,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,comp>ative ,,folklore ,illu/ration ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 #d ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,madras ,,toronto3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,tokyo3 ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,comp>ative ,,folklore ,by ,w4 ,o4 ,e4 ,,oe/]ley1 ,d4,d4 ,vic> ( ,/ ,alban's1 ,acton ,gre51 ,w4 ,exam9+ ,*apla9 to ! ,bi%op ( ,london ,,cambridge ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press #aibc ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,preface ,! foll[+ /udy is an attempt to e/imate ! "p play$ by ! ,sacr$ ,dance among ! peoples ( antiquity z well z among ! uncultur$ races 9 mod]n times2 to acc\nt = its orig92 to note ! occasions on :i* x 0 p]=m$2 & to indicate ! purposes ( its p]=mance4 ,! subject is m complicat$ ?an w\ld appe> at fir/ sight2 = :ile ! fact ( its univ]sal preval5ce among all races at "o "t or ano!r ( _! cultural developm5t %[s h[ ess5tial a rite x 01 its orig9 is obvi\sly veil$ 9 obscurity see+ t x develop$ 9 prehi/oric times4 ,s t 9 seek+ to ?r[ light on ! "q ( its orig9 "o has to try to get at ! back ( ! m9d ( ! savage1 & envisage ?+s f 8 po9t ( view2 b t m9d repres5ts a complex ( su* crass & illogical elem5ts t "o may easily be l$ a/ray4 ,! purpose ( ! ,sacr$ ,dance1 aga91 pres5ts u ) ano!r set ( problems2 = :ile 9 "s cases ?is is cle> en\gh1 9 o!rs !re are alt]natives :i* sugge/ !mselves2 &1 fur!r1 x is probable t a v>iety ( motives n infrequ5tly prompt$ its p]=mance4 ,to dis5tangle ^! is n always easy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]e/ ( ! subject f ! human po9t ( view is great2 =1 z an indisp5sable rite at all ! crises ( life1 x 0 evid5tly a means ( emotional outlet4 ,f ! psy*ological /&po9t1 !re=e1 its preval5ce is n )\t importance4 ,inde$1 x w probably be ?\ght t f ! psy*ological side ! subject is inadequately treat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,& ?is is true1 ?\gh x does receive "s att5tion2 b 9 ext5uation x mu/ be said t ! writ]'s ma9 object has be5 m]ely to give "s acc\nt ( ! ,sacr$ ,dance z a widespread rite2 & he feels t its treatm5t f ! psy*ological aspect w\ld be/ be left to "o :o is an exp]t 9 psy*ology4 ,t ! ,old ,te/am5t figures some:at prom95tly 9 ! foll[+ pages is p>tly due to ! fact t ! writ] has made a special /udy ( ?is body ( lit]ature1 & x seem$ wise to />t f t ) :i* he 0 mo/ conv]sant2 b !re is ! fur!r reason1 z is po9t$ out 9 ! introductory *apt]1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t (f]s1 9 mo/ cases1 an exce$+ly conv5i5t />t+-po9t f :i* to /udy ! v>i\s 8types0 ( sacr$ dance4 ,! writ] desires to express 8 ?anks to ,dr ,jevons1 ,dr ,lukyn ,williams1 & ,dr ,s4 ,a4 ,cook = a numb] ( helpful sugge/ions1 to ,miss ,bevan = read+ ?r\gh ! pro(s1 & 8 w>m appreciation ( ! k9dness & c\rtesy ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,! m9ute c>e tak5 9 po9t+ out ov]sights 9 ! correction ( pro(s1 z well z o!r slips1 is mo/ gratefully ackn[l$g$4 ,f9ally1 ! writ] w\ld l to take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ! ,curator ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum = 8 ready help 9 arrang+ = ! photograph+ ( ! ,greek ,vase1 repres5t+ a ,ma5ad danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos1 :i* is reproduc$ on ! cov] ( ?is book4 ,w4 ,o4 ,e4 ,o4 ,,/ ,,alban',s ,,vic>age1 ,,b$=d ,,p>k4 ,febru>y #aibc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,i4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance #e ,,iii4 ,,! ,,reason ,,= ,,us+ ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,z ,,! ,,/>t+-,,po9t ,,9 ,,! ,,inve/igation #h ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,in=mation3 #i 7#a7 ,inscriptions #aj 7#b7 ,pott]y1 etc4 #aj 7#c7 ,anci5t ,lit]ature #aa 7#d7 ,mod]n ,lit]ature #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance #ac ,,ii4 ,,! ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance #ai ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,among ,,! ,,israelites ,i4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,among ,,! ,,israelites #ca ,,ii4 ,,types ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,among ,,! ,,israelites3 #ce 7#a7 ,! sacr$ processional dance #cf 7#b7 ,! encircl+ ( a sacr$ object #cg 7#c7 ,! ec/atic dance #cg 7#d7 ,sacr$ dances at ,v9tage & ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals #ci 7#e7 ,dances 9 celebration ( victory #dj 7#f7 ,! sacr$ dance z a ,circumcision rite #da 7#g7 ,! sacr$ dance z a ,m>riage rite #da 7#h7 ,! sacr$ dance z a ,burial or ,m\rn+ rite #db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,t]ms ,,= 8,,danc+0 ,i4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,"s ,,hebrew ,,roots #dd ,,ii4 ,,! ,,musical ,,accompanim5t ,,to ,,danc+ #ea ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,processional ,,dance1 ,,& ,,dances ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,sup]natural ,,p[]s ,i4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,processional ,,dance ,,among ,,! ,,israelites #ed ,,ii4 ,,among ,,! ,,syrians ,,& ,,arabs1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,semites #ef ,,iii4 ,,among ,,! ,,hittites #ei ,,iv4 ,,among ,,! ,,egyptians #fj ,v4 ,,among ,,! ,,greeks #fc ,,vi4 ,,among ,,! ,,romans #gc ,,vii4 ,,among ,,asiatic ,,peoples #gf ,,viii4 ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #gg ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #ha ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,ritual ,,dance ,,r\nd ,a ,,sacr$ ,,object ,i4 ,,among ,,! ,,israelites #hh ,,ii4 ,,among ,,o!r ,,semites #id ,,iii4 ,,among ,,! ,,greeks #ig ,,iv4 ,,among ,,! ,,romans #ajj ,v4 ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #aja ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #ajd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,ec/atic ,,dance ,i4 ,,among ,,! ,,israelites #ajg ,,ii4 ,,among ,,o!r ,,semites #aae ,,iii4 ,,among ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans #aai ,,iv4 ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #abh ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #ace ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,v9tage1 ,,h>ve/1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,fe/ivals ,i4 ,,! ,,israelite ,,fea/s #adj ,,ii4 ,,circumcision ,,fea/s ,,among ,,! ,,semites #add ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,egyptian ,,fe/ivals #ade ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,greek ,,fe/ivals #adf ,v4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,roman ,,fe/ivals #adi ,,vi4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,fe/ivals ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #aea ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #aed ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,dances ,,9 ,,celebration ,,( ,,victory ,i4 ,,among ,,! ,,israelites #aei ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,type ,,( ,,dance ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #afg ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #agc ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,z ,a ,,m>riage ,,rite ,i4 ,,among ,,! ,,israelites1 ,,! 8,,dance ,,( ,,ma,,anaim0 #agg ,,ii4 ,,among ,,"s ,,uncultur$ ,,races #ahd ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,fur!r ,,purposes ,,( ,,?is ,,type ,,( ,,dance #ahi ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #aia ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,danc+ ,,z ,a ,,m\rn+ ,,& ,,burial ,,rite ,i4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,?is ,,type ,,( ,,dance #aid ,,ii4 ,,! ,,rite ,,among ,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n ,,jews #aih ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rite ,,among ,,! ,,egyptians1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n #bjb ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rite ,,among ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans #bjg ,v4 ,,! ,,rite ,,among ,,uncultur$ ,,races #bji ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations #bai ,,index #bbc ,,abbreviations ,,db4 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,,eb4 ,*eyne's ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica4 ,,ere4 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,,gb4 ,fraz]'s ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,magic & ,religion 7#crd edition74 ,,je4 ,! ,jewi% ,encyclopa$ia4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,i ,our /udy is conc]n$ ) ! 8sacr$0 dance2 t ?is epi!t appli$ to ! dance1 at any rate dur+ ! e>li] phases ( its hi/ory & z /ill practis$ among _m uncultur$ & ev5 "s semi-cultur$ peoples to-day1 is m ?an ju/ifi$1 ! foll[+ pages w1 x is hop$1 %[4 ,its extreme importance 9 ! eyes ( e>ly man1 :o reg>d$ x z indisp5sable at all ! crises ( life--initiation1 pub]ty1 m>riage1 burial--:o us$ x z "o ( ! ess5tials 9 wor%ip1 :o saw 9 x a means ( propitiat+ :atev] sup]natural p[]s he believ$ 91 a means ( communion ) ! deity1 a means ( obta9+ good crops1 fruitful m>riages1 & ( communicat+ ) ! dep>t$--to m5tion only its m important uses1 %[s t x is a subject wor? inve/igat+ ?\gh ! doma9 x occupies is b a mode/ "o 9 ! great sph]e ( ! hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,probably "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive fir/-h& pieces ( in=mation :i* we h on ! subject is conta9$ 9 ! answ]s giv5 to ,*alm]s 9 reply to que/ions :i* he address$ to "s natives ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,he ask$ 8,:at does ! dance signify80 & he got two replies f ! natives ( ! two mo/ important di/ricts ( ?is big isl& respectively2 ! fir/ ran ?us3 ,:5 !y dance all ! spirits rejoice1 z d all ! p4 ,:5 danc+1 all food gr[s well2 b :5 n danc+1 food gr[s badly4 ,no drums are beat5 uselessly ! drum-beat+ is ! inv>iable accompanim5t to danc+1 "o implies ! o!r4 ,:5 anyone dies drums are beat5 to com=t fri5ds4 ,! second 0 ?is3 ,drum-beat+ & danc+ are a sign ( rejoic+ & ?anksgiv+1 9 ord] t by s do+ !re may be a l>ge h>ve/4 ,if ! danc+ is n giv5 !re w be an end to ! good gr[?2 b if x is cont9u$1 all w g well4 ,p come 9 f o!r villages & w dance all night4 ,!re w be sev]al fea/s dur+ ! "t1 & ea* lead] ( ! dance w pray & ?ank ! spirits = ! good h>ve/4 ,among o!r que/ions he also ask$3 8,is !re any useless danc+80 & ! two replies 73 8,no1 ! drum is nev] beat5 uselessly02 &3 8,dances are nev] m]ely useless#a40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( ! subject br+s out )\t a %ad[ ( d\bt t ^! answ]s illu/rate :at 71 & /ill are to a great ext5t1 ! beliefs held 9 reg>d to ! sacr$ dance by numb]s ( peoples 9 an undevelop$ /age ( culture4 ,x is a good illu/ration ( :at1 )9 a circumscrib$ area1 holds good ( ! wid] /udy ( religions 9 g5]al1 t1 z ,f>nell has s well put x1 all ?r\gh ! pres5t societies ( savage m5 !re prevails an extraord9>y uni=mity1 9 spite ( mu* local v>iation1 9 ritual & my?ology1 a uni=mity s /rik+ z to sugge/ belief 9 an ultimately id5tical tradition1 or1 p]haps m reasonably1 ! psy*ologic !ory t ! human bra9-cell 9 diff]5t races at ! same /age ( developm5t responds ) ! same religi\s spee* or ! same religi\s act to ! same /imuli suppli$ by its environm5t#b4 ,a survey ov] ! :ole field produces ! conviction t ! /imuli :i*1 9 its beg9n+s1 induc$ ! sacr$ dance appe> to h be5 :at we %\ld n[ describe z ! two prime spiritual & mat]ial ne$s1 respectively1 ( man1 viz4 ! response to 8 8god10 & ! obta9+ ( food4 ,to e>ly savage man x 0 n1 ( c\rse1 a god z we und]/& ! ^w1 nor yet ev5 z x w\ld h be5 und]/ood = mill5niums among unciviliz$ m5 9 remote ages2 we m]ely use ! ^w z a conv5i5t t]m = express+ a sup]natural p[]1 or p[]s1 at fir/ vague1 imp]sonal1 8mana#c10 or some?+ ( t k9d2 at any rate1 "s p[] beyond ! k5 ( man1 ( ^: exi/5ce he _h no d\bt :atsoev]1 & to :i* he 0 impell$ to respond to ! be/ ( 8 v feeble p[]s4 ,:y he %\ld h *os5 ?is =m ( response 7we are n cont5d+ t x 0 ! only =m7 is a difficult1 p]haps an impossible1 "q to answ]1 ?\gh we %all make ! attempt to d s 7see pp4 #ae ff472 b t he did *oose ?is =m all ! available evid5ce goes to %[4 ,t ! sacr$ dance %\ld h be5 believ$ to be ! means ( obta9+ food is less difficult to und]/& :5 "o rememb]s ! univ]sal belief 9 ! efficacy ( imitative magic among unciviliz$ m54 ,! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea dance z a means ( obta9+ a good h>ve/2 b !re is evid5ce = ! presumption t e>ly man did ! same ?+ = obta9+ food long be=e h>ve/s exi/$4 ,z a means ( response to sup]natural p[]s ! dance 0 obvi\sly a sacr$ act2 b ! epi!t may also be appli$1 ?\gh p]haps 9 a modifi$ way1 to ! dance z a means ( obta9+ food2 = ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural p[]s once atta9$1 ! conviction ( _! intrusion into all ! affairs ( life w\ld naturally foll[1 z inde$ we "k to h be5 ! case4 ,b ?is implies t savage man believ$ t ^! sup]natural p[]s 71 9 "s s5se1 ! giv]s ( food2 & ?is is h>dly compatible ) ! idea t ! dance z an act ( imitative magic 0 ! means ( procur+ food--an idea :i* is abundantly prov$ by ! evid5ce to exi/4 ,if an act ( imitative magic1 su* z ! dance1 is ipso facto ! means ( br++ out :at x imitates1 h[ c x be said t sup]natural p[]s h any?+ to d ) ! matt]8 ,& h[ c ! dance 9 ?is case be call$ sacr$8 ,x is a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r !re 0 n a subconsci\s int5tion ( sett+ 9 motion ! 8ma*9]y0 :i* br\ght ab\t ! ?+ imitat$ e "t an act ( imitative magic 0 p]=m$4 ,by ! 8ma*9]y0 we mean ! active int]v5tion ( sup]natural p[]s 9 an undef9$1 my/]i\s way4 ,9 ?is case ! dance z a means ( obta9+ food w\ld likewise be1 /rictly speak+1 a sacr$ act4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is a l>ge cons5sus ( op9ion t ! dance 9 its orig9 0 sacr$1 & t e o!r subsequ5t =m ( dance 0 ultimately d]iv$ f ?is4 ,x is true to say t 8! ritual or wor%ip dance is ! s\rce ( all o!rs#d40 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ mod]n writ]s on ! subject1 de ,cahusac1 likewise says3 8,aussi la danse sacre e/-elle la plus anci5ne1 et la s\rce dans laquelle on a puis dans les suites t\tes les autres#e40 ,?is po9t is p>ticul>ly emphasiz$ because x is only ! dance 9 its sacr$ aspect t w be dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,ii ,z soon z "o attempts to def9e :at danc+ 9 its ess5ce is "o realizes ! difficulty ( do+ s4 ,x c be def9$ 9 su* a numb] ( ways1 all ( :i* conta9 elem5ts ( tru?2 s mu* dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view tak5 9 reg>d to x4 ,! record+ ( a numb] ( def9itions w\ld be we>isome1 ,voss alone gives doz5s by diff]5t p#f4 ,b "o ?+ :i* ^! v>i\s def9itions tea* mu/ be not$ & insi/$ ^u3 !y %[ t ! t]m 8danc+0 connotes a great deal m ?an is atta*$ to x n[-a-days4 ,:51 = example1 de ,cahusac rightly def9es danc+ z 8l'art des ge/es#g10 x is obvi\s t ^! _c be re/rict$ to ! feet or legs4 ,a numb] ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions make x cle> t ! arms play$ z important a "p 9 ! dance z ! legs2 repres5tations ( x on ,greek pott]y %[ t ! motions ( ! head1 & ev5 m ( ! :ole body1 are necess>y p>ts 9 ! movem5ts ( ! dance2 among "s savages ! sacr$ dance is p]=m$ :ile ! legs are m or less /ill1 b ! arms & ! body are con/antly 9 motion4 ,to make b "o ref]5ce to mod]n danc+3 9 "s ( ! figures ( ! quadrille ! danc]s simply advance & rec$e1 & at times !y are /ation>y1 m]ely b[+2 yet ?is all belongs to ! dance1 & comes "u ! category ( danc+4 ,crawley truly says t 8danc+ is an in/9ctive mode ( muscul> expression ( feel+#h40 ,if1 !n1 ! feel+s are re/ra9$ ! muscul> expression may take ! =m ( a /aid procession1 z seems to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,assyrian sacr$ dance4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 include "u ! _m =ms ( ! sacr$ dance su* z range f a =mal procession1 /ately & measur$1 to ^? ( ! wild orgy 9 ! ,dionysiac ritual4 ,z we %all see1 ! int5tion :i* prompts ! dance w h a great deal to d ) its ext]nal =m2 a fact :i* gives po9t to ,giraudet's phrase t 8la danse a t l'expression d'un tat d'me#i40 ,! wide connotation :i* mu/ be accord$ to ! ^w 8danc+0 is illu/rat$ by :at ! ,b$\9 ,arabs und]/& by x4 ,!y are a race :i*1 z is well kn[n1 has reta9$ _m beliefs1 cu/oms1 & practices :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial2 !re=e ! evid5ce af=d$ by !m is valuable4 ,by dance1 :i* !y call ra1 !y und]/& e rhy?mic movem5t ( h&s or feet1 :e!r rema9+ on ! same spot or n#aj4 ,( !m z ( all o!r peoples rhy?m is z insep>able f ! movem5ts ( ! dance 8z x is f o!r bodily functions1 & !re=e belongs to x )\t say+#aa02 b1 z ! ,arabs %[1 rhy?mic movem5ts c be p]=m$ :ile /&+ on "o spot2 emotions c be express$ by ! rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! arms & ( ! body & ( ! head :ile ! legs may be m or less motionless4 8,! human in/9ct ( play10 says ,crawley1 8is closely connect$ ) ! human love ( excitem5t4 ,! dance satisfies bo?1 & its rhy?mical "* also makes x suitable = ! expression ( ! mo/ solemn & controll$ emotions4 ,x is at once ! s]vant ( ,apollo & ( ,dionysus#ab40 ,! close1 "o may almo/ say ! insep>able1 connexion betwe5 ! dance & music is z m>k$ 9 its sacr$ z 9 its secul> "*4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x is ! rhy?mic in/9ct :i* dem&s ?is1 s t among _m savages ! 8music0 :i* accompanies ! dance is ! m]e clapp+ ( h&s1 or ! /rik+ toge!r ( pieces ( wood1 or ! beat+ ( ! tom-tom1 all 9 rhy?mical "t4 ,! same is also f\nd among "s peoples m advanc$ on ! pa? ( culture1 ?\gh !y usually add ! s\nd ( o!r in/rum5ts1 among :i* ! flute figures prom95tly4 ,s++ is1 ( c\rse1 & always has be51 ano!r fav\rite accompanim5t to ! dance4 ,! ,b$\9 ,arabs accompany _! dances by ! beat+ ( cymbals or ( h&-drums1 or by clapp+ ( h&s2 sometimes s++ accompanies ! danc+#ac4 ,?is 0 also ! case among ! ,israelites4 ,,iii ,9 ! foll[+ discussion on ! sacr$ dance we h made ! ,old ,te/am5t our />t+-po9t4 ,9 spite ( "s drawbacks :i* w become v app>5t1 ?is c\rse has its advantages4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t (f]s1 ei!r explicitly or implicitly1 z we hope to %[1 evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce among ! anci5t ,israelites ( mo/ ( ! typical sacr$ dances ( antiquity4 ,by 8typical0 we d n mean dances 9 _! outw>d =m1 b 9 ! int5tion & object = :i* !y 7 p]=m$4 ,9 deal+ ) sacr$ dances x is only by consid]+ _! int5tion & purpose t a classification ( !m c be attempt$4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t gives )9 ! compass ( its pages c]ta9 po9ts d'appui :i* af=d conv5i5t />t+-po9ts = ! consid]ation ( ^! diff]5t types ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,!n1 9 ea* case we g on to ! fur!r inve/igation ( ^! among v>i\s o!r races4 ,f ?is we are (t5 able to disc]n1 ) tol]able probability1 ! e>ly und]ly+ ideas :i* prompt$ ! p]=mance ( ! type ( dance 9 "q2 =1 z may well be suppos$1 x is n f ! ,israelites t we c expect to discov]1 except+ 9 ! "o case ( ! ec/atic dance1 ! root motives ( ! diff]5t types ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,! mo/ promis+ sph]e = ! disc]nm5t ( ^! is among ! unciviliz$ races2 _! nave & unsophi/icat$ naturalness reveals ?+s :i* a gradually develop+ civilization obscures4 ,h5ce ! devot+ ( a good deal ( att5tion to ! sacr$ dance among savages 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,ano!r advantage ( us+ ! ,old ,te/am5t = our v>i\s />t+-po9ts is t ! ,israelites 7 9 t /age ( culture 9 :i* a p /ill reta9s _m m or less primitive rites & cu/oms :ile pu%+ =w>d on ! pa? ( cultural developm5t2 s t among !m we are 9 t\* ) ! pa/ & yet exp]i5c+ ! upw>d tr5d t is tak+ place4 ,crawley truly says t 8x is 9 ! middle /ages ( culture t danc+ is se5 at its highe/ developm5t#ad02 t applies to ! ,israelites4 ,x is l /&+ on an em95ce & look+ beh9d & be=e4 ,t has its advantages4 ,at ! same "t1 we are n bl9d to ! drawbacks involv$4 ,= 9 "s important in/ances ! ,old ,te/am5t is sil5t4 ,we give reasons :i* we believe are suffici5t to expla9 ?is sil5ce4 ,b :5 a p>ticul> type ( ! sacr$ dance is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x mu/ n be suppos$ t x did n exi/2 indirect evid5ce is =?com+ :i* makes x highly probable t ! rev]se is ! case4 ,= ?is reason we %all (t5 ref] to po/-biblical ,jewi% cu/om & practice4 ,su* a ?+ z ! sacr$ dance is n likely1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 to h be5 an innovation ( lat] ages2 s t its exi/5ce 9 po/-biblical times may well be reg>d$ z ! cont9uance ( traditional cu/om2 & if s1 its exi/5ce among ! ,israelites ( ,old ,te/am5t times may be tak5 = grant$4 ,/ill1 we realize ! prec>i\sness ( seem+1 9 "s cases1 to build ^u an app>5tly non-exi/+ f\ndation2 b ! risk mu/ be tak51 &1 z we hope to %[1 ! evid5ce f subsequ5t times ju/ifies ! risk4 ,,iv ,a few words mu/ be said ab\t ! s\rces f :i* in=mation reg>d+ ! sacr$ dance is to be ga9$4 7#a7 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( anci5t inscriptions ( v>i\s k9ds ^u :i* danc+ is repres5t$4 ,on ^! ! danc+ is n always ( a religi\s "*2 b x is n difficult to disc]n :5 x is religi\s & :5 secul>4 ,= example1 !re is a v valuable fragm5t ( an ,egyptian fresco belong+ to ! #ah? dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #afjj-adej7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#ae1 on :i* two nude wom5 danc]s are depict$2 ! danc+ is accompani$ by o!r wom51 "s clapp+ _! h&s1 & o!rs play+ ! flute4 ,b ano!r "p ( ! fresco %[s cle>ly en\gh t ! sc5e repres5ts a banquet dur+ :i* pr(essional danc+ is be+ p]=m$ = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! gue/s4 ,?\gh x is secul> danc+ t we h "h ! inscription is important f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 because ! danc+1 :i* is s graphically depict$1 does n diff] greatly f t %[n on o!r ,egyptian inscriptions1 :]e x is unmi/akably sacr$4 ,egyptian inscriptions are ^? :i* (f] mo/ mat]ial "h2 "o or two ,hittite & ,assyrian inscriptions are also available1 & w be describ$ lat]2 b o!rwise !re is b little to be obta9$ f ?is s\rce4 7#b7 ,v prolific1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! second s\rce1 9 ! ma91 ,greek4 ,!re are l>ge numb]s ( vessels ( diff]5t k9ds--vases1 b[ls1 cups1 di%es1 flasks1 jugs1 bottles1 j>s1 pit*]s1 etc41 on :i* danc+ is depict$#af2 _m ( ^! repres5t secul> danc+2 "s give dances ( a quasi-religi\s k9d1 e4g4 ! dances ( satyrs2 b mo/ ( !m depict religi\s dances1 sometimes ( gods & goddesses1 at o!rs ( wor%ipp]s danc+ 9 _! hon\r2 a v fav\rite subject is ! danc+ ( ,ma5ads4 ,belong+ to ?is s\rce are a v>iety ( o!r k9ds ( vessels on :i* sacr$ danc+ is depict$2 sometimes ! vessel itself is 9 ! =m ( a sacr$ dance4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus h yield$ "s int]e/+ mat]ial to :i* m detail$ ref]5ce w be made bel[4 ,"s co9s h also be5 f\nd :i* ?r[ light on ! subject4 ,?is s\rce is1 above all1 valuable = %[+ u ! k9d ( dances 9 vogue among ! anci5t ,greeks1 & be>s out ! tru? ( ! rem>k t 8! ,greek dances may be divid$ & subdivid$ ad inf9itum#ag40 7#c7 ,our ?ird s\rce also (f]s abundance ( mat]ial1 viz4 anci5t lit]ature2 ?is s\rce includes ,egyptian lit]ature 7! ,book ( ! ,dead72 ! ,old ,te/am5t & po/-biblical ,jewi% lit]ature2 anci5t ,arabic lit]ature2 "s ( ! anci5t ,*ur* writ]s2 &1 above all1 ,greek & ,lat9 classical au?ors1 quotations f :om w\ld alone fill a small volume4 7#d7 ,la/ly1 !re is mod]n lit]ature4 ,?is mu/ be divid$ into two classes4 ,! fir/ is a small & v unsatisfactory class3 treatises :i* deal specifically ) danc+4 ,we h f\nd ?is class ( lit]ature unsatisfactory = two reasons2 fir/1 because !re is1 comp>atively1 s little in=mation ( a tangible "* to be ga9$ f x2 &1 secondly1 because no ref]5ces are giv5 to au?orities1 ev5 :5 cit$4 ,nev]!less1 x is only fair to ! respective au?ors to say t !y are ma9ly conc]n$ ) mod]n danc+4 ,z ,crawley says1 8!re are no treatises writt5 on any sci5tifically compreh5sive l9es#ah40 ,) "o exception1 moreov]1 we h f\nd ! articles on ! subject 9 all ! well-kn[n ,engli% & ,g]man ,bible ,diction>ies ( extraord9>ily little help4 ,! exception is ,ha/+s' ,,ere2 "h articles by ,crawley1 ,f>nell & ,blackman h be5 ( real help1 & ! writ] gratefully ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to !m4 ,z to ! o!r class ( mod]n lit]ature1 x c only be describ$ z limitless2 we ref] to ! va/ numb] ( volumes deal+ ) uncultur$ races4 ,to m5tion ev5 a ti! ( ^? :i* h be5 us$ w\ld be out ( ! "q2 ref]5ces to a good _m w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,b x is impossible = ! pres5t writ] n to say h[ mu* he owes to ! works ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]2 )\t _! /imulus ^! pages w\ld nev] h be5 writt54 ,! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is s\rce w\ld fill a numb] ( volumes2 we h re/rict$ ourselves to a c]ta9 numb] ( m or less typical illu/rations *os5 f a great mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago de ,cahusac wrote 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,hi/orical ,treatise on ,danc+3 8,j'ai trait assez srieusem5t un sujet qu'on ne reg>d]a peut-tre que comme trs-futile40 ,! pres5t writ] hopes & believes t 8 ef=t w n be reg>d$ z 8trs-futile02 = we 9 ^! days h come to realize m fully ?an 0 possible 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! significance ( ! well-kn[n words ( ,t]5ce3 ,homo sum2 humani nihil a me ali5um puto4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,i ,9 8 ?\ghtful & v sugge/ive volume1 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 ,m>ett makes ! assumption t an inductive /udy ( ! ideas & cu/oms ( savag]y w %[1 fir/ly1 t an aw>5ess ( a fundam5tal aspect ( life & ( ! _w1 :i* aspect ,i %all provisionally t]m 8sup]natural10 is s g5]al z to be typical1 &1 secondly1 t su* an aw>5ess is no less g5]ally b\nd up ) a specific gr\p ( vital reactions 7p4 #abd74 ,e /ud5t ( su* ideas & cu/oms mu/ "k h[ ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ ?is assumption is4 ,9 /udy+ ! p>ticul> cu/om1 & ! ideas connect$ ) x1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 we f9d t ?is 8aw>5ess ( ! sup]natural10 toge!r ) ! 8vital reactions10 are1 at any rate 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its hi/ory1 inv>iably pres5t4 ,t mu*1 at all ev5ts1 we h to g ^u 9 seek+ a !ory z to ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,to acc\nt = its orig9 is1 h[ev]1 difficult2 t is fully realiz$2 & ! pres5t writ] w\ld desire to lay /ress on ! fact t z 9 seek+ su* orig9 he is l>gely 9 ! doma9 ( speculation & !ory1 no?+ is fur!r f 8 m9d ?an to be dogmatic4 ,! :ole subject ( ! sacr$ dance has be5 s little dealt ) except+ z a m]e rite1 t "o is to a great ext5t on new gr\nd2 "o mu/1 !re=e1 be q prep>$ to be convict$ ( fallacies4 ,t ! sacr$ dance orig9at$ 9 prehi/oric times goes )\t say+2 b ?is means t no pro(s c be adduc$ 9 support ( any !ory z to its orig92 x mu/ be a "q ( probabilities2 p]haps only ( possibilities4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 is t s9ce ! sacr$ dance orig9at$ at a "t :5 man 0 9 a v primitive /age ( culture1 :at fir/ induc$ him to p]=m x mu/ h be5 some?+ v nave & *ildlike4 ,t1 presumably1 ev]yone w\ld agree )4 ,n[1 !re is no sort ( d\bt t "o ( ! mo/ +ra9$ *>act]i/ics ( human nature is ! imitative prop5sity4 ,?is is m pron\nc$ 9 ! *ild ?an 9 ! gr[n man2 & :at holds good ( ! individual applies also to ! race2 ! m uncultur$ man is1 ! m does he1 m5tally1 approximate to ! *ild2 s t ! fur!r back we g 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 ! m pron\nc$ & *ildlike w be t imitative prop5sity4 ,z ,crawley has rem9d$ u#ai1 ,ari/otle ma9ta9$ t danc+ is imitative2 & 9 all its =ms x is an arti/ic imitation ( physical movem5t expressive ( emotions or ideas4 ,rightly or wrongly1 !n1 we believe t ! sacr$ dance owes its orig9 to ?is imitative prop5sity 9 man4 ,n[1 9 ! animi/ic /age :at fir/ sugge/$ ! pres5ce ( life 9 any?+ 0 movem5t4 ,! cause ( ! movem5t 0 nei!r und]/ood nor enquir$ into4 ,a tree1 sway$ by ! w9d1 mov$2 !re=e x 0 alive4 ,b x w\ld n /rike a m or less primitive savage t x 0 ! w9d :i* caus$ ! movem5t4 ,:at he w\ld in/9ctively h recogniz$ 0 t "h 0 some?+ :i* he did n und]/&2 & !re=e !re 0 a my/]y ab\t x :i* inspir$ awe4 ,s1 too1 ) /reams1 & riv]s1 & ! sea2 !y 7 alive because !y _h motion4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ?is w\ld be modifi$ 9 s f> t ! belief arose t ! tree or /ream conta9$ life because ( an indwell+ _s :i* caus$ ! movem5t1 ?us indicat+ its pres5ce2 b ev5 s1 x w\ld h be5 difficult = ! savage to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! two at fir/4 ,:e!r ! same c\rse ( savage 8reason+0 w apply 9 reg>d to ! sun1 moon1 &1 lat]1 to ! />s1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! p]iod :5 he fir/ began to take 8reason+0 note ( 8 surr\nd+s1 is d\btful2 = x is probable t he look$ ar\nd & d[nw>ds be=e he look$ upw>ds4 ,at any rate1 soon] or lat] he w\ld h realiz$ t !y too mov$1 & t !re=e !y 7 alive1 ei!r !mselves1 or animat$ by some?+1 m probably by somebody4 ,?us motion1 movem5t1 :i*1 on ! analogy ( man himself1 0 believ$ to d5ote life1 0 ! fir/ ?+ :i* ! savage m9d connect$ ) sup]natural p[]s#bj4 ,we sugge/1 !n1 t ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance 0 ! desire ( e>ly man to imitate :at he conceiv$ to be ! *>act]i/ic ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,n t ?is 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a dance 9 ! g5]ally accept$ s5se ( ! ^w2 b m]ely a movem5t1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( ! sway+ ( ! body 9 imitation ( trees1 or a s+le-file runn+ 9 imitation ( a /ream1 or a m boi/]\s movem5t 9 imitation ( ! waves ( ! sea or ( a /orm-swept lake4 ,! innate t5d5cy to rhy?mic motion w\ld soon h ass]t$ itself1 & primitive dance1 9 ! m usual s5se1 w\ld result4 ,b x w\ld be a sacr$ dance 9 s f> t x 0 p]=m$ 9 imitation ( "s sup]natural p[]1 vague & orig9ally imp]sonal1 z x und\bt$ly 02 to hon\r su* by an imitative dance d5otes a religi\s int5tion4 ,! reasonable objection w be urg$ t x 0 n only ?+s :i* 8mov$0 t e>ly man reg>d$ z liv+ or z indwelt by a _s1 b t /ones1 = example1 7 among ! v e>ly ?+s :i* 7 treat$ ) v5]ation because !y 7 believ$ to be ! abodes ( spirits2 ^! did n move1 s t ! sugge/$ !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance breaks d[n "h4 ,b :5 "o seeks to p5etrate ! m9d ( uncultur$ man & to get beh9d 8 m5tal outlook1 & especially :5 "o contemplates ! work+ ( ! *ild-m9d :i* (f]s s _m analogies )1 & illu/rations ( t ( ! m5tally immature savage1 "o becomes conv9c$ t ?is v5]ation ( /ones1 e>ly z x 0 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 0 lat] ?an t ( ?+s :i* move4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is simple2 a mov+ ?+ attracts att5tion be=e t :i* does n move2 t lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s alike ) ! *ild & ! savage m9d4 ,:5 once ! mov+ ?+s are believ$ to be ! abodes ( spirits1 & ! exi/5ce ( ^! is univ]sally recogniz$1 !n ! fur!r /ep t !y exi/ 9 o!r ?+s foll[s easily & naturally4 ,we are ?9k+ ( ! "t :5 z yet e>ly man 0 only impress$ by ^? ?+s :i*1 because ( _! motion1 attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,rville says t ! dance 0 ! fir/ & *ief means adopt$ by prehi/oric humanity ( ent]+ into active union ) ! deity ador$4 ,! fir/ idea 0 to imitate ! measur$ movem5ts ( ! god1 or at any rate :at 7 suppos$ to be su*4 ,aft]w>ds ?is fundam5tal motive 0 =gott51 l s _m o!r religi\s =ms :i* tradition & habit su/a9$ ev5 :5 ! _s 0 gone#ba4 ,we entirely agree2 b ! "q is :e!r ?is does n repres5t a lat] /age 9 ! religion ( prehi/oric humanity4 ,mu/ !re n h be5 a prior /age 9 :i* a less concrete idea ( sup]natural p[]s obta9$8 ,:at induc$ ! supposition t ! god p]=m$ 8measur$ movem5ts08 ,& :at w\ld h be5 ?\ght to be ! =m ( ^! movem5ts8 ,mr ,m>ett1 9 ! fir/ essay ( ! volume already ref]r$ to1 br+s =w>d incontrov]tible argum5ts1 z x seems to u1 = believ+ t !re 0 a /age 9 ! m5tal & religi\s developm5t ( man 9 :i* he 0 n yet capable ( o!r ?an a vague s5se ( ! sup]natural2 9 :i* he _h n yet associat$ def9ite spirits or gho/s ) :at he conceiv$ to be sup]natural ph5om5a2 b 9 :i* ! s5se ( my/]y & consequ5tly ( awe 9 face ( ^! sup]natural ph5om5a fill$ 8 he>t4 ,?is is also dealt ) 9 ! f\r? essay3 8,! ,conception ( ,mana40 ,x is 9 ?is /age t we w\ld locate ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance1 p]=m$ 9 imitation ( :at 7 ! movem5ts ( sup]natural p[]s1 b p[]s ( ! vague/ k9d2 m]ely a some?+1 unkn[n1 my/]i\s1 & !re=e to be fe>$2 b associate y\rself ) x1 & already y are 9 an indef9able way 9 communion ) x2 y h 9 "s s5se made fri5ds ) x1 :i* makes ?+s saf]4 8,giv5 ! sup]natural 9 any =m !re are always two ?+s to note ab\t x3 fir/ly1 t y are to be he$ful 9 reg>d to x2 secondly1 t x has p[]#bb40 ,s t :at ,rville says is true1 b x mu/ be ref]r$ to a lat] /age ( religi\s developm5t4 ,ano!r consid]ation 9 connexion ) ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance mu/ be briefly dealt )4 ,_m savage peoples trace ! orig9 ( _! sacr$ dances to v>i\s animals by :i*1 z !y ma9ta91 !y 7 taught to dance2 !re=e !y imitate1 9 _! dances1 ! movem5ts ( ^! animals4 ,?us1 = example1 we h kang>oo-dances1 dog-dances1 & cass[>y-dances among ! ,monumbo ( ,new ,gu9ea#bc2 be>-dances among ! ,c>ri] ,indians#bd1 ! ,gilyaks 79 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia71 ! wom5 ( ,kamt*atka#be1 & o!rs4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be urg$ t ! sacr$ dance orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,b ap>t f o!r argum5ts1 x w suffice to po9t out t to e>ly man ! sight ( animals 0 probably s mu* 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s t !re 0 no?+ ab\t !m to /rike him2 9 any case !re 0 no?+ sup]natural or my/]i\s ab\t !m1 no?+ to be afraid ab\t 9 ! s5se ( fe> inspir$ by ! unkn[n4 ,su* be+ ! case !re w\ld h be5 no reason to imitate _! movem5ts1 z !re 0 9 ! case ( :at 7 to e>ly man ^? my/]i\s p[]s ^: movem5ts he c\ld n expla94 ,! connexion ( animals ) gods1 & ! belief 9 desc5t f animals belong to subsequ5t ages2 su* conceptions necessitate reflexion dur+ long p]iods ( "t4 ,!re=e x _c h be5 9 imitation ( animals t ! sacr$ dance took its orig94 ,! !ory z to ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ dance sugge/$ may or may n comm5d itself2 b t x took its rise f sup]natural p[]s ( "s sort seems c]ta92 & ?is is support$ by ! belief ( _m savage peoples t _! sacr$ dances 7 orig9ally taught !m by _! gods#bf4 ,! anci5t ,greeks also held t _! sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$ 9 imitation ( gods & goddesses4 ,! ,pyrrhic dance 0 said to h be5 ! inv5tion ( ! ,dioscuri by "s2 o!rs attribut$ x to ,a!na4 ,aga91 ,artemis1 ,dionysos1 & ,zeus himself1 7 all believ$ to h set m5 ! example ( danc+4 ator among ! ,egyptians & ,baal-,m>qd among ! ,pho5icians are o!r examples4 ,is x n q conceivable t ?is e*oes :at obta9$ 9 m primitive times8 ,,ii ,we come n[ to consid] ! purposes ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,! :ole idea & object ( danc+1 among civiliz$ peoples1 has n[ become s purely a matt] ( pa/ime & enjoym5t t x is1 at fir/1 difficult to realize its v s]i\s aspect among m5 9 pa/ ages1 & among unciviliz$ races to-day4 ,x may be true en\gh t danc+ has always be5 a means ( ex]cise & pleasure#bg2 b f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times--&1 judg+ f :at c be ga!r$ f its v widespread practice among all kn[n races ( unciviliz$ m51 ! same is probably true ( remote prehi/oric times--?is purpose has always be5 subord9at$ to religi\s uses prim>ily4 ,!re are1 x is true1 _m in/ances among savages at ! pres5t day ( dances be+ no?+ m ?an a means ( ex]cise & enjoym5t2 b x is n too mu* to ass]t t 9 e case ! elim9ation ( ! religi\s elem5t is due to extrane\s influ5ces4 ,?is is vividly illu/rat$ 9 ,polynesia1 = example4 8,polynesian danc+10 writes ,mr ,macmillan ,br[n1 8has advanc$ f> on ! road to conv5tionalism4 ,x has %$ mu* ( its pantomimic purpose & its religi\s mean+1 & 9 ?is x reveals ! collision ( two or m cultures4 ,9 a region m>k$ by s mu* t is s highly primitive1 no?+ b ! cla% ( diff]5t religi\s sy/ems c\ld expla9 its divorce f rites & c]emonies & its appe>ance z an almo/ purely secul> art1 int5d$ to amuse & delight an assembly ( spectators40 ,! same writ] %[s t ! "* ( ! danc+ among !m pres5ts ! pro( ( its orig9ally purely religi\s purpose2 = x is n l ,european danc+1 a h>mony ( 8tw9kl+ feet40 ,x is :olly occupi$ 9 po/ur+1 wav+ ! arms & b5d+ ! body1 z if be=e a %r9e4 ,x is ! upp] "p ( ! body t is *iefly engag$4 ,:]e ! feet come 91 x is only to effect ! occasional advances or retreats1 z if to or f ! alt>1 or 9 ! res\nd+ ?ud ( ! w>-dance4 ,! ,polynesian dance is (t5e/ /ation>y#bh4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t all religi\s danc+ 0 necess>ily ( ?is m or less /ation>y "*2 we %all ref] to examples ( a v diff]5t k9d bel[2 b x is well to emphasize ! tru? t all danc+ 0 orig9ally religi\s1 & 0 p]=m$ = religi\s purposes4 ,( c\rse x (t5 happ5s t ! diff]5t objects ( ! dance coalesce2 religi\s & secul>1 or religi\s & utilit>ian1 or m ?an "o religi\s purpose1 be+ comb9$ 9 ! same dance2 ?is1 z we %all see1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,israelite practice4 ,nev]!less1 x is v c]ta9 t 9 numb]less in/ances all feel+s ( enjoym5t _h ceas$ ?\gh ! dance cont9u$ h\r aft] h\r because x 0 believ$ t a sacr$ duty 0 be+ p]=m$ !reby4 ,! "y ,nor? ,am]ican ,dakotahs1 = example1 did n g on danc+ = a c\ple ( days because !y 7 s enam\r$ ( x2 nor 0 x = pa/ime t ! ,?yiads danc$ on madly 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos until !y dropp$ to ! gr\nd unconsci\s4 ,! reasons :i* made ?is sort ( ?+ necess>y are absurd to u1 b f ! po9t ( view ( antique ?\ght x 0 a v s]i\s & solemn matt]4 ,x is ?is s]i\s aspect ( our subject ^u :i* /ress mu/ be laid because n[-a-days we naturally ?9k ( danc+ z m]e enjoym5t & pa/ime4 ,"s ( ! dances & _! objects1 & ! ways 9 :i* !y are p]=m$1 among savages are s funny t !y w\ld1 we imag9e1 provoke a smile on ! face ( a sph9x1 7 x capable ( do+ su* a ?+2 b :ile1 at times1 we _c resi/ a laugh1 we %all d well to rememb] t x 0 f> f be+ a laugh+ matt] to ! savage2 to d him ju/ice we mu/ seek to get to ! back ( 8 m9d1 to ent] into 8 feel+s1 & to look at ?+s ?r\gh 8 eyes2 !n x w be realiz$ :at ! sacr$ dance meant to him1 & its ess5tial s]i\sness w become app>5t4 ,:at ! sacr$ dance meant n only to unciviliz$ m51 b also to ! mo/ cultur$ races ( antiquity1 w be se5 f ! purposes = :i* x 0 p]=m$4 ,^! we w n[ briefly enum]ate4 7a7 ,x 01 fir/ & =emo/1 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( hon\r+ :at 7 reg>d$ z sup]natural p[]s#bi4 ,9 ! pre-animi/ic /age ^! p[]s 7 entirely vague & undef9$2 9 ! animi/ic /age !y develop$ into spirits1 "s b5evol5t1 o!rs malefic5t1 p[]ful = good or evil4 ,lat] !y became gods & goddesses4 ,:y danc+ 0 a means ( hon\r+ ^! sup]natural1 lat] sup]human1 p[]s 0 = ^! reasons3 ,x 0 suppos$ to be an act ( imitation1 & !re=e flatt]+ to ! high] p[] 7! imitative prop5sity 9 man has already be5 ref]r$ to74 ,secondly1 by 8tak+ x out ( y\rself0 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p[] or deity y 7 (f]+ some?+ 9 ! nature ( a propitiation1 :e!r z a gift or z an act ( self-sacrifice2 9 ei!r case x w\ld be hon\r+ ! high] p[]4 ,?is tak+ x out ( oneself 9 hon\r ( a _s or a god is an int]e/+ ph5om5on1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r has ass]t$ itself ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x is ! e>lie/ =m ( :at 9 c\rse ( "t %[$ itself 9 su* ?+s z self-ca/igation & self-mortification2 its extreme =m be+ ! love ( m>tyrdom2 = to :atev] degree ! cult ( self may h ent]$ into ^! ?+s1 x w\ld be grossly unfair n to recognize t !y 7 believ$ to be pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ! deity1 & t !y 71 !re=e1 done ) a view to hon\r+ him4 7b7 ,psy*ologically connect$ ) ! =ego+ we h z ano!r purpose ( ! sacr$ dance t ( 8%[+-(f0 be=e a high] p[]4 ,"o mu/ ent] into ! *ild-m9d 9 ord] to grasp :at a real ?+ ?is is4 ,! close analogy betwe5 ! way-(-?9k+ 9 ! *ild & 9 ! m or less primitive savage has already be5 ref]r$ to1 & is recogniz$ on all h&s4 ,"h are two cases ( great int]e/ :i* vividly illu/rate ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,! pres5t writ] v\*es = ! lit]al tru? ( ea*4 ,a little girl1 n exce$+ five ye>s1 0 danc+ be=e a picture ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild2 aft] h] dance %e turn$ to h] "m & said3 8,d y ?9k ! ,baby ,jesus lik$ to see me dance80 ,x is n q easy to say 9 ?is case 9 h[ f> ! purpose 0 to please ! 8,baby ,jesus10 & 9 h[ f> ! p]fectly natural & innoc5t purpose 0 to 8%[ (f0 be=e ,him2 probably bo? motives 7 comb9$4 ,b ! second is purely "o ( 8%[+ (f40 ,a *ild ( ab\t ?ree1 a boy ?is "t1 kept on jump+ z high z he c\ld 9 ! fields2 pres5tly 8 fa!r he>d him say3 8,see1 ,god1 h[ high ,i c jump60 ,we c\ld h>dly h m delightful & in/ructive illu/rations ( ! innate desire1 common to ! *ild & to man ( immature m5tal developm5t1 to %[ :at !y c d 9 ! sight ( _! bett]s4 ,s t we may ju/ly reckon among ! purposes ( ! sacr$ dance ?is desire to 8%[ (f0 be=e a sup]human p[]1 or :at is conceiv$ to be su*4 7c7 ,next2 ! hon\r done to ! high] p[] by means ( imitation _h1 9 ! eyes ( unciviliz$ man1 "s important consequ5ces :i* (f] fur!r reasons :y ! sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$4 ,j z 9 imitative magic ! ?+ imitat$ 0 !reby effect$1 s by imitat+ ! sup]natural p[] ! imitator conceiv$ himself to be mak+ himself "o ) him :o 0 imitat$4 ,?is purpose ( ! sacr$ dance w\ld n1 h[ev]1 h belong$ to ! e>lie/ /age1 = x presupposes ! recognition ( p]sonality 9 ! sup]natural p[]1 & t po9ts to a di/9ct advance2 & ! possibility is wor? contemplat+ z to :e!r1 & 9 h[ f>1 ! sacr$ dance may h contribut$ to ?is advance4 ,at any rate1 ?is idea t an undef9$ union 0 br\ght ab\t by means ( ! sacr$ dance seems to be ! precursor ( ! m develop$ =m ( ! same idea t union c\ld be br\ght ab\t by p]sonat+ a god or a goddess4 ,:51 = example1 m5 & wom51 by disguis+ !mselves z horses1 cats1 pigs1 or h>es1 p]sonat$ ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 & danc$ 9 _! hon\r1 !y believ$ t !y 71 9 "s inexplicable way1 unit$ ) ^! goddesses4 ,9 ! e>li] /age1 by imitat+ :at a god does1 i4e4 danc+1 union ) him is effect$2 9 ! lat] /age1 ! l result is a*iev$ by imitat+ :at he is1 & danc+ 9 t guise4 ,at ! bottom ( all ?is lies ! pr9ciple :i* looms s l>ge 9 savage philosophy t 8l produces l10 i4e4 sympa!tic magic :i* assumes t ?+s act on ea* o!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a secret sympa?y1 ! impulse be+ transmitt$ f "o to ! o!r by means ( :at we may conceive z a k9d ( invisible e!r1 n unlike t :i* is po/ulat$ by mod]n sci5ce = a precisely simil> purpose1 namely1 to expla9 h[ ?+s c physically affect ea* o!r ?r\gh a space :i* appe>s to be empty#cj4 ,z is well kn[n1 a m pron\nc$ & reali/ic means ( union 0 t ( eat+ ! fle% or dr9k+ ! blood ( a sacrificial victim :i* repres5t$ ! god2 by receiv+ ! god into himself a man became id5tifi$ ) ! god4 ,s t we h 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght & practice1 9 a mat]iali/ically asc5d+ scale1 ?ree means :]eby union ) a sup]natural p[] 0 believ$ to be effect$3 imitation1 p]sonation1 & ! act :i* produc$ id5tification4 ,b ! important po9t = our pres5t purpose1 & x is "o :i* ne$s emphasis1 is t ov] & ov] aga9 x is f\nd t ! two latt] rites 7i4e4 ^? ( p]sonation & ( absorb+ ! god7 are accompani$ by ! sacr$ dance z a necess>y adjunct4 ,x may be argu$ t ?is is m]ely done on ! pr9ciple ( mak+ c]ta9ty d\bly c]ta92 b x is at lea/ possible t we h "h a case ( ! ret5tion ( ! e>lie/ rite simply because x is ! e>lie/4 ,we are b\nd to look = great navet 9 consid]+ ! ideas & practices ( backw>d races--&1 inde$1 n only backw>d races :]e religi\s rites are conc]n$2--& if1 9 c\rse ( "t1 new means sugge/$ !mselves ( unit+ oneself ) a god or goddess1 x is q 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( unciviliz$ man to suppose t he cont9u$ ! old] me?od side by side ) ! new] ones1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 n mu* mean+ atta*$ to x4 ,?is !ory t "o ( ! e>lie/ purposes ( ! sacr$ dance 0 to imitate :at sup]natural p[]s did1 & t ?is imitation 0 believ$ to be ! means ( union ) ?is sup]natural be+ 7z x came to be71 receives "s support & confirmation f :at we "k to h be5 ! purpose ( ! ec/atic dance4 7d7 ,uncultur$ man believ$ t by danc+ to su* an ext5t t he became unconsci\s he 0 n only do+ some?+ t 0 hon\r+ to ! deity1 n only (f]+ some?+ 9 ! nature ( sacrifice1 b t1 he 01 above all1 mak+ 8 body a fit tempor>y abode = 8 god4 ,he did n enquire h[ ?is came ab\t4 ,conceivably1 ! e>lie/ idea1 ?\gh unexpress$1 0 t by hon\r+ ! god to ?is ext5t ! god %[$ 8 approval by unit+ himself ) 8 danc+ wor%ipp]4 ,! e>li] widespread belief t ! deity took up 8 abode at c]ta9 times 9 trees1 /ones1 etc41 may well h sugge/$ ! possibility ( ! same ?+ occurr+ 9 m51 b m especially 9 ^? m intimately & directly d$icat$ to 8 wor%ip4 ,! "q w\ld h aris5 z to ! means to be employ$ :]eby ?is end c\ld be a*iev$ 9 ! case ( m52 & z danc+ 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( wor%ip ?is w\ld h be5 ! mo/ natural means to sugge/ itself4 ,! dance w\ld !n proce$2 dur+ x ! p]=m]s w\ld be anxi\sly await+ "s inn] indication ( ! entrance ( ! deity2 no?+1 ( c\rse1 w\ld happ5 until ! long-cont9u$ dance w\ld induce fir/ gidd9ess1 !n semi-consci\sness1 & f9ally a /ate ( semi-delirium end+ n infrequ5tly 9 total unconsci\sness = "s "t4 ,b x is easy to und]/& t ! fir/ signs ( semi-consci\sness w\ld h be5 int]pret$ z ! adv5t ( ! deity & ! beg9n+s ( ! div9e ov]p[]+4 ,giv5 belief 9 ! possibility ( div9e indwell+ 9 a man1 ! fur!r belief t ! god utiliz$ 8 wor%ipp] z 8 m\?piece 0 a natural & easy transition4 ,natural1 because x c\ld n be suppos$ t ! god w\ld take up 8 abode 9 a man )\t "s purpose1 & :at m obvi\s purpose ?an t ( mak+ 8 w kn[n8 ,easy1 because ! me*anism1 if "o may s call x1 ( utt]ance 0 all ready to h&4 ,o!r ?+s w\ld foll[1 also 9 ! natural c\rse2 = if1 on ! "o h&1 ! god utiliz$ ! body ( 8 wor%ipp] z ! vehicle = mak+ 8 w kn[n1 ! wor%ipp] c\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 utilize ! div9e p[] ) :i* he 0 suffus$ = o!r purposes4 ,?us1 = example1 we h ! ,hebrew prophet :o1 9 an ec/atic /ate1 utt]s ! w ( ,jahwe1 or gives an oracle2 or1 z illu/rat+ ! o!r side1 we h ! ,bodo-prie/ 8devil-danc]0 ( ,s\!rn ,india :o utilizes ! div9e p[] )9 him = work+ cures4 ,b :atev] ! result might be1 ! important ?+ f our pres5t po9t ( view is t ! requisite /ate requir$ = ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ?+s 0 br\ght ab\t by ! p]=mance ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,! ec/atic dance w receive a good deal ( notice bel[ 7pp4 #ajg ff471 s t we ne$ n say m ab\t x "h4 7e7 ,ano!r purpose ( ! sacr$ dance 0 to make ! crops gr[1 or ( help+1 or induc+ ! god to d s4 ,f "o po9t ( view "h ! sacr$ dance 0 an act ( imitative magic4 ,?us1 by a dance 9 :i* ! *ief *>act]i/ic 0 high leaps x 0 believ$ by _m peoples t ! corn w\ld gr[ high4 ,x is probable1 z ,fraz] sugge/s1 t ?is 0 at any rate "o ( ! purposes ) :i* ! ,salii1 ! prie/s ( ! old ,italian god ( vegetation1 danc$ high & leapt4 ,z an act ( imitative magic1 aga91 ! sacr$ dance _h among "s peoples ! purpose ( help+ ! sun to run 8 c\rse4 ,= example1 ?is 0 probably at "o "t ( its hi/ory ! object ( 8,ariadne's ,dance02 & ! dance kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,labyr9?0 may well h be5 believ$ to assi/ ! />s 9 _! c\rses4 ,^!1 & _m o!r examples1 are dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ pages4 7f7 ,fur!r1 !re are in/ances on record ( ! sacr$ dance hav+ ! purpose ( hall[+ or consecrat+ a victim = sacrifice1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,arabs p]=m+ a processional dance r\nd a camel de/9$ = sacrifice1 or ( ! ,israelites mak+ ! circuit r\nd ! alt>1 or ( ! ,kayans ( ,s>wak circl+ r\nd _! sacrificial pigs4 ,9 all su* cases x is an act ( consecration by means ( ! magic circle4 7g7 ,z an adjunct to initiation c]emonies ! sacr$ dance 0 also believ$ to s]ve "s useful purpose4 ,presumably x 0 an act ( homage to ! god or goddess :o 0 suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,?is is sugge/$ by ! danc+ at ! ,brauronian c]emonies ( ,artemis :i*1 accord+ to ,f>nell1 0 a k9d ( initiation c]emony by :i* "y girls 7 consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ?is goddess4 7h7 ,!re are "s gr\nds = ! belief t ! sacr$ dance 0 sometimes p]=m$ ) ! purpose ( assi/+ w>riors to ga9 a victory 9 battle2 "h1 too1 x 0 an act ( imitative magic4 ,x _h1 9 ?is connexion1 ! fur!r purpose ( appeas+ ! spirits ( sla9 enemies4 7i7 ,z a m>riage rite ! sacr$ dance1 at any rate dur+ "s "t ( its hi/ory1 fulfill$1 z 0 believ$1 "o or two important purposes4 ,! ref]5ce to ! 