,,animal ,,portraiture ,illu/ration ,,animal ,,portraiture ,,be+ ,,fifty ,,/udies ,,by ,,wilhelm ,,kuhn]t ,,accompani$ ,,by ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,orig9al ,,articles ,,by ,r4 ,,lydekk] ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/ration ,london ,,fr$]ick ,,w>ne ,c4 ,new ,york 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,copyright1 #aiab ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,w>ne ,,co4 ,,=eword ,wilhelm ,kuhn]t is ! greate/ animal-pa9t] ( our day4 ,!re has nev] be5 a m excell5t col\ri/ or m skilful draughtsman ( %ape & action2 & !re is none ) a m ma/]ly t\* or m unmi/akable individuality4 ,!re is no misund]/&+ 8 int5tion4 ,! lifelike lik5ess ( ! animal set 9 its local atmosph]e is 8 pr$om9at+ endeav\r4 ,8 range is ( ! wide/1 & 8 subjects all come alike to him2 he has no pref]5ce = any p>ticul> gr\p or family1 b draws !m all1 v]tebrate & inv]tebrate1 ) p[]1 tru?1 & sympa?y4 ,) a k ( ! v s\l ( ! animal su* z few possess1 8 pictures are replete ) insight into "* & its vivid expression1 & fasc9ate ev5 ^? :o may n adequately appreciate _! wond]ful accuracy4 8,we :o h travell$10 z ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,millais rem>ks1 8d n ne$ to be told t 8 /udies f nature are correct4 ,8 lions1 elephants1 zebras1 & antelopes are s real t we feel we are gaz+ at !m on ! pla9s ( ,ea/ ,africa4 ,! l&scapes are simple b int5se2 sunlight is !re1 & ! trees & grass are j ^? t gr[ 9 ! habitat ( ^! species4 ,kuhn]t has1 z x 71 got inside ! v sk9 ( ,african life1 & draws y ins5sibly )9 ! *>m$ circle40 ,9 a gall]y 8 works at once arre/ att5tion by _! vigor\s realism4 ,!re is life )9 ! frame ( :atev] he pa9ts4 ,he is ! ,frans ,hals ( animal portraiture4 ,he 0 born at ,oppeln 9 ,silesia on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #ahfe1 & dur+ 8 /ud5t days at ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 0 influ5tially advis$ to devote himself to animal pa9t+1 = :i* he _h evid5tly a special gift4 ,he began1 h[ev]1 z a portrait pa9t]1 & f 8 pictures1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,african life1 x is cle> t 9 t bran* ( art he w\ld h di/+ui%$ himself2 b =tunately1 he c\ld n )/& 8 incl9ation4 ,f a pa9t] ( portraits ( m5 & wom5 he develop$ into a portrait-pa9t] ( animals1 f9d+ 8 subjects alive by ! c\ntryside & 9 m5ag]ies & zoological g>d5s1 & !n seek+ !m f>!r afield 9 ,africa & ,s\!rn ,asia1 :]e he work$ assidu\sly 9 =e/ & jungle4 ,fifty ( 8 *>act]i/ic /udies are includ$ 9 ?is book1 & 9 !m1 z 9 all1 ! bl5d+ ( ! animal ) ! surr\nd+s is rem>kable1 & ! fai?fulness ) :i* ! l&scape1 pa9t$ on ! spot1 has be5 r5d]$ is app>5t at a glance4 ,se>* z we w we %all f9d no?+ tru] to nature ?an su* triumphs ( art z ! ,pol> ,be> amid ! ,arctic ice1 ! hairy ,tig]s by ! sn[y m\nta9 lake1 ! sl5d] ,flam+oes 9 ! ev5+ l&scape1 ! ,silv] ,gull sweep+ above ! ocean waves1 ! ,black ,swans z an idyll ( ! pool1 ! ,cap]caillie po/ur+ 9 ! morn+ light1 & _m o!r ma/]pieces h]e94 ,?is collection1 l t ( ! ,kuhn]t ,exhibition at ! ,f9e ,art ,society's ,gall]y 9 ,bond ,/reet1 is arrang$ purely on arti/ic l9es2 no attempt has be5 made to classify ! subjects 9 zoological ord]4 ,x is an album ( animal portraiture z fully repres5tative ( ! arti/ z possible4 ,! pictures h be5 photographically reproduc$ 9 col\rs f ! oil pa9t+s1 & ! imitation is s exact t little ( ! *>m ( ! orig9als has be5 lo/4 ,,cont5ts ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,lion 7,felis ,leo7 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,man*urian ,,tig] 7,felis tigris mongolica7 #d ,,iii4 ,,! ,,seal 7,phoca vitul9a7 #f ,,iv4 ,,! ,,elk 7,alces ma*lis7 #h ,v4 ,,! ,,cap]caillie 7,tetrao urogallus7 #aj ,,vi4 ,,! ,,squirrel 7,sciurus vulg>is7 #ab ,,vii4 ,,! ,,roe-,,de] 7,capreolus caprea7 #ad ,,viii4 ,,! ,,re9de] 7,rangif] t>&us7 #af ,,ix4 ,,! ,,defassa ,,wat]buck 7,cobus defassa7 #ah ,x4 ,,! ,,h>e 7,lepus europu7 #bj ,,xi4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,be> 7,ursus m>itimus7 #bb ,,xii4 ,,! ,,m&rill 7,maimon mormon7 #bd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,wolf 7,canis lupus7 #bf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,wild ,,cat 7,felis catus7 #bh ,,xv4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,kang>oo 7,macropus rufus7 #cj ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,blue ,,roll] 7,coracias g>rulus7 #cb ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,bitt]n 7,botaurus /ell>is7 #cd ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,kafir ,,cr[n$ ,,crane 7,bale>ica *rysopel>gus7 #cf ,,xix4 ,,! ,,silv] ,,gull 7,l>us arg5tatus7 #ch ,,xx4 ,,! ,,great ,,horn$ ,,owl 7,bubo ignavus7 #dj ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,flam+o 7,phnicopt]us roseus7 #db ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,nile ,,crocodile 7,crocodilus niloticus7 #dd ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,h&$ ,,gibbon 7,hylobates l>7 #df ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,abyss9ian ,,gre5 ,,monkey 7,c]copi!cus ?iops7 #dh ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,fox 7,canis vulpes or ,vulpes alopex7 #ej ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,be> 7,ursus arctus7 #eb ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,p9e-,,m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes7 #ed ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,leop>d 7,felis p>dus7 #ef ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,lynx 7,felis 7,lynx7 lynx7 #eh ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,indian ,,rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os unicornis7 #fj ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,bison 7,bos 7,bison7 bonasus7 #fb ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,gazelle 7,gazella dorcas7 #fd ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,m\flon 7,ovis musimon7 #ff ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,de] 7,c]vus elaphus7 #fh ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,beav] 7,ca/or fib]7 #gj ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,m>mot 7,arctomys m>motta7 #gb ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,ham/] 7,cricetus frum5t>ius7 #gd ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,duckbill ,,or ,,platypus 7,orni?orhyn*us anat9us7 #gf ,,xxxix4 ,,! ,,sp9y ,,ant-,,eat] ,,or ,,e*idna 7,ta*yglossus aculeatus7 #gh ,,xl4 ,,! ,,black ,,swan 7,cygnus atratus7 #hj ,,xli4 ,,! ,,bu/>d 7,otis t>da7 #hb ,,xlii4 ,,! ,,somali ,,o/ri* 7,/ru?io molybdophanes7 #hd ,,xliii4 ,,! ,,pi$ ,,hornbill 7,buc]os bicornis7 #hf ,,xliv4 ,,! ,,blue ,,macaw 7,ara crulea or ,ara ar>auna7 #hh ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,m&>9 ,,duck 7x gal]ita7 #ij ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,h]on 7,ardea c9]ea7 #ib ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,great ,,spott$ ,,woodpeck] 7,d5drocopus major7 #id ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,s5egal ,,p>rot 7,pocephalus s5egalus7 #if ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,goldf9* 7,c>duelis elegans7 #ih ,l4 ,,! ,,razorbill ,,or ,,auk 7,alca torda7 #ajj ,,! ,,lion 7,felis leo7 ,! lion1 und\bt$ly1 owes 8 title ( 8k+ ( bea/s0 to ! fl[+ mane ) :i* 8 head & =e-qu>t]s are adorn$1 z ?is conf]s ^u him a dignity & gr&eur ( appe>ance entirely lack+ 9 8 maneless p>tn]4 ,)\t 8 mane x is1 inde$1 m ?an que/ionable :e!r a lion w\ld n be outclass$ 9 /yle by a tig]4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ! lion1 at all ev5ts s f> z appe>ance goes1 has an undisput$ claim to 8 royal title2 ! magnific5t mi5 ( 8 drap$ head & %\ld]s1 8 bold1 imp]i\s eye1 ! p[]ful build ( 8 li! body1 & 8 res\nd+ ro> ( defiance1 pres5t+ ! v ideal ( supreme /r5g? & sov]eignty4 ,! tawny coat1 :i* v>ies 9 t9t f greyi% or yell[i% br[n to yell[1 is evid5tly int5d$ to h>monise ) ! dry grasses & ! yell[ s& ( ! semi-des]t tracts :i* =m ! fav\rite haunts ( ! lion2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t ! newborn cubs are mottl$ ) d>k br[n1 ?us indicat+ _! desc5t f a species ) a mottl$ or spott$ coat adapt$ to a diff]5t environm5t4 ,inde$1 ,somali lions frequ5tly reta9 traces ( ^! spots1 m especially 9 ! female2 & 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa !re exi/s a race ( ! lion 9 :i* bo? sexes are m or less fully & di/9ctly spott$4 ,9 popul> e/imation ! lion is insep>ably connect$ ) ,africa1 :]e x =m]ly rang$ f "o end ( ! cont95t to ! o!r1 al?