,transcrib$ f ! #ahdd ,john ,*ur*ill edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,,ve/iges ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,john ,,*ur*ill1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet1 ,,soho4 ,m ,,dccc ,,xliv4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,! ,bodies ( ,space--,_! arrangem5ts & =mation #a ,con/itu5t mat]ials ( ! ,e>? & ( ! o!r ,bodies #bg ( ,space ,! ,e>? =m$--,era ( ! ,prim>y ,rocks #dd ,comm5cem5t ( ,organic ,life--,sea ,plants1 ,corals1 etc4 #ed ,era ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--,fi%es abundant4 #ff ,second>y ,rocks4 ,era ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation4--,l& #gf =m$--,comm5cem5t ( ,l& ,plants ,era ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one--,t]re/rial ,zoology comm5ces #id ) ,reptiles--,fir/ traces ( ,birds ,era ( ! ,oolite--,comm5cem5t ( ,mammalia #aje ,era ( ! ,cretace\s ,=mation #aaf ,era ( ! ,t]ti>y ,=mation--,mammalia abundant #abe ,era ( ! ,sup]ficial ,=mations--,comm5cem5t ( pres5t #acd ,species ,g5]al ,consid]ations respect+ ! ,orig9 ( ! #ade ,animat$ ,tribes ,p>ticul> ,consid]ations respect+ ! ,orig9 ( ! #afe ,animat$ ,tribes ,hypo!sis ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,vegetable & ,animal #aia ,k+doms ,macleay ,sy/em ( ,animat$ ,nature--,?is ,sy/em consid]$ 9 #bcf connexion ) ! ,progress ( ,organic ,creation1 & z indicat+ ! natural /atus ( ,man ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d #bgg ,m5tal ,con/itution ( ,animals #cbd ,purpose & ,g5]al ,condition ( ! ,animat$ ,creation #cfa ,note ,conclusory #chg ,,! ,,bodies ,,( ,,space1 ,,_! ,,arrangem5ts ,,& ,,=mation4 ,,x is famili> k t ! e>? :i* we inhabit is a globe ( some:at less ?an #hjjj miles 9 diamet]1 be+ "o ( a s]ies ( elev5 :i* revolve at diff]5t di/ances ar\nd ! sun1 & "s ( :i* h satellites 9 l mann] revolv+ ar\nd !m4 ,! sun1 planets1 & satellites1 ) ! less intelligible orbs t]m$ comets1 are compreh5sively call$ ! sol> sy/em1 & if we take z ! utt]mo/ b\nds ( ?is sy/em ! orbit ( ,uranus 7?\gh ! comets actually h a wid] range71 we %all f9d t x occupies a portion ( space n less ?an ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ millions ( miles 9 ext5t4 ,! m9d fails to =m an exact notion ( a portion ( space s imm5se2 b "s fa9t idea ( x may be obta9$ f ! fact1 t1 if ! swifte/ race-horse ev] kn[n _h begun to trav]se x1 at full spe$1 at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,moses1 he w\ld only z yet h accompli%$ half 8 j\rney4 ,x has long be5 conclud$ among/ a/ronom]s1 t ! />s1 ?\gh !y only appe> to our eyes z brilliant po9ts1 are all to be consid]$ z suns1 repres5t+ s _m sol> sy/ems1 ea* be>+ a g5]al resemblance to our own4 ,! />s h a brilliancy & app>5t magnitude :i* we may safely presume to be 9 proportion to _! actual size & ! di/ance at :i* !y are plac$ f u4 ,attempts h be5 made to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( "s ( ! />s by calculations f\nd$ on p>allax1 x be+ previ\sly und]/ood t1 if a p>allax ( s mu* z "o second1 or ! #cfjj? ( a degree1 c\ld be asc]ta9$ 9 any "o in/ance1 ! di/ance might be assum$ 9 t in/ance z n less ?an #ai1bjj millions ( miles6 ,9 ! case ( ! mo/ brilliant />1 ,sirius1 ev5 ?is m9ute p>allax c\ld n be f\nd2 f :i* ( c\rse x 0 to be inf]r$ t ! di/ance ( t /> is some?+ beyond ! va/ di/ance :i* has be5 /at$4 ,9 "s o!rs1 on :i* ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$1 no s5sible p>allax c\ld be detect$2 f :i* ! same inf]5ce 0 to be made 9 _! case4 ,b a s5sible p>allax ( ab\t "o second has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( ! d\ble />1 1 ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur1 #c & "o ( ! ?ird ( t am\nt = ! d\ble />1 #fa ,cygni2 :i* gave reason to presume t ! di/ance ( ! =m] might be ab\t tw5ty ?\s& millions ( miles1 & ! latt] ( mu* great] am\nt4 ,if we suppose t simil> int]vals exi/ betwe5 all ! />s1 we %all readily see t ! space occupi$ by ev5 ! comp>atively small numb] visible to ! nak$ eye1 mu/ be va/ beyond all p[]s ( conception4 ,! numb] visible to ! eye is ab\t ?ree ?\s&2 b :5 a telescope ( small p[] is direct$ to ! heav5s1 a great numb] m come into view1 & ! numb] is ev] increas$ 9 proportion to ! increas$ p[] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 "o place1 :]e !y are m ?ickly s[n ?an else:]e1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el reckon$ t fifty ?\s& pass$ ov] a field ( view two degrees 9 bread? 9 a s+le h\r4 ,x 0 fir/ surmis$ by ! anci5t philosoph]1 ,democritus1 t ! fa9tly :ite zone :i* spans ! sky "u ! "n ( ! ,milky ,way1 might be only a d5se collection ( />s too remote to be di/+ui%$4 ,?is conjecture has be5 v]ifi$ by ! in/rum5ts ( mod]n a/ronom]s1 & "s speculations ( a mo/ rem>kable k9d h be5 =m$ 9 connexion ) x4 ,by ! jo9t lab\rs ( ! two ,h]s*els1 ! sky has be5 8gaug$0 9 all directions by ! telescope1 s z to asc]ta9 ! conditions ( diff]5t p>ts ) respect to ! frequ5cy ( ! />s4 ,! result has be5 a conviction t1 z ! planets are p>ts ( sol> sy/ems1 s are sol> sy/ems p>ts ( :at may be call$ a/ral sy/ems--t is1 sy/ems compos$ ( a multitude ( />s1 be>+ a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,! a/ral sy/em to :i* we belong1 is conceiv$ to be ( an oblong1 flatti% =m1 ) a space :olly or comp>atively vacant 9 ! c5tre1 :ile ! extremity 9 "o direction p>ts into two4 ,! />s are mo/ ?ickly s[n 9 ! out] p>ts ( ?is va/ r+1 & ^! con/itute ! ,milky ,way4 ,our sun is believ$ to be plac$ 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! r+1 ne> its inn] edge1 s t we are pres5t$ ) _m m />s1 & see ! ,milky ,way mu* m cle>ly1 9 t direction1 ?an t[>ds ! nor?1 9 :i* l9e our eye has to trav]se ! vacant c5tral space4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 s e>ly z #aghc1 detect$ a motion 9 our sol> sy/em ) respect to ! />s1 & ann\nc$ t x 0 t5d+ t[>ds ! /> 1 9 ! con/ellation ,h]cules4 ,?is has be5 g5]ally v]ifi$ by rec5t & m exact calculations1 #e :i* fix on a po9t 9 ,h]cules1 ne> ! /> #adc ( ! #ag? h\r1 accord+ to ,piozzi's catalogue1 z t t[>ds :i* our sun is proce$+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 rec$+ f ! inn] edge ( ! r+4 ,motions ( ?is k9d1 ?r\gh su* va/ regions ( space1 mu/ be long 9 produc+ any *ange s5sible to ! inhabitants ( our planet1 & x is n easy to grasp _! g5]al "*2 b gr\nds h nev]!less be5 f\nd = suppos+ t n only our sun1 b ! o!r suns ( ! sy/em pursue a wavy c\rse r\nd ! r+ f we/ to ea/1 cross+ & recross+ ! middle ( ! annul> circle4 8,"s />s w dep>t m1 o!rs less1 f ei!r side ( ! circumf]5ce ( equilibrium1 accord+ to ! places 9 :i* !y are situat$1 & accord+ to ! direction & ! velocity ) :i* !y are put 9 motion4 ,our sun is probably "o ( ^? :i* dep>t fur!/ f x1 & desc5d fur!/ into ! empty space )9 ! r+40 #f ,accord+ to ?is view1 a "t may come :5 we %all be mu* m 9 ! ?ick ( ! />s ( our a/ral sy/em ?an we are n[1 & h ( c\rse mu* m brilliant nocturnal skies2 b x may be c\ntless ages be=e ! eyes :i* are to see ?is add$ respl5d5ce %all exi/4 ,! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r a/ral sy/ems besides our own is mu* m decid$ ?an might be expect$1 :5 we consid] t ! ne>e/ ( !m mu/ ne$s be plac$ at a mighty int]val beyond our own4 ,! eld] ,h]s*el1 direct+ 8 wond]ful tube t[>ds ! sides ( our sy/em1 :]e />s are plant$ mo/ r>ely1 & rais+ ! p[]s ( ! in/rum5t to ! requir$ pit*1 0 enabl$ ) awe-/ruck m9d to see susp5d$ 9 ! va/ empyrean a/ral sy/ems1 or1 z he call$ !m1 firmam5ts1 resembl+ our own4 ,l light cl\dlets to a c]ta9 p[] ( ! telescope1 !y resolv$ !mselves1 "u a great] p[]1 into />s1 ?\gh ^! g5]ally seem$ no l>g] ?an ! f9e/ p>ticles ( diamond du/4 ,! g5]al =ms ( ^! sy/ems are v>i\s2 b "o at lea/ has be5 detect$ z be>+ a /rik+ resemblance to ! suppos$ =m ( our own4 ,! di/ances are also v>i\s1 z prov$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( telescopic p[] necess>y to br+ !m into view4 ,! f>!/ obs]v$ by ! a/ronom] 7 e/imat$ by him z ?irty-five ?\s& times m remote ?an ,sirius1 suppos+ its di/ance to be ab\t tw5ty ?\s& millions ( miles4 ,x w\ld ?us appe>1 t n only does gravitation keep our e>? 9 its place 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! sol> sy/em 9 its place 9 our a/ral sy/em1 b x also may be presum$ to h ! mighti] duty ( pres]v+ a local arrangem5t betwe5 t a/ral sy/em & an imm5sity ( o!rs1 ?r\gh :i* ! imag9ation is left to w&] on & on )\t limit or /ay1 save t :i* is giv5 by its inability to grasp ! unb\nd$4 ,! two ,h]s*els h 9 succession made "s o!r mo/ rem>kable obs]vations on ! regions ( space4 ,!y h f\nd )9 ! limits ( our a/ral sy/em1 & g5]ally 9 its out] fields1 a great numb] ( objects :i*1 f _! foggy appe>ance1 are call$ nebul2 "s ( va/ ext5t & irregul> figure1 z t 9 ! sword ( ,orion1 :i* is visible to ! nak$ eye2 o!rs ( %ape m def9$2 o!rs1 aga91 9 :i* small bright nuclei appe> "h & !re ov] ! surface4 ,betwe5 ?is la/ =m & ano!r class ( objects1 :i* appe> z clu/]s ( nuclei ) nebul\s matt] ar\nd ea* nucleus1 !re is b a /ep 9 :at appe>s a *a9 ( relat$ ?+s4 ,!n1 aga91 our a/ral space %ews :at are call$ nebul\s />s1--namely1 lum9\s sph]ical objects1 bright 9 ! c5tre & dull t[>ds ! extremities4 ,^! appe> to be only an advanc$ condition ( ! class ( objects above describ$4 ,f9ally1 nebul\s />s exi/ 9 e /age ( conc5tration1 d[n to t /ate 9 :i* we see only a common /> ) a slight bur ar\nd x4 ,x may be presum$ t all ^! are b /ages 9 a progress1 j z if1 see+ a *ild1 a boy1 a y\?1 a middle-ag$1 & an old man toge!r1 we might presume t ! :ole 7 only v>iations ( "o be+4 ,are we to suppose t we h got a glimpse ( ! process ?r\gh :i* a sun goes betwe5 its orig9al condition1 z a mass ( diffus$ nebul\s matt]1 & its full-=m$ /ate z a compact body8 ,we %all see h[ f> su* an idea is support$ by o!r ?+s kn[n ) reg>d to ! occupants ( space1 & ! laws ( matt]4 ,a sup]ficial view ( ! a/ronomy ( ! sol> sy/em gives u only ! idea ( a va/ lum9\s body 7! sun7 9 ! c5tre1 & a few small]1 ?\gh v>i\s siz$ bodies1 revolv+ at diff]5t di/ances ar\nd x2 "s ( ^!1 aga91 hav+ small] planets 7satellites7 revolv+ ar\nd !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al features ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i*1 :5 a pr(\nd] att5tion makes u acqua9t$ ) !m1 /rike ! m9d v =cibly4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 rem>kable1 t ! planets all move ne>ly 9 "o plane1 correspond+ ) ! c5tre ( ! sun's body4 ,next1 x is n less rem>kable t ! motion ( ! sun on its axis1 ^? ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 & ! satellites ar\nd _! prim>ies1 #i & ! motions ( all on _! axes1 are 9 "o direction--namely1 f we/ to ea/4 ,_h all ^! matt]s be5 left to accid5t1 ! *ances aga9/ ! uni=mity :i* we f9d w\ld h be51 ?\gh calculable1 inconceivably great4 ,laplace /ates !m at f\r millions ( millions to "o4 ,x is ?us p[]fully impress$ on u1 t ! uni=mity ( ! motions1 z well z _! g5]al adju/m5t to "o plane1 mu/ h be5 a consequ5ce ( "s cause act+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,"s ( ! o!r relations ( ! bodies are n less rem>kable4 ,! prim>y planets %ew a progressive increase ( bulk & dim9ution ( d5sity1 f ! "o ne>e/ to ! sun to t :i* is mo/ di/ant4 ,) respect to d5sity alone1 we f9d1 tak+ wat] z a measure & c\nt+ x z "o1 t ,saturn is #ac_/cb1 or less ?an half2 ,jupit]1 #a #a_/bd2 ,m>s1 #c #b_/g2 ,e>?1 #d #a_/b2 ,v5us1 #e #aa_/ae2 ,m]cury #i #i_/aj1 or ab\t ! weight ( lead4 ,!n ! di/ances are curi\sly relative4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if we place ! foll[+ l9e ( numb]s1-- #j #c #f #ab #bd #dh #if #aib1 & add #d to ea*1 we %all h a s]ies d5ot+ ! respective di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun4 ,x w /& ?us-- #d #g #aj #af #bh #eb #ajj #aif ,m]c4 ,v5us4 ,e>?4 ,m>s4 ,jupit]4 ,saturn4 ,uranus4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! fir/ r[ ( figures goes on f ! second on ! left h& 9 a succession ( duplications1 or multiplications by #b4 ,surely !re is "h a mo/ surpris+ pro( ( ! unity :i* ,i am claim+ = ! sol> sy/em4 ,x 0 rem>k$ :5 ?is curi\s relation 0 fir/ detect$1 t !re 0 a want ( a planet correspond+ to #bh2 ! difficulty 0 aft]w>ds consid]$ z 9 a great measure ov]come1 by ! discov]y ( f\r small planets revolv+ at ne>ly "o mean di/ance f ! sun1 betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,! di/ances be> an equally int]e/+ ma!matical relation to ! times ( ! revolutions r\nd ! sun4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 ) respect to any two planets1 ! squ>es ( ! times ( revolution are to ea* o!r 9 ! same proportion z ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances1--a mo/ surpris+ result1 = ! discov]y ( :i* ! _w 0 indebt$ to ! illu/ri\s ,kepl]4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el truly obs]ves--8,:5 we contemplate ! con/itu5ts ( ! planet>y sy/em f ! po9t ( view :i* ?is relation af=ds u1 x is no long] m]e analogy :i* /rikes u1 no long] a g5]al resemblance among !m1 z individuals indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & circulat+ ab\t ! sun1 ea* accord+ to its own peculi> nature1 & connect$ ) x by its own peculi> tie4 ,! resemblance is n[ p]ceiv$ to be a true family lik5ess2 !y are b\nd up 9 "o *a9--int]wov5 9 "o web ( mutual relation & h>moni\s agreem5t1 subject$ to "o p]vad+ influ5ce :i* ext5ds f ! c5tre to ! f>!/ limits ( t great sy/em1 ( :i* all ( !m1 ! ,e>? includ$1 mu/ h5ce=? be reg>d$ z memb]s40 #ab ,connect+ :at has be5 obs]v$ ( ! s]ies ( nebul\s />s ) ?is wond]ful relation%ip se5 to exi/ among ! con/itu5ts ( our sy/em1 & fur!r tak+ advantage ( ! light af=d$ by ! asc]ta9$ laws ( matt]1 mod]n a/ronom]s h sugge/$ ! foll[+ hypo!sis ( ! =mation ( t sy/em4 ,( nebul\s matt] 9 its orig9al /ate we "k too little to enable u to sugge/ h[ nuclei %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 x4 ,b1 suppos+ t1 f a peculi>ity 9 its con/itution1 nuclei are =m$1 we "k v well h[1 by virtue ( ! law ( gravitation1 ! process ( an aggregation ( ! neighb\r+ matt] to ^? nuclei %\ld proce$1 until masses m or less solid %\ld become deta*$ f ! re/4 ,x is a well-kn[n law 9 physics t1 :5 fluid matt] collects t[>ds or meets 9 a c5tre1 x e/abli%es a rotatory motion4 ,see m9or results ( ?is law 9 ! :irlw9d & ! :irlpool--nay1 on s humble a scale z ! wat] s9k+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( a funnel4 ,x ?us becomes c]ta9 t :5 we arrive at ! /age ( a nebul\s />1 we h a rotation on an axis comm5c$4 ,n[1 me*anical philosophy in=ms u t1 ! in/ant a mass beg9s to rotate1 !re is g5]at$ a t5d5cy to fl+ (f its out] portions--9 o!r words1 ! law ( c5trifugal =ce beg9s to op]ate4 ,!re are1 !n1 two =ces act+ 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 ! "o attract+ to1 ! o!r ?r[+ f1 ! c5tre4 ,:ile ^! rema9 exactly c\nt]pois$1 ! mass necess>ily cont9ues entire2 b ! lea/ excess ( ! c5trifugal ov] ! attractive =ce w\ld be att5d$ ) ! effect ( sep>at+ ! mass & its out] p>ts4 ,^! out] p>ts w\ld1 !n1 be left z a r+ r\nd ! c5tral body1 :i* r+ w\ld cont9ue to revolve ) ! velocity possess$ by ! c5tral mass at ! mom5t ( sep>ation1 b n necess>ily p>ticipat+ 9 any *anges aft]w>ds und]gone by t body4 ,?is is a process :i* might be repeat$ z soon z a new excess arose 9 ! c5trifugal ov] ! attractive =ces work+ 9 ! p>5t mass4 ,x might1 inde$1 cont9ue to be repeat$1 until ! mass atta9$ ! ultimate limits ( ! cond5sation :i* its con/itution impos$ ^u x4 ,f :at cause might arise ! p]iodical occurr5ce ( an excess ( ! c5trifugal =ce8 ,if we suppose ! agglom]ation ( a nebul\s mass to be a process att5d$ by refrig]ation or cool+1 :i* _m facts r5d] likely1 we c easily und]/& :y ! out] p>ts1 h>d5+ "u ?is process1 might1 by virtue ( ! great] solidity !nce acquir$1 beg9 to pres5t "s resi/ance to ! attractive =ce4 ,z ! solidification proce$$1 ?is resi/ance w\ld become great]1 ?\gh !re w\ld /ill be a t5d5cy to adh]e4 ,mean:ile1 ! cond5sation ( ! c5tral mass w\ld be go+ on1 t5d+ to produce a sep>ation f :at may n[ be t]m$ ! solidify+ cru/4 ,dur+ ! cont5tion betwe5 ! attractions ( ^! two bodies1 or p>ts ( "o body1 !re w\ld probably be a r+ ( att5uation betwe5 ! mass & its cru/4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ! c5tral mass _h rea*$ a c]ta9 /age 9 its advance t[>ds solidification1 a sep>ation w\ld take place1 & ! cru/ w\ld become a deta*$ r+4 ,x is cle>1 ( c\rse1 t "s law presid+ ov] ! refrig]ation ( heat$ gase\s bodies w\ld det]m9e ! /ages at :i* r+s 7 ?us =m$ & deta*$4 ,we d n "k any su* law1 b :at we h se5 assures u x is "o obs]v+ & r$ucible to ma!matical =mul4 ,if ^! r+s consi/$ ( matt] ne>ly uni=m ?r\gh\t1 !y w\ld probably cont9ue ea* 9 its orig9al =m2 b !re are _m *ances aga9/ _! be+ uni=m 9 con/itution4 ,! unavoidable effects ( irregul>ity 9 _! con/itution w\ld be to cause !m to ga!r t[>ds c5tres ( sup]ior solidity1 by :i* ! annul> =m w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be de/roy$4 ,! r+ w\ld1 9 %ort1 break into sev]al masses1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* w\ld be likely to attract ! less] into itself4 ,! :ole mass w\ld !n necess>ily settle into a sph]ical =m by virtue ( ! law ( gravitation2 9 %ort1 w\ld !n become a planet revolv+ r\nd ! sun4 ,its rotatory motion w\ld1 ( c\rse1 cont9ue1 & satellites might !n be ?r[n (f 9 turn f its body 9 exactly ! same way z ! prim>y planets _h be5 ?r[n (f f ! sun4 ,! rule1 if ,i c be all[$ s to call x1 receives a /rik+ support f :at appe> to be its exceptions4 ,:ile !re are _m *ances aga9/ ! matt] ( ! r+s be+ suffici5tly equable to rema9 9 ! annul> =m till !y 7 consolidat$1 x might nev]!less be o!rwise 9 "s in/ances2 t is to say1 ! equabl5ess might1 9 ^? in/ances1 be suffici5tly great4 ,su* 0 probably ! case ) ! two r+s ar\nd ! body ( ,saturn1 :i* rema9 a liv+ picture ( ! arrangem5t1 if n ! condition1 9 :i* all ! planet>y masses at "o "t /ood4 ,x may also be admitt$ t1 :5 a r+ broke up1 x 0 possible t ! fragm5ts might sph]ify sep>ately4 ,su* seems to be ! actual hi/ory ( ! r+ betwe5 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 9 ^: place we n[ f9d f\r planets mu* b5ea? ! smalle/ ( ! re/ 9 size1 & mov+ ne>ly at ! same di/ance f ! sun1 ?\gh 9 orbits s elliptical1 & ( su* diff]5t planes1 t !y keep ap>t4 ,x has be5 se5 t !re are ma!matical proportions 9 ! relative di/ances & revolutions ( ! planets ( our sy/em4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! p]iods 9 ! cond5sation ( ! nebul\s mass1 at :i* r+s 7 dis5gag$1 mu/ h dep5d$ on "s p>ticul> crises 9 ! condition ( t mass1 9 connexion ) ! laws ( c5trifugal =ce & attraction4 ,m4 ,compte1 ( ,p>is1 has made "s approa* to ! v]ification ( ! hypo!sis1 by calculat+ :at ought to h be5 ! rotation ( ! sol> mass at ! successive times :5 its surface ext5d$ to ! v>i\s planet>y orbits4 ,he asc]ta9$ t t rotation correspond$ 9 e case ) ! actual sid]eal revolution ( ! planets1 & t ! rotation ( ! prim>y planets 9 l mann] correspond$ ) ! orbitual p]iods ( ! second>ies4 ,! process by :i* he arriv$ at ?is conclusion is n to be readily compreh5d$ by ! unle>n$2 b ^? :o are o!rwise1 all[ t x is a p[]ful support to ! pres5t hypo!sis ( ! =mation ( ! globes ( space4 #ag ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 z x has be5 call$1 obta9s a rem>kable support 9 :at w\ld at fir/ seem to militate aga9/ x--! exi/5ce 9 our firmam5t ( sev]al ?\s&s ( sol> sy/ems1 9 :i* !re are m ?an "o sun4 ,^! are call$ d\ble & triple />s4 ,"s d\ble />s1 ^u :i* c>eful obs]vations h be5 made1 are f\nd to h a regul> revolution>y motion r\nd ea* o!r 9 ellipses4 ,?is k9d ( sol> sy/em has also be5 obs]v$ 9 :at appe>s to be its rudim5tal /ate1 = !re are examples ( nebul\s />s conta9+ two & ?ree nuclei 9 ne> association4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! conflu5ce ( ! matt] ( ^! nebul\s />s1 !y w\ld all become involv$ 9 a common revolution>y motion1 l9k$ inextricably ) ea* o!r1 ?\gh x might be at suffici5t di/ances to all[ ( ea* di/9ct c5tre hav+ aft]w>ds its att5dant planets4 ,we h se5 t ! law :i* causes rotation 9 ! s+le sol> masses1 is exactly ! same :i* produces ! famili> ph5om5on ( a small :irlpool or dimple 9 ! surface ( a /ream4 ,su* dimples are n always s+le4 ,^u ! face ( a riv] :]e !re are v>i\s cont5d+ curr5ts1 x may (t5 be obs]v$ t two or m dimples are =m$ ne> ea* o!r ) m or less regul>ity4 ,^! fanta/ic eddies1 :i* ! mus+ poet w sometimes wat* ab/ract$ly = an h\r1 little ?9k+ ( ! law :i* produces & connects !m1 are an illu/ration ( ! wond]s ( b9>y & t]n>y sol> sy/ems4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis is1 inde$1 support$ by s _m asc]ta9$ features ( ! cele/ial sc5]y1 & by s _m calculations ( exact sci5ce1 t x is impossible = a c&id m9d to refra9 f giv+ x a cordial reception1 if n to repose full reliance ^u x1 ev5 )\t seek+ = x support ( any o!r k9d4 ,"s o!r support ,i tru/ yet to br+ to x2 b 9 ! meantime1 assum+ its tru?1 let u see :at idea x gives ( ! con/itution ( :at we t]m ! univ]se1 ( ! developm5t ( its v>i\s p>ts1 & ( its orig9al condition4 ,rev]t+ to a =m] illu/ration--if we c\ld suppose a numb] ( p]sons ( v>i\s ages pres5t$ to ! inspection ( an intellig5t be+ newly introduc$ into ! _w1 we _c d\bt t he w\ld soon become conv9c$ t m5 _h once be5 boys1 t boys _h once be5 infants1 &1 f9ally1 t all _h be5 br\ght into ! _w 9 exactly ! same circum/ances4 ,precisely ?us1 see+ 9 our a/ral sy/em _m ?\s&s ( worlds 9 all /ages ( =mation1 f ! mo/ rudim5tal to t imm$iately prec$+ ! pres5t condition ( ^? we deem p]fect1 x is unavoidable to conclude t all ! p]fect h gone ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages :i* we see 9 ! rudim5tal4 ,?is leads u at once to ! conclusion t ! :ole ( our firmam5t 0 at "o "t a diffus$ mass ( nebul\s matt]1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! space :i* x /ill occupies4 ,s also1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 ! o!r a/ral sy/ems4 ,inde$1 we mu/ presume ! :ole to h be5 orig9ally 9 "o connect$ mass1 ! a/ral sy/ems be+ only ! fir/ division into p>ts1 & sol> sy/ems ! second4 ,! fir/ idea :i* all ?is impresses ^u u is1 t ! =mation ( bodies 9 space is /ill & at pres5t 9 progress4 ,we live at a "t :5 _m h be5 =m$1 & _m are /ill =m+4 ,our own sol> sy/em is to be reg>d$ z complet$1 suppos+ its p]fection to consi/ 9 ! =mation ( a s]ies ( planets1 = !re are ma!matical reasons = conclud+ t ,m]cury is ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun1 :i* c1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! sy/em1 exi/4 ,b !re are o!r sol> sy/ems )9 our a/ral sy/em1 :i* are z yet 9 a less advanc$ /ate1 & ev5 "s quantities ( nebul\s matt] :i* h sc>cely begun to advance t[>ds ! /ell> =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are va/ numb]s ( />s :i* h all ! appe>ance ( be+ fully =m$ sy/ems1 if we are to judge f ! complete & def9ite appe>ance :i* !y pres5t to our vision ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,we h no means ( judg+ ( ! s5iority ( sy/ems2 b x is reasonable to suppose t1 among ! _m1 "s are old] ?an ours4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o piece ( evid5ce = ! probability ( ! comp>ative y\? ( our sy/em1 altoge!r ap>t f human traditions & ! geogno/ic appe>ances ( ! surface ( our planet4 ,?is consi/s 9 a ?9 nebul\s matt]1 :i* is diffus$ ar\nd ! sun to ne>ly ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 ( a v oblately sph]oidal %ape4 ,?is matt]1 :i* sometimes appe>s to our nak$ eyes1 at sunset1 9 ! =m ( a cone project+ upw>ds 9 ! l9e ( ! sun's pa?1 & :i* be>s ! "n ( ! ,zodiacal ,light1 has be5 ?\ght a residuum or la/ remnant ( ! conc5trat+ matt] ( our sy/em1 & ?us may be suppos$ to indicate ! comp>ative rec5tness ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( our cosmogony4 ,suppos+ ! surmise & inf]5ce to be correct1 & !y may be held z s f> support$ by m famili> evid5ce1 we might ) ! m confid5ce speak ( our sy/em z n among/ ! eld] born ( ,heav51 b "o ^: v>i\s ph5om5a1 physical & moral1 z yet lay undevelop$1 :ile myriads ( o!rs 7 fully fa%ion$ & 9 complete arrangem5t4 ,?us1 9 ! sublime *ronology to :i* we are direct+ our inquiries1 we fir/ f9d ourselves call$ ^u to consid] ! globe :i* we inhabit z a *ild ( ! sun1 eld] ?an ,v5us & h] y\ng] bro!r ,m]cury1 b po/]ior 9 date ( bir? to ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus2 next to reg>d our :ole sy/em z probably ( rec5t =mation 9 comp>ison ) _m ( ! />s ( our firmam5t4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be on our gu>d aga9/ suppos+ ! e>? z a rec5t globe 9 our ord9>y conceptions ( "t4 ,f evid5ce aft]w>ds to be adduc$1 x w be se5 t x _c be presum$ to be less ?an _m hundr$s ( c5turies old4 ,h[ mu* old] ,uranus may be no "o c tell1 mu* less h[ m ag$ may be _m ( ! />s ( our firmam5t1 or ! />s ( o!r firmam5ts ?an ours4 ,ano!r & m important consid]ation arises f ! hypo!sis2 namely1 z to ! means by :i* ! gr& process is conduct$4 ,! nebul\s matt] collects ar\nd nuclei by virtue ( ! law ( attraction4 ,! agglom]ation br+s into op]ation ano!r physical law1 by =ce ( :i* ! sep>ate masses ( matt] are ei!r made to rotate s+ly1 or1 9 addition to t s+le motion1 are set into a c\pl$ revolution 9 ellipses4 ,next c5trifugal =ce comes into play1 fl++ (f portions ( ! rotat+ masses1 :i* become sph]es by virtue ( ! same law ( attraction1 & are held 9 orbits ( revolution r\nd ! c5tral body by means ( a composition betwe5 ! c5trifugal & gravitat+ =ces4 ,all1 we see1 is done by c]ta9 laws ( matt]1 s t x becomes a "q ( extreme int]e/1 :at are su* laws8 ,all t c yet be said1 9 answ]1 is1 t we see c]ta9 natural ev5ts proce$+ 9 an inv>iable ord] "u c]ta9 conditions1 & !nce inf] ! exi/5ce ( "s fundam5tal arrangem5t :i*1 = ! br++ ab\t ( ^! ev5ts1 has a =ce & c]ta9ty ( action simil> to1 b m precise & un]r+ ?an ^? arrangem5ts :i* human society makes = its own b5efit1 & calls laws4 ,x is rem>kable ( physical laws1 t we see !m op]at+ on e k9d ( scale z to magnitude1 ) ! same regul>ity & p]sev]ance4 ,! te> t falls f *ildhood's *eek is globul>1 ?r\gh ! efficacy ( t same law ( mutual attraction ( p>ticles :i* made ! sun & planets r\nd4 ,! rapidity ( ,m]cury is quick] ?an t ( ,saturn1 = ! same reason t1 :5 we :eel a ball r\nd by a /r+ & make ! /r+ w9d up r\nd our f+]s1 ! ball always flies quick] & quick] z ! /r+ is %ort5$4 ,two eddies 9 a /ream1 z has be5 /at$1 fall into a mutual revolution at ! di/ance ( a c\ple ( in*es1 ?r\gh ! same cause :i* makes a pair ( suns l9k 9 mutual revolution at ! di/ance ( millions ( miles4 ,!re is1 we might say1 a sublime simplicity 9 ?is indiff]5ce ( ! gr& regulations to ! va/ness or m9ut5ess ( ! field ( _! op]ation4 ,_! be+ uni=m1 too1 ?r\gh\t space1 z f> z we c scan x1 & _! be+ s unfail+ 9 _! t5d5cy to op]ate1 s t only ! prop] conditions are pres5t$1 af=d to our m9ds matt] = ! grave/ consid]ation4 ,nor %\ld x escape our c>eful notice t ! regulations on :i* all ! laws ( matt] op]ate1 are e/abli%$ on a rigidly accurate ma!matical basis4 ,proportions ( numb]s & geometrical figures re/ at ! bottom ( ! :ole4 ,all ^! consid]ations1 :5 ! m9d is ?or\ghly prep>$ = !m1 t5d to raise our ideas ) respect to ! "* ( physical laws1 ev5 ?\gh we d n g a s+le /ep fur!r 9 ! inve/igation4 ,b x is impossible = an intellig5t m9d to /op !re4 ,we advance f law to ! cause ( law1 & ask1 ,:at is t8 ,:5ce h come all ^! beautiful regulations8 ,"h sci5ce leaves u1 b only to conclude1 f o!r gr\nds1 t !re is a ,fir/ ,cause to :i* all o!rs are second>y & m9i/rative1 a primitive almighty w1 ( :i* ^! laws are m]ely ! m&ates4 ,t great ,be+1 :o %all say :]e is 8 dwell+-place1 or :at 8 hi/ory6 ,man pauses brea?less at ! contemplation ( a subject s mu* above 8 f9ite faculties1 & only c wond] & adore6 ,,con/itu5t ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,bodies ,,( ,,space4 ,,! nebul> hypo!sis almo/ necess>ily supposes matt] to h orig9ally =m$ "o mass4 ,we h se5 t ! same physical laws preside ov] ! :ole4 ,are we also to presume t ! con/itution ( ! :ole 0 uni=m8--t is to say1 t ! :ole consi/$ ( simil> elem5ts4 ,x seems difficult to avoid com+ to ?is conclusion1 at lea/ "u ! qualification t1 possibly1 v>i\s bodies1 "u peculi> circum/ances att5d+ _! =mation1 may conta9 elem5ts :i* are want+1 & lack "s :i* are pres5t 9 o!rs1 or t "s may entirely consi/ ( elem5ts 9 :i* o!rs are entirely defici5t4 ,:at are elem5ts8 ,?is is a t]m appli$ by ! *emi/ to a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( sub/ances1 7fifty-f\r or fifty-five are asc]ta9$17 :i*1 9 _! comb9ations1 =m all ! matt]s ( e k9d pres5t 9 & ab\t our globe4 ,!y are call$ elem5ts1 or simple sub/ances1 because x has hi!rto be5 f\nd impossible to r$uce !m into o!rs1 :]e=e !y are presum$ to be ! prim>y bases ( all matt]s4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 surmis$ t ^! s-call$ elem5ts are only modifications ( a primordial =m ( matt]1 br\ght ab\t "u c]ta9 conditions2 b if ?is %\ld prove to be ! case1 x w\ld little affect ! view :i* we are tak+ ( cosmical arrangem5ts4 ,analogy w\ld lead u to conclude t ! comb9ations ( ! primordial matt]1 =m+ our s-call$ elem5ts1 are z univ]sal or z liable to take place ev]y:]e z are ! laws ( gravitation & c5trifugal =ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e presume t ! gases1 ! metals1 ! e>?s1 & o!r simple sub/ances1 7besides :atev] m ( :i* we h no acqua9tance17 exi/ or are liable to come into exi/5ce "u prop] conditions1 z well 9 ! a/ral sy/em1 :i* is ?irty-five ?\s& times m di/ant ?an ,sirius1 z )9 ! b\nds ( our own sol> sy/em or our own globe4 ,matt]1 :e!r x consi/ ( ab\t fifty-five +r$i5ts1 or only "o1 is liable to inf9ite v>ieties ( condition "u diff]5t circum/ances1 or1 to speak m philosophically1 "u diff]5t laws4 ,z a famili> illu/ration1 wat]1 :5 subject$ to a temp]ature "u #cb ,fahr5heit1 becomes ice2 raise ! temp]ature to #bab1 & x becomes /eam1 occupy+ a va/ deal m space ?an x =m]ly did4 ,! gases1 :5 subject$ to pressure1 become liquids2 = example1 c>bonic acid gas1 :5 subject$ to a weight equal to a column ( wat] #abcj feet high1 at a temp]ature ( #cb1 takes ?is =m3 ! o!r gases require v>i\s am\nts ( pressure = ?is trans=mation1 b all appe> to be liable to x :5 ! pressure prop] 9 ea* case is adm9i/]$4 ,heat is a p[] greatly conc]n$ 9 regulat+ ! volume & o!r conditions ( matt]4 ,a *emi/ c reckon ) consid]able precision :at additional am\nt ( heat w\ld be requir$ to vaporise all ! wat] ( our globe2 h[ mu* m to dis5gage ! oxyg5 :i* is diffus$ 9 ne>ly a proportion ( "o-half ?r\gh\t its solids2 &1 f9ally1 h[ mu* m w\ld be requir$ to cause ! :ole to become vapori=m1 :i* we may consid] z equival5t to its be+ re/or$ to its orig9al nebul\s /ate4 ,he c calculate ) equal c]ta9ty :at w\ld be ! effect ( a consid]able dim9ution ( ! e>?'s temp]ature--:at *anges w\ld take place 9 ea* ( its compon5t sub/ances1 & h[ mu* ! :ole w\ld %r9k 9 bulk4 ,! e>? & all its v>i\s sub/ances h at pres5t a c]ta9 volume 9 consequ5ce ( ! temp]ature :i* actually exi/s4 ,:51 !n1 we f9d t its matt] & t ( ! associate planets 0 at "o "t diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole space1 n[ circumscrib$ by ! orbit ( ,uranus1 we _c d\bt1 aft] :at we "k ( ! p[] ( heat1 t ! nebul\s =m ( matt] 0 att5d$ by ! condition ( a v high temp]ature4 ,! nebul\s matt] ( space1 previ\sly to ! =mation ( /ell> & planet>y bodies1 mu/ h be5 a univ]sal ,fire ,mi/1 an idea :i* we c sc>cely compreh5d1 ?\gh ! reasons = arriv+ at x seem irresi/ible4 ,! =mation ( sy/ems out ( ?is matt] implies a *ange ( "s k9d ) reg>d to ! condition ( ! heat4 ,_h ?is p[] cont9u$ to act ) its full orig9al repulsive en]gy1 ! process ( agglom]ation by attraction c\ld n h gone on4 ,we d n "k en\gh ( ! laws ( heat to enable u to surmise h[ ! necess>y *ange 9 ?is respect 0 br\ght ab\t1 b we c trace "s ( ! /eps & consequ5ces ( ! process4 ,uranus w\ld be =m$ at ! "t :5 ! heat ( our sy/em's matt] 0 at ! greate/1 ,saturn at ! next1 & s on4 ,n[ ?is tallies p]fectly ) ! exce$+ diffus5ess ( ! matt] ( ^? eld] planets1 ,saturn be+ n m d5se or heavy ?an ! sub/ance cork4 ,x may be t a suffici5cy ( heat /ill rema9s 9 ^? planets to make up = _! di/ance f ! sun1 & ! consequ5t smallness ( ! heat :i* !y d]ive f 8 rays4 ,& x may equally be1 s9ce ,m]cury is twice ! d5sity ( ! e>?1 t its matt] exi/s "u a degree ( cold = :i* t planet's l>ge enjoym5t ( ! sun's rays is no m ?an a comp5sation4 ,?us !re may be ^u ! :ole a ne>ly equal exp]i5ce ( heat among/ all ^! *ildr5 ( ! sun4 ,:]e1 mean:ile1 is ! heat once diffus$ ?r\gh ! sy/em ov] & above :at rema9s 9 ! planets8 ,may we n rationally presume x to h gone to con/itute t lum9\s envelope ( ! sun1 9 :i* 8 w>m?-giv+ p[] is n[ held to reside8 ,x c\ld n be de/roy$--x _c be suppos$ to h gone (f into space--x mu/ h simply be5 res]v$ to con/itute1 at ! la/1 a means ( su/a9+ ! _m op]ations ( :i* ! planets 7 de/9$ to be ! !atre4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! :ole ( ! prec$+ consid]ations is to br+ ! conviction t our globe is a specim5 ( all ! simil>ly-plac$ bodies ( space1 z respects its con/itu5t matt] & ! physical & *emical laws gov]n+ x1 ) only ?is qualification1 t !re are possibly %ades ( v>iation ) respect to ! compon5t mat]ials1 & und\bt$ly ) respect to ! conditions "u :i* ! laws op]ate1 & consequ5tly ! effects :i* !y produce4 ,?us1 !re may be sub/ances "h :i* are n 9 "s o!r bodies1 & sub/ances "h solid may be else:]e liquid or vapori=m4 ,we are ! m entitl$ to draw su* conclusions1 see+ t !re is no?+ at all s+ul> or special 9 ! a/ronomical situation ( ! e>?4 ,x takes its place ?ird 9 a s]ies ( planets1 :i* s]ies is only "o ( numb]less o!r sy/ems =m+ "o gr\p4 ,x is /rik+ly--if ,i may use su* an expression--a memb] ( a democracy4 ,h5ce1 we _c suppose t !re is any peculi>ity ab\t x :i* does n probably atta* to multitudes ( o!r bodies--9 fact1 to all t are analog\s to x 9 respect ( cosmical arrangem5ts4 ,x !re=e becomes a po9t ( great int]e/--:at are ! mat]ials ( ?is specim58 ,:at is ! con/itutional "* ( ?is object1 :i* may be said to be a sample1 pres5t$ to our imm$iate obs]vation1 ( ^? cr[ds ( worlds :i* seem to u z ! p>ticles ( ! des]t s&-cl\d 9 numb]1 & to ^: pr(usion !re are no conceivable local limits8 ,! solids1 liquids1 & a]i=m fluids ( our globe are all1 z has be5 /at$1 r$ucible into fifty-five sub/ances hi!rto call$ elem5t>y4 ,six are gases2 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 be+ ! *ief4 ,=ty-two are metals1 ( :i* elev5 are rem>kable z compos+1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 c]ta9 e>?s1 z magnesia1 lime1 alum94 ,! rema9+ six1 includ+ c>bon1 silicon1 sulphur1 h n any g5]al appellation4 ,! gas oxyg5 is consid]$ z by f> ! mo/ abundant sub/ance 9 our globe4 ,x con/itutes a fif? "p ( our atmosph]e1 a ?ird "p ( wat]1 & a l>ge proportion ( e k9d ( rock 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,hydrog51 :i* =ms two-?irds ( wat]1 & ent]s into "s m9]al sub/ances1 is p]haps next4 ,nitrog51 ( :i* ! atmosph]e is f\r-fif?s compos$1 mu/ be consid]$ z an abundant sub/ance4 ,! metal silicium1 :i* unites ) oxyg5 9 ne>ly equal p>ts to =m silica1 ! basis ( ne>ly a half ( ! rocks 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 is1 ( c\rse1 an important +r$i5t4 ,alum9ium1 ! metallic basis ( alum91 a l>ge mat]ial 9 _m rocks1 is ano!r abundant elem5t>y sub/ance4 ,s1 also1 is c>bon a small +r$i5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 b ! *ief con/itu5t ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 & ( all fossils :i* ev] 7 9 ! latt] condition1 among/ :i* coal takes a conspicu\s place4 ,! famili>ly-kn[n metals1 z iron1 t91 lead1 silv]1 gold1 are elem5ts ( comp>atively small magnitude 9 t ext]ior "p ( ! e>?'s body :i* we are able to inve/igate4 ,x is rem>kable ( ! simple sub/ances t !y are g5]ally 9 "s comp\nd =m4 ,?us1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 ?\gh 9 union !y =m ! a]ial envelope ( ! globe1 are nev] f\nd sep>ate 9 nature4 ,c>bon is pure only 9 ! diamond4 ,& ! metallic bases ( ! e>?s1 ?\gh ! *emi/ c dis5gage !m1 may well be suppos$ unlikely to rema9 long uncomb9$1 see+ t contact ) moi/ure makes !m burn4 ,comb9ation & re-comb9ation are pr9ciples l>gely p]vad+ nature4 ,!re are few rocks1 = example1 t are n compos$ ( at lea/ two v>ieties ( matt]1 ea* ( :i* is aga9 a comp\nd ( elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,:at is /ill m wond]ful ) respect to ?is pr9ciple ( comb9ation1 all ! elem5t>y sub/ances obs]ve c]ta9 ma!matical proportions 9 _! unions4 ,"o volume ( !m unites ) "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m volumes ( ano!r1 any extra quantity be+ sure to be left ov]1 if su* !re %\ld be4 ,x is h5ce suppos$ t matt] is compos$ ( inf9itely m9ute p>ticles or atoms1 ea* ( :i* belong+ to any "o sub/ance1 c only 7?r\gh ! op]ation ( "s z yet hidd5 law7 associate ) a c]ta9 numb] ( ! atoms ( any o!r4 ,!re are also /range pr$ilections among/ sub/ances = ea* o!r's company4 ,"o w rema9 comb9$ 9 solution ) ano!r1 till a ?ird is add$1 :5 x w ab&on ! =m] & atta* itself to ! latt]4 ,a f\r? be+ add$1 ! ?ird w p]haps leave ! fir/1 & jo9 ! new com]4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! in=mation :i* *emi/ry gives u reg>d+ ! con/itu5t mat]ials ( our globe4 ,h[ inf9itely is ! k increas$ 9 int]e/1 :5 we consid] ! probability ( su* be+ ! mat]ials ( ! :ole ( ! bodies ( space1 & ! laws "u :i* ^! ev]y:]e comb9e1 subject only to local & accid5tal v>iations6 ,9 consid]+ ! cosmog5ic arrangem5ts ( our globe1 our att5tion is call$ 9 a special degree to ! moon4 ,9 ! nebul> hypo!sis1 satellites are consid]$ z masses ?r[n (f f _! prim>ies1 exactly z ! prim>ies _h previ\sly be5 f ! sun4 ,! orbit ( any satellite is also to be reg>d$ z m>k+ ! b\nds ( ! mass ( ! prim>y at ! "t :5 t satellite 0 ?r[n (f2 its spe$ likewise d5otes ! rapidity ( ! rotatory motion ( ! prim>y at t p>ticul> juncture4 ,= example1 ! out]mo/ ( ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] revolves r\nd 8 body at ! di/ance ( #a1ahj1ehb miles1 %ew+ t ! planet 0 once #c1fge1eja miles 9 circumf]5ce1 in/ead ( be+1 z n[1 only #hi1agj miles 9 diamet]4 ,?is l>ge mass took r m ?an sixte5 days six h\rs & a half 7! pres5t revolution>y p]iod ( ! out]mo/ satellite7 to rotate on its axis4 ,! inn]mo/ satellite mu/ h be5 =m$ :5 ! planet 0 r$uc$ to a circumf]5ce ( #cji1jge miles1 & rotat$ 9 ab\t =ty-two h\rs & a half4 ,f simil> inf]5ces1 we f9d t ! mass ( ! e>?1 at a c]ta9 po9t ( "t aft] x 0 ?r[n (f f ! sun1 0 no less ?an #dhb1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 be+ sixty times :at x has s9ce %runk to4 ,at t "t1 ! mass mu/ h tak5 r m ?an tw5ty-n9e & a half days to rotate1 7be+ ! revolution>y p]iod ( ! moon17 in/ead ( z n[1 r less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! "t int]v5+ betwe5 ! =mation ( ! moon & ! e>?'s dim9ution to its pres5t size1 0 probably "o ( ^? va/ sums 9 :i* a/ronomy deals s l>gely1 b :i* ! m9d altoge!r fails to grasp4 ,! obs]vations made ^u ! surface ( ! moon by telescopes1 t5d /rongly to support ! hypo!sis z to all ! bodies ( space be+ compos$ ( simil> matt]s1 subject to c]ta9 v>iations4 ,x does n appe> t our satellite is provid$ ) t gase\s envelope :i*1 on e>?1 p]=ms s _m important functions4 ,nei!r is !re any appe>ance ( wat] ^u ! surface2 yet t surface is1 l t ( our globe1 m>k$ by inequalities & ! appe>ance ( volcanic op]ations4 ,^! inequalities & volcanic op]ations are ^u a scale f> great] ?an any :i* n[ exi/ ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,al?\gh1 f ! great] =ce ( gravitation ^u its ext]ior1 ! m\nta9s1 o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 might h be5 expect$ to be mu* small] ?an ours1 !y are1 9 _m in/ances1 equal 9 height to ne>ly ! highe/ ( our ,&es4 ,!y are g5]ally ( extreme /eepness1 & %>p ( outl9e1 a peculi>ity :i* might be look$ = 9 a planet defici5t 9 wat] & atmosph]e1 see+ t ^! are ! ag5ts :i* we> d[n rugg$ness on ! surface ( our e>?4 ,! volcanic op]ations are on a /up5d\s scale4 ,!y are ! cause ( ! bright spots ( ! moon1 :ile ! want ( !m is :at di/+ui%es ! dull] portions1 usually b errone\sly call$ seas4 ,9 "s p>ts1 bright volcanic matt]1 besides cov]+ "o l>ge pat*1 radiates out 9 long /reams1 :i* appe> /udd$ ) subord9ate foci ( ! same k9d ( en]gy4 ,o!r objects ( a mo/ rem>kable "* are r+ m\nta9s1 m\nts l ^? ( ! crat]s ( e>?ly volcanoes1 surr\nd$ imm$iately by va/ & pr(\nd circul> pits1 holl[$ "u ! g5]al surface1 ^! aga9 be+ surr\nd$ by a circul> wall ( m\nta91 ris+ f> above ! c5tral "o1 & 9 ! inside ( :i* are t]races ab\t ! same height z ! inn] em95ce4 ,! well-kn[n bright spot 9 ! s\?-ea/ qu>t]1 call$ by a/ronom]s ,ty*o1 & :i* c be readily di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye1 is "o ( ^! r+-m\nta9s4 ,!re is "o ( #bjj miles 9 diamet]1 ) a pit #bb1jjj feet deep2 t is1 twice ! height ( tna4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! maps giv5 by ,humboldt ( a volcanic di/rict 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "o illu/rative ( ! =m]ly volcanic di/rict ( ,auv]gne1 9 ,france1 pres5t features /rik+ly l _m p>ts ( ! moon's surface1 z se5 ?r\gh a good glass4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ! moon =bid ! idea t x c be at pres5t a !atre ( life l ! e>?1 & almo/ seem to decl>e t x nev] c become s4 ,b we mu/ n ra%ly draw any su* conclusions4 ,! moon may be only 9 an e>li] /age ( ! progress ?r\gh :i* ! e>? has already gone4 ,! elem5ts :i* seem want+ may be only 9 comb9ations diff]5t 9 ^? :i* exi/ "h1 & may yet be develop$ z we "h f9d !m4 ,seas may yet fill ! pr(\nd holl[s ( ! surface2 an atmosph]e may spread ov] ! :ole4 ,%\ld ^! ev5ts take place1 meteorological ph5om5a1 & all ! ph5om5a ( organic life1 w comm5ce1 & ! moon1 l ! e>?1 w become a gre5 & inhabit$ _w4 ,x is unavoidably held z a /rong pro( 9 fav\r ( any hypo!sis1 :5 all ! relative ph5om5a are 9 h>mony ) x4 ,?is is em95tly ! case ) ! nebul\s hypo!sis1 = "h ! associat$ facts _c be expla9$ on any o!r supposition4 ,we h se5 reason to conclude t ! prim>y condition ( matt] 0 t ( a diffus$ mass1 9 :i* ! compon5t molecules 7 probably kept ap>t ?r\gh ! efficacy ( heat2 t portions ( ?is agglom]at$ into suns1 :i* ?rew (f planets2 t ^! planets 7 at fir/ v mu* diffus$1 b gradually contract$ by cool+ to _! pres5t dim5sions4 ,n[1 z to our own globe1 !re is a rem>kable pro( ( its hav+ be5 9 a fluid /ate at ! "t :5 x 0 f9ally solidify+1 9 ! fact ( its be+ bulg$ at ! equator1 ! v =m :i* a s(t revolv+ body takes1 & mu/ inevitably take1 "u ! influ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is bulg+ makes ! equatorial exce$ ! pol> diamet] z #bcj to #bbi1 :i* has be5 demon/rat$ to be precisely ! dep>ture f a correct sph]e :i* might be pr$icat$ f a k ( ! am\nt ( ! mass & ! rate ( rotation4 ,!re is an almo/ equally di/9ct memorial ( ! orig9al high temp]ature ( ! mat]ials1 9 ! /ore ( heat :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! int]ior4 ,! imm$iate surface ( ! e>?1 be x obs]v$1 exhibits only ! temp]ature :i* might be expect$ to be imp>t$ to su* mat]ials1 by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,!re is a po9t1 v %ort way d[n1 b v>y+ 9 diff]5t climes1 :]e all effect f ! sun's rays ceases4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 comm5ces a temp]ature f an entirely diff]5t cause1 "o :i* evid5tly has its s\rce 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & :i* regul>ly increases z we desc5d to great] & great] dep?s1 ! rate ( increm5t be+ ab\t "o degree ,fahr5heit = e sixty feet2 & ( ?is high temp]ature !re are o!r evid5ces1 9 ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes & !rmal spr+s1 z well z 9 :at is asc]ta9$ ) reg>d to ! d5sity ( ! entire mass ( ! e>?4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 is f\r & a half times ! weight ( wat]2 b ! actual weight ( ! pr9cipal solid sub/ances compos+ ! out] cru/ is z two & a half times ! weight ( wat]2 & ?is1 we "k1 if ! globe 7 solid & cold1 %\ld increase va/ly t[>ds ! c5tre1 wat] acquir+ ! d5sity ( quicksilv] at #cfb miles bel[ ! surface1 & o!r ?+s 9 proportion1 & ^! d5sities becom+ mu* great] at great] dep?s2 s t ! entire mass ( a cool globe %\ld be ( a gravity inf9itely exce$+ f\r & a half times ! weight ( wat]4 ,! only alt]native supposition is1 t ! c5tral mat]ials are greatly exp&$ or diffus$ by "s means2 & by :at means c\ld !y be s exp&$ b by heat8 ,inde$1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is c5tral heat1 a residuum ( t :i* kept all matt] 9 a vapori=m *aos at fir/1 is among/ ! mo/ solid discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 #db & ! support :i* x gives to ,h]s*el's explanation ( ! =mation ( worlds is mo/ important4 ,we %all h]eaft] see :at appe> to be traces ( an op]ation ( ?is heat ^u ! surface ( ! e>? 9 v remote times2 an effect1 h[ev]1 :i* has long pass$ entirely away4 ,! c5tral heat has1 = ages1 rea*$ a fix$ po9t1 at :i* x w probably rema9 = ev]1 z ! non-conduct+ quality ( ! cool cru/ absolutely prev5ts x f suff]+ any dim9ution4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,=m$--,,era ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,rocks4 ,,al?\gh ! e>? has n be5 actually p5etrat$ to a great] dep? ?an ?ree ?\s& feet1 ! nature ( its sub/ance c1 9 _m in/ances1 be inf]r$ = ! dep? ( _m miles by o!r means ( obs]vation4 ,we see a m\nta9 compos$ ( a p>ticul> sub/ance1 ) /rata1 or b$s ( o!r rock1 ly+ aga9/ its slop$ sides2 we1 ( c\rse1 inf] t ! sub/ance ( ! m\nta9 dips away "u ! /rata :i* we see ly+ aga9/ x4 ,suppose t we walk away f ! m\nta9 across ! turn$ up edges ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 & t = _m miles we cont9ue to pass ov] o!r /ratifi$ rocks1 all dispos$ 9 ! same way1 till by & bye we come to a place :]e we beg9 to cross ! opposite edges ( ! same b$s2 aft] :i* we pass ov] ^! rocks all 9 rev]se ord] till we come to ano!r ext5sive m\nta9 compos$ ( simil> mat]ial to ! fir/1 & %elv+ away "u ! /rata 9 ! same way4 ,we %\ld !n inf] t ! /ratifi$ rocks occupi$ a bas9 =m$ by ! rock ( ^! two m\nta9s1 & by calculat+ ! ?ickness "r ?r\gh ^! /rata1 c\ld be able to say to :at dep? ! rock ( ! m\nta9 ext5d$ bel[4 ,by su* means1 ! k9d ( rock exi/+ _m miles bel[ ! surface c (t5 be inf]r$ ) consid]able confid5ce4 ,! int]ior ( ! globe has n[ be5 inspect$ 9 ?is way 9 _m places1 & a tol]ably di/9ct notion ( its g5]al arrangem5ts has consequ5tly be5 arriv$ at4 ,x appe>s t ! basis rock ( ! e>?1 z x may be call$1 is ( h>d texture1 & cry/all9e 9 its con/itution4 ,( ?is rock1 granite may be said to be ! type1 ?\gh x runs into _m v>ieties4 ,ov] ?is1 except 9 ! comp>atively few places :]e x projects above ! g5]al level 9 m\nta9s1 o!r rocks are dispos$ 9 %eets or /rata1 ) ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 deposit$ orig9ally f wat]2 b ^! la/ rocks h n[h]e be5 all[$ to re/ 9 _! orig9al arrangem5t4 ,uneasy movem5ts f bel[ h brok5 !m up 9 great incl9$ masses1 :ile 9 _m cases !re has be5 project$ ?r\gh ! r5ts rocky matt] m or less resembl+ ! great inf]ior cry/all9e mass4 ,?is rocky matt] mu/ h be5 9 a /ate ( fusion f heat at ! "t ( its projection1 = x is (t5 f\nd to h run into & fill$ up lat]al *9ks 9 ^! r5ts4 ,!re are ev5 in/ances :]e x has be5 r5t aga91 & a new] melt$ matt] ( ! same "* s5t ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,f9ally1 9 ! cru/ z ?us arrang$ !re are1 9 _m places1 *9ks conta9+ ve9s ( metal4 ,?us1 !re is fir/ a great inf]ior mass1 compos$ ( cry/all9e rock1 & probably re/+ imm$iately on ! fus$ & exp&$ matt] ( ! int]ior3 next1 lay]s or /rata ( aque\s orig92 next1 irregul> masses ( melt$ inf]ior rock t h be5 s5t up volcanically & confus$ly at v>i\s times among/ ! aque\s rocks1 break+ up ^! into masses1 & toss+ !m out ( _! orig9al levels4 ,?is is an outl9e ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 z f> z we c obs]ve x4 ,x is1 at fir/ sight1 a mo/ confus$ sc5e2 b aft] "s c>eful obs]vation1 we readily detect 9 x a regul>ity & ord] f :i* mu* in/ruction 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe is to be d]iv$4 ,! deposition ( ! aque\s rocks1 & ! projection ( ! volcanic1 h unque/ionably tak5 place s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! e>? 9 its pres5t =m4 ,!y are inde$ ( an ord] ( ev5ts :i* we see go+ on1 "u ! ag5cy ( m or less intelligible causes1 ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,we may !re=e consid] !m g5]ally z comp>atively rec5t transactions4 ,ab/ract+ !m f ! inve/igations be=e u1 we arrive at ! idea ( ! e>? 9 its fir/ condition z a globe ( its pres5t size--namely1 z a mass1 ext]nally at lea/1 consi/+ ( ! cry/all9e k9d ( rock1 ) ! wat]s ( ! pres5t seas & ! pres5t atmosph]e ar\nd x1 ?\gh ^! 7 probably 9 consid]ably diff]5t conditions1 bo? z to temp]ature & _! con/itu5t mat]ials1 f :at !y n[ are4 ,we are ?us to presume t t cry/all9e texture ( rock :i* we see exemplifi$ 9 granite is ! condition into :i* ! great bulk ( ! solids ( our e>? 7 agglom]at$ directly f ! nebul\s or vapori=m /ate4 ,x is a condition em95tly ( comb9ation1 = su* rock is inv>iably compos$ ( two or m ( f\r sub/ances--silica1 mica1 qu>tz1 & hornbl5de--:i* associate 9 x 9 ! =m ( gra9s or cry/als1 & :i* are !mselves ea* compos$ ( a gr\p ( ! simple or elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,judg+ f ! results & f /ill rema9+ conditions1 we mu/ suppose t ! heat reta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe 0 m int5se1 or _h great] fre$om to act1 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^! became ! sc5es ( volcanic op]ations1 & 9 "t m>k$ _! situations by ! extrusion ( traps & basalts f bel[--namely1 rocks compos$ ( ! cry/all9e matt] fus$ by int5se heat1 & develop$ on ! surface 9 v>i\s conditions1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances "u :i* x 0 s5t up2 "s1 = example1 be+ ?r[n up "u wat]1 & "s 9 ! op5 air1 :i* conditions are f\nd to h made consid]able diff]5ce 9 its texture & appe>ance4 ,! great /ores ( subt]ranean heat also s]v$ an important purpose 9 ! =mation ( ! aque\s rocks4 ,^! rocks might1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 become subject to heat 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,:ile ! surface ( a p>ticul> mass ( rock =ms ! b$ ( ! sea1 ! heat is kept at a c]ta9 di/ance f t surface by ! contact ( ! wat]2 philosophically speak+1 x radiates away ! heat into ! sea1 & 7to resort to common language7 is cool$ a good way d[n4 ,b :5 new s$im5t settles at ! bottom ( t sea1 ! heat rises up to :at 0 =m]ly ! surface2 & :5 a second quantity ( s$im5t is laid d[n1 x cont9ues to rise ?r\gh ! fir/ ( ! deposits1 :i* !n becomes subject$ to ^? *anges :i* heat is calculat$ to produce4 ,?is process is precisely ! same z t ( putt+ additional coats ^u our own bodies2 :51 ( c\rse1 ! int]nal heat rises ?r\gh ea* coat 9 succession1 & ! ?ird 7suppos+ !re is a f\r? above x7 becomes z w>m z p]haps ! fir/ orig9ally 04 ,9 speak+ ( s$im5t>y rocks1 we may be said to be anticipat+4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/1 to %ew h[ su* rocks 7 =m$1 or h[ /ratification comm5c$4 ,geology tells u z pla9ly z possible1 t ! orig9al cry/all9e mass 0 n a p]fectly smoo? ball1 ) air & wat] play+ r\nd x4 ,!re 7 va/ irregul>ities 9 ! surface1--irregul>ities trifl+1 p]haps1 comp>$ ) ! :ole bulk ( ! globe1 b assur$ly va/ 9 comp>ison ) any :i* n[ exi/ ^u x4 ,^! irregul>ities might be occasion$ by inequalities 9 ! cool+ ( ! sub/ance1 or by accid5tal & local sluggi%ness ( ! mat]ials1 or by local effects ( ! conc5trat$ int]nal heat4 ,f :atev] cause !y arose1 !re !y 7--enorm\s granitic m\nta9s1 int]sp]s$ ) seas :i* sunk to a dep? equally pr(\nd1 & by :i*1 p]haps1 ! m\nta9s 7 :olly or p>tially cov]$4 ,n[1 x is a fact ( :i* ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( geology assure u1 t ! solids ( ! globe _c = a mom5t be expos$ to wat]1 or to ! atmosph]e1 )\t becom+ liable to *ange4 ,!y in/antly beg9 to we> d[n4 ,?is op]ation1 we may be assur$1 proce$$ ) z mu* c]ta9ty 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( our e>?'s hi/ory1 z x does n[1 b ^u a mu* m magnific5t scale4 ,!re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce t ! seas ( ^? days 7 n 9 "s in/ances less ?an a hundr$ miles 9 dep?1 h[ev] mu* m4 ,! sub-aque\s m\nta9s mu/ necess>ily h be5 ( at lea/ equal magnitude4 ,! sy/em ( dis9tegration consequ5t ^u su* conditions w\ld be enorm\s4 ,! matt]s worn (f1 be+ c>ri$ into ! neighb\r+ dep?s1 & !re deposit$1 became ! compon5ts ( ! e>lie/ /ratifi$ rocks1 ! fir/ s]ies ( :i* is ! ,gneiss & ,mica ,slate ,sy/em1 or s]ies1 examples ( :i* are expos$ to view 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& & 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,! va/ ?ickness ( ^! b$s1 9 "s in/ances1 is :at atte/s ! pr(\ndness ( ! primeval oceans 9 :i* !y 7 =m$2 ! ,p5sylvanian grawacke1 a memb] ( ! next highe/ s]ies1 is n less ?an a hundr$ miles 9 direct ?ickness4 ,we h also evid5ce t ! e>lie/ /rata 7 =m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong] degree ( heat ?an :at op]at$ 9 subsequ5t /ages ( ! _w1 = ! lam9 ( ! gneiss & ( ! mica & *lorite s*i/s are contort$ 9 a way :i* c\ld only be ! result ( a v high temp]ature4 ,x appe>s z if ! seas 9 :i* ^! deposits 7 =m$1 _h be5 9 ! tr\bl$ /ate ( a caldron ( wat] ne>ly at boil+ heat4 ,su* a condition w\ld probably add n a little to ! dis9tegrat+ p[] ( ! ocean4 ,! e>lie/ /ratifi$ rocks conta9 no matt]s :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! primitive granite4 ,!y are ! same 9 mat]ial1 b only *ang$ into new =ms & comb9ations2 h5ce !y h be5 call$ by ,mr4 ,lyell1 metamorphic rocks4 ,b h[ comes x t "s ( !m are compos$ almo/ exclusively ( "o ( ! mat]ials ( granite2 ! mica s*i/s1 = example1 ( mica--! qu>tz rocks1 ( qu>tz1 c48 ,= ?is !re are bo? *emical & me*anical causes4 ,suppose t a riv] has a c]ta9 quantity ( mat]ial to c>ry d[n1 x is evid5t t x w soone/ drop ! l>g] p>ticles1 & c>ry ! lighte/ f>!/ on4 ,to su* a cause is x ow+ t "s ( ! mat]ials ( ! worn-d[n granite h settl$ 9 "o place & "s 9 ano!r4 #eb ,aga91 "s ( ^! mat]ials mu/ be presum$ to h be5 9 a /ate ( *emical solution 9 ! primeval seas4 ,x w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 9 con=mity ) *emical laws1 t c]ta9 ( ^! mat]ials w\ld be precipitat$ s+ly1 or 9 modifi$ comb9ations1 to ! bottom1 s z to =m rocks by !mselves4 ,! rocks hi!rto spok5 ( conta9 none ( ^? petrifi$ rema9s ( vegetables & animals :i* ab\nd s mu* 9 subsequ5tly =m$ rocks1 & tell s wondr\s a tale ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( our globe4 ,!y simply conta91 z has be5 said1 m9]al mat]ials d]iv$ f ! primitive mass1 & :i* appe> to h be5 =m$ into /rata 9 seas ( va/ dep?4 ,! abs5ce f ^! rocks ( all traces ( vegetable & animal life1 jo9$ to a consid]ation ( ! excessive temp]ature :i* seems to h prevail$ 9 _! epo*1 has l$ to ! inf]5ce t no plants or animals ( any k9d !n exi/$4 ,a few geologi/s h inde$ endeav\r$ to %ew t ! abs5ce ( organic rema9s is no pro( ( ! globe hav+ be5 !n unfruitful or un9habit$1 z ! heat to :i* ^! rocks h be5 subject$ at ! "t ( _! solidification1 might h oblit]at$ any rema9s ( ei!r plants or animals :i* 7 includ$ 9 !m4 ,b ?is is only an hypo!sis ( negation2 & x c]ta9ly seems v unlikely t a degree ( heat suffici5t to oblit]ate ! rema9s ( plants or animals :5 dead1 w\ld ev] all[ ( _! com+ into or cont9u+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,organic ,,life-- ,,sea ,,plants1 ,,corals1 ,,etc4 ,,we c sc>cely be said to h pass$ out ( ^! rocks1 :5 we beg9 to f9d new conditions 9 ! e>?4 ,x is "h to be obs]v$ t ! subsequ5t rocks are =m$1 9 a great measure1 ( matt]s d]iv$ f ! sub/ance ( ^? :i* w5t be=e1 b conta9 also b$s ( lime/one1 :i* is to no small ext5t compos$ ( an +r$i5t :i* has n hi!rto appe>$4 ,lime/one is a c>bonate ( lime1 a second>y comp\nd1 ( :i* "o ( ! +r$i5ts1 c>bonic acid gas1 pres5ts ! elem5t c>bon1 a p]fect novelty 9 our progress4 ,:5ce ?is sub/ance8 ,! "q is ! m int]e/+1 f our kn[+ t c>bon is ! ma9 +r$i5t 9 organic ?+s4 ,!re is reason to believe t its primeval condition 0 t ( a gas1 conf9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! atmosph]e /ill conta9s ab\t a two-?\s&? "p ( c>bonic acid gas1 =m+ ! gr& /ore f :i* ! sub/ance ( ea* ye>'s crop ( h]bage & gra9 is d]iv$1 pass+ f h]bage & gra9 into animal sub/ance1 & f animals aga9 r5d]$ back to ! atmosph]e 9 _! expir$ brea?1 s t its am\nt is nev] impair$4 ,kn[+ ?is1 :5 we he> ( c>bon beg9n+ to appe> 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( rocks1 we are unavoidably l$ to consid] x z m>k+ a "t ( "s importance 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 a new era ( natural conditions1 "o 9 :i* organic life has probably play$ a "p4 ,x is n easy to suppose t1 at ?is p]iod1 c>bon 0 adopt$ directly 9 its gase\s =m into rocks2 =1 if s1 :y %\ld x n h be5 tak5 into e>li] ones also8 ,b we "k t plants take x 91 & trans=m x into sub/ance2 & we also "k t !re are classes ( animals 7m>9e polypes7 :i* are capable ( appropriat+ x1 9 connexion ) lime1 7c>bonate ( lime17 f ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 provid$ x be !re 9 solution2 & ?is sub/ance d ^! animals deposit 9 masses 7coral reefs7 equal 9 ext5t to _m /rata4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$1 on /rong gr\nds ( probability1 t a class ( lime/one b$s are simply ^! reefs subject$ to subsequ5t heat & pressure4 ,! appe>ance1 !n1 ( lime/one b$s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! /ratifi$ s]ies1 may be presum$ to be connect$ ) ! fact ( ! comm5cem5t ( organic life ^u our planet1 &1 inde$1 a consequ5t & a symptom ( x4 ,x may n be out ( place "h to rem>k1 t c>bon is presum$ to exi/ l>gely 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 f ! fact ( su* consid]able quantities ( x issu+ at ?is day1 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas1 f fissures & spr+s4 ,! primeval & subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is elem5t is wor?y ( mu* att5tion1 & we %all h to rev]t to x z a matt] greatly conc]n+ our subject4 ,delabe*e e/imates ! quantity ( c>bonic acid gas lock$ up 9 e cubic y>d ( lime/one1 at #af1jjj cubic feet4 ,! quantity lock$ up 9 coal1 9 :i* x =ms f #fd to #ge p] c5t41 mu/ also be enorm\s4 ,if all ?is 7 dis5gag$ 9 a gase\s =m1 ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e w\ld und]go a *ange1 ( :i* ! fir/ effect w\ld be ! ext9ction ( life 9 all l& animals4 ,b a l>ge proportion ( x mu/ h at "o "t be5 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld !n1 ( c\rse1 be incapable ( support+ life 9 l& animals4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t su* an atmosph]e w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) a luxuriant l& vegetation2 = exp]im5t has prov$ t plants w fl\ri% 9 air conta9+ "o-twelf? ( ?is gas1 or #aff times m ?an ! pres5t *>ge ( our atmosph]e4 ,! results :i* we obs]ve are p]fectly consi/5t )1 & may be said to presuppose an atmosph]e highly *>g$ ) ?is gas1 f ab\t ! close ( ! prim>y non-fossilif]\s rocks to ! t]m9ation ( ! c>bonif]\s s]ies1 = !re we see va/ deposits 7coal7 conta9+ c>bon z a l>ge +r$i5t1 :ile at ! same "t ! leaves ( ! ,/one ,book pres5t no record ( ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( l& animals4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! connexion ( ! fir/ lime/one b$s ) ! comm5cem5t ( organic life ^u our planet is support$ by ! fact1 t 9 ^! b$s we f9d ! fir/ rema9s ( ! bodies ( animat$ creatures4 ,my hypo!sis may inde$ be uns\nd2 b1 :e!r or n1 x is cle>1 tak+ organic rema9s z ^u ! :ole a fai?ful *ronicle1 t ! deposition ( ^! lime/one b$s 0 coeval ) ! exi/5ce ( ! e>lie/1 or all b ! e>lie/1 liv+ creatures ^u e>?4 ,& :at 7 ^? creatures8 ,x might well be ) a k9d ( awe t ! un9/ruct$ inquir] w\ld wait = an answ] to ?is "q4 ,b nature is simpl] ?an man's wit w\ld make h]1 & behold1 ! int]rogation only br+s be=e u ! unpret5d+ =ms ( v>i\s zoophytes & polypes1 toge!r ) a few s+le & d\ble-valv$ %ell-fi% 7mollusks71 all ( !m creatures ( ! sea4 ,x is r surpris+ to f9d ^! be=e any vegetable =ms1 consid]+ t vegetables appe> to u z =m+ ! necess>y fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( nutrition2 b x is probable t !re 7 sea plants1 & also "s simpl] =ms ( animal life1 be=e ?is p]iod1 al?\gh ( too slight a sub/ance to leave any fossil trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! exact po9t 9 ! asc5d+ /ratifi$ s]ies at :i* ! fir/ traces ( organic life are to be f\nd is n cle>ly det]m9$4 ,dr4 ,m',cullo* /ates t he f\nd fossil or?oc]ata 7a k9d ( %ell-fi%7 s e>ly z ! gneiss tract ( ,lo* ,eribol1 9 ,su!rl&2 b ,messrs4 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 on a subsequ5t se>*1 c\ld n v]ify ! discov]y4 ,x has also be5 /at$1 t ! gneiss & mica tract ( ,bohemia conta9s "s seams ( grawacke1 9 :i* are organic rema9s2 b ,briti% geologi/s h n z yet atta*$ mu* importance to ?is /atem5t4 ,we h to look a little high] 9 ! s]ies = indubitable traces ( organic life4 ,above ! gneiss & mica slate sy/em1 or gr\p ( /rata1 is ! ,clay ,slate & ,grawacke ,slate ,sy/em2 t is to say1 x is high] 9 ! ord] ( supraposition1 ?\gh v (t5 x re/s imm$iately on ! primitive granite4 ,! sub-gr\ps ( ?is sy/em are 9 ! foll[+ succession upw>ds3--#a1 hornbl5de slate2 #b1 *ia/olite slate2 #c1 clay slate2 #d1 ,sn[don rocks1 7grawacke & conglom]ates27 #e1 ,bala lime/one2 #f1 ,plynlymmon rocks1 7grawacke & grawacke slates1 ) b$s ( conglom]ates47 ,?is sy/em is l>gely develop$ 9 ! we/ & nor? ( ,engl&1 & x has be5 well exam9$1 p>tly because "s ( ! slate b$s are ext5sively qu>ri$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,if we ov]look ! dubi\s /atem5ts respect+ ,su!rl& & ,bohemia1 we h 9 ?is 8sy/em0 ! fir/ appe>ances ( life ^u our planet4 ,! animal rema9s are *iefly conf9$ to ! slate b$s1 ^? nam$ f ,bala1 9 ,wales1 be+ ! mo/ prolific4 ,zoophyta1 polyp>ia1 cr9oidea1 con*if]a1 & cru/acea1 #fj are ! ord]s ( ! animal k+dom ?us f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ( e>?'s sepul*res4 ,! ord]s are di/+ui%$ )\t difficulty1 f ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! creatures ^: rema9s are f\nd2 b x is only 9 ?is g5]al "* t !y be> a g5]al resemblance to any creatures n[ exi/+4 ,:5 we come to consid] specific *>act]s1 we see t a diff]5ce exi/s--t1 9 %ort1 ! species & ev5 g5]a are no long] repres5t$ ^u e>?4 ,m ?an ?is1 x w be f\nd t ! e>lie/ species comp>atively soon gave place to o!rs1 & t !y are n repres5t$ ev5 9 ! next high] gr\p ( rocks4 ,"o important rem>k has be5 made1 t a comp>atively small v>iety ( species is f\nd 9 ! old] rocks1 al?\gh ( "s p>ticul> ones ! rema9s are v abundant2 z1 = in/ance1 ( a species ( asaphus1 :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! lam9 ( "s ( ! slate rocks ( ,wales1 & ! correspond+ rocks ( ,norm&y & ,g]many 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,asc5d+ to ! next gr\p ( rocks1 we f9d ! traces ( life become m abundant1 ! numb] ( species ext5d$1 & important additions made 9 c]ta9 ve/iges ( fuci1 or sea-plants1 & ( fi%es4 ,?is gr\p ( rocks has be5 call$ by ,engli% geologi/s1 ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 because l>gely develop$ at ! surface ( a di/rict ( we/]n ,engl&1 =m]ly occupi$ by a p :om ! ,roman hi/orians call ,silures4 ,x is a s]ies ( s&/ones1 lime/ones1 & b$s ( %ale 7h>d5$ mud71 :i* are class$ 9 ! foll[+ sub-gr\ps1 beg9n+ ) ! und]mo/3--#a1 ,ll&illo rocks1 7d>ki% calc>e\s flag/ones27 #b & #c1 two gr\ps call$ ,c>adoc rocks2 #d1 ,w5lock %ale2 #e1 ,w5lock lime/one2 #f1 ,l[] ,ludl[ rocks1 7%ales & lime/ones27 #g1 ,ayme/ry lime/one2 #h1 ,upp] ,ludl[ rocks1 7%ales & lime/one1 *iefly micace\s47 ,f ! l[e/ b$s upw>ds1 !re are polypi>ia1 ?\gh mo/ preval5t 9 ! ,w5lock lime/one2 con*if]a1 a va/ numb] ( g5]a1 b all ( ! ord] bra*iopoda1 7includ+ t]ebratula1 p5tam]us1 spirif]1 or?is1 leptna27 mollusca1 ( sev]al ord]s & _m g5]a1 7includ+ turritella1 or?oc]as1 nautilus1 bell]ophon27 cru/acea1 all ( !m trilobites1 7includ+ tr9ucleus1 asaphus1 calam5e47 ,a little above ! ,ll&illo rocks1 !re h be5 discov]$ c]ta9 convolut$ =ms1 :i* are n[ e/abli%$ z annelids1 or sea-worms1 a tribe ( creatures /ill exi/+1 7n]eid9a & s]pul9a17 & :i* may (t5 be f\nd b5ea? /ones on a sea-bea*4 ,"o ( ^!1 figur$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 is furni%$ ) feet 9 va/ numb]s all along its body1 l a c5tip$e4 ,! occurr5ce ( annelids is important1 on acc\nt ( _! "* & /atus 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,!y are r$-blood$ & h]maphrodite1 & =m a l9k ( connexion betwe5 ! annulosa 7:ite-blood$ worms7 & a humble class ( ! v]tebrata4 #fb ,! ,w5lock lime/one is mo/ rem>kable among/ all ! rocks ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 = organic rema9s4 ,_m slabs ( x are :olly compos$ ( corals1 %ells1 & trilobites1 held toge!r by %ale4 ,x conta9s _m g5]a ( cr9oidea & polypi>ia1 & x is ?\ght t "s b$s ( x are :olly ! production ( ! latt] creatures1 or are1 9 o!r words1 coral reefs trans=m$ by heat & pressure into rocks4 ,rema9s ( fi%es1 ( a v m9ute size1 h be5 detect$ by ,mr4 ,philips 9 ! ,ayme/ry lime/one1 be+ app>5tly ! fir/ examples ( v]tebrat$ animals :i* brea!d ^u our planet4 ,9 ! upp] ,ludl[ rocks1 rema9s ( six g5]a ( fi% h be5 = a long] p]iod kn[n2 !y belong to ! ord] ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 an ord] ( mean organization & f]oci\s habits1 ( :i* ! %>k & /urgeon are liv+ specim5s4 8,"s 7 furni%$ ) long palates1 & squat1 firmly-bas$ tee?1 well adapt$ = cru%+ ! /rong-cas$ zoophytes & %ells ( ! p]iod1 fragm5ts ( :i* occur 9 ! fcal rema9s2 "s ) tee? t1 l ! fossil %>ks ( ! lat] =mations1 resemble l9es ( m9iature pyramids1 l>g] & small] alt]nat+2 "s ) tee? %>p1 ?91 & s deeply s]rat$1 t e individual too? resembles a r[ ( poni>ds set up aga9/ ! walls ( an armory2 & ^! la/1 says ,agassiz1 furni%$ ) weapons s murd]\s1 mu/ h be5 ! pirates ( ! p]iod4 ,"s _h _! f9s gu>d$ ) long sp9es1 hook$ l ! beak ( an eagle2 "s ) sp9es ( /raight] & m sl5d] =m1 & ribb$ & furr[$ longitud9ally l columns2 "s 7 %ield$ by an arm\r ( bony po9ts1 & "s ?ickly cov]$ ) gli/5+ scales40 #fd ,! traces ( fuci 9 ?is sy/em are all b suffici5t to all[ ( a di/9ction ( g5]a4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ext5sive ?\gh ?9 b$s ( !m h be5 f\nd4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* geologi/1 ,m4 ,brogni>t1 has %ewn t all exi/+ m>9e plants are classifiable ) reg>d to ! zones ( climate2 "s be+ fitt$ = ! torrid zone1 "s = ! temp]ate1 "s = ! frigid4 ,& he e/abli%es t ! fuci ( ^! e>ly rocks speak ( a torrid climate1 al?\gh !y may be f\nd 9 :at are n[ temp]ate regions2 he also /ates t ^? ( ! high] rocks betok51 z we asc5d1 a gradually dim9i%+ temp]ature4 ,we ?us e>ly beg9 to f9d pro(s ( ! g5]al uni=mity ( organic life ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 at ! "t :5 ea* p>ticul> sy/em ( rocks 0 =m$4 ,species id5tical ) ! rema9s 9 ! ,w5lock lime/one occur 9 ! correspond+ class ( rocks 9 ! ,eifel1 & p>tially 9 ! ,h>z1 ,norway1 ,russia1 & ,brittany4 ,! situations ( ! rema9s 9 ,russia are fifte5 hundr$ miles f ! ,w5lock b$s2 b at ! di/ance ( betwe5 six & sev5 ?\s& f ^?1--namely1 9 ! vale ( ,mississippi1 ! same species are discov]$4 ,uni=mity 9 animal life ov] l>ge geographical areas argues uni=mity 9 ! conditions ( animal life2 & h5ce arise "s curi\s inf]5ces4 ,species1 9 ! same l[ class ( animals1 are n[ mu* m limit$2 = in/ance1 ! ,r$ ,sea gives diff]5t polypi>ia1 zoophytes1 & %ell-fi%1 f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,brogni>t1 t ! uni=mity :i* exi/$ 9 ! primeval times c only be attribut$ to ! temp]ature aris+ f ! int]nal heat1 :i* _h yet1 z he supposes1 be5 suffici5tly great to ov]p[] ! ord9>y meteorological influ5ces1 & spread a tropical clime all ov] ! globe4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one-- ,,fi%es ,,abundant4 ,,we advance to a new *apt] 9 ?is m>vell\s hi/ory--! era ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,sy/em4 ,?is t]m has be5 rec5tly appli$ to a s]ies ( /rata1 ( enorm\s ?ickness 9 ! :ole mass1 l>gely develop$ 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 & ,s\? ,wales2 also 9 ! c\nties ( ,fife1 ,=f>1 ,moray1 ,crom>ty1 & ,cai?ness2 & 9 ,russia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 if n 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! p>ticul> /rata =m+ ! sy/em are some:at diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 b !re is a g5]al "* to ! ext5t ( ^! be+ a mixture ( flag/ones1 m>ly rocks1 & s&/ones1 usually ( a lam9\s /ructure1 ) conglom]ates4 ,!re is also a s*i/ %ew+ ! pres5ce ( bitum52 a rem>kable new +r$i5t1 s9ce x is a vegetable production4 ,9 ! conglom]ates1 ( great ext5t & ?ickness1 :i* =m1 9 at lea/ "o di/rict1 ! basis or lead+ feature ( ! sy/em1 inclos+ wat]-worn fragm5ts ( qu>tz & o!r rocks1 we h evid5ce ( ! seas ( t p]iod hav+ be5 subject$ to a viol5t & long-cont9u$ agitation1 probably f volcanic causes4 ,! upp] memb]s ( ! s]ies be> ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 comp>atively tranquil seas4 ,! ,engli% specim5s ( ?is sy/em %ew a rem>kable fre$om f ^? di/urbances :i* result 9 ! int]jection ( trap2 & !y are ?us defective 9 m9]al ores4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& ! old r$ s&/one sy/em has be5 /at$ z #aj1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is era1 ! =ms ( life :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,silurian are cont9u$3 we h ! same ord]s ( m>9e creatures1 zoophyta1 polypi>ia1 con*if]a1 cru/acea2 b to ^! are add$ num]\s fi%es1 "s ( :i* are ( mo/ extraord9>y & surpris+ =ms4 ,sev]al ( ! /rata are cr[d$ ) rema9s ( fi%1 %ew+ t ! seas 9 :i* ^? b$s 7 deposit$ _h sw>m$ ) t class ( inhabitants4 ,! inve/igation ( ?is sy/em is rec5t2 b already #fh ,m4 ,agassiz has asc]ta9$ ab\t tw5ty g5]a1 & ?rice ! numb] ( species4 ,& x is rem>kable t ! ,silurian fi%es are "h only repres5t$ 9 g5]a2 ! :ole ( ! species ( t era _h already pass$ away4 ,ev5 ?r\gh\t ! sub-gr\ps ( ! sy/em itself1 ! species are *ang$2 & ^! are ph5om5a obs]v$ ?r\gh\t all ! subsequ5t sy/ems or geological eras2 app>5tly argu+ t1 dur+ ! deposition ( all ! rocks1 a gradual *ange ( physical conditions 0 con/antly go+ on4 ,a v>y+ temp]ature1 or ev5 a v>y+ dep? ( sea1 w\ld at pres5t be att5d$ ) simil> *anges 9 m>9e life2 & by analogy we are entitl$ to assume t su* v>iations 9 ! anci5t seas might be among/ ! causes ( t con/ant *ange ( g5]a & species 9 ! inhabitants ( ^? seas to :i* ! organic cont5ts ( ! rocks be> witness4 ,"s ( ! fossils ( ?is sy/em1--! cephalaspis1 cocco/eus1 pt]i*?ys1 holopty*ius--are1 9 =m & /ructure1 entirely diff]5t f any fi%es n[ exi/+1 only ! /urgeon family hav+ any trace ( aff9ity to !m 9 any respect4 ,!y seem to =m a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! cru/acea & true fi%es4 ,! cephalaspis may be consid]$ z mak+ ! smalle/ advance f ! cru/acean "*2 x v mu* resembles 9 =m ! asaphus ( l[] =mations1 hav+ a longi% tail-l body ins]t$ )9 ! cusp ( a l>ge cresc5t-%ap$ head1 some:at l a saddl]'s cutt+-knife4 ,! body is cov]$ ) /rong plates ( bone1 enamell$1 & ! head 0 protect$ on ! upp] side ) "o l>ge plate1 z ) a buckl]--h5ce ! "n1 imply+ buckl]-head4 ,a range ( small f9s conveys ! idea ( its hav+ be5 z weak 9 motion z x is /rong 9 /ructure4 ,! cocco/eus may be said to m>k ! next advance to fi% creation4 ,! outl9e ( its body is ( ! =m ( a %ort ?ick c(f91 r\nd$1 cov]$ ) /rong bony plates1 & t]m9at+ 9 a long tail1 :i* seems to h be5 ! sole organ ( motion4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t1 :ile ! tail e/abli%es ?is creature among ! v]tebrata & ! fi%es1 its m\? has be5 op5$ v]tically1 l ^? ( ! cru/aceans1 b :i* is contr>y to ! mode ( v]tebrata g5]ally4 ,?is seems a pretty /rong m>k ( ! l9k "* ( ! cocco/eus betwe5 ^! two great dep>tm5ts ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! pt]i*?ys has also /rong bony plates ov] its body1 arrang$ mu* l ^? ( a tortoise1 & has a long tail2 b its mo/ rem>kable feature1 & t :i* has sugge/$ its "n1 is a pair ( long & n>r[ w+-l app5dages atta*$ to ! %\ld]s1 :i* ! creature is suppos$ to h erect$ = its def5ce :5 attack$ by an enemy4 ,! holopty*ius is ( a flat oval =m1 furni%$ ) f9s1 & end+ 9 a long tail2 ! :ole body cov]$ ) /rong plates :i* ov]lap ea* o!r1 & ! head =m+ only a slight r\nd$ projection f ! g5]al figure4 ,! specim5s 9 ! l[] b$s are n above ! size ( a fl\nd]2 b 9 ! high] /rata1 to judge by ! size ( ! scales or plates :i* h be5 f\nd1 ! creature atta9$ a comp>atively mon/r\s size4 ,! o!r fi%es ( ! sy/em1--! o/eolepis1 glyptolepis1 dipt]us1 c41 are1 9 g5]al outl9e1 mu* l fi%es /ill exi/+1 b _! organization has1 nev]!less1 "s /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,!y h be5 entirely cov]$ ) bony scales or plates1 enamell$ ext]nally2 _! sp9es are tipp$ ) bone1 &1 z "o /rik+ & unv>y+ feature1 ! tail is only f9n$ on ! l[] side4 ,! int]nal skeleton1 ( :i* no traces h be5 pres]v$1 is presum$ to h be5 c>tilag9\s4 ,!y !re=e unite ! "* ( c>tilag9\s fi%es ) a "* peculi> to !mselves1 & 9 :i* we see pretty cle> ve/iges ( ! pre-exi/5t cru/ace\s =m4 ,) reg>d to ! l9k "* ( ^! animals1 "s curi\s facts are m5tion$4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! imp]fect condition ( ! v]tebral column1 & ! inf]ior situation ( ! m\? 9 ! pt]i*?ys1 cocco/eus1 c41 !re is an analogy to ! =m ( ! dorsal cord & position ( ! m\? 9 ! embryo ( p]fect fi%es4 ,! "o-sid$ =m ( ! tail 9 ! o/eolepis c4 f9ds a simil> analogy 9 ! =m ( ! tail 9 ! embryo ( ! salmon4 ,x is n premature to rem>k h[ broadly ^! facts seem to h9t at a p>ity ( law affect+ ! progress ( g5]al creation1 & ! progress ( an individual ftus ( "o ( ! m p]fect animals4 ,x is equally asc]ta9$ ( ! types ( be+ preval5t 9 ! old r$1 z ( ^? ( ! prec$+ sy/em1 t !y are uni=m 9 ! correspond+ /rata ( di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?2 = in/ance1 ,russia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! old r$ s&/one1 ! m>9e plants1 ( :i* fa9t traces are obs]vable 9 ! ,silurians1 cont9ue to appe>4 ,x w\ld seem z if less *ange took place 9 ! vegetation ?an 9 ! animals ( ^? e>ly seas2 & = ?is1 z ,mr4 ,mill] has rem>k$1 x is easy to imag9e reasons4 ,= example1 an infusion ( lime into ! sea w\ld de/roy animal life1 b be fav\rable to vegetation4 ,z yet !re 7 no l& animals or plants1 & = ?is ! presumable reason is1 t no dry l& z yet exi/$4 ,we are n left to make ?is inf]5ce solely f ! abs5ce ( l& animals & plants2 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! prim>y 7/ratifi$7 rocks1 we h fur!r evid5ce ( x4 ,t ^! rocks 7 =m$ 9 a g5]ally horizontal position1 we are z well assur$ z t !y 7 =m$ at ! bottom ( seas4 ,b !y are always f\nd greatly incl9$ 9 position1 tilt$ up aga9/ ! slopes ( ! granitic masses :i* are b5ea? !m 9 geological ord]1 ?\gh (t5 %oot+ up to a high] po9t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ t ^! granitic masses1 =m+ our pr9cipal m\nta9 ranges1 h be5 protrud$ f bel[1 or1 at lea/1 ?ru/ mu* fur!r up1 s9ce ! deposition ( ! prim>y rocks4 ,! protrusion 0 :at tilt$ up ! prim>y rocks2 & ! inf]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 unavoidable1 t ^! m\nta9s h ris5 *iefly1 at lea/1 s9ce ! prim>y rocks 7 laid d[n4 ,x is rem>kable t1 :ile ! prim>y rocks ?us incl9e t[>ds granitic nuclei or axes1 ! /rata high] 9 ! s]ies re/ aga9/ ^! aga91 g5]ally at a less incl9ation1 or none at all1 %ew+ t ^! /rata 7 laid d[n aft] ! swell+ m\nta9 em95ces _h1 by _! protrusion1 tilt$ up ! prim>y /rata4 ,& ?us x may be said an era ( local up?r[+ ( ! primitive & 7p]haps7 c5tral matt] ( our planet1 is e/abli%$ z happ5+ ab\t ! close ( ! prim>y /rata1 & beg9n+ ( ! next ensu+ sy/em4 ,x may be call$ ! ,era ( ! ,olde/ ,m\nta9s1 or1 m boldly1 ( ! =mation ( ! deta*$ portions ( dry l& ov] ! hi!rto wat]y surface ( ! globe--an important "p ( ! designs ( ,provid5ce1 = :i* ! "t 0 n[ app>5tly come4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t volcanic di/urbances & protrusions ( trap took place ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! prim>y rocks2 b !y 7 ^u a comp>atively limit$ scale1 & probably all took place "u wat]4 ,x 0 only n[ t ! c5tral granitic masses ( ! great m\nta9 ranges 7 ?r[n up1 c>ry+ up ) !m brok5 edges ( ! prim>y /rata2 a process :i* seems to h _h ?is diff]5ce f ! o!r1 t x 0 ! effect ( a m trem5d\s =ce ex]t$ at a l[] dep? 9 ! e>?1 & g5]ally act+ 9 l9es p]vad+ a consid]able portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,we %all by-&-by see t ! protrusion ( "s ( ! m\nta9 ranges 0 n complet$1 or did n /op1 at t p]iod4 ,!re is no "p ( geological sci5ce m cle> ?an t :i* ref]s to ! ages ( m\nta9s4 ,x is z c]ta9 t ! ,grampian m\nta9s ( ,scotl& are old] ?an ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 z x is t civilization _h visit$ ,italy1 & _h enabl$ h] to subdue ! _w1 :ile ,scotl& 0 ! resid5ce ( 8rov+ b>b>ians40 ,! ,pyr5ees1 ,c>pa?ians1 & o!r ranges ( cont95tal ,europe1 are all y\ng] ?an ! ,grampians1 or ev5 ! insignificant ,m5dip ,hills ( s\!rn ,engl&4 ,/ratification tells ?is tale z pla9ly z ,livy tells ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman republic4 ,x tells u--to use ! words ( ,pr(essor ,philips--t at ! "t :5 ! ,grampians s5t /reams & detritus to /raits :]e n[ ! valleys ( ! ,=? & ,clyde meet1 ! great] "p ( ,europe 0 a wide ocean4 ,! la/ ?ree sy/ems--call$1 9 ,engl&1 ! ,cumbrian1 ,silurian1 & ,devonian1 & collectively ! palozoic rocks1 f _! conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! globe--are ( va/ ?ickness2 9 ,engl&1 n mu* less ?an #cj1jjj feet1 or ne>ly six miles4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 z we h se51 ! e>lie/ ( ^! sy/ems alone is ( mu* great] dep?--argu+ an enorm\s pr(undity 9 ! ocean 9 :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,,second>y ,,rocks4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,=mation4 ,,l& ,,=m$4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,l& ,,plants4 ,,we n[ ent] ^u a new great epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe4 ,!re 0 n[ dry l&4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is fact1 !re 0 fre% wat]1 = ra91 in/ead ( imm$iately return+ to ! sea1 z =m]ly1 0 n[ ga!r$ 9 *annels ( ! e>?1 & became spr+s1 riv]s1 & lakes4 ,!re 0 n[ a !atre = ! exi/5ce ( l& plants & animals1 & x rema9s to be inquir$ if ^! accord+ly 7 produc$4 ,! ,second>y ,rocks1 9 :i* our fur!r rese>*es are to be prosecut$1 consi/ ( a great & v>i$ s]ies1 re/+1 g5]ally uncon=mably1 aga9/ flanks ( ! upturn$ prim>y rocks1 sometimes !mselves consid]ably incl9$1 at o!rs1 =m+ ext5sive bas9-l b$s1 ne>ly horizontal2 9 _m places1 mu* brok5 up & %ift$ by di/urbances f bel[4 ,!y h all be5 =m$ out ( ! mat]ials ( ! old] rocks1 by virtue ( ! we>+ p[] ( air & wat]1 :i* is /ill e day c>ry+ d[n va/ quantities ( ! elevat$ matt] ( ! globe into ! sea4 ,b ! sep>ate /rata are ea* mu* m di/9ct 9 ! matt] ( its composition ?an might be expect$4 ,"s are silice\s or ar5ace\s 7s&/ones71 compos$ ma9ly ( f9e gra9s f ! qu>tz rocks--! mo/ abundant ( ! prim>y /rata4 ,o!rs are argillace\s--clays1 %ales1 c41 *iefly d]iv$1 probably1 f ! slate b$s ( ! prim>y s]ies4 ,o!rs are calc>e\s1 d]iv$ f ! e>ly lime/one4 ,z a g5]al feature1 !y are s(t] & less cry/all9e ?an ! prim>y rocks1 z if !y _h endur$ less ( bo? heat & pressure ?an ! s5ior =mation4 ,!re are b$s 7coal7 =m$ solely ( vegetable matt]1 & "s o!rs 9 :i* ! ma9 +r$i5t is p>ticles ( iron1 7! iron black b&47 ,! second>y rocks are q z communicative ) reg>d to _! portion ( ! e>?'s hi/ory z ! primitive 74 ,! fir/1 or l[e/1 gr\p ( ! second>y rocks is call$ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation1 f ! rem>kable feature ( its num]\s int]sp]s$ b$s ( coal4 ,x comm5ces ) ! b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 :i*1 9 "s situations1 z 9 ,d]by%ire & ,irel&1 are ( great ?ickness1 be+ alt]nat$ ) *]t 7a silice\s s&/one71 s&/ones1 %ales1 & b$s ( coal1 g5]ally ( ! h>d] & less bitum9\s k9d 7an?racite71 ! :ole be+ cov]$ 9 "s places by ! mill/one grit1 a silice\s conglom]ate compos$ ( ! detritus ( ! prim>y rocks4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one1 atta9+ 9 ,engl& to a dep? ( eight hundr$ y>ds1 greatly exce$s 9 volume any ( ! prim>y lime/one b$s1 & %ews an enorm\s addition ( p[] to ! causes =m]ly sugge/$ z hav+ produc$ ?is sub/ance4 ,9 fact1 rema9s ( corals1 cr9oidea1 & %ells1 are s abundant 9 x1 z to compose ?ree-f\r?s ( ! mass 9 "s p>ts4 ,above ! m\nta9 lime/one comm5ce ! m conspicu\s coal b$s1 alt]nat+ ) s&/ones1 %ales1 b$s ( lime/one1 & iron/one4 ,coal is altoge!r compos$ ( ! matt] ( a t]re/rial vegetation1 transmut$ by pressure4 ,"s fre%-wat] %ells h be5 f\nd 9 x1 b few ( m>9e orig91 & no rema9s ( ^? zoophytes & cr9oidea s abundant 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one & o!r rocks4 ,coal b$s exi/ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 & h hi!rto be5 e/eem$ z ! mo/ valuable ( m9]al productions1 f ! important s]vices :i* ! sub/ance r5d]s 9 manufactures & 9 dome/ic economy4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 t !re are "s local v>iations 9 ! arrangem5t ( coal b$s4 ,9 ,france1 !y re/ imm$iately on ! granite & o!r prim>y rocks1 ! int]m$iate /rata n hav+ be5 f\nd at ^? places4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! k9d call$ an?racite occurs among ! slate b$s1 & ?is species also ab\nds m 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ?an ) u4 ,^! la/ circum/ances only %ew t diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface did n all witness ! same ev5ts ( a c]ta9 fix$ s]ies exactly at ! same "t4 ,!re _h be5 an exhibition ( dry l& ab\t ! site ( ,am]ica1 a little e>li] ?an 9 ,europe4 ,"s features ( ! condition ( ! e>? dur+ ! deposition ( ! c>bonif]\s gr\p1 are made out ) a cle>ness :i* mu/ satisfy mo/ m9ds4 ,fir/ we are told ( a "t :5 c>bonate ( lime 0 =m$ 9 va/ abundance at ! bottoms ( pr(\nd seas1 accompani$ by an unusually l>ge population ( corals & encr9ites2 :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>? !re 7 pat*es ( dry l&1 cov]$ ) a luxuriant vegetation4 ,next we h a comp>atively brief p]iod ( volcanic di/urbance1 7:5 ! conglom]ate 0 =m$47 ,!n ! causes fav\rable to ! s abundant production ( lime/one1 & ! l>ge population ( m>9e acrita1 decl9e1 & we f9d ! masses ( dry l& increase 9 numb] & ext5t1 & beg9 to be> an am\nt ( =e/ vegetation1 f> exce$+ t ( ! mo/ %elt]$ tropical spots ( ! pres5t surface4 ,! climate1 ev5 9 ! latitude ( ,baff9's ,bay1 0 torrid1 & p]haps ! atmosph]e conta9$ a l>g] *>ge ( c>bonic acid gas 7! mat]ial ( vegetation7 ?an x n[ does4 ,! =e/s or ?ickets ( ! p]iod1 includ$ no species ( plants n[ kn[n ^u e>?4 ,!y ma9ly consi/$ ( gigantic %rubs1 :i* are ei!r n repres5t$ by any exi/+ types1 or are ak9 to k9ds :i* are n[ only f\nd 9 small & l[ly =ms4 ,t ^! =e/s grew ^u a ,polynesia1 or multitude ( small isl&s1 is consid]$ probable1 f simil> vegetation be+ n[ f\nd 9 su* situations )9 ! tropics4 ,) reg>d to ! circum/ances "u :i* ! masses ( vegetable matt] 7 trans=m$ into successive coal /rata1 geologi/s are divid$4 ,f examples se5 at ! pres5t day1 at ! m\?s ( su* riv]s z ! ,mississippi1 :i* trav]se ext5sive sylvan regions1 & f o!r circum/ances to be adv]t$ to1 x is held likely by "s t ! vegetable matt]1 ! rubbi% ( decay$ =e/s1 0 c>ri$ by riv]s into e/u>ies1 & !re accumulat$ 9 va/ natural rafts1 until x sunk to ! bottom1 :]e an ov]lay] ( s& or mud w\ld prep>e x = becom+ a /ratum ( coal4 ,o!rs conceive t ! vegetation fir/ w5t into ! condition ( a peat moss1 t a s9k 9 ! level !n expos$ x to be ov]run by ! sea1 & cov]$ ) a lay] ( s& or mud2 t a subsequ5t uprise made ! mud dry l&1 & fitt$ x to be> a new =e/1 :i* aft]w>ds1 l its pr$ecessor1 became a b$ ( peat2 t1 9 %ort1 by repetitions ( ?is process1 ! alt]nate lay]s ( coal1 s&/one1 & %ale1 con/itut+ ! c>bonif]\s gr\p1 7 =m$4 ,x is fav\rable to ?is la/ view t m>9e fossils are sc>cely f\nd 9 ! body ( ! coal itself1 ?\gh abundant 9 ! %ale lay]s above & bel[ x2 also t 9 sev]al places erect /ems ( trees are f\nd ) _! roots /ill fix$ 9 ! %ale b$s1 & cross+ ! s&/one b$s at almo/ "r angles1 %ew+ t ^!1 at lea/1 _h n be5 drift$ f _! orig9al situations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n easy to admit su* repeat$ ris+s & s9k+s ( surface z w\ld be requir$1 on ?is hypo!sis1 to =m a s]ies ( coal /rata4 ,p]haps we may mo/ safely re/ at pres5t ) ! supposition t coal has be5 =m$ "u bo? classes ( circum/ances1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] only z an exception to ! =m]4 ,upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ species ( plants h be5 asc]ta9$ to exi/ 9 ! coal =mation2 b x is n necess>y to suppose t ! :ole conta9$ 9 t sy/em are n[1 or ev] w be di/+ui%$4 ,exp]im5ts %ew t "s great classes ( plants become decompos$ 9 wat] 9 a mu* less space ( "t ?an o!rs1 & x is rem>kable t ^? :i* decompose soone/1 are ( ! classes f\nd mo/ r>e1 or n at all1 9 ! coal /rata4 ,x is consequ5tly to be inf]r$ t !re may h be5 grasses & mosses at ?is era1 & _m species ( trees1 ! rema9s ( :i* _h lo/ all trace ( organic =m be=e _! sub/ance sunk into ! mass ( :i* coal 0 =m$4 ,9 speak+1 !re=e1 ( ! vegetation ( ?is p]iod1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x may h compreh5d$ =ms ( :i* we h no memorial4 ,suppos+1 nev]!less1 t1 9 ! ma91 ! asc]ta9$ vegetation ( ! coal sy/em is t :i* grew at ! "t ( its =mation1 x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! t]re/rial botany ( our globe beg9s ) classes ( comp>atively simple =ms & /ructure4 ,9 ! ranks ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ! l[e/ place is tak5 by plants ( cellul> tissue1 & :i* h no fl[]s1 7cryptogamia17 z li*5s1 mosses1 fungi1 f]ns1 sea-we$s4 ,above ^! /& plants ( vascul> tissue1 & be>+ fl[]s1 9 :i* aga9 !re are two great subdivisions2 fir/1 plants hav+ "o se$-lobe1 7monocotyl$ons17 & 9 :i* ! new matt] is add$ )91 7endog5\s17 ( :i* ! cane & palm are examples2 second1 plants hav+ two se$-lobes1 7dicotyl$ons17 & 9 :i* ! new matt] is add$ on ! outside "u ! b>k1 7exog5\s17 ( :i* ! p9e1 elm1 oak1 & mo/ ( ! ,briti% =e/-trees are examples2 ^! subdivisions also rank+ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h /at$4 ,n[ x is cle> t a pr$om9ance ( ^! =ms 9 succession m>k$ ! successive epo*s develop$ by fossil geology2 ! simple ab\nd+ fir/1 & ! complex aft]w>ds4 ,two-?irds ( ! plants ( ! c>bonif]\s era are ( ! cellul> or cryptogamic k9d1 a proportion :i* w\ld probably be mu* increas$ if we knew ! :ole ,flora ( t era4 ,! asc]ta9$ dicotyl$ons1 or high]-class plants1 are comp>atively few 9 ?is =mation2 b x w be f\nd t !y con/antly increas$ z ! globe grew old]4 ,! ma/]-=m or type ( ! era 0 ! f]n1 or breckan1 ( :i* ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty species h already be5 asc]ta9$ z ent]+ into ! composition ( coal4 #hd;a ,! f]n is a plant :i* ?rives be/ 9 w>m1 %ad$1 & moi/ situations4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 :]e ^! conditions ab\nd1 !re are _m m species ?an 9 temp]ate climes1 & "s ( ^! are arboresc5t1 or ( a tree-l size & luxuriance4 #hd;b ,! f]ns ( ! coal /rata h be5 ( ?is magnitude1 & t )\t reg>d to ! p>ts ( ! e>? :]e !y are f\nd4 ,9 ! coal ( ,baff9's ,bay1 ( ,newca/le1 & ( ! torrid zone alike1 are ! fossil f]ns arboresc5t1 %ew+ cle>ly t1 9 t era1 ! pres5t tropical temp]ature1 or "o ev5 high]1 exi/$ 9 v high latitudes4 ,9 ! swamps & dit*es ( ,engl& !re gr[s a plant call$ ! horse-tail 7equisetum71 hav+ a succul5t1 erect1 jo9t$ /em1 ) sl5d] leaves1 & a scaly catk9 at ! top4 ,a second l>ge section ( ! plants ( ! c>bonif]\s era 7 ( ?is k9d 7equisetace71 b1 l ! f]n1 rea*+ ! magnitudes ( trees4 ,:ile exi/+ equiseta r>ely exce$ ?ree feet 9 height1 & ! /ems are g5]ally "u half an in* 9 diamet]1 _! k9dr$1 entomb$ 9 ! coal b$s1 seem to h be5 g5]ally f\rte5 or fifte5 feet high1 ) /ems f six in*es to a foot 9 ?ickness4 ,arboresc5t plants ( ?is family1 l ! arboresc5t f]ns1 n[ gr[ only 9 tropical c\ntries1 & _! be+ f\nd 9 ! coal b$s 9 all latitudes is consequ5tly held z an additional pro(1 t at ?is era a w>m climate 0 ext5d$ mu* f>!r to ! nor? ?an at pres5t4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t plants ( ?is k9d 7=m+ two g5]a1 ! mo/ abundant ( :i* is ! calamites7 are only repres5t$ on ! pres5t surface by plants ( ! same family3 ! species :i* fl\ri%$ at ?is era gradually less5 9 numb] z we advance upw>ds 9 ! s]ies ( rocks1 & disappe> be=e we arrive at ! t]ti>y =mation4 ,! club-moss family 7lycopodiace7 are o!r plants ( ! pres5t surface1 usually se5 9 a l[ly & creep+ =m 9 temp]ate latitudes1 b pres5t+ species :i* rise to a great] magnitude )9 ! tropics4 ,_m specim5s ( ?is family are f\nd 9 ! coal b$s2 x is ?\ght !y h contribut$ m to ! sub/ance ( ! coal ?an any o!r family4 ,b1 l ! f]ns & equisetace1 !y rise to a prodigi\s magnitude4 ,! lepidod5dra 7s ! fossil g5us is call$7 h probably be5 f sixty-five to eighty feet 9 height1 hav+ at _! base a diamet] ( ab\t ?ree feet1 :ile _! leaves measur$ tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ! coal era1 ! lepidod5dra w\ld enjoy ! rank ( firs 9 our =e/s1 af=d+ %ade to ! only less /ately f]ns & calamites4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! /em1 & ! "* ( ! se$-vessels1 %ew !m to h be5 a l9k betwe5 s+le-lob$ & d\ble-lob$ plants1 a fact wor?y ( note1 z x fav\rs ! idea t1 9 vegetable1 z well z animal creation1 a progress has be5 obs]v$1 9 con=mity ) advanc+ conditions4 ,x is also curi\s to f9d a miss+ l9k ( s mu* importance 9 a g5us ( plants :i* has long ceas$ to h a liv+ place ^u e>?4 ,! o!r lead+ plants ( ! coal era are )\t repres5tatives on ! pres5t surface1 & _! *>act]s are 9 g5]al less cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,among/ ! mo/ rem>kable are--! sigill>ia1 ( :i* l>ge /ems are v abundant1 %ew+ t ! int]ior has be5 s(t1 & ! ext]ior flut$ ) sep>ate leaves ins]t$ 9 v]tical r[s along ! flut+s--& ! /igm>ia1 plants app>5tly calculat$ to fl\ri% 9 m>%es or pools1 hav+ a %ort1 ?ick1 fle%y /em1 ) a dome-%ap$ top1 f :i* sprung bran*es ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet long4 ,among/ monocotyl$ons 7 "s palms1 7flabell>ia & ngg]a?ia17 besides a few n di/9ctly assignable to any class4 ,! dicotyl$ons ( ! coal are comp>atively few1 ?\gh on ! pres5t surface !y are ! mo/ num]\s sub-class4 ,besides "s ( d\btful aff9ity1 7annul>ia1 a/]ophyllites1 c417 !re 7 a few ( ! p9e family1 :i* seem to h be5 ! highe/ class ( trees ( ?is era1 & are only z yet f\nd 9 isolat$ cases1 & 9 s&/one b$s4 ,! fir/ discov]$ lay 9 ! ,craiglei? qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 & consi/$ ( a /em ab\t two feet ?ick1 & =ty-sev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,o!rs h s9ce be5 f\nd1 bo? 9 ! same situation1 & at ,newca/le4 ,leaves & fruit be+ want+1 an +5i\s mode ( detect+ ! nature ( ^! trees 0 hit ^u by ,mr4 ,)am ( ,l>t+ton4 ,tak+ ?9 poli%$ cross slices ( ! /em1 & subject+ !m to ! microscope1 he detect$ ! /ructure ( ! wood to be t ( a cone-be>+ tree1 by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 8reticulations0 :i* di/+ui% t family1 9 addition to ! usual radiat+ & conc5tric l9es4 ,t p>ticul> tree 0 conclud$ to be an arauc>ia1 a species n[ f\nd 9 ,norfolk ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 & 9 a few o!r remote situations4 ,! conif] ( ?is era =m ! dawn ( dicotyl$5\s trees1 ( :i* !y may be said to be ! simple/ type1 & to :i*1 x has already be5 notic$1 ! lepidod5dra are a l9k f ! monocotyl$ons4 ,! conc5tric r+s ( ! ,craiglei? & o!r conif] ( ?is era h be5 m5tion$4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d 9 ^! a record ( ! *ang+ seasons ( ^? e>ly ages1 :5 z yet !re 7 no human be+s to obs]ve "t or tide4 ,!y are cle>ly trac$2 b x is obs]v$ t !y are m slightly m>k$ ?an is ! case ) _! family at ! pres5t day1 z if ! *anges ( temp]ature _h be5 )9 a n>r[] range4 ,su* 0 ! vegetation ( ! c>bonig5\s era1 compos$ ( =ms at ! bottom ( ! botanical scale1 fl[]less1 fruitless1 b luxuriant & abundant beyond :at ! mo/ fav\r$ spots on e>? c n[ %ew4 ,! rigidity ( ! leaves ( its plants1 & ! abs5ce ( fle%y fruits & f>9ace\s se$s1 unfitt$ x to af=d nutrim5t to animals2 &1 monoton\s 9 its =ms1 & de/itute ( brilliant col\r+1 its sw>d probably un5liv5$ by any ( ! small] fl[]+ h]bs1 its %ades un*e]$ by ! hum ( insects1 or ! music ( birds1 x mu/ h be5 b a sombre sc5e to a human visitant4 ,b nei!r man nor any o!r animals 7 !n 9 exi/5ce to look = su* uses or su* beauties 9 ?is vegetation4 ,x 0 s]v+ o!r & equally important ends1 cle>+ 7probably7 ! atmosph]e ( matt] noxi\s to animal life1 & /or+ up m9]al masses :i* 7 9 long subsequ5t ages to prove ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! human race1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( fav\r+ ! progress ( its civilization4 ,! animal rema9s ( ?is era are n num]\s1 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* g be=e1 or ^? :i* come aft]4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one1 inde$1 deposit$ at ! comm5cem5t ( x1 ab\nds unusually 9 polypi>ia & cr9oidea2 b :5 we asc5d to ! coal-b$s !mselves1 ! case is alt]$1 & ^! m>9e rema9s altoge!r disappe>4 ,we h !n only a limit$ v>iety ( con*if]s & %ell mollusks1 ) fragm5ts ( a few species ( fi%es1 & ^! are r>ely or nev] f\nd 9 ! coal seams1 b 9 ! %ales alt]nat+ ) !m4 ,"s ( ! fi%es are ( a sauroid "*1 t is1 p>take ( ! nature ( ! liz>d1 a g5us ( ! reptilia1 a l& class ( animals1 s t we may be said "h to h ! fir/ approa* to a k9d ( animals calculat$ to brea! ! atmosph]e4 ,su* is ! ,megali*?ys ,hibb]tii1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,hibb]t ,w>e1 9 a lime/one b$ ( fre%-wat] orig91 und]nea? ! coal at ,burdieh\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,o!rs ( ! same k9d h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal measures 9 ,york%ire1 & 9 ! l[ coal %ales at ,man*e/]4 ,?is is no m ?an might be expect$1 z collections ( fre% wat] n[ exi/$1 & x is presumable t !y w\ld be peopl$4 ,! *ief o!r fi%es ( ! coal era are nam$ palo?rissum1 paloniscus1 dip]dus4 ,coal /rata are ne>ly conf9$ to ! gr\p t]m$ ! c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,?9 b$s are n unkn[n aft]w>ds1 b !y occur only z a r>e exception4 ,x is !re=e ?\ght t ! mo/ important ( ! conditions :i* all[$ ( s abundant a t]re/rial vegetation1 _h ceas$ ab\t ! "t :5 ?is =mation 0 clos$4 ,! high temp]ature 0 n "o ( ! conditions :i* t]m9at$1 = !re are evid5ces ( x aft]w>ds2 b probably ! sup]abundance ( c>bonic acid gas suppos$ to h exi/$ dur+ ?is era 0 exp5d$ be=e its close4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! infusion ( a l>ge dose ( ?is gas into ! atmosph]e at ! pres5t day w\ld be att5d$ by precisely ! same circum/ances z 9 ! "t ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,l& animal life w\ld n h a place on e>?2 vegetation w\ld be enorm\s2 & coal /rata w\ld be =m$ f ! va/ accumulations ( woody matt]1 :i* w\ld ga!r 9 e sea1 ne> ! m\?s ( great riv]s4 ,on ! exhau/ion ( ! sup]abundance ( c>bonic acid gas1 ! coal =mation w\ld cease1 & ! e>? might aga9 become a suitable !atre ( be+ = l& animals4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation is m>k$ by symptoms ( volcanic viol5ce1 :i* "s geologi/s h consid]$ to d5ote ! close ( "o sy/em ( ?+s & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,coal b$s g5]ally lie 9 bas9s1 z if foll[+ ! curve ( ! bottom ( seas4 ,b !re is no su* bas9 :i* is n brok5 up into pieces1 "s ( :i* h be5 toss$ up on edge1 o!rs all[$ to s9k1 caus+ ! ends ( /rata to be 9 "s in/ances _m y>ds1 & 9 a few sev]al hundr$ feet1 remov$ f ! correspond+ ends ( neighb\r+ fragm5ts4 ,^! are held to be results ( volcanic movem5ts bel[1 ! op]ation ( :i* is fur!r se5 9 num]\s upbur/s & intrusions ( volcanic rock 7trap74 ,t ^! di/urbances took place ab\t ! close ( ! =mation1 & n lat]1 is %ewn 9 ! fact ( ! next high] gr\p ( /rata be+ comp>atively undi/urb$4 ,o!r symptoms ( ?is "t ( viol5ce are se5 9 ! b$s ( conglom]ate :i* occur among/ ! fir/ /rata above ! coal4 ,^!1 z usual1 consi/ ( fragm5ts ( ! eld] rocks1 m or less worn f be+ tumbl$ ab\t 9 agitat$ wat]1 & laid d[n 9 a mud pa/e1 aft]w>ds h>d5$4 ,volcanic di/urbances break up ! rocks2 ! pieces are worn 9 seas2 & a deposit ( conglom]ate is ! consequ5ce4 ,( porphyry1 !re are "s su* pieces 9 ! conglom]ate ( ,devon%ire1 ?ree or f\r tons 9 weight4 ,x is to be admitt$ = /rict tru? t1 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 ! c>bonif]\s =mation is foll[$ by sup]ior deposits1 )\t ! appe>ance ( su* di/urbances betwe5 _! respective p]iods2 b app>5tly ?is case belongs to ! class ( exceptions already notic$4 #ic ,t di/urbance 0 g5]al1 is support$ by ! fur!r & important fact ( ! de/ruction ( _m =ms ( organic be+ previ\sly fl\ri%+1 p>ticul>ly ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,,t]re/rial ,,zoology ,,comm5ces ,,) ,,reptiles4 ,,fir/ ,,traces ,,( ,,birds4 ,,! next volume ( ! rock s]ies ref]s to an era di/+ui%$ by an ev5t ( no less importance ?an ! comm5cem5t ( l& animals4 ,! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,sy/em is subdivid$ into gr\ps1 "s ( :i* are want+ 9 "s places2 !y are pretty fully develop$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 9 ! foll[+ asc5d+ ord]3--#a4 ,l[] r$ s&/one2 #b4 ,magnesian lime/one2 #c4 ,r$ & :ite s&/ones & conglom]ate2 #d4 ,v>iegat$ m>ls4 ,betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? !re is1 9 ,g]many1 ano!r gr\p1 call$ ! ,mus*elkalk1 a ^w express+ a lime/one full ( %ells4 ,! fir/ gr\p1 conta9+ ! conglom]ates already adv]t$ to1 seems to h be5 produc$ dur+ ! "t ( di/urbance :i* occurr$ s g5]ally aft] ! c>bonig5\s era4 ,?is new era is di/+ui%$ by a paucity ( organic rema9s1 z might p>tly be expect$ f ! appe>ances ( di/urbance1 & ! r$ t9t ( ! rocks1 ! latt] be+ communicat$ by a solution ( oxide ( iron1 a sub/ance unfav\rable to animal life4 ,! second gr\p is a lime/one ) an infusion ( magnesia4 ,x is develop$ less g5]ally ?an "s o!rs1 b occurs conspicu\sly 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,its place1 above ! r$ s&/one1 %ews ! recurr5ce ( circum/ances fav\rable to animal life1 & we accord+ly f9d 9 x n only zoophytes1 con*if]a1 & a few tribes ( fi%1 b "s fa9t traces ( l& plants1 & a new & />tl+ appe>ance--a reptile ( saurian 7liz>d7 "*1 analog\s to ! n[ exi/+ family call$ monitors4 ,rema9s ( ?is creature are f\nd 9 cuprif]\s 7copp]-be>+7 slate connect$ ) ! m\nta9 lime/one1 at ,mansfield & ,glucksbrunn1 9 ,g]many1 :i* may be tak5 z evid5ce t dry l& exi/$ 9 t age ne> ^? places4 ,! magnesia lime/one is also rem>kable z ! la/ rock 9 :i* appe>s ! leptna1 or producta1 a con*if] ( num]\s species :i* makes a conspicu\s appe>ance 9 all previ\s seas4 ,x is likewise to be obs]v$1 t ! fi%es ( ?is age1 to ! g5]a ( :i* ! names paloniscus1 catopt]us1 platysomus1 c41 h be5 appli$1 vani%1 & h5ce=? appe> no m4 ,! ?ird gr\p1 *iefly s&/ones1 v>i\sly col\r$ accord+ to ! am\nt & nature ( ! metallic oxide infus$ into !m1 %ews a recurr5ce ( agitation1 & a consequ5t dim9ution ( ! am\nt ( animal life4 ,9 ! upp] "p1 h[ev]1 ( ?is gr\p1 !re are abundant symptoms ( a revival ( prop] conditions = su* life4 ,!re are m>l b$s1 ! orig9 ( :i* sub/ance 9 decompos$ %ells is obvi\s2 & 9 ,g]many1 ?\gh n 9 ,engl&1 "h occurs ! mus*elkalk1 conta9+ num]\s organic rema9s1 7g5]ally diff]5t f ^? ( ! magnesian lime/one17 & not$ = ! specim5s ( l& animals1 :i* x is ! fir/ to pres5t 9 any consid]able abundance to our notice4 ,^! animals are ( ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 b ( its l[e/ class next aft] fi%es1--namely1 reptiles1--a portion ( ! t]re/rial tribes ^: imp]fect respiratory sy/em p]haps fitt$ !m = endur+ an atmosph]e n yet q suitable = birds or mammif]s4 #ig ,! specim5s f\nd 9 ! mus*elkalk are alli$ to ! crocodile & liz>d tribes ( ! pres5t day1 b 9 ! latt] in/ance are ^u a scale ( magnitude z mu* sup]ior to pres5t =ms z ! lepidod5dron ( ! coal era 0 sup]ior to ! dw>f club-mosses ( our "t4 ,^! saurians also comb9e "s peculi>ities ( /ructure ( a mo/ extraord9>y "*4 ,! animal to :i* ! "n i*?yosaurus has be5 giv51 0 z long z a "y :ale1 & x 0 fitt$ = liv+ 9 ! wat]1 ?\gh brea?+ ! atmosph]e4 ,x _h ! v]tebral column & g5]al bodily =m ( a fi%1 b to t 7 add$ ! head & brea/-bone ( a liz>d1 & ! paddles ( ! :ale tribes4 ,! beak1 moreov]1 0 t ( a porpoise1 & ! tee? 7 ^? ( a crocodile4 ,x mu/ h be5 a mo/ de/ructive creature to ! fi% ( ^? e>ly seas4 ,! plesiosaurus 0 ( simil> bulk1 ) a turtle-l body & paddles1 %ew+ t ! sea 0 its elem5t1 b ) a long s]p5t-l neck1 t]m9at+ 9 a saurian head1 calculat$ to rea* prey at a consid]able di/ance4 ,^! two animals1 ( :i* _m v>ieties h be5 discov]$1 con/itut+ di/9ct species1 are suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! %all[ bord]s ( ! seas ( ?is & subsequ5t =mations1 dev\r+ imm5se quantities ( ! f9ny tribes4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t no creatures approa*+ !m 9 "* n[ inhabit ! e>?2 b latt]ly ,mr4 ,d>w9 has discov]$1 9 ! reptile-peopl$ ,galapagos ,isl&s1 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 a m>9e saurian f ?ree to f\r feet long4 ,! megalosaurus 0 an enorm\s liz>d--a l& creature1 also c>nivor\s4 ,! pt]odactyle 0 ano!r liz>d1 b furni%$ ) w+s to pursue its prey 9 ! air1 & v>y+ 9 size betwe5 a cormorant & a snipe4 ,crocodiles ab\nd$1 & "s ( ^! 7 h]bivor\s4 ,su* 0 ! iguanodon1 a creature ( ! "* ( ! iguana ( ! ,ganges1 b rea*+ a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 or tw5ty times t ( its mod]n repres5tative4 ,!re 7 also num]\s tortoises1 "s ( !m rea*+ a great size2 & ,pr(essor ,ow5 has f\nd 9 ,w>wick%ire "s rema9s ( an animal ( ! batra*ian ord]1 #ii to :i*1 f ! peculi> =m ( ! tee?1 he has giv5 ! "n ( labyr9?idon4 ,?us1 ?ree ( ,cuvi]'s f\r ord]s ( reptilia 7sauria1 *elonia1 & batra*ia7 are repres5t$ 9 ?is =mation1 ! s]p5t ord] 7ophidia7 be+ alone want+4 ,! v>iegat$ m>l b$s :i* con/itute ! upp]mo/ gr\p ( ! =mation1 pres5t two additional g5]a ( huge saurians1--! phytosaurus & ma/odonsaurus4 ,x is 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! r$ s&/one t b$s ( salt fir/ occur4 ,^! are sometimes ( su* ?ickness1 t ! m9e f :i* ! mat]ial has be5 excavat$ looks l a l(ty *ur*4 ,we see 9 ! pres5t _w no circum/ances calculat$ to produce ! =mation ( a b$ ( rock salt2 yet x is n difficult to und]/& h[ su* /rata 7 =m$ 9 an age m>k$ by ultra-tropical heat & frequ5t volcanic di/urbances4 ,an e/u>y1 cut (f by an up?r[ ( trap1 or a *ange ( level1 & left to dry up "u ! heat ( ! sun1 w\ld quickly become ! b$ ( a d5se lay] ( rock salt4 ,a second %ift ( level1 or "s o!r volcanic di/urbance1 connect+ x aga9 ) ! sea1 w\ld expose ?is /ratum to be+ cov]$ ov] ) a lay] ( s& or mud1 de/9$ 9 "t to =m ! next /ratum ( rock above x4 ,! plants ( ?is era are few & unobtrusive4 ,equiseta1 calamites1 f]ns1 ,voltzia1 & a few ( ! o!r families f\nd s abundantly 9 ! prec$+ =mation1 "h pres5t !mselves1 b 9 dim9i%$ size & quantity4 ,?is seems to be ! prop] place to adv]t to c]ta9 memorials ( a peculi> & unexpect$ "* respect+ ^! e>ly ages 9 ! s&/ones4 ,s l[ z ! bottom ( ! c>bonif]\s sy/em1 slabs are f\nd m>k$ ov] a great ext5t ( surface ) t peculi> corrugation or wr9kl+ :i* ! rec$+ tide leaves ^u a s&y bea* :5 ! sea is b slightly agitat$2 & n only are ^! ripple-m>ks1 z !y are call$1 f\nd on ! surfaces1 b ca/s ( !m are f\nd on ! "u sides ( slabs ly+ above4 ,! ph5om5a sugge/s ! "t :5 ! s& ultimately =m$ into ^! /one slabs1 0 "p ( ! bea* ( a sea ( ! c>bonig5\s era2 :51 left wavy by "o tide1 x 0 cov]$ ov] ) a ?9 lay] ( fre% s& by ! next1 & s on1 precisely z su* circum/ances might be expect$ to take place at ! pres5t day4 ,s&/one surfaces1 ripple-m>k$1 are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! subsequ5t =mations3 9 ^? ( ! new r$1 at m ?an "o place 9 ,engl&1 !y fur!r be> impressions ( ra9-drops :i* h fall5 ^u !m--! ra91 ( c\rse1 ( ! inconceivably remote age 9 :i* ! s&/ones 7 =m$4 ,9 ! ,gre5sill s&/one1 ne> ,%rewsbury1 x has ev5 be5 possible to tell f :at direction ! %[] came :i* impress$ ! s&y surface1 ! rims ( ! m>ks be+ some:at rais$ on "o side1 exactly z might be expect$ f a slant+ %[] fall+ at ?is day ^u "o ( our bea*es4 ,^! facts h ! same sort ( int]e/ z ! season r+s ( ! ,craiglei? conif]s1 z speak+ ( a p>ity betwe5 "s ( ! famili> processes ( nature 9 ^? e>ly ages & our own4 ,9 ! new r$ s&/one1 impressions /ill m important 9 ! inf]5ces to :i* !y t5d1 h be5 obs]v$1--namely1 ! footm>ks ( v>i\s animals4 ,9 a qu>ry ( ?is =mation1 at ,corncockle ,muir1 9 ,dumfries%ire1 :]e ! slabs incl9e at an angle ( ?irty-eight degrees1 ! ve/iges ( an animal suppos$ to h be5 a tortoise are di/9ctly trac$ up & d[n ! slope1 z if ! creature _h _h occasion to pass backw>ds & =w>ds 9 t direction only1 possibly 9 its daily visits to ! sea4 ,"s slabs simil>ly impress$1 9 ! ,/\rton qu>ries 9 ,*e%ire1 are fur!r m>k$ ) a %[] ( ra9 :i* we "k mu/ h fall5 aft]w>ds1 = its little holl[s are impress$ 9 ! footm>ks also1 ?\gh m slightly ?an on ! re/ ( ! surface1 ! comp>ative h>dness ( a trodd5 place hav+ app>5tly prev5t$ s deep an impression be+ made4 ,at ,hessb]g1 9 ,saxony1 ! ve/iges ( f\r di/9ct animals h be5 trac$1 "o ( !m a web-foot$ animal ( small size1 consid]$ z a cong5] ( ! crocodile2 ano!r1 ^: foot/eps hav+ a resemblance to an impression ( a swell$ human h&1 has caus$ x to be nam$ ! *eiro!rium4 ,! foot/eps ( ! *eiro!rium h be5 f\nd also 9 ! ,/\rton qu>ries above m5tion$4 ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o /&s at ! head ( comp>ative anatomy 9 ! pres5t day1 has express$ 8 belief t ?is la/ animal 0 ! same batra*ian ( :i* he has f\nd fragm5ts 9 ! new r$ s&/one ( ,w>wick%ire4 ,at ,runcorn1 ne> ,man*e/]1 & else:]e1 h be5 discov]$ ! tracks ( an animal :i* ,mr4 ,ow5 calls ! ryn*osaurus1 unit+ ) ! body ( a reptile ! beak & feet ( a bird1 & :i* cle>ly _h be5 a l9k betwe5 ^! two classes4 ,if geologi/s %all ultimately give _! approbation to ! inf]5ces made f a rec5t discov]y 9 ,am]ica1 we %all h ! addition ( p]fect birds1 ?\gh probably ( a l[ type1 to ! animal =ms ( ?is era4 ,x is /at$ to be 9 qu>ries ( ?is rock1 9 ! valley ( ,connecticut1 t footpr9ts h be5 f\nd1 app>5tly produc$ by birds ( ! ord] grall1 or wad]s4 8,! foot/eps appe> 9 regul> succession on ! cont9u\s track ( an animal1 9 ! act ( walk+ or runn+1 ) ! "r & left foot always 9 _! relative places4 ,! di/ance ( ! int]vals betwe5 ea* foot/ep on ! same track is occasionally v>i$1 b to no great] am\nt ?an may be expla9$ by ! bird hav+ alt]$ its pace4 ,_m tracks ( diff]5t individuals & diff]5t species are (t5 f\nd cross+ ea* o!r1 & cr[d$1 l impressions ( feet ^u ! %ores ( a muddy /ream1 :]e ducks & geese resort40 #ajc ,"s ( ^! pr9ts indicate small animals1 b o!rs d5ote birds ( :at w\ld n[ be an unusually l>ge size4 ,"o animal1 hav+ a foot fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 7"o-half m ?an t ( ! o/ri*17 & a /ride ( f f\r to six feet1 has be5 appropriately entitl$1 orni?i*nites giganteus4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,oolite4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,mammalia4 ,,! *ronicles ( ?is p]iod consi/ ( a s]ies ( b$s1 mo/ly calc>e\s1 tak+ _! g5]al "n 7,oolite ,sy/em7 f a conspicu\s memb] ( !m--! oolite--a lime/one compos$ ( an aggregation ( small r\nd gra9s or sph]ules1 & s call$ f its fanci$ resemblance to a clu/] ( eggs1 or ! roe ( a fi%4 ,?is texture ( /one is novel & /rik+4 ,x is suppos$ to be ( *emical orig91 ea* sph]ule be+ an aggregation ( p>ticles r\nd a c5tral nucleus4 ,! oolite sy/em is l>gely develop$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,we/phalia1 & ,nor!rn ,italy2 x appe>s 9 ,nor!rn ,india & ,africa1 & pat*es ( x exi/ 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ! vale ( ! ,mississippi4 ,x may ( c\rse be yet discov]$ 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! s]ies1 z %ewn 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba?1 is 7beg9n+ ) ! l[e/7 z foll[s3--#a4 ,lias1 a set ( /rata v>i\sly compos$ ( lime/one1 clay1 m>l1 & %ale1 clay be+ pr$om9ant2 #b4 ,l[] oolitic =mation1 includ+1 besides ! great oolite b$ ( c5tral ,engl&1 full]s' e>? b$s1 =e/ m>ble1 & cornbra%2 #c4 ,middle oolitic =mation1 compos$ ( two sub-gr\ps1 ! ,ox=d clay & coral rag1 ! latt] be+ a m]e lay] ( ! works ( ! coral polype2 #d4 ,upp] oolitic =mation1 includ+ :at are call$ ,kimm]idge clay & ,portl& oolite4 ,9 ,york%ire !re is an additional gr\p above ! lias1 & 9 ,su!rl&%ire !re is ano!r gr\p above t aga94 ,9 ! wealds 7moorl&s7 ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 !re is1 9 l mann]1 above ! f\r? ( ! ,ba? s]ies1 ano!r additional gr\p1 to :i* ! "n ( ! ,weald5 has be5 giv51 f its situation1 & :i*1 compos$ ( s&/ones & clays1 is subdivid$ into ,purbeck b$s1 ,ha/+s s&1 & ,weald clay4 ,!re are no p>ticul> appe>ances ( di/urbance betwe5 ! close ( ! new r$ s&/one & ! beg9n+ ( ! oolite sy/em1 z f> z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,yet !re is a great *ange 9 ! mat]ials ( ! rocks ( ! two =mations1 %ew+ t :ile ! bottoms ( ! seas ( ! "o p]iod _h be5 *iefly ar5ace\s1 ^? ( ! o!r 7 *iefly clayey & limy4 ,& !re is an equal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two p]iods 9 respect ( bo? botany & zoology4 ,:ile ! new r$ s&/one %ews comp>atively scanty traces ( organic creation1 ^? 9 ! oolite are extremely abundant1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dep>tm5t ( animals1 & m p>ticul>ly /ill ( sea mollusca1 :i*1 x has be5 obs]v$1 are always ! m conspicu\s 9 proportion to ! pr$om9ance ( calc>e\s rocks4 ,x is also rem>kable t ! animals ( ! oolitic sy/em are entirely diff]5t 9 species f ^? ( ! prec$+ age1 & t ^! species cease be=e ! next4 ,9 ?is sy/em we likewise f9d t uni=mity ov] great space :i* has be5 rem>k$ ( ! ,faunas ( e>li] =mations4 8,9 ! equival5t deposits 9 ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 at ,f]n&o ,po1 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & 9 ! ,run ( ,cut*1 & o!r p>ts ( ,h9do/an1 fossils h be5 discov]$1 :i*1 z f> z ,engli% naturali/s :o h se5 !m c det]m9e1 are undi/+ui%able f c]ta9 oolite & lias fossils ( ,europe40 #ajh;a ,! dry l& ( ?is age pres5t$ cycade1 8a beautiful class ( plants betwe5 ! palms & conif]s1 hav+ a tall1 /raight trunk1 t]m9at+ 9 a magnific5t cr[n ( foliage40 #ajh;b ,!re 7 tree f]ns1 b 9 small] proportion ?an 9 =m] ages2 also equisetace1 lilia1 & conif]s4 ,! vegetation 0 g5]ally analog\s to t ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,au/ralia1 :i* seems to argue a climate 7we mu/ rememb]1 a univ]sal climate7 betwe5 ! tropical & temp]ate4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 suffici5tly luxuriant 9 "s in/ances to produce ?9 seams ( coal1 = su* are f\nd 9 ! oolite =mation ( bo? ,york%ire & ,su!rl&4 ,! sea1 z = ages be=e1 conta9$ alg1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only a few species h be5 pres]v$ to our day4 ,! l[] classes ( ! inhabitants ( ! ocean 7 unprec$5t$ly abundant4 ,! polypi>ia 7 9 su* abundance z to =m :ole /rata ( !mselves4 ,! cr9oidea & e*9ites 7 also extremely num]\s4 ,%ell mollusks1 9 hundr$s ( new species1 occupi$ ! bottoms ( ! seas ( ^? ages1 :ile ( ! swimm+ %ell-fi%1 ammonites & belemnites1 !re 7 also _m scores ( v>ieties4 ,! belemnite "h calls = "s p>ticul> notice4 ,x comm5ces 9 ! oolite1 & t]m9ates 9 ! next =mation4 ,x is an elongat$1 conical %ell1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 & hav+1 at ! l>g] end1 a cavity = ! resid5ce ( ! animal1 ) a s]ies ( air-*amb]s bel[4 ,! animal1 plac$ 9 ! upp] cavity1 c\ld raise or depress itself 9 ! wat] at pleasure by a pneumatic op]ation ^u ! entral air tube p]vad+ its %ell4 ,its t5tacula1 s5t abroad ov] ! summit ( ! %ell1 se>*$ ! sea = prey4 ,! creature _h an ink-bag1 ) :i* x c\ld muddle ! wat] ar\nd x1 to protect itself f m p[]ful animals1 &1 /range to say1 ?is has be5 f\nd s well pres]v$ t an arti/ has us$ x 9 "o in/ance z a pa9t1 :]e) to del9eate ! belemnite itself4 ,! cru/acea discov]$ 9 ?is =mation are less num]\s4 ,!re are _m fi%es1 "s ( :i* 7acrodus1 psammodus1 c417 are presum$ f rema9s ( _! palatal bones1 to h be5 ( ! gigantic c>tilag9\s class1 n[ repres5t$ by su* z ! ce/raceon4 ,x has be5 consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 z wor?y ( notice1 t1 ! ce/raceon be+ an inhabitant ( ! ,au/ralian seas1 we h1 9 bo? ! botany & i*?yology ( ?is p]iod1 an analogy to t cont95t4 ,! pycnodontes1 7?ick-too!d17 & lepidoides1 7hav+ ?ick scales17 are o!r families describ$ by ,m4 ,agassiz z ext5sively preval5t4 ,9 ! %all[ wat]s ( ! oolitic =mation1 ! i*?yosaurus1 plesiosaurus1 & o!r huge saurian c>nivora ( ! prec$+ age1 pli$1 9 increas$ numb]s1 _! de/ructive vocation4 #aaj ,to !m 7 add$ new g5]a1 ! cetiosaurus1 mososaurus1 & "s o!rs1 all ( simil> "* & habits4 ,l& reptiles ab\nd$1 includ+ species ( ! pt]odactyle ( ! prec$+ age--tortoises1 trionyces1 crocodilians--& ! pliosaurus1 a creature :i* appe>s to h =m$ a l9k betwe5 ! plesiosaurus & ! crocodile4 ,we "k ( at lea/ six species ( ! fly+ saurian1 ! pt]odactyle1 9 ?is =mation4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d rema9s ( insects1 an ord] ( animals n well calculat$ = fossil pres]vation1 & :i* are !re=e among/ ! r>e/ ( ! animal tribes f\nd 9 rocks1 ?\gh !y are ! mo/ num]\s ( all liv+ families4 ,a s+le libellula 7dragon-fly7 0 f\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 a memb] ( ! l[] oolitic gr\p qu>ri$ ne> ,ox=d2 & ?is 0 = sev]al ye>s ! only specim5 kn[n to exi/ s e>ly2 b n[ _m species h be5 f\nd 9 a correspond+ rock at ,sol5h(51 9 ,g]many4 ,x is rem>kable t ! rema9s ( insects are f\nd mo/ pl5tifully ne> ! rema9s ( pt]odactyles1 to :i* und\bt$ly !y s]v$ z prey4 ,! fir/ glimpse ( ! highe/ class ( ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom--mammalia--is obta9$ f ! ,/onesfield slate1 :]e !re has be5 f\nd ! jaw-bone ( a quadrup$ evid5tly insectivor\s1 & inf]r$1 f peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( t small fragm5t1 to h belong$ to ! m>supial family1 7p\*$ animals74 ,x may be obs]v$1 al?\gh no specim5s ( s high a class ( animals z mammalia are f\nd e>li]1 su* may nev]!less h exi/$3 ! defect may be 9 our n hav+ f\nd !m2 b1 o!r ?+s consid]$1 ! probability is t h]et(ore !re 7 no mammif]s4 ,x is an int]e/+ circum/ance t ! fir/ mammif]s f\nd %\ld h belong$ to ! m>supialia1 :5 ! place ( t ord] 9 ! scale ( creation is consid]$4 ,9 ! imp]fect /ructure ( _! bra91 defici5t 9 ! organs connect+ ! two hemisph]es--& 9 ! mode ( ge/ation1 :i* is only 9 small "p ut]9e--?is family is cle>ly a l9k betwe5 ! ovip>\s v]tebrata 7birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es7 & ! high] mammif]s4 ,?is is fur!r e/abli%$ by _! possess+ a fa9t developm5t ( two canals pass+ f ne> ! anus to ! ext]nal surface ( ! visc]a1 :i* are fully possess$ 9 reptiles & fi%es1 = ! purpose ( supply+ a]at$ wat] to ! blood circulat+ 9 p>ticul> vessels1 b :i* are unne$$ by mammif]s4 ,su* rudim5ts ( organs 9 c]ta9 species :i* d n require !m 9 any degree1 are common 9 bo? ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 b are always mo/ conspicu\s 9 families approa*+ 9 "* to ^? classes to :i* ! full organs are prop]4 ,?is subject w be m p>ticul>ly adv]t$ to 9 ! sequel4 ,! highe/ "p ( ! oolitic =mation pres5ts "s ph5om5a ( an unusual & int]e/+ "*1 :i* dem& special notice4 ,imm$iately above ! upp] oolitic gr\p 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,weym\?1 & o!r situations1 !re is a ?9 /ratum1 usually call$ by workm5 ! dirt-b$1 :i* appe>s1 f inconte/able evid5ce1 to h be5 a soil1 =m$1 l soils ( ! pres5t day1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ^u a surface :i* _h previ\sly be5 ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! dirt-b$ conta9s exuvi ( tropical trees1 accumulat$ ?r\gh "t1 z ! =e/ %$ its hon\rs on ! spot :]e x grew1 & became itself decay$4 ,ne> ,weym\? !re is a piece ( ?is /ratum1 9 :i* /umps ( trees rema9 root$1 mo/ly erect or slightly incl9$1 & f "o to ?ree feet high2 :ile trunks ( ! same =e/1 also silicifi$1 lie imb$d$ on ! surface ( ! soil 9 :i* !y grew4 ,above ?is b$ lie ^? :i* h be5 call$ ! ,weald51 f _! full developm5t 9 ! ,weald ( ,sussex2 & ^! z inconte/ably argue t ! dry l& =m+ ! dirt-b$ _h next aft]w>ds become ! area ( bracki% e/u>ies1 or lakes p>tially connect$ ) ! sea2 = ! ,weald5 /rata conta9 exuvi ( fre%-wat] tribes1 besides ^? ( ! great saurians & *elonia4 ,! area ( ?is e/u>y compreh5ds ! :ole s\?-ea/ prov9ce ( ,engl&4 ,a geologi/ ?us confid5tly n>rates ! subsequ5t ev5ts3 8,mu* calc>e\s matt] 0 fir/ deposit$ 9 ?is e/u>y1 & 9 x 7 entomb$ myriads ( %ells1 app>5tly analog\s to ^? ( ! vivip>a4 ,!n came a ?ick envelope ( s&1 sometimes int]/ratifi$ ) mud2 &1 f9ally1 muddy matt] prevail$4 ,! solid surface b5ea? ! wat]s w\ld appe> to h suff]$ a long cont9u$ & gradual depression1 :i* 0 z gradually fill$1 or ne>ly s1 ) transport$ matt]2 9 ! end1 h[ev]1 aft] a depression ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 ! sea aga9 ent]$ ^u ! area1 n sudd5ly or viol5tly--= ! ,weald5 rocks pass gradually into ! sup]9cumb5t cretace\s s]ies--b s quietly1 t ! mud conta9+ ! rema9s ( t]re/rial & fre%-wat] creatures 0 tranquilly cov]$ up by s&s replete ) m>9e exuvi40 #aad ,a subsequ5t depression ( ! same area1 to ! dep? ( at lea/ ?ree hundr$ fa?oms1 is believ$ to h tak5 place1 to admit ( ! deposition ( ! cretace\s b$s ly+ above4 ,f ! scatt]$ way 9 :i* rema9s ( ! l>g] t]re/rial animals occur 9 ! ,weald51 & ! int]mixture ( pebbles ( ! special appe>ance ( ^? worn 9 riv]s1 x is also inf]r$ t ! e/u>y :i* once cov]$ ! s\?-ea/ "p ( ,engl& 0 ! m\? ( a riv] ( t f>-desc5d+ class ( :i* ! ,mississippi & ,amazon are examples4 ,:at "p ( ! e>?'s surface pres5t$ ! dry l& ?r\gh :i* t & o!r simil> riv]s fl[$1 no "o c tell = c]ta94 ,x has be5 surmis$1 t ! p>ticul> "o "h spok5 ( may h fl[$ f a po9t n ne>] ?an ! site ( ! pres5t ,newf\ndl&4 ,pr(essor ,philips has sugge/$1 f ! analogy ( ! m9]al composition1 t anci5tly elevat$ coal /rata may h compos$ ! dry l& f :i* ! s&y matt]s ( ^! /rata 7 wa%$4 ,su* a deposit z ! ,weald5 almo/ necess>ily implies a local1 n a g5]al condition2 yet x has be5 ?\ght t simil> /rata & rema9s exi/ 9 ! ,pays de ,bray1 ne> ,beauvais4 ,?is leads to ! supposition t !re may h be51 9 t age1 a s]ies ( riv]-receiv+ e/u>ies along ! bord] ( "s su* great ocean z ! ,atlantic1 ( :i* t ( mod]n ,sussex is only an example4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,=mation4 ,,! record ( ?is p]iod consi/s ( a s]ies ( /rata1 9 :i* *alk b$s make a conspicu\s appe>ance1 & :i* is !re=e call$ ! cretace\s sy/em or =mation4 ,9 ,engl&1 a long /ripe1 ext5d+ f ,york%ire to ,k5t1 pres5ts ! cretace\s b$s ^u ! surface1 g5]ally ly+ con=mably ^u ! oolite1 & 9 _m in/ances ris+ into bold esc>pm5ts t[>ds ! we/4 ,! celebrat$ cliffs ( ,dov] are ( ?is =mation4 ,x ext5ds into nor!rn ,france1 & !nce nor?-we/w>d into ,g]many1 :5ce x is trac$ into ,sc&9avia & ,russia4 ,! same sy/em exi/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & probably 9 o!r p>ts ( ! e>? n yet geologically inve/igat$4 ,be+ a m>9e deposit1 x e/abli%es t seas exi/$ at ! "t ( its =mation on ! tracts occupi$ by x1 :ile "s ( its organic rema9s prove t1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^? seas1 !re 7 tracts ( dry l&4 ,! cretace\s =mation 9 ,engl& pres5ts b$s *iefly s&y 9 ! l[e/ "p1 *iefly clayey 9 ! middle1 & *iefly ( *alk 9 ! upp] "p1 ! *alk b$s be+ nev] abs5t1 :i* "s ( ! l[] are 9 sev]al places4 ,9 ! vale ( ! ,mississippi1 aga91 ! true *alk is :olly1 or all b :olly abs5t4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ! l[] b$s are1 7reckon+ f ! l[e/ upw>ds71 #a4 ,%ankl& or gre5s&1 8a triple alt]nation ( s&s & s&/ones ) clay20 #b4 ,galt1 8a /iff blue or black clay1 ab\nd+ 9 %ells1 :i* frequ5tly possess a pe>ly lu/re20 #c4 ,h>d *alk2 #d4 ,*alk ) fl9ts2 ^! two la/ be+ g5]ally :ite1 b 9 "s di/ricts r$1 & 9 o!rs yell[4 ,! :ole are1 9 ,engl&1 ab\t #abjj feet ?ick1 %ew+ ! consid]able dep?s ( ! ocean 9 :i* ! deposits 7 made4 ,*alk is a c>bonate ( lime1 & ! mann] ( its production 9 su* va/ quantities 0 long a subject ( speculation among geologi/s4 ,"s light seem$ to be ?r[n ^u ! subject a few ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 obs]v$1 t ! detritus ( coral reefs 9 ! pres5t tropical seas gave a p[d]1 undi/+ui%able1 :5 dri$1 f ord9>y *alk4 ,x !n appe>$ likely t ! *alk b$s 7 ! detritus ( ! corals :i* 7 9 ! oceans ( t era4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o made "s curi\s inquiries on ?is po9t1 fur!r sugge/$1 t ! matt] might h int]m$iately pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms & fi%1 su* z fe$ on ! corals ( ! pres5t day1 & 9 ^: /oma*s he has f\nd impure *alk4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be a full explanation ( ! production ( *alk1 if we admit "s m rec5t discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g4 ,t ma/] ( microscopic inve/igation ann\nces1 t *alk is compos$ p>tly ( 8inorganic p>ticles ( irregul> elliptical /ructure & granul> slaty disposition10 & p>tly ( %ells ( inconceivable m9ut5ess1 8v>y+ f ! "o-twelf? to ! two hundr$ & eighty-eigh? "p ( a l9e0--a cubic in* ( ! sub/ance conta9+ above t5 millions ( !m6 ,! *alk ( ! nor? ( ,europe conta9s1 he says1 a l>g] proportion ( ! inorganic matt]2 t ( ! s\?1 a l>g] proportion ( ! organic matt]1 be+ 9 "s in/ances almo/ entirely compos$ ( x4 ,he has be5 able to classify _m ( ^! creatures1 "s ( !m be+ alli$ to ! nautili1 nummuli1 cyprides1 c4 ,! %ells ( "s are calc>e\s1 ( o!rs silice\s4 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g has likewise detect$ microscopic sea-plants 9 ! *alk4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! upp]mo/ *alk b$s 9 ,engl&1 is ! pres5ce ( fl9t nodules4 ,^! are g5]ally dispos$ 9 lay]s p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,x 0 readily presum$ by geologi/s t ^! masses 7 =m$ by a *emical aggregation ( p>ticles ( silica1 orig9ally held 9 solution 9 ! mass ( ! *alk4 ,b :5ce ! silica 9 a sub/ance s diff]5t f x8 ,ehr5b]g sugge/s t x is compos$ ( ! silice\s cov]+s ( a portion ( ! microscopic creatures1 ^: %ells he has 9 o!r in/ances detect$ 9 _! orig9al condition4 ,x is rem>kable t ! *alk ) fl9t ab\nds 9 ! nor? ( ,europe2 t )\t fl9ts 9 ! s\?2 :ile 9 ! nor!rn *alk silice\s animalcules are want+1 & 9 ! s\!rn pres5t 9 great quantities4 ,! conclusion seems b natural1 t 9 ! "o case ! silice\s exuvi h be5 left 9 _! orig9al =m2 9 ! o!r dissolv$ *emically1 & aggregat$ on ! common pr9ciple ( *emical aff9ity into nodules ( fl9t1 probably conc5trat+1 9 e in/ance1 ^u a piece ( decay+ organic matt]1 z has be5 ! case ) ! nodules ( iron/one 9 ! e>li] rocks1 & ! sph]ules ( ! oolite4 ,:at is m rem>kable1 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g has asc]ta9$ t at lea/ fifty-sev5 species ( ! microscopic animals ( ! *alk1 be+ infusoria & calc>e\s-%ell$ poly?alamia1 are /ill f\nd liv+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,^! species are ! mo/ abundant 9 ! rock4 ,s+ly !y are ! mo/ unimportant ( all animals1 b 9 ! mass1 =m+ z !y d su* enorm\s /rata ov] a l>ge "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 !y h an importance greatly exce$+ t ( ! l>ge/ & noble/ ( ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,moreov]1 ^! species h a peculi> int]e/1 z ! only specific types ( t e>ly age :i* are reproduc$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,species ( sea mollusks1 ( reptiles1 & ( mammif]s1 h be5 *ang$ aga9 & aga91 s9ce ! cretace\s era2 & x is n till a long subsequ5t age t we f9d ! fir/ traces ( any o!r ( ev5 ! humble/ species :i* n[ exi/2 b "h h ^! humble infusoria & poly?alamia kept _! place on e>? ?r\gh all its revolutions s9ce t "t1--are we to say1 safe 9 _! v humility1 :i* might adapt !m to a great] v>iety ( circum/ances ?an mo/ o!r animals1 or are we requir$ to look = "s o!r explanation ( ! ph5om5on8 ,all ! ord9>y & m obs]vable ord]s ( ! inhabitants ( ! sea1 except ! cetacea1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! cretace\s =mation--zoophytes1 radi>ia1 mollusks1 cru/acea1 79 great v>iety ( species17 & fi%es 9 small] v>iety4 ,9 ,europe1 rema9s ( ! m>9e saurians h be5 f\nd2 !y may be presum$ to h become ext9ct 9 t "p ( ! globe be=e ?is "t1 _! place & de/ructive (fice be+ p]haps suppli$ by c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ( :i* ! tee? are f\nd 9 great quantities4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 rema9s ( ! plesiosaurus h be5 discov]$ 9 ?is "p ( ! /ratifi$ s]ies4 ,! reptiles1 too1 s num]\s 9 ! two prec$+ p]iods1 appe> to h n[ mu* dim9i%$ 9 numb]s4 ,"o1 entitl$ ! mossaurus1 seems to h held an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! monitor & iguana1 & to h be5 ab\t tw5ty-five feet long1 ) a tail calculat$ to assi/ x p[]fully 9 swimm+4 ,crocodiles & turtles exi/$1 & among/ ! fi%es 7 "s ( a saurian "*4 ,fuci ab\nd$ 9 ! seas ( ?is era4 ,conf]v are f\nd enclos$ 9 fl9ts4 ,( t]re/rial vegetation1 z ( t]re/rial animals1 ! specim5s 9 ! ,european area are comp>atively r>e1 r5d]+ x probable t !re 0 no dry l& ne>4 ,! rema9s are *iefly ( f]ns1 conif]s1 & cycade1 b 9 ! two =m] cases we h only cones & leaves4 ,!re h be5 discov]$ _m pieces ( wood1 conta9+ holes drill$ by ! t]$o1 & ?us %ew+ t !y _h be5 long drift$ ab\t 9 ! ocean be=e be+ entomb$ at ! bottom4 ,! s]ies 9 ,am]ica correspond+ to ?is1 entitl$ ! f]rug9\s s& =mation1 pres5ts fossils g5]ally id5tical ) ^? ( ,europe1 n except+ ! fragm5ts ( drill$ wood2 %ew+ t1 9 ?is1 z 9 e>li] ages1 !re 0 a p>ity ( conditions = animal life ov] a va/ tract ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,to ,european reptiles1 ! ,am]ican =mation adds a gigantic "o1 /yl$ ! saurodon1 f ! liz>d-l "* ( its tee?4 ,we h se5 t foot/eps ( birds are consid]$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! new r$ s&/one4 ,"s simil> isolat$ ph5om5a occur 9 ! subsequ5t =mations4 ,mr4 ,mantell discov]$ "s bones ( birds1 app>5tly wad]s1 9 ! ,weald54 ,! imm$iate connexion ( t set ( birds ) l&1 may acc\nt1 ( c\rse1 = _! conta9+ a t]re/rial organic relic1 :i* ! m>9e b$s above & bel[ did n possess4 ,9 ! slate ( ,gl>us1 9 ,switz]l&1 correspond+ to ! ,engli% galt1 9 ! *alk =mation1 ! rema9s ( a bird h be5 f\nd4 ,f a *alk b$ ne> ,maid/one1 h likewise be5 extract$ "s rema9s ( a bird1 suppos$ to h be5 ( ! long-w+$ swimm] family1 & equal 9 size to ! albatross4 ,^!1 x mu/ be own$1 are less /rong traces ( ! birds ?an we possess ( ! reptiles & o!r tribes2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! evid5ce ( fossils1 z to ! abs5ce ( any class ( animals f a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 c nev] be consid]$ z m ?an negative4 ,animals1 ( :i* we f9d no rema9s 9 a p>ticul> =mation1 may1 nev]!less1 h liv$ at ! "t1 & x may h only be5 f unfav\rable circum/ances t _! rema9s h n be5 pres]v$ = our inspection4 ,! s+le circum/ance ( _! be+ little liable to be c>ri$ d[n into seas1 might be ! cause ( _! non-appe>ance 9 our qu>ries4 ,!re is at ! same "t a limit to unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,we see1 f :at rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! :ole s]ies1 a cle> progress ?r\gh\t1 f humble to sup]ior types ( be+4 ,h5ce we d]ive a light z to :at animals may h exi/$ at p>ticul> times1 :i* is 9 "s measure indep5d5t ( ! specialties ( fossilology4 ,! birds are bel[ ! mammalia 9 ! animal scale2 & !re=e !y may be suppos$ to h exi/$ ab\t ! "t ( ! new r$ s&/one & oolite1 al?\gh we f9d b slight traces ( !m 9 ^? =mations1 &1 x may be said1 till a consid]ably lat] p]iod4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,=mation4-- ,,mammalia ,,abundant4 ,,! *alk-b$s are ! highe/ :i* ext5d ov] a consid]able space2 b 9 holl[s ( ^! b$s1 comp>atively limit$ 9 ext5t1 !re h be5 =m$ s]ies ( /rata--clays1 lime/ones1 m>ls1 alt]nat+--to :i* ! "n ( ! ,t]ti>y ,=mation has be5 appli$4 ,london & ,p>is alike re/ on bas9s ( ?is =mation1 & ano!r su* bas9 ext5ds f ne> ,w9*e/]1 "u ,s\?ampton1 & re-appe>s 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,!re is a pat*1 or fragm5t ( ! =mation 9 "o ( ! ,hebrides4 ,a /ripe ( x ext5ds along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ,massa*usetts to ,florida4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,sicily & ,italy1 ins5sibly bl5d$ ) =mations /ill 9 progress4 ,?\gh comp>atively a local =mation1 x is n ( ! less importance z a record ( ! condition ( ! e>? dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,z 9 o!r =mations1 x is m>k$1 9 ! mo/ di/ant localities1 by id5tity ( organic rema9s4 ,! holl[s fill$ by ! t]ti>y =mation mu/ be consid]$ z ! b$s ( e/u>ies left at ! conclusion ( ! cretace\s p]iod4 ,we h se5 t an e/u>y1 ei!r by ! drift+ up ( its m\?1 or a *ange ( level 9 t qu>t]1 may be suppos$ to h become an inl& %eet ( wat]1 & t1 by ano!r *ange1 ( ! rev]se k9d1 x may be suppos$ to h become an e/u>y aga94 ,su* *anges ! ,p>is bas9 appe>s to h und]gone (t5] ?an once1 =1 fir/1 we h !re a fre%-wat] =mation ( clay & lime/one b$s2 !n1 a m>9e-lime/one =mation2 next1 a second fre% wat] =mation1 9 :i* ! mat]ial ( ! celebrat$ pla/] ( ,p>is 7gypsum7 is includ$2 !n1 a second m>9e =mation ( s&y & limy b$s2 & f9ally1 a ?ird s]ies ( fre%-wat] /rata4 ,su* alt]nations occur 9 o!r examples ( ! t]ti>y =mation likewise4 ,! t]ti>y b$s pres5t all b an entirely new set ( animals1 & z we asc5d 9 ! s]ies1 we f9d m & m ( ^! id5tical ) species /ill exi/+ ^u e>?1 z if we _h n[ rea*$ ! dawn ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! zoology ( our planet4 ,by ! /udy ( ! %ells alone1 ,mr4 ,lyell has be5 enabl$ to divide ! :ole t]m into f\r sub-p]iods1 to :i* he has giv5 names ) ref]5ce to ! proportions :i* !y respectively pres5t ( surviv+ species--fir/1 ! eoc5e1 7f '1 ! dawn2 1 rec5t27 second1 ! mioc5e1 71 less27 ?ird1 old] plioc5e1 71 m27 f\r?1 new] plioc5e4 ,,eoc5e ,,sub-,,p]iod4 ,! eoc5e p]iod pres5ts1 9 ?ree cont95tal gr\ps1 #abch species ( %ells1 ( :i* =ty-two1 or #c4e p] c5t1 yet fl\ri%4 ,"s ( ^! are rem>kable en\gh2 b !y all s9k into insignificance beside ! mammalian rema9s :i* ! l[] eoc5e deposits ( ! ,p>is bas9 pres5t to u1 %ew+ t ! l& _h n[ become ! !atre ( an ext5sive creation ( ! highe/ class ( animals4 ,cuvi] asc]ta9$ ab\t fifty species ( ^!1 all ( !m long s9ce ext9ct4 ,a consid]able numb] are pa*yd]mata1 #abg ( a "* approximat+ to ! ,s\? ,am]ican tapir3 ! names1 palo!rium1 an?raco!rium1 anoplo!rium1 lophiodon1 c41 h be5 appli$ to !m ) a consid]ation ( m or less conspicu\s peculi>ities2 b a description ( ! fir/ may give "s g5]al idea ( ! :ole4 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( a horse1 b m squat & clumsy1 & ) a heavi] head1 & a l[] jaw %ort] ?an ! upp]2 ! feet1 also1 in/ead ( hooves1 pres5t$ ?ree l>ge toes1 r\nd$1 & unprovid$ ) claws4 ,^! animals 7 all h]bivor\s4 ,among/ an imm5se numb] ( o!rs are f\nd _m new reptiles1 "s ( !m adapt$ = fre% wat]2 species ( birds alli$ to ! sea-l>k1 curlew1 quail1 buzz>d1 owl1 & pelican2 species alli$ to ! dorm\se & squirrel2 also ! opossum & racoon2 & species alli$ to ! g5ette1 fox1 & wolf4 ,,mioc5e ,,sub-,,p]iod4 ,9 ! mioc5e sub-p]iod1 ! %ells give eighte5 p] c5t4 ( exi/+ species1 %ew+ a consid]able advance f ! prec$+ era1 ) respect to ! inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,! advance 9 ! l& animals is less m>k$1 b yet consid]able4 ,! pr$om9at+ =ms are /ill pa*yd]mat\s1 & ! tapir type cont9ues to be conspicu\s4 ,"o animal ( ?is k9d1 call$ ! d9o!rium1 is suppos$ to h be5 n less ?an eighte5 feet long2 x _h a mole-l =m ( ! %\ld]-blade1 conf]r+ ! p[] ( digg+ = food1 & a c\ple ( tusks turn+ d[n f ! l[] jaw1 by :i* x c\ld h atta*$ itself1 l ! walrus1 to a %ore or bank1 :ile its body float$ 9 ! wat]4 ,dr4 ,buckl& consid]s ?is & "s simil> mioc5e animals1 z adapt$ = a semi-aquatic life1 9 a region :]e lakes ab\nd$4 ,besides ! tapirs1 we h 9 ?is era animals alli$ to ! glutton1 ! be>1 ! dog1 ! horse1 ! hog1 & la/ly1 sev]al fel91 7creatures ( :i* ! lion is ! type27 all ( :i* are new =ms1 z f> z we "k4 ,!re 0 also an abundance ( m>9e mammalia1 seals1 dolph9s1 lamant9s1 walruses1 & :ales1 none ( :i* _h previ\sly appe>$4 ,,plioc5e ,,sub-,,p]iod4 ,! %ells ( ! old] plioc5e give f ?irty-five to fifty2 ^? ( ! new]1 f n9ety to n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( exi/+ species4 ,! pa*yd]mata ( ! prec$+ era n[ disappe>1 & are replac$ by o!rs belong+ to /ill exi/+ families--elephant1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os--?\gh n[ ext9ct z species4 ,"s ( ^! are />tl+1 f _! enorm\s magnitude4 ,! great ma/odon1 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 abundance 9 ,am]ica1 0 a species ( elephant1 judg$1 f peculi>ities ( its tee?1 to h liv$ on aquatic plants1 & rea*+ ! height ( twelve feet4 ,! mammo? 0 ano!r elephant1 b suppos$ to h surviv$ till comp>atively rec5t times1 z a specim51 9 all respects entire1 0 f\nd 9 #ahja1 pres]v$ 9 ice1 9 ,sib]ia4 ,we are m surpris$ by f9d+ su* gigantic proportions 9 an animal call$ ! mega!rium1 :i* ranks 9 an ord] n[ assum+ mu* humbl] =ms--! ed5tata--to :i* ! slo?1 ant-eat]1 & armadillo belong4 ,! mega!rium _h a skeleton ( enorm\s solidity1 ) an arm\r-clad body1 & five toes1 t]m9at+ 9 huge claws1 :]e) to grasp ! bran*es1 f :i*1 l its exi/+ cong5]1 ! slo?1 x d]iv$ its food4 ,! megalonyx 0 a simil> animal1 only some:at less ?an ! prec$+4 ,f9ally1 ! plioc5e gives u = ! fir/ "t1 ox51 de]1 camels1 & o!r specim5s ( ! rum9antia4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! fauna ( ! t]ti>y era1 z asc]ta9$ by ! illu/ri\s naturali/s :o fir/ devot$ _! att5tion to x4 ,x w be obs]v$ t x br+s u up to ! fel91 or c>nivora1 a consid]ably elevat$ po9t 9 ! animal scale1 b /ill leav+ a blank = ! quadrumana 7monkeys7 & = man1 :o collectively =m1 z w be aft]w>ds se51 ! fir/ gr\p 9 t scale4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 t a few r>e traces ( a p>ticul> class ( animals are 9 "t f\nd 9 =mations orig9ally ?\ght to be de/itute ( !m1 display+ z x 7 a dawn ( t dep>tm5t ( creation4 ,su* seems to be ! case ) at lea/ ! quadrumana4 ,a jaw-bone & too? ( an animal ( ?is ord]1 & belong+ to ! g5us macacus1 7 f\nd 9 ! ,london clay1 7eoc5e17 at ,kyson1 ne> ,woodbridge1 9 #ahci4 ,ano!r jaw-bone1 conta9+ sev]al tee?1 suppos$ to h belong$ to a species ( monkey ab\t ?ree feet high1 0 discov]$ ab\t ! same "t 9 a /ratum ( m>l surm\nt$ by compact lime/one1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,g]s1 at ! foot ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,associat$ ) ?is la/ 7 rema9s ( n less ?an ?irty mammif]\s quadrup$s1 includ+ ?ree species ( rh9oc]os1 a l>ge anoplo!rium1 ?ree species ( de]1 two antelopes1 a true dog1 a l>ge cat1 an animal l a weasel1 a small h>e1 & a huge species ( ! ed5tata4 ,bo? ( ^! places are consid]ably to ! nor? ( any region n[ inhabit$ by ! monkey tribes4 ,fossil rema9s ( quadrumana h be5 f\nd 9 at lea/ two o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1--namely1 ! sub-,himalayan hills1 ne> ! ,sutlej1 & 9 ,brazil1 7bo? 9 ! t]ti>y /rata27 ! fir/ be+ a l>ge species ( semnopi!cus1 & ! second1 a /ill l>g] animal belong+ to ! ,am]ican gr\p ( monkeys1 b a new g5us1 & d5om9at$ by its discov]]1 ,dr4 ,lund1 protopi!cus4 ,! latt] w\ld be f\r feet 9 height4 ,"o rem>kable circum/ance connect$ ) ! t]ti>y =mation rema9s to be notic$1--namely1 ! preval5ce ( volcanic action at t era4 ,9 ,auv]gne1 9 ,catalonia1 ne> ,v5ice1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome & ,naples1 lavas exactly resembl+ ! produce ( exi/+ volcanoes1 are associat$ & int]mix$ ) ! lacu/r9e z well z m>9e t]ti>ies4 ,! sup]ficies ( t]ti>ies 9 ,engl& is di/urb$ by two great swells1 =m+ :at are call$ anticl9al axes1 "o ( :i* divides ! ,london f ! ,hamp%ire bas91 :ile ! o!r passes ?r\gh ! ,isle ( ,wight1 bo? ?r[+ ! /rata d[n at viol5t incl9ation t[>ds ! nor?1 z if ! subt]ranean di/urb+ =ce _h wav$ =w>d 9 t direction4 ,! ,pyr5ees1 too1 & ,alps1 h bo? und]gone elevation s9ce ! deposition ( ! t]ti>ies2 & 9 ,sicily !re are m\nta9s :i* h ris5 ?ree ?\s& feet s9ce ! deposition ( "s ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! rocks4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! op]ations 0 ( c\rse to ext5d ! l& surface1 & to increase ! v>iety ( its features1 ?us improv+ ! natural dra9age1 & g5]ally adapt+ ! e>? = ! reception ( high] classes ( animals4 ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,sup]ficial ,,=mations4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,pres5t ,,species4 ,,we h n[ complet$ our survey ( ! s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks1 & trac$ 9 _! fossils ! progress ( organic creation d[n to a "t :i* seems n long antec$5t to ! appe>ance ( man4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 monum5ts ( /ill ano!r era or space ( "t :i* x is all b c]ta9 did also prec$e t ev5t4 ,ov] ! rock =mations ( all eras1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 b conf9$ 9 g5]al to situations n v elevat$1 !re is a lay] ( /iff clay1 mo/ly ( a blue col\r1 m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( rock ( all sizes1 travel-worn1 & o!rwise1 & to :i* geologi/s give ! "n ( diluvium1 z be+ app>5tly ! produce ( "s va/ flood1 or ( ! sea ?r[n into an unusual agitation4 ,x seems to indicate t1 at ! "t :5 x 0 laid d[n1 mu* ( ! pres5t dry l& 0 "u ! ocean1 a supposition :i* we %all see support$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,! includ$ masses ( rock h be5 c>efully inspect$ 9 _m places1 & trac$ to p>ticul> p>5t b$s at consid]able di/ances4 ,connect$ ) ^! ph5om5a are c]ta9 rock surfaces on ! slopes ( hills & else:]e1 :i* exhibit groov+s & scrat*+s1 su* z we might suppose w\ld be produc$ by a quantity ( loose blocks hurri$ along ov] !m by a flood4 ,ano!r associat$ ph5om5on is t call$ crag & tail1 :i* exi/s 9 _m places1--namely1 a rocky m\nta91 or less] elevation1 pres5t+ on "o side ! nak$ rock 9 a m or less abrupt =m1 & on ! o!r a g5tle slope2 ! sites ( ,w9dsor1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,/irl+1 ) _! respective ca/les1 are specim5s ( crag & tail4 ,f9ally1 we may adv]t to c]ta9 long ridges ( clay & gravel :i* arre/ ! att5tion ( travell]s on ! surface ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l&1 & :i* are also f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 inde$1 ! :ole ( ^! ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$ ov] a l>ge surface1 z well z 9 ,europe4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! direction f :i* ! diluvial blocks h g5]ally come1 ! l9es ( ! groov$ rock surfaces1 ! direction ( ! crag & tail em95ces1 & t ( ! clay & gravel ridges--ph5om5a1 be x obs]v$1 ext5d+ ov] ! nor!rn p>ts ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica--are all f ! nor? & nor?-we/ t[>ds ! s\?-ea/4 ,we ?us acquire ! idea ( a p[]ful curr5t mov+ 9 a direction f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 c>ry+1 besides mud1 masses ( rock :i* furr[$ ! solid surfaces z !y pass$ along1 abrad+ ! nor?-we/ faces ( _m hills1 b leav+ ! slopes 9 ! opposite direction un9jur$1 & 9 "s in/ances =m+ long ridges ( detritus along ! surface4 ,^! are curi\s consid]ations1 & x has become a "q ( mu* int]e/1 by :at means1 & "u :at circum/ances1 0 su* a curr5t produc$4 ,"o hypo!tical answ] has "s plausibility ab\t x4 ,f an inve/igation ( ! nature ( glaci]s1 & "s obs]vations :i* seem to indicate t ^! h at "o "t ext5d$ to l[] levels1 & exi/$ 9 regions 7! ,scotti% ,highl&s an example7 :]e !re is n[ no p]5nial sn[1 x has be5 surmis$ t !re 0 a "t1 subsequ5t to ! t]ti>y era1 :5 ! circumpol> ice ext5d$ f> into ! temp]ate zone1 & =m$ a l(ty1 z well z ext5sive accumulation4 ,a *ange to a high] temp]ature1 produc+ a sudd5 ?aw ( ?is mass1 might set free su* a quantity ( wat] z w\ld =m a l>ge flood1 & ! s\?w>d fl[ ( ?is deluge1 jo9$ to ! direction :i* x w\ld obta9 f ! rotatory motion ( ! globe1 w\ld ( c\rse produce t comp\nd or s\?-ea/]ly direction :i* ! ph5om5a require4 ,all ( ^! speculations are z yet f> too defici5t 9 facts to be ( mu* value2 & ,i mu/ freely own t1 = "o1 ,i atta* little importance to !m4 ,all t we c legitimately inf] f ! diluvium is1 t ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7 !n "u ! sea1 & t a /rong curr5t set ov] !m4 ,connect$ ) ! diluvium is ! hi/ory ( ossif]\s cav]ns1 ( :i* specim5s s+ly exi/ at ,kirkdale 9 ,york%ire1 ,gail5reu? 9 ,franconia1 & o!r places4 ,!y occur 9 ! calc>e\s /rata1 z ! great cav]ns g5]ally d1 b h 9 all in/ances be5 naturally clos$ up till ! rec5t p]iod ( _! discov]y4 ,! floors are cov]$ ) :at appe>s to be a b$ ( ! diluvial clay1 ov] :i* re/s a cru/ ( /alagmite1 ! result ( ! dropp+s f ! ro( s9ce ! "t :5 ! clay-b$ 0 laid d[n4 ,9 ! in/ances above specifi$1 & sev]al o!rs1 !re h be5 f\nd1 "u ! clay b$1 assemblages ( ! bones ( animals1 ( _m v>i\s k9ds4 ,at ,kirkdale1 = example1 ! rema9s ( tw5ty-f\r species 7 asc]ta9$--namely1 pigeon1 l>k1 rav51 duck1 & p>tridge2 m\se1 wat]-rat1 rabbit1 h>e1 de]1 7?ree species17 ox1 horse1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 elephant1 weazel1 fox1 wolf1 be>1 tig]1 hy5a4 ,f _m ( ! bones ( ! g5tl] ( ^! animals be+ f\nd 9 a brok5 /ate1 x is suppos$ t ! cave 0 a haunt ( hy5as & o!r pr$ace\s animals1 by :i* ! small] ones 7 "h consum$4 ,?is mu/ h be5 at a "t antec$5t to ! subm]sion :i* produc$ ! diluvium1 s9ce ! bones are cov]$ by a b$ ( t =mation4 ,x is impossible n to see "h a v natural s]ies ( incid5ts4 ,fir/1 ! cave is frequ5t$ by wild bea/s1 :o make x a k9d ( *>nel-h\se4 ,!n1 subm]g$ 9 ! curr5t :i* has be5 spok5 (1 x receives a clay floor+ f ! wat]s conta9+ t matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,f9ally1 rais$ f ! wat]1 b ) no m\? to ! op5 air1 x rema9s un9trud$ on = a long s]ies ( ages1 dur+ :i* ! clay floor+ receives a new calc>e\s cov]+1 f ! dropp+s ( ! ro(4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 :o exam9$ & describ$ ! ,kirkdale cave1 0 at fir/ ( op9ion t x pres5t$ a physical evid5ce ( ! ,noa*ian deluge2 b he aft]w>ds saw reason to consid] its ph5om5a z ( a "t f> ap>t f t ev5t1 :i* re/s on evid5ce ( an entirely diff]5t k9d4 ,our att5tion is next drawn to ! erratic blocks or b\ld]s1 :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>? are ?ickly /rewn ov] ! surface1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,"s ( ^! blocks are _m tons 9 weight1 yet are cle>ly asc]ta9$ to h belong$ orig9ally to situations at a great di/ance4 ,fragm5ts1 = example1 ( ! granite ( ,%ap ,fell are f\nd 9 e direction ar\nd to ! di/ance ( fifty miles1 "o piece be+ plac$ high ^u ,criffel ,m\nta91 on ! opposite side ( ! ,solway e/u>y2 s also are fragm5ts ( ! ,alps f\nd f> up ! slopes ( ! ,jura4 ,!re are ev5 blocks on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&1 suppos$ to h travell$ f ,norway4 ,! only rational conjecture :i* c be =m$ z to ! transport ( su* masses f s great a di/ance1 is "o :i* presumes !m to h be5 c>ri$ & dropp$ by iceb]gs1 :ile ! space betwe5 _! orig9al & f9al sites 0 "u ocean4 ,iceb]gs d ev5 n[ c>ry (f su* masses f ! pol> coa/s1 :i*1 fall+ :5 ! reta9+ ice melts1 mu/ take up situations at ! bottom ( ! sea analog\s to ^? 9 :i* we f9d ! erratic blocks ( ! pres5t day4 ,z ! diluvium & erratic blocks cle>ly suppose "o la/ long subm]sion ( ! surface1 7la/1 geologically speak+17 !re is ano!r set ( appe>ances :i* z manife/ly %ew ! /eps by :i* ! l& 0 made aft]w>ds to reappe>4 ,^! consi/ ( t]races1 :i* h be5 detect$ ne>1 & at "s di/ance inl& f1 ! coa/ l9es ( ,sc&9avia1 ,brita91 ,am]ica1 & o!r regions2 be+ evid5tly anci5t bea*es1 or plat=ms1 on :i* ! m>g9 ( ! sea at "o "t re/$4 ,!y h be5 obs]v$ at diff]5t heights above ! pres5t sea-level1 f tw5ty to above twelve hundr$ feet2 & 9 _m places !y are se5 ris+ above ea* o!r 9 succession1 to ! numb] ( ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 m4 ,! smoo? flatness ( ^! t]races1 ) g5]ally a slight incl9ation t[>ds ! sea1 ! s&y composition ( _m ( !m1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 ! pres]vation ( m>9e %ells 9 ! gr\nd1 id5tify !m p]fectly ) exi/+ sea-bea*es1 not)/&+ ! cuts & scoop+s :i* h e "h & !re be5 effect$ 9 !m by wat]-c\rses4 ,! irresi/ible inf]5ce f ! ph5om5a is1 t ! highe/ 0 fir/ ! coa/ l9e2 !n an elevation took place1 & ! second highe/ became s1 ! fir/ be+ n[ rais$ into ! air & ?r[n inl&4 ,!n1 ^u ano!r elevation1 ! sea began to =m1 at its new po9t ( contact ) ! l&1 ! ?ird highe/ bea*1 & s on d[n to ! plat=m ne>e/ to ! pres5t sea-bea*4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d become comp>atively famili> to u1 :5 we he> ( evid5ce t ! la/ sixty feet ( ! elevation ( ,sw$51 & ! la/ eighty-five ( t ( ,*ili1 h tak5 place s9ce man fir/ dwelt 9 ^? c\ntries2 nay1 t ! elevation ( ! =m] c\ntry goes on at ?is "t at ! rate ( ab\t =ty-five in*es 9 a c5tury1 & t a ?\s& miles ( ! ,*ilian coa/ rose f\r feet 9 "o night1 "u ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful e>?quake1 s lately z #ahbb4 ,subt]ranean =ces1 ( ! k9d !n exemplifi$ 9 ,*ili1 supply a ready explanation ( ! :ole ph5om5a1 ?\gh "s o!r op]at+ causes h be5 sugge/$4 ,9 an inquiry on ?is po9t1 x becomes ( consequ5ce to le>n "s p>ticul>s respect+ ! levels4 ,tak+ a p>ticul> bea*1 x is g5]ally obs]v$ t ! level cont9ues ! same along a consid]able numb] ( miles1 & no?+ l breaks or hit*es has z yet be5 detect$ 9 any case4 ,a second & a ?ird bea* are also obs]v$ to be exactly p>allel to ! fir/4 ,^! facts w\ld seem to indicate quiet elevat+ movem5ts1 uni=m ov] a l>ge tract4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t ! rais$ bea*es at "o "p ( a coa/ r>ely co9cide ) ^? at ano!r "p =ty or fifty miles (f4 ,we might suppose ?is to indicate a limit 9 t ext5t ( ! uni=mity ( ! elevat+ cause1 b x w\ld be ra% to conclude positively t su* is ! case4 ,9 ! pres5t sea1 z is well kn[n1 !re are diff]5t levels at diff]5t places1 ow+ to ! op]ation ( peculi> local causes1 z curr5ts1 evaporation1 & ! influx ( l>ge riv]s into n>r[-m\!d e/u>ies4 ,! diff]5ces ( level 9 ! anci5t bea*es might be occasion$ by "s su* causes4 ,b1 :atev] d\bt may re/ on ?is m9or po9t1 en\gh has be5 asc]ta9$ to settle ! ma9 "o1 t we h 9 ^! plat=ms indubitable monum5ts ( ! la/ rise ( ! l& f ! sea1 & ! conclud+ great ev5t ( ! geological hi/ory4 ,! idea ( su* a wide-spread & possibly univ]sal subm]sion unavoidably sugge/s "s consid]ations z to ! effect :i* x might h ^u t]re/rial animal life4 ,x seems likely t ?is w\ld be1 on su* an occasion1 ext5sively1 if n univ]sally de/roy$4 ,nor does ! idea ( its univ]sal de/ruction seem ! less plausible1 :5 we rem>k1 t none ( ! species ( l& animals h]et(ore discov]$ c be detect$ at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! :ole seem to h be5 n[ *ang$4 ,"s geologi/s appe> mu* incl9$ to ?9k t !re 0 at ?is "t a new developm5t ( t]re/rial animal life ^u ! globe1 & ,m4 ,agassiz1 ^: op9ion on su* a subject mu/ always be wor?y ( att5tion1 speaks all b decid$ly = su* a conclusion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be own$1 t pro(s = x are /ill scanty1 beyond ! b>e fact ( a subm]sion :i* appe>s to h _h a v wide range4 ,i mu/ !re=e be cont5t to leave ?is po9t1 z f> z geological evid5ce is conc]n$1 = future affirmation4 ,!re are "s o!r sup]ficial deposits1 ( less consequ5ce on ! pres5t occasion ?an ! diluvium--namely1 lacu/r9e deposits1 or fill$-up lakes2 alluvium1 or ! deposits ( riv]s beside _! m>g9s2 deltas1 ! deposits made by great ones at _! efflux into ! sea2 peat mosses2 & ! vegetable soil4 ,! animal rema9s f\nd 9 ^! g5]ally te/ify to a zoology on ! v]ge ( t :i* /ill exi/s1 or melt+ into x1 !re be+ includ$ _m species :i* /ill exi/4 ,9 a lacu/r9e deposit at ,m>ket-,weighton1 9 ! ,vale ( ,york1 !re h be5 f\nd bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 bison1 wolf1 horse1 felis1 de]1 birds1 all or ne>ly all ext9ct species2 associat$ ) ?irte5 species ( l& & fre% wat] %ells1 8exactly id5tical ) types n[ liv+ 9 ! vic9ity40 ,9 simil> deposits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 are rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ma/odon1 buffalo1 & o!r animals ( ext9ct & liv+ types4 ,9 %ort1 ^! sup]ficial deposits %ew precisely su* rema9s z might be expect$ f a "t at :i* ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s 7to use a vague b n unexpressive phrase7 obta9$1 b yet s f> remote 9 *ronology z to all[ ( ! dropp+ ( _m species1 ?r\gh famili> causes1 9 ! int]val4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re is no au!ntic or satisfactory in/ance ( human rema9s be+ f\nd1 except 9 deposits obvi\sly ( v mod]n date2 a tol]ably /rong pro( t ! creation ( our own species is a comp>atively rec5t ev5t1 & "o po/]ior 7g5]ally speak+7 to all ! great natural transactions *ronicl$ by geology4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,respect+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,animat$ ,,tribes4 ,,?us concludes ! wondr\s *apt] ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* is told by geology4 ,x takes up our globe at ! p]iod :5 its orig9al inc&esc5t /ate _h ne>ly ceas$2 conducts x ?r\gh :at we h e reason to believe 7 va/1 or at lea/ v consid]able1 spaces ( "t1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* _m sup]ficial *anges took place1 & vegetable & animal life 0 gradually develop$2 & drops x j at ! po9t :5 man 0 app>5tly ab\t to ent] on ! sc5e4 ,! compilation ( su* a hi/ory1 f mat]ials ( s extraord9>y a "*1 & ! p[]ful nature ( ! evid5ce :i* ^! mat]ials af=d1 are calculat$ to excite our admiration1 & ! result mu/ be all[$ to exalt ! dignity ( sci5ce1 z a product ( man's indu/ry & 8 reason4 ,if !re is any ?+ m ?an ano!r impress$ on our m9ds by ! c\rse ( ! geological hi/ory1 x is1 t ! same laws & conditions ( nature n[ app>5t to u h exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t1 ?\gh ! op]ation ( "s ( ^! laws may n[ be less conspicu\s ?an 9 ! e>ly ages1 f "s ( ! conditions hav+ come to a settlem5t & a close4 ,t seas h fl[$ & ebb$1 & w9ds di/urb$ _! surfaces1 9 ! "t ( ! second>y rocks1 we h pro( on ! yet pres]v$ surfaces ( ! s&s :i* con/itut$ m>g9s ( ! seas 9 ^? days4 ,ev5 ! fall ( w9d-slant$ ra9 is evid5c$ on ! same tablets4 ,! wa%+ d[n ( deta*$ matt] f elevat$ gr\nds1 :i* we see riv]s con/antly engag$ 9 at ! pres5t "t1 & :i* is daily %all[+ ! seas adjac5t to _! m\?s1 only appe>s to h proce$$ on a great] scale 9 e>li] epo*s4 ,! volcanic subt]ranean =ce1 :i* we see bel*+ =? lavas on ! sides ( m\nta9s1 & ?r[+ up new elevations by l& & sea1 0 only m p[]fully op]ative 9 di/ant ages4 ,to turn to organic nature1 vegetation seems to h proce$$ !n exactly z n[4 ,! v alt]nations ( ! seasons has be5 read 9 unmi/akable *>act]s 9 sections ( ! trees ( ^? days1 precisely z x might be read 9 a section ( a tree cut d[n ye/]day4 ,! sy/em ( prey among/ animals fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! pre-human p]iod2 & ! adaptation ( all plants & animals to _! respective sph]es ( exi/5ce 0 z p]fect 9 ^? e>ly ages z x is /ill4 ,b1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ! op]ation ( ! laws may be modifi$ by conditions4 ,at "o e>ly age1 if !re 0 any dry l& at all1 x 0 p]haps envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e unfit = ! exi/5ce ( t]re/rial animals1 & :i* _h to g ?\gh "s *anges be=e t condition 0 alt]$4 ,9 ! c>bonig5\s era1 dry l& seems to h consi/$ only ( clu/]s ( isl&s1 & ! temp]ature 0 mu* above :at n[ obta9s at ! same places4 ,volcanic =ces1 & p]haps also ! dis9tegrat+ p[]1 seem to h be5 on ! decrease s9ce ! fir/1 or we h at lea/ long enjoy$ an exemption f su* p>oxysms ( ! =m]1 z appe> to h prevail$ at ! close ( ! coal =mation 9 ,engl& & ?r\gh\t ! t]ti>y era4 ,! surface has also und]gone a gradual progress by :i* x has become always m & m v>iegat$1 & !reby fitt$ = ! resid5ce ( a high] class ( animals4 ,9 pursu+ ! progress ( ! developm5t ( bo? plants & animals ^u ! globe1 we h se5 an advance 9 bo? cases1 along ! l9e lead+ to ! high] =ms ( organization4 ,among/ plants1 we h fir/ sea-we$s1 aft]w>ds l& plants2 & among/ ^! ! simpl] 7cellul> & cryptogamic7 be=e ! m complex4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( zoology1 we see zoophytes1 radiata1 mollusca1 articulata1 exi/+ = ages be=e !re 7 any high] =ms4 ,! fir/ /ep =w>d gives fi%es1 ! humble/ class ( ! v]tebrata2 &1 moreov]1 ! e>lie/ fi%es p>take ( ! "* ( ! next l[e/ sub-k+dom1 ! articulata4 ,aft]w>ds come l& animals1 ( :i* ! fir/ are reptiles1 univ]sally all[$ to be ! type next 9 advance f fi%es1 & to be connect$ ) ^! by ! l9ks ( an ins5sible gradation4 ,f reptiles we advance to birds1 & !nce to mammalia1 :i* are comm5c$ by m>supialia1 ackn[l$g$ly l[ =ms 9 _! class4 ,t !re is ?us a progress ( "s k9d1 ! mo/ sup]ficial glance at ! geological hi/ory is suffici5t to conv9ce u4 ,inde$ ! doctr9e ( ! gradation ( animal =ms has receiv$ a rem>kable support f ! discov]ies ( ?is sci5ce1 z sev]al types =m]ly want+ to a completion ( ! s]ies h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 #adi ,x is sc>cely less evid5t1 f ! geological record1 t ! progress ( organic life has obs]v$ "s correspond5ce ) ! progress ( physical conditions on ! surface4 ,we d n "k = c]ta9 t ! sea1 at ! "t :5 x support$ radiat$1 mollusc\s1 & articulat$ families1 0 incapable ( support+ fi%es2 b causes = su* a limitation are f> f inconceivable4 ,! huge saurians appe> to h be5 precisely adapt$ to ! l[ muddy coa/s & sea m>g9s ( ! "t :5 !y fl\ri%$4 ,m>supials appe> at ! "t :5 ! surface 0 g5]ally 9 t flat1 imp]fectly v>iegat$ /ate 9 :i* we f9d ,au/ralia1 ! region :]e !y n[ live 9 ! greate/ abundance1 & "o :i* has no high] native mammalian type4 ,f9ally1 x 0 n till ! l& & sea _h come into _! pres5t relations1 & ! =m]1 9 its pr9cipal cont95ts1 _h acquir$ ! irregul>ity ( surface necess>y = man1 t man appe>$4 ,we h likewise se5 reason = suppos+ t l& animals c\ld n h liv$ be=e ! c>bonig5\s era1 ow+ to ! great *>ge ( c>bonic acid gas presum$ to h be5 conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e d[n to t "t4 ,! surplus ( ?is hav+ gone1 z ,m4 ,brogni>t sugge/s1 to =m ! vegetation1 ^: ru9s became coal1 & ! air be+ ?us br\ght to its pres5t /ate1 l& animals imm$iately appe>$4 ,s also1 sea-plants 7 at fir/ ! only specim5s ( vegetation1 because !re appe>s to h be5 no place :]e o!r plants c\ld be produc$ or support$4 ,l& vegetation foll[$1 at fir/ simple1 aft]w>ds complex1 probably 9 con=mity ) an advance ( ! conditions requir$ by ! high] class ( plants4 ,9 %ort1 we see ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! geological hi/ory1 /rong traces ( a p>allel advance ( ! physical conditions & ! organic =ms4 ,9 exam9+ ! fossils ( ! l[] m>9e creation1 ) a ref]5ce to ! k9d ( rock 9 connexion1 ) :i* !y are f\nd1 x is obs]v$ t "s /rata are att5d$ by a mu* great] abundance ( bo? species & individuals ?an o!rs4 ,!y ab\nd mo/ 9 calc>e\s rocks1 :i* is precisely :at might be expect$1 s9ce lime is necess>y = ! =mation ( ! %ells ( ! mollusks & articulata1 & ! h>d sub/ance ( ! cr9oidea & corals2 next 9 ! c>bonif]\s s]ies2 next 9 ! t]ti>y2 next 9 ! new r$ s&/one2 next 9 slates2 & la/ly1 lea/ ( all1 9 ! prim>y rocks4 #aea ,?is may h be5 ! case )\t reg>d to ! orig9ation ( new species1 b m probably x 0 o!rwise2 or :y1 = in/ance1 %\ld ! polypif]\s zoophyta be f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ! lime/ones8 ,!re are1 inde$1 abundant appe>ances z if1 ?r\gh\t all ! *anges ( ! surface1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( organic life inv>iably press$ 91 imm$iately on ! specially suitable conditions aris+1 s t no place :i* c\ld support any =m ( organic be+ might be left = any l5g? ( "t unoccupi$4 ,nor is x less rem>kable h[ v>i\s species are )drawn f ! e>?1 :5 ! prop] conditions = _! p>ticul> exi/5ce are *ang$4 ,! trilobite1 ( :i* fifty species exi/$ dur+ ! e>li] =mations1 0 extirpat$ be=e ! second>y _h comm5c$1 & appe>$ no m4 ,! ammonite does n appe> above ! *alk4 ,! species1 & ev5 g5]a ( all ! e>ly radiata & mollusks 7 ex*ang$ = o!rs long ago4 ,n "o species ( any creature :i* fl\ri%$ be=e ! t]ti>y 7,ehr5b]g's infusoria except$7 n[ exi/s2 & ( ! mammalia :i* arose dur+ t s]ies1 _m =ms are altoge!r gone1 :ile ( o!rs we h n[ only k9dr$ species4 ,?us to f9d n only frequ5t additions to ! previ\sly exi/+ =ms1 b frequ5t )drawals ( =ms :i* _h app>5tly become inappropriate--a con/ant %ift+ z well z advance--is a fact calculat$ v =cibly to arre/ att5tion4 ,a c&id consid]ation ( all ^! circum/ances c sc>cely fail to introduce into our m9ds a some:at diff]5t idea ( organic creation f :at has hi!rto be5 g5]ally ent]ta9$4 ,t ,god creat$ animat$ be+s1 z well z ! t]raque\s !atre ( _! be+1 is a fact s p[]fully evid5c$1 & s univ]sally receiv$1 t ,i at once take x = grant$4 ,b 9 ! p>ticul>s ( ?is s highly support$ idea1 we surely "h see cause = "s re-consid]ation4 ,x may n[ be inquir$1--,9 :at way 0 ! creation ( animat$ be+s effect$8 ,! ord9>y notion may1 ,i ?9k1 be n unju/ly describ$ z ?is1--t ! ,almighty au?or produc$ ! prog5itors ( all exi/+ species by "s sort ( p]sonal or imm$iate ex]tion4 ,b h[ does ?is notion comport ) :at we h se5 ( ! gradual advance ( species1 f ! humble/ to ! highe/8 ,h[ c we suppose an imm$iate ex]tion ( ?is creative p[] at "o "t to produce zoophytes1 ano!r "t to add a few m>9e mollusks1 ano!r to br+ 9 "o or two con*if]s1 aga9 to produce cru/ace\s fi%es1 aga9 p]fect fi%es1 & s on to ! end8 ,?is w\ld surely be to take a v mean view ( ! ,creative ,p[]--to1 9 %ort1 an?ropomorphize x1 or r$uce x to "s su* "* z t borne by ! ord9>y proce$+s ( mank9d4 ,& yet ?is w\ld be unavoidable2 = t ! organic creation 0 ?us progressive ?r\gh a long space ( "t1 re/s on evid5ce :i* no?+ c ov]turn or ga9say4 ,"s o!r idea mu/ !n be come to ) reg>d to ! mode 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,au?or proce$$ 9 ! organic creation4 ,let u seek 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s =mation = a new sugge/ion on ?is po9t4 ,we h se5 p[]ful evid5ce1 t ! con/ruction ( ?is globe & its associates1 & inf]5tially t ( all ! o!r globes ( space1 0 ! result1 n ( any imm$iate or p]sonal ex]tion on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 b ( natural laws :i* are expressions ( 8 w4 ,:at is to h9d] our suppos+ t ! organic creation is also a result ( natural laws1 :i* are 9 l mann] an expression ( 8 w8 ,m ?an ?is1 ! fact ( ! cosmical arrangem5ts be+ an effect ( natural laws is a p[]ful argum5t = ! organic arrangem5ts be+ s likewise1 = h[ c we suppose t ! augu/ ,be+ :o br\ght all ^! c\ntless worlds into =m by ! simple e/abli%m5t ( a natural pr9ciple fl[+ f 8 m9d1 0 to int]f]e p]sonally & specially on e occasion :5 a new %ell-fi% or reptile 0 to be u%]$ into exi/5ce on "o ( ^! worlds8 ,surely ?is idea is too ridicul\s to be = a mom5t ent]ta9$4 ,x w be object$ t ! ord9>y conceptions ( ,*ri/ian nations on ?is subject are directly d]iv$ f ,scripture1 or1 at lea/1 are 9 con=mity ) x4 ,if !y 7 cle>ly & unequivocally support$ by ,scripture1 x may readily be all[$ t !re w\ld be a /rong objection to ! reception ( any opposite hypo!sis4 ,b ! fact is1 h[ev] />tl+ ! pres5t ann\ncem5t ( x may be1 t ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,mosaic record is n only n 9 h>mony ) ! ord9>y ideas ( mank9d respect+ cosmical & organic creation1 b is oppos$ to !m1 & only 9 accordance ) ! views "h tak54 ,:5 we c>efully p]use x ) awak5$ m9ds1 we f9d t all ! proc$ure is repres5t$ prim>ily & pre-em95tly z fl[+ f comm&s & expressions ( w1 n f direct acts4 ,let !re be light--let !re be a firmam5t--let ! dry l& appe>--let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b1 ! tree--let ! wat]s br+ =? ! mov+ creature t ha? life--let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] 8 k9d--^! are ! t]ms 9 :i* ! pr9cipal acts are describ$4 ,! additional expressions1--,god made ! firmam5t--,god made ! bea/ ( ! e>?1 c41 occur subord9ately1 & only 9 a few in/ances2 !y d n necess>ily convey a diff]5t idea ( ! mode ( creation1 & inde$ only appe> z alt]native phrases1 9 ! usual duplicative mann] ( ,ea/]n n>rative4 ,keep+ ?is 9 view1 ! words us$ 9 a subsequ5t place1 8,god =m$ man 9 8 own image10 _c well be und]/ood z imply+ any m ?an :at 0 impli$ be=e1--namely1 t man 0 produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( an expression ( ! ,div9e w to t effect4 ,?us1 ! scriptural objection quickly vani%es1 & ! preval5t ideas ab\t ! organic creation appe> only z a mi/ak5 inf]5ce f ! text1 =m$ at a "t :5 man's ignorance prev5t$ him f draw+ !refrom a j conclusion4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i freely own t ,i d n ?9k x "r to adduce ! ,mosaic record1 ei!r 9 objection to1 or support ( any natural hypo!sis1 & ?is = _m reasons1 b p>ticul>ly = ?is1 t !re is n ! lea/ appe>ance ( an int5tion 9 t book to give philosophically exact views ( nature4 ,to a reasonable m9d ! ,div9e attributes mu/ appe>1 n dim9i%$ or r$uc$ 9 any way1 by suppos+ a creation by law1 b inf9itely exalt$4 ,x is ! n>r[e/ ( all views ( ! ,deity1 & *>act]i/ic ( a humble class ( intellects1 to suppose him act+ con/antly 9 p>ticul> ways = p>ticul> occasions4 ,x1 = "o ?+1 greatly detracts f 8 =esight1 ! mo/ und5iable ( all ! attributes ( ,omnipot5ce4 ,x l[]s him t[>ds ! level ( our own humble intellects4 ,mu* m wor?y ( him x surely is1 to suppose t all ?+s h be5 commission$ by him f ! fir/1 ?\gh nei!r is he abs5t f a p>ticle ( ! curr5t ( natural affairs 9 "o s5se1 see+ t ! :ole sy/em is cont9ually support$ by 8 provid5ce4 ,ev5 9 human affairs1 if ,i may be all[$ to adopt a famili> illu/ration1 !re is a con/ant progress f specific action = p>ticul> occasions1 to arrangem5ts :i*1 once e/abli%$1 %all cont9ue to answ] = a great multitude ( occasions4 ,su* plans ! enlight5$ readily =m = !mselves1 & conceive z be+ adopt$ by all :o h to att5d to a multitude ( affairs1 :ile ! ignorant suppose e act ( ! greate/ public function>y to be ! result ( "s special consid]ation & c>e on 8 "p alone4 ,are we to suppose ! ,deity adopt+ plans :i* h>monize only ) ! modes ( proc$ure ( ! less enlight5$ ( our race8 ,^? :o w\ld object to ! hypo!sis ( a creation by ! int]v5tion ( law1 d n p]haps consid] h[ p[]ful an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god is lo/ by reject+ ?is doctr9e4 ,:5 all is se5 to be ! result ( law1 ! idea ( an ,almighty ,au?or becomes irresi/ible1 = ! creation ( a law = an endless s]ies ( ph5om5a--an act ( intellig5ce above all else t we c conceive--c\ld h no o!r imag9able s\rce1 & tells1 moreov]1 z p[]fully = a su/a9+ z = an orig9at+ p[]4 ,on ?is po9t a rem>k ( ,dr4 ,buckl& seems applicable3 8,if ! prop]ties adopt$ by ! elem5ts at ! mom5t ( _! creation adapt$ !m be=eh& to ! inf9ity ( complicat$ useful purposes :i* !y h already answ]$1 & may h /ill f>!r to answ]1 "u _m disp5sations ( ! mat]ial _w1 su* an aborig9al con/itution1 s f> f sup]s$+ an intellig5t ag5t1 w\ld only exalt our conceptions ( ! consummate skill & p[] t c\ld compreh5d su* an inf9ity ( future uses "u future sy/ems1 9 ! orig9al gr\ndwork ( 8 creation40 ,a late writ]1 9 a "w embrac+ a va/ am\nt ( miscellane\s k1 b writt5 9 a dogmatic /yle1 argues at great l5g? = ! doctr9e ( m imm$iate ex]tions on ! "p ( ! ,deity 9 ! works ( 8 creation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( 8 illu/rations is z foll[s3--8,! coral polypi1 unit$ by a common animal bond1 con/ruct a def9$ =m 9 /one2 _m k9ds con/ruct _m =ms4 ,an allott$ in/9ct may p]mit ea* polypus to con/ruct its own cell1 b !re is no sup]9t5d+ "o to direct ! patt]n1 nor c ! work]s unite by consultation = su* an end4 ,!re is no recipi5t = an in/9ct by :i* ! patt]n might be con/ruct$4 ,x is ,god alone1 !re=e1 :o is ! ar*itect2 & = ?is end1 consequ5tly1 he mu/ dispose ( e new polypus requir$ to cont9ue ! patt]n1 9 a new & peculi> position1 :i* ! animal c\ld n h discov]$ by itself4 ,yet m1 millions ( ^! bl9d work]s unite _! works to =m an isl&1 :i* is also wr\ght out accord+ to a con/ant g5]al patt]n1 & ( a v peculi> nature1 ?\gh ! sep>ate coral works are num]\sly div]se4 ,/ill less1 !n1 "h is an in/9ct possible4 ,! ,great ,ar*itect himself mu/ execute :at he plann$1 9 ea* case equally4 ,he uses ^! little & s5seless animals z h&s2 b !y are h&s :i* himself mu/ direct4 ,he mu/ direct ea* "o ev]y:]e1 & !re=e he is ev] act+40 #aei ,?is is a mo/ notable example ( a dang]\s k9d ( reason+4 ,x is n[ believ$ t corals h a g5]al life & s5sation ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass1 resid+ 9 ! n]v\s tissue :i* envelops !m2 consequ5tly1 !re is no?+ m wond]ful 9 _! det]m9ate g5]al =ms ?an 9 ^? ( o!r animals4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t !re is 9 our doctr9e t h>mony 9 all ! associat$ ph5om5a :i* g5]ally m>ks great tru?s4 ,fir/1 x agrees1 z we h se51 ) ! idea ( planet-creation by natural law4 ,secondly1 ^u ?is supposition1 all t geology tells u ( ! succession ( species appe>s natural & intelligible4 ,organic life presses 91 z has be5 rem>k$1 :]ev] !re 0 room & enc\ragem5t = x1 ! =ms be+ always su* z suit$ ! circum/ances1 & 9 a c]ta9 relation to !m1 z1 = example1 :]e ! lime/one-=m+ seas produc$ an abundance ( corals1 cr9oidea1 & %ell-fi%4 ,admitt+ = a mom5t a re-orig9ation ( species aft] a cataclysm1 z has be5 surmis$ by "s geologi/s1 ?\gh ! hypo!sis is always becom+ less & less t5able1 x h>monizes ) no?+ s well z ! idea ( a creation by law4 ,! m solit>y comm5cem5ts ( species1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! mo/ inconceivably paltry ex]cise = an imm$iately creative p[]1 are suffici5tly wor?y ( "o op]at+ by laws4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t ! ?+ to be acc\nt$ = is n m]ely ! orig9ation ( organic be+ ^u ?is little planet1 ?ird ( a s]ies :i* is b "o ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( s]ies1 ! :ole ( :i* aga9 =m b "o portion ( an app>5tly inf9ite globe-peopl$ space1 :]e all seems analog\s4 ,we h to suppose1 t e "o ( ^! numb]less globes is ei!r a !atre ( organic be+1 or 9 ! way ( becom+ s4 ,?is is a conclusion :i* e addition to our k makes only ! m irresi/ible4 ,is x conceivable1 z a fitt+ mode ( ex]cise = creative intellig5ce1 t x %\ld be con/antly mov+ f "o sph]e to ano!r1 to =m & plant ! v>i\s species :i* may be requir$ 9 ea* situation at p>ticul> times8 ,is su* an idea accordant ) our g5]al conception ( ! dignity1 n to speak ( ! p[]1 ( ! ,great ,au?or8 ,yet su* is ! notion :i* we mu/ =m1 if we adh]e to ! doctr9e ( special ex]cise4 ,let u see1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ ! doctr9e ( a creation by law agrees ) ?is exp&$ view ( ! organic _w4 ,unprep>$ z mo/ m5 may be = su* an ann\ncem5t1 !re c be no d\bt t we are able1 9 ?is limit$ sph]e1 to =m "s satisfactory conclusions z to ! plants & animals ( ^? o!r sph]es :i* move at su* imm5se di/ances f u4 ,suppose t ! fir/ p]sons ( an e>ly nation :o made a %ip & v5tur$ to sea 9 x1 obs]v$1 z !y sail$ along1 a set ( objects :i* !y _h nev] be=e se5--namely1 a fleet ( o!r %ips--w\ld !y n h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ^? %ips 7 occupi$1 l _! own1 by human be+s possess+ h&s to r[ & /e]1 eyes to wat* ! signs ( ! wea!r1 intellig5ce to guide !m f "o place to ano!r--9 %ort1 be+s 9 all respects l !mselves1 or only %ew+ su* diff]5ces z !y knew to be producible by diff]5ce ( climate & habits ( life4 ,precisely 9 ?is mann] we c speculate on ! inhabitants ( remote sph]es4 ,we see t matt] has orig9ally be5 diffus$ 9 "o mass1 ( :i* ! sph]es are portions4 ,consequ5tly1 inorganic matt] mu/ be presum$ to be ev]y:]e ! same1 al?\gh probably ) diff]5ces 9 ! proportions ( +r$i5ts 9 diff]5t globes1 & also "s diff]5ce ( conditions4 ,out ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ! elem5ts ( inorganic matt] are compos$ organic bodies1 bo? vegetable & animal2 su* mu/ be ! rule 9 ,jupit] & 9 ,sirius1 z x is "h4 ,we1 !re=e1 are all b c]ta9 t h]bace\s & ligne\s fibre1 t fle% & blood1 are ! con/itu5ts ( ! organic be+s ( all ^? sph]es :i* are z yet seats ( life4 ,gravitation we see to be an all-p]vad+ pr9ciple3 !re=e !re mu/ be a relation betwe5 ! sph]es & _! respective organic occupants1 by virtue ( :i* !y are fix$1 z f> z necess>y1 on ! surface4 ,su* a relation1 ( c\rse1 involves details z to ! d5sity & ela/icity ( /ructure1 z well z size1 ( ! organic t5ants1 9 proportion to ! gravity ( ! respective planets--peculi>ities1 h[ev]1 :i* may q well consi/ ) ! idea ( a univ]sality ( g5]al types1 to :i* we are ab\t to come4 ,electricity we also see to be univ]sal2 if1 !re=e1 x be a pr9ciple conc]n$ 9 life & 9 m5tal action1 z sci5ce /rongly sugge/s1 life & m5tal action mu/ ev]y:]e be ( "o g5]al "*4 ,we come to comp>atively a matt] ( detail1 :5 we adv]t to heat & light2 yet x is important to consid] t ^! are univ]sal ag5ts1 & t1 z !y be> m>k$ relations to organic life & /ructure on e>?1 !y may be presum$ to d s 9 o!r sph]es also4 ,! consid]ations z to light are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 =1 on our globe1 ! /ructure ( "o important organ1 almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 is 9 direct & precise relation to x4 ,:]e !re is light !re w be eyes1 & ^!1 9 o!r sph]es1 w be ! same 9 all respects z ! eyes ( tellurian animals1 ) only su* diff]5ces z may be necess>y to accord ) m9or peculi>ities ( condition & ( situation4 ,x is b a small /ret* ( ! argum5t to suppose t1 "o conspicu\s organ ( a l>ge portion ( our animal k+dom be+ ?us univ]sal1 a p>ity 9 all ! o!r organs--species = species1 class = class1 k+dom = k+dom--is highly likely1 & t ?us ! inhabitants ( all ! o!r globes ( space be> n only a g5]al1 b a p>ticul> resemblance to ^? ( our own4 ,assum+ t organic be+s are ?us spread ov] all space1 ! idea ( _! hav+ all come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( laws ev]y:]e applicable1 is only con=mable to t pr9ciple1 ackn[l$g$ to be s g5]ally visible 9 ! affairs ( ,provid5ce1 to h all done by ! employm5t ( ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( means4 ,?us1 z "o set ( laws produc$ all orbs & _! motions & geogno/ic arrangem5ts1 s "o set ( laws ov]spread !m all ) life4 ,! :ole productive or creative arrangem5ts are !re=e 9 p]fect unity4 ,,p>ticul> ,,consid]ations ,,respect+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,animat$ ,,tribes4 ,,! g5]al likelihood ( an organic creation by law hav+ be5 %ewn1 we are next to inquire if sci5ce has any facts t5d+ to br+ ! assumption m ne>ly home to nature4 ,su* facts !re c]ta9ly are2 b x _c be surpris+ t !y are comp>atively few & scatt]$1 :5 we consid] t ! inquiry is into "o ( nature's pr(\nde/ my/]ies1 & "o :i* has hi!rto engag$ no direct att5tion 9 almo/ any qu>t]4 ,cry/allization is confess$ly a ph5om5on ( inorganic matt]2 yet ! simple/ ru/ic obs]v] is /ruck by ! resemblance :i* ! examples ( x left ^u a w9d[ by fro/ be> to vegetable =ms4 ,9 "s cry/allizations ! mimicry is beautiful & complete2 = example1 9 ! well-kn[n "o call$ ! ,arbor ,dian4 ,an amalgam ( f\r p>ts ( silv] & two ( m]cury be+ dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & wat] equal to ?irty weights ( ! metals be+ add$1 a small piece ( s(t amalgam ( silv] susp5d$ 9 ! solution1 quickly ga!rs to itself ! p>ticles ( ! silv] ( ! amalgam1 :i* =m ^u x a cry/allization precisely resembl+ a %rub4 ,! exp]im5t may be v>i$ 9 a way :i* s]ves bett] to detect ! influ5ce ( electricity 9 su* op]ations1 z not$ bel[4 #aff ,vegetable figures are also pres5t$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ ord9>y appe>ances ( ! electric fluid4 ,9 ! m>ks caus$ by positive electricity1 or :i* x leaves 9 its passage1 we see ! ramifications ( a tree1 z well z ( its individual leaves2 ^? ( ! negative1 recal ! bulb\s or ! spread+ root1 accord+ z !y are clump$ or div]g5t4 ,^! ph5om5a seem to say t ! electric en]gies h _h some?+ to d 9 det]m9+ ! =ms ( plants4 ,t !y are intimately connect$ ) vegetable life is indubitable1 = g]m9ation w n proce$ 9 wat] *>g$ ) negative electricity1 :ile wat] *>g$ positively greatly fav\rs x2 & a g>d5 s5sibly increases 9 luxuriance1 :5 a numb] ( conduct+ rods are made to t]m9ate 9 bran*es ov] its b$s4 ,) reg>d to ! resemblance ( ! ramifications ( ! bran*es & leaves ( plants to ! traces ( ! positive electricity1 & t ( ! roots to ! negative1 x is a circum/ance call+ = especial rem>k1 t ! atmosph]e1 p>ticul>ly its l[] /rata1 is g5]ally *>g$ positively1 :ile ! e>? is always *>g$ negatively4 ,! correspond5ce "h is curi\s4 ,a plant ?us appe>s z a ?+ =m$ on ! basis ( a natural electrical op]ation--! bru% realiz$4 ,we c ?us suppose ! v>i\s =ms ( plants z1 imm$iately1 ! result ( a law 9 electricity v>i\sly affect+ !m accord+ to _! organic "*1 or respective g]m9al con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! popl>1 ! bru% is unusually v]tical1 & little div]g5t2 ! rev]se 9 ! bee*3 9 ! palm1 a p5cil has proce$$ /raight up = a c]ta9 di/ance1 radiates !re1 & turns outw>ds & d[nw>ds2 & s on4 ,we c "h see at lea/ traces ( second>y means by :i* ! ,almighty ,devis] might e/abli% all ! vegetable =ms ) :i* ! e>? is ov]spread4 ,vegetable & animal bodies are ma9ly compos$ ( ! same f\r simple sub/ances or elem5ts--c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! fir/ comb9ations ( ^! 9 animals are into :at are call$ proximate pr9ciples1 z album51 fibr91 urea1 alanto91 c41 out ( :i* ! /ructure ( ! animal body is compos$4 ,n[ ! *emi/1 by ! association ( two p>ts oxyg51 f\r hydrog51 two c>bon1 & two nitrog51 c make urea4 ,alanto9 has also be5 produc$ artificially4 ,two ( ! proximate pr9ciples be+ realizable by human c>e1 ! possibility ( realiz+ or =m+ all is e/abli%$4 ,?us ! *emi/ may be said to h x 9 8 p[] to realize ! fir/ /ep 9 organization4 #afi;a ,inde$1 x is fully ackn[l$g$ by ,dr4 ,daub5y1 t 9 ! comb9ations =m+ ! proximate pr9ciples !re is no *emical peculi>ity4 8,x is n[ c]ta910 he says1 8t ! same simple laws ( composition p]vade ! :ole creation2 & t1 if ! organic *emi/ only takes ! requisite precautions to avoid resolv+ into _! ultimate elem5ts ! proximate pr9ciples ^u :i* he op]ates1 ! results ( 8 analysis w %ew t !y are comb9$ precisely accord+ to ! same plan z ! elem5ts ( m9]al bodies are kn[n to be40 #afi;b ,a p>ticul> fact is "h wor?y ( att5tion4 8,! conv]sion ( fecula into sug>1 z "o ( ! ord9>y processes ( vegetable economy1 is effect$ by ! production ( a secretion t]m$ dia/ose1 :i* occasions bo? ! rupture ( ! />* vesicles1 & ! *ange ( _! conta9$ gum into sug>4 ,?is dia/ose may be sep>ately obta9$ by ! *emi/1 & x acts z effectually 9 8 laboratory z 9 ! vegetable organization4 ,he c also imitate its effects by o!r *emical ag5ts40 #agj ,! writ] quot$ bel[ adds1 8,no reasonable gr\nd has yet be5 adduc$ = suppos+ t1 if we _h ! p[] ( br++ toge!r ! elem5ts ( any organic comp\nd1 9 _! requisite /ates & proportions1 ! result w\ld be any o!r ?an t :i* is f\nd 9 ! liv+ body40 ,x is mu* to "k ! elem5ts out ( :i* organic bodies are compos$4 ,x is some?+ m to "k _! fir/ comb9ations1 & t ^! are simply *emical4 ,h[ ^! comb9ations are associat$ 9 ! /ructure ( liv+ bodies is ! next inquiry1 b x is "o to :i* z yet no satisfactory answ] c be giv54 ,! inve/igation ( ! m9uti ( organic /ructure by ! microscope is ( su* rec5t orig91 t its results _c be expect$ to be v cle>4 ,"s facts1 h[ev]1 are wor?y ( att5tion ) reg>d to ! pres5t inquiry4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t ! basis ( all vegetable & animal sub/ances consi/s ( nucleat$ cells2 t is1 cells hav+ granules )9 !m4 ,nutrim5t is conv]t$ into ^! be=e be+ assimilat$ by ! sy/em4 ,! tissues are =m$ f !m4 ,! ovum de/9$ to become a new creature1 is orig9ally only a cell ) a conta9$ granule4 ,we see x act+ ?is reproductive "p 9 ! simple/ mann] 9 ! cryptogamic plants4 8,! p>5t cell1 arriv$ at maturity by ! ex]cise ( its organic functions1 bur/s1 & lib]ates its conta9$ granules4 ,^!1 at once ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces1 & entirely dep5d5t = _! nutrition on ! surr\nd+ elem5ts1 develop !mselves into new cells1 :i* repeat ! life ( _! orig9al4 ,among/ ! high] tribes ( ! cryptogamia1 ! reproductive cell does n bur/1 b ! fir/ cells ( ! new /ructure are develop$ )9 x1 & ^! gradually ext5d1 by a simil> process ( multiplication1 into t prim>y leaf-l expansion :i* is ! fir/ =m$ /ructure 9 all plants40 #aga ,"h ! little cell becomes directly a plant1 ! full =m$ liv+ be+4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t1 9 ! sponges1 7an animal =m17 a gemmule deta*$ f ! body ( ! p>5t1 & tru/+ = su/5tation only to ! fluid into :i* x has be5 ca/1 becomes1 )\t fur!r process1 ! new creature4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 rec5tly discov]$ by means ( ! microscope1 t !re is1 z f> z c be judg$1 a p]fect resemblance betwe5 ! ovum ( ! mammal tribes1 dur+ t e>ly /age :5 x is pass+ ?r\gh ! oviduct1 & ! "y ( ! infusory animalcules4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^!1 ! volvox globator1 has exactly ! =m ( ! g]m :i*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a long ftal progress1 becomes a complete mammif]1 an animal ( ! highe/ class4 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd t bo? are alike provid$ ) ^? cilia1 :i*1 produc+ a revolv+ motion1 or its appe>ance1 is p>tly ! cause ( ! "n giv5 to ?is animalcule4 ,^! resemblances are ! m entitl$ to notice1 t !y 7 made by v>i\s obs]v]s1 di/ant f ea* o!r at ! "t4 #agb ,x has likewise be5 not$ t ! globules ( ! blood are reproduc$ by ! expansion ( conta9$ granules2 !y are1 9 %ort1 di/9ct organisms multipli$ by ! same fissip>\s g5]ation4 ,s t all animat$ nature may be said to be bas$ on ?is mode ( orig92 ! fundam5tal =m ( organic be+ is a globule1 hav+ a new globule =m+ )9 itself1 by :i* x is 9 "t dis*>g$1 & :i* is aga9 foll[$ by ano!r & ano!r1 9 endless succession4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t1 if ^! globules c\ld be produc$ by any process f inorganic elem5ts1 we %\ld be entitl$ to say t ! fact ( a transit f ! inorganic into ! organic _h be5 witness$ 9 t in/ance2 ! possibility ( ! comm5cem5t ( animat$ creation by ! ord9>y laws ( nature might be consid]$ z e/abli%$4 ,n[ x 0 giv5 out "s ye>s ago by a ,fr5* physiologi/1 t globules c\ld be produc$ 9 album5 by electricity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^! globules be id5tical ) ! cells :i* are n[ held to be reproductive1 x might be said t ! production ( album5 by artificial means is ! only /ep 9 ! process want+4 ,?is has n yet be5 effect$2 b x is kn[n to be only a *emical process1 ! mode ( :i* may be any day discov]$ 9 ! laboratory1 & two comp\nds p]fectly co-ord9ate1 urea & alanto91 h actually be5 produc$4 ,9 su* an inve/igation z ! pres5t1 x is n unwor?y ( notice t ! production ( %ell is a natural op]ation :i* c be precisely imitat$ artificially4 ,su* an incru/ation takes place on bo? ! outside & inside ( ! :eel 9 a blea*+ e/abli%m5t1 9 :i* cotton clo? is r9s$ free ( ! lime employ$ 9 its purification4 ,f ! dress+ employ$ by ! weav]1 ! clo? obta9s ! animal matt]1 gelat92 ?is & ! lime =m ! con/itu5ts ( ! incru/ation1 exactly z 9 natural %ell4 ,9 ! :eel employ$ at ,catr9e1 9 ,ayr%ire1 :]e ! ph5om5on 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! eye ( sci5ce1 x _h requir$ t5 ye>s to produce a coat+ ! t5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is incru/ation has all ! *>act]s ( %ell1 display+ a highly poli%$ surface1 beautifully iridesc5t1 &1 :5 brok51 a foliat$ texture4 ,! exam9ation ( x has ev5 ?r[n "s light on ! "* & mode ( =mation ( natural %ell4 8,! plates into :i* ! sub/ance is divisible h be5 =m$ 9 succession1 & c]ta9 int]vals ( "t h elaps$ betwe5 _! =mation2 9 g5]al1 e two contigu\s lam9 are sep>at$ by a ?9 iridesc5t film1 v>y+ f ! ?ree to ! fifty million? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & produc+ all ! v>i\s col\rs ( ?9 plates :i* correspond to int]m$iate ?icknesses3 betwe5 "s ( ! lam9 no su* film exi/s1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]val ( "t betwe5 _! =mation be+ too %ort2 & betwe5 o!rs ! film has be5 =m$ ( unequal ?ickness4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! iridesc5t films are =m$ :5 ! da%-:eel is at re/ dur+ ! night1 & t :5 no film exi/s betwe5 two lam91 an int]val too %ort = its =mation1 7aris+1 p]haps1 f ! /opp+ ( ! "w dur+ ! day17 has elaps$ dur+ ! dry+ or induration ( "o lam9a & ! deposition ( ano!r40 #age ,f ?is x has be5 d$uc$1 by a pati5t inve/igation1 t ^? col\rs ( "m-(-pe>l1 :i* are incommunicable to wax1 arise f iridesc5t films deposit$ betwe5 ! lam9 ( its /ructure1 & x is h5ce inf]r$ t ! animal1 l ! :eel1 re/s p]iodically f its lab\rs 9 =m+ ! natural sub/ance4 ,^!1 x w be own$1 are curi\s & n irrelevant facts2 b x w be ask$ :at actual exp]i5ce says respect+ ! orig9ation ( life4 ,are !re1 x w be said1 any au!ntic in/ances ( ei!r plants or animals1 ( h[ev] humble & simple a k9d1 hav+ come into exi/5ce o!rwise ?an 9 ! ord9>y way ( g5]ation1 s9ce ! "t ( :i* geology =ms ! record8 ,x may be answ]$1 t ! negative ( ?is "q c\ld n be by any means =midable to ! doctr9e ( law-creation1 see+ t ! conditions necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! suppos$ life-creat+ laws may n h exi/$ )9 record to any great ext5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we see ! physical laws ( e>ly times /ill act+ ) m or less =ce1 x might n be unreasonable to expect t we %\ld /ill see "s remnants1 or p>tial & occasional work+s ( ! life-creat+ en]gy amid/ a sy/em ( ?+s g5]ally /able & at re/4 ,are !re1 !n1 any su* remnants to be trac$ 9 our own day1 or dur+ man's exi/5ce ^u e>?8 ,if !re be1 x cle>ly w\ld =m a /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e1 z :at n[ takes place ^u a conf9$ scale & 9 a comp>atively casual mann] may h =m]ly tak5 place on a great scale1 & z ! prop] & et]nity-de/9$ means ( supply+ a vacant globe ) suitable t5ants4 ,x w at ! same "t be obs]v$ t1 ! e>? be+ n[ suppli$ ) bo? k9ds ( t5ants 9 great abundance1 we only c\ld expect to f9d ! life-orig9at+ p[] at "w 9 "s v special & extraord9>y circum/ances1 & probably only 9 ! inf]ior & obscur] dep>tm5ts ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,p]haps1 if ! "q 7 ask$ ( t5 m5 ( approv$ reputation 9 sci5ce1 n9e out ( ! numb] w\ld answ] 9 ! negative4 ,?is is because1 9 a great numb] ( in/ances :]e ! sup]ficial obs]v]s ( =m] times assum$ a non-g5]ative orig9 = life1 7z 9 ! celebrat$ case 9 ,virgil's f\r? ,georgic17 ei!r ! direct contr>y has be5 asc]ta9$1 or exhau/ive exp]im5ts h left no alt]native f ! conclusion t ord9>y g5]ation did take place1 albeit 9 a mann] :i* escapes obs]vation4 ,f9d+ t an errone\s assumption has be5 =m$ 9 _m cases1 mod]n inquir]s h n hesitat$ to assume t !re c be no case 9 :i* g5]ation is n conc]n$2 an assumption n only unw>rant$ by1 b directly oppos$ to1 ! pr9ciples ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,yet ?is is truly ! po9t at :i* ! "q n[ re/s 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,i h no wi% "h to ent] l>gely into a subject s wide & s full ( difficulties2 b ,i may rem>k1 t ! explanations usually sugge/$ :]e life takes its rise )\t app>5t g5]ative means1 always appe> to me to p>take mu* ( ! fallacy ( ! petitio pr9cipii4 ,:51 = in/ance1 lime is laid d[n ^u a piece ( wa/e moss gr\nd1 & a crop ( :ite clov] = :i* no se$s 7 s[n is ! consequ5ce1 ! explanation t ! se$s h be5 dormant !re = an unkn[n "t1 & 7 /imulat$ into g]m9ation :5 ! lime produc$ ! appropriate circum/ances1 appe>s extremely unsatisfactory1 especially :5 we "k t 7z 9 an au!ntic case "u my notice7 ! spot is _m miles f :]e clov] is cultivat$1 & t !re is no?+ = six feet bel[ b pure peat moss1 clov] se$s be+1 moreov]1 kn[n to be too heavy to be transport$1 z _m o!r se$s are1 by ! w9ds4 ,mu%rooms1 we "k1 c be propagat$ by _! se$2 b ano!r mode ( rais+ !m1 well kn[n to ! g>d5]1 is to mix c[ & horse dung toge!r1 & ?us =m a b$ 9 :i* !y are expect$ to gr[ )\t any se$ be+ plant$4 ,x is assum$ t ! se$s are c>ri$ by ! atmosph]e1 unp]ceiv$ by u1 &1 f9d+ "h an appropriate field = g]m9ation1 g]m9ate accord+ly2 b ?is is only assumption1 & ?\gh design$ to be on ! side ( a sev]e philosophy1 9 reality makes a pretty l>ge dem& on cr$ulity4 ,!re are sev]al p]sons em95t 9 sci5ce :o pr(ess at lea/ to f9d great difficulties 9 accept+ ! doctr9e ( inv>iable g5]ation4 ,"o ( ^!1 9 ! "w not$ bel[1 #agi;a has /at$ sev]al consid]ations aris+ f analogical reason+1 :i* appe> to him to ?r[ ! balance ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! aborig9al production ( infusoria1 #agi;b ! vegetation call$ m\ld1 & ! l4 ,"o seems to be ( great =ce2 namely1 t ! animalcules1 :i* are suppos$ 7altoge!r hypo!tically7 to be produc$ by ova1 are aft]w>ds f\nd increas+ _! numb]s1 n by t mode at all1 b by division ( _! bodies4 ,if x be ! nature ( ^! creatures to propagate 9 ?is splitt+ or fissip>\s mann]1 h[ c\ld !y be communicat$ to a vegetable infusion8 ,ano!r fact ( v high importance is pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--8,! nature ( ! animalcule1 or vegetable production1 be>s a con/ant relation to ! /ate ( ! infusion1 s t1 9 simil> circum/ances1 ! same are always produc$ )\t ?is be+ influ5c$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 progressive advance 9 ! productive p[]s ( ! infusion1 = at ! fir/ ! animalcules are only ( ! small] k9ds1 or monades1 & aft]w>ds !y become gradually l>g] & m complicat$ 9 _! /ructure2 aft] a "t1 ! production ceases1 al?\gh ! mat]ials are by no means exhau/$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( wat] is v small1 & ! organic matt] abundant1 ! production is usually ( a vegetable nature2 :5 !re is mu* wat]1 animalcules are m frequ5tly produc$40 ,x has be5 %ewn by ! oppon5ts ( ?is !ory1 t :5 a vegetable infusion is deb>r$ f ! contact ( ! atmosph]e1 by be+ closely seal$ up or cov]$ ) a lay] ( oil1 no animalcules are produc$2 b x has be5 said1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! exclusion ( ! air may prev5t "s simple condition necess>y = ! aborig9al developm5t ( life--& no?+ is m likely4 ,p]haps ! prevail+ doctr9e is 9 no?+ plac$ 9 great] difficulties ?an x is ) reg>d to ! entozoa1 or creatures :i* live )9 ! bodies ( o!rs4 ,^! creatures d1 & app>5tly c1 live n[h]e else ?an 9 ! int]ior ( o!r liv+ bodies1 :]e !y g5]ally take up _! abode 9 ! visc]a1 b also sometimes 9 ! *amb]s ( ! eye1 ! int]ior ( ! bra91 ! s]\s sacs1 & o!r places hav+ no communication f )\t4 ,"s are vivip>\s1 o!rs ovip>\s4 ,( ! latt] x _c reasonably be suppos$ t ! ova ev] pass ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! air1 or ?r\gh ! blood-vessels1 = !y are too heavy = ! "o transit1 & too l>ge = ! o!r4 ,( ! =m]1 x _c be conceiv$ h[ !y pass into "y animals--c]ta9ly n by communication f ! p>5t1 = x has (t5 be5 f\nd t entozoa d n appe> 9 c]ta9 g5]ations1 & "s ( peculi> & not$ "* h only appe>$ at r>e int]vals1 & 9 v extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,a c&id view ( ! less popul> doctr9e1 z to ! orig9 ( ?is humble =m ( life1 is tak5 by a di/+ui%$ liv+ naturali/4 8,to expla9 ! beg9n+ ( ^! worms )9 ! human body1 on ! common doctr9e t all creat$ be+s proce$ f _! likes1 or a primordial egg1 is s difficult1 t ! mod]ns h be5 driv5 to speculate1 z our fa!rs did1 on _! spontane\s bir?2 b !y h receiv$ ! hypo!sis ) "s modification4 ,?us x is n f putrefaction or f]m5tation t ! entozoa are born1 = bo? ( ^! processes are r fatal to _! exi/5ce1 b f ! aggregation & fit apposition ( matt] :i* is already organiz$1 or has be5 ?r[n f organiz$ surfaces4 ,_! orig9 9 ?is mann] is n m wond]ful or m inexplicable ?an t ( _m ( ! inf]ior animals f sections ( !mselves4 99 99 ,p>ticles ( matt] fitt$ by dige/ion1 & _! transmission ?r\gh a liv+ body1 = imm$iate assimilation ) x1 or flakes ( lymph deta*$ f surfaces already organiz$1 seem nei!r to exce$ nor fall bel[ t simplicity ( /ructure :i* fav\rs ?is wond]ful developm5t2 & ! supposition t1 l morsels ( a plan>ia1 !y may also1 :5 reta9$ 9 contact ) liv+ p>ts1 & 9 o!r fav\rable circum/ances1 cont9ue to live & be gradually *ang$ into creatures ( analog\s con=mation1 is surely n s absurd z to be br\ght into comp>ison ) ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid4 99 99 ,we ?9k ! hypo!sis is also support$ 9 "s degree by ! fact1 t ! orig9 ( ! entozoa is fav\r$ by all causes :i* t5d to di/urb ! equality betwe5 ! sec]n+ & absorb5t sy/ems40 #ahb ,"h p>ticles ( organiz$ matt] are sugge/$ z ! g]m9al orig9 ( di/9ct & fully organiz$ animals1 _m ( :i* h a highly develop$ reproductive sy/em4 ,h[ ne> su* p>ticles mu/ be to ! inorganic =m ( matt] may be judg$ f :at has be5 said )9 ! la/ few pages4 ,if1 !n1 ?is view ( ! production ( entozoa be receiv$1 x mu/ be held z 9 no small degree fav\rable to ! g5]al doctr9e ( an organic creation by law4 ,!re is ano!r s]ies ( facts1 ak9 to ! above1 & :i* des]ve n less att5tion4 ,! pig1 9 its dome/ic /ate1 is subject to ! attacks ( a hydatid1 f :i* ! wild animal is free2 h5ce ! disease call$ measles 9 pork4 ,! dome/ication ( ! pig is ( c\rse an ev5t subsequ5t to ! orig9 ( man2 inde$1 comp>atively speak+1 a rec5t ev5t4 ,:5ce1 !n1 ! fir/ prog5itor ( ?is hydatid8 ,s also !re is a t9ea :i* attacks dress$ wool1 b nev] t\*es x 9 its unwa%$ /ate4 ,a p>ticul> insect disda9s all food b *ocolate1 & ! l>va ( ! o9opota cell>is lives n[h]e b 9 w9e & be]1 all ( ^! be+ articles manufactur$ by man4 ,!re is likewise a creature call$ ! pimelodes cyclopum1 :i* is only f\nd 9 subt]ranean cavities connect$ ) c]ta9 specim5s ( ! volcanic =mation 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 dat+ f a "t po/]ior to ! arrangem5ts ( ! e>? = our species4 ,:5ce ! fir/ pymelodes cyclopum8 ,w x1 to a geologi/1 appe> irrational to suppose t1 j z ! pt]odactyle 0 add$ 9 ! era ( ! new r$ s&/one1 :5 ! e>? _h become suit$ = su* a creature1 s may ^! creatures h be5 add$ :5 m$ia suitable = _! exi/5ce arose1 & t su* ph5om5a may take place any day1 ! only cause = _! tak+ place seldom be+ ! r>ity ( ! rise ( new physical conditions on a globe :i* seems to h already und]gone ! pr9cipal "p ( its de/9$ mutations8 ,betwe5 su* isolat$ facts & ! great] *anges :i* att5d$ v>i\s geological eras1 x is n easy to see any diff]5ce1 besides simply t ( ! scale on :i* ! respective ph5om5a took place1 z ! ?r[+ (f ( "o copy f an engrav$ plate is exactly ! same process z t by :i* a ?\s& are ?r[n (f4 ,no?+ is m easy to conceive ?an t to ,creative ,provid5ce1 ! numb]s ( su* ph5om5a1 ! "t :51 & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y take place1 are indiff]5t matt]s4 ,! ,et]nal ,"o has arrang$ = ev]y?+ be=eh&1 & tru/$ all to ! op]ation ( ! laws ( 8 appo9tm5t1 himself be+ ev] pres5t 9 all ?+s4 ,we c ev5 conceive t man1 9 8 _m do+s ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 may occasionally1 )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( x1 or o!rwise1 act z an in/rum5t 9 prep>+ ! association ( conditions "u :i* ! creative laws "w2 & p]haps "s in/ances ( 8 hav+ act$ z su* an in/rum5t h actually occurr$ 9 our own "t4 ,i allude1 ( c\rse1 to ! exp]im5ts conduct$ a few ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,crosse1 :i* seem$ to result 9 ! production ( a h]et(ore unkn[n species ( insect 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,v>i\s causes h prev5t$ ^! exp]im5ts & _! results f receiv+ c&id treatm5t1 b !y may p]haps be yet f\nd to h op5$ up a new & mo/ int]e/+ *apt] ( nature's my/]ies4 ,mr4 ,crosse 0 pursu+ "s exp]im5ts 9 cry/allization1 caus+ a p[]ful voltaic batt]y to op]ate ^u a saturat$ solution ( silicate ( pota%1 :5 ! insects unexpect$ly made _! appe>ance4 ,he aft]w>ds tri$ nitrate ( copp]1 :i* is a deadly poison1 & f t fluid also did live insects em]ge4 ,disc\rag$ by ! reception ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,crosse soon discont9u$ !m2 b !y 7 "s ye>s aft] pursu$ by ,mr4 ,weekes1 ( ,s&wi*1 ) precisely ! same results4 ,?is g5tleman1 besides try+ ! fir/ ( ! above sub/ances1 employ$ f]ro-cyanet ( pota%1 on acc\nt ( its conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( c>bon1 ! pr9cipal elem5t ( organic bodies2 & f ?is sub/ance ! insects 7 produc$ 9 increas$ numb]s4 ,a few weeks suffic$ = ?is exp]im5t1 ) ! p[]ful batt]y ( ,mr4 ,crosse2 b ! fir/ attempts ( ,mr4 ,weekes requir$ ab\t elev5 mon?s1 a gr\nd ( presumption 9 itself t ! electricity 0 *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,! *anges und]gone by ! fluid op]at$ ^u1 7 9 bo? cases rem>kable1 & ne>ly alike4 ,9 ,mr4 ,weekes' app>atus1 ! silicate ( pota% became fir/ turbid1 !n ( a milky appe>ance2 r\nd ! negative wire ( ! batt]y1 dipp$ into ! fluid1 !re ga!r$ a quantity ( gelat9\s matt]1 a "p ( ! process ( consid]able importance1 consid]+ t gelat9 is "o ( ! proximate pr9ciples1 or fir/ comp\nds1 ( :i* animal bodies are =m$4 ,f ?is matt] ,mr4 ,weekes obs]v$ "o ( ! insects 9 ! v act ( em]g+1 imm$iately aft] :i*1 x asc5d$ to ! surface ( ! fluid1 & s\ght concealm5t 9 an obscure corn] ( ! app>atus4 ,! insects produc$ by bo? exp]im5tali/s seem to h be5 ! same1 a species ( ac>us1 m9ute & semi-transp>5t1 & furni%$ ) long bri/les1 :i* c only be se5 by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t "s ( ^! insects1 soon aft] _! exi/5ce _h comm5c$1 7 f\nd to be likely to ext5d _! species4 ,!y 7 sometimes obs]v$ to g back to ! fluid to fe$1 & occasionally !y dev\r$ ea* o!r4 #ahg ,! reception ( novelties 9 sci5ce mu/ ev] be regulat$ v mu* by ! am\nt ( k9dr$ or relative ph5om5a :i* ! public m9d already possesses & ackn[l$ges1 to :i* ! new c be assimilat$4 ,a novelty1 h[ev] true1 if !re be no receiv$ tru?s ) :i* x c be %ewn 9 h>moni\s relation1 has little *ance ( a fav\rable he>+4 ,9 fact1 z has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 !re is a measure ( incr$ulity f our ignorance z well z f our k1 & if ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph] ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago _h v5tur$ to develop any /rik+ new fact :i* only c\ld h>monize ) ! z yet unkn[n ,cop]nican sol> sy/em1 we _c d\bt t x w\ld h be5 univ]sally sc(f$ at 9 ! sci5tific _w1 su* z x !n 01 or at ! be/ int]pret$ 9 a ?\s& wrong ways 9 con=mity ) ideas already famili>4 ,! exp]im5ts above describ$1 f9d+ a public m9d :i* _h nev] discov]$ a fact or conceiv$ an idea at all analog\s1 7 ( c\rse ungraci\sly receiv$4 ,x 0 held to be impi\s1 ev5 to surmise t animals c\ld h be5 =m$ ?r\gh any in/rum5tality ( an app>atus devis$ by human skill4 ,! m likely acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a 0 said to be1 t ! insects 7 only develop$ f ova1 re/+ ei!r 9 ! fluid1 or 9 ! wood5 frame on :i* ! exp]im5ts took place4 ,on ^! objections ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made4 ,! supposition ( impiety arises f an entire misconception ( :at is impli$ by an aborig9al creation ( insects4 ,! exp]im5tali/ c\ld nev] be consid]$ z ! au?or ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! creatures1 except by ! mo/ unreason+ ignorance4 ,! utmo/ t c be claim$ =1 or imput$ to him is t he arrang$ ! natural conditions "u :i* ! true creative en]gy--t ( ! ,div9e ,au?or ( all ?+s--0 pleas$ to "w 9 t in/ance4 ,on ! hypo!sis "h br\ght =w>d1 ! ac>us ,crossii 0 a type ( be+ orda9$ f ! beg9n+1 & de/9$ to be realiz$ "u c]ta9 physical conditions4 ,:5 a human h& br\ght ^! conditions into ! prop] arrangem5t1 x did an act ak9 to hundr$s ( famili> ones :i* we execute e day1 & :i* are foll[$ by natural results2 b x did no?+ m4 ,! production ( ! insect1 if x did take place z assum$1 0 z cle>ly an act ( ! ,almighty himself1 z if he _h fa%ion$ x ) h&s4 ,= ! presumption t an act ( aborig9al creation did take place1 !re is ?is to be said1 t1 9 ,mr4 ,weekes's exp]im5t1 e c>e t +5uity c\ld devise 0 tak5 to exclude ! possibility ( a developm5t ( ! insects f ova4 ,! wood ( ! frame 0 bak$ 9 a p[]ful heat2 a bell-%ap$ glass cov]$ ! app>atus1 & f ?is ! atmosph]e 0 exclud$ by ! con/antly ris+ fumes f ! liquid1 = ! emission ( :i* !re 0 an ap]ture s arrang$ at ! top ( ! glass1 t only ^! fumes c\ld pass4 ,! wat] 0 di/ill$1 & ! sub/ance ( ! silicate _h be5 subject$ to :ite heat4 ,?us e s\rce ( fallacy seem$ to be %ut up4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 a c&id m9d1 :i* sees no?+ ei!r impi\s or unphilosophical 9 ! idea ( a new creation1 w be dispos$ to ?9k t !re is less difficulty 9 believ+ 9 su* a creation hav+ actually tak5 place1 ?an 9 believ+ t1 9 two in/ances1 sep>at$ 9 place & "t1 exactly ! same insects %\ld h *anc$ to arise f conceal$ ova1 & ^! a species h]et(ore unkn[n4 ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,k+doms4 ,,x has be5 already intimat$1 z a g5]al fact1 t !re is an obvi\s gradation among/ ! families ( bo? ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 f ! simple li*5 & animalcule respectively up to ! highe/ ord] ( dicotyl$on\s trees & ! mammalia4 ,conf9+ our att5tion1 9 ! meantime1 to ! animal k+dom--x does n appe> t ?is gradation passes along "o l9e1 on :i* e =m ( animal life c be1 z x 71 /rung2 !re may be bran*+ or d\ble l9es at "s places2 or ! :ole may be 9 a circle compos$ ( m9or circles1 z has be5 rec5tly sugge/$4 ,b /ill x is inconte/able t !re are g5]al appe>ances ( a scale beg9n+ ) ! simple & advanc+ to ! complicat$4 ,! animal k+dom 0 divid$ by ,cuvi] into f\r sub-k+doms1 or divisions1 & ^! exhibit an unequivocal gradation 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h enum]at$3--,radiata1 7polypes1 c427 mollusca1 7pulpy animals27 articulata1 7jo9t$ animals27 v]tebrata1 7animals ) int]nal skeleton47 ,! gradation c1 9 l mann]1 be cle>ly trac$ 9 ! classes into :i* ! sub-k+doms are subdivid$1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we take ^? ( ! v]tebrata 9 ?is ord]--reptiles1 fi%es1 birds1 mammals4 ,:ile ! ext]nal =ms ( all ^! v>i\s animals are s diff]5t1 x is v rem>kable t ! :ole are1 aft] all1 v>iations ( a fundam5tal plan1 :i* c be trac$ z a basis ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 ! v>iations be+ m]ely modifications ( t plan to suit ! p>ticul> conditions 9 :i* ea* p>ticul> animal has be5 design$ to live4 ,/>t+ f ! primeval g]m1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ! repres5tative ( a p>ticul> ord] ( full-gr[n animals1 we f9d all o!rs to be m]ely advances f t type1 ) ! ext5sion ( end[m5ts & modification ( =ms :i* are requir$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case2 ea* =m1 also1 reta9+ a /rong aff9ity to t :i* prec$es x1 & t5d+ to impress its own features on t :i* succe$s4 ,?is unity ( /ructure1 z x is call$1 becomes ! m rem>kable1 :5 we obs]ve t ! organs1 :ile pres]v+ a resemblance1 are (t5 put to diff]5t uses4 ,= example3 ! ribs become1 9 ! s]p5t1 organs ( locomotion1 & ! sn\t is ext5d$1 9 ! elephant1 into a preh5sile in/rum5t4 ,x is equally rem>kable t analog\s purposes are s]v$ 9 diff]5t animals by organs ess5tially diff]5t4 ,?us1 ! mammalia brea! by lungs2 ! fi%es1 by gills4 ,^! are n modifications ( "o organ1 b di/9ct organs4 ,9 mammif]s1 ! gills exi/ & act at an e>ly /age ( ! ftal /ate1 b aft]w>ds g back & appe> no m2 :ile ! lungs are develop$4 ,9 fi%es1 aga91 ! gills only are fully develop$2 :ile ! lung /ructure ei!r makes no advance at all1 or only appe>s 9 ! rudim5t>y =m ( an air-bladd]4 ,s1 also1 ! bale5 ( ! :ale & ! tee? ( ! l& mammalia are diff]5t organs4 ,! :ale1 9 embryo1 %ews ! rudim5ts ( tee?2 b ^!1 n be+ want$1 are n develop$1 & ! bale5 is br\ght =w>d in/ead4 ,! l& animals1 we may also be sure1 h ! rudim5ts ( bale5 9 _! organization4 ,9 _m in/ances1 a p>ticul> /ructure is f\nd advanc$ to a c]ta9 po9t 9 a p>ticul> set ( animals1 7= in/ance1 feet 9 ! s]p5t tribe17 al?\gh x is n !re requir$ 9 any degree2 b ! peculi>ity1 be+ c>ri$ a little f>!r =w>d1 is p]haps useful 9 ! next set ( animals 9 ! scale4 ,su* are call$ rudim5t>y organs4 ,) ?is class ( ph5om5a are to be rank$ ! useless mamm ( ! male human be+1 & ! unrequir$ process ( bone 9 ! male opossum1 :i* is ne$$ 9 ! female = support+ h] p\*4 ,su* curi\s features are mo/ conspicu\s 9 animals :i* =m l9ks betwe5 v>i\s classes4 ,z =m]ly /at$1 ! m>supials1 /&+ at ! bottom ( ! mammalia1 %ew _! aff9ity to ! ovip>\s v]tebrata1 by ! rudim5ts ( two canals pass+ f ne> ! anus to ! ext]nal surfaces ( ! visc]a1 :i* are fully develop$ 9 fi%es1 be+ requir$ by !m = ! respiration ( a]at$ wat]s1 b :i* are n ne$$ by ! atmosph]e-brea?+ m>supials4 ,we h also ! peculi> =m ( ! /]num & rib-bones ( ! liz>ds repres5t$ 9 ! mammalia 9 c]ta9 :ite c>tilag9\s l9es traceable among _! abdom9al muscles4 ,! /ruphionid 7birds ( ! o/ri* type7 =m a l9k betwe5 birds & mammalia1 & 9 !m we f9d ! w+s imp]fectly or n at all develop$1 a diaphragm & ur9>y sac1 7organs want+ 9 o!r birds17 & fea!rs approa*+ ! nature ( hair4 ,aga91 ! orni?oryn*us belongs to a class at ! bottom ( ! mammalia1 & approximat+ to birds1 & 9 x behold ! bill & web-feet ( t ord]6 ,= fur!r illu/ration1 x is obvi\s t1 v>i\s z may be ! l5g?s ( ! upp] "p ( ! v]tebral column 9 ! mammalia1 x always consi/s ( ! same p>ts4 ,! giraffe has 9 its tall neck ! same numb] ( bones ) ! pig1 :i* sc>cely appe>s to h a neck at all4 #aie ,man1 aga91 has no tail2 b ! notion ( a mu*-ridicul$ philosoph] ( ! la/ c5tury is n altoge!r1 z x happ5s1 )\t f\ndation1 = ! bones ( a caudal extremity exi/ 9 an undevelop$ /ate 9 ! os coccygis ( ! human subject4 ,! limbs ( all ! v]tebrate animals are1 9 l mann]1 on "o plan1 h[ev] v>i\s !y may appe>4 ,9 ! h9d-leg ( a horse1 = example1 ! angle call$ ! hock is ! same "p :i* 9 u =ms ! heel2 & ! horse1 & all o!r quadrup$s1 ) almo/ ! solit>y exception ( ! be>1 walk1 9 reality1 ^u :at answ]s to ! toes ( a human be+4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r quadrup$s ! =e "p ( ! extremities is %runk up 9 a ho(1 z ! tail ( ! human be+ is %runk up 9 ! bony mass at ! bottom ( ! back4 ,! bat1 on ! o!r h&1 has ^! p>ts l>gely develop$4 ,! membrane1 commonly call$ its w+1 is fram$ *iefly ^u bones answ]+ precisely to ^? ( ! human h&2 its ext9ct cong5]1 ! pt]odactyle1 _h ! same membrane ext5d$ ^u ! =e-f+] only1 :i* 9 t animal 0 prolong$ to an extraord9>y ext5t4 ,9 ! paddles ( ! :ale & o!r animals ( its ord]1 we see ! same bones z 9 ! m highly develop$ extremities ( ! l& mammif]s2 & ev5 ! s]p5t tribes1 :i* pres5t no ext]nal appe>ance ( su* extremities1 possess !m 9 reality1 b 9 an undevelop$ or rudim5tal /ate4 ,! same law ( developm5t presides ov] ! vegetable k+dom4 ,among/ phan]ogam\s plants1 a c]ta9 numb] ( organs appe> to be always pres5t1 ei!r 9 a develop$ or rudim5t>y /ate2 & ^? :i* are rudim5t>y c be develop$ by cultivation4 ,! fl[]s :i* be> /am5s on "o /alk & pi/ils on ano!r1 c be caus$ to produce bo?1 or to become p]fect fl[]s1 by hav+ a suffici5cy ( n\ri%m5t suppli$ to !m4 ,s also1 :]e a special function is requir$ = p>ticul> circum/ances1 nature has provid$ = x1 n by a new organ1 b by a modification ( a common "o1 :i* %e has effect$ 9 developm5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 "s plants de/9$ to live 9 arid situations1 require to h a /ore ( wat] :i* !y may sl[ly absorb4 ,! ne$ is arrang$ = by a cup-l expansion r\nd ! /alk1 9 :i* wat] rema9s aft] a %[]4 ,n[ ! pit*]1 z ?is is call$1 is n a new organ1 b simply a metamorphose ( a leaf4 ,^! facts cle>ly %ew h[ all ! v>i\s organic =ms ( our _w are b\nd up 9 "o--h[ a fundam5tal unity p]vades & embraces !m all1 collect+ !m1 f ! humble/ li*5 up to ! highe/ mammif]1 9 "o sy/em1 ! :ole creation ( :i* mu/ h dep5d$ ^u "o law or decree ( ! ,almighty1 ?\gh x did n all come =? at "o "t4 ,aft] :at we h se51 ! idea ( a sep>ate ex]tion = ea* mu/ appe> totally inadmissible4 ,! s+le fact ( abortive or rudim5t>y organs condemns x2 = ^!1 on su* a supposition1 c\ld be reg>d$ 9 no o!r light ?an z blemi%es or blund]s--! ?+ ( all o!rs mo/ irreconcilable ) t idea ( ,almighty ,p]fection :i* a g5]al view ( nature s irresi/ibly conveys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! organic creation is admitt$ to h be5 effect$ by a g5]al law1 we see no?+ 9 ^! abortive p>ts b h>mless peculi>ities ( developm5t1 & int]e/+ evid5ces ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,au?or has be5 pleas$ to "w4 ,we h yet to adv]t to ! mo/ int]e/+ class ( facts connect$ ) ! laws ( organic developm5t4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times t physiologi/s h obs]v$ t ea* animal passes1 9 ! c\rse ( its g]m9al hi/ory1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges resembl+ ! p]man5t =ms ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( animals inf]ior to x 9 ! scale4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 an insect1 /&+ at ! head ( ! articulat$ animals1 is1 9 ! l>va /ate1 a true annelid1 or worm1 ! annelida be+ ! l[e/ 9 ! same class4 ,! embryo ( a crab resembles ! p]fect animal ( ! inf]ior ord] myriapoda1 & passes ?r\gh all ! =ms ( transition :i* *>act]ize ! int]m$iate tribes ( cru/acea4 ,! frog1 = "s "t aft] its bir?1 is a fi% ) ext]nal gills1 & o!r organs fitt+ x = an aquatic life1 all ( :i* are *ang$ z x advances to maturity1 & becomes a l& animal4 ,! mammif] only passes ?r\gh /ill m /ages1 accord+ to its high] place 9 ! scale4 ,nor is man himself exempt f ?is law4 ,8 fir/ =m is t :i* is p]man5t 9 ! animalcule4 ,8 organization gradually passes ?r\gh conditions g5]ally resembl+ a fi%1 a reptile1 a bird1 & ! l[] mammalia1 be=e x atta9s its specific maturity4 ,at "o ( ! la/ /ages ( 8 ftal c>e]1 he exhibits an int]maxill>y bone1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]fect ape2 ?is is suppress$1 & he may !n be said to take leave ( ! simial type1 & become a true human creature4 ,ev51 z we %all see1 ! v>ieties ( 8 race are repres5t$ 9 ! progressive developm5t ( an individual ( ! highe/1 be=e we see ! adult ,caucasian1 ! highe/ po9t yet atta9$ 9 ! animal scale4 ,to come to p>ticul> po9ts ( ! organization4 ,! bra9 ( man1 :i* exce$s t ( all o!r animals 9 complexity ( organization & fulness ( developm5t1 is1 at "o e>ly p]iod1 only 8a simple fold ( n]v\s matt]1 ) difficulty di/+ui%able into ?ree p>ts1 :ile a little tail-l prolongation t[>ds ! h9d] p>ts1 & :i* _h be5 ! fir/ to appe>1 is ! only repres5tation ( a sp9al m>r[4 ,n[1 9 ?is /ate x p]fectly resembles ! bra9 ( an adult fi%1 ?us assum+ 9 transitu ! =m t 9 ! fi% is p]man5t4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ! /ructure is become m complex1 ! p>ts m di/9ct1 ! sp9al m>r[ bett] m>k$2 x is n[ ! bra9 ( a reptile4 ,! *ange cont9ues2 by a s+ul> motion1 c]ta9 p>ts 7corpora quadragem9a7 :i* _h hi!rto appe>$ on ! upp] surface1 n[ pass t[>ds ! l[]2 ! =m] is _! p]man5t situation 9 fi%es & reptiles1 ! latt] 9 birds & mammalia4 ,?is is ano!r advance 9 ! scale1 b m rema9s yet to be done4 ,! complication ( ! organ increases2 cavities t]m$ v5tricles are =m$1 :i* d n exi/ 9 fi%es1 reptiles1 or birds2 curi\sly organiz$ p>ts1 su* z ! corpora /riata1 are add$2 x is n[ ! bra9 ( ! mammalia4 ,its la/ & f9al *ange alone seems want+1 t :i* %all r5d] x ! bra9 ( ,,man40 #bja ,& ?is *ange 9 "t takes place4 ,s also ) ! he>t4 ,?is organ1 9 ! mammalia1 consi/s ( f\r cavities1 b 9 ! reptiles ( only ?ree1 & 9 fi%es ( two only1 :ile 9 ! articulat$ animals x is m]ely a prolong$ tube4 ,n[ 9 ! mammal ftus1 at a c]ta9 e>ly /age1 ! organ has ! =m ( a prolong$ tube2 & a human be+ may be said to h !n ! he>t ( an insect4 ,subsequ5tly x is %ort5$ & wid5$1 & becomes divid$ by a contraction into two p>ts1 a v5tricle & an auricle2 x is n[ ! he>t ( a fi%4 ,a subdivision ( ! auricle aft]w>ds makes a triple-*amb]$ =m1 z 9 ! he>t ( ! reptile tribes2 la/ly1 ! v5tricle be+ also subdivid$1 x becomes a full mammal he>t4 ,ano!r illu/ration "h pres5ts itself ) ! =ce ( ! mo/ p[]ful & int]e/+ analogy4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ fi%es ( our globe1 ^? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pres5t1 z we h se51 c]ta9 peculi>ities1 z ! "o-sid$ tail & an inf]ior position ( ! m\?4 ,no fi%es ( ! pres5t day1 9 a mature /ate1 are s *>act]iz$2 b "s1 at a c]ta9 /age ( _! exi/5ce1 h su* peculi>ities4 ,x occurr$ to a geologi/ to inquire if ! fi% :i* exi/$ be=e ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one _h any peculi>ities assimilat+ !m to ! ftal condition ( exi/+ fi%1 & p>ticul>ly if !y 7 small4 ,! fir/ :i* occur be=e ! "t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 are ^? describ$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 z belong+ to ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks2 !y are all r small4 ,/ill old] are ^? detect$ by ,mr4 ,philips1 9 ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 be+ ! mo/ anci5t ( ! class :i* h z yet be5 discov]$2 ^! are s extremely m9ute z only to be di/+ui%able by ! microscope4 ,"h we app>5tly h v cle> demon/rations ( a p>ity1 or r id5tity1 ( laws presid+ ov] ! developm5t ( ! animat$ tribes on ! face ( ! e>?1 & t ( ! individual 9 embryo4 ,! t5d5cy ( all ^! illu/rations is to make u look to developm5t z ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ! peopl+ ( ?is globe1 a process ext5d+ ov] a va/ space ( "t1 b :i* is nev]!less connect$ 9 "* ) ! brief] process by :i* an individual be+ is evok$ f a simple g]m4 ,:at my/]y is !re "h--& h[ %all ,i proce$ to enunciate ! conception :i* ,i h v5tur$ to =m ( :at may prove to be its prop] solution6 ,x is an idea by no means calculat$ to impress by its greatness1 or to puzzle by its pr(\ndness4 ,x is an idea m m>k$ by simplicity ?an p]haps any o!r ( ^? :i* h expla9$ ! great secrets ( nature4 ,b 9 ?is lies1 p]haps1 "o ( its /ronge/ claims to ! fai? ( mank9d4 ,! :ole tra9 ( animat$ be+s1 f ! simple/ & olde/ up to ! highe/ & mo/ rec5t1 are1 !n1 to be reg>d$ z a s]ies ( advances ( ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 :i* h dep5d$ ^u ext]nal physical circum/ances1 to :i* ! result+ animals are appropriate4 ,i contemplate ! :ole ph5om5a z hav+ be5 9 ! fir/ place arrang$ 9 ! c\nsels ( ,div9e ,wisdom1 to take place1 n only ^u ?is sph]e1 b ^u all ! o!rs 9 space1 "u necess>y modifications1 & z be+ c>ri$ on1 f fir/ to la/1 "h & else:]e1 "u imm$iate fav\r ( ! creative w or en]gy4 #bjd ,! nucleat$ vesicle1 ! fundam5tal =m ( all organization1 we mu/ reg>d z ! meet+-po9t betwe5 ! inorganic & ! organic--! end ( ! m9]al & beg9n+ ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 :i* !nce />t 9 diff]5t directions1 b 9 p]fect p>allelism & analogy4 ,we h already se5 t ?is nucleat$ vesicle is itself a type ( mature & indep5d5t be+ 9 ! infusory animalcules1 z well z ! />t+ po9t ( ! ftal progress ( e high] individual 9 creation1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,we h se5 t x is a =m ( be+ :i* electric ag5cy w produce--?\gh n p]haps u%] into full life--9 album51 "o ( ^? comp\nd elem5ts ( animal bodies1 ( :i* ano!r 7urea7 has be5 made by artificial means4 ,rememb]+ ^! ?+s1 we are drawn on to ! supposition1 t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! creation ( life ^u ?is planet 0 a *emico-electric op]ation1 by :i* simple g]m9al vesicles 7 produc$4 ,?is is s mu*1 b :at 7 ! next /eps8 ,let a common vegetable infusion help u to an answ]4 ,!re1 z we h se51 simple =ms are produc$ at fir/1 b aft]w>ds !y become m complicat$1 until at l5g? ! life-produc+ p[]s ( ! infusion are exhau/$4 ,are we to presume t1 9 ?is case1 ! simple eng5d] ! complicat$8 ,und\bt$ly1 ?is w\ld n be m wond]ful z a natural process ?an "o :i* we nev] ?9k ( wond]+ at1 because famili> to u--namely1 t 9 ! ge/ation ( ! mammals1 ! animalcule-l ovum ( a few days is ! p>5t1 9 a s5se1 ( ! *ick-l =m ( a few weeks1 & t 9 all ! subsequ5t /ages--fi%1 reptile1 c4--! "o may1 ) sc>cely a metaphor1 be said to be ! prog5itor ( ! o!r4 ,i sugge/1 !n1 z an hypo!sis already c\nt5anc$ by mu* t is asc]ta9$1 & likely to be fur!r sanction$ by mu* t rema9s to be kn[n1 t ! fir/ /ep 0 an advance "u fav\r ( peculi> conditions1 f ! simple/ =ms ( be+1 to ! next m complicat$1 & ?is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ord9>y process ( g5]ation4 ,unque/ionably1 :at we ord9>ily see ( nature is calculat$ to impress a conviction t ea* species inv>iably produces its l4 ,b ,i w\ld "h call att5tion to a rem>kable illu/ration ( natural law :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,babbage1 9 8 ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 ,! read] is reque/$ to suppose himself seat$ be=e ! calculat+ ma*9e1 & obs]v+ x4 ,x is mov$ by a weight1 & !re is a :eel :i* revolves ?r\gh a small angle r\nd its axis1 at %ort int]vals1 pres5t+ to 8 eye successively1 a s]ies ( numb]s engrav$ on its divid$ circumf]5ce4 ,let ! figures ?us se5 be ! s]ies1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41 ( natural numb]s1 ea* ( :i* exce$s its imm$iate antec$5t by unity4 8,n[1 read]10 says ,mr4 ,babbage1 8let me ask y h[ long y w h c\nt$ be=e y are firmly conv9c$ t ! eng9e has be5 s adju/$1 t x w cont9ue1 :ile its motion is ma9ta9$1 to produce ! same s]ies ( natural numb]s8 ,"s m9ds are s con/itut$1 t1 aft] pass+ ! fir/ hundr$ t]ms1 !y w be satisfi$ t !y are acqua9t$ ) ! law4 ,aft] see+ five hundr$ t]ms few w d\bt1 & aft] ! fifty ?\s&? t]m ! prop5sity to believe t ! succe$+ t]m w be fifty ?\s& & "o1 w be almo/ irresi/ible4 ,t t]m w be fifty ?\s& & "o2 & ! same regul> succession w cont9ue2 ! five million? & ! fifty million? t]m w /ill appe> 9 _! expect$ ord]1 & "o unbrok5 *a9 ( natural numb]s w pass be=e y\r eyes1 f "o up to "o hundr$ million4 8,true to ! va/ induction :i* has be5 made1 ! next succe$+ t]m w be "o hundr$ million & "o2 b ! next numb] pres5t$ by ! rim ( ! :eel1 in/ead ( be+ "o hundr$ million & two1 is "o hundr$ million t5 ?\s& & two4 ,! :ole s]ies f ! comm5cem5t be+ ?us1-- #a #b #c #d #e 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ii1iii1iii #ajj1jjj1jjj regul>ly z f> z #ajj1jjj1jja #ajj1jaj1jjb ! law *anges4 #ajj1jcj1jjc #ajj1jfj1jjd #ajj1ajj1jje #ajj1aej1jjf #ajj1baj1jjg #ajj1bhj1jjh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,! law :i* seem$ at fir/ to gov]n ?is s]ies fail$ at ! hundr$ million & second t]m4 ,?is t]m is l>g] ?an we expect$ by #aj1jjj4 ,! next t]m is l>g] ?an 0 anticipat$ by #cj1jjj1 & ! excess ( ea* t]m above :at we _h expect$ =ms ! foll[+ table3-- #aj1jjj #cj1jjj #fj1jjj #ajj1jjj #aej1jjj 4 4 4 4 4 4 be+1 9 fact1 ! s]ies ( triangul> numb]s1 #bjh ea* multipli$ by #aj1jjj4 8,if we n[ cont9ue to obs]ve ! numb]s pres5t$ by ! :eel1 we %all f9d1 t = a hundr$1 or ev5 = a ?\s& t]ms1 !y cont9ue to foll[ ! new law relat+ to ! triangul> numb]s2 b aft] wat*+ !m = #bgfa t]ms1 we f9d t ?is law fails 9 ! case ( ! #bgfb;d t]m4 8,if we cont9ue to obs]ve1 we %all discov] ano!r law !n com+ into action1 :i* also is dep5d5t1 b 9 a diff]5t mann]1 on triangul> numb]s4 ,?is w cont9ue ?r\gh ab\t #adcj t]ms1 :5 a new law is aga9 introduc$ :i* ext5ds ov] ab\t #iej t]ms1 & ?is1 too1 l all its pr$ecessors1 fails1 & gives place to o!r laws1 :i* appe> at diff]5t int]vals4 8,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! law t ea* numb] pres5t$ by ! eng9e is great] by unity ?an ! prec$+ numb]1 :i* law ! obs]v] _h d$uc$ f an induction ( a hundr$ million in/ances1 0 n ! true law t regulat$ its action1 & t ! occurr5ce ( ! numb] #ajj1jaj1jjb at ! #ajj1jjj1jjbnd t]m 0 z necess>y a consequ5ce ( ! orig9al adju/m5t1 & might h be5 z fully =ekn[n at ! comm5cem5t1 z 0 ! regul> succession ( any "o ( ! int]m$iate numb]s to its imm$iate antec$5t4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! next app>5t deviation f ! new law1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on an induction ( #bgfa t]ms1 & also to ! succe$+ law1 ) ?is limitation only--t1 :il/ _! consecutive introduction at v>i\s def9ite int]vals1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! me*anical /ructure ( ! eng9e1 our k ( analysis does n enable u to pr$ict ! p]iods !mselves at :i* ! m di/ant laws w be introduc$40 ,x is n difficult to apply ! philosophy ( ?is passage to ! "q "u consid]ation4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ge/ation ( a s+le organism is ! "w ( b a few days1 weeks1 or mon?s2 b ! ge/ation 7s to speak7 ( a :ole creation is a matt] probably involv+ enorm\s spaces ( "t4 ,suppose t an ephem]on1 hov]+ ov] a pool = its "o ,april day ( life1 7 capable ( obs]v+ ! fry ( ! frog 9 ! wat] bel[4 ,9 its ag$ aft]noon1 hav+ se5 no *ange ^u !m = su* a long "t1 x w\ld be little qualifi$ to conceive t ! ext]nal bran*i ( ^! creatures 7 to decay1 & be replac$ by int]nal lungs1 t feet 7 to be develop$1 ! tail eras$1 & ! animal !n to become a d5iz5 ( ! l&4 ,precisely su* may be our difficulty 9 conceiv+ t any ( ! species :i* p our e>? is capable ( advanc+ by g5]ation to a high] type ( be+4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t :i* we call ! hi/orical era1 ! limits ( species h be51 to ord9>y obs]vation1 rigidly adh]$ to4 ,b ! hi/orical era is1 we "k1 only a small portion ( ! entire age ( our globe4 ,we d n "k :at may h happ5$ dur+ ! ages :i* prec$$ its comm5cem5t1 z we d n "k :at may happ5 9 ages yet 9 ! di/ant future4 ,all1 !re=e1 t we c prop]ly inf] f ! app>5tly inv>iable production ( l by l is1 t su* is ! ord9>y proc$ure ( nature 9 ! "t imm$iately pass+ be=e our eyes4 ,mr4 ,babbage's illu/ration p[]fully sugge/s t ?is ord9>y proc$ure may be subord9ate to a high] law :i* only p]mits x = a "t1 & 9 prop] season int]rupts & *anges x4 ,we %all soon see "s philosophical evid5ce = ?is v conclusion4 ,x has be5 se5 t1 9 ! reproduction ( ! high] animals1 ! new be+ passes ?r\gh /ages 9 :i* x is successively fi%-l & reptile-l4 ,b ! resemblance is n to ! adult fi% or ! adult reptile1 b to ! fi% & reptile at a c]ta9 po9t 9 _! ftal progress2 ?is holds true ) reg>d to ! vascul>1 n]v\s1 & o!r sy/ems alike4 ,x may be illu/rat$ by a simple diagram4 ,! ftus ( all ! f\r classes may be suppos$ to advance 9 an id5tical condition to ! po9t ,a4 ,picture3 ,diagram ,! fi% !re div]ges & passes along a l9e ap>t1 & peculi> to ,a itself1 to its mature /ate at ,f4 ,! reptile1 bird1 & mammal1 g on toge!r to ,c1 :]e ! reptile div]ges 9 l mann]1 & advances by itself to ,r4 ,! bird div]ges at ,d1 & goes on to ,b4 ,! mammal !n goes =w>d 9 a /raight l9e to ! highe/ po9t ( organization at ,m4 ,?is diagram %ews only ! ma9 ramifications2 b ! read] mu/ suppose m9or ones1 repres5t+ ! subord9ate diff]5ces ( ord]s1 tribes1 families1 g5]a1 c41 if he wi%es to ext5d 8 views to ! :ole v>ieties ( be+ 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,limit+ ourselves at pres5t to ! outl9e af=d$ by ?is diagram1 x is app>5t t ! only ?+ requir$ = an advance f "o type to ano!r 9 ! g5]ative process is t1 = example1 ! fi% embryo %\ld n div]ge at ,a1 b g on to ,c be=e x div]ges1 9 :i* case ! prog5y w be1 n a fi%1 b a reptile4 ,to protract ! /raight=w>d "p ( ! ge/ation ov] a small space--& f species to species ! space w\ld be small inde$--is all t is necess>y4 ,?is might be done by ! =ce ( c]ta9 ext]nal conditions op]at+ ^u ! p>turi5t sy/em4 ,! nature ( ^! conditions we c only conjecture1 = _! op]ation1 :i* 9 ! geological eras 0 s p[]ful1 has 9 its ma9 /r5g? be5 long int]rupt$1 & is n[ p]haps only all[$ to "w 9 "s ( ! l[e/ dep>tm5ts ( ! organic _w1 or "u extraord9>y casualties 9 "s ( ! high]1 & to ^! po9ts ! att5tion ( sci5ce has z yet be5 little direct$4 ,b ?\gh ?is k 7 nev] to be cle>ly atta9$1 x ne$ n mu* affect ! pres5t argum5t1 provid$ x be satisfactorily %ewn t !re mu/ be "s su* influ5ce )9 ! range ( natural ?+s4 ,to ?is conclusion x mu/ be greatly conducive t ! law ( organic developm5t is /ill daily se5 at "w to c]ta9 effects1 only some:at %ort ( a transition f species to species4 ,sex we h se5 to be a matt] ( developm5t4 ,!re is an in/ance1 9 a humble dep>tm5t ( ! animal _w1 ( arrangem5ts be+ made by ! animals !mselves = adju/+ ?is law to ! production ( a p>ticul> sex4 ,among/ bees1 z among/ sev]al o!r insect tribes1 !re is 9 ea* community b "o true female1 ! que5 bee1 ! work]s be+ false females or neut]s2 t is to say1 sex is c>ri$ on 9 !m to a po9t :]e x is att5d$ by /]ility4 ,! prep>atory /ates ( ! que5 bee occupy sixte5 days2 ^? ( ! neut]s1 tw5ty2 & ^? ( males1 tw5ty-f\r4 ,n[ x is a fact1 settl$ by innum]able obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 t ! bees c s modify a work] 9 ! l>va /ate1 t1 :5 x em]ges f ! pupa1 x is f\nd to be a que5 or true female4 ,= ?is purpose !y enl>ge its cell1 make a pyramidal holl[ to all[ ( its assum+ a v]tical in/ead ( a horizontal position1 keep x w>m] ?an o!r l>v are kept1 & fe$ x ) a peculi> k9d ( food4 ,f ^! simple circum/ances1 lead+ to a %ort5+ ( ! embryotic condition1 results a creature diff]5t 9 =m1 & also 9 dispositions1 f :at w\ld h o!rwise be5 produc$4 ,"s ( ! organs possess$ by ! work] are "h altoge!r want+4 ,we h a creature 8de/9$ to enjoy love1 to burn ) jeal\sy & ang]1 to be incit$ to v5geance1 & to pass h] "t )\t lab\r10 in/ead ( "o 8zeal\s = ! good ( ! community1 a def5d] ( ! public rights1 enjoy+ an immunity f ! /imulus ( sexual appetite & ! pa9s ( p>turition2 labori\s1 indu/ri\s1 pati5t1 +5i\s1 skilful2 incessantly engag$ 9 ! nurture ( ! "y1 9 collect+ honey & poll51 9 elaborat+ wax1 9 con/ruct+ cells & ! l6--pay+ ! mo/ respectful & assidu\s att5tion to objects :i*1 _h its ov>ies be5 develop$1 x w\ld h hat$ & pursu$ ) ! mo/ v9dictive fury till x _h de/roy$ !m60 #bae ,all ^! *anges may be produc$ by a m]e modification ( ! embryotic progress1 :i* x is )9 ! p[] ( ! adult animals to effect4 ,b x is important to obs]ve t ?is modification is diff]5t f work+ a direct *ange ^u ! embryo4 ,x is n ! diff]5t food :i* effects a metamorphosis4 ,all t is done is m]ely to accel]ate ! p]iod ( ! insect's p]fection4 ,by ! arrangem5ts made & ! food giv51 ! embryo becomes soon] fit = be+ u%]$ =? 9 its imago or p]fect /ate4 ,developm5t may be said to be ?us arre/$ at a p>ticul> /age--t e>ly "o at :i* ! female sex is complete4 ,9 ! o!r circum/ances1 x is all[$ to g on f\r days long]1 & a /age is !n rea*$ betwe5 ! two sexes1 :i* 9 ?is species is design$ to be ! p]fect condition ( a l>ge portion ( ! community4 ,f\r days m make x a p]fect male4 ,x is at ! same "t to be obs]v$ t !re is1 f ! p]iod ( oviposition1 a de/9$ di/9ction betwe5 ! sexes ( ! "y bees4 ,! que5 lays ! :ole ( ! eggs :i* are design$ to become work]s1 be=e %e beg9s to lay ^? :i* become males4 ,b probably ! condition ( h] reproductive sy/em gov]ns ! matt] ( sex1 = x is rem>k$ t :5 h] impregnation is delay$ beyond ! tw5ty-eigh? day ( h] entire exi/5ce1 %e lays only eggs :i* become males4 ,we h "h1 x w be admitt$1 a mo/ rem>kable illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 al?\gh 9 an op]ation limit$ to ! production ( sex only4 ,let x n be said t ! ph5om5a conc]n$ 9 ! g5]ation ( bees may be v diff]5t f ^? conc]n$ 9 ! reproduction ( ! high] animals4 ,!re is a unity ?r\gh\t nature :i* makes ! "o case an in/ructive reflection ( ! o!r4 ,we %all n[ see an in/ance ( developm5t op]at+ )9 ! production ( :at approa*es to ! "* ( v>iety ( species4 ,x is fully e/abli%$ t a human family1 tribe1 or nation1 is liable1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 to be ei!r advanc$ f a mean =m to a high] "o1 or degrad$ f a high] to a l[]1 by ! influ5ce ( ! physical conditions 9 :i* x lives4 ,! co>se features1 & o!r /ructural peculi>ities ( ! negro race only cont9ue :ile ^! p live amid/ ! circum/ances usually associat$ ) b>b>ism4 ,9 a m temp]ate clime1 & high] social /ate1 ! face & figure become greatly ref9$4 ,! few ,african nations :i* possess any civilization also exhibit =ms approa*+ ! ,european2 & :5 ! same p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica h enjoy$ a )9-door life = sev]al g5]ations1 !y assimilate to ! :ites among/ :om !y live4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are au!ntic in/ances ( a p orig9ally well-=m$ & good-look+1 be+ br\ght1 by imp]fect diet & a v>iety ( physical h>d%ips1 to a mean] =m4 ,x is rem>kable t prom95ce ( ! jaws1 a recession & dim9ution ( ! cranium1 & an elongation & att5uation ( ! limbs1 are peculi>ities always produc$ by ^! mis]able conditions1 = !y indicate an unequivocal retrogression t[>ds ! type ( ! l[] animals4 ,?us we see nature alike will+ to g back & to g =w>d4 ,bo? effects are simply ! result ( ! op]ation ( ! law ( developm5t 9 ! g5]ative sy/em4 ,give good conditions1 x advances2 bad ones1 x rec$es4 ,n[1 p]haps1 x is only because !re is no long] a possibility1 9 ! high] types ( be+1 ( giv+ suffici5tly fav\rable conditions to c>ry on species to species1 t we see ! op]ation ( ! law s f> limit$4 ,let u trace ?is law also 9 ! production ( c]ta9 classes ( mon/rosities4 ,a human ftus is (t5 left ) "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( its frame imp]fectly develop$3 ! he>t1 = in/ance1 goes no f>!r ?an ! ?ree-*amb]$ =m1 s t x is ! he>t ( a reptile4 ,!re are ev5 in/ances ( ?is organ be+ left 9 ! two-*amb]$ or fi% =m4 ,su* defects are ! result ( no?+ m ?an a failure ( ! p[] ( developm5t 9 ! sy/em ( ! "m1 occasion$ by weak heal? or mis]y4 ,"h we h app>5tly a realization ( ! conv]se ( ^? conditions :i* c>ry on species to species1 s f>1 at lea/1 z "o organ is conc]n$4 ,see+ a complete specific retrogression 9 ?is "o po9t1 h[ easy x is to imag9e an access ( fav\rable conditions suffici5t to rev]se ! ph5om5on1 & make a fi% "m develop a reptile he>t1 or a reptile "m develop a mammal "o4 ,x is no great boldness to surmise t a sup]-adequacy 9 ! measure ( ?is "u-adequacy 7& ! "o ?+ seems z natural an occurr5ce z ! o!r7 w\ld suffice 9 a goose to give its prog5y ! body ( a rat1 & produce ! orni?oryn*us1 or might give ! prog5y ( an orni?oryn*us ! m\? & feet ( a true rod5t1 & ?us complete at two /ages ! passage f ! aves to ! mammalia4 ,p]haps ev5 ! transition f species to species does /ill take place 9 "s ( ! obscur] fields ( creation1 or "u extraord9>y casualties1 ?\gh sci5ce pr(esses to h no su* facts on record4 ,x is "h to be rem>k$1 t su* facts might (t5 happ51 & yet no record be tak5 ( !m1 = s /rong is ! prepossession = ! doctr9e ( inv>iable l-production1 t su* circum/ances1 on occurr+1 w\ld be almo/ sure to be expla9$ away on "s o!r supposition1 or1 if pres5t$1 w\ld be disbeliev$ & neglect$4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 has no su* facts1 = ! v same reason t "s small sects are said to h no discr$itable memb]s--namely1 t !y d n receive su* p]sons1 & extrude all :o beg9 to v]ge ^u ! "*4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 "s facts :i* h *anc$ to be report$ )\t any ref]5ce to ?is hypo!sis1 & :i* x seems extremely difficult to expla9 satisfactorily ^u any o!r4 ,"o ( ^! has already be5 m5tion$--a progression 9 ! =ms ( ! animalcules 9 a vegetable infusion f ! simpl] to ! m complicat$1 a sort ( microcosm1 repres5t+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! progress ( animal creation z display$ by geology4 ,ano!r is giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ac>us ,crossii1 :i* may be only ! ultimate /age ( a s]ies ( simil> trans=mations effect$ by electric ag5cy 9 ! solution subject$ to x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o direct case ( a translation ( species1 :i* has be5 pres5t$ ) a respectable am\nt ( au?ority4 #bba ,x appe>s t1 :5ev] oats s[n at ! usual "t are kept cropp$ d[n dur+ summ] & autumn1 & all[$ to rema9 ov] ! w9t]1 a ?9 crop ( rye is ! h>ve/ pres5t$ at ! close ( ! ensu+ summ]4 ,?is exp]im5t has be5 tri$ repeat$ly1 ) b "o result2 inv>iably ! secale c]eale is ! crop reap$ :]e ! av5a sativa1 a recognis$ diff]5t species1 0 s[n4 ,n[ x w n satisfy a /rict inquir] to be told t ! se$s ( ! rye 7 lat5t 9 ! gr\nd & only sup]s$$ ! dead product ( ! oats2 = if any su* fact 7 9 ! case1 :y %\ld ! usurp+ gra9 be always rye8 ,p]haps ^? curi\s facts :i* h be5 /at$ ) reg>d to =e/s ( "o k9d ( trees1 :5 burnt d[n1 be+ succe$$ 7)\t plant+7 by o!r k9ds1 may yet be f\nd mo/ explicable1 z ?is is1 ^u ! hypo!sis ( a progression ( species :i* takes place "u c]ta9 fav\r+ conditions1 n[ app>5tly ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce4 ,! case ( ! oats is ! m valuable1 z be>+ ^u ! sugge/ion z to a protraction ( ! ge/ation at a p>ticul> "p ( its c\rse4 ,"h1 ! g5]ative process is1 by ! simple mode ( cropp+ d[n1 kept up = a :ole ye> beyond its usual t]m4 ,! type is ?us all[$ to advance1 & :at 0 oats becomes rye4 ,! idea1 !n1 :i* ,i =m ( ! progress ( organic life ^u ! globe--& ! hypo!sis is applicable to all simil> !atres ( vital be+--is1 t ! simple/ & mo/ primitive type1 "u a law to :i* t ( l-production is subord9ate1 gave bir? to ! type next above x1 t ?is aga9 produc$ ! next high]1 & s on to ! v highe/1 ! /ages ( advance be+ 9 all cases v small--namely1 f "o species only to ano!r2 s t ! ph5om5on has always be5 ( a simple & mode/ "*4 ,:e!r ! :ole ( any species 0 at once translat$ =w>d1 or only a few p>5ts 7 employ$ to give bir? to ! new type1 mu/ rema9 undet]m9$2 b1 suppos+ t ! =m] 0 ! case1 we mu/ presume t ! moves along ! l9e or l9es 7 simultane\s1 s t ! place vacat$ by "o species 0 imm$iately tak5 by ! next 9 succession1 & s on back to ! fir/1 = ! supply ( :i* ! =mation ( a new g]m9al vesicle out ( inorganic matt] 0 alone necess>y4 ,?us1 ! production ( new =ms1 z %ewn 9 ! pages ( ! geological record1 has nev] be5 any?+ m ?an a new /age ( progress 9 ge/ation1 an ev5t z simply natural1 & att5d$ z little by any circum/ances ( a wond]ful or />tl+ k9d1 z ! sil5t advance ( an ord9>y "m f "o week to ano!r ( h] pregnancy4 ,yet1 be x rememb]$1 ! :ole ph5om5a are1 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 wond]s ( ! highe/ k9d1 = 9 ea* ( !m we h to trace ! effect ( an ,almighty ,w :i* _h arrang$ ! :ole 9 su* h>mony ) ext]nal physical circum/ances1 t bo? 7 develop$ 9 p>allel /eps--& probably ?is developm5t ^u our planet is b a sample ( :at has tak5 place1 ?r\gh ! same cause1 9 all ! o!r c\ntless !atres ( be+ :i* are susp5d$ 9 space4 ,?is may be ! prop] place at :i* to introduce ! prec$+ illu/rations 9 a =m calculat$ to br+ !m m =cibly be=e ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! foll[+ table 0 sugge/$ to me1 9 consequ5ce ( see+ ! scale ( animat$ nature pres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,flet*]'s ,rudim5ts ( ,physiology4 ,tak+ t scale z its basis1 x %ews ! wond]ful p>ity obs]v$ 9 ! progress ( creation1 z pres5t$ to our obs]vation 9 ! succession ( fossils1 & also 9 ! ftal progress ( "o ( ! pr9cipal human organs4 #bbd ,?is scale1 x may be rem>k$1 0 n made up ) a view to support su* an hypo!sis z ! pres5t1 nor ) any app>5t reg>d to ! hi/ory ( fossils1 b m]ely to express ! appe>ance ( advancem5t 9 ! ord]s ( ! ,cuvi]ian sy/em1 assum+1 z ! crit]ion ( t advancem5t1 8an increase 9 ! numb] & ext5t ( ! manife/ations ( life1 or ( ! relations :i* an organiz$ be+ be>s to ! ext]nal _w40 ,except+ 9 ! relative situation ( ! annelida & a few ( ! mammal ord]s1 ! p>ity is p]fect2 nor may ev5 ^! small discrepancies appe> :5 ! ord] ( fossils %all h be5 fur!r inve/igat$1 or a m correct scale %all h be5 =m$4 ,mean:ile1 x is a wond]ful evid5ce 9 fav\r ( our hypo!sis1 t a scale =m$ s arbitr>ily %\ld co9cide to su* a ne>ness ) our pres5t k ( ! succession ( animal =ms ^u e>?1 & also t bo? ( ^! s]ies %\ld h>monize s well ) ! view giv5 by mod]n physiologi/s ( ! embryotic progress ( "o ( ! organs ( ! highe/ ord] ( animals4 ,picture3 ,complex table ( animal k+dom #bbf ,! read] has se5 physical conditions sev]al times ref]r$ to1 z to be presum$ to h 9 "s way gov]n$ ! progress ( ! developm5t ( ! zoological circle4 ,?is language may seem vague1 &1 x may be ask$1--c any p>ticul> physical condition be adduc$ z likely to h affect$ developm5t8 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t air & light are probably among/ ! pr9cipal ag5cies ( ?is k9d :i* op]at$ 9 educ+ ! v>i\s =ms ( be+4 ,light is f\nd to be ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! individual embryo4 ,:5 tadpoles 7 plac$ 9 a p]=at$ box1 & t box sunk 9 ! ,se9e1 light be+ ! only condition ?us ab/ract$1 !y grew to a great size 9 _! orig9al =m1 b did n pass ?r\gh ! usual metamorphose :i* br+s !m to _! mature /ate z frogs4 ,! proteus1 an animal ( ! frog k9d1 inhabit+ ! subt]rane\s wat]s ( ,c>niola1 & :i* nev] acquires p]fect lungs s z to become a l& animal1 is presum$ to be an example ( arre/$ developm5t1 f ! same cause4 ,:51 9 connexion ) ^! facts1 we le>n t human mo!rs liv+ 9 d>k & close cells "u gr\nd1--t is to say1 ) an inadequate provision ( air & light1--are f\nd to produce an unusual proportion ( defective *ildr51 #bbi we c appreciate ! important effects ( bo? ^! physical conditions 9 ord9>y reproduction4 ,n[ !re is no?+ to =bid ! supposition t ! e>? has be5 at diff]5t /ages ( its c>e] "u diff]5t conditions1 z to bo? air & light4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h se5 reason = suppos+ t ! proportion ( c>bonic acid gas 7! elem5t fatal to animal life7 0 l>g] at ! "t ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation ?an x aft]w>ds became4 ,we h also se5 t a/ronom]s reg>d ! zodiacal light z a residuum ( matt] envelop+ ! sun1 & :i* 0 probably at "o "t d5s] ?an x is n[4 ,"h we h ! indications ( causes = a progress 9 ! purification ( ! atmosph]e & 9 ! diffusion ( light dur+ ! e>li] ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 ) :i* ! progress ( organic life may h be5 con=mable4 ,an accession to ! proportion ( oxyg51 & ! effulg5ce ( ! c5tral lum9>y1 may h be5 ! imm$iate prompt+ cause ( all ^? advances f species to species :i* we h se51 ^u o!r gr\nds1 to be necess>ily suppos$ z hav+ tak5 place4 ,& causes ( ! l nature may well be suppos$ to op]ate on o!r sph]es ( be+1 z well z on ?is4 ,i d n inde$ pres5t ^! ideas z furni%+ ! true explanation ( ! progress ( organic creation2 !y are m]ely ?r[n out z h9ts t[>ds ! =mation ( a j hypo!sis1 ! completion ( :i* is only to be look$ = :5 "s consid]able advances %all h be5 made 9 ! am\nt & "* ( our /ock ( k4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 ,m4 ,lam>ck1 a naturali/ ( ! highe/ "*1 sugge/$ an hypo!sis ( organic progress :i* des]v$ly incurr$ mu* ridicule1 al?\gh x conta9$ a glimm] ( ! tru?4 ,he surmis$1 & endeav\r$1 ) a great deal ( +5uity1 to prove1 t "o be+ advanc$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations to ano!r1 9 consequ5ce m]ely ( its exp]i5ce ( wants call+ = ! ex]cise ( its faculties 9 a p>ticul> direction1 by :i* ex]cise new developm5ts ( organs took place1 end+ 9 v>iations suffici5t to con/itute a new species4 ,?us he ?\ght t a bird w\ld be driv5 by necessity to seek its food 9 ! wat]1 & t1 9 its ef=ts to swim1 ! out/ret*+ ( its claws w\ld lead to ! expansion ( ! int]m$iate membranes1 & x w\ld ?us become web-foot$4 ,n[ x is possible t wants & ! ex]cise ( faculties h ent]$ 9 "s mann] into ! production ( ! ph5om5a :i* we h be5 consid]+2 b c]ta9ly n 9 ! way sugge/$ by ,lam>ck1 ^: :ole notion is obvi\sly s inadequate to acc\nt = ! rise ( ! organic k+doms1 t we only c place x ) pity among ! follies ( ! wise4 ,_h ! laws ( organic developm5t be5 kn[n 9 8 "t1 8 !ory might h be5 ( a m impos+ k9d4 ,x is ^u ^! t ! pres5t hypo!sis is ma9ly f\nd$4 ,i take exi/+ natural means1 & %ew !m to h be5 capable ( produc+ all ! exi/+ organisms1 ) ! simple & easily conceivable aid ( a high] g5]ative law1 :i* we p]haps /ill see op]at+ ^u a limit$ scale4 ,i also g beyond ! ,fr5* philosoph] to a v important po9t1 ! orig9al ,div9e conception ( all ! =ms ( be+ :i* ^! natural laws 7 only in/rum5ts 9 work+ out & realiz+4 ,! actuality ( su* a conception ,i hold to be /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! discov]ies ( ,macleay1 ,vigors1 & ,swa9son1 ) respect to ! aff9ities & analogies ( animal 7& by implication vegetable7 organisms4 #bcb ,su* a regul>ity 9 ! /ructure1 z we may call x1 ( ! classification ( animals1 z is %ewn 9 _! sy/ems1 is totally irreconcilable ) ! idea ( =m go+ on to =m m]ely z ne$s & wi%es 9 ! animals !mselves dictat$4 ,_h su* be5 ! case1 all w\ld h be5 irregul>1 z ?+s arbitr>y necess>ily are4 ,b1 lo1 ! :ole plan ( be+ is z symmetrical z ! plan ( a h\se1 or ! lay+ out ( an old-fa%ion$ g>d56 ,?is mu/ ne$s h be5 devis$ & arrang$ = be=eh&4 ,& :at a preconception or =e?\ght h we "h6 ,let u only = a mom5t consid] h[ v>i\s are ! ext]nal physical conditions 9 :i* animals live--climate1 soil1 temp]ature1 l&1 wat]1 air--! peculi>ities ( food1 & ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* x is to be s\ght2 ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* ! bus9ess ( reproduction & ! c>e-tak+ ( ! "y are to be att5d$ to--all ^! requir$ to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & ?\s&s ( animals 7 to be =m$ suitable 9 organization & m5tal "* = ! conc]ns !y 7 to h ) ^! v>i\s conditions & circum/ances--"h a too? fitt$ = cru%+ nuts2 !re a claw fitt$ to s]ve z a hook = susp5sion2 "h to repress tee? & develop a bony net-"w in/ead2 !re to arrange = a bron*ial app>atus1 to la/ only = a c]ta9 brief "t2 & all ^! animals 7 to be s*em$ out1 ea* z a "p ( a great range1 :i* 0 on ! :ole to be rigidly regul>3 let u1 ,i say1 only consid] ^! ?+s1 & we %all see t ! decree+ ( laws to br+ ! :ole ab\t 0 an act involv+ su* a degree ( wisdom & device z we only c attribute1 ador+ly1 to ! "o ,et]nal & ,un*angeable4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ does ?is reflection comport ) t timid philosophy :i* w\ld h u to draw back f ! inve/igation ( ,god's works1 le/ ! k ( !m %\ld make u und]value 8 greatness & =get 8 pat]nal "*8 ,does x n r appe> t our ideas ( ! ,deity c only be wor?y ( him 9 ! ratio 9 :i* we advance 9 a k ( 8 works & ways2 & t ! acquisition ( ?is k is consequ5tly an available means ( our gr[+ 9 a g5u9e rev]5ce = him6 ,b ! idea t any ( ! l[] animals h be5 conc]n$ 9 any way ) ! orig9 ( man--is n ?is degrad+8 ,degrad+ is a t]m1 expressive ( a notion ( ! human m9d1 & ! human m9d is liable to prejudices :i* prev5t its notions f be+ inv>iably correct4 ,7 we acqua9t$ = ! fir/ "t ) ! circum/ances att5d+ ! production ( an individual ( our race1 we might equally ?9k !m degrad+1 & be eag] to d5y !m1 & exclude !m f ! admitt$ tru?s ( nature4 ,kn[+ ?is fact famili>ly & beyond contradiction1 a heal?y & natural m9d f9ds no difficulty 9 reg>d+ x complac5tly4 ,creative ,provid5ce has be5 pleas$ to ord] t x %\ld be s1 & x mu/ !re=e be submitt$ to4 ,n[ ! idea z to ! progress ( organic creation1 if we become satisfi$ ( its tru?1 ought to be receiv$ precisely 9 ?is _s4 ,x has pleas$ ,provid5ce to arrange t "o species %\ld give bir? to ano!r1 until ! second highe/ gave bir? to man1 :o is ! v highe/3 be x s1 x is our "p to admire & to submit4 ,! v fa9te/ notion ( !re be+ any?+ ridicul\s or degrad+ 9 ! !ory--h[ absurd does x appe>1 :5 we rememb] t e individual among/ u actually passes ?r\gh ! *>act]s ( ! insect1 ! fi%1 & reptile1 7to speak no?+ ( o!rs17 be=e he is p]mitt$ to brea! ! brea? ( life6 ,b su* notions are m]e emanations ( false pride & ignorant prejudice4 ,he :o conceives !m little reflects t !y1 9 reality1 involve ! pr9ciple ( a contempt = ! works & ways ( ,god4 ,= x may be ask$1 if ,he1 z appe>s1 has *os5 to employ inf]ior organisms z a g5]ative m$ium = ! production ( high] ones1 ev5 includ+ ourselves1 :at "r h we1 8 humble creatures1 to f9d fault8 ,!re is1 also1 9 ?is prejudice1 an elem5t ( unk9dl9ess t[>ds ! l[] animals1 :i* is utt]ly out ( place4 ,^! creatures are all ( !m "p products ( ! ,almighty ,conception1 z well z ourselves4 ,all ( !m display wondr\s evid5ces ( 8 wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,all ( !m h _h assign$ to !m by _! ,great ,fa!r a "p 9 ! drama ( ! organic _w1 z well z ourselves4 ,:y %\ld !y be held 9 su* contempt8 ,let u reg>d !m 9 a prop] _s1 z p>ts ( ! gr& plan1 in/ead ( contemplat+ !m 9 ! light ( frivol\s prejudices1 & we %all be altoge!r at a loss to see h[ !re %\ld be any degradation 9 ! idea ( our race hav+ be5 g5ealogically connect$ ) !m4 ,,macleay ,,sy/em ,,( ,,animat$ ,,nature4 ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,connexion ,,) ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,organic ,,creation1 ,,& ,,z ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,natural ,,/atus ,,( ,,man4 ,,x is n[ high "t to adv]t to ! sy/em =m$ by ! animat$ tribes1 bo? ) a view to ! possible illu/ration ( ! prec$+ argum5t1 & = ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u t g5]al sy/em ( nature :i* x is ! m compreh5sive object ( ?is book to asc]ta94 ,! vegetable & animal k+doms are arrang$ ^u a scale1 />t+ f simply organiz$ =ms1 & go+ on to ! m complex1 ea* ( ^! =ms be+ b slightly diff]5t f ^? next to x on bo? sides4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ slightly develop$ =ms 9 ! two k+doms are s closely connect$1 t x is impossible to say :]e vegetable ends & animal beg9s4 ,unit$ at :at may be call$ _! bases1 !y />t away 9 diff]5t directions1 b n altoge!r to lose sight ( ea* o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y ma9ta9 a /rict analogy ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( _! subsequ5t c\rses1 sub-k+dom = sub-k+dom1 class = class2 %ew+ a beautiful1 ?\gh z yet obscure relation betwe5 ! two gr& =ms ( be+1 & consequ5tly a unity 9 ! laws :i* br\ght !m bo? into exi/5ce4 ,s complete does ?is analogy appe>1 ev5 9 ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( sci5ce1 t ,i fully expect 9 a few ye>s to see ! animal & vegetable k+doms duly rank$ up aga9/ ea* o!r 9 a sy/em ( p>allels1 :i* w admit ( our assign+ to ea* species 9 ! =m] ! p>ticul> %rub or tree correspond+ to x 9 ! latt]1 all m>k$ by unmi/akable analogies ( ! mo/ int]e/+ k9d4 ,x is z yet b a few ye>s s9ce a sy/em ( subord9ate analogies n less rem>kable began to be speculat$ ^u z )9 ! range ( ! animal k+dom4 ,probably x also exi/s 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 b to ?is po9t no direct att5tion has be5 giv52 s we are left to inf] t su* is ! case f !oretical consid]ations only4 ,we are indebt$ = :at we "k ( ^! beautiful analogies to ?ree naturali/s--,macleay1 ,vigors1 & ,swa9son1 ^: lab\rs tempt u to dismiss 9 a great measure ! artificial classifications hi!rto us$1 & make an entirely new conspectus ( ! animal k+dom1 n to speak ( ! correspond+ re=m :i* w be requir$ 9 our sy/ems ( botany also4 ,! ,macleay sy/em1 z x may be call$ 9 hon\r ( its pr9cipal au?or1 ann\nces t1 :e!r we take ! :ole animal k+dom1 or any def9ite division ( x1 we %all f9d t we are exam9+ a gr\p ( be+s :i* is capable ( be+ arrang$ along a s]ies ( close aff9ities1 9 a circul> =m1--t is to say1 />t+ f any "o portion ( ! gr\p1 :5 x is prop]ly arrang$1 we c proce$ f "o to ano!r by m9ute gradations1 till at l5g?1 hav+ run ?r\gh ! :ole1 we return to ! po9t :5ce we set out4 ,all natural gr\ps ( animals are1 !re=e1 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,macleay1 circul>2 & ! possibility ( ?r[+ any suppos$ gr\p into a circul> arrangem5t is held z a decisive te/ ( its be+ a real or natural "o4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t ea* circle is compos$ ( a set ( inf]ior circles3 = example1 a set ( tribe circles composes an ord]2 a set ( ord] circles1 aga91 =ms a class2 & s on4 ,( ea* gr\p1 ! compon5t circles are inv>iably five 9 numb]3 ?us1 9 ! animal k+dom1 !re are five sub-k+doms1--! v]tebrata1 annulosa1 #bci;a radiata1 acrita1 #bci;b mollusca4 ,take1 aga91 "o ( ^! sub-k+doms1 ! v]tebrata1 & we f9d x compos$ ( five classes1--! mammalia1 reptilia1 pisces1 amphibia1 & aves1 ea* ( ! o!r sub-k+doms be+ simil>ly divisible4 ,take ! mammalia1 & x is 9 l mann] f\nd to be compos$ ( five ord]s1--! *eiro!ria1 #bci;c f]1 cetacea1 glires1 ungulata4 ,ev5 9 ?is num]ical uni=mity1 :i* goes d[n to ! l[e/ ramifications ( ! sy/em1 !re w\ld be some?+ v rem>kable1 z argu+ a def9ite & preconceiv$ arrangem5t2 b ?is is only ! lea/ curi\s "p ( ! ,macleay !ory4 ,we %all be/ und]/& ! wond]fully complex sy/em ( analogies develop$ by t !ory1 if we />t f ! "p ( ! k+dom 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ trac$1--namely1 ! class aves1 or birds4 ,?is gives = its five ord]s1--incessores1 7p]*+ birds17 raptores1 7birds ( prey17 natatores1 7swimm+ birds17 grallatores1 7wad]s17 rasores1 7scrap]s47 ,9 ^! ord]s our naturali/s disc]n$ di/9ct organic *>act]s1 ( diff]5t degrees ( p]fectness1 ! fir/ be+ ! mo/ p]fect ) reg>d to ! g5]al "* ( ! class1 & !re=e ! be/ repres5tative ( t class2 :5ce x 0 call$ ! typical ord]4 ,! second 0 f\nd to be inf]ior1 or r to h a less p]fect balance ( qualities2 h5ce x 0 designat$ ! sub-typical4 ,9 ?is are compreh5d$ ! *ief noxi\s & de/ructive animals ( ! circle to :i* x belongs4 ,! o!r ?ree gr\ps 7 call$ ab]rant1 z exhibit+ a mu* wid] dep>ture f ! typical /&>d1 al?\gh ! la/ ( ! ?ree is obs]v$ to make a c]ta9 recov]y1 & jo9 on to ! typical gr\p1 s z to complete ! circle4 ,! fir/ ( ! ab]rant gr\ps 7natatores7 is rem>kable = mak+ ! wat] ! !atre ( its exi/5ce1 & ! birds compos+ x are 9 g5]al ( comp>atively l>ge bulk4 ,! second 7grallatores7 are long-limb$ & long-bill$1 t !y may wade & pick up _! subsi/5ce 9 ! %all[s & m>%es 9 :i* !y *iefly live4 ,! ?ird 7rasores7 are di/+ui%$ by /rong feet1 = walk+ or runn+ on ! gr\nd1 & = scrap+ 9 x = _! food2 also by w+s design$ to sc>cely raise !m (f ! e>? &1 f>!r1 by a g5]al dome/icity ( "* & usefulness to man4 ,n[ ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance is1 t ^! organic *>act]s1 habits1 & moral prop]ties1 7 f\nd to be traceable m or less di/9ctly 9 ! correspond+ portions ( e o!r gr\p1 ev5 ( ^? belong+ to di/ant subdivisions ( ! animal k+dom1 z1 = in/ance1 ! insects4 ,! incessores 7typical ord] ( aves7 be+ r$uc$ to its con/itu5t circles or tribes1 x 0 f\nd t ^! /rictly repres5t$ ! five ord]s4 ,9 ! coniro/res are ! p]fections :i* belong to ! incessores z an ord]1 ) ! conspicu\s ext]nal feature ( a comp>atively small not* 9 _! bills2 9 ! d5tiro/res1 ! not* is /rong & too?like1 7h5ce ! "n ( ! tribe7 assimilat+ !m to ! raptores2 ! fissiro/res come into analogy ) ! natatores 9 ! slight developm5t ( _! feet & _! great p[]s ( flight2 ! t5uiro/res h ! small m\?s & long s(t bills ( ! grallatores4 ,f9ally1 ! scansores resemble ! rasores 9 _! sup]ior intellig5ce & docility1 & 9 _! hav+ /rong limbs & a bill entire at ! tip4 ,?is p>ity ( qualities becomes cle>] :5 plac$ 9 a tabul> =m3-- ,ord]s ( ,birds4 ,*>act]s4 ,tribes ( ,incessores4 ,incessores ,mo/ p]fect ( _! ,coniro/res4 circle2 not* ( bill small ,raptores ,not* ( bill l a ,d5tiro/res4 too? ,natatores ,slightly develop$ ,fissiro/res4 feet2 /rong flight ,grallatores ,small m\?s2 long ,t5uiro/res4 s(t bills ,rasores ,/rong feet1 %ort ,scansores4 w+s2 docile & dome/ic ,"s compreh5sive t]ms are mu* want$ to describe ^! five *>act]s1 s curi\sly repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! animal1 & probably also ! vegetable k+dom4 ,mean:ile1 ,mr4 ,swa9son calls !m typical1 sub-typical1 natatorial1 suctorial1 #bdb & rasorial4 ,"s ( 8 illu/rations ( ! pr9ciple are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,he %ews t ! lead+ animal ( a typical circle usually has a comb9ation ( prop]ties conc5trat$ 9 itself1 )\t any ( ^! prepond]at+ rem>kably ov] o!rs4 ,! sub-typical circles1 he says1 8d n comprise ! l>ge/ individuals 9 bulk1 b always ^? :i* are ! mo/ p[]fully arm$1 ei!r = inflict+ injury on _! own class1 = excit+ t]ror1 produc+ injury1 or creat+ annoyance to man4 ,_! dispositions are (t5 sangu9>y1 s9ce ! =ms mo/ conspicu\s among !m live by rap9e1 & subsi/ on ! blood ( o!r animals4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 symbolically types ( evil40 ,?is symbolical "* is mo/ conspicu\s ab\t ! c5tre ( ! s]ies ( gradations3-- ,k+dom ,annulosa4 ,sub-k+dom ,reptilia4 ,class 7,mammalia7 ,f]4 7,aves7 ,raptores4 ,9 ! annulosa x is n di/9ct1 al?\gh we mu/ also rememb] t insects d produce enorm\s ravages & annoyance 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! reptilia x is m di/9ct1 s9ce to ?is class belong ! ophidia1 7s]p5ts17 an ord] peculi>ly noxi\s4 ,x comes to a k9d ( climax 9 ! f] & raptores1 :i* fulfil ! function ( but*]s among l& animals4 ,z we desc5d ?r\gh tribes1 families1 g5]a1 species1 x becomes fa9t] & fa9t]1 b nev] altoge!r vani%es4 ,9 ! d5tiro/res1 = in/ance1 we h 9 a subdu$ =m ! hook$ bill & pr$ace\s "* ( ! raptores2 to ?is tribe belongs ! family ( ! %rikes1 s deadly to all ! less] field birds4 ,9 ! g5us bos1 we h1 9 ! sub-typical gr\p1 ! bison1 8wild1 rev5geful1 & %ew+ an innate dete/ation ( man40 ,9 equus1 we h1 9 ! same situation1 ! zebra1 :i* actually %ews ! /ripes ( ! tig]1 & is z rem>kable = its wildness z its cong5]s1 ! horse & ass1 are = _! docility & usefulness4 ,to quote aga9 f ,mr4 ,swa9son1 8! s+ul> ?reat5+ aspect :i* ! cat]pill>s ( ! sph9x mo? assume on be+ di/urb$1 is a rem>kable modification ( ! t]rific or evil nature :i* is impress$ 9 "o =m or ano!r1 palpable or remote1 ^u all sub-typical gr\ps2 = ?is division ( ! lepidopt]\s ord] is precisely ( ?is d5om9ation4 ,9 ! pre-em95t type ( ?is ord] ( insects1 ! butt]flies1 7papilionides17 our associations little prep>e u = expect+ any trace ( ! evil pr9ciple2 b "h1 too1 !re is a sub-typical division4 ,^!10 says our naturali/1 8are di/+ui%$ by _! cat]pill>s be+ arm$ ) =midable sp9es or prickles1 :i* 9 g5]al are possess$ ( "s highly acrimoni\s or poison\s quality1 capable ( injur+ ^? :o t\* !m4 ,x is only10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,swa9son1 8:5 ext5sive rese>*es br+ to light a uni=mity ( results1 t we c v5ture to believe !y are s univ]sal z to des]ve be+ rank$ z prim>y laws4 ,?us1 :5 a celebrat$ entomologi/ d5\nc$ z impure ! black & lurid beetles =m+ ! saprophag\s petaloc]a ( ,mr4 ,macleay1 a tribe liv+ only ^u putrid vegetable matt]1 & hid+ !mselves 9 _! disgu/+ food1 or 9 d>k holl[s ( ! e>?1 nei!r ( ^! celebrat$ m5 suspect$ ! absolute fact1 elicit$ f our analogies ( ?is gr\p1 t ?is v tribe con/itut$ ! sub-typical gr\p ( "o ( ! prim>y divisions ( coleopt]\s insects3 nor _h !y any suspicion t1 by ! fil?y habits & repulsive =ms ( ^! beetles1 nature _h int5d$ t !y %\ld be types or emblems ( hundr$s ( o!r gr\ps1 di/+ui%$ by peculi>ities equally indicative ( evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?al]ophag\s petaloc]a1 =m+ ! typical gr\p ( ! same division1 pres5t u ) all ! p]fections & habits belong+ to _! k9d4 ,^! families ( beetles live only ^u fre% vegetables2 !y are diurnal1 & sport 9 ! gl>e ( day1 pure 9 _! food1 elegant 9 _! %apes1 & beautiful 9 _! col\rs40 #bdf ,! ?ird type1 7fir/ ( ! ?ree ab]rant17 call$ by ,mr4 ,swa9son1 ! natatorial1 or aquatic1 are *iefly rem>kable = _! bulk1 ! disproportionate size ( ! head1 & ! abs5ce1 or slight developm5t ( ! feet4 ,!y p>take ( ! pr$ace\s & de/ructive "* ( ! adjo9+ sub-typical gr\p1 & ! means ( _! pr$acity are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! m\? alone4 ,9 ! prim>y division ( ! animal k+dom1 we f9d ! type 9 ! radiata1 n "o ( :i* lives out ( wat]4 ,9 ! v]tebrata1 x is 9 ! fi%es4 ,9 bo? ( ^!1 feet are totally want+4 ,desc5d+ to ! class mammalia1 we h ?is type 9 ! cetacea1 :i* pres5t a comp>atively slight developm5t ( limbs4 ,9 ! aves1 z we h se51 ! type is pres5t$ 9 ! natatores1 ^: "n has be5 adopt$ z an appropriate t]m = all ! correspond+ gr\ps4 ,an enum]ation ( "s o!r examples ( ! natatorial type1 z ! cephalopoda 7in/anc$ 9 ! cuttle-fi%7 9 ! mollusca2 ! cru/acea 7crabs1 c47 9 ! annulosa2 ! owls 7:i* (t5 duck = fi%7 9 ! raptores2 ! i*?yosaurus1 plesiosaurus1 c41 among reptilia1 w s]ve to br+ ! g5]al "*1 & its p]vasion ( ! :ole animal _w1 =cibly be=e ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! next type is t ( meane/ & mo/ imp]fect organization1 ! l[] t]m9ation ( all gr\ps1 z ! typical is ! upp]4 ,x is call$ by ,mr4 ,swa9son ! suctorial1 f a v g5]ally preval5t peculi>ity1 t ( draw+ su/5ance by suction4 ,! acrita1 or polypes1 among ! sub-k+doms2 ! inte/9a1 among ! annulosa2 ! tortoises1 among ! reptilia2 ! armadillo & scaly ant-eat]1 pig1 m\se1 j]boa1 & kang>oo1 among quadrup$s2 ! wad]s & t5uiro/res1 among birds2 ! coleopt]a1 7bug1 l\se1 flea1 c47 among insects2 ! ga/robran*us1 among fi%es2 are examples :i* w illu/rate ! special *>act]s ( ?is type4 ,^! are smallness1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! head & m\?1 feebl5ess1 & want ( (f5sive protection1 defect ( organs ( ma/ication1 consid]able p[]s ( swift movem5t1 & 7(t57 a p>asitic mode ( liv+2 :ile ( negative qualities1 !re are1 besides1 indisposition to dome/ication1 & an unsuitabl5ess to s]ve z human food4 ,! rasorial type compreh5ds mo/ ( ! animals :i* become dome/icat$ & useful to man1 z1 fir/1 ! f[ls :i* give a "n to ! type1 ! ungulata1 & m p>ticul>ly ! rum9antia1 among quadrup$s1 & ! dog among ! f]4 ,g5tl5ess1 famili>ity ) man1 & a peculi> approa* to human intellig5ce1 are ! lead+ m5tal *>act]i/ics ( animals ( ?is type4 ,among/ ext]nal *>act]s1 we g5]ally f9d p[] ( limbs & feet = locomotion on l&1 7to :i* ! rasorial type is conf9$17 abundant tail & ornam5ts = ! head1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( tufts1 cre/s1 horns1 or bony excresc5ces4 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 ! mollusca are ! rasorial type1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only %ews itself !re 9 _! s(t & sluggi% "*1 & _! be+ v g5]ally edible4 ,9 ! ptilota1 or w+$ insects1 ! hym5opt]\s are ! rasorial type1 & x is n !re=e surpris+ to f9d among/ !m ! ants & bees1 8! mo/ social1 intellig5t1 & 9 ! latt] case1 mo/ useful to man1 ( all ! annulose animals40 ,z yet ! speculations on repres5tation are imp]fect1 9 consequ5ce ( ! novelty ( ! doctr9e1 & ! defective /ate ( our k ( animat$ nature4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 s fully prov$ 9 ! aves1 & trac$ s cle>ly 9 o!r p>ts ( ! animal k+dom1 & z a g5]al feature ( t "p ( nature1 t h>dly a d\bt c exi/ ( its be+ univ]sally applicable4 ,ev5 9 ! l[ly =ms ( ! acrita1 7polypes17 ! suctorial type ( ! animal k+dom1 repres5tation has be5 disc]n$1 & ) "s rem>kable results z to ! hi/ory ( our _w4 ,! acrita 7 ! fir/ =ms ( animal life ^u e>?1 ! />t+ po9t ( t great bran* ( organization4 ,n[1 ?is sub-k+dom consi/s1 l ! re/1 ( five gr\ps1 7classes17 & ^! are respectively repres5tations ( ! acrita itself1 & ! o!r f\r sub-k+doms1 :i* _h n come into exi/5ce :5 ! acrita 7 =m$4 ,! polypi vag9ati1 9 ! cru/ace\s cov]+ ( ! liv+ mass1 & _! m or less articulat$ /ructure1 repres5t ! annulosa4 ,9 ! radiat$ =ms ( ! rotif]a1 & ! simple /ructure ( ! polypi rudes1 we are rem9d$ ( ! radiata4 ,! mollusca are typifi$ 9 ! s(t1 muc\s1 sluggi% inte/9a4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ! fle%y liv+ mass :i* surr\nds ! bony & holl[ axis ( ! polypi natantes1 we h a sket* ( ! v]tebrata4 ,! acrita ?us appe> z a prophecy ( ! high] ev5ts ( animal developm5t4 ,!y %ew t ! nobl] ord]s ( be+1 includ+ man himself1 7 contemplat$ f ! fir/1 & came into exi/5ce by virtue ( a law1 ! op]ation ( :i* _h comm5c$ ages be=e _! =ms 7 realiz$4 ,! sy/em ( repres5tation is !re=e to be reg>d$ z a p[]ful additional pro( ( ! hypo!sis ( organic progress by virtue ( law4 ,x e/abli%es ! unity ( animat$ nature & ! def9ite "* ( its entire con/itution4 ,x enables u to see h[1 "u ! fl[+ robes ( nature1 :]e all looks arbitr>y & accid5tal1 !re is an artificiality ( ! mo/ rigid k9d4 ,! natural1 we n[ p]ceive1 s9ks into & m]ges 9 a ,high] ,artificial4 ,to adopt a comp>ison m apt ?an dignifi$1 we may be said to be plac$ "h z insects are 9 a g>d5 ( ! old /yle4 ,our fir/ unassi/$ view is limit$1 & we p]ceive only ! irregul>ities ( ! m9ute surface1 & s+le %rubs :i* appe> arbitr>ily scatt]$4 ,b our view at l5g? ext5d+ & becom+ m compreh5sive1 we beg9 to see p>t]res balanc+ ea* o!r1 trees1 /atues1 & arb\rs plac$ symmetrically1 & t ! :ole is an assemblage ( p>ts mutually reflective4 ,x c sc>cely be necess>y to po9t to ! inf]5ce h5ce aris+ ) reg>d to ! orig9ation ( nature 9 "s ,p[]1 ( :i* man's m9d is a fa9t & humble repres5tation4 ,! insects ( ! g>d51 suppos+ !m to be inve/$ ) reason+ p[]1 & aw>e h[ artificial are _! own works1 might ( c\rse v reasonably conclude t1 be+ 9 its totality an artificial object1 ! g>d5 0 ! "w ( "s mak] or artific]4 ,& s also mu/ we conclude1 :5 we atta9 a k ( ! artificiality :i* is at ! basis ( nature1 t nature is :olly ! production ( a ,be+ resembl+1 b inf9itely great] ?an ourselves4 ,organic be+s are1 !n1 b\nd toge!r 9 developm5t1 & 9 a sy/em ( bo? aff9ities & analogies4 ,n[1 x w be ask$1 does ?is agree ) :at we "k ( ! geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s1 & ( ! hi/ory ( organic progress z del9eat$ by geology8 ,let u fir/ adv]t to ! geographical "q4 ,plants1 z is well kn[n1 require v>i\s k9ds ( soil1 =ms ( geographical surface1 climate1 & o!r conditions1 = _! exi/5ce4 ,& x is ev]y:]e f\nd t1 h[ev] isolat$ a p>ticul> spot may be ) reg>d to ^! conditions1--z a m\nta9 top 9 a torrid c\ntry1 ! m>% r\nd a salt spr+ f> inl&1 or an isl& plac$ f> ap>t 9 ! ocean1--appropriate plants h !re tak5 up _! abode4 ,b ! torrid zone divides ! two temp]ate regions f ea* o!r by ! space ( m ?an =ty-six degrees1 & ! torrid & temp]ate zones toge!r =m a mu* broad] l9e ( division betwe5 ! two arctic regions4 ,! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 also divide ! v>i\s portions ( cont95t 9 ! torrid & temp]ate zones f ea* o!r4 ,au/ralia is also divid$ by a broad sea f ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,?us !re are v>i\s portions ( ! e>? sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to preclude any?+ l a g5]al communication ( ! se$s ( _! respective plants t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,h5ce arises an int]e/+ "q--,are ! plants ( ! v>i\s isolat$ regions :i* enjoy a p>ity ( climate & o!r conditions1 id5tical or ! rev]se8 ,! answ] is--t 9 su* regions ! vegetation be>s a g5]al resemblance1 b ! species are ne>ly all diff]5t1 & !re is ev51 9 a consid]able measure1 a div]sity ( families4 ,! g5]al facts h be5 ?us /at$3 9 ! arctic & ant>ctic regions1 & 9 ^? p>ts ( l[] latitudes1 :i*1 f _! elevation1 possess ! same cold climate1 !re is always a simil> or analog\s vegetation1 b few species are common to ! v>i\s situations4 ,9 l mann]1 ! int]tropical vegetation ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 are specifically diff]5t1 ?\gh g5]ally simil>4 ,! s\!rn region ( ,am]ica is equally div]se f t ( ,africa1 a c\ntry simil> 9 clime1 b sep>at$ by a va/ ext5t ( ocean4 ,! vegetation ( ,au/ralia1 ano!r region simil>ly plac$ 9 respect ( clime1 is ev5 m peculi>4 ,^! facts are ! m rem>kable :5 we discov] t1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! plants ( "o region h ?riv5 :5 transplant$ to ano!r ( p>allel clime4 ,?is w\ld %ew t p>ity ( conditions does n lead to a p>ity ( productions s exact z to include id5tity ( species1 or ev5 g5]a4 ,besides ! v>i\s isolat$ regions "h enum]at$1 !re are "s o!rs indicat$ by naturali/s z exhibit+ a vegetation equally peculi>4 ,"s ( ^! are isolat$ by m\nta9s1 or ! int]position ( s&y wa/es4 ,= example1 ! temp]ate region ( ! eld] cont95t is divid$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ,asia1 & ! ea/ ( t l9e is diff]5t f ! we/4 ,s also is ! same region divid$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,abyss9ia & ,nubia con/itute ano!r di/9ct botanical region4 ,de ,c&olle enum]ates 9 all tw5ty well-m>k$ portions ( ! e>?'s surface :i* are peculi> ) respect to vegetation2 a numb] :i* w\ld be greatly increas$ if remote isl&s & isolat$ m\nta9 ranges 7 to be includ$4 ,:5 we come to ! zoology1 we f9d precisely simil> results1 except+ t man 7)1 p]haps1 "s ( ! less conspicu\s =ms ( be+7 is univ]sal1 & t sev]al tribes1 z ! be> & dog1 appe> to h pass$ by ! l& connexion f ! arctic regions ( ! ea/]n to ^? ( ! we/]n hemisph]e4 8,) ^! exceptions10 says ,dr4 ,pri*>d1 8& )\t any o!rs1 z f> z zoological rese>*es h yet gone1 x may be ass]t$ t no individual species are common to di/ant regions4 ,9 p>allel climates1 analog\s species replace ea* o!r2 sometimes1 b n frequ5tly1 ! same g5us is f\nd 9 two sep>ate cont95ts2 b ! species :i* are natives ( "o region are n id5tical ) correspond+ races indig5\s 9 ! opposite hemisph]e4 8,a simil> result arises :5 we comp>e ! ?ree great int]tropical regions1 z well z ! extreme spaces ( ! ?ree great cont95ts1 :i* advance into ! temp]ate climates ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 8,?us1 ! tribes ( simi1 7monkeys17 ( ! dog & cat k9ds1 ( pa*yd]ms1 includ+ elephants1 tapirs1 rh9oc]oses1 hogs1 ( bats1 ( saurian & ophidian reptiles1 z well ( birds & o!r t]r5e animals1 are all diff]5t 9 ! ?ree great cont95ts4 ,9 ! l[] dep>tm5ts ( ! mammif]\s family1 we f9d t ! bruta1 or ed5data1 7slo?s1 armadillos1 c417 ( ,africa1 are diff]5tly organiz$ f ^? ( ,am]ica1 & ^! aga9 f ! tribes f\nd 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago & ,t]ra ,au/ralis40 #bee ,x does n appe> t ! div]sity betwe5 ! simil> regions ( ,africa1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 is occasion$ 9 all in/ances by any disqualification ( ^! c\ntries to support precisely ! same g5]a or species4 ,! ox1 horse1 goat1 c41 ( ! eld] cont95t h ?riv5 & ext5d$ !mselves 9 ! new1 & _m ( ! indig5\s tribes ( ,am]ica w\ld no d\bt fl\ri% 9 correspond+ climates 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 rem>k$ by naturali/s unacqua9t$ ) ! ,macleay sy/em1 t ! l>g] & m p[]ful animals ( _! respective ord]s belong to ! eld] cont95t1 & t ?us ! animals ( ,am]ica1 unlike ! features ( inanimate nature1 appe> to be ^u a small scale4 ,! swifte/ & mo/ agile animals1 & a l>ge proportion ( ^? mo/ useful to man1 are also natives ( ! eld] cont95t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bulk ( ! ed5tata1 a gr\p rem>kable = defects & meanness ( organization1 are ,am]ican4 ,! zoology ( ,am]ica may be said1 ^u ! :ole1 to rec$e f t ( ,asia1 8& p]haps 9 a great] degree10 adds ,dr4 ,pri*>d1 8f t ( ,africa40 ,a mu* great] recession is1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ 9 bo? ! botany & zoology ( ,au/ralia4 ,!re 8we d n f9d1 9 ! great masses ( vegetation1 ei!r ! maje/y ( ! virg9 =e/s ( ,am]ica1 or ! v>iety & elegance ( ^? ( ,asia1 or ! delicacy & fre%ness ( ! woods ( our temp]ate c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! vegetation is g5]ally gloomy & sad2 x has ! aspect ( our ev]gre5s or hea?s2 ! plants are = ! mo/ "p woody2 ! leaves ( ne>ly all ! plants are l9e>1 lanceolat$1 small1 coriace\s1 & sp9esc5t4 ,! grasses1 :i* else:]e are g5]ally s(t & flexible1 p>ticipate 9 ! /iffness ( ! o!r vegetables4 ,! great] "p ( ! plants ( ,new ,holl& belong to new g5]a2 & ^? includ$ 9 ! g5]a already kn[n are ( new species4 ,! natural families :i* prevail are ^? ( ! hea?s1 ! prote1 composit1 legum9os1 & myr?oide2 ! l>g] trees all belong to ! la/ family40 #beg ,! preval5t animals ( ,au/ralia are n less peculi>4 ,x is well kn[n t none above ! m>supialia1 or p\*$ animals1 are native to x4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s are ^! m>supials1 :i* exi/ 9 great v>ieties "h1 ?\gh unkn[n 9 ! eld] cont95t1 & only f\nd 9 a few mean =ms 9 ,am]ica4 ,next to !m are ! monotremata1 :i* are entirely peculi> to ?is portion ( ! e>?4 ,n[ ^! are animals at ! bottom ( ! mammif]\s class1 adjo9+ to t ( birds1 ( ^: "* & organization ! monotremata l>gely p>take1 ! orni?oryn*us pres5t+ ! bill & feet ( a duck1 produc+ its "y 9 eggs1 & hav+1 l birds1 a clavicle betwe5 ! two %\ld]s4 ,! birds ( ,au/ralia v>y 9 /ructure & plumage1 b all h "s s+ul>ity ab\t !m--! swan1 = in/ance1 is black4 ,! c\ntry ab\nds 9 reptiles1 & ! preval5t fi%es are ( ! e>ly k9ds1 hav+ a c>tilag9\s /ructure4 ,altoge!r1 ! plants & animals ( ?is m9or cont95t convey ! impression ( an e>ly sy/em ( ?+s1 su* z might be display$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! e>? ab\t ! "t ( ! oolite4 ,9 connexion ) ?is circum/ance1 x is a fact ( "s importance1 t ! geogno/ic "* ( ,au/ralia1 its va/ arid pla9s1 its little div]sifi$ surface & consequ5t paucity ( /reams1 & ! v slight developm5t ( volcanic rock on its surface1 seem to indicate a sy/em ( physical conditions1 su* z we may suppose to h exi/$ else:]e 9 ! oolitic era3 p]haps we see ! *alk =mation prep>+ !re 9 ! va/ coral b$s fronti]+ ! coa/4 ,au/ralia ?us appe>s z a portion ( ! e>? :i* has1 f "s unkn[n causes1 be5 belat$ 9 its physical & organic developm5t4 ,& c]ta9ly ! great] "p ( its surface is n fitt$ to be an advantage\s place ( resid5ce = be+s above ! m>supialia1 & judg+ f analogy1 x may yet be subject$ to a s]ies ( *anges 9 ! highe/ degree inconv5i5t to any human be+s :o may h settl$ ^u x4 ,! g5]al conclusions reg>d+ ! geography ( organic nature1 may be ?us /at$4 7#a47 ,!re are num]\s di/9ct foci ( organic production ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 7#b47 ,^! h ev]y:]e advanc$ 9 accordance ) ! local conditions ( climate c41 z f> z at lea/ ! class & ord] are conc]n$1 a div]sity tak+ place 9 ! l[] gradations4 ,no physical or geographical reason appe>+ = ?is div]sity1 we are l$ to inf] t1 7#c17 x is ! result ( m9ute & inappreciable causes giv+ ! law ( organic developm5t a p>ticul> direction 9 ! l[] subdivisions ( ! two k+doms4 7#d47 ,developm5t has n gone on to equal results 9 ! v>i\s cont95ts1 be+ mo/ advanc$ 9 ! ea/]n cont95t1 next 9 ! we/]n1 & lea/ 9 ,au/ralia1 ?is inequality be+ p]haps ! result ( ! comp>ative antiquity ( ! v>i\s regions1 geologically & geographically4 ,x mu/ at ! same "t be admitt$ t ! l9e ( organic developm5t has n[h]e requir$ = its advance ! :ole ( ! families compreh5d$ 9 ! two k+doms1 see+ t "s ( ^! are conf9$ to "o cont95t1 & "s to ano!r1 )\t a conceivable possibility ( "o hav+ be5 connect$ ) ! o!r 9 ! way ( ance/ry4 ,! two great families ( quadrumana1 cebid & simiad1 are a not$ in/ance1 ! "o be+ exclusively ,am]ican1 :ile ! o!r belongs entirely to ! old _w4 ,!re are _m o!r cases 9 :i* ! full circul> gr\p c only be complet$ by tak+ subdivisions f v>i\s cont95ts4 ,?is w\ld seem to imply t1 :ile ! entire sy/em is s rem>kable = its unity1 x has nev]!less be5 produc$ 9 l9es geographically deta*$1 ^! l9es p]haps consi/+ ( p>ticul> typical gr\ps plac$ 9 an indep5d5t succession1 or ( two or m ( ^! gr\ps4 ,& = ?is idea !re is1 ev5 9 ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( our k ( animat$ nature1 "s c\nt5ance 9 asc]ta9$ facts1 ! birds ( ,au/ralia1 = example1 be+ *iefly ( ! suctorial type1 :ile x may be presum$ t ! obs]vation z to ! pr$om9ance ( ! useful animals 9 ! ,old ,_w1 is n mu* diff]5t f say+ t ! rasorial type is !re peculi>ly abundant4 ,x does n appe> t ! idea ( indep5d5t l9es1 consi/+ ( p>ticul> types1 or sets ( types1 is necess>ily inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al hypo!sis1 z no?+ yet asc]ta9$ ( ! ,macleay sy/em =bids _! hav+ an indep5d5t set ( aff9ities4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 !re is z yet mu* obscurity1 & x mu/ be left to future inquir]s to cle> x up4 ,we mu/ n[ call to m9d t ! geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals 0 v diff]5t 9 ! geological ages f :at x is n[4 ,d[n to a "t n long antec$5t to man1 ! same vegetation ov]spread e clime1 & a simil> uni=mity m>k$ ! zoology4 ,?is is conceiv$ by ,m4 ,brogni>t1 ) great plausibility1 to h be5 ! result ( a uni=mity ( climate1 produc$ by ! z yet unexhau/$ effect ( ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? ^u its surface2 :]eas climate has s9ce dep5d$ *iefly on ext]nal s\rces ( heat1 z modifi$ by ! v>i\s meteorological influ5ces4 ,h[ev] ! e>ly uni=m climate 0 produc$1 c]ta9 x is t1 f ab\t ! close ( ! geological epo*1 plants & animals h be5 disp]s$ ov] ! globe ) a reg>d to _! p>ticul> *>act]s1 & specim5s ( bo? are f\nd s isolat$ 9 p>ticul> situations1 z utt]ly to exclude ! idea t !y came ?i!r f any common c5tre4 ,x may be ask$1--,consid]+ t1 9 ! geological epo*1 species are n limit$ to p>ticul> regions1 & t s9ce ! close ( t epo*1 !y are v peculi>ly limit$1 are we to presume ! pres5t organisms ( ! _w to h be5 creat$ ab initio aft] t "t8 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1--,n necess>ily1 z x s happ5s t animals beg9 to be mu* v>i$1 or to appe> 9 a consid]able v>iety ( species1 t[>ds ! close ( ! geological hi/ory4 ,x may h be5 t ! multitudes ( locally peculi> species only came into be+ aft] ! uni=m climate _h pass$ away4 ,x may h only be5 :5 a v>i$ climate arose1 t ! orig9ally few species bran*$ (f into ! pres5t ext5sive v>iety4 ,a "q ( a v int]e/+ k9d w n[ probably arise 9 ! read]'s m9d--,:at place or /atus is assign$ to man 9 ! new natural sy/em4 ,be=e go+ into ?is inquiry1 x is necess>y to adv]t to sev]al p>ticul>s ( ! natural sy/em n yet notic$4 ,x is necess>y1 9 p>ticul>1 to asc]ta9 ! grades :i* exi/ 9 ! classification ( animals4 ,9 ! l9e ( ! aves1 ,mr4 ,swa9son f9ds ^! to be n9e1 ! species pica1 = example1 be+ ?us indicat$3-- ,k+dom ,animalia4 ,sub-k+dom ,v]tebrata4 ,class ,aves4 ,ord] ,incessores4 ,tribe ,coniro/res4 ,family ,corvid4 ,sub-family ,corv94 ,g5us ,corvus4 ,sub-g5us1 or species ,pica4 ,?is br+s u d[n to species1 ! subdivision :]e int]m>riage or bre$+ is usually consid]$ z natural to animals1 & :]e a resemblance ( (fspr+ to p>5ts is g5]ally p]sev]$ 94 ,! dog1 = in/ance1 is a species1 because all dogs c bre$ toge!r1 & ! prog5y p>takes ( ! appe>ances ( ! p>5ts4 ,! human race is held z a species1 prim>ily = ! same reasons4 ,species1 h[ev]1 is liable to ano!r subdivision1 :i* naturali/s call v>iety2 & v>iety appe>s to be subject to exactly ! same sy/em ( repres5tation :i* h be5 trac$ 9 species & high] d5om9ations4 ,9 canis1 = in/ance1 ! bull-dog & ma/iff repres5t ! f]oci\s sub-typical gr\p2 ! wat]dog is natatorial2 we see ! spe$ & l5g? ( muzzle ( ! suctorial gr\p 9 ! greyh\nd2 & ! bu%y tail & g5tle & s]viceable "* ( ! rasorial 9 ! %eph]d's dog & spaniel4 ,ev5 ! /rip$ & spott$ sk9 ( ! tig] & pan!r is reproduc$ 9 ! m f]oci\s k9d ( dogs--an indication ( a fundam5tal connexion betwe5 physical & m5tal qualities :i* we h also se5 9 ! zebra1 & :i* is likewise display$ 9 ! pr$om9ance ( a yell[ col\r 9 ! vultures & owls 9 common ) ! lion & 8 cong5]s4 ,x is by no means cle>ly made out t ?is sy/em ( n9e gradations ov] & above t ( v>iety applies 9 all dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 ,mr4 ,swa9son gives s]ies 9 :i* sev]al ( !m are omitt$4 ,x may be t1 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( nature1 v>iation f ! class or ord] has gone d[n into few] %ades ?an 9 o!rs2 or x may be1 t _m ( ! v>iations h n surviv$ till our era1 or h n be5 z yet detect$ by naturali/s2 9 ei!r ( :i* cases !re may be a necessity = %ort5+ ! s]ies by ! omission ( "o or two grades1 z = in/ance tribe or sub-family4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is mu* to be regrett$1 z x introduces an irregul>ity into ! natural sy/em1 & consequ5tly ?r[s a difficulty & d\bt 9 ! way ( our inve/igat+ x4 ,) ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 ,i %all proce$ to inquire :at is ! natural /atus ( man4 ,t man's place is to be look$ = 9 ! class mammalia & sub-k+dom v]tebrata admits ( no d\bt1 f 8 possess+ bo? ! *>act]s on :i* ^! divisions are f\nd$4 ,:5 we desc5d1 h[ev]1 bel[ ! class1 we f9d no settl$ views on ! subject among/ naturali/s4 ,mr4 ,swa9son1 :o alone has giv5 a review ( ! animal k+dom on ! ,macleay sy/em1 un=tunately writes on ?is subject 9 a mann] :i* excites a suspicion z to 8 judgm5t4 ,8 arrangem5t ( ! fir/ or typical ord] ( ! mammalia is !re=e to be receiv$ ) great hesitation4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,typical ,quadrumana ,pre-em95tly organiz$ = grasp+4 ,sub-typical ,f] ,claws retractile2 c>nivor\s4 ,natatorial ,cetacea ,pre-em95tly aquatic2 feet v %ort4 ,suctorial ,glires ,muzzle l5g!n$ & po9t$4 ,rasorial ,ungulata ,cre/s & o!r processes on ! head4 ,he !n takes ! quadrumana1 & places x 9 ! foll[+ arrangem5t3-- ,typical ,simiad 7,monkeys ( ,old ,_w47 ,sub-typical ,cebid 7,monkeys ( ,new ,_w47 ,natatorial ,unkn[n ,suctorial ,vesp]tilionid 7,bats47 ,rasorial ,lemurid 7,lemurs47 ,he consid]s ! simiad z a complete circle1 & argues !nce t !re is no room 9 ! range ( ! animal k+dom = man4 ,man1 he says1 is n a con/itu5t "p ( any circle1 =1 if he 71 !re ought to be o!r animals on ea* h& hav+ aff9ity to him1 :]eas !re are none1 ! resemblance ( ! orangs be+ "o ( m]e analogy4 ,mr4 ,swa9son !re=e consid]s our race z /&+ ap>t1 & =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! un9tellig5t ord] ( be+s & ! angels6 ,& ?is 9 spite ( ! gl>+ fact t1 9 our tee?1 h&s1 & o!r features gr\nd$ on by naturali/s z *>act]i/ic1 we d n diff] m f ! simiad ?an ! bats d f ! lemurs--9 spite also ( t resemblance ( analogy to ! orangs :i* he himself admits1 & :i*1 at ! lea/1 mu/ be held to imply a c]ta9 relation4 ,he also ov]looks t1 ?\gh !re may be no room = man 9 ! circle ( ! simiad1 7?is1 inde$1 is q true17 !re may be 9 ! ord]1 :]e he actually leaves a place entirely blank1 or only to be fill$ up1 z he sugge/s1 by m]m56 #bff ,ano!r argum5t 9 8 arrangem5t is1 t x leaves ! grades ( classification v mu* abridg$1 !re be+ at ! mo/ sev5 in/ead ( n9e4 ,b s]i\s argum5t on a !ory s prepo/]\s may be consid]$ z ne>ly ?r[n away4 ,i %all !re=e at once proce$ to sugge/ a new arrangem5t ( ?is portion ( ! animal k+dom1 9 :i* man is all[$ ! place to :i* he is zoologically entitl$4 ,i propose t ! typical ord] ( ! mammalia %\ld be designat$ *eiro!ria1 f ! sole "* :i* is univ]sal among/ !m1 _! possess+ h&s1 & ) a reg>d to t pre-em95t qualification = grasp+ :i* has be5 ascrib$ to !m--an analogy to ! p]*+ habit ( ! typical ord] ( birds1 :i* is wor?y ( p>ticul> notice4 ,! tribes ( ! *eiro!ria ,i arrange z foll[s3-- ,typical ,bimana4 ,sub-typical ,simiad4 ,natatorial ,vesp]tilionid4 ,suctorial ,lemurid4 ,rasorial ,cebid4 ,"h man is put into ! typical place1 z ! g5u9e head1 n only ( ?is ord]1 b ( ! :ole animal _w4 ,! d\ble aff9ity :i* is requisite is obta9$1 = "h he has ! simiad on "o h&1 & ! cebid on ! o!r4 ,! five tribes ( ! ord] are complet$1 ! vesp]tilionid be+ %ift$ 7provisionally7 into ! natatorial place1 = :i* _! appropriat5ess is s f> evid5c$ by ! aquatic habits ( sev]al ( ! tribe1 & ! lemurid into ! suctorial1 to :i* _! l5g? ( muzzle & rem>kable saltatory p[] are highly suitable4 ,at ! same "t1 ! simiad are degrad$ f ! typical place1 to :i* !y h no sort ( pret5sion1 & plac$ :]e _! mean & mis*iev\s "* seem to require2 ! cebid aga9 be+ assign$ t situation :i* _! comp>atively in(f5sive dispositions1 _! arboreal habits1 & _! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! tail1 7:i* ) !m is l a fif? h&17 r5d] s prop]4 ,! zoological /atus ?us assign$ to ! human race is precisely :at might be expect$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& its full value1 x is necess>y to obs]ve h[ ! v>i\s type peculi>ities op]ate 9 fix+ ! "* ( ! animals rank$ 9 !m4 ,x is easy to conceive t !y mu/ be1 9 "s in/ances1 mu* mix$ up ) ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly obscur$4 ,if an animal1 = example1 is ! suctorial memb] ( a circle ( species1 =m+ ! natatorial type ( g5]a1 =m+ a family or sub-family :i* 9 its turn is rasorial1 its qualities mu/ evid5tly be greatly m+l$ & ill to def9e4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we take ! rapaci\s or sub-typical gr\p ( birds1 & look 9 x = ! tribe :i* is aga9 ! rapaci\s or sub-typical gr\p ( its ord]1 we may expect to f9d ! qualities ( t gr\p exalt$ or int5sifi$1 & accord+ly made ! m conspicu\s4 ,su* is really ! case ) ! vultures1 9 ! rapaci\s birds1 a family rem>kable above all ( _! ord] = _! c>nivor\s & f\l habits4 ,s1 also1 if we take ! typical gr\p ( ! birds1 ! incessores or p]*]s1 & look 9 x = its typical gr\p1 ! coniro/res1 & seek !re aga9 = ! typical family ( t gr\p1 ! corvid1 we may expect to f9d a v m>k$ sup]iority 9 organization & "*4 ,su* is really ! case4 8,! cr[10 says ,mr4 ,swa9son1 8unites 9 itself a great] numb] ( prop]ties ?an are to be f\nd individually 9 any o!r g5us ( birds2 z if 9 fact x _h tak5 f all ! o!r ord]s a portion ( _! peculi> qualities1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ 9 :at mann] !y c\ld be comb9$4 ,f ! rapaci\s birds ?is 8type ( types10 z ! cr[ has be5 ju/ly call$1 takes ! p[] ( so>+ 9 ! air1 & ( seiz+ ^u liv+ birds1 l ! hawks1 :ile its habit ( dev\r+ putrid sub/ances1 & pick+ out ! eyes ( "y animals1 is borr[$ f ! vultures4 ,f ! scansorial or climb+ ord] x takes ! faculty ( pick+ ! gr\nd1 & discov]+ its food :5 hidd5 f ! eye1 :ile ! p>rot family gives x ! ta/e = vegetable food1 & furni%es x ) great cunn+1 sagacity1 & p[]s ( imitation1 ev5 to c\nt]feit+ ! human voice4 ,next come ! ord] ( wad]s1 :o imp>t _! quota to ! p]fection ( ! cr[ by giv+ x great p[]s ( flight1 & p]fect facility 9 walk+1 su* be+ among ! *ief attributes ( ! suctorial ord]4 ,la/ly1 ! aquatic birds contribute _! portion1 by giv+ ?is t]re/rial bird ! p[] ( fe$+ n only on fi%1 :i* are _! peculi> food1 b actually ( occasionally cat*+ x4 #bgj ,9 ?is wond]ful mann] d we f9d ! cr[ p>tially inve/$ ) ! unit$ prop]ties ( all o!r birds1 :ile 9 its own ord]1 t ( ! incessores or p]*]s1 x /&s ! pre-em95t type4 ,we _c also fail to reg>d x z a rem>kable pro( ( ! sup]ior organization & "* ( ! corvid1 t !y are adapt$ = all climates1 & accord+ly f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,mr4 ,swa9son's description ( ! zoological /atus ( ! cr[1 writt5 )\t ! lea/ design ( ?r[+ any light ^u t ( man1 evid5tly does s 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,x prep>es u to expect 9 ! place among ! mammalia1 correspond+ to t ( ! corvid 9 ! aves1 a be+ or set ( be+s possess+ a rem>kable conc5tration ( qualities f all ! o!r gr\ps ( _! ord]1 b 9 g5]al "* z f> above ! corvid z a typical gr\p is above an ab]rant "o1 ! mammalia above ! aves4 ,c any ( ! simiad pret5d to su* a place1 n>r[ly & imp]fectly end[$ z ^! creatures are--a mean reflection app>5tly ( some?+ high]8 ,assur$ly n1 & 9 ?is consid]ation alone ,mr4 ,swa9son's arrangem5t mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,to fill wor?ily s l(ty a /ation 9 ! animat$ families man alone is compet5t4 ,9 him only is to be f\nd t conc5tration ( qualities f all ! o!r gr\ps ( 8 ord] :i* has be5 describ$ z m>k+ ! corvid4 ,t grasp+ p[]1 :i* has be5 select$ z ! lead+ physical quality ( 8 ord]1 is n[h]e s beautifully or s p[]fully develop$ z 9 8 h&4 ,! intellig5ce & tea*abl5ess ( ! simiad rise to a climax 9 8 pre-em95t m5tal nature4 ,8 sub-analogy to ! f] is m>k$ by 8 can9e tee?1 & ! univ]sality ( 8 rapacity1 = :]e is ! dep>tm5t ( animat$ nature :i* he does n )\t scruple sacrifice to 8 conv5i5ce8 ,) sangu9>y1 he has also g5tle & dome/icable dispositions1 ?us reflect+ ! *>act]s ( ! ungulata1 7! rasorial type ( ! class17 to :i* we p]haps see a fur!r analogy 9 ! use :i* he makes ( ! surface ( ! e>? z a s\rce ( food4 ,to ! aquatic type 8 love ( m>itime adv5ture v readily assimilates him2 & h[ f> ! suctorial is repres5t$ 9 8 nature x is h>dly necess>y to say4 ,z ! corvid1 too1 are f\nd 9 e "p ( ! e>?--almo/ ! only "o ( ! inf]ior animals :i* has be5 ackn[l$g$ z univ]sal--s d we f9d man4 ,he ?rives 9 all climates1 & ) reg>d to /yle ( liv+1 c adapt himself to an inf9itely great] div]sity ( circum/ances ?an any o!r animat$ creature4 ,man1 !n1 consid]$ zoologically1 & )\t reg>d to ! di/9ct "* assign$ to him by !ology1 simply takes 8 place z ! type ( all types ( ! animal k+dom1 ! true & unmi/akable head ( animat$ nature ^u ?is e>?4 ,x w readily occur t "s m p>ticul> inve/igations into ! ranks ( types might ?r[ additional light on man's /atus1 & p]haps 8 nature2 & su* light we may hope to obta9 :5 ! philosophy ( zoology %all h be5 /udi$ z x des]ves4 ,p]haps "s su* diagram z ! "o giv5 on ! next page w be f\nd to be an approximation to ! expression ( ! m]ely natural or secul> grade ( man 9 comp>ison ) o!r animals4 ,picture3 ,diagram #bgd ,"h ! upright l9es1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 may repres5t ! comp>ative height & grade ( organization ( bo? ! five sub-k+doms1 & ! five classes ( ea* ( ^!2 #e be+ ! v]tebrata 9 ! "o case1 & ! mammalia 9 ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! height ( ! l9e #a & ! l9e #e gives an idea ( ! diff]5ce ( be+ ! head type ( ! aves1 7corvid17 & ! head type ( ! mammalia1 7bimana27 a4 b4 c4 d4 #e1 aga91 repres5t ! five gr\ps ( ! fir/ ord] ( ! mammalia2 a1 be+ ! organic /ructure ( ! highe/ simia1 & #e1 t ( man4 ,a set ( tang5t l9es ( ?is k9d may yet prove "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory means ( asc]ta9+ ! height & bread? ( ! psy*ology ( our species4 ,x may be ask$1--,is ! exi/+ human race ! only species design$ to occupy ! grade to :i* x is "h ref]r$8 ,su* a "q evid5tly ought n to be answ]$ ra%ly2 & ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to ! admission t1 judg+ by analogy1 we might expect to see sev]al v>ieties ( ! be+1 homo4 ,!re is no o!r family approa*+ to ?is 9 importance1 :i* pres5ts b "o species4 ,! corvid1 our p>allel 9 aves1 consi/ ( sev]al di/9ct g5]a & sub-g5]a4 ,x is />tl+ to f9d su* an appe>ance ( imp]fection 9 ! circle to :i* man belongs1 & ! ideas :i* rise 9 consequ5ce are n less />tl+4 ,is our race b ! initial ( ! gr& cr[n+ type8 ,are !re yet to be species sup]ior to u 9 organization1 pur] 9 feel+1 m p[]ful 9 device & act1 & :o %all take a rule ov] u6 ,!re is 9 ?is no?+ improbable on o!r gr\nds4 ,! pres5t race1 rude & impulsive z x is1 is p]haps ! be/ adapt$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 9 ! _w2 b ! ext]nal _w goes ?r\gh sl[ & gradual *anges1 :i* may leave x 9 "t a mu* s]5] field ( exi/5ce4 ,!re may !n be occasion = a nobl] type ( humanity1 :i* %all complete ! zoological circle on ?is planet1 & realize "s ( ! dreams ( ! pure/ spirits ( ! pres5t race4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,,! human race is kn[n to consi/ ( num]\s nations1 display+ consid]able diff]5ces ( ext]nal =m & col\r1 & speak+ 9 g5]al diff]5t languages4 ,?is has be5 ! case s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( writt5 record4 ,x is also asc]ta9$ t ! ext]nal peculi>ities ( p>ticul> nations d n rapidly *ange4 ,!re is r a t5d5cy to a p]si/5cy ( type 9 all l9es ( desc5t1 insomu* t a subord9ate admixture ( v>i\s type is usually oblit]at$ 9 a few g5]ations4 ,num]\s z ! v>ieties are1 !y h all be5 f\nd classifiable "u five lead+ ones3--#a4 ,! ,caucasian or ,indo-,european1 :i* ext5ds f ,india into ,europe & ,nor!rn ,africa2 #b4 ,! ,mongolian1 :i* occupies ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,asia2 #c4 ,! ,malayan1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,ultra-,gangetic ,p59sula into ! num]\s isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea & ,pacific2 #d4 ,! ,negro1 *iefly conf9$ to ,africa2 #e4 ,! aborig9al ,am]ican4 ,ea* ( ^! is di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 g5]al features ( s m>k$ a k9d1 z to give rise to a supposition t !y h _h di/9ct or indep5d5t orig9s4 ,( ^! peculi>ities1 col\r is ! mo/ conspicu\s3 ! ,caucasians are g5]ally :ite1 ! ,mongolians yell[1 ! ,negroes black1 & ! ,am]icans r$4 ,! opposition ( two ( ^! 9 p>ticul>1 :ite & black1 is s /rik+1 t ( !m1 at lea/1 x seems almo/ necess>y to suppose sep>ate orig9s4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ?is "q has be5 subject$ to a rigor\s inve/igation1 & x has be5 successfully %ewn t ! human race might h _h "o orig91 = any?+ t c be inf]r$ f ext]nal peculi>ities4 ,x appe>s f ?is inquiry1 #bgh t col\r & o!r physiological *>act]s are ( a m sup]ficial & accid5tal nature ?an 0 at "o "t suppos$4 ,"o fact is at ! v fir/ extremely />tl+1 t !re are nations1 su* z ! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an1 kn[n to be "o 9 desc5t1 :i* nev]!less conta9 gr\ps ( p ( almo/ all %ades ( col\r1 & likewise discrepant 9 o!r ( ^? important features on :i* mu* /ress has be5 laid4 ,"s o!r facts1 :i* ,i may /ate 9 brief t]ms1 are sc>cely less rem>kable4 ,9 ,africa1 !re are ,negro nations1--t is1 nations ( int5sely black complexion1 z ! ,jol(s1 ,m&+oes1 & ,kafirs1 ^: features & limbs are z elegant z ^? ( ! be/ ,european nations4 ,:ile we h no pro( ( ,negro races becom+ :ite 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ! conv]se may be held z e/abli%$1 = !re are ,arab & ,jewi% families ( anci5t settlem5t 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 :o h become z black z ! o!r inhabitants4 ,!re are also facts :i* seem to %ew ! possibility ( a natural transition by g5]ation f ! black to ! :ite complexion1 & f ! :ite to ! black4 ,true :ites 7ap>t f ,alb9oes7 are n unfrequ5tly born among ! ,negroes1 & ! t5d5cy to ?is s+ul>ity is transmitt$ 9 families4 ,!re is1 at lea/1 "o au!ntic in/ance ( a set ( p]fectly black *ildr5 be+ born to an ,arab c\ple1 9 ^: ance/ry no su* blood _h int]m+l$4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 :]e x is rem>kable t ! ,arab population 9 g5]al h flatt] features1 d>k] sk9s1 & co>s] hair1 ?an any o!r tribes ( ! same nation4 #bhj ,! /yle ( liv+ is asc]ta9$ to h a p[]ful effect 9 modify+ ! human figure 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 & ?is ev5 9 its osse\s /ructure4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 a numb] ( p 7 driv5 by a b>b>\s policy f ! c\nties ( ,antrim & ,d[n1 9 ,irel&1 t[>ds ! sea-coa/1 :]e !y h ev] s9ce be5 settl$1 b 9 unusually mis]able circum/ances1 ev5 = ,irel&2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t !y exhibit peculi> features ( ! mo/ repulsive k9d1 project+ jaws ) l>ge op5 m\?s1 depress$ noses1 high *eek bones1 & b[ legs1 toge!r ) an extremely dim9utive /ature4 ,^!1 ) an abnormal sl5d]ness ( ! limbs1 are ! outw>d m>ks ( a l[ & b>b>\s condition all ov] ! _w2 x is p>ticul>ly se5 9 ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! beauty ( ! high] ranks 9 ,engl& is v rem>kable1 be+1 9 ! ma91 z cle>ly a result ( good ext]nal conditions4 8,co>se1 un:olesome1 & ill-prep>$ food10 says ,buffon1 8makes ! human race deg5]ate4 ,all ^? p :o live mis]ably are ugly & ill-made4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 ! c\ntry p are n s beautiful z ^? :o live 9 t[ns2 & ,i h (t5 rem>k$ t 9 ^? villages :]e ! p are ri*] & bett] f$ ?an 9 o!rs1 ! m5 are likewise m h&some1 & h bett] c\nt5ances40 ,he might h add$1 t elegant & commodi\s dwell+s1 cleanly habits1 com=table clo?+1 & be+ expos$ to ! op5 air only z mu* z heal? requires1 coop]ate ) food 9 increas+ ! elegance ( a race ( human be+s4 ,subject only to ^! modify+ ag5cies1 !re is1 z has be5 said1 a rem>kable p]si/5cy 9 national features & =ms1 insomu* t a s+le individual ?r[n into a family diff]5t f himself is absorb$ 9 x1 & all trace ( him lo/ aft] a few g5]ations4 ,b :ile !re is su* a p]si/5cy to ord9>y obs]vation1 x w\ld also appe> t nature has a p[] ( produc+ new v>ieties1 ?\gh ?is is only done r>ely4 ,su* novelties ( type ab\nd 9 ! vegetable _w1 are se5 m r>ely 9 ! animal circle1 & p]haps are lea/ frequ5t ( occurr5ce 9 our own race4 ,!re is a not$ in/ance 9 ! production1 on a ,new ,engl& f>m1 ( a v>iety ( %eep ) unusually %ort legs1 :i* 0 kept up by bre$+1 on acc\nt ( ! conv5i5ce 9 t c\ntry ( hav+ %eep :i* are unable to jump ov] l[ f5ces4 ,! />t+ & ma9 tam+ a bre$ ( cattle1 t is1 a v>iety m>k$ by "s desirable peculi>ity1 are famili> to a l>ge class ( p]sons4 ,x appe>s only necess>y1 :5 a v>iety has be5 ?us produc$1 t a union %\ld take place betwe5 individuals simil>ly *>act]iz$1 9 ord] to e/abli% x4 ,e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 a man nam$ ,lamb]t1 0 born 9 ,suffolk1 ) semi-horny excresc5ces ( ab\t half an in* long1 ?ickly gr[+ all ov] 8 body4 ,! peculi>ity 0 transmitt$ to 8 *ildr51 & 0 la/ he>d ( 9 a ?ird g5]ation4 ,! peculi>ity ( six f+]s on ! h& & six toes on ! feet1 appe>s 9 l mann] 9 families :i* h no record or tradition ( su* a peculi>ity hav+ affect$ !m at any =m] p]iod1 & x is !n sometimes se5 to desc5d ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's op9ion1 t a pair1 9 :i* bo? p>ties 7 s di/+ui%$1 might be ! prog5itors ( a new v>iety ( ! race :o w\ld be ?us m>k$ 9 all future "t4 ,x is n easy to surmise ! causes :i* op]ate 9 produc+ su* v>ieties4 ,p]haps !y are simply types 9 nature1 possible to be realiz$ "u c]ta9 appropriate conditions1 b :i* conditions are su* z altoge!r to elude notice4 ,i might cite z examples ( su* possible types1 ! rise ( :ites among/ ! ,negroes1 ! occurr5ce ( ! family ( black *ildr5 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 & ! comp>atively frequ5t bir? ( r$-hair$ *ildr5 among/ n only ! ,mongolian & ,malayan families1 b among/ ! ,negroes4 ,we are ignorant ( ! laws ( v>iety-production2 b we see x go+ on z a pr9ciple 9 nature1 & x is obvi\sly fav\rable to ! supposition t all ! great families ( m5 are ( "o /ock4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! mod]n /udy ( ! languages ( nations is to ! same po9t4 ,! la/ fifty ye>s h se5 ?is /udy elevat$ to ! "* ( a sci5ce1 & ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ! hi/ory ( mank9d is ( a mo/ rem>kable nature4 ,foll[+ a natural analogy1 philologi/s h ?r[n ! e>?'s languages into a k9d ( classification3 a numb] be>+ a consid]able resemblance to ea* o!r1 & 9 g5]al geographically ne>1 are /yl$ a gr\p or sub-family2 sev]al gr\ps1 aga91 are associat$ z a family1 ) reg>d to m g5]al features ( resemblance4 ,six families are spok5 (4 ,! ,indo-,european family ne>ly co9cides 9 geographical limits ) ^? :i* h be5 assign$ to t v>iety ( mank9d :i* g5]ally %ews a fair complexion1 call$ ! ,caucasian v>iety4 ,x may be said to comm5ce 9 ,india1 & !nce to /ret* ?r\gh ,p]sia into ,europe1 ! :ole ( :i* x occupies1 except+ ,hung>y1 ! ,basque prov9ces ( ,spa91 & ,f9l&4 ,its sub-families are ! ,sanskrit1 or anci5t language ( ,india1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,slavonic1 ,celtic1 ,go?ic1 & ,pelasgian4 ,! ,slavonic includes ! mod]n languages ( ,russia & ,pol&4 ,"u ! ,go?ic1 are 7#a7 ! ,sc&9avian tongues1 ! ,norske1 ,sw$i%1 & ,dani%2 & 7#b7 ! ,teutonic1 to :i* belong ! mod]n ,g]man1 ! ,dut*1 & our own ,anglo-,saxon4 ,i give ! "n ( ,pelasgian to ! gr\p scatt]$ along ! nor? %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,greek & ,lat91 includ+ ! modifications ( ! latt] "u ! names ( ,italian1 ,spani%1 c4 ,! ,celtic 0 f two to ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! spee* ( a consid]able tribe dwell+ 9 ,we/]n ,europe2 b ^! h s9ce be5 driv5 be=e sup]ior nations into a few corn]s1 & are n[ only to be f\nd 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,cornwall1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ,france4 ,! ,gaelic ( ,scotl&1 ,erse ( ,irel&1 & ! ,wel%1 are ! only liv+ bran*es ( ?is sub-family ( languages4 ,! resemblances among/ languages are ( two k9ds1--id5tity ( words1 & id5tity ( grammatical =ms2 ! latt] be+ n[ g5]ally consid]$ z ! mo/ important t[>ds ! argum5t4 ,:5 we inquire into ! fir/ k9d ( aff9ity among ! languages ( ! ,indo-,european family1 we are surpris$ at ! great numb] ( common t]ms :i* exi/ among/ !m1 & ^! ref]r+ to su* prim>y ideas1 z to leave no d\bt ( _! hav+ all be5 d]iv$ f a common s\rce4 ,colonel ,vans ,k5n$y pres5ts n9e hundr$ words common to ! ,sanskrit & o!r languages ( ! same family4 ,9 ! ,sanskrit & ,p]sian1 we f9d sev]al :i* require no sort ( translation to an ,engli% read]1 z pad]1 mad]1 sunu1 dokht]1 brad]1 m&1 vidhava2 likewise a/hi1 a bone1 7,greek1 o/\n27 d5ta1 a too?1 7,lat91 d5s1 d5tis27 eyeum51 ! eye2 br\wa1 ! eye-br[1 7,g]man1 braue27 nasa1 ! nose2 k>u1 ! h&1 7,gr4 *eir27 g5u1 ! knee1 7,lat4 g5u27 p$1 ! foot1 7,lat4 pes1 p$is27 hrti1 ! he>t2 jecur1 ! liv]1 7,lat4 jecur27 />a1 a />2 gela1 cold1 7,lat4 gelu1 ice27 aghni1 fire1 7,lat4 ignis27 dh>a1 ! e>?1 7,lat4 t]ra1 ,gaelic1 tir27 arrivi1 a riv]2 nau1 a %ip1 7,gr4 naus1 ,lat4 navis27 ghau1 a c[2 s>pam1 a s]p5t4 ,! inf]5ces f ^! v]bal co9cid5ces 7 confirm$ 9 a /rik+ mann] :5 ,bopp & o!rs inve/igat$ ! grammatical /ructure ( ?is family ( languages4 ,dr4 ,wiseman pron\nces t ! great philologi/ j nam$1 8by a m9ute & sagaci\s analysis ( ! ,sanskrit v]b1 comp>$ ) ! conjugational sy/em ( ! o!r memb]s ( ?is family1 left no d\bt ( _! intimate & positive aff9ity40 ,x 0 n[ discov]$ t ! peculi> t]m9ations or inflections by :i* p]sons are express$ ?r\gh\t ! v]bs ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ^! languages1 h _! f\ndations 9 pron\ns2 ! pron\n 0 simply plac$ at ! end1 & ?us became an inflexion4 8,by an analysis ( ! ,sanskrit pron\ns1 ! elem5ts ( ^? exi/+ 9 all ! o!r languages 7 cle>$ ( _! anomalies2 ! v]b sub/antive1 :i* 9 ,lat9 is compos$ ( fragm5ts ref]able to two di/9ct roots1 "h f\nd bo? exi/+ 9 regul> =m2 ! ,greek conjugations1 ) all _! complicat$ ma*9]y ( middle voice1 augm5ts1 & r$uplications1 7 "h f\nd & illu/rat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 :i* a few ye>s ago w\ld h appe>$ *im]ical4 ,ev5 our own language may sometimes receive light f ! /udy ( di/ant memb]s ( our family4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 are we to seek = ! root ( our comp>ative bett]8 ,c]ta9ly n 9 its positive1 good1 nor 9 ! ,teutonic dialects 9 :i* ! same anomaly exi/s4 ,b 9 ! ,p]sian we h precisely ! same comp>ative1 beht]1 ) exactly ! same signification1 regul>ly =m$ f its positive beh1 good40 #bhg ,! second great family is ! ,syro-,phnician1 compris+ ! ,hebrew1 ,syro-,*aldaic1 ,arabic1 & ,gheez or ,abyss9ian1 be+ localiz$ pr9cipally 9 ! c\ntries to ! we/ & s\? ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,beyond !m1 aga91 is ! ,african family1 :i*1 z f> z rese>* has gone1 seems to be 9 l mann] m>k$ by common features1 bo? v]bal & grammatical4 ,! f\r? is ! ,polynesian family1 ext5d+ f ,madagasc> on ! we/ ?r\gh all ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 besides tak+ 9 ! ,malayan dialect f ! cont95t ( ,india1 & compreh5d+ ,au/ralia & ! isl&s ( ! we/]n portion ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is family1 h[ev]1 be>s su* an aff9ity to t next to be describ$1 t ,dr4 ,leyd5 & "s o!rs d n give x a di/9ct place z a family ( languages4 ,! fif? family is ! ,*9ese1 embrac+ a l>ge "p ( ,*9a1 & mo/ ( ! regions ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,! lead+ features ( ! ,*9ese are1 its consi/+ altoge!r ( monosyllables1 & be+ de/itute ( all grammatical =ms1 except c]ta9 arrangem5ts & acc5tuations1 :i* v>y ! s5se ( p>ticul> words4 ,x is also defici5t 9 "s ( ! consonants mo/ conspicu\s 9 o!r languages1 b1 d1 r1 v1 & z2 s t ?is p c sc>cely pron\nce our spee* 9 su* a way z to be intelligible3 = example1 ! ^w ,*ri/us !y call ,kuliss-ut-oo-suh4 ,! ,*9ese1 /range to say1 ?\gh !y e>ly atta9$ to a rem>kable degree ( civilization1 & h prec$$ ! ,europeans 9 _m ( ! mo/ important inv5tions1 h a language :i* resembles t ( *ildr51 or deaf & dumb p4 ,! s5t5ce ( %ort1 simple1 unconnect$ words1 9 :i* an infant among/ u attempts to express "s ( its wants & its ideas--! equally brok5 & difficult t]ms :i* ! deaf & dumb express by signs1 z ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,"l's ,pray]3--8,our ,fa!r1 heav5 91 wi% y\r "n respect1 wi% y\r s\l's k+dom provid5ce arrive1 wi% y\r w d heav5 e>? equality10 c4--^! are l ! disc\rse ( ! ref9$ p ( ! s-call$ ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,an attempt 0 made by ! ,abb ,sic>d to tea* ! deaf & dumb grammatical signs2 b !y p]si/$ 9 re/rict+ !mselves to ! simple signs ( ideas1 leav+ ! /ructure undet]m9$ by any b ! natural ord] ( connexion4 ,su* is exactly ! condition ( ! ,*9ese language4 ,cross+ ! ,pacific1 we come to ! la/ great family 9 ! languages ( ! aborig9al ,am]icans1 :i* h all ( !m features 9 common1 prov+ !m to con/itute a gr\p by !mselves1 )\t any reg>d to ! v diff]5t degrees ( civilization :i* ^! nations _h atta9$ at ! "t ( ! discov]y4 ,! common resemblance is 9 ! grammatical /ructure z well z 9 words1 & ! grammatical /ructure ( ?is family is ( a v peculi> & complicat$ k9d4 ,! g5]al "* 9 ?is respect has caus$ ! t]m ,polysyn!tic to be appli$ to ! ,am]ican languages4 ,a long _m-syllabl$ ^w is us$ by ! rude ,algonqu9s & ,delaw>es to express a :ole s5t5ce3 = example1 a woman ( ! latt] nation1 play+ ) a little dog or cat1 w\ld p]haps be he>d say+1 8kuligats*is10 mean+1 8give me y\r pretty little paw20 ! ^w1 on exam9ation1 is f\nd to be made up 9 ?is mann]3 k1 ! second p]sonal pron\n2 uli1 "p ( ! ^w wulet1 pretty2 gat1 "p ( ! ^w wi*gat1 signify+ a leg or paw2 s*is1 convey+ ! idea ( littl5ess4 ,9 ! same tongue1 a y\? is call$ pilape1 a ^w comp\nd$ f ! fir/ "p ( pilsit1 innoc5t1 & ! latt] "p ( l5ape1 a man4 ,?us1 x w be obs]v$1 a numb] ( p>ts ( words are tak5 & ?r[n toge!r1 by a process :i* has be5 happily t]m$ agglut9ation1 s z to =m "o ^w1 convey+ a complicat$ idea4 ,!re is also an elaborate sy/em ( inflection2 9 n\ns1 = in/ance1 !re is "o k9d ( inflection to express ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( vitality1 & ano!r to express numb]4 ,! g5ius ( ! language has be5 describ$ z accumulative3 x 8t5ds r to add syllables or lett]s1 mak+ f>!r di/9ctions 9 objects already be=e ! m9d1 ?an to introduce new words40 #bia ,yet x has also be5 %ewn v di/9ctly1 t ^! languages are bas$ 9 words ( "o syllable1 l ^? ( ! ,*9ese & ,polynesian families2 all ! prim>y ideas are ?us express$3 ! elaborate sy/em ( inflection & agglut9ation is %ewn to be simply a f>!r developm5t ( ! language-=m+ pr9ciple1 z x may be call$--or ! ,*9ese sy/em may be describ$ z an arre/m5t ( ?is pr9ciple at a p>ticul> e>ly po9t4 ,x has be5 fully %ewn1 t betwe5 ! /ructure ( ! ,am]ican & o!r families1 suffici5t aff9ities exi/ to make a common orig9 or e>ly connexion extremely likely4 ,! v]bal aff9ities are also v consid]able4 ,humboldt says1 8,9 eighty-?ree ,am]ican languages exam9$ by ,messrs4 ,b>ton & ,vat]1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty words h be5 f\nd1 ! roots ( :i* appe> to be ! same2 & x is easy to p]ceive t ?is analogy is n accid5tal1 s9ce x does n re/ m]ely ^u imitative h>mony1 or on t con=mity ( organs :i* produces almo/ a p]fect id5tity 9 ! fir/ s\nds articulat$ by *ildr54 ,( ^! "o hundr$ & sev5ty words :i* h ?is connexion1 ?ree-fif?s resemble ! ,man*\1 ! ,tong\se1 ! ,mongal1 & ! ,samoy$2 & two-fif?s1 ! ,celtic & ,t*\d1 ! ,biscayan1 ! ,coptic1 & ,congo languages4 ,^! words h be5 f\nd by comp>+ ! :ole ( ! ,am]ican languages ) ! :ole ( ^? ( ! ,old ,_w2 = hi!rto we are acqua9t$ ) no ,am]ican idiom :i* seems to h an exclusive correspond5ce ) any ( ! ,asiatic1 ,african1 or ,european tongues40 #bic ,humboldt & o!rs consid]$ ^! words z br\ght into ,am]ica by rec5t immigrants2 an idea re/+ on no pro(1 & :i* seems at once refut$ by ! common words be+ *iefly ^? :i* repres5t prim>y ideas2 besides1 we n[ "k1 :at 0 n =m]ly p]ceiv$ or admitt$1 t !re are great aff9ities ( /ructure also4 ,i may "h ref] to a curi\s ma!matical calculation by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 to ! effect1 t if ?ree words co9cide 9 two diff]5t languages1 x is t5 to "o !y mu/ be d]iv$ 9 bo? cases f "s p>5t language1 or introduc$ 9 "s o!r mann]4 8,six words w\ld give m10 he says1 8?an sev5te5 hundr$ to "o1 & eight ne> #ajj1jjj1 s t 9 ^! cases ! evid5ce w\ld be little %ort ( absolute c]ta9ty40 ,he in/ances ! foll[+ words to %ew a connexion betwe5 ! anci5t ,egyptian & ! ,biscayan3-- ,,biscayan4 ,,egyptian4 ,new ,b]ia ,b]i4 ,a dog ,ora ,:or4 ,little ,gut*i ,kud*i4 ,bread ,ognia ,oik4 ,a wolf ,otgsa ,oun%4 ,sev5 ,%a%pi ,%a%f4 ,n[1 z !re are1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty words 9 common betwe5 ! languages ( ! new & old cont95ts1 & _m ( ^! are expressive ( ! mo/ primitive ideas1 !re is1 by ,dr4 ,"y's calculation1 ov]p[]+ pro( ( ! orig9al connexion ( ! ,am]ican & o!r human families4 ,?is completes ! slight outl9e :i* ,i h be5 able to give1 ( ! evid5ce = ! v>i\s races ( m5 be+ desc5d$ f "o /ock4 ,x _c be consid]$ z conclusive1 & !re are _m em95t p]sons :o deem ! opposite idea ! m probable2 b ,i mu/ say t1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to any o!r k9d ( evid5ce1 t :i* physiology & philology pres5t seems to me decid$ly fav\rable to ! idea ( a s+le orig94 ,assum+ t ! human race is "o1 we are next call$ ^u to inquire 9 :at "p ( ! e>? x may mo/ probably be suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,"o obvi\s mode ( approximat+ to a solution ( ?is "q is to trace backw>d ! l9es 9 :i* ! pr9cipal tribes appe> to h migrat$1 & to see if ^! conv]ge ne>ly to a po9t4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! l9es d conv]ge1 & are conc5trat$ ab\t ! region ( ,h9do/an4 ,! language1 religion1 modes ( reckon+ "t1 & "s o!r peculi> ideas ( ! ,am]icans1 are n[ believ$ to ref] _! orig9 to ,nor?-,ea/]n ,asia4 ,trace !m f>!r back 9 ! same direction1 & we come to ! nor? ( ,india4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,celts & ,teutones repres5ts !m z com+ f ! ea/1 ! "o aft] ! o!r1 successive waves ( a tide ( population fl[+ t[>ds ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe3 ?is l9e be+ also trac$ back1 re/s f9ally at ! same place4 ,s does ! l9e ( ,iranian population1 :i* has peopl$ ! ea/ & s\? %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt4 ,! ,malay v>iety1 aga91 re/s its limit 9 "o direction on ! bord]s ( ,india4 ,/&+ on t po9t1 x is easy to see h[ ! human family1 orig9at+ !re1 might spread out 9 diff]5t directions1 pass+ into v>ieties ( aspect & ( language z !y spread1 ! ,malay v>iety proce$+ t[>ds ! ,oceanic region1 ! ,mongolians to ! ea/ & nor?1 & s5d+ (f ! r$ m5 z a sub-v>iety1 ! ,european population go+ (f to ! nor?-we/w>d1 & ! ,syrian1 ,arabian1 & ,egyptian1 t[>ds ! c\ntries :i* !y are kn[n to h s long occupi$4 ,! ,negro alone is "h unacc\nt$ =2 & ( t race x may fairly be said1 t x is ! "o mo/ likely to h _h an indep5d5t orig91 see+ t x is a type s peculi> 9 an invet]ate black col\r1 & s mean 9 developm5t4 ,b x is n necess>y to presume su* an orig9 = x1 z mu* good argum5t might be employ$ to %ew t x is only a det]iorat$ (f%oot ( ! g5]al /ock4 ,our view ( ! probable orig9al seat ( man agrees ) ! anci5t traditions ( ! race4 ,!re is "o among ! ,h9doos :i* places ! cradle ( ! human family 9 ,?ibet2 ano!r makes ,ceylon ! resid5ce ( ! fir/ man4 ,our view is also 9 h>mony ) ! hypo!sis detail$ 9 ! *apt] be=e ! la/4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 we %\ld expect man to h orig9at$ :]e ! highe/ species ( ! quadrumana are to be f\nd4 ,n[ ^! are unque/ionably f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,aft] all1 x may be reg>d$ z /ill an op5 "q1 :e!r mank9d is ( "o or _m orig9s4 ,! fir/ human g5]ation may h consi/$ ( _m pairs1 ?\gh situat$ at "o place1 & ^! may h be5 consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s4 ,& we are equally b\nd to admit1 ?\gh ?is does n z yet seem to h occurr$ to any o!r speculator1 t !re may h be5 diff]5t l9es & s\rces ( orig9ation1 geographically ap>t1 b :i* all result$ uni=mly 9 ! production ( a be+1 "o 9 species1 al?\gh v>i\sly m>k$4 ,x has ( late ye>s be5 a fav\rite notion ) _m1 t ! human race 0 at fir/ 9 a highly civiliz$ /ate1 & t b>b>ism 0 a second condition4 ,?is idea probably took its orig9 9 a wi% to support c]ta9 int]pretations ( ! ,mosaic record1 & x has nev] yet be5 prop\nd$ by any writ] :o seem$ to h a due s5se ( ! value ( sci5ce 9 ?is class ( inve/igations4 ,! pr9cipal argum5t = x is1 t we see _m examples ( nations fall+ away f civilization into b>b>ism1 :ile 9 "s regions ( ! e>?1 ! hi/ory ( :i* we d n cle>ly "k1 !re are rema9s ( works ( art f> sup]ior to any :i* ! pres5t un5light5$ inhabitants c\ld h produc$4 ,x is to be readily admitt$ t su* decad5ces are common2 b d !y necess>ily prove t !re has be5 any?+ l a regul> & con/ant decl9e into ! pres5t /ate1 f a /ate m g5]ally ref9$8 ,may n ^! be only in/ances ( local failures & suppressions ( ! pr9ciple ( civilization1 :]e x _h begun to take root among/ a p g5]ally b>b>\s8 ,x is1 at lea/1 z legitimate to draw ?is inf]5ce f ! facts :i* are kn[n4 ,b x is also alleg$ t we "k ( no su* ?+ z civilization be+ ev] self-orig9at$4 ,x is always se5 to be imp>t$ f "o p to ano!r4 ,h5ce1 ( c\rse1 we mu/ inf] t civilization at ! fir/ c\ld only h be5 ( sup]natural orig94 ,?is argum5t appe>s to be f\nd$ on false premises1 = civilization does sometimes rise 9 a mann] cle>ly indep5d5t among/ a horde ( p g5]ally b>b>\s4 ,a /rik+ in/ance is describ$ 9 ! labori\s "w ( ,mr4 ,catl9 on ! ,nor?-,am]ican tribes4 ,f> plac$ among ^? :i* inhabit ! va/ region ( ! nor?-we/1 & q beyond ! rea* ( any influ5ce f ! :ites1 he f\nd a small tribe liv+ 9 a =tifi$ village1 :]e !y cultivat$ ! arts ( manufacture1 realiz$ com=ts & luxuries1 & _h atta9$ to a rem>kable ref9em5t ( mann]s1 insomu* z to be g5]ally call$ ! polite & fri5dly ,m&ans4 ,!y 7 also m ?an usually elegant 9 _! p]sons1 & ( e v>iety ( complexion betwe5 t ( _! compatriots & a pure :ite4 ,up to ! "t ( ,mr4 ,catl9's visit1 ^! p _h be5 able to def5d !mselves & _! possessions aga9/ ! rov+ b&s :i* surr\nd$ !m on all sides2 b1 soon aft]1 !y 7 attack$ by small-pox1 :i* cut !m all (f except a small p>ty1 :om _! enemies ru%$ 9 ^u & de/roy$ to a man4 ,:at is ?is b a repetition on a small scale ( ph5om5a ) :i* anci5t hi/ory famili>izes u--a nation ris+ 9 arts & elegances amid/ b>b>\s neighb\rs1 b at l5g? ov]p[]$ by ! rude majority1 leav+ only a ,tadmor or a ,luxor z a monum5t ( itself to beautify ! wa/e8 ,:at c we suppose ! nation :i* built ,pal5que & ,copan to h be5 b only a ,m&an tribe1 :i* *anc$ to h made its way f>!r along ! pa? ( civilization & ! arts1 be=e ! b>b>ians broke 9 ^u x8 ,! flame essay$ to rise 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?2 b !re 7 always consid]able *ances aga9/ x1 & d[n x accord+ly w5t1 times )\t numb]2 b !re 0 always a vitality 9 x1 nev]!less1 & a t5d5cy to progress1 & at l5g? x seems to h atta9$ a /r5g? aga9/ :i* ! p[]s ( b>b>ism c nev] m prevail4 ,! /ate ( our k ( unciviliz$ nations is v apt to make u fall into error on ?is subject4 ,!y are g5]ally suppos$ to be all at "o po9t 9 b>b>ism1 :i* is f> f be+ ! case1 = 9 ! mid/ ( e great region ( unciviliz$ m51 su* z ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re are nations p>tially ref9$4 ,! ,jol(s1 ,m&+oes1 & ,kafirs1 are ,african examples1 :]e a natural & indep5d5t orig9 = ! improvem5t :i* exi/s is z unavoidably to be presum$ z 9 ! case ( ! ,m&ans4 ,! mo/ conclusive argum5t aga9/ ! orig9al civilization ( mank9d is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t we d n n[ see civilization exi/+ any:]e except 9 c]ta9 conditions altoge!r diff]5t f any we c suppose to h exi/$ at ! comm5cem5t ( our race4 ,to h civilization1 x is necess>y t a p %\ld be num]\s & closely plac$2 t !y %\ld be fix$ 9 _! habitations1 & safe f viol5t ext]nal & int]nal di/urbance2 t a consid]able numb] ( !m %\ld be exempt f ! necessity ( drudg+ = imm$iate subsi/5ce4 ,feel+ !mselves at ease ab\t ! fir/ necessities ( _! nature1 includ+ self-pres]vation1 & daily subject$ to t intellectual excitem5t :i* society produces1 m5 beg9 to manife/ :at is call$ civilization2 b nev] 9 rude & %elt]less circum/ances1 or :5 widely scatt]$4 ,ev5 m5 :o h be5 civiliz$1 :5 transf]r$ to a wide wild]ness1 :]e ea* has to "w h>d & isolat$ly = ! fir/ requisites ( life1 soon %ew a retrogression to b>b>ism3 witness ! pla9s ( ,au/ralia1 z well z ! backwoods ( ,canada & ! prairies ( ,texas4 ,fixity ( resid5ce & ?ick5+ ( population are p]haps ! prime requisites = civilization1 & h5ce x w be f\nd t all civilizations z yet kn[n h tak5 place 9 regions physically limit$4 ,t ( ,egypt arose 9 a n>r[ valley hemm$ 9 by des]ts on bo? sides4 ,t ( ,greece took its rise 9 a small p59sula b\nd$ on ! only l& side by m\nta9s4 ,etruria & ,rome 7 naturally limit$ regions4 ,civilizations h tak5 place at bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n extremities ( ! eld] cont95t--,*9a & ,japan1 on ! "o h&2 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,brita91 ,france1 on ! o!r--:ile ! great unm>k$ tract betwe5 conta9s nations decid$ly less advanc$4 ,:y is ?is1 b because ! sea1 9 bo? cases1 has impos$ limits to fur!r migration1 & caus$ ! population to settle & cond5se--! conditions mo/ necess>y = social improvem5t4 #cjb ,ev5 ! simple case ( ! ,m&ans af=ds an illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple1 = ,mr4 ,catl9 expressly1 ?\gh )\t ! lea/ reg>d to !ory1 attributes _! improvem5t to ! fact ( _! be+ a small tribe1 oblig$1 by fe> ( _! m num]\s enemies1 to settle 9 a p]man5t village1 s =tifi$ z to ensure _! pres]vation4 8,by ?is means10 says he1 8!y h advanc$ f>!r 9 ! arts ( manufacture1 & h suppli$ _! lodges m abundantly ) ! com=ts & ev5 luxuries ( life ?an any ,indian nation ,i "k (4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is10 he adds1 8is t ! tribe h tak5 _m /eps ahead ( o!r tribes 9 mann]s & ref9em5ts40 ,^! conditions c only be reg>d$ z natural laws affect+ civilization1 & x might n be difficult1 tak+ !m into acc\nt1 to pr$ict ( any newly settl$ c\ntry its social de/9y4 ,an isl& l ,van ,dieman's l& might fairly be expect$ to g on m rapidly to good mann]s & s\nd in/itutions ?an a wide region l ,au/ralia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates might be expect$ to make no great way 9 civilization till !y be fully peopl$ to ! ,pacific2 & x might n be unreasonable to expect t1 :5 t ev5 has occurr$1 ! greate/ civilizations ( t va/ t]ritory w be f\nd 9 ! p59sula ( ,cali=nia & ! n>r[ /ripe ( c\ntry beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a digression4 ,to return3 x is also necess>y = a civilization t at lea/ a portion ( ! community %\ld be plac$ above mean & engross+ toils4 ,man's m9d becomes subdu$1 l ! dy]'s h&1 to t x works 94 ,9 rude & difficult circum/ances we unavoidably become rude1 because !n only ! inf]ior & h>%] faculties ( our nature are call$ into exi/5ce4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 !re is leisure & abundance1 ! self-seek+ & self-pres]v+ in/9cts are all[$ to re/1 ! g5tl] & m g5]\s s5tim5ts are evok$1 & man becomes t c\rte\s & *ivalric be+ :i* he is f\nd to be among/ ! upp] classes ( almo/ all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,^!1 !n1 may be said to be ! *ief natural laws conc]n$ 9 ! moral ph5om5on ( civilization4 ,if ,i am "r 9 s consid]+ !m1 x w ( c\rse be readily admitt$ t ! e>lie/ families ( ! human race1 al?\gh !y might be simple & innoc5t1 c\ld n h be5 9 any?+ l a civiliz$ /ate1 see+ t ! conditions necess>y = t /ate c\ld n h !n exi/$4 ,let u only = a mom5t consid] "s ( ! ?+s requisite = _! be+ civiliz$1--namely1 a set ( elegant homes ready furni%$ = _! reception1 fields ready cultivat$ to yield !m food )\t lab\r1 /ores ( luxuri\s appliances ( all k9ds1 a complete social eng9]y = ! secur+ ( life & prop]ty1--& we %all turn f ! :ole conceit z "o wor?y only ( ! philosoph]s ( ,utopia4 ,yet1 z has be5 rem>k$1 ! e>lie/ families might be simple & innoc5t1 :ile at ! same "t unskill$ & ignorant1 & oblig$ to live m]ely ^u su* sub/ances z !y c\ld readily procure4 ,! traditions ( all nations ref] to su* a /ate z t 9 :i* mank9d 7 at fir/3 p]haps x is n s mu* a tradition z an idea :i* ! human m9d naturally incl9es to =m respect+ ! fa!rs ( ! race2 b no?+ t we see ( mank9d absolutely =bids our ent]ta9+ ?is idea1 :ile !re are "s consid]ations r fav\rable to x4 ,a few families1 9 a /ate ( nature1 liv+ ne> ea* o!r1 9 a c\ntry supply+ ! means ( livelihood abundantly1 are g5]ally simple & innoc5t2 _! in/9ctive & p]ceptive faculties are also apt to be v active1 al?\gh ! high] intellect may be dormant4 ,if we !re=e presume ,india to h be5 ! cradle ( our race1 !y might at fir/ exemplify a sort ( gold5 age2 b x c\ld n be ( long cont9uance4 ,! v fir/ movem5ts f ! primal seat w\ld be att5d$ ) degradation1 nor c\ld !re be any t5d5cy to true civilization till gr\ps _h settl$ & ?ick5$ 9 p>ticul> seats physically limit$4 ,! probability may n[ be assum$ t ! human race sprung f "o /ock1 :i* 0 at fir/ 9 a /ate ( simplicity1 if n b>b>ism4 ,z yet we h n se5 v di/9ctly h[ ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! family1 z !y p>t$ (f1 & took up sep>ate gr\nd1 became m>k$ by ext]nal features s peculi>4 ,:y are ! ,africans black1 & g5]ally m>k$ by co>se features & unga9ly =ms8 ,:y are ! ,mongolians g5]ally yell[1 ! ,am]icans r$1 ! ,caucasians :ite8 ,:y ! flat features ( ! ,*9ese1 ! small /ature ( ! ,laps1 ! s(t r\nd =ms ( ! ,engli%1 ! lank features ( _! desc5dants1 ! ,am]icans8 ,all ( ^! ph5om5a appe>1 9 a ^w1 to be explicable on ! gr\nd ( developm5t4 ,we h already se5 t v>i\s lead+ animal =ms repres5t /ages 9 ! embryotic progress ( ! highe/--! human be+4 ,our bra9 goes ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( a fi%'s1 a reptile's1 & a mammif]'s bra91 & f9ally becomes human4 ,!re is m ?an ?is1 =1 aft] complet+ ! animal trans=mations1 x passes ?r\gh ! *>act]s 9 :i* x appe>s1 9 ! ,negro1 ,malay1 ,am]ican1 & ,mongolian nations1 & f9ally is ,caucasian4 ,! face p>takes ( ^! alt]ations4 8,"o ( ! e>lie/ po9ts 9 :i* ossification comm5ces is ! l[] jaw4 ,?is bone is consequ5tly soon] complet$ ?an ! o!r bones ( ! head1 & acquires a pr$om9ance1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 x nev] loses 9 ! ,negro4 ,dur+ ! s(t pliant /ate ( ! bones ( ! skull1 ! oblong =m :i* !y naturally assume1 approa*es ne>ly ! p]man5t %ape ( ! ,am]icans4 ,at bir?1 ! flatt5$ face1 & broad smoo? =ehead ( ! infant1 ! position ( ! eyes r t[>ds ! side ( ! head1 & ! wid5$ space betwe51 repres5t ! ,mongolian =m2 :ile x is only z ! *ild advances to maturity1 t ! oval face1 ! ar*$ =ehead1 & ! m>k$ features ( ! true ,caucasian1 become p]fectly develop$40 #cjg;a ,! lead+ *>act]s1 9 %ort1 ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 are simply repres5tations ( p>ticul> /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! highe/ or ,caucasian type4 ,! ,negro exhibits p]man5tly ! imp]fect bra91 project+ l[] jaw1 & sl5d] b5t limbs1 ( a ,caucasian *ild1 "s consid]able "t be=e ! p]iod ( its bir?4 ,! aborig9al ,am]ican repres5ts ! same *ild ne>] bir?4 ,! ,mongolian is an arre/$ infant newly born4 ,& s =?4 ,all ?is is z respects =m2 #cjg;b b :5ce col\r8 ,?is might be suppos$ to h dep5d$ on climatal ag5cies only2 b x has be5 %ewn by ov]p[]+ evid5ce to be indep5d5t ( ^!4 ,9 fur!r consid]+ ! matt]1 we are met by ! v rem>kable fact t col\r is deepe/ 9 ! lea/ p]fectly develop$ type1 next 9 ! ,malay1 next 9 ! ,am]ican1 next 9 ! ,mongolian1 ! v ord] 9 :i* ! degrees ( developm5t are rang$4 ,may n col\r1 !n1 dep5d ^u developm5t also8 ,we d n1 inde$1 see t a ,caucasian ftus at ! /age :i* ! ,african repres5ts is any?+ l black2 nei!r is a ,caucasian *ild yell[1 l ! ,mongolian4 ,!re may1 nev]!less1 be a "* ( sk9 at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t :i* is pr$ispos$ to a p>ticul> col\r :5 x is pres5t$ z ! envelope ( a mature be+4 ,developm5t be+ arre/$ at s immature a /age 9 ! case ( ! ,negro1 ! sk9 may take on ! col\r z an unavoidable consequ5ce ( its imp]fect organization4 ,x is fav\rable to ?is view1 t ,negro infants are n deeply black at fir/1 b only acquire ! full col\r t9t aft] exposure = "s "t to ! atmosph]e4 ,ano!r consid]ation 9 its fav\r is t !re is a likelihood ( peculi>ities ( =m & col\r1 s9ce !y are s co9cid5t1 dep5d+ on "o set ( ph5om5a4 ,if x be admitt$ z true1 !re c be no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = all ! v>ieties ( mank9d4 ,!y are simply ! result ( s _m advances & retrogressions 9 ! develop+ p[] ( ! human mo!rs1 ^! advances & retrogressions be+1 z we h =m]ly se51 ! imm$iate effect ( ext]nal conditions 9 nutrition1 h>d%ip1 c41 #cji & also1 p]haps1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! suitabl5ess & unsuitabl5ess ( m>riages1 = x is f\nd t p>5ts too ne>ly relat$ t5d to produce (fspr+ ( ! ,mongolian type1--t is1 p]sons :o 9 maturity /ill are a k9d ( *ildr54 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! great] "p ( ! human race mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ laps$ or decl9$ f ! orig9al type4 ,9 ! ,caucasian or ,indo-,european family alone has ! primitive organization be5 improv$ ^u4 ,! ,mongolian1 ,malay1 ,am]ican1 & ,negro1 compreh5d+ p]haps five-six?s ( mank9d1 are deg5]ate4 ,/range t ! great plan %\ld admit ( failures & ab]rations ( su* port5t\s magnitude6 ,b pause & reflect2 take "t into consid]ation3 ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d may be1 to :at is to come1 b z a day4 ,look at ! progress ev5 n[ mak+ ov] ! b>b>ic p>ts ( ! e>? by ! be/ examples ( ! ,caucasian type1 promis+ n only to fill up ! wa/e places1 b to sup]s$e ! imp]fect nations already exi/+4 ,:o c tell :at progress may be made1 ev5 9 a s+le c5tury1 t[>ds rev]s+ ! proportions ( ! p]fect & imp]fect types8 & :o c tell b t ! "t dur+ :i* ! mean types h la/$1 long z x appe>s1 may yet be ?r[n entirely into ! %ade by ! "t dur+ :i* ! be/ types w rema9 pr$om9ant8 ,we h se5 t ! traces ( a common orig9 9 all languages af=d a gr\nd ( presumption = ! unity ( ! human race4 ,!y e/abli% a /ill /rong] probability t mank9d _h n yet begun to disp]se be=e !y 7 possess$ ( a means ( communicat+ _! ideas by conv5tional s\nds--9 %ort1 spee*4 ,?is is a gift s peculi> to man1 & 9 itself s rem>kable1 t !re is a great incl9ation to surmise a miracul\s orig9 = x1 al?\gh !re is no prop] gr\nd1 or ev5 support1 = su* an idea 9 ,scripture1 :ile x is cle>ly oppos$ to ev]y?+ else t we "k ) reg>d to ! provid5tial arrangem5ts = ! creation ( our race4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 a little obs]vation ( nature might h sav$ mu* va9 discussion4 ,! real "* ( language itself has n be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,language1 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se1 is ! communication ( ideas by :atev] means4 ,ideas c be communicat$ by looks1 ge/ures1 & signs ( v>i\s o!r k9ds1 z well z by spee*4 ,! inf]ior animals possess "s ( ^? means ( communicat+ ideas1 & !y h likewise a sil5t & unobs]vable mode ( _! own1 ! nature ( :i* is a complete my/]y to u1 ?\gh we are assur$ ( its reality by its effects4 ,n[1 z ! inf]ior animals 7 all 9 be+ be=e man1 !re 0 language ^u e>? long ere ! hi/ory ( our race comm5c$4 ,! only additional fact 9 ! hi/ory ( language1 :i* 0 produc$ by our creation1 0 ! rise ( a new mode ( expression--namely1 t by s\nd-signs produc$ by ! vocal organs4 ,9 o!r words1 spee* 0 ! only novelty 9 ?is respect att5d+ ! creation ( ! human race4 ,no d\bt x 0 an addition ( great importance1 =1 9 comp>ison ) x1 ! o!r natural modes ( communicat+ ideas s9k into insignificance4 ,/ill1 ! ma9 & fundam5tal ph5om5on1 language1 z ! communication ( ideas1 0 no new gift ( ! ,creator to man2 & 9 spee* itself1 :5 we judge ( x z a natural fact1 we see only a result ( "s ( ^? sup]ior end[m5ts ( :i* s _m o!rs h fall5 to our lot ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an improv$ or advanc$ organization4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s natural end[m5t conc]n$ 9 spee* is t peculi> organization ( ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 & m\?1 :i* enables u to produce ! v>i\s s\nds requir$ 9 ! case4 ,man />t$ at fir/ ) ?is organization ready = use1 a con/itution ( ! atmosph]e adapt$ = ! s\nds :i* t organization 0 calculat$ to produce1 &1 la/ly1 b n lea/ly1 z w aft]w>ds be m p>ticul>ly %ewn1 a m5tal p[] )91 prompt+ to1 & giv+ directions =1 ! expression ( ideas4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( mutually adapt$ ?+s 0 z likely to produce s\nds z an ,eolian h>p plac$ 9 a draught is to produce tones4 ,x 0 unavoidable t human be+s s organiz$1 & 9 su* a relation to ext]nal nature1 %\ld utt] s\nds1 & also come to atta* to ^! conv5tional mean+s1 ?us =m+ ! elem5ts ( spok5 language4 ,! great difficulty :i* has be5 felt 0 to acc\nt = man go+ 9 ?is respect beyond ! inf]ior animals4 ,!re c\ld h be5 no su* difficulty if speculators 9 ?is class ( subjects _h look$ into physiology = an acc\nt ( ! sup]ior vocal organization ( man1 & _h !y possess$ a true sci5ce ( m9d to %ew man possess+ a faculty = ! expression ( ideas :i* is only rudim5tal 9 ! l[] animals4 ,ano!r difficulty has be5 9 ! consid]ation t1 if m5 7 at fir/ utt]ly untutor$ & b>b>\s1 !y c\ld sc>cely be 9 a condition to =m or employ language--an in/rum5t :i* x requires ! fulle/ p[]s ( ?\ght to analyse & speculate ^u4 ,b ?is difficulty also vani%es ^u reflection--=1 9 ! fir/ place1 we are n b\nd to suppose ! fa!rs ( our race e>ly atta9+ to great pr(ici5cy 9 language1 &1 9 ! second1 language itself seems to be among/ ! ?+s lea/ difficult to be acquir$1 if we c =m any judgm5t f :at we see 9 *ildr51 mo/ ( :om h1 by ?ree ye>s ( age1 :ile _! in=mation & judgm5t are /ill z no?+1 ma/]$ & famili>iz$ !mselves ) a quantity ( words1 inf9itely exce$+ 9 proportion :at !y acquire 9 ! c\rse ( any subsequ5t simil> portion ( "t4 ,discussions z to :i* p>ts ( spee* 7 fir/ =m$1 & ! processes by :i* grammatical /ructure & inflections took _! rise1 appe> 9 a great measure ne$less1 aft] ! matt] has be5 plac$ 9 ?is light4 ,! m5tal p[]s c\ld readily connect p>ticul> arbitr>y s\nds ) p>ticul> ideas1 :e!r ^? ideas 7 n\ns1 v]bs1 or int]jections4 ,z ! words ( all languages c be trac$ back into roots :i* are monosyllables1 we may presume ^! s\nds to h all be5 monosyllabic accord+ly4 ,! clu/]+ ( two or m toge!r to express a comp\nd idea1 & ! =mation ( inflections by additional syllables expressive ( pron\ns & su* prepositions z (1 by1 & to1 are processes :i* w\ld or might occur z matt]s ( c\rse1 be+ simple results ( a m5tal p[] call$ into action1 & p>tly direct$1 by ext]nal necessities4 ,?is p[]1 h[ev]1 z we f9d x 9 v diff]5t degrees ( end[m5t 9 individuals1 s w\ld x be 9 diff]5t degrees ( end[m5t 9 nations1 or bran*es ( ! human family4 ,h5ce we f9d ! =mation ( words & ! process ( _! composition & grammatical arrangem5t1 9 v diff]5t /ages ( developm5t 9 diff]5t races4 ,! ,*9ese h a language compos$ ( a limit$ numb] ( monosyllables1 :i* !y multiply 9 use by m]e v>iations ( acc5t1 & :i* !y h nev] yet atta9$ ! p[] ( clu/]+ or inflect+2 ! language ( ?is imm5se nation--! ?ird "p ( ! human race--may be said to be 9 ! condition ( infancy4 ,! aborig9al ,am]icans1 s inf]ior 9 civilization1 h1 on ! o!r h&1 a language ( ! mo/ elaborately composite k9d1 p]haps ev5 exce$+1 9 ?is respect1 ! languages ( ! mo/ ref9$ ,european nations4 ,^! are b a few out ( _m facts t5d+ to %ew t language is 9 a great measure indep5d5t ( civilization1 z f> z its advance & developm5t are conc]n$4 ,d !y n also help to prove t cultivat$ intellect is n necess>y = ! orig9ation ( language8 ,facts daily pres5t$ to our obs]vation af=d equally simple reasons = ! almo/ inf9ite div]sification ( language4 ,x is inv>iably f\nd t1 :]ev] society is at once d5se & ref9$1 language t5ds to be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole population1 & to und]go few *anges 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,:]ev]1 on ! contr>y1 we h a scatt]$ & b>b>\s p1 we h great div]sities1 & comp>atively rapid alt]ations ( language4 ,insomu* t1 :ile ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man are ea* spok5 ) little v>iation by _m millions1 !re are isl&s 9 ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 probably n inhabit$ by "o million1 b 9 :i* !re are hundr$s ( languages1 z div]se z are ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is %\ld be4 ,!re are peculi>ities 9 ! vocal organization ( e p]son1 t5d+ to produce peculi>ities ( pronunciation2 = example1 x has be5 /at$ t ea* *ild 9 a family ( six gave ! monosyllable1 fly1 9 a diff]5t mann]1 7eye1 fy1 ly1 c47 until1 :5 ! organs 7 m advanc$1 correct example induc$ ! prop] pronunciation ( ?is & simil> words4 ,su* dep>tures f or?oepy are only to be *eck$ by ! p[] ( su* example2 b ?is is a p[] n always pres5t1 or n always ( suffici5t /r5g?4 ,! able & self-devot$ ,rob]t ,m(fat1 9 8 "w on ,s\? ,africa1 /ates1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to hypo!sis1 t among/ ! p ( ! t[ns ( t great region1 8! purity & h>mony ( language is kept up by _! pit*os or public meet+s1 by _! fe/ivals & c]emonies1 z well z by _! songs & _! con/ant int]c\rse4 ,) ! isolat$ villages ( ! des]t x is f> o!rwise4 ,!y h no su* meet+s2 !y are compell$ to trav]se ! wilds1 (t5 to a great di/ance f _! native village4 ,on su* occasions1 fa!rs & mo!rs1 & all :o c be> a burd51 (t5 set out = weeks at a "t1 & leave _! *ildr5 to ! c>e ( two or ?ree infirm old p4 ,! infant prog5y1 "s ( :om are beg9n+ to lisp1 :ile o!rs c j ma/] a :ole s5t5ce1 & ^? /ill f>!r advanc$1 romp+ & play+ toge!r1 ! *ildr5 ( nature1 ?r\gh ! live-long day1 become habituat$ to a language ( _! own4 ,! m voluble condesc5d to ! less precoci\s1 & ?us1 f ?is infant ,babel1 proce$s a dialect compos$ ( a ho/ ( mongrel words & phrases1 jo9$ toge!r )\t rule1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a g5]ation ! entire "* ( ! language is *ang$40 #cag ,i h be5 told1 t 9 l mann] ! *ildr5 ( ! ,man*e/] factory work]s1 left = a great "p ( ! day1 9 l>ge assemblages1 "u ! c>e ( p]haps a s+le eld]ly p]son1 & sp5d+ ! "t 9 amusem5ts1 are f\nd to make a great deal ( new language4 ,i h se5 *ildr5 9 o!r circum/ances amuse !mselves by concoct+ & ?r[+ into ! family circulation entirely new words2 & ,i believe ,i am runn+ little risk ( contradiction :5 ,i say t !re is sc>cely a family1 ev5 among/ ! middle classes ( ?is c\ntry1 :o h n "s peculi>ities ( pronunciation & syntax1 :i* h orig9at$ among/ !mselves1 x is h>dly possible to say h[4 ,all ^! ?+s be+ consid]$1 x is easy to und]/& h[ mank9d h come at l5g? to possess betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& languages1 all diff]5t at lea/ z mu* z ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1 ?\gh1 z has be5 %ewn1 ! traces ( a common orig9 are obs]vable 9 !m all4 ,:at has be5 said on ! "q :e!r mank9d 7 orig9ally b>b>\s or civiliz$1 w h prep>$ ! read] = und]/&+ h[ ! arts & sci5ces1 & ! rudim5ts ( civilization itself1 took _! rise among/ m54 ,! only s\rce ( fallaci\s views on ?is subject is ! s frequ5t obs]vation ( arts1 sci5ces1 & social modes1 =ms1 & ideas1 be+ n indig5\s :]e we see !m n[ fl\ri%+1 b kn[n to h be5 d]iv$ else:]e3 ?us ,rome borr[$ f ,greece1 ,greece f ,egypt1 & ,egypt itself1 lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( hi/oric antiquity1 is n[ suppos$ to h obta9$ ! light ( k f "s /ill e>li] sc5e ( intellectual culture4 ,?is has caus$ to _m a great difficulty 9 suppos+ a natural or spontane\s orig9 = civilization & ! att5dant arts4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 sev]al /ages ( d]ivation are no conclusive argum5t aga9/ !re hav+ be5 an orig9ality at "s e>li] /age4 ,9 ! second1 su* obs]v]s h n look$ f> en\gh1 =1 if !y _h1 !y c\ld h se5 v>i\s in/ances ( civilizations :i* x is impossible1 ) any plausibility1 to trace back to a common orig9 ) o!rs2 su* are ^? ( ,*9a & ,am]ica4 ,!y w\ld also h se5 civilization spr++ up1 z x 71 l oases among/ ! arid pla9s ( b>b>ism1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,m&ans4 ,a /ill m att5tive /udy ( ! subject w\ld h %ewn1 among/ liv+ m51 ! v psy*ological proc$ure on :i* ! orig9ation ( civilization & ! arts & sci5ces dep5d$4 ,^! ?+s1 l language1 are simply ! effects ( ! spontane\s work+ ( c]ta9 m5tal faculties1 ea* 9 relation to ! ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w on :i* x 0 int5d$ by creative ,provid5ce to be ex]cis$4 ,! monkeys !mselves1 )\t in/ruction f any qu>t]1 le>n to use /icks 9 fight+1 & "s build h\ses--an act :i* _c 9 _! case be consid]$ z "o ( in/9ct1 b ( intellig5ce4 ,su* be+ ! case1 !re is no necess>y difficulty 9 suppos+ h[ man1 ) 8 sup]ior m5tal organization1 7a bra9 five times heavi]17 0 able1 9 8 primitive /ate1 )\t in/ruction1 to turn _m ?+s 9 nature to 8 use1 & comm5ce1 9 %ort1 ! circle ( ! dome/ic arts4 ,he appe>s1 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable circum/ances1 to be able to provide himself ) "s sort ( dwell+1 to make weapons1 & to practise "s simple k9d ( cook]y4 ,b1 grant+1 x w be said1 t he c g ?us f>1 h[ does he ev] proce$ f>!r unprompt$1 see+ t _m nations rema9 fix$ = ev] at ?is po9t1 & seem unable to take "o /ep 9 advance8 ,x is p]fectly true t !re is su* a fixation 9 _m nations2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 all nations are n alike 9 m5tal organization1 & ano!r po9t has be5 e/abli%$1 t only :5 "s fav\rable circum/ances h settl$ a p 9 "o place1 d arts & social arrangem5ts get leave to fl\ri%4 ,if we 7 to limit our view to humbly end[$ nations1 or ! common class ( m9ds 9 ^? call$ civiliz$1 we %\ld see absolutely no conceivable p[] = ! orig9ation ( new ideas & devices4 ,b let u look at ! inv5tive class ( m9ds :i* /& out among/ _! fell[s--! m5 :o1 ) little prompt+ or none1 conceive new ideas 9 sci5ce1 arts1 morals--& we c be at no loss to und]/& h[ & :5ce h aris5 ! elem5ts ( t civilization :i* hi/ory traces f c\ntry to c\ntry ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,see a ,pascal1 reproduc+ ! ,alex&rian's problems at fifte52 a ,f]guson1 mak+ clocks f ! sugge/ions ( 8 own bra91 :ile t5d+ cattle on a ,moray%ire hea?2 a boy ,lawr5ce1 9 an inn on ! ,ba? road1 produc+1 )\t a ma/]1 draw+s :i* ! educat$ c\ld n b admire2 or look at ,solon & ,confucius1 devis+ sage laws1 & brea?+ ! acc5ts ( all b div9e wisdom1 = _! b>b>\s fell[-c\ntrym51 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago--& ! :ole my/]y is solv$ at once4 ,among/ ! arrangem5ts ( ,provid5ce is "o = ! production ( orig9al1 inv5tive1 & aspir+ m9ds1 :i*1 :5 circum/ances are n decid$ly unfav\rable1 /rike out new ideas = ! b5efit ( _! fell[-creatures1 or put ^u !m a la/+ impress ( _! own sup]ior s5tim5ts4 ,nations1 improv$ by ^! means1 become 9 turn foci = ! diffusion ( light ov] ! adjac5t regions ( b>b>ism--_! v passions help+ to ?is end1 = no?+ c be m cle> ?an t ambiti\s aggression has l$ to ! civilization ( _m c\ntries4 ,su* is ! process :i* seems to =m ! de/9$ means = br++ mank9d f ! d>kness ( b>b>ism to ! day ( k & me*anical & social improvem5t4 ,ev5 ! noble art ( lett]s is b1 z ,dr4 ,adam ,f]gusson has rem>k$1 8a natural produce ( ! human m9d1 :i* w rise spontane\sly1 :]ev] m5 are happily plac$20 orig9al alike among/ ! anci5t ,egyptians & ! dimly monum5t$ ,toltecans ( ,yucatan4 8,bani%10 says ,dr4 ,gall1 8music1 poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 all ! arts & sci5ces1 & let y\r ,hom]s1 ,raphaels1 ,mi*ael ,angelos1 ,glucks1 & ,canovas1 be =gott51 yet let m5 ( g5ius ( e description spr+ up1 & poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & all ! arts & sci5ces w aga9 %9e out 9 all _! glory4 ,twice )9 ! records ( hi/ory has ! human race trav]s$ ! great circle ( its entire de/9y1 & twice has ! rud5ess ( b>b>ism be5 foll[$ by a high] degree ( ref9em5t4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose "o p to h proce$$ f ano!r on acc\nt ( _! con=mity ( mann]s1 cu/oms1 & arts4 ,! swall[ ( ,p>is builds its ne/ l ! swall[ ( ,vi5na1 b does x !nce foll[ t ! =m] sprung f ! latt]8 ,) ! same causes we h ! same effects2 ) ! same organization we h ! manife/ation ( ! same p[]s40 ,,m5tal ,,con/itution ,,( ,,animals4 ,,x has be5 "o ( ! mo/ agreeable tasks ( mod]n sci5ce to trace ! wond]fully exact adaptations ( ! organization ( animals to ! physical circum/ances amid/ :i* !y are de/9$ to live4 ,f ! m&ibles ( insects to ! h& ( man1 all is se5 to be 9 ! mo/ h>moni\s relation to ! ?+s ( ! outw>d _w1 ?us cle>ly prov+ t design presid$ 9 ! creation ( ! :ole--design aga9 imply+ a design]1 ano!r ^w = a ,,creator4 ,x w\ld be tiresome to pres5t 9 ?is place ev5 a selection ( ! pro(s :i* h be5 adduc$ on ?is po9t4 ,! ,natural ,!ology ( ,paley1 & ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 place ! subject 9 s cle> a light1 t ! g5]al po/ulate may be tak5 = grant$4 ,! physical con/itution ( animals is1 !n1 to be reg>d$ z 9 ! nice/ congruity & adaptation to ! ext]nal _w4 ,less cle> ideas h hi!rto be5 ent]ta9$ on ! m5tal con/itution ( animals4 ,! v nature ( ?is con/itution is n z yet g5]ally kn[n or held z asc]ta9$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a notion ( old /&+1 t ! m9d is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! bra92 b ! metaphysicians insi/ t x is1 9 reality1 kn[n only by its acts or effects1 & !y accord+ly pres5t ! subject 9 a =m :i* is unlike any o!r k9d ( sci5ce1 = x does n s mu* z pret5d to h nature = its basis4 ,!re is a g5]al dis9cl9ation to reg>d m9d 9 connexion ) organization1 f a fe> t ?is mu/ ne$s int]f]e ) ! *]i%$ religi\s doctr9e ( ! _s ( man1 & l[] him to ! level ( ! brutes4 ,a di/9ction is !re=e drawn betwe5 our m5tal manife/ations & ^? ( ! l[] animals1 ! latt] be+ compreh5d$ "u ! t]m in/9ct1 :ile ours are collectively describ$ z m9d1 m9d be+ aga9 a receiv$ synonyme ) s\l1 ! immortal "p ( man4 ,!re is "h a /range sy/em ( confusion & error1 :i* x is mo/ imprud5t to reg>d z ess5tial to religion1 s9ce c&id inve/igations ( nature t5d to %ew its unt5abl5ess4 ,!re is1 9 reality1 no?+ to prev5t our reg>d+ man z specially end[$ ) an immortal _s1 at ! same "t t 8 ord9>y m5tal manife/ations are look$ ^u z simple ph5om5a result+ f organization1 ^? ( ! l[] animals be+ ph5om5a absolutely ! same 9 "*1 ?\gh develop$ )9 mu* n>r[] limits4 #cbf ,:at has *iefly t5d$ to take m9d1 9 ! eyes ( le>n$ & unle>n$1 out ( ! range ( nature1 is its app>5tly irregul> & wayw>d "*4 ,h[ diff]5t ! manife/ations 9 diff]5t be+s6 h[ un/able 9 all6--at "o "t s calm1 at ano!r s wild & impulsive6 ,x seem$ impossible t any?+ s subtle & ab]rant c\ld be "p ( a sy/em1 ! ma9 features ( :i* are regul>ity & precision4 ,b ! irregul>ity ( m5tal ph5om5a is only 9 appe>ance4 ,:5 we give up ! individual1 & take ! mass1 we f9d z mu* uni=mity ( result z 9 any o!r class ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! irregul>ity is exactly ( ! same k9d z t ( ! wea!r4 ,no man c say :at may be ! wea!r ( to-morr[2 b ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 any p>ticul> place 9 any five ye>s1 is precisely ! same z ! quantity :i* falls 9 any o!r five ye>s at ! same place4 ,?us1 :ile x is absolutely impossible to pr$ict ( any "o ,fr5*man t dur+ next ye> he w commit a crime1 x is q c]ta9 t ab\t "o 9 e six hundr$ & fifty ( ! ,fr5* p w d s1 because 9 pa/ ye>s ! proportion has g5]ally be5 ab\t t am\nt1 ! t5d5cies to crime 9 relation to ! temptations be+ ev]y:]e inv>iable ov] a suffici5tly wide range ( "t4 ,s also1 ! numb] ( p]sons tak5 9 *>ge by ! police 9 ,london = be+ drunk & disord]ly on ! /reets1 is1 week by week1 a ne>ly uni=m quantity1 %ew+ t ! incl9ation to dr9k to excess is always 9 ! mass ab\t ! same1 reg>d be+ _h to ! exi/+ temptations or /imulations to ?is vice4 ,ev5 mi/akes & ov]sights are ( regul> recurr5ce1 = x is f\nd 9 ! po/-(fices ( l>ge cities1 t ! numb] ( lett]s put 9 )\t addresses is ye> by ye> ! same4 ,/ati/ics has made out an equally di/9ct regul>ity 9 a wide range1 ) reg>d to _m o!r ?+s conc]n+ ! m9d1 & ! doctr9e f\nd$ ^u x has lately produc$ a s*eme :i* may well /rike ! ignorant ) surprise4 ,x 0 propos$ to e/abli% 9 ,london a society = ensur+ ! integrity ( cl]ks1 secret>ies1 collectors1 & all su* function>ies z are usually oblig$ to f9d security = money pass+ ?r\gh _! h&s 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess4 ,a g5tleman ( ! highe/ "* z an actu>y spoke ( ! plan 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--8,if a ?\s& bank]s' cl]ks 7 to club toge!r to indemnify _! securities1 by ! paym5t ( "o p\nd a ye> ea*1 & if ea* _h giv5 security = #ejjl41 x is obvi\s t two 9 ea* ye> might become default]s to t am\nt1 f\r to half ! am\nt1 & s on1 )\t r5d]+ ! gu>antee fund insolv5t4 ,if x be tol]ably well asc]ta9$ t ! in/ances ( di%one/y 7ye>ly7 among su* p]sons am\nt to "o 9 five hundr$1 ?is club w\ld cont9ue to exi/1 subject to be+ 9 debt 9 a bad ye>1 to an am\nt :i* x w\ld be able to dis*>ge 9 good ones4 ,! only "q necess>y to be ask$ previ\s to ! =mation ( su* a club w\ld be1--may x n be fe>$ t ! motive to resi/ di%one/y w\ld be less5$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! club1 or t ready-made rogues1 by belong+ to x1 might f9d ! means ( obta9+ situations :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h be5 kept out ( by ! impossibility ( obta9+ security among ^? :o "k !m8 ,suppose ?is be suffici5tly answ]$ by say+1 t none b ^? :o c\ld br+ satisfactory te/imony to _! previ\s good "* %\ld be all[$ to jo9 ! club2 t p]sons :o may n[ hope t a defici5cy on _! p>ts w be made up & hu%$ up by ! relative or fri5d :o is security1 w "k v well t ! club w h no motive to decl9e a prosecution1 or to keep ! secret1 & s on4 ,x !n only rema9s to ask1 :e!r ! sum dem&$ = ! gu>antee is suffici5t80 #cca ,! philosophical pr9ciple on :i* ! s*eme proce$s1 seems to be simply ?is1 t1 among/ a giv5 7l>ge7 numb] ( p]sons ( good "*1 !re w be1 )9 a ye> or o!r consid]able space ( "t1 a det]m9ate numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* moral pr9ciple & ! t]ror ( ! consequ5ces ( guilt w be ov]come by temptations ( a det]m9ate k9d & am\nt1 & ?us occasion a c]ta9 p]iodical am\nt ( loss :i* ! association mu/ make up4 ,?is /ati/ical regul>ity 9 moral affairs fully e/abli%es _! be+ "u ! presid5cy ( law4 ,man is n[ se5 to be an enigma only z an individual2 9 ! mass he is a ma!matical problem4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 mu* less to argue1 t m5tal action1 be+ prov$ to be "u law1 passes at once into ! category ( natural ?+s4 ,its old metaphysical "* vani%es 9 a mom5t1 & ! di/9ction usually tak5 betwe5 physical & moral is annull$1 z only an error 9 t]ms4 ,?is view agrees ) :at all obs]vation tea*es1 t m5tal ph5om5a fl[ directly f ! bra94 ,!y are se5 to be dep5d5t on naturally con/itut$ & naturally condition$ organs1 & ?us ob$i5t1 l all o!r organic ph5om5a1 to law4 ,& h[ wondr\s mu/ ! con/itution ( ?is app>atus be1 :i* gives u consci\sness ( ?\ght & ( affection1 :i* makes u famili> ) ! numb]less ?+s ( e>?1 & enables u to rise 9 conception & communion to ! c\ncils ( ,god himself6 ,x is matt] :i* =ms ! m$ium or in/rum5t--a little mass :i*1 decompos$1 is b s mu* common du/2 yet 9 its liv+ con/itution1 design$1 =m$1 & su/a9$ by ,almighty ,wisdom1 h[ admirable its "*6 h[ reflective ( ! unutt]able dep?s ( t ,p[] by :i* x 0 s =m$1 & is s su/a9$6 ,9 ! mundane economy1 m5tal action takes its place z a means ( provid+ = ! indep5d5t exi/5ce & ! v>i\s relations ( animals1 ea* species be+ furni%$ accord+ to its special necessities & ! dem&s ( its v>i\s relations4 ,! n]v\s sy/em--! m compreh5sive t]m = its organic app>atus--is v>i\sly develop$ 9 diff]5t classes & species1 & also 9 diff]5t individuals1 ! volume or mass be>+ a g5]al relation to ! am\nt ( p[]4 ,9 ! mollusca & cru/acea we see simply a ganglionic cord p]vad+ ! ext5t ( ! body1 & s5d+ out lat]al filam5ts4 ,9 ! v]tebrata1 we f9d a bra9 ) a sp9al cord1 & bran*+ l9es ( n]v\s tissue4 #ccc ,b "h1 z 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( animals1 ! great pr9ciple ( unity is obs]v$4 ,! bra9 ( ! v]tebrata is m]ely an expansion ( "o ( ! ganglions ( ! n]v\s cord ( ! mollusca & cru/acea4 ,or ! correspond+ ganglion ( ! mollusca & cru/acea may be reg>d$ z ! rudim5t ( a bra92 ! sup]ior organ ?us appe>+ z only a f>!r developm5t ( ! inf]ior4 ,!re are _m facts :i* t5d to prove t ! action ( ?is app>atus is ( an electric nature1 a modification ( t surpris+ ag5t1 :i* takes magnetism1 heat1 & light1 z o!r subord9ate =ms1 & ( ^: g5]al scope 9 ?is great sy/em ( ?+s we are only beg9n+ to h a "r conception4 ,x has be5 f\nd t simple electricity1 artificially produc$1 & s5t along ! n]ves ( a dead body1 excites muscul> action4 ,! bra9 ( a newly-kill$ animal be+ tak5 out1 & replac$ by a sub/ance :i* produces electric action1 ! op]ation ( dige/ion1 :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ by ! dea? ( ! animal1 0 resum$1 %ew+ ! absolute id5tity ( ! bra9 ) a galvanic batt]y4 ,nor is ?is a v />tl+ idea1 :5 we reflect t electricity is almo/ z metaphysical z ev] m9d 0 suppos$ to be4 ,x is a ?+ p]fectly intangible1 weightless4 ,metal may be magnetiz$1 or heat$ to sev5 hundr$ ( ,fahr5heit1 )\t becom+ ! hundr$? "p ( a gra9 heavi]4 ,& yet electricity is a real ?+1 an actual exi/5ce 9 nature1 z witness ! effects ( heat & light 9 vegetation--! p[] ( ! galvanic curr5t to re-assemble ! p>ticles ( copp] f a solution1 & make !m aga9 into a solid plate--! r5d+ =ce ( ! ?und]bolt z x /rikes ! oak2 see also h[ bo? heat & light obs]ve ! angle ( incid5ce 9 reflection1 z exactly z does ! grosse/ /one ?r[n obliquely aga9/ a wall4 ,s m5tal action may be impond]able1 intangible1 & yet a real exi/5ce1 & rul$ by ! ,et]nal ?r\gh 8 laws4 #cce ,common obs]vation %ews a great g5]al sup]iority ( ! human m9d ov] t ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,man's m9d is almo/ inf9ite 9 device2 x ranges ov] all ! _w2 x =ms ! mo/ wond]ful comb9ations2 x seeks back into ! pa/1 & /ret*es =w>d into ! future2 :ile ! animals g5]ally appe> to h a n>r[ range ( ?\ght & action4 ,b s also has an infant b a limit$ range1 & yet x is m9d :i* works !re1 z well z 9 ! mo/ accompli%$ adults4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 m9d 9 ! l[] animals & 9 man is a diff]5ce 9 degree only2 x is n a specific diff]5ce4 ,all :o h /udi$ animals by actual obs]vation1 & ev5 ^? :o h giv5 a c&id att5tion to ! subject 9 books1 mu/ atta9 m or less cle> convictions ( ?is tru?1 not)/&+ all ! obscurity :i* prejudice may h eng5d]$4 ,we see animals capable ( affection1 jeal\sy1 envy2 we see !m qu>rel1 & conduct qu>rels1 9 ! v mann] pursu$ by ! m impulsive ( our own race4 ,we see !m liable to flatt]y1 inflat$ ) pride1 & deject$ by %ame4 ,we see !m z t5d] to _! "y z human p>5ts are1 & z fai?ful to a tru/ z ! mo/ consci5ti\s ( human s]vants4 ,! horse is />tl$ by m>vell\s objects1 z a man is4 ,! dog & _m o!rs %ew t5aci\s memory4 ,! dog also proves himself possess$ ( imag9ation1 by ! act ( dream+4 ,horses1 f9d+ !mselves 9 want ( a %oe1 h ( _! own accord gone to a f>ri]'s %op :]e !y 7 %od be=e4 ,cats1 clos$ up 9 rooms1 w endeav\r to obta9 _! lib]ation by pull+ a lat* or r++ a bell4 ,x has sev]al times be5 obs]v$ t 9 a field ( cattle1 :5 "o or two 7 mis*iev\s1 & p]si/$ long 9 annoy+ or tyranniz+ ov] ! re/1 ! h]d1 to all appe>ance1 consult$1 & !n1 mak+ a unit$ ef=t1 drove ! tr\bl]s (f ! gr\nd4 ,! memb]s ( a rook]y h also be5 obs]v$ to take turns 9 supply+ ! ne$s ( a family r$uc$ to orphanhood4 ,all ( ^! are acts ( reason1 9 no respect diff]5t f simil> acts ( m54 ,moreov]1 al?\gh !re is no h]itage ( accumulat$ k among/ ! l[] animals1 z !re is among/ u1 !y are 9 "s degree susceptible ( ^? modifications ( natural "*1 & capable ( ^? accompli%m5ts1 :i* we call education4 ,! tam+ & dome/ication ( animals1 & ! *anges ?us produc$ ^u _! nature 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 are results id5tical ) civilization among/ ourselves2 & ! quiet1 s]vile /e] is probably z unlike ! orig9al wild cattle ( ?is c\ntry1 z ! ,engli% g5tleman ( ! pres5t day is unlike ! rude b>on ( ! age ( ,k+ ,john4 ,betwe5 a "y1 unbrok5 horse1 & a tra9$ "o1 !re is1 aga91 all ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 a wild y\? re>$ at 8 own discretion 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! same p]son :5 he has be5 ton$ d[n by long exposure to ! influ5ces ( ref9$ society4 ,on ! accompli%m5ts acquir$ by animals x 7 sup]flu\s to ent] at any l5g?2 b ,i may adv]t to ! dogs ( ,m4 ,leon>d1 z rem>kable examples ( :at ! animal intellect may be tra9$ to4 ,:5 f\r pieces ( c>d are laid d[n be=e !m1 ea* hav+ a numb] pron\nc$ once 9 connexion ) x1 !y w1 aft] a re-arrangem5t ( ! pieces1 select any "o nam$ by its numb]4 ,!y also play at dom9oes1 & ) s mu* skill z to triumph ov] bip$ oppon5ts1 :9+ if ! adv]s>y place a wrong piece1 or if !y !mselves be defici5t 9 a "r "o4 ,( ext5sive comb9ations ( ?\ght we h no reason to believe t any animal is capable--& yet mo/ ( u mu/ feel ! =ce ( ,walt] ,scott's rem>k1 t !re 0 sc>cely any?+ :i* he w\ld n believe ( a dog4 ,!re is a curi\s result ( education 9 c]ta9 animals1 namely1 t habits to :i* !y h be5 tra9$ 9 "s in/ances become h]$it>y4 ,= example1 ! accompli%m5t ( po9t+ at game1 al?\gh a pure result ( education1 appe>s 9 ! "y pups br\ght up ap>t f _! p>5ts & k9d4 ,! peculi> leap ( ! ,iri% horse1 acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( trav]s+ a boggy c\ntry1 is cont9u$ 9 ! prog5y br\ght up 9 ,engl&4 ,?is h]$it>9ess ( specific habits sugge/s a relation to t =m ( psy*ological demon/ration usually call$ in/9ct2 b in/9ct is only ano!r t]m = m9d1 or is m9d 9 a peculi> /age ( developm5t2 & ?\gh ! fact 7 o!rwise1 x c\ld n affect ! po/ulate1 t demon/rations su* z h be5 enum]at$ are ma9ly intellectual demon/rations1 n to be di/+ui%$ z su* f ^? ( human be+s4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! l[] animals manife/$ m5tal ph5om5a long be=e man exi/$4 ,:ile z yet !re 0 no bra9 capable ( work+ out a ma!matical problem1 ! economy ( ! six-sid$ figure 0 exemplifi$ by ! in/9ct ( ! bee4 ,ere human musician _h :i/l$ or pip$1 ! owl hoot$ 9 ,b flat1 ! cuckoo _h h] song ( a fall+ ?ird1 & ! *irp ( ! cricket 0 9 ,b4 ,! dog & ! elephant prefigur$ ! sagacity ( ! human m9d4 ,! love ( a human "m = h] babe 0 anticipat$ by ne>ly e humbl] mammal1 ! c>n>ia n except$4 ,! peacock /rutt$1 ! turkey blu/]$1 & ! cock f\ght = victory1 j z human be+s aft]w>ds did1 & /ill d4 ,our faculty ( imitation1 on :i* s mu* ( our amusem5t dep5ds1 0 ex]cis$ by ! mock+-bird2 & ! :ole tribe ( monkeys mu/ h walk$ ab\t ! pre-human _w1 play+ (f ^? tricks 9 :i* we see ! comicality & mis*ief-mak+ ( our "* s curi\sly exagg]at$4 ,! unity & simplicity :i* *>act]ize nature give great antec$5t probability to :at obs]vation seems ab\t to e/abli%1 t1 z ! bra9 ( ! v]tebrata g5]ally is j an advanc$ condition ( a p>ticul> ganglion 9 ! mollusca & cru/acea1 s are ! bra9s ( ! high] & m intellig5t mammalia only f>!r developm5ts ( ! bra9s ( ! inf]ior ord]s ( ! same class4 ,or1 to ! same purpose1 x may be said1 t ea* species has c]ta9 sup]ior developm5ts1 accord+ to its ne$s1 :ile o!rs are 9 a rudim5tal or repress$ /ate4 ,?is w m cle>ly appe> aft] "s inquiry has be5 made into ! v>i\s p[]s compreh5d$ "u ! t]m m9d4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & simple/ functions ( m9d is to give consci\sness--consci\sness ( our id5tity & ( our exi/5ce4 ,?is1 app>5tly1 is indep5d5t ( ! s5ses1 :i* are simply m$ia1 &1 z ,locke has %ewn1 ! only m$ia1 ?r\gh :i* ideas respect+ ! ext]nal _w rea* ! bra94 ,! access ( su* ideas to ! bra9 is ! act to :i* ! metaphysicians h giv5 ! "n ( p]ception4 ,gall1 h[ev]1 has %ewn1 by induction f a va/ numb] ( actual cases1 t !re is a "p ( ! bra9 devot$ to p]ception1 & t ev5 ?is is subdivid$ into portions :i* are respectively d$icat$ to ! reception ( diff]5t sets ( ideas1 z ^? ( =m1 size1 col\r1 weight1 objects 9 _! totality1 ev5ts 9 _! progress or occurr5ce1 "t1 musical s\nds1 c4 ,! sy/em ( m9d inv5t$ by ?is philosoph]--! only "o f\nd$ ^u nature1 or :i* ev5 pret5ds to or admits ( t necess>y basis--%ews a portion ( ! bra9 act+ z a faculty ( comic ideas1 ano!r ( imitation1 ano!r ( wond]1 "o = discrim9at+ or obs]v+ diff]5ces1 & ano!r 9 :i* resides ! p[] ( trac+ effects to causes4 ,!re are also p>ts ( ! bra9 = ! s5tim5tal "p ( our nature1 or ! affections1 at ! head ( :i* /& ! moral feel+s ( b5evol5ce1 consci5ti\sness1 & v5]ation4 ,?r\gh ^!1 man /&s 9 relation to himself1 8 fell[-m51 ! ext]nal _w1 & 8 ,god2 & ?r\gh ^! comes mo/ ( ! happ9ess ( man's life1 z well z t :i* he d]ives f ! contemplation ( ! _w to come1 & ! cultivation ( 8 relation to x1 7pure religion47 ,! o!r s5tim5ts may be briefly enum]at$1 _! names be+ suffici5t 9 g5]al to d5ote _! functions--firmness1 hope1 cauti\sness1 self-e/eem1 love ( approbation1 secretiv5ess1 m>vell\sness1 con/ructiv5ess1 imitation1 combativ5ess1 de/ructiv5ess1 conc5trativ5ess1 adhesiv5ess1 love ( ! opposite sex1 love ( (fspr+1 alim5tiv5ess1 & love ( life4 ,?r\gh ^! faculties1 man is connect$ ) ! ext]nal _w1 & suppli$ ) active impulses to ma9ta9 8 place 9 x z an individual & z a species4 ,!re is also a faculty1 7language7 = express+1 by :atev] means1 7signs1 ge/ures1 looks1 conv5tional t]ms 9 spee*17 ! ideas :i* arise 9 ! m9d4 ,!re is a p>ticul> /ate ( ea* ( ^! faculties1 :5 ! ideas ( objects once =m$ by x are reviv$ or reproduc$1 a process :i* seems to be intimately alli$ ) "s ( ! ph5om5a ( ! new sci5ce ( photography1 :5 images impress$ by reflection ( ! sun's rays ^u s5sitive pap] are1 aft] a tempor>y oblit]ation1 resuscitat$ on ! %eet be+ expos$ to ! fumes ( m]cury4 ,su* are ! ph5om5a ( memory1 t h&maid ( intellect1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no accumulation ( m5tal capital1 b an univ]sal & cont9ual infancy4 ,conception & imag9ation appe> to be only int5sities1 s to speak1 ( ! /ate ( bra9 9 :i* memory is produc$4 ,on _! promptness & p[] dep5d mo/ ( ! ex]tions :i* di/+ui% ! man ( arts & lett]s1 & ev5 9 no small measure ! cultivator ( sci5ce4 ,! faculties above describ$--! actual elem5ts ( ! m5tal con/itution--are se5 9 mature man 9 an indef9ite pot5tiality & range ( action4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! l[] animals4 ,!y are !re comp>atively def9ite 9 _! p[] & re/rict$ 9 _! application4 ,! read] is famili> ) :at are call$ in/9cts 9 "s ( ! humbl] species1 t is1 an uni=m & unprompt$ t5d5cy t[>ds c]ta9 p>ticul> acts1 z ! build+ ( cells by ! bee1 ! /or+ ( provisions by t insect & sev]al o!rs1 & ! con/ruction ( ne/s = a com+ prog5y by birds4 ,?is quality is no?+ m ?an a mode ( op]ation peculi> to ! faculties 9 a humble /ate ( end[m5t1 or e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,! cell =mation ( ! bee1 ! h\se-build+ ( ants & beav]s1 ! web-sp9n+ ( spid]s1 are b primitive ex]cises ( con/ructiv5ess1 ! faculty :i*1 indef9ite ) u1 leads to ! arts ( ! weav]1 uphol/]]1 ar*itect1 & me*ani/1 & makes u (t5 "w delight$ly :]e our lab\rs are 9 va91 or ne>ly s4 ,! /or+ ( provisions by ! ants is an ex]cise ( acquisitiv5ess1--! faculty :i* ) u makes ri* m5 & mis]s4 ,a va/ numb] ( curi\s devices1 by :i* insects provide = ! protection & subsi/5ce ( _! "y1 :om !y are p]haps nev] to see1 are mo/ probably a peculi> re/rict$ ef=t ( philoprog5itiv5ess4 ,! common s\rce ( ?is class ( acts1 & ( common m5tal op]ations1 is %ewn v conv9c+ly by ! melt+ ( ! "o set into ! o!r4 ,?us1 = example1 ! bee & bird w make modifications 9 ! ord9>y =m ( _! cells & ne/s :5 necessity compels !m4 ,?us1 ! alim5tiv5ess ( su* animals z ! dog1 usually def9ite ) reg>d to quantity & quality1 c be pamp]$ or educat$ up to a k9d ( epicurism1 t is1 an indef9it5ess ( object & action4 ,! same faculty acts limit$ly 9 ourselves at fir/1 dictat+ ! special act ( suck+2 aft]w>ds x acquires indef9it5ess4 ,su* is ! real nature ( ! di/9ction betwe5 :at are call$ in/9cts & reason1 ^u :i* s _m volumes h be5 writt5 )\t pr(it to ! _w4 ,all faculties are in/9ctive1 t is1 dep5d5t on int]nal & inh]5t impulses4 ,?is t]m is !re=e n specially applicable to ei!r ( ! recognis$ modes ( ! op]ation ( ! faculties4 ,we only1 9 ! "o case1 see ! faculty 9 an immature & slightly develop$ /ate2 9 ! o!r1 9 its mo/ advanc$ condition4 ,9 ! "o case x is def9ite1 9 ! o!r indef9ite1 9 its range ( action4 ,^! t]ms w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ suitable = express+ ! di/9ction4 ,9 ! humble/ =ms ( be+ we c trace sc>cely any?+ besides a def9ite action 9 a few ( ! faculties4 ,g5]ally speak+1 z we asc5d 9 ! scale1 we see m & m ( ! faculties 9 ex]cise1 & ^! t5d+ m to ! indef9ite mode ( manife/ation4 ,& = ?is !re is ! obvi\s reason 9 provid5ce1 t ! l[e/ animals h all ( !m a v limit$ sph]e ( exi/5ce1 born only to p]=m a few functions1 & enjoy a brief t]m ( life1 & !n give way to ano!r g5]ation1 s t !y d n ne$ mu* m5tal guidance4 ,at high] po9ts 9 ! scale1 ! sph]e ( exi/5ce is consid]ably ext5d$1 & ! m5tal op]ations are less def9ite accord+ly4 ,! horse1 dog1 & a few o!r rasorial types1 not$ = _! s]viceabl5ess to our race1 h ! indef9ite p[]s 9 no small end[m5t4 ,man1 aga91 %ews v little ( ! def9ite mode ( op]ation1 & t little *iefly 9 *ildhood1 or 9 b>b>ism or idiocy4 ,de/9$ = a wide field ( action1 & to be applicable to inf9itely v>i$ cont+5cies1 he has all ! faculties develop$ to a high pit* ( indef9it5ess1 t he may be ready to act well 9 all imag9able cases4 ,8 commission1 x may be said1 gives l>ge discretion>y p[]s1 :ile t ( ! inf]ior animals is limit$ to a few precise directions4 ,b :5 ! human bra9 is cong5itally imp]fect or diseas$1 or :5 x is 9 ! /ate ( infancy1 we see 9 x an approa* t[>ds ! "* ( ! bra9s ( "s ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,davey /ates t he has frequ5tly witness$1 among 8 pati5ts at ! ,hanwell ,lunatic ,asylum1 indications ( a p>ticul> abnormal c]ebration :i* =cibly rem9d$ him ( ! specific heal?y *>act]i/ics ( animals l[] 9 ! scale ( organization2 #cdf & e "o mu/ h obs]v$ h[ (t5 ! actions ( *ildr51 especially 9 _! mom5ts ( play1 & :]e _! selfi% feel+s are conc]n$1 be> a resemblance to ^? ( c]ta9 famili> animals4 #cdg ,behold1 !n1 ! wond]ful unity ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! grades ( m9d1 l ! =ms ( be+1 are m]e /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 ! humbl] =ms1 b a few ( ! m5tal faculties are traceable1 j z we see 9 !m b a few ( ! l9eam5ts ( univ]sal /ructure4 ,9 man ! sy/em has arriv$ at its highe/ condition4 ,! few gleams ( reason1 !n1 :i* we see 9 ! l[] animals1 are precisely analog\s to su* a developm5t ( ! =e-arm z we f9d 9 ! paddle ( ! :ale4 ,causality1 comp>ison1 & o!r ( ! nobl] faculties1 are 9 !m rudim5tal4 ,b\nd up z we ?us are by an id5tity 9 ! "* ( our m5tal organization ) ! l[] animals1 we are yet1 x w be obs]v$1 /rik+ly di/+ui%$ f !m by ?is great advance 9 developm5t4 ,we h faculties 9 full =ce & activity :i* ! animals ei!r possess n at all1 or 9 s l[ & obscure a =m z to be equival5t to non-exi/5ce4 ,n[ ^! p>ts ( m9d are ^? :i* connect u ) ! ?+s t are n ( ?is _w4 ,we h v5]ation1 prompt+ u to ! wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 :i* ! animals lack4 ,we h hope1 to c>ry u on 9 ?\ght beyond ! b\nds ( "t4 ,we h reason1 to enable u to inquire into ! "* ( ! ,great ,fa!r1 & ! relation ( u1 8 humble creatures1 t[>ds him4 ,we h consci5ti\sness & b5evol5ce1 by :i* we c 9 a fa9t & humble measure imitate1 9 our conduct1 t :i* he exemplifies 9 ! :ole ( 8 wondr\s do+s4 ,beyond ?is1 m5tal sci5ce does n c>ry u 9 support ( religion3 ! re/ dep5ds on evid5ce ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,b x is surely mu* t we ?us discov] 9 nature a provision = ?+s s important4 ,! exi/5ce ( faculties hav+ a reg>d to su* ?+s is a good evid5ce t su* ?+s exi/4 ,! face ( ,god is reflect$ 9 ! organization ( man1 z a little pool reflects ! glori\s sun4 ,! affective or s5tim5tal faculties are all ( !m liable to op]ate :5ev] appropriate objects or /imuli are pres5t$1 & ?is !y d z irresi/ibly & un]r+ly z ! tree sucks up moi/ure :i* x requires1 ) only ?is exception1 t "o faculty (t5 int]f]es ) ! action ( ano!r1 & op]ates in/ead by =ce ( sup]ior inh]5t /r5g? or tempor>y activity4 ,= example1 alim5tiv5ess may be 9 p[]ful op]ation ) reg>d to its appropriate object1 produc+ a ke5 appetite1 & yet x may n act1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m p[]ful op]ation ( cauti\sness1 w>n+ aga9/ evil consequ5ces likely to ensue f ! desir$ indulg5ce4 ,?is liability to flit f "u ! control ( "o feel+ to ! control ( ano!r1 con/itutes :at is recognis$ z free w 9 man1 be+ no?+ m ?an a vicissitude 9 ! supremacy ( ! faculties ov] ea* o!r4 ,x is a common mi/ake to suppose t ! individuals ( our own species are all ( !m =m$ ) simil> faculties--simil> 9 p[] & t5d5cy--& t education & ! influ5ce ( circum/ances produce all ! diff]5ces :i* we obs]ve4 ,!re is n1 9 ! old sy/ems ( m5tal philosophy1 any doctr9e m opposite to ! tru? ?an ?is4 ,x is refut$ at once by ! great diff]5ces ( intellectual t5d5cy & moral disposition to be obs]v$ among/ a gr\p ( "y *ildr5 :o h be5 all br\ght up 9 circum/ances p]fectly id5tical--ev5 9 tw9s1 :o h nev] be5 b 9 "o place1 "u ! *>ge ( "o nurse1 att5d$ to alike 9 all respects4 ,! m5tal *>act]s ( individuals are inh]5tly v>i\s1 z ! =ms ( _! p]sons & ! features ( _! faces are2 & education & circum/ances1 ?\gh _! influ5ce is n to be despis$1 are incapable ( entirely alt]+ ^! *>act]s1 :]e !y are /rongly develop$4 ,t ! orig9al *>act]s ( m9d are dep5d5t on ! volume ( p>ticul> p>ts ( ! bra9 & ! g5]al quality ( t viscus1 is prov$ by induction f an ext5sive range ( obs]vations1 ! =ce ( :i* mu/ h be5 long s9ce univ]sally ackn[l$g$ b = ! unprep>$ness ( mank9d to admit a functional connexion betwe5 m9d & body4 ,! diff]5t m5tal *>act]s ( individuals may be presum$ f analogy to dep5d on ! same law ( developm5t :i* we h se5 det]m9+ =ms ( be+ & ! m5tal *>act]s ( p>ticul> species4 ,?is we may conceive z c>ry+ =w>d ! intellectual p[]s & moral dispositions ( "s to a high pit*1 repress+ ^? ( o!rs at a mod]ate am\nt1 & ?us produc+ all ! v>ieties :i* we see 9 our fell[-creatures4 ,?us a ,cuvi] & a ,newton are b expansions ( a cl[n1 & ! p]son emphatically call$ ! wick$ man1 is "o ^: highe/ moral feel+s are rudim5tal4 ,su* diff]5ces are n conf9$ to our species2 !y are only less /rongly m>k$ 9 _m ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,!re are clev] dogs & wick$ horses1 z well z clev] m5 & wick$ m51 & education %>p5s ! tal5ts1 & 9 "s degree regulates ! dispositions ( animals1 z x does our own4 ,"h ,i may adv]t to a v int]e/+ analogy betwe5 ! m5tal *>act]s ( ! types 9 ! qu9>y sy/em ( zoology & ! *>act]s ( individual m54 ,we h se5 t ! pre-em95t type is usually end[$ ) an h>moni\s assemblage ( ! m5tal qualities belong+ to ! :ole gr\p1 :ile ! sub-typical incl9es to f]ocity1 ! rasorial to g5tl5ess1 & s on4 ,n[1 among/ individuals1 "s appe> to be almo/ exclusively ( ! sub-typical1 & o!rs ( ! rasorial *>act]s1 :ile to a limit$ numb] is giv5 ! f9ely assort$ assemblage ( qualities :i* places !m on a p>allel ) ! typical4 ,to ?is may be attribut$ ! univ]sality :i* m>ks all ! v highe/ bra9s1 su* z ^? ( ,%akespe>e & ,scott1 m5 ( :om x has be5 rem>k$ t !y mu/ h possess$ )9 !mselves n only ! poet1 b ! w>rior1 ! /atesman1 & ! philosoph]2 & :o1 moreov]1 appe> to h _h ! mild & manly1 ! moral & ! =cible p>ts ( our nature1 9 ! mo/ p]fect balance4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a g5]al adaptation ( ! m5tal con/itution ( man to ! circum/ances 9 :i* he lives1 z !re is betwe5 all ! p>ts ( nature to ea* o!r4 ,! goods ( ! physical _w are only to be realiz$ by +5uity & indu/ri\s ex]tion2 behold1 accord+ly1 an intellect full ( device1 & a fabric ( ! faculties :i* w\ld g to pieces or de/roy itself if x 7 n kept 9 con/ant occupation4 ,nature pres5ts to u mu* t is sublime & beautiful3 behold faculties :i* delight 9 contemplat+ ^! prop]ties ( h]s1 & 9 ris+ ^u !m1 z ^u w+s1 to ! pres5ce ( ! ,et]nal4 ,x is also a _w ( difficulties & p]ils1 & see h[ a l>ge portion ( our species are end[$ ) vigor\s p[]s :i* take a pleasure 9 meet+ & ov]com+ difficulty & dang]4 ,ev5 t pr9ciple on :i* our faculties are con/itut$--a wide range ( fre$om 9 :i* to act = all v>i\s occasions--necessitates a res5tful faculty1 by :i* individuals may protect !mselves f ! undue & caprici\s ex]cise ( ea* o!r's faculties1 & ?us pres]ve _! individual rights4 ,s also !re is cauti\sness1 to give u a t5d5cy to provide aga9/ ! evils by :i* we may be assail$2 & secretiv5ess1 to enable u to conceal :atev]1 be+ divulg$1 w\ld be (f5sive to o!rs or injuri\s to ourselves1--a function :i* obvi\sly has a c]ta9 legitimate range ( action1 h[ev] liable to be abus$4 ,! con/itution ( ! m9d g5]ally po9ts to a /ate ( intimate relation ( individuals t[>ds society1 t[>ds ! ext]nal _w1 & t[>ds ?+s above ?is _w4 ,no individual be+ is integral or indep5d5t2 he is only "p ( an ext5sive piece ( social me*anism4 ,! inf]ior m9d1 full ( rude en]gy & unregulat$ impulse1 does n m require a sup]ior nature to act z its ma/] & its m5tor1 ?an does ! sup]ior nature require to be surr\nd$ by su* r\gh elem5ts on :i* to ex]cise its high end[m5ts z a rul+ & tutel>y p[]4 ,?is relation ( ea* to ea* produces a va/ portion ( ! active bus9ess ( life4 ,x is easy to see t1 if we 7 all alike 9 our moral t5d5cies1 & all plac$ on a m$ium ( p]fect mod]ation 9 ?is respect1 ! _w w\ld be a sc5e ( ev]la/+ dulness & apa?y4 ,x requires ! v>iety ( individual con/itution to give moral life to ! sc5e4 ,! indef9it5ess ( ! pot5tiality ( ! human faculties1 & ! complexity :i* ?us att5ds _! relations1 lead unavoidably to occasional error4 ,if we consid] = a mom5t t !re are n less ?an ?irty su* faculties1 t !y are ea* giv5 9 diff]5t proportions to diff]5t p]sons1 t ea* is at ! same "t end[$ ) a wide discretion z to ! =ce & frequ5cy ( its action1 & t our neighb\rs1 ! _w1 & our connexions ) some?+ beyond x1 are all ex]cis+ an ev]-v>y+ influ5ce ov] u1 we _c be surpris$ at ! irregul>ities att5d+ human conduct4 ,x is simply ! p5alty paid = ! sup]ior end[m5t4 ,x is "h t ! imp]fection ( our nature resides4 ,causality & consci5ti\sness are1 x is true1 guides ov] all2 b ev5 ^! are only faculties ( ! same indet]m9ate con/itution z ! re/1 & p>take accord+ly ( ! same inequality ( action4 ,man is !re=e a piece ( me*anism1 :i* nev] c act s z to satisfy 8 own ideas ( :at he might be--= he c imag9e a /ate ( moral p]fection1 7z he c imag9e a globe =m$ ( diamonds1 pe>ls1 & rubies17 ?\gh 8 con/itution =bids him to realize x4 ,!re ev] w1 9 ! be/ dispos$ & mo/ discipl9$ m9ds1 be occasional discrepancies betwe5 ! am\nt ( temptation & ! p[] summon$ = regulation or resi/ance1 or betwe5 ! /imulus & ! mobility ( ! faculty2 & h5ce ^? errors1 & %ortcom+s1 & excesses1 )\t end1 ) :i* ! good are con/antly f9d+ cause to *>ge !mselves4 ,!re is at ! same "t ev5 "h a possibility ( improvem5t4 ,9 infancy1 ! impulses are all ( !m irregul>2 a *ild is cruel1 cunn+1 & false1 "u ! slighte/ temptation1 b 9 "t le>ns to control ^! incl9ations1 & to be habitually humane1 frank1 & tru?ful4 ,s is human society1 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 sangu9>y1 aggressive1 & deceitful1 b 9 "t becomes j1 fai?ful1 & b5evol5t4 ,to su* improvem5ts !re is a natural t5d5cy :i* w op]ate 9 all fair circum/ances1 ?\gh x is n to be expect$ t irregul> & undue impulses w ev] be altoge!r bani%$ f ! sy/em4 ,x may /ill be a puzzle to _m1 h[ be+s %\ld be born into ! _w ^: organization is su* t !y unavoidably1 ev5 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry1 become malefactors4 ,does ,god1 x may be ask$1 make crim9als8 ,does he fa%ion c]ta9 be+s ) a pr$e/9ation to evil8 ,he does n d s2 & yet ! crim9al type ( bra91 z x is call$1 comes into exi/5ce 9 accordance ) laws :i* ! ,deity has e/abli%$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z ! result ( ! fir/ or g5]al int5tion ( ^? laws1 b z an exception f _! ord9>y & prop] action4 ,! production ( ^? evilly dispos$ be+s is 9 ?is mann]4 ,! moral "* ( ! prog5y dep5ds 9 a g5]al way1 7z does ! physical "* also17 ^u conditions ( ! p>5ts1--bo? g5]al conditions1 & conditions at ! p>ticul> "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! new be+1 & likewise ext]nal conditions affect+ ! ftus ?r\gh ! "m4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( ^! conditions is indef9ite4 ,! faculties ( ! p>5ts1 z f> z ^! are conc]n$1 may h oscillat$ = ! "t t[>ds ! extreme ( t5sibility 9 "o direction4 ,! influ5ces ^u ! ftus may h also be5 ( an extreme & unusual k9d4 ,let u suppose t ! conditions ^u ! :ole h be5 fav\rable = ! developm5t1 n ( ! high]1 b ( ! l[] s5tim5ts1 & ( ! prop5sities ( ! new be+1 ! result w necess>ily be a mean type ( bra94 ,"h1 x w be obs]v$1 ,god no m decre$ an immoral be+1 ?an he decre$ an immoral p>oxysm ( ! s5tim5ts4 ,our p]plexity is 9 consid]+ ! ill-dispos$ be+ by himself4 ,he is only a "p ( a s]ies ( ph5om5a1 traceable to a pr9ciple good 9 ! ma91 b :i* admits ( evil z an exception4 ,we h se5 t x is = wise ends t ,god leaves our moral faculties to an indef9ite range ( action2 ! g5]al good results ( ?is arrangem5t are obvi\s2 b exceptions ( evil are insep>able f su* a sy/em1 & ?is is "o ( !m4 ,to come to p>ticul> illu/ration--:5 a p are oppress$1 or kept 9 a /ate ( slav]y1 !y inv>iably contract habits ( ly+1 = ! purpose ( deceiv+ & outwitt+ _! sup]iors1 falsehood be+ a refuge ( ! weak "u difficulties4 ,:at is a habit 9 p>5ts becomes an inh]5t quality 9 *ildr54 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to be surpris$ :5 a travell] tells u t black *ildr5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies appe> to lie by in/9ct1 & nev] answ] a :ite p]son truly ev5 9 ! simple/ matt]4 ,"h we h secretiv5ess r\s$ 9 a p to a /ate ( con/ant & exalt$ ex]cise2 an ov] t5d5cy ( ! n]v\s en]gy 9 t direction is ! consequ5ce1 & a new organic condition is e/abli%$4 ,?is tells ^u ! prog5y1 :i* comes into ! _w ) secretiv5ess excessive 9 volume & activity4 ,all o!r evil *>act]i/ics may be readily conceiv$ z be+ implant$ 9 a new g5]ation 9 ! same way4 ,& sometimes n "o1 b sev]al g5]ations1 may be conc]n$ 9 br++ up ! result to a pit* :i* produces crime4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?+s is to a limitation1 n ! ext5sion ( su* abnormally con/itut$ be+s4 ,! crim9al bra9 f9ds itself 9 a social sc5e :]e all is aga9/ x4 ,x may /ruggle on = a "t1 b ! m$ium & sup]ior natures are nev] long at a loss 9 gett+ ! bett] ( x4 ,! disposal ( su* be+s w always dep5d mu* on ! moral /ate ( a community1 ! degree 9 :i* j views prevail ) reg>d to human nature1 & ! feel+s :i* accid5t may h caus$ to pr$om9ate at a p>ticul> "t4 ,:]e ! mass 0 little enlight5$ or ref9$1 & t]rors = life or prop]ty 7 highly excit$1 malefactors h ev] be5 treat$ sev]ely4 ,b :5 ord] is g5]ally triumphant1 & reason all[$ sway1 m5 beg9 to see ! true case ( crim9als--namely1 t :ile "o l>ge dep>tm5t are victims ( errone\s social conditions1 ano!r are br\ght to error by t5d5cies :i* !y are only un=tunate 9 hav+ inh]it$ f nature4 ,crim9al jurisprud5ce !n addresses itself less to ! direct puni%m5t ?an to ! re=mation & c>e-tak+ ( ^? liable to its att5tion4 ,& su* a treatm5t ( crim9als1 x may be f>!r rem>k$1 s t x /op %ort ( af=d+ any enc\ragem5t to crime1 7a po9t :i* exp]i5ce w det]m9e17 is evid5tly no m ?an ju/ice1 see+ h[ accid5tally all =ms ( ! moral con/itution are di/ribut$1 & h[ ?or\ghly mutual obligation %9es ?r\gh\t ! :ole frame ( society--! /rong to help ! weak1 ! good to r$eem & re/ra9 ! bad4 ,! sum ( all we h se5 ( ! psy*ical con/itution ( man is1 t its ,almighty ,au?or has de/9$ x1 l ev]y?+ else1 to be develop$ f inh]5t qualities1 & to h a mode ( action dep5d+ solely on its own organization4 ,?us ! :ole is complete on "o pr9ciple4 ,! masses ( space are =m$ by law2 law makes !m 9 due "t !atres ( exi/5ce = plants & animals2 s5sation1 disposition1 intellect1 are all 9 l mann] develop$ & su/a9$ 9 action by law4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to obs]ve into h[ small a field ! :ole ( ! my/]ies ( nature ?us ultimately resolve !mselves4 ,! inorganic has "o f9al compreh5sive law1 ,,gravitation4 ,! organic1 ! o!r great dep>tm5t ( mundane ?+s1 re/s 9 l mann] on "o law1 & t is1--,,developm5t4 ,nor may ev5 ^! be aft] all twa91 b only bran*es ( "o /ill m compreh5sive law1 ! expression ( t unity :i* man's wit c sc>cely sep>ate f ,deity itself4 ,,purpose ,,& ,,g5]al ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,animat$ ,,creation4 ,,we h n[ to inquire h[ ?is view ( ! con/itution & orig9 ( nature be>s ^u ! condition ( man ^u ! e>?1 & 8 relation to supra-mundane ?+s4 ,t enjoym5t is ! prop] att5dant ( animal exi/5ce is press$ ^u u by all t we see & all we exp]i5ce4 ,ev]y:]e we p]ceive 9 ! l[] creatures1 9 _! ord9>y condition1 symptoms ( enjoym5t4 ,_! :ole be+ is a sy/em ( ne$s1 ! supply+ ( :i* is gratification1 & ( faculties1 ! ex]cise ( :i* is pleasurable4 ,:5 we consult our own s5sations1 we f9d t1 ev5 9 a s5se ( a heal?y p]=mance ( all ! functions ( ! animal economy1 ,god has furni%$ u ) an innoc5t & v high enjoym5t4 ,! m]e quiet consci\sness ( a heal?y play ( ! m5tal functions--a m9d at ease ) itself & all ar\nd x--is 9 l mann] extremely agreeable4 ,?is negative class ( enjoym5ts1 x may be rem>k$1 is likely to be ev5 m ext5sively exp]i5c$ by ! l[] animals ?an by man1 at lea/ 9 ! proportion ( _! absolute end[m5ts1 z _! m5tal & bodily functions are mu* less liable to d]angem5t ?an ours4 ,to f9d ! _w con/itut$ on ?is pr9ciple is only :at 9 reason we w\ld expect4 ,we _c conceive t s va/ a sy/em c\ld h be5 creat$ = a contr>y purpose4 ,no av]agely con/itut$ human be+ w\ld1 9 8 own limit$ sph]e ( action1 ?9k ( produc+ a simil> sy/em ^u an opposite pr9ciple4 ,b to =m s va/ a range ( be+1 & to make be+ ev]y:]e a s\rce ( gratification1 is con=mable to our ideas ( a ,creator 9 :om we are con/antly discov]+ traits ( a nature1 ( :i* our own is b a fa9t & f>-ca/ %ad[ at ! be/4 ,x appe>s at fir/ difficult to reconcile ) ?is idea ! _m mis]ies :i* we see all s5ti5t be+s1 ourselves includ$1 occasionally endur+4 ,h[1 ! sage has ask$ 9 e age1 %\ld a ,be+ s transc5d5tly k9d1 h all[$ ( s l>ge an admixture ( evil 9 ! condition ( 8 creatures8 ,d we n at l5g? f9d an answ] to a c]ta9 ext5t satisfactory1 9 ! view :i* has n[ be5 giv5 ( ! con/itution ( nature8 ,we !re see ! ,deity op]at+ 9 ! mo/ augu/ ( 8 works by fix$ laws1 an arrangem5t :i*1 x is cle>1 only admits ( ! ma9 & prim>y results be+ good1 b disreg>ds exceptions4 ,n[ ! me*anical laws are s def9ite 9 _! purposes1 t no exceptions ev] take place 9 t dep>tm5t2 if !re is a c]ta9 quantity ( nebul\s matt] to be agglom]at$ & divid$ & set 9 motion z a planet>y sy/em1 x w be s ) hair's-bread? accuracy1 & _c be o!rwise4 ,b ! laws presid+ ov] meteorology1 life1 & m9d1 are necess>ily less def9ite1 z !y h to produce a great v>iety ( mutually relat$ results4 ,left to act indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 ea* accord+ to its sep>ate commission1 & ea* ) a wide range ( pot5tiality to be modifi$ by associat$ conditions1 !y c only h effects g5]ally b5eficial3 (t5 !re mu/ be an int]f]5ce ( "o law ) ano!r1 (t5 a law w *ance to op]ate 9 excess1 or ^u a wrong object1 & ?us evil w be produc$4 ,?us1 w9ds are g5]ally useful 9 _m ways1 & ! sea is useful z a means ( communication betwe5 "o c\ntry & ano!r2 b ! natural laws :i* produce w9ds are ( indef9ite range ( action1 & sometimes are unusually conc5trat$ 9 space or 9 "t1 s z to produce /orms & hurricanes1 by :i* mu* damage is done2 ! sea may be by ^! causes viol5tly agitat$1 s t _m b>ks & _m lives p]i%4 ,"h1 x is evid5t1 ! evil is only exceptive4 ,suppose1 aga91 t a boy1 9 ! c\rse ( ! lively sports prop] to 8 age1 suff]s a fall :i* injures 8 sp9e1 & r5d]s him a cripple = life4 ,two ?+s h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! case3 fir/1 ! love ( viol5t ex]cise1 & second1 ! law ( gravitation4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s are good 9 ! ma94 ,9 ! ra% ent]prises & r\gh sports 9 :i* boys engage1 !y prep>e _! bodies & m9ds = ! h>d tasks ( life4 ,by gravitation1 all moveable ?+s1 our own bodies includ$1 are kept /able on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,b :5 x *ances t ! playful boy loses 8 hold 7we %all say7 ( ! bran* ( a tree1 & has no solid support imm$iately bel[1 ! law ( gravitation unrel5t+ly pulls him to ! gr\nd1 & ?us he is hurt4 ,n[ x 0 n a prim>y object ( gravitation to injure boys2 b gravitation c\ld n b op]ate 9 ! circum/ances1 its nature be+ to be univ]sal & inv>iable4 ,! evil is1 !re=e1 only a casual exception f some?+ 9 ! ma9 good4 ,! same explanation applies to ev5 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! evils :i* afflict society4 ,w>1 x may be said1 & said truly1 is a trem5d\s example ( evil1 9 ! mis]y1 h>d%ip1 wa/e ( human life1 & mis-sp5d+ ( human en]gies1 :i* x occasions4 ,b :at is x t produces w>8 ,c]ta9 t5d5cies ( human nature1 z ke5 ass]tion ( a suppos$ "r1 res5tm5t ( suppos$ injury1 acquisitiv5ess1 desire ( admiration1 combativ5ess1 or m]e love ( excitem5t4 ,all ( ^! are t5d5cies :i* are e day1 9 a legitimate ext5t ( action1 produc+ great & indisp5sable b5efits to u4 ,man w\ld be a tame1 indol5t1 uns]viceable be+ )\t !m1 & 8 fate w\ld be />vation4 ,w>1 !n1 huge evil ?\gh x be1 is1 aft] all1 b ! exceptive case1 a casual misdirection ( prop]ties & p[]s ess5tially good4 ,god has giv5 u ! t5d5cies = a b5evol5t purpose4 ,he has only n laid d[n any absolute ob/ruction to our misuse ( !m4 ,t 7 an arrangem5t ( a k9d :i* he has n[h]e made4 ,b he has e/abli%$ _m laws 9 our nature :i* t5d to less5 ! frequ5cy & de/ructiv5ess ( ^! abuses4 ,our reason comes to see t w> is purely an evil1 ev5 to ! conqu]or4 ,b5evol5ce int]poses to make its ravages less mis*iev\s to human com=t1 & less de/ructive to human life4 ,m5 beg9 to f9d t _! m active p[]s c be ex]cis$ ) equal gratification on legitimate objects2 = example1 9 ov]com+ ! natural difficulties ( _! pa? ?r\gh life1 or 9 a g5]\s _s ( emulation 9 a l9e ( duty b5eficial to !mselves & _! fell[-creatures4 ,?us1 w> at l5g? %r9ks into a comp>atively n>r[ compass1 ?\gh !re c]ta9ly is no reason to suppose t x w be at any e>ly p]iod1 if ev]1 altoge!r disp5s$ )1 :ile man's con/itution rema9s z x is4 ,9 consid]+ an evil ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ n limit our view to our own or any pa/ "t4 ,plac$ ^u ! e>? ) faculties prep>$ to act1 b inexp]i5c$1 & ) ! m active prop5sities necess>ily 9 great =ce to suit ! condition ( ! globe1 man 0 apt to misuse 8 p[]s mu* 9 ?is way at fir/1 comp>$ ) :at he is likely to d :5 he advances into a condition ( civilization4 ,9 ! s*eme ( provid5ce1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ( frequ5t w>f>e1 all ! s-call$ glories :i* fill hi/ory1 may be only an exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,! sex passion 9 l mann] leads to great evils2 b ! evils are only an exception f ! va/ mass ( good connect$ ) ?is affection4 ,provid5ce has se5 x necess>y to make v ample provision = ! pres]vation & utmo/ possible ext5sion ( all species4 ,! aim seems to be to diffuse exi/5ce z widely z possible1 to fill up e vacant piece ( space ) "s s5ti5t be+ to be a vehicle ( enjoym5t4 ,h5ce ?is passion is conf]r$ 9 great =ce4 ,b ! relation betwe5 ! numb] ( be+s1 & ! means ( support+ !m1 is only on ! foot+ ( g5]al law4 ,!re may be occasional discrepancies betwe5 ! laws op]at+ = ! multiplication ( individuals1 & ! laws op]at+ to supply !m ) ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & evils w be endur$ 9 consequ5ce1 ev5 9 our own highly fav\r$ species4 ,b aga9/ all ^! evils1 & aga9/ ^? numb]less vexations :i* h aris5 9 all ages f ! atta*m5t ( ! sexes1 place ! va/ am\nt ( happ9ess :i* is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce--! basis ( ! :ole circle ( ! dome/ic affections1 ! sweet5+ pr9ciple ( life1 ! prompt] ( all our mo/ g5]\s feel+s1 & ev5 ( our mo/ virtu\s resolves--& e ill t c be trac$ to x is b z du/ 9 ! balance4 ,& "h1 also1 we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ judg+ f :at we see 9 ! _w at a p>ticul> era4 ,z reason & ! high] s5tim5ts ( man's nature increase 9 =ce1 ?is passion is put "u bett] regulation1 s z to less5 _m ( ! evils connect$ ) x4 ,! civiliz$ man is m able to give x due control2 8 atta*m5ts are less ! result ( impulse2 he /udies m ! weal ( 8 p>tn] & (fspr+4 ,!re are ev5 "s ( ! res5tful feel+s connect$ 9 e>ly society ) love1 su* z hatr$ ( successful rivalry1 & jeal\sy1 :i* almo/ disappe> 9 an advanc$ /age ( civilization4 ,! evils spr++1 9 our own species at lea/1 f ?is passion1 may !re=e be an exception ma9ly peculi> to a p>ticul> t]m ( ! _w's progress1 & :i* may be expect$ to decrease greatly 9 am\nt4 ,) respect1 aga91 to disease1 s prolific a cause ( suff]+ to man1 ! human con/itution is m]ely a complicat$ b regul> process 9 electro-*emi/ry1 :i* goes on well1 & is a s\rce ( cont9ual gratification1 s long z no?+ occurs to int]f]e ) x injuri\sly1 b :i* is liable e mom5t to be d]ang$ by v>i\s ext]nal ag5cies1 :5 x becomes a s\rce ( pa91 &1 if ! injury be sev]e1 ceases to be capable ( reta9+ life4 ,x may be readily admitt$ t ! evils exp]i5c$ 9 ?is way are v great2 b1 aft] all1 su* exp]i5ces are no m ?an occasional1 & n necess>ily frequ5t--exceptions f a g5]al rule ( :i* ! direct action is to conf] happ9ess4 ,! human con/itution might h be5 made ( a m h>dy "*2 b we always see h>d9ess & ins5sibility g toge!r1 & x may be ( c\rse presum$ t we only c\ld h pur*as$ ?is immunity f suff]+ at ! exp5se ( a l>ge portion ( t delicacy 9 :i* lie "s ( our mo/ agreeable s5sations4 ,or man's faculties might h be5 re/rict$ to def9it5ess ( action1 z is greatly ! case ) ^? ( ! l[] animals1 & ?us we %\ld h be5 equally safe f ! ab]rations :i* lead to disease2 b 9 t ev5t we %\ld h be5 incapable ( act+ to s _m diff]5t purposes z we are1 & ( ! _m high enjoym5ts :i* ! v>i$ action ( our faculties places 9 our p[]3 we %\ld n1 9 %ort1 h be5 human be+s1 b m]ely on a level ) ! inf]ior animals4 ,?us1 x appe>s1 t ! v f95ess ( man's con/itution1 t :i* places him 9 su* a high relation to ! mundane economy1 & makes him ! vehicle ( s _m exquisitely delightful s5sations--x is ?is :i* makes him liable to ! suff]+s ( disease4 ,x might be said1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! noxi\sness ( ! ag5cies produc+ disease might h be5 dim9i%$ or ext+ui%$2 b ! probability is1 t ?is c\ld n h be5 done )\t su* a d]angem5t ( ! :ole economy ( nature z w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) m s]i\s evils4 ,= example--a l>ge class ( diseases are ! result ( effluvia f decay+ organic matt]4 ,?is k9d ( matt] is kn[n to be extremely useful1 :5 mix$ ) e>?1 9 fav\r+ ! process ( vegetation4 ,suppos+ ! noxi\sness to ! human con/itution done away )1 might we n also lose t important quality :i* t5ds s l>gely to increase ! food rais$ f ! gr\nd8 ,p]haps 7z has be5 sugge/$7 ! noxi\sness is ev5 a matt] ( special design1 to induce u to put away decay+ organic sub/ances into ! e>?1 :]e !y are calculat$ to be s useful4 ,n[ man has reason to enable him to see t su* sub/ances are b5eficial "u "o arrangem5t1 & noxi\s 9 ! o!r4 ,he is1 z x 71 comm&$ to take ! "r me?od 9 deal+ ) x4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 m5 d n always take ?is me?od1 b all[ accumulations ( noxi\s matt] to ga!r close ab\t _! dwell+s1 :]e !y g5]ate fev]s & agues4 ,b _! do+ s may be reg>d$ z only a tempor>y exception f ! op]ation ( m5tal laws1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( :i* is to make m5 adopt ! prop] measures4 ,& ^! measures w probably be 9 "t univ]sally adopt$1 s t "o ext5sive class ( diseases w be altoge!r or ne>ly aboli%$4 ,ano!r l>ge class ( diseases spr+ f mismanagem5t ( our p]sonal economy4 ,eat+ to excess1 eat+ & dr9k+ :at is noxi\s1 disreg>d to t cleanl9ess :i* is necess>y = ! "r action ( ! functions ( ! sk91 want ( fre% air = ! supply ( ! lungs1 undue1 excessive1 & irregul> indulg5ce ( ! m5tal affections1 are all ( !m recognis$ modes ( creat+ t d]angem5t ( ! sy/em 9 :i* disease consi/s4 ,"h also x may be said t a limitation ( ! m5tal faculties to def9ite manife/ations 7vulgo1 in/9cts7 might h enabl$ u to avoid _m ( ^! errors2 b "h aga9 we are met by ! consid]ation t1 if we _h be5 s end[$1 we %\ld h be5 only z ! l[] animals are1 want+ t transc5d5tly high] "* ( s5sation & p[]1 by :i* our enjoym5ts are made s mu* great]4 ,9 mak+ ! desire ( food1 = example1 ) u an indef9ite m5tal manife/ation1 in/ead ( ! def9ite "o1 :i* x is among/ ! l[] animals1 ! ,creator has giv5 u a means ( d]iv+ f> great] gratifications f food 7consi/5tly ) heal?7 ?an ! l[] animals appe> to be capable (4 ,he has also giv5 u reason to act z a guid+ & controll+ p[] ov] ?is & o!r prop5sities1 s t !y may be prev5t$ f becom+ causes ( malady4 ,we c see t excess is injuri\s1 & are ?us prompt$ to mod]ation4 ,we c see t all ! ?+s :i* we feel incl9$ to take are n heal?ful1 & are ?us exhort$ to avoid :at are p]nici\s4 ,we c also see t a cleanly sk9 & a con/ant supply ( pure air are necess>y to ! prop] p]=mance ( "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! organic functions1 & ?us are /imulat$ to frequ5t ablution1 & to a "r v5tilation ( our p>l\rs & sleep+ ap>tm5ts4 ,& s on ) ! o!r causes ( disease4 ,reason may n op]ate v p[]fully to ^! purposes 9 an e>ly /ate ( society1 & prodigi\s evils may !re=e h be5 endur$ f disease 9 pa/ ages2 b ^! are n necess>ily to be endur$ always4 ,z civilization advances1 reason acquires a great] asc5dancy2 ! causes ( ! evils are se5 & avoid$2 & disease %r9ks into a comp>atively n>r[ compass4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our own c\ntry places ?is 9 a /rik+ light4 ,9 ! middle ages1 :5 l>ge t[ns _h no police regulations1 society 0 e n[ & !n sc\rg$ by pe/il5ce4 ,! ?ird ( ! p ( ,europe are said to h be5 c>ri$ (f by "o epidemic4 ,ev5 9 ,london ! annual mortality has greatly sunk )9 a c5tury4 ,! improvem5t 9 human life1 :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! ,nor?ampton tables by ,dr4 ,price1 is equally rem>kable4 ,mod]n tables /ill %ew a prodigi\s mortality among ! "y 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries--evid5tly a result ( "s preval5t error 9 ! usual modes ( re>+ !m4 ,b to rem$y ?is evil !re is ! sagacity ( ! human m9d1 & ! s5se to adopt any re=m$ plans :i* may be %ewn to be necess>y4 ,by a *ange 9 ! managem5t ( an orphan in/itution 9 ,london1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 an imm5se r$uction 9 ! mortality took place4 ,we may ( c\rse hope to see measures devis$ & adopt$ = produc+ a simil> improvem5t ( infant life ?r\gh\t ! _w at l>ge4 ,9 ?is "p ( our subject1 ! mo/ difficult po9t c]ta9ly lies 9 ^? occurr5ces ( disease :]e ! afflict$ individual has be5 9 no degree conc]n$ 9 br++ ! visitation ^u himself4 ,daily exp]i5ce %ews u infecti\s disease aris+ 9 a place :]e ! natural laws 9 respect ( cleanl9ess are neglect$1 & !n spread+ into regions :]e !re is no blame ( ?is k9d4 ,we !n see ! innoc5t suff]+ equally ) ^? :o may be call$ ! guilty4 ,nay1 ! b5evol5t physician :o comes to succ\r ! mis]able be+s ^: error may h caus$ ! mis*ief1 is sometimes se5 to fall a victim to x1 :ile _m ( 8 pati5ts recov]4 ,we are also only too famili> ) ! transmission ( diseases f err+ p>5ts to innoc5t *ildr51 :o1 accord+ly suff]1 & p]haps die prematurely1 z x 7 = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,aft] all1 h[ev] pa9ful su* cases may be 9 contemplation1 !y _c be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an z exceptions f arrangem5ts1 ! g5]al work+ ( :i* is b5eficial4 ,) reg>d to ! innoc5ce ( ! suff]+ p>ties1 !re is "o important consid]ation :i* is press$ ^u u f _m qu>t]s1 namely--t moral conditions h n ! lea/ conc]n 9 ! work+ ( ^! simply physical laws4 ,^! laws proce$ ) an entire indep5d5ce ( all su* conditions1 & desirably s1 = o!rwise !re c\ld be no c]ta9 dep5d5ce plac$ ^u !m4 ,?us x may happ5 t two p]sons asc5d+ a piece ( scaffold+1 ! "o a virtu\s1 ! o!r a vici\s man1 ! =m]1 be+ ! less cauti\s ( ! two1 v5tures ^u an insecure place1 falls1 & is kill$1 :ile ! o!r1 *oos+ a bett] foot+1 rema9s un9jur$4 ,x is n 9 :at we c conceive ( ! nature ( ?+s1 t !re %\ld be a special exemption f ! ord9>y laws ( matt]1 to save ?is virtu\s man4 ,s x might be t1 ( two physicians1 att5d+ fev] cases1 9 a mean "p ( a l>ge city1 ! "o1 an excell5t citiz51 may /& 9 su* a position ) respect to ! b$s ( ! pati5ts z to cat* ! infection1 ( :i* he dies 9 a few days1 :ile ! o!r1 a bad husb& & fa!r1 & :o1 unlike ! o!r1 only att5ds su* cases ) selfi% ends1 takes c>e to be z mu* z possible out ( ! /ream ( infection1 & accord+ly escapes4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases man's s5se ( good & evil--8 faculty ( consci5ti\sness--w\ld incl9e him to de/9e ! vici\s man to de/ruction & save ! virtu\s4 ,b ! ,great ,rul] ( ,nature does n act on su* pr9ciples4 ,he has e/abli%$ laws = ! op]ation ( inanimate matt]1 :i* are q unsw]v+1 s t :5 we "k !m1 we h only to act 9 a c]ta9 way ) respect to !m1 9 ord] to obta9 all ! b5efits & avoid all ! evils connect$ ) !m4 ,he has likewise e/abli%$ moral laws 9 our nature1 :i* are equally unsw]v+1 7all[+ = _! wid] range ( action17 & f ob$i5ce to :i* unfail+ good is to be d]iv$4 ,b ! two sets ( laws are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,ob$i5ce to ea* gives only its own prop] advantage1 n ! advantage prop] to ! o!r4 ,h5ce x is t virtue =ms no protection aga9/ ! evils connect$ ) ! physical laws1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a man skill$ 9 & att5tive to ^!1 b unrighte\s & disreg>dful ( 8 neighb\r1 is 9 l mann] n protect$ by 8 att5tion to physical circum/ances f ! prop] consequ5ces ( neglect or brea* ( ! moral laws4 ,?us x is t ! innoc5ce ( ! p>ty suff]+ = ! faults ( a p>5t1 or ( any o!r p]son or set ( p]sons1 is evid5tly a consid]ation q ap>t f t suff]+4 ,x is cle>1 moreov]1 f ! :ole scope ( ! natural laws1 t ! individual1 z f> z ! pres5t sph]e ( be+ is conc]n$1 is to ! ,au?or ( ,nature a consid]ation ( inf]ior mom5t4 ,ev]y:]e we see ! arrangem5ts = ! species p]fect2 ! individual is left1 z x 71 to take 8 *ance amid/ ! mle ( ! v>i\s laws affect+ him4 ,if he be f\nd inf]iorly end[$1 or ill befalls him1 !re 0 at lea/ no p>tiality aga9/ him4 ,! sy/em has ! fairness ( a lott]y1 9 :i* e "o has ! l *ance ( draw+ ! prize4 ,yet x is also to be obs]v$ t few evils are altoge!r unmix$4 ,god1 contemplat+ app>5tly ! unb5d+ action ( 8 great laws1 has e/abli%$ o!rs :i* appe> to be design$ to h a comp5sat+1 a repair+1 & a consol+ effect4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t1 f a defect 9 ! p[] ( developm5t 9 a "m1 h] (fspr+ is u%]$ into ! _w de/itute ( "s ( ! mo/ useful memb]s1 or bl9d1 or deaf1 or ( imp]fect intellect1 !re is ev] to be f\nd 9 ! p>5ts & o!r relatives1 & 9 ! surr\nd+ public1 a sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 :i* t5ds to make up = ! defici5cy1 s t he is 9 ! long run n mu* a los]4 ,inde$1 ! b5evol5ce implant$ 9 our nature seems to be an arrangem5t hav+ = "o ( its pr9cipal objects to cause u1 by sympa?y & active aid1 to rem$y ! evils unavoidably suff]$ by our fell[-creatures 9 ! c\rse ( ! op]ation ( ! o!r natural laws4 ,& ev5 9 ! suff]] himself1 x is (t5 f\nd t a defect 9 "o po9t is made up = by an extra p[] 9 ano!r4 ,! bl9d come to h a s5se ( t\* mu* m acute ?an ^? :o see4 ,p]sons born )\t h&s h be5 kn[n to acquire a p[] ( us+ _! feet = a numb] ( ! pr9cipal (fices usually s]v$ by t memb]4 ,i ne$ h>dly say h[ rem>kably fatuity is comp5sat$ by ! m ?an usual reg>d paid to ! *ildr5 born ) x by _! p>5ts1 & ! zeal :i* o!rs usually feel to protect & succ\r su* p]sons4 ,9 %ort1 we nev] see evil ( any k9d take place :]e !re is n "s rem$y or comp5sat+ pr9ciple ready to int]f]e = its alleviation4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t 9 ?is mann] suff]+ ( all k9ds is v mu* reliev$4 ,we may1 !n1 reg>d ! globes ( space z !atres design$ = ! resid5ce ( animat$ s5ti5t be+s1 plac$ !re ) ?is z _! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s purpose--namely1 to be s5sible ( enjoym5ts f ! ex]cise ( _! faculties 9 relation to ext]nal ?+s4 ,! faculties ( ! v>i\s species are v diff]5t1 b ! happ9ess ( ea* dep5ds on ! h>mony !re may be betwe5 its p>ticul> faculties & its p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,= in/ance1 place ! small-bra9$ %eep or ox 9 a good pa/ure1 & x fully enjoys ?is h>mony ( relation2 b man1 hav+ _m m faculties1 _c be ?us cont5t$4 ,besides hav+ a suffici5cy ( food & bodily com=t1 he mu/ h ent]ta9m5t = 8 intellect1 :atev] be its grade1 objects = ! dome/ic & social affections1 objects = ! s5tim5ts4 ,he is also a progressive be+1 & :at pleases him to-day may n please him to-morr[2 b1 9 ea* case he dem&s a sph]e ( appropriate conditions 9 ord] to be happy4 ,by virtue ( 8 sup]ior organization1 8 enjoym5ts are mu* high] & m v>i$ ?an ^? ( any ( ! l[] animals2 b ! v complexity ( circum/ances affect+ him r5d]s x at ! same "t unavoidable1 t 8 nature %\ld be (t5 inh>moni\sly plac$ & disagreeably affect$1 & t he %\ld !re=e be unhappy4 ,/ill unhapp9ess among/ mank9d is ! exception f ! rule ( _! condition1 & an exception :i* is capable ( almo/ inf9ite dim9ution1 by virtue ( ! improv+ reason ( man1 & ! exp]i5ce :i* he acquires 9 work+ out ! problems ( society4 ,to secure ! imm$iate means ( happ9ess x w\ld seem to be necess>y = m5 fir/ to /udy ) all c>e ! con/itution ( nature1 &1 secondly1 to accommodate !mselves to t con/itution1 s z to obta9 all ! realizable advantages f act+ con=mably to x1 & to avoid all likely evils f disreg>d+ x4 ,x w be ( no use to sit d[n & expect t ?+s are to op]ate ( _! own accord1 or ?r\gh ! direction ( a p>tial deity1 = our b5efit2 equally s 7 x to expose ourselves to palpable dang]s1 "u ! notion t we %all1 = "s reason1 h a disp5sation or exemption f !m3 we mu/ endeav\r s to place ourselves1 & s to act1 t ! arrangem5ts :i* ,provid5ce has made imp>tially = all may be 9 our fav\r1 & n aga9/ u2 su* are ! only means by :i* we c obta9 good & avoid evil "h bel[4 ,&1 9 do+ ?is1 x is especially necess>y t c>e be tak5 to avoid int]f]+ ) ! l ef=ts ( o!r m51 beyond :at may h be5 agre$ ^u by ! mass z necess>y = ! g5]al good4 ,su* int]f]5ces1 t5d+ 9 any way to injure ! body1 prop]ty1 or peace ( a neighb\r1 or to ! injury ( society 9 g5]al1 t5d v mu* to reflect evil ^u ourselves1 ?r\gh ! re-action :i* !y produce 9 ! feel+s ( our neighb\r & ( society1 & also ! (f5ce :i* !y give to our own consci5ti\sness & b5evol5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we endeav\r to promote ! ef=ts ( our fell[-creatures to atta9 happ9ess1 we produce a re-action ( ! contr>y k9d1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is t[>ds our own b5efit4 ,! "o c\rse ( action t5ds to ! injury1 ! o!r to ! b5efit ( ourselves & o!rs4 ,by ! "o c\rse ! g5]al design ( ! ,creator t[>ds 8 creatures is ?w>t$2 by ! o!r x is fav\r$4 ,& ?us we c readily see ! mo/ sub/antial gr\nds = reg>d+ all moral emotions & do+s z div9e 9 _! nature1 & z a means ( ris+ to & commun+ ) ,god4 ,ob$i5ce is n selfi%ness1 :i* x w\ld o!rwise be--x is wor%ip4 ,! m]e/ b>b>ians h a glimm]+ s5se ( ?is philosophy1 & x cont9ually %9es out m & m cle>ly 9 ! public m9d1 z a nation advances 9 intellig5ce4 ,nor are individuals alone conc]n$ "h4 ,! same rule applies z betwe5 "o great body or class ( m5 & ano!r1 & also betwe5 nations4 ,?us if "o set ( m5 keep o!rs 9 ! condition ( slaves--?is be+ a gross inju/ice to ! subject$ p>ty1 ! m5tal manife/ations ( t p>ty to ! ma/]s w be su* z to m> ! com=t ( _! lives2 ! m9ds ( ! ma/]s !mselves w be degrad$ by ! association ) be+s s degrad$2 & ?us1 ) "s imm$iate or app>5t b5efit f keep+ slaves1 !re w be 9 a f> great] degree an exp]i5ce ( evil4 ,s also1 if "o portion ( a nation1 engag$ 9 a p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 grasp at "s advantages injuri\s to ! o!r sections ( ! p1 ! fir/ effect w be an injury to ^? o!r portions ( ! nation1 & ! second a re-active injury to ! injur]s1 mak+ _! guilt _! puni%m5t4 ,& s :5 "o nation commits an aggression ^u ! prop]ty or rights ( ano!r1 or ev5 pursues t[>ds x a sordid or ungraci\s policy1 ! effects are sure to be r$\bl$ evil f ! (f5d$ p>ty4 ,all ( ^! ?+s are "u laws :i* make ! effects1 on a l>ge range1 absolutely c]ta92 & an individual1 a p>ty1 a p1 c no m act unju/ly ) safety1 ?an ,i c\ld ) safety place my leg 9 ! track ( a com+ wa91 or attempt to fa/ ?irty days4 ,we h be5 con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple ( only be+ able to realize happ9ess = ourselves :5 our fell[-creatures are also happy2 we mu/ !re=e bo? d to o!rs only z we w\ld h o!rs to d to u1 & endeav\r to promote _! happ9ess z well z our own1 9 ord] to f9d ourselves truly com=table 9 ?is field ( exi/5ce4 ,^! are words :i* ,god speaks to u z truly ?r\gh 8 works1 z if we he>d !m utt]$ 9 8 own voice f heav54 ,x w occur to e "o1 t ! sy/em "h unfold$ does n imply ! mo/ p]fect conceivable love or reg>d on ! "p ( ! ,deity t[>ds 8 creatures4 ,con/itut$ z we are1 feel+ h[ va9 our ef=ts (t5 are to atta9 happ9ess or avoid calamity1 & kn[+ t mu* evil does unavoidably befall u f no fault ( ours1 we are apt to feel t ?is is a dre>y view ( ! ,div9e economy2 & be=e we h look$ f>!r1 we might be tempt$ to say1 ,f> r let u cl+ to ! idea1 s long receiv$1 t ! ,deity acts cont9ually = special occasions1 & gives su* directions to ! fate ( ea* individual z he ?9ks meet2 s t1 :5 sorr[ comes to u1 we %all h at lea/ ! consolation ( believ+ t x is impos$ by a ,fa!r :o loves u1 & :o seeks by ^! means to accompli% our ultimate good4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 if ?is be an untrue notion ( ! ,deity & 8 ways1 x c be ( no real b5efit to u2 &1 9 ! second1 x is prop] to inquire if !re be necess>ily 9 ! doctr9e ( natural law any peculi>ity calculat$ mat]ially to affect our hi!rto suppos$ relation to ! ,deity4 ,x may be t :ile we are committ$ to take our *ance 9 a natural sy/em ( undeviat+ op]ation1 & are left ) app>5t ru?lessness to endure ! consequ5ces ( e collision into :i* we kn[+ly or unkn[+ly come ) ea* law ( ! sy/em1 !re is a sy/em ( ,m]cy & ,grace beh9d ! scre5 ( nature1 :i* is to make up = all casualties endur$ "h1 & ! v l>g5ess ( :i* is :at makes ^! casualties a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ,god4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( su* a sy/em1 ! actual con/itution ( nature is itself an argum5t4 ,! reason+ may proce$ ?us3 ,! sy/em ( nature assures u t b5evol5ce is a lead+ pr9ciple 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,b t sy/em is at ! same "t defici5t 9 a means ( mak+ ?is b5evol5ce ( inv>iable op]ation4 ,to reconcile ?is to ! recognis$ "* ( ! ,deity1 x is necess>y to suppose t ! pres5t sy/em is b a "p ( a :ole1 a /age 9 a ,great ,progress1 & t ! ,r$ress is 9 res]ve4 ,ano!r argum5t "h occurs--! economy ( nature1 beautifully arrang$ & va/ 9 its ext5t z x is1 does n satisfy ev5 man's idea ( :at might be2 he feels t1 if ?is multiplicity ( !atres = ! exemplification ( su* ph5om5a z we see on e>? 7 to g on = ev] un*ang$1 x w\ld n be wor?y ( ! ,be+ capable ( creat+ x4 ,an endless monotony ( human g5]ations1 ) _! humble ?9k+s & do+s1 seems an object b5ea? t augu/ ,be+4 ,b ! mundane economy might be v well z a portion ( "s great] ph5om5on1 ! re/ ( :i* 0 yet to be evolv$4 ,x !re=e appe>s t our sy/em1 ?\gh x may at fir/ appe> at issue ) o!r doctr9es 9 e/eem among/ mank9d1 t5ds to come into h>mony ) !m1 & ev5 to give !m support4 ,i w\ld say1 9 conclusion1 t1 ev5 :]e ! two above argum5ts may fail ( effect1 !re may yet be a fai? d]iv$ f ?is view ( nature suffici5t to su/a9 u "u all s5se ( ! imp]fect happ9ess1 ! calamities1 ! woes1 & pa9s ( ?is sph]e ( be+4 ,= let u b fully & truly consid] :at a sy/em is "h laid op5 to view1 & we _c well d\bt t we are 9 ! h&s ( ,"o :o is bo? able & will+ to d u ! mo/ entire ju/ice4 ,& 9 ?is fai? we may well re/ at ease1 ev5 ?\gh life %\ld h be5 to u b a protract$ disease1 or ?\gh e hope we _h built on ! secul> mat]ials )9 our rea* 7 felt to be melt+ f our grasp4 ,?9k+ ( all ! cont+5cies ( ?is _w z to be 9 "t melt$ into or lo/ 9 ! great] sy/em1 to :i* ! pres5t is only subsidi>y1 let u wait ! end ) pati5ce1 & be ( good *e]4 ,,note ,,conclusory4 ,,?us ends a book1 compos$ 9 solitude1 & almo/ )\t ! cognizance ( a s+le human be+1 = ! sole purpose 7or z ne>ly s z may be7 ( improv+ ! k ( mank9d1 & ?r\gh t m$ium _! happ9ess4 ,= reasons :i* ne$ n be specifi$1 ! au?or's "n is reta9$ 9 its orig9al obscurity1 &1 9 all probability1 w nev] be g5]ally kn[n4 ,i d n expect t any ^w ( praise :i* ! "w may elicit %all ev] be respond$ to by me2 or t any ^w ( c5sure %all ev] be p>ri$ or deprecat$4 ,x goes =? to take its *ance ( in/ant oblivion1 or ( a long & active c\rse ( usefulness 9 ! _w4 ,nei!r cont+5cy c be ( any importance to me1 beyond ! regret or ! satisfaction :i* may be imp>t$ by my s5se ( a lo/ or a realiz$ b5efit to my fell[-creatures4 ,! book1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 is ! fir/ attempt to connect ! natural sci5ces into a hi/ory ( creation4 ,! idea is a bold "o1 & !re are _m circum/ances ( "t & place to r5d] its boldness m ?an usually conspicu\s4 ,b ,i believe my doctr9es to be 9 ! ma9 true2 ,i believe all tru? to be valuable1 & its dissem9ation a bless+4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i hold myself duly s5sible ( ! common liability to error1 b am c]ta9 t no error 9 ?is l9e has ! lea/ *ance ( be+ all[$ to injure ! public m9d4 ,!re=e ,i publi%4 ,my views1 if correct1 w mo/ assur$ly /&1 & may soon] or lat] prove b5eficial2 if o!rwise1 !y w z surely pass out ( notice )\t do+ any h>m4 ,my s9c]e desire 9 ! composition ( ! book 0 to give ! true view ( ! hi/ory ( nature1 ) z little di/urbance z possible to exi/+ beliefs1 :e!r philosophical or religi\s4 ,i h made little ref]5ce to any doctr9es ( ! latt] k9d :i* may be ?\ght inconsi/5t ) m9e1 because to d s w\ld h be5 to ent] ^u que/ions = ! settlem5t ( :i* our k is n yet ripe4 ,let ! reconciliation ( :atev] is true 9 my views ) :atev] is true 9 o!r sy/ems come ab\t 9 ! fulness ( calm & c>eful inquiry4 ,i _c b "h rem9d ! read] ( :at ,dr4 ,wiseman has %ewn s /rik+ly 9 8 lectures1 h[ diff]5t new philosophic doctr9es are apt to appe> aft] we h become some:at famili> ) !m4 ,geology at fir/ seems inconsi/5t ) ! au?ority ( ! ,mosaic record4 ,a /orm ( unreason+ indignation rises aga9/ its tea*]s4 ,9 "t1 its tru?s1 be+ f\nd q irresi/ible1 are admitt$1 & mank9d cont9ue to reg>d ! ,scriptures ) ! same respect z be=e4 ,s also ) sev]al o!r sci5ces4 ,n[ ! only objection t c be made on su* gr\nd to ?is book1 is1 t x br+s =w>d "s new hypo!ses1 at fir/ sight1 l geology1 n 9 p]fect h>mony ) t record1 & arranges all ! re/ into a sy/em :i* p>takes ( ! same "*4 ,b may n ! sacr$ text1 on a lib]al int]pretation1 or ) ! b5efit ( new light reflect$ f nature1 or d]iv$ f le>n+1 be %ewn to be z mu* 9 h>mony ) ! novelties ( ?is volume z x has be5 ) geology & natural philosophy8 ,:at is !re 9 ! laws ( organic creation m />tl+ to ! c&id !ologian ?an 9 ! ,cop]nican sy/em or ! natural =mation ( /rata8 ,& if ! :ole s]ies ( facts is true1 :y %\ld we %r9k f inf]5ces legitimately fl[+ f x8 ,is x n a wis] c\rse1 s9ce reconciliation has come 9 s _m in/ances1 /ill to hope = x1 /ill to g on ) our new tru?s1 tru/+ t !y also w 9 "t be f\nd h>moni\s ) all o!rs8 ,?us we avoid ! damage :i* ! v appe>ance ( an opposition to natural tru? is calculat$ to inflict on any sy/em presum$ to require su* support4 ,?us we give1 z is meet1 a respectful reception to :at is reveal$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( nature1 at ! same "t t we fully res]ve our rev]5ce = all we h be5 accu/om$ to hold sacr$1 n "o tittle ( :i* x may ultimately be f\nd necess>y to alt]4 ,,footnotes4 #c ,by ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 & ,lieut5ant ,mead[s4 #e ,made by ,m4 ,argel&]1 late director ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,abo4 #f ,pr(essor ,mossotti1 on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,sid]eal ,sy/em1 ( :i* ! ,sun =ms a "p4--,london1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,dubl9 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y1 #ahdc4 #i ,! orbitual revolutions ( ! satellites ( ,uranus h n z yet be5 cle>ly scann$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t _! pa? is retrograde comp>$ ) ! re/4 ,p]haps ?is may be ow+ to a b\lev]sem5t ( ! prim>y1 = ! incl9ation ( its equator to ! ecliptic is admitt$ to be unusually high2 b ! subject is altoge!r s obscure1 t no?+ c be f\nd$ on x4 #ab ,a/ronomy1 ,l>dn]'s ,cyclopdia4 #ag ,m4 ,compte comb9$ ,huyg5s's !orems = ! measure ( c5trifugal =ce ) ! law ( gravitation1 & ?us =m$ a simple fundam5tal equation betwe5 ! duration ( ! rotation ( :at he calls ! produc+ />1 & ! di/ance ( ! /> produc$4 ,! con/ants ( ?is equation 7 ! radius ( ! c5tral />1 & ! int5sity ( gravity at its surface1 :i* is a direct consequ5ce ( its mass4 ,x leads directly to ! ?ird law ( ,kepl]1 :i* ?us becomes susceptible ( be+ conceiv$ priori 9 a cosmogonical po9t ( view4 ,m4 ,compte fir/ appli$ x to ! moon1 & f\nd1 to 8 great delight1 t ! p]iodic "t ( t satellite agrees )9 an h\r or two ) ! duration :i* ! revolution ( ! e>? ought to h _h at ! "t :5 ! lun> di/ance =m$ ! limit ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,he f\nd ! co9cid5ce less exact1 b /ill v /rik+ 9 e o!r case4 ,9 ^? ( ! planets he obta9$ = ! duration ( ! correspond+ sol> rotations a value always a little less ?an _! actual p]iodic times4 8,x is rem>kable10 says he1 8t ?is diff]5ce1 ?\gh increas+ z ! planet is m di/ant1 pres]ves v ne>ly ! same relation to ! correspond+ p]iodic "t1 ( :i* x commonly =ms ! =ty-fif? "p10--%ew+1 we may suppose1 t only "s small elem5ts ( ! "q _h be5 ov]look$ by ! calculator4 ,! defect *anges to an excess 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( ! satellites1 :]e x is proportionally great] ?an 9 ! planets1 & unequal 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems4 8,f ! :ole ( ^! comp>isons10 says he1 8,i d$uc$ ! foll[+ g5]al result3--,suppos+ ! ma!matical limit ( ! sol> atmosph]e successively ext5d$ to ! regions :]e ! diff]5t planets are n[ f\nd1 ! duration ( ! sun's rotation 01 at ea* ( ^! epo*s1 s5sibly equal to t ( ! actual sid]eal revolution ( ! correspond+ planet2 & ! same is true = ea* planet>y atmosph]e 9 relation to ! diff]5t satellites40--,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positif4 #db ,! rese>*es on ?is subject 7 conduct$ *iefly by ! late ,b>on ,f\ri]1 p]petual secret>y to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is4 ,see 8 ,?orie ,analytique de la ,*aleur4 #ahbb4 #eb ,delabe*e's ,geological ,rese>*es4 #fj ,9 ! ,cumbrian lime/one occur 8calamopor1 li?od5dra1 cya?ophylla1 & orbicula40--,philips4 ,! asaphus & tr9ucleus 7cru/acea7 h be5 f\nd respectively 9 ! slate rocks ( ,wales1 & ! lime/one b$s ( ! grawacke gr\p 9 ,bohemia4 ,t fragm5ts ( cr9oidea1 ?\gh ( no det]m9ate species1 occur 9 ?is sy/em1 we h ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison4--,silurian ,sy/em1 p4 #gaj4 #fb ,su* z amphioxus & myx5e4 #fd ,mill]'s 8,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field40 #fh ,june1 #ahdb4 #hd;a ,! pr9cipal families are nam$ sph5opt]is1 neuropt]is1 & pecopt]is4 #hd;b ,a specim5 f ,b5gal1 9 ! /aircase ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 is =ty-five feet high4 #ic 8,"s ( ! mo/ consid]able dislocations ( ! bord] ( ! coal fields ( ,coalbrookdale & ,dudley happ5$ aft] ! deposition ( a "p ( ! new r$ s&/one2 b x is c]ta9 t ^? ( ,som]set%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire 7 complet$ be=e ! date ( t rock40--,philips4 #ig ,! imm$iate effects ( ! sl[ respiration ( ! reptilia are1 a l[ temp]ature 9 _! bodies1 & a sl[ consumption ( food4 ,requir+ little oxyg51 !y c\ld h exi/$ 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ a less proportion ( t gas to c>bonic acid gas ?an :at n[ obta9s4 #ii ,! ord] to :i* frogs & toads belong4 #ajc ,dr4 ,buckl&1 quot+ an article by ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahcf4 #ajh;a ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em1 p4 #ehc4 #ajh;b ,buckl&4 #aaj ,9 "s in/ances1 ^! fossils are f\nd ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* fai?fully pres]v$1 & ev5 ) pieces ( ! ext]nal sk94 ,! pellets eject$ by !m 7coprolites7 are f\nd 9 va/ numb]s1 ea* g5]ally enclos$ 9 a nodule ( iron/one1 & sometimes %ew+ rema9s ( ! fi%es :i* _h =m$ _! food4 #aad ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,rese>*es1 p4 #cdd4 #abg ,?ick-sk9n$ animals4 ,?is t]m has be5 giv5 by ,cuvi] to an ord] 9 :i* ! hog1 elephant1 horse1 & rh9oc]os are includ$4 #adi ,int]vals 9 ! s]ies 7 num]\s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! pa*yd]mata2 _m ( ^! gaps are n[ fill$ up f ! ext9ct g5]a f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y =mation4 #aea ,see pap] by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 read to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahci4 #aei ,maccullo* on ! ,attributes ( ! ,deity1 iii4 #efi4 #aff 8,a glass tube is to be b5t into a syphon1 & plac$ ) ! curve d[nw>ds1 & 9 ! b5d is to be plac$ a small portion ( m]cury1 n suffici5t to close ! connexion betwe5 ! two legs2 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] is !n to be introduc$ until x rises 9 bo? limbs ( ! tube4 ,! precipitation ( ! m]cury1 9 ! =m ( an ,arbor ,dian1 w !n take place1 sl[ly1 only :5 ! syphon is plac$ 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian2 b if x be plac$ 9 a plane co9cid+ ) ! magnetic m]idian1 ! action is rapid1 & ! cry/allization p>ticul>ly beautiful1 tak+ place pr9cipally 9 t bran* ( ! syphon t[>ds ! nor?4 ,if ! syphon be plac$ 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian1 & a /rong magnet br\ght ne> x1 ! precipitation w comm5ce 9 a %ort "t1 & be mo/ copi\s 9 ! bran* ( ! syphon ne>e/ to ! s\? pole ( ! magnet40 #afi;a ,fatty matt] has also be5 =m$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,! process consi/$ 9 pass+ a mixture ( c>bonic acid1 pure hydrog51 & c>burett$ hydrog51 9 ! proportion ( "o measure ( ! fir/1 tw5ty ( ! second1 & t5 ( ! ?ird1 ?r\gh a r$-hot tube4 #afi;b ,supplem5t to ! ,atomic ,!ory4 #agj ,c>p5t] on ,life2 ,todd's ,cyclopdia ( ,physiology4 #aga ,c>p5t]'s ,report on ! results obta9$ by ! ,microscope 9 ! ,/udy ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 #ahdc4 #agb ,see ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,b>ry on ,fissip>\s ,g5]ation2 ,jameson's ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ahdc4 ,appe>ances precisely simil> h be5 detect$ 9 ! g]ms ( ! cru/acea4 #age ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn] & ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 on a sub/ance resembl+ %ell4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcf4 #agi;a ,dr4 ,all5 ,?omson1 9 ! article ,g5]ation1 9 ,todd's ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 #agi;b ,! t]m aborig9al is "h sugge/$1 z m correct ?an spontane\s1 ! "o hi!rto g5]ally us$4 #ahb ,article 8,zoophytes10 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #g? edition4 #ahg ,see a pamphlet circulat$ by ,mr4 ,weekes1 9 #ahdb4 #aie ,daub5ton e/abli%$ ! rule1 t all ! vivip>\s quadrup$s h sev5 v]tebr 9 ! neck4 #bja ,"l's ,popul> ,physiology4 ,x is to ,ti$emann t we *iefly owe ^! curi\s obs]vations2 b gr\nd 0 fir/ brok5 9 ?is bran* ( physiological sci5ce by ,dr4 ,john ,hunt]4 #bjd ,:5 ,i =m$ ?is idea1 ,i 0 n aw>e ( "o :i* seems fa9tly to =e%ad[ x--namely1 ,socrates's doctr9e1 aft]w>ds dilat$ on by ,plato1 t 8previ\s to ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 & beyond its pres5t limits1 !re exi/$ c]ta9 ar*etypes1 ! embodim5t 7if we may use su* a ^w7 ( g5]al ideas2 & t ^! ar*etypes 7 models1 9 imitation ( :i* all p>ticul> be+s 7 creat$40 #bjh ,! numb]s #a1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 #ba1 #bh1 c4 are =m$ by add+ ! successive t]ms ( ! s]ies ( natural numb]s ?us3 #a #a #ab #c #abc #f l#bcd #aj1 c4 ,!y are call$ triangul> numb]s1 because a numb] ( po9ts correspond+ to any t]m c always be plac$ 9 ! =m ( a triangle2 = in/ance-- 4 4 4 4 44 44 44 444 444 4444 #a #c #f #aj #bae ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 #bba ,see an article by ,dr4 ,weiss5born1 9 ! ,new ,s]ies ( 8,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 vol4 i4 p4 #egd4 #bbd 8,x is a fact ( ! highe/ int]e/ & mom5t t z ! bra9 ( e tribe ( animals appe>s to pass1 dur+ its developm5t1 9 succession ?r\gh ! types ( all ^? bel[ x1 s ! bra9 ( man passes ?r\gh ! types ( ^? ( e tribe 9 ! creation4 ,x repres5ts1 accord+ly1 be=e ! second mon? ( ut]o-ge/ation1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 at ! second mon?1 t ( an osse\s fi%2 at ! ?ird1 t ( a turtle2 at ! f\r?1 t ( a bird2 at ! fif?1 t ( "o ( ! rod5tia2 at ! six?1 t ( "o ( ! rum9antia2 at ! sev5?1 t ( "o ( ! digitigrada2 at ! eigh?1 t ( "o ( ! quadrumana2 till at l5g?1 at ! n9?1 x compasses ! bra9 ( ,man6 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 t all ?is is only an approximation to ! tru?2 s9ce nei!r is ! bra9 ( all osse\s fi%es1 ( all turtles1 ( all birds1 nor ( all ! species ( any "o ( ! above ord] ( mammals1 by any means precisely ! same1 nor does ! bra9 ( ! human ftus at any "t precisely resemble1 p]haps1 t ( any individual :atev] among ! l[] animals4 ,nev]!less1 x may be said to repres5t1 at ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ p]iods1 ! aggregate1 z x 71 ( ! bra9s ( ea* ( ! tribes /at$2 consi/+ z x does1 ab\t ! second mon?1 *iefly ( ! mesial p>ts ( ! c]ebellum1 ! corpora quadrigem9a1 ?alami optici1 rudim5ts ( ! hemisph]es ( ! c]ebrum & corpora /riata2 & receiv+ 9 succession1 at ! ?ird1 ! rudim5ts ( ! lobes ( ! c]ebrum2 at ! f\r?1 ^? ( ! =nix1 corpus callosum1 & septum lucidum2 at ! fif?1 ! tubor annul>e1 & s =?2 ! po/]ior lobes ( ! c]ebrum increas+ f be=e to beh9d1 s z to cov] ! ?alami optici ab\t ! f\r? mon?1 ! corpora quadrigem9a ab\t ! six?1 & ! c]ebellum ab\t ! sev5?4 ,?is1 !n1 is ano!r example ( an increase 9 ! complexity ( an organ succe$+ its c5tralization2 z if ,nature1 hav+ fir/ pil$ up h] mat]ials 9 "o spot1 delight$ aft]w>ds to employ h] abundance1 n s mu* 9 enl>g+ old p>ts z 9 =m+ new ones ^u ! old f\ndations1 & ?us add+ to ! complexity ( a fabric1 ! rudim5tal /ructure ( :i* is 9 all animals equally simple40--,flet*]'s ,rudim5ts ( ,physiology4 #bbf ,project ,gut5b]g note3 ! table 9 ! book is v wide4 ,s9ce x won't fit )9 ! normal ,gut5b]g m>g9s1 & _c be reproduc$ typographically1 ! r[s ( ! table h be5 brok5 out z foll[s4--,,dp4 ,table %[s3 scale ( animal k+dom 7! numb]s indicate ord]s72 ord] ( animals 92 asc5d+ s]ies ( rocks2 ftal human bra9 resembles1 9 7,! numb]s indicate ord]s7 ,rocks3 #a4 ,gneiss & ,mica ,slate sy/em ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,radiata 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e7 ,ord]3 ,zoophyta1 ,polypi>ia ,rocks3 #b4 ,clay ,slate & ,grawacke sy/em ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,mollusca 7#f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa7 ,ord]3 ,con*if]a1 ,d\ble-%ell$ ,mollusks ,rocks3 #c4 ,silurian sy/em ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,articulata ,annelida 7#ab1 #ac1 #ad7 ,rocks3 #c4 ,silurian sy/em ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,articulata ,cru/acea 7#ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj7 ,ord]3 ,cru/acea1 ,annelida1 ,cru/ace\s ,fi%es ,rocks3 #c4 ,silurian sy/em ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,articulata ,ara*nida ,insecta 7#ba-ca7 ,ord]3 ,cru/ace\s ,fi%es ,rocks3 #d4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,ftal3 #a/ mon?1 t ( an av]tebrat$ animal2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,pisces 7#cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf7 ,ord]3 ,true ,fi%es ,rocks3 #e4 ,c>bonif]\s =mation ,ftal3 #bnd mon?1 t ( a fi%2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,reptilia 7#cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj7 ,ord]3 ,pisc9e ,saurians 7i*?yosaurus1 c471 ,pt]odactyles1 ,crocodiles1 ,tortoises1 ,batra*ians ,rocks3 #f4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,ftal3 #crd mon?1 t ( a turtle2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,aves 7#da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df7 ,ord]3 ,birds ,rocks3 #f4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,ftal3 #d? mon?1 t ( a bird2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #dg ,cetacea ,ord]3 7,bone ( a m>supial animal7 ,rocks3 #g4 ,oolite ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #dh ,rum9antia ,ord]3 7,bone ( a m>supial animal7 ,rocks3 #h4 ,cretace\s =mation ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #di ,pa*yd]mata ,ord]3 ,pa*yd]mata 7tapirs1 horses1 c47 ,rocks3 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ej ,ed5tata ,ord]3 ,pa*yd]mata 7tapirs1 horses1 c47 ,rocks3 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ea ,rod5tia ,ord]3 ,rod5tia 7dorm\se1 squirrel1 c47 ,rocks3 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ,ftal3 #e? mon?1 t ( a rod5t2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #eb ,m>supialia ,ord]3 ,m>supialia 7racoon1 opossum1 c47 ,rocks3 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ,ftal3 #f? mon?1 t ( a rum9ant2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ec ,amphibia ,ord]3 ,m>supialia 7racoon1 opossum1 c47 ,rocks3 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ,ftal3 #f? mon?1 t ( a rum9ant2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ed ,digitigrada ,ord]3 ,digitigrada 7g5ette1 fox1 wolf1 c47 ,rocks3 #aj4 ,mioc5e ,ftal3 #g? mon?1 t ( a digitigrade animal2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ee ,plantigrada ,ord]3 ,plantigrada 7be>7 ,rocks3 #aj4 ,mioc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ee ,plantigrada ,ord]3 ,cetacea 7lamant9s1 seals1 :ales7 ,rocks3 #aj4 ,mioc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ef ,insectivora ,ord]3 ,ed5tata 7slo?s1 c47 ,rocks3 #aa4 ,plioc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ef ,insectivora ,ord]3 ,rum9antia 7ox51 de]1 c47 ,rocks3 #aa4 ,plioc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #eg ,*eiropt]a ,rocks3 #aa4 ,plioc5e ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #eh ,quadrumana ,ord]3 ,quadrumana 7monkeys7 ,rocks3 #aa4 ,plioc5e ,ftal3 #h? mon?1 t ( ! quadrumana2 ,scale3 ,,v]tebrata ,mammalia3 #ei ,bimana ,ord]3 ,bimana 7man7 ,rocks3 #ab4 ,sup]ficial deposits ,ftal3 #i? mon?1 atta9s full human "*2 #bbi ,"s poor p hav+ tak5 up _! abode 9 ! cells "u ! =tifications ( ,lisle1 ! proportion ( defective infants produc$ by !m became s great1 t x 0 deem$ necess>y to issue an ord] comm&+ ^! cells to be %ut up4 #bcb ,^! aff9ities & analogies are expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 #bci;a ,correspond+ to ! articulata ( ,cuvi]4 #bci;b ,a new sub-k+dom1 made out ( "p ( ! radiata ( ,cuvi]4 #bci;c ,?is is a newly appli$ t]m1 ! reasons = :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! sequel4 #bdb ,?is is pref]r$ to grallatorial1 z m compreh5sively descriptive4 ,!re is ! same ne$ = a sub/itute = rasorial1 :i* is only applicable to birds4 #bdf ,di/ribution & ,classification ( ,animals1 p4 #bdh4 #bee ,rese>*es1 #d? edition1 i4 #ie4 #beg ,pri*>d4 #bff ,mr4 ,swa9son's argum5ts ab\t ! entir5ess ( ! circle simiad are only too rigid1 = fossil geology has s9ce add$ new g5]a to ?is gr\p & ! cebid1 & !re may be /ill f>!r additions4 #bgj ,see ,wilson's ,am]ican ,orni?ology2 article1 ,fi%+ ,cr[4 #bgd ,project ,gut5b]g note3 9 ! diagram ! triangles ext5d+ f ! #a1b1c1d & ! a1b1c1d meet at ! same po9t--! l9e f ! #a1b1c1d be+ at ar\nd #de & ! l9e f ! a1b1c1d be+ at ar\nd #fj4 ,despite :at ! text says !re is no l9e labell$ #e 9 ! diagram4--,,dp4 #bgh ,see ,dr4 ,pri*>d's ,rese>*es into ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,man4 #bhj ,buck+ham's ,travels among ! ,arabs4 ,?is fact is ! m valuable to ! argum5t1 z hav+ be5 set d[n ) no reg>d to any k9d ( hypo!sis4 #bhg ,wiseman's ,lectures on ! ,connexion betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,reveal$ ,religion1 i4 #dd4 ,! ,celtic has be5 e/abli%$ z a memb] or gr\p ( ! ,indo-,european family1 by ! "w ( ,dr4 ,pri*>d1 on ! ,ea/]n ,orig9 ( ! ,celtic ,nations4 8,fir/10 says ,dr4 ,wiseman1 8he has exam9$ ! lexical resemblances1 & %ewn t ! prim>y & mo/ simple words are ! same 9 bo?1 z well z ! num]als & elem5t>y v]bal roots4 ,!n foll[s a m9ute analysis ( ! v]b1 direct$ to %ew its analogies ) o!r languages1 & !y are su* z manife/ no casual co9cid5ce1 b an int]nal /ructure radically ! same4 ,! v]b sub/antive1 :i* is m9utely analys$1 pres5ts m /rik+ analogies to ! ,p]sian v]b ?an p]haps any o!r language ( ! family4 ,b ,celtic is n ?us become a m]e memb] ( ?is conf$]acy1 b has br\ght to x mo/ important aid2 =1 f x alone c be satisfactorily expla9$ "s ( ! conjugational end+s 9 ! o!r languages4 ,= in/ance1 ! ?ird p]son plural ( ! ,lat91 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,sanscrit ends 9 nt1 nd1 1 1 nti1 or nt4 ,n[1 suppos+1 ) mo/ gramm>ians1 t ! inflexions arose f ! pron\ns ( ! respective p]sons1 x is only 9 ,celtic t we f9d a pron\n t c expla9 ?is t]m9ation2 = !re1 too1 ! same p]son ends 9 nt1 & ?us corresponds exactly1 z d ! o!rs1 ) its pron\n1 hwynt1 or ynt40 #bia ,s*oolcraft4 #bic ,views ( ! ,cordill]as4 #cjb ,! problem ( ,*9ese civilization1 su* z x is--s puzzl+ :5 we consid] t !y are only1 z w be pres5tly se51 ! *ild race ( mank9d--is solv$ :5 we look to geographical position produc+ fixity ( resid5ce & d5sity ( population4 #cjg;a ,"l's ,popul> ,physiology1 expla9+ obs]vations by ,m4 ,s]res4 #cjg;b ,con=mably to ?is view1 ! be>d1 t peculi> attribute ( maturity1 is scanty 9 ! ,mongolian1 & sc>cely exi/s 9 ! ,am]icans & ,negroes4 #cji ,( ?is we h p]haps an illu/ration 9 ! peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% ! ,arabs resid+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan4 ,!y h flatt] features1 d>k] sk9s1 & co>s] hair ?an o!r tribes ( _! nation2 & we h se5 "o in/ance ( a ?or\ghly ,negro family be+ born to an ord9>y c\ple4 ,x may be presum$ t ! conditions ( ! life ( ^! p t5d to arre/ developm5t4 ,we ?us see h[ an (f%oot ( ! human family migrat+ at an e>ly p]iod into ,africa1 might 9 "t1 f subjection to simil> influ5ces1 become ,negroes4 #cag ,mission>y ,sc5es & ,lab\rs 9 ,s\? ,africa4 #cbf 8,is n ,god ! fir/ cause ( matt] z well z ( m9d8 ,d n ! fir/ attributes ( matt] lie z inscrutable 9 ! bosom ( ,god--( its fir/ au?or--z ^? ( m9d8 ,has n ev5 matt] confess$ly receiv$ f ,god ! p[] ( exp]i5c+1 9 consequ5ce ( impressions f ! e>li] modifications ( matt]1 c]ta9 consci\snesses call$ s5sations ( ! same8 ,is n1 !re=e1 ! wond] ( matt] also receiv+ ! consci\snesses ( o!r matt] call$ ideas ( ! m9d a wond] m fl[+ out ( & 9 analogy ) all =m] wond]s1 ?an w\ld be1 on ! contr>y1 ! wond] ( ?is faculty ( ! m9d n fl[+ out ( any faculties ( matt]8 ,is x n a wond] :i*1 s f> f de/roy+ our hopes ( immortality1 c e/abli% t doctr9e on a tra9 ( inf]5ces & inductions m firmly e/abli%$ & m connect$ ) ea* o!r ?an ! =m] belief c be1 z soon z we h prov$ t matt] is n p]i%able1 b is only liable to successive comb9ations & decomb9ations4 8,c we look f>!r back "o way into ! fir/ orig9 ( matt] ?an we c look =w>d ! o!r way into ! la/ developm5ts ( m9d8 ,c we say t ,god has n 9 matt] itself laid ! se$s ( e faculty ( m9d1 r ?an t he has made ! fir/ pr9ciple ( m9d entirely di/9ct f t ( matt]8 ,_c ! fir/ cause ( all we see & "k h fraught matt] itself1 f its v beg9n+1 ) all ! attributes necess>y to develop into m9d1 z well z he c h f ! fir/ made ! attributes ( m9d :olly diff]5t f ^? ( matt]1 only 9 ord] aft]w>ds1 by an imp]ceptible & incompreh5sible l9k1 to jo9 ! two toge!r8 8 99 99 ,! decomb9ation ( ! matt] on :i* m9d re/s is ?is a reason :y m9d mu/ be annihilat$8 ,is ! tempor>y rev]t+ ( ! m9d1 & ( ! s5se out ( :i* t m9d developes1 to _! orig9al compon5t elem5ts1 a reason = ?9k+ t !y _c aga9 at ano!r lat] p]iod1 & 9 ano!r high] globe1 be aga9 recomb9$1 & ) m spl5d\r ?an be=e8 99 99 ,! ,new ,te/am5t does n aft] dea? "h promise u a s\l h]eaft] unconnect$ ) matt]1 & :i* has no connexion ) our pres5t m9d--a s\l indep5d5t ( "t & space4 ,t is a fanciful idea1 n f\nd$ on its expressions1 :5 tak5 9 _! j & real mean+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x promises u a m9d l ! pres5t1 f\nd$ on "t & space2 s9ce x is1 l ! pres5t1 to hold a c]ta9 situation 9 "t1 & a c]ta9 locality 9 space4 ,b x promises a m9d situat$ 9 portions ( "t & ( space diff]5t f ! pres5t2 a m9d compos$ ( elem5ts ( matt] m ext5d$1 m p]fect1 & m glori\s3 a m9d :i*1 =m$ ( mat]ials suppli$ by diff]5t globes1 is consequ5tly able to see f>!r into ! pa/1 & to ?9k f>!r into ! future1 ?an any m9d "h exi/+3 a m9d :i*1 fre$ f ! p>tial & unev5 comb9ation incid5tal to x on ?is globe1 w be exempt f ! *anges = evil to :i*1 on ! pres5t globe1 m9d z well z matt] is liable1 & w only !nce=? exp]i5ce ! *anges = ! bett] :i* matt]1 m ju/ly pois$1 w alone cont9ue to exp]i5ce3 a m9d :i*1 no long] fe>+ ! dea?1 ! total decomposition1 to :i* x is subject on ?is globe1 w !nce=? cont9ue la/ & immortal40--,,hope1 on ! ,orig9 & ,prospects ( ,man1 #ahca4 #cca ,dubl9 ,review1 ,aug4 #ahdj4 ,! ,gu>antee ,society has s9ce be5 e/abli%$1 & is likely to become a useful & prosp]\s in/itution4 #ccc ,! ray1 :i* is consid]$ ! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( fi%es1 or next to ! cru/aceans1 gives ! fir/ fa9t repres5tation ( a bra9 9 c]ta9 scanty & m$ull>y masses1 :i* appe> z m]ely compos$ ( enl>g$ orig9s ( ! n]ves4 #cce ,if m5tal action is electric1 ! prov]bial quickness ( ?\ght--t is1 ! quickness ( ! transmission ( s5sation & w--may be presum$ to h be5 br\ght to an exact measurem5t4 ,! spe$ ( light has long be5 kn[n to be ab\t #aib1jjj miles p] second1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,:eat/one h %ewn t ! electric ag5t travels 7if ,i may s speak7 at ! same rate1 ?us %ew+ a likelihood t "o law rules ! movem5ts ( all ! 8impond]able bodies40 ,m5tal action may accord+ly be presum$ to h a rapidity equal to "o hundr$ & n9ety-two ?\s& miles 9 ! second--a rate evid5tly f> beyond :at is necess>y to make ! design & execution ( any ( our ord9>y muscul> movem5ts app>5tly id5tical 9 po9t ( "t1 :i* !y are4 #cdf ,phr5ological ,j\rnal1 xv4 #cch4 #cdg ,a pamp]$ lap-dog1 liv+ :]e !re is ano!r ( its own species1 w hide any nice morsel :i* x _c eat1 "u a rug1 or 9 "s o!r by-place1 design+ to enjoy x aft]w>ds4 ,i h se5 *ildr5 d ! same ?+4