,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,the 8,,additional ,,notes0 section1 pages #baa to #bbf have been removed as they serve no function in an ebook4 ,a ,,reference ,,hand-,,book ,,for ,,nurses ,,by ,,amanda ,k4 ,,beck1 ,r4 ,n4 ,graduate of the ,illinois ,training ,school for ,nurses ,,fourth ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,philadelphia ,,and ,,london ,w4 ,b4 ,,saunders ,,company #aiai ,copyright1 #aije1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,saunders and ,company4 ,reprinted ,august1 #aije1 ,july1 #aijf1 ,june1 #aijg1 and ,january1 #aijh4 ,revised1 reprinted1 and recopyrighted ,august1 #aijh4 ,reprinted ,march1 #aiji1 ,february1 #aiaj1 ,july1 #aiaj1 ,march1 #aiaa1 ,february1 #aiab1 and ,august1 #aiab4 ,revised1 reprinted1 and recopyrighted ,february1 #aiac4 ,reprinted ,october1 #aiac1 ,may1 #aiad1 ,november1 #aiad1 ,january1 #aiae1 ,may1 #aiae1 ,september1 #aiae1 ,june1 #aiaf1 ,january1 #aiag1 ,july1 #aiag1 ,november1 #aiag1 ,april1 #aiah1 and ,august1 #aiah4 ,revised1 reprinted1 and recopyrighted ,march1 #aiai ,copyright1 #aiai1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,saunders ,company ,,printed ,,in ,,america ,,press ,,of ,w4 ,b4 ,,saunders ,,company ,,philadelphia ,,to ,,isabel ,mc,i,s,a,a,c ,for many years ,superintendent of the ,illinois ,training ,school for ,nurses1 of ,chicago ,,and ,,to ,,idora ,c4 ,,rose ,formerly her ,assistant and now her ,successor ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscribed ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,fourth ,,edition4 ,in the present edition of this work a few new subjects have been added and the text has been somewhat altered in order that certain recent advances and changes might be noted and brought into daily service4 ,i have not been unmindful1 however1 of the fact that to be of the greatest possible use to our profession this volume must remain small and compact4 ,i hear frequently that this ,handbook is valued by my fellow-workers and that it is to many of them a daily help and companion4 ,this is a source of great pleasure to me1 and ,i hope that this new edition will be found more useful even than any of its predecessors4 ,a4 ,k4 ,,beck1 ,r4 ,n4 ,,chicago1 ,,ill41 ,march1 #aiai4 ,,preface4 ,as a probationer doing class and hospital work and as a graduate trained nurse ,i took notes of all the various formul1 directions1 etc41 that might at some time be useful to me in the pursuit of my duties4 ,my class work was productive of many valuable items of information2 these and such other items as ,i gathered in the course of my hospital work and while on private duty1 and others which were the result of my own experience and observation1 ,i kept in a memorandum book which soon became indispensable to me1 and which ,i used until the leaves became worn and fell apart4 ,i rewrote this memorandum book three times1 and the task of its fourth rewriting made me wish that ,i had its contents in a form more easily preserved4 ,the inspiration followed that my notes in book form would be of general use to most nurses and of some use to many physicians4 ,this little volume is the result4 ,to my own notes1 all of which have been submitted to competent authorities for criticism1 ,i have added several articles by eminent physicians and superintending nurses1 which tend to round out the usefulness of the book4 ,i have kept in mind1 however1 my original intention of producing a hand-book of convenient size for quick reference4 ,to the authors of these articles1 to the friendly critics to whom my notes were submitted1 and to the kind friends who encouraged me in this work1 ,i extend my sincere thanks4 ,,amanda ,k4 ,,beck1 ,r4 ,n4 ,,reference ,,hand-,,book ,,for ,,nurses4 ,,abbreviations4 ,,abbreviation4 ,,latin4 ,,english4 ,ana ,of each4 ,a4 c4 ,ante cibum ,before meals4 ,ad41 ,add4 ,adde ,let there be added4 ,ad lib4 ,ad libitum ,at pleasure4 ,adv4 ,adversum ,against4 ,alt4 dieb4 ,alternis diebus ,every other day4 ,alt4 hor4 ,alternis horis ,every other hour4 ,aq4 ,aqua ,water4 ,aq4 astr4 ,aqua astricta ,ice4 ,aq4 bull4 ,aqua bulliens ,boiling water4 ,aq4 dest4 ,aqua destillata ,distilled water4 ,aq4 ferv4 ,aqua fervens ,hot water4 ,aq4 font4 ,aqua fontana ,spring water4 ,aq4 mar4 ,aqua marina ,sea-water4 ,aq4 tep4 ,aqua tepida ,tepid water4 ,ba4 ,barium ,barium4 ,b4 ,a4 ,balneum aren ,sand-bath4 ,bib4 ,bibe ,drink4 ,b4 i4 d4 or ,b4 d4 ,bis in die ,twice daily4 ,b4 ,m4 ,balneum maris ,sea-water bath4 ,bull4 ,bulliat ,let it boil4 ,b4 ,v4 ,balneum vaporis ,vapor-bath4 ,c4 ,conguis ,gallon4 c4 ,cum ,with4 ,cap4 ,capsular ,a capsule4 ,c4c4 ,centimeter cubicum ,cubic centimeter4 ,cerat4 ,ceratum ,a cerate4 ,chart4 ,chartula ,a small paper4 ,c4 ,m4 ,cras mane ,tomorrow morning4 ,c4 ,n4 ,cras nocte ,tomorrow night4 ,col4 ,cola ,strain4 ,colet4 ,coletur ,let it be strained4 ,collyr4 ,collyrium ,an eye-wash4 ,comp4 ,compositus ,compound4 ,cong4 ,congius ,a gallon4 ,cons4 ,conserva ,keep4 ,coq4 ,coque ,boil4 ,crast4 ,crastinus ,for tomorrow4 ,c4 ,v4 ,cras vespere ,tomorrow evening4 ,d4 ,da ,let it be given4 ,decoct4 ,decoctum ,decoction4 ,def4 ,defcatio ,defecation4 ,dieb4 alt4 ,diebus alternis ,on alternate days4 ,dieb4 tert4 ,diebus tertiis ,every third day4 ,dil4 ,dilue ,dissolve4 ,dilut4 ,dilutus ,dilute4 ,dim4 ,dimidius ,one-half4 ,disp4 ,dispensa ,dispense4 ,divid4 ,dividendus ,to be divided4 ,d4 ,p4 ,directione propria ,with a proper direction4 ,dr41 ,drachma ,a dram4 ,emuls4 ,emulsum ,emulsion4 ,en41 ,enem4 ,enema ,a rectal injection4 ,et4 ,et ,and4 ,exhib4 ,exhibeatur ,let it be given4 ,ext4 ,extractum ,an extract4 ,ext4 fl4 ,extractum fluidum ,fluidextract4 ,f41 ,ft4 ,fiat ,make4 ,filt4 ,filtra ,filter4 ,fl4 ,fluidum ,fluid4 ,f4 m4 ,fiat mistura ,make a mixture4 ,garg4 ,gargarisma ,a gargle4 ,gm4 ,gramma ,a gram4 ,gr4 ,granum ,a grain4 ,gtt4 ,gutta ,a drop4 ,h4 ,hora ,an hour4 ,hor4 decub4 ,hora decubitus ,at bedtime4 ,h4 s4 ,hora somni ,at bedtime4 ,id4 ,idem ,the same4 ,i4 e4 ,id est ,that is4 ,ind4 ,in dies ,daily4 ,infus4 ,infusum ,infusion4 ,l4 ,liter ,a liter4 ,lb41 lb4 ,libra ,a pound4 ,lin4 ,linimentum ,a liniment4 ,liq4 ,liquor ,a solution4 ,lot4 ,lotio ,a lotion4 ,m4 ,misce ,mix4 ,m41 ,minimum ,a minim4 ,mas4 ,massa ,a pill mass4 ,mist4 ,mistura ,a mixture4 ,n4 b4 ,nota bene ,note well or take particular notice4 ,no4 ,numerus ,number4 ,noct4 ,nocte ,at night4 ,o4 ,octarius ,a pint4 ,o4 m4 ,omni mane ,every morning4 ,omn4 hor4 ,omni hora ,every hour4 ,omn4 noct4 ,omni nocte ,every night4 ,ov4 ,ovum ,egg4 ,p4 ,c4 ,post cibum ,after meals4 ,pil4 ,pilula ,a pill4 ,prp4 ,prparatus ,prepared4 ,p4 r4 n4 ,pro re nata ,when necessary4 ,pulv4 ,pulvis ,a powder4 ,q4 ,quaque ,every4 ,q4 i4 d4 or ,q4 d4 ,quatuor in die ,four times a day4 ,q4 l4 ,quantum libet ,as much as you choose4 ,q4 p4 ,quantum placeat ,at will4 ,qq4 hor4 ,quaqua hora ,every hour4 ,q4 s4 ,quantum sufficit ,a sufficient quantity4 ,q4 v4 ,quantum vis ,as much as you like4 ,recipe ,take4 ,rep4 ,repetatur ,let it be repeated4 ,s4 ,sine ,without4 ,scrup41 ,scrupulum ,a scruple4 ,sig4 ,signa ,mark or sign4 ,sing4 ,singulorum ,of each4 ,solv4 ,solve ,dissolve4 ,s4 ,o4 ,s4 ,si opus sit ,if necessary4 ,spt4 ,spiritus ,spirit4 ,ss4 ,semis ,a half4 ,stat4 ,statim ,immediately4 ,su4 ,sumet ,let him take4 ,syr4 ,syrupus ,syrup4 ,t4 i4 d4 or ,t4 d4 ,ter in die ,three times a day4 ,tinct4 or ,tr4 ,tinctura ,a tincture4 ,trit4 ,tritura ,triturate4 ,troch4 ,trochiscus ,a lozenge4 ,ult4 prs4 ,ultimum prscriptus ,last prescribed4 ,unc41 ,uncia ,an ounce4 ,ung4 ,unguentum ,an ointment4 ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 ,united ,states ,pharmacopia4 ,ut4 dict4 ,ut dictum ,as directed4 ,utend4 ,utendus ,to be used4 ,vehic4 ,vehiculum ,a vehicle4 ,vel ,vel ,or4 ,vin4 ,vinum ,wine4 ,vitel4 ovi ,vitellus ovi ,yolk of egg4 ,viz4 ,videlicet ,namely4 ,vs4 ,vensectio ,venesection4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,materia ,,medica4 ,in the following ,glossary will be found short definitions of many of the terms employed in the ,dispensatory to designate the medical properties of the remedies2 most of the words are commonly employed as nouns1 and sometimes as adjectives4 ,absorbents4--,drugs used to produce absorption of exudates or diseased tissues4 ,abstergents4--,detergents 7cleansing agents74 ,alteratives4--,medicines used to so modify nutrition as to overcome morbid processes4 ,analeptics4--,restorative medicines or food4 ,analgesics4--,medicines used to allay pain4 ,anaphrodisiacs4--,medicines used to allay sexual feeling4 ,anesthetics4--,medicines used to produce anesthesia or unconsciousness4 ,anodynes4--,medicines used to allay pain4 ,antacids4--,medicines used to neutralize acid in the stomach and intestines4 ,anthelmintics4--,medicines used to destroy intestinal worms4 ,antiarthritics4--,medicines used for the relief of gout4 ,antihydropics4--,medicines used for the relief of dropsy4 ,antilithics4--,medicines used for the relief of calculous affections4 ,antiperiodics4--,medicines used for the relief of malarial fevers4 ,antipyretics4--,medicines used for the reduction of bodily temperature in fevers4 ,antiseptics4--,substances which have the power of preventing putrefaction4 ,antispasmodics4--,medicines used for the relief of nervous irritability and minor spasms4 ,antisyphilitics4--,medicines used for the relief of syphilis4 ,antizymotics4--,substances which have the power of killing disease germs4 ,aperients4--,mild purgatives4 ,aphrodisiacs4--,substances used to increase sexual power or excitement4 ,aromatic ,bitters4--,medicines which unite the properties of the aromatic and simple bitters4 ,aromatics4--,medicines characterized by a fragrant or spicy taste and odor1 and stimulant to the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane4 ,astringents4--,medicines having the power of influencing vital contractility1 thereby condensing tissues4 ,bitters1 ,simple4--,medicines which have a bitter taste and have the power of stimulating the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane1 without affecting the general system4 ,blisters4--,medicines which when locally applied cause inflammatory exudation of serum from the skin1 and are used as revulsants4 ,calefacients4--,medicines used externally to cause a sense of warmth4 ,cardiac ,depressants4--,medicines used to lower the heart's action4 ,cardiac ,stimulants4--,medicines used to increase the heart's action4 ,carminatives4--,medicines containing a volatile oil used to excite intestinal peristalsis and provoke an expulsion of flatus4 ,cathartics4--,purgatives4 ,caustics4--,medicines used to destroy living tissues4 ,cholagogues4--,medicines which provoke a flow of bile4 ,constringents4--,astringents4 ,convulsants4--,medicines which cause convulsions4 ,correctives4--,medicines used to correct or render more pleasant the action of other remedies1 especially purgatives4 ,corrigents4--,correctives4 ,demulcents4--,mucilaginous principles which are used in solution to soothe and protect irritated mucous membranes and other tissues4 ,deobstruents 7obsolete and not very definite74--,medicines which overcome obstruction2 aperients4 ,deodorants4--,substances which destroy or hide foul air4 ,depilatories4--,substances used to remove hair4 ,depressants4--,sedatives4 ,depressomotors4--,medicines which lessen motor activity4 ,depurants4--,medicines which act upon the emunctories so as to cause excretion and thereby purify the system4 ,detergents4--,medicines which cleanse wounds1 ulcers1 etc4 ,diaphoretics4--,medicines which produce sweating4 ,digestants4--,ferments and acids which have the power of aiding in the solution of food4 ,diluents4--,medicines which dilute secretions and excretions4 ,disinfectants4--,substances which have the power of destroying disease germs or the noxious properties of decaying organic matter4 ,diuretics4--,medicines which increase the secretion of urine4 ,drastics4--,purgatives which cause much irritation4 ,ecbolics4--,medicines which produce abortion4 ,eccoprotics or ,ectoprotics4--,laxatives4 ,emetics4--,medicines which cause vomiting4 ,emmenagogues4--,medicines which stimulate menstruation4 ,emollients4--,substances used to mechanically soften and protect tissues4 ,epispatics4--,blisters4 ,errhines4--,medicines which increase the nasal secretions4 ,escharotics4--,caustics4 ,evacuants4--,medicines which evacuate2 chiefly applied to purgatives4 ,excitants4--,stimulants4 ,excitomotors4--,medicines which increase motor activity4 ,expectorants4--,medicines which act upon the pulmonic mucous membrane and increase or alter its secretions4 ,febrifuges4--,medicines which dissipate fever4 ,galactagogues4--,medicines which increase the secretion of milk4 ,germicides4--,agents that destroy germs4 ,hemostatics4--,medicines which arrest hemorrhages4 ,hydragogues4--,purgatives which cause large watery discharges4 ,hypnotics4--,medicines which cause sleep4 ,laxatives4--,mild purgatives4 ,local ,anesthetics4--,medicines which when applied locally destroy sensation4 ,mydriatics4--,medicines which cause mydriasis1 or dilation of the pupil4 ,myotics4--,medicines which cause myosis1 or contraction of the pupil4 ,narcotics4--,powerful anodyne hypnotics4 ,neurotics4--,medicines which act upon the nervous system4 ,nutriants4--,medicines which modify the nutritive processes4 ,nutrients4--,substances which nourish4 ,oxytocics4--,medicines which stimulate uterine contractions4 ,peristaltics4--,medicines which increase peristalsis4 ,prophylactics4--,medicines which prevent the taking or development of disease4 ,protectives4--,medicines which protect a part when applied to it4 ,ptyalagogues4--,sialagogues4 ,purgatives4--,medicines which produce copious discharges from the bowels4 ,refrigerants4--,medicines which lessen bodily temperature4 ,revulsants4--,medicines which by causing irritation draw nervous force and blood from a distant diseased part4 ,rubefacients4--,medicines which cause irritation and redness1 and are used as revulsants4 ,sedatives4--,medicines which lower functional activity4 ,sialagogues4--,medicines which excite salivary glands to secretion4 ,somnifacients4--,soporifics4 ,soporifics4--,medicines which cause sleep4 ,sorbefacients4--,medicines which cause absorption4 ,specifics4--,medicines which have a direct curative influence on certain individual diseases4 ,stimulants4--,medicines which increase functional activity4 ,stomachics4--,stimulants to the stomach4 ,styptics4--,hemostatics4 ,sudorifics4--,medicines which produce sweating4 ,tenicides4--,medicines which kill the tapeworm4 ,tonics4--,medicines which permanently increase the systemic tone by stimulating nutrition4 ,vermicides4--,medicines which kill intestinal worms4 ,vermifuges4--,medicines which cause the expulsion of intestinal worms4 ,vesicatories4--,blisters4 ,,roman ,,numerals4 ,i-- #a ,,ii-- #b ,,iii-- #c ,,iv-- #d ,v-- #e ,,vi-- #f ,,vii-- #g ,,viii-- #h ,,ix-- #i ,x-- #aj ,,xi-- #aa ,,xii-- #ab ,,xiii-- #ac ,,xiv-- #ad ,,xv-- #ae ,,xvi-- #af ,,xvii-- #ag ,,xviii-- #ah ,,xix-- #ai ,,xx-- #bj ,,xxx-- #cj ,,xl-- #dj ,l-- #ej ,,lx-- #fj ,,lxx-- #gj ,,lxxx-- #hj ,,xc-- #ij ,c-- #ajj ,d-- #ejj ,m--#ajjj ,,popular ,,and ,,official ,,names ,,of ,,medicinal ,,preparations4 ,baking soda ,sodium bicarbonate4 ,sodii bicarbonas4 ,basham's mixture ,solution of iron and ,liquor ferri et ammonium acetate4 ammonii acetatis4 ,blaud's pills ,pills of iron carbonate4 ,pilul ferri carbonatis4 ,blue mass or ,mass of mercury4 ,massa hydrargyri4 blue pill4 ,blue ointment ,ointment of mercury4 ,unguentum hydrargyri4 ,borax ,sodium borate4 ,sodii boras4 ,brown mixture ,compound licorice ,mistura glycyrrhiz mixture4 composit4 ,calomel ,mild chlorid of mercury4 ,hydrargyri chloridum mite4 ,castor oil ,oleum ricini4 ,cod-liver oil ,oleum morrhu4 ,corrosive ,corrosive chlorid of ,hydrargyri chloridum sublimate4 mercury4 corrosivum4 ,cream-of-tartar ,potassium bitartrate4 ,potassii bitartras4 ,croton oil ,oleum tiglii4 ,dover's powder ,powder of ipecac and ,pulvis ipecacuanh opium4 et opii4 ,epsom salt ,magnesium sulphate4 ,magnesii sulphas4 ,fowler's solution ,solution of potassium ,liquor potassii arsenite4 arsenitis4 ,glauber's salt ,sodium sulphate4 ,sodii sulphas4 ,gum ,arabic ,acacia4 ,heroin ,diethylmorphin hydrochlorid4 ,hive syrup ,compound syrup of ,syrupus scill squills4 compositus4 ,hoffmann's ,compound spirit of ,spiritus theris anodyne4 ether4 compositus4 ,huxham's ,compound tincture of ,tinctura cinchon tincture4 cinchona4 composit4 ,jaborandi ,pilocarpus4 ,lady ,webster's ,pill of aloes and ,pilula aloes et pill4 mastic4 mastiches4 ,laudanum ,tincture of opium4 ,tinctura opii4 ,licorice powder ,compound licorice ,pulvis glycyrrhiz powder4 compositus4 ,lugol's solution ,compound solution of ,liquor iodi compositus4 iodin4 ,magendie's ,solution of morphin ,liquor morphin solution4 sulphate4 sulphatis4 ,male fern ,filix mas4 ,aspidium4 ,muriatic acid ,hydrochloric acid4 ,acidum hydrochloricum4 ,mustard ,sinapis4 ,nitroglycerin ,glonoin4 ,oil of ,oil of gaultheri4 ,oleum gaultheri4 wintergreen ,paregoric ,camphorated tincture ,tinctura opii of opium4 camphorata4 ,phenol ,carbolic acid4 ,acidum carbolicum4 ,prussic acid ,hydrocyanic acid4 ,acidum hydrocyanicum4 ,rochelle salt ,sodium and potassium ,sodii et potassii tartrate4 tartras4 ,salt ,common salt1 sodium ,sodii chloridum4 chlorid4 ,seidlitz powder ,compound effervescing ,pulvis effervescens powder4 compositus4 ,sweet spirit ,spirit of nitrous ether4 ,spiritus theris of niter4 nitrosi4 ,tartar emetic ,antimony and potassium ,antimonii et potassii tartrate4 tartras4 ,washing soda ,sodium carbonate4 ,sodii carbonas4 ,witch-hazel ,hamamelis4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,,troy ,,weight4 #bd grains #a dwt4 #bj dwts4 #a ounce4 #ab ounces #a pound4 ,used for weighing gold1 silver1 and jewels4 ,,apothecaries' ,,weight4 #bj grains #a scruple4 #c scruples #a dram4 #h drams #a ounce4 #ab ounces #a pound4 ,the ounce and pound in this are the same as in ,troy weight4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 #bg_/ grains #a dram4 #af drams #a ounce4 #af ounces #a pound4 #be pounds #a quarter4 #d quarters #a cwt4 #bjjj lbs4 #a short ton4 #bbdj lbs4 #a long ton4 ,,dry ,,measure4 #b pints #a quart4 #h quarts #a peck4 #d pecks #a bushel4 #cf bushels #a chaldron4 ,,liquid ,,measure4 #d gills #a pint4 #b pints #a quart4 #d quarts #a gallon4 #ca gallons #a barrel4 #b barrels #a hogshead4 ,,time ,,measure4 #fj seconds #a minute4 #fj minutes #a hour4 #bd hours #a day4 #g days #a week4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 or #ca days #a calendar month 7#cj days #a month in computing interest74 #cfe days #a year4 #cff days #a leap year4 ,,circular ,,measure4 #fj seconds #a minute4 #fj minutes #a degree4 #cj degrees #a sign4 #ij degrees #a quadrant4 #d quadrants #ab signs1 or #cfj degrees #a circle4 ,,long ,,measure4 #ab inches #a foot4 #c feet #a yard4 #e yards #a rod4 #dj rods #a furlong4 #h furlongs #a statute mile4 #c miles #a league4 ,,cloth ,,measure4 #b inches #a nail4 #d nails #a quarter4 #d quarters #a yard4 ,,mariners' ,,measure4 #f feet #a fathom4 #bj fathoms #a cable length4 #g ca4 lgth4 #a mile4 #ebhj feet #a stat4 mile4 #fjhe feet #a naut4 mile4 ,,miscellaneous4 #c inches #a palm4 #d inches #a hand4 #f inches #a span4 #ah inches #a cubit4 #ba4h in4 #a ,bible cubit4 #b feet #a military pace4 ,,square ,,measure4 #add sq4 in4 #a sq4 ft4 #i sq4 feet #a sq4 yd4 #cf sq4 yds4 #a sq4 rod4 #dj sq4 rods #a rood4 #d roods #a acre4 #fdj acres #a sq4 mile4 ,,numerical ,,table4 #ab things #a dozen4 #ab dozen #a gross4 #ab gross #a great gross4 #bj things #a score4 #bd sheets #a quire4 #bj quires1 or #dhj sheets #a ream4 ,,simple ,,fractions4 _/ of #ae #f #ae #aj #i _/ of #ae #c #ae #aj #d_/ _/ of #fj #c #fj #aj #ah _/ of #fj #f #fj #aj #cf ,,metric ,,system4 ,meter ,unit of length4 ,gram ,unit of weight4 ,liter ,unit of capacity4 ,,metric ,,measures ,,of ,,length ,,decreasing4 ,decimeter 7dm47 one-tenth1 4#a1 or _/ of a meter4 ,centimeter 7cm47 one-hundredth1 4#ja1 or _/ of a meter4 ,millimeter 7mm47 one-thousandth1 4#jja1 or _/ of a meter4 ,,metric ,,measures ,,of ,,length ,,increasing4 ,decameter 7,dm47 #aj meters4 ,hectometer 7,hm47 #ajj meters4 ,kilometer 7,km47 #ajjj meters4 ,,approximate ,,equivalents ,,of ,,metric ,,and ,,standard ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 #a meter #ci4cg inches4 #a centimeter inch4 #e centimeters #b inches4 #cj4e centimeters #ab 8 #a millimeter _/ inch4 #be millimeters #a 8 ,,metric ,,weights4 #a gram 7,gm47 weight of #a cubic centimeter of water4 #a decigram 7dg47 one-tenth1 #j4a1 or _/ of a gram4 #a centigram 7cg47 one-hundredth1 #j4ja1 or _/ of a gram4 #a milligram 7mg47 one-thousandth1 #j4jja1 or _/ of a gram4 #a ,decagram 7,dg47 #aj grams4 #a ,hectogram 7,hg47 #ajj grams4 #a ,kilogram 7,kg47 #ajjj grams4 ,,approximate ,,equivalents ,,of ,,metric ,,and ,,apothecaries' ,,weights4 #j4jja gram _/ grain4 #j4jjb 8 _/ 8 #j4jjh 8 _/ 8 #j4ja 8 _/ 8 #j4jfe 8 #a 8 #j4a 8 #a4e grains4 #j4b 8 #c 8 #j4e 8 #g4g 8 #a4j 8 #ae4d 8 #aj4j grams #aed 8 #ajj4j 8 #aedc 8 _/ grain #j4jjjfe gram4 _/ 8 #j4jjac 8 _/ 8 #j4jjb 8 _/ 8 #j4jjc 8 _/ 8 #j4jjfe 8 _/ 8 #j4jjh 8 _/ 8 #j4jaf 8 _/ 8 #j4jc 8 #a 8 #j4jfe 8 #aj 8 #j4fe 8 #ae 8 #a4j 8 ,,metric ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 #a liter 7l47 the measure of #ajjj grams of water4 #a deciliter 7dl47 _/ or #j4a of a liter1 or #ajj cubic centimeters4 #a centiliter 7cl47 _/ or #j4ja of a liter1 or #aj cubic centimeters4 #a milliliter 7ml47 _/ or #j4jja of a liter1 or #a cubic centimeter 7c4c474 #a decaliter 7,dl47 #aj liters4 #a hectoliter 7,hl47 #ajj liters4 ,,approximate ,,equivalents ,,of ,,metric ,,and ,,apothecaries' ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 #a liter #b pints4 #ajjj c4c4 #b pints4 #ajj c4c4 #c4d fluidounces4 #cj c4c4 #a fluidounce4 #aj c4c4 #b4g fluidrams4 #a c4c4 #af minims4 #a minim #j4jf c4c4 #aj minims #j4f c4c4 #bj minims #a4be c4c4 #cj minims #b4j c4c4 #a fluidram #c4ge c4c4 #b fluidrams #g4e c4c4 #a fluidounce #cj4j c4c4 #af fluidounces #dgd c4c4 ,,apothecaries ,,or ,,troy ,,weight4 #bj grains 7gr47 #a scruple 774 #c scruples 77 #a dram 774 #h drams 77 #a ounce 774 #ab ounces 77 #a pound 7lb474 ,,apothecaries' ,,or ,,wine ,,measure4 #fj minims 7m47 #a fluidram 7f74 #h fluidrams 7f7 #a fluidounce 7f74 #af fluidounces 7f7 #a pint 7,o74 #h pints 7,o74 #a gallon 7,cong474 ,,approximate ,,fluid ,,measures4 #a teaspoonful #a fluidram1 or fj4 #a dessertspoonful #b fluidrams1 or fij4 #a tablespoonful #d fluidrams1 or fiv4 #a wineglassful #b fluidounces1 or fij4 #a teacupful #d fluidounces1 or fiv4 ,,tables ,,for ,,percentage ,,of ,,solutions4 ,the following tables are sufficiently correct for practical purposes3 ,,apothecaries' ,,measure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,for #a ounce4 ,for #a pint4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a per cent4 7#a 3 #ajj7 #e ,m4 or #e grains #ge ,m4 or #ge grains #b 8 7#a 3 #ej7 #aj 8 #aj 8 #b drams #c 8 7#a 3 #cc7 #ae 8 #ae 8 #c 8 #d 8 7#a 3 #be7 #ai 8 #ai 8 #e 8 #e 8 7#a 3 #bj7 #bd 8 #bd 8 #f 8 #aj 8 7#a 3 #aj7 #dh 8 #dh 8 #ac 8 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,for #a quart4 ,for #a gallon4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a per cent4 7#a 3 #ajj7 #b drams #aj drams #b 8 7#a 3 #ej7 #e 8 #b ounces #c 8 7#a 3 #cc7 #g 8 #c oz4 and #f drams #d 8 7#a 3 #be7 #aj 8 #e ounces #e 8 7#a 3 #bj7 #ac 8 #f oz4 and #d drams #aj 8 7#a 3 #aj7 #bf 8 #ac ounces ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,metric ,,measure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #cj ,c4c4 #ejj ,c4c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a per cent 7#a 3 #ajj7 #j4cj gram #e4jj grams #b 8 7#a 3 #ej7 #j4fj 8 #aj4jj 8 #c 8 7#a 3 #cc7 #j4ij 8 #ae4jj 8 #d 8 7#a 3 #be7 #a4bj grams #bj4jj 8 #e 8 7#a 3 #bj7 #a4ej 8 #be4jj 8 #aj 8 7#a 3 #aj7 #c4jj 8 #ej4jj 8 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajjj ,c4c4 #d liters4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a per cent 7#a 3 #ajj7 #aj4jj grams #dj4jj grams #b 8 7#a 3 #ej7 #bj4jj 8 #hj4jj 8 #c 8 7#a 3 #cc7 #cj4jj 8 #abj4jj 8 #d 8 7#a 3 #be7 #dj4jj 8 #afj4jj 8 #e 8 7#a 3 #bj7 #ej4jj 8 #bjj4jj 8 #aj 8 7#a 3 #aj7 #ajj4jj 8 #djj4jj 8 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,solutions4 ,,to ,,make ,a #a3 #ejj ,,solution4 ,add #a gr4 or #a m4 to #a ounce of water4 ,add #ae 8 #ae 8 #a pint 8 ,add #cj 8 #cj 8 #a quart 8 ,add #abj 8 #abj 8 #a gallon 8 ,to make #a 3 #ajjj sol4 take #a part of #a4ejj sol4 and #a part water4 ,to make #a 3 #bjjj 8 #a 8 #a4ejj 8 #c parts water4 ,to make #a 3 #djjj 8 #a 8 #a4ejj 8 #g 8 ,to make #a 3 #ejjj 8 #a 8 #a4ejj 8 #i 8 ,to make a #a3 #ejj solution of formaldehyd add #ch minims of formalin 7a #dj per cent4 solution of formaldehyd7 to #a pint of water4 ,a ,,handy ,,solution ,,table ,,with ,,domestic ,,measures4 ,,solution4 ,,domestic ,,measure4 #a 3 #ajjj #a teaspoon to gallon4 of #a per cent4 #ae drops to quart4 #a 3 #ejj #b teaspoons to gallon4 of #a per cent4 #cj drops to quart4 #a 3 #bjj #e teaspoons to gallon4 of #a per cent4 #a teaspoons to quart4 #a 3 #ajj #b teaspoons to quart4 #a per cent4 #a teaspoons to pint4 #a 3 #ej #e teaspoons to quart4 #b per cent4 #b teaspoons to pint4 #a 3 #be #b tablespoons to quart4 #d per cent4 #e teaspoons to pint4 #a 3 #bj #c tablespoons to quart4 #e per cent4 #a tablespoons to pint4 ,,to ,,prepare ,a #a3 #ejj ,,solution4 ,there are #gfhj m4 in #a pint of solution 7water72 therefore we divide #gfhj by #ejj as follows3 #ejj7gfhj7ae m4 to #a pint of solution 7water74 #ejj -------- #bfhj #bejj -------- #ahjj #aejj -------- #cjj1 or of a m4 ,n4,b4--,divide the number of m4 in #a pint by the strength of the solution1 and then divide the result by the percentage of original strength of the article4 ,when original strength of solution is less than #ajj per cent41 as1 for example1 formaldehyd1 which is #dj per cent41 divide the quotient above resulting by the percentage of strength--viz43 #dj7aecf7ch m4 to #a pint of solution 7water74 #abj ------ #ccf #cbj ------ _/ 4 ,to get a _/ of a grain dose of any drug out of a solution of #fj minims containing _/ of a grain of that drug1 compute as follows3 _/ or #a grain #cb #fj1 or #aibj m4 _/ _/ of #aibj m4 #ajj7aibj7ai m4 #ajj ------ #ibj #ijj ------ #bj1 or m4 ,,rule4--,multiply the quantity of the solution on hand in minims by a number indicating the fractional amount of the drug therein contained1 and divide by a number indicating the fractional amount of the drug desired4 ,in #bj parts of solution we have #a part of carbolic acid4 ,in #a part 8 8 _/ 8 8 ,in #ajj parts 8 8 #ajj _/ #e pt4 8 ,so that _/ solution is a #e per cent4 carbolic acid solution4 #dj parts contain #a part of carbolic acid4 #a part contains _/ 8 8 #ajj parts contain #ajj _/ #b parts of carbolic acid4 ,so that _/ solution is a #b per cent4 carbolic acid solution4 ,,action1 ,,uses1 ,,and ,,doses ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,important ,,drugs4 ,acetanilid4--,this substance1 a derivative of anilin1 is used to lower temperature2 to relieve headaches and neuralgic pains2 and to allay spasm1 as in chorea and whooping-cough4 ,toxic doses cause lividity1 cold sweats1 ringing in the ears1 and heart failure4 ,the dose is from #e to #aj grains 7#j4c-j4f gm474 ,arsenic4--,arsenic is used internally as a tonic in anemia1 an alterative in chronic constitutional diseases1 as a special remedy in chorea1 and as an anti-malarial4 ,externally1 it is occasionally used as a caustic4 ,the indications of its too free use are puffiness under the eyes1 or griping pains in the abdomen1 with diarrhea4 ,toxic doses cause abdominal pain1 vomiting1 purging1 swelling of the face1 and collapse4 ,preparations of arsenic should be given after meals4 ,the dose of arsenous acid is from _/ to _/ grain 7#j4jjaf-j4jjcb gm472 of ,fowler's ,solution 7,liquor ,potassii ,arsenitis71 #a minim 7#j4jf c4c471 very gradually increased to #aj minims 7#j4f c4c474 ,aconite4--,this drug depresses the heart1 slows the pulse1 and lowers temperature4 ,externally1 it causes numbness and anesthesia4 ,internally1 it is employed chiefly as a heart sedative in hypertrophy of the heart1 and as a febrifuge in acute febrile disease when the pulse is strong and rapid4 ,locally1 it is sometimes employed in liniments in neuralgia and muscular rheumatism4 ,aconite is a powerful poison1 causing in overdoses tingling of the lips1 tongue1 and extremities1 cold sweat1 pallor1 a feeble pulse1 and collapse4 ,the dose of the tincture 7,tinctura ,aconiti7 is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c474 ,alcohol4--,in moderate cases alcohol stimulates the heart1 favors digestion1 and lessens tissue-waste4 ,for these reasons it is a useful remedy in low fevers1 like typhoid fever1 diphtheria1 and pneumonia4 ,on account of its prompt action1 it is a valuable circulatory stimulant in sudden heart failure4 ,it has been recently recommended also as an antidote in carbolic-acid poisoning4 ,externally1 it is used as a cleanser for the skin and as a stimulant application in the prevention of bed-sores4 ,preparations4--,wines are produced by the spontaneous fermentation of fruits4 ,the strongest are port1 ,madeira1 and sherry1 each of which contains about #bj per cent4 of alcohol4 ,the dose is from #d to #h drams 7#ae-cj c4c474 ,the weakest wines are the clarets and ,rhine wines1 which contain about #h per cent4 of alcohol4 ,the dose of these is from #a to #b ounces 7#cj-fj c4c474 ,champagne is prepared by adding sugar to an ordinary wine1 and allowing the mixture to ferment in corked bottles1 the carbon dioxid thus being retained4 ,it contains from #aj to #ab per cent4 of alcohol4 ,the dose is from #a to #b ounces 7#cj-fj c4c474 ,whisky is made by subjecting fermented grains to distillation4 ,rum is made by distilling fermented molasses4 ,gin is prepared by distilling fermented grain and adding oil of juniper berries to the distillate4 ,brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of a wine4 ,whisky1 rum1 gin1 and brandy contain from #dj to #ej per cent4 of alcohol4 ,the dose of each is from #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c474 ,beer1 ale1 and porter are made from an infusion of malt--that is1 fermented barley1 flavored with hops4 ,they each contain from #d to #f per cent4 of alcohol4 ,in large doses alcohol in any form causes mental excitement1 delirium1 loss of co-ordination1 and finally stupor and coma4 ,death may result from paralysis of the heart or respiration4 ,aloes4--,this is cathartic and stimulant1 and is given in chronic constipation1 amenorrhea1 and atonic dyspepsia4 ,the laxative dose is from to #b grains2 the purgative and emmenagogue dose is #b to #e grains4 ,ammonia4--,this is a gas employed medicinally in the form of a watery solution 7water of ammonia7 or an alcoholic solution 7spirit of ammonia74 ,these preparations are used internally as heart stimulants1 respiratory stimulants1 gastric antacids1 and externally as counterirritants4 ,the dose of the ,aromatic ,spirit 7,spiritus ,ammoni ,aromaticus7 is from to #a dram 7#b-d c4c471 well diluted4 ,large doses of ammonia preparations cause burning pain in the throat and abdomen1 vomiting1 purging1 and collapse4 ,antipyrin4--,this drug has about the same action and uses as acetanilid1 and may be given in the same dose4 ,antitoxin of ,diphtheria4--,this is obtained from healthy horses which have been rendered artificially immune to diphtheria from having received a prolonged course of treatment with diphtheria toxin in doses gradually increased4 ,the immunity is due to the formation in the blood of a substance which in some way counteracts the poison or toxin of the disease4 ,this substance is known as the antitoxin4 ,it exists in the serum of the blood1 and so far has not been separated from it4 ,the dose of the serum is measured in units1 a unit being ten times the amount of antitoxin required to save the life of a guinea-pig which has been injected with #ajj fatal doses of diphtheria toxin4 ,antitoxin acts both as a curative and a preventive remedy4 ,since its introduction the mortality of diphtheria has been reduced more than one-half4 ,the curative dose is from #bjjj to #ejjj units1 to be repeated in from six to twelve hours1 if necessary4 ,the prophylactic dose is #ejj units4 ,the protection afforded is only temporary1 lasting from two to three weeks4 ,the injections are sometimes followed by a rise of temperature1 pain in the joints1 or a cutaneous rash1 but these symptoms are without serious significance4 ,aspirin4--,this is acetyl-salicylic acid and is used like sodium salicylate in rheumatism and pleurisy1 and as an antipyretic and analgesic4 ,dose1 #e to #ae grains4 ,atropin4--,see ,belladonna4 ,belladonna4--,this drug owes its activity to the alkaloid atropin4 ,it is employed internally to stimulate the respiration2 to stimulate the circulation2 to allay local spasm1 as in asthma and whooping-cough2 to check excessive secretion1 as in the night-sweats of phthisis2 and to stimulate peristalsis in atonic constipation4 ,locally1 it is employed in the form of solutions of atropin to dilate the pupil of the eye1 and in the form of a liniment or plaster of belladonna as a sedative application in various inflammatory conditions4 ,toxic doses of belladonna cause dilatation of the pupils1 dryness of the throat1 quickening of the pulse and respiration1 delirium1 and a diffuse red rash resembling that of scarlatina4 ,the dose of atropin is from _/ to _/ grain 7#j4jjjdc-j4jjac gm472 of the ,tincture of ,belladonna 7,tinctura ,belladonn71 #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c472 of the ,extract of ,belladonna 7,extractum ,belladonn71 to grain 7#j4jjh-j4jaf gm474 ,bismuth4--,the insoluble preparations of the metal--subnitrate1 subcarbonate1 and subgallate--are used internally as mild antiseptics1 sedatives1 astringents1 and antacids in various inflammatory diseases of the stomach and bowel4 ,they are scarcely poisonous when taken internally in any amount4 ,the usual dose of any one of the preparations named is from #e to #cj grains 7#j4c-b gm47 in dry powder or stirred in milk or water4 ,bromids4--,the salts of bromin in common use are the bromids of potassium1 sodium1 ammonium1 and strontium4 ,the action of these is very similar4 ,they are especially useful as depressants to the central nervous system4 ,they are employed to produce sleep1 to check convulsions1 and to relieve headache and neuralgic pain4 ,large doses depress the heart and respiration4 ,the continued use of the bromids causes a condition known as bromism4 ,this is characterized by fetor of the breath1 a rash on the skin1 languor1 and somnolence4 ,the dose of the bromin salts is from #aj to #fj grains 7#j4f-d gm474 ,caffein4--,this is an alkaloid obtained from coffee4 ,it is a heart stimulant1 respiratory stimulant1 brain stimulant1 and kidney stimulant 7diuretic74 ,the dose is from #a to #e grains 7#j4jf-j4c gm474 ,calomel4--,see ,mercury4 ,carbolic ,acid4--,externally1 this acid is used in weak solutions 7#a 3 #dj to #a 3 #bj7 as an antiseptic1 and in concentrated form as a caustic4 ,weak solutions are also employed to allay itching in skin diseases4 ,internally1 carbolic acid is used as an antiseptic in dyspepsia and diarrhea4 ,applications of carbolic acid1 even when dilute1 should never be prolonged1 as they are liable to cause gangrene4 ,poisoning by carbolic acid is characterized by white patches on the lips1 the odor of the drug on the breath1 burning pain in the abdomen1 vomiting1 purging1 unconsciousness1 and collapse4 ,the dose is from to #c minims 7#j4jc-j4b c4c474 ,castor ,oil4--,this is an oil expressed from the seed of an ,east ,indian plant4 ,the seeds themselves are acrid poisons4 ,it is a mild purgative1 unloading the bowels very thoroughly in from four to six hours4 ,it may be given in flexible capsules1 in emulsion1 or with equal parts of lemon-juice and glycerin4 ,the dose is from to #a ounce 7#ae-cj c4c474 ,there are two simple methods of taking castor oil without producing nauseating effects4 ,have the patient wash out the mouth with water as hot as can be borne1 then swallow the oil1 and follow this by rinsing out the mouth well with hot water4 ,the other method is to hold a piece of ice in the mouth long enough to chill the lining membrane1 swallow the oil1 and rinse the mouth with ice-water4 ,chloral4--,this substance is an active depressant of the brain and spinal cord4 ,in large doses it also depresses the heart and respiration4 ,it is employed to produce sleep and to check convulsions4 ,the dose is from #aj to #cj grains 7#j4f-b gm47 in some agreeable syrup4 ,poisonous doses cause unconsciousness1 embarrassed breathing1 and collapse4 ,chloralamid4--,this is a comparatively safe and reliable hypnotic1 producing sleep without causing much depression of the heart or disagreeable after-effects4 ,the dose is from #aj to #cj grains 7#j4f-b gm471 well diluted4 ,hot liquids decompose it4 ,chloroform4--,this substance is employed by inhalation as a general anesthetic1 by the mouth as a sedative in colic1 neuralgia of the stomach1 and obstinate cough1 and externally in the form of liniment as a counterirritant in muscular rheumatism1 sprains1 etc4 ,as a general anesthetic it is more powerful than ether1 more readily inhaled1 but not so safe4 ,death from chloroform is usually the result of heart failure4 ,the dose of ,spirit of ,chloroform 7,spiritus ,chloroformi7 is from #e to #cj minims 7#j4c-b c4c472 of ,chloroform-water 7,aqua ,chloroformi71 #a to #h drams 7#d-cj c4c474 ,cinchona 7,peruvian ,bark74--,this is the bark of an evergreen tree growing in the tropics4 ,it owes its medicinal properties to quinin and cinchonin1 especially the former4 ,it is used as a general tonic1 as a stomachic1 as a febrifuge1 and as an anti-malarial4 ,large doses cause ringing in the ears1 headache1 deafness1 dimness of vision1 convulsions1 and coma4 ,the dose of quinin and its salts is from #a to #cj grains 7#j4jf-b gm472 of cinchonin1 #a to #cj grains 7#j4jf-b gm472 of the ,compound ,tincture of ,cinchona 7,huxham's ,tincture71 #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c474 ,cocain4--,this is the alkaloid of a shrub 7coca7 growing in ,south ,america4 ,applied to mucous membranes or raw surfaces1 or injected under the skin1 it blanches the part and produces anesthesia4 ,applied directly to the skin1 however1 it is without effect1 as it is not absorbed from the unbroken skin4 ,internally1 it is sometimes employed to stimulate the heart1 to stimulate the respiration1 and to allay vomiting4 ,its repeated use1 even as a local remedy1 is dangerous1 in that it is prone to cause a habit1 the symptoms of which are mental failure1 loss of flesh and strength1 anemia1 and intense craving for the drug4 ,the symptoms of acute cocain-poisoning are excitement1 delirium1 a rapid pulse1 hurried breathing1 convulsions1 and coma4 ,the dose of cocain is from to grain 7#j4jjh-j4jc gm474 ,as an anesthetic it is usually employed in from #b to #d per cent4 solutions4 ,a #b-;grain tablet of cocain1 dissolved in a teaspoonful of water1 makes a #b per cent4 solution2 a #d-;grain tablet1 in the same amount of water makes a #d per cent4 solution2 a #aj-;grain tablet in a like amount furnishes a #aj per cent4 solution4 ,these percentages are not mathematically correct1 but are sufficiently exact for any surgical purposes4 ,cod-liver ,oil4--,this is more of a food than a medicine4 ,it is preferable to other oils in being more readily digested4 ,when well borne by the stomach1 it is a valuable remedy in wasting diseases1 especially phthisis4 ,the dose is from #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c474 ,it may be given in emulsion1 in flexible capsules1 or pure1 dropped in the froth of porter4 ,it is best taken two hours after meals4 ,creasote4--,this is an oily substance obtained from the slow burning of beechwood4 ,it is chiefly used internally as an antiseptic in dyspepsia and diarrhea1 and as an expectorant in purulent bronchitis and phthisis4 ,large doses produce the same toxic effects as are observed in carbolic-acid poisoning4 ,the dose is from #b to #bj minims 7#j4a-a4b c4c47 in capsules1 in milk1 or in some bitter tincture1 like that of gentian4 ,the dose of creasote carbonate 7creosotal71 which is free from the unpleasant odor and taste of pure creasote1 is from #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c474 ,croton ,oil 7,oleum ,tiglii74--,this is an oil expressed from the seed of a small tree growing in ,asia4 ,locally it is an active vesicant2 internally it is a powerful purgative4 ,large doses cause severe inflammation of the stomach and bowels4 ,the dose is from #a to #b drops 7#j4jf-j4ab c4c47 in glycerin1 olive oil1 or bread-crumbs4 ,a bland vehicle is necessary to prevent the vesicating effect of the drug on the throat4 ,diluted with from #b to #d parts of olive oil1 and applied with friction1 it is sometimes used as a counterirritant in inflammatory diseases of the chest4 ,digitalis4--,this is a powerful circulatory stimulant1 strengthening the contractions of the heart1 constricting the peripheral blood-vessels1 and slowing the pulse4 ,by increasing the blood-pressure in the kidneys it also increases the flow of urine4 ,it is chiefly used as a stimulant in heart disease when there is failure of circulation1 and as a diuretic in various forms of dropsy4 ,the effects of the drug should be carefully watched2 too large doses cause marked slowing and irregularity of the pulse1 and a decrease rather than an increase in the urine4 ,the dose of powdered digitalis leaves is from to #b grains 7#j4jc-j4ac gm472 of the ,tincture 7,tinctura ,digitalis71 #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c472 of the infusion 7infusum digitalis71 #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c472 of digitalin1 an important principle of the leaves1 _/ to _/ grain 7#j4jjjfe-j4jja gm474 ,ergot4--,this is a fungus growing on rye4 ,it is employed to contract the blood-vessels in internal hemorrhage and to stimulate the uterine contractions in the second stage of labor when post-partum hemorrhage is feared4 ,its use in the early stage of labor to hasten delivery is dangerous1 since it may cause tetanic spasm of the uterus and asphyxiation of the child or even rupture of the uterus4 ,the dose of the ,extract of ,ergot 7,extractum ,ergot7 is from #a to #ae grains 7#j4jfe-a gm472 of the ,fluid ,extract 7,extractum ,ergot ,fluidum71 to #a dram 7#b-d c4c472 of the ,wine 7,vinum ,ergot71 #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c472 of ergotin1 a concentrated extract1 #b to #e grains 7#j4ac-j4c gm474 ,when given hypodermically abscess is likely to form1 even under the most strict antiseptic precautions4 ,ether4--,next to nitrous oxid1 this is the safest of the general anesthetics1 although it is not so readily inhaled as chloroform1 and is more apt to produce unpleasant after-effects1 such as nausea and vomiting4 ,the latter may sometimes be relieved by the inhalation of hot vinegar fumes4 ,death from ether is usually the result of asphyxia1 and not1 as in the case of chloroform1 from heart failure4 ,internally1 by the mouth or hypodermically1 ether is sometimes used as a circulatory stimulant in sudden heart failure4 ,great care should be exercised in handling ether in the neighborhood of lighted gas-jets1 as the vapor of the drug is highly inflammable4 ,ether should be stored in well-stoppered containers1 in a cool place1 remote from lights and fire4 ,the dose of ether as a circulatory stimulant is from #e to #cj minims 7#j4c-b c4c47 in ice-water or hypodermically4 ,formaldehyd4--,this gas is employed in the form of a #dj per cent4 solution 7formalin74 ,it is used as an antiseptic1 disinfectant1 and deodorant4 ,it is the best disinfectant for sick-rooms that we possess1 although on account of its lack of penetrating power it can not be used for disinfecting bedding1 stuffed furniture1 carpets1 books1 etc4 ,to be effective the gas must be generated from formalin in a special apparatus1 or from paraform tablets heated over a suitable lamp4 ,attempts to vaporize solution of formaldehyd from an open vessel placed on a stove are unsuccessful1 since this treatment converts most of the formaldehyd gas into crystals of paraform4 ,solutions of formalin--#a 3 #bjjj to #a 3 #ejj--;are sometimes used for irrigating suppurating cavities and disinfecting instruments4 ,a solution of #a part of formalin to #bj parts of water makes a good disinfectant for stools1 urine1 and sputa4 ,iodids4--,the salts of iodin--potassium1 sodium1 ammonium iodid--resemble each other in their action and uses4 ,they are used as alteratives in constitutional diseases1 like chronic rheumatism and gout1 as absorbents of exudates in chronic inflammatory diseases1 and as eliminants in chronic mineral poisoning4 ,their continued use occasions a group of symptoms--frontal headache1 nasal discharge1 sore throat1 and a cutaneous eruption--termed iodism4 ,the dose is from #e to #cj grains 7#j4c-b gm471 well diluted1 after meals4 ,iodoform4--,this drug owes its virtues to iodin1 of which it contains about #ej per cent4 ,when brought into contact with raw surfaces it exerts a mild anesthetic effect1 liberates its iodin1 and thereby acts as an antiseptic4 ,when applied too freely it may be absorbed and cause toxic effects--headache1 elevation of temperature1 restlessness1 a diffuse red rash on the face and limbs1 delirium1 stupor1 and collapse4 ,the unpleasant odor of the drug can be removed from the hands and from instruments by oil of turpentine4 ,ipecac4--,this drug is used as an