,,!                                     
,celetial ,worlds                       
,,discov]',d3                           
,,or1                                   
,,conjectures                           
,conc]n+ !                              
,,inhabitants1                          
,plants & ,productions                  
,,( ,,!                                 
,worlds 9 ! ,planets4                   
,writt5 9 ,lat9 by                      
,,*ri/ianus ,,huyg5s1                   
,& 9crib'd to 8 ,bro!r                  
,,con/ant9e ,,huyg5s                    
,late ,secret>y to 8 ,majety ,k+        
,william4                    ,! ,second 
,edition1 ,correct$ & ,enl>g$4          
,,london3                 ,pr9t$ =      
,james ,knapton1 at ! ,cr[n 9           
,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*-,y>d4 ,mdccxxii4      
,,to ,,! ,,read]4      ,?is ,book 0 jut 
f9ih$1 & deign$ = ! ,pres1 :5 !  ,au?or1
 to ! great los ( ! ,le>n$ ,_w1 0 eiz$  
by a ,dieae  t br\ght him to 8 ,dea?4   
,h[ev] he took c>e 9 8 lat ,w (  its    

,publication1 deir+ 8 ,bro!r1 to :om x 0
 writ1 to take  t ,tr\ble ^u him4 ,b he 
0 o tak5 up ) ,buines &  ,removals1 7z  
be+ ,secret>y 9 ,holl& to ! ,k+ ( ,great
 ,brita97  t he c\ld f9d no "t = x till 
a ,ye> aft] ! ,dea? ( !  ,au?or3 ,:5 x o
 fell out1 t ! ,pr9t]s be+ ome:at t>dy1 
& ?is ,g5tleman dy+1 ! ,book 0 left )\t 
ei!r ,fa!r or  ,gu>dian4 ,yet x n[      
v5tures into ! ,publick1 9 ! ame ,me?od 
t  x 0 writ by ! ,au?or1 & ) ! ame      
,9cription to 8  ,bro!r1 ?o' dead2 9    
confid5ce t ?is lat ,piece ( 8 w meet  )
 z k9d a ,reception f ! ,_w z all ! o!r 
,works ( t  ,au?or h4 ',tis true !re are
 n e :]e ,ma!matical  ,demontrations2 b 
:]e !y are want+1 y h probable &  +5i\s 
,conjectures1 :i* is ! mot t c be       
reaonably  expect$ 9 u* matt]s4 ,:at    
belongs to1 or has any ?+ to d )        
,atronomy1 y w ee demontrat$1 & ! ret   
+5i\ly &  hrewdly gues'd at1 f !        
,aff9ity & ,relation ( ! heav5ly        
,bodies to ! ,e>?4 ,= y\r f>!r          
,satisfaction read on1 &  f>ewel4       

,,! ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,read]4      ,i 
,d\bt n b ,i hall incur ! ,c5ures (     
le>n$ ,m5 = putt+  ?is ,book into       
,englih1 becaue1 !y'll ay1 x r5d]s      
,philoophy  *eap & vulg>1 &1 :i* is     
wore1 furnihes a ort ( injudici\s  ,p ) 
a matt]+ ( ,notions1 :i* be+ n able to  
make a  prop] ue (1 !y p]v]t to !       
,injury ( ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,i       
confes ! ,allegation is too true3 b aft]
 ,bihop ,wilk9s1 ,dr4  ,burnet1 ,mr4    
,:iton & o!rs1 to ay no?+ ( ! anci5t    
,philooph]s1 :o wrote 9 _! own ,tongues2
 ,i ay1 aft] !e great  ,au?ors h treat$ 
on z le>n$ & abtrue ,subjects 9 ! ame   
,language1 ,i hope _! ,example w be     
all[$ a uffici5t excue =  pr9t+ ?is     
,book 9 ,englih4    ,conc]n+ ?is        
,edition ,i c ay1 t ,i h tak5 c>e to h !
  ,cutts exactly done1 & h plac$ ea*    
,figure at ! ,page ( ! ,book  t ref]s to
 x1 :i* ,i take to be m conv5i5t to !   
,read]  ?an putt+ !m all at ! ,end4     
,i h be5 c>eful to procure ! bet ,pap]1 
t ,i might 9 ome  meaure come up to !   

,beauty ( ! ,lat9 ,edition1 ?\gh ?is be>
  b half ! ,price ( x4    ,& ,i hope !  
,tranlator has expreed ! ,au?or's ,s5e  
aright1 &  has n committ$ ,faults beyond
 :at an +5u\s ,read] c p>don4           
,,new                                   
,,conjectures                           
,conc]n+ !                              
,planet>y ,worlds1                      
,,_!                                    
,,inhabitants                           
,,&                                     
,,productions4                          
,writt5 by ,*ri/ianus ,huyg5s1          
& 9crib$ to 8 ,bro!r                    
,con/ant9e ,huyg5s4      ,,book ! ,firt4
      ,a ,man t is ( ,cop]nicus's       
,op9ion1 t ?is ,e>? ( ours is a         
,planet1 c>ry'd r\nd & enlight5'd by !  
,sun1 l ! ret ( !  ,planets1 _c b       
ometimes ?9k1 t x's n improbable t !    
ret ( ! ,planets h _! ,dres &           
,furniture1 & p]haps _!  ,inhabitants   
too z well z ?is ,e>? ( ours3 ,epecially
 if he  conid]s ! lat] ,dicov]ies made 9

 ! ,heav5s ince ,cop]nicus's  "t1 viz4 !
 ,att5dants ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & !    
*ampaign &  hilly ,c\ntries 9 ! ,moon1  
:i* are a trong ,argum5t ( a ,relation  
& ,k9 betwe5 our ,e>? & !m1 z well z a  
,pro( ( ! ,tru? (  t ,sytem4 ,?is has   
(t5 be5 our ,talk1 ,i rememb]1 good     
,bro!r1  ov] a l>ge ,telecope1 :5 we h  
be5 view+ ?oe ,bodies1 a ,/udy  t y\r   
cont9ual ,buines & ,abence h int]rupt$ =
 _m  ,ye>s4 ,b we 7 always apt to       
conclude1 t 'twas 9 va9 to  enquire aft]
 :at ,nature is do+ !re1 ee+ !re 0 no   
likelihood ( ev] com+ to any ,c]ta9ty ( 
! ,enquiry4 ,nor c\ld ,i  ev] f9d t any 
,philooph]s1 ei!r anti5t or mod]n1 h    
attempt$ any ?+ ^u ?is ,subject4 ,at ! v
 ,bir? ( ,atronomy1  :5 ! ,e>? 0 firt   
aert$ to be ,sph]ical1 & to ,"s h       
already talk'd ( ! ,inhabitants ( !     
,planets1 b w5t no f>!r4  be urr\nd$ )  
,air1 ev5 !n !re 7 ome ,m5 o bold z to  
affirm1 !re 7 an innum]able ,company (  
,worlds 9 ! ,/>s4 ,b  lat] ,au?ors1 u* z
 ,c>d9al ,cuanus1 ,brunus1 ,kepl]1 7& if

 we may  believe him1 ,ty*o 0 ( t op9ion
 too7 h furnih$ ! ,planets  )           
,inhabitants4 ,nay1 ,cuanus & ,brunus h 
all[$ ! ,sun &  fix$ ,/>s !irs too4 ,b  
?is 0 ! utmot ( _! ,boldnes2 nor  has ! 
+5i\s ,fr5* ,au?or ( ! ,dialogues ab\t !
 ,plurality (  ,worlds c>ri$ ?is ,matt] 
any f>!r4 ,only ome ( !m h co9$  ome    
,/ories ( ! ,m5 9 ! ,moon1 jut z        
probable z ,lucian's true  ,hitory2     
among :i* ,i mut c\nt ,kepl]'s1 :i* he  
has div]t$ u  ) 9 8 ,atronomical ,dream4
 ,b a :ile ago ?9k+ ome:at  eri\ly ( ?is
 matt] 7n t ,i c\nt my elf quick]-ight$ 
?an  ?oe great ,m51 b t ,i _h ! ,happ9es
 to live aft] mot (  !m7 ! ,enquiry     
appe>$ n o impracticable1 nor ! ,way o  
topt  up ) ,difficulties1 b t !re 0 v   
good room left =  probable ,conjectures4
 ,z !y came into my ,head1 ,i put !m d[n
 into  common ,places1 & hall n[ try to 
diget !m into ome ,me?od =  y\r bett]   
,conception ( !m1 & add ome:at ( ! ,sun 
& fix'd  ,/>s1 & ! ,ext5t ( t ,univ]e ( 
:i* our ,e>? is b an  inconid]able      

,po9t4 ,i "k y h u* an ,eteem & ,rev]5ce
 =  any ?+ t belongs to ! ,heav5s1 t ,i 
p]wade my elf y w  read :at ,i h writt5 
) ome ,pleaure3 ,i'm ure ,i writ x ) a  
great deal2 b z (t5 be=e1 o n[1 ,i f9d !
 ,say+ ( ,ar*ytas  true1 ev5 to !       
,lett]1 ,t ?o' a ,man 7 admitt$ into    
,heav5 to  view ! wond]ful ,fabrick ( ! 
,_w1 & ! ,beauty ( ! ,/>s1  yet :at w\ld
 o!rwie be ,rapture & ,extaie1 w\ld be b
 a  melan*oly ,amazem5t if he _h n a    
,fri5d to communicate x to4 ,i  c\ld wih
 inde$ t all ! ,_w might n be my        
,judges1 b t ,i  might *ue my ,read]s1  
,m5 l y1 n ignorant 9 ,atronomy &  true 
,philoophy2 = ) u* ,i might promie my   
elf a fav\rable  he>+1 & n ne$ to make  
an ,apology = d>+ to v5t any ?+  new to 
! ,_w4 ,b becaue ,i am aw>e :at weak    
,h&s x's likely to  fall into1 & :at a  
ev]e ,s5t5ce ,i may expect f ?oe :oe    
,ignorance or ,zeal is too great2 x may 
be wor? ! :ile to gu>d my  elf be=eh&   
aga9t ! ,aaults ( ?oe ort ( ,p4      ,! 
,objections ( ignorant ,cavill]s        

prev5t$4    ,!re's "o ort :o kn[+ no?+ (
 ,geometry or ,ma!maticks1 w  laugh at x
 z a :imical & ridicul\s ,und]tak+4 ,x's
 an  incr$ible ,?+ to !m to talk (      
meaur+ ! ,ditance &  ,magnitude ( !     
,/>s3 ,& = ! ,motion ( ! ,e>?1 !y c\nt  
x1  if n a fale1 at leat a prec>i\s     
,op9ion2 & no wond] !n if  !y take :at's
 built ^u u* a lipp]y ,f\ndation = !    
,dreams  ( a fanciful ,head & a         
ditemp]'d ,bra94 ,:at h\ld we anw] to   
!e ,m51 b t _! ,ignorance is ! ,caue (  
_! ,dil1 &  t if !y _h tudi$ !e ?+s m1 &
 view$ ! ,works (  ,nature nicely1 !y   
w\ld h few] ,scruples8 ,b few ,p hav+   
_h an opportunity ( proecut+ !e ,/udies1
 ei!r = want (  ,p>ts1 ,le>n+ or        
,leiure1 we _c blame _! ,ignorance2 & if
  !y reolve to f9d fault ) u = p5d+ "t 9
 u* ,matt]s1  becaue !y d n "ut& ! ,ue (
 !m1 we mut appeal to  prop]] ,judges4  
,!e ,conjectures d n contradict ! holy  
,scriptures4    ,! o!r ort1 ,:5 !y he> u
 talk ( new ,l&s1 & ,animals1 &         
,creatures endu$ ) z mu* ,reaon z       

!melves1 w be ready to  cry out1 t we et
 up our ,conjectures aga9t ! ,^w ( ,god1
 &  broa* ,op9ions directly oppoite to  
,holy ,writ4 ,= we d n !re  read any ?+ 
( ! ,production ( u* ,creatures1 no n o 
mu* z  t !y exit2 nay r we read ! q     
contr>y4 ,=1 ,t only  m5tions ?is ,e>? )
 its ,animals & ,plants1 & ,man ! ,"l ( 
!m3 ,to u* ,p]ons ,i anw]1 :at has be5  
(t5 urg$ by o!rs  be=e me3 ,t x's       
evid5t1 ,god _h no deign to make a      
p>ticul>  ,enum]ation 9 ! ,holy         
,scriptures1 ( all ! ,works ( 8         
,creation4  ,:5 !re=e x is pla9 t "u !  
g5]al ,"n ( ,/>s or  ,e>? at !          
,creation1 are compreh5d$ all ! ,heav5ly
 ,bodies1 ev5  ! ,att5dants ^u ,jupit] &
 ,saturn1 :y mut all t ,multitude (     
,be+s :i* ! ,almighty ,creator has be5  
pleaed to place ^u !m1  be exclud$ !    
,privilege1 & n uff]$ to h a ,%>e 9 !   
,expreion8 ,& !e ,m5 !melves c't b "k 9 
:at ,s5e x is  t all ?+s are aid to be  
made = ! ,ue ( ,man1 n c]ta9ly  = u to  
look at ?r\gh a ,telecope1 = t's v      

aburd4 ,s9ce  !n ! greatet "p ( ,god's  
,creation1 t innum]able multitude (     
,/>s1 is plac$ out ( ! rea* ( any ,man's
 ,eye2 & _m ( !m  x's likely1 ( ! bet   
,glaes1 o t !y don't eem to belong to   
u2 is x u* an unreaonable ,op9ion to    
?9k1 t !re are ome  reaonable ,creatures
 :o ee & admire ?oe glori\s ,bodies at a
  ne>] ditance8      ,?is ,enquiry n ov]
 curi\s4    ,b p]haps !y'll ay1 x does n
 become u to be o curi\s &  inquiitive 9
 !e ,?+s :i* ! ,supreme ,creator eems to
 h  kept = 8 own ,k3 ,= ince he has n   
be5 pleaed to make  any f>!r ,dicov]y or
 ,revelation ( !m1 x eems little bett]  
?an preumption to make any inquiry into 
t :i* he has ?\ght fit  to hide4 ,b !e  
,g5tlem5 mut be told1 t !y take too mu* 
^u  !melves :5 !y pret5d to appo9t h[ f>
 & no f>!r ,m5  hall g 9 _! ,se>*es1 &  
to et b\nds to o!r ,m5s ,indutry2  z if 
!y knew ! ,m>ks t ,god has plac$ to ,k3 
or z if  ,m5 7 able to pas ?oe ,m>ks4   
,if our ,=efa!rs _h be5 at ?is  rate    
crupul\s1 we might h be5 ignorant till (

 ! ,magnitude &  ,figure ( ! ,e>?1 or t 
!re 0 u* a ,place z ,am]ica4 ,we  h\ld n
 h kn[n t ! ,moon is inlightn$ by !     
,sun's ,rays1  nor :at ! ,caues ( !     
,eclipes ( ea* ( !m are1 nor a          
multitude ( o!r ,?+s br\ght to light by 
! late ,dicov]ies 9  ,atronomy4 ,= :at c
 a ,man imag9e m abtrue1 or les likely  
to  be kn[n1 ?an :at is n[ z cle> z !   
,sun8 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t  vigor\s        
,indutry1 & pi]c+ ,wit 7 giv5 ,m5 to    
make ,advances 9  ! ,se>* ( ,nature1 &  
!re's no ,reaon to put any ,/op to u*   
,enquiries4 ,i mut ackn[l$ge t :at ,i "h
 int5d to treat ( is  n ( t ,nature z to
 admit ( a c]ta9 ,k2 ,i c't pret5d  to  
aert any ?+ z poitively true 7= h[ is x 
poible7 b  only to advance a probable   
,gues1 ! ,tru? ( :i* e "o is at  8 own  
lib]ty to exam9e4 ,if any "o !re=e hall 
gravely tell me1  t ,i h p5t my ,"t idly
 9 a va9 & fruitles ,enquiry aft]  :at  
by my own ackn[l$gm5t ,i c nev] come to 
be ure (2 ,!  ,anw] is1 t at ?is rate he
 w\ld put d[n all ,natural ,philoophy  z

 f> z x conc]ns x elf 9 e>*+ into !     
,nature ,conjectures  n ueles1 becaue n 
c]ta94 ( ,?+s3 ,9 u* noble & ublime     
,/udies z !e1 'tis a ,glory to arrive at
 ,probability1 & ! ,se>*  x elf rew>ds !
 ,pa9s4 ,b !re are _m degrees (         
,probable1 ome  ne>] ,tru? ?an o!rs1 9 !
 det]m9+ ( :i* lies ! *ief  ex]cie ,!e  
,/udies ueful to ,religion4 ( our       
,judgm5t4 ,b  beides ! ,nobl5es &       
,pleaure ( ! ,/udies1 may n we be o     
bold z to ay1 !y are no mall help to !  
,advancem5t ( ,widom &  ,morality8 o f> 
are !y f be+ ( no ue at all4 ,= "h we   
may  m\nt f ?is dull ,e>?1 & view+ x f  
on high1 conid]  :e!r ,nature has laid  
out all h] ,cot & ,f9]y ^u ?is mall     
,speck ( ,dirt4 ,s1 l ,travell]s into   
o!r ditant ,c\ntries1 we  hall be bett] 
able to judge ( :at's done at home1 "k  
h[ to make  a true ,etimate (1 & et its 
own ,value ^u e ,?+4 ,we hall be  les   
apt to admire :at ?is ,_w calls ,great1 
hall nobly depie  ?oe ,trifles !        
g5]ality ( ,m5 et _! ,affections on1 :5 

we  "k t !re are a multitude ( u* ,e>?s 
inhabit$ & adorn$ z  well z our own4 ,& 
we hall worhip & rev]5ce t ,god ! ,mak] 
( all !e ?+s2 we hall admire & adore 8  
,provid5ce &  wond]ful ,widom :i* is    
diplay$ & manifet$ all ov] !  ,univ]e1  
to ! ,confuion ( ?oe :o w\ld h ! ,e>? & 
all  ?+s =m$ by ! huffl+ ,conc\re (     
,atoms1 or to be )\t  beg9n+4 ,b to come
 to our ,purpoe4      ,cop]nicus's      
,sytem expla9$4    ,& n[ becaue ! *ief  
,argum5t = ! ,pro( ( :at we int5d w  be 
tak5 f ! ,dipoition ( ! ,planets1 among 
:i* )\t  d\bt1 ! ,e>? mut be c\nt$ 9 !  
,cop]nican ,sytem1 ,i hall "h  firt (   
all draw two ,figures4 ,! firt is a     
,decription ( ! ,orbs  ! ,planets move  
91 9 t ord] t !y are plac$ r\nd ! ,sun1 
drawn z ne> z c be 9 _! true            
,proportions1 l :at y h  e5 9 my ,clock 
at home4 ,! econd h[s ! ,proportions (  
_!  ,magnitudes 9 repect ( "o ano!r & ( 
! ,sun1 :i* y "k is  ^u t ame ,clock (  
m9e too4 ,9 ! firt ! middle ,po9t or    
,c5t] is ! ,place ( ! ,sun1 r\nd :i*1 9 

an ord] t e "o  kn[s1 are ! ,orbits (   
,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>? ) t ( !  ,moon   
ab\t x2 !n ?oe ( ,m>s1 ,jupit] &        
,saturn3 & ab\t !  two lat ! mall       
,circles t _! ,att5dants move 93 ab\t   
,jupit]  f\r1 & ab\t ,saturn five4 ,:i* 
,circles z well z t ( ! ,moon  are drawn
 l>g] ?an _! true ,proportion w\ld      
admit1 o!rwie !y  c\ld n h be5 e54 ,y   
may eaily appreh5d ! ,vatnes (  !e      
,orbits by ?is1 t ! ditance ( ! ,e>? f !
 ,sun is  t5 or twelve ?\& ( ! ,e>?'s   
,diamet]s4 ,almot all !e  ,circles are 9
 ! ame ,plane1 decl9+ v little f t 9 :i*
  ! ,e>? moves1 call'd ,! ,plane ( !    
,ecliptick4 ,?is ,plane is cut          
obliquely by ! ,axis ^u :i* ! ,e>? turns
 x elf r\nd )  repect to ! ,sun 9 #bd   
,h\rs1 :5ce arie ! ,succeions ( ,day &  
,night3 ,! ,axis ( ! ,e>? always keep+ !
 ame ,incl9ation to !  ,ecliptick       
7except a mall ,*ange bet kn[n to       
,atronom]s7 :ile !  ,e>? xelf is c>ri$ 9
 its ye>ly ,c\re r\nd ! ,sun1 caues !   
regul> ,ord] ( ! ,seaons ( ! ,ye>3 z y  

may ee 9 all  ,atronom]s ,books4 ,out ( 
:i* ,i hall trancribe hi!r ! ,p]iods  ( 
! ,revolutions ( ! ,planets1 viz4       
,saturn moves r\nd ! ,sun 9  #bi ,ye>s1 
#agd ,days1 & #e ,h\rs3 ,jupit] f9ihes 8
 ,c\re 9 #aa  ,ye>s1 #cag ,days1 & #ae  
,h\rs3 ,m>s 8 9 ab\t #fhg ,days4 ,our   
,ye> is  #cfe ,days #f ,h\rs3 ,v5us's   
#bbd ,days #ah ,h\rs3 & ,m]cury's #hh   
,days4  ,?is is ! n[ commonly receiv$   
,sytem1 inv5t$ by ,cop]nicus1 &  v      
agreeable to t frugal ,simplicity       
,nature h[s 9 all ,argum5ts  = ! ,tru?  
on't4 h] ,works4 ,if any "o is reolv$ to
 f9d fault  ) x1 let him firt be ure he 
"ut&s x4 ,let him firt ee 9  ! ,books ( 
,atronom]s ) h[ mu* great] ,eae &       
,pla9nes all  ! ,motions ( ! ,/>s1 &    
,appe>ances 9 ! ,heav5s are expla9$  &  
demontrat$ 9 ?is ?an ei!r 9 t ( ,ptolomy
 or ,ty*o4 ,let  him conid] t ,dicov]y (
 ,kepl]1 t ! ,ditances ( !  ,planets f !
 ,sun1 z well ( ! ,e>? z ! ret1 are 9 a 
fix'd  c]ta9 proportion to ! ,times !y  
p5d 9 _! ,revolutions4 ,:i*  ,proportion

 x's ince oberv$ t _! ,satellites keep  
r\nd ,jupit]  & ,saturn4 ,let him exam9e
 :at a contradictory ,motion !y are fa9 
to inv5t = ! ,solution ( ! ,pol> ,/>'s  
*ang+ its ,ditance  f ! ,pole4 ,= t ,/> 
9 ! end ( ! little ,be>'s ,tail :i*  n[ 
decribes o mall a ,circle r\nd ! ,pole1 
t x is n above  two ,degrees & tw5ty    
,m9utes1 0 oberv$ ab\t #ahbj ,ye>s ago1 
9  ! ,"t ( ,hipp>*us1 to be above #ab3 &
 w )9 a few ,ages m  be #de ,degrees    
ditant f x3 & aft] #bejjj ,ye>s m w     
return  to ! ame ,place x is n[ 94 ,n[  
if ) !m we all[ ! ,heav5s  to be turn$  
^u _! own ,axis1 at ?is rate !y mut h a 
new  ,axis e ,day3 a ,?+ mot aburd1 &   
repugnant to ! ,nature ( all  ,motion4  
,:]eas no?+ is eai] ) ,cop]nicus ?an to 
give u  ,satisfaction 9 ?is ,matt]4 ,!n 
he may imp>tially weigh ?oe  ,anw]s t   
,galilu1 ,gaendus1 ,kepl]1 & o!rs h giv5
 to all  ,objections propoed1 :i* h o   
atisfi$ all ,scruples1 t  g5]ally all   
,atronom]s n[-a-days are br\ght ov] to  
our ,side1 &  all[ ! ,e>? its ,motion & 

,place among ! ,planets4 ,if he _c be   
atisfi$ ) all ?is1 he is ei!r "o :oe    
,dulnes c't  compreh5d x1 or :o has 8   
,belief at ano!r ,man's ,dipoal4    ,9 !
 o!r ,figure y h ! ,globes ( ! ,planets1
 & ( ! ,sun1  repreent$ to y\r ,eyes z  
plac$ ne> "o ano!r4 ,:]e ,!  ,proportion
 ( ! ,magnitude ( ! ,planets1 9 repect (
 "o ano!r1  & ! ,sun4 ,i h oberv$ ! ame 
,proportion1 ( _! ,diamet]s  to t ( !   
,sun1 t ,i publih$ to ! ,_w 9 my ,book (
 ,!  ,appe>ances ( ,saturn3 namely1 !   
,diamet] ( ! ,r+ r\nd ,saturn is  to t (
 ! ,sun z #aa z to #cg2 t ( ,saturn     
himelf ab\t z #e to  #cg2 t ( ,jupit] z 
#b to #aa2 t ( ,m>s z #a to #aff2 ( !   
,e>?  z #a to #aaa2 & ( ,v5us z #a to   
#hd3 to :i* ,i hall n[ add t (  ,m]cury 
oberv$ by ,hevelius 9 ! ,ye> #affa1 b   
calculat$ by my  elf1 & f\nd to be z #a 
to #bij4    ,if y w\ld "k ! way t we    
came to ?is ,k ( _!  ,magnitudes1 by    
kn[+ ! ,proportion ( _! ,ditances f !   
,sun1  & ! ,meaures ( _! ,diamet]s1 y   
may f9d x 9 ! ,book  be=e-m5tion$3 ,& ,i

 _c yet ee any ,reaon to make an        
,alt]ation  9 ?oe ,i !n ettl$1 al?o' ,i 
w n ay !y are )\t _!  ,faults4 ,!       
,lamell m conv5i5t ?an ,micromet]s4 ,=  
,i c't yet  be ( _! ,m9d1 :o ?9k ! ,ue (
 ,micromet]s1 z !y call !m1  is beyond t
 ( our ,plates1 b mut till ?9k t ?oe ?9 
,plates or ,rods ( :i* ,i !re taught !  
,ue1 n to detract f !  due ,praies ( o  
ueful an ,inv5tion1 are m conv5i5t ?an !
  ,micromet]s4    ,9 ?is proportion ( ! 
,planets x is wor? :ile to take notice (
  ! prodigi\s ,magnitude ( ! ,sun 9     
comp>ion ) ! f\r  inn]mot1 :i* are f>   
les ?an ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,& 'tis      
rem>kable1 t ! ,bodies ( ! ,planets d n 
increae toge!r  ) _! ,ditances f ! ,sun1
 b t ,v5us is mu* bigg] ?an  ,m>s4      
,! ,e>? jutly lik5$ to ! ,planets1 & !  
,planets to x4    ,hav+ ?us expla9$ !   
two ,s*emes1 !re's no ,body ,i uppoe b  
ees1 t 9 ! firt ! ,e>? is made to be ( !
 ame ort )  ! ret ( ! ,planets4 ,= ! v  
,poition ( ! ,circles h[s x4  ,& t ! o!r
 ,planets are r\nd l x1 & l x receive   

all  ! ,light !y h f ! ,sun1 !re's no   
room 7ince !  ,dicov]ies made by        
,telecopes7 to d\bt4 ,ano!r ,?+ !y are l
  x 9 is1 t !y are mov$ r\nd _! own     
,axis2 = ince 'tis  c]ta9 t ,jupit] &   
,saturn are1 :o c d\bt x ( ! o!rs8      
,aga91 z ! ,e>? has its ,moon mov+ r\nd 
x1 o ,jupit] & ,saturn  h !irs4 ,n[ ince
 9 o _m ,?+s !y ?us agree1 :at c be  m  
probable ?an t 9 o!rs !y agree too2 & t 
! o!r  ,planets are z beautiful & z well
 tock'd ) ,inhabitants z !  ,e>?8 ,or   
:at had[ ( ,reaon c !re be :y !y h\ld n8
    ,if any "o h\ld be at ! ,diection ( 
a ,dog1 & be !re hewn !  ,intrails1 !   
,he>t1 ,/oma*1 ,liv]1 ,lungs & ,guts1   
all ! ,ve9s1  ,art]ies & ,n]ves2 c\ld u*
 a ,man reaonably d\bt :e!r !re  7 ! ame
 ,contexture & ,v>iety ( ,p>ts 9 a      
,bullock1 ,hog1 or any  o!r ,beat1 ?o'  
he _h nev] *anc'd to ee ! l op5+ ( !m8  
,i don't believe he w\ld4 ,or 7 we      
?or\ghly atisfy'd 9 ! ,nature  ( "o ( ! 
,moons r\nd ,jupit]1 h\ld n we traight  
conclude !  ame ( ! ret ( !m8 ,s if we  

c\ld be aur'd 9 b "o ,comet1  :at x 0 t 
is ! ,caue ( t trange ,appe>ance1 h\ld  
we n  make t a ,/&>d to judge ( all o!rs
 by8 ,argum5ts f _!  ,similitude1 ( no  
mall weight4 ',tis !re=e an ,argum5t (  
no mall  ,weight t is fet*'d f ,relation
 & ,lik5es2 & to reaon f  :at we ee &   
are ure (1 to :at we _c1 is no fale     
,logick4  ,?is mut be our ,me?od 9 ?is  
,treatie1 :]e9 f ! ,nature &            
,circumtances ( t ,planet :i* we ee be=e
 our ,eyes1 we may gues  at ?oe t are   
f>!r ditant f u4      ,! ,planets are   
olid1 & n )\t ,gravity4    ,&1 ,firt1   
'tis m ?an probable t ! ,bodies ( !     
,planets are  olid l t ( our ,e>?1 & t  
!y don't want :at we call  ,gravity1 t  
,virtue1 :i* l a ,loadtone attracts     
:atoev] is  ne> ! ,body to its ,c5t]4 ,&
 t !y h u* a ,quality1 _!  v ,figure is 
a ,pro(2 = _! ,r\ndnes proce$s only f an
 equal  preure ( all _! ,p>ts t5d+ to ! 
ame ,c5t]4 ,nay m1 we  are o skilful    
n[-a-days1 z to be able to tell h[ mu* m
 or les  ! ,gravitation 9 ,jupit] or    

