :ile !  concept appe>s to be 
vague & imp]sonal1 inasmu* z human      
conditions 7 project$ ^u nature1 8c]ta9 

an?ropomorphic  attributes 7 ascrib$ to 
x1 approximat+ to a k9d ( #dc           
p]sonality40 ,moreov]1 8!re is a        
di/9ction 9 ! ,omaha m9d  betwe5 v>y+   
mean+s ( ! ^w wakonda4 ,! ,wakonda      
address$  9 ! tribal pray] & 9 ! tribal 
religi\s c]emonies :i*  p]ta9 to !      
welf>e ( all ! p is ! ,wakonda t is !   
p]meat+ life ( visible nature--an       
invisible life & p[] t  rea*es ev]y:]e &
 ev]y?+1 & c be appeal$ to by man to    
s5d him help4 ,f ?is c5tral idea ( a    
p]meat+ life comes1 on  ! "o h&1 !      
application ( ! ^w wakonda to any?+     
my/]i\s or inexplicable1 be x an object 
or an occurr5ce2 &1 on  ! o!r h&1 !     
belief t ! peculi> gifts ( an animate or
  inanimate =m c be transf]r$ to man4 ,!
 means by :i* ?is  transf]5ce takes     
place is my/]i\s & p]ta9s to ,wakonda1 b
 is  n ,wakonda4 ,s ! m$ia--! %ell1 !   
pebble1 ! ?und]1 !  animal1 ! my?ic     
mon/]--may be spok5 ( z wakondas1 b !y  
are  n reg>d$ z ! ,wakonda40#dc4a    ,l 
! ,algonkian manit\1 ! ,si\an wakonda is

 ?us se5 to  hov] betwe5 ! ,p]sonal & ! 
,imp]sonal1 :]eas ! ,iroquoian  or5da   
cl+s ab\t p]sons & ?+s4 ,yet x is appli$
 9 an  adjectival =m by v>i\s ,si\an    
tribes to m$ic9e-m51 to !  sacr$ pipe1  
to ! sleight-(-h& tricks p]=m$ by !     
m$ic9e-m5 or juggl]s1 & app>5tly to     
anyone :o displays  unusual qualities or
 p[]s4 ,?us x is us$ = a man :o is      
extraord9>ily /+y1 to a man :o has a    
habit ( l\d & rapid  spee*1 to "o :o is 
a h>d1 almo/ an unm]ciful1 rid]1 to a   
*ild  :o speaks or walks = ! fir/ "t &  
has ?us manife/$ a new  & individual p[]
 to act4 ,a woman dur+ h] m5/rual p]iod 
is  wakan2 to p]=m acts ( wor%ip is to  
make wakan2 ! secret  society among !   
,dakotas #dd :i* is ! depository ( _!   
my/]ies is wakanwacipi1 ! sacr$ dance4  
,9 ^! cases ! ^w  conveys ! s5se n only 
( my/]i\s1 p[]ful1 wond]ful1 b  also (  
sacr$1 spiritual1 taboo4 ,& a ,ponka    
m$ic9e-man once told  ! late ,j4 ,o4    
,dorsey1 8,i am a wak&a40#dd4a          
,equival5t ideas & expressions are us$  

by o!r ,am]ican tribes4  ,sup]natural   
p[] impresses ! ,tl+it1 = example1 8z a 
va/  imm5sity1 "o 9 k9d & imp]sonal1    
inscrutable z to its nature1  b :5ev]   
manife/+ itself to m51 tak+ a p]sonal1 &
 x  might be said a human p]sonal1 =m 9 
:atev] object x displays  itself4 ,?us !
 sky-_s is ! ocean ( sup]natural en]gy z
 x  manife/s itself 9 ! sky1 ! sea-_s z 
x manife/s itself 9  ! sea1 ! be>-_s z x
 manife/s itself 9 ! be>1 !  rock-_s z x
 manife/s itself 9 ! rock1 etc4 ,x is n 
meant  t ! ,tl+it consci\sly reasons ?is
 out ?us1 or =mulates a  unity 9 !      
sup]natural1 b su* appe>s to be 8       
unexpress$  feel+4 ,= ?is reason !re is 
b "o "n1 yk1 a "n :i*  is affix$ to any 
specific p]sonal manife/ation ( x4'''   
,?is  sup]natural en]gy mu/ be c>efully 
diff]5tiat$ f natural  en]gy & nev]     
confus$ ) x4 ,x is true t ! =m] is      
suppos$ to br+ ab\t results simil> to ! 
latt]1 b 9 ! m9d  ( ! ,tl+it ! conceiv$ 
diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two is z great  z )  
u4 ,a rock roll+ d[nhill or an animal   

runn+ is by no  means a manife/ation (  
sup]natural en]gy1 al?\gh if some?+     
peculi> be associat$ ) ^! actions1      
some?+ outside ( !  ,indian's usual     
exp]i5ce ( su* ph5om5a1 !y may be ?\ght 
( z  su*40 ,on ! o!r h&1 & "h we approa*
 ! ,iroquoian idea1  8! numb] ( #de     
spirits yk ) :i* ?is _w 0 peopl$  0     
simply limitless4''' ,!re is said to h  
be5 a _s 9 e  trail on :i* "o travell$1 
& "o ar\nd e fire2 "o 0  connect$ )     
ev]y?+ "o did40 ,! writ] :om ,i am quot+
 goes  on to give a l>ge numb] (        
in/ances %[+ t ! heav5ly  bodies1 ! w9d1
 ! sea1 m\nta9s1 lakes1 trees1 animals1 
9 %ort1  all ?+s1 7 address$1 to        
conciliate !m1 to r5d] !m  fri5dly1 to  
acquire "s gift or advantage1 7 treat$ )
  rev]5ce or ) magical int5t4 ,& ( c\rse
 ! m$ic9e-m5 or  %amans 7 ! special     
fav\rites ( ! spirits1 & 7 end[$  ) p[] 
:i* !y (t5 mat*$ aga9/ "o ano!r4#de4a   
,?us we h 9 ^! ,nor? ,am]ican ideas two 
di/9ct  conceptions--! possession ( :at 
,i h call$ a pot5tiality or  atmosph]e (

 its own by ! individual p]sonality1    
:e!r human or  non-human2 & ! imp]sonal1
 my/]i\s1 undef9$ res]voir (  p[] 9 !   
univ]se z conceiv$ by ! savage4 ,^! two 
conceptions are n mutually exclusive1 = 
! imp]sonal p[] is  (t5 held to be !    
s\rce ( ! p]sonal p[] or pot5tiality4 ,z
  among ! ,am]ican ,indian tribes1 s    
else:]e !y are diff]5tly  emphasiz$ by  
diff]5t peoples4 ,! ,bantu ( ! ,l[]     
,congo bas9  emphasize ! imp]sonal      
conception4 ,accord+ to ! ,bafiote1 !   
fir/ ages ( ! _w 7 rul$ by ,nzambi1 ?\gh
 :e!r he made  ev]y?+ seems a matt] (   
d\bt4 ,:5 he retir$ f active  int]f]5ce 
9 ! conc]ns ( m51 he left beh9d1 or s5t1
 or !re  rema9$ 9 ! e>?1 ,some?+4       
,inde$1 x seems to be believ$ t  ,nzambi
 himself1 or 8 p[]1 8 vital & creative  
en]gy1 is /ill  9 e>? & wat]1 9 ! air1 9
 plants1 animals & m54 ,9 any  case1 !  
,some?+ rema9+ #df on e>? s9ce ,nzambi's
 outw>d &  visible dep>ture is or has   
,lunynsu4 ,! concept ( ,lunynsu is  t ( 
natural =ce1 vital en]gy1 p[] (         

increase1 9 %ort1 !  ,all-rul+1 !       
,highe/1 t p5etrates e liv+ ?+4 ,x is n 
life1 b an activity b\nd up ) life1 its 
manife/ation1 its  condition4 ,a crippl$
 limb does n possess x1 & ) dea? x      
ceases entirely1 x is gone4 ,! ,some?+1 
h[ev]1 :i* ei!r is  or has ,lunynsu is  
ev5 wid] ?an ?is4 ,x is repres5t$ by    
,bu-nssi 7probably ! old] "n7 or        
,mkissi-nssi4 ,! latt] means  !         
sup]natural or magical p[] ( ! e>?1 &   
seems to be due to  ! lat] ov]gr[? (    
feti%ism4 ,! =m] conveys ! idea ( !     
=ce1 ! en]gy ( e>?4 ,9 any case x is n  
to be conf\nd$  ) feti%-p[]1 = x is     
rev]$ z feti%-p[] is n1 nor )  ! e>?-_s1
 = ! ,bafiote "k no elem5tal spirits4 ,x
 mu/  be conceiv$ z ! t]re/rial en]gy1 !
 all-p]meat+ creative  =ce1 !           
all-wield+1 ! f]tility1 ! becom+4 ,h5ce 
!re is a  sacr$ness atta*+ to ! e>?2 &  
connect$ z ! e>? is )  ! idea (         
fecundity & ! op]ations ( agriculture1 &
 z x is  an insep>able condition ( life1
 ^! all =m a f\ndation = !  "r to !     

soil1 = hospitality & ! relations ( !   
sexes4 ,!  indef9it5ess ( ,bu-nssi is   
%[n by ! fact t ! natives  !mselves are 
n agre$ :e!r x is "o or _m4 ,9 fact1 9 !
  use ( its synonym1 ,mkissi1 ! plural  
=m--& :at is  significant1 ! plural     
p]sonal =m--is (t5 he>d4 ,op9ion wav]s  
z ! ne$s or ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t may   
dem&1 or p]haps z  tradition wav]s )    
*ang+ m5tal environm5t4 ,b ^? :o claim  
! old] fai? or ! deep] insight adh]e to 
! /atem5t t  !re is b "o ,mkissi-nssi1  
ev5 ,bu-nssi4    ,?us ! conception (    
,bu-nssi r\ghly corresponds #dg ) t (  !
 res]voir ( p[] we h already f\nd among 
! ,omaha & o!r  tribes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
,bafiote hold t ev]y?+ 9 nature  has its
 peculi> prop]ty1 ev]y?+ is p]vad$ by   
=ces4 ,all  ?+s influ5ce "o ano!r by    
visible de$s ( p[] or 9  secret-wise4   
,h5ce are evolv$ manifold relations1    
among :i* !  mo/ important = man are ^? 
t ext5d to 8 p]son4 ,! effect  (        
physical =ces is obvi\s4 ,b exp]i5ce    
tea*es t !re are  o!r =ces t are        

efficaci\s1 al?\gh ! process is n always
  und]/ood4 ,su* =ces z ^! act )\t      
imm$iate & p]ceptible  contact4 ,s at   
lea/ ! wise m5 believe1 & !y act        
accord+ly4  ,h[ x happ5s !y d n bo!r _! 
heads4 ,x is s1 & t is  en\gh4 ,if x 7  
o!rwise !y c\ld n expla9 ! ev5ts t      
happ54 ,"h is1 9 some?+ m ?an g]m1 !    
,iroquoian or5da4  ,b ! m s5sual        
,bafiote1 :e!r f _! own nature & social 
organization1 or f ! tropical environm5t
 9 :i* !y live1 are  preoccupi$ ) !     
relations ( ! v>i\s =ces ?us p]meat+    
all ?+s4 ,^! =ces are misus$4 ,prud5ce &
 activity1 /r5g?  ( limb & skill d n    
suffice2 f> too mu* evil occurs among   
!m4  ,! ,bafiote are obsess$1 l all !   
,african peoples1 ) ! idea  ( wit*craft4
 ,!y mu/ be protect$ aga9/ x4 ,p[] is   
!re=e  mat*$ aga9/ p[]1 spell aga9/     
spell4 ,if !re 7 n  ?or\ghly wick$ m5 :o
 s\ght op5ly or secretly to injure o!rs1
  feti%es w\ld h>dly be ne$$4 ,by ! use 
( feti%es !y seek to  ma/] ! =ces ( :i* 
on e side !y see indications1 & to  make

 !m _! own4 ,feti%es are n gods4 ,!re is
 no?+  spiritual1 no?+ indep5d5t ( m51  
ab\t !m4 ,!y are mat]ial  objects1      
fabricat$ by art1 s z to embody =ces    
work+ by  my/]i\s means = ! aid #dh or  
injury ( m54 ,! de/ruction (  ! feti%   
involves ! annihilation ( ! =ces x      
embodies1  :]eas ! exi/5ce ( a god is 9 
n[ise imp]ill$ by !  de/ruction ( 8     
image4 ,9 %ort1 feti%es are magical     
in/rum5ts4  ,yet su* is ! invet]ate     
an?ropomorphism ( mank9d t !y d  acquire
 a quasi-p]sonal "*1 & t5d to be ?\ght (
 z  individual & consci\s be+s4 ,b !y   
are nev] wor%ipp$2 !  ,fiote has no     
gods4 ,he has only feti%es1 !           
incorporation ( p[]s  & en]gies he sees 
act+ ar\nd him ev]y:]e4 ,by t           
incorporation ^! p[]s & en]gies are     
appropriat$ = 8  b5efit1 = 8 p>ticul>   
ends1 or = ! ends & b5efit ( !  society 
( :i* he is a memb]4#dh4a    ,simil>    
ideas ( my/]i\s =ce wav]+ betwe5 !      
p]sonal &  ! imp]sonal & p]meat+ all ?+s
 appe> to und]lie !  ,*9ese conceptions 

( ! ,ts+1 or op]ative en]gy1 :i*        
inspires1 or manife/s itself 91 ! ,khi1 
brea? or s\l1 to  produce ! liv+        
be+4#dh4b ,^! ideas h be5 tak5 ov] by  !
 ,annamites1 among :om ! ,t9h is 8a     
fluid1 a =ce :i*  resides 9 all ?+s1 &  
)\t :i* no exi/5ce c manife/  itself10 &
 is 8! ess5tial pr9ciple ( all action40 
,unit+ )  ! ,khi1 brea? or s\l1 x       
produces 8! life1 ! movem5t1 !  be+s & !
 ?+s peopl+ ! _w40 ,x is _! ess5tial    
condition4 ,! entire sy/em ( magic &    
religion re/s on ^!  ideas4#dh4c ,mu* ! 
same may be said ( ! ,japanese ,kami1   
probably connect$ ) ,a9u ,kamui4#dh4d ,x
 is1 h[ev]1  unnecess>y to discuss #di  
at l5g? ! conceptions involv$4 ,!y  h   
be5 elaborat$ ?r\gh c5turies (          
civilization &  philosophical           
exposition1 until x is n[ difficult to  
det]m9e h[  mu* ( _! pres5t =m & cont5t 
!y owe to ar*aic savag]y4    ,let u turn
 to ! ,melanesian isl&s ( ! ,s\?        
,pacific4 8,!  ,melanesian m9d10 says   
,dr ,codr+ton1 8is entirely possess$ by 

!  belief 9 a sup]natural p[] or        
influ5ce1 call$ almo/ univ]sally  mana4 
,?is is :at works to effect ev]y?+ :i*  
is beyond !  ord9>y p[] ( m51 outside ! 
common processes ( nature2 x is  pres5t 
9 ! atmosph]e ( life1 atta*es itself to 
p]sons & to  ?+s1 & is manife/$ by      
results :i* c only be ascrib$ to its    
op]ation4 ,:5 "o has got x he c use x & 
direct x1 b its  =ce may break =? at "s 
new po9t2 ! pres5ce ( x is  asc]ta9$ by 
pro(4 ,a man comes by *ance ^u a /one   
:i* takes  8 fancy2 its %ape is s+ul>1 x
 is l some?+1 x is  c]ta9ly n a common  
/one1 !re mu/ be mana 9 x4''' ,hav+  t  
p[]1 x is a vehicle to convey mana to   
o!r /ones4''' ,b  ?is p[]1 ?\gh itself  
imp]sonal1 is always connect$ ) "s      
p]son :o directs x2 all spirits h x1    
gho/s g5]ally1 "s  m54 ,if a /one is    
f\nd to h a sup]natural p[]1 x is       
because a  _s has associat$ itself ) x2 
a dead man's bone has ) x  mana1 because
 ! gho/ is ) ! bone2 a man may h s close
 a  connexion ) a _s or gho/ t he has   

mana 9 himself also1  & c s direct x z  
to effect :at he desires2 a *>m is      
p[]ful  because ! "n ( a _s or gho/     
express$ 9 ! =m ( words  br+s into x !  
p[] :i* ! gho/ or _s ex]cises ?r\gh  x4 
,?us all conspicu\s success is a pro( t 
a man has mana2 8  influ5ce dep5ds on ! 
impression made #ej on ! p's m9d  t he  
has x2 he becomes a *ief by virtue ( x4 
,h5ce a man's  p[]1 ?\gh political or   
social 9 its "*1 is 8 mana2 !  ^w is    
naturally us$ 9 accordance ) ! native   
conception ( !  "* ( all p[] & influ5ce 
z sup]natural4 ,if a man has  be5       
successful 9 fight+1 x has n be5 8      
natural /r5g? (  arm1 quickness ( eye or
 read9ess ( res\rce t has won success2  
he has c]ta9ly got ! mana ( a _s or ( "s
 deceas$  w>rior to emp[] him1 convey$ 9
 an amulet ( a /one r\nd 8  neck1 or a  
tuft ( leaves 9 8 belt1 9 a too? hung ^u
 a f+]  ( 8 b[-h&1 or 9 ! =m ( words )  
:i* he br+s  sup]natural assi/ance to 8 
side4 ,if a man's pigs multiply1 & 8    
g>d5s are productive1 x is n because he 

is indu/ri\s & looks  aft] 8 prop]ty1 b 
because ( ! /ones full ( mana = pigs  & 
yams t he possesses4 ,( c\rse a yam     
naturally gr[s :5  plant$2 t is well    
kn[n2 b x w n be v l>ge unless  mana    
comes into play2 a canoe w n be swift   
unless mana be  br\ght to be> ^u x1 a   
net w n cat* _m fi% nor an arr[  inflict
 a mortal w\nd40 ,su* a p[] or influ5ce 
z ?is is (  c\rse n physical1 ?\gh x may
 %[ itself 89 physical =ce or  9 any k9d
 ( p[] or excell5ce :i* a man           
possesses40 ,f9ally1  8all ,melanesian  
religion consi/s1 9 fact1 9 gett+ ?is   
mana =  "o's self1 or gett+ x us$ = "o's
 b5efit--all religion1 t  is1 z f> z    
religi\s practices g1 pray]s &          
sacrifices40#ej4a  7,! v int5tion t     
animates ! ,fiote rites ( feti%ism47    
,x is n easy to =mulate a cle> idea ( ! 
orig9al s\rce (  mana4 ,x is said to be 
imp]sonal1 to be pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e  (
 life & communicable to p]sons & to ?+s4
 ,to t ext5t x  resembles ! #ea         
imp]sonal p[] or pot5tiality we h f\nd  

else:]e4 ,b :]ev] x is manife/$ x is    
connect$ ) "s  p]sonal be+ :o orig9ates 
& directs x4#ea4a ,x is n a  quality    
inh]5t 9 m5 ( m ?an ord9>y p[] & skill4 
8,if a  man10 writes ,bi%op ,codr+ton1  
8has be5 successful 9 fight+1 '''  he   
has c]ta9ly got ! mana ( a _s or ( "s   
deceas$  ance/or to emp[] him40 ,& aga93
 8,no man has ?is p[] ( 8  own2 all t he
 does is done by ! aid ( p]sonal be+s1  
gho/s or  spirits2 he _c be said1 z a _s
 c1 to be mana himself1  us+ ! ^w to    
express a quality2 he c be said to h    
mana1 x  may be said to be ) him1 ! ^w  
be+ us$ z a  sub/antive40#ea4b ,x w\ld  
?us seem z if x 7 an ess5tial           
*>act]i/ic n ( p]sonal be+s--ev5 (      
p[]ful p]sonal  be+s--9 g5]al1 b belong+
 to ! _w ( spirits1 includ+  ! spirits (
 ! dead4 ,yet n to all spirits2 =       
else:]e we  read3 8,x mu/ n be suppos$ t
 e gho/ becomes an object (  wor%ip10 z 
a s\rce ( mana4 8,a man 9 dang] may call
 ^u 8  fa!r1 8 gr&fa!r1 or 8 uncle2 8   
ne>ness ( k9 is  suffici5t gr\nd = x4 ,!

 gho/ :o is to be wor%ipp$ is !  _s ( a 
man :o 9 8 lifetime _h mana 9 him2 !    
s\ls (  common m5 are ! common h]d (    
gho/s1 nobodies alike be=e &  aft] dea?4
 ,! sup]natural p[] abid+ 9 ! p[]ful    
liv+ man  abides 9 8 gho/ aft] dea? )   
increas$ vig\r & m ease (               
movem5t40#ea4c ,?us #eb we are f\nd 9   
some?+ l :at  logicians call a vici\s   
circle4 ,only ^? gho/s h mana1 or are   
mana1 aft] dea? :o _h mana 9 _!         
lifetime4 ,b if !y _h  mana 9 _!        
lifetime1 x 0 because !y d]iv$ x f gho/s
  or o!r spirits4 ,9 any case mana      
appe>s to be conceiv$ ( z  transc5d+    
humanity1 belong+ to ! my/]i\s region ( 
!  ,unkn[n1 embodi$ 9 its primitive     
d5iz5s1 fl[+ f !m1 by !  *annel (       
mat]ial objects 7amulets71 =ms ( words  
7*>ms7 or  names1 to c]ta9 human be+s1 &
 tak5 back by ! latt] into !  same great
 res]voir ( p[] :5 !y die1 !nce to be   
communicat$  afre% to fav\r$ mortals1 & 
s on = ev]4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 no  su*   
def9ite concept f9ds a place 9 !        

,melanesian bra92 ! mode  ( savage ?\ght
 h>dly admits ( su* cry/allization4     
,x is likely t mana 7bo? ! ^w & ! mean+7
 #ec 0  introduc$ into ! ,melanesian    
isl&s f ,polynesia1 :]e x is  widely    
spread & ! ^w has num]\s d]ivatives4 ,9 
seek+ !re  its explanation we are at a  
disadvantage2 because1 ) all _!         
devotion & m]its1 no mission>y & no     
sci5tific enquir] has  giv5 u su* a /udy
 ( ,polynesian m5tality z ,dr ,codr+ton 
has  giv5 ( t ( ! ,melanesians4 ,we turn
 !re=e1 9 ! fir/  place1 to ! m dang]\s 
guidance ( a diction>y4 ,f t we  le>n t 
ev]y:]e mana has ! signification ( p[]1 
&  almo/ ev]y:]e ( sup]natural p[]4 ,x  
is also def9$ z  influ5ce1 pre/ige1     
hon\r1 au?ority2 9 ,hawaiian x is us$ to
  express1 besides sup]natural p[] su* z
 w\ld be attribut$ to !  gods1 ! simpl] 
idea ( p[]1 & also _s 79 ! s5se (  en]gy
 ( "*71 glory1 maje/y1 intellig5ce--all 
d\btless  second>y mean+s4 ,we ne$ n    
discuss 9 detail ! d]ivatives 9  v>i\s  
,polynesian dialects4 ,_! g5]al tr5d is 

t[>ds !  expression ( ?\ght1 op9ion or  
belief1 indu/ry1 vehem5t desire1        
love--all ( !m activities prim>ily ( !  
m9d or emotions4  ,manava or manawa is a
 ^w mean+ ! belly or int]nal organs (  !
 body1 !n ! he>t z ! seat ( affection1 !
 feel+s or  emotions1 s\l1 consci5ce1 & 
9 "o dialect at lea/1 an  app>ition1 a  
gho/ or _s4 ,mana1 9 %ort1 seems to     
recall !  idea ( extraord9>y qualities1 
especially p[]1 & ! emotional  reactions
 caus$ by _! exhibition4 ,p[] or en]gy1 
ov]:elm+1  sup]natural1 is evid5tly !   
root-idea1 ve/$ 9 individual1  p]sonal  
be+s4 ,"o phrase1 to be sure1 9 a ,maori
 my? sugge/s !  indep5d5t possession (  
?is p[] by an object we %\ld n reg>d  z 
p]sonal3 ,he taiaha :aimana1 expla9$ by 
! lexicograph] z  8,a wood5 sword :i*   
has done #ed de$s s wond]ful z to       
possess a  sanctity & p[] ( its own40   
,lit]ally x is 8,a sword 9 :i*  mana is 
resid5t40 ,:e!r ?is or ! p>allel        
,mang>evan e  turuturu mana1 a p[]ful or
 magical /aff1 really implies an  inh]5t

 p[] indep5d5t ( spiritual orig91 mu/   
rema9  undecid$4#ed4a ,we are l$ to ?9k 
( ! weapons ( ,teutonic  my?ology &     
romance1 hav+ names z if !y 7           
p]sonalities1 &  end[$ ) p[]s to r5d] _!
 be>]s inv9cible--nay1 :5  drawn1 to    
inspire !m ) ungov]nable fury4 ,b 9 ! =m
 9  :i* _! /ories rea* u all su* weapons
 owe _! peculi>  prop]ties1 l ! curse ^u
 ! ,nibelung ho>d1 to "s m ?an  e>?ly   
be+1 or at lea/ to a mortal wiz>d4      
,hav+ furni%$ ourselves ) ?is key1 we   
may exam9e "s ( !  incid5ts (           
,polynesian life & religion report$ by  
compet5t  obs]v]s4 ,! inauguration      
c]emony ( a ,tahitian k+1 we are told   
by ! mission>y ,ellis1 consi/$ 9 gird+  
him ) ! m>o ura1  or sacr$ girdle ( r$  
fea!rs4 ,?is girdle 80 made ) !  beat5  
fibres ( ! aoa2 ) ^! a numb] ( uru1 r$  
fea!rs1 tak5 f ! images ( _! deities1 7 
int]wov5 )  fea!rs ( o!r col\rs4 ,! m>o 
?us became sacr$1 ev5 z !  p]son ( !    
gods1 ! fea!rs be+ suppos$ to reta9 all 
!  dreadful attributes ( p[] & v5geance 

:i* ! idols possess$1  & ) :i* x 0      
design$ to end[ ! k+40 ,s pot5t inde$  0
 x t 8x n only rais$ him to ! highe/    
e>?ly /ation1  b id5tifi$ #ee him )0 !  
gods4#ee4a ,! same mission>y  else:]e   
relates t 8?r\gh\t ,polynesia ! ord9>y  
m$ium (  communicat+ or ext5d+          
sup]natural p[]s 0 ! r$ fea!r (  a small
 bird f\nd 9 _m ( ! isl&s & ! beautiful 
long  tail-fea!rs ( ! tropic or man-(-w>
 bird4 ,= ^! fea!rs !  gods 7 suppos$ to
 h a /rong pr$ilection2 !y 7 ! mo/      
valuable (f]+s t c\ld be pres5t$2 to !m 
! p[] or  influ5ce ( ! gods 0 imp>t$1 & 
?r\gh !m transf]r$ to  ! objects to :i* 
!y might be atta*$40 ,on c]ta9 c]emonial
  occasions ^? p]sons 8:o wi%$ _!       
emblems ( deity to be  impregnat$ ) !   
ess5ce ( ! gods1 repair$ to ! c]emony  )
 a numb] ( r$ fea!rs1 :i* !y deliv]$ to 
! (ficiat+  prie/4 ,! wood5 idols be+   
g5]ally holl[1 ! fea!rs 7  deposit$ 9 ! 
inside ( ! image1 :i* 0 fill$ ) !m40    
,:5 ! idols 7 solid1 ! fea!rs 7 atta*$  
on ! outside4  ,to anyone :o br\ght fre%

 fea!rs1 two or ?ree ( ! same k9d  :i*  
_h be5 ?us 8unit$ to ! god0 at a =m]    
fe/ival 7  giv5 9 return4 8,^! fea!rs 7 
?\ght to possess all !  prop]ties ( !   
images to :i* !y _h be5 atta*$1 & a     
sup]natural influ5ce 0 suppos$ to be    
infus$ into !m4 ,!y 7  c>efully w\nd    
r\nd ) v f9e cord1 ! extremities alone  
rema9+ visible4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 !       
new-made gods 7 plac$  be=e ! l>g]      
images f :i* !y _h be5 tak52 & le/  _!  
deta*m5t %\ld induce ! god to )hold 8   
p[]1 !  prie/ address$ a pray] to !     
pr9cipal deities1 reque/+ !m to  abide 9
 ! r$ fea!rs be=e !m4 #ef ,at ! close ( 
8 ubu1  or invocation1 he decl>$ t !y 7 
dwelt 9 or inhabit$ 7by  ! gods71 &     
deliv]$ !m to ! p>ties :o _h br\ght ! r$
  fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs1 tak5 home1 7       
deposit$ 9 small  bamboo-canes1 except+ 
:5 address$ 9 pray]4 ,if prosp]ity      
att5d$ _! own]1 x 0 attribut$ to _!     
influ5ce1 & !y  7 usually hon\r$ ) a    
too1 or image1 into :i* !y 7  inwr\ght2 
& subsequ5tly1 p]haps1 an alt> & a rude 

temple 7  erect$ = !m4 ,9 ! ev5t1 h[ev]1
 ( _! be+ atta*$ to an  image1 ?is mu/  
be tak5 to ! l>ge temple1 t ! supreme   
idols  might sanction ! transf] ( _!    
influ5ce40#ef4a    ,9 ! =ego+ passages x
 w be p]ceiv$ t ! mission>y is  do+     
some?+ m ?an describ+ rites he _h no    
d\bt (t5  witness$2 he is lab\r+ also to
 translate into ,engli% &  incorporate )
 8 acc\nt ! explanations he _h extract$ 
f  8 ,polynesian fri5ds4 ,he seems to   
exhau/ 8 spiritual vocabul>y  9 speak+ (
 8p[]s10 8influ5ce10 8! communication ( 
attributes10 ( 8! ess5ce ( ! gods40 ,b  
:5 he recalls !  words ( ! prie/1 !y are
 ev5 /rong] & at ! same "t  simpl] ?an  
any ( ^! expressions3 ! god is pray$ to 
8abide 90  ! fea!rs2 he is decl>$ to    
8inhabit0 !m4 ,if ^! be an  accurate    
translation ( ! words employ$1 x w\ld   
seem t n  m]ely ! p[] b a portion ( !   
p]sonality ( ! god pass$  into ! fea!rs1
 & t :ile 8 *ief resid5ce 0 /ill at !   
great temple :]e 8 pr9cipal image dwelt1
 he 0 also pres5t  :i!rsoev] ! bun*es ( 

fea!rs :i* _h be5 consecrat$ by         
deposition )9 or ^u x 7 c>ri$4 ,he      
himself inhabit$ !m2  & x 0 ?is fact t  
8id5tifi$0 ! k+1 z ! we>] ( su*  fea!rs1
 ) ! gods4    #eg    ,x may be s4 ,x may
 be ano!r illu/ration ( ! fluidity ( !  
concept ( p]sonality4 ,b :at we h       
already le>n$ ( mana may  lead u to     
place ano!r int]pretation ^u x4 ,x 0 n  
m]ely !  gods ^: influ5ce or p]sonality 
0 convey$ by contact4 ,! k+  9 8 turn   
spread an awful influ5ce 9 ! same way1  
or ev5 by !  utt]ance ( a ^w4 ,9 ,new   
,zeal& 8! g>m5ts ( an ariki1 or  high   
*ief1 7 tapu1 z well z ev]y?+ relat+ to 
him2 !y  c\ld n be worn by anyone else1 
le/ !y %\ld kill him40 ,if a  s+le drop 
( a high *ief's blood fl[$ on any?+1 x  
consecrat$  ! object to him1 or1 z !    
natives phras$ x1 r5d]$ x tapu4  ,?is   
consequ5ce result$ to ev]y?+ t\*$ by    
him1 to ev]y?+  to :i* he *ose to affix 
8 "n or ! "n ( "o ( 8  ance/ors4 ,he    
c\ld n eat ) 8 wife1 le/ 8 sanctity %\ld
  kill h]1 ?\gh %e h]self 0 by m>riage  

consecrat$ to him4 ,nor  0 ! sanctity by
 any means conf9$ to ! highe/ *iefs4 ,x 
ext5d$ d[nw>ds to ! l[] ranks1 b always 
9 a decreas+  measure4 ,x ma9ly dep5d$  
on rank & influ5ce2#eg4a x c\ld be  none
 o!r ?an ! effect ( mana4    ,betwe5    
mana1 h[ev]1 & p]sonality ! divid+ l9e  
is v  ?94 ,we f9d x ! same 9 o!r p>ts ( 
! _w4 ,fa!r ,de  ,aco/a relates t ^u !  
ev5 ( 8 fea/ ! ,mexican idol            
,tezcatlipuca 0 furni%$ ) a new robe4   
,:5 x 0 put on1 !  old robe 0 tak5 (f 8&
 kept ) z mu* or m rev]5ce ?an  we doe  
our ornam5ts40 ,ecclesia/ical ornam5ts (
 c\rse are meant2  & ! writ] goes on to 
say t 8!re 7 9 ! c(f]s ( !  idoll _m    
ornam5ts1 iewelles1 e>e+s1 & o!r ri*es1 
z  bracelets & preti\s fea!rs1 :i* s]v$ 
to no o!r vse ?an to  be #eh !re1 & 0   
sic wor%ipp$ z _! god x  selfe40#eh4a   
,"h ! ornam5ts w\ld seem to all int5ts  
id5tifi$  ) ! god1 exactly z ! r$ fea!rs
 ( ! ,tahitian god are  8inhabit$0 by   
him4 ,! explanation ( ! "o is !         
explanation (  ! o!r4 ,! same ambiguity 

is discov]able 9 a mu* high]            
civilization ?an ei!r ! ,polynesian or !
 ,mexican4 ,d[n to !  end ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury ,breton wom51 9 ord] to secure a 
happy  deliv]y1 us$ to dip _! girdles 9 
c]ta9 sacr$ f\nta9s2 &  ev5 to-day !    
expectant "m :o c wrap ar\nd h] body a  
ribbon  ?us dipp$ is sure 9 due c\rse to
 br+ into ! _w a robu/  *ild1 & t )\t   
dang] to h]self4#eh4b ,?is we may be    
incl9$ to ?9k an example ( an imp]sonal 
p[] analog\s to t  ( ! ,si\an wakonda or
 ! ,algonkian manit\4 ,b we c c>ry  !   
matt] a /ep fur!r4 ,! ,ursul9e nuns (   
,qu9t9 keep a girls'  s*ool ( high      
reputation 9 ,brittany4 ,:5 "o ( _!     
pupils has  m>ri$ & become pregnant1 !y 
sometimes s5d h] z a special  fav\r a   
ribbon :i* has t\*$ a reliqu>y conta9+ a
 fragm5t (  ! ,virg9 ,m>y's zone2 & x is
 worn by ! recipi5t ar\nd h]  wai/ until
 h] baby is born4#eh4c ,x is n surely   
mis9t]pret+  ! rite to deem t ! ,virg9's
 zone1 hav+ be5 9 contact )  h] div9ity1
 has acquir$ & reta9s a portion ( ! mana

  emanat+ f h] p]son2 ! reliqu>y 9 turn 
is p]meat$ by t  mana1 & communicates x 
to ev]y?+ t t\*es x4 ,! wor?y  nuns     
probably h no exact !ory on ! subject2 b
 a little  consid]ation ( ! practice w  
lead u to ?9k t we h  und]/at$ its      
mean+4 #ei ,x is ! conv]se case to t ( !
  deposit ( clo?+ & o!r articles on !   
%r9e or ! image (  ! div9e be+1 :i* we h
 already consid]$4 ,9 ! latt] case  !re 
c\ld be no "q ( mana convey$ to ! god f 
8  vot>y4 ,moreov]1 ! true int]pretation
 ( ! practice mu/ expla9  ! cult (      
relics ( ! sa9ts1 :e!r ,*ri/ian1        
,mohamm$an1 or  ,buddhi/4 ,n[1 ^! relics
 consi/ n m]ely ( g>m5ts &  articles (  
use1 l a /aff1 b also ( ! bodies or     
fragm5ts (  ! bodies ( ! sa9ts4 ,9 !m a 
portion ( _! v p]sonality  inh]es1 &    
acc\nts = ! b5efic5t pot5tiality resid+ 
9 !  relics1 z x acc\nts also = !       
liability to injury by wit*craft  ^u    
simil> fragm5ts ( ! body or clo?+ (     
ord9>y mortals4  ,= ord9>y mortals1     
:atev] _! pot5tiality1 _c measure x     

aga9/ t ( sa9ts & wit*es4    ,yet human 
be+s :o are nei!r sa9ts nor wit*es1 & ! 
l[]  animals also1 h _! pot5tialities1 !
 b5efit ( :i* is  capable ( be+         
transf]r$ to o!rs4 ,?is is "o ( !       
reasons =  cannibalism4 ,among ! ,v$das 
( ,ceylon1 "o ( ! l[e/ kn[n  peoples1 x 
is said to h be5 ! cu/om1 :5 a man _h   
be5  kill$1 = ! slay] to op5 ! body &   
take out a piece ( !  liv]1 :i* he w\ld 
dry 9 ! sun & keep 9 8 p\*4 ,inde$ a    
man 0 sometimes put to dea? = ! purpose4
 ,its object 0 to make  its possessor   
/rong & confid5t to av5ge insults4 ,he  
w\ld bite  (f a piece ( ! dri$ liv] &   
*ew x1 say+ to himself3 8,i h  kill$ ?is
 man2 :y %\ld ,i n be /rong & confid5t &
 kill  ?is o!r "o :o has insult$        
me80#ei4a ,s ! ,turks1 aft] !  dea? ( ! 
,albanian h]o ,sc&]beg1 dug up 8 body & 
f 8  bones con/ruct$ amulets to inspire 
c\rage into ! we>] on #fj  !            
battlefield4#fj4a ,?is pot5tiality may  
be communicat$1 l  ! ,melanesian mana1  
?r\gh o!r objects2 & ! possibility has  

l$ to c]ta9 fun]al cu/oms 9 ,europe z   
well z else:]e4 ,aft] a  dea? 9 !       
,highl&s ( ,bav>ia x 0 =m]ly ! duty ( ! 
h\sewife to prep>e corpse-cakes         
7,lei*5-nudeln74 ,hav+ knead$  ! d\gh1  
%e plac$ x to rise on ! dead body1 :i*  
lay on a bi]  enswa!d 9 a l95 %r\d4 ,:5 
! d\gh _h ris51 ! cakes 7  bak$ = !     
expect$ gue/s4 ,to ! cakes s prep>$ !   
belief  atta*$ t 8!y conta9$ ! virtues &
 advantages ( !  deceas$10 & t 8 8liv+  
/r5g? pass$ ov] into ! k9sm5  :o consum$
 ! cakes1 & 0 ?us reta9$ )9 !           
k9dr$40#fj4b ,! eat+ ( ! fle% ( animals 
rem>kable =  qualities su* z f]ocity1   
/r5g?1 fleetness1 & s =?1 )  int5t to   
acquire ^! qualities is well kn[n4 ,"o  
illu/ration w  be suffici5t "h4 ,!      
,basuto1 be=e go+ to w>1 make assurance 
d\bly1 trebly sure by a cruel rite4 ,!  
=eleg ( a liv+ bull is  cut (f4 ,!      
w>riors eat x & are spr9kl$ ) blood f ! 
animal1 :i* is !n kill$4 ,!y are lanc$  
by ! wit*-doctor1 &  a p[d] made ( !    
fle% ( ! bull is rubb$ into ! w\nds4 ,9 

?is way1 namely1 by eat+ ! fle%1 by     
spr9kl+ ! blood1 & by  inoculation1 8!  
/r5g? & c\rage ( ! animal0 are imp>t$ to
  !m4#fj4c    ,x appe>s !n t ! concept (
 p]sonality is insep>able f  t ( !      
pot5tiality ) :i* a p]sonality is end[$4
 ,h5ce  ! ambiguity ( ! ,tahitian rite4 
,:e!r ! fea!rs :i* _h  be5 #fa atta*$ to
 an image reta9$ & transmitt$ to ! next 
we>] ! mana1 or a portion ( !           
p]sonality1 ( ! god1 !  "o effect 0     
equival5t to ! o!r3 !y are              
indi/+ui%able4  ,b betwe5 mana & !      
pot5tiality t else:]e inve/s a          
p]sonality !re is a diff]5ce4 ,! latt]  
may be1 & frequ5tly  is1 held to be     
drawn f ! common s\rce ( p[]1 !         
invisible  & cont9u\s life t p]meates   
all ?+s2 :]eas 9 ,melanesia  7& p]haps 9
 ,polynesia too7 mana is def9itely      
ascrib$ only to a  p]sonal orig91 if ,dr
 ,codr+ton has rightly int]pret$ !      
belief4  ,x is ! special prop]ty (      
spirits--t is to say1 ( sup]natural     
be+s--& is communicat$ by !m to :atsoev]

 or :omsoev] !y  w4 ,an important /ep   
has ?us be5 tak5 by ! ,melanesian m9d   
t[>ds sep>at+ ! ,p]sonal f ! ,imp]sonal1
 & human f  sup]human attributes &      
pot5tialities4    ,?us we f9d 9 widely  
sep>at$ regions1 among widely diff]5t   
races  & 9 cultures ! mo/ div]se1 ! idea
 ( my/ic p[] or  pot5tiality1 (t5       
conc5trat$ 9 individual p]sons or ?+s1 b
  9 effect spread ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,"s     
peoples h be5 m  alive to ! imp]sonal "*
 ( ?is p[]1 & h ascrib$ to  x1 :]ev]    
manife/$1 a unity ( orig9 ak9 to !      
sci5tific  concept ( =ce beh9d all      
ph5om5a4 ,to o!rs x has assum$ a m      
individual "*4 ,x cl+s 9 any case to    
p]sonality & t5ds  to become insep>able 
f x2 b ! imp]sonal aspect is nev]  :olly
 want+4    ,! pati5t read] w h obs]v$ ! 
difficulty exp]i5c$ alike  by sci5tific 
explor]s & mission>ies 9 exp\nd+ ?is    
idea 9  its v>i$ =ms & applications4 ,! 
difficulty has n aris5  :olly f its     
/rang5ess4 ,x is due 9 l>ge "p to its   
want (  cl>ity4 ,! savage #fb himself   

does n "k2 he has r>ely _h  occasion1 & 
/ill m r>ely incl9ation1 to reflect on 8
  beliefs4 ,he has _h no s*ools ( sci5ce
 or philosophy to ?9k out  8 ?\ghts =   
him4 ,h5ce !y are ill def9$2 l cl\ds 9 !
  sky1 !y take fir/ "o %ape & !n ano!r4 
,yet ^? v  cl\ds1 by comp>ison ) !      
=mless vap\r f :5ce !y h  be5 cond5s$1  
are cont95ts ( solidity & def9it5ess4   
,al?\gh ! idea ( or5da1 or mana1 may n  
receive ev]y:]e  ! same explicit        
recognition1 x is impli$ 9 ! cu/oms &   
beliefs ( mank9d ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x       
und]lies ! practice (  ,taboo4 ,we h _h 
already occasion to notice ?is 9 ref]5ce
 to !  mana ( ,maori *iefs4 ,9 !        
population ( ,madagasc> !re is a  l>ge1 
p]haps a pr$om9ant ,polynesian elem5t4  
,:5 a ,malagasy  /icks up 9 8 field a   
figure or sc>ecr[ to keep (f robb]s1 x  
is n t !y may dread prosecution ) all ! 
rig\r ( ! law1  ?\gh t may be ! result  
if !y are caught4 ,:at is ?reat5$  is   
sickness1 my/]i\sly induc$ by ! p[] ( ! 
own] ( !  field1 or by ! p[] :i* he has 

caus$ to be conjur$ into !              
sc>ecr[4#fb4a ,a ,samoan 9 ! same way   
susp5ds to a cocoa-nut  palm a small    
figure ( a %>k made ) a leaf ( ! tree2 x
 is  notice to ! robb] t he w be        
inevitably dev\r$ by a :ite  %>k ! next 
"t he goes to fi%4#fb4b ,simil>         
practices prevail  9 ! ,melanesian      
isl&s4#fb4c ,taboo has obta9$ a v       
prom95t  position 9 ! social ord] &     
gov]nm5t ( ,polynesian communities4  ,x 
is #fc f !m t ! ^w has be5 adopt$ into  
,engli%  p>lance1 & adapt$ to a s5se ne>
 ak9 to t ( ano!r  int]e/+ ^w--to       
boycott4 ,b x is n only 9 ,polynesia &  
! neighb\r+ isl&s ( ,melanesia t ! dread
 ( a my/]i\s  mana is f\nd1 or t x leads
 to prohibitions & ab/95ces  (t5 v      
burd5some4 ,x is unnecess>y to adduce   
examples ( !  taboos on wom51           
practically univ]sal 9 ! l[] culture at 
c]ta9  times4 ,! ,sib]ian ,*uk*i1 ^:    
fire has gone out on ! cold &  timb]less
 tundra1 _c borr[ fire f 8 neighb\r1 =  
8!  fire ( a /range family is reg>d$ z  

infecti\s & z h>b\r+  /range spirits4   
,fe> ( pollution ext5ds also to all     
objects  belong+ to a /range he>?1 to ! 
sk9s ( ! t5t & !  sleep+ room1 & ev5 to 
! keep]s & wor%ipp]s ( /range  p5ates4  
,! ,*uk*i f f> inl&1 :o travel b little1
 :5 !y  come to a /range t]ritory fe> to
 sleep 9 t5ts or to eat meat  cook$ on a
 /range fire1 pref]r+ to sleep 9 ! op5  
air & to  subsi/ on _! own scant        
food-supply4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an unkn[n    
travell]1 com+ unexpect$ly to a ,*uk*i  
camp1 c h>dly ga9  admittance to a t5t10
 a difficulty ( :i* ! writ] ,i am quot+ 
_h p]sonal exp]i5ce4#fc4a ,?is          
reluctance to contact )  /rang]s is n   
%yness2 nor is x ! dread ( ho/ile       
int5tions4  ,ea* individual1 ea* family 
or body ( m51 has its own atmosph]e2  & 
?is atmosph]e conveys 8pollution40 ,x is
 only ?r[+ ! idea  a /ep backw>ds to    
imag9e ! cause ( ! pollution z 8/range  
spirits40 ,spirits are mana2 & x is !   
mana t is fe>$--!  my/ic influ5ce or    
pot5tiality t may /rike ! unw>y /rang]4 

,?is is :at issues 9 practice z ! taboo4
 ,! subject ( ,taboo has  be5 treat$ s  
fully by #fd ,pr(essor ,fraz]#fd4a t x  
is  ne$less to discuss x "h4 ,moreov]1  
to d s 9 any detail w\ld  require a     
volume4 ,suffice x to say t ! univ]sal  
avoidance ( a  dead body1 ! prohibitions
 obs]v$ by prie/s1 by *iefs1 by hunt]s  
& w>riors1 ! prohibitions ( temple &    
%r9e1 ( times &  seasons1 ( spee* & act1
 may all be trac$ to ! same root-idea4  
,our words sanctity1 pollution1         
infection feebly & p>tially  translate !
 intuitive dread ( or5da :i* is embodi$ 
9 a  taboo4    ,! ,evil ,eye is a /rik+ 
example ( ! belief 9 or5da t has        
surviv$ into civiliz$ communities4 ,"h !
 :ole malefic5t  pot5tiality ( a p]son  
is conc5trat$ 9 a glance2 & ! amulets  s
 (t5 worn on ! body or susp5d$ on ! wall
 or at ! door (  a h\se are direct$ to  
int]cept+ & s exhau/+ ! influ5ce4  ,9 _m
 cases1 ei!r by means ( !m or by a ^w or
 ge/ure1 a  c\nt]-or5da is ex]cis$1     
int5d$ to annihilate1 or at lea/        

neutralize1 ! evil influ5ce4 ,an        
analog\s sup]/ition may be cit$  f !    
,upp] ,congo4 ,! ,boloki believe t an   
occult p[] is  possess$ & ex]cis$ by _m 
individuals4 ,!y call x likundu4  ,l !  
,evil ,eye1 its possession & ex]cise may
 be unconsci\s4 8,a  p]son is accus$ (  
possess+ likundu :5 he or %e is         
extraord9>ily successful 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 
skill$ lab\r or !  accumulation ( weal?4
 ,!re is app>5tly10 says ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4  
,weeks1  8only a c]ta9 am\nt ( skill    
extant1 only a c]ta9 numb] ( fi%  to be 
caught1 only a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal? to be
 ga9$2 & = a  p]son to excel all o!rs is
 a pro( t he is us+ evil means #fe  to 8
 own advantage1 & 9 ?us defraud+ o!rs ( 
_! %>e he  lays himself op5 to ! *>ge ( 
possess+ likundu40 ,consequ5tly  8a     
p]son :o possesses ?is likundu may      
unconsci\sly cause !  hunt+ skill ( any 
hunt] 9 8 family to fail40 ,:5 ! *>ge is
  s]i\sly made 8x causes mu* annoyance1 
& c only be disprov$ by  ei!r dr9k+ !   
ordeal or refra9+ f do+ t :i* has       

br\ght ! *>ge10 ( :i* ,mr ,weeks goes on
 to give an illu/ration  t _h come "u 8 
own obs]vation4#fe4a    ,f9ally1 :at    
f\ndation !re may be = ! mod]n          
psy*ological  doctr9e ( ,telepa?y x is n
 my bus9ess to det]m9e4 ,b its          
resemblance to ! ,iroquoian doctr9e (   
or5da may be po9t$ out  "h4 ,telepa?ic  
communication may result f consci\s or  
unconsci\s ex]tion ( w2 x may occur at a
 supreme crisis ( fate  or at a casual  
mom5t4 ,x is 9 ei!r case ! product ( a  
pot5tiality :i* we call my/ic = want ( a
 bett] "n1 &  :i* atta*es to1 or fl[s f1
 "s p]sonalities m /rongly  ?an o!rs4   
,we h all _h ! exp]i5ce ( occasionally  
meet+1  or receiv+ a lett] f1 someone on
 :om our ?\ghts h be5  m or less        
insi/5tly dwell+1 & :om we did n expect 
imm$iately to see or he> f4 ,goe! is    
report$ by 8 fri5d  ,eck]mann z hav+    
told him3 8,i h (t5 en\gh _h ! exp]i5ce 
9 my y\?ful ye>s ( a p[]ful long+ = a   
belov$ maid5 tak+  possession ( me dur+ 
a #ff lonely walk2 & ,i ?\ght ab\t h]  &

 ?\ght ab\t h] until %e really came &   
met me40 ,we ne$1  h[ev]1 no su*        
commonplace illu/ration to conv9ce u (  
,goe!'s  or5da4    ,)\t multiply+       
illu/rations :i* w spr+ to ! m9d (      
ev]yone1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t 9 man's  
emotional response to 8  environm5t1 9 8
 int]pretation 9 ! t]ms ( p]sonality ( !
  objects :i* enc\nt]$ 8 att5tion1 & 9  
_! inve/iture by  him ) pot5tiality1    
atmosph]e1 or5da1 mana--call x by :at   
"n y w--we h ! common root ( magic &    
religion4           ,,ii4 ,!ories &     
,def9itions    ,at ?is po9t we are      
confront$ ) ! difficult que/ions ,:at is
  ,religion8 & ,:at is ,magic8          
,religion is notori\sly h>d to def9e4 ,e
 man ?9ks he kn[s :at  x is2 b :5 he    
comes to def9e x he nev] succe$s1 clev] 
z he  may be1 9 fram+ a def9ition       
g5]ally acceptable4 ,! ord9>y  man1 ) a 
p>ticul> religion--! only "o ( :i* he   
has _h any  exp]i5ce--9 8 eye1 def9es x 
to squ>e ) t religion3 if  o!rs _c be   
br\ght into ! def9ition1 s mu* ! worse =

  !m4 ,! an?ropologi/1 :atev] 8 bias1   
f>es no bett] ?an !  ord9>y man4 ,he has
 8 !ories2 & 9 exp\nd+ !m he is         
frequ5tly call$ ^u to def9e religion4 ,9
 practice 8 !ories  are h>dly a saf]    
guide ?an ! o!r's prejudices or         
ignorance4  ,h5ce a def9ition ( religion
 usually begs ! "q4    ,we w conf9e our 
att5tion "h to "s ( ! rec5t attempts    
made  by an?ropologi/s to def9e         
religion4    #fg    ,to ,pr(essor       
,jevons ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( religion
 is 8belief  9 ! wisdom & goodness (    
,god02 8! revelation ( ,god to man's    
consci\sness 0 imm$iate1 direct1 & c>ri$
 conviction ) x02  & ! orig9al religion 
0 mono!ism1 albeit a l[ =m ( t          
fai?4#fg4a ,?is may p]*ance fit !       
religion ( ! ,hebrews z  se5 ?r\gh      
!ological spectacles2 b x def9itely     
excludes  ,buddhism1 at all ev5ts 9 its 
primitive =m4 ,= ?\gh ,buddhism  arose  
out ( an e>li] religion1 & 9 a          
comp>atively high /age (  civilization1 
& ?\gh its f\nd] admitt$ 7app>5tly7 !   

exi/5ce ( o!r intellig5ces ?an man1 he  
w\ld h no?+ to d  ) !m4 ,sir ,edw>d     
,tylor surm\nts ?is difficulty by 8     
fam\s  8m9imum def9ition ( religion--!  
belief 9 ,spiritual  ,be+s40#fg4b ,b x  
is only to l& himself 9 ano!r4 ,=       
religion is no?+ if n practical3 ! m]e  
belief is n religion4  ,z ,"l ,avebury  
po9ts out3 8,a belief 9 gho/s is 9      
itself no  evid5ce ( religion4 ,a gho/  
is n a god1 ?\gh x may become  "o40#fg4c
 ,au/ralian savages believe 9 gho/s--&  
tremble2 b (  v few ( !m is any?+       
approa*+ to wor%ip record$4  ,consci\s (
 ?is objection1 ,pr(essor ,fraz] employs
 ! ^w  ,religion to express 8a          
propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s     
sup]ior  to man :i* are believ$ to      
direct & control ! c\rse ( nature  & (  
human life4 ,?us def9$1 religion consi/s
 ( two elem5ts1 a  !oretical & a        
practical1 namely1 a belief 9 p[]s high]
 ?an  man & an attempt to propitiate or 
please !m4''' ,h5ce belief &  practice  
or1 9 !ological language1 fai? & works  

#fh are equally  ess5tial to religion1  
:i* _c exi/ )\t bo? (  !m40#fh4a    ,?is
 def9ition supplies ! obvi\s defici5cy 9
 ,tylor's2 b x  does n t\* ! case (     
,buddhism4 ,& !re is "o important       
respect 9 :i* all ^! def9itions fail4   
,none ( !m explicitly  recognizes !     
social "* ( ! religions ( ! l[] culture4
  ,= aught t appe>s1 religion might be !
 bus9ess ( solit>y  m51 f\nd$ on _!     
speculations1 hopes & fe>s1             
uncommunicat$ to  & un%>$ by o!rs1 _!   
own individual conc]n4 ,b1 9 savage     
life at lea/1 religion is pre-em95tly   
social4 ,individual rites  !re may be2  
!y are1 h[ev]1 p>ts ( a :ole1 subord9ate
 to !  common obs]vances & common       
beliefs on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,!         
individuali/ idea--! supreme necessity (
 sav+ "o's own  s\l--has no place 9 !m4 
,/ ,simeon ,/ylites & ! ,h9du fakir are 
equally ! product ( a mu* high]         
developm5t4    ,a rec5t ,fr5* writ]1    
impress$ ) ^! objections to !  =ego+ &  
simil> def9itions1 has attempt$ to      

=mulate "o m  compreh5sive & m subtle4  
,summ+ up a long discussion1 he         
concludes t 8a religion is a connect$   
7solidaire7 sy/em (  beliefs & practices
 relative to sacr$--t is to say1        
sep>at$1  int]dict$--?+s1--beliefs &    
practices t unite into "o moral         
community1 call$ ,*ur*1 all :o adh]e to 
!m40#fh4b ,?is1  h[ev]1 is n ,religion  
7) a capital #fi lett]74 ,religion1     
ref]r+ ( c\rse to ! !oretical side or   
belief1 he says  else:]e1 8is be=e      
ev]y?+ a sy/em ( notions by means ( :i* 
individuals int]pret ! society ( :i* !y 
are memb]s1 & !  obscure b intimate     
relations !y su/a9 ) x40 ,& he goes on  
to say ( ! practical side t ! function (
 religi\s rites is  to tight5 ! bonds t 
unite ! individual to ! society4#fi4a   
,9 o!r words1 ,religion is ,society     
realiz+ itself4 ,be=e  consid]+ ?is     
def9ition1 let u turn to ,magic4        
,pr(essor ,fraz] draws a %>p l9e betwe5 
religion & magic4 ,!  latt] is f\nd$    
7unconsci\sly inde$1 = ! primitive      

magician  8nev] analyses ! m5tal        
processes on :i* 8 practice is bas$07   
on ! assumption 8t 9 nature "o ev5t     
foll[s ano!r  necess>ily & inv>iably )\t
 ! int]v5tion ( any spiritual  or       
p]sonal ag5cy4''' ,! magician does n    
d\bt t ! same  causes w always produce !
 same effects1 t ! p]=mance (  ! prop]  
c]emony1 accompani$ by ! appropriate    
spell1 w  inevitably be att5d$ by !     
desir$ results1 unless inde$ 8          
incantations %\ld *ance to be ?w>t$ &   
foil$ by ! m  pot5t *>ms ( ano!r        
sorc]]40#fi4b ,! laws gov]n+ !          
practical application ( ?is assumption  
are resolv$ into two3  8fir/1 t l       
produces l1 or t an effect resembles its
  cause2 & second1 t ?+s :i* h once be5 
9 contact )  ea* o!r cont9ue to act on  
ea* o!r at a di/ance aft] !  physical   
contact has be5 sev]$4 #gj ,! =m]       
pr9ciple may be  call$ ! ,law (         
,simil>ity1 ! latt] ! ,law ( ,contact or
  ,contagion4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples1 
namely1 ! ,law (  ,simil>ity1 ! magician

 inf]s t he c produce any effect he     
desires m]ely by imitat+ x3 f ! second  
he inf]s t  :atev] he does to a mat]ial 
object w affect equally ! p]son  ) :om !
 object 0 once 9 contact1 :e!r x =m$ "p 
(  8 body or n4 ,*>ms bas$ on ! ,law (  
,simil>ity may be call$  ,homopa?ic or  
,imitative ,magic4 ,*>ms bas$ on ! ,law 
( ,contact or  ,contagion may be call$  
,contagi\s ,magic40#gj4a ,magic !re=e is
  ! result ( a mi/ak5 association (     
ideas4 ,x prec$$ religion4  ,b :5 man   
began to f9d out 8! inh]5t falsehood &  
b>r5ness  ( magic10 :5 8m5 = ! fir/ "t  
recogniz$ _! inability to  manipulate at
 pleasure c]ta9 natural =ces :i* hi!rto 
!y _h  believ$ to be completely )9 _!   
control10 !y fell back on !  !ory t !re 
7 o!r be+s l !mselves :o direct$ !      
c\rse ( nature & br\ght ab\t ! effects  
!y _h hi!rto  believ$ to be dep5d5t on  
_! own magic4 ,to !m !y turn$ 9  _!     
helplessness1 & ?us evolv$              
religion4#gj4b ,accord+ly1  magic &     
religion h always be5 ho/ile4 ,magic has

 inde$ 9 _m  ages & 9 _m l&s p]meat$    
religion1 has (t5 gone ! l5g?  ( fus+ & 
amalgamat+ ) x4 ,b ?is fusion 0 n       
primitive3  !y are orig9ally &          
fundam5tally di/9ct4#gj4c    ,9 a p[]ful
 criticism ( ?is !ory ,messrs ,hub]t &  
,mauss1 two  ,fr5* an?ropologi/s1 h     
po9t$ #ga out t ,pr(essor ,fraz]  has   
omitt$ "o ess5tial item4 ,! effect ( a  
magical rite is n  atta9$ m]ely by      
sympa?y4 ,all magic is n sympa!tic      
magic1  :e!r t sympa?y be express$ by ! 
,law ( ,simil>ity or ! ,law  ( ,contact4
 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 sympa!tic magic !      
sympa!tic  =mula is insuffici5t to      
acc\nt = ! facts4 ,sympa?y is only !    
means by :i* ! magical =ce passes f !   
magician to !  object at :i* x is aim$2 
x is n ! magical =ce itself4 ,t  /ill   
rema9s to be expla9$4 ,x _c be :olly    
expla9$ by !  prop]ties attribut$ to !  
mat]ials us$ 9 ! magical rite1 &  t =   
?ree reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! notion 
( prop]ty is  normally n ! only "o      
pres5t4 ,! employm5t ( sub/ances hav+   

magical prop]ties is ritually           
condition$4 ,!y mu/ be collect$  accord+
 to rule1 at c]ta9 times1 9 c]ta9       
places1 ) c]ta9  means1 & aft] c]ta9    
ritual prep>ations4 ,:5 collect$1 !y    
mu/ be employ$ accord+ to c]ta9 rules & 
) ! accompanim5t  ( rites1 (t5 exce$+ly 
elaborate1 :i* p]mit ! utilization (  _!
 qualities4 ,9 ! second place1 ! magical
 prop]ty is n  conceiv$ z naturally1    
absolutely1 & specifically inh]5t 9 !   
?+ to :i* x is atta*$1 b always z       
relatively extr9sic &  conf]r$4         
,sometimes x is conf]r$ by a rite4 ,at  
o!r times x is  expla9$ by a my?2 & 9   
?is case x is cle>ly reg>d$ z  accid5tal
 & acquir$4 ,x (t5 resides 9 second>y   
*>act]s1  su* z =m1 col\r1 r>ity1 & s   
=?4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !  notion ( magical
 prop]ty suffices s little t x is always
  conf\nd$ ) a v g5]aliz$ idea ( =ce &  
nature4 ,! idea  ( ! effect to be       
produc$ may inde$ be precise2 b t ( !   
special qualities ( ! sub/ance us$ to   
produce x1 & _!  imm$iate action1 is    

always obscure4 #gb ,9 fact1 ! idea (   
?+s  hav+ undef9$ virtues is always     
prom95t 9 magic4 ,salt1 blood1  saliva1 
coral1 iron1 cry/als1 preci\s metals1 ! 
m\nta9 a%1 !  bir*1 ! sacr$ fig-tree1   
camphor1 inc5se1 tobacco are among !  _m
 objects :i* embody g5]al magical p[]s1 
capable ( all sorts  ( applications4    
,correspond+ ) ?is is ! extreme vagu5ess
 (  ! designations appli$ to magical    
prop]ties1 su* z div9e1  sacr$1 my/]i\s1
 lucky1 unlucky1 & equival5t            
expressions4 ,!  notion ( prop]ty passes
 ov] easily into p[] & _s4 ,prop]ty  &  
p[] are insep>able t]ms2 prop]ty & _s   
are (t5  conf\nd$4 ,! virtues or        
prop]ties ( a ?+ (t5 belong to x z  !   
abode ( a _s4 ,spirits are inde$ (t5 !  
ag5ts ( magic4  ,x is h>dly too mu* to  
say t !re is no magical rite 9 :i*  _!  
pres5ce is n 9 "s degree possible1 ?\gh 
n expressly  m5tion$4 ,magic works 9 a  
special atmosph]e1 if n 9 ! _w (        
demons1 at lea/ 9 conditions 9 :i* _!   
pres5ce is possible4  ,beyond d\bt1 "o (

 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( magical       
causality is t x is spiritual4 ,yet !   
idea ( spiritual  p]sonalities ill      
repres5ts ! g5]al anonym\s =ces :i*     
con/itute ! p[] ( magicians4 ,x gives no
 acc\nt ( ! virtue  ( words or ge/ures1 
! p[] ( a look or ( ! int5tion1 !       
influ5ce or ! mode ( action ( a rite4 ,x
 does n expla9 :y !  magical rite       
controls & directs spiritual exi/5ces1  
any m ?an  ! sympa!tic =mula expla9s :y 
! rite acts directly on !  object4#gb4a 
#gc    ,i d n t>ry n[ to give           
illu/rations 9 detail ( ! v>i\s  po9ts 9
 ! argum5t ,i h "h summ>iz$4 ,x is cle> 
t  ,pr(essor ,fraz] has ov]look$ some?+ 
( importance1 f "o fact  alone to :i* he
 alludes1 b ( :i* he fails to obs]ve !  
va/  implications4 ,! commone/ excuse   
made by ! magician = !  failure ( 8     
spells is t "s o!r magician ( great] p[]
 is  ?w>t+ him4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be       
degrees ( p[] among  magicians1 h[ev] x 
be acquir$1 & :e!r tempor>y or p]man5t1 
inh]5t or due to ! possession ( great] k

 or m  p[]ful spells4 ,b t is a factor t
 tumbles ! :ole edifice  ( ! !ory d[n4  
,x introduces ano!r elem5t--! p]sonal   
pot5tiality4 ,! same causes d n always  
produce ! same effects1  ap>t f !       
p]sonal elem5t2 ! p]=mance ( ! prop]    
c]emony1 accompani$ by ! appropriate    
spell1 is n inevitably  att5d$ by !     
desir$ results2 ! magician has n rea*$ !
  sci5tific conclusion 8t 9 nature "o   
ev5t foll[s ano!r  necess>ily &         
inv>iably1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any       
spiritual  or p]sonal ag5cy40 ,nay1 !   
int]v5tion ( ! magician himself is  pro(
 to ! contr>y4    ,de/ructive criticism 
is comp>atively easy2 anyone c make     
objections4 ,n ev]yone c sub/itute a    
s\nd] !ory 9 place (  t de/roy$4 ,x is  
:5 ,messrs ,hub]t & ,mauss come to      
con/ruct  _! own !ory ( magic t !y f9d  
!mselves 9 difficulty4 ,=  !y h to admit
 t 9 magic ! same collective =ces op]ate
 z  9 religion4 ,fai? is z necess>y to  
magic z to religion2 x is z  necess>y to
 ! magician z to ! prie/4 ,trick]y no   

d\bt !re  is2 t has n always be5 exclud$
 f religion4 ,b !re is mu*  m ?an       
trick]y4 ,! magician believes 9 8 own   
p[]s2 #gd &  he believes all ! m /rongly
 because 8 public believes4 ,!  fai? (  
society & 8 own fai? act & react ^u "o  
ano!r4 ,b  ?is is precisely ! case ) !  
prie/ & 8 religion4    ,if we exam9e !  
magician's me?ods we c h>dly di/+ui% !m 
f ^? employ$ 9 religion4 ,! attempt to  
bewit* an enemy by  means ( 8 clo?+ or a
 fragm5t ( 8 body is precisely ! same  9
 pr9ciple z ! proce$+s already describ$ 
at ! inauguration  ( a ,polynesian k+ or
 ! communication ( ! virtues ( m$ival   
sa9ts by means ( _! relics4 ,x is true t
 9 ! "o case !  object ( ! c]emony is   
malefic5t1 9 ! o!r cases x is  b5efic5t4
 ,if t 7 a real di/9ction1 ! processes  
w\ld /ill  rema9 analog\s4 ,x is n real1
 h[ev]2 = ! sanctity (  ,polynesian k+s 
has its malefic5t side1 & ! relics ( !  
sa9ts  h be5 (t5 employ$ to ! injury (  
an enemy1 z well z to !  heal+ ( a      
fri5d4 ,nor c x be said t magic is      

purely an art1 a  te*nique1 :ile        
religion is dep5d5t ^u high] & indep5d5t
  wills4 ,! aid ( spirits is (t5 invok$ 
9 magic2 spell passes  easily into      
pray]1 & pray] into spell4 ,! acc\nts t 
h  rea*$ u ( ! ,wit*es' ,sabba? may be !
 product (  halluc9ation1 or confessions
 extort$ f victims :o said :at !y  7    
expect$ to say4 ,b at lea/ !y be>       
witness to ! g5]al  belief ( ! times1   
:i* reg>d$ magic r z a c\nt]-religion   
?an z a m]e te*nique4 ,pr(essor ,fraz]'s
 reply to ?is is (  c\rse t su* a       
belief1 su* practices1 7 ! result ( a   
lat]  fusion ( religion & magic4 ,t !   
fusion 0 n primitive is1  h[ev]1        
incapable ( pro(4 ,z we %all see by &   
by1 9 ! l[e/  societies ( :i* we h      
evid5ce practices usually reg>d$ z      
magical are indi/+ui%able f ^? reg>d$ z 
#ge religi\s4  ,! mutual ho/ility (     
religion & magic1 :]e x exi/s1 is1 9    
tru?1 ! result ( a lat] developm5t4     
,l religion1 ! *ief factor 9 magic--t by
 :i* x  accompli%es its ends--is ! my/ic

 =ce t is releas$ & set at  "w by ! rite
 or ! spell4 ,beh9d ! sympa!tic =mula1  
beh9d  ! notions ( prop]ty & ( spirits1 
!re is ano!r notion /ill  m my/]i\s1 !  
notion ( p[]1 vague1 imp]sonal1 always  
op]at+1 irresi/ible1 or dep5d+ = its    
efficaci\sness on  conditions n altoge!r
 at comm&4 ,! inve/igations ( ! la/     
*apt] h disclos$ to u :at ?is p[] is4   
,by its v vagu5ess  & imp]sonality x    
en%r9es possibilities illimitable4 ,x   
may be  mat]ializ$1 localiz$1           
p]sonaliz$2 b x ceases n to be          
spiritual1 to act at a di/ance1 & t by  
direct connection1 if n  by contact1 to 
be mobile & to move )\t movem5t1 to be  
imp]sonal ?\gh clo!d 9 p]sonal =ms1 to  
be divisible yet  cont9u\s4 ,x is ?is   
notion t acc\nts 9 ! la/ resort = !     
ph5om5a ( magic4 ,)\t x1 magic is       
incompreh5sible2 l a  s5t5ce )\t !      
copula1 ! action1 ! affirmation is      
want+4    ,all ?is is equally true (    
religion4 ,! au?ors see !re=e t  magic  
is1 l religion1 a social ph5om5on2 x has

 p>allel rites  ) ^? ( religion2 x has  
p>allel po/ulates & beliefs4 ,to        
di/+ui% x f religion !y are driv5 to    
erect into a te/ !  individuali/ic aims 
( its practition]s1 or ( ^? on ^: behalf
  x is call$ 9 aid4 ,its true di/9ction 
is1 accord+ to ?is1 t  x t5ds to be     
isolat$1 to be furtive1 to be put into  
motion on  behalf ( individuals & aga9/ 
! community2 its me?ods become          
arbitr>y2 x ceases to be a common       
obligation4 ,individuals 9 magic  h     
appropriat$ ! ideas & ! collective =ces 
g5]at$ by  #gf religion1 & turn$ !m to  
_! own ends4 ,religion1 9 %ort1  is     
social 9 its aims1 magic is antisocial4 
,t is ! only  diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is
 di/9ction ,pr(essor ,durkheim  agrees4 
,ev]y:]e1 he says1 religi\s life has =  
its sub/ratum a  def9ite gr\p2 ev5 :at  
are call$ private cults are celebrat$ by
  ! family or ! corporation or society  
to :i* !y are re/rict$4  ,on ! o!r h&1  
?\gh magical beliefs are widely diffus$ 
&  practis$ by l>ge classes ( a         

population1 _! effect is n to  b9d      
toge!r ^? :o adh]e to !m & unite !m into
 a gr\p  hav+ "o common life3 !re is no 
magical ,*ur*4 ,betwe5 !  magician & ^? 
:o consult him !re is no durable bond4  
,he has  cli5ts1 n a *ur*4 ,8 relations 
) !m are accid5tal1 n  p]man5t2 & !y may
 h no relations ) "o ano!r2 !y may  ev5 
be ignorant ( "o ano!r's exi/5ce4#gf4a  
,b ?is v *>ge ( be+ antisocial is br\ght
 by _m dom9ant  religions aga9/ _!      
rivals4 ,x 0 sub/antially ! *>ge  br\ght
 aga9/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians by ! ,pagans4 ,x
 is to-day !  *>ge =mulat$ by fanatical 
,russian ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! ,jews4  ,"h 9
 ! we/ ( ,europe x is1 9 a some:at vagu]
 =m1 !  reproa* ( or?odox ,*ri/ians     
aga9/ ,agno/ics & all %ades (           
,rationali/s4 ,to apply x z a te/ to    
di/+ui% religion f magic  is to qualify 
! same practices z religi\s or z        
magical1 accord+  z !y h social or      
antisocial ends4 ,& h[ %all we def9e ^! 
ends8 ,! act :i* at "o /age (           
civilization is antisocial1 at  ano!r is

 (t5 a social duty4 ,to attempt a *ange 
9 ?is respect  may be antisocial z      
reg>ds ! exi/+ society1 ?\gh x may      
result 9 ultimate b5efit2 & ! attempt   
may be made f purely  individuali/      
motives1 = purely individuali/ ends4 #gg
 ,nay1 !  same act may be 9 ! same      
society social or antisocial1 accord+ to
  circum/ances4 ,9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia !  
man :o kills an enemy by  means (       
arungquil?a1 :i* may be r5d]$ evil      
magic1 commits  an antisocial act2 he   
does x 9 secret3 x w\ld be dang]\s to   
let  x become kn[n4 ,b if a woman run   
away f h] husb& & _c  be recov]$1 he may
 lawfully av5ge himself ) ! aid (       
arungquil?a4 ,he is p]=m+ an act (      
social ju/ice1 & w be  jo9$ 9 do+ x by !
 m5 ( 8 local gr\p4 ,9 ! same way       
v5geance may be tak5 = a murd]1 real or 
suppos$1 by a  ,kurdait*a p>ty1 :i*     
p]=ms :at we %\ld designate z a  magical
 c]emony to cause ! victim to sick5 &   
die4 ,?is is held  to be a social1 n an 
antisocial act1 = x is fulfill+ ! social

  duty ( rev5ge4 ,x is done ) ! sanction
 ( ! c\ncil (  eld]s4#gg4a ,9           
,melanesia1 z we h se51 all religion    
consi/s 9  gett+ mana = oneself1 n = !  
b5efit ( o!rs2 ?\gh  d\btless ! mana1 :5
 obta9$1 is (t5 us$ = ! advantage  ( !  
community4#gg4b ,(t5 x is n4 8,a man w  
commonly h  8 k]amo1 a t9dalo a gho/ t  
is wor%ipp$ ( kill+1 :o  w help him 9   
fight+ or 9 slay+ 8 private enemy40 ,!  
t9dalo1 albeit ! object ( religi\s      
wor%ip1 has no prejudice  aga9/         
antisocial acts4 ,8 wor%ipp]1 be=e go+  
out to commit  :at we %\ld call murd]1  
p]=ms an elaborate c]emony1  sacrific+  
to ! gho/1 & curs+ 8 victim4 ,if he     
succe$ 9  kill+ him1 ! t9dalo gets z 8  
%>e ( ! spoil ! gho/ (  ! deceas$1 & is 
invok$ to give mana 9 return4#gg4c    ,!
 man :o1 9 ,europe or else:]e1 makes use
 ( #gh spells to  injure individuals1 or
 ev5 ( ! ,evil ,eye1 is practis+ magic3 
he  is do+ an antisocial act4 ,! man :o 
def5ds himself ) a  ge/ure1 ) spells1 or
 by load+ 8 body ) amulets1 is n  do+ an

 antisocial act2 he is simply protect+  
himself4 ,b is he  practis+ religion or 
magic8 ,be x rememb]$ "h t a man may  h 
! ,evil ,eye )\t kn[+ x4 ,pius ! ,n9?1  
,vic> ( ,*ri/1  0 reput$ to h ! ,evil   
,eye4 ,no?+ 0 s fatal z 8  bless+2 !    
fai?ful quail$ at 8 glance & d\btless   
protect$  !mselves ) amulets4 ,s !      
,boloki ( ! ,congo hold t 8"o c  h      
wit*craft )\t kn[+ x40#gh4a ,9 ^! cases 
!re c  be no antisocial int5tion4 ,among
 ! ,?onga ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa a       
common proc$ure is to po9t at "o's enemy
 ) ! index-f+]4  ,?is is antisocial3 x  
is wit*craft4 ,be=e !y g to w> a c]emony
  is p]=m$ by an old woman1 nak$ & 9 a  
/ate ( ritual purity1  ov] ! w>riors1 & 
an incantation is mutt]$1 to enable !m  
to  kill _! foes4#gh4b ,?is may n be    
antisocial2 b is x any?+  else ?an      
magic8 ,true1 ! m5 murmur pray]s to _!  
ance/ral  spirits = help2 b !n religion 
is p5etrat$ ) magic4 ,ev5  ,pr(essor    
,durkheim admits t he _c %[ a solution (
 cont9uity  betwe5 !m2 ! fronti]s betwe5

 _! respective doma9s are (t5  undef9$1 
unfix$4#gh4c ,at all ev5ts he _c say :]e
 ! "o  ends & ! o!r beg9s4    ,p]haps1  
h[ev]1 n ! int5tion b ! t5d5cy1 :e!r    
social  or antisocial1 is ! te/4 ,9 t   
case x is h>d to conceive  any?+ m      
antisocial ?an ! op]ations ( ! ,holy    
,inquisition4  ,!y 71 x is #gi true1 n  
p]=m$ by sup]natural  in/rum5tality1 or 
= sup]natural purposes4 ,to t ext5t !y  
are  n directly p>allel ) ! rites we h  
be5 consid]+4 ,b  !y 7 c>ri$ on by      
p]sons consecrat$ to religion1 z        
religi\s  acts1 surr\nd$ by religi\s    
rites1 by exorcisms1 imprecations1      
conjurations1 %ield$ by ! ,*ur* ) all h]
 p[]s1 &  sanction$1 if n set 9 motion1 
by ! highe/ ecclesia/ical  au?orities4  
,!y desolat$ e society :]e ! in/itution 
0  introduc$4#gi4a ,secrecy has be5     
already not$ z a *>act]i/ic  ( magic z  
oppos$ to religion4 ,naturally          
antisocial acts are  p]=m$ 9 secret4 ,! 
de$s ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7 done 9 !  deepe/
 d5s ( ! build+1 & surr\nd$ by imp]vi\s 

precautions  aga9/ discov]y1 except !   
la/ dread act4 ,9 t consummation (      
cruelty1 t supreme ,act ( ,fai?1 z x 0  
call$1 its (ficials  nom9ally took no   
"p2 ?\gh x 0 well kn[n t !y insi/$  ^u x
 rel5tlessly & ) e t]ror1 gho/ly or     
secul>1 :i*  !y knew s well h[ to wield4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,african  sorc]]1      
conjur+ ! ra9 or ! sun%9e s necess>y = !
  crops1 p]=ms an em95tly social "w1 &  
does x v (t5 9  ! op5 eye ( day & be=e !
 assembl$ p4 ,:5 a  fi%]-boat 0 laun*$ 9
 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& a bottle (  :isky 
us$ to be brok5 on ! pr[ or /]n ) !     
words3     8,frae rocks an' sa&s   ,an' 
b>r5 l&s   ,an' ill m5's h&s   ,keep's  
free4   ,weel oot1 weel 91   ,wi' a     
gue$e %ot40    #hj    8,on ! arrival ( !
 boat at its new home ! skipp]'s wife1 9
  "s ( ! villages1 took a lapful ( corn 
or b>ley1 & s[$ x  ov] ! boat40#hj4a ,^!
 are n antisocial acts2 !y h no         
antisocial t5d5cy2 & !y are n p]=m$ 9   
secret4 ,mu/ we  acc\nt !m religi\s1 & !
 op]ations ( ! ,inquisition magical8    

,?us antisocial "* is no suffici5t te/ (
 magic z oppos$ to  religion4 ,pr(essor 
,d\tt1 deal+ ) magic z develop$ 9       
,islam1  adh]es g5]ally to ! views (    
,messrs ,hub]t & ,mauss4 ,he  proposes1 
h[ev]1 ano!r def9ition4 ,quot+ )        
approval ! late  ,m4 ,m>illi]'s         
obs]vation t magic is 8! action on ! )\t
 by  ! )910#hj4b he rem>ks t ! savage   
has n yet made a  suffici5t di/9ction   
betwe5 subject & object2 he does n      
diff]5tiate himself f ! univ]se4 ,& he  
concludes t magic1  inv5t$ "u ! pressure
 ( ne$1 is only ! objectivation (       
desire "u ! =m ( an ext5d$ =ce1 s+ul>1  
b\nd to  ge/ures repres5tative ( !      
ph5om5on desir$ & me*anically  produc+  
x4 ,if ! savage ext]nalize ?is magical  
=ce s f> t  he ends by p]sonify+ x1 we h
 ! g5esis ( a god2 ! god1 9  fact1 may  
be a p]sonifi$ mana4 ,a god c only be   
an?ropomorphic2  he is ! psy*o-physical 
objectivation ( man 9 ph5om5a4#hj4c     
,?is br+s ,pr(essor #ha ,d\tt mu* ne>]  
to ,dr ,fraz]'s  position1 & might =m ! 

basis ( an eir5icon betwe5 !m4 ,=  ?\gh 
he is fully aw>e t mu* 9 magic is       
indi/+ui%able f  religion1 he holds x to
 be a subsequ5t developm5t3 magic has s 
f>  modell$ itself on religion & borr[$ 
its !i/ic me?ods (  proc$ure4 ,x pres5ts
 itself z an anti-religion4 ,"u         
,*ri/ianity  x rea*es its ultimate t]m )
 ! ,black ,mass & ! cult ( !  devil3    
,islam does n l5d itself s well to      
hide\s p>ody4 ,yet  ,pr(essor ,d\tt1    
aft] flirt+ ) ,pr(essor ,fraz]'s op9ion1
  comes back to ! or?odoxy ( ! ,fr5*    
sociologi/s3 ! real  di/9ction betwe5   
religion & magic is t ! "o is social--x 
su/a9s ! life ( ! society2 ! o!r applies
 its rites to  /rictly p]sonal ends--x  
is antisocial4 ,! "o is magic lawful &  
ev5 obligatory2 ! o!r is magic useless  
or injuri\s to society1  & x is condemn$
 & int]dict$4 ,islam ev5 recognizes :ite
 or  religi\s magic2 ! ,prophet himself 
recomm5d$ x4 ,ibn ,khaldon1 a  great    
,mohamm$an juri/1 c f9d1 inde$1 no solid
 di/9ction  betwe5 ! miracle ( ! sa9t & 

! prodigy wr\ght by !  sorc]]1 save t ( 
! morality ( its aim4 ,! te/ ( morality 
is :at is p]mitt$ by ! ,law4 ,t :i* is  
p]mitt$ by ! ,law is  moral2 ! re/ is   
immoral4 ,x comes to ?is1 !n1 t a       
miracle is  legitimate magic1 & magic is
 a =bidd5 miracle4#ha4a    ,! same      
difficulty 9 sev]+ magic f religion is  
exp]i5c$ by  "o ( ! acute/ writ]s :o has
 consid]$ ! subject4 8,magic &          
religion10 says ,dr ,m>ett1 8accord+ to 
! view ,i w\ld support1  belong #hb to !
 same dep>tm5t ( human exp]i5ce4'''     
,toge!r  !y belong to ! sup]normal _w1 !
 x-region ( exp]i5ce1  ! region ( m5tal 
twilight4 ,magic ,i take to include all 
bad ways1  & religion all good ways1 (  
deal+ ) ! sup]normal--bad &  good1 (    
c\rse1 n z we may happ5 to judge !m1 b z
 !  society conc]n$ judges !m4          
,sometimes1 inde$1 ! p  !mselves h>dly  
"k :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! two2 & 9  
t case ! an?ropologi/ _c well d x = !m4 
,b e  society ?9ks wit*craft bad4       
,wit*craft consi/s 9 leagu+ oneself  )  

sup]normal p[]s ( evil 9 ord] to effect 
selfi% &  antisocial ends4 ,wit*craft !n
 is g5u9e magic--black magic1 ( !       
devil's col\r40#hb4a ,presumably :ite   
magic--magic p]=m$ =  good & social     
ends--is n magic2 x is a "p ( religion1 
not)/&+ t precisely ! same means may be 
employ$ z 9  wit*craft--black magic4 ,= 
,dr ,m>ett adds3 8,e primitive society  
also di/+ui%es c]ta9 salut>y ways (     
deal+ ) sup]normal  p[]s4 ,all ^! ways  
tak5 toge!r con/itute religion40#hb4b   
,com+ m p>ticul>ly to def9e religion1 he
 says3 8,savage life has  few safegu>ds4
 ,crisis is a frequ5t1 if int]mitt5t1   
elem5t 9 x4  ,hung]1 sickness & w> are  
examples ( crisis4 ,bir? & dea? are     
crises4 ,m>riage is usually reg>d$ by   
humanity z a crisis4 ,s is              
initiation--! turn+-po9t 9 "o's c>e]1 :5
 "o /eps out into  ! _w ( m54 ,n[ :at 9 
t]ms ( m9d does crisis mean8 ,x means  t
 "o is at "o's wits' end2 t ! ord9>y &  
expect$ has  be5 replac$ by ! #hc       
extraord9>y & unexpect$2 t we are       

project$ into ! _w ( ! unkn[n4'''       
,psy*ologically reg>d$1  !n1 ! function 
( religion is to re/ore m5's confid5ce  
:5 x  is %ak5 by crisis4''' ,religion is
 ! fac+ ( ! unkn[n4 ,x is  ! c\rage 9 x 
t br+s com=t40 ,sociologically1 8a      
religion is  ! ef=t to face crisis1 s f>
 z t ef=t is organiz$ by  society 9 "s  
p>ticul> way4 ,a religion is            
congregational--t is  to say1 s]ves !   
ends ( a numb] ( p]sons simultane\sly4  
,x is  traditional--t is to say1 has    
s]v$ ! ends ( successive  g5]ations (   
p]sons4 ,!re=e inevitably x has /&>diz$ 
a  me?od4 ,x involves a r\t9e1 a ritual4
 ,also1 x involves "s sort  (           
conv5tional doctr9e1 :i* is1 z x 71 !   
inn] side ( !  ritual--its l9+40#hc4a   
,on ?is def9ition two obs]vations may be
 made4 ,! fir/ is t x  does n exclude   
any rites p]=m$ = social ends1 or =     
individual ends1 s f> z !y are n        
def9itely antisocial4 ,!  ,au/ralian    
husb& meets ! crisis ( des]tion by 8    
wife by means  ( arungquil?a4 ,he p]=ms 

an act organiz$ by society to meet  ?is 
v crisis--on ! def9ition1 !re=e1 a      
religi\s act4 ,b  if by precisely ! same
 process he attempt to slay 8 enemy1 he 
is  guilty ( magic4 ,or is ! wife's     
des]tion n a crisis 9 ! s5se  atta*$ to 
! ^w by ,dr ,m>ett8 ,p]haps x is a      
relief1 a solution  ( a dome/ic crisis4 
,! second obs]vation is t ! def9ition   
ignores ! :ole (  life n occupi$ by     
crises4 ,:5 ! ,cali=nian ,hupa awakes 9 
!  morn+ & sees ! dawn1 x _c be said t  
he is at 8 wits'  end1 t ! ord9>y &     
expect$ has be5 replac$ by !            
extraord9>y & unexpect$4 ,:at does he d8
 ,he #hd greets ! dawn  ) a sil5t pray] 
t he may see _m dawns1 = he reg>ds x z  
a p]son :o is b5evol5tly incl9$ to      
him4#hd4a ,?is surely is  religion4 ,!  
po9t is met by ! fur!r /atem5t t 8!     
religion  ( a savage is "p ( 8 cu/om2   
nay1 r x is 8 :ole cu/om  s f> z x      
appe>s sacr$--s f> z x co]ces him by way
 ( 8  imag9ation4 ,betwe5 him & ! unkn[n
 /&s no?+ b 8  cu/om4 ,x is 8 all-9-all1

 8 /&-by1 8 fai? & 8 hope4  ,be+ ?us !  
sole s\rce ( 8 confid5ce1 8 cu/om1 s f> 
z  8 imag9ation plays ab\t x1 becomes 8 
#8luck4' ,we may say t  any & e cu/om1 9
 s f> z x is reg>d$ z lucky1 is a       
religi\s rite40#hd4b ,9 t case religion 
is mu* m ?an !  fac+ ( ! unkn[n1 !      
organiz$ ef=t to face crisis4 ,x is     
cu/om co]c+ man by way ( 8 imag9ation4  
,a conv5i5t cu/om  co]ces by way ( _!   
imag9ation we>y wom5 at ,tlemc5 9       
,alg]ia  n to sweep out ! h\se = ?ree   
days at ! ,new ,ye>1 s t  !y may n lose 
_! luck4#hd4c ,c we legitimately call   
?is  religion8 ,or take ano!r case4 ,!re
 are p 9 ,engl& :o w  n utt] a boa/1 or 
tell a small social fib1 )\t tak+ !     
precaution to t\* wood4 ,i h kn[n       
educat$ wom5 drag a *air  across ! room 
to a visitor :o _h j boa/$ ( immunity f 
a  trifl+ ailm5t1 9 ord] t %e might t\* 
wood4 ,despite _!  education1 !y 7 co]c$
 by way ( _! imag9ation to ?is  little  
c]emony4 ,!re mu/ be ?\s&s ( ?+s done   
m]ely =  luck1 & done habitually1 by    

peoples alike 9 b>b>ism & 9             
civilization4 ,"s ( !m probably are     
relics ( a once liv+  belief4 ,ab\t o!rs
 !re is no su* presumption2 #he yet !y  
ex]cise ! same con/ra9t4 ,does t make !m
 religi\s rites8  ,does x make ev5 ^? t 
once 7 portions ( "s liv+ belief1  b are
 s no long]1 religi\s rites n[8 ,( c\rse
 x is all a  matt] ( def9ition ( t]ms4  
,b a def9ition ( religion :i*  w\ld     
include all ^! w\ld be ca?olic inde$4   
,! criticisms 9 ?is *apt] involve no    
reflection on !  p]spicacity ( sci5tific
 writ]s :o are try+ to obta9 a cle>     
vision ( religion & magic & ( _!        
specific diff]5ces4 ,b  !y d aim at     
illu/rat+ ! futility ( ! attempt        
absolutely to  def9e any?+ s fluid &    
elusive z religion4#he4a ,bo? religion  
& magic owe _! orig9 to society2 !y are 
born & nurtur$ 9 a  social atmosph]e4   
,bo? are conc]n$ ) =ces my/]i\s1        
f>-rea*+1 envelop+ & con/ra9+ #hf m5 &  
?+s4 ,^!  =ces are n always p]sonal1    
?\gh _! evolution usually takes a       

p]sonal direction4 ,! means us$ by bo?  
are simil>1 because !  =ces are ! same1 
or at lea/ alike4 ,spell & pray] are v  
ne>  ak92 ! "o passes ins5sibly into !  
o!r4 ,& ! mat]ial means  common to bo?  
are *os5 arbitr>ily or accord+ to "s    
fanci$  symbolism1 & employ$ 9 closely  
p>allel ways4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1  no      
decid$ b\nd>y betwe5 religion & magic4  
,! task rema9s1 not)/&+1 ( def9+ ! words
 = !  purposes ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,x is  
hopeless to attempt to  h>monize !      
def9itions we h consid]$4 ,:atev]       
def9ition we  adopt1 x is cle> t we _c s
 express x z to conf9e religion  )9 its 
own b\nds1 or to outlaw magic f !       
t]ritory occupi$  by its rival4 ,yet a  
work+ def9ition is ne$$4 ,9 fram+ x     
reg>d  ought to be paid to ! ord9>y     
mean+ ( ! words3 ! def9ition  mu/ n be  
arbitr>y4    ,n[ ! ^w ,magic1 by ! usage
 ( c5turies1 is conc]n$ n s  mu* ) aim  
or t5d5cy z ) me?od4 ,x conveys ! notion
 (  p[]1 by :atsoev] means acquir$1     
wield$ by ! magician z 8  own1 & n z t (

 a high] be+ ^: cop]ation is only       
obta9$ by supplication & self-abasem5t4 
,supplication1  self-abasem5t1 flatt]y  
are ! religi\s means ( w9n+ ! help  (   
div9ities4 ,:]e high] be+s1 :e!r call$  
gods or devils1 or  by ! m ambigu\s     
title ( spirits1 are invok$ by spell1   
compliance ) ! call is n dep5d5t on _!  
goodwill2 !  comm& is irresi/ible2 & !  
proc$ure is magical4 ,sacrifice is      
utiliz$ 9 bo? proc$ures2 b x has a v    
diff]5t value 9 !  "o & ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o x
 op]ates z a communion ) !  div9ity1 z a
 gift to #hg w9 fav\r :i* he is by no   
means b\nd  to grant1 or z an atonem5t =
 wrong4 ,9 ! o!r x is a condition  on ! 
fulfilm5t ( :i* ! desire ( him :o (f]s x
 is  accompli%$1 inevitably & by        
compulsion4 ,9 su* a case he :o  (f]s ! 
sacrifice is n a wor%ipp]2 he is a ma/] 
( ! be+s  to :om x is (f]$4 ,true1 !y   
are sometimes gods4 ,9 ! religion  ( !  
,h9dus 8pray]s1 p5ances1 & sacrifices   
are suppos$ to  possess an inh]5t &     
actual value1 9 no degree dep5d+ ^u !   