emetic and expectorant4 ,as an emetic it is safe1 but somewhat slow in action4 ,it is especially useful in the young and feeble1 as it causes but little depression4 ,the dose of powdered ipecac1 as an emetic1 is from #bj to #cj grains 7#a4b-b gm472 of the ,syrup 7,syrupus ,ipecacuanh71 as an expectorant1 from #aj-fj minims 7#j4f-d c4c472 as an emetic1 from #b to #d drams 7#h-ae c4c472 of the wine1 as an expectorant1 from #aj to #cj minims 7#j4f-a4h c4c472 as an emetic1 #a dram 7#d c4c474 ,iron4 7,ferrum74--,the various preparations of iron are employed as tonics and astringents4 ,as tonics1 they are especially indicated in simple anemia2 as astringents they are employed locally in bleeding1 and1 internally1 in diarrhea4 ,the dose of ,reduced ,iron 7,ferrum ,reductum7 is from #a to #e grains 7#j4jf-j4c gm472 of the ,pills of ,iron ,carbonate or ,blaud's ,pills 7,pilul ,ferri ,carbonatis71 #a to #c pills2 of the ,tincture of ,ferric ,chlorid 7,tinctura ,ferri ,chloridi71 #e to #aj minims 7#j4c-j4f c4c472 of the ,solution of ,iron and ,ammonium ,acetate or ,basham's ,mixture 7,liquor ,ferri et ,ammonii ,acetatis71 #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c472 of the ,sulphate of ,iron 7,ferri ,sulphas71 #a-c grains 7#j4jf-j4b gm472 of the ,syrup of ,iodid of ,iron 7,syrupus ,ferri ,iodidi71 #e to #fj minims 7#j4c-d c4c474 ,the ,solution of ,iron ,subsulphate 7,monsel's solution7 is used only as a hemostatic1 and ,iron ,hydrate with ,magnesia as an antidote in arsenic-poisoning4 ,the dose of the latter is a tablespoonful every ten to fifteen minutes4 ,lead4--,the preparations of lead are used internally and externally as sedatives and astringents4 ,lead ,acetate 7,plumbi ,acetas7 is employed internally in diarrhea4 ,the dose is from #a to #c grains 7#j4jf-j4b gm471 in pill form4 ,the ,solution of ,lead ,subacetate 7,liquor ,plumbi ,subacetatis7 is employed externally4 ,diluted with from #e to #f parts of water it is used as a sedative application in ivy-poisoning and erysipelas4 ,the ,dilute ,solution of ,lead ,subacetate 7,liquor ,plumbi ,subacetatis ,dilutus7 is known as lead-water1 and is chiefly employed in making the sedative preparation known as lead-water and laudanum4 ,as usually dispensed it contains #a dram 7#d c4c47 of laudanum and #d drams 7#ae c4c47 of lead-water to #b ounces 7#fj c4c47 of water4 ,acute lead-poisoning is characterized by a burning pain in the abdomen1 a metallic taste in the mouth1 vomiting1 purging1 coma1 and collapse4 ,chronic lead-poisoning is characterized by anemia1 intestinal colic1 constipation1 a blue line on the gums 7deposit of lead sulphide71 and paralysis of the forearms 7wrist-drop74 ,magnesium ,sulphate 7,epsom ,salt74--,this salt is an excellent hydragogue cathartic1 producing in the course of a few hours copious watery stools4 ,it is also employed as an antidote in acute lead-poisoning and carbolic-acid poisoning4 ,to secure the most prompt and powerful cathartic effect the drug is best given before breakfast1 in a single dose1 and with but a small quantity of water4 ,dose1 from #a to #h drams 7#d-ca gm474 ,magnesium ,oxid 7,magnesia74--,this is a white1 tasteless1 and insoluble powder4 ,it is a cathartic1 but much milder in action than ,epsom salt4 ,dose1 from #aj to #fj grains 7#j4f-d gm474 ,magnesium ,citrate4--,an effervescing solution of this drug is much used as an agreeable laxative4 ,the dose is from #f to #ab ounces 7#ahj-cfj c4c474 ,mercury4--,the most important preparations of this metal are calomel1 blue mass1 corrosive sublimate1 oxid of mercury1 iodid of mercury1 nitrate of mercury1 and ointment of mercury4 ,calomel 7,hydrargyri ,chloridi ,mite74--,this preparation is employed internally as a cathartic and gastric sedative1 and externally as a stimulating and antiseptic dusting-powder4 ,as a cathartic its best effect is secured by giving it in doses of from to grain 7#j4jjf-j4ja gm47 every half-hour or hour1 until a grain has been taken4 ,in this way the whole amount ingested is absorbed4 ,when large doses are employed much of the drug escapes absorption4 ,blue ,mass or ,blue ,pill 7,massa ,hydrargyri74--,this is a mixture of mercury1 glycerin1 honey1 and licorice4 ,its action is much like that of calomel4 ,corrosive ,sublimate or ,bichlorid of ,mercury 7,hydrargyri ,chloridum ,corrosivum74--,although irritant1 toxic1 and destructive to instruments1 no other drug has supplanted this salt as an antiseptic for use in general surgery4 ,the following are the strengths of the solutions usually employed for various purposes3 for the skin1 #a 3 #ajjj to #a 3 #ejj2 for wounds1 #a 3 #aj1jjj to #a 3 #bjjj2 for cavities of the body1 #a 3 #bj1jjj to #a 3 #ejjj4 ,corrosive sublimate is not a good disinfectant for stools1 sputa1 etc41 as it forms an impenetrable coagulum on the outside of the mass4 ,internally1 corrosive sublimate is used as an alterative in constitutional diseases in doses of _/ to _/ of a grain 7#j4jja-j4jje gm474 ,oxid of ,mercury4--,this appears in two forms--yellow oxid and red oxid4 ,both preparations are employed externally in the form of ointments for their alterative properties4 ,iodid of ,mercury4--,this salt occurs in two forms3 ,red ,iodid or ,biniodid 7,hydrargyri ,iodidum ,rubrum7 and ,yellow or ,green ,iodid 7,hydrargyri ,iodidum ,flavum74 ,the first is an irritating preparation1 somewhat resembling corrosive sublimate in its action2 the latter is comparatively unirritating1 and is much used internally as an alterative4 ,the dose of the red iodid is from _/ to _/ grain 7#j4jja-j4jje gm472 of the yellow or green iodid1 _/ to grain 7#j4jjf-j4jc gm474 ,nitrate of ,mercury4--,this preparation is used in the form of a solution 7,liquor ,hydrargyri ,nitratis7 as a powerful caustic4 ,ointment of ,mercury1 or ,blue ,ointment 7,unguentum ,hydrargyri74--,this is an ointment of metallic mercury4 ,it is used as a stimulant and absorbent application in chronic inflammatory swellings1 as a parasiticide in certain skin diseases1 and by inunction in syphilis4 ,when used for the latter purpose about a dram 7#d gm47 should be rubbed in the axilla1 groin1 or inner surface of the arm or thigh daily1 a different region being selected each time1 so as to avoid irritation of the skin4 ,mercurial ,poisoning4--,patients taking mercury continuously1 even in small doses1 should be carefully watched1 as symptoms of ptyalism or salivation sometimes arise very speedily4 ,this condition is manifested by fetor of the breath1 soreness of the teeth when the jaws are brought together1 increased flow of saliva1 redness and swelling of the gums1 and finally by ulceration of the tissues1 loss of the teeth1 and necrosis of the jaw bones4 ,on the slightest evidence of these symptoms the drug should be suspended1 and the mouth washed out frequently with a solution of hydrogen peroxid 7#a 3 #d7 or of potassium chlorate 7#a dram to #h ounces of water74 ,the ingestion of a single large dose of an irritant salt of mercury1 such as the bichlorid or biniodid1 gives rise to severe burning pain in the abdomen1 vomiting1 bloody purging1 and collapse4 ,nitroglycerin4--,this drug is a depressant to the central nervous system1 a heart stimulant1 and a dilator of the peripheral blood-vessels4 ,it is useful in certain local spasms 7asthma71 in heart failure1 and in neuralgia of the heart4 ,owing to its action in dilating the vessels1 it sometimes causes1 even in small doses1 headache1 dizziness1 and flushing of the face4 ,the dose of nitroglycerin is from _/ to _/ of a grain 7#j4jjjc-j4jjac gm474 ,the dose of the #a per cent4 alcoholic solution 7,spiritus ,glonoini7 is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c474 ,the latter should be kept in well-stoppered bottles1 in a cool place1 remote from lights or fire4 ,nux ,vomica4--,this is the seed of an ,east ,indian tree4 ,its activity depends upon an alkaloid strychnin4 ,it is a general stimulant1 acting especially upon the spinal cord1 respiratory center1 heart1 stomach1 and intestine4 ,it is employed in a great variety of affections in which there is deficient functional activity4 ,the limit of tolerance is indicated by restlessness1 stiffness of the neck muscles1 and jerking of the limbs4 ,toxic doses cause violent spasms closely resembling those of lock-jaw or tetanus4 ,the convulsions of strychnin-poisoning1 however1 come and go1 the muscles being completely relaxed in the intervals1 and1 moreover1 they rarely involve the muscles of the jaw4 ,the dose of the ,tincture of ,nux ,vomica 7,tinctura ,nucis ,vomic7 is from #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c472 of the ,extract of ,nux ,vomica 7,extractum ,nucis ,vomic71 to grain 7#j4ja-j4jaf gm472 of ,strychnin ,sulphate 7,strychnin ,sulphas71 _/ to _/ of a grain 7#j4jja-j4jjc gm474 ,opium4--,this is the dried juice of a species of poppy growing in ,asia4 ,it contains several alkaloids1 the chief of which are morphin and codein4 ,from morphin are prepared artificially two alkaloids--apomorphin and heroin4 ,opium depresses the brain1 depresses the respiration1 stimulates the heart slightly1 lessens the peristaltic movements of the bowel1 and diminishes all secretions1 except the sweat4 ,it is employed to induce sleep1 to relieve pain1 to allay cough1 to check diarrhea1 and to promote perspiration4 ,opium-poisoning is marked by three stages3 the first stage is short and characterized by mental exhilaration2 in the second stage the pupils are greatly contracted 7pin-point71 the respirations are slow1 the pulse is slow and full1 and there is deep stupor4 ,in the third stage the patient can no longer be aroused 7coma71 the respiration becomes shallow and irregular1 the pulse becomes rapid and weak1 the pupils finally dilate1 and the patient dies from failure of the respiration4 ,even after small doses of opium many patients suffer from headache and nausea4 ,children are much more sensitive to its action than adults4 ,morphin resembles opium in action1 but is more powerful1 less nauseating1 and less constipating4 ,codein is less powerful as a hypnotic and less depressing than morphin4 ,the dose of opium is from to #a grain 7#j4jc-j4fe gm472 of the ,extract of ,opium 7,extractum ,opii71 to grain 7#j4jjh-j4jc gm472 of the ,tincture of ,opium or ,laudanum 7,tinctura ,opii71 #aj to #bj minims 7#j4f-a4b c4c472 of the ,camphorated ,tincture of ,opium or ,paregoric 7,tinctura ,opii ,camphorata71 to #d drams 7#b-ae c4c472 of ,dover's ,powder 7,pulvis ,ipecacuanh et opii71 #e to #aj grains 7#j4c-j4f gm472 of morphin and its salts 7sulphate1 hydrochlorate1 etc471 to grain 7#j4jjh-j4jc gm471 and of codein1 to #a grain 7#j4jc-j4jf gm474 ,heroin is chiefly used to allay cough4 ,the dose is from _/ to of a grain 7#j4jje-j4jjh gm474 ,apomorphin is employed as an emetic and as an expectorant in bronchitis4 ,the dose as an emetic is from to of a grain 7#j4jjf-j4ja gm471 always hypodermically2 the dose as an expectorant is from _/ to _/of a grain 7#j4jjc-j4jjf gm471 always by the mouth4 ,paraldehyd4--,this is an oily liquid1 having a peculiar unpleasant odor and taste4 ,it is used chiefly as a hypnotic4 ,while comparatively safe and reliable1 its disagreeable taste and persistent odor on the breath detract from its usefulness4 ,the dose is from to #a dram 7#b-d c4c471 in some pleasant vehicle4 ,phenacetin4--,this anilin derivative has properties very similar to those of acetanilid1 and is used for the same purposes4 ,dose1 #e to #aj grains 7#j4c-j4f gm474 ,physostigma4--,this is the seed of a climbing plant growing in ,africa4 ,its activities depend upon an alkaloid known as eserin or physostigmin4 ,it depresses the spinal cord1 stimulates the peristaltic movements of the bowel1 and1 when applied to the eye1 contracts the pupil4 ,it is employed to check certain convulsions 7tetanus and strychnin-poisoning71 to overcome atonic constipation1 and1 locally1 to contract the pupils4 ,the dose of the ,tincture of ,physostigma 7,tinctura ,physostigmatis7 is from #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c472 of the ,extract of ,physostigmatis 7,extractum ,physostigmatis71 _/ to of a grain 7#j4jje-j4ja gm472 of eserin or physostigmin and its salts1 _/ to _/ of a grain 7#j4jjjd-j4jjac gm474 ,pilocarpus1 or ,jaborandi4--,this is the leaves of a ,south ,american plant4 ,its virtues depend entirely upon an alkaloid known as pilocarpin4 ,the chief action of the drug is on the secretions--sweat1 saliva1 and urine--which it markedly increases4 ,large doses depress the circulation4 ,locally1 in the eye1 it contracts the pupil like eserin4 ,it is mainly employed internally as a diaphoretic in ,bright's disease and dropsical conditions4 ,the dose of the ,fluid ,extract 7,extractum ,pilocarpi ,fluidum7 is from #bj to #fj minims 7#a4e-d c4c472 of pilocarpin and its salts1 to grain 7#j4jjh-j4jc gm474 ,the latter are usually administered hypodermically4 ,quinin4--,see ,cinchona4 ,salicylates4--,these salts are employed in medicine chiefly as antirheumatic remedies4 ,their manner of action1 however1 is unknown4 ,they are also used1 both internally and externally1 to some extent as antiseptics4 ,large doses cause ringing in the ears1 headache1 deafness1 nausea1 and a greenish discoloration of the urine4 ,the dose of salicylic acid or its salts 7ammonium1 sodium1 strontium7 is from #e to #bj grains 7#j4c-a4c gm472 of ,oil of ,gaultheria 7,methyl ,salicylate71 #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c474 ,these preparations should be given after meals1 well diluted4 ,the following remedies have properties like the salicylates1 but are less powerful and less irritant to the stomach3 ,salol1 dose1 #e to #bj grains 7#j4c-a4c gm472 salophen1 #e to #cj grains 7#j4c-b gm472 aspirin1 #e to #bj grains 7#j4c-a4c gm474 ,senna4--,this is a purgative cholagogue and is used in the constipation of children and pregnant women4 ,dose1 in substance1 #e to #bj grains2 in fluidextract or tincture1 #a to #d fluidrams4 ,silver4--,the most important salt of this metal is the nitrate4 ,locally1 in concentrated form1 the latter is a caustic2 in dilute form it is a sedative1 astringent1 and antiseptic4 ,internally1 in small doses1 silver nitrate is useful as an astringent and antiseptic in inflammatory and ulcerative conditions of the stomach and bowel4 ,the prolonged use of the drug1 even in small doses1 is followed by a permanent grayish discoloration of the skin 7argyria7 from the precipitation of the metal in the tissues4 ,toxic doses of silver nitrate cause burning pain in the abdomen1 vomiting of white1 curdy matter1 and bloody purging4 ,the dose of silver nitrate is from to of a grain 7#j4ja-j4c gm471 usually in pill form4 ,several combinations of metallic silver with albumin are much used as antiseptics and astringents in inflammatory diseases of mucous membranes4 ,they have advantage over silver nitrate in being less irritating and in not being decomposed by the juices of the tissues4 ,the most important of these organic compounds are protargol and argyrol4 ,they are usually applied in solutions of from #a to #aj per cent4 ,a soluble form of metallic silver is also employed in the form of #ae per cent4 ointment1 known as ,cred's ointment4 ,it is recommended as an antiseptic in various infectious diseases4 ,spartein4--,this is an alkaloid from the broom plant4 ,it is used to some extent as a heart tonic and diuretic in doses of from to grain 7#j4jae-j4jc gm474 ,strophanthus4--,this is the seed of a climbing plant growing in ,africa4 ,its action very closely resembles that of digitalis1 for which it is sometimes substituted4 ,the dose of the tincture 7,tinctura ,strophanthi7 is from #c to #aj minims 7#j4b-j4f c4c474 ,sulphonal4--,this artificial compound is used almost entirely as a hypnotic4 ,in single doses it is comparatively safe and reliable1 but slow in its action4 ,languor1 headache1 and drowsiness not infrequently follow its use4 ,the repeated administration of sulphonal over several days or weeks is distinctly dangerous1 being often followed by chronic poisoning4 ,the latter is marked by a red coloration of the urine1 colicky pains1 profound depression1 weakness1 and collapse4 ,the dose of sulphonal is from #aj to #cj grains 7#j4f-b gm474 ,it is best given in hot tea or hot milk1 one or two hours before bedtime4 ,tannic ,acid1 ,tannin4--,this is employed externally as an astringent and styptic1 and internally as an astringent in atonic diarrheas4 ,it is used in the form of a gargle or in troches in relaxed conditions of the throat1 in solution to prevent bed-sores1 and in the form of ointment or suppositories for the relief of internal piles4 ,dose1 #a to #aj grains4 ,trional4--,this remedy resembles sulphonal in action1 and is used for the same purpose4 ,it may also be given in the same dose and manner as sulphonal4 ,urotropin4--,this compound1 prepared by the action of ammonia on formaldehyd1 is employed as a powerful urinary antiseptic in doses of from #c to #e grains 7#j4b-j4c gm474 ,large doses may cause pain in the bladder1 frequent urination1 and bloody urine4 ,veratrum ,viride4--,this is the root of a ,north ,american herb4 ,its action resembles that of aconite in that it depresses the heart and slows the pulse4 ,it is1 however1 more nauseating than aconite1 and when locally applied does not cause numbness1 tingling1 and anesthesia4 ,large doses cause vomiting1 muscular weakness1 dizziness1 sweating1 failure of pulse1 and collapse4 ,it is used as a sedative in acute inflammatory diseases to subdue overaction of the heart4 ,the dose of the tincture of veratrum viride 7tinctura veratri viridis7 is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c474 ,,dosage4 ,the following general rules will aid the student in remembering the safe dose of many important preparations3 #a4 ,tinctures of very active drugs1 such as opium1 digitalis1 belladonna1 physostigma1 nux vomica1 gelsemium1 arnica1 and capsicum may be given in doses of from #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4b c4c471 except the tinctures of aconite1 veratrum viride1 iodin1 and cantharides1 the dose of which is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c474 #b4 ,tincture of less active drugs1 such as gentian1 calumba1 krameria1 quassia1 valerian1 cinchona1 kino1 may be given in doses of from to #a dram 7#b-d c4c474 #c4 ,solid extracts of active drugs may be given in doses of from to of a grain 7#j4ja-j4jaf gm474 #d4 ,solid extracts of less active drugs may be given in doses of from to #e grains 7#j4jc-j4c gm47 or more4 #e4 ,dilute acids 7hydrochloric1 nitric1 nitrohydrochloric1 sulphuric7 may be given in doses of from #e to #bj minims 7#j4c-a4c c4c471 except dilute hydrocyanic acid1 the dose of which is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c474 #f4 ,all medicated syrups1 except the syrup of iodid of iron and the compound syrup of squill1 may be given in doses of #a to #b drams 7#d-h c4c47 or more4 #g4 ,all infusions may be given in doses of to #a ounce 7#ae-cj c4c47 or more1 except the infusion of digitalis1 the dose of which is from #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c474 #h4 ,all official mixtures may be given in doses of from #a to #d drams 7#d-ae c4c474 #i4 ,all spirits may be given in doses up to #a dram 7#d c4c471 except the spirit of nitroglycerin 7glonoin71 the dose of which is from #a to #e minims 7#j4jf-j4c c4c471 the spirit of phosphorus1 the dose of which is from #e to #ae minims 7#j4c-a c4c471 and the spirit of bitter almond1 the dose of which is from #e to #aj minims 7#j4c-j4f c4c474 #aj4 ,all waters 7aqu7 may be given in doses up to #a ounce 7#cj c4c471 except aqua ammoni1 aqua chlori1 and aqua laurocerasi 7cherry-laurel71 the dose of which is about dram 7#b c4c474 #aa4 ,volatile or essential oils may be given in doses up to #e minims 7#j4c c4c47 or more1 except the oil of bitter almond1 the dose of which is from to minim 7#j4jae-j4jc c4c474 ,,to ,,ascertain ,,doses ,,of ,,medicine ,,for ,,children4 ,the following rule of ,young is sufficiently accurate for most drugs3 ,add #ab to the age and divide by the age to get the denominator of the fraction1 the numerator of which is #a4 ,thus1 for a child of two years1 #b #ab ------ #g1 and the dose is of that for an adult4 #b ,for children up to twelve months of age1 ,young's rule may be worked out as follows3 ,add #add to the age in months1 which sum becomes the denominator of the fraction1 the numerator of which is the child's age4 ,thus1 for a baby of eight months1 #h #h ------ ----1 or _/ of an adult's dose2 #h #add #aeb for a baby of six months1 #f #f ------ ----1 or _/ of an adult's dose4 #f #add #aej ,the following table1 based on ,young's rule1 is sufficiently accurate in ordinary cases1 and its use will avoid the necessity of mathematic calculations on the part of the physician3 ,child aged one month _/ of an adult's dose4 8 8 two months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 three months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 four months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 five months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 six months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 seven months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 eight months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 nine months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 ten months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 eleven months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 twelve months _/ 8 8 8 8 8 two years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 three years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 four years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 five years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 six years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 seven years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 eight years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 nine years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 ten years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 eleven years _/ 8 8 8 8 8 twelve years _/ 8 8 8 ,of powerful narcotics1 such as opium1 scarcely more than one-half of this proportion should be used4 ,in the case of mild cathartics1 however1 two or even three times this proportion may be given4 ,,the ,,dose ,,of ,,drugs ,,administered ,,subcutaneously ,,and ,,by ,,the ,,rectum4 ,the dose of a drug given hypodermically is usually about one-half the quantity given by the mouth1 while twice as large a dose is generally given by the rectum as would be given by the mouth4 ,,proper ,,time ,,to ,,take ,,medicines4 ,alkalis should be given before food4 ,iodin and iodids should be given on an empty stomach1 when they rapidly diffuse into the blood4 ,if given during digestion the acids and starch alter and weaken the digestion4 ,acids1 as a rule1 should be given between the digestive acts1 because the mucous membrane of the stomach is in a favorable condition for the diffusion of the acids into the blood4 ,acids may be given before food when prescribed to check the excessive formation of the acids of the gastric juice4 ,by giving it before meals you check the osmosis stomachward of the acid-forming materials4 ,irritating and dangerous drugs should be given directly after food1 such as the salts of arsenic1 copper1 zinc1 and iron1 except where local conditions require their administration in small doses before food4 ,oxid and nitrate of silver should be given after process of digestion is ended2 if given during food1 chemic reactions destroy or impair their special attributes and defeat the object for which they were prescribed4 ,metallic salts1 especially corrosive sublimate1 also tannin and pure alcohol1 impair the digestive power of the active principle of the gastric juice1 so should appear in the stomach during its period of inactivity4 ,malt extracts1 cod-liver oil1 phosphates1 etc41 should be given with or directly after food1 so that they may enter the blood with the products of digestion4 ,,poisons ,,and ,,antidotes4 ,general ,treatment4--,eliminate if possible by emetics1 as zinc sulphate1 #aj to #bj grains2 copper sulphate1 #e grains2 or hypodermic injection of apomorphin1 grain4 ,use stomach-pump or -tube where vomiting cannot be produced1 observing great care if irritant poison has caused injury to tissues4 ,in cardiac failure give stimulants4 ,in narcosis keep patient awake4 ,in threatened paralysis of respiratory movements use alternate hot and cold spray to chest1 slapping1 and artificial respiration4 ,ammonia1 atropin1 caffein1 and strychnin are useful respiratory stimulants4 ,acetanilid4--,emetic2 rest in recumbent position2 stimulants--ammonia and strychnin2 artificial respiration2 oxygen inhalations2 external heat4 ,acid1 ,carbolic4--,alcohol or ,epsom salt as an antidote4 ,three or four ounces of diluted alcohol1 followed by lavage with a solution of ,epsom salt2 external heat2 demulcents2 stimulants hypodermically4 ,acid1 ,hydrocyanic4--,fresh air2 artificial respiration2 oxygen inhalations2 ammonia by inhalation and by intravenous injection4 ,acid1 ,oxalic4--,chalk or lime as an antidote2 demulcents1 like oil or egg-albumin4 ,acids1 ,mineral4--,chalk1 magnesia1 soap1 or white-wash from wall to neutralize poison2 demulcent drinks--bland oils or egg-white2 stimulants hypodermically4 ,aconite4--,recumbent position2 empty stomach with pump with patient flat on back2 external heat2 stimulants--alcohol1 ammonia1 strychnin--hypodermically4 ,ammonia4--,vinegar with lemon-juice to neutralize the poison2 white of egg or oil to allay irritation4 ,anilin ,dyes4--,give plenty of warm water to induce emesis2 place patient in recumbent position2 loosen clothing and permit free circulation of fresh air4 ,antimony 7,tartar ,emetic74--,tannic acid as an antidote2 use stomach-pump2 external heat2 stimulants4 ,antipyrin4--,same as ,acetanilid4 ,arsenic4--,stomach-pump or an emetic2 freshly precipitated ferric hydrate 7tablespoonful every ten minutes7 made by adding magnesia to any iron solution2 demulcents--oil or egg-albumin4 ,atropin4--,same as ,belladonna4 ,belladonna4--,emetic or stomach-pump2 tannic acid as an antidote2 cold to head2 enema of warm black coffee4 ,camphor4--,empty the stomach2 apply a hot-water bag to the abdomen1 and stimulate the patient if necessary4 ,cantharides4--,emetic or stomach-pump2 egg-white2 mucilaginous drinks in abundance2 avoid all oily substances4 ,chloroform4--,withdrawal of drug2 lowering of head2 pulling tongue forward2 artificial respiration2 stimulants--strychnin1 digitalis1 ammonia4 ,cocain4--,empty the stomach by means of the stomach-pump or an emetic4 ,stimulate patient and administer artificial respiration4 ,colchicum4--,stomach-pump or emetic2 external heat2 white of egg2 stimulants2 opium for pain4 ,copper ,sulphate4--,yellow prussiate of potassium1 soap1 or magnesia2 milk and albumin freely2 opium for pain4 ,corrosive ,sublimate4--,white of egg freely2 milk2 emetic or stomach-pump2 opium for pain4 ,creosote4--,same as ,carbolic acid4 ,croton ,oil4--,emetic2 mucilaginous drinks2 opium4 ,cyanide of ,potassium4--,same as ,hydrocyanic acid4 ,digitalis4--,recumbent position2 stomach-pump with patient recumbent2 external heat2 tannic acid4 ,elaterium4--,emetic2 external heat2 demulcents2 opium4 ,ergot4--,empty stomach2 copious drafts of warm water1 coffee1 or tea2 quick purgative 7croton oil72 place patient in recumbent position2 give hot sponge-bath and apply friction to the body4 ,gas1 ,illuminating4--,fresh air2 artificial respiration2 oxygen inhalations2 injections of ammonia and strychnin4 ,iodin4--,starch-paste as an antidote2 emetic2 external heat2 demulcents2 opium4 ,lead ,salts4--,epsom salt as antidote2 emetic2 milk or egg-white4 ,lobelia4--,external heat2 tannic acid2 stomach-pump2 stimulants4 ,matches4--,same as ,phosphorus4 ,morphin4--,same as ,opium4 ,mushroom1 poisonous 7,toad-stools74--,emetics2 atropin 7_/ gr47 hypodermically2 castor oil2 stimulants4 ,nux ,vomica4--,same as ,strychnin4 ,opium4--,stomach-pump or emetic2 repeated lavage2 black coffee enema2 potassium permanganate 7#e gr47 in tumblerful of water1 or tannic acid as an antidote2 keep patient awake with cold affusions or electric brush2 artificial respiration2 respiratory stimulants--atropin1 ammonia1 strychnin1 cocain1 caffein4 ,phenacetin4--,same as ,acetanilid4 ,phosphorus4--,copper sulphate as an emetic2 dilute peroxid of hydrogen or potassium permanganate as an antidote2 ,epsom salt as a purge2 avoid all oils and fatty substances4 ,potassa or ,soda 7,lye74--,vinegar or lemon-juice as an antidote2 oils or egg-white2 opium4 ,ptomain ,poisoning4--,empty the stomach by means of the stomach-pump or by an emetic4 ,apply a hot-water bag to the abdomen4 ,give opium or morphin to allay the pain and check diarrhea4 ,give a large dose of castor oil4 ,rat ,poison4--,this usually contains arsenic or phosphorus 7q4 v474 ,silver ,nitrate4--,solution of common salt as antidote2 emetic2 demulcent drinks4 ,silver nitrate stains on the skin may be whitened and their removal much expedited by the application of a solution made according to the following formula3 ,mercury bichlorid1 gr4 v2 ,ammonium chlorid1 gr4 v2 ,aqua1 ij4 ,stramonium4--,same as ,belladonna4 ,strychnin4--,absolute quiet2 if convulsions have begun1 do not use stomach-pump unless the patient first be etherized2 tannic acid as antidote2 inhalations of chloroform or amyl nitrite for convulsions2 potassium bromid 7j7 and chloral 7gr4 xxx7 by mouth or rectum4 ,tobacco4--,emetic2 external heat2 stimulants4 ,,antidotes4 #a4 ,albumen1 ,egg-white4--,dissolve #d egg-whites in #a quart of warm water4 #b4 ,milk1 ,fatty ,oils1 ,mucilaginous ,substances4--,substitutes for albumen4 #c4 ,castile ,soap4--,dissolve in plenty of water2 substitute for albumen4 #d4 ,tannic ,acid1 ,coffee1 ,tea4--,to precipitate various alkaloids4 #e4 ,vinegar1 ,diluted ,mineral ,acids4--,to neutralize alkalies and alkaline salts4 #f4 ,emetics4--7#a7 ,zinc sulphate1 grs4 v-xv1 repeated twice if necessary at fifteen-minute intervals1 or until emesis is produced4 7#b7 ,mustard1 j-iv1 stirred to a cream with warm water4 7#c7 ,ipecac1 gr4 xv2 repeat if necessary in fifteen minutes4 7#d7 ,tartar emetic1 gr4 1 in sweetened water for children4 ,note4--,in all poison cases loosen clothing instantly and permit free circulation of fresh air2 protect body with warm blankets2 do not use pump or give emetics if acid has been taken in concentrated form2 secure necessary drugs so that medication may be given at once upon direction of physician in charge4 ,,miscellaneous ,,formul4 ,,semmola',s ,,mixture4 ,sodium iodid1 gr4 xv2 ,sodium phosphate1 gr4 xxx2 ,sodium chlorid1 gr4 cx2 ,aqua1 xxxvj4 ,a diuretic and laxative mixture4 ,,normal ,,salt ,,solution4 ,stock salt solution is kept for the purpose of making normal salt solution quickly and accurately4 ,use sodium chlorid 7common salt7 dried sufficiently to granulate4 ,stock ,salt ,solution by ,weight4 ,sodium chlorid1 jss 7#dg gm472 ,water1 fviij 7#bcg c4c474 ,boil in a closed vessel fifteen minutes4 ,when cold make up with sterile water to fj-viij4 ,strain through sterile cotton into a sterile bottle1 and keep tightly corked4 ,normal salt solution should contain #ij grains of salt in #a quart 7#a ,l47 of water4 ,normal ,salt ,solution4 ,stock salt solution1 fj 7#cj c4c472 ,sterile water1 ,oij 7#a ,l474 ,salt ,solution4 ,distilled water1 ,oiv2 ,purified salt1 xij4 ,,carbolic ,,acid ,,solution 7#e ,,per ,,cent474 ,cold sterile water1 gal4 j2 ,carbolic acid 7#ie per cent471 iv4 #a3 #bj ,,solution ,,glycerin ,,formaldehyd4 ,sterile glycerin1 viss 7#bc c4c472 ,solution formaldehyd1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c474 ,,solution 7#a3 #ajjj7 ,,of ,,bichlorid ,,of ,,mercury 7,,corrosive ,,sublimate74 ,mercury bichlorid or corrosive sublimate1 gr4 xv 7#a gm472 ,common salt1 gr4 xv 7#a gm472 ,sterile water1 ,oij 7#a ,l474 ,the salt in this formula is added to prevent decomposition of the mercurial salt by the albuminous juices of the tissues4 ,,alkaline ,,solution ,,of ,,cyanid ,,of ,,mercury4 ,some surgeons recommend cyanid of mercury in solutions of #a3 #ajjj or #a3 #bjjj in place of the bichlorid of mercury4 ,it is a powerful antiseptic that does not coagulate albumin1 irritate the tissues1 or attack metals4 ,mercury cyanid1 gr4 viiss 7#j4e gm472 ,sodium borate1 gr4 xv 7#a gm474 ,these tablets are made to correspond to bichlorid tablets4 ,compressed tablets1 each containing #g grains 7#j4dh gm47 of corrosive sublimate with tartaric acid1 are also in common use4 ,one of these added to #a pint of water makes a solution of #a3 #ajjj4 ,,saturated ,,boric ,,or ,,boracic-,,acid ,,solution4 ,boric acid crystals1 jss 7#dg gm472 ,hot sterile water1 ,oij 7#a ,l474 ,this solution may also be made by putting an excess of the crystals into the water1 then sterilizing by boiling twenty minutes and straining through sterile cotton4 ,,solution ,,of ,,potassium ,,permanganate4 ,this substance is used in a solution of royal blue or purple color1 which should be freshly made4 ,place a few crystals in a piece of sterile gauze1 and suspend in sterile water of the required quantity and temperature until the right color is obtained4 ,,iodin ,,solution4 ,this solution is made by adding to sterile water of the required temperature sufficient tincture of iodin to make the color of sherry wine4 ,add the iodin a few drops at a time1 stirring until the sherry color is produced4 ,,solutions ,,of ,,formaldehyd4 ,all the preparations on the market 7formalin1 formol1 formolose1 etc47 contain #dj per cent4 of formaldehyd gas4 ,as the gas is the true germicidal principle1 it is much the better plan1 in stating the strength of dilute solutions of these preparations1 to give the proportion of the gas present1 and this is done in the formul below4 #a 3 #ajj or #a per cent4 of ,true ,formaldehyd ,gas4 ,solution of formaldehyd1 fvj 7#bc c4c472 ,cold sterile water1 ,oij 7#ajjj c4c474 ,this solution is approximately equivalent to #a 3 #ejj or per cent4 ,solution of ,formaldehyd4 ,solution of formaldehyd1 xxxviij 7#b4c c4c472 ,cold sterile water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c47 ,,thiersch',s ,,antiseptic ,,solution4 ,saturated boric acid solution1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c472 ,sterile water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c472 ,salicylic acid1 gr4 lxxv 7#e gm474 ,mix the salicylic acid with sufficient alcohol to dissolve it4 ,pour mixture into solution1 and shake thoroughly4 ,,harrington',s ,,solution4 ,bichlorid of mercury1 gr4 xxxij2 ,hydrochloric acid1 #bdjj c4c42 ,distilled water1 #ab1jjj c4c42 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 #be1fjj c4c4 ,,picric ,,acid ,,solution ,,for ,,burns4 ,picric acid crystals1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm472 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 fij 7#h c4c472 ,cold sterile water1 fviij 7#bej c4c474 ,,chlorid ,,of ,,lime ,,solution4 ,chlorid of lime1 v 7#afj gm472 ,water1 ,oviij 7#d ,l474 ,,solution ,,for ,,sore ,,nipples4 #a4 ,glycerin1 fss 7#ae c4c472 ,boric solution1 fss 7#ae c4c472 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 fss 7#ae c4c472 ,tannic acid1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm474 #b4 ,compound tincture of benzoin1 fj 7#cj c4c474 ,apply with a cotton swab or camel's hair brush4 ,,nipple ,,ointment4 ,sulphur sub41 gr4 x2 ,acid tannic1 j2 ,borax pulv41 j2 ,syrup simp41 j2 ,glycerini1 ss4 ,wash off before nursing4 ,,aristol ,,ointment ,,for ,,cracked ,,nipples4 ,aristol1 gr4 xxv 7#a4f gm472 ,vaselin1 j 7#cj gm474 ,,soothing ,,lotions ,,for ,,the ,,hands4 #a4 ,spirits camphor1 ,glycerin1 fj 7#cj c4c472 ,tr4 benzoin1 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 fv 7#aej c4c474 #b4 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent47 ,glycerin1 fj 7#cj c4c472 ,tr4 benzoin1 ,distilled extract of hamamelis 7witch-hazel71 fij 7#fj c4c474 #c4 ,alcohol1 fij 7#fj c4c472 ,glycerin1 fij 7#fj c4c472 ,lemon juice1 fss 7#ae c4c472 ,tr4 myrrh1 fss 7#ae c4c474 #d4 ,water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c472 ,boric acid crystals1 iij 7#ab gr472 ,gum tragacanth1 ij 7#h gr474 ,allow mixture to stand #h hours1 then dissolve by boiling2 strain through cotton4 ,while stirring briskly add3 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 ,oss 7#bej c4c472 ,glycerin1 ,oss 7#bej c4c472 ,attar of roses1 ij 7ad lib474 ,color with chlorophyl if desired4 #e4 ,glycerin1 ,whisky1 ,peroxid1 ,,an ,,inunction ,,for ,,the ,,hands ,,when ,,the ,,skin ,,is ,,dry ,,and ,,harsh4 ,lanolin1 iij 7#ij c4c472 ,olive oil1 j 7#cj c4c474 ,,lassar',s ,,paste ,,for ,,eczematous ,,sores ,,and ,,ulcers4 ,salicylic acid1 gr4 x 7#j4fe gm472 ,pulverized starch1 ij 7#h gm472 ,zinc oxid1 ij 7#h gm472 ,vaselin1 ss 7#af gm474 ,,unna',s ,,paste4 ,zinc oxid powd41 pound2 ,sheet gelatin1 pound2 ,glycerin1 xiv2 ,water1 xx2 ,salicylic acid powd41 gr4 xvj4 ,dissolve gelatin in water and glycerin4 ,heat in a double boiler and stir in zinc oxid4 ,,carron ,,oil ,,for ,,burns4 ,lime-water1 ,raw linseed oil1 ,of each1 equal parts4 ,,borated ,,vaselin4 ,boric acid1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm472 ,sterile vaselin1 j 7#cj gm474 ,mix thoroughly2 do not heat4 ,,carbolated ,,vaselin4 ,carbolic acid 7#ie per cent471 v 7#j4c c4c472 ,sterile vaselin1 j 7#cj gm474 ,,borated ,,glycerin4 ,boric acid1 iss 7#f gm472 ,sterile glycerin1 fij 7#fj c4c474 ,,fortified ,,oil4 ,croton oil1 j2 ,castor oil1 j-xiv4 ,,sanitas ,,jelly4 ,vaselin1 j 7#cj gm472 ,sanitas1 gtt4 iv4 ,,salol ,,vaselin ,,for ,,burns4 ,salol1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm472 ,sterile vaselin1 j 7#cj gm474 ,,sweating ,,of ,,the ,,feet ,,and ,,axilla4 ,solution of formaldehyd1 fss 7#b c4c472 ,water1 fvij 7#baj c4c474 ,one application is usually sufficient4 ,further applications should be made with great caution4 ,,enemas ,,for ,,flatulence4 #a4 ,white of #a egg 7beaten71 ,oil of turpentine 7add drop by drop71 fj 7#d c4c472 ,olive oil1 fj 7#cj c4c472 ,warm water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c474 #b4 ,white of #a egg 7beaten71 ,glycerin1 fij 7#fj c4c472 ,oil of turpentine 7add drop by drop71 fij 7#h c4c472 ,warm water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c474 #c4 ,warm water1 qt4 j2 ,yeast1 cake4 ,mix thoroughly4 #d4 ,hot water1 qt4 j2 ,pulv4 alum1 j 7by measure74 #e4 ,molasses1 viij2 ,milk1 viij4 ,follow by #a pint of warm water within five minutes to secure better result and to relieve fermentation that follows the injection4 #f4 ,milk of asafetida1 j2 ,warm water1 ,oj4 ,,glycerin ,,enema4 ,glycerin1 j-iv 7#cj-abj c4c472 ,warm soapy water1 j-iv 7#cj-abj c4c474 ,,ox-,,gall ,,enema4 ,ox-gall1 ss 7#ae gm472 ,warm water1 ,oij 7#a ,l474 ,,compound ,,ox-,,gall ,,enema4 ,ox-gall1 j 7#d gm472 ,castor oil1 fiv 7#aah c4c472 ,white of #b eggs1 ,warm water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c474 ,,saline ,,enema4 ,magnesium sulphate 7,epsom salt71 j 7#cj gm472 ,hot water1 sufficient to dissolve4 #a-b-c ,,enema4 ,magnesium sulphate1 j 7#cj gm472 ,glycerin1 fij 7#fj c4c472 ,hot water1 fiij 7#ij c4c474 ,,combination ,,enema4 ,turpentine1 j2 ,olive oil1 j2 ,white of one egg2 ,tr4 asafetida1 j2 or ,milk of asafetida1 j4 ,beat egg well and with olive oil make an emulsion of the turpentine4 ,,starch-,,water ,,enema4 ,starch1 j 7#cj gm474 ,mix with sufficient cold water to make a thick paste2 pour on boiling water until it becomes of the consistence of mucilage4 ,from #aj to #cj minims 7#j4f-b c4c47 of laudanum are often added to this enema4 ,,stimulating ,,enemas4 #a4 ,black coffee1 viij2 ,whisky1 j4 #b4 ,hot ,n4 ,s4 ,s41 viij2 ,whisky1 j4 #c4 ,black coffee1 viij2 or ,hot ,n4 ,s4 ,s41 xij2 ,without whisky4 ,,nourishing ,,enemas4 #a4 ,malted milk1 ss 7#ae gm472 ,somatose1 j 7#d gm472 ,water1 fiv 7#aah c4c472 ,sodium chlorid1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm472 ,white of #a egg1 ,add peptonized milk or brandy1 p4 r4 n4 #b4 ,peptonized milk1 fx 7#cjj c4c472 ,white of #b eggs1 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent471 fij 7#h c4c472 ,pinch of salt4 ,,the ,,method ,,of ,,administering ,,nutritive ,,or ,,stimulating ,,enemas4 ,prepare the fluid and heat to between #ajj-aaj ,f4 ,pour the mixture into an enema pail or douche bag4 ,to the tubing attach a large rubber catheter or small rectal tube by means of a glass nozzle4 ,place the patient on the left side with the knees flexed4 ,permit the fluid to flow through the tube to expel the air and then make pressure close to the point until ready to introduce it4 ,lubricate the catheter with vaselin or oil and insert gently eight or nine inches4 ,do not slip the catheter forward or backward unless absolutely necessary to encourage the fluid to flow1 for it only increases the peristalsis and induces the patient to expel the contents which should be retained4 ,press the tube sufficiently to allow the solution to run very slowly1 and occasionally make intermittent stoppage until it has all been given4 ,upon withdrawing the tube make digital pressure with a soft cloth against the anus for a minute or two4 ,the use of an enema pail in place of a funnel insures more favorable results4 ,moreover1 it is an easier and cleaner method and gives the advantage of having only the tube to take care of4 ,,amounts ,,to ,,be ,,given ,,in ,,cleansing ,,enemas4 ,adults1 ,oj-iv2 ,children1 viij-xvj2 ,infants1 ij4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,enema ,,fluids4 ,nutritive enema1 #ajj ,f4 ,stimulating enema1 #aaf ,f4 ,cleansing enema1 #ajj ,f4 ,,mustard ,,plaster4 ,mustard1 #a tablespoonful2 ,flour1 #c tablespoonfuls2 ,glycerin1 #a tablespoonful2 ,baking soda 7dissolved in hot water71 #a teaspoonful4 ,beat well and spread between two layers of muslin or soft linen4 ,apply from #ae to #cj minutes4 ,,mustard ,,poultice4 ,mustard1 #b parts2 ,ground flaxseed1 #d 8 ,hot water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,flaxseed ,,poultice4 ,ground flaxseed1 cupful2 ,olive oil1 #b teaspoonfuls4 ,add enough boiling water to make a thick paste4 ,cook for a few minutes1 and beat thoroughly4 ,,onion ,,poultice4 ,slice a large onion and fry in lard or olive oil4 ,place between layers of soft cloth4 ,it should not be warmed over4 ,,turpentine ,,stupes4 #a4 ,add #c teaspoonfuls of oil of turpentine to #a pint of boiling water4 ,immerse the flannel and stir4 ,remove the flannel1 wring it out in a twisted towel until it no longer drips4 ,anoint the skin with olive oil1 and then apply fomentation until it causes some discomfort or redness4 ,if allowed to remain too long1 it will blister the skin4 #b4 ,oil of turpentine1 #a part2 ,olive oil1 #g parts4 ,apply with applicator or soft cloth every #d or #f hours1 and fomentations p4 r4 n4 ,,spice ,,poultice4 ,powdered cloves2 powdered ginger2 powdered cinnamon1 of each from #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 flour1 a tablespoonful2 whisky1 enough to make a paste sufficiently soft to spread on flannel4 ,,cantharides ,,blister4 ,cantharides is used for this purpose1 either as a plaster or in liquid form2 that is1 in the form of vesicating collodion4 ,its most frequent use is as a plaster1 rarely over one and a half inches square4 ,scrub the parts well with soap and water1 and dry and rub with a soft cloth until the skin is red1 then apply the plaster and bandage lightly1 so there may be plenty of room for the formation of the blister4 ,vesication is produced generally within four to eight hours2 if it is not1 the plaster should be removed and the operation completed by applying a poultice4 ,great care should be exercised when blistering patients suffering from kidney affections4 ,cantharides is an acute irritant1 and not infrequently causes strangury or acute nephritis4 ,when the cantharidal collodion is used the space to be covered is outlined with oil to prevent spreading2 the collodion is applied with a camel's hair brush or other applicator1 and covered with a layer of soft lint and oil silk4 ,dressing the ,blister4--,puncture the lower part of the bleb2 absorb the fluid with a piece of soft cotton2 anoint with pure vaselin1 and apply a soft dressing4 ,bandage lightly4 ,sometimes it is desirable to have the fluid reabsorbed into the system1 in which case precautions must be taken to prevent the blister from rupturing4 ,,applications ,,for ,,pediculosis 7,,lice74 #a4 ,pulverized larkspur seed1 j 7#cj gm472 #b4 ,pulverized sabadilla seed1 j 7#cj gm472 ,boiling water1 ,oj 7#ejj c4c474 ,one application of these infusions is usually sufficient4 #c4 ,kerosene oil is a cheap and excellent application2 it also removes dandruff3 ,rub lightly upon the scalp for one or two nights and follow in the morning by a shampoo of soap and water4 ,to destroy the nits apply hot vinegar every other day4 #d4 ,wash hair and scalp thoroughly with a good soap1 then saturate hair with hot vinegar and tie up securely4 ,repeat for a few days4 ,,hair ,,tonics4 #a4 ,resorcin1 gr4 xlviij 7#c gm472 ,glycerin1 fij 7#h c4c472 ,alcohol 7#ej per cent471 fij 7#fj c4c474 ,rub into the scalp each night4 #b4 ,tincture of cantharides1 fij 7#h c4c472 ,tincture of nux vomica1 fss 7#ae c4c472 ,tincture of capsicum1 fj 7#d c4c472 ,bay rum1 fij 7#fj c4c474 ,rub into the scalp at night4 #c4 ,tincture of cantharides1 fij 7#h c4c472 ,quinin bisulphate1 gr4 xx 7#a4c gm472 ,bay rum1 fiv 7#abj c4c472 ,rain-water or distilled water1 fiv 7#abj c4c474 ,rub into the scalp each night4 ,,for ,,matted ,,hair4 ,use white vaselin freely each day4 ,untangle the ends and work gradually toward the scalp4 ,,thermometry4 ,in the ,fahrenheit scale there are #ahj degrees between the melting-point of ice and the boiling-point of water4 ,in the ,centigrade scale there are #ajj degrees between the freezing and boiling point of water4 ,,rules ,,for ,,converting ,,one ,,scale ,,into ,,the ,,other4 ,to convert ,fahrenheit degrees into those of ,centigrade3 ,subtract #cb1 multiply by #e1 and divide by #i4 ,for example3 #ajd ,f4 - #cb #gb2 #gb _/ #dj ,c4 ,to reduce ,centigrade degrees into those of ,fahrenheit3 ,multiply by #i1 divide by #e1 and add #cb4 ,for instance3 #dj ,c4 _/ #gb #cb #ajd ,f4 ,,table ,,of ,,thermometric ,,equivalents4 #cf ,centigrade #if4h ,fahrenheit4 #cg 8 #ih4f 8 #ch 8 #ajj4b 8 #ci 8 #ajb4b 8 #dj 8 #ajd4j 8 #da 8 #aje4h 8 #db 8 #ajg4f 8 ,,to ,,convert ,,thermometer ,,readings4 ,a correspondent of the 8,lancet0 7,london7 offers a new alternative method of converting degrees ,centigrade into degrees ,fahrenheit1 which may be found easier to perform mentally than the usual method1 because the factors can be more easily retained in the memory4 ,this method consists of multiplying the centigrade figures by #b1 deducting one-tenth of the product1 and adding #cb4 ,example 7a71 #cj ,c4 #hf ,f4 ,method3 #cj #b #fj4 #fj - #f #ed4 #ed #cb #hf4 ,example 7b71 #cg ,c4 #ih4f ,f4 ,method3 #cg #b #gd4 #gd - #g4d #ff4f4 #ff4f #cb #ih4f4 ,example 7c71 #dj ,c4 #ajd ,f4 ,method3 #dj #b #hj4 #hj - #h #gb4 #gb #cb #ajd4 ,,rules ,,of ,,taking ,,temperature4 ,per mouth4--,retain thermometer from #a to #c minutes4 8 rectum 8 8 8 #c 8 #e 8 8 axilla 8 8 8 #aj 8 #ae 8 ,temperature per rectum is ,f4 higher than per mouth4 8 8 axilla is _/ to _/ ,f4 lower than per mouth4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,water4 ,cold signifies a temperature below #fe ,f4 ,cool 8 8 between #fe ,f4 and #hj ,f4 ,tepid 8 8 8 #hj 8 #ij 8 ,warm or neutral 8 8 #ij 8 #ajj 8 ,hot #ajj 8 above4 ,very hot or very cold indicates extremes of temperature4 ,,pulse ,,rate4 ,six to twelve months #aje-aae4 ,two to six years #ij-aje4 ,seven to ten years #hj- #ij4 ,eleven to fourteen years #ge- #he4 ,adults #fj- #gh4 ,,respirations4 ,two months to two years #ce per minute4 ,two months to six years #bc 8 8 ,six months to twelve years #bj 8 8 ,twelve months to fifteen years #ah 8 8 ,fifteen months to twenty-one years #af-ah 8 8 ,,urine ,,analysis4 ,normal urine is a clear1 watery fluid1 with an acid reaction and a specific gravity of from #ajah to #ajbj4 ,it is composed of inorganic salts1 organic constituents1 together with some coloring and a small amount of mucus4 ,the most important of these inorganic salts are chlorid of sodium1 phosphate of potassium1 and the sulphates of calcium and magnesium4 ,the inorganic constituents are chiefly urea1 uric acid1 and poisonous inorganic substances found in the body4 ,the normal amount of urine voided by an adult weighing #afj pounds is from #dj to #gj ounces in twenty-four hours4 ,the amount may be increased by drinking large quantities of fluid1 especially water1 and diminished by perspiration1 emotion1 and copious bowel movements4 ,normal urine is aromatic4 ,in health it may be faintly alkaline at certain times of the day4 ,urine passed in the morning has an acid reaction1 a high specific gravity1 and a dark color4 ,after a hearty meal it may be turbid--perhaps alkaline1 and of low specific gravity4 ,large quantities are pale1 and vary with concentration4 ,when just passed it is clear2 then it collects a cloudy material made up of mucous corpuscles1 which can be easily shaken up4 ,concentrated urine1 when it cools1 deposits a pinkish 7brick-dust7 precipitate4 ,gentle heat clears it up4 ,when highly concentrated the crystals are red4 ,when they collect and adhere together they become stones2 if all precipitate on heating it is normal urine4 ,alkaline urine throws down phosphates that are held in solution and clears up on addition of any acid2 if urine is cold and acid in reaction1 sediment1 if present1 may be urates1 but is not phosphates2 if urine is alkaline1 they are normal phosphates4 ,,to ,,test ,,reaction4 ,litmus-paper is used4 ,acid changes the blue to red4 ,alkaline changes red to blue4 ,when urine does not affect litmus-paper it is said to be neutral4 ,pus in urine is turbid or milky in appearance2 after standing a while it settles down4 ,albumin in urine is held in solution1 and therefore cannot be seen4 ,a ,,simple ,,and ,,rapid ,,test ,,for ,,albumin4 ,fill an ordinary test-tube half full of urine1 and add a half dram or more of potassium ferrocyanid solution 7#a to #bj74 ,after thoroughly mingling the urine and the reagent1 add a few drops of acetic acid 7#ej per cent472 then pause for a half minute and note the change4 ,if albumin be present it will come plainly into view within half a minute to a minute1 in the form of white1 milk-like opacity1 diffused throughout the whole contents of the tube4 ,the above method precipitates all modifications of albumin4 ,on the other hand1 it gives no reaction with phosphates1 peptones1 mucin1 the alkaloids1 urates1 or the pure acids4 ,the reaction that sometimes occurs on long standing between the acid and potassium ferrocyanid should not be mistaken for albumin4 ,the albuminous reaction appears within half a minute or so1 while the other occurs only after ten minutes to half an hour1 and is mingled with more or less blue coloration4 ,,to ,,obtain ,a #bd-;,,hour ,,specimen ,,of ,,urine4 ,begin early in the morning4 ,throw away the first urination4 ,save all further urinations for the next twenty-four hours4 ,for instance3 ,patient urinates at #f ,a4,m4 ,this first urination is thrown away1 or saved for an ,a4,m4 specimen if required and patient's bladder is empty4 ,save all succeeding urinations for the next twenty-four hours1 at the end of which time 7#f ,a4,m47 request the patient to urinate1 and save the last urination also1 to complete the specimen4 ,this gives us twenty-four hours' secretion4 ,the addition of solution of formaldehyd 7fij7 to a twenty-four hour specimen of urine will preserve it1 and prevent fermentation before the analysis is made4 ,,infant ,,feeding4 #a4 ,if the bowel movements are curdy1 we may take it as an indication of an excess of proteids4 #b4 ,sour vomiting often indicates too much fat4 #c4 ,stools that are very watery but without curds may result from too much sugar or too much fat4 #d4 ,vomiting of hard1 curdy masses may indicate too much proteids4 #e4 ,should the child seem to do well on its food in every way except that it does not gain in weight1 it may be that the sugar is too low4 #f4 ,vomiting may mean that the child has eaten too much4 #g4 ,breast milk is the best infant food4 #h4 ,no artificial food can or should be trusted which does not contain the essentials of breast-milk--viz41 fat1 proteids1 and sugar4 #i4 ,the elements named are to be found only in milk1 cows' milk being the only one available for general use4 #aj4 ,cows' milk must be modified1 because it does not contain the same proportions of the elements named4 ,,constituents ,,of ,,good ,,mother',s ,,milk4 ,reaction ,alkaline4 ,contains #c to #d per cent4 of fat ,sp4 gravity 8 #f to #g 8 8 of sugar #ajcj4 8 #a to #b 8 8 of proteids ,inorganic materials _/ to _/ of #a per cent4 ,average percentage1 #ab per cent4 of solids to #hh per cent4 of water4 ,,regulating ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,mother',s ,,milk4 ,the percentage of proteids ,increased frequency of nursing2 is increased by ,increased liberality of nursing and insufficient exercise4 ,the percentage of fat is ,deficiency of proteid food2 increased by ,excess of fatty foods and fasting4 ,the percentage of water ,increased fluid diets4 is increased by ,the percentage of water ,saline cathartics and diminished is diminished by fluid diets4 ,percentage of sugar and ash vary little4--,,dr4 ,,cotton4 ,,formul ,,for ,,artificial ,,feeding ,,for ,,babies4 ,age4 #a4 ,sugar of milk j ,sterile water xij ,lime-water ss ,from #c;d to #adth day4 ,cream ss ,milk ss #b4 ,sugar of milk j ,sterile water xij ,lime-water j ,from #b;d week to #fth week4 ,cream j ,milk j #c4 ,sugar of milk j ,sterile water x ,lime-water j ,from #fth week to #aath week4 ,cream j ,milk j #d4 ,sugar of milk j ,sterile water viij ,lime-water ss ,from #aath week to #e months4 ,cream j ,milk j #e4 ,sugar of milk j ,sterile water vij ,lime-water ss ,from #e months to #i months4 ,cream j ,milk ijss #f4 ,granulated sugar ss ,sterile water v ,from #i months to #ab months4 ,cream j ,milk,a jv ,a ,it is sometimes desirable to substitute whey for milk and water4 ,,amount ,,of ,,feedings ,,for ,,infants4 ,twenty-four-hour ,number of feedings1 ,age4 amount4 amount and intervals4 #aj feedings of #a ounce at #b hour intervals4 #a week #aj to #ab ounces #h feedings of #a ounces at #b hour intervals4 #h feedings of #b ounces at #b hour intervals4 #d weeks #bj ounces #g feedings of #c ounces at #c hour intervals4 #g feedings of #d ounces at #d months #cb ounces #c hour intervals4 #f feedings of #f to #f ounces #f months #cf to #dj ounces at #c hour intervals4 #f feedings of #h ounces at #c hour intervals4 #i months #dh ounces #e feedings of #i ounces at #c to #d hour intervals4 ,first twenty-four hours--,infant should receive only water1 and after that water to be given only between feedings1 #a to #b ounces every four hours4 ,water may be sweetened with saccharin4 ,normal infant may feed every three or four hours and only one feeding during night4 ,after eight months old1 no feeding after #aj ,p4 ,m4 ,three months' child may take #e ounces at one feeding4 ,six months' child may take #g ounces at one feeding4 ,nine months' child may take #i ounces at one feeding4 ,the child should consume the contents of a bottle in twenty minutes4 ,orange juice is not a necessary food unless milk is pasteurized or sterilized 7boiled7 and in case of constipation4 ,give #a or #b teaspoonfuls one hour before feeding4 ,after nine months reduce amount of milk and increase amount of carbohydrates1 such as starch gruels1 flour ball1 barley flour1 oatmeal1 and vegetable soup4 ,zwieback or dry toast may be placed in infant's hand to teach it how to feed itself4 ,milk allowed in second year1 #a quart in twenty-four hours4 ,fruit juices may now be given and should form a part of the food after fifteen months of age4 ,vegetables1 such as beets1 spinach and carrots chopped fine and squeezed through colander1 may be a part of the regular diet in four meals a day4 ,a child two years old may have small quantities of fresh fish1 tender chicken1 or beefsteak4 ,no green fruits should be given under four years of age4 ,eggs should be soft-boiled for two minutes or coddled four minutes1 and then only one a day if it agrees with the child4 ,,rules ,,for ,,sterilizing ,,bottles4 ,boil bottles and nipples in #b per cent4 soda solution for five minutes1 then in clear water for five minutes4 ,keep empty bottles and nipples not in use in sterile water or weak boric solution4 ,plug with raw cotton4 ,,to ,,pasteurize ,,milk4 #a4 ,place bottles in vessel of warm water4 ,heat to #adg ,f4 ,keep at that temperature thirty minutes4 ,take vessel off stove and cover with a heavy blanket4 ,then pour off hot water and fill vessel with cold water to cool the milk quickly4 #b4 ,put milk in double boiler and raise to a temperature of #aej to #aee ,f4 ,let stand at this temperature for twenty to thirty minutes4 ,pasteurizing milk does not kill the ferments in the milk1 but it kills almost all bacteria except the spore-bearing bacteria1 of which the gas bacillus is the most important4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,milk4 ,boil milk for five minutes and then prepare as for pasteurizing1 keeping it at temperature of #adg ,f4 for thirty minutes and cooling it by the same process as given for pasteurization4 ,boiling milk kills all bacteria4 ,it is said that heating of milk to this degree impairs its nutritive value4 ,note4--,spores develop quickly in lukewarm milk1 therefore the necessity of cooling it quickly and placing it in refrigerator4 ,,modified ,,milk4 ,add water or other substances to cow's milk to change it to agree with the digestion of the infant4 ,malted foods when mixed with water are deficient1 and by adding milk or cream it becomes modified milk4 ,all mixtures should be cold when adding milk1 and water sterilized when used as a diluent4 ,note4--,the natural food for the infant is human milk4 ,the breast-fed babies are healthier1 more vigorous1 and more resistant to disease4 7,see ,rickets and ,scurvy47 ,,sugars4 ,lactose or milk-sugar is best for normal babies4 ,it may split up in the intestines into acids and when it ferments is likely to be a laxative4 ,sucrose 7cane-sugar7 has no advantage over lactose1 except that it is cheaper4 ,do not give sucrose if other sugars are on hand4 ,maltose 7malt-sugar7 is expensive and is never given pure4 ,dissolve all sugars in warm sterilized water4 ,malt extract is more laxative than other milk-sugar preparations4 ,malt extract should be brought to boiling-point only4 ,,proprietary ,,foods4 ,condensed and evaporated milks4 ,malted foods1 containing starch4 ,starchy foods and various dry powders4 ,kindolac1 a dried milk4 ,imperial ,granum4 ,used in the same way as barley flour is prepared4 ,eskay's ,food1 which is valueless unless mixed with cows' milk4 ,mellin's ,food and ,horlick's ,malted ,milk4 ,the difference between ,mellin's and ,horlick's food is that ,horlick's ,milk has as its basis a dried milk preparation containing maltose and dextrins4 ,use proprietary powders in the same way as oatmeal or flour barley4 ,note4--,proprietary foods are only given to tide over a delayed feeding of mother's milk4 ,,carbohydrate ,,formul4 ,horlick's food1 #aa teaspoonfuls ,dextrimaltose1 #aj 8 ,mellin's ,food1 #aa 8 ,milk-sugar1 #i 8 ,barley flour1 #ae 8 ,flour ball1 #ab 8 ,dissolve carbohydrates in sterilized water before adding milk4 ,all mixtures should be cold when adding milk4 ,,flour ,,ball4 ,four cups of wheat flour2 place in muslin bag2 place in warm water and boil six hours4 ,after taking out of bag1 remove outer part2 then break up in chunks1 place in radiator or slow oven to dry out4 ,pulverize by grinding4 ,may use it instead of sugar4 ,,barley ,,gruel4 ,one tablespoonful barley flour2 #a quart of water4 ,boil twenty to thirty minutes1 then strain4 ,,rice ,,gruel ,,and ,,oatmeal ,,gruel4 ,prepare the same as barley gruel4 ,note4--,the flours thus made are very good carbohydrate foods4 ,gruels from this kind of flour settle on standing4 ,to prevent this1 add barley1 oat1 or wheat gruel flour before cooking4 ,in using starch1 boil solution one hour4 ,,skimmed ,,milk is prepared by removing the gravity cream or by a centrifuge4 ,,homogenized ,,milk is prepared by mixing olive oil and skimmed milk under great valvular pressure4 ,,whey4 #a4--;,boil #a quart of milk2 add #b teaspoonfuls of rennet4 ,keep at temperature of #ajc ,f4 for thirty minutes4 ,strain through sterile cloth4 ,to secure a fine soft curd add teaspoonful of chymogen2 allow to drain one hour4 ,sodium citrate softens casein curd4 ,,whey ,,for ,,special ,,infant ,,feeding4 ,add sodium bicarbonate1 gr4 x1 to pint of whey to render it alkaline1 and sugar of milk1 j1 to raise sugar to #f per cent4 ,,whey3 ,,essence ,,of ,,pepsin ,,formul4 #b4--a pint skimmed milk2 #b teaspoonfuls essence of pepsin or rennet4 ,let milk in double boiler heat to a temperature of #aje ,f42 add pepsin2 stir for a moment and let stand at same temperature for thirty-five minutes4 ,cut into cubes and raise temperature to #aee or #afj ,f4 to stop action of the rennet or pepsin4 ,then strain through several thicknesses of gauze and put on ice4 ,do not use pressure while straining4 ,,rennet ,,tablet ,,formula4 ,milk1 #a pint2 ,rennet or junket tablet ,no4 #a1 gr4 j4 ,measure milk in double boiler and raise to temperature of #ih or #ajj ,f4 ,dissolve tablet in cold water1 ss to one tablet4 ,stir rennet through milk and let stand at same temperature for thirty or forty minutes4 ,cut into cubes and raise to temperature of #aee or #afj ,f4 to stop the action of the rennet4 ,strain through gauze and put on ice4 ,do not use pressure in straining4 ,,milk ,,albumen4 ,milk1 #a quart2 ,chymogen1 #a dram2 ,buttermilk1 #a pint4 ,i4 ,boil milk for five minutes4 ,,ii4 ,cool to temperature of #ajj to #aje ,f4 ,,iii4 ,add chymogen 7dissolved in j of cold water7 and let stand for one hour at temperature of #ajj to #aje ,f4 ,,iv4 ,let drain through cheese-cloth for one and a half hours1 and then throw out the whey4 ,v4 ,press the curd through the colander twice1 adding the buttermilk as the curd is pressed through4 ,,vi4 ,make up the quart by adding sterile water4 ,when the food is to be given to the baby1 heat only enough to take off the chill1 as more vigorous heating will cause the curd to clump at the bottom of the bottle in large curds4 ,if there is any clumping1 shake the bottle well before giving to the baby4 ,never put the baby directly from a milk diet to a milk-albumen diet1 but give one intervening feeding of barley water before giving milk-albumen diet4 ,,chymogen ,,used ,,instead ,,of ,,rennet4 ,boil milk two minutes4 ,cool to temperature #ajj ,f4 ,add #fj grains of chymogen to the quart4 ,let stand until clabber forms4 ,then drain curds4 ,,albumen-,,water4 ,white of one egg2 ,water1 viij2 ,pinch of salt4 ,add white of egg to cold boiled water and pinch of salt4 ,shake thoroughly or break with fork and strain through one thickness of gauze to remove froth4 ,,lactose ,,solution4 ,to each ounce of milk-sugar add #a ounces of water 7boiled74 ,heat until all the sugar is dissolved4 ,filter1 put in a sterile bottle1 plug with sterile absorbent cotton1 and put on ice4 ,use iss for every ounce of sugar ordered4 ,subtract this amount from the total amount of water ordered4 ,,partially ,,peptonized ,,milk4 ,milk1 ,oj2 ,water1 ij2 ,peptonizing powder1 #a tube4 ,put milk and water into a bottle and add the peptonizing powder4 ,shake well and place bottle in warm water from #aje to #aae ,f41 and leave about ten minutes at that temperature4 ,shake from time to time4 ,,completely ,,peptonized ,,milk4 ,the process is exactly the same as the partially peptonized milk1 except that it is continued for two hours1 which is required for the conversion of all the proteins into peptones4 ,for older children the bitter taste may be covered by lemon-juice and cane-sugar1 one even teaspoonful of cane-sugar and two teaspoonfuls of lemon-juice being added to iv of milk4 ,,buttermilk4 ,to #a quart of fat-free milk add #h ounces of sterile water4 ,crush tablet of lactic acid bacilli into the mixture2 allow to stand for twenty-four hours at room temperature1 then place on ice4 ,,directions ,,for ,,making ,,buttermilk ,,from ,,lactone ,,tablets4 ,fresh skimmed milk1 #a quart2 ,hot water1 #a to #b cupsful2 ,salt1 teaspoonful2 ,lactone tablet1 #a4 ,add hot water to milk2 then salt2 then the lactone tablet1 well crushed4 ,stir well1 cover with clean towel1 and leave at ordinary room temperature4 ,when the milk becomes thick and fermented set in ice-box for use4 ,before using heat the buttermilk until perfectly smooth4 ,,barley ,,jelly4 ,three tablespoonfuls of barley to #a pint of water4 ,cook two hours4 ,,oat-,,jelly4 ,oat flour1 #b tablespoonfuls to #a pint of water4 ,cook four hours and strain4 ,oatmeal1 prepare same as oat flour4 ,for a feeding1 dilute with baby's milk2 season with a little salt4 ,do not use sugar1 then the child will not acquire the taste for sweetened cereals4 ,note4--,to cook cereals use a fireless cooker4 ,,beef ,,juice4 ,i4 ,cut meat into one-inch cubes2 broil slightly and press out juice with meat-press or lemon-squeezer4 ,one pound of meat will make #b or #c ounces of juice4 ,serve warm or cold with a little salt4 ,do not heat enough to coagulate albumen in juice4 ,,ii4 ,cold method3 ,finely chopped beef1 #a lb42 ,water1 viij4 ,put in covered jar2 allow to stand on ice from six to twelve hours2 then squeeze out by twisting in coarse muslin4 ,season with salt and serve as above4 ,this contains a smaller amount of extractives4 ,it may be served with sherry wine or celery salt4 ,if added to milk in the proportion of #b or #c tablespoonfuls to the feeding1 the taste will not be noticed4 ,the milk should not be heated over #ajj ,f41 as the albumen will coagulate4 ,no4 ,i4 contains twice the amount of extractives as ,no4 ,,ii4 ,if the stronger juice is desired1 ,no4 ,,ii4 may be made by adding only iv of water instead of viij4 ,,vegetable ,,soup ,,for ,,babies4 #a handful of spinach2 #a beet2 #b carrots4 ,chop fine and boil two hours in #a quart of water4 ,strain through gauze and add sterile water to make up deficiency to #a quart4 ,,toothache3 ,its ,forms1 ,diagnosis1 and ,treatment for ,relief4 ,the sharp1 paroxysmal1 shooting pain which is caused by the application of cold1 heat1 sweets or sours1 or by biting some substances into a cavity1 is due to a live pulp1 and the treatment is quite simple4 ,clean out the cavity as well as possible1 then saturate a small pellet of cotton with oil of cloves1 or one drop of carbolic acid1 or a solution of cocaine hydrochlorate and clove oil4 ,place this in the cavity and add another pellet of cotton to prevent the solution from being washed out by saliva4 ,relief should be immediate1 but if not1 reapply within a few minutes4 ,the dull1 throbbing pain1 with swelling of the face and a sensation of elongation of the tooth1 is caused by either a putrescent pulp or an imperfect root canal filling4 ,there is infection2 therefore1 the first thing to do is to remove the pus4 ,dental ,treatment4--,if there is a large cavity in the tooth1 try to enter the root canals and remove the putrescent matter4 ,if the face is badly swollen1 make a digital examination1 and over the root of the affected tooth you will find a spot about the center of the swelling where it seems to be spongy1 appearing to hold the impress of the finger4 ,take a clean1 sharp1 cycle-shaped lancet1 place on the spot1 holding the patient's head firm with your other arm for fear of his moving4 ,press the lancet firmly and directly through to the bone1 then draw it out with a pulling motion so as to make a cut about an eighth of an inch or more4 ,if this has been done properly1 a creamy flow of pus should follow the lancet4 ,place the fingers on either side of the incision and massage toward incision4 ,to relieve the pain1 give hot foot-baths1 cold applications to face 7never hot71 and some other sedative internally1 such as remedies given for a headache4 ,when a tooth is sore to percussion1 so that the food cannot be masticated1 but is without pain when left at rest1 if there is no pain over the root of the tooth1 it is best to give the tooth a rest1 and apply counterirritants over the roots of the adjacent teeth4 ,this condition is called apical pericementitis1 an inflammation of the layer of bone about the fangs of teeth4 ,for relief1 give hot foot-baths and pain remedies1 as in abscessed tooth4 ,a dead pulp in a tooth will form gas and cause the sensation of elongation and soreness4 ,if the putrefaction is not removed1 an abscess will result4 ,at first there will be no soreness to pressure over the root1 but on application of heat1 such as drinking hot coffee1 there will be pain1 while cold water will temporarily remove it4 ,dental ,treatment4--,open the chamber and remove the putrescent pulp1 being careful not to go beyond the apical foramen4 ,use a barbed broach1 then wash out with peroxide of hydrogen on a thread of absorbent cotton wrapped smoothly about the broach4 ,do not push the instrument up into the canal very far for fear of sending some putrescent matter beyond the tooth4 ,then withdraw the broach and apply oil of cloves or carbolic acid1 leaving the canal open and clean for the gas to escape4 ,hot foot-baths and headache remedies will relieve the pain4 ,gum-boils are abscessed teeth1 and may be deep-rooted or very superficial4 ,the treatment is the same as given above4 ,hot applications are very often prescribed1 but as an infection will always follow the line of least resistance1 it can be readily understood why such a treatment should not be given4 ,the abscess may gather in the cheek1 necessitating lancing1 which will leave a scar4 ,cold cloths will allay the infection and simplify the treatment to the gums alone4 ,teeth are withdrawn1 leaving unsightly cavities1 which could be avoided by a more deliberate treatment4 ,treat the abscess of the tooth the same as an abscess in any other part of the body1 thereby saving the root of the tooth1 if not the entire portion1 which can be crowned and give a permanent good tooth4 ,mastication is the most important part of the digestive system1 and mastication cannot be done without good teeth4 ,therefore1 it behooves everyone to preserve his own teeth and to give this benefit to others who may not have had dental treatment4 ,there are dentists who will extract a tooth upon the patient's request1 and it is best to seek the most progressive and modern dental doctors for the preservation of the teeth to prevent the untimely loss of a tooth1 which means also many times a preventive against other ailments affecting the digestive tract4 ,a good dentist should be consulted at least once a year1 although the teeth may appear sound and in good condition4 ,,eruption ,,of ,,the ,,deciduous ,,or ,,milk-,,teeth4 ,lower central incisors1 #f to #i months4 ,upper 8 #h 8 #aj 8 ,lower lateral 8 #ae 8 #ba 8 also first molars4 ,canines1 #af 8 #bj 8 ,second molars1 #bj 8 #bd 8 ,illustration3 ,eruption of the deciduous teeth 7,frhwald and ,westcott74 ,twenty teeth in all3 eight incisors1 four on each jaw2 four canines1 two on each jaw2 eight molars1 four on each jaw4 ,permanent teeth3 ,first molars coming back of baby molars1 #f years4 ,centrals1 #g 8 ,laterals1 #h 8 ,first bicuspid1 #i 8 ,second 8 #aj 8 ,canines1 #aa-ab 8 ,second molars1 #ab-ac 8 ,third 8 or wisdom teeth1 #ag-ba 8 ,,nursing ,,in ,,acute ,,fevers4 ,,typhoid ,,or ,,enteric ,,fever4 ,typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease1 excited by the typhoid bacillus4 ,it is most prevalent in the autumn1 although it occurs at all seasons4 ,the disease is not directly contagious1 and can only be acquired by taking the special bacillus into the alimentary canal4 ,this is usually accomplished through the medium of polluted water1 milk contaminated with infected water1 raw vegetables 7celery1 lettuce1 water-cress7 which have grown in infected soil1 or raw shell-fish 7oysters7 taken from the beds of polluted streams4 ,occasionally physicians and nurses are infected directly in handling the patient or his clothing which has become soiled with his discharges4 ,the bacilli are contained in nearly all the secretions of the patients1 especially in the stools and urine4 ,while the bacilli are widely distributed through tissues1 the only characteristic lesions of the disease are in the glands of the intestines 7,peyer's patches71 which in the first few days become red and swollen1 about the beginning of the second week soft and pale1 and in the third week ulcerated4 ,if the patient survive1 cicatrization usually begins in the fourth week4 ,death may result from exhaustion1 the result of the systemic poisoning1 from perforation of the bowel by an ulcer1 from intestinal hemorrhage1 the result of erosion of a blood-vessel1 or from some complication1 like pneumonia4 ,symptoms4--,the initial symptoms1 which may last a week or two before there is any fever1 are headache1 weakness1 loss of appetite1 nose-bleed1 and perhaps slight diarrhea4 ,the fever rises gradually1 reaching its maximum 7#ajd-aje ,f47 in about a week2 it remains stationary for one1 two1 or three weeks1 and then falls1 reaching the normal in another week1 thus making the febrile period of the disease of four or five weeks' duration4 ,throughout its course the evening temperature is apt to be two or three degrees higher than the morning temperature4 ,the abdominal symptoms consist of distention of the abdomen 7tympanitis71 pain and tenderness in the right iliac region1 and often diarrhea4 ,between the seventh and ninth days a rash usually appears on the abdomen1 consisting of small rose-red spots4 ,these come out in crops and disappear on pressure4 ,the pulse becomes rapid and feeble1 and the heart sounds become weak and dull4 ,the respiratory symptoms include cough1 hurried breathing1 and slight expectoration4 ,nervous symptoms are not always marked4 ,in severe cases there may be delirium1 stupor1 twitching of the muscles1 picking at the bed-clothes1 and coma4 ,the face is dull and listless4 ,the tongue is coated and tremulous4 ,in severe cases it becomes dry1 brown1 and fissured1 and sordes tend to collect upon the teeth4 ,relapses are common4 ,in some cases they are due to the too early use of solid food1 to excitement1 or to overexertion4 ,when typhoid fever is prevalent1 the most reliable preventive measures consist in thorough boiling of all water and milk used for drinking purposes and the avoidance of uncooked vegetables1 oysters1 and shell-fish4 ,management4--,unless otherwise directed take temperature1 respiration1 and pulse every three hours1 in mouth or axilla1 as desired4 ,if for any reason a change is made in taking temperature1 it should be noted on the chart4 ,note the effect of sponging or of bathing upon temperature and pulse4 ,note the character of pulse1 and effect1 if any1 which stimulants have had upon it4 ,note the amount of cough1 and the character and quantity of the expectoration2 also any pain that may occur in the chest4 ,note the amount of flatulence and the number and character of the stools2 especially be on the lookout for blood or undigested food in the discharges4 ,note carefully any abdominal pain1 any increase in the distention1 as these symptoms1 with or without a rather abrupt fall in temperature1 chills1 and pinched features1 are suggestive of perforation4 ,treatment for ,hemorrhage4--,stop all orders immediately1 including diet4 ,elevate the foot of the bed4 ,give morphin sulphate1 gr4 7gm4 #j4jae71 hypodermically1 and apply an ice coil or iced compresses to the abdomen until the physician arrives4 ,note the occurrence of vomiting and the character of vomit4 ,be on the lookout for retention of urine1 which is quite common4 ,note the amount of urine passed in a day and any abnormalities connected with its appearance4 ,note the condition of the skin and tongue4 ,note the amount of sleep1 its character1 whether quiet or restless and whether or not there have been delirium1 stupor1 or twitching of the muscles4 ,note the exact amount and character of nourishment taken1 and the time it was given2 also the amount1 time of administration1 and effect of medicines and stimulants4 ,cleanse the mouth and teeth frequently with some antiseptic wash1 such as listerine1 #a part2 water1 #c parts4 ,bed-sores can nearly always be prevented by keeping the patient and bedding perfectly clean1 the skin absolutely dry1 and the bed-linen smooth4 ,changes of position are also important4 ,parts subjected to pressure and soiling should be washed at least twice daily with soap and water1 thoroughly dried1 gently rubbed with alcohol1 and then dusted with a powder like the following3 ,boric acid1 #a part2 ,starch1 #a 8 ,zinc oxid1 #a 8 ,if the skin be reddened and tender it may be painted with collodion and then dusted4 ,when the part cannot be kept dry1 it should be smeared with zinc ointment and powdered4 ,in very prolonged cases it usually becomes necessary to use water- or air-pillows or water- or air-beds4 ,to disinfect the feces and urine1 use a solution of chlorinated soda 7,labarraque's solution74 ,cover the urine and feces with the solution and leave the contents stand for an hour4 ,cleanse pan thoroughly and pour into it the ,labarraque solution4 ,,pneumonia4 ,pneumonia is a general infection1 excited by a special organism--the pneumococcus--and manifested by a local inflammatory process in the lung and severe systemic disturbances4 ,exposure to cold and lowered vitality from overwork1 alcoholism1 or some previous disease render persons liable to infection4 ,symptoms4--,these consist in a decided chill1 pain in the side1 fever rising rapidly to #ajd-aje ,f41 and lasting for five1 seven1 nine1 or eleven days1 and then rapidly falling2 cough2 tenacious bloody expectoration1 shortness of breath1 delirium and stupor1 and physical signs indicating a solid condition of the affected lung4 ,in fatal cases death usually results from exhaustion1 the result of the systemic poisoning1 but occasionally it is due to a failure of the heart to propel the blood through the solid lung1 to suffocation1 or a complication1 such as inflammation of the covering of the heart 7pericarditis7 or lining of the heart 7endocarditis74 ,management4--,the room should be well ventilated1 but free from drafts4 ,the temperature should be maintained between #fe and #gj ,f4 ,cool water should be given freely4 ,the points mentioned in connection with temperature1 respiration1 and pulse in dealing with typhoid fever are applicable here4 ,note the frequency of cough1 the amount and character of expectoration1 and whether the latter is raised readily or with difficulty4 ,note the occurrence of pain and its location2 also amount of sleep1 amount of nourishment1 amount of urine1 number of stools1 etc41 and the effect of sponging1 of medicines1 and of local applications4 ,clean the mouth and teeth at intervals1 being extremely careful1 however1 in all manipulations not to tire or exhaust the patient4 ,,scarlet ,,fever4 ,scarlet fever is an acute1 highly contagious disease characterized by a sudden onset with chill1 vomiting1 or convulsions2 a high fever of from a week to ten days' duration2 a very rapid pulse2 severe sore throat2 a bright red rash1 appearing on the second day1 lasting about a week1 and followed by desquamation and a marked tendency to nephritis4 ,the most serious complications are nephritis1 suppurative inflammation of the middle ear 7otitis media71 inflammation of the endocardium or pericardium1 and pneumonia4 ,scarlet fever1 while contagious at all periods1 is probably most so during the period of desquamation4 ,the organism may cling to furniture1 clothing1 etc41 and reproduce the disease after very long periods4 ,the contagion may be carried by persons coming in contact with the sick1 or the disease may be transmitted through the air of the sick-room or through clothing1 utensils1 etc41 which have been used by the sick4 ,prevention of contagion consists in isolating the patient2 in disinfecting everything that has been in contact with him2 in anointing the patient's body with an antiseptic oil until desquamation is complete2 and in thoroughly disinfecting the room after the patient's removal4 ,management4--,have the patient1 if possible1 in a large1 airy room1 preferably at the top of the house4 ,keep the temperature uniform and the room well ventilated4 ,wear a loose wrapper and cap1 and leave these inside the room when obliged to leave it4 ,with cloths moistened with a #c per cent4 solution of carbolic acid wipe the floor1 furniture1 sills1 door-knobs1 mantelpiece1 etc41 once a day1 but never dust or sweep4 ,thoroughly disinfect the secretions of the patient and all articles used by him before they leave the room4 ,allow the patient no food except what has been ordered1 which will usually be milk1 koumiss1 junket1 fruit-juices1 and gruels4 ,encourage the patient to drink water freely4 ,apply to the body1 at least once a day1 a bland ointment4 ,note temperature1 respiration1 pulse1 stools1 quantity of nourishment1 sleep1 and effect of baths and medicine as in typhoid fever4 ,note especially the quantity and appearance of the urine1 and have a sample in a clean bottle ready each day for the physician's examination4 ,keep the nose and throat clean with mild antiseptic sprays or washes4 ,relieve pain in the throat1 unless otherwise directed1 with ice-poultices or hot-water compresses4 ,,measles4 ,measles is an acute contagious disease characterized by moderate fever of about a week's duration2 by an eruption on the skin1 appearing on the third or fourth day as small red spots that soon coalesce into crescentic blotches1 remain three or four days1 and then disappear with a branny desquamation2 and by catarrhal symptoms involving the eyes1 nose1 and bronchial tubes 7conjunctivitis1 coryza1 and bronchitis74 ,the most common complications of the disease are catarrhal pneumonia1 inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract1 and inflammation of the middle ear4 ,management4--,the preventive measures described in connection with scarlet fever are applicable in measles4 ,the room should be maintained at a temperature of #gj ,f41 and should be moderately darkened4 ,the bed should be so arranged that the face will be directed away from the light4 ,milk1 broths1 and gruels are suitable forms of nourishment4 ,the temperature1 pulse1 respiration1 hours of sleep1 quantity of nourishment1 amount of urine1 and the effects of therapeutic measures should be carefully noted as in other fevers4 ,daily inunctions of the body with cold cream or olive oil are useful4 ,spraying the nose and throat with a mild antiseptic solution1 and washing the eyes with boric acid solution 7#ae grains to the ounce of water7 are usually ordered4 ,hot baths and hot drinks are indicated when the rash is delayed4 ,fever is generally controlled by sponging4 ,great care is necessary during convalescence to avert complications4 ,,diphtheria4 ,diphtheria is an acute contagious disease characterized by moderate fever of an irregular type1 and of from one to two weeks' duration2 by considerable weakness and prostration2 and by the formation of a grayish or whitish false membrane upon the throat1 nose1 larynx1 and adjacent parts4 ,the exciting cause of disease is the bacillus of diphtheria1 which is found chiefly in secretions of the affected mucous membrane4 ,the constitutional symptoms are due to the absorption of a toxin produced by this bacillus4 ,diphtheria involving the larynx is sometimes termed true croup or pseudomembranous croup4 ,this form is characterized by irregular fever1 hoarseness of the voice1 croupy cough1 and progressive difficulty in breathing4 ,death frequently results from suffocation1 unless tracheotomy or intubation of the larynx be performed4 ,the chief complications of diphtheria are pneumonia1 degeneration of the heart-muscle1 inflammation of the middle ear1 and paralysis the result of an inflammation of the nerves4 ,preventive measures consist in isolation of the sick1 the thorough disinfection of the bedroom1 bedding1 clothing1 and all articles used by the sick1 and the administration of an immunizing dose 7#ejj units7 of antitoxin 7see page #be7 to those who have already come in contact with the patient or who have otherwise been exposed to the contagion4 ,the sick-room should be well ventilated and maintained at a temperature of #gj ,f4 ,the atmosphere should be made moist by slaking lime in the room or by generating steam in a kettle4 ,in membranous laryngitis treatment in a steam-moistened tent is desirable4 ,on account of the tendency to sudden heart failure absolute quiet and rest are to be enjoined4 ,the diet should consist of milk1 unseasoned broths1 koumiss1 junket1 and eggs4 ,the patient's temperature1 pulse1 respiration1 nourishment1 urine1 sleep1 and bowel movements should be noted as in other fevers4 ,local applications of boric acid solution1 hydrogen peroxid 7#a3 #c71 or normal salt solution are usually ordered2 they should be made with utmost gentleness4 ,externally1 ice-poultices or hot fomentations are useful in relieving soreness4 ,the utmost care should be exercised during convalescence to guard the patient against undue effort1 as at this time sudden heart failure is especially liable to occur4 ,,poliomyelitis4 ,poliomyelitis--,infantile ,paralysis4--,this disease occurs in all countries and was recognized more than a hundred years ago4 ,the first of the great epidemics appeared in #aije1 and it was then proved that the malady is a contagious disease4 ,peculiar facts connected with previous epidemics of poliomyelitis have made it appear possible that the disease when not spread directly from one person to another1 like the most acute infectious diseases1 may be dependent upon some intermediate agent1 or perhaps upon some other host1 or a living reservoir1 or upon the combination of the two4 ,if the disease is communicated by human contact1 mild cases1 abortive cases1 and convalescents may carry the germs for years4 ,a normal carrier is an individual who is not suffering from the disease and may carry the germs and transmit them to another without being the least suspected4 ,laboratory experiments would seem to show that the disease is passed directly from one affected human individual to another through immediate contact involving the transfer of the virus from the first person to the nasal passages of the second1 and spread through the agency of dust or by various other means1 a population other than human1 one acting as an undercurrent and influencing the progress of the epidemic4 ,there seems to be no relation between the sanitary conditions and the incidence of cases4 ,poliomyelitis is most prevalent during the warm months1 even when it is not epidemic4 ,under the same conditions of temperature1 rainfall1 humidity1 cloudiness1 sunshine1 wind1 dust1 etc41 the outbreak will progress in one part of the city and subside in another4 ,the course of the epidemic is not materially modified by weather conditions4 ,no age1 no sex1 or race is exempt2 the incidence is greater under five years of age1 and the blonde children appear to be especially susceptible1 while the colored race are rarely attacked1 and the strongest children seem to be the greatest sufferers4 ,that this disease can and often does end fatally has been clearly shown by the history of the past epidemics1 and it has been frequently demonstrated by clinicians in various parts of the world that complete recovery from paralysis is not only possible but it is by no means uncommon4 ,summary ,results from ,public ,school ,reports4--#a4 ,a large number of children with poliomyelitis show pathologic conditions of the nose and throat1 either diseased and hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids1 or both4 #b4 ,a large number show marked hyperemia of the nasopharynx and throat1 often resembling a scarlet or streptococcus throat4 #c4 ,only a small percentage of cases previously operated for tonsils and adenoids were found to be affected with the disease1 and in this group of cases the percentage of recovery was very much higher than in unoperated cases4 ,the number of cases in this group is1 of course1 rather small to draw from it any definite conclusion1 but it is at least suggestive4 ,in another investigation of #adjd children in the public schools1 made to determine whether any of them whose tonsils had been removed had been ill with poliomyelitis during the recent epidemic1 a similar result was obtained4 ,of the #adjd children whose tonsils had been operated upon not one developed poliomyelitis during this epidemic1 although in #ah instances cases developed in the family1 and in #ic instances cases developed in the same house4 ,poliomyelitis defined3 ,polio 7gray71 myel 7marrow71 itis 7inflammation71 meaning inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord4 ,pathology of the disease3 ,infantile paralysis is a general infection1 with lesions most marked in the central nervous system4 ,clinical manifestations exhibit a wide-spread and scattered motor paralysis or weakening4 ,the large majority of all cases are of the central nervous system1 but there are variations in which the symptoms are not of the usual kind4 ,classification4--#a4 ,non-paralytic or ,abortive ,type4--,these are cases in which the nerve-cells are not sufficiently injured to produce paralysis2 and those classed as meningitis cases1 tuberculous meningitis without motor disturbances1 often called encephalitic2 in these cases the motor cortical areas are not involved1 but there is evidence of disturbance of the sensorium4 #b4 ,ataxic ,type4--,here the motor cells are evidently not involved1 but there is a lack of co-ordination--ataxia1 nystagmus4 #c4 ,cortical ,type4--,the upper motor neuron is here affected1 with resulting spastic paralysis4 #d4 ,ordinary ,spinal or ,subcortical ,type4--,here the lower motor neuron is affected1 with resulting flaccid paralysis2 a manifestation of poliomyelitis difficult to classify is blindness4 ,the most important symptoms of the disease may be described under the non-paralytic or abortive cases and those of ordinary spinal form4 ,symptoms of ,onset4--,there is no typical onset for this disease4 ,it is believed that there is an interval of from a few days to two weeks between the time of exposure and the appearance of symptoms4 ,no one symptom or group of symptoms will always be found to identify it before the paralysis is apparent4 ,fever is the most constant of all symptoms2 it varies a great deal2 there may be much or there may be little4 ,vomiting occurs quite frequently1 and in a child old enough to talk headache may be complained of4 ,sometimes there is considerable pain in the back4 ,the child is often very drowsy and desires to be alone4 ,movements of any kind seem to cause pain1 and muscle tenderness is plainly evident4 ,marked irritability and sweating are also often prominent features4 ,such symptoms may all appear suddenly following a day of great activity and good health4 ,these symptoms may continue for from two to four days1 when it is noticed that the child is unable to move a hand1 