,saturn is ?an "h2 ( :i* ,dicov]y  & its
 ,au?or y may read my ,eay ( ! ,caues ( 
,gravitation4    ,b n[ to c>ry ! ,se>*  
f>!r1 let u ee by :at ,/eps we mut  rie 
to ! atta9+ ome k 9 ! deep] ,secrets    
conc]n+  ! ,/ate & ,furniture ( !e new  
,e>?s4 ,&1 firt1 h[ likely is  x t !y   
may be tock'd ) ,plants ,h ,animals &   
,plants4 &  ,animals z well z we8 ,i    
uppoe no ,body w d5y b t !re's  ome:at m
 ( ,contrivance1 ome:at m wond]ful 9 !  
,production  & ,gr[? ( ,plants &        
,animals1 ?an 9 ,lifeles ,heaps (       
inanimate  ,bodies1 be !y nev] o mu*    
l>g]2 z ,m\nta9s1 ,rocks1 or ,seas are4 
,= ! ,f+] ( ,god1 & ! ,widom ( ,div9e   
,provid5ce1 is 9 !m  mu* m cle>ly       
manifet$ ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,"o (             
,democritus's or  ,c>tes's ,s*ol>s may  
v5ture p]haps to give ome tol]able      
,explication ( ! ,appe>ances 9 ,heav5 & 
,e>?1 all[ him b 8  ,atoms & ,motion2 b 
:5 he comes to ,plants & ,animals1 he'll
 f9d  himelf non-plus'd1 & give y no    
likely acc\nt ( _! ,production4  ,= e   

,?+ 9 !m is o exactly adapt$ to ome     
,deign1 e  "p ( !m o fitt$ to its prop] 
,ue1 t !y manifet an  ,inf9ite ,widom1 &
 exquiite ,k 9 ! ,laws ( ,nature &      
,geometry1 z1 to omit ?oe ,wond]s 9     
,g5]ation1 we hall by & by  h[2 & make x
 an ,aburdity ev5 to ?9k ( _! be+ ?us   
happily jumbl$ toge!r by a *ance ,motion
 ( ,i don't "k :at little  ,p>ticles4   
,n[ h\ld we all[ ! ,planets no?+ b vat  
,deerts1  lifeles & inanimate ,/ocks &  
,/ones1 & deprive !m ( all ?oe          
,creatures t m pla9ly peak _! ,div9e    
,ar*itect1 we h\ld  ink !m bel[ ! ,e>? 9
 ,beauty & ,dignity2 a ,?+ v            
unreasonable1 z ,i aid be=e4    ,well   
!n1 we h ga9'd ! ,po9t ?us f>1 & !      
,planets may be  all[$ ome ,creatures   
capable ( mov+ !melves1 n at all        
inf]ior to ours2 & !e are ,animals4 ,&  
if ?is be all[$1 x  almot necearily     
foll[s1 t !re mut be ,h]bs ,n to be     
imag9'd too unlike ours4 = ,food = !m4  
,& z = ! ,gr[? &  ,n\rihm5t ( all !e1   
'tis no d\bt ! ame ) ours1 ee+ !y  h !  

ame ,sun to w>m & enliv5 !m z ours h4   
,b p]haps ome ,body may ay1 we conclude 
too fat4 ,!y w n d5y  inde$ b t !re may 
be ,plants & ,animals on ! ,surface ( ! 
,planets1 t deerve z well to be provid$ 
= by _! ,creator z  ours d3 b :y mut !y 
be ( ! ame ,k9d ) ours3 ,nature eems  to
 love v>iety 9 h] ,works1 & may h made  
!m widely diff]5t  f ours ei!r 9 _!     
matt] or mann] ( ,gr[?1 9 _! outw>d     
,%ape1 or _! inw>d ,contexture2 he may h
 made !m u* z  nei!r our ,"ut&+ nor     
,imag9ation c conceive4 ,t's !  ,?+ we  
hall n[ exam9e1 & :e!r x be n m likely t
 he  has n oberv'd u* a ,v>iety z !y    
talk (4 ,nature eems mot  commonly1 & 9 
mot ( h] ,works1 to affect ,v>iety1 'tis
 true2 ,b  !y h\ld conid] 'tis n !      
,buines ( ,m5 to pret5d to ettle  h[    
great ?is ,diff]5ce & ,v>iety mut be4   
,nor does x foll[1  becaue x may be     
,inf9ite1 & out ( our ,compreh5ion &    
,rea*1  t !re=e ,?+s 9 reality are o4 ,=
 uppoe ,god h\ld h  pleaed to h made all
 ,?+s 9 ! ret ( ! ,planets jut z he  has

 "h1 ! ,inhabitants ( ?oe ,places 7if   
!re are any u*7 w\ld  admire 8 ,widom & 
,contrivance no les ?an if !y 7 widely  
diff]5t2 ee+ !y c't come to "k :at's    
done 9 ! o!r  ,planets4 ,:o d\bts b t   
,god1 if he _h pleaed1 might h made  !  
,animals 9 ,am]ica & o!r ditant         
,c\ntries no?+ l ours8  yet we ee he has
 n done x4 ,!y h inde$ ome diff]5ce 9   
_! ,%ape1 & 'tis fit !y h\ld1 to dit+uih
 ! ,plants &  ,animals ( ?oe ,c\ntries f
 ours1 :o live on ?is ide ! ,e>?2  b ev5
 9 ?is ,v>iety !re is an ,agreem5t1 an  
exact ,correpond5ce  9 ,figure & ,%ape1 
! ame ways ( ,gr[?1 & new ,productions1 
&  ( cont9u+ _! own ,k9d4 ,_! ,animals h
 ,feet & ,w+s l  ours1 & l ours h       
,he>ts1 ,lungs1 ,guts1 & ! ,p>ts erv+ to
  ,g5]ation2 :]eas all !e ,?+s1 z well )
 !m z u1 might1  if x _h pleaed ,inf9ite
 ,widom1 h be5 ord]'d a v diff]5t  ,way4
 ',tis pla9 !n t ,nature has n exhibit$ 
t ,v>iety 9 h]  ,works t he c\ld1 &     
!re=e we mut n all[ t ,weight to  ?is   
,argum5t1 z ^u ! ,acc\nt ( x to make e  

,?+ 9 !  ,planets q diff]5t f :at is "h4
 ',tis m probable t all  ! ,diff]5ce !re
 is betwe5 u & !m1 pr+s f ! great]  or  
les ditance & influ5ce f t ,f\nta9 (    
,heat & ,life !  ,sun2 :i* w caue a     
,diff]5ce n o mu* 9 _! ,=m & ,%ape1  z 9
 _! ,matt] & ,contexture4      ,planets 
h ,wat]4    ,& z = ! ,matt] :]e( !      
,plants & ,animals !re conit1  ?o' x is 
impoible ev] to come to ! ,k ( its      
,nature1 yet  ?is we may v5ture to aert 
7!re be+ c>ce any ,d\bt ( x7 t  _! ,gr[?
 & ,n\rihm5t proce$s f ome liquid       
,pr9ciple4 ,=  all ,philooph]s agree t  
!re c be no o!r way ( ,nutrition2  ome (
 ! ,*ief among !m hav+ made ,wat] to be 
! ,orig9al (  all ,?+s3 ,= :atoev]'s dry
 & )\t ,moiture1 is )\t  ,motion too2 & 
)\t ,motion1 x's impoible !re h\ld be   
any  ,increae4 ,b ! ,p>ts ( a ,liquid   
be+ 9 cont9ual ,motion "o )  ano!r1 &   
9inuat+ & twit+ !melves into ! mallet   
,places1 are !reby v prop] & apt to add 
n !melves only1 b  :atoev] ele !y may   
br+ along ) !m1 to ! ,increae &  ,gr[? (

 ,bodies4 ,?us we ee t by ! ,means (    
,wat] ! ,plants  gr[1 bloom1 & be>      
,fruit2 & by ! ,addition ( t only1      
,/ones  gr[ toge!r out ( ,s&4 ,& !re's  
no d\bt b t ,metals1  ,crytals1 &       
,jewels1 h ! ame ,me?od ( ,production3  
,?o' 9 !m  !re has be5 no opportunity to
 make ! ame ,obervation1 z well by      
reaon ( _! l[ ,advances1 z t !y are     
commonly f\nd f> f  ! ,places ( _!      
,g5]ation2 ?r[n up ,i uppoe by ome      
,e>?quakes1 or ,convulions4 ,t !        
,planets are n )\t ,wat]1 is  made n    
improbable by ! late ,obervations3 ,=   
ab\t ,jupit] are  oberv$ ome ,spots ( a 
d>k] ,col\r ?an ! ret ( 8 ,body1 :i*  by
 _! cont9ual *ange h[ !melves to be     
,cl\ds3 ,= ! ,spots  ( ,jupit] :i*      
belong to him1 & nev] remove f him1 are 
q  diff]5t f !e1 be+ ometimes = a long  
"t n to be e5  = !e ,cl\ds2 & aga91 :5  
!e diappe>1 h[+ !melves4  ,& at ! go+ (f
 ( !e ,cl\ds1 ome ,spots h be5 tak5     
notice  ( 9 him1 mu* bright] ?an ! ret (
 8 ,body1 :i* rema9$ b  a little :ile1 &

 !n 7 hid f our ,sight4 ,!e ,monieur    
,caini ?9ks are only ! ,reflection f !  
,sn[ t cov]s !  ,tops ( ! ,hills 9      
,jupit]3 ,b ,i h\ld r ?9k t x is only  !
 ,col\r ( ! ,e>?1 :i* happ5s to be free 
f ?oe ,cl\ds  t commonly d>k5 x4    ,m>s
 too is f\nd n to be )\t 8 d>k ,spots1  
by means ( :i*  he has be5 oberv$ to    
turn r\nd 8 own ,axis 9 #bd ,h\rs & #dj 
,m9utes2 ! ,l5g? ( 8 ,day3 b :e!r he has
 ,cl\ds or no1 we  h n _h ! ame         
opportunity ( oberv+ z 9 ,jupit]1 z well
  becaue ev5 :5 he is ne>et ! ,e>?1 he  
appe>s to u mu* les  ?an ,jupit]1 z t 8 
,light n com+ o f>1 is o brisk z to be  
an ,imp$im5t to exact ,obervations3 ,&  
?is ,reaon is z mu*  trong] 9 ,v5us z   
its ,light is4 ,b ince 'tis c]ta9 t !   
,e>? & ,jupit] h _! ,wat] & ,cl\ds1 !re 
is no ,reaon :y  ! o!r ,planets ,b n jut
 l ours4 h\ld be )\t !m4 ,i  c't ay t !y
 are exactly ( ! ame nature ) our ,wat]2
 b  t !y h\ld be liquid _! ,ue requires1
 z _! ,beauty does  t !y h\ld be cle>4  
,= ?is ,wat] ( ours1 9 ,jupit] or       

,saturn1 w\ld be froz5 up 9tantly by    
reaon ( ! vat ditance (  ! ,sun4 ,e     
,planet !re=e mut h its ,wat]s ( u* a   
temp]1  z to be proportion$ to its      
,heat3 ,jupit]'s & ,saturn's mut be (   
u* a ,nature z n to be liable to ,frot2 
& ,v5us's & ,m]cury's  ( u*1 z n to be  
eaily evaporat$ by ! ,sun4 ,b 9 all (   
!m1  = a cont9ual upply ( ,moiture1     
:atev] ,wat] is drawn up by !  ,heat ( !
 ,sun into ,vap\rs1 mut necearily return
 back aga9  ?i!r4 ,& ?is x _c d b 9     
,drops1 :i* are caued z well  !re z ) u1
 by _! ac5d+ into a high] & cold]       
,region (  ! ,air1 out ( t :i*1 by reaon
 ( ! ,reflection ( ! ,rays (  ! ,sun f !
 ,e>?1 is w>m] & m temp]ate4    ,"h !n  
we h f\nd 9 !e new ,worlds ,fields w>m'd
 by ! k9dly  ,heat ( ! ,sun1 & wat]'d ) 
fruitful ,dews & ,%[]s3 ,t !re  mut be  
,plants 9 !m z well = ,ornam5t z ,ue1 we
 h hewn jut  n[4 ,& :at ,n\rihm5t1 :at  
mann] ( ,gr[? hall we all[ ,plants  gr[ 
& are n\rih$ !re z !y are "h4 !m8       
,probably1 !re  c be no bett]1 nay no   

o!r1 ?an :at we "h exp]i5ce2 by hav+  _!
 ,roots fatn$ into ! ,e>?1 & imbib+ its 
n\rih+ ,juices  by _! t5d] ,fibres4 ,& t
 !y may n be only l o _m b>e  ,hea?s1 ) 
no?+ b creep+ ,%rubs & ,buhes1 we may   
all[ !m  ome nobl] & l(ti] ,plants1     
,trees1 or ome:at l !m3 ,!e  be+ !      
greatet1 &1 except ,wat]s1 ! only       
,ornam5t t ,nature  has bet[$ ^u ! ,e>?4
 ,= n to peak ( ?oe _m ues t  are made (
 _! ,wood1 !re's no "o t is ignorant    
ei!r ( _!  ,beauty or ,pleaantnes4 ,n[  
:at way c any "o imag9e = a  cont9ual   
,production & ,succeion ( !e ,plants1 b 
_! be>+  ,se$8 ,a ,me?od o excell5t1 t  
x's ! only "o t ,nature has  "h made ue 
(1 & o wond]ful1 t x eems to be deign$ n
  = ?is ,e>? alone4 ,9 f9e1 !re's ! ame 
reaon to ?9k t  ?is ,me?od is oberv$ 9  
?oe ditant ,c\ntries1 z !re 0 ( its  be+
 foll[$ 9 ! remote ,qu>t]s ( ?is ame    
,e>?4      ,! ame true ( _! ,animals4   
',tis mu* ! ame 9 ,animals z 'tis 9     
,plants1 z to _! mann] (  ,n\rihm5t1 &  
,propagation ( _! ,k9d4 ,= ince all !   

liv+  ,creatures ( ?is ,e>?1 :e!r       
,beats1 ,birds1 ,fihes1 ,worms1 or      
,9ects1 univ]ally & inviolably foll[ !  
ame contant & fix'd  ,9titution (       
,nature2 all fe$ on ,h]bs1 or ,fruits1  
or ! ,fleh (  o!r ,animals t f$ on !m3  
ince all ,g5]ation is p]=m$ by  !       
impregnat+ ( ! ,eggs1 & ! ,copulation ( 
,male & ,female3  ,:y may n ! ame ,rule 
be oberv$ 9 ! ,planet>y ,worlds8 ,= 'tis
  c]ta9 t ! ,h]bs & ,animals t are !re  
w\ld be lot1 _!  :ole ,species detroy$  
)\t ome daily new ,productions3 except  
!re be no u* ?+ !re z ,mis=tune or      
,accid5t3 except !  ,plants are n l o!r 
humid ,bodies1 b c be> ,heat1 ,frot1 &  
,age1 )\t be+ dry'd up1 kill'd or       
decay'd3 except ! ,animals h  ,bodies z 
h>d & durable z ,m>ble2 :i* ,i ?9k are  
gros  ,aburdities4 ,if we h\ld inv5t ome
 new ,way = _! com+ into !  ,_w1 & make 
!m drop l ,sol& ,geee f ,trees1 h[      
ridicul\s  w\ld ?is be to any "o t      
conid]s ! vat ,diff]5ce betwe5  ,wood & 
,fleh8 ,or uppoe we h\ld h new ones made

 e ,day out  ( ome u* fruitful ,mud z t 
( ,nile1 :o does n ee h[  contr>y ?is is
 to all t's reaonable8 ,& t 'tis mu* m  
agreeable to ! ,widom ( ,god1 once = all
 to create ( all orts (  ,animals1 &    
ditribute !m all ov] ! ,e>? 9 u* a      
wond]ful &  inconceivable way z he has1 
?an to be cont9ually oblig$ to new      
,productions out ( ! ,e>?8 ,& :at       
mierable1 :at helples  ,creatures mut !e
 be1 :5 !re's no "o t by 8 ,duty w be   
oblig$1 or by t trange natural fondnes1 
:i* ,god has wiely made  a neceary      
,argum5t = all ,animals to take c>e ( _!
 own1 w be  mov$ to ait1 nure or educate
 !m8    ,z = :at ,i h aid conc]n+ _!    
,propagation1 ,i _c be o  poitive2 b !  
o!r ,?+1 namely1 t !y h ,plants &       
,animals1 ,i ?9k ,i h fully prov$1 viz4 
f h5ce1 t o!rwie  !y w\ld be inf]i\r to 
our ,e>?4 ,& by ! ame ,argum5t1 !y  mut 
h z great a ,v>iety ( bo? z we h4 ,:at  
?is is1 w be  bet kn[n to him t conid]s 
! diff]5t ,ways our ,animals make  ue ( 
9 mov+ f "o ,place to ano!r4 ,:i* may be

 r$uc'd1 ,i  ?9k1 to !e1 ei!r t !y walk 
^u two ,feet or ,f\r2 or l  ,9ects1 ^u  
,six1 nay ometimes ,hundr$s2 or t !y fly
 9 ! ,air  be>+ up1 & wond]fully te]+   
!melves ) _! ,w+s2 or  creep ^u ! ,gr\nd
 )\t ,feet2 or by a viol5t ,spr+ 9 _!   
,bodies1 or paddl+ ) _! ,feet1 cut      
!melves a ,way 9 !  ,wat]s4 ,i don't    
believe1 nor c ,i conceive1 t !re h\ld  
be any  o!r ,way ?an !e m5tion$4 ,!     
,animals !n 9 ! ,planets mut  make ue ( 
"o or m ( !e1 l our amphibi\s ,birds1   
:i* c  wim 9 ,wat] z well z walk on ,l&1
 or fly 9 ! ,air2 or l our  ,crocodiles 
& ,sea-,hores1 mut be ,mongrels1 betwe5 
,l& & ,wat]4  ,!re c no o!r ,me?od be   
imag9$ b "o ( !e4 ,= :]e is x  poible = 
,animals to live1 except ^u u* a olid   
,body z our  ,e>?1 or a fluid "o l !    
,wat]1 or till a m fluid "o ?an  t1 u* z
 our ,air is8 ,! ,air ,i confes may be  
mu* ?ick] &  heavi] ?an ours1 & o1 )\t  
any ,diadvantage to its  ,tranp>5cy1 be 
fitt] = ! volatile ,animals4 ,!re may   
alo be  _m orts ( ,fluids rang$ ov] "o  

ano!r 9 ,r[s z x 74 ,!  ,sea p]haps may 
h u* a fluid ly+ on x1 :i* ?o' t5 times 
light] ?an ,wat]1 may be a hundr$ ,times
 heavi] ?an ,air2 :oe  utmot ,ext5t may 
n be o l>ge z to cov] ! high] ,places ( 
_! ,e>?4 ,b !re's no ,reaon to upect or 
all[ !m ?is1 ince  we h no u* ,?+2 & if 
we did1 x w\ld be ( no ,advantage to    
!m1 = t ! =m] ,ways ( mov+ w\ld n be    
h]eby at all  increas'd3 ,b :5 we come  
to m$dle ) ! ,%ape ( !e  ,creatures1 &  
conid] ! incr$ible ,v>iety t is ev5 9   
?oe (  ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is ,e>?1 & t   
,am]ica has ome :i* are  no :]e ele to  
be f\nd1 ,i mut !n confes t ,i ?9k x    
beyond  ! ,=ce ( ,imag9ation to arrive  
at any k 9 ! ,matt]1 or  rea* to        
,probability conc]n+ ! ,figures ( !e    
,planet>y ,animals4  ,al?o' conid]+ !e  
,ways ( ,motion we e'en n[ rec\nt$1 !y  
may  p]haps be no m diff]5t f ours ?an  
ours 7?oe ( ours ,i mean  t are mot     
unlike7 are f "o ano!r4    ,if a ,man 7 
admitt$ to a ,survey ( ,jupit] or ,v5us1
 he w\ld no  d\bt f9d z great a ,numb] &

 ,v>iety z he _h at home4 ,let u  !n1 t 
we may make z ne> a ,gues at1 & z       
reaonable a ,judgm5t  ( ! ,matt] z we c1
 conid] ! _m ,sorts1 & ! admirable      
,diff]5ce 9 ! ,%apes ( our own ,animals2
 runn+ ,great ,v>iety (  ,animals 9 ?is 
,e>?4 ov] ome ( ! ,*ief ( !m 7= 'tw\ld  
be  t$i\s to et ab\t a g5]al ,catalogue7
 t are notori\ly  diff]5t f "o ano!r1   
ei!r 9 ! ,figure or ome peculi>         
,prop]ty belong+ to !m2 z !y belong to !
 ,l&1 or ! ,wat]1  or ! ,air4 ,among !  
,beats we may take notice ( ! great     
,ditance  betwe5 ! ,hore1 ! ,elephant1 !
 ,lion1 ! ,/ag1 ! ,camel1 !  ,hog1 !    
,ape1 ! ,porcup9e1 ! ,tortoie1 !        
,cameleon3 9 ! ,wat]1  ( t betwe5 !     
,:ale1 & ! ,sea-,calf1 ! ,skait1 !      
,pike1 !  ,eel1 ! ,ink-,fih1 !          
,p\rcontrel1 ! ,crocodile1 ! ,fly+-fih1 
!  ,cramp-fih1 ! ,crab1 ! ,oit]1 & !    
,purple-,fih3 & among ,birds1  ( t      
betwe5 ! ,eagle1 ! ,otri*1 ! ,peacock1 !
 ,swan1 ! ,owl1  & ! ,bat3 & 9 ,9ects1 (
 t betwe5 ! ,ants1 ! ,spid]1 !  ,fly1 & 

! ,butt]fly2 & ( t ,prodigy 9 _!        
wond]ful *ange  f ,worms4 ,9 ?is ,roll  
,i h pas'd by ! creep+ ,k9d z "o  ,sort1
 & skip'd ov] t vat ,multitude ( les    
diff]5t ,animals  t fill ! int]m$iate   
,spaces4 ,b be !y nev] o _m1 !re is  no 
,& no les 9 ! ,planets4 reaon to ?9k t !
 ,planets  _c mat* !m4 ,= ?o' we 9 va9  
gues at ! ,figures ( ?oe  ,creatures1   
yet we h dicov]'d ome:at ( _! mann] (   
,life 9  g5]al2 & ( _! ,s5es we hall    
peak m by & by4      ,! ame 9 ,plants4  
,! m conid]able ,diff]5ces 9 our ,plants
 ought to be ?\ght on1  z well z ! o!r4 
,z 9 ,trees1 t betwe5 ! ,fir & ! ,oak1  
! ,palm1 ! ,v9e1 ! ,fig1 & ! ,coco-,nut 
,tree1 & t 9 !  ,indies1 f :oe ,b\ghs   
new ,roots pr+1 & gr[ d[nw>ds into !    
,e>?4 ,9 ,h]bs1 ! ,diff]5ce is notable  
betwe5 ,gras1 ,poppy1  ,colewort1 ,ivy1 
,pompions1 & ! ,indian ,fig ) ?ick      
,leaves gr[+  up )\t any ,/alk1 & ,aloe4
 ,betwe5 e "o ( :i* aga9 !re  are _m les
 diff]+ ,plants n tak5 notice (4 ,!n !  
diff]5t  ,ways ( rai+ !m are rem>kable1 

:e!r f ,se$s1 or ,k]nels1 or  ,roots1 or
 by graft+ or inoculat+ !m4 ,& yet 9 all
 !e1  :e!r we conid] ! ,?+s !melves1 or 
! ,ways ( _!  ,production1 ,i make no   
d\bt b t ! ,planet>y ,worlds h z        
wond]ful a ,v>iety z we4    ,b till !   
ma9 & mot agreeable ,po9t ( ! ,enquiry  
is beh9d1  ,rational ,animals 9 !       
,planets4 :i* is ! plac+ ome ,spectators
  9 !e new ,dicov]ies1 to enjoy !e      
,creatures we h plant$ !m  )1 & to      
admire _! ,beauty & ,v>iety4 ,& among   
all1 t h  nev] o lightly m$dl$ ) !e     
,matt]s1 ,i don't f9d any t  h crupl$ to
 all[ !m _! ,inhabitants3 n ,m5 p]haps l
  ours1 b ome ,creatures or o!r endu$ ) 
,reaon4 ,= all ?is  ,furniture & ,beauty
 ! ,planets are tock'd ) eem to h be5   
made 9 va91 )\t any ,deign or ,end1     
unles !re 7 ome 9 !m  t might at ! ame  
"t enjoy ! ,fruits1 & adore ! wie       
,creator ( !m4 ,b ?is alone w\ld be no  
prevail+ ,argum5t ) me  to all[ !m u*   
,creatures4 ,= :at if we h\ld ay1 t ,god
 made  !m = no o!r ,deign1 b t he himelf

 might ee 7n z we d  'tis true2 b t he t
 made ! ,eye ees1 :o c d\bt87 &  delight
 himelf 9 ! ,contemplation ( !m8 ,= 0 n 
,man himelf1  & all t ! :ole ,_w        
conta9s1 made ^u ?is v acc\nt8  ,t :i*  
makes me ( ?is ,op9ion1 t ?oe ,worlds   
are n )\t  u* a ,creature endu$ )       
,reaon1 is1 t o!rwie our ,e>? w\ld  h   
too mu* ! ,advantage ( !m1 9 be+ ! only 
"p ( !  ,univ]e t c\ld boat ( u* a      
,creature o f> above1 n only  ,plants & 
,trees1 b all ,animals :atoev]3 a       
,creature t has  ome?+ ,div9e 9 him1 t  
kn[s1 & "ut&s1 & rememb]s  u* an        
innum]able numb] ( ,?+s2 t delib]ates1  
weighs &  judges ( ! ,tru?3 ,a ,creature
 ^u :oe ,acc\nt1 & = :oe ,ue1  :atoev] !
 ,e>? br+s =? eems to be provid$4 ,= e  
,?+  "h he conv]ts to 8 own ,ends4 ,) ! 
,trees1 ,/ones1 & ,metals1  he builds   
himelf ,h\es3 ! ,birds & ,fihes he uta9s
 himelf  )3 & ! ,wat] & ,w9ds he makes  
ubervi5t to 8 ,navigation1  z he do? !  
weet ,smell & glori\s ,col\rs ( ! ,fl[]s
 to 8  ,delight4 ,:at c !re be 9 !      

,planets t c make up = its  ,defects 9 !
 want ( o noble an ,animal8 ,if we h\ld 
all[ ,jupit] a  great] ,v>iety ( o!r    
,creatures1 m ,trees1 ,h]bs & ,metals1  
all  !e w\ld n advantage or dignify t   
,planet o mu* z t "o  ,animal do? ours  
by ! admirable ,productions ( 8 p5etrat+
 ,wit4  ,if ,i am mitak5 9 ?is1 ,i d n  
"k :5 to trut my ,reaon1 &  mut all[ my 
elf to be b a poor ,judge 9 ! true      
,etimate (  ,?+s4      ,vices ( ,m5 no  
h9drance to _! be+ ! ,glory ( ! ,planet 
!y  inhabit4    ,nor let any "o ay "h1 t
 !re's o mu* ,villany & ,wick$nes  9    
,man t we h ?us magnifi$1 t x's a       
reaonable ,d\bt1  :e!r he w\ld n be o f>
 f be+ ! ,glory & ,ornam5t ( !  ,planet 
t enjoys 8 ,company1 t he w\ld be r its 
,%ame &  ,digrace4 ,= firt1 ! ,vices t  
mot ,m5 are ta9t$ )1 are no  h9drance1 b
 t ?oe t foll[ ! ,dictates ( true       
,reaon1 &  obey ! ,rules ( a rigid      
,virtue1 are till a ,beauty & ,ornam5t  
to  ! ,place t has ! ,happ9es to h>b\r  
!m4 ,beides1 ! ,vices (  ,m5 !melves are

 ( excell5t ,ue1 & are n p]mitt$ & all[$
  9 ! ,_w )\t wie ,deign4 ,= ince x has 
o pleaed ,god to  ord] ! ,e>?1 & e ,?+ 9
 x z we ee x is 7= x's aburd  to ay x   
happ5'd aga9t 8 ,w or ,k7 we mut n ?9k  
t o great a ,div]ity ( ,m9ds 7 plac$ 9  
diff]5t ,m5 to no  ,end or ,purpoe3 b t 
?is mixture ( bad ,m5 ) ,good1 & !      
,conequ5ts ( u* a ,mixture1 z           
,mis=tunes1 ,w>s1 ,afflictions1         
,pov]ty1 & ! l1 7 p]mitt$ = ?is v good  
,end1 viz4 !  ex]ci+ our ,wits1 & h>p5+ 
our ,inv5tions2 by =c+ u to  provide =  
our own neceary ,def5ce aga9t our       
,enemies4 ',tis to !  ,fe> ( ,pov]ty &  
,miery t we are behold5 = all our ,arts1
 &  = t natural ,k :i* 0 ! ,product (   
labori\s ,indutry2  & :i* makes u t we  
_c b admire ! ,p[] & ,widom (  !        
,creator1 :i* o!rwie we might h paed by 
) ! ame  indiff]5ce z ,beats4 ,& if ,m5 
7 to lead _! :ole ,lives 9 an  unditurb$
 cont9ual ,peace1 9 no fe> ( ,pov]ty1 no
 dang] ( ,w>1 ,i  d\bt !y w\ld live     
little bett] ?an ,brutes1 )\t all k  or 

enjoym5t ( ?oe ,advantages t make our   
,lives pas on )  ,pleaure & ,pr(it4 ,we 
h\ld want ! wond]ful ,art ( ,writ+1 if  
its great ,ue & neceity 9 ,comm]ce & ,w>
 _h n =c$ out !  ,inv5tion4 ',tis to !e 
we owe our ,art ( ,sail+1 our ,art (    
,s[+1  & mot ( ?oe ,dicov]ies ( :i* we  
are ,mat]s2 & almot all  ! ,secrets 9   
exp]im5tal ,k4 ,s t ?oe v ,?+s on       
acc\nt ( :i* ! ,faculty ( ,reaon eems to
 h be5 accued1 are  no mall helps to its
 ,advancem5t & ,p]fection4 ,= ?oe       
,virtues  !melves1 ,=titude & ,contancy1
 w\ld be ( no ue if !re 7  no ,dang]s1  
no ,adv]ity1 no ,afflictions = _!       
,ex]cie & ,trial4    ,if we h\ld !re=e  
imag9e 9 ! ,planets ome u* reaonable    
,creature z ,man is1 adorn'd ) ! ame    
,virtues1 & liable to !  ame ,vices1 x  
w\ld be o f> f degrad+ or vilify+ !m1 t 
:ile !y want u* a "o1 ,i mut ?9k !m     
inf]ior to our ,e>?4      ,reaon !y are 
n diff]5t f :at 'tis "h4    ,b if we    
all[ !e ,planet>y ,inhabitants ome ort (
 ,reaon1 mut  x ne$s1 may ome ay1 be !  

ame ) ours8 ,c]ta9ly x mut1  :e!r we    
conid] x z appli$ to ,jutice &          
,morality1 or ex]cied  9 ! ,pr9ciples & 
,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce4 ,= ,reaon ) u is 
t :i* gives u a true ,s5e ( ,jutice &   
,honety1 ,praie1  ,k9dnes & ,gratitude3 
'tis ,t t tea*es u to dit+uih  univ]ally
 betwe5 ,good & ,bad2 & r5d]s u capable 
( ,k  & ,exp]i5ce 9 x4 ,& c !re be any  
:]e any o!r ,sort (  ,reaon ?an ?is8 or 
c :at we call jut & g5]\s1 9 ,jupit] or 
,m>s be ?\ght unjut ,villany8 ,?is is n 
at all1 ,i don't ay  probable1 b poible4
 ,= ! ,aim & ,deign ( ! ,creator is e   
:]e ! ,preervation & ,safety ( 8        
,creatures4 ,n[ :5 u*  ,reaon z we are  
,mat]s (1 is neceary = ! preervation (  
,life1  & promot+ ( ,society 7a ?+ t !y 
are n )\t1 z we  hall h[7 w\ld x n be   
trange t ! ,planet>y ,inhabitants  h\ld 
h u* a p]v]e ,sort ( ,reaon giv5 !m1 z  
w\ld  necearily detroy & conf\nd :at x 0
 deign'd to ma9ta9 &  def5d8 ,b all[+   
,morality & ,paions ) ?oe ditant        
,inhabitants to be ome:at diff]5t f     

ours1 & uppo+ !y may  act by o!r        
,pr9ciples 9 :at belongs to ,fri5dhip & 
,ang]1  ,hatr$1 ,honety1 ,modety1 &     
,comel9es1 yet till !re w\ld be no      
d\bt1 b t 9 ! ,se>* aft] ,tru?1 9 judg+ 
( !  ,conequ5ces ( ,?+s1 9 ,reaon+1     
p>ticul>ly 9 t ,sort :i*  belongs to    
,magnitude or ,quantity1 ab\t :i* _!    
,geometry 7if !y  h u* a ,?+7 is        
employ'd1 !re w\ld be no d\bt1 ,i ay1 b 
t _! ,reaon "h mut be exactly ! ame1 & g
 ! ame way to  "w ) ours1 & t :at's true
 9 "o "p w hold true ov]  ! :ole        
,univ]e2 o t all ! diff]5ce mut lie 9 ! 
,degrees  ( ,k1 :i* w be proportional to
 ! ,g5ius & ,capacity (  ! ,inhabitants4
      ,!y h ,s5es4    ,b ,i p]ceive ,i  
am got ome:at too f>3 ,let u firt       
enquire a little  conc]n+ ! bodily ,s5es
 ( !e ,planet>y ,p]ons2 = )\t  u*1 nei!r
 w ,life be any ,pleaure to !m1 nor     
,reaon ( any ,ue4  ,& ,i ?9k x v        
probable1 t all _! ,animals1 z well _!  
,beats z rational ,creatures1 are l ours
 9 all t relates to !  ,s5es3 ,= )\t !  

,p[] ( ,see+ we h\ld f9d x impoible  =  
,animals to provide ,food = !melves1 or 
be ore-w>n'd ( any  approa*+ ,dang]1 o z
 to gu>d !melves f x4 ,s t  :]e-ev] we  
plant any ,animals1 except we w\'d h !m 
lead !  ,life ( ,worms or ,moles1 we mut
 all[ !m ,sight2 ?an :i* no?+  c conduce
 m ei!r to ! ,preervation or ,pleaure ( 
_! ,lives4  ,!n if we conid] ! wond]ful 
,nature ( ,light1 & ! ,sight4  amaz+    
,artifice 9 ! fit fram+ ! ,eye = !      
,reception ( x1 we  _c b ee t ,bodies o 
vatly remote c\ld n be p]ceiv$ by  u 9  
_! prop] ,figures & jut ,ditances1 any  
o!r way ?an by  ,sight4 ,= ?is ,s5e1 &  
all o!rs t we "k (1 mut proce$  f an    
ext]nal ,motion4 ,:i* 9 ! ene ( ,see+   
mut come ei!r  f ! ,sun1 ! fix'd ,/>s1  
or ,fire3 :oe ,p>ticles be+ put into  a 
v quick ,motion1 communicate x to !     
,celetial ,matt] ab\t1  :5ce 'tis       
convey'd 9 a v hort "t to ! mot ditant  
p>ts1  jut l ,s\nd ?r\gh ! ,air4 ,if x 7
 n = ?is ,motion ( !  int]m$iate !rial  
,matt]1 we h\ld be all 9 ,d>knes1 & h   

,sight nei!r ( ,sun nor ,/>s1 nor any ?+
 ele1 = all o!r ,light  mut come to u by
 ,reflection f !m4 ,?is ,motion p]ceiv$ 
by !  ,eyes is call$ ,light4 ,& ! nice  
,curioity ( ?is ,p]ception is           
admirable1 9 t x is caued by ! mallet   
,p>ticles ( !  lum9\s ,body br\ght to u 
by t f9e ,matt]1 :i* at ! ame "t        
det]m9e ! ,coat f :5ce ! ,motion comes2 
& 9 t all !e  diff]5t ,roads ( ,motion1 
!e ,waves cro+ & int]f]+ )  "o ano!r1   
are yet no h9drance to e "o's free      
,paage4 ,all  !e ,?+s are o wiely1 o    
wond]fully contriv$1 t x's above  ! ,p[]
 ( humane ,wit1 to inv5t or frame any ?+
 l !m2 nay1  x is v difficult o mu* z to
 imag9e & compreh5d !m4 ,=  :at c be m  
amaz+1 ?an t "o mall ,"p ( ! ,body h\ld 
be o devied & fram$1 z by its means to  
h[ u ! ,%ape1 !  ,poition1 ! ,ditance1 &
 all ! ,motions1 nay1 & all ! ,col\rs1  
( a ,body t is f> remote f u1 t x may   
appe> ! m  dit9ct8 ,& !n ! artful       
,compoition ( ! ,eye1 draw+ an exact    
,picture ( ! ,objects )\t x1 ^u !       

concave ,side ( !  ,*oroides1 is ev5    
above all ,admiration1 nor is !re any   
,?+ 9  :i* ,god has m pla9ly manifet$ 8 
excell5t ,geometry4 ,& !e  ,?+s are n   
only contriv'd & fram'd ) o great ,widom
 &  ,skill1 z n to admit ( bett]1 b to  
any "o t conid]s !m  att5tively1 !y eem 
to be ( u* a ,nature z n to all[ any o!r
  ,me?od4 ,= x's impoible t ,light h\ld 
repreent ,objects to u  at o vat a      
ditance1 except by u* an int]v5+        
,motion2 & x's  z impoible t any o!r    
,compoition ( ! ,eye h\ld be equally    
fitt$ to ! ,reception ( u* ,impreions4  
,s t ,i _c b ?9k  !m greatly mitak51 t  
ma9ta9 !e ,?+s might h be5  contriv$ _m 
o!r ,ways4 ,x's likely !n1 & cr$ible1 t 
9  !e ,?+s ! ,planets h an exact        
correpond5ce ) u1 & t  _! ,animals h !  
ame ,organs1 & ue ! ame way ( ,sight t  
we d4 ,!y mut h ,eyes !re=e1 & two at   
leat we mut grant  !m1 o!rwie !y w\ld n 
p]ceive ?oe ,?+s cloe to !m1 nor  h>dly 
be able to walk ab\t ) ,safety4 ,& if we
 mut all[ !m to  all ,animals = !       

,preervation ( _! ,life1 h[ mu* m mut !y
  t make m1 & m noble ,ues ( !m1 n be   
depriv$ ( !  ,ble+ ( o advantage\s      
,memb]s8 ,= by !m we view ! v>i\s       
,fl[]s1 & ! elegant ,features ( ,beauty3
 ) !m we read1 we  write1 we contemplate
 ! ,heav5s & ,/>s1 & meaure _!          
,ditances1 ,magnitudes1 & ,j\rneys3 :i* 
h[ f> !y are common to  ! ,inhabitants (
 ?oe ,worlds ) u1 ,i hall preently      
exam9e4 ,b  firt ,i hall enquire :e!r n[
 we h giv5 !m "o1 we ought alo  to give 
!m ! o!r ,he>+4 f\r ,s5es4 ,& inde$ z to
 ,he>+  _m ,argum5ts p]wade me to give x
 a ,%>e 9 ! ,animals ( ?oe  new ,worlds4
 ,= 'tis ( great conequ5ce 9 def5d+ u f 
udd5  ,accid5ts2 &1 epecially :5 ,see+  
is ( no ue to u1 x upplies  its ,place1 
& gives u eaonable w>n+ ( any imm95t    
,dang]4  ,beides1 we ee _m ,animals call
 _! ,fell[ to !m ) _!  ,voice1 :i*      
,language may h m 9 x ?an we are aw>e (1
 ?o' we  don't "ut& x4 ,b if we d b     
conid] ! vat ,ues &  neceary ,occaions (
 ,speak+ on ! "o ide1 & ,he>+ on !  o!r1

 among ?oe ,creatures t make ue ( _!    
,reaon1 x w  c>ce eem cr$ible t two u*  
ueful1 u* excell5t ,?+s 7  deign$ only =
 u4 ,= h[ is x poible b t !y t are  )\t 
!e1 mut be )\t _m o!r ,necearies &      
,conv5i5ces  ( ,life8 ,or :at c !y h to 
recomp5e ?is ,want8 ,!n1 if we g  till  
f>!r1 & d b m$itate ^u ! neat & frugal  
,contrivance  ( ,nature 9 mak+ ! ame    
,air1 by ! draw+ 9 ( :i* we live1  by   
:oe ,motion we ail1 & by :oe ,means     
,birds fly1 = a ,conveyance  ( ,s\nd to 
our ,e>s2 & ?is ,s\nd = ! ,conveyance ( 
ano!r  ,man's ,?\ghts to our ,m9ds3 ,c  
we ev] imag9e t he has left  ?oe o!r    
,worlds detitute ( o vat ,a ,m$ium to   
convey ,s\nd to  ! ,e>s4 ,advantages8 ,t
 !y don't want ! ,means ( !m is  c]ta91 
= _! hav+ ,cl\ds 9 ,jupit] puts x pat   
d\bt t  !y h ,air too2 t be+ motly =m$ (
 ! ,p>ticles ( ,wat]  fly+ ab\t1 z !    
,cl\ds are ( !m ga!r$ into mall ,drops4 
,&  ano!r ,pro( ( x is1 ! neceity (     
brea?+ = ! preervation  ( ,life1 a ,?+ t
 eems to be z univ]al a ,dictate (      

,nature1 z  fe$+ ^u ! ,fruits ( ! ,e>?4 
,t\*4    ,z = ,feel+1 x eems to be giv5 
^u neceity to all ,creatures  t are     
cov]'d ) a f9e & enible ,sk91 z a       
,caution aga9t  com+ too ne> ?oe ,?+s t 
may injure or incommode !m3 &  )\t x !y 
w\ld be liable to cont9ual ,w\nds1 ,bl[s
 & ,bruies4  ,nature eems to h be5 o    
enible ( ?is1 t he has n left  ! leat   
place free f u* a ,p]ception4 ,!re=e x's
 probable  t ! ,inhabitants ( ?oe       
,worlds are n )\t o neceary a  ,def5ce1 
& o fit a ,preervative aga9t ,dang]s &  
,mihaps4      ,smell & ,tate4    ,& :o  
is !re t do? n ee ! inevitable neceity =
 all  ,creatures t live by fe$+ to h bo?
 ,tate & ,smell1 t !y  may dit+uih ?oe  
,?+s t are good & n\rih+1 f ?oe  t are  
mi*iev\s & h>mful8 ,if !re=e we all[ !  
,planet>y  ,creatures to fe$ ^u ,h]bs1  
,se$s1 or ,fleh1 we mut all[ !m ,tate  &
 ,smell1 t !y may *ue or refue any ,?+  
accord+ z !y  f9d x likely to be        
advantage\s or noxi\s to !m4    ,i "k t 
x ha? be5 a ,quetion ) _m1 :e!r !re     

might n  h be5 m ,s5es ?an !e five4 ,_! 
,s5es n v diff]5t  f ours4 ,if we h\ld  
all[ ?is1 x might nev]!les be  reaonably
 d\bt$1 :e!r ! ,s5es ( ! ,planet>y      
,inhabitants are  mu* diff]5t f ours4 ,i
 mut confes1 ,i _c d5y b !re might      
poibly h be5 m ,s5es2 b :5 ,i conid] !  
,ues ( ?oe  we h1 ,i _c ?9k b !y w\ld h 
be5 up]flu\s4 ,! ,eye  0 made to dic]n  
ne> & remote ,objects1 ! ,e> to give u  
notice  ( :at our ,eyes c\ld n1 ei!r 9 !
 ,d>k or beh9d our ,back3 ,!n  :at nei!r
 ! ,eye nor ! ,e> c\ld1 ! ,noe 0 made   
7:i* 9  ,dogs is wond]fully nice7 to w>n
 u (4 ,& if any ?+ ecapes !  notice ( ! 
o!r f\r ,s5es1 we h ,feel+ to in=m u ( !
  too ne> ,approa*es ( x be=e x c d u   
any mi*ief4 ,?us has  ,nature o         
pl5tifully1 o p]fectly provid$ = !      
neceary  preervation ( h] ,creatures "h1
 t ,i ?9k he c give no?+  m to ?oe !re1 
b :at w be ne$les & up]flu\s4 ,yet !    
,s5es 7 n :olly deign$ = ue3 b ,m5 f    
all1 & all  o!r ,animals f ome ( !m1    
reap ,pleaure z well z ,pr(it1 z  f !   

,tate 9 delici\s ,meats2 f ! ,smell 9   
,fl[]s &  ,p]fumes2 f ! ,sight 9 !      
,contemplation ( beaute\s ,%apes &      
,col\rs2 f ! ,he>+ 9 ! ,sweetnes &      
,h>mony ( ,s\nds2 f  ! ,feel+ 9         
,copulation1 unles y pleae to c\nt t = a
  p>ticul> ,s5e by x elf4 ,!y h ,pleaure
 ari+ f !  ,s5es4 ,s9ce x is ?us1 ,i ?9k
 'tis b reaonable to all[ !             
,inhabitants ( ! ,planets !e ame        
,advantages t we h f  !m4 ,= ^u ?is     
,conid]ation only1 h[ mu* happi] & eai] 
a  ,man's ,life is r5dr$ by ! enjoym5t (
 !m1 we mut be oblig$ to  grant !m !e   
,ble+s1 except we w\ld engros e ?+ t is 
good to our elves1 z if we 7 wor?i] & m 
deerv+ ?an any  ele4 ,b moreov]1 t      
,pleaure :i* we p]ceive 9 ,eat+ or 9    
,copulation1 eems to be a neceary &     
provid5t ,comm& ( ,nature1  :]eby x     
tacitly compels u to ! preervation &    
cont9uance (  our ,life & ,k9d4 ,x is ! 
ame 9 ,beats4 ,s t bo? = _!  ,happ9es & 
,preervation x's v probable ! ret ( !   
,planets  are n )\t x4 ,c]ta9ly :5 ,i   

conid] all !e ,?+s1 h[  great1 noble1 & 
ueful !y are2 :5 ,i conid] :at an       
admirable  ,provid5ce x is t !re's u* a 
,?+ z ,pleaure 9 ! ,_w1 ,i  c't b ?9k t 
our ,e>?1 ! mallet "p almot ( !         
,univ]e1 0 nev] deign'd to monopolize o 
great a ,ble+4 ,&  ?us mu* = ?oe        
,pleaures :i* affect our bodily ,s5es1 b
 h  little or no relation to our ,reaon 
& ,m9d4 ,b !re are o!r  ,pleaures :i*   
,m5 enjoy1 :i* _! ,s\l only & ,reaon c  
relih3  ,"s airy & brisk1 o!rs grave &  
olid1 & yet nev]!les  ,pleaures1 z ari+ 
f ! ,satisfaction :i* we feel 9 ,k  &   
,inv5tions1 & ,se>*es aft] ,tru?1 ( :i* 
:e!r !  ,planet>y ,inhabitants are n    
p>tak]s1 we hall h an opportunity  (    
enquir+ by & by4 ,!re    ,!re are ome   
o!r ?+s to be conid]'d firt1 9 :i* x's  
probable !y h ome relation to u4 ,t !   
,planets h ?oe  ,elem5ts ( ,e>?1 ,air & 
,wat]1 z well z we1 ,i h already made  n
 unlikely4 ,let u n[ ee :e!r !y may n h 
,fire alo3 :i*  is n o prop]ly call'd an
 ,elem5t1 z a v quick ,motion ( !       

,p>ticles 9 ! inflammable ,all !        
,planets h ,fire4 ,body4 ,b be  x :at x 
w1 !re are _m ,argum5ts = _! n be+ )\t  
x4 ,= ?is ,e>? is n o truly call'd !    
,place ( ,fire z ! ,sun3  & z by ! ,heat
 ( t all ,plants & ,animals "h ?rive &  
live2  o1 no d\bt1 x is 9 ! o!r         
,planets4 ,s9ce !n ,fire is caued by  a 
mot int5e & vigor\s ,heat1 x foll[s t ! 
,planets1  epecially ?oe ne>] ! ,f\nta9 
( x1 h _! proportionate  degrees ( ,heat
 & ,fire4 ,& ince !re are o _m ways (   
its  ,production1 z by ! collection ( ! 
,rays ( ! ,sun1 by !  reflection (      
,mirrors1 by ! trik+ ( ,fl9t & ,/eel1 by
 !  rubb+ ( ,wood1 by ! cloe load+ (    
moit ,gras1 by ,lightn+1 by  ! eruptions
 ( ,m\nta9s & ,volcanos1 x's trange if  
nei!r ,art  h\ld h produc$ x1 nor       
,nature effect$ x !re by "o ( !e  _m    
means4 ,!n h[ ueful & neceary is x to u8
 ,by x we drive  away ,cold1 & upply !  
want ( ! ,sun 9 ?oe ,c\ntries :]e 8     
oblique ,rays make a les vigor\s        
,impreion1 & o keep a great "p  ( ! ,e>?

 f be+ an un9habit$ ,deert3 :i* is      
equally  neceary 9 all ! ,planets1 :e!r 
we all[ !m ,succeion (  ,seaons1 or a   
p]petual ,spr+ & qu9ox3 = ev5 !n !      
,c\ntries  ne> ! ,pole w\ld receive b   
little ,advantage f ! ,heat ( !  ,sun4  
,by ! help ( ?is we turn ! ,night into  
,day1 & !reby make a  conid]able        
addition to ! hortnes ( our ,lives4 ,^u 
all !e  ,acc\nts we ought n to ?9k ?is  
,e>? ( ours enjoy x all alone1  &       
exclude all ! o!r ,planets f o          
advantage\s & o  pr(itable a ,gift4     
,b p]haps x may be ask$ z well conc]n+  
,brutes z rational  ,creatures1 & ( _!  
,plants & ,trees too1 :e!r !y are       
proportionably ,! bignes ( _! ,creatures
 n rightly guet at by  ! bignes ( !     
,planets4 l>g] or les ?an ours4 ,= if ! 
,magnitude ( ! ,planets 0 to be ! ,/&>d 
( _! meaure1 !re  w\ld be ,animals 9    
,jupit] t5 or fifte5 times l>g] ?an     
,elephants1  & z mu* long] ?an our      
,:ales1 & !n _! ,m5 mut be all  ,giants 
9 repect to u4 ,n[ ?o' ,i don't ee any o

 great ,aburdity 9  ?is z to make x     
impoible1 yet !re is no reaon to ?9k x  
is  really o1 ee+ ,nature has n always  
ty'd h] elf to ?oe ,rules  :i* we h     
?\ght m conv5i5t = h]3 ,= example1 !    
,magnitude ( ! ,planets is n anw]able to
 _! ditances f !  ,sun2 b ,m>s1 ?o' m   
remote1 is f> les ?an ,v5us3 & ,jupit]  
turns r\nd 8 ,axis 9 t5 ,h\rs1 :5 ! ,e>?
 :i* is mu* les  ?an him1 p5ds #bd4 ,b  
ince ,nature1 p]haps ome w ay1 has n    
oberv$ u* a ,regul>ity 9 ! proportion ( 
,?+s1 = ought we  "k !re may be only a  
,race ( ,pygmies ab\t ! ,bignes ( ,frogs
 &  ,mice1 poes'd ( ! ,planets4 ,b ,i   
hall h[ t ?is is v  improbable by & by4 
,9 ! ,planets are orts ( rational       
,creatures z well z "h4    ,!re may arie
 ano!r ,quetion1 :e!r !re be 9 !        
,planets b  "o ort ( rational           
,creatures1 or if !re be n ev]al orts   
poeed ( diff]5t degrees ( ,reaon & ,s5e4
 ,!re is ome?+  n unlike ?is to be      
oberv$ among u4 ,= to pas by ?oe :o h   
human ,%ape 7al?o' ome ( !m w\ld v well 

be> t ,enquiry too7  if we d b conid]   
ome orts ( ,beats1 z ! ,dog1 ! ,ape1 !  
,beav]1 ! ,elephant1 nay ome ,birds &   
,bees1 :at ,s5e &  ,"ut&+ !y are mat]s  
(1 we hall be =c$ to all[1 t  ,man is n 
! only rational ,animal4 ,= we dicov]   
ome:at 9 !m  ( ,reaon indep5d5t on1 &   
prior to all ,tea*+ & ,practice4    ,b  
till no ,body c d\bt1 b t ! ,"ut&+ &    
,reaon (  ,man is to be pref]r'd to     
!irs1 z be+ compreh5ive ( innum]able    
,?+s1 indu$ ) an inf9ite memory ( :at's 
pat1 & capable (  provid+ aga9t :at's to
 come4 ,t !re is ome u* ,species (      
rational ,creatures 9 ! o!r ,planets1   
:i* is ! ,head &  ,sov]eign ( ! ret1 is 
v reaonable to believe3 = o!rwie1  7 _m 
,species endu$ ) ! ame ,widom & ,cunn+1 
we h\ld  h !m always do+ ,mi*ief1 always
 qu>rell+ & fight+ "o  ) ano!r = ,empire
 & ,sov]eignty1 a ,?+ t we feel too mu* 
( :]e we h b "o u* ,species4 ,b to let t
 pas1 our next  ,enquiry hall be conc]n+
 ?oe ,animals 9 ! ,planets :i* are      
furnih$ ) ! greatet ,reaon1 :e!r x's    

poible to "k  :]e9 !y employ x1 & :e!r  
!y h made z great ,advances 9  ,arts &  
,k z we 9 our ,planet4 ,:i* deerves mot 
to be  conid]$ & exam9$ ( any ?+ belong+
 to _! ,nature2 & =  ! bett] ,p]=mance (
 x we mut take our ,rie ome:at high]1 & 
nicely view ! ,lives & ,/udies ( ,m54   
,& 9 ?oe ?+s :]e9 ,m5 provide & take c>e
 only ( :at's  abolutely neceary = !    
preervation ( _! ,life2 9 def5d+        
!melves f ! ,injuries ( ! ,air2 9 ecur+ 
!melves aga9t  ! ,incurions ( ,enemies  
by ,walls2 & aga9t ,fraud & ,diturbances
  by ,laws2 9 educat+ _! ,*ildr51 &     
provid+ = !melves &  !m3 ,9 all !e ,i c 
ee no great reaon t ,man has to boat (  
! ,pre-em95cy ( 8 ,reaon above ,beats & 
o!r ,animals4 ,= mot  ( !e ,?+s !y p]=m 
) great] ,eae & ,art ?an we1 &  ome ( !m
 !y h no ne$ (4 ,= t ,s5e ( ,virtue &   
,jutice  9 :i* ,man excels1 ( ,fri5dhip1
 ,gratitude & ,honety1 ( :at ue  are !y1
 b ei!r to put a top to ! ,wick$nes (   
,man1 or to  ecure u f mutual ,aaults & 
,injuries1 ,?+s :]e9 ! ,beats  want no  

,guide b ,nature & ,incl9ation8 ,!n if  
we et be=e our  ,eyes ! manifold ,c>es1 
! ,diturbances ( ,m9d1 ! retles         
,deires1 ! dread ( ,dea?1 t are ! reult 
( ?is our ,reaon2  & comp>e !m ) t eay1 
quiet1 & h>mles ,life :i* o!r  ,animals 
enjoy1 we h\ld be apt to wih a ,*ange1 &
 conclude t  !y1 epecially ,birds1 liv$ 
) m ,pleaure & ,happ9es ?an ,man  c\ld )
 all 8 ,widom4 ,= !y h z great a ,relih 
( bodily  ,pleaures z we1 let ! new     
,philooph]s ay :at !y w1 :o w\ld  h !m  
to be no?+ b ,clocks & ,eng9es ( ,fleh2 
a ,?+ :i*  ,beats o pla9ly confute by   
cry+ & runn+ away f a ,/ick1 &  all o!r 
,actions1 t ,i wond] h[ any "o c\ld     
ubcribe to o  aburd & cruel an ,op9ion4 
,nay1 ,i c c>ce d\bt b t ,birds  feel no
 mall ,pleaure 9 _! eay1 moo? ail+ ?r\gh
 ! ,air2  & w\ld mu* m if !y b knew !   
,advantages x ha? above our  l[ & ,m5   
*iefly diff] f ,beats 9 ! ,/udy (       
,nature4  labori\s ,progreion4 ,:at is x
 !n aft] all t ets human ,reaon  above  
all o!r1 & makes u pref]able to ! ret ( 

! ,animal  ,_w8 ,no?+ 9 my ,m9d o mu* z 
! ,contemplation ( ! ,works (  ,god1 & !
 ,/udy ( ,nature1 & ! improv+ ?oe       
,sci5ces :i*  may br+ u to ome k 9 _!   
,beauty & ,v>iety4 ,= )\t  ,k :at w\ld  
be ,contemplation8 ,& :at diff]5ce is   
!re  betwe5 a ,man1 :o ) a c>eles up9e  
,neglig5ce views ! ,beauty  & ,ue ( !   
,sun1 & ! f9e gold5 ,furniture ( !      
,heav51 &  "o :o ) a le>n$ ,nic5es e>*es
 into _! ,c\res2 :o  "ut&s :]e9 ! ,fix'd
 ,/>s1 z !y are call'd1 diff] f  !      
,planets1 & :at is ! ,reaon ( ! regul>  
,viciitude ( !  ,seaons2 :o by ound     
,reaon+ c meaure ! ,magnitude & ,ditance
  ( ! ,sun & ,planets8 ,or betwe5 u* a  
"o z admires p]haps !  nimble ,activity 
& trange ,motions ( ome ,animals1 & "o t
 kn[s  _! :ole ,/ructure1 "ut&s ! :ole  
,fabrick & ,ar*itecture  ( _!           
,compoition8 ,if !re=e ! ,pr9ciple we   
be=e laid d[n be  true1 t ! o!r ,planets
 are n inf]i\r 9 ,dignity to ours1  ,!y 
h ,atronomy4 :at foll[s b t !y h        
,creatures n to  t>e & wond] at ! ,works

 ( ,nature only1 b :o employ _!  ,reaon 
9 ! ,exam9ation & ,k ( !m1 & h made z   
great  ,advances !re9 z we h8 ,!y d n   
only view ! ,/>s1 b !y  improve !       
,sci5ce ( ,atronomy3 nor is !re any ?+ c
 make u  ?9k ?is improbable1 b t fond   
,conceit$nes ( e ,?+ t  we call our own1
 & t ,pride t is too natural to u to be 
eaily  laid d[n4 ,b ,i "k ome w ay1 we  
are a little too bold 9 !e  ,aertions ( 
! ,planets1 & t we m\nt$ hi!r by _m     
,probabilities1 "o ( :i*1 if x *ance to 
be fale1 & contr>y to  our ,suppoition1 
w\ld1 l a bad ,f\ndation1 ru9 ! :ole    
,build+1  & make x fall to ! ,gr\nd4 ,b 
,i w\ld h !m to "k1 t all  ,i h aid ( _!
 ,k 9 ,atronomy1 has ,pro(s en\gh1      
antec$5t to ?oe we n[ produc$4 ,= uppo+ 
! ,e>?1 z we  did1 "o ( ! ,planets (    
equal ,dignity & ,hon\r ) ! ret1 :o     
w\ld v5ture to ay1 t no :]e ele 7 to be 
f\nd any t  enjoy'd ! glori\s ,sight (  
,nature's ,!atre8 ,or if !re 7 any      
,fell[-,spectators1 yet we 7 ! only ones
 t _h div$ deep into  ! ,secrets & ,k ( 

x8 ,s t "h's a ,pro( n o f>  fet*'d = ! 
,atronomy ( ! ,planets1 ! ame :i* we ued
 =  _! hav+ rational ,creatures1 &      
enjoy+ ! o!r ,advantages we  be=e talk'd
 (1 :i* erves at ! ame "t = !           
,confirmation (  our =m] ,conjectures4  
,b if ,amazem5t & ,fe> at ! ,eclipes (  
! ,moon & ,sun gave ! firt occaion to ! 
,/udy ( ,atronomy1 z  probably !y did1  
!n x's almot impoible t ,jupit] &       
,saturn  h\ld be )\t x2 ! ,argum5t be+ (
 mu* great] =ce 9 !m1  by reaon ( !     
daily ,eclipes ( _! ,moons1 & ! frequ5t 
ones  ( ! ,sun to _! ,inhabitants4 ,s t 
if a ,p]on diint]et$ 9  8 ,judgm5t1 &   
equally ignorant ( ! ,affairs ( all !   
,planets1  7 to give 8 ,op9ion 9 ?is    
,matt]1 ,i don't d\bt he w\ld give  !   
,caue = ,atronomy to ?oe two ,planets r 
?an u4    ,?is ,suppoition ( _! ,k & ,ue
 ( ,atronomy 9 !  ,planet>y ,worlds1 w  
af=d u _m new ,conjectures ab\t _!      
mann] ( ,life1 & _! ,/ate z to o!r ?+s4 
,& all its ubervi5t ,arts4    ,=1 ,firt3
 ,no ,obervations ( ! ,/>s t are neceary

 to !  ,k ( _! ,motions1 c be made )\t  
,9trum5ts2 nor c  !e be made )\t ,metal1
 ,wood1 or ome u* olid ,body4 ,"h's a   
neceity ( all[+ !m ! ,c>p5t]s ,tools1 ! 
,saw1 ! ,ax1 !  ,plane1 ! ,mallet1 !    
,file3 & ! mak+ ( !e requires ! ,ue  (  
,iron1 or ome equally h>d ,metal4       
,geometry & ,ari?metick3 ,aga91  !e     
,9trum5ts c't be )\t a ,circle divid$   
into equal ,p>ts1  or a trait ,l9e into 
unequal4 ,"h's a neceity = introduc+    
,geometry & ,ari?metick4 ,!n ! ,neceity 
,& ,writ+4 9 u*  ,obervations ( m>k+ d[n
 ! ,epo*as or ,acc\nts ( ,"t1 & (       
tranmitt+ !m to ,pot]ity1 w =ce u to    
grant !m ! ,art (  ,writ+2 p]haps v     
diff]5t f ours :i* is commonly ued1 b ,i
  d>e affirm n m +5i\s or eay4 ,= h[ mu*
 m ready &  exp$iti\s is our ,way1 ?an  
by t multitude ( ,*>act]s ued 9  ,*9a2 &
 h[ vatly pref]able to ,knots ti$ 9     
,cords1 or !  ,pictures 9 ue among !    
b>b>\s ,p ( ,mexico & ,p]u8 ,!re's  no  
,nation 9 ! ,_w b has ome way or o!r (  
writ+ or m>k+  d[n _! ,?\ghts3 ,s t x's 

no wond] if ! ,planet>y  ,inhabitants h 
be5 taught x by t great ,s*ool-mitres   
,neceity1 & apply x to ! ,/udy (        
,atronomy & o!r ,sci5ces4  ,9           
,atronomical ,matt]s ! ,neceity ( x is  
moreov] app>5t f  h5ce1 t ! ,motion ( ! 
,/>s is z 'tw]e to be fanci$ &  gues'd  
at 9 diff]5t ,sytems1 & !e ,sytems to be
 cont9ually  improv$ & correct$1 z lat] 
& m exact ,obervations hall  conv9ce !  
old ones ( ,faults3 all :i* c nev] be   
deliv]'d d[n  to ucce$+ ,g5]ations1     
unles we make ue ( ,lett]s & ,figures4  
,b aft] all !e l>ge & lib]al ,all[ances 
to ,!m1 !y w  till be beh9d-h& ) u4 ,=  
we h o c]ta9 a ,k ( !  true ,& ,opticks4
 ,sytem & ,frame ( ! ,univ]e2 we h o    
admirable an ,inv5tion ( ,telecopes to  
help our fail+ ,eye-ight 9  ! view ( !  
,bignes & diff]5t ,=ms ( ! ,planet>y    
,bodies1 9  ! dicov]y ( ! ,m\nta9s1 & ! 
,%ad[s ( !m on ! ,surface  ( ! ,moon1 9 
! br++ to light an innum]able multitude 
( ,/>s  o!rwie inviible1 t we mut       
necearily be f> _! ,mat]s 9  t ,k4 ,h5ce

 x is almot neceary 7except we h a ,m9d 
to  flatt] & complem5t our elves z !    
only ,p t h !  ,advantage ( u* excell5t 
,inv5tions7 ei!r to all[ ! ,planet>y    
,inhabitants u* h>p ,eyes z n to ne$ !m1
 or ele ! ue (  ,glaes to help !        
,defici5cy ( _! ,sight4 ,& yet ,i d>e n 
aert ?is1 let any "o h\ld be o diturb$  
at ! ,extravagancy (  u* an ,op9ion1 z  
to take ! meaure ( my o!r ,conjectures  
by x1  & his !m all (f1 ^u ! acc\nt (   
?is alone4      ,!e ,sci5ces n contr>y  
to ,nature4    ,b ome ,body may p]haps  
object1 & t n )\t reaon at firt  ight1 t
 ! ,planet>y ,inhabitants x's likely are
 detitute ( all  ref9$ ,k1 jut z !      
,am]icans 7 be=e !y _h ,comm]ce  ) !    
,europeans4 ,= if "o conid]s !          
,ignorance ( ?oe  ,nations1 & ( o!rs 9  
,aia & ,africa equally b>b>\s1 x w      
appe> z if ! ma9 ,deign ( ! ,creator 9  
plac+ ,m5 ^u !  ,e>? 0 t !y might live1 
&1 9 a jut ene ( all !  ,ble+s &        
,pleaure !y enjoy1 worhip ! ,f\nta9 ( _!
  ,happ9es2 b t ome few w5t beyond !    

,b\nds ( ,nature 9 _!  ,enquiries aft]  
,k4 ,!re does n want an ,anw] to !e ,m54
  ,= ,god c\ld n b =eee ! ,advances ,m5 
w\ld make1 9 _!  enquir+ into ! ,heav5ly
 ,bodies3 t !y w\ld dicov] ,arts  ueful 
& advantage\s to ,life3 t !y w\ld cros !
 ,seas1 &  dig up ! ,b[els ( ! ,e>?4    
,no?+ ( all ?is c\ld happ5  contr>y to !
 ,m9d & ,k ( ! ,inf9ite ,au?or ( all    
,?+s4 ,& if he =eaw !e ,?+s w\ld be1 he 
o appo9t$ &  det9'd !m to humane k9d4 ,&
 ! ,/udies ( ,arts & ,sci5ces  _c be aid
 to be contr>y to ,nature1 ince 9 ! e>* 
!re(  !y are employ'd3 epecially if we  
conid] h[ great ! natural1  deire & love
 ( ,k1 root$ 9 all ,m5 is4 ,= x's       
impoible  ?is h\ld h be5 giv5 !m ^u no  
,deign or ,acc\nt4 ,b !y  w urge1 t if  
u* a ,k is natural1 if we 7 born = x1   
:y are !re o v few1 epecially 9         
,atronomy1 t proecute  !e ,/udies8 ,=   
,europe is ! only ,qu>t] ( ! ,e>? 9 :i* 
!re h be5 any ,advancem5ts made 9       
,atronomy4 ,& z = !  ,judicial          
,atrology1 :i* pret5ds to =etel :at is  

to come1 x is  u* a wret*$ & (t5times   
mi*iev\s piece ( ,madnes1 t ,i d  n ?9k 
x ought to be o mu* z nam$ "h4 ,& ev5 9 
,europe1 n  "o 9 a hundr$ ,?\& m$dles ) 
!e ,/udies4 ,beides1 its  ,orig9al &    
,rie is o late1 t _m ,ages 7 pat be=e ! 
v  firt ,rudim5ts ( ,atronomy or        
,geometry 7:i* is neceary to !  le>n+ ( 
x7 7 kn[n4 ,= e ,body is acqua9t$ almot 
)  its firt ,beg9n+s 9 ,egypt & ,greece4
 ,add to ?is1 t 'tis n  yet above       
f\rcore ,ye>s ince ! bungl+ ,epicycles 7
 dic>d$1  & ! true & eay pla9 ,motion ( 
! ,planets 0 dicov]$4 ,=  !             
,satisfaction ( !e ,scruples1 to :at we 
aid be=e1 conc]n+  ! ,=e-k ( ,god1 may  
be add$ ?is2 ,t ,god nev] deign$  we    
h\ld come into ! ,_w ,atronom]s or      
,philooph]s2 !e ,arts  are n infued into
 u at our ,bir?1 b 7 ord]$1 9 long      
,tracts  ( ,"t1 by degrees to be !      
,rew>ds & ,reult ( labori\s  ,dilig5ce2 
epecially ?oe ,sci5ces :i* are n[ 9     
debate1 are o  mu* ! m difficult &      
abtrue1 t _! late ,inv5tion &  l[       

,progres are o f> f be+ a ,wond]1 t x is
 r trange  !y 7 ev] dicov]'d at all4    
,!re are b few1 ,i ackn[l$ge "o  or two 
p]haps 9 an ,age1 t purue !m1 or ?9k !m 
_!  ,buines3 b _! ,numb] w be v         
conid]able if we take 9  ?oe t h liv$ 9 
all ! ,ages 9 :i* ,atronomy ha?         
fl\rih$3 & no ,body c d5y !m t ,happ9es 
& ,cont5tm5t  :i* !y h pret5d$ to above 
all o!rs4 ,9 f9e1 x 0  uffici5t t o mall
 a ,numb] h\ld make x _! ,/udy1 o t  !  
,pr(it & ,advantage ( _! ,inv5tions     
might b pread x elf  ov] all ! ,_w4     
,s9ce !n ! ,inhabitants ( ?is ,e>?1 let 
!m  be nev] o few1 h _h ,p>ts & ,g5ius  
uffici5t = !  ,atta9m5t ( ?is ,k2 &     
!re's no reaon to ?9k !  ,planet>y      
,inhabitants les +5i\s or happy ?an our 
elves2 we h  ga9'd our ,po9t1 & 'tis    
probable t !y are z skilful  ,atronom]s 
z we c pret5d to be4 ,s t n[ we may     
v5ture to  d$uce ome ,conequ5ces f u* a 
,suppoition4    ,we h be=e h['d !       
neceary ,dep5d5ce & ,connexion1 n only  
( ,geometry & ,ari?metick1 b (          

,me*anical ,arts & ,9trum5ts  ) ?is     
,sci5ce4 ,?is leads u naturally to !    
,enquiry h[ !y c  ue !e ,9trum5ts &     
,eng9es = ! ,obervation ( ! ,/>s1 h[  !y
 c write d[n u* _! ,obervations1 & p]=m 
o!r ,?+s  :i* we d ) our ,h&s4 ,s t we  
mut necearily give !m ,!y  h ,h&s4 ,h&s1
 or ome o!r ,memb]1 z conv5i5t = all ^? 
,ues1 9tead ( !m4 ,"o ( ! anci5t        
,philooph]s laid u* ,/res  ^u ! ,ue &   
,conv5i5cy ( ! ,h&s1 t he made no cruple
 to  affirm1 !y 7 ! ,caue & ,f\ndation (
 all our ,k4 ,by  :i*1 ,i uppoe1 he     
meant no m1 ?an t )\t _! ,help &        
,aitance ,m5 c\ld nev] arrive to !      
,improvem5t ( _! ,m9ds 9  natural ,k3 ,&
 inde$ n )\t ,reaon4 ,= uppoe 9tead  (  
!m !y _h _h ,ho(s l ,hores or ,bullocks 
giv5 !m1 !y  might h laid inde$ ! ,model
 & ,deign ( ,cities & ,h\es 9  _! ,head1
 b !y w\ld nev] h be5 able to h built   
!m4  ,!y w\ld h _h no ,subject ( ,dic\re
 b :at belong'd to _!  ,victuals1       
,m>riages1 or ,self-preervation4 ,!y    
w\ld h be5 void (  all ,k & ,memory1 &  

inde$ w\ld h be5 b "o degree  ditant f  
brute ,beats4 ,:at c\ld we inv5t or     
imag9e t c\ld  be o exactly accommodat$ 
to all ! deign'd ,ues z ! ,h&s are8     
,elephants c lay hold (1 or ?r[ any ?+ )
 _! ,probocis1 c  take up ev5 ! mallet  
,?+s f ! ,gr\nd1 & c p]=m u*  urpri+    
,?+s ) x1 t x has n v improp]ly be5     
call'd  _! ,h&1 ?o' inde$ x is no?+ b a 
,noe ome:at long] ?an  ord9>y4 ,nor d   
,birds h[ les ,art & ,deign 9 ! ,ue ( _!
  ,bills 9 ! pick+ up _! ,meat1 & !     
wond]ful ,compoure (  _! ,nets4 ,b all  
?is is no?+ to ?oe ,conv5i5ces ! ,h& is 
o admirably uit$ to2 no?+ to t amaz+    
,contrivance 9 its  ,capacity ( be+     
tret*$1 or contract$1 or turn$ to any   
,"p z  ,occaion hall require4 ,& !n1 to 
pas by t nice ,s5e t !  ,ends ( ! ,f+]s 
are endu$ )1 ev5 to ! feel+ &  dit+uih+ 
mot orts ( ,bodies 9 ! ,d>k1 :at ,widom 
& ,art is  h['d 9 ! ,dipoition ( ! ,?umb
 & ,f+]s1 o z to take up or  keep fat   
hold ( any ,?+ we pleae8 ,ei!r !n !     
,planet>y  ,inhabitants mut h ,h&s1 or  

ome:at equally conv5i5t1 :i* x  is n eay
 to conceive2 or ele we mut ay t ,nature
 has be5  k9d] n only to u1 b ev5 to    
,squirrels & ,monkeys ?an !m4      ,&   
,feet4    ,t !y h ,feet alo c>ce any "o 
c d\bt1 t does b  conid] :at we aid b   
jut n[ ( ,animals diff]5t ,ways ( go+   
along1 :i* x's h>d to imag9e c be p]=m'd
 any o!r ways ?an  :at we !re rec\nt$4  
,& ( all ?oe1 !re's none c agree o  well
 ) ! tate ( ! ,planet>y ,inhabitants1 z 
t t we "h  make ue (4 ,except 7:at is n 
v probable1 if !y live 9  ,society1 z ,i
 hall h[ !y d7 !y h f\nd out ! ,art (   
fly+  9 ome ( ?oe ,worlds4      ,t !y   
are upright4    ,! ,/ature & ,%ape ( ,m5
 "h does h[ =? ! ,div9e ,provid5ce  o   
mu* 9 its be+ o fitly adapt$ to its     
deign'd ,ues1 t x is  n )\t reaon t all 
! ,philooph]s h tak5 notice ( x1  nor   
)\t ,probability t ! ,planet>y          
,inhabitants h _! ,eyes  & ,c\nt5ance   
upright1 l u1 = ! m conv5i5t & eay      
,contemplation & ,obervations ( ! ,/>s4 
,= if ! ,widom ( !  ,creator is o       

obervable1 o ,praie-wor?y 9 ! ,poition (
 ! o!r  ,memb]s2 9 ! conv5i5t ,situation
 ( ! ,eyes1 z ,wat*es 9 !  high] ,region
 ( ! ,body2 9 ! remov+ ( ! m uncomely   
,p>ts  out ( ight z 'tw]e1 we _c b ?9k  
he has almot oberv$ !  ame ,me?od 9 !   
,bodies ( ?oe remote ,inhabitants4 ,nor 
,x foll[s  n !re=e t !y h ! ame ,%ape ) 
u4 does x foll[  f h5ce t !y mut be ( ! 
ame ,%ape ) u4 ,= !re is  u* an inf9ite 
poible v>iety ( ,figures to be imag9$1 t
 bo?  ! ,/ructure ( _! :ole ,bodies1 & e
 "p ( !m1 bo?  outide & 9ide1 may be q  
diff]5t f ours4 ,h[ w>mly &  conv5i5tly 
are ome ,creatures clo?'d ) ,wool1 & h[ 
f9ely are  o!rs deck$ & adorn'd )       
,fea!rs8 ,p]haps among ! rational       
,creatures 9 ! ,planets !re may ome u*  
dit9ction be oberv'd 9  _! ,g>b &       
,cov]+2 a ,?+ 9 :i* ,beats eem to excel 
,m5 9  "h4 ,unles p]haps ,m5 are born   
nak$1 = ?is reaon to put !m  ^u employ+ 
& ex]ci+ _! ,wits1 9 ! inv5t+ & mak+  t 
,attire t ,nature _h made neceary = !m4 
,& 'tis ?is  ,neceity t has be5 !       

greatet1 if n only occaion ( all !      
,trade & ,comm]ce1 ( all ! ,me*anical   
,inv5tions & ,dicov]ies  t we are ,mat]s
 (4 ,beides1 ,nature might h ano!r great
  ,conv5i5cy 9 h] ,eye1 by br++ ,m5 into
 ! ,_w nak$1 namely1  t !y might        
accommodate !melves to all places ( !   
,_w1 &  g ?ick] or ?9n] clo?'d1 accord+ 
z ! ,seaon & ,climate !y  liv'd 9       
requir'd4 ,!re may till be conceiv$ a   
great] diff]5ce  betwe5 u & !           
,inhabitants ( ! ,planets2 = !re are ome
 ort  ( ,animals1 u* z ,oyt]s1 ,lobt]s1 
& ,crab-fih1 :oe ,fleh is on  ! 9ide (  
_! ,bones z 'tw]e4 ,b t :i* h9d]s me f  
acrib+ u* a k9d ( ,frame & ,compoition  
to ! ,planet>y  ,inhabitants1 is t      
,nature eems to h done x only 9 a few ( 
!  meanet ,sort ( ,creatures1 & t h]eby 
!y w\ld be depriv$ (  t quick eay motion
 ( _! ,h&s & ,f+]s1 :i* is o ueful  &   
neceary to !m1 o!rwie ,i h\ld n be mu*  
affect$ ) !  odd ,%ape & ,figure4       
,a rational ,s\l may inhabit ano!r ,%ape
 ?an ours4    ,= 'tis a v ridicul\s     

,op9ion1 t ! common ,p h got1  t 'tis   
impoible a rational ,s\l h\ld dwell 9   
any o!r ,%ape  ?an ours4 ,& yet z illy z
 'tis1 x has be5 ! occaion ( _m         
,philooph]s all[+ ! ,gods no o!r ,%ape2 
nay1 ! ,f\ndation ( a  ,sect among !    
,*ritians1 t f h5ce h ! ,"n (           
,an?ropomorphites4 ,?is c proce$ f no?+ 
b ! ,weaknes1  ,ignorance1 & ,prejudice 
( ,m52 ! ame z t o!r conc]n+  humane    
,%ape1 t x is ! h&omet & mot excell5t ( 
all  o!rs1 :5 inde$ x's no?+ b a be+    
accutom$ to t ,figure  t makes u ?9k o1 
& a ,conceit t we & all o!r ,animals    
naturally h1 t no ,%ape or ,col\r c be o
 good z our own4 ,yet  o p[]ful are !e1 
t 7 we to meet ) a ,creature ( a mu*    
diff]5t ,%ape f ,man1 ) ,reaon & ,spee*1
 we h\ld be mu*  urpried & hock$ at !   
,sight4 ,= if we try to imag9e or pa9t a
  ,creature l a ,man 9 e ,?+ ele1 b t   
has a ,neck f\r times  z long1 & great  
r\nd ,eyes five or ix times z big1 &    
f>!r  ditant1 we _c look ^u't )\t !     
utmot ,av]ion1 al?o' at  ! ame "t we c  

give no acc\nt ( our ,dil4      ,!      
,planet>ians n les ?an we4    ,:5 ,i jut
 n[ m5tion$ ! ,/ature ( ! ,planet>y     
,inhabitants1 ,i  h9t$ t 'twas          
improbable !y h\ld be les ?an we are4 ,=
 x's  likely1 t z our ,bodies are made 9
 u* a proportion to our ,e>?1  z to r5d]
 u capable ( travell+ ab\t x1 & mak+    
,obervations  ^u its ,bulk & ,figure1 ! 
ame ,ord] is oberv'd 9 ! ,inhabitants  (
 ! o!r ,planets1 unles 9 ?is ,p>ticul>  
alo1 :i* is v  conid]able1 we w\ld pref]
 our elves to all o!rs4 ,!n ee+ we  h   
be=e all['d !m ,atronomy & ,obervations1
 we mut give !m  ,bodies & ,/r5g?       
uffici5t = ! rul+ _! ,9trum5ts1 &  !    
erect+ _! ,tubes & ,eng9es4 ,& = ?is !  
l>g] !y are  ! bett]4 ,= if we h\ld     
uppoe !m ,dw>fs n above ! ,bignes  (    
,rats or ,mice1 !y c\ld nei!r make u*   
,obervations z are  requiite2 nor u*    
,9trum5ts z are neceary to ?oe          
,obervations4  ,!re=e we mut uppoe !m   
l>g] ?an1 or at leat equal to1 our      
elves1 epecially 9 ,jupit] & ,saturn1   

:i* are o vatly bigg]  ?an ! ,planet :i*
 we inhabit4      ,!y live 9 ,society4  
,atronomy1 we aid be=e1 c\ld nev] ubit  
)\t ! writ+ d[n  ! ,obervations3 ,nor   
c\ld ! ,art ( ,writ+ 7any m ?an ! ,arts 
( ,c>p5t]s & ,f\nd]s7 ev] be f\nd out   
except 9 a ,society (  reaonable        
,creatures1 :]e ! ,neceities ( ,life    
=c'd !m ^u  ,inv5tion3 ,s t x foll[s f  
h5ce1 7z 0 be=e aid7 t !  ,planet>y     
,inhabitants mut 9 ?is be l u1 t !y     
ma9ta9 a  ,society & ,fell[hip )1 & af=d
 mutual ,aitances & ,helps to  "o ano!r4
 ,h]eupon we mut all[ !m a ettl$1 n a   
w&r+  ,scy?ian way ( liv+1 z m conv5i5t 
= ,m5 9 u*  ,circumtances4 ,b :at foll[s
 f h5ce8 ,mut !y n h e  ?+ ele prop] =  
u* a mann] ( liv+ grant$ !m too8 ,mut   
!y n h _! ,gov]n\rs1 ,h\es1 ,cities1    
,trade & ,b>t]+8  ,:y h\ld !y n1 :5 ev5 
! b>b>\s ,p ( ,am]ica &  o!r ,places 7  
at _! firt ,dicov]y f\nd to h ome:at (  
t nature 9 ue among !m4 ,i don't ay1 t  
,?+s mut be !  ame !re z !y are "h4 ,we 
h _m t may v well be p>$  among rational

 ,creatures1 & 7 deign'd only = !       
preervation  ( ,society f all ,injury1 &
 = ! curb+ ( ?oe ,m5 :o make  an ill ue 
( _! ,reaon to ! ,detrim5t ( o!rs4      
,p]haps 9 !  ,planets !y h u* pl5ty &   
afflu5ce ( all good ,?+s1 z !y  nei!r   
ne$ or deire to teal f "o ano!r2 p]haps 
!y may be  o jut & good z to be at      
p]petual ,peace1 & nev] to lie 9 wait   
=1 or take away ! ,life ( _! ,neighb\r3 
p]haps !y may n  "k :at ,ang] or ,hatr$ 
are2 & if o1 !y mut be mu* happi]  ?an  
we4 ,b x's m likely !y h u* a mixture ( 
,good )  ,bad1 ( ,wie ) ,fools1 ( ,w> ) 
,peace1 & want n t  ,s*ool-mitres (     
,arts ,pov]ty4 ,=1 z 0 be=e h[n1 ome    
good  ue may be made ( !e ?+s1 b if n1  
!re is no ,reaon :y we  h\ld pref] _!   
,condition to our own4      ,!y enjoy ! 
,pleaures ( ,society4    ,:at ,i am n[  
go+ to ay may eem ome:at m bold1 & yet  
is n  les likely ?an ! =m]4 ,= if !e    
,nations 9 ! ,planets live  9 ,society1 
z ,i h pretty well h['d !y d1 'tis      
ome:at m  ?an probable t !y enjoy n only

 ! ,pr(it1 b ! ,pleaures  ari+ f        
,society3 u* z ,conv]ation1 ,am\rs1     
,jet+1 & ,%ews4  ,o!rwie we h\ld make !m
 live )\t ,div]ion or ,m]rim5t2 we  h\ld
 deprive !m ( ! great ,sweetnes ( ,life1
 :i* x c't well  be )\t1 & give our     
elves u* an ,advantage ov] !m z ,reaon  
w by no means admit (4    ,b to proce$  
to a f>!r ,enquiry into _! ,buines &    
,employm5t1  let's conid] :at we h n yet
 m5tion'd1 :]e9 !y may be>  any ,lik5es 
to u4 ,& firt we h good ,reaon to       
believe !y build  !melves ,h\es1 becaue 
we are ure !y are n )\t _!  ,%[]s4 ,= 9 
,jupit] h be5 oberv$ ,cl\ds1 big no d\bt
 )  ,vap\rs & ,wat]1 :i* ha? be5 prov$  
by _m o!r ,argum5ts1 n  to be want+ 9 t 
,planet4 ,!y h ,ra9 !n1 = o!rwie h[     
c\ld all ! ,vap\rs drawn up by ! ,heat (
 ! ,sun be dipoed (8  ,& ,w9ds1 = !y are
 caued only by ,vap\rs diolv$ by ,heat1 
&  x's pla9 t !y bl[ 9 ,jupit] by !     
cont9ual ,motion &  ,v>iety ( ! ,!y h   
,h\es to ecure 'em f ,wea!r4 ,cl\ds     
ab\t him4 ,to protect !melves f !e1 & t 

!y may pas  _! ,nights 9 ,quiet &       
,safety1 !y mut build !melves ,t5ts or  
,huts1 or live 9 ,holes ( ! ,e>?4 ,b :y 
may we n uppoe !  ,planet>y ,inhabitants
 to be z good ,ar*itects1 h z noble     
,h\es1  & z tately ,palaces z our elves8
 ,unles we ?9k t e ,?+  :i* belongs to  
our elves is ! mot beautiful & p]fect t 
c  be4 ,& :o are we1 b a few t live 9 a 
little ,corn] ( !  ,_w1 ^u a ,ball t5   
,?\& times les ?an ,jupit] or ,saturn8  
,&  yet we mut be ! only skilful ,p at  
,build+2 & all o!rs mut  be our         
,inf]i\rs 9 ! ,k ( uni=m ,symetry2 & n  
be able  to raie ,t[]s & ,pyramids z    
high1 magnific5t1 & beautiful1 z  our   
elves4 ,= my "p1 ,i ee no reaon :y !y   
may n be z great  ,mat]s z we are1 & h !
 ,ue ( all ?oe ,arts ubervi5t to  x1 z  
,/one-cutt+ & ,brick-mak+1 & :atoev] ele
 is neceary  = x1 z ,iron1 ,lead &      
,glas2 or ornam5tal to x1 z ,gild+ &    
,picture4    ,if _! ,globe is divid$ l  
ours1 into ,sea & ,l&1 z x's evid5t  x  
is 7ele :5ce c\ld all ?oe ,vap\rs 9     

,jupit] proce$87 we h  great ,reaon to  
all[ !m ! ,art ( ,navigation1 & n va9ly 
+ros o great1 o ueful a ,?+ to our      
elves4 ,epecially  conid]+ ! great      
,advantages ,jupit] & ,saturn h =       
,sail+1  9 hav+ o _m ,moons to direct _!
 ,c\re1 by :oe ,guidance !y  may atta9  
eaily to ! ,k t we are n ,mat]s (1 ( !  
,longitude ( ,places4 ,& :at a          
,multitude ( o!r ,?+s foll[ f  ?is      
,all[ance8 ,if !y h ,%ips1 !y mut h     
,sails & ,an*ors1  ,ropes1 ,pullies1 &  
,rudd]s1 :i* are ( p>ticul> ,ue 9       
direct+ a  ,%ip's ,c\re aga9t ! ,w9d1 & 
9 ail+ diff]5t ,ways ) !  ame ,gale4 ,& 
p]haps !y may n be )\t ! ,ue ( ! ,compas
  too1 = ! magnetical ,matt]1 :i*       
cont9ually paes ?ro' !  ,pores ( our    
,e>?1 is ( u* a ,nature1 t x's v        
probable !  ,planets h ome?+ l ,!y h    
,navigation1 & all ,arts  ubervi5t4 x4  
,b !re's no d\bt b t !y mut h !         
,me*anical ,arts & ,atronomy1 )\t :i*   
,navigation c no m  ubit1 ?an !y c )\t  
,geometry4    ,b ,geometry t&s 9 no ne$ 

( be+ prov'd aft] ?is mann]4 ,nor  do? x
 want ,aitance f o!r ,arts :i* dep5d ^u 
x1 b we  may h a ne>] & hort] ,aurance (
 _! n be+ )\t x  9 ?oe ,e>?s4 ,= t      
,sci5ce is ( u* +ul> ,wor? &  ,dignity1 
o peculi>ly imploys ! ,"ut&+1 & gives x 
u* a  full ,compreh5ion & infallible ,z 
,geometry4 c]ta9ty ( ,tru?1 z  no o!r ,k
 c pret5d to3 x is moreov] ( u* a       
,nature1  t its ,pr9ciples & ,f\ndations
 mut be o immutably ! ame 9  all ,times 
& ,places1 t we _c )\t ,injutice pret5d 
to  monopolize x1 & rob ! ret ( !       
,univ]e ( u* an incomp>able  ,/udy4 ,nay
 ,nature x elf invites u to be          
,geometricians2 x preents  u )          
,geometrical ,figures1 ) ,circles &     
,squ>es1 ) ,triangles1  ,polygones1 &   
,sph]es1 & propoes !m z x 7 to our      
,conid]ation & ,/udy1 :i* abtract+ f its
 ,uefulnes1 is mot  delightful & ravih+4
 ,:o c read ,euclid1 or ,apollonius1    
ab\t !  ,circle1 )\t ,admiration8 ,or   
,ar*im$es ( ! ,surface ( ! ,sph]e1  &   
,quadrature ( ! ,p>abola )\t ,amazem5t8 

or conid] ! late  +5i\s ,dicov]ies ( !  
,mod]ns ) ,boldnes & ,unconc]n$nes8  ,& 
all !e ,tru?s are z nak$ & op51 & dep5d 
^u ! ame  pla9 ,pr9ciples & ,axioms 9   
,jupit] & ,saturn z "h1 :i* makes  x n  
improbable t !re are 9 ! ,planets ome :o
 p>take )  u 9 !e delightful & pleaant  
,/udies4 ,b :at's ! greatet  ,argum5t ) 
me1 t !re are u*1 is _! ,ue1 ,i _h almot
 aid  ,neceity1 9 mot ,affairs ( humane 
,life4 ,n[ we are got ?us f>1  :at if we
 h\ld v5ture ome:at f>!r1 & ay1 t !y h  
our  ,inv5tions ( ! ,tables ( ,s9es1 (  
,log>i?ms1 & ,algebra8 ,i "k  x w\ld    
ound v odd1 & p]haps a little ridicul\s1
 & yet  !re's no reaon b ! ?9k+ our     
elves bett] ?an all !  ,_w1 to h9d] !m f
 be+ z happy 9 _! ,dicov]ies1 & z  +5i\s
 9 _! ,inv5tions z we our elves are4    
,!y h ,muick4    ,x's ! ame ) ,muick z )
 ,geometry1 x's e :]e immutably  ! ame1 
& always w be o4 ,= all ,h>mony conits 9
 ,concord1  & ,concord is all ! ,_w ov] 
fix'd accord+ to ! ame  inv>iable       
,meaure & ,proportion4 ,s t 9 all       

,nations !  ,diff]5ce & ,ditance (      
,notes is ! ame1 :e!r !y be 9 a  cont9u$
 gradual ,progreion1 or ! ,voice makes  
skips ov] "o to !  next4 ,nay v cr$ible 
,au?ors report1 t !re's a ort ( ,bird 9 
,am]ica1 t c pla9ly + 9 ord] ix muical  
,notes3 ,:5ce x  foll[s1 t ! ,laws (    
,muick are un*angeably fix'd by ,nature1
 &  !re=e ! ame ,reaon holds = _!       
,muick1 z we e'en n[ hew$  = _!         
,geometry4 ,= :y1 uppo+ o!r ,nations &  
,creatures1  endu$ ) ,reaon & ,s5e z    
well z we1 h\ld n !y reap !  ,pleaures  
ari+ f !e ,s5es z well z we too8 ,i     
don't "k  :at ,effect ?is ,argum5t1 f ! 
immutable ,nature ( !e ,arts1 may  h ^u 
! ,m9ds ( o!rs2 ,i ?9k x no inconid]able
 or  contemptible "o1 b ( z great ,/r5g?
 z t :i* ,i made ue (  above to prove t 
! ,planet>y ,inhabitants _h ! ,s5e (    
,see+4    ,b if !y take delight 9       
,h>mony1 !re is no d\bt b t !y  h inv5t$
 ,muical ,9trum5ts4 ,= !y c\ld c>ce help
 light+  ^u ome or o!r by *ance2 ! ,s\nd
 ( a tight ,/r+1 ! ,noie (  ! ,w9ds1 or 

! :itl+ ( ,re$s1 might h giv5 !m ! h9t4 
,f !e mall ,beg9n+s !y p]haps1 z well z 
we1 h advanc$  by degrees to ! ,ue ( !  
,lute1 ,h>p1 ,flute1 & _m tr+'d         
,9trum5ts4 ,b al?o' ! ,tones are c]ta9 &
 det]m9ate1 yet we  f9d among diff]5t   
,nations a q diff]5t mann] & rule =     
,s++2 z =m]ly among ! ,dorians1         
,phrygians1 & ,lydians1 & 9  our ,"t    
among ! ,fr5*1 ,italians1 & ,p]ians4 ,9 
l mann] x  may o happ51 t ! ,muick ( !  
,inhabitants ( ! ,planets may  widely   
diff] f all !e1 & yet be v good4 ,b :y  
we h\ld  look ^u _! ,muick to be wore   
?an ours1 !re's no reaon c be  giv52    
nei!r c we well preume t !y want ! ,ue (
 ,hal-,notes  & ,qu>t]-,notes1 ee+ !    
,inv5tion ( ,hal-,notes is o obvi\s1  & 
! ,ue ( !m o agreeable to ,nature4 ,nay1
 to g a ,/ep f>!r1  :at if !y h\ld excel
 u 9 ! ,!ory & practick "p ( ,muick1  & 
outdo u 9 ,conorts ( vocal & 9trum5tal  
,muick1 o  artificially compos'd1 t !y  
hew _! ,skill by ! ,mixtures (  ,dicords
 & ,concords8 & ( ?is lat ort 'tis v    

likely ! #e?  & #c;d are 9 ue ) !m4     
,?is is a v bold ,aertion1 b x may be   
true = ought we "k1  & ! ,inhabitants ( 
! ,planets may poibly h a great] 9ight  
into ! ,!ory ( ,muick ?an has yet be5   
dicov]'d among u4 ,= if  y ask any ( our
 ,muicians1 :y two or m p]fect ,fif?s _c
 be  ued regul>ly 9 ,compoition2 ome ay 
'tis to avoid t ,sweetnes  & ,luhi\nes  
:i* aries f ! ,repetition ( ?is plea+   
,*ord4 ,o!rs ay1 ?is mut be avoid$ = !  
ake ( t ,v>iety (  ,*ords t are requiite
 to make a good ,compoition2 & !e       
,reaons  are br\ght by ,c>tes & o!rs4 ,b
 an ,inhabitant ( ,jupit] or ,v5us  w   
p]haps give y a bett] ,reaon = ?is1 viz4
 becaue :5 y  pas f "o p]fect ,fif? to  
ano!r1 !re is u* a ,*ange made z        
imm$iately alt]s y\r ,key1 y are got    
into a new ,key be=e ! ,e>  is prep>$ = 
x1 & ! m p]fect ,*ords y ue ( ! ame  k9d
 9 ,conecution1 by o mu* ! m y (f5d !   
,e> by !e  abrupt ,*anges4    ,aga91 "o 
( !e ,inhabitants p]haps c h[ h[ x comes
 ab\t1  t 9 a ,song ( "o or m ,p>ts1 !  

,key _c be kept o well 9  ! ame         
agreeable ,t5\r1 unles ! int]m$iate     
,cloes & ,int]vals  be o temp]'d1 z to  
v>y f _! uual ,proportions1 & !reby to  
be> a little ?is way or t1 9 ord] to    
regulate ! ,scale4 ,& :y  ?is           
,temp]ature is bet 9 ! ,sytem ( ! ,/r+s1
 :5 out ( !  ,fif? ! f\r? ,"p ( a ,comma
 is uually cut (f2 ,?is ame ?+ ,i  h    
=m]ly hew'd at l>ge4    ,b = ! regulat+ 
! ,tone ( ! ,voice 7z ,i be=e h9t$7 t   
may admit ( a m eay pro(1 & we hall give
 y an ,eay ( x1  ince ,i h m5tion$ a ?+ 
t is n m]e ,imag9ation only3 ,i ay      
!re=e1 if any ,p]on trike ?oe ,s\nds :i*
 ! ,muicians  dit+uih by !e ,lett]s1 ,c1
 ,f1 ,d1 ,g1 ,c1 by !e agreeable        
,int]vals1 altoge!r p]fect1             
int]*angeable1 ac5d+ &  dec5d+ ) !      
,voice3 ,n[ ?is latt] ound ,c w be "o   
,comma1  or v mall portion l[] ?an !    
firt ound+ ( ,c4 ,becaue (  !e p]fect   
,int]vals1 :i* are z #d to #c1 #e to #f1
 #d to #c1 #b to #c1  an acc\nt is made 
9 u* a ,proportion1 z #afj to #afb4 t   

is1 z #hj  to #ha1 :i* is :at !y call a 
,comma4 ,s t if ! ame ,s\nd  h\ld be    
repeat$ n9e times1 ! ,voice w\ld fall   
ne> ! ,matt] a  great] ,tone1 :oe       
proportion is z #h to #i4 ,b ?is ! ,s5e 
( !  ,e>s by no means endures1 b        
rememb]s ! firt ,tone1 & returns to  x  
aga94 ,!re=e we are compell'd to ue an  
occult ,temp]am5t1 &  to + !e imp]fect  
,int]vals1 f do+ :i* les ,(f5ce  aries4 
,& = ! mot "p1 all ,s++ wants ?is       
,temp]am5t1 z  may be collect$ by !     
a=eaid ,computations4 ,& !e ?+s we  h   
(f]'d to ?oe t h ome ,k 9 ,geometry4    
,we h poke ( !e ,arts & ,inv5tions1 :i* 
x is v probable  ! ,inhabitants ( !     
,planets p>take ( 9 common ) u1 beides  
:i* x eems requiite to take 9 _m o!r    
,?+s t erve ei!r  = ! ,ue or ,pleaure ( 
_! ,lives4 ,b :at !e ,?+s are we  hall !
 bett] acc\nt =1 by lay+ be=e u _m ( ?oe
 ,?+s  :i* are f\nd among u4 ,i h be=e  
m5tion'd ! ,v>iety (  ,animals &        
,vegetables1 :i* v mu* diff] f ea* o!r1 
among  :i* !re are ome t diff] b little2

 & ,i h aid1 t  !re are no les diff]5ces
 9 !e ,?+s 9 ! ,planet>y ,worlds4    ,i 
hall n[ take a hort view ( ! ,b5efits we
 receive bo? f  ?oe ,h]bs & ,animals1 & 
ee :e!r we may n ) v good  reaon        
conclude t ! ,planet>y ,inhabitants reap
 z great & z  _m f ?oe t _! ,c\ntries   
af=d !m4    ,& "h x may be wor? our :ile
 to take a ,review ( ! ,v>iety &        
,multitude ( our ,ri*es4 ,= ,trees &    
,h]bs d n only erve u =  ,food1 !y 9 _! 
delici\s ,fruits1 !e 9 _! ,se$s1 ,leaves
 &  ,roots2 b ,h]bs moreov] furnih u )  
,phyick1 & ,trees )  ,timb] = our ,h\es 
& ,%ips4 ,flax1 by ! means ( ?oe two    
ueful  ,arts ( ,sp9n+ & ,weav+1 af=ds u 
,clo?+4 ,( ,hemp or ,matwe$  we twit our
 elves ,?read & mall ,ropes1 ! =m] ( :i*
 we  employ 9 ,sails & ,nets1 ! latt] 9 
mak+ l>g] ,ropes = ,mats  & ,an*ors4 ,) 
! weet ,smells & ,! ,advantages we reap 
f  ,h]bs & ,animals4 beaute\s ,col\rs ( 
,fl[]s we feat our ,s5es3  & ev5 ?oe (  
!m1 t (f5d our ,notrils1 or are mi*iev\s
 to  our ,bodies1 are eldom )\t excell5t

 ,ues3 or 7 made p]haps by  ,nature z a 
,foil to et (f1 & make u ! m value !    
,good by  comp>+ !m ) !e4 ,:at vat      
,advantages & ,pr(it d we reap  f !     
,animals8 ,! ,%eep give u ,clo?+1 & !   
,c[s af=d u  ,milk3 & bo? ( !m _! ,fleh 
= our ,sut5ance4 ,aes1 ,camels1  &      
,hores d1 :at if we want$ !m we mut d   
our elves1 c>ry our  ,burd5s2 & ! lat ( 
!m we make ue (1 ei!r !melves to  c>ry  
u1 or 9 our ,coa*es to draw u4 ,9 :i* we
 h o excell5t1  o ueful an ,inv5tion (  
,:eels1 t ,i c't uppoe ! ,planets to    
enjoy ,society & all its ,conequ5ces1 & 
be )\t !m4 ,:e!r  !y are ,py?agoreans   
!re1 or fe$ ^u ,fleh z we d1 ,i d>e n   
affirm any ,?+4 ,?o' x eems to be all[$ 
,m5 to fe$ ^u  :atoev] may af=d !m      
,n\rihm5t1 ei!r on ,l&1 or 9 ,wat]1  ^u 
,h]bs1 & ,pomes1 ,milk1 ,eggs1 ,honey1  
,fih1 & no les ^u !  ,fleh ( _m ,birds &
 ,beats4 ,b x is a urpri+ ?+6 t a       
rational ,creature h\ld live ^u ! ,ru9 &
 ,detruction ( u* a  numb] ( o!r 8      
,fell[-,creatures6 ,& yet x does n eem  

at all  unnatural1 ince n only he1 b ev5
 ,lions1 ,wolves1 & o!r  rav5\s ,beats1 
prey ^u ,flocks ( o!r h>mles ,?+s1 &    
make  m]e ,fodd] ( !m2 z ,eagles d (    
,pidgeons & ,h>es2 & l>ge ,fih  ( !     
helples little ones4 ,we h diff]5t orts 
( ,dogs =  ,hunt+1 & :at our own ,legs  
_c1 t _! ,noe & ,legs c  help u to4 ,b !
 ,ue & ,pr(it ( ,h]bs & ,animals are n !
  only ,?+s !y are good =1 b !y raie our
 ,delight &  ,admiration :5 we conid] _!
 v>i\s ,=ms & ,natures1 &  enquire into 
all _! diff]5t ways ( ,g5]ation3 ,?+s o 
inf9itely multif>i\s1 & o delightfully  
amaz+1 t ! ,books (  natural ,philooph]s
 are deerv$ly fill$ ) _! ,encomiums4 ,= 
ev5 9 ! v ,9ects1 :o c b admire !       
ix-corn]'d ,cells (  ! ,bees1 or !      
artificial ,web ( a ,spid]1 or ! f9e    
,bag ( a  ,silk-worm1 :i* lat af=ds u1 )
 ! ,help ( incr$ible ,indutry1  ev5     
,%iploads ( (t delicate ,clo?+4 ,?is is 
a hort ,summ>y (  ?oe _m pr(itable      
,advantages ! animal & h]bal ,_w erve u 
)4    ,b ?is is n all4 ,! ,b[els ( !    

,e>? likewie contribute mu*  to ,man's  
,happ9es4 ,= :at ,art & ,cunn+ does he  
employ 9 f9d+1  9 digg+1 9 try+ ,metals1
 & 9 melt+1 ref9+1 & temp]+  !m8 ,& f   
,metals4 ,:at ,skill & ,nicety 9 beat+1 
draw+ or  diolv+ ,gold1 o z )           
inconid]able ,*anges to make e ,?+  he  
pleaes put on t noble ,lutre8 ,( h[ _m &
 admirable ,ues is  ,iron8 & h[ ignorant
 9 all ,me*anical ,k 7 ?oe ,nations  t 7
 n acqua9t$ ) x1 o z to h no o!r ,arms b
 ,b[s1  ,clubs1 & ,spe>s1 made ( ,wood4 
,!re's "o ,?+ inde$ we h1  :i* x's a    
,quetion :e!r x has done m h>m or good1 
& t  is ,gun-p[d] made ( ,nitre &       
,brimtone4 ,at firt inde$ x eem'd z  if 
we _h got a m ecure ,def5e ?an =m] ,ages
 aga9t all  ,aaults1 & c\ld eaily gu>d  
our ,t[ns1 by ! wond]ful ,/r5g?  ( t    
,inv5tion1 aga9t all hotile ,invaions3 b
 n[ we f9d x  has r enc\rag$ !m1 & at ! 
ame "t be5 no mall ,occaion  ( ! ,decay 
( ,val\r1 by r5dr+ x & ,/r5g? almot     
ueles 9  ,w>4 ,_h ! ,grecian ,emp]or :o 
aid1 ,virtue 0 ru9'd only :5  ,sl+s &   

,rams firt came into ue1 liv'd 9 our    
,days1 he might well  h compla9'd2      
epecially ( ,bombs1 aga9t :i* nei!r ,art
 nor  ,nature is ( uffici5t ,pro(3 b :i*
 lays e ,?+1 ,catles &  ,t[]s1 be !y    
nev] o trong1 ev5 ) ! ,gr\nd4 ,if = no?+
  ele1 yet ^u ?is "o acc\nt1 ,i ?9k we  
_h bett] h be5  )\t ! ,dicov]y4 ,yet1 :5
 we 7 talk+ ( our ,dicov]ies1 x  0 n to 
be pas'd ov]1 = ! ,planets too may h _! 
mi*iev\s z well z ueful ,inv5tions4     
,we are happi] 9 ! ,ues = :i* ! ,air &  
,wat] erves u2 bo?  ( :i* helps u 9 our 
,navigation1 & furnihes u ) a ,/r5g?    
uffici5t1 )\t any ,lab\r ( our own1 to  
turn r\nd our ,mills &  ,eng9es2 ,?+s   
:i* are ( ue to u 9 o _m diff]5t        
,employm5ts4 ,= ) !m we gr9d our ,corn1 
& queeze out our ,oil2  ) !m we cut     
,wood1 & mill ,clo?1 & ) !m we beat our 
,/uff  = ,pap]4 ,an incomp>able         
,inv5tion6 ,:]e ! natiet ueles ,scraps  
( ,l95 are made to produce f9e :ite     
,%eets4 ,to !e we may add !  late       
dicov]y ( ,pr9t+1 :i* n only preerves f 

,dea? ,arts  & ,k1 b makes !m mu* eai]  
to be atta9$ ?an be=e4  ,nor mut we =get
 ! ,arts ( ,engrav+ & ,pa9t+1 :i* f mean
  ,beg9n+s h improv$ to t ,excell5ce1 t 
no?+ t ev]  prung f ! ,wit ( ,man c     
claim ,pre-em95ce to !m4 ,nor is !  way 
( melt+ & bl[+ ,glaes1 & ( polih+ &     
pread+  ,quick-ilv] ov] ,look+-,glaes1  
unwor?y ( be+ m5tion$1 nor  above all1 !
 admirable ues t ,glaes h be5 put to 9  
natural  ,k1 ince ! ,inv5tion ( !       
,telecope & ,microcope4 ,& no  les nice 
& f9e is ! ,art ( mak+ ,clocks1 ome (   
:i* are o  mall z to be no weight to !  
,be>]2 & o!rs o exact z to  meaure out !
 ,"t 9 z mall ,portions z any "o c      
deire3 !  ,improvem5t ( bo? :i* ! ,_w   
owes to my  #a;,inv5tions4      ,f !    
dicov]ies ( our ,age4    ,i might add   
mu* "h ( ! late ,dicov]ies1 mot ( !m (  
?is  ,age1 :i* h be5 made 9 all orts (  
,natural ,k z well z  9 ,geometry &     
,atronomy1 z ( ! ,weight & ,spr+ ( !    
,air1 (  ! ,*ymical ,exp]im5ts t h h[n u
 a way ( mak+ ,liquors  t hall h9e 9 !  

,d>k1 & ) g5tle mov+ hall burn (        
!melves4 ,i might m5tion ! ,circulation 
( ! ,blood ?r\gh !  ,ve9s & ,art]ies1   
:i* 0 "utood inde$ be=e2 b n[1 by !     
help ( ! ,microcope1 has an ocul>       
demontration 9 ! ,tails (  ome ,fihes3 (
 ! ,g5]ation ( ,animals1 :i* n[ is f\nd 
to be  p]=m$ no o!rwie ?an by ! ,se$ (  
"o ( ! ame k9d2 &  t 9 ! ,se$ ( ! ,male 
are dicov]'d1 by ! help ( ,glaes1       
,millions ( prightly little ,animals1   
:i* x's probable are ! v  ,(fspr+ ( !   
,animals !melves3 a urpri+ ?+1 & nev]   
be=e n[ kn[n6      ,! ,planets h1 ?o' n 
!e ame1 yet z ueful ,inv5tions4    ,?us 
h ,i put toge!r all !e late ,dicov]ies (
 our ,e>?3 &  n[1 ?o' p]haps ome ( !m   
may be common to ! ,planet>y            
,inhabitants ) u1 yet t !y h\ld h all ( 
!m is n  cr$ible4 ,b !n !y may h ome:at 
to make up t ,defect1  o!rs z good & z  
ueful1 & z wond]ful1 t we want4 ,we h   
all['d t !y may h rational ,creatures   
among !m1 &  ,geometricians1 &          
,muicians3 ,we h prov'd t !y live 9     

,societies1 h ,h&s & ,feet1 are gu>d$ ) 
,h\es & ,walls3  ,:]e=e if a ,man c\ld  
be c>ri$ ?i!r by ome p[]ful ,g5ius1  ome
 ,m]cury1 ,i don't d\bt 'tw\ld be a v   
curi\s ight1 curi\s  beyond all         
,imag9ation1 to ee ! odd ways1 & !      
unuual mann] (  _! ett+ ab\t any ?+1 &  
_! trange me?ods ( liv+4 ,b  ince !re's 
no hopes ( our go+ u* a ,j\rney1 we mut 
be  cont5t$ ) :at's 9 our ,p[]3 we may  
uppoe our elves !re1  & inquire z f> z  
we c into ! ,atronomy ( ea* ,planet1 &  
ee  9 :at mann] ! ,heav5s preent !melves
 to _! ,inhabitants4 ,we  hall make ome 
,obervations ( ! ,em95ce ( ea* ( !m1 9  
repect ( _! ,magnitude1 & numb] ( ,moons
 !y h to wait on  !m2 & hall propoe a   
new ,me?od ( com+ to ome ,k ( !         
incr$ible ditance ( ! ix'd ,/>s4 ,b firt
 aft] ?is long &  deep ,?\ghtfulnes we w
 give our elves a little ,ret1 & o put  
an end to ?is ,book4                    
,new ,conjectures conc]n+ !             
,planet>y ,worlds4      ,,book !        
,second4      ',twas a pretty _m ,ye>s  

ago t ,i *anc'd to light ^u ,a?anaius   
,kir*]'s ,book1 call'd ,! ,ectatick     
,j\rney1 :i* treats ( !  nature ( !     
,/>s1 & ( ! ,?+s t are to be f\nd 9 !   
,sup]ficies ( ! ,planets3 ,i wond]$ to  
ee no?+ !re ( :at ,i  _h (t5 ?\ght n    
improbable1 b q o!r ,?+s1 no?+ b a      
,heap ( idle unreaonable ,/uff3 :i* ,i 0
 ! m confirm'd 91  :51 aft] ! writ+ ( ! 
=m] "p1 ,i ran ov] ! ,book aga94  ,& ,i 
?\ght m9e 7 v conid]able & weighty      
,matt]s if  comp>'d ) ,kir*]'s4 ,t o!r  
,p may be atisfi$ 9 ?is1  & ee h[ va9ly 
?oe1 :o cat (f ! only ,f\ndations (     
,probability 9 u* ,matt]s1 :i* we h all 
! way made ue (1  pret5d to philoophize 
9 ?is cae1 ,i ?9k x w n be beide !      
,purpoe to bet[ ome few ,reflections ^u 
t ,book4      ,kir*]'s ,j\rney 9 ,ectacy
 exam9'd4    ,t +5i\s ,man uppo+ himelf 
c>ri$ by ome ,angel ?ro' !  vat ,spaces 
( ,heav51 & r\nd ! ,/>s1 tells u1 he aw 
a great  _m ?+s1 ome ( :i* he _h out ( !
 ,books ( ,atronom]s1 !  ret are !      
,product ( 8 own ,fancy & ,?\ghts4 ,b1  

be=e he  ent]s ^u 8 ,j\rney1 he lays d[n
 !e two ,?+s z c]ta92 t  no ,motion mut 
be all[$ ! ,e>?1 & t ,god has made no?+ 
9  ! ,planets1 no n o mu* z ,h]bs1 :i*  
has ei!r ,life or ,s5e 9  x4 ,leav+ !n !
 ,sytem ( ,cop]nicus1 he *ues ,ty*o = 8 
,guide4 ,b :5 he uppoes all ! fix'd ,/>s
 to be ,suns1 & r\nd  ea* ( !m places _!
 ,planets1 "h 7aga9t 8 ,w ,i uppoe7 he  
has unaw>es made an inf9ite numb] (     
,cop]nican ,sytems4 ,all :i*1  beide _! 
own ,motion1 he aburdly makes to be     
c>ri$1 ) an  incr$ible wiftnes1 9 tw5ty 
f\r ,h\rs r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,s9ce mot  ( !e  
,worlds are out ( ! ,rea* ( any ,man's  
ight1 z he owns  !y are1 ,i _c ?9k = :at
 purpoe he makes o _m ,suns to  h9e ^u  
deolate ,l&s 7l our ,e>? 9 e ?+1 he ays1
 only  t !y h nei!r ,plants nor         
,animals7 :]e !re's no "o to :om  !y    
h\ld give light4 ,& f h5ce he till falls
 into m &  m ,aburdities4 ,& becaue he  
c\ld f9d no o!r ue ( !  ,planets1 ev5 9 
our ,sytem1 he is =c'd to beg ,help ( ! 
,atrolog]s2 & w\ld h all ?oe vat ,bodies

 made ^u no o!r  acc\nt ?an t ! :ole    
,univ]e might be preerv$ & cont9ue      
ecure by _! means1 & t !y might gov]n ! 
,m9d ( ,man by  _! v>i\s & regul>       
,influ5ces4 ,accord+ly1 to gratify      
,atrology1 he ays t ,v5us 0 ! mot       
pleaant ,place1 e ?+  f9e & h&ome1 its  
,light g5tle1 its ,wat]s weet & purl+1 &
  x elf beet all ab\t ) h9+ ,*rytals4 ,9
 ,jupit] he f\nd  :oleome & weet ,gales1
 delicate ,wat]s1 & a ,l& h9+ l  ,silv]4
 ,= f !e two ,planets x eems1 ,m5 h all 
t is happy  & heal?ful p\r$ d[n ^u !m2 &
 all t r5d]s !m h&ome  & lovely1 wie &  
grave1 is ow+ to _! ,influ5ces4 ,m]cury 
_h ,i  don't "k :at ,air9es & ,brisknes 
9 x2 :5ce ,m5 d]ive1 :5  !y are firt    
born1 all _! ,wit & ,cunn+4 ,m>s 0 no?+ 
b  inf]nal1 t9k+1 black ,flames &       
,smoke3 & ,saturn 0 all  melan*oly1     
dreadful1 naty1 & d>k3 = !e are !       
,planets 7,i  don't "k :y1 b all        
,=tune-tell]s hate !m7 t br+ all !      
,plagues & ,mi*iefs t we feel ^u u1 &   
w\ld ex]cie _!  ,spite till m1 unles !y 

7 ometimes mitigat$ & correct$ by  !    
b5ign & k9d ,influ5ces ( ! o!r ,planets4
 ,all ?is & u*  l ,/uff 8 ,g5ius tea*es 
him4 ,:i* he makes give a eri\s ,anw]   
to ?is idle ,quetion1 ,:e!r a ,jew or   
,hea!n c\ld be duly &  rightly baptiz$ 9
 ! ,wat]s ( ,v5us8 ,( him too he le>ns t
 !  ,heav5 ( ! fix'd ,/>s is n made (   
olid ,matt]1 b ( a ?9  fluid1 :]e9 an   
innum]able company ( ,/>s & ,suns lie   
float+  "h & !re1 n *a9'd d[n to any    
,place1 7?us f> he's 9 !  "r7 & decrib+ 
9 ! ,space ( a ,day !e prodigi\s        
,circles  r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,he =gets "h1 if 
!re 7 u* a ,motion1 )  :at an incr$ible 
wiftnes !y w\ld fly (f f e "p (  _!     
,orbits4 ,b ,i uppoe ! ,intellig5ces t  
he has plac'd 9  !m are to take c>e ( t1
 ?oe ,angels t preide ov]1 &  regulate  
_! ,motions4 ,& 9 t he foll[s a company 
( ,doctors  t h>b\r'd t idle fancy (    
,aritotle ^u no ,acc\nt or              
,conid]ation4 ,b ,cop]nicus has fre$ ?oe
 ,intellig5ces ( all t  ,lab\r &        
,tr\ble1 only by br++ 9 ! ,motion ( !   

,e>?3 :i*1  if ^u no o!r ,acc\nt1 e "o t
 is n bl9d purpoely1 mut  own to be     
neceary ^u ?is4 ,i d>e ay ,kir*]1 if he 
_h d>'d  freely to peak 8 ,m9d1 c\ld h  
af=d$ u bett] ort ( ,?+s  ?an !e4 ,b :5 
he c\ld n h t lib]ty1 ,i ?9k he might  z
 well h let ! :ole ,matt] alone4 ,b     
en\gh ( ?is2 let's h  h done ) ?is fam\s
 ,au?or3 ,& n[ t we h v5tur'd to  place 
,spectators 9 ! ,planets1 let u exam9e  
ea* ( !m1 & ee  :at _! ,ye>s1 ,days1 &  
,atronomy are4      ,! ,sytem ( !       
,planets 9 ,m]cury4    ,to beg9 ) !     
inn]mot & ne>et ! ,sun3 ,we "k t ,m]cury
  is ?ree times ne>] t vat ,body (      
,light ?an we are4 ,:5ce x  foll[s t !y 
ee him ?ree times bigg]1 & feel him n9e 
times  hott] ?an we d4 ,su* a degree (  
,heat w\ld be intol]able to u1  & et    
afire all our dry'd ,h]bs1 our ,hay &   
,/raw t we ue4 ,&  yet !re is no d\bt b 
t ! ,animals !re1 are made ( u* a       
,temp]1 z to be b mod]ately w>m1 & !    
,plants u* z to be able  to endure !    
,heat4 ,! ,inhabitants ( ,m]cury1 x's   

likely1 h !  ame op9ion ( u t we h (    
,saturn1 t we mut be intol]ably  cold1 &
 h little or no ,light1 we are o f> f ! 
,sun4 ,!re's  reaon to d\bt1 :e!r !     
,inhabitants ( ,m]cury1 ?o' !y live o   
mu* ne>] ! ,sun1 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,life &    
,vig\r1 are mu* m  airy & +5i\s ?an we4 
,= if we may gues at !m by :at we ee    
"h1 we hall n be oblig$ to grant x4 ,!  
,inhabitants ( ,africa  & ,brail1 t h   
got = _! ,%>e ! hottet ,places 9 !      
,e>?1 be+ nei!r o wie nor o indutri\s z 
?oe t belong to  cold] & m temp]ate     
,climates2 !y h c>ce any ,arts or  ,k   
among !m2 & ?oe ( !m t live ^u ! v      
,%ore1  "ut& little or no ,navigation4  
,nor c ,i be will+ to make all  t vat   
numb] t mut inhabit ?oe two l>ge        
,planets1 ,jupit] &  ,saturn1 & h u*    
noble ,att5dance1 m]e dull ,blockheads1 
or  )\t z mu* ,wit z our elves1 ?o' !y  
are o f> m ditant  f ! ,sun4 ,!         
,atronomy ( ?oe t live 9 ,m]cury1 & !   
appe>ance ( ! ,planets to !m1 oppoite at
 c]ta9 times to !  ,sun1 may be eaily   

conceiv$ by ! ,s*eme ( ! ,cop]nican     
,sytem 9  ! =m] ,"p4 ,at ! times ( !e   
,oppoitions ,v5us & ! ,e>?  mut ne$s    
appe> v bright & l>ge to !m4 ,= if ,v5us
 h9es o  glori\ly to u :5 he is new &   
horn$1 he mut necearily 9  oppoition to 
! ,sun1 :5 he is full1 be at leat ix or 
ev5 times  l>g]1 & a great deal ne>] to 
! ,inhabitants ( ,m]cury1 &  af=d !m    
,light o trong & bright1 t !y h no reaon
 to  compla9 ( _! want ( a ,moon4 ,:at !
 ,l5g? ( _! ,days are1 or  :e!r !y h    
diff]5t ,seaons 9 ! ,ye>1 is n yet      
dicov]$1  becaue we h n yet be5 able to 
oberve :e!r 8 ,axis h any  incl9ation to
 8 ,orbit1 or :at ,"t he p5ds 9 8       
diurnal  ,revolution ab\t 8 own ,axis4  
,& yet ee+ ,m>s1 ! ,e>?1 ,jupit]  &     
,saturn1 h c]ta9ly u* ,succeions1 !re's 
no reaon to d\bt  b t he has 8 ,days &  
,nights z well z !y4 ,b 8 ,ye> is  c>ce 
! f\r? "p o long z ours4    ,!          
,inhabitants ( ,v5us h mu* ! ame ,face (
 ,?+s z ?oe 9  ,m]cury1 only !y nev] ee 
him 9 oppoition to ! ,sun1 :i* is       

occaion$ by 8 nev] remov+ above #ch     
degrees1 or !reab\ts1 f  x4 ,! ,sun     
appe>s to !m l>g] by half 9 8 ,diamet]1 
& above  twice 9 8 ,circumf]5ce1 ?an to 
u3 & by conequ5ce af=ds !m  b twice z   
mu* ,light & ,heat1 o t !y are ne>] our 
,temp]ature ?an ,m]cury4 ,_! ,ye> is    
compleat$ 9 ev5 & a half  ( our ,mon?s4 
,9 ! ,night our ,e>?1 :5 'tis on ! o!r  
ide (  ! ,sun f ,v5us1 mut ne$s eem mu* 
l>g] & light] to ,v5us  ?an he do? ev]  
to u2 & !n !y may eaily ee1 if _! ,eyes 
be n weak] ?an ours1 our contant        
,att5dant ! ,moon4 ,i h (t5  wond]'d t  
:5 ,i h view'd ,v5us :5 he is ne>et to !
  ,e>?1 & reembl$ an ,half-moon1 jut    
beg9n+ to h ome?+  l ,horns1 ?r\gh a    
,telecope ( #de or #fj ,foot long1 he   
always  appe>$ to me all ov] equally    
lucid1 t ,i c't ay ,i oberv$ o  mu* z "o
 ,spot 9 h]1 ?o' 9 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 :i*  
eem mu* les  to u1 !y are v pla9ly      
p]ceiv'd4 ,= if ,v5us _h any u* ,?+  z  
,sea & ,l&1 ! =m] mut necearily h[ mu* m
 obcure  ?an ! o!r1 z anyone may atisfy 

himelf1 t f a v high  ,m\nta9 w b look  
d[n ^u our ,e>?4 ,i ?\ght t p]haps !    
too brisk ,light ( ,v5us might be !     
occaion ( ?is equal  appe>ance2 b :5 ,i 
ued an ,eye-glas t 0 mok'd = !  ,purpoe1
 x 0 till ! ame ,?+4 ,:at !n1 has ,v5us 
no ,sea1 or  d ! ,wat]s !re reflect !   
,light m ?an ours d1 or _! ,l&  les8 ,or
 r 7:i* is mot probable 9 my ,op9ion7 is
 n all t  ,light we ee reflect$ f an    
,atmoph]e urr\nd+ ,v5us1 :i*  be+ ?ick] 
& m olid ?an t 9 ,m>s or ,jupit]1 h9d]s 
our  ee+ any ?+ ( ! ,globe x elf1 & is  
at ! ame "t capable  ( end+ back ! ,rays
 t x receives f ! ,sun8 ,= x is  c]ta9 t
 if we look$ on ! ,e>? f ! outide ( !   
,atmoph]e1 we h\ld n p]ceive u* a       
diff]5ce z we d f a  ,m\nta92 b by reaon
 ( ! int]poed ,atmoph]e1 we h\ld oberve 
v little ,dip>ity betwe5 ,sea & ,l&4    
',tis ! ame ,?+ t  h9d]s u f ee+ !      
,spots 9 ! ,moon z pla9 9 ! ,day z 9  ! 
,night1 becaue ! ,vap\rs t urr\nd ! ,e>?
 be+ !n  enlight5'd by ! ,rays ( ! ,sun1
 are an ,imp$im5t to our ,propect4      

,9 ,m>s4    ,b ,m>s1 z ,i aid be=e1 has 
ome ,p>ts ( him d>k] ?an o!r  ome4 ,by !
 contant ,returns ( :i* 8 ,nights &     
,days h be5  f\nd to be ( ab\t ! ame    
l5g? ) ours4 ,b ! ,inhabitants  h no    
p]ceivable ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,summ] &    
,w9t]1 ! ,axis (  t ,planet hav+ v      
little or no ,incl9ation to 8 ,orbit1 z 
has  be5 dicov]'d by ! ,motion ( 8      
,spots4 ,our ,e>? mut appe> to  !m almot
 z ,v5us do? to u1 & by ! ,help ( a     
,telecope w be  f\nd to h its ,wane1    
,increae1 & ,full1 l ! ,moon3 & nev] to 
remove f ! ,sun above #dh ,degrees1 by  
:oe ,dicov]y !y ee x1  z well z ,m]cury 
& ,v5us1 ometimes pas ov] ! ,sun's      
,disk4 ,!y  z eldom ee ,v5us z we d     
,m]cury4 ,i am apt to believe1 t !  ,l& 
9 ,m>s is ( a black] ,col\r ?an t (     
,jupit] or ! ,moon1  :i* is ! reaon ( 8 
appe>+ ( a ,copp] ,col\r1 & 8  reflect+ 
a weak] ,light ?an is proportionable to 
8 ditance f  ! ,sun4 ,8 ,body1 z ,i     
oberv$ be=e1 ?o' f>!r f ! ,sun1 is  les 
?an ,v5us4 ,nor has he any ,moon to wait

 ^u him1 & 9 t1 z  well z ,m]cury &     
,v5us1 he mut be ackn[l$g$ inf]i\r to ! 
,e>?4 ,8 ,light & ,heat is twice1 &     
ometimes ?ree times les ?an  ours1 to   
:i* ,i uppoe ! ,contitution ( 8         
,inhabitants is  anw]able4      ,jupit] 
& ,saturn ! mot em95t ( ! ,planets bo? =
 bignes  & att5dants4    ,if our ,e>? c 
claim pre-em95ce ( ! =e-m5tion'd        
,planets1 =  hav+ a ,moon to att5d ^u x1
 7= its ,magnitude c make b a  mall     
diff]5ce7 h[ mu* ,sup]i\r mut ,jupit] & 
,saturn be to  ?oe ?ree & ! ,e>? alo8 ,=
 :e!r we conid] _! ,bulk1 9  :i* !y f>  
exce$ all ! o!rs1 or ! ,numb] ( ,moons t
 wait  ^u !m1 x's v probable t !y are ! 
*ief1 ! prim>y  ,planets 9 our ,sytem1 9
 comp>ion ) :i* ! o!r f\r are  no?+1 &  
c>ce wor? m5tion+4 ,= ! eai] ,conception
 (  _! vat ,dip>ity1 ,i h ?\ght fit to  
add a ,s*eme ( our ,e>?1  ) ! ,moon's   
,orbit1 & ! ,globe ( ! ,moon xelf1 & !  
,sytems ( ,fig4 #c4 ,jupit] & ,saturn1  
:]e ,i h drawn e ?+  z ne> ! true       
,proportion z poible4 ,jupit] y ee is   

adorn$  ) f\r1 & ,saturn ) five ,moons1 
all plac$ 9 _! repective  ,orbits4 ,!   
,moons ab\t ,jupit] we owe to ,galilo1  
'tis well kn[n3 &  any "o may imag9e he 
0 9 no mall ,rapture at ! ,dicov]y4 ,!  
out]mot b "o1 & brightet ( ,saturn's1 x 
*anc'd to be my lot1  ) a ,telecope n   
above #ab foot long1 to h ! firt ight ( 
9  ! ,ye> #afee4 ,! ret we may ?ank !   
indutri\s ,caini =1 :o  ued ! ,glaes (  
,jo4 ,campanus's gr9d+1 firt ( #cf1 &   
aft]w>ds ( #acf foot long4 ,he has (t51 
& p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ye>  #afgb1 hew'd me !
 ,?ird & ,fif?4 ,! ,firt & ,second he   
gave me  notice ( by ,lett]s 9 ! ,ye>   
#afhd2 b !y are c>ce ev] to be  e51 & ,i
 c't poitively ay1 ,i _h ev] t ,happ9es2
 b am z  atisfi$ t !y are !re1 z if ,i  
_h2 n 9 ! leat upect+  ! ,cr$it ( t     
wor?y ,man4 ,nay1 ,i am afraid !re are  
,"o or ,two  m till beh9d1 & n )\t      
reaon4 ,= betwe5 ! ,f\r? &  ,fif? !re's 
a ,ditance n at all proportionable to t 
betwe5 all  ! o!rs3 ,"h1 = ought ,i "k1 
!re may be a ,six?2 or p]haps  !re may  

be ano!r )\t ! ,fif? t may yet h ecap$  
u3  = we c nev] ee ! ,fif? b 9 t "p ( 8 
,orbit1 :i* is  t[>ds ! ,wet3 = :i* we  
hall give y a v good reaon4    ,p]haps  
:5 ,saturn comes into ! ,nor!rn ,signs1 
& is at a good  height f ! ,horizon 7=  
at ! writ+ ( ?is he is at 8  l[et7 y may
 happ5 to make ome new ,dicov]ies1 good 
,bro!r1 if  y w\ld b make ue ( y\r two  
,telecopes ( #agj & #baj ,foot long2  ! 
longet1 & ! bet ,i believe n[ 9 ! ,_w4  
,= ?o' we h  n yet _h an opportunity (  
oberv+ ! ,heav5s ) !m 7z well  by reaon 
( _! ,unwield9es1 z = ! ,int]ruption (  
our ,/udies  by y\r ,abence7 yet ,i am  
atisfi$ ( _! ,goodnes by our trial (  !m
 "o ,night1 9 read+ a ,lett] at a vat   
ditance by ! ,help ( a  ,light4 ,i _c b 
?9k ( ?oe times ) ,pleaure1 & ( our     
div]t+ ,lab\r 9 polih+ & prep>+ u*      
,glaes1 9 inv5t+  new ,me?ods & ,eng9es1
 & always puh+ =w>d to till great]  &   
great] ,?+s4 ,b to return to ! ,figures1
 ( :i* !re  rema9s ome?+ fur!r to be    
aid4      ,! proportion ( ! ,diamet] (  

,jupit]1 & ( ! ,orbs ( 8  ,satellites1  
to ! ,orbit ( ! ,moon r\nd ! ,e>?4    ,i
 h !re made ! ,diamet] ( ,jupit] ab\t   
two ?ird p>ts ( our  ditance f ! ,moon3 
= ! ,diamet] ( ,jupit] is above tw5ty   
times bigg] ?an t ( ! ,e>?2 :i* is ab\t 
a ?irtie? "p (  ! ,moon's ditance4 ,!   
,orbit ( ! out]mot ( ,jupit]'s          
,satellites  is to t ( ! ,moon r\nd !   
,e>?1 z #h &  is to #a4 ,& ea* (  !e    
,moons1 by ! ,%ad[ !y make ^u ,jupit]1  
_c be les ?an  our ,e>?4 ,_! ,! ,p]iods 
( ,jupit]'s ,moons4 ,p]iods1 t ,i may  n
 omit !m1 are accord+ to ,caini's       
,acc\nt !e4 ,t ( !  inmot is "o day1 #ah
 h\rs1 #bh m9utes1 & #cf econds4 ,!     
,second  p5ds #c days1 #ac h\rs1 #ac    
m941 #eb econds 9 go+ r\nd him4 ,!      
,?ird #g days1 #c h\rs1 #ei m941 #dj ec4
 ,! ,f\r? #af days1 #ah h\rs1 #e  m941  
#f ec4 ,! ,ditance ( ! inn]mot f ,jupit]
 himelf is #b  ( 8 ,diamet]s4 ,t ( !    
,second is #d & a half3 ,( ! ,?ird #g  &
 "o ix? "p3 ,( ! ,f\r? #ab & two ?irds1 
( ! ame ,&  ,saturn's4 ,diamet]s4 ,!    

,inn]mot ( ,saturn's ,satellites moves  
r\nd  him 9 #a day1 #ba h\rs1 #ah m941  
#ca ec4 ,! ,second 9 #b days1 #ag  h\rs1
 #da m941 #bg ec4 ,! ,?ird 9 #d days1   
#ac h\rs1 #dg m941 #af ec4  ,! ,f\r? 9  
#ae days1 #bb h\rs1 #da m941 #aa ec4 ,! 
,fif? 9 #gi days1  #g h\rs1 #ec m941 #eg
 ec4 ,_! ,ditances f ! ,c5t] ( ,saturn  
are1 t ( ! firt almot "o1 t is #ci =tie?
 p>ts ( !  ,diamet] ( 8 ,r+2 t ( ! econd
 "o & a qu>t] ( ?oe  ,diamet]s2 ( ! ?ird
 "o & ?ree qu>t]s ( !m2 ( ! f\r?  f\r1  
or accord+ to my ,calculation1 b #c & a 
half2 ( ! #e? #ab1  :i* 7 f\nd ) vat    
,pa9s & ,lab\r4    ,n[ c any "o look ^u1
 & comp>e !e ,sytems toge!r1 )\t  be+   
amaz$ at ! vat ,magnitude & noble       
,att5dance ( !e two  ,planets1 9 repect 
( ?is little ,e>? ( ours8 ,or c !y =ce  
!melves to ?9k1 t ! wie ,creator has    
dipoed ( all 8  ,animals & ,plants "h1  
has furnih'd & adorn'd ?is ,spot only1 &
  has left all ?oe ,worlds b>e &        
detitute ( ,inhabitants1 :o might  adore
 & worhip him2 or t all ?oe prodigi\s   

,bodies 7 made  only to tw9kle to1 & be 
tudi$ by ome few p]haps ( u poor        
,mortals8      ,?is proportion true     
accord+ to all mod]n ,obervations4    ,i
 d n d\bt b !re w be ome :o w ?9k we are
 v mu*  mitak5 ab\t ! ,magnitude ( !e   
,planets4 ,= w y pret5d to  make !m :o  
are tak5 up 9 admir+ ! ,l>g5es ( ?is    
,globe1 its  multitude ( ,nations1      
,cities1 & ,empires2 c y pret5d ,i ay to
  make !m ev] believe t !re are ,places 
9 comp>ion ( :i* !  ,e>? is z           
inconid]able z ?is ,figure w\ld make x8 
,b !y ought  to be in=m'd1 t !e         
,proportions are ?oe :i* ! bet          
,atronom]s ( ?is ,age h agre$ ^u4 ,= if 
! ,e>? be ditant  f ! ,sun t5 or elev5  
?\& ( its own ,diamet]s1 accord+ to  !  
,acc\nts ( ,monieur ,caini 9 ,france1 & 
,mr4 ,flamt$ 9  ,engl&1 :]e9 !y made ue 
( v exact ,obervations ( !  ,p>allaxes (
 ,m>s2 or if1 accord+ to a v probable   
,conjecture (  m9e1 x be ditant twelve  
?\&1 !n ! ,magnitudes ( ! o!r  ,orbs w v
 ne> anw] ! ,proportions "h ettl$4      

,! app>5t magnitude ( ! ,sun 9 ,jupit]1 
& a way ( f9d+  :at ,light !y !re enjoy4
    ,b to return to ,jupit]4 ,! ,sun    
appe>s to !m :o are ^u x five  times les
 ?an to u1 & conequ5tly !y h b ! five & 
tw5tie? "p ( ! ,light & ,heat t we      
receive f x4 ,b t  ,light is n o weak z 
we imag9e1 z is pla9 by ! ,brightnes (  
t ,planet 9 ! ,night2 & alo f h5ce1 t :5
 ! ,sun is o  f> ecliped to u1 z t only 
! #be? "p ( 8 ,disk rema9s  uncov]$1 he 
is n enibly d>k5'd4 ,b if y h a m9d     
exactly  to "k ! ,quantity ( ,light t   
,jupit] enjoys1 y may take a ,tube  (   
:at ,l5g? y pleae4 ,let "o end ( x be   
cloed ) a ,plate (  ,bras1 or any u* ?+1
 9 ! middle ( :i* !re mut be a ,hole1   
:oe ,bread? mut h ! ame proportion to ! 
l5g? ( ! ,tube1  z ! ,*ord ( #f ,m9utes 
be>s to ! ,radius2 t is1 ab\t z "o is   
to #egj4 ,let ! ,tube be turn$ o to !   
,sun1 t no ,light may fall  ^u a :ite   
,pap] plac$ at ! ,end ( x1 b :at comes  
?r\gh !  little ,hole at ! o!r end ( !  
,tube4 ,! ,rays t come ?r\gh  ?is w     

repreent ! ,sun ^u ! ,pap] ( ! ame      
,brightnes t  ! ,inhabitants ( ,jupit]  
ee x 9 a cle> ,day4 ,& if remov+ !      
,pap] y place y\r ,eye 9 ! ame ,place1 y
 w ee ! ,sun ( !  ame ,magnitude &      
,brightnes z y w\ld 7 y 9 ,jupit]4      
,& 9 ,saturn4    ,if y make ! ,hole     
twice z little 9 bread?1 y w ee ! ame  9
 ,saturn4 ,& al?o' 8 ,light be b !      
hundr$? "p ( ours1 yet  y ee x makes him
 h9e tol]ably bright 9 a d>k ,night4 ,b 
9  bo? !e ,planets1 if !re ev] be any   
cl\dy ,days1 x mut be v  d>k 9 comp>ion 
( u2 yet )\t d\bt ! ,inhabitants h no  m
 reaon to compla9 ( ! want ( ,light1 ?an
 our ,owls & ,batts1  to :om ! ,twilight
 or ! ,night xelf is m agreeable ?an !  
,brightnes ( ! ,day4      ,9 ,jupit] _! 
days are five ,h\rs4    ,b x's a little 
trange1 t :5 ,jupit] is o mu* bigg] ?an 
our  ,planet1 _! ,days & ,nights h\ld be
 b five ( our ,h\rs4 ,by ?is  we may ee 
t ,nature has n oberv'd t proportion t  
_! ,bulk  eems to require1 ee+ 9 ,m>s ! 
,days are v little diff]5t  f ours4 ,b 9

 ! l5g? ( _! ,ye>s1 t is1 9 !           
,revolution  ( ! ,planets r\nd ! ,sun1  
!re is an exact proportion to _!        
ditances f ! ,sun foll[$4 ,= z ! ,cubes 
( _! ,ditances1  o are ! ,squ>es ( _!   
,revolutions1 z ,kepl] firt ound out4   
,:i* proportion ! ,moons ( ,jupit] &    
,saturn keep 9 _! ,c\res  r\nd ?oe      
,always ( ! ame l5g?4 ,planets4 ,z !    
,ye>s & ,days  9 ,jupit] are diff]5t f  
ours 9 ?is repect1 o are ! ,days 9      
ano!r2 namely1 t !y are all ( ! ame     
l5g?4 ,= !y !re  enjoy a p]petual       
,equ9ox1 _! ,axis hav+ little or no     
incl9ation  to _! ,orbit1 z ! ,e>?'s    
has1 z has be5 dicov]$ by  ,telecopes4  
,! ,c\ntries t lie ne> _! ,poles h      
little or no  ,heat1 by reaon ! ,rays ( 
! ,sun fall o obliquely ^u !m2 b  !n !y 
are fre$ f ! ,inconv5i5cy t ours are    
tr\bl$ )1  ( t$i\s long half-ye>        
,nights1 & h ! contant returns ( ,day  &
 ,night e five ,h\rs4 ,inde$ u* hort    
,days w\ld n be  agreeable to u1 b we   
?9k our elves mu* bett] done by1 t ours 

are m ?an twice z long1 ?o' ^u no o!r   
acc\nt1 b t  :atev] is our own1 we are  
apt to imag9e1 mut be bet4    ,! ret ( !
 ,planets are o ne> ! ,sun 7,m>s himelf 
nev] be+  above #ah degrees f x7 t 9    
,jupit] !y h ! ight only (  ,saturn4 ,b 
we _c d5y b t _! f\r ,moons t& !m 9     
great] tead ?an our "o do? u1 if 'tw]e  
only t !y eldom  "k any u* ,?+ z to be  
)\t ,moonh9y ,nights4 ,& !y are (  great
 ,advantage to !m1 z we aid be=e1 9 _!  
,navigation1 if  !y h any u* ?+4 ,n to  
m5tion ! pleaant ,sights ( _!  frequ5t  
,conjunctions & ,eclipes1 ,?+s t !y are 
eldom a ,day  )\t4    ,saturn enjoys all
 ?oe ,pleaures & ,advantages 9 a till   
high]  ,degree1 z well = 8 five ,moons1 
z = ! delightful ,propect t  ! ,r+ ab\t 
him af=ds 8 ,inhabitants ,night & ,day4 
,b we w  give an acc\nt ( _! ,atronomy1 
z we h done ( ! ret ( !  ,planets4      
,!y ee ! fix'd ,/>s jut z we d4    ,&   
firt ( all we hall oberve :at we might h
 rem>k'd be=e1  b :i* w be m trange "h1 
t ! fix'd ,/>s appe> to  !m ( ! ame     