disposition or motive ( ! p]son :o p]=ms
 !m4 ,!y are drafts  ^u ,heav51 = :i* ! 
,gods _c refuse paym5t4 ,! wor/ m51  b5t
 ^u ! wor/ designs1 h 9 ?is mann] obta9$
 p[] :i*  has made !m =midable to !     
,supreme ,deities !mselves40#hg4a  ,?us 
has ,s\!y succ9ctly /at$ ! belief on :i*
 8 poem (  ,! ,curse ( ,kehama is built4
 ,"h by pray]s are meant liturgical     
=mul1 :i* ev]y:]e t5d to deg5]ate into  
magical spells4  ,p5ances are 9 ! nature
 ( sacrifices4 ,or !y are taboos t      
pres]ve & enhance ! =ce & influ5ce ( !  
suppliant4 ,bo?  alike are a magical    
process1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w ,magic is  
g5]ally employ$4 ,! con/ra9+ p[] (      
sacrifices 0 also a  t5et ( ,egyptian   
religion1 at all ev5ts 9 its la/        
ages4#hg4b  ,h analog\s beliefs 9 !     
magical p[]s ( a rite ev5 yet  disappe>$
 f ,*ri/ianity8    ,?is !n is ! s5se 9  
:i* ,i v5ture to ?9k ! words ,magic &   
,magical %\ld be employ$4 ,x is bas$ ^u 
_! g5]al1 if  some:at vague1 usage2 & x 
is !re=e intelligible to !  ord9>y read]

 )\t rec\rse to a special def9ition4 ,x 
is  sub/antially t ( ,pr(essor ,fraz]1  
save t x affirms no?+  conc]n+ #hh !    
orig9 ( ! p[] active 9 magical          
practices3  x simply takes !m z !y      
are--aga9 an und5iable conv5i5ce4 ,x    
foll[s t = our purpose ,religion w be   
conf9$ to cultual  sy/ems1 ^: objects1 s
 f> z !y are p]sonal1 are end[$ )  free 
w1 are to be approa*$ ) true wor%ip1 &  
may or may n  grant ! pray]s ( _!       
suppliants4 ,"h also we h common usage  
on our side1 ) all its advantages4 ,9   
?is use ( ! ^w  ,religion1 :]e ! object 
is imp]sonal1 or is b vaguely p]sonal1  
x is none ! less treat$ ) rev]5ce &     
submission1 z  some?+ transc5d+ man2 x  
is ! object ( an emotional attitude1    
actively direct$ t[>ds x4 ,! object ?us1
 ev5 :]e x is n  p]sonal1 t5ds to become
 s4 ,buddhism1 9 its orig9al =m1 &      
simil> religions are ! product (        
comp>atively high civilizations4  ,!    
puritan sev]ity ( _! primitive ?\ght &  
practice 0  spe$ily relax$2 !y acquir$  

p]sonal gods1 & ?us lib]at$  !mselves f 
a rule ( life bas$ ^u philosophical     
consid]ations  & ! ef=t to escape )\t ! 
aid ( ! high] p]sonalities1  ( :i* !y   
despair$1 f ! evils by :i* !y felt      
!mselves  oppress$4 ,9 ! l[]            
civilizations1 z we h se51 no soon] is  
an imp]sonal p[] conceiv$ z act+ ?an x  
assumes p]sonal  *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 once !
 att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u any          
manife/ation ( x1 ^! *>act]i/ics1       
orig9ally vague1 are  likely to be      
emphasiz$1 & may gr[ into true          
p]sonalities4 ,9  magic1 on ! o!r h&1 ! 
imp]sonal p[] does n s readily  become  
?us trans=m$1 because ! att5tion fa/5s  
on ! p]sonal  ag5t1 ! magician1 r ?an on
 ! p[] by :i* he op]ates4    ,:5 all is 
said1 h[ev]1 religion is 7ideally1 at   
lea/7  social--t is to say1 moral--9 its
 aims & t5d5cies1 #hi  :]eas magic l5ds 
itself to individuali/ aims4 ,religion  
b9ds !  society toge!r by rais+ !       
individual above himself1 & tea*+  him  
to subord9ate 8 desires & actions to !  

g5]al good2 magic  has no compunction 9 
assi/+ to c>ry out ! wi%es ( !          
individual1 ?\gh !y may be contr>y to ! 
int]e/s ( !  society z a :ole4 ,to t    
ext5t x is disruptive1 antisocial1      
immoral2 & :5 ?us appli$ x may be       
describ$ z ,black1 or ,evil1  or ,ho/ile
 ,magic4 ,"h p]haps we f9d ! orig9 ( !  
opposition  betwe5 !m4 ,s f> f religion 
& magic hav+ be5 orig9ally  ho/ile1 !   
fur!r we g back into savage life1 &     
presumably1  !re=e1 t[>ds primitive     
humanity1 ! m we f9d !m  int]wov51      
indi/+ui%able4 ,x is only 9 ! advance ( 
civilization1 & ! consequ5t evolution ( 
religion & ( magic  t !y become consci\s
 ( mutual ho/ility4 ,:5 once !          
sep>ation _h begun x w\ld t5d to wid54  
,c]ta9 me?ods & means  w\ld be reg>d$ z 
prop] to ! "o1 c]ta9 o!r me?ods &  means
 z prop] to ! o!r1 albeit nei!r ( !m1 n 
ev5 !  highe/ kn[n & recogniz$ =m (     
religion1 has hi!rto be5 able  to %ake  
itself entirely free f ! me?ods ( ! o!r4
 ,?is is  n incompatible ) increas+     

ho/ility4 ,! l(ti] ! claims (  religion 
become1 ! clos] its relations ) !       
pr(\nde/ ?\ght  ( mank9d1 ! m awful !   
sanctions x invokes1 ! m  inevitable1 ! 
m irreconcilable ! ho/ility becomes4    
,family  qu>rels are ev] ! bitt]e/4     
,,iii4 ,developm5t    ,! discussion has 
l$ to "s anticipation ( ! argum5t4 ,we  
turn  back aga9 to ! p]sonal            
pot5tiality4    #ij    ,he = :om ! _w is
 full ( p]sonal be+s & h>dly any?+      
else--a univ]se ( objects int]pret$ 9 ! 
t]ms ( consci\s  p]sonality & project$  
on a backgr\nd ( ! ,unkn[n ) all its    
possibilities--he = :om ea* ( ^?        
objects1 human & non-human1  liv+ &     
n-liv+1 is inve/$ 9 a great] or less    
degree )  or5da1 w naturally &          
in/9ctively on ! "o h& avail  himself ( 
8 own or5da1 & on ! o!r h& w dread &    
endeav\r to turn to acc\nt ! or5da (    
o!rs4 ,b ?is v  endeav\r to turn o!rs'  
or5da to acc\nt is an ex]cise by pray]  
or compulsion ( 8 own4 ,i c see no      
satisfactory evid5ce t  e>ly man        

consci\sly ent]ta9$ any great fai? 9 !  
ord] &  uni=mity ( nature4              
,automatically1 no d\bt1 he assum$ t    
night  w\ld foll[ day & day night1 t !  
w9t] w\ld foll[ !  summ] or ! dry season
 ! wet1 t ! trees w\ld blossom 9 !  spr+
 or aft] ! ra9s set 91 z he _h be5      
accu/om$ to see  !m4 ,b t 0 n ! result (
 reflection2 x 0 n an act (  fai?4 ,s   
?+s _h always be51 & he c\ld n conceive 
any  diff]5t c\rse4 ,x 0 n "p ( 8 m5tal 
furniture2 x 0 no  acquisition (        
reason+4 ,x 0 ! v framework ( 8 m9d4 ,:5
  he began to reflect he ref]r$ ^!      
ph5om5a to ! same cause to  :i* he      
ref]r$ 8 own acts1 & ! m unc]ta9 &      
caprici\s  acts ( o!r liv+ be+s--to     
p]sonal w & or5da4 ,ev5 if he  _h ris5  
to ! l>ge conception ( ! ,si\an wakonda1
 t  imp]sonal =ce mu/1 z we h se51 clo! 
itself ) p]sonality  9 ord] to op]ate4  
,imm$iately & = practical purposes !    
p]sonal w & or5da ( himself or "s o!r   
object 7 !  f\nt ( all causation4 ,!y   
impell$ & direct$ all actions1 all      

means1 & 7 responsible = all effects4   
,if he took aim at 8  #ia enemy & flung 
8 spe>1 or :atev] primitive weapon s]v$ 
! same purpose2 if x hit ! man1 & he    
fell2 he might witness !  result1 b !   
m]e me*anical causation1 h[ev]          
inevitable 9 its  action1 w\ld be ! la/ 
?+ he w\ld ?9k ab\t4 ,consci\s ( 8  own 
w1 ( 8 own ef=t1 ( ! words1 p]haps1 )   
:i* he _h  accompani$ & direct$ ! spe>1 
he w\ld attribute ! result to  su*      
causes z ^!4 ,8 own or5da felt 9 8      
passion1 8 w1  8 ef=t1 & display$ 9 8   
acts & words1 ! or5da ( !  spe>1 ei!r   
inh]5t 9 itself1 conceiv$ z a p]sonal   
be+1 or  conf]r$ by its mak]1 & manife/$
 9 ! ke5ness ( its po9t1  ! precision & 
! =ce ) :i* x flies to its "w &         
inflicts ! deadly w\nd--^! w\ld be to   
him ! true causes (  8 enemy's fall4 ,8 
or5da is mighti] ?an 8 enemy's &        
ov]comes x4 ,s1 :5 ! enemy is abs5t & he
 _c visibly rea*  him1 8 or5da may yet  
suffice to accompli% ! desir$ injury4   
,by  a psy*ological process :i* ,dr     

,m>ett has subtly analys$1#ia4a he  is  
l$ to p]=m 9 pantomime all ! acts ( a   
murd] 9 ! abs5ce  ( ! victim1 ei!r      
sil5tly1 or to ! accompanim5t ( a *ant1 
or  ( spok5 words4 ,8 foe1 :o is z      
conv9c$ z himself ( ! p[]  ( su* a      
p]=mance1 if x come to 8 k1 falls a     
victim to  ! t]ror x inspires1 unless he
 c call 9 ! aid ( "s o!r  p]son1        
objective or imag9>y1 ^: or5da is m     
p[]ful /ill4  ,nor w\ld ! belief lack   
v9dication ev5 9 ! case ( ! victim's    
ignorance2 = any *ance mis=tune or      
sickness w\ld be put d[n to  a ho/ile   
or5da2 & if he did escape1 x w\ld be due
 to 8 own  sup]ior or5da4    ,?us :at we
 g5]ally call magic or wit*craft is #ib 
prim>ily an  application ( or5da4 ,by 8 
or5da a man bewit*es 8 enemy  7or1 = a  
consid]ation1 someone else's enemy71    
causes ra9 or  sun%9e1 raises & protects
 ! crops1 ga9s success 9 hunt+1  div9es 
! cause ( sickness & cures x1 raises !  
dead1 spells  out ! future4 ,8          
incantations1 8 ge/ures1 8              

app>atus--:e!r  ( plants1 /ones1 animal 
products1 magical draw+s1 or :atev] else
  x may be--w\ld be ( no avail )\t ?is4 
,9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia !  ,arunta magician
 arms 8 8po9t+ bone0 ) arungquil?a4 ,9  
,c5tral ,africa ! ,murundi impregnates 8
 magical implem5ts )  evil influ5ce by  
means ( 8 imprecations1 8 incantations1 
& 8  evocation ( spirits4 ,t is1 he puts
 into !m 8 or5da or !  mana ( ! spirits3
 until !n !y are absolutely p[]less &   
indiff]5t4#ib4a ,?is influ5ce1 ?is      
or5da1 mana1 or  arungquil?a1 is !      
nexus--! copula1 z x has be5 call$--:i* 
l9ks ! subject1 ! magician1 to ! object1
 ! result4    ,b man is n ! only be+ :o 
possesses or5da4 ,! or5da (  8 qu>ry    
sometimes foils 8 own4 ,! cicada *irp+ 9
 ! fields  rip5s ! maize = ! ,iroquois2 
! or5da ( ! rabbit controls  ! sn[ &    
fixes ! dep? to :i* x mu/ fall4 ,! awful
  m\nta91 ! trea*]\s sea1 ^? mighty be+s
 :o comm& !  w9ds1 :o s5d =? ! /orm1 :o 
rule 9 ! d>kness & my/]y  ( ! =e/1      
possess an or5da surpass+ man's4 ,x is  

useless to  pit 8 or5da aga9/ !irs4     
,!re=e he mu/ adopt a diff]5t  c\rse4   
,he mu/ lay d[n 8 or5da & submit x to   
!irs4 ,?is is  ! lit]al mean+ ( !       
,iroquoian phrase :i* signifies 9 mod]n 
usage 8,he habitually prays40#ib4b ,he  
mu/ take su* a c\rse z he  w\ld to #ic  
obta9 assi/ance f a human be+ 7say1 a   
p[]ful  *ief71 or to conciliate an      
enemy4 ,by gift1 by abasem5t1 by        
ab/95ce1 by self-torture1 by cajol]y he 
mu/ w9 ?is p[]ful  or5da to 8 side4 ,(  
^! ef=ts ab/95ce & abasem5t are         
negative =ms ( propitiation4 ,!y are    
p]haps ! e>lie/ =ms4  ,if our reports be
 complete 7on :i* we may h our d\bts71  
ab/95ce is ! only =m us$ among ! ,&aman 
,isl&]s1 :]e  belief is said to outrun  
active wor%ip4#ic4a ,9 any case a taboo 
= propitiatory purposes is v e>ly & v   
p]si/5t4 ,n  )\t insight does ! poet    
tell u t ,caliban     8,w let ^? quails 
fly1 w n eat ?is mon?   ,"o little mess 
( :elks1 s he may 'scape40    ,& ! mod]n
 ,european has /ill 8 ,l5t1 & 8 ,emb]   

,days &  ,fridays ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,su*   
ab/95ce is ! lay+ d[n &  submission ( ! 
or5da to ^? ( mighti] be+s4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 gift1 pray]1 cajol]y are1 prop]ly   
speak+1 an active  ex]cise ( or5da4 ,!  
relation ( spell & incantation to pray] 
has already be5 allud$ to4 ,!y are (t5  
indi/+ui%able3 !y  %ade into "o ano!r by
 ! f9e/ gradations4 ,gifts are n m]e    
self-deprivation4 ,!y mu/ be accompani$ 
by rites m or less  elaborate1 to r5d]  
!m acceptable to ! l(ty be+s = :om !y   
are int5d$4 ,or !y are "p ( a b>ga92 !y 
are ! p]=mance  on ! suppliant's side   
:i* dem&s a correspond+ return on !     
side ( ! god4 ,m ?an "o comp>atively    
civiliz$ p has held  t sacrifices       
prop]ly p]=m$ n m]ely incl9e b compel ! 
gods to grant :at _! wor%ipp] desires4  
,ge/ure-language plays a  l>ge "p 9     
savage life4 ,a #id c]emony su* z ^?    
famili> to  u 9 sympa!tic magic--to take
 only "o in/ance1 ! /ick+ (  p9s into a 
wax5 figure--frequ5tly is1 to a l>ge    
ext5t1  ge/ure-language3 x helps to     

sugge/ to ! sup]natural p]sonages  ( ^: 
or5da ! magician desires to make use    
exactly :at is  want$4 ,x is m ?an ?is1 
( c\rse4 ,x is 9 "p !  make-believe :i* 
is a relief to ov]*>g$ feel+s2 9 "p x is
  ! means by :i* ! or5da is convey$ to !
 object int5d$ to  be affect$4 ,!       
concomitant words t =m "p ( ! c]emony   
emphasize ! desire4 ,!y fill & /r5g!n ! 
in/rum5t ) !  or5da ( ! p]=m]1 or ( !   
sup]natural p]sonage invok$ or  compell$
 to assi/2 !y direct ! in/rum5t1        
consid]$ z a  p]sonal be+1 9 ! s]vice x 
is requir$ to fulfil2 or !y  allure1    
entreat1 or comm& ! object at :i* ! rite
 is aim$4    ,if ! view "h tak5 be      
accurate1 ! ess5tial opposition betwe5  
magic & religion disappe>s4 ,nor am ,i  
greatly conc]n$ to decide  :e!r ( ! two 
develop$ ! e>li]4 ,_! orig9 is ! same2  
!y gr[ f "o root4 ,nay1 ,i %\ld h>dly be
 wrong if ,i *ang$  ! metaphor & said3  
magic & religion are ! two faces ( "o   
m$al4 ,f ! l[e/ /age ( culture to !     
highe/ we f9d !m  insep>able4 ,gods 7 n 

inv5t$ because man prov$ unequal to !   
/ra9 ( arrang+ ! affairs ( ! univ]se by 
himself2 nor has  ! age ( religion be5  
ev]y:]e prec$$ by ! age ( magic4 8,by   
:atev] "n x is call$10 says ,dr         
,codr+ton1 speak+ ( !  ,melanesian mana1
 8x is ! belief 9 ?is sup]natural p[] & 
9  ! efficacy ( ! v>i\s means by :i*    
spirits & gho/s c be  induc$ to ex]cise 
x = ! b5efit ( m5 t is ! f\ndation  ( ! 
rites & practices :i* c be call$        
religi\s3 & x is  f ! same belief t     
ev]y?+ #ie :i* may be call$ magic  &    
wit*craft draws its orig94 ,wiz>ds1     
doctors1 wea!r-mong]s1  prophets1       
div9]s1 dream]s1 all alike1 ev]y:]e 9 ! 
isl&s1  "w by ?is p[]4 ,!re are _m ( ^! 
:o may be said to  ex]cise _! art z a   
pr(ession2 !y get _! prop]ty &  influ5ce
 9 ?is way4 ,e consid]able village or   
settlem5t is  sure to h someone :o c    
control ! wea!r & ! waves1  someone :o  
kn[s h[ to treat sickness1 someone :o c 
"w mis*ief  ) v>i\s *>ms4 ,!re may be "o
 ^: skill ext5ds to all ^!  bran*es2 b  

g5]ally "o man kn[s h[ to d "o ?+ & "o  
ano!r4 ,?is v>i\s k is h&$ d[n f fa!r to
 son1  f uncle to si/]'s son = 9 _m ( ^!
 isl&s desc5t is  /ill reckon$          
exclusively ?r\gh ! "m1 9 ! same way z  
is  ! k ( rites & me?ods ( sacrifice &  
pray]2 & v  (t5 ! same man :o kn[s !    
sacrifice kn[s also ! mak+ (  ! wea!r & 
( *>ms = _m purposes besides4 ,b z !re  
is  no ord] ( prie/s1 !re is also no    
ord] ( magicians or  m$ic9e-m54 ,almo/ e
 man ( consid]ation kn[s h[ to approa*  
"s gho/ or _s1 & has "s secret ( occult 
practices4  ,k ( ei!r k9d c be b\ght1 if
 ! possessor *ooses to  imp>t x to any  
o!r ?an ! heirs ( :atev] he has         
besides40#ie4a    ,"h we see1 z yet     
undi/+ui%$1 ! beg9n+s ( !  pr(essional  
magician & ! pr(essional prie/4 ,r\ghly 
&  provisionally x may be said t !      
pr(essional magician is he :o  9 ! c\rse
 ( ! evolution ( society1 by bir?1 by   
pur*ase1 or  by /udy & practice 9 !     
conv5tional me?ods1 has acquir$ !  mo/  
p[]ful or5da4 ,simil>ly1 ! pr(essional  

#if prie/ is he  :o 9 ^! ways1 or by    
pray] & fa/+1 has obta9$ ! fav\r  ( !   
imag9>y p]sonages believ$ to influ5ce or
 control !  affairs ( m5--:o has1 9 a   
^w1 possess$ himself ( _!  or5da4 ,!    
union ( ^! two pr(essions 9 "o p]son is 
n  adv5titi\s2 x is probably fundam5tal2
 x is at lea/ s g5]al  t 9 describ+ !   
society ( savages & peoples 9 l[ /ages (
  culture obs]v]s are (t5 at a loss :e!r
 to call _!  function>ies prie/s or     
wiz>ds1 exorci/s or m$ic9e-m54          
,consequ5tly1 _m an?ropological writ]s  
use ! ^w %aman1  borr[$ f ! ,tunguz1 a  
tribe ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 &  includ+ 
all f\r mean+s4 ,= 9 t condition (      
society !  functions ( prie/ & sorc]] & 
m$ic9e-man are1 z ,pr(essor  ,fraz]     
says1 8n yet diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r40 ,t 
c\ld n  be until1 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1
 religion became sev]$ f  magic4 ,yet x 
has nev] become s :olly sev]$ t !       
primitive  connection may n be trac$4   
,prie/s h become organiz$ into a        
sep>ate ord]4 ,triumphant religions h   

proscrib$ ! conqu]$  fai?s1 & h         
repudiat$ _! practices z magical4 ,magic
 has ?us  become a t]m ( opprobrium4 ,! 
conqu]$ fai?s "u repression  h c>ri$ on 
_! religi\s wor%ip mix$ ) magical rites 
&  t5d+ m & m to be degrad$1 yet nev]   
los+ all religi\s  elem5ts4 ,ev5 ! magic
 ( ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 9 ,europe1 if
  we may tru/ ! confessions ( ! judicial
 victims !mselves1 0  m+l$ ) ! wor%ip ( 
a be+ 9 :om !y recogniz$ ! devil1       
p]haps ! la/ avat> ( a hea!n god2 &     
wit*craft 0 "o (  ! commone/ *>ges aga9/
 h]etics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n ev5  ! highe/ 
religions h be5 able to free !mselves   
:olly f  rites /rictly p>allel to ^? #ig
 *>act]iz$ z magical1 by  :i* _! foll[]s
 h /riv5 to compass union ) ! objects  (
 wor%ip1 to avail !mselves ( ! or5da (  
^! objects1 to  locate x 9 _! own p]sons
 or 9 ! images & implem5ts (  _! cult1  
to int5sify _! own or5da1 & to ex]cise x
 =  ! b5efit1 spiritual1 corporal or    
pecuni>y1 ( !mselves &  o!rs4    ,x may 
be well to illu/rate ! =ego+ speculation

 f !  cu/oms & sup]/itions ( ! ,arunta (
 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,!  ,arunta h be5   
repres5t$ to be ! l[e/ & lea/ evolv$ (  
kn[n humanity 9 _! beliefs &            
in/itutions3 !y are1 x is  said1 /ill 9 
! /age ( primitive abs5ce ( religion2   
magic alone  is ! object ( _! belief2   
magic alone !y practise4 ,n[ none (  !  
,au/ralian tribes are1 /rictly speak+1 9
 a primitive  condition4 ,! civilization
 ( all ( !m has evolv$ to "s ext5t4  ,x 
has evolv$1 speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 along  
simil> l9es2 &  ^! l9es h be5 condition$
 by ! environm5t4 ,x is admitt$ly       
significant t1 9 a l& :]e s _m ar*aic   
types ( ! l[]  animals h surviv$1 we    
%\ld f9d ar*aic types ( human culture4  
,yet ! mo/ ar*aic types ( ,au/ralian    
culture are f> f be+  primitive4 ,s f>  
are !y t ! social organization is ( !   
mo/  complex "*1 ! product ( a          
succession ( /ages (  developm5t4 ,!    
lea/ ar*aic types exhibit ! old social  
organization break+ d[n & new /ructures 
9 c\rse ( =mation4  ,) ! evolution (    

society an evolution ( belief has also  
be5  go+ on4 ,x has n be5 exactly       
concurr5t4 ,culture r>ely or nev]       
evolves equally 9 all directions4 ,x is 
a m5tal process1 p>tly  consci\s1 p>tly 
unconsci\s4 ,! collective m9d ( a giv5  
society1  l ! individual m9ds ( :i* x is
 compos$1 is n ex]cis$  equally #ih on  
all subjects at ! same "t4 ,h5ce :ile1 =
  example1 we f9d among ! ,euahlayi     
tribe1 9 ! nor? ( ,new ,s\?  ,wales1 an 
advanc$ !ology & a m develop$ wor%ip ?an
 h  be5 record$ else:]e 9 ,au/ralia1 !  
social organization is /ill  on ! basis 
( female desc5t2 & ?\gh ! clansm5 eat   
)\t  scruple _! h]$it>y totems1 9 o!r   
respects ! totemic sy/em  seems to be 9 
full =ce4 ,9 ! same way ! ,arunta & _!  
neighb\rs c]ta9ly pres]ve relics ( a v  
ar*aic condition (  ?\ght & social      
organization4 ,?\gh = c]ta9 purposes a  
son  inh]its f 8 "m's husb&1 x is       
d\btful :e!r desc5t is  c\nt$ ?r\gh !   
fa!r = social purposes2 ! physical      
relation  betwe5 fa!r & *ild1 inde$1 is 

b imp]fectly recogniz$4 ,on  ! o!r h&1  
!y h develop$ a v elaborate !ory (      
re9c>nation1 & _! totemic sy/em seems to
 be 9 c\rse (  trans=mation into a numb]
 ( societies be>+ 9 "s respects         
rem>kable resemblance to ^? ( ! tribes (
 ,briti%  ,columbia4#ih4a ,magical      
practices 7*iefly 9 connection ) ^!     
societies or totemic gr\ps7 are m       
prom95t ?an religi\s4    ,yet a clos]   
exam9ation w lead u to ! conclusion t   
some?+  m ?an1 on any def9ition ( magic1
 we c call magical practices1  some?+ we
 mu/ recognize z religion1 albeit ( a l[
 type1 is n  :olly want+ to ! natives ( 
,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,we may p]haps  grant
 t ,twanyirika1 ) ^: "n ! wom5 & #ii    
un9itiate  *ildr5 are kept 9 awe1 is a  
bugbe> 8to fright5 babes )al10 &  no?+  
m4 ,! ,kaiti% & ! ,loritja1 adjac5t     
tribes %>+ !  g5]al culture ( ! ,arunta1
 at all ev5ts believe 9 ! real  exi/5ce 
( a sup]ior be+1 :o inv5t$ ! initiation 
rites &  is pleas$ :5 m5 p]=m !m        
n[4#ii4a ,inde$1 if ,h]r  ,/rehl['s     

inve/igations are to be tru/$1 ! ,arunta
 !mselves are  n de/itute ( belief 9 su*
 a be+1 ?\gh we le>n little ab\t  him1 &
 he has no influ5ce on ! de/9ies (      
mank9d4#ii4b ,among  ! ,w>ramunga1 a    
tribe a little fur!r to ! nor?1 !       
,wollunqua1  a gigantic my?ical snake1  
is ! object ( important rites1 & "o  ( !
 totem-clans is call$ by its "n4 ,x     
dwells 9 a c]ta9  wat]-hole 9 a lonely  
valley ( ! ,mur*ison ,range1 8& !re is  
always ! fe> t x may take x into its    
head to come out ( its  hid+-place & d  
"s damage40 ,h5ce propitiation is       
necess>y4  ,?is is effect$ by build+ a  
m\nd ( s&y e>? & del9eat+ on  x a       
repres5tation ( ! animal4 8,!y say t :5 
he sees !  m\nd ) 8 repres5tation drawn 
^u x1 he is gratifi$1 &  wriggles ab\t  
und]nea? ) pleasure40 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day
  succe$+ t on :i* ! c]emonies 9        
connection ) ?is m\nd  7 witness$ by    
,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 8! old m5 :o  
_h  made ! m\nd said t !y _h he>d !     
,wollunqua talk+1 &  t he 0 pleas$ ) :at

 _h be5 done & 0 s5d+ ra92 !            
explanation ( :i* d\btless 0 t !y1 l    
ourselves1 _h  he>d ?und] 9 ! di/ance4  
,no ra9 fell1 b a few days lat] !       
di/ant rumble ( ?und] 0 aga9 he>d at    
night-"t2 & #ajj  ?is1 ! old m5 n[ said1
 0 ! ,wollunqua gr[l+ because !  rema9s 
( ! m\nd _h be5 left uncov]$4 ,!y also  
told !  y\ng] m5 t a heavy bank ( cl\ds 
:i* lay on ! we/]n  horizon _h be5 plac$
 !re z a w>n+ by ! ,wollunqua1 & at     
once cut d[n b\ghs & hid ! ru9s ( ! m\nd
 f view1 aft]  :i* ! ,wollunqua ceas$ f 
gr[l+1 & all w5t on peacefully  until ! 
end ( ! s]ies0 ( c]emonies4#ajj4a ,!re  
are1 (  c\rse1 my?s associat$ ) !       
,wollunqua4 ,! m\nd recall$ "o (  !m4   
,dur+ its build+ & ! c]emonies ab\t x   
*ants 7 sung  ref]r+ to ! de$s ( !      
,wollunqua1 break+ out f "t to  "t into 
refra9s ( words1 n[ at lea/ mean+less1 &
 said to  belong to ! language ( !      
my?ical pa/4 ,! "n ,wollunqua is  avoid$
 9 common p>lance4 ,a circumlocution is 
employ$ in/ead1  8because1 s !y told u1 

if !y 7 to call x too (t5 by its  real  
"n1 !y w\ld lose _! control ov] x & x   
w\ld come out  & eat !m all up40#ajj4b  
,h[ does ?is diff] f ! famili>  taboo ( 
sacr$ names8 ,:5 ! explor]s 7 tak5 to   
visit !  ,wollunqua's dwell+-place 7%\ld
 we be wrong to call x 8  %r9e871 ! two 
*ief m5 ( ! totemic gr\p w5t d[n to !   
wat]'s edge & address$ him 9 :isp]s )   
b[$ heads1 pray+  him to rema9 quiet & d
 !m no h>m1 = !y 7 mates ( 8  & _h      
br\ght up two great :ite m5 to see :]e  
he liv$ & to  tell !m ab\t him4 8,we    
c\ld pla9ly see t x 0 all v real  to !m1
 & t !y implicitly believ$ t !          
,wollunqua 0  inde$ alive b5ea? ! wat]1 
wat*+ !m1 ?\gh !y c\ld n  see           
him40#ajj4c ,9 all ^! rites 7! details  
#aja ( :i* 7  c>ri$ out ) e>ne/ness &   
frequ5tly ) excitem5t7 x c  h>dly be    
d5i$ t we h ! elem5ts ( a true cult4 ,! 
only  "o z to :i* any qualification c\ld
 be admitt$ is 8! savage  attack10      
describ$ z be+ made on ! m\nd :5 !      
c]emony  relat+ to x 0 conclud$4 ,!     

result ( x 0 t ! figures  del9eat$ on ! 
m\nd 7 de/roy$1 & all t rema9$ 0 a  r\gh
 heap ( s&y e>?4 ,?is is repres5t$ z an 
attempt to  8co]ce ! my?ic bea/40 ,x is 
n q c]ta9 t !  int]pretation is correct1
 = x does n re/ on native /atem5ts1  b  
is an inf]5ce ( ! explor]s4 ,!          
oblit]ation ( sacr$  figures drawn on s&
 or e>? = ! purpose ( a rite is n       
conf9$ to ! cult ( ! ,wollunqua1 nor ev5
 to ,au/ralia4 ,x is  equally f\nd among
 ! ,pueblo tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica & !   
,mongolian ,buddhi/s ( ,c5tral          
,asia4#aja4a ,its object is to hide !   
sacr$ symbols f ! eyes ( ! pr(ane4 ,b if
 ! int]pretation  7 correct 7& x is n   
inconsi/5t ) "s ( ! expressions  &      
traditions report$71 x is no m ?an we   
might expect4 ,if a  savage deals ) !   
my?ic figures ( 8 imag9ation z he deals 
) 8 fell[man1 we mu/ n be surpris$ t he 
%\ld pass f  cajol]y to co]cion1 f pray]
 to defiance4 ,peoples on a mu*  high]  
religi\s horizon 7z we %all see h]eaft]7
 d n hesitate  to ?reat51 & ev5 to (f]  

viol5ce to1 ! objects ( _!  wor%ip1 :5  
!y are unable to obta9 o!rwise :at !y   
want4    ,nor are ! rites ( ! ,wollunqua
 alone among ^! tribes 9 be>+  evid5ce (
 some?+ m ?an magical c]emonies1 namely1
 (  rudim5t>y wor%ip4 #ajb ,:5 at !     
close ( ! initiation rites  among !     
,arunta someone ) a bundle ( *ur+a1     
sacr$ /ones or  /icks 9 ! %ape ( a      
bull-ro>]1 comes up to ! newly initiat$ 
y\?1 say+3 8,"h is ,twanyirika1 ( :om y 
h he>d s mu*2  !y are *ur+a & w help to 
heal y quickly10#ajb4a  nei!r ! neophyte
 nor 8 fri5d reg>ds !m z m]e toys4 ,!   
/atem5t t !y w help to heal ! neophyte's
 w\nds is en\gh  to %[ ?is4 ,we mu/ n be
 misl$ by ! app>5t anticlimax to  =get t
 !y are1 ?r\gh\t ?is gr\p ( tribes1     
my/]i\s  objects1 m>k$ ) ! emblem ( !   
totem1 & 9 ! close/  association ) x2 to
 ! ,arunta & ,loritja !y are ! outw>d  &
 visible sign1 if n ! embodim5t1 ( !    
ance/ral s\ls or  invisible portions1 & 
z su* are reg>d$ ) v5]ation4#ajb4b  ,!y 
are kept cunn+ly conceal$ f ! eyes ( !  

pr(ane1 hidd5  9 /ores :i* are          
sanctu>ies1 places ( refuge f ! pursuit 
(  enemies1 = m5 & ev5 = wild animals4  
,h]r ,/rehl[ relates t  :5 he 0 try+ to 
f9d a native ^w to translate *ur*1 two  
baptiz$ ,blackfell[s 9 all s]i\sness    
sugge/$ to him ! use (  arknanaua1 ! "n 
( ^! sacr$ /oreh\ses 9 _!  tongue4#ajb4c
 ,! v ^w *ur+a means1 z ne>ly z c be    
r5d]$ 9 a ,european tongue1 hidd5 away1 
secret1 appropriat$1  sacr$4 ,x is us$ z
 an adjective to describe objects       
employ$ 9 !  sacr$ c]emonies1 & ! secret
 "n be/[$ on a *ild at bir?4  ,9 ?is    
connection x is #ajc important to       
rememb] t ! sacr$  c]emonies1 & 9 fact  
ev]y?+ sacr$1 are among ^! tribes       
secret also f ! un9itiate4 ,?\gh        
individuals may1 at lea/  among !       
,arunta & ,loritja1 h special prop]ty 9 
_!  *ur+as1 ! latt] are1 z a :ole1 !    
collective prop]ty (  ! totemic clan2 !y
 are "u ! control ( ! c]emonial         
headman2 _! loss is ! mo/ s]i\s evil t c
 befall a gr\p2  & ev5 to l5d !m to     

ano!r gr\p1 z is occasionally done =    
special purposes1 is und]tak5 ) !       
greate/ solemnity &  caution4 ,:5       
return$1 !y are receiv$ ) e m>k (       
v5]ation1 ) weep+ & a l[1 m\rnful *ant2 
& bo? p>ties  mu/ be /rictly fa/+4#ajc4a
    ,! *ur+a are1 moreov]1 end[$ ) p[]1 
) mana1 :i*  n m]ely heals w\nds1 b :5  
!y are br\ght c]emonially 9  contact ) !
 body produces o!r physical1 m5tal1 &   
ev5 moral  effects4 ,9 ! ,kaiti% tribe !
 p]=mance ( "s c]emonies1 9  ! c\rse (  
:i* ! *ur+a are h&l$1 r5d]s a man s full
  ( ?is mana1 or1 z !y call x1 *ur+a1   
us+ ! v ^w1  t he becomes = ! "t        
taboo4#ajc4b ,9 addition1 !  *ur+a h    
virtue to make ! yams & ! grass-se$ gr[2
 !y  fright5 ! game1 or enable a man to 
secure x1 & s =?4 ,!y  are h&l$ 9 a     
mann] :i* x is no exagg]ation to call   
dev\t4  ,!y are poli%$ ) r$ o*re to     
8s(t50 !m1 a t]m t1 z  ,messrs ,sp5c] & 
,gill5 rem>k1 8v evid5tly po9ts to !    
fact  t ! *ur+a is reg>d$ z some?+ mu* m
 ?an a piece  ( wood or /one4 ,x is     

intimately associat$ ) ! ance/or1 &  has
 #8feel+s1' j z human be+s h1 :i* c be  
soo!d by  rubb+ 9 ! same way 9 :i* ^? ( 
liv+ m5 c be40 ,we  ga!r t a man w s+   
#ajd to 8 *ur+a1 t ! subject  ( 8 song w
 be ! my?ical /ory ( ! ance/or 7or !    
previ\s inc>nation7 to :om x belong$1 & 
t z he s+s &  rubs x ) 8 h&1 8he        
gradually comes to feel t !re is "s     
special association betwe5 him & ! sacr$
 object--t a virtue  ( "s k9d passes f x
 to him1 & also f him to x40 ,s f       
g5]ation to g5]ation x ga!rs m & m ( :at
 our au?ors  describe z magical p[]--:at
 w\ld c]ta9ly be call$ 9 ,melanesia     
mana--! my/ic pot5tiality already       
discuss$4#ajd4a    ,?us ! *ur+a h to !  
,blackfell[ a m or less def9itely       
p]sonal aspect4 ,x may be said t ! songs
 *ant$ ov] !m are  aft] all m]ely       
magical spells4 ,b ! spell implies "s m 
or  less def9$ p]sonality 9 ! objects to
 :i* x is address$4 ,9  ^! tribes rites 
are p]=m$1 call$ 9 ! ,arunta tongue     
,inti*iuma1 = ! purpose ( caus+ a       

manife/ation ( ! p[]  ( ! totem1 (      
multiply+ ! totem-animal or plant1 &    
g5]ally  ( increas+ ! prosp]ity ( !     
totem4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^!  rites !re is mu*
 s++4 ,! memb]s ( ! gr\p invite !       
wit*etty grubs to come f all directions 
& lay _! eggs1 or !  hakea-trees to fl[]
 & _! blossoms to fill ) honey2 !y beg  
! ra9 to come & br+ fi%2 !y direct !    
kang>oos to g f  "o place to ano!r2 & s 
on4 ,ev5 :5 ! songs & ! actions  p]=m$ 9
 ! c]emonies recall ! ev5ts ( ! my?ical 
pa/1  !y are n necess>ily m magical ?an 
! words ( sacr$ dramas1  :i* ev]y:]e 9 !
 l[] culture insep>ably int]weave :at we
  g5]ally speak ( z magic & religion4 ,!
 mighty ance/ors 7z  else:]e #aje !     
gods7 ^: de$s !y *ant are pres5t 9 !    
rite4 8,! totem1 ! ance/or1 & !         
desc5dant 7t is to say1  ! p]=m]7 appe> 
9 ^! songs z "o4 ,)\t keep+ 9 view  !   
indivisible unity ( ! totem1 ! my?ic    
ance/or & !  (fspr+ 7ratapa71 _m ( !    
songs are q  incompreh5sible40#aje4a    
,?us :]e invitation or comm& is n  issu$

 directly to ! object1 ! mana ( !       
ance/ors seems to be  evok$ = !         
accompli%m5t ( ! end4    ,aga91 s f> f !
 ,arunta m$ic9e-m5 be+ practition]s (   
any?+ analog\s to mod]n sci5ce1 !y are  
initiat$ by1 & _!  p[] is d]iv$ f1 !    
spirits4 ,^! spirits are believ$ to put 
! c&idate to dea?1 to c>ry him d[n into 
_! abode1 & !re  to take out 8 int]nal  
organs1 replac+ !m ) a new set1  plant+ 
9 8 body a supply ( magical cry/als by  
:i* all 8  subsequ5t wond]s w be p]=m$1 
& !n br++ him to life  aga94 ,he rema9s1
 h[ev]1 9 a condition ( insanity = "s   
days4  ,x is true t an imitation ( ?is  
process c be p]=m$ by  m$ic9e-m5 ( fle% 
& blood2 b c&idates ?us initiat$ h a    
l[] repute 7save app>5tly among !       
,w>ramunga7 ?an ^?  initiat$ directly by
 ! spirits4 ,! cry/als are 9 any case ! 
home & symbol ( ! magician's p[]s4 ,!y  
are 9 fact full (  mana4 ,if !y be lo/1 
! magician ceases to be a magician1 & ! 
cry/als !mselves return to ! spirits4   
,all ov] ,au/ralia1 s f>  z we "k1 !    

same influ5ce is attribut$ to !m4#aje4b 
,on !  ea/]n side ( ! cont95t1 :]e      
some?+ l a tribal  ,all-,fa!r #ajf is   
believ$ 91 he is reg>d$1 l ,od91 z !    
mightie/ ( magicians1 & ! cry/als are1 z
 well z !  bull-ro>]1 among 8 special   
attributes4 ,let me obs]ve too 9  pass+ 
t x is n a little significant t1 z 9 !  
wit*craft  ( ,europe & ,africa1 portions
 ( dead bodies are 9 great reque/ 9     
,au/ralia = magical purposes4 ,! 8po9t+ 
bone10 to :i* ,i  ref]r$ j n[1 is "p ( a
 dead man's leg or arm4 ,a portion (  8 
p]sonality inh]es 9 x4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5
 be=e x is 8sung10  x is end[$ ) 8 mana1
 :i* ! s++ only enhances &  directs 9   
its c\rse4#ajf4a ,= ! same reason human 
fat & a  dead man's hair are important  
p>ts ( ! ,au/ralian native's magical    
app>atus4    ,! initiation ( !          
m$ic9e-man or magician by spirits1 (t5 !
  spirits ( ! dead1 is practically !    
univ]sal belief 9 ,au/ralia4  ,9 ?is    
respect ! ,au/ralian m$ic9e-man is 9 l9e
 ) _m (  8 pr(essional bre?r5 else:]e4  

,9 ! isl& ( ,saghali5 !  ,gilyak %amans 
are *os5 vessels1 to :om _! tutel>y gods
 reveal  _! high call+ 9 vision or 9    
trance4 ,f ! mom5t t ?is  is done ! gods
 in/all !mselves z ! new %aman's        
assi/ants &  p]=m 8 comm&s4 ,yet        
%amanhood is n reg>d$ z a gift1 b z  a  
burd54 ,to become a %aman1 ei!r a man   
mu/ f9d fav\r ) "o  ( ^! assi/ant       
tutel>y gods1 or su* a god mu/ be be/[$ 
^u  him by 8 fa!r or uncle4 ,conv]sion  
into a %aman =ms a break 9  ! life ( !  
*os51 accompani$ by _m complicat$       
psy*ical  ph5om5a4 ,! process 9 8 own   
case 0 describ$ by a %aman to a         
,russian an?ropologi/4 ,= m ?an two     
mon?s he 0 sick & lay  )\t movem5t or   
consci\sness4 ,z soon #ajg z he reviv$ f
  "o attack he fell "u ano!r4 8,i %\ld h
 di$10 he said1 8if ,i  _h n become a   
%aman40 ,he began to dream at night t he
 sang  %aman songs4 ,visions appe>$ to  
him1 & he 0 told to make a drum  & !    
prop] app>atus ( a %aman1 & to s+4 ,if  
he 7 a simple  man1 ! vision told him1  

no?+ w\ld happ52 8b if ?\ art a  %aman1 
be a real %aman40 ,:5 he awoke he f\nd t
 x 0 ?\ght  ! spirits _h kill$ him1 &   
prep>ations = 8 fun]al rites _h  be5    
made4 ,b he got a drum & began to s+4   
,?is produc$ a  feel+ :i* hov]$ betwe5  
intoxication & dea?4 ,!n = !  fir/ "t he
 saw 8 tutel>y gods1 & receiv$ f !m     
in/ruction 9 8 bus9ess z a %aman4#ajg4a 
,among ! ,koryak on  ! adjac5t cont95t1 
8nobody c become a %aman ( 8 own free   
w4 ,! spirits ent] into any p]son !y may
 *oose & =ce him  to become _! s]vant40 
,su* p]sons are 8usually n]v\s "y m51   
subject to hy/]ical fits1 by means ( :i*
 ! spirits express  _! dem&0 t ! pati5t 
%all become a %aman4 ,fa/+1  p>oxysms1  
exhau/ion succe$ "o ano!r4 ,f9ally1 !   
spirits appe>  to ! pati5t 9 visible =m1
 end[ him ) p[]1 inspire &  in/ruct     
him4#ajg4b ,9 o!r words1 !y fill him )  
_! mana4    ,"h we h manife/ly !        
wide-spread ph5om5a ( ,possession4 ,9   
^! tribes !re are no pr(essional prie/s4
 ,! magicians1 ?\gh  9 a s5se !         

int]m$i>ies betwe5 m5 & ! high] p[]s1   
are  n *>g$ ) ! duty ( (f]+ sacrifice & 
pray]4 ,9 ,s\?  ,africa1 among ! ,bantu 
tribes1 also1 !re are #ajh no           
pr(essional  prie/s4 ,ance/or-wor%ip is 
! religion2 & ! only wor%ip paid  is    
paid to ! manes ( ! dead4 ,! prop] p]son
 to (f]  sacrifices is ! head ( ! family
 = ! "t be+4 ,b  m$ic9e-m5 or magicians 
=m a regul> pr(ession1 :i* is divid$    
into a numb] ( bran*es4 ,= "s ( ^!      
bran*es initiation by  ! spirits ( !    
dead is n necess>y4 ,= o!rs x is        
indisp5sable4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! same 
man comb9es ! practice  ( sev]al bran*es
 ( ! art4 ,all :o practise op5ly are    
recogniz$  z ,:ite ,wiz>ds1 ex]cis+ _!  
p[]s = ! wellbe+ (  society1 9 def5ce ( 
! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,yet ^! v m5  sometimes
 boa/ ( be+ baloyi1 a t]m by :i* evil   
wiz>ds are  g5]ally kn[n4 ,!y claim to  
be m p[]ful ?an ord9>y wiz>ds1  able to 
discov] & baffle _! tricks1 & to kill4  
,moreov]1 !re  are good baloyi1 :o use  
_! p[] to bless4 ,!y are sometimes  s5t 

by ance/ral spirits to increase !       
produce ( ! fields1 &  !n !y are said to
 h bewit*$ ! fields to make !m br+  =? m
 fruit4 ,?us x is cle> t a h>d & fa/ l9e
 _c be  drawn betwe5 ! social & !       
antisocial magicians1 at lea/ among  "s 
( ! ,bantu tribes4 ,"o ( ! *ief bran*es 
( ! pr(ession  is t ( exorci/4 ,n[ no   
man c set up z an exorci/ )\t  hav+ be5 
himself possess$ by ! spirits &         
exorcis$4 ,?is is  inde$ ! regul> me?od 
( initiation1 = a man is n m]ely  re/or$
 to ord9>y life by exorcism2 he is also 
aggregat$ to !  society ( magicians2 he 
ent]s a new life2 he becomes a neophyte 
among ! practition]s1 & mu/ und]go fur!r
 probation :i* may  result 9 8 becom+ m 
?an an exorci/--he may become           
clairvoyant or a div9]1 a prophet or a  
work] ( m>vels2 he may  cure diseases or
 cause ! ra9 to fall4 ,_m practition]s  
#aji  pr(ess m ?an "o ( ^!              
accompli%m5ts2 ! mo/ di/+ui%$  pr(ess   
sev]al4#aji4a    ,h[ f> ! ph5om5a (     
possession are volunt>y ne$ n "h be     

discuss$4 ,! ,zulu or ,xosa pati5t 7if  
we may call him s7 becomes  sickly &    
ab/95t2 he di/+ui%es himself by dreams &
 visions1  & beg9s to talk ( 8 int]c\rse
 ) spirits ( ! dead2 he  becomes 8a h\se
 ( dreams02 he is hy/]ical2 he s+s2 he  
behaves z  ?\gh he 7 out ( 8 m9d2 he is 
possess$ by an ,itongo1 an  ance/ral _s4
 ,!n he is admitt$ to ! society ( !     
magicians  & receives in/ruction f !m4  
,f9ally1 he is acc\nt$ a new  creature1 
^: int]c\rse ) spirits & %>e 9 _!       
sup]natural p[]s is recogniz$ by        
ev]yone4#aji4b    ,among ! ,ngombe 9 !  
,nor!rn ,congo bas91 we are told1 8!    
gho/s  call to ! man f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 
,he goes into !  grave1 und]gr\nd1 &    
/ays !re f\r mon?s4 ,:5 ! f\r mon?s  are
 f9i%$ he comes =?1 rubs himself )      
camwood & dances1  contort+ 8 body40    
,?is seems to be ! neophyte's only      
prep>ation  = ! (fice ( nganga4 ,aft] t1
 accord+ to ! same  au?ority1 8:5ev] a  
man is sick he is c>ri$ by o!rs to !    
nganga4 ,!y accompany him to ! man (    

gho/s4 ,he looks at !  body1 !n recites 
to ! _s4 ,!y lift up ! man & g out4 ,all
  ! p dance1 & he :o is afflict$ )      
sickness is br\ght to  ! doctor =       
m$ic9e40#aji4c    ,on ! ,nor? ,am]ican  
cont95t ! m$ic9e-man 0 n 8possess$10  z 
among ! ,sib]ian tribes & ! ,bantu2 b 8 
mode ( initiation  0 simil>4 ,! #aaj    
,ojibway sorc]] aft] prolong$ fa/+ 0    
initiat$ by ! sup]natural p[]s4#aaj4a   
,among _m ( !  ,cali=nian tribes 8a _s1 
be x t ( an animal1 a place1 !  sun or  
o!r natural object1 a deceas$ relative  
or an entirely  unembodi$ _s1 visits !  
future m$ic9e-man 9 8 dreams1 &  !      
connection ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 !m is !  
s\rce & basis  ( ! latt]'s p[]4 ,?is _s 
becomes 8 gu>dian _s or  #8p]sonal4' ,f 
x he receives ! song or rite or k ( !   
*>m1 & ! und]/&+ :i* enable him to cause
 or remove  disease1 & to d & endure :at
 o!r m5 _c40#aaj4b ,!  ,skidi ,pawnee is
 allur$ to ! abode ( ! my/]i\s          
animal-p[]s1  & !re taught _! k & gift$ 
) _! p[]s2 or he  is visit$ by a        

sup]natural be+ 9 dreams = ! same       
purpose4#aaj4c    ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks (
 ,borneo 8!re are two descriptions (    
manangs  %amans1 ! regul> & ! irregul>4 
,! regul> are ^? :o  h be5 call$ to t   
vocation by dreams1 & to :om ! spirits  
h reveal$ !mselves4 ,! irregul> are     
self-creat$ & )\t a  famili> _s40 ,x is 
n en\gh = ! manang simply to say  8t he 
feels himself call$2 he mu/ prove to 8  
fri5ds t he is  able to commune ) !     
spirits2 & 9 pro( ( ?is he w            
occasionally ab/a9 f food & indulge 9   
trances1 f :i* he  w awake ) all ! tok5s
 ( "o possess$ by a devil1 foam+ at  !  
m\? & talk+ incoh]5tly40#aaj4d ,"o ( !  
ways to 8get  magic0 among ! ,malays is 
to meet ! gho/ ( a murd]$ man4 ,9  ord] 
to d ?is a #aaa c]emony mu/ be p]=m$ at 
! grave on a  ,tuesday at full moon4 ,! 
aspirant calls ^u ! deceas$ = help1  &  
/ates 8 reque/4 ,ultimately an ag$ man  
appe>s1 to :om !  reque/ is repeat$2 & x
 w\ld seem t ! suppliant gets :at he    
wants4#aaa4a    ,9 ,europe ! dom9ant    

religion has proscrib$ wit*craft )      
t]rors  spiritual & physical1 :i* h     
emphasiz$ its sep>ation &  int5sifi$ its
 spiritual aspect4 ,! judicial records  
are full (  /ories ( initiation to !    
,black ,art t beg9 by ! =mal            
r5unciation ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip & baptism4
 ,! novice tramples  ^u symbols ( !     
,*ri/ian fai?1 or o!rwise treats !m )   
indignity4 ,he utt]s incantations )     
appropriate rites to call up  ! devil4  
,t g5tleman !n appe>s to receive 8 =mal 
pr(ession ( allegiance1 admit him       
c]emonially into 8 b& (  wor%ipp]s1 &   
tutor him 9 ! me?ods ( 8 art4 ,t !      
confessions ( ?is proc$ure 7 n :olly    
imag9>y1 & dictat$  by ! or?odox        
function>ies :o exam9$ ! tortur$ victim1
 is  r5d]$ probable f ! fact t d[n to ! 
pres5t day1 9 _m  cont95tal c\ntries1 if
 n 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ! peasant  wit*  
ent]s ^u h] trade by a rite recall+ its 
ma9 features4    ,x w\ld be easy to exp&
 ! li/4 ,en\gh has1 h[ev]1 be5 said to  
%[ t ov] a wide area ( ! _w & 9 ! mo/   

v>i\s /ages  ( civilization :at we call 
sup]natural be+s are conc]n$ )  !       
prep>ation ( ! magician's c>e]1 & t !   
,arunta beliefs  d n diff] 9 ?is respect
 f ^? curr5t among _m o!r  peoples4 ,9  
none ( ! =ego+ cases does ! %aman or    
magician z  su* ex]cise ! functions (   
prie/4 ,he (f]s no sacrifices1 he       
addresses no pray]s on behalf ( !       
community to ! div9ities4  #aab ,he     
p]=ms wond]s by ! aid ( ! spirits2 b !  
spirits  :o fir/ invade & !n help him   
are by no means ev]y:]e ^?  :o are !    
object ( wor%ip4 ,x is n my int5tion to 
discuss !  psy*ological & physiological 
aspects ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!y recall  !      
ph5om5a ( 8conv]sion0 among ourselves4  
,occurr+1 z !y  usually d1 at or %ortly 
aft] ! comm5cem5t ( adult life1 !y      
display ! eff]vesc5ce ( pub]ty1         
acc5tuat$ by ! neurotic  peculi>ities ( 
! individual1 act$ ^u1 direct$ &        
controll$  by ! social environm5t4 ,z 9 
! case ( 8conv]sion10 too1 !y  are      
liable to become epidemic1 p>ticul>ly at

 times ( social &  political crisis1 :]e
 feel+ 9 ! tribe is m ?an commonly      
excit$4    ,be=e pass+ away f ! subject 
we may turn to a diff]5t type  ( %aman4 
,among ! ,v$das ! %aman is 9 effect !   
prie/4 ,!  spirits to :om (f]+s are made
 are ^? ( ! dead4 ,x is !  %aman :o     
makes ! (f]+1 & p]=ms ! invocation2 & he
 is  9 return possess$ by !m4 ,b "h !   
novice is *os5 & tra9$  by "o :o already
 ex]cises ! pr(ession4 ,he does n become
  possess$ 9 8 capacity z novice4       
,possession only takes place at  !      
public c]emonies2 x is tempor>y2 & x may
 affect o!rs  besides ! %aman4 ,!       
position ( %aman is practically h]$it>y1
  = ! novice tra9$ is usually ! %aman's 
son1 or 8 si/]'s  son1 t is to say1 8   
actual or pot5tial son-9-law4 ,! ,v$das 
are on a level ( civilization z l[ z !  
,arunta4 ,?\gh !y d  n practise rites ( 
su* s5seless & revolt+ cruelty1 9 _!    
natural condition & ap>t f ext]nal      
influ5ce !y live entirely  by hunt+ & ! 
collection ( honey2 !y build no huts1 b 

take  advantage ( caves & rock-%elt]s2  
_! pott]y is ( ! r\ghe/  description2   
#aac & ! iron arr[heads1 axes & o!r     
implem5ts  :i* !y possess are obta9$ by 
b>t] f ! ,s9halese1 = !y  d n ex]cise ! 
art ( smi?y+4 ,! l[e/ & wilde/ ( !m1    
h[ev]1 "k no?+ ( ho/ile magic4 ,ev5     
protective magic is  h>dly practis$2 & !
 *>ms !y make use ( appe> to be d]iv$  f
 ! neighb\r+ ,s9halese4 ,x is true !y h 
traditions t  x us$ to be cu/om>y to    
seek /r5g? & confid5ce to av5ge  insults
 by *ew+ a small dri$ piece ( ! liv] ( a
 man :o _h  be5 kill$ = ! purpose4 ,?is 
is an application ( a well-kn[n  magical
 pr9ciple4#aac4a ,b1 s f> z our         
in=mation goes1 x is  a solit>y case4   
,if !re=e ! ,v$da %aman is n initiat$ by
 !  spirits1 x is n because ! ,v$das h n
 yet pass$ out ( !  age ( magic4 ,if !re
 be an age ( magic 9 :i* religion is    
unkn[n1 = aught t appe>s !y h n yet     
pass$ into x4 ,at  all ev5ts !y _c be   
said to confirm ! g5]alization t  magic 
prec$es religion2 = magical practices   

once adopt$ p]si/  ) rem>kable t5acity  
into ! highe/ planes ( culture4    ,!re 
is1 f9ally1 an example ( a function>y   
occupy+ an ambigu\s  position z prie/ or
 magician1 at :i* we may glance = a     
mom5t4  ,! ,m9copies ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 
be=e ! arrival ( /rang]s  9 mod]n times1
 71 l ! ,arunta1 liv+ 9 ! ,/one ,age4   
,!y  _h no agriculture2 _! food 0       
suppli$ by ! *ase1 or !  se>* = insects1
 roots1 & honey4 ,!y _h inde$ le>n$ to  
build  huts2 & !y _h ! use ( fire1 b !y 
7 ignorant h[ to  produce x4 ,!y are    
divid$ into local tribes1 rul$ by elect$
  *iefs ) v limit$ p[]4 ,! *iefs acquire
 su* au?ority z  !y h by _! skill 9     
hunt+ & fi%+ #aad & _!  reputation =    
g5]osity & hospitality2 & x is on ^!    
qualifications t social /atus ma9ly     
dep5ds4 ,social & political             
organization is !re=e1 z well z         
religion1 9 a some:at  rudim5t>y /age4  
,nor is magic m advanc$ ?an religion4 ,!
 only  p]sons :o ex]cise any magical or 
religi\s functions are call$ by  ! title

 ( oko-paiad1 or ,dream]4 ,su* a man    
obta9s 8 position  by relat+ an         
extraord9>y dream =e%ad[+ "s future     
ev5t1  :i* aft]w>ds happ5s4 ,s9ce ^!    
practition]s are cr$it$ )  ! p[] (      
communicat+ 9 dreams ) ! spirits1 x may 
be  presum$ t ! initial dream is 9 !    
nature ( a 8call0 by !m4  ,! oko-paiad  
does n seem to be subject to possession 
by !  spirits2 b he is believ$ to h p[]s
 ( second sight & a  my/]i\s influ5ce   
ov] ! =tunes & lives ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,he 
is !re=e ! con/ant recipi5t ( pres5ts1  
:i* are 9 effect  bribes = 8 fav\r4 ,our
 in=mation conc]n+ 8 proce$+s is  ( !   
scantie/ description4 ,x does n ext5d to
 any active attempt  at magical         
int]f]5ce ) ! fate or ! actions ( o!rs4 
,p]haps we may conclude t any int]f]5ce 
he may be held to  ex]cise is conf9$ to 
8 int]c\rse 9 dreams ) ! spirits4       
,h[ev] ?is may be1 8 only record$ ov]t  
acts are on !  occurr5ce ( an epidemic1 
:5 8he br&i%es a burn+ log1 & bids  !   
evil _s keep at a di/ance40 ,sometimes z

 a fur!r precaution  he plants /akes 9  
front ( ea* hut1 & sme>s !m 9 /ripes )  
black beeswax1 ! smell ( :i*1 be+       
peculi>ly (f5sive to !  demon1 ensures 8
 spe$y dep>ture4#aad4a ,if any inf]5ce c
 be  drawn f ?is acc\nt x h>dly seems to
 fav\r ! priority ( !  evolution ( magic
 ov] religion2 = ! oko-paiad1 #aae if n 
initiat$ by ! spirits1 is ess5tially "o 
:o is 9 communication  ) !m1 & :o       
ex]cises 8 p[]s n m]ely aga9/           
individuals  7( :i* !re is no direct    
evid5ce71 b 9 fav\r ( !m & (  !         
community4    ,! conclusion is t !re is 
no solid & conv9c+ pro( ( !  developm5t 
( magic prior to religion4 ,if !        
,m9copies1 ! ,v$das1  & ! tribes (      
,c5tral ,au/ralia fail u1 :i!r %all we  
turn =  evid5ce8    ,yet !re is a       
consid]ation g5]ally applicable to      
savage life t  mu/ n be ov]look$ "h4    
,vague1 unc]ta91 & contradictory z  !   
savage may be 9 8 beliefs1 sluggi% z 8  
m9d may be 9  reg>d to matt]s (         
speculation1--9 matt]s ( practical      

importance1  ! provision ( food & %elt]1
 ! protection ( 8 wom5 &  *ildr51 & !   
def5ce ( 8 little community aga9/       
aggression  by human foes or ! wild     
bea/s1 he is b\nd to be on ! al]t &  to 
act4 ,8 wits are !re=e %>p5$ = action4  
,action is natural  to him2 ?\ght :i*   
has no imm$iate objective 9 action is   
/range4  ,! en]gies rema9+ :5 ! body is 
satisfi$ ) food1 :5  %elt] is assur$1 & 
ho/ilities aga9/ 8 fell[-man or !  l[]  
animals are = ! mom5t =gott51 mu/ be    
exp5d$ 9 o!r  k9ds ( action4 ,bodily    
recreation--play--satisfies ?is crav+ = 
movem5t & excitem5t1 :ile at ! same "t x
 fulfils ! useful  purpose 7albeit      
unconsci\sly to him7 ( keep+ 8          
faculties1 bodily  & m5tal1 ready &     
supple1 & ( tra9+ !m /ill fur!r =  m    
directly practical ends4 ,?is =m (      
activity1 organiz$ into  dances & games1
 easily begets ritual4 ,! ,hott5tots    
danc$ all  night at full moon )         
extravagant ge/ures1 salut+ ! moon &    
invok+ h] = cattle-fodd] & milk4#aae4a  

,! ,wi*ita ( #aaf  ,nor? ,am]ica play$ e
 ye> 9 ! spr+ a game ( %9ny1 :i*        
repres5t$1 !re c be little d\bt1 !      
conte/ ( w9t] &  spr+4#aaf4a ,9 su*     
cases z ^!1 & !y are legion1 a          
recreation has be5 indulg$ 9 at a p]iod 
appropriate = x--!  dance 9 ! cle>1 cool
 night1 ! game "u ! mild return+  w>m? &
 /imulat+ influ5ces ( ! e>ly spr+4      
,because x ?us  naturally recurs at     
def9ite times x comes to be reg>d$ z    
prop]1  ev5 necess>y3 x develops into a 
rite4 ,to a simil> game play$ by  !     
,omaha 0 atta*$1 9 ! phrase ( ! writ]s  
:o describe x1  8a cosmic               
significance40#aaf4b ,! impulse to      
movem5t1 to ex]tion1  lib]ates emotion2 
! emotion is 9 turn int5sifi$ by its    
collective expression2 & ?is            
int5sification w\ld lead to !           
conviction t ! expression has someh[ or 
o!r 9 itself an  influ5ce on ext]nal    
nature1 j z x w\ld h 9 human  relations4
 ,! exact me*anism by :i* x act$        
probably w\ld n  tr\ble ! savage at an  

e>ly /age4 ,lat]1 x w\ld be fitt$ into  
! framework ( 8 ideas4 ,! ,hott5tot rite
 came to be address$ to  ! moon4 ,!     
,wi*ita rite seems to h be5 ?\ght to    
assi/  directly 9 conque/ ( ! evil p[] (
 w9t] & ! r5ewal (  life4    ,b we may g
 fur!r back /ill4 ,i h ref]r$ to !      
make-believe  t is a relief to ov]*>g$  
feel+s4 ,emotional /ress is felt at     
times by ev]ybody1 be he savage or      
civiliz$4 ,x causes a reaction1  m or   
less p[]ful 9 proportion to ! magnitude 
( ! cause or  ! excitability ( ! p]son  
:o und]goes x4 ,x is express$ 9  acts   
sometimes ( ! wilde/ extravagance1      
sometimes rhy?mic &  p>tially controll$4
 ,^! acts are spontane\s1 automatic4    
,recurr5ce ( ! emotional /ress w\ld t5d 
to be accompani$ by  repetition ( ! #aag
 acts 9 :i* ! reaction _h be5 previ\sly 
express$4 ,if ! recurr5ce 7 suffici5tly 
frequ5t1 ! =m (  ! reaction w\ld become 
a habit to be repeat$ on simil>         
occasions1  ev5 :]e ! /ress 0 less vivid
 or almo/ abs5t4 ,x c h>dly  be d\bt$ t 

_m rites owe _! exi/5ce to su*          
reactions4 ,!  ,pawnees1 l ! ,wi*ita1 a 
tribe belong+ to ! ,caddoan /ock (      
,nor? ,am]ica1 summon$ ) song & dance & 
o!r elaborate rites  ! buffaloes :i* 7 !
 ma9/ay ( _! exi/5ce4 ,ev]y?+           
dep5d$--su/5ance1 provision ( clo?+ &   
t5ts & all o!r  necess>ies1 h5ce ! v    
cont9uance ( ! tribal life--on !        
buffaloes4 ,_! movem5ts ab\t ! great    
c5tral pla9s ( !  cont95t 7 my/]i\s4 ,! 
true causes 7 unkn[n2 ! c\rse  0 n      
pr$icable ) c]ta9ty4 ,accord+ly1 ! p]iod
 (  expectation :ile ! p 7 await+ !     
adv5t ( ! h]d 0  "o ( great emotional   
t5sion4 ,x 0 reliev$ by a s]ies ( acts1 
orig9ally automatic1 or quasi-automatic1
 :i* w\ld gradually assume  m & m       
def9itely ! call+ & enticem5t ( !       
expect$  h]d4 ,?is =m ( reaction to !   
p>ticul> /ress w\ld become  habitual4 ,x
 w\ld end z a solemn rite1 :i* 0 believ$
 to h a  p[]ful influ5ce 9 br++ !       
animals & effect+ a  satisfactory       
capture4 ,! or5da ( ! p]=m]s1 express$ 9

 !  mann] consecrat$ by tradition1 w\ld 
!n be held to ex]cise a  compell+       
p[]4#aag4a    ,to su* an orig9 mu/ be   
ascrib$ ! rehe>sal ( a battle t  takes  
place 9 _m savage tribes be=e #aah !    
w>riors g =?  on a raid1 & ! dances &   
o!r c]emonies accompli%$ by wom5  left  
at home :5 _! husb&s are abs5t fight+ or
 hunt+4 ,m  obvi\sly mu/ x be held      
responsible = a v>iety ( o!r  p]=mances1
 ( :i* ! common spell 9 ?is c\ntry & on 
!  cont95t ( ,europe1 to recov] an      
article /ol5 or ! wan+  affections ( a  
lov]1 is a type4 ,! love-lorn maid5     
takes "s  object1 frequ5tly a %\ld]-bone
 ( lamb1 & /icks a knife or a  p9 into  
x1 say+3     8',tis n ?is bone ,i mean  
to /ick1   ,b my lov]'s he>t ,i mean to 
prick1   ,wi%+ him nei!r re/ nor sleep  
,till he comes ) me to speak40    ,(    
spells l ?is ! prep>ation ( an effigy1 &
 ! assaults  ^u x repres5t+ acts done to
 ! p]son = :om ! effigy  /&s1 are an    
elaboration4 ,! ov]*>g$ emotion fir/ (  
all f9ds  a v5t 9 an attack ^u any      

conv5i5t object4 ,!n f v>i\s  causes a  
special object is s+l$ out z !          
appropriate vehicle (  ! p]=m]'s wra?1  
hatr$ or jeal\sy1 ! act gradually       
becomes  m solemn & delib]ate1 & a =mal 
rite is evolv$4    ,x %\ld h>dly be     
necess>y to say t x is n claim$ t !     
=ego+ p>agraphs expla9 ! g5esis ( all   
rites4 ,b t _m  d ?us orig9ate accords )
 all we "k ( human nature4 ,9 any  case 
a rite 0 n in/itut$ because m5 7        
previ\sly conv9c$  ( its efficacy4 ,!   
primitive savage may h be5 a man (      
pret]natural /upidity2 b ev5 he w\ld n h
 be5 equal to  putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse 
9 t fa%ion4 ,! rite mu/ h  be5 an       
e/abli%$ habit be=e a consci\s mean+    
filt]$ into x4  ,int]pretation w\ld be a
 gradual process4 ,if ! rite 7 %>$  #aai
 by ! social gr\p1 & by expansion or    
accretion atta9$  suffici5t importance1 
! int]pretation might take ! =m ( a     
my?4 ,! my? 9 turn w\ld contribute to ! 
/ability ( ! rite1  by means ( ! sacr$  
"* x w\ld affix to x1 or !  rem9isc5ce (

 an anci5t exp]i5ce x w\ld be suppos$ to
 embody4    ,?us ritual1 religi\s or    
magical1 is evolv$ long be=e belief has 
become def9ite & cog5t4 ,x may em]ge f  
:at ,i may /yle !  m]e surface ( human  
nature1 f necessities ma9ly physical1 f 
direct n]v\s reaction4 ,x may1 on ! o!r 
h&1 h roots 9 !  social relations (     
mank9d4 ,! savage naturally1            
habitually--,i might  almo/ say         
in/9ctively--applies ! =ms ( social life
 to 8  relations ) 8 non-human          
surr\nd+s4 ,presumably1 z we h  se51    
primitive man 9 8 r\gh way did likewise4
    ,b ?is af=ds no argum5t = hold+ t   
magic prec$$ religion4  ,rites are n    
necess>ily magical because !y are n     
address$ to  def9$ p]sonalities4 ,!y may
 be yet in*oate4 ,n until reflection    
has begun to cl>ify 9 "s degree man's   
relation to 8 environm5t  7a sl[ & t$i\s
 process1 sl[e/ & mo/ t$i\s ( all 9 !   
e>ly /ages7 c we reckon !m              
satisfactorily "u ! "o head or  ! o!r4  
,if ,i am "r 9 cont5d+ t magic &        

religion fl[  f a common s\rce1 rites   
may rema9 = g5]ations 9 an  indecisive  
condition :i* is nei!r1 b may cry/allize
 9 ei!r  %ape accord+ to ! specific     
occasion1 ! environm5t1 or !  dom9ant   
m5tal & in/itutional t5d5cy ( ! social  
gr\p4 ,su* a  trans=mation w be gradual 
& piecemeal1 & 9 l>ge "p1 if  n         
entirely1 unconsci\s4 ,_m ?+s done 8=   
luck10 ev5 9 !  high] civilizations1 are
 #abj /ill 9 ?is indet]m9ate /ate4 ,!   
intellectual atmosph]e is unfav\rable2  
_! developm5t is  arre/$1 probably =    
ev]4 ,i suspect t an accurate           
appreciation  ( ! ,inti*iuma rites      
practis$ by ! ,arunta & _! neighb\rs    
w\ld %[ t !y too are n f9ally to be     
assign$ to ei!r  category4    ,! "p     
play$ by society 9 ! g5]ation ( religion
 dem&s "s  fur!r obs]vations4 ,f :atev] 
type ( an?ropoid ape man has  be5       
evolv$1 x is safe to believe t he has f 
! fir/ liv$  9 communities4 ,b = ?is he 
c\ld h made no progress1 if ev5  he c\ld
 h exi/$ z man4 ,! condition ( ! solit>y

 apes is  incapable ( improvem5t4 ,x is 
incr$ible t if rudim5t>y human  be+s _h 
liv$ l !m 9 a gr\p consi/+ at ! utmo/ ( 
a  male1 female1 & /ill dep5d5t "y1 !y  
w\ld ev] h em]g$  into humanity1 or t if
 !y _h em]g$ !y w\ld h be5 able  to hold
 _! own aga9/ ! foes t surr\nd$ !m4 ,!  
l[e/  human be+s are nev] f\nd solit>y4 
,if !y w&] on !  food-que/1 or are driv5
 away f high] & m p[]ful  societies1 !y 
d n fail to come toge!r at c]ta9 times  
to enjoy  ! companion%ip ( _! fell[s1 to
 ex*ange exp]i5ces1 to plan  hunts or   
raids1 to p]=m rites 9 common & p>take (
 common  pleasures4 ,?is implies        
organization4 ,9 fact1 su* communities1 
:5  !y meet & live ! communal life1 are 
n f\nd to be a m]e  incoh]5t cong]ies ( 
individuals4 ,!y are true societies1    
organiz$1 "s m1 "s less closely1 on a   
def9ite plan1 9 :i*  e individual has 8 
place4 ,! ,au/ralian natives h evolv$   
social in/itutions ( prov]bial          
complexity4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\?  ,africa1  
p]secut$ & brok5 by intrusive races1 h  

left u on !  walls ( ! cav]ns !y haunt$ 
repres5tations #aba m>vell\s 9  _! skill
 ( c]emonies app>5tly totemic4 ,& if ?is
  int]pretation ( ! draw+s be d\btful1  
su* rema9s z h be5  pres]v$ ( _!        
traditions af=d evid5ce ( an            
organization by no  means contemptible4 
,! ,s]i ( ! ,cali=nian ,gulf1 p]haps on 
a  /ill l[] plane ( civilization1 &     
c]ta9ly lead+ _! life 9  m mis]able     
surr\nd+s1 are divid$ into clans &      
furni%$ )  a social hi]>*y built up on a
 rev]5ce = wom5 almo/ *ivalr\s  9 its   
type4#aba4a    ,! exi/5ce ev]y:]e (     
organiz$ societies implies ! p>am\nt    
influ5ce ( ! community ov] ! individual4
 ,nor is t influ5ce  only a matt] (     
implication4 ,abundant evid5ce is f\nd (
 !  control wield$ by society ov] !     
actions & ! v ?\ghts (  its memb]s4 ,!  
individual is no?+3 ! gr\p is ev]y?+4 ,z
  ,pr(essor ,durkheim rem>ks1 e society 
ex]cises p[] ov] its  memb]s1 p[]       
physical & above all moral4 ,x keeps !m 
9 a  s5sation ( p]petual dep5d5ce4 ,x is

 di/9ct f ! individuals  :o compose x1 &
 consequ5tly its int]e/s are di/9ct f   
!irs4 ,b z x _c atta9 its ends except   
?r\gh & by means  ( ! individual1 x     
makes an imp]i\s claim on 8 assi/ance1  
exact+ x ev5 to ! sacrifice ( 8         
incl9ations & int]e/s4  ,?us at e mom5t 
we are oblig$ to submit to rules (      
conduct &  ( ?\ght :i* we h nei!r made  
nor wi%$ to make1 & :i*  may ev5 be     
contr>y to our mo/ fundam5tal           
in/9cts4#aba4b    ,9 ^! days & among    
civiliz$ societies1 :5 individualism is 
s  /rongly develop$ 9 ?\ght & action1 we
 are apt to =get to :at  an ext5t       
religion is an expression ( ! social    
organization4 ,an  em95t #abb ,ox=d     
pr(essor1 n long ago deceas$1 us$ to say
  t religion 0 a social secretion4 ,t   
may be an excell5t way to  phrase !     
relations betwe5 society & religion 9   
mod]n ,europe4 ,x  is a v incomplete    
acc\nt ( !m z !y exi/ on ! ,au/ralian   
/eppe or 9 ! =e/s ( ,brazil4 ,9 ! l[]   
culture religion is  mu* m ?an a social 

secretion3 x is "o aspect ( ! social    
organization1 insep>able f ! re/4 ,!    
organization _c be  und]/ood )\t x--nay1
 x _c exi/ ap>t f x4 ,9 ^!  societies e 
memb] has 8 position & takes 8 %>e 9    
religi\s rites4 ,:atev] 8 place 9 !     
social scale1 he is on !  same level (  
k1 he %>es 9 ! same beliefs1 ) 8        
fell[s4 ,! m5tal atmosph]e ( ea* is *>g$
 ) ! same  electric fluid1 :i*          
communicates itself to all alike4       
,especially on  ! occasions ( reunion   
its action is int5sifi$1 frequ5tly      
result+ 9 excitem5t1 9 vehem5t          
exaltation1 translat$ into !  wilde/ &  
mo/ extravagant actions4 ,b ^! reunions 
are n  m]ely social1 !y are religi\s    
fe/ivals4 ,= religion p]vades  e ?\ght &
 de$ bo? ( ! individual & ( ! community4
 ,x  b9ds ! memb]s toge!r z no o!r =ce  
c\ld d4 ,! p[] (  society ov] !         
individual is ! p[] ( religion4 ,=      
religion is  n z yet di/+ui%$ f         
politics1 f law1 f m$ic9e1 or  f o!r =ms
 ( social activity t 9 our /age (       

culture h  long v9dicat$ _! fre$om4     
,religion has !re=e gr[n up ) society4  
,its =m has *ang$  ) ! *ang+ =ms (      
society4 ,x _c be said to be g5]at$  by 
society1 inasmu* z x is coeval ) x4 ,! v
 m\ld 9 :i*  a society 9 ! l[] /ages (  
culture is ca/ is religi\s4 ,*ur*  &    
,/ate are ( necessity cot]m9\s1         
equival5t1 #abc "o4 ,b  ?is evolution   
mu/ ( necessity h tak5 "t4 ,! in*oate   
society  ( half-human be+s w\ld h _h a  
correspond+ly vague &  in*oate religion4
 ,z intellig5ce grew1 ! bonds ( ! horde 
w\ld  ga!r /r5g?1 :at we may call public
 op9ion w\ld become m &  m def9ite ) !  
gradual acquisition ( spee*1 until at   
la/  man em]g$ 9 some?+ l a regul>ly    
ord]$ community4 ,x is  difficult = u to
 imag9e ! /eps ( ?is long process1 by   
:i*1  ) society1 :at we call religion 0 
evolv$4 ,i h tri$ 9 an  e>li] *apt] to  
sket* ! ext]nal conditions t w\ld h     
impress$ humanity 9 its dawn4 ,^!       
ext]nal conditions w\ld h  driv5 !      
individual m & m 9 ^u ! gr\p1 & ?us w\ld

  h mat]ially contribut$ to ! consci\s  
=mation ( common  int]e/s f\nd$ ^u !    
common ne$ ( mat]ial help1 ( sympa?y1  &
 ( relief f anxiety & t]ror1 :e!r (     
actual or imag9$  dang]4 ,! =mation (   
common int]e/s mu/ h be5 accompani$  by 
! increas+ subord9ation ( ! individual  
to ! gr\p4 ,9 !  ext5sion ( ! au?ority (
 ! gr\p ov] ! individual x is t  ,m4    
,durkheim f9ds ! orig9 ( ! idea ( !     
imp]sonal =ce :i*  ! ,omaha call        
wakonda4 ,! idea1 z ,i h %[n1 lies at ! 
root  ( ! religi\s conceptions ( peoples
 9 m ?an "o va/ cultural  area4 ,t su*  
au?ority ( ! gr\p1 necess>ily imp]sonal 
z x  is1 w\ld op]ate to /r5g!n ! concept
 ( a g5]al imp]sonal  =ce1 :5 once t    
concept _h be5 =m$1 !re c be no  "q4 ,to
 ascribe to x ! orig9 ( ! concept1      
h[ev]1 seems  to me an unw>rant$        
inf]5ce4 ,x is m probable t ! conflict  
( ! ,p]sonal & ! ,imp]sonal %\ld arise 9
 ! awak5+ m9d  z ! result ( its outlook 
^u #abd ! _w4 ,! :ole  environm5t does n
 pres5t a p]sonal aspect at once4 ,z    

p]sonalities gr[ into relative          
def9it5ess "o aft] ano!r1 !re  rema9s   
beh9d !m ! ,unkn[n1 full ( vague        
possibilities1  imp]sonal1 b ! s\rce (  
p]sonalities1 :i* are = ev]  loom+ =? z 
! att5tion is conc5trat$ on successive  
objects4  ,s9ce x is ! s\rce (          
p]sonalities1 x is ! s\rce ( p[]1       
my/]i\s & f>-rea*+1 ev]y:]e envelop+ !  
behold]4 ,x is  true ?is p[]1 9 ord] to 
become effectual1 mu/ clo! itself )     
p]sonal attributes4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n     
because x is =m$ on  exp]i5ce ( !       
au?ority ( ! gr\p act+ by individuals1 b
  because p]sonalization is ! inevitable
 t5d5cy ( ! m9d4    ,pr(essor           
,durkheim's !ory ( religion is exhibit$ 
9 detail only 9  "o type4 ,he speaks (  
8! aptitude ( society to erect itself   
into a  god or to create gods02#abd4a b 
he illu/rates 8 !sis only 9  ! case (   
totemism1 :i* he takes z an example ( ! 
religion (  ! lea/ advanc$ p hi!rto     
?or\ghly exam9$4 ,he is c>eful  to say t
 ! "q :e!r totemism has be5 m or less   

widespread is ( second>y importance2 x  
is at all ev5ts ! mo/  primitive & !    
simple/ religion x is possible to       
rea*4#abd4b  ,b 8 :ole argum5t1 if x    
prove any?+1 goes to %[ !  univ]sality (
 totemism4 ,= ! idea ( ! s\l1 accord+ to
 !  data ( e?nography1 appe>s to him to 
h be5 coeval ) humanity1  & t n m]ely 9 
g]m b 9 all its ess5tial *>act]s2 &  !  
s\l is no?+ else ?an ! totemic pr9ciple 
inc>nat$ 9 ea*  individual1 a portion ( 
! collective s\l ( ! gr\p1 t is to  say 
( ! totem1 individualiz$4#abd4c ,n[     
totemism is c]ta9ly a  v ar*aic =m (    
religion4 ,t x 0 univ]sal #abe is1      
h[ev]1 v f> f be+ demon/rat$4 ,x may    
well be t _m  bran*es ( ! human race h  
outgr[n x1 & t its traces h  be5        
oblit]at$4 ,b among peoples v l[ d[n 9  
culture !re are  _m :]e x is unkn[n1 or 
at lea/ unrecognizable4 ,x is m ?an     
possible1 c\ld we asc]ta9 ! facts1 t    
,bu%man society 0  organiz$ on ! basis (
 totemism4 ,b !re are o!r tribes no     
high] ?an ,bu%m5 & ,au/ralian           

,blackfell[s :]e we fail to  disc]n x4  
,! ,v$das ( ,ceylon are inde$ divid$    
into clans )  female desc5t4 ,yet no    
totem has em]g$ aft] ! mo/ c>eful       
enquiries4 ,_! religion is ess5tially a 
cult ( ! dead1 bas$ on  fe>4 ,! dead man
 is address$ z 8,"l6 ,new ,driv]-away ( 
,va$das60  ,sacrifices are (f]$ & eat5 z
 an act ( communion ) !  deceas$4 ,9    
addition to ! dead ( ! local gr\p1      
8c]ta9  long-dead ,v$das :o may be      
reg>d$ z leg5d>y h]oes0 are invok$1  (  
:om ! mo/ important are ,k&e ,yaka1 an  
anci5t hunt] ^:  assi/ance is implor$ = 
good hunt+1 & 8 bro!r ,bil9di ,yaka1  a 
sort ( pale d\ble ( himself4 ,b !y are n
 kn[n among all !  ,v$da communities1   
?\gh ,k&e is reg>d$ by "s z ,"l or lead]
  ( ! dead4 ,!re are also o!r spirits1  
:o appe> to be ( =eign  orig9 &         
sup]impos$ ^u ! orig9al cult ( ! dead1 &
 are  p]haps on _! way to become        
nature-spirits4#abe4a ,! religion (  !  
,&aman ,isl&]s 8consi/s ( fe> ( ! evil  
spirits ( !  wood1 ! sea1 disease &     

ance/ors1 & ( avoidance ( acts          
traditionally displeas+ to !m40 ,!re is 
besides an  an?ropomorphic be+1 ,puluga1
 :o is said to be 8! cause ( all  ?+s40 
,he receives no active wor%ip1 ?\gh acts
 ?\ght to be  displeas+ to him are      
avoid$ 8= fe> ( damage to #abf !        
products ( ! jungle40 ,!re is "s evid5ce
 t he is !  nor?-ea/ w9d2 & ,sir ,r4 ,c4
 ,temple is ( op9ion t he is            
8fundam5tally1 ) "s def9it5ess1         
id5tifiable ) ! /orm1  mix$ up )        
ance/ral *iefs40 ,he acts by 8 daught]s1
 !  ,mor[91 :o are 8 mess5g]s2 b he     
seems to cont5t himself )  po9t+ out to 
! evil spirits (f5d]s aga9/ himself1 )\t
  actually tak+ /eps aga9/ !m4#abf4a    
,totemism is n[h]e h9t$  at by !        
enquir]s :o h busi$ !mselves ) ?is      
*ildlike1  & on ! :ole h>mless1 b       
some:at caprici\s p4    ,/ill v l[ 9 !  
scale ( civilization1 ?\gh some:at high]
  ?an ^!1 are ! tribes ( ! int]ior =e/s 
( ,brazil4 ,!y  p _! environm5t )       
imag9>y be+s m or less ho/ile4  ,!      

object ( _! c]emonies appe>s to be to   
conciliate ! fav\r  ( ^! g5try1 or to   
hold !m at arm's l5g?4 ,:5 once !       
dea?-rites are complet$ little acc\nt is
 tak5 ( ! dep>t$4 ,s  mu* we may ga!r f 
! reports ( two ,g]man exp$itions1      
writt5  by di/+ui%$ sci5tific m5 :o l$ !
 exp$itions4 ,al?\gh !y  p5etrat$       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !re 0 a g5]al  
resemblance betwe5 ! civilization ( !   
,indians met ) by bo?  explor]s4 ,a     
,fr5* an?ropologi/ has rem>k$ t ,engli% 
&  ,g]man obs]v]s d n int]e/ !mselves to
 ! same degree1 or 9  ! same way1 9 !   
social life ( peoples 9 ! l[] culture2 =
  :]eas ! ,g]man explor]s by pref]5ce   
describe1 & t )  praisewor?y m9ut5ess1 !
 nature ( ! c\ntry & ! mat]ial          
civilization ( ! p1 ! ,engli%1 on ! o!r 
h&1 int]e/  !mselves m 9 ! intellectual 
products1 ! traditions &  beliefs4 ,9   
o!r words1 he said1 ! ,g]man is #abg m (
 an  e?nograph]1 ! ,engli%man m ( a     
/ud5t ( folklore &  psy*ologi/4 ,!re is 
p]haps a measure ( tru? 9 ?is rem>k4 ,x 

may g f> to expla9 :y m di/9ct & def9ite
 acc\nts h n  be5 giv5 ei!r by ,pr(essor
 ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 or ,dr ,!odor        
,ko*-,grnb]g ( ! religions ( ! aborig9al
 tribes ( ,brazil4 ,9  any case1 we miss
 mu* t we %\ld h expect$ to f9d 9 _!    
reports on ! religi\s beliefs &         
c]emonies ( ^! tribes4 ,among  !        
omissions is t ( any m5tion (           
totemism--an in/itution :i*  conc]ns    
organization & gov]nm5t z mu* z         
religion4 ,:at r5d]s  ! omission        
significant 9 ! case ( ,pr(essor von d5 
,/e951 &  n m]ely ! result ( want (     
int]e/ 9 ! subject1 is t he  has tak5   
pa9s to asc]ta9 & record ! attitude ( ! 
natives  t[>ds ! l[] animals4 ,he makes 
x cle> t !y draw no /rict  l9e (        
dem>cation betwe5 man & brute4 ,nay1 he 
goes ! l5g? (  say+ t we mu/ ?9k !      
b\nd>y completely away4 ,human be+s  are
 indebt$ to ! l[] animals = ! mo/       
important elem5ts (  _! culture1 _m (   
:i* !y h acquir$ f !m by =ce or  guile4 
,m ?an t1 ! ,boror claim to be actually 

ar>as 7a  k9d ( bird ) brilliant r$     
plumage72 _! neighb\rs ! ,trumai  are   
believ$ to be wat]-animals2 a c]ta9     
cannibal tribe is  desc5d$ f ! jagu>2 & 
s =?4 ,^! beliefs are n  totemic1 = !y  
conc]n n clans b :ole tribes4#abg4a     
,app>5tly1 !re=e1 !re is no totemism    
among ! wild  =e/-tribes inve/igat$4    
,if ! concept ( ! s\l 7:i*1 x is ne$less
 to say1 all ^!  peoples possess7 7     
coeval ) humanity1 & if x 7 only !      
totemic pr9ciple individualiz$1 !n      
totemism mu/ h be5 coeval  ) humanity1 &
 x #abh mu/ h be5 univ]sal4 ,if s1 x is 
at  lea/ curi\s t ! ,v$das1 ! ,&aman    
,isl&]s1 & !  =e/-tribes ( ,brazil--all 
( !m on ! horizon ( civilization on  :i*
 totemism is f\nd--%\ld display no      
traces ( x4 ,if !  concept ( imp]sonal  
=ce1 ! sub/ratum ( religi\s & magical   
beliefs1 be d]iv$ f ! au?ority ( society
 ov] ! individual1  & n m]ely /r5g!n$ & 
develop$ by x1 x is odd t  religi\s &   
magical beliefs %\ld1 s l[ d[n 9        
culture1 h  issu$ 9 su* widely div]g5t  

=ms4 ,! wor%ip ( ! dead1 !  conciliation
 ( ho/ile nature-spirits1 ! fe> ( an    
an?ropomorphic  be+ ( enorm\s p[]1 are  
all explicable z ! result ( !  action ( 
ext]nal conditions on human m5tality &  
emotions4 ,!y  are n explicable z !     
direct product ( ! au?ority ( ! gr\p    
ov] ! individual4 ,& if totemism _h     
orig9ally held sway ov] !  ,v$das1 !    
,m9copies & ! ,brazilian tribes1 x is n 
easy to  conceive h[ x c\ld h evolv$ 9  
directions s div]se1--& t  )\t leav+ any
 au!ntic witness to its pa/4 ,x is q    
ano!r  ?+ if ! action ( ! gr\p _h be5 r 
to comb9e &  consolidate1 to int5sify & 
to organize ! s5sations & emotions      
awak5$ 9 its memb]s by ext]nal nature1  
to give !m a measure (  def9it5ess 9 !  
process1 & to habituate ! individual to 
c]ta9 modes ( reaction to ! s5sations1 &
 to c]ta9 =ms (  expression ( ! beliefs 
eng5d]$ by ! emotions ?us awak5$4       
,,iv4 ,div]g5ce    ,9 ! =ego+ pages ,i h
 attempt$ to trace ,magic & ,religion to
  a common root4 ,we h f\nd !m          

inextricably int]tw9$ v l[  d[n 9       
culture2 #abi we h se5 ! difficulty (   
di/+ui%+  !m by way ( sci5tific         
def9ition1 & h be5 =c$ back ^u  ord9>y  
usage4 ,bo? alike are conc]n$ ) !       
sup]natural & !  uncanny2 b ! "o deals )
 x by compulsion1 by ! direct  ex]tion (
 human or5da ^u ! objects s\ght to be   
con/ra9$1  ! o!r by ! indirect me?od (  
appeal to mighti] p[]s ?an  human to    
ex]cise _! or5da ^u ^? objects1 9 ord]  
to  obta9 ! result desir$4 ,& ,i h      
cont5d$ t ! opposition (  ,magic &      
,religion1 on :i* writ]s ( au?ority l   
,pr(essor  ,fraz] & ! late ,sir ,alfr$  
,lyall h s mu* insi/$1 is s f>  f be+   
ess5tial t x is a result ( _! concurr5t 
developm5t & ( ! g5]al advance (        
civilization1 & is ev5  yet imp]fectly  
accompli%$4 ,! argum5t seems to require 
"s  fur!r illu/rations4    ,fir/1 let me
 obs]ve t ! def9ition ( magic "h adopt$ 
does  by no means co9cide ) t (         
,pr(essor ,fraz]1 ?\gh1 l 81  x re/s ^u 
! me?od ( compulsion z ! di/+ui%+       

*>act]i/ic4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n because (   
any fai? by primeval  man 9 ! inv>iable 
ord] ( nature or 9 ! inevitable sequ5ce 
(  cause & effect4 ,! compulsion (      
magic1 z ,i und]/& x1 is  wield$ by1 &  
dep5d5t ^u1 ! p]sonal or5da ( !         
magician1  ei!r directly or ?r\gh !     
m$ium ( ! p[]ful & uncanny  be+s :om he 
succe$s 9 br++ into play4    ,! idea ( a
 god 9 our m9ds is associat$ ) a        
rev]5tial  attitude t is v f> f be+     
univ]sally adopt$4 ,9 a lat]  essay we  
%all see t ?reats ( bodily injury1 ev5  
79 !  leg5ds7 actual h&-to-h& combats1 &
 79 fact7 *a/isem5t (  ! mat]ial        
repres5tatives ( div9ity1 are (t5 reg>d$
 z q  appropriate measures to be tak5 9 
deal+ ) be+s #acj :o are  ord9>ily !    
objects ( wor%ip4 ,i h already ref]r$ to
 !  con/ra9+ p[] attribut$ to sacrifice 
& o!r rites 9 "s (  ! m advanc$         
religions4 ,:]e ritual has und]gone a   
long t]m (  developm5t1 :]e x has be5   
subject$ = _m ages to cont9u\s  ?\ght1 &
 to elaboration 9 ord] to provide = new 

ne$s or  aga9/ un=ese5 cont+5cies1 !re x
 is apt to acquire a  proportionate     
value ( its own1 indep5d5t ( ! m]its ( !
  p]=m]4 ,! sacrifice :i* is a gift to !
 gods imp]i\sly  dem&s its look$-=      
repaym5t1 & w n be d5i$4 ,! p5ance1     
:e!r x be 9 ! nature ( a sacrifice or a 
spell1 c>ries )  x1 l ! ,h9du rite (    
dh>na1 an impli$ curse if n respond$    
to4 ,9 ei!r case ! deity to :om x is    
direct$ has no *oice b  to comply4    ,!
 con/ra9+ influ5ce may take a v>iety (  
=ms1 & is by no  means conf9$ to "o     
plane ( civilization1 or to "o cultural 
area4  ,sometimes x is express$ 9 knots 
to :i* is widely attribut$ :at  we call 
magical p[]4 ,9 ,morocco1 :]e           
civilization has r  det]iorat$ ?an      
progress$ = _m ages1 ! cult ( ! dead is 
l>gely preval5t4 ,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck    
records t a ,b]b] s]vant  ( 8 told him t
 once :5 9 prison he invok$ a c]ta9     
great  female sa9t ^: tomb 0 9 a        
neighb\r+ di/rict1 & ti$ 8  turban1     
say+3 8,i am ty+ !e1 ,llla ,rah'ma      

,yusf1 & ,i am n  go+ to op5 ! knot till
 ?\ ha/ help$ me40 ,& a p]son 9  di/ress
 w sometimes g to h] grave & knot !     
leaves ( "s  palmetto gr[+ 9 its        
vic9ity1 ) ! words3 8,i ti$ !e "h1 ,o   
sa9t1 & ,i %all n release !e unless ?\  
release/ me f !  toils 9 :i* ,i am at   
pres5t40#acj4a    ,?is p]haps also is1 z
 ,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck sugge/s1 #aca a    
conditional curse4 ,n[ a curse1 l o!r   
magical proce$+s be=e  ref]r$ to1 is    
prim>ily a relief ( ov]*>g$ feel+s4     
,utt]$  ) all ! /r5g? ( ^? feel+s by an 
aggriev$ or baffl$  adv]s>y1 x evokes   
ev5 9 our brea/s to-day %udd]+ & horror4
  ,mu* m !n 9 days :5 ! man's or5da 0   
deem$ to g out 9  spee* ) imm$iate      
result ^u ! object to :i* he direct$ x4 
,:5 gods came to be adopt$ & wor%ipp$1  
/r5g? 0 add$ to !  curse by invocation (
 ! god4 ,! god's "n add$ to ! curse 0   
an addition ( ! god himself4 ,= ! "n is 
a "p1 & an  important "p1 ( ! god1 & _c 
be us$ )\t effect4 ,! god  is b\nd to   
respond to x1 & to act 9 accordance ) ! 

vot>y's  dem&4 ,= ?is reason ! real     
names ( gods 7 kept secret4  ,my/]y ?us 
atta*$ to ! "n ( ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews3   
h5ce !  express prohibition to 8take !  
"n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va940  ,almo/ all  
ov] ! _w ?is belief 9 efficacy ( ! utt]$
 "n  z a means ( compulsion is          
responsible n m]ely = taboos on !  names
 ( gods1 & ( m5 liv+ or dead1 b also = !
 =m &  pot5cy ( magical =mul4 ,if y "k !
 "n ( a _s &  utt] x1 or sometimes ev5  
?reat5 to utt] x1 y compel !  own]'s    
att5tion to y\r wants4 ,or y may pret5d 
to be "s great  p]sonage1 su* z 7:]ev] !
 ,mohamm$an tradition has p5etrat$7  ,k+
 ,solomon or ! angel ,gabriel2 & 9 t "n 
y may issue y\r  comm&s4 ,or1 z among   
,*ri/ians1 y call = ! ob$i5ce ( a  _s 9 
! great "n ( ,god or ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4
 ,9 ,india to  repeat ! div9e "n al\d1  
or ev5 by way ( m$itation1 8is !  mo/   
usual way ( acquir+ religi\s m]it4''' ,s
 mu* importance is  giv5 to ?is mode (  
m$itation t ,tulsidas 9 #acb 8 ,ramayan 
lays d[n t ! "n ( ,rama is great] ?an   

,rama himself40 ,9  o!r words1 its      
utt]ance compels him4 8,x is said ( a   
c]ta9 ,h9du  :o _h notori\sly liv$ a    
life ( impiety t he obta9$ salvation  by
 call+ on 8 dea?b$ = 8 son by 8 "n1 :i* 
happ5$ to  be ,nryan40#acb4a ,! "n      
,nryan is sacr$4 ,x 0 orig9ally  a title
 ( ,brahm1 b is n[ usually appli$ to    
,vi%nu1 & is t  "u :i* he 0 fir/        
wor%ipp$4#acb4b    ,! curse1 if curse x 
71 involv$ 9 ! rite practis$ by         
,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck's s]vant 0 n ( ! k9d
 dep5d5t on !  utt]ance ( a "n4 ,x 0 r (
 t 9 :i* ! curse is  convey$ by a sign  
or figure d]iv+ its p[] f ! or5da (  !  
magician himself4 ,i h already ref]r$ to
 "o species ( su*  curses int5d$ = !    
protection ( prop]ty by m>k+ x z taboo  
to ! own]4#acb4c ,9 ?is =m !y are *iefly
 us$ by !  ,malayo-,polynesian &        
,melanesian peoples & on ! ea/]n side ( 
,c5tral ,africa1 ?\gh !y h _! analogues 
else:]e4#acb4d  ,! lead5 tablets (      
defixiones employ$ by ! anci5t ,greeks1 
(  :i* num]\s examples are kn[n1 %[ a   

simil> practice f\nd$ on  simil> ideas4 
,! tablet is inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! p]son  
int5d$ to be injur$1 & x is !n 8defix$10
 or b\nd1 ) a  nail4 ,! c]emony 0       
d\btless accompani$ by "s words         
expressive  ( ! int5tion4 ,inde$ !      
expression ( ! int5tion 0 9 c\rse  ( "t 
record$ on ! tablet4 ,a fur!r /age 9    
developm5t 0  rea*$ :5 ! gods 7 invok$1 
#acc beg9n+ ) ,h]mes &  ,ge1 & go+ on to
 o!r *?onic div9ities4 ,lat]1 app>5tly  
t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 !   
cu/om began (  devot+ to v>i\s gods lo/ 
prop]ty & ! ?ief :o _h /ol5  x4 ,su*    
tablets affix$ to ! walls ( temples     
d\btless s]v$ !  purpose ( our          
adv]tisem5ts = ! recov]y ( lo/ or /ol5  
prop]ty4 ,! diff]5ce is t1 :]eas we (f] 
mat]ial rew>ds1  ! ,greeks invok$ ! help
 ( ! gods & ?reat5$ ! ?ief or  receiv] )
 sup]natural v5geance4#acc4a ,! use (   
defixiones  spread into ,italy1 & has   
la/$ into q mod]n times1 or1 x may  be  
tru] to say1 0 reviv$ "u ! influ5ce (   
le>n$ m5 :o at  ! close ( ! ,middle     

,ages became imbu$ ) ! a/rology &  magic
 ( e>li] days4 ,"o ( ^! le>n$ m51       
,cornelius ,agrippa (  ,nette%eim1 :o   
atta9$ high judicial (fice "u ! ,emp]or 
,*>les ! ,fif?1 b aft]w>ds got into     
tr\ble = 8 occult  /udies1 wrote a book 
on ,occult ,philosophy1 :i* 0 translat$ 
into  ,engli% 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury4 ,at t "t !  /udy ( magic 0 fall+
 into disrepute4 ,agrippa's book 0 left 
to  *>latans :o prey$ ^u ! ignorant4 ,"s
 ( ! results h be5  f\nd up & d[n !     
c\ntry 9 ! =m ( lead5 tablets inscrib$  
) curses1 my/ical numb]s & signs1 names 
( ! spirits invok$  to make ! curses    
effectual & ( ! victims aga9/ :om !     
curses 7 int5d$ to op]ate4#acc4b ,9 ^!  
mod]n cases #acd  ! p[]s appeal$ to are 
no long] be+s recogniz$ by ! dom9ant    
religion4 ,!y are relics ( religions    
pass$ away1 or figm5ts ( !  p$antic     
imag9ation4 ,magic1 9 %ort1 has =       
purposes ( private  v5geance be5 ou/$ f 
religion & has set up = itself4    ,at  
any rate ! ,moroccan rite involves a    

?reat2 & a ?reat is ne>  ak9 to a curse4
 ,mu* may be done ) gods1 z ) m51 by    
means (  a little judici\s bluff4 ,a    
c]ta9 ,malay robb] kept six tame        
spirits1 to :om he made an (f]+ f "t to 
"t4 ,:5 he did s  he call$ !m by "n1    
bidd+ !m3 8,come "h6 ,eat my (f]+6      
,take y c>e t my body is n affect$1 t ! 
fl[ ( my blood  is n /ay$6 ,likewise ) !
 bodies ( my wife & *ildr54 7,if  n7    
,i'll turn ! e>? & ! sky ! wrong way    
r\nd60 ,he 0  fully conv9c$ ( ! p[] ( ^!
 spirits & app>5tly ( !  value ( 8      
t]rible ?reat1 ?\gh1 z ,mr ,ann&ale1 :o 
reports !  case1 po9ts out1 ! spirits _h
 be5 unable to save him f be+  convict$ 
& imprison$ = 8 crimes4#acd4a    ,9     
anci5t ,egypt magic 0 practis$ 9        
connection ) religion f  prehi/oric     
times4 ,magic & religion 87 two products
 ( "o &  ! same ,weltans*auung1 n       
disp>ate ei!r 9 _! me?ods or 9  _!      
psy*ological basis4 ,nor 7 !y diff]5tly 
e/imat$ f  ! e?ical po9t ( view3 magic 0
 deem$ p]missible1 s long z x  0 turn$  

to no evil purpose4 ,x foll[s t !       
classification (  ,egyptian sup]/iti\s  
practices z 7a7 religi\s1 7b7 magical1  
mu/ be a purely ext]nal mode (          
classification3 ! di/9ction  betwe5     
religion #ace & magic 9 ,egypt has n1 & 
_c be made  to h1 any deep]             
significance40#ace4a ,! s*ol> f :om ,i  
quote ^! words1 s f> f exagg]at+ ! close
 relation%ip  betwe5 magic & religion1  
may be said to und]/ate x4 ,magic 0 an  
integral "p ( religion4 ,! prie/s ( !   
gods 7 magicians4  ,magic 0 employ$ 9 ! 
ritual ( wor%ip4 ,x enabl$ ! great god  
,ra to ov]come ! s]p5t ,apep4#ace4b     
,magical c]emonies p]=m$  by ! prie/s   
ov] ! mummy1 or ov] a /atuette repres5t+
 !  deceas$1 7 ! means by :i* 8 success 
9 pass+ ! necess>y  te/s & 8 la/+       
happ9ess aft] dea? 7 secur$4 ,! means   
employ$ 7 ^? univ]sally kn[n to magic3  
amulets1 wax5 &  o!r figures1 pictures1 
spells & words ( p[]1 ! k (  names1     
rites imitat+ ! results desir$1 & s =?4 
,conc]n+  ! dead we are told3 8,few 7 ^?

 :o rema9$ = ev] ) !  ,sun1 & !y 7 n    
necess>ily ! great ones ( ! e>?1 nor    
yet ! v good1 b ^? :o possess$ ! mo/    
m9ute in=mation  z to ! next _w1 & :o 7 
be/ v]s$ 9 magic4 ,?us !  :ole doctr9e  
is bas$ on a belief 9 ! p[] (           
magic40#ace4c  8,9 ! next _w a correct k
 ( magic words & =mulas 0  absolutely   
ess5tial4 ,!re no door w\ld op5 to him  
:o knew n its  "n2 no demon w\ld all[ ! 
passage ( ! dead :o did n call  ^u him  
correctly1 nor w\ld any god come to 8   
help unless invok$  by ! "r "n2 no food 
c\ld be _h s long z ! exactly  prescrib$
 pray]s 7 n utt]$ ) ! true intonations4 
,b !  dead :o #acf knew ^! =mulas1 & :o 
knew h[ to speak !m  correctly at !     
prop] mom5t1 :o 0 ma kh]  7"r-speak+71  
might re/ assur$ ( immortality & (      
et]nal  bless$ness40#acf4a ,?is l$ (    
c\rse to ! multiplication (  spells1 to 
! elaboration ( ritual1 dur+ ! long ages
 ( ,egyptian  hi/ory1 until at la/ !y   
mu/ h become extremely burd5some4       
,moreov]1 sorc]y 0 n only exp5d$ by man 

9 ! s]vice ( !  gods & ( ! dead3 x 0 us$
 by ! gods !mselves4 8,only by  means ( 
conjurations c\ld ,ra himself pass      
?r\gh0 ! divisions  betwe5 ! twelve     
h\rly spaces ( ! night4#acf4b ,by ! p[] 
(  8 "n ,neb-er-t*] or ,khep]a1 (t5     
id5tifi$ ) c]ta9  aspects ( ,ra1 ! ,sun1
 evolv$ himself & creat$ ! _w4#acf4c  ,!
 secret "n ( ,ra 0 a ^w ( might4 ,isis  
set h]self ) all  h] arts to le>n x1 t  
%e might possess ! _w 9 heav5 &  ^u e>? 
z ,ra did 7t is1 become a goddess72 & :5
 %e _h  extort$ x f ! augu/ div9ity1 %e 
turn$ ! weapon )\t  hesitation ^u       
himself4#acf4d ,by examples l ^! m5 7   
au?oriz$ to h rec\rse to magic 9 _! own 
secul> conc]ns1  _! loves & hates1 _!   
sickness1 _! social & bus9ess           
relations1 _! private ent]prizes1 _!    
competitions &  res5tm5ts4 ,k+s consult$
 ! soo?say]s on public affairs2 !y      
employ$ magical processes to vanqui% _! 
enemies2 #acg ) !  aid ( soo?say]s &    
magicians !y gov]n$ _! realm4 ,x 0  only
 :5 sorc]y 0 direct$ aga9/ ! k+'s life1 

:5 x aim$  at ! ov]?r[ ( 8 p[]1 or !    
injury or dea? ( o!rs1 t  x 0 reckon$ a 
crime1 or ev5 repreh5d$ on moral gr\nds4
    ,nor did ! magician hesitate to     
compel ev5 ! gods to p]=m 8  wi%es1 & to
 ?reat5 !m1 l ! ,malay robb]1 ) dire    
disa/] to !mselves & ! univ]se z a      
puni%m5t ( _!  ob/9acy4 ,9 "o papyrus   
pres]v$ to u1 = example1 a woman 9      
lab\r decl>es h]self to be ,isis &      
summons ! gods to h] help4  ,if !y      
refuse to come1 8,!n %all ye be de/roy$1
 ye n9e gods2 !  heav5 %all no long]    
exi/1 ! e>? %all no long] exi/1 !  five 
days ov] & above ! ye> %all cease to be1
 (f]+s %all  no long] be made to ! gods1
 ! lords ( ,heliopolis4 ,! firmam5t  ( !
 s\? %all fail1 & disa/] %all break =? f
 ! sky  ( ! nor?4 ,lam5tations %all     
res\nd f ! graves1 ! midday  sun %all no
 long] %9e1 ! ,nile %all n be/[ its     
wat]s (  inundation at ! appo9t$        
"t40#acg4a ,su* bomba/ic m5aces z  ^!   
cont9u$ to be "p ( ! practition]'s      
/ock-9-trade 9 !  ,roman ,empire to !   

d[nfall ( paganism4    ,among ! anci5t  
,greeks 9 ,plato's "t !re 7 soo?say]s & 
m$ic9e-m5 :o pr(ess$ to h p[] ov] !     
gods1 s t !y  c\ld compel !m to d _!    
bidd+1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 to injure  ano!r    
p]son4#acg4b ,i am n aw>e :e!r any ( _! 
spells  h be5 pres]v$4#acg4c    #ach    
,cases l ^! display ! religion ( !      
community appli$ to !  private advantage
 ( ! individual4 ,m int]e/+ is !        
au?ority  :i* ,mr ,hodson attributes to 
! khullakpa1 or village prie/1 (  !     
,naga tribes ( ,manipur4 ,! khullakpa is
 to be di/+ui%$ f  ! maiba1 or          
m$ic9e-man1 :o is doctor & magician 9   
"o4 ,!  maiba is call$ 9 to deal )      
individual cases2 ! khullakpa plays  !  
lead+ "p :5 a village g5na is held4 ,x  
is he :o (f]s  ! sacrifices & p]=ms !   
rites4 ,! t]m g5na means  =bidd54 ,a    
g5na ext5d+ to ! :ole village excludes  
/rang]s  f ent]+1 & prohibits !         
inhabitants f go+ out & f  do+ any "w   
:ile ! g5na la/s2 x may also prescribe  
fa/+1  cont95ce1 & o!r obs]vances4 ,9   

%ort1 8! ord9>y r\t9e (  life is        
pr(\ndly modifi$1 if n brok5 (f         
altoge!r40 ,a g5na  may be ei!r         
p]iodical1 z = ! sake ( ! crops or !    
hunt+2  or x may be occasional1 z at a  
dea?1 or aga9/ epidemic sickness1  or at
 an e>?quake or eclipse4 ,a sacrifice is
 inv>iably a "p (  ! ritual4 ,!         
khullakpa 8acts10 says ,mr ,hodson1     
8:5ev] a rite is  p]=m$ :i* requires !  
:ole =ce ( ! community beh9d x1  & ?is  
=ce f9ds its op]ation ?r\gh him4 ,^!    
village g5nas  seem 9 _m cases to be    
inspir$ by ! belief t man1 ! man1  !    
#aci khullakpa1 :5 =tifi$ by ! :ole     
/r5g? & w (  ! village1 is able to      
control & con/ra9 =ces :i* are beyond  8
 control if unaid$40#aci4a ,if ?is      
inf]5ce1 made by an acute  obs]v]1 be   
correct1 x is a rem>kable example ( !   
corporate  /r5g? ( ! society appli$ by  
means ( religi\s rites to !  co]cion ( !
 gods & o!r sup]natural be+s4    ,n a   
little significant ( ! intimate         
relations ( religion &  magic is ! fact 

t _m peoples h expressly ascrib$ !      
au?or%ip & practice ( magic to _! gods4 
,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales !  figure ( ,baiame1
 ! idealiz$ headman j develop+ into a   
god1 is  modell$ ^u t ( a magician4 ,he 
is describ$ by "o ( ! tribes  9 s _m    
words z 8mightie/ & mo/ fam\s (         
,wirre5un10 or  magicians4#aci4b ,!     
,arawk ( ,briti% ,guiana tell ( a simil>
  p]sonage 9 a semi-deifi$ position1    
nam$ ,arawnili or ,or[ma1 to  :om !     
my/]ies ( sorc]y 7 reveal$ by an orehu4 
,! orehu  is a sort ( m]maid :o is an   
important figure 9 ! my?ology (  ^!     
,indians4 ,%e haunts ! riv]s1 a         
caprici\s1 mis*iev\s1 n  always malici\s
 & cruel1 b sometimes b5evol5t figure4  
,9 "o (  h] k9dli] mom5ts %e met        
,arawnili brood+ ov] ! condition to  :i*
 m5 7 r$uc$ by ! evil do+s ( ! yauhahu1 
d[nright  malignant be+s1 ! au?ors (    
sickness & dea?4 ,to combat _!          
depr$ations %e gave him ! sorc]]'s      
rattle & in/ruct$ him h[  to use x4 8,he
 foll[$ h] directions & ?us became !    

f\nd] (  t sy/em :i* has s9ce prevail$  
among all ! ,indian tribes40  ,accord+  
to ,arawk belief ,arawnili did n die l  
o!r m51 b  8w5t up10 t is to say1       
disappe>$ or dep>t$ 9 ! mann] (  o!r    
,am]ican #adj culture-h]oes4 ,we h no   
evid5ce1 h[ev]1  t he is actually       
wor%ipp$4#adj4a    ,! coa/-dwell]s ( !  
,gazelle ,p59sula ( ,new ,pom]ania1 ^:  
effective belief is 9 spirits1 bo? manes
 & spirits non-human 9  orig91          
presuppose 9 _! wit*craft ! exi/5ce ( ^!
 spirits4  ,sickness & o!r ills are     
caus$ by evil-dispos$ spirits1 & are    
combat$ by magic4 ,b ?is magic is due to
 ! sup]ior might (  well-dispos$        
spirits4 ,x is !y :o reveal ! spells by 
:i* human  ailm5ts may be vanqui%$ &    
human desires gratifi$4 ,among ^!       
spirits are especially to be nam$ !     
,inal1 a _s ) w+s l  a bird's & face l  
an owl's1 inhabit+ a great giao-tree    
7,ficus prolixa71 & ! ,kaya1 a gigantic 
py?on ) human face1  wor%ipp$ by c]ta9 (
 ! natives z ance/or4 ,f ! ascription   

to spirits ( all spells made use ( by ! 
sorc]]s1 ,fa!r ,mei]1  to :om we are    
indebt$ = our k ( ! native beliefs1     
inf]s t ! belief 9 spirits prec$$       
wit*craft4#adj4b ,:e!r  ! inf]5ce be "r 
or wrong1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact  t  
?is belief & wit*craft are n[           
insep>able4    ,among ! ,lu%ai-,kuki (  
,assam1 ,pa?ian ! creator1 a            
quasi-supreme  & b5evol5t be+1 0        
acqua9t$ )1 b is n def9itely  /at$ to h 
be5 ! au?or (1 wit*craft4 ,x 0 taught by
 8  daught]1 z a ransom = h] life1 to   
,vahrika1 :o _h caught h]  /eal+ wat] f 
8 private supply4 ,vahrika is describ$ z
  8some?+ l0 ,pa?ian--a purely          
my?ological figure4 ,he 9 turn  taught x
 all to o!rs4#adj4c ,9 ,japan1 ,jimmu   
#ada ,t5n1 !  deifi$ leg5d>y f\nd] ( !  
empire1 is said to h fir/ taught  ! use 
( magical =mul2 :ile ! gods ,ohonamo*i &
  ,sukunabikona are cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion 
( m$ic9e &  magic4#ada4a ,! anci5t      
,egyptians held ,?o?1 ! god ( writ+  &  
gu>dian ( law1 8to h writt5 ! mo/ sacr$ 

books &  =mulas ) 8 own h&1 & !re9 to h 
set d[n 8 k  ( magic1 9 :i* art ,isis 0 
8 only rival4 ,8 pre-em95ce 9  magic    
naturally l$ to 8 becom+ ! god ( m$ic9e1
 = magic 0  fully z important to !      
m$ical practition]s ( ! ,nile ,valley z 
k ( rem$ies40#ada4b ,9 o!r words1 m$ic9e
 0 n yet  sep>at$ f magic1 ! physician 0
 a sorc]]1 :o may h be5  v]s$ 9 simples1
 b ^: practice 0 ess5tially my/]i\s &   
d]iv$ its effect r f :at we call        
sup]natural ?an natural  modes ( action4
 ,h5ce to recognize ,?o? z god ( m$ic9e 
0  equival5t to recogniz+ him z god (   
magic1 a "* peculi>ly  suitable to a god
 ( lett]s4    ,f9ally1 n to l5g!n ! li/1
 if we may tru/ ! ,yngl+a-saga1  ,od9 0 
! au?or ( ^? crafts :i* m5 h long s9ce  
pli$1  & among !m ( magic4 ,he 80 wise 9
 t craft :]e) w5t  mo/ might1 :i* is    
call$ spell-craft2 & ?is he himself     
foll[$4  ,:]e=e he _h might to "k ! fate
 ( m5 & ?+s n yet come  to pass2 yea1 or
 h[ to "w = m5 bane or illhap or        
ill-heal1 &  to take wit or /r5g? f m5 &

 give !m unto o!rs40 ,he 0 a  notori\s  
%ape-%ift]4 8,he knew h[ by words alone 
to slake ! fire  or /ill ! sea1 & h[ to 
turn #adb ! w9d to :i*so way he  w\ld40 
,he c\ld 8wake up dead m5 f ! e>?40 ,he 
8knew ( all  buri$ treasures :]e !y 7   
hidd52 & he knew lays :]eby !  e>? op5$ 
be=e him1 & m\nta9s & rocks & m\nds1 &  
h[  to b9d ) words alone :oso might be  
f\nd dwell+ !re92 & he  w\ld g 9 & take 
!nce :at he w\ld4 ,f all ?is craft he   
became exce$+ fam$1 & 8 foes dread$ him1
 b 8 fri5ds put  _! tru/ 9 him1 & _h    
fai? 9 8 craft & himself2 b he  taught !
 m "p ( 8 cunn+ to ! temple-prie/s1 & !y
  7 next to him 9 all wisdom & cunn+3   
albeit _m o!rs got to  !m mu* k !re(1 & 
!nce sorc]y spread f> & wide  & endur$  
long40#adb4a ,al?\gh ! op5+ *apt]s ( !  
,yngl+a-saga1 f :i* ,i h extract$ ^!    
p>ticul>s1 are a  late & euhem]iz$      
v]sion ( ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 !       
acc\nt ( ,od9's magical p[]s conta9s    
little t does n appe>  9 ! e>ly poems1  
or _c be inf]r$ f !m4 ,:atev] may h  be5

 ! primitive =m ( ?is r5[n$ god1 !re c  
be no d\bt  t he 0 be=e ! close ( !     
pagan age reg>d$ z a god (  magic &     
sorc]y4 ,8 reputation z god ( poetry1 & 
probably z  w>-god1 is b\nd up ) ?is4 ,!
 magical value atta*$ to v]se is  v     
common among peoples 9 an ar*aic /age ( 
culture2 & x 0  %>$ to ! full by !      
anci5t ,norsem54 ,_m ( !m--at lea/ 9    
,vik+ days1 & x is by no means unlikely 
mu* e>li]--comb9$ 9  _! own p]sons !    
w>rior ) ! poet & ! sorc]]4 ,nor  %all  
we g f> a/ray if we conclude t ^! v>i\s 
/r&s _h  be5 long int]wov5 to =m ! "* ( 
! ,"l ( ! ,anses4  ,! intimate relation 
exi/+ among ! ,norse betwe5 #adc        
religion  & magic is fur!r indicat$ by !
 sup]ior magical k &  p[]s ascrib$ to !m
 & /at$ to be orig9ally d]iv$ f ,od94   
,?us1 on ! "o h&1 we f9d con/ra9t ( !   
high] p[]s =  public or private ends2 on
 ! o!r h&1 ! inv5tion ( spells &        
practice ( magic are attribut$ to ! gods
 !mselves4 ,we may ?9k  t con/ra9t ( !  
gods is inconsi/5t ) wor%ip4 ,?is is n  

! notion ( peoples among :i* magic &    
religion are ?us  int]wov54 ,! object ( 
religion is to acquire b5efits = !      
individual or ! community4 ,) ?is end m5
 deem !mselves  ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ any    
means likely to secure x2 & !y treat  _!
 gods z !y w\ld p[]ful fell[-m51 seek+  
fav\rs :]e  fav\rs are to be _h = ! ask+
 or 9 return = fav\rs1  en=c+ compliance
 ) _! wi%es :]e pray]s w n avail1  or   
*eat+ !m :]e !y get ! *ance4 ,!         
repetition ( a div9e  "n may be ei!r a  
fav\r to ! god1 or may be compulsion4 ,!
  vot>y c>es n to di/+ui%4 ,9 ei!r case 
x br+s ab\t !  gratification ( 8 wi%es4 
,! village g5na practis$ by !  ,nagas is
 compulsion4 ,x is none ! less wor%ip4  
,_m ( ! magical  texts ( anci5t ,egypt  
are direct$ to assi/+ ! gods to ov]come 
_! enemies1 ?us r5d]+ !m a fav\r :i* !y 
7 b\nd to  return4 ,! ritual ( !        
,scapegoat1 famili> to u 9 its ,hebrew  
=m1#adc4a b 9 fact f\nd 9 _m o!r qu>t]s 
( ! globe1  pres5ts ano!r =m ( ^!       
magical practices4 ,! s9s ( :i*  m5 h   

be5 guilty1 ! evils f :i* !y h be5      
suff]+  are lad5 on ! head ( ! un=tunate
 victim1 :o is =?) put  to dea? or driv5
 away =ev] f society4 #add ,:e!r 9 !    
e>lie/ =m ( ! rite ! victim 0 reg>d$ z  
div9e may be  d\bt$3 x is c]ta9 t x has 
be5 tak5 up into ! cult ( !  gods 9 _m  
religions1 & has be5 deem$ a pi\s act1 a
 "w (  obligation1 = ! wellbe+ ( ! jo9t 
community ( gods & m54    ,div9e be+s   
may ev5 be made accomplices 9 ,black or 
antisocial  ,magic )\t any compulsion4  
,! :ite-head$ c>rion-hawk  7,halia/]    
int]m$ius7 is ! mo/ important bird ( om5
 obs]v$  by ! ,k5yahs ( ,borneo4 ,"u !  
"n ( ,bali ,flaki he is look$  ^u z     
mess5g] & int]m$i>y betwe5 !mselves &   
,bali  ,p5yalong1 ! ,supreme ,be+4      
,app>5tly e individual hawk is su*  a   
mess5g]1 b 8 sacr$ "* appe>s 9 8 title  
,bali3 a  ^w probably d]iv$ f !         
,sanskrit & sometimes translat$  holy1 b
 hav+ ! =ce ( 8an adjectival equival5t (
 !  mana ( ! ,melanesians1 or ( ! wak&a 
or or5da ( ,nor?  ,am]ican tribes1 words

 :i* seem to connote all p[] o!r ?an    
purely me*anical40#add4a ,bali ,flaki is
 appeal$ to publicly on  behalf ( !     
community on v>i\s occasions1 z on s[+  
or  h>ve/+ ! rice-crop1 mak+ w> or      
peace1 or 9 fact be=e any  und]tak+ or  
decision4 ,8 aid may also 8be s\ght     
privately by any  man :o wi%es to injure
 ano!r4 ,= ?is purpose a man makes a    
r\gh  wood5 image 9 human =m1 & retires 
to "s quiet spot on !  riv]-bank1 :]e he
 sets up a tegulun1 a horizontal pole   
support$  ab\t a y>d above ! gr\nd by a 
pair ( v]tical poles4 ,he lights a      
small fire beside ! tegulun1 & tak+ a   
f[l 9 "o h&1 he  sits on ! gr\nd beh9d  
x1 s z to see ?r\gh x a squ>e pat*  (   
sky1 & s waits until a hawk becomes     
visible ^u ! pat*4 ,z  #ade soon z a    
hawk appe>s he kills ! f[l1 & ) a fray$ 
/ick sme>s its blood on ! wood5 image1  
say+3 #8,put fat 9 8  m\?4'0 ,?is appe>s
 to be address$ to ! hawk4 ,9 !         
description  ( :at is 9 effect ! same   
rite z practis$ among "s ( !            

,klemantans ( ! same isl&1 we are       
def9itely told x is s  address$4 ,!     
expression means1 8,let 8 head be tak502
 = !  p are head-hunt]s1 & fat is put 9 
! m\? ( e head  tak54 ,messrs ,hose &   
,m#8,d\gall1 :om ,i am quot+1 proce$3   
8,& he  puts a bit ( fat 9 ! m\? ( !    
image4 ,!n he /rikes at !  brea/ ( !    
image ) a wood5 spe>1 & ?r[s x into a   
pool (  wat] r$d5$ ) r$ e>?1 & !n takes 
x out & buries x 9  ! gr\nd10 9 ! mann] 
9 :i* only p]sons dy+ by viol5ce or  "s 
mu* fe>$ disease are buri$4 8,:ile !    
hawk is visible he  waves x t[>ds !     
left2 = he kn[s t if x flies to ! left  
he w prevail ov] 8 enemy1 b t if x goes 
to ! "r 8  enemy is too /rong = him40 ,9
 ! ,klemantan rite1 z describ$ =  u1 he 
also %\ts to ! hawk to g to ! left4 ,:5 
x has gone 9  ! desir$ direction he     
addresses a pray] beg9n+ 8,o ,bali      
,flaki1  g y\r way1 let ?is man 7nam+   
him7 die2 g & put him 9 ! lake  ( blood1
 ,o ,bali ,flaki2 /ab him 9 ! *e/1 ,bali
 ,flaki10 & s on1  invok+ all sorts (   

evil dea?s ^u him4#ade4a ,n[ "h we h a  
well-kn[n rite ( antisocial magic4 ,b to
 make x effectual !  cop]ation ( ! div9e
 p[] is requisite4 ,t p[] is call$  ^u4 
,!re is no attempt to co]ce ,bali       
,flaki1 :o1 if n himself a  god1 is at  
lea/ a mess5g] & int]m$i>y ( ! great god
 ,bali  ,p5yalong4 ,yet !re is confid5ce
 t he c p]=m ! reque/1  & t he %[s by 8 
flight t he w d s4    #adf    ,s on !   
ma9l& ( ,india1 9 ! ,nilgiri ,hills1 !  
,toda sorc]]1  hav+ procur$ "s human    
hair--n t ( ! p]son to be injur$1  = x  
w\ld be impossible to get x--ties toge!r
 by its means five  small /ones1 & ) a  
piece ( clo? makes a bundle ( !m4 ,ov]  
!m ?us ti$ up he utt]s 8 incantation4 ,x
 beg9s by call+ on  8 gods2 & :e!r !    
op5+ clauses be precisely r5d]$ or n  9 
! foll[+ free translation1 x is cle> t !
 gods are  invok$4 ,inde$1 ,dr ,riv]s1  
aft] c>eful enquiry1 expresses !  op9ion
 t 89 ! =mul us$ 9 ,toda sorc]y appeal  
to ! gods  is ev5 m def9ite ?an 9 !     
pray]s ( ! dairy ritual10 !  mo/        

important ( ! religi\s c]emonies4 8,9   
!m10 he says1 8!  names ( f\r mo/       
important gods are m5tion$1 & x seems q 
cle> t ! sorc]] believes he is effect+ 8
 purpose ?r\gh  ! p[] ( ! gods40 ,!     
spell runs some?+ l ?is3 8,= !  sake (  
,pi?ioteu1 n1 ,teikirzi & ,tir%ti2 by ! 
p[] ( !  gods1 if !re be p[]2 by ! gods'
 c\ntry1 if !re be a c\ntry2  may 8     
calves p]i%2 z birds fly away1 may 8    
buffaloes g :5  ! calves come to suck2 z
 ,i dr9k wat]1 may he h no?+ b  wat] to 
dr9k2 z ,i am ?ir/y1 may he also be     
?ir/y2 z ,i am  hungry1 may he also be  
hungry2 z my *ildr5 cry1 s may 8 *ildr5 
cry2 z my wife we>s only a ragg$ clo?1 s
 may 8 wife we> only a  ragg$ clo?40 ,! 
bundle ?us en*ant$ he hides 9 ! ?at* ( !
  victim's hut4#adf4a    ,ano!r example 
( ! complicity 9 ho/ile magic ( a       
sup]natural  be+1 :o p]haps c h>dly be  
pron\nc$ a god 9 ! /rict s5se  ( ! t]m1 
?\gh #adg p[]ful = good & ill1 may be   
cit$1  ?is "t f ! cont95t ( ,africa4 ,! 
religion ( ! ,boloki  7,bangala7 on !   

,upp] ,congo1 we are told1 8has its     
basis 9 _!  fe> ( ^? num]\s invisible   
spirits :i* surr\nd !m on e  side1 & are
 con/antly try+ to compass _! sickness1 
mis=tune  & dea?2 & ! ,boloki's sole    
object 9 practis+ _! religion  is to    
cajole or appease1 *eat1 or conqu] &    
kill ^? spirits t  tr\ble !m--h5ce _!   
nganga m$ic9e-man1 _! rites1 _!         
c]emonies & _! *>ms4 ,if !re 7 no evil  
spirits to be  circumv5t$1 !re w\ld be  
no ne$ ( _! m$ic9e-m5 & _!  *>ms40      
,among ^! v>i\s spirits is "o call$     
,ejo1 ! _s  ( weal?4 8,a man :o wants to
 become ri* pays a l>ge fee to nganga   
ya bwaka ! mo/ fe>$ & respect$ ( all !  
classes (  m$ic9e-m51 :o !n uses 8      
influ5ce ) ,ejo on behalf ( 8  cli5t1 :o
 mu/ 9 all future ga9s set ap>t a       
portion = ,ejo1  & %\ld he fail to d s1 
,ejo has ! p[] to puni% him4'''  ,:5 a  
p]son has receiv$ ! mono mwa ejo 7ejo   
m$ic9e or  *>m71 & has become weal?y by 
8 luck-giv+ p[]1 he takes !  nail-p>+s &
 hair-cutt+s ( a woman & makes m$ic9e ) 

!m2 & ! woman soon dies & h] _s goes to 
,ejo z an  (f]+ = its help4 ,he is said 
to lekia nkali 7to pass h] on z  a gift 
or sacrifice to ,ejo740#adg4a ,x is     
difficult to di/+ui%  a transaction l   
?is f ! ord9>y relations ( a man to 8   
god4 ,! vot>y pays ti! ( 8 ga9s obta9$  
by fav\r ( !  _s2 & ov] & above ! ti!1  
he is "u ! necessity (  provid+ a human 
sacrifice f "t to "t = ! _s4 ,b !  means
 by :i* ! sacrifice is provid$ are !    
ex]cise (  wit*craft1 & t ) ! full k &  
assi/ance #adh (  ! sup]natural be+ :o  
is to be kept 9 good hum\r !reby4    ,an
 example ( ! int]m+l+ ( religion & magic
 9 a diff]5t  way may also be tak5 f !  
same p4 8,physical ph5om5a 7z  heavy    
/orms71 :5 tak+ place ab\t ! "t t a     
p]son dies1 or  is be+ buri$1 are reg>d$
 z caus$ by ! deceas$ p]son2 h5ce  :5 a 
/orm ?reat5s to break dur+ ! fun]al     
fe/ivities ( a  man1 ! p pres5t w call !
 belov$ *ild ( ! deceas$1  &1 giv+ him a
 light$ emb] f ! he>? ) a v9e tw9$  r\nd
 x1 !y w ask him to /op ! ra94 ,! lad   

/eps =w>d  & waves ! v9e-encircl$ emb]  
t[>ds ! horizon :]e ! /orm  is ris+1 &  
says3 #8,fa!r1 let u h f9e wea!r dur+   
y\r  fun]al c]emonies4' ,! son1 aft] ?is
 rite1 mu/ n dr9k wat]  7he may dr9k    
sug>-cane w9e71 nor put 8 feet 9 wat] = 
"o day4  ,%\ld he n obs]ve ?is cu/om1 ! 
ra9 w at once  fall40#adh4a ,! boy's    
fa!r1 hav+ di$1 has become a mongoli1  t
 is to say1 an ance/ral _s ( indef9ite  
p[]s1 :o wat*es  ov] ! p]petuation ( 8  
family1 haunts ! =e/ or ! riv]1         
inspires m$iums to deliv] oracles1 &    
visits ! village at times  9 ! mat]ial  
=m ( a crocodile or a hippopotamus to   
receive  (f]+s ( sug>-cane w9e & food4  
,8 fav\rite son has influ5ce  ) him to  
*ange 8 purposes1 & ex]cises t influ5ce 
by  pray]4 ,b to make ! pray] effectual 
9 /ay+ ! /orm1 he mu/  use a widely     
diffus$ *>m aga9/ ra9--! wav+ ( a br& & 
ab/95ce f wat]4    ,x is probable1 z we 
h se51 t ! e>ly /ages ( ritual 7  vague 
& in*oate4 ,x 0 adaptable to #adi       
int]pretation z  culture progress$1 z   

new beliefs 7 evolv$ or import$4 ,su* an
  example ( adaptability has be5 po9t$  
out by ,miss ,w]n] 9 a rite  practis$ by
 ! ,anyanja ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa :5
 ra9 is  want$4 ,x is complete 9 itself1
 b is n[ prefac$ by an appeal to        
,mpambe1 a quasi-supreme be+4 8,!       
pr9cipal "p 0 tak5 by a  woman--! *ief's
 si/]4 ,%e began by dropp+ ufa          
maize-fl\r  on ! gr\nd1 sl[ly &         
c>efully1 till x =m$ a cone1 & 9  do+   
?is call$ out 9 a high-pit*$ voice1     
#8,imva ,mpambe6 ,adza  mvula' 7,he> ?\1
 ,o ,god1 & s5d ra9671 & ! assembl$ p   
respond$1 clapp+ _! h&s s(tly &         
inton+--!y always  intone _!            
pray]s--#8,imva ,mpambe4' ,! be] 0 !n   
p\r$ out z  a libation1 & ! p1 foll[+ ! 
example ( ! woman1 ?rew  !mselves on _! 
backs & clapp$ _! h&s 7a =m (           
salutation to sup]iors71 & f9ally danc$ 
r\nd ! *ief :]e he  sat on ! gr\nd40 ,!n
 foll[$ ! rite 9 "q4 8,! dance  ceas$2 a
 l>ge j> ( wat] 0 br\ght & plac$ be=e ! 
*ief4  ,fir/ ,mbudzi 78 si/]7 wa%$ h]   

h&s1 arms & face2 !n wat]  0 p\r$ ov] h]
 by ano!r woman2 !n all ! wom5 ru%$     
=w>d ) calaba%es 9 _! h&s1 &1 dipp+ !m  
into !  j>1 ?rew ! wat] into ! air ) l\d
 cries & wild  ge/iculations40 ,?is is  
obvi\sly a ra9-*>m1 b1 z ,miss ,w]n]    
says1 x 8might be tak5 z pray] & n      
magic1 if we are to  und]/& ! wat] to be
 ?r[n into ! air z a sign t wat] is     
want$40 ,%e adds3 8,sometimes p sme>    
!mselves ) mud &  *>coal to %[ t !y want
 wa%+4 ,if ! ra9 /ill does n  come1 !y g
 & wa% !mselves 9 ! riv]s &             
/reams40#adi4a  ,! wom5's action & cries
 may #aej be int]pret$ z address$ to    
someone or some?+1 ?\gh possibly        
orig9at+ m]ely 9 excessive  emotion & n[
 become traditional4 ,x w\ld be only    
necess>y = !  cries to become articulate
 & ! "n ( ,mpambe1 or "s o!r "n1  to be 
pron\nc$1 to =m a g5u9e invocation1 z   
has happ5$ 9 !  ,boloki rite j describ$4
 ,actually ! invocation =ms !  prelim9>y
 ( ! rite3 t may be :at1 = want ( bett] 
k1 we %\ld call an accid5t4 ,t x is     

comp>atively rec5t  is %[n by !         
employm5t ( maize-fl\r4 ,! evolution    
might easily  h tak5 ano!r c\rse4       
,turn+ to ano!r cont95t1 we may f9d an  
example ( adaptability  ( a m elaborate 
c]emony4 ,! ,navaho are 9 ! ma9 an      
,a?apascan  p :o h w&]$ d[n to ! /]ile  
pla9s ( ,new ,mexico &  ,arizona4 ,!re1 
ages ago1 !y came into contact ) ! m    
settl$  ,pueblo tribes4 ,! rese>*es (   
,am]ican an?ropologi/s %[ !  practical  
id5tity ( c]ta9 ( _! religi\s rituals ) 
^? (  _! ,pueblo neighb\rs4 ,x w\ld seem
 t ^! rituals h be5  tak5 ov] f ! latt]4
 ,?is is only natural1 see+ t !  ,navaho
 came d[n f ! nor? ) an undevelop$      
culture &  organization into a c\ntry   
:]e new ne$s 7 exp]i5c$ & a  high]      
civilization 0 met )4 ,b 9 tak+ ov] !   
rituals !y  h appli$ !m to purposes     
diff]5t f ^? ( _! orig9al  p]=m]s4 ,!   
*ief aim ( ! c]emonies z us$ among !    
,pueblo  tribes is to obta9 f]tility1 & 
! condition ( f]tility is ra94  ,?is is 
cle> f ! use made ( corn-meal &         

corn-poll54 8,poll5  is ! symbol (      
f]tility1 & ! rite at bottom is = ra94  
,!  ,navaho took ov] ! use ( ! corn & ! 
poll5 toge!r ) !  o!r features2 b ! corn
 no long] s]v$ its previ\s #aea  purpose
 z a pray] = ra9 & ! rip5+ ( ! crops3 x 
0  us$ = ! cure ( disease40#aea4a ,!    
,d5e or ,a?apascans1 (  :i* /em !       
,navaho are a bran*1 are a p ( migratory
 hunt]s4  ,agriculture w\ld be =eign to 
!m4 ,_! pr9cipal c]emonies are  conc]n$ 
) ! conjuration ( evil spirits & ! cure 
(  diseases1 :i* are usually ascrib$ to 
! spirits4 ,x 0 natural  t :5 !y borr[$ 
! c]emonies ( a settl$ agricultural     
community !y %\ld imbue !m ) _! own     
ideas4 ,9 _! h&s  ! cure ( disease      
8became ! fundam5tal feature ( ! borr[$ 
rites4 ,a c]emony int5d$ = ra9-mak+ w\ld
 naturally ne$ "s  alt]ation 9 ord] to  
s]ve z a cure ( disease40#aea4b ,& x has
  receiv$ x4 ,! fact t !y h be5 able s  
to adapt ! rites  probably po9ts to "s  
want ( def9it5ess 9 ! =m ( ! rites  at !
 "t !y 7 borr[$4    ,ano!r illu/ration (

 adaptability is se5 9 ! rites at wells 
or  rocks common all ov] ,europe4 ,:at  
may h be5 ! orig9al cause (  ! sacr$ness
 ( a well or a rock1 :at may h be5 !    
orig9al  int5tion ( ! processions1 !    
dances & ! decorations we h  ( c\rse no 
means ( kn[+4 ,we may guess t "s        
peculi>ity 9  ! %ape ( ! rock1 ! sweet  
or heal+ wat]s ( ! f\nta91 or  "s sudd5 
& unexpla9$ or unt[>d incid5t fir/ call$
 &  conc5trat$ popul> att5tion1 & t a   
precise1 intelligible  mean+ may h>dly h
 be5 atta*$ to ! few & simple c]emonies 
fir/ p]=m$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 we may       
conjecture1 ritual &  belief 7 elaborat$
 & def9$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we "k t    
be=e ! end ( paganism--at #aeb lea/ 9 ^?
 c\ntries ( !  we/ :]e inscriptions h   
be5 pres]v$--a _s or god 0  believ$ to  
haunt ! place & to preside ov] ! rites (
 :i* x  0 ! sc5e4 ,to him !y 7 address$1
 & x 0 8 fav\r !y  s\ght to conciliate4 
,*ri/ianity came & div]t$ ! rites to new
  objects1 n altoge!r =bidd+1 b baptiz+ 
!m1 9 accordance  ) ! policy enunciat$ 9

 ,pope ,gregory's fam\s lett] to !      
,abbot ,mellitus4 ,all ^! *anges        
necessitate adaptations ( practice4  ,t 
:i* at fir/ 0 =mless receives a def9ite 
=m4 ,t :i*  may h be5 an indet]m9ate    
expression ( awe & rev]5ce becomes      
di/9ctly wor%ip1 ?\gh n )\t elem5ts1 (t5
 reta9$ to !  la/1 t we %\ld call       
magical4 ,& ! *anges 9 ! nom9al  objects
 ( wor%ip are accompani$ by progressive 
*anges 9 !  details ( ! ritual4 ,la/ly  
:51 z 9 _m cases1 (ficial  recognition (
 ! ritual is ab&on$1 & x is left to !   
unguid$  sup]/ition ( ! peasant1 x t5ds 
to slip back into its orig9al           
indet]m9ate condition4 ,acts are p]=m$  
or avoid$1 & c]emonies  und]tak51 n z   
wor%ip ( a p[] kn[n & resid5t on !      
hall[$ spot1 b = b5efits sometimes      
precise1 m (t5 = luck  my/]i\s1         
imp]sonal1 half-cr$it$1 or f fe> (      
some?+  equally my/]i\s1 b = t reason   
all ! m t]rible4 ,beyond  ?is1 !        
practices l+] into a /age1 unkn[n to !  
savages :o  began !m1 :]e !y are p]=m$ =

 pleasure1 or else 9 ! hope  ( monet>y  
ga91 by *ildr5 & adolesc5ts1 & die away 
gradually  "u ! /ress ( mod]n life & !  
influ5ce ( ! s*oolma/]4    ,! e>li]     
/ages ( ?is r\nd may1 z we h se51 be    
obs]v$  occasionally 9 ! rites ( peoples
 /ill 9 ! l[] culture4 ,close           
obs]vation1 accurate analysis & #aec    
comp>ison w\ld probably  result 9 f9d+  
!m m frequ5tly4 ,mean:ile let u turn to 
ano!r "q4    ,if ,i h be5 "r 9 insi/+   
?r\gh\t ^! essays on !  fundam5tal      
organic unity ( ,magic & ,religion1 ,i h
 n d5i$  _! gradual sep>ation &         
opposition at a lat] /age4 ,!y h  _!    
common root 9 ! same attitude t[>d !    
environm5t1 social  & physical4 ,rite & 
belief h be5 elaborat$ & organiz$       
toge!r4 ,= ages dur+ ?is process magic &
 religion mu/ h  be5 integral p>ts ( "o 
ano!r1 z !y are n[ 9 _m p>ts (  ! _w4   
,except 9 reg>d to antisocial magic1 !y 
h n yet  among _m peoples begun to feel 
opposition4 ,b ?is unity1 z             
civilization progresses1 becomes m & m  

un/able4 ,:]e1 z is  said to be ! case 9
 ,morocco1 civilization has recoil$1    
magic comes  m & m to ! front4 ,?\gh x  
does s n )\t prote/s on  ! "p ( ^? :o   
reta9 any consci\sness ( ! high]        
developm5t ( religion1 /ill on ! :ole x 
is successful 9  ov]lay+ religion & pu%+
 x into ! backgr\nd4 ,ano!r p  ^:       
religion is 9 process ( deg5]ation1 if  
,dr ,riv]s' op9ion be  correct1 is !    
,todas4 ,!re ! magic ( ! dairy ritual   
has ?ru/  aside ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,9   
?is case1 h[ev]1 ! opposition  is n op5 
& av[$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,todas is a blank4
 ,we _c  put our f+] on "o p]iod & say3 
,"h ! gods 7 wor%ipp$  & ! dairy magic 0
 unkn[n4 ,we h no records4 ,we c only   
conclude f an exam9ation ( ! int]nal    
evid5ce t ! gods  once play$ a m prom95t
 "p 9 ! life ( ! community ?an  !y d n[1
 b t ,toda culture _h n s f> progress$ t
  magic 0 n an insep>able "p ( religion1
 & t any gr[? (  magic at ! exp5se (    
religion w\ld h #aed be5 view$ )\t      
misgiv+ or ev5 consci\sness4 ,ev5       

religions :]e ! opposition  is mo/      
pron\nc$ are !mselves by no means pure f
 magic4 ,all !  subtlety1 all ! rhetoric
 ( !ologians may well be ne$$ to rebut  
! *>ge ( magic aga9/ ! sev5 sacram5ts ( 
! ,*ur*4 ,i at  lea/ h no int5tion to   
risk ! curse levell$ by ! ,c\ncil (     
,tr5t at him :o d5ies _! efficacy ex    
op]e op]ato1 & :e!r  or n ! m9i/] may be
 9 a /ate ( mortal s94    ,9 d5\nc+     
wit*craft ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has foll[$ ! 
lead (  ! ,hebrew religion4 ,! ,hebrew  
law aga9/ wit*craft 0  unambigu\s1      
pitiless4 8,?\ %alt n suff] a sorc]ess  
to  live0#aed4a is ! grim direction ( ! 
olde/ ,hebrew writ+4 ,x  is exp&$ by !  
,deut]onomi/3 8,:5 ?\ art come into ! l&
  :i* ,yahw ?y ,god give? !e1 ?\ %alt n 
le>n to d aft] !  abom9ations ( ^?      
nations4 ,!re %all n be f\nd ) !e       
anyone t make? 8 son or 8 daught] to    
pass ?r\gh ! fire1  "o t use? div9ation1
 "o t practise? augury1 or an  en*ant]1 
or a sorc]]1 or a *>m]1 or a consult] ) 
a famili>  _s1 or a wiz>d1 or a         

necromanc]4 ,= :osoev] doe? ^!  ?+s is  
an abom9ation unto ,yahw2 & because ( ^!
  abom9ations ,yahw ?y ,god do? drive !m
 out f be=e  !e40#aed4b ,?is is pretty  
compreh5sive4 ,yet x left _m  practices 
)9 ! national religion1 recogniz$ z "p (
 x1  ?\gh ess5tially magical4 ,!        
scapegoat ,i h already m5tion$4  ,!     
ordeal ( ! wat] ( bitt]ness1 to :i* a   
woman suspect$ by  h] husb& ( infidelity
 0 compell$ to submit1 is equally a     
magical proce$+4#aed4c ,bo? are         
sanction$1 n to say  prescrib$1 by      
,yahw2 ?\gh 9 _! pres5t =m !            
prescriptions  may be late4 ,div9ation  
#aee is prohibit$1 & consultation )     
famili> spirits or ! gho/s ( ! dead1    
augury1 & ! tak+ (  om5s4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
*ildr5 ( ,israel enquir$ ( ,yahw1 & he  
answ]$ !m by dreams2 & ! high prie/     
div9$ by means ( ,urim  & ,?ummim4      
,t]aphim seem to h be5 amulets--"o might
 almo/ say  feti%es4 ,!y are ref]r$ to m
 ?an once 9 ! ,hebrew books4 ,z  late z 
! prophet ,hosea !y 7 n m]ely tol]at$ b 

reg>d$  z necessities to ! prosp]ity ( !
 p4 8,= ! *ildr5 (  ,israel %all abide  
_m days )\t k+ & )\t pr9ce1 &  )\t      
sacrifice & )\t pill> 7massebah71 & )\t 
ephod  or t]aphim4 ,aft]w>d %all !      
*ildr5 ( ,israel return & seek  ! ,"l _!
 ,god & ,david _! k+1 & %all come ) fe> 
unto  ! ,"l & to 8 goodness 9 ! latt]   
days40#aee4a ,! use (  ! ephod 0        
probably connect$ ) div9ation1 & ,yahw1 
speak+  ?r\gh ! prophet1 expressly      
c\nt5anc$ n only ?is1 b also  ! use (   
t]aphim4 ,) gr[+ mono!ism !y 71 h[ev]1  
ev5tually repress$4    ,inde$1 a        
comp>ison ( ! passages 9 :i* ref]5ce is 
made to  v>i\s magical practices w      
sugge/ t ! real reason ( !  ho/ility to 
!m arose f _! connection ) hea!nism4 ,!y
  7 repres5tative practices ( a rival   
religion4 ,!y h9d]$ !  conc5tration (   
wor%ip on ,yahw at 8 sole %r9e on ,m\nt 
,zion4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ca/+ out ( evil 
spirits cont9u$ unabat$  & unreprov$    
into ,new ,te/am5t times1 & ! we>+ (    
p]sonal  amulets 9 ! %ape ( phylact]ies 

p]si/s among ! un$ucat$  classes ( ,jews
 to ! pres5t day & has full rabb9ical   
sanction4  ,bo? ^! practices are        
uncontrov]tibly magical4    #aef        
,simil> consid]ations inspir$ m$ival    
ho/ility to wit*craft1 &  cont9u$ x )   
little decrease ( int5sity into !       
eighte5?  c5tury4 ,wit*craft 0 rebellion
 aga9/ ! e/abli%$ religion4 ,x  0       
id5tifi$ ) h]esy4 ,x involv$ contempt ( 
! omnipot5t  prie/hood1 d]ogat+ ?us n   
m]ely f its reputation1 b also  its     
ga9s4 ,x 0 believ$ ev5 to set up a rival
 god4 ,?is belief 0  an inh]itance f    
primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :i* look$ ^u !   
hea!n gods z devils4 ,e miracle :i*     
impos$ on ! cr$ulity  ( ^? ages1 if     
p]=m$ by a ,*ri/ian1 0 attribut$ to     
div9e  int]f]5ce2 if p]=m$1 on !        
contr>y1 by a pagan1 0 ) z  little      
hesitation ascrib$ to ,satan & 8        
und]l+s4 ,9 ei!r case  nobody d\bt$ !   
fact ( ! occurr5ce1 or ?\ght x wor? :ile
  m9utely to exam9e ! evid5ce4 ,!       
ho/ility ( ! ,*ur* to  wit*craft _h1    

h[ev]1 ! excuse t ! hea!n rites 7 9 a   
l>ge measure magical1 & t magic1 o!r ?an
 ,black ,magic1 0  av[$ly practis$ dur+ 
pagan times & reg>d$ ) tol]ation1 if  n 
complac5cy4 ,hea!nism di$ a h>d dea?4   
,some:at *ang$ 9  =m x surviv$ =        
c5turies2 & _m ( ! h]etical sects 7  m  
or less impregnat$ ) x4    ,b all ?is   
does n fully acc\nt = ! horror & hatr$  
felt  aga9/ magic alike by *ur*m5 & !   
laity4 ,:at gave int5sity to  !         
opposition 0 ! dread t magical p[]s w\ld
 be us$ to !  disadvantage1 ! injury1 ! 
dea? ( all aga9/ :om ! magician  _h a   
grudge4 ,s p]si/5tly did ?is dread take 
hold ( !  imag9ation t ! practice (     
magic 0 f9ally id5tifi$ )  ,black       
,magic1 & to be accus$ ( wit*craft meant
 to be *>g$ )  ! attempt to injure1 &   
p]haps to slay1 "o's neighb\rs #aeg by  
my/]i\s1 & because my/]i\s1 horrible    
means4 ,aga9/  proce$+s ( ?is k9d !re 0 
no protection b 9 hunt+ out  & putt+ an 
end to ! magicians4 ,?is feel+ _h       
manife/$  itself ev5 9 pagan times4 ,bo?

 9 ,greece & at ,rome ! laws  condemn$  
magicians to dea?4    ,x is1 9 fact1 !  
t5d5cy to individualism r ?an magic     
itself  t has awak5$ ho/ility ev]y:]e4  
,b ?is t5d5cy is inh]5t  9 magic4 ,9 !  
l[] /ages ( civilization magic is       
undi/+ui%$  n only f religion b f       
m$ic9e1 f a/ronomy1 f  eng9e]+1 f lit]>y
 le>n+1 f ! practice ( indu/ries  o!r   
?an ! simple/ & ( art4 ,consequ5tly     
ev]yone :o  possesses a little m skill  
?an ord9>y1 or is cr$it$ ) a  k surpass+
 t ( ! vulg>1 faces ! inevitable risk ( 
be+ reput$ a magician1 & ! suspicion (  
us+ 8 advantages to  ! detrim5t ( o!rs4 
,nor is ! suspicion unf\nd$4 ,human     
nature  be+ :at x is1 p[]1 ( :atev] k9d1
 is utiliz$ = ! b5efit  ( its possessor1
 frequ5tly )\t reg>d to ! claims ( o!rs 
or  ! public good4 ,! %aman or ! wiz>d  
:o is call$ 9 to ! aid  ( ! sick is (t5 
! deposit>y ( k ( heal+ h]bs &  (       
poisons4 ,! p[]s t are at ! disposal (  
b5efic5ce are  equally appli$ to baleful
 ends4 ,! heal+ ( disease1 :e!r x be    

effect$ by sugge/ion or by physical     
rem$ies1 may be a social good3  prim>ily
 & directly x is an individual b5efit4  
,to put ! public  foe "u a spell excites
 ! approval ( ! community4 ,to lay a    
private enemy l[ is a v diff]5t matt]4  
,b ! same exp]t by  ! ex]cise ( ! same  
skill p]=ms bo?4 ,moreov]1 he subs]ves  
! ends ( private ga9 & private rev5ge ) 
equal indiff]5ce1  &1 x is #aeh believ$1
 by ! same my/]i\s means4 ,9 all ^!     
in/ances ! pr(essor ( magic places 8    
skill1 k1  exp]i5ce1 & ! t]ror ( 8 "n & 
incantations--9 "o ^w1  8 or5da--at !   
s]vice ( 8 cli5ts )\t di/9ction4 ,z     
civilization advances1 & religion &     
religi\s m9i/]s beg9 to  be diff]5tiat$ 
f ! wiz>d or m$ic9e-man1 ! latt] is     
probably call$ on less & less to p]=m   
rites on behalf ( !  public1 & m & m on 
behalf ( individuals4 ,! portions (     
magic t c be dispos$ = ! purposes ( !   
community are tak5  up into religion4   
,:at rema9s :5 ?is is done becomes      
specifically  ! me?od & practice ( !    

magician4 ,small wond] !n t !  only     
magic recogniz$ z su* is antisocial     
magic4    ,on ! o!r h&1 s great is !    
t]ror inspir$ by magic1 & s  in/9ctively
 greg>i\s is mank9d1 t m]e ecc5tricity1 
!  failure to foll[ ! cr[d1 is (t5 (    
itself suffici5t to />t  ! cry (        
wit*craft4 ,! slav]y ( man 9 ! l[]      
culture to  cu/om is a commonplace (    
an?ropology4 ,t cu/om is religi\s to  ! 
core1 = religion is only "o aspect ( !  
social polity4  ,ev]yone obs]ves x1     
because ^u x dep5ds ! weal ( all alike4 
,ev]yone's eye too is ^u 8 neighb\r2 & a
 dep>ture f cu/om  is sure to be notic$1
 & equally sure to be res5t$ z some?+   
s9i/]4 ,at ! lea/ x is view$ ) suspicion
 & conc]n4 ,done  innoc5tly1 x w br+    
mis=tune on ! do] & all connect$  ) him4
 ,done ) a purpose1 x is abhorr$ &      
puni%$ z evil  magic4 ,happily ! fe> (  
wit*craft is n ev]y:]e an obsession4    
,:]e x is1 z almo/ all ov] ,africa1 x   
has become ! mo/  p[]ful cause ( !      
/agnation ( culture4 ,mr ,weeks1 a      

mission>y (  long #aei exp]i5ce1 & an   
admirable obs]v]1 speak+ ( !  ,bangala  
on ! ,upp] ,congo1 says ! native 8has a 
wond]ful p[] (  imitation1 b he lacks   
inv5tion & initiative2 b ?is lack is    
und\bt$ly due to suppression ( !        
inv5tive faculty4 ,=  g5]ations x has   
be5 ! cu/om to *>ge ) wit*craft anyone  
:o comm5c$ a new indu/ry or discov]$ a  
new article ( b>t]4  ,! mak+ ( any?+ out
 ( ! ord9>y has br\ght on ! mak] a  *>ge
 ( wit*craft t aga9 & aga9 has result$ 9
 dea? by !  ordeal4 ,to "k m ?an o!rs1  
to be m skilful ?an o!rs1 m  en]getic1 m
 acute 9 bus9ess1 m sm>t 9 dress1 has   
(t5  caus$ a *>ge ( wit*craft & dea?4   
,!re=e ! native1 to save  8 life & live 
9 peace1 has smo!r$ 8 inv5tive faculty1 
&  all _s ( ent]prise has be5 driv5 out 
( him40#aei4a    ,?is deplorable result 
is attributable to ! suspicion (        
antisocial  ends4 ,x is ?is k9d ( magic 
:i* alone is reprobat$ 9 ! l[]  culture4
 ,dea? is v g5]ally reg>d$ z unnatural4 
,if n caus$  by op5 viol5ce1 x mu/ be   

due to spirits or to magic4 ,magic inde$
  is (t5 deem$ responsible = dea?s by   
viol5ce1 or dea?s cr$it$  to ! imm$iate 
action ( ! spirits4 ,magic sets bo?     
causes 9  motion4 ,h5ce at a dea?1 h[ev]
 occasion$1 an inque/ is commonly  held 
to asc]ta9 :o is responsible2 ! accus$  
is requir$ to  und]go an ordeal1 & is   
puni%$ if f\nd guilty--z he usually is4 
,b x is n ! practice ( magic t is       
condemn$2 x is !  application ( magic to
 ! injury ( ! community4 ,! *iefta9 (  a
 tribe ( ,bantu 8smells out0 & puts to  
dea? ! wit* :o has  sla9 8 fa!r4 ,! same
 *iefta9 w habitually practise magic on 
ano!r *ief be=e fight+ ) him4 ,he #afj w
 make ra91 or  employ a wiz>d = !       
purpose4 ,8 sacrifices & acts ( wor%ip  
are inextricably m+l$ ) magic4 ,ev5 :5 !
 s*ism betwe5  magic & religion has     
atta9$ mu* wid] dim5sions ?an any:]e    
among ! ,bantu1 x is r magic 9 its      
antisocial aspect ?an 9  itself t is    
reprobat$ & puni%$4 ,! dep>ture f       
e/abli%$  cu/om & e/abli%$ belief       

involves a sev]ance f ! community  & an 
imputation ( antisocial ends4 ,! pursuit
 ( individual  desires & hatr$s at odds 
) ! g5]al int]e/ is :at ar\ses  ! ang] (
 society4 ,practices ess5tially magical 
may be  incorporat$ 9 religi\s rites &  
ex]cis$ = :at is believ$ to  be ! public
 good2 & !y w cont9ue to be ex]cis$ )   
g5]al ass5t1 ev5 9 ! highe/ =ms (       
religion4           ,,! ,,boldness ,,(  
,,! ,,celts    #afa    lian1 writ+ ( !  
boldness ( ! ,celts1 relates t _m (  !m 
await ! ov]fl[+ sea1 "s ?r[+ !mselves   
arm$ into  ! waves & receiv+ _! onset ) 
drawn swords & ?reat5+  spe>s1 j z if !y
 c\ld sc>e back or w\nd !m4#afa4a ,?is  
report seems to h come to him 9 ! %ape (
 gossip2 nor does he  assign x to any   
tribe or def9ite locality4 ,t !re 0 "s  
gr\nd = x1 h[ev]1 is to be inf]r$ f !   
exi/5ce 9 !  ,book ( ,ballymote1 an     
,iri% manuscript ( ! end ( ! f\rte5?    
c5tury1 ( a %ort tradition1 obvi\sly (  
mu* e>li] date1  conc]n+ ,tuirbhe       
,trghm>1 ! fa!r ( ,gobn ,sa]1 :o own$   

,trigh ,tuirbhi4 8',tis f t h]itage he1 
/&+ on ,tela* ,bela  7! ,hill ( ! ,axe71
 w\ld hurl a ca/ ( 8 axe 9 ! face ( !   
flood-tide1 s t he =bade ! sea1 :i* !n  
w\ld n come ov]  ! axe40#afa4b    ,!    
rhetorician p]haps reg>d$ ?is ,celtic   
practice z a useless  piece ( bravado1 &
 only cit$ x by way ( climax to 8       
illu/rations ( ,celtic d>+ &            
recklessness4 ,!re is little d\bt  t to 
! ,celts !mselves x 0 q diff]5t4 ,! sea 
& !  waves 7 look$ ^u z p]sonal be+s )  
:om x 0 possible  lit]ally to fight1 &  
:o might ev5 be ov]come4 #afb ,su* a    
view  is common to _m seabo>d peoples4  
,a curi\sly p>allel tradition is  f\nd  
among ! ,malays at ,jugra on ! ,selangor
 coa/ conc]n+ !  bore ( ! ,langat ,riv]4
 ,?is bore 0 conceiv$ to be caus$ by !  
passage ( a gigantic animal1 probably a 
dragon4 ,:5 x came up !  riv] ! ,malays 
us$ to g out 9 small canoes or dug-outs 
to 8sport  among/ ! break]s10 frequ5tly 
gett+ upset = _! pa9s4  ,ev5tually      
h[ev]1 z ,mr ,skeat 0 told1 ! bore 0    

kill$ by a  ,malay1 :o /ruck x ^u ! head
 ) a /ick4 ,:e!r f ?is  cause or f !    
div]sion ( ! /ream into a new *annel to 
!  sea1 !re is no long] a bore 9 !      
riv]4#afb4a ,we may conclude  t !       
,malays :o w5t out to sport among !     
break]s really w5t  to assail ! bore 9  
=ce1 & t :5 ! bore ceas$ to fl[ !       
belief arose t "o ( !m _h attack$ x     
successfully & kill$  x4    ,european   
folk-tales h be5 f\nd record+ a simil>  
belief4 ,among  ! ,basques we are told t
 a wit* once det]m9$ to s9k a c]ta9     
fi%+-boat & dr[n its crew4 ,h] plan 0 to
 ov]:elm x )  ?ree imm5se waves1 ! fir/ 
( milk1 ! second ( te>s1 & !  ?ird (    
blood4 ,! boat might ride 9 safety ov] !
 fir/ two2 b  ! ?ird wave w\ld be h]self
 9 p]son1 & ! only way to escape  w\ld  
be to laun* a h>poon into ! mid/ ( x3 ! 
weapon w\ld  pi]ce h] he>t1 & ! boat )  
its crew w\ld be sav$4 ,) !  want (     
caution :i*1 =tunately = ! h]oes (      
folk-tales1 is s  rem>kable a *>act]i/ic
 ( cunn+ & malevol5t be+s1 ! plot  0    

laid 9 ! he>+ ( ! cab9-boy4 ,at !       
critical mom5t he  n]v$ 8 arm to fl+ !  
h>poon1 & /ruck ! wave 9 ! mid/4  ,x    
divid$ & da%$ ^u ! %ore1 #afc cov]+ all 
! /r&  ) a bloody foam4 ,! b>k 0 sav$2 b
 on 8 return ! ma/]  f\nd 8 wife dy+ (  
h] w\nd1 = %e 0 ! wit* :o _h  plann$ !  
de/ruction ( h] husb& & 8 craft4#afc4a  
,?is  ,basque /ory1 ?\gh only record$ 9 
a lit]>y v]sion1 appe>s to  be a g5u9e  
folk-tale1 s9ce x is also f\nd          
sub/antially ! same  among ! traditions 
( ! ,frisian ,isl&s & ,norway4#afc4b    
,o!r wat]s ?an ! sea h likewise be5     
end[$ ) p]sonality4  ,riv]s & /reams h  
ev]y:]e be5 reg>d$ z consci\s be+s1  or 
79 a lat] /age ( animism7 z ! haunt (   
su* be+s4 ,usually  !y h be5 reckon$ z  
end[$ ) a might too my/ical & too       
trem5d\s to be attack$ by man2 b        
occasionally m5 ( h]oic m\ld  h be5     
suppos$ to fight & ov]come !m4 ,pr(essor
 ,fraz] has  argu$ ) probability t !    
angel :o wre/l$ ) ,jacob at !  =d ( !   
,jabbok 0 9 ! orig9al tale ! riv]-god   

himself1 !  awful _s ( ! ,jabbok4#afc4c 
,he has n adduc$ any direct  p>allel 9  
support ( ! conjecture1 ?\gh ! examples 
(  (f]+s to /reams = leave to cross !m1 
( :i* he has  collect$ a numb] f v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! _w1 d %[ t ^!  wat]s are       
inhabit$ by sup]natural be+s1 :o mu/ be 
treat$ )  respect & ^: goodwill mu/ be  
obta9$4 ,:]e he has fail$ to  f9d       
p>allels x is n likely t ano!r c succe$4
 ,yet x is  curi\s t he %\ld h ov]look$ 
! #afd traditions ( !  wat]-kelpie      
curr5t 9 8 native ,scotl&4 ,take "o /ory
 told by ,dr  ,gregor conc]n+ a         
wat]-kelpie :o us$ to come out ( ! /ream
  & visit ! %eel+ :]e a c]ta9           
blacksmi?'s family & c[  sp5t ! summ]4  
,8 visits1 z 0 natural1 caus$ t]ror &   
annoyance4 ,at la/ ! wife told ! husb&1 
:o resolv$ to kill !  creature4 ,! wife 
took fright at ! proposal & tri$ to     
dissuade  him1 "u ! fe> t ! kelpie w\ld 
c>ry him (f to 8 pool4  ,he 0 deaf to h]
 appeals4 ,prep>+ two long1 %>p-po9t$   
spits (  iron1 he repair$ to ! %eel+4   

,he made a l>ge fire on ! he>?1  & laid 
! two spits 9 x4 ,9 a %ort "t ! kelpie  
made 8  appe>ance z usual4 ,! smi? wait$
 8 opportunity1 & ) all  8 might drove !
 r$-hot spits into ! creature's sides4  
,x fell  on ! gr\nd l a heap (          
/>*4#afd4a    ,9 ?is case ! kelpie 0    
kill$4 ,m num]\s are ! tales 9  :i* he  
approa*es a travell] 9 ! %ape ( a horse 
& induces  him to m\nt2 !n he ru%es to !
 pool1 c>ry+ ! unw>y man to  8 dea?4    
,(t51 h[ev]1 he c be caught & made to   
"w1 by  ?r[+ ov] 8 head a bridle on :i* 
_h be5 made ! sign ( !  cross4 ,:5 ?is 0
 done1 ! creature became quiet & might  
be  employ$ 9 lab\r ne$+ /r5g? &        
endurance1 l t (  c>ry+ /ones to build a
 mill or a f>m-/ead+4 ,:5 set free      
aga91 he took 8 leave1 repeat+ ! words3 
8,sehr back an' sehr behns1   ,cairrit  
a' ----s' /anes40#afd4b    ,9 ,sw$5 !   
correspond+ wat]-_s--if t may be call$ a
  _s :i*1 z 9 all ^! cases1 is reg>d$   
#afe z ess5tially  corporeal--is call$ !
 ,neck1 a ^w connect$ ) ,hnik>r1 ! ,old 

,norse appellation ( ,od9 reg>d$ z a    
wat]-god1 & ) !  ,nicors1 or wat]-mon/]s
 ref]r$ to 9 ,be[ulf4 ,! ,neck is said  
to appe> 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,sometimes he is a
 gr[n man1 & !n  8p>ticul>ly dang]\s to 
haughty & p]t damsels02 sometimes he is 
a comely y\? ) 8 l[] extremities l ^? ( 
a horse2  sometimes he is an old man ) a
 long be>d2 occasionally a h&some  y\? )
 yell[ locks fl[+ ov] 8 %\ld]s & a r$   
cap1  sitt+ 9 a summ] ev5+ on ! surface 
( ! wat] ) a gold5  h>p 9 8 h&4 ,9      
return = a black lamb he is n unwill+ to
  communicate 8 skill 9 music2 & if !   
(f]+ be accompani$ by  ! expression ( a 
hope ( 8 salvation1 he is r5d]$         
especially  graci\s4 ,= above all ?+s he
 longs = et]nal happ9ess2 nor c  deep]  
di/ress be inflict$ ^u him ?an by d5y+  
?is  possibility4 ,a ,neck :o takes up 8
 abode "u a bridge1 or 9 a  /ream1 is   
commonly call$ a ,/rmk>l4 ,he usually   
plays n on !  h>p b on ! viol4 ,ne>     
,hornborgabro 9 ,we/ ,go?l& a ,/rmk>l  0
 once he>d s++ to a pleasant melody ^!  

words ?rice  repeat$3 8,i "k--& ,i "k--&
 ,i "k--t my ,r$eem] live?40  ,he is    
acqua9t$ ) a measure :i*1 if play$1 w   
cause ev5  inanimate ?+s1 z trees &     
/ones1 to dance2 s p[]ful is 8  music4  
,b he appe>s 9 o!r =ms4 ,a fav\rite is t
 ( a horse1  sometimes describ$ z ) ho(s
 rev]s$4 ,at ,bohuus 9 ,we/ ,go?l&  he 0
 caught by means ( a cunn+ly contriv$   
halt]1 f :i* he  c\ld n break loose4 ,8 
captor kept him all ! spr+ & made him   
pl\gh 8 fields4 ,only :5 once ! halt]   
accid5tally slipp$ (f  0 ! ,neck able to
 escape ?is #aff slav]y4 ,he sprang l   
lightn+ into ! wat]1 dragg+ ! h>r[ aft] 
him4 ,! ,neck also  causes disease4 ,8  
appe>ance =bodes tempe/4 ,he haunts     
wells &  mu/ be propitiat$ ) (f]+s1 or  
measures mu/ be tak5 to  r5d] him       
innocu\s4#aff4a    ,)\t paus+ to analyse
 ! complex "* assign$ to ! ,neck1  x w  
be abundantly cle> t he belongs to !    
same category z  ! =ego+1 & may be      
subdu$ by simil> means4 ,to fet*        
p>allels  to ! _s ( ! ,jabbok f ,scotl& 

& ,sw$5 may be ?\ght  go+ f> afield4 ,x 
is go+ no f>!r ?an ,dr ,fraz] himself   
goes  = examples ( ! cu/om ( propitiat+ 
riv]-spirits4 ,! prote/  (t5 utt]$ by   
cauti\s an?ropologi/s aga9/ ^? :o w\ld  
ca/  ! net s widely has its reason4 ,:5 
we are deal+ ) cu/oms x  is well to     
rememb] t cu/oms sup]ficially alike may 
spr+ f  q diff]5t social organizations1 
& _! real int5tions may be  div]g5t or  
ev5 opposite3 9 %ort1 !y may h no?+ 9   
common  b ext]nal resemblance4 ,!y _c be
 und]/ood )\t tak+  into acc\nt !       
sequ5ces ( :i* !y are (t5 "p1 & !       
social organization & cultural condition
 f :i* !y spr+4 ,x  is o!rwise :5 ^?    
great products ( human imag9ation t     
animate ! _w ab\t u are conc]n$4 ,!     
p]sonalities believ$  to haunt m\nta9 & 
/ream1 air & wat]1 heav5 & e>?1 are     
elem5tal conceptions1 ! inevitable      
(fspr+ ( ! human m9d 9  its int]c\rse ) 
nature4 ,analogies discov]$ betwe5 !m   
are  real analogies2 !y are ! pro(s ( ! 
ess5tial on5ess (  mank9d 9 ! sn[-hut ( 

an arctic w9t] & ! tree-%elt] ( a       
tropical =e/4 ,& :5 we f9d ! relations  
believ$ to exi/  betwe5 su* p]sonalities
 #afg & human be+s1 ! ne$ ( _!          
conciliation or co]cion 9 ord] to obta9 
b5efits = _! human  wor%ipp] or         
antagoni/1 & ! means tak5 = ?is purpose1
 !  same1 ) only su* v>iations z may be 
acc\nt$ = by diff]5ces  ( environm5t1 !n
 we may ) confid5ce appeal to !m z      
mutually  illu/rative4    ,= ^! reasons 
x w\ld appe> t we mu/ reg>d su* tales z 
^? ( ! kelpie & ! wat]-bull ( ,scotl& & 
! ,isle (  ,man1 or ! ,neck ( ,sw$51 z  
illum9at+ ! leg5d ( ,jacob's  /ruggle at
 ! =d ( ! ,jabbok4 ,pr(essor ,fraz]     
rightly adduces  z 9 "s degree analog\s 
! /ory ( ,m5elaus cat*+ ! %y  sea-god   
,proteus sleep+ on ! s&s1 & compell+ him
 to say 8  soo?1 z ,jacob compels !     
angel to pron\nce a bless+1 & t (       
,peleus cat*+ & conqu]+ ! sea-goddess   
,!tis to be 8 bride4  ,"h we are rem9d$ 
( a cycle ( traditions f\nd all ov] !   
_w1 & kn[n z ! ,swan-maid5 cycle4 ,!    

h]o9e ( ! tale is  a sup]natural be+1   
usually 9 ! =m ( a bird :i* ca/s its    
fea!rs l a robe & becomes human4 ,! h]o1
 possess+ himself  ( ! robe1 acquires   
p[] ov] h] & makes h] 8 wife1 only to   
lose h] aga9 :5 %e recov]s x4 ,z told 9 
,scotl& & !  adjac5t isles1 9 ! ,fa]oe  
,isl&s & ,icel&1 ! lady is a            
seal4#afg4a ,x may be d\btful :e!r ,!tis
 0 ev] s  repres5t$2 b x is c]ta9ly mo/ 
sugge/ive t ,proteus 0  discov]$ sleep+ 
among ! seals4 ,= x is n only =         
matrimonial purposes t ^! sup]natural   
be+s are caught 9  mod]n mr*54 ,9 a     
,tamil tale ! h]o #afh /eals ! dress (  
"o ( a b& ( div9e maid5s1 & !reby       
compels h] to br+ him  a c]ta9 div9e    
p>ijata1 or fl[] ( ! coral tree1 :i* 0  
dem&$ by ano!r lady z ! price ( h]      
h&4#afh4a ,9 !  ,spani% tale ( ,!       
,m>quis ( ! ,sun1 ! ,m>quis is a great  
game/]4 ,a man :o play$ ) him lo/ all he
 _h1 & !n /ak$  8 s\l & lo/ x4 ,to get x
 back he 0 advis$ to wat* on !  banks ( 
a riv]4 ,?ree pr9cesses w\ld come 9 !   

guise ( doves1  ca/ _! fea!rs & ba!4 ,he
 0 to take ! dress ( !  smalle/ & ?us   
compel h] to %[ him ! road to ! ,m>quis 
h]  fa!r's ca/le4#afh4b ,x is true t bo?
 ^! adv5tures d  result 9 ! h]o's union 
) ! bird-maid54 ,su* union is1  h[ev]1  
incid5tal4 ,9 a ,samoy$ ,swan-maid5 /ory
 ! h]o9e1  captur$ 9 ! usual way1 fl+s !
 he>ts ( h]self & h]  husb&1 z well z ( 
o!r memb]s ( 8 family1 into ! air2 &  _!
 own]s 9 consequ5ce rema9 nei!r liv+ nor
 dead4 ,!  husb&'s fa!r's si/] goes 9   
se>* ( ! he>ts to ! lake  :]e ! bride 0 
captur$1 & f9ds h] six si/]s !re swimm+ 
z be=e4 ,%e takes possession ( ! clo!s (
 "o ( !m1 &  ?us compels h] to re/ore ! 
he>ts ( h] relatives4#afh4c ,s  ! h]o ( 
a tale told by a tribe on ,vanc\v] ,isl&
 is s5t 9  se>* ( 8 daught]1 :o has     
elop$ ) a wolf4 ,he sees a numb]  ( "y  
wolves play+ at ball1 hav+ laid aside _!
 mantles4 ,he  sets himself d[n beside !
 mantles1 & 9 ?is way putt+ _!  own]s to
 %ame at be+ f\nd nak$1 compels !m to   
br+ him to 8  son-9-law's abode4#afh4d  

,! mantles are obvi\sly ! wolf-sk9s1    
laid aside to enable _! own]s to appe> 9
 human =m4    #afi    ,wolves are (     
c\rse n wat]-spirits1 l swans or seals2 
b !y  obey ! same law z t imag9$ = !    
latt]4 ,! man :o seizes  some?+ :i* is  
at once ! symbol ( _! sup]natural "*  & 
! s\rce ( _! p[]1 r5d]s !m helpless &   
compels !m  to 8 w4 ,! conte/ is 9 ^!   
cases "o ( trick]y &  det]m9ation1 r ?an
 ( /r5g?4 ,! captures ( ,proteus & (    
,!tis1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 effect$ by  
ma9 =ce & a  wre/l]'s skill4 ,?is is (t5
 ! case ) ! capture ( m]maids  9 ! we/ (
 ,europe4 ,hugh ,mill] long ago         
translat$ into lit]ature  a local leg5d 
( ,crom>ty :i* told h[ ,john ,reid      
captur$ on !  %ores ( ! ,fir? a m]maid1 
f :om he extract$ z a ransom !  grant ( 
?ree wi%es1 includ+ prosp]ity & union ) 
! maid5  ( 8 *oice4#afi4a ,m]maid-/ories
 ?us agree ) kelpie-/ories  & ) ^? (    
,proteus & ! _s ( ! ,jabbok 9 assign+   
victory to ! /r5g? & skill ( ! human    
wre/l]4    ,wat]-spirits are n ! only   

sup]natural be+s ) :om m5 are  repres5t$
 9 /ory z mat*+ !mselves4 ,! ,lu%ei     
clans ( ,assam  believe 9 v>i\s demons t
 inhabit hills1 /reams & trees4 ,!y  are
 call$ ,huai1 ^? inhabit+ ! wat] be+    
kn[n z ,tui-huai1  & ^? resid+ on ! l& z
 ,rm-huai4 ,a c]ta9 sacrifice1  g5]ally 
( a big s[1 is (f]$ to ! ,rm-huai4 ,x is
 call$  ,sakhua4 ,"o night1 t[>ds morn+1
 x is relat$1 a ,rm-huai  appe>$ to a   
man :o _h unwitt+ly neglect$ 8 ,sakhua  
sacrifice4  ,x came into ! /raw :]e he 0
 sleep+ & wre/l$ ) him  until daylight4 
,ev5 !n x foll[$ him & wre/l$ ) him     
aga92  nor does ! man seem to h be5 lo?4
 ,at la/ he conqu]$ !  ,rm-huai1 #agj :o
 !n told him t 8 ,sakhua sacrifice 0    
ov]-due2 & he p]=m$ x at once4          
,sometimes ! ,rm-huai appe>s  z a tig] &
 sometimes z a man4 ,on ?is occasion he 
seems to h  be5 9 human =m4#agj4a       
,yet ev5 9 su* a conte/ ! skill display$
 may be mu* m ?an a  trick ( jiu-jitsu4 
,an example or two w suffice4 ,9 ! ,wild
  ,huntsman ( ,teutonic l&s             

an?ropologi/s agree 9 recogniz+         
traditions ( ! god ,wod54 ,he is well   
kn[n to ! ,g]man ru/ic z  ,wod4 ,a tale 
f ,meckl5burg repres5ts a peasant z     
enc\nt]+ him  "o d>k night 9 ! =m ( a   
tall man on a :ite horse4 ,! peasant    
accepts ! /rang]'s *all5ge to pull aga9/
 him1 & grasps "o  end ( a heavy *a91   
:ile ! /rang] asc5ds into ! cl\ds )  !  
o!r end4 ,! peasant kn[s t1 if he lose1 
he is himself lo/4  ,he quickly twi/s ! 
end ar\nd a /alw>t oak1 & ! ,huntsman   
tugs  9 va94 ,a second & a ?ird "t !    
conte/ is r5ew$1 aft] he  has p]suad$ ! 
/rang] t he is hold+ ! *a91 & x is  only
 8 own /r5g? t is be+ put =?4 ,!        
oak-tree creaks &  crackles to its      
roots1 b f9ally holds its gr\nd4 ,wod   
owns himself  vanqui%$1 & rew>ds 8      
c\rage\s antagoni/ ) a %>e ( 8  game--a 
haun* ( v5ison1 :i* turns to a ri* booty
 ( gold &  silv] ere he rea*es          
home4#agj4b ,we are indebt$ to ,ovid =  
ano!r example4 ,he tells u h[ ,numa by !
 advice ( ,eg]ia  entrapp$ ,picus &     

,faunus1 two anci5t ru/ic deities :o 7  
wont  to dr9k ( a c]ta9 /ream4 ,! k+    
tempt$ !m by means ( w9e  plac$ beside !
 f\nta92 & :5 !y _h fall5 into ! slumb] 
( intoxication he issu$ f 8 ambu% & put 
!m 9 *a9s4 ,z  ! price ( fre$om he      
compell$ !m to br+ d[n ,jupit] f !  sky1
 to give him ! fam\s #aga =mula = av]t+ 
!  ?und]bolt4#aga4a ,innoc5ts l ^! are (
 c\rse easily caught  ) /rong dr9k4 ,9  
,greek tradition ,sil5us1 :o z ! son ( a
  nymph 0 describ$ z ( condition inf]ior
 to ! gods1 b sup]ior  to mortals & to  
dea?1 0 n sup]ior to "s mortal          
weaknesses4  ,inde$1 he 0 notori\sly    
convivial4 ,h5ce he fell victim to a    
simil> wile on ! "p ( ,midas1 !         
,phrygian k+4 ,nor 0 he  releas$ be=e he
 _h reveal$ "s a/\nd+ geographical &    
e?nological in=mation1 t /agg]$ !       
sceptical lian :5 he  f\nd x plac$ on   
record 9 ! n[ lo/ pages (               
,!opompus4#aga4b    ,su* leg5ds ( conte/
 are n conf9$ to m]ely second-rate      
p]sonages l ^! subord9ate or sup]s$$    

div9ities4 ,:5 9  ! ,iliad ,diom$       
attacks & w\nds ,aphrodite1 %e goes cry+
 to  h] "m4 ,dione by way ( consolation 
rec\nts a li/ ( ,olympian  gods :o h    
griev\sly suff]$ 9 fight ) head/rong &  
viol5t  m54 ,x includes ,ares1 ,h]a1 &  
,hades1 all ( !m pot5t figures 9  ,greek
 my?ology4 ,ares 0 b\nd by ,otus &      
,ephialtes1 ! sons (  ,aloeus1 & kept 9 
durance vile = ?irte5 moons1 until      
,h]mes came  to 8 rescue4 ,ev5 he1 x    
seems1 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to  secret 
means to /eal him away4 ,! arr[s (      
,h]akles inflict$  griev\s w\nds on ,h]a
 & ,pluto4 ,& ?\gh naturally ,dione     
d5\nces untimely dea? z ! p5alty = su*  
presumption1 !  injuries receiv$ 9 !    
conflict are n all on "o side4#aga4c    
,od9 himself fights m ?an once 9 !      
,sc&9avian lays & sagas  aga9/ human    
antagoni/s4 ,nay1 if ,m4 ,a4 ,j4        
,re9a*'s int]pretation  be accept$1     
,jacob's #agb oppon5t at ! =d ( !       
,jabbok 0 no  o!r ?an 8,elohim 9 p]son40
 ,! gr[? ( religi\s feel+1 on  ?is !ory1

 f\nd ?is co>se repres5tation abhorr5t2 
& :ile !  incid5t1 be+ "p ( ! sacr$     
leg5ds1 c\ld n be ignor$ or  repudiat$1 
x 0 s alt]$ z to obscure its real       
significance4#agb4a    ,h[ev] ?is may   
be1 tales l ^! are e*oes ( belief 9 !   
possibility ( a successful corporeal    
/ruggle ) ! my/]i\s  p[]s4 ,!y are      
blurr$ memories ( ! practice ( ?reat5+ &
  ev5 attack+ :at we call sup]natural   
be+s "u _! mat]ial  manife/ations4 ,^?  
be+s 7 conceiv$1 if n always 9 human    
=m1 at lea/ z human 9 _! wills &        
passions1 h5ce 9 _!  motives & modes (  
action4 ,! only way 9 :i* !y diff]$ f   
humanity 0 9 _! va/] & undef9$ p[]s4 ,!y
 71 to adopt  ,mat!w ,arnold's phrase1  
magnifi$1 non-natural--t is to say1     
my/]i\s--m54#agb4b ,?us conceiv$1 !y 7  
accessible to e  sort ( influ5ce t      
affect$ mank9d1 includ+ co]cion4 ,b x   
took a bold man to co]ce !m1 ?\gh ! task
 might be attempt$  ^u occasion1 ev5 by 
ord9>y mortals--n always ) success4     
,sometimes ! conte/ is ( a m di/9ctly   

intellectual "*4  ,! trial ( musical    
skill betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas w occur  
to  ev]yone4 ,! ,egyptian k+ call$ by   
,h]odotus ,rhamps9itus is said  to h    
p5etrat$ to ,hades & !re play$ at dice )
 ,demet]4  ,v>y+ =tune att5d$ him2 b he 
0 s f> successful t he  return$ ) a     
gold5 h&k]*ief1 ! gift ( ! goddess4 ,& !
  ,egyptians #agc /ill 9 ! hi/orian's "t
 celebrat$ a fea/ 9  memory ( !         
adv5ture4#agc4a    ,if we turn f leg5d  
to fact1 we f9d ! belief translat$ into 
action1 into ! attempt to control !     
sup]natural by =ce4 ,?us  did ,x]xes :5 
he la%$ ! ,hellespont & let d[n fett]s  
into x1  = de/roy+ ! bridge he _h       
endeav\r$ to build4#agc4b ,?us  did !   
anci5t prie/esses ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s :5  
ra9 0 too  long 9 com+3 !y beat ! sea ) 
rods to puni% ! _s (  ! wat]s = )hold+ !
 boon !y ne$$4#agc4c ,9 ! same  way 7!  
tale is probably at lea/ f\nd$ on fact71
 :5 ! ,nile _h  ris5 to ! height (      
eighte5 cubits--high] ?an x _h ev] ris5 
be=e--,ph]os1 ! son & successor (       

,seso/ris1 is decl>$ to  h tak5 a spe> &
 driv5 x into ! mid/ ( ! :irl+  wat]s4  
,x is add$--& "h we h a te/imony to !   
recognition  by ! anci5t ,egyptians ( ! 
awful div9ity :om ! k+ _h ?us           
*all5g$--t he 0 !reupon /ruck ) a       
disease ( ! eyes  & made bl9d4#agc4d ,! 
v5geance m5tion$ by ,dr ,fraz] z tak5   
by ! ,kakhye5 ( ,upp] ,burmah po9ts     
di/9ctly to ! same  int5tion4 8,if "s   
fri5d or relative has be5 dr[n$ 9 cross+
 a  riv]1 ! av5g] repairs once a ye> to 
! banks1 &1 fill+ a  bamboo vessel ) !  
wat]1 hews x ?r\gh ) 8 dah sword  z if  
he 7 despat*+ #agd a liv+ enemy40#agd4a 
,! ,korwas (  ,*ota ,nagpur on a simil> 
occasion %oot arr[s into !  riv]4#agd4b 
,aft] comp>+ ^! cases !re c be little   
d\bt t ! ,celtic  practice ( fight+ !   
waves report$ by lian 0 n und]tak5  z a 
foolh>dy piece ( presumption1 b lit]ally
 z a combat ) a  foe susceptible to su* 
attacks1 or 7z ! ,iri% text sugge/s7 a  
necess>y proce$+ 9 self-def5ce1 le/     
o!rwise ! sea %\ld  encroa* ^u ! l&4 ,! 

or5da ( ! l&-dwell]s 0 pitt$  aga9/ t ( 
! wat]s4    ,! conclusion w be confirm$ 
by consid]+ a few examples ( !  treatm5t
 ( div9ities o!r ?an ^? ( sea or riv]4  
,! tribe (  ! ,getai1 ! brave/ ( !      
,?racians1 7 9 ! habit1 dur+            
?und]/orms1 ( %oot+ arr[s up to ! sky & 
?reat5+ _!  god4 ,x is inde$ n cle> :at 
god !y ?reat5$4 ,usually x is  und]/ood 
to be ! god ,zalmoxis1 pre-em95tly ! god
 ( ! ,getai4  ,b he seems to h be5 a    
*?onic div9ity2 & z ! text (  ,h]odotus 
/&s !y recogniz$ no o!r god4 ,!         
hi/orian's acc\nt  ( him is rationaliz$2
 & !re is reason to ?9k t he fail$ to   
grasp all ! ess5tials ( ! ,getic        
religion3 8 own d\bts on !  subject are 
m ?an h9t$ at4 ,9 %oot+ upw>ds1 h[ev]1 &
  utt]+ ?reats1 ! ,getai mu/ h m5ac$ "s 
be+ conceiv$  m or less 9 p]sonal t]ms4 
,?is is suffici5t = our pres5t          
purpose4#agd4c ,! ,at>antes1 :o dwelt t5
 days' j\rney f ,m\nt  ,atlas1 9 l #age 
mann] curs$ ! sun :5 he 0 at 8 height  &
 revil$ him ) all mann] ( f\l t]ms1     

because he oppress$  bo? !mselves & _!  
l& by 8 burn+ heat4#age4a ,among !      
,bayaka ( ! ,kasai di/rict 9 ! ,congo   
,/ate x is common to he>  p runn+ ab\t  
at night & %\t+ insults to ,moloki1 a   
malignant _s :o has made !m ill1 or     
caus$ ! dea? ( a  relation4#age4b ,!    
,be*uana1 on ! great c5tral pla9 ( ,s\? 
,africa1 ascribe *anges ( wea!r to !    
influ5ce ( ! manes (  deceas$ memb]s ( !
 tribe4 ,!y are call$ by ! g5]ic t]m    
,b>imo1 ( :i* ! s+ul> =m1 ,morimo1 0    
adopt$ by !  e>ly mission>ies to        
translate ,god2 & x is n[ frequ5tly us$ 
) t mean+4 ,:5 hail damag$ ! crops1 or  
ra9 fell  unseasonably1 ,m(fat tells u1 
,morimo w\ld be curs$ 9 ! vile/         
language4 8,w\ld t ,i c\ld cat* x1 ,i   
w\ld transfix x ) my  spe>60 exclaim$ 9 
! mission>y's he>+ a *ief ^: judgem5t   
on o!r subjects w\ld comm&              
att5tion4#age4c ,on ! occasion (  an    
e>?quake a travell] saw ! ,bakw5a wom5 9
 an in/ant ru%+  out ( _! huts1 ) clubs 
& hoes 9 _! h&s1 hold+ !m up  at ! sky1 

& curs+ ,god ) mo/ awful imprecations & 
demoniac  yells4#age4d ,! proce$+s ( !  
,zulus1 neighb\rs ( !  ,bakw5a1 dur+ a  
?und]/orm 7 ?us describ$ by a native to 
,bi%op ,callaway3 8,:5 x ?und]s !       
doctors g out & scold x2  !y take a /ick
 & say !y are go+ to beat ! lightn+ (   
heav54 ,!y say !y c ov]come ! lightn+4  
,!y %\t & take  %ields & /icks2 !y /rike
 on _! %ields & %\t4 ,& :5  x cle>s away
 aga9 #agf !y say1 #8,we h conqu]$ x4'  
,!y say  !y c ov]come ! heav540#agf4a ,!
 ,hott5tots curse !  ?und] & %oot _!    
poison$ arr[s at ! lightn+1 tell+ him   
to be (f4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 adopt a mild]
 c\rse1 assembl+ to  dance & s+ an      
incantation4 ,two specim5s ( ^!         
incantations  h be5 pres]v$4 ,! ?und] is
 ?us address$3     8,son ( !            
,?und]-cl\d1   ,?\ brave l\d-speak+     
,guru6   ,talk s(tly1 please1   ,= ,i h 
no guilt6   ,leave me alone 7,=give me76
   ,= ,i h become q weak 7 ,i am q      
/unn$1 p]plex$74   ,?\1 ,o ,guru1   ,son
 ( ! ,?und]-cl\d60    ,! o!r incantation

 is address$ to ! lightn+4 ,x is a      
dramatic  p]=mance1 ! lightn+ be+ play$ 
by "o p]son1 ! *orus  repres5t+ ! appeal
 ( ! inhabitants ( ! kraal4     ,*orus4 
8,?\1 ,?und]-cl\d's daught]1            
daught]-9-law ( ! ,fire6    ,?\ :o ha/  
kill$ my bro!r6    ,!re=e ?\ lie/ n[ s  
nicely 9 a hole6     ,solo4    7,yes7   
inde$1 ,i h kill$ ?y bro!r s well6      
,*orus4    7,well7 !re=e ?\ lie/ 7n[7 9 
a hole4    ,?\ :o ha/ pa9t$ ?y body r$1 
l ,goro6    ,?\ :o do/ n drop ! m5ses1  
,?\ wife ( ! ,copp]-bodi$ man 7! my?ical
 ance/or ( !      ,hott5tots760#agf4b   
#agg    ,p]haps ! sex ( ! lightn+ "h may
 r5d] x m am5able to  ! s(t] arts (     
p]suasion4 ,! ,bu%m5 us$ to look /eadily
 at  ! qu>t] :5ce ! lightn+ came4 ,!y   
believ$ its object 0 to  kill !m by     
/eal?1 & t if !y look$ t[>ds x !y w\ld  
cause ! ?und]bolts to turn back4 ,x     
appe>s1 !y said1 8to fe>  our eye1 :5 x 
feels t we quickly look t[>ds x4'''     
,!re=e  x goes ov] u2 x goes to sit on !
 gr\nd yond]1 :ile x does  n kill       

u40#agg4a ,9 o!r words1 !y believ$      
!mselves s  p[]ful t ! lightn+ quail$   
be=e !m & did n d>e to  /rike4 ,among ! 
,n&i1 a ,nilotic tribe ( ,ea/ ,africa1 x
 is !  duty ( ! ,toiyoi1 or ,?und]-clan1
 :5 a heavy ?und]/orm occurs1  to seize 
an axe &1 hav+ rubb$ x 9 ! a%es ( !     
fire1 to  ?r[ x outside ! hut1 cry+ out3
 8,?und]1 be sil5t 9 our                
village60#agg4b ,among _! neighb\rs 7b n
 k9sfolk71 !  ,wawanga1 an old man 0    
rec5tly f\nd by a gov]nm5t (ficial to  h
 /uck a curi\s-look+ spe> 9 an ant-hill 
9 8 village to  drive (f ! hail4#agg4c  
,simil> practices are f\nd 9 ! less     
advanc$ cultures ( ! ,new  ,_w4 ,!      
,hurons ( ,canada 7 9 ! habit ( /ick+ _!
  javel9s into ! gr\nd po9t upw>ds4 ,!  
explanation !y gave1 z  report$ by !    
,jesuit ,fa!r1 0 t ! ?und] _h           
intellig5ce1  & x w\ld1 on see+ ^! nak$ 
javel9s1 turn aside & be  c>eful n to   
come ne> _! cab9s4#agg4d ,! ,sal9ans (  
,cali=nia possess an amulet :i* w /op ! 
?und]1 if x be  held 9 ! h& & pu%$ out  

t[>ds a ?und]-cl\d4#agg4e ,!  ,guaycurus
 ( ,p>aguay1 #agh great & small1 on !   
occasion ( a  great /orm ( w9d & ra91   
issu$ f _! huts arm$ ) clubs  & /icks1 &
 utt]+ t]rible cries1 to fight ) !      
hurricane1  p]suad$ t x 0 an attack on  
!m by evil spirits1 & t !y  mu/ def5d   
!mselves )\t %[+ c[>dice4#agh4a ,accord+
 to  leg5ds curr5t at ! "t ( ! conque/1 
8! hapiuu1 or  bosom-clut*+ spirits1 :o 
7 believ$ to h be5 ! orig9al  occupants 
( ! ,p]uvian valleys1 7 =cibly expell$  
by ! e>ly  human inhabitants1 immigrants
 f ! c\ntry ( ! ,guaycurus4 ,:5  !      
ance/ors ( ! ,incas arriv$ 9 ! si]ra #8f
 beyond  ,potosi'--t is1 f ! ,gran      
,*aco--^! spirits1 accord+ to a  fragm5t
 ( an anci5t song :i* has be5 pres]v$ by
 an ,indian  writ]1 disappe>$ ) t]rible 
cries1 say+3     #8,we are conqu]$6 ,we 
are conqu]$6   ,alas1 = ,i lose my      
l&s6'0#agh4b    ,! tribes ( ! ,uaupes   
,riv] 9 ,brazil1 aft] a fun]al1 %oot    
into  ! air to *ase away1 & if possible 
kill1 ! evil-dispos$ _s  :i* has caus$ !

 dea?4#agh4c    ,9 tropical surr\nd+s1  
sep>at$ f ! ,hurons by ne>ly half !     
globe1 by ! :ole bread? ( ! ,pacific    
,ocean & ne>ly ! :ole  bread? ( !       
cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,kai-folk ( !
 ,kai1 or  =e/ h9t]l& ( ! s\?-ea/]n coa/
 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1  adopt ! v same  
measure z !y = protection aga9/ ! /orms4
  ,l _! surr\nd+s1 _! culture is widely 
diff]5t f t  ( ! ,hurons4 ,!y dwell 9   
frail cab9s rais$ ^u po/s1 9 ord]  to   
secure !m f ! intrusion ( _!            
half-dome/icat$ sw9e &  ! attacks ( !   
wild] animals4 ,^! huts #agi clu/] on ! 
m\nta9-side 9 t9y villages ( f two to   
six4 ,_! framework is  ( wood1 b\nd     
toge!r ) t\gh l5g?s ( a climb+ plant4 ,!
  walls consi/ ( long p&anus leaves2 &  
!y are ?at*$ )  leaves ( ! sago-palm1 or
 ) grass4 ,x is obvi\s t su* feeble     
/ructures c (f] little resi/ance to high
 w9ds4 ,happily  w9d-/orms are ( r>e    
occurr5ce2 b :5 !y d come !y wield      
t]rific =ce1 splitt+ or uproot+ p[]ful  
trees4 ,aga9/ !  onslaught ( su* foes1  

:i*1 x ne$ n be said1 are reg>d$ z      
p]sonal be+s1 ! ,kai-folk h m ?an "o    
means ( def5ce4  ,!y take "o ( !        
jawbones ( wild bea/s :i* hang 9 ! hut z
  trophies ( ! *ase1 put x 9 ! fire &   
pray ! /orm-_s to  accept ! s\l ( !     
deceas$ animal & sp>e ! h\se4 ,b !y  d n
 rely on ! *ance ( placat+ ! _s2 !y     
oppose him  ) ?reats & ) weapons4 ,!y   
fa/5 a po9t$ /ake or spe>  be=e ! w9dw>d
 side ( ! h\se1 its po9t turn$ to ! w9d1
  s t x w 8prick him 9 ! belly10 & ?us  
compel him to leave  ! hut 9 peace4 ,or 
!y reply to ea* gu/ by /rik+ ! ?re%old  
) a club or /one-axe1 cry+ out3 8,if y  
tread "h on my h\se1  ,i w sma% y\r     
feet60#agi4a    ,almo/ all nations 9 !  
l[] culture hold an eclipse to be !     
attempt on ! "p ( "s evil-dispos$ be+ to
 eat up or de/roy  ! sun or moon4 ,!    
cu/om ( t]rify+ & driv+ him away is too 
well kn[n to ne$ illu/ration4    ,9 ^!  
cases1 ?\gh ! sup]natural be+ may be out
 ( rea*1  t does n h9d] m5 & wom5 f     
pitt+ _! or5da aga9/  82 & z soon z !   

/orm #ahj or ! eclipse comes to an end  
!y naturally vaunt _! success4 ,9 ! =m (
 w9d inde$ he may  be held to desc5d to 
actual bl[s ) 8 human oppon5ts4         
,pr(essor  ,fraz] has collect$ a numb] (
 examples ( fight+ ! /orm &  !          
:irlw9d4#ahj4a ,nor are ^? examples     
conf9$ to su* z  already rec\nt$4 ,ev5 9
 ,europe eddies & gu/s ( w9d are        
attack$ )\t hesitation by peasants1 :e!r
 ,scotti%1 ,breton1  ,g]man1 ,slav1 or  
,e/honian4 ,a small :irlw9d ( ! k9d )   
:i*  we are all famili> is believ$ to be
 caus$ by a wit*1 :o is  c>ri$ along    
unse5 at its c5tre1 & may be reveal$ &  
r5d]$  h>mless by laun*+ "s object1     
pref]ably a knife1 into x4 ,9 !  ,tirol 
a knife ( special =m is us$ = ! purpose1
 on ! blade (  :i* are engrav$ n9e ,/   
,&rew's crosses & n9e cresc5t moons4  ,x
 w\nds ! wit* z surely z ! h>poon 9 !   
,basque tale cit$  at ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
essay4#ahj4b    ,"h & 9 _m ( ! o!r      
in/ances ! sup]natural be+ is  reg>d$ z 
actually ho/ile4 ,at c]ta9 /ages (      

evolution !re is1  h[ev]1 z little      
hesitation 9 turn+ ^u a god ) :om "o is 
usually on t]ms ( fri5d%ip & submission4
 ,we h _h "s  examples ( ?is4 ,a god may
 provoke a wor%ipp]1 & human nature  w n
 always put up ) ! provocation4 ,:5 he  
is f\nd 9  tangible %ape z an idol 8    
#aha aggriev$ cli5t may ev5 resort  to  
corporal *a/isem5t4 ,dr ,f>nell ref]s 9 
?is connection to !  passage 9 ! sev5?  
idyll ( ,!ocritus1 :]e ! poet m5tions  !
 :ipp+ ( ! image ( ,pan ) squills :5    
food 0 sc>ce1  & to a ,breton smi? 8:o  
?reat5$ ! sa9t's image ) r$-hot  p9c]s  
to compel him to heal 8 son40#aha4a ,!  
two practices ?us  put toge!r are n     
/rictly p>allel4 ,orig9ally at lea/ !y 7
  widely diff]5t 9 purpose1 ?\gh !y h "s
 outw>d  resemblance4 ,to beat ! image (
 ,pan ) squills 0 n to puni%  ! god =   
neglect ( duty1 b to br+ him into t\* ) 
!  p[]s ( gr[?1 to drive out ! b>r5ness 
t possess$ him &  to recreate 8         
fructify+ =ces4 ,x 0 a magical means (  
re/or+ 8 life-giv+ prop]ties4 ,x may h  

be5 to "s ext5t1  l puni%m5t1 a relief  
to ! feel+s ( ! beat]2 b ! *ief  object 
is unmi/akably %[n by ! ritual          
requirem5t to beat )  squills4#aha4b ,x 
w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 z if ?is _h be5 =gott5
  by ! "t ( ,!ocritus2 = 9 ! foll[+ l9es
 7n cit$ by ,dr  ,f>nell7 ! poet goes on
 to ?reat5 /++ ) nettles 9 case (  !    
god's recalcitrance1 z if ?is 7 ! same  
sort ( petty  torm5t4    ,on ! o!r h&1  
means are (t5 tak51 l ^? ( ! ,breton    
smi?1 to compel a god to grant 8        
suppliant's wi%es1 & 9 default  to      
inflict indignity & injury4 ,pietro     
della ,valle tells 9 8  ,voyages ( an   
image ( ,sa9t ,an?ony :i* 0 ?us treat$  
by  ,portuguese sailors4 ,fir/ ( all1   
pray]s 7 address$ to ! image  = a       
fav\rable w9d4 ,! w9d n be+ =?com+1 !   
#ahb image  0 tak5 f its %r9e & la%$ to 
! ma/1 9 ! beg9n+  ) comp>atively slack 
cords4 ,! bonds 7 progressively tight5$ 
z ! sa9t delay$ to acc$e to 8 wor%ipp]s'
 dem&s4 ,!y 7  n 9 a mood to /& any     
nons5se4 ,! image be=e :i* !y _h  knelt 

9 pray] only a few h\rs e>li] 0 n[ !    
object ( curses  & d]ision2 & e day !   
w9d 0 delay$ a new cord 0 add$  to b9d !
 sacr$ victim m tightly4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1
 ! w9d  *ang$ & blew f ! qu>t] desir$2 !
 sa9t 0 loos$ f  8 uncom=table position 
& replac$ respectfully 9 8 ni*e2 !      
sailors ?ank$ him1 b m+l$ ) _! ?anks    
reproa*es = !  ob/9acy :i* _h =c$ !m to 
take sev]e measures )  him4#ahb4a ,sa9t 
,an?ony inde$ suff]s mu* f 8 vot>ies4 ,!
  ,spani% population ( ,new ,mexico d n 
hesitate to hang 8 image  head d[nw>ds  
to urge him to 8 duty ( p]=m+ miracles4 
,o!r  ob/9ate sa9ts !y simply put away  
or imprison4#ahb4b ,! mod]n  ,aztecs    
give _! sacr$ images a :ipp+ :5 _!      
pray]s are n  att5d$ to4 ,! ,t>ascos (  
,mexico make ,san ,mateo responsible = !
  wea!r & ! crops4 ,:5 x freezes 8 image
 is tak5 f !  *ur* 9 ! e>ly morn+ &     
dump$ into cold wat] z a  puni%m5t4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 he is rew>d$ = good crops by a
  procession1 a big fea/1 & abundance ( 
br&y & tamales4#ahb4c    ,9 ,france1 ne>

 ! village ( la ,selle1 on ! highway f  
,autun to  ,*teau ,*9on1 is a granite   
rock1 on ! top ( :i* ru/ic piety  has   
erect$ a ,calv>y4 ,j bel[ x is a little 
grotto t s]ves z  a ni*e to %elt] #ahc !
 /atue ( ! good ,sa9t ,m]ri1 !  patron (
 ! p>i%4 ,sa9t ,m]ri has a reputation   
ext5d+ f> &  wide4 ,=m]ly on ! /one at 8
 feet might be se5 (f]+s (  eggs & small
 *ange2 & ev5 yet pilgrimages are made  
to 8 %r9e  9 pursuance ( v[s or = ! cure
 ( c]ta9 diseases4 ,among ^!1  x w\ld   
seem1 z ! (f]+ ( eggs may indicate1 he 0
 expect$  to cure /]ility4 ,x is relat$ 
t a pi\s woman ( a neighb\r+  village 0 
9 ! habit ( com+ to implore ! sa9t = h] 
daught]1 :o _h be5 m>ri$ = "s ye>s1 b _h
 _h no  *ildr54 ,%e _h ano!r daught]1 :o
 0 n m>ri$2 & ! sa9t  made a mi/ake3 x 0
 h] unm>ri$ daught] to :om a *ild 0     
grant$4 ,! good woman1 enrag$ at a      
blund] s inexcusable1 return$  to !     
sa9t4 ,bitt]ly reproa*+ him ) 8 mock]y (
 h]  pray]s1 %e took a /ick & inflict$  
on him a s\nd ca/igation1  break+ 8 arm 

& roll+ him ov] on ! gr\nd1 :]e he long 
rema9$1 a witness to 8 own unseemly je/ 
& h] righte\s  indignation4 ,!          
inhabitants at la/ made a collection to 
buy a new  sa9t1 :i* is n[ plac$ on a   
p$e/al 9 ! =egr\nd ( !  grotto1 :ile !  
old & guilty sa9t is relegat$ %amefully 
to a  corn]1 & /ill be>s ! scornful     
title ( ! ,weep]4#ahc4a    ,corporal    
puni%m5t ( sa9ts1 o!rwise ?an by way (  
p5ance dur+  _! mortal life1 has nev]   
enjoy$ (ficial fav\r 9 any =m (         
,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] gratify+ x may be to 
! feel+s (  disappo9t$ wor%ipp]s4 ,s f> 
z x is employ$ z a s]i\s means  (       
compell+ att5tion to ! ne$s & pray]s (  
#ahd _!  cli5ts x is by no means conf9$ 
to ,*ri/ianity4 ,savage &  b>b>ic       
peoples d n hesitate to puni% _! idols 9
 ?is mann]4  ,! practice is report$ f ! 
,s\!rn ,pacific to ! froz5  %ores ( !   
,arctic ,ocean 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,two or
 ?ree examples  w suffice4 ,! ,eskimo :o
 w&] along ! inhospitable coa/s (       
,ungava to ! nor? ( ,hudson's ,bay are  

att5d$ ea* by a gu>dian  _s1 (t5 9 ! =m 
( a doll c>ri$ some:]e ab\t !  p]son4   
,^! spirits are n naturally b5evol5t4   
,!y mu/ be  abundantly propitiat$ )     
(f]+s ( food1 wat] & clo?+1 to  induce  
!m to conf] success & prosp]ity ^u ! man
 :o may )  equal propriety be t]m$ _!   
ma/] or _! wor%ipp]4 ,if !  _s prove    
obdurate &1 l ,sa9t ,an?ony1 reluctant  
to grant !  ne$ful assi/ance1 its own]  
sometimes becomes angry ) x &  inflicts 
a condign *a/isem5t1 deprives x ( food1 
/rips x ( its  g>m5ts1 or ev5 palms x (f
 secretly on "s unsuspect+ fri5d1  to 8 
discom=t or injury4#ahd4a ,:5 a *ief    
dies 9 ! di/rict  ( ,ib\zo1 on ! ,nig]1 
)\t leav+ a son1 8 ,ik5gua1 or  dome/ic 
wood5 idol ( ! god ( ri*es1 is cut 9 two
 & flung  away into ! bu%1 because x has
 procur$ no male desc5dant = its        
wor%ipp]4#ahd4b ,a ,brahman boy 9 ,india
 att5d$ a mission-s*ool1  & 0 select$ to
 compete 9 a t5nis t\rnam5t4 ,he & 8 two
  y\ng] bro!rs _h ea* an image (        
,ganesa1 :i* 0 kept 9 a  %r9e = wor%ip4 

,previ\s to ! t\rnam5t ! images 7 tak5  
out & solemnly ?reat5$ by ! ?ree bro!rs 
) some?+ v  disagreeable if ! elde/     
bro!r lo/ ! mat*4 ,he lo/ x4 ,!  bro!rs 
return$ home1 & c>ri$ out _! ?reat by   
pit*+ !  ?ree #ahe images into ! well at
 ! back ( ! h\se4 ,! next  day !y salli$
 out & b\ght ?ree new images ( ! god to 
replace  ! old ones4#ahe4a ,! ,p>aiyans 
( ,s\!rn ,india on ! occasion  ( a      
dr\ght invoke ! dvata call$ ,kodumpvi   
7wick$ "o74 8,!  c]emony consi/s 9 mak+ 
a huge figure ( ,kodumpvi 9 clay1 :i*   
is plac$ on a c>t & dragg$ ?r\gh !      
/reets = sev5 to t5  days4 ,on ! la/ day
 ! f9al dea? c]emonies ( ! figure are   
celebrat$40 ,x is mutilat$1 & fun]al    
rites are p]=m$ by !  grave-digg]s4     
8,?is proc$ure is believ$ to put        
,kodumpvi to  %ame10 & to get h] to     
induce h] p>am\r ,sukra1 :o has neglect$
  8 duty1 to /ay ! dr\ght4#ahe4b ,if ?is
 be s1 x is evid5t  t ! figure is n     
id5tifi$ ) ! dvata1 & ! puni%m5t        
op]ates by ! m5tal r ?an ! corporeal    

annoyance inflict$  ^u h]4 ,japan af=ds 
an example ( righte\s indignation       
express+  itself 9 ca/igation :i* is    
pass+1 or has already pass$1 into a     
spell4 ,:5 ! own] ( a tea-h\se is       
dissatisfi$ ) ! numb]  ( 8 cu/om]s1 !   
wood5 pe/le ( ! tub 9 :i* v>i\s k9ds  ( 
meal & salt are mix$ = ! prep>ation ( a 
c]ta9 di% is  tak5 out & /ruck ?r\gh !  
upp]mo/ pap] panel ( ! door or  w9d[1 s 
t x falls on ! floor ) a cra%4 ,out come
 !  p ( ! h\se arm$ ) /icks1 brooms1 & s
 =?2 & !y  scold & ?ra% ! pe/le1 mak+   
him responsible = ! fewness (  _! gue/s4
 ,he is b\nd & ?r[n into a *e/4 ,if     
%ortly  aft]w>ds ! gue/s increase1 !    
pe/le is tak5 out ( 8 prison1  8        
=giv5ess is ask$1 & he is dr5*$ ) saki4 
,x is h>dly  necess>y to obs]ve t !     
pe/le is a phallic repres5tative1 &  t !
 bus9ess ( a tea-h\se #ahf (t5 ext5ds to
 !  ent]ta9m5t ( a gue/ 9 m ways ?an    
"o4#ahf4a    ,! practice1 h[ev]1 is s   
well kn[n t x w\ld be wa/e ( "t  to     
multiply illu/rations4 ,i w only add t 9

 ! valley ( !  ,nile1 9 ! days :5 !     
wor%ip ( animals1 :atev] its exact      
orig9 or mean+1 prevail$1 ! sacr$ bea/s 
7 c>efully t5d$  & tra9$1 & all _! wants
 7 provid$ =4 ,9 return !y  7 expect$ to
 grant _! wor%ipp]s' wi%es4 ,if !y 8c\ld
 n  or w\ld n help 9 em]g5cy !y 7 beat52
 & if ?is measure  fail$ to prove       
efficaci\s1 !n ! creatures 7 puni%$ by  
dea?2''' & x 0 ! prie/s !mselves :o     
condemn$ & execut$  ! sacr$ animal4     
,aft]w>ds inde$ !y s\ght to secure its  
immortality by ! embalmm5t ( ! body1    
!reby hop+ to appease  ! wra? ( ! god1  
le/ he %\ld av5ge ! kill+ ( !  creature 
9 :i* he _h be5 inc>nate40#ahf4b ,!re is
 su* a  ?+ z c>ry+ puni%m5t too f>1     
especially :5 y _c c>ry  x f> en\gh to  
put an end to a be+ ( indef9ite b       
sup]human  p[]1 :o w bottle up 8 ang]   
until he c cat* y (f y\r  gu>d4 ,?is    
inconv5i5ce is incid5t to ! !ory evolv$ 
by  ,egyptian syncretism t ! sacr$      
animals 7 inc>nations ( !  div9ities4   
,ano!r me?od ( deal+ ) a god or any     

sup]natural be+ is to  b9d & imprison   
him1 if y c cat* him4 ,?is ne$s b a     
cursory  m5tion "h4 ,x has be5 dealt )  
at "s l5g? by ,mr ,william  #ahg        
,crooke1 :o has +5i\sly sugge/$ t !     
,hom]ic /ory1  already ref]r$ to1 ( !   
b9d+ & imprisonm5t ( ,ares by ,otus  &  
,ephialtes owes its orig9 to ?is        
practice4#ahg4a ,9 any case x  is a     
common exp$i5t = ! lay+ ( a gho/4 ,i 0  
privileg$ to  live = "s ye>s 9 a h\se   
conc]n+ :i* "o ( ^!  gho/-lay+          
traditions 0 told2 & s f> z my exp]i5ce 
goes !  exp$i5t 0 entirely successful4  
,x is /ill 9 use by m$ic9e-m5  = deliv]+
 _! cli5ts f ! p]secution ( tr\blesome  
spirits4 ,among ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp]    
,congo 8sometimes !  wit*-doctor w drive
 ! _s into a saucepan or calaba%1 &     
ei!r kill x or imprison x40#ahg4b       
,obvi\sly ! adage 8,fir/ cat* y\r h>e0  
applies "h4 ,!  sup]natural be+ _c      
always be caught4 ,b he may be driv5    
away4  ,dr ,fraz] has illu/rat$ v fully 
! widespread practice (  expell+ evils  

consid]$ z p]sonal be+s ei!r p]iodically
 or  occasionally by c]emonies ( viol5ce
 or ( enticem5t1 p]suasion  & magical   
spells4#ahg4c ,! anci5t ,sc&9avians seem
 to h  in/itut$ solemn legal proce$+s   
aga9/ tr\blesome gho/s4 ,!re  is a      
rem>kable /ory 9 ! ,eyrbyggia ,saga ( a 
numb] ( malignant  gho/s :o haunt$ !    
settlem5t at ,frodiswat] ) disa/r\s     
effects to m5 & /ores4 ,! ,*ri/ian prie/
 sang ! h\rs !re1  manufactur$ holy wat]
 & %riv$ all folk4 ,?is 0 n en\gh to    
disp]se ! gho/s1 :o _h audaci\sly come &
 sat by ! fires1 to  ! horror ( !       
survivors1 & deva/at$ ! place ) sickness
  & mis=tune4 ,x 0 b ! prep>ation = !   
/r+5t measures  to foll[4 ,! b$-ge> (   
,?orgunna1 ! deceas$ /rang]-woman :o  _h
 />t$ #ahh ! mis*ief1 0 burn$4 ,! gho/s 
7 summon$  to a door-doom2 8& x 0 done 9
 all matt]s ev5 z at a doom (  ! ,?+3   
v]dicts 7 deliv]$1 cases summ$ up & doom
 giv540  ,! gho/s att5d$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! 
summons4 ,z ea* 0 f\nd  guilty he 0     
s5t5c$ to dep>t4 8,b z soon z ! s5t5ce  

on  ,?orir ,wood5-leg 0 giv5 out1 he    
rose & said3 #8,"h h ,i sat  :ile sit ,i
 might'02 & !reaft] he /ump$ out by !   
door  opposite to t be=e :i* ! c\rt 0   
hold+ its session4 ,?us  !y 7 bani%$ "o 
aft] ano!r2 8& ea* arose z ! s5t5ce     
fell on him1 & all said some:at at _!   
go+ =?2 b ev] x  seem$ by ! words ( ea* 
t !y 7 all lo? to dep>t40 ,la/  ( all   
judgem5t 0 giv5 ^u ,?orod1 ! rec5tly    
deceas$ goodman  ( ! h\se1 8& :5 he he>d
 x he /ood up & said3 #8,meseems  little
 peace is "h2 s get u all gone o!r:]e'2 
& !re) he  w5t out4 ,!n 9 walk$ ,ki>tan 
! heir & 8 folk1 & !  prie/ b>e hall[$  
wat] & ! holy ?+s ?r\gh\t ! h\se2  & on 
! next day !y sang all ! h\rs & mass )  
great  solemnity2 & s !re 0 an end      
!reaft] to all walk+s &  haunt+s at     
,frodiswat]40#ahh4a    ,:at is important
 to obs]ve "h is ! entire respect paid  
by !  crim9al rev5ants to ! =mal &      
delib]ate decision ( !  society aga9/   
:i* !y _h s9n$4 ,!y obey$ x z !y w\ld  h
 obey$ x 9 _! lifetime4 ,9 hea!n times1 

out ( :i*  ,icel& _h sc>cely em]g$1 !   
,?+ 0 ! lawful assembly ( !  :ole       
community4 ,its doom outlaw$ ^? memb]s  
:o 7 convict$ (  antisocial conduct1 &  
su* 0 und\bt$ly ! conduct ( ! dead  :o  
return$ to #ahi h>m ! liv+4 ,?\gh dead  
!y 7 /ill  memb]s ( ! society & subject 
to its laws4 ,by ^? laws x 0  _! duty to
 abide 9 ! h[e1 or grave-m\nd1 & !nce   
wat* ov]  ! well-be+ ( ! family1 receiv+
 9 return a cult4 ,!  au?ority ( ! ,?+  
ext5d$ to all matt]s int]e/+ !          
community1 religi\s z well z political1 
juridical &  adm9i/rative4 ,"u          
,*ri/ianity1 & ! advanc+ civilization ( 
:i* x 0 a "p1 ! religi\s au?ority 0     
beg9n+ to be  sep>at$ f its control1 (  
:i* p]haps we may see a h9t 9 !         
n>rative4 ,b ! religi\s (ficials 7 act+ 
9 unison ) !  re/1 ?\gh h>dly n[ z "p ( 
!m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cult  ( ! dead 0 no 
long] (ficially recogniz$4 ,x is        
improbable t  x _h ceas$2 & assur$ly !  
defunct 7 /ill *>g$ ) !  negative duty (
 rema9+ quietly 9 ! h[e & ab/a9+ f all  

mole/ation ( ^? :om !y _h left beh9d4   
,!re may be "s  d\bt z to ! te*nical    
/atus ( ! assembly :i* dealt ) !  case4 
,if n a local & subord9ate ,?+1 x seems 
at lea/ to h  be5 a prop]ly con/itut$   
tribunal1 proce$+ 9 a p]fectly  regul>  
mann]1 & c>ry+ 9 its decisions ! =ce (  
law4 ,x _h  probably n yet become       
entirely dive/$ ( spiritual             
jurisdiction1  or at lea/ ( spiritual   
pre/ige1 :i* may inde$ be tak5 to be    
sanction$ & support$ by ! c\nt5ance &   
assi/ance ( !  prie/ ( ! new religion4  
,! gho/ly transgressors recogniz$ its   
au?ority1 ! propriety ( its proc$ure1 ! 
ju/ice & ! b9d+  "* ( its s5t5ce2 &     
h[ev] mu* !y grudg$ x1 !y  submitt$4    
,x ne$ n be said t m summ>y measures 7  
(t5 tak5 )  ^? :o 8walk$0 aft] dea? to !
 inconv5i5ce ( ! survivors4  ,!y consi/$
 9 #aij digg+ out & de/roy+ ! corpse1 or
  deal+ ) x 9 a way simil> to t us$ )   
vampires1 :i* are  inde$ "o species ( ^!
 tr\blesome visitors4 ,examples are n   
uncommon 9 ! ,norse sagas1 & are        

pl5tiful 9 ! folklore ( !  ,sc&9avian & 
o!r c\ntries4    ,an alt]native to driv+
 away ! sup]natural be+ is to ?reat5  & 
insult him4 ,( ?is ,i h 9 previ\s pages 
giv5 "s examples4  ,! anci5t ,greeks _h 
a te*nical t]m = =mul ( ?is k9d4  ,!y   
call$ !m  1 compulsions ( ! gods4 ,x w  
be  suffici5t to ref] to a few cases (  
insult employ$ by diff]5t  peoples 9 all
 s]i\sness1 & (t5 9 ! sacr$ ritual4 ,:5 
a  sacrifice is (f]$ to ! ance/ral manes
 by ! ,?onga (  ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa on !
 occasion ( sickness 9 ! family1 !y  are
 told3 8,y are useless1 y gods2 y only  
give u tr\ble6 ,=  al?\gh we give y     
(f]+s1 y d n li/5 to u6 ,we are  depriv$
 ( ev]y?+6 ,y nam+ ! ance/ral _s :o is  
address$ z ! cause ( ! evil are full (  
hatr$6 ,y d n  enri* u6 ,all ^? :o      
succe$ d s by ! help ( _! gods60 ,we    
are in=m$ t :5 "s great mis=tune is !   
occasion = a  special sacrifice1 !      
reque/ pres5t$ 9 ! pray] is prec$$ or   
foll[$ by a ritual insult+ ( ! gods     
7manes74 8,!re are two  words us$ to    

designate ?is curi\s "p ( ! pray]3      
holobela1  to scold ! gods1 or rukatela1
 ! real ^w = to  insult40#aij4a ,"h x   
mu/ n be =gott5 t ! p]sonages  address$ 
are #aia memb]s ( ! family4 ,x is true t
 !y h  be5 div9iz$ by dea?1 b _! family 
relation%ip has n be5  dissolv$4 ,!y h  
/ill _! duties to p]=m1 z well z !      
survivors2 & if !y neglect !m a family  
qu>rel may reasonably be  ! consequ5ce1 
z x might 9 _! lifetime4    ,?is me?od (
 bully+ div9ities is well kn[n 9 ,india4
 ,a pair (  examples f ! extremities ( !
 p59sula w suffice4 ,p>akutty  is a     
debas$ =m ( ,vi%nu 7or p]haps x may be m
 correct to say  an aborig9al demon     
id5tifi$ ) ,vi%nu71 wor%ipp$ by "s ( !  
l[ ca/es 9 ,co*94 ,! ,nayadis are a     
jungle tribe reput$ to be  skilful      
hunt]s4 ,p>akutty is suppos$ to aid !m 9
 hunt+4 ,:5  !y fail to get ! expect$   
game !y abuse him = 8 +ratitude1  & =   
betray+ ! tru/ !y h repos$ 9 him4 ,he is
 also !  fav\rite deity ( ! ,p>ayans4 ,a
 ,p>aya magician is frequ5tly  call$ 9  

to assi/ 9 recov]+ /ol5 prop]ty4 ,he    
invokes  ,p>akutty = ! purpose4 ,if !   
prop]ty be n recov]$ !  magician prays  
aga91 ?is "t 9 a m indignant & abusive  
=m1  & he ?9ks t !n 8 object is sure to 
be ga9$4#aia4a ,9  ,! ,leg5ds ( !       
,panjab1 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,temple gives a   
long poem 9  :i* a woman 9 tr\ble       
expresses h] int5tion ( curs+ h] patron 
sa9t ,gorakh ,n? = ! mis=tunes t h      
befall5 h]4#aia4b  ,9 ! same _s         
,*>lemagne1 9 ! romances1 is made to    
?reat5  ,god to ?r[ d[n 8 alt>s & make !
 *ur*es ) all _!  prie/s cease f ! l& ( 
! ,franks4#aia4c    ,great & awful z    
gods may be1 !y are aft] all b #aib     
human4  ,! mo/ my/]i\s ( !m are conceiv$
 9 quasi-human t]ms4 ,on !  o!r h&1     
human be+s are (t5 look$ ^u z gods &    
treat$  accord+ly4 ,b !n _! treatm5t is 
simply t ( p[]ful m51  m5 possess$ ( &  
fill$ ) a great] or less degree ( mana1 
:o !re=e require to be h&l$ g+]ly1 l an 
unexplod$ bomb4  ,su* a man-god1 if a   
native rul] or fell[-tribesman1 c seldom

 be  driv5 away2 b he may1 especially if
 8 mana be suspect$ (  dep>t+ f him1 be 
attack$ & sla94 ,to exp\nd ?is practice 
& ! belief on :i* x is f\nd$1 or ) :i* x
 is b\nd up1  ,dr ,fraz]'s great "w1 ,! 
,gold5 ,b\gh1 has be5 writt54 ,!  :ite  
man1 l ! gods1 is to peoples 9 ! l[]    
culture  my/]i\s1 p[]ful1 end[$ ) mana4 
,to t ext5t he is !  object ( wond] &   
fe>1 he is a god4 ,yet he may be f\ght &
  ov]p[]$1 kill$ or driv5 away4 ,( !    
,bangala 9 ! ,upp] ,congo  bas9 we are  
told t be=e ! unkn[n & my/]i\s ! native 
8is timid1 fe>ful1 & v sup]/iti\s4 ,he w
 reg>d y z a  god1 & yet try to fight y2
 he w sup]/iti\sly believe t  y h       
wond]ful occult p[]s t c /op ! ra91     
cause  pe/il5ce & plagues2 & yet he w n 
attempt to conciliate y1  b he w        
savagely tell y to cle> out ( 8 t[n &   
take y\r  wit*craft else:]e40#aib4a     
,s & n o!rwise ! savage treats 8 gods4  
,:]e mild] means  avail n1 & he c get 8 
way by r\gh treatm5t ( ! idols or  o!r  
tangible =ms 9 :i* !y are pres5t$1 he   

does n hesitate  to use physical =ce4 ,z
 little w he hesitate to use guile to   
eke  out 8 inf]ior /r5g?4 ,x is b ano!r 
manife/ation ( 8  or5da4 ,h5ce ! tales (
 audaci\s h]oes #aic :o h measur$  _!   
/r5g? or _! cunn+ aga9/ m trem5d\s      
p]sonages4  ,h5ce ! ?reats & insults    
address$ to p[]s beyond imm$iate  rea*  
by peoples all ov] ! _w4 ,h5ce !        
puni%m5t inflict$ on  ! images ( gods & 
sa9ts4 ,h5ce ! boldness ( ! ,celts4     
,,! ,,haunt$ ,,wid[    #aid    ,accord+ 
to ! leg5d ( ,osiris z pres]v$ = u by   
,plut>*1  ! sla9 div9ity accompani$ )   
,isis1 8 si/]-wife1 aft] 8  dea?1 ) !   
result t %e _h by him a *ild ^: "n is   
giv5  9 ,greek =m z ,h>pocrates4#aid4a  
,d\bt has be5 ?r[n by "s  ,egyptologi/s 
^u ! accuracy ( ,plut>*'s report2 b x is
  probably correct4 ,at all ev5ts !     
incid5t is fairly widespread bo?  9 tale
 & sup]/ition1 z ,i %all proce$ to %[4  
,among ! ,*9ese ! dead ( bo? sexes h    
always be5 held capable  ( sexual       
int]c\rse ) ! liv+4 ,a fav\rite topic ( 

,*9ese  tales is t ( a belat$ w&]]      
ent]ta9$ by a lib]al ho/ or  ho/ess &   
pass+ ! "t 9 agreeable conv]sation1     
eat+1  dr9k+1 sleep+ & sexual int]c\rse1
 & !n sudd5ly awak+  to f9d himself or  
h]self1 z ! case may be1 9 or on a tomb1
 )  no trace ( human dwell+ ne>4 ,visits
 are paid by ! dead to !  liv+ = v>i\s  
purposes1 f :i* ! enjoym5t ( ! pleasures
  ( m>ri$ life are n exclud$4 ,"o fam\s 
/ory conc]ns a man (  ! ,ma clan1 :o di$
 *ildless1 leav+ a wife :o refus$ to    
m>ry  aga94 ,9 h] sorr[ %e #aie caus$ to
 be made a clay image ( !  deceas$ &    
(f]$ some?+ to x :5ev] %e took a meal1 z
 %e  _h done to h] husb& 9 8 lifetime4  
,"o night ! image became  animat$1 &    
tell+ h] t he 0 h] husb& p]mitt$ to     
return  & solace h] fidelity & *a/ity1  
he pass$ ! night ) h]1  ris+ at cockcr[ 
& go+ away4 ,! visit 0 repeat$ e night1 
) ! result t be=e ! end ( a mon? %e _h  
conceiv$ &  9 due "t bore a son4        
,in=mation 0 laid be=e ! magi/rate &  ! 
woman 0 arre/$4 ,on he>+ h] /ory !      

magi/rate said3 8,i  h he>d t ! *ildr5 (
 gho/s are %ad[less1 & t ^?  t h %ad[s  
are n g5u9e40 ,he took ! *ild into !    
sun%9e1 & lo1 its %ad[ 0 z fa9t z a     
light smoke4 ,he fur!r  te/$ x by prick+
 its f+] & putt+ ! blood on ! clay      
image ( ! woman's husb&1 into :i* x     
soak$ )\t leav+ a  trace1 :]eas sme>$ on
 ano!r image x 0 wip$ (f at once4  ,^!  
exp]im5ts conv9c$ ! magi/rate t !       
woman's tale 0  true2 & all traces (    
suspicion subsequ5tly vani%$ :51 z !    
boy grew up1 he 0 f\nd closely to       
resemble ! deceas$ 9 face1  ge/ure &    
spee*4#aie4a    ,gansm1 a div9ity       
wor%ipp$ by ! ,muss & ,gonds ( ,b5gal1  
is  said to h be5 a ,gond *ief :o 0     
dev\r$ by a tig] j aft]  8 m>riage at an
 e>ly age4 8,cut (f at su* a mom5t1 x 0 
unreasonable to suppose t 8 _s w\ld re/4
 ,"o ye> aft] 8  dea? he visit$ 8 wife1 
& %e conceiv$ by him2 & !  desc5dants ( 
! gho/ly embrace are1 x is said1 liv+ to
 ?is day  at ,amodah 9 ! ,c5tral        
,prov9ces40 ,z a result ( o!r app>itions

  to _m ( 8 old fri5ds he p]suad$ !m to 
inaugurate a regul>  wor%ip ( #aif him1 
& two fe/ivals 9 ! ye> 7 e/abli%$  9 8  
hon\r4#aif4a ,n 9 all cases1 h[ev]1 d ! 
deceas$  husb&'s visits to 8 wid[ result
 9 ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,!  leg5d ( ,zhir   
,pir1 ! sa9t ( a ,mohamm$aniz$ ca/e (   
scav5g]s ab\t ,b5>es1 relates t he 0    
involv$ 9 /rife )  8 "m's si/]'s sons1  
:o disput$ 8 succession to 8  fa!r's    
k+dom1 & slew !m4 ,= ?is he 0 curs$ by 8
 "m  nev] to see h] face aga94 ,9 8     
angui% he call$ ^u ,"m  ,e>? to receive 
him into h] bosom4 ,on h] refusal1      
because1 be+ a  ,h9du1 he 0 n burnt1 he 
made a pilgrimage to ,mecca & accept$   
,islam4 ,aft]w>ds r5ew+ 8 petition1 !   
e>? op5$ &  disclos$ a *apel z = a      
h]mit4 ,zhir ,pir ent]$ on 8 *>g]1  & ! 
e>? clos$ above him & 8 devotions4      
,siryal1 8 wid[1  r$uc$ ) 8 "m to       
pov]ty1 m\rn$ him & cri$3 8,"m  ,e>?1   
give me back my husb&60 ,by ,god's comm&
 ! e>? yield$  him up to visit h]       
nightly2 b e morn+ at daybreak he flew  

away on 8 w+$ *>g]4 ,siryal _h disc>d$  
h] jewels z became  a wid[ :5 %e lo/ h] 
husb&4 ,n[ t %e receiv$ ^! secret       
visits %e resum$ !m z a matron4 ,:5 h]  
"m-9-law upbraid$  h]1 say+3 8,:at means
 ?is wanton f9]y80 %e return$3 8,to !e  
?y son is dead3 to me my husb& is       
alive40 ,9 explanation ( !  riddle %e   
plac$ h] b5ea? ! b$/ead at night t %e   
might see  h] son4 ,b :5 ,zhir ,pir came
 at midnight 8 ag$ "m _h  fall5 into a  
deep sleep1 :i* 0 undi/urb$ by ! c>esses
 above  h]2 nor 0 x until he _h quitt$ !
 b$ & vault$ into !  saddle t ,siryal   
c\ld r\se h]4 ,%e />t$ up & clut*$ 8    
bridle4 ,ev5 !n h] curse prev5t$ h] f   
#aig see+ h] son's  face4 8,i d b obey  
?y bidd+10 he groan$1 turn+ 8 face away4
  8,look back6 ?y h\se is burn+40#aig4a 
,s among ! ,calmucks we  he> ( a khan   
:o1 be+ m>ri$ to a wife :om he did n    
love1  resort$ to a girl liv+ a little  
di/ance away4 ,8 visits result$  9 h]   
pregnancy2 b be=e ! bir? ( h] *ild he   
di$4 ,dea?  does n prev5t him f c>ry+ h]

 (f to 8 fun]al rites1 nor  f aft]w>ds  
pay+ h] m>ital visits on ! fifte5? ( e  
mon?1 & sp5d+ ! night ) h]1 disappe>+ 9 
! morn+4  ,:5 %e urges him to /ay1 s t 8
 "m may see him & be  conv9c$ ( h] tru?1
 he gives h] directions to g to ! place 
(  ! dead & fet* 8 he>t4 ,?is %e        
accompli%es1 & ?us recov]s  him z h]    
husb& p]man5tly4#aig4b ,! isl&]s ( !    
,ea/  ,indian ,ar*ipelago are pr(\ndly  
conv9c$ t v>i\s k9ds (  spirits c h     
simil> int]c\rse ) human be+s4 ,!       
spirits (  ! dead are n except$ f ?is   
belief2 & alb9os are held to be  _!     
(fspr+ by a liv+ "m4 ,a fam\s prie/-k+ (
 !  ,toba-bataks1 call$ ,s+a ,mang>aja1 
ow$ 8 bir? to ?is  cause4#aig4c    ,a   
/ory is told by ! ,d5e 7,a?apascans7 ( !
 nor!rn prov9ces (  ,canada conc]n+ a   
man :o "o night sudd5ly disappe>$ f 8   
wife's side1 & 9 ! morn+1 9 ! a%es ( !  
he>?1 7  f\nd ! clov5 footpr9ts ( a     
re9de]3 he _h be5 trans=m$4  #aih ,8    
wife 0 an adept 9 magic4 ,by its aid %e 
became an exp]t  hunt]1 & aft] ! loss ( 

h] husb& suppli$ ! family1  consi/+ ( h]
 "m & little son1 ) food4 ,z h] son grew
  up1 he 9 turn hunt$ & successfully    
sn>$ re9de]4 ,"o day he  caught a re9de]
 ) human hair betwe5 its horns4 ,he     
br\ght its  c>case to 8 "m1 :o _h       
con/antly m\rn$ h] husb&4 ,%e at  once  
recogniz$ ! dead re9de] z h] husb&4 ,ly+
 d[n along  ) x1 ! animal reviv$ & once 
m became man4 ,?us %e  recov]$ ! husb&  
:om %e _h lov$1 & = :om %e _h s long    
sorr[$4 ,! /ory is tiological1 told to  
expla9 :y s _m  re9de] are caught )     
sn>es made ( magical bonds ( p9e-root1  
& :y c]ta9 p>ts ( ! re9de] are n        
eat54#aih4a    ,plut>* m5tions t        
,h>pocrates 0 born lame1 t is to say1 ) 
8 l[] limbs feebly develop$1 & int]prets
 ?is z a p>able (  ! new corn ) its t5d]
 & imp]fect %oots4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1  t ! 
(fspr+ born ( ! unnatural connection ) a
 dead man is  repres5t$ z be+ z         
rem>kable z ! mann] ( 8 g5]ation1  & n  
infrequ5tly mon/r\s4 ,we h se5 t !      
,toba-bataks ?us  acc\nt = ! bir? ( an  

alb9o4 ,a /ory told by ! ,transylvanian 
,gypsies conc]ns a girl nam$ ,m>iutza ( 
! ,*ale tribe1 !  daught] ( a weal?y    
*ief4 ,%e lov$ a y\? nam$ ,j>ko1 to :om 
h] fa!r refus$ to give h]4 ,h] bro!rs   
caught h] 9 8 arms  "o night1 & slew    
him4 ,!y kill$ "o ( _! fa!r's horses &  
buri$ x ) him 9 a grave on ! edge ( !   
=e/1 spread+ !  report abroad t he _h   
fl$ & w\ld nev] return to ! tribe4  ,%e 
0 n a witness ( 8 dea?1 & did n "k :at  
_h become  ( him4 ,"o #aii night1 unable
 to sleep1 %e w5t out ( ! t5t1  sat d[n 
beside a brook & wept bitt]ly1 cry+     
al\d3 8,oh t ,i  c\ld once m see him1   
dead or alive60 ,h>dly _h %e utt]$ !    
words :5 %e he>d ! r+ ( a horse's ho(s1 
& h] lov]  gallop$ up on a :ite /e$1 8  
clo?+ cov]$ ) blood & 8  hair ) icicles4
 ,he took h] up2 & ! /e$ made (f to !   
grave1 :]e he lay d[n ) h] 9 8 arms4 ,%e
 re/$ ?us 9 h]  lov]'s arms until day   
began to break1 :5 he s5t h] back to h] 
t5t1 *>g+ h] to cease f di/urb+ 8 re/   
any fur!r )  h] te>s4 ,z %e hurri$ away 

! grave clos$4 ,aft] n9e mon?s %e  bore 
a great /one t flew f t5t to t5t until x
 met h]  bro!rs1 &1 /rik+ !m on ! head1 
hurl$ !m bo? dead to !  gr\nd4 ,!n x    
disappe>$2 & :5 folk came to look =     
,m>iutza1  %e too lay dead on h]        
b$4#aii4a ,9 a mod]n ,icel&ic tale a    
y\? & maid5 love "o ano!r1 b are prev5t$
 f m>ry+4  ,! y\? dies1 b aft] dea?     
visits 8 belov$ by night4 ,an old  woman
 9 :om %e confides compels ! dead man to
 confess4 ,he tells  h] t ! girl is     
pregnant1 & w be> a son :o w surpass    
all m5 9 beauty & intellect1 & w become 
a prie/2 b unless  someone be f\nd bold 
en\gh to /ab him 9 ! brea/ dur+ 8  fir/ 
mass1 ! *ur* w s9k into ! e>? ) all ! p 
9  x4 ,x 0 done2 & ! "y prie/ disappe>$1
 leav+ beh9d on  ! floor ( ! *ur* no?+ b
 ?ree drops ( blood4#aii4b    ,9        
,brittany a /ory is told ) mu*          
circum/ance ( place & "n1  relat+ h[ a  
peasant-f>m] ( ! village ( ,k]anni\ di$1
  leav+ a wife mu* y\ng] #bjj ?an       
himself & sev5 *ildr54  ,aft] dea? he   

reappe>$ z gho/1 & play$ a v>iety (     
tricks4 ,at  l5g? 8 wid[ f\nd h]self    
pregnant1 &1 seek+ ! prie/1  confess$ ) 
te>s t ! deceas$ _h la9 ) h] sev]al     
times1 insi/+ t he _h be5 s5t back by   
,god because he _h n  _h 8 full tale (  
*ildr54 ,! duty ( br++ into ! _w  "o's  
allott$ numb] ( *ildr51 x may be obs]v$1
 is a motive 9  _m ( ! grimm] ,breton   
/ories4 ,z h] condition became visible  
! neighb\rs taunt$ ! un=tunate wid[2 b !
 prie/ took h]  "p op5ly 9 ! *ur*4 ,a   
*ild 0 born1 b )\t eyes4 ,!  gho/ appe>$
 aga91 & took f> m int]e/ 9 x ?an 9 any 
(  ! *ildr5 born dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,!    
*ild 0 extremely  precoci\s1 b liv$ only
 = sev5 mon?s4 ,:5 x di$ ! dead  man's  
gho/ 0 se5 to accompany ! fun]al        
procession4 ,f t  h\r he 0 nev] beheld  
aga92 & ! villag]s said he _h be5  wait+
 = ! babe to lead him by ! h& to        
,p>adise4#bjj4a ,a  simil> incid5t is   
f\nd z f> away z among ! ,bella ,coola (
 !  ,briti% ,columbian fiords4 ,!re a   
husb& & wife :o 7 devot$ to  "o ano!r   

made v[s ( mutual fidelity1 ev5 aft] !  
dea? (  ei!r ( !m4 ,! husb& di$2 & 8    
body 0 plac$1 z 0  usual1 9 a little    
dead-hut4 ,! wid[ wept bitt]ly1 ent]$ ! 
dead-hut & lay d[n to sleep beside !    
corpse4 ,9 h] dreams %e  saw him once m 
alive4 ,he begot ^u h] a *ild1 :i* 0    
born  aft] ! lapse ( a =tnight4 ,x 0 n l
 o!r *ildr51 = x  consi/$ only ( a head 
)\t a body4 ,! wid[ 0 unwill+ to        
exhibit su* a mon/]2 b h] "m did n re/  
until %e 0  all[$ to take x 9 h] arms4  
,:5 %e saw :at x 0 %e let x  fall #bja 9
 t]ror4 ,! head sank into ! e>? &       
disappe>$  f view4#bja4a    ,cases l ^! 
sugge/ t ,plut>*'s view ( ! crippl$     
condition 9 :i* ,h>pocrates 0 born is n 
to be accept$4 ,x does  n necess>ily    
foll[ t ! int]pretation ( ,osiris z a   
deity (  vegetation1 adumbrat$ by !     
philosoph] & adopt$ by ,pr(essor        
,fraz]1 is :olly incorrect4 ,we are 9   
error if we suppose ! my? (  ,osiris to 
be "o & self-consi/5t4 ,! my?s ( ,osiris
 7  innum]able4 ,! realm ( ,egypt 0 =m$ 

by ! union ( a numb] (  small indep5d5t 
/ates or communities4 ,ea* ( ^!         
communities _h  its own cu/oms1         
in/itutions1 beliefs1 mr*54 ,_m /ories  
told1  :e!r = s]i\s cr$5ce or by way (  
pa/ime1 9 e di/rict  7 d\btless common  
to all ,egypt4 ,b probably ev5 !y _h _! 
local v>iants2 & ^! v>iants mu/ (t5 h   
be5  irreconcilable4 ,! ph5om5on is     
famili>4 ,x is abundantly  exemplifi$ 9 
! tales ( ! ,greek & ,sc&9avian         
my?ologies4 ,9  ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! =mation
 ( a /rong c5tral au?ority1 & !         
consequ5t gr[? & ma9t5ance dur+ _m ages 
( a p[]ful &  educat$ prie/hood1 7 among
 ! influ5ces t l$ to a  p]si/5t attempt 
to unify & expla9 ! pr9cipal div9e my?s1
 to  atta* !m to ! v>i\s local &        
p]iodical solemnities already  obs]v$ f 
"t immemorial1 & to educe f ! jumble    
some?+  l a sy/em1 a philosophy4 ,:e!r 9
 ?is process an orig9ally  indep5d5t my?
 _h become unit$ ) a s]ies (            
agricultural  rites1 or :e!r a my?      
previ\sly annex$ to su* rites _h acquir$

  an indep5d5t exi/5ce by virtue ( a    
high] inspiration1 #bjb  matt]s n to u4 
,! /ory ( ,osiris is f\nd on ! ,egyptian
  monum5ts 9 a numb] ( frequ5tly        
disconnect$ texts1 ( :i* !re  is no     
au?oritative canon4 ,among ^? texts !   
exact /atus &  mean+ ( ! ,h>pocratian   
episode is probably a subject on :i* !  
,egyptians !mselves w\ld h be5 unable to
 agree4 ,we c h>dly be  wrong 9 indulg+ 
our scepticism at ! exp5se ( ,plut>*'s  
int]pretation1 ?\gh he may simply h     
report$ x z x 0 giv5  to him4 ,! p>allel
 tales1 :e!r ( ,europe or ,am]ica1 at   
lea/ are  purely human4 ,!y yield no    
trace ( vegetable symbolism4 ,!y are    
f\nd$ ^u impulses & beliefs t h all ov] 
! _w  influ5c$ ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds !   
sup]natural4    ,x 0 a common belief 9  
antiquity1 & !nce ?r\gh ! ,middle  ,ages
 & "r d[n1 among ! un$ucat$ classes1 to 
mod]n times1  t dead m5 & o!r           
sup]natural be+s might h int]c\rse  )   
liv+ wom54 ,^u ?is belief & ! innum]able
 tales  connect$ !re) 0 f\nd$ ,brg]'s   

fam\s ballad (  ,l5ore4#bjb4a ,! /ory   
told by ,h]odotus ( ! pat]nity (        
,dem>atus1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 is an e>ly     
example4 ,dem>atus1 be+  accus$ ( n be+ 
! son ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,ari/on1 adjur$ 8 
"m 9 a solemn c]emony to tell him !     
tru?4 ,h] acc\nt 0  t1 on ! ?ird night  
aft] h] m>riage to ,ari/on1 an app>ition
  9 8 lik5ess & we>+ g>l&s came to h]1  
&1 hav+ embrac$  h] 9 conjugal wise1    
transf]r$ to h] ! g>l&s x wore &        
dep>t$4 ,ari/on1 com+ 9 aft]w>ds1 saw ! 
g>l&s & ask$  :o _h giv5 !m to h]4 ,%e  
told him he _h done s himself2 &  :5 he 
d5i$ #bjc x %e confirm$ x ) an oa?4     
,ari/on !n  began to suspect div9e      
int]f]5ce4 ,on mak+ enquiry x 0 f\nd  t 
! g>l&s 7 f ! adjac5t temple ( ! h]o    
,a/rabakus2 & ! div9]s id5tifi$ !       
app>ition ) ! h]o  himself4 ,9 t night  
,dem>atus' "m became pregnant (         
him4#bjc4a ,satyrs & ,fauns1 "u ! "n (  
incubi1 7  g5]ally held to be guilty (  
crim9al assaults ^u wom5 :5  opportunity
 (f]$4 ,among ! ,gauls1 we are told by  

,sa9t ,augu/9e1  ?is k9d ( evil _s 0    
kn[n z ,dusii2 & _! con/ant  exploits1 z
 well z ^? ( ! ,silvans & ,fauns1 7 s   
well  atte/$ t to ! great ecclesia/ic x 
seem$ x w\ld be impud5t  to d5y         
!m4#bjc4b    ,incubi 7 id5tifi$ by lat] 
!ologians ) devils2 & _!  embraces 7    
almo/ always an item 9 ! accusation     
aga9/ wit*es  be=e a legal tribunal4 ,:5
 (fspr+ result$1 x 0 naturally a  mon/]4
 ,! romance ( ,m]l91 born ( su* a       
connection1 born grisly  to sight & r\gh
 & n z o!r *ildr51 0 cit$ z a fact by  !
 cr$ul\s writ]s ( ^? days on wit*craft &
  demonology4#bjc4c    #bjd    ,accord+ 
to ,bulg>ian belief a gho/ aga9/ :i*    
prop] precautions  are n tak5 may cause1
 especially 9 ! w9t]1 mu* annoyance4    
,su* gho/s may ev5 h sexual int]c\rse ) 
wom54 ,z lately z  ! ye> #ahhh1 at !    
village ( ,orzoja1 ! dea? ( a c]ta9 girl
  0 attribut$ by ! p to ?is cause4#bjd4a
 ,a ,ru!nian /ory  repres5ts a dead     
husb& z haunt+ 8 wife e night = a :ole  
ye>4 ,:e!r he actually came to conjugal 

int]c\rse does n  appe>4 ,h[ev] t might 
h be51 he gave h] no re/ f 8  bodily    
attacks4 ,worn out1 %e s\ght = help     
aga9/ him1 & 0  advis$ to take poppy-se$
 to b$ ) h]1 to fa/5 ^u h] head a  l>ge 
b[l1 & to light a tap]4 ,:5 ! dead man  
came z usual %e  ?rew ! poppy-se$ 9 8   
face1 z %e _h be5 prescrib$4 ,he ask$  9
 a tone ( surprise :o _h giv5 h] ?is    
advice4 ,by way ( answ]  %e ?rew m4 ,9 a
 fury ! dead man flung himself ^u h]1 by
 ma9  =ce tore ! b[l f h] & took to     
flight1 app>5tly conv9c$  t he _h torn  
(f h] head4 ,! door bang$ aft] him s    
viol5tly  z to split f top to bottom2 & 
9 ! morn+ ! b[l 0 f\nd  "s di/ance away1
 sma%$ to pieces4 ,b ! woman 0 deliv]$  
f h] torm5tor f t h\r4#bjd4b    ,sir    
,walt] ,scott's novel1 ,! ,pirate1 0    
bas$ on ! de$s &  capture ( "o ,john    
,g[4 ,?is man 0 tak5 prison] 9 ! ,orkney
  ,isl&s & aft]w>ds tri$ be=e ! ,high   
,c\rt ( ,admiralty 9  ,london1 condemn$ 
= piracy & execut$4 ,be=e 8 capture he  
_h  become affianc$ to an ,orcadian     

girl4 8,x is #bje said10 writes ,sir    
,walt] 9 ! adv]tisem5t prefix$ to !     
book1 8t ! lady ^:  affections ,g[ _h   
engag$ w5t up to ,london to see him be=e
 8  dea?1 & t1 arriv+ too late1 %e _h ! 
c\rage to reque/ a  sight ( 8 dead body2
 & !n1 t\*+ ! h& ( ! corpse1 %e  =mally 
resum$ ! tro?-plight :i* %e _h be/[$4   
,)\t  go+ ?r\gh ?is c]emony %e c\ld n1  
accord+ to !  sup]/ition ( ! c\ntry1 h  
escap$ a visit f ! gho/ (  h] dep>t$    
lov]1 9 ! ev5t ( h] be/[+ ^u any liv+   
suitor ! fai? :i* %e _h plight$ to !    
dead40#bje4a ,9 !  ,orkney ,isl&s ^!    
sup]/itions 7 !n vivid4 ,if we may judge
 by  a phrase 9 ! record ( a wit*-trial 
at ,kirkwall1 x 0 ! belief  9 ! e>ly "p 
( ! sev5te5? c5tury t a man sla9 at !   
go+ d[n ( ! sun rema9$ nei!r liv+ nor   
dead1 b 0  capable ( sexual int]c\rse ) 
any woman :o w\ld yield h]self  to him2 
9 return = :i* he gave 8a guidly fe10 9 
! %ape (  second sight & p[] ( div9+ !  
future4#bje4b ,a  circum/antial &       
horrible acc\nt ( a s]ies ( occurr5ces (

 !  same p]iod 9 ,icel& is giv5 by      
contempor>y au?orities4 ,a man (        
position nam$ ,iv> ,eyjulfsson 0 w$d$ to
 ,h]dis1 daught] ( ,s]a  ,magnus        
,jonsson ( ,ottr>dal4 ,!y liv$ at       
,reykj>fjrd on  affectionate t]ms2 & !  
husb& (t5 pray$ 8 wife 9 case (  8 dea? 
n to m>ry aga91 or some?+ unt[>d w\ld   
happ54 ,9  ! ye> #afjd1 despite =ebod+  
dreams dur+ ! :ole ( !  previ\s w9t]1 he
 w5t to sea ) f\r companions4 ,on tak+  
leave  ( 8 wife & fa!r-9-law #bjf z if  
he nev] expect$ to see  !m aga91 he     
reit]at$ 8 injunctions to h] to rema9   
s+le4 ,a  qu>rel arose at sea betwe5    
,iv> & "o ( 8 companions nam$ ,jon2  !  
boat f\nd]$1 & ,iv>1 ,jon1 & ano!r ( !  
crew 7  dr[n$4 ,! bodies came to %ore at
 ,lang>dal1 & 7 buri$ 9 !  *ur*y>d !re4 
,on digg+ ! grave an old] grave1 ly+ 9  
hea!n fa%ion nor? & s\?1 0 f\nd2 & j :]e
 ! brea/  ( ! corpse lay 0 a great /one1
 & beside x an iron arr[head4  ,?is     
incid5t seems to h be5 reg>d$ z hav+ "s 
connection  ) ! spooks :i* 7 subsequ5tly

 manife/$4 ,:atev] t  connection may h  
be51 x spe$ily began to be nois$ abroad 
t  ,iv> & ,jon 8walk$10 & t _! qu>rel 0 
f> f be+ end$  ) _! dea?4 ,aft] a ye> or
 two ( wid[hood ,h]dis 0 c\rt$  by an   
hon\rable man1 "o ,/urla ,gottskalksson1
 & on h] fa!r's  advice cons5t$ to m>ry 
him4 ,already1 h[ev]1 %e _h be5  suff]+ 
f an ulc] on ! foot2 & aft] %e _h giv5  
h]  cons5t to ,/urla x became worse4    
,nor 0 ?is all4 ,"o night h]  fir/ husb&
 came to h] b$ & _h int]c\rse ) h]4     
,ano!r  night %e /ruggl$ ) him1 seiz+ ! 
cov]let ) h] tee? to  protect h]self f  
him4 ,"o disa/] foll[$ ano!r4 ,a black  
bli/] on h] tongue bur/ & sl\gh$ away   
half ( t memb]4 ,9  spite ( all1 ! =mal 
betro?al took place2 b x 0 foll[$ by    
su* an exhibition ( gho/ly fury t ev5   
,/urla wi%$ to  )draw1 & only ,s]a      
,magnus' firmness 9 insi/+ on ! w$d+    
prev5t$ ! engagem5t f be+ brok5 (f4 ,:5 
! w$d+ 0  solemniz$1 no soon] _h ! v[s  
be5 spok5 9 ! *ur* ?an  ,h]dis utt]$ a  
pi]c+ cry1 & ^? ( ! company :o1 be+     

,sunday-born *ildr51 _h #bjg ! gift (   
see+ spirits beheld  ,iv>'s gho/ approa*
 h]4 ,su* 0 ! horror & confusion t !    
c]emony _h to be cut %ort1 & ! newly    
w$d$ pair left !  *ur* )\t ! cu/om>y    
pray] & bless+4 ,! p]secution 0  repeat$
 e "t t ,/urla attempt$ to consummate ! 
m>riage1  until ev5 ord9>y folk :o 7 n  
gho/-se]s saw h[ ! gho/  waylaid !      
un=tunate ,h]dis4 ,rec\rse 0 _h to a    
r5[n$  practition] ( sup]natural arts1  
:o by 8 incantations succe$$  9 mak+ ?+s
 some:at quiet] 9 ! h\se2 b aft] a:ile  
matt]s 7 z bad z ev]1 & 8 spells ceas$  
to be effective4  ,sometimes ,iv> appe>$
 alone1 sometimes ) ,jon1 & !n bo? 7    
usually 9 fi]ce conte/4 ,if ! ^w ( ,god 
7 read !y slunk out  ( ! h\se2 z soon z 
! read+ 0 ov] !y return$4 ,h]dis  0 aga9
 subject$ to ! dead man's assaults2 & ! 
magician c\ld  only protect h] by sett+ 
on h] lap a woman hold+ upright a nak$  
blade ( /eel4 ,at l5g? ! gho/ attack$ ! 
magician himself1  &1 bl[+ 9 8 m\?1     
caus$ him a frightful ulc] 9 ! neck2  s 

t he 0 compell$ to leave ! place1 decl>+
 t he c\ld  n cope ) all ! devils t     
foll[$ ,iv>'s gho/4 ,h]dis s\ght  refuge
 9 a *apel1 b 9 va94 ,%e return$ home1  
!re=e2 &  %ortly aft]1 on a ,sunday     
morn+1 a l\d cra% 0 he>d2 h] b$  _h     
brok5 d[n1 & two ( its timb]s _h fall5  
to ! gr\nd4 ,t  0 ! culm9ation ( !      
gho/ly p]secution4 ,! unhappy woman     
brea!d h] la/4 ,! magician said1 :5 he  
he>d ( x1 t !  gho/ _h /rangl$ h]4 ,!n  
he did :at1 by all ! rules ( !          
gho/lay]'s art1 he ought to h done be=e4
 ,v5tur+ back to  ,/urla's h\se1 he     
ord]$ ,iv>'s grave to be op5$4 ,iv>'s   
body &  t ( ,jon 7 f\nd undecay$1 b "r  
#bjh evil to look ^u4  ,!y 7 dis9t]r$ & 
burnt1 & ) t all manife/ations came  to 
an end4#bjh4a    ,?is n>rative is n an  
ord9>y saga1 locat$ inde$ at a specifi$ 
place1 b ! ev5ts ( :i* are told ( an    
indef9ite pa/1 or are  clu/]$ 9 a mann] 
kn[n to all /ud5ts ( folklore r\nd a    
celebrat$ "n4 ,x is q di/+ui%able 9 "* f
 !  ,icel&ic tale ,i h m5tion$ on a     

previ\s page4 ,x 0 sob]ly  report$ 9 !  
ye> #afjf by p]sons ( cr$it1 if also (  
cr$ulity1  accord+ to our /&>d1 :ile mo/
 ( ! actors & a numb] (  p]sons :o _h m 
or less acqua9tance ) ! facts 7 yet     
liv+2 x 0 relat$ z some?+ :i* _h occurr$
 n )9  _! recollections at "s di/ant    
date1 b q rec5tly4 ,!  gho/lay] ^:      
s]vices 7 call$ 9 surviv$ until ! ye>   
#afdg1  & 0 well kn[n 9 ! isl&4 ,!      
acc\nt !re=e discloses !  k9d ( horrors 
t 9 t age1 z 9 e>li] ages1 witness !    
,heimskr+la & v>i\s sagas1 enliv5$ !    
long gloom ( an  arctic w9t]4 ,=emo/    
among ^? horrors may be reckon$ ! belief
  t dead m5 /ill1 9 "s circum/ances at  
any rate1 reta9$ _!  sexual in/9cts1 &  
attempt$1 n 9 va91 to gratify ^?        
in/9cts ^u liv+ wom54    ,inde$1        
communities boa/+ !mselves ( ! culture &
 progress (  ! tw5tie? c5tury h n       
entirely disc>d$ ! t]rors born (  "s su*
 belief4 ,i d n ref] to solit>y cases ( 
mania1#bjh4b  su* z are probably to be  
f\nd 9 all communities f "t to "t1  b to

 cases 9 :i* ! belief has be5 adopt$ by 
society #bji at  l>ge & /amp$ ) !       
collective approval1 or at lea/         
acceptance4 ,?is may be said to be done 
:5 a c\rt ( law1 9 !  c\rse ( a judicial
 inve/igation1 admits evid5ce ( haunt+ &
  solemnly gives judgem5t bas$ ^u su*   
evid5ce4    ,on ! #af? ,febru>y #aiab1  
at ,macon1 ,georgia1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (
  ,am]ica1 ! second husb& ( a lady 0    
actually grant$ a decree (  divorce on !
 gr\nd t ! gho/ ( h] fir/ husb& haunt$  
bo?  8 wife & himself1 & ! difficulty 0 
s great t x 0  utt]ly impossible = !m to
 live toge!r4 ,x 0 n ( c\rse  giv5 9    
evid5ce t ! gho/ committ$ assaults1 su* 
z ^? we  h j be5 consid]+4 ,! advance ( 
civilization s9ce !  sev5te5? c5tury has
 s(t5$ ! mann]s ev5 ( gho/s4 ,b x  0    
/at$ t ! wife _h promis$ h] =m] husb& t 
%e  w\ld n m>ry aga92 %e violat$ !      
promise2 & x 0 solemnly  te/ifi$ 9 c\rt 
t ! fir/ husb&'s _s appe>$ nightly  )   
groans & reproa*ful glances1 & only     
ceas$ to d s :5 !  lady left h] new     

husb&4#bji4a ,9 our c\ntry a luckless   
husb&  w\ld f9d t ! po/hum\s jeal\sy ( 8
 pr$ecessor 9 !  mnage is no gr\nd =    
divorce4 ,s9ce ! days ( ! wit*-trials   
our c\rts h rema9$ unmov$ by gho/ly     
p]turbations4 ,!y h  ev5 be5 kn[n to    
refuse assi/ance to ! t5ant ( a haunt$  
h\se4  ,b ,europe is effete4    ,9 ! l[]
 culture x is o!rwise4 ,! ,e:e ( ,togol&
 believe 9  ! possibility ( conjugal    
int]c\rse & o!r communion betwe5 a  dead
 & a liv+ sp\se2 b :5 x takes place x   
results 9 dea?  to ! survivor4 ,/r+5t   
measures are !re=e adopt$ to prev5t  x4 
,^! measures are all ! m necess>y1 s9ce 
! #baj  survivor mu/ dur+ ! p]iod (     
m\rn+--9 :i* all ! dang]  seems to be   
conc5trat$--lay aside all clo?+ &       
ornam5ts & g  entirely nak$4 ,a wid[ = !
 fir/ six weeks has no?+ to fe> s  mu* z
 h] deceas$ husb&4 ,%e mu/ rema9 all t  
"t 9 ! hut  b5ea? :i* h] husb& is buri$1
 only leav+ x = %ort  int]vals to ba! & 
= o!r necess>y purposes4 ,9 tok5 (      
m\rn+ %e goes ) b[$ head & eyes b5t d[n1

 cross+ h]  arms ov] h] brea/ s t ! left
 h& re/s on ! "r  %\ld]1 9 ord] t 8no   
mis*ief befall h] f ! dead man40  ,%e   
also c>ries a club to drive him away 9  
case he wi% to approa*  h]1 o!rwise !re 
w\ld imm$iately be an end ( h]4#baj4a   
,%e  sleeps1 moreov]1 on ! club1        
because1 if %e did n1 he w\ld take  x   
away f h] unp]ceiv$4 ,a%es mu/ be m+l$ )
 h] food &  dr9k to prev5t h] husb& f   
p>tak+ ( x--a sign probably (  ! r5ewal 
( conjugal life--9 :i* case %e w\ld die4
 ,%e mu/  n answ] any call1 mu/ eat     
nei!r beans1 nor fle% nor fi%1 dr9k     
nei!r palm-w9e nor rum2 = any infr+em5t 
( ^! prohibitions  w\ld co/ h] life4    
,smok+ is ! only solace p]mitt$ to h]4  
,dur+ ! night a *>coal fire is kept up 9
 ! hut2 & ^u ?is  fire %e /rews a p[d]1 
consi/+ ( pepp]m9t-leaves dri$ &  rubb$ 
d[n1 & r$ pepp]1 s z to cause an        
evil-smell+ smoke1  :i* makes ! dead    
man--x w\ld make any liv+ man--av]se to 
ent]+4#baj4b ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife #baa 
a man1 9 "s  di/ricts at all ev5ts1 mu/ 

rema9 = ?ree days 9 8 hut &  ab/a9 f    
int]c\rse ) 8 o!r wives4 ,at !          
expiration (  ?is p]iod ! wom5 ( ! t[n  
assemble & wa% him ) m$ic9e  prep>$ by !
 wit*-doctor4 ,)\t ?is precaution none (
 8  o!r wives w\ld d>e to come ne> him1 
le/ !y too %\ld  die4#baa4a    ,be=e    
pass+ to ano!r cultural area we may note
 two o!r  significant cu/oms 9 ,togol&4 
,w$d+s !re1 z else:]e1 are  occasions ( 
fe/ivity2 & ! fir+ ( guns is d\btless an
  expression ( joy & triumph1 = ! ,negro
 delights 9 noise4 ,ev5  :51 among !    
,akposso1 9 ! adm9i/rative di/rict (    
,atakpame1 a  man succe$s 9 s$uc+ a     
m>ri$ woman away f h] husb& into  8 own 
h\se1 he fires a gun1 = he says3 8,i h  
n[ a new wife60  ,) t ! m>riage is      
conclud$1 & he gives a great fea/ &     
defies ! =m] husb&1 :o sometimes        
attempts to recov] h] by  =ce4 ,b if !  
=m] husb& be dead he fires no gun on    
m>ry+  ! wid[4#baa4b ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a 
man's wife dies 9 h]  h\se ! husb& fe>s 
to ent] x aga91 & x is usually  de/roy$4

 ,ev5 :]e x is n de/roy$1 x is nev] aga9
 ent]$  by ! wid[] or any ( 8 relations 
or dep5dants4 ,only a /rang]  n belong+ 
to 8 #bab family may d>e to dwell !re4  
,if !  wid[] take a new wife1 he builds 
h] a new h\se4#bab4a ,to build a  new   
h\se = a new wife is usual2 :at is      
important to obs]ve "h  is t ! old h\se 
9 :i* ! deceas$ wife dwelt may be safely
  inhabit$ by a /rang]1 & only by a     
/rang]4    ,precautions l ^? ( ! ,togo  
are tak5 by wid[s 9 ,loango4 ,all  !    
op5+s 9 a wid['s hut are clos$1 & a     
spell is laid on e  place :]e ! gho/    
might h>b\r4 ,b t is n en\gh4 ,:at %e   
fe>s is t h] deceas$ husb&1 or "s o!r   
disembodi$ _s  gre$y ( h] society1 w    
visit h] by night4 ,t w\ld result  ei!r 
9 h] dea?1 or 9 h] br++ "s fe>ful mon/] 
into !  _w4 ,s ! m$ic9e-m5 prep>e = h]1 
accord+ to ! rules (  _! art1 a piece ( 
wood :]e) to fa/5 ! door by way ( b>  or
 bolt2 or !y give h] a fr+$ cord to     
/ret* beh9d1 &  ano!r to /ret* r\nd1 h] 
b$1 bo? ( !m ( c\rse en*ant$4  ,m ?an   

?is1 ! door ( ! hut is *ang$ to ano!r   
side1  fur!r to my/ify ! unwelcome      
rev5ant4 ,if %e be v n]v\s  !y lead h] 9
 ! d>kness by a r\ndab\t way to ano!r   
hut1  c>efully eras+ h] foot/eps1 unless
 !y c>ry h] or make h]  we> %oes t w    
r5d] ! traces unrecognizable4 ,besides  
t1  !y furni% h] ) a magical /aff to    
embrace :5 %e goes to  sleep4 ,sometimes
 at lea/ x is c>ri$ 9 daylight also4 ,"o
 w\ld  ?9k su* precautions w\ld daunt ! 
mo/ evil-design+ gho/4 ,if  any gho/1   
h[ev]1 7 s obdurate1 or s conceit$ ( 8  
#bac  p[] to break d[n ^! def5ces1 z to 
p]si/1 he w\ld f9d !y  7 m]e outworks1 &
 t !re 7 /rong] & m effectual  l9es     
beh9d4 ,! wit*-doctors are n easily     
beat5--provid$ !y  h a cli5t :o is will+
 & able to pay ! enhanc$ co/ (  _!      
s]vices4 ,)\t go+ into all ! details (  
:at is 9  effect a w> to ! bitt] end    
aga9/ ! intrusive gho/1 x may be  said  
g5]ally t !y w give him no re/2 !y w    
beat !  dwell+ inside & outside ) _!    
conjur+ implem5ts2 !y w  sweep ! c\rty>d

 cle>2 !y w leave no corn] :]e ! poor   
wret* c skulk2 !y w lay spells2 !y w    
hunt him ?r\gh !  village ) beat+1 )    
sweep+1 ) fire1 ) ! dis*>ge (  guns2 !y 
w r\se ! :ole population to _!          
assi/ance2 !y  w lay bombs lad5 )       
magical virtue2 !y w /ret* magical      
cords across e pa? lead+ to ! village4  
,if1 9 spite ( all  ^! boi/]\s proce$+s1
 ! gho/ be s h>dy or s clev] z to       
cont9ue haunt+ ! place1 !re w be no?+ = 
x b to  remove ! village1 or to cat* !  
sup]natural enemy & to %oot  him dead   
beyond resurrection4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly 
an extreme  measure1 to :i* x is seldom 
necess>y to resort1 & :i* c only  be    
und]tak5 by a speciali/ ( ! fir/ rank & 
at a correspond+  co/4 ,! gho/s (       
deceas$ m5 are1 9 ,loango1 sc>cely m to 
be  dread$ ?an ^? ( wom5 dead 9 *ildb$1 
or ( m>riageable  girls4 ,! =m] are     
especially dread$ by pregnant wom5 &    
m>ri$  m51 = _! v5geful malice4 ,! latt]
 attack m>ri$ m5 9 _!  sleep1 or s$uce  
!m "u v>i$ =ms2 & to yield means        

impot5ce  or dea?4#bac4a    #bad    ,a  
little fur!r to ! s\?1 beyond ! ,congo1 
x 0 ! cu/om 9  ,matiambo = wid[s to     
sacrifice !mselves1 toge!r ) ! slaves  (
 ! deceas$1 :o 7 s5t to accompany _!    
ma/] into !  o!r _w4 ,wid[s :o neglect$ 
to d s1 & :o escap$ victori\s  f !      
ordeal = wit*craft1 felt ! s\l ( !      
dep>t$ sp\se  oppress+ _! brea/s2 & !   
wit*-doctor 0 requir$ to purify  !m be=e
 !y v5tur$ to contract a new            
m>riage4#bad4a ,!  process (            
purification is n describ$1 b is        
probably l t  report$ by a mission>y :o 
has sp5t _m ye>s on ! ,congo4 ,!  wid[  
mu/ g to a runn+ /ream1 tak+ h] husb&'s 
b$ & "o or  two ( ! articles he has     
commonly us$4 ,^! are all plac$ 9 !     
middle ( ! /ream2 & aft] %e has well    
wa%$ %e sits on !  b$4 ,! wit*-doctor   
dips h] ?ree times 9 ! wat] & !n        
dresses h]2 ! b$ & o!r articles are     
brok5 & ?r[n d[n !  /ream to float away4
 ,%e is l$ out ( ! /ream2 a raw egg is  
brok51 & %e swall[s x2 a toad is kill$1 

& "s ( ! blood  rubb$ on h] lips2 la/ly1
 a f[l is kill$ & hung by !             
roadside--presumably a sacrifice to !   
deceas$4 ,%e returns to h]  t[n4 ,on    
arriv+ !re1 #bae %e sits on ! gr\nd1    
/ret*+ out  h] legs be=e h]1 & h]       
deceas$ husb&'s bro!r /eps ov]  !m4 ,%e 
is !n free to m>ry aga92 b inasmu* z    
wid[s are n  all[$ to m>ry = a ye> or   
two aft] ! husb&'s dea?1 ! rite  is mo/ 
likely n p]=m$ until ! end ( t p]iod4 ,x
 is only  necess>y aft] ! dea? ( a fir/ 
husb&4 ,correspond+ c]emonies  are      
necess>y = a man aft] 8 fir/ wife's     
dea?4 ,he may n leave  8 h\se1 except at
 night1 = six days1 & he mu/ sleep only 
on a  basket made by plait+ toge!r two  
palm-fronds4 ,he !n und]goes a  simil>  
purification to t j describ$1 ) "s      
additional  precautions4 ,on return+    
home 8 deceas$ wife's si/] /eps ov]  8  
legs4 ,no woman w\ld d>e to m>ry him    
until ^! rites are  p]=m$4#bae4a ,al?\gh
 !y d n seem to be conf9$ to cases  9   
:i* oppression by ! gho/ is endur$1 x is

 fairly c]ta9 t  _! object is to get    
rid1 n m]ely ( ! dea?-pollution1 b (  ! 
gho/4 ,we %all see directly :at is !    
mean+ ( ! c]emonial  /epp+ ov] !        
survivor's legs4    ,mean:ile let u     
cross ! cont95t to ,delagoa ,bay4 ,!    
neighb\rhood  ( ,delagoa ,bay1 toge!r ) 
a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry to ! nor?  9      
,portuguese & across ! bord] 9 ,briti%  
t]ritory1 is occupi$  by v>i\s bran*es (
 a ,bantu p frequ5tly kn[n z ,%angaans1 
b :i* x is conv5i5t to call ! ,?onga1 a 
"n propos$ by ,m4  ,h5ri ,junod1 a      
,swiss ,prote/ant mission>y4 ,! tribe m 
imm$iately  ar\nd ! ,bay is call$ !     
,b>onga4 ,! rites ( purification        
practis$ by ! ,?onga on diff]5t         
occasions--among o!rs1 notably  aft] a  
dea?--are v rem>kable1 & indicate a     
consid]able  preoccupation ) sexual     
matt]s4 ,^! rites h be5 c>efully        
describ$ by ,m4 ,junod1 b #baf !y h n   
yet be5 suffici5tly  /udi$ to enable u  
to pron\nce on ! mean+ ( !m all4 ,i %all
  !re=e only ref] to "o or two4    ,!   

dea?-pollution affects n m]ely all :o   
come into contact )  ! corpse2 x affects
 ! entire k91 & inde$ ! :ole ( !        
village 9 :i* ! deceas$ resid$1 :e!r    
relat$ to him or n4  ,b x affects       
especially 8 wives1 & among ^! 8        
pr9cipal or  8great0 wife4 ,l !         
grave-digg]s :o h be5 h&l+ !  corpse1 %e
 is requir$ to take a sweat-ba?4 ,%e is 
requir$1  moreov]1 to fumigate h]self   
ov] a fire ( dry grass f ! ro(  ( ! hut1
 m+l$ ) cock's dung 7n h5's74 ,a re$ or 
a /rip (  palm-leaf ) a few o!r leaves  
susp5d$ to x is !n put r\nd  h] wai/4   
,%e ent]s ! hut1 :i* has be5 already    
unro($1  wail+ to h] deceas$ husb&1 &   
crawls out aga9 by ! hole at  ! back    
made to remove ! corpse1 z if %e 7      
h]self a corpse4  ,%e _c rema9 !re4 ,a  
new hut is !re=e built = h]2 &  !re %e  
mu/ aft]w>ds sleep1 until ! days ( h]   
purification  are accompli%$ & %e passes
 into ! possession ( h] husb&'s  k9sman 
to :om %e is assign$4 ,ev5 = !          
subord9ate wives 7:o  h _! own rites (  

purification to obs]ve7 x w\ld be       
dang]\s  to sleep on ! v gr\nd :]e !y h 
be5 accu/om$ to meet  ! deceas$3 h5ce _!
 huts mu/ also be remov$4 ,x is         
difficult  to und]/& :at dang] !y are   
expos$ to1 unless x be assaults  f !    
gho/4 ,! huts !y occupy d n seem to be  
pollut$1 at  lea/ beyond ! g5]al        
pollution ( ! village1 or !y c\ld n     
cont9ue to occupy !m4 ,b ! sites mu/ be 
*ang$2 & ?is c  h>dly be = any o!r      
purpose ?an to my/ify ! gho/4#baf4a     
#bag    ,turn+ n[ to two o!r widely     
sep>at$ cultural regions1 we w  fir/ (  
all notice a significant article ( dress
 worn by a wid[ 9  ! ea/]n isl&s (      
,torres ,/raits4 ,! ord9>y dress ( a    
woman  compris$ inv>iably a petticoat   
7sometimes m ?an "o7 ( ample  size1     
ext5d+ f ! wai/ to ! knee or !reab\ts1 &
 made (  split leaves or b>k-fibre4 ,b a
 wid[1 & %e alone1 8twi/$ up a          
petticoat ( banana leaves1 &1 pass+ x   
betwe5 h] legs1 fix$ x  at h] wai/b&4   
,?is 0 ! fir/ sign ( wid[hood10 & _h a  

special "n4 ,x 0 put on z soon z !      
prelim9>y c]emonies _h  f9i%$1 & prior  
to ! removal ( ! body = ! purpose (     
mummification4 ,! wid[ cont9u$ to we> x 
aft] %e _h disc>d$  e o!r sign ( m\rn+1 
& until %e m>ri$ aga94#bag4a ,9  !      
,mekeo di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1   
inhabit$ by a population  consi/+1 s f> 
z has be5 asc]ta9$1 ( a fusion (        
,melanesians  & ,papuans1 ! lot ( a     
wid[] is n a happy "o4 ,s closely is he 
haunt$ by ! gho/ ( 8 deceas$ wife t he  
becomes a social  outca/1 %unn$ by      
ev]yone1 & loses all civil rights1 su*  
is !  horror he inspires4 ,exclud$ ?us  
#bah f communion ) 8  fell[-m51 he      
skulks alone 9 ! long grass & ! bu%es2 =
 he  mu/ n be se54 ,he inv>iably c>ries1
 l ! ,e:e wid[1 a  tomahawk to def5d    
himself aga9/ ! dread$ _s ( 8 dep>t$    
sp\se1 :o1 we are told1 w\ld d him an   
ill turn if %e c\ld4 ,?is  may1 to be   
sure1 z ! mission>y to :om we are       
indebt$ = !  report pres5ts x1 be no m  
?an ! natural malignancy ( !  dead1 ^:  

*ief delight is to h>m ! liv+4#bah4a ,! 
mission>y1 h[ev]1 may n h p5etrat$ !    
true inw>dness (  ! sup]/ition4 ,at all 
ev5ts1 else:]e !re is no room = d\bt4   
,among ! ,indians ( ! ,?ompson ,riv] 9  
,briti% ,columbia bo?  wid[s & wid[]s   
took elaborate precautions aga9/ !      
p]secution  ( _! deceas$ sp\ses4        
,directly dea? occurr$ ! survivor w5t   
out & pass$ f\r times ?r\gh a pat* (    
rose-bu%es1 d\btless to  ensure t ! _s  
%\ld n cl+ to him or h]4 ,probably =  ! 
same end ablutions 9 ! creeks morn+ &   
ev5+ = a ye>  7 prescrib$4 ,rigid       
ab/5tion f c]ta9 k9ds ( food 0 "p  ( !  
discipl9e2 &1 contr>y to ! practice ( ! 
,e:e1 tobacco  0 also =bidd54 ,dur+ a   
:ole ye> ! survivor 0 requir$ to  sleep 
on a b$ made ( fir-bran*es1 on :i*      
rose-bu% /icks 7  also spread at ! head 
& foot1 :ile 9 ! middle 7 n only        
rose-bu% /icks1 b also bran*es (        
be>b]ry1 m\nta9-a%1  junip]1 sage1 & s  
=?4 ,a wid[ c\ld nei!r lie or sit :]e   
h] *ildr5 slept1 nor let !m lie d[n #bai

 on h] b$4 ,f9ally1 a  wid[ (t5 wore a  
bree*-clo? made ( dry bun*-grass =      
sev]al  days1 t ! gho/ ( h] husb& %\ld n
 h conjugal  int]c\rse ) h]4#bai4a ,!   
aborig9es ( ,hispaniola also  believ$ t 
! dead walk$ 9 ! night & ent]$ into     
conv]se  ) liv+ p1 ev5 9 _! b$s2 b if we
 may tru/ ,pet]  ,m>tyr1 ?\gh 9 human   
%ape !y ?us approa*$ wom51 seek+  sexual
 int]c\rse1 8:5 ! matt] come? to actual 
de$e10 sudd5ly  !y vani%$ away4#bai4b   
,our in=mation conc]n+ ?is  un=tunate p1
 spe$ily de/roy$ by ! ,spani>ds1 is     
extremely  meagre2 & we d n "k :e!r any 
precautions 7 tak5 aga9/  ^! gho/ly     
visits4 ,among ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico   
?ree great  fea/s are giv5 at int]vals  
aft] a dea?4 ,until ! la/ ( !m is  held 
! deceas$ hangs ab\t ! neighb\rhood4 ,_!
 object  !re=e is to get rid ( ! gho/4  
,to t end he is pres5t$ )  gifts &      
adjur$ to dep>t ) !m1 & n to come &     
di/urb !  survivors4 ,at ! second1 &    
especially at ! ?ird fea/1  c]emonial   
races are p]=m$1 9 ord] to *ase him     

away4 ,hikuli1  ! sacr$ plant ( !       
,t>ahum>es1 plays a prom95t "p 9 ^!     
fe/ivities1 = x 8is ?\ght to be v p[]ful
 9 runn+ (f !  dead1 *as+ !m to ! end ( 
! _w1 :]e !y jo9 ! o!r  dead40 ,! ?ird  
fea/1 ! mo/ elaborate ( all1 is deem$ to
 be at  la/ effectual4 ,n until x is ov]
 8w a wid[] or a wid[ m>ry  aga91 be+ m 
afraid ( ! dead ?an are ! o!r           
relatives40#bai4c ,x is #bbj n expressly
 /at$ :at _! fe>  is2 b 9 ! light ( o!r 
examples x is p]haps n unreasonable  to 
suspect t x arises f jeal\sy on ! "p ( !
 deceas$4    ,at all ev5ts ,i h %[n t   
among ! ,negroes on ! nor!rn  %ore ( !  
,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 among ! ,bantu ab\t !   
,l[] ,congo1  & among ! ,indians ( !    
,?ompson ,riv] 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 !   
fe> is s]i\sly ent]ta9$ t ! deceas$ w   
seek a r5ewal (  conjugal int]c\rse1 & !
 utmo/ precautions are tak5 to prev5t   
x4 ,! precautions tak5 by ! ,b>onga     
7also a ,bantu tribe7 9  ,s\?-,ea/      
,africa1 & by "s ,melanesian peoples ( !
 ,torres  ,/raits ,isl&s & ! ma9l& (    

,new ,gu9ea1 /rongly sugge/ !  same fe>4
 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,hispaniola    
attribut$ sexual  desires to ! dead1    
?\gh !y d n seem to h believ$ 9 !       
possibility ( _! accompli%m5t2 & !      
,t>ahum>e husb& or  wife is afraid to   
m>ry aga9 until ! deceas$ sp\se has be5 
f9ally driv5 away f ! society ( ! liv+  
to h]d ) !  o!r dead at ! end ( ! _w4 ,x
 is v /rik+ t !  populations ( areas s  
widely diff]5t 9 race & culture1 z well 
z s f> ap>t 9 space1 z "s ( ^!1 %\ld    
display !  id5tical t]ror exhibit$ 9 !  
tales & sup]/itions cit$ f  anci5t &    
mod]n ,europe & f ,*9a4 ,! /ory ( !     
g5]ation  ( ,h>pocrates1 ?\gh relat$ ( a
 god1 po9ts to simil> ideas 9  anci5t   
,egypt2 & x has its analogues 9 ,india &
 ! ,ea/ ,indian  ,ar*ipelago4           
,practices exi/1 moreov]1 9 o!r c\ntries
 t seem to be>  witness to ! same t]ror1
 ?\gh ! t]ror itself is n record$4  ,9  
su* cases !y may be indirect evid5ce (  
its exi/5ce4 ,!  practices ,i ref] to   
are su* z t among ! ,kikuyu & ,anyanja 9

  ,ea/-,c5tral #bba ,africa4 ,! =m] are 
a tribe ,bantu 9 spee* &  ma9ly ,bantu 9
 blood & cu/om1 ?\gh m+l$ ) o!r elem5ts4
  ,on ! ?ird day aft] ! burial ( a husb&
 ! eld]s assemble at  ! village to kill 
a ram4 ,?is c]emony has ! effect (      
cleans+  ! village at l>ge 8f ! /a9 (   
dea?02 b some?+ m is  ne$$ by ! wid[4   
,accord+ly 8! eld]s br+ ) !m "o (  _!   
numb] :o is v poor1 & ( ! same clan z ! 
deceas$1  & he has to sleep 9 ! hut ( ! 
s5ior wid[ ( ! deceas$10  & to h sexual 
relations ) h]4 ,8 pov]ty1 & ! rule t   
8he g5]ally lives on 9 ! village & is   
look$ ^u z a  /epfa!r to ! *ildr510 po9t
 to ! s]vice he ?us p]=ms  be+ consid]$ 
att5d$ ) "s dang]1 & !re=e n to be      
und]tak5 except 9 hope ( an adequate    
rew>d4#bba4a ,! ,anyanja1  likewise a   
,bantu tribe1 settl$ at ! s\!rn end (   
,lake ,nyasa1  hold a be]-dr9k+         
accompani$ by dance & song a mon? aft] !
  burial1 :i* takes place two or ?ree   
days aft] ! dea?4 ,up to  t "t conjugal 
relations are =bidd5 ?r\gh\t ! village (

  ! deceas$4 ,! wid[ or wid[] & !n ea*  
relative 9 turn is  %av$1 & cohabitation
 by all except ! wid[ is resum$4 ,%e mu/
  wait until ! second be]-dr9k+1 six    
mon?s or a ye> lat]4 ,at  ?is second    
c]emony danc+ takes place on ! fir/     
night1 & be]  is drunk ! next day4 ,be=e
 sunset on ! fir/ day ! wid[ is  aga9   
%av51 & ! "m ( ! deceas$ in=ms h] t %e  
is  n[ free to m>ry aga94 ,t night 8%e  
has to sleep ) a man paid  by h] #bbb   
relations40 ,he is n h] p]man5t husb&2 8
 s]vices  are m]ely requir$ z a         
prelim9>y to h] m>riage4 ,accord+ to !  
acc\nt f :i* ,i am quot+ x w\ld appe> t 
%e may m>ry  aft] m\rn+ two or ?ree     
mon?s1 b n )\t ! same previ\s  ritual   
coition1 else 8h] second husb& w\ld die1
 %\ld %e h  committ$ adult]y40 ,a wid[]1
 on ! o!r h&1 8m\rns five or six  mon?s 
& is !n giv5 m$ic9e1 aft] :i* he may    
m>ry aga91 &  )\t :i*1 %\ld he m>ry1 8  
new wife w\ld die40#bbb4a ,!re  are "s  
difficulties "h4 ,x seems cle> t until !
 m\rn+ is  ov] ! wid[s _c m>ry aga91 & !

 l5g? ( m\rn+ is  decid$ by ! relatives 
( ! deceas$2 x is clos$ ) !  be]-dr9k+4 
,:5 x is ov]1 ! wid[s select _! husb&s f
  among ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$2 he :o      
m>ries ! *ief wife is  ! heir4 ,a wid[  
_c m>ry outside ?is limit$ circle1      
unless  %e1 or h] new husb&1 be prep>$  
to repay h] bride-price1 &  (t5 m4      
,cu/oms d\btless diff]1 b ?is is ! usual
 c\rse4 ,x  is curi\s too t ! second    
husb& ( a wid[ %\ld die1 if he  m>ri$ h]
 )\t ! previ\s coition by ano!r man1    
only if %e  _h committ$ adult]y1 :]eas !
 woman m>ry+ a wid[] w die  9 any case  
if he h n _h m$ic9e4 ,x is probable t   
!re has  be5 "s misund]/&+ ( ! in=mants 
& t ! second  husb& runs ! risk ( dea? 9
 any case by w$d+ a wid[ :o has  n      
und]gone ! regul> prelim9>y4#bbb4b ,!   
probability is  confirm$ by ! practice (
 ! ,yaos1 a neighb\r+ tribe1 among  :om 
! second husb& #bbc pays a man to pass a
 night ) !  wid[ be=e he takes h]4#bbc4a
 ,a fur!r example may be giv5 f  a :olly
 diff]5t cultural area4 ,among !        

,kamt*adals no "o w\ld  be will+ to m>ry
 a wid[ 8unless h] s9s h be5 previ\sly  
tak5 away by ! highe/ degree (          
famili>ity grant$ to anyone :o  wi%es to
 r5d] h] ?is s]vice40 ,! writ] to :om we
 are indebt$  = ! in=mation report$ 9 ! 
eighte5? c5tury t !  natives imag9$ t   
?is expiation might cause ! expiator to 
die  l ! defunct husb&1 s t ! poor wom5 
w\ld rema9 wid[s  b = ! assi/ance ( !   
,russian soldi]s1 :o 7 n afraid (       
expos+ !mselves to a dang] s            
equivocal4#bbc4b    ,! ,kikuyu1 ,anyanja
 & ,kamt*adal cu/oms are evid5tly !     
same4 ,!  p5alty = non-obs]vance1 ?\gh n
 express$ 9 our acc\nt ( !  ,kikuyu     
cu/om1 is1 x w h>dly be que/ion$1 ! same
 z 9 !  o!r two2 x is ! dea? ( ! second 
husb&4 ,:at ,i v5ture to  sugge/1 9 view
 ( ! o!r ,bantu cu/oms already laid be=e
 !  read]1 is t ! risk actually run by  
m>ry+ or cohabit+ )  ! wid[ is t ( dea? 
f ! po/hum\s jeal\sy ( !  deceas$4 ,!   
fact t ! deceas$ is /ill suppos$ to     
desire a  cont9uance ( conjugal         

relations r5d]s x natural to ?9k t1  ev5
 :]e ! extreme t]rors t torture ! wid[ 9
 "s places  are n %[n1 ! belief may l+] 
9 8 jeal\sy ( o!r m51 :o  d :at he      
p]haps is no long] conceiv$ capable (4  
,! sugge/ion  d]ives support f ! rites  
p]=m$ ab\t ! ,l[] ,congo4 ,!re1  x w be 
rememb]$1 ! t]ror ( a dead husb& is     
excessive4 ,!  elaborate #bbd           
purification ( ! wid[1 e incid5t ( :i*  
po9ts to ! desire to rid h] ( 8         
att5tions1 culm9ates 9 8  bro!r /epp+   
ov] h] out/ret*$ legs4    ,n[ ! act (   
/epp+ ov] ano!r is ev]y:]e reg>d$ z "o (
  great rud5ess1 if n insult4 ,m ?an    
?is1 x is reg>d$ z  likely to           
communicate "s my/]i\s injury or to take
 away "s  luck1 good quality or         
advantage f ! p]son :o is ?us treat$4   
,h5ce x is (t5 hotly res5t$4 ,)\t go+   
beyond ! ,congo  region1 x is en\gh to  
note t 9 ,loango to /ep ov] a *ild is to
  int]f]e ) 8 developm5t--9 o!r words1  
to /op 8 gr[?2 to  /ep ov] an adult is  
to transf] to him e evil f :i* "o may   

be suff]+4 ,x is n good ev5 to rea*1 or 
to ?r[ any?+1  across him2 & if su* a ?+
 be done1 ! action mu/ be repeat$  9 !  
contr>y direction1 9 ord]1 x w\ld seem1 
to rev]se !  spell4#bbd4a ,b 9 ! c]emony
 ( purification an act 9 ord9>y         
circum/ances s injuri\s is ritually     
p]=m$ = "s b5eficial  effect4 ,?is may  
be simply to take away "s evil2 x may be
 to  dispossess f9ally & = ev] ! t5aci\s
 gho/1 9 case all !  previ\s ef=ts h    
prov$ unavail+4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( !       
p]=m]'s sex means surely m ?an ?is4 ,:5 
a wid[ is purifi$1  h] husb&'s bro!r    
p]=ms ! f9al rite2 :5 x is a wid[]1  8  
wife's si/]4 ,n[ x w be obs]v$ ^! p]sons
 belong to !  precise class f :i* ! next
 sp\se is to be tak54 ,:5 !  husb& dies 
! wid[ becomes ! wife ( "o ( 8 bro!rs2  
:5  ! wife dies ! husb& dem&s ano!r wife
 f h]  family4#bbd4b ,! act ( /epp+ ov] 
! wid[ or wid[]1  !re=e1 seems to       
symbolize ! tak+ ( possession by "o ( ! 
p]sons entitl$ to d s4    #bbe    ,let u
 turn to ! ,bag&a1 a ,bantu p on !      

highe/ pit* (  civilization to :i* any  
bran* ( ! race _h atta9$ prior to !     
com+ ( ! :ite man4 ,!re we f9d t jump+  
ov] a woman1 or  /epp+ ov] h] legs1 is  
reg>d$ z 8equival5t to1 or in/ead (1    
hav+ sexual connection ) h]40 8,= a     
woman to sit ) h] legs  /raight 9 front 
( h]1 or ap>t1 0 look$ ^u z unbecom+2 & 
= any man to /ep ov] h] legs 0 equival5t
 to hav+ int]c\rse  ) h]4 ,! m]e fact ( 
/epp+ ov] a wife1 or ov] "s ( h]  clo?+1
 0 a me?od frequ5tly foll[$ to end a    
taboo :i*  necessitat$ int]c\rse0       
7scil41 to end x74#bbe4a ,! act is      
p]=m$ on a v>iety ( c]emonial occasions 
:5 coition w\ld be  inconv5i5t4 ,to     
m5tion only "o1 ! k+ _h an (fic] ( !    
c\rt1 a relative ( 8 own1 call$ !       
,kauzumu1 ^: duty x 0 to  fulfil c]ta9  
rites & taboos = him1 & ?us to save him 
f  inconv5i5ce4 ,among o!rs1 x 0 said t 
9 =m] times x 0  8 duty to take ! wom5  
:o 7 to become ! k+'s wives = "o  night 
to 8 b$4 ,to ! late/ p]iod ( national   
indep5d5ce1 :5  "o ( ! k+'s wives di$ & 

h] clan s5t ano!r 9 h] place1  !        
,kauzumu jump$ ov] h] be=e pres5t+ h] to
 ! k+4#bbe4b  ,by ?is act ! taboo 0     
remov$1 ! dang]1 :atev] x 01 0  div]t$ f
 ! k+ to ! ,kauzumu4 ,we may safely inf]
 t !  act ( /epp+ ov] ! legs ( ! surviv+
 sp\se 9 ! ,congo  region is a symbolic 
coition4 ,x is p]=m$ by "o :o belongs to
  ! class ( prospective sp\ses1 ?\gh    
probably aft] !  p]=mance #bbf ( su* a  
c]emony n ! "o :o w\ld actually  w$ !   
survivor2 = its object1 if ,i am "r1 is 
to take on !  %\ld]s ( ! p]=m] !        
consequ5ces :i* w\ld o!rwise  light on !
 new consort4#bbf4a    ,?\gh n by any   
means s conclusively z ! practices j    
discuss$1 ! delay betwe5 ! end+ ( a fir/
 m>riage by !  dea? ( "o ( ! p>ties & ! 
second m>riage ( ! o!r p>ty  seems to   
indicate ! same dread ( ! deceas$4 ,!   
m\rn+  c]emonies mu/ usually all be     
accompli%$ be=e ! survivor1 at  all     
ev5ts if a woman1 c be m>ri$ aga94 ,) ! 
completion (  ! m\rn+ c]emonies x is a  
common belief1 ( :i* we h _h  m ?an "o  

in/ance1 t ! deceas$ is f9ally despat*$ 
to !  society ( ! dead2 9 any case1 he  
is at re/1 & is v (t5  spe$ily =gott54  
,among ! ,namib-,bu%m5 ( ,s\?-,we/      
,africa1 a  mongrel p1 ! result ( !     
int]m+l+ ( probably _m  brok5 tribes )  
an orig9al /ock ( ,hott5tots1 m>riage is
  monogam\s4 ,t does n mean t dea? only 
c sep>ate !  m>ri$ pair4 ,if sep>ation  
betwe5 two liv+ sp\ses take place1  ei!r
 c m>ry aga9 =?)4 ,b if ! sep>ation be  
caus$ by  dea?1 some?+ l half a ye> 7t  
is to say1 ei!r a ra9y or a  dry season7
 mu/ elapse be=e re-m>riage2 =1 we are  
told1 !  belief prevails t1 = example1 !
 woman :om a wid[] m>ries  )\t wait+ w  
soon h]self die4 ,& :5 ! wid[] does     
v5ture on a new m>riage1 x mu/ be to    
#bbg a si/] ( 8  deceas$ wife if !re be 
"o at lib]ty4#bbg4a ,s 9 ! ,togo        
di/rict ( ,atakpame1 a woman :o is left 
by h] husb&1 ev5 if only  = a "t1 may be
 tak5 by ano!r man2 & ?is1 x seems1 "u  
,g]man rule r5d]s x difficult to get m5 
to "w at ! mak+ (  roads1 = 8 abs5ce w  

co/ ! lab\r] 8 wife4 ,b :5 a man  dies 8
 wid[ mu/ wait = ?ree f>m-ye>s 7a       
f>m-ye> equals t5  mon?s7 be=e %e m>ries
 aga94 ,! delay seems n to be popul>4   
,9 ! we/]n portion ( ! di/rict1 among ! 
,akposso1 ! "t  has be5 %ort5$ to two   
ye>s1 :ile 9 ! ea/]n portion1 :]e  ! p  
are less purely ,akposso1 ! wid[ m>ries 
aft] elev5  mon?s4 ,! mod]n ,akposso    
wid[ holds x silly to wait long]3 %e    
has n murd]$ h] fir/ husb&1 & !re=e %e  
ought1 %e  ?9ks1 to be able to m>ry     
soon]4 ,b %e mu/ wait ^! elev5  mon?s1  
else %e w\ld die4 ,if1 h[ev]1 h] husb&  
has be5 hang$  = murd] or "s o!r reason1
 %e may m>ry at ! end ( two or  ?ree    
mon?s4 ,! gr\nd alleg$ = ?is %ort5+ ( ! 
p]iod (  delay is economic4 ,!re seems  
to be no rule requir+ ! wid[ to be  tak5
 by a surviv+ memb] ( ! husb&'s family1 
?\gh !  *ildr5 result+ f a second       
m>riage belong to x4 ,if %e _c  f9d     
ano!r husb&1 !re=e1 %e mu/ g back to h] 
own family  & %e may become a burd5 ^u  
x4 ,on m>ry+ %e mu/ "w 9 h]  husb&'s    

fields1 = ! b5efit ( himself & 8 family4
 ,b %e  is entitl$ to a small field =   
h]self1 out ( :i* %e may make  h] own   
pr(it2 & !re is n[ pl5ty ( money 9 !    
c\ntry1 & a  g5]al desire to e>n z #bbh 
mu* ( x & z soon z  possible4#bbh4a ,all
 ?is may be v true2 b see+ t ! wid[  :o 
m>ries prematurely mu/ die1 %e w n be   
likely to run s  s]i\s a risk = ! *ance 
( mak+ a little money4 ,if we are  "r 9 
suppos+ t ! dea?-p5alty is "o exact$ by 
!  deceas$1 ! conjecture w n be deem$   
unreasonable t hang+  is believ$ to     
inflict su* injuries on ! gho/ t its    
int]f]5ce is n to be dread$4 ,! mode (  
dea? & !  mutilations 7if any7 inflict$ 
on ! corpse are widely held to affect  !
 dep>t$ 9 ! future life4    ,jeal\sy is 
a passion by no means conf9$ to ! male  
sex4 ,9 !  l[] culture x is believ$ to  
cont9ue to inspire wom5 z well z  m51   
ev5 aft] dea?4 ,if n s prom95t a        
sup]/ition z !  belief 9 mascul9e       
jeal\sy1 ?is is p]haps to be acc\nt$ =  
p>tly by ! g5]ally dom9ant position 9 ! 

h\sehold & 9  society ( ! man1 p>tly to 
! widespread habit ( polygamy1 &  p>tly 
to ! physiological rule t ! decay (     
sexual impulse  makes its appe>ance     
e>li] 9 wom5 ?an 9 m54 ,we h already    
f\nd examples ( cu/oms po9t+ to po/hum\s
 fem99e jeal\sy  among v>i\s races 9 bo?
 hemisph]es4 ,"o or two o!r examples may
  be giv54    ,among ! ,bantu tribes (  
,nor?-,ea/]n ,rhodesia1 :5 a m>ri$ woman
  dies h] husb& s5ds to h] fa!r = ano!r 
wife 9 h] /ead4 ,a  si/] or "s su*      
relative ( ! deceas$ is ! prop] p]son to
  take h] place4 ,if !re be none unm>ri$
 & !re=e available1 a  m>ri$ si/] ( !   
deceas$ mu/ sp5d "o or two nights ) !   
wid[] 8to take ! dea? f (f 8            
body40#bbh4b ,?is is s mu*  9 h>mony )  
#bbi ! ,bantu practices previ\sly       
consid]$1 t  we c only suppose ! deceas$
 w\ld acquiesce 9 h] si/]'s  succession 
to h] rights1 b w\ld feel jeal\s & angry
 at !  intrusion ( ano!r woman4 ,! wom5 
( ^! tribes are  high-spirit$ & jeal\s1 
^? ( ! ,awemba be+ prov]bially  fi]ce4  

,among mo/ ( ! tribes x is imp]ative = !
 bridegroom  to move into ! bride's     
p>5ts' village1 :]e he w always be  "u !
 eye ( 8 "m-9-law1 & :]e1 no d\bt1 9    
case (  ! wife's dea?1 a si/] or o!r    
relation w\ld be conv5i5tly  h&y to /ep 
into h] %oes4 ,inde$1 among ! ,awemba ! 
wife (t5  rel9qui%es h] position        
volunt>ily to ano!r memb] ( ! family4   
,:5 %e 8has pres5t$ h] husb& ) two or   
?ree *ildr5 %e  consid]s t %e has       
fulfill$ h] m>riage obligations t[>ds   
him4  ,) 8 cons5t1 :i* z a rule is n    
difficult to obta91 %e  h&s ov] h] niece
 z a sub/itute4 ,! niece inh]its h]     
aunt's  position1 & c>es = h] *ildr51   
:ile ! aunt retires to !  peace ( a s+le
 life1 or v (t5 f9ds a new p>tn]40#bbi4a
  ,?us x may be presum$ t a dead wife1  
if %e return$ & f\nd a  relative ( h]   
own 9 h] husb&'s arms1 w\ld submit to a 
relation%ip betwe5 !m su* z %e h]self   
might 9 a ye> or two  h volunt>ily      
initiat$1 satisfi$ t h] *ildr51 if any1 
w\ld  be look$ aft]4 ,h[ long t         

relation%ip w\ld la/ 7& divorce is  q an
 ev]yday occurr5ce7 w\ld be no conc]n ( 
h]s1 & %e  w\ld n tr\ble h]self fur!r 9 
! matt]4 ,! next woman :om  h] husb&    
m>ri$ w\ld !re=e be r5d]$ safe3 ! 8dea?0
  w\ld h be5 tak5 (f 8 body4    ,9      
,india ! wid[s ( ! high] ca/es are n    
all[$ to m>ry  aga94 ,among ! aborig9al 
tribes #bcj wid[s :o d s (t5 m>ry  8"u  
cov] ( d>kness1 & ) ! aid ( c]ta9       
c]emonies  commonly reli$ ^u z a        
protection aga9/ spirits40 ,if 9 spite (
  ^! precautions ! woman %\ld be tr\bl$ 
by h] dep>t$  husb&1 he is placat$1 z   
among ! ,kols ( ,ahmadnag>1 by a t9y    
image ( himself worn 9 a copp] case r\nd
 h] neck1 or set among  ! h\sehold gods1
 & by ! exp5diture ( money 9            
*>ity4#bcj4a ,b ! _s ( a dead wife is m 
tr\blesome4  ,h] "* = jeal\sy & malice  
is p]haps p>tly due to  confusion ) a   
woman dead 9 *ildbir? or pregnancy1 or  
:o has  nev] _h a *ild4 ,a gho/ ( ?is   
k9d is greatly dread$4#bcj4b  ,! gho/s (
 ord9>y m>ri$ wom5 are1 h[ev]1 n to be  

despis$4  ,!y p]=m all sorts (          
unpleasant tricks on ! survivors1 n !   
lea/ ( :i* are ! attacks !y make on _!  
successors 9 _!  husb&s' affections4    
,happily ^! attacks c be w>d$ (f by a   
judici\s homage to ! dep>t$ or a pret5d$
 id5tification ( !  deceas$ ) h]        
successor4 ,?us among ! ,gaddis1 a ,h9du
 sect 9  ! ,panjab1 :5 ! fir/ wife dies 
! second we>s a silv] plate  call$      
saukan mora1 or cr[n ( ! rival wife4    
,?is plate  repres5ts ! deceas$1 & is   
propitiat$ to av]t h]  ho/ility4#bcj4c  
,inde$1 ! practice is n conf9$ to "o    
sect3  x is common to sev]al ( ! ca/es4 
,! wid[] hangs a m9iature  portrait ( 8 
=m] wife1 or ev5 h] "n engrav$ on a     
silv] or  gold plate1 ab\t ! new bride's
 neck4 ,! object1 x has be5  sugge/$1 is
 to hum\r ! _s ( ! fir/ wife by id5tify+
  h] ) ! second1 ?us prov+ ! husb&'s    
fidelity4 ,9 ! #bca  ,c5tral ,panjab1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ! bride is dress$ z a        
milkmaid1  or a fl[]-sell]1 & giv5 a    
s]vile nickname1 app>5tly to  conv9ce ! 

_s ( ! deceas$ t ! girl be+ m>ri$ is n  
a real wife1 b a slave-girl4 ,:5 ! dea? 
( ! second wife %[s  t ! device has be5 
unsuccessful1 a mock-m>riage ( !        
bridegroom to a tree or a %eep1 adorn$ l
 a bride1 is resort$ to  be=e 8 m>riage 
) a woman4 8,x is int]e/+ to wat* !     
b$eck$ %eep sitt+ on ! khrs 7rev]s$     
baskets7 ) a  bridegroom & be+ l$ by him
 r\nd ! sacrificial fire1 :ile !  real  
bride sits by40 ,"h x is d\btless int5d$
 to fix !  att5tion ( ! deceas$ ^u !    
tree or ! %eep1 & s leave !  real wife  
free f h] jeal\sy4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ?ird
 wife  ! evil influ5ce ( ! fir/ is deem$
 to be exhau/$4#bca4a ,!  ,lets (       
,b5gal1 :o are also ,h9dus 9 religion1  
p]mit _! wid[s  to m>ry aga91 ?\gh n by 
! rite = a virg9-bride4 ,! second  husb&
 is usually a wid[]2 & he places ! iron 
bangle ( 8  =m] wife on 8 new wife's    
arm4#bca4b ,s 9 ,b>oda a wid[] :o       
m>ries aga9 has to pres5t to 8 new wife 
a neck-ornam5t )  m>ks to repres5t !    
feet ( 8 fir/ wife4 ,%e w we> ?is to    

prev5t ! gho/ ( ! latt] f tr\bl+        
h]4#bca4c    ,x ne$ h>dly be said t !   
rites & tales "h discuss$ involve       
some?+ m ?an ! belief 9 ! survival (    
dea? by a b>e  human p]sonality4 ,!y    
c\ld n h come into exi/5ce )\t !  belief
 t :at rema9$ aft] ! cata/rophe 0 /ill 9
 "s  degree a s5ti5t & p[]ful be+4 ,x is
 difficult = mank9d to  acquiesce 9 !   
reality ( dea?4 ,! imag9ation refuses to
 h>b\r  ! ?\ght ( ! cessation ( consci\s
 exi/5ce4 #bcb ,! dead1  al?\gh !y appe>
 to respond no long] to ! physical &    
social  /imuli hi!rto effective1 mu/    
/ill be4 ,vani%$ f our ord9>y  k51 !y   
mu/ be liv+ some:]e1 someh[2 !y _c h be5
  annihilat$4 ,if !y /ill live1 !y mu/  
live "u conditions  analog\s to ^? we   
"k1 & ) affections1 desires1 appetites1 
av]sions1 simil> to ^? !y _h 9 ?is life1
 ?\gh ! objects  may conceivably be     
*ang$4 ,h5ce e sort ( activity kn[n to  
man  is ascrib$ to !m4 ,9 dreams1 9     
trances1 & 9 ! ph5om5a (  possession !y 
are obs]v$ to c>ry on ^! activities4 ,b 

because  !y are obs]v$ to c>ry !m on    
only "u su* my/]i\s  conditions !y repel
 ! survivors & fill !m ) an undef9able  
horror & awe4 ,among ! affections &     
appetites ( mank9d ^?  connect$ ) !     
sexual life are almo/ ! /ronge/4 ,x is  
natural  !re=e to imag9e t ! dead w /ill
 endeav\r1 by social &  ev5 by fle%ly   
int]c\rse ) ! survivors1 to gratify !m4 
,=  if ! belief 9 _! activity 9 o!r     
directions be conc$$1 ?is  _c be d5i$2 &
 p]haps ! v horror t w\ld be inspir$  by
 ! ultimate /ages ( su* a possibility   
s]ves to attract !  ?\ghts1 & !re=e !   
belief1 ( peoples on ! l[] planes (     
civilization4    ,ill we$s gr[ rank 9   
su* a soil4 ,n only are sexual appetites
 &  affections almo/ ! /ronge/2 b1 z is 
n[ well recogniz$1 9  ! complex attitude
 ( mank9d to ! invisible _w !y h no     
inconsid]able %>e4 ,m>riage is a /atus  
hemm$ ab\t by _m taboos  & easily l5d+  
itself to my/ical pres5tation4 ,x is    
natural t  ! demise ( "o ( ! p>ties %\ld
 cause a %ock to ! survivor  correspond+

 to ! *ange ( condition involv$1 & %\ld 
p[]fully affect ! sexual impulses4 ,ev5 
#bcc ap>t f m>riage  !y are an object on
 :i* ! ?\ght ( mank9d1 :e!r savage or   
civiliz$1 broods ) a p]si/5t endeav\r to
 solve ! my/]y  surr\nd+ !m4 ,h9ts are  
se5 9 !m = ! solution ( _m a  problem   
o!r ?an t ( ! propagation ( ! species4  
,! ideas  sugge/$ by _! contemplation   
are utiliz$ alike = practical &         
economical purposes 7= example1 9       
agricultural magic71 & =  speculation on
 ! transc5d5t !mes ( life & dea? & !    
con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,! tales &     
sup]/itions ,i h  br\ght toge!r exhibit 
^! impulses emphasiz+ ! t]ror ( !  dead4
 ,_m ( ! ph5om5a ( dreams1 & ! ph5om5a (
 hy/]ia  & v>i\s =ms ( delusion are due 
to ! sexual impulses4 ,!  sexual        
impulses 9 turn are 9 _m1 if n all1 ( ! 
cases ref]r$  to above greatly aid$ by !
 conditions impos$ on ! pati5t4 ,no     
less ?an luxury & ov]-fe$+1 fa/+ &      
ab/95ce f !  ord9>y & reasonable        
gratification ( animal appetites1 & f   

social int]c\rse1 are ! p>5ts ( nightm>e
 & delusion4 ,bo?  extremes lead ?r\gh  
physical di/urbances to disord]s ( !    
imag9ation & ! reason4 ,h]mits &        
celibates h probably  suff]$ ev5 m ?an  
rakes & gluttons & drunk>ds4 ,! annals  
( mona/icism ) tiresome & pitiful       
it]ation record !  disa/r\s effects (   
asceticism ^u body & m9d4 ,among savage 
&  b>b>\s peoples ^! effects are z a    
rule less noxi\s1 because  ! conditions 
induc+ & accel]at+ !m are less cont9u\s4
 ,b  x is precisely at ! "t :5 sexual   
relations are put out (  normal ge>1 & !
 sexual impulses are left )\t _! normal 
gratification1 t exclusion f society &  
ab/95ce1 sometimes  f sleep1 always #bcd
 f food usual 9 quality & am\nt1 are    
impos$4 ,! imag9ation1 already /imulat$ 
by ! %ock ( ! dea?  7r>ely attribut$ to 
natural causes71 ! possibility ( an     
accusation ( wit*craft hang+ ov] !      
wid['s head1 ! c]ta9ty  9 _m cases 7z   
among ! tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia7 ( a 
long  p]iod ( h>d%ip & ev5 torture1 all 

comb9e ) ! exclusion  & en=c$ ab/95ce to
 produce a /ate ( unnatural excitem5t1  
am\nt+ at times to t]ror & delusion--9  
any case liable  p[]fully to affect !   
dreams1 & to produce hy/]ia4    ,x mu/  
be rememb]$ t ! entire community %>es to
 ! full !  und]ly+ beliefs1 &           
p>ticipates 9 v>y+ degrees 9 ! fe>s  ( !
 b]eav$ sp\se4 ,we are famili> ev5 9    
,europe ) ! effect  ^u a cr[d--nay1 ^u  
an entire nation--( emotions felt 9     
common4  ,!y are int5sifi$4 ,! atmosph]e
 becomes electrical1 & a sp>k  suffices 
to produce a conflagration4 ,:5 ! object
 ( ! emotion is  /range1 imp]fectly     
appreh5d$1 my/]i\s1 ! effect is         
height5$2 x becomes a species (         
insanity4 ,?+s are imag9$  :i* d n exi/2
 eyewitnesses atte/ :at a dispassionate 
obs]v]  kn[s to be impossibilities4 ,!  
mo/ appall+ ( ! tales & !  mo/ vivid ( !
 rites we h be5 consid]+ are ?us easily 
acc\nt$ =4 ,! m>vel is t !y are n m     
widely di/ribut$  ov] ! _w ?an our      
pres5t in=mation enables u to affirm4   

,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m\rn+   ,,clo!s  
#bce    ,x is a commonplace among       
an?ropologi/s t c]ta9 ev5ts 9 a         
community cause a /ate ( taboo1 :i*     
affects ! memb]s ( !  community 9 a     
great] or less degree1 accord+ to _!    
ne>ness (  place or blood to ! p]son    
pr9cipally conc]n$1 or accord+ to  !    
magnitude ( ! ev5t4 ,among ^! ev5ts a   
dea? is n !  lea/ important4 ,9 ! l[]   
culture ! :ole village or settlem5t  is 
(t5 atta9t$ by ! occurr5ce ( a dea?4 ,b 
x is m  p>ticul>ly ! ne> relatives1 & ^?
 :o h be5 br\ght into  contact ) !      
corpse1 :o are affect$ by ! dea?-taboo  
7or1 z  x is (t5 call$1 !               
dea?-pollution71 mo/ ( all ! wid[ or    
wid[]4 ,we call ! p]iod ( !             
dea?-taboo--m\rn+4 ,! duration  ( !     
taboo1 z well z its int5sity1 v>ies     
among diff]5t  peoples1 & n only accord+
 to ! relation%ip ( ! m\rn]s to  !      
deceas$1 b also to 8 rank1 f a few days 
to _m mon?s1  & ev5 to ye>s4 ,x is v r>e
 t !re is no m\rn+ on a  dea?2 b if our 

reports may be tru/$1 !re are a few     
cases1  :i*1 h[ev]1 ne$ n deta9 u4      
,m\rn+ g>b is an ess5tial "p ( !        
obs]vances4 ,its object has  be5 mu*    
debat$ by an?ropologi/s4 ,!re seems     
little d\bt t  its fir/ object is to    
di/+ui% ^? :o are "u ! taboo f  o!r     
p]sons3 x is ! sign ( ! plague4         
,pr(essor ,fraz] #bcf  _m ye>s ago laid 
x d[n 8t m\rn+ co/ume is usually !      
rev]se ( t 9 ord9>y life40 ,he cit$     
7among o!rs7 !  practice at ,rome = !   
sons ( ! deceas$ to walk at ! fun]al  ) 
_! heads cov]$1 ! daught]s ) _! heads   
uncov]$1  & t 9 ,greece = m5 & wom5 dur+
 ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to  inv]t _! usual     
habits ( we>+ ! hair1 ! ord9>y practice 
( m5 be+ to cut x %ort & t ( wom5 to we>
 x  long4#bcf4a ,! accuracy ( !         
g5]alization might be illu/rat$  f      
examples all ov] ! _w4 ,! ,arapaho1 :o  
we> _! hair  long & braid$1 :5 9 m\rn+  
unbraid x & we> x unb\nd4  ,sometimes !y
 cut x4 ,!y we> old clo?+1 & d n pa9t   
!mselves z !y are accu/om$ to d4#bcf4b  

,among ! ,bangala (  ! ,upp] ,congo m5  
sometimes we> wom5's dresses in/ead ( _!
  own1 & %ave half ! hair ( ! head1 or  
%ave x 9 pat*es1 &  !y rub clay on _!   
bodies4 ,wid[s dress 9 only a few leaves
 or g  />k nak$1 b ) dirt or clay rubb$ 
on ! body4 ,= ?ree  mon?s aft] ! fun]al 
& a p]iod ( retirem5t 9 ! bu% !y  we>   
long1 untidy-look+ grass clo?s4#bcf4c   
,:5 foll[+ a  corpse to ! grave ,a9u    
m\rn]s we> _! coats inside out &  upside
 d[n4 ,an ,a9u's hair is nev] cut1      
except on ! dea? (  husb& or wife2 & !n 
cutt+ is obligatory4#bcf4d ,among !     
,iban ( ,s>awak a wid['s m\rn+ la/s     
until ! f9al c]emonies1  sometimes two  
ye>s aft] ! dea?4 ,dur+ t "t %e may n   
we>  any ornam5t1 h] dress mu/ be pla9 &
 old2 & %e is n all[$  to pull out h]   
eyela%es & eyebr[s1 nor to use soap =   
#bcg  wa%+4 ,:atev] acqua9tance %e may h
 9 ord9>y life )  soap1 ! prohibition to
 pull out h] eyela%es & eyebr[s is a    
prohibition ( ! la/ & mo/ s$uctive t\*es
 ( h] toilet3 no  ,iban woman w\ld ?9k (

 we>+ eyela%es & eyebr[s if %e 7  n a   
wid[ 9 m\rn+4#bcg4a ,by rev]s+ ! usual  
co/ume !  m\rn] is di/+ui%$ f o!rs1     
notice is giv5 to ! _w (  ! taboo t b9ds
 him4    ,= ?is reason _m ( ! aborig9es 
( ,briti% ,guiana lay _!  tr9kets aside 
& g entirely nak$2 & among ! ,jir>as or 
,ayricas  ! wife1 bro!rs & si/]s ( !    
deceas$ pa9t !mselves all  ov] ) ! juice
 ( a fruit t r5d]s !m z black z         
,negroes1  :ile relatives less ne> pa9t 
only _! feet1 legs1 arms & "p  ( ! face3
 !y are n s deeply compromis$4#bcg4b ,s 
on !  ,ivory ,coa/ ! ,ng\lango or       
,pakhalla m\rn]s put (f _!  ornam5ts1   
put on ! head a worn-out lo9-clo? & we> 
br[n  clo?+1 m>k+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! body 
) r$ e>?4 ,if  any?+ m 7 necess>y to    
exhibit _! /ate ( taboo1 x w\ld  be !   
practice ( wid[s :5 !y w5t out ( doors  
to c>ry a piece  ( 8feti%0 wood1 end[$ )
 ! p[] ( caus+ dea? to anyone  :o       
approa*$ !m & t\*$ x4#bcg4c ,9 ,au/ralia
 !  relatives1 especially ! wom51 cov]  
_! heads ) clay1 or 9  "s p>ts ( ,we/   

,au/ralia ) r$ mud4#bcg4d ,! ,w>ramunga 
wom5 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory cov] !mselves
 f head to foot  ) pipeclay4#bcg4e      
,among ! ,uriyas ( ,india1 ^: wom5 are  
p>ticul>ly fond ( gay col\rs1 a wid[    
we>s a pla9 :ite  bord]less s>i1 or     
clo?1 z #bch ! sign ( h]                
b]eavem5t4#bch4a ,! ,man ,cao ,lan (    
,tonk9 we> :ite g>m5ts n  hemm$2 & ^? ( 
_! wom5 :o h adopt$ ! ,annamite  tr\s]s 
recur to ! native petticoat4#bch4b    ,!
 col\rs ( ! m\rn+ g>b v>y widely4 ,dr   
,fraz] has collect$  a consid]able li/1 
to :i* x is ne$less to add4 ,let x      
suffice to  say t ?\gh emblematic col\rs
 are (t5 us$1 ! ma9 pr9ciple1           
especially 9 ! l[] culture1 is t j      
discuss$ ( rev]s+1  or we>+ some?+ q    
di/9ctive f1 ! ord9>y co/ume4    ,!     
condition ( taboo occasion$ by a dea?1 x
 %\ld be not$1 is  by no means limit$ to
 ! dea? ( a human be+4 ,among ! anci5t  
,egyptians ! ,m5desians obs]v$ a great  
m\rn+ on ! dea? ( a  goat2 & m g5]ally  
:5 a cat di$ by a natural dea? ev]yone  

9 ! h\se %av$ 8 eyebr[s1 :ile on ! dea? 
( a dog !  :ole head & body 7 %av$4 ,bo?
 ^! & o!r animals 7  also accord$ hon\rs
 ( burial 9 sacr$ tombs4#bch4c ,! native
  tribes ( ,manipur lay a g5na1 or      
taboo1 ^u ! inmates ( a h\se  9 :i* an  
animal dies or has "y1 especially a c[2 
& :5 a cat  dies x is wrapp$ up 9 a clo?
 & buri$ amid lam5tations 9 a  grave dug
 = x by ! old wom54#bch4d ,to !         
,ibo-speak+ peoples  ( ,nig]ia ! leop>d 
is a quasi-sacr$ animal4 ,at ,aguku !   
hunt]  :o has kill$ x puts eagle-fea!rs 
9 8 hair & does no "w =  tw5ty-eight    
days3 t is to say1 he is "u a taboo = a 
:ole  moon4 ,at ,ugwoba he may n g to   
#bci ! ,aana 7! %r9e ( !  e>?7 = a ye>2 
he mu/ sit d[n )\t work+ = tw5ty-eight  
days1 & may eat only su* food z has be5 
put 9 a pot & hung  ov] ! fire2 he      
sleeps 9 a good h\se1 & p wat* le/ o!r  
leop>ds come & kill him4 ,on !          
tw5ty-eigh? day1 on tak+ !  sk9 to      
m>ket1 sacrifices are (f]$ to a c]ta9   
tree1 :i* is  reg>d$ z ekw5su1 def9$ z !

 _s ( a man :o has be5  kill$ ) a rope  
or a knife1 or ( a woman :o has di$ 9   
pregnancy4#bci4a ,su* a dea? w\ld be an 
evil dea?1 & ! gho/  w\ld be naturally  
incl9$ to make o!rs suff] 9 ! same way2 
b  ! sacrifices w\ld p]haps conciliate  
him & induce him to turn 8  att5tion to 
an effectual protection ( ! sacrific]   
aga9/ !  leop>ds' v5geance4    ,among ! 
,h]]o ( ,g]man ,s\?-,we/ ,africa to %$ !
 blood ( a  lion is ! same z to %$ t ( a
 human be+2 & he :o kills a  lion c only
 wa% away ! s9 by ! %$d+ ( 8 own blood4 
,?is  is done by scor+ 8 brea/ & arm ) a
 fl9t & dropp+ "s  ( ! blood ^u !       
e>?4#bci4b ,! ,hidatsa ( ! ,nor?        
,am]ican  prairies1 aft] hunt+ eagles1  
build a sweat-lodge & purify  !mselves1 
s++ a my/]y-song or incantation4#bci4c  
,!  practice1 9 fact1 is widespread4 ,9 
"s in/ances x may be  expla9$ by        
totemism or analog\s beliefs4 ,9 any    
case !re c be  no d\bt x is dictat$ by  
simil> motives to ^? t lead to !  taboo 
& m\rn+ aft] ! dea? ( a human be+4    ,!

 sugge/ion has be5 made t ! *ange ( #bdj
 g>b is int5d$  z a disguise to deceive 
! _s ( ! deceas$1 & s to %elt]  ! m\rn] 
f its attacks4 ,on ! "o h&1 _m tribes   
unque/ionably adopt ! same co/ume aft]  
kill+ an enemy z on !  dea? ( a fri5d4  
,among ! ,ab>ambos ( ,welle 9 ! ,fr5*   
,s\dan1  :5 a native kills ano!r he     
black5s 8 face1 girds himself ) a  grass
 cord & eats only raw bananas1 to h9d] !
 gho/ f com+  to kill him 9 8 turn4 ,!  
same rites are obs]v$ on ! dea? ( a     
husb& or wife1 ) ! addition t ! survivor
 disappe>s = a  "t into ! woods4#bdj4a  
,b ?is is by no means ! univ]sal rule4  
,among ! ,n&i ( ,ea/  ,africa ! kill+ ( 
an enemy entails q a diff]5t g>b f !    
dea? ( a fri5d4 8,:5 a m>ri$ man dies1 8
 wid[s & unm>ri$  daught]s lay aside all
 _! ornam5ts1 & ! elde/ son we>s 8      
g>m5t inside out02 & m or less %av+1    
accord+ to _!  ne>ness 9 blood1 is done 
by all ! relatives4 8,on ! dea? ( a     
m>ri$ woman h] y\nge/ daught] we>s h]   
g>m5t inside out1  :il/ h] o!r relations

 put rope on _! ornam5ts to hide !m1  a 
common practice :]e !y _c easily be tak5
 (f & %ave  _! heads4 ,9 ! case (       
unm>ri$ p ! female relations  cov] _!   
ornam5ts ) rope1 & ! male relations %ave
 _!  heads40 ,! kill+ ( a ,n&i1 s f> z  
appe>s1 does n entail a  *ange ( co/ume1
 at lea/ if ! homicide belong to a      
diff]5t clan  f 8 victim4 ,x is m]ely ! 
subject ( v5geance1 unless b\ght  (f by 
blood-money4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x does n  
ev5 seem to r5d]  ! guilty man          
8unclean10 z ! kill+ ( a memb] ( 8 own  
#bda  clan does4 ,! latt] inde$ r5d]s   
him 8unclean = ! re/ ( 8  life1 unless  
he c succe$ 9 kill+ two o!r ,n&i ( a    
diff]5t  clan1 & c pay ! f9e himself40  
,9 ! meantime1 = aught t  appe>s 9 ,mr  
,hollis' c>eful acc\nt ( ! ,n&i1 no     
*ange (  co/ume is necess>y beyond :at  
o!r memb]s ( ! clan mu/  und]go on !    
dea? ( a relation4 ,! kill+ ( a p]son   
belong+  to ano!r tribe--a p]son :o is n
 a ,n&i1--h[ev]1 entails a  /r+5t       
condition ( taboo1 yet x is a subject1 n

 ( blame l  ! kill+ ( a ,n&i1 b (       
praise4 ,! slay] 8pa9ts "o side (  8    
body1 spe> & sword r$1 & ! o!r side     
:ite4 ,= f\r days  aft] ! murd] he is   
consid]$ unclean1 & may n g home4 ,he   
has  to build a small %elt] by a riv] & 
live !re2 he mu/ n  associate ) 8 wife  
or swee!>t1 & he may only eat porridge1 
beef1 & goat's fle%4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? 
day he mu/ purify  himself by dr9k+ a   
/rong purge made f ! b>k ( !            
segetet-tree1 & by dr9k+ goat's milk    
mix$ ) bullock's  blood40#bda4a    ,o!r 
tribes 9 ! ea/ ( ,africa pa9t !         
man-kill]4 ,masai  w>riors 7f :om       
possibly ! ,n&i h tak5 ov] ! cu/om71    
aft] return+ victori\s1 pa9t ! body 9 ! 
mann] j  describ$4#bda4b ,among ! ,borna
 ,galla1 ! conqu]ors :o h  sla9 an      
enemy1 on return+1 are wa%$ by ! wom5 ) 
a mixture  ( fat & milk1 & _! faces are 
pa9t$ r$ & :ite4 ,aft]  dirges ov] ^? :o
 h fall51 ! praises ( ! surviv+ h]oes   
are sung1 & ! "y w>riors' trophies are  
publicly buri$ outside  ! village4 ,^!  

trophies are portions ( ! bodies #bdb ( 
!  slaught]$ foes :i* _c be conv5i5tly  
pres]v$4#bdb4a ,!  wa%+ is obvi\sly a   
c]emonial purification4 ,ap>t f ?is !   
entire proce$+ is "o ( triumph1 & !re is
 no indication ( an  attempt at         
concealm5t4 ,9 ! ,congo bas9 ! ,yaka    
w>rior :o kills  a man 9 battle incurs !
 dang] ( reprisals on ! "p ( !  gho/4   
,he c1 h[ev]1 escape by we>+ ! r$       
tail-fea!rs ( !  p>rot 9 8 hair & pa9t+ 
8 =ehead r$4 ,^u ?is x is to  be obs]v$ 
t1 z else:]e1 r$ is a fav\rite col\r    
among !  ,bayaka4 ,x is us$ = body-pa9t+
 ( bo? liv+ & dead4 ,!  corpse is pa9t$ 
be=e burial2 ! d&y pa9ts himself to     
increase  8 beauty2 ! wid[ is pa9t$ 9   
m\rn+4 ,! pa9t+ ( !  =ehead c !re=e     
h>dly be a disguise4 ,! tail-fea!rs ( ! 
p>rot are probably an amulet4#bdb4b     
,! ,lillooet or ! ,ntlakapamux w>rior ( 
,briti% ,columbia :o has  sla9 a foe    
pa9ts n m]ely 8 =ehead b 8 entire face  
black4  ,if he did n d s1 x 0 believ$ t 
he w\ld become bl9d2 &  9 ! case ( !    

latt] tribe we are told t 8! _s ( #bdc  
! victim w\ld cause him to become bl9d40
 ,bl9dness = "s reason  is dread$ by ^! 
tribes aft] o!r dea?s4 ,among !         
,lillooet a  wid[] cuts 8 hair v %ort   
above 8 eyes & e>s2 8= if 8  hair t\*$ !
 eyes he w\ld become bl9d40 ,! cutt+ ( !
 hair  is1 ( c\rse1 a v common rite ei!r
 9 or at ! conclusion (  m\rn+4 ,among !
 ,ntlakapamux1 wid[s & wid[]s 8rubb$ f\r
  times across _! eyes a small smoo?    
/one tak5 f b5ea?  runn+ wat]1 & !n ?rew
 x away1 pray+ t !y might n  become     
bl9d40#bdc4a ,s9ce wid[s & wid[]s are   
specially subject  to ! p]secution ( !  
deceas$ sp\se1 we may p]haps inf] t  !  
bl9dness 9 su* cases w\ld be            
attributable to ! dep>t$4 ,a  p>ity (   
reason+ w\ld lead to ! same conclusion 9
 reg>d to !  w>rior's victim4 ,b h[ !   
pa9t+ ( ! face black w\ld prev5t  su* a 
cata/rophe we are 9 ! d>k4 ,= aught we  
"k1 x may h  be5 7= in/ance7 an         
expression ( contrition design$ to      
mollify  ! injur$ gho/4 ,mortu>y        

c]emonies are almo/ ev]y:]e s           
complicat$ t x is difficult to          
dis5tangle _! motives4 ,9 !  relat$     
tribe ( ! ,skqomic all :o foll[ ! corpse
 9 ! burial  procession mu/ pa9t !      
brea/s ( _! g>m5ts ) r$ pa9t1  else 8a  
sc>city ( fi% w\ld be ! result at ! next
 salmon run02  & ! wid[ 9 addition is   
pa9t$ ) r$ /reaks on ! cr[n (  h]       
head4#bdc4b ,! fact is t pa9t+ oneself  
is a prep>ation  = ! footlights by no   
means conf9$ to ov]-civiliz$ peoples4 ,x
  is s usual 9 ! mo/ v>i$ /ages (       
culture1 f ! l[e/  upw>ds1 t we _c      
safely pron\nce x an attempt at         
disguise4    #bdd    ,a some:at /rong]  
case might p]haps be made = ! g>b ( a   
company ( ,dyak head-hunt]s1 if we c\ld 
be sure t ! c]emonies  z describ$ a few 
ye>s ago by an eyewitness at ! settlem5t
 (  ,t&jo5g-,k>ang1 on ! riv] ,kapoeas1 
7 intact4 ,b :5 a rite  is 9 decay1 z   
head-hunt+ is1 all sorts ( v>iations are
 possible4  ,! ,briti% & ,dut*          
gov]nm5ts1 n[ supreme 9 ,borneo1 )      

little  reg>d = ! mo/ sacr$ feel+s ( _! 
hea!n subjects1  positively =bid a cu/om
 int5d$ to procure bless+s = !          
community by ! conv]sion ( anci5t foes  
into gu>dian spirits4  ,h5ce x is (t5   
necess>y1 in/ead ( tak+ fre% heads1 to  
put up  ) old ones & to make believe t  
!y are new4 ,= ?is purpose  an exp$ition
 is s5t =? on a mock-raid1 c>ry+ skulls 
( =m]  victims ) !m1 & br++ !m back z if
 !y 7 j  acquir$4 ,:5 ! exp$ition       
returns1 x is receiv$ z if x 7 a        
successful w>-p>ty1 & ! c]emonies on !  
arrival ( g5u9e  head-hunt]s are p]=m$4 
,at ,t&jo5g-,k>ang1 on ! occasion 9  "q1
 ^! includ$ dances 9 :i* bo? m5 & wom5  
took "p4  ,! m5 7:o _h be5 fa/+1 & 7    
/ill "u taboo7 7 clad  9 w>-app>el4     
,sk9s ( animals hung f _! %\ld]s2 fea!rs
  adorn$ _! caps2 & all wore on _!      
wri/s1 arms & legs  ornam5ts ( )]$      
palm-leaves1 su* z are di/9ctive (      
successful raid]s4 ,9 addition1 "s _h   
also %av$ ! front ( !  head & deck$ x ) 
simil> wrea?s1 s t ! leaves hung d[n  l 

fr+es ov] ! face4 ,if ?is 7 int5d$ z a  
disguise1 x is  curi\s t n all ! raid]s 
7 ?us %av54 ,:e!r !re 0  any reason :y  
all did n %>e 9 ?is treatm5t ( ! head1  
or  inde$ :at ! palm-leaf ornam5t       
signifi$1 x 0 n possible to  asc]ta94 ,!
 obs]v] 0 assur$1 h[ev]1 #bde t ! %av+  
0 necess>y 9 ord] to br+ ! fa/ to an    
end1 & t 9 =m]  days ! %orn hair 0 ?r[n 
into ! wat] ) invocations to !  spirits4
 ,n[ x lay neglect$ :]e x fell4 ,! day 0
 conclud$  ) fea/+ & fur!r dances2 b !  
m5 7 n yet entirely  reliev$ f _! taboo4
 ,?is 0 accompli%$ e>ly ! next  morn+ ) 
a ba? 9 ! riv]2 & ! slaught] ( hogs &   
ano!r fea/ br\ght ! solemnity to a      
close4#bde4a    ,on ! o!r h&1 all       
sup]natural be+s are deceiv$ & trick$  )
 :at are to u v transp>5t devices4 ,!   
/&>d (  intellect 9 ! o!r _w w\ld seem  
to be mu* l[] ?an 9 ?is4  ,ev5 ! spirits
 ( ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 :5 conjur$ up 9
 a  spirituali/ic sance1 are f\nd /ripp$
 ( all _! supreme  qualities1 & h>dly ! 
equals ( ! silly p]sons :o h flock$  to 

_! manife/ations4 ,9 ,borneo x is       
record$ t 8"s ,madang a  sub-tribe ( !  
,k5yahs1 :o _h cross$ ov] f ! ,b>am to !
  ,rejang on a visit1 appe>$ ea* ) a    
cross m>k$ 9 *>coal on  8 =ehead4 ,!y   
suppos$ t by ?is means !y 7 disguis$    
beyond all recognition by evil spirits40
 ,& ,tama ,bulan1 a ,k5yah  *ief1 :5 on 
a visit to ,ku*+1 disc>d$ = ! same      
reason !  leop>d's tee? :i* he          
habitually wore at home ?r\gh ! upp]  "p
 ( 8 e>s4#bde4b ,9 ! same isl& also !   
,kayans protect a  *ild f an            
evil-dispos$ ,toh1 or inf]ior _s1 by a  
sooty m>k  on ! =ehead1 consi/+ ( a     
v]tical m$ian l9e & a horizontal  b&    
above ! eyebr[s1 :i* is ?\ght to r5d] x 
difficult =  ! ,toh to recognize 8      
victim4#bde4c    #bdf    ,?is facility (
 deception1 x may be obs]v$1 ext5ds to  
o!r  s5ses ?an t ( sight4 ,x is         
acc\ntable = ! taboo ( words  & ! use ( 
euphemisms 9 hunt+ & on o!r occasions4  
,! poor  silly spirits w n be able to   
p5etrate ! disguise4 ,9 !  nor?-ea/ (   

,scotl& ! fi%]m5 :5 at sea nev] pron\nc$
 !  words m9i/]1 kirk1 sw9e1 salmon1    
tr\t1 dog1 & s  on1 b us$ o!r words or  
phrases in/ead1 su* z 8bell-hoose0 =    
kirk1 or 8! man wi' ! black quyte0 =    
m9i/]4#bdf4a ,!  p ( ,mul]a-,ru&a 9     
,g]man ,ea/ ,africa h a def9ite !ory  to
 acc\nt = su* a practice4 ,!y hold t !  
spirits h inde$  e>s & c he> :at is     
said1 b !y h no eyes4 ,consequ5tly  :5 a
 h\sehold] proposes on "s solemn        
occasion1 z a betro?al1  to sacrifice an
 animal1 he directs ! slave to g to !   
hill &  fet* ! ?icke/ sweet potato = a  
fea/1 mean+ a fat goat f  ! h]d4 ,?is   
goat he !n (f]s to 8 ance/ors1 call+ x  
an ox2  = ! spirits w n be able to      
detect ! *eat4#bdf4b ,l  ,isaac 9 !     
,hebrew /ory1 !y are bl9d1 & 8:at ! eye 
doesn't  see1 ! he>t doesn't grieve at10
 z our ,engli% prov]b has x3 !y  c be   
?us deceiv$ into giv+ _! bless+ 9 return
 = a  trifl+ gratification4    ,yet x   
may be d\bt$ :e!r ! cases alleg$ by     
,pr(essor ,fraz] 9  ! important pap] to 

:i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 z fav\r+ !    
op9ion t m\rn+ clo!s are a disguise1 are
 n susceptible ( a  diff]5t             
int]pretation4 ,s inconclusive did he   
himself ?9k !  evid5ce t he refra9$ f   
def9itely committ+ himself to !  op9ion 
9 "q1 ?\gh o!rs h s9ce done s4 ,! cu/om 
(  pa9t+ ! face & body 9 m\rn+ is s     
common t x is at  lea/ rem>kable t !    
tribes ( ,borneo1 :o disguise #bdg      
!mselves1 z we h se51 f ho/ile spirits )
 *>coal1 d  n seem to attempt ?is def5ce
 aga9/ ! peevi% gho/ ( a newly  deceas$ 
p]son4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) we>+       
b>k-clo? or  clo!s /a9$ yell[ ) clay1 ) 
all[+ ! hair to gr[ :]e  x is usually   
%av$1 or %av+ x :]e x usually gr[s1 & ) 
lay+ aside p]sonal ornam5ts or sub/itut+
 = ! metal e>r+s  commonly worn by !    
wom5 a wood5 make%ift4#bdg4a ,9 ?is way 
!y may be said to con=m to ! rule       
already discuss$ ( rev]s+  ! ord9>y     
co/ume4    ,a ,bohemian cu/om requir$ ! 
m\rn]s to put on masks & to  practise   
/range behavi\r on _! return f ! fun]al4

 ,x may be  conjectur$ t ?is 0 a dance  
or devil-drive1 int5d$ to expel1  n to  
deceive4 ,su* dances are n uncommon1 bo?
 at p]iodical  purification             
c]emonies#bdg4b & on ! occasion ( a     
dea?4 ,!  use ( masks at fun]al dances (
 ?is k9d has be5 report$1 =  example1 9 
rec5t ye>s among ! ,bantu-speak+ peoples
 ( !  prairie-l& 9 ! int]ior ( !        
,kam]un4 ,at ^! dances wood5  masks 9 ! 
lik5ess ( l[] animals z well z ( human  
be+s are  worn2 & two ( ! latt]1 hide\s 
en\gh to horrify any respectable  gho/1 
are figur$ by ! ,g]man explor] :o       
discov]$ !m4#bdg4c  ,m rec5tly ano!r    
,g]man explor] has f\nd1 on ! ,upp]     
,ai>y 9  ! int]ior ( ,brazil1           
m\rn+-dances ( a simil> "*1 9  :i* masks
 7 us$ repres5t+ v>i\s animals & demons1
 & has  giv5 figures f photographs ( !  
danc]s1 z well z a lively  description (
 "o ( ! dances :i* he witness$4 ,?is    
dance began  ) an attack on ! #bdh      
,maloka1 or community-h\se1 by a troop (
  evil spirits1 :o ev5tually succe$$ 9  

/orm+ x4 ,! "m &  wid[ ( ! dead man     
wail$4 ,! attack+ p>ty1 hav+ =c$ an     
entrance1 sang4 ,! wom5 7 t]rifi$1 b !  
sc5e end$ 9  weep+ & laught]4 ,x 0      
foll[$ by dances & songs by !  v>i\s    
animals2 & ! p]=mance 0 conclud$ by a   
phallic  dance--a pantomime ( ! process 
( reproduction4 ,! mean+ ( !  masque1 ! 
explor] decl>es1 0 cle>4 ,x 0 a magic   
ritual  int5d$ to propitiate ! angry    
gho/ ( ! deceas$1 t he might  n return &
 c>ry (f any ( ! survivors4 ,! evil     
demons1 to  ^: *>ge p]haps ! dea? 0     
laid1 & f ^: spite mank9d  is nev] safe1
 w\ld by ! p]=mance be h9d]$ f fur!r    
mis*ief4 ,mkuk 7! =e/-demon7 & ! jagu>1 
foes ( !  hunt]1 ! spoil]s ( ! crops    
7worms1 l>v1 & o!r v]m971  & likewise ! 
game itself 7 meant1 by ! mimicry ( _!  
v>i\s proce$+s1 to be magically influ5c$
 & r5d]$  fav\rable to m51 s t ri*      
booty1 l>ge h>ve/s1 & e sort  ( f]tility
 & bless+ w\ld result4#bdh4a    ,if x be
 object$ t a mask is by its v nature    
int5d$ to  deceive1 we mu/ n =get t t is

 v (t5 n its prim>y  object4 ,a nurse 9 
play ) a *ild w sometimes put on a mask 
=  an in/ant4 ,%e does s n to deceive ! 
*ild z to h] id5tity1  b to cause a     
mom5t>y t]ror4 ,s ! horrible di/ortions 
( !  human c\nt5ance1 ! wild1 !         
grotesque1 ! impossible m+l+ (  human & 
be/ial features *>act]i/ic ( _m ( !     
masks us$ 9  ^! dances1 are (t5 int5d$ r
 to t]rify ?an to deceive !  sup]natural
 be+s aga9/ :om ! p]=mance is direct$4  
#bdi ,a  w>rior go+ to battle decks     
himself out ) pa9t & fea!rs1  ) helmet &
 gr9n+ cre/1 9 ord] to /rike fe> into ! 
he>t  ( 8 foe4 ,spirits are z easily    
fright5$ z human be+s4 ,inde$1  happily 
= ! com=t ( mank9d1 !y are possess$ (   
uncommonly  weak n]ves :i* fail !m1 )   
all _! malevol5ce1 at e  turn4 ,all t is
 necess>y is = ! man :o kn[s h[ to deal 
)  !m to put on a bold front1 & !y w    
flee be=e him4    ,pr(essor de ,groot1  
writ+ ( ! w> aga9/ spectres 9 ,*9a1     
says3 8,a c\rage\s man :ile boldly      
fight+1 or try+ to t]rify by  aggressive

 ge/ures1 easily gets 8 hair disord]$4  
,!re=e  fl[+ hair intimates intrepidity1
 & _c fail to inspire !  spectral _w )  
fe>4''' ,?is idea has n only =m$ ! text 
(  old traditions1 b z e>ly z ! ,han    
dyna/y _h creat$ ! cu/om  ( sett+ up    
long-hair$ heads1 9 ord] to drive away  
spectres4 ,no  wond] t to ?is day       
long-hair$ exorci/s assum+ ?is t]rify+  
aspect1 & enhanc+ x by weapons br&i%$ ) 
vig\r1 are  ev]yday appe>ances also 9   
spectre-expell+ processions4            
,acc\trem5ts10 he goes on to say1 8h be5
 worn ) ! same  object s9ce e>ly times4 
,be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! fang-siang1     
:ile purify+ grave-pits1 h\ses1 &       
/reets1 7 dress$ )  be>sk9s & mask$ )   
grotesque caps2 & "u ! ,han dyna/y      
p]sons mask$ z animals1 fea!r$1 hair$ & 
horn$1 accompani$  !m 9 exorcis+        
processions1 jump+ ab\t & scream+4      
,probably  su* exorci/s h appe>$ 9 all  
ages at fun]als4 ,ev5 to ?is  day'''    
fang-siang are se5 !re9 9 ! %ape (      
effigies40#bdi4a    ,b mask$ p]sonages 9

 _m m\rn+-dances repres5t ! gho/s       
!mselves4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ,torres #bej     
,/raits1 = example1 su*  repres5tations 
are an indisp5sable "p ( ! fun]al       
c]emonies1  & ! id5tity ( ! gho/ is     
8indicat$ by a pantomimic  repres5tation
 ( *>act]i/ic traits ( ! deceas$4 ,!    
idea10  says ,dr ,haddon1 8evid5tly 0 to
 convey to ! m\rn]s ! assurance  t !    
gho/ 0 alive & t 9 ! p]son ( ! danc] he 
visit$ 8 fri5ds2 ! assurance ( 8 life   
aft] dea? com=t$  ! b]eav$ ones40#bej4a 
,! id5tification ( ! p]=m] )  ! deceas$ 
is among "s peoples complete4 ,?irty    
days aft] !  dea? ( an adult ,musquakie 
,indian ! dead man is p]sonat$ by a     
fri5d1 :o 9 ?is "* att5ds a f>ewell fea/
 prep>atory to  ! f9al dep>ture ( ! gho/
 = ! ,happy ,hunt+ ,gr\nds4 ,he is      
call$ ! gho/-c>ri]4 ,:5 ! sun goes d[n  
he dep>ts t[>d !  we/1 convoy$ by a     
numb] ( ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$1 all (     
:om1 l himself1 are pa9t$ b n mask$4    
,aft] nightfall !y  return & are welcom$
 z f a long j\rney4 ,! gho/-c>ri] is  by

 ev]yone address$ by ! "n ( ! deceas$4  
,9 a few days he  visits ! p>5ts ( !    
deceas$1 if !y survive1 ann\nc+  himself
 z _! dead son1 :o w\ld c>e = !m 9 _!   
old age4  ,he is h5ce=? look$ ^u z _!   
son1 call$ by t son's "n1  & pl$g$ to a 
son's duty to !m1 ?\gh 8 own p>5ts d n  
necess>ily give him up & /ill call him  
by 8 own "n4 ,simil>  c]emonies are     
p]=m$ = wom5 by wom54#bej4b ,9 fact !   
p]=m] :o repres5ts a sup]natural be+ 9 a
 religi\s dance (  any k9d is q commonly
 reg>d$ n z a repres5tative1 b z  !     
sup]natural p]sonage himself1 s long z  
he we>s ! mask &  be>s 8 attributes4 ,s 
an au?or already quot$1 writ+ ( !  #bea 
,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,brazil1 says3  
8,! demon is involv$ 9  ! mask1 is      
incorporat$ 9 x2 ! mask is = ! ,indian !
 demon  himself4''' ,! demon ( ! mask   
passes ov] into ! masqu] = !  "t        
be+40#bea4a ,! mask$ dances ( ^!        
,indians are p]=m$  especially 9 hon\r (
 ! dead4 ,! masks !re=e are int5d$ to   
deceive nobody1 n ev5 ! rec5tly deceas$1

 :o z a new arrival  9 ! o!r _w may be  
8a babe 9 ^! ?+s40 ,! masqu]s are  !    
demons 9 propriis p]sonis )\t any       
deceit4    ,a diff]5t case is t ( a     
,myoro woman cit$ by ,dr ,fraz] f       
,capta9 ,speke's ,j\rnal ( ! ,discov]y (
 ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile4  ,h] *ild _h di$4  
,%e sme>$ h]self ) butt] & a%es & ran   
frantically ab\t1 8:ile ! m5 abus$ h] 9 
f\l language = !  express purpose (     
fright5+ away ! demons0 :o _h c>ri$ (f  
h] *ild4 ,& ,dr ,fraz] asks3 8,if curses
 are meant to fright51 are  n ! a%es    
meant to deceive ! demon80#bea4b ,f !   
description ( ! sc5e1 h[ev]1 x seems    
probable t ! demon  0 conceiv$ z        
actually 9 possession ( ! woman1 & t x 0
  int5d$ to drive him out ( h]4 ,9 t    
ev5t aga9 !re w\ld be  no deception ( ! 
demon--x 0 op5 w>2 :ile ! a%es may be   
ref]able to q ano!r cause1 z w be       
sugge/$ bel[4    ,a ?ird possible       
example is ! cu/om 9 ,calabria1 :]eby ! 
wom5  cease wail+ at night & put (f !   
black veils !y donn$ at !  mom5t (      

dea?4#bea4c ,"h x may be1 z ,pr(essor   
,fraz] sugge/s1  a suffici5t explanation
 t disguise is sup]flu\s 9 ! d>k4 ,!    
cu/om ( we>+ veils or hoods to conceal !
 face 9 #beb m\rn+  is n conf9$ to      
,europe1 ?\gh widely spread !re4 ,!     
8weep]s0  & o!r crape trapp+s /ill 9 use
 9 ,france1 b = ! mo/  "p ab&on$ 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 are probably relics ( x4 ,x is  
f\nd  among nations sund]$ z f> z !     
,eskimo on ! %ores ( !  froz5 ocean f ! 
tribes ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago &         
,melanesia4  ,! veil is sometimes worn  
)\t int]mission4 ,among ! ,m9uanes (    
,s\? ,am]ica ! wid[ c>efully cov]s h]   
face ) h] hair1  not)/&+ %e rema9s =    
sev]al days 9 ! hut4#beb4a ,ab\t  ,b]+  
,/rait ! h\semates ( a deceas$ ,eskimo  
mu/ rema9 9 _!  accu/om$ places 9 ! h\se
 dur+ ! f\r days foll[+ !  dea?1 :ile ! 
gho/ is believ$ to be /ill ab\t4 ,dur+  
?is "t  all ( !m mu/ keep _! fur hoods  
drawn ov] _! heads1 n to  deceive ! dead
 man1 b 8to prev5t ! influ5ce ( ! %ade f
  ent]+ _! heads & kill+ !m40#beb4b ,:]e

 ! m\rn]s are  conf9$ m or less to !    
h\se1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om ( veil+ is  (t51   
p]haps usually1 m /r+5t on go+ out (    
doors ?an :5  !y are inside 9 ! d>k4 ,9 
! l[] culture ! wom5 at lea/  are       
frequ5tly conf9$ to ! h\se1 & only g out
 9 case (  necessity at night1 or at    
e>ly morn+ & ev5+ to weep at !  grave4  
,b ! ,calabrian wom5 w\ld m naturally g 
out ( doors1  if at all1 by day2 h5ce !y
 w\ld be m closely veil$ by day2 &  at  
night1 :5 !y w\ld n g out1 !y might we> 
_! ord9>y  head-dress ( a :ite h&k]*ief4
 ,x is at lea/ curi\s t !y  !mselves    
assume t !y w\ld be recogniz$ at night  
?r\gh !  disguise by 8il demonio10 :o   
has d\btless succe$$ to !  pre-,*ri/ian 
t]rors ( ! o!r _w2 & !y decl>e x is le/ 
he %\ld rejoice #bec ov] _! sorr[--to   
deceive him z to t1  & n z to _!        
id5tity--t !y d(f ! discom=t ( !  veil4 
,= ! same reason !y take ! opportunity  
to susp5d _!  wail+1 :i* to be sure is n
 z a rule any:]e absolutely  cont9u\s3  
human nature c\ld n endure x4    ,taboo 

is ! mo/ contagi\s ( diseases4 ,m\rn+   
g>b is its outw>d  & visible sign1 & a  
w>n+ to all :o w\ld o!rwise come into   
contact ) ! m\rn]4 ,! veil 9 p>ticul>   
may be comp>$ )  ! head-cov]+s &        
seclusion requir$ ( girls arriv+ at     
maturity4 ,at t p]iod !y also are "u    
taboo4 ,among ! ,eskimo1  ! tribes (    
,briti% ,columbia1 _m ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican 
tribes &  ! ,bantu tribes ( ,africa1 &  
ov] a consid]able area 9 ! s\?  ( ,asia1
 ! ,indian ,ocean & ,melanesia1         
adolesc5t girls are conf9$  = a long] or
 %ort] "t :]e !y _c be se51 or kept     
cov]$ if !y g out ( doors4 ,!y are v    
s5sitive to !  influ5ce ( ! sun4#bec4a  
,b x is n m]ely t ! sun w\ld  affect !m2
 _! v glance is delet]i\s4 ,a ,?l9kit   
girl we>s a  hat ) long flaps1 t h]     
glance may n pollute ! sky4 ,among  !   
,tsetsaut x is believ$ t if %e 7 to     
expose h] face to !  sun or ! sky1 ra9  
w\ld fall4#bec4b ,s ! ,hupa grave-digg] 
9  ,cali=nia is "u a taboo4 ,he has come
 into contact ) dea?1 &  is requir$ aft]

 ! fun]al to c>ry a b\gh ( ,d\glas      
spruce ov]  8 head1 8t he may n by any  
*ance glance at ! sky or at any  human  
be+1 !reby contam9at+ !m40#bec4c ,on !  
isl& (  ,mabuiag1 if a matur+ girl's own
 fa!r see h]1 he w h bad  luck 9 fi%+1 &
 probably #bed sma% 8 canoe ! next "t he
  goes 9 x4#bed4a ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1   
!re is no int5tion 9  veil+ a girl at   
pub]ty to disguise h] s z to delude any 
spiritual foe4 ,x is true t bo? %e & !  
m\rn]s at a dea?  7includ+ all :o take  
"p 9 ! dea?-rites7 are expos$ to        
special dang]s4 ,t is because !y are    
alike 9 a /ate ( taboo4  ,!y are ?us    
also dang]\s to o!rs4 ,!y mu/ be        
seclud$2 or if  !y v5ture abroad !y mu/ 
be ei!r cov]$ or s g>b$ z to  keep o!r  
p]sons at a di/ance4    ,t ! same       
reasons apply1 at all ev5ts among "s    
tribes1 to !  veil+ ( ! faces ( wid[s & 
wid[]s appe>s f ! cu/oms  ( ! ,lkung5 ( 
,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,aft] a burial 8! :ole  
tribe g  d[n to ! sea1 wa% _! heads1    
ba!1 & cut _! hair4 ,!  ne>] relat$ a   

p]son is to ! deceas$1 ! %ort] he cuts 8
  hair4 ,^? :o d n belong to ! deceas$'s
 family m]ely clip !  ends ( _! hair4'''
 ,wid[ & wid[]1 aft] ! dea? ( wife or   
husb&1 are =bidd5 to cut _! hair1 z !y  
w\ld ga9 too great  p[] ov] ! s\ls & !  
welf>e ( o!rs4 ,!y mu/ rema9 alone  at  
_! fire = a long "t1 & are =bidd5 to    
m+le ) o!r  p4 ,:5 !y eat1 nobody mu/   
see !m4 ,!y mu/ keep _!  faces cov]$ =  
t5 days4 ,!y fa/ = two days aft] burial 
&  are n all[$ to speak4 ,aft] two days 
!y may speak a little2 b  be=e address+ 
anyone !y mu/ g into ! woods & clean    
!mselves 9 ponds & ) c$>-bran*es4 ,if !y
 wi% to h>m an  enemy !y call 8 "n :5   
tak+ _! fir/ meal aft] ! fa/1  & bite v 
h>d 9 eat+4 ,x is believ$ t ?is w kill  
him4  ,!y mu/ n g ne> ! wat]1 or eat    
fre% salmon1 z ! latt]  might be driv5  
away4 #bee ,!y mu/ n eat w>m food1 else 
_!  tee? w\ld fall out40#bee4a ,?is     
acc\nt %[s t ! wid[ or  wid[] is dang]\s
 to o!r p1 & consequ5tly 9 a /ate (     
taboo4 ,x fur!r %[s t ! fa/ & privation 

( society &  com=t t su* a m\rn]        
und]goes mat]ially increase 8  or5da1   
giv+ him p[] to kill 8 enemy by         
sympa!tic magic1 or  ev5 r5d]+ him a    
p]il to 8 own community if he add to !  
sev]ity ( 8 p5ance by cutt+ 8 hair1 z a 
m\rn] :o is n  s ne>ly relat$ to !      
deceas$ does4 ,all ?is is 9 accord ) !  
pr9ciples und]ly+ ! taboo & fa/ ( girls 
& boys at pub]ty4  ,!re c be v little   
d\bt t x is dictat$ by simil> motives4  
,if s1 ! cov]+ ( ! face is1 "h at lea/1 
n int5d$ to  disguise ! m\rn] & conceal 
him f ! gho/4 ,x is an integral  portion
 ( 8 taboo4 ,x helps to safegu>d !      
well-be+ ( !  surviv+ memb]s ( 8        
community1 & to make 8 own or5da m      
p[]ful4    ,x is no "p ( my case to d5y 
t m\rn+ g>b is ev] int5d$  to deceive ! 
gho/4 ,cu/oms diff] s mu* 9 diff]5t     
cultural  areas t x is q possible !re   
may be "s in/ances 9 :i*  ! int5tion is 
to disguise ! m\rn] by way ( precaution 
aga9/  ! deceas$4 ,pr(essor ,fraz] has  
br\ght =w>d two cases1 & only  two1 s f>

 z ,i am aw>e1 9 :i* ?is object is av[$4
 ,! fir/  is f\nd 9 ! we/]n di/ricts ( !
 isl& ( ,timor4 ,:5 a man  dies & be=e 8
 body is put into a c(f91 8 wives /&    
weep+  ov] x ) _! village gossips1 8all 
) loos5$ hair1 9 ord]  to make !mselves 
unrecognizable by ! nitu 7_s7 ( !       
dead40#bee4b ,i h n se5 ! au?ority #bef 
he cites2 !re=e  ,i d n "k :e!r we are  
giv5 any in=mation h[ a wid[ 9  ^!      
di/ricts habitually we>s h] hair4 ,=    
aught t appe>s  "h1 ! hair is loos5$    
only = ?is c]emony1 :i* comes to an  end
 ) ! enclosure ( ! corpse 9 ! c(f91 &   
may n la/  = m ?an an h\r or two4 ,if s1
 :atev] be ! reason =  h9d]+ ! gho/ f   
id5tify+ ! p>ticipants1 ! loos5+  ( !   
hair may n be1 /rictly speak+1 "p ( !   
m\rn+ g>b4    ,! o!r case is a practice 
occasionally 9 use among ! ,h]]o4  ,:5 a
 dy+ man intimates to "o ( 8 relatives &
 fri5ds1 :o  cr[d ar\nd him at su* a "t1
 t he has 8decid$ ^u tak+ him  away aft]
 8 dea?10 t is to say1 t he w kill him  
7fet*  him to ! o!r _w71 ! p]son s      

?reat5$ has rec\rse to an  onganga1 or  
wit*-doctor4 ,?is function>y /rips him1 
wa%es &  greases him afre%1 & dresses   
him 9 o!r clo!s4 8,he is n[ q  at 8 ease
 ab\t ! ?reat5+ ( dea? caus$ by !       
deceas$2  =1 says he3 #8,n[1 our fa!r   
does n "k me4'0 ,! survivors1  h[ev]1   
may fulfil ! ?reat4#bef4a ,?is c]ta9ly  
does appe> to  be a case ( disguise1 or 
at lea/ a *ange ( clo!s 9 ord] to       
deceive ! deceas$2 b ! sub/itut$ clo!s d
 n appe> to be  m\rn+ g>b1 & ! problem (
 m\rn+ g>b is :at we are  endeav\r+ to  
solve4    ,t protection is ne$$ aga9/ ! 
gho/ ( ! rec5tly dead is  cle>4 ,all ov]
 ! _w !re is fe> ( gho/s4 ,protection1  
h[ev]1 is n commonly s\ght 9 disguise1  
ev5 9 extreme cases4 ,x  is frequ5tly   
s\ght1 z aga9/ o!r sup]natural foes1 9  
fire4 ,!  cu/om is s well kn[n t x ne$ n
 n[ deta9 u4#bef4b #beg  ,! ,e:e wid[   
provides h]self ) a club1 burns pung5t  
p[d]s &  takes o!r precautions f        
assault1 or ev5 approa*1 by !  deceas$4 
,a wid[] does ! same4 ,9 bo? cases !    

ev5t to be  dread$ is ! attempt by !    
deceas$ to r5ew conjugal relations4     
,?is dang] assumes recognition by !     
gho/4 ,s f> f seek+ to  elude x1 %e goes
 entirely nak$4 ,! lot1 :e!r ( wid[ or  
wid[]1 is n happy1 ?\gh "h1 z else:]e1 !
 woman gets !  wor/ ( x3 %e mu/ be      
def5d$ = six weeks1 :ile sev5 or eight  
days suffice = him4#beg4a ,! ,*>rua     
m\rn] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica  w5t =? into !     
wild]ness arm$ ) a /ick4#beg4b ,!       
,eskimo  ( ,b]+ ,/rait inde$ we> fur    
hoods1 b1 z we h se51 !y are  a direct  
def5ce aga9/ ! p5etrative influ5ce ( !  
gho/1 n a  disguise4 ,! ,koryak1 !      
,timorlaut isl&]s1 ! ,ng\lango ( !      
,ivory ,coa/ seek refuge 9 a talisman or
 amulet4#beg4c    ,! amulet pres]v$ by !
 son ( ! deceas$ ,timorlaut isl&] is  a 
piece ( 8 fa!r's nail4 ,accord+ to !    
rules ( sympa!tic  magic he pres]ves 9  
?is way 8 corporal union ) ! deceas$1  &
 !reby ensures 8 protection4 ,! wid[ or 
wid[] does n take  a portion ( ! body1 b
 we>s a piece ( ! clo?+4 ,?is  obvi\sly 

is int5d$ to h ! same effect4 ,!        
practice is n  unkn[n else:]e4 ,9 ,syria
 :5 a man dies 8 wife puts on "o (  8   
g>m5ts & s+s fun]al songs4#beg4d ,dr    
,junk] relates t  he witness$ !         
c]emonies on ! dea? ( ! rul] (          
,kabaj5di1  :o _h liv$ almo/ all 8 life 
#beh among ! ,a-s&e & 0  m\rn$ accord+  
to _! rites4 ,8 wives1 aft] wail+ beside
 !  c(f91 m>*$ ?r\gh ! z]iba & pret5d$  
to se>* 9 e  hole & corn]1 cry+ out to  
him1 creep+ 9 & out on h&s &  knees "u !
 ov]hang+ ?at* ( ! ro(s1 !n ga!r+ &     
/>t+ aga9 on fur!r explorations1 all !  
:ile h[l+1  %riek+1 & lam5t+4 ,! next   
morn+ ^? ( !m :o c\ld  manage to possess
 !mselves ( any article ( 8 clo?+ put x 
on1  m>*+ r\nd ! village ?us attir$ 9 a 
cont9ual procession or  dance1 :ile o!rs
 c>ri$ sword1 lances1 clubs1 climb+     
plants1  maize-cobs1 & s =?1 _! heads   
/rewn ) a%es4 ,?is  p]=mance la/$ = a   
=tnight1 despite ! tropical ra94#beh4a  
,"s light on ?is fanta/ic prom5ade may  
be ?r[n by !  proce$+s ( ! ,bangala     

wom54 ,9 ! ,boloki di/rict1 8:5 a man  (
 any position di$ 8 wives w\ld ?r[ (f _!
 dresses & we>  old rags 7sometimes !y  
w\ld g absolutely nak$71 pick up any?+  
belong+ to him--8 *air1 spe>1 pipe1 mug1
 knife1 %ield or  blanket--any?+ t came 
fir/ to h&2 & hav+ cov]$ _!  bodies ) a 
coat+ ( clay1 !y w\ld p>ade ! t[n 9     
ones1 or  twos1 or ?rees1 cry+ bitt]ly &
 call+ ^u him to return to  !m4 ,!y w\ld
 /op at times 9 _! cry+ & say3 #8,he is 
gone to  ,s-&-s2 we w g & f9d him'2 &   
away !y w\ld />t (f 9  a bus9ess-l      
fa%ion 9 _! pret5d$ se>* = him4 ,?is    
p>ad+ !y w\ld keep up = a day or two1 & 
!n wom5 ( !  t[n w\ld b$eck !mselves )  
climb+ plants1 v9es1 #bei  leaves1 &    
bun*es ( twigs2 &1 =m+ !mselves into a  
procession1 !y w\ld m>* ?r\gh ! t[n     
*ant+ ! praises (  ! deceas$4 ,m5 w\ld  
pa9t & arm !mselves z = a fight1 &  w\ld
 imitate ! d>+ acts ( ! dep>t$ z a      
w>rior2 & if he  _h be5 rem>kable =     
fight+ on ! riv]1 !y w\ld arrange a  %am
 canoe-fight 9 8 hon\r4''' ,x 0 an amus+

 & int]e/+  sight1 & seem$ to be        
?or\ghly enjoy$ bo? by actors &         
spectators alike4 ,!y call$ ?is prais+  
or hon\r+ !  dead40#bei4a    ,x has be5 
sugge/$ t ! we>+ ( a portion ( ! clo?+ (
  ! dead is int5d$ to delude him into ! 
belief t ^? :o d  s are !mselves dead1 &
 s to turn aside 8 attack4#bei4b ,no    
pro(1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has be5 (f]$ = 
! sugge/ion4  ,:atev] ! exact int5tion (
 ! ,a-s&e rite 7& its equival5ce  ) !   
,boloki rite is obvi\s71 x c h>dly be   
tortur$ into ?is4  ,! gho/ mu/ be /upid 
inde$ :o _c di/+ui% 8 own  clo?+ &      
p]sonal *attels :5 c>ri$ ab\t by 8      
wives4 ,to  we> ! clo?+ ( ! deceas$     
id5tifies ! m\rn] ) him1  sometimes = ! 
purpose ( protection by means (         
sympa!tic magic1  sometimes = !         
pres5tation ( ! dead man 9 fun]al       
c]emonies  l ^? ( ! ,torres ,/raits     
isl&]s or ! ,musquakie  ,indians4#bei4c 
,:]e ?is is n ! object1 to put on 8 coat
 &  to c>ry 8 mug or 8 spe> 9 procession
 may be due1 z x seems to  be "h1 to "s 

vague idea ( hon\r+ him1 or p]haps (    
induc+  him to return4 ,! supposition t 
x is int5d$ to deceive !  gho/ may be   
safely disc>d$4    ,9 m g5]al t]ms x has
 be5 conjectur$ t #bfj m\rn+  rites are 
int5d$ to express union ) ! dep>t$ by   
obligatory1  if p>tial1 p>ticipation ( 8
 /ate1 t by virtue ( !  contagion ( dea?
 ! m\rn]s h become really *ang$ & are = 
a "t z if !y 7 dead1 h5ce !y mu/ eat1   
clo!1 & conduct  !mselves z f> z        
possible l ! dead4#bfj4a ,la/ly1 x has  
be5 po9t$ out t _m ( ! obs]vances impos$
 on m\rn]s are  a return to m primitive 
& savage conditions--su* z sitt+ on  !  
b>e e>?1 go+ nak$ or we>+ only ! r\ghe/ 
& co>se/  /uffs1 & ab/a9+ f good food 9 
fav\r ( wild b]ries &  roots2--& ! "q   
has be5 put :e!r ?is may n be !  ess5ce 
( m\rn+4#bfj4b ,!re is probably "s      
measure ( tru?  9 bo? ^! sugge/ions2 b  
!y mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,_m  ( !     
rites & usages are int5d$ beyond "q to  
express  sympa?y = ! deceas$1 & a       
tempor>y segregation ) him f  ord9>y    

life4    ,b !y g fur!r3 9 all ! great]  
degrees ( m\rn+ at lea/  !y indicate    
grief at 8 loss t is calculat$ to call  
d[n !  pity & compassion ( e behold]1 & 
to deprecate ! wra? or  ill-hum\r ( !   
deceas$4 ,x is v /rik+ t :ile co>se &   
scanty g>m5ts 7sackclo? or b>k-clo?s    
among peoples :o usually  we> cotton or 
wool1 & m]e lo9-clo?s or no?+ at all    
among  peoples usually clad7 are worn 9 
place ( m luxuri\s /uffs1 a  frequ5tly  
recurr+ prescription is old worn-out    
clo!s4 ,9 !  ,tonga ,isl&s ! m\rn]s 7:o 
are always wom57 are 8habit$ 9  l>ge old
 ragg$ mats--! m ragg$1 ! m fit = !     
occasion1  z be+ m emblematical ( a _s  
brok5 d[n1 or1 z x 71  torn to pieces by
 #bfa grief40#bfa4a ,9 ! h9t]l& ( !     
,%]bro 9 ,we/ ,africa1 on ! m\rn+ = a   
*ief's dea?1 !  p mo/ closely connect$ )
 him 8pres5t$ an unkempt &  slov5ly     
appe>ance1 _! bodies drap$ 9 ! olde/ &  
dirtie/ (  _! clo?s40#bfa4b ,among !    
,bag&a on ! o!r side ( !  cont95t !     
m\rn+ g>b = an ord9>y man is 8old       

b>k-clo?s  & a girdle ( dry planta9     
leaves3 ! hair is unkempt1 ! nails  are 
all[$ to gr[ long l birds' claws1 & on !
 *e/ is a  :ite pat*1 a mixture ( wat] &
 a%es40#bfa4c ,! cu/om (  /rew+ a%es on 
! p]son is v widely practis$3 m ?an "o  
example has be5 incid5tally giv54 ,among
 ! ,hebrews its use 0 n  conf9$ to m\rn+
 = ! dead2 rep5tance 9 du/ & a%es is a  
famili> figure 9 ,engli% spee*1 & is    
d]iv$ f ! ,bible4 ,!  g5]al air (       
neglect & mis]y produc$ by ^! practices 
might be  p>allel$ 9 ! m\rn+ cu/oms (   
mo/ c\ntries4 ,ev5 9 our own  isl&      
little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 not$ 
t !  *ief m\rn] at a fun]al 9 ! p>i% (  
,llanve!r9e1  ,monm\?%ire1 & else:]e    
wore a dirty clo? ab\t 8  head4#bfa4d ,&
 ( _m peoples ! description by a ,fr5*  
writ]  ( ! m\rn+ g>b among ! ,agni (    
,sanwi on ! ,ivory ,coa/ w\ld  hold     
lit]ally true3 8,old black lo9-clo?s1   
unwa%$ = a long "t4  ,on ne se peigne   
pas--on ne fait pas de toilette--on re/e
  mode/e40#bfa4e    ,?is is n all4      

,m\rn]s fa/1 ab/a9+ altoge!r f food or  
indulg+ only 9 re/rict$ diet1 & t ( an  
inf]ior k9d4 ,on  ! isl& ( ,aurora all  
:o are 9 m\rn+ refra9 f c]ta9  food4 ,! 
imm$iate relatives may n eat any        
cultivat$ food4 #bfb  ,!y are limit$ to 
gigantic caladium1 bread-fruit1         
cocoa-nuts1  mall[1 & o!r ?+s :i* mu/ be
 s\ght 9 ! bu% :]e !y  gr[4#bfb4a ,!    
anci5t ,hurons 7 =bidd51 ev5 9 cold     
wea!r1  to eat w>m food4#bfb4b ,among ! 
,*>ruas ( ,s\? ,am]ica !  adult sons ( a
 dead man rema9 = two days entirely nak$
 9 _!  huts & almo/ )\t food4#bfb4c ,9  
,togol& ! ,e:e wid[ is  =bidd5 beans1   
fle%1 fi%1 palm-w9e & rum2 any infr+em5t
 (  ^! prohibitions w\ld co/ h]         
life4#bfb4d    ,_m nations add to _! o!r
 rites t ( lac]ation or ev5  mutilation 
( ! body4 ,9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia !        
,w>ramunga wom5  fight ) "o ano!r & cut 
"o ano!r's scalps1 & all :o /&  9 any   
ne> relation to ! deceas$1 reckon$      
accord+ to !  classificatory sy/em--:i* 
greatly wid5s ! area (                  

relation%ip--also cut _! own scalps op5 
) yam-/icks1 !  actual wid[s ev5 se>+ ! 
w\nd ) r$-hot fire-/icks4#bfb4e  ,x 0   
=bidd5 to ! anci5t ,hebrews1 by :at 0   
evid5tly a  re=m ( a pre-exi/+ cu/om1 to
 make a baldness betwe5 ! eyes  = !     
dead--9 o!r words1 to cut !mselves on ! 
br[4#bfb4f  ,among ! ,arawaks a         
dr9k+-fea/ is held1 at :i* all ! m5 (  !
 village assemble & sc\rge "o ano!r )   
:ips made ( a  climb+ plant1 until !    
blood runs 9 /reams & /rips ( sk9 &     
muscle hang d[n4 ,^? :o p>ticipate 9 !  
rite (t5 die ( _!  w\nds4#bfb4g ,z if   
m]e w\nd+ 7 n en\gh1 #bfc  f+]-jo9ts are
 frequ5tly cut (f4 ,9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s !  
amputation ( a f+]-jo9t is a common sign
 ( m\rn+4 ,9 "o case  9 ,tonga :5 a k+  
di$ ord]s 7 issu$ t "o hundr$ f+]s  %\ld
 be cut (f4#bfc4a ,9 ,montana1 "o ( !   
nor?-we/]n /ates  ( ,am]ica1 on !       
execution ( f\r aborig9es = murd] 9     
,decemb]  #ahij1 !y 7 m\rn$ by two      
squaws1 :o scalp$ _! *ildr54 ,"o  ( !m  
ga%$ h] own face1 :ile ! o!r cut (f two 

( h]  f+]s & ?rew !m into ! grave4#bfc4b
 ,:5 a ,*>rua dies 8  wid[ & 8 m>ri$    
daught]s & si/]s amputate ea* ( !m a    
f+]-jo9t1 besides inflict+ o!r w\nds on 
!mselves4#bfc4c    ,! illu/ration (     
practices l ^! might be multipli$       
indef9itely4 ,! same reason holds good =
 !m all4 ,9 ! l[]  culture grief at a   
dea? is (t5 int5sifi$ by fe>--on ! "o   
h&1 ( an accusation ( wit*craft--on !   
o!r h&1 ( !  ill-w ( ! deceas$ himself1 
:o is naturally disgu/$ to f9d  himself 
dead4 ,aga9/ ! latt] dang] at any rate !
 =lorn  condition ( ! survivors1 /iff ) 
w\nds1 ?ru/ l him f  ! company ( _!     
fri5ds & fell[-tribesm51 made to we> a  
di/9ctive g>b1 (t5 9 rags or dirt1      
wail+1 wat*+1 fa/+1  w\ld con/itute an  
appeal t ev5 ! gho/ ( a savage w\ld feel
  h>d to resi/4 ,t ?is is actually !    
effect int5d$1 9 "s  in/ances at lea/1  
is c]ta94 ,a wid[ among ! ,salivas (    
,s\?  ,am]ica cuts h] hair1 & is n all[$
 to ano9t h]self z usual1  nor to we>   
any ornam5t1 9 ord]1 we are expressly   

told1 n to  irritate ! dep>t$1 b to     
humble h]self be=e him4#bfc4d #bfd  ,nor
 mu/ x be ov]look$ t wail+ & lam5t+1 s  
usually "p  ( ! rites practis$          
especially by ! *ief m\rn]s1 su* z      
wid[s & ne> relations1 w\ld n fav\r     
concealm5t4 ,on !  contr>y1 !y w\ld draw
 att5tion to ! grief1 & help ev5 !      
simple/ & mo/ easily delud$ ( gho/s to  
id5tify ! m\rn]1  :i* !y w\ld seem inde$
 to be meant to d4 ,b !y w\ld  p[]fully 
deprecate 8 malice or rev5ge4 ,9 ?is    
connection !  belief ( ! ,baarw&a on !  
ea/ ( ,lake ,kivu1 9 ,g]man ,ea/        
,africa1 is int]e/+4 ,to !m ! bazimu    
7plural ( muzimu7 or  s\ls ( ! dep>t$   
are by no means always k9dly dispos$1   
ev5 !  be/ ( !m4 ,!y mu/ be cont9ually  
propitiat$ ) (f]+s1 or  !y w cause      
calamities1 ei!r ( !mselves directly1 or
  indirectly by sett+ 9 motion ! im&wa1 
semi-apo!osiz$  h]oes4 ,b ! muzimu does 
n beg9 8 mis*iev\s activities  until !  
m\rn+ c]emonies are at an end4 ,s long z
 !y la/ !  survivors are q safe f him1 =

 he w n dur+ t p]iod  attack !          
liv+4#bfd4a    ,_m cu/oms1 sometimes    
born ( widely diff]+ motives1 conv]ge 9 
a simil>ity ( expression4 ,h5ce x is    
impossible 9 ! pres5t  /ate ( our k     
dogmatically to ass]t a s+le orig9 =    
practices ( a l "* ext5d+ ov] s wide an 
area z ^?  we h j pass$ 9 review4 ,!y   
are ! expression ( !  psy*ological      
reaction caus$ by ! %ock ( dea? & !     
consequ5t  brea* ( ! circle ( k9%ip or  
o!r social bonds4 ,! taboo  results f ! 
bewild]m5t & t]ror caus$ by ! entry (   
dea?  into ! circle4 ,! conduct & g>b ( 
! m\rn]s are ! outcome  ( grief &       
sympa?y1 b also ( fe>4 ,t fe> has = its 
object  survivors :o h x 9 _! #bfe p[]  
to involve ! m\rn]s 9  ev5 a m t]rible  
doom by an accusation ( wit*craft4 ,ev5 
m1  x has reg>d to dea? itself1 & to !  
inimical designs ( him  ^: e>?ly life   
has be5 sev]$1 & :o has !reby be5       
conv]t$ into an envi\s1 & if n a        
malici\s1 at lea/ a peevi%  & easily    
ang]$1 be+1 arm$ by 8 dea? ) great]1    

because  m my/]i\s1 p[]s4 ,m\rn+ g>b is 
(t5 a device to secure 8  compassion2 x 
is (t5 a def5ce aga9/ 8 ov]t attacks2 b 
on  ! :ole tangible pro( is lack+ t x is
 a disguise to deceive  him4            
,,! ,,rite ,,at ,,! ,,temple   ,,(      
,,mylitta    #bff    ,among ! religi\s  
rites ( antiquity !re 0 none m ali5 to  
mod]n feel+ ?an ! sacrifice ( *a/ity by 
e ,babylonian  woman at ! temple (      
,mylitta4 ,x is describ$ fir/ & 9 mo/   
detail by ,h]odotus1 ^: d5unciation ( x 
%[s t to ! ,greeks  ( ! fif? c5tury     
,b4,c4 x 0 z abhorr5t z x is to u4      
,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 e woman once 9  
h] life 0 requir$  to sit d[n 9 !       
prec9cts ( ! temple ( ,mylitta we>+ a   
wrea?  ( cord ab\t h] head1 & !re to    
wait until a /rang] %\ld  ?r[ a silv]   
co9 into h] lap & summon h] ) ritual    
words 9  ! "n ( ! goddess to foll[ him4 
,%e 0 n all[$ to refuse1  b 0 compell$  
to foll[ ! fir/ man :o ?rew1 & to h     
sexual int]c\rse ) him outside ! temple4
 ,%e might !n dep>t  to h] home1 h] duty

 to ! goddess be+ fulfill$4#bff4a ,!    
hi/orian lets fall ! obs]vation t !re 0 
a simil> cu/om 9  "s places 9 ,cyprus4  
,?is has be5 suppos$ to be ref]r$ to by 
,ju/91 :o wrote probably aft] !         
e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1  b ^: "w      
consi/s ( selections f ,trogus          
,pompeius1 a lo/  writ] ( ! ,augu/an    
age4 ,he reports t x 0 ! ,cypriote cu/om
  to s5d maid5s be=e _! m>riage on c]ta9
 days to seek _!  d[ry by pro/itution on
 ! sea%ore1 #bfg & to pay ! (f]+s  to   
,v5us = _! future *a/ity4 ,dido on h]   
way to ,c>?age  t\*$ at ! isl& at ! v   
"t1 & took on bo>d h] fleet  eighty ( ^!
 damsels1 to be wives to h] foll[]s &   
assi/ 9  peopl+ ! city %e 0 go+ to      
f\nd4#bfg4a ,we %all fur!r  consid]     
,ju/9's /atem5t h]eaft]4 ,= ! mom5t we  
pass on to  ,heliopolis 7,baalbec71 :]e1
 ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,socrates     
affirms1 virg9s 7 (f]$ 9 pro/itution to 
/rang]s4#bfg4b ,he  does n1 any m ?an   
,ju/91 connect ?is ) a temple or a      
div9ity2 b f ,sozom5 we ga!r t x 0 a    

religi\s  obs]vance1 inasmu* z !        
pro/itution ( virg9s prior to _!        
m>riage is /at$ to h be5 aboli%$ by     
,con/ant9e :5 he  de/roy$ ! temple (    
,aphrodite4#bfg4c ,a simil> cu/om1      
accord+  to lian1 0 foll[$ by !         
,lydians4 ,& he expressly says t  :5    
once ! rite _h be5 p]=m$ ! woman rema9$ 
ev]  aft]w>ds *a/e1 nor w\ld a          
repetition be =giv5 h] on any           
plea4#bfg4d ,h]odotus1 h[ev]1 /ates t ! 
daught]s ( !  common p 9 ,lydia e>n$ _! 
d[ries by a life (  pro/itution4#bfg4e  
,! two writ]s are obvi\sly ref]r+ to two
  diff]5t cu/oms4 ,a ?ird cu/om di/9ct f
 ei!r is m5tion$ by  ,/rabo z practis$  
by ! ,arm5ians1 among :om ev5 ! highe/  
families ( ! nation consecrat$ _! virg9 
daught]s to !  s]vice ( ! goddess       
,anaitis1 to rema9 z pro/itutes at h]   
temple  be=e _! m>riage4#bfg4f    #bfh  
,:at is ! relation ( ^! ?ree cu/oms8 ,!y
 h usually be5  consid]$ z closely      
connect$4 ,x may be1 z ,dr ,fraz]       
suspects1  t ! real motive = ! cu/om    

describ$ z t ( e>n+  d[ries by          
pro/itution 0 religi\s1 r ?an           
economical1  al?\gh my own suspicions   
po9t 9 ano!r direction4 ,b putt+  t     
cu/om aside = fur!r exam9ation1 bo? !   
o!rs are  c]ta9ly portray$ z religi\s4  
,z practis$ by ! nations (  ,we/]n ,asia
 = a ?\s& ye>s prior to ! fall (        
paganism !y  7 annex$ to ! cult ( c]ta9 
div9ities4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a  broad     
di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 a cu/om    
requir+ e woman  once 9 h] lifetime to  
submit to ! embraces ( a /rang]1 & "o   
:i* consecrat$ a life ( pro/itution4    
,su* a life 0 "o (  devotion to !       
goddess z a m or less p]man5t s]vant4 ,!
 o!r  cu/om dem&$ a s+le act :i* fre$ ! 
wor%ipp] = ! re/  ( h] days4 ,x may be  
freely conc$$ t ! goddess at ^:  temple1
 or on ^: fea/-day1 ! act 0 p]=m$ 0     
end[$ )  simil> *>act]i/ics to ^? ( !   
goddess 9 ^: s]vice !  life (           
pro/itution 0 liv$4 ,x may ev5 h be5 t  
sometimes  ! same goddess _h b&s (      
h>lots atta*$ to h] %r9e1 & also        

requir$ ! sacrifice ( ! virg9ity ( all  
o!r wom5 9 !  mann] describ$4 ,?is      
p]haps1 z we %all see1 0 ! case 9       
,lydia4 ,we %\ld /ill ne$ to inve/igate 
sep>ately ! two cu/oms4  ,"o ( ! mo/    
f]tile s\rces ( error 9 ! int]pretation 
(  cu/om is ! fatal t5d5cy ( rites      
di/9ct1 or ev5 altoge!r  diff]5t 9 orig9
 & int5tion1 b simil> 9 expression1 to  
conv]ge4 ,?is conv]g5ce is accel]at$ by 
a v>iety ( causes4 ,!  natural vagu5ess 
( tradition1 ! =getfulness ( ! exact    
orig9al mean+1 ! gradual pr$om9ance ( "o
 idea ov] ano!r  ow+ #bfi to            
circum/ances :i*1 = want ( k1 we call   
accid5tal1 ! t5d5cy to repeat by way (  
precaution 9 "o rite  acts :i*          
ess5tially belong to ano!r1 are all     
causes ( ! k9d  ref]r$ to4 ,moreov]1 we 
h s (t5 f\nd 9 ! simil>ity (  rite !    
real key to a common int]pretation1 t   
:]e conv]g5ce  does n 9 fact occur !re  
is a temptation to read id5tity (  mean+
 into two rites hav+ a sup]ficial       
lik5ess4 ,x behoves u1  !re=e1 to be on 

our gu>d1 & to scrut9ize ) "s scepticism
  all cases :]e ! id5tity bo? ( act &   
int5tion is n  demon/rably complete4    
,! practices ,i h enum]at$ h all be5    
int]pret$ z  expiations = m>riage4      
,m>riage1 x is said1--! appropriation ( 
"o or m wom5 to "o man--is an evolution 
f ! primeval  condition ( promiscuity4  
,religi\s pro/itution1 ! jus prim       
noctis & o!r cu/oms are expiations      
exact$ by society f wom5  :o are ?us    
appropriat$4 ,!y witness to ! primeval  
common rights  ( ! male sex1 ?us ass]t$ 
= ! la/ "t by "o or m on  behalf ( all  
on ab&on+ ! woman to ! exclusive        
possession (  "o ( _! numb]4    ,n[1 if 
! int]pretation 9 "q be suitable = any (
 ^!  cu/oms1 x is m suitable = ! s+le   
rite su* z t at !  temple ( ,mylitta ?an
 = ! ex]cise ( pro/itution ov] an       
ext5d$ p]iod2 & x is to ?is rite t ,i   
desire m  p>ticul>ly to call att5tion4  
,i ne$ h>dly obs]ve t !  explanation ( !
 rite z an expiation = m>riage does n by
 any  means foll[ ( necessity f ! !ory (

 primitive promiscuity4 ,on  ! contr>y x
 ov]looks "o ( ! peculi> features ( !   
rite4  ,alike at ,babylon1 at           
,heliopolis1 & app>5tly at ,cyprus 7if  
,cyprus  be a case 9 po9t7 ! act has to 
be accompli%$ ) a /rang]4 ,if  x 7 #bgj 
a =feit r5d]$ to ! g5]al body ( m51 :o  
might  h _h a claim to tempor>y union b 
= ! in/itution (  m>riage1 or if x 7 a  
=mal witness ( t claim1 x w\ld seem1    
prima facie1 m natural t x %\ld be      
accompli%$ ) "s  "o or m ( ! claimants1 
t is to say1 ) a memb] or memb]s  ( !   
same community4 ,a simil> rite (        
int]c\rse ) a /rang]  0 practis$1 z     
,lucian relates1 at ,byblus4 ,!re x 0 ! 
cu/om  at ! m\rn+ = ,adonis to p]=m !   
well-kn[n m\rn+ rite (  cutt+ (f ! hair4
 ,any woman :o refus$ to d ?is 0 requir$
 to  exhibit h]self on "o day ( !       
fe/ival & und]go pro/itution to  "o ( ! 
/rang]s :o resort$ ?i!r1 h&+ ov] ! price
 to  ! goddess call$ by ,lucian !       
,byblian ,aphrodite4#bgj4a ,! rite  z   
!re practis$ !re=e 01 at all ev5ts 9 !  

second c5tury  ,a4,d41 an alt]native to 
! d$ication ( hair3 x 0 a r$emption  = !
 tresses t %\ld h be5 sacrific$4 ,?us ! 
woman w\ld  repeat ! expiation once a   
ye>1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le1 s long  z %e 0 
unwill+ to %e> h] locks1 or pref]r$ !   
alt]native  sacrifice ( h] *a/ity4 ,!re 
is no evid5ce t x ev] _h  any?+ to d )  
m>riage2 x c]ta9ly _h n :5 ,lucian      
wrote4    ,! rite at ,byblus mu/1 h[ev]1
 be di/+ui%$ f ^? we are  consid]+4 ,!y 
7 p]=m$ by e woman )\t alt]native1  b !y
 7 p]=m$ only once4 ,if !y 7 an         
expiation =  m>riage we %\ld expect to  
f9d !m describ$ z "p ( !  m>riage rites4
 ,! ,bale>ic isl&]s1 ! ,nasamonians & ! 
,auziles 9 antiquity _h1 z well z _m    
mod]n savages1 su* rites1  :e!r or n !y 
c be prop]ly expla9$ z an expiation =   
m>riage4 ,b at ! mo/ ! rites ) :i* we   
are n[ conc]n$  7 a #bga prelim9>y to   
m>riage--a necess>y prelim9>y1  p]haps1 
b "o t might h be5 accompli%$ at any    
p]iod  be=e x4 ,inde$1 s f> z appe>s f  
,h]odotus1 ! victim1 if we  may call h] 

s1 ( ! ,babylonian rite 0 n necess>ily  
unm>ri$4  ,b comp>ison ( ! acc\nts ( !  
practice at ,heliopolis1 9 ,lydia  & 9  
,cyprus r5d]s x fairly c]ta9 t x 0 only 
unm>ri$  wom5 :o 7 subject$ to x1 & t x 
0 ess5tially a  sacrifice ( maid5hood4  
,a pass+ ref]5ce by ,eusebius has be5   
int]pret$ to imply t at ,heliopolis bo? 
m>ri$ wom5 & girls  7 pro/itut$ 9 !     
s]vice ( ! goddess4#bga4a ,b ,eusebius  
says no?+ ab\t ! goddess4 ,8 ref]5ce mu/
 be con/ru$ 9 !  light ( ,socrates'     
/atem5t t wom5 7 by ! law ( ! c\ntry    
requir$ to be common1 & h5ce ! (fspr+ 0 
d\btful1 = !re  0 no di/9ction betwe5   
fa!rs & *ildr54#bga4b ,:atev] else  ^?  
phrases may mean1 !y entirely negative !
 !ory ( expiation  = m>riage4 ,b !y d n 
ref] to ! cu/om ( pro/itut+  virg9s to  
/rang]s1 :i* ! hi/orian expressly       
di/+ui%es4    ,x may be object$ to ?is  
read+ ( ,h]odotus t :ile he uses !      
g5]ic t]m wom5 77 9 speak+ ( ! victims1 
on ! o!r  h&1 9 a previ\s *apt] ref]r+  
to ! ,babylonian m>riage  cu/oms1 he    

#bgb reports t once a ye> 9 e village ! 
m>riageable maid5s 77 7 all put up to   
auction1 !  respective pur*as]s be+     
requir$ to give security t !y w\ld  m>ry
 !m2 & x 0 unlawful to give !m 9 m>riage
 9 any o!r  way4 ,! objection is (      
little weight4 ,x is ne$less to consid] 
:e!r we are to und]/& ! specific t]m    
lit]ally4  ,ev5 if s1 !re w\ld d\btless 
be ample "t = ! p]=mance (  ! rite at ! 
temple ( ,mylitta betwe5 ! auction & !  
m>riage4 ,x does n appe> t m>riage      
foll[$ ! auction  imm$iately4 ,_h t be5 
contemplat$1 security w\ld h>dly h  be5 
necess>y4 ,:5 ! anniv]s>y came r\nd all 
! maid5s :o  _h dur+ ! prec$+ ye> atta9$
 pub]ty & ?us become ripe  = m>riage 7 7
 7 probably put up4 ,^? :o _h n         
previ\sly und]gone ! rite w\ld1 if my   
int]pretation be correct1  be requir$ to
 submit to x be=e m>riage4    ,x is     
sup]flu\s to discuss o!r & obvi\s       
objections to !  !ory ( expiation =     
m>riage4 ,b ! appe>ance ( pro/itution   
:i* ! rite pres5ts dem&s fur!r          

consid]ation4 ,at ,babylon1  al?\gh a   
piece ( money pass$1 ! paym5t seems to h
 be5  m]ely pro =ma4 ,x matt]$ n h[     
small ! co9 01 x c\ld  n be refus$4     
,:atev] x 01 ,/rabo tells u x 0 consid]$
 z  consecrat$ to ! goddess4 ,la/ly1 !  
rite once p]=m$1 no gift1  7 x ev] s    
great1 w\ld be accept$ to repeat x4 ,!  
details (  ! rite at ,heliopolis & among
 ! ,lydians h n be5 pres]v$  to u2 b we 
may ) probability inf] t !y 7 simil>4 ,9
  ,lydia1 inde$1 if we are to tru/ bo?  
lian & ,h]odotus1 two  di/9ct cu/oms are
 traceable1 namely1 ! sacrifice (       
virg9ity &  ! life ( pro/itution to e>n 
a d[ry4 ,a ,greek inscription #bgc (  ! 
second c5tury ,a4,d41 f\nd at ,tralles &
 ref]r$ to by ,dr  ,fraz]1 discloses    
also ! exi/5ce ( religi\s pro/itution by
  girls expressly *os5 by ! god & set   
ap>t = t end4#bgc4a  ,?is is a simil>   
cu/om to t ( ! ,arm5ian girls already   
m5tion$1 & is n to be conf\nd$ ) !      
pro/itution m5tion$  by ! ,fa!r (       
,hi/ory z practis$ by all ! daught]s ( !

  common p4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( 
! latt]1 !  o!r two 9 ! "t ( lian 7     
connect$ ) religion4 ,on !  isl& (      
,cyprus we seem to f9d mu* ! same /ate (
 ?+s4 ,if we  may believe ,ju/91 !      
maid5s e>n$ _! d[ry by pro/itution4  ,f 
o!r s\rces we le>n t !re 7 my/]ies ( !  
,cypriote  ,aphrodite1 :i* 7 said to h  
be5 in/itut$ by ,c9yras1 k+ (  ,paphos &
 fa!r ( ,adonis4 ,into ^! my/]ies !re 0 
a regul>  initiation4 ,sexual matt]s no 
d\bt =m$ _! /aple tea*+2 &  :at         
classical & especially apologetic writ]s
 w\ld call  pro/itution w\ld be         
practis$4 ,! leg5d ran t ! daught]s (   
,c9yras1 ?r\gh ! wra? ( ,aphrodite1     
unit$ !mselves )  /rang]s4#bgc4b        
,probably x 0 believ$ to be 9 imitation 
( !m  t ! maid5s ( ,cyprus s\ght        
pro/itution on ! sea%ore4 ,9 any  case !
 /ory indicates1 z ,dr ,fraz] has po9t$ 
out1 8t !  pr9cesses ( ,paphos _h to    
con=m to ! cu/om z well z ! wom5  (     
humble bir?40 ,b if ?is be s1 ! object (
 ! h>lotry  alleg$ by ,ju/9 falls to !  

gr\nd1 s9ce x w\ld be unnecess>y  =     
pr9cesses to e>n _! d[ry4 ,x may be     
suspect$1 !re=e1  t ,ju/9 or 8 au?ority 
has conf\nd$ two disp>ate cu/oms1  t (  
e>n+ ! #bgd d[ry by pro/itution1 & t ( a
  religi\s sacrifice ( virg9ity 9       
connection ) ! my/]ies (  ,aphrodite1 9 
:i* ! o!r p>ty to ! rite 0 a /rang]4    
,only  ?us c we satisfactorily expla9 ! 
limitation ( ! practice to  /at$ days1  
probably fe/ivals ( ,aphrodite1 & !     
phrase ab\t  pay+ ! (f]+s to h] = future
 *a/ity4    ,! money paym5t1 :e!r l>ge  
or small1 0 9 ! ,byblian rite1 z  9 !   
,babylonian & 7if ,i int]pret correctly7
 9 ! ,cypriote  rites1 consecrat$ to !  
goddess4 ,we may inf] t ! same 0 !  case
 :]ev] else ! rite 0 p]=m$4 ,at ,byblus 
x 0 !  alt]native to ! consecration ( ! 
woman's hair4  ,pro/itution--t is1      
sexual int]c\rse = hire--is n a         
primitive  practice4 ,! appe>ance (     
pro/itution 9 connection ) religion  may
 be acc\nt$ = by ! influ5ce ^u !        
religi\s practice (  ! g5]al practice ( 

h>lots4 ,analogy w\ld sugge/ t          
int]c\rse o!r ?an conjugal or !         
satisfaction ( ! g5u9e  passion ( love  
dem&$ a monet>y consid]ation4 ,b :5 t   
int]c\rse 0 ! p]=mance ( a religi\s duty
 ! money 0 n  kept z ga9 by ! woman4 ,x 
0 n e>n$ = h]self1 b devot$  to !       
goddess4 ,:]e b&s ( 8h>lots0 7 atta*$ to
 a temple  _! e>n+s probably w5t to     
swell ! temple funds out ( :i*  !y 7    
support$4#bgd4a ,x may accord+ly be     
sugge/$ t !  hire 0 n an ess5tial "p ( !
 rite1 b m]ely an aft]gr[?  9 ! process 
( adapt+ an old] cu/om to ! *ang+ mann]s
 &  religi\s ideas ( a gr[+             
civilization4#bgd4b    #bge    ,assum+1 
!re=e1 t ! rite 0 a sacrifice ( virg9ity
 to  :i* e woman 0 subject$1 x w\ld     
probably be p]=m$ ei!r  on ! atta9m5t ( 
pub]ty or z a prelim9>y to ! m>riage    
c]emonies4 ,b we ga!r f ! hi/orian's    
acc\nt ( ! sale (  ! village maid5s     
ar\nd ,babylon t ! auction foll[$ almo/ 
imm$iately aft] ! atta9m5t ( pub]ty1 or 
)9 7say7 a ye> at  ! fur!/4 ,! practice 

( mo/ anci5t nations1 z ( ne>ly all     
b>b>\s & savage peoples1 & inde$ ( _m 9 
a high /age (  civilization1 w\ld lead u
 to expect t m>riage w\ld be ent]$  into
 )9 a v %ort "t ( ! bride's pub]ty4     
,sometimes  m>riage ev5 prec$es pub]ty4 
,:]e1 z m usual1 x foll[s t  epo* (     
life1 ! rites incid5t to pub]ty mu/ fir/
 be complet$4  ,among su* rites         
defloration is n infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,9   
?is  respect ! ,au/ralian tribes are    
notori\s4 ,9 ! ,b\lia di/rict (  ,nor!rn
 ,que5sl& ! girl is compell$ to         
int]c\rse ) a numb]  ( m54#bge4a ,among 
! ,di]i ( ,s\? ,au/ralia a c]emony call$
  ,wilpadr9a is p]=m$ on ! "y wom5 :5 !y
 come to maturity1  9 :i* ! eld] m5     
claim & ex]cise a "r to !m1 & t 9  !    
pres5ce ( ! o!r wom54#bge4b ,! ,arunta &
 ,ilpirra tribes  9 ! c5tre ( ! cont95t 
p]=m a c]emony on e girl :5  %e arrives 
at a m>riageable age1 b be=e %e has be5 
tak5 ov]  by ! husb& to :om %e has be5  
allott$4 ,z "p ( t c]emony  a numb] ( m5
 h access to h] 9 ritual ord]2 & !      

int]c\rse #bgf is (t5 repeat$ ! foll[+  
day4#bgf4a  ,analog\s proce$+s are kn[n 
9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!  c5tral tribes (  
,new ,irel& h a wom5's h\se 9 e village4
  ,:5 a girl atta9s pub]ty %e )draws    
into a small h\se1 call$  mbak1 built   
inside x4 ,!re x is said %e has to rema9
 = t5  mon?s1 only go+ outside at night4
 ,dur+ ?is p]iod %e is wait$  ^u by !   
old wom51 & ?r\gh _! int]v5tion e man :o
  *ooses has access to h]4 ,on leav+ !  
mbak %e belongs only to  ! husb& to :om 
%e has probably be5 betro!d s9ce        
infancy4#bgf4b ,9 ! we/ ( ! isl& (      
,s]ang betwe5 ,celebes  & ,new ,gu9ea1 a
 girl aft] c]emonial ba?+ goes r\nd     
clo!d  ) a s>ong wov5 ( ! fibre ( !     
,p&anus rep5s1 at !  s]vice ( e man     
until h] family h collect$ ! necess>y   
mat]ials = a fea/4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts1   
h[ev]1 be=e actual  pub]ty ! tee? are   
fil$4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is complet$1 a   
fea/  is prep>$ ( :i* ! novice mu/ ta/e 
ev]y?+4 ,fur!r1 an  e>!n pot fill$ )    
spr+-wat] is cov]$ ) a fre%             

pisang-leaf4 ,"o ( ! old wom5 !n tak+ ! 
index-f+] ( !  girl's "r h& ?ru/s x     
?r\gh ! leaf z 8a symbol ( !  rupture ( 
! hym51 or to %[ t ! possession (       
virg9ity  means no?+ = h]40 ,! leaf is  
!n display$ on ! ridge ( !  ro(4 ,?is   
done1 ! wom5 fall to eat+ & dr9k+4 ,:5  
!y h  f9i%$ !y beg9 s++ to !            
accompanim5t ( drums4 ,! m5 are  !n     
admitt$ to ! h\se4 ,9 "s villages ! old 
m5 h free  access t ev5+ to ! room ( !  
girl 9 ^: hon\r ! fea/  is giv51 :ile ! 
o!r gue/s amuse !mselves ) #bgg s++     
outside4 ,aft] ?is celebration ! girl is
 entitl$ to free  int]c\rse ) m51 ev5   
be=e pub]ty4#bgg4a ,9 ,ea/-,c5tral      
,africa ! ,azimba maid5 is artificially 
defl[]$ dur+ a p]iod (  retirem5t &     
in/ruction 9 ! =e/4 ,:5 ! retirem5t is  
ov]  %e celebrates h] atta9m5t ( pub]ty 
by a dance 9 :i* only  wom5 take "p4 ,t 
night a man1 hir$ by h] fa!r = !        
purpose1 sleeps ) h]1 & once ?is is done
 %e is suppos$ to  h no fur!r int]c\rse 
) him4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 %e is already  m>ri$

 be=e pub]ty1 & consequ5tly no long] a  
maid54 ,none !  less is %e tak5 f h]    
husb& t ! pub]ty cu/oms may be  p]=m$4  
,:5 %e is br\ght back he himself sleeps 
) h]  app>5tly z a ritual act1 )\t !    
necessity ( hir+ a man =  !             
purpose4#bgg4b ,among ! ,wanyasa1 or    
,mang'anja1 at ! s\!rn  end ( ,lake     
,nyasa1 c]emonies are p]=m$ simil> to ^?
 ( !  ,intonjane 7girls' pub]ty         
c]emonies7 ( ,s\? ,africa1 & e  girl on 
h] return aft] ! initiation mu/ f9d "s  
man 8to be )  h]10 o!rwise %e w         
die4#bgg4c ,! ,intonjane among !        
,kaffirs is well kn[n to be an occasion 
( sexual indulg5ce4 ,x may  be surmis$ t
 ! c]emonies ( ! ,suahili on ! ea/ coa/ 
7  orig9ally simil> to ^? j m5tion$4 ,b 
! ,suahili h  become p>tially ,arabiz$1 
?\gh _! ,mohamm$anism is little m  ?an a
 v5e] ov] _! hea!n cu/oms & belief4     
,among !m n[ a  girl returns f h]       
seclusion 9 sil5ce & gives h] h& to e   
man %e meets1 receiv+ f him 9 return a  
few small co9s4#bgg4d  ,x is said t !   

girls ( #bgh ! ,wamegi1 also a tribe ne>
 !  coa/1 are artificially defl[]$ at   
pub]ty by c]ta9 old  wom54#bgh4a        
,artificial defloration at pub]ty is    
also practis$ by  ! ,sawu ,isl&]s4 ,!   
,sakalava girls 9 ,madagasc> p]=m x on  
!mselves 9 case _! p>5ts h n previ\sly  
tak5 !  tr\ble4#bgh4b ,o!r examples c\ld
 be cit$1 b ! subject ne$  n be pursu$4 
,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ !n t !         
,babylonian rite 0 a pub]ty  rite1 & t a
 maid5 0 n admitt$ to ! /atus &         
privileges  ( adult life until %e _h ?us
 be5 c]emonially defl[]$4 ,among  ^?    
privileges1 & ! *ief ( !m1 0 !          
gratification ( !  sexual in/9ct4 ,x 01 
!re=e1 a pr]equisite to m>riage4        
,c]emonial defloration ( ! bride by o!rs
 ?an h] husb& has  prevail$ 9 _m places4
 ,:5 m>riage foll[s closely aft] pub]ty 
x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! cu/om  
really belongs to !  pub]ty rites1 or to
 ^? ( m>riage4 ,i am n conc]n$ "h to    
d5y t among _m peoples :o practise x z  
"p ( ! m>riage  rites x may h be5 su* ab

 initio4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?is  "q w\ld  
involve an exam9ation ( m>riage cu/oms  
ext5d+  f> beyond ! space at my         
disposal4 ,b x w be admitt$ t z  pub]ty 
rites gradually #bgi became simplifi$ or
 altoge!r obsolete  su* a cu/om c\ld    
only ma9ta9 exi/5ce z "p ( ! m>riage    
rites4 ,x is !n usually 7b1 z we %all   
see1 n always7 p]=m$  by "o or m ( !    
bridegroom's fri5ds or by an appo9t$    
(ficial1 & ultimately deg5]ates into !  
jus prim noctis  ve/$ 9 "s p[]ful       
p]sonage1 z a "l or prie/4 ,no?+ ( !    
sort appe>s 9 ! acc\nts :i* h come d[n  
to u ( ! anci5t  rite 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9
 all ( !m 7save among ! ,lydians7       
emphasis  is laid on ! p]=mance by a    
/rang]4 ,at ,babylon our in=mation  does
 n connect ! rite ) m>riage at all4     
,else:]e x is  ref]r$ to n z "p ( !     
m>riage rites1 b z a prelim9>y to       
m>riage4    ,t su* a rite %\ld be f\nd  
annex$ to ! temple & wor%ip (  a        
luxuri\s goddess causes no surprise2 on 
! contr>y1 x is :at  might h be5        

anticipat$4 ,e read] w call to m9d      
num]\s  examples ( ar*aic rites :i* h   
become atta*$ to ,*ri/ian  fe/ivals1 & (
 ,*ri/ian %r9es :i* are simply %r9es (  
an  e>li] religion adapt$ & consecrat$  
afre% "u ,*ri/ian names4  ,! difficulty 
( uproot+ old cu/oms1 & _! consequ5t    
incorporation & adaptation by advanc+   
culture or a new religion1  are ph5om5a 
too well kn[n to be insi/$ on "h4       
,probably !  ,cypriote my/]ies 7 adapt$ 
to ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite f a  rud] /age 
9 :i* no div9ity 0 invok$4 ,& if ?is    
c\ld happ5  once 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 x might
 h happ5$ also at ,babylon1 at          
,heliopolis & else:]e4 ,x is possible t 
o!r practices1 su* z  ! pro/itution ( ! 
,arm5ian girls at ! temple ( ,anaitis1  
or  t ( ! ,lydian & ,paphian girls to   
e>n _! d[ries1 are no  m ?an !          
adaptation ( a cu/om common en\gh 9 !   
l[] #bhj  b>b>ism1 by :i* unm>ri$ girls 
h unfett]$ lib]ty 9 _!  sexual          
relations4 ,! ,arm5ian maid5s1 at all   
ev5ts1 ?\gh spok5  ( z h>lots by ,/rabo1

 d n seem to h ex]cis$ _! call+  =      
money1 nor to h admitt$ indiscrim9ately 
to _! fav\rs all  :o (f]$4 ,!y res]v$   
!mselves = _! equals 9 rank1 &  ent]ta9$
 !m 9 _! dwell+s ) m hospitality ?an 9 a
  sp9/]s' h\se 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,!  
surmise may be indulg$  t x 0 9 fact    
orig9ally1 if n 9 lat] times1 _! way (  
*oos+ husb&s4 ,! ,lydian girls are      
expressly said to h  be/[$ !mselves 9   
m>riage4    ,mannh>dt cont5d$ 7& 8      
op9ion is s f> endors$ by ,dr ,fraz]7  t
 ! maid5s :o surr5d]$ _! virg9ity 9     
connection )  ! cult ( a goddess l      
,aphrodite did s 9 imitation ( _!       
div9ity1 z h] repres5tatives1 ! human   
play]s ( h]  "p4#bhj4a ,?is may h be5 ! 
mode by :i* ! anci5t cu/om  0 adapt$ to 
! new] ord] ( ?+s4 ,b x is submitt$ t x 
is a v insuffici5t acc\nt ( x4 ,! cu/om 
mu/ h be5 old]  ?an any def9ite belief 9
 ! goddess's habits or any /ory ( h]    
v>i\s intrigues4 ,are we !n to suppose t
 x 0 a magical rite  design$ to promote 
! f]tility ( animal & vegetable life8   

,su*  rites are kn[n 9 bo? hemisph]es4  
,! great goddess wor%ipp$  "u diff]5t   
names ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia p]sonifi$1 we
 may  conc$e1 ! reproductive en]gies (  
,nature4 ,_m ( ! rites  employ$ 9 h]    
cult are 9 ! la/ analysis magical1 & _h 
=  _! purpose to assi/ ^? en]gies4 ,by a
 well-kn[n m5tal process  magical       
efficacy is (t5 ascrib$ to acts & usages
 n ess5tially  ( a magical1 nor inde$ ( 
a #bha ritual1 "*4 ,?us !  g5]al        
pro/itution ( "y girls to e>n _! d[ries1
 & t (  wid[s--cu/oms :i* are probably (
 q a diff]5t orig9--are  among c]ta9    
tribes ( ,morocco held to be n )\t _!   
effect on  ! abundance ( ! crops4#bha4a 
,su* a belief may h consecrat$  lives ( 
habitual h>lotry 9 ,arm5ia1 9 ,lydia1 & 
9 ,cyprus4 ,x by  no means foll[s t e   
rite p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( ! goddess  acquir$ t
 mean+1 /ill less t t 0 its primitive   
mean+4  ,_m su* rites w\ld be :olly     
p]sonal4 ,!y w\ld be int5d$ to  secure  
p]sonal bless+s to ! wor%ipp]1 & no?+ m1
 ?\gh  ev]yone might h be5 requir$ to   

p]=m !m4 ,x is ne$less to  suppose )\t  
express evid5ce t ! rite describ$ by    
,h]odotus  z tak+ place at ! temple (   
,mylitta _h m ?an a p]sonal  ref]5ce4 ,!
 mo/ obvi\s p]sonal bless+ to be secur$ 
f su*  a goddess w\ld be f]tility4 ,x is
 possible t ?is 0 !  int5tion "h4       
,pub]ty cu/oms are d\btless p]=m$ = !   
good  ( ! individual1 & ( ! tribe or    
nationality ?r\gh !  individual4 ,we mu/
 n inf]1 h[ev]1 t ! p]sonal bless+ (    
f]tility 0 held to be ! natural & direct
 outcome ( !  sacrifice ( virg9ity4 ,t 0
 n ! way 9 :i* x w\ld be  envisag$1     
h[ev] logical su* an outcome may seem to
 u4 ,! savage  w\ld n expect ! natural  
result1 b "o t we call magical4 ,at  !  
/age repres5t$ by ! ,babylonian cu/om ! 
bless+ 0  invok$ f ! goddess1 & 0 h]    
gift4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 n  t specific   
ritual act ( coition1 b future acts     
r5d]$ licit  & consecrat$ by x :i* 7    
expect$ to be> fruit4 #bhb ,?is         
int]pretation is p]haps /r5g!n$ by a    
rite said to h be5  regul>ly p]=m$ 9 !  

,troad4 8,e maid5 on ! approa* ( h]     
m>riage 0 requir$ to g & ba! 9 !        
,skam&ros1 & /&+  9 ! wat] to pron\nce !
 sacr$ =mula3 #8,skam&ros1 take my      
maid5hood z a gift4'0 ,dr ,f>nell1 cit+ 
! fictiti\s lett] (  ,ais*9es on :i* !  
evid5ce = ! cu/om re/s1 obs]ves3 8,!    
lett] n>rates h[ a mortal assum$ ! human
 =m ( ! god &  took a trea*]\s          
advantage2 b orig9ally1 we may suppose1 
! rite  ( consecration 0 n associat$ )  
any an?ropomorphic div9ity1  b 0 p]=m$ 9
 ! hope t ! _s ( ! riv] might ent]  into
 ! maid51 & t ! *ild %e might aft]w>ds  
be> to h]  w$d$ husb& might ?us be      
my/ically ak9 to ! gu>dian ( !  l&4 ,!  
_m e>ly my?s conc]n+ h]o9es & pr9cesses 
be+  made pregnant by riv]-gods sugge/ t
 ! ritual j describ$ 0  once preval5t 9 
primitive ,greece2 = su* my?s c\ld arise
  naturally f su* a cu/om40#bhb4a ,b !  
ritual itself sugge/s  t x is a relic ( 
a /ill old] rite p>allel ) ! rite at !  
temple ( ,mylitta4    ,! la/ ( !        
problems connect$ ) ! rite is to expla9 

:y x  mu/ be accompli%$ ) a /rang]4 ,if1
 z has be5 alleg$1 ! act  ( defloration 
( a maid5 7 held to be 9 itself dang]\s1
 x is  n easy to say :y anyone1 ev5 a   
/rang]1 %\ld und]take x1  unless he 7   
/rangely ignorant ( ! risk or /rangely  
c>eless4  ,9 "s places1 inde$1 a maid5  
:o _h come to submit to ! rite  may h   
be5 outw>dly indi/+ui%able f "o ( !     
hi]ai2  & h5ce ! man may h be5          
unconsci\s #bhc ( 8 risk1 or may  h be5 
will+ to und]take a risk ?us dim9i%$4 ,b
 at ,babylon  ! wom5 :o came ?us to (f] 
!mselves wore a di/9ctive  head-dress ( 
cords1 ! emblem1 p]haps1 ( _! condition 
(  virg9ity4 ,moreov]1 !y seem to h be5 
p5n$ 9 enclosures  divid$ f ea* o!r by  
ropes1 :i* 7 brok5 to let !m out  = !   
accompli%m5t ( ! rite4 ,!re 0 !re=e no  
mi/ake z  to _! /atus or object4#bhc4a  
,on ! o!r h&1 if !  defloration simply  
involv$ ritual impurity su* z c\ld be   
remov$  by ! prop] c]emonies1 x mu/ be  
ask$ :y ! task 0 left to a  /rang]4     
,none ( our anci5t au?orities h         

condesc5d$ to def9e  a /rang]4 ,we are  
probably to und]/& by t t]m "o :o 0 n   
an inhabitant ( ! t[n or :o 0 n a memb] 
( ! community4  ,! analogy ( c]ta9      
,au/ralian rites already ref]r$ to1 & ( 
rites ( m>riage 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w1   
w\ld lead u to  suppose t :at 0 really  
int5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 "o  :o 0 n    
eligible = sexual relations ) ! woman 9 
!  ord9>y c\rse4 ,?us 9 ,p]u & ,new     
,granada 8! ne>e/ relations  ( ! bride &
 h] mo/ intimate fri5ds0 are said to h  
p]=m$  ! correspond+ rite#bhc4b2 & ev5  
h] fa!r is cr$it$ #bhd  ) ! lab\r among 
! ,orang-,sakai ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 !  
,battas ( ,sumatra1 ! ,alfo]s (         
,celebes1 & on ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon  & !   
ea/]n ,moluccas4#bhd4a ,f ?is ! m       
develop$  morality ( ! ,babylonians w\ld
 recoil4 ,mr ,crawley1 comm5t+ on  !    
,au/ralian rite1 surmises t 9 x         
8initiation0 & m>riage are  "o1 & t     
8initiation0 c]emonies 7t is to say1    
pub]ty  c]emonies7 8( ?is k9d are       
m>riages to ! o!r sex 9  ab/ract40#bhd4b

 ,! surmise foll[s f 8 !ory ( ! dang]  (
 human contact1 & especially ( m>riage1 
& ! importance (  c]emonies to av]t !   
p]il4 ,! !ory itself--at all ev5ts pu%$ 
to ! l5g? to :i* ,mr ,crawley pu%es     
x--is v que/ionable4 ,b  defloration at 
pub]ty1 :e!r natural or artificial1 is  
und\bt$ly  7:atev] else x may be7 a =mal
 introduction to sexual life4 ,su*      
introduction might be ! m au?oritative &
 emphatic if giv5 by  "o 7or m7 ) :om   
sexual relations w\ld n 9 future be     
su/a9$4 ,x is a ritual act4 ,ritual acts
 are acts out ( !  ord9>y c\rse--(t5    
clean contr>y to ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,!re9  
consi/s _! ess5ce1 _! virtue4 ,b 9 !    
gr[? (  civilization1 ) ! em]g5ce ( a   
new religion or diff]5t  cu/oms1 ! real 
mean+ ( a traditional rite is obscur$1 !
 rite  itself becomes decad5t1 & a new  
mean+ is assign$ to x4 ,h5ce a  pub]ty  
rite might easily become "p ( ! cult ( a
 goddess l  ,mylitta4    ,moreov]1 at ! 
/age ( decay :i* ! rite _h rea*$ at     
,babylon  & else:]e 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 !   

proviso t ! p]son ) :om  ! act 0 p]=m$  
mu/ be a /rang] might be int5d$ to      
prev5t  an #bhe assignation4 ,:5 ! act  
_h to be p]=m$ z a sacrifice  9 hon\r ( 
! goddess x might be reg>d$ z a         
pr(anation to  p]=m x z an act (        
incl9ation ) a fav\r$ lov]4 ,! be/  way 
to prev5t ?is w\ld be to require t x    
%\ld be p]=m$  ) a *ance /rang]1 :o     
might fur!r be look$ ^u1 if  ,mannh>dt's
 int]pretation be correct1 z a          
repres5tative s5t by !  goddess to play 
,adonis to ! maid5's ,aphrodite4 ,! rite
 at ,byblus  l5ds c\nt5ance to ?is      
conjecture4 ,x is support$ also by !    
artificial defloration enact$ only 9    
symbol by ,roman brides1 b 9  grim e>ne/
 at ! temples ( ,siva by brides 9 ,s\!rn
 ,india4    ,b we are able to c>ry !    
conjecture a /ep beyond ?is4 ,"h ,i am  
glad to avail myself ( ! criticism (    
,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck1 :o  has po9t$ out t
 a semi-sup]natural "* is v g5]ally     
ascrib$ to /rang]s1 & t int]c\rse ) a   
/rang] w\ld ?us  be productive (        

bless+s--especially ! bless+ (          
f]tility--to  ! woman4#bhe4a ,f ! l>ge  
collections on ! subject (  relations ) 
/rang]s br\ght toge!r by ,pr(essor      
,fraz] &  ,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck himself x 
results t a /rang] is reg>d$  z uncanny4
 ,he is a be+ possess$ ( unkn[n p[]s =  
good or ill4  ,8 or5da1 z we h se51 is  
incalculable4#bhe4b ,he mu/  !re=e be   
ei!r repuls$ at once z a foe or receiv$ 
& treat$  ) extraord9>y respect4 ,! =m] 
c\rse is n usually adopt$  unless !     
/rang]s come 9 =ce or !re are o!r       
circum/ances  t sugge/ ho/ile int5t4 ,! 
latt] c\rse has giv5 bir? to laws  (    
hospitality recogniz$ all ov] ! _w1     
h[ev] ! exact  proc$ure may diff] among 
diff]5t peoples4 #bhf ,b ev5 9 ?is  case
 ! /rang] is look$ ^u ) suspicion until 
he has und]gone  :at ,m4 van ,g5nep     
calls rites ( aggregation to ! gr\p or  
society  to :i* he has come4 ,^! rites  
may be ( ! mo/ simple "*1  su* z spitt+ 
^u 8 ho/ or dr9k+ a cup ( wat] or c(fee 
f 8 ho/'s h&2 or !y may involve a trial 

( /r5g?1 an  ex*ange ( gifts1 ! (f]+ (  
sacrifices or entry into a              
blood-cov5ant4#bhf4a    ,! uncanny "*   
?us attribut$ to a /rang] includes n    
m]ely ! possession ( magical p[]s4 ,9 a 
society :]e ev]yone1  or at lea/ a l>ge 
& unkn[n numb] ( p]sons1 is believ$ to  
be  end[$ m or less ) magical p[]s1 ?is 
is a matt] ( c\rse4  ,b a halo ( /ill m 
my/]i\s possibility encircles a /rang]3 
he may be a sup]human ,p[]1 a dead man1 
or ev5 a god4 ,h5ce arise  ! num]\s     
/ories1 _m ( :i* h be5 collect$ by ,mr  
,g]\ld  9 8 monograph on ,! ,grateful   
,dead1 publi%$ by ! ,folk-,lore         
,society 9 #aijh4 ,^! /ories usually    
repres5t ! /rang] z a  dead man to :om !
 h]o has r5d]$ "s s]vice1 su* z t (     
bury+ 8 corpse4 ,b p]haps ! be/ kn[n1 & 
among ! mo/  anci5t is t f\nd 9 ! book (
 ,tobit1 :]e ! /rang] is !  angel       
,raphael4 ,a tale ev5 old] & m          
widespread is pres]v$  among ! ,hebrew  
traditions z t ( ,lot & ! two angels :o 
visit$ him 9 ,sodom4 ,probably x 0 "p ( 

! common ,semitic  /ock1 & z su* w\ld h 
be5 kn[n at ,babylon4 ,sub/antially !   
same /ory is t ( ,baucis & ,philemon    
report$ by ,ovid2 & !  tale ( ,demet]'s 
w&]+s & _m ano!r 9 ,greek leg5d re/ on  
a common basis ( belief4 ,cont95tal     
folklore d[n to mod]n days  #bhg        
id5tifies ! unkn[n begg> z ,jesus ,*ri/ 
,himself or1 if a  woman1 8 ,"m4 ,!     
,bantu ( ,s\?-,we/ ,africa tell ( !     
great  goddess ,nzambi :o begs 9        
disguise = a little palm-w9e to slake  !
 ?ir/ ( h] *ild4 ,refusal is foll[$ 9 ! 
night by  puni%m5t2 ! smil+ valley1 l t 
( ,sodom1 is cov]$ by !  wat]s ( a lake2
 & ! only p]son sav$ is he :o _h tak5   
compassion & grant$ ! poor old          
m5dicant's reque/4#bhg4a ,le/  ?is be   
?\ght a tale import$ f ,europe1 let me  
add t 9 ,annam  a simil> tale is told to
 acc\nt = ?ree lakes 9 ! prov9ce (  ,?ay
 ,nguy54 ,!re a begg>-woman is repuls$  
by all save an old wid[  & h] son1 :o   
give ( _! pov]ty food & a night's lodg+ 
to  ! mis]able & unattractive creature4 

,%e turns out to be a  sup]natural      
p]sonage4 ,%e has come d[n to te/ !     
he>ts ( !  devotees :o h flock$ to a    
great religi\s fe/ival p]iodically  held
 9 ! place4 ,! hypocrites :o repuls$ h] 
are all ov]:elm$  9 a deluge ( wat]s2   
only ! wid[ & h] son are sav$4#bhg4b    
,to lab\r ! pro( is unnecess>y4 ,x is   
abundantly cle> t a  /rang] may be f> m 
?an mortal1 & t ?is possibility has     
deeply affect$ ! evolution (            
hospitality4 ,! /rang] mu/ be           
conciliat$4 ,he mu/ be b\nd by sacr$    
ties to ! ho/--ties :i*  he _c break s  
long z he rema9s "u ! ho/'s protection4 
,among ! rites ( aggregation--! rites   
effect+ ?is union--,m4 van  ,g5nep      
reckons ! use ( ! wom5 frequ5tly accord$
 to visitors 9  ! l[] culture2 & he     
sugge/s t ! rite at ! temple (  ,mylitta
 0 su* a rite ( aggregation4 ,x may h   
be5 s4 ,x may  h be5 expect$ ( all      
mascul9e /rang]s at ,babylon to unite   
!mselves ) ! natives by means #bhh ( ?is
 homage to !  goddess4 ,all t c be said 

is t ,h]odotus gives no h9t ( x4        
,accord+ to him x 0 only on ! wom5 t !  
duty lay--& t  no m ?an once 9 _!       
lives--( submitt+ to ! rite4 ,!  my/]y  
atta*+ to a /rang] & involv+ !          
expectation (  div9e bless+ is a        
suffici5t reason = ! p]=mance ( ! rite  
) "o :o might be a god 9 p]son1 & 9 any 
ev5t mu/ h be5  held to be div9ely s5t2 
= *ance is ! s]vant ( ! gods4  ,!nce x  
is b a /ep 7& ! /ep 0 tak5 else:]e1 if n
 at  ,babylon7 to ! sub/itution ( !     
prie/ = ! /rang] or !  god2 & ! way is  
op5$ to ! abuses ( ! jus prim           
noctis4#bhh4a    ,be=e dismiss+ !       
subject ref]5ce may be made to ,pr(essor
  ,cumont's note on ! subject ( religi\s
 pro/itution 9 ,les  ,religions         
,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9    
7,p>is1 #aijg71 pp4 #adc1  #bhf1 z %[+ !
 facility ) :i* a le>n$ & highly        
di/+ui%$ s*ol> may fail to appreciate ! 
complexity ( !  problem4 ,he makes no   
di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree cu/oms (        
sacrifice ( virg9ity1 pro/itution to e>n

 a d[ry1 & a life (  religi\s           
pro/itution 9 ! s]vice ( ! goddess4 ,he 
ref]s !m  all to ! primitive con/itution
 ( ! ,semitic tribe1 & expla9s  !m z a  
modifi$ =m1 become utilit>ian1 ( an     
anci5t exogamy4  ,mat+ ) a virg91 he    
holds1 result$ 9 defilem5t2 !re=e %e  0 
giv5 fir/ to a /rang]2 only aft] t c\ld 
%e be m>ri$ to  a man ( h] own race4 ,i 
pass by ! confusion betwe5 ! ?ree       
cu/oms 9 "q1 to all ( :i* 8 explanation 
w n equally  #bhi apply4 ,b if !        
explanation be correct = any ( !m1 ei!r 
! anci5t exogamy ( ! ,semites mu/ h be5 
q diff]5t f  exogamy z g5]ally und]/ood1
 or x mu/ h be5 n m]ely  modifi$ b      
trans=m$4 ,exogamy1 z g5]ally und]/ood1 
has  no?+ to d ) race or nationality4 ,x
 is simply ! savage rule  correspond+ to
 our table ( prohibit$ degrees4#bhi4a ,a
 man may  n m>ry or h sexual relations )
 "o :o is ak9 to him2 e  memb] ( 8 clan 
7n ( 8 tribe or 8 race7 is ak9 to him2  
!re=e1 he _c m>ry or h sexual relations 
) any memb] (  8 clan4 ,! orig9 ( ?is   

rule is /ill disput$ by  an?ropologi/s1 
& we ne$ n "h discuss x4 ,b s9ce exogamy
  b>s a man f sexual relations ) e memb]
 ( 8 k91 x is  obvi\s t x _c be m]ely a 
prelim9>y to m>riage )9 !  k94 ,:]e     
exogamy is ! law1 ! b> is absolute2 x is
 ! law =  ! :ole ( life2 x is n int5d$  
to provide = a tempor>y union  outside !
 k9 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = a p]man5t  
union  )9 ! k94 ,exogamy1 !re=e1 ,i     
submit1 _c expla9 ^!  cu/oms4           
,,! ,,voice ,,( ,,! ,,/one ,,(   ,,de/9y
    #bij    ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i propose
 to consid] "s ( ! auguries  :i* h be5  
deem$ necess>y to ! *oice ( a k+4 ,k+%ip
 is  n f\nd 9 ! mo/ ar*aic =ms ( society
 kn[n to u4 ,b :]e  ! community is      
organiz$ on ! basis ( mon>*y ! k+ t5ds  
to  be reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an ord9>y     
humanity4 ,he has p[]s  & privileges    
d5i$ to o!r mortals4 ,^! v p[]s &       
privileges & ! sanctity ( :i* !y are !  
appanage entail1  h[ev]1 taboos &       
p5alties ( ! mo/ burd5some description4 
,pr(essor ,fraz] has abundantly         

illu/rat$ ?is side ( royalty1 &  has    
also fully discuss$ "s ( ! means :]eby  
pret5sions to !  ?rone are en=c$4 ,b !re
 rema9 o!rs witness+ n less ?an  ^? he  
has describ$ to ! extraord9>y position (
 a k+4 ,"s  ( ^! & _! e*oes 9 folk-tale 
& romance w repay a little  att5tion4   
,! fam\s ,coronation ,/one has an       
au!ntic hi/ory ( six hundr$  ye>s4 ,at !
 "t ( ! conque/ ( ,scotl& by ,edw>d ,i41
 x 0  ! /one on :i* ! k+s ( ! ,scots 71 
accord+ to  immemorial cu/om1 in/all$4  
,reg>d$ by ! ,scots z sacr$1 x 0  !re=e 
remov$ by ,edw>d's ord] f ,scone1 :]e x 
/ood1 to  ,we/m9/]1 & 0 enclos$ 9 :at is
 n[1 #bia & has be5 ev]  s9ce1 !        
,coronation ,*air4 ,its e>li] hi/ory1 z 
di/+ui%$  f conjecture & leg5d1 goes no 
fur!r back ?an ! middle (  ! ?irte5?    
c5tury1 or some?+ less ?an half a c5tury
 be=e  its removal to ,we/m9/]1 :5 x is 
record$ by ,=dun t  ,alex&] ,,iii4 0    
solemnly plac$ ^u x & hall[$ to k+ by ! 
,bi%op ( ,/4 ,&rews 7#abdi74 ,b :at is  
want+ 9 au!ntic hi/ory  has be5         

abundantly made up 9 leg5d4 ,! tale1 (  
:i* !re are  two v]sions1 is ! creation 
( a lit]>y age4 ,! ,iri% v]sion  br+s x1
 ) ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann1 f ,lo*lann1 or  
,sc&9avia1  to ,irel&4 ,! ,scotti%      
v]sion traces x on ! o!r h& f  ,egypt1  
:5ce x 0 c>ri$ by ! ,milesians4 ,?is 0  
improv$ ^u1  to ! ext5t ( id5tify+ !    
/one ) t us$ by ,jacob z a  pill[ on 8  
j\rney f ,be]%eba to ,h>an4 ,! attempt 0
 ?us  made1 by connect+ ! rul+ race 9   
,scotl& ) ! leg5ds (  ! ,hebrew         
patri>*s1 to conf] ^u ! /one ! unit$    
sanctity (  religion1 ( antiquity1 & (  
patriotism4    ,9 ! c\rse ( its w&]+s ! 
/one is said to h rea*$  ,t>a2 & x is   
decl>$ to be ! fam\s ,lia ,fil1 or ,/one
 (  ,de/9y1 "o ( ! two wond]s ( ,t>a    
celebrat$ 9 ,iri% sagas4 ,we  are       
indebt$ to ! ,book ( ,lismore1 a        
fifte5?-c5tury manuscript1  = an        
enum]ation ( ! wond]ful prop]ties ( !   
,lia ,fil4 ,!  ,colloquy ) ! ,anci5ts1  
:i* is compris$ 9 ?is preci\s           
manuscript1 records a numb] ( ,iri%     

traditions1 "s ( :i* w\ld  else 9 all   
probability h p]i%$ beyond recov]y4 ,!re
 we  le>n--! acc\nt is put into ! m\? ( 
no less a p]sonage ?an  ,ossian         
himself--t 8,anyone ( all ,irel& on :om 
an ex p>te  imputation re/$ 0 set ^u t  
/one3 #bib !n if ! tru?  7 9 him he w\ld
 turn p9k & :ite2 b if o!rwise1 x 0 a   
black spot t 9 "s conspicu\s place w\ld 
appe> on him4  ,fur!r1 :5 ,irel&'s mon>*
 /epp$ on to x ! /one w\ld cry  out "u  
him1 & h] ?ree ar*-waves w\ld boom 9    
answ]3 z !  wave ( ,cle5a1 ! wave (     
,ball9toy1 & ! wave ( ,lo* ,rury2 :5  a 
prov9cial k+ w5t on x ! flag w\ld rumble
 "u him2 :5 a  b>r5 woman trod x1 x 0 a 
dew ( dusky blood t broke out on  x2 :5 
"o t w\ld be> *ildr5 tri$ x1 x 0 a      
#8nurs+  drop'0--t is1 says ,mr ,/&i%   
,o',grady1 f ^: translation ,i  quote1  
semblance ( milk--8t x sweat$40#bib4a ,!
 ,colloquy is  imp]fect1 ! legible      
portion ( ! manuscript ceas+ a l9e or   
two  fur!r on1 j z we are ab\t to be    
told h[ x 0 t ! /one  left ,irel&4#bib4b

 ,its subsequ5t adv5tures are relat$ by 
,keat+1 :o says t x 0 s5t to ,fe>gus !  
,great1 8to sit ^u1  = ! purpose ( be+  
proclaim$ k+ ( ,scotl&40 ,h[ev]1 x is  n
 to ! adv5tures ( ! /one1 b to its      
prop]ties t ,i wi%  n[ to direct        
att5tion4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 all t ,i   
ne$  add is t ! leg5d has be5 subject$  
by ,sk5e1 & m rec5tly  by ,mr ,p4 ,j4   
,o',reilly1 to an exhau/ive analysis1   
:i* r5d]s x  cle> t !re is no tru/wor?y 
evid5ce t ! /one ( ,t>a is  !           
,coronation ,/one4 ,! antec$5t          
improbability is great2 & ev5  if x 7   
indisputable t ! /one 9 "q 0 no long] at
  ,t>a 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! *asm betwe5 
t p]iod &  ,f]gus1 ^: v exi/5ce only    
re/$ on leg5d1 #bic w\ld /ill  h to be  
bridg$1 & ! v>iants ( ! /ory w\ld ne$ to
 be  reconcil$4#bic4a    ,! prop]ties ( 
! /one ( ,t>a 7 oracul>2 & ! /one       
itself 0 "o ( a l>ge class ( /ones end[$
 9 popul> op9ion  ) div9+ p[]s1 &       
actually resort$ to = ! purpose (       
enquiry4 ,:5 ! reputation ( an oracle is

 once e/abli%$1 x is  consult$ = _m     
purposes4 ,n only political1 b juridical
 &  dome/ic purposes are enum]at$ by !  
au?or ( ! ,colloquy 9  reg>d to ! ,lia  
,fil4 ,among ^! functions is !          
recognition (  ! mon>*4 ,! phrase us$ 9 
! ,colloquy is ambigu\s4 ,x is n  /at$  
:y1 or on :at occasion1 ! /one 0 expect$
 to make its  voice he>d4 ,9 practice ! 
only object ( obta9+ su* a  recognition 
w\ld be t ( det]m9+ ! succession to !   
?rone4  ,keat+ supplies ! miss+         
explanation4 8,x 0 a /one10 he says1    
8on :i* 7 en*antm5ts1 = x us$ to ro> "u 
! p]son :o  _h ! be/ "r to obta9 !      
sov]eignty ( ,irel& at ! "t (  ! m5 (   
,irel& be+ 9 assembly at ,t>a to *oose a
 k+ ov]  !m40#bic4b ,:e!r z a matt] (   
fact ! /one ev] 0  consult$ ) ?is object
 is ano!r "q4 ,x is en\gh at #bid       
pres5t to "k t ,iri% tradition ass]t$   
?is use ( ! oracle4  ,9 a semi-civiliz$ 
community a disput$ succession is (     
frequ5t  occurr5ce4 ,to prev5t a        
dispute1 & to settle x :5 x arises1     

v>i\s means are adopt$4 ,! usual ,iri%  
plan seems to h be5 !  cu/om ( ,tani/ry4
 8,dur+ ! lifetime ( a *ief10 ,sullivan 
tells  u1 88 successor 0 elect$ "u ! "n 
( ,tanai/e2 & on  ! dea? ( ! =m] ! latt]
 succe$$ him4 ,! ,tanai/e 0  n          
necess>ily ! son ( ! *ief3 he might be 8
 bro!r or  nephew2 b he %\ld belong to 8
 ,f9e10 or family4#bid4a    ,t ?is mode 
( election 0 n always successful we may 
easily  believe4 ,t x 0 ! gradual       
outcome ( ! exp]i5ce ( a long  s]ies (  
g5]ations is probable4 ,:]e = "o cause  
or ano!r x  fail$1 h[ w\ld ! succession 
be det]m9$8 ,! mo/ obvi\s means  w\ld be
 ei!r conflict or div9ation4 ,accord+ to
 ! leg5ds1  div9ation 0 sometimes       
actually us$ to det]m9e ! appo9tm5t (   
k+4 ,on "o occasion 9 ! days ( ,con*ob>1
 ! fam\s ,k+ (  ,ul/]1 ! mon>*y ( ,irel&
 _h be5 vacant = sev5 ye>s4 ,?is  /ate (
 ?+s be+ f\nd intol]able1 a g5]al       
assembly 0 held  at ,t>a to *oose a k+4 
,! royal h\ses ( ,connaught1 ,s\?       
,mun/]1 ,nor? ,mun/]1 & ,le9/] 7 !re1 b 

! ,ul/]m5  7 abs5t2 = !re 0 bitt] feud  
betwe5 ,ul/] & ! re/ (  ,irel&1 & !y    
w\ld n hold k+ly c\nsel toge!r4 ,! mode 
(  election adopt$ 0 div9ation by means 
( a dream induc$ by c]ta9  c]emonies4 ,!
 c]emonies began ) a bull-fea/4 ,a bull 
0 kill$1  & a man 0 gorg$ ) its fle% &  
#bie bro?4 ,we are told 8he  slept "u t 
meal40 ,x is n incr$ible4 ,!n 8a true   
oration10  :i* ,i und]/& to mean an     
incantation1 0 pron\nc$ ov] him by  f\r 
,druids4 ,he dream$1 & scream$ out ( 8  
sleep1 & relat$ to  ! assembl$ k+s t he 
_h se5 9 8 dream 8a s(t y\?1  noble1 &  
p[]fully made1 ) two r$ /ripes on 8 sk9 
ar\nd  8 body1 & he /&+ at ! pill[ ( a  
man :o 0 ly+ 9 a  decl9e at ,ema9       
,ma*a10 ! royal palace ( ,ul/]4         
,mess5g]s 7  accord+ly s5t ?i!r1 & !    
description 0 f\nd to correspond  ) t ( 
,lugaidh ,reo-d]g1 ! pupil ( ,cu*ula9n1 
:o 0 !n  ly+ ill4 ,lugaidh 0 br\ght to  
,t>a1 recogniz$ z ! subject (  ! vision1
 & proclaim$ z mon>* ( ,irel&4#bie4a    
,?is is n ! only in/ance 9 ,iri% leg5d (

 election to !  ?rone by incubatio1 or  
div9ation by means ( a dream4 ,conaire1 
^: tale is fill$ ) incid5ts explicable  
only by ! comp>ative  /udies (          
e?nologi/s1 0 ?us elect$4 ,?\gh really  
begott5 by a  sup]natural bird-man1 he 0
 reg>d$ z ! son ( 8 pr$ecessor1         
,et]scle4 ,b ?is does n seem to h giv5  
him any title to  succe$4 ,a bull-fea/ 0
 accord+ly giv52 & ! bull-fea/] 9  8    
sleep at ! end ( ! night beheld a man   
/>k-nak$1 pass+  along ! road ( ,t>a ) a
 /one 9 8 sl+4 ,w>n$ &  c\nsell$ by 8   
bird-relatives1 ,conaire fulfill$ ^!    
requirem5ts4 ,he f\nd ?ree k+s 7d\btless
 ( ! "u-k+s (  ,irel&7 await+ him1 )    
royal raim5t to clo! 8 nak$ness1 &  a   
*>iot to convey him to ,t>a4 ,x 0 a     
disappo9tm5t to ! folk  ( ,t>a to #bif  
f9d t _! bull-fea/ & _! spell ( tru?    
*ant$ ov] ! fea/] _h result$ 9 !        
selection ( a be>dless  lad4 ,b he      
conv9c$ !m t he 0 ! true successor1 & 0 
admitt$ to ! k+%ip4#bif4a    ,a         
traditional /ory is n a record ( fact4  

,x is a record only (  :at is believ$4  
,probably bo? ,lugaidh ,reo-d]g &       
,conaire are  my?ical p]sonages1 b _!   
/ories c]ta9ly embody :at 0  ?\ght to be
 possible4 ,! description ( ! election  
by div9ation  is sub/antially ! same 9  
bo?4 ,x may !re=e be tak51 if n  z      
approximately correct1 at lea/ z %[+ t  
election by  div9ation 0 reg>d$ among ! 
anci5t ,iri% z 9 ! la/ resort  a        
reasonable & prop] mann] ( asc]ta9+ &   
appo9t+ a k+4  ,9 ?is ! ,iri% 7 by no   
means s+ul>4 ,! traditions ( o!r        
nations po9t to ! same result1 & !      
cu/oms 9 v>i\s p>ts (  ! _w confirm x4  
,! incid5t ( election by div9ation is s 
picturesque & s suitable = ! purposes ( 
a /ory-tell] t x  is to be expect$ f> m 
(t5 9 a tale ?an 9 real life4 ,b t  !   
/ory-incid5t is bas$ on actual practice1
 ,i ?9k !re is  suffici5t gr\nd =       
believ+4    ,we w fir/ %ortly review a  
few /ories ( election by div9ation4  ,! 
,saxons ( ,transylvania tell ( a peasant
 :o _h ?ree sons1 (  :om ! y\nge/ 0     

despis$ by ! o!rs because he 0 weak &   
small :ile !y 7 tall & /rong4 ,9 t k+dom
 ,god ,himself  *ose ! k+ f "t to "t4 ,!
 mode ( asc]ta9+ ! div9e  w 0 to call a 
g5]al assembly ( ! p on ! k+'s mead[  9 
! l>ge/ commune ( ! c\ntry1 & !re to lay
 ! cr[n at a  c]ta9 h\r on a hillock or 
m\nd4 ,all ! bells 9 ! #big t[n  peal$  
=? toge!r2 & ! cr[n sl[ly rais$ itself 9
 ! air1  float$ r\nd ov] ! heads ( !    
assembly1 & f9ally alight$ on  t ( !    
de/9$ sov]eign4 ,! two eld] bro!rs made 
ready to  att5d ! c]emony1 b bade !     
y\nge/ rema9 at home 9 !  a%es1 :]e 8   
place 04 ,h[ev]1 he slipp$ out aft] !m1 
&1  = fe> !y w\ld see him1 crept into a 
pig/y t /ood at ! end  ( ! t[n abutt+ on
 ! mead[4 ,! cr[n1 pass+ ov] all !  p   
pres5t1 sank d[n ^u ! pig/y4 ,surpris$ &
 curi\s to  "k :at ?is /range proce$+   
meant1 ! p ran to ! pig/y1  !re f\nd !  
trembl+ boy1 & draw+ him =? b[$ ! knee  
& salut$ him z ! new k+1 call$ by ,god  
to occupy !  ?rone4#big4a    ,9 ?is     
,transylvanian mr*5 ! cr[n is ! in/rum5t

 (  div9ation4 ,go+ next to ! dim &     
di/ant ,ea/ we f9d o!r  emblems (       
royalty ?us repres5t$4 ,9 ! ,jtaka1 !   
great book  ( ,buddhi/ ,bir?-/ories1 !  
supposititi\s *ild ( a m]*ant's  wife ( 
,maghada is ! h]o ( a simil> adv5ture4  
,he is1 h[ev]1 no  ord9>y *ild b !      
,bodhisatta1 ! future ,buddha 9 an e>li]
  bir?4 ,he 0 call$ ,banyan1 f hav+ be5 
f\nd "u a banyan  tree1 :]e 8 own "m _h 
=sak5 him at 8 bir?4 ,travell+  ) two   
fai?ful companions :o _h be5 born on !  
same day z  himself1 he came to ,b5>es1 
& ent]+ ! royal p>k lay d[n ^u  a slab (
 /one ) 8 two companions beside x4 ,!   
previ\s night  !y _h slept 9 ! city "u a
 tree at a temple4 ,"o ( ! y\?s  _h     
awak5$ at dawn & he>d "s cocks qu>rell+ 
9 ! bran*es4  ,he li/5$1 & le>nt t :oev]
 kill$ a c]ta9 "o ( ^!  birds & ate ( 8 
fat w\ld become k+ t v day1 he :o ate  !
 middle fle% #bih w\ld become           
comm&]-9-*ief1 & he :o ate  ! fle% ab\t 
! bones w\ld become treasur]4 ,he kill$ 
! bird1  gave ! fat to ,banyan1 ! middle

 fle% to 8 o!r fri5d1 &  gnaw$ ! bones  
himself4 ,n[ ! k+ ( ,b5>es 0 dead1 & t  
day ! fe/al c> 0 go+ =? ) ! five symbols
 ( royalty1  ! sword1 ! p>asol1 !       
diadem1 ! slipp]s1 & ! fan1 )9  x1 to   
*oose ! k+'s successor4 ,z ! ?ree y\?s  
lay 9 !  royal p>k1 ! c]emonial *>iot   
roll$ up & /opp$ be=e !m4  ,! *apla9    
7presumably a ,brahman7 foll[$4 ,remov+ 
! clo? f  ,banyan's feet he exam9$ !    
m>ks ^u !m4 8,:y60 he exclaim$1  8he is 
de/9$ to be k+ ( all ,india1 let alone  
,b5>es60 & he  ord]$ ! gongs & ! cymbals
 to /rike up4 ,?is awoke ,banyan1 :o    
sat up4 ,! *apla9 fell d[n be=e him1    
say+3 8,div9e be+1 !  k+dom is ?9e40 8,s
 be x10 quietly answ]$ ! y\?2 !  *apla9 
plac$ him ^u ! heap ( preci\s jewels &  
spr9kl$ him  to be k+4#bih4a    ,9 a    
,calmuck tale ! in/rum5t ( div9ation is 
n "o ( ! royal  insignia1 b a           
sacrificial cake4 ,an assembly ( ! p is 
held to  *oose a new khan2 & x is decid$
 to appeal to ! judgem5t (  heav5 by    
?r[+ a sacrificial cake1 call$ ,bal+1   

app>5tly a  figure ( d\gh1 into ! air1  
at ! "t ( ! sacrifice  7,/reuopf]74 ,on 
:osesoev] head ! cake fell1 he %\ld be  
khan4#bih4b    ,a tale ( ! ,teleut      
,t>t>s tells ( a fa!r :o 0 enrag$ )  8  
son because he int]pret$ ! cry ( "s     
birds1 decl>+ t  !y =etold t he himself 
w\ld become emp]or1 & 8 fa!r  w\ld dr9k 
8 ur9e4 ,! fa!r1 9 8 ang]1 /ruck (f 8   
son's  head4 #bii ,he !n kill$ 8 horse1 
sk9n$ x1 roll$ 8 son's  body 9 ! hide & 
flung x into ! sea4 ,! waves c>ri$ !    
package to a village1 :]e an old woman  
f\nd x4 ,%e op5$ !  lea!r1 & ! y\? came 
out alive4 ,! pr9ce ( t l& _h  di$1     
leav+ no son4 ,8 subjects took two gold5
 po/s1 & fa/5$  on _! tops two tap]s4   
,!y !n set up ! po/s 9 ! middle (  !    
village4 ,ev]yone 0 requir$ to jump     
?r\gh !m1 & !  tap]s w\ld fall on him :o
 0 to be ! pr9ce4 ,b !y  ob/9ately      
rema9$ /&+ until ! de/9$ y\? came1 :5 !y
  bo? fell on 8 neck & bur/ into flame4 
,if he _h n become an  emp]or1 at lea/  
he 0 n[ a pr9ce3 & ) t v>iation1 !  :ole

 ( ! bird's prophecy 0 9 due c\rse      
fulfill$4#bii4a ,b  we ne$ n foll[ x    
fur!r4 ,! h]o ( a ,balo*i tale likewise 
falls "u 8 fa!r's displeasure4 ,8 fa!r 0
 a k+1 & !  son took advantage ( 8      
royalty to break ! crock]y ( 8  fa!r's  
subjects4 ,:5 ! p compla9$1 8 fa!r drove
 him  away4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s1 he    
came to a t[n :]e !  k+ _h j di$4 ,!    
palace door 0 %ut1 & ^u x 0 writt53     
8,he ^: h& %all op5 ?is door1 %all be k+
 ( ?is city40 ,!  w&]+ pr9ce1 read+ ?is1
 said3 8,bismillah40 ,he pu%$ ! door3  x
 op5$4 ,he ent]$1 seat$ himself on !    
?rone1 & became  k+4#bii4b    ,!        
,kah-gyur1 a sacr$ "w ( ,tibetan        
,buddhism dat+ back to !  elev5? c5tury 
or !reab\ts1 conta9s a /ory ( k+ n&a4 ,!
  "n n&a is fam\s 9 ! lit]ature (       
,buddhism z t ( a  fav\rite disciple ( !
 ma/]2 b x is "h us$ 9 !  indiscrim9ate 
way 9 :i* ! m$ival fri>s us$ #cjj !     
names  ( ,pompey1 ,titus1 ,pl9y1 & o!r  
fam\s ,romans1 9 ! ,ge/a  ,romanorum4   
,?is k+ _h five sons1 ( :om ! y\nge/ 0  

end[$  ) qualities bett] suit$ to a rul]
 ?an ! o!rs1 & to :om  accord+ly he     
desir$ to leave ! k+dom4 ,b he fe>$ t if
 he  inve/$ 8 y\nge/ son ) sov]eign p[]1
 8 k9sm5 w\ld  reproa* him = hav+ pass$ 
ov] 8 eld] sons4 ,z a way ( escape  f ! 
difficulty he decre$ t aft] 8 dea? 8    
sons %\ld be  te/$1 & t he %\ld be made 
k+ :om ! jewel-%oes %\ld  fit1 "u :om ! 
?rone %\ld rema9 /eadfa/1 & on ^: head  
! diadem %\ld re/ un%ak51 :om ! wom5    
%\ld recognize1 &  :o %\ld guess six    
objects to be div9$ by insight4#cjj4a   
,!re  is a triple te/ "h--div9ation by !
 royal insignia1 ! *oice (  ! h>em1 & ! 
solution ( a riddle4 ,i %all return to !
 two  =m] te/s4 ,b be=e pass+ to ano!r  
type ( /ory ,i may note  t 9 !          
,bakhtyr-,nma1 a ,p]sian romance        
translat$ by ,sir  ,william ,ouseley1 :o
 br\ght x f ! ,ea/ 9 ! e>ly "p ( !  la/ 
c5tury1 !re is a /ory 9 :i* ! succession
 to ! ?rone  is made to dep5d ^u !      
solution ( ?ree riddles4 ,! k+ hav+  di$
 )\t issue1 x 0 resolv$ to g to ! prison

 & prop\nd  ?ree que/ions to ! crim9als 
conf9$ !re4 ,he :o answ]$ be/  0        
recogniz$ z k+4#cjj4b ,riddles are      
reg>d$ 9 c]ta9 /ages  ( civilization z a
 te/ ( m ?an ord9>y wisdom4 ,_! position
  9 ! evolution ( ?\ght & cu/om is well 
wor? inve/igation4 ,x  is too l>ge a    
subject = discussion "h4                
,occasionally ! in/rum5t ( div9ation is 
:olly want+1 & !  fir/ man met ) is tak5
 = k+4 #cja ,among a tribe 9 ,morocco   
is told a tale ( :i* ! h]o is made k+1  
because he is ! fir/  man f\nd outside !
 city-gate :5 x is op5$ 9 !             
morn+4#cja4a ,ano!r ( ^! /ories is t (  
,ali ,%> &  ,zumurrud 9 ! ,arabian      
,nights4 ,ali ,%> 0 a prodigal1 &       
,zumurrud 0 8 fav\rite female slave4 ,by
 a s]ies ( div]t+  adv5tures :i* d n    
conc]n u1 !y are sep>at$4 ,aft] mu*     
suff]+1 ,zumurrud contrives to possess  
h]self ( a man's clo!s1  horse & sword4 
,9 ! c\rse ( h] w&]+s %e draws nigh to a
  city-gate1 :]e %e f9ds ! emirs &      
nobles ) ! troops drawn  up & wait+1 z  

,conaire f\nd ! ?ree k+s wait+ on ! way 
to  ,t>a4 ,! soldi]y1 on see+ h]1 da%   
=w>d4 ,!y dism\nt &  pro/rate !mselves  
be=e h]1 salut+ h] z "l & sultan4 ,on   
enquiry %e le>ns t ! sultan ( ! city is 
dead2 & on su*  occasions x is ! cu/om t
 ! troops sally =? to ! suburbs1  !re to
 soj\rn = ?ree days4 ,:oev] comes dur+ t
 "t f  ! qu>t] :5ce %e has come is made 
k+4 ,be+ a lady (  res\rce1 %e accepts !
 position1 adm9i/]s ! k+dom )           
effici5cy1 & ultimately f9ds means to   
av5ge h]self on h]  enemies & to be     
reunit$ ) h] ma/]1 ,ali ,%>4#cja4b ,an  
,indian folk-tale relates t 9 a c]ta9   
city 8x 0 ! cu/om  t :5 ! rja di$ !     
nobles ( ! k+dom us$ to take _!  seats  
at ! gate ( ! city1 & ! fir/ man :o     
appe>$ be=e  !m !y made _! rja40#cja4c  
,! same tale is told by ! ,t>an*i       
,t>t>s1 an #cjb agricultural  p :o are  
n[ settl$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,ili1 a l>ge   
riv]  fl[+ into ,lake ,balka%1 9 ,c5tral
 ,asia4 ,b x is told ) ?is  diff]5ce4   
,:5 ! h]o draws nigh to ! gate ( ! city1

 all !  p cry out 8,cuckoo1 cuckoo60 ,on
 enquir+ :y !y d ?is1 !y  reply3 8,our  
rul] has be5 dead = ?ree days4 ,he _h a 
magical bird1  :i* has be5 let fly1 & on
 :osesoev] head ! bird settles1 him  we 
raise to be our pr9ce40 ,"h ! augury is 
drawn f a  bird4#cjb4a    ,9 ano!r ,t>t>
 mr*51 ?is "t f ! we/ ( ,sib]ia1 !  rul]
 ( ! t[n has gr[n old1 & is desir\s (   
retir+4 ,he has a  bird :i* is let fly &
 *ooses a woman4 ,%e is imm$iately      
accept$  z pr9ce & in/all$ 9 ! place ( !
 old man4#cjb4b ,9 a  ,kurdi% mr*5 a    
special bird call$ 8! bird ( dom9ion0 is
  fet*$1 x is n said :5ce1 = ! purpose (
 !  div9ation4#cjb4c    ,an animal ( "s 
k9d is1 9 fact1 ! ag5t 9 mo/ ( ^! tales4
  ,a ,buddhi/ tale f ,cambodia tells u  
t1 ! royal family hav+  become ext9ct1 x
 0 ! cu/om to ask ! royal family ( ano!r
  k+dom to furni% a k+4 ,! c\ncil (     
m&>9s det]m9$ to take  ?is c\rse4 ,"u ! 
advice ( an old a/rolog] horses 7       
h>ness$ to ! c>riage--we mu/ und]/&1 no 
d\bt1 ! royal  c>riage--& !n all[$ to g 

9 any direction !y pleas$1  )\t a driv]4
 ,?is is describ$ z consult+ ! horses4  
,!  fir/ day ! horses re-ent]$ ! palace4
 ,! next day !y drew !  c>riage 9 !     
direction ( a neighb\r+ k+dom4 ,twice1  
?rice !  c>riage 0 turn$ back2 b ! #cjc 
horses p]si/$ 9 draw+ x  aga9 9 ! same  
direction4 ,x 0 accord+ly decid$ to dem&
 a  pr9ce f t k+dom4#cjc4a    ,9 ! ,ea/1
 h[ev]1 z might be expect$1 x is usually
 ! royal  animal1 ! elephant1 :i* ?us   
conf]s ! k+dom4 ,i h already  cit$ "o   
great collection ( ,indian tales4 ,!re  
is ano!r1 only  second to ! ,jtaka 9    
ext5t1 ! ,ka? ,s>it ,sg>a1 or  ,ocean ( 
! ,/reams ( ,/ory1 translat$ a few ye>s 
ago by ,dr  ,tawney4 ,x conta9s a mr*51 
p]haps d]iv$ f t old] &  m fam\s        
collection1 ! ,pan*atantra1 ( a man :o  
retir$ )  8 wife to ! =e/1 to practise  
au/]ities4 ,:ile !re he  rescu$ f ! riv]
 a wret* ^: h&s & feet _h be5 cut (f1  &
 :o _h be5 ?r[n by 8 enemies into !     
/ream to die4 ,8  wife1 probably sick ( 
au/]ities1 falls 9 love ) ! cripple  ?us

 rescu$1 & plots h] husb&'s dea?4 ,%e   
succe$s 9  precipitat+ him into ! riv]2 
b in/ead ( be+ dr[n$ he is  ?r[n on !   
bank ne> a city4 8,n[ x happ5$ t at t "t
 !  k+ ( t city _h j di$1 & 9 t c\ntry  
!re 0 an  immemorial cu/om1 t an        
auspici\s elephant 0 driv5 ab\t by !    
citiz5s1 & any man t he took up ) 8     
trunk & plac$ on 8  back1 0 ano9t$ k+40 
,! h]o ( ! /ory1 :o is 8an  inc>nation (
 a portion ( a ,bodhisattva10 is ( c\rse
 *os52 &  :5 he gets ! *ance he inflicts
 condign puni%m5t on 8  wife4#cjc4b ,!  
elephant is "h describ$ z 8an auspici\s 
elephant40 ,sometimes he is call$ !     
8cr[n-elephant10 ! special  prop]ty &   
symbol ( royalty4 ,s 9 a ,tamil /ory we 
le>n t !  k+ ( #cjd a c]ta9 city dy+    
*ildless1 on 8 dea?-b$ call$  8 m9i/]s  
toge!r & direct$ !m 8to s5d 8           
cr[n-elephant  ) a fl[]-wrea? 9 8 trunk1
 & to *oose him on :om !  elephant ?r[s 
! g>l&1 z 8 successor40#cjd4a ,9 a      
folk-tale  f ! f> nor? ( ,india x is 8! 
sacr$ elephant0 be=e :om  all !         

inhabitants are requir$ to pass 9 file1 
& ! animal is  expect$ to elect "o ( !m 
to ! vacant ?rone 8by kneel+ d[n  &     
salut+ ! fav\r$ individual z he pass$   
by1 = 9 ?is  mann] k+s 7 elect$ 9 t     
c\ntry40#cjd4b ,9 a /ory :i*  appe>s to 
come f ,guj]at1 ! k+ dies )\t an heir1 &
 !  a/rolog]s prophesy t 8 heir w\ld be 
! fir/ :o ent]$ !  gates ( ! city on !  
morr[ ( ! k+'s decease1 & ar\nd  ^: neck
 ! sacr$ elephant w\ld ?r[ a g>l& (     
fl[]s4#cjd4c    ,at o!r times ! elephant
 alone does n make ! *oice4 ,) him  is  
conjo9$ "s o!r animal or symbol (       
royalty4 ,a tale f  ,ka%mir speaks ( a  
l& :]e1 :5 ! k+ di$1 8 elephant 80      
driv5 all ov] ! c\ntry & 8 hawk 0 made  
to fly "h1 !re  & ev]y:]e 9 se>* ( a    
successor2 & x came to pass t  be=e     
:omsoev] ! elephant b[$ & on :osesoev]  
h& ! hawk  alight$1 he 0 suppos$ to be !
 div9ely *os5 "o40#cjd4d ,9  ! ,ka?koa1 
a collection ( /ories illu/rat+ ! t5ets 
&  practice ( ,ja9ism1 five ordeals1 z  
!y are expressly call$1 are  invok$4 8,!

 mighty elephant came into ! g>d5       
outside ! city4  ,!re ! elephant spr9kl$
 ,pr9ce #cje ,am>adatta we h already    
he>d ( spr9kl+ z a means ( hall[+ to    
k+%ip1 & put him  on its back4 ,!n !    
horse neigh$4 ,! two *[ries fann$ !     
pr9ce4 ,an umbrella 0 held ov] 8 head4  
,a div9e voice 0 he>d  9 ! air3 #8,long 
live ,k+ ,am>adatta4'0#cje4a    ,9 mo/ (
 ^! cases ! decision is cle>ly reg>d$ z 
!  judgem5t ( ,heav52 & 9 e case !      
judgem5t ( ,heav5 may at  lea/ be       
inf]r$4 ,! incid5t is h>dly less a      
fav\rite 9 ! ,we/  ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 !   
,we/1 too1 x is an appeal to ! judgem5t 
( ,heav54 ,all ! ,european /ories1      
h[ev]1 9 :i* x occurs h  be5 record$ )9 
! la/ c5tury2 consequ5tly ! incid5t 9   
"q appe>s only 9 a v late =m4 ,n[ an    
appeal to !  judgem5t ( ,heav5 9 !      
selection ( a rul] is famili> to !      
peasant m9d ( ! cont95t 9 "o solit>y    
in/ance--t ( !  *oice ( a pope4         
,accord+ly ?is is ! fav\rite1 if n !    
only  =m ( ! /ory z x is told 9 ,france1

 ,italy1 & ,switz]l&4 ,!  *>m+          
collection by ! late ,m4 ,luzel (       
religi\s &  quasi-religi\s tales ( ,l[] 
,brittany conta9s "o entitl$ 8,pope     
,innoc5t40 ,! h]o is a son ( ! ,k+ (    
,france ca/ (f by 8  p>5ts1 :o attempt  
to put him to dea?4 ,he sets out = ,rome
 to be  pres5t at ! election ( a new    
pope4 ,on ! way he falls 9 ) two        
,capu*9 monks4 ,! eld] ( !m is g5tle to 
him1 ! o!r  suspici\s & ho/ile4 ,! y\?  
is a bit ( a prig4 ,p]haps ?is is  n to 
be wond]$ at1 see+ t he is end[$ )      
sup]natural  k & p[]4 ,^! qualities make
 8 conduct ?r\gh\t !  j\rney enigmatical
 to ! po9t ( excus+1 if n ju/ify+1 !    
attitude ( 8 unfri5dly companion4 #cjf  
,ev]yone takes him = a  sorc]]2 & !     
y\ng] monk says 9 s _m words to ! o!r1  
t !y w be lucky if he d n br+ !m to !   
gall[s or !  /ake be=e rea*+ ,rome4 ,z  
!y draw ne> ! holy city1 ! boy  he>s "s 
birds 9 a h$ge =etell t "o ( ! ?ree w be
  made pope1 j z ! cocks 7 ov]he>d 9 !  
/ory ,i h cit$  f ! ,jtaka4 ,!reupon he 

enquires ( ea* ( 8 companions  :at (fice
 he w give him if he 7! monk7 atta9 ?is 
dignity4 ,!  eld] monk promises to make 
him 8 fir/ c>d9al1 ! y\ng]              
contemptu\sly says he w make him beadle 
9 8 ca!dral4 ,arriv$  at ,rome1 !y f9d t
 ! *oice ( a pope proce$s 9 ?is way3    
,!re are to be ?ree days' processions4  
,e pilgrim has to c>ry a  c&le1 n       
light$1 9 8 h&2 & he ^: c&le lights (   
itself  is ! p]son designat$ by ,god to 
! (fice ( pope4 ,! y\?1  h[ev]1 has no  
money to buy c&les4 ,s he c>ries m]ely a
 :ite  w& :i* he has cut 9 ! h$ge :]e ! 
birds sang2 & p1  see+ him1 %rug _!     
%\ld]s & exclaim3 8,look at t poor      
innoc5t60 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! c&le ( an   
ar*bi%op1 or bi%op1  or ( any great     
dignit>y ( ! *ur*2 x is n t ( an abbot1 
or a monk1 or ev5 ( a simple prie/1 :i* 
lights2 x is ! boy  ,innoc5t's :ite w&4 
,! om5 is refus$ on ! fir/ day2 nor is x
  accept$ until x has be5 repeat$ on !  
second & ?ird days (  ! c]emony4 ,at la/
 ! premi] c>d9al kneels be=e him1       

ackn[l$ges him z pope & asks = 8        
b5$iction4 ,?us ,innoc5t  becomes pope  
at ,rome1 by ! w ( ,god4#cjf4a    ,!    
/ory ( ,pope ,innoc5t belongs to ! cycle
 ( ! ,outca/ ,*ild1  a well-kn[n gr\p ( 
folk-tales1 ( :i* #cjg ! examples mo/   
famili> to u are ! /ory ( ,k+ ,le> & t (
 ,joseph & 8  bre?r54 ,! h]o 7or h]o9e7 
( ^! tales is ca/ (f by 8  relatives =  
reasons at ! lea/ excusable4 ,sometimes1
 z 9 !  ,teleut tale already m5tion$1 8 
life is attempt$4 ,b 9 ! end  he atta9s 
a place & dignity :i* enable him to     
compel recognition  ( 8 wrongs1 &1 aft] 
! infliction ( retributive humiliation1 
to p>don ! (f5d]s4 ,9 ^! mr*5 ! pope is 
n always  *os5 by ! burn+ ( a tap]4 ,9 !
 ,italian v>iants !  fav\rite me?od is  
by a dove :i* alights on ! h]o's head4  
,9 a  ,swiss /ory f ! ,upp] ,valais two 
sn[-:ite doves settle on 8  %\ld]s4 ,9 a
 ,basque /ory1 z ! travell]s approa*    
,rome !  bells beg9 to r+ ( !mselves4 ,9
 a /ory f ,upp] ,brittany !  w ( ,heav5 
is decl>$ by a bell1 :i* r+s ( itself :5

 !  de/9$ pope passes b5ea? x4 ,9 a /ory
 f ,norm&y ! new pope  is indicat$ by 8a
 portion ( ,heav5 /oop+ ^u him :om      
,jesus  w\ld *oose to gov]n ,8 ,*ur*40  
,! collector1 :ile fai?fully  record+   
?is s+ul> phrase1 is puzzl$ by x1 &     
sugge/s t x  mu/ mean a cl\d re/+ on    
him4#cjg4a ,9 all cases x is q  cle> t !
 fall+ ( ! lot1 h[ev] x may be          
accompli%$1 is  reg>d$ z a direct       
expression ( ! div9e w4 ,! sacr$  "* ( !
 ,papacy1 & ! names ( hi/orical popes1 z
  ,innoc5t & ,gregory1 giv5 to ! h]oes1 
raise ! suspicion t  ^! tales are some?+
 m ?an mr*51 & lead directly to  !      
enquiry1 n :e!r su* prodigies h 9 fact  
be5 ! means (  det]m9+ ! succession to !
 pop$om1 b :e!r !y h be5  believ$ to h  
occurr$4    ,n[ x happ5s t ?is v ev5t 0 
report$ 9 #cjh connection  ) ! election 
( ! great ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 9 ! ye>
 #aaih4  ,?ree doves1 x 0 said1 flew    
ab\t ! *ur* dur+ !  proce$+s1 & at la/  
"o ( !m1 a :ite "o1 came & p]*$ on  8 "r
 side1 :i* 0 held to be a fav\rable     

om54#cjh4a ,9 !  atmosph]e ( ! ,middle  
,ages an occurr5ce ( ! k9d1 if x        
happ5$1 c\ld n fail to make a great     
impression on ! popul>  m9d4 ,! dove    
w\ld be reg>d$ z no less ?an ! embodim5t
 ( !  ,holy ,_s4 ,long be=e ,innoc5t's  
day--inde$ be=e ! ,middle ,ages         
began--some?+ l ?is w\ld seem to h      
happ5$4 ,x is record$  by ,eusebius t 9 
! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,gordian1 :o rul$ f 
,a4,d4 #bch to #bdd1 :5 all ! bre?r5 7  
assembl$ 9 ! *ur*  = ! purpose ( elect+ 
a successor to ,ant]os1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 
sudd5ly a dove flew d[n f on high & sat 
on ! head ( ,fabian4  ,!reupon !        
assembly ) "o voice acclaim$ him bi%op &
 seat$  him on ! episcopal ?rone4#cjh4b 
,nor 7 popes alone ?us hon\r$4 ,dr      
,cony]s ,middleton1 9 8 once  fam\s     
,lett] f ,rome1 records t 89 ! ca!dral  
*ur* (  ,rav5na ,i saw1 9 mosaic "w1 !  
pictures ( ^? ar*bi%ops (  ! place :o1 z
 all _! hi/orians affirm1 7 *os5 =      
sev]al  ages successively by ! special  
designation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o 9  a    

full assembly ( ! cl]gy & p1 us$ to     
desc5d visibly on  ! p]son elect 9 !    
%ape ( a dove40#cjh4c ,among !          
apocryphal  /ories 9 ,! ,book ( ,sir    
,john ,maundeville we are told t 9 !    
conv5t on ,m\nt ,s9ai are _m lamps      
burn+4 ,! au?or1 #cji  :oev] he may h   
be51 writes r a muddl$ acc\nt ( !       
election ( 8prelate ( ! abbey40 ,i ga!r 
f x t ea* monk  has a lamp1 & t :5 a    
prelate is *os5 8 lamp w light (        
itself1 if he be a good man & wor?y ( ! 
(fice2 if o!rwise1  ! lamp1 ?\gh light$1
 w g out4 ,an inconsi/5t tradition ran  
t ! prie/ :o sang mass = ! deceas$      
dignit>y f\nd writt5  ^u ! alt> ! "n (  
him :o 0 to be *os5 9 8 place4 ,b  ?\gh 
! miracle-mong] :o writes "u ! "n ( ,sir
 ,john  ,maundeville pr(esses to h be5  
at ! mona/]y & que/ion$ !  monks1 he    
admits t he c\ld n induce !m to tell him
 !  facts4#cji4a    ,! m>vels report$ ( 
! election ( ,*ri/ian bi%ops are told  )
 little v>iation ( ! election ( o!r     
rul]s4 ,paulus ,diaconus  relates t :5  

,liutpr&1 k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds1 a contempor>y
 (  ,*>les ,m>tel1 0 ?\ght to be dy+1 8 
subjects met outside !  walls ( 8       
capital1 ,pavia1 at ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y ad 
,p]ticas1#cji4b to *oose a successor4   
,_! *oice fell on !  k+'s nephew1       
,hildepr&1 9 ^: h& !y =mally plac$ !    
royal spe>4 ,imm$iately a cuckoo flew   
d[n & settl$ on ! po9t  ( ! spe>1 z x w 
be rememb]$ a cuckoo 9 ! ,t>t> /ory     
settl$ on ! kal5d]'s head4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 
0 reckon$ by #caj  ,lomb>d wiseacres z  
an evil om54 ,_! augury 0 s f> ju/ifi$1 
t ,k+ ,liutpr& did n die aft] all1 b    
recov]$ f 8  sickness & 0 n well pleas$ 
t 8 subjects _h be5 9 su* a  hurry to   
f9d a successor4 ,yet he did n refuse to
 recognize 8  nephew z co-rul]2 & :5 he 
at la/ di$1 ,hildepr& succe$$           
him4#caj4a ,( ano!r k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds1    
,desid]ius1 a  contempor>y ( ,*>les !   
,great1 ! /ory is told t ! ,lomb>d      
nobles 7 meet+ to *oose a k+ at ,pavia1 
& ,desid]ius1 a pi\s  man ( noble l9eage
 :o dwelt at ,brescia1 j\rney$ ?i!r to  

be  pres5t1 accompani$ by a s]v+ man4   
,at ,l5o1 betwe5 ,brescia &  ,cremona1  
be+ we>y1 he lay d[n "u a tree to sleep4
 ,z he slept  8 s]vant beheld a snake   
crawl =? & w9d itself r\nd 8 head  l a  
cr[n4 ,! s]vant 0 afraid to move1 le/ ! 
snake might  injure 8 ma/]2 b aft] a    
:ile x uncoil$ & crept away4  ,desid]ius
 mean:ile _h dreamt t ! cr[n ( !        
,lomb>ds 0  plac$ on 8 head4 ,:5 he     
rea*$ ,pavia1 ! dream 0  fulfill$4#caj4b
    ,x is said t 9 ,s5j]o1 a petty k+dom
 9 ! s\? ( ,abyss9ia1  :5 ! k+ dies !   
nobles assemble outside ! city 9 ! op5  
pla91 & wait until a vulture or an      
insect settles on "o ( !m1  :o is !n    
salut$ z k+4#caj4c ,ev]yone is famili> )
 !  /ory told by #caa ,h]odotus conc]n+ 
! election ( a successor  to ,sm]dis !  
,magian1 usurp] ( ! ?rone ( ,p]sia1 h[ x
 0  agre$ t ! successful conspirators   
%\ld meet at sunrise1 &  t he ^: horse  
fir/ neigh$ %\ld be k+4 ,accord+ to     
,h]odotus1 ,d>ius won by a trick ( 8    
groom4 ,t may or may n  h be54 ,:at     

int]e/s u 9 ! /ory is t x 0 believ$ t  !
 succession on ?is occasion to ! ?rone (
 ,p]sia 0 det]m9$  by an augury drawn f 
horses1 & t ! neigh+ ( ,d>ius' horse  0 
in/antly foll[$ by ! fur!r manife/ation 
( ! w (  ,heav5 9 ?und] & lightn+ f a   
cle> sky4#caa4a ,!  elephant1 ! horse & 
! div9e voice ( ,indian mr*5 "h  f9d _! 
c\nt]p>t1 if n 9 actual fact1 at lea/ 9 
! s]i\s  belief ( ! v5]able hi/orian1 & 
! p ^: tradition he  reports4 ,9 ?is    
connection x mu/ n be =gott5 t among _m 
peoples1 horses 7 sacr$ animals4 ,!y 7  
sacrific$ to ! gods2  !y 7 look$ ^u z 9 
! c\nsels ( ! gods2 _! neigh+  0 a      
fav\rable om54 ,x is !re=e n at all     
improbable t  ,h]odotus is "h record+ ! 
mode ( *oice actually  adopt$4#caa4b    
,simil>ly 9 ! annals ( ,k$da1 a portion 
( ! ,malay ,p59sula1  !re is a /ory ( ! 
rajah :o 0 de?ron$ & fl$4 ,8 nobles  &  
que5 s5t to ! ,k+ ( ,siam = a new rul]4 
,he1 hav+  consult$ 8 a/rolog]s1 0      
advis$ t ! true heir to !  ?rone c\ld   
only be discov]$ by a sup]naturally     

intellig5t  elephant1 nam$ ,kamala      
,jauh>i1 :i* 0 w&]+ ab\t on !  conf9es (
 ,k$da & ,patani4 ,:5 ! envoys br\ght   
back ! message  to ! ,k$da *iefs1 #cab  
!y deck$ ! palace = a fte4 8,!n  all ! p
 held a fa/ = sev5 days & nights4''' ,on
 ! night  ( ! sev5? day ! dupa & inc5se 
7 burn$1 & all sorts  ( p]fumes 7       
diffus$ ar\nd1 & at ! same "t ! "n ( !  
sup]-intellig5t elephant 0 invok$ to    
att5d ^u ! f\r  mantris m9i/]s4         
,imm$iately almo/ !re 0 a s\nd1 l !     
ru%+ ( a com+ tempe/1 f ! ,ea/1 )       
e>?quakes1  agitations & t]rific s\nds4 
,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is upro> !  t]rifi$    
spectators 7 delight$ to see ,kamala    
,jauh>i /&+ at  ! hall1 & ?ru/+ up h]   
trunk into x4 ,! f\r mantris  in/antly  
rubb$ h] ) cosmetics & ba!d h] )        
lime-juice1  :ile o!rs appli$ cosmetics 
& sweet-smell+ oils1 rubb+ ^!  ov] its  
:ole body4 ,!n a meal 0 s]v$ up to x1 & 
put into its  m\?4 ,! /ate h[dah 0 n[   
plac$ on its back1 along ) all its      
appurt5ances1 curta9s & hang+s4 ,!n "o (

 ! mantris read !  ,k+ ( ,siam's lett]  
close to ! e> ( ,kamala ,jauh>i1        
acqua9t+  h] t %e 0 expect$ to assi/ 9  
f9d+ out a rajah = ,k$da  by all means4 
,:5 ,jauh>i he>d all ?is1 %e b[$ h] head
 &  play$ h] trunk1 & !n set =? 9 !     
direction ( ! ,ea/1  foll[$ & att5d$ by 
f ?ree to f\r hundr$ m51 hav+  bann]s & 
flags /ream+ 9 ! w9d1 & be+ suppli$ )   
all  necess>ies1 & arm$ ) v>i\s k9ds (  
spe>s1 held 9 h&40 ,x  is ne$less to say
 t ! exp$ition ?us pomp\sly describ$ 0  
successful 9 discov]+ ! boy4 ,! elephant
 caught him up 9 h]  trunk1 &1 plac+ him
 on h] back 9 ! h[dah1 c>ri$ him (f 9   
triumph to ! palace1 :]e he 0 =?) clad 9
 royal robes &  cr[n$4#cab4a    ,9      
,indian belief x is n only              
sup]-intellig5t #cac elephants  :i* c   
discov] ! future occupant ( a ?rone4 ,! 
elephant is  ! possession & symbol (    
royalty4 ,b 9 ! /ories1 o!r royal       
prop]ties are also in/rum5ts ( div9ation
 = t purpose4 ,t  ^! /ories 7 f\nd$ on  
curr5t sup]/itions is %[n by !  fact t  

among ! ornam5ts ( ! ?rone ( ! fam\s    
,tippoo1  conqu]$ by ! ,briti% at ! end 
( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 a  bird ( p>adise
 made ( gold & cov]$ ) diamonds1 rubies 
&  em]alds1 & repres5t$ 9 ! act (       
flutt]+4 ,( ?is bird x  0 believ$ t e   
head x ov]%ad[$ w\ld1 9 "t1 we> a  cr[n4
 ,:5 ,tippoo 0 defeat$ & sla91 ! ,m>quis
 ,wellesley1 at  t "t gov]nor-g5]al1 s5t
 x home to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors (  !    
,ea/ ,india ,company4#cac4a ,x is n[ at 
,w9dsor4    ,com+ back to ,europe1 we   
f9d ! succession to ! ?rone ( "o (  !   
,scy?ian tribes det]m9$ by ! possession 
( a c]ta9 /one4  ,! au?or ( ! "w on !   
names ( riv]s & m\nta9s attribut$  to   
,plut>* relates t 9 ! riv] ,tanais a    
/one l a cry/al  gr[s4 ,x resembles 9   
%ape a man we>+ a cr[n4 ,:5 ! k+  dies1 
:osoev] f9ds x1 & c produce x 9 !       
assembly held on  ! banks ( ! riv] to   
elect a new sov]eign1 is recogniz$ z !  
rightful successor4#cac4b ,= ?is /atem5t
 ,ctesiphon on ,plants &  ,ari/obulus on
 ,/ones are cit$1 au?ors ^: works are   

lo/ & :o  are unkn[n by any o!r         
citations4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible =  u
 to judge h[ f> !y are likely to h kn[n1
 or ) :at  accuracy !y may h pres5t$1 ! 
practice ( ! b>b>\s tribe  ref]r$ to4   
,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t election by 
div9ation has be5 resort$ to by peoples 
9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4  ,! succession ( ,gr& 
,lamas ( ,lhasa #cad supplies examples (
 bo?  /ory & cu/om4 ,! cu/om us$ to be  
to write on slips ( pap] !  names ( all 
likely male *ildr5 born "u miracul\s    
port5ts 7(  :i* anon7 j aft] ! dea? ( ! 
prec$+ ,lama1 to put ^!  slips into a   
gold5 urn & ?us ballot = 8 successor    
7or1 z x  is believ$1 8 new inc>nation7 
amid con/ant pray]4 ,b !  ,*9ese c\rt1  
:i* has a consid]able /ake 9 ! decision1
 0  ?\ght to influ5ce ! selection4 ,!   
/ate-oracle has !re=e  pr$ict$ disa/] by
 ! appe>ance ( a mon/] z ! ,dalai or    
,gr& ,lama1 if ! anci5t practice 7      
cont9u$2 & on a rec5t  vacancy1 9 #ahgf1
 he =etold ! discov]y1 by a pi\s monk1 (
 !  future ,gr& ,lama1 ann\nc+ t 8      

discov]y w\ld be accompani$  by         
horse-neigh+s4 ,he s5t ?is monk to      
,*ukorgye1 :]e he dream$  t he 0 to look
 9 a c]ta9 lake = ! future ,dalai4 ,!re1
  pictur$ 9 ! bosom ( ! lake1 ! monk saw
 ! *ild ) 8  p>5ts 9 ! h\se :]e he 0    
born1 & at ! same in/ant 8  horse       
neigh$4 ,9 due c\rse ! *ild himself 0   
f\nd1 &  successfully enc\nt]$ ! usual  
te/1 by recogniz+ ! articles  :i* _h    
belong$ to him 9 8 previ\s life4 ,e *ild
 :o is a  c&idate has to pass ?is te/4  
,he is confront$ ) a duplicate          
collection ( v>i\s sacr$ objects1 & he  
is requir$ to po9t out  among !m ! g5u9e
 possessions ( ! ,dalai ,lama4 ,! ,dalai
 ,lama  is n ! only ,gr& ,lama4 ,! head 
( e lamas]y1 or conv5t (  lamas1 be>s   
?is title4 ,:5 ! ,gr& ,lama ( su* a     
lamas]y dies1  8 successor1 or new      
inc>nation1 is s\ght fir/ ( all by      
div9ation4 ,a div9] is call$ 91 :o1 aft]
 consult+ 8 books1  directs ! lamas :]e 
to look = ! boy4 ,:5 !y h f\nd him1  he 
has to pass a simil> te/ to t j         

describ$4 ,9 addition he  has to submit 
to cross-exam9ation #cae on ! "n &      
situation (  ! lamas]y1 & h[ _m lamas   
reside !re1 & on ! habits (  ! deceas$  
,gr& ,lama1 & ! mann] ( 8 dea?4    ,!   
port5ts at ! bir? ( a ,dalai ,lama are  
magnific5t4 ,x is n  irrelevant to      
m5tion !m "h1 z !y may be reg>d$ z "p ( 
! auguries :i* decide ! succession4 ,an 
(ficial report f !  ,*9ese ,commission] 
to ! ,emp]or1 on su* an occasion 9 ! ye>
  #ahci1 decl>es1 among o!r ?+s1 t x 0  
asc]ta9$ t on  ! night be=e ! boy 0     
born1 a brilliant radiance ( _m  col\rs 
0 manife/$ 9 ! air1 & ! wat] 9 ! well ( 
!  temple c\rty>d *ang$ to a milk-:ite  
col\r4 ,sev5 days lat] a  flame appe>$  
on ! rock beh9d ! po/-/ation4 ,:5 ! rock
 0  exam9$1 no trace ( fire rema9$1 b a 
sacr$ image & *>act]s  7 f\nd1 toge!r ) 
! pr9t ( foot/eps4 ,moreov]1 on !  night
 :5 ! *ild 0 born1 ! s\nd ( music 0     
he>d1 & milk  dropp$ ^u ! pill>s ( !    
h\se4#cae4a    ,! ,buddhi/s are n ! only
 sect 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire :i* has a      

supreme head appo9t$ by religi\s        
div9ation4 ,! ar*-abbot (  ,ta\ism      
dwells 9 a pr9cely resid5ce on ! ,dragon
 & ,tig]  ,m\nta9s1 9 ! prov9ce (       
,kiang-si4 8,! p[] ( ?is dignit>y10  we 
are told1 8is imm5se1 & is ackn[l$g$ by 
all ! prie/s (  8 sect ?r\gh\t !        
empire40 ,! (fice has be5 conf9$ =      
c5turies to "o family or clan4 ,:5 !    
ar*-abbot dies1 all !  male memb]s ( 8  
clan are cit$ to appe> at ! (ficial     
resid5ce4 ,! "n ( ea* "o is engrav$ on a
 sep>ate piece (  lead1 & deposit$ 9 a  
l>ge e>!nw>e vase fill$ ) wat]4  ,/&+   
r\nd ?is vase are prie/s :o invoke !    
?ree p]sons (  ! ,ta\i/ ,tr9ity to cause
 ! piece #caf ( lead be>+ ! "n  ( !     
p]son on :om ! *oice ( ! gods has fall51
 to come to  ! surface ( ! wat]4#caf4a  
,! ,ta\i/ dignit>y seems to possess only
 spiritual p[]1 except  probably 9 8 own
 mona/]y4 ,! ,dalai ,lama1 on ! o!r h&1 
reta9s "s portion ( civil rule4 ,9 bo?  
cases ! p]son ( !  rul] is look$ ^u z   
sacr$4 ,among savage & b>b>\s nations ! 

(fice ( prie/ or m$ic9e-man is (t5 n    
cle>ly di/+ui%$  f t ( temporal rul]4 ,!
 in/ances 9 :i* ! *ief or k+  is look$  
^u z div9e1 9 :i* he is responsible = ! 
wea!r1  9 :i* he causes ! crops to gr[1 
& p]=ms o!r sup]human  functions1 are   
too num]\s1 & too well-kn[n to be       
m5tion$ "h4  ,s9ce ! publication ( ,!   
,gold5 ,b\gh !y h be5 among !           
commonplaces ( folklore4 ,i ne$ only    
rem9d y t 8! div9ity  t do? h$ge a k+0  
is n conf9$ to savag]y & b>b>ism4 ,x    
has la/$ f> into civilization1 & be5    
s$ul\sly cultivat$ =  political purposes
 by royalty 9 e age4 ,a ,roman ,emp]or 0
 ,divus  ,augu/us4 ,:5 ! dignity ( k+   
becomes h]$it>y1 ! mon>* is  held to be 
at lea/ desc5d$ f ! gods4 ,! ,mikado    
traces 8  desc5t f ! ,sun-goddess4 ,k+  
,george ,v4 traces 8 f ,wod51  ! w>-god 
( ! ,anglo-,saxon tribes :i* coloniz$   
,brita9 9 !  fif? & six? c5turies4 ,x is
 true t ?is g5ealogy1 at "o "t  s]i\sly 
cr$it$1 is n[ treat$ z fable2 b ev5 yet 
!  coronation c]emonies ( 8,8 ,sacr$    

,maje/y10 ?\gh n directly (  pagan      
orig91 witness to ! my/]i\s sanctity t  
surr\nds him4    ,a view ( k+%ip ?us    
exalt$ r5d]s x easy to und]/& :y1  :5   
circum/ances compell$ ! *oice #cag ( a  
k+1 ! div9e  w mu/ h be5 mo/ anxi\sly   
consult$4 ,x 0 n m]ely t  ! qualities ( 
a lead] 9 battle1 a wise judge &        
adm9i/rator1  & a prud5t politician 7   
ne$$4 ,luck & ! fav\r ( ! gods  7 m ?an 
^!1 to say no?+ ( ! m>ks ( godhead1 :i* 
9  _m cases x 0 necess>y to discov] 9 8 
p]son1 conduct or  k4 ,h5ce ! *oice ( ! 
p1 or r ! recognition  by ! p1 w\ld     
dep5d ^u ! auguries1 or ^u m direct     
indications ( ! decision ( ,heav54 ,:5  
,dag>a1 ! ,k+ (  ,k>agwe1 on ! we/]n    
%ore ( ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza1 di$1 he 
left  beh9d him ?ree sons1 any ( :om 0  
eligible to ! ?rone4 ,!  (fic]s ( /ate  
put be=e !m a small my/ic drum4 ,x 0 (  
trifl+ weight1 b1 be+ load$ ) *>ms1 no  
"o c\ld lift x1  save he to :om !       
ance/ral spirits 7 incl9$ z ! successor4
  ,nor 0 ?is en\gh4 ,! victor 9 ?is     

conte/ 0 requir$ to  und]go a fur!r     
trial ( 8 "r4 ,he 0 made to sit1 z he   
himself in=m$ ,capta9 ,speke1 on ! gr\nd
 at a c]ta9 spot :]e  ! l& w\ld         
gradually rise up "u him1 l a telescope1
 until x  rea*$ ! skies4 ,! aspirant :o 
0 approv$ by ! spirits 0  !n gradually  
l[]$ 9 safety2 :]eas1 if n approv$1 !   
ela/ic hill w\ld sudd5ly collapse1 & he 
w\ld be da%$ to  pieces4 ,x is ne$less  
to add1 t ,rumanika1 ,capta9 ,speke's   
in=mant1 claim$ to h gone ?r\gh ! ordeal
 )  success4#cag4a    #cah    ,light is 
p]haps ?r[n on ! matt] by ! f9al te/    
actually  impos$ on ! successor elect$  
to ! ?rone ( ,uk]ewe1 an isl&  9 ! lake1
 & !re=e adjac5t to ! k+dom ( ,k>agwe4  
,he is  tak5 to ,kitale1 ! burial-place 
( ! k+s1 ab\t two kilometres  f !       
capital4 ,!re lies an imm5se /one ris+ l
 a donkey's  back f ! soil1 beg9n+ a few
 c5timetres only above ! e>?1  & g5tly  
swell+ until x atta9s ! height ( a      
little m ?an  a metre4 ,x is call$ !    
ruswa4 ,! provisionally proclaim$ k+1  )

 bo? h&s lad5 ) lances1 b[s & arr[s1 &  
we>+  gigantic native s&als1 is requir$ 
to climb x sl[ly & ) %ort  /eps to !    
top4 ,if he be s un=tunate z to slip &  
fall on !  way1 he is unwor?y ( ! drum  
7! symbol ( sov]eignty71 & is  driv5    
away )\t pity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he     
successfully rea*  ! plat=m1 or highe/  
po9t ( ! rock1 he is acclaim$ 9 a  fr5zy
 ( excitem5t1 ! m5 break+ =? into a %am 
fight1 !  wom5 joyfully %\t+ 8,yu1 yu60 
,! te/ is ov]2 he is def9itely          
k+4#cah4a ,x is n impossible t1 r$uc$ to
 its f9al t]ms1  "s su* ordeal z ?is 0  
:at ! c&idate = ! ?rone (  ,k>agwe      
actually und]w5t4    ,^! are b>b>\s     
auguries4 ,b all auguries & oracles are 
b>b>\s4 ,we d n "k h[ ,mel*iz$ek 0      
appo9t$ ,k+ ( ,salem4  ,! writ] ( !     
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ref]s to him z    
8)\t  fa!r1 )\t "m1 )\t g5ealogy10 z if 
!re 7 some?+  peculi> 9 ! omission ( 8  
p$igree1 ?\gh 9 ?is respect he  did n   
diff] f ! o!r k+s m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative4 
,h[ev]1 ! discov]y at ,tel-el-,am>na (  

lett]s f ,eb$-tob1 ,k+  ( ,salem 9 !    
fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 to 8 suz]a9 !    
#cai ,k+  ( ,egypt1 has r5d]$ x possible
 to suppose t ,mel*iz$ek did n  come to 
! ?rone by inh]itance1 & consequ5tly t 8
 p>5tage  0 unimportant4 ,eb$-tob1      
prote/+ 8 loyalty z an ally & a         
tribut>y ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt1 says3 8,nei!r
 my fa!r1 nor my  "m1 7b7 ! oracle ( !  
mighty k+1 e/abli%$ 7me7 9 !  h\se (    
7my7 fa!r40 ,9 o!r words1 he /ates1 z   
,pr(essor ,sayce  int]prets !           
expression1 8t 8 au?ority 0 n bas$ on ! 
"r ( inh]itance2 he _h be5 call$ to     
ex]cise x by a div9e  voice40#cai4a ,we 
mu/ bew>e ( draw+ too l>ge an inf]5ce f 
a s+le phrase4 ,assum+ t 8! mighty k+0  
is ! god ',%alim1  & n ! suz]a9 :om he  
is address+1 !re rema9s ! "q  :at is    
meant by 8! h\se ( 8 fa!r40 ,evid5tly x 
is ! royal  (fice2 b is x n ! royal     
(fice previ\sly fill$ by 8  ance/ors8 ,!
 correct view1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 is t !   
k+%ip  01 l t ( ,k>agwe1 desc5dible to  
any scion ( ! royal  h\se1 subject to ! 

decision ( ! oracle4 ,! p$igree !n w\ld 
be important1 b n all-important4 ,! god 
w\ld decide among !  c&idates4 ,"s su*  
arrangem5t w\ld seem to h be5 recogniz$ 
9 ! h]oic age ( ,greece1 if we may tru/ 
! some:at obscure  expressions ( !      
,odyssey4 ,!re are examples 9 ! ,hom]ic 
poems  ( k+s :o h succe$$ to !          
inh]itance ( _! sires4  ,agamemnon is   
"o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! position ( ,ulysses 
is  enigmatical4 ,x is enigmatical 9    
reg>d to ,la]tes1 8 fa!r1 :o  0 /ill    
alive2 :ile1 if ,ulysses 7 dead1 x w\ld 
seem t  ,telema*us1 8 son1 w\ld only h !
 fir/1 b by no means an  indefeasible1  
claim4 ,z ,mr ,crooke has po9t$ out1 x  
results f  #cbj ! int]view betwe5       
,telema*us & ! woo]s 9 ! fir/  book ( ! 
,odyssey1 t "s k9d ( div9e nom9ation    
%\ld  appo9t ! k+1 & t ! *oice might    
fall1 n on ,telema*us1  b on ano!r ( !  
,a*ans 9 sea-girt ,i?aca4#cbj4a ,x is   
dang]\s to read into ! poem :at is n    
express$4 ,! poet is  describ+ an age   
already my?ical1 ?\gh no d\bt he has    

embodi$  consid]able fragm5ts ( actual  
cu/om 9 ! repres5tation4 ,he does  n    
detail ! process ( appo9tm5t ( k+4      
,consequ5tly1 all we  c safely say 7& t 
on ! assumption t "h we h "o (  !       
fragm5ts ( actual cu/om7 is t ! mann]s &
 :ole  atmosph]e ( ! poem correspond ) a
 /age ( culture 9 :i* !  w ( ! gods w\ld
 be asc]ta9$ by augury4 ,9 ?is          
connection x  may n be irrelevant to    
ref] to ! e>ly traditions ( ,rome4 ,!   
qu>rel betwe5 ,romulus & ,remus conc]n$ 
n m]ely ! site ( !  city1 b also ! f\nd]
 aft] ^: "n x %\ld be call$--9  o!r     
words1 ! royal dignity4 ,x 0 settl$ by  
an augury tak5 f  ! flight ( vultures4  
,numa1 ! successor ( ,romulus1 ?\gh     
elect$1 took c>e to assure himself by   
auguries t ! gods  approv$ ( ! *oice4 ,x
 mu/ be rememb]$ t ! leg5ds1 z we  h !m1
 took %ape "u ! republic :5 ! ord9>y    
human  process ( election _h be5 long   
e/abli%$4 ,! habit ?us =m$  probably    
affect$ !m2 & ,i ?9k we are w>rant$ 9   
suspect+  t if we c\ld recov] !m at a   

prior /age1 we %\ld f9d !  appo9tm5t (  
k+ re/+ on ! w ( ! gods & asc]ta9$ by   
div9ation4    #cba    ,no argum5t is    
ne$$ to %[ t ! =m ( tradition is        
affect$1  ev5 :]e ! sub/ance rema9s1 by 
ext]nal *anges4 ,cu/oms  ref]r$ to 9 a  
leg5d may become obsolete & consequ5tly 
un9telligible2 & ! ref]5ce to !m mu/ (  
necessity be  modifi$ into some?+ :i* is
 und]/ood1 or x w be dropp$  into       
oblivion4 ,! tradition ( ! ,lia ,fil1 ) 
:i* ,i />t$1  is an example4 ,to /ep on 
! /one 0 to put "o's claim to           
sov]eignty to pro(4 ,z ,keat+ relates1  
d\btless f "s old]  au?or1 on x 87      
en*antm5ts1 = x us$ to ro> "u ! p]son   
:o _h ! be/ "r to obta9 ! sov]eignty (  
,irel&40 ,b ?is  is ! late/ =m ( !      
tradition4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 recon/ruct !   
e>li] =m by comp>ison ) cu/om &         
tradition else:]e4 ,!y  r5d] x cle> t ! 
/one 0 once held to decl>e ! div9e  w z 
to ! succession4 ,fur!r back /ill1 x may
 h be5  reg>d$ z itself end[$ ) p[] (   
*oice4#cba4a ,/rictly  speak+1 ?is is n 

augury1 = augury is ! asc]ta9m5t &      
decl>ation ( a high] w4 ,b "s su*       
animi/ic belief may h  be5 ! se$-plot   
out ( :i* augury grew z gods prop]ly    
s-call$  7 evolv$4 ,at ! /age at :i* !  
tradition rea*es u ! ,lia  ,fil no long]
 ei!r *ooses on its own acc\nt or makes 
kn[n !  *oice ( ,heav54 ,at ?is /age1 n 
only is x en*ant$1  consequ5tly diabolic
 r ?an div9e 9 ! s\rce ( its p[]1  b    
also x m]ely po9ts out him :o has 8! be/
 "r40 ,!  pr9ciple ( #cbb h]$ity is n[  
firmly e/abli%$2 its application  alone 
is unc]ta94 ,:5 ! pr9ciple is e/abli%$ &
 !  application c]ta91 x is n necess>y  
to consult an oracle4    ,! *anges ,i   
?us v5ture to po/ulate are /eps 9 !     
dis9tegration ( ! my?4 ,a ,wel% tale n[ 
to be cit$ has tak5 a  fur!r /ep 9 t x  
simply cr$its ! in/rum5t ( div9ation  ) 
! diagnosis ( blood royal1 ! practical  
purpose (  det]m9+ ! succession to !    
k+dom hav+ disappe>$4  ,accord+ to      
,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 x happ5$ t 9 ! "t 
(  ,h5ry ,i4 ,gruffydd ap ,rhys ap      

,tudor1 :o1 al?\gh he only held ( !  k+ 
"o commote1 namely1 a f\r? "p ( !       
cantref ( ,caio1 yet  0 reput$ z "l 9   
,deheub>?1 0 return+ f c\rt by way (    
,llangorse ,lake1 9 ,brecknock%ire1 )   
,milo1 ,e>l ( ,h]e=d &  ,"l (           
,brecknock1 & ,payn ,fitz,john1 :o !n   
held ,ewyas1 two ( !  k+'s secret>ies & 
privy c\ncillors4 ,x 0 w9t]1 & ! lake  0
 cov]$ ) wat]-f[l ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,see+   
!m1 ,milo1  p>tly 9 joke1 said to       
,gruffydd3 8,x is an old say+ 9 ,wales t
  if ! natural pr9ce ( ,wales1 com+ to  
?is lake1 comm& ! birds  ^u x to s+1 !y 
w all imm$iately s+40 ,gruffydd repli$3 
8,d y1 !re=e1 :o n[ be> sway 9 ?is      
c\ntry1 comm& !m  fir/40 ,bo? ,milo &   
,payn hav+ made ! attempt 9 va91        
,gruffydd  dism\nt$ f 8 horse1 fell on 8
 knees ) 8 face to !  ,ea/1 & aft] dev\t
 pray]s to ,god1 /ood up1 & mak+ ! sign 
( ! cross on 8 =ehead & face1 cri$ al\d3
 8,almighty &  all-kn[+ ,god1 ,"l ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 %[ =? "h to-day ,?y p[]6  ,if   
,?\ ha/ made me l9eally to desc5d f !   

natural pr9ces (  ,wales1 ,i comm& ^!   
birds 9 ,?y "n to decl>e x40 #cbc  ,=?) 
all ! birds1 accord+ to _! k9d1 beat+ ! 
wat]  ) out/ret*$ w+s1 began altoge!r to
 s+ & proclaim x4 ,no  wond] t all :o 7 
pres5t 7 amaz$ & conf\nd$1 & t  ,milo & 
,payn report$ x to ! k+1 :o is said to h
 tak5 x  philosophically en\gh4 8,by !  
dea? ( ,*ri/60 78 cu/om>y  oa?71 he     
repli$1 8x is n s mu* to be wond]$ at4  
,= al?\gh  by our great p[] we may      
impose inju/ice & viol5ce ^u ^?  p1 yet 
!y are none ! less kn[n to h ! h]$it>y  
"r  to ! c\ntry40#cbc4a    ,9 ! same    
mann]1 9 ,india snakes are suppos$ to be
 specially  gift$ ) ! faculty ( di/+ui%+
 p]sons ( royal race or  born to        
rule4#cbc4b ,"o example w be en\gh4 ,!  
,g&h>bs (  ,b5>es1 a ca/e ( s+]s &      
pro/itutes1 ascribe _! orig9 to  ,doman 
,deo1 ! second ,raghubansi ,rjput k+ (  
,*&rvati4 ,he _h  a groom nam$ ,%ru1 :o 
"o day w5t into ! jungle to cut grass1  
& fell asleep4 ,:ile he slept1 a cobra  
rais$ its hood ov] 8  head1 & a wagtail 

kept fly+ above him4 ,9 t condition 8   
ma/] saw him1 & aft]w>ds ask$ him :at he
 w\ld d = him if  he became k+4 ,%ru    
promis$ to make him 8 prime m9i/]4 ,go+ 
subsequ5tly to ,delhi1 ! ?rone ( :i* 0  
vacant1 ,%ru 0  *os5 emp]or1 9 ! mann] )
 :i* we are already acqua9t$1 by  an    
elephant lay+ a g>l& on 8 neck2 & he    
r$eem$ 8 ^w by  mak+ ,doman ,deo 8      
wazr4#cbc4c ,9 ,fur!r ,india a saga ( ! 
,*ams relates t ,klong ,g>ay1 :o plays a
 great "p 9 _!  leg5d>y hi/ory1 #cbd 0  
f\nd by a companion ( 8 w&]+s1  aft] a  
tempor>y abs5ce1 sleep+ & wat*$ by two  
dragons1 :i*  7 lick+ 8 body4 ,!n he    
knew1 we are told1 t ,klong ,g>ay 0  (  
royal race4#cbd4a ,! *ild ( a k+ ( ,siam
 by a ,naga1 or  div9e snake1 be+       
expos$1 0 f\nd & adopt$ by a hunt]4 ,!  
k+'s subjects 7 compell$ by law to "w 9 
turn = ! k+4  ,! hunt]1 :5 summon$1 took
 ) him 8 adopt$ *ild & laid x  9 ! %ad[ 
( ! palace1 to protect x f ! rays ( !   
sun  :ile he p]=m$ 8 task4 ,b ! spire ( 
! palace incl9$  be=e ! *ild1 & ! %ad[  

appe>$ to fly4 ,?is prodigy put !  k+ ^u
 enquiry1 & he id5tifi$ 8 son by means (
 ! r+ &  mantle :i* he _h giv5 to !     
lady1 & :i* _h be5 f\nd )  ! *ild4#cbd4b
 ,9 ! old ,engli% metrical romance (    
,havelok !  ,dane1 ! h]o is id5tifi$ by 
means ( a royal m>k1 8a croiz ful  g5t10
 %9+ bright] ?an gold on 8 "r %\ld]4    
8,x sp>k$e1 & ful bri? %on1   ,s do? !  
gode *>bucle /on1   ,t m5 m\! se by !   
li?   ,a p5i *es51 s 0 x bri?40#cbd4c   
,! romance 9 :i* ! incid5t is f\nd is a 
lit]>y v]sion (  ! local tradition (    
,grimsby1 /ill commemorat$ 9 ! seal ( ! 
corporation4 ,! poem dates f ! end ( !  
?irte5? c5tury4  ,!re are two ,fr5*     
v]sions :i* ,i h n se54 ,pr(essor ,skeat
  has epitomiz$ ! long] 9 ! preface to 8
 edition ( ! ,engli%  romance4 ,9 x a   
flame issues f ,havelok's m\? :5 he     
sleeps4  ,?is is #cbe a p]sonal         
peculi>ity1 also f\nd 9 ! ,engli% lay4  
,8 heir%ip to ! ?rone ( ,d5m>k is       
det]m9$ by 8 ability to  bl[ a horn :i* 
none b ! true heir c\ld s\nd4 ,?us we   

are  br\ght back to ! succession by     
div9ation f :i* we />t$1  & ( :i* !     
simple diagnosis ( royal desc5t is a    
corruption &  a weak5+4 ,x is pres]v$   
"h1 we "k n by :at cause1 aft]  its true
 mean+ _h be5 =gott54 ,adopt$ fir/ ( all
 into  tradition f liv+ cu/om1 :5 !     
cu/om 0 sup]s$$ by o!r  means ( det]m9+ 
! succession x surviv$ z a tradition    
until1  its true int5t be+ gradually    
lo/1 :ile ! h]$it>y pr9ciple  0 /r5g!n$ 
& f5c$ ab\t ) sanctity1 ! incid5t fad$  
into a m]ely picturesque pres5tation1 9 
"s places ( prophecy1 9  o!r places ( ! 
claims ( bir?4    ,! /udy ( folk-tales  
is (t5 despis$ z m]e trifl+4 ,b         
traditional n>ratives mu/ always occupy 
an important place 9 !  /udy ( ! pa/4   
,rightly us$ !y h mu* to tell u ( human 
hi/ory1 ( human ?\ght & ! evolution (   
human in/itutions4 ,x  may safely be    
said t ( all ! incid5ts t compose !m !re
  is none :i* is n a concrete           
pres5tation ei!r ( human  in/itutions or
 ( human belief4 ,!y are all ?us 9 a    

s5se !  outcome ( actual human          
exp]i5ces4 ,! /ories ( election by      
augury  are n wild] ?an ! au!ntic facts4
 ,! telescopic m\nta9 (  ,k>agwe1 :i*   
,rumanika av]r$ himself to h exp]i5c$1  
is at  lea/ z wond]ful z ! groan+ ( !   
,lia ,fil1 or ! light+  ( a dry twig4   
,ev5 if we may be all[$ to rationalize x
 9 !  mann] sugge/$ by ! ordeal requir$ 
( ! *os5 c&idate =  ! ?rone ( !         
neighb\r+ ,bak]ewe1 x rema9s evid5ce ( !
  belief impos$ by ! p[] ( imag9ation 9 
a mom5t #cbf (  excitem5t4 ,analog\s    
p]=mances are av]r$ by ! vot>ies ( :at  
is call$ spiritualism to h be5 exhibit$ 
9 our own day by  m$iums1 & 7 solemnly  
record$ long ago 9 ! wit*-trials (      
v>i\s ,european c\ntries4 ,9 "o ( !     
/ories ,i h cit$ we  f\nd ! dy+ mon>*   
lay+ d[n among ! conditions to be       
fulfill$ by 8 successor1 t ! wom5 ( !   
royal h\sehold  %\ld recognize him4     
,secret intrigues ( ! h>em are believ$  
to  det]m9e ! devolution ( _m an ,ea/]n 
cr[n4 ,b t ! =mal  & c]emonial *oice ( !

 heir %\ld be made by ! wives ( !       
deceas$ rul] seems too grotesque to be  
kn[n outside a fairy tale4  ,yet ?is 0 !
 law a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! k+dom (      
,quiteve1 on  ! s\?-ea/]n coa/ (        
,africa4 ,:5 a k+ di$ ! que5s 7t  is to 
say1 8 legitimate wives7 nam$ ! p]son :o
 0 to accompany  8 body to !            
burial-place1 & ! p]son ?us nam$ became 
!  successor4#cbf4a ,9 an adjo9+ k+dom a
 simil> law prevail$4 ,x  0 =bidd5 to   
any pr9ce to ent] ! palace :]e ! wom5 71
  or to take possession ( ! k+dom )\t _!
 cons5t1 &  :oev] ent]$ by viol5ce &    
took possession aga9/ _! w1  lo/ 8 "r ( 
succession4 ,! ,portuguese fri>1 to :om 
we are  indebt$ = ! in=mation1 records a
 case :i* happ5$ :ile he  0 9 ,s(ala1 & 
9 :i* ! claimant w\ld h ent]$ &  =mally 
seat$ himself 9 ! royal hall ) ! royal  
wid[s4 ,!y1  h[ev]1 7 unwill+ to        
ackn[l$ge him z _! k+ & husb&4          
,accord+ly !y secretly summon$ ano!r    
memb] ( ! royal family1  seat$ him ) !m 
9 ! public #cbg place1 & s5t (fic]s     

?r\gh ! t[n to proclaim ! new sov]eign &
 call 8 subjects  to d homage4 ,!       
pret5d] fl$4 ,?is in/ance is ! m        
rem>kable  because ! unsuccessful       
claimant _h 9 8 fav\r ! nom9ation (  !  
previ\s mon>*4 ,?\gh ?is con/itut$ n an 
indefeasible  title1 x af=d$ at lea/ a  
/rong presumption 9 8 fav\r4 ,yet x  0  
defeat$1 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ &      
publicly ackn[l$g$  cu/om1 by ! *oice ( 
! h>em4    ,nor 0 ! rule requir+ !      
*oice1 or at any rate ! recognition1  by
 ! h>em s r$ol5t ( ! comic op]a z x may 
seem1 s9ce !  wom5 all became ! wives ( 
! new k+4#cbg4a ,?is is usual 9         
,africa1 & n 9 ,africa only1 b 9 o!r    
regions :]e a simil>  type ( polygam\s  
mon>*ical society exi/s4 ,x is mo/      
famili> to  u among ! anci5t ,hebrews4  
,absalom1 by tak+ possession ( 8  fa!r's
 h>em1 made a f9al & unqualifi$ ass]tion
 ( 8  succession to ! ?rone4 ,solomon   
evid5tly reg>d$ ,adonijah's  reque/ =   
,abi%ag ! ,%unammite z a pret5sion      
inconsi/5t )  8 own sov]eignty2 = %e _h 

be5 "p ( ,k+ ,david's h>em1  ?\gh 9 fact
 no m ?an 8 nurse4#cbg4b ,9 ^! cases !  
wom5 _h probably little to say 9 !      
matt]4 ,b by ! cu/oms (  ! ,s\?-,ea/]n  
,bantu a man's wid[s1 ?\gh !y are b\nd  
to !  family ( ! deceas$1 are all[$ "s  
latitude 9 ! *oice ( !  individual man )
 :om !y w mate4 ,among ! ,?onga1 =      
example1 at ! f9al di/ribution ( !      
e/ate1 any ( ! wid[s  :o refuses to take
 ! husb& #cbh to :om %e has be5         
provisionally allott$ w be p]mitt$ to   
ex]cise h] own  pref]5ce4#cbh4a ,! p[]  
accord$ to ! wid[$ que5s (  ,quiteve to 
*oose _! new husb& 0 h>dly an ext5sion (
 ?is  lib]ty4 ,t x drew ) x incid5tally 
! "r to ! k+dom  0 a consequ5ce :i* did 
n affect ! pr9ciple4     ,! ,end        
,,bibliographical ,,li/    #cbi         
,int5d$ to facilitate ref]5ce to mod]n  
works cit$ & n  o!rwise suffici5tly     
describ$4    ,alex&]1 ,sir ,james       
,edw>d1 ,k4,l4,s41 ,an ,exp$ition (     
,discov]y into  ! ,int]ior ( ,africa4 #b
 vols4 ,london1 #ahch4    ,alldridge1   

,t4 ,j41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,! ,%]bro & its  
,h9t]l&4 ,london1  #aija4    ,am]ican   
,an?ropologi/4 ,new s]ies4 #ae vols4    
,new ,york1  #ahii-proce$+4    ,am      
,urquell4 ,monats*rift fr ,volkskunde4  
,h]ausgegeb5 von  ,fri$ri* ,s4 ,krauss4 
#f vols4 ,wi51 #ahij-if4    ,anan?a     
,kri%na ,iy]1 ,l4 ,k41 ,b4,a41 ,l4,t41  
,! ,co*9 ,tribes &  ,ca/es4 #b vols4    
,madras1 #aiji-ab4    ,&]sson1 ,*>les   
,john1 ,lake ,ngami2 or ,explorations & 
,discov]ies  dur+ ,f\r ,ye>s' ,w&]+s 9 !
 ,wilds ( ,s\?-,we/]n ,africa4  #bnd    
edition4 ,london1 #ahef4    ,&ree1      
,ri*>d1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und    
,v]glei*e4 #b vols4  ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh2   
,leipzig1 #ahhi4    ,l',anne            
,sociologique1 publie s\s la ,direction 
de mile  ,durkheim4 #aa vols4 ,p>is1    
#ahih-aiaj4    ,an?rop4 ,class41        
,an?ropology & ! ,classics4 ,six        
,lectures  deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity (  
,ox=d4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett4  ,ox=d1
 #aijh4    ,an?ropos4 ,ephem]is         
,int]nationalis ,e?nologica et          

,l+ui/ica4 #h  vols4 ,salzburg n[ ,/    
,gabriel ,mdl+1 bei ,wi51 #aijf-proce$+4
    ,antiqu>y1 ,!3 ,a ,magaz9e devot$ to
 ! ,/udy ( ! ,pa/4 #di  vols4 ,london1  
#ahhj-proce$+4    ,arb]1 ,edw>d1        
,f4,s4,a41 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,engli% ,books
 on ,am]ica1  edit$ by4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahie4
    #ccj    ,ar*ologia2 or ,miscellane\s
 ,tracts relat+ to ,antiquity1  publi%$ 
by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,london4  
#fd vols4 ,london1  #aggc-proce$+4      
,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft4 #af     
vols4 ,freiburg-i4-,b4 n[  ,leipzig1    
#ahih-proce$+4    ,a/on1 ,w4 ,g41       
,c4,m4,g41 ,d4,lit41 ,%9to3 ,! ,way ( ! 
,gods4 ,london1  #aije4    ,avebury1 ,"r
 ,hon4 ,"l1 ,m>riage1 ,totemism &       
,religion3 ,an ,answ]  to ,critics4     
,london1 #aiaa4    ----,! ,orig9 (      
,civilisation & ! ,primitive ,condition 
( ,man4  ,m5tal & ,social ,condition (  
,savages4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1      
,b>t41  ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l41   
,,ll4,d4 #e? edition4 ,london1 #ahhi4   
,bakhtyr ,nma1 ,!3 ,a ,p]sian ,romance4 

,translat$ by ,sir ,william  ,ouseley4  
,edit$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,cl\/on4 ,privately   
pr9t$1 #ahhc4    ,ba/ian1 ,dr ,a41      
,afrikanis*e ,reis54 ,e9 ,besu* 9 ,san  
,salvador d]  ,haupt/adt des ,knigrei*s 
,congo4 ,brem51 #ahei4    ,bat*elor1    
,rev4 ,john1 ,! ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore4  
,london1 #aija4    ,br5g]-,f]aud1 ,l4   
,j4 ,b41 ,sup]/itions et ,survivances   
tudies  au po9t de vue de leur orig9e et
 de leurs trans=mations4 #e vols4       
,p>is1 #ahif-4    ,biblioteca de las    
,tradiciones ,popul>es ,espaolas4 #aa   
vols4  ,sevilla--,madrid1 #ahhc-hf4     
,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en         
,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s* ,indi1         
uitgegev5 door het ,kon9klijk ,in/ituut4
 #fc vols4 ',s-grav5hage1               
#aheb-proce$+4    ,black1 ,g4 ,f41      
,examples ( ,pr9t$ ,folk-,lore conc]n+ !
 ,orkney &  ,%etl& ,isl&s1 collect$ by4 
,c\nty ,folk-,lore1 vol4 iii4 ,london1  
#aijc ,folk-,lore ,soc44    ,boas1      
,franz1 ,indianis*e ,sag5 von d]        
,nord-,pacifis*5 ,k/e  ,am]ikas4 ,b]l91 

#ahie4    ----,! ,m9d ( ,primitive ,man4
 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4    ,br&1 ,john1     
,m4,a41 & ,h5ry ,ellis1 ,f4,r4,s41      
,obs]vations on ,popul>  ,antiquities3  
*iefly illu/rat+ ! ,orig9 ( our ,vulg>  
,cu/oms1  ,c]emonies & ,sup]/itions4 #b 
vols4 ,london1 #ahac4    ,brett1 ,rev4  
,w4 ,h41 ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana3  
_! ,condition &  ,habits4 ,london1      
#ahfh4    #cca    ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4       
,wallis1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,litt41  
,books on ,egypt &  ,*aldea4 ,egyptian  
,magic4 ,london1 #ahii4    ----,! ,gods 
( ! ,egyptians2 or ,/udies 9 ,egyptian  
,my?ology4 #b  vols4 ,london1 #aijc4    
,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural
 ,hi/ory4 vols4 ,new ,york1             
#ahha-proce$+4    ,bullet9 de la ,socit 
,neu*ateloise de ,gographie4 vols4      
,neu*atel1 #ahhi787-proce$+4    ,bullet9
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 ,folk-,lore ,wallon4 #d  vols4         
,bruxelles1 #ahia-4    ,burton1 ,ri*>d  
,f41 ,a ,pla9 & ,lit]al ,translation ( !
 ,arabian  ,nights' ,ent]ta9m5ts1 n[    

entitul$ ,! ,book ( ! ,?\s& ,nights  & a
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#ahhe4    ,callaway1 ,rev4 ,canon1      
,m4,d41 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( !         
,amazulu4  vol4 #a incomplete1 all      
publi%$4 ,london1 #ahgj4    ,ca/rn1     
,alex&]1 ,e?nologis*e ,vorlesung5 b] die
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,anton ,s*iefn]4 ,/ ,pet]sb\rg1 #aheg4  
,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija3 ,reports1       
publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces  & /ates ( ! 
,indian ,empire4    ,c5sus ( ,india1    
#aiaa3 ,reports1 publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s      
prov9ces  & /ates4    ,*apman1 ,james1  
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior (   
,s\? ,africa1  compris+ ,fifte5 ,ye>s'  
,hunt+ & ,trad+4 #b vols4 ,london1      
#ahfh4    ,*ild1 ,francis ,james1 ,!    
,engli% & ,scotti% ,popul> ,ballads4 #e 
vols4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 ,n4,d4       
#ahhb-ih4    ,clozel1 ,f4 ,j41 et ,rog] 
,villamur1 ,les ,c\tumes ,indignes de la
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,codr+ton1 ,r4 ,h41 ,d4,d41 ,!          
,melanesians3 ,/udies 9 _!  ,an?ropology

 & ,folk-,lore4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4           
,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican        
,e?nology4 #i vols4 ,wa%+ton1  ,dep>tm5t
 ( ! ,int]ior1 #ahgg-ic4    ,crawley1   
,erne/1 ,m4,a41 ,! ,my/ic ,rose3 ,a     
,/udy ( ,primitive  ,m>riage4 ,london1  
#aijb4    ----,! ,tree ( ,life3 ,a ,/udy
 ( ,religion4 ,london1 #aije4           
,crooke1 ,w41 ,b4,a41 ,! ,popul>        
,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn       
,india4 #b vols4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahif4       
#ccb    ,crooke1 ,w41 ,b4,a41 ,! ,tribes
 & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n  ,prov9ces & 
,oudh4 #d vols4 ,calcutta1 #ahif4       
,dalton1 ,edw>d ,tuite1 ,descriptive    
,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 ,calcutta1  #ahgb4  
,davies1 ,t4 ,witton1 ,b4,a41 ,ph4,d41  
,magic1 ,div9ation & ,demonology  among 
! ,hebrews & _! ,neighb\rs4 ,london &   
,leipzic1 ,n4,d4  #ahih4    ,day1 ,rev4 
,lal ,beh>i1 ,folk-tales ( ,b5gal4      
,london1 #ahhc4    ,de ,aco/a1 ,fa!r    
,joseph1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( 
!  ,indies4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,engli%        
translat$ edition ( ,edw>d  ,grim/on1   

#afjd4 ,edit$ by ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham1  
,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 #b vols4  pag$        
cont9u\sly4 ,london1 #ahhj ,hakluyt     
,soc44    ,de ,groot1 ,j4 ,j4 ,m41      
,ph4,d41 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a4 #f 
vols41  publi%$ ! fir/ ?ree & ! la/ ?ree
 pag$ cont9u\sly4  ,leyd51 #ahib-aiaj4  
,d5nett1 ,r4 ,e41 ,notes on !           
,folk-,lore ( ! ,fjort 7,fr5*  ,congo74 
,london1 #ahih ,folk-,lore ,soc44       
,dorsa1 ,v9c5zo1 ,la ,tradizione        
,greco-,lat9a negli ,usi e nelle        
,cr$5ze ,popol>i della ,calabria        
,cit]iore4 #bnd edition4 ,cos5za1       
#ahhd4    ,dorsey1 ,george ,a41 ,ph4,d41
 ,traditions ( ! ,skidi ,pawnee1        
collect$  & annotat$ by4 ,bo/on & ,new  
,york1 #aijd ,am]ican ,f4-,l4 ,soc44    
----,! ,my?ology ( ! ,wi*ita1 collect$  
"u ! auspices (  ! ,c>negie ,in/itution 
( ,wa%+ton4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijd4    ,d\tt1  
,edmond1 ,la ,socit ,musulmane du       
,maghrib4 ,magie et ,religion  dans     
l',afrique du ,nord4 ,alg]1 #aiji4      
,dum\ti]1 ,g41 ,les ,*ants et les       

,traditions ,populaires des  ,annamites1
 recueillis et traduits4 ,p>is1 #ahij4  
,durkheim1 mile1 ,les ,=mes ,elm5taires 
de la ,vie ,religieuse4 ,le  ,sy/me     
totmique en ,au/ralie4 ,p>is1 #aiab4    
,e>ly ,travels 9 ,pale/9e4 ,edit$1 )    
notes1 by ,?omas ,wright1  ,m4,a41      
,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 #ahdh4    ,ellis1    
,william1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es dur+ a  
,resid5ce ( ne>ly  ,eight ,ye>s 9 !     
,society & ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 #bnd edition1 
#d vols4  ,london1 #ahca4    #ccc       
,encyclopdia ,biblica4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4
 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41  & ,j4 
,su!rl& ,black1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 #d     
vols4 ,london1 #ahii-aijc4              
,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4      
,edit$ by ,james ,ha/+s1  ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4
 #f vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijh-proce$+4     
,f>nell1 ,lewis ,ri*>d1 ,litt4,d41      
,m4,a41 ,f4,a4,s41 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek 
,/ates4 #e vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahif-aiji4     
----,! ,evolution ( ,religion3 ,an      
,an?ropological ,/udy4 ,london1  #aije4 
----,greece & ,babylon3 ,a ,comp>ative  

,sket* ( ,mesopotamian1  ,anatolian &   
,hell5ic ,religions4 ,ed9burgh1 #aiaa4  
,fasciculi ,malay5ses3 ,an?ropological &
 ,zoological ,results ( an  ,exp$ition  
to ,p]ak & ! ,siamese ,malay ,/ates1    
#aija-aijb1  und]tak5 by ,nelson        
,ann&ale & ,h]b]t ,c4 ,rob9son4         
,an?ropology1  #b p>ts4 ,london1        
#aijc-d4    ,folk-,lore3 ,a ,qu>t]ly    
,review ( ,my?1 ,tradition1 ,in/itution 
&  ,cu/om organ ( ! ,f4-,l4 ,soc44 #bd  
vols4 ,london1 #ahij-proce$+4           
,folk-,lore ,j\rnal1 ,! organ ( !       
,f4-,l4 ,soc44 #g vols4 ,london1        
#ahhc-hi4    ,=bes1 ,james1 ,f4,r4,s41  
,ori5tal ,memoirs3 ,a ,n>rative (       
,sev5te5  ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,india4    
#bnd edition1 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcd4  
,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41   
,litt4,d41 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 ,a ,/udy 9  
,magic & ,religion4 #bnd edition1 #c    
vols4 ,london1 #aijj4     ,! same4 #crd 
edition1 #aj vols41 publi%$ "u diff]5t  
titles1 z   foll[s3--      #a4 ,! ,magic
 ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s4 #b vols4   

,london1 #aiaa4      #b4 ,taboo & !     
,p]ils ( ! ,s\l4 #aiaa4      #c4 ,! ,dy+
 ,god4 #aiaa4      #d4 ,adonis1 ,attis1 
,osiris3 ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ori5tal 
,religion4 #bnd edition4 #aijg4      #e4
 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild4 #b     
vols4 #aiab4      #f4 ,! ,scapegoat4    
#aiac4      #g4 ,bald] ! ,beautiful4 #b 
vols4 #aiac4    #ccd    ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41
 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d41        
,psy*e's ,task3 ,a ,disc\rse  ,conc]n+ !
 ,influ5ce ( ,sup]/ition on ! ,gr[? (   
,in/itutions4 #bnd edition4 ,london1    
#aiac4    ,fr]e1 ,m41 ,old ,deccan      
,days2 or ,h9doo ,fairy ,leg5ds curr5t 9
  ,s\!rn ,india4 ,collect$ f oral       
tradition4 ,london1 #ahgj4    ,frob5ius1
 ,h]man1 ,die ,heid5-,neg] des gyptis*5 
,sudan4 ,b]l91  #ahic4    ,furness1     
,william ,h5ry1 #c;d1 ,m4,d41 ,!        
,home-,life ( ,borneo  ,head-hunt]s1 its
 ,fe/ivals & ,folk-,lore4 ,philadelphia1
 #aijb4    ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/
 ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( !  ,yncas4
 ,translat$ by ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham4 #b 

vols4 ,london1 #ahfi  ,hakluyt ,soc44   
,georgi1 ,j41 ,description de t\tes les 
,nations de l',empire de ,russie4       
#c;ime collection1 cont5ant les nations 
,samoy$es et ,m&%\res1 et  les ,peuples 
les plus ori5taux de la ,sibirie4       
,traduite de l',allem&4  ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1
 #aggg4    ,giles1 ,h]b]t ,a41 ,/range  
,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio4 ,translat$  &
 annotat$4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4     
,giran1 ,paul1 ,magie et ,religion      
,annamites4 ,p>is1 #aiab4    ,globus3   
,illu/rirte ,zeits*rift fr ,lnd]- und   
,vlk]kunde4 #ih  vols4 ,brauns*weig1    
#ahfb-aiaj4    ,g\ldsbury1 ,cull51 &    
,h]b]t ,%eane1 ,! ,great ,plateau (     
,nor!rn  ,rhodesia1 be+ "s ,impressions 
( ! ,tanganyika ,plateau4 ,london1      
#aiaa4    ,gray1 ,john ,h5ry1 ,m4,a41   
,,ll4,d41 ,*9a1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,laws1    
,mann]s  & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p4 ,edit$ by ,w4
 ,g4 ,gregor4 #b vols4 ,london1  #ahgh4 
,gregor1 ,rev4 ,walt]1 ,m4,a41 ,notes on
 ! ,folk-,lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/  (        
,scotl&4 ,london1 #ahha ,f4-,l4 ,soc44  

,grimm1 ,jacob1 ,teutonic ,my?ology4    
,translat$ f ! f\r?  edition1 ) notes & 
app5dix1 by ,james ,/ev5 ,/allybrass4 #d
 vols4  ,london1 #ahhj-hh4    ,gr9nell1 
,george ,bird1 ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories &   
,folk-,tales4 ,new ,york1  #ahhi4       
,grubb1 ,w4 ,b>brooke1 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 
an ,unkn[n ,l&3 ,an ,acc\nt  ( ! ,life &
 ,cu/oms ( ! ,l5gua ,indians4 ,london1  
#aiaa4    #cce    ,hahn1 ,!ophilus1     
,ph4,d41 ,tsuni-,goam1 ! ,supreme ,be+ (
 !  ,khoi-,khoi4 ,london1 #ahha4        
,haltri*1 ,josef1 ,deuts*e ,volksmr*5   
aus dem ,sa*s5l&e 9  ,sieb5brg54 #dte   
,auflage4 ,wi51 #ahhe4    ,hanau]1 ,j4  
,e41 ,folk-,lore ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ,moslem1
 ,*ri/ian &  ,jewi%4 ,london1 #aijg4    
,hans51 ,c4 ,p41 ,sag5 und ,erzhlung5 d]
 ,sylt5 ,fries54 ,g>d+1  #ahge4         
,h>rison1 ,jane ,ell51 ,prolegom5a to ! 
,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4  #bnd edition4
 ,cambridge1 #aijh4    ,h>tl&1 ,edw9    
,sidney1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus3 ,a ,/udy (
 ,tradition  9 ,/ory1 ,cu/om & ,belief4 
#c vols4 ,london1 #ahid-e-f4            

----,primitive ,pat]nity3 ,! ,my? (     
,sup]natural ,bir? 9 ,relation  to !    
,hi/ory ( ! ,family4 #b vols4 ,london1  
#aiji-aj4    ,havelok ! ,dane1 ,! ,lay  
(4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,walt] ,w4 ,skeat1 
,m4,a4 ,london1 #ahfh ,e4,e4,t4,s44     
,h]tz1 ,wilhelm1 ,die ,sage vom         
,giftmd*54 ,mun*51 #ahic4    ,hodson1   
,t4 ,c41 ,! ,nga ,tribes ( ,manipur4    
,london1 #aiaa4    ,hollis1 ,a4 ,c41 ,! 
,masai1 _! ,language & ,folk-,lore4     
,ox=d1  #aije4    ----,! ,n&i1 _!       
,language & ,folk-,lore4 ,ox=d1 #aiji4  
,hose1 ,*>les1 ,d4,sc41 & ,william      
,m#8,d\gall1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,!      
,pagan  ,tribes ( ,borneo3 ,a           
,description ( _! ,physical1 ,moral &   
,intellectual ,condition1 ) "s          
,discussion ( _! ,e?nic  ,relations4 #b 
vols4 ,london1 #aiab4    ,h[itt1 ,a4    
,w41 ,d4,sc41 ,! ,native ,tribes (      
,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia4  ,london1 #aijd4   
,huc1 ,l',abb1 ,s\v5irs d'un ,voyage    
dans la ,t>t>ie1 le ,?ibet et la  ,*9e4 
#b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahej4    ,hutt]1       

,franz1 ,w&]ung5 und ,=s*ung5 im        
,nord-,h9t]l& von  ,kam]un4             
,brauns*weig1 #aijb4    ,int]nationales 
,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 #ba vols4       
,leid51  #ahhh-proce$+4    ,jtaka1 ,!2  
or ,/ories ( ! ,buddha's =m] ,bir?s4    
,translat$  f ! ,pli by v>i\s h&s "u !  
editor%ip ( ,pr(essor ,e4  ,b4 ,c[ell4  
#g vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahie-aiac4    #ccf
    ,jauss51 ,le ,p4 ,anton91 tudes     
,bibliques4 ,c\tumes des ,arabes au     
,pays de ,moab4 ,p>is1 #aijh4    ,jesuit
 ,relations1 ,!1 & ,alli$ ,docum5ts3    
,travels & ,explorations  ( ! ,jesuit   
,mission>ies 9 ,new ,france1 #afaj-agia4
 ,! orig9al  texts1 ) ,engli%           
translations4 ,edit$ by ,reub5 ,gold    
,?waites4 #gc  vols4 ,clevel&1          
#ahif-aija4    ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific    
,exp$ition1 ,publications ( !4 ,edit$ by
 ,franz  ,boas4 #ab vols41 n yet all    
issu$4 ,new ,york & ,leid51 #aijj-4 ,!  
e>li] volumes 7 issu$ z "p ( ! ,memoirs 
( ! ,am]ican  ,museum ( ,natural        
,hi/ory4    ,jevons1 ,frank ,byron1     

,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,an ,introduction to 
! ,hi/ory (  ,religion4 ,london1 #ahif4 
,john/on1 ,sir ,h>ry1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41     
,k4,c4,b41 ,hon4 ,d4,sc41 ,george       
,gr5fell  & ! ,congo3 ,a ,hi/ory &      
,description ( ! ,congo ,indep5d5t      
,/ate & adjo9+ ,di/ricts ( ,congol&4 #b 
vols41 pag$  cont9u\sly4 ,london1 #aijh4
    ----,! ,ug&a ,protectorate4 #b      
vols41 pag$ cont9u\sly4 ,london1  #aijb4
    ,jones1 ,rev4 ,pet]1 ,hi/ory ( !    
,ojebway ,indians1 ) especial  ref]5ce  
to _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,london1
 ,n4,d4 #ahfa4    ,j\rnal ( ! ,african  
,society f\nd$ 9 ,memory ( ,m>y ,k+sley4
  #ac vols4 ,london1 #aija-proce$+4     
,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore4 #bf     
vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahhh-proce$+4  ,organ ( !
 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore ,soc44    ,j\rnal 
( ! ,an?ropological n[ ,royal           
,an?ropological  ,in/itute ( ,great     
,brita9 & ,irel&4 #dc vols4 ,london1    
#ahgb-proce$+4 ,cit$ z ,j4 ,a4 ,i44     
,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,ea/]n
 ,asia4 vols4 ,s+apore1  #ahdg-ei4      

,jlg1 ,b41 ,die ,mr*5 des ,siddhi-,kr4  
,kalmkis*] ,text mit  deuts*] b]setzung4
 ,leipzig1 #ahff4    ,junod1 ,h5ri ,a41 
,! ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe4 #b   
vols4  ,neu*atel1 #aiab-ac4    ,ka?koa1 
,!2 or ,treasury ( ,/ories4 ,translat$ f
 ,sanskrit  ,manuscripts by ,c4 ,h4     
,tawney1 ,m4,a4 ,london1 #ahie4    #ccg 
,ka?-s>it-,sg>a1 ,!2 or ,ocean ( !      
,/reams ( ,/ory4  ,translat$ f ! orig9al
 ,sanskrit by ,c4 ,h4 ,tawney1 ,m4,a4 #b
 vols4  ,calcutta1 #ahhj-hd4    ,keat+1 
,ge(frey1 ,d4,d41 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,irel&4  
,edit$1 )  translation & notes1 by      
,david ,comyn1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 #c vols4    
,london1 #aijb-h  ,iri% ,texts ,soc44   
,kidd1 ,dudley1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir4    
,london1 #aijd4    ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h41   
,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4
    ,kn[les1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h9ton1          
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,folk-,tales ( ,ka%mir4   
,london1  #ahhh4    ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,dr   
,!odor1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n3 
,reis5 9  ,nordwe/-,bresili54 #b vols4  
,b]l91 #aiji4    ,kolb51 ,pet]1 ,a4,m41 

,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good      
,hope4  ,writt5 orig9ally 9 ,high       
,g]man4 ,done into ,engli% f ! orig9al  
by ,mr ,m$ley4 ,london1 #agca4          
,kruijt1 ,alb4 ,c41 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 
,indis*5 ,ar*ipel4  ',s-grav5hage1      
#aijf4    ,l&es1 ,a41 ,contes ,tjames   
traduits et annots4 ,saigon1 #ahhg4     
,le ,braz1 ,a41 ,lg5de de la ,mort en   
,basse ,bretagne4 ,croyances1           
,traditions et ,usages des ,bretons     
,armorica9s4 ,p>is1 #ahic4    ,lecky1   
,w4 ,e4 ,h41 ,m4,a41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise &
 ,influ5ce ( !  ,_s ( ,rationalism 9    
,europe4 #b vols41 #bnd edition4        
,london1 #ahfe4    ,leclre1 ,adhm>d1    
,cambodge4 ,contes et ,lg5des recueillis
 et  publis en ,franais4 ,p>is1 #ahie4  
,lehmann-,filhs1 ,m41 ,islndis*e        
,volkssag51 aus d] ,sammlung von  ,jn   
rnason ausgewhlt und aus dem ,islndis*5 
b]setzt4 #b  vols4 ,b]l91 #ahhi-ia4     
,leuba1 ,james ,h41 ,a ,psy*ological    
,/udy ( ,religion4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4   
,littmann1 ,enno1 ,publications ( !     

,pr9ceton ,exp$ition to ,abyss9ia4      
,vol4 ii4 ,tales1 ,cu/oms etc4 ( ! ,tigr
 ,tribes4 ,leyd51  #aiaj4    ,lloyd1 ,l4
 ,c41 ,specim5s ( ,bu%man ,folk-,lore4  
,london1 #aiaa4    ,lubbock1 see        
,avebury4    ,lumholtz1 ,c>l1 ,m4,a41   
,unkn[n ,mexico3 ,a ,record ( ,five     
,ye>s'  ,exploration among ! ,tribes ( !
 ,we/]n ,si]ra ,madre etc44 #b  vols4   
,london1 #aijc4    #cch    ,lunet de la 
,jonquire1 ,le ,comm&ant ,e41           
,e?nographie du ,tonk9  ,sept5trional4  
,p>is1 #aijf4    ,luzel1 ,f4 ,m41       
,lg5des ,*rti5nes de la ,basse          
,bretagne4 #b vols4  ,p>is1 #ahha4      
,macdonald1 ,rev4 ,duff1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d41
 ,africana2 or ! ,he>t ( ,hea!n         
,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhb4       
,mannh>dt1 ,wilhelm1 ,my?ologis*e       
,=s*ung5 aus dem ,na*lasse von4         
,/rassburg1 #ahhd4    ----,wald- und    
,feldkulte4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahge-gg4   
,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 ,m4,a41 ,an?ropology4  
,london ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y1       
,n4,d4 #aiab4    ----,! ,?re%old (      

,religion4 ,london1 #aiji4    ,m>9]1    
,william1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( !  
,tonga ,isl&s 9  ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean4
 ,compil$ & arrang$ f ! ext5sive        
communications ( ,mr ,w4 ,m41 sev]al    
ye>s resid5t 9 ^? isl&s4  ,by ,john     
,m>t91 ,m4,d4 #b vols4 #crd edition4    
,ed9burgh1 #ahbg4    ,mat!ws1 ,wa%+ton1 
,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,navaho ,leg5ds4      
,collect$ &  translat$4 ,bo/on & ,new   
,york1 #ahig ,am]ican ,f4-,l4 ,soc44    
,maur]1 ,dr ,konrad1 ,islndis*e         
,volkssag5 d] ,geg5w>t4 ,leipzig1       
#ahfj4    ,mlus9e3 ,recueil de          
,my?ologie1 ,littrature ,populaire1     
,traditions  et ,usages4 ,publi p> ,h4  
,gaidoz et ,e4 ,roll&4 #aa vols4 ! la/  
#h  vols4 edit$ by ,h4 ,gaidoz alone4   
,p>is1 #ahgh-aiab4    ,memoirs ( !      
,am]ican ,an?ropological ,association4  
#b vols4  ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 #aije-proce$+4
    ,m]5sky1 ,a41 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss
 ,sd-,afrikas4 ,b]l91 #ahge4    ,mey]1  
,dr ,felix1 ,wirts*aft und ,re*t d]     
,h]]o4 ,b]l91 #aije4    ,mill]1 ,hugh1  

,sc5es & ,leg5ds ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&2 or
 ,!  ,traditional ,hi/ory ( ,crom>ty4   
#bnd edition4 ,london1 #ahej4           
,mit!ilung5 d] ,afrikanis*5 ,gesells*aft
 9 ,deuts*l&4 vols4  ,b]l91             
#ahgh-proce$+84    ,m(fat1 ,rob]t1      
,mission>y ,lab\rs & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!rn    
,africa4  ,london1 #ahdb4    #cci       
,morris1 ,william1 & ,eirkr ,magnsson1  
,! ,/ory ( !  ,ere-dwell]s 7,eyrbyggia  
,saga74 ,done into ,engli% out ( !      
,icel&ic4 ,london1 #ahib4    ----,!     
,/ories ( ! ,k+s ( ,norway call$ ,!     
,r\nd ,_w  7,heimskr+la7 by ,snorri     
,/urluson4 ,done into ,engli% out ( !   
,icel&ic4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahic-aije4 
,natesa ,sa/ri1 ,p&it ,s4 ,m41 ,!       
,dravidian ,nights ,ent]ta9m5ts1  be+ a 
,translation ( ,madanakam>ajankadai4    
,madras1 #ahhf4    ,neuhauss1 ,pr(4 ,dr 
,m$4 ,r41 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea4 #c vols4 
,b]l91  #aiaa4 ,only ! #crd vol41       
conta9+ communications by resid5t ,g]man
  mission>ies1 cit$4    ,nor? ,indian   
,notes & ,qu]ies3 ,a ,mon?ly ,p]iodical4

 ,edit$ by  ,william ,crooke1 ,b4,a4 #e 
vols4 ,allahabad1 #ahia-if4    ,nutt1   
,alfr$1 ,! ,voyage ( ,bran1 ,son (      
,febal1 to ! ,l& ( !  ,liv+3 an old     
,iri% saga1 n[ fir/ edit$1 )            
translation1 notes  & gloss>y1 by ,kuno 
,mey]1 ) an ,essay ^u ! ,iri% ,vision ( 
! ,happy ,o!rworld & ! ,celtic ,doctr9e 
( ,rebir?1 by4 #b vols4  ,london1       
#ahie-ig4    ,o',grady1 ,/&i% ,h41      
,silva ,gadelica3 ,a ,collection (      
,tales 9  ,iri%4 ,edit$ f ,,mss4 &      
translat$4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib4     
,ow51 ,m>y ,alicia1 ,folk-,lore ( !     
,musquakie ,indians ( ,nor?  ,am]ica &  
,catalogue ( ,musquakie ,beadwork & o!r 
objects 9 !  ,collection ( ! ,folk-,lore
 ,society4 ,london1 #aijd ,f4-,l4 ,soc44
    ,ow51 ,capta9 ,w4 ,f4 ,w41 ,r4,n41  
,n>rative ( ,voyages to explore !       
,%ores ( ,africa1 ,arabia & ,madagasc>1 
p]=m$ 9 ,h4,m4 ,%ips  8,lev50 &         
8,b>rac\ta10 "u ! direction (4 #b vols4 
,london1 #ahcc4    ,p>k]1 ,mrs ,k4      
,langloh1 ,au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales4 #b

 vols41 !  second entitl$ ,m ,au/ralian 
,leg5d>y ,tales4 ,london1 #ahif-ih4     
,paulits*ke1 ,dr ,philipp1 ,e?nographie 
,nordo/-,afrikas4 #b vols4  ,b]l91      
#ahic-if4    ,payne1 ,edw>d ,john1      
,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica4 #b  
vols4  ,ox=d1 #ahib-ii4                 
,pe*ul-,loes*e1 ,pr(4 ,dr ,e41          
,volkskunde von ,loango4 ,/uttg>t1      
#aijg4    #cdj    ,petitot1 mile4       
,traditions ,indi5nes du ,canada        
,nord\e/4 ,p>is1  #ahhf4    ,ploss1 ,dr 
,h41 ,das ,weib 9 d] ,natur- und        
,vlk]kunde4  ,an?ropologis*e ,/udi54    
,na* dem ,tode des ,v]fass]s be>beitet  
und  h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr ,max ,b>tels4  
#b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4    ,po/1 ,dr  
,alb]t ,h]mann1 ,afrikanis*e            
,jurisprud5z4  ,e?nologis*-juri/is*e    
,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] e9heimis*e    
,re*te ,afrikas4 #b vols4 ,old5burg und 
,leipzig1 #ahhg4    ,proce$+s ( !       
,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,london4 #bnd  
s]ies4 #bd  vols4 ,london1 #ah-proce$+4 
,putnam ,anniv]s>y ,volume3             

,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to      
,fr$]ic ,w>d ,putnam 9 ,honor ( 8       
,sev5tie? ,bir?day1 ,april #af1  #aiji1 
by 8 ,fri5ds & ,associates4 ,new ,york1 
#aiji4    ,radl(f1 ,dr ,w41 ,prob5 d]   
,volkslitt]atur d] ,trkis*5 ,/mme       
,sd-,sibiri5s1 gesammelt und b]setzt4 #g
 787 vols4 ,! volumes  aft] ! #d? are   
entitl$ ,prob5 d] ,volkslitt]atur d]    
,nrdli*5  ,trkis*5 ,/mme4 ,/ ,pet]sburg1
 #ahff-4    ,ral/on1 ,w4 ,r4 ,s41       
,m4,a41 ,tibetan ,tales d]iv$ f ,indian 
,s\rces4  ,translat$ f ! ,tibetan ( !   
,kah-gyur by ,f4 ,anton ,s*iefn]4  ,done
 into ,engli% f ! ,g]man ) an           
,introduction4 ,london1 #ahhb4          
,ramsay1 ,william ,mit*ell1 ,! ,cities &
 ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia4 #a  vol4 9 #b   
p>ts publi%$4 ,london1 #ahie1 #ahig4    
,rattray1 ,r4 ,su!rl&1 ,"s ,folk-,lore  
,/ories & ,songs 9  ,*9yanja1 ) ,engli% 
,translation & ,notes4 ,london1 #aijg4  
,re9a*1 ,salomon1 ,orpheus3 ,hi/oire    
,gnrale des ,religions4 #f;ime  d4      
,p>is1 #aiji4    ,reliqu>y1 ,!1 &       

,illu/rat$ ,ar*ologi/3 ,a ,qu>t]ly      
,j\rnal  & ,review4 ,n4,s4 vols4        
,london1 #ahie-proce$+4    ,reports ( ! 
,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t (  
,sci5ce4  ,london4 ,ye>ly volumes cit$  
by ! date ( ! ye>4    ,reports1 ,annual1
 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 #bh vols4     
,wa%+ton1  #ahgi-hj-proce$+4 ,cit$ z ,r4
 ,b4 ,e44    ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn 
,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,"p    
,,iv41 ,an?ropology4 ,edit$ by ,baldw9  
,sp5c]1 ,m4,a4 ,london &  ,melb\rne1    
#ahif4    #cda    ,revue ,celtique4     
,dirige p> ,h4 ,gaidoz4 vols4 ,p>is1    
#ahgj-proce$+4    ,revue de l',hi/oire  
des ,religions4 #fh vols4 ,p>is1        
#ahhj-proce$+4    ,revue d',e?nographie 
et de ,sociologie4 ,publie s\s la       
direction de  ,m4 ,a4 van ,g5nep4 #d    
vols4 ,p>is1 #aiaj-proce$+4 ,cit$ z ,r4 
,e4  ,s44    ,revue des tudes           
,e?nographiques et ,sociologiques4      
,publie s\s la  direction de ,arnold van
 ,g5nep4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #aijh-i4 ,cit$ 
z ,r4  ,e4 ,e4 ,s4    ,revue des        

,traditions ,populaires4 #bh vols4      
,p>is1 #ahhf-proce$+4  ,organ ( ! ,soc4 
des ,trad4 ,pop44    ,rice1 ,/anley ,p41
 ,occasional ,essays on ,native ,s\?    
,indian ,life4  ,london1 #aija4         
,ri$el1 ,joh4 ,g]>d ,fri$41 ,de ,sluik- 
en kroe%>ige ,rass5 tuss*5  ,selebes en 
,papua4 ',s--grav5hage1 #ahhf4          
,riv]s1 ,w4 ,h4 ,r41 ,! ,todas4 ,london1
 #aijf4    ,rog]s1 ,rev4 ,*>les1        
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4,scot4 ,scotl&1      
,social &  ,dome/ic3 ,memorials ( ,life 
& ,mann]s 9 ,nor? ,brita94 ,london1     
#ahfi4    ,rohde1 ,erw94 ,psy*e4        
,seel5cult und ,un/]bli*keitsglaube d]  
,grie*54 #bte ,auflage4                 
,freiburg-i4-,b41 #ahih4    ,ros*]1     
,wilhelm ,he9ri*4 ,ephialtes1 e9e       
pa?ologis*-my?ologis*e  ,abh&lung b] die
 ,alptrame und ,alpdmon5 des klassis*5  
,alt]tums4 ,leipzig1 #aijj4    ,roscoe1 
,rev4 ,john1 ,hon4 ,m4,a41 ,! ,bag&a3   
,an ,acc\nt ( _! ,native  ,cu/oms &     
,beliefs4 ,london1 #aiaa4    ,ro?1 ,h5ry
 ,l+1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti%   

,nor? ,borneo1  bas$ *iefly on ! ,,mss4 
( ! late ,hugh ,brooke ,l[4 #b vols4    
,london1 #ahif4    ,ro?1 ,walt] ,e41    
,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p41     
,e?nological ,/udies among  !           
,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es4 
,brisbane1 #ahig4    ,r\se1 ,william    
,h5ry ,d5ham1 ,m4,a41 ,greek ,votive    
,(f]+s3 ,an ,essay  9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,greek
 ,religion4 ,cambridge1 #aijb4    ,sacr$
 ,books1 ,!1 ( ! ,ea/4 ,translat$ by    
v>i\s ,ori5tal  s*ol>s & edit$ by ,f4   
,max ,mll]4 #ej vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahgi-4    
#cdb    ,s*eff]1 ,johannes1 von         
,/rassburg1 ,lappl&4 ,das i/1 ,neue und 
wahrhafftige ,bes*reibung von ,lappl&   
und dess5 ,e9wohn]n4  ,frankfurt und    
,leipzig1 #afge4    ,sbillot1 ,paul1 ,le
 ,folk-,lore de ,france4 #d vols4 ,p>is1
 #aijd-g4    ,seligmann1 ,c4 ,g41       
,m4,d41 & ,br5da ,z4 ,seligmann1 ,!     
,v$das4  ,cambridge1 #aiaa4             
,%akespe>1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,j41 ,! ,lu%ei 
,kuki ,clans4 ,london1 #aiab4    ,%oot]1
 ,rev4 ,joseph1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! 

,zulu ,c\ntry4  ,london1 #aheg4         
,skeat1 ,walt] ,william1 ,malay ,magic1 
be+ an ,introduction to !  ,folk-,lore &
 ,popul> ,religion ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 
,london1 #aijj4    ,smirnov1 ,jean ,m41 
,les ,populations ,f9noises des ,bass9s 
de la ,volga  et de la ,kama4 tudes     
d',e?nographie ,hi/orique traduites du  
,russe  et revues p> ,paul ,boy]4 #a/   
vol4 only publi%$4 ,p>is1 #ahih4        
,smi?1 ,capt4 ,john1 ,works1 #afjh-afca4
 ,! ,engli% ,s*ol>'s ,libr>y1  edit$ by 
,edw>d ,arb]4 ,birm+ham1 #ahhd4         
,smy?1 ,r4 ,br\gh1 ,! ,aborig9es (      
,victoria3 ) ,notes relat+ to  ! ,habits
 ( ! ,natives ( ,o!r ,p>ts ( ,au/ralia &
 ,tasmania4 #b  vols4 ,melb\rne1 #ahgh4 
,soldan1 ,f41 ,sag5 und ,ges*i*t5 d]    
,langob>d54 ,halle-a4-,s41  #ahhh4      
,s\? ,african ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal4      
,edit$ by ! ,work+ ,committee  ( ! ,s\? 
,african ,folk-,lore ,society4 #b vols4 
,cape ,t[n & ,london1  #ahgi-hj4        
,speke1 ,john ,hann+1 ,j\rnal ( !       
,discov]y ( ! ,s\rce ( !  ,nile4        

,london1 #ahfc4    ,sp5c]1 ,baldw91     
,m4,a41 & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,! ,native    
,tribes (  ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london1  
#ahii4 ,cit$ z ,c4 ,t4    ----,! ,nor!rn
 ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london1  
#aijd4 ,cit$  z ,n4 ,t4    ,sproat1     
,gilb]t ,malcolm1 ,sc5es & ,/udies (    
,savage ,life4 ,london1  #ahfh4         
,/eel1 ,f4 ,a41 & ,r4 ,c4 ,temple1 ,wide
 ,awake ,/ories3 ,a ,collection (       
,tales told by little ,*ildr5 betwe5    
,sunset & ,sunrise 9 ! ,panjab  &       
,ka%mir4 ,bombay1 #ahhd4    #cdc        
,/rack]jan1 ,l41 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5   
aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg4  #b vols4  
,old5burg1 #ahfg4    ,/rausz1 ,adolf1   
,die ,bulg>54 ,e?nographis*e ,/udi54    
,leipzig1  #ahih4    ,/rehl[1 ,c41 ,die 
,ar&a- und ,loritja-,/mme 9 ,z5tral     
,au/rali54  #c p>ts 7#d fascicules7     
publi%$4 ,frankfurt-a4-,m41 #aijg-aa4   
,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus d] /dtis*5 ,museum4  
,/umme1 ,dr ,hans1 ,mr*5 d] ,s*luh von  
,tz]walt4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4    ,swanton1 
,john ,r41 ,tl+it ,my?s & ,texts4       

,wa%+ton1 #aiji ,bull4  ,b4 ,e4 #ci4    
,taylor1 ,rev4 ,ri*>d1 ,m4,a41          
,f4,g4,s41 ,te ,ika a ,maui2 or ,new    
,zeal& &  its ,inhabitants4 #bnd        
edition4 ,london1 #ahgj4    ,temple1    
,capt4 ,r4 ,c41 ,! ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb4  
#c vols4 ,bombay &  ,london1 ,n4,d4     
,t5n5t1 ,sir ,james ,em]son1 ,k4,c4,s41 
,,ll4,d41 ,ceylon3 ,an ,acc\nt ( !      
,isl&4 #bnd edition4 #b vols4 ,london1  
#ahei4    ,!al1 ,george ,m#8,call1      
,,ll4,d41 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n        
,africa4  ,collect$ 9 v>i\s ,libr>ies & 
,ar*ive ,dep>tm5ts 9 ,europe4 #g  vols4 
,cape ,colony1 #ahih-aija4    ----,!    
,yell[ & ,d>k-sk9n$ ,p ( ,africa ,s\? ( 
!  ,zambesi4 ,london1 #aiaj4    ,?omas1 
,nor?cote ,w41 ,m4,a41 ,an?ropological  
,report on !  ,ibo-speak+ ,peoples (    
,nig]ia4 #c vols4 ,london1 #aiac4       
,?orpe1 ,b5jam91 ,nor!rn ,my?ology1     
compris+ ! ,pr9cipal  ,popul>           
,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ,sc&9avia1 
,nor? ,g]many &  ! ,ne!rl&s4 #c vols4   
,london1 #ahea-eb4    ,?unb]g1 ,*>les   

,pet]1 ,m4,d41 ,travels 9 ,europe1      
,africa & ,asia  made betwe5 ! ye>s     
#aggj & #aggi4 #bnd edition4 #d vols4   
,london1  #agie4    ,?ur/on1 ,edg>1     
,c4,i4,e41 assi/$ by ,k4 ,ranga*>i1     
,m4,a4 ,ca/es &  ,tribes ( ,s\!rn       
,india4 #g vols4 ,madras1 #aiji4        
,torres ,/raits1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge
 ,an?ropological ,exp$ition  to4 vols4  
,vols4 iii41 iv41 v41 vi41 & portions ( 
vol4 ii4  publi%$4 ,cambridge1 #aija-4  
,toz]1 ,rev4 ,h5ry ,fan%awe1 ,m4,a 1    
,f4,g4,s41 ,rese>*es 9 ! ,highl&s  (    
,turkey4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi4       
#cdd    ,transactions ( ! ,?ird         
,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory (   
,religions4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #aijh4      
,turn]1 ,george1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa a     
,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & ,long ,be=e4       
,london1 #ahhd4    ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b41  
,primitive ,culture3 ,rese>*es into !   
,developm5t  ( ,my?ology1 ,philosophy1  
,religion1 ,art & ,cu/om4 #b vols4      
,london1  #ahga4    ,tylor ,essays1     
,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to      

,edw>d ,burnett  ,tylor 9 ,hon\r ( 8    
,sev5ty-fif? ,bir?day1 ,octob] #b1      
#aijg1 by  names foll[4 ,ox=d1 #aijg4   
,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications 9  
,am]ican ,ar*ology &  ,e?nology4 ,fr$]ic
 ,w>d ,putnam1 editor4 #aa vols4        
,b]keley1  #aijc-proce$+4    ,van d]    
,burgt1 le ,r4 ,p4 ,j4 ,m4 ,m41 ,un ,gr&
 ,peuple de l',afrique  quatoriale4     
lm5ts d'une ,monographie sur l',urundi  
et les  ,w>undi4 ,bois le ,duc1 #aijd4  
,van ,g5nep1 ,arnold1 ,les ,rites de    
,passage3 tude sy/matique des  ,rites4  
,p>is1 #aiji4    ----,tab\ et ,totmisme 
,madagasc>1 tude descriptive et         
?orique4 ,p>is1 #aijd4    ,v9son1       
,juli51 ,le ,folk-,lore du ,pays        
,basque4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4    ,von          
,alp5burg1 ,johann ,nepomuk1 ,ritt]1    
,my!n und ,sag5 ,tirols4  ,zuri*1 #aheg4
    ,von d5 ,/e951 ,pr(essor ,dr ,k>l1  
,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral            
,brasili5s4 ,reises*ild]ung und         
,ergebnisse d] ,zweit5 ,s*+  ,exp$ition1
 #ahhg-ahhh4 ,b]l91 #ahid4    ,von      

,wlislocki1 ,dr ,he9ri*1 ,volksdi*tung5 
d] sieb5brgis*5 und  sdung>is*5         
,zigeun]4 ,wi51 #ahij4    ,waddell1 ,l4 
,au/9e1 ,m4,b41 ,! ,buddhism ( ,tibet1  
or ,lamaism ) its  ,my/ic ,cults4       
,london1 #ahie4    ,weeks1 ,john ,h41   
,among ,congo ,cannibals3 ,exp]i5ces1   
,impressions &  ,adv5tures dur+ a ,?irty
 ,ye>s' ,soj\rn among/ ! ,boloki & o!r  
,congo ,tribes4 ,london1 #aiac4         
,w]n]1 ,a41 ,! ,natives ( ,briti%       
,c5tral ,africa4 ,london1 #aijf4        
,we/]m>ck1 ,edw>d1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41   
,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$  )       
,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol>   
,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9  ,morocco4 ,hels+=s1 
#aiac4    #cde    ,we/]m>ck1 ,edw>d1    
,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,! ,orig9 &          
,developm5t ( !  ,moral ,ideas4 #b vols4
 ,london1 #aijf-h4    ,wi$emann1 ,alfr$1
 ,ph4,d41 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t         
,egyptians4 ,london1  #ahig4    ,wilk51 
,pr(4 ,dr ,g4 ,a41 ,de v]spreide        
,ges*rift5 van1 v]zameld  door ,mr ,f4  
,d4 ,e4 van ,oss5brugg54 #d vols4       

',s-grav5hage1 #aiab4    ,williams1     
,clem5t1 ,?r\gh ,burmah to ,we/]n ,*9a1 
be+ ,notes ( a  ,j\rney 9 #ahfc4        
,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahfh4             
,williams1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,a ,n>rative (  
,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 !  ,s\? ,sea   
,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahdb4    ,williams1   
,?omas1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians4 ,&          
,mission>y ,lab\rs among  ! ,cannibals1 
by ,james ,calv]t4 ,edit$ by ,george    
,/r+] ,r[e4 #crd  edition4 ,london1     
#ahgj4    ,wilson1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,t41       
,peasant ,life 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,london1  
#aijf4    ,wolf1 ,johann ,wilhelm1      
,ni$]lndis*e ,sag54 ,leipzig1 #ahdc4    
,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde4  
#bc vols4 ,b]l91  #ahia-proce$+4        
,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie4 ,organ d]    
,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr  ,an?ropologie1  
,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te4 vols4 ,b]l91
  #ahfi-proce$+4    ,zeits*rift fr      
v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 #bh vols4  
,/uttg>t1 #ahhg-proce$+4                
,,endnotes     #a4a   ,prim4 ,cul41 i4  
#cgh sqq4     #b4a   ,anan?a ,kri%na1 i4

 #bi4     #b4b   ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cul41  
i4 #chb4     #c4a   ,kolb51 #ia4        
#c4b   ,alex&]1 i4 #agj sqq4 ,simil>    
answ]s 7 m rec5tly giv5 to a   mission>y
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ma9ly (   ,bantu blood 7,globus1 xcvi4  
#agc74     #d4a   ,kidd1 #fe4 ,amus+    
illu/rations ( ! ,kaffir's clev]ness at 
!   game are giv54     #d4b   ,&]sson1  
#bjj4 ,cf4 ,pogge on ! ,ba%ilange1      
,mit!il4 d4 ,afrik4   ,gesells*41 iv4   
#bed4     #d4c   ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,gale1   
,f4 ,l41 xi4 #cbe4     #e4a   ,s4 ,h4   
,c4 ,hawtry1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxi4 #bij4   
,cf4 ,grubb1 #aad4 ,simil>   /atem5ts   
are made conc]n+ o!r ,s\? ,am]ican      
tribes 7,j4 ,a4   ,i41 xiii4 #bji1      
#bec74     #e4b   ,bat*elor1 #ceg4      
#f4a   ,neuhauss1 iii4 #ddh note4 ,cf4  
,introduction & pp4 #aed1 #ejg4     #f4b
   ,m>illi]1 review+ ,miss ,k+sley's    
,travels2 ,rev4 ,hi/4 ,rel41   xxxix4   
#acg4     #g4a   ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4   
,t41 #aci note4     #g4b   ,rev4 ,j4    
,macdonald1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xx4 #abj4 ,cf4 

,junod1 ,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1   ii4 #bgh4 ,dr 
,!al says t x is only s9ce ,european    
ideas h be5   dissem9at$ among ^!       
peoples t ! "q ( ! place ( !   dead has 
aris52 & he po9ts to ! simil>ity 9 m5tal
 condition   betwe5 !m & ! peasantry (  
,europe 7,yell[ & ,d>k-sk9n$   ,p1      
#ahe74     #h4a   ,j\rn4 ,am4 ,f4 ,l41  
xxi4 #bcc1 #bcf4     #i4a   ,wilson1    
,peasant ,life1 #f4     #aa4a   ,sproat1
 #abj4     #aa4b   ,boas1 ,m9d1 #aaa4   
#ab4a   ,boas1 ,six? ,report on !       
,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 ,rep4    
,brit4   ,ass41 #ahij1 #ehb4     #ac4a  
,rev4 ,fa!r ,j4 ,jett1 ,s4,j41          
,an?ropos1 vi4 #bdb1 #ie4     #ad4a     
,r4 ,c4 ,phillips1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xvii4   
#bbj4     #ae4a   ,jauss51 #bhg1 #bid1  
#ccb1 #ccd4 ,cf4 ,hanau]1 #bcd4         
#af4a   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 x4 #bfb4     #ah4a 
,bull4 ,soc4 ,neu*4 ,gog41 ix4 #if4     
#ai4a   ,j4 ,smi?1 #gg1 #cgc4     #bj4a 
,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xii4 #afc note4     #bb4a  
,simil> classifications ( n\ns h n[ be5 
discov]$ among !   ,negroes1 see ,r4 ,e4

 ,s41 iii4 #bda4     #bf4a   ,tylor1    
,prim4 ,cul41 i4 #che4     #ca4a        
,k+sley1 ,trav41 #dic4     #cb4a        
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #age1 #ceh n41
 #ecj4     #cb4b   ,f4 ,l4 ,j\rn41 iv4  
#cj4     #cb4c   ,i h collect$ ! evid5ce
 9 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 vol4 i41 &   9  
"s directions m fully 9 ,primitive      
,pat]nity1 vol4 i4     #cc4a   ,f>nell1 
,cults1 i4 #aie4     #cg4a   ,j4 ,n4 ,b4
 ,hewitt1 ,am]4 ,an?r41 ,n4,s41 iv4 #ch4
     #da4a   ,w4 ,jones1 ,j\rn4 ,am4 ,f4
 ,l41 xviii4 #ahc sqq4 ,z us$ by ,dr    
,jones   "h1 ! ^w ,algonk9 only includes
 ! ,sauk1 ,fox1 & ,kickapoo   tribes4   
#da4b   ,am]4 ,an?r41 ,n4,s41 iv4 #cf2  
cf4 #cc4     #db4a   ,r4 ,b4 ,e41 xxvii4
 #acd4 ,wakonda 9 its v>i\s =ms is      
pron\nc$   ) an n some:at l ! ,fr5*     
nasal4     #dc4a   ,r4 ,b4 ,e41 xxvii4  
#eig sqq4     #dd4a   ,flet*]1 ,am4     
,an?r41 xiv4 #ajf2 ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 ,r4 
,b4 ,e41 xi4 #cff2   ,riggs1 ,contrib4  
,n4 ,am4 ,e?nol41 vii4 #ejg sqq4        
#de4a   ,swanson1 ,r4 ,b4 ,e41 xxvi4    

#dea n41 #deb sqq4     #dh4a   ,!       
analysis ( ! philosophy 7if x may be s  
call$7 ( ! ,bafiote   :i* ,i h tri$ to  
summ>ize above is by ,dr ,pe*ul-,loes*e1
 !   mo/ acute & pr(\nd ( enquir]s into 
! civilization &   m5tality ( ! peoples 
( ,loango1 & w be f\nd 9 8   ,volksk41  
*aps4 iii4 & iv4     #dh4b   ,de ,groot1
 ,rel4 ,sy/41 iv4 *ap4 i4     #dh4c     
,giran1 #ba sqq4     #dh4d   ,bat*elor1 
,encyc4 ,rel41 i4 #bci1 #bdj 7cf4 ,id41 
,a9u ,f4 ,l41 #ehj72   ,a/on1 ,%9to1 #g 
sqq4     #ej4a   ,codr+ton1 #aah sqq4   
#ea4a   ,is ?is really ! orig9al belief8
 ,dr ,m>ett cites ,dr ,seligmann's      
7v]bal87 au?ority = ! /atem5t t 9 ,new  
,gu9ea 7among !   tribes ( ,melanesian  
culture & desc5t87 8a yam-/one w\ld be  
held capable ( mak+ ! yams gr[          
miracul\sly1 q ap>t f   ! ag5cy (       
spirits0 7,ar*4 ,rel41 xii4 #aij74      
#ea4b   ,codr+ton1 #abj1 #aia4     #ea4c
   ,codr+ton1 #abd-e4 ,fa!r ,joseph     
,mei] d5ies t ! ,melanesian   population
 ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula ( ,new ,brita9   

possesses !   concept ( mana 9 ! s5se ( 
a univ]sal imp]sonal1 magical   p[]4    
,yet he goes on to say3 8,! sorc]]      
7,zaub]]7 himself   d]ives ! inh]5t p[] 
( 8 spells 7,zaub]-mitteln7 f two       
diff]5t s\rces ( en]gy4 ,fir/1 he relies
 on ! might ( !   spirits to :om he is  
indebt$ = 8 spells1 or on ! might ( 8   
=efa!rs :o h practis$ magic be=e him1 & 
h h&$ d[n   to him _! spells4 ,9 8      
incantation !re=e ! magician            
7,hex5mei/]7 w always "n a _s1 or ! "n (
 a deceas$   sorc]]1 or at lea/ sil5tly 
presume 8 assi/ance4 ,a second s\rce   (
 en]gy = ! sorc]] is 8 own s\l4 ,by     
associat+ ?is )   natural objects he    
enhances _! p[]s4 ,ev]y?+ ! sorc]] does 
he conceives "u ! aspect ( ^! two s\rces
 ( en]gy4 ,!   orig9ator ( an en*antm5t 
7,zaub]ei7--be x an unembodi$ _s1   or !
 gho/ ( a deceas$ p]son1 or a _s resid+ 
9 a liv+   be+ 7= example1 a            
bird7--op]ates 9 8 spell & makes x      
always   & ev]y:]e effective4 ,or else  
only ! sorc]]'s own s\l is   consid]$ = 

magical purposes4 ,beyond ?is !re is no 
o!r   p[]0 7,an?ropos1 viii4 #h1 #i74   
,?is seems to resemble ! concept   (    
mana1 z set =? by ,dr ,codr+ton4 ,lat]  
,fa!r ,mei] rem>ks3   8,! enquiry into !
 wit*craft 7,zaub]wes57 ( !             
coa/-dwell]s ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula is n 
yet clos$4 ,s f> we   only "k a small   
fragm5t ( all _! en*antm5ts0 7ibid41    
#aa74   ,our k ( ! social elem5ts &     
cultural hi/ory ( ,melanesia   z a :ole1
 & ( ,new ,brita9 9 p>ticul>1 is /ill v 
imp]fect4     #ed4a   ,e4 ,trege>1 ,!   
,maori-,polynesian ,comp>ative          
,diction>y1 ,well+ton1   ,n4,z41 #ahia1 
#bjc-f1 s4vv4 ,cf4 ,m>ett1 ,trans4 ,ox=d
 ,cong41 i4 #dh   sqq4 ,x is p]haps wor?
 :ile to note 8t ! ,samoan ,new         
,te/am5t 0 translat$ f ! ,greek & uses  
mana z !   equival5t ( ! ,greek 1 :il/  
pule is us$ = ! ,greek   0 7,haddon1    
,torres ,/r4 ,rep41 v4 #cbi1 quot+      
communication   f ,s4 ,h4 ,ray74        
#ee4a   ,ellis1 ,polyn4 ,res41 iii4     
#ajh4 ,a specim5 ( ! girdle 0 s5t by    

,john ,williams1 ! mission>y aft]w>ds   
kill$ at ,eramanga1 to   ,engl&1        
probably to ! ,london ,mission>y        
,society4 ,see 8 ,miss4   ,ent]prises1  
#add4     #ef4a   ,ellis1 op4 cit41 i4  
#cch4     #eg4a   ,taylor1 #afd sqq4    
#eh4a   ,de ,aco/a1 #cgh4     #eh4b     
,sbillot1 ,f4 ,l4 ,france1 ii4 #bce4    
#eh4c   ,ploss1 ,weib1 i4 #ejd1 quot+   
,bonnemre1 b z usual )\t !   exact      
ref]5ce4     #ei4a   ,seligmann1 ,v$das1
 #bjg4     #fj4a   ,toz]1 i4 #baf4      
#fj4b   ,dr ,m4 ,hoefl]1 ,am ,urquell1  
ii4 #aja4     #fj4c   ,rev4 ,h4 ,e4     
,mabille1 ,j\rn4 ,afr4 ,soc41 v4 #ceb4  
#fb4a   ,van ,g5nep1 ,tab\1 #ahd4       
#fb4b   ,turn]1 ,samoa1 #ahf4 ,comp>e a 
numb] ( simil> taboos on !   previ\s &  
subsequ5t pages4     #fb4c   ,codr+ton1 
#bae4     #fc4a   ,w4 ,bogoras1 ,am]4   
,an?r41 ,n4,s41 iii4 #ig4     #fd4a     
,see ,gold5 ,b\gh#c1 passim1 especially 
! volume on ,taboo4 ,x is   ne$less to  
say t ,pr(essor ,fraz] does n write f ! 
po9t (   view "h adopt$1 & t 8          

int]pretations frequ5tly div]ge   f ^?  
:i* ,i %\ld be incl9$ to4     #fe4a     
,f4 ,l41 xii4 #ahf4 ,else:]e ,mr ,weeks 
says3 8,no /igma atta*es to   ! man :o  
is prov$ guilty ( wit*craft by ! ordeal1
 = #8"o   c h wit*craft )\t kn[+ x'0    
7,cannibals1 #ahi74   ,presumably       
likundu is "h includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m (  
wit*craft4 ,9 ano!r place he says3 8,!  
g5]al belief is t   only "o 9 ! family c
 bewit* a memb] ( ! family0 7ibid41     
#caa74 ,h5ce ! evil influ5ce ( !        
possessor ( likundu ext5ds   no fur!r4  
#fg4a   ,jevons1 ,introd41 #agh1 #g1    
#cij sqq4     #fg4b   ,tylor1 ,prim4    
,cul41 i4 #chc4     #fg4c   ,avebury1   
,m>riage1 #adb4 ,i _c f9d t he commits  
himself to a   def9ition ( religion1    
?\gh 8 view may p]haps be inf]r$ f   !  
above quotation 7cf4 8 ,orig9 (         
,civilization1 #bje sqq474     #fh4a    
,fraz]1 ,magic ,art1 i4 #bbb1 #bbc4     
#fh4b   ,durkheim1 ,=mes lm5taires1 #fe4
 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* 9 a rec5t          
brilliant "w on ! hi/ory ( religions    

proposes z a def9ition3   8,an          
assemblage 7ensemble7 ( scruples :i* /& 
9 ! way (   ! free ex]cise ( our        
faculties40 ,?is r$uces religion to a   
sy/em ( taboos4 ,b he subsequ5tly       
qualifies x by say+3   8,animism on "o  
side1 taboos on ! o!r1 ^! are ! ess5tial
   factors ( religions0 7,orpheus1 #d1  
#aj74 ,?us qualifi$1 h[ev]1   x excludes
 ,buddhism2 & ) or )\t ! qualification x
 does   n express ! social side (       
religion4 ,m4 ,re9a* is q consci\s   (  
^! omissions4 ,!y are an illu/ration ( !
 extreme difficulty   f\nd by ! mo/ able
 & le>n$ enquir]s 9 =mulat+ an          
adequate def9ition ( religion1 a        
def9ition at once all-embrac+   & exact4
     #fi4a   ,durkheim1 #cbc4     #fi4b 
,fraz]1 ,magic ,art1 i4 #bbj4     #gj4a 
,fraz]1 op4 cit41 #eb4     #gj4b        
,ibid41 #bba1 #bcg sqq4     #gj4c       
,ibid41 #bcc4 ,fraz] has work$ out !    
!ory m completely ?an   anyone else2 b x
 has be5 m or less anticipat$1 or %>$1  
by   o!rs1 su* z ,sir ,edw>d ,tylor1    

,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall1 & ,pr(essor         
,jevons4     #gb4a   ,! above is a brief
 summ>y 7p>tly borr[$ f my review 9 ,f4 
,l41 xv4 #cei7 ( a portion ( ! argum5t  
elaborat$ by ,,mm4 ,hub]t   & ,mauss 9  
_! 8,esquisse d'une ,?orie ,gnrale de la
   ,magie10 ,l',anne ,soc41 vii4 #a-adf4
     #gf4a   ,durkheim1 op4 cit41 #fa4  
#gg4a   ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4 ,t41 #edi1 
#dgf4     #gg4b   ,ante1 p4 #ej4        
#gg4c   ,codr+ton1 #acc4 ,ano!r example 
is cit$ subsequ5tly1 p4 #add1 f         
,borneo4     #gh4a   ,weeks1 #ahi2 see  
ante1 p4 #fe note4     #gh4b   ,junod1  
,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1 ii4 #dfg2 i4 #dda4      
#gh4c   ,durkheim1 op4 cit41 #fc note4  
#gi4a   ,all ?is indictm5t holds good 9 
a less] degree ( ! wit*-hunts   (       
,europe & ,new ,engl&4     #hj4a        
,gregor1 #aig4     #hj4b   ,?is1 h[ev]1 
is n exactly :at ,m>illi] says4 8,a     
#8natural'   act 7& t is its sole       
diff]5ce f a magical act7 only rea*es   
bodies1 or at lea/ x only rea*es ! s\l  
?r\gh ! object x   animates4 ,a magical 

practice1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be a purely   
mat]ial   act1 acts 9 "s way f )9       
outw>ds 7agit en quelque sorte du       
d$ans au dehors72 x only kills or       
fecundates ! man1 animal1 or   plant to 
:i* x is appli$1 by ex]cis+ fir/ ( all  
its   b5efic5t or calamit\s action on ! 
s\l1 :i*1 l t ( !   sorc]]1 is !        
pr9ciple ( 8 life0 7,rev4 ,hi/4 ,rel41  
xxxvi4   #cdc74     #hj4c   ,d\tt1 #cbh1
 #ccj4     #ha4a   ,d\tt1 #cdj1 #ccd1   
#cdc1 #cch4 ,comp>e :at ! s*oolboy call$
 _!   8conjur+ tricks10 p]=m$ be=e      
,ph>aoh by ,moses & ,a>on1   & by !     
magicians 7,ex4 vii4 #h sqq474     #hb4a
   ,m>ett1 ,an?rop41 #bji4 ,dr ,m>ett   
might h omitt$ ! words 8(   evil0 aft]  
8sup]normal p[]s40 ,!y d n /r5g!n 8     
argum5t4 ,9 savage communities a h>d &  
fa/ l9e is n usually   drawn betwe5     
sup]normal p[]s ( evil & sup]normal p[]s
 (   good4     #hb4b   ,ibid41 #baj4    
#hc4a   ,m>ett1 ,an?rop41 #baa4         
#hd4a   ,p4 ,e4 ,godd>d1 ,univ4 ,cal4   
,pub41 i4 #hg4     #hd4b   ,m>ett1      

,an?rop41 #bac4     #hd4c   ,we/]m>ck1  
,c]emonies1 #fg note1 quot+ ,de/a+4     
#he4a   ,ref]5ce may be made "h to ,mr  
,erne/ ,crawley1 :o writes l   ,pr(essor
 ,jevons f a di/9ctly !ological /&po9t4 
,i c f9d   no =mal def9ition ( religion 
9 8 book on ! subject4 ,he says3   8,!  
vital in/9ct1 ! feel+ ( life1 ! w to    
live1 !   in/9ct to pres]ve x1 is !     
s\rce (1 or r is id5tical   )1 !        
religi\s impulse1 & is ! orig9 (        
religion0 7,tree   ( ,life1 #bad74 ,b1 z
 ,pr(essor ,leuba has rightly obs]v$1 8!
   love & lu/ ( life is ! s\rce ( all   
human conduct & n (   religion alone0   
7,psy*ol4 ,/udy1 #dh74 ,else:]e ,mr     
,crawley   obs]ves t religion is n a    
dep>tm5t1 l law or sci5ce1   hav+ a     
special subject-matt]2 x is 8a tone or  
_s40 ,x   8*iefly conc]ns itself )      
elem5tal int]e/s--life & dea?1   bir? & 
m>riage are typical cases0 7op4 cit41   
#bjd sq474 ,nor   c ,i f9d any def9ition
 ( magic1 ?\gh he ma9ta9s 9 opposition  
to ,pr(essor ,fraz] t 8x seems          

impossible to sep>ate magic &   religion
 9 _! e>ly =ms40 8,inde$10 he adds1 8!  
practical mean+ ( magic1 :5 work$ 9     
connection ) religion1   is control ( ! 
sup]natural1 :i* is ?us n sup]ior to    
man0   7#ahf74 ,:at is magic :5 n 8work$
 9 connection )   religion08 ,he        
id5tifies mana ) ! =ce 8:i* und]lies    
magical processes g5]ally10 b app>5tly n
 religi\s   processes4 ,a religi\s      
process he def9es z 8t ( mak+ a ?+      
sacr$0 7#bca sq474 ,he opposes magic to 
sacr$ness4 8,sacr$ness   is a result ( !
 application ( religi\s impulse & ( no?+
   else0 7#bjh sq474 ,comp>e ,pr(essor  
,durkheim's def9ition (   religion      
7supra1 p4 #fh74 ,mr ,crawley takes     
insuffici5t acc\nt (   ! social aspect (
 religion4     #hg4a   ,s\!y1 ,! ,curse 
( ,kehama1 preface4     #hg4b           
,augu/9e1 ,civ4 ,dei1 x4 #aa1 cit+      
,porphyry4     #ia4a   ,m>ett1 ,?re%old1
 #dd sqq4     #ib4a   ,j4 ,m4 ,m4 van d]
 ,burgt1 #ee4     #ib4b   ,hewitt1 ,am4 
,an?r41 ,n4,s41 iv41 #dj4     #ic4a     

,e4 ,h4 ,man1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xii4 #afa1   
#afc1 #cec1 etc4     #ie4a   ,codr+ton1 
#aib4     #ih4a   ,! prim>y au?ority on 
! ,arunta & neighb\r+ tribes is ,messrs 
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4 ,t4 & ,n4 ,t41 &   
,rep4 ,horn ,exp$41 b   ,/rehl['s       
rese>*es 7,ar&a- und ,loritja-/mme7 are 
important4   ,! results ( ! latt] are   
div]g5t to "s ext5t f ^? (   ! =m]1 b 9 
mo/ respects are n irreconcilable4 ,see1
 e4g41   ,pr(essor ,durkheim's valuable 
discussion ( ! diff]5t v]sions   (      
re9c>nation1 op4 cit41 #ceg sqq4 ,i h   
/at$ above 9 a   summ>y mann] :at seems 
to be ! result ( ! criticism ( bo?      
au?orities4     #ii4a   ,sp5c] & ,gill51
 ,n4 ,t41 #dih2 ,/rehl[1 ii4 #a4 ,cf4   
,rep4 ,horn   ,exp$41 iv4 #ahc4         
#ii4b   ,/rehl[1 i4 #a4     #ajj4a      
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #bbg1 #bcb1   
#bch4     #ajj4b   ,ibid41 #bbg4        
#ajj4c   ,ibid41 #beb4     #aja4a   ,= !
 ,mongolian practice see ,am]4 ,an?r41  
,n4,s41 xv4 #cgj4 ,!   ,pueblo ,indian  
practice has be5 record$ by e sci5tific 

enquir]   among ! tribes4     #ajb4a    
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4 ,t41 #bdi4 ,note   
also ! ?reat :i* foll[s4     #ajb4b     
,m4 ,durkheim cont5ds1 & ,i ?9k )       
ju/ice1 t ! association   ( ! *ur+a )   
individual ance/ors1 & !re=e ) _!       
desc5dants1 or r re9c>nations1 is       
second>y 7op4 cit41 #agc74   ,b cf4     
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #bha4         
#ajb4c   ,/rehl[1 ii4 #gh4 ,he resi/$ ! 
temptation & avoid$ ! mi/ake   made s   
(t5 by mission>ies ( translat+ by native
 words ,*ri/ian   t]ms ( fundam5tally   
diff]5t cont5t4     #ajc4a   ,sp5c] &   
,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #bei sqq4     #ajc4b   
,ibid41 #bic4     #ajd4a   ,sp5c] &     
,gill51 ,c4 ,t41 *aps4 v4 & vi4 passim2 
,n4 ,t41   *ap4 viii4 passim2 ,/rehl[1  
ii4 #ge sqq4     #aje4a   ,/rehl[1 iii4 
#f4     #aje4b   ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4   
,t41 *ap4 xvi42 ,n4 ,t41 *ap4 xv42 ,rep4
   ,horn ,exp$41 #ahj4     #ajf4a       
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4 ,t41 #ecd1 #eec4   
,cf4 #dhj1 #ech4     #ajg4a   ,ar*4     
,rel41 viii4 #dfc1 #dfg4 ,comp>e !      

acc\nt ( ! initiation by   ! ,devil ( a 
,lapp wiz>d quot$ f ,tornu1 ,s*eff]1    
#acf4     #ajg4b   ,jesup4 ,exp$41 vi4  
#dg4     #aji4a   ,junod1 ,s4 ,a4       
,tribe1 ii4 #dej1 #dga1 #dgc4 ,m4       
,junod's "w is   conc]n$ ) ! ,?onga1 b x
 is true 9 g5]al t]ms ( o!r   tribes4   
#aji4b   ,m]5sky1 #ace2 ,%oot]1 #aia2   
,callaway1 ,rel4 ,sy/41 #bei sqq4       
#aji4c   ,john/on1 ,gr5fell1 ii4 #fei   
note1 quot+ ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/apleton4 ,he
   is obvi\sly report+ a /atem5t by a   
native4     #aaj4a   ,jones1 ,ojebway1  
#bfi4     #aaj4b   ,a4 ,l4 ,kroeb]1     
,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub41 iv4 #cbh4     #aaj4c
   ,g4 ,a4 ,dorsey1 ,trad4 ,skidi       
,pawnee1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjf1  
#baj1 #bai1   #bba1 #bca4     #aaj4d    
,ro?1 ,s>awak1 i4 #bff4     #aaa4a      
,skeat1 ,magic1 #fj4     #aac4a         
,seligmann1 ,v$das1 #abh sqq41 #aij     
sqq41 #bjg4 ,see supra1 p4 #ei4         
#aad4a   ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xii4
 #if4     #aae4a   ,kolb51 #ig4         
#aaf4a   ,dorsey1 ,wi*ita1 #ii4         

#aaf4b   ,r4 ,b4 ,e41 xxvii4 #aig4      
#aag4a   ,!re appe>s to be no detail$   
acc\nt ( ! ,buffalo ,dance ( !          
,pawnees4 ,see ,dorsey1 ,skidi ,pawnees1
 xxi4 #df2 ,gr9nell1 #cfi4 ,!   late/   
/age1 p]haps contam9at$ ) ,european     
notions1 is 9 "p   describ$1 ,id41 #bgj4
     #aba4a   ,w4 ,j4 ,m#8,gee1 ,r4 ,b4 
,e41 xvii4 #afh99 sqq4     #aba4b       
,durkheim1 #bie4     #abd4a   ,durkheim1
 #cje4     #abd4b   ,ibid41 #acd1 #ace4 
#abd4c   ,ibid41 #cdc1 #cee1 #cgh4      
#abe4a   ,seligmann1 #cj1 #abf1 #acj1   
#agj sqq41 #adi4     #abf4a   ,c5s4     
,ind4 ,rep41 #aija1 iii4 #fb4 ,cf4 !    
pap]s by ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 ,j4   ,a4 ,i41   
xii4     #abg4a   ,ko*-,grnb]g1 passim2 
von d5 ,/e951 passim1 especially #cej   
sqq4     #acj4a   ,we/]m>ck1 ,moral     
,ideas1 ii4 #ehe4     #acb4a   ,m>t51   
,ind4 ,c5s4 ,rep41 #aiaa1 x4 #hj4       
#acb4b   ,laws ( ,manu1 ,sac4 ,bks41    
xxv4 #e4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is ref]5ce   &
 ! fur!r explanation above to my fri5d  
,mr ,william ,crooke4     #acb4c        

,supra1 p4 #fb4     #acb4d   ,dr ,fraz]1
 ,psy*e's ,task1 #be sqq41 has made a   
collection (   ^! rites & signs4 ,see   
also ,we/]m>ck1 ,moral ,ideas1 ii4 #fc  
sqq4     #acc4a   ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons1 ,ox=d
 ,cong4 ,rep41 ii4 #aca2 ,id41          
,grco-,italian   ,magic1 ,an?rop4       
,class41 #ajf4 ,see also ,r\se1 ,greek  
,v4 ,o41 #ccg4     #acc4b   ,i describ$ 
"o su* lead5 tablet1 f\nd at ,dymock1   
,gl\ce/]%ire1   9 ,reliqu>y1 ,n4,s41    
iii4 #adj4 ,ano!r 0 subsequ5tly f\nd at 
,l9coln's ,inn1 & report$ on by ,mr ,w4 
,paley ,baildon to ! ,society   (       
,antiqu>ies 7,proc4 ,soc4 ,anti41 #bnd  
s]41 xviii4 #ada74 ,o!rs h   also be5   
f\nd else:]e1 among !m two on ,ga!rley  
,moor 9   ,york%ire4 ,if ! id5tification
 ( ! p]sons aga9/ :om !   tablets on    
,ga!rley ,moor & at ,l9coln's ,inn 7    
direct$ be   conclusively e/abli%$1 !y  
ant$ate by m ?an half a c5tury   !      
translation above ref]r$ to ( ,agrippa's
 book4 ,?is ( c\rse   is by no means    
impossible1 or inde$ improbable1 = !    

practition]s   ( occult sci5ce 9 ! reign
 ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7 frequ5tly m5   (   
le>n+4     #acd4a   ,fasc4 ,malay1 ii4  
#da4     #ace4a   ,alan ,h4 ,g>d9]1     
,ox=d ,cong4 ,rep41 i4 #baj4     #ace4b 
,budge1 ,ar*ologia1 lii4 #dba sqq41     
translit]at+1 translat+1   & comm5t+ on 
a papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i*      
belong$ to a   prie/ ( ,ra ab\t ! ye>   
,b4,c4 #cje1 & conta9s ! ritual = !     
purpose4     #ace4c   ,wi$emann1 #id4   
#acf4a   ,wi$emann1 #bgi4     #acf4b    
,ibid41 #ii4     #acf4c   ,budge1       
,ar*ologia1 lii4 #dbe1 #ddj1 #eci sqq4  
,! ,egyptian gods   m]g$ into "o ano!r l
 ! dissolv+ pictures ( a lant]n4   ,?is 
0 probably 9 "p ! result ( ! union 9 "o 
k+dom ( a   numb] ( petty /ates1 :i* 7  
c5tres ( wor%ip ( disp>ate   ?\gh       
cognate div9ities1 & ! consequ5t ef=t to
 syn!size   ^! div9ities & _! wor%ip1 & 
9 "p ! issue (   philosophical          
speculation1 itself d\btless influ5c$ by
 political   ev5ts4     #acf4d          
,wi$emann1 #ed2 ,budge1 ,egypt4 ,magic1 

#acg4 ,dr ,fraz]'s v]sion1   ,taboo1    
#chg1 is =m$ on a comp>ison ( ^! & o!r  
texts4     #acg4a   ,wi$emann1 #bgc4 ,m 
p]sonal ?reats are (t5 employ$4 ,see1 = 
examples1 ,ar*4 ,rel41 xvi4 #he4        
#acg4b   ,plato1 ,rep41 ii4 #cfd4       
#acg4c   ,!re are ( c\rse pl5ty (       
magical ,greek texts1 b !y are mu*      
lat]4 ,! papyri une>!d 9 su* numb]s dur+
 rec5t ye>s   conta9 _m2 & !y (t5 imply 
t ! deity invok$ is compell$   to p]=m 8
 vot>y's wi%es4 ,he is address$ 9 t]ms (
 comm&1   adjur$ by names ( p[] & bidd5 
to be quick ab\t 8 "w4 ,su*   spells1   
h[ev]1 are n purely ,greek4 ,!y are     
produc$ "u =eign   influ5ce1 & ! gods or
 demons invok$ be> ali5 names4 ,! texts 
are frequ5tly defixiones4 ,simai?a's    
incantation 9 ! second   idyll (        
,!ocritus1 s f> z x is address$ to !    
,moon1 to ,hecate   or ,artemis1 is n   
c\*$ 9 t]ms ( comm&4 ,! goddesses1 if !y
   grant ! damsel's desires1 are        
accomplices :o _c plead vis   major4    
,yet ?reats & insults to ! gods 71 x    

seems1 sometimes   made use (1 probably 
9 ! hope ( driv+ !m by taunts to d :at  
0 want$ 7see bel[1 p4 #aij74 ,! divid+  
l9e "h is v   ?94     #aci4a   ,hodson1 
,naga1 #aci1 #ada2 cf4 #ajb1 #afd4      
#aci4b   ,p>k]1 ,tales1 i4 #ig4         
#adj4a   ,brett1 ,ind4 ,tribes1 #dja4   
#adj4b   ,an?ropos1 viii4 #c4 ,= !      
belief 9 & cult ( ! ,kaya1 see   ibid41 
iii4 #ajje2 & ( ! ,inal1 ibid41 v4 #ie4 
#adj4c   ,%akespe>1 ,lu%ai1 #aji 7cf4   
#fa74     #ada4a   ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,f4   
,l41 xxiii4 #ahg sq4     #ada4b         
,wi$emann1 #bbg4 ,on ,?o? z magician & !
 words ( p[] :i* he   utt]$ & wrote d[n 
comp>e ,budge1 ,egypt4 ,magic1 #abh sqq4
     #adb4a   ,morris1 ,heimskr+la1 i4  
#ah1 #ai4     #adc4a   ,levit4 xvi4 #h4 
,on ! ,scapegoat 9 g5]al see ,dr        
,fraz]'s volume   be>+ t title4         
#add4a   ,hose1 ii4 #bi note4     #ade4a
   ,hose1 #ef1 #aag4     #adf4a         
,riv]s1 ,todas1 #beg1 #dej4 ,= an       
alt]native translation ( ! ?ird   clause
 ( ! spell1 see pp4 #aie1 #bga4 ,= ano!r

 =m ( ! spell1   see p4 #bei4     #adg4a
   ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xl4     
#cgg1 #cgh4     #adh4a   ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1
 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xl4 #chc4 ,surely 9 ! face
 ( ^! examples   ,mr ,weeks'            
/atem5t--8,nor did we f9d any =m ( pray]
 among   !m1 no wor%ip & no sacrifices0 
7ibid41 #cgf7--ne$s "s   qualification4 
,z to ! mongoli1 see ibid41 #cfh4       
#adi4a   ,w]n]1 #ef1 #gf4     #aea4a    
,a4 ,m4 ,tozz]1 ,putnam ,vol41 #cjd4    
,cf4 ,mat!ws1 ,navaho ,leg41 #dj4       
#aea4b   ,tozz]1 op4 cit41 #cjc4 ,on !  
rites & beliefs ( ! ,d5e1 see   ,fa!r   
,jett1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxvii4 #aeg sqq4   
#aed4a   ,exod4 xxii4 #ah4     #aed4b   
,deut4 xviii4 #i sqq4     #aed4c   ,num4
 v4 #aa sqq4     #aee4a   ,hos4 iii4 #d1
 #e4 ,cf4 ,t4 ,w4 ,davies1 ,magic1 #cf2 
& ,encyc4 ,bibl41   s4v4     #aei4a     
,weeks #agg4     #afa4a   lian1 ,v>4    
,hi/41 xii4 #bc4 ,philo 7,dreams1 ii4   
#ag7 attributes !   same practice to !  
,g]mans4     #afa4b   ,o',grady1 ii4    
#eah4 ,pr(essor ,:itley ,/okes also     

gives x1 ,f4 ,l41   iv4 #dhh1 f an      
,ed9burgh ,,ms4 ,i quote 8 translation1 
:i* is to   ! same effect z ,mr         
,o',grady's4     #afb4a   ,skeat1       
,magic1 #aj4     #afc4a   ,v9son1 #bj4  
,accord+ to ?is /ory !re 7 two          
cab9-boys1 "o (   :om ov]he>d ! plot & !
 o!r /ruck ! bl[1 b ?is   appe>s to be a
 lit]>y embelli%m5t4     #afc4b         
,/rack]jan1 i4 #cbd1 #cbe2 ,hans51 #ch4 
,! ,norse tale 7by ,asbjo]ns57   is     
ref]r$ to1 ,mlus9e1 ii4 #bja4 ,i h n se5
 x4 ,analog\s   tale 9 ,irel&1 ,ant41   
xlv4 #cga4     #afc4c   ,tylor ,essays1 
#ach4 ,ros*] 7,ephialtes1 #ch7 ?9ks x 0 
8a   q obvi\s nightm>e40     #afd4a     
,gregor1 #ff4     #afd4b   ,gregor1 loc4
 cit4     #aff4a   ,?orpe1 ,n4 ,my?41   
ii4 #gh4     #afg4a   ,hibb]t1 ,a       
,description ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s          
7,ed9burgh1 #ahbb71   #efi2 ,zeits4 des 
,v]41 ii4 #ae1 #ag2 ,rog]s1 #bah2       
,lehmann-,filhs1 ii4   #af2 ,maur]1     
#agc4     #afh4a   ,natesa ,sa/ri1 #adh4
     #afh4b   ,bibl4 ,trad4 ,pop4       

,espan41 i4 #ahg     #afh4c   ,ca/rn1   
#agb4     #afh4d   ,boas1 ,ind4 ,sag51  
#hf4     #afi4a   ,mill]1 ,sc5es &      
,leg41 #bhg4     #agj4a   ,%akespe>1    
,lu%ei1 #ff4     #agj4b   ,grimm1 ,teut4
 ,my?41 iii4 #ibd4     #aga4a   ,ovid1  
,fa/i1 iii4 #bhe4     #aga4b            
,pausanias1 i4 #d1 #e2 ,ovid1 ,metam41  
xi4 #ij2 ,h]od41 viii4 #ach2 lian1      
,v>4 ,hi/41 iii4 #ah4     #aga4c        
,iliad1 v4 #cgj sqq4     #agb4a   ,r4   
,e4 ,e4 ,s41 i4 #cch4     #agb4b   ,z an
 example ! ,nattu ,malayans ( ,co*9 9 ! 
s\? ( ,india may   be cit$4 8,:5        
que/ion$ z to _! ideas ( gods1 !y say t 
!y are l m5 !mselves1 b invisible1 yet  
all-p[]ful0   7,anan?a ,kri%na1 i4 #cd74
     #agc4a   ,h]od41 ii4 #abb4 ,gods1 l
 m51 7 addict$ to gambl+4 ,accord+   to 
,plut>* 7,de ,iside71 ,h]mes 9 ,egyptian
 leg5d play$ ) !   moon & won ! sev5tie?
 "p ( ea* ( h] light p]iods1   :]e) he  
made ! la/ five days ( ! ye> & add$ !m  
to !   cal5d>4     #agc4b   ,h]od41 vii4
 #ce4     #agc4c   ,br5g]-,f]aud1       

,sup]/41 i4 #dgc4 ,! au?or has collect$ 
9 !   *apt] f :i* ?is is cit$ num]\s o!r
 in/ances ( !   puni%m5t ( !            
recalcitrant god4     #agc4d   ,h]od41  
ii4 #aaa4     #agd4a   ,williams1       
,burmah1 #ia4     #agd4b   ,ind4 ,c5s4  
,rep41 #aiaa1 x4 #fa4     #agd4c        
,h]od41 iv4 #id4 ,rohde 7,psy*e1 ii4 #bh
 note7 sugge/s t !   p]sonage aga9/ :om 
! arr[s & ?reats 7 aim$ 0 n   /rictly a 
god1 b an evil _s or a magician4 ,?is1  
h[ev]1 does   n foll[4 ,philo 7l4c47    
/ates t ,x]xes1 :5 8 bridge across   !  
,hellespont 0 de/roy$1 aim$ 8 arr[s at !
 sun1 & reg>ds   ! action ) pi\s horror 
z a symptom ( insanity4     #age4a      
,h]od41 iv4 #ahd4     #age4b   ,j4 ,a4  
,i41 xxxvi4 #ea4     #age4c   ,m(fat1   
#bfa1 #bfe4     #age4d   ,*apman1 i4    
#bac4 ,! ^w translat$ by ,*apman z      
8,god0 is   d\btless ,morimo4 ,cf4      
ibid41 #df1 8,all ,be*uanas believe 9   
,god   7,morimo71 :om !y laud or        
execrate z good or bad luck att5ds      
!m40     #agf4a   ,callaway1 ,rel4      

,sy/41 #djd4     #agf4b   ,hahn1 #df1   
#ea1 #ei1 #id4 ,cf4 #ii1 :]e ! practice 
( ! ,urjangkut1 a   tribe ( ,black      
,t>t>s1 to scold ! ?und] & lightn+ is   
cit$   f ,ba/ian4     #agg4a   ,lloyd1  
#cig4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 8:5 x   
?und]s !   ,bu%m5 are v angry & curse   
bitt]ly1 ?9k+ t ! /orm is   occasion$ by
 "s evil be+0 7,?unb]g1 ii41 #afc74     
#agg4b   ,hollis1 ,n&i1 #i1 #ii4        
#agg4c   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xliii4 #di4       
#agg4d   ,jes4 ,rel41 xii4 #be4         
#agg4e   ,j4 ,a4 ,mason1 ,univ4 ,cal4   
,pub41 x4 #ahe4     #agh4a   ,lozano1   
,desc4 ,*orographica del ,gran ,*aco    
7#agcc71 #ga1 quot$ ,payne1   i4 #cia   
note4     #agh4b   ,payne1 l4c4         
#agh4c   ,int4 ,ar*41 ,suppl41 xiii4    
#hh4     #agi4a   ,neuhauss1 iii4 #aeg4 
,i may ref] also to ! acc\nt ( a "y     
,kayan   brave 9 ,borneo tak+ 8 arms &  
sally+ =? to fight !   ,?und]-god 7,int4
 ,ar*41 xxi4 #aci74 ,b fur!r examples   
are   unnecess>y4     #ahj4a   ,fraz]1  
,magic ,art1 i4 #cbg sqq4     #ahj4b    

,von ,alp5burg1 #bfb1 #cfe4 ,_m su*     
knives are to be f\nd 9   peasants'     
h\ses 9 ! ,l[] ,inn valley4 ,9 !        
,ne!rl&s ^!   :irlw9ds are held to be 8!
 ,travail+ ,"m10 :o seems to be   a     
woman dead 9 *ildbir? unconfess$ (      
mortal s94 ,%e _c be   receiv$ into     
heav54 ,%e is equally d5i$ a place 9    
hell1 s9ce h]   suff]+s & dea? h already
 provid$ a suffici5t p5ance4 ,h5ce   %e 
w&]s ab\t1 seek+ an abid+-place 7,wolf1 
,ni$]l4 ,sag41   #faf74 ,wom5 :o die 9  
*ildbir? are commonly consid]$ v        
dang]\s gho/s4 ,see bel[1 p4 #bac4      
#aha4a   ,f>nell1 ,evol41 #dc4 ,cf4     
,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a1 #aja4      
#aha4b   ,i h discuss$ simil> practices1
 ,prim4 ,pat41 i4 #ajb4 ,see also       
,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*41 #aac sqq42      
,fraz]1 ,scapegoat1 #bee4   ,^! conta9 a
 l>ge collection ( examples1 :i* put !  
magical   & purificatory purpose beyond 
d\bt4     #ahb4a   ,mlus9e1 ii4 #ahg1   
quot+ ! passage4     #ahb4b   ,j\rn4    
,am4 ,f4 ,l41 xxiii4 #daf1 #dah4        

#ahb4c   ,lumholtz1 ii4 #cdb1 #dbb4     
#ahc4a   ,rev4 ,trad4 ,pop41 xi4 #ffc4  
,vlmiki1 ! ,indian epic poet1 au?or (   
! ,rmyana1 is said to h ow$ 8 bir? to a 
simil> blund]   by a sa9t :o 0 ! object 
( pray]s by two si/]s-9-law1 &   mi/ook 
! maid5 = ! m>ri$ woman 7,h>iki%an      
,kaul1 ,ind4 ,c5s4   ,rep41 #aiaa1 xiv4 
#aca1 cit+ ,vaman ,%iva ,ram ,apte's    
,sanskrit   ,diction>y74     #ahd4a     
,turn]1 ,r4 ,b4 ,e41 xi4 #aid4          
#ahd4b   ,m4 ,fri$ri*1 ,an?ropos1 ii4   
#aja4     #ahe4a   ,an?ropos1 vii4 #gd4 
#ahe4b   ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es1 vi4 #he4      
#ahf4a   ,dr ,h4 t5 ,kate1 ,an?ropos1   
vii4 #cif4 ,cf4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 #ahi4     
#ahf4b   ,wi$emann1 op4 cit41 #agh4     
,br5g]-,f]aud1 ,sup]/41 i4 #dea   sqq41 
gives a long li/ ( examples ( puni%m5ts 
inflict$ on !   obdurate div9ity4 ,see  
also ,fraz]1 ,magic ,art1 i4 #bif2      
,tylor1 ,prim4   ,cul41 ii4 #aee-g1 & ! 
num]\s au?orities !re ref]r$ to2        
,grimm1 ,teut4 ,my?41 ii4 #gfg note4    
#ahg4a   ,f4 ,l41 viii4 #cdi4     #ahg4b

   ,weeks1 #bga4     #ahg4c   ,fraz]1   
,scapegoat1 passim4     #ahh4a          
,morris1 ,ere1 #aea4     #aij4a         
,junod1 ,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1 ii4 #cfh1 #chd4 
,if ,lactantius & ! o!r   writ]s (      
antiquity :o h m5tion$ ! sacrifice to   
,h]cules   ref]r$ to by ,dr ,fraz]      
7,magic ,art1 i4 #bha7 _h giv5 u ! exact
   words & occasion ( ! rite1 we might  
p]haps f9d a simil>   explanation = x4  
,bo? t & ! rite address$ at ,cranganore 
9   ,s\!rn ,india 7ibid41 #bhj7 to !    
goddess ,bhagavati are at pres5t   v    
obscure4     #aia4a   ,anan?a ,kri%na1  
i4 #ec1 #gf4     #aia4b   ,temple1 ,leg4
 ,panj41 ii4 #dbe4 ,cf4 ,f4 ,l41 x4     
#djf4     #aia4c   ,grimm1 ,teut4 ,my?41
 i4 #bj1 :]e o!r in/ances are also cit$4
     #aib4a   ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,j4 
,a4 ,i41 xxxix4 #acd1 reproduc$ 9 ! same
   au?or's ,congo ,cannibals1 #agf4     
#aid4a   ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside4 ,wi$emann 
7#bac7 sugge/s t ! ,greeks   misund]/ood
 ! my?4 ,b ! text ( ! hymn :i* he quotes
   appe>s to prove ! accuracy (         

,plut>*'s int]pretation4 ,?is is   9    
effect ! view tak5 by ,dr ,wallis ,budge
 7,gods1 i4 #dhg74   ,h>pocrates        
7,h]u-p-kh>t7 is ,horus ! y\ng]4        
#aie4a   ,de ,groot1 ,rel4 ,sy/41 iv4   
#dbi1 #dba1 #cdb2 ,giles1 ii4 #bgf4     
#aif4a   ,dalton1 #bcb4     #aig4a   ,n4
 ,ind4 ,n4 & ,q41 iii4 #ig1 p>4 #bje4   
#aig4b   ,jlg1 #if 7,/ory ,no4 #i74     
,comp>e *ildr5's tales f v>i\s p>ts   ( 
,india1 :]e ! h]o or h]o9e's life is    
dep5d5t on a   necklace :i* is /ol54 ,! 
own] ( ! necklace dies :5 x is   worn by
 ! ?ief1 & revives :5 x is tak5 (f4 ,!  
bir? ( a   *ild foll[s visits by ! o!r  
sp\se4 ,by ! *ild's help !   necklace is
 recov]$1 & p]man5t life is ?us re/or$  
to !   half-dead1 half-liv+ h]o or h]o9e
 7,fr]e1 #bcj 7,/ory ,no4 #bj72   ,day1 
#a 7,/ory ,no4 #a72 ,/eel & ,temple1    
#he74     #aig4c   ,kruijt1 #cih1 #eji2 
cf4 #bcj4     #aih4a   ,petitot1 #bfb4  
#aii4a   ,von ,wlislocki1 ,volksdi*t41  
#bhc4     #aii4b   ,maur]1 #cjj 7cf4    
#aib74 ,a ,prote/ant v]sion is giv51    

,lehmann-,filhs1 i4 #acb4     #bjj4a    
,le ,braz1 #cba1 ,/ory ,no4 #fj4        
#bja4a   ,boas1 ,ind4 ,sag41 #bfg4      
,comp>e a curi\s ,tl+it /ory ( a girl :o
   m>ri$ a dead man 7gho/71 :o 9        
consequ5ce came to life aga9            
7,swanton1 ,tl+it ,my?s1 #bdg74         
#bjb4a   ,! gho/ly visitant might be (  
ei!r sex1 ?\gh ! mascul9e 0   p]haps m  
common4 ,! visit 0 g5]ally att5d$ 9 ei!r
 case   ) fatal effects4 ,see bel[ z to 
,lami4     #bjc4a   ,h]odotus1 vi4 #fh1 
#fi4     #bjc4b   ,augu/9e1 ,civ4 ,dei1 
xv4 #bc4     #bjc4c   ,malleolus1 ,de   
,cr$ul4 ,dmon4 adhib5da1 ,malleus       
,malefic>um   7,frankfurt1 #aehb71 #dbh4
 ,see also ,bod91 ,de ,magorum          
,dmonomania   7,frankfurt1 #afjc71 ii4  
#g4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 !re began to be  
sceptics4 ,cf4 ,wi]us1 ,de ,pr/igiis    
,dmonum 7,basel1 #aegg71 #ceh2   ,ulr4  
,molitor1 ,de ,py?onicis ,muli]ibus1    
,malleus ,mal41 #hc4 ,!   ext5sive      
in=mation possess$ = _m c5turies by ^!  
le>n$   m5 0 n limit$ to ! incubus4 ,!re

 7 also correspond+   female demons     
commonly kn[n z ,succubi1 or ,lami1 ^:  
ravages   7 almo/ equally great4 ,awful 
tales 7 relat$ by way ( w>n+   aga9/ _! 
temptation4 ,comp>e ! putiana ( !       
,moluccas1 cit$   bel[4 ,see also       
,lecky1 ,rationalism1 i4 #bf note4      
,among ! anci5t   ,assyrians & ! mod]n  
,arabs ! possibility ( cohabitation by a
   man ) a _s or non-human sup]natural  
be+1 :o may ev5 be>   him *ildr51 0 & is
 believ$4 ,b !y are v jeal\s 7,encyc4   
,rel41 iv4 #ega2 ,f4 ,l41 xi4 #chh74    
#bjd4a   ,/rausz1 #ded4     #bjd4b      
,b>tels1 quot+ ,wladimir ,bugiel1 ,zeit4
 des ,v]e9s1 x4 #aba4   ,app>5tly ! ?r[+
 ( ! poppy-se$ impos$ on ! gho/ly       
visitant ! necessity ( c\nt+ ! gra9s    
be=e proce$+ to 8   attack4 ,see ,&ree1 
i4 #ha2 ,wilk51 iii4 #bbf note1 cit+    
,mannh>dt4     #bje4a   ,scott goes on  
to ref] to ! old ,scotti% ballad (      
,sweet ,william's   ,gho/1 f\nd$1 l t ( 
,brg]'s poem1 on ! same   sup]/ition4 ,x
 is repr9t$1 ) an acc\nt ( ! lit]ature  

on   ! subject1 9 ,*ild1 ,ballads1 ii4  
#aii sqq41 #bbf sqq42 v4 #bic1   #bid4  
#bje4b   ,black1 #aac4     #bjh4a       
,maur]1 #aaa4     #bjh4b   ,= example1 !
 notable case ( ! f\ndress ( a new &    
popul>   religion1 :o 0 said to be      
haunt$ aft] ! mann] ( ,h]dis1 to   h]   
great annoyance & t]ror4 ,b ev5 h]      
delud$ foll[]s felt   b\nd to draw ! l9e
 some:]e1 & !y seem to h drawn x at     
?is obsession4     #bji4a   ,daily      
,*ronicle1 #ag? ,febru>y #aiab4         
#baj4a   ,among ! ,ng\lango or ,pakhalla
 ( ! ,ivory ,coa/ a wid[ c>ries a       
piece ( feti% wood :i* has ! p[] to     
cause dea? to anyone :o1   attempt+ to  
approa* h]1 is t\*$ ) x 7,clozel1 #cfc74
 ,x is   probably effectual also aga9/ !
 gho/4     #baj4b   ,globus1 lxxii4 #bb2
 lxxxi4 #aij4 ,comp>e a cu/om ( ! ,m9as 
( !   ,slave ,coa/1 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41
 xv4 #he note4 ,! ,kagoro ( ,nor!rn     
,nig]ia are also report$ to believe 9 ! 
possibility ( sexual   connection by    
gho/s ) wom5 7,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xlii4 #aei74 

,major   ,treme>ne m>ks ?is belief z    
d\btful2 b x accords ) t (   o!r        
peoples4 ,! pung5t smoke ( r$ pepp] is  
us$ 9 exorcisms by   ! ,tigre (         
,abyss9ia 7,littmann1 #caj1 #caa74      
#baa4a   ,zeits4 v4 ,re*tsw41 xxvii4    
#he4 ,a wid[ rema9s f\r mon?s 9 h]      
hut1 subject to a correspond+ taboo4    
,among ! ,negroes ( ,sur9am1   be=e a   
wid[ or wid[] m>ries aga91 an (f]+ (    
food & dr9k   mu/ be made to ! gho/ 9   
ord] to obta9 p]mission = ! new         
m>riage4 ,! new sp\se w be consid]$ z   
belong+1 ev5 if n   actually s belong+1 
to ! family ( ! deceas$4 ,! wid[ or     
wid[] may n leave ! h\se = ?ree mon?s1  
nor d any "w   7ibid41 #cie1 #cid74     
#baa4b   ,ibid41 xxv4 #ii sqq4          
#bab4a   ,zeits4 v4 ,re*tsw41 xxv4 #ajg4
 ,! ,f ,negresses 9 ,togol& also   fe>  
to be haunt$ by _! deceas$ husb&s1 :o   
may kill !m1 or   at lea/ drive !m mad4 
,b ?is is said to be only :5 !y h       
neglect$ !m dur+ life 7,an?ropos1 vii4  
#cjg74     #bac4a   ,pe*ul-,loes*e1 #cjh

 sqq4 ,! gho/s ( wom5 :o h di$ 9        
*ildb$ are frequ5tly ! objects ( dread 9
 areas f> ap>t4 ,!   belief is common 9 
! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7see ,wilk51 
iii4 #bbd   sqq474 ,su* a gho/ is call$ 
by ! inhabitants ( ! ,isl& (   ,s]ang1 9
 ! ,moluccas1 ,putiana4 ,%e appe>s aft] 
dea? z a great   :ite bird1 or else z a 
beautiful woman ) fragrant clo?+1 :o    
attacks pregnant wom51 or s$uces & !n ) 
h] long nails   emasculates m54 ,! mo/  
elaborate precautions are tak5 aga9/ h] 
7,ri$el1 #aab74 ,among ! ,%ans ( ! ,upp]
 ,*9dw9 ,valley1 ,burma1   ! husb&      
feigns madness1 & und]goes a special    
purification 7,f4   ,l41 xxiii4 #dgj74  
#bad4a   ,ba/ian1 ,san ,salvador1 #ajj4 
,among ! ,fans1 fur!r to ! nor?1 z      
,fraz] notes 7,bald]1 ii4 #ah1 quot+ ,w4
 ,l4 ,priklonsky 9 ,ba/ian's   ,all]lei 
aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde71 at ! end (
 ! m\rn+   c]emonies ! wid[s are purifi$
 by pass+ ov] a light$ brazi]   & sitt+ 
d[n ) leaves /ill burn+ "u _! feet4 ,_! 
heads are !n %av$1 & !y are %>$ betwe5 !

 heirs ( !   deceas$4     #bae4a   ,rev4
 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,folk-,lore1 xix4 #dcj2
 xxi4 #dfc4     #baf4a   ,junod1 ,r4 ,e4
 ,s41 i4 #afb2 id41 ,! ,fate ( ! ,wid[s 
among/ !   ,ba-,ronga1 repr9t$ f !      
report ( ! ,s\? ,african ,association   
= ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #aijh        
7,graham/[n1 ,cape ,colony1 #aiji71     
#e4 ,x is fair to say t ano!r & some:at 
m popul> acc\nt by   ,m4 ,junod /ates3  
8,! night aft] ! burial has come4 ,all !
   wid[s sleep 9 ! op51 _! huts1 :i*    
belong$ to ! deceas$1   be+ taboo4 ,if x
 ra9s1 !y sleep 9 o!r huts ( ! village0 
7,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1 i4 #ade74 ,i d n "k h[ 
to reconcile ^! two   /atem5ts4 ,i h    
adopt$ t :i* ,m4 ,junod has twice       
affirm$1 !   articles 9 ! ,r4 ,e4 ,s4   
be+ p>ticul>ly detail$ & precise4       
,among ! nor!rn clans ( ! ,?onga1 he    
tells u 7,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1 i4   #aej7 t ! 
fir/ night ( m\rn+ 8ev]yone scil4 9 !   
village sleeps 9 ! op540     #bag4a     
,c4 ,s4 ,my]s & ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,torres
 ,/r4 ,rep41 vi4 #aec1 #aeh1 #afj2      

,haddon1 ibid4 7#aiab71 iv4 #fj4 ,9 !   
,murray ,isl&s 8! gho/ (   a rec5tly    
deceas$ p]son is p>ticul>ly fe>$2 x     
haunts !   neighb\rhood = two or ?ree   
mon?s40 ,b :e!r x specially   attacks ! 
wid[ ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition d n seem to 
h   le>n$ 7ibid41 vi4 #bec74 ,!         
peculi>ity ( ! dress1 h[ev]1   speaks = 
itself4     #bah4a   ,fraz]1 ,taboo1    
#add1 cit+ ,fa!r ,guis1 ,les ,missions  
,ca?oliques   7#aijb71 xxxiv1 #bjh4     
,among ! ,ab>ambo ( ! ,congo bas91 nor? 
(   ! ,wele1 ! husb& or wife disappe>s 9
 ! bu% = a "t1 !   latt] until %e f9ds a
 new husb&4 ,! wid[ or wid[] black5s   !
 face1 b9ds a cord r\nd ! wai/1 we>s    
no?+ b an old   g>m5t & only eats raw   
food 7,john/on1 ,gr5fell1 ii4 #fej74    
#bai4a   ,teit1 ,jes4 ,exp$41 i4 #ccb4  
,comp>e ! ,bella ,coola tale cit$ above 
7p4 #bjj74     #bai4b   ,pet] ,m>tyr1 ,!
 ,decades ( ! ,new ,_w1 9 ,arb]1 #ajj4  
#bai4c   ,lumholtz1 ,unk4 ,mexico1 i4   
#chd sqq4 ,f\r fea/s are giv5 = a       
woman4 8,%e _c run s fa/1 & x is !re=e  

h>d] to *ase   h] (f40     #bba4a       
,hobley1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xli4 #dah4 ,among 
! neighb\r+ ,a?>aka &   ,akamba ! duty (
 sleep+ ) ! wid[ on ! fif? night aft]   
! dea? is p]=m$ by a bro!r ( ! deceas$  
7,*ampion1   ibid41 xlii4 #hd74         
#bbb4a   ,/annus1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xl4 #cae4
     #bbb4b   ,comp>e ! acc\nts (       
,anyanja fun]als 9 ,rattray1 #ib 7?is   
acc\nt   is by a native71 & ,w]n]1 #afe4
 ,9 nei!r ( ^! is ! cu/om 9   "q ref]r$ 
to4     #bbc4a   ,rattray1 #ahg4        
#bbc4b   ,georgi1 iii4 #hi4 ,! in=mation
 is p]haps d]iv$ f ! old   travell]s1   
,/ell] & ,kra%59nik(f1 bo? ( :om m5tion 
!   cu/om4 ,see ,jesup4 ,exp$41 vi4     
#geb4     #bbd4a   ,pe*ul-,loes*e1 #ccj4
 ,cf4 ,weeks1 #cjj4     #bbd4b   ,f4    
,l41 xix4 #dac4     #bbe4a   ,roscoe1 ,!
 ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 #ceg n41 #dh4 
,( ! ,k+ ( ,nri   9 ,nig]ia we are told3
 8,no man is all[$ to /ep ov] 8 wives'  
legs1 nor may anyone commit adult]y )   
!m0 7,?omas1 ,ibo1 i4   #ec74 ,?is      
collocation ( prohibitions is h>dly     

accid5tal4     #bbe4b   ,roscoe1 #bje4  
#bbf4a   ,i suspect t ! requirem5t      
m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,fraz] 7,dy+       
,god1 #ahc71 ( "s ( ! ,kaffir tribes1 n 
specifi$1 t !   fir/ *ild born aft] !   
second m>riage ( a wid[ ( a man kill$   
9 battle1 :e!r by h] fir/ or h] second  
husb&1 mu/ be put to   dea?1 is to be   
ref]r$ to ! same cycle ( ideas4 ,b ,i h 
no   access to ! au?ority he cites1 :i* 
is p>tly unpubli%$4     #bbg4a   ,lieut4
 ,hans ,kaufmann1 ,mitteil4 aus d5      
,deuts*5 ,s*utzgeb4 7,b]l91   #aiaj71   
xxiii4 #afh4     #bbh4a   ,zeits4 v4    
,re*tsw41 xxv4 #aja1 #ig1 #aje4         
#bbh4b   ,g\ldsbury & ,%eane1 #aga4     
#bbi4a   ,g\ldsbury & ,%eane1 #afh sqq4 
#bcj4a   ,c5s4 ,ind4 ,rep41 #aija1 ix4  
#bjh2 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,encyc4 ,rel41 iv4   
#fjc4     #bcj4b   ,w4 ,crooke1 l4c4    
,see supra1 p4 #bac note4 ,cf4 also     
,c5s4 ,ind4   ,rep41 #aija1 xvii4 #abj4 
#bcj4c   ,c5s4 ,ind4 ,rep41 #aija1 xvii4
 #aba4     #bca4a   ,c5s4 ,ind4 ,rep41  
#aiaa1 xiv4 #bhc4     #bca4b   ,ibid41  

#aija1 vi4 #dba4     #bca4c   ,ibid41   
#aiaa1 xvi4 #agf4     #bcf4a   ,j4 ,a4  
,i41 xv4 #gc1 #ih4     #bcf4b   ,a4 ,l4 
,kroeb]1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4        
,hi/ory1 xviii4 #ag4     #bcf4c         
,weeks1 #cbj1 #cba2 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxix4 
#dec4     #bcf4d   ,bat*elor1 #ajf1     
#afg4     #bcg4a   ,an?ropos1 i4 #agb4  
#bcg4b   ,int4 ,ar*41 xiii41 ,suppl41   
#gg4     #bcg4c   ,clozel1 #cfc4        
#bcg4d   ,br\gh ,smy?1 ii4 #big2 ,f4    
,l41 xiv4 #cbe1 #cch4     #bcg4e        
,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #eba4         
#bch4a   ,rice1 #ef1 #eg4     #bch4b    
,lunet de ,lajonquire1 #bhb4     #bch4c 
,h]od41 ii4 #df1 #ff1 #fg4 ,!y 7 all no 
d\bt sacr$ animals4     #bch4d   ,t4 ,c4
 ,hodson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxi4 #cjf4      
#bci4a   ,?omas1 ,ibo1 i4 #de1 #ci4     
#bci4b   ,mey]1 #hc4     #bci4c   ,pepp]
 & ,wilson1 ,mem4 ,am4 ,an?rop4 ,assoc41
 ii4 #cac4     #bdj4a   ,bull4 de       
,folklore1 iii4 #gd4     #bda4a         
,hollis1 ,n&i1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd4     #bda4b
   ,id41 ,masai1 #cec4     #bdb4a       

,paulits*ke1 i4 #beh4 ,cf4 ! cu/oms ( ! 
,kavirondo & ,ja-,luo1   :]e no pa9t+ is
 record$ 7,john/on1 ,ug&a1 ii4 #gdc1    
#gid74     #bdb4b   ,torday & ,joyce1   
,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxvi4 #ej 7cf4 #da74      
,pr(essor ,fraz]   has m5tion$ 7,taboo1 
#ahf n47 "s o!r ,african cases 9 :i* !  
cu/om ( pa9t+ ! man-slay] may be int5d$ 
z a disguise4 ,none   ( !m seem to be   
/rong] ?an ! above4 ,he goes on to      
m5tion !   ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 
among :om ! relations ( a murd]$   man1 
on accept+ a bloodwit in/ead ( av5g+ 8  
dea?1 mu/ all[   ! family ( ! murd]] to 
m>k !m ) *alk on ! br[4 8,if   ?is is n 
done1 ! gho/ ( _! murd]$ k9sman may come
 &   tr\ble !m2 = example1 he may drive 
away _! sw9e or loos5   _! tee?40 ,i h  
no access to ! ,g]man au?ority he cites2
 b   ,i may sugge/ = :at x may be wor? t
 ! *alk-m>k is a   c]tificate to ! gho/ 
t 8 relatives h done _! duty by   exact+
 a f9e = 8 dea?1 & t he has no cause to 
feel   aggriev$ ) !m--9 fact1 t he may  
feel well satisfi$4 ,dr   ,fraz] himself

 inde$ once took ?is view1 or some?+ l x
   7,tylor ,essays1 #ajg74     #bdc4a   
,teit1 ,jesup ,exp$41 ii4 #bga1 #bce2 i4
 #ceg1 #ccb4     #bdc4b   ,hill-,t\t1   
,notes on ! ,skqomic1 ,brit4 ,ass4      
,reb41 #aijj1 #dgh sq4     #bde4a       
,bijdrag51 xxxix4 #cg4 ,cf4 ,furness1   
#ia4     #bde4b   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxvi4   
#hc note2 ,hose1 i4 #bga note4          
#bde4c   ,hose1 ii4 #bd4     #bdf4a     
,gregor1 #aii4     #bdf4b   ,an?ropos1  
iv4 #hei1 #hfj4     #bdg4a   ,hose1 ii4 
#cg4     #bdg4b   ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41  
xv4 #gc2 ,id41 ,scapegoat1 *aps4 i4 iii4
 iv4 vi4     #bdg4c   ,hutt]1 #ddb4     
#bdh4a   ,ko*-,grnb]g1 i4 #acj-adj4     
#bdi4a   ,de ,groot1 ,rel4 ,sy/41 vi4   
#aaea4     #bej4a   ,torres ,/r4 ,exp$41
 v4 #bef2 cf4 vi4 #adj sqq4     #bej4b  
,ow51 ,musquakie1 #ha4 ,cf4 ,ar*4 ,rel41
 xiv4 #beg4     #bea4a   ,ko*-,grnb]g1  
ii4 #agc4     #bea4b   ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,a4  
,i41 xv4 #ii1 cit+ ,speke1 ,j\rnal1     
#edb4     #bea4c   ,dorsa1 #ia4         
#beb4a   ,int4 ,ar*41 xiii41 ,suppl41   

#gf4     #beb4b   ,rep4 ,b4 ,e41 xviii4 
#cae4     #bec4a   ,fraz]1 ,bald]1 i4   
#bb sqq42 ,h>tl&1 ,prim4 ,pat41 i4 #hi  
sqq4     #bec4b   ,fraz]1 l4c41 #de1    
#df4     #bec4c   ,godd>d1 ,univ4 ,cal4 
,pub41 i4 #gb4     #bed4a   ,fraz]1     
,bald]1 i4 #cf4     #bee4a   ,boaz1     
,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep41 #ahij1 #ege4        
#bee4b   ,tylor ,essays1 #aaj1 cit+     
,ri$el1 ,deuts*e ,geographis*e ,bltt]1  
x4 #bhf4     #bef4a   ,s4 ,afr4 ,f4 ,l4 
,j\rn41 i4 #ea4     #bef4b   ,see =     
example ! cases collect$ by ,dr ,fraz]1 
,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xv4 #hd1   #he     #beg4a  
,supra1 p4 #bji4     #beg4b   ,int4     
,ar*41 xiii41 ,suppl4 #gb4     #beg4c   
,jesup4 ,exp$41 vi4 #aac2 ,ri$el1 #cjg2 
,clozel1 #cfc4     #beg4d   ,j\rn4 ,am4 
,f4 ,l41 xvi4 #acg4     #beh4a          
,frob5ius1 ,heid5-,neg]1 #djh4 ,comp>e !
 wid[s' dance among !   ,wawanga 9 !    
,elgon ,di/rict1 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa   
7,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xliii4   #cf74 ,among !   
,ibo-speak+ p ( ,nig]ia1 at ,aguku1 !   
wom5 (   ! qu>t] 9 :i* a dea? has       

occurr$ m>* r\nd at midnight &   s+     
7,?omas1 ,ibo1 i4 #hj74     #bei4a      
,weeks1 #ajd1 #cba4     #bei4b          
,kruijt1 #bgb4     #bei4c   ,/rik+      
examples w be f\nd 9 von d5 ,/e951 #ejf2
 & ,smirnov1   i4 #adc1 #cff4     #bfj4a
   ,rev4 ,hi/4 ,rel41 lx4 #ceh4         
#bfj4b   ,pr(4 ,e4 ,monseur1 ibid41     
liii4 #bij sqq4     #bfa4a   ,m>9]1 i4  
#caa4     #bfa4b   ,alldridge1 #aai4    
#bfa4c   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxxii4 #dg4       
#bfa4d   ,br& & ,ellis1 ii4 #ahg note4  
#bfa4e   ,clozel1 #agi4     #bfb4a      
,codr+ton1 #bha4     #bfb4b   ,rep4 ,b4 
,e41 v4 #aaa1 translat+ ,jesuit         
,relations4     #bfb4c   ,int4 ,ar*41   
xiii41 ,suppl4 #gb4     #bfb4d          
,globus1 lxxii4 #bb4     #bfb4e   ,sp5c]
 & ,gill51 ,n4 ,t41 #eba4     #bfb4f    
,deut4 xiv4 #a4     #bfb4g   ,int4      
,ar*41 xiii41 ,suppl4 #ga4 ,sir ,ev]>d  
im ,?urn ?r[s d\bt ^u   ?is z a fun]al  
rite 7,f4 ,l41 xii4 #ada74     #bfc4a   
,williams1 ,fiji1 #afi4     #bfc4b      
,dix-neuvime ,sicle1 #bf? ,decemb]      

#ahij4     #bfc4c   ,int4 ,ar*41 xiii41 
,suppl4 #gb4     #bfc4d   ,ibid41 #gg4  
#bfd4a   ,fa!r ,alex4 ,arn\x1 ,an?ropos1
 vii4 #bhh4     #bff4a   ,h]od41 i4     
#aii2 ,/rabo1 xvi4 #a1 #bj4 ,fur!r      
details are suppli$ by   ! ,epi/le (    
,j]emy app5d$ to ! apocryphal ,book (   
,b>u*4     #bfg4a   ,ju/91 xviii4 #e4   
#bfg4b   ,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4    
#ah4     #bfg4c   ,sozom51 ,hi/4 ,eccl41
 v4 #aj4     #bfg4d   lian1 ,v>4 ,hi/41 
iv4 #a4 ,dr ,f>nell 7,greece & ,bab41   
#bga note1   #bgc sqq47 consid]s t !    
,lydian practice 0 id5tical ) t   ( !   
,arm5ians1 ref]r$ to j bel[4 ,?is is    
possible4 ,! lady   :o commemorat$ at   
,tralles h] d$ication = ?is purpose 7see
   bel[1 p4 #bgc7 seems to h be5 a      
,lydian4 ,9 ei!r case x 0 a   religi\s  
practice1 ?\gh lian does n explicitly   
say s4 ,8   acc\nt 9 fact is vague4     
#bfg4e   ,h]od41 i4 #ic4     #bfg4f     
,/rabo1 xi4 #ad1 #af4     #bgj4a        
,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syria1 #f4     #bga4a
   ,eusebius1 ,vita ,con/41 iii4 #eh2   

,fraz]1 ,adonis1 #aijf1 #bb note #b4 ,i 
am unc]ta9 h[ f> ,pr(essor ,fraz] adh]es
 to ?is int]pretation   7see ,adonis#c1 
#cc note74 ,eusebius1 x is true1 0 a    
contempor>y2   b he 0 a bitt] p>tizan1 &
 wrote 9 a rhetorical /yle1   exagg]at+ 
ev]y?+ t c\ld br+ glory to 8 h]o        
,con/ant9e4 ,socrates1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a 
lawy]1 a man ( wid]   & m lib]al views1 
& ( fair] judgem5t4 ,sozom5 too 0 a     
lawy]4 ,!y wrote a c5tury lat]2 b !y    
wrote at ,con/ant9ople1   & probably _h 
access to (ficial docum5ts4 ,to my m9d1 
if _!   /atem5ts be irreconcilable1 ^!  
qualifications entitle !m to   great]   
cr$it ?an ! n-too-scrupul\s ecclesia/ic4
     #bga4b   ,socrates1 loc4 cit4      
#bgc4a   ,ramsay1 i4 #id1 #aae2 ,fraz]1 
,adonis1 #cd4 ,su* religi\s pro/itutes  
71 ( c\rse1 common 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,cf4 
,/rabo1 xii4 #c1 #cf4     #bgc4b        
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept41 ii2    
,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 v4   #ai2      
,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de ,errore ,pr(4   
,rel41 x2 ,apollodorus1   ,bibl41 iii4  

#ad1 #c4     #bgd4a   ,! s]vice ( !     
hi]ai is discuss$ by ,ramsay1 op4 cit41 
#ace-g4   ,see also bel[1 p4 #bgi4      
#bgd4b   ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be =gott5
 t at a m>riage among   ! ,auziles & !  
,nasamonians ! gue/s :o enjoy$ ! bride's
   fav\rs 7 expect$ to rew>d h] ) a     
gift4 ,simil>ly1 9 mod]n   ,europe1 a   
gift is also f\nd z ! return = a kiss or
 a dance )   ! bride4 ,i h collect$     
sev]al cases1 ,leg4 ,p]seus1 ii4 #cfa1  
#cee-h1 & _m m might be add$4 ,comp>e ! 
,suahili cu/om   m5tion$ bel[1 p4 #bgg4 
#bge4a   ,ro?1 ,e?nol4 ,/udies1 #agd4   
#bge4b   ,h[itt1 #ffd2 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xx4 
#hg4 ,see also ,ploss1 i4 #cjh4         
#bgf4a   ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,c4 ,t41 #ib4 
#bgf4b   ,globus1 xci4 #cac4     #bgg4a 
,ri$el1 #ach1 #acg4     #bgg4b   ,h4    
,craw=d ,angus 9 ,zeits4 f4 ,e?nol41    
xxx41 ,v]h&l41 #dgi4     #bgg4c   ,duff 
,macdonald1 i4 #abf2 ,jas4 ,macdonald1 9
 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxii4 #aja4     #bgg4d    
,h4 ,za*e1 9 ,zeits4 f4 ,e?nol41 xxxi4  
#gf4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago   a ,fr5*    

writ] cit$ by ,h]tz 7,giftmd*51 #da7    
report$ t   among ! ,bafiote ( ! ,loango
 ,coa/ ! girls 7 l$ r\nd !   village &  
_! virg9ity put up to auction4 ,?is     
looks l a   pub]ty rite ( a simil> "*4  
,i h n se5 ! book1   h[ev]1 & ?9k x n   
impossible t ! writ] may h   misund]/ood
 ! c]emony usual on em]g+ f !           
8pa9t-h\se40     #bgh4a   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41  
xxxi4 #aba4     #bgh4b   ,ploss1 i4     
#cjg1 #cjh4 ,pub]ty c]emonies to :i*    
girls are subject$   are by no means    
conf9$ to 8initiation-my/]ies0--t is to 
say1 collective rites p]=m$ on a numb] (
 c&idates at ! same   "t4 ,sev]al ( !   
above-cit$ c]emonies are p]=m$ on       
individual girls z !y rea* pub]ty2 &    
examples might v easily   be multipli$4 
,9 ,cyprus1 on ! o!r h&1 !re seem to h  
be5   collective rites1 ) ! sacrifice ( 
virg9ity4     #bhj4a   ,mannh>dt1 ,wald-
 und ,feldkulte1 ii4 #bhd2 ,fraz]1      
,adonis1 #cb note4     #bha4a   ,rev4   
,hi/4 ,rel41 xli4 #cae4     #bhb4a      
,f>nell1 ,cults1 v4 #dbc4     #bhc4a    

,we are rem9d$ ( ! risk incurr$ 9       
reliev+ ,kamt*adal wid[s (   _! 8s9s0   
7supra1 p4 #bbc74 ,!re1 h[ev]1 !        
,russian   soldi]s :o assi/$ !m belong$ 
to a totally diff]5t m5tal &   social   
environm5t4 ,!y contemn$ ! native       
sup]/ition4 ,x is   improbable t any    
/rang]s at ,babylon or ,heliopolis c\ld 
h be5   on a plane ( civilization s f>  
remov$ f t ( ! natives   t !y 7 ei!r    
ignorant (1 or indiff]5t to1 ! native   
ideas4 ,r1 !y are likely to h %>$ !m4   
,among ! ,b>onga1   :5 a simil> s]vice  
is requir$ to be r5d]$1 ! man mu/ be    
inveigl$ by a trick3 he w\ld n kn[+ly   
incur ! risk 7,junod1   ,r4 ,e4 ,s41 i4 
#afc74     #bhc4b   ,g>cilasso1 i4 #ei4 
#bhd4a   ,ploss1 i4 #djf2 ,h]tz1 loc4   
cit41 cit+ au?orities4     #bhd4b       
,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose 7#aijb71 #cdh4   
#bhe4a   ,we/]m>ck1 ,moral ,ideas1 ii4  
#dde4     #bhe4b   ,above1 p4 #fc4      
#bhf4a   ,van ,g5nep1 ,rites1 #ci sqq4  
,z to trials ( /r5g?1 see ,jesup        
,exp$41 vii4 #ehb4     #bhg4a   ,d5nett1

 #aba4     #bhg4b   ,dum\ti]1 #ahb4     
#bhh4a   ,s9ce ?is essay 0 publi%$ 9 its
 orig9al =m ! :ole position   ( wom5 9 !
 temple-ritual ( ,we/]n ,asia has be5   
c>efully   discuss$ by ,dr ,f>nell      
7,greece & ,bab41 #bfh sqq471 to ^:     
criticisms ,i h be5 greatly indebt$ dur+
 ! process (   revision4     #bhi4a     
,among _m savages additional prohibit$  
degrees exi/ side by side   ) exogamy   
/rictly s call$4 ,9 my view ^!1 :]e !y  
exi/1   are supplem5t>y rules (         
subsequ5t gr[?4 ,9 any case exogamy     
op]ates 9 ! same way z our prohibit$    
degrees4     #bib4a   ,o',grady1 ii4    
#bfd4     #bib4b   ,!re are o!r         
manuscripts ( ! ,colloquy1 b none ( !m  
conta9   ! sequel ( ! adv5tures ( ! ,lia
 ,fil4 ,see ! preface to   ,/okes'      
edition1 ,iris*e ,texte1 #d? s]4        
7,leipzig1 #aijj74     #bic4a   ,sk5e's 
pap] is 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society (      
,antiqu>ies (   ,scotl&1 viii4 #fh2 ,mr 
,o',reilly's 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal       
,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,irel&1 xxxii4 

#gg4 ,! /one n[ call$   ! ,lia ,fil at  
,t>a is cle>ly n ! /one ( tradition4    
#bic4b   ,keat+1 i4 #aja4 ,see also     
#bjg1 #bji4 ,on ! latt] page 8a poem f  
a c]ta9 book ( invasion0 is quot$ at    
l5g?4 ,x conta9s an   enum]ation ( ! f\r
 jewels ( ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann1 among !m 
! ,lia ,fil1 8:i* us$ to ro> "u ! k+ (  
,irel&40 ,9   ! ,baile an ,scail 7,!    
,*ampion's ,ec/asy7 ,conna ( ! ,hundr$  
,fights /eps on ! /one accid5tally1 & is
 told by ! ,druid :o   accompanies him1 
8,fl has scream$ "u ?y feet4 ,! numb] ( 
its screams is ! numb] ( k+s t %all come
 ( ?y se$ =   ev]2 b ,i may n "n !m40 ,9
 ?is passage ! /one is said to   h come 
f ! ,isl& ( ,foal to abide = ev] 9 ! l& 
(   ,tailt9 7,nutt1 i4 #ahg1 summ>iz+   
,o',curry's translation74     #bid4a    
,o',curry1 ,on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !  
,anci5t ,iri% 7?ree   vols41 ,london1   
#ahgc71 vol4 i4 7,sullivan's            
,introduction71 p4   clxxxiii4 ,sp5c]1  
,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,irel&1 says t !      
,tani/ is 8! elde/ ( ! k9ne40 ,anci5t   

,iri% ,hi/ories   7,dubl91 ,hib]nia     
,press1 #ahji71 i4 #ab4     #bie4a      
,o',curry1 ii4 #aii4 ,f a ref]5ce 9 an  
,iri% text translat$ by   ,pr(essor     
,w9dis* f ! ,lebor na h,uidre1 x seems t
 ! bull   0 requir$ to be :ite4 ,iris*e 
,texte1 s]4 i4 #bjj4     #bif4a   ,revue
 ,celtique1 xxii4 #bb1 9 ! /ory ( !     
,sack ( ,d ,d]ga's   ,ho/el translat$ by
 ,:itley ,/okes4     #big4a   ,haltri*1 
#aie4     #bih4a   ,jtaka1 iv4 #bc1     
,/ory ,no4 #dde4     #bih4b   ,jlg1 #fj1
 ,/ory ,no4 #b4     #bii4a   ,radl(f1 i4
 #bjh4     #bii4b   ,folk-,lore1 iv4    
#bjb4     #cjj4a   ,ral/on1 ,tibetan    
,tales1 p4 #bi4     #cjj4b   ,bakhtyr   
,nma1 #ea4     #cja4a   ,/umme1 #abc1   
,/ory ,no4 #ae4     #cja4b   ,burton1   
,nights1 iv4 #baj4     #cja4c   ,n4     
,ind4 ,n4 & ,q41 iv4 #ff4 ,simil>ly 9 a 
/ory f ,mirzapur1 !   fir/ man met 9 !  
=e/ is made k+4 ,ibid41 ii4 #ha4 ,9     
ano!r   /ory f ,mirzapur a tra9$        
elephant is let loose to *oose !   k+'s 
bride4 ,ibid41 iii4 #ajc4     #cjb4a    

,radl(f1 vi4 #aeg4     #cjb4b   ,ibid41 
iv4 #adc4     #cjb4c   ,prym und ,soc91 
,kurdis*e ,sammlung51 ,er/e ,abteil4 7,/
 ,pet]sburg1   #ahhg72 b]setz41 #cb4    
#cjc4a   ,leclre1 #af4 8,t\s ceux qui   
tai5t pres5ts  ce conseil'''   decidr5t 
qu'on consult]ait immdiatem5t les       
*evaux40     #cjc4b   ,ka?1 ii4 #ajb4   
#cjd4a   ,natesa ,sa/ri1 #abf4          
#cjd4b   ,/eel & ,temple1 #adj4 ,9 o!r  
/ories f ,ka%mir1 x is 8an   elephant0  
7,kn[les1 #afi1 #cji74     #cjd4c       
,rev4 ,trad4 ,pop41 iv4 #ddb4     #cjd4d
   ,kn[les1 #aeh4 ,o!r /ories1 ,ibid41  
#ag1 #cji2 ,bakhtyr ,nma1 #afi   7notes 
by ! ,editor72 ,day1 #ii1 ,/ory ,no4 #e4
     #cje4a   ,ka?koa1 #aee4     #cjf4a 
,luzel1 ,lg4 ,*rt41 i4 #bhb 7pt4 iii41  
,/ory ,no4 #aa72 a v>iant1   ,mlus9e1 i4
 #cjj4     #cjg4a   ,f4-,l4 ,j\rn41 iv4 
#cch sqq41 includ+ ! ref]5ces at foot ( 
#cdh4     #cjh4a   ,fri$ri* von ,raum]1 
,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5/auf5 und ihr] ,zeit  
7,leipzig1 #ahbd71 iii4 #gd4     #cjh4b 
,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/41 vi4 #bi4     

#cjh4c   ,middleton1 ,works 7#bnd ed4   
,london1 #agee71 vol4 v41 p4 #aec1 cit+ 
8,hi/4 ,rav541 etc4 ,ar+ hus1 ,roma     
,subterranea1 l4 vi41 c4   #dh40        
#cji4a   ,e>ly ,trav41 #aeh4 ,! ca/+ (  
lots is div9ation--an appeal to         
sup]natural p[]s to decide ! ev5t4 ,su* 
div9ation 7frequ5tly   gloss$ z !       
ballot7 took place at ! election (      
,mat?ias to   succe$ ,judas ,isc>iot 9 !
 apo/olate 7,acts i4 #bc74 ,x seems to  
h be5 a n uncommon practice 9 ! ,middle 
,ages = ! election   ( ecclesia/ical    
dignit>ies4 ,x is expressly repreh5d$ 9 
a tract   ,de decem prceptis1 publi%$ 9 
! ye> #adci1 by ,?omas   ,eb5dorf] (    
,haselba*1 ,c\rt ,*apla9 & ,privy       
,c\ncillor ( !   ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii 
7,zeit4 des ,v]e9s1 xii4 #aa74          
#cji4b   ,! *ur* d]iv$ its "n f hav+ be5
 erect$ 9 a ,lomb>d   burial-gr\nd4     
,poles 7 set up on ! graves1 & on ea*   
pole !   wood5 figure ( a dove4 ,x is   
sugge/ive t ! sc5e ( ! /ory   is plac$ 9
 su* surr\nd+s4     #caj4a   ,paulus    

,diaconus1 ,ge/a ,longob>d41 vi4 #ee4   
,see also ,soldan1 #ade1   #adh4        
,hildepr& did n reign long4 ,he 0       
depriv$ ( ! ?rone a   few mon?s lat] by 
,rat*is1 :o reign$ = five ye>s1         
#gdd-gdi4     #caj4b   ,soldan1 #aej4   
#caj4c   ,po/1 ,afr4 ,juris41 i4 #ach1  
cit+ ,h>ris1 ,! ,highl&s (   ,e?iopia4  
,po/ notes t ,krapf conte/s ! accuracy (
 ?is acc\nt   & /ates ! succession 0    
h]$it>y4 ,! two /atem5ts are   p]haps n 
irreconcilable4 ,! succession to ! ?rone
 ( ,bus9za1   s\? ( ,lake ,victoria     
,nyanza1 0 h]$it>y1 b among !   c&idates
 an animal om5 0 decisive4 ,fa!r van    
,?iel1 :o says   ?is1 h[ev]1 omits to   
tell u exactly h[ 7,an?ropos1 vi4 #ejb74
   ,see also1 z to o!r tribes1 bel[1 pp4
 #cag sqq4     #caa4a   ,h]od41 iii4 #hd
 sqq4     #caa4b   ,grimm has collect$  
in/ances1 ,teut4 ,my?41 i4 #dg2 ii4     
#feh2 iv4   #acja1 #adha4 ,also von     
,negele91 ,zeits4 des ,v]41 xi4 #djf    
sqq4     #cab4a   ,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,ar*ip41 
iii4 #caf4     #cac4a   ,=bes1 ii4 #dfe4

     #cac4b   ,plut>*1 ,de ,fluv41 xiv4 
#cae4a   ,huc1 ii4 #cdc2 i4 #bgh2       
,waddell1 #bde sqq4     #caf4a   ,gray1 
i4 #ajc4     #cag4a   ,speke1 ,j\rn41   
#bba4 ,a less a/oni%+ species ( augury1 
& "o   rem9d+ u ( ,engli% ,hall[e'en    
practices1 is t adopt$ by !   ,%illuk on
 ! ,upp] ,nile4 ,on *oos+ a k+ a small  
/one =   ev]yone ( ! royal pr9ces is    
?r[n into ! fire4 ,! /ones (   ! reject$
 c&idates fly out aga92 he ^: /one      
rema9s 9 !   fire becomes k+ 7,an?ropos1
 v4 #ccc74     #cah4a   ,an?ropos1 vi4  
#gj4     #cai4a   ,records ( ! ,pa/1    
#bnd s]ies #ahia v4 #fh1 #fb4     #cbj4a
   ,folk-,lore1 ix4 #aad4 ,mr ,crooke   
does n ref] to ! spee* (   ,euryma*us   
imm$iately foll[+ t ( ,telema*us1 :i*   
confirms   :at has be5 said on ?is      
subject by ,ant9\s & ,telema*us4        
#cba4a   ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,burne =
 sugge/+ t some?+ l ?is is   ! true     
int]pretation ( ! use alike ( ! ,lia    
,fil & ( !   v>i\s regal p>aph]nalia    
employ$ 9 ! /ories4 ,z %e puts x1   !y  

w\ld "k _! rightful own]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1  
is to assume !   pr9ciple ( h]$ity z    
already e/abli%$4 ,! animi/ic belief    
involv$ 9 ! int]pretation sugge/$ 0     
p]haps appli$ ev5   be=e !n4     #cbc4a 
,girald4 ,cambr41 ,it9]>ium ,kambri1 l4 
i41 c4 #b4     #cbc4b   ,crooke1 ,pop4  
,rel41 ii4 #adb4     #cbc4c   ,crooke1  
,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #chj4 ,cf4 !      
,leg5d ( ,dhatu ,s5a1   ,k+ ( ,ceylon   
7,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 i4 #chi74     #cbd4a  
,a4 ,l&es1 ,contes ,tjames1 #ajd4       
#cbd4b   ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian            
,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #ega4     #cbd4c      
,havelok1 ll4 #fjb sqq41 #baci sqq4     
#cbf4a   ,ow51 ,n>rative1 ii4 #dah1     
translat+ a ,,ms41 ( ,sr4 ,f]o1 a       
,portuguese gov]nor ( ! coa/4 ,?is      
translation is repr9t$ by   ,!al1       
,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 vii4    
#cga sqq4     #cbg4a   ,!al1 ,records1  
vii4 #aia sqq4     #cbg4b   #b ,sam41 *4
 #af2 #a ,k+s1 *4 #b4 ,!re is "s reason 
to ?9k t !   same cu/om obta9$ among !  
anci5t ,teutonic peoples1 & ev5 9       

,engl&4 ,bo? ?is & succession by m>ry+ a
 daught] are frequ5t   incid5ts 9       
hi/orical traditions z well z 9 mr*5    
7see   ,fraz]1 ,magic ,art1 ii41 *4     
xviii41 & ,scapegoat1 #cfh74     #cbh4a 
,junod1 ,s4 ,a4 ,tribe1 i4 #aii1 #bjf4  
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes    ,page numb]s 
are giv5 9 9 curly brackets4 ,endnote   
m>k]s are  giv5 9 squ>e brackets 9 !    
pla9 text v]sion4    ,alt]ations to !   
text3    ,conv]t footnotes to endnotes4 
,relabel note m>k]s3 app5d !  orig9al   
note numb] to ! page numb]4    ,omit !  
,index4    ,preface    8publi%$ ,my?    
,ritual & ,religion1 9 :i* he attack$0  
add comma  aft] ,my?4    ,! relations ( 
religion & magic    78,if a man10 writes
 ,bi%op ,codr+ton1 has be5              
successful'''7 add  quotation m>k be=e  
has4    ,*ange 8,x is sub/antially t (  
,pr(ess] ,fraz]0 to ,pr(essor4    ,!    
boldness ( ! ,celts    8,!re is a       
rem>kable /ory 9 ! ,eyrbyggja ,saga0 to 
,eyrbyggia4    ,endnotes    ,two        
punctuation corrections 7miss+ p]iods74 

,end ( text