an arm1 a foot1 or a leg4 ,there may merely be a paralysis of one side of the face or only weakness in an arm or leg4 ,in some mild cases it is occasionally hard to convince parents of the true nature of the disease4 ,in some instances the first knowledge of a child's indisposition is the discovery that it cannot walk or has difficulty in using an arm4 ,cases of this character are often attributed to 8catching cold10 to going in bathing for too long1 or perhaps a fall4 ,in the majority of cases temperature is down to normal within a week and there is seldom an extension of the paralysis after that time4 ,in most instances all the paralysis which is going to occur is present at the time it is first noticed4 ,within two weeks all the tenderness has usually left the muscles1 which are now found to be soft and flabby from lack of use4 ,no matter what extremity may be affected by the paralysis1 there is one condition which is nearly always present in these cases4 ,if the child's shoulders are raised up from the bed1 the head drops back almost as if on a string4 ,the child is unable to keep its head in a line with the body1 and if the head is raised and forcibly bent forward so as to cause the chin to touch the chest1 marked pain results4 ,treatment4--,by the end of three weeks in favorable cases there may be some motion obtained by the patient in the limb which was paralyzed1 or there may be evidence of threatened deformity4 ,it is at this time and in the weeks and months to follow that so much depends upon treatment4 ,the muscles of a leg or arm may waste away so as to make them useless if not promptly cared for4 ,if contractions of muscles are not prevented1 a club-foot1 toe-drop1 or some similar deformity may develop4 ,such deformities may be hastened by the pressure of the bed-clothes4 ,at times it is well to put a wire cradle over the affected limbs4 ,well-padded splints seem to take the strain from unaffected muscles4 ,by some wonderful adaptation of nature there is a great effort to make other nerve channels take up the work of the destroyed cells1 and hence the value of keeping the muscles artificially active by the use of massage and mild electric treatment4 ,this treatment should be used early in the case1 and then only with the advice and supervision of a competent physician4 ,the destruction of nerve-cells in the segment of the spinal cord is sometimes so extreme that a total paralysis of one or more extremities follows4 ,this is a grave shock to the growing child1 and it may be that all growth of that member will stop4 ,the long bones will not lengthen4 ,if one group of muscles remain active and unopposed in their action1 deformity will follow4 ,these deformities can be corrected by the orthopedic surgeon1 and can usually be checked if the physician's advice is sought4 ,serum ,treatment4--,the serum injections were given even as long as thirty years ago4 ,intraspinal injection of an immune serum is effective when introduced in the preparalytic stage4 ,prophylaxis4--,the virus or germ of poliomyelitis is found in the nose1 the mouth1 and intestinal tract 7it is also found in various other parts of the body74 ,as house-flies may carry the virus after crawling over the person suffering from the disease1 all insects are a dangerous asset to any household4 ,disinfection of secreta and excreta should be carried out4 ,the mouth and nose should be disinfected4 ,quarantine should be rigidly enforced1 and all the necessary precautions taken to prevent the spread of a contagious1 infectious disease4 ,,disinfection ,,of ,,feces ,,and ,,urine4 ,disinfect the feces and urine by mixing with each evacuation double its volume of #a per cent4 chlorid of lime solution or double its volume of #e per cent4 carbolic acid solution4 ,cover the vessel and allow it to stand for from one to two hours before emptying its contents into the closet4 ,put all typhoid linens in cans used for that purpose only4 ,sprinkle with formalin and keep covered until sent to laundry4 ,n4 ,b4--,while performing work in which the hands come in contact with soiled linen and bed-pans1 fill finger-nails with soap to keep them clean and to prevent them from acting as carriers of disease4 ,a ,,washing ,,fluid ,,for ,,soiled ,,clothes4 ,one can of lye1 #aj cents2 ,lump of ammonia1 #e 8 ,salts of tartar1 #e 8 ,put in a stone jar and set it in the open air4 ,pour over it #a gallon of boiling water4 ,use cupful to a boiler of clothes and add bar of soap4 ,soak clothes over night in cold water2 then place clothes into the boiler and boil for twenty minutes4 ,plain pieces need very little rubbing4 ,rinse two or three times in clear water before hanging clothes out to dry4 ,,incubation ,,period ,,and ,,quarantine4 ,a constant period of incubation is not to be expected4 ,in most instances1 as will be seen from the following table1 the difference between the maximum and the minimum period is not very great4 ,it seems remarkable1 however1 that a disease should show such extremes as typhoid fever3 ,normal4 ,maximum4 ,minimum4 ,variola #ab days4 #ad days4 #i days4 ,varicella #ad 8 #ai 8 #ac 8 ,measles #aj 8 #ad 8 #d 8 ,rubella #ah 8 #ba 8 #h 8 ,scarlatina #b 8 #g 8 #a day4 ,influenza #c 8 #e 8 #a 8 ,diphtheria #b 8 #g 8 #b days4 ,typhoid fever #ab 8 #bc 8 #e 8 ,mumps #ai 8 #be 8 #ab 8 ,it is a peculiar fact that the diseases in which the period of incubation is shortest are those in which the infection persists the longest4 ,the period of quarantine must be guided largely by the period of incubation1 hence the subject is an important one for a variety of reasons4 ,the 8,medical ,magazine0 7,london7 states that the period of quarantine should be at least a day longer than the maximum period of incubation for each disease4 ,this is a very uncertain rule1 however1 for the patient should be free from all signs of illness1 and especially from fever4 ,the period of infection is very doubtful4 ,it may be greatly prolonged by complications4 ,this is especially true of small-pox1 diphtheria1 typhoid and scarlet fevers4 ,the period during which a disease may be infectious cannot be stated definitely4 ,it varies with different diseases1 and must be determined according to the symptoms and character of the case4 ,measles1 chicken-pox1 and mumps lose the direct power of infection very early1 and the infective principle does not remain active for a long period in the room in which the patient has been ill4 ,measles1 mumps1 and chicken-pox may be infectious in the earlier stages before becoming definite in character4 ,smallpox is not actually dangerous until the eruption appears4 ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,skin ,,and ,,mouth ,,in ,,fevers4 ,,by ,,harriet ,,higbee1 ,graduate ,illinois ,training ,school for ,nurses4 ,from the ,american ,journal of ,nursing4 ,the prevention and treatment of bed-sores have been and are frequently discussed in medical books and journals4 ,but as it is a subject that often taxes the nurse's ingenuity to the extreme1 it can not be dwelt upon too frequently4 ,many preventive measures are familiar to us1 as the soap and water bath for cleanliness1 followed by rubbing with alcohol and dusting with boric-acid powder1 or boric-acid powder and bismuth subnitrate in equal parts for dryness4 ,the relief of pressure is most important4 ,make use of air-cushions1 cotton-pads1 pillows1 water-bed and frequent change of position where that is possible4 ,in addition to these1 there are a few measures not generally used which after a thorough test have proved satisfactory4 ,one is a simple inexpensive contrivance used to relieve pressure of heel1 elbow1 and ear4 ,it is a pig's bladder filled two-thirds full of either warm or cold water1 as the case requires1 tied securely1 and placed under a cotton ring4 ,the weight of the head or elbow rests on the ring and the tender point rests on the soft fluctuating mass4 ,if the skin is inactive1 as in paralysis1 or there is frequent or constant moisture from perspiration or involuntary evacuations of urine or feces1 the alcohol and boric acid1 etc41 are of very little value4 ,they do not prevent the absorption of the moisture by the skin and its subsequent softness or excoriation1 which is commonly followed by infection4 ,in such cases the back should be washed with soap and water every six or eight hours1 or after every involuntary evacuation1 and thoroughly rubbed with a small amount of oil-substance1 as camphorated oil or a mixture like the following3 ,mutton tallow1 j2 ,olive oil1 fj2 ,carbolic acid1 #ie per cent41 j4 ,render out mutton tallow on the back part of the stove2 do not brown it4 ,strain through a piece of muslin2 add the olive oil and carbolic acid2 set dish into cold water and beat its contents until set4 ,this will make an ointment the consistence of vaseline1 and it will keep indefinitely4 ,if the skin needs a great deal of stimulation1 camphorated oil or1 better still1 castor oil may be substituted for the olive oil in the above recipe4 ,when the skin becomes excoriated the part should be cleansed as mentioned before1 not with soap and water1 but with boric-acid solution1 normal salt solution1 or sterile water2 then gently painted with oxide of zinc ointment made into liquid form by the addition of olive oil1 castor oil1 and balsam of ,peru in equal parts1 or castor oil alone1 and covered with a clean cloth fastened on with a binder4 ,gentle massage may be used around the excoriated surface with excellent results4 ,the treatment of bed-sores is usually directed by the physician2 but if it is left to the nurse1 she will find the following method helpful4 ,if there is necrotic tissue or suppuration present1 she may irrigate the cavity once daily with peroxid of hydrogen1 one glass syringeful1 followed by normal salt solution1 boric-acid solution1 or sterile water4 ,then apply a hot boric-acid dressing1 one inch thick1 every four hours until wound is clean4 ,if the stimulation of the tissues is needed1 fill the cavity with a sterile dressing saturated with balsam of ,peru and castor oil1 equal parts bovinine1 castor oil1 or camphorated oil alone4 ,when the depression is filled with granulation tissue1 it can be treated as an excoriation4 ,,the ,,mouth4 ,the subject of the care of the mouth in fever nursing is equally as important as that of prevention of bed-sores4 ,an unclean mouth is not only very unpleasant and often painful to the patient1 but is a source of infection4 ,the accumulation of food and mucus is a fertile field for the lodgement of bacteria4 ,if this infected material is allowed to remain1 it can easily spread to the middle ear and the mastoid cells1 and cause abscesses or be carried by the food to the already overburdened alimentary tract to add to its infection4 ,when the accumulation of sordes is profuse and persistent the patient's mouth ought to be cleansed after every feeding4 ,this may be done by wrapping a two-inch square piece of linen or gauze1 saturated with the mouth-wash1 around the little finger and wiping every portion of the cavity--not far enough on back of the tongue to provoke nausea4 ,if it is necessary to clean the throat1 a small swab may be employed4 ,for thorough cleaning of the mouth several sponges are necessary4 ,these may be received in a piece of paper and at once burned4 ,while cleaning the mouth of a delirious patient the nurse for her own protection must place some hard substance between the patient's teeth4 ,a rubber cork is the best1 but if that is not available1 a fork-handle may be used4 ,its prongs must be carefully wrapped to avoid an accident4 ,if the cork is used1 the nurse must hold it in place to prevent its falling down the patient's throat4 ,there are numerous preparations used for cleaning the mouth1 as3 #a4 ,listerin1 fj2 ,water1 fij4 ,dobell's ,solution4 #b4 ,borax1 ss2 ,sodium bicarbonate1 iv2 ,listerin1 fj2 ,carbolic acid1 #ie per cent41 viij2 ,warm water1 fx4 #c4 ,boric-acid solution1 fj2 ,alcohol1 fss2 ,glycerin1 fj2 ,tincture of myrrh1 fj4 #d4 ,glycerin1 ,water1 of each1 fss4 ,the following three formul have been found excellent for special cases3 ,for ,mucus-coated ,mouth4 #a4 ,sodium bicarbonate1 gr4 x2 ,glycerin1 fij2 ,water1 enough to make1 fij4 ,if the coating be of long standing1 thick and dry1 this solution may be applied with an applicator every five or ten minutes for one hour1 and then the cleansing may be done with sponges4 ,in these cases it is necessary to use a toothpick to gently loosen the sordes between the teeth4 ,for dry or fissured lips and tongue1 and for anointing the baby's nose1 the following will be found useful3 #b4 ,lanolin1 ,vaselin1 of each1 j2 ,oil of gaultheria1 xxx4 ,apply small quantity several times daily4 ,in rare cases there is a persistent bleeding from the gums4 ,the application1 several times daily1 of the following solution is effectual3 #c4 ,tincture of myrrh1 xxx2 ,water1 fj4 ,mouth-,wash4 ,a solution of potassium chlorate and cinnamon water4 ,,disinfection ,,of ,,rooms4 ,seal all crevices about doors and windows4 ,keep the room closed for twenty-four hours to allow dust to settle4 ,at the end of this time vaporize in a lamp from fifty to sixty paraform tablets to each #ajjj cubic feet of space or vaporize #a pound of formaldehyd solution in a special apparatus designed for the purpose4 ,if no special apparatus is obtainable1 sprinkle sheets with the following solution1 using a gallon of the mixture for a medium-sized room1 and fill the room with steam3 ,formaldehyd sol41 #d parts2 ,glycerin1 #a part2 ,water1 #b parts4 ,the steam and glycerin prevent to some extent the conversion of the formaldehyd gas into paraform1 which in itself is useless4 ,another and more modern method is to pour #ab ounces of formaldehyd into a vessel and then add #d ounces of crystals of potassium permanganate4 ,place the vessel in the room and leave the room closed for from four to six hours4 ,to get rid of the fumes quickly after the disinfection is completed1 sprinkle #d ounces of ammonia on a sheet and leave the sheet in the room until the ammonia is evaporated4 ,sulphate of copper solution is a very cheap disinfectant1 and may be used to advantage in typhoid fever4 ,after this treatment again keep the room closed for four or five hours4 ,then wipe floor1 walls1 and woodwork with corrosive sublimate solution 7#a3 #bjjj7 or carbolic acid solution 7#c per cent474 ,,disinfection ,,in ,,private ,,nursing4 ,in a private home 7,m4 ,d4 ,p41 ,american ,journal of ,nursing7 if contagion has taken the family by surprise and a room has not been especially prepared1 leave in the room all the furniture and fittings in order that everything may be disinfected finally4 ,during the progress of the disease no blankets1 coverings1 etc41 must ever be shaken from the windows4 ,they can only be aired within the room1 or rooms1 occupied by the patient4 ,moist sheets hung outside the door leading to the rest of the house prevent the passage of dust from the sick-room4 ,it is sufficient to keep them sprinkled with plain water1 as the important thing is the moisture4 ,however1 a solution of carbolic acid may be used4 ,they should be kept wet by some one on the clean side of the house4 ,soiled linen from the sick-room should be placed in a wash-boiler or metal can full of water1 never taken to the laundry in a dry condition4 ,here also a weak solution of carbolic acid maybe used1 or a very weak solution of soda4 ,however1 plain water will be sufficient4 ,they should be boiled for at least half an hour4 ,patients' dishes and silver should be kept in the room1 and before returning to the house should be boiled4 ,all cleaning within the patient's room during illness should be done with moist cloths1 which should be put into paper bags and burnt4 ,upon leaving the room the patient should receive an unusually thorough bath1 hair and all1 with tincture of green soap1 a dilute alcohol rub1 and finally a sponge-bath of bichlorid of mercury1 #a3 #bjjj to #a3 #djjj1 according to age4 ,the mode of disinfecting rooms is1 generally1 to use formaldehyd4 ,before setting free formaldehyd in any form the nurse should put on rubber gloves1 glasses1 and a thick mouth and nose protector1 as the fumes are very irritating4 ,after leaving the room she should seal up the door and leave all over night1 and then thoroughly air and house-clean on the morrow4 ,mattresses and pillows had better be steam-sterilized if there is any sterilizing plant in the town1 or1 in the country1 made over and sunned thoroughly4 ,,surgical ,,supplies4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,instruments4 #a4 ,all instruments should be boiled for at least fifteen minutes in a #a per cent soda solution4 ,wrap the blades of knives and scissors in cotton1 put them in a separate towel1 and in one corner stick the needles before folding it4 ,some surgeons prefer to have the latter simply washed and placed in absolute carbolic acid and then in alcohol for a few minutes4 ,water must boil before instruments are put in and the boiler must be kept closely covered4 #b4 ,in a ,german medical journal1 published at ,leipsic1 ,gerson corroborates his former assertions as to the efficacy of disinfection of instruments with tincture of soap1 citing extensive bacteriologic tests in evidence4 ,he wraps the blades in ,brun's cotton1 impregnated with tincture of soap4 ,the cotton protects them from the air and the tincture is an efficient disinfectant4 ,the instruments are then ready for use at any moment4 ,after using them he rubs them clean with cotton moistened with the same tincture1 then wraps them in a fresh piece and lays them aside4 ,no boiling or steaming is required1 and the instruments are not harmed by the process4 ,he recommends this method especially for military and other practice where steam disinfecting appliances are not available4 ,he has found that instruments infected with pus1 etc41 and not even wiped off after having been used1 proved perfectly sterile after a few days in the wet cotton wrapper4 ,no colonies developed when they were rubbed on agar plates or soaked in bouillon4 ,to ,arrange ,instruments for the ,convenience of the ,operator4--,instruments for immediate use are laid in trays on a small movable table on the operator's right hand4 ,instruments that may not be needed are kept in another tray4 ,a separate tray is used for suturing material1 needles1 a pair of sharp-pointed scissors1 and long forceps4 ,before placing instruments in the tray1 dry with sterile towels4 ,,to ,,clean ,,instruments4 ,first of all1 the knives1 scissors1 and needles should be laid carefully aside and cleaned at once4 ,scrub all instruments in cold water to remove blood and pus1 then in hot water with plenty of soap4 ,rinse thoroughly in hot water1 then place in boiling water1 take them out singly and dry2 do not drain4 ,following pus cases all instruments must be boiled for at least fifteen minutes in #a per cent4 soda solution4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,gloves4 ,examine carefully to see that they are in perfect condition4 ,select a pair1 then wrap each one in a separate piece of gauze1 fasten together1 and boil at least #ae minutes in salt solution4 ,,to ,,dry ,,sterile ,,gloves4 ,cover a table with a sterile sheet4 ,prepare hands and person as for an operation1 and draw on a pair of sterile gloves4 ,then dry gloves with sterile towel1 and powder them inside with sterile powdered talcum4 ,,to ,,clean ,,gloves4 ,soak in cold water1 then wash with green soap and hot water4 ,rinse and dry4 ,if used in pus cases1 boil #ae minutes before laying away4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,silk-,,worm ,,gut ,,or ,,silk ,,thread4 ,boil in sterile water #bj minutes and preserve in alcohol1 #ie per cent41 or first sterilize in steam sterilizer for #bj minutes1 then boil in sterile water for #bj minutes and preserve in alcohol1 #ie per cent4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,horse-,,hair4 #a4 ,wash thoroughly in green soap and water4 ,rinse several times4 ,soak in ether #bd hours4 ,boil in sterile water #bj minutes4 ,preserve in alcohol1 #ie per cent4 #b4 ,soak in bichlorid solution #a3 #ajjj for #f hours4 ,then boil #c minutes in sterile water4 ,place in alcohol1 #ej per cent4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,catgut 7,,formaldehyd ,,method74 ,immerse in formaldehyd sol41 #e per cent41 for #bd hours4 ,wash by soaking in sterile water for #bd hours1 which must be changed every hour4 ,then boil in sterile water and basins about #aj minutes1 according to size of the catgut4 ,lift out carefully1 and place on a sterile towel until all moisture is absorbed4 ,prepare table1 hands1 and person as for an operation4 ,cut in required lengths1 from #ad to #be inches4 ,coil smoothly1 and preserve in glass jars 7which have been previously boiled for #bj minutes7 containing the following solution3 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a part2 ,boiled glycerin1 #bjj parts2 ,alcohol1 #ie per cent41 #ajjj 8 4 ,,chromic ,,catgut4 #a4 ,soak in ether #a to #b weeks1 according to size4 #b4 ,wind on glass spools4 #c4 ,soak in chromic acid solution1 #e gr4 to #a pint water1 #c to #f hours1 according to size4 #d4 ,dry in sun #c days4 #e4 ,boil in #ie per cent4 alcohol #a hour1 under #ae pounds pressure1 in autoclave4 ,use ,mason fruit jars4 ,do not screw the top down when in sterilizer4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,linen ,,thread4 ,wind several yards of thread into coils4 ,boil for #cj minutes in a #a per cent4 solution of bicarbonate of soda4 ,wash in fresh cold water1 and allow to stand in cold distilled water for #f hours4 ,then boil in fresh water for #cj minutes4 ,place in absolute alcohol for #dh hours1 then in a solution of ,schering's celloidin with equal parts of alcohol and ether4 ,the mixture must stand for #ab hours1 or until dissolved2 keep tightly corked4 ,when ready for use add #a per cent4 of sterile oleum ricini1 and immerse thread for #dh hours4 ,then wind upon a frame to dry4 ,this will require from #a to #c days4 ,when dry1 cut into lengths and coil or wind on glass slides4 ,boil for #a hour in normal salt solution4 ,preserve in ,chinesol solution1 #a3 #ejj4 ,to ,sterilize ,glycerin or ,any ,kind of ,oil4--,place bottle uncorked in a vessel of boiling water for #b hours4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,rubber ,,tubing4 ,place different sizes in a deep dish of water4 ,add bicarbonate of soda to make a #aj per cent4 solution4 ,let come to a boil over a slow fire1 then with a stiff brush or cloth rub each piece well4 ,this removes all sulphur1 leaving a black surface4 ,rinse several times1 then boil in clean water #ae minutes4 ,boil #ae minutes before immediate use4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,six ,,yards ,,of ,,iodoform ,,gauze4 ,prepare the following solution3 ,sterile iodoform1 iij2 ,sterile glycerin1 iij4 ,mix thoroughly1 gradually add alcohol 7#ie per cent471 fiij1 then very quickly1 ether1 fvij4 ,have gauze ready in desired lengths1 and drop into solution4 ,press gauze uniformly to preserve evenness of color4 ,work rapidly4 ,prepare table1 hands1 and person as for an operation4 ,roll strips1 and place in sterile glass jars4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,iodoform ,,gauze 7,,green-,,soap ,,method74 ,to saturated boric-acid solution ,oj1 add green soap to make a good suds4 ,boil half an hour4 ,to this add iodoform j1 then boil #ae minutes4 ,when cool add carbolic acid 7#ie per cent47 j1 stir solution1 dip gauze1 and roll in strips4 ,keep in sterile glass jars4 ,castile soap is a good substitute for green soap4 ,,iodoform ,,emulsion4 ,i4 ,nine parts sterile glycerin in #a part of iodoform4 ,dissolve powder for eight hours in bichlorid solution 7#a3 #ejj74 ,pour off solution and break up the iodoform after having rinsed it thoroughly in sterile water4 ,then mix with glycerin4 ,,ii4 ,iodoform1 j2 sterile glycerin1 ix4 ,put the iodoform in a sterile basin4 ,with a sterile spoon stir in glycerin1 a few drops at a time1 until a smooth paste has been made4 ,then add remainder of glycerin4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,protective ,,strips4 ,scrub with green soap and rinse well in sterile water4 ,cut into strips4 ,disinfect in bichlorid 7#a3 #ejj7 for twenty-four hours4 ,keep in sterile water three hours4 ,then place in boric-acid solution4 ,put in normal salt solution when preparing for immediate use4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,tincture ,,of ,,green ,,soap4 ,green soap1 #c parts2 ,alcohol1 #ie per cent41 #b 8 2 ,ether1 #a part4 ,to prepare by cold process3 ,mix ingredients in a pitcher and stir briskly for a few minutes every hour until a solution is formed4 ,to prepare by warm process3 ,melt the soap over a slow fire2 then remove it to a cool place and stir occasionally4 ,before it hardens add solutions and mix thoroughly4 ,caution3 ,prepare where there is no danger of the ether igniting4 ,,sterilizing ,,hand-,,brushes4 #a4 ,clean with green soap and water2 rinse thoroughly4 #b4 ,place in saturated oxalic solution for #cj minutes4 #c4 ,place in sterile water #cj minutes4 #d4 ,change water twice4 #e4 ,keep dry4 ,,to ,,prepare ,a ,,patient ,,for ,a ,,surgical ,,operation4 ,the preliminary preparations are of the greatest importance4 ,the usual standing orders should be followed only when no directions have been given by the surgeon4 ,when express directions for preparation are given by the surgeon1 the usual standing orders must be disregarded4 ,caution in the use of cathartics can not be too strongly emphasized1 for even a simple laxative at such a time may cost the patient's life4 ,the usual standing orders are3 ,for the previous day1 liquid diet only4 ,give a cathartic1 a bath1 and a hair-wash during the afternoon1 and flush the bowels thoroughly a few hours later4 ,surgical preparations should be completed before retiring time for the night4 ,have room and all preparations ready before disturbing patient4 ,keep patient covered as much as possible4 ,protect table with a ,kelly pad or a good substitute for same4 ,have at hand a drainage-pan and a bucket4 ,shave field of operation4 ,scrub with tincture of green soap and rinse with sterile water2 then cleanse with ether1 followed by alcohol1 #gj per cent4 ,put on dry sterile dressing 7a towel71 apply a suitable bandage and fasten securely4 ,douches are given only by direction of the surgeon--sterile water preferred4 ,the final preparation is given in the operating-room a few minutes before the operation is begun1 consisting of a heavy coating of tincture of iodin1 applied by the surgeon in attendance4 ,morning of ,operation4--,have a specimen of urine ready for analysis4 ,no food six hours before operation4 ,if patient cannot urinate a few minutes before going to the operating-room1 catheterize1 with doctor's permission4 ,remove false teeth1 jewelry1 and protect patient from the cold4 ,,to ,,prepare ,a ,,room ,,for ,a ,,major ,,operation4 ,,by ,,eveleen ,,harrison1 ,graduate of the ,post-,graduate ,hospital1 ,new ,york4 ,from the ,american ,journal of ,nursing4 ,of necessity this is far more extensive than the requirement of a minor operation1 and should be commenced the day before if possible4 ,the selection of the room comes first1 and as an abundance of clear light is more essential than anything else in an operating-room1 let the choice of the room depend on that4 ,when possible avoid using a room into which the sun will shine directly during the time of the operation2 but in any case1 take the room that gives the most light4 ,when the house is large enough to allow it1 and your choice is not limited1 use a room adjoining1 or at least on the same floor as the one to be occupied afterward by the patient1 and as near the bath-room as possible4 ,sometimes it is necessary to use your patient's bedroom1 in which case the bed1 after being prepared1 should be pushed up in a corner out of the way4 ,all the furniture that it is possible to remove is taken out of the room2 any large piece that has to remain should be covered completely with sheets fresh from the laundry4 ,carpets and curtains must be removed1 unless the surgeon prefers to have them covered with moist sheets1 and the room thoroughly cleaned1 floor scrubbed1 windows washed1 etc4 ,as the surgeon will need all the light you can give him1 cover only the lower panes of the window with thin muslin curtains1 cheese-cloth1 or--what will answer the purpose equally as well and is ready at hand--a thick lather of soap rubbed all over the panes and allowed to dry1 thus shutting off the gaze of outsiders without excluding valuable light4 ,the temperature should be about #ge ,f4 and the room well aired beforehand1 as no window will be opened during the operation4 ,a list of articles usually required for a major operation is as follows3 ,bandages4 ,one strong kitchen table4 ,four small tables4 ,three common chairs4 ,one fountain syringe4 ,three large basins and pitchers4 ,one small basin and pitcher4 ,one piece of rubber sheeting for table4 ,two slop-jars or foot-tubs4 ,one gallon of hot boiled water4 ,one gallon of cold boiled water1 and always keep a kettle of water boiling on the stove4 ,antiseptic solutions as ordered4 ,alcohol4 ,safety-pins4 ,green or synol soap4 ,absorbent cotton4 ,sterilized gauze4 ,new wooden nail-brush4 ,two dozen towels1 and plenty of clean soft cloths4 ,this list is an outline of the articles usually required2 the surgeon will supplement what is necessary for each particular operation1 but when a nurse is called upon to prepare for an operation in a private house1 where the conveniences of the hospital are not at hand1 she will be thankful to have ready a list of the things that are indispensable4 ,i well remember my first operation outside the hospital1 and how difficult ,i found it to construct a modern operating-room from the limitations of a small country house4 ,all supplies1 when possible1 should be on hand the night before the operation1 and the room cleaned ready for work4 ,facing the best light1 and about five or six feet from the window1 place the kitchen table1 and cover it with a double blanket or comfortable1 rubber sheeting1 and a sheet fresh from the laundry1 the whole pinned firmly at the four corners with safety-pins4 ,lay on the top a small single sheet1 a blanket1 and very small1 firm pillow4 ,the little tables are to be arranged around the large one1 leaving plenty of room to walk between4 ,cover them with sterilized sheets2 if they have polished tops1 first put on a piece of oilcloth or rubber sheeting to prevent damage4 ,these tables are for the instruments1 gauze1 sponges1 sterilized towels1 and basin of solution for the surgeon's hands4 ,a strong screw must be fastened in the wall near the window at the height of about seven feet to support the fountain syringe1 which will be filled with whatever solution the surgeon requires for irrigating the wound4 ,one slop-jar stands at the side or end of the large table1 the other beside the table that holds the basin of sponges4 ,the bureau 7covered with a sheet7 or the mantle-shelf will serve to hold the dressings and rubber gloves4 ,a small stand or table will be needed by the doctor who gives the anesthetic for his hypodermic1 clean towels1 and ether or chloroform4 ,all the basins1 towels1 and pitchers to be used during the operation must be thoroughly washed in warm soap suds and then boiled for an hour1 or--when that is not possible--allowed to stand all morning in a #a3 #ajjj bichlorid solution1 and then rinsed off with sterilized water before using4 ,two of the basins are filled with sterilized water or salt solution for washing the sponges1 another basin holds the wet sterilized towels1 and the fourth the solution for the surgeon's hands4 ,a small bowl is needed for the soft soap to wash off the part of the body to be operated on1 also a small pitcher of #a3 #bjjj bichlorid and some alcohol4 ,in the bath-room arrange plenty of clean towels1 a bowl of #a3 #bjjj bichlorid1 and one containing alcohol1 synol1 or green soap1 and a sterilized nail-brush for the surgeon's hands4 ,the surgeon will send instruments1 sutures1 and anesthetic4 ,you cannot err in having ready a good supply of sterilized water1 as an emergency may arise in which a double quantity would be required4 ,clean the wash-boiler thoroughly1 fill it almost to the top1 and boil for half an hour4 ,one boilerful must be prepared in time for the water to grow cold before the operation2 it is then poured into pitchers that have been washed in warm soap suds1 and rinsed off with the sterilized water4 ,cover the pitchers with sterilized towels or napkins4 ,it is of the utmost importance that everything should be in perfect readiness when the surgeon arrives4 ,the nurse will do well to go over the list carefully1 so that nothing may be missing4 ,,to ,,prepare ,a ,,room ,,for ,,an ,,operation4 ,,by ,,jessie ,,mccallum1 ,graduate ,johns ,hopkins ,school for ,nurses4 ,from the ,american ,journal of ,nursing4 #a4 ,the room selected for the operation should be near the bath-room1 as a porcelain tub filled with bichlorid solution of the strength of #a3 #ajjj makes an excellent arrangement for disinfecting the washbowls1 pitchers1 platters1 plates1 etc41 which are to be used during the operation for the solutions1 instruments1 needles1 and ligatures4 #b4 ,if the carpet cannot be removed1 it may be protected with oilcloth1 rubber sheeting1 or newspapers1 over which sheets can be pinned4 #c4 ,the windows can be frosted by rubbing sapolio on the inner surface1 thus preventing any possible observation from the outside4 #d4 ,two small tables placed together to form one of the required size1 old blankets being used to make the tables of uniform height and also to furnish a comfortable surface for the patient1 can be used for an operating-table1 care being taken to cover the blankets with a bed-rubber or table oilcloth and a sheet1 securely folded under1 and tied to the table with muslin bandages4 #e4 ,a ,kelly pad can be improvised by tightly rolling a blanket and covering it with a rubber sheet1 two ends of which are to be pinned together and used to conduct the solutions into the foot-tub below4 #f4 ,an ironing-board or the leaf of an extension table1 supported by two chairs1 makes a good table for instruments or solution basins4 #g4 ,an ordinary clothes-boiler1 one-third filled with water1 can be used as a sterilizer1 the instruments rolled in gauze1 and the brushes and orange sticks 7for the doctor's hands7 being immersed therein4 ,the necessary dressings1 towels1 sheets1 fountain syringe1 etc41 are sterilized by hanging them in a hammock or sling hung from the handles of the boiler4 ,a kitchen fork1 lengthened by securely fastening to it an iron spoon1 makes a convenient utensil with which to remove the articles from the boiler4 #h4 ,an ordinary sheet folded over at the top makes an excellent gown for the operator1 if the ends be carefully taken up under the arms1 crossed in the back1 and used as sleeves for the shoulders and upper part of the arm1 the middle of the upper hem of the sheet being pinned to the collar in front4 #i4 ,water boiled in the clothes-boiler or tea-kettles can be quickly cooled by placing pitchers of it1 covered with sterile towels or cloths1 in a dish-pan or foot-tub of cracked ice4 #aj4 ,a kettle of water kept boiling during the operation is a great convenience4 #aa4 ,salt solution filtered into household preserving jars can be sterilized in the wash-boiler with the other articles4 #ab4 ,a stretcher can be improvised by slipping two window-poles or broom-handles into the folds of a sheet folded the proper size and securely fastened with safety-pins4 #ac4 ,the ,trendelenburg position can be secured by using an ordinary kitchen chair comfortably padded with a rubber-covered pillow and sheet1 the back of the chair being placed under the patient4 #ad4 ,the patient can be put in the lithotomy position by placing under the knees a padded walking-stick1 to the ends of which is fastened a sheet folded diagonally1 and passed under the shoulders4 ,,an ,,emergency ,,steam ,,sterilizer4 ,take an ordinary wash-boiler4 ,make a crate of three light boards and a few slats to fit the interior4 ,boards should be about six inches high1 to escape the water4 ,the slats laid across will support all goods necessary for an operation4 ,pack parcels lengthwise to permit the full circulation of steam4 ,sterilize under full pressure of steam for one hour4 ,then take out and place on a table to dry4 ,,to ,,sterilize ,,an ,,obstetric ,,set ,,or ,,small ,,packages4 ,use a boiler or small kettle which has two handles4 ,make a hammock of strong muslin1 tie corners to the handles and place packages in the sling suspended an inch or two above the boiling water4 ,cutting the muslin in a square and folding it on the bias gives more room1 as the goods will stretch4 ,,instruments ,,to ,,use ,,for ,,operative ,,cases4 ,,curetment ,,set4 #a pair scissors4 #a uterine probe1 long4 #b forceps1 #h-;inch4 #d 8 curets1 sharp and dull4 #b tissue forceps1 long4 #f hemostats1 #f-;inch4 #a placenta forceps1 ,barrett's4 #b tenacula4 #a uterine dressing forceps4 #b volsella4 #c 8 sounds4 #a ,sims' speculum4 #a 8 dilator4 #a retractor1 deep and broad4 #a 8 douche point4 ,,hernia ,,set4 #b pairs scissors4 #f hemostats1 #d-;inch4 #b scalpels4 #ah 8 #f- 8 #b pairs tissue forceps4 #c 8 #h- 8 #a grooved director4 #a needle-holder4 #a ,kocher 8 #b perineum needles4 #a ,fenger 8 ,suturing material and needles4 #a probe4 #b pairs retractors1 sharp and dull4 ,,amputation ,,set4 #b pairs scissors4 #f hemostats1 #d-;inch4 #a scalpel4 #ah 8 #f- 8 #b pairs tissue forceps4 #b 8 #h- 8 #a bone saw4 #b curets4 #a cutting forceps4 #b periosteotomes1 long and short4 #a holding 8 #a bone elevator4 #b bone-holding forceps4 #b probes4 #a lion jaw4 #a hammer4 #a rongeur4 #b chisels4 #a grooved director4 #a needle-holder4 #a ,kocher 8 ,needles and suturing material4 #b pairs retractors1 sharp and dull4 ,,laparotomy ,,set4 #a pair scissors1 curved4 #b pairs retractors1 broad4 #a 8 8 straight4 #b 8 8 narrow4 #b scalpels4 #f hemostats1 #d-;inch4 #b pairs tissue forceps4 #ah 8 #f- 8 #a grooved director4 #c 8 #h- 8 #a ,kocher 8 #b 8 curved1 #h-;in4 #a ,fenger 8 #b tenacula4 #a probe4 #b volsella4 #b pairs retractors1 superficial4 #b perineum needles4 #b 8 8 sharp4 #a needle-holder4 #b 8 8 dull4 ,needles and suturing material4 #b 8 8 deep4 ,,gall-,,stone ,,set4 #a laparotomy set4 #b gall-stone scoops4 #a lithotomy forceps4 ,aspirating syringe and needle4 #a long probe4 #b bone curets4 ,,skin-,,graft ,,set4 #a scalpel4 #b curets4 #a pair scissors4 #c hemostats1 #h-;inch4 #a tissue forceps1 plain4 #f 8 #f- 8 #a 8 8 rat-tooth4 #b razors4 #a ,fenger director4 ,,skull ,,fracture ,,set4 #a pair scissors1 straight4 #ah hemostats1 #f-;inch4 #a 8 8 curved4 #f 8 #d- 8 #b scalpels4 #d 8 #h- 8 #a bone-holding forceps4 #c bone curets4 #a bone-cutting 8 #b gouges4 #a probe1 long4 #b periosteotomes4 #a 8 short4 #a rongeur4 #a ,fenger grooved director4 #a lion jaw4 #a ,kocher grooved director4 #b trephines4 #b retractors1 superficial1 sharp4 #a de,vilbiss4 #b retractors1 superficial1 dull4 #a hammer4 #b chisels4 #b aneurism needles4 #a aspirating syringe4 #a bone elevator4 #a 8 needle4 #b pair tissue forceps4 ,needle-holder and needles4 #a ether mask4 ,,hemorrhoid ,,set4 #b pair scissors4 #a grooved director4 #b knives4 #f hemostats1 #f-;inch4 #a clamp4 #b 8 #h- 8 #b retractors4 #b 8 8,t48 #b tooth tissue forceps4 #a bone curet4 #a plain 8 8 #a rectal dilator4 #a probe4 ,cautery4 ,,prostatectomy ,,set4 #a laparotomy set1 suprapubic4 #a hernia set1 perineal4 ,add to either set3 #f sounds1 graduated sizes4 #f filiform bougies4 #b metal catheters4 #a rubber catheter1 size #af4 #b grooved staves4 #a 8 8 8 #ah4 ,,surgical ,,sets ,,for ,,strangulated ,,hernia1 ,,gastro-,,enterostomy1 ,,gunshots1 ,,etc4 #a laparotomy set4 #d intestinal clamps4 #b ,murphy buttons4 ,,tuberculous ,,gland ,,and ,,goiter ,,sets4 #a hernia set #b aneurism needles44 #f hemostats1 #f-;inch4 #a ether mask4 ,,wiring ,,of ,,bone4 #a amputation set4 #d drills4 #b drill-holders4 ,wire or plates and screws4 ,,surgical ,,sets ,,for ,,varicose ,,veins1 ,,varicocele1 ,,hydrocele4 #a hernia set4 ,,surgical ,,postures4 ,illustration3 ,sims's posture1 anterior view4 ,illustration3 ,sims's posture1 posterior view4 ,illustration3 ,dorsal recumbent posture4 ,illustration3 ,dorsosacral posture1 with leg-holder applied4 ,illustration3 ,knee-chest1 or genupectoral1 posture4 ,illustration3 ,walcher posture4 ,illustration3 ,trendelenburg posture4 ,illustration3 ,edebohls's dorsal posture4 ,,ophthalmia4 ,,purulent ,,ophthalmia 7,,suppurative ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,conjunctiva74 ,,by ,,cassius ,d4 ,,wescott1 ,m4 ,d41 ,assistant ,professor of ,ophthalmology at ,rush ,medical ,college1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,purulent ophthalmia is caused by a specific germ1 and is very contagious4 ,local ,treatment4--,irrigate with warm boric-acid solution or normal salt solution every hour4 ,anoint the edges of the lids with sterile vaselin to permit free drainage4 ,castor oil and glycerin1 of each1 equal parts2 or borated vaselin may be used for the same purpose4 ,astringents and caustics1 silver nitrate1 etc41 are usually applied by the doctor4 ,for an anodyne1 atropin is principally employed1 also cold or hot compresses2 in the use of the latter care must be taken to prevent irritation of the skin that will show itself in a permanent livid hue4 ,in case of excessive swelling a leech may be applied1 or the doctor may resort to scarification4 ,medicines consist of cathartics1 diuretics1 diaphoretics1 opiates1 tonics4 ,general ,treatment4--,frequent baths1 plenty of fresh air4 ,temperature of the room should be uniform4 ,moderate and subdued light4 ,diet should consist of nutritious food1 liquid or soft1 according to the condition of the patient4 ,the gravity of each case depends largely upon the extent to which the cornea is involved4 ,treatment must1 of course1 be modified according to the virulence of the inflammation4 ,to ,apply a ,leech4--,leeches are applied to relieve congestion4 ,put one in a small vial with a mouth large enough for the leech to crawl through4 ,cleanse the patient's temple1 and with a sterile needle scratch the skin until the blood shows4 ,directly over this place the mouth of the vial4 ,the leech will bite almost instantly1 and will drop off when it is gorged4 ,if the occasion requires the leech to be taken off before it is gorged1 sprinkle a little salt on its head4 ,hemorrhage should not be checked unless profuse1 in which case a piece of ice or alum applied to the spot will arrest the flow4 ,if possible1 the patient should be kept in ignorance of the application4 ,,ophthalmia ,,neonatorum4 ,when the disease develops it will be manifested1 as a rule1 from three to five days after birth by redness of the eye and a slight discharge4 ,it is the duty of the nurse1 as well as of the accoucheur1 to examine the eyes of the new-born babe each day during the lying-in period1 and at the first sign of trouble1 if discovered by the nurse1 the attention of the physician should be directed to the matter4 ,during the first two or three days after the disease begins there is usually little or no pus present1 and comparatively little swelling of the lids1 except in the most violent cases4 ,during this so-called first stage the treatment should be that of an ordinary acute catarrhal conjunctivitis--viz43 iced compresses applied for an hour twice a day if the baby is well and strong2 gentle flushing of the conjunctival sac with a warm saturated solution of boric acid4 ,as soon as pus begins to form1 the eyes must be cleansed more frequently--every hour during the day and every two hours during the night--and the edges of the lids should be kept constantly anointed with sterile vaselin to prevent their agglutination and the retention of the discharge4 ,drainage is indicated whenever there is suppuration1 and if we can prevent the sticking together of the lids in this way1 we allow free drainage and reduce the irritation which invariably results from retention of the discharges in these cases4 ,in all cases it will be noticed that after the discharge has been washed away from the everted lids there are strings or shreds of mucus in the folds of the conjunctiva4 ,the nurse should endeavor at each cleansing to wash them out by continuous flushing and gentle manipulation of the lids4 ,if she does not succeed in keeping the eyes free from these shreds the physician will remove them at least once a day4 ,if the conjunctiva of the globe becomes swollen and edematous and rolls up over the edge of the cornea1 the nutrition of this precious membrane becomes threatened1 and inflammation of the cornea1 with ulceration or sloughing1 is the cause of the blindness which follows this disease4 ,at the slightest indication of haziness of its surface the iced compresses should be discontinued and hot fomentations resorted to4 ,they may be applied every three hours for fifteen minutes each time4 ,great care and judgment are necessary in order that the heat be sufficient to be effective without burning the delicate skin of the lids and that it be continuous4 ,the compresses should be changed at least every sixty seconds during their application4 ,when the cornea becomes ulcerated great care must be used in the manipulation of the lids not to make pressure upon the eye-ball for fear of causing perforation4 ,if the lids are slippery from the presence of vaselin or discharge1 a single thickness of gauze or a little cotton held between the finger and the lid will be found a great help in opening the eye4 ,as the discharge of pus begins to diminish1 which may not be for several weeks in bad cases1 we may somewhat modify our treatment2 the strong applications need not be quite so strong1 and the cleansing need not be quite so frequent2 but the most important item in the treatment of all these cases is the frequent thorough cleansing of the eyes1 and if the cleansing is thoroughly done as above described each hour and the lids kept constantly anointed1 in order to prevent accumulation of the irritating discharge1 more frequent cleansing will not be necessary4 ,great care must also be exercised to prevent much crying by these little patients4 ,they must be kept warm1 regularly nursed or fed1 and the slightest derangement of the alimentary canal must be attended to4 ,if the cause of the crying cannot be ascertained and removed1 it is wiser to soothe the baby with a simple anodyne than to permit the crying to go on4 ,it should not be necessary to point out the danger which lies in all things which come in contact with the discharge from these eyes4 ,blennorrhea neonatorum is responsible for at least #be per cent4 of all the blindness in the world1 and yet not one case in a hundred should result disastrously if skilfully and patiently managed4 ,,emergencies4 ,,hemorrhages4 ,hemorrhage from the arteries may be recognized by its bright red color and by the spurting jets by which the blood leaves the wound4 ,venous 7from the veins7 hemorrhages flow in a steady stream and are darker in color4 ,arterial hemorrhage may be checked by firm pressure over the side nearest the heart or above the wound4 ,venous hemorrhages may be checked by firm pressure on the side distant from the heart or below the wound4 ,large veins like the jugular should be compressed both above and below the wound because the vein may bleed from both ends4 ,if possible1 digital pressure should be made directly over the bleeding point4 ,hemorrhage from the leg may be checked by firm pressure upon the femoral artery1 in the middle of the groin at the top of the thigh4 ,hemorrhage from the forearm by compression under the inner edge of the biceps against the humerus4 ,hemorrhage from the upper arm by compression of the axillary artery against the humerus in the axilla4 ,hemorrhage from the cheek by compression on the facial artery against the lower jaw just in front of the masseter muscle4 ,flexing the limbs at the joints with a pad between them to make the compression secure and then binding the part may prove a successful method of arresting the flow of blood4 ,a constrictor of rubber tubing twisted firmly around the limb is a ready appliance and a most successful way of checking a flow of blood from an injured limb4 ,but it should not remain on longer than absolutely necessary or gangrene may result from complete stoppage of the circulation4 ,wounds should be packed fully and evenly with some absorbent material4 ,applications of heat and cold are common methods of checking hemorrhages1 heat being at all times preferable4 ,hot water poured on open wounds will encourage coagulation4 ,bleeding from an ulcer of the leg1 which often results from varicose veins1 should be stopped by firm pressure over the wound4 ,hemorrhage from the ,lungs4--,a teaspoonful of salt taken internally may stop it4 ,place an ice-bag over the chest4 ,morphin1 gr4 -1 may be given under the instructions of a physician4 ,in all cases put patient in bed and enjoin complete rest until medical aid arrives4 ,nose-bleed 7,epistaxis74--,first of all1 position and rest should be attended to4 ,the patient should not lie down unless very weak4 ,the higher the head the better4 ,loosen clothing about the neck and thorax4 ,caution patient against coughing or sneezing4 ,holding the nostril tightly closed1 with cold applications to the back of the neck1 is sometimes successful4 ,insufflation of ice- or alum-water1 or of tannic acid solution may induce coagulation4 ,profuse bleeding will require packing of the nostrils4 ,,fractures4 ,compound ,open ,fracture4--,the bone is broken and the wound extends from the seat of the fracture to the outside4 ,such wound may be caused by the injury itself1 or may occur secondarily from the protrusion of pieces of bone through the skin4 ,a comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is broken into a number of fragments4 ,an ,impacted ,fracture4--,the broken ends have been forcibly driven into one another1 and are thus fixed4 ,multiple ,fracture4--,the bone is fractured at different points1 or when different adjoining bones are broken4 ,a complicated fracture is one associated with a serious injury to some important adjacent part--e4g41 a large vessel4 ,a green stick or incomplete fracture occurs where the bone is soft and bends1 and is only partially fractured2 it is most frequent in children4 ,symptoms of fractures are usually pain1 loss of function1 deformity 7seen or felt by passing the fingers over the seat of pain71 crepitus or the grating sound produced and felt on rubbing the broken ends against each other1 abnormal mobility in the course of the bone1 swelling1 and discoloration4 ,the principal point is to keep the part immovable and in a position to give as little pain as possible4 ,support the limb with something stiff and padded with cotton or remnants of yielding material4 ,bandages can be made of handkerchiefs1 strips of linen1 ribbon1 etc41 to keep the splint firm4 ,for the forearm padded splints long enough to take in the hand from above the elbow should be applied4 ,tie firmly with bandages and suspend in a sling4 ,if the upper arm be fractured1 bind it tightly to the side4 ,for the thigh1 the splints should extend from under the arm to the ankle and should be bound to the body and leg with long towels or sheets torn into strips4 ,a splint made of blankets1 rolled up tightly from both sides on broomsticks1 allowing space for the limb to rest between the supports1 is a good and ready appliance4 ,always make extension to prevent contractions of the muscles1 as this would result in shortening the leg4 ,for a broken clavicle 7collar-bone7 bind the arm to the chest4 ,put the patient on the flat of his back with a small pad between the shoulder-blades4 ,this will keep the broken ends in a normal position4 ,n4 ,b4--,in every case elevate and support the injured member on a pillow1 keep in position and give complete rest until medical aid arrives4 ,,dislocations4 ,dislocation is a displacement of the joint4 ,it may occur with a break of the limb1 but usually results from a fall or strain4 ,there may be deformity and inability to move the injured part4 ,sometimes an abnormal projection is the first sign4 ,if inflammation arises1 apply cold applications4 ,the only treatment a nurse may give is to keep the patient quiet and await skilled help4 ,,sprains4 ,there may be extreme pain1 swelling1 inflammation1 discoloration1 and inability to use the joint4 ,support and elevation of the limb is of the greatest importance4 ,use hot or cold applications to allay the inflammation and pain4 ,cover with a thin soft pad1 and bandage evenly and firmly4 ,a sprain should not be neglected1 as it may cause future disease of the injured part4 ,for recent bruises cold applications are best4 ,give the patient complete rest1 support and elevate the injured limb1 apply cold or hot applications1 and await skilled help4 ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds4 ,in severe cases the constitutional treatment is of more importance than the application of local remedies4 ,if the patient is in shock wrap him in warm blankets1 and give him stimulants4 ,in superficial cases where the skin is not broken powder with bicarbonate of soda 7baking soda74 ,a ready domestic application is sweet oil4 ,exclude the air at all times4 ,when vesicles have been produced they should be punctured with a sharp instrument1 and the serum gently evacuated with absorbent cotton4 ,apply soothing ointments or wet dressings4 ,,in ,,case ,,of ,,severe ,,burns ,,of ,,the ,,body immerse the patient in a warm bath1 keeping it at even temperature4 ,separating a layer of common white cotton wadding1 and wrapping it about the injured part will allay the pain1 and the cotton has the advantage of not adhering to the raw surface4 ,splints and bandages should be employed to prevent contractions4 ,,burns ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,for burns resulting from molten lead1 strong alkalies1 lime1 or acids1 flush freely with warm water or boric-acid solution1 and anoint with pure vaselin or a few drops of castor oil4 ,do not rub the injured tissues4 ,the applications should be made quickly and very gently4 ,put on cold compresses until medical aid arrives4 ,,injuries ,,to ,,the ,,eye4 ,for surface injuries a drop of castor oil may be applied1 and the eye kept closed for the day with a pad of wadding and a bandage4 ,,syncope 7,,fainting ,,or ,,swooning74 ,place the patient in a recumbent position4 ,loosen all clothing1 and dash cold water on the face and chest4 ,spirits of ammonia or smelling salts should be used with caution1 and not brought too near the nostrils4 ,the pulse and general appearance will indicate if condition is serious4 ,give whisky and strychnin sulphate 7_/ gr47 hypodermically if necessary4 ,,hysteria4 ,in hysteria the patient may be apparently unconscious2 the body is normal to the touch1 the pulse is full and regular1 the color is natural1 and if an attempt is made to raise the eyelid it will be met with resistance4 ,do not leave the patient alone1 but do not disturb her until she recovers4 ,,epilepsy4 ,the attack comes on very suddenly4 ,the patient utters a sharp cry1 and falls to the ground4 ,the muscles are rigid1 the eyes staring1 and there may be frothing at the mouth4 ,the muscles soon relax1 and there are twitchings of the whole body4 ,the attack may last only a few minutes4 ,place the patient on his back with the head slightly elevated1 and loosen all clothing4 ,put a wedge between the teeth1 give him plenty of fresh air1 and do not attempt to stop the movements4 ,,drowning4 ,begin artificial respiration at once1 then soon as possible remove or loosen all clothing about the back1 chest1 and abdomen4 ,free the throat and mouth from mucus and foreign substances4 ,secure the tongue with a dry cloth or handkerchief2 keep it drawn forward and to one side1 as this opens the windpipe4 ,then turn the patient face downward1 allowing the abdomen to rest on a roll of goods4 ,make firm pressure on the back and on both sides of the thorax to evacuate the lungs4 ,envelop the body in warm blankets1 apply heat to the feet1 and stimulate with hypodermic of strychnin1 whisky1 and coffee4 ,,suspended ,,animation ,,from ,,noxious ,,gases4 ,remove patient at once into the fresh air4 ,employ artificial respiration1 apply heat1 and stimulate hypodermically4 ,,methods ,,of ,,artificial ,,respiration4 ,sylvester's ,method4--,lay the patient upon his back2 kneel above the head1 take firm hold of the arms above the elbow1 and move them horizontally--first away from the body1 then over the head until the hands touch behind2 pull them backward for a few seconds4 ,this process expands the chest cavity1 and the lungs are filled with air1 inducing inspiration4 ,return the arms to the first position1 and make strong pressure on the sides of the chest and epigastrium to expel the air and effect expiration4 ,movements should not be too rapid2 they should be repeated about sixteen times a minute4 ,in case of apparent want of success1 persist in the treatment until it has been ascertained that the heart has ceased to beat4 ,marshall ,hall's ,method4--,roll the patient over on his breast1 make gentle pressure on the back1 then turn the body gently but completely on the side1 and again make gentle pressure on the back4 ,repeat these movements fifteen times every minute4 ,artificial respiration may be kept up for hours before the faintest symptoms of life are shown4 ,,sunstroke4 ,two conditions result from exposure to excessive heat3 thermic fever and heat exhaustion4 ,in thermic fever1 after prodromal symptoms consisting of headache1 nausea1 and vomiting1 there are stupor or coma1 fever ranging from #aje to #aaj ,f41 flushing of the face1 contraction of the pupils1 a rapid1 full pulse1 and noisy respirations4 ,management4--,pack the patient in ice1 and rub with ice4 ,ice-water enemas may also be given4 ,bleeding and the subcutaneous administration of normal salt solution are sometimes efficacious4 ,in heat exhaustion consciousness is not lost2 the skin is cold and moist2 the respirations are shallow and rapid1 but not noisy2 and the pulse is feeble4 ,management4--,the patient should be covered with blankets and surrounded with hot bottles4 ,aromatic spirit of ammonia 7#cj minims71 whisky1 and black coffee are useful stimulants4 ,,baths ,,and ,,packs4 ,,warm ,,pack ,,for ,,pneumonia ,,patients4 ,articles needed3 #d blankets4 ,foot-tub for hot water4 #a rubber and towel for head4 ,basin and ice4 #a long rubber sheet4 #b compresses for head4 ,place under patient3 ,first1 blanket1 then rubber sheet1 covered with second blanket4 ,place small rubber piece1 covered with the towel1 under patient's head4 ,third blanket put over patient4 ,leave patient on side while woolen blanket is wrung out of hot water4 ,place this blanket quickly under and about the patient1 removing lower dry one at the same time4 ,leave feet out of wet blanket1 wrapping them up dry1 and use hot-water bottle if necessary4 ,cold compresses to head4 ,leave in pack #de minutes4 ,wipe dry2 give alcohol rub4 ,take temperature and pulse every half-hour after removing from pack4 ,,cold ,,pack ,,to ,,reduce ,,temperature4 ,articles needed3 #a long rubber sheet4 ,foot-tub4 #c blankets4 ,pitcher or sprinkler4 ,basin of ice4 ,rubber and towel for head4 #b compresses for head4 ,place under patient3 ,first1 blanket1 then rubber sheet1 covered with second blanket4 ,have blanket over patient with patient on side4 ,wring a cotton blanket or sheet out of warm water to wrap about patient1 leaving feet out1 covering them with a dry blanket1 using hot-water bottle if necessary4 ,compress on head4 ,sprinkle with tepid water4 ,use friction4 ,turn patient once in midst of pack and iron back with ice1 and again just before he is removed4 ,leave in #cj minutes4 ,change compresses frequently4 ,give plenty of water to drink4 ,have sea sponge to take up water4 ,leave patient between blankets2 give alcohol rub4 ,take temperature and pulse half an hour after removing the pack4 ,,sponging ,,to ,,reduce ,,temperature4 ,articles needed3 #b blankets4 ,basin of ice4 #c towels4 ,basin of warm water4 ,rubber and towel for head4 ,compresses or ice-cap for head4 ,place patient between blankets4 ,rubber and towel under head4 ,towel across loins4 ,wash face and apply cold compress to head4 ,sponge chest1 arms1 legs1 and back with warm water4 ,cool water and sponge chest4 ,apply cold compress across chest4 ,turn patient on side4 ,sponge arms1 leaving upper part of body exposed4 ,fold blanket up and sponge back4 ,change compresses frequently4 ,give plenty of water to drink4 ,continue sponging from #bj to #cj minutes4 ,rub with alcohol and put patient to bed4 ,take pulse and temperature half-hour after sponging4 ,,hot ,,packs ,,to ,,induce ,,perspiration4 ,articles needed3 #d blankets4 #a sheet4 #b long rubber sheets4 ,basin of ice4 #a short 8 sheet4 ,foot-tub of hot water4 ,rubber piece for head4 ,old woolen blanket4 #b towels4 #b compresses4 ,place under patient3 ,first1 blanket1 then rubber sheet1 covered with the second blanket4 ,third blanket place over patient4 ,wrap feet up dry4 ,have patient on side4 ,wring fourth blanket out of hot water and place quickly about patient1 bringing well up around neck and in between the arms4 ,wrap well about the legs4 ,bring under rubber sheet up about the neck well and place a long rubber sheet snugly over that4 ,wrap feet1 then bring under blanket up over rubber sheet1 and top blanket tucked over all1 seeing that all folds of blankets are snug around the neck4 ,rubber and towel under head4 ,compress to head4 ,place sheet over patient not tucked in4 ,give hot drinks freely unless liquids are restricted4 ,take pulse before placing patient in pack and every #ae minutes while in4 ,leave patient in #de minutes and then in dry blankets half an hour1 ,take out of pack1 rub dry1 and give alcohol rub4 ,,tubbing4 ,articles needed3 #a long rubber sheet4 #a sea sponge4 #b blankets4 #b pails4 #a tubbing sheet4 ,basin of ice4 #a towel4 ,siphon4 #b compresses or ice-cap4 ,piece of rubber tubing4 #a bath towel4 ,place under patient3 ,one blanket covered with long rubber sheet1 then with tubbing sheet1 over which place muslin sheet widthwise4 ,place towel over loins4 ,bring sheet up around patient1 tubbing sheet rolled in from sides and tied to the four corners of the bed4 ,use four pails of tepid water1 gradually cool to #fj or #gj ,f4 ,apply friction most of the time4 ,compresses to head4 ,give water freely4 ,leave feet out of water4 ,turn patient and use friction on back once while in and before taking out4 ,take pulse frequently4 ,leave patient in pack #bj minutes4 ,turn patient and remove water with siphon and sea sponge4 ,lower patient1 removing tubbing and wet sheet1 leaving patient between blankets with hot-water can at feet4 ,take temperature half-hour after removal4 ,give alcohol rub and make bed4 ,,alcohol ,,sweat4 ,articles needed3 #f old blankets4 #h hot bricks in bags #a piece of old blanket4 7woolen preferred71 #b long rubber sheets4 #ab #ab inches4 #a short 8 sheet4 ,basin of ice4 #a piece 8 for head4 #b compresses4 #a towel4 ,alcohol4 #a sheet4 ,hot drink4 ,place under patient blanket covered with a long rubber sheet and then second blanket4 ,wrap shoulders in a blanket4 ,place folded blanket and small rubber sheet around the feet4 ,cover patient with blanket1 and over that place long rubber sheet4 ,fold back upper rubber sheet blanket over patient and then one under patient4 ,place covered bricks on folds of lower blanket4 ,pour one tablespoonful of alcohol on hot bricks covered with outer edge of blanket1 on which bricks rest1 then with blanket over patient1 folding it in between bricks and patient4 ,bring under rubber sheet up and upper one down4 ,tuck each rubber sheet and blanket well in about the neck4 ,bring folded blanket and short rubber sheet over feet1 under the long rubber sheet4 ,arrange opposite side in like manner4 ,place over all #b blankets and tuck in4 ,cover these with clean sheet1 not tucked in4 ,rubber and towel under head4 ,apply the cold compress to head and change frequently4 ,give a hot drink unless contraindicated4 ,take patient's pulse before placing in sweat and every #aj minutes while in4 ,more often as condition of patient indicates4 ,leave in one hour4 ,do not expose patient while removing bricks and blankets4 ,leave one blanket under and two over patient for half an hour4 ,tuck blanket about patient1 sheet over all4 ,when removing these blankets dry patient and give alcohol rub4 ,,massage--,,mechano-,,therapy4 ,massage 7meaning to knead or manipulate7 is one of the oldest therapeutic measures employed for the relief of disease4 ,it is probable that the ,chinese used this method of treatment several thousand years ago4 ,the ,japanese and the ,greeks and ,romans also were ancient users of massage4 ,to-day it is recognized as one of our most useful adjuvants in the treatment of a great many disorders4 ,unfortunately1 like some other therapeutic measures1 it has been misused for personal gain by unscrupulous parties to the great detriment of this form of treatment2 because of this many physicians have hesitated to adopt its use extensively for fear of being classed with the army of quacks and charlatans who endeavor to guile the public with a pretended knowledge of massage4 ,it not being possible for all nurses to become proficient in the art of massage while doing general nursing 7as it requires time1 patience1 and a great deal of experience to succeed71 massage has become somewhat specialized1 and we find many nurses who devote their time and attention exclusively to this work4 ,yet all nurses should have a general knowledge of the physiologic effects of massage and how to give it4 ,the best results are obtained only when massage is given under the direct supervision of a physician1 as massage may influence the function of almost every organ and tissue of the body4 ,some general rules may be given as to the hour and duration of each treatment4 ,a great deal depends upon the nature of the disorder in each individual case4 ,in the treatment of neurasthenic patients where insomnia is often a troublesome symptom1 massage given one or two hours before the patient quiets down for the night frequently results in improved sleep4 ,again1 other patients will do better to have the treatment one or two hours after the morning meal4 ,individual peculiarities must be considered always in giving massage4 ,the room should be of such temperature that the patient when exposed will not feel chilly4 ,absolute quiet should be maintained during the treatment1 and after the treatment the patient should remain quiet in a recumbent posture for an hour or two as the condition may require4 ,the oft-used expression 8that a masseur or masseuse possesses a great deal of electricity which is transferred during the treatment to the patient10 should find no place in the intelligent mind in considering the effects of massage4 ,it is true that one operator by his method of administering massage may please a patient and accomplish more than another1 but this is due only to the fact that one understands how it should be given1 and the other does not4 ,all the different movements in massage may be classed under the following3 ,first1 stroking2 second1 friction2 third1 kneading2 fourth1 vibration2 fifth1 percussion2 sixth1 joint movements4 ,stroking4--,this procedure may be given with two or three fingers or the palmar surface of one or both hands4 ,the movement should be gentle1 and the contact made as lightly as possible4 ,stroking should be done always in one direction1 and1 as a rule1 in the direction of the blood currents in the arteries4 ,the physiologic effects when properly applied should be sedative1 as the purpose should be to diminish the blood-supply to the part4 ,it produces a certain effect upon the cutaneous nerves which is very quieting4 ,it is often found useful when applied about the forehead for sleeplessness4 ,nervous headache may be relieved by the same procedure4 ,neuralgic pains and the vague1 but nevertheless uncomfortable1 sensations complained of by neurasthenic patients are often relieved by this measure4 ,friction4--,in this procedure the whole or part of the palmar surface of the hand is moved over the surface of the body with considerable pressure4 ,the principal effect of friction is upon the superficial blood-vessels and the lymphatics4 ,in the lower extremities the movement should be from below upward in the direction of the venous flow4 ,the same may be said of the upper extremities4 ,the thumb may be made to follow the course of the larger veins1 in this manner stimulating the venous circulation4 ,some patients object to friction applied by the dry hand1 in which case some lubricant may be used2 pure vaselin1 cocoa-butter1 and talcum powder are among the best for this purpose4 ,friction should always be used in the beginning of massage1 especially if the surface of the body is cold4 ,it is not the intention here to give minute instruction as to the methods of procedure with all the different parts of the body2 only general instructions can be here given1 and those requiring further information should consult text-books upon this subject4 ,physiologic ,effects of ,friction4--,first1 reflex effects upon the vasomotor nerves producing dilatation of the peripheral blood-vessels with increased circulation1 aiding the venous and lymphatic circulation4 ,it is useful in all conditions accompanied by poor peripheral circulation4 ,it not only stimulates the circulation1 but aids materially in elimination and increased nutrition4 ,it aids in the relief of general dropsy and hastens the absorption of inflammatory exudates resulting from sprains and various joint affections1 etc4 ,kneading4--,kneading is one of the most important procedures in massage4 ,it consists in the alternate compression and relaxation of the tissues1 the hand not being allowed to slip over the surface as in friction4 ,it may be administered in various ways1 such as rolling1 wringing1 and the use of the palm or fingers4 ,furthermore1 it may be deep or superficial4 ,superficial kneading stimulates all the functions of the skin1 increases superficial circulation in the blood-vessels and lymphatics4 ,in deep kneading the object is to influence the deep-lying muscles1 and care should be exercised in this procedure not to injure the large blood-vessels and nerves4 ,here a knowledge of anatomy is essential4 ,in the beginning of deep kneading little pressure should be exercised until tolerance is established2 then greater pressure may be exercised without discomfort to the patient4 ,it is quite essential that each muscle group be gone over carefully and thoroughly1 so that every muscle so far as possible shall be included in the treatment4 ,the physiologic effect of deep kneading is a stimulation of the functions of the nerves1 blood-vessels1 lymphatics1 and cellular metabolism of the muscles4 ,it is of especial benefit to patients who are unable to take a sufficient amount of active exercise1 such as those suffering from neurasthenia1 rheumatism1 chronic neuritis1 locomotor ataxia1 and from localized disturbances1 such as fractures1 sprains1 etc4 ,vibration4--,this procedure consists of vibratory movements to the body of the patient through the hand of the operator4 ,it may be given by using the palmar surfaces of the hand or the finger-tips4 ,this procedure stimulates the superficial circulation and acts as a mild general stimulant4 ,it may be used in conditions of poor circulation from any cause1 but is contraindicated in conditions of hypersensitiveness4 ,percussion4--,this procedure consists of blows or taps with varying degrees of force4 ,the tips of the fingers may be used1 the two hands alternating1 or the palmar or the ulnar surface of the hands may be used for the same purpose4 ,in any case1 the force should not be sufficient to bruise the tissues4 ,the physiologic results of percussion are stimulation for functions of the skin and a marked effect upon the underlying structures1 muscles1 nerves1 and blood-vessels4 ,it is useful in such conditions as sciatica1 inactivity of the liver1 chronic constipation1 poor circulation from various causes1 and to produce reaction after a cold bath1 etc4 ,joint ,movements4--,under this procedure we may mention flexion1 extension1 abduction1 adduction1 pronation1 supination1 circumduction1 and stretching4 ,the movements may be passive or resistive4 ,in passive movements the exercise is almost entirely confined to the joint1 the patient offering no muscular resistance4 ,with the resistive movements a certain degree of muscular activity is enforced by the patient1 thus not only exercising the joints1 but the muscles connected with the joints4 ,the physiologic effect of joint movements is to markedly stimulate all the parts about the joint1 and is indicated in various joint disorders which may have resulted in the lessening of the normal movements of the part1 as in rheumatism1 gout1 chronic synovitis1 and the stiffness that follows immobilization of the joint in the treatment of sprains1 fractures1 etc4 ,care should be exercised in the beginning not to use too much force in the manipulation1 otherwise the existing condition may be aggravated1 and more harm result than good4 ,increased force may be exercised with each treatment1 always bearing in mind the necessities of each case4 ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,james ,c4 ,,gill1 ,rush ,medical ,college1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,electricity is a useful and important therapeutic agent1 and an understanding of its effect when applied to the human body is as essential as a knowledge of any other therapeutic measure4 ,too often the therapeutic use of electricity is committed to those having very little knowledge of it1 and consequently good results are not obtained4 ,it is a great mistake to allow or advise patients to use electricity themselves2 no greater mistake would be made or more harmful results follow if they were advised to go to the drug store1 and help themselves to any drugs they might choose4 ,electricity should be administered by a physician1 or under the directions of a physician by a nurse who has been thoroughly taught its use4 ,in medicine we have usually considered three different forms of electricity3 ,first1 ,galvanism or ,chemical ,electricity2 ,second1 ,faradism or ,induced ,electricity2 ,third1 ,franklinic or ,static ,electricity4 ,now1 we add a fourth and a very important one--namely1 ,x-ray4 ,a nurse should have a general knowledge of these different manifestations of electricity and their effect when applied to the body4 ,in electricity we have units of measurements as we do in weights and measures4 ,for instance1 the force that drives the current of electricity along1 as we might express it1 is called the electromotive force1 and its unit of measurement is a volt4 ,the resistance which the current must overcome is measured in ohms1 and the strength of the current is measured in amperes1 or1 as we measure it in medical electricity1 the thousandth part of an ampere1 a milliampere4 ,galvanic or chemic electricity has certain properties not obtainable in the other forms4 ,comparatively speaking1 it is a current of considerable quantity1 but low electromotive force4 ,the galvanic current passes always from the positive to the negative pole4 ,it possesses the power to decompose various compounds1 such as water1 the tissues of the body1 etc4 ,this is called the electrolytic action1 and may be used to destroy certain tumors1 for the removal of superfluous hair1 etc4 ,again this current has the power to convey certain substances in solution into the tissues4 ,this is called cataphoresis1 and is used to produce local anesthesia by the use of cocain applied to the positive pole4 ,this is one of the best methods we possess of obtaining local anesthesia4 ,the effect of iodin may be obtained by the use of a solution of potassium iodid1 and the negative pole may be used to affect local swellings1 etc4 ,muscular tissue may be made to contract by the application of the current1 either when applied to the motor nerve supplying the muscle or when applied directly to the muscle4 ,upon sensory nerves the positive pole is sedative1 and may be used to relieve pain in cases of neuralgias1 etc4 ,the negative pole is stimulating1 and may be used in conditions requiring increased nutrition1 etc4 ,in using galvanism a good battery and outfit are essential4 ,first1 it is necessary to have a milliampere meter1 an instrument to measure the strength of current used4 ,the quantity of electricity used should be measured the same as the quantity or dosage of drugs prescribed4 ,another essential instrument is the rheostat1 by which the current strength may be gradually increased or decreased without interrupting the current4 ,the electrodes which are attached to the poles of the battery may be metal1 metal covered with sponge1 cotton1 etc41 preferably cotton1 which may be renewed with each application1 thus avoiding the possibility of infection1 always present in the use of a sponge-covered electrode1 which cannot be changed with each application4 ,in the use of galvanism we may speak of two different methods4 ,first1 what is called cerebral galvanism1 second general4 ,by experimentation it has been clearly demonstrated that all the deeper tissues and organs of the body1 such as the brain1 spinal cord1 liver1 etc41 may be influenced by galvanism4 ,in cerebral galvanism the object is to influence the brain and spinal cord4 ,in applying it to the head1 a sponge or cotton-covered electrode #d-e0 in diameter may be used4 ,the positive electrode is applied to forehead1 the negative at nape of neck1 using a current of #e-aj milliamperes for from five to fifteen minutes1 care being taken not to suddenly make or break the current1 as this would produce a disagreeable shock to the patient4 ,the circulation of the brain may be affected also by placing an electrode at the nape of the neck1 and a smaller electrode 7#a-b0 in diameter7 passed up and down along the border of the sternocleidomastoideus muscle1 using a current of #c-e milliamperes4 ,galvanism used in this way is beneficial in such conditions as cerebral anemia1 neurasthenia1 insomnia1 etc4 ,in applying to the spine1 one electrode may be used at the upper and the other at the lower part of the spine2 or a large-sized electrode may be placed over the abdomen1 and the other electrode moved up and down the spine without breaking or interrupting the current1 the strength of which may be from #aj-bj milliamperes1 and the duration of each application varied to suit the condition of the patient4 ,this treatment is indicated in such disorders as neurasthenia1 infantile spinal paralysis1 locomotor ataxia1 etc4 ,general galvanization may be given by placing a large-sized electrode at the spine1 over the abdomen1 or at the soles of the feet1 the other electrode1 smaller in size1 being passed over the entire surface of the body without interrupting the current1 which may be from #e-h milliamperes4 ,this procedure will stimulate the peripheral circulation1 elimination1 and nutrition4 ,the muscles may be exercised by using an interrupted current of sufficient strength only to cause contraction4 ,general galvanization is very beneficial in such conditions as neurasthenia requiring the rest treatment1 convalescence from various diseases1 paralysis1 multiple neuritis1 etc4 ,in the use of electricity it should be remembered that patients show idiosyncrasies as in the use of drugs1 so that each case should be given the amount of electricity best suited to individual peculiarities4 ,unless this point be kept in mind1 we will be surprised to find at times that the use of electricity aggravates the patient's condition4 ,faradism1 or the induced current1 is characterized by a high electromotive force and a low amperage or quantity4 ,it is an interrupted current1 and from the secondary coil it is an alternating current4 ,it cannot be used like the galvanic for electrolytic-cataphoric purposes4 ,its effect upon the body is almost entirely mechanical2 also unlike the galvanic1 there is practically no polarity4 ,it cannot be used to affect the deep-lying structures1 such as the brain1 spinal cord1 etc4 ,the current-strength is not measured by a milliampere meter4 ,it will produce muscular contraction only through the motor nerve supplying the muscle4 ,this is a point to be remembered4 ,its use is confined largely to exercising muscles and stimulating peripheral circulation1 and is useful in such conditions as paralysis where the cause of the paralysis is in the brain 7because where the lesion producing the paralysis is in the spinal cord or peripheral nerves the muscle will not contract when faradism is applied71 and in convalescence and all conditions requiring exercise which cannot be obtained actively4 ,in applying this form of electricity 7if the object be to stimulate circulation71 the strength of the current should be regulated to suit the feelings of the patient4 ,the technic is practically the same as described above for general galvanization4 ,if we wish to exercise the muscle1 then that current should be used which is just strong enough to produce muscular contraction and no stronger1 care being necessary not to over-stimulate and exhaust the muscle4 ,as a means of muscular exercise only this current is preferable to galvanism1 being easier of application and less likely to produce harm4 ,franklinic1 or static electricity1 is seldom administered by a nurse unless in a hospital or in a physician's office4 ,the current is produced by machines of various makes1 such as glass and mica4 ,the plates vary in diameter from twenty inches to three feet or more1 and in number from two to sixteen or more4 ,its current then generated is characterized by an enormously high electromotive force1 but a very minute quantity or amperage4 ,unlike the other two forms of current described1 its use does not necessitate the removal of clothing4 ,it may be used by placing the patient on an insulated platform and charging him with this current of high electromotive force1 which very markedly stimulates circulation2 or it may be used by applying or drawing sparks directly from the patient's body1 in this manner producing counterirritation1 stimulating circulation1 relieving localized pains1 etc4 ,it has been found useful in such conditions as chorea1 neurasthenia1 muscular rheumatism1 lumbago1 chronic inflammation of nerves1 etc4 ,nurses probably will never be called upon to use the x-ray1 but this most wonderful manifestation of electro-force has recently taken a prominent position as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent4 ,parts of the human body heretofore only revealed by the use of the knife or post mortem are now plainly discernible during life through the use of this force4 ,the field of its therapeutic application is a large one1 and disorders which have been considered incurable or difficult of cure by other means now yield readily to the x-ray4 ,,food ,,constituents4 ,the ,wise ,combination of ,food4--,in order that each meal may be planned to meet the needs of the body it is necessary that it contain protein1 fat1 carbohydrate1 mineral matter1 and water4 ,some flavor foods should enter into each meal4 ,flavor is important because it stimulates the appetite and because it stimulates the flow of digestive fluids and thus aids digestion4 ,such foods are only injurious when they are used to excess4 ,in that case the nerves which control the flow of digestive fluids are overstimulated and at last become weakened4 ,avoid the use of too many flavors at one meal4 ,,source ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,chief ,,food ,,constituents4 ,chief functions in the body4 ,meats ,fish ,build tissues4 ,eggs ,i4 ,milk ,protein ,cheese ,repair daily waste ,peas of tissue4 ,beans ,give heat energy4 ,gluten in flour ,butter ,cream ,give heat energy4 ,fat of meats ,,ii4 ,cheese ,fats ,oil in nuts ,olive oil ,egg yolk ,corn oil ,produce fat4 ,seed oils ,cane ,beet ,give heat energy4 ,maple ,sugars ,malt ,sugar of milk ,sugar of fruit ,,iii4 ,cereals ,carbohydrates ,flours ,peas1 ,beans ,starches ,corn ,potatoes ,some other ,produce fat4 vegetables ,celluloses ,vegetables ,give bulk4 ,fruits ,aid in formation of ,fruit acids bone4 ,enter into composition of every living cell and body liquids4 ,useful in the blood 7carrier of body's oxygen74 ,necessary to maintain osmotic pressure4 ,,iv4 ,govern contraction ,mineral of muscles1 salts including those of the heart4 ,help to maintain neutrality of the blood 7increase alkalinity74 ,assist in digestion4 ,assist in the removal of waste4 ,unite with harmful products found in ,vegetables body and render them harmless4 ,solvent for food4 ,in all vegetables ,carries food to blood4 ,v4 ,carries off waste4 ,water ,helps to regulate temperature4 ,in all animal foods ,aids digestion4 ,aids tissue building4 ,overuse of ,carbohydrates4--,if too much sugar and starch are eaten1 fermentation may take place and interfere with digestion4 ,too much sugar and starch overworks the liver4 ,because sweet foods have the quality of satisfying the appetite very readily they should not be taken to satisfy hunger1 but should rather be eaten after sufficient body building and body regulating foods have been taken to meet the body's need for such foods4 ,the custom of serving the sweet food at the last of the meal is in harmony with this dietetic principle4 ,it is important that children should form sane habits of eating sweet foods4 ,the practice of using large amounts of sugar on cereals1 cooked fruits1 and in beverages should be discouraged4 ,the overuse of sugar irritates the lining of the digestive tract4 ,this is caused by the abstraction of water from the mucous lining4 ,sugar is one-sided in its value1 consequently it is much wiser to obtain a high percentage of heat from foods which serve other purposes as well4 ,protein ,foods4--,the first class of foods1 the proteins1 includes those which have tissue building for their chief purpose4 ,they are essential for maintenance and for body growth1 as they are the only source of nitrogen4 ,therefore they are necessary for the growing child and for the athlete in the development of strong1 vigorous muscles4 ,the more easily digested protein foods are advised for the tubercular patient whose muscles and tissues have become debilitated by disease4 ,proteins are required by each individual1 but in varying amounts1 to suit age1 occupation1 condition of system1 and climate4 ,the value of a mixed protein diet is urged by the best authorities rather than the diet which contains but one protein food4 ,overuse of ,protein ,foods4--,it is true that a high percentage of illness is caused by an accumulation of wastes in the body4 ,it is also true that protein foods leave a higher percentage of waste material in the body than any other class of foods4 ,it follows1 then1 that an overuse of protein foods overworks the excretory organs and tends to weaken them4 ,the weakened excretory organs are unable to take care of the waste products1 and as a result the system is affected by poisonous wastes which are produced by putrefaction in the intestines4 ,a person in this condition is more liable to have rheumatism1 gout1 kidney and liver diseases than one in normal condition4 ,a ,,short ,,study ,,of ,,protein ,,foods ,some common forms4 ,some sources4 ,albumen ,eggs ,casein ,milk ,myosin1 fibrin1 and elastin ,meat ,gluten ,wheat ,tuberin ,potato ,legumin ,peas and beans ,excelsin ,brazil nuts ,zein ,corn ,milk contains a small amount of protein4 ,in a glass of about #ab tablespoons of milk there is less than #a tablespoon of protein4 ,egg contains nearly as much protein as lean meat4 ,value of ,fruit and ,vegetables4--,vegetables contain protein1 starch1 sugar1 cellulose1 mineral matter1 water1 and undetermined substances4 ,fruits contain 7chiefly7 sugar1 cellulose1 mineral matter1 and water4 ,water removes wastes1 lubricates tissues1 aids in forming secretions1 helps to equalize the temperature4 ,acids help to maintain the alkalinity of the blood--stimulate the appetite4 ,mineral salts-- ,build bone4 ,help to make blood alkaline4 ,aid in digestion4 ,aid in excretion4 ,build red blood-cells4 ,build nerve tissue4 ,build cells4 ,cellulose exercises muscular lining of digestive tract4 ,note4--,good authority makes the statement that the housekeeper is wise who pays as much for milk1 vegetables1 and fruit as for meat1 eggs1 and fish4 ,use of ,eggs4--,eggs serve as a meat substitute4 ,eggs require the addition of carbohydrates and some fruit or vegetables to form a well-planned meal4 ,digestibility of ,eggs4--,raw eggs are more easily digested when beaten4 ,they are often prescribed when a nutritious1 highly concentrated diet is desired1 and in cases of tuberculosis1 some forms of anemia1 and various wasting diseases4 ,effect of ,heat4--,egg albumen begins to coagulate at #acd ,f4 and becomes jelly-like at #afj ,f4 ,preservation of ,eggs4--#a4 ,water-glass 7,sodium ,silicate74--,nine quarts of boiled water 7cooled7 to #a quart of water-glass4 ,eggs will keep in this solution three and a half months4 ,note4--,a good grade of water-glass should be of the consistency of molasses4 ,if heavier than this the water-glass should be diluted to the right consistency1 as the eggs should sink4 ,eggs may be added to the solution from day to day as gathered4 ,do not wash4 ,if the nests are clean the eggs will not need washing4 ,keep in a stone jar in a cool place just above the freezing-point4 ,do not use the solution the second year4 ,the water-glass may be obtained in the dry or liquid form1 and dissolved in either hard or soft water4 #b4 ,lime ,solution4--,piece of lime size of lemon4 ,pour #a gallon of boiling water over it4 ,let stand until cold4 ,add #a cups of salt4 #c4 ,paper ,wrapping4--,wrap perfectly fresh eggs in paper and keep in cool place4 ,this is not as effective as ,methods #a and #b1 but keeps eggs for a short time4 ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,foods ,,for ,,the ,,sick4 ,,to ,,peptonize ,,milk4 #a4 ,pepsin1 grs4 xx2 ,cold water1 iv2 ,milk1 ,oj4 #b4 ,pancreatin1 grs4 v2 ,soda bicarbonate1 grs4 xv4 #c4 ,peptonizing powder1 grs4 xx2 ,warm water1 j2 ,milk1 ,oj4 ,directions4--,place the contents of one of the vials into a well-cleaned quart bottle4 ,pour upon it a gill of cool water and shake the mixture thoroughly4 ,then add to the mixture a pint of fresh milk and place the bottle in a vessel containing water as hot as can be borne by the hand without discomfort4 ,let it stand1 with occasional shaking1 for ten to twenty minutes1 or until it has acquired a slightly bitter taste1 when it should be removed from the hot water and placed upon the ice or in a cool place1 to check digestion and keep from spoiling4 ,if it is not quickly cooled the digestion will continue and the milk become too bitter to be