\gh x has long s9ce disappe>$ f mo/ p>ts ( ,tunis & ,alg]ia1 z well z f ,cape ,colony4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,felis leo is z mu* an ,asiatic z an ,african animal2 :ile 9 ! "t ( ,x5ophon x 0 probably f\nd s f> we/ z ,?race & ,mac$onia4 ,e>li] /ill1 t is to say 9 prehi/oric times1 its range includ$ ! great] "p ( temp]ate ,europe1 n except+ ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,unlike ! tig]1 h[ev]1 ! lion nev] inhabit$ ! c\ntries to ! ea/ ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 nor p5etrat$ to ! swamps ( ,l[] ,b5gal itself1 :i* are unsuit$ to its habits4 ,ev5 s late z ! ,mut9y1 lions 7 to be met ) ov] a consid]able tract 9 c5tral ,india2 al?\gh !y are n[adays re/rict$ to t di/rict ( ,ka?iaw>1 kn[n z ! ,gir1 :]e !y survive only by protection4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 z well z 9 p>ts ( ,p]sia1 lions are /ill to be met )2 b h[ num]\s !y are 9 ^! c\ntries is difficult to asc]ta94 ,9 ,africa lions appe> to be mo/ abundant 9 ! ,briti%1 ,g]man1 & ,portuguese ea/]n prov9ces1 9 "s di/ricts ( :i* !y seem bold] & m prone to attack human be+s ?an 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ,somalil&1 :]e !y are small] & grey] ?an usual1 _! numb] has be5 greatly r$uc$ ( late ye>s4 ,! h&some/ lions ( all are ^? ) d>k br[n or black manes2 b 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 at all ev5ts1 black-man$ lions d n =m a di/9ct race1 z d>k & light man$ cubs may be f\nd 9 ! same litt]4 ,al?\gh ! skulls ( ! two species pres5t consid]able diff]5ces1 a lioness1 ap>t f ! abs5ce ( /ripes1 is n unlike a tig] 9 g5]al appe>ance2 & x has long be5 a "q :e!r ! lion or ! tig] is ! m p[]ful animal1 al?\gh ! balance ( op9ion seems to be 9 fav\r ( ! tig]'s claim to sup]iority 9 ?is respect4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! lion is mu* ! m noisy animal ( ! two2 a tig] nev] ro>+ 9 ! p]si/5t mann] *>act]i/ic ( ! lion4 ,! impression caus$ by ! lion's ro> appe>s to dep5d greatly on ! idiosyncrasy ( ! li/5] & ! circum/ances "u :i* x is he>d4 ,v notewor?y is ! fact t ! ro> ( ! two species is ess5tially simil> 9 "*4 ,z a rule1 lions1 :5 too feeble to capture m active prey1 turn into regul> man-eat]s mu* less frequ5tly ?an tig]s2 b ?is may be 9 "p expla9$ by ! bold] nature ( _m ,african tribes1 z comp>$ ) ! natives ( a l>ge ext5t ( ,india2 & :5 a lion makes himself obnoxi\s1 su* tribes h no hesitation 9 attack+ & de/roy+ ! m>aud]4 ,lions 9 ,africa subsi/1 to a great ext5t1 on ! fle% ( antelopes & zebras1 or bontequaggas2 g5]ally /alk+ _! game 9 p>ties ( two or ?ree1 b "o alone mak+ ! fatal spr+4 ,:5 /alk+1 a lion /ret*es out its body to ! fulle/ ext5t1 & crawls s close to ! gr\nd t ev5 9 l[ grass its pres5ce is g5]ally undetect$ till too late4 ,occasionally a p>ty ( lions comb9e _! =ces to pull d[n a l>ge animal l a buffalo4 ,zebras c def5d !mselves only by kick+1 b ! gemsbok & ! sable antelope w p9 a lion ) _! horns1 & sometimes come (f victori\s4 ,x has be5 v g5]ally /at$ t lions are ma9ly1 if n exclusively1 monogam\s1 & t !y mate = life4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,roosevelt t if ?is 7 really ! case1 !y w\ld almo/ always be f\nd 9 pairs1 t is to say1 a lion & a lioness toge!r4 ,t !y are ?us f\nd n infrequ5tly may1 inde$1 be freely admitt$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is mu* common] to come across a lioness & h] cubs1 an old lion ) sev]al lionesses & _! "y1 a s+le lion or lioness1 a c\ple ( lions & lionesses1 or1 la/ly1 a small troop1 :i* may be compos$ ei!r solely ( males or females1 or ( a mixture ( ! two sexes4 8,^! facts10 writes ! great ,am]ican hunt]1 8are n compatible ) ! romantic !ory 9 "q40 ,illu/ration ,! cubs1 g5]ally two or ?ree 9 numb]1 come into ! _w1 unlike kitt5s1 ) _! eyes op51 & are !n ab\t "o-?ird ! size ( a cat4 ,z already m5tion$1 !y are heavily mottl$ ) br[n on a tawny gr\nd1 & x is v significant t ^! m>k+s are to a great ext5t int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! rosettes ( leop>ds & jagu>s & ! /ripes ( ! tig]4 ,a peculi> feature 9 :i* ! cubs ( lions diff] f ^? ( leop>ds & jagu>s1 & !reby resