,,the ,celetial ,worlds ,,discover',d3 ,,or1 ,,conjectures ,concerning the ,,inhabitants1 ,plants and ,productions ,,of ,,the ,worlds in the ,planets4 ,written in ,latin by ,,christianus ,,huygens1 ,and incrib'd to his ,brother ,,constantine ,,huygens ,late ,secretary to his ,majety ,king ,william4 ,the ,second ,edition1 ,corrected and ,enlarged4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,james ,knapton1 at the ,crown in ,st4 ,paul's ,church-,yard4 ,mdccxxii4 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,this ,book was jut finihed1 and deigned for the ,pres1 when the ,author1 to the great los of the ,learned ,world1 was eized by a ,dieae that brought him to his ,death4 ,however he took care in his lat ,will of its ,publication1 deiring his ,brother1 to whom it was writ1 to take that ,trouble upon him4 ,but he was o taken up with ,buines and ,removals1 7as being ,secretary in ,holland to the ,king of ,great ,britain7 that he could find no time for it till a ,year after the ,death of the ,author3 ,when it o fell out1 that the ,printers being omewhat tardy1 and this ,gentleman dying1 the ,book was left without either ,father or ,guardian4 ,yet it now ventures into the ,publick1 in the ame ,method that it was writ by the ,author1 and with the ame ,incription to his ,brother1 tho' dead2 in confidence that this lat ,piece of his will meet with as kind a ,reception from the ,world as all the other ,works of that ,author have4 ',tis true there are not every where ,mathematical ,demontrations2 but where they are wanting1 you have probable and ingenious ,conjectures1 which is the mot that can be reaonably expected in uch matters4 ,what belongs to1 or has any thing to do with ,atronomy1 you will ee demontrated1 and the ret ingeniouly and hrewdly gues'd at1 from the ,affinity and ,relation of the heavenly ,bodies to the ,earth4 ,for your farther ,satisfaction read on1 and farewel4 ,,the ,,publisher ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,i ,doubt not but ,i hall incur the ,cenures of learned ,men for putting this ,book into ,englih1 becaue1 they'll ay1 it renders ,philoophy cheap and vulgar1 and1 which is wore1 furnihes a ort of injudicious ,people with a mattering of ,notions1 which being not able to make a proper ue of1 they pervert to the ,injury of ,religion and ,science4 ,i confes the ,allegation is too true3 but after ,bihop ,wilkins1 ,dr4 ,burnet1 ,mr4 ,whiton and others1 to ay nothing of the ancient ,philoophers1 who wrote in their own ,tongues2 ,i ay1 after thee great ,authors have treated on as learned and abtrue ,subjects in the ame ,language1 ,i hope their ,example will be allowed a ufficient excue for printing this ,book in ,englih4 ,concerning this ,edition ,i can ay1 that ,i have taken care to have the ,cutts exactly done1 and have placed each ,figure at the ,page of the ,book that refers to it1 which ,i take to be more convenient to the ,reader than putting them all at the ,end4 ,i have been careful to procure the bet ,paper1 that ,i might in ome meaure come up to the ,beauty of the ,latin ,edition1 though this bear but half the ,price of it4 ,and ,i hope the ,tranlator has expreed the ,author's ,sene aright1 and has not committed ,faults beyond what an ingenuous ,reader can pardon4 ,,new ,,conjectures ,concerning the ,planetary ,worlds1 ,,their ,,inhabitants ,,and ,,productions4 ,written by ,christianus ,huygens1 and incribed to his ,brother ,constantine ,huygens4 ,,book the ,firt4 ,a ,man that is of ,copernicus's ,opinion1 that this ,earth of ours is a ,planet1 carry'd round and enlighten'd by the ,sun1 like the ret of the ,planets1 cannot but ometimes think1 that it's not improbable that the ret of the ,planets have their ,dres and ,furniture1 and perhaps their ,inhabitants too as well as this ,earth of ours3 ,epecially if he coniders the later ,dicoveries made in the ,heavens ince ,copernicus's time1 viz4 the ,attendants of ,jupiter and ,saturn1 and the champaign and hilly ,countries in the ,moon1 which are a trong ,argument of a ,relation and ,kin between our ,earth and them1 as well as a ,proof of the ,truth of that ,sytem4 ,this has often been our ,talk1 ,i remember1 good ,brother1 over a large ,telecope1 when we have been viewing thoe ,bodies1 a ,study that your continual ,buines and ,abence have interrupted for many ,years4 ,but we were always apt to conclude1 that 'twas in vain to enquire after what ,nature is doing there1 eeing there was no likelihood of ever coming to any ,certainty of the ,enquiry4 ,nor could ,i ever find that any ,philoophers1 either antient or modern1 have attempted any thing upon this ,subject4 ,at the very ,birth of ,atronomy1 when the ,earth was firt aerted to be ,spherical1 and to ,some have already talk'd of the ,inhabitants of the ,planets1 but went no farther4 be urrounded with ,air1 even then there were ome ,men o bold as to affirm1 there were an innumerable ,company of ,worlds in the ,stars4 ,but later ,authors1 uch as ,cardinal ,cuanus1 ,brunus1 ,kepler1 7and if we may believe him1 ,tycho was of that opinion too7 have furnihed the ,planets with ,inhabitants4 ,nay1 ,cuanus and ,brunus have allowed the ,sun and fixed ,stars theirs too4 ,but this was the utmot of their ,boldnes2 nor has the ingenious ,french ,author of the ,dialogues about the ,plurality of ,worlds carried this ,matter any farther4 ,only ome of them have coined ome ,stories of the ,men in the ,moon1 jut as probable as ,lucian's true ,hitory2 among which ,i mut count ,kepler's1 which he has diverted us with in his ,atronomical ,dream4 ,but a while ago thinking omewhat eriouly of this matter 7not that ,i count my elf quicker-ighted than thoe great ,men1 but that ,i had the ,happines to live after mot of them7 the ,enquiry appeared not o impracticable1 nor the ,way o topt up with ,difficulties1 but that there was very good room left for probable ,conjectures4 ,as they came into my ,head1 ,i put them down into common ,places1 and hall now try to diget them into ome ,method for your better ,conception of them1 and add omewhat of the ,sun and fix'd ,stars1 and the ,extent of that ,univere of which our ,earth is but an inconiderable ,point4 ,i know you have uch an ,eteem and ,reverence for any thing that belongs to the ,heavens1 that ,i perwade my elf you will read what ,i have written with ome ,pleaure3 ,i'm ure ,i writ it with a great deal2 but as often before1 o now1 ,i find the ,saying of ,archytas true1 even to the ,letter1 ,that tho' a ,man were admitted into ,heaven to view the wonderful ,fabrick of the ,world1 and the ,beauty of the ,stars1 yet what would otherwie be ,rapture and ,extaie1 would be but a melancholy ,amazement if he had not a ,friend to communicate it to4 ,i could wih indeed that all the ,world might not be my ,judges1 but that ,i might chue my ,readers1 ,men like you1 not ignorant in ,atronomy and true ,philoophy2 for with uch ,i might promie my elf a favourable hearing1 and not need to make an ,apology for daring to vent any thing new to the ,world4 ,but becaue ,i am aware what weak ,hands it's likely to fall into1 and what a evere ,sentence ,i may expect from thoe whoe ,ignorance or ,zeal is too great2 it may be worth the while to guard my elf beforehand againt the ,aaults of thoe ort of ,people4 ,the ,objections of ignorant ,cavillers prevented4 ,there's one ort who knowing nothing of ,geometry or ,mathematicks1 will laugh at it as a whimical and ridiculous ,undertaking4 ,it's an incredible ,thing to them to talk of meauring the ,ditance and ,magnitude of the ,stars3 ,and for the ,motion of the ,earth1 they count it1 if not a fale1 at leat a precarious ,opinion2 and no wonder then if they take what's built upon uch a lippery ,foundation for the ,dreams of a fanciful ,head and a ditemper'd ,brain4 ,what hould we anwer to thee ,men1 but that their ,ignorance is the ,caue of their ,dilike1 and that if they had tudied thee things more1 and viewed the ,works of ,nature nicely1 they would have fewer ,scruples8 ,but few ,people having had an opportunity of proecuting thee ,studies1 either for want of ,parts1 ,learning or ,leiure1 we cannot blame their ,ignorance2 and if they reolve to find fault with us for pending time in uch ,matters1 becaue they do not undertand the ,ue of them1 we mut appeal to properer ,judges4 ,thee ,conjectures do not contradict the holy ,scriptures4 ,the other ort1 ,when they hear us talk of new ,lands1 and ,animals1 and ,creatures endued with as much ,reaon as themelves1 will be ready to cry out1 that we et up our ,conjectures againt the ,word of ,god1 and broach ,opinions directly oppoite to ,holy ,writ4 ,for we do not there read any thing of the ,production of uch ,creatures1 no not o much as that they exit2 nay rather we read the quite contrary4 ,for1 ,that only mentions this ,earth with its ,animals and ,plants1 and ,man the ,lord of them3 ,to uch ,perons ,i anwer1 what has been often urged by others before me3 ,that it's evident1 ,god had no deign to make a particular ,enumeration in the ,holy ,scriptures1 of all the ,works of his ,creation4 ,when therefore it is plain that under the general ,name of ,stars or ,earth at the ,creation1 are comprehended all the ,heavenly ,bodies1 even the ,attendants upon ,jupiter and ,saturn1 why mut all that ,multitude of ,beings which the ,almighty ,creator has been pleaed to place upon them1 be excluded the ,privilege1 and not uffered to have a ,share in the ,expreion8 ,and thee ,men themelves can't but know in what ,sene it is that all things are aid to be made for the ,ue of ,man1 not certainly for us to look at through a ,telecope1 for that's very aburd4 ,since then the greatet part of ,god's ,creation1 that innumerable multitude of ,stars1 is placed out of the reach of any ,man's ,eye2 and many of them it's likely1 of the bet ,glaes1 o that they don't eem to belong to us2 is it uch an unreaonable ,opinion to think1 that there are ome reaonable ,creatures who ee and admire thoe glorious ,bodies at a nearer ditance8 ,this ,enquiry not over curious4 ,but perhaps they'll ay1 it does not become us to be o curious and inquiitive in thee ,things which the ,supreme ,creator eems to have kept for his own ,knowledge3 ,for ince he has not been pleaed to make any farther ,dicovery or ,revelation of them1 it eems little better than preumption to make any inquiry into that which he has thought fit to hide4 ,but thee ,gentlemen mut be told1 that they take too much upon themelves when they pretend to appoint how far and no farther ,men hall go in their ,searches1 and to et bounds to other ,mens ,indutry2 as if they knew the ,marks that ,god has placed to ,knowledge3 or as if ,men were able to pas thoe ,marks4 ,if our ,forefathers had been at this rate crupulous1 we might have been ignorant till of the ,magnitude and ,figure of the ,earth1 or that there was uch a ,place as ,america4 ,we hould not have known that the ,moon is inlightned by the ,sun's ,rays1 nor what the ,caues of the ,eclipes of each of them are1 nor a multitude of other ,things brought to light by the late ,dicoveries in ,atronomy4 ,for what can a ,man imagine more abtrue1 or les likely to be known1 than what is now as clear as the ,sun8 ,whence it follows1 that vigorous ,indutry1 and piercing ,wit were given ,men to make ,advances in the ,search of ,nature1 and there's no ,reaon to put any ,stop to uch ,enquiries4 ,i mut acknowledge that what ,i here intend to treat of is not of that ,nature as to admit of a certain ,knowledge2 ,i can't pretend to aert any thing as poitively true 7for how is it poible7 but only to advance a probable ,gues1 the ,truth of which every one is at his own liberty to examine4 ,if any one therefore hall gravely tell me1 that ,i have pent my ,time idly in a vain and fruitles ,enquiry after what by my own acknowledgment ,i can never come to be ure of2 ,the ,anwer is1 that at this rate he would put down all ,natural ,philoophy as far as it concerns it elf in earching into the ,nature ,conjectures not ueles1 becaue not certain4 of ,things3 ,in uch noble and ublime ,studies as thee1 'tis a ,glory to arrive at ,probability1 and the ,search it elf rewards the ,pains4 ,but there are many degrees of ,probable1 ome nearer ,truth than others1 in the determining of which lies the chief exercie ,thee ,studies ueful to ,religion4 of our ,judgment4 ,but beides the ,noblenes and ,pleaure of the ,studies1 may not we be o bold as to ay1 they are no mall help to the ,advancement of ,widom and ,morality8 o far are they from being of no ue at all4 ,for here we may mount from this dull ,earth1 and viewing it from on high1 conider whether ,nature has laid out all her ,cot and ,finery upon this mall ,speck of ,dirt4 ,so1 like ,travellers into other ditant ,countries1 we hall be better able to judge of what's done at home1 know how to make a true ,etimate of1 and et its own ,value upon every ,thing4 ,we hall be les apt to admire what this ,world calls ,great1 hall nobly depie thoe ,trifles the generality of ,men et their ,affections on1 when we know that there are a multitude of uch ,earths inhabited and adorned as well as our own4 ,and we hall worhip and reverence that ,god the ,maker of all thee things2 we hall admire and adore his ,providence and wonderful ,widom which is diplayed and manifeted all over the ,univere1 to the ,confuion of thoe who would have the ,earth and all things formed by the huffling ,concoure of ,atoms1 or to be without beginning4 ,but to come to our ,purpoe4 ,copernicus's ,sytem explained4 ,and now becaue the chief ,argument for the ,proof of what we intend will be taken from the ,dipoition of the ,planets1 among which without doubt1 the ,earth mut be counted in the ,copernican ,sytem1 ,i hall here firt of all draw two ,figures4 ,the firt is a ,decription of the ,orbs the ,planets move in1 in that order that they are placed round the ,sun1 drawn as near as can be in their true ,proportions1 like what you have een in my ,clock at home4 ,the econd hows the ,proportions of their ,magnitudes in repect of one another and of the ,sun1 which you know is upon that ame ,clock of mine too4 ,in the firt the middle ,point or ,center is the ,place of the ,sun1 round which1 in an order that every one knows1 are the ,orbits of ,mercury1 ,venus1 the ,earth with that of the ,moon about it2 then thoe of ,mars1 ,jupiter and ,saturn3 and about the two lat the mall ,circles that their ,attendants move in3 about ,jupiter four1 and about ,saturn five4 ,which ,circles as well as that of the ,moon are drawn larger than their true ,proportion would admit1 otherwie they could not have been een4 ,you may eaily apprehend the ,vatnes of thee ,orbits by this1 that the ditance of the ,earth from the ,sun is ten or twelve thouand of the ,earth's ,diameters4 ,almot all thee ,circles are in the ame ,plane1 declining very little from that in which the ,earth moves1 call'd ,the ,plane of the ,ecliptick4 ,this ,plane is cut obliquely by the ,axis upon which the ,earth turns it elf round with repect to the ,sun in #bd ,hours1 whence arie the ,succeions of ,day and ,night3 ,the ,axis of the ,earth always keeping the ame ,inclination to the ,ecliptick 7except a mall ,change bet known to ,atronomers7 while the ,earth itelf is carried in its yearly ,coure round the ,sun1 caues the regular ,order of the ,seaons of the ,year3 as you may ee in all ,atronomers ,books4 ,out of which ,i hall trancribe hither the ,periods of the ,revolutions of the ,planets1 viz4 ,saturn moves round the ,sun in #bi ,years1 #agd ,days1 and #e ,hours3 ,jupiter finihes his ,coure in #aa ,years1 #cag ,days1 and #ae ,hours3 ,mars his in about #fhg ,days4 ,our ,year is #cfe ,days #f ,hours3 ,venus's #bbd ,days #ah ,hours3 and ,mercury's #hh ,days4 ,this is the now commonly received ,sytem1 invented by ,copernicus1 and very agreeable to that frugal ,simplicity ,nature hows in all ,arguments for the ,truth on't4 her ,works4 ,if any one is reolved to find fault with it1 let him firt be ure he undertands it4 ,let him firt ee in the ,books of ,atronomers with how much greater ,eae and ,plainnes all the ,motions of the ,stars1 and ,appearances in the ,heavens are explained and demontrated in this than either in that of ,ptolomy or ,tycho4 ,let him conider that ,dicovery of ,kepler1 that the ,ditances of the ,planets from the ,sun1 as well of the ,earth as the ret1 are in a fix'd certain proportion to the ,times they pend in their ,revolutions4 ,which ,proportion it's ince oberved that their ,satellites keep round ,jupiter and ,saturn4 ,let him examine what a contradictory ,motion they are fain to invent for the ,solution of the ,polar ,star's changing its ,ditance from the ,pole4 ,for that ,star in the end of the little ,bear's ,tail which now decribes o mall a ,circle round the ,pole1 that it is not above two ,degrees and twenty ,minutes1 was oberved about #ahbj ,years ago1 in the ,time of ,hipparchus1 to be above #ab3 and will within a few ,ages more be #de ,degrees ditant from it3 and after #bejjj ,years more will return to the ame ,place it is now in4 ,now if with them we allow the ,heavens to be turned upon their own ,axis1 at this rate they mut have a new ,axis every ,day3 a ,thing mot aburd1 and repugnant to the ,nature of all ,motion4 ,whereas nothing is eaier with ,copernicus than to give us ,satisfaction in this ,matter4 ,then he may impartially weigh thoe ,anwers that ,galilus1 ,gaendus1 ,kepler1 and others have given to all ,objections propoed1 which have o atisfied all ,scruples1 that generally all ,atronomers now-a-days are brought over to our ,side1 and allow the ,earth its ,motion and ,place among the ,planets4 ,if he cannot be atisfied with all this1 he is either one whoe ,dulnes can't comprehend it1 or who has his ,belief at another ,man's ,dipoal4 ,in the other ,figure you have the ,globes of the ,planets1 and of the ,sun1 repreented to your ,eyes as placed near one another4 ,where ,the ,proportion of the ,magnitude of the ,planets1 in repect of one another1 and the ,sun4 ,i have oberved the ame ,proportion1 of their ,diameters to that of the ,sun1 that ,i publihed to the ,world in my ,book of ,the ,appearances of ,saturn3 namely1 the ,diameter of the ,ring round ,saturn is to that of the ,sun as #aa as to #cg2 that of ,saturn himelf about as #e to #cg2 that of ,jupiter as #b to #aa2 that of ,mars as #a to #aff2 of the ,earth as #a to #aaa2 and of ,venus as #a to #hd3 to which ,i hall now add that of ,mercury oberved by ,hevelius in the ,year #affa1 but calculated by my elf1 and found to be as #a to #bij4 ,if you would know the way that we came to this ,knowledge of their ,magnitudes1 by knowing the ,proportion of their ,ditances from the ,sun1 and the ,meaures of their ,diameters1 you may find it in the ,book before-mentioned3 ,and ,i cannot yet ee any ,reaon to make an ,alteration in thoe ,i then ettled1 altho' ,i will not ay they are without their ,faults4 ,the ,lamell more convenient than ,micrometers4 ,for ,i can't yet be of their ,mind1 who think the ,ue of ,micrometers1 as they call them1 is beyond that of our ,plates1 but mut till think that thoe thin ,plates or ,rods of which ,i there taught the ,ue1 not to detract from the due ,praies of o ueful an ,invention1 are more convenient than the ,micrometers4 ,in this proportion of the ,planets it is worth while to take notice of the prodigious ,magnitude of the ,sun in comparion with the four innermot1 which are far les than ,jupiter and ,saturn4 ,and 'tis remarkable1 that the ,bodies of the ,planets do not increae together with their ,ditances from the ,sun1 but that ,venus is much bigger than ,mars4 ,the ,earth jutly likened to the ,planets1 and the ,planets to it4 ,having thus explained the two ,schemes1 there's no ,body ,i uppoe but ees1 that in the firt the ,earth is made to be of the ame ort with the ret of the ,planets4 ,for the very ,poition of the ,circles hows it4 ,and that the other ,planets are round like it1 and like it receive all the ,light they have from the ,sun1 there's no room 7ince the ,dicoveries made by ,telecopes7 to doubt4 ,another ,thing they are like it in is1 that they are moved round their own ,axis2 for ince 'tis certain that ,jupiter and ,saturn are1 who can doubt it of the others8 ,again1 as the ,earth has its ,moon moving round it1 o ,jupiter and ,saturn have theirs4 ,now ince in o many ,things they thus agree1 what can be more probable than that in others they agree too2 and that the other ,planets are as beautiful and as well tock'd with ,inhabitants as the ,earth8 ,or what hadow of ,reaon can there be why they hould not8 ,if any one hould be at the ,diection of a ,dog1 and be there hewn the ,intrails1 the ,heart1 ,stomach1 ,liver1 ,lungs and ,guts1 all the ,veins1 ,arteries and ,nerves2 could uch a ,man reaonably doubt whether there were the ame ,contexture and ,variety of ,parts in a ,bullock1 ,hog1 or any other ,beat1 tho' he had never chanc'd to ee the like opening of them8 ,i don't believe he would4 ,or were we thoroughly atisfy'd in the ,nature of one of the ,moons round ,jupiter1 hould not we traight conclude the ame of the ret of them8 ,so if we could be aur'd in but one ,comet1 what it was that is the ,caue of that trange ,appearance1 hould we not make that a ,standard to judge of all others by8 ,arguments from their ,similitude1 of no mall weight4 ',tis therefore an ,argument of no mall ,weight that is fetch'd from ,relation and ,likenes2 and to reaon from what we ee and are ure of1 to what we cannot1 is no fale ,logick4 ,this mut be our ,method in this ,treatie1 wherein from the ,nature and ,circumtances of that ,planet which we ee before our ,eyes1 we may gues at thoe that are farther ditant from us4 ,the ,planets are olid1 and not without ,gravity4 ,and1 ,firt1 'tis more than probable that the ,bodies of the ,planets are olid like that of our ,earth1 and that they don't want what we call ,gravity1 that ,virtue1 which like a ,loadtone attracts whatoever is near the ,body to its ,center4 ,and that they have uch a ,quality1 their very ,figure is a ,proof2 for their ,roundnes proceeds only from an equal preure of all their ,parts tending to the ame ,center4 ,nay more1 we are o skilful now-a-days1 as to be able to tell how much more or les the ,gravitation in ,jupiter or ,saturn is than here2 of which ,dicovery and its ,author you may read my ,eay of the ,caues of ,gravitation4 ,but now to carry the ,search farther1 let us ee by what ,steps we mut rie to the attaining ome knowledge in the deeper ,secrets concerning the ,state and ,furniture of thee new ,earths4 ,and1 firt1 how likely is it that they may be tock'd with ,plants ,have ,animals and ,plants4 and ,animals as well as we8 ,i uppoe no ,body will deny but that there's omewhat more of ,contrivance1 omewhat more wonderful in the ,production and ,growth of ,plants and ,animals1 than in ,lifeles ,heaps of inanimate ,bodies1 be they never o much larger2 as ,mountains1 ,rocks1 or ,seas are4 ,for the ,finger of ,god1 and the ,widom of ,divine ,providence1 is in them much more clearly manifeted than in the other4 ,one of ,democritus's or ,cartes's ,scholars may venture perhaps to give ome tolerable ,explication of the ,appearances in ,heaven and ,earth1 allow him but his ,atoms and ,motion2 but when he comes to ,plants and ,animals1 he'll find himelf non-plus'd1 and give you no likely account of their ,production4 ,for every ,thing in them is o exactly adapted to ome ,deign1 every part of them o fitted to its proper ,ue1 that they manifet an ,infinite ,widom1 and exquiite ,knowledge in the ,laws of ,nature and ,geometry1 as1 to omit thoe ,wonders in ,generation1 we hall by and by how2 and make it an ,aburdity even to think of their being thus happily jumbled together by a chance ,motion of ,i don't know what little ,particles4 ,now hould we allow the ,planets nothing but vat ,deerts1 lifeles and inanimate ,stocks and ,stones1 and deprive them of all thoe ,creatures that more plainly peak their ,divine ,architect1 we hould ink them below the ,earth in ,beauty and ,dignity2 a ,thing very unreasonable1 as ,i aid before4 ,well then1 we have gain'd the ,point thus far1 and the ,planets may be allowed ome ,creatures capable of moving themelves1 not at all inferior to ours2 and thee are ,animals4 ,and if this be allowed1 it almot necearily follows1 that there mut be ,herbs ,not to be imagin'd too unlike ours4 for ,food for them4 ,and as for the ,growth and ,nourihment of all thee1 'tis no doubt the ame with ours1 eeing they have the ame ,sun to warm and enliven them as ours have4 ,but perhaps ome ,body may ay1 we conclude too fat4 ,they will not deny indeed but that there may be ,plants and ,animals on the ,surface of the ,planets1 that deerve as well to be provided for by their ,creator as ours do3 but why mut they be of the ame ,kind with ours3 ,nature eems to love variety in her ,works1 and may have made them widely different from ours either in their matter or manner of ,growth1 in their outward ,shape1 or their inward ,contexture2 he may have made them uch as neither our ,undertanding nor ,imagination can conceive4 ,that's the ,thing we hall now examine1 and whether it be not more likely that he has not oberv'd uch a ,variety as they talk of4 ,nature eems mot commonly1 and in mot of her ,works1 to affect ,variety1 'tis true2 ,but they hould conider 'tis not the ,buines of ,men to pretend to ettle how great this ,difference and ,variety mut be4 ,nor does it follow1 becaue it may be ,infinite1 and out of our ,comprehenion and ,reach1 that therefore ,things in reality are o4 ,for uppoe ,god hould have pleaed to have made all ,things in the ret of the ,planets jut as he has here1 the ,inhabitants of thoe ,places 7if there are any uch7 would admire his ,widom and ,contrivance no les than if they were widely different2 eeing they can't come to know what's done in the other ,planets4 ,who doubts but that ,god1 if he had pleaed1 might have made the ,animals in ,america and other ditant ,countries nothing like ours8 yet we ee he has not done it4 ,they have indeed ome difference in their ,shape1 and 'tis fit they hould1 to ditinguih the ,plants and ,animals of thoe ,countries from ours1 who live on this ide the ,earth2 but even in this ,variety there is an ,agreement1 an exact ,correpondence in ,figure and ,shape1 the ame ways of ,growth1 and new ,productions1 and of continuing their own ,kind4 ,their ,animals have ,feet and ,wings like ours1 and like ours have ,hearts1 ,lungs1 ,guts1 and the ,parts erving to ,generation2 whereas all thee ,things1 as well with them as us1 might1 if it had pleaed ,infinite ,widom1 have been order'd a very different ,way4 ',tis plain then that ,nature has not exhibited that ,variety in her ,works that he could1 and therefore we mut not allow that ,weight to this ,argument1 as upon the ,account of it to make every ,thing in the ,planets quite different from what is here4 ',tis more probable that all the ,difference there is between us and them1 prings from the greater or les ditance and influence from that ,fountain of ,heat and ,life the ,sun2 which will caue a ,difference not o much in their ,form and ,shape1 as in their ,matter and ,contexture4 ,planets have ,water4 ,and as for the ,matter whereof the ,plants and ,animals there conit1 tho' it is impoible ever to come to the ,knowledge of its ,nature1 yet this we may venture to aert 7there being carce any ,doubt of it7 that their ,growth and ,nourihment proceeds from ome liquid ,principle4 ,for all ,philoophers agree that there can be no other way of ,nutrition2 ome of the ,chief among them having made ,water to be the ,original of all ,things3 ,for whatoever's dry and without ,moiture1 is without ,motion too2 and without ,motion1 it's impoible there hould be any ,increae4 ,but the ,parts of a ,liquid being in continual ,motion one with another1 and ininuating and twiting themelves into the mallet ,places1 are thereby very proper and apt to add not themelves only1 but whatoever ele they may bring along with them1 to the ,increae and ,growth of ,bodies4 ,thus we ee that by the ,means of ,water the ,plants grow1 bloom1 and bear ,fruit2 and by the ,addition of that only1 ,stones grow together out of ,sand4 ,and there's no doubt but that ,metals1 ,crytals1 and ,jewels1 have the ame ,method of ,production3 ,tho' in them there has been no opportunity to make the ame ,obervation1 as well by reaon of their low ,advances1 as that they are commonly found far from the ,places of their ,generation2 thrown up ,i uppoe by ome ,earthquakes1 or ,convulions4 ,that the ,planets are not without ,water1 is made not improbable by the late ,obervations3 ,for about ,jupiter are oberved ome ,spots of a darker ,colour than the ret of his ,body1 which by their continual change how themelves to be ,clouds3 ,for the ,spots of ,jupiter which belong to him1 and never remove from him1 are quite different from thee1 being ometimes for a long time not to be een for thee ,clouds2 and again1 when thee diappear1 howing themelves4 ,and at the going off of thee ,clouds1 ome ,spots have been taken notice of in him1 much brighter than the ret of his ,body1 which remained but a little while1 and then were hid from our ,sight4 ,thee ,monieur ,caini thinks are only the ,reflection from the ,snow that covers the ,tops of the ,hills in ,jupiter3 ,but ,i hould rather think that it is only the ,colour of the ,earth1 which happens to be free from thoe ,clouds that commonly darken it4 ,mars too is found not to be without his dark ,spots1 by means of which he has been oberved to turn round his own ,axis in #bd ,hours and #dj ,minutes2 the ,length of his ,day3 but whether he has ,clouds or no1 we have not had the ame opportunity of oberving as in ,jupiter1 as well becaue even when he is nearet the ,earth1 he appears to us much les than ,jupiter1 as that his ,light not coming o far1 is o brisk as to be an ,impediment to exact ,obervations3 ,and this ,reaon is as much tronger in ,venus as its ,light is4 ,but ince 'tis certain that the ,earth and ,jupiter have their ,water and ,clouds1 there is no ,reaon why the other ,planets ,but not jut like ours4 hould be without them4 ,i can't ay that they are exactly of the ame nature with our ,water2 but that they hould be liquid their ,ue requires1 as their ,beauty does that they hould be clear4 ,for this ,water of ours1 in ,jupiter or ,saturn1 would be frozen up intantly by reaon of the vat ditance of the ,sun4 ,every ,planet therefore mut have its ,waters of uch a temper1 as to be proportioned to its ,heat3 ,jupiter's and ,saturn's mut be of uch a ,nature as not to be liable to ,frot2 and ,venus's and ,mercury's of uch1 as not to be eaily evaporated by the ,sun4 ,but in all of them1 for a continual upply of ,moiture1 whatever ,water is drawn up by the ,heat of the ,sun into ,vapours1 mut necearily return back again thither4 ,and this it cannot do but in ,drops1 which are caued as well there as with us1 by their acending into a higher and colder ,region of the ,air1 out of that which1 by reaon of the ,reflection of the ,rays of the ,sun from the ,earth1 is warmer and more temperate4 ,here then we have found in thee new ,worlds ,fields warm'd by the kindly ,heat of the ,sun1 and water'd with fruitful ,dews and ,showers3 ,that there mut be ,plants in them as well for ,ornament as ,ue1 we have hewn jut now4 ,and what ,nourihment1 what manner of ,growth hall we allow ,plants grow and are nourihed there as they are here4 them8 ,probably1 there can be no better1 nay no other1 than what we here experience2 by having their ,roots fatned into the ,earth1 and imbibing its nourihing ,juices by their tender ,fibres4 ,and that they may not be only like o many bare ,heaths1 with nothing but creeping ,shrubs and ,buhes1 we may allow them ome nobler and loftier ,plants1 ,trees1 or omewhat like them3 ,thee being the greatet1 and1 except ,waters1 the only ,ornament that ,nature has betowed upon the ,earth4 ,for not to peak of thoe many ues that are made of their ,wood1 there's no one that is ignorant either of their ,beauty or ,pleaantnes4 ,now what way can any one imagine for a continual ,production and ,succeion of thee ,plants1 but their bearing ,seed8 ,a ,method o excellent1 that it's the only one that ,nature has here made ue of1 and o wonderful1 that it eems to be deigned not for this ,earth alone4 ,in fine1 there's the ame reaon to think that this ,method is oberved in thoe ditant ,countries1 as there was of its being followed in the remote ,quarters of this ame ,earth4 ,the ame true of their ,animals4 ',tis much the ame in ,animals as 'tis in ,plants1 as to their manner of ,nourihment1 and ,propagation of their ,kind4 ,for ince all the living ,creatures of this ,earth1 whether ,beats1 ,birds1 ,fihes1 ,worms1 or ,inects1 univerally and inviolably follow the ame contant and fix'd ,intitution of ,nature2 all feed on ,herbs1 or ,fruits1 or the ,fleh of other ,animals that fed on them3 ince all ,generation is performed by the impregnating of the ,eggs1 and the ,copulation of ,male and ,female3 ,why may not the ame ,rule be oberved in the ,planetary ,worlds8 ,for 'tis certain that the ,herbs and ,animals that are there would be lot1 their whole ,species detroyed without ome daily new ,productions3 except there be no uch thing there as ,misfortune or ,accident3 except the ,plants are not like other humid ,bodies1 but can bear ,heat1 ,frot1 and ,age1 without being dry'd up1 kill'd or decay'd3 except the ,animals have ,bodies as hard and durable as ,marble2 which ,i think are gros ,aburdities4 ,if we hould invent ome new ,way for their coming into the ,world1 and make them drop like ,soland ,geee from ,trees1 how ridiculous would this be to any one that coniders the vat ,difference between ,wood and ,fleh8 ,or uppoe we hould have new ones made every ,day out of ome uch fruitful ,mud as that of ,nile1 who does not ee how contrary this is to all that's reaonable8 ,and that 'tis much more agreeable to the ,widom of ,god1 once for all to create of all orts of ,animals1 and ditribute them all over the ,earth in uch a wonderful and inconceivable way as he has1 than to be continually obliged to new ,productions out of the ,earth8 ,and what mierable1 what helples ,creatures mut thee be1 when there's no one that by his ,duty will be obliged1 or by that trange natural fondnes1 which ,god has wiely made a neceary ,argument for all ,animals to take care of their own1 will be moved to ait1 nure or educate them8 ,as for what ,i have aid concerning their ,propagation1 ,i cannot be o poitive2 but the other ,thing1 namely1 that they have ,plants and ,animals1 ,i think ,i have fully proved1 viz4 from hence1 that otherwie they would be inferiour to our ,earth4 ,and by the ame ,argument1 they mut have as great a ,variety of both as we have4 ,what this is1 will be bet known to him that coniders the different ,ways our ,animals make ue of in moving from one ,place to another4 ,which may be reduc'd1 ,i think1 to thee1 either that they walk upon two ,feet or ,four2 or like ,inects1 upon ,six1 nay ometimes ,hundreds2 or that they fly in the ,air bearing up1 and wonderfully teering themelves with their ,wings2 or creep upon the ,ground without ,feet2 or by a violent ,spring in their ,bodies1 or paddling with their ,feet1 cut themelves a ,way in the ,waters4 ,i don't believe1 nor can ,i conceive1 that there hould be any other ,way than thee mentioned4 ,the ,animals then in the ,planets mut make ue of one or more of thee1 like our amphibious ,birds1 which can wim in ,water as well as walk on ,land1 or fly in the ,air2 or like our ,crocodiles and ,sea-,hores1 mut be ,mongrels1 between ,land and ,water4 ,there can no other ,method be imagined but one of thee4 ,for where is it poible for ,animals to live1 except upon uch a olid ,body as our ,earth1 or a fluid one like the ,water1 or till a more fluid one than that1 uch as our ,air is8 ,the ,air ,i confes may be much thicker and heavier than ours1 and o1 without any ,diadvantage to its ,tranparency1 be fitter for the volatile ,animals4 ,there may alo be many orts of ,fluids ranged over one another in ,rows as it were4 ,the ,sea perhaps may have uch a fluid lying on it1 which tho' ten times lighter than ,water1 may be a hundred ,times heavier than ,air2 whoe utmot ,extent may not be o large as to cover the higher ,places of their ,earth4 ,but there's no ,reaon to upect or allow them this1 ince we have no uch ,thing2 and if we did1 it would be of no ,advantage to them1 for that the former ,ways of moving would not be hereby at all increas'd3 ,but when we come to meddle with the ,shape of thee ,creatures1 and conider the incredible ,variety that is even in thoe of the different parts of this ,earth1 and that ,america has ome which are no where ele to be found1 ,i mut then confes that ,i think it beyond the ,force of ,imagination to arrive at any knowledge in the ,matter1 or reach to ,probability concerning the ,figures of thee ,planetary ,animals4 ,altho' conidering thee ,ways of ,motion we e'en now recounted1 they may perhaps be no more different from ours than ours 7thoe of ours ,i mean that are mot unlike7 are from one another4 ,if a ,man were admitted to a ,survey of ,jupiter or ,venus1 he would no doubt find as great a ,number and ,variety as he had at home4 ,let us then1 that we may make as near a ,gues at1 and as reaonable a ,judgment of the ,matter as we can1 conider the many ,sorts1 and the admirable ,difference in the ,shapes of our own ,animals2 running ,great ,variety of ,animals in this ,earth4 over ome of the ,chief of them 7for 'twould be tedious to et about a general ,catalogue7 that are notoriouly different from one another1 either in the ,figure or ome peculiar ,property belonging to them2 as they belong to the ,land1 or the ,water1 or the ,air4 ,among the ,beats we may take notice of the great ,ditance between the ,hore1 the ,elephant1 the ,lion1 the ,stag1 the ,camel1 the ,hog1 the ,ape1 the ,porcupine1 the ,tortoie1 the ,cameleon3 in the ,water1 of that between the ,whale1 and the ,sea-,calf1 the ,skait1 the ,pike1 the ,eel1 the ,ink-,fih1 the ,pourcontrel1 the ,crocodile1 the ,flying-fih1 the ,cramp-fih1 the ,crab1 the ,oiter1 and the ,purple-,fih3 and among ,birds1 of that between the ,eagle1 the ,otrich1 the ,peacock1 the ,swan1 the ,owl1 and the ,bat3 and in ,inects1 of that between the ,ants1 the ,spider1 the ,fly1 and the ,butterfly2 and of that ,prodigy in their wonderful change from ,worms4 ,in this ,roll ,i have pas'd by the creeping ,kind as one ,sort1 and skip'd over that vat ,multitude of les different ,animals that fill the intermediate ,spaces4 ,but be they never o many1 there is no ,and no les in the ,planets4 reaon to think that the ,planets cannot match them4 ,for tho' we in vain gues at the ,figures of thoe ,creatures1 yet we have dicover'd omewhat of their manner of ,life in general2 and of their ,senes we hall peak more by and by4 ,the ame in ,plants4 ,the more coniderable ,differences in our ,plants ought to be thought on1 as well as the other4 ,as in ,trees1 that between the ,fir and the ,oak1 the ,palm1 the ,vine1 the ,fig1 and the ,coco-,nut ,tree1 and that in the ,indies1 from whoe ,boughs new ,roots pring1 and grow downwards into the ,earth4 ,in ,herbs1 the ,difference is notable between ,gras1 ,poppy1 ,colewort1 ,ivy1 ,pompions1 and the ,indian ,fig with thick ,leaves growing up without any ,stalk1 and ,aloe4 ,between every one of which again there are many les differing ,plants not taken notice of4 ,then the different ,ways of raiing them are remarkable1 whether from ,seeds1 or ,kernels1 or ,roots1 or by grafting or inoculating them4 ,and yet in all thee1 whether we conider the ,things themelves1 or the ,ways of their ,production1 ,i make no doubt but that the ,planetary ,worlds have as wonderful a ,variety as we4 ,but till the main and mot agreeable ,point of the ,enquiry is behind1 ,rational ,animals in the ,planets4 which is the placing ome ,spectators in thee new ,dicoveries1 to enjoy thee ,creatures we have planted them with1 and to admire their ,beauty and ,variety4 ,and among all1 that have never o lightly meddled with thee ,matters1 ,i don't find any that have crupled to allow them their ,inhabitants3 not ,men perhaps like ours1 but ome ,creatures or other endued with ,reaon4 ,for all this ,furniture and ,beauty the ,planets are tock'd with eem to have been made in vain1 without any ,deign or ,end1 unles there were ome in them that might at the ame time enjoy the ,fruits1 and adore the wie ,creator of them4 ,but this alone would be no prevailing ,argument with me to allow them uch ,creatures4 ,for what if we hould ay1 that ,god made them for no other ,deign1 but that he himelf might ee 7not as we do 'tis true2 but that he that made the ,eye ees1 who can doubt87 and delight himelf in the ,contemplation of them8 ,for was not ,man himelf1 and all that the whole ,world contains1 made upon this very account8 ,that which makes me of this ,opinion1 that thoe ,worlds are not without uch a ,creature endued with ,reaon1 is1 that otherwie our ,earth would have too much the ,advantage of them1 in being the only part of the ,univere that could boat of uch a ,creature o far above1 not only ,plants and ,trees1 but all ,animals whatoever3 a ,creature that has omething ,divine in him1 that knows1 and undertands1 and remembers uch an innumerable number of ,things2 that deliberates1 weighs and judges of the ,truth3 ,a ,creature upon whoe ,account1 and for whoe ,ue1 whatoever the ,earth brings forth eems to be provided4 ,for every ,thing here he converts to his own ,ends4 ,with the ,trees1 ,stones1 and ,metals1 he builds himelf ,houes3 the ,birds and ,fihes he utains himelf with3 and the ,water and ,winds he makes ubervient to his ,navigation1 as he doth the weet ,smell and glorious ,colours of the ,flowers to his ,delight4 ,what can there be in the ,planets that can make up for its ,defects in the want of o noble an ,animal8 ,if we hould allow ,jupiter a greater ,variety of other ,creatures1 more ,trees1 ,herbs and ,metals1 all thee would not advantage or dignify that ,planet o much as that one ,animal doth ours by the admirable ,productions of his penetrating ,wit4 ,if ,i am mitaken in this1 ,i do not know when to trut my ,reaon1 and mut allow my elf to be but a poor ,judge in the true ,etimate of ,things4 ,vices of ,men no hindrance to their being the ,glory of the ,planet they inhabit4 ,nor let any one ay here1 that there's o much ,villany and ,wickednes in ,man that we have thus magnified1 that it's a reaonable ,doubt1 whether he would not be o far from being the ,glory and ,ornament of the ,planet that enjoys his ,company1 that he would be rather its ,shame and ,digrace4 ,for firt1 the ,vices that mot ,men are tainted with1 are no hindrance1 but that thoe that follow the ,dictates of true ,reaon1 and obey the ,rules of a rigid ,virtue1 are till a ,beauty and ,ornament to the ,place that has the ,happines to harbour them4 ,beides1 the ,vices of ,men themelves are of excellent ,ue1 and are not permitted and allowed in the ,world without wie ,deign4 ,for ince it has o pleaed ,god to order the ,earth1 and every ,thing in it as we ee it is 7for it's aburd to ay it happen'd againt his ,will or ,knowledge7 we mut not think that o great a ,diverity of ,minds were placed in different ,men to no ,end or ,purpoe3 but that this mixture of bad ,men with ,good1 and the ,conequents of uch a ,mixture1 as ,misfortunes1 ,wars1 ,afflictions1 ,poverty1 and the like1 were permitted for this very good ,end1 viz4 the exerciing our ,wits1 and harpening our ,inventions2 by forcing us to provide for our own neceary ,defence againt our ,enemies4 ',tis to the ,fear of ,poverty and ,miery that we are beholden for all our ,arts1 and for that natural ,knowledge which was the ,product of laborious ,indutry2 and which makes us that we cannot but admire the ,power and ,widom of the ,creator1 which otherwie we might have paed by with the ame indifference as ,beats4 ,and if ,men were to lead their whole ,lives in an unditurbed continual ,peace1 in no fear of ,poverty1 no danger of ,war1 ,i doubt they would live little better than ,brutes1 without all knowledge or enjoyment of thoe ,advantages that make our ,lives pas on with ,pleaure and ,profit4 ,we hould want the wonderful ,art of ,writing1 if its great ,ue and neceity in ,commerce and ,war had not forced out the ,invention4 ',tis to thee we owe our ,art of ,sailing1 our ,art of ,sowing1 and mot of thoe ,dicoveries of which we are ,maters2 and almot all the ,secrets in experimental ,knowledge4 ,so that thoe very ,things on account of which the ,faculty of ,reaon eems to have been accued1 are no mall helps to its ,advancement and ,perfection4 ,for thoe ,virtues themelves1 ,fortitude and ,contancy1 would be of no ue if there were no ,dangers1 no ,adverity1 no ,afflictions for their ,exercie and ,trial4 ,if we hould therefore imagine in the ,planets ome uch reaonable ,creature as ,man is1 adorn'd with the ame ,virtues1 and liable to the ame ,vices1 it would be o far from degrading or vilifying them1 that while they want uch a one1 ,i mut think them inferior to our ,earth4 ,reaon they are not different from what 'tis here4 ,but if we allow thee ,planetary ,inhabitants ome ort of ,reaon1 mut it needs1 may ome ay1 be the ame with ours8 ,certainly it mut1 whether we conider it as applied to ,jutice and ,morality1 or exercied in the ,principles and ,foundations of ,science4 ,for ,reaon with us is that which gives us a true ,sene of ,jutice and ,honety1 ,praie1 ,kindnes and ,gratitude3 'tis ,that that teaches us to ditinguih univerally between ,good and ,bad2 and renders us capable of ,knowledge and ,experience in it4 ,and can there be any where any other ,sort of ,reaon than this8 or can what we call jut and generous1 in ,jupiter or ,mars be thought unjut ,villany8 ,this is not at all1 ,i don't ay probable1 but poible4 ,for the ,aim and ,deign of the ,creator is every where the ,preervation and ,safety of his ,creatures4 ,now when uch ,reaon as we are ,maters of1 is neceary for the preervation of ,life1 and promoting of ,society 7a thing that they are not without1 as we hall how7 would it not be trange that the ,planetary ,inhabitants hould have uch a pervere ,sort of ,reaon given them1 as would necearily detroy and confound what it was deign'd to maintain and defend8 ,but allowing ,morality and ,paions with thoe ditant ,inhabitants to be omewhat different from ours1 and uppoing they may act by other ,principles in what belongs to ,friendhip and ,anger1 ,hatred1 ,honety1 ,modety1 and ,comelines1 yet till there would be no doubt1 but that in the ,search after ,truth1 in judging of the ,conequences of ,things1 in ,reaoning1 particularly in that ,sort which belongs to ,magnitude or ,quantity1 about which their ,geometry 7if they have uch a ,thing7 is employ'd1 there would be no doubt1 ,i ay1 but that their ,reaon here mut be exactly the ame1 and go the ame way to work with ours1 and that what's true in one part will hold true over the whole ,univere2 o that all the difference mut lie in the ,degrees of ,knowledge1 which will be proportional to the ,genius and ,capacity of the ,inhabitants4 ,they have ,senes4 ,but ,i perceive ,i am got omewhat too far3 ,let us firt enquire a little concerning the bodily ,senes of thee ,planetary ,perons2 for without uch1 neither will ,life be any ,pleaure to them1 nor ,reaon of any ,ue4 ,and ,i think it very probable1 that all their ,animals1 as well their ,beats as rational ,creatures1 are like ours in all that relates to the ,senes3 ,for without the ,power of ,seeing we hould find it impoible for ,animals to provide ,food for themelves1 or be ore-warn'd of any approaching ,danger1 o as to guard themelves from it4 ,so that where-ever we plant any ,animals1 except we wou'd have them lead the ,life of ,worms or ,moles1 we mut allow them ,sight2 than which nothing can conduce more either to the ,preervation or ,pleaure of their ,lives4 ,then if we conider the wonderful ,nature of ,light1 and the ,sight4 amazing ,artifice in the fit framing the ,eye for the ,reception of it1 we cannot but ee that ,bodies o vatly remote could not be perceived by us in their proper ,figures and jut ,ditances1 any other way than by ,sight4 ,for this ,sene1 and all others that we know of1 mut proceed from an external ,motion4 ,which in the ene of ,seeing mut come either from the ,sun1 the fix'd ,stars1 or ,fire3 whoe ,particles being put into a very quick ,motion1 communicate it to the ,celetial ,matter about1 whence 'tis convey'd in a very hort time to the mot ditant parts1 jut like ,sound through the ,air4 ,if it were not for this ,motion of the intermediate therial ,matter1 we hould be all in ,darknes1 and have ,sight neither of ,sun nor ,stars1 nor any thing ele1 for all other ,light mut come to us by ,reflection from them4 ,this ,motion perceived by the ,eyes is called ,light4 ,and the nice ,curioity of this ,perception is admirable1 in that it is caued by the mallet ,particles of the luminous ,body brought to us by that fine ,matter1 which at the ame time determine the ,coat from whence the ,motion comes2 and in that all thee different ,roads of ,motion1 thee ,waves croing and interfering with one another1 are yet no hindrance to every one's free ,paage4 ,all thee ,things are o wiely1 o wonderfully contrived1 that it's above the ,power of humane ,wit1 to invent or frame any thing like them2 nay1 it is very difficult o much as to imagine and comprehend them4 ,for what can be more amazing1 than that one mall ,part of the ,body hould be o devied and framed1 as by its means to how us the ,shape1 the ,poition1 the ,ditance1 and all the ,motions1 nay1 and all the ,colours1 of a ,body that is far remote from us1 that it may appear the more ditinct8 ,and then the artful ,compoition of the ,eye1 drawing an exact ,picture of the ,objects without it1 upon the concave ,side of the ,choroides1 is even above all ,admiration1 nor is there any ,thing in which ,god has more plainly manifeted his excellent ,geometry4 ,and thee ,things are not only contriv'd and fram'd with o great ,widom and ,skill1 as not to admit of better1 but to any one that coniders them attentively1 they eem to be of uch a ,nature as not to allow any other ,method4 ,for it's impoible that ,light hould repreent ,objects to us at o vat a ditance1 except by uch an intervening ,motion2 and it's as impoible that any other ,compoition of the ,eye hould be equally fitted to the ,reception of uch ,impreions4 ,so that ,i cannot but think them greatly mitaken1 that maintain thee ,things might have been contrived many other ,ways4 ,it's likely then1 and credible1 that in thee ,things the ,planets have an exact correpondence with us1 and that their ,animals have the ame ,organs1 and ue the ame way of ,sight that we do4 ,they mut have ,eyes therefore1 and two at leat we mut grant them1 otherwie they would not perceive thoe ,things cloe to them1 nor hardly be able to walk about with ,safety4 ,and if we mut allow them to all ,animals for the ,preervation of their ,life1 how much more mut they that make more1 and more noble ,ues of them1 not be deprived of the ,bleing of o advantageous ,members8 ,for by them we view the various ,flowers1 and the elegant ,features of ,beauty3 with them we read1 we write1 we contemplate the ,heavens and ,stars1 and meaure their ,ditances1 ,magnitudes1 and ,journeys3 which how far they are common to the ,inhabitants of thoe ,worlds with us1 ,i hall preently examine4 ,but firt ,i hall enquire whether now we have given them one1 we ought alo to give them the other ,hearing4 four ,senes4 ,and indeed as to ,hearing many ,arguments perwade me to give it a ,share in the ,animals of thoe new ,worlds4 ,for 'tis of great conequence in defending us from udden ,accidents2 and1 epecially when ,seeing is of no ue to us1 it upplies its ,place1 and gives us eaonable warning of any imminent ,danger4 ,beides1 we ee many ,animals call their ,fellow to them with their ,voice1 which ,language may have more in it than we are aware of1 tho' we don't undertand it4 ,but if we do but conider the vat ,ues and neceary ,occaions of ,speaking on the one ide1 and ,hearing on the other1 among thoe ,creatures that make ue of their ,reaon1 it will carce eem credible that two uch ueful1 uch excellent ,things were deigned only for us4 ,for how is it poible but that they that are without thee1 mut be without many other ,necearies and ,conveniences of ,life8 ,or what can they have to recompene this ,want8 ,then1 if we go till farther1 and do but meditate upon the neat and frugal ,contrivance of ,nature in making the ame ,air1 by the drawing in of which we live1 by whoe ,motion we ail1 and by whoe ,means ,birds fly1 for a ,conveyance of ,sound to our ,ears2 and this ,sound for the ,conveyance of another ,man's ,thoughts to our ,minds3 ,can we ever imagine that he has left thoe other ,worlds detitute of o vat ,a ,medium to convey ,sound to the ,ears4 ,advantages8 ,that they don't want the ,means of them is certain1 for their having ,clouds in ,jupiter puts it pat doubt that they have ,air too2 that being motly formed of the ,particles of ,water flying about1 as the ,clouds are of them gathered into mall ,drops4 ,and another ,proof of it is1 the neceity of breathing for the preervation of ,life1 a ,thing that eems to be as univeral a ,dictate of ,nature1 as feeding upon the ,fruits of the ,earth4 ,touch4 ,as for ,feeling1 it eems to be given upon neceity to all ,creatures that are cover'd with a fine and enible ,skin1 as a ,caution againt coming too near thoe ,things that may injure or incommode them3 and without it they would be liable to continual ,wounds1 ,blows and ,bruies4 ,nature eems to have been o enible of this1 that he has not left the leat place free from uch a ,perception4 ,therefore it's probable that the ,inhabitants of thoe ,worlds are not without o neceary a ,defence1 and o fit a ,preervative againt ,dangers and ,mihaps4 ,smell and ,tate4 ,and who is there that doth not ee the inevitable neceity for all ,creatures that live by feeding to have both ,tate and ,smell1 that they may ditinguih thoe ,things that are good and nourihing1 from thoe that are michievous and harmful8 ,if therefore we allow the ,planetary ,creatures to feed upon ,herbs1 ,seeds1 or ,fleh1 we mut allow them ,tate and ,smell1 that they may chue or refue any ,thing according as they find it likely to be advantageous or noxious to them4 ,i know that it hath been a ,quetion with many1 whether there might not have been more ,senes than thee five4 ,their ,senes not very different from ours4 ,if we hould allow this1 it might nevertheles be reaonably doubted1 whether the ,senes of the ,planetary ,inhabitants are much different from ours4 ,i mut confes1 ,i cannot deny but there might poibly have been more ,senes2 but when ,i conider the ,ues of thoe we have1 ,i cannot think but they would have been uperfluous4 ,the ,eye was made to dicern near and remote ,objects1 the ,ear to give us notice of what our ,eyes could not1 either in the ,dark or behind our ,back3 ,then what neither the ,eye nor the ,ear could1 the ,noe was made 7which in ,dogs is wonderfully nice7 to warn us of4 ,and if any thing ecapes the notice of the other four ,senes1 we have ,feeling to inform us of the too near ,approaches of it before it can do us any michief4 ,thus has ,nature o plentifully1 o perfectly provided for the neceary preervation of her ,creatures here1 that ,i think he can give nothing more to thoe there1 but what will be needles and uperfluous4 ,yet the ,senes were not wholly deigned for ue3 but ,men from all1 and all other ,animals from ome of them1 reap ,pleaure as well as ,profit1 as from the ,tate in delicious ,meats2 from the ,smell in ,flowers and ,perfumes2 from the ,sight in the ,contemplation of beauteous ,shapes and ,colours2 from the ,hearing in the ,sweetnes and ,harmony of ,sounds2 from the ,feeling in ,copulation1 unles you pleae to count that for a particular ,sene by it elf4 ,they have ,pleaure ariing from the ,senes4 ,since it is thus1 ,i think 'tis but reaonable to allow the ,inhabitants of the ,planets thee ame ,advantages that we have from them4 ,for upon this ,conideration only1 how much happier and eaier a ,man's ,life is rendred by the enjoyment of them1 we mut be obliged to grant them thee ,bleings1 except we would engros every thing that is good to our elves1 as if we were worthier and more deerving than any ele4 ,but moreover1 that ,pleaure which we perceive in ,eating or in ,copulation1 eems to be a neceary and provident ,command of ,nature1 whereby it tacitly compels us to the preervation and continuance of our ,life and ,kind4 ,it is the ame in ,beats4 ,so that both for their ,happines and ,preervation it's very probable the ret of the ,planets are not without it4 ,certainly when ,i conider all thee ,things1 how great1 noble1 and ueful they are2 when ,i conider what an admirable ,providence it is that there's uch a ,thing as ,pleaure in the ,world1 ,i can't but think that our ,earth1 the mallet part almot of the ,univere1 was never deign'd to monopolize o great a ,bleing4 ,and thus much for thoe ,pleaures which affect our bodily ,senes1 but have little or no relation to our ,reaon and ,mind4 ,but there are other ,pleaures which ,men enjoy1 which their ,soul only and ,reaon can relih3 ,some airy and brisk1 others grave and olid1 and yet nevertheles ,pleaures1 as ariing from the ,satisfaction which we feel in ,knowledge and ,inventions1 and ,searches after ,truth1 of which whether the ,planetary ,inhabitants are not partakers1 we hall have an opportunity of enquiring by and by4 ,there ,there are ome other things to be conider'd firt1 in which it's probable they have ome relation to us4 ,that the ,planets have thoe ,elements of ,earth1 ,air and ,water1 as well as we1 ,i have already made not unlikely4 ,let us now ee whether they may not have ,fire alo3 which is not o properly call'd an ,element1 as a very quick ,motion of the ,particles in the inflammable ,all the ,planets have ,fire4 ,body4 ,but be it what it will1 there are many ,arguments for their not being without it4 ,for this ,earth is not o truly call'd the ,place of ,fire as the ,sun3 and as by the ,heat of that all ,plants and ,animals here thrive and live2 o1 no doubt1 it is in the other ,planets4 ,since then ,fire is caued by a mot intene and vigorous ,heat1 it follows that the ,planets1 epecially thoe nearer the ,fountain of it1 have their proportionate degrees of ,heat and ,fire4 ,and ince there are o many ways of its ,production1 as by the collection of the ,rays of the ,sun1 by the reflection of ,mirrors1 by the triking of ,flint and ,steel1 by the rubbing of ,wood1 by the cloe loading of moit ,gras1 by ,lightning1 by the eruptions of ,mountains and ,volcanos1 it's trange if neither ,art hould have produced it1 nor ,nature effected it there by one of thee many means4 ,then how ueful and neceary is it to us8 ,by it we drive away ,cold1 and upply the want of the ,sun in thoe ,countries where his oblique ,rays make a les vigorous ,impreion1 and o keep a great part of the ,earth from being an uninhabited ,deert3 which is equally neceary in all the ,planets1 whether we allow them ,succeion of ,seaons1 or a perpetual ,spring and quinox3 for even then the ,countries near the ,pole would receive but little ,advantage from the ,heat of the ,sun4 ,by the help of this we turn the ,night into ,day1 and thereby make a coniderable addition to the hortnes of our ,lives4 ,upon all thee ,accounts we ought not to think this ,earth of ours enjoy it all alone1 and exclude all the other ,planets from o advantageous and o profitable a ,gift4 ,but perhaps it may be asked as well concerning ,brutes as rational ,creatures1 and of their ,plants and ,trees too1 whether they are proportionably ,the bignes of their ,creatures not rightly guet at by the bignes of the ,planets4 larger or les than ours4 ,for if the ,magnitude of the ,planets was to be the ,standard of their meaure1 there would be ,animals in ,jupiter ten or fifteen times larger than ,elephants1 and as much longer than our ,whales1 and then their ,men mut be all ,giants in repect to us4 ,now tho' ,i don't ee any o great ,aburdity in this as to make it impoible1 yet there is no reaon to think it is really o1 eeing ,nature has not always ty'd her elf to thoe ,rules which we have thought more convenient for her3 ,for example1 the ,magnitude of the ,planets is not anwerable to their ditances from the ,sun2 but ,mars1 tho' more remote1 is far les than ,venus3 and ,jupiter turns round his ,axis in ten ,hours1 when the ,earth which is much les than him1 pends #bd4 ,but ince ,nature1 perhaps ome will ay1 has not oberved uch a ,regularity in the proportion of ,things1 for ought we know there may be only a ,race of ,pygmies about the ,bignes of ,frogs and ,mice1 poes'd of the ,planets4 ,but ,i hall how that this is very improbable by and by4 ,in the ,planets are orts of rational ,creatures as well as here4 ,there may arie another ,quetion1 whether there be in the ,planets but one ort of rational ,creatures1 or if there be not everal orts poeed of different degrees of ,reaon and ,sene4 ,there is omething not unlike this to be oberved among us4 ,for to pas by thoe who have human ,shape 7altho' ome of them would very well bear that ,enquiry too7 if we do but conider ome orts of ,beats1 as the ,dog1 the ,ape1 the ,beaver1 the ,elephant1 nay ome ,birds and ,bees1 what ,sene and ,undertanding they are maters of1 we hall be forced to allow1 that ,man is not the only rational ,animal4 ,for we dicover omewhat in them of ,reaon independent on1 and prior to all ,teaching and ,practice4 ,but till no ,body can doubt1 but that the ,undertanding and ,reaon of ,man is to be preferr'd to theirs1 as being comprehenive of innumerable ,things1 indued with an infinite memory of what's pat1 and capable of providing againt what's to come4 ,that there is ome uch ,species of rational ,creatures in the other ,planets1 which is the ,head and ,sovereign of the ret1 is very reaonable to believe3 for otherwie1 were many ,species endued with the ame ,widom and ,cunning1 we hould have them always doing ,michief1 always quarrelling and fighting one with another for ,empire and ,sovereignty1 a ,thing that we feel too much of where we have but one uch ,species4 ,but to let that pas1 our next ,enquiry hall be concerning thoe ,animals in the ,planets which are furnihed with the greatet ,reaon1 whether it's poible to know wherein they employ it1 and whether they have made as great ,advances in ,arts and ,knowledge as we in our ,planet4 ,which deerves mot to be conidered and examined of any thing belonging to their ,nature2 and for the better ,performance of it we mut take our ,rie omewhat higher1 and nicely view the ,lives and ,studies of ,men4 ,and in thoe things wherein ,men provide and take care only of what's abolutely neceary for the preervation of their ,life2 in defending themelves from the ,injuries of the ,air2 in ecuring themelves againt the ,incurions of ,enemies by ,walls2 and againt ,fraud and ,diturbances by ,laws2 in educating their ,children1 and providing for themelves and them3 ,in all thee ,i can ee no great reaon that ,man has to boat of the ,pre-eminency of his ,reaon above ,beats and other ,animals4 ,for mot of thee ,things they perform with greater ,eae and ,art than we1 and ome of them they have no need of4 ,for that ,sene of ,virtue and ,jutice in which ,man excels1 of ,friendhip1 ,gratitude and ,honety1 of what ue are they1 but either to put a top to the ,wickednes of ,man1 or to ecure us from mutual ,aaults and ,injuries1 ,things wherein the ,beats want no ,guide but ,nature and ,inclination8 ,then if we et before our ,eyes the manifold ,cares1 the ,diturbances of ,mind1 the retles ,deires1 the dread of ,death1 that are the reult of this our ,reaon2 and compare them with that eay1 quiet1 and harmles ,life which other ,animals enjoy1 we hould be apt to wih a ,change1 and conclude that they1 epecially ,birds1 lived with more ,pleaure and ,happines than ,man could with all his ,widom4 ,for they have as great a ,relih of bodily ,pleaures as we1 let the new ,philoophers ay what they will1 who would have them to be nothing but ,clocks and ,engines of ,fleh2 a ,thing which ,beats o plainly confute by crying and running away from a ,stick1 and all other ,actions1 that ,i wonder how any one could ubcribe to o aburd and cruel an ,opinion4 ,nay1 ,i can carce doubt but that ,birds feel no mall ,pleaure in their eay1 mooth ailing through the ,air2 and would much more if they but knew the ,advantages it hath above our low and ,men chiefly differ from ,beats in the ,study of ,nature4 laborious ,progreion4 ,what is it then after all that ets human ,reaon above all other1 and makes us preferable to the ret of the ,animal ,world8 ,nothing in my ,mind o much as the ,contemplation of the ,works of ,god1 and the ,study of ,nature1 and the improving thoe ,sciences which may bring us to ome knowledge in their ,beauty and ,variety4 ,for without ,knowledge what would be ,contemplation8 ,and what difference is there between a ,man1 who with a careles upine ,negligence views the ,beauty and ,ue of the ,sun1 and the fine golden ,furniture of the ,heaven1 and one who with a learned ,nicenes earches into their ,coures2 who undertands wherein the ,fix'd ,stars1 as they are call'd1 differ from the ,planets1 and what is the ,reaon of the regular ,viciitude of the ,seaons2 who by ound ,reaoning can meaure the ,magnitude and ,ditance of the ,sun and ,planets8 ,or between uch a one as admires perhaps the nimble ,activity and trange ,motions of ome ,animals1 and one that knows their whole ,structure1 undertands the whole ,fabrick and ,architecture of their ,compoition8 ,if therefore the ,principle we before laid down be true1 that the other ,planets are not inferiour in ,dignity to ours1 ,they have ,atronomy4 what follows but that they have ,creatures not to tare and wonder at the ,works of ,nature only1 but who employ their ,reaon in the ,examination and ,knowledge of them1 and have made as great ,advances therein as we have8 ,they do not only view the ,stars1 but they improve the ,science of ,atronomy3 nor is there any thing can make us think this improbable1 but that fond ,conceitednes of every ,thing that we call our own1 and that ,pride that is too natural to us to be eaily laid down4 ,but ,i know ome will ay1 we are a little too bold in thee ,aertions of the ,planets1 and that we mounted hither by many ,probabilities1 one of which1 if it chance to be fale1 and contrary to our ,suppoition1 would1 like a bad ,foundation1 ruin the whole ,building1 and make it fall to the ,ground4 ,but ,i would have them to know1 that all ,i have aid of their ,knowledge in ,atronomy1 has ,proofs enough1 antecedent to thoe we now produced4 ,for uppoing the ,earth1 as we did1 one of the ,planets of equal ,dignity and ,honour with the ret1 who would venture to ay1 that no where ele were to be found any that enjoy'd the glorious ,sight of ,nature's ,theatre8 ,or if there were any ,fellow-,spectators1 yet we were the only ones that had dived deep into the ,secrets and ,knowledge of it8 ,so that here's a ,proof not o far fetch'd for the ,atronomy of the ,planets1 the ame which we ued for their having rational ,creatures1 and enjoying the other ,advantages we before talk'd of1 which erves at the ame time for the ,confirmation of our former ,conjectures4 ,but if ,amazement and ,fear at the ,eclipes of the ,moon and ,sun gave the firt occaion to the ,study of ,atronomy1 as probably they did1 then it's almot impoible that ,jupiter and ,saturn hould be without it2 the ,argument being of much greater force in them1 by reaon of the daily ,eclipes of their ,moons1 and the frequent ones of the ,sun to their ,inhabitants4 ,so that if a ,peron diintereted in his ,judgment1 and equally ignorant of the ,affairs of all the ,planets1 were to give his ,opinion in this ,matter1 ,i don't doubt he would give the ,caue for ,atronomy to thoe two ,planets rather than us4 ,this ,suppoition of their ,knowledge and ,ue of ,atronomy in the ,planetary ,worlds1 will afford us many new ,conjectures about their manner of ,life1 and their ,state as to other things4 ,and all its ubervient ,arts4 ,for1 ,firt3 ,no ,obervations of the ,stars that are neceary to the ,knowledge of their ,motions1 can be made without ,intruments2 nor can thee be made without ,metal1 ,wood1 or ome uch olid ,body4 ,here's a neceity of allowing them the ,carpenters ,tools1 the ,saw1 the ,ax1 the ,plane1 the ,mallet1 the ,file3 and the making of thee requires the ,ue of ,iron1 or ome equally hard ,metal4 ,geometry and ,arithmetick3 ,again1 thee ,intruments can't be without a ,circle divided into equal ,parts1 or a trait ,line into unequal4 ,here's a neceity for introducing ,geometry and ,arithmetick4 ,then the ,neceity ,and ,writing4 in uch ,obervations of marking down the ,epochas or ,accounts of ,time1 and of tranmitting them to ,poterity1 will force us to grant them the ,art of ,writing2 perhaps very different from ours which is commonly ued1 but ,i dare affirm not more ingenious or eay4 ,for how much more ready and expeditious is our ,way1 than by that multitude of ,characters ued in ,china2 and how vatly preferable to ,knots tied in ,cords1 or the ,pictures in ue among the barbarous ,people of ,mexico and ,peru8 ,there's no ,nation in the ,world but has ome way or other of writing or marking down their ,thoughts3 ,so that it's no wonder if the ,planetary ,inhabitants have been taught it by that great ,school-mitres ,neceity1 and apply it to the ,study of ,atronomy and other ,sciences4 ,in ,atronomical ,matters the ,neceity of it is moreover apparent from hence1 that the ,motion of the ,stars is as 'twere to be fancied and gues'd at in different ,sytems1 and thee ,sytems to be continually improved and corrected1 as later and more exact ,obervations hall convince the old ones of ,faults3 all which can never be deliver'd down to ucceeding ,generations1 unles we make ue of ,letters and ,figures4 ,but after all thee large and liberal ,allowances to ,them1 they will till be behind-hand with us4 ,for we have o certain a ,knowledge of the true ,and ,opticks4 ,sytem and ,frame of the ,univere2 we have o admirable an ,invention of ,telecopes to help our failing ,eye-ight in the view of the ,bignes and different ,forms of the ,planetary ,bodies1 in the dicovery of the ,mountains1 and the ,shadows of them on the ,surface of the ,moon1 in the bringing to light an innumerable multitude of ,stars otherwie inviible1 that we mut necearily be far their ,maters in that ,knowledge4 ,hence it is almot neceary 7except we have a ,mind to flatter and complement our elves as the only ,people that have the ,advantage of uch excellent ,inventions7 either to allow the ,planetary ,inhabitants uch harp ,eyes as not to need them1 or ele the ue of ,glaes to help the ,deficiency of their ,sight4 ,and yet ,i dare not aert this1 let any one hould be o diturbed at the ,extravagancy of uch an ,opinion1 as to take the meaure of my other ,conjectures by it1 and his them all off1 upon the account of this alone4 ,thee ,sciences not contrary to ,nature4 ,but ome ,body may perhaps object1 and that not without reaon at firt ight1 that the ,planetary ,inhabitants it's likely are detitute of all refined ,knowledge1 jut as the ,americans were before they had ,commerce with the ,europeans4 ,for if one coniders the ,ignorance of thoe ,nations1 and of others in ,aia and ,africa equally barbarous1 it will appear as if the main ,deign of the ,creator in placing ,men upon the ,earth was that they might live1 and1 in a jut ene of all the ,bleings and ,pleaure they enjoy1 worhip the ,fountain of their ,happines2 but that ome few went beyond the ,bounds of ,nature in their ,enquiries after ,knowledge4 ,there does not want an ,anwer to thee ,men4 ,for ,god could not but foreee the ,advances ,men would make1 in their enquiring into the ,heavenly ,bodies3 that they would dicover ,arts ueful and advantageous to ,life3 that they would cros the ,seas1 and dig up the ,bowels of the ,earth4 ,nothing of all this could happen contrary to the ,mind and ,knowledge of the ,infinite ,author of all ,things4 ,and if he foreaw thee ,things would be1 he o appointed and detin'd them to humane kind4 ,and the ,studies of ,arts and ,sciences cannot be aid to be contrary to ,nature1 ince in the earch thereof they are employ'd3 epecially if we conider how great the natural1 deire and love of ,knowledge1 rooted in all ,men is4 ,for it's impoible this hould have been given them upon no ,deign or ,account4 ,but they will urge1 that if uch a ,knowledge is natural1 if we were born for it1 why are there o very few1 epecially in ,atronomy1 that proecute thee ,studies8 ,for ,europe is the only ,quarter of the ,earth in which there have been any ,advancements made in ,atronomy4 ,and as for the ,judicial ,atrology1 which pretends to foretel what is to come1 it is uch a wretched and oftentimes michievous piece of ,madnes1 that ,i do not think it ought to be o much as named here4 ,and even in ,europe1 not one in a hundred ,thouand meddles with thee ,studies4 ,beides1 its ,original and ,rie is o late1 that many ,ages were pat before the very firt ,rudiments of ,atronomy or ,geometry 7which is neceary to the learning of it7 were known4 ,for every ,body is acquainted almot with its firt ,beginnings in ,egypt and ,greece4 ,add to this1 that 'tis not yet above fourcore ,years ince the bungling ,epicycles were dicarded1 and the true and eay plain ,motion of the ,planets was dicovered4 ,for the ,satisfaction of thee ,scruples1 to what we aid before1 concerning the ,fore-knowledge of ,god1 may be added this2 ,that ,god never deigned we hould come into the ,world ,atronomers or ,philoophers2 thee ,arts are not infued into us at our ,birth1 but were ordered1 in long ,tracts of ,time1 by degrees to be the ,rewards and ,reult of laborious ,diligence2 epecially thoe ,sciences which are now in debate1 are o much the more difficult and abtrue1 that their late ,invention and low ,progres are o far from being a ,wonder1 that it is rather trange they were ever dicover'd at all4 ,there are but few1 ,i acknowledge one or two perhaps in an ,age1 that purue them1 or think them their ,buines3 but their ,number will be very coniderable if we take in thoe that have lived in all the ,ages in which ,atronomy hath flourihed3 and no ,body can deny them that ,happines and ,contentment which they have pretended to above all others4 ,in fine1 it was ufficient that o mall a ,number hould make it their ,study1 o that the ,profit and ,advantage of their ,inventions might but pread it elf over all the ,world4 ,since then the ,inhabitants of this ,earth1 let them be never o few1 have had ,parts and ,genius ufficient for the ,attainment of this ,knowledge2 and there's no reaon to think the ,planetary ,inhabitants les ingenious or happy than our elves2 we have gain'd our ,point1 and 'tis probable that they are as skilful ,atronomers as we can pretend to be4 ,so that now we may venture to deduce ome ,conequences from uch a ,suppoition4 ,we have before how'd the neceary ,dependence and ,connexion1 not only of ,geometry and ,arithmetick1 but of ,mechanical ,arts and ,intruments with this ,science4 ,this leads us naturally to the ,enquiry how they can ue thee ,intruments and ,engines for the ,obervation of the ,stars1 how they can write down uch their ,obervations1 and perform other ,things which we do with our ,hands4 ,so that we mut necearily give them ,they have ,hands4 ,hands1 or ome other ,member1 as convenient for all those ,ues1 intead of them4 ,one of the ancient ,philoophers laid uch ,stres upon the ,ue and ,conveniency of the ,hands1 that he made no cruple to affirm1 they were the ,caue and ,foundation of all our ,knowledge4 ,by which1 ,i uppoe1 he meant no more1 than that without their ,help and ,aitance ,men could never arrive to the ,improvement of their ,minds in natural ,knowledge3 ,and indeed not without ,reaon4 ,for uppoe intead of them they had had ,hoofs like ,hores or ,bullocks given them1 they might have laid indeed the ,model and ,deign of ,cities and ,houes in their ,head1 but they would never have been able to have built them4 ,they would have had no ,subject of ,dicoure but what belong'd to their ,victuals1 ,marriages1 or ,self-preervation4 ,they would have been void of all ,knowledge and ,memory1 and indeed would have been but one degree ditant from brute ,beats4 ,what could we invent or imagine that could be o exactly accommodated to all the deign'd ,ues as the ,hands are8 ,elephants can lay hold of1 or throw any thing with their ,probocis1 can take up even the mallet ,things from the ,ground1 and can perform uch urpriing ,things with it1 that it has not very improperly been call'd their ,hand1 tho' indeed it is nothing but a ,noe omewhat longer than ordinary4 ,nor do ,birds how les ,art and ,deign in the ,ue of their ,bills in the picking up their ,meat1 and the wonderful ,compoure of their ,nets4 ,but all this is nothing to thoe ,conveniences the ,hand is o admirably uited to2 nothing to that amazing ,contrivance in its ,capacity of being tretched1 or contracted1 or turned to any ,part as ,occaion hall require4 ,and then1 to pas by that nice ,sene that the ,ends of the ,fingers are endued with1 even to the feeling and ditinguihing mot orts of ,bodies in the ,dark1 what ,widom and ,art is how'd in the ,dipoition of the ,thumb and ,fingers1 o as to take up or keep fat hold of any ,thing we pleae8 ,either then the ,planetary ,inhabitants mut have ,hands1 or omewhat equally convenient1 which it is not eay to conceive2 or ele we mut ay that ,nature has been kinder not only to us1 but even to ,squirrels and ,monkeys than them4 ,and ,feet4 ,that they have ,feet alo carce any one can doubt1 that does but conider what we aid but jut now of ,animals different ,ways of going along1 which it's hard to imagine can be perform'd any other ways than what we there recounted4 ,and of all thoe1 there's none can agree o well with the tate of the ,planetary ,inhabitants1 as that that we here make ue of4 ,except 7what is not very probable1 if they live in ,society1 as ,i hall how they do7 they have found out the ,art of flying in ome of thoe ,worlds4 ,that they are upright4 ,the ,stature and ,shape of ,men here does how forth the ,divine ,providence o much in its being o fitly adapted to its deign'd ,ues1 that it is not without reaon that all the ,philoophers have taken notice of it1 nor without ,probability that the ,planetary ,inhabitants have their ,eyes and ,countenance upright1 like us1 for the more convenient and eay ,contemplation and ,obervations of the ,stars4 ,for if the ,widom of the ,creator is o obervable1 o ,praie-worthy in the ,poition of the other ,members2 in the convenient ,situation of the ,eyes1 as ,watches in the higher ,region of the ,body2 in the removing of the more uncomely ,parts out of ight as 'twere1 we cannot but think he has almot oberved the ame ,method in the ,bodies of thoe remote ,inhabitants4 ,nor ,it follows not therefore that they have the ame ,shape with us4 does it follow from hence that they mut be of the ame ,shape with us4 ,for there is uch an infinite poible variety of ,figures to be imagined1 that both the ,structure of their whole ,bodies1 and every part of them1 both outide and inide1 may be quite different from ours4 ,how warmly and conveniently are ome ,creatures cloth'd with ,wool1 and how finely are others decked and adorn'd with ,feathers8 ,perhaps among the rational ,creatures in the ,planets there may ome uch ditinction be oberv'd in their ,garb and ,covering2 a ,thing in which ,beats eem to excel ,men in here4 ,unles perhaps ,men are born naked1 for this reaon to put them upon employing and exerciing their ,wits1 in the inventing and making that ,attire that ,nature had made neceary for them4 ,and 'tis this ,neceity that has been the greatet1 if not only occaion of all the ,trade and ,commerce1 of all the ,mechanical ,inventions and ,dicoveries that we are ,maters of4 ,beides1 ,nature might have another great ,conveniency in her ,eye1 by bringing ,men into the ,world naked1 namely1 that they might accommodate themelves to all places of the ,world1 and go thicker or thinner cloth'd1 according as the ,seaon and ,climate they liv'd in requir'd4 ,there may till be conceived a greater difference between us and the ,inhabitants of the ,planets2 for there are ome ort of ,animals1 uch as ,oyters1 ,lobters1 and ,crab-fih1 whoe ,fleh is on the inide of their ,bones as 'twere4 ,but that which hinders me from acribing uch a kind of ,frame and ,compoition to the ,planetary ,inhabitants1 is that ,nature eems to have done it only in a few of the meanet ,sort of ,creatures1 and that hereby they would be deprived of that quick eay motion of their ,hands and ,fingers1 which is o ueful and neceary to them1 otherwie ,i hould not be much affected with the odd ,shape and ,figure4 ,a rational ,soul may inhabit another ,shape than ours4 ,for 'tis a very ridiculous ,opinion1 that the common ,people have got1 that 'tis impoible a rational ,soul hould dwell in any other ,shape than ours4 ,and yet as illy as 'tis1 it has been the occaion of many ,philoophers allowing the ,gods no other ,shape2 nay1 the ,foundation of a ,sect among the ,chritians1 that from hence have the ,name of ,anthropomorphites4 ,this can proceed from nothing but the ,weaknes1 ,ignorance1 and ,prejudice of ,men2 the ame as that other concerning humane ,shape1 that it is the handomet and mot excellent of all others1 when indeed it's nothing but a being accutomed to that ,figure that makes us think o1 and a ,conceit that we and all other ,animals naturally have1 that no ,shape or ,colour can be o good as our own4 ,yet o powerful are thee1 that were we to meet with a ,creature of a much different ,shape from ,man1 with ,reaon and ,speech1 we hould be much urpried and hocked at the ,sight4 ,for if we try to imagine or paint a ,creature like a ,man in every ,thing ele1 but that has a ,neck four times as long1 and great round ,eyes five or ix times as big1 and farther ditant1 we cannot look upon't without the utmot ,averion1 altho' at the ame time we can give no account of our ,dilike4 ,the ,planetarians not les than we4 ,when ,i jut now mentioned the ,stature of the ,planetary ,inhabitants1 ,i hinted that 'twas improbable they hould be les than we are4 ,for it's likely1 that as our ,bodies are made in uch a proportion to our ,earth1 as to render us capable of travelling about it1 and making ,obervations upon its ,bulk and ,figure1 the ame ,order is oberv'd in the ,inhabitants of the other ,planets1 unles in this ,particular alo1 which is very coniderable1 we would prefer our elves to all others4 ,then eeing we have before allow'd them ,atronomy and ,obervations1 we mut give them ,bodies and ,strength ufficient for the ruling their ,intruments1 and the erecting their ,tubes and ,engines4 ,and for this the larger they are the better4 ,for if we hould uppoe them ,dwarfs not above the ,bignes of ,rats or ,mice1 they could neither make uch ,obervations as are requiite2 nor uch ,intruments as are neceary to thoe ,obervations4 ,therefore we mut uppoe them larger than1 or at leat equal to1 our elves1 epecially in ,jupiter and ,saturn1 which are o vatly bigger than the ,planet which we inhabit4 ,they live in ,society4 ,atronomy1 we aid before1 could never ubit without the writing down the ,obervations3 ,nor could the ,art of ,writing 7any more than the ,arts of ,carpenters and ,founders7 ever be found out except in a ,society of reaonable ,creatures1 where the ,neceities of ,life forc'd them upon ,invention3 ,so that it follows from hence1 7as was before aid7 that the ,planetary ,inhabitants mut in this be like us1 that they maintain a ,society and ,fellowhip with1 and afford mutual ,aitances and ,helps to one another4 ,hereupon we mut allow them a ettled1 not a wandring ,scythian way of living1 as more convenient for ,men in uch ,circumtances4 ,but what follows from hence8 ,mut they not have every thing ele proper for uch a manner of living granted them too8 ,mut they not have their ,governours1 ,houes1 ,cities1 ,trade and ,bartering8 ,why hould they not1 when even the barbarous ,people of ,america and other ,places were at their firt ,dicovery found to have omewhat of that nature in ue among them4 ,i don't ay1 that ,things mut be the ame there as they are here4 ,we have many that may very well be pared among rational ,creatures1 and were deign'd only for the preervation of ,society from all ,injury1 and for the curbing of thoe ,men who make an ill ue of their ,reaon to the ,detriment of others4 ,perhaps in the ,planets they have uch plenty and affluence of all good ,things1 as they neither need or deire to teal from one another2 perhaps they may be o jut and good as to be at perpetual ,peace1 and never to lie in wait for1 or take away the ,life of their ,neighbour3 perhaps they may not know what ,anger or ,hatred are2 and if o1 they mut be much happier than we4 ,but it's more likely they have uch a mixture of ,good with ,bad1 of ,wie with ,fools1 of ,war with ,peace1 and want not that ,school-mitres of ,arts ,poverty4 ,for1 as was before hown1 ome good ue may be made of thee things1 but if not1 there is no ,reaon why we hould prefer their ,condition to our own4 ,they enjoy the ,pleaures of ,society4 ,what ,i am now going to ay may eem omewhat more bold1 and yet is not les likely than the former4 ,for if thee ,nations in the ,planets live in ,society1 as ,i have pretty well how'd they do1 'tis omewhat more than probable that they enjoy not only the ,profit1 but the ,pleaures ariing from ,society3 uch as ,converation1 ,amours1 ,jeting1 and ,shews4 ,otherwie we hould make them live without ,diverion or ,merriment2 we hould deprive them of the great ,sweetnes of ,life1 which it can't well be without1 and give our elves uch an ,advantage over them as ,reaon will by no means admit of4 ,but to proceed to a farther ,enquiry into their ,buines and ,employment1 let's conider what we have not yet mention'd1 wherein they may bear any ,likenes to us4 ,and firt we have good ,reaon to believe they build themelves ,houes1 becaue we are ure they are not without their ,showers4 ,for in ,jupiter have been oberved ,clouds1 big no doubt with ,vapours and ,water1 which hath been proved by many other ,arguments1 not to be wanting in that ,planet4 ,they have ,rain then1 for otherwie how could all the ,vapours drawn up by the ,heat of the ,sun be dipoed of8 ,and ,winds1 for they are caued only by ,vapours diolved by ,heat1 and it's plain that they blow in ,jupiter by the continual ,motion and ,variety of the ,they have ,houes to ecure 'em from ,weather4 ,clouds about him4 ,to protect themelves from thee1 and that they may pas their ,nights in ,quiet and ,safety1 they mut build themelves ,tents or ,huts1 or live in ,holes of the ,earth4 ,but why may we not uppoe the ,planetary ,inhabitants to be as good ,architects1 have as noble ,houes1 and as tately ,palaces as our elves8 ,unles we think that every ,thing which belongs to our elves is the mot beautiful and perfect that can be4 ,and who are we1 but a few that live in a little ,corner of the ,world1 upon a ,ball ten ,thouand times les than ,jupiter or ,saturn8 ,and yet we mut be the only skilful ,people at ,building2 and all others mut be our ,inferiours in the ,knowledge of uniform ,symetry2 and not be able to raie ,towers and ,pyramids as high1 magnificent1 and beautiful1 as our elves4 ,for my part1 ,i ee no reaon why they may not be as great ,maters as we are1 and have the ,ue of all thoe ,arts ubervient to it1 as ,stone-cutting and ,brick-making1 and whatoever ele is neceary for it1 as ,iron1 ,lead and ,glas2 or ornamental to it1 as ,gilding and ,picture4 ,if their ,globe is divided like ours1 into ,sea and ,land1 as it's evident it is 7ele whence could all thoe ,vapours in ,jupiter proceed87 we have great ,reaon to allow them the ,art of ,navigation1 and not vainly ingros o great1 o ueful a ,thing to our elves4 ,epecially conidering the great ,advantages ,jupiter and ,saturn have for ,sailing1 in having o many ,moons to direct their ,coure1 by whoe ,guidance they may attain eaily to the ,knowledge that we are not ,maters of1 of the ,longitude of ,places4 ,and what a ,multitude of other ,things follow from this ,allowance8 ,if they have ,ships1 they mut have ,sails and ,anchors1 ,ropes1 ,pullies1 and ,rudders1 which are of particular ,ue in directing a ,ship's ,coure againt the ,wind1 and in ailing different ,ways with the ame ,gale4 ,and perhaps they may not be without the ,ue of the ,compas too1 for the magnetical ,matter1 which continually paes thro' the ,pores of our ,earth1 is of uch a ,nature1 that it's very probable the ,planets have omething like ,they have ,navigation1 and all ,arts ubervient4 it4 ,but there's no doubt but that they mut have the ,mechanical ,arts and ,atronomy1 without which ,navigation can no more ubit1 than they can without ,geometry4 ,but ,geometry tands in no need of being prov'd after this manner4 ,nor doth it want ,aitance from other ,arts which depend upon it1 but we may have a nearer and horter ,aurance of their not being without it in thoe ,earths4 ,for that ,science is of uch ingular ,worth and ,dignity1 o peculiarly imploys the ,undertanding1 and gives it uch a full ,comprehenion and infallible ,as ,geometry4 certainty of ,truth1 as no other ,knowledge can pretend to3 it is moreover of uch a ,nature1 that its ,principles and ,foundations mut be o immutably the ame in all ,times and ,places1 that we cannot without ,injutice pretend to monopolize it1 and rob the ret of the ,univere of uch an incomparable ,study4 ,nay ,nature it elf invites us to be ,geometricians2 it preents us with ,geometrical ,figures1 with ,circles and ,squares1 with ,triangles1 ,polygones1 and ,spheres1 and propoes them as it were to our ,conideration and ,study1 which abtracting from its ,uefulnes1 is mot delightful and ravihing4 ,who can read ,euclid1 or ,apollonius1 about the ,circle1 without ,admiration8 ,or ,archimedes of the ,surface of the ,sphere1 and ,quadrature of the ,parabola without ,amazement8 or conider the late ingenious ,dicoveries of the ,moderns with ,boldnes and ,unconcernednes8 ,and all thee ,truths are as naked and open1 and depend upon the ame plain ,principles and ,axioms in ,jupiter and ,saturn as here1 which makes it not improbable that there are in the ,planets ome who partake with us in thee delightful and pleaant ,studies4 ,but what's the greatet ,argument with me1 that there are uch1 is their ,ue1 ,i had almot aid ,neceity1 in mot ,affairs of humane ,life4 ,now we are got thus far1 what if we hould venture omewhat farther1 and ay1 that they have our ,inventions of the ,tables of ,sines1 of ,logarithms1 and ,algebra8 ,i know it would ound very odd1 and perhaps a little ridiculous1 and yet there's no reaon but the thinking our elves better than all the ,world1 to hinder them from being as happy in their ,dicoveries1 and as ingenious in their ,inventions as we our elves are4 ,they have ,muick4 ,it's the ame with ,muick as with ,geometry1 it's every where immutably the ame1 and always will be o4 ,for all ,harmony conits in ,concord1 and ,concord is all the ,world over fix'd according to the ame invariable ,meaure and ,proportion4 ,so that in all ,nations the ,difference and ,ditance of ,notes is the ame1 whether they be in a continued gradual ,progreion1 or the ,voice makes skips over one to the next4 ,nay very credible ,authors report1 that there's a ort of ,bird in ,america1 that can plainly ing in order ix muical ,notes3 ,whence it follows1 that the ,laws of ,muick are unchangeably fix'd by ,nature1 and therefore the ame ,reaon holds for their ,muick1 as we e'en now hewed for their ,geometry4 ,for why1 uppoing other ,nations and ,creatures1 endued with ,reaon and ,sene as well as we1 hould not they reap the ,pleaures ariing from thee ,senes as well as we too8 ,i don't know what ,effect this ,argument1 from the immutable ,nature of thee ,arts1 may have upon the ,minds of others2 ,i think it no inconiderable or contemptible one1 but of as great ,strength as that which ,i made ue of above to prove that the ,planetary ,inhabitants had the ,sene of ,seeing4 ,but if they take delight in ,harmony1 there is no doubt but that they have invented ,muical ,intruments4 ,for they could carce help lighting upon ome or other by chance2 the ,sound of a tight ,string1 the ,noie of the ,winds1 or the whitling of ,reeds1 might have given them the hint4 ,from thee mall ,beginnings they perhaps1 as well as we1 have advanced by degrees to the ,ue of the ,lute1 ,harp1 ,flute1 and many tring'd ,intruments4 ,but altho' the ,tones are certain and determinate1 yet we find among different ,nations a quite different manner and rule for ,singing2 as formerly among the ,dorians1 ,phrygians1 and ,lydians1 and in our ,time among the ,french1 ,italians1 and ,perians4 ,in like manner it may o happen1 that the ,muick of the ,inhabitants of the ,planets may widely differ from all thee1 and yet be very good4 ,but why we hould look upon their ,muick to be wore than ours1 there's no reaon can be given2 neither can we well preume that they want the ,ue of ,hal-,notes and ,quarter-,notes1 eeing the ,invention of ,hal-,notes is o obvious1 and the ,ue of them o agreeable to ,nature4 ,nay1 to go a ,step farther1 what if they hould excel us in the ,theory and practick part of ,muick1 and outdo us in ,conorts of vocal and intrumental ,muick1 o artificially compos'd1 that they hew their ,skill by the ,mixtures of ,dicords and ,concords8 and of this lat ort 'tis very likely the #eth and #c;d are in ue with them4 ,this is a very bold ,aertion1 but it may be true for ought we know1 and the ,inhabitants of the ,planets may poibly have a greater inight into the ,theory of ,muick than has yet been dicover'd among us4 ,for if you ask any of our ,muicians1 why two or more perfect ,fifths cannot be ued regularly in ,compoition2 ome ay 'tis to avoid that ,sweetnes and ,luhiounes which aries from the ,repetition of this pleaing ,chord4 ,others ay1 this mut be avoided for the ake of that ,variety of ,chords that are requiite to make a good ,compoition2 and thee ,reaons are brought by ,cartes and others4 ,but an ,inhabitant of ,jupiter or ,venus will perhaps give you a better ,reaon for this1 viz4 becaue when you pas from one perfect ,fifth to another1 there is uch a ,change made as immediately alters your ,key1 you are got into a new ,key before the ,ear is prepared for it1 and the more perfect ,chords you ue of the ame kind in ,conecution1 by o much the more you offend the ,ear by thee abrupt ,changes4 ,again1 one of thee ,inhabitants perhaps can how how it comes about1 that in a ,song of one or more ,parts1 the ,key cannot be kept o well in the ame agreeable ,tenour1 unles the intermediate ,cloes and ,intervals be o temper'd1 as to vary from their uual ,proportions1 and thereby to bear a little this way or that1 in order to regulate the ,scale4 ,and why this ,temperature is bet in the ,sytem of the ,strings1 when out of the ,fifth the fourth ,part of a ,comma is uually cut off2 ,this ame thing ,i have formerly hew'd at large4 ,but for the regulating the ,tone of the ,voice 7as ,i before hinted7 that may admit of a more eay proof1 and we hall give you an ,eay of it1 ince ,i have mentioned a thing that is not mere ,imagination only3 ,i ay therefore1 if any ,peron trike thoe ,sounds which the ,muicians ditinguih by thee ,letters1 ,c1 ,f1 ,d1 ,g1 ,c1 by thee agreeable ,intervals1 altogether perfect1 interchangeable1 acending and decending with the ,voice3 ,now this latter ound ,c will be one ,comma1 or very mall portion lower than the firt ounding of ,c4 ,becaue of thee perfect ,intervals1 which are as #d to #c1 #e to #f1 #d to #c1 #b to #c1 an account is made in uch a ,proportion1 as #afj to #afb4 that is1 as #hj to #ha1 which is what they call a ,comma4 ,so that if the ame ,sound hould be repeated nine times1 the ,voice would fall near the ,matter a greater ,tone1 whoe proportion is as #h to #i4 ,but this the ,sene of the ,ears by no means endures1 but remembers the firt ,tone1 and returns to it again4 ,therefore we are compell'd to ue an occult ,temperament1 and to ing thee imperfect ,intervals1 from doing which les ,offence aries4 ,and for the mot part1 all ,singing wants this ,temperament1 as may be collected by the aforeaid ,computations4 ,and thee things we have offer'd to thoe that have ome ,knowledge in ,geometry4 ,we have poke of thee ,arts and ,inventions1 which it is very probable the ,inhabitants of the ,planets partake of in common with us1 beides which it eems requiite to take in many other ,things that erve either for the ,ue or ,pleaure of their ,lives4 ,but what thee ,things are we hall the better account for1 by laying before us many of thoe ,things which are found among us4 ,i have before mention'd the ,variety of ,animals and ,vegetables1 which very much differ from each other1 among which there are ome that differ but little2 and ,i have aid1 that there are no les differences in thee ,things in the ,planetary ,worlds4 ,i hall now take a hort view of the ,benefits we receive both from thoe ,herbs and ,animals1 and ee whether we may not with very good reaon conclude that the ,planetary ,inhabitants reap as great and as many from thoe that their ,countries afford them4 ,and here it may be worth our while to take a ,review of the ,variety and ,multitude of our ,riches4 ,for ,trees and ,herbs do not only erve us for ,food1 they in their delicious ,fruits1 thee in their ,seeds1 ,leaves and ,roots2 but ,herbs moreover furnih us with ,phyick1 and ,trees with ,timber for our ,houes and ,ships4 ,flax1 by the means of thoe two ueful ,arts of ,spinning and ,weaving1 affords us ,clothing4 ,of ,hemp or ,matweed we twit our elves ,thread and mall ,ropes1 the former of which we employ in ,sails and ,nets1 the latter in making larger ,ropes for ,mats and ,anchors4 ,with the weet ,smells and ,the ,advantages we reap from ,herbs and ,animals4 beauteous ,colours of ,flowers we feat our ,senes3 and even thoe of them1 that offend our ,notrils1 or are michievous to our ,bodies1 are eldom without excellent ,ues3 or were made perhaps by ,nature as a ,foil to et off1 and make us the more value the ,good by comparing them with thee4 ,what vat ,advantages and ,profit do we reap from the ,animals8 ,the ,sheep give us ,clothing1 and the ,cows afford us ,milk3 and both of them their ,fleh for our ,sutenance4 ,aes1 ,camels1 and ,hores do1 what if we wanted them we mut do our elves1 carry our ,burdens2 and the lat of them we make ue of1 either themelves to carry us1 or in our ,coaches to draw us4 ,in which we have o excellent1 o ueful an ,invention of ,wheels1 that ,i can't uppoe the ,planets to enjoy ,society and all its ,conequences1 and be without them4 ,whether they are ,pythagoreans there1 or feed upon ,fleh as we do1 ,i dare not affirm any ,thing4 ,tho' it eems to be allowed ,men to feed upon whatoever may afford them ,nourihment1 either on ,land1 or in ,water1 upon ,herbs1 and ,pomes1 ,milk1 ,eggs1 ,honey1 ,fih1 and no les upon the ,fleh of many ,birds and ,beats4 ,but it is a urpriing thing6 that a rational ,creature hould live upon the ,ruin and ,detruction of uch a number of other his ,fellow-,creatures6 ,and yet it does not eem at all unnatural1 ince not only he1 but even ,lions1 ,wolves1 and other ravenous ,beats1 prey upon ,flocks of other harmles ,things1 and make mere ,fodder of them2 as ,eagles do of ,pidgeons and ,hares2 and large ,fih of the helples little ones4 ,we have different orts of ,dogs for ,hunting1 and what our own ,legs cannot1 that their ,noe and ,legs can help us to4 ,but the ,ue and ,profit of ,herbs and ,animals are not the only ,things they are good for1 but they raie our ,delight and ,admiration when we conider their various ,forms and ,natures1 and enquire into all their different ways of ,generation3 ,things o infinitely multifarious1 and o delightfully amazing1 that the ,books of natural ,philoophers are deervedly filled with their ,encomiums4 ,for even in the very ,inects1 who can but admire the ix-corner'd ,cells of the ,bees1 or the artificial ,web of a ,spider1 or the fine ,bag of a ,silk-worm1 which lat affords us1 with the ,help of incredible ,indutry1 even ,shiploads of oft delicate ,clothing4 ,this is a hort ,summary of thoe many profitable ,advantages the animal and herbal ,world erve us with4 ,but this is not all4 ,the ,bowels of the ,earth likewie contribute much to ,man's ,happines4 ,for what ,art and ,cunning does he employ in finding1 in digging1 in trying ,metals1 and in melting1 refining1 and tempering them8 ,and from ,metals4 ,what ,skill and ,nicety in beating1 drawing or diolving ,gold1 o as with inconiderable ,changes to make every ,thing he pleaes put on that noble ,lutre8 ,of how many and admirable ,ues is ,iron8 and how ignorant in all ,mechanical ,knowledge were thoe ,nations that were not acquainted with it1 o as to have no other ,arms but ,bows1 ,clubs1 and ,spears1 made of ,wood4 ,there's one ,thing indeed we have1 which it's a ,quetion whether it has done more harm or good1 and that is ,gun-powder made of ,nitre and ,brimtone4 ,at firt indeed it eem'd as if we had got a more ecure ,defene than former ,ages againt all ,aaults1 and could eaily guard our ,towns1 by the wonderful ,strength of that ,invention1 againt all hotile ,invaions3 but now we find it has rather encouraged them1 and at the ame time been no mall ,occaion of the ,decay of ,valour1 by rendring it and ,strength almot ueles in ,war4 ,had the ,grecian ,emperor who aid1 ,virtue was ruin'd only when ,slings and ,rams firt came into ue1 liv'd in our ,days1 he might well have complain'd2 epecially of ,bombs1 againt which neither ,art nor ,nature is of ufficient ,proof3 but which lays every ,thing1 ,catles and ,towers1 be they never o trong1 even with the ,ground4 ,if for nothing ele1 yet upon this one account1 ,i think we had better have been without the ,dicovery4 ,yet1 when we were talking of our ,dicoveries1 it was not to be pas'd over1 for the ,planets too may have their michievous as well as ueful ,inventions4 ,we are happier in the ,ues for which the ,air and ,water erves us2 both of which helps us in our ,navigation1 and furnihes us with a ,strength ufficient1 without any ,labour of our own1 to turn round our ,mills and ,engines2 ,things which are of ue to us in o many different ,employments4 ,for with them we grind our ,corn1 and queeze out our ,oil2 with them we cut ,wood1 and mill ,cloth1 and with them we beat our ,stuff for ,paper4 ,an incomparable ,invention6 ,where the natiet ueles ,scraps of ,linen are made to produce fine white ,sheets4 ,to thee we may add the late dicovery of ,printing1 which not only preerves from ,death ,arts and ,knowledge1 but makes them much eaier to be attained than before4 ,nor mut we forget the ,arts of ,engraving and ,painting1 which from mean ,beginnings have improved to that ,excellence1 that nothing that ever prung from the ,wit of ,man can claim ,pre-eminence to them4 ,nor is the way of melting and blowing ,glaes1 and of polihing and preading ,quick-ilver over ,looking-,glaes1 unworthy of being mentioned1 nor above all1 the admirable ues that ,glaes have been put to in natural ,knowledge1 ince the ,invention of the ,telecope and ,microcope4 ,and no les nice and fine is the ,art of making ,clocks1 ome of which are o mall as to be no weight to the ,bearer2 and others o exact as to meaure out the ,time in as mall ,portions as any one can deire3 the ,improvement of both which the ,world owes to my #a;,inventions4 ,from the dicoveries of our ,age4 ,i might add much here of the late ,dicoveries1 mot of them of this ,age1 which have been made in all orts of ,natural ,knowledge as well as in ,geometry and ,atronomy1 as of the ,weight and ,spring of the ,air1 of the ,chymical ,experiments that have hown us a way of making ,liquors that hall hine in the ,dark1 and with gentle moving hall burn of themelves4 ,i might mention the ,circulation of the ,blood through the ,veins and ,arteries1 which was undertood indeed before2 but now1 by the help of the ,microcope1 has an ocular demontration in the ,tails of ome ,fihes3 of the ,generation of ,animals1 which now is found to be performed no otherwie than by the ,seed of one of the ame kind2 and that in the ,seed of the ,male are dicover'd1 by the help of ,glaes1 ,millions of prightly little ,animals1 which it's probable are the very ,offspring of the ,animals themelves3 a urpriing thing1 and never before now known6 ,the ,planets have1 tho' not thee ame1 yet as ueful ,inventions4 ,thus have ,i put together all thee late ,dicoveries of our ,earth3 and now1 tho' perhaps ome of them may be common to the ,planetary ,inhabitants with us1 yet that they hould have all of them is not credible4 ,but then they may have omewhat to make up that ,defect1 others as good and as ueful1 and as wonderful1 that we want4 ,we have allow'd that they may have rational ,creatures among them1 and ,geometricians1 and ,muicians3 ,we have prov'd that they live in ,societies1 have ,hands and ,feet1 are guarded with ,houes and ,walls3 ,wherefore if a ,man could be carried thither by ome powerful ,genius1 ome ,mercury1 ,i don't doubt 'twould be a very curious ight1 curious beyond all ,imagination1 to ee the odd ways1 and the unuual manner of their etting about any thing1 and their trange methods of living4 ,but ince there's no hopes of our going uch a ,journey1 we mut be contented with what's in our ,power3 we may uppoe our elves there1 and inquire as far as we can into the ,atronomy of each ,planet1 and ee in what manner the ,heavens preent themelves to their ,inhabitants4 ,we hall make ome ,obervations of the ,eminence of each of them1 in repect of their ,magnitude1 and number of ,moons they have to wait on them2 and hall propoe a new ,method of coming to ome ,knowledge of the incredible ditance of the ix'd ,stars4 ,but firt after this long and deep ,thoughtfulnes we will give our elves a little ,ret1 and o put an end to this ,book4 ,new ,conjectures concerning the ,planetary ,worlds4 ,,book the ,second4 ',twas a pretty many ,years ago that ,i chanc'd to light upon ,athanaius ,kircher's ,book1 call'd ,the ,ectatick ,journey1 which treats of the nature of the ,stars1 and of the ,things that are to be found in the ,superficies of the ,planets3 ,i wondered to ee nothing there of what ,i had often thought not improbable1 but quite other ,things1 nothing but a ,heap of idle unreaonable ,stuff3 which ,i was the more confirm'd in1 when1 after the writing of the former part1 ,i ran over the ,book again4 ,and ,i thought mine were very coniderable and weighty ,matters if compar'd with ,kircher's4 ,that other ,people may be atisfied in this1 and ee how vainly thoe1 who cat off the only ,foundations of ,probability in uch ,matters1 which we have all the way made ue of1 pretend to philoophize in this cae1 ,i think it will not be beide the ,purpoe to betow ome few ,reflections upon that ,book4 ,kircher's ,journey in ,ectacy examin'd4 ,that ingenious ,man uppoing himelf carried by ome ,angel thro' the vat ,spaces of ,heaven1 and round the ,stars1 tells us1 he aw a great many things1 ome of which he had out of the ,books of ,atronomers1 the ret are the ,product of his own ,fancy and ,thoughts4 ,but1 before he enters upon his ,journey1 he lays down thee two ,things as certain2 that no ,motion mut be allowed the ,earth1 and that ,god has made nothing in the ,planets1 no not o much as ,herbs1 which has either ,life or ,sene in it4 ,leaving then the ,sytem of ,copernicus1 he chues ,tycho for his ,guide4 ,but when he uppoes all the fix'd ,stars to be ,suns1 and round each of them places their ,planets1 here 7againt his ,will ,i uppoe7 he has unawares made an infinite number of ,copernican ,sytems4 ,all which1 beide their own ,motion1 he aburdly makes to be carried1 with an incredible wiftnes1 in twenty four ,hours round the ,earth4 ,since mot of thee ,worlds are out of the ,reach of any ,man's ight1 as he owns they are1 ,i cannot think for what purpoe he makes o many ,suns to hine upon deolate ,lands 7like our ,earth in every thing1 he ays1 only that they have neither ,plants nor ,animals7 where there's no one to whom they hould give light4 ,and from hence he till falls into more and more ,aburdities4 ,and becaue he could find no other ue of the ,planets1 even in our ,sytem1 he is forc'd to beg ,help of the ,atrologers2 and would have all thoe vat ,bodies made upon no other account than that the whole ,univere might be preerved and continue ecure by their means1 and that they might govern the ,mind of ,man by their various and regular ,influences4 ,accordingly1 to gratify ,atrology1 he ays that ,venus was the mot pleaant ,place1 every thing fine and handome1 its ,light gentle1 its ,waters weet and purling1 and it elf beet all about with hining ,chrytals4 ,in ,jupiter he found wholeome and weet ,gales1 delicate ,waters1 and a ,land hining like ,silver4 ,for from thee two ,planets it eems1 ,men have all that is happy and healthful poured down upon them2 and all that renders them handome and lovely1 wie and grave1 is owing to their ,influences4 ,mercury had ,i don't know what ,airines and ,brisknes in it2 whence ,men derive1 when they are firt born1 all their ,wit and ,cunning4 ,mars was nothing but infernal1 tinking1 black ,flames and ,smoke3 and ,saturn was all melancholy1 dreadful1 naty1 and dark3 for thee are the ,planets 7,i don't know why1 but all ,fortune-tellers hate them7 that bring all the ,plagues and ,michiefs that we feel upon us1 and would exercie their ,spite till more1 unles they were ometimes mitigated and corrected by the benign and kind ,influences of the other ,planets4 ,all this and uch like ,stuff his ,genius teaches him4 ,which he makes give a erious ,anwer to this idle ,quetion1 ,whether a ,jew or ,heathen could be duly and rightly baptized in the ,waters of ,venus8 ,of him too he learns that the ,heaven of the fix'd ,stars is not made of olid ,matter1 but of a thin fluid1 wherein an innumerable company of ,stars and ,suns lie floating here and there1 not chain'd down to any ,place1 7thus far he's in the right7 and decribing in the ,space of a ,day thee prodigious ,circles round the ,earth4 ,he forgets here1 if there were uch a ,motion1 with what an incredible wiftnes they would fly off from every part of their ,orbits4 ,but ,i uppoe the ,intelligences that he has plac'd in them are to take care of that1 thoe ,angels that preide over1 and regulate their ,motions4 ,and in that he follows a company of ,doctors that harbour'd that idle fancy of ,aritotle upon no ,account or ,conideration4 ,but ,copernicus has freed thoe ,intelligences of all that ,labour and ,trouble1 only by bringing in the ,motion of the ,earth3 which1 if upon no other ,account1 every one that is not blind purpoely1 mut own to be neceary upon this4 ,i dare ay ,kircher1 if he had dar'd freely to peak his ,mind1 could have afforded us better ort of ,things than thee4 ,but when he could not have that liberty1 ,i think he might as well have let the whole ,matter alone4 ,but enough of this2 let's have have done with this famous ,author3 ,and now that we have ventur'd to place ,spectators in the ,planets1 let us examine each of them1 and ee what their ,years1 ,days1 and ,atronomy are4 ,the ,sytem of the ,planets in ,mercury4 ,to begin with the innermot and nearet the ,sun3 ,we know that ,mercury is three times nearer that vat ,body of ,light than we are4 ,whence it follows that they ee him three times bigger1 and feel him nine times hotter than we do4 ,such a degree of ,heat would be intolerable to us1 and et afire all our dry'd ,herbs1 our ,hay and ,straw that we ue4 ,and yet there is no doubt but that the ,animals there1 are made of uch a ,temper1 as to be but moderately warm1 and the ,plants uch as to be able to endure the ,heat4 ,the ,inhabitants of ,mercury1 it's likely1 have the ame opinion of us that we have of ,saturn1 that we mut be intolerably cold1 and have little or no ,light1 we are o far from the ,sun4 ,there's reaon to doubt1 whether the ,inhabitants of ,mercury1 tho' they live o much nearer the ,sun1 the ,fountain of ,life and ,vigour1 are much more airy and ingenious than we4 ,for if we may gues at them by what we ee here1 we hall not be obliged to grant it4 ,the ,inhabitants of ,africa and ,brail1 that have got for their ,share the hottet ,places in the ,earth1 being neither o wie nor o indutrious as thoe that belong to colder and more temperate ,climates2 they have carce any ,arts or ,knowledge among them2 and thoe of them that live upon the very ,shore1 undertand little or no ,navigation4 ,nor can ,i be willing to make all that vat number that mut inhabit thoe two large ,planets1 ,jupiter and ,saturn1 and have uch noble ,attendance1 mere dull ,blockheads1 or without as much ,wit as our elves1 tho' they are o far more ditant from the ,sun4 ,the ,atronomy of thoe that live in ,mercury1 and the appearance of the ,planets to them1 oppoite at certain times to the ,sun1 may be eaily conceived by the ,scheme of the ,copernican ,sytem in the former ,part4 ,at the times of thee ,oppoitions ,venus and the ,earth mut needs appear very bright and large to them4 ,for if ,venus hines o gloriouly to us when he is new and horned1 he mut necearily in oppoition to the ,sun1 when he is full1 be at leat ix or even times larger1 and a great deal nearer to the ,inhabitants of ,mercury1 and afford them ,light o trong and bright1 that they have no reaon to complain of their want of a ,moon4 ,what the ,length of their ,days are1 or whether they have different ,seaons in the ,year1 is not yet dicovered1 becaue we have not yet been able to oberve whether his ,axis have any inclination to his ,orbit1 or what ,time he pends in his diurnal ,revolution about his own ,axis4 ,and yet eeing ,mars1 the ,earth1 ,jupiter and ,saturn1 have certainly uch ,succeions1 there's no reaon to doubt but that he has his ,days and ,nights as well as they4 ,but his ,year is carce the fourth part o long as ours4 ,the ,inhabitants of ,venus have much the ame ,face of ,things as thoe in ,mercury1 only they never ee him in oppoition to the ,sun1 which is occaioned by his never removing above #ch degrees1 or thereabouts1 from it4 ,the ,sun appears to them larger by half in his ,diameter1 and above twice in his ,circumference1 than to us3 and by conequence affords them but twice as much ,light and ,heat1 o that they are nearer our ,temperature than ,mercury4 ,their ,year is compleated in even and a half of our ,months4 ,in the ,night our ,earth1 when 'tis on the other ide of the ,sun from ,venus1 mut needs eem much larger and lighter to ,venus than he doth ever to us2 and then they may eaily ee1 if their ,eyes be not weaker than ours1 our contant ,attendant the ,moon4 ,i have often wonder'd that when ,i have view'd ,venus when he is nearet to the ,earth1 and reembled an ,half-moon1 jut beginning to have omething like ,horns1 through a ,telecope of #de or #fj ,foot long1 he always appeared to me all over equally lucid1 that ,i can't ay ,i oberved o much as one ,spot in her1 tho' in ,jupiter and ,mars1 which eem much les to us1 they are very plainly perceiv'd4 ,for if ,venus had any uch ,thing as ,sea and ,land1 the former mut necearily how much more obcure than the other1 as anyone may atisfy himelf1 that from a very high ,mountain will but look down upon our ,earth4 ,i thought that perhaps the too brisk ,light of ,venus might be the occaion of this equal appearance2 but when ,i ued an ,eye-glas that was mok'd for the ,purpoe1 it was till the ame ,thing4 ,what then1 has ,venus no ,sea1 or do the ,waters there reflect the ,light more than ours do1 or their ,land les8 ,or rather 7which is mot probable in my ,opinion7 is not all that ,light we ee reflected from an ,atmophere urrounding ,venus1 which being thicker and more olid than that in ,mars or ,jupiter1 hinders our eeing any thing of the ,globe it elf1 and is at the ame time capable of ending back the ,rays that it receives from the ,sun8 ,for it is certain that if we looked on the ,earth from the outide of the ,atmophere1 we hould not perceive uch a difference as we do from a ,mountain2 but by reaon of the interpoed ,atmophere1 we hould oberve very little ,diparity between ,sea and ,land4 ',tis the ame ,thing that hinders us from eeing the ,spots in the ,moon as plain in the ,day as in the ,night1 becaue the ,vapours that urround the ,earth being then enlighten'd by the ,rays of the ,sun1 are an ,impediment to our ,propect4 ,in ,mars4 ,but ,mars1 as ,i aid before1 has ome ,parts of him darker than other ome4 ,by the contant ,returns of which his ,nights and ,days have been found to be of about the ame length with ours4 ,but the ,inhabitants have no perceivable ,difference between ,summer and ,winter1 the ,axis of that ,planet having very little or no ,inclination to his ,orbit1 as has been dicover'd by the ,motion of his ,spots4 ,our ,earth mut appear to them almot as ,venus doth to us1 and by the ,help of a ,telecope will be found to have its ,wane1 ,increae1 and ,full1 like the ,moon3 and never to remove from the ,sun above #dh ,degrees1 by whoe ,dicovery they ee it1 as well as ,mercury and ,venus1 ometimes pas over the ,sun's ,disk4 ,they as eldom ee ,venus as we do ,mercury4 ,i am apt to believe1 that the ,land in ,mars is of a blacker ,colour than that of ,jupiter or the ,moon1 which is the reaon of his appearing of a ,copper ,colour1 and his reflecting a weaker ,light than is proportionable to his ditance from the ,sun4 ,his ,body1 as ,i oberved before1 tho' farther from the ,sun1 is les than ,venus4 ,nor has he any ,moon to wait upon him1 and in that1 as well as ,mercury and ,venus1 he mut be acknowledged inferiour to the ,earth4 ,his ,light and ,heat is twice1 and ometimes three times les than ours1 to which ,i uppoe the ,contitution of his ,inhabitants is anwerable4 ,jupiter and ,saturn the mot eminent of the ,planets both for bignes and attendants4 ,if our ,earth can claim pre-eminence of the fore-mention'd ,planets1 for having a ,moon to attend upon it1 7for its ,magnitude can make but a mall difference7 how much ,superiour mut ,jupiter and ,saturn be to thoe three and the ,earth alo8 ,for whether we conider their ,bulk1 in which they far exceed all the others1 or the ,number of ,moons that wait upon them1 it's very probable that they are the chief1 the primary ,planets in our ,sytem1 in comparion with which the other four are nothing1 and carce worth mentioning4 ,for the eaier ,conception of their vat ,diparity1 ,i have thought fit to add a ,scheme of our ,earth1 with the ,moon's ,orbit1 and the ,globe of the ,moon itelf1 and the ,sytems of ,fig4 #c4 ,jupiter and ,saturn1 where ,i have drawn every thing as near the true ,proportion as poible4 ,jupiter you ee is adorned with four1 and ,saturn with five ,moons1 all placed in their repective ,orbits4 ,the ,moons about ,jupiter we owe to ,galilo1 'tis well known3 and any one may imagine he was in no mall ,rapture at the ,dicovery4 ,the outermot but one1 and brightet of ,saturn's1 it chanc'd to be my lot1 with a ,telecope not above #ab foot long1 to have the firt ight of in the ,year #afee4 ,the ret we may thank the indutrious ,caini for1 who ued the ,glaes of ,jo4 ,campanus's grinding1 firt of #cf1 and afterwards of #acf foot long4 ,he has often1 and particularly in the ,year #afgb1 hew'd me the ,third and ,fifth4 ,the ,firt and ,second he gave me notice of by ,letters in the ,year #afhd2 but they are carce ever to be een1 and ,i can't poitively ay1 ,i had ever that ,happines2 but am as atisfied that they are there1 as if ,i had2 not in the leat upecting the ,credit of that worthy ,man4 ,nay1 ,i am afraid there are ,one or ,two more till behind1 and not without reaon4 ,for between the ,fourth and ,fifth there's a ,ditance not at all proportionable to that between all the others3 ,here1 for ought ,i know1 there may be a ,sixth2 or perhaps there may be another without the ,fifth that may yet have ecaped us3 for we can never ee the ,fifth but in that part of his ,orbit1 which is towards the ,wet3 for which we hall give you a very good reaon4 ,perhaps when ,saturn comes into the ,northern ,signs1 and is at a good height from the ,horizon 7for at the writing of this he is at his lowet7 you may happen to make ome new ,dicoveries1 good ,brother1 if you would but make ue of your two ,telecopes of #agj and #baj ,foot long2 the longet1 and the bet ,i believe now in the ,world4 ,for tho' we have not yet had an opportunity of oberving the ,heavens with them 7as well by reaon of their ,unwieldines1 as for the ,interruption of our ,studies by your ,abence7 yet ,i am atisfied of their ,goodnes by our trial of them one ,night1 in reading a ,letter at a vat ditance by the ,help of a ,light4 ,i cannot but think of thoe times with ,pleaure1 and of our diverting ,labour in polihing and preparing uch ,glaes1 in inventing new ,methods and ,engines1 and always puhing forward to till greater and greater ,things4 ,but to return to the ,figures1 of which there remains omething further to be aid4 ,the proportion of the ,diameter of ,jupiter1 and of the ,orbs of his ,satellites1 to the ,orbit of the ,moon round the ,earth4 ,i have there made the ,diameter of ,jupiter about two third parts of our ditance from the ,moon3 for the ,diameter of ,jupiter is above twenty times bigger than that of the ,earth2 which is about a thirtieth part of the ,moon's ditance4 ,the ,orbit of the outermot of ,jupiter's ,satellites is to that of the ,moon round the ,earth1 as #h and is to #a4 ,and each of thee ,moons1 by the ,shadow they make upon ,jupiter1 cannot be les than our ,earth4 ,their ,the ,periods of ,jupiter's ,moons4 ,periods1 that ,i may not omit them1 are according to ,caini's ,account thee4 ,that of the inmot is one day1 #ah hours1 #bh minutes1 and #cf econds4 ,the ,second pends #c days1 #ac hours1 #ac min41 #eb econds in going round him4 ,the ,third #g days1 #c hours1 #ei min41 #dj ec4 ,the ,fourth #af days1 #ah hours1 #e min41 #f ec4 ,the ,ditance of the innermot from ,jupiter himelf is #b of his ,diameters4 ,that of the ,second is #d and a half3 ,of the ,third #g and one ixth part3 ,of the ,fourth #ab and two thirds1 of the ame ,and ,saturn's4 ,diameters4 ,the ,innermot of ,saturn's ,satellites moves round him in #a day1 #ba hours1 #ah min41 #ca ec4 ,the ,second in #b days1 #ag hours1 #da min41 #bg ec4 ,the ,third in #d days1 #ac hours1 #dg min41 #af ec4 ,the ,fourth in #ae days1 #bb hours1 #da min41 #aa ec4 ,the ,fifth in #gi days1 #g hours1 #ec min41 #eg ec4 ,their ,ditances from the ,center of ,saturn are1 that of the firt almot one1 that is #ci fortieth parts of the ,diameter of his ,ring2 that of the econd one and a quarter of thoe ,diameters2 of the third one and three quarters of them2 of the fourth four1 or according to my ,calculation1 but #c and a half2 of the #eth #ab1 which were found with vat ,pains and ,labour4 ,now can any one look upon1 and compare thee ,sytems together1 without being amazed at the vat ,magnitude and noble ,attendance of thee two ,planets1 in repect of this little ,earth of ours8 ,or can they force themelves to think1 that the wie ,creator has dipoed of all his ,animals and ,plants here1 has furnih'd and adorn'd this ,spot only1 and has left all thoe ,worlds bare and detitute of ,inhabitants1 who might adore and worhip him2 or that all thoe prodigious ,bodies were made only to twinkle to1 and be tudied by ome few perhaps of us poor ,mortals8 ,this proportion true according to all modern ,obervations4 ,i do not doubt but there will be ome who will think we are very much mitaken about the ,magnitude of thee ,planets4 ,for will you pretend to make them who are taken up in admiring the ,largenes of this ,globe1 its multitude of ,nations1 ,cities1 and ,empires2 can you pretend ,i ay to make them ever believe that there are ,places in comparion of which the ,earth is as inconiderable as this ,figure would make it8 ,but they ought to be inform'd1 that thee ,proportions are thoe which the bet ,atronomers of this ,age have agreed upon4 ,for if the ,earth be ditant from the ,sun ten or eleven thouand of its own ,diameters1 according to the ,accounts of ,monieur ,caini in ,france1 and ,mr4 ,flamted in ,england1 wherein they made ue of very exact ,obervations of the ,parallaxes of ,mars2 or if1 according to a very probable ,conjecture of mine1 it be ditant twelve thouand1 then the ,magnitudes of the other ,orbs will very near anwer the ,proportions here ettled4 ,the apparent magnitude of the ,sun in ,jupiter1 and a way of finding what ,light they there enjoy4 ,but to return to ,jupiter4 ,the ,sun appears to them who are upon it five times les than to us1 and conequently they have but the five and twentieth part of the ,light and ,heat that we receive from it4 ,but that ,light is not o weak as we imagine1 as is plain by the ,brightnes of that ,planet in the ,night2 and alo from hence1 that when the ,sun is o far ecliped to us1 as that only the #beth part of his ,disk remains uncovered1 he is not enibly darken'd4 ,but if you have a mind exactly to know the ,quantity of ,light that ,jupiter enjoys1 you may take a ,tube of what ,length you pleae4 ,let one end of it be cloed with a ,plate of ,bras1 or any uch thing1 in the middle of which there mut be a ,hole1 whoe ,breadth mut have the ame proportion to the length of the ,tube1 as the ,chord of #f ,minutes bears to the ,radius2 that is1 about as one is to #egj4 ,let the ,tube be turned o to the ,sun1 that no ,light may fall upon a white ,paper placed at the ,end of it1 but what comes through the little ,hole at the other end of the ,tube4 ,the ,rays that come through this will repreent the ,sun upon the ,paper of the ame ,brightnes that the ,inhabitants of ,jupiter ee it in a clear ,day4 ,and if removing the ,paper you place your ,eye in the ame ,place1 you will ee the ,sun of the ame ,magnitude and ,brightnes as you would were you in ,jupiter4 ,and in ,saturn4 ,if you make the ,hole twice as little in breadth1 you will ee the ame in ,saturn4 ,and altho' his ,light be but the hundredth part of ours1 yet you ee it makes him hine tolerably bright in a dark ,night4 ,but in both thee ,planets1 if there ever be any cloudy ,days1 it mut be very dark in comparion of us2 yet without doubt the ,inhabitants have no more reaon to complain of the want of ,light1 than our ,owls and ,batts1 to whom the ,twilight or the ,night itelf is more agreeable than the ,brightnes of the ,day4 ,in ,jupiter their days are five ,hours4 ,but it's a little trange1 that when ,jupiter is o much bigger than our ,planet1 their ,days and ,nights hould be but five of our ,hours4 ,by this we may ee that ,nature has not oberv'd that proportion that their ,bulk eems to require1 eeing in ,mars the ,days are very little different from ours4 ,but in the length of their ,years1 that is1 in the ,revolution of the ,planets round the ,sun1 there is an exact proportion to their ditances from the ,sun followed4 ,for as the ,cubes of their ,ditances1 o are the ,squares of their ,revolutions1 as ,kepler firt ound out4 ,which proportion the ,moons of ,jupiter and ,saturn keep in their ,coures round thoe ,always of the ame length4 ,planets4 ,as the ,years and ,days in ,jupiter are different from ours in this repect1 o are the ,days in another2 namely1 that they are all of the ame length4 ,for they there enjoy a perpetual ,equinox1 their ,axis having little or no inclination to their ,orbit1 as the ,earth's has1 as has been dicovered by ,telecopes4 ,the ,countries that lie near their ,poles have little or no ,heat1 by reaon the ,rays of the ,sun fall o obliquely upon them2 but then they are freed from the ,inconveniency that ours are troubled with1 of tedious long half-year ,nights1 and have the contant returns of ,day and ,night every five ,hours4 ,indeed uch hort ,days would not be agreeable to us1 but we think our elves much better done by1 that ours are more than twice as long1 tho' upon no other account1 but that whatever is our own1 we are apt to imagine1 mut be bet4 ,the ret of the ,planets are o near the ,sun 7,mars himelf never being above #ah degrees from it7 that in ,jupiter they have the ight only of ,saturn4 ,but we cannot deny but that their four ,moons tand them in greater tead than our one doth us1 if 'twere only that they eldom know any uch ,thing as to be without ,moonhiny ,nights4 ,and they are of great ,advantage to them1 as we aid before1 in their ,navigation1 if they have any uch thing4 ,not to mention the pleaant ,sights of their frequent ,conjunctions and ,eclipes1 ,things that they are eldom a ,day without4 ,saturn enjoys all thoe ,pleaures and ,advantages in a till higher ,degree1 as well for his five ,moons1 as for the delightful ,propect that the ,ring about him affords his ,inhabitants ,night and ,day4 ,but we will give an account of their ,atronomy1 as we have done of the ret of the ,planets4 ,they ee the fix'd ,stars jut as we do4 ,and firt of all we hall oberve what we might have remark'd before1 but which will be more trange here1 that the fix'd ,stars appear to them of the ame ,figure and ,magnitude1 and with the ame degree of ,light that they do to us3 and this1 by reaon of their immene ditance1 of which we hall have occaion to peak by and by4 ,in comparion with which the ,space that a ,bullet-hot out of a ,cannon could travel in #be ,years1 would be almot nothing4 ,their ,atronomers have all the ame ,signs of the ,bear1 the ,lion1 ,orion1 and the ret1 but not turning upon the ame ,axis with us3 for that's different in all the ,planets4 ,as ,jupiter can ee no ,planet but ,saturn1 o ,saturn knows of no ,planet but ,jupiter2 which appears to him much as ,venus doth to us1 never removing above #cg ,degrees from the ,sun4 ,the ,length of their ,days ,i cannot determine3 ,but if from the ,ditance and ,period of his innermot ,attendant1 and comparing it with the innermot of ,jupiter's1 a ,man may venture to give a ,gues1 they are very little different from ,jupiter's1 #aj ,hours or omewhat les4 ,but whereas in ,jupiter thee are equally divided between ,light and ,darknes1 the ,inhabitants of ,saturn mut perceive a more enible difference than we1 epecially between ,summer and ,winter4 ,for our ,axis inclines to the ,plane of the ,ecliptick but #bc degrees and a half1 but there's above #ca4 ,upon this ,account his ,moons mut decline very much from the ,path that the ,sun eems to move in1 and his ,inhabitants can never have a full ,moon but jut at the ,equinoxes2 ,two of which fall out in #cj of our ,years4 ',tis this ,poition of the ,axis too that is the ,caue of thoe delightful ,appearances1 and wonderful ,propects that its ,inhabitants enjoy3 ,for the better undertanding of which ,i hall draw a ,figure of ,saturn with his ,ring about him3 in which the ,proportion between the ,diameters of the ,globe and ,ring is as #i to #d4 ,and the empty ,space between them is of the ame ,breadth with the ,ring itelf4 ,all ,obervations conpire to prove that ,that is of no great ,thicknes1 altho' if we hould allow it ix hundred ,german ,miles1 ,i think1 conidering its ,diameter1 we hould not overdo the ,matter4 ,suppoe then1 agreeable to what has been aid1 the ,globe of ,saturn1 ,fig4 #d4 whoe ,poles are ,a1 ,b4 ,g ,n is the ,diameter of the ,ring1 as you view it ideways1 repreenting a narrow ,oval4 ,thoe that live about the ,poles within the ,arches ,c ,a ,d1 ,e ,b ,f1 each of which are #ed ,degrees1 7if the ,cold will uffer any ,body to live there7 never have a ,sight of the ,ring4 ,the ,appearances of the ,ring in ,saturn4 ,from all other parts it is continually to be een for fourteen ,years and nine ,months1 which is jut half their ,year4 ,the other ,half it is hid from their ,view4 ,thoe then that dwell between the ,polar ,circle ,c ,d1 and the ,equator ,t ,v1 all that time that the ,sun enlightens the ,part oppoite to them1 have every ,night the ,sight of a ,piece of it ,h ,g ,l1 much in the ,shape of a hining ,bow1 which comes from the ,horizon1 but is darken'd in the ,middle by the ,shadow of ,saturn ,g ,h1 which reaches mot commonly to the outermot ,rim of it4 ,but after ,midnight that ,shadow by little and little begins to move towards the right ,hand to thoe in the ,northern1 but the ,left to thoe in the ,southern ,hemiphere4 ,in the ,morning it diappears1 leaving behind it a ,likenes indeed of a ,bow1 but much paler and weaker than our ,moon is in the ,day time4 ,for they1 as ,i aid before1 have an ,atmophere1 or an ,air urrounding them enlightened by the ,sun4 ,otherwie ,night and ,day they would have their ,ring1 their ,moons1 and all the fix'd ,stars1 equally conpicuous4 ,another thing that mut make the ,sight of their ,ring very curious1 is1 that by ome ,spots in it1 it is dicover'd to turn round upon it elf3 ,a thing that thoe that are o near cannot but take notice of1 when we that live at this ,ditance can decry a great ,inequality1 the inide of it being brighter much than the outide is4 ,when the ,shadow of the ,globe falls upon that part of the ,ring ,g ,h1 the ,shadow of the ,ring at the ame time darkens another ,part of the ,globe about ,p ,f1 which otherwie would have the ,sun upon it4 ,so that there is always a ,zone of the ,globe ,p ,y ,f ,e1 ometimes of a larger extent than at others1 which is depriv'd of the ,sight both of the ,sun and ,ring for a coniderable time1 the latter of which hides ome part of the ,stars from it too4 ,and certainly an amazing ,thing it mut be1 all of a udden to have the ,sun intercepted and to become as dark as ,midnight1 without eeing any ,caue of uch an ,accident4 ,all which time their ,moons are their only ,comfort4 ,the other half of the ,year the ,hemiphere ,t ,b ,v enjoys the ame ,light that ,t ,a ,u before did1 and then this undergoes thoe long ,eclipes that ,that before uffer'd4 ,at the ,equinoxes1 when the ,sun is in the ame ,plane with the ,ring1 the ,inhabitants of ,saturn cannot well perceive it3 no not even we with our ,glaes1 by reaon of its ,darknes4 ,this happens when ,saturn1 view'd from the ,sun1 is advanced one and twenty degrees and a half in ,virgo or ,pices1 as ,i have how'd formerly in my ,sytem of ,saturn3 ,where there is an ,account given of the ,riings of the ,sun above the ,ring1 throughout all the ,saturnian ,year4 ,with ,saturn in this ,scheme you have the ,globes of the ,earth and ,moon drawn in their true proportion1 to put you in mind again of a ,thing worth remembring1 viz4 how very mall our ,habitation is when compar'd with that ,globe or the ,ring about it4 ,and now any one1 ,i uppoe1 can frame to himelf a ,picture of the ,night in ,saturn1 with two ,arches of the ,ring1 and five ,moons hining about1 and adorning him4 ,this then is what ,i had to ay to the primary ,planets4 ,we are now come a little lower1 to make an enquiry into the ,attendants of thee ,planets1 epecially our own4 ,and here we hall not only conider their ,atronomy1 but hall alo earch into their ,furniture and ,ornament1 if they are found to have any uch thing1 which we have deferred conidering till now4 ,very little to be aid of the ,moon4 ,and here one would think that when the ,moon is o near us1 and by the ,means of a ,telecope may be o nicely and exactly oberv'd1 it hould afford us ,matter for more probable ,conjectures than any of the other remote ,planets4 ,but it is quite otherwie1 and ,i can carce find any thing to ay of it1 becaue ,i have not a ,planet of the ame ,nature before my ,eyes1 as in all the primary ones ,i have4 ,for they are of the ame kind with our ,earth2 and eeing all the ,actions1 and every thing that is here1 we may make a reaonable ,conjecture at what we cannot ee in thoe ,worlds4 ,the ,guards of ,jupiter and ,saturn of the ame nature with our ,moon4 ,but this we may venture to ay1 without fear1 that all the ,attendants of ,jupiter and ,saturn are of the ame ,nature with our ,moon1 as going round them1 and being carried with them round the ,sun jut as the ,moon is with the ,earth4 ,their ,likenes reaches to other ,things too1 as you'll ee by and by4 ,therefore whatoever we can with reaon affirm or conjecture of our ,moon 7and we may ay a little of it7 mut be uppos'd with very little ,alteration to belong to the ,satellites of ,jupiter and ,saturn1 as having no reaon to be at all inferior to that4 ,the ,moon hath ,mountains4 ,the ,surface of the ,moon then is found1 by the leat ,telecopes of about three or four ,foot1 to be diverified with long ,tracts of ,mountains1 and again with broad ,valleys4 ,for in thoe ,parts oppoite to the ,sun you may ee the ,shadows of the ,mountains1 and often dicover the little round ,valleys between them1 with a ,hillock or two perhaps riing out of them4 ,kepler from the exact roundnes of them would prove that they are ome vat work of the rational ,inhabitants4 ,but ,i can't be of his mind1 both for their incredible ,largenes1 and that they might eaily be occaioned by natural ,caues4 ,nor can ,i find any thing like ,sea there1 tho' he and many others are of the contrary ,opinion ,i know4 ,for thoe vat ,countries which appear darker than the other1 commonly taken for and called by the ,names of ,seas1 are dicover'd with a good long ,telecope1 to be full of little round ,cavities2 whoe ,shadow falling within themelves1 makes them appear of that ,colour3 and thoe large ,champains there in the ,moon you will find not to be always even and mooth1 if you look carefully upon them3 neither of which two ,but no ,sea4 ,things can agree to the ,sea4 ,therefore thoe ,plains in her that eem brighter than the other ,parts1 mut conit1 ,i uppoe1 of a whiter ort of ,matter than they4 ,nor do ,i believe ,nor ,rivers4 that there are any ,rivers1 for if there were1 they could never ecape our ,sight1 epecially if they run between the ,hills as ours do4 ,nor have they ,nor ,clouds4 any ,clouds to furnih the ,rivers with ,water3 ,for if they had1 we hould ometimes ee one part of the ,moon darkened by them1 and ometimes another1 whereas we have always the ame ,propect of her4 ,nor ,air1 and ,water4 ',tis certain moreover1 that the ,moon has no ,air or ,atmophere urrounding it as we have4 ,for then we could never ee the very outermot ,rim of the ,moon o exactly as we do1 when any ,star goes under it1 but its ,light would terminate in a gradual faint ,shade1 and there would be a ort of a ,down as it were about it2 not to mention that the ,vapours of our ,atmophere conit of ,water1 and conequently that where there are no ,seas or ,rivers1 there can be no ,atmophere4 ,this is that notable difference between the ,moon and us that hinders all probable ,conjectures about it4 ,if we could but once be ure that there were ,seas and ,rivers in it1 it would be no weak ,argument to prove that it has alo all other ,furniture which belongs to our ,earth1 and the ,opinion of ,xenophanes might be true1 that it has its ,inhabitants1 ,cities1 and ,mountains4 ,but as 'tis1 ,i cannot imagine how any ,plants or ,animals1 whole whole nourihment comes from liquid ,bodies1 can thrive in a dry1 waterles1 parch'd ,soil4 ,the ,conjecture of its ,plants and ,animals very dubious4 ,what then1 is it credible that this great ,ball was made for nothing but to give us a little ,light in the ,night-time1 or to raie our ,tides in the ,sea8 ,may there not be ome ,people there that may have the ,pleaure of eeing our ,earth turn upon itelf1 preenting them ometimes with a ,propect of ,europe and ,africa1 and then of ,aia and ,america2 ometimes half of it bright1 and ometimes full8 ,and mut all thoe ,moons round ,jupiter and ,saturn be condemned to the ame ,uelenes8 ,i do not know what to ay concerning it1 becaue ,i know of nothing like them to found a ,conjecture upon4 ,and yet 'tis not improbable that thoe great and noble ,bodies have omewhat or other growing and living upon them1 though very different from what we ee and enjoy here4 ,perhaps their ,plants and ,animals may have another ort of ,nourihment there4 ,perhaps the ,moiture of the ,earth there is but jut ufficient to caue a ,mit or ,dew1 which may be very uitable to the ,growth of their ,herbs4 ,this ,i remember is ,plutarch's ,opinion1 in his ,dialogue upon this ,subject4 ,for in our ,earth a very little ,water drawn from the ,sea into ,dew1 and falling down again upon the ,herbs1 would be ufficient for all our ,needs1 without any ,rain or ,showers4 ,but thee are mere ,guees1 or rather ,doubts1 but yet they are the ,jupiter's and ,saturn's ,moons turn always the ame ,side to them4 bet we can make of this1 and all thoe other ,moons3 for1 as ,i aid before1 they are all of the ame nature1 which is proved likewie by this1 that as our ,moon can afford us the ,sight never but of one ,side of her1 o they turn always the ame ,face to their primary ,planets4 ,it may perhaps eem trange1 how we hould come to know this2 but 'tis no hard matter1 after that ,obervation which ,i jut now made1 that the outermot of ,saturn's ,moons can never be een but when he is on the ,wet-ide of her ,planet4 ,the reaon of which is plainly this1 that one ,side of her is darker1 and does not reflect the ,light o much as the other1 which when it is turned towards us1 we cannot ee by reaon of its weak ,light4 ,this always happening when 'tis ,eat of him1 and never on the other ,side1 is a manifet proof that he always keeps the ame ,side toward ,saturn4 ,now ince the outermot of ,saturn's and our ,moon carry themelves thus to the ,planets round which they move1 who can well doubt it of all the ret round ,jupiter and ,saturn8 ,and there's a very good reaon for it1 namely1 that the matter of which thoe ,moons conit1 being heavier1 and more olid on the ,side that is avere from us1 than on that which we have the ,sight of1 does conequently fly with a greater force from the ,centre of its ,orbit3 for otherwie1 according to the ,laws of ,motion1 it hould turn the ame ,side always1 not to its ,planets1 but to the ame fix'd ,stars4 ,this ,poition of the ,moons1 in repect of their ,planets1 mut occaion a great many very urprizing ,appearances to their ,inhabitants1 if they have any1 which is very doubtful1 but may for the preent be uppos'd4 ,an enquiry into our ,moon may erve for all the ret4 ,its ,globe is divided into two ,parts1 in uch a manner1 that thoe who live on one ,side never loe the ight of us1 and thoe on the other never enjoy it4 ,except only ome few who live on the ,confines of each of thee1 who loe us1 and ee us again by turns4 ,the ,earth to them mut eem ,the ,atronomy of the ,inhabitants of the ,moon4 much larger than the ,moon doth to us1 as being in ,diameter above four times bigger4 ,but that which is mot urprizing1 is1 that ,night and ,day they ee it always in the very ame part of the ,heaven1 as if it never moved3 ome of them as if 'twas falling upon their ,heads3 others omewhat above the ,horizon1 and others always in the ,horizon1 till turning upon it elf1 and preenting them every twenty our ,hours with a ,view of all its ,countries1 even of thoe that lie near the ,poles 7,i could wih my elf in the ,moon only for the ight of them7 yet unknown and undicovered by us4 ,they have it in its monthly ,wane and ,increae1 they ee it half1 and horned1 and full1 by turns1 jut as we do the ,body of the ,moon4 ,but the ,light that they receive of us is five times larger than what we receive from them4 ,so that in dark ,nights that part that hath the ,advantage of being towards us1 receives a very glorious ,light from us1 tho' ,kepler thought otherwise4 ,their ,days are always of the ame ,length with their ,nights2 and the ,sun riing and etting to them but once in one of our ,months1 makes the time both of their ,light and ,darknes to be equal to #ae of our ,days4 ,if their ,bodies were of the ame ,materials with ours1 thoe that have the ,sun pretty high in their ,horizon1 would be almot roated in uch long ,days4 ,for the ,sun is not farther from them than he is from us4 ,this will be the ,cae of thoe that live upon the ,borders of the two ,hemipheres we mentioned2 but thoe that live under the ,poles of the ,moon will be jut about as hot as our ,whale-fihers about ,iland and ,nova ,zemla are1 in the ,summer-time3 who are in o little danger of being roated1 that in the middle of their ,summer1 in their ,days of three ,months length1 they very often find it extreme ,cold4 ,i call thoe the ,poles of the ,moon1 round which the fix'd ,stars eem to turn to its ,inhabitants1 which are different from ours1 and alo from thoe of the ,ecliptick1 although they move round thee latter1 at the ditance of five ,degrees1 in a period of nineteen ,years4 ,their ,year they count by the ,motion of the ,stars1 and their return to the ,sun1 and 'tis the ame with ours4 ,they can eaily do it1 becaue they have the ,stars ,day and ,night1 notwithtanding the ,light of the ,sun3 for they have no ,atmophere 7which is the only reaon that we don't every ,day enjoy the ame ,sight7 to hinder their ,obervations4 ,nor have they any ,clouds to obtruct their ,view1 o that it is eaier for them to find out the ,coures of the ,planets1 but more difficult to make a true ,sytem of them4 ,for they will be apt to lay a wrong ,foundation1 by uppoing that their ,earth tands till1 which will lead them into more dangerous ,errors than ,this may be applied to the ,moons about ,jupiter and ,saturn4 ever it did us4 ,all that ,i have aid belongs as well to ,jupiter's and ,saturn's ,satellites as to our ,moon1 in repect of the ,planets they move round4 ,the ,length of their ,day and ,night is always equal to the ,time of their ,revolution3 ,for example1 the fifth ,moon moves round ,saturn in #hj ,days1 and the ,days and ,nights there are equal to ,forty of ours4 ,both their ,summer and ,winter 7,saturn moving round the ,sun in thirty ,years7 are fifteen ,years long4 ,therefore it is impoible but that their way of living mut be very different from ours1 having uch tedious ,winters1 and uch long watching and leeping times4 ,having thus explained the primary and econdary ,planets round the ,sun1 we hould next et about the third ,sort1 the ,sun and fix'd ,stars2 but before we do that1 it would be worth while to et before you at once1 in a clearer and more plain ,method than hitherto1 the ,magnificence and ,fabrick of the ,solar ,sytem4 ,which we can't poibly do in o mall a ,space as one of our ,leaves will but admit of1 becaue the ,bodies of the ,planets are o prodigiouly mall in companion of their ,orbs4 ,but what is wanting in ,figure hall be made up in ,words4 ,going back then to the firt ,scheme1 uppoe another ,fig4 #a4 like it1 and proportionable1 drawn upon a very large mooth ,plain2 whoe outermot ,circle repreenting the ,orb of ,saturn1 mut be conceived three hundred and ixty ,foot in ,semidiameter4 ,in which you mut place the ,globe and ,ring of ,saturn of that ,fig4 #b4 ,bignes as the #b;d ,figure hows you4 ,let all the other ,planets be uppoed every one in his own ,orbit1 and in the middle of all the ,sun1 of the ame ,bignes that ,that ,figure repreents1 namely1 about four ,inches in ,diameter4 ,and then the ,orbit or ,circle in which the ,earth moves1 which the ,atronomers call the ,magnus ,orbis1 mut have about ix and thirty ,foot in ,semidiameter4 ,in which the ,earth mut be conceived moving1 not bigger than a grain of ,millet1 and her ,companion the ,moon carcely perceivable1 moving round her in a ,circle a little more than two ,inches ,diameter1 as in ,fig4 #e4 the ,figure here adjoined1 where the ,line ,a ,b repreents a mall portion of that ,circle which the ,earth moves in3 the mall ,circle therein ,c is the ,earth1 and the ,circle ,d ,e the ,path of the ,moon round it1 in which the ,body of the ,moon is ,d4 ,the outermot of ,saturn's ,moons moves in an ,orbit whoe ,semidiameter is #bi ,inches2 that of ,jupiter in a omewhat maller1 whoe ,semidiameter is #ai and a quarter4 ,and thus we have a true and exact ,decription of the ,sun's ,palace1 where the ,earth will be ,twelve thouand of its ,semidiameters ditant from him1 which in ,german ,miles makes above eventeen ,millions4 ,but perhaps we may have a clearer ,comprehenion of this vat ,length1 by comparing it with ome very wift ,motion after the ,example of ,heiod the ,poet1 who imagin'd that an ,anvil let fall from the ,top of ,heaven1 reach'd the ,earth the tenth ,day of its ,journey1 and in ten more arriv'd at the ,bottom of ,hell1 the end of it3 o making the ,earth the mid-way between ,heaven and ,hell4 ,i han't make ue of the ,anvil1 but of omething as good1 namely1 a ,bullet hot out of a great ,gun1 which may travel perhaps in a ,moment1 or ,pule of an ,artery1 about a hundred ,fathom1 as is proved by thoe ,experiments that ,merennus in a ,treatie of his relates2 by which the ,sound was found to extend itelf eighty hundredth parts in the ,the immene ditance between the ,sun and ,planets illutrated4 ame time4 ,i ay then1 that uppoing a ,bullet to move with this ,swiftnes from the ,earth to the ,sun1 it would pend #be ,years in its ,paage4 ,to make a ,journey from ,jupiter to the ,sun1 would require #abe1 and from ,saturn thither #bej ,years4 ,this account depends upon the meaure of the ,earth's ,diameter1 which1 according to the accurate ,obervations of the ,french1 is #fecheid times ix ,paris ,feet1 one ,degree being #egjfj of that ,meaure4 ,this hows us how vat thoe ,orbs mut be1 and how inconiderable this ,earth1 the ,theatre