palatable4 ,milk thus peptonized may be sweetened if the patient desires it4 ,it may also be flavored with wine or rum as desirable4 ,cold ,process4--,this consists in adding to the milk the peptonizing powder as above1 using cool water and milk1 and then placing the mixture upon ice without warming it at all4 ,n4 ,b4--,if it be found that the milk ferments after following the above directions1 boil the milk first1 let cool1 and then peptonize4 8,the bacteria in uncooked milk cause fermentation when pepsin is added40 ,,peptonized ,,beef4 ,to a quarter-pound of finely minced1 raw lean beef add a half-pint of cold water2 cook over a slow fire to boiling and boil for a few minutes1 stirring constantly from the beginning4 ,pour off the liquor and set it aside2 rub the meat to a paste and put it into a clean glass jar or bottle with the liquor and a half-pint of cold water2 add ,extractum pancreatis1 #bj grs42 ,soda bicarbonate1 #ae grs4 ,mixed thoroughly into one powder4 ,shake all well together and stand in a warm place1 about #aaj to #aae ,f41 for three hours1 stirring or shaking occasionally1 then boil quickly1 strain1 or clarify with white of egg in the usual manner2 season to taste4 ,this final boiling is essential2 if omitted1 digestion will progress until the food is spoiled4 ,for the great majority of cases it is not necessary to strain the peptonized beef1 for the portions remaining undissolved are so softened under the action of the extractum pancreatis that they are diffused in an almost impalpable condition--in a form readily susceptible to digestion in the body4 ,chicken meat1 alone or mixed with an equal portion of beef1 may be prepared in the same way4 ,a cereal gruel of wheat1 arrowroot1 etc41 may be incorporated with the beef1 thus giving a food combination that is often highly desirable4 ,the gruel is prepared in the usual manner1 the dry cereal mixed perfectly smooth with cold water and cooked slowly in a double boiler until gelatinized4 ,four ounces of this gruel may be added to the meat paste1 liquor1 water and peptonizing powder as directed above1 and the further details of the process carried out just as with the beef alone4 ,the extractum pancreatis will at the same time digest both the meat and starch 7of the gruel74 ,the broth with the cereal is more agreeable than when made of meat alone4 ,the peptonized beef or peptonized beef and cereal may also be made into a jelly4 ,,peptonized ,,oysters4 ,to a half-dozen large oysters with their juice add a half-pint of cold water2 heat in a saucepan to boiling1 and boil briskly for a few minutes2 pour off the broth and set it aside4 ,mince the oysters finely and reduce to a paste with a potato-masher in a wooden bowl2 put in a glass jar with the broth and add3 ,extractum pancreatis1 #ae grs42 ,soda bicarbonate1 #ae grs4 ,mixed thoroughly into one powder4 ,let the jar stand in hot water or in a warm place1 where the temperature is not above #aae ,f41 for an hour and a half4 ,then pour into a saucepan1 stir in a half-pint of milk and heat slowly to boiling-point4 ,season to taste and serve hot4 ,the boiling is essential--to prevent further digestion and keep the broth from spoiling4 ,if heated gradually the milk will be sufficiently digested before the mixture boils4 ,the very small bits of oyster that remain undissolved may be strained out1 or rejected in eating the soup1 but are rarely unacceptable to the stomach4 ,,gum ,,arabic ,,water 7,,acacia74 ,dissolve #a ounce of gum arabic in #a pint of boiling water2 add #b teaspoonfuls of sugar1 a wine-glass of sherry or juice of #a lemon4 ,good for poison cases4 ,,lime ,,water4 ,into #b quarts of water place a lump of unslaked lime the size of an egg4 ,after standing awhile1 stir thoroughly and pour off the solution2 add fresh water and keep covered4 ,,arrowroot ,,water4 ,moisten #a teaspoonful of arrowroot with cold water2 smooth into a paste2 add #a pint of boiling water and boil five minutes1 stirring continuously4 ,,albumin ,,water4 ,beat lightly the white of #a egg2 stir into a glass of water2 sweeten if permissible4 ,,oatmeal ,,water4 ,teaspoonful of oatmeal to a quart of water4 ,boil down to a pint2 then strain4 ,,barley ,,water4 ,wash in cold water #b ounces of pearl barley4 ,boil five minutes2 then drain4 ,pour on #b quarts of boiling water and boil down to a quart4 ,flavor with thinly cut lemon rind2 add sugar to taste4 ,strain only at patient's request4 ,,rice ,,water4 ,wash #b tablespoonfuls of cleaned rice2 put in a granite saucepan with a quart of boiling water2 simmer until the rice is softened and partially dissolved2 strain2 add salt4 ,may be served either warm or cold4 ,,toast ,,water4 ,put into a pitcher #c slices of dark brown toast2 pour in a quart of boiling water and cover closely4 ,when cold strain4 ,wine and sugar may be added4 ,,coffee4 #a4 ,best mixture1 #b parts ,java to #a part ,mocha4 ,grind roasted beans just before using4 ,fair strength1 #a tablespoonful of coffee to #a pint of water4 ,with the ground coffee1 mix white of #a egg and a little cold water4 ,pour over it boiling water2 simmer five minutes and steep for ten minutes4 #b4 ,scald a granite coffee-pot4 ,mix cup of coffee1 #a egg1 half-cup of cold water2 add #f cups of boiling water and boil three minutes4 ,remove to the back of the stove and add a half-cup of cold water4 ,let settle for ten minutes4 ,,white-,,of-,,egg ,,lemonade4 ,the ,new ,york ,medical ,journal gives the following directions 7by ,r4 ,f4 ,leftwich7 for the preparation of this beverage as a nutritive drink for febrile disorders3 8,two lemons1 the whites of #b eggs1 #a pint of boiling water1 loaf sugar to taste4 ,the lemons must be peeled twice1 the yellow rind alone being used1 while the white layer is rejected4 ,place the sliced lemon and the yellow peel in a quart jug with #b lumps of sugar2 pour on them the boiling water and stir occasionally4 ,when cooled to about the ordinary temperature of tea1 strain off the lemons4 ,now insert an egg whisk1 and when the lemonade is in full agitation add slowly the white of the egg and continue the whisking4 ,while still hot strain through muslin1 and serve when cold4 ,the white of the egg will be found to impart a blandness which makes the addition of sugar almost unnecessary4 ,this absence of sweetness is greatly appreciated in pyrexial cases1 and has its obvious value for diabetics4 ,for non-febrile cases with clean tongues more than #b eggs may be used to the pint if desired4 ,this drink is contraindicated only in cases of true ,bright's disease4 ,it is very useful in the febrile diseases of childhood4 ,it also possesses antiscorbutic properties which replace those lost from milk by boiling and sterilization4 ,it is recommended as part of the diet in typhoid fever1 forming a relief from the monotony of milk1 and does not have the constipating and flatus-producing effects that lie in beaten-up eggs that include the yolk4 ,the author states that the patient who takes plenty of this lemonade in addition to #d pints of milk per day will emerge from the pyrexial period of typhoid fever in a much stronger condition than without its use40 ,,cream ,,lemonade4 ,fill bottom of glass with cracked ice4 ,beat white of #a egg to stiff froth1 and sugar to taste4 ,to this add juice of #a lemon1 stirring all the time1 and then add one half-cup of cream4 ,this will make #b glassfuls4 ,,flaxseed ,,lemonade4 ,tablespoonful of flaxseed1 pint of water4 ,boil one hour1 then add juice of #a lemon4 ,strain1 and sweeten to taste4 ,,milk ,,lemonade4 ,tablespoonful of sugar1 juice of #a lemon1 #b tablespoonfuls of sherry1 half-cup of milk1 half-cup of water4 ,,milk ,,punch4 ,cup of milk1 #b tablespoonfuls of brandy4 ,sweeten to taste4 ,grated nutmeg may be added4 ,,kumiss4 ,kumiss is an acid effervescing drink2 contains a very small proportion of alcohol4 ,it is much more easily digested than milk4 ,the casein is so finely divided that lumps cannot be formed in the stomach and it is easily acted upon by the gastric secretion4 ,in the ,united ,states it has been prepared from cows' milk to which the ferment is added4 ,one tablespoonful of sugar in a quart of fresh milk4 ,dissolve one-fifth of a small cake of yeast in a little cold water1 then stir it into the milk4 ,put the mixture into strong patent-stoppered bottles4 ,shake the bottles for one minute1 then stand them on end in a refrigerator or other cool place4 ,after three days place the bottles on their sides1 and turn them occasionally4 ,five days will be required to perfect the fermentation4 ,,bonnyclabber4 ,this is sour milk in which the curd and whey are served in the same dish4 ,curd1 whey1 and junket is milk where coagulation has been brought about by the action of rennet4 ,,wine ,,whey4 ,put #b pints of milk into a saucepan1 and place on fire4 ,when about to boil add #b wineglasses of sherry4 ,simmer fifteen minutes1 skimming off the curds as they rise4 ,add a tablespoonful of sherry4 ,skim again1 and strain through clean linen4 ,if preferred1 #b tablespoonfuls of lemon juice may be used instead of wine4 ,,junket4 ,heat half-pint of fresh milk4 ,add teaspoonful of essence of pepsin4 ,stir enough to mix4 ,pour into custard cups1 and let stand until firm4 ,serve plain or powder with sugar or nutmeg4 ,,beef ,,tea4 ,free a pound of lean beef from fat1 skin1 etc4 ,chop up fine4 ,put into a pint of cold water to digest two hours4 ,simmer for three hours1 but do not let boil4 ,make up for water lost by adding cold water4 ,press and strain4 ,the best meats for beef-tea are the round and rump4 ,cold water draws out the albumin2 boiling water coagulates it4 ,,beef ,,juice4 ,cut thin1 juicy meat into pieces one and one-half inches square2 broil one and one-half minutes over a hot fire4 ,squeeze with a hot lemon squeezer2 season with salt and pepper4 ,may be added to milk or poured over toast4 ,,beef ,,extract4 ,heat a select piece of round steak so that the juice may be freely pressed4 ,cut steak into pieces that will fit into a lemon squeezer1 and squeeze juice into a cup4 ,set cup in a dish of warm water1 which must not be allowed to boil4 ,season to taste4 ,may be served on toast4 ,,chicken ,,and ,,veal ,,extract4 ,make chicken broth from an old hen and cook down until it jellies4 ,cook a neck of veal until broth jellies2 cool1 and skim off fat4 ,as needed1 use equal parts of each4 ,the nourishment is in the veal and the chicken gives it flavor4 ,n4 ,b4--,the most delicate stomach can digest this4 ,,scraped ,,beef ,,sandwich4 ,from a piece of steak scrape all the fiber from the connective tissue with a knife4 ,season with salt and pepper4 ,serve spread between slices of buttered toast4 ,,cornmeal ,,gruel4 ,mix #b tablespoonfuls of cornmeal1 tablespoonful of flour1 teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of sugar1 into a thin paste with a little cold water4 ,add quart of boiling water1 and cook three hours4 ,add cup of milk1 and serve4 ,,cracker ,,gruel4 ,two tablespoonfuls of cracker crumbs rolled fine1 teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of sugar1 cup of boiling water1 cup of boiling milk4 ,mix salt1 sugar1 and crumbs2 add boiling water1 then milk2 simmer two minutes4 ,,oatmeal ,,gruel4 ,two tablespoonfuls of rolled oats2 teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of sugar1 cup of boiling milk4 ,mix oatmeal1 sugar1 and salt2 add boiling water2 cook in a saucepan thirty minutes1 or in a double boiler for two hours4 ,strain1 and add hot milk4 ,bring to a boil1 and serve hot4 ,,oyster ,,broth4 ,chop a dozen oysters fine2 put into a saucepan with a cup of cold water4 ,bring to boiling-point2 simmer five minutes1 then strain and season4 ,by adding milk three minutes before broth is taken from the fire it is made more palatable4 ,,scalloped ,,oysters4 ,clean oysters2 roll crackers1 and mix with melted butter4 ,sprinkle dish with crumbs1 then place a layer of oysters1 a layer of crumbs1 another layer of oysters1 and so on until all are used4 ,bake in a hot oven4 ,,oysters ,,on ,,the ,,halfshell4 ,wash the shells1 and put them on hot coals or upon the top of a hot stove1 or bake in a hot oven4 ,open the shells1 taking care not to lose any of the liquor4 ,serve at once on hot plates with toast4 ,oysters may be steamed in the shells4 ,,to ,,boil ,,clams4 ,wash the shells clean1 and put the clams 7the edges downward7 in a kettle2 pour about a quart of boiling water over them4 ,cover the pot1 and set it over a brisk fire for forty-five minutes4 ,the boiling water will open the shells quickly1 and let out the sand4 ,when done remove the black skin which covers the hard part1 trim clean1 and put into a stewpan4 ,add some of the liquor in which they were boiled1 and a large piece of butter2 pepper and salt to taste4 ,serve hot4 ,,clam ,,broth4 ,take several large clams2 scrub them clean1 and boil in a cup of water4 ,the broth is simply the juice of the clams with the water1 boiled for a minute or two4 ,as soon as the shells open the broth is done4 ,,mayonnaise ,,dressing4 ,yolks of #b eggs1 half-teaspoonful of salt1 pinch of ,cayenne pepper1 #b teaspoonfuls of mustard1 and half-teaspoonful of powdered sugar4 ,mix the ingredients thoroughly1 then drip in half-cup of olive oil1 drop by drop1 stirring all the time one way4 ,when thick add a teaspoonful of lemon juice4 ,when the dressing is thick and smooth add a tablespoonful of cream4 ,stir with a wooden spoon or paddle4 ,,cocoa4 ,cup of boiling water1 cup of boiling milk1 a teaspoonful of cocoa2 sugar to taste4 ,,chocolate4 ,put one-third of a square of ,baker's chocolate with #a cup of boiling water and a tablespoonful of sugar into a saucepan4 ,set the pan over the fire and stir1 moving piece of chocolate through water until it is melted4 ,ready to serve when boiling-point is reached4 ,if chocolate is allowed to boil1 separation of the fat from the other ingredients takes place1 rendering it indigestible4 ,if sweet chocolate is used1 dispense with sugar4 ,,chocolate ,,souffle4 ,half-pint of milk1 #d tablespoonfuls of boiled chocolate1 #b tablespoonfuls of sugar1 #b tablespoonfuls of flour1 #d eggs4 ,put milk in a double boiler2 when hot1 sieve the flour into it1 gradually stirring all the time1 and let it cook six minutes4 ,put the chocolate1 sugar1 and #b tablespoonfuls of water on the fire until smooth and glossy1 then stir into the boiler4 ,take from the fire1 and add beaten yolks4 ,when cool add the whites beaten to a stiff froth4 ,pour the batter into a buttered dish that will hold a quart4 ,set dish in hot water1 and place in the oven for a few minutes4 ,serve with vanilla cream sauce4 ,,vanilla ,,cream ,,sauce4 ,beat together #b tablespoonfuls of butter1 two-thirds cup of granulated sugar1 #a tablespoonful of vanilla2 then gradually beat in #b cups of whipped cream4 ,place bowl in a pan of hot water1 and stir carefully for three minutes4 ,,baked ,,custard4 ,milk #a cup1 #a egg1 pinch of salt1 #a tablespoonful of sugar4 ,heat milk in a double boiler1 break into it a stick of cinnamon4 ,beat together egg1 sugar1 and salt2 then pour hot milk over the mixture1 stirring all the time4 ,pour into a bowl1 set dish into a pan of hot water2 bake until set4 ,a general rule for thickening3 #c eggs to the pint or #e eggs to the quart4 ,,wine ,,jelly4 ,gelatin one-fourth of a box1 one-fourth cup of boiling water1 one-fourth cup of cold water1 half-cup of sugar1 half-square inch of cinnamon1 a few cloves1 and half-cup of sherry4 ,put gelatin and cold water in a dish for half an hour1 then add boiling water with cloves and cinnamon2 lastly1 sugar and wine4 ,stir until sugar and gelatin are dissolved4 ,strain1 and pour into a mould4 ,set on ice or in cold water4 ,,lemon ,,jelly4 ,prepare the same as wine jelly1 and substitute lemons for the spices4 ,,plain ,,milk ,,soups ,,with ,,vegetables4 ,one cup of vegetable pulp1 #b cups of hot milk1 #a teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of pepper1 #a tablespoonful of butter1 #a tablespoonful of chopped parsley4 ,wash vegetables and put through meat grinder4 ,cook in as little water as possible4 ,add the cooked vegetable pulp and seasonings to hot milk4 ,heat and serve4 ,note4--,string beans1 celery1 or carrots may be used4 ,a beef cube may be added if desired4 ,this soup may be varied by using a combination of vegetables and its nutritive value may be increased by the addition of a beaten egg yolk4 ,shredded fish or clams may be substituted for the vegetables4 ,,to ,,bone ,a ,,bird4 ,select and dress a plump squab2 cut off the head and feet and the wings at the first joint2 singe1 and with a sharp knife make an incision down the back and wings4 ,scrape away the bones without tearing the meat4 ,put into shape and broil between buttered paper4 ,,stuffed ,,baked ,,potato4 ,select a smooth potato2 scrub well1 and bake in a hot oven about fifty minutes4 ,cut one end partly off lengthwise2 scrape out the potato into a dish2 add pepper1 salt1 and butter4 ,refill the skin1 place a bit of butter in the top1 and brown in an oven4 ,,fried ,,calf',s ,,brains4 ,soak the brains for a few minutes in cold water1 drain1 cover with boiling salted water1 and cook for three minutes4 ,drain again1 lay in iced water until cold1 and set in the ice to get firm4 ,cut into pieces the size of an oyster1 dip in egg and slightly salted cracker crumbs1 and fry to a golden brown4 ,serve very hot4 ,,boiled ,,mutton4 ,wipe a leg of mutton with a damp cloth and put it into a large kettle with enough boiling water to cover it and bring to a boil1 then cook slowly until done4 ,after the boil is reached allow fifteen minutes for each pound of the meat4 ,when nearly done add salt and pepper to taste and a small onion1 a minced carrot1 and a stalk of celery4 ,lift from liquor and lay on a heated platter4 ,serve with drawn butter or caper sauce4 ,,soft-,,boiled ,,egg4 ,place egg in a vessel of boiling water1 then withdraw at once to the back of the stove4 ,remove egg in nine minutes4 ,,hard-,,boiled ,,egg4 ,boil slowly for one half-hour4 ,,poached ,,egg4 ,pour hot water 7or milk7 into a saucepan1 using salt-spoonful of salt to each cup of water4 ,bring to boiling-point4 ,break egg into a saucer and slip into the pan4 ,withdraw the pan to a cooler part of the stove and cook till white of egg is set4 ,,omelet4 ,separate #c eggs4 ,beat whites to a stiff froth2 beat yolks4 ,heat half-cup of milk2 to it add #a teaspoonful of cornstarch or flour2 then stir in the yolks and add lightly the whites of the eggs4 ,put a good-sized piece of butter into the frying-pan4 ,when hot pour in the mixture1 cover1 and cook from five to seven minutes4 ,when set1 remove the cover1 and place pan into the oven to brown the omelet4 ,serve on a hot platter4 ,,baked-,,flour ,,porridge4 ,pound of flour1 packed lightly in a muslin cloth2 place in boiling water2 boil from six to eight hours4 ,cut off the outer portion and grate the hard one4 ,blend with a little milk2 stir into boiling milk to desired thickness4 ,,water ,,wafers4 ,quart of sifted flour2 half-pint of cold water2 teaspoonful of salt2 mix thoroughly4 ,roll out thin1 and cut into small cakes with a biscuit cutter4 ,put into a pan to bake in a hot oven4 ,,rice4 ,take desired quantity of rice and wash three times in cold water1 rubbing rice carefully between the hands2 then drain4 ,boil fresh water slowly4 ,put in the rice and cover vessel closely4 ,cook over a slow fire about twelve minutes1 when grain should be perfect and separated2 drain in a colander4 ,when dry1 put rice into the oven to heat4 ,,rice ,,cream4 ,take #b tablespoonfuls of cleaned rice1 #b cups of milk1 salt-spoonful of salt1 #b tablespoonfuls of sugar1 and cook in a double boiler until the grains of rice are soft2 then press through a coarse strainer into a saucepan and return to the fire4 ,take #b eggs1 beat the whites and yolks separately1 and add to the rice when it reaches the boiling-point1 stirring mixture lightly for a few minutes2 adding only the whites produces a white cream4 ,,cream ,,toast4 ,one pint of milk1 #b tablespoonfuls of butter1 #b tablespoonfuls of flour1 half-teaspoonful of salt1 half-teaspoonful of pepper4 ,put milk into a double boiler to heat4 ,put butter into a granite saucepan1 and when it begins to bubble1 slowly shake in the flour2 then add hot milk1 a small quantity at a time1 and season with salt and pepper4 ,toast bread a rich brown and dip into salt water4 ,lay on a dish and pour sauce over it4 ,grated egg may be added4 ,,french ,,or ,,egg ,,toast4 ,cup of milk or cream1 #a egg1 #a salt-spoonful of salt1 #c slices of bread4 ,beat the egg a few minutes and add milk and salt4 ,in this mixture soak the bread until it is soft4 ,place in a buttered omelet-pan and fry slowly till golden brown4 ,put a piece of butter on each slice2 turn and brown the other side4 ,powder each slice with cinnamon and sugar and place in a covered dish4 ,serve very hot4 ,,stewed ,,prunes4 ,pound of prunes1 half-pint of water1 quarter-cup of sugar1 juice of #a lemon4 ,soak prunes in warm water for fifteen minutes2 then wash and stew in a covered pan for two hours2 add water as needed4 ,when done1 add the lemon juice4 ,,egg ,,cream4 ,juice of half a lemon1 #b eggs1 #b tablespoonfuls of sugar4 ,separate yolks and whites2 beat yolks with sugar until well mixed2 add lemon juice and place bowl in a dish of hot water over the fire4 ,stir slowly until mixture begins to thicken2 then add beaten whites and stir until the whole forms a thick cream4 ,remove from the fire1 pour into dishes1 and set aside to cool4 ,,sponge ,,pudding4 ,half-pint of milk1 half-cup of flour1 half-cup of sugar4 ,boil together1 stirring all the time4 ,after taking from the stove1 stir in #b tablespoonfuls of butter4 ,beat #f eggs separately4 ,put yolks into mixture2 then add whites lightly4 ,pour into an earthen pudding-dish1 set in a pan of hot water1 and bake forty-five minutes4 ,,sauce ,,for ,,the ,,pudding4 ,beat to a cream #b tablespoonfuls of butter1 #c tablespoonfuls of sugar4 ,when ready for the table1 add a half-cup of boiling-water into which has been added #a teaspoonful of cornstarch4 ,flavor as desired4 ,,ice ,,cream ,,royal4 ,tablespoonful of flour1 #a cups of sugar1 salt-spoonful of salt1 pint of milk1 #b eggs1 pint of sweet cream1 tablespoonful of vanilla1 half-teaspoonful of almond1 half-cup of sherry1 or quarter-cup of brandy4 ,mix the sugar1 flour1 and salt4 ,pour milk into a saucepan2 when it reaches the boiling-point put in the mixture1 stirring for a full minute4 ,beat the eggs very lightly1 and slowly add the milk1 stirring rapidly for a few minutes4 ,strain into a dish and set aside to cool4 ,add the cream and flavor before freezing4 ,,ice ,,cream4 ,cup of sugar1 teaspoonful of vanilla1 tablespoonful of brandy1 and #a pint of scalded sweet cream4 ,the whites of #b eggs may be added4 ,,frozen ,,custard4 ,pint of milk1 cup of sugar1 #b pinches of salt1 yolks of #c eggs1 pint of milk or cream1 and #a ounce of wine or brandy4 ,,sherbet4 ,in preparing gelatin sherbet1 soak gelatin in cold water about thirty minutes2 then pour over it boiling water and add the other ingredients4 ,when sugar is dissolved1 strain mixture and freeze4 ,,milk ,,sherbet4 ,two cups of milk1 #a cup of sugar1 #d tablespoonfuls of lemon juice4 ,dissolve the sugar in the lemon juice1 add gradually to the milk1 and freeze4 ,,lemon ,,sherbet4 ,pint of boiling water1 cup of sugar1 and juice of #b lemons4 ,do not add the lemon juice until ready to freeze4 ,may add gelatin4 ,,orange ,,sherbet4 ,tablespoonful of gelatin1 cup of boiling water1 cup of sugar1 juice of #d oranges1 juice of #a lemon1 and #a ounce of brandy4 ,may omit gelatin4 ,,strawberry ,,sherbet4 ,pick and clean a pint of fresh strawberries2 crush1 add a quart of water1 a sliced lemon1 and a teaspoonful of orange-flower water4 ,let stand for a few hours4 ,put a pound of sugar in another dish4 ,strain the mixture through a coarse cloth into the sugar1 and when it is all dissolved freeze or place on ice4 ,,taffy4 ,pint of water1 #c cups of sugar1 half-cup of vinegar1 and a piece of butter4 ,boil2 do not stir4 ,when it will thread off1 cool4 ,,bran ,,bread ,,for ,,constipation4 ,bran flour1 #a quart2 white flour1 #a pint2 #a teaspoonful of salt4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,dissolve #a teaspoonful of baking soda in water1 put in cup of molasses1 and stir the mixture into the flour4 ,add #a pint of buttermilk4 ,bake in a moderate heated oven4 ,,bran ,,biscuits ,,for ,,constipation4 ,four cups whole wheat bran1 #b cups graham flour1 #a teaspoonful of soda1 #a teaspoonful of salt1 #a cup molasses1 #a cup sour milk or water1 cupful lard or butter1 #a cupful chopped figs4 ,spices to taste4 ,,vegetable ,,soup ,,for ,,babies4 ,one handful of spinach1 #a beet1 #b carrots4 ,chop fine and boil two hours in one quart of water4 ,strain through gauze and add sterile water to make one quart of soup4 ,,barley ,,soup ,,for ,,babies4 ,one tablespoon of barley flour to one quart of water4 ,boil twenty minutes4 ,,frozen ,,cocoa ,,cream4 7,a hospital recipe74 ,one-half pound box cocoa1 #d cups of water1 #c cups of sugar4 ,boil three minutes until it stiffens4 ,put on ice4 ,a4 ,to ,prepare the ,cocoa ,syrup4--,one-half pound of cocoa1 #d cups of water1 #c cups of sugar4 ,boil about three minutes until it stiffens4 ,put on ice4 ,b4 ,beat white and yolk of eggs separately and thoroughly4 ,sweeten whites to taste4 ,c4 ,for the ,beverage4--,pour ounce of pure cream into a glass and #a ounce of cocoa syrup4 ,add yolk and white of one egg1 ,beat thoroughly and cover with a dash of white4 ,drop a clot of cocoa syrup on the white and serve with a spoon4 ,ice cream may be served in it4 ,,ginger ,,snaps4 ,one pint of honey1 #a teaspoonful of ginger1 and #a teaspoonful of soda dissolved in a little water and two eggs4 ,mix all1 then work in all the flour possible1 roll very thin1 and bake in a moderately hot oven4 ,,corn ,,griddle ,,cakes4 ,one cup of corn flour1 cup of barley flour1 teaspoonful soda1 teaspoonful of baking powder1 teaspoonful of salt1 #a cup of thick sour milk1 #a egg4 ,mix and sift dry ingredients4 ,add egg to sour milk4 ,combine mixtures4 ,beat well4 ,should be quite thin batter4 ,may use cup of corn meal and cup of barley flour4 ,,barley ,,and ,,corn ,,muffins4 #a cups of corn meal or corn flour1 cup of barley1 #b tablespoonfuls of syrup1 #d teaspoonfuls of baking powder1 teaspoonful of salt1 #a egg1 #a tablespoonful of fat 7melted71 #a cup of milk4 ,mix and sift dry ingredients1 add fat and well-beaten egg to milk4 ,combine mixtures1 beat well1 and pour into greased muffin pans4 ,bake in hot oven twenty to twenty-five minutes4 ,amounts of corn and barley may be reversed if desired4 ,,johnny ,,cake4 ,two cups of corn meal1 #b tablespoonfuls of syrup1 #b tablespoonfuls of fat 7melted71 #a teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of soda1 #a egg1 #a cup of sour milk4 ,mix dry ingredients1 add the fat1 syrup1 and well-beaten egg to sour milk4 ,combine and bake in shallow pan4 ,,buckwheat ,,gems4 ,two cups of buckwheat flour1 #a teaspoonful of salt1 teaspoonful of soda1 #b teaspoonfuls of baking powder1 #a tablespoonful of fat 7melted71 #a egg1 #a cup of sour milk4 ,mix and sift dry ingredients4 ,add the fat1 syrup1 and well-beaten egg to sour milk4 ,combine mixtures and beat well4 ,bake in well-greased muffin pans twenty to twenty-five minutes4 ,barley flour or meal may be substituted for part of the buckwheat4 ,,potato ,,biscuits4 ,substitute mashed potatoes for one-third the flour in any biscuit recipe4 ,sift dry ingredients together1 mix in fat and potatoes1 then add liquid cautiously4 ,on account of the moisture in the potatoes less liquid is needed to make a soft dough4 ,,nut ,,bread4 ,one egg1 #a cups of sweet milk1 cup of corn syrup1 #b teaspoonfuls of baking powder1 cup of nut meats1 teaspoonful of salt1 #a cups of corn flour1 cup of barley flour4 ,beat egg1 add syrup1 then milk and sifted dry ingredients and nuts4 ,pour in pan4 ,let rise twenty minutes4 ,bake in a moderate oven about thirty minutes4 ,equal amounts of corn flour and barley give good results4 ,,corn ,,meal ,,gingerbread4 ,one cup of corn meal1 #a cup of barley flour1 #a teaspoonful of soda1 teaspoonful of salt1 #b teaspoonfuls of ginger1 #a teaspoonful of cinnamon1 teaspoonful of cloves1 #a cup of molasses or syrup1 #b tablespoonfuls of fat1 #a cup of sour milk1 #a egg4 ,sift together dry ingredients4 ,combine molasses1 fat1 egg1 and milk4 ,add to dry mixture4 ,beat well4 ,bake in thin loaf or in muffin pans4 ,corn flour may be substituted for corn meal4 ,,rice ,,and ,,oat ,,muffins4 ,one egg1 #b tablespoonfuls of fat1 #a cup of liquid1 #a teaspoonful of salt1 #a cup of rice flour1 #e teaspoonfuls of baking powder1 #a cup of ground rolled oats4 ,beat eggs1 add fat and liquid4 ,sift together dry ingredients4 ,combine mixtures and bake in moderate oven4 ,,paper ,,indicates ,,oven',s ,,heat4 ,to judge of an oven's heat1 try the oven every ten minutes with a piece of white paper4 ,if too hot1 the paper will blaze up or blacken4 ,when the paper becomes dark brown1 darker than ordinary meat1 pie crust1 the oven is fit for small pastry4 ,when light brown1 the color of nice pastry1 it is ready for tarts4 ,when the paper turns dark yellow you can bake bread1 large meat pies1 or pound cakes4 ,if it is just tinged1 the oven is fit for sponge cake and meringue4 ,,vinegar ,,prevents ,,cooking ,,smell4 ,when cooking by gas always place a tin of water in the oven4 ,a bowl of vinegar and water placed beside the stove will prevent the smell of cooking from spreading through the house4 ,,sauces ,,for ,,meat4 ,with roast beef1 grated horseradish4 ,with roast veal1 tomato or horseradish sauce4 ,roast mutton1 currant jelly4 ,roast pork1 apple sauce4 ,roast lamb1 mint sauce4 ,roast turkey1 chestnut dressing1 cranberry jelly4 ,roast venison1 black currant jelly or grape jelly4 ,roast goose1 tart apple sauce4 ,roast quail1 currant jelly1 celery sauce4 ,roast canvasback duck1 apple bread1 black currant jelly4 ,roast chicken1 bread sauce4 ,fried chicken1 cream gravy1 corn fritters4 ,roast duck1 orange salad4 ,roast ptarmigan1 bread sauce4 ,cold boiled tongue1 sauce tartare or olives stuffed with peppers4 ,veal sausage1 tomato sauce1 grated parmesan cheese4 ,pork sausage1 tart apple sauce or fried apples4 ,frizzled beef1 horseradish4 ,pork croquettes1 tomato sauce4 ,corned beef1 mustard4 ,lobster cutlet1 sauce tartare4 ,sweetbread cutlet1 sauce bechamel4 ,reed birds1 fried hominy1 white celery4 ,cold boiled fish1 sauce piquant4 ,broiled steak1 maitre d'hotel butter or mushrooms4 ,tripe1 fried bacon and apple rings4 ,broiled fresh mackerel1 stewed gooseberries4 ,fresh salmon1 cream sauce and green peas4 ,cream sauce with sweetbreads4 ,orange salad with roast chicken4 ,celery sauce with quail4 ,stuffed olives with fish balls4 ,horseradish sauce with boiled beef4 ,horseradish and fried onions with liver4 ,french dressing with sardines4 ,mint sauce with lamb4 ,yorkshire pudding with roast beef4 ,hard-boiled eggs and parsley with boiled salmon4 ,cream gravy1 strawberry preserves with fried chicken4 ,oyster dressing for turkey4 ,celery and onion dressing with roast duck4 ,tart grape jelly with canvasback duck4 ,currant jelly with roast goose4 ,cucumber catsup with corned beef4 ,,food ,,and ,,nutrition ,,in ,,disease4 ,a physician1 writing to the ,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 says the chemical composition of the body is quite similar to the composition of the foods which nourish it4 ,protein1 fats1 carbohydrates1 mineral salts1 and water are the compounds we need in our foods1 and they are found in flesh foods and vegetables4 ,protein1 the most important element1 is derived principally from meat1 eggs1 and milk4 ,it is also furnished by some vegetables1 as beans1 peas1 and the gluten of wheat2 but in these it is mixed with too much extraneous matter1 as husks1 bulbs1 woody fiber1 etc41 to be useful in the diet of the sick4 ,extractives1 as beef-tea1 are included in the nitrogen compounds1 but they neither build tissue nor furnish energy2 they are appetizers and stimulants4 ,animal and vegetable fats are useful2 these are found in meat1 fish1 milk1 eggs1 some cereals1 olives1 and nuts4 ,the carbohydrates include sugars1 starches1 cellulose1 and the fibers of plants4 ,potatoes1 sago1 farina1 and arrowroot are rich in them4 ,fats should be used with caution in disease1 because they retard the formation of hydrochloric acid1 which excites the pancreatic secretion1 an important factor in digestion4 ,man can live better without a stomach than without a pancreas4 ,physicians realize that they must rely on diet rather than drugs to cure indigestion1 as the food varies in its proportion of fat1 protein1 and carbohydrates2 the digestive juices are poured out or repressed and altered in strength and quantity4 ,milk is not an ideal food for the sick1 too large a quantity being required1 and the large curds it forms in the stomach often rendering digestion difficult4 ,boiled with rice it forms an excellent diet4 ,in acute diseases lasting from four to six weeks no great effort should be made at forced feeding4 ,thin soups1 flooding the stomach with unnutritious fluids1 should be avoided4 ,it is unnatural to take food during physical or mental suffering4 ,appetite is wanting1 and imperfect assimilation adds to the physician's worries and the patient's discomforts4 ,when there is no appetite the digestive juices are absent4 ,feed a convalescent when1 through conversation about some dainty dish1 interest is aroused and saliva is secreted4 ,,diet-,,list4 ,liquid diet consists of3 ,water of all kinds4 ,cocoa4 ,ginger ale4 ,kumiss4 ,lemonade4 ,buttermilk4 ,orangeade4 ,milk punch4 ,albumin water4 ,malted milk4 ,broths4 ,milk4 ,tea4 ,cream4 ,coffee4 ,egg-nog4 ,soft diet consists of3 ,liquids of all kinds4 ,soups 7vegetable and strained74 ,milk toast4 ,soft-boiled eggs4 ,gravy 8 ,oysters4 ,bread without crusts4 ,baked apple4 ,cereals4 ,apple sauce4 ,custard4 ,stewed fruits 7no seeds74 ,rice4 ,mashed potato4 ,ice cream4 ,baked 8 ,milk puddings4 ,pures and milk4 ,plain 8 ,toast4 ,soft-poached eggs4 ,light diet consists of soft diet1 including3 ,whitefish4 ,quail4 ,codfish4 ,sweetbreads4 ,finnan haddock4 ,chicken4 ,bacon4 ,chops4 ,scraped-beef4 ,steak4 ,squab4 ,vegetables only when ordered4 ,typhoid diet1 as soon as food is ordered1 is as follows3 ,first week-- ,coffee for breakfast4 ,tea for dinner4 ,cereals 7well cooked and strained74 ,eggs lightly boiled4 ,poached eggs and soft toast4 ,broths 7chicken1 oyster1 and meat74 ,scraped-beef4 ,custards4 ,bread without crust4 ,ice cream4 ,milk toast4 ,orange-juice4 ,a glass of milk1 t4 i4 d4 ,to the foregoing may be added for ,second week-- ,dry toast4 ,chicken4 ,baked potato4 ,whitefish4 ,baked apples4 ,rice4 ,asparagus4 ,farinaceous puddings4 ,chops4 ,milk soup4 ,steak4 ,pures4 ,no vegetables1 pastry1 or raw fruits are allowed4 ,liquid-- #a4 ,milk1 #c parts2 ,lime-water1 #a part4 #b4 ,albumen-water4 #c4 ,clear chicken or beef broth may be given three times in #bd hours4 ,,diabetic ,,diet4 ,white of eight eggs2 ,dry oatmeal1 xij 7by weight72 ,butter1 viij-x4 ,procedure4--,cook oatmeal #b hours4 ,when done1 beat into it the melted butter4 ,then fold in the beaten whites of eggs4 ,,motor ,,test-,,meal4 ,a4 ,white meat of chicken or fish4 ,b4 ,coarse vegetables4 ,c4 ,jam seeds 7raisins or currants74 ,d4 ,potatoes4 ,e4 ,tea4 ,f4 ,two slices of bread4 ,,ewald',s ,,test-,,breakfast4 ,a4 #b shredded wheat biscuits1 or #b slices of bread4 ,b4 #a glasses of water4 ,,obstetrics4 ,puberty4--,this is the period of transformation from childhood to adolescence4 ,there is a marked development of the throat and chest1 the breasts become fuller1 more rounded1 and there is also an enlargement of the pelvis4 ,these outward signs are combined with certain internal changes1 affecting especially the ovaries and the uterus1 that are described under the terms of ovulation and menstruation4 ,ovulation4--,the ovaries produce ova that are retained in cavities termed ovisacs 7,graafian follicles71 which are scattered throughout the ovary4 ,sometimes an ovisac contains more than one ovum1 but usually each ovisac contains but one4 ,when the ovary becomes functionally active1 some of the ovisacs in the deeper part of the organ increase in size and develop toward the surface4 ,from time to time one of these ovisacs1 having continued to increase in size so as to form a projection on the surface of the ovary1 actually bursts and sets free an ovum4 ,this frequently occurs in association with menstruation1 but may take place at other periods4 ,while this development of the ovisac has been taking place there is a special flow of blood to the pelvic contents1 and the fringe-like processes of the ,fallopian tube become more closely applied1 so that a cup is formed by the fimbriated extremity of the ,fallopian tube1 into which the ovum drops4 ,eventually the ovum reaches the cavity of the uterus1 and1 unless it becomes fertilized or impregnated1 it is in due course cast off from the uterus in the menstrual discharge and perishes4 ,when the uterus has become the seat of a fertilized ovum there is no further ripening of ovisacs4 ,after the escape of an ovum from the ovisac the follicle is filled with blood1 and this takes part in the formation of a structure known as the corpus luteum1 which is formed within the burst ovisac4 ,the corpus luteum varies in its development according as the ovum becomes fertilized or not4 ,if pregnancy takes place it remains to its close1 but if the ovum is not fertilized it disappears in about three months4 ,the ruptured ovisac always contains the elements of a corpus luteum1 but its development depends on the fate of the ovum4 ,ovulation has been said to commence before menstruation2 ovisacs may sometimes ripen and burst in childhood4 ,conception may take place before menstruation has set in4 ,menstruation4--,the blood is derived from the mucous membrane of the uterus 7endometrium7 and not from that of the cervix4 ,the endometrium becomes swollen and thickened prior to the commencement of the flow1 and the blood-vessels are distended4 ,with the beginning of the flow this swelling gradually diminishes4 ,a few superficial cells of the endometrium are usually cast off during menstruation1 and this is regenerated during the interval between the periods4 ,the mucous membrane of the uterus is thus never at rest until menstruation ceases for good4 ,conception4--,fertilization of the ovum may occur anywhere in its course from the ovisac to the uterus1 but ordinarily it takes place in the uterus4 ,certain changes take place in the uterus preparatory to the arrival of the fertilized ovum4 ,the whole organ enlarges1 it contains more blood than before2 the mucous membrane becomes soft1 spongy1 thickens greatly1 and is thrown into folds which are called the decidua vera4 ,decidua ,vera4--,the part of the decidua vera to which the ovum becomes attached and where the placenta afterward forms is called the decidua serotina4 ,the presence of the ovum acts as an irritant to the spot where it lodges1 and active growth takes place4 ,at the same time the ovum burrows into the mucosa and gradually becomes embedded4 ,the vera closes over the ovum4 ,the decidua vera is a mold of the interior of the uterus4 ,the external surface is rough where it has been torn from the underlying tissues of the uterus1 and the internal aspect which is in contact with the ovum is smooth4 ,it is thickest at the third month2 after this time the membrane becomes thinner and thinner1 until by the end of pregnancy it is very thin4 ,it is to a considerable extent expelled at labor and forms part of the membranes4 ,ovum4--,as the ovum develops the decidua reflexa expands until it fills the decidua vera at the end of the second month1 and by the end of the third month it has intimately united with the decidua vera to form one membrane4 ,until these two membranes have coalesced the ovum is not free in the uterine cavity1 but is enclosed in the decidua reflexa4 ,pregnant ,uterus4--,as pregnancy proceeds the uterus ceases to be a pelvic organ2 it becomes rounded1 and after the sixth month gradually assumes an ovoid shape4 ,at the end of the third month it has reached to the brim of the pelvis4 ,by the sixth month it is level with the umbilicus1 and by the ninth it has reached to the tip of the sternum4 ,during the last fortnight the organ sinks a little1 and this relieves to some extent the shortness of breath which has been caused by the pressure on the diaphragm4 ,fetal ,membranes4--,inside of the decidual membranes we find the chorion and amnion4 ,whereas the decidu are maternal structures1 the chorion and the amnion are derived from the ovum4 ,the chorion is the more external of the two fetal membranes2 it early surrounds the ovum and throws out processes 7villi7 toward the decidua reflexa and serotina4 ,these processes are at first formed equally all over the chorion1 but those which lie in connection with the decidua serotina grow more rapidly in size and complexity1 and remain to form the main part of the placenta4 ,the membrane in which the fetus lies is the amnion4 ,contained within the amnion is more or less fluid1 the liquor amnii1 in which the fetus rests as in a water-bed4 ,it permits free movements on the part of the fetus and protects it from violence from the outside2 it equalizes the pressure on the uterine walls1 preventing pressure on the cord and placenta2 and during labor it assists in the dilation of the os uteri and lubricates the maternal passages4 ,from it also the fetus derives its supply of water4 ,occasionally water may form between the three membranes1 and during labor the chorion may rupture and not the amnion1 and the waters between them be discharged4 ,in like manner1 water which has formed between the decidua and the chorion may come away4 ,these1 then1 are two sources of fluid which may be discharged from the vagina in labor when the amnion is intact4 ,umbilical ,cord4--,the organ by which the fetus is attached to the uterus is a whitish1 glistening structure which springs from the fetus at the center of the abdomen1 and passes to the internal aspect of the placenta4 ,it contains two arteries and one vein surrounded by a gelatinous material 7,wharton's jelly71 the whole being covered with a layer derived from the amnion4 ,the vessels usually run tortuously in the cord1 thus lessening the danger of compression1 which might otherwise occur4 ,this arrangement also tends to regulate and equalize the circulation of the blood through its vessels4 ,placenta4--,the 8after-birth0 is a spongy cavernous organ and has a circumference of from #bj to #bd inches4 ,it is made up of two elements1 fetal and maternal1 chiefly the former4 ,the fetal surface1 to which the umbilical cord is attached1 is formed by the amnion4 ,external to the latter is the chorionic tissue1 consisting mainly of finger-like processes of villi1 many of which extend to the decidua4 ,these villi are mostly vascularized4 ,the vascular villus is made of a capillary loop1 lying embedded in a connective tissue1 the blood-vessels being derived from the umbilical vessels4 ,the villi are surrounded by maternal blood1 which circulates in the intervillous spaces4 ,the maternal part is represented by the decidua serotina4 ,its surface is rough and irregular1 being broken up into segments or cotyledons4 ,it is made of two layers3 7a7 ,the deep or spongy layer1 and 7b7 the compact1 or layer to which the villi are attached4 ,the decidua serotina contains large cavities or sinuses1 which are formed by a dilation of the blood-vessels in the wall of the uterus4 ,they communicate with the intervillous spaces of the placenta1 and it is through the maternal blood circulating in them that nutriment is conveyed to the fetus through the medium of the villi4 ,an interchange takes place between the fetal and maternal bloodstreams1 though1 of course1 there is no direct continuity between them4 ,the placenta thus has a two-fold function in acting both as an organ of circulation and of respiration4 ,it is through the walls of the villi that this interchange of gases and fluids takes place2 nourishment and oxygen passing through them to the fetus1 and carbonic-acid gas and waste materials passing through them to the mother4 ,there is no direct communication between the fetal and the maternal blood4 ,the placenta1 normally1 is attached to the contractile part of the uterus1 and on its separation the blood-vessels are closed by the contractions of the uterine wall4 ,the placenta may be divided into two or more portions1 or one or more of its cotyledons may be detached from the rest of the organ and have their own vascular supply4 ,the importance of this lies in the fact that after the placenta is expelled these isolated masses may be left and give rise to hemorrhage or blood-poisoning4 ,,symptoms ,,of ,,pregnancy4 ,suppression of the ,menses4--,the cessation of the periods may be due to other causes1 but it is usually the first indication of pregnancy4 ,conception may take place and menstruation yet continue4 ,it usually occurs but once or twice1 and then only where conception took place immediately before an expected period4 ,morning ,sickness4--,nausea and vomiting continued for any length of time is almost a certain sign of pregnancy4 ,it may begin as soon as conception takes place and last for many months2 sometimes it may occur toward the end of pregnancy1 or occasionally not at all4 ,salivation4--,the excessive secretion of saliva often accompanies the morning sickness4 ,the secretion is tenacious and difficult of expectoration4 ,heartburn1 