8,sword-dance0 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 all probability a relic ( ! antique cu/om ( combat+ ! vague dang]s :i* 7 suppos$ to m5ace ^? ent]+ ^u ! m>riage /ate4 ,^! dang]s1 undef9$ b nev]!less v real to ^? :o believ$ 9 _! exi/5ce1 arose n only f ! fact ( ! new conditions ( life t 7 beg9n+1 b also because ( a reciprocal fe> on ! "p ( ! sexes1 & a close contact betwe5 !m emphasiz$ ?is4 ,ano!r way ( combat+1 or at lea/ av]t+ ^! dang]s1 0 by means ( a *ange ( id5tity2 h5ce ! once _w-wide cu/om1 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 "s c\ntries1 ( ! bridal c\ple assum+ 8royal0 /ate1 & be+ treat$ z k+ & que5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w$d+ fe/ivities4 ,fur!r1 !re are "s reasons = ?9k+ t ! sacr$ dance z a m>riage rite sometimes _h ! purpose ( br++ ab\t a fruitful m>riage2 !re are c]ta9 c]emonies dur+ ! p]iod ( celebration 9 :i* ! dance figures prom95tly :i* po9t to ?is1 & ! analogy ( ! dance = mak+ ! crops gr[ (f]s "s corroboration4 7j7 ,!re are special purposes = :i* ! sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$ z a m\rn+ or a burial rite4 ,at times ^! are ( a curi\sly contradictory "*4 ,! gho/s ( ! dead numb] among !m ^? :o are k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ! liv+1 & ^? :o are malevol5t 9 _! attitude t[>ds !m2 ! latt] are suppos$ to be able to d h>m4 ,speak+ q g5]ally1 x appe>s1 ^u ! :ole1 t ! less advanc$ ! cultural /age ! great] ! t5d5cy to reg>d ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ z malevol5t4 ,s9ce ! v>i\s races f :i* illu/rations ( ! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ rite are ga!r$ 71 or are 7z ! case may be71 9 diff]5t /ages ( civilization1 x foll[s t ! purposes ( ! rite v>y2 = ! belief reg>d+ ! attitude ( ! dead t[>ds ! liv+ has a good deal to d ) ! purpose = :i* ! sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$4 ,?us we f9d t x sometimes has ! object ( driv+ away ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$2 or else !re w be a dance on ! grave = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! gho/ f roam+4 ,at o!r times x is ! means ( sc>+ away evil spirits :o are believ$ to congregate 9 ! vic9ity ( a corpse4 ,v /range1 b int]e/+1 is ! cu/om among "s races ( p]sonat+ ! dead 9 ! sacr$ dance2 ?is is suppos$ to be a pot5t means ( br++ him back1 & he is believ$ to jo9 ! survivors 9 ! dance2 he is pres5t1 b invisible1 9 ! man :o p]sonates him4 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! union ) a sup]natural _s by imitat+ him 9 ! dance1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above2 ! same idea und]lies ea*4 ,b ! purpose ( ! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ or burial rite :i* appe>s z ! mo/ usual is t ( hon\r+ ! dep>t$4 ,?is is d\btless v frequ5tly simply a m>k ( affection2 b at o!r times x is 9 ! nature ( a propitiatory act :]eby ! _s ( ! dep>t$ is p]suad$ to refra9 f mole/+ ! liv+4 ,_m illu/rations ( ^! v>i\s purposes ( ! sacr$ dance w be (f]$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,among ,,! ,,israelites ,i ,s f> z ! ,old ,te/am5t is conc]n$ ?is subject ( ! dance 9 religi\s ritual illu/rates a fact :i* biblical /udy1 on ! comp>ative basis1 is br++ m & m into prom95ce1 & :i* ne$s to be recogniz$ bo? 9 ! int]e/s ( tru? & 9 ord] to realize m fully ! evolution>y developm5t ( religion z an et]nal pr9ciple 9 ! div9e economy4 ,! orig9al aims & objects ( ! sacr$ dance 71 z we h se51 8primitive02 ! cont9uance ( ! rite ?r\gh\t ! ages1 ev5 to comp>atively rec5t times among practically all peoples1 does n 9 any way detract f ! tru? ( ?is1 = ev]yone kn[s ) :at p]si/5cy religi\s cu/om & ritual cont9ues1 n only aft] ! orig9al object & mean+ has be5 =gott51 b ev5 :5 x has no mean+ at all4 ,its exi/5ce among ! ,israelites1 !re=e1 %[s !m to h be5 & to h act$ ?r\gh\t _! religi\s hi/ory z o!r races did 9 ?is respect 7& x is only "o ( _m o!r illu/rations t c\ld be giv571 9 spite ( :at we rightly believe to h be5 special opportunities = m exalt$ =ms ( wor%ip4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! religi\s uniqu5ess ( ! ,israelites1 z a nation1 has be51 & (t5 /ill is1 exagg]at$ to an undue ext5t4 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 among !m ^? :o may well be describ$ z unique1 sui g5]is2 b !y 7 ! great exceptions4 ,! nation z a :ole 0 = _m c5turies no bett] & no worse ?an o!rs2 & :at /rong] evid5ce = ?is c\ld be af=d$ ?an t giv5 9 ! prophetical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,its ultimate em]g5ce f ! religi\s norm ( ! _w to a position ( isolat$ sup]iority 0 due to a m]e h&ful ( m5 :o (f]$ ! greate/ example t ! _w _h hi!rto se5 ( :at c\ld be accompli%$ by subord9at+ w & p]sonality to ! influ5ce & guidance ( ! ,div9e ,creator4 ,true1 x 0 among "s ( ^! v prophets t ! mo/ int]e/+ k9d ( sacr$ dance--! ec/atic dance--0 9 vogue1 ) its wildness & extravagances2 9 ?is !y1 or at lea/ ! e>lie/ ( !m1 did n diff] f c]ta9 classes ( 8holy m50 all ! _w ov]2 :]e !y did diff] 0 9 _! developm5t ( ! conception :i* und]lay ! purpose ( ! ec/atic dance1 i4e4 union ) ! deity2 & x is j "h t !y /& out 9 su* bold relief f all o!rs4 ,! e>lie/ prophets believ$ t ?is sacr$ dance 0 ! means :]eby ! div9e _s came ^u !m2 ?is belief !y %>$ ) o!rs2 b !y rose to ! high] belief t ?is means 0 n necess>y = a*iev+ ! purpose = :i* x 0 us$4 ,x _h s]v$ a useful purpose2 b hav+ s]v$ its purpose x 0 dropp$4 ,! prophets came to ! realization t !re 7 m spiritual means :]eby union ) ! deity 0 br\ght ab\t2 !n ! sacr$ dance f\nd no fur!r place among !m4 ,!y %$ ! husk1 b reta9$ ! k]nel4 ,x 0 ! same pr9ciple ^u :i* ,/ ,paul act$ 9 lat] days 9 reg>d to ! ,law4 ,! sacr$ dance1 too1 0 9 its way a 8s*ool-ma/]0 7,gal4 iii4 #bd71 lead+ m5 to bett] ?+s4 ,:51 c5turies lat]1 ! f> m cultur$ ,greeks 7 /ill 8rav+0 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos1 ! ,hebrew prophets _h long s9ce le>n$ t x is ,god ,himself ,:o puts ,8 _s ^u m5 7cp4 ,isa4 xlii4 #a71 & t ?is is n a ?+ to be effect$ by ! w or act ( man4 8,:o ha? direct$ ! ,_s ( ,jahwe80 asks "o ( !m 9 f9e irony 7,isa4 xl4 #ac74 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ! ec/atic dance among ! ,hebrew prophets is "o ( _m illu/rations %[+ _! uniqu5ess4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) ^! extraord9>ily gift$ prophets t we are n[ conc]n$4 ,we are ?9k+ ( ! v ord9>y & v human ,israelites z a :ole :o1 l innum]able m5 & wom5 ( o!r races1 7 end[$ ) emotions & aspirations :i* 7 common to humanity4 ,& x is a curi\s b int]e/+ ph5om5on t ! sacr$ dance 0 among ! ,israelites1 z among all o!r peoples1 "o ( ! means :]eby ^! emotions & aspirations 7 express$4 ,! fact t 9 ! ,mosaic legislation no provision is made = ritual danc+ :5 s _m o!r m9ute details ( ritual are giv5 might seem to sugge/ t su* a ?+ 0 disc\nt5anc$4 ,)\t "q x is true to say t 8! prie/ly hi/orians & legislators resolutely exclud$1 z f> z possible1 ev]y?+ t c\ld inf] any simil>ity betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,jahwe & t ( hea!n deities#ca40 ,b x is d\btful :e!r ! subject ( ! sacr$ dance w\ld h come into consid]ation 9 su* a connexion2 x 0 a practice too deeply +ra9$ 9 human nature z a means ( express+ religi\s emotion to sugge/ t x impli$ assimilation to hea!n wor%ip4 ,! br++ ( oblations1 ! (f]+ ( sacrifices1 7 also common to ,israelite & hea!n wor%ip1 b t simil>ity w\ld nev] h /ruck ! ,israelite legislators z d]ogatory1 because ^!1 too1 7 means ( express+ religi\s emotion :i*1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 7 common to all races4 ,! ,mosaic legislation makes no provision = ! po/ure to be assum$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! deity1 nor does x say any?+ ab\t s++ 9 wor%ip2 b x is difficult to believe t !re 7 n fix$ modes 9 reg>d to ^! :i* _h be5 9 vogue f "t immemorial2 & !re=e !y ne$$ no m5tion4 ,! same may be po/ulat$ 9 ! case ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,a ?+ :i* all ! evid5ce %[s to h be5 a _w-wide means ( express+ religi\s emotion & ( hon\r+ ! deity dur+ a long p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s developm5t1 0 n likely to h be5 want+ among ! ,israelites4 ,9 ^? passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* religi\s danc+ is record$ !re is no h9t ( disapproval1 let alone prohibition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t x mu/ h be5 look$ ^u z a usual & integral "p ( wor%ip4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! sacr$ dance cont9u$ to be an important elem5t 9 wor%ip on special occasions among ! ,jews 9 po/-biblical times2 ! evid5ce w be consid]$ lat]4 ,t ?is c\ld h be5 an innovation is out ( ! "q2 x 0 m]ely ! cont9uation1 9 "s cases q possibly an elaboration1 ( a rite famili> to ! p f "t immemorial4 ,! comp>atively r>e m5tion1 !re=e1 ( ! sacr$ dance 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ n mislead u2 ! reasons = t are v natural4 ,& :5 x is realiz$ :at a numb] ( words !re are 9 ,hebrew = danc+ 7see pp4 #dd ff471 & t only once is !re a possible ref]5ce to secul>1 z di/9ct f religi\s1 danc+1 ! conclusion w be =c$ ^u u t x play$ a mu* l>g] rle 9 ! religi\s life ( ! p ?an fir/ appe>ances w\ld seem to indicate4 ,z f> z c be ga!r$1 religi\s danc+ among ! ,israelites 01 z a g5]al rule1 p]=m$ by ! sexes sep>ately2 9 ! acc\nt ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,gold5 ,calf1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! possibility ( promiscu\s danc+ is n exclud$1 see especially ,exod4 xxxii4 #b1 #c4 ,among o!r peoples x is f\nd t1 mo/ly1 ! sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$ by m5 & wom5 sep>ately2 b !re are notable exceptions among ! ,egyptians z well z ! ,syrians1 also among ! ,greeks2 & ! same applies to ! uncultur$ races4 ,,ii ,:5 all ! data 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 ga!r$ x is possible to disc]n c]ta9 types ( ! sacr$ dance2 by ?is we d n necess>ily mean v>ieties ( mode1 n b t ^! also occur2 ! type is indicat$ r by ! connexion 9 :i* ! dance occurs4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x is n to be suppos$ t !re 01 g5]ally speak+1 any idea ( hav+ p>ticul> k9ds ( dance res]v$ = diff]5t occasions1 x is possible to attempt "s k9d ( classification4 ,at any rate1 x is a conv5i5t me?od to adopt 9 review+ ! evid5ce4 ,emphasis mu/ aga9 be laid on ! fact t :5 "o is speak+ ( ! 8sacr$ dance0 9 pa/ ages "o has to all[ to ! t]m a wide connotation4 ,we h come to use ! ^w 8dance0 9 a v re/rict$ s5se2 9 antiquity x 0 diff]5t2 includ$ 9 x are modes v>y+ f a /aid1 m>*-l rhy?mic /ep1 to ! wild] movem5ts ( ! ec/atic dance4 7#a7 ,we draw att5tion fir/ to ! sacr$ processional dance4 ,a cursory ref]5ce to "o or two examples w suffice "h z a m detail$ exam9ation ( ea* type ( dance w be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s to foll[4 ,judg+ f ! few data (f]$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! sacr$ processional dance among ! ,israelites 0 always p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe4 ,9 ! well-kn[n in/ance ( ,david & ! ,israelites danc+ 9 procession be=e ! ,ark1 x is really 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jahwe t x takes place s9ce ,he is conceiv$ z be+ pres5t 9 ! ,ark4 ,! dance assumes v>i\s =ms accord+ to ! degree ( religi\s excitem5t eng5d]$4 ,x is spok5 ( z be+ danc+ ( ! ord9>y k9d1 i4e4 ! common ,hebrew ^w = danc+ is us$2 b pres5tly x takes on ! "* ( a rotat+ dance1 !n !re is jump+ foll[$ by some?+ 9 ! nature ( skipp+1 & x is also spok5 ( z a :irl+ movem5t4 ,x w be notic$ t five diff]5t words are us$ "h to express ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! danc+ 0 p]=m$4 ,al?\gh ! occasion on :i* ?is took place 0 a v special "o1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! sacr$ dance 0 only res]v$ = su* special occasions4 ,x is r to be ga!r$ f ! incid5tal way 9 :i* ! danc+ is m5tion$ t ! rite 0 usual1 & 0 only ( a m elaborate "* because ( ! special occasion4 ,a s+le m5tion ( ?is k9d mu/1 x may be safely ass]t$1 imply a well-kn[n & usual cu/om1 o!rwise x w\ld be comm5t$ ^u z some?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 7#b7 ,! sacr$ dance also takes ! =m ( encircl+ a sacr$ object1 ei!r an idol1 or a sacrificial victim1 or an alt>2 9 ?is la/ case ! sacrificial victim w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be includ$4 ,! =m ( ?is type ( dance 0 ei!r a m>*-l /ep or a runn+ /ep or else ! wor%ipp]s held h&s & danc$ r\nd4 ,?is latt] is n[h]e specifically m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b x is su* an obvi\s =m = a dance to take t we c sc>cely d\bt its hav+ exi/$ among ! ,israelites4 ,besides1 int]e/+ examples ( a concrete k9d h be5 f\nd depict+ ?is =m ( dance r\nd sacr$ objects :i* q possibly owe _! orig9 to ,semitic inspiration2 "s ( ^! are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi bel[4 ,?is encircl+ dance 0 und\bt$ly an act ( wor%ip2 x is also possible t 9 "s cases x 0 int5d$ to h a consecrat+ effect ei!r ^u ! wor%ipp]s or ^u ! sacrificial victim2 9 ! example giv5 by ,nilus 7see p4 #ie7 ! latt] w\ld seem to h be5 ! case4 ,! !ory ( "s s*ol>s t ! circle dance 0 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies has also a good deal to comm5d x4 ,z a fun]al rite ?is =m ( ! sacr$ dance s]v$ "s o!r purposes 7see bel[74 7#c7 ,! ec/atic dance is t :i* has receiv$ mo/ att5tion f s*ol>s1 & des]v$ly1 = x is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s ritual4 ,9 ! exub]ance ( emotion eng5d]$ by x ! p]=m]s exp]i5c$ :at appe>$ to !m to am\nt1 = ! "t be+1 almo/ to a metamorphosis2 !y believ$ !mselves to be infus$ & p]meat$ by ! influ5ce--p]haps x w\ld be tru] to say ! ess5ce--( ! deity 9 ^: hon\r !y 7 danc+4 ,?us came ab\t :at 0 conceiv$ to be 9 "s my/ic1 b :olly inexplicable way1 a union ) ! deity ador$4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we h ! well-kn[n example ( ! prophets p]=m+ ?is dance 9 #a ,sam4 x4 #e ff42 its contagi\s "* is graphically illu/rat$ by ! case ( ,saul1 ^: condition becomes su* t ! p ask3 8,is ,saul also among ! prophets80 & he is spok5 ( z hav+ be5 8turn$ into ano!r man0 because z a result ( ! ec/atic dance ! _s ( ,jahwe came mightily ^u him4 ,! language implies t :5 once ! requir$ condition has be5 rea*$ x is !n ,jahwe ,:o takes ! initiative2 ! body z su* rema9s a passive in/rum5t1 b x becomes a ,be?-el1 a tempor>y h\se ( ,god f :i* ,he speaks =? ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! voice ( ! possess$4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r types ( ! sacr$ dance1 !re _c be any?+ unique ab\t ?is ev5 ?\gh x is only ref]r$ to once or twice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 its incid5tal m5tion )\t fur!r comm5t /amps x z be+ no?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is ec/atic type ( dance is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 also 9 connexion ) prophets1 ?\gh n ,israelite prophets4 ,!re 0 a peculi> k9d ( limp+ dance p]=m$1 z x w\ld appe>1 on special occasions by ! prophets ( ,baal4 ,?is began ) a limp+ /ep r\nd ! alt> z ?\gh ! p]=m]s 7 lame1 b soon develop$ into a wild jump+ ab\t on ! alt>1 & culm9at$ 9 self-lac]ation ) knives & ! l4 ,9 h[ f> a /ate ( semi-consci\sness or total unconsci\sness 0 atta9$ is n indicat$2 b 9 ! light ( analog\s cases 7ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii7 x may be ga!r$ t ! loss ( ! physical s5sation ( pa9 inflict$ by ! self-lac]ation mu/ imply to "s ext5t a loss ( consci\sness s f> z ext]nal surr\nd+s 7 conc]n$4 ,9 writ+ ab\t ! prophetic ec/asy ( ,syrian z well z ,israelite prophets1 ,dr ,t4 ,h4 ,rob9son well expresses ! /ate 9 say+ t x 0 a peculi> psy*ic condition 9 :i* ! subject seem$ to be possess$ ( p[]s1 inde$ ( a :ole sph]e ( consci\sness1 :i* 0 d5i$ to ! ord9>y individual1 & to ! prophet himself 9 normal /ates4 ,he did n cease to be consci\s ( ! _w z x appe>$ to o!rs1 b he he>d & saw ?+s :i* 7 beyond _! range4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( well-m>k$ physical ph5om5a connect$ ) ! condition ( ec/asy1 ?\gh ^! 7 n inv>iable4 ,! subject might be affect$ ) a c]ta9 con/riction ( ! muscles1 9 :i* case ! /ate resembl$ t ( a trance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 muscul> activity might be l>gely increas$4 ,leap+1 bodily contortions1 & l\d cries result$1 :i*1 z !y t5d$ to become regul> & rhy?mical1 develop$ into danc+ & song4 ,! subject frequ5tly exp]i5c$ a k9d ( anae/hesia1 & w\ld sla% wildly at 8 own body ) knife or :ip1 )\t %[+ any signs ( physical pa9#cb4 ,we %all f9d all ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! examples1 to be giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 ( ?is type ( dance among a numb] ( races4 ,v>i\s means 7 employ$ to br+ ab\t ?is ec/atic /ate1 su* z alcohol1 & o!r drugs2 b !re c be little d\bt t ! mo/ frequ5t1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ primitive1 means adopt$ 0 t ( danc+4 7#d7 ,! k9d ( sacr$ dance :i* 0 ! mo/ common among ! ,israelites1 z among o!r peoples1 0 t prop] to ,v9tage & ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals4 ,t x seems1 f ! scanty ref]5ces to x :i* we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z well z f _m indications 9 reg>d to its p]=mance among o!r races1 l>gely to h lo/ its sacr$ "* w n deceive u z to its orig9ally religi\s purpose4 ,x 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ,israelite wor%ip t ! note ( joy %\ld s\nd dur+ its celebration2 ! comm&3 8,ye %all rejoice be=e ,jahwe y\r ,god0 suffici5tly be>s ?is out4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f ! orig9al purpose ( ?is k9d ( sacr$ dance to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 !re is no reason to d\bt t ,v9tage & ,h>ve/ dances among ! ,israelites 7 ess5tially ( a religi\s "*1 al?\gh ! rejoic+1 ( :i* danc+ 0 "o ( ! mo/ natural modes ( expression1 might n always appeal to "s ( ! m au/]e prophets1 see1 e4g41 ,amos v4 #ba-bc4 ,! v r>e specific m5tion 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! fe/ival dances is q compreh5sible1 = :at 0 obvi\sly prop] to ! celebration ( a fea/ x w\ld be sup]flu\s to speak ab\t4 ,moreov]1 !re is ample evid5ce 9 po/-biblical ,jewi% lit]ature ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sacr$ dance at fe/ivals4 7#e7 ,dances 9 celebration ( victory 9 battle are ref]r$ to sev]al times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,tak+ ! passages 9 :i* ^! are m5tion$ by !mselves ! cu/om ( :i* !y speak is no?+ m ?an a simple & natural expression ( joy & ?anksgiv+ = victory4 ,b all su* cu/oms h a long hi/ory beh9d !m2 & :5 analog\s cu/oms among o!r1 less civiliz$1 peoples are consid]$1 "s po9ts ( int]e/ & significance em]ge :i* sugge/ ! possibility ( ! cu/om be+1 9 its orig91 due to a diff]5t & m practical cause4 ,!re are "s gr\nds = believ+ t ! cu/om ( :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t speaks 0 a remnant ( :at 0 orig9ally a dance p]=m$ by wom5 :i* _h = its object ! help+ ( ! m5 to ga9 a victory by means ( imitative magic4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re is1 ( c\rse1 no trace ( ?is beyond ! fact t ! dance 0 p]=m$ by wom52 & x has become simply an act ( joyful ?anksgiv+ to ,god & a tribute to ! return+ victors4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ! analog\s rite 9 its e>li] =ms z se5 among peoples ( l[] civilization to e/imate :at ju/ification !re may be = ?is supposition4 ,if x %\ld be ! fact t ?is type ( dance 01 9 its orig91 a means ( effect+ victory by magic1 x w\ld be an int]e/+ illu/ration ( magic be+1 z ,m>ett says1 8"p & p>cel ( ! #8god-/uff' out ( :i* religion fa%ions itself40#cc ,inde$1 :5 dealt ) 9 detail1 ?is subject ( ! sacr$ dance 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t receives its *ief int]e/ & importance f ! fact t at all ev5ts "s ( ! types !re m5tion$ are illu/rations ( ! developm5t ( religion out ( magic4 7#f7 ,!re is "s reason to believe t ! sacr$ dance _h a "p to play dur+ ! rite ( circumcision2 late ,rabb9ic tradition seems to imply z mu*4 ,x _h its place among ! ,arabs on su* occasions2 & at initiation c]emonies all ! _w ov] ! sacr$ dance 0 ess5tial4 7#g7 ,once m1 ! sacr$ dance dur+ ! ,w$d+ c]emony1 ?\gh only once impli$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 9 all probability a regul> in/itution2 po/-biblical ,jewi% lit]ature (f]s presumptive evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 9 e>li] times among ! ,israelites4 7#h7 ,& la/ly1 we h ! sacr$ dance z a ,burial rite4 ,z 9 o!r cases we h to rely1 fir/ly1 on ! evid5ce ( lat] ,jewi% lit]ature1 &1 secondly1 ^u ! analog\s practice among o!r peoples4 ,z we %all %[1 ! emotions ( fe>1 hon\r1 & love1 :i* accord+ to ! cultural /ages ( unciviliz$ m5 are felt = ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 are su* z are common to mank9d2 & ^! emotions are express$1 among o!r ways1 by means ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,:at cultural /age1 or /ages1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z t1 or ^?1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,israelites pass$ may well be a matt] ( diff]5ce ( op9ion2 b t 9 bo? ?\ght & practice !y 71 z a :ole1 9 _m respects no m advanc$ ?an o!r contempor>y peoples does n admit ( d\bt4 ,s t :5 we f9d ?is rite 9 exi/5ce at burials or dur+ ! m\rn+ p]iod among o!r ,semites1 & among ! ,egyptians1 n to m5tion ! ,greeks1 ! presumption is ju/ifi$ t ! ,israelites practis$ x too4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 reg>d to mu* t has be5 said we are prep>$ = ! objection t ! evid5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t does n (f] suffici5t ju/ification = ! assumptions made4 ,we agree t ?is is s if we are to rely ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t alone4 ,b ! object ( ! :ole ( our inve/igation w be to %[ t ! beliefs & practices ( any "o race ( p mu/1 to d !m full ju/ice1 be /udi$ 9 ! light ( analog\s beliefs & practices ( o!r peoples4 ,only s c "o fill up ! lacunae :i* inevitably exi/ 9 ! records ( ! races ( antiquity4 ,we h *os5 z our illu/ration a rite :i* may1 likely en\gh1 be reg>d$ z ( v second>y importance2 yet x is "o :i* ! evid5ce %[s 0 at "o "t reg>d$ z ess5tial to man4 ,x is !re=e a /udy wor? und]tak+2 = ap>t f its int]e/ z a m]e antiqu>ian inve/igation1 we hope t x may be f\nd to ?r[ "s mode/ side-lights on v>i\s o!r subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,t]ms ,,= 8,,danc+0 ,i ,h[ l>ge a rle danc+ 9 its v>i\s =ms mu/ h play$ among ! ,israelites is %[n by ! fact t1 ei!r 9 ! re/rict$ or 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se1 no less ?an elev5 ,hebrew roots are us$ to describe its diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,?is 9 :at is a relatively poor language is n )\t significance4 ,be=e say+ some?+ ab\t ! mean+ ( ^! roots x w be well to give a li/ ( !m3 ,saq & tzaq1 us$ 9 ! int5sive piel =m4 l4 ,kr>1 us$ 9 ! pilpel =m1 also int5sive4 ,pzaz1 us$ 9 ! piel =m4 ,rqad1 us$ 9 ! piel =m4 ,sbab1 us$ 9 ! hiphil1 causative1 =m4 ,qphatz1 us$ 9 ! piel =m4 ,dlag4 ,tzla1 occurs only once4 gag4 ,psa1 us$ 9 ! piel =m4 ,! fir/ ?+ to notice "h is t mo/ ( ^! roots1 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to danc+1 occur only 9 int5sive =ms2 ?is is significant z po9t+ to ! nature & "* ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,( ! exceptions1 l 8to :irl0 is int5sive 9 its root-mean+2 x has no piel1 & its o!r =ms occur only r>ely1 & almo/ entirely 9 ! lat] poetical books4 ,! roots dlag & tzla1 ref] to a p>ticul> k9d ( ritual /ep2 & z to gag m w be said 9 a mom5t4 ,n[ z to ! mean+ ( ^! diff]5t words = danc+3 ,! root saq1 9 its int5sive =m siq1 means 9 ! fir/ in/ance 8to laugh10 & x is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8play+0 7,job xl4 #bi7 & 8m]ry-mak+0 7,j]4 xv4 #ag1 xxx4 #ai1 xxxi4 #d1 ,ze*4 viii4 #e2 cp4 also ,judg4 xvi4 #be74 ,9 ! specific s5se ( 8danc+0 x occurs 9 #a ,sam4 xviii4 #g3 8444 & ! danc+ wom5 answ]$ "o ano!r & said 4440 7see also #a ,*ron4 xv4 #bi74 ,equival5t to ?is root is tzaq1 also us$ 9 ! int5sive =m tziq1 :i* occurs1 e4g41 9 ,exod4 xxxii4 #f3 8,! p sat d[n to eat & dr9k1 & rose up to dance40 ,x is also us$ ( 8play+0 or 8sport+10 e4g4 ,g54 xxi4 #i1 ,judg4 xvi4 #be1 b 9 ! second ( ^! passages its obvi\s mean+ is 8to dance10 = z we %all see lat] ?is 0 ! cu/om at fea/s4 ,?is root1 !re=e1 pres5ts danc+ 9 ! aspect ( a pleasant & enjoyable pa/ime4 ,fur!r1 9 v>i\s passages ?is root is us$ z a p>allel to o!r words = danc+4 ,= example1 9 #a ,sam4 xviii4 #f1 #g j cit$1 x occurs z a p>allel to ! root :i* is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = danc+1 viz4 l4 ,?is root expresses ! 8:irl0 ( ! dance 7e4g4 ,judg4 xxi4 #ba1 #bc1 ,ps4 lxxxvii4 #g74 ,x is ! ^w us$ ( ! 8wri?+0 or 8twi/+0 ( a woman 9 travail1 e4g4 ,isa4 xxvi4 #ag1 xlv4 #aj1 or ( "o 9 great pa91 ,isa4 xiii4 #h1 xxiii4 #e1 ,j]4 li4 #bi2 s t :5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( danc+1 contortions ( ! body are ?\ght (1 :i* sugge/s some?+ ( a r wild "*4 ,! 8:irl+0 idea is also conta9$ 9 ! root kr> 79 its int5sive pilpel =m1 kirkr71 8to :irl ab\t10 or 8rotate40 ,x occurs1 9 ?is s5se1 only once 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #b ,sam4 vi4 #ad-af1 ( ,david danc+ be=e ,jahwe#cd2 & 9 ?is passage we h ano!r root :i* does n occur else:]e 9 ! s5se ( danc+1 viz4 pzaz 7aga9 9 ! int5sive =m pizzz72 ?is expresses ! idea ( agile leap+ z "p ( ! dance#ce1 ! cognate ,arabic root means 8to be excit$40 ,! idea ( leap+ is also conta9$ 9 ano!r root rqad 79 its int5sive =m riqqd7 :i* 9 its ord9>y s5se means 8to skip ab\t#cf02 z appli$ to danc+ x occurs 9 ! passage la/ m5tion$1 & see fur!r1 ,isa4 xiii4 #ba1 ,job xxi4 #aa1 ,joel ii4 #e1 ,eccles4 iii4 #d1 #a ,*ron4 xv4 #bi2 9 ,ps4 xxix4 #f x is us$ ( a calf 8skipp+40 ,! root sbab1 us$ ( 8go+ r\nd0 ! alt>1 is spok5 ab\t bel[ 7pp4 #ic f471 s t we c leave ?is = ! pres5t4 ,s f>1 !n1 we h briefly t\*$ on words us$ 9 ref]5ce to danc+ :i* ei!r express or sugge/ ! ideas ( its be+ some?+ enjoyable1 ( its involv+ ! b5d+ ab\t ( ! body1 :irl+ ab\t1 leap+1 & skipp+2 z well z t ( =m+ a circle1 p]haps r\nd ! alt>1 b 9 any case encircl+ some?+1 or go+ r\nd ab\t x4 ,n[ we come to "s r special words4 ,9 includ+ dlag 9 our category we realize t ?is is only ju/ifi$ because we are us+ ! ^w 8danc+0 9 its ext5d$1 z well z 9 its m re/rict$1 s5se2 & we h %[n above t ?is is n only p]mitt$1 b necess>y 9 view ( ! g5]al ideas und]ly+ ! :ole subject4 ,?is ^w is us$ ( ! 8leap+0 ( a h>t 9 ,isa4 xxxv4 #f1 j z ! ^w rqad is us$1 z we h se51 ( ! 8skipp+0 ( a calf2 ! latt]1 z already po9t$ out1 occurs 9 sev]al passages 9 ! s5se ( 8danc+02 dlag may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se p>allel to x4 ,9 ,cant4 ii4 #h dlag c]ta9ly seems to ref] to "s =m ( danc+4 ,b 9 two o!r passages ! ^w has a special s5se2 9 ^!1 ?\gh ! ref]5ce is n to danc+ 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! t]m1 x is us$ ( a ritual /ep ( a leap+ "*1 & may ju/ifiably be appli$ to danc+ 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se4 ,?us1 9 #a ,sam4 v4 #e x is said t no "o ev] treads on ! ?re%old ( ,dagon's h\se 9 ,a%dod4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 ! ,septuag9t by ! addition ( ! words 8leap+ ov] !y leap ov]02 ?is is probably only an explanatory gloss 7?\gh x is conceivable t !y repres5t a text 9 :i* dlg yidlg occurr$71 b x witnesses1 at any rate1 to :at 0 a well-kn[n cu/om1 = 9 ! o!r passage1 ,zeph4 i4 #i1 puni%m5t is pron\nc$ aga9/ 8all ^? :o leap ov] ! ?re%old10 )\t fur!r explanation1 %[+ t some?+ q famili> is be+ ref]r$ to4 ,!re 0 a simil> ,p]sian cu/om :i* =bad /epp+ on ! ?re%old1 "o _h to leap ov] x ) ! "r foot fir/4 ,! cu/om 0 due to ! belief t evil spirits cr\*$ d[n on ! ?re%old1 & ! leap+ ov] x prev5t$ com+ into contact ) !m1 & ! consequ5t risk ( h>m4 ,! action impli$ ! recognition ( an ali5 cult1 h5ce its prohibition#cg4 ,9 ,cant4 ii4 #h ! root qphatz is us$ z a p>allel to dlag1 & also means 8to jump10 or ! l2 b ?is is ! only passage 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,we come n[ to two roots ( :i* r m mu/ be said4 ,! fir/ is gag4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xxx4 !re is ! acc\nt ( ,david's attack on an ,amalekite troop :o _h c>ri$ (f all ! wom5 f ,ziklag1 among !m 8 two wives2 ! ,egyptian slave ( an ,amalekite1 :o _h be5 ab&on$ by 8 ma/] because he _h fall5 sick1 is ask$ by ,david to lead him to ! spot :]e ! ,amalekites 7 encamp$2 ?is he und]takes to d on condition t no h>m comes to him2 !n we read 9 v]se #af3 8,& :5 he _h br\ght him d[n1 behold1 !y 7 sprawl+ ab\t all ov] ! gr\nd1 eat+ & dr9k+ & fea/+0 7hggim72 t is h[ ! ,revis$ ,v]sion r5d]s ?is la/ ^w4 ,to r5d] x ?us1 h[ev]1 is pleona/ic1 = if !y 7 eat+ & dr9k+ !y 7 q obvi\sly 8fea/+02 ! ^w1 !re=e1 _c well h ?is mean+ "h4 ,! m natural r5d]+ w\ld be 8danc+02 &1 inde$1 ?is w\ld be ! mean+ t we %\ld expect1 =1 z w be %[n bel[1 8danc+0 is almo/ synonym\s ) 8fea/+10 because x 0 *>act]i/ic ( fea/s4 ,driv]1 9 discuss+ ?is passage1 says 9 ref]5ce to ! ^w3 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ! s5se ( danc+ is really express$ by ! ^w is v d\btful4 ,mod]n lexicograph]s only def5d x by means ( ! que/ionable assumption t gag may h _h a simil> signification to g1 :i*1 h[ev]1 by no means itself expresses ! s5se ( to dance1 b to make a circle 7,job xxvi4 #aj74444 ,x is be/ to acquiesce 9 ! cauti\s judgem5t ( ,nldeke#ch1 :o decl>es t he _c ) c]ta9ty get beh9d ! idea ( a fe/al ga!r+ = ! common ,semitic ag4 ,"h !n ! mean+ w be 8behav+ z at a ag or ga!r+ ( pilgrims10 i4e4 enjoy+ !mselves m]rily#ci4 ,n[ack is ( a simil> op9ion2 he says t ! ^w "h c h>dly mean m ?an 8to celebrate a fea/02 b he adds3 8p]haps ! ^w is orig9ally us$ ( ! sacr$ dance#dj40 ,b ap>t f ! "q ( ! relation%ip betwe5 gag & g1 if ! ,arabic agg1 8! go+ r\nd 9 a circle10 is ! ^w f :i* ! ,hebrew ag is d]iv$1 & presumably !re is little d\bt ab\t t1 !n ! root-mean+ ( gag w be 8to g r\nd 9 a circle10 & ?is 0 ! ess5ce ( ! sacr$ dance--or ( "o type ( ! sacr$ dance--among ! ,semites4 ,wellhaus5 po9ts out t ! c5tral & mo/ important "p ( ! cultus ( ! anci5t ,arabs 0 ! circuit r\nd ! sanctu>y1 or1 :5 ?is 0 (f]$1 r\nd ! sacrifice4 ,x is f ?is fact1 he says1 t ! agg1 :i* means really 8! sacr$ dance10 is s call$4 ,he po9ts out1 fur!r1 t ?is orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w has n ev5 yet be5 entirely lo/ 9 ,arabic1 = ! v]b /ill (t5 has z its transitive object ! /one or ! 8h\se40 ,! holy /one is itself call$ ,dav> 8! object ( ! encirclem5t0 because ( ! cu/om ( p]=m+ ! sacr$ dance r\nd x4 ,evid5ce is =?com+ t ?is 0 done n only r\nd ! sacr$ /one1 ! ,kaaba1 b also 9 all sanctu>ies g5]ally#da4 ,knig gives z ! prim>y mean+ ( gag 8to make danc+ movem5ts10 8to turn10 & reg>ds ! s5se ( 8celebrat+ a fea/0 z second>y#db4 ,?is is borne out by ! use ( ! ^w 9 ,ps4 cvii4 #bg1 :]e x means 8to g r\nd 9 a circle10 l a drunk5 man4 ,! *ief orig9al ,hebrew t]m = a religi\s dance 0 d\btless ag4 ,! r5d]+ 8fea/0 or 8fe/ival0 w inde$ suffice 9 mo/ cases1 b only because religi\s fe/ivals necess>ily includ$ ! sacr$ dance1 at lea/ z long z ! sacr$ /ones rema9$ 9 ! sanctu>ies#dc4 ,!re is ?us suffici5t ju/ification = reckon+ ?is root among ^? :i* are us$ = 8to dance0 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!n z to ! root psa 79 its int5sive =m pissea74 ,accord+ to ,exod4 xii4 #ac1 #bc ! root-mean+ ( ?is ^w w\ld appe> to be 8to sp>e10 = we read !re3 8444 & :5 ,i see ! blood ,i w pass ov] y1 & !re %all be no plague ^u y02 & aga93 8444 & :5 he see? ! blood ^u ! l9tel1 & on ! two side po/s1 ,jahwe w pass ov] ! door1 & w n suff] ! de/roy] to come into y\r h\ses to de/roy y40 ,bo? ,zimm]n#dd & ,s*rad]#de hold t ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,assyrian pasu1 8to pacify10 :i* w\ld support ! ,exodus int]pretation4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks x by no means cle> t ?is 0 ! orig9al mean+2 8!re is10 he says1 8no c]ta9 occurr5ce ( ! "n be=e ,deut]onomy 79 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #be x looks l a gloss71 & ! correspond+ v]b d5otes "s k9d ( religi\s p]=mance1 app>5tly a dance1 9 #a ,k+s xviii4 #bf4 ,a nocturnal c]emony at ! consecration ( a fea/ is already allud$ to 9 ,isa4 xxx4 #bi1 :o also p]haps alludes to ! receiv$ d]ivation ( psa 9 xxxi4 #edf4 ,b ! ,deut]onomic passov] 0 a new ?+ 9 ! days ( ,josiah 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #ba f474 ,x und]w5t fur!r modification 9 ! exile444#dg40 ,s t ! op9ion is wor? haz>d+ z to :e!r ,pesa1 ! ,passov]1 did n orig9ally get its "n f ! p>ticul> =m ( limp+ dance peculi> to x1 j z ! ord9>y fea/ got its "n f ! sacr$ dance1 ! agg1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,see fur!r p4 #ib4 ,a ritual dance ( a some:at simil> "* is m5tion$ 9 ,g54 xxxii4 #ca1 #cb1 :]e ,jacob1 z he pass$ ov] ,p5uel1 8limp$ ^u 8 ?igh40 ,"h ! root us$ is tzla1 :i* 9 ?is s5se occurs "h only#dh2 b !re is ! place-"n tzla1 ,saul's ance/ral home 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #ad71 :i* 0 possibly an anci5t sanctu>y :]e ?is special k9d ( limp+ dance 0 p]=m$4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! words us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = 8danc+0 9 its v>i\s =ms2 !y w come be=e u aga9 & _! mean+s w be m fully illu/rat$ :5 we deal 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ) ! nature ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,,ii ,x w be appropriate if we add "h a ^w or two ab\t ! musical accompanim5t 7if ?is c 9 all cases be call$ 8musical07 to danc+ s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 its e>lie/ & simple/ =m ?is accompanim5t consi/$ ( ! rhy?mic beat+ ( :at is translat$ 8timbrel0 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion2 ! ^w is tph 9 ,hebrew1 & x 0 probably ! mo/ primitive in/rum5t among ! ,hebrews4 ,x w\ld be bett] describ$ z a h&-drum1 or 8tom-tom10 be+ made ( a circul> 7?\gh also squ>e & sometimes probably ?ree-sid$7 piece ( wood ov] :i* ! sk9 ( an animal1 aft] prep>ation1 0 tightly drawn & fa/5$ ) a ?9 ?ong ( sk94 ,x 0 held 9 "o h& & /ruck ) ! op5 palm ( ! o!r4 ,9 addition to ?is two o!r in/rum5ts ( p]cussion are m5tion$ z accompany+ danc+1 namely 8cymbals10 tzeltzlim1 & :at are call$ metziltaim1 evid5tly also cymbals 9 "s =m or ano!r z bo? words come f ! same root2 ! latt] mu/ cle>ly h be5 held "o 9 ea* h& & /ruck toge!r1 ! dual =m ( ! ^w %[s ?is4 ,w9d in/rum5ts = accompanim5t 7 repres5t$ by ! all1 8flute10 & ! ugb1 p]haps some?+ 9 ! nature ( a ,pan's-pipe1 ?\gh ?is is q unc]ta92 x is m5tion$ 9 ,g54 iv4 #ba1 :]e ! ,revis$ ,v]sion r5d]s x 8pipe40 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts z an accompanim5t to danc+ 7 a lat] developm5t1 ?\gh ( c\rse us$ 9 :at are to u e>ly times1 among ! ,israelites2 ! simple/ ( ^! 7 ! k9nr1 8lyre0 & ! nbel1 8h>p40 ,= ! accompanim5t to danc+ ( all ?ree types ( in/rum5ts1 p]cussion1 w9d1 & /r+1 see ,job xxi4 #aa1 #ab4 ,we also read ( 8rattles10 mnanim1 probably some?+ equival5t to ! si/rum ( ! ,egyptians#di4 ,besides in/rum5tal1 !re 0 also vocal accompanim5t1 & d\btless ! rhy?mic clapp+ ( h&s1 ! mo/ primitive =m ( accompanim5t1 & ! beat+ ( ! ?ighs1 ?\gh nei!r ( ^! is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x has be5 truly said t music is r>ely divorc$ f danc+ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( culture1 & seldom advances beyond m]e rhy?m into melody or h>mony4 ,to a mod]n ,european e> x s\nds n mu* m ?an rhy?mic noise1 a m]e m>k+ ( "t = conc]t$ movem5t ( ! limbs1 monoton\s & unattractive1 if he>d )\t its orig9 & inspiration--! dance#ej4 ,b ! writ] is mi/ak5 9 8 m5tion ( h>mony "h2 su* a ?+ 0 q unkn[n 9 8! e>ly /ages ( culture10 if he means by t 8culture0 among unciviliz$ m5#ea4 ,! normal accompanim5t to ! sacr$ dance1 !n1 among ! ,hebrews 0 ! beat+ ( ! drum & ! bl[+ ( ! flute2 ?is1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 is true ( all peoples4 ,! accompanim5t ( /r+$ in/rum5ts is1 z we h said1 a lat] developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,processional ,,dance1 ,,& ,,dances ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,sup]human ,,p[]s ,i ,an illu/ration ( ! processional type ( dance among ! ,israelites :i* imm$iately sugge/s itself is t ( 8,david & all ! h\se ( ,israel danc+ be=e ,jahwe ) all _! might0 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #e7eb4 ,! picture is t ( an impos+ procession1 head$ by ! k+ go+ 9 front ( ! ,ark into ,j]usalem4 ,! entire body ( ^? =m+ ! procession is describ$ z danc+1 b special att5tion is drawn to ,david1 & ! words us$ 9 ref]5ce to 8 mode ( danc+ are in/ructive2 he n only dances 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w 7saq71 b he 8rotates 7kr>7 ) all 8 might0 7v]se #ad71 & 8jumps0 7pzaz1 v]se #af71 & 8:irls r\nd0 7l72 & 9 ! p>allel passage #a ,*ron4 xv4 #bi1 8 danc+ is describ$ z 8skipp+0 7rqad7 or ! l2 x is ! ^w us$ 9 ,isa4 xiii4 #ba ( ! 8hopp+0 ( satyrs1 & also ( 8gallop+0 horses 7,joel ii4 #e7 & 8jolt+0 *>iots 7,nah4 iii4 #b74 ,! self-ab&onm5t ( ?is danc+ c be imag9$ 9 ! light ( ,mi*al's jibe t ! k+ _h %amelessly uncov]$ himself4 ,nev]!less1 ! religi\s "* ( ! processional dance is obvi\s1 & is emphasiz$ by ! phrase 8be=e ,jahwe10 & by ! fact t ,david 80 gird$ ) a l95 ephod0 7v]se #ad71 ! (ficiat+ prie/'s dress 7see #a ,sam4 ii4 #ah74 ,x is probable t ! sacr$ processional dance is aga9 ref]r$ to1 ?\gh "o _c say s positively1 9 su* passages z ,ps4 cxlix4 #c3 8,let !m praise ,8 "n 9 ! dance2 let !m s+ praises unto ,him ) timbrel 7tph7 & lyre02 cl4 #d3 8,praise ,him ) timbrel & dance10 etc42 & al?\gh 9 ,ps4 lxviii4 #bd1 #be 7#be1 #bf 9 ,hebr47 !re is no special m5tion ( ! dance1 x is cle>ly impli$ by ! ref]5ce to ! damsels play+ on ! timbrel1 :i* 0 ! usual accompanim5t to danc+2 ! passage runs3 8,!y see ,?y go+s =? i4e4 processions 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe1 ,o ,god1 ! go+s =? ( my ,god1 my ,k+1 into ! sanctu>y2 ! s+]s g be=e1 beh9d 7are7 ^? play+ /r+$ in/rum5ts1 9 ! mid/ 7are7 damsels play+ timbrels10 see also ,ps4 lxxxvii4 #g4 ,fur!r quotations are unnecess>y1 = x is cle> t ! sacr$ processional dance =m$ a normal adjunct to wor%ip among ! ,israelites4 ,9 /udy+ ^! types ( ! sacr$ dance among o!r peoples we are fac$ ) ! same difficulty t meets u 9 ! case ( v>i\s passages :]e ! dance is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 viz4 x is by no means always possible to say :e!r a processional dance is meant or n4 ,x is1 !re=e1 inevitable t "s unc]ta9ty %\ld exi/ 9 ! case ( "s ( ! illu/rations to be (f]$2 b if n always ( ! processional type1 ! examples to be giv5 w all illu/rate ! sacr$ dance z an act ( hon\r to "s sup]human p[]4 ,,ii ,z to ^? peoples mo/ closely alli$ to ! ,israelites1 namely ! ,syrians & ,arabs1 our data1 s f> z processional dances are conc]n$1 are v scanty1 ?\gh we are n )\t in=mation on ! g5]al subject ( ! sacr$ dance among !m4 ,9 "o ( ! inscriptions f\nd 9 ,deir el-ala ne> ,beirut !re is a ref]5ce to 2 he is call$ ^u z 2 ?is witnesses to ! exi/5ce ( a ,pho5ician god kn[n z ,baal-,m>qd1 accord+ to ! ,semitic =m1 i4e4 ! 8,baal1 or ,"l1 ( danc+#ec40 ,he 0 ei!r ?\ght ( z ! orig9ator ( ! sacr$ dance among ! ,pho5icians1 j z ! ,greeks & o!rs ascrib$ ! orig9 ( danc+ to c]ta9 gods & goddesses2 or else he 0 s call$ 8because ( a bac*analian dance :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 8 hon\r#ed02 or because he 0 ! god1 p> excell5ce1 to :om danc+ 0 due z an act ( homage#ee4 ,! "n %[s t among ! ,pho5icians ! sacr$ dance _h its place4 ,we %all come1 lat] on1 to o!r types ( ! sacr$ dance among ! ,syrians & ,arabs4 ,"h we may1 9 pass+1 po9t to ! fact t ! ,b$\9 ,arabs ( ! ,syrian ,des]t ev5 at ! pres5t day p]=m dances 9 hon\r ( exalt$ p]sonages2 ?is may confid5tly be reg>d$1 especially 9 view ( o!r evid5ce to be giv5 bel[1 z po9t+ to simil> dances be+ p]=m$ 9 e>li] times 9 hon\r ( gods2 = div9ities 7 hon\r$ 9 ?is way = ages be=e m5 74 ,?us ,ritt] describes ! danc+ ( ! ,b$\9 ,arabs :i* he witness$1 add+ t ! f>-travell$ sailors :o 7 ) him told him t ?is mode ( danc+ 0 /rik+ly simil> to t :i* !y _h se5 p]=m$ by ! savage ,s\? ,sea isl&]s#ef4 ,danc+ 9 hon\r ( ! newly m>ri$ c\ple1 reg>d$ z k+ & que51 is int]e/+ly describ$ by ,wetz/e9#eg4 ,su* dances1 ?\gh n n[ /rictly sacr$1 des]ve a pass+ ref]5ce1 = !y h a long hi/ory beh9d !m1 & at "o "t 7 c]ta9ly connect$ ) religion4 ,9 _m ,babylonian psalms & hymns :i* 7 sung 9 procession1 & :i* h come d[n to u1 !re is1 x is true1 no m5tion ( danc+2 b x is difficult to believe t x did n take place1 especially 9 view ( ! evid5ce to be giv5 bel[4 ,! sil5ce may well be due to ! fact t x 0 s obvi\s a "p ( ! ritual t !re w\ld h be5 no po9t 9 m5tion+ x4 ,"o c h>dly conceive ( its abs5ce1 kn[+ :at we d ( ! ,semitic religi\s temp]am5t1 dur+ su* a great fe/ival1 = example1 z t ( ! re-entry ( ,m>duk on ! #aa? ,nisan into ! temple ( ,e-sagila4 ,on ?is occasion a great procession ( prie/s & *oir 0 =m$1 & dur+ ! re-entry ( ! god into 8 sanctu>y !y sang ! hymn beg9n+3 8,o ,"l1 at ! ent]+-9 into ?y sanctu>y444#eh40 ,at su* a "t ( solemn religi\s rejoic+ x c h>dly be d\bt$1 judg+ f _m analogies1 t "s =m ( sacr$ dance =m$ a /rik+ feature ( ! ritual4 ,! dance-/ep may well h be5 ( a s$ate "*1 b1 z we h se51 ! /eps & p]=mance ( ! sacr$ dance range f an almo/ m>*-l1 ?\gh rhy?mical1 tread to antics ( ! mo/ div]se "*4 ,x is important to rememb] t 9 ,assyrian ! ^w = 8to dance0 7rakdu7 means also 8to rejoice40 ,among all ! ,semites ! religi\s fe/ivals 7 special times ( rejoic+4 ,s t :5 we read ( processions dur+ ,babylonian & ,assyrian fe/ivals x is ju/ifiable to assume t sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$ z a recogniz$ "p ( ! ritual4 ,b we are n )\t tangible evid5ce on ! subject4 ,on an inscription discov]$ 9 ! palace ( ,as%urbanipal a procession is depict$ :i* is l$ by m5 play+ h>ps2 ! =emo/ among ^!1 ea* ( :om has "o ( 8 legs rais$1 q obvi\sly repres5t danc]s4 ,!y are foll[$ by wom5 ) arms uplift$1 & also by *ildr5 :o seem to be clapp+ _! h&s1 app>5tly 9 rhy?mical "t ) ! danc]s4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is giv51 e4g41 by ,j]emias#ei1 :o quotes f ! inscription ! ,assyrian acc\nt ( ,hezekiah's subjection to ,s5na*]ib4 ,9 ?is inscription1 among o!r ?+s s5t by ! k+ ( ,judah to ,n9eveh1 8play+ m5 & wom50 are m5tion$2 ! illu/ration repres5ts ^! z bo? danc+ & play+ in/rum5ts4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z ,j]emias rightly emphasizes1 v important = ! light x ?r[s on ! subject ( ! ,temple music & wor%ip 9 pre-exilic times4 ,b x also ?r[s light on ,assyrian usage s9ce x is obvi\s t ! inscription reflects ,assyrian ideas4 ,m5tion may be made "h1 b v t5tatively1 ( ?ree inscriptions f\nd 9 ,cyprus by ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]4 ,x is conceivable t ^! be> witness1 ?\gh indirectly1 to e>ly ,mesopotamian ritual1 = 9 /yle & repres5tation !y are some:at rem9isc5t ( anci5t ,babylonian cyl9d] seals4 ,!y are numb]$ cxxviii4 #d1 #e1 #f & a sacr$ dance is repres5t$ on ea*2 !y are cyl9drical 9 =m1 & v anci5t1 pre-,hom]ic & pre-,myc5aean1 accord+ to ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 :o says also t !y be> a /rik+ simil>ity to lat] ,olympic repres5tations#fj4 ,! danc]s we> long dresses r l ^? ( prie/s on ,assyrian cyl9d] seals4 ,,iii ,a religi\s processional dance ( great int]e/ is t repres5t$ on ! well-kn[n ,hittite rock-inscription at ,boghazkeui1 9 ,cappadocia4 ,! c5tral portion ( ?is inscription repres5ts a company ( gods & goddesses2 t[>ds !m1 f ei!r side1 ! procession moves2 ! figures on ! left h& :i* =m ! procession are almo/ exclusively m51 :ile ^? on ! "r are all wom54 ,! m5 all we> ! cone-%ap$ ,hittite cap & tip-tilt$ %oes1 & !y are p]=m+ a runn+-/ep dance1 ! "r feet be+ p>tly rais$ & t\*+ ! gr\nd only ) _! toes4 ,! inscription belongs approximately to ,b4,c4 #abjjfa4 ,t x repres5ts a religi\s processional dance is cle> bo? because ( ! pres5ce ( gods & goddesses1 & also f ! fact t 9 front ( or ov] ! heads ( a numb] ( ! figures !re are hi]oglyphic signs :i* d5ote ! names ( div9ities4 ,a small inscription on a haematite cyl9d]1 f ,cyprus1 also repres5ts a ,hittite sacr$ processional dance4 ,z 9 ! previ\s inscription1 ! procession1 :i* is prec$$ & foll[$ by a prie/1 moves t[>ds ! god4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] ?9ks t ! sc5e repres5ts a mom5t at :i* ! danc]s are re/+#fb4 ,,iv ,al?\gh we f9d t among ! ,egyptians ! data leave some?+ to be desir$1 yet !y are suffici5t to sugge/ t danc+ z a religi\s c]emony =m$ an important feature among !m4 ,z is ! case among all o!r peoples ! sacr$ dance has div9e sanction4 ator1 = example1 0 ! goddess ( music & danc+1 & is (t5 depict$ ) a small boy rattl+ a si/rum 9 front ( h]4444 ,! k+1 9 ! capacity ( ator's son1 simil>ly rattles a si/rum 9 front ( h] & is call$ 8goodly ,iy 7! goddess's *ild7 ( ! gold5 "o ( ! gods40 ,! "n ,iwy1 a v>iant =m ( ,iy1 is appli$ to ! prie/s ( ator2 !y are repres5t$ z 8danc+ & clatt]+ ca/anets#fc40 ,at ! fe/ivals held 9 hon\r ( ator & ,ba/et danc+ 0 an indisp5sable feature2 s1 too1 at ! ,apis fe/ivals#fd4 ,aga91 ,bs1 or ,bsa1 orig9ally a danc+ figure ( ! ,sudanese type1 is repres5t$ on inscriptions z hold+ ! y\?ful sun-god ,h>pokrates 9 8 left arm1 & (f]+ him food ) ! "r h&2 he also provides = ! "y sun-god's amusem5t1 & is depict$ p]=m+ grotesque dances be=e him1 & play+ ! h>p & laugh+4 ,?us he1 too1 became 9 c\rse ( "t1 a god ( dance1 music1 & m]rim5t#fe4 ,9 danc+ 9 hon\r ( _! gods & goddesses1 !re=e1 ! ,egyptians 7 employ+ a me?od ( hon\r+ :i* !y imitat$ f ! gods !mselves2 & ?is seems to h be5 ! case1 at "o "t or o!r1 ( _! religi\s hi/ory1 ) mo/1 if n all1 races1 s f> z ! evid5ce enables u to judge4 ,z to processional dances ,blackman says t !re is "s reason = suppos+ t at ,!bes & else:]e1 on ! occasion ( ! annual fe/ival ( ator1 t goddess's prie/esses1 :5 ! temple s]vice & ! subsequ5t procession 7 end$1 p>ad$ ! /reets1 &1 9 company ) ! ,iwy-prie/s1 /opp$ at "o h\se aft] ano!r 9 ord] to be/[ ator's bless+ ^u ! inmates4 ,?is !y did by danc+ & s++ & hold+ out to _! audi5ce--p]haps t !y might t\* !m--! emblems ( _! goddess1 ! si/ra & mnit-necklaces#ff4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,apuleius1 !re 0 a sacr$ dance 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,isis4 ,on /at$ days !re 0 a great procession held 9 hon\r ( ?is goddess :i* w5t ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city2 ! column 0 head$ by a b& ( danc+ masqu]ad]s4 ,he describes ?is procession ( ! ,isidis ,navigium m9utely2 among o!r details he m5tions t 9 "o "p ( x !re 7 musicians1 play+ on pipes & flutes1 foll[$ by a *orus ( *os5 y\?s1 clad 9 sn[y :ite g>m5ts2 beh9d !m came m musicians play+ on pipes1 & _m o!r m5 j+l+ on bronze1 silv]1 & ev5 gold5 si/ra#fg4 ,ano!r k9d ( procession1 namely ( b>ges1 9 :i* danc+ also took place1 is describ$ by ,h]odotus 9 speak+ ( ! religi\s fe/ivals ( ! ,egyptians4 ,he says3 ,n[1 :5 !y are be+ convey$ to ! city ( ,buba/is1 !y act z foll[s1--m5 & wom5 emb>k toge!r1 great numb]s ( bo? sexes 9 e b>ge2 "s ( ! wom5 h ca/anets :i* !y play1 & ! m5 play on ! flute dur+ ! :ole j\rney2 ! re/ ( ! m5 & wom5 s+ & clap _! h&s toge!r at ! same "t4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( _! passage !y come to any t[n1 !y lay _! b>ge ne> to ! l& & d z foll[s1 "s ( ! wom5 d z ,i h describ$ 444 "s dance1 & o!rs /& up & pull up _! clo!s4 ,?is !y d at e t[n by ! riv]-side#fh4 ,m5tion may be "h appropriately made ( a k9d ( ritual dance1 ?\gh n processional 9 ! /rict s5se1 :i* seems to be repres5t$ by a sc5e v (t5 portray$ on ! doors ( ,egyptian temples4 ,"h ! k+ is se5 ha/5+ t[>ds ! deity :ile p]=m+ a curi\s dance-l runn+ /ep 9 :i* only ! =e-"p ( ! foot t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,kees has %[n t ?is frequ5tly occurr+ repres5tation on ,egyptian temple-doors does 9 fact record a ritual dance 9 hon\r ( ! god :i* 0 p]=m$ by ! k+ :5 mak+ 8 (f]+s#fi4 ,o!r types ( ! sacr$ dance among ! ,egyptians w come be=e u lat]4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h1 h[ev]1 t1 9 reg>d to ! sacr$ dance 9 g5]al1 x 01 9 ! m anci5t p]iods1 ( a /aid & measur$ "*1 if we may judge f ! inscriptions4 ,f ! "t ( ! new empire onw>ds x assum$ a =m m l t ( mod]n times4 ,z to ! app>el worn = ! sacr$ dance & ! mode ( its p]=mance1 :at held good ( danc+ 9 g5]al applies also to ?is1 z may be ga!r$1 aga91 f ! inscriptions4 ,9 mo/ repres5tations ! wom51 l ! m51 we> q %ort tunics1 ! =m] be+ deck$ ) all k9ds ( ornam5ts2 sometimes long transp>5t robes are worn1 b ?is is exceptional4 ,! wom5 hold tamb\r9es :i* !y /rike ) ! op5 palm1 o!rs h ca/anets :i* !y click4 ,mo/ly !y appe> :irl+ ab\t1 evid5tly 9 quick "t4 ,! repres5tations %[ t !re 0 mu* b5d+ & o!r movem5ts ( body & limbs#gj4 ,v ,among ! ,greeks danc+ has f ! e>lie/ times be5 associat$ ) gods & goddesses4 ,?us1 = example1 ,apollo1 ,ares1 ,dionysos1 ,pan1 are all describ$ z danc]s4 ,artemis dances ) h] companions1 & ev5 ,zeus & ,h]a d n disda9 x4 ,! 8,pyrrhic ,dance#ga10 accompani$ by flute-play]s1 :i* 0 p]=m$ dur+ ! fe/ival ( ,pana!naia#gb1 0 said by "s to be h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,dioscuri#gc1 accord+ to o!rs x 0 orig9at$ by ,a!na4 ,! ,muses danc$ on ! ,helicon ar\nd ! alt> ( ,zeus#gd4 ,9 ! tra9 ( ,dionysos 7 ! satyrs ) _! special dance1 ! ,sic9nis#ge4 ,t :]e9 ! gods !mselves delight$ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 delight _! wor%ipp]s2 & x is true to say t !re 0 sc>cely ev] wor%ip among ! ,greeks )\t song & dance4 ,9 8 ,p]i ,or*eses 7,,xv4 #agg7 ,lucian says3 444 ,i pass ov] ! fact t y _c f9d a s+le anci5t my/]y 9 :i* !re is n danc+4444 ,to prove ?is ,i w n m5tion ! secret acts ( wor%ip1 on acc\nt ( ! un9itiat$4 ,b ?is mu* all m5 "k1 t mo/ p say ( ^? :o reveal ! my/]ies1 t !y 8dance !m out#gf40 ,!re is abundant evid5ce to %[ ! tru? ( ,f>nell's /atem5t t 8! dance & song 7 indisp5sable 9 ,greek religi\s s]vice#gg40 ,?is fondness ( ! anci5t ,greeks = danc+ necessitat$ suitable places :]e x c\ld be p]=m$1 :e!r = religi\s or secul> purposes4 ,ready-made plots = ?is 7 r>ely to be look$ =1 s9ce :at 0 want$ 0 a m or less circul> level space4 ,x happ5$ f> m frequ5tly t ! gr\nd _h to be prep>$ artificially#gh & a danc+-gr\nd con/ruct$ by levell+ up ! soil :i* !n _h s& /rewn ^u x4 ,b we> & te>1 z well z ! dampness ( ! gr\nd1 w\ld soon h call$ = some?+ m solid & abid+1 & !re=e pavem5ts 7 laid4 ,by means ( patt]ns =m$ ( diff]5tly col\r$ /ones su* pavem5ts s]v$ also ! purpose ( facilitat+ dance-=mations4 ,su* places = danc+ 7 a s\rce ( pride to ! ,greek cities 9 ! "t ( ,hom] :5 !re 7 z yet no op5 spaces ( public resort#gi4 ,at lea/ two inscriptions on :i* ! sacr$ processional dance is depict$ h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus2 "o is a relief on lime/one2 x repres5ts a procession approa*+ ! deity be=e :om an alt> /&s2 und]nea? on ! left a sacr$ dance is vividly portray$1 & on ! "r a sacr$ fea/ is tak+ place#hj4 ,! o!r1 :i* is ( a simpl] "*1 %[s ! god seat$ "u a tree1 ! wor%ipp]s are com+ t[>ds him 9 solemn procession#ha4 ,a great deal ( light is ?r[n ^u our subject by repres5tations on anci5t ,greek pott]y1 etc42 f a weal? ( mat]ial we select ! foll[+ illu/rations4 ,on a vase-pa9t+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#hb a triumphal dance procession is portray$1 x is 9 all probability int5d$ to be tak+ place 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos2 m5 & wom5 are danc+1 ! latt] play+ tamb\r9es & lyres2 9 ! c5tre is ! god sitt+ on a camel4 ,"s ( ! figures are ,greek1 o!rs are cle>ly ori5tal1 ?us illu/rat+ ! ali5 "* ( ! cult ( ,dionysos4 ,! danc+ 9 hon\r ( ?is god is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,vii2 ?is example ( x is giv5 "h because x illu/rates ! processional type ( ! sacr$ dance4 ,_m illu/rations c be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & excell5t reproductions ( orig9als are giv5 9 v>i\s books#hc4 ,our mo/ in=m+ s\rce is1 ( c\rse1 ,greek lit]ature4 ,9 ! examples to be giv5 we %all n re/rict ourselves to processional dances1 = x is n always possible to say :at =mation a dance took4 ,sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,artemis#hd at ! fea/ ( ,ti?nidia :i* 0 celebrat$ 9 ! temple ( ,artemis ,koru?alia by a /ream outside ,sp>ta2 on ?is occasion suck+ pigs & loaves 7 sacrific$ to ! goddess4 ,%e 0 app>5tly also hon\r$ ) sacr$ dance on ,p>nassos1 = ,f>nell ref]s to a passage 9 ! ,pho5issae accord+ to :i* a maid5s' *orus 0 danc$ !re 89 hon\r ( ! o 1 :o1 f ! context1 appe>s to be ,artemis#he40 ,a passage 9 ,pausanias runs z foll[s3 ,a ?ird cross-road leads on ! "r to ,c>yae1 & to ! sanctu>y ( ,artemis2 = ,c>yae is sacr$ to ,artemis & ! nymphs1 & an image ( ,artemis ,c>yatis /&s "h "u ! op5 sky4 ,"h e ye> ! ,lac$aemonian maid5s dance 9 troops _! national dance#hf4 ,fraz]1 9 8 notes on ! passage1 says t ! danc+ ( ! ,lac$aemonian maid5s 8is said to h be5 taught ! ,lac$aemonians by ,ca/or & ,pollux 7,lucian1 ,de ,saltatione1 #aj744440 8,! "n ,c>yae10 he says fur!r1 8means #8walnut-trees1' & may h be5 giv5 to ! t[n f ! walnut-trees :i* grew !re#hg40 ,fur!r on ,pausanias tells ( ! ,mess5ians :o 8waylaid by day ! maid5s :o 7 danc+ at ,c>yae 9 hon\r ( ,artemis1 & seiz+ ! weal?ie/ & noble/ ( !m1 c>ri$ !m (f to a village 9 ,mess5ia#hh40 ,:5 danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,artemis ! maid5s 7 dress$ 9 %ort *itn1 & c>ri$ a basket-l receptacle on _! heads#hi4 ,! wor%ip ( ,artemis1 z ,curtius has obs]v$1 0 peculi>ly associat$ ) l[-ly+ l& & re$-cov]$ m>%es4 ,! re$s %>$ ) m5 9 ! wor%ip ( ! goddess1 & mov$ to ! s\nd ( ! music 9 h] fe/ivals1 or1 z ,/rabo says1 ! baskets danc$1 or 9 ,laconia maid5s cr[n$ ) re$s danc$#ij4 ,at ! ,brauronian c]emonies ( ,artemis x 0 ! cu/om = "y maid5s to dance1 9 hon\r ( ! goddess1 dress$ 9 saffron robes2 9 ?is dance bo? !y & ! prie/ess 7 call$ 8be>s40 ,! saffron robe1 accord+ to ,f>nell1 0 8possibly worn 9 ord] to imitate ! tawny sk9 ( ! be>10 b he is d\btful ( ?is2 x is1 h[ev]1 v probable1 z he says1 t 9 ! e>lie/ times ( ! rite an actual be>-sk9 0 worn by ! danc]s#ia4 ,?is dance 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,arkteia2 q "y girls took "p 9 x1 f ! ages ( five to t51 & x appe>s to h be5 a k9d ( initiation by :i* !y 7 consecrat$ to ,artemis be=e arriv+ at pub]ty#ib4 ,on ! dance call$ ,orksis ,inik1 :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,artemis1 see ,julii ,pollucis ,onoma/icon1 ,,iv4 #aic4 ,m5tion is also made ( ! danc+ 9 hon\r ( ?is goddess at ,elis1 9 ,pisatid t]ritory1 ,pausan4 ,,vi4 xxii4 #a2 see also ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,,ii4 #dde2 & = o!r dances belong+ to h] wor%ip see ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,i4 pp4 #bed1 #bhc1 #cdb1 ,,ii4 #hdb & especially #abhd2 ,lobeck1 ,aglao4 ,,ii4 #ajhe ff4 ,! danc+ p]=m$ at ! fe/ival ( ,gymnopa$iae1 also 9 hon\r ( ,artemis1 z well z ,apollo & ,latona1 :i* 0 held 9 ,sp>ta at ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 is ref]r$ to by ,pausanias2 he says3 ,9 ! m>ket-place at ,sp>ta !re are images ( ,py?aean ,apollo1 ,artemis1 & ,latona4 ,?is :ole place is call$ ,*orus1 because at ! fe/ival ( ,gymnopa$iae1 to :i* ! ,lac$aemonians atta* ! greate/ importance1 ! lads dance *oral dances 9 hon\r ( ,apollo#ic4 ,gruppe draws att5tion to ! danc+ p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,apollo ,k>neios#id1 s also ,bekk]#ie4 ,m5tion may also be made ( ! ,cretan leg5d ( ! bir? ( ,zeus :i* is repres5t$ on co9s f ,tralles2 !y h ! inscription 1 ) ,corybantes danc+ 9 hon\r ( ! new-born god1 & /rik+ _! %ields#if4 ,!re c be no d\bt t e type ( dance among ! ,greeks 0 9 its orig9 connect$ ) religion2 b 9 ! case ( "s x is evid5t t !y q lo/ _! religi\s "*4 ,! 8,pyrrhic ,dance10 :i* 0 at "o "t purely sacr$ & lat] lo/ ?is "*1 is an in/ance#ig4 ,ano!r is t ( ! dance call$ ! 8,labyr9?10 kn[n also z ! 8,game ( ,troy10 & 8,ariadne's ,dance#ih40 ,rville1 9 ref]r+ to x1 says t 9 c]ta9 my?ologies x has be5 obs]v$ t all ! />s move1 turn+ r\nd ! e>? & foll[+ _! regul> c\rses4 ,no?+ m is want$ = ^! movem5ts ( ! />s to be lik5$ to a rhy?mic & complicat$ dance4 ,! consequ5ce w be a religi\s dance 9 hon\r ( ! 8army ( ! heav5s40 ,! dance w develop 9 a mann] app>5tly entangl$1 b nev]!less me?odical4 ,!re 7 sev]al sacr$ dances hav+ ?is "* ( imitation ( ! movem5ts ( ! />s2 among o!rs1 t ( ! 8,labyr9?10 :i* 0 danc$ 9 ,crete & ,delos4 ,! labyr9? itself1 ) its ?\s& circuits1 0 a symbol ( ! />ry heav51 & ! dance ( ! same "n mu/ h be5 a sort ( animat$ repres5tation ( x#ii4 ,an int]e/+ repres5tation ( ?is dance occurs on an ,etruscan ,poll$r>a vase1 pa9t$ by an ,ionian arti/1 & f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 :]e ! dance 0 at "o "t p]=m$ 9 ,ama?us 9 hon\r ( ,aphrodite-,ariadne2 accord+ to tradition ,!seus l$ ! ,attic y\?s & maid5s 9 ?is dance#ajj4 ,! repres5tation is sup]bly execut$4 ,! connexion ( ! "n ( ,ariadne ) ?is dance is suffici5t to %[ its orig9ally religi\s "*1 & probably x rema9$ s always1 !oretically2 b ev5 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]1 accord+ to ! foll[+ acc\nt f ! ,iliad1 ! religi\s elem5t does n appe> prom95tly3 ,also ) cunn+ art he wr\ght a danc+-floor2 l unto t :i* er/1 9 broad ,knossos1 ,daidalos _h made = fair-hair$ ,ariadne4 ,!reon "y m5 & comely damsels 7 danc+1 t clasp$ ea* o!r by ! wri/4 ,! damsels 7 array$ 9 ve/ures ( f9e l951 & ! m5 9 f9e-spun tunics1 glossy ) oil4 ,& ! damsels wore fair coronals1 :ile ! m5 c>ri$ gold5 dirks hang+ f baldrics ( silv]4 ,n[ !y w\ld dance ) cunn+ feet1 lightly1 z :5 a pott] sitt+ at 8 task make? trial ( ! :eel t is ready to 8 h&s1 to see if x run2 n[ !y w\ld dance 9 long l9es1 fac+ "o ano!r4 ,& a great company /ood ar\nd ! beaute\s danc+-place1 rejoic+2 & two tumbl]s1 lead+ ! dance1 kept :irl+ ?r\gh ! mid/#aja4 ,?is dance 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans f ! ,greeks4 ,virgil comp>es its complicat$ evolutions ) ! w9d+s ( ! ,cretan labyr9?#ajb2 & t ! comp>ison is m ?an a m]e poetical fl\ri% appe>s f a draw+ on a v anci5t ,etruscan vase f\nd at ,tragliatella4 ,! draw+ repres5ts a procession ( sev5 be>dless w>riors danc+1 accompani$ by two arm$ rid]s on horseback1 :o are also be>dless4 ,an inscription proves t ! sc5e depict$ is ! 8,game ( ,troy02 & atta*$ to ! procession is a figure ( ! ,cretan labyr9?1 ! patt]n ( :i* is well kn[n f co9s ( ,cnossus1 on :i* x is (t5 repres5t$4 ,! same patt]n1 id5tifi$ by an inscription1 ,labyr9?us1 hic habitat ,m9otaurus1 is scrat*$ on a wall at ,pompeii1 & x is also work$ 9 mosaic on ! floor ( ,roman ap>tm5ts1 ) ! figures ( ,!seus & ,m9otaur 9 ! middle#ajc4 ,aft] po9t+ out ! widespread occurr5ce ( ?is labyr9? patt]n1 bo? = ! purpose ( games z well z ( decorations1 ,fraz] cont9ues3 ,a dance or game :i* has ?us spread ov] ,europe1 & surviv$ 9 a fa%ion to mod]n times mu/ h be5 v popul>1 & be>+ 9 m9d h[ (t5 ) ! decay ( old fai?s ! s]i\s rites & pageants ( gr[n p h deg5]at$ into ! sports ( *ildr51 we may reasonably ask :e!r 8,ariadne's ,dance10 or ! 8,game ( ,troy10 may n h _h its orig9 9 religi\s ritual4 ,! anci5ts connect$ x ) ,cnossus & ! ,m9otaur4 ,n[ we h reason to hold1 ) _m o!r s*ol>s1 t ,cnossus 0 ! seat ( a great wor%ip ( ! sun1 & t ! ,m9otaur 0 a repres5tative or embodim5t ( ! sun-god4 ,may n1 !n1 8,ariadne's ,dance0 h be5 an imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky8 ,& may n its int5tion h be51 by means ( sympa!tic magic1 to aid ! lum9>y to run 8 race on high8444 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjecture x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! s9u\s l9es ( ! labyr9? :i* ! danc]s foll[$ 9 _! evolutions may h repres5t$ ! ecliptic1 ! sun's app>5t annual pa? 9 ! sky4 ,x is "s confirmation ( ?is view t on ! co9s ( ,cnossus ! sun or a /> appe>s 9 ! middle ( ! labyr9?1 ! place :i* on o!r co9s is occupi$ by ! ,m9otaur#ajd4 ,fraz]'s int]e/+ sugge/ion po9ts to ! orig9ally religi\s "* ( 8,ariadne's ,dance10 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t x lo/4 ,l ! dances at ,h>ve/ & ,v9tage fe/ivals1 8,ariadne's ,dance0 0 "o ( ! m$iums :]eby ! sacr$ dance develop$ into a purely secul> amusem5t4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,g]anos1 or 8,crane ,dance10 danc$ at ,delos1 :i* 0 app>5tly d]iv$ f 8,ariadne's ,dance#aje02 & also ( ! ,hormos1 or 8,*a9 ,dance10 :i* 0 also p]=m$ by y\?s & maid5s hold+ _! h&s 9 a *ang+ l9e#ajf4 ,f9ally1 ref]5ce may be made to a few repres5tations ( ! sacr$ dance f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$4 ,on a vase1 numb]$ cxxxii4 #a by ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]#ajg1 a dance is repres5t$ 9 :i* m5 & wom5 are tak+ "p1 two ( ! =m] hold semi-circul> in/rum5ts ) :i* !y accompany ! dance2 also1 ?ree ( ! m51 "o ( :om seems to be act+ z ! lead]1 c>ry small swords at _! sides2 ?is illu/rates ! words ( ,hom] 9 ! quotation giv5 above 7l9es #eig-h74 ,aga91 on two bronze vases1 numb]$ cxxix4 #b & cxxx4 #a1 ! dance repres5t$ %[s wom5 only1 "s ( :om are play+ in/rum5ts1 pipe1 h>p1 & drum#ajh2 a simil> repres5tation occurs on a pa9t$ ,etruscan vase 7cxxxii4 #d71 :ile on a ?9 gold5 plate f a grave ne> ,cor9?#aji wom5 are portray$ danc+ & clo!d ) long g>m5ts2 ?is is numb]$ xxv4 #ae4 ,,vi ,9 turn+ n[ to ! sacr$ dance among ! ,romans we f9d t !re is n ne>ly ! am\nt ( mat]ial f :i* to ga!r in=mation t !re is among ! ,greeks4 ,cic]o said3 8,no man :o is 9 a sob] /ate & n dem5t$ w\ld dance ei!r privately or 9 dec5t company#aaj40 ,if1 z we may suppose 0 ! case1 ?is reflect$ ! g5]al op9ion1 "o c well und]/& :y x 0 t danc+ nev] play$ su* a "p 9 ! national life ( ! ,romans z x did 9 t ( ! ,greeks4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 z is cle> f ! context ( ?is quotation1 0 ref]r+ to danc+ z a pa/ime1 :i* respectable ,romans reg>d$ z inconsi/5t ) _! dignity4 ,! dance 9 wor%ip 0 a diff]5t matt]4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ?is doma9 x did n play ! "p1 nor any?+ l x1 t x did among ! ,greeks4 ,& :at !re 0 ( x 01 9 ! ma91 due to ,greek influ5ce#aaa4 ,n altoge!r1 h[ev]2 & ! influ5ce ( ori5tal cults mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,re9a*1 9 speak+ ( ! effect t ea/]n religions produc$ ^u t ( ,rome1 po9t$ly contra/s ! hypocrisy ( ! sceptical prie/s 9 ,italy 78deux aruspices1 disait ,coton1 ne peuv5t se reg>d] sans rire07 ) ! e>ne/ness & s9c]ity ( ! ori5tal prie/3 ,quelle diffr5ce avec le prtre ori5tal qui va droit au fidle1 l'appelle son frre et le traite en consqu5ce1 veille et n\rrit les lans de sa dvotion1 lui enseigne l'ex/ase1 l'esprance d'un monde meilleur4444 ,!n he ref]s to ! ali5 influ5ces on ! religion ( ,rome3 ,juvnal se pla9t que l',oronte de ,syrie se soit dv]s dans le ,tibre2 il aurait pu en dire autant du ,nil1 du ,j\rda91 et de l',halys444 ,l',empire roma9 se remplit des adorateurs d',attis1 d',isis1 d',osiris1 de ,srapis1 de ,sabazios1 de ,zeus ,doli*5os1 de ,mi?ra4 ,les pratiques les plus tranges1 empre9te d'un sombre my/icisme1 remplacr5t les froides et svres c\tumes roma9es#aab4 ,b :ile giv+ due weight to ! effect ( ^! ori5tal influ5ces1 ! fact rema9s t x is *iefly to ,greece t ,rome ow$ ! entry ( new cults4 ,)9 ! small doma9 ) :i* we are specially conc]n$ we h already consid]$ ! example ( ! 8,game ( ,troy10 :]e x 0 evid5t t ?is 0 borr[$ f ,greece4 ,ano!r example :i* may be cit$ is ! ritual :i* accompani$ ! processions ( supplication2 a solemn dance-/ep 0 *>act]i/ic ( ^!2 su*1 = in/ance1 0 t :i* w5t f ! temple ( ,apollo be=e ! ,porta ,c>m5talis to t ( ,juno ,reg9a on ! ,av5t9e2 to h] an (f]+ ( two :ite c[s 0 made by ! ,decemviri4 ,^! latt] =m$ ! c5tre ( ! procession1 & 9 front ( !m 7 tw5ty-sev5 virg9s :o _h to s+ 9 hon\r ( ,juno4 ,! s++ took place dur+ a halt 9 ! =um2 "h ! maid5s sang _! song :ile danc+ ) a measur$1 /ately tread4 ,z ,wiss[a says1 ! entire ritual 0 ,greek f beg9n+ to end#aac4 ,x is probable t ! danc+ prie/s :o belong$ to ! e>ly ,roman cultus#aad witness also to ,greek influ5ce4 ,an int]e/+ case ( :at may well h be5 an indirect importation f ,greece1 & :i* records "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ! sacr$ dance among ! ,romans1 is m5tion$ by ,fraz]3 8,9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era10 he writes1 8! city ( ,rome 0 desolat$ by a great plague :i* rag$ = ?ree ye>s1 c>ry+ (f "s ( ! highe/ dignit>ies & a great multitude ( common folk4 ,! hi/orian :o records ! calamity in=ms u t :5 a banquet _h be5 (f]$ to ! gods 9 va91 & nei!r human c\nsels nor div9e help avail$ to mitigate ! viol5ce ( ! disease1 x 0 resolv$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,roman hi/ory to in/itute dramatical p]=mances z an appropriate means ( appeas+ ! wra? ( ! cele/ial p[d]s4 ,accord+ly1 actors 7 fet*$ f ,etruria1 :o danc$ c]ta9 simple & decor\s dances to ! music ( a flute4 ,b ev5 ?is novel spectacle fail$ to amuse or t\*1 to move to te>s or laught]1 ! sull5 gods#aae44440 ,! means :i* 7 subsequ5tly f\nd to be effective d n conc]n u "h2 ! po9t is t ! sacr$ dance 0 import$ f ,etruria1 & x is well kn[n t ! ,etruscans 7 l>gely indebt$ to ,greece = _! religi\s ideas & ritual4 ,x w be unnecess>y to (f] fur!r illu/rations ( ?is type ( religi\s dance among ! ,romans s9ce x 0 ma9ly d]iv$ f ,greece1 & we h already devot$ a section to ! rite among ! ,greeks4 ,x only rema9s to be said t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( p]=m+ ! sacr$ dance betwe5 ! two peoples4 ,due l>gely to national temp]am5t1 b also to e>li] ori5tal influ5ces1 ! ,greeks 9 _! sacr$ dances gave fre] v5t to natural impulse1 a *>act]i/ic :i* 0 especially pron\nc$ 9 ! ec/atic dance1 ) :i* we deal bel[ 7pp4 #aai ff474 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 7 f> m re/ra9$ & dignifi$ 9 _! p]=mance ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 among bo? peoples ! sacr$ dance 0 a necess>y adjunct to wor%ip1 & t is ! po9t ) :i* we are specially conc]n$4 ,,vii ,we d n propose to deal1 except+ incid5tally1 ) ! sacr$ dance among ! ,asiatic peoples2 fir/ly1 because x w\ld greatly increase ! bulk ( ?is volume2 & secondly1 because x is d\btful :e!r our do+ s w\ld really ?r[ mu* fur!r light on ! subject ?an we ga9 f ! /udy ( its preval5ce among ! peoples "h consid]$4 ,x may be said g5]ally1 t ! ,asiatics are l ! o!r peoples ) :om we deal 9 _! belief t ! sacr$ dance comes f ! high] p[]s4 ,among !m1 too1 ! sacr$ dance is an important "p ( ! ritual ( wor%ip1 x has diff]5t purposes1 & x is v widespread4 ,t mu* ev5 a sup]ficial k ( ! religion ( ! ,asiatic peoples makes cle>4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! subject ( ,v$ic & ,brahman wor%ip 9 ,india ,lehmann says t ! orig9al "* ( ,v$ic sacrifice 0 a fri5dly fea/ = ! gods1 & among ! diff]5t ways ( %[+ hon\r to ! exalt$ gue/s dur+ ! sacrifices 7 (f]+s ( inc5se1 music1 & dances1 :i* 7 believ$ to give !m pleasure#aaf4 ,,viii ,la/ly1 we come to consid] a few examples ( ! sacr$ dance 9 g5]al among "s ( ! uncultur$ races4 ,! ,dakotahs p]=m a sacr$ dance 9 connexion ) _! wor%ip ( ! sun2 x is execut$ by two "y m5 89 a v s+ul> attitude10 z ,s*oolcraft says4 ,^! two "y wor%ipp]s p]=m ! dance :ile 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete nudity2 ea* has a small :i/le 9 8 m\? ) :i* he accompanies ! dance at int]vals1 & ea* faces ! sun :ile danc+1 t is1 z long z ! sun is above ! horizon4 ,! mode ( danc+ is a k9d ( hit* ( fir/ "o leg & !n ! o!r2 !y d ?is 9 a rhy?mic mann] & keep "t by beat+ on raw hides ( p>*m5t4444 ,?is dance is kept up = two1 & occasionally ?ree1 days1 dur+ :i* "t ! wor%ipp]s p>take ( no food#aag4 ,to take1 next1 an example f ,c5tral ,am]ica2 ,lumholtz#aah relates ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians ( ,mexico t !y believe t by danc+ !y are able to ga9 ! fav\r ( _! gods2 _! danc+ is 8a s]ies ( monoton\s movem5ts1 a k9d ( rhy?mical ex]cise10 :i* !y keep up sometimes = two nights4 8,by d9t ( su* h>d "w !y ?9k to prevail ^u ! gods to grant _! pray]s40 ,accord+ to ! same writ]1 ! ,t>ahum>es say t ! animals taught !m h[ to dance2 t is an int]e/+ po9t :i* w come be=e u aga9 9 a mom5t4 ,!y reg>d danc+ z a v s]i\s & c]emoni\s matt]1 x is 8a k9d ( wor%ip & incantation r ?an amusem5t40 ,! same is true ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 to take a ,s\? ,am]ican example2 ! sacr$ dance 0 ! 8gr& =m ( religi\s demon/ration among !m10 & !y 7 v assidu\s 9 ?is =m ( devotion#aai4 ,! belief ( ! ,t>ahum>es t ! animals fir/ taught !m h[ to dance is int]e/+1 = al?\gh x po9ts to a relatively l[ religi\s m5tality1 x is a /age 9 advance1 = example1 ( t ( ! natives ( ,ponape1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e isl&s1 9 ! ,pacific2 among ^! ! diff]5t families suppose !mselves to /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to animals1 & especially to fi%es1 & believe 9 _! desc5t f !m4 ,!y actually "n ^! animals 8mo!rs02 ! creatures are sacr$ to ! family & may n be injur$4 ,great dances1 accompani$ ) ! (f]+ ( pray]s1 are p]=m$ 9 _! hon\r#abj4 ,^! animals are _! gods :om !y hon\r by danc+2 ! ,t>ahum>es h sep>at$ _! gods f ! animals1 b we may well surmise t 9 an e>li] /age among !m _! gods 7 ! animals :o taught !m to dance1 & 9 ^: hon\r !y danc$4 ,rville is c]ta9ly "r 9 8 conjecture t ! sacr$ dance among uncultur$ races 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( adoration#aba4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* simil> =ms ( wor%ip are 9 vogue among diff]5t peoples :]e !re c be no "q ( borr[+ is af=d$ by ! wor%ip ( ! ,pleiades4 ,?is 0 practis$ by ! anci5t ,p]uvians#abb1 ?\gh :e!r danc+ 0 p]=m$ 9 _! hon\r 7:i* 0 highly probable7 we are n told2 b ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia 8s+ & dance to ga9 ! fav\r ( ! ,pleiades0 7:om !y call ,mormodellick71 !y are wor%ipp$ z ! giv]s ( ra9#abc4 ,! ,blackfeet ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica likewise wor%ip ! ,pleiades2 at ! g5]al meet+ ( ! nation !re is a dance ( w>riors1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! dance ( ! sev5 "y m5 :o are id5tifi$ ) ! ,pleiades4 ,= ! ,indians say t ! sev5 />s ( ! con/ellation 7 sev5 bro!rs1 :o gu>d$ by night ! field ( sacr$ se$ & danc$ r\nd x to keep !mselves awake dur+ ! long h\rs ( d>kness#abd4 ,fraz] has collect$ _m in/ances ( ! wor%ip ( ?is con/ellation 9 l&s widely sep>at$2 9 mo/ cases !re is no m5tion ( danc+ 9 its hon\r1 b x is difficult to believe t ?is did n take place dur+ ! celebration ( ! ,fe/ivals held at its appe>ance#abe4 ,f9ally1 "o or two examples ( ! sacr$ dance 9 ! cont95t ( ,africa may be (f]$4 ,speak+ ( ! religion ( ! ,african aborig9es g5]ally1 ,s*neid] says t a liv+ fai? 9 a b5efic5t god ( "s k9d is "o ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,he is wor%ipp$1 on ! "o h&1 f fe>2 b on ! o!r1 z a m>k ( gratitude2 & "o ( ! *ief ways :]eby ?is gratitude is %[n is by songs & dances accompani$ by music#abf4 ,aga91 ! ,kaffirs p]=m c]emoni\s dances on all sacr$ occasions2 _! mimic dances1 p]=m$ ) a view to prep>e = hunt+ or w>1 h also a s]i\s side#abg4 ,! same is true ( ! ,namaquas2 among ^! :5 anyone embraces ,*ri/ianity x is said t 8he has giv5 up danc+#abh40 ,! ,masai wor%ip ! god ,engai :om !y conceive z embodi$ 9 ! sky1 or at all ev5ts z dwell+ !re2 he1 too1 is wor%ipp$ ) songs & dances#abi4 ,examples c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be multipli$ to any ext5t2 ^? giv5 are1 h[ev]1 q suffici5t = our purpose2 &1 z w h be5 notic$1 !y repres5t1 ap>t f ,europe1 all ! cont95ts4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,! sacr$ dance among ! ,israelites 0 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe1 _! national ,god2 & x is evid5t t ! processional =m ( dance 0 a normal mode 9 ! ritual ( wor%ip4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( ?is rite among ! ,syrians & ,arabs is scanty1 yet its preval5ce is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! m5tion on an inscription ( ,baal-,m>qd1 8! "l ( danc+02 ?is "n may well po9t to ! belief among ! ,pho5icians t its div9e be>] 0 ! orig9ator ( ! sacr$ dance2 s t 9 p]=m+ x 8 wor%ipp]s did x 9 imitation ( him1 & !re=e 9 8 hon\r4 ,dances p]=m$ by ! ,b$\9 ,arabs ( ! ,syrian ,des]t 9 hon\r ( exalt$ p]sonages may q reasonably be reg>d$ z an adaptation ( ! e>li] religi\s rite ( danc+ 9 hon\r ( a god or _s4 ,religi\s processions :i* 7 common 9 ! wor%ip ( ,assyrians & ,babylonians mu/ be reg>d$ z a =m ( sacr$ dance 9 ! ext5d$ use ( ! t]m4 ,9 connexion ) ! well-kn[n joyful "* ( ! religi\s fe/ivals among ! ,semites x is wor? rememb]+ t ! ,assyrian ^w rakdu means bo? 8to rejoice0 & 8to dance02 :]e !re 0 rejoic+1 :e!r ( a secul> or religi\s k9d1 !re 0 danc+2 f :i* we may assume t at ,assyrian religi\s fe/ivals ! sacr$ dance _h its place4 ,direct evid5ce ( ! processional dance among ! ,assyrians is (f]$ by an inscription f\nd 9 ! palace ( ,as%urbanipal4 ,"s inscriptions f\nd 9 ,cyprus may possibly reflect ,babylonian & ,assyrian usage1 b ! dance repres5t$ on ^! is ( a less =mal "* ?an ! processional dance4 ,two inscriptions1 "o f ,boghazkeui1 ! o!r f ,cyprus1 be> unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! religi\s processional dance among ! ,hittites4 ,danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,egyptian div9ities is well atte/$ on inscriptions2 !re is ju/ification = ! cont5tion t ! ,egyptians believ$ t _! gods & goddesses danc$1 & t !re=e _! wor%ipp]s p]=m$ ! sacr$ dance 9 imitation ( !m4 ator1 ,ba/et1 ,bs1 & ,isis are ,egyptian div9ities 9 connexion ) :om danc+ is m5tion$4 ,a special ritual dance 0 p]=m$ by ,egyptian k+s 9 hon\r ( ! god :5 mak+ _! (f]+s4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ is ! sacr$ dance among ! ,greeks4 ,!y1 too1 believ$ t gods & goddesses fir/ danc$2 x 0 9 hon\r ( !m1 & 9 imitation ( :at !y did1 t _! wor%ipp]s danc$4 ,apollo1 ,ares1 ,pan1 ,zeus1 ,h]a1 ! ,dioscuri1 ,a!na1 &1 above all1 ,dionysos & ,artemis are ! deities especially m5tion$ 9 ?is connexion4 ,! evid5ce1 :i* is abundant1 is obta9$ f repres5tations on pott]y & inscriptions1 z well z f lit]>y s\rces4 ,among ! ,greeks ! type ( dances "h consid]$ 0 p]=m$ prim>ily 9 hon\r ( gods & goddesses2 b !re is reason to believe t "s dances _h orig9ally o!r purposes4 8,ariadne's ,dance0 is probably ! mo/ /rik+ example2 = !re are di/9ct indications ( its hav+ be5 at "o "t an imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky1 & ( hav+1 by means ( imitative magic1 ! purpose ( assi/+ ! sun 9 runn+ its c\rse4 ,! ,romans 7 prim>ily indebt$ to ! ,greeks = _! sacr$ dances1 ?\gh ori5tal influ5ces 7 also pron\nc$4 ,! sacr$ dance 0 an important elem5t 9 ,v$ic & ,brahman wor%ip2 x 01 likewise1 p]=m$ prim>ily 9 hon\r ( div9ities4 ,probably ! mo/ in/ructive area 9 :i* to /udy ! sacr$ dance & its objects is t ( ! uncultur$ races1 = among !m x is se5 9 its native simplicity1 unaffect$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ! exig5cies ( a m advanc$ civilization4 ,! dance 9 hon\r ( ! sun1 p]=m$1 = example1 by ! ,dakotahs 9 a practically nude /ate po9ts to ! belief ( ! sun be+ a p]son ) :om x 0 possible to h a m or less direct contact2 ! s5sation ^u ! nak$ body ( ! w>m? ( its rays w\ld d5ote ?is contact4 ,! long-cont9u$ dance 9 its hon\r (f]s an example ( t\*+1 if nave1 devotion1 emphasiz$ by ! accompany+ fa/4 ,! belief t by means ( danc+ 9 hon\r ( ! gods !y c be prevail$ ^u to answ] pray]s--z exemplifi$ by ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indians--reveals a m5tality s deeply +ra9$ 9 human nature t ! und]ly+ idea c be p>allel$ by ! religi\s ex]cises ( p among ! mo/ civiliz$ nations at ! pres5t day4 ,t is an int]e/+ ph5om5on ab\t :i* mu* c\ld be said1 b :i* w\ld involve our /ray+ f> away f ! imm$iate subject 9 h&4 ,^! same ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indians say t ! animals taught !m to dance2 ?is belief is und\bt$ly ! explanation ( ! =m ( _m dances 9 vogue among savages2 j z m civiliz$ peoples1 su*1 = example1 z ! ,greeks1 imitat$ :at !y believ$ to be ! dances ( _! gods & goddesses1 s ^! savages imitat$ :at !y saw to be ! movem5ts ( animals#acj4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! p>allel ceases1 = ! savages believ$ !y 7 desc5d$ f ^! animals2 x 01 ?us1 _! ance/ors :om !y hon\r$ by _! imitative dances4 ,c\ld ! beliefs ( ^! ,mexican ,indians h develop$ spontane\sly1 unt\*$ by extrane\s influ5ces--a ?+ :i* is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q n[--x is q possible t f ^! animals 8high gods0 w\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,p]haps an illu/ration ( ?is evolution>y process is to be se5 9 "o ( ! =ms ( ! ,greek wor%ip ( ,artemis1 viz4 9 t ( ! ,brauronian c]emonies4 ,! high probability t 9 ! dance p]=m$ dur+ ^! c]emonies x 0 at "o "t cu/om>y = ! danc]s to we> be>-sk9s po9ts to ! connexion ( ,artemis ) ! be>4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ritual is cle> if we suppose t "s remote ance/ors ( ! ,greeks danc$ 9 hon\r ( ! be> 9 ! belief t !y 7 desc5d$ f be>s4 ,! dance 9 be>-sk9s w\ld ?us be a p]sonat+ ( ! goddess1 t is to say1 a means ( union ) h]#aca4 ,ano!r l9e 9 ! process ( religi\s evolution is se5 9 ! widespread wor%ip ( ! ,pleiades4 ,au/ralian aborig9es dance 9 _! hon\r = ! purpose ( induc+ !m to give ra91 )\t1 app>5tly1 =m+ any ideas z to ! nature ( ! ,pleiades2 b ! ,blackfeet ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica imitate 9 dance sev5 "y m51 id5tifi$ ) ! ,pleiades1 :o appe> to be ! gu>dians ( ! crops4 ,9 ! few examples ( wor%ip among diff]5t ,african aborig9es giv5 above we h se5 t danc+ 0 9 hon\r ( _! gods & an ess5tial "p ( _! wor%ip1 & we may well believe t ! reason ( ?is 0 ! belief t ! wor%ipp]s 7 imitat+ _! gods 9 do+ s4 ,:ile ! purpose is always honorific1 we may be sure t !y also _h practical ends 9 view1 viz4 ei!r ! obta9+ ( food1 or effect+ union ) ! god4 ,s t x is true to say t ! sacr$ dance 0 ! means ( satisfy+ two ess5tial ne$s ( man3 natural & spiritual su/5ance4 ,9 ask+1 f9ally1 :at is ! be>+ ( ?is %ort inve/igation ^u ! religion ( ! ,israelites we note fir/ ( all t ! ,israelites 7 at "o ) practically all ! nations ( antiquity1 z well z ) ! unciviliz$ peoples1 9 p]=m+ ! sacr$ dance 9 _! wor%ip4 ,! prim>y object 01 among ! ,israelites1 z among ! o!rs1 to hon\r _! ,god4 ,:y ?is rite %\ld h be5 ?\ght ( z pleas+ to ! deity we h already consid]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 improbable t ! "q tr\bl$ ! ,israelites2 x 0 suffici5t t x _h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial z an ess5tial con/itu5t 9 ! ritual ( wor%ip4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 t !re 0 a v widespread belief t ! sacr$ dance orig9at$ ) ! gods1 or1 9 ! case ( savages1 ) animals reg>d$ z ance/ors4 ,:ile !re is no h9t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( any simil> belief among ! ,israelites1 we may well ask1 9 view ( :at has j be5 said ab\t ! ubiquity ( ! sacr$ dance itself1 :e!r su* a belief1 or ! e*o ( x1 may n actually h exi/$ among !m4 ,x c sc>cely be )\t significance t we get def9ite traces ( x 9 ! lat] ,jewi% lit]ature :i* pres]ves 9 su* numb]less in/ances anci5t traditions4 ,x is said1 = example1 9 ! ,midra% ,%ir ha-,%irim to vii4 #a t ,god ,himself w lead ! dance ( ! righte\s 9 ! _w to come4 ,9 an exegetical ex]cise ( a typically ,rabb9ical type on ,ps4 xlviii4 #ac1 #ad 7#ad1 #ae 9 ,hebr47 we are told t ! words3 8,m>k well h] bulw>ks10 %\ld be r5d]$3 8,direct y\r he>t to ! dance02 = in/ead ( llah "o mu/ read llah 78to ! dance074 ,x is said1 fur!r1 t1 9 t day ! righte\s %all po9t ) _! f+]s & say1 8,?is is our ,god1 :o w lead u10 i4e4 9 ! dance4 ,!n x is said t ! la/ ^w ( ! psalm al-mu? 78unto dea?07 %\ld be read alam? 78maid5s071 i4e4 ,god w lead ! dance ( ! righte\s 9 ! _w to come j z ! maid5s lead ! dance 9 ?is _w6 ,we are n conc]n$ ) ! exegesis1 b only ) ! idea put =?4 ,x is q conceivable t "s old-_w tradition lies beh9d x4 ,9 any case1 x sugge/s a p>allel to ! belief ( _m o!r peoples4 ,x %[s also t we may at times be ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ = side-lights ^u ! religion ( ,israel f qu>t]s :i* may n appe> promis+2 we fully realize ! pitfalls into :i* we may /umble 9 su* cases1 & ! consequ5t ne$ ( caution2 b "o mu/ be v5turesome on occasion4 ,we drew att5tion j n[ to ! belief ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indians t _! gods c\ld be prevail$ ^u to answ] pray] by means ( ! sacr$ dance2 ! 8limp+0 dance ( ! prophets ( ,baal _h a simil> purpose1 ?\gh 9 ?is case !re is a ton+ d[n inasmu* z !re is an appeal to ! pity ( ! god4 ,n v f> remov$ f ?is is ! idea ( putt+ compulsion ^u ! god2 an idea famili> to unciviliz$ man#acb2 & x is q possible t 9 "s cases ! sacr$ dance 0 believ$ to h ! effect ( co]c+ ! god to d :at 0 requir$ ( him4 ,! und]ly+ idea is simil> to t express$ 9 ,g54 xxviii4 #bj-bb3 ,& ,jacob v[$ a v[1 say+1 ,if ,god w be ) me1 & w keep me 9 ?is way t ,i g1 & w give me bread to eat1 & raim5t to put on1 s t ,i come aga9 to my fa!r's h\se 9 peace1 !n %all ,jahwe be my ,god4444 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,ritual ,,dance ,,r\nd ,a ,,sacr$ ,,object ,i ,! ritual encircl+ dance1 :e!r 9 procession ) measur$ tread or 9 ! =m ( a dance-/ep--& bo? are v>ieties ( :at is ess5tially ! same ?+--is p]haps ! commone/ k9d ( sacr$ dance4 ,its occurr5ce is _w-wide4 ,! object ar\nd :i* x takes place 0 9 mo/ cases1 at any rate orig9ally1 a sacr$ "o3 an idol1 an alt>1 a sacrificial victim1 a holy tree1 or a well4 ,! encirclem5t 0 also p]=m$ r\nd o!r ?+s2 b 9 ^! cases ! dance is ( ano!r type to :i* att5tion w be drawn lat]4 ,( sacr$ trees#acc & wells#acd among ! ,israelites we h abundant witness 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 !re is also pl5ty ( evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce among o!r ,semitic peoples1 see1 = example1 ,baudiss91 ,/udi5 zur ,semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te1 ,,ii4 #aed ff4 7#ahgf72 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lecture ,v4 7#ahid72 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions smitiques1 pp4 #aeh ff41 #afb ff4 7#aijc71 to m5tion b ?ree ( ! =emo/ au?orities4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t n[h]e m5tions any details ( ! cult 9 connexion ) ^! sacr$ objects1 = reasons :i* h be5 po9t$ out#ace1 & !re=e !re is no allusion to ! dance ar\nd !m2 b z we "k f s _m s\rces t :]ev] sacr$ trees & spr+s exi/$ 7:i* has be5 all ! _w ov]7 "p ( ! ritual 9 connexion ) !m consi/$ ( ! sacr$ dance1 we ne$ n ga!r f ! sil5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t x did n take place4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance may be giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* we are able to supplem5t an ,old ,te/am5t record f o!r s\rces4 ,9 ,num4 xxi4 #ag1 #ah1 occurs ?is song to ! well3 ,spr+ up1 ,o well4 ,s+ ye unto x2 ,to ! well :i* ! pr9ces digg$1 ,:i* ! nobles ( ! p delv$1 ,) ! w&1 & ) _! /aves4 ,"h we h a song to ! well1 ?\gh no m5tion is made ( ! sacr$ dance2 b 9 a /rik+ p>allel1 record$ by ,nilus1 we are told t :5 ! nomadic ,arabs f\nd a well !y danc$ by x & sang songs to x#acf4 ,bo? song & dance 7 sacr$1 =1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? says3 ,( all inanimate ?+s t :i* has ! be/ m>k$ sup]natural associations among ! ,semites is fl[+ 7or1 z ! ,hebrews say1 8liv+07 wat] 444 & sacr$ wells are among ! olde/ & mo/ in]adicable objects ( rev]5ce among all ! ,semites1 & are cr$it$ ) oracul> p[]s & a sort ( volition by :i* !y receive or reject (f]+s4 ,( c\rse ^! sup]/itions (t5 take ! =m ( a belief t ! sacr$ spr+ is ! dwell+-place ( be+s :i* f "t to "t em]ge f x 9 human or animal =m1 b ! fundam5tal idea is t ! wat] itself is ! liv+ organism ( a demoniac life1 n a m]e dead organ#acg4 ,kazw9i#ach relates t 8:5 ! wat] ( ! wells ( ,ilabi/an fail$1 a fea/ 0 held at ! s\rce1 ) music & danc+1 to induce x to fl[ aga940 ,"o ?9ks ( ! 8,well ( ,fair ,dances0 at ,eleusis2 ?\gh n (f]+ a p>allel to :at has j be5 said1 x is 9 s f> an analogy 9 t x 0 a spr+ at :i* sacr$ danc+ took place1 9 ?is case by wom5 9 hon\r ( ,demet]#aci4 ,we h m5tion ( sacr$ danc+1 aga91 9 ano!r connexion1 viz4 ar\nd ! ,gold5 ,calf4 ,! passage is ,exod4 xxxii4 #e1 #f1 #ai3 ,& :5 ,a>on saw ?is1 he built an alt> be=e x2 & ,a>on made proclamation & said1 ,tomorr[ %all be a fea/ 7ag7 to ,jahwe4 ,& !y rose up e>ly on ! morr[1 & (f]$ burnt (f]+s1 & br\ght peace (f]+s2 & ! p sat d[n to eat & dr9k1 & rose up to dance#adj4444 ,& x came to pass1 z soon z he i4e4 ,moses came nigh unto ! camp1 t he saw ! calf & ! danc+4444 ,?is def9ite m5tion ( ! sacr$ dance "h ju/ifies ! assumption t x 0 also p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( a simil> idol set up 9 o!r sanctu>ies1 su* z ^? 9 ,dan & ,be!l 7#a ,k+s xii4 #bh1 #bi1 #b ,k+s x4 #bi2 cp4 ,hos4 x4 #e71 9 ,sam>ia 7,hos4 viii4 #e1 #f71 & possibly 9 ,gilgal 7,hos4 xii4 #aa #ab1 ,am4 v4 #d1 #e7ada4 ,aga91 !re are sev]al passages 9 :i* ! encirclem5t ( ! alt> is m5tion$2 ^! m]it a little att5tion4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xvi4 #aa1 :]e !re is1 h[ev]1 a little unc]ta9ty ab\t ! read+1 !re is "s ju/ification 9 translat+ ! ,hebrew ?us3 8,& ,samuel said 444 we w n g r\nd1 i4e4 ! alt>1 till he come40 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion foll[s ! ,septuag9t & ! ,vulgate 9 r5d]+3 8,we w n sit d[n1 i4e4 to ! fea/1 till he come02 b ?is use ( ! ^w is o!rwise unkn[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t#adb4 ,tak+ x 9 its natural s5se ! ^w w\ld "h ref] to ! c]emonial encircl+ ( ! alt> :i* is m5tion$ else:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 0 a recogniz$ "p ( ! ritual 9 (f]+ sacrifices among o!r peoples4 ,9 ,ps4 xxvi4 #f x is said3 8,i w wa% m9e h&s 9 innoc5cy & w g r\nd ?y alt>1 ,jahwe02 ?is po9ts cle>ly to ! ritual encircl+ ( ! alt>1 & ! incid5tal m5tion ( x )\t fur!r comm5t seems to imply t x =m$ "p ( ! ord9>y ritual#adc4 ,a procession on a l>g] scale may well be 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( ,ps4 xlviii4 #ac #ab 9 ,r4,v43 8,encompass ye ,zion1 & g r\nd ab\t h]02 ! context po9ts to ! ref]5ce be+ to "s act ( ritual wor%ip2 & t x is a lit]al1 & n a figurative1 encirclem5t t is meant is cle> bo? f ! use ( sbab1 z well z ( nqaph1 :i* ref]s (t5 to ! surr\nd+ ( cities4 ,an int]e/+ passage is ,ps4 cxviii4 #bg1 ?\gh !re is "s unc]ta9ty aga9 ab\t ! text4 ,! ,r4,v4 reads3 8,b9d ! sacrifice ) cords1 ev5 unto ! horns ( ! alt>40 ,! ^w ag is "h translat$ 8sacrifice02 b ?is is n ju/ifi$ 79 spite ( ,mal4 ii4 #c71 =1 z ,briggs rightly po9ts out1 ! proc$ure 8w\ld n be 9 accord ) sacrificial laws & usage#add40 ,on ! o!r h&1 to translate x by 8sacr$ dance0 w\ld be to give ! ^w1 z we h se51 its ess5tial mean+#ade4 ,!n1 fur!r1 ! ^w r5d]$ 8b9d0 7as>7 c equally well mean 8jo902 cp4 ?is mean+ ( ! ^w 9 #a ,k+s xx4 #ad1 8,:o w jo9 battle80 ,! same use is f\nd 9 #b ,*ron4 xiii4 #c1 8,& ,abijah jo9$ battle02 9 ea* case ?is root 7as>7 is us$4 ,s t our passage c\ld be r5d]$ q correctly3 8,jo9 ! sacr$ dance40 ,z to ! ^w translat$ 8cords10 or 8ropes10 ?is w\ld be us$ q appropriately 9 connexion ) danc+2 x is ! same idea z t connect$ ) ebel 78*a910 or 8b&071 us$ ( prophets go+ ab\t 9 s+le file 7see fur!r bel[1 p4 #ajh74 ,9 ,hos4 xi4 #d ! two words are us$ z p>allels4 ,s t ! ref]5ce 9 ! psalm may well be to /r+s ( wor%ipp]s be+ call$ ^u to jo9 9 ! sacr$ dance4 ,briggs' objection to an explanation ( ?is k9d on ! gr\nd t ?is usage ( ag is r>e & e>ly1 8n to be ?\ght ( 9 s late a psalm10 is n valid :5 "o rememb]s ! t5acity ) :i* religi\s cu/oms & expressions are clung to4 ,x is well to rememb] t ?is psalm belongs to ! 8,hallel0 7,pss4 cxiii4-cxviii471 ! mo/ important ( ! fe/ival psalms2 ! 8,hallel0 0 sung at all ! great fea/s4 ,we %all see pres5tly t v cle> evid5ce exi/s = ! p]=mance ( ! encircl+ ( ! alt> dur+ ! s++ ( ?is psalm 9 lat] days1 z well z o!r danc+ dur+ ! great fe/ivals4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t bo? k9ds ( dance 7 n innovations belong+ to subsequ5t ages1 b ! cont9uance ( :at _h be5 h&$ d[n = ages4 ,fur!r1 "o mu/ take into consid]ation ! idea t und]lies ! ritual ( ! encirclem5t ( a city1 su* z we read ( 9 ,jo%4 vi41 :]e ! same root z t = ! ritual encompass+ ( ! alt> is us$ 7sbab74 ,?r\gh ! :ole acc\nt ! religi\s elem5t 9 ! und]tak+ comes /rongly to ! =e2 ! encircl+ procession is a sacr$ act3 ! s\nd+ ( ! rams' horns by ! prie/s1 sev5 9 numb]1 ! pres5ce ( ! ark1 ! sev5fold encirclem5t on ! sev5? day1 all emphasize its religi\s "* :i* receives its highe/ /amp 9 ! words :i* proclaim ! pres5ce ( ,jahwe ,himself 9 ! procession3 8,& x 0 s1 t :5 ,jo%ua _h spok5 unto ! p1 ! sev5 prie/s be>+ ! sev5 trumpets ( rams' horns be=e ,jahwe pass$ on1 & blew ) ! trumpets3 & ! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ,jahwe foll[$ !m40 ,! ,god ( ! nation is conceiv$ z be+ ei!r id5tifi$ )1 or pres5t 91 ! ark4 ,! mean+ & object ( ! encirclem5t is cle> f ! words 9 vi4 #ag3 8,& ! city %all be devot$1 ev5 x & all t is !re91 to ,jahwe40 ,x is1 z x 71 a magic circle1 describ$ ar\nd ! ?+ 8devot$0 9 ord] t no?+ %all escape2 by ! encirclem5t x becomes 8consecrat$02 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* ! encirclem5t ( ! alt> consecrates ! sacrifice on x4 ,be=e draw+ att5tion to "s in/ances ( ?is type ( dance among o!r peoples1 m5tion may be made ( "o among ! ,jews ( po/-biblical times4 ,at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 aft] ! sacrifices _h be5 (f]$1 ! prie/s w5t 9 procession r\nd ! alt> s++ ,ps4 cxviii4 #be on ea* ( ! sev5 days dur+ :i* ! fea/ la/$4 ,on ! sev5? day a sev5fold circuit 0 made r\nd ! alt>#adf4 ,a c]emony ( ?is k9d1 z w be readily und]/ood1 w\ld n h be5 an innovation introduc$ 9 po/-biblical times2 we may confid5tly take = grant$ t ! usage1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 _h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial4 ,,ii ,we h already drawn att5tion to ! fact t ! c5tral & mo/ important "p ( ! cultus ( ! anci5t ,arabs 0 ! circuit r\nd ! sanctu>y1 or1 :5 ?is 0 (f]$1 r\nd ! sacrifice2 & t x 0 f ?is fact t ! agg1 :i* really means ! 8sacr$ dance10 got its "n4 ,?is sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$ n only r\nd ! ,kaaba1 b 9 e sanctu>y r\nd ! sacr$ object4 ,! holy /one is itself call$ ,dav>1 8! object ( encirclem5t10 because ( ! cu/om ( p]=m+ ! sacr$ dance r\nd x#adg4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is type ( sacr$ dance is giv5 by ,nilus4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,arabs ( ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 he says t !y did n wor%ip any god or image ( a god1 b sacrific$ to ! morn+ /> at its ris+4 ,!n he goes on to describe h[ !y took = _! sacrifice a :ite camel :i* !y =c$ into a kneel+ po/ure & 8w5t circl+ r\nd x 9 a circuit\s fa%ion10 ! ref]5ce be+ cle>ly to "s =m ( processional dance1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 fur!r describ$2 b he m5tions s++ :i* w5t on at ! same "t1 a v usual accompanim5t to ! sacr$ dance4 ,:5 ! ?ird circuit _h be5 made1 & :ile ! s++ 0 /ill go+ on1 ! lead] 9 ! procession slaught]$ ! camel#adh4 ,accord+ to ,j]emias ?is ritual p]ambulation 7awf7 r\nd ! alt> or a sacrificial victim among ! idolatr\s ,semites may be expla9$ z hav+ be5 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 9 :i* case1 z he ma9ta9s1 ! ritual dance w\ld be prov$ to be a product ( ! anci5t ori5tal _w-concept#adi4 ,b ! rite is susceptible ( a diff]5t explanation z we h se5#aej4 ,ano!r in/ructive example among ! ,semites1 9 :i* x is evid5t t ! p]ambulation is n a symbolic repres5tation ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 is t :i* takes place at ! fe/ival ( ! ,pyre at ,heliopolis4 ,lucian describes ?is z foll[s3 ,! greate/ ( ! fe/ivals t !y celebrate is t held 9 ! op5+ ( ! spr+2 "s call ?is ! ,pyre1 o!rs ! ,lamp4 ,on ?is occasion ! sacrifice is p]=m$ 9 ?is way4 ,!y cut d[n tall trees & set !m up 9 ! c\rt2 !n !y br+ goats & %eep & cattle & hang !m liv+ to ! trees2 !y add to ^! birds & g>m5ts1 & gold & silv] "w4 ,aft] all is f9i%$1 !y c>ry ! gods ar\nd ! trees & set fire "u2 9 a mom5t all is 9 a blaze4 ,to ?is solemn rite a great multitude flocks f ,syria & all ! regions ar\nd4 ,ea* br+s 8 own god & ! /atues :i* ea* has ( 8 own gods#aea4 ,?is encircl+ procession ( ! gods w be ref]r$ to aga9 :5 we review ! in/ances ( ?is type ( sacr$ dance :i* h be5 ga!r$4 ,! susp5d+ ( ! animals on trees rem9ds u--b ! object is diff]5t--( ! ,dht anwt1 or 8tree to hang ?+s on02 ! _s ( a dep>t$ sa9t is suppos$ to take up 8 abode 9 ! tree at c]ta9 times1 & 8 wor%ipp]s hang rags & ribbons on its bran*es z 8pl$ges ( atta*m5t#aeb02 ?is is /ill v common at ! pres5t day#aec4 ,danc+ is1 h[ev]1 nev] m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ?is4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! holy tree spok5 ( by ! anci5t ,arabian hi/orian1 ,tab>i1 x is v probable t danc+ 0 p]=m$ r\nd x1 ev5 ?\gh x is n specifically m5tion$4 ,he tells ( a l(ty date-palm 9 ,ngrn :i* ! inhabitants wor%ipp$1 & 9 hon\r ( :i* a fe/ival 0 celebrat$ annually2 on ^! occasions !y b$eck$ ! tree ) z _m beautiful wom5's g>m5ts z c\ld be procur$1 & dur+ a :ole day div9e hon\rs 7 paid to x#aed4 ,once m1 to take a mod]n example :i* may well reflect traditional usage2 among ! ,noairis1 a ,semitic tribe inhabit+ ! m\nta9\s c\ntry to ! s\? ( ! ,orontes1 & among :om _m anci5t cu/oms are pres]v$1 a fe/ival call$ ! fea/ ( ,/ ,b>be is obs]v$4 ,at ?is fea/ ! "y m5 & wom51 aft] c&les h be5 light$1 dance r\nd ! fe/ival bo>d1 :i* is cov]$ ) food ( v>i\s k9ds1 s++ & %\t+#aee4 ,app>5tly !re is little religi\s significance 9 ?is n[2 b x is safe to say t at "s "t ( its hi/ory ?is dance con/itut$ an act ( hon\r to ! sa9t1 or a pr$ecessor4 ,we h be5 unable to f9d any fur!r in/ances ( ?is type ( sacr$ dance among ,semitic peoples1 nor yet among ! ,egyptians4 ,,iii ,among ! ,greeks ! dance r\nd a sacr$ object mu/ h be5 v usual1 judg+ f repres5tations ( x :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus4 ,?us1 a votive (f]+ made ( clay1 f\nd ne> ! villages ( ,katydata-,l9u & n[ 9 ! ,cyprus ,museum1 is a v int]e/+ example2 x consi/s ( ?ree be>d$ m5 danc+ r\nd ano!r1 :o is also be>d$ & :o accompanies ! dance on a ,pan's-pipe4 ,aphrodite 0 ! *ief goddess wor%ipp$ 9 ! locality4 ,! workman%ip is v r\gh & belongs1 accord+ to ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 to ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"o ( ! danc+ figures is lo/1 b ! ?ree 7 orig9ally cle>ly repres5t$ z danc+ r\nd ! "o 9 ! c5tre ) h&s jo9$4 8,x %[s a dance-gr\p su* z 0 s (t5 =m$ at fe/ivals ( ! gods by ,aryans & ,semites1 ,greeks & ,hebrews#aef40 ,some:at simil> to ?is is ano!r gr\p 7cxxxv4 #f7 ( ?ree wom5 hold+ h&s & danc+ r\nd ano!r :o is play+ a ,pan's-pipe4 ,ano!r repres5ts1 z ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] says1 an ,olympian dance 7cxxxii4 #c72 9 ?is case sev5 wom5 are danc+ r\nd 9 a circle2 ! arms ( ea* clasp ! neighb\r on ei!r side r\nd ! wai/4 ,an example ( ! sexes danc+ toge!r is cxxxv4 #f2 ?is is ( t]ra-cotta f ,leukosia#aeg2 six figures are danc+ 9 a semi-circle1 two are play+ ! tympanum2 !y are alt]nately m5 & wom5 7cp4 ! quotation f ! ,iliad giv5 above3 8,"y m5 & comely damsels 7 danc+1 t clasp$ ea* o!r by ! wri/074 ,aga91 a vessel ( /one1 :i* ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] believes to h be5 a vessel = inc5se1 =ms a gr\p ( ?ree wom5 danc+ 9 a circle ) jo9$ h&s4 ,x resembles _m simil> vessels f\nd 9 ! ,artemis-,kybele tem5os at ,a*na1 9 ,cyprus1 z well z 9 ,artemis-,kybele groves2 !y are n f\nd else:]e2 all repres5t ?ree wom51 r\ghly =m$ 9 ! 8,egyptian /yle10 & seem to h be5 a common cult-object 9 ! wor%ip ( ,artemis-,kybele#aeh4 ,two examples repres5t+ a dance r\nd a sacr$ tree may be m5tion$4 ,"o is v r\ghly made ( clay2 ?ree wom5 hold+ h&s are danc+ r\nd x 7cxxxv4 #d74 ,9 ?is case ! repres5tation is =m$ on a gold5 r+1 f ,myc5ae2 x is evid5tly int5d$ to be a dance r\nd a sacr$ tree4 ,?is k9d ( sacr$ dance1 says ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 (t5 occurs on ,graeco-,pho5ician bronze vases#aei4 ,f9ally1 j a ^w may be said ( ! c]emony call$ ! 1 8! runn+ r\nd02 ?is 0 a purificatory rite = new-born infants#afj4 ,! *ild 0 c>ri$ at a runn+ pace r\nd ! dome/ic he>?1 ! idea be+1 presumably1 t ! proximity ( ! fire act$ z a lu/ration2 ?is does n1 h[ev]1 expla9 ! runn+ r\nd = :i* !re mu/ h be5 "s special reason2 is x possible t ! idea "h 0 t ! curr5t ( air1 produc$ by ! quick runn+ r\nd1 :i* play$ ^u ! *ild1 also _h a purify+ effect8 ,air 0 "o ( ! means ( lu/ration2 ! comb9ation ( fire & air w\ld h af=d$ all t c\ld be desir$#afa4 ,:ile ?is rite _c be describ$ z magical1 x is n1 /rictly speak+1 religi\s2 x seems to be 9 a sph]e betwe5 ! two2 at ! same "t1 judg+ f c]ta9 ,roman rites to :i* we turn n[1 ! at any rate approa*es ! bord]-l9e ( religion4 ,,iv ,! type ( sacr$ dance :i* we are consid]+ does n seem to h be5 9 vogue among ! ,romans except+ 9 ! =m ( ! circumambulatory procession2 & al?\gh ! ^w 8dance0 c only 9 an ext5d$ s5se be appli$ to a procession1 yet1 z we h se5 7pp4 #e f471 ?is is ju/ifi$4 ,! ,romans wor%ipp$ _! gods ) sacrifice & pray]2 ! two1 s f> z is kn[n1 7 inv>iably comb9$4 ,b on important occasions1 & = p>ticul> reasons1 ^! 7 p]=m$ 9 ! c\rse ( a procession or circuit r\nd "s object--l&1 city1 army1 or in/rum5ts1 su* z arms & trumpets--or1 aga91 ! :ole ,roman p1 if suppos$ to be 9 ne$ ( #8purification' f "s evil influ5ce2 9 ?is ext5d$ =m ! ritual 0 call$ lu/ratio2 & ?is c]emonial 0 p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 n only ( ! ,roman1 b ( all anci5t ,italian =ms ( wor%ip#afb4 ,! object ( ?is rite 01 accord+ to ,wiss[a#afc1 ! purification ( all t 0 )9 ! circle =m$ by ! procession2 & z ! sacr$ victims int5d$ = sacrifice 7 tak5 r\nd1 ! effect 0 to keep away all evil influ5ces outside ! circuit made4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is circumambulatory procession 0 its p]=mance by ! ,fratres ,arvales at ! fe/ival ( ! ,amb>valia1 to :i* ref]5ce is made bel[ 7p4 #adi74 ,ano!r is t ( ! c\rse ( ! ,lup]ci r\nd ! ,palat9e ,hill at ! ,lup]calia 7see fur!r1 p4 #aej72 ?is1 too1 _h z its object purification :]eby fruitfulness 0 imp>t$ to ! fruits ( ! field1 & to ! flocks4 ,z among ! ,greeks1 s1 too1 ! ,romans _h a purificatory rite = _! new-born infants on ! dies lu/ricus1 i4e4 on ! n9? day aft] bir? = boys1 on ! eigh? = girls4 ,m>qu>dt ?9ks t p]haps ! ,romans took ov] ! rite f ! ,greeks#afd4 ,v ,among uncultur$ races ! sacr$ dance 9 a circle1 or r\nd "s sacr$ object1 is widely spread2 _m illu/rations ( x c\ld be giv51 b x w suffice if q a few examples are (f]$ because1 z !re is a great family lik5ess betwe5 !m1 a few w answ] ! same purpose z a l>ge numb]4 ,s*oolcraft tells u t among ! ,dakotahs a fea/ is held e n[ & !n at :i* a special dance is p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( _! god ,ha-o-,kah4 ,he is a giant god1 b subord9ate to ! ,great ,_s4 ,?is dance is p]=m$ by ! m5 only1 )9 a wigwam1 ar\nd a fire ov] :i* are kettles ( meat boil+4 ,!y h no clo?+ except a conical cap made ( bir* b>k ) pa9t to repres5t lightn+1 & "s /rips ( ! same mat]ial ar\nd ! lo9s4 ,:ile hopp+ & s++ ar\nd ! kettles !y w ?ru/ 9 _! b>e h&s & pull out pieces ( meat & eat !m :ile scald+ hot4 ,aft] ! meat is all eat5 !y w spla% ! hot wat] ov] _! b>e backs1 all ! "t hopp+ ar\nd & s++ out1 8oh1 h[ cold x is60 pret5d+ t ! hot wat] does n scald !m1 & t ! god w n all[ any ( 8 clan to be injur$ by x4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 ( ! wor%ipp]s hopp+ r\nd ! fire#afe4 ,aga91 ! ,timagani ,indians h a 8,be> ,dance0 :i* is p]=m$ 9 ! =m ( a circle l$ by ! *ief play+ a drum & s++ ! 8,be> ,dance0 song2 ! circle goes r\nd c\nt]-clockwise4 ,! lead] sometimes dances backw>ds1 turns r\nd1 /oops1 & 9 o!r ways imitates ! be>4444 ,! circl+ keeps up until ! song is f9i%$4 ,! idea ( ?is dance seems to be to hon\r ! be> by imitat+ him#aff4 ,! p]=m]s 9 ?is dance d n encircle any object2 x is simply a dance 9 ! =m ( a circle2 !y d n hold h&s1 b g r\nd 9 a foll[-my-lead] /yle4 ,al?\gh ! danc+ 9 hon\r ( ! be> rem9ds "o ( ! p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,artemis1 x diff]s f ?is 9 t only m5 take "p 9 x2 & ! 1 9 :i* ! p]=m]s are only "y girls is1 z we h se51 an initiation c]emony4 ,a clos] p>allel ( ! dance ( ! ,timagani ,indians is ! 8,be> ,dance0 among ! ,si\x ,indians m5tion$ by ,rville#afg4 ,at ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival ( ! ,kayans ( ,s>wak1 to come to ano!r "p ( ! _w1 !re is a great sacrifice ( pigs1 ^: 8spiritual ess5ce is appropriately (f]$ to ! spirits1 :ile _! mat]ial sub/ance is consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s40 8,9 c>ry+ out ?is highly satisfactory arrangem5t10 says ,fraz]1 8:ile ! live pigs lay te!r$ 9 a r[ on ! gr\nd1 ! prie/esses dance solemnly r\nd a sacrificial /age1 ea* ( !m array$ 9 a w>-mantle ( pan!r sk91 & we>+ a w>-cap on h] head1 & on ei!r side two prie/s arm$ ) swords execute w>-dances = ! purpose ( sc>+ away evil spirits444#afh40 ,?is encirclem5t ( ! sacrificial victims seems to be a k9d ( consecrat+ act prior to ! sacrifice simil> to ! rite ( ! hea!n ,arabs 9 encircl+ _! :ite camel de/9$ = sacrifice to ! morn+ />4 ,! same is probably ! case among ! ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 :o p]=m a sacr$ dance r\nd a human victim prior to 8 sacrifice1 (f]$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! crops gr[#afi4 ,b ! m usual rite = mak+ ! crops gr[ is ! sacr$ dance r\nd a tree2 ! propitiation ( ! tree-_s is believ$ to be a pot5t means = secur+ ?is end#agj4 ,?us ! ,gallas dance 9 c\ples r\nd sacr$ trees1 pray+ = a good h>ve/4 ,e c\ple consi/s ( a man & a woman1 :o are l9k$ toge!r by a /ick1 ( :i* ea* holds "o end4 ,"u _! arms !y c>ry gre5 corn or grass#aga4 ,?is is ! und]ly+ idea ( ! dances ( a quasi-religi\s "* r\nd ! ,may-pole1 & r\nd ! 8,corn-,"m#agb10 ( :i* !re are su* numb]less in/ances4 ,x is also suppos$ to make ! cattle ?rive2 "o in/ance ( numb]s may be giv52 ! ,w5ds us$ to atta* an iron cock to an oak2 !y danc$ r\nd ?is & !n drove _! cattle r\nd x 9 ! belief t by ?is means _! cattle w\ld increase#agc4 ,we refra9 f (f]+ fur!r examples1 = ev]yone kn[s h[ common ?is cu/om 01 & /ill is4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,! objects ar\nd :i* dances 7 p]=m$ 7 v>i\s4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t danc+ is n m5tion$ ar\nd trees & wells1 b z ^! 7 (t5 sacr$ & z1 9 consequ5ce1 ! dance ar\nd !m 0 v common among _m peoples1 x is a reasonable assumption t ! ,israelites did ! same4 ,! song to ! well 9 ,num4 xxi4 #ag1 #ah /r5g!ns ?is assumption1 especially 9 view ( ! two p>allels giv54 ,! def9ite m5tion ( danc+ 9 connexion ) ! ,gold5 ,calf 7x is n specifically /at$ t ! danc+ 0 r\nd x1 b ?is w\ld h be5 ! mo/ obvi\s =m = x to take7 sugge/s ! probability t simil> idols 9 o!r sanctu>ies 7 simil>ly hon\r$4 ,! c]emonial encirclem5t ( ! alt>1 :atev] ! =m ( ! encircl+ procession1 is suffici5tly atte/$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ! text is unc]ta9 9 ?ree ( ! passages cit$4 ,! usage 9 lat] days among ! ,jews mu/ be reg>d$ z ! cont9uance ( anci5t cu/om4 ,! analogy ( ! encirclem5t ( a city is appropriate 9 ?is connexion4 ,! object ( ! encircl+ procession r\nd a city seems to be t ( 8devot+0 all t is )9 x1 :i* !reby becomes taboo4 ,! encirclem5t ( ! alt> is an act ( consecration1 i4e4 ( ! sacrifice ^u x4 ,?is explanation ( ! rite is sugge/$ by ! analog\s cu/om among ! ,arabs ( encircl+ a sacrificial victim4 ,! cont5tion t ! encircl+ procession 0 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies does n expla9 :y x %\ld take place r\nd a sacrificial victim4 ,! rite seems m likely to h _h ! object ( consecration2 & ?is receives confirmation f ! in/ance record$ by ,lucian among ! ,syrians :o p]ambulat$ _! gods r\nd ! sacrificial victims2 ?is c sc>cely h _h any o!r mean+ ?an t ( sanctify+ all )9 ! div9e circle trac$ by ! gods4 ,! dance r\nd a sacr$ object mu/ h be5 v common among ! ,greeks1 judg+ by ! l>ge numb] ( repres5tations ( x :i* h come d[n to u2 ! ,cyprus 8f9ds0 are full ( int]e/4 ,^? :i* repres5t ! dance r\nd a p]son :o accompanies x on a ,pan's-pipe probably portrays ! k9d ( danc+ :i* took place at fe/ivals :5 numb]s ( su* gr\ps 7 =m$4 ,su* dances mu/ (t5 h deg5]at$ into m]e 8fun02 b t !y orig9ally _h a s]i\s side & 7 p]=m$ ) ! s+le purpose ( do+ some?+ pleas+ 9 ! sight ( a god or goddess1 does n admit ( d\bt4 ,! repres5tations may well reflect "o =m ( danc+ at ,israelite fe/ivals4 ,among ! ,greeks we h direct evid5ce ( ^! 8r+0 dances be+ p]=m$ by m5 & wom5 toge!r2 & x is kn[n t ?is l$ at times to unseemly lic5ce4 ,:at little evid5ce we h on ! subject s f> z ! ,israelites 7 conc]n$ po9ts to ! fact t ! sexes danc$ sep>ately2 :e!r ?is 0 always s mu/ be left undet]m9$4 ,! examples ( ! dance r\nd ! sacr$ tree are in/ructive2 x 0 und\bt$ly practis$ by all peoples among :om trees 7 objects ( wor%ip1 & !re=e 9 all probability among ! ,israelites4 ,! 1 or purificatory rite ( runn+ r\nd new-born infants1 practis$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 _h no p>allel among ! ,israelites1 s f> z we "k4 ,b ! ritual lu/ratio ( ! ,romans may well ?r[ light on ! ,israelite ritual ( encircl+ ! alt>1 ref]r$ to above4 ,! dance ( ! ,dakotahs r\nd ! fle%-pot 0 p]=m$ purely 9 hon\r ( ! god2 x p>takes 9 "s s5se ( an act ( fai?1 = ! believ]s p]suade !mselves t _! god w n p]mit 8 wor%ipp]s to be scald$ by ! boil+ wat]2 :e!r _! fai? ev] rea*$ ! height ( neutraliz+ s5sation is n record$4 ,! ,be> ,dance ( ! ,timagani ,indians & ( ! ,si\x ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians mu/ h a po9t ( atta*m5t some:]e ) ! danc$ 9 hon\r ( ,artemis4 ,! dance ( ! ,kayans1 z well z ! ,bagobos1 ar\nd sacrificial victims appe>s to s]ve a consecrat+ purpose4 ,"o ( ! orig9al objects ( ! dance r\nd ! sacr$ tree is se5 f ! practice among ! ,gallas to be to make ! crops gr[2 ! tree-_s :o looks aft] ^! ?+s is propitiat$ by ! dance 9 8 hon\r4 ,x is difficult to resi/ ! surmise t at "o "t ! ,israelites did ! same ?+4 ,tree-spirits1 x is true1 h n necess>ily any?+ to d ) ! crops1 & we may be c]ta9 t 9 _m cases !re 0 no connexion betwe5 sacr$ trees & ! gr[? ( ! crops among ! ,israelites2 b !y 7 an agricultural p1 & ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( tree-spirits ^u ! gr[? ( ! crops is s widespread t ! probability ( its exi/5ce among ! ,israelites mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,ec/atic ,,dance ,i ,an important dep>tm5t ( our subject is t ( ! type ( dance p]=m$ by ! e>ly prophets ( ,israel4 ,we say ! 8e>ly0 prophets because ! "o acc\nt :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t gives u ( ?is k9d ( dance ref]s to x among ! e>ly prophets4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason = suppos+--r ! contr>y#agd--t ?is type ( ! sacr$ dance 0 conf9$ to ! e>ly prophets ( ,israel4 ,its purpose 0 connect$ ) an aspiration deeply seat$ 9 human nature2 its p]=mance has be5 v widespread among peoples ( antiquity2 & x is f\nd to exi/ at ! pres5t day among uncultur$ races4 ,s t ! presumption is t x did n cease abruptly among ! ,israelites1 b cont9u$1 at any rate1 up to ! "t ( ! ,exile4 ,?is type ( dance is ! outcome ( /rong religi\s emotion :i* necessitates "s bodily expression4 ,x may be p>allel$ ) ! exub]ance ( physical heal? :i* dem&s vigor\s ex]cise4 ,:ile x beg9s ) mod]at$ movem5ts1 held 9 *eck by rhy?mical re/ra9t1 yet z ! n]v\s excitem5t ( ! p]=m] becomes increas+ly int5se & ! physical ex]tion m exact+1 s does ! dance get wild] & wild] until1 z ! result ( ! ab&onm5t ( all self-control1 ! danc] ultimately loses consci\sness4 ,its contagi\s "* has (t5 be5 rem>k$ ^u4 ,b ! religi\s emotion :i* ?us f9ds expression is eng5d]$ by an aspiration :i* is believ$ to be atta9$ by means ( ! dance2 & ?is aspiration is no?+ less ?an union ) ! deity4 ,! loss ( consci\sness :i* ev5tually takes place is replac$1 s x is believ$1 by ! indwell+ ( ! div9e _s2 ! body ?us becomes ! tempor>y abode ( ! deity1 & is utiliz$ = div9e purposes4 ,! fir/ passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ) :i* we are specially conc]n$ is #a ,sam4 x4 #e ff43 444 & x %all come to pass1 :5 ?\ art come ?i!r to ! city1 t ?\ %alt meet a b& 7ebel7 ( prophets com+ d[n f ! high place 7bmh71 & 9 front ( !m h>p & drum & pipe & lyre1 & !y %all be prophesy+4441 cp4 xix4 #bj-bd4 ,x is true1 no direct m5tion ( ! sacr$ dance is made "h1 b 9 view ( ! enum]ation ( musical in/rum5ts :i*1 z we h se51 usually accompani$ danc+1 x is reasonable to assume t a ritual dance 0 tak+ place4 ,t x 0 a religi\s ex]cise ( "s k9d is made cle> by ! fact t !y _h come d[n f ! high place 7bmh71 i4e4 a sanctu>y4 ,! te*nical "n = su* a b& ( prophets1 ebel1 8rope0 or 8/r+0 7cp4 ,jo%4 ii4 #ae71 %[s t ! procession 0 9 s+le file#age2 ) :i* we may comp>e ! sacr$ dance 9 s+le file depict$ on ! ,hittite inscription at ,boghazkeui 7see p4 #ei74 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! 8prophesy+0 ( ^! e>ly prophets1 & ( ! means employ$ :]eby !y rea*$ ! pit* ( excitem5t requir$ = ! purpose1 is s sob] & re/ra9$ t x w\ld be difficult to =m a picture ( ! :ole proce$+ )\t ! help ( analog\s p]=mances among o!r peoples4 ,& we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! practice ( ?is type ( dance among o!r peoples does ?r[ light on its mode ( p]=mance among ^! ,israelite prophets1 because x is a "q "h ( a ph5om5on1 a curi\s ph5om5on1 :i* appe>s at a c]ta9 /age ( religi\s developm5t1 ) few exceptions1 all ov] ! _w4 ,its details may1 & d1 diff]2 b ! ess5ce ( ! rite is ! same4 ,!re are innate t5d5cies 9 human nature :i* produce simil> results2 & ?is is "o ( !m4 ,s t :5 ! means us$ = produc+ su* results are giv5 9 great] detail 9 _m cases1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ !m to h be5 simil> 9 a case 9 :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 ! details are only p>tially describ$4 ,b if ! details ( ! means us$ to produce ! result are some:at lack+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t acc\nt1 ! result itself is /at$ cle>ly en\gh4 ,! object ( all t took place 0 to be 8possess$10--9 ?is case by ! _s ( ,jahwe2 = x 0 ?is 8possession10 ?is indwell+ ( ! deity1 :i* en=c$ ! 8prophesy+40 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! c5tre ( int]e/1 9 ! eyes ( ! writ]1 is ,saul4 ,( him x is said t1 z a result ( 8 contact ) ! 8rope0 ( prophets prophesy+1 8! _s ( ,jahwe0 w\ld come 8mightily0 ^u him1 & t he1 too1 w\ld prophesy ) !m1 & 8be turn$ into ano!r man02 ! context %[s t 8 contact ) ! prophets meant jo9+ 9 _! ec/atic dance1 ! effect ( :i* is graphically describ$ 9 v]ses #aa1 #ab3 ,& x came to pass1 :5 all t knew him be=etime saw t1 behold1 he prophesi$ ) ! prophets1 !n ! p said "o to ano!r1 ,:at is ?is t is come unto ! son ( ,ki%8 ,is ,saul also among ! prophets8444 ,! surprise "h express$ 0 natural en\gh see+ ! extravagances to :i* ! ec/atic /ate l$1 = 9 xix4 #bd x is said ( ,saul t z "o ( ! results ( 8 8possession0 he 8/ripp$ (f 8 clo!s 444 & lay d[n nak$ all t day & all t night40 ,! po9t ) :i* we are prim>ily conc]n$ is ! means employ$ to get oneself into ! ec/atic /ate requir$ 9 ord] to become 8possess$40 ,z is well kn[n1 ^! 7 ( v>i\s k9ds2 b ! "o mo/ preval5t 9 antiquity1 z well z among m5 9 a l[ /age ( culture at ! pres5t day1 01 & is1 ! sacr$ dance accompani$ by music4 ,:ile !re is only "o o!r passage 7on :i* see bel[7 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* deals 9 any detail ) ?is type ( sacr$ dance1 x w\ld be ! greate/ mi/ake to suppose t x 0 ( only r>e occurr5ce#agf4 ,9 ! passage j ref]r$ to1 !re is no h9t z to its be+ any?+ unusual2 ! only ?+ unusual 0 ,saul's 8possession10 :ile ! v say+1 8,is ,saul also among ! prophets80 po9ts to ! peculi>ity ( ! prophets z some?+ recogniz$ & well kn[n4 ,& f :at we ga!r z to ! exi/5ce ( ! ec/atic dance among o!r peoples1 ! fact ( its exi/5ce among ! ,israelites does n /rike "o z o!r ?an :at "o w\ld expect4 ,b we turn n[ to ano!r passage 9 :i* we read ( a sacr$ dance ( a peculi> k9d :i* seems to develop into an orgia/ic =m ( ec/atic dance4 ,?is 0 a ritual limp+ dance p]=m$ at sanctu>ies1 & app>5tly 9 cases ( great em]g5cy4 ,its object 0 n ! same z t =m ( x to :i* we h j ref]r$2 h[ev]1 z x evid5tly mu/ belong to ! category ( ec/atic dances1 we consid] x "h4 ,! passage is ! famili> "o1 #a ,k+s xviii4 #bf1 :]e x is said t ! prophets ( ,baal execut$ a special k9d ( limp+ dance ar\nd ! alt>3 8,!y limp$ ab\t ! alt> :i* 0 made40 ,?is 0 done aft] ! ineffectual call+ ^u ! "n ( _! god f morn+ till noon1 s t x seems to h be5 reg>d$ by !m z a special means ( appeal to :i* rec\rse 0 _h z a la/ resort4 ,! dance consi/$ ( a /ep :i* _h ! effect ( mak+ ! danc]s look lame#agg4 ,?is is cle> f ! use ( ! root 9 o!r connexions4 ,?us1 ,mephibo%e? 8became lame0 7#b ,sam4 iv4 #d & ix4 #ac71 z ! result ( a fall4 ,! same root is us$ 9 ref]5ce to m5 :o are lame 9 #b ,sam4 v4 #f-h1 & also 9 ,lev4 xxi4 #ah1 :]e a lame man is n p]mitt$ 8to (f] bread to 8 ,god40 ,x is also us$ 9 ref]5ce to animals n reg>d$ z fit to be sacrific$ because ( lam5ess 7,deut4 xv4 #ba1 ,mal4 i4 #h-ac2 cp4 also ,isa4 xxxiii4 #bc1 xxxv4 #f1 ,j]4 xxxi4 #h1 ,prov4 xxvi4 #g1 ,job xxix4 #ae2 & z a prop] "n x occurs 9 #a ,*ron4 iv4 #ab1 ,ezra ii4 #di1 ,neh4 iii4 #f1 vii4 #ea74 ,9 a figurative way1 b connot+ ! same idea1 ! ^w occurs 9 #a ,k+s xviii4 #ba3 8,h[ long w ye limp ^u two legs80 ,t ! prophet is mak+ a ^w-play "h is obvi\s2 b ! passage raises ! "q z to ! k9d ( /ep 9 :i* ! dance 0 p]=m$4 ,limp+ on two legs c h>dly mean t ! 8limp+0 0 done on bo? legs at ! same "t1 = a frog-leap ( ?is k9d w\ld n sugge/ lam5ess6 ,! limp mu/ h be5 done on ei!r leg alt]nately1 yet nei!r leg be+ rais$ f ! gr\nd2 z ?is involves ! b5d+ ( ! knees1 "o c =m a fairly cle> idea ( :at ?is dance look$ l4 ,! ^w = 8legs0 is us$ 9 ,isa4 xvii4 #f1 xxvii4 #aj ( ! =k$ bran*es ( a tree1 cp4 ,ezek4 xxxi4 #f-h2 if "o pictures to oneself su* a =k1 gn>l$ & b5t1 x might c]ta9ly sugge/ ! position ( a man's legs :ile p]=m+ ?is dance4 ,! purpose ( ?is curi\s dance-/ep may well h be5 t by simulat+ lam5ess x 0 ?\ght t ! pity ( ! god w\ld be ar\s$1 & t he w\ld !re=e be mov$ to answ] petitions4 ,z ,rob]tson ,smi? says1 8! limp+ dance ( ! prie/s ( ,baal 9 #a ,k+s xviii4 #bf is associat$ ) =ms ( m\rnful supplication1 & 9 ,syriac ! same v]b1 9 diff]5t conjugations1 means #8to dance' & #8to m\rn#agh4'0 ,:ile ! dance began 9 sob] /yle#agi x gradually increas$ to an orgia/ic fr5zy1 z is cle> f v]se #bh3 8,& !y cri$ al\d1 & cut !mselves aft] _! mann] ) knives & lances1 till ! blood gu%$ out ^u !m02 cp4 ,hos4 vii4 #adahj4 ,?is dance 0 p]=m$ by ! prophets ( ,baal1 & x may !re=e be object$ t x does n reflect ,israelite usage because ! wor%ip ( ^! prophets 0 ,pho5ician 7cp4 #a ,k+s xvi4 #cj-cc72 b to ?is x mu/ be repli$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t gives ample evid5ce to %[ t ! influ5ce ( ! indig5\s cults ( ! l& 0 v p[]ful ^u ! ,israelites#aha2 ! prophet ,elijah himself reg>ds practically ! :ole nation z "u ?is influ5ce 7#a ,k+s xix4 #aj1 #ah74 ,moreov]1 we h m5tion ( a ritual dance simil> to t j ref]r$ to 9 ,g54 xxxii4 #cj1 #ca 7#ca1 #cb 9 ,hebr471 ?\gh ! ^w us$ is a diff]5t "o 7zala73 ,& ,jacob call$ ! "n ( ! place ,p5iel2 = ,i h se5 ,god face to face1 & my life is pres]v$4 ,& ! sun rose ^u him z he pass$ ov] ,p5uel1 & he limp$ ^u 8 ?igh4 ,we mu/ see "h1 z ,gunkel po9ts out1 an aetiological trait3 8,j z1 & because1 ,jacob limp$ 9 ,p5uel1 s are we also wont to limp 9 ,p5uel#ahb40 ,! "n implies t x 0 a sanctu>y1 a "n su* z 8! face ( ,god0 proves t "h a god 0 believ$ to manife/ himself#ahc2 &1 :atev] may h orig9ally be5 ! reason = x1 x 0 ! cu/om at ?is sanctu>y to p]=m ! 8limp+0 dance4 ,x took place at sunrise 7see v]se #ca71 s t x may at "o "t h _h some?+ to d ) sun-wor%ip4 ,conceivably ano!r anci5t sanctu>y :]e ?is special k9d ( dance 0 p]=m$ 0 ,zla#ahd1 ! "n ( ,saul's ance/ral dwell+-place 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #ad74 ,al?\gh ! passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* ?is type ( sacr$ dance is ref]r$ to are n num]\s1 !y are suffici5t to %[ t ! ec/atic dance 0 n unkn[n among ! ,israelites4 ,we h already %[n reasons to acc\nt = ! comp>ative paucity ( ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! religi\s dance g5]ally2 :at we h said applies to ?is limp+ dance ) special =ce1 s9ce !re are gr\nds = believ+ x to h be5 ( ,syrian orig92 z *>act]i/ic ( ,syrian religion x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ ) special abhorr5ce by ,israelite religi\s lead]s z be+ ! hea!n rite ( t =m ( ali5 cult to ! influ5ce ( :i* ! ,israelites 7 mo/ expos$4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t m5tion has be5 made ( :at are1 9 effect1 two di/9ct =ms ( :at = ! want ( a bett] t]m we h call$ ! ec/atic dance1 viz4 t :i* _h = its object ! br++ ab\t ( a /ate ( semi-consci\sness1 or total unconsci\sness1 dur+ :i* /ate ! deity 0 believ$ to take up 8 abode 9 ! body ( ! wor%ipp]1 i4e4 union ) ! deity2 & t :i* _h = its purpose ! en=c+ ( ! deity to answ] pray]4 ,!y diff]$ 9 important p>ticul>s1 to :i* we %all ref] aga92 b t :]e9 !y 7 simil> 0 ! /ate ( wild fr5zy :i* bo? ultimately assum$4 ,we %all n[ draw att5tion to "s examples ( bo? =ms ( ?is ec/atic dance among o!r peoples4 ,,ii ,x is a significant fact t1 ) ! exception ( ,syria1 !re is sc>cely any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ec/atic dance among ! ,semites4 ,9 ! great mass ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian texts ( :i* translations h be5 publi%$#ahe _m ref] to ritual ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 ^! "s incid5tal ref]5ces to ?is type ( dance might h be5 expect$ to occur _h su* be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,we h s\ght 9 va9 among _m ( ^! translat$ texts = any h9t ( x2 nor h we be5 able to f9d 9 ! works ( au?oritative writ]s on ,assyro-,babylonian religion any allusion to x4 ,x may1 we believe1 be accept$ z a fact t ! ec/atic dance 0 unkn[n among ^! p2 & ?is w\ld accord ) :at is o!rwise kn[n ( _! religi\s practices1 :i* 7 au/]e & re/ra9$4 ,:at has be5 said applies also to ! anci5t ,egyptians2 evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ?is type ( religi\s dance does n appe> on ! inscriptions1 nor yet 9 ,egyptian texts#ahf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o has only to ?9k ( ! ,danc+ ,d]vi%es to realize t ! ec/atic dance exi/s 9 ,egypt at ! pres5t day4 ,tri/ram comp>es ! danc+ ( ! mod]n d]vi%es ) t ( ! e>ly ,israelite prophets2 & he gives an int]e/+ description ( ,arabi ,pa%a lead+ a procession ) ! sacr$ c>pet = ! ,kaaba ( ,mecca out ( ,cairo on its way to ! ,prophet's %r9e2 89 front10 he says1 80 a va/ cr[d ( ulemas & d]vi%es1 leap+1 b\nd+1 sway+ _! arms1 & :irl+ r\nd 9 "t to ! d9 ( drums1 trumpets1 & cymbals :i* foll[$ !m#ahg40 ,"o feels t !re mu/ be a long hi/ory beh9d ?is1 & ?\gh ! evid5ce is want+ x is difficult to believe t !re 0 n some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ages long s9ce pa/4 ,aga91 z to ! anci5t ,arabs1 !re is almo/ z great a de>? ( evid5ce1 ?\gh "s slight indications exi/ ( ?is type ( dance hav+ be5 p]=m$ 9 days gone by#ahh4 ,?us1 a proce$+ v simil> to t ( ,saul is m5tion$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? ( ,kkubry1 :o us$ 8"u ! influ5ce ( religi\s music1 to become s excit$ z to pull (f "p ( 8 clo!s02 l ,saul he 0 :at ! ,arabs w\ld n[ call malbs#ahi4 ,?is type ( dance exi/s at ! pres5t day among ! ,arabs1 & x is int]e/+ to note1 among o!r ?+s1 t x is reg>d$ z a means to my/ic exp]i5ces#aij4 ,full] in=mation is =?com+ ) reg>d to ! anci5t ,syrians4 ,!re is ! int]e/+ /ory ( ,w5-,amon1 an ,egyptian (ficial :o came to ,byblos 9 ,pho5icia 9 ! #aa? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"h we are told ( h[ a noble y\?1 :ile he 0 sacrific+ to 8 gods1 0 seiz$ by ! god :o caus$ him to fall into a /ate ( ec/asy2 ! hi]oglyph depicts a man ru%+ =w>d ) out/ret*$ arms4 ,:ile ! y\? is 9 ?is /ate he prophesies1 decl>+ t a c]ta9 mess5g] :o _h arriv$ _h inde$ br\ght ! image ( a god1 & mu/ be receiv$1 = he _h be5 s5t by ,amon4 ,?is occurs z ! mess5g] ) 8 god is on ! po9t ( be+ s5t away4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s details ( ?is /ory2 ! po9t is t a y\? is suppos$ to h be5 caus$ by ! w ( ! god to fall into an ec/asy2 ! hi]oglyph cle>ly implies an ec/atic dance2 & z a result he reveals ! arrival ( ano!r god br\ght by ! mess5g]4 ,he speaks :ile 9 ?is /ate ( ec/asy words :i* are div9ely put into 8 m\?1 s t he is ! m\?piece ( ! god#aia4 ,?is is precisely ! same idea z t ( ! _s ( ,jahwe com+ mightily ^u ,saul1 he prophesies1 & is turn$ into ano!r man4 ,ano!r example is giv5 by ,heliodorus 7,ae?iopica1 ,,iv4 #af f471 :o describes ! sacr$ dance ( ! ,tyrian seaf>]s 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,tyrian ,h]akles2 he says3 ,& ,i left !m !re ) _! flutes & _! dances1 :i* !y p]=m$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,assyrians i4e4 ,syrians1 hopp+ to ! accompanim5t ( ! quick music ( ! ,pektides1 n[ jump+ up ) light leaps1 n[ limp+ along on ! gr\nd1 & !n turn+ ) ! :ole body1 sp9n+ ar\nd l m5 possess$#aib4 ,! limp+ "h recalls ! dance ( ! prophets ( ,baal1 or r ( its e>li] phase1 & t ( ,jacob at ,p5uel4 ,= ! wild] phase ( ! dance ( ^! prophets we h a v int]e/+ p>allel giv5 by ,apuleius ( ! ec/atic dance ( ! prie/s ( ! ,syrian goddess4 ,?is is well wor? giv+ 9 full2 x occurs 9 ,! ,gold5 ,ass1 ,,viii4 #bg1 #bh3 ,! day foll[+ ,i saw !m app>ell$ 9 div]s col\rs1 & hide\sly trick$ out1 hav+ _! faces ruddl$ ) pa9t1 & _! eyes trick$ out ) grease1 mitres on _! heads1 ve/m5ts col\r$ l saffron1 surplices ( silk & l952 & "s w>e :ite tunics pa9t$ ) purple /ripes :i* po9t$ e way l spe>s1 girt ) belts1 & on _! feet 7 yell[ %oes4 ,& !y attir$ ! goddess 9 silk5 robe1 & put h] ^u my back4 ,!n !y w5t =? ) _! arms nak$ to _! %\ld]s1 be>+ ) !m great swords & mighty axes1 %\t+ & danc+1 l mad p]sons1 to ! s\nd ( ! pipe4 ,aft] t we _h pass$ _m small villages1 we =tun$ to come to a c]ta9 ri* man's h\se1 :]e1 at our fir/ entry1 !y began to h[l all out ( tune & hurl !mselves hi!r & ?i!r z ?\gh !y 7 mad4 ,!y made a ?\s& ge/s ) _! feet & _! heads2 !y w\ld b5d d[n _! necks1 & sp9 r\nd s t _! hair flew out at a circle2 !y w\ld bite _! own fle%2 f9ally1 ev]yone took 8 two-edg$ weapon & w\nd$ 8 arms 9 div]s places4 ,mean:ile1 !re 0 "o m mad ?an ! re/1 t fet*$ _m deep sighs f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 z ?\gh he _h be5 ravi%$ 9 _s1 or repl5i%$ ) div9e p[]1 & he feign$ a swoon & fr5zy1 z if 7=soo?7 ! pres5ce ( ! gods 7 n wont to make m5 bett] ?an be=e1 b weak & sickly4444 ,& !re)al he took a :ip1 su* z is naturally borne by ^! womani% m51 ) _m twi/$ knots & tassels ( wool1 & /rung ) %eep's knuckle-bones1 & ) ! knott$ ?ongs sc\rg$ 8 own body1 v /rong to be> ! pa9 ( ! bl[s1 s t y might see ! gr\nd to be wet & defil$ ) ! womani% blood t issu$ out abundantly ) ! cutt+ ( ! swords & ! bl[s ( ! sc\rge444#aic4 ,! close p>allel ( ?is proc$ure ( ^! ,syrian prie/s ) t ( ! prophets ( ,baal ne$s no insi/+ ^u4 ,,iii ,we turn n[ to ,greek s\rces2 & "h ! mat]ial is z abundant z x is int]e/+2 ! examples to be giv5 are !re=e re/rict$ 9 numb]1 b !y w be suffici5t to illu/rate ! important "p t ?is type ( dance play$ 9 ,greek religi\s ritual4 ,by way ( introduction ! foll[+ words ( ,f>nell#aid w be f\nd in/ructive2 he is deal+ ) ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion1 & 9 writ+ ab\t ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 says he 0 vagu] 9 outl9e 7?an ,apollo or ,a!ne71 a *angeful p[] conceiv$ m 9 accordance ) daimoni/ic1 lat] ) pan!i/ic1 ?\ght1 inc>nate 9 _m animal-%apes1 & op]ative 9 ! life-processes ( ! vegetative _w2 & an atmosph]e ( ,nature-magic accompani$ him2 !n he goes on to say t ! c5tral motives ( ?is olde/ =m ( ritual 7 ! bir? & dea? ( ! god--a conception pregnant ( ideas t 7 to develop 9 ! religi\s future1 b ali5 to ! ord9>y ,hell5ic !ology1 ?\gh probably n unfamili> to ! e>li] ,cretan-,myc5aean cre$4 ,b ! dea? ( ?is god 0 p>tly a fact ( ritual2 he 0 torn to pieces by 8 mad wor%ipp]s & dev\r$ sacram5tally1 = ! bull or ! goat or ! boy t !y r5t & dev\r$ 0 suppos$ to be 8 tempor>y inc>nation1 s t by ?is savage1 & at times cannibali/ic1 communion !y 7 fill$ ) 8 blood & 8 _s1 & acquir$ miracul\s p[]s4 ,by su* an act1 &--we may suppose--by ! occasional use ( intoxicants & o!r n]v\s /imulants1 ! psy*ic condition t ?is wor%ip evok$ 0 fr5zy & ec/asy1 :i* might %[ itself 9 a wild outbur/ ( m5tal & physical =ce1 & :i* wr\ght up ! en?usia/ic feel+ ( self-ab&onm5t1 :]eby ! wor%ipp] escap$ ! limits ( 8 own nature & a*iev$ a tempor>y s5se ( id5tity ) ! god1 :i* might avail him ev5 aft] dea?4 ,?is privilege ( ec/asy might be us$ = ! practical purposes ( vegetation-magic1 yet 0 desir$ & proclaim$ = its own sake z a m int5se mood ( life4 ,?is religion prea*$ no morality1 & c\ld ill adapt itself to civic life2 its ideal 0 sup]normal psy*ic en]gy4 ,x is only "o aspect ( ! ritual ( ?is religion ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 & :i* is to be illu/rat$ by ! examples giv51 namely1 ! ec/atic dance :i* play$ su* an important "p 9 x4 ,!re=e we naturally ?9k ( ! my?ic ,ma5ads#aie1 & m especially ( _! hi/orical c\nt]p>t1 ! ,?yiads1 :o are mu* ! same z ! female ,bac*antes4 ,accord+ to ! my? conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,?yiads1 !y 7 s call$ because ! fir/ prie/ess ( ,dionysos 0 nam$ ,?yia1 & %e p]=m$ orgia/ic dances 9 8 hon\r2 h5ce all wom5 :o danc$1 or 8w5t mad10 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos 7 call$ ,?yiads aft] h]4 ,! ,ma5ads are depict$ on _m ,greek vases & bas-reliefs1 s t we c =m a good idea ( ! k9d ( dances !y 7 suppos$ to p]=m2 & ^! 71 ( c\rse1 ! actual =m ( ! dances execut$ by ! ,?yiads4 ,?us1 = example1 on a vase 9 ! ,naples ,museum f\r ,ma5ads are repres5t$ danc+2 two1 ) head ?r[n back1 c>ry ! ?yrsus1 a /aff ) v9e-leaves1 at ! top ( :i* 0 a p9e-cone4 ,"o ( !m has also a tor*2 two o!rs1 :ile danc+1 play1 "o a tamb\r9e1 ! o!r a pipe#aif4 ,or aga91 on a cup 9 ! ,a!ns ,national ,museum a ,ma5ad is repres5t$ play+ a tamb\r9e1 or timbrel1 & danc+ 9 wild fa%ion#aig4 ,ano!r example is ! danc+1 accompani$ by in/rum5tal music1 :i* is portray$ on ! beautiful cylix ( ,hi]on1 8p]haps ! mo/ exquisite t c]amography has left u#aih02 ! movem5ts ( ! maid5s are sup]bly execut$4 ,b in/ances ( ?is k9d c\ld be greatly multipli$2 !y all exhibit "o or o!r phase ( orgia/ic dance1 8! same mad revelry1 ! utt] exhau/ion & pro/rate sleep#aii02 & !y repres5t ! k9d ( danc+ :i* hi/orically 0 p]=m$ by ! ,?yiads4 8,ma5ad10 z ,miss ,h>rison says1 8is ! ,mad ,"o1 ,?yiad ! ,ru%+ ,di/raught ,"o1 or some?+ ( ! k9d 444 ,mad ,"o1 ,di/raught ,"o1 ,pure ,"o1 are simply ways ( describ+ a woman "u ! influ5ce ( a god1 ( ,dionysos#bjj02 &1 ( c\rse1 ?is madness c\ld be caus$ by any o!r orgia/ic div9ity4 ,^? :o took "p 9 ^! dances are describ$ z 8rav+ & possess$02 _! ov]-wr\ght /ate caus$ !m to see visions#bja2 ! god 0 believ$ to be pres5t1 ?\gh invisible2 & at ! ,dionysos fe/ivals ! maid5s celebrat$ 8 pres5ce#bjb1 ?us direct contact ) him by 8 wor%ipp]s 0 effect$#bjc4 ,9 an int]e/+ passage 9 ,pausanias we read3 ,b ,i c\ld n und]/& :y he 7i4e4 ,hom]1 9 ,od4 ,,xi4 #eha7 spoke ( ! fair danc+ gr\nds ( ,panopeus till x 0 expla9$ to me by ! wom5 :om ! ,a!nians call ,?yiades4 ,! ,?yiads are ,attic wom5 :o g e o!r ye> ) ! ,delphian wom5 to ,p>nassos1 & !re hold orgies 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos4 ,x is ! cu/om ( ^! ,?yiads to dance at v>i\s places on ! road f ,a!ns1 & "o ( ^! places is ,panopeus4 ,?us1 ! epi!t :i* ,hom] applies to ,panopeus seems to allude to ! dance ( ! ,?yiads#bjd4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ graphic description ( ?is ec/atic dance is t giv5 by ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,frogs1 #cbe ff4 :i* is sung by ! *orus ( ! ,my/ae3 ,?\ t dwelle/ 9 ! %ad[ ,( great glory "h beside u1 ,_s1 ,_s1 we h hi$ u ,to ?y danc+ 9 ! mead[6 ,come1 ,iac*us2 let ?y br[ ,toss its fruit$ myrtle b\gh2 ,we are ?9e1 ,o happy danc]2 ,o our comrade1 come & guide u6 ,let ! my/ic measure beat3 ,come 9 riot fi]y feet2 ,free & holy all be=e !e1 ,& ?y ,my/ae wait ! music ( ?y feet6 ,_s1 ,_s1 lift ! %ak5 ,spl5d\r ( ?y toss+ tor*es6 ,all ! mead[ fla%es1 scor*es3 ,up1 ,iac*us1 & awak56 ,come1 ?\ /> t br+e/ light ,to ! d>kness ( our rite1 ,till ?9e old m5 dance z "y m51 dance ) e ?\ght =sak54 ,( ! dulness & ! fe> ,left by _m a circl+ ye>3 ,let ?y r$ light guide ! dances ,:]e ?y b&$ y\? advances1 ,to be joy\s by ! blossoms ( ! m]e6#bje ,iac*us 0 ! "n by :i* ,dionysos 0 kn[n at ,eleusis#bjf4 ,p9d>1 9 ! ,py?ian ,ode1 ref]s to ! danc+ ( ! ,?yiads at ! annual fe/ival celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,pan1 :51 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,,vi4 #aje1 sacrifice 0 (f]$ & a tor* procession took place3 ,i w\ld pray to ! ,"m to loose h] ban1 ,! holy goddess to :om1 & to ,pan1 ,be=e my gate1 all night long1 ,! maids d wor%ip ) dance & song#bjg4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ,pausanias1 ,v4 xvi4 #e1 :]e we read ( ! 8,sixte5 ,wom50 :o get up two *oruses1 t ( ,physcoa & t ( ,hippodamia2 ! =m] 0 lov$ by ,dionysos1 & %e is said to h be5 ! fir/ to pay rev]5ce to him2 & !re=e 8among ! hon\rs :i* ,physcoa receives is a *orus nam$ aft] h] & arrang$ by ! ,sixte5 ,wom540 ,! ,?yiads are1 z already m5tion$1 ! same z ! female ,bac*antes (t5 spok5 ( ,pausanias1 = example1 makes a ref]5ce to !m3 444 ,beyond ! !atre is a temple ( ,dionysos2 ! image ( ! god is ( gold & ivory1 & beside x are female ,bac*antes 9 :ite m>ble4 ,!y say t ^! wom5 are sacr$1 & t !y rave 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos#bjh4 ,x is to ^! t ,euripides ref]s 9 ! ,bac*ae#bji4 ,diodorus speaks ( !m ?us3 444 ,9 _m t[ns ( ,greece e alt]nate ye> ,bac*analian assemblies ( wom5 ga!r toge!r1 & x is ! cu/om = maid5s to c>ry ! ?yrsus & to revel toge!r1 hon\r+ & glorify+ ! god2 & = ! 7m>ri$7 wom5 to wor%ip ! god 9 organiz$ b&s1 & to revel 9 e way to celebrate ! pres5ce ( ,dionysos1 imitat+ !reby ! ,ma5ads :o f ( old1 x is said1 con/antly att5d$ ! god#baj4 ,! male correlatives ( ,ma5ads1 or r ,?yiads1 are ! ,k\retes1 :o took _! "p 9 ! ,orphic my/]ies4 ,!y 7 ! "y population consid]$ z wor%ipp+ ! "y male god1 ! ,k\ros2 !y 7 8mail$ prie/s0 because ! "y male population 7 naturally w>riors4 ,!y danc$ _! local w>-dance ov] ! new-born *ild1 &1 because 9 ^? e>ly days ! wor%ip ( ! ,"m & ! son 0 n yet sund]$1 !y 7 att5dants 7prospoloi7 on ! ,"m also 444 !y are div9e 7!oi71 & _! danc+ is sacr$#baa4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ref]s to !m ?us3 ,! my/]ies ( ,dionysos are :olly inhuman2 = :ile he 0 /ill a *ild & ! ,k\retes 7 danc+ _! arm$ dance ab\t him1 ! ,titans /ole ^u him1 deceiv$ him ) *ildi% toys1 & tore him to pieces#bab4 ,a typical in/ance ( my? reg>d$ z reality4 ,we are only deal+ "h1 h[ev]1 ) a few examples ( ! ec/atic dance among ! ,greeks4 ,^? giv5 w suffice = pres5t purposes4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t all ^! examples pres5t ! ec/atic dance 9 its mild] =m2 x is comp>able ) ! dance ( ! ,israelite prophets1 n ) t ( ! ,syrian prophets ( ,baal4 ,! fact is t ?is latt] =m ( wor%ip 0 n popul> among ! ,greeks4 ,x is true1 ! wor%ip ( ,attis1 9 :i* ! ec/atic dance 9 its mo/ b>b>ic =m figur$ prom95tly1 is m5tion$ 9 ,pausan4 ,,vii4 xvii4 #i1 ,,xx4 #c2 b ?is is q exceptional1 = ! rites1 ( ,syrian orig91 :i* 7 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,kybele & ,attis 7 un-,hell5ic & did n appeal to ! ,greeks4 8,! b>b>\s & cruel "* ( ! wor%ip1 ) its frantic excesses1 0 d\btless repugnant to ! good ta/e & humanity ( ! ,greeks1 :o seem to h pref]r$ ! k9dr$ b g5tl] rites ( ,adonis4 ,yet10 cont9ues ! same writ]1 8! same features :i* %ock$ & repell$ ! ,greeks may h positively attract$ ! less ref9$ ,romans & b>b>ians ( ! ,we/4 ,! ec/atic fr5zies1 :i* 7 mi/ak5 = div9e inspiration1 ! mangl+ ( ! body1 ! !ory ( a new bir?1 & ! remission ( s9s ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( blood1 h all _! orig9 9 savag]y1 & !y naturally appeal$ to peoples 9 :om ! savage in/9cts 7 /ill /rong#bac40 ,among ! ,romans1 "u ! ,empire & onw>ds1 ?is wor%ip became prom95t1 & 0 /ill exi/5t 9 ! #d? c5tury1 = ,symma*us tells ( ! celebrations ( ! fe/ivals ( ,magna ,mat]#bad4 ,its special feature 0 ! orgia/ic dance ( ! prie/s#bae1 accompani$ by song1 :i* culm9at$ 9 self-lac]ation4 ,! ?ird day ( ?is fe/ival ( ,kybele & ,attis 0 kn[n z ! ,day ( ,blood 7,dies ,sangu9is72 ! ,ar*igallus or high-prie/ drew blood f 8 arms & pres5t$ x z an (f]+4 ,nor 0 he alone 9 mak+ ?is bloody sacrifice3 ,/irr$ by ! wild b>b>ic music ( cla%+ cymbals1 rumbl+ drums1 dron+ horns1 & scream+ flutes1 ! inf]ior cl]gy :irl$ ab\t 9 ! dance ) waggl+ heads & /ream+ hair1 until1 rapt 9 a fr5zy ( excitem5t1 & ins5sible to pa91 !y ga%$ _! bodies ) pot%]ds or sla%$ !m ) knives 9 ord] to bespatt] ! alt> & ! sacr$ tree ) _! fl[+ blood#baf4 ,?us1 :ile among ! ,romans dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ow+ to ! influx ( ori5tal cults1 ! ec/atic dance 9 its mo/ b>b>ic =m 0 prom95t1 among ! ,greeks ?is =m ( x made b little appeal1 & x is only r>ely t ref]5ce is made to x4 ,b al?\gh ?is extreme & sangu9>y =m 0 di/a/eful to ! ,greeks1 ! ec/atic dance 0 ) !m ( a v wild "*2 & x is possible t ! purpose ( ?is type ( dance among ,greeks & ,romans respectively may h _h some?+ to d ) its =m4 ,ref]5ce is made to ?is po9t bel[ 7see p4 #ach71 b we mu/ fir/ take a brief glance at ! ec/atic dance z practis$ among "s ( ! uncultur$ races4 ,,iv ,among uncultur$ peoples ! ec/atic dance appe>s bo? 9 its mild] & its m b>b>ic =ms4 ,to take a few examples ( ! =m] fir/4 ,! means employ$ to become 8possess$0 are v>i\s1 b ! mo/ usual is ! dance accompani$ by ! rhy?mic beat+ ( a drum or o!r in/rum5t2 ?is is p]si/$ 9 until ) ! ris+ excitem5t x becomes wild] & wild]1 & ultimately br+s ab\t unconsci\sness1 or at lea/ semi-consci\sness1 9 ! danc]4 ,?us1 ! ,v$da =m ( 8possession0 is atta9$ by a dance :i* began ) mod]ate movem5ts 9 :i* 8! %aman1 :ile utt]+ invocations to ! spirits1 circles r\nd ! (f]+s2 ! dance increases 9 spe$ until ! seizure takes place#bag40 ,aga91 9 ,s\!rn ,india we h ! example ( ! s-call$ 8devil-danc]s10 :o "w !mselves into p>oxysms 9 ord] to ga9 inspiration1 :]eby !y pr(ess to cure _! pati5ts4 ,s1 ) furi\s danc+ to music & *ant+ ( ! att5dants ! ,bodo prie/ br+s on a fit ( maniacal inspiration 9 :i* ! deity fills him & gives oracles ?r\gh him#bah4 ,ano!r in/ructive in/ance is t ( ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ^: prie/s & prie/esses are believ$ to be f "t to "t possess$ or inspir$ by ! deity :om !y s]ve2 & 9 t /ate !y are consult$ z oracles4 ,!y "w !mselves up to ! necess>y pit* ( excitem5t by danc+ to ! music ( drums2 ea* god has 8 special hymn1 sung to a special beat ( ! drums1 & accompani$ by a special dance4 ,x is :ile ?us danc+ to ! drums t ! prie/ or prie/ess lets fall ! oracul> words 9 a croak+ or guttural voice :i* ! he>]s take to be ! voice ( ! god4 ,h5ce danc+ has an important place 9 ! education ( prie/s & prie/esses2 !y are tra9$ 9 x = mon?s be=e !y may p]=m 9 public4 ,^! m\?-pieces ( ! deity are consult$ 9 almo/ e conc]n ( life1 & are h&somely paid = _! s]vices#bai4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ) :om ! sacr$ dance acts z ! expression ( religi\s feel+ to a great] degree ?an p]haps among any o!r uncultur$ races ) ! exception ( ! aborig9es ( ,oceania1 danc+ to ! po9t ( unconsci\sness is an act ( devotion to ! god#bbj4 ,?is is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! anci5t ,p]uvians2 among !m ! religi\s dance 0 8! gr& =m ( religi\s demon/ration40 ,! v "n ( _! pr9cipal fe/ivals1 ,raymi1 means 8dance40 ,_! dances at ^! fe/ivals are ( su* a viol5t "* t ! danc]s seem to be out ( _! s5ses4 8,x is notewor?y10 says ,rville1 8t ! ,incas !mselves took no "p 9 ! viol5t dances1 b _h an #8,incas' dance ( _! own1 :i* 0 grave & measur$#bba40 ,ano!r example1 (f]$ by ,skeat1 is f a v diff]5t c5tre4 ,9 writ+ ab\t dances among ! ,malays1 :i*1 z he says1 are almo/ all religi\s 9 _! orig91 he goes on to tell ( "o :i* 8began sob]ly l ! o!rs1 b grew to a wild revel until ! danc]s 71 or pret5d$ to be1 possess$ by ! ,_s ( ,danc+1 hantu mnri z !y call$ x 444#bbb40 ,la/ly1 9 ,borneo ! ,kayan m$ic9e-wom51 9 ! c\rse ( exorcism ( ! evil _s = ! cure ( disease1 :irl r\nd until !y fall 9 a fa9t#bbc4 ,a mod]n ,european example ( ?is type ( dance is t p]=m$ among "s ,russian sect>ies2 9 ord] to produce a /ate ( religi\s exaltation wild1 :irl+ dances1 l ^? ( ! danc+ d]vi%es1 are execut$#bbd4 ,^! are b a v few examples ( _m :i* c\ld be giv52 b !y are suffici5t to answ] our purposes4 ,be=e com+ to "o or two illu/rations ( ! m b>b>ic =m ( ?is type ( dance1 "o in/ance may be (f]$ ( ! ec/atic dance ( ! mild] k9d be+ p]=m$ ) an object diff]5t f ^? :i* are usually connect$ ) x4 ,among ! ,maoris ! w>-dance1 :i* 0 look$ ^u z a religi\s act1 0 (t5 p]=m$ on ! eve ( battle 9 ord] to imp>t d>+ & brav]y to ! w>riors2 & ?is dance (t5 assum$ ! =m ( fr5zy :5 accompani$ by ! beat+ ( drums & ! %\t+ ( ! danc]s4 ,an eye-witness describes x ?us3 ,! ,maoris turn$ _! faces into close imitations ( _! demonlike c>v$ images4 ,b ! ?ru/-out tongue1 ! wild roll+ eyes /&+ out ( ! head1 ! fi]ce grimaces1 & ! quiv]+ h&s & f+]s1 ) ! accompanim5t ( ! deep-drawn cries & ! /amp ( feet1 _h all ! advantages ( liv+ movem5t to add to ! t]rify+ effect4 ,x is difficult to efface ! deep impression t its massive en]gy & furi\s1 almo/ epileptic1 passion makes on ! m9d1 :5 produc$ by hundr$s4 ,x surpass$ 9 fury any?+ t kava or any o!r drug or f]m5t$ liquor c\ld h giv5 to ! h>moni\s movem5ts ( a mass ( w>riors#bbe4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is h>dly belongs to ! category ( ec/atic dances because x is n p]=m$ ) any idea ( communication ) a sup]natural p[]1 :e!r z a means ( effect+ union ) x1 or hon\r+ x1 or z a =m ( supplication to x2 nev]!less1 x is wor? record+ "h1 if only because x af=ds an illu/ration ( ! ext5d$ use ( a rite = purposes ) :i* orig9ally x _h no?+ to d4 ,& n[ to give1 f9ally1 an example or two ( ! ec/atic dance 9 its mo/ extreme & b>b>ic =m4 ,fraz] tells u t :5 game 0 v sc>ce1 c]ta9 ,basuto tribes :i* liv$ p>tly by ! *ase1 7 wont to assemble & invoke ! _s ( a fam\s dead *ief & o!r ance/ral deities4 ,at ^! c]emonies !y cut !mselves ) knives1 roll$ 9 a%es1 & utt]$ pi]c+ cries4 ,!y also jo9$ 9 religi\s dances1 *ant$ pla9tive airs1 & gave v5t to l\d lam5tations4 ,aft] sp5d+ a :ole day & night 9 wail+ & pray]1 !y disp]s$ next morn+ to sc\r ! c\ntry 9 se>* ( ! game :i* !y confid5tly expect$ ! gho/s or gods w\ld s5d 9 answ] to _! int]cession#bbf4 ,he comp>es ?is ) ! fr5zi$ rites ( ! ,canaanite prophets ( ,baal1 & ref]s to ano!r well-kn[n case among ! ,israelites !mselves 7,hos4 vii4 #ad71 9 :i* !y lac]at$ _! bodies by way ( appeal+ to ! deity on behalf ( _! corn & v9es4 ,! non-m5tion ( ! sacr$ dance 9 ?is passage does n imply t x did n take place2 analogies sugge/ t x 0 an indisp5sable "p ( ! rite4 ,ano!r in/ructive example is giv5 by ,jevons :i* he takes f ,bi%op ,caldwell's 8v c>eful obs]vations 9 ,t9nevelly#bbg40 ,he says3 ,9 ,t9nevelly evil spirits h no regul> prie/s2 b :5 x becomes necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( "s press+ ne$1 to resort to ! aid ( ^! spirits1 "s "o is *os51 or (f]s himself1 to be ! prie/ = ! occasion1 & is dress$ up 9 ! insignia ( ! _s4 ,z blood is ! sacrifice to a god1 s 9 ! dance ) :i* ! evil spirits1 l ! tribal god1 are wor%ipp$1 ! danc] 9 an ec/asy draws 8 own blood & dr9ks t ( ! victim1 a goat1 say1 & ?us ! _s passes into him1 & he has ! p[] ( prophecy4 ,z ! sacrifice ( ! sacr$ victims 0 a solemn my/]y to be celebrat$ by night1 & t]m9at$ be=e sunrise1 s ! wor%ip ( ! evil spirits mu/ be p]=m$ by night1 & ! g5]al op9ion is t night is ! appropriate "t = _! wor%ip#bbh4 ,"h we h ano!r int]e/+ p>allel to ! proc$ure ( ! prie/s ( ,baal1 ?\gh1 z ! ,canaanite wor%ip _h rea*$1 9 comp>ison1 a high] /age1 ! p>allel does n hold good 9 all p>ticul>s4 ,b we h ! press+ ne$ ( ! ,baal-wor%ipp]s1 ! sacrifice to ! god1 ! dance r\nd ! alt>1 ! danc]s 9 an ec/asy draw+ _! own blood1 & ! _s ( prophecy pass+ into !m#bbi2 ! sacrifice takes place aft] sunset4 ,!y d n dr9k ! blood ( ! sacrificial victim 9 ord] to become possess$ by ! god because ?is is effect$ by means ( ! ec/atic dance :]eby !y prophesy2 & probably ?is po9ts to an advance 9 religi\s conception2 = ! belief t union is effect$ by ! ec/atic dance is c]ta9ly n s crass & mat]iali/ic z t :i* requires ! ess5ce ( ! deity to pass into 8 wor%ipp]s by dr9k+ ! blood ( ! sacrificial victim (f]$ to him1 & :i* is suppos$ to become id5tifi$ ) ! god4 ,9 o!r respects ! p>allel is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,9 ea* case x is cle> t ! ec/atic dance is an ess5tial "p ( ! ritual4 ,! press+ ne$s :i* ?is type ( sacrifice ) its ec/atic dance are suppos$ to supply are v>i\s1 b !re is a curi\s & in/ructive simil>ity 9 mo/ ( ! details ( ! ritual :]ev] x is practis$1 %[+ t ! und]ly+ ideas are g5]ally ! same 9 e case4 ,"h is "o m example4 ,9 8 book on ,s]p5t-wor%ip 9 ,india ,mr ,c4 ,f4 ,oldham describes :at he saw dur+ ! great sacrifice to ,kailang ,ng1 :i* 0 celebrat$ 9 ! village ( ! ,ravi1 & :i* _h = its object ! obta9+ ( f9e wea!r = ! s[+1--?is _h be5 delay$ ow+ to /orms4 ,kailang1 a demi-god1 is suppos$ to control ! wea!r4 ,! writ] says3 ,on my arrival ,i f\nd ! p assembl$ on ! op5 grassy space 9 front ( ! temple4 ,! m5 & ! boys sat toge!r1 ! wom5 & ! girls be+ at a little di/ance4 ,soon ! music /ruck up1 & "s ( ! m5 & boys began to dance 9 a circle1 ! *ela#bcj danc+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,aft] a "t ! music became wild] & ! dance m en]getic4 ,"s ( ! m51 :5 tir$1 sat d[n1 & o!rs took _! places4 ,! *ela cont9u$ danc+1 & he appli$ ! sungal#bca to 8 own back & %\ld]s1 & to ^? ( "s ( ! o!r danc]s4 ,"s ( ! m5 !n appli$ ano!r simil> sc\rge to _! backs1 ) great effect1 amid %\ts ( ,kailang ,mahri ki ji 78,victory to ! great k+ ,kailang074 ,!n1 all be+ ready1 a victim 7a ram7 0 l$ out1 & hav+ %[n1 by %iv]+1 t x 0 acceptable to ! deity1 its head 0 /ruck (f4 ,! body 0 imm$iately lift$ up by sev]al m51 & ! *ela1 seiz+ ^u x1 drank ! blood z x sp\t$ f ! neck1 amid r5ew$ %\ts ( ,kailang ,mahri ki ji4 ,! c>case 0 ?r[n d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! head1 ) a burn+ coal ^u x1 plac$ be=e ! ?re%old ( ! temple4 ,! danc+ 0 !n r5ew$1 & became m viol5t1 until ! *ela gasp$ out ,kailang ya 78,kailang has come074 ,all !n became sil5t1 & ! prophet ann\nc$ t ! sacrifice 0 accept$1 & t ! season w\ld be fav\rable4 ,?is 0 receiv$ ) a /orm ( %\ts ( ,kailang ,mahri ki ji1 & ! *ela sank d[n ^u ! gr\nd exhau/$4 ,wat] 0 p\r$ ov] him1 & he 0 vigor\sly fann$ till he %[$ signs ( revival4 ,! assembly !n began to disp]se#bcb4 ,^! ?ree examples exhibit ess5tially ! same traits & suffici5tly illu/rate ?is type ( dance 9 its extreme =m among peoples ( l[ civilization1 s t x is unnecess>y to multiply illu/rations4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be said t ?is m b>b>\s =m ( ! ec/atic dance is n ne>ly s preval5t z ! =m previ\sly m5tion$2 x seems to be resort$ to 9 times ( em]g5cy1 & 9 ?is (f]s a fur!r p>allel to ! case ( ! prophets ( ,baal4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,! ec/atic dance is p]=m$ z ! outcome ( /rong religi\s emotion2 x beg9s quietly & )\t any indication ( :at is to come2 b ! int5tion to increase x gradually to an extravagant pit* is !re f ! comm5cem5t1 & x cont9ues until semi-consci\sness1 & ev5 total unconsci\sness is rea*$4 ,! excitem5t caus$ by ! dance frequ5tly becomes contagi\s1 s t o!rs jo9 94 ,! purpose ( ?is dance is to effect union ) a sup]human _s2 ! body1 tempor>ily 8empti$0 ( consci\sness1 is believ$ to be ent]$ by ! god or _s 9 ^: hon\r ! dance takes place4 ,among peoples ( l[ culture1 among :om belief 9 ! 8ext]nal s\l0 is common1 !re c be no d\bt t ! conviction exi/$ t ! s\l took its dep>ture f ! body = ! "t be+1 ?us mak+ room = ! high] _s ( ! god4 ,:ile ?us inhabit+ ! body1 ! god utiliz$ x = 8 own purposes4 ,! prime motive ( ! ec/atic dance 0 union ) ! deity2 t be+ once effect$ o!r ?+s might or might n foll[4 ,! ec/atic dance takes1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t =m1 & has a diff]5t purpose "u special circum/ances4 ,x acts sometimes z a means ( =c+ ! deity 7or1 r1 x is believ$ to d s7 to answ] pray]2 !n dur+ ! ec/atic /ate self-lac]ation takes place1 app>5tly ) little or no s5sation ( pa92 ! loss ( consci\sness does n necess>ily ensue4 ,bo? ^! =ms ( ! ec/atic dance are met ) among ! ,israelites4 ,! =m] 0 practis$ by ! prophets1 & its contagi\s "* is =cibly illu/rat$2 z a result ! _s ( ,jahwe comes ^u ! p]=m]4 ,! latt] is m5tion$ z a ,syrian rite practis$ 9 "t ( em]g5cy by ! prophets ( ,baal2 b ! influ5ce ( ,syrian1 or ,canaanite1 practice ^u ! ,israelites "h is pla9ly indicat$ by ! prophet ,hosea :o tells ( h[ ! p 8cut !mselves = corn & w9e10 ?us rebell+ aga9/ _! ,god4 ,?\gh 9 ?is in/ance ! dance is n m5tion$ we "k f ! p>allel case ( ! prophets ( ,baal t x 0 "p ( ! ritual1 & !re=e took place2 & ?is q ap>t f ! analog\s practice else:]e4 ,x 0 done ) ! purpose ( =c+ ! god 79 ?is case "s local ,baal7 to give good crops4 ,x 01 s we may believe1 an em]g5cy rite2 ! m normal me?od may h be5 ! dance r\nd ! sacr$ tree 7see above1 pp4 #if1 #ii1 #ajc74 ,z to ! special =m ( dance on ^! occasions1 x is probable1 s f> z ! prophetic dance 0 conc]n$1 t x began 9 q mod]ate /yle1 & 9 s+le file =mation2 z ! excitem5t increas$ x is obvi\s t x assum$ a v diff]5t =m1 a :irl+ r\nd ) head ?r[n back1 judg+ f analogy4 ,9 ! case ( ! wild]1 ,syrian1 =m1 !re is reason to suppose t x began also quietly1 ) ! 8limp+0 /ep1 & pres5tly got wild] & wild]1 until knives & o!r %>p in/rum5ts 7 seiz$1 & self-inflict$ w\nds caus$ blood to fl[ f ! bodies ( ! p]=m]s4 ,! purpose ( ! 8limp+0 /ep is believ$1 ) good reason1 to h be5 to ar\se ! pity ( ! god1 or else to imitate him & ?us induce him to he> ! pray]s address$ to him2 ! fl[+ blood may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 a means ( =c+ ! god to answ] pray]4 ,! ec/atic dance1 at any rate 9 its m b>b>\s =m1 is unkn[n among o!r ,semitic peoples4 ,?is holds good also ( ! ,egyptians1 ?\gh ! pres5t day exi/5ce ( x1 9 its less b>b>\s =m1 among ! ,danc+ ,d]vi%es supports ! belief ( its hav+ be5 9 vogue 9 e>li] times4 ,) reg>d to ! ,syrians1 h[ev]1 !re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 9 bo? =ms2 = we h ! /ory ( ,w5-,amon1 & ! detail$ acc\nts ( ,heliodorus & ,apuleius4 ,v full evid5ce is =?com+ z to ! ec/atic dance among ! ,greeks2 x is1 h[ev]1 n indig5\s1 & c be %[n to h come to !m f ! ,syrians4 ,x is1 9 ! ma91 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 9 ^: hon\r ! ,?yiads danc$ & rav$1 (t5 until !y became ins5sible4 ,! god 0 suppos$ to be pres5t at ! orgies :i* took place dur+ 8 fe/ivals1 & ^? :o1 by means ( orgia/ic dances1 lo/ consci\sness1 came "u 8 influ5ce & 7 8possess$0 by him4 ,! in/ances ( ?is dance among ! ,greeks1 ( :i* "s notable ones are record$ above1 %[ to :at an ext5t x 0 9 vogue2 b we f9d t1 9 g5]al1 x is ! less b>b>\s =m ( ! ec/atic dance t 0 p]=m$ among !m4 ,! m objectionable =m 0 r>e2 x occurr$ 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,attis1 b ?is 0 n popul> among ! ,greeks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /range to say1 among ! ,romans1 especially dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,empire & ow+ to ! influx ( ali5 ori5tal cults1 ?is =m ( wor%ip became prom95t4 ,national *>act]i/ics und\bt$ly _h mu* to d ) ?is contra/ betwe5 ,greeks & ,romans2 b x is probable t ! respective purposes ( ! dance also _h some?+ to d ) x2 = :ile ! ma9 purpose ( ! ec/atic dance among ! ,greeks 0 to br+ ab\t ! union ( ! god ) 8 wor%ipp]s1 among ! ,romans x appe>s to h be5 t ( (f]+ _! blood4 ,among ! ,greeks1 t is to say1 x 0 9 ! nature ( an act ( devotion2 b among ! ,romans x 0 to induce ! goddess ( f]tility to give abundant crops4 ,bo? =ms ( ?is dance appe> among uncultur$ peoples4 ,its purpose is 8possession0 dur+ :i* ! possess$ becomes end[$ ) sup]natural p[]s2 he is able to cure diseases1 or to give oracles2 or else x is purely an act ( devotion4 ,among ! ,maoris x is suppos$ to h ! effect ( imp>t+ c\rage1 s x is p]=m$ on ! eve ( battle4 ,9 its m b>b>ic =m x is suppos$ to induce ! high] p[]s to supply wants1 z among ! ,basutos :5 game is sc>ce4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! rite is (f]$ by ! natives 9 ,t9nevelly 9 :i* bo? union ) a sup]natural be+1 & ! p[] ( prophecy is atta9$ by means ( ?is type ( dance2 x is true t1 among ^! natives ! actual union ) ! _s is effect$ by (f]+ him blood & dr9k+ t ( ! victim sacrific$ to ! _s2 b ! necess>y spiritual condition into :i* ! wor%ipp] mu/ be transport$ = ?is purpose is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! sacr$ dance4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance1 z inv>iably among ! unciviliz$ races1 !re is always "s practical end 9 view2 a mat]ial ne$ ( "s k9d arises :i*1 x is believ$1 w be suppli$ by means ( ?is rite4 ,9 comp>+ ?is type ( dance1 z practis$ among _m peoples1 ) ! ?ree in/ances ( x giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x w h be5 se5 t !re is a /rik+ simil>ity bo? 9 purpose & p]=mance4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t among ! ,hebrews x is ! mild] type t is indig5\s1 & x is ess5tially an act ( devotion2 x is a means ( receiv+ ! _s ( ,jahwe1 & ?is = ! practical purpose ( div9+ ,8 w & proclaim+ x4 ,! rite z practis$ by ! prophets ( ,baal is ,syrian2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! cu/om record$ by ,hosea 0 ( ,syrian orig94 ,s t1 z among ! ,greeks1 ! mild] =m ( ! ec/atic dance 0 indig5\s1 :ile ! m b>b>\s =m 0 due to ,syrian influ5ce4 ,review+ ! subject z a :ole1 !re is no %ad[ ( d\bt t ,hebrew & ,greek practice "h1 ?\gh x is b a small item ( religi\s ritual ) :i* we h be5 conc]n$1 illu/rates _! religi\s sup]iority ov] all ! o!r races4 ,b ( ^! two ! ,hebrews /& on di/9ctly high] gr\nd2 !re is n ! remote/ reason = believ+ t ! ec/atic dance among !m 0 ev] contam9at$ by ! lic5ce :i* (t5 obta9$ among ! ,greeks4 ,among ! ,hebrews1 moreov]1 ! object ( x 0 purely devotional2 & :5 an oracle 0 put =? x 0 only to decl>e ! w ( _! ,god4 ,s t x is true to say t ev5 9 ! l[] planes ( religi\s ?\ght & practice ! ,hebrews %[$ t !y 7 9 ! vangu>d ( religi\s evolution4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,at ,,v9tage1 ,,h>ve/1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,fe/ivals ,i ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! ,hebrew fea/s2 b a few introductory words reg>d+ !m w n be out ( place4 ,!re 7 ?ree agricultural fe/ivals ( fir/ importance among ! ,israelites3 ,mazz?#bcc1 or ! fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread2 ?is 0 a spr+ fea/ held :5 ! sickle 0 fir/ put to ! /&+ corn & ! fir/-fruits ( ! new crops 7 (f]$ 7,deut4 xvi4 #h1 #i72 ,%abu?1 or ! fea/ ( ,weeks1 celebrat$ sev5 weeks lat] at ! conclusion ( ! h>ve/ 7,deut4 xvi4 #aj72 call$ also azir1 ! fea/ ( 8,h>ve/0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #af72 ,sukk?1 or ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ! autumn fea/1 call$ also ha-,asiph1 ! fea/ ( 8! +a!r+10 :5 8?\ ga!re/ 9 ?y lab\rs out ( ! field0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #af74 ,s9ce prior to _! entry into ,canaan ! ,israelites 7 nomads1 & !re=e did n obs]ve h>ve/ fe/ivals1 x is extremely probable t1 9 settl+ d[n among ! ,canaanites1 !y adopt$ ^! fe/ivals f ! p ( ! l&1 & celebrat$ !m 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe1 _! ,god4 ,^! ?ree great fea/s 7 orig9ally1 among ! ,israelites1 ( equal importance1 requir+ pres5ce at ! sanctu>y 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bc72 b !re are indications t 9 q e>ly times ! autumn fea/ ( ,tab]nacles assum$ pre-em95ce4 ,x is call$ 8! fea/10 or 8! fea/ ( ,jahwe#bcd40 ,! o!r fea/s 7 celebrat$ locally4 ,f ! pres5t po9t ( view x is important to note t ea* ( ^! fea/s is call$ ag3 ag ha-,mazz?1 ag ha-azir1 ag ha-,asiph2 t is to say1 to ea* is appli$ ! t]m :i* orig9ally d5ot$ :at 0 ! ess5ce ( a fe/ival1 viz4 ! sacr$ dance r\nd ! sanctu>y2 & ! same is true ( ! m9or fe/ivals :i* 7 celebrat$ at ! local sanctu>ies4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! fea/ 0 call$ ag because ( ! sacr$ dance *>act]i/ic ( x1 no surprise c be felt at ! non-m5tion ( danc+ at ^! fea/s :5 !y are spok5 ( 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 x 0 s obvi\s & cu/om>y t any ref]5ce to x1 except+ incid5tal allusions1 w\ld h be5 q sup]flu\s#bce4 ,su* incid5tal allusions occur 9 ! ,psalms1 z we h se51 & a m specific m5tion is met ) 9 ,judg4 xi4 #cd3 8,& ,jeph?ah came to ,mizpah unto 8 h\se1 &1 behold1 8 daught] came out to meet him ) timbrels & ) dances02 we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! "* ( ! fea/ ref]r$ to#bcf2 our po9t is t x 0 celebrat$ ) danc+4 ,ano!r & full] illu/ration occurs 9 ,judg4 xxi4 #ai ff41 :]e m5tion is made ( a fea/ :i* 0 held annually at ,%iloh 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe2 t x 0 a v9tage fea/ is impli$ by ! ref]5ce to ! v9ey>ds 9 :i* ! ,b5jamites hid !mselves#bcg4 ,at ?is fea/ x 0 ! cu/om = ! "y girls to come out & dance3 8,:5 ! maid5s ( ,%iloh come out to dance 9 ! dances02 & see v]se #bc4 ,x is wor? notic+ h[ ! danc+ is m5tion$ z a recogniz$ cu/om4 ,! spot mu/ h be5 a famili> "o z ! fea/ took place annually3 we are rem9d$ ( ,abel-meolah1 8! field ( danc+0 7#a ,k+s xix4 #af71 :i* mu/ cle>ly h got its "n f ! fe/ival danc+ :i* took place !re habitually4 ,we "k f ! lat] hi/ory & ritual ( ! ,jewi% fe/ivals t !y 7 m>k$ by dances & processional dances ( a sacr$ "*#bch2 & ! analogy ( ritual usage among o!r peoples makes x c]ta9 t ^! religi\s dances at ! ,jewi% fea/s1 z practis$ 9 po/-biblical times1 7 n innovations1 b r ! traditional ritual :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial4 ,z ,krauss po9ts out1 ! mo/ primitive k9d ( danc+1 a simple =m ( hopp+1 )\t rhy?mic movem5t 7= :i* ! ,talmud uses ! ^w aphaz71 0 9 use 9 lat] times bo? at w$d+s & dur+ regul> wor%ip#bci4 ,we h already1 9 ano!r connexion1 drawn att5tion to ! daily procession r\nd ! alt>1 aft] ! sacrifices _h be5 (f]$1 dur+ ! fea/ ( ,sukk? 78,tab]nacles074 ,!re 0 ano!r danc+ c]emony at ?is fea/ :i* mu/ be m5tion$1 a c]emony ( :i* x 0 said t :osoev] _h n se5 x _h nev] se5 a real fea/#bdj4 ,?is 0 ! wond]ful ,tor*-dance :i* took place 9 ! ,c\rt ( ! wom5 9 ! ,temple on ! second day ( ! fea/4 ,a great multitude ( m5 & wom5 7 always pres5t on ?is occasion to witness ! dance 9 :i* only ! mo/ prom95t among ! ,israelites took "p4 ,:ile ! dance 0 go+ on hymns & psalms 7 sung#bda4 ,x 0 because ( ! dances & processions at ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 dur+ :i* palms & bran*es ( trees 7 c>ri$1 simil> to ! ?yrsus c>ri$ by ! ,bac*analian assemblies ( maid5s1 t ,plut>* 0 betray$ into ! error ( reg>d+ ?is fea/ z ( ! same "* z t celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos among ! ,greeks2 & into 8 ass]tion t ! cult ( ?is god 0 9 vogue among ! ,hebrews#bdb4 ,!re 01 to give ano!r example1 a religi\s dance1 ?\gh ( an entirely diff]5t "*1 c>ri$ out by ,jewi% maid5s bo? on ! fea/-day kn[n z ! #ae? ( ,ab1 & on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t#bdc4 ,t ! fea/ ( ! #ae? ( ,ab 0 a religi\s "o is cle> f ! evid5ce giv5 by ,rabbi ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanus#bdd 7#a/ c5tury ,a4,d47 to ! effect t x 0 ! great day ( ! ye> on :i* wood 0 (f]$ = ! burn+ ( ! sacrifices2 ! supply (f]$ on ?is occasion 0 suppos$ to be suffici5t to la/ = ! ye>4 ,! fe/ival is ref]r$ to by ,josephus1 :o calls x ! ,xulophoria#bde4 ,to m5tion b "o fur!r example1 at ! fea/ ( ,purim !re 0 a special k9d ( dance2 al?\gh ?is ceas$ to be ( a religi\s "*1 !re c be no d\bt t orig9ally x 0 s#bdf4 ,,ii ,among ! anci5t ,arabs1 be+ nomads1 ,h>ve/ & ,v9tage fe/ivals did n1 ( c\rse1 exi/4 ,b among _! desc5dants a fe/ival ( ano!r k9d at :i* a dance (1 at any rate1 a quasi-religi\s "* is p]=m$ may be m5tion$ "h2 = !re c be no d\bt t 9 ^! ?+s mod]n usage repres5ts a cu/om :i* has be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! g5]ations f ! di/ant pa/4 ,at circumcision fe/ivals 7,muzzayn7#bdg !y p]=m :at are call$ ,daa dances4 ,! "y p ga!r toge!r1 be+ invit$ by ! fa!rs ( ! *ildr5 to be circumcis$1 & p]=m ^! dances1 dur+ :i* !y s+ ov] & ov] aga93 ,we w protect y ,f him :o cuts 7#8enda-l-atta'7 ,we w protect y4 ,cut1 oh ,cutt]6 ,yet hurt n "h1 9 turn1 ! names ( ^? :o are to be circumcis$ are utt]$1 ,cut1 oh ,cutt]6 ,bew>e ( ! re$ 7ala-l-aab71 ,oh my d>l+1 ,bew>e ( ! re$6#bdh ,danc+ at circumcisions is indisp5sable among ! peasants 9 ,pale/9e#bdi2 x has be5 obs]v$ also 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 e4g4 among ! ,bamb>as ( ,s5egambia#bej4 ,9 ,g54 xxi4 #d1 :]e ! circumcision ( ,isaac is record$1 !re is no m5tion ( ! circumcision fea/ & ! accompany+ dance1 :i*1 judg+ f lat] usage1 always took place2 b 9 v]se #h x says3 8444 ,& ,abraham made a great fea/ on ! day t ,isaac 0 wean$40 ,! ,rabbis ( lat] times inf]r$ t j z !re 0 a fea/ at ! wean+ !re mu/ also h be5 a fea/ at ! circumcision1 & no d\bt !y 7 "r4 ,9 ,pire de ,rabbi ,eliez] we read 9 ref]5ce to ?is passage 7,g54 xxi4 #d73 8,! sages said3 ,a man is b\nd to make fe/ivities & a banquet on t day :5 he has ! m]it ( hav+ 8 son circumcis$1 l ,abraham our ,fa!r1 :o circumcis$ 8 son1 z x is said444#bea40 ,t danc+ =m$ an indisp5sable elem5t at su* fea/s1 z among o!r peoples :o practis$ ?is rite1 h>dly admits ( d\bt#beb4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?\gh n 9 all1 !re ent]s 9 a di/9ctly religi\s note4 ,!re is also danc+ at ! fe/ivities att5d+ ! p]=mance ( v[s#bec4 ,,iii ,al?\gh x is highly probable t at ! ,h>ve/ & o!r fe/ivals ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians sacr$ danc+ took place1 def9ite evid5ce 9 ! way ( record$ in/ances does n seem to be =?com+4 ,among ! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 we "k t e temple _h bo? prie/s & prie/esses atta*$1 among :om 7 danc]s & musicians2 & ^! play$ a v important "p at all fe/ivals#bed4 ,ap>t f (ficial celebrations 9 temples1 local fea/s at :i* sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$1 also took place4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,h>ve/ 0 complet$ & ! peasants (f]$ ! fir/-fruits1 !y danc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god ( f]tility z an act ( ?anksgiv+#bee4 ,!re 0 also a dance ( ?anksgiv+ p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,ptah = ! annual ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile4 ,9 danc+ a small piece ( wood 0 (t5 held 9 ea* h&1 & ^! 7 knock$ toge!r 9 rhy?mic "t#bef4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ! great 8,s$0 fe/ival1 orig9ally p]=m$ only once 9 ?irty ye>s1 b lat] 9 e ?ird ye>4 ,at ?is fe/ival ! k+ 0 deifi$ z ,osiris1 & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce 0 appo9t$1 & m>ri$ to ! heiress ( ! k+dom4 ,at ! en?ronization ( ! deifi$ k+ ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce danc$ be=e him z an act ( hon\r to ! god2 ?is 0 also done at ano!r "p ( ! c]emony by all ! m51 :o 7 pres5t 9 great numb]s#beg4 ,,iv ,a good example among ! ,greeks is t ( ! sacr$ dance p]=m$ at ! celebration ( ! ,haloa1 :i*1 accord+ to a s*olion to ,lucian#beh1 0 a fea/ at ,a!ns conta9+ my/]ies ( ,demet]1 & ,kore1 & ,dionysos on ! occasion ( ! cutt+ ( v9es & ! ta/+ ( w9e made f !m4444 ,! ,haloa gets its "n1 accord+ to ,philo*orus1 f ! fact t p hold sports at ! ?re%+-floors2 & he says x is celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ,poseidon#bei4444 ,! sports held 71 ( c\rse1 incid5tal to ! bus9ess ( ?re%+2 b x 0 ^! sports t con/itut$ ! actual fe/ival4 ,to ?is day ! great r\nd ?re%+-floor t is f\nd 9 mo/ ,greek villages is ! sc5e ( ! h>ve/ fe/ival4 ,ne> x a boo? 7skn7 is to ?is day erect$1 & 9 x ! p]=m]s re/1 & eat & dr9k 9 ! int]vals ( _! pantomimic danc+#bfj4 ,9 connexion ) ritual dances 9 hon\r ( ,demet]1 ,fraz] draws att5tion to ! rema9s ( 8! magnific5t m>ble drap]y :i* once adorn$ ! colossal /atue ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! two goddesses at ,lycosura1 9 ,arcadia02 on ?is are c>v$ r[s ( semi-human1 semi-be/ial figures danc+ & play+ musical in/rum5ts2 ! bodies ( ^! figures are ^? ( wom51 b _! heads1 paws & feet are ^? ( a horse1 a pig1 a cat1 or a h>e1 & app>5tly an ass#bfa4 8,x is reasonable to suppose10 he says1 8t ^! danc+ figures repres5t a ritual dance :i* 0 actually p]=m$ 9 ! rites ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone by mask$ m5 & wom51 :o p]sonat$ ! goddesses 9 _! "* ( bea/s#bfb40 ,! /ory ( ! two daught]s ( ,eteokles :o fell into a well :ile danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,demet] & ,kore1 & 7 turn$ into cypresses1 probably owes its orig9 to ! desire to acc\nt = ! reason :y sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$ "u ^! trees1 9 :i* ! num5 ( "o or o!r ( ^! goddesses 0 suppos$ to reside#bfc4 ,! /ory is giv5 9 ,geoponica1 ,,xi4 #d3 ,! cypresses h two names1 & !y are inde$ call$ ,*>ites on acc\nt ( _! delectable quality1 & ,cypresses on acc\nt ( _! be>+ & produc+ bran*es & se$s 9 su* regul> ord]4 ,!y 7 ! daught]s ( ,eteokles2 & :5 danc+ 9 imitation ( ! goddesses1 !y fell into a well2 & ! e>?1 commis]at+ _! mis=tune1 produc$ fl\ri%+ plants l damsels#bfd4 ,x is unnecess>y to give fur!r examples2 g5]ally speak+1 among ! ,greeks danc+ at fe/ivals1 s f> z _! religi\s "* is conc]n$1 0 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( "s deity4 ,a magical purpose is sometimes to be disc]n$1 ?\gh r>ely#bfe2 ! ec/atic dance seems sometimes to h _h ?is object1 & ?is1 z "o w\ld expect1 is only ! case 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion#bff4 ,we h dealt 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ) ! ec/atic dance & its objects4 ,v ,z illu/rat+ ?is type ( dance among ! ,romans we may in/ance ! fe/ival ( ! ,amb>valia2 ?is fe/ival 0 n celebrat$ on a fix$ date1 b v>i$ accord+ to ! /ate ( ! crops4 ,! duties at ! fe/ival 7 c>ri$ out by ,fratres ,arvales1 8! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,pl\gh$ ,fields40 ,) solemn pray]s1 address$ prim>ily to ,m>s#bfg to keep away all h>m f ! crops1 ^! ,bre?r5 l$ r\nd 9 =mal procession ! victims de/9$ = sacrifice to ,m>s z ! god ( vegetation1 viz4 a pig1 a ram1 & a bull4 ,! ,arval ,bro!rs _h a special ?ree-/ep dance 7tripudium7 :i* !y p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,m>s & ! ,l>es2 x 0 repeat$ ?ree times1 & dur+ its p]=mance !y sang a hymn ( praise to ! god#bfh4 ,a m9ute acc\nt ( _! ?ree days' fe/ival is giv5 9 ! ,acta ( ! ye> #bah 7,elagabalus1 ,,cil1 ,,vi4 #bajd7bfi2 ! dance1 :i* took place on ! second1 & mo/ important1 day is describ$ z foll[s3 8444 ,!n ! prie/s1 %ut up 9 ! temple1 gird+ up _! togas1 took ! song-books &1 m>k+ ! "t1 danc$ ! ?ree /ep s++ ?us 444#bgj40 ,aga91 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,lup]calia1 held 9 ,febru>y1 :5 ! sacrificial fea/ 0 end$1 ! ,lup]ci1 cr[n$ & ano9t$1 &1 b = an apron ( goatsk91 entirely nak$1 ran r\nd ! ,palat9e ,hill ) ?ongs cut f ! sk9 ( ! sacrific$ goats 9 _! h&s#bga4 ,! fea/ 0 held 9 hon\r ( ,faunus 7! ,greek ,pan71 :o 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,lup]cus1 9 a grotto 9 ! ,palat9e ,m\nt call$ ! ,lup]cal4 ,! runn+ r\nd ( ! ,lup]ci ) ! goats' ?ongs _h a purificatory object#bgb 7see p4 #aja74 ,! dances ( ! ,salii may be appropriately m5tion$ "h4 ,_! sacr$ processions took place 9 ,m>* & ,octob]1 & cont9u$ = ov] ?ree weeks#bgc4 ,head$ by trumpet]s & dress$ 9 full battle app>el !y m>*$ ?r\gh ! city2 at all ! alt>s & temples !y halt$1 &1 "u ! conduct ( two lead]s1 solemnly danc$ ! w>-dance 9 ?ree measures 9 hon\r ( ,m>s1 s++ at ! same "t#bgd4 ,! ,salii1 h[ev]1 also p]=m$ dances 9 hon\r ( ,saturn1 ! ,roman god ( s[+2 8z ! ,romans10 says ,fraz]1 8s[$ ! corn bo? 9 spr+ & autumn1 & z d[n to ! pres5t "t 9 ,europe sup]/iti\s ru/ics are wont to dance & leap high 9 ! spr+ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! crops gr[ high1 we may conjecture t ! leaps & danc+ p]=m$ by ! ,salii1 ! prie/s ( ! old ,italian god ( vegetation1 7 simil>ly suppos$ to quick5 ! gr[? ( ! corn by homoeopa?ic or imitative magic#bge40 ,x 0 n 9 ,rome alone t ?is type ( danc+ 0 p]=m$2 simil> colleges ( danc+ prie/s are kn[n to h exi/$ 9 _m t[ns ( anci5t ,italy1 & ev]y:]e1 we may conjecture1 !y 7 suppos$ to contribute to ! f]tility ( ! e>? by _! leaps & dances#bgf4 ,?is magical purpose ( ! sacr$ dance w come be=e u aga94 ,,vi ,a few examples ( ?is type ( ! sacr$ dance among uncultur$ peoples may n[ be giv5#bgg4 ,! s[+ fe/ival among ! ,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo1 :o are ess5tially an agricultural p & ( a primitive type1 is v elaborate2 b we are only conc]n$ ) t "p ( x at :i* ! sacr$ danc+ takes place4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f an eye-witness' acc\nt3 ,! fir/ to appe> on ! sc5e 7 "s m5 we>+ wood5 masks & helmets & s ?ickly wrapt 9 banana leaves t !y look$ l mov+ masses ( gre5 foliage4 ,!y danc$ sil5tly1 keep+ "t to ! beat ( ! gongs4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by o!r figures1 "s ( :om execut$ w>-dances2 b ! weight ( _! leafy envelope 0 su* t !y soon grew tir$1 & ?\gh !y leap$ high1 !y utt]$ none ( ! wild w>-:oops :i* usually accompany ^! m>tial ex]cises4 ,:5 d>kness fell ! dances ceas$ & 7 replac$ by a little drama repres5t+ a bo> br\ght to bay by a pack ( h\nds4444 ,lat] 9 ! ev5+ eight disguis$ girls danc$1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ) sl[ /eps & wav+ arms1 to ! glimm]+ light ( tor*es & ! /ra9s ( a sort ( jew's h>p#bgh4 ,nieuw5huis1 :o witness$ ?is1 insi/s /rongly on ! religi\s "* ( all ! fe/ivals obs]v$ by ^! p4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! danc+ mask$ m5 repres5t ! spirits ( f]tility2 ! high leaps are a magical rite to make ! crops gr[ high2 & ! r[ ( danc+ girls wav+ _! arms is probably 9 imitation ( ! field ( heal?y /alks sway+ 9 ! w9d1 & ?us also an act ( imitative magic4 ,x is ano!r =m ( ! rite :i* is practis$ by ! ,kai ( ,new ,gu9ea :o sw+ to & fro on re$s susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( trees 9 ord] to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops#bgi4 ,among ! ,malays mo/ ( ! dances seem to be = ! purpose ( amusem5t2 b t "s ( !m1 at any rate1 7 orig9ally ( a religi\s "* is evid5t f :at ,skeat says on ! subject3 444 ,all ^! dances1 ,i 0 told1 7 symbolical2 "o ( agriculture1 ) ! till+ ( ! soil1 ! s[+ ( ! se$1 ! reap+ & w9n[+ ( ! gra91 might easily h be5 guess$ by ! danc]s' movem5ts#bhj4 ,su* dances1 z is well kn[n1 are always1 9 "s /age ( _! developm5t1 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( "s god ( vegetation#bha4 ,skeat says t ! religi\s orig9 ( almo/ all ,malay dances is /ill to be se5 9 ! p]=mance ( su* rituali/ic obs]vances z ! burn+ ( inc5se1 ! scatt]+ ( rice1 & ! invocation ( ! ,dance-,_s accord+ to set =ms1 ! _s be+ exorcis$ 7or 8escort$ homew>ds0 z x is call$7 at ! end ( ! p]=mance#bhb4 ,"o o!r example may be giv51 ?is "t f ,africa1 ( ! dance be+ a propitiatory act1 & accompani$ by pray]2 x takes place at moon fe/ivals4 ,! ,hott5tots 7!y are moon-wor%ipp]s7 p]=m long nightly dances 9 hon\r ( ! moon1 bo? at ! appe>ance ( ! new moon & at full moon4 ,aft] numb]less /range contortions ( ! body :i* *>act]ise ^! dances1 & excruciat+ yells1 ! wor%ipp]s fl+ !mselves to ! gr\nd2 !n !y sudd5ly spr+ up1 /amp ab\t ) _! feet1 & gaze up at ! moon1 cry+3 8,hail1 see t we h honey1 & t our flocks get pl5ty ( food1 & give u mu* milk60 ,!n ! danc+1 accompani$ by ! clapp+ ( h&s1 cont9ues4 ,?is goes on ?r\gh ! :ole night ) %ort pauses4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities ! "n ,hott5tot is d]iv$ f ! noise made by _! feet dur+ ^! nightly sacr$ dances at ! moon fe/ivals#bhc4 ,examples c\ld be multipli$ to almo/ any ext5t2 ^? giv5 are typical & !y w suffice = pres5t purposes4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,a brief enum]ation ( ! *ief fe/ivals among ! ,israelites is call$ = 9 ! pres5t connexion because !y 7 agricultural fea/s2 &1 z has already be5 po9t$ out incid5tally1 "o ( ! purposes ( ! sacr$ dance 0 to ensure good crops4 ,all t we le>n z to ! "* ( ^! fe/ivals 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t emphasizes ! elem5t ( rejoic+ dur+ _! celebration2 & ?is applies ) special =ce to ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,! danc+ :i* took place at ^! fea/s w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to h be5 purely expressions ( joy4 ,b !re are reasons = believ+ t o!r elem5ts ent]$ 9 z well4 ,expressions ( ?anksgiv+ to a god are at ! same "t a means ( hon\r+ him2 & ?is1 we may feel c]ta91 figur$ l>gely at ! ,israelite fea/s2 !y 7 ?ankful to ,jahwe = ! fruits ( ! field1 & !y 7 joyful = pl5ty2 s t :5 grateful joy express$ itself 9 ! dance x con/itut$ an act ( hon\r+1 & !re=e ( wor%ipp+1 ! national ,god4 ,! r>e explicit m5tion ( ^! dances dur+ ! fea/s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,b ! cultural /age ( ! bulk ( ! ,israelite p1 at ! v lea/ up to ! "t ( ! ,exile1 c be prov$ by _m indications 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to h be5 no high] ?an o!r races2 ! extremely significant fact record$ by "o ( ! prophets t1 on occasion1 ! mo/ b>b>\s =m ( ! ec/atic dance1 ) its self-inflict$ lac]ations & blood-fl[+1 0 practis$ by ! p = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops1 (f]s ample ju/ification = ! belief t "o ( ! objects ( ! sacr$ dance at ! spr+ fe/ival 0 likewise to ensure good crops4 ,! rite 0 a _w-wide "o1 :i* is 9 itself presumptive evid5ce t x 0 practis$ by ! ,israelites4 ,! importance ( ! sacr$ dance dur+ ! ,jewi% fea/s ( lat] times1 = ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! evid5ce is ample1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! obs]vance ( traditional cu/om4 ,! anci5t ,arabs did n cultivate ! soil & !re=e did n celebrate fe/ivals ( ?is k9d4 ,among "s mod]n ,arabs danc+ takes place at circumcision fe/ivals1 & x is accompani$ by song2 !re are gr\nds = believ+ t ! ,israelites did ! same4 ,! dance 9 ?is case mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! newly initiat$1 :o1 by circumcision1 7 admitt$ into ! community ( ! tribe#bhd4 ,among ! ,egyptians bo? national & local ,h>ve/ fe/ivals 7 celebrat$2 dur+ ^! ! sacr$ dance play$ an important "p4 ,we may take x t1 z among ! ,israelites1 ! purpose ( ^! dances 0 to express joyful gratitude to ! god ( f]tility4 ,! 8,s$0 fe/ival 0 ano!r occasion on :i* a sacr$ dance 0 p]=m$2 ! deifi$ k+ 0 hon\r$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,haloa among ! ,greeks seems to h be5 at once a ,h>ve/ & ,v9tage fe/ival2 ! danc+ :i* took place dur+ ?is fea/ mu/ h be5 9 hon\r ( ! god ( f]tility4 ,9 ,greek villages at ! pres5t day ! h>ve/ fe/ival takes place r\nd ! ?re%+-floor1 & !re is mu* danc+1 b its old significance has n[1 ( c\rse1 disappe>$4 ,!re is evid5ce t dances 7 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! f]tility goddess ,demet] & ,p]sephone2 ! danc]s p]sonat$ ^! goddesses 9 _! "* ( bea/s1--horses1 pigs1 etc42 :ile we h "h a dance 9 hon\r ( ^! div9ities1 x is possible t x also p>took ( ! nature ( imitative magic1 x be+ a means ( ensur+ productivity4 ,an int]e/+ case ( fram+ a reason = ! sacr$ dance "u trees1 ! real reason be+ presumably =gott51 is t ( ! two daught]s ( ,eteokles :o 7 turn$ into cypresses2 ^! 7 trees "u :i* sacr$ dances 7 p]=m$4 ,fe/ival dances among ! ,greeks 7 (t5 d\btless expressions ( mir? & joy1 b ?is did n prev5t _! be+ p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( "s deity2 x 0 precisely simil> among ! ,israelites to :om ! exhortation 0 con/antly giv53 8,ye %all rejoice be=e ,jahwe y\r ,god10 9 connexion ) ! fea/s 7,lev4 xxiii4 #dj1 etc474 ,a magic-religi\s purpose is at times to be disc]n$ 9 ^! ,greek fe/ival dances4 ,among ! ,romans a notable in/ance ( ?is type ( sacr$ dance is t p]=m$ by 8! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,pl\gh$ ,fields02 !y circl$ r\nd ! victims = sacrifice to ,m>s4 ,a simil> rite 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,lup]ci 9 hon\r ( ! god ,faunus 7! ,greek ,pan72 x _h a purificatory purpose4 ,! dances ( ! ,salii 7 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,m>s2 !y also danc$ 9 hon\r ( ,saturn1 ! ,roman god ( s[+2 _! high leaps dur+ ! latt] ( ^! 7 believ$ to h ! effect ( mak+ ! corn gr[ high4 ,among ! uncultur$ races ! ,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo danc$ at _! fe/ivals ) a purpose simil> to t ( ! ,romans2 _! high leaps 7 a magical rite to make ! crops gr[ 9 height4 ,a l result 0 believ$ by ! ,kai ( ,new ,gu9ea to be effect$ by sw++ to & fro on re$s susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( trees4 ,! ,malays p]=m imitative dances :i* at "o "t 7 believ$ to make ! crops gr[4 ,f9ally1 ! ,hott5tots dance 9 hon\r ( ! moon 9 belief t ?is w h ! effect ( prevail+ ^u _! deity1 ! moon1 to supply !m & _! flocks ) su/5ance4 ,we h no indications 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t ! sacr$ dances at ! ,israelite fea/s _h any o!r purpose ?an t ( rejoic+ be=e _! ,god1 & ?is 01 ( c\rse1 9 ! nature ( hon\r+ ,him4 ,b ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( imitative magic 9 connexion ) !m at "s p]iod ( _! hi/ory _c be altoge!r exclud$2 ?is is sugge/$ n only because ! idea is s widespread1 b also because ev5 9 mu* lat] times among ! ,jews we h an example ( an imitative magical rite dur+ a fea/ 9 ! ,temple4 ,at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles x 0 ! cu/om = wat] to be drawn c]emonially by ! prie/s f ! f\nta9 ( ,siloam2 ?is 0 br\ght ?r\gh ! wat]-gate1 :5 a long-drawn-out trumpet bla/ 0 s\nd$1 into ! ,temple1 :]e x 0 p\r$ out ^u ! alt> dur+ ! fur!r bl[+ ( trumpets2 ! rite 0 p]=m$ daily on ! sev5 days ( ! ,fea/4 ,t ?is 0 a piece ( imitative magic = ! purpose ( ensur+ a suffici5t ra9fall w\ld sugge/ itself spontane\sly2 b we h ! def9ite /atem5t to ?is effect giv5 by ! ,rabbis1 = ! object ( ! rite is expla9$ by ! words3 8,! ,holy ,"o1 ,bless$ be ,he6 said1 ,p\r out wat] be=e me at ! ,fea/1 9 ord] t ! ra9s ( ! ye> may be bless$ to y#bhe40 ,?is cle> evid5ce among ! ,jews = ! exi/5ce ( a magical rite to obta9 ra9 is suffici5t ju/ification = believ+ t _! =efa!rs may h p]=m$ dances at ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,dances ,,9 ,,celebration ,,( ,,victory ,i ,x is a natural & obvi\s ?+ t !re %\ld be expressions ( joy on ! occasion ( victory2 &1 z danc+ 0 "o ( ! ways :]eby joy 0 express$1 x is equally natural t ?is %\ld h be5 p]=m$ on su* occasions4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 we f9d t 9 ! records ( ^! celebrations x is ! wom5 :o d ! danc+1 ?is is only :at is to be expect$ s9ce x is done 9 hon\r ( ! victori\s w>riors4 ,?is is all 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s2 &1 s f> z ! ,old ,te/am5t is conc]n$1 x w\ld seem t ! simple record+ ( ! fact t ! celebration ( a victory 0 "o ( ! occasions on :i* danc+ 0 p]=m$ is all t is requir$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is cu/om is widespread1 & has be51 & /ill is1 9 vogue among peoples 9 v diff]5t /ages ( culture2 & 9 discuss+ a widespread cu/om1 su* z ?is1 x is always possible t "o may disc]n 9 ! p]=mance ( x among less cultur$ races elem5ts :i* sugge/ t orig9ally !re 0 some?+ m 9 x ?an appe>s ^u ! surface4 ,9 o!r words1 ! possibility mu/ be reckon$ ) t ! cu/om z record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 9 reality ! survival ( some?+ :i* 0 believ$ to h a decisive effect 9 br++ ab\t victory4 ,! dance ( ! ,israelite wom5 on ^! occasions _h a ?reefold purpose2 x 0 a means ( express+ joy2 x 0 also ! way 9 :i* ! victori\s w>riors 7 hon\r$2 &1 mo/ important1 x 0 an act ( praise & ?anksgiv+ to ,jahwe2 s t ?is type ( dance 0 emphatically a religi\s "o4 ,if1 z we hope to (f] "s gr\nds = believ+1 ?is type ( dance 01 9 its orig91 a means ( effect+ victory by magic1 x w be an int]e/+ illu/ration ( magic be+1 z ,mr ,m>ett says1 8"p & p>cel ( ! #8god-/uff' out ( :i* religion fa%ions itself#bhf40 ,9 pass+1 x may be said t1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! abs5ce ( ! able-bodi$ m5 w\ld make ! wom5 ! natural p]=m]s 9 ^! k9d ( dances1 ?is public appe>ance ( ori5tal wom5 witnesses to a v diff]5t condition ( society f t ) :i* we are famili> z obta9+ 9 ! ,ea/ 9 lat] c5turies2 9 o!r words1 ! ,israelites 7 9 "s respects 9 a less advanc$ cultural /age ?an we are sometimes apt to suppose4 ,n t !y 7 consci\s ( any o!r objects 9 ?is type ( dance ?an ^? m5tion$2 we only mean t at ?is "t immemorial cu/om1 h[ev] diff]5t ! reasons giv5 = its exi/5ce1 0 m likely to be t5aci\sly held to ?an :5 radical *anges 9 religi\s belief & social & moral conditions _h tak5 place4 ,! type ( danc+ ) :i* we are j n[ conc]n$ has no?+ to d ) ! w>-dance1 ! prim>y aim ( :i* seems to be ! developm5t ( physical excitem5t1 & consequ5tly c\rage1 9 ! danc+ w>riors2 second>ily1 z magical ideas atta* !mselves1 ! aim ( fright5+ ! enemy by a demon/ration ( viol5ce is add$#bhg4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re is no m5tion ( ! w>-dance4 ,b !re 0 a solemn prep>ation = w>1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t among ! ,israelites1 z among o!r ,semites1 !re 0 a religi\s elem5t connect$ ) ! act ( w>f>e4 ,w>riors 8consecrat$0 !mselves be=e ent]+ ^u x 7,isa4 xiii4 #c72 ! phrase = decl>+ w> or ent]+ ^u a /ate ( w>f>e is to 8sanctify1 or consecrate1 w>0 7,mic4 iii4 #e1 ,j]4 vi4 #d72 & battle 0 prep>$ = by sacrifice 7#a ,sam4 xiii4 #i1 #aj72 moreov]1 aft] ! battle ! spoil1 or "p ( x1 0 consecrat$ to ,jahwe 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #ba1 #b ,sam4 viii4 #aa1 #a ,*ron4 xviii4 #aa74 ,! ,israelites1 ?us1 ent]$ battle "u ! protection ( ,jahwe2 ! religi\s elem5t1 !re=e1 0 /rongly emphasiz$4 ,we proce$ n[ to enum]ate ! in/ances 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( danc+ 9 celebration ( victory4 ,9 ,exod4 xv4 #bj1 #ba a dance ) song accompani$ by musical in/rum5ts is p]=m$ by wom5 9 celebration ( victory3 ,& ,miriam ! prophetess1 ! si/] ( ,a>on1 took a timbrel 7tph7 9 h] h&2 & all ! wom5 w5t out aft] h] ) timbrels & ) dances4 ,& ,miriam *ant$#bhh to !m1 ,s+ to ,jahwe1 = ,he is greatly exalt$1 ,! horse & 8 rid] ha? ,he ca/ into ! sea4 ,"h ! danc+ & s++ h cle>ly ! s+le purpose ( ?anksgiv+ to ,jahwe1 = ! victory is ascrib$ solely to ,him2 s t ! passage pres5ts ! highe/ developm5t ( purpose = :i* ?is type ( dance 0 p]=m$4 ,x is ! same 9 ,ps4 lxviii4 #aa1 #ab 7#ab1 #ac 9 ,hebr471 :]e !re is an obvi\s ref]5ce to ! cu/om3 8,jahwe give? ! ^w1 ! wom5 t publi% ! tid+s 7i4e4 ( victory7 are a great ho/2 k+s ( armies flee2 & %e t t>rie? at home divide? ! spoil#bhi40 ,true1 !re is no m5tion ( s++ & danc+ "h2 b if1 z we may well believe1 x 0 s well kn[n t ! wom5 :o celebrat$ ! victory did s+ & dance1 !re 0 no ne$ to specify x4 ,9 ! example giv5 9 ,judg4 xi4 #cd x is diff]5t1 = ! danc+ & s++ "h are 9 hon\r ( ! victori\s w>rior4 ,jeph?ah1 on 8 return f 8 victory ov] ! ,ammonites1 is met by 8 daught] & o!r maid5s 7h] companions are spok5 ( 9 v]se #ch7 8) timbrels & ) dances#bij40 ,?is is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n passage #a ,sam4 xviii4 #f1 #g3 ,& x came to pass z !y came1 :5 ,david return$ f ! slaught] ( ! ,phili/9es1 t ! wom5 came out ( ! cities ( ,israel1 s++ & danc+1 to meet k+ ,saul1 ) timbrels1 ) joy & ) in/rum5ts ( music 7,%ali%im1 :atev] ?is may mean72 & ! danc+ wom5 sang to "o ano!r & said1 ,saul ha? sla9 8 ?\s&s1 ,& ,david 8 t5 ?\s&s4 ,! corruptions 9 ! ,hebrew text ( ?is passage ne$ n tr\ble u z !y d n affect ! special po9t ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,! same ev5t is ref]r$ to 9 #a ,sam4 xxi4 #aa1 :]e ! way 9 :i* ! cu/om is spok5 ( %[s t x 0 a common "o3 8,did !y n s+ "o to ano!r 9 ! dances44480 ,see also xxix4 #e4 ,9 pass+1 x is wor? (f]+ an int]e/+ p>allel to ?is1 al?\gh ! actual danc+ is n m5tion$4 ,x is giv5 9 ,pausanias 9 ref]5ce to ! victori\s ,ari/om5es aft] 8 defeat ( ! ,lac$aemonians3 ,:5 ,ari/om5es return$ to ,&ania ! wom5 ?rew ribbons & fre% fl[]s on him1 & recit$ 9 8 hon\r a song :i* is sung to ?is day1-- ,to ! mid/ ( ! ,/5ycl]ian pla9 & to ! top ( ! m\nta9 ,ari/om5es foll[$ ! ,lac$aemonians#bia4 ,9 ! light ( ^! passages we may recall ,judg4 v4 #bh-cj1 :]e ! "m ( ,sis]a is vividly depict$ look+ f ! 8w9d[10 toge!r ) h] 8wise ladies10 9 expectation ( ! return ( h] victori\s son ) ! spoils ( battle4 ,x is n an undue /ret* ( ! imag9ation to suppose t if victory in/ead ( defeat _h fall5 to ,sis]a's lot1 we %\ld h _h a description ( 8 "m wat*+ ! wom5 go+ =? ) timbrels & dances to welcome home ! victori\s w>riors4 ,tak+ ^! ,old ,te/am5t passages by !mselves1 !n1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! cu/om ( :i* !y speak is any?+ m ?an a simple & natural expression ( joy & 9 "o case1 at any rate1 ( ?ankfulness to ,jahwe1 = victory 9 battle1 toge!r ) an appropriate tribute to ! victori\s lead]4 ,& ! same is true 9 ! case ( o!r civiliz$ peoples ( antiquity4 ,b x is unnecess>y to give illu/rations ( ?is type ( dance among !m because ?is w\ld ?r[ no light on ! orig9al object ( x4 ,= ?is we mu/ g to races 9 a l[] /age ( culture1 among :om we are s (t5 able to see ! antec$5ts ( bo? ! nature & ! purpose ( cu/oms :i* among civiliz$ peoples appe> 9 a develop$ =m1 & ) a diff]5t purpose & mean+4 ,if ! consid]ation ( a few examples ( ?is type ( dance among unciviliz$ peoples appe>s to lead u away some:at f our ma9 po9t1 ! digression mu/ be excus$ on ! gr\nd t side-lights d inevitably1 at times1 ca/ _! rays f a di/ance4 ,b be=e com+ to ^! examples we %\ld l to say a ^w ab\t ! 8consecration0 = battle1 z x is conceivable t ?is may h _h an indirect be>+ on ! 8primitive0 object ( ?is type ( dance4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t tells u1 z we h se51 t w>riors consecrat$ !mselves be=e ent]+ battle by assi/+ at a sacrifice#bib4 ,! sacrifice 0 a means ( propitiation :i* w\ld induce ! national ,god to look fav\rably ^u ! exp$ition & give ,8 help to ^? :o 7 ab\t to take "p 9 x4 ,b ?is is a relatively advanc$ religi\s conception2 !re is a long hi/ory beh9d x1 & "s ( ! /ages 9 t hi/ory are disc]nible 9 ! prep>ation = battle among unciviliz$ races4 ,we w give "o in/ance1 ( _m2 m are unnecess>y1 = ! same idea und]lies !m all4 ,s*oolcraft1 quot$ by ,fraz]#bic1 tells u t on extraord9>y occasions ! brave/ w>riors ( ! ,dakotahs us$ to p]=m a dance at :i* !y dev\r$ ! liv]s ( dogs raw & w>m 9 ord] !reby to acquire ! sagacity & brav]y ( ! dog4 ,! animals 7 ?r[n to !m alive1 kill$ & cut op52 !n ! liv]s 7 extract$1 cut into /rips & hung on a pole4 ,ea* danc] grabb$ at a piece ( liv] ) 8 tee?1 & *ew$ & swall[$ x z he danc$2 he might n t\* x ) 8 h&s1 only ! m$ic9e-man enjoy$ t privilege4 ,wom5 did n jo9 9 ! dance4 ,to ! savage ?is acquisition ( brav]y w\ld be an appropriate prep>ation = battle4 ,9 ! _m in/ances ( analog\s rites ! *oice ( ! animal appe>s to dep5d ^u "s quality *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,b x is possible t !re is some?+ m beh9d ?is4 ,9 ! case j cit$ !re are two po9ts :i* sugge/ t ! *oice ( ! dog 0 n solely due to its qualities ( sagacity & brav]y2 ! sacr$ dance p]=m$ dur+ ! eat+ ( its liv]1 & ! prohibition to t\* x1 po9t to some?+ sacrosanct ab\t ! animal4 ,fraz] po9ts out else:]e#bid t ! cu/om ( kill+ a god 9 animal =m belongs to a v e>ly /age ( human culture1 & is apt 9 lat] times to be misund]/ood4 ,! advance ( ?\ght t5ds to /rip ! old animal & plant gods ( _! be/ial & vegetable husk1 & to leave _! human attributes 7:i* are always ! k]nel ( ! conception7 z ! f9al & sole residuum4 ,9 o!r words1 animal & plant gods t5d to become purely an?ropomorphic4 ,:5 !y h become :olly or ne>ly s1 ! animals & plants :i* 7 at fir/ ! deities !mselves1 /ill reta9 a vague & ill-und]/ood connexion ) ! an?ropomorphic gods :o h be5 develop$ out ( !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! deity & ! animal or plant hav+ be5 =gott51 v>i\s /ories are inv5t$ to expla9 x4 ,^! explanations may foll[ "o ( two l9es accord+ z !y are bas$ on ! habitual or on ! exceptional treatm5t ( ! sacr$ animal or plant4 ,! sacr$ animal 0 habitually sp>$1 & only exceptionally sla92 & accord+ly ! my? might be devis$ to expla9 ei!r :y x 0 sp>$ or :y x 0 kill$4 ,! pr9ciple "h laid d[n is only 9 "p applicable to ! case "u consid]ation2 b x sugge/s t ! dog1 :i* 0 cle>ly sacr$ to ! ,dakotahs1 0 n eat5 solely on acc\nt ( its qualities ( sagacity & brav]y2 ^! happ5$ to be its *>act]i/ics :i* 7 absorb$ by eat+ x4 ,z a sacr$ animal x possess$ sup]natural p[]s1 exemplifi$ especially by its *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,9 a diff]5t /age ( ! developm5t ( ?is g5]al conception a sacr$ animal w\ld be p>tak5 (1 div9e p[] be+ !reby acquir$1 irrespective ( any quality t x might possess#bie4 8,holy animals10 says ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8& holy ?+s g5]ally1 are prim>ily conceiv$1 n z belong+ to ! deity1 b z be+ !mselves in/9ct ) div9e p[] or life4 ,?us a holy animal is "o :i* has a div9e life2 & if x be holy to a p>ticul> god1 ! mean+ mu/ be t its life & 8 are someh[ b\nd up toge!r4 ,f :at is kn[n ( primitive ways ( ?\ght we may inf] t ?is means t ! sacr$ animal is ak9 to ! god1 = all valid & p]man5t relation betwe5 individuals is conceiv$ z k9%ip#bif40 ,9 a /ill lat] /age ( developm5t1 ) an advanc$ conception ( deity1 a sacrifice to ! god w\ld be reg>d$ z ! means ( secur+ :at 0 desir$1 e4g4 9 ! pres5t case1 div9e aid to victory1 z we f9d 9 #a ,sam4 xiii4 #i1 #aj4 ,s t x is conceivable t 9 an e>li] /age ! ,semitic =be>s ( ! ,israelites p>took ( a sacrifice prep>atory to battle 9 ! belief t by ?is means ! /r5g? ( ! god w\ld be imp>t$ to !m4 ,s mu* !n = ! "q ( consecration = battle4 ,we turn n[ to consid] ! purpose ( ! sacr$ dance 9 connexion ) battle among "s ( ! unciviliz$ races4 ,,ii ,z f> z "o c ga!r f ! evid5ce !re seem to be1 9 reg>d to ?is type ( dance 9 its m primitive =ms1 two purposes :i* are app>5tly q di/9ct4 ,! fir/ has = its object ! quiet+ or propitiation ( ! gho/s ( ^? sla9 9 battle2 9 ?is case ! dance is n ! c5tral rite1 b none ! less indisp5sable4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ?is among ! natives ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago3 ,9 ! isl& ( ,timor1 :5 a w>like exp$ition has return$ 9 triumph br++ ! heads ( ! vanqui%$ foe1 ! lead] ( ! exp$ition is =bidd5 by religion & cu/om to return at once to 8 own h\se4 ,a special hut is prep>$ = him1 9 :i* he has to reside = two mon?s1 und]go+ bodily & spiritual purification4 ,t ^! obs]vances are dictat$ by fe> ( ! gho/s seems c]ta92 = f ano!r acc\nt ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ on ! return ( a successful head-hunt] 9 ! same isl& we le>n t ! sacrifices are (f]$ on ?is occasion to appease ! s\l ( ! man ^: head has be5 tak5 (f4 ,! p ?9k t "s mis=tune w\ld befall ! victor 7 su* (f]+s omitt$4 ,moreov]1 a "p ( ! c]emony consi/s ( a dance accompani$ by a song1 9 :i* ! dea? ( ! sla9 man is lam5t$ & 8 =giv5ess is entreat$4 ,an argum5tative plea1 address$ to ! sla9 man1 is !n pron\nc$ 9 ext5uation ( ! un=tunate necessity ( 8 hav+ _h to lose 8 head#big4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is case ! entire c]emony is an act ( propitiation to ! s\l ( ! sla9 le/ 8 gho/ %\ld br+ "s evil on ! head ( ! slay]2 ! dance is1 ( c\rse1 p]=m$ z a complim5t to ! enrag$ gho/4 ,we take ano!r example f a diff]5t "p ( ! _w3 ,among ! ,roro-speak+ tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea homicides 7 seclud$ 9 ! w>riors' club-h\se4 ,!y _h to pass ! night 9 ! build+1 b dur+ ! day !y might pa9t & decorate !mselves & dance 9 front ( x4444 ,f9ally1 ^? w>riors :o _h nev] kill$ a man be=e assum$ a beautiful ornam5t made ( frett$ turtle %ell1 :i* none b homicides 7 all[$ to flaunt 9 _! head-dresses4 ,!n came a dance1 & t same night ! m5 :o wore ! hon\rable badge ( homicide = ! fir/ "t 7 *as$ ab\t ! village2 emb]s 7 ?r[n at !m & firebr&s wav$ 9 ord]1 app>5tly1 to drive away ! s\ls ( ! dead enemies1 :o seem$ to be conceiv$ z imman5t 9 "s way 9 ! headge> ( _! slay]s#bih4 ,"h aga91 :ile ! dance does n =m ! c5tral "p ( ! c]emony1 x is evid5tly an ess5tial "p ( x1 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! sla94 ,! int]ior ( ! w>riors' club-h\se 0 evid5tly consid]$ a place ( safety1 h5ce ! retirem5t into x dur+ ! night1 ! "t :5 ! gho/s 7 mo/ to be fe>$4 ,! dance :i* foll[$ next day mu/ be reg>d$ z an act ( propitiation2 ?is conc]n$ ! vet]ans4 ,! novices _h _! special dance1 also a propitiatory rite1 :ile ! firebr&s hurl$ at _! heads 9 ! ev5+ gave ! quietus to ! gho/s ( ! m5 sla9 by !m4 ,once m1 among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia x is likewise ! cu/om to p]=m a vigor\s dance on ! return f battle#bii4 ,9 ?is case ! dance comprises ! :ole c]emony1 f :i* "o c ga!r ! importance ( x 9 ! eyes ( ^! p4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! dance "h is an act ( propitiation or :e!r x s]ves to fright5 away ! gho/s ( ! sla91 :o are suppos$ to foll[ _! slay]s2 probably1 we %\ld say1 ! =m]1 s9ce ! fright5+ away ( gho/s usually takes a diff]5t =m4 ,z a few examples ( _m ^! cases ( ! dance tak+ place aft] ! return f victory %[ t "o ( its purposes 0 ! propitiation ( ! gho/s ( ! sla94 ,we turn n[ to "s o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! dance _h a diff]5t purpose4 ,an old hi/orian ( ,madagasc> in=ms u t :ile ! m5 are at ! w>s1 & until _! return1 ! wom5 & girls cease n day & night to dance1 & nei!r lie d[n nor take food 9 _! own homes4444 ,!y believe t by danc+ !y imp>t /r5g?1 c\rage1 & good =tune to _! husb&s2 accord+ly dur+ su* times !y give !mselves no re/1 & ?is cu/om !y obs]ve v religi\sly#cjj4 ,a simil> result is believ$ to be br\ght ab\t by danc+1 accord+ to ,mr ,fitzg]ald ,m>riott1 among ,we/ ,african tribes4 ,he says t :ile ! ,a%antee w> 0 rag+ he saw a dance p]=m$ by wom5 ^: husb&s _h gone z c>ri]s to ! w>4 ,!y 7 pa9t$ :ite1 & wore no?+ b a %ort petticoat4 ,at _! head 0 a %rivell$ old sorc]ess 9 a v %ort :ite petticoat4444 ,all c>ri$ :ite bru%es made ( buffalo or horse tails1 & z !y danc$ !y sang1 8,our husb&s h gone to ,a%anteel&2 may !y sweep _! enemies (f ! face ( ! e>?#cja60 ,aga91 among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 8:5 ! m5 7 on ! w>-pa?1 ! wom5 p]=m$ dances at frequ5t int]vals4 ,^! dances 7 believ$ to ensure ! success ( ! exp$ition40 ,! same holds good among ! ,yuki tribe ( ,indians 9 ,cali=nia2 ! wom5 at home danc$1 believ+ t ?is w\ld ensure victory4 ,s1 too1 among ! ,haida wom5 :o danc$ & sang :ile _! husb&s 7 away fight+2 also among ! wom5 9 ! ,kafir di/rict ( ! ,h9doo ,koo% ( :om ,sir ,george ,rob]tson reports t he m ?an once wat*$ ! danc]s danc+ at midnight & 9 ! e>ly morn+1 & c\ld see by ! fitful gl[ ( ! wood-fire h[ hagg>d & tir$ !y look$1 yet h[ gravely & e>ne/ly !y p]si/$ 9 :at !y reg>d$ z a s]i\s duty#cjb4 ,9 all ^! cases ! danc+ is 9 ! nature ( sympa!tic magic1 & has1 !re=e1 an entirely diff]5t purpose f t ( ! previ\s in/ances cit$1 namely t ( ensur+ victory4 ,:ile 9 ! cases ( gho/-propitiation ! danc+1 ?