,figure & ,magnitude1 & ) ! ame degree (
  ,light t !y d to u3 & ?is1 by reaon ( 
_! imm5e  ditance1 ( :i* we hall h      
occaion to peak by & by4 ,9  comp>ion ) 
:i* ! ,space t a ,bullet-hot out ( a    
,cannon  c\ld travel 9 #be ,ye>s1 w\ld  
be almot no?+4    ,_! ,atronom]s h all !
 ame ,signs ( ! ,be>1 ! ,lion1 ,orion1  
& ! ret1 b n turn+ ^u ! ame ,axis ) u3 =
 t's  diff]5t 9 all ! ,planets4    ,z   
,jupit] c ee no ,planet b ,saturn1 o    
,saturn kn[s ( no ,planet  b ,jupit]2   
:i* appe>s to him mu* z ,v5us do? to u1 
nev]  remov+ above #cg ,degrees f !     
,sun4 ,! ,l5g? ( _! ,days ,i  _c        
det]m9e3 ,b if f ! ,ditance & ,p]iod ( 8
 inn]mot  ,att5dant1 & comp>+ x ) !     
inn]mot ( ,jupit]'s1 a ,man may  v5ture 
to give a ,gues1 !y are v little diff]5t
 f ,jupit]'s1  #aj ,h\rs or ome:at les4 
,b :]eas 9 ,jupit] !e are equally       
divid$ betwe5 ,light & ,d>knes1 !       
,inhabitants ( ,saturn mut  p]ceive a m 
enible diff]5ce ?an we1 epecially betwe5
 ,summ]  & ,w9t]4 ,= our ,axis incl9es  

to ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptick b #bc        
degrees & a half1 b !re's above #ca4 ,^u
 ?is ,acc\nt 8 ,moons  mut decl9e v mu* 
f ! ,pa? t ! ,sun eems to move 91 &  8  
,inhabitants c nev] h a full ,moon b jut
 at ! ,equ9oxes2  ,two ( :i* fall out 9 
#cj ( our ,ye>s4 ',tis ?is ,poition ( ! 
,axis too t is ! ,caue ( ?oe delightful 
,appe>ances1 &  wond]ful ,propects t its
 ,inhabitants enjoy3 ,= ! bett]  "ut&+ (
 :i* ,i hall draw a ,figure ( ,saturn ) 
8 ,r+  ab\t him3 9 :i* ! ,proportion    
betwe5 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,globe  & ,r+ is 
z #i to #d4 ,& ! empty ,space betwe5 !m 
is ( ! ame  ,bread? ) ! ,r+ xelf4 ,all  
,obervations conpire to prove t  ,t is (
 no great ,?icknes1 al?o' if we h\ld    
all[ x ix hundr$  ,g]man ,miles1 ,i ?9k1
 conid]+ its ,diamet]1 we h\ld n ov]do  
! ,matt]4    ,suppoe !n1 agreeable to   
:at has be5 aid1 ! ,globe ( ,saturn1    
,fig4 #d4 :oe ,poles are ,a1 ,b4 ,g ,n  
is ! ,diamet] ( ! ,r+1 z y  view x      
ideways1 repreent+ a n>r[ ,oval4 ,?oe t 
live ab\t !  ,poles )9 ! ,ar*es ,c ,a   

,d1 ,e ,b ,f1 ea* ( :i* are #ed         
,degrees1 7if  ! ,cold w uff] any ,body 
to live !re7 nev] h a ,sight ( !  ,r+4  
,! ,appe>ances ( ! ,r+ 9 ,saturn4 ,f all
 o!r p>ts x  is cont9ually to be e5 =   
f\rte5 ,ye>s & n9e ,mon?s1 :i* is  jut  
half _! ,ye>4 ,! o!r ,half x is hid f _!
 ,view4 ,?oe  !n t dwell betwe5 ! ,pol> 
,circle ,c ,d1 & ! ,equator ,t ,v1 all  
t "t t ! ,sun enlight5s ! ,"p oppoite to
 !m1 h e  ,night ! ,sight ( a ,piece ( x
 ,h ,g ,l1 mu* 9 ! ,%ape ( a h9+  ,b[1  
:i* comes f ! ,horizon1 b is d>k5'd 9 ! 
,middle by !  ,%ad[ ( ,saturn ,g ,h1 :i*
 rea*es mot commonly to ! out]mot ,rim  
( x4 ,b aft] ,midnight t ,%ad[ by little
 & little beg9s to  move t[>ds ! "r ,h& 
to ?oe 9 ! ,nor!rn1 b ! ,left to  ?oe 9 
! ,s\!rn ,hemiph]e4 ,9 ! ,morn+ x       
diappe>s1 leav+  beh9d x a ,lik5es inde$
 ( a ,b[1 b mu* pal] & weak] ?an  our   
,moon is 9 ! ,day "t4 ,= !y1 z ,i aid   
be=e1 h an  ,atmoph]e1 or an ,air       
urr\nd+ !m enlight5$ by ! ,sun4  ,o!rwie
 ,night & ,day !y w\ld h _! ,r+1 _!     

,moons1 &  all ! fix'd ,/>s1 equally    
conpicu\s4 ,ano!r ?+ t mut make  !      
,sight ( _! ,r+ v curi\s1 is1 t by ome  
,spots 9 x1 x  is dicov]'d to turn r\nd 
^u x elf3 ,a ?+ t ?oe t are  o ne> _c b 
take notice (1 :5 we t live at ?is      
,ditance  c decry a great ,inequality1 !
 9ide ( x be+ bright] mu*  ?an ! outide 
is4 ,:5 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,globe falls ^u t "p
  ( ! ,r+ ,g ,h1 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,r+ at !   
ame "t d>k5s  ano!r ,"p ( ! ,globe ab\t 
,p ,f1 :i* o!rwie w\ld h ! ,sun  ^u x4  
,s t !re is always a ,zone ( ! ,globe ,p
 ,y ,f ,e1 ometimes  ( a l>g] ext5t ?an 
at o!rs1 :i* is depriv'd ( ! ,sight bo? 
( ! ,sun & ,r+ = a conid]able "t1 !     
latt] ( :i* hides  ome "p ( ! ,/>s f x  
too4 ,& c]ta9ly an amaz+ ,?+ x  mut be1 
all ( a udd5 to h ! ,sun int]cept$ & to 
become z  d>k z ,midnight1 )\t ee+ any  
,caue ( u* an ,accid5t4 ,all  :i* "t _! 
,moons are _! only ,com=t4 ,! o!r half (
 !  ,ye> ! ,hemiph]e ,t ,b ,v enjoys !  
ame ,light t ,t ,a ,u be=e did1  & !n   
?is und]goes ?oe long ,eclipes t ,t be=e

 uff]'d4  ,at ! ,equ9oxes1 :5 ! ,sun is 
9 ! ame ,plane ) ! ,r+1 !  ,inhabitants 
( ,saturn _c well p]ceive x3 no n ev5 we
 ) our  ,glaes1 by reaon ( its ,d>knes4 
,?is happ5s :5 ,saturn1 view'd  f !     
,sun1 is advanc$ "o & tw5ty degrees & a 
half 9 ,virgo or  ,pices1 z ,i h h['d   
=m]ly 9 my ,sytem ( ,saturn3 ,:]e !re   
is an ,acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,ri+s ( ! ,sun   
above ! ,r+1  ?r\gh\t all ! ,saturnian  
,ye>4    ,) ,saturn 9 ?is ,s*eme y h !  
,globes ( ! ,e>? & ,moon  drawn 9 _!    
true proportion1 to put y 9 m9d aga9 ( a
 ,?+  wor? remembr+1 viz4 h[ v mall our 
,habitation is :5 comp>'d  ) t ,globe or
 ! ,r+ ab\t x4 ,& n[ any "o1 ,i uppoe1 c
  frame to himelf a ,picture ( ! ,night 
9 ,saturn1 ) two ,ar*es (  ! ,r+1 & five
 ,moons h9+ ab\t1 & adorn+ him4 ,?is !n 
is  :at ,i _h to ay to ! prim>y         
,planets4    ,we are n[ come a little   
l[]1 to make an enquiry into !          
,att5dants  ( !e ,planets1 epecially our
 own4 ,& "h we hall n only  conid] _!   
,atronomy1 b hall alo e>* into _!       

,furniture  & ,ornam5t1 if !y are f\nd  
to h any u* ?+1 :i* we h  def]r$ conid]+
 till n[4      ,v little to be aid ( !  
,moon4    ,& "h "o w\ld ?9k t :5 ! ,moon
 is o ne> u1 & by !  ,means ( a         
,telecope may be o nicely & exactly     
oberv'd1 x h\ld  af=d u ,matt] = m      
probable ,conjectures ?an any ( ! o!r   
remote ,planets4 ,b x is q o!rwie1 & ,i 
c c>ce f9d any  ?+ to ay ( x1 becaue ,i 
h n a ,planet ( ! ame ,nature  be=e my  
,eyes1 z 9 all ! prim>y ones ,i h4 ,= !y
 are ( !  ame k9d ) our ,e>?2 & ee+ all 
! ,actions1 & e ?+  t is "h1 we may make
 a reaonable ,conjecture at :at we _c ee
  9 ?oe ,worlds4      ,! ,gu>ds (       
,jupit] & ,saturn ( ! ame nature ) our  
,moon4    ,b ?is we may v5ture to ay1   
)\t fe>1 t all ! ,att5dants  ( ,jupit] &
 ,saturn are ( ! ame ,nature ) our      
,moon1 z go+  r\nd !m1 & be+ c>ri$ ) !m 
r\nd ! ,sun jut z ! ,moon  is ) ! ,e>?4 
,_! ,lik5es rea*es to o!r ,?+s too1 z   
y'll ee by & by4 ,!re=e :atoev] we c )  
reaon affirm or  conjecture ( our ,moon 

7& we may ay a little ( x7 mut be       
uppos'd  ) v little ,alt]ation to belong
 to ! ,satellites ( ,jupit] &  ,saturn1 
z hav+ no reaon to be at all inf]ior to 
t4      ,! ,moon ha? ,m\nta9s4    ,!    
,surface ( ! ,moon !n is f\nd1 by ! leat
 ,telecopes ( ab\t  ?ree or f\r ,foot1  
to be div]ifi$ ) long ,tracts (         
,m\nta9s1  & aga9 ) broad ,valleys4 ,= 9
 ?oe ,p>ts oppoite to ! ,sun  y may ee !
 ,%ad[s ( ! ,m\nta9s1 & (t5 dicov] !    
little  r\nd ,valleys betwe5 !m1 ) a    
,hillock or two p]haps ri+ out (  !m4   
,kepl] f ! exact r\ndnes ( !m w\ld prove
 t !y are  ome vat "w ( ! rational      
,inhabitants4 ,b ,i c't be ( 8 m9d1  bo?
 = _! incr$ible ,l>g5es1 & t !y might   
eaily be  occaion$ by natural ,caues4   
,nor c ,i f9d any ?+ l ,sea !re1  ?o' he
 & _m o!rs are ( ! contr>y ,op9ion ,i   
"k4 ,= ?oe  vat ,c\ntries :i* appe> d>k]
 ?an ! o!r1 commonly tak5 =  & call$ by 
! ,names ( ,seas1 are dicov]'d ) a good 
long  ,telecope1 to be full ( little    
r\nd ,cavities2 :oe ,%ad[ fall+  )9     

!melves1 makes !m appe> ( t ,col\r3 &   
?oe l>ge  ,*ampa9s !re 9 ! ,moon y w f9d
 n to be always ev5 &  moo?1 if y look  
c>efully ^u !m3 nei!r ( :i* two ,b no   
,sea4 ,?+s c agree to ! ,sea4 ,!re=e ?oe
 ,pla9s 9 h] t  eem bright] ?an ! o!r   
,p>ts1 mut conit1 ,i uppoe1 ( a  :it]   
ort ( ,matt] ?an !y4 ,nor d ,i believe  
,nor ,riv]s4 t  !re are any ,riv]s1 = if
 !re 71 !y c\ld nev] ecape our  ,sight1 
epecially if !y run betwe5 ! ,hills z   
ours d4 ,nor h  !y ,nor ,cl\ds4 any     
,cl\ds to furnih ! ,riv]s ) ,wat]3 ,= if
  !y _h1 we h\ld ometimes ee "o "p ( !  
,moon d>k5$ by  !m1 & ometimes ano!r1   
:]eas we h always ! ame ,propect  ( h]4 
,nor ,air1 & ,wat]4    ',tis c]ta9      
moreov]1 t ! ,moon has no ,air or       
,atmoph]e  urr\nd+ x z we h4 ,= !n we   
c\ld nev] ee ! v  out]mot ,rim ( ! ,moon
 o exactly z we d1 :5 any ,/> goes "u   
x1 b its ,light w\ld t]m9ate 9 a gradual
 fa9t ,%ade1 & !re  w\ld be a ort ( a   
,d[n z x 7 ab\t x2 n to m5tion t !      
,vap\rs ( our ,atmoph]e conit ( ,wat]1 &

 conequ5tly t :]e  !re are no ,seas or  
,riv]s1 !re c be no ,atmoph]e4 ,?is is t
  notable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,moon & u t 
h9d]s all probable  ,conjectures ab\t x4
 ,if we c\ld b once be ure t !re 7 ,seas
  & ,riv]s 9 x1 x w\ld be no weak       
,argum5t to prove t x has  alo all o!r  
,furniture :i* belongs to our ,e>?1 & ! 
,op9ion (  ,x5ophanes might be true1 t x
 has its ,inhabitants1 ,cities1 &       
,m\nta9s4 ,b z 'tis1 ,i _c imag9e h[ any
 ,plants or ,animals1  :ole :ole        
n\rihm5t comes f liquid ,bodies1 c ?rive
 9 a dry1  wat]les1 p>*'d ,soil4      ,!
 ,conjecture ( its ,plants & ,animals v 
dubi\s4    ,:at !n1 is x cr$ible t ?is  
great ,ball 0 made = no?+ b  to give u a
 little ,light 9 ! ,night-"t1 or to raie
 our ,tides 9  ! ,sea8 ,may !re n be ome
 ,p !re t may h ! ,pleaure  ( ee+ our   
,e>? turn ^u xelf1 preent+ !m ometimes )
 a  ,propect ( ,europe & ,africa1 & !n (
 ,aia & ,am]ica2 ometimes  half ( x     
bright1 & ometimes full8 ,& mut all ?oe 
,moons r\nd  ,jupit] & ,saturn be       

condemn$ to ! ame ,uelenes8 ,i d n "k   
:at to ay conc]n+ x1 becaue ,i "k ( no?+
 l !m to f\nd  a ,conjecture ^u4 ,& yet 
'tis n improbable t ?oe great &  noble  
,bodies h ome:at or o!r gr[+ & liv+ ^u  
!m1  ?\gh v diff]5t f :at we ee & enjoy 
"h4 ,p]haps _!  ,plants & ,animals may h
 ano!r ort ( ,n\rihm5t !re4 ,p]haps  !  
,moiture ( ! ,e>? !re is b jut uffici5t 
to caue a ,mit  or ,dew1 :i* may be v   
uitable to ! ,gr[? ( _! ,h]bs4 ,?is ,i  
rememb] is ,plut>*'s ,op9ion1 9 8       
,dialogue ^u ?is ,subject4 ,=  9 our    
,e>? a v little ,wat] drawn f ! ,sea    
into ,dew1 &  fall+ d[n aga9 ^u ! ,h]bs1
 w\ld be uffici5t = all our  ,ne$s1 )\t 
any ,ra9 or ,%[]s4 ,b !e are m]e ,guees1
 or  r ,d\bts1 b yet !y are ! ,jupit]'s 
& ,saturn's ,moons turn  always ! ame   
,side to !m4 bet we c make ( ?is1 & all 
?oe  o!r ,moons3 =1 z ,i aid be=e1 !y   
are all ( ! ame nature1  :i* is prov$   
likewie by ?is1 t z our ,moon c af=d u !
  ,sight nev] b ( "o ,side ( h]1 o !y   
turn always ! ame ,face  to _! prim>y   

,planets4 ,x may p]haps eem trange1 h[  
we h\ld  come to "k ?is2 b 'tis no h>d  
matt]1 aft] t ,obervation  :i* ,i jut n[
 made1 t ! out]mot ( ,saturn's ,moons c 
nev]  be e5 b :5 he is on ! ,wet-ide (  
h] ,planet4 ,! reaon (  :i* is pla9ly   
?is1 t "o ,side ( h] is d>k]1 & does n  
reflect ! ,light o mu* z ! o!r1 :i* :5 x
 is turn$ t[>ds  u1 we _c ee by reaon ( 
its weak ,light4 ,?is always happ5+  :5 
'tis ,eat ( him1 & nev] on ! o!r ,side1 
is a manifet pro(  t he always keeps !  
ame ,side t[>d ,saturn4 ,n[ ince !      
out]mot ( ,saturn's & our ,moon c>ry    
!melves ?us to ! ,planets  r\nd :i* !y  
move1 :o c well d\bt x ( all ! ret r\nd 
,jupit] & ,saturn8 ,& !re's a v good    
reaon = x1 namely1 t  ! matt] ( :i* ?oe 
,moons conit1 be+ heavi]1 & m olid  on !
 ,side t is av]e f u1 ?an on t :i* we h 
!  ,sight (1 does conequ5tly fly ) a    
great] =ce f ! ,c5tre (  its ,orbit3 =  
o!rwie1 accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,motion1 x 
h\ld  turn ! ame ,side always1 n to its 
,planets1 b to ! ame fix'd  ,/>s4       

,?is ,poition ( ! ,moons1 9 repect ( _! 
,planets1 mut occaion  a great _m v     
urpriz+ ,appe>ances to _! ,inhabitants1 
if !y  h any1 :i* is v d\btful1 b may = 
! preent be uppos'd4  ,an enquiry into  
our ,moon may erve = all ! ret4 ,its    
,globe is  divid$ into two ,p>ts1 9 u* a
 mann]1 t ?oe :o live on "o  ,side nev] 
loe ! ight ( u1 & ?oe on ! o!r nev]     
enjoy x4  ,except only ome few :o live  
on ! ,conf9es ( ea* ( !e1 :o  loe u1 &  
ee u aga9 by turns4 ,! ,e>? to !m mut   
eem ,!  ,atronomy ( ! ,inhabitants ( !  
,moon4 mu* l>g] ?an ! ,moon  do? to u1 z
 be+ 9 ,diamet] above f\r times bigg]4  
,b t  :i* is mot urpriz+1 is1 t ,night &
 ,day !y ee x always 9  ! v ame "p ( !  
,heav51 z if x nev] mov$3 ome ( !m z  if
 'twas fall+ ^u _! ,heads3 o!rs ome:at  
above ! ,horizon1  & o!rs always 9 !    
,horizon1 till turn+ ^u x elf1 &        
preent+ !m e tw5ty our ,h\rs ) a ,view (
 all its  ,c\ntries1 ev5 ( ?oe t lie ne>
 ! ,poles 7,i c\ld wih my elf  9 ! ,moon
 only = ! ight ( !m7 yet unkn[n &       

undicov]$ by  u4 ,!y h x 9 its mon?ly   
,wane & ,increae1 !y ee x half1  &      
horn$1 & full1 by turns1 jut z we d !   
,body ( ! ,moon4 ,b  ! ,light t !y      
receive ( u is five times l>g] ?an :at  
we  receive f !m4 ,s t 9 d>k ,nights t  
"p t ha? !  ,advantage ( be+ t[>ds u1   
receives a v glori\s ,light f u1  ?o'   
,kepl] ?\ght o!rwise4 ,_! ,days are     
always ( ! ame ,l5g?  ) _! ,nights2 & ! 
,sun ri+ & ett+ to !m b once 9  "o ( our
 ,mon?s1 makes ! "t bo? ( _! ,light &   
,d>knes to  be equal to #ae ( our ,days4
 ,if _! ,bodies 7 ( ! ame ,mat]ials  )  
ours1 ?oe t h ! ,sun pretty high 9 _!   
,horizon1 w\ld  be almot roat$ 9 u* long
 ,days4 ,= ! ,sun is n f>!r f  !m ?an he
 is f u4 ,?is w be ! ,cae ( ?oe t live  
^u  ! ,bord]s ( ! two ,hemiph]es we     
m5tion$2 b ?oe t live  "u ! ,poles ( !  
,moon w be jut ab\t z hot z our         
,:ale-fih]s ab\t ,il& & ,nova ,zemla    
are1 9 ! ,summ]-"t3 :o  are 9 o little  
dang] ( be+ roat$1 t 9 ! middle ( _!    
,summ]1 9 _! ,days ( ?ree ,mon?s l5g?1  

!y v (t5 f9d x  extreme ,cold4 ,i call  
?oe ! ,poles ( ! ,moon1 r\nd :i* ! fix'd
  ,/>s eem to turn to its ,inhabitants1 
:i* are diff]5t f ours1  & alo f ?oe ( !
 ,ecliptick1 al?\gh !y move r\nd !e     
latt]1 at ! ditance ( five ,degrees1 9 a
 p]iod ( n9ete5 ,ye>s4  ,_! ,ye> !y c\nt
 by ! ,motion ( ! ,/>s1 & _! return to  
! ,sun1 & 'tis ! ame ) ours4 ,!y c eaily
 d x1 becaue  !y h ! ,/>s ,day & ,night1
 not)t&+ ! ,light ( !  ,sun3 = !y h no  
,atmoph]e 7:i* is ! only reaon t we     
don't e ,day enjoy ! ame ,sight7 to h9d]
 _! ,obervations4 ,nor  h !y any ,cl\ds 
to obtruct _! ,view1 o t x is eai] =  !m
 to f9d out ! ,c\res ( ! ,planets1 b m  
difficult to make  a true ,sytem ( !m4  
,= !y w be apt to lay a wrong           
,f\ndation1  by uppo+ t _! ,e>? t&s     
till1 :i* w lead !m into  m dang]\s     
,errors ?an ,?is may be appli$ to !     
,moons ab\t  ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ev] x   
did u4 ,all t ,i h aid belongs z  well  
to ,jupit]'s & ,saturn's ,satellites z  
to our ,moon1 9 repect (  ! ,planets !y 

move r\nd4 ,! ,l5g? ( _! ,day & ,night  
is  always equal to ! ,"t ( _!          
,revolution3 ,= example1 ! fif?  ,moon  
moves r\nd ,saturn 9 #hj ,days1 & !     
,days & ,nights !re are  equal to ,=ty (
 ours4 ,bo? _! ,summ] & ,w9t] 7,saturn  
mov+  r\nd ! ,sun 9 ?irty ,ye>s7 are    
fifte5 ,ye>s long4 ,!re=e x is  impoible
 b t _! way ( liv+ mut be v diff]5t f   
ours1 hav+ u* t$i\s ,w9t]s1 & u* long   
wat*+ & leep+  times4    ,hav+ ?us      
expla9$ ! prim>y & econd>y ,planets r\nd
 ! ,sun1  we h\ld next et ab\t ! ?ird   
,sort1 ! ,sun & fix'd ,/>s2 b  be=e we d
 t1 x w\ld be wor? :ile to et be=e y at 
once1  9 a cle>] & m pla9 ,me?od ?an    
hi!rto1 ! ,magnific5ce &  ,fabrick ( !  
,sol> ,sytem4 ,:i* we c't poibly d 9 o  
mall a  ,space z "o ( our ,leaves w b   
admit (1 becaue ! ,bodies ( !  ,planets 
are o prodigi\ly mall 9 companion ( _!  
,orbs4 ,b :at  is want+ 9 ,figure hall  
be made up 9 ,words4 ,go+ back !n to !  
firt ,s*eme1 uppoe ano!r ,fig4 #a4 l x1 
& proportionable1  drawn ^u a v l>ge    

moo? ,pla92 :oe out]mot ,circle         
repreent+ ! ,orb ( ,saturn1 mut be      
conceiv$ ?ree hundr$ &  ixty ,foot 9    
,semidiamet]4 ,9 :i* y mut place !      
,globe & ,r+  ( ,saturn ( t ,fig4 #b4   
,bignes z ! #b;d ,figure h[s y4 ,let all
  ! o!r ,planets be uppoed e "o 9 8 own 
,orbit1 & 9 !  middle ( all ! ,sun1 ( ! 
ame ,bignes t ,t ,figure repreents1     
namely1 ab\t f\r ,in*es 9 ,diamet]4 ,&  
!n ! ,orbit or ,circle 9  :i* ! ,e>?    
moves1 :i* ! ,atronom]s call ! ,magnus  
,orbis1  mut h ab\t ix & ?irty ,foot 9  
,semidiamet]4 ,9 :i* ! ,e>?  mut be     
conceiv$ mov+1 n bigg] ?an a gra9 (     
,millet1 & h]  ,companion ! ,moon c>cely
 p]ceivable1 mov+ r\nd h] 9 a ,circle a 
little m ?an two ,in*es ,diamet]1 z 9   
,fig4 #e4 ! ,figure "h  adjo9$1 :]e !   
,l9e ,a ,b repreents a mall portion ( t 
,circle  :i* ! ,e>? moves 93 ! mall     
,circle !re9 ,c is ! ,e>?1 &  ! ,circle 
,d ,e ! ,pa? ( ! ,moon r\nd x1 9 :i* !  
,body ( !  ,moon is ,d4    ,! out]mot ( 
,saturn's ,moons moves 9 an ,orbit :oe  

,semidiamet] is  #bi ,in*es2 t ( ,jupit]
 9 a ome:at mall]1 :oe ,semidiamet] is  
#ai & a qu>t]4    ,& ?us we h a true &  
exact ,decription ( ! ,sun's ,palace1   
:]e ! ,e>? w be ,twelve ?\& ( its       
,semidiamet]s ditant  f him1 :i* 9      
,g]man ,miles makes above ev5te5        
,millions4 ,b  p]haps we may h a cle>]  
,compreh5ion ( ?is vat ,l5g?1 by  comp>+
 x ) ome v wift ,motion aft] ! ,example 
( ,heiod  ! ,poet1 :o imag9'd t an      
,anvil let fall f ! ,top ( ,heav51      
rea*'d ! ,e>? ! t5? ,day ( its ,j\rney1 
& 9 t5 m arriv'd  at ! ,bottom ( ,hell1 
! end ( x3 o mak+ ! ,e>? ! mid-way      
betwe5 ,heav5 & ,hell4 ,i han't make ue 
( ! ,anvil1 b (  ome?+ z good1 namely1 a
 ,bullet hot out ( a great ,gun1 :i* may
  travel p]haps 9 a ,mom5t1 or ,pule (  
an ,art]y1 ab\t a hundr$  ,fa?om1 z is  
prov$ by ?oe ,exp]im5ts t ,m]ennus 9 a  
,treatie  ( 8 relates2 by :i* ! ,s\nd 0 
f\nd to ext5d xelf eighty  hundr$? p>ts 
9 ! ,! imm5e ditance betwe5 ! ,sun &    
,planets illutrat$4 ame "t4 ,i ay !n1 t 

uppo+ a ,bullet to  move ) ?is ,swiftnes
 f ! ,e>? to ! ,sun1 x w\ld p5d #be     
,ye>s 9 its ,paage4 ,to make a ,j\rney f
 ,jupit] to ! ,sun1 w\ld  require #abe1 
& f ,saturn ?i!r #bej ,ye>s4 ,?is acc\nt
 dep5ds  ^u ! meaure ( ! ,e>?'s         
,diamet]1 :i*1 accord+ to !  accurate   
,obervations ( ! ,fr5*1 is #fecheid     
times ix ,p>is ,feet1  "o ,degree be+   
#egjfj ( t ,meaure4 ,?is h[s u h[ vat   
?oe  ,orbs mut be1 & h[ inconid]able ?is
 ,e>?1 ! ,!atre ^u :i*  all our mighty  
,deigns1 all our ,navigations1 & all our
 ,w>s are  tranact$1 is :5 comp>$ to !m4
 ,a v fit ,conid]ation1 &  ,matt] (     
,reflection1 = ?oe ,k+s & ,pr9ces :o    
acrifice !  ,lives ( o _m ,p1 only to   
flatt] _! ,ambition 9 be+  ,mat]s ( ome 
pitiful ,corn] ( ?is mall ,spot4 ,b to  
return to !  matt] 9 h&1 n[ we h giv5 y 
an acc\nt ( ! ,sun's  proportion to ?oe 
,orbs & ,bodies1 we'll ee :at m we c ay 
(  him4      ,no gr\nd = ,conjecture 9 !
 ,sun4    ,& ome h ?\ght x n improbable 
b t ! ,sun himelf has  alo 8            