abnormal appetite1 longing or loathing for particular articles of food1 toothache and the like may be present4 ,quickening4--,the first feeling of fetal life felt by the mother is usually between the fourth and fifth months1 but may be experienced occasionally as early as the third month1 or be deferred until the sixth4 ,quickening occurs as soon as the uterus comes in contact with the abdominal wall4 ,improper elimination of the bowels1 causing gastro-intestinal trouble1 may produce movements not unlike this indication2 therefore1 this symptom is not reliable4 ,enlargement of the ,breasts4--,the breasts grow larger toward the end of the second month4 ,in some cases the enlargement is very marked1 but in others there is scarcely any increase in size during the whole term of pregnancy4 ,pigmentation4--,coloring of the skin takes place in different parts of the body4 ,the face may show brownish spots4 ,the skin darkens in the axilla and in the areola of the breasts4 ,a dark line presents itself down the middle of the abdomen4 ,the vagina takes on a violet tint1 the cervix becomes purple1 the various colors becoming more marked with the progress of pregnancy4 ,changes in the ,abdomen4--,the abdomen grows larger gradually1 and with it the gait and carriage of the woman change1 to counterbalance the weight of the abdomen4 ,it enlarges symmetrically unless the uterus is displaced by adhesions1 or by a tumor in the uterus or external to it4 ,the tearing of the under layer of the skin of the abdomen while distended produces streaks 7stria71 first pink and then white1 which remain after the form resumes its natural shape2 any other enlargement of the abdomen1 especially when caused by a tumor1 may produce the same result4 ,the various conditions mistaken for pregnancy1 due to changes in the abdomen1 are fibroid in uterus2 metritis2 swelling of the tubes and ovaries1 distended bladder1 a pendulous belly2 excessive fat2 extra-uterine pregnancy2 and inflammatory conditions1 such as peritonitis4 ,pregnancy and any of the conditions named may coexist1 and the former may be overlooked1 while the latter is recognized4 ,fetal ,heartbeat4--,the heart sounds are generally audible between the fourth and fifth months4 ,the rate is from #abj-adj a minute1 being double that of the mother's pulse4 ,about midterm is heard the uterine souffle1 a blowing sound1 quite unlike the fetal heart1 and its origin is the rushing of the blood through the enlarged and twisted arteries4 ,ballottement4--,in normal cases there is no pain on palpation4 ,the uterine wall varies in consistence1 being alternately soft and firm4 ,the fetal parts may be felt through the abdominal wall in the late months4 ,lightening4--,in the last two weeks1 especially in primipar1 the child's head sinks into the pelvis1 and its body falls a little forward4 ,the uterus sinks down and forward with the child4 ,the waist-line lowers1 the stomach region is flatter1 the navel more prominent4 ,the patient breathes easier1 but does not walk as well4 ,duration of ,pregnancy4--,average time is #bhj days2 protracted1 #cad2 a short term about #bde days4 ,there is no positive period4 ,prediction of the ,date of ,labor4--,count #i calendar months from the beginning of the last menstruation and add #g days4 ,an error of #b or #c weeks1 however1 is possible4 7,see ,table on page #agh47 ,premonitory ,symptoms of ,labor4--7#a7 ,lightening4--,dropping may be attended with slight pains similar to labor pains4 7#b7 ,false ,pains4--,these vary in nature and quality4 ,they may be short and sharp1 or long and continuous1 or irregular4 ,as a rule1 they are marked by irregularity4 ,they are mostly abdominal1 rarely like true pains beginning in the sacral region and moving around to the region of the pubes4 ,they may be caused by cramps in the abdominal wall1 intestines1 or in the distended bladder4 ,they may be due to old inflammatory areas within the abdominal and pelvic cavities4 ,they are frequent in cases in which there is marked bowel irregularity1 and in conditions of over-fatigue4 ,some authors believe that they may be produced by irregular contractions of portions of the uterine wall4 ,one important test is the condition of the uterine body during the pain4 ,if there is no genuine contraction1 the uterus will not become hard when pain is felt4 ,this indication is not always reliable1 however1 since palpation may be unsatisfactory on account of the woman's nervousness1 her sensitiveness1 or the thickness of the abdominal wall4 ,if the cause be contractions of the uterus1 partial hardening may be felt4 ,,table ,,for ,,calculating ,,the ,,period ,,of ,,utero-,,gestation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,january #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,october #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e #f #g,,nov4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,february #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh ,,november #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #a #b #c #d #e ,,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,march #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,december #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e;,,jan4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,april #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj ,,january #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d ,,feb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,may #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,february #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #a #b #c #d #e #f #g,,mar4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,june #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj ,,march #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e #f ,,april4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,july #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,april #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g,,may4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,august #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,may #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e #f #g;,,june4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,september #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj ,,june #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ,,july4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,october #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,july #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e #f #g;,,aug4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,november #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj ,,august #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #a #b #c #d #e #f ,,sept4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,december #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca ,,september #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g,,oct4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,explanation4--,find in top line the date of menstruation1 the figure below will indicate the date when confinement may be expected1 i4e41 if date of menstruation is ,june #ast1 confinement may be expected on ,march #hth1 or one day earlier if leap year4 7,dr4 ,,ely47 7#c7 ,true ,pains4--,the contractions of the uterus as they become stronger1 in the great majority of cases1 cause the woman pain4 ,for this reason 8true pains0 is used synonymously with 8uterine contractions40 ,with their appearance the woman becomes restless1 likes to sit down1 to bend forward and to press on the sacrum4 8,true pains0 are felt in the sacral region1 gradually moving around toward the pubes4 ,they begin slowly1 increase in intensity1 and slowly pass away4 ,the pains are involuntary1 and the woman tries to complain or cry out4 ,differences in this largely depend upon the nervous temperament of the patient1 though they are also related to variations in the physical factors4 8,true pains0 must be distinguished from 8false pains40 7#d7 ,the ,show4--,within twenty-four hours before labor really begins there is a discharge from the vagina of thick mucus1 more or less stained with blood4 ,this is called the 8show10 and is the plug of mucus which fills the cervical canal during pregnancy4 ,sometimes the show is absent or appears after labor has been in progress for awhile4 ,if there is much pure blood with the discharge it is unusual1 and the physician should be notified4 ,,labor4 ,first ,stage4--,the first stage extends from the time of the labor pains to the complete dilatation of the os uteri4 ,it may come on very slowly or act quickly4 ,slow dilatation occurs normally in a woman over thirty years of age2 and it may be due to inflammatory conditions or appear in cases where the membranes lining the uterus are adherent4 ,on examining the vagina there is found a bulging 7which is a main factor in dilatation of the cervix7 and a discharge of mucus tinged with blood4 ,the dilatation increases until it is #d in4 across1 and the bag of membranes bulges like a saucer4 ,in abnormal cases it comes down into the vagina in the shape of a tube4 ,when the os is fully dilated the membranes rupture1 a rush of water escapes down the vagina1 and the first stage of labor is ended4 ,not all of the water comes away1 for the head comes down and acts as a plug4 ,it is very important for the nurse to recognize the true rupture and not mistake it for incontinence of urine4 ,second ,stage4--,this comprises the period from the time of complete dilatation of the cervix to the end of the expulsion of the child4 ,the patient has some relief after the first stage1 and when the second stage comes on she holds her breath and contracts the abdominal muscles as much as she can in making expulsive efforts4 ,the pains become of longer duration and more frequent2 and upon examining the vagina the head is found down1 the tissues bulge1 the rectum becomes stretched1 the majora and minora separate1 and then1 while the pain is on1 there is some change in the position of the head as it recedes and advances again4 ,nature brings it slowly1 for if the head plunged down it might produce complete laceration of the perineum4 ,if the head is delayed too long there is swelling of the scalp4 ,the most painful period is when the head passes the perineum4 ,then there comes a marked change in the position of the fetus1 and it lies in that position for some time2 following1 comes a rotation to one side1 the shoulders turn1 and birth occurs4 ,the cord is still in the vagina1 and the third stage begins with a flushing of amnii fluid4 ,the placenta is still in place in the uterus4 ,the child may cry1 and the pulsation may continue in the cord for as long as fifteen minutes1 but ordinarily for about five minutes1 while a new circulation is established in the infant and more blood is drawn from the placenta4 ,third ,stage4--,the patient has a rest for some minutes4 ,then the contractions of the uterus continue until the membranes and placenta are expelled4 ,the pains begin again2 the uterus is smaller1 firm1 yet will recoil2 it is rounded1 and the fundus lies even with the umbilicus4 ,if the fundus is above the umbilicus something is wrong4 ,painful contractions of the uterus follow and cause a squeezing off of the placenta4 ,there is a flow of blood1 the placenta follows1 passes out of the vagina1 dragging the membranes after it4 ,the fundus sinks1 and the uterus1 hard1 contracted and firm1 lies in the pelvis4 ,in some cases it becomes soft1 rises up and then relaxes4 ,if it becomes too soft1 the relaxation which follows may induce hemorrhage4 ,the uterus should be carefully massaged until it hardens4 ,period of ,labor4--,fourteen hours is a normal range4 ,first stage usually lasts about twelve hours2 second stage about one hour1 and the third stage from fifteen to thirty minutes4 ,complications of ,labor4--,labor may be brought on by extreme mental anxiety4 ,the child may be born without any actual pain4 ,it may be expelled while the patient has an evacuation of the bowels1 especially if the bowel movement has been induced by enemata or a purgative4 ,children may be born without the usual progression of labor1 yet with all normal conditions present4 ,in cases where the mother dies during labor the uterus continues to contract until the child is born about fifteen minutes later4 ,the child in such cases is sometimes saved by a ,cesarean section4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,obstetric ,,patient4 ,diet4--,diet should be regulated and consist of light1 nutritious and predigested foods4 ,milk should be prepared in various ways palatable to the patient4 ,wine and fruits and vegetables in season may be included4 ,for malnutritious patients1 malt and beef extracts may be added4 ,starches prepared in fat1 and rich pastries should be avoided4 ,elimination4--,the bowels must move regularly1 and laxatives may be given if necessary4 ,alkalies should be given before bedtime1 and effervescent powders in the morning4 ,enemata should not be resorted to unless absolutely necessary1 as the sudden expulsion of the contents may produce abortion4 ,the kidneys may be regulated by giving simple diuretics2 plenty of pure water is the best4 ,the condition of the kidneys is a most important factor in pregnancy4 ,the urine should be clear and of sufficient quantity4 ,meats should be eaten but sparingly1 as they over-produce albumin4 ,baths4--,daily bathing in tepid water is very essential to encourage the elimination through the skin and to promote cleanliness4 ,a cold sponge is stimulating and very agreeable to some patients4 ,exercise4--,exercise should be moderate4 ,light work about the home may be encouraged1 care being had to avoid over-lifting1 over-reaching1 etc4 ,walking should be insisted upon1 to maintain correct carriage and posture of the body4 ,outdoor enjoyments may be had if indulged in with discretion4 ,tiredness may be overcome by the patient lying down on an incline1 the head lower than the body1 thereby relieving all tension of the muscles and nerves4 ,any recumbent position for comfort is beneficial4 ,breasts and ,nipples4--,plenty of room should be given to permit full growth and to encourage the nipples to prominence4 ,their inversion or depression may be remedied by massage and manipulation4 ,no alcohol or other strongly astringent washes should be used4 ,the nipples must not be hardened1 but should be kept soft and pliable2 cocoa-butter or other healing ointments may be applied4 ,cracks and fissures not only render nursing difficult or impossible1 but may lead to mastitis and subsequent abscess formations4 ,there should be perfect cleanliness1 to promote pure secretion and prevent sepsis4 ,pelvic ,organs4--,pelvic organs do not1 under normal conditions1 require douches4 ,the normal vagina cleanses itself1 and a hot douche may induce abortion4 ,,lying-,,in ,,period4 ,confinement ,room4--,a quiet room should be selected1 in which there has been no recent sickness and which is not in proximity to any sewerage4 ,the room should be well ventilated1 with no draughts1 and at a temperature from #fe-ge ,f4 ,the furnishings should be plain and few as possible4 ,they should consist of a table or two1 a few chairs1 and a narrow iron bed of medium height4 ,if the bedspring is soft1 a few boards may be placed under it to make it firm4 ,if the patient is to be delivered in bed1 it should be made up as follows3 7#a7 ,long rubber sheet2 7#b7 long muslin sheet2 7#c7 rubber draw-sheet2 7#d7 muslin draw-sheet2 7#e7 a large pad1 #c ft4 square and #c in4 thick4 ,all sheets should be fastened with large safety-pins1 and the pad left free to draw the patient to either side1 if the bed is of the low-and-wide variety commonly used in many homes4 ,the ideal way is to deliver the patient on a settee1 or on two tables1 covered with a small mattress2 the physicians and nurses have less work to do and they work to a better advantage4 ,moreover1 when the patient is carried from the table to her clean1 warm bed she gets immediate comfort and avoids the usual disturbance and uncleanliness attending the clearing away of soiled linen1 etc4 ,preparatory ,treatment for ,patient4--,the patient should have a warm bath1 and the genitals should be scrubbed thoroughly with soap and water4 ,shaving the parts is much to be desired if the patient has no objection1 then an antiseptic pad should be applied4 ,the nurse must be sure the bladder is empty2 it is very important that a dribbling from an over-distended bladder should not be mistaken for frequent urinations2 this is to prevent the danger of ruptured bladder from the constant pressure of a contracting uterus2 also a distended bladder makes labor hard by interfering with the passage of the head4 ,during the ,first ,stage4--,the patient may be out of bed and encouraged to take exercise4 ,she should not walk about too freely before the head is engaged1 lest this induce a malpresentation or malposition4 ,the patient's crying should not be prevented1 and she should be told not to press down4 ,she may have a cup of hot water or tea1 but no stimulant1 as an anesthetic may become necessary4 ,during the ,second ,stage4--,all clothing should be removed but the night-dress4 ,pin the gown up under the arm1 put on perineal drawers1 and a sheet around the body1 then place the patient in bed4 ,the pain in the back may be relieved by pressure over the sacrum1 and the patient should be encouraged to hold her breath4 ,the nurse should now use tact to quiet the patient1 having hitherto managed1 if possible1 to encourage calmness4 ,for cramps in the limbs1 the muscles may be moved and firm pressure applied4 ,a handkerchief bound tightly around the affected part may relieve it4 ,a sheet may be tied to either side of the bed1 for the patient to grasp1 and a block placed at the foot of the bed for a brace for her feet4 ,patient ,after ,labor4--,the soiled skin should be gently and quickly bathed with warm solution1 the vulva and perineum carefully cleansed and an antiseptic pad applied4 ,the binder should be pinned firmly about and below the hips1 allowing freedom over the upper part of the abdomen4 ,if there is any anxiety that the uterus may relax after kneading it1 a tightly folded towel may be placed over the fundus1 and kept in position by the binder4 ,a vaginal douche is never given without orders from the physician4 ,external douches of lysol1 #a or #b per cent41 are given three or four times daily until the lochia becomes scant4 ,the patient should be watched during the first few hours for symptoms of hemorrhage4 ,the room should be kept quiet and dark1 and light1 warm covering be used on the bed4 ,the patient may have a cup of hot water or milk to induce sleep and relieve thirst4 ,diet4--,during the first twelve hours the patient should be kept on liquid diet4 ,on the second day1 butter toast1 milk toast1 oyster stew1 and chocolate may be added4 ,on the third day1 if the bowels move freely1 soups1 with rice or barley1 and cereal foods may be given4 ,stewed fruits 7omitting those strongly acid7 may be included4 ,after the fourth day1 fresh fish1 a chop1 chicken1 and pigeon may be given4 ,even after ordinary diet is ordered1 heavy meats and rich pastry should be avoided for a while4 ,bowels4--,the bowels are usually constipated for the first few days4 ,a dose of castor oil may be given1 to be followed in six hours by a saline enema4 ,the patient should be encouraged to drink freely of pure water1 to secure proper elimination of the kidneys4 ,if the patient can not urinate1 after the different methods to produce urination have been tried1 she may be catheterized4 ,the urine should be measured for some days to ascertain if the quantity is sufficient4 ,colostrum4--,the first secretion in the breasts contains no nourishment1 but is a laxative for the child4 ,the baby should be put to the nipple as soon as the mother has had some sleep and feels rested4 ,nursing assists the uterine contractions1 preventing hemorrhage from the torn placental vessels and cleansing the organs from secretions still being discharged at intervals4 ,breast and ,nipples4--,the nipples should be cleansed after each nursing with warm boric solution4 ,if they are cracked and sore a lubricating ointment should be applied and a nipple shield should be used4 ,if the breasts become distended they should be massaged gently every two or three hours1 and they may be pumped if necessary4 ,in this state the patient must not have regular liquid diet1 and the bowels must be kept freely open with saline laxatives4 ,a compressed binder is comforting and beneficial4 ,if the child1 for some reason1 does not nurse1 the secretion may be dried by an application of belladonna in the form of a plaster1 permitting the nipples to protrude through an opening cut into the center of it4 ,the belladonna ointment is good but very unclean4 ,atropin may be given internally4 ,conditions ,during which the ,child ,should ,not ,nurse4--,depressed or cracked nipples2 inflammation of the breasts2 poor health of the mother2 marked anemia2 kidney or heart disease2 nervous or general febrile afflictions2 tuberculosis2 syphilis4 ,menstruation4--,if the return flow of the menses occur during the nursing period the milk becomes impure1 and the child may suffer from the effects of it4 ,if menstruation takes place normally and the child does not become ill1 it is because the mother is strong and can endure the drain upon her system with no other bad result than losing flesh4 ,in such a case it is best to wean the baby1 especially after it is nine months old4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,baby4 ,upon ,birth4--,as soon as the eyes are cared for1 by flushing them with warm boric solution 7the physician may use ,cred's method--#a to #b per cent4 nitrate of silver solution1 followed by weak salt solution71 the baby should be wrapped in a warm1 soft1 sterile cloth 7cotton flannel71 and placed in a warm crib until the mother has been attended to4 ,after that the baby should be anointed with warm olive oil1 especially in the groin1 axilla1 in the folds of the neck and behind the ears4 ,the nurse should then wash and sterilize her hands to dress the cord4 ,apply alcohol1 #ie per cent41 and then boric acid powder or any other antiseptic dressing the physician may order2 it may be kept in place by a thin flannel binder1 going around the abdomen but once and be fastened in the back 7not too tightly7 by sewing it together4 ,pins of any kind should be used only where absolutely necessary4 ,the baby should be dressed in as few garments as possible4 ,bathing4--,until the umbilicus is healed the child should not be put in the full bath4 ,the face1 hands1 and head may be sponged daily with tepid water4 ,gently massaging the body every day with warm olive oil1 and rubbing with a soft towel1 will not only keep the baby clean1 but prove beneficial4 ,the genitals should be washed well once daily and sponged after each evacuation of the bowels4 ,during the first few weeks a little oil rubbed into the parts is better than powder2 in most cases powder will dry the skin too quickly and rub off the delicate epithelium4 ,general ,care of the ,baby4--,the eyes1 the mouth1 and navel should be given the usual daily attention4 ,the bowels1 if constipated1 should be encouraged by small doses of castor oil given with a medicine dropper4 ,if the urinations are not clear and of sufficient quantity the baby may have warm water1 about #a oz4 at a time1 three or four times daily4 ,leave the infant with the mother only during the nursing period4 ,nursing the ,baby4--,practical experience is daily upsetting the theory that a set of rules and regulations can be laid down and followed for the nursing of all babies2 that nursing must be done at certain hours and after certain intervals4 ,while babies are alike in nearly every respect1 speaking physiologically1 there are only a few who can be awakened at regular intervals to be nursed by the mother or fed by the bottle4 ,some babies can not be awakened sufficiently for nursing1 even after four or five hours' sleep4 ,others will nurse for twenty minutes 7the rules say it should not be longer than ten minutes7 at two- or three-hour intervals during the day and then sleep all night4 ,of course1 where the child can be fed regularly1 this helps the mother to regulate her own habits1 and is comforting to all concerned4 ,therefore1 nurses should not lack in determination to encourage such a system4 ,but no such regularity should be insisted upon where both baby and mother suffer during the interval when nursing is denied2 the former1 hungry and crying lustily1 and the mother under a nervous strain that is harmful to both4 ,let there be no hard-and-fast rules4 ,babies who feed as often as they feel like it 7being allowed proper1 though not necessarily long1 intervals for digestion7 generally suffer no ill effects and are healthy and strong4 ,mother's milk1 the natural feeding1 should always be given1 rather than any artificial food1 when the supply is sufficient and good4 ,,obstetric ,,supplies4 ,solutions3 ,antiseptic solutions4 ,normal salt solution4 ,spiritus frumenti4 ,fluid extract of ergot4 ,plenty of sterile water 7hot and cold74 ,articles3 ,rubber sheeting4 ,plain roll of absorbent cotton4 ,abdominal binders4 ,vessel to receive placenta4 ,large drainage-pan4 ,large- and medium-sized safety-pins4 ,sterilized ,accessories3 ,one half-dozen sheets4 ,one dozen towels4 ,one night gown4 ,one doctor's gown4 ,accouchement pad4 ,two dozen vulva pads4 ,receiving pad for baby4 ,maternity leggings4 ,gauze sponges4 ,cotton pledgets4 ,applicators4 ,tape for the cord4 ,rubber and glass catheters4 ,douche points4 ,douche bag4 ,vaselin4 ,,supplies ,,for ,,baby ,,basket4 ,blunt-pointed scissors4 ,needle1 thread and thimble4 ,medium-sized and small safety-pins4 ,rectal and bath thermometer4 ,bar of pure mild soap4 ,jar of pure olive oil4 ,wide-mouthed bottle of alcohol1 #ie per cent4 ,wide-mouthed bottle of boric solution4 ,sterile gauze to dress the navel4 ,sterile applicators4 ,two slips4 ,two shirts4 ,abdominal binders4 ,diapers and old soft cloths4 ,,baby ,,sleep4 ,a young baby sleeps eighteen hours out of twenty-four4 ,at six months of age a baby sleeps about sixteen hours4 ,a one-year-old child sleeps about fourteen hours1 and at two years of age at least twelve hours4 ,daytime naps should be continued as long as possible4 ,,fetal ,,circulation4 ,from ,kimber's ,anatomy4 ,the peculiarities of the fetal circulation1 leaving details aside1 are3 the direct communication between the two auricles of the heart1 through an opening called the foramen ovale2 the communication between the pulmonary artery and descending portion of the arch of the aorta1 by means of a tube called the ductus arteriosus2 and the communication between the placenta and the fetus1 by means of the umbilical cord4 ,the arterial blood for the nutrition of the fetus is carried from the placenta along the umbilical cord by the umbilical vein4 ,entering the fetus at the umbilicus1 the blood passes upward to the liver and is conveyed into the inferior vena cava in two different ways4 ,the larger quantity first enters the liver1 and1 alone or in conjunction with the blood from the portal vein1 ramifies through the liver before entering the inferior vena cava1 by means of the hepatic veins4 ,the smaller quantity of blood passes directly from the umbilical vein into the inferior vena cava1 by a tube called the ductus venosus4 ,in the inferior vena cava the blood from the placenta becomes mixed with the blood returning from the lower extremities of the fetus4 ,it enters the right auricle and1 guided by a valve--the ,eustachian valve1 passes through the foramen ovale into the left auricle4 ,in the left auricle it unites with a small quantity of blood returned from the lungs by the pulmonary veins4 ,from the left auricle the blood passes into the left ventricle and is distributed by the aorta almost entirely to the upper extremities by the superior vena cava1 the blood enters the right auricle1 and1 passing over the ,eustachian valve1 descends into the right ventricle1 and from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery4 ,as the lungs in the fetus are solid1 they require very little blood1 and the greater part of the blood passes through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta1 where1 mixing with the blood delivered to the aorta by the left ventricle1 it descends to supply the lower extremities of the fetus1 the chief portions of this blood1 however1 being carried back to the placenta by the two umbilical arteries4 ,illustration3 ,diagrammatic view of the fetal circulation 7,dorland74 ,from this description of the fetal circulation it will be seen3 #a4 ,that the placenta serves the double purpose of a respiratory and nutritive organ1 receiving the venous blood from the fetus1 and returning it again charged with oxygen and additional nutritive material4 #b4 ,that the greater part of the blood traverses the liver before entering the inferior vena cava2 hence the large size of this organ at birth4 #c4 ,that the blood from the placenta passes almost directly into the arch of the aorta and is distributed by its branches to the head and upper extremities2 hence the large size and perfect development of those parts at birth4 #d4 ,that the blood in the descending aorta is chiefly derived from that which has already circulated in the upper extremities and1 mixed with only a small quantity from the left ventricle1 is distributed to the lower extremities2 hence the small size and imperfect development of these parts at birth4 ,,nursing ,,in ,,diseases ,,of ,,children4 ,spasmodic ,croup4--,spasmodic croup is due to a sudden closure of the glottis4 ,causes4--,exposure to a cold1 damp atmosphere1 indigestion1 or irritation of the throat4 ,there may be some hoarseness a few hours preceding the attack and the child awakens suddenly in the paroxysm of the sharp croup cough1 experiences difficulty in breathing and has the cyanotic appearance so terrifying to the mother1 but which need give no cause for serious alarm4 ,treatment4--,apply hot compresses about the throat4 ,if the attack is severe give an emetic--one dram of salt or mustard in one-half cup of warm water1 and repeat in twenty minutes if necessary2 an enema of warm water should be given and steam inhalation resorted to4 ,keep the child in an even temperature1 restrict diet for a few days1 and keep bowels active4 ,parotitis 7,mumps74--,an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the parotid glands4 ,incubation is from two to three weeks4 ,symptoms4--,the disease comes on with a mild chill1 pain below the ear and swelling of the glands4 ,there is great discomfort and the tension is very disagreeable4 ,treatment4--,keep patient in bed during the height of the disease4 ,give liquid and soft diet4 ,bowels should be opened freely4 ,no medicine is required unless fever is high4 ,apply cold compresses to the affected part1 though1 if preferred1 hot ones may be used4 ,a pad of cotton with oiled silk is the best application4 ,in cases of extreme redness or tenderness of the glands1 leeches may be applied4 ,in cases of delirium use the ice-cap4 ,for orchitis1 lubricate the parts with camphorated oil and support with a soft cotton pad4 ,duration of disease1 from seven to ten days4 ,whooping-,cough4--,an infectious disease1 beginning with catarrh of the air-passages1 like an ordinary cold4 ,the short expiratory coughs following each other in rapid succession and the period of drawing a long breath give rise to the whoop characterizing pertussis4 ,incubation4--,a week to ten days4 ,treatment4--,isolate patient and if attack is severe put him in bed4 ,fresh air is the most essential element4 ,if the cough is distressing1 ipecacuanha wine and paregoric may be given4 ,during convalescence the child should be watched carefully1 as at this period bronchopneumonia and tuberculosis are apt to develop4 ,change of air is advisable4 ,tonics and cod-liver oil should be employed4 ,the diet should be easily digestible1 nourishing food4 ,after each paroxysm and after the child has recovered from the exhaustion it produces give nourishment4 ,there will be a partial if not complete absorption of the food before another attack4 ,duration of the disease from six to twelve weeks4 ,colic4--,causes4--,constipation1 indigestible foods1 flatus1 overfeeding1 improper foods and exposure to cold4 ,symptoms4--,child cries out very suddenly and sharply4 ,there is a convulsive movement of the extremities1 the hands are tightly closed1 abdomen is tense4 ,treatment4--,gentle pressure and massage with warm oil over the abdomen and a few doses of hot or peppermint water will expel the gas4 ,burnt brandy is good4 ,the simple warm enema is a common remedy4 ,wrap warm flannels around the lower parts of the body and keep the hands warm4 ,diarrhea4--,frequent loose evacuations without tenesmus4 ,causes4--,impure water or food2 irritating secretions poured into the bowels2 bottled milk4 ,diet should be restricted to cereal and albumin water4 ,flush the bowels very gently with warm water4 ,dysentery4--,symptoms4--,fever1 tenesmus and frequent small mucous1 bloody stools4 ,treat as diarrhea4 ,keep child warm1 especially about the abdomen4 ,cholera ,infantum 7,summer ,complaint74--,symptoms4--,fever1 intense thirst1 continuous vomiting1 and purging of the bowels4 ,stools soon become watery and pale-green in color1 and the child has all appearances of complete prostration4 ,treatment4--,stomach washing and intestinal irrigation carefully given4 ,restrict diet to barley water containing a few drops of brandy and give hourly for a few days4 ,rickets4--,a disease of infants1 characterized by impaired nutrition of the entire body and alteration of growing bones4 ,causes4--,not positively known4 ,heredity may be a predisposing factor4 ,another theory given is want of sunlight1 impure air1 prolonged lactation1 and suckling4 ,as it is a constitutional disease it is almost certain to be due to a disturbance of nutrition4 ,it is much less found in the breast-fed than in the artificially fed and more common when the artificial feeding is bad than when it is properly given4 ,scurvy is a constitutional disease of metabolism due to a faulty diet4 ,probably the absence of some constituents in the nature of vitamins4 ,scurvy and rickets are two distinct diseases1 and yet both may be due to impure1 improper infant feedings4 ,three ,general ,symptoms of ,great ,importance4--,first1 a diffuse soreness of the body1 so that the child cries when an attempt is made to move it2 second1 slight fever2 third1 profuse sweating4 ,deformities may often be prevented if1 in the early stages1 constant care is taken that the child is properly held4 ,thrush4--,aphth4--,small white1 furry mouth ulcers developing during the first and second year of infancy4 ,cause4--,lack of cleanliness in the care of the mouth1 especially after feeding with bottled milk4 ,the patches are tenacious1 grow larger1 until sometimes they involve the entire gastro-intestinal tract1 resulting in acute indigestion and bowel disorders4 ,the first symptom is usually some evidence of painful distress in the infant's efforts to nurse2 fever1 diarrhea and vomiting occur and the trouble may become acute4 ,treatment4--,absolute sterile cleanliness in the preparation and administering of the patient's food4 ,the mouth must be cleansed with warm boric acid solution after every feeding4 ,the patches should be touched gently with the same solution1 and the lips anointed with a soothing lotion4 ,convulsions4--,the principal predisposing causes are infancy conditions affecting the nutrition of the brain and hereditary influences4 ,the brain grows more during the first year than in later life1 and this rapidity of growth is in itself an important predisposing cause of functional derangement4 ,after infancy attacks of convulsions are much less frequent1 and after seven years they are relatively rare4 ,death may take place from a single attack in very young infants1 especially those who are rachitic4 ,convulsions may be thought to indicate the onset of some acute disease when they occur in a child over two years old1 and when they come on suddenly or with only slight premonition in a child previously well2 but the most important point is that they are accompanied by a high temperature--#ajd-ajf ,f4 ,acute meningitis is the only other condition likely to produce these symptoms4 ,whether the convulsions mark the onset of lobar pneumonia1 scarlet fever1 malaria1 or some other disease can be determined only by carefully watching the patient's symptoms for #bd or #cf hours4 ,in convulsions depending upon some disorder of the alimentary tract1 we may get a history of chronic constipation or improper feeding1 and in nursing infants1 sometimes of passion or intoxication in the wet-nurse4 ,convulsions are so frequently due to digestive derangement that the condition of these organs should be one of the first things to be looked into4 ,examination of the urine should never be omitted in any case of convulsions of doubtful origin1 even where no dropsy is present4 ,this1 both in infants and older children1 is too often overlooked4 ,in all cases of convulsions of doubtful or obscure origin occurring in infants1 rickets should be suspected as the underlying cause1 and the child carefully examined for other evidences of that disease4 ,treatment4--,cold should be applied to the head1 best by means of an ice-cap or cold cloths1 and dry heat and counterirritation to the surface of the body and extremities4 ,the ,mustard ,pack4--,the child is stripped and laid upon a blanket1 and the trunk is surrounded by a large towel or sheet saturated with mustard water4 ,this is made as follows3 #a tablespoonful of mustard1 #a quart of water4 ,in this the towel is dipped and1 while dripping1 wound around the entire body4 ,the patient should then be rolled in the blanket4 ,this pack may be continued for #aj or #ae minutes2 at the end of which time there will usually be a very decided redness of the whole body4 ,it may be repeated1 according to indications4 ,where it is desired to produce general counterirritation1 the mustard pack is not quite as efficient as the mustard bath1 but it has the advantage in causing much less disturbance to the patient4 ,the mustard pack is useful in the conditions of collapse1 or of great prostration from any cause whatever1 in convulsions1 and in cerebral or pulmonary congestion4 ,the degree to which the counterirritant of the skin should be carried will depend upon the condition of the pulse and the cyanosis4 ,the feet may be placed in mustard water while the child lies in its crib 7,holt74 ,a ,,few ,,notes ,,on ,,medical ,,diseases4 ,,rheumatism4 ,a constitutional disease1 characterized by fever1 inflammation in and around the joints1 occurring in succession1 and a great tendency to induce the condition of endocarditis or pericarditis4 ,cause4--,usually exposure to cold--chilling of the body--damp atmosphere4 ,treatment4--,rest in bed is important4 ,the bedding should be yielding1 and the patient wear loose flannel night-clothes4 ,sleeping between blankets promotes perspiration1 increases the activity of the skin1 prevents exposure to cold and may reduce the liability to heart trouble4 ,change bed-clothing frequently4 ,diet4--,should be easily digested food4 ,milk is the most suitable4 ,dilute with alkaline or mineral water4 ,barley- or oatmeal-water and lemonade may be given4 ,broths and soups may be substituted for milk at times4 ,regular feedings every two hours until patient convalesces4 ,,gout4 ,gout is characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain in the smaller joints1 especially that of the big toe4 ,there is a gradual deposit of urate of sodium in and about the joints1 and presence of uric acid in the blood4 ,causes4--,intemperate living1 excess in drinking wines and liquors1 overindulgence in rich foods1 change of climate4 ,treatment4--,proper elimination4 ,free use of all kinds of mineral waters1 abstention from alcoholic drinks and moderation in eating4 ,exercise by walking and living in the open air may counteract any hereditary tendency to the disease4 ,cold baths1 followed by massage1 may be given to the sthenic patient1 while the warm and tepid bath should be substituted for the asthenic type4 ,protect the body from exposure to cold4 ,flannel underwear should be worn4 ,diet4--,milk for liquid--no coffee or tea4 ,vegetables and fruit1 excepting bananas1 strawberries1 tomatoes1 oranges1 lemons2 fish1 oysters and soup in small quantities2 no fresh meat should be allowed for a time4 ,avoid hot breads1 pastry of all kinds1 spices and eggs4 ,,diabetes ,,mellitus4 ,a disorder of nutrition1 characterized by an accumulation of sugar in the blood1 and excreted in the urine4 ,the amount of urine is greatly increased1 accompanied by progressive loss of flesh and strength4 ,treatment4--,regulate diet1 exercise and mode of living4 ,a warm bath every other day and a ,turkish bath every two weeks are very beneficial4 ,diet4--,avoid sugar1 starch and all liquors4 ,patient may eat soups without vegetables and flour2 fish of all kinds2 meats and fats cooked in any way except with flour2 gluten bread4 ,of vegetables--lettuce1 cucumbers1 spinach1 tomatoes1 onions1 celery1 radishes1 cauliflower1 cabbage1 egg-plant4 ,of desserts--custard1 nuts1 acid fruits1 ice cream without sugar4 ,of drinks--coffee1 tea and buttermilk1 lemonade1 beef-tea1 chicken broth1 and egg-nog4 ,fluid diet must be moderate1 and sugar and flour must not be used in any form4 ,,bright',s ,,disease4 7,acute ,nephritis2 ,inflammation of the ,kidneys47 ,due to the action of cold or toxic agents upon the kidneys4 ,causes4--,cold1 poisons of specific fevers1 toxic agents1 pregnancy1 blows and injuries of the back1 lesions of the skin as in burns or in chronic skin diseases4 ,symptoms4--,fever1 pain in the back over the kidneys1 nausea1 vomiting1 frequent desire to urinate1 puffiness of the face1 swelling of the ankles1 extreme pallor of the skin1 shortness of the breath1 with the general appearance of complete exhaustion4 ,the urine is very scanty and highly colored4 ,treatment4--,rest in bed until all symptoms disappear4 ,to promote activity of the skin and kidneys1 alcohol or steam sweats should be given daily4 ,to eliminate and purge the bowels give saline cathartics2 and alkaline mineral waters may be used freely4 ,diet4--,buttermilk1 gruels made of barley or arrowroot1 or oatmeal water2 animal broths and oysters2 substitute cream-of-tartar lemonade or plain lemonade for tea or coffee4 ,pure milk should be taken freely4 ,,uremia4 ,uremia occasionally develops during the course of acute or chronic ,bright's disease and other maladies1 the result of the retention or accumulation in the blood of an excrementitious material1 supposed to be urea1 the flow of urine being either normal1 lessened1 or increased4 ,,treatment ,,for ,,tuberculosis4 ,fresh air and sunshine1 a rest in bed from one to three months1 and proper food are the three vital points of importance4 ,do not give too many baths4 ,diet should consist of starch foods--#fj per cent4 ,stale bread and crackers may be prepared in variety4 ,give albuminoids and tender meats4 ,milk and eggs should be given about six times a day4 ,,for ,,patient ,,in ,,sitting ,,position4 ,a contrivance easily made and very useful in nursing cases where the patient is to be kept in the semirecumbent or sitting position1 as1 for instance1 in pneumonia1 or in operations on the upper abdomen1 is arranged by taking a broomstick with the broom part sawed off4 ,wrap around this stick a blanket1 large pillow1 or something to make it resemble a knee bolster4 ,place this under the knees of the patient1 and to each end of the broomstick attach a stout cord1 which may be securely tied to the bed-posts at the head of the bed4 ,this will add to the comfort of the patient in preventing the constant sliding down which is so difficult to prevent4 ,it will also save the nurse a great deal of tugging and lifting4 ,,miscellaneuos ,,notes ,,and ,,remedies4 ,,colds4 ,this was one of the subjects of discussion at one of the meetings of the ,new ,york ,state ,medical ,association4 ,one physician thought that cold was only a predisposing factor in these cases1 microbes being the chief element in the affection4 ,at the beginning of an ordinary cold in the head the serous flow was an effort of nature to relieve the congestion and eliminate the infection1 hence it should not be interfered with at this stage4 ,another doctor said that while cold was a separate disease in the minds of the laity1 to physicians it always meant a condition secondary to something else4 ,a person with nasal polypi1 for example1 would complain of almost constant stuffiness of the nose2 one with an enlarged lingual tonsil became hoarse after very slight use of the voice in singing4 ,dr4 ---- ---- ----1 of ,new ,york1 took up the treatment of colds4 ,he thought some colds in the head are communicable1 and that isolation might sometimes be a useful protective measure4 ,cod-liver oil was a good preventive for those who were in the habit of constantly catching cold4 ,if the temperature was over #ajj ,f41 he insisted on the patient staying in bed1 or at least in the house4 ,a moderate dose of quinin and ,dover's powder at night1 followed in the morning by a laxative1 would cut short some colds4 ,a hot mustard foot-bath increased the comfort of the patient4 ,rhinitis tablets were effectual if taken early1 but persons susceptible to belladonna should be