\gh ess5tial1 is subord9ate1 9 ! sympa!tic magical1 or telepa?ic1 type x is c5tral4 ,"o o!r example is wor? giv+1 = x is "o 9 :i* ! danc+ takes place z a welcome to ! w>riors on _! return f battle1 & is1 !re=e1 n ( a telepa?ic nature2 on ! o!r h&1 x does n appe> to be und]tak5 ) ! idea ( propitiat+ ! gho/s ( ! sla91 :ile ! fright5+ ( !m away is n done by ! danc]s4 ,fraz]1 quot+ van d] ,roe/#cjc1 gives ?is example 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,9 ,w9dessi1 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 a p>ty ( head-hunt]s has be5 successful1 & !y are ne>+ home1 !y ann\nce _! approa* & success by bl[+ on triton %ells4 ,_! canoes are also deck$ ) bran*es4 ,! faces ( ! m5 :o h tak5 a head are black5$ ) *>coal4 ,if sev]al h tak5 "p 9 kill+ ! same victim1 8 head is divid$ among !m4 ,!y always "t _! arrival s z to rea* home 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y come r[+ to ! village ) a great noise1 & ! wom5 /& ready to dance 9 ! v]&ahs ( ! h\ses4444 ,! day is sp5t v quietly4 ,n[ & !n !y drum or bl[ on ! con*2 at o!r times !y beat ! walls ( ! h\ses ) l\d %\ts to drive away ! gho/s ( ! sla94 ,if1 z seems probable1 we h "h a case ( ! dance tak+ place z a welcome home1 & z a m>k ( hon\r to ! victori\s w>riors1 !n we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z ! rema9s ( ! full] =m ( ! dance :i* 0 p]=m$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! abs5ce ( ! w>riors1 & ) a diff]5t object4 ,9 any case1 su* a remnant1 involv+ a transition f "o purpose to ano!r1 w\ld be 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1--! orig9al purpose ( ! dance be+ an act ( imitative magic to effect victory1 ! remnant be+ m]ely a =m ( welcome home to ! victori\s w>riors2 & su* a transition c\ld be p>allel$ by analogies1 z e folklori/ is well aw>e#cjd4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! orig9al purpose or purposes ( ! dance w\ld be completely =gott51 & :5 a reason 0 s\ght x w\ld be simply & solely t ( ! welcome to ! home-com+ victors4 ,x is ?is latt]1 & ?is alone1 :i* is ! purpose ( ?is type ( dance 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b t ! cu/om1 l all anci5t cu/oms1 mu/ h a long hi/ory beh9d x1 & t ! o/5sible purpose or purposes ( su* cu/oms v>y accord+ to ! cultural /age ( ! p among :om !y are 9 vogue1 w be g5]ally all[$4 ,we v5ture1 !re=e1 to sugge/ ! possibility t 9 its v mu* e>li] phases among ! ance/ors ( ! ,israelites "s su* objects z ^? indicat$ 7 connect$ ) ?is type ( dance4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,joyful expressions = victory 9 battle lie 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 & s9ce danc+ is1 & always has be51 "o ( ! means ( giv+ v5t to ?is feel+1 its m5tion 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ?is connexion is :at might be expect$4 ,9 ! few examples ( ?is dance record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! po9ts to be not$ are t x is p]=m$ z an act ( ?anksgiv+ to ,jahwe2 ?is /amps x z 9 ! nature ( a sacr$ rite4 ,x is also a welcome home to ! victori\s w>riors & a tribute to _! brav]y2 b 9 all probability at ! back ( ?is !re 0 always ! ?\ght ( ! real au?or ( ! victory1 ! national ,god2 = x 0 9 ,8 "n t ! w>riors _h consecrat$ !mselves = ! battle1 & 9 ,8 "n t !y _h1 !re=e1 gone =? to fight 7cp4 ,deut4 xx4 #a ff474 ,moreov]1 x has to be rememb]$ t ! nation's enemies 7 always reg>d$ z ! enemies ( ! national ,god4 ,! religi\s "* ( ! rite is ?us emphasiz$4 ,a fur!r po9t is t ^! dances1 toge!r ) accompany+ music1 7 p]=m$ by wom54 ,z x 0 ! m5 :o _h gone =? to fight x w be argu$ t !re c\ld be none b wom5 to p]=m ! dances4 ,at ! same "t1 x _c be suppos$ t a di/rict w\ld be :olly d5ud$ ( m52 "s1 x may reasonably be expect$1 rema9$ at home = v>i\s reasons2 see e4g4 ,deut4 xx4 #f-h1 xxiv4 #e4 ,b ! p]=mance ( ! rite seems to h be5 entirely re/rict$ to wom54 ,x may be t !re 0 9 its e>ly orig9s "s reason = ?is1 = we f9d a simil> re/riction among races ( l[] civilization4 ,?is type ( dance is q di/9ct f ! w>-dance2 :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 ! nature ( a w>-dance among ! ,israelites we h no means ( asc]ta9+2 x is nev] ev5 h9t$ at 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 prep>ation = battle 9 ! =m ( sacrifice to ,jahwe4 ,!re 7 "s o!r cu/oms reg>d+ prep>ation & 8consecration0 = battle among ! ,israelites :i* po9t to ! l+]+ ( v old-_w conceptions2 ?is fact (f]s "s ju/ification = ! cont5tion t ?is type ( sacr$ dance may possibly be ! rema9s1 9 a develop$ =m1 ( a rite :i* orig9ally conta9$ "s simil> old-_w conception4 ,by 8rema9s1 9 a develop$ =m10 we mean a rite %orn ( its orig9al cont5t1 b :i* cont9ues to be obs]v$1 & has a new mean+ assign$ to x4 ,we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t di/9ct ref]5ces to ! taboo on sexual int]c\rse = w>riors previ\s to battle 7,deut4 xxiii4 #aj1 #aa2 #a ,sam4 xxi4 #d1 #e #e1 #f 9 ,hebr42 #b ,sam4 xi4 #aa74 ,! ext5sion ( ?is k9d ( taboo to w>riors on an exp$ition is common among rude peoples1 & we "k t x _h place among ! ,arabs1 & 0 n :olly obsolete z late z ! second c5tury ( ,islm#cje4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! rule laid d[n 9 ,deut4 xxiii4 #aj1 #aa1 ,fraz] rightly po9ts out t x suffices to prove t ! cu/om ( cont95ce obs]v$ 9 "t ( w> by ! ,israelites1 z by a multitude ( savage & b>b>\s peoples1 0 bas$ on a sup]/iti\s1 n a rational motive4 ,to conv9ce u ( ?is x is en\gh to rem>k t ! rule is (t5 obs]v$ by w>riors = "s "t aft] _! victori\s return1 z also by ! p]sons left at home dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! fight+ m54 ,9 ^! cases ! obs]vance ( ! rule evid5tly does n admit ( a rational explanation1 :i* c\ld h>dly1 inde$1 be ent]ta9$ by anyone conv]sant ) savage modes ( ?\ght#cjf4 ,!re is ample evid5ce to %[ t ?is cu/om 0 n obs]v$ f fe> ( dissipat+ physical /r5g?1 b simply ow+ to ! belief t any contact :atsoev] ) wom5 made a man effem9ate2 x ext5d$ ev5 to ! t\*+ ( wom5's app>el4 ,we d n ma9ta9 t ! ,israelites 7 necess>ily consci\s ( ! reason :y !y obs]v$ ?is taboo2 x may or may n h be5 s2 b :at we cont5d is t ! cont9u$ exi/5ce among !m ( su* an old-_w rite1 :atev] purpose 0 assign$ = its p]=mance1 ju/ifies belief 9 ! possibility t ! sacr$ dance 9 celebration ( victory is ! rema9s ( ano!r old-_w cu/om & conception to :i* a new mean+ 0 giv54 ,! consid]ation ( "s analog\s examples ( ?is type ( dance among ! uncultur$ races sugge/s t 9 its orig9 x 0 a magical rite p]=m$ by ! wom5 to ensure victory4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 only "o ( ! purposes ( ?is type ( dance2 ano!r object ( x 0 ! quiet+ or propitiat+ ( ! gho/s ( ^? sla9 9 battle4 ,t x ev] _h ?is object among ! ,israelites or _! =be>s x w\ld be ra% to d5y1 kn[+ :at is record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t reg>d+ ! attitude ( ! liv+ t[>ds ! dead#cjg2 b no data ^u :i* to g occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,dance ,,z ,a ,,m>riage ,,rite ,i ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re are q a numb] ( ref]5ces to m>riage#cjh1 b !re is v little ab\t ! ritual 9 connexion ) or ab\t ! fe/ivities :i* took place at w$d+s4 ,! w$d+ fea/ is m5tion$ 9 ,judg4 xiv4 #ab1 #ag1 :]e x is spok5 ( z la/+ sev5 days2 9 ! ,apocrypha we also h m5tion ( x 9 ,tobit ix4 #a ff41 xii4 #a2 accord+ to x4 #g x la/s f\rte5 days4 ,! ,*uppah1 i4e4 ! canopy "u :i* ! bride & bridegroom /& dur+ ! w$d+-c]emony1 is ref]r$ to 9 ,ps4 xix4 #e 7#f 9 ,hebr471 ,joel ii4 #af2 cp4 ,tobit vii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,! m>riage procession is m5tion$ 9 #a ,macc4 ix4 #cg ff41 9 connexion ) x 8timbrels & m9/rels0 are spok5 (4 ,! only place 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! c]emonial dance at a w$d+ is specifically ref]r$ to is 9 ,cant4 vi4 #ac 7vii4 #a 9 ,hebr472 ?is runs1 accord+ to ! ,r4,v4 r5d]+3 ,return1 return1 ,o ,%ulammite2 ,return1 return1 t we may look ^u !e4 ,:y w ye look ^u ! ,%ulammite1 ,z ^u ! dance ( ,maanaim8 ,! passage may be expla9$ 9 ?is way 7! ju/ification = ! int]pretation w be giv5 aft]w>ds73 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( ! 8k+'s week02 ! p are ga!r$ to witness ! sword-dance ( ! bride2 z %e is ! 8que50 %e is spok5 ( z ! 8,%ulammite0 7 8,%unammite07#cji because ?is 0 ! type ( a 8fair damsel0 7see #a ,k+s i4 #c1 #d2 cp4 ,cant4 i4 #h1 v4 #i72 x is an honorific title conf]r$ on brides dur+ _! 8que5%ip40 ,! p cry out to h]3 8,turn1 turn10 i4e4 9 h] dance2 x is a ^w ( enc\ragem5t1 !y wi% also to obs]ve all h] movem5ts4 ,! bridegroom1 :o is /&+ by1 is pleas$ at ! fav\rable reception accord$ to 8 bride1 &1 9 ori5tal fa%ion1 asks !m :y !y gaze ^u ?is fair damsel :o is danc+ ) a sword 9 h] h&8 ,!y reply1 z he expects !m to1 ) a song 9 praise ( h] beauty3 8,h[ beautiful are ?y feet 9 s&als 4440 7vii4 #a ff471 i4e4 !y beg9 ) a ref]5ce to ! dance %e is p]=m+ be=e !m1 to h] /ep & o!r movem5ts ( h] body4 ,! expression 8dance ( ,maanaim#caj0 is appli$ to ! dance because ( ! sword t is c>ri$ & wav$ ab\t dur+ its p]=mance2 !re is a w>like look ab\t x1 h5ce ! "n w>-dance or 8dance ( ho/s02 probably also ! "n conta9s a ref]5ce to ! purpose = :i* ! dance 0 p]=m$2 to ?is we %all come 9 a mom5t4 ,n[ !re c be little d\bt b t ?is passage reflects ! cu/oms at w$d+s su* z are to be se5 at ! pres5t day among ! ,syrian peasants :o1 l ! dwell]s 9 ! ,arabian ,des]t1 h pres]v$ _! cu/oms f "t immemorial#caa4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( a w$d+ among ! ,syrian peasants1 :i* ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ?is difficult passage 9 ,canticles1 is record$ by ,wetz/e9#cab2 ! po9ts :i* specially conc]n u may be briefly m5tion$ "h4 ,:51 among ^! peasants1 ! day ( a w$d+ is fix$ ! neighb\rs ga!r at ! village ?re%+-floor :]e ! m>riage takes place4 ,! bridegroom & bride are proclaim$ k+#cac & que51 & are treat$ z su* dur+ ! sev5 days aft] ! w$d+1 :i* are giv5 up to danc+ & fea/+4 ,! ?rone ( ! 8royal0 pair is ! ?re%+-sl$ge2 "h !y sit & wat* ! fe/ivities dur+ ! 8k+'s week10 z ^! sev5 days are call$4 ,! ?re%+-floor is ! c\rt ( ! k+ & que54 ,x is 9 ! ev5+ ( ! w$d+-day t ! sword-dance takes place2 ?is is p]=m$ by ! bride alone be=e ! 8k+0 & ! assembl$ villag]s4 ,! sword :i* ! bride c>ries & br&i%es dur+ h] dance is said to symbolize & proclaim ! fact t %e is prep>$ to def5d h]self f all unlawful approa* f o!r suitors4 ,?is explanation is probably n ! orig9al "o2 = x is que/ionable :e!r among ! ,syrian peasants ?is dance 0 always p]=m$ by ! bride4 ,krem] describes a m>riage1 = example1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,beirut1 at :i* dur+ ! w$d+ procession a sword-dance took place2 x 0 p]=m$ by two "y m51 fri5ds ( ! bridegroom2 !y 7 v lightly clad 9 light-blue kumbz ) :ite turban4 ,ea* held a small r\nd %ield made ( hide & a sword2 !y f\ght 9 rhy?mic "t1 smit+ ea* o!r's %ields1 & mov+ =w>d ! :ole "t ) ! procession#cad4 ,among ! ,b$\9 ,arabs aga91 accord+ to ,d\ghty#cae1 a sword-dance =ms "o ( ! c]emonies at w$d+s2 "h1 too1 x is p]=m$ by fri5ds ( ! bridegroom4 ,?is is also ! case among ! ,moslems 9 ,pale/9e#caf4 ,! object & mean+ ( ?is sword-dance1 by :omsoev] p]=m$1 is difficult to asc]ta94 ,x is held1 & at fir/ sight ! cont5tion seems p>tly ju/ifi$1 t we h "h a relic ( ! v anci5t cu/om ( m>riage by capture2 b ap>t f ! fact t ! sword 9 ! h& ( ! bride sc>cely be>s ?is out1 grave d\bts exi/ z to :e!r !re ev] 0 su* a cu/om#cag4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t ?is dance may orig9ally h _h a diff]5t purpose altoge!r4 ,! subject is f> too l>ge & intricate to g into "h1 b ,crawley has %[n by num]\s examples t c]ta9 evil influ5ces are suppos$ to be abroad at ! "t ( m>riages1 & t ^! h to be w>d$ (f by v>i\s means#cah4 ,to give b "o or two ( ^! examples3 8,among/ ! ,bheels & ,bheelalahs ! groom t\*es ! #8m>riage %$' ) a sword40 ,?is1 l ! cu/om among ! ,be*uanas ( ! bridegroom ?r[+ an arr[ into ! hut be=e he ent]s to take 8 bride1 is done 9 ord] to sc>e away evil spirits or o!r h>mful influ5ces2 ?is is also ! reason1 z ,crawley po9ts out1 ( ! old ,roman cu/om ( a bridegroom comb+ ! bride's hair ) a spe>1 ! coelib>is ha/a4 ,s t x is q conceivable t ! sword-dance is a relic ( ! cu/om ( w>d+ (f :at are suppos$ to be invisible foes :o ga!r ar\nd at ! "t ( m>riages#cai4 ,a dance ( ano!r k9d1 b :i* may also be a relic ( ! same cu/om1 is m5tion$ by ,dalman z exi/+ among ! ,b$\9 ,arabs4 ,:5 ! bride comes into ! h\se ( ! bridegroom %e p]=ms a dance 9 sl[ movem5t :ile hold+ a light$ c&le 9 ea* h& ) out/ret*$ arms2 %e turns 9 all directions s z to appe> l a />#cbj4 ,a few details may n[ be giv5 ( ! dance z a m>riage rite among ! ,jews ( po/-biblical times :o h 9 innum]able ways kept up cu/oms dat+ f "t immemorial4 ,we are n ?9k+ "h1 any m ?an 9 ! prec$+ examples1 ( ! ord9>y danc+ at w$d+s :i* inv>iably took place z an expression ( fe/ive enjoym5t2 our conc]n is ) ritual dances :i*1 orig9ally at any rate1 _h a specific & s]i\s object1 ju/ify+ ! epi!t 8sacr$0 be+ appli$ to !m4 ,dur+ ! w$d+ procession ?r\gh ! /reets x 0 cu/om>y = all :o c\ld d s to jo9 9 & dance 9 front ( ! bride1 :o is spok5 ( z ! 8que502 ?is 0 done 9 h] hon\r4 ,rabbi ,t>phon 7#bnd c5tury ,a4,d471 we are told1 on "o su* occasion caus$ ! bride to be br\ght into 8 h\se1 :]e %e 0 ba!d1 ano9t$1 & adorn$ by 8 "m & si/]4 ,!n he bade 8 pupils accompany h] ) songs & dances to ! h\se ( ! bridegroom#cba4 ,rabbis ( high repute danc$ 9 front ( brides ) myrtle-b\ghs 9 _! h&s4 ,x 0 also "p ( ! m>riage c]emony = a dance1 9 :i* ! danc]s held myrtle-b\ghs 9 _! h&s1 to be p]=m$ 9 front ( ! bridal pair#cbb4 ,! p]fume ( ! myrtle is my/ically describ$ z dispell+ ! od\r ( hell-fire2 ?\gh :y !re %\ld be any dang] ( t od\r dur+ ! m>riage c]emony is n /at$4 ,d\btless we h "h an e*o ( ! old-_w conception m5tion$ above4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! same ?+ :5 we read t among ! ,jews ( ,egypt 9 ! ,middle ,ages dur+ ! w$d+ procession ! bride wore a helmet1 &1 ) a sword 9 h] h&1 l$ ! procession ) a dance#cbc4 ,x is possible t ! same conception lies beh9d a cu/om not$ among ! ,jews ( ,p]sia & else:]e3 traces ( ! well-kn[n /epp+ ( ! bride into sev5 circles t[>ds ! bridegroom appe> 9 "s =ms ( ! ,jewi% w$d+ s]vice4 ,! ,jewi% bridegroom 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & ! bride turn$ r\nd him ?rice4 ,or ! bride & bridegroom 7 seat$ side by side1 & ! assembl$ company danc$ r\nd !m#cbd4 ,an encircl+ dance _h ! purpose 7"o among o!rs1 accord+ to circum/ances7 ( keep+ (f evil influ5ces4 ,a diff]5t purpose lies beh9d ! dance p]=m$ among ! ,jews ( ! ,caucasus1 ?\gh ! danc]s are probably n consci\s ( x3 "s days be=e ! w$d+ ?ree or f\r girls1 relatives ( ! bride1 put on h] clo!s & invite o!r girls to sleep 9 a special room ) h]4 ,t[>d ev5+ ! groom s5ds meat & rice-fl\r to ! bride & h] fri5ds4 ,! latt] g out & spr9kle ! fl\r on ! "y p :o dance :ile ! boys & girls clap _! h&s#cbe4 ,?is1 9 all probability1 reflects an anci5t rite1 9 ! nature ( imitative magic1 = ! purpose ( ensur+ a fruitful m>riage4 ,a simil> purpose may be disc]n$ 9 ano!r cu/om at ,jewi% ori5tal w$d+s1 accord+ to :i* ! newly-m>ri$ pair leapt ?rice ov] a b[l ( wat] 9 :i* a fi% 0 swimm+ ab\t#cbf4 ,among ! ,jews ( all ages1 !n1 ! sacr$ dance z a w$d+ c]emony _h an important place1 & ?\gh its purposes may h be5 entirely =gott51 ! rite itself cont9u$4 ,,ii ,a brief glance at "s rites1 analog\s to ^? j ref]r$ to1 z exi/+ among "s o!r peoples w n be )\t int]e/4 ,! idea ( 8royalty0 atta*+ to ! bridal pair is se5 9 ,morocco at ! pres5t day2 ! bridegroom is look$ ^u & treat$ z a sultan1 & 8 ba*elor fri5ds act z 8 m9i/]s 7waz>a7#cbg4 ,among ! ,malays ! bride & bridegroom are call$ ,raja s>i1 8! sov]eigns ( ! day10 & 8x is a polite fiction t no comm& ( _!'s1 dur+ _! "o day ( sov]eignty1 may be disobey$#cbh40 ,_m simil> examples c\ld be giv52 ! und]ly+ idea is t by a *ange ( id5tity#cbi1--t x is purely fictiti\s is no matt]--! dang]s :i* are conceiv$ (1 h[ev] vaguely1 z att5d+ ^? ab\t to be jo9$ 9 m>riage1 are mitigat$4 ,we/]m>ck says3 ,a v l>ge numb] ( m>riage c]emonies spr+ f ! feel+ or idea t bride & bridegroom are 9 a /ate ( dang]1 & !re=e /& 9 ne$ ( purification & ( special protection aga9/ magical influ5ces & evil spirits2 9 ?is class ( cu/oms he includes danc+#ccj4 ,:y danc+ %\ld be suppos$ to h ?is effect is ano!r "q to :i*1 presumably1 diff]5t answ]s w be giv54 ,= our own "p1 we are incl9$ to believe t at ! bottom ( x lies a connexion ) ! orig9al idea & purpose ( ! sacr$ dance1 viz4 ! imitation1 & !re=e ! pleas+1 ( sup]natural p[]s1 z already po9t$ out 7see p4 #bb72 n t !re 0 necess>ily any consci\sness ( ?is2 b f ! e>lie/ times danc+ _h _h ?is purpose1 & ! cu/om cont9u$ )\t a reason = x be+ assign$4 ,n b :at ! rite z a m>riage c]emony may1 & d\btless did1 h o!r purposes z well2 b ^! may ei!r h be5 sup]impos$1 or :at is q possible1 a diff]5t tra9 ( ideas gave rise to !m4 ,b beh9d !m all lay1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?is propitiatory act p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( "s sup]natural p[]4 ,all fe/ive danc+ at w$d+s may be reg>d$ z hav+ orig9at$ f ?is4 ,to quote ,we/]m>ck aga93 ,c]emonies :i* once _h a purpose may1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become entirely mean+less1 & yet cont9ue to be practis$2 & c]emonies may also be direct expressions ( emotional /ates1 :e!r comb9$ ) a special purpose or n4 ,j z fun]al rites & m\rn+ obs]vances1 ev5 :5 !y are int5d$ to protect ! survivors aga9/ ! dead man's gho/ or ! contagion ( dea?1 are v l>gely simil> to or id5tical ) natural expressions ( sorr[ or grief1 s ! precautions tak5 at a w$d+ assume ! %ape ( joyful p]=mances1 su* z danc+1 music1 s++444#cca4 ,among ^! c]emonies :i* h become entirely mean+less1 b are cont9u$ z a joyful or picturesque p]=mance1 0 ! sword-dance ref]r$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is1 z we h already notic$1 is 9 all probability ! relic ( a rite :i* _h ! purpose ( av]t+ evil influ5ces2 x 0 a m aggressive means ( combat+ ^!1 ! *ange ( id5tity be+ a passive =m s]v+ ! same purpose4 ,b z ! sword-dance _h ?is combative purpose1 any o!r weapon might h be5 equally efficaci\s2 inde$1 if1 z we h reason to suppose1 ! sword-dance is b ! late/ =m ( a v anci5t rite1 we %\ld expect to f9d t 9 its m primitive =ms o!r weapons w\ld be employ$1 = ! sword 01 comp>atively speak+1 a mod]n weapon4 ,s t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 e4g4 among ! ,druses ( ,syria1 ! sword-dance figures z a necess>y rite at w$d+s#ccb1 & among ! ,moroccans ! bridegroom c>ries a sword z long z ! m>riage c]emonies cont9ue#ccc1 we f9d t 9 ! anci5t ,indian ritual ! bride :5 =mally pres5t$ to ! bridegroom at ! w$d+ c]emony places a :ip or an arr[ 9 8 h&#ccd4 ,t 9 "s cases ! c>ry+ or pres5t+ ! weapon is unaccompani$ by ! dance ne$ cause no surprise2 !y are b exceptions to ! g5]al rule1 & x is made up = aft]w>ds4 ,an e*o ( ! primitive rite is d\btless to be disc]n$ among ! ,malayans2 at a royal w$d+ a p]=mance is giv5 by danc+ girls & f5c]s#cce2 & at ord9>y w$d+s dur+ ! m>riage procession !re is danc+ & f5c+ to ! accompanim5t ( music & s++#ccf4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r w$d+ c]emonies1 "s accompani$ by danc+ & "s n1 :i* orig9ally _h1 & (t5 /ill h1 ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ malign influ5ces at ! "t ( m>riage2 ^! influ5ces are1 or r 71 p>tly due to ! belief 9 my/]i\s1 vaguely-conceiv$ dang]s :i* ! sexes reciprocally ascrib$ to ea* o!r#ccg1 & p>tly to ! /rang5ess ( feel+ g5]at$ by ! k t a new /ate ( life 0 ab\t to be ent]$ ^u :i* w\ld br+ ab\t new exp]i5ces z reg>ds oneself1 & new relation%ips z reg>d$ o!rs4 ,z to ! =m]2 x is v likely t ! 8,h5na-dance10 :i* always takes place at w$d+s among ! ,malays1 _h ! orig9al purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! dang]s allud$ to1 e4g41 ! evil eye1 possibly2 ?is dance takes its "n f ! c]emony ( dabb+ h5na on ! c5tre ( ! palm ( ! bride4 ,skeat1 9 describ+ ! dance1 says3 ,a picturesque feature ( x is a small cake ( h5na1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a braz5 cup & surr\nd$ by c&les4 ,?is cup is c>ri$ by ! danc] :o has to keep turn+ x ov] & ov] )\t lett+ ! c&les be ext+ui%$ by ! w9d aris+ f ! rapid motion4 ,! /ep is call$ ! 8,h5na-dance /ep10 & ! tune accompany+ x is call$ ! 8,h5na-/a9+ tune#cch40 ,d\btless ?is is an elaboration ( ! orig9al =m ( ! dance1 & a fur!r purpose has be5 sup]impos$--! turn+ ( ! cup )\t ext+ui%+ ! c&les may be diff]5tly expla9$1 ?\gh x mu/ be a magical rite ( "s k9d--b ! h5na on ! palms c]ta9ly seems to po9t to a means ( av]t+ ! evil eye4 ,z to ! fe>s at ent]+ ^u a new /ate1 we may be p>don$ = quot+ ,we/]m>ck once m1 = he is our =emo/ au?ority on ! :ole subject4 ,he writes3 ,a m>riage implies n only t ! p>ties ent] into new relations to ea* o!r's p1 b v frequ5tly t "o ( !m1 ?r\gh ! *ange ( domicile1 is actually transf]r$ to ! o!r "o's family gr\p4 ,& x implies o!r *anges 9 ! social gr\p+ ( p3 ei!r p>ty passes f "o social class into ano!r1 ! bridegroom f ! class ( ! ba*elors to t ( ! m>ri$ m51 ! bride f ! class ( ! girls to t ( ! m>ri$ wom54 ,?is re-gr\p+ also f9ds expression 9 ! m>riage ritual1 z :5 ! hair ( ! bride is arrang$ 9 ! fa%ion ( m>ri$ wom51 or %e c]emonially assumes ! head-dress worn by !m1 or :5 ! bride dances fir/ ) ! unm>ri$ girls & !n ) ! m>ri$ wom51 & ! bridegroom fir/ ) ! ba*elors & !n ) ! m>ri$ m5#cci4 ,"h ! dance is cle>ly 9 ! nature ( an initiatory c]emony into "o class f ano!r1 & x has ! effect ( famili>iz+ ea* p>ty ) ! new /atus & condition2 x may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z s]v+ a k9d ( prophylactic purpose4 ,?is has tak5 u "s way f ! sword-dance2 b x all really arises f ?is2 = all t has be5 said po9ts to ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( undef9$ dang]s 9 m>riage1 & ! means to c\nt]act ^!2 & numb]less o!r examples are available4 ,b our ma9 po9t "h is to %[ h[ frequ5tly1 = :atev] reasons1 ! dance has a "p to play 9 ! rites p]=m$4 ,,iii ,we take n[ a brief glance at "o or two o!r w$d+ c]emonies 9 :i* ! dance figures prom95tly4 ,we h se5 t at ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals dances 7 p]=m$ by "s peoples = ! purpose ( mak+ ! crops gr[4 ,ei!r by leap+ high dur+ ! dance1 or by ! danc]s p]sonat+ ! spirits ( f]tility1 or by dances ( o!r k9ds1 x 0 believ$ t ! desir$ effect c\ld be produc$4 ,two ideas (t5 coalesce 9 su* dances3 t ( a propitiatory act 9 hon\r ( ! god ( f]tility1 & t ( an act ( imitative magic2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! two are n always or necess>ily comb9$ 9 ! same dance4 ,! purpose ( ?is type ( dance1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to t ( ensur+ good crops4 ,we are told1 = example1 t among ! ,m&an ,indians on ! occasion ( _! great annual fe/ival1 a man acts ! "p ( a buffalo bull 9 ! buffalo dance1 8! object ( :i* 0 to ensure a pl5tiful supply ( buffaloes dur+ ! ensu+ ye>#cdj40 ,to ! same circle ( ideas belongs t accord+ to :i* a pl5tiful supply ( fi% c be procur$ by danc+#cda4 ,in/ances ne$ n be multipli$4 ,x is evid5t t ! belief 01 & probably /ill is1 widespread ( danc+ be+ ! means ( ensur+ f]tility4 ,n[ if ?is 0 s 9 reg>d to crops & animals1 may x n be possible t ! same belief exi/$ 9 reg>d to human be+s8 ,ev5 ?\gh ! purpose might h be5 entirely =gott5 ! practice might /ill be cont9u$4 ,x is conceivable t ?is idea1 ?\gh =gott51 may und]lie ! c]emony ( 8! clean+ ( ! :eat0 to be us$ at ! w$d+ fea/ among ! ,moroccans2 ?is is p]=m$ by m>ri$ wom5 & girls2 :ile "s ( !m are clean+ ! :eat o!rs dance & s+1 keep+ "t by clapp+ _! h&s2 x is s necess>y t ! danc+ %\ld cont9ue dur+ ! :ole c]emony t :5 ! danc]s get tir$ o!rs take _! place#cdb4 ,among ! same p ! waz>a 7see p4 #ahd7 p]=m a c]emonial dance 9 ! h\se ( ! bride#cdc4 ,?is may also h be5 ! orig9al purpose ( ! epi?alamium among ! ,greeks1 sung aft] ! w$d+ fea/ 9 ! ev5+ be=e ! door ( ! bridal *amb] by a *orus ( maid5s :o danc$ :ile !y sang2 ,!ocritus ref]s to ?is 9 8 eighte5? ,idyll 78,! ,epi?alamium ( ,hel5073 ,& s 9 ,sp>ta long ago ! maids ,) bloom+ hyac9?s _! locks among1 ,)9 ! halls ( fair-hair$ ,m5elaus ,be=e ! newly-limnd bride *amb] ,_! dances set--twelve girls1 ! city's pride1 ,! fl[] ( ,lac$emon's maids1--:at "t ,! y\ng] son ( ,atreus woo$ & won ,hel51 ! d>l+ *ild ( ,tynd>eus1 ,& took h] to 8 b[]4 ,9 "o accord ,!y sang1 ) measur$ beat & wov5 /eps1 ,:ile l\d ! halls rang ) ! m>riage-lay#cdd4 ,o!r in/ances ( a simil> "* c\ld easily be adduc$4 ,! idea is n s fanta/ic z1 at fir/ sight1 x may appe> to "s4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) ?+s f ! po9t ( view ( uncultur$ man we mu/ n look = ! laws ( cause & effect to foll[ ! c\rse :i* w\ld appeal to u4 ,he believes t he c put into motion ! work+ ( ,nature by means ( 8 own devis+2 & if he induce or assi/ ! spirits ( f]tility 9 produc+ corn & buffaloes1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld n by ! same means assi/ !m 9 quick5+ ! *ild-be>+ capacity ( a woman4 ,_m o!r examples c\ld be giv5 ( ! dance z a m>riage rite1 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! few foll[+ ref]5ces to x among peoples 9 v diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w3 ,! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 ,i4 #deh f42 ! natives ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ,miss ,alice ,w]n]1 ,! ,natives ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #aca 7#aijf72 ! ,kayans ( ,borneo1 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,nor? ,borneo1 ,i4 #aad f4 7#ahif72 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bcc f41 #bde 7#aijd72 ! natives ( ,tahiti1 ,fea!rman1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #cc f42 ! natives ( ,new ,brita91 ,george ,br[n1 ,melanesians & ,polynesians1 p4 #aaf 7#aiaj74 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,once only 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is !re m5tion ( a c]emonial w$d+ dance1 ?\gh !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to o!r m>riage cu/oms4 ,we h to look 9 o!r directions = ! mean+ & purpose ( ?is type ( sacr$ dance4 ,f ! cu/om among ! ,b$\9 ,arabs x seems t at _! w$d+s ! sword-dance =ms "o ( ! mo/ important c]emonies2 & f ?is we may ga!r t ! 8dance ( ,maanaim10 m5tion$ 9 ,canticles1 0 a simil> sword-dance4 ,v>i\s consid]ations po9t to ! probability ( ?is sword-dance be+ a relic ( ! cu/om ( w>d+ (f :at 7 conceiv$ to be malign influ5ces at ! times ( w$d+s4 ,traces ( ! same old-_w idea1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 entirely =gott51 are to be disc]n$ 9 "s ( ! cu/oms among ! ,jews ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is possible t among !m c]ta9 o!r c]emonies :i* 7 p]=m$ on ^! occasions _h ! object ( ensur+ a fruitful m>riage4 ,v widely spread is ! cu/om ( call+ ! bridegroom & ! bride 8k+0 & 8que510 & ( treat+ !m z a royal pair dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! w$d+ fe/ivities4 ,! reason = ?is 0 orig9ally t1 by means ( *ange ( id5tity1 ! bridal pair might avoid ! my/]i\s dang]s :i* 7 suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! idea presumably 0 t a disguise puzzl$ ! malign visitors s t !y did n "k on :om to v5t _! sple54 ,x is evid5t t a simil> purpose 0 s]v$ by ! cu/om ( sub/itut+ a mock bride = ! real "o1 or ( bride & bridegroom be+ att5d$ by "o or m p]sons dress$ up to resemble h] or him2 ,crawley gives int]e/+ illu/rations ( bo? cu/oms#cde4 ,"s o!r dances 9 connexion ) ! m>riage c]emony are consid]$2 !y h ei!r ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! evil influ5ces already ref]r$ to2 or else1 z !re are "s reasons = believ+1 !y 7 suppos$ to ensure a fruitful m>riage4 ,x is n to be expect$ t we %\ld f9d any trace ( ^! purposes 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ! analogy ( ,b$\9 ,arab cu/om & t ( ! ,jews at lat] p]iods (f]s presumptive evid5ce t ! cu/oms exi/$ among ! ,israelites1 ?\gh _! orig9al purpose 0 entirely =gott54 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,danc+ ,,z ,a ,,m\rn+ ,,& ,,burial ,,rite ,i ,!re is no in/ance to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( danc+ be+ p]=m$ z a m\rn+ or burial rite2 t mu/ be ackn[l$g$2 yet 9 spite ( ?is !re are /rong reasons = believ+ t ! cu/om did exi/ among ! ,israelites4 ,! sil5ce does n imply t ! rite 0 n 9 vogue2 !re are1 also1 suffici5t reasons to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ref]5ce to x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 except+ incid5tally we %\ld n necess>ily expect x to be m5tion$ at all2 x 0 n a public rite2 if x _h be5 "o might conceivably h look$ = "s ref]5ce to x 9 ! records1 suppos+ x to h be5 p]=m$ on "s great or special occasion2 b z a private rite !re 0 no reason = its be+ record$ 9 ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,ano!r reason = its n be+ m5tion$ is because its orig9al significance & importance _h1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$1 be5 =gott52 l "s o!r m\rn+ & burial cu/oms x w\ld h be5 kept up = no o!r reason ?an t x _h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial2 s t !re 0 no po9t 9 speak+ ( x4 ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( "s o!r ,israelite m\rn+ cu/oms !re is only "h & !re incid5tal m5tion 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 al?\gh "s ( !m 7 c]ta9ly v (t5 practis$1 e4g4 flute-play+1 lac]ation ( ! body 7modifi$ lat] by ! r5d+ ( ! g>m5t71 cutt+ (f ( ! hair1 b>+ ! feet1 cov]+ ! head1 ! fun]al fea/2 x might easily h happ5$ 9 ! case ( any "o ( ^! t ! incid5tal m5tion _h n occurr$ 7z1 inde$1 is ! case ) flute-play+72 b t sil5ce w\ld n h ju/ifi$ d5ial ( its exi/5ce1 provid$ always t !re 7 reasons = believ+ t x 0 practis$4 ,n[1 z we %all see1 9 ! case ( danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite !re are reasons = believ+ t x 0 9 vogue among ! ,israelites1 & t !re=e ! sil5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is n 9 itself suffici5t reason = d5y+ t x exi/$ among !m4 ,!re is a fur!r pot5t reason = ?is cu/om nev] be+ m5tion$3 its practice 0 incompatible ) ,jahwe-wor%ip1 because ( its connexion ) ,ance/or-wor%ip1 & !re=e ! suppression 7suppos+ x _h be5 m5tion$7 ( all ref]5ce to x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a sacr$ duty by ! lat] r$actors ( ! sacr$ text4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature 0 subject$ to su* r$actions 9 times :5 a full developm5t 9 ! direction ( a m rigid insi/5ce ^u & a m emphatic decl>ation ( mono!i/ic wor%ip _h tak5 place2 "u ^! circum/ances x w\ld h be5 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = any ref]5ce to ?is rite 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature to h be5 delet$4 ,s t1 on ?is gr\nd1 aga91 ! sil5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t reg>d+ ?is m\rn+ rite is no reason = d5y+ t x exi/$4 ,b !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 positive gr\nds = ! belief t x 0 9 exi/5ce among ! ,israelites3 ,if analogies c\nt = any?+ 7& 9 ! case ( anci5t cu/oms1 & especially burial rites1 !y are ( ! greate/ importance71 !n ! fact t danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite ei!r is1 or has be51 widespread among all k9ds ( peoples all ov] ! _w w\ld sugge/ t ! ,israelites practis$ x too4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r m\rn+ & burial rites common to ! races ( antiquity 7includ+ ! ,israelites7 & to ! uncultur$ races ( ! pres5t day#cdf2 if danc+ =m$ an exception to ^!1 be+ practis$ by all except+ ! ,israelites1 !re w\ld h to be "s v special reason assign$ = ?is2 b x is evid5t t su* reason is n =?com+4 ,ano!r reason :i* sugge/s ! probability ( danc+ z a m\rn+ rite among ! ,israelites is t x 0 a natural concomitant to flute-play+1 :i*1 z we "k f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 0 a v usual m\rn+ rite2 ! two belong toge!r1 & :]e ! "o 0 9 vogue x is reasonable to suppose t ! o!r 0 n want+4 ,?is applies1 ( c\rse1 to e>ly times2 x is always possible t ) ! developm5t ( religi\s ideas an antique cu/om may be modifi$1 or ev5 fall into disuse2 9 ! pres5t case nei!r ! danc+ nor ! flute-play+ fell into disuse until well into ! ,*ri/ian era 7inde$1 ! =m] is /ill p]=m$71 b a modification ( ! cu/om took place 9 s f> t !y 7 n necess>ily p]=m$ at ! same "t4 ,!n we h ?is fur!r reason3 x w be se51 :5 we come to consid] ! objects ( danc+ z a m\rn+ rite1 t !y involve beliefs :i* seem to be common to man dur+ "s /ages 9 8 cultural & religi\s developm5t4 ,x is difficult to suppose t :at _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( man g5]ally %\ld n h be5 s 9 ! case ( ! ,israelites4 ,we t\* ^u ?is po9t aga9 lat]4 ,b1 f9ally1 ! /ronge/ reason = believ+ t ?is cu/om 0 9 vogue among ! anci5t ,israelites is t x exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,su* ?+s z m\rn+ & burial cu/oms are nev] innovations2 modifications may arise1 z we h j said2 a cu/om may fall into disuse & be discont9u$ altoge!r2 b :5 a rite is practis$ at ! pres5t day1 x is n a new ?+1 b has a long hi/ory beh9d x4 ,reg>d+ ! p>ticul> example to be giv5 pres5tly x is kn[n to g back at any rate to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 b x is safe to say t x mu/ be va/ly old] ?an t 9 reality2 = ( all cu/oms none are s t5aci\s z ^? :i* h to d ) m\rn+ & burial1 = !y t\* m5 at a v s5sitive spot4 ,if at any "t su* a cu/om z we are ?9k+ ( is kn[n to h exi/$1 or to exi/ n[1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 x goes back to v mu* e>li]1 inde$ to prehi/oric1 times4 ,t mu* may be safely ga!r$ f :at we "k ( ! cu/oms ( savage man & ! way 9 :i* s _m ( !m are /ill exi/5t 9 modifi$ =ms4 ,s t s9ce1 at ! lea/1 some?+ correspond+ to ! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ rite is /ill 9 vogue among "s ( ! ,jews1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t t ipso facto proves its exi/5ce among _! ,hebrew ance/ors 9 days gone by4 ,"o o!r consid]ation may be urg$4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t ! numb] ( words f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = danc+ is significant4 ,:5 we "k t danc+ on v>i\s religi\s occasions =m$ an important elem5t1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 ! presumption is /rong t x occurr$ also dur+ ! v solemn p]iod ( m\rn+4 ,x may1 !n1 be cont5d$ t ! cumulative effect ( ^! argum5ts ju/ifies ! belief t ! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ or burial rite 0 well kn[n to1 & practis$ by1 ! anci5t ,israelites1 & t ! sil5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ^u ! subject is no reason to d\bt ?is4 ,,ii ,among ! ,jews 7bo? ,a%k5azic & ,seph>dic7 ! sacr$ dance z a burial rite is kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,dur+ ! ,talmudic p]iod 7i4e4 ,a4,d4 #ejj & foll[+ c5turies7 x 0 cu/om>y1 & is /ill1 on occasion1 = a laudatory spee* to be made 9 ! case ( m5 ei!r at ! burial or aft]w>ds4 ,su* spee*es 7 accompani$ by :at mu/ be reg>d$ z ! remnant ( "s =m ( dance2 :ile !y 7 be+ deliv]$ ! m\rn]s kept up a monoton\s1 b rhy?mical1 /amp+ ( ! feet2 ?is 0 n applause1 be+ too regul> & incessant2 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a means ( giv+ v5t to ! emotions1 j z ! dance 9 ! ord9>y s5se 04 ,its orig9 may h be51 judg+ f p>allels among o!r peoples1 a sacr$ dance 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t took ?is /]eotyp$ & me*anical =m4 ,! ^w us$ is raqa :i* occurs also 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! /amp+ ( feet 7#b ,sam4 xxii4 #dc1 ,ezek4 vi4 #aa71 ?\gh 9 nei!r case is !re ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( danc+2 b1 z we h said1 x is only to be reg>d$ z a remnant ( ! e>li] cu/om1 n 9 itself a dance4 ,! fact t x 0 done collectively by ! m\rn]s is a po9t ( significance1 = f :at we "k ( fun]al dances among o!r peoples su* collective action 0 usual4 ,n b t individuals express$ _! emotions 9 _! own way1 too2 = we read1 = example1 ( m\rn]s be+ (t5 c>ri$ away by ! int5sity ( _! feel+s & act+ 9 an extravagant way1 te>+ (f _! s&als & beat+ !mselves ) !m2 wom5 7 kn[n dur+ a fun]al procession to jump on to ! c(f94 ,comp>$ ) su* ?+s a dance 9 hon\r ( a respect$ relative deceas$ w\ld be a decor\s proce$+4 ,& :5 we rememb] t danc+ 0 p]=m$ z an act ( hon\r to ! deity1 a simil> means ( %[+ respect to a greatly lov$ & hon\r$ p]son at 8 fun]al is n s out ( ! "q z x might seem at fir/4 ,krauss says t at fun]als1 9 all probability1 bo? m5 & wom5 p]=m$ dances fitt+ to ! occasion2 & !y c]ta9ly ge/iculat$ ) h&s & f+]s4 ,he gives a concrete in/ance ( a woman danc+ be=e ! picture ( h] dead son2 8a proce$+ n unhe>d ( dur+ fun]al processions#cdg02 ! ^w us$ is rqad1 on :i* see above1 p4 #df4 ,aga91 ! ,seph>dic ,jews 7i4e4 ,spani% & ,portuguese7 h reta9$ "s anci5t elem5ts 9 _! wor%ip & ritual :i* h disappe>$ among ! ,a%k5azim1 :o include ! bulk ( ! ,jews4 ,a notable in/ance ( ?is is ! procession r\nd ! corpse at burials4 ,circumambulation1 a processional m>* r\nd an object1 _c 9 its orig9 be di/+ui%$ f ! encircl+ dance1 = 9 _m cases ! purpose ( ! rite is ! same4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t all su* circumambulations are modifications ( e>li] =ms1 9 :i* ! less re/ra9$ emotions ( m5 9 an e>li] & l[] /age ( civilization requir$ ! m exub]ant outlet af=d$ by a dance-/ep ( ! m lit]al k9d4 ,x is said t 8danc+ & procession are sometimes confus$ t]m9ologically1 a result p>tly due to ! exi/5ce ( processional dances1 or ! enliv5+ ( a procession by ! dance#cdh02 b :atev] may be ! case t]m9ologically1 !re c be no confusion betwe5 ! two ess5tially1 = !y pres5t two modes ( emotional expression1 comp>able ) ! ord9>y religi\s dance & ! ec/atic dance4 ,!re=e !re is ju/ification = reg>d+ ! ,seph>dic processions r\nd ! corpse at fun]als z ! modification or remnant ( a c]emony :i* 0 orig9ally p]=m$ 9 a less controll$ mann]4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! rite has ( c\rse be5 =gott5 long s9ce2 b1 z s (t5 happ5s1 ! rite itself1 or "s modification ( x1 is /ill kept up4 ,x is ! cu/om at ! burial ( ,seph>dic ,jews = ! m\rn]s to make sev5 circuits r\nd ! bi] dur+ :i* sev5 %ort supplications are *ant$ or monoton$1 ea* supplication conclud+ ) ! words3 8,& cont9ually may he walk 9 ! l& ( life1 & may 8 s\l re/ 9 ! bond ( life#cdi40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is ,seph>dic rite c be p>allel$ by some?+ simil> among o!r peoples4 ,its purpose w be consid]$ lat]4 ,! cu/om seems to h be5 well-kn[n z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]2 9 ! ,iliad 7,,xxiii4 #ac7 ! circumambulation r\nd ! corpse ( ,patroclus is describ$4 ,aga91 we read t five hundr$ disciples w5t 9 procession r\nd ! fun]al pyre ( ,buddha1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! pyre k9dl$ spontane\sly#cej4 ,d',alviella ref]s to ! ,lat9 poet ,/atius's description ( ! fun]al rites celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! son ( ,lycurgus2 among ^! 0 includ$ a ?reefold procession r\nd ! fun]al pyre#cea4 ,:5 ! ,argonauts 9 ! poem ( ,apollonius ,rhodius buri$ _! dead comrade ,mopsus1 !y m>*$ r\nd him ?rice 9 _! w>rior-ge>4 ,s among ! populations ( ,india :i* practise cremation1 ! son or o!r relative :o lights ! pyre walks ?rice r\nd x4 ,! cu/om ( walk+ r\nd ! corpse1 or ! grave1 aft] burial1 is record$ ( peoples z f> ap>t 9 space & culture z ! ,c5tral ,eskimo1 ! ,russian ,tapps1 ! ,buriats1 ! ,%ans1 & ! ,arwaks ( ,briti% ,guiana#ceb4 ,at ,*9ese burials1 aft] ! body has be5 plac$ 9 ! tomb1 ! m\rn]s jo9 h&s & p]=m a sort ( m]ry-g-r\nd ab\t ! tomb2 !y repeat ?is ?ree days lat]#cec4 ,! ,iri%1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 :5 bury+ _! dead1 move 9 procession1 sometimes ?ree times1 b at lea/ once1 r\nd ! grave-y>d1 accompany+ ! c(f9#ced4 ,?is mu/1 9 all probability1 be a modification ( an e>li] =m ( ! rite 9 :i* ! m\rn]s w5t r\nd ! c(f9 itself2 unless ?is be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ! fun]al procession itself2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! p>ticul> cu/om ( :i* we are ?9k+ is q di/9ct f ! fun]al procession4 ,f ^! in/ances ( a modification ( ! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ rite we turn n[ to "s 9 :i* ! danc+ is p]=m$ 9 ! m lit]al s5se4 ,,iii ,among ! ,arabs at ! pres5t day1 & d\btless ! rite 9 "o =m or ano!r goes back to times ( antiquity1 ! wom5 & ! "y girls1 :5 on _! way to ! place ( m\rn+1 make two circles by hold+ h&s & dance :at is call$ ! ,raa dance2 :ile danc+ !y s+3 ,! ,almighty1 ! ,almighty1 gives & takes2 ,! pa? to ! place ( m\rn+ ,i desire n = myself444#cee4 ,al?\gh o!r in/ances among ! ,arabs exi/1 !y are n num]\s4 ,b z to o!r ,semitic peoples we h be5 unable to discov] examples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce reg>d+ its exi/5ce among ! ,egyptians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,9 respect ( ! =m] ?is occurs ma9ly on inscriptions1 s t x is graphic z well z in=m+4 ,on "o ( ^! !re is a repres5tation ( ! c]emony ( m\rn+ 9 ! *amb] ( ! dead2 h>p-play]s1 s+]s1 & danc]s appe> z tak+ "p 9 ! c]emonies#cef4 8,! sculptures & pa9t+s ( ! xviii-xx dyna/ies10 says ,fl9d]s ,petrie#ceg1 8%[ _m sc5es ( fun]al dances2 usually "o woman held a tamb\r9e al(t & beat out a rhy?m on x1 :ile o!rs danc$ r\nd4 ,exactly ?is dance may be se5 n[ :5 p>ties ( wom5 g up to ! cemet]ies a =tnight or a mon? aft] a fun]al2 an old negress is (t5 ! drumm]1 & ! p>ty /op e few hundr$ y>ds along ! road = a dance40 ,at ! 8,fea/ ( ,et]nity0 danc+ always took place 9 hon\r ( ! dead2 danc+ m5 head$ ! procession 9 :i* ! /atue ( ! dep>t$ 0 borne4 ,! /ep 0 rhy?mic & sl[1 ! arms be+ rais$ ov] ! head dur+ ! danc+ & ! inside ( ! h&s be+ turn$ upw>ds4 ,ano!r position 0 t ( /ret*+ ! "r arm slant+wise upw>ds :ile ! left arm 0 plac$ on ! back4 ,beh9d ! m5 ?ree or f\r wom5 foll[1 s++#ceh4 ,9 an inscription on a tomb at ,b5ihassan !re is a repres5tation ( dances at ! fun]al fe/ival ( ! mon>* ,*nomhtep1 ( ! p]iod ( ! twelf? dyna/y2 ! danc+ is p]=m$ by wom5 v slightly clad4 ,fun]al processions 7 always accompani$ by wom5 danc+ & s++#cei4 ,9 a grave ne> ! royal tombs ( ,abydos1 belong+ to ! fir/ dyna/y 7be=e #ejjj ,b4,c47 ,fl9d]s ,petrie f\nd a curv$ w&1 end+ 9 a ram's horn1 us$ = beat+ "t 9 danc+#cfj4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is 0 us$ dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! fun]al dance4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ?is rite is /ill to be se5 among ! mod]n ,egyptians4 ,lane gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ description ( x3 ,x is cu/om>y among ! peasants ( ,upp] ,egypt = ! female relations & fri5ds ( a p]son deceas$ to meet toge!r by 8 h\se on ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree days aft] ! fun]al1 & !re to p]=m a lam5tation & a /range k9d ( dance4 ,!y daub _! faces & bosoms1 & "p ( _! dress1 ) mud2 & tie a rope-girdle1 g5]ally made ( ! co>se grass call$ 8halfa10 r\nd ! wai/#cfa4 ,ea* fl\ri%es 9 h] h& a palm-/ick1 or a nebboot 7a long /aff71 or a spe>1 or a drawn sword1 & dances ) a sl[ movem5t1 & 9 an irregul> mann]1 g5]ally pac+ ab\t1 & rais+ & depress+ ! body4 ,?is dance is cont9u$ = an h\r or m1 & is p]=m$ twice or ?ree times 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,aft] ! ?ird day ! wom5 visit ! tomb1 & place ^u x _! rope-girdles2 & usually a lamb1 or a goat1 is sla9 !re1 z an expiatory sacrifice1 & a fea/ is made on ?is occasion#cfb4 ,:e!r ! p]=m]s ( ?is dance "k ! purpose & mean+ ( x or n n[ is n /at$2 b !re c be little d\bt1 kn[+ :at we d ( ! object ( simil> dances on simil> occasions among o!r peoples1 t x _h orig9ally a tw(old purpose1 ?\gh ^! h n[ be5 amalgamat$ 9 "o rite4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 p]=m$ z an act ( hon\r to ! dep>t$2 ?is w\ld h be5 m appropriately done on ! occasion ( (f]+ ! sacrifice at ! tomb2 probably at "o "t ?is 0 ! proc$ure4 ,b x _h ! fur!r object ( combat+ ! evil spirits :i* 7 usually suppos$ to ga!r 9 ! vic9ity ( a corpse1 h5ce ! palm-/ick1 etc42 ?is w\ld be done on behalf ( ! _s ( ! dep>t$ z well z ( ! m\rn]s2 ! daub+ ( mud on faces & bosoms 0 by way ( protection aga9/ ! evil spirits1 = x act$ z a disguise4 ,!re are cases on record 9 :i* x is ! angry _s ( ! deceas$ himself :o is fe>$ & aga9/ :om protective measures are tak52 b 9 ! example be=e u ! fact t a lam5tation is made r po9ts to ! _s ( ! deceas$ n be+ fe>$4 ,?is cu/om among ! mod]n ,moslems ( ,egypt may be supplem5t$ by "o or two examples ( some?+ simil> among "s hea!n inhabitants ( ano!r "p ( ,egypt4 ,9 writ+ ab\t ! ,lattuka tribe ( negroes 9 ! ,egyptian ,s\dan ,frob5ius says t dances are p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 & he gives ,bak]'s description ( ?is m\rn+ rite4 ,! danc]s are decorat$ 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 d\btless z a special m>k ( respect = ! dep>t$4 ,ab\t a doz5 enorm\s o/ri* fea!rs 7 /uck into ! head-dress ( ea* danc]2 hang+ d[n f ! %\ld] 0 ei!r ! sk9 ( a leop>d1 or ( a monkey2 ar\nd ! lo9s ( e danc] 0 a broad piece ( lea!r :i* conceal$ a l>ge bell atta*$ to ! wai/2 ^! bells s\nd$ dur+ ! danc+4 ,fur!r1 ea* danc] _h ! horn ( an antelope hang+ d[n f 8 neck1 & :5ev] a high pit* ( excitem5t 0 rea*$ ^! horns 7 bl[n1 :]eby a s\nd 0 produc$ :i* might be describ$ z a comb9ation ( ! 8hee-haw0 ( a donkey & ! hoot+ ( an owl4 ,?is 0 div]sifi$ e n[ & !n by a circle-dance 9 :i* ! wom5 jo9$ 9 ) ! m52 ?is "p ( ! p]=mance 0 done by ! :ole company foll[+ a lead]2 x is describ$ z a 8,hell-gallop40 ,! wom51 :o o!rwise danc$ sep>at$ f ! m51 7 l$ by "o ( _! numb] :o 0 exce$+ly fat2 b 9 spite ( ?is physical h&icap ! brave old lady p]sev]$ 9 ! dance "r to ! end4 ,*ildr5 also took "p 9 ! rite#cfc4 ,! same cu/om1 ?\gh diff]5tly c>ri$ out1 is 9 vogue among ! ,mak>ak tribe :o also belong to ! ,egyptian ,s\dan4 ,c]emonial dances are p]=m$ r\nd _! sla9 enemies by ! ,d9ka tribe1 inhabit+ ! same c\ntry4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,lattuka tribe x is cle> t ! rite _h aga9 a dual purpose2 !y dress$ !mselves & danc$ 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$1 :ile ! bell-r++ & horn-bl[+ w\ld h effectively sc>$ away ! evil spirits2 ! m excit$ "p ( ! dance may also well h be5 a means ( fright5+ away unwelcome visitors f ! _s-_w4 ,! dance ( ! ,d9kas r\nd _! sla9 enemies may h "o ( two objects4 ,su* dances are und\bt$ly at times int5d$ to be a coax+ ( ! sla9 n to be angry at hav+ be5 kill$2 ! dance is meant to soo! !m because x is done 9 _! hon\r1 & !re=e _! spirits1 x is ?\ght1 w n h>m ! slay]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an encircl+ dance ( ?is k9d r\nd enemies may h ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! spirits ( ! sla9 f gett+ abroad2 ! magic circle keeps !m 91 & ?us h>m is av]t$4 ,,iv ,! religi\s dance among ! ,greeks & ,romans play$1 z we h se51 a v important "p4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 naturally expect to f9d x figur+ also among cu/oms connect$ ) m\rn+ & burial4 ,& !re is cle> evid5ce t ?is 0 ! case#cfd4 ,among !m danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite 0 includ$ 9 fun]al processions & fun]al games#cfe4 ,all ?ree1 danc+1 processions1 & games1 belong toge!r4 ,b x 0 dur+ ! fun]al fea/1 :i* =m$ ! conclusion to ! m\rn+ c]emonies1 t ! dance figur$ mo/ prom95tly4 ,illu/rations ( ?is dance z a m\rn+ rite are giv5 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,,ii4 #hdh1 #ache1 :o write ?us3 ,ces repas funbres tai5t accompagns de danse4 ,il semble mme que ces danses tai5t quelquefois excutes "p1 avec plus de sol5nit et p> un p]sonnel plus nombreux4 ,dans la ,grotta del ,tri*9io ,corneto elles se dr\l5t sur deux p>ois entires de la tombe2 la scne se passe en ple9 air1 s\s les arbres o voltig5t des oiseaux2 dix danseurs s'y dmn5t en cad5ce2 les hommes alt]nant aves les femmes1 quelques-uns j\ant de la lyre1 de la flte1 ou des ca/agnettes4 ,p>fois mme ces danses donnai5t bi5 des conc\rs2 sur un bas-relief de ,*iusi on voit1 droite1 un gr\pe de pyrrhi*i/es et un musici5 j\ant de la d\ble flte2 gau*e les juges sur une e/rade#cff4 ,! anci5t ,roman fun]al procession 0 accompani$ by musicians1 s+]s1 danc]s & pantomimi/s#cfg4 ,among fun]al processions t ( ! anci5t ,roman nobiles is rem>kable4 ,! dead man 0 accompani$ by all 8 ance/ors1 repres5t$ by p]sons resembl+ !m 9 =m & /ature & we>+ wax portrait masks 7imag9es7#cfh4 ,^! imag9es maiorum /ood 9 ! alae ( ! atrium ( ! h\ses ( ,roman nobles2 !y 7 br\ght out & c>ri$ 9 ! fun]al procession4 ,! orig9 ( ?is /range cu/om has be5 expla9$ by ,o4 ,b5ndorf4 ,j z1 accord+ to antique belief1 ! dead liv$ on 9 ! grave1 :i* 01 !re=e1 made into a k9d ( dwell+-place = !m1 s1 x 0 believ$1 t by produc+ ! lik5esses ( ^? :o inhabit$ ?is dwell+-place1 x 0 possible to keep 9 t\* ) _! p]sonalities#cfi4 ,h5ce ! sett+-up ( ! imag9es 9 ! atrium4 ,:5 !y 7 br\ght out to accompany ! rec5tly dep>t$ 9 ! fun]al procession1 x meant t 8 ance/ors 7 actually foll[+ 8 body4 ,! descriptions :i* h come d[n to u are 9 ref]5ce to public fun]als1 or ^? ( ! weal?i] classes :o c\ld af=d to pay = sumptu\s burials ( an o/5tati\s "*2 b !re is reason to believe t among ! less well-to-d ! same rites1 ?