upon which all our mighty ,deigns1 all our ,navigations1 and all our ,wars are tranacted1 is when compared to them4 ,a very fit ,conideration1 and ,matter of ,reflection1 for thoe ,kings and ,princes who acrifice the ,lives of o many ,people1 only to flatter their ,ambition in being ,maters of ome pitiful ,corner of this mall ,spot4 ,but to return to the matter in hand1 now we have given you an account of the ,sun's proportion to thoe ,orbs and ,bodies1 we'll ee what more we can ay of him4 ,no ground for ,conjecture in the ,sun4 ,and ome have thought it not improbable but that the ,sun himelf has alo his ,inhabitants4 ,but upon what reaon ,i cannot imagine1 there being les ground for a ,probability in him than in the ,moon4 ,for we are not yet ure1 whether he be a olid or liquid ,globe2 altho'1 if my ,notion of ,light be true1 upon that account ,i hould rather think him liquid3 which his ,roundnes and equal ditribution of his ,light to all parts are an ,argument for4 ,for that very mall inequality on his ,surface1 which is dicovered by the ,telecopes1 7and that not always neither7 which makes ,men fancy they ee boiling ,seas and belching ,mountains of ,fire1 is nothing but the trembling ,motion of the ,vapours our ,atmophere is full of near the ,earth2 which is likewie ,the ,facul in the ,sun not eaily een4 the ,caue of the ,stars twinkling4 ,nor could ,i ever have the ,luck to dicern thoe bright ,spots in the ,sun which they boat as much of as they do of his dark ones1 which latter ,i have very often een2 o that ,i have very good ,reaon to doubt whether there be any thing in the ,sun brighter than the ,sun itelf4 ,for by the mot exact ,obervations1 ,i could never find any uch pretended to be een any where but jut about his dark ,spots2 and it is no great wonder that thoe ,parts which are o near the darker1 hould appear omewhat ,by reaon of its ,heat no ,inhabitants like ours can live in the ,sun4 brighter than the ret4 ,that the ,sun is extremely hot and fiery1 is beyond all dipute1 and uch ,bodies as ours could not live one ,moment in uch a ,furnace4 ,we mut uppoe a new ort of ,animals then1 uch as we have no ,idea or ,likenes of among us1 uch as we can neither imagine nor conceive3 which is as much as to ay1 that we can make no ,suppoition at all about them4 ,no doubt that glorious and vat ,body was made for ome noble ,end and ,ue1 and fram'd with excellent ,deign4 ,and ,i think we all very well know and feel its ,uefulnes in that effuion of ,light and ,heat to all the ,planets round it2 in the ,preervation and ,happines of all living ,creatures1 and that not only in our ,ball1 but in thoe vat ,globes of ,jupiter and ,saturn1 not contemptible when compared with its own4 ,thee are uch great1 uch wie ,ends1 that it is not trange that the ,sun hould have been made1 if it had been only upon their account4 ,for1 as for ,kepler's ,fancy1 that he hath another ,office1 namely1 to help on the ,motion of the ,planets in their own ,orbs1 by turning about his own ,axis 7which he would fain etablih in his ,epitome of the ,copernican ,sytem7 ,i hall give good ,reaons why ,i cannot aent to it4 ,the ix'd ,stars so many ,suns4 ,before the ,invention of ,telecopes1 it eemed to contradict ,copernicus's ,opinion1 to make the ,sun one of the fix'd ,stars4 ,for the ,stars of the firt ,magnitude being eteem'd to be about three ,minutes ,diameter2 and ,copernicus 7oberving that tho' the ,earth changed its ,place1 they always kept the ame ditance from us7 having ventur'd to ay that the ,magnus ,orbis was but a ,point in repect of the ,sphere in which they were placed1 it was a plain ,conequence that every one of them that appeared any thing bright1 mut be larger than the ,path or ,orbit of the ,earth3 which is very aburd4 ,this is the principal ,argument that ,tycho ,brahe et up againt ,copernicus4 ,but when the ,telecopes took away thoe ,rays of the ,stars which appear when we look upon them with our naked ,eye1 7which they do bet when the ,eye-glas is black'd with ,smoke7 they eemed jut like little hining ,points1 and then that ,difficulty vanihed1 and the ,stars may yet be o many ,suns4 ,which is the more probable1 becaue their ,light is certainly their own3 for it's impoible that ever the ,sun hould end1 or they reflect it at uch a vat ,ditance4 ,this is the ,opinion that commonly goes along with ,copernicus's ,sytem4 ,they are not all in the ame ,sphere4 ,and the ,patrons of it do alo with reaon uppoe1 that all thee ,stars are not in the ame ,sphere1 as well becaue there's no ,argument for it1 as that the ,sun1 which is one of them1 cannot be brought to this ,rule4 ,but it's more likely they are catter'd and dipers'd all over the immene ,spaces of the ,heaven1 and are as far ditant perhaps from one another1 as the nearet of them are from the ,sun4 ,here again too ,i know ,kepler is of another ,opinion in his ,epitome of ,copernicus's ,sytem1 that we mention'd above4 ,for tho' he agrees with us1 that the ,stars are diffus'd through all the vat ,expane of the ,heavens1 yet he cannot allow that they have as large an empty ,space about them as our ,sun has4 ,for then 'twas his ,opinion1 we hould ee but very few1 and thoe of very different ,magnitudes3 ,for1 eeing the larget of all appear o mall to us1 that we can carce oberve or meaure them with our bet ,intruments2 how mut thoe appear that are three or four times farther from us8 ,why1 uppoing them no larger than thee1 they mut eem three or four times les1 and o on 'till a little farther they will not be to be een at all3 ,thus we hall have the ight of but very few ,stars1 and thoe very different one from another2 ,whereas we have above a ,thouand1 and thoe not coniderably bigger or les than one another4 ,but this by no means proves what he would have it2 and his ,mitake was chiefly1 that he did not conider the ,nature of ,fire and ,flame which may be een at uch ditances1 and at uch mall ,angles as all other ,bodies would totally diappear under4 ,a thing that we need go no farther than the ,lamps et along the ,streets to prove4 ,for altho' they are a hundred ,foot from one another1 yet you may count ,twenty of them in a continued ,row with your ,eyes1 and yet the twentieth ,part of them carce makes an ,angle of ix ,seconds4 ,certainly then the glorious ,light of the ,stars mut do much more than this2 o that it's no wonder we hould ee a ,thouand or two of them with our bare ,eyes1 and with a ,telecope dicover twenty times that number4 ,but ,kepler had a private ,deign in making the ,sun thus uperiour to all the other ,stars1 and planting it in the ,middle of the ,world1 attended with the ,planets3 ,for his ,aim was hereby to trengthen his ,comographical ,mytery1 that the ,ditances of the ,planets from the ,sun are in a certain proportion to the ,diameters of the ,spheres that are incribed within1 and circumcribed about ,euclid's ,regular ,bodies4 ,which could never be o much as probable1 except there were but one ,chorus of ,planets moving round the ,sun1 and o the ,sun were the only one of his kind4 ,but that whole ,mytery is nothing but an idle ,dream taken from ,pythagoras or ,plato's ,philoophy4 ,and the ,author himelf acknowledges that the ,proportions do not agree o well as they hould1 and is fain to invent two or three very illy ,excues for it4 ,and he ues yet poorer ,arguments to prove that the ,univere is of a pherical ,figure1 and that the ,number of the ,stars mut necearily be finite1 becaue the ,magnitude of each of them is o4 ,but what is wort of all is1 that he ettles the ,space between the ,sun and the ,concavity of the ,sphere of the fix'd ,stars1 to be ix hundred thouand of the ,earth's ,diameters4 ,for this reaon1 which he has no ,foundation for1 that as the ,diameter of the ,sun is to that of the ,orbit of ,saturn1 which he makes to be as #a to #bjjj1 o is this ,diameter to that of the ,sphere of the fixed ,stars4 ,i cannot but wonder how uch things as thee could fall from o ingenious a ,man1 and o great an ,atronomer4 ,but ,i mut be of the ame ,opinion with all the greatet ,philoophers of our ,age1 that the ,sun is of the ame ,nature with the fix'd ,stars4 ,and this will give us a greater ,idea of the ,world1 than all thoe other ,opinions4 ,the ,stars have ,planets about them like our ,sun4 ,for then why may not every one of thee ,stars or ,suns have as great a ,retinue as our ,sun1 of ,planets1 with their ,moons1 to wait upon them8 ,nay1 there's a manifet reaon why they hould4 ,for if we imagine our elves placed at an equal ditance from the ,sun and fix'd ,stars2 we hould then perceive no difference between them4 ,for1 as for all the ,planets that we now ee attend the ,sun1 we hould not have the leat glimpe of them1 either becaue their ,light would be too weak to affect us1 or that all the ,orbs in which they move would make up one lucid ,point with the ,sun4 ,in this ,station we hould have no occaion to imagine any difference between the ,stars1 and hould make no doubt if we had but the ,sight1 and knew the ,nature of one of them1 to make that the ,standard of all the ret4 ,we are then plac'd near one of them1 namely1 our ,sun1 and o near as to dicover ix other ,globes moving round him1 ome of them having others performing them the ame ,office4 ,why then may not we make ue of the ame ,judgment that we would in that cae2 and conclude1 that our ,star has no better attendance than the others8 ,so that what we allowed the ,planets1 upon the account of our enjoying it1 we mut likewie grant to all thoe ,planets that urround that prodigious number of ,suns4 ,they mut have their ,plants and ,animals1 nay and their rational ,creatures too1 and thoe as great ,admirers1 and as diligent ,obervers of the ,heavens as our elves2 and mut conequently enjoy whatoever is ubervient to1 and requiite for uch ,knowledge4 ,what a wonderful and amazing ,scheme have we here of the magnificent ,vatnes of the ,univere6 ,so many ,suns1 o many ,earths1 and every one of them tock'd with o many ,herbs1 ,trees1 and ,animals1 and adorn'd with o many ,seas and ,mountains6 ,and how mut our ,wonder and ,admiration be increaed when we conider the prodigious ,ditance and ,multitude of the ,stars8 ,that their ,ditance is o immene1 that the ,space between the ,earth and ,sun 7which is no les than ,twelve thouand of the ,earth's ,diameters7 is almot nothing when compar'd to it1 has more ,proofs than one to confirm it4 ,and this among the ret4 ,if you oberve two ,stars near one another1 as for example thoe in the middle of the ,great ,bears ,tail1 differing very much from one another in ,clearnes1 notwithtanding our changing our ,poition in our ,annual ,orbit round the ,sun1 and that there would be a ,parallax were the ,star which is brighter nearer to us than the other1 as is very probable it is1 yet whatever ,part of the ,year you look upon them1 they will not in the leat have altered their ditance4 ,thoe that have hitherto undertook to calculate their ,ditance1 have not been able perfectly to compas their ,deign1 by reaon of the extreme ,nicenes and almot ,impoibility of the ,obervations requiite for their ,purpoe4 ,the only ,method that ,i ee remaining1 to come at any tolerable ,probability in o difficult a ,cae1 ,i hall here make ue of4 ,seeing then that the ,stars1 as ,i aid before1 are o many ,suns1 if we do but uppoe one of them equal to ours1 it will follow that its ditance from us is as much greater than that of the ,sun1 as its apparent ,diameter is les than the ,diameter of the ,sun4 ,but the ,stars1 even thoe of the firt ,magnitude1 though view'd through a ,telecope1 are o very mall1 that they eem only like o many hining ,points1 without any perceivable ,breadth4 ,so that uch ,obervations can here do us no good4 ,when ,a way of making a probable gues at the ditance of the ,stars4 ,i aw this would not ucceed1 ,i tudied by what way ,i could o leen the ,diameter of the ,sun1 as to make it not appear larger than the ,dog1 or any other of the chief ,stars4 ,to this purpoe ,i clos'd one ,end of my twelve-foot ,tube with a very thin ,plate1 in the ,middle of which ,i made a ,hole not exceeding the twelfth ,part of a ,line1 that is the hundred and forty fourth ,part of an ,inch4 ,that ,end ,i turn'd to the ,sun1 placing my ,eye at the other1 and ,i could ee o much of the ,sun as was in ,diameter about the #ahb;d part of the ,whole4 ,but till that little piece of him was brighter much than the ,dog-tar is in the clearet ,night4 ,i aw that this would not do1 but that mut leen the ,diameter of the ,sun a great deal more4 ,i made then uch another ,hole in a ,plate1 and againt it ,i plac'd a little round ,glas that ,i had made ue of in my ,microcopes1 of much about the ame ,diameter with the former ,hole4 ,then looking again towards the ,sun 7taking care that no ,light might come near my ,eye to hinder my ,obervation7 ,i found it appeared of much the ame ,clearnes with ,sirius4 ,but cating up my account1 according to the ,rules of ,dioptricks1 ,i found his ,diameter now was but #aaeb part of that hundred and eighty econd part of his whole ,diameter that ,i aw through the former ,hole4 ,multiplying #aaeb and #aahb into one another1 the ,product ,i found to be #abgffd4 ,the ,sun therefore being contracted into uch a ,compas1 or being removed o far from us 7for it's the ame thing7 as to make his ,diameter but the #bgffd part of that we every ,day ee1 will end us jut the ame ,light as the ,dog-tar now doth4 ,and his ditance then from us will be to his preent ditance undoubtedly as #bgffd is to #a2 and his ,diameter little above four ,thirds1 #d4 ,seeing then ,sirius is uppoed equal to the ,sun1 it follows that his ,diameter is likewie #d1 and that his ,ditance to the ,ditance of the ,sun from us is as #bgffd to #a4 ,and what an incredible ,ditance that is1 will appear by the ame way of reaoning that we ued in meauring that of the ,sun4 ,for if #be ,years are required for a ,bullet out of a ,cannon1 with its utmot ,swiftnes1 to travel from the ,sun to us2 then by multiplying the ,number #bgffd into #be1 we hall find that uch a ,bullet would pend almot even hundred thouand ,years in its ,journey between us and the nearet of the fix'd ,stars4 ,and yet when in a clear ,night we look upon them1 we cannot think them above ome few ,miles over our ,heads4 ,what ,i have here enquir'd into1 is concerning the nearet of them4 ,and what a prodigious ,number mut there be beides of thoe which are placed in the vat ,spaces of ,heaven1 as to be as remote from thee as thee are from the ,sun6 ,for if with our bare ,eyes we can oberve above a ,thouand1 and with a ,telecope can dicover ten or twenty times as many2 what bounds of ,number can we et to thoe which are out of the ,reach even of thee ,aitances6 epecially if we conider the infinite ,power of ,god4 ,really1 when ,i have been reflecting thus with my elf1 me-thoughts all our ,arithmetick was nothing1 and we are vers'd but in the very ,rudiments of ,numbers1 in comparion of this great ,sum4 ,for this requires an immene ,treaury1 not of twenty or thirty ,figures only1 in our decuple ,progreion1 but of as many as there are ,grains of ,sand upon the ,shore4 ,and yet who can ay1 that even this ,number exceeds that of the ,fix'd ,stars8 ,some of the ,ancients1 and ,jordanus ,brunus carry'd it further1 in declaring the ,number infinite3 he would perwade us that he has prov'd it by many ,arguments1 tho' in my opinion they are none of them concluive4 ,not that ,i think the contrary can ever be made out4 ,indeed it eems to me certain1 that the ,univere is infinitely extended2 but what ,god has been pleas'd to place beyond the ,region of the ,stars1 is as much above our ,knowledge1 as it is beyond our ,habitation4 ,or what if beyond uch a determinate ,space he has left an infinite ,vacuum2 to how1 how inconiderable all that he has made is1 to what his ,power could1 had he o pleas'd1 have produced8 ,but ,i am falling1 before ,i am aware1 into that intricate ,dipute of ,infinity3 ,therefore ,i hall wave this1 and not1 as oon as ,i am free of one1 take upon me another difficult ,task4 ,all that ,i hall do more is to add omewhat of my ,opinion concerning the whole ,world1 as it is a ,place for the ,reception of the ,suns or fix'd ,stars1 every one of which1 ,i have howed1 may have their ,planetary ,sytems about them4 ,every ,sun has a ,vortex round it1 very different from thoe of ,cartes4 ,i am of ,opinion then that every ,sun is urrounded with a ,whirl-pool or ,vortex of ,matter in a very wift ,motion2 tho' not in the leat like ,cartes's either in their ,bulk1 or manner of ,motion4 ,for ,cartes makes his o large1 as every one of them to touch all the others round them1 in a flat ,surface1 jut as you have een the ,bladders that ,boys blow up in ,soap-uds do2 and would have the whole ,vortex to move round the ame way4 ,but the ,angles of every ,vortex will be no mall hindrance to uch a ,motion4 ,then the whole ,matter moving round at once1 upon the ,axis as it were of a ,cylinder1 did not a little puzzle him in giving ,reaons for the ,roundnes of the ,sun3 which however they may atisfy ome ,people that do not conider them1 really prove nothing of the ,matter4 ,in this thereal ,matter the ,planets float1 and are carried round by its ,motion3 and the thing that keeps them in their own ,orbs is1 that they themelves1 and the ,matter in which they wim1 equally trive to fly off from the ,center of this ,motion4 ,againt all which there are many ,atronomical ,objections1 ome of which ,i touch'd upon in my ,eay of the ,caues of ,gravity4 ,where ,i gave another ,account of the ,planets not deerting their own ,orbs2 which is their ,gravitation towards the ,sun4 ,i how'd there the ,caues of that ,gravitation1 and cannot but wonder that ,cartes1 the firt ,man that ever began to talk reaonably of that ,matter1 hould never meddle with1 or light on it4 ,plutarch in his ,book of the ,moon above-mentioned ays1 that ome of the ,ancients were of ,opinion1 that the ,reaon of the ,moon's keeping her ,orbit was1 that the ,force of her ,circular ,motion was exactly equal to her ,gravity1 the one of which pull'd her to1 as much as the other forc'd off from the ,centre4 ,and in our ,age ,alphonus ,borellus1 who was of this ame ,opinion in the other ,planets as well as the ,moon1 makes the ,gravitation of the primary ,planets to be towards the ,sun1 as that of the ,secondary is towards the ,planets round which they move3 ,which ,sir ,iaac ,newton has more fully explain'd1 with a great deal of ,pains and ,subtilty2 and how from that ,caue proceeds the ,ellipticity of the ,orbs of the ,planets1 found out by ,kepler4 ,according to my ,notion of the ,gravitation of the ,planets to the ,sun1 the ,matter of his ,vortex mut not at all move the ame way1 but after uch a manner as to have its ,parts carry'd different ways on all ,sides4 ,and yet there is no fear of its being detroyed by uch an irregular ,motion1 becaue the ther round it1 which is at ret1 keeps the ,parts of it from flying out4 ,with the ,help of uch a ,vortex as this ,i have undertook in that ,eay to explain the ,gravity of ,bodies on this ,earth1 and all the ,effects of it4 ,and ,i uppoe there may be the ame ,caue as well of the ,gravitation of the ,planets1 and of our ,earth among the ret1 towards the ,sun1 as of their ,roundnes3 ,a ,thing o very hard to give an ,account of in ,cartes's ,sytem4 ,i mut differ from him too in the ,bignes of the ,vortices1 for ,i cannot allow them to be o large as he would make them4 ,i would have them dipered all about the immene ,space1 like o many little ,whirl-pools of ,water1 that one makes by the tirring of a ,stick in any large ,pond or ,river1 a great way ditant from one another4 ,and as their ,motions do not all intermix or communicate with one another1 o in my ,opinion mut the ,vortices of ,stars be placed as not to hinder one anothers free ,circumrotations4 ,so that we may be ecure1 and never fear that they will wallow up or detroy one another2 for that was a mere ,fancy of ,cartes's1 when he was a howing how a fix'd ,star or ,sun might be turn'd into a ,planet4 ,and 'tis plain that when he writ it1 he had no ,thoughts of the immene ,ditance of the ,stars from one another2 particularly1 by this one ,thing1 that he would have a ,comet as oon as ever it comes into our ,vortex1 to be een by us4 ,which is as aburd as can be4 ,for how could a ,star1 which gives us uch a vat ,light only from the ,reflection of the ,beams of the ,sun1 as he himelf owns they do2 how ,i ay could that be o plainly een at a ditance ,ten thouand times larger than the ,diameter of the ,earth's ,orbit8 ,he could not but know that all round the ,sun there is a vat ,extenum2 o vat1 that in ,copernicus's ,sytem the magnus ,orbis is counted but a ,point in comparion with it4 ,but indeed all the whole ,story of ,comets and ,planets1 and the ,production of the ,world1 is founded upon uch poor and trifling ,grounds1 that ,i have often wonder'd how an ingenious ,man could pend all that pains in making uch ,fancies hang together4 ,for my part1 ,i hall be very well contented1 and hall count ,i have done a great ,matter1 if ,i can but come to any ,knowledge of the ,nature of ,things1 as they now are1 never troubling my elf about their ,beginning1 or how they were made1 knowing that to be out of the reach of human ,knowledge1 or even ,conjecture4 ,,finis4 ,,note #a ,the ,author invented the ,pendulum for ,clocks4