careful in using them4 ,the alkaline treatment was often satisfactory--one dram of bicarbonate of soda in half a glass of water1 with a few drops of lemon juice4 ,camphor internally and by inhalation often yielded good results4 ,he was not a great believer in local treatment1 though admitting that irrigation with saline solution was often useful4 ,it was1 however1 dangerous except in skilful hands4 ,when colds showed a tendency to recur1 he advocated tincture chlorid of iron in large doses for two or three days1 also cod-liver oil1 quinin1 or the vegetable bitters4 ,sometimes change of climate was the only cure4 ,cold a ,germ ,disease4--,walsh1 in the ,medical ,news1 says a very striking indication that cold is due to microbic invasion is to be found in the fact that the process is nearly always accompanied by fever4 ,a distinct period of incubation can be traced1 and the efficient cause of the illness is commonly farther off than the patient imagines4 ,the treatment advised when fever and chilliness occur is the use of calomel and hot drinks1 especially cream-of-tartar lemonade1 which acts as a diuretic as well as a laxative4 ,a diaphoretic at the beginning of the affection will always give the patient comfort and may unload the system of enough depressed toxic material to enable it to react and bring about the abortion of a cold4 ,other medical men objected to calling everything an infection4 ,a common cold1 they thought1 was nothing else than the effect of the lowered temperature on the human system4 ,the dry air of houses caused a chronic postnasal catarrh1 which at times increased4 ,to overcome susceptibility to catching cold1 overdressing should be avoided and cold baths taken4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,hyperidrosis4 ,in sweating of the feet a single application of diluted formaldehyd will bring about permanent relief4 ,for the axilla1 use #aj drops of formaldehyd to #b ounces of water4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,erysipelas4 ,apply a thick layer of white vaselin twice a day4 ,protect with linen and gauze bandages4 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,chicken ,,from ,,smallpox4 ,if the vesicle in chicken-pox is pricked with a needle1 its contents can be completely evacuated and the cell will collapse2 whereas1 in small-pox the vesicle can be pricked twenty times and it will be impossible to empty it4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,felon4 ,a felon may sometimes be aborted by the application of pure alcohol under exclusion of air4 ,cover the phalanx with a thin layer of absorbent cotton saturated with alcohol2 over this put on a rubber finger-stall4 ,in severe cases the tissues should be deeply incised4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,boils4 ,apply hot dressings2 incise if necessary4 ,the application of pure alcohol dressings and a plug of cotton saturated in the same solution and inserted in the wound promotes rapid healing4 ,,to ,,dislodge ,,an ,,insect ,,from ,,the ,,ear4 ,saturate a piece of cotton-wool in salt and vinegar4 ,fill the ear with it4 ,have patient lie on the ear and give firm pressure with the hand4 ,the insect may be found on the cotton when the plug is taken out4 ,oil may be used as a substitute4,b ,b ,foreign bodies in the ear usually cause far less trouble and harm than does the attempt to remove them by anyone not expert4 ,,relief ,,for ,,earache4 ,make a small funnel of paper1 and saturate a ball of cotton with chloroform2 drop it into the funnel4 ,place the funnel in the ear1 draw a long breath and then blow the breath into the large end of the funnel2 the fumes of the chloroform are thus carried into the ear1 and all pain ceases at once4 ,no doubt1 heat is the best remedy of all4 ,,relief ,,from ,,flies ,,and ,,mosquitoes4 ,pour into an atomizer half a teaspoonful of lavender oil4 ,add to this as much alcohol as will make a saturated solution4 ,use as a spray4 ,sweet clover hung about the room will banish flies and mosquitoes4 ,the drier the clover becomes the more effectual it is4 ,a ,,bit ,,of ,,anatomy4 ,the entire adult skeleton consists of #bjj distinct bones1 as follows3 ,the spine or vertebral column 7sacrum and coccyx included7 #bf ,cranium #h ,face #ad ,os hyoids1 sternum and ribs #bf ,upper extremities #fd ,lower extremities #fb ------ #bjj ,the patell are included as separate bones2 the smaller sesamoid bones and the ossicula auditus are not counted4 ,the teeth belong to the tegumentary system4 ,,blood-,,corpuscles4 ,the average number of red blood-corpuscles per cubic millimeter is about #e1jjj1jjj for men1 and somewhat less for women4 ,the number is much increased in people who live in altitudes of about #hjjj feet or more4 ,the greatest decrease occurs in anemia1 when they may number less than #a1jjj1jjj1 and in leukemia1 when there may be not more than #b1jjj1jjj4 ,the average number of white blood-corpuscles per cubic millimeter varies from #ejjj to #aj1jjj4 ,the number is usually decreased in anemia1 and much increased in leukemia1 when they may number #ejj1jjj per cubic millimeter4 ,blood should contain #ajj per cent4 hemoglobin4 ,hospital patients seldom have this amount4 ,patients are not considered safe for operation who have less than #ej per cent41 and can not live long if they have #aj per cent4 or less4 ,illustration3 ,the skeleton4 ,illustration3 ,the principal arteries and veins of the body 7,morrow74 ,illustration3 ,abdominal regions4 ,illustration3 ,general scheme of the digestive tract1 with the chief glands opening into it 7,raymond74 ,illustration3 ,position of the thoracic and abdominal organs1 front view 7,morrow7 ,illustration3 ,position of the thoracic and abdominal organs1 rear view 7,morrow74 ,illustration3 ,a1 ,recurrent bandage of the head2 ,b1 anterior figure-of-eight bandage of the chest4 ,illustration3 ,ascending spica bandage of groin4 ,illustration3 ,bandage of the knee4 ,illustration3 ,finger bandage4 ,illustration3 ,double spica of groin4 ,illustration3 ,ascending spica of shoulder4 ,illustration3 ,figure-of-eight bandage of forearm4 ,illustration3 ,spica bandage of thumb4 ,illustration3 ,spica bandage of ankle4 ,,index4 ,a #a 3 #ejj solution1 #ba ,abbreviations1 #i ,abdomen1 changes in1 in pregnancy1 #agf ,abdominal organs1 view of1 #bjg1 #bjh regions1 #bjf ,accessories1 surgical1 #ajf ,acetanilid1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bc poisoning1 #de ,acid1 carbolic1 poisoning by1 #de hydrocyanic1 poisoning by1 #de oxalic1 poisoning by1 #de tannic1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #dj as antidote1 #dh ,acids1 fruit and vegetable1 value of1 #ade mineral1 diluted1 as antidotes1 #dh time to take1 #dc ,aconite1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bc poisoning1 #de ,action1 uses1 and doses of important drugs1 #bc ,acute fevers1 nursing in1 #gi ,after-birth1 #agd ,albumin as antidote1 #dh in urine1 test for1 #fc water1 how to make1 #ga1 #aej ,alcohol1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bc sweat1 #acj ,alkalies1 time to take1 #dc ,alkaline solution of cyanid of mercury1 #ej urine1 #fb ,aloes1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bd ,ammonia1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bd poisoning by1 #de ,amputation1 instruments for1 #aaa ,analysis of urine1 #fb ,anatomy1 a bit of1 #bjc ,anilin dyes1 poisoning by1 #de ,antidotes1 #dh ,antimony poisoning1 antidotes in1 #df ,antipyrin1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #be poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,antitoxin of diphtheria1 #be ,aphth1 nursing in1 #aid ,apical pericementitis1 #ge ,apomorphin1 #cf1 #cg ,apothecaries' measure1 table of percentage solutions in1 #bj weight1 table of1 #ag ,argyrol1 #ci ,aristol ointment1 #eb ,arm1 fracture of1 #abc hemorrhage from1 #aba ,arrowroot water1 how to make1 #adi ,arsenic1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #bc poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,arsenous acid1 #bc ,arteries of body1 illustration of1 #bje ,artificial feeding of infants1 formul for1 #fe respiration1 #abf ,asphyxia from ether1 #cj ,aspirin1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #be1 #ch ,atropin1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #be poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,avoirdupois weight1 table of1 #ag ,axilla1 sweating of1 formula for1 #ed ,baby1 care of1 #ahf feeding1 artificial1 #fe nursing1 #ahf sleep1 #ahh ,baby basket1 supplies for1 #ahf ,baked custard1 how to make1 #aef ,baked-flour porridge1 how to make1 #aei ,ballottement1 #agg ,bandages1 #bji1 #baj ,barley and corn muffins1 #afc gruel1 #fi jelly1 #gb soup1 #afb water1 #aej ,bathing the baby1 #ahf ,baths1 #abh in pregnancy1 #ahb ,bed-sores1 treatment of1 #id ,beef extract1 how to make1 #aec juice1 how to make1 #aec peptonized1 #adh ,beef-tea1 how to make1 #aec ,belladonna1 action and uses of1 #bf poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,bichlorid of mercury1 #cd #a 3 #ajjj solution of1 #ej ,bird1 how to bone1 #aeg ,bismuth1 action and uses of1 #bf ,bleeding from gums1 treatment of1 #if ,blister1 cantharides1 #eg ,blood-corpuscles1 #bjc ,blue mass1 #cd ointment1 #ce ,boils1 treatment of1 #bjb ,bones of body1 classification of1 #bjc1 #bjd ,boning a bird1 #aeg ,bonnyclabber1 #aeb ,borated glycerin1 formula for1 #ec vaselin1 formula for1 #ec ,boric acid solution1 #ej ,bottles1 sterilizing1 #fg ,bowels after labor1 #ahd care of1 in pregnancy1 #aha ,bran biscuit1 recipe for1 #afb bread1 recipe for1 #afb ,brandy1 action and uses of1 #bd ,bread1 nut1 #afd ,breasts1 care of1 after labor1 #ahe in pregnancy1 #ahb enlargement of1 #agf ,bright's disease1 #aih ,bromids1 action and uses of1 #bf ,broth1 clam1 how to make1 #aee oyster1 how to make1 #aed ,buckwheat gems1 #afd ,burns1 carron oil for1 #ec of the eye1 #abd picric acid solution for1 #ea salol vaselin for1 #ed treatment of1 #abd ,buttermilk1 #ga from lactone tablets1 #gb ,caffein1 action and uses of1 #bg ,calf's brains1 fried1 #aeh ,calomel1 action and uses of1 #bg1 #cc ,camphor1 poisoning by1 #df ,cantharides blister1 how to prepare1 #eg poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,carbohydrate formul for infant feeding1 #fi ,carbohydrates1 #adb overuse of1 #adc ,carbolated vaselin1 #ec ,carbolic acid1 action and uses of1 #bg poisoning by1 #de solution1 #di ,carron oil for burns1 #ec ,castile soap as an antidote1 #dh ,castor oil1 action and uses of1 #bg ,catgut1 chromic1 #aja sterilization of1 #aja ,cellulose1 value of1 #ade ,champagne1 use of1 #bd ,cheek1 hemorrhage from1 #aba ,chicken and veal extract1 #aec ,chicken-pox1 how to distinguish1 from small-pox1 #bja ,children1 diseases of1 nursing in1 #aib dosage for1 #db ,chloral1 action and uses of1 #bg ,chloralamid1 action and uses of1 #bg ,chlorid of lime solution1 #ea ,chloroform1 action and uses of1 #bh poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,chocolate1 how to make1 #aee souffl1 how to make1 #aef ,cholera infantum1 nursing in1 #aid ,chromic catgut1 #aja ,chymogen1 use of1 #ga ,cinchona1 action and uses of1 #bh ,circulation1 fetal1 #ahi ,clam broth1 how to make1 #aee ,clams1 how to boil1 #aee ,clavicle1 fracture of1 #abc ,clothes1 soiled1 washing fluid for1 #ia ,cocain1 action and uses of1 #bh poisoning by1 #df ,cocoa1 how to make1 #aee cream1 frozen1 recipe for1 #afc ,codein1 #cf ,cod-liver oil1 action and uses of1 #bi ,coffee as antidote1 #dh how to make1 #aej ,colchicum poisoning1 #df ,cold pack1 #abh ,colds1 treatment of1 #bjj ,colic1 nursing in1 #aic ,collar-bone1 fracture of1 #abc ,colostrum1 #ahe ,combination enema1 #ee ,comminuted fracture1 #abb ,compound fracture1 #abb ,conception1 #agb ,confinement room1 care of1 #ahb table for calculating date of1 #agh ,convulsions1 nursing in1 #aie ,cooking smells1 how to prevent1 #afe ,copper sulphate1 poisoning by1 #df ,cord1 umbilical1 #agd ,corn and barley muffins1 #afc griddle cakes1 #afc ,cornmeal gingerbread1 #afe gruel1 how to make1 #aed ,corrosive sublimate1 #a 3 #ajjj solution of1 #ej action and uses of1 #cd poisoning by1 #df ,cracked nipples1 aristol ointment for1 #eb ,cream1 egg1 #afj ice1 how to make1 #afa lemonade1 how to make1 #aea rice1 #aei toast1 how to make1 #aei ,creasote1 action and uses of1 #bi poisoning by1 #df ,cred's ointment1 #ci ,croton oil1 action and uses of1 #bi poisoning1 treatment of1 #df ,croup1 spasmodic1 nursing in1 #aib ,curetment1 instruments for1 #aaa ,custard1 baked1 how to make1 #aef frozen1 how to make1 #afa ,cyanid of mercury1 alkaline solution1 #ej of potassium poisoning1 antidotes1 for #df ,decidua vera1 #agb ,dental treatment1 #gd ,diabetes mellitus1 #aih ,diabetic porridge1 #agj ,diarrhea1 nursing in1 #aic ,diet after labor1 #ahd for obstetric patient1 #aha in disease1 #afh typhoid1 #agj ,digestibility of eggs1 #ade ,digestive tract1 scheme of1 #bjf ,digitalin1 #cj ,digitalis1 action and uses of1 #bi poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,diphtheria antitoxin1 #be nursing in1 #he ,disinfection in private nursing1 #ig of feces1 #hb1 #ij of rooms1 #ig of urine1 #hb1 #ij ,dislocations1 #abc ,dobell's solution1 #ie ,dosage for children1 rule for ascertaining1 #db general rules for1 #da hypodermic1 #dc rectal1 #dc ,dosage1 subcutaneous #dc ,doses1 action1 and uses of most important drugs1 #bc ,drowning1 treatment in1 #abe ,drugs1 action1 uses1 and doses of1 #bc ,dry measure1 table of1 #ag ,dysentery1 nursing in1 #aic ,ear1 insect in1 removal of1 #bjb ,earache1 relief of1 #bjb ,eczematous sores1 ,lassar's paste for1 #ec ,edebohls' posture1 #aaf ,egg cream1 #afj toast1 how to make1 #afj ,eggs1 digestibility of1 #ade poached1 #aeh preservation of1 #adf soft-boiled1 #aeh uses of1 #ade ,egg-white as antidote1 #dh ,elaterium poisoning1 antidotes for1 #df ,electricity1 #acg ,emergencies1 #aba burns1 #abd dislocations1 #abc drowning1 #abe epilepsy1 #abe eye-injuries1 #abd1 #abe fainting1 #abe fractures1 #abb hemorrhages1 #aba hysteria1 #abe scalds1 #abd sprains1 #abd sunstroke1 #abf ,emergencies1 suspended animation from noxious gases1 #abf ,emetics as antidotes1 #dh ,emulsion1 iodoform1 #ajb ,enema1 #a1 #b1 #c1 formula for1 #ee combination1 #ee for flatulence1 #ed glycerin1 formula for1 #ed nourishing1 formula for1 #ee ox-gall1 formula for1 #ed saline1 formula for1 #ee starch-water1 #ee stimulating1 method of administering1 #ee turpentine1 formula for1 #ed ,enteric fever1 nursing in1 #gi ,epilepsy1 treatment of1 #abe ,epistaxis1 #abb ,epsom salt1 action and uses of1 #cc ,ergot1 action and uses of1 #cj poisoning by1 #df ,ergotin1 #cj ,eruption of teeth1 #gg ,erysipelas1 treatment of1 #bja ,eserin1 #cg1 #ch ,ether1 action and uses of1 #cj ,ewald's test-breakfast1 #agj ,exercise in pregnancy1 #ahb ,extract1 beef1 how to make1 #aec ,eye1 burns of1 #abd injuries of1 #abe ,fainting1 treatment of1 #abe ,false pains1 #agg ,faradization1 #adj ,fats1 #adb ,fatty oils as antidote1 #dh ,feces1 disinfection of1 #hb1 #ij ,feeding1 infant1 #fd1 #fh of infants1 amount of1 #ff artificial1 formul for1 #fe ,feet1 sweating1 formula for1 #ed ,felon1 treatment of1 #bjb ,fetal circulation1 #ahi heart-beat1 #agf membranes1 #agc ,fever1 scarlet1 nursing in1 #hc typhoid1 nursing in1 #gi ,fevers1 care of skin and mouth in1 #ic incubation period1 #ia nursing in1 #gi reduction of1 by cold pack1 #abh by sponging1 #abi ,finger-nails1 care of1 in handling infectious material1 #ia ,flatulence1 enema for1 #ed ,flaxseed poultice1 formula for1 #eg ,flies1 relief from1 #bjb ,flour ball1 formula for1 #fi ,food and nutrition in disease1 #afh constituents1 source and use of1 #adb in disease1 #afh wise combinations of1 #adb ,foods for sick1 preparation of1 #adg ,foods1 proprietary1 for infant feeding1 #fh ,formaldehyde1 action and uses of1 #ca disinfection by1 #ig glycerin1 #di solutions of1 #ea ,formalin1 #ca ,formul1 miscellaneous1 #di ,fortified oil1 #ec ,fowler's solution1 #bc ,fractures1 #abb ,french toast1 how to make1 #afj ,friction in massage1 #acc ,frozen cocoa cream1 #afc custard1 how to make1 #afa ,fruit1 value of1 #ade ,gall-stone operation1 instruments for1 #aab ,galvanization1 #aci ,gas1 illuminating1 poisoning by1 #dg ,gases1 noxious1 suspended animation from1 #abf ,gauze1 iodoform1 preparation of1 #ajb ,genupectoral posture1 #aae ,gin1 #bd ,gingerbread1 cornmeal1 #afe ,ginger-snaps1 recipe for1 #afc ,glossary of materia medica1 #ac ,gloves1 cleaning of1 #ajj sterile1 drying of1 #ajj sterilization of1 #ajj ,glycerin1 borated1 formula for1 #ec ,glycerin enema1 formula for1 #ed formaldehyde1 #a 3 #bj solution1 #di sterilization of1 #ajb ,goiter operation1 instruments for1 #aac ,gout1 #aig ,green soap1 tincture of1 #ajc ,greenstick fracture1 #abb ,gum-arabic water1 how to make1 #adi ,gum-boils1 treatment of1 #ge ,gums1 bleeding from1 treatment of1 #if ,gynecologic postures1 #aad-aaf ,hair1 matted1 #ei tonics1 formul for1 #eh ,hand-brushes1 how to sterilize1 #ajc ,hands1 inunctions for1 #ec soothing lotions for1 #eb ,harrington's solution1 #ea ,heartbeat1 fetal1 #agf ,heat exhaustion1 treatment of1 #abg of oven1 how to estimate1 #afc ,hemorrhage in typhoid fever1 treatment of1 #ha ,hemorrhages1 treatment of1 #aba ,hemorrhoid operation1 instruments for1 #aac ,hernia operation1 instruments for1 #aac ,heroin1 #cf1 #cg ,homogenized milk1 #fi ,horse-hair1 sterilization of1 #ajj ,hot pack1 #abi ,hydrocyanic acid1 poisoning by1 #de ,hyperidrosis1 treatment of1 #bja ,hypodermic dosage1 #dc ,hysteria1 treatment of1 #abe ,ice cream1 how to make1 #afa royal1 #afa ,impacted fracture1 #abb ,incubation period of acute fevers1 #ia ,infant feeding1 #fd1 #fh amount1 #ff artificial1 formul for1 #fe sugars in1 #fh ,infantile paralysis1 #hf classification1 #hh pathology1 #hh prophylaxis1 #ij quarantine in1 #ij summary results from public school reports1 #hg symptoms of onset1 #hh treatment1 #hi serum1 #ij ,infectious disease1 nursing in1 #gi quarantine for1 #ia ,insect in ear1 how to dislodge1 #bjb ,instruments1 arrangement of1 for operator1 #ii cleaning of1 #ajj for operative cases1 #aaa sterilization of1 #ii ,inunction for dry hands1 #ec ,iodids1 action and uses of1 #ca ,iodin poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg solution1 #ea ,iodoform1 action and uses of1 #ca emulsion1 #ajb gauze1 #ajb preparation of1 #ajb ,ipecac1 action and uses of1 #cb ,iron1 action and uses of1 #cb ,jaborandi1 action and uses of1 #ch ,jelly1 lemon1 how to make1 #aeg ,sanitas1 #ec wine1 how to make1 #aef ,johnny cake1 #afd ,joint movements1 #ace ,juice1 beef1 how to make1 #aec ,junket1 how to make1 #aec ,kelly pad1 improvised1 #ajj ,kneading in massage1 #acd ,knee-chest posture1 #aae ,kumiss1 how to make1 #aee ,labor1 #agi after-treatment of patient in1 #ahd complications of1 #aha ,labor1 diet after1 #ahd nursing in1 #ahb prediction of date of1 #agg premonitory signs of1 #agg preparatory treatment of patient in1 #ahc ,lactose solution1 #ga tablets for making buttermilk1 #gb ,laparotomy1 instruments for1 #aab ,lassar's paste1 formula for1 #ec ,lead1 action and uses of1 #cb poisoning1 #cc salts1 poisoning by1 #dg ,leech1 to apply1 #aag ,leg1 fracture of1 #abc hemorrhage from1 #abb ,lemon jelly1 how to make1 #aeg sherbet1 how to make1 #afa ,lemonade1 cream1 how to make1 #aea white-of-egg1 how to make1 #aej ,lice1 applications for1 #eh ,light diet1 #afi ,lightening1 #agg ,lime-water1 how to make1 #adi ,linen thread1 sterilization of1 #aja ,lips1 dry and fissured1 treatment of1 #if ,liquid diet1 #afi measure1 #ag ,lobelia poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,lungs1 hemorrhage from1 #abb ,lye poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,lying-in period1 #ahb ,magnesium citrate1 use of1 #cc oxid1 uses of1 #cc sulphate1 uses of1 #cc ,marshall ,hall's method of artificial respiration1 #abf ,massage1 #acb ,matches1 poisoning by1 #dg ,materia medica1 glossary of1 #ac ,matted hair1 #ei ,mayonnaise dressing1 how to make1 #aee ,measles1 nursing in #hd ,measures1 #ag ,mechanotherapy1 #acb ,medicinal preparations1 popular and official names of1 #af ,medicines1 proper time to take1 #dc ,membranes1 fetal1 #agc ,menses1 suppression of1 #age ,menstruation1 #age ,mercury1 action and uses of1 #cc poisoning1 antidotes for1 #ce ,metric weights and measures1 table of1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba ,milk1 #ade albumin1 #gj as antidote1 #dh homogenized1 #fi ,milk1 how to peptonize1 #adg to sterilize1 #fg modified1 #fh mothers'1 constituents of1 #fd regulating composition of1 #fd pasteurizing of1 #fg peptonized1 #ga punch1 how to make1 #aeb sherbet1 #afa skimmed1 #fi soup with vegetables1 #aeg teeth1 eruption of1 #gg ,mineral acids1 diluted1 as antidotes1 #dh poisoning by1 antidotes for1 #de salts1 #adc value of1 #ade ,modified milk1 #fh ,morning sickness1 #age ,morphin poisoning1 antidotes for1 #cf1 #dg ,mosquitoes1 relief from1 #bjb ,mother's milk1 constituents of1 #fd regulating the composition of1 #fd ,mouth and skin in fevers1 care of1 #ic wash1 #if ,mucilaginous substances as antidotes1 #dh ,mucus-coated mouth1 formula for1 #if ,muffins1 barley and corn1 #afc rice and oats1 #afe ,multiple fracture1 #abb ,mumps1 nursing in1 #aib ,mushroom poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,mustard pack1 #aif plaster1 formula for1 #ef poultice1 formula for1 #eg ,mutton1 boiled1 #aeh ,nephritis1 #aih ,nipple ointment1 #eb ,nipples1 care of1 after labor1 #ahe in pregnancy1 #ahb cracked1 aristol ointment for1 #eb sore1 solution for1 #eb ,nitrate of silver1 poisoning by1 #dg stains1 #dg time to take1 #dc ,nitroglycerin1 action and uses of1 #ce ,normal salt solution1 formula for1 #di urine1 #fb ,nose-bleed1 #abb ,nourishing enema1 formula for1 #ee ,numerals1 ,roman1 #ae ,nursing child1 conditions under which it should not nurse1 #ahe in acute fevers1 #gi in diphtheria1 #he in measles1 #hd in pneumonia1 #hb in scarlet fever1 #hc the baby1 #ahg ,nut bread1 #afd ,nutrition in disease1 #afh ,nutritive enema1 #ee method of administering1 #ef ,nux vomica1 action and uses of1 #cf poisoning1 #dg ,oat and rice muffins1 #afe jelly1 #gb ,oatmeal gruel1 #fi water1 how to make1 #aej ,obstetric nursing1 #aha patient1 care of1 #aha set1 sterilization of1 #aaj supplies1 #ahg ,obstetrics1 #aga ,oil1 fortified1 #ec ,ointment1 aristol1 #eb nipple1 #eb ,omelet1 how to make1 #aeh ,onion poultice1 #eg ,operation1 how to prepare patient for1 #ajd room for1 #ajh major1 preparation of room for1 #aje ,ophthalmia1 #aag neonatorum1 treatment of1 #aah ,opium1 action and uses of1 #cf poisoning1 #cf antidotes for1 #dg ,orange sherbet1 how to make1 #afb ,oven1 heat of1 how to estimate1 #afc ,ovulation1 #aga ,ovum1 #agc ,oxalic acid poisoning1 antidotes for1 #de ,ox-gall enema1 formula for1 #ed ,oyster broth1 how to make1 #aed ,oysters on half-shell1 #aee peptonized1 #adi scalloped1 #aed ,pack1 cold1 #abh hot1 #abi warm1 #abh ,paraldehyd1 #cg ,paralysis1 infantile1 #hf1 ,see ,poliomyelitis4 ,parotitis1 nursing in1 #aib ,paste1 ,lassar's1 formula for1 #ec ,unna's1 #ec ,pasteurizing of milk1 #fg ,patient1 how to prepare1 for surgical operation1 #ajd ,pediculosis1 applications for1 #eh ,peptonization of milk1 #ga1 #adg ,peptonized beef1 formula for1 #adh oysters1 #adi ,percentage solutions1 tables for1 #bj ,percussion in massage1 #ace ,pericementitis1 #ge ,perspiration1 induction of1 by hot packs1 #abi ,peruvian bark1 action and uses of1 #bh ,phenacetin1 action and uses of1 #cg poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,phosphorus poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,physostigma1 action and uses of1 #cg ,picric acid solution1 formula for1 #ea ,pigmentation in pregnancy1 #agf ,pilocarpus1 action and uses of1 #ch ,placenta1 #agd ,plaster1 mustard1 formula for1 #ef ,pneumonia1 nursing in1 #hb warm pack for1 #abh ,poached eggs1 #aeh ,poisoning1 mercurial1 #ce ,poisons and antidotes1 #de ,poliomyelitis1 #hf classification1 #hh pathology1 #hh prophylaxis in1 #ij quarantine in1 #ij summary results from public school reports1 #hg symptoms of onset1 #hh treatment1 #hi serum1 #ij ,popular and official names of medicinal preparations1 #af ,porridge1 baked-flour1 #aei for diabetics1 #agj ,postures1 gynecologic1 #aad-aaf surgical1 #aad-aaf ,potassium permanganate solution1 #ej poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,potato biscuits1 #afd stuffed baked1 how to make1 #aeg ,poultice1 flaxseed1 formula for1 #eg mustard1 formula for1 #eg onion1 formula for1 #eg spice1 formula for1 #eg ,pregnancy1 baths in1 #ahb care of bowels in1 #aha diet in1 #aha duration of1 #agg exercise in1 #ahb symptoms of1 #age table for calculating1 #agh ,pregnant uterus1 #agc ,preservation of eggs1 #adf ,private nursing1 disinfection in1 #ig ,proprietary foods for infant feeding1 #fh ,prostatectomy1 instruments for1 #aac ,protargol1 #ci ,protective strips1 how to prepare1 #ajc ,protein foods1 #add1 #ade overuse of1 #add ,proteins1 #adb ,prunes1 stewed1 #afj ,ptomain poisoning1 #dg ,ptyalism1 #ce ,puberty1 #aga ,pudding1 sauce for1 #afj sponge1 how to make1 #afj ,pulse-rate1 #fa ,punch1 milk1 how to make1 #aeb ,pus in urine1 #fc ,quarantine1 #ia ,quickening1 #age ,quinin1 #ch ,rat poison1 antidotes for1 #dg ,reaction of urine1 testing of1 #fb ,rectal dosage1 #dc ,rennet tablet formula1 #gj ,respiration1 artificial1 #abf rate of1 #fa ,rheumatism1 #aig ,rice and oat muffins1 #afe cream1 how to prepare1 #aei gruel1 #fi water1 how to make1 #aej ,rickets1 nursing in1 #aid ,roman numerals1 #ae ,room for major operation1 how to prepare1 #aje for operation1 how to prepare1 #ajh in confinement cases1 #ahb ,rooms1 disinfection of1 #ig ,rubber tubing1 how to prepare1 #ajb ,rum1 #bd ,salicylates1 action and uses of1 #ch ,saline enema1 formula for1 #ee ,salivation1 #ce1 #age ,salol1 #ch ,salol vaselin1 formula for1 #ed ,salophen1 #ch ,salt solution1 normal1 formula for1 #di sterilization of1 #aji ,sandwich1 scraped-beef1 #aed ,sanitas jelly1 formula for1 #ec ,sauce for pudding1 how to make1 #afj ,sauces for meat1 list of1 #aff ,scalds1 treatment of1 #abd ,scalloped oysters1 how to make1 #aed ,scarlet fever1 nursing in1 #hc ,scraped-beef sandwich1 #aed ,scurvy1 nursing in1 #aid ,semmola's mixture1 formula for1 #di ,senna1 action1 uses1 and dose of1 #ci ,sherbet1 how to make1 #afa lemon1 how to make1 #afa milk1 #afa orange1 how to make1 #afb strawberry1 how to make1 #afb ,show1 #agi ,sick1 preparation of foods for1 #adg ,sickness1 morning1 #age ,silk thread1 sterilization of1 #ajj ,silk-worm gut1 sterilization of1 #ajj ,silver1 action and uses of1 #ci nitrate poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg stains1 removal of1 #dg time to take1 #dc ,sims' posture1 #aad ,sitting position of patient1 contrivance for1 #aii ,skeleton1 bones of1 #bjc1 #bjd ,skimmed milk1 #fi ,skin and mouth in fevers1 care of1 #ic ,skin-grafting1 instruments for1 #aab ,sleep1 baby1 #ahh ,soda poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,soft diet1 #afi ,soft-boiled eggs1 #aeh ,solution1 boric acid1 #ej carbolic acid1 #di cyanid of mercury1 #ej ,dobell's1 #ie for sore nipples1 #eb ,harrington's1 #ea iodin1 #ea of chlorid of lime1 #ea of potassium permanganate1 #ej picric acid1 #ea ,thiersch's antiseptic1 #ea ,solutions1 handy table of1 #ba obstetric1 #ahg of formaldehyd1 #ea of various strengths1 how to make1 #ba ,soothing lotions for the hands1 #eb ,spartein1 action and uses of1 #ci ,spasmodic croup1 nursing in1 #aib ,spice poultice1 #eg ,splints1 improvised1 #abc ,sponge pudding1 how to make1 #afj ,sponging to reduce temperature1 #abi ,sprains1 care of1 #abd ,squab1 how to bone1 #aeg ,starch-water enema1 formula for1 #ee ,static electricity1 #adj ,steam sterilizer1 improvised1 #aji ,sterilization of instruments1 #ii ,sterilizer1 improvised1 #ajh #aji ,sterilizing bottles1 #fg catgut1 #aja gloves1 #ajj glycerin1 #ajb hand-brushes1 #ajc horse-hair1 #ajj linen thread1 #aja of milk1 #fg of obstetric set1 #aaj of silk thread1 #ajj of silk-worm gut1 #ajj of small packages1 #aaj ,stewed prunes1 #afj ,stimulating enema1 method of administering1 #ef ,stramonium poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dh ,strawberry sherbet1 how to make1 #afb ,stroking in massage1 #acc ,strophanthus1 action and uses of1 #ci ,strychnin1 action and uses of1 #cf ,strychnin poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dh ,stuffed baked potato1 how to prepare1 #aeg ,stupe1 turpentine1 #eg ,subcutaneous dosage1 #dc ,sugars in infant feeding1 #fh ,sulphonal1 action and uses of1 #ci ,summer complaint1 nursing in1 #aid ,sunstroke1 treatment of1 #abf ,supplies for major operation1 #ajf obstetric1 #ahg surgical1 #ii ,suppression of menses1 #age ,surgical operation1 how to prepare patient for1 #ajd postures1 #aad-aaf supplies1 #ii ,suspended animation from noxious gases1 #abf ,sweat1 alcohol1 #acj ,sweating of feet and axilla1 formula for1 #ed ,swooning1 treatment of1 #abe ,sylvester's method of artificial respiration1 #abf ,syncope1 treatment of1 #abe ,taffy1 how to make1 #afb ,tannic acid1 action1 uses and dose of1 #dj as antidote1 #dh ,tannin1 action1 uses and dose of1 #dj ,tea as antidote1 #dh beef-1 how to make1 #aec ,teeth1 eruption of1 #gg pain in1 treatment of1 #gd ,temperature of water1 #fa reduction of1 by cold pack1 #abh by sponging1 #abi rules for taking1 #fa ,test meals1 #agj ,thermic fever1 treatment of1 #abf ,thermometric equivalents1 table of1 #fj ,thermometry1 #fj ,thiersch's solution1 formula for1 #ea ,thrush1 nursing in1 #aid ,time measure1 #ag ,tincture of digitalis1 #cj of green soap1 preparation of1 #ajc ,toad-stool poisoning1 antidotes for1 #dg ,toast1 cream1 how to make1 #aei egg1 how to make1 #afj ,french1 how to make1 #afj water1 how to make1 #aej ,tobacco poisoning1 antidote for1 #dh ,toothache1 diagnosis and treatment of1 #gd ,trendelenburg position1 #aaf improved1 #aji ,trional1 action and uses of1 #dj ,true pains1 #agi ,tubbing1 #acj ,tuberculosis1 treatment for1 #aii ,tubing1 rubber1 how to prepare1 #ajb ,turpentine enema1 formula for1 #ed stupes1 #eg ,typhoid diet1 #agj fever1 hemorrhage in1 #ha management of1 #hj nursing in1 #gi symptoms of1 #gi ,ulcers1 ,lassar's paste for1 #ec ,umbilical cord1 #agd ,unna's paste1 #ec ,uremia1 #aii ,urine1 albumin in1 #fc analysis1 #fb disinfection of1 #hb1 #ij pus in1 #fc reaction of1 testing1 #fb twenty-four-hour specimens of1 #fc ,urotropin1 action and uses of1 #dj ,uses of eggs1 #ade ,uterus1 pregnant1 #agc ,value of fruits and vegetables1 #ade ,vanilla cream sauce1 how to make1 #aef ,vaselin1 borated1 formula for1 #ec carbolated1 #ec ,vaselin1 salol1 formula for1 #ed ,vegetable soup for babies1 #gc ,vegetables1 value of1 #ade with milk soup1 #aeg ,veins of body1 illustration of1 #bje ,veratrum viride1 action and uses of1 #dj ,vibration in massage1 #ace ,vinegar as antidote1 #dh ,walcher's posture1 #aae ,warm pack1 #abh ,washing fluid for soiled clothes1 #ia ,water1 #adc temperature of1 #fa value of1 #ade ,weights and measures1 #ag ,whey for babies1 how to make1 #fi1 #gj wine1 how to make1 #aeb ,whisky1 #bd ,white-of-egg lemonade1 how to make1 #aej1 ,whooping-cough1 nursing in1 #aib ,wine jelly1 how to make1 #aef whey1 how to make1 #aeb ,wines1 #bd ,wounds1 care of1 #aba ,young's rule for dosage of children1 #db ,books for ,nurses ,published by ,saunders ,our books are revised frequently1 so that the editions you find here may not be the latest4 ,write us about any books in which you are interested4 ,,stoney',s ,,nursing ,this work gives you clear1 definite instructions how best to meet all emergencies--medical and surgical2 how to improvise things needed in the sick-room4 ,there are chapters on the nurse--her responsibilities1 duties1 deportment1 etc42 on the sick-room--its preparation1 care1 hygiene1 etc42 on nursing medical cases--observations of patient1 bodily care1 relief of functional disturbances1 administration of medicines1 general and local applications2 on obstetric cases--signs of pregnancy1 disorders of pregnancy1 conduct of labor1 care of mother and child1 cesarean section1 etc42 on gynecologic nursing--preparation for operation1 after-care1 sequel1 surgical disinfection1 accidents and emergencies1 nursing in infectious diseases1 nursing of sick children1 etc4 ,fifth ,edition--,published ,august1 #aiaf4 ,by ,,emily ,a4 ,m4 ,,stoney4 ,revised by ,,lucy ,,cornelia ,,catlin1 ,r4,n4 ,cloth1 #a4ge net4 ,,goodnow',s ,,war ,,nursing ,this complete text-book shows the inexperienced nurse how to care for a ward of wounded men from arrival to dismissal2 it introduces the auxiliary war nurse to actual conditions1 and shows her how they are best met4 ,it is the ideal text-book on this important branch of the service4 ,by ,,minnie ,,goodnow1 ,r4 ,n41 ,war ,nurse in ,france4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,published ,december1 #aiag ,,stoney',s ,,surgical ,,technic ,the first part of this work deals with bacteriology1 antiseptics1 disinfectants1 deodorants1 including the theory of antitoxins4 ,the second part is devoted to a careful treatment of surgical technic4 ,an important chapter is that giving you the list of instruments and supplies needed for the various operations--illustrated4 ,the chapter on bandaging covers #bj pages1 illustrated with #cc clear line-drawings4 ,preparation of artificial foods for infants and the exact formulas for antiseptic gauze dressing1 etc41 are given4 #dth ,edition--,october1 #aiaf4 ,by ,,emily ,a4 ,m4 ,,stoney4 ,cloth1 #a4ge net4 ,,lewis' ,,anatomy and ,,physiology ,this work gives you the regions of the body1 the internal organs1 their names1 locations1 functions1 and the relation each bears to life4 ,the final chapter takes up repair and waste1 nutrition1 animal heat1 perspiration1 and the power that supports and preserves health4 ,at the end of each chapter is a list of selected review questions1 of great help in self-examination4 ,throughout the book the application of anatomy and physiology to actual nursing is emphasized4 ,there are #afa illustrations4 ,those showing the arteries1 veins1 and nerves are in colors4 ,third ,edition--,pub4 ,september1 #aiac4 ,by ,,leroy ,,lewis1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ge net4 ,,warnshuis' ,,surgical ,,nursing ,here you are given the essential basic principles of operative nursing4 ,dr4 ,warnshuis presents facts gleaned from his own personal experience4 ,you are told the definite1 specific things you must do throughout the entire surgical procedure4 ,dr4 ,warnshuis' instruction is always clear and definite1 and1 in addition1 he takes you through a typical operation and shows you exactly how each little thing should be done4 ,published ,march1 #aiah4 ,by ,,frederick ,c4 ,,warnshuis1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #b4ej net4 ,,aikens' ,,primary ,,studies ,miss ,aikens brings together in this book well-rounded courses of lessons in anatomy1 physiology1 hygiene1 bacteriology1 therapeutics1 materia medica1 dietetics1 and invalid cookery--subjects which1 with practical nursing technic1 constitute the primary studies in a nursing course4 ,throughout the book there are many practical suggestions and helps4 ,the chapter on dietetics is really a monograph4 ,at the end of the book there are questions for self-examination1 arranged by subjects4 ,third ,edition--,published ,june1 #aiae4 ,by ,,charlotte ,a4 ,,aikens4 ,cloth1 #a4ge net4 ,,aikens' ,,clinical ,,studies ,this work by ,miss ,aikens is written along the same lines as her successful book for primary students4 ,it takes up all the studies the nurse must pursue during her second and third years in the training-school4 ,it gathers together in one volume matter previously scattered in several books and often very unsystematically taught by lectures4 ,here you get all this information stated in such a way that the nurse will be able to grasp the subject with ease4 ,third ,edition--,august1 #aiaf4 ,by ,,charlotte ,a4 ,,aikens4 ,cloth1 #b4jj net4 ,,aikens' ,,hospital ,,management ,the keynote of this work is highest efficiency4 ,it is a book on modern hospital construction and management4 ,every phase of hospital management is taken up and most profusely illustrated4 ,some of the more important chapters are3 ,the superintendent1 the medical service of a hospital1 the furnishing of a #ajj-;bed hospital1 hospital incomes and management1 bookkeeping1 the hospital store1 the kitchen1 the laundry1 surgical supplies1 drug room1 the training-school1 out-patient department1 and laboratory4 ,published ,april1 #aiaa4 ,edited by ,,charlotte ,a4 ,,aikens4 ,cloth1 #c4jj net4 ,,aikens' ,,training-,,school ,,methods ,miss ,aikens solves for you those many problems that constantly arise in the management of a training-school4 ,she tells how to teach1 what should be taught the nurse1 and how much4 ,the chapter on hospital ethics and discipline includes such subjects as head nurse's relation to rules1 first principles in teaching ethics1 honesty1 obedience1 personality1 social relations1 discreteness of speech1 carriage1 quietness1 expression of appreciation1 criticism1 maintaining discipline1 personal responsibility1 etc4 ,by ,,charlotte ,a4 ,,aikens4 ,,aikens' ,,ethics ,,for ,,nurses ,this book emphasizes the importance of ethical training for nurses4 ,it is a most excellent text-book1 particularly well adapted for classroom work4 ,the plan of the book calls for a combination of the recitation and discussion method of class teaching4 ,the book is inspirational in that it will arouse desires to work up to higher standards of life and conduct4 ,the illustrations and practical problems used in the book are drawn from life4 ,there is no other work just like this one4 ,published ,april1 #aiaf4 ,by ,,charlotte ,a4 ,,aikens4 ,cloth1 #b4jj net4 ,,asher',s ,,chemistry ,,and ,,toxicology ,it was ,dr4 ,asher's constant aim to make this work unusually useful to the student nurse and to the nurse in postgraduate practice4 ,you get chapters on the elements1 nomenclature1 molecular and atomic weights1 non-metallic elements1 the metallic elements1 carbon and its compounds1 the acids1 physiologic chemistry 7proteins1 milk1 urine71 giving the technic for the tests1 the formulas1 chemical equations1 etc4 ,new 7#b;d7 ,edition--,published ,october1 #aiah4 ,by ,,philip ,,asher1 ,,ph4 ,g41 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,,wilson',s ,,obstetric ,,nursing ,dr4 ,wilson's little book presents in detail everything connected with pregnancy and labor and their management4 ,the entire subject is covered--from the beginning of pregnancy1 its course1 signs1 on to the approach of labor1 its actual accomplishment1 the puerperium1 complications1 care of the infant1 and after-care of the mother--always emphasizing the nurse's duties4 ,third ,edition--,published ,april1 #aiaf4 ,by ,w4 ,,reynolds ,,wilson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,flexible leather1 #a4ej net4 ,,macfarlane',s ,,gynecology ,dr4 ,macfarlane's work is a companion to ,dr4 ,wilson's successful book4 ,both are flexibly bound in red leather with gold stamping1 and fit into the pocket4 ,here you get chapters on anatomy1 physiology1 hygiene1 menstrual disorders1 gynecologic examinations and positions1 douches1 diseases and their treatment1 gynecologic operations--preparation for them1 after-care1 etc4--urinary organs1 rectal diseases4 ,the text is illustrated4 ,it is decidedly a book you will carry with you in your pocket4 ,second ,edition--,published ,may1 #aiac4 ,by ,,catharine ,,macfarlane1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,,beck',s ,,reference ,,hand-,,book ,you get in this one volume such important information as the action1 use1 and dosage of the important drugs1 poisons1 and their antidotes1 miscellaneous formulas1 tests for albumin1 infant feeding1 nursing in the acute fevers1 disinfection1 all information needed for surgical cases1 emergency helps1 baths and packs1 massage1 electricity1 recipes1 obstetrics1 nursing in children's diseases1 miscellaneous remedies1 essential anatomy4 ,this work has been called the nurse's encyclopedia4 ,third ,edition--,published ,february1 #aiac4 ,by ,,amanda ,k4 ,,beck4 ,flexible leather1 #a4ej net4 ,,dunton',s ,,occupation ,,therapy ,dr4 ,dunton emphasizes the basic principles of occupational therapy and gives those forms likely to be of most service to the nurse in private practice4 ,you get chapters on puzzles1 reading1 physical exercises1 card games1 string1 paper1 wood1 plastic and metal work1 weaving1 basketry1 chair-caning1 book-binding1 gardening1 nature study1 drawing1 painting1 pyrography1 needlework1 photography1 and music4 ,by ,,william ,,rush ,,dunton1 ,,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,published ,october1 #aiae4 ,,friedenwald and ,,ruhrah',s ,,dietetics ,this work gives the essentials of dietetics1 and considers briefly the chemistry and physiology of digestion4 ,it gives you many excellent recipes for beverages1 cereals1 breads1 vegetables1 soups1 milk preparations1 eggs1 meats1 raw beef1 panopepton1 meat jellies1 diabetic foods4 ,but the strong feature about this book is the practical information it gives you on the dietetic management of your cases4 ,then you get the milk cure1 the salt-free diet1 the dietetic management of surgical cases1 diet after operations1 etc4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,by ,,julius ,,friedenwald1 ,m4 ,d41 and ,,john ,,ruhrah1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,published ,july1 #aiag4 ,mc,c,o,m,b,s' ,,diseases of ,,children ,dr4 ,mc,combs emphasizes just those points you most want to know4 ,he gives you a short but adequate description of each disease1 considerable attention to prophylaxis1 methods of nursing1 emergency measures1 illustrated descriptions of how to take the temperature1 pulse1 respiration1 perform intubation1 give hypodermics1 etc4 ,you get also special chapters on infant feeding1 modification of milk1 and therapeutic measures employed in childhood4 ,third ,edition--,june1 #aiaf4 ,by ,,robert ,s4 ,,mccombs1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #b4be net4 ,de,l,e,e',s ,,obstetrics ,this work is used more extensively by nurses than any other book on obstetrics4 ,it really considers two subjects--obstetrics for nurses and the actual obstetric nursing4 ,a chapter of special value is that on massage of the breasts1 covering #bj pages1 and showing you by lines and arrows just exactly what directions the strokings should take4 ,in addition1 you get the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs4 ,the work contains #bce illustrations1 many of them in colors4 ,fifth ,edition--,pub4 ,july1 #aiag4 ,by ,,joseph ,b4 ,,delee1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #b4ge net4 ,,davis' ,,obstetric ,,nursing ,in this work every phase of obstetric and gynecologic nursing is considered4 ,you get really two books in one1 the first half being given over entirely to obstetric nursing in all its complications1 and the second to gynecologic nursing1 and the special training it demands4 ,you are told how to manage a case from pregnancy right on to the care of the baby4 ,you are told just how to meet every emergency4 ,there is an entire section on obstetric surgery4 ,the ,fifth ,edition has been thoroughly revised4 ,published ,may1 #aiag4 ,by ,,edward ,p4 ,,davis1 ,m4 ,d4 ,buckram1 #b4jj net4 ,,boyd',s ,,state ,,registration ,for this new edition the entire work has been re-written1 more than doubled in size1 and reset4 ,you get a comparative summary of the laws of the various ,states governing the registration of nurses1 presented in such form as to furnish a means of ready reference for the trained nurse in choosing her field of activity4 ,you get the requirements for registration1 the fees and their disposition1 exceptions and restrictions1 violations and their penalties4 ,this book tells you what you have to do in any ,state4 ,published ,february1 #aiae4 ,by ,,louie ,,croft ,,boyd1 ,r4 ,n4 ,cloth1 #a4be net4 ,,paul',s ,,materia ,,medica ,in this work you get definitions--what an alkaloid is1 an infusion1 a mixture1 an ointment1 a solution1 a tincture1 etc4 ,then a classification of drugs according to their physiologic action1 when to administer drugs of the various classes1 how to administer them1 and how much to give4 ,next1 the individual drugs are taken up4 ,for convenience1 all the newer medicinal agents are placed in one section4 #c;d ,edition--,august1 #aiag4 ,by ,,george ,p4 ,,paul1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4ej net4 ,,paul',s ,,fever ,,nursing ,in the first part you get chapters on fever in general1 hygiene1 diet1 methods for reducing the fever1 alleviation of symptoms1 detection of complications4 ,in the second part each infection is taken up in detail4 ,in the third part you get antitoxins and vaccines1 bacteria1 urine examination1 warnings of the full dose of drugs1 poisons1 enemata1 etc4 ,third ,edition--,published ,october1 #aiae4 ,by ,,george ,p4 ,,paul1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cloth1 #a4jj net ,,harding',s ,,higher ,,aspect ,,of ,,nursing ,miss ,harding's book is a study of character building1 founded on personal experience4 ,it will be a help not only to the student nurse1 but also to those in active practice in hospitals or private homes4 ,she tells you how to become a 8real0 nurse1 emphasizes the necessity for striving for higher ideals1 telling you many things that will make for this end4 ,she impresses upon you the responsibilities of nursing service1 shows you how to anticipate difficulties and how to avoid or overcome them4 ,by ,,gertrude ,,harding4 ,published ,march1 #aiai4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,saunders ,,company ,west ,washington ,square1 ,philadelphia ,london3 #i1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,covent ,garden