\gh on a f> m mode/ scale1 7 obs]v$2 = x has be5 rightly rem>k$ t all p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( ,roman burial are unifi$ by ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead1 & 9 8 gho/ly p>ticipation 9 ! life ( ! family & ! community1 & by ! consequ5t scrupul\s c>e ab\t prop] burial1 & ! ma9t5ance ( "r relations ) ! spirits ( dead ance/ors4 ,! quick & ! dead ( anci5t ,rome 7 9 a m ?an usually intimate communion#cgj4 ,! sacr$ dance1 z a m>k ( hon\r to ! deceas$1 is !re=e n likely to h be5 neglect$ among ! poor any m ?an among ! ri*4 ,v ,we come n[ to consid] "s examples ( danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite among "s ( ! savage & semi-civiliz$ peoples4 ,:at w /rike u "h z /range are ! contradictory ideas reg>d+ ! purpose ( ! rite2 b x is j ^! oppos+ ideas t w be f\nd to be s in/ructive4 ,v>i\s cu/oms 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t day among civiliz$ peoples are expla9$ 9 ! light ( ! ideas & practices n[ to be consid]$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! object ( ?is rite among unciviliz$ races :i* is mo/ common n[ is ! hon\r+ ( ! dep>t$2 b x is probably true to say t ?is repres5ts ! late/ developm5t reg>d+ its purpose1 & t ! o!r reasons = :i* x 0 p]=m$ take u back to e>li] /ages ( ! gr[? ( savage ?\ght reg>d+ ! dep>t$4 ,we w beg9 by (f]+ examples ( ?is mo/ develop$ idea & purpose ( ! rite4 ,9 writ+ ( ! ,kol tribes ( ,*ota ,nagpur :o are rem>kable = _! pa!tic rev]5ce = _! dead1 ,tylor says3 ,:5 a ,ho or ,munda has be5 burn$ on ! fun]al pile1 collect$ morsels ( 8 bones are c>ri$ 9 procession ) a solemn1 gho/ly1 slid+ /ep1 keep+ "t to ! deep-s\nd+ drum1 & :5 ! old woman :o c>ries ! bones 9 h] bamboo tray l[]s x f "t to "t1 !n girls :o c>ry pit*]s & brass vessels m\rnfully rev]se !m to %[ t !y are empty2 ?us ! rema9s are tak5 to visit e h\se 9 ! village1 & e dwell+ ( a fri5d or a relative = miles1 & ! inmates come out to m\rn & praise ! goodness ( ! dep>t$4 ,! bones are c>ri$ to all ! dead man's fav\rite haunts1 to ! fields he cultivat$1 to ! grove he plant$1 to ! ?re%+-floor :]e he work$1 to ! village dance-room :]e he made m]ry4 ,at la/ !y are tak5 to ! grave1 & buri$ 9 an e>!n vase ^u a /ore ( food444#cga4 ,x is cle> t ! dep>t$ _s is believ$ 9 "s way to rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( ! bones1 or possibly to be inside !m2 & ?is rem9ds "o ( ! qua9t belief ( life resid+ 9 ! bones :i* occurs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t#cgb4 ,9 ! case be=e u hon\r1 affection1 & solicitude are %[n1 & felt1 = ! dep>t$3 hon\r1 9 be+ borne 9 procession1 :i* is p]=m$ rhy?mically ) a p>ticul> k9d ( /ep s t x mu/ be reg>d$ z com+ "u ! category ( ! sacr$ dance2 affection1 because ( ! k9d ?\ght 9 tak+ him to ! spots he lov$2 & solicitude1 9 t he is suppli$ ) food4 ,x is ) ! fir/ ( ^! t we are p>ticul>ly conc]n$ j n[2 & "h is ano!r illu/ration ( x1 also 9 ,india1 b ?is "t among ! ,musulmans2 x is n /rictly speak+ a m\rn+ rite1 b x is an honorific c]emony = ! dep>t$ & may !re=e be appropriately giv54 ,dur+ ! ,muh>ram#cgc ,fe/ival 9 ,india "o ( ! c]emonies is ! p>ad+ ( ! /&>d ( ! m>tyr ,qsim4 ,he is "o ( ! sacr$ bridegrooms1 = at ! age ( t5 he 0 betro!d to ,ftima1 daught] ( ,husa91 & 0 sla9 9 battle4 ,8 /&>d is c>ri$ by a man on horseback1 :o is foll[$ by girls danc+ 9 8 hon\r1 & s++ elegies :ile beat+ _! brea/s4 ,dur+ ano!r "p ( ?is fe/ival !re is ! dance ( ,bh>ang1 or 8fooli% *att]]02 8 :ole body is sme>$ ) r$ o*re mix$ ) wat]2 8 head is cov]$ ) a %awl1 & a small flag is atta*$ to x4 ,on 8 legs he c>ries t9kl+ bells1 & dur+ 8 dance he cries out3 8,ali1 ali1 ali1 zang#cgd60 ,?is is all done 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$ sa9t4 ,x is n a haz>d\s surmise to sugge/ t we h "h an example ( an adaptation ( a rite mill5niums old] ?an its pres5t =m2 & its olde/ elem5t is1 9 all probability1 ! sacr$ dance4 ,! ,bh>ang1 ) bells1 pa9t1 & disguise repres5ts a developm5t to :i* ref]5ce w be made aga9 bel[4 ,dances 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$ are record$ ( ! ,conibos ( ! ,ucayali riv] 9 ,ea/]n ,p]u :o1 on c]ta9 occasions1 p]=m !m on ! graves ( ! deceas$#cge2 also among ! ,maoris#cgf4 ,! inhabitants ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea dance r\nd ! images ( _! dep>t$ on v>i\s fe/al occasions4 ,aga91 at ! fun]al fea/ among ! ,gilb]t isl&]s danc+ & s++ is p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead2 wail+ is also includ$ 9 ^! m\rn+ rites#cgg4 ,x is also an important m\rn+ rite among ! ,melanesians#cgh4 ,simil>ly among ! inhabitants ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea a high fe/ival is held 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$ at :i* a great dance takes place2 all ! danc]s are arrang$ 9 full danc+ co/ume1 includ+ heavy head-dresses ( fea!rs1 & !y c>ry drums & spe>s1 sometimes also clubs & adzes4 ,! dance la/s ! :ole night#cgi4 ,9 ,new ,brita91 too1 ! ,sulka1 a tribe dwell+ to ! s\? ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula1 dance 9 hon\r ( _! dead at a fun]al fea/#chj4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt1 toge!r ) an illu/ration1 ( ! ,maqu>ri dance among ! ,arwaks1 "o ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,guiana1 is giv5 by ,w4 ,h4 ,brett#cha2 ?is is danc$ 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$4 ,x is call$ ! ,maqu>ri dance f ! 8:ip10 m ?an ?ree feet long1 :i* is wav$ ab\t dur+ ! dance by ea* danc]2 ) x ! danc]s la% ea* o!r's legs until ! blood fl[s2 ! :ips h a sort ( sacr$ "* among ! natives4 ,x is ! fl[+ ( ! blood :i* is n[ suppos$ to be pleas+ to ! dead2 b x is pretty c]ta9 t ?is is a developm5t2 at "o "t ! dance w\ld h be5 consid]$ z all-suffici5t4 ,once m1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! fun]al dance is p]=m$ at ! grave :5 a sacrifice is made = ! dead2 ! danc+ is done r\nd ! grave & is accompani$ by drum-play+ & s++#chb4 ,a simil> rite is practis$ by ! ,bondas ( ,gu9ea#chc1 & among ! aborig9es ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia#chd4 ,a case ( p>ticul> int]e/ is t ( ! dance ( ! ,tami inhabitants2 = :ile ?is is 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 a fur!r idea reg>d+ ! dep>t$ appe>s 9 connexion ) x :i* leads on to ano!r purpose ( ?is m\rn+ rite4 ,! p ( ,tami1 an isl& 9 ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 belong to ! ,melanesian /ock2 :5 !y m\rn = _! dead ! :ole village takes "p 9 ! lam5tation2 ! wom5 dance dea?-dances 9 hon\r ( ! dead p]son :ile ! m5 make prep>ations = ! burial4 ,n[ ^! p1 l _m o!rs1 believe t :5 anyone has di$ ! gho/s ( 8 dead k9sfolk ga!r 9 ! village1 & are jo9$ by ! gho/s ( o!r dead p2 ^! gho/s may or may n be fri5dly incl9$ t[>ds ! liv+2 b 9 case !y are n1 ! p ( ! village take c>e n to leave ! danc+ m\rn]s alone1 !y rema9 close at h& to help 9 case ( ne$4 ,?is belief 9 ! vic9ity ( ! gho/s ( ! dead is fur!r illu/rat$ by ^! ,tami isl&]s1 = !y h regul> danc+ seasons dur+ :i* !y dance r\nd m5 disguis$ z famili> spirits2 true1 ! dance 8consi/s ( little m ?an runn+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle1 ) an occasional hop#che10 b x is ess5tially a dance1 & its ess5ce is m important ?an its =m4 ,?is is a case ( p]sonat+ ! dep>t$ 9 ! dance2 & ! idea seems to be t by do+ s a pro( is giv5 t ! dep>t$ are really /ill liv+ & t _! p]sonality is imp>t$1 = ! "t be+1 to ! danc]s4 ,some?+ q simil> is f\nd among ! ,pulu isl&]s1 9 ! ,torres ,/raits2 ! p]=m]s dance 9 pairs1 p]sonat+ ! deceas$1 = ?is c]emony is sometimes p]=m$ = a numb] ( rec5tly deceas$ p at once2 accord+ to ,haddon ! idea evid5tly 0 to convey to ! m\rn]s ! assurance t ! gho/ 0 alive1 & t 9 ! p]son ( ! danc] he visit$ 8 fri5ds2 ! assurance ( 8 life aft] dea? com=t$ ! b]eav$ ones#chf4 ,if x be ask$ :y ?is p]sonat+ ( ! deceas$ %\ld be accompani$ by danc+1 ! answ] probably is t z danc+ 0 ! mo/ usual way ( hon\r+ ! dep>t$1 x w\ld be ?\ght ( z ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( attract+ !m4 ,! ,si\x1 ano!r ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribe1 also p]=m$ dances at graves z a m\rn+ rite1 = !y believ$ t 9 do+ s !y 71 9 "s undef9$ way1 jo9$ by ! dep>t$ 9 ?is dance#chg4 ,x is v likely t ! common cu/om ( dances at fun]al fea/s orig9ally _h a simil> object4 ,among ! ,esquimaux1 = example1 !re are always dances at ! fun]al fea/s1 ! dead are invit$ 9 song to come to ! fea/2 (f]+s ( food are made to !m1 & !y fea/ & dance toge!r ) ! liv+4 ,at _! great fe/ival ( ! dead1 :i* is held e few ye>s1 ! dances are an important feature4 ,! danc]s dance on ! graves1 & on ! ice if ! deceas$ met _! dea? by dr[n+#chh4 ,"h we seem to h ! purposes sep>ately2 ! danc+ at ! fun]al fea/s is a jo9+ toge!r ) ! dep>t$1 ! danc+ on ! graves is 9 _! hon\r4 ,a v diff]5t purpose ( ! dance z a m\rn+ rite next claims att5tion4 ,t x sometimes has ! object ( appeas+ ! wra? ( ! dep>t$1 i4e4 ( _! gho/s1 is %[n1 = in/ance1 by ! fact t :5 among ! inhabitants ( ,timor1 an isl& 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 a head-hunt] returns home aft] a successful exp$ition1 sacrifices are (f]$ to ! man :o has lo/ 8 head2 & "p ( ! c]emony consi/s ( a dance accompani$ by a song 9 :i* ! dea? ( ! sla9 man is lam5t$ & 8 =giv5ess is entreat$4 8,be n angry10 !y say1 8because y\r head is "h ) u2 _h we be5 less lucky our heads might n[ h be5 expos$ 9 y\r village4 ,we h (f]$ ! sacrifice to appease y4 ,y\r _s may n[ re/ & leave u at peace#chi40 ,b ev5 among fri5ds !re are cases 9 :i* ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ is annoy$ & has to be kept 9 ! grave s t ! surviv+ relatives may n be mole/$ by x2 & ! dance figures z "p ( ! c]emony4 ,?us1 among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia z a f9ale to ! m\rn+ p]iod ! p ga!r on ! spot :]e ! deceas$ di$1 viz4 ! site :]e he once liv$ & :i* is n[ burnt & des]t$4 ,"h ! m5 & wom5 dance r\nd ! *>r$ rema9s1 ! m5 beat+ ! air ) _! spe>s1 ! wom5 do+ likewise ) ! palms ( _! h&s & all %\t+ ,wah6 ,wah6 ,wah6 wa-a-ah6 ,?is1 we take x1 is done to drive (f bo? ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ & any evil spirits :i* may be lurk+ ab\t ! unhall[$ spot4 ,:5 ! danc+1 ! description cont9ues1 :i* la/$ ab\t t5 m9utes1 0 ov]1 ! p>ty proce$$ to ! grave at a run1 ! lead] mak+ a circuit f ! ma9 p>ty1 %\t+ wildly ) a v prolong$ intonation1 ,ba-au6 ,ba-au6 ,! idea ( ! lead+ man mak+ a circuit 01 p]haps1 ?\gh ! natives c\ld give no explanation1 to prev5t ! _s f d\bl+ back to ! camp f :i* !y 7 suppos$ to be driv+ him4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! grave1 into :i* ! _s ( ! dead man 0 suppos$ to h fl$1 he began danc+ wildly ^u x4 ,he 0 soon jo9$ by ! re/ ( ! p>ty :o began to dance backw>ds & =w>ds on & ar\nd ! grave1 %\t+ ,wah6 ,wah6 & beat+ ! air d[nw>ds z if to drive ! _s d[n1 :ile ) _! feet !y /amp$ ^u & broke ! twigs ) :i* a newly made grave is always cov]$4 ,:5 ^! 7 ?or\ghly brok5 up ! danc+ ceas$#cij4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! danc+ "h seems q out ( place1 & yet !re c be no d\bt t x =ms an integral "p ( ! c]emonies4 ,!re seems to be some?+ s entirely incongru\s 9 sc>+ ! gho/ away by %\t+ at x & beat+ him d[n into 8 grave1 & yet danc+ on & ar\nd ! grave :i* is s v frequ5tly a m>k ( hon\r to ! dead4 ,! explanation is probably to be s\ght 9 ! fact ( ! ret5tion ( a traditional cu/om concurr5tly ) a lat] "o :i* arose 9 consequ5ce ( ! bir? ( new ideas reg>d+ ! activity ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,we get a simil> int]m+l+ ( rites among ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico ^: fun]al c]emonies include ! dance1 ?\gh ! object ( ! dance1 9 :at is presumably a new =m z comp>$ ) ! orig9al & traditional "o1 is ! driv+ away ( ! gho/ ( ! deceas$4 ,!y h ?ree fun]al fea/s2 ! fir/ takes place a =tnight aft] ! dea?1 ! second six mon?s1 & ! la/ "s mon?s aft] t4 ,at ea* ( ^! fea/s an important elem5t is ! c]emony ( ! hikuli dance4 ,! hikuli is ! sacr$ cactus1 :i* is soak$ 9 wat] & ?is is spr9kl$ ov] ! danc]s4 ,! hikuli is suppos$ to drive away ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$#cia4 ,"h aga9 ! orig9al cu/om ( ! dance p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$ is reta9$1 & !re is add$ to x a fur!r rite because 9 c\rse ( "t new beliefs reg>d+ ! activity ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ _h aris52 ^! beliefs 7 9 ref]5ce to ! possibility ( ang] on ! "p ( ! spirits because ( _! be+ cut (f f _! usual mode ( life & tak5 away f _! famili> haunts2 !y might be envi\s ( ^? :o 7 left1 & might %[ _! envy by h>m+ ! liv+4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to devise means to c\nt] ^! evil int5tions by driv+ away ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$4 ,:at ^! means 7 we "k 9 _m cases1 b :y p>ticul> means 7 *os51 su* z ! hikuli1 or :y !y %\ld be suppos$ to drive ! _s away is a matt] ( savage philosophy1 & n always possible to p5etrate4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( driv+ away a gho/1 toge!r ) ! rite :]eby ?is is effect$1 is subsequ5t 9 "t to ! simple rite ( danc+ 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$1 because :ile ?is latt] does n involve any !ory z to ! activity ( spirits1 ! =m] obvi\sly po9ts to speculations on ! subject4 ,& z we h already said1 ! explanation ( ! incongruity ( ! two rites1 z se5 9 ! examples giv51 is to be s\ght 9 ! ret5tion ( ! e>li] traditional rite concurr5tly ) a lat] "o :i* arose 9 consequ5ce ( ! bir? ( new ideas reg>d+ ! activity ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,x is probable t a fur!r /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ideas reg>d+ ?is activity is to be disc]n$ 9 ! belief t ! _s ( ! dep>t$ is jo9$ by o!rs :o %>e ) him 8 res5tm5t aga9/ ! liv+2 & = safety ! m\rn]s disguise !mselves1 &1 possibly1 ! dance !n assumes a diff]5t purpose1 namely1 t ( fright5+ ! spirits away4 ,?is is said to be ! purpose ) :i* "s ( ! tribes ( ,nor!rn ,india dance at burials#cib2 & ! dance ( ! ,bh>ang1 disguis$1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made above1 po9ts1 p]haps1 to ! same ?+2 s also ! cu/om ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,a>u ar*ipelago4 ,among !m1 :5 a memb] ( ! family dies1 all ! wom5 leave ! h\se ) _! hair hang+ loose1 to wail ^u ! %ore2 !y tumble ov] "o ano!r head ov] heels 9 a /range k9d ( dance1 & sme> _! bodies ) dirt & mud#cic4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,consid]ations ,al?\gh 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re is no m5tion ( danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite1 !re are /rong gr\nds = believ+ t x 0 practis$4 ,no cu/oms are m t5aci\s ?an ^? :i* are conc]n$ ) ! dead1 & s9ce "s o!r m\rn+ cu/oms1 kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce among ! ,hebrews1 are n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! non-m5tion ( ?is "o is no reason = suppos+ t x 0 n practis$4 ,t ! religi\s lead]s look$ ^u ?is1 z well z v>i\s o!r rites p]=m$ 9 connexion ) ! dead1 z hea!ni% & sup]/iti\s1 w\ld ( itself acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t on ! subject4 ,! positive gr\nds = believ+ 9 its exi/5ce among ! ,israelites are3 its v widespread vogue among diff]5t races all ov] ! _w2 ! object1 or objects1 = :i* x 0 p]=m$1 :i* involv$ beliefs reg>d+ ! dep>t$ common to all races dur+ "s /ages ( _! cultural & religi\s developm5t2 & mo/ important ( all1 its exi/5ce1 ?\gh 9 a modifi$ =m1 at ! pres5t day4 ,evid5ce is =?com+ ( ! rite among ! ,jews 9 po/-,*ri/ian times4 ,circumambulation r\nd a corpse1 :i* is 9 ! nature ( ! sacr$ dance1 0 kn[n & practis$ among ! ,greeks z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]1 :o m5tions x2 o!r examples are also record$4 ,! rite is 9 vogue among ! ,arabs to ?is day :o dance 9 circles on _! way to ! place ( m\rn+2 x is p]=m$ by wom5 & "y girls4 ,mu* evid5ce is =?com+ z to its practice among ! ,egyptians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 ( :i* v>i\s examples are giv5 above4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans danc+ z a m\rn+ or burial rite 0 includ$ 9 fun]al processions & fun]al games2 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s cu/oms be+ t ( ! pres5ce ( ! imag9es maiorum1 or images ( ance/ors1 9 ! ,roman fun]al processions ( ! nobility1 :o 7 ?us believ$ to foll[ ! dead body ( _! desc5dant to ! grave4 ,t a meet+ betwe5 ! rec5tly deceas$ & 8 ance/ors 0 believ$ to take place 9 ! tomb we may well conceive2 x w\ld be precisely p>allel to ! ,israelite belief express$ by ! phrase ( be+ ga!r$ to "o's fa!rs#cid4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 dur+ ! fun]al fea/ t danc+1 9 ! m lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 figur$ mo/ prom95tly4 ,! sacr$ dance z a m\rn+ or z a burial rite among unciviliz$ peoples plays an important "p4 ,among !m ! objects ( ! rite are n only v>i\s1 b contradictory2 *ief among ^! is1 h[ev]1 t ( giv+ hon\r to ! dep>t$4 ,a few examples1 ( v _m1 h be5 consid]$4 ,!y are tak5 f peoples 9 l&s z widely spread z ,india1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,guiana1 ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 & ! ,torres ,/raits2 & x w\ld be easy to (f] fur!r in/ances f _m o!r c\ntries4 ,tak+ ^! z a :ole1 !y po9t indubitably to ! fact t ?is rite 01 & is1 usually p]=m$ z an act ( hon\r to ! deceas$4 ,?is repres5ts1 we believe1 its f9al developm5t1 s f> z int5tion is conc]n$2 !re are cases ( its cont9uance 9 :i* probably no purpose c\ld be assign$ = its p]=mance o!r ?an t ( traditional use4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we %all n be f> wrong 9 reg>d+ ! rite z a remnant ( ance/or-wor%ip2 ! ,roman cu/om ( c>ry+ ! imag9es maiorum 9 ! fun]al procession is cle> evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! o!r purposes = :i* x 0 p]=m$ betray a f> less develop$ outlook2 & ! fact t !y exi/ side by side ) t ( ! m rational object ( hon\r+ ! dead (f]s b ano!r illu/ration ( a _w-wide ph5om5on1 to be obs]v$ ev5 among ! mo/ civiliz$ peoples1 viz4 t m or less primitive ideas c be held on "s ?+s 9 conjunction ) advanc$ ?\ght on o!rs4 ,by p]sonat+ ! deceas$ 9 ! m\rn+ dance x is believ$ by "s t he c be induc$ to return to 8 fri5ds & dance ) !m1 greatly to ! com=t ( ! relatives4 ,! idea is ab\t on a level ) ! ,roman belief 9 ! pres5ce ( a man's ance/ors1 :5 _! images are c>ri$ 9 ! fun]al procession4 ,b ! same rite c1 among o!rs1 h ! purpose ( protect+ ! survivors f ! _s ( ! deceas$2 he is sometimes suppos$ to be annoy$ at hav+ be5 =cibly tak5 away f 8 famili> haunts1 & le/ he %\ld v5t 8 angry feel+s on 8 relatives1 !y ei!r dance to sc>e him away1 or else propitiate him by v>i\s means4 ,ano!r purpose ( ! rite is = ! survivors to protect bo? !mselves & _! dep>t$ fri5d f ! malice ( o!r dep>t$ spirits :o are believ$ to congregate 9 ! vic9ity ( a corpse2 9 ?is case ! dance is accompani$ by sundry noises4 ,a v>iation ( ?is is ! dance r\nd ! corpse1 :e!r by way ( p]ambulation or danc+ 9 ! m lit]al s5se4 ,! magic circle ?us =m$ keeps away unwelcome _s-visitors4 ,b ?is may h ano!r purpose2 x may possibly be a means ( 8keep+ 90 ! _s ( ! deceas$1 & ?us prev5t+ him f gett+ abroad & do+ mis*ief4 ,:5 ! dance is p]=m$ r\nd sla9 enemies ! object ( x seems to be t ( propitiation4 ,if x be ask$ :i* ( ^! purposes may be suppos$ to h be5 t = :i* ! ,israelites p]=m$ ?is rite1 we imag9e ! reply w\ld be3 any or all ( !m1 accord+ to ! /age ( culture 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,two ( !m3 t ( hon\r+ ! dead1 & t ( =m+ ! magic circle r\nd ! corpse 7probably = keep+ x safe71 c be v\*$ =4 ,,footnotes #a ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #aha f4 7#ahhg72 see fur!r1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 pp4 #ca ff4 7#aiac74 #b ,! ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #i 7#aije72 cp4 ! same au?or's ,greece & ,babylon1 p4 #cg 7#aiaa74 #c ,see ,m>ett1 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 pp4 #abh ff4 7#aiji74 #d ,mrs ,lilly ,grove 7n[ ,lady ,fraz]7 & o!r writ]s1 ,danc+1 p4 #h 7#ahie72 else:]e 9 ! same volume ! writ]s say3 8,!re mu/ h be5 a p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory :5 e action 9 life1 e game1 e banquet1 e dance1 0 a game1 a repa/1 a dance1 9 hon\r ( ! gods10 p4 #ae4 ,! evid5ce entirely be>s ?is out if we take 8gods0 z mean+ sup]natural p[]s 9 g5]al4 #e ,la danse anci5ne et mod]ne1 ou ,trait ,hi/orique de la ,danse1 p4 #ai 7#aged74 ,= a diff]5t op9ion see ,irv+ ,k+1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,religion1 p4 #eh 7#aiaj74 #f ,d] ,tanz und se9e ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #c-ae 7#ahfi74 #g ,he says3 8,les diffr5tes affections de l'me sont donc l'orig9e des ge/es1 et la danse qui en e/ compose1 e/ p> consqu5t l'art de les faire avec grce et mesure relativem5t aux affections qu'ils doiv5t exprim]10 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 #h ,,ere1 ,x4 #ceh a4 #i ,trait de la ,danse1 p4 #h 7#ahia74 ,jevons 79 a private communication7 lays mu* /ress on ! sacr$ dance be+1 l e rite1 8an expression ( w40 #aj ,see ,dalman1 ,pale/9is*] ,diwan1 p4 #bed 7#aija72 cp4 ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ca4 #aa ,crawley1 ,,ere1 ,x4 #ceh a4 #ab ,ibid4 ,see fur!r ,toy1 ,intr4 to ! ,hi/4 ( ,religions1 p4 #ej 7#aiac74 #ac ,dalman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bed f4 #ad ,,ere1 ,x4 #ceh a4 #ae ,numb]$ #cgihd4 #af ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 e4g4 see ! specim5s numb]$ ,b #cf1 ,b #afg1 ,b #fbe1 ,b #fdc1 ,e #bj1 ,e #ce1 ,e #acg4 #ag ,lilly ,grove1 op4 cit4 p4 #da4 #ah ,,ere1 ,x4 #cfb b4 #ai ,9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #ceh a2 cp4 ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #dd2 ,leuba1 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 pp4 #fb f4 7#aiab74 #bj ,pr(4 ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 ,man & ! ,atta9m5t ( ,immortality1 p4 #aae 7#aibb74 #ba ,lectures on ! orig9 & gr[? ( ,religion1 z illu/rat$ by ! native religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #bbd 7#ahie74 #bb ,m>ett1 op4 cit4 p4 #abg4 #bc ,vormann1 8,tnze und ,tanzfe/li*keit5 d] ,monumbo-,papua10 9 ,an?ropos1 ,,vi4 #dae ff4 7#aiaa74 #bd ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 ,,ii4 #bgd 7#aiac74 #be ,,gb1 ,! ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,,ii4 #aij f41 #aie 7#aiab74 #bf ,see1 e4g41 ,toy1 op4 cit4 p4 #dia4 #bg ,/[1 ,! ,native ,races ( ,s\? ,africa1 pp4 #aaa f4 #bh ,maori & ,polynesian1 _! orig91 hi/ory1 & culture1 p4 #bjc 7#aijg74 #bi ,cp4 de ,cahusac1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 #cj ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ,i4 #ed 7#aiaa74 #ca ,mill> 9 ,ha/+s' ,,db1 ,i4 #eej b4 #cb ,! ,classical ,qu>t]ly1 ,octob] #aijg1 pp4 #bjb f4 #cc ,op4 cit4 p4 #ff1 ! expression is ,h>tl&'s4 #cd ,9 ! ,t>gum ( ,isa4 lxvi4 #bj1 h[ev]1 we h ! n\n kirk]n 7fem4 plur47 mean+ 8dances40 #ce ,9 ,neo-,hebrew ! ^w means 8to dance40 #cf ,9 ! ,midra% ,bemidb> ,rabba to xx4 #aa x is said3 8,:5 a man plans a s9 ,satan dances be=e him44440 #cg ,! und]ly+ idea reg>d+ ! ?re%old has cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ages 9 _m localities1 wit*es hav+ tak5 ! place frequ5tly ( evil spirits4 ,walpurgis ,night 7! eve ( ,may ,day7 is ! special "t = _! activity1 & leap+ ov] ! ?re%old is !n a necess>y precaution4 #ch ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahhg1 p4 #gai4 #ci ,notes on ! ,hebrew ,text ( ! ,books ( ,samuel1 p4 #agc 7#ahij74 #dj ,9 8,h&komm5t> zum ,a4,t410 ,die ,b*] ,samuelis1 p4 #adc 7#aijb74 #da ,re/e ,arabis*5 ,heid5?ums1 pp4 #aji f4 7#ahig74 #db ,hebris*es und ,aramis*es ,wrt]bu*1 p4 #ih 7#aiaj74 #dc ,encycl4 ,biblica1 ,i4 #iii4 #dd ,beitrge 4441 p4 #ib4 #de ,keil9s*riftli*e ,biblio!k des ,a4,t41 p4 #faj 7#crd ed474 #df 8,he w protect & deliv] x1 he w pass ov] & pres]ve x40 #dg ,encycl4 ,britannica1 ,,xviii4 #cdc b 7#i? ed474 #dh ,b see ,mic4 iv4 #f f41 ,zeph4 iii4 #ai1 ,j]4 xx4 #aj1 ,ps4 xxxv4 #ae1 xxxviii4 #ah1 ,job xviii4 #ab1 f :i* a cle> mean+ ( ! root is ga9$4 #di ,cp4 ,n[ack1 ,hebris*e ,ar*ologie1 ,i4 #bgc 7#ahid71 :]e an illu/ration ( ! ,egyptian in/rum5t is giv54 #ej ,j4 ,m4 ,br[n1 ,maori & ,polynesian1 _! orig91 hi/ory & culture1 p4 #bjb 7#aijg74 #ea ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,! ,psalms 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 pp4 #e ff4 7#aiaj74 #eb ,! text is cle>ly corrupt1 b ! above seems to be ! be/ recon/ruction2 see ,n[ack1 ,die ,b*] ,samuelis1 p4 #agb 7#aijb72 ! ,septuag9t reads lit4 8) /r5g?0 7cp4 #a ,*ron4 xiii4 #h74 #ec ,see ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnice1 pp4 #cee f4 7#ahfd72 ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 ,rec4 d',ar*4 ,or4 ,i4 #ie1 #ajc 7#ahif74 #ed ,de la ,saussaye1 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te1 ,i4 #cgb1 #chj 7#crd ed474 #ee ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ie 7#ahid72 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions ,smitiques1 p4 #hd 7#aijc74 #ef ,die ,erdkunde im ,v]hltniss zur ,natur und zur ,ges*i*te des ,m5s*51 ,,xv4 #gbi 7#ahej74 #eg ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,,xxii4 #aje ff4 7#ahfh72 on ?is see fur!r bel[1 p4 #agi4 #eh ,see ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,die ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 ,i4 #ejc 7#aije74 #ei ,das alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 p4 #cjg 7#aijd72 see also ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das alte ,te/am5t1 pp4 #de ff4 7#ahhc74 #fj ,kypros1 die ,bibel1 und ,hom]1 ,i4 #dde1 & ! above numb]$ inscriptions 9 vol4 ,,ii4 7#ahic74 #fa ,a full illu/ration is giv5 9 ,hommel's ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 betwe5 pp4 #bgj-bga 7#ahhh74 ,a good description w also be f\nd 9 ,mess]s*midt's 8,die ,hettit]10 9 ,d] alte ,ori5t1 ,,iv4 #bc f42 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #bbj ff4 7#aiaj74 #fb ,op4 cit4 ,i4 #ddf2 ! inscription is numb]$ cxxvii4 #a1 9 vol4 ,,ii4 #fc ,a4 ,m4 ,blackman1 9 ,ha/+s' ,,ere1 ,x4 #bid b2 see also ! same writ]'s ,! ,rock ,tombs ( ,meir1 ,i4 #bb ff41 plate ,,ii 7#aiad-ae74 #fd ,erman1 ,aegypt5 & aegyptis*es ,leb5 im ,alt]?um1 ,i4 #cce f4 7#ahhe74 #fe ,wi$emann1 ,die ,religion d] alt5 gypt]1 p4 #hg 7#ahij74 #ff ,,ere1 ,,xii4 #ghj a1 #gha b2 see also ! same writ] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,egyptian ,ar*aeology1 ,,vii4 #bb4 #fg ,! ,gold5 ,ass1 ,,xi4 #h-ag 7! date ( ,apuleius is ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d472 see also ,h]odotus1 ,,ii4 #fa ff4 #fh ,,ii4 #eh-fj4 #fi ,d] ,opf]tanz des gyptis*5 ,knigs1 pp4 #aje ff4 7#aiab72 t ! runn+ /ep 0 really a ritual dance is %[n on pp4 #aji-aai4 #gj ,erman1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bii-ccg2 & see fur!r g5]ally1 ,*ampollion1 ,monum5ts de l'gypte 7#ahdd72 ,lepsius1 ,d5kml] 444 7#ahig 44472 cp4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #db 7#aiji74 ,z to ! sacr$ danc+ among ! ,!rapeutae1 ( lat] times1 see ,philo1 ,de ,vita ,contemplativa1 pp4 #abg-abi 9 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e's edition 7#ahie74 #ga ,its home 0 ,sp>ta2 x 0 introduc$ into ,a!ns 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus2 ultimately x became a m]e w> game4 #gb ,see ,a4 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 pp4 #ih ff4 7#ahih71 :]e details w be f\nd2 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! great procession is giv5 on pp4 #aca ff42 see also ! same au?or's ,heortologie1 pp4 #aaf-bje 7#ahfd74 #gc ,cp4 ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 ,i4 #afe1 #afg1 ,,ii4 #aaih f41 etc4 7#aijf74 #gd ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #bei2 ,?ucydides1 ,,iv4 #c2 ,livy1 ,,xxvi4 #i2 ,virgil1 ,a5eid ,,viii4 #bhe2 ,plut>*1 ,!s4 #ba 7,,eb1 ,i4 #iih72 & see especially ,emmanuel1 ,la ,danse ,grecque antique1 pp4 #bhe ff4 7#ahif74 #ge ,on ! :ole subject ( ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos see ,f\c>t1 ,le culte de ,dionysos en ,attique 7#aijf74 ,= ! dances 9 connexion ) 8 wor%ip see bel[1 pp4 #aba ff4 #gf ,quot$ by ,&rew ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 ,i4 #bgb 7#aija74 ,see also de la ,saussaye1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #bdf4 #gg ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,,ii4 #dgb 7#aiji74 #gh ,see ! fir/ l9e 9 ! quotation f ! ,iliad on p4 #gj4 #gi ,^! details are f ,sittl1 ,ar*ologie d] ,kun/1 pp4 #cgh f4 7#ahie71 :]e mu* fur!r in=mation w be f\nd4 #hj ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 vol4 ,,ii41 ,no4 cxxvii4 #b4 #ha ,ibid4 ,no4 cxxviii4 #c4 #hb ,cat4 ,e1 #fie #hc ,su* z ,mll] und ,wiesel]1 ,d5kml] d] alt5 ,kun/1 see e4g4 ,i4 plate ,,xliv 7#ahed 44472 ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion 7#aijc71 :o gives a numb] ( illu/rations4 #hd ,^! 7 sometimes ( a lascivi\s "*4 #he ,op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #dgb2 see also p4 #dfc4 #hf ,,iii4 x4 #g 7,fraz]'s ed474 ,see fur!r1 ! int]e/+ notes 9 ,hitzig et ,bluemn]'s ,pausaniae ,graeciae ,descriptio1 ,i4 #gff 7#ahif74 #hg ,,iii4 p4 #cbj2 see also ,hitzig et ,bluemn]1 9 loc42 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #dgb4 #hh ,,iv4 xvi4 #i4 ,x recalls ! episode ( ! maid5s ( ,%iloh danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,jahwe1 ,judg4 xxi4 #ai ff4 #hi ,cp4 ,emmanuel1 ,la ,danse ,grecque antique 7#ahif72 = illu/rations see ,mll] und ,wiesel]1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #agahh ff4 #ij ,ramsay1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,iv4 #cf 7#ahhc74 #ia ,cp4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #abc 7#aiji73 8,les jeunes filles a?ni5nes1 qui clbr5t le culte de l',artmis-ourse1 s'habill5t en ourses et se dis5t des ourses40 #ib ,op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #dcf f42 see fur!r ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #abhd1 #abic2 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 #ajhf 7#ahbi72 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca1 ,i4 #dde 7#ahad-ba72 ,lbk]1 ,real-,lex4 des ,klassis*5 ,alt]tums1 s4v4 ,artemis 7#aiad72 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 pp4 #def ff42 ,heortologie1 pp4 #djf ff42 & see also ,pausan4 ,i4 xxiii4 #g4 ,cp4 ! cu/om among ! ,azimba ( ea/-c5tral ,africa1 :5 maid5s atta9 pub]ty !y celebrate ! occasion by a dance 9 :i* only wom5 take "p3 see ,h>tl& 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #aig 7#aijg74 #ic ,,iii4 xi4 #g4 #id ,op4 cit4 ,i4 #afb4 ,h]odotus ref]s to ! ,c>neian fe/ival 9 ,,vii4 #bjf4 #ie ,op4 cit4 ,i4 #bcd4 #if ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bga4 #ig ,= its religi\s "* see ,momms51 ,heortologie1 pp4 #afc ff4 #ih ,see fur!r1 p4 #ga1 & ,w4 ,h4 ,mat!ws1 ,mazes & ,labyr9?s1 pp4 #ai ff41 #aef ff4 7#aibb74 #ii ,prolegom5a ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #abc 7#ahhd74 #ajj ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #ddf1 #ddh1 & numb]$ cxxxii4 #b4 #aja ,,xviii4 #eij-fjf 7,blak5ey's translation74 #ajb ,a54 ,v4 #ede-fjc4 #ajc ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #gf f4 7#aiaa74 #ajd ,,gb1 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #gg4 #aje ,see ,plut>*1 ,!seus1 ,,xxi4 #ajf ,cp4 ! 8,ladies' ,*a90 9 mod]n danc+4 #ajg ,op4 cit41 & see also vol4 ,i4 #ddf4 #ajh ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #ddh4 #aji ,n[ 9 ! ,b]l4 ,mus4 ,antiqu>ium4 #aaj ,pro ,mur5a1 ,,vi4 #ac1 quot$ by ,b5d]1 ,rom und rmis*es ,leb5 im ,alt]?um1 p4 #deb 7#ahhj74 #aaa ,cp4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 ,i4 #chb 7#aijb74 #aab ,op4 cit4 pp4 #aed f42 cp4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,,ere1 ,x4 #hbj a2 ,m>qu>dt1 ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 p4 #aah 7#ahhf72 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,roman ,empire1 pp4 #gf ff4 7#aiaj74 #aac ,op4 cit4 ,i4 #cfj4 #aad ,cp4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 p4 #aah1 & ! reff4 !re giv5 7#ahhf74 #aae ,,gb1 ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #fe 7#aiac71 f ,liv4 vii4 #a-c4 #aaf ,9 de la ,saussaye1 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te1 ,,ii4 #cc1 cp4 #adi 7#aije71 & ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #hi4 ,a great deal ( in=mation w be f\nd scatt]$ ab\t 9 v>i\s volumes ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ s]ies1 e4g4 ,i1 ,,xv 7,upani%ads72 ,,xii1 ,,xxvi1 ,,xli1 ,,xliii1 ,,xliv 7,satapa?a-,brhmana72 ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxviii1 ,,xlviii 7! ,v$nta-,stras72 ,,xlix 7,buddhi/ ,mahyna ,texts72 ,,xxiii1 ,,xxxi 7! ,z5d-,ave/a72 ,,xxvii1 ,,xxviii1 ,,xl 7! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,*9a74 ,also ! relevant articles1 :i* are _m1 9 ,,ere1 :]e special lit]ature 9 abundance w be f\nd4 #aag ,s*oolcraft1 ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i4 #aia 7ed4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,drake1 #ahia72 !re is an illu/ration giv5 ( ?is dance4 #aah ,unkn[n ,mexico1 ,i4 #ccj f4 7#aijc74 #aai ,= ! religi\s dance among ! anci5t ,p]uvians see ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #bbd ff4 7#ahie72 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,am]ikanis*e ,urreligion1 p4 #che 7#ahfg72 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #bcj 7#aiji74 #abj ,hahl1 ,mit!ilung5 b] ,sitt5 und re*tli*e ,v]hltnisse auf ,ponape1 9 8,e?nologis*es ,notizblatt10 ,,ii4 ii4 #a 7#aija71 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,folk-lore 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,i4 #dj 7#aiah74 ,! ,maoris attribut$ ! orig9 ( danc+ to two goddesses1 ,raukata-uri & ,raukata-mea1 ,j4 ,macmillan ,br[n1 ,maori & ,polynesian1 p4 #bjh 7#aijg72 see also ! int]e/+ illu/rations 9 ,caillot1 ,les ,polynsi5s ori5taux4441 ,pls4 ,,xlvii1 ,,xlix-,,lii 7#aiji74 #aba ,les religions des peuples non-civiliss1 pp4 #bea f4 7#ahhc74 #abb ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aid4 #abc ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,i4 #cjg1 #cji ff4 7#aiab74 ,! supremely important rle assign$ to ! sacr$ dance among ! natives ( ,au/ralia is well kn[n2 see ,sp5c]1 ,native ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cb1 #ajf1 #aci ff41 #agc1 & ! illu/rations on p4 #ahf 7#aiad72 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ccj1 #daf 7#aijd72 ,br\gh ,smi?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,i4 #aff ff4 7#ahgh71 cp4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 pp4 #bbh f4 #abd ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,i4 #caa4 #abe ,see ! :ole ( ! ,note on 8,! ,pleiades 9 ,primitive ,cal5d>s10 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,i4 #cjg-cai4 #abf ,w4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] ,afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #ajj 7#ahia74 #abg ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #ia 7#ahgb74 #abh ,frits*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ceb4 #abi ,w4 ,s*neid]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hi f4 #acj ,= o!r dances 9 imitation ( animals1 see ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 pp4 #ach ff4 7#ahii74 #aca ,cp4 ! p]sonat+ ( spirits or leg5d>y animals among ! ,n4 ,am]ican ,indians1 ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #cge4 #acb ,see1 e4g41 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 #cjb ff4 #acc ,e4g4 ,g54 xii4 #f f41 xiii4 #ah1 xiv4 #ac1 xxxv4 #d1 #h2 ,jo%4 xxiv4 #bf2 ,judg4 ix4 #cg2 ,j]4 ii4 #bj1 iii4 #f1 #ac1 xvii4 #b2 ,ezek4 vi4 #ac2 ,hos4 iv4 #ac2 cp4 ,isa4 i4 #bi4 #acd ,e4g4 ,g54 xiv4 #g1 xvi4 #ad2 cp4 xxi4 #ai1 #cc2 ,jo%4 xv4 #g1 xviii4 #ag1 xix4 #h4 #ace ,see above1 pp4 #cc ff4 #acf ,patrol4 ,graec4 7,migne71 ,,lxxix4 ,col4 #fdh4 #acg ,rel4 ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ace f4 #ach ,i4 #ahi4 ,quot$ by ,bu*anan ,gray1 ,numb]s 7,int]n4 ,crit4 ,com471 pp4 #bhh f4 7#aijc74 #aci ,cp4 ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #abg 7#aijc74 #adj ,a read+ bas$ on ! ,sam>itan & ! ,septuag9t4 #ada ,! "n 8calf10 gel1 in/ead ( 8bull0 or 8c[10 ref]s to its smallness 7p]haps 9 irony74 ,su* images c\ld n h be5 l>ge z !y 7 made ( preci\s metal4 ,b ev5 :5 made ( o!r mat]ials1 su* z clay1 !y 7 small1 to judge f ! specim5s f\nd on ! site ( anci5t ,gez]4 #adb ,x is true t ! ^w is us$ ( 8surr\nd+0 a table 9 ! ,hebrew ( ,ecclus4 xxxv4 #a 7xxxii4 #a 9 ,greek71 b x w\ld be prec>i\s to cite ?is late ,hebrew mean+ ( x 9 support ( ! ,r4,v4 r5d]+ ( ! ^w 9 #a ,sam4 xvi4 #aa4 ,9 ,ecclus4 ix4 #i x is us$ ( 8m+l+0 /rong dr9k4 #adc ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cdj1 note #b3 8,! fe/al song ( praise 7tahlil7 prop]ly goes ) ! dance r\nd ! alt> 7cp4 ,ps4 xxvi4 #f sq471 = 9 primitive times song & dance are insep>able40 #add ,psalms 7,int]n4 ,crit4 ,com471 ,,ii4 #djh 7#aijg74 #ade ,cp4 ,job xxvi4 #aj3 8,he ha? work$ out a circle 7q g7 ^u ! face ( ! wat]s02 or p]haps bett]3 8,he ha? circumscrib$ a b\nd>y44440 ,?is illu/rates ! root mean+ ( ag1 8a circle02 & ?is is ! =mation ( ! fe/ival dance4 ,see1 fur!r1 ,driv] & ,gray1 ,job1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,philological ,notes1 pp4 #aed1 #ahj 7#aiba72 ,budde1 ,hiob1 p4 #adf 7#ahif72 ,ball1 ,! ,book ( ,job1 p4 #cbb 7#aibb74 ,see also ,prov4 viii4 #bg1 & cp4 ,isa4 xix4 #ag3 8,& ! l& ( ,judah %all be = a reel+ 7agga'7 to ,egypt10 i4e4 ,egypt w become giddy ?r\gh fe> at ! sight ( ,judah1 & w ?us 8reel40 agga' 8may ei!r be f an orig9al s5se ( gag1 or x may be equival5t to be+ excit$ z at a ag0 7,oxf4 ,hebr4 ,lex474 ,m probably x is simply a d]ivative f ag1 gidd9ess z a result ( go+ r\nd at ! fe/ival dance2 x is us$ 9 ,isa4 xix4 #ag 9 a metaphorical way4 #adf ,mi%nah1 ,sukkah1 iv4 #b4 #adg ,see above1 pp4 #dh ff4 ,! pr9ce-poet ,imra-al-,kais ref]s 9 "o ( 8 poems to girls1 g[n-clad1 go+ swiftly r\nd ! ,dav> 7,,eb1 ,i4 #iih74 #adh ,nili ,op]a1 ,n>rat4 ,,iii4 #h 79 ,migne1 ,patrol4 ,graec4 ,,lxxix4 #fab f47 8,9 lat] ,arabia1 ! awf1 or act ( circl+ ! sacr$ /one1 0 /ill a pr9cipal "p ( religion2 b ev5 be=e ,mohamm$'s "t x _h begun to be dissociat$ f sacrifice1 & became a mean+less c]emony10 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdj4 #adi 8,damit wre dann d] kultis*e ,tanz als ,produkt d] altori5talis*5 ,vor/ellungswelt erwies50 7de la ,saussaye1 ,religionsges*i*te1 ,i4 #chj #aije74 #aej ,see p4 #id4 #aea ,de ,dea ,syria1 ,,xlix42 see ,/rong & ,g>/ang1 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 & ,g>/ang's notes on pp4 #hc f4 7#aiac74 #aeb ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahe1 #cce4 #aec ,see ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #ia1 :]e a good photograph ( "o ( ^! trees is giv54 #aed ,nldeke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,p]s] und ,arab] zur ,zeit d] ,sasanid54 ,aus d] arabis*5 ,*ronik des ,tab>i1 p4 #aha 7#ahgi74 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,bevan1 ( ,cambridge1 = ?is ref]5ce4 #aee ,see ,dussaud1 ,hi/oire et ,religion des ,nosairis1 pp4 #adi f4 7#aijj74 #aef ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #cfj2 x is numb]$ xvii4 #e 9 vol4 ,,ii4 #aeg ,n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,mus4 ,antiq41 ,t4,c4 #ffhbch4 #aeh ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #cfj2 numb]$ xvii4 #f 9 vol4 ,,ii4 #aei ,op4 cit4 ,i4 #dde2 numb]$ cxxvii4 #c 9 vol4 ,,ii4 #afj ,cp4 ,suidas1 s4v4 4 #afa ,see ,lobeck1 ,aglao41 #bcg ff41 #fci ff41 #fie 7#ahbi72 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca1 p4 #bjg 7#ahad-ahba72 ,pauly1 ,real5cycl4 d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 ,,iv4 #abdj ff4 7#ahfb74 #afb ,w>de ,f[l] 9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #hbg b4 #afc ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 p4 #cij 7#aiab74 #afd ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 p4 #hc & ! notes 7#ahhf74 #afe ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i4 #adf ff42 ed4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,drake 7#ahia74 #aff ,speck1 ,e?nology ( ! ,yu*i ,indians1 p4 #bh 7#aiji74 #afg ,les ,religions des ,peuples ,non-civiliss1 ,i4 #bfi 7#ahhc74 #afh ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn4441 ,i4 #ig4 #afi ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn4441 ,i4 #bdj ff41 ,,ii4 #cbf ff42 ,! ,scapegoat1 #bcb ff41 #bea ff41 #cae4 #agj ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #aij ff4 7#ahge-ahgg72 ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 ,i4 #bdd 7#aijd-aije74 #aga ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,,ii4 #dg ff42 see also ! in/ances m5tion$ above1 p4 #ih4 #agb ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn4441 ,i4 #acf ff4 #agc ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #agd2 ,fraz]1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,,ii4 #eh ff4 #agd ,on ! subject g5]ally see ,hls*]1 ,die ,pr(et53 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,religionsges*i*te ,israels1 pp4 #abi-aeh 7#aiad74 #age ,9 speak+ ( ! ex]cises ( ! e>ly prophetical b&s ,rob]tson ,smi? says t 8!y 7 sometimes gone ?r\gh 9 sacr$ processions1 sometimes at a fix$ place1 z at ! ,naio? at ,ramah1 :i* ought probably to be r5d]$ #8dwell+s'--a sort ( co5obium4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by music ( a some:at noisy "*1 9 :i* ! h&-drum & ! pipe play$ a "p1 z 0 o!rwise ! case 9 fe/al processions to ! sanctu>y 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #e2 ,isa4 xxx4 #bi74 ,?us ! religi\s ex]cises ( ! prophets seem to be a developm5t 9 a peculi> direction ( ! ord9>y =ms ( ,hebrew wor%ip at ! "t1 & ! fact t ! #8prophesy+' 0 contagi\s e/abli%es its analogy to o!r contagi\s =ms ( religi\s excitem5t0 7,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 #cib #ahig74 ,see fur!r1 ,gressmann1 ,pale/9as ,erdg]u* 9 d] ,israelitis*5 ,religion1 pp4 #cd ff4 7#aiji74 #agf ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dcb4 #agg ,see1 = int]e/+ p>allels1 ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 9 ,essays & ,/udies pres5t$ to ,william ,ridgeway1 p4 #cig 7#aiac74 #agh ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dcb4 ,b see ,s4 ,a4 ,cook 9 ! "w j cit$4 #agi ,! ,r4,v4 r5d]+ ( #a ,k+s xviii4 #bf1 8,& !y leap$ ab\t ! alt>10 is mislead+4 #ahj ,! text em5dation "h is obvi\s1 x %\ld be yi?gddu 78!y cut !mselves07 = yi?grru 78!y assemble !mselves074 #aha ,?is has be5 illu/rat$ by ! excavations on ! site ( anci5t ,gez] und]tak5 by ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 #ahb ,g5esis1 p4 #cbi 7#aija74 #ahc ,see1 fur!r1 von ,gall1 ,altisraelitis*e ,kult/tt51 pp4 #adh ff4 7#ahih74 #ahd ,! ^w is also us$ = limp+1 or /umbl+1 9 a figurative s5se 7,j]4 xx4 #aj & else:]e2 9 ,job xviii4 #ab1 ,ball w\ld read bala74 ,accord+ to ,driv] ! cognate ,arabic ^w means 8to curve0 7,ox=d ,hebr4 ,lex472 "o ?9ks ( ! b5t or curv$ position ( ! body dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! 8limp+0 dance4 #ahe ,see ! v>i\s works ( ,s*rad]1 ,w9ckl]1 ,zimm]n1 ,j5s51 ,o4 ,web]1 ,ja/r[1 etc4 #ahf ,see1 e4g41 ,wi$emann1 ,die ,religion d] alt5 ,aegypt]1 pp4 #he-hg 7#ahij72 ,erman1 ,die gyptis*e ,religion1 pp4 #fa f41 #ij 7#aiji71 & ! works ( o!r au?orities m5tion$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 #ahg ,ea/]n ,cu/oms 9 ,bible ,l&s1 pp4 #bjg-baj 7#ahid72 a good acc\nt ( ! ,danc+ ,d]vi%es is giv5 9 ,w4 ,tyndale's ,an ,arti/ 9 ,egypt1 pp4 #bf-cj 7#aiab72 & see especially ,gressmann1 ,pale/9as ,erdg]u* 9 d] ,israelitis*5 ,religion1 pp4 #cd ff4 7#aiji74 #ahh ,see ,h]odotus1 ,,ii4 #acc4 #ahi ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 #cib 7#ahig72 cp4 ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 ,i4 #dgg 7#ahhf74 #aij ,sn\ck-,hurgronje1 ,mekka1 ,,ii4 #bha 7#ahhh-ahhi74 ,& see1 fur!r1 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,,ii4 #aai 7orig4 ed472 ,rob9son ,lees m5tions ?is danc+ z tak+ place at holy places 9 ,pale/9e1 ,village ,life 9 ,pale/9e1 pp4 #bg1 #bh 7#ahig74 #aia ,see ,golnis*eff1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 ,,xxi4 #bb f42 ,gressmann1 ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] zum ,a4,t41 ,i4 #bbe ff4 7#aiji74 #aib ,reg>d+ ! musical accompanim5t to su* ec/atic dances1 ,iambli*us prop\nds ! extraord9>y !ory t ! reason :y c]ta9 s\nds & melodies produce an ec/atic /ate is because be=e ! s\l ent]$ ! body x 0 8an auditor ( div9e h>mony10 & :51 be+ 9 ! body1 x he>s ^!1 x recollects ! div9e h>mony & p>ticipates 9 x2 h5ce ! cause ( ! ec/atic /ate & ! faculty ( div9ation 7,de ,my/]iis1 ,,iii4 #i end74 #aic ,die sequ5ti v>iis coloribus indusiati et de=mit] quisque =mati1 facie ca5oso pigm5to delita et oculis obunctis graphice prodeunt1 mitellis et crocotis et c>bas9is et bambyc9is iniecti1 quidam tunicas albas 9 modum lanciol>um quoquov]sum flu5te purpura depictas c+ulo subligati1 p$es luteis induti calceis2 deamque s]ico contectam amicuio mihi g]5dam imponunt bra*iisque suis hum]o t5us r5undatis1 attoll5tes immanes gladios ac secures1 evantes exsiliunt incitante tibiae cantu lymphaticum tripudium4 ,nec paucis p]]ratis casulis ad qu&am villam possessoris beati p]v5iunt et ab +ressu primo /atim absonis ululatibus con/rep5tes fanatice p]volant1 diuque capite demisso c]vices lubricis intorqu5tes motibus cr9esque p5dulos 9 circulum rotantes1 et nonnunquam morsibus suos incursantes musculos1 ad po/remum ancipiti f]ro quod g]ebant sua quisque bra*ia dissicant4 ,int] haec unus ex illis bac*atur effusius ac de imis praecordiis anhelitus crebros ref]5s1 velut num9is div9o spiritu repletus1 simulabat sauciam vecordiam1 prorus quasi deum praes5tia soleant hom9es non sui fi]i meliores s$ debiles effici vel aegroti4444 ,arrepto d5ique flagro1 quod semiviris illis proprium ge/am5 e/1 contortis ta5iis lanosi vell]is prolixe fimbriatum et multiiugis talis ovium tess]atum1 indidem sese mult9odis commulcat ictibus1 mire contra plag>um dolores praesumptione munitus4 ,c]n]es prosectu gladiorum ictuque flagrorum solum spurcitia sangu9is effem9ati madesc]e4444 ,! translation is t ( ,s4 ,gaselee 9 8,loeb ,classical ,libr>y0 7#aiae74 #aid ,9 ,,ere1 ,,vi4 #djc a2 we give ! quotation 9 full z ?is l>ge ,encyclopa$ia is n1 = _m1 easily accessible4 #aie ,on ! ,korybantes1 ! my?ical att5dants on ,kybele1 :o 7 suppos$ to dance 9 wild fa%ion ) ! goddess on ! m\nta9s1 see ,rohde1 ,psy*e4441 ,,ii4 #dh ff4 7#aijg72 ! "n 0 also giv5 to ! eunu* prie/s ( ! goddess 9 ,phrygia4 #aif ,pan(ka1 ,dionysos und ,?yid51 pl4 ,i4 #b 7#ahec74 #aig ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #dec 7#aijc74 #aih ,! treasure is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ,cat4 #bbij2 ,h>rison1 op4 cit41 p4 #dbh4 #aii ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #cic2 see also ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te1 ,i4 #afb1 ,,ii4 #hdj1 #abic2 ,lobeck1 ,aglao41 ,,ii4 #ajhe ff42 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca1 ,i4 #bcd4 #bjj ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig2 ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #gdh1 #abic2 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #abc4 #bja ,philo1 ,de ,vita ,contempl4 ,,ii4 #bjb ,diodorus1 ,,iv4 iii4 #b4 #bjc ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,,ii4 #aa ff42 ,ros*]1 ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon4441 ,,ii4 #bbdc-bbhc 7#ahid-ahig74 #bjd ,pausan4 ,x4 iv4 #a1 #b4 #bje ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #edj 7omitt+ ! int]ject$ words ( ,xan?ias & ,dionysos74 #bjf ,see ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #bbd2 cp4 ,f\c>t1 ,les gr&s my/res d',eleusis1 pp4 #aba f42 & = ! danc+ at ! celebration ( ! my/]ies1 see p4 #adb 7#aijd74 #bjg ,quot$ by ,h>rison1 ,py?4 ,,iii4 #gg4 #bjh ,pausan4 ,,ii4 vii4 #f4 ,cp4 also ,lobeck1 ,aglao41 ,,ii4 #ajhh2 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 pp4 #aec ff4 #bji ,l9es #fhj-fia4 #baj ,,iv4 #c4 #baa ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejj2 & ! same au?or's ,!mis1 pp4 #bc ff4 7#aiab74 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,i4 #bgb4 #bab ,protr4 ,,ii4 #ab4 ,conc]n+ !m ,gruppe says3 8,die ,kuret51 na* d55 e9 ,magi/ratskollegium hiess1 das unt] dem proto-k\res my/is*e ,opf] fei]te1 sollt5 dur* d5 ,lrm d] ,waff5 ,h]a v]trieb5 hab52 e9e ,sag5bildung1 die auf e9e ,anglei*ung an die ,rit5 die zw> eb5falls eubois*-boiotis*51 ab] viellei*t er/ hi] mit dem ,artemis-di5/ 9 ,v]b9dung gesetzt5 ,kultus d] gross5 ,gtt9 h9wei/0 7,grie*4 ,my?4 ,i4 #bhd2 see also ,,ii4 #hbj1 #hih1 #aajf1 #aaih74 #bac ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris1 pp4 #bej f4 7#aijg74 ,see fur!r1 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 se9e ,my!n und se9 ,kult1 pp4 #abh ff4 7#aijc74 #bad ,ep4 ,i4 #di1 ,,ii4 #cd1 ,,vi4 #dj2 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 p4 #af 7#aiaj74 #bae ,on ! ,galli see ,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syria1 ,,xliii1 ,l-,,lx4 #baf ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbc4 ,see fur!r ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 ,,ii4 #ej2 ,catullus1 ,c>m4 ,,lxiii42 ,lucretius1 ,,ii4 #eih ff42 ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adb ff42 ,glov]1 ,! ,conflict ( ,religions 9 ! e>ly ,roman ,empire1 pp4 #bj f4 7#aiji74 #bag ,fallaize1 9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #abd b4 #bah ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 #acc f4 7#aibj72 he also m5tions ?is type ( dance among ! ,patagonians1 ,fijians & o!rs1 pp4 #dai ff4 #bai ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 p4 #fa4 #bbj ,rville1 ,les ,religions des peuples non-civiliss1 p4 #bfg 7#ahhc72 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bhf4 #bba ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhd71 p4 #bbe4 #bbb ,malay ,magic1 p4 #dfc 7#aijj74 #bbc ,fallaize1 9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #abd b4 #bbd ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 #djh2 ,n4 ,tsaki1 ,la ,russie ,sectaire1 pp4 #ff ff4 ,! ,%ak]s ( ,new ,lebanon attempt 9 ! dance to obta9 ! ,holy ,_s1 ,lilly ,grove1 op4 cit4 p4 #g4 #bbe ,j4 ,macmillan ,br[n1 ,maori & ,polynesian1 p4 #bjd 7#aijg74 #bbf ,folk-lore 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,,iii4 #bgg 7#aiah74 #bbg ,9 ,all]lei1 ,i4 #afd-afh4 #bbh ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,religion1 p4 #agd 7#aijd74 #bbi 8,!y prophesi$ until ! "t ( ! ev5+ oblation0 7 71 #a ,k+s xviii4 #bi4 #bcj ,an inspir$ prophet4 #bca ,a five-?ong$ sc\rge1 ) iron at ! extremity ( ea* ?ong4 #bcb ,! ,sun & ! ,s]p5t1 pp4 #ii f4 7#aije74 #bcc ,! fea/ ( ,pesa* 78,passov]07 co9cid$ ) ?is2 x 0 also a spr+ fe/ival at :i* ! fir/l+s ( ! h]ds 7 (f]$ 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #be74 #bcd ,e4g4 #a ,k+s viii4 #b1 xii4 #cb2 ,judg4 xxi4 #ai2 ,lev4 xxiii4 #ci1 #da4 #bce ,?is is also true ( ! ,t>gums1 :]e an allusion to ! dance is sometimes /rik+ly obvi\s1 e4g4 9 ! ,t>g4 ( ,onkelos to ,deut4 xvi4 #ad2 ! p are bidd5 to rejoice at _! fea/s ) ! play+ ( flutes2 ?