,inhabitants4 ,b ^u :at reaon ,i _c     
imag9e1 !re  be+ les gr\nd = a          
,probability 9 him ?an 9 ! ,moon4 ,= we 
are  n yet ure1 :e!r he be a olid or    
liquid ,globe2 al?o'1 if my  ,notion (  
,light be true1 ^u t acc\nt ,i h\ld r   
?9k him  liquid3 :i* 8 ,r\ndnes & equal 
ditribution ( 8 ,light to all  p>ts are 
an ,argum5t =4 ,= t v mall inequality on
 8  ,surface1 :i* is dicov]$ by !       
,telecopes1 7& t n always  nei!r7 :i*   
makes ,m5 fancy !y ee boil+ ,seas &     
bel*+  ,m\nta9s ( ,fire1 is no?+ b !    
trembl+ ,motion ( ! ,vap\rs  our        
,atmoph]e is full ( ne> ! ,e>?2 :i* is  
likewie ,! ,facul  9 ! ,sun n eaily e54 
! ,caue ( ! ,/>s tw9kl+4 ,nor  c\ld ,i  
ev] h ! ,luck to dic]n ?oe bright ,spots
 9 ! ,sun  :i* !y boat z mu* ( z !y d ( 
8 d>k ones1 :i* latt] ,i  h v (t5 e52 o 
t ,i h v good ,reaon to d\bt :e!r  !re  
be any ?+ 9 ! ,sun bright] ?an ! ,sun   
xelf4 ,= by !  mot exact ,obervations1  
,i c\ld nev] f9d any u* pret5d$ to be   
e5 any :]e b jut ab\t 8 d>k ,spots2 & x 

is no great wond]  t ?oe ,p>ts :i* are o
 ne> ! d>k]1 h\ld appe> ome:at  ,by     
reaon ( its ,heat no ,inhabitants l ours
 c live 9 ! ,sun4  bright] ?an ! ret4 ,t
 ! ,sun is extremely hot & fi]y1 is     
beyond all dipute1 & u* ,bodies z ours  
c\ld n live "o ,mom5t  9 u* a ,furnace4 
,we mut uppoe a new ort ( ,animals !n1  
u* z  we h no ,idea or ,lik5es ( among  
u1 u* z we c nei!r imag9e  nor conceive3
 :i* is z mu* z to ay1 t we c make no   
,suppoition at all ab\t !m4 ,no d\bt t  
glori\s & vat ,body 0  made = ome noble 
,end & ,ue1 & fram'd ) excell5t ,deign4 
,&  ,i ?9k we all v well "k & feel its  
,uefulnes 9 t effuion  ( ,light & ,heat 
to all ! ,planets r\nd x2 9 !           
,preervation &  ,happ9es ( all liv+     
,creatures1 & t n only 9 our ,ball1 b  9
 ?oe vat ,globes ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 n 
contemptible :5  comp>$ ) its own4 ,!e  
are u* great1 u* wie ,ends1 t x is  n   
trange t ! ,sun h\ld h be5 made1 if x _h
 be5 only  ^u _! acc\nt4 ,=1 z =        
,kepl]'s ,fancy1 t he ha? ano!r  ,(fice1

 namely1 to help on ! ,motion ( !       
,planets 9 _! own ,orbs1  by turn+ ab\t 
8 own ,axis 7:i* he w\ld fa9 etablih 9 8
  ,epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,sytem7 ,i    
hall give good ,reaons :y ,i  _c aent to
 x4      ,! ix'd ,/>s s _m ,suns4       
,be=e ! ,inv5tion ( ,telecopes1 x eem$  
to contradict  ,cop]nicus's ,op9ion1 to 
make ! ,sun "o ( ! fix'd ,/>s4 ,= !     
,/>s ( ! firt ,magnitude be+ eteem'd to 
be ab\t ?ree ,m9utes  ,diamet]2 &       
,cop]nicus 7oberv+ t ?o' ! ,e>? *ang$   
its  ,place1 !y always kept ! ame       
ditance f u7 hav+ v5tur'd to  ay t !    
,magnus ,orbis 0 b a ,po9t 9 repect ( ! 
,sph]e 9  :i* !y 7 plac$1 x 0 a pla9    
,conequ5ce t e "o (  !m t appe>$ any ?+ 
bright1 mut be l>g] ?an ! ,pa? or       
,orbit ( ! ,e>?3 :i* is v aburd4 ,?is is
 ! pr9cipal  ,argum5t t ,ty*o ,brahe et 
up aga9t ,cop]nicus4 ,b :5 !  ,telecopes
 took away ?oe ,rays ( ! ,/>s :i* appe> 
:5 we look  ^u !m ) our nak$ ,eye1 7:i* 
!y d bet :5 ! ,eye-glas is  black'd )   
,smoke7 !y eem$ jut l little h9+ ,po9ts1

 &  !n t ,difficulty vanih$1 & ! ,/>s   
may yet be o _m ,suns4  ,:i* is ! m     
probable1 becaue _! ,light is c]ta9ly _!
 own3  = x's impoible t ev] ! ,sun h\ld 
end1 or !y reflect x  at u* a vat       
,ditance4 ,?is is ! ,op9ion t commonly  
goes along  ) ,cop]nicus's ,sytem4 ,!y  
are n all 9 ! ame ,sph]e4 ,&  ! ,patrons
 ( x d alo ) reaon uppoe1 t all !e ,/>s 
are  n 9 ! ame ,sph]e1 z well becaue    
!re's no ,argum5t = x1 z  t ! ,sun1 :i* 
is "o ( !m1 _c be br\ght to ?is ,rule4  
,b  x's m likely !y are catt]'d &       
dip]s'd all ov] ! imm5e  ,spaces ( !    
,heav51 & are z f> ditant p]haps f "o   
ano!r1  z ! ne>et ( !m are f ! ,sun4    
,"h aga9 too ,i "k ,kepl] is ( ano!r    
,op9ion 9 8 ,epitome (  ,cop]nicus's    
,sytem1 t we m5tion'd above4 ,= ?o' he  
agrees )  u1 t ! ,/>s are diffus'd ?r\gh
 all ! vat ,expane ( !  ,heav5s1 yet he 
_c all[ t !y h z l>ge an empty ,space   
ab\t !m z our ,sun has4 ,= !n 'twas 8   
,op9ion1 we h\ld ee  b v few1 & ?oe ( v 
diff]5t ,magnitudes3 ,=1 ee+ !  l>get ( 

all appe> o mall to u1 t we c c>ce      
oberve or  meaure !m ) our bet          
,9trum5ts2 h[ mut ?oe appe> t are  ?ree 
or f\r times f>!r f u8 ,:y1 uppo+ !m no 
l>g] ?an  !e1 !y mut eem ?ree or f\r    
times les1 & o on 'till a  little f>!r  
!y w n be to be e5 at all3 ,?us we hall 
h  ! ight ( b v few ,/>s1 & ?oe v       
diff]5t "o f  ano!r2 ,:]eas we h above a
 ,?\&1 & ?oe n conid]ably  bigg] or les 
?an "o ano!r4 ,b ?is by no means proves 
:at he  w\ld h x2 & 8 ,mitake 0 *iefly1 
t he did n conid]  ! ,nature ( ,fire &  
,flame :i* may be e5 at u* ditances1 &  
at u* mall ,angles z all o!r ,bodies    
w\ld totally diappe> "u4  ,a ?+ t we ne$
 g no f>!r ?an ! ,lamps et along !      
,/reets  to prove4 ,= al?o' !y are a    
hundr$ ,foot f "o ano!r1 yet y  may c\nt
 ,tw5ty ( !m 9 a cont9u$ ,r[ ) y\r      
,eyes1 & yet !  tw5tie? ,"p ( !m c>ce   
makes an ,angle ( ix ,seconds4 ,c]ta9ly 
!n ! glori\s ,light ( ! ,/>s mut d mu* m
 ?an ?is2 o  t x's no wond] we h\ld ee a
 ,?\& or two ( !m ) our  b>e ,eyes1 & ) 

a ,telecope dicov] tw5ty times t numb]4 
,b  ,kepl] _h a private ,deign 9 mak+ ! 
,sun ?us up]i\r to all !  o!r ,/>s1 &   
plant+ x 9 ! ,middle ( ! ,_w1 att5d$ )  
! ,planets3 ,= 8 ,aim 0 h]eby to tr5g!n 
8 ,comographical  ,myt]y1 t ! ,ditances 
( ! ,planets f ! ,sun are 9 a  c]ta9    
proportion to ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,sph]es t 
are 9crib$  )91 & circumcrib$ ab\t      
,euclid's ,regul> ,bodies4 ,:i* c\ld    
nev] be o mu* z probable1 except !re 7 b
 "o ,*orus (  ,planets mov+ r\nd ! ,sun1
 & o ! ,sun 7 ! only "o ( 8  k9d4    ,b 
t :ole ,myt]y is no?+ b an idle ,dream  
tak5 f  ,py?agoras or ,plato's          
,philoophy4 ,& ! ,au?or himelf          
ackn[l$ges  t ! ,proportions d n agree o
 well z !y h\ld1 & is fa9  to inv5t two 
or ?ree v illy ,excues = x4 ,& he ues   
yet  poor] ,argum5ts to prove t !       
,univ]e is ( a ph]ical ,figure1  & t !  
,numb] ( ! ,/>s mut necearily be f9ite1 
becaue  ! ,magnitude ( ea* ( !m is o4 ,b
 :at is wort ( all is1 t  he ettles !   
,space betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,concavity ( ! 

,sph]e (  ! fix'd ,/>s1 to be ix hundr$ 
?\& ( ! ,e>?'s ,diamet]s4  ,= ?is reaon1
 :i* he has no ,f\ndation =1 t z !      
,diamet]  ( ! ,sun is to t ( ! ,orbit ( 
,saturn1 :i* he makes to be z #a  to    
#bjjj1 o is ?is ,diamet] to t ( ! ,sph]e
 ( ! fix$ ,/>s4  ,i _c b wond] h[ u* ?+s
 z !e c\ld fall f o  +5i\s a ,man1 & o  
great an ,atronom]4 ,b ,i mut be ( ! ame
  ,op9ion ) all ! greatet ,philooph]s ( 
our ,age1 t ! ,sun is  ( ! ame ,nature )
 ! fix'd ,/>s4 ,& ?is w give u a  great]
 ,idea ( ! ,_w1 ?an all ?oe o!r         
,op9ions4 ,! ,/>s  h ,planets ab\t !m l 
our ,sun4 ,= !n :y may n e "o  ( !e ,/>s
 or ,suns h z great a ,ret9ue z our     
,sun1 ( ,planets1  ) _! ,moons1 to wait 
^u !m8 ,nay1 !re's a manifet reaon :y   
!y h\ld4 ,= if we imag9e our elves plac$
 at an equal ditance  f ! ,sun & fix'd  
,/>s2 we h\ld !n p]ceive no diff]5ce    
betwe5 !m4 ,=1 z = all ! ,planets t we  
n[ ee att5d !  ,sun1 we h\ld n h ! leat 
glimpe ( !m1 ei!r becaue _!  ,light w\ld
 be too weak to affect u1 or t all !    

,orbs 9 :i*  !y move w\ld make up "o    
lucid ,po9t ) ! ,sun4 ,9 ?is ,/ation  we
 h\ld h no occaion to imag9e any        
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/>s1  & h\ld make no 
d\bt if we _h b ! ,sight1 & knew !      
,nature  ( "o ( !m1 to make t ! ,/&>d ( 
all ! ret4 ,we are !n  plac'd ne> "o (  
!m1 namely1 our ,sun1 & o ne> z to      
dicov]  ix o!r ,globes mov+ r\nd him1   
ome ( !m hav+ o!rs  p]=m+ !m ! ame      
,(fice4 ,:y !n may n we make ue ( !  ame
 ,judgm5t t we w\ld 9 t cae2 & conclude1
 t our ,/>  has no bett] att5dance ?an !
 o!rs8 ,s t :at we all[$ !  ,planets1 ^u
 ! acc\nt ( our enjoy+ x1 we mut likewie
 grant to  all ?oe ,planets t urr\nd t  
prodigi\s numb] ( ,suns4 ,!y  mut h _!  
,plants & ,animals1 nay & _! rational   
,creatures  too1 & ?oe z great ,admir]s1
 & z dilig5t ,oberv]s ( !  ,heav5s z our
 elves2 & mut conequ5tly enjoy :atoev]  
is  ubervi5t to1 & requiite = u* ,k4    
,:at a wond]ful & amaz+ ,s*eme h we "h (
 ! magnific5t  ,vatnes ( ! ,univ]e6 ,s  
_m ,suns1 o _m ,e>?s1 & e "o  ( !m      

tock'd ) o _m ,h]bs1 ,trees1 & ,animals1
 & adorn'd  ) o _m ,seas & ,m\nta9s6 ,& 
h[ mut our ,wond] & ,admiration  be     
increaed :5 we conid] ! prodigi\s       
,ditance & ,multitude (  ! ,/>s8    ,t  
_! ,ditance is o imm5e1 t ! ,space      
betwe5 ! ,e>? &  ,sun 7:i* is no les ?an
 ,twelve ?\& ( ! ,e>?'s ,diamet]s7 is   
almot no?+ :5 comp>'d to x1 has m ,pro(s
 ?an "o to confirm  x4 ,& ?is among !   
ret4 ,if y oberve two ,/>s ne> "o ano!r1
  z = example ?oe 9 ! middle ( ! ,great 
,be>s ,tail1 diff]+  v mu* f "o ano!r 9 
,cle>nes1 not)t&+ our *ang+  our        
,poition 9 our ,annual ,orbit r\nd !    
,sun1 & t !re w\ld be  a ,p>allax 7 !   
,/> :i* is bright] ne>] to u ?an ! o!r1 
z is v probable x is1 yet :atev] ,"p ( !
 ,ye> y look ^u  !m1 !y w n 9 ! leat h  
alt]$ _! ditance4 ,?oe  t h hi!rto      
und]took to calculate _! ,ditance1 h n  
be5  able p]fectly to compas _! ,deign1 
by reaon ( ! extreme  ,nic5es & almot   
,impoibility ( ! ,obervations requiite =
  _! ,purpoe4 ,! only ,me?od t ,i ee    

rema9+1 to come at any  tol]able        
,probability 9 o difficult a ,cae1 ,i   
hall "h make ue (4  ,see+ !n t ! ,/>s1 z
 ,i aid be=e1 are o _m ,suns1 if we  d b
 uppoe "o ( !m equal to ours1 x w foll[ 
t its  ditance f u is z mu* great] ?an t
 ( ! ,sun1 z its  app>5t ,diamet] is les
 ?an ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sun4 ,b ! ,/>s1    
ev5 ?oe ( ! firt ,magnitude1 ?\gh view'd
 ?r\gh a ,telecope1  are o v mall1 t !y 
eem only l o _m h9+ ,po9ts1  )\t any    
p]ceivable ,bread?4 ,s t u* ,obervations
 c "h d  u no good4 ,:5 ,a way ( mak+ a 
probable gues at ! ditance (  ! ,/>s4 ,i
 aw ?is w\ld n ucce$1 ,i tudi$ by :at   
way ,i c\ld  o leen ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sun1
 z to make x n appe> l>g] ?an  ! ,dog1  
or any o!r ( ! *ief ,/>s4 ,to ?is purpoe
 ,i clos'd "o  ,end ( my twelve-foot    
,tube ) a v ?9 ,plate1 9 ! ,middle (    
:i* ,i made a ,hole n exce$+ ! twelf?   
,"p ( a ,l9e1 t is  ! hundr$ & =ty f\r? 
,"p ( an ,in*4 ,t ,end ,i turn'd to !   
,sun1 plac+ my ,eye at ! o!r1 & ,i c\ld 
ee o mu* ( ! ,sun z  0 9 ,diamet] ab\t !

 #ahb;d "p ( ! ,:ole4 ,b till t little  
piece ( him 0 bright] mu* ?an ! ,dog-t> 
is 9 ! cle>et  ,night4 ,i aw t ?is w\ld 
n d1 b t mut leen ! ,diamet]  ( ! ,sun a
 great deal m4 ,i made !n u* ano!r ,hole
 9 a ,plate1  & aga9t x ,i plac'd a     
little r\nd ,glas t ,i _h made ue ( 9   
my ,microcopes1 ( mu* ab\t ! ame        
,diamet] ) ! =m] ,hole4  ,!n look+ aga9 
t[>ds ! ,sun 7tak+ c>e t no ,light might
  come ne> my ,eye to h9d] my           
,obervation7 ,i f\nd x appe>$ ( mu*  !  
ame ,cle>nes ) ,sirius4 ,b cat+ up my   
acc\nt1 accord+ to  ! ,rules (          
,dioptricks1 ,i f\nd 8 ,diamet] n[ 0 b  
#aaeb "p (  t hundr$ & eighty econd "p (
 8 :ole ,diamet] t ,i aw  ?r\gh ! =m]   
,hole4 ,multiply+ #aaeb & #aahb into "o 
ano!r1  ! ,product ,i f\nd to be        
#abgffd4 ,! ,sun !re=e be+ contract$    
into u* a ,compas1 or be+ remov$ o f> f 
u 7= x's ! ame  ?+7 z to make 8 ,diamet]
 b ! #bgffd "p ( t we e ,day  ee1 w end 
u jut ! ame ,light z ! ,dog-t> n[ do?4  
,& 8  ditance !n f u w be to 8 preent   

ditance und\bt$ly z  #bgffd is to #a2 & 
8 ,diamet] little above f\r ,?irds1 #d4 
,see+  !n ,sirius is uppoed equal to !  
,sun1 x foll[s t 8 ,diamet]  is likewie 
#d1 & t 8 ,ditance to ! ,ditance ( !    
,sun f  u is z #bgffd to #a4 ,& :at an  
incr$ible ,ditance t is1 w  appe> by !  
ame way ( reaon+ t we ued 9 meaur+ t (  
! ,sun4 ,= if #be ,ye>s are requir$ = a 
,bullet out ( a ,cannon1  ) its utmot   
,swiftnes1 to travel f ! ,sun to u2 !n  
by  multiply+ ! ,numb] #bgffd into #be1 
we hall f9d t u* a ,bullet  w\ld p5d    
almot ev5 hundr$ ?\& ,ye>s 9 its ,j\rney
 betwe5  u & ! ne>et ( ! fix'd ,/>s4 ,& 
yet :5 9 a cle> ,night we  look ^u !m1  
we _c ?9k !m above ome few ,miles ov]   
our  ,heads4 ,:at ,i h "h enquir'd into1
 is conc]n+ ! ne>et (  !m4 ,& :at a     
prodigi\s ,numb] mut !re be beides ( ?oe
 :i*  are plac$ 9 ! vat ,spaces (       
,heav51 z to be z remote f !e  z !e are 
f ! ,sun6 ,= if ) our b>e ,eyes we c    
oberve  above a ,?\&1 & ) a ,telecope c 
dicov] t5 or tw5ty times  z _m2 :at     

b\nds ( ,numb] c we et to ?oe :i* are   
out ( !  ,rea* ev5 ( !e ,aitances6      
epecially if we conid] ! inf9ite  ,p[] (
 ,god4 ,really1 :5 ,i h be5 reflect+ ?us
 ) my elf1  me-?\ghts all our           
,ari?metick 0 no?+1 & we are v]s'd b 9  
! v ,rudim5ts ( ,numb]s1 9 comp>ion (   
?is great ,sum4 ,=  ?is requires an     
imm5e ,treaury1 n ( tw5ty or ?irty      
,figures  only1 9 our decuple           
,progreion1 b ( z _m z !re are ,gra9s ( 
,s& ^u ! ,%ore4 ,& yet :o c ay1 t ev5   
?is ,numb] exce$s  t ( ! ,fix'd ,/>s8   
,"s ( ! ,anci5ts1 & ,jordanus ,brunus   
c>ry'd x fur!r1 9 decl>+ ! ,numb]       
inf9ite3 he w\ld p]wade  u t he has     
prov'd x by _m ,argum5ts1 ?o' 9 my      
op9ion !y are  none ( !m concluive4 ,n t
 ,i ?9k ! contr>y c ev] be made  out4   
,inde$ x eems to me c]ta91 t ! ,univ]e  
is inf9itely  ext5d$2 b :at ,god has be5
 pleas'd to place beyond ! ,region (  ! 
,/>s1 is z mu* above our ,k1 z x is     
beyond our  ,habitation4    ,or :at if  
beyond u* a det]m9ate ,space he has left

 an inf9ite  ,vacuum2 to h[1 h[         
inconid]able all t he has made is1 to   
:at  8 ,p[] c\ld1 _h he o pleas'd1 h    
produc$8 ,b ,i am fall+1  be=e ,i am    
aw>e1 into t intricate ,dipute (        
,inf9ity3 ,!re=e ,i  hall wave ?is1 & n1
 z oon z ,i am free ( "o1 take ^u me    
ano!r difficult ,task4 ,all t ,i hall d 
m is to add ome:at (  my ,op9ion conc]n+
 ! :ole ,_w1 z x is a ,place = !        
,reception ( ! ,suns or fix'd ,/>s1 e "o
 ( :i*1 ,i h  h[$1 may h _! ,planet>y   
,sytems ab\t !m4      ,e ,sun has a     
,vortex r\nd x1 v diff]5t f ?oe (       
,c>tes4    ,i am ( ,op9ion !n t e ,sun  
is urr\nd$ ) a ,:irl-pool or  ,vortex ( 
,matt] 9 a v wift ,motion2 ?o' n 9 !    
leat l  ,c>tes's ei!r 9 _! ,bulk1 or    
mann] ( ,motion4 ,= ,c>tes makes  8 o   
l>ge1 z e "o ( !m to t\* all ! o!rs r\nd
 !m1  9 a flat ,surface1 jut z y h e5 ! 
,bladd]s t ,boys bl[ up  9 ,soap-uds d2 
& w\ld h ! :ole ,vortex to move r\nd !  
ame  way4 ,b ! ,angles ( e ,vortex w be 
no mall h9drance to u*  a ,motion4 ,!n !

 :ole ,matt] mov+ r\nd at once1 ^u !    
,axis z  x 7 ( a ,cyl9d]1 did n a little
 puzzle him 9 giv+ ,reaons  = ! ,r\ndnes
 ( ! ,sun3 :i* h[ev] !y may atisfy ome  
,p t d n conid] !m1 really prove no?+ ( 
! ,matt]4  ,9 ?is !real ,matt] !        
,planets float1 & are c>ri$ r\nd by its 
,motion3 & ! ?+ t keeps !m 9 _! own     
,orbs is1 t !y  !melves1 & ! ,matt] 9   
:i* !y wim1 equally trive to fly  (f f !
 ,c5t] ( ?is ,motion4 ,aga9t all :i* !re
 are _m  ,atronomical ,objections1 ome (
 :i* ,i t\*'d ^u 9 my ,eay (  ! ,caues (
 ,gravity4 ,:]e ,i gave ano!r ,acc\nt ( 
! ,planets n  deert+ _! own ,orbs2 :i*  
is _! ,gravitation t[>ds ! ,sun4 ,i     
h['d !re ! ,caues ( t ,gravitation1 & _c
 b wond] t  ,c>tes1 ! firt ,man t ev]   
began to talk reaonably ( t  ,matt]1    
h\ld nev] m$dle )1 or light on x4       
,plut>* 9 8 ,book  ( ! ,moon            
above-m5tion$ ays1 t ome ( ! ,anci5ts 7 
(  ,op9ion1 t ! ,reaon ( ! ,moon's keep+
 h] ,orbit 01 t !  ,=ce ( h] ,circul>   
,motion 0 exactly equal to h] ,gravity1 

! "o  ( :i* pull'd h] to1 z mu* z ! o!r 
=c'd (f f !  ,c5tre4 ,& 9 our ,age      
,alphonu ,borellus1 :o 0 ( ?is ame      
,op9ion  9 ! o!r ,planets z well z !    
,moon1 makes ! ,gravitation ( !  prim>y 
,planets to be t[>ds ! ,sun1 z t ( !    
,second>y is  t[>ds ! ,planets r\nd :i* 
!y move3 ,:i* ,sir ,iaac ,newton has  m 
fully expla9'd1 ) a great deal ( ,pa9s &
 ,subtilty2 & h[  f t ,caue proce$s !   
,ellipticity ( ! ,orbs ( ! ,planets1    
f\nd out by ,kepl]4 ,accord+ to my      
,notion ( ! ,gravitation ( !  ,planets  
to ! ,sun1 ! ,matt] ( 8 ,vortex mut n at
 all move !  ame way1 b aft] u* a mann] 
z to h its ,p>ts c>ry'd  diff]5t ways on
 all ,sides4 ,& yet !re is no fe> ( its 
be+  detroy$ by u* an irregul> ,motion1 
becaue ! !r r\nd x1  :i* is at ret1     
keeps ! ,p>ts ( x f fly+ out4 ,) ! ,help
  ( u* a ,vortex z ?is ,i h und]took 9 t
 ,eay to expla9 !  ,gravity ( ,bodies on
 ?is ,e>?1 & all ! ,effects ( x4 ,& ,i  
uppoe !re may be ! ame ,caue z well ( ! 
,gravitation ( !  ,planets1 & ( our ,e>?

 among ! ret1 t[>ds ! ,sun1 z ( _!      
,r\ndnes3 ,a ,?+ o v h>d to give an     
,acc\nt ( 9 ,c>tes's  ,sytem4    ,i mut 
diff] f him too 9 ! ,bignes ( !         
,vortices1 = ,i _c  all[ !m to be o l>ge
 z he w\ld make !m4 ,i w\ld h !m  dip]ed
 all ab\t ! imm5e ,space1 l o _m little 
,:irl-pools  ( ,wat]1 t "o makes by !   
tirr+ ( a ,/ick 9 any l>ge ,pond  or    
,riv]1 a great way ditant f "o ano!r4 ,&
 z _! ,motions d  n all int]mix or      
communicate ) "o ano!r1 o 9 my ,op9ion  
mut  ! ,vortices ( ,/>s be plac$ z n to 
h9d] "o ano!rs free  ,circumrotations4  
,s t we may be ecure1 & nev] fe> t !y w 
wall[ up or  detroy "o ano!r2 = t 0 a   
m]e ,fancy ( ,c>tes's1 :5 he 0  a h[+ h[
 a fix'd ,/> or ,sun might be turn'd    
into a ,planet4 ,&  'tis pla9 t :5 he   
writ x1 he _h no ,?\ghts ( ! imm5e      
,ditance ( ! ,/>s f "o ano!r2           
p>ticul>ly1 by ?is "o  ,?+1 t he w\ld h 
a ,comet z oon z ev] x comes into our   
,vortex1 to be e5 by u4 ,:i* is z aburd 
z c be4 ,= h[ c\ld a  ,/>1 :i* gives u  

u* a vat ,light only f ! ,reflection ( !
  ,beams ( ! ,sun1 z he himelf owns !y  
d2 h[ ,i ay c\ld t be  o pla9ly e5 at a 
ditance ,t5 ?\& times l>g] ?an !        
,diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s ,orbit8 ,he c\ld n b
 "k t all r\nd !  ,sun !re is a vat     
,ext5um2 o vat1 t 9 ,cop]nicus's ,sytem 
!  magnus ,orbis is c\nt$ b a ,po9t 9   
comp>ion ) x4 ,b inde$  all ! :ole ,/ory
 ( ,comets & ,planets1 & ! ,production (
 !  ,_w1 is f\nd$ ^u u* poor & trifl+   
,gr\nds1 t ,i h  (t5 wond]'d h[ an +5i\s
 ,man c\ld p5d all t pa9s 9  mak+ u*    
,fancies hang toge!r4 ,= my "p1 ,i hall 
be v well  cont5t$1 & hall c\nt ,i h    
done a great ,matt]1 if ,i c b  come to 
any ,k ( ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 z !y n[ are1 
nev]  tr\bl+ my elf ab\t _! ,beg9n+1 or 
h[ !y 7 made1 kn[+  t to be out ( ! rea*
 ( human ,k1 or ev5 ,conjecture4        
,,f9is4                  ,,note      #a 
,! ,au?or inv5t$ ! ,p5dulum = ,clocks4