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ usual accompanim5ts to ! sacr$ dance all ! _w ov]4 #bcf ,see ,moore1 ,judges1 pp4 #cjd f4 7#aijc74 #bcg ,cp4 ,judges ix4 #bg4 #bch ,see e4g4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 p4 #bgc 7#aiji72 ,c>l ,ra?j5s1 ,die ,jud5 9 ,abess9i51 p4 #gh 7#aiba74 #bci ,talmudis*e ,ar*ologie1 ,,iii4 #aja1 & ! ref]5ces on p4 #bhe4 #bdj ,mi%nah1 ,sukkah1 ,v4 #a4 #bda ,sukkah1 ,,iv4 #a-d4 #bdb ,cp4 ,re9a*1 op4 cit4 p4 #bga4 #bdc ,see ,megilla? ,taani?1 ,,iv4 #h-aj2 ?is 0 be=e ! ,day ( ,atonem5t _h become a ,fa/-day2 "o sees1 !re=e1 h[ anci5t ! cu/om 04 #bdd ,megilla? ,taani?1 ,v4 #bde ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,ii4 xvii4 #f4 #bdf ,see fur!r on ?is1 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 ,,iii4 #ajb1 #bhe4 #bdg ,on ^! see fur!r ,d\ghty1 ,travels 9 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,i4 #cdj ff41 #cia f4 7#aiba74 #bdh ,alois ,musil1 ,arabia ,petraea1 ,,iii4 #bjj ff4 7#aijh74 #bdi ,dalman1 ,pale/9is*] ,diwan1 p4 #bed 7#aija74 #bej ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,i4 #ccd f4 7#ahha74 #bea ,see ,g4 ,fri$l&]'s edition ( ?is "w1 p4 #bjh 7#aiaf74 #beb ,cp4 ,encl[1 ,,je1 ,,iv4 #dbe b1 & ,jacobs1 ,,je1 ,,iv4 #if ff4 #bec ,see ,curtiss1 op4 cit4 pp4 #afd ff4 #bed ,kees1 ,d] ,opf]tanz des gyptis*5 ,knigs1 pp4 #aje-bbf 7#aiab72 ,masp]o1 tudes de my?ologie et de l'ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ,,viii4 #cac 7#ahic-aiaf72 ,blackman1 ,rock ,tombs ( ,meir1 ,i4 #bc f41 ,,ii4 #be1 & ! same writ] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,egyptian ,ar*aeology1 ,,vii4 #ba f4 #bee ,erman1 ,aegypt5 4441 ,i4 #ccf4 #bef ,erman1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #cdj2 see also ,voss1 ,d] ,tanz und se9e ,ges*i*te1 p4 #bj 7#ahfi71 :o un=tunately omits ref]5ces to au?orities4 #beg ,see fur!r1 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,/ud4 ,hi/4 ,,iii4 #fi 7#aijd71 & = fe/ivals g5]ally ! same au?or's ,egyptian ,fe/ivals 444 7#aijh74 #beh ,s*ol4 9 ,luc4 ,dialog4 ,m]etr4 ,,vii4 #d 7ed4 ,rabe1 #aijf71 ref]r$ to by ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf2 see also ,lbk]1 op4 cit4 #bih b4 #bei ,momms51 ,fe/e 4441 pp4 #cei ff42 ,h>pocration1 s4v4 1 ,i4 #bd 7ed4 ,d9dorf #ahec74 ,= ,v9tage ,fe/ivals see1 fur!r1 ,momms51 ,heortologie1 pp4 #ff ff4 #bfj ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adf f4 ,on ?is fe/ival see also ,bekk]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #chd f42 ,f>nell1 ,cults 4441 ,,iii4 #cae f42 ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,i4 #fj ff4 #bfa ,! au?or ref]s to 8 note on ,pausanias1 ,,viii4 xxxvii4 #c 9 vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #cge ff4 ( 8 ,pausanias4 #bfb ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,,ii4 #cci4 #bfc ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #ghc2 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 pp4 #fah ff4 7#ahgb74 #bfd ,cp4 ,pausan4 ,,viii4 xxv4 #a ff42 ,ovid1 ,metam4 ,v4 #ajf2 ,pl9y1 ,,xvi4 #cc2 & = ! ,*>ites see ,gruppe1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #ha1 ,,ii4 #ajgc1 #ajhc1 #aahi1 #abhd2 ,lobeck1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #ajhe ff42 ,julii ,pol4 ,onom4 ,,iv4 #ie4 ,= ! ,!smophoria see ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,,ii4 #af ff42 ,f>nell1 ,cults 4441 ,,iii4 #he-ic2 & = ! ,?>gelia1 ,,gb1 ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #bed ff42 ,f>nell1 ,cults 4441 ,,iv4 #bfh ff4 #bfe ,e4g4 9 ! cult ( 1 see ,lobeck1 ,de my/4 priv4 ,,ii4 #iei2 ,f>nell1 ,cults 4441 ,,ii4 #dde2 ,pausan4 ,,vi4 xxii4 #a4 ,! procession call$ 0 especially associat$ ) ,dionysos & ,h]mes1 see ,f>nell 9 ,,ere1 ,,vi4 #dag a4 #bff ,see ,f>nell 9 ,,ere1 ,,vi4 #djc b2 he says3 8?is privilege ( ec/asy might be us$ = ! practical purposes ( vegetation-magic40 #bfg ,m>s 0 orig9ally a god ( vegetation2 he appe>s subsequ5tly z ! god ( w>4 #bfh ,see ,au/1 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]1 p4 #aga 7#ahii74 #bfi ,a translation 9 full is giv5 by ,c>t] 9 ,,ere1 ,,ii4 #aj b1 #aa a4 #bgj ,see fur!r on ! :ole subject ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real5cycl4 d] klassis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ,,ii4 #adfc ff4 7#ahif74 #bga ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,,iii4 #ddd 7#ahhe74 #bgb ,cp4 ! "n ( ! mon? 9 :i* ! fe/ival 0 held1 ,febru>y1 :i* gets its "n f febru>e 8to purify40 #bgc ,m>* #ai 0 a special day z be+ ! bir?day ( ,m9]va 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ,,iii4 #hab2 see ,momms51 ,fe/e 4441 p4 #ei74 #bgd 8444 p] urbem ire can5tes c>m9a cum tripudiis solemnique saltatu10 ,liv4 ,i4 #bj4 #d4 ,see1 fur!r1 ,wiss[a1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #dhb1 :o ref]s to ,dion4 ,hal4 ,,ii4 #gj4 #b4 ,cp4 de la ,saussaye1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #dda ff42 & see ,s5eca1 ,epp4 ,,xv42 ,qu9tilian1 ,i4 #b4 #ah4 #bge ,,gb1 ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #bcb4 #bgf ,fraz]1 ibid42 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,,iii4 #dbg f4 7#ahhe72 ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj2 ,cirilli1 ,les ,prtres ,danseurs de ,rome1 pp4 #ig ff4 7#aiac72 = ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals g5]ally among ! ,romans see ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 pp4 #aia ff41 = ! ,hil>ia1 pp4 #cba ff4 7#aiab72 ,ros*]1 ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,my?ologie1 s4v4 ,attis1 ,i4 #gae ff4 7#ahhd72 = ! ,v9alia1 ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #agc4 ,cp4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #ade 7#aije74 #bgg ,see1 = illu/rations n m5tion$ "h1 ,lilly ,grove1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fe-ib4 #bgh ,?is is giv5 by ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,i4 #ie f41 f ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 ,i4 #afg-afi 7#aijd 44474 #bgi ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajg4 ,see also ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #cbc ff4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 ,i4 #bfb 7#ahif71 says3 8,! ,dyaks really seem to consid] danc+ z a "p ( div9e s]vice1 attribut+ to x "s my/]i\s & :olesome efficacy02--!y d n enquire :y2 x is tak5 = grant$ t x is s4 #bhj ,malay ,magic1 p4 #dfb 7#aijj74 #bha ,cp4 ,rville1 ,les ,religions des peuples non-civiliss1 p4 #bfi1 :o tells ( h[ ! imitative magic dance develops into a specifically religi\s act4 #bhb ,op4 cit4 p4 #dfd2 see1 fur!r1 pp4 #dfe ff41 & also ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,i4 #cfd f41 ,,ii4 #aai ff41 #abf ff41 #acg ) ! illu/ration on p4 #ach2 & = ! negro ,b>is1 ^: c\ntry is situat$ on ei!r bank ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 see ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,races ( ,mank9d1 ,i4 #gd 7#ahha74 #bhc ,w4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] ,afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 pp4 #eb-eh 7#ahia72 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cbg 7#ahgb74 #bhd ,on initiation dances see ,h>rison1 ,!mis1 pp4 #bd f4 #bhe ,bab4 ,talm4 ,ro% ,ha-%anah #af a1 ,mi%nah1 ,sukkah1 ,,iv4 #i2 cp4 ,mi%nah1 ,b]ak?1 ,v4 #b2 see also ! curi\s /ory 9 ,lucian1 ,de ,dea ,syria1 ,,xiii42 & = numb]s ( examples ( ra9-*>ms see ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 #bdg-cbi4 #bhf ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 p4 #gf 7#aiji74 #bhg ,,ere1 ,x4 #cei b4 #bhh ,! root mean+ ( anah is 8to s+10 see ,isa4 xxvi4 #b1 ,exod4 xxxii4 #ah1 ,ps4 cxix4 #agb2 & cp4 ! cognate ,arabic root ghanna2 9 neo-,hebrew x is (t5 us$ ( s++ 9 *orus4 #bhi ,a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! passage is giv5 by a few comm5tators1 e4g4 ,briggs 9 ! ,int]n4 ,crit4 ,com41 b ! natural mean+ seems to be z above4 #bij ,we h ref]r$ to ?is 9 ano!r connexion1 see p4 #ada4 ,x is probable t we h 9 ?is episode a comb9ation ( an hi/orical fact & "s =m ( ! ,adonis my?4 #bia ,pausan4 ,,iv4 xvi4 #d4 ,see1 fur!r1 ,h]mann1 ,gottesdi5/li*e ,alt]?m]1 #bd1 #ej4 #bib ,ref]5ce is made 9 #a ,sam4 xxi4 #e1 #b ,sam4 xi4 #aa to an act ( self-control :i* 0 also "p ( ! consecration = battle2 b ?is1 :i* is f\nd among _m o!r races1 _h its special reason & does n come into consid]ation "h4 #bic ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,,ii4 #ade1 :]e o!r examples are giv54 #bid ,,gb1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn 4441 ,i4 #bb4 #bie ,! possibility is n exclud$ t 9 all cases ( animals be+ eat5 9 ord] to absorb _! qualities1 _! sacr$ness may h be5 ! real reason at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! rite4 ,:5 ?is reason 0 =gott5 & its qualities became ! sole reason = eat+ an animal1 ! ext5sion ( ! idea 9 o!r ways w\ld be natural4 #bif ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bhh4 #big ,,gb1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #afe f4 7#aiaa72 ! acc\nt is tak5 f ,s4 ,mll]1 ,reiz5 en ,ond]goek+5 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel41 ,,ii4 #beb 7#aheg74 ,= ano!r example see ,*alm]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 #bih ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bih 7#aiaj71 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #afh4 #bii ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dic f4 7#ahii74 #cjj ,de ,flac\rt1 ,hi/oire de la ,gr&e ,isle ,madagasc>1 pp4 #ig f4 7#afeh71 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 #aca 7#aiaa74 #cja ,! ,secret ,tribal ,societies ( ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ag1 quot$ by ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #acb4 #cjb ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #acc f4 #cjc ,uit het lev5 d] ,bevolk+ van ,w9dessi1 9 ! 8,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal-,l&5 ,volk5kunde10 ,,xl4 #aeg f4 7#ahih72 ,,gb1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #afi f4 #cjd ,e4g4 9 su* cases z ! ,may-pole dance1 & ! dances r\nd ! ,midsumm] fires4 #cje ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dee1 :]e ref]5ces to orig9al au?orities are giv54 ,see also ,/ade1 ,biblis*e ,!ologie des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts1 i4 #adh4 #cjf ,,gb1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #aeh2 = fur!r examples see pp4 #afa ff41 & ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 #abe ff4 ,conceivably ! taboo on ! p]sons left at home dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! fight+ m5 may h orig9ally _h some?+ to d ) ! victory dance be+ p]=m$ by wom5 alone4 #cjg ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,immortality & ! ,unse5 ,_w1 *aps4 ,,viii-,x4 #cjh ,e4g4 ,g54 xxiv4 #di ff41 xxix4 #bg2 ,judg4 xiv4 #g2 ,isa4 lxi4 #aj2 ,j]4 ii4 #cb1 vii4 #cd1 xxv4 #aj2 ,ps4 xlv4 #aj ff42 ,cant4 iii4 #f-aa2 cp4 #c ,macc4 iv4 #h4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we h m details1 e4g4 ,mat?4 xxii4 #b1 xxv4 #a ff42 ,lk4 xii4 #cf2 ,john ii4 #a ff4 #cji ,see ,knig1 ,hebr4 und ,aram4 ,wrt]bu*1 p4 #eje1 & cp4 ! ,sept4 7,cod4 ,b74 #caj ,kimhla? hammaanaim4 ,cp4 ! ,septuag9t r5d]+3 4 #caa ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #eb1 says1 8,! t5acity ) :i* ! ,ori5tal m9d1 if left to itself1 holds t :i* has always be51 & turns to x z un]r+ly z ! ne$le to ! pole1 has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 & is our gu>anty t we may f9d primitive religi\s conditions among p ) :om1 if we approa* !m 9 ! "r way1 we may hold int]c\rse to-day40 ,?is may c]ta9ly apply to ! pres5t in/ance4 #cab ,9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 pp4 #bhg ff4 7#ahgc74 #cac ,cp4 ! ref]5ce to ! k+ 9 ,cant4 i4 #d4 #cad ,mittel-,syri5 und ,damascus1 p4 #abc 7#ahec74 #cae ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,,ii4 #aah 7#aiba74 #caf ,see ,ro?/e9's article1 8,moslemis*e ,ho*zeitsgebru*e 9 ,lifta bei ,j]usalem10 9 ,dalman's ,pal/9ajahrbu*1 #aiaj1 pp4 #ajb-abc1 especially #aaj-aad2 a photographic illu/ration ( a sword-dance is giv5 on p4 #ajb2 & ,kle9 9 ! ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,pal/9is*5 ,v]e9s1 ,,vi4 #id ff4 7#ahhc74 #cag 8,its g5]al unsci5tific nature has be5 demon/rat$ by ,mr ,fison & ,dr ,we/]m>ck4444 ,! !ory1 !n1 t mank9d 9 g5]al1 or ev5 a p>ticul> section ( mank9d1 ev5 9 normal circum/ances 7 accu/om$ to obta9 _! wives by capture f o!r tribes1 may be reg>d$ z explod$4 ,!re h be51 ( c\rse1 & /ill are1 sporadic cases ( capture ( wives f ho/ile tribes or o!rs1 b su* _c prove a rule40 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose3 ,a ,/udy ( ,primitive ,m>riage1 p4 #cfg 7#aijb74 #cah ,op4 cit4 pp4 #cbc ff4 #cai ,= ! reasons :y ^! malefic5t influ5ces %\ld be believ$ to be pres5t on su* occasions see ,crawley's "w1 *aps1 ,,xiii1 ,,xiv4 #cbj ,pale/9is*] ,diwan1 p4 #bed 7#aija74 ,= ! cu/om among ! ,arabs ( ! ,h$jaz see ,fea!rman1 op4 cit4 ,v4 #djb4 #cba ,krauss1 ,talmudis*e ,ar*ologie1 ,,ii4 #ci 7#aiaa74 #cbb ,ba*]1 ,aggada d] ,pale/9is*5 ,amoraim1 ,,iii4 #cf 7#ahig72 ,,je1 ,,viii4 #cda f4 #cbc ,abrahams1 ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aic 7#ahif74 #cbd ,abrahams1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aie f42 cp4 ) ?is ! rite 9 ! anci5t ,indian ritual1 9 :i* ! bride takes sev5 /eps t[>ds ! bridegroom2 at ! sev5? he seizes h] by ! foot1 ,w9t]nitz1 ,das alt9dis*e ,ho*zeitsrituell1 9 8,d5ks*rift5 d] ,kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft510 ,,xl4 #ea 7#ahib74 #cbe ,grunwald1 9 ,,je1 ,,viii4 #cdf a1 quot+ f ,*orny1 ,sef] ha-,massaot1 p4 #bih4 #cbf ,abrahams1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif4 ,= m>riage rites among ,jews & ,mohamm$ans 9 ,pale/9e to-day see ,bald5sp]g] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pal4 ,exploration ,fund1 #ahii1 pp4 #adj ff41 #aijj1 pp4 #aha ff41 #aija1 pp4 #agc ff4 #cbg ,we/]m>ck1 ,m>riage ,c]emonies 9 ,morocco1 p4 #add 7#aiad74 #cbh ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #chh 7#aiaj74 #cbi ,on ?is1 see fur!r ,crawley1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cbg ff41 #cce ff4 #ccj ,op4 cit4 p4 #cba4 #cca ,op4 cit4 p4 #cdd4 #ccb ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,races ( ,mank9d1 ,v4 #dhj 7#ahha74 #ccc ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bea4 #ccd ,w9t]nitz1 ,das alt9dis*e ,ho*zeitsrituell1 ,,xl4 #cj4 #cce ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #cgd4 #ccf ,skeat1 op4 cit4 p4 #cha4 #ccg 8,= practical purposes1 z is h>dly necess>y to premise1 ! complex fe>s ( m5 & wom5 are (t5 subconsci\s1 or are only express$ z a feel+ ( diffid5ce ) reg>d to ! novel proce$+s1 & also are n always focuss$ on ! p]sonality ( ei!r p>ty ) its inh]5t dang]\s prop]ties nor /imulat$ by consci\s realisation ( p>ticul> dang]s4444 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 cases :]e ! individual 9 m>riage is consci\sly aw>e t x is 8 human p>tn] :o is to be fe>$0 7,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbc74 #cch ,skeat1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgg1 & = o!r dances at w$d+s see pp4 #chh f41 #cib4 #cci ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 ,,ii4 #ehd 7#aiba72 see also ,fea!rman1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bjh4 #cdj ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #aga4 #cda ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,,ii4 #bee4 #cdb ,we/]m>ck1 ,m>riage ,c]emonies 9 ,morocco1 p4 #ij4 #cdc ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #add4 #cdd ,h4 ,a4 ,metcalf's translation1 ,! ,idylls & ,epigrams ( ,!ocritus 444 7#aije74 #cde ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #ccg ff4 #cdf ,= ^!1 see ! pres5t writ]'s book1 ,immortality & ! ,unse5 ,_w3 a ,/udy 9 ,old ,te/am5t ,religion1 pp4 #ada ff4 7#aiba74 #cdg ,talmudis*e ,ar*ologie1 ,,ii4 #fg f41 #dhc 7#aiaa72 cp4 also ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book3 ,lebanon1 ,damascus1 & beyond ,jordan1 pp4 #dja ff4 7#ahhf74 #cdh ,crawley1 9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #ceh a4 #cdi ,! my/ic numb]1 sev51 9 connexion ) ! rite w n escape notice4 ,! :ole s]vice w be f\nd 9 ,ga/]'s ,daily & ,occasional ,pray]s1 vol4 ,i4 7#aija74 ,! supplications1 ?\gh n 9 precisely ! same =m 9 :i* !y n[ appe>1 are kn[n to g back to pre-,*ri/ian times2 ! antiquity ( ! ritual by :i* !y are accompani$1 especially :5 its nature is consid]$1 w obvi\sly be at lea/ z great1 let alone ! long hi/ory beh9d x4 #cej ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,,xi4 #abi 7#ahgi-aiaj74 #cea ,9 ,,ere1 ,,iii4 #feh b4 #ceb ,h>tl&1 9 ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #dbf b4 #cec ,walse1 9 ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #dec b4 #ced ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 ,i4 #cja 7#aijc74 #cee ,alois ,musil1 ,arabia ,petraea1 ,,iii4 #bjc 7#aijh74 #cef ,= illu/rations ( ?is k9d see1 e4g41 ,rosell9i1 ,les ,monum5ts de l'gypte et de la ,nubie1 ,pl4 ,,cxiv4 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,cxvi4 fig4 #f 7#ahca72 ,lepsius1 ,d5kml] aus ,aegypt5 und ,ae?iopi51 ,div4 ,,ii1 ,pls4 #eb1 #ec 7#ahdi72 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art dans l'antiquit3 l'gypte1 p4 #gja 7#ahhb74 #ceg ,9 ,,ere1 ,v4 #bch a4 #ceh ,erman1 ,aegypt5 4441 ,i4 #ccf4 #cei ,erman1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #cch1 ,,ii4 #dcd4 #cfj ,report$ 9 ! ,times1 #bi? ,june1 #aibb4 #cfa ,cp4 ,h]odotus1 ,,ii4 #he4 #cfb ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 ,,ii4 #bgb 7#ahga74 #cfc ,op4 cit4 pp4 #cdd1 #djh f41 #deb4 #cfd ,among ! ,romans1 dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iods1 fun]als always took place at night2 = ! evid5ce see ,m>qu>dt1 ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 pp4 #cdc f4 7#ahhf74 #cfe ,z to fun]al games see ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des antiquits ,greques et ,roma9es1 ,,ii4 #acgf 7#ahif 44473 8,la prs5ce de nombreux *>s sur les vases pe9ts du ,dipylon fait croire qu'on cont9ua clbr] des jeux funbres en l'honneur du mort1 et cet usage p]si/a longtemps encore1 comme semble l'indiqu] une pe9ture o un *> de c\rse e/ reprs5t ct d'une /le qu'on a*ve de dcor]40 ,cp4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e 4441 ,i4 #bbd f4 ,z ,h>tl& po9ts out 7,,ere1 ,,iv4 #dcg a71 8fun]al games1 famili> to u 9 classical lit]ature1 are ( v wide di/ribution4 ,!y _c be sep>at$ f dances1 = !re is no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! two40 #cff ,see also ,rohde1 ,psy*e 4441 ,i4 #bba4 #cfg ,9 ,dionys4 ,,vii4 #gb !re is a description ( su* a procession 9 :i* troops danc$ 9 ! dress ( ,sil5i & ,satyrs4 ,suet4 ,caes4 #hd 7,m>qu>dt1 ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 pp4 #ceb f474 #cfh ,crawley1 9 ,,ere1 ,x4 #cef a4 #cfi ,antike ,gesi*t%elme und ,sepulcralmask51 p4 #d 7#ahgh71 ref]r$ to by ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 p4 #bda1 & see fur!r1 pp4 #cec ff4 #cgj ,%[]man 9 ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #eje b1 #ejg b4 ,cp4 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 op4 cit4 s4v4 ,funus4 #cga ,op4 cit4 ,,ii4 #cb4 #cgb ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,immortality & ! ,unse5 ,_w1 pp4 #i1 #ba f4 #cgc ,i4e4 8sacr$10 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,musulman ye>4 #cgd ,jaf> ,%>if1 ,islam 9 ,india1 or ! ,qnn-i-,islam3 ,! ,cu/oms ( ! ,musulmans ( ,india1 translat$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,h]klots1 pp4 #afa-agd 7#aiba74 #cge ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,! ,magic ,art1 ,,ii4 #ahc4 #cgf ,j4 ,m4 ,br[n1 ,maori & ,polynesian1 p4 #bjc4 8,fun]al dances & dea?-b$ dances are a _w-wide cu/om4 ,we he> ( !m 9 ,patagonia1 9 ,abyss9ia1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isles & 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 we read ab\t !m 9 anci5t ,egypt1 & we c see !m to-day 9 ,spa91 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ,france10 ,lilly ,grove1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 #cgg ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #dcd b4 #cgh ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #ceh ff41 #gaf 7#aiaj74 #cgi ,fraz]1 ,! ,belief 9 ,immortality1 ,i4 #bjj 7#aiac74 #chj ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #cii4 #cha ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 pp4 #aed f4 7#ahfh74 #chb ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #aih1 #bcd4 #chc ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,races ( ,mank9d1 ,i4 #dac 7#ahha74 #chd ,baldw9 ,sp5c]1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bcd ff4 7#aiad74 #che ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bic f4 #chf ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ! ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 #bef4 #chg ,die ,religion 9 ,ges*i*te und ,geg5w>t1 ,v4 #ajgj4 #chh ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,pt4 ,i4 #cfc 7#ahii74 #chi ,fraz]1 ,,gb1 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #aff4 #cij ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eje ff4 7#ahii74 #cia ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 ,i4 pp4 #chd ff4 7#aijc74 #cib ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #dha a4 #cic ,,ere1 ,,iv4 #daf b4 #cid ,see on ?is ! pres5t writ]'s ,immortality & ! ,unse5 ,_w1 p4 #ahj4 ,,index ,a>on1 #afa ,ab1 fea/ (1 #adc ,abel-meolah1 #adb ,abijah1 #ib ,absorb+ ! god1 #be ,abydos1 royal tombs at1 #bjc ,a*na1 ,kybele tem5os at1 #ii ,air a means ( lu/ration1 #ii ,alt>1 dance r\nd1 #ia f4 procession r\nd1 #id ,amalekites1 ,david's attack on !1 #dh ,ama?us1 #gj ,amb>valia1 #ajj1 #adi ,ance/or-wor%ip1 #aca danc+ connect$ )1 #aie ,animals1 belief 9 desc5t f1 #ah1 #gh holy1 #aff imitat$ 9 dance1 #ah sacr$1 #aff ,animi/ic /age1 #ad ,aphrodite1 #ih ,aphrodite-,ariadne1 #gj ,apis fe/ivals1 #fj ,apollo1 #g1 #fc1 #fh1 #gd1 #abj ,apollo ,k>neios1 #fi ,apollo1 ,py?aean1 #fi ,apollonius ,rhodius1 #bja ,apuleius1 #aah ,apuleius' acc\nt ( sacr$ dance1 #fa f4 ,arabi ,pa%a1 #aae ,arabs1 #aic anci5t1 #aaf cultus ( !1 #di1 #id w$d+ dance among !1 #aha m\rn+ rite among !1 #bjb song r\nd well (1 #hi ,arwaks1 fun]al dance among !1 #bab f4 procession r\nd corpse (1 #bja ,ar*igallus1 #abg ,ares1 #fc ,argonauts1 #bja ,ariadne1 #gj ,ariadne's ,dance1 #bg1 #fi1 #ga f4 ,ari/om5es1 #afc ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs quot$1 #abc ,ari/otle1 #ad ,ark1 #cf1 #ed1 #id ,arkteia1 #fh1 #ajb ,artemis1 #ai1 #fc1 #ff1 #ajb ,brauronian c]emonies (1 #fh ,c>yatis1 #fg ,koru?alia1 #ff wor%ip (1 #fg ,artemis-,kybele1 groves (1 #ii ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #afi fun]al dance among !1 #baf ,arval ,bro!rs1 #adi ,a%antees1 #agj ,a%dod1 #dg ,a%k5azic ,jews1 #aih ,asiatic peoples1 sacr$ dance among1 #gf ,asiph1 #adj ,as%urbanipal1 inscription (1 #eh ,assyrian fe/ivals1 #eh procession1 #eh sacr$ dance1 #f ,a!na1 #ai1 #fd1 #abj ,a!ns1 #abc ,atonem5t1 day (1 #adc ,atrium1 #bjh ,attic wom5 danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos1 #abc ,attis1 wor%ip (1 #abf1 #abg ,baal1 #ch ,m>qd1 #ai1 #ef ( danc+1 #ef prophets (1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aca f4 8,baby ,jesus01 #bc ,babylonian fe/ivals1 #eg hymns1 #eh ,bac*analian assemblies1 #abd ,bac*antes1 #aba1 #abd ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 #ajc ,bmh1 #ajh ,bamb>as ( ,s5egambia1 #ade ,b>ges1 procession (1 #fb ,basket1 #fj ,baskets danc+1 #fg ,be> dance1 #fh1 #ajb ,be*uanas1 m>riage dance among !1 #aha ,b$\9 ,arabs1 #aic dance among !1 #ef f4 ,b5ihassan1 inscription on tomb at1 #bjc ,b5jamites1 #adb ,bs1 #fj ,bsa1 #fa ,be!l1 #ch ,bh>ang1 #baa ,bheels1 m>riage dance among !1 #aha ,blood1 fl[+ ( dur+ dance1 #bac ,bodo-prie/1 #bg1 #abh ,boghazkeui1 rock-inscription at1 #ei1 #aji ,bond ( life1 #bjj ,bondas1 fun]al dance among1 #bac ,bones v5]at$1 #baj ,book ( ! ,dead1 !1 #aa ,brahman wor%ip1 #gg ,brauronian c]emonies1 #fh1 #hd ,bre?r5 ( ! ,pl\gh$ ,fields1 #adi ,bridal c\ples1 royal /ate (1 #bi ,bride & bridegroom 9 a /ate ( dang]1 #ahd ,buddha1 pyre (1 #bja ,burial rite1 danc+ z a1 #bi f41 #db cu/oms n an innovation1 #aig t5acity (1 #aig ,burials1 ,*9ese1 #bja ,buriats1 procession r\nd corpse (1 #bja ,byblos1 #aaf ,cactus1 #bag ,camel1 processional dance r\nd1 #bh1 #ie ,c>yae1 #fg ,cass[>y-dances1 #ah ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #fg ,cattle increas$ by sacr$ dance1 #ajc ,*>ites1 #adh ,*ela1 #acc ,*ild m9d1 !1 #bb ,*9ese burials1 #bja ,*itn1 #fg ,*nomhtep1 #bjc ,*oruses ( ,physcoa & ,hippodamia1 #abd ,*uppah1 #agg ,cic]o1 #gh ,circle-dance ( m5 & wom51 #bje f4 ,circle1 magic1 #bh1 #id ,circuit r\nd sanctu>y1 #id sacrifice1 #id sev5fold1 #ic1 #id ,circuits r\nd a corpse1 #bjj ,circumambulation1 #aii ,circumambulatory procession1 #ajj ,circumcision fe/ivals1 danc+ at1 #add f4 ( ,isaac1 #ade ,city1 encirclem5t (1 #id ,clapp+ ( h&s1 #g1 #eb ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #abe ,coelib>is ha/a1 #aha ,co9s f ,tralles1 #fi ,conibos1 fun]al dances among !1 #bab 8,consecrat$01 #id ,consecration ( w>riors1 #afa ,cor9?1 gold5 plate f grave ne>1 #gc ,corn-,"m1 #ajc ,corneto1 #bjg ,corybantes1 #fi ,crane dance1 #gb ,cremation 9 ,india1 #bja ,cretan labyr9?1 #ga ,cretan leg5d ( bir? ( ,zeus1 #fi ,cretan-,myc5aean cre$1 #abj ,crete1 #gj ,crops made to gr[ by danc+1 #bg1 #bi ,cultus ( anci5t ,arabs1 #id ,cu/om1 traditional1 reta9$1 #bag ,cyl9d] seals1 #ei ,cylix ( ,hi]on1 #abb ,cymbals1 #g1 #eb ,cypresses1 #adh ,cyprus1 #gj excavations 91 #aa1 #ih inscriptions f1 #ei f41 #gb f41 #ih f4 ,dagon1 #dg ,daa dances1 #add ,dakotahs1 #ba1 #gg1 #hc1 #aja1 #afe f4 sun wor%ip among !1 #gg ,dlag1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,dance accompani$ by cymbals1 #g by h&-drums1 #g by s++1 #g by tamb\r9e1 #aba1 #bjc among ! ,greeks1 #aa ! ,israelites1 #g ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea1 #a f4 ! unciviliz$ races1 #h & music1 #g & religion1 #fi appli$ to processions1 #ajj z a m\rn+ rite among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #bjg ff4 at fun]al fea/s1 #bjg at w$d+s z an initiatory c]emony1 #ahh ec/atic1 #cg ff4 encircl+1 #cg1 #ahc1 #aii1 #bje fun]al1 #bjd ff4 fun]al1 purposes (1 #bjd ff4 ,hebrew t]ms =1 #dd ff4 ,hikuli1 #bag f4 imitative1 #ad 9 hon\r ( ! army ( ! heav5s1 #fi ( ! ,egyptian gods1 #fa 9 semi-circle1 #ih limp+1 #hg1 #aaa musical accompanim5t to1 #ea ff4 nev] useless1 #b ( ,jewi% maid5s1 #adc ( maid5s 9 ! =um1 #ge on graves1 #bi orgia/ic1 #abb processional1 #cf repres5t$ on ,greek pott]y1 #e r\nd a sacr$ object1 #hh ff4 alt>1 #ia f4 gold5 calf1 #ij m5 disguis$ z famili> spirits1 #bad sla9 enemies1 #bjf trees1 #hh wells1 #hh sc>+ away evil spirits1 #cj ! dead br\ght back by1 #cj ! dead p]sonat$ 91 #cj ,dance-_s1 !1 #aec ,danc]s spr9kl$1 #bag ,dances & fun]al games1 #bjg at ,egyptian fun]als1 #bjc at fe/ivals among ! ,romans1 #adi ff4 9 celebration ( victory1 #dj f41 #aei ff4 9 hon\r ( sup]human p[]s1 #ed ff4 ( ! dead1 #bje f4 ( gods1 #ag ( ! ,salii1 #aej p]=m$ "u trees1 #adh ,danc+ accompani$ by in/rum5tal music1 #abb z an act ( devotion1 #abi z an expression ( w1 #f z a m\rn+ rite among savages1 #bji ff4 at celebration ( ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 #abd at circumcision fe/ivals1 #add f4 at ,egyptian fe/ivals1 #adf at fea/s1 #adj ff4 at fe/ivals among ! ,b>is1 #aec ,hott5tots1 #aec f4 ,kai1 #aeb ,kayans1 #aea f4 at ,greek fe/ivals1 #adf ff4 at ! fea/ ( ,purim1 #add connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip1 #aie def9itions (1 #e ,d]vi%es1 #aae1 #acj1 #acg dur+ ! mak+ ( v[s1 #ade field (1 #adb ,hebrew words =1 #ce ff41 #aig highe/ developm5t (1 #i 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #bjc f4 9 hon\r ( ! moon1 #aec magical1 #aga mod]n1 #f modes (1 #e f4 ( mask$ m5 & wom51 #adh prie/s1 #aej religi\s 9 orig91 #abi s]i\s = savages1 #ba _s (1 #acj to ensure a fruitful m>riage1 #aia to ! po9t ( unconsci\sness1 #abi ,danc+-floor 9 ,knossos1 #gj ,danc+-gr\nds1 ,greek1 #fe ,see also ,ec/atic ,dance1 ,fun]al ,dance1 ,sacr$ ,dance ,dav>1 #di1 #ie ,david1 #cf1 #ed1 #afb ,day ( ,atonem5t1 #adc ( ,blood1 #abg ,dead1 cont9u$ exi/5ce ( !1 #bji imitat$ 9 dance1 #cj sacrifice = !1 #bac !1 br\ght back by dance1 #cj ,decemviri1 #ge ,deir el-ala1 #ef ,delos1 #gj1 #gb ,delphian wom5 danc+ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos1 #abc ,demet]1 #bd dance 9 hon\r (1 #ij my/]ies (1 #adg ,dep>t$1 dance 9 hon\r ( !1 #aih f4 p]sonat+ !1 #bad _s (1 fe>$1 #bje f4 wra? (1 appeas$ by dance1 #bae ,d]vi%es1 danc+1 #aae1 #acj1 #acg ,desc5t f animals1 #ah1 #gh ,developm5t ( ideas1 #bah ,devil danc]s1 #bg1 #abh ,dht anwt1 #if ,dies ,sangu9is1 #abg ,d9ka1 negro tribe 9 ,s\dan1 #bjf ,diodorus1 #abd ,dionysiac ritual1 #f ,dionysos1 #g1 #ai1 #ba1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #abj1 #adc1 #adg1 #adh contact ) ?r\gh dance1 #abb fe/ivals1 #abb orgies 9 hon\r (1 #abc rav+ 9 hon\r (1 #ch temple (1 #abd "u ! influ5ce (1 #abb wor%ip (1 #abj ,dioscuri1 #ai ,disguise ( m\rn]s1 #bje1 #baa ,div9e indwell+1 #bf ,dog-dances1 #ah ,drum-beat+1 #b ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 fun]al dance among inhabitants (1 #bab ,ec/atic dance1 #cb1 #ajg ff4 a means ( my/ic exp]i5ces1 #aaf among ,greeks1 #aai ff4 ,israelite prophets1 #aji ff4 ,romans1 #abf ,syrians1 #aaf ff4 uncultur$ races1 #abh ff4 contagi\s1 #ajh means ( div9e indwell+1 #cb means ( union ) ! deity1 #ajh n conf9$ to e>ly ,israelite prophets1 #ajg outcome ( /rong religi\s emotion1 #ajg two =ms (1 #aad ,ec/atic /ate1 #bg means ( induc+ an1 #ci1 #abj voice ( ! god dur+1 #abi ,egyptian fresco1 danc+ depict$ on1 #aj inscriptions1 #e fun]al dances1 #bjc1 #bjd procession1 #bjc temples1 sacr$ dance depict$ on doors (1 #fb f4 ,egyptians1 m\rn+ rite among !1 #bjb f4 ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 danc+ at ! celebration (1 #abd ,eleusis1 #ij1 #abd ,elagabalus1 #adi ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanus1 #adc ,elijah1 #aac ,elis1 #fh ,encirclem5t ( city1 #id ,encircl+ dance1 #aii1 #bjf procession ( gods1 #if ,epi?alamium1 #aij ,e-sagila1 temple (1 #eg ,eskimo1 procession r\nd corpse (1 #bja ,esquimaux1 fun]al dances among1 #bae ,eteokles1 ! daught]s (1 #adh ,et]nity1 ,fea/ (1 #bjc ,etruria1 sacr$ dance introduc$ f1 #ge ,etruscan vase1 #ga ,etruscans influ5c$ by ,greeks1 #gf ,euripides1 ,bac*ae quot$1 #abd ,evil eye1 #ahh ,evil spirits1 #dg1 #acb combat$ 9 dance1 #bjd f4 9 vic9ity ( corpses1 #bje protection aga9/1 #bje sc>$ away by dance1 #cj ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 #aa1 #gj ,exegesis1 ,rabb9ical type (1 #hf ,famili> spirits1 m5 disguis$ z1 #bad ,ftima1 #baa ,faunus1 #aej ,fe> ( dep>t$ _s1 #bje ,fea/ ( ,et]nity1 #bjc ( ,tab]nacles1 danc+ dur+1 #id ,feet1 /amp+ (1 #aih ,fe/ival1 fun]al1 #bjc ,field ( danc+1 #adb ,figures1 semi-human1 #adg ,fire z a lu/ration1 #ii ,flute-play+ z a m\rn+ rite1 #aif ,=um1 dance ( maid5s 9 !1 #ge ,fratres ,arvales1 #adi ,fun]al dance among ,a>u ar*ipelago natives1 #bah ,aborig9es ( ,n4 ,au/ralia1 #bac ,arwaks1 #bab f4 ,arunta1 #baf ,bondas1 #bac ,conibos1 #bab ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea natives1 #bab ,esquimaux1 #bae ,gilb]t isl&]s1 #bab ,indian tribes ( ,guiana1 #bab ,maoris1 #bab ,melanesians1 #bab ,n4 ,am]ican ,indians1 #bac ,pulu isl&]s1 #bad ,si\x1 #bad ,sulka1 #bab ,tami isl&]s1 #bac f4 ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico1 #bag ,timor isl&]s1 #bae ,fun]al dances collective1 #aii purposes (1 #bjd f4 ,fun]al fe/ival1 #bjc ,fun]al games _c be sep>at$ f dances1 #bjg ,fun]al procession1 sc5es at1 #aii ,fun]als at night1 #bjg ,gallas' dance r\nd sacr$ tree1 #ajc ,game ( ,troy1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd ,games at fun]als1 #bjg ,g]anos1 #gb ,gho/s ( ! dead1 #bi propitiation (1 #afg ff4 ,gilb]t isl&]s1 fun]al dance among1 #bab ,gilyaks1 #ah ,goddesses p]sonat$1 #adh ,gold5 calf1 dance r\nd !1 #ij ,grave a dwell+-place1 !1 #bjh ,greek influ5ce on ! ,romans1 #gc f4 pott]y1 #ff dances repres5t$ on1 #e vases1 #aj ,greeks1 danc+ ( !1 #fe fun]al processions among !1 #bjg national temp]am5t ( !1 #gf ,grotta del ,tri*9io1 #bjg ,gymnopa$iae1 #fh f4 gag1 #dd1 #dh ff41 #ib agg1 #di1 #ea1 #id1 #ada ,halfa1 #bjd all1 #eb ,hallel1 #ic ,haloa1 #adg ,h&-drums1 #g ,hantu mnri1 #acj ,h>mony1 #ec ,h>p-play]s1 #bjb ,h>pokrates1 #fa ,h>ve/ fe/ivals1 #ci f4 danc+ at1 #adj ff4 ator1 #ai1 #fj f4 ,head-hunt]s 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #aga f4 ,heav5ly bodies1 symbolic repres5tation ( movem5ts (1 #ie ebel1 #ib1 #ajh ,hebrew prophets1 #cc t]ms = danc+1 #dd ff41 #aig ,hebrews1 fe/ivals among !1 #aci ff4 religi\s sup]iority ( !1 #aci ,heliodorus1 #aag ,hell-gallop1 #bjf ,h5na-dance1 #ahg f4 ,h]a1 #fd ,h]akles1 ,tyrian1 #aag ,h]mes1 #adh ,h]odotus1 #abd ,h]odotus' acc\nt ( ,egyptian wor%ip1 #fb ,hezekiah1 #eh ,hi]on1 cylix (1 #abb ,hikuli dance1 #bag f4 ,h9doo ,koo%1 natives (1 #aga ,hippodamia1 ,*orus (1 #abd ,hittite inscriptions1 #aj1 #ei f41 #aji ,hom]1 #abb ,hon\r+ ! dep>t$ by dance1 #cj1 #bjc f41 #bji1 #baa ,hosea1 #acf l1 #dd ,human victim1 dance r\nd to make crops gr[1 #ajc ,husa91 #baa ,iac*us1 #abd ,iambli*us1 !ory (1 #aag ,ideas1 developm5t (1 #bah ,id5tification1 #be ,id5tity1 *ange (1 #bi ,iwy1 #fj ,ilabi/an1 wells (1 #ij ,imag9es1 #bjh ,imitation1 #be ,imitative magic1 #c1 #d1 #bc1 #ahc prop5sity 9 man1 #ad ,indian1 anci5t ritual at w$d+s1 #ahf ,initiation rite1 #fh ,inscription on tomb at ,b5ihassan1 #bjc ,inscriptions1 danc+ depict$ on1 #aj ,egyptian1 #e f ,cyprus1 #fe1 #ih f4 ,hittite1 #aj ,inspiration ga9$ by danc+1 #abh ,in/9ct ( play1 #g ,iri%1 procession r\nd corpse1 #bja ,isaac1 circumcision (1 #ade ,isidis ,navigium1 #fb ,isis1 wor%ip (1 #fa ,israelite prophets1 #ch ,israelites & ! nations ( antiquity1 #he danc+1 #g religi\s uniqu5ess (1 sometimes exagg]at$1 #ca f4 sacr$ dance among !1 #ca ff4 /age ( culture ( !1 #h f4 ,italian god ( vegetation1 #bg ,jacob1 #aac1 #aah ,jahwe1 #cc1 #cf1 #ch1 #ed1 #ic1 #id possession by _s (1 #aji ,jeph?ah1 #ada1 #afb ,jewi% cu/om1 po/-biblical1 #i maid5s1 dance (1 #adc ,jews1 ,a%k5azic1 #aih ( po/-biblical times1 m>riage dance among !1 #aha f4 ( ! ,caucasus1 m>riage dance among !1 #ahc ,seph>dic1 #aih ,juno ,reg9a1 #gd ,kaaba1 #di1 #ie1 #aae ,kailang ,ng1 #acc ,kamt*atka1 #ah ,kang>oo-dances1 #ah ,kayans ( ,s>wak1 #bh1 #ajb1 #ajf azir1 #adj ,kazw9i1 #ij ,kill+ a god 9 animal =m1 #afe ,k+'s week1 #agh ,k9nr1 #eb ,knossos1 danc+-floor 91 #gj ,kol tribes ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 #baj ,kore1 #adg ,korybantes1 #aba ,k\retes1 #abe ,kkubry1 #aaf ,kumbz1 #ahj ,kybele1 #aba1 #abf1 #abg ,kybele-tem5os1 #ii ,labyr9?1 #bg1 #fi f4 ,lac$aemonians1 #fg1 #afc ,laconia1 #fg ,lam5ess simulat$ 9 dance1 #aaa f4 ,l>es1 #adi ,latona1 #fh1 #fi ,lattuka1 negro tribe 9 ,s\dan1 #bje f4 ,law1 !1 #cb ,leap+ high to make crops gr[1 #aej ov] ?re%old1 #dg ,leukosia1 #ih ,limp+ dance1 #hg at sunrise1 #aac ( ,syrian orig91 #aad /ep1 #ch1 #ea ,lucian1 #if1 #adg on danc+1 #fd ,lup]calia1 #aja1 #adi f4 ,lup]ci1 #aja ,lu/ration by air1 #ii by fire1 #ii ,lycosura1 #adg ,lycurgus1 ! son (1 #bja ,madagasc>1 anci5t natives (1 #agj ,madonna & ,*ild1 #bc ,ma5ads1 #aa1 #aba ff41 #abe ,magic & religion1 #da circle1 #bh1 #id to keep 9 angry spirits1 #bjf dance1 #afj1 #aga imitative1 #c1 #bc1 #bh1 #ahc sympa!tic1 #bd1 #bh vegetation1 #adi ,magna ,mat]1 #abf ,maid5s' *orus1 #ff ,mak>ak1 negro tribe 9 ,s\dan1 #bjf ,malayans1 w$d+ dance among !1 #ahf ,malbs1 #aaf ,mana1 conception (1 #c1 #ag ,m&an ,indians1 danc+ among !1 #ahi ,maoris1 fun]al dance among !1 #bab w> dance among !1 #acj ,maqu>ri dance1 #bab ,m>duk1 #eg ,m>qd1 ,baal1 #ha ,m>riage by capture1 #ahj fruitful1 by means ( dance1 #a1 #aia procession1 #agh1 #ahf rite1 #bh /ate1 dang]s on ent]+1 #bh f4 ,m>s1 #adi ,mask$ m5 & wom51 danc+1 #adh ,masks1 #aea f41 #bjh ,may day1 #dg ,may-pole1 #ajc1 #agb ,mazz?1 #adj ,m$ic9e wom51 #acj ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 fun]al dance among1 #bab ,mephibo%e?1 #aaa ,mess5ians1 #fg ,mexican ,indians1 beliefs (1 #hd ,mi*al1 #ed ,m9danao1 #ajc ,m9]va1 #aej ,m9otaur1 #ga f4 ,miriam1 #afa ,mizpah1 #ada ,moon-wor%ipp]s1 #aec ,mopsus1 #bja ,mormodellick1 #gi ,morn+ ,/>1 wor%ip (1 #ie ,moroccans1 w$d+ rite among !1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aij ,mosaic legislation1 #cd ,"m & son1 #abe ,m\rn]s disguis$1 #bje ,m\rn+ rite1 danc+ z a1 :y n m5tion$ 9 ,o4,t41 #aid f4 ,m\?-pieces ( ! deity1 #abi ,movem5t1 #ad ,muh>ram fe/ival1 #baa ,music & dance1 #g ,musical accompanim5t to danc+1 #ea ff4 ,muzzayn1 #add f4 ,myc5ae1 #ii ,myrtle-b\ghs1 #ahb ,my/ae1 #abc ,my/]ies ( ,demet]1 #adg ,my/]y1 #ad1 #ag ,naio?1 #ajh ,nature-magic1 #abj ,nebboot1 #bjd ,nbel1 #eb ,ngrn1 date-palm at1 wor%ipp$ annually1 #ig ,new ,gu9ea1 belief ( natives (1 #a f4 ,nilus1 #hi1 #ie ,nobiles1 ,roman1 fun]al procession (1 #bjh ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 danc+ among !1 #abi ,noairis1 fe/ival ( ,/ ,b>be among !1 #ig ,oak1 dance r\nd sacr$1 #ajc ,objects ( dance coalesce1 #bj f4 ,oceania1 aborig9es (1 #abi ,old ,te/am5t1 danc+ spok5 ( 91 #h f4 ,olympian dance1 #ih ,onkelos1 ,t>gum (1 #ada ,orgia/ic dance1 #abb dance ( prie/s1 #abf f4 fr5zy1 #aab ,ori5tal influ5ce on ! ,romans1 #gd ,orig9 ( sacr$ dance1 #ac ff4 ,orig9al object ( w$d+ dances1 #ahe ,orksis ,inik1 #fh ,orphic my/]ies1 #abe ,osiris1 k+ deifi$ z1 #adf ,palat9e hill1 runn+ r\nd1 #aej ,pale/9e1 peasants (1 #ade ,pan1 #fc1 #abd1 #aej ,pan's-pipe1 #eb ,pana!naia1 #fd ,panopeus1 #abb ,p>nassos1 #ff1 #abc ,psa1 #dd1 #ej f4 ,pasu1 #ej ,patroclus1 #bja ,pausanias quot$1 #fg1 #fi1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #afc ,pektides1 #aag ,p5iel1 #aac1 #aah ,p]ambulation1 ritual1 #ie ,p]sephone1 #bd1 #adg ,p]sian cu/om ( leap+ ov] ?re%old1 #dg ,p]sonat+ ! dead1 #cj1 #bad ,p]sonation1 #be1 #adh ,philo*orus1 #adg ,philosophy1 savage1 #bah ,phrygia1 goddess (1 #aba ,physcoa1 *orus (1 #abd ,pigs1 sacrifice (1 #ajb ,p9d>1 ,py?ian ,ode quot$1 #abd ,p9e-cone1 #aba ,pisi/ratus1 #fd ,play1 human in/9ct (1 #g ,pleiades1 wor%ip (1 #gi ,plut>*1 #adc ,polynesian danc+1 #bj ,pompeii1 mosaic at1 #ga ,porta ,c>m5talis1 #gd ,poseidon1 mon? (1 #adg ,possession1 #abb1 #abh by _s ( ,jahwe1 #aji ,pott]y1 ,greek1 #fh ,p[]s1 sup]natural1 #c ,prie/s1 danc+1 #aej orgia/ic dance (1 #abf ,procession1 circumambulatory1 among ! ,romans1 #ajj =m ( dance1 #ajj fun]al1 #aii1 #bjb r\nd alt>1 #id corpse1 #aii sacr$1 #aej ,processional dance1 #cf1 #ed ff4 a normal mode ( wor%ip1 #ha r\nd camel1 #bh ,prophets1 b& (1 #ajh ,hebrew1 #cc1 #ch ,israelite1 ec/atic dance among !1 #aji ff4 ( ,baal1 #ch ,syrian1 #ci !1 #cb ,propitiation ( gho/s1 #afg ff4 ,ptah1 #adf ,pulu isl&]s1 fun]al dance among1 #bad ,purim1 fea/ (1 danc+ at !1 #add ,pyre1 fe/ival ( !1 #if ?reefold procession r\nd1 #bja ,pyrrhic ,dance1 #ai1 #fd1 #fi ,py?aean ,apollo1 #fi ,py?ian ,ode quot$1 #abd ,qsim1 #baa ,ra9 *>m1 #aeg f4 ,rakdu1 #ha ,ra1 #f ,raa dance1 #bjb ,ramah1 #ajh ,raqa1 #aih ,rqad1 #aii ,rav+ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos1 #cc ,raymi1 #abi ,reason+ ( savages1 #ae ,religion & magic1 #da connexion ( dance )1 #fi ,religi\s cu/oms1 p]si/5cy (1 #ca ideas1 modification (1 #aif uniqu5ess ( ,israelites exagg]at$1 #ca f4 ,rhy?m1 #f f4 ,rhy?mic in/9ct1 #g ,rite1 orig9al mean+ ( =gott51 #bjj ,rites1 int]m+l+ (1 #bag ,romans1 ec/atic dance among1 #abf fun]al processions among1 #bjg f4 influ5c$ by ori5tal cults1 #abg national temp]am5t ( !1 #gf sacr$ danc+ among !1 #gc ff4 ,roro-speak+ tribes ( ,new ,gu9ea1 #afh f4 ,royal /ate ( bridal c\ples1 #bi ,royalty ( bridal pair1 #ahd ,runn+ r\nd newly born infants1 #ii ,russian ,tapps1 procession r\nd corpse (1 #bja ,sbab1 #dd1 #df1 #ib1 #ic ,sacr$ ,dance a means ( br++ back ! dead1 #bad a means ( a fruitful m>riage1 #bi ( obta9+ food1 #a1 #d1 #bi1 #ajc1 #aca aid+ ! sun to run 8 c\rse1 #bg among ,assyrians1 #f ,b$\9 ,arabs1 #f f41 #add ,greeks1 #fc ff41 #ig ff41 #aai ff41 #adf ff41 #bjg ff4 ,jews ( all p]iods1 #ahd ,romans1 #gc ff41 #ajj f41 #aai ff41 #adi ff4 ,semites1 #ca ff41 #ed ff41 #hh ff41 #ajg ff41 #adj ff41 #aei ff4 uncultur$ races1 #gg ff41 #aja ff41 #abh ff41 #aea ff41 #afg ff41 #ahd ff41 #bji ff4 appeas+ wra? ( dep>t$1 #bad f4 z a m>riage rite1 #a1 #bh f41 #da f41 #agg ff4 z a m\rn+ & burial rite1 #bi f41 #db1 #aid ff4 assi/+ w>riors 9 battle1 #bh1 #afg ff4 contagi\s1 #ch dep>t$ p]sonat$ 91 #bad = magical purposes1 #ajc1 #adh1 #aea gho/ ( deceas$ driv5 away by1 #bag f4 9 hon\r ( sup]natural p[]s1 #bb1 #bji1 #bah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #h f41 #cc ff41 #hi1 #ajg ff41 #adj ff4 introduc$ 9 ,rome f ,etruria1 #ge l$ by ,!seus1 #gj _m =ms includ$ "u1 #f1 #ce f4 objects ( !1 #c1 #ai ff4 orig9 ( !1 #ac ff4 r\nd tree1 #ii s\rces ( in=mation reg>d+ !1 #i ff4 taught by animals1 #ah unconsci\sness br\ght ab\t by !1 #be union br\ght ab\t ) god by !1 #bd1 #cb ,sacrifice1 circuit r\nd1 #id ( pigs1 #ajb ,sacrificial victim1 #bd ,/ ,b>be1 #ig ,/ ,paul1 #cb ,salii1 !1 #bg1 #aej ,sanctu>ies1 limp+ dance p]=m$ at1 #aaa ,sanctu>y1 circuit r\nd1 #id ,s>wak1 ,kayans (1 #bh1 #ajb ,satan danc+1 #df ,saturn1 #aej ,satyrs1 #fd1 #bjh ,saul among ! prophets1 #aji f4 ,s$ fe/ival1 #adf ,self-lac]ation1 #ch ,s5na*]ib1 #eh ,seph>dic ,jews1 #aih1 #aii f4 burial (1 #bjj ,s]p5t wor%ip1 #acc ,sev5 circuits r\nd a corpse1 #bjj ,sev5fold circuit1 #ic f4 ,%abu?1 #adj ,%aman1 #abh ,%iloh1 #adb 8,%[+ (f01 #bb f4 ,sic9nis1 #fd ,sil5i1 #bjh ,siloam1 #aeg ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 ,arabs ( !1 #ie ,s+]s & danc]s at fun]als1 #bjb ,si\x1 fun]al dances among1 #bad ,indians1 #ajb ,sis]a1 #afc ,si/rum1 #eb1 #fj 8,sixte5 ,wom510 !1 #abd ,skn1 #adg ,spee*1 laudatory at burials1 #aih ,_s ( danc+1 possess$ by1 #acj ( ! dep>t$ kept 9 grave1 #baf indwell+1 #af ,spirits ( f]tility repres5t$ by mask$ m51 #aeb ,/amp+ ( feet1 #aih ,/atius1 #bja ,/atue ( ! dep>t$1 #bjc ,/ep1 limp+1 #ch1 #ea ,/r+$ in/rum5ts1 #eb ,sukkah1 ref]5ce to1 #id ,sukk?1 #adj ,sulka1 ( ,new ,brita91 fun]al dance among1 #bab ,sun aid$ to run its c\rse by danc+1 #bg ,sungal1 #acd ,sup]natural p[]s1 #c imitat$ 9 dance1 #ae s5se ( !1 #ag !1 #ac ,sword dance1 #bh1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #ahh ,symma*us1 #abf ,sympa!tic magic1 #bd1 #bh ,syrian goddess1 #aah des]t1 ,b$\9 ,arabs ( !1 #ha peasants1 w$d+s among !1 #agh ff4 prophets1 #ci ,syrians1 ec/atic dance among1 #aaf ff4 ,tab>i1 anci5t ,arabian hi/orian1 #ig ,tab]nacles1 fea/ (1 #id1 #ada1 #adc1 #aeg f4 ,taboo1 #ajd1 #agd f4 ,talmudic p]iod1 #aih ,tamb\r9e accompany+ dance1 #aba1 #bjc ,tami isl&]s1 fun]al dance among1 #bac f4 aphaz1 #adb ,t>ahum>es1 fun]al dance among1 #bag ,t>gum1 #df ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 #ada ,t>phon1 ,rabbi1 #ahb awf1 #ie ,temple wor%ip1 #eh ,t]5ce quot$1 #ab ,?>gelia1 #adh ,! ,gold5 ,ass quot$1 #aah f4 ,!ocritus1 #aij ,!seus lead+ ! sacr$ dance1 #gj ,!smophoria1 #adh ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #agj ,?reefold procession r\nd pyre1 #bja ,?re%+-floor1 #adg1 #agi ,?re%old1 #dg ,?yia1 fir/ prie/ess ( ,dionysos1 #aba ,?yiads1 #ba1 #aba ff4 ,?yrsus1 #aba1 #adc ,timagani ,indians1 #ajb ,timor1 inhabitants (1 #afg f4 isl&1 inhabitants (1 fun]al dances among1 #bae ,t9nevelly1 #acb ,titans1 #abe ,ti?nidia1 #ff ,tom-tom1 #g1 #eb ,tph1 #eb1 #ee ,tor* dance1 #adc ,torres ,/raits1 #bad ,tragliatella1 #ga ,tree1 dance r\nd to make crops gr[1 #ajc = hang+ ?+s on1 #if ,tree-spirits1 #ajf ,trees1 dance r\nd1 #hh1 #ii danc+ p]=m$ "u1 #adh ,troy1 game (1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 #abh ,ugb1 #eb ,unconsci\sness br\ght ab\t by dance1 #be danc+ to ! po9t (1 #abi ,uni=mity 9 my?ology1 #b 9 ritual1 #b ,union br\ght ab\t by dance1 #bd ,v$da1 #abh ,v$ic wor%ip1 #gg ,vegetation magic1 #abj1 #adi ,victory dances1 #dj f4 ,v9e-leaves1 #aba ,v9tage fe/ivals1 #ci f4 danc+ at1 #adj ff4 ,visions due to ov]-wr\ght /ate1 #abb ,v[s1 danc+ dur+ p]=mance ( mak+1 #ade ,walpurgis night1 #dg ,w&1 curv$1 us$ dur+ fun]al dance1 #bjc ,w>riors danc+1 #ga ,waz>a1 #ahd ,w$d+ c]emony1 danc+ at1 #da f4 ,w$d+-fea/1 #agg ,well ( ,fair ,dances1 #ij ,well1 song ( !1 #hi ,wells1 dance r\nd1 #hh ,w5-,amon1 #aaf ,w5ds' dance r\nd sacr$ oak1 #ajc ,wom5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,dionysos1 #abb ,wom51 ,bac*analian assemblies (1 #abd ,xan?ias1 #abc ,xulophoria1 #add ,yuki tribes ( ,cali=nia1 #agj f4 ,zla1 #aad ,zeus1 #ai1 #fd1 #fi ,ziklag1 #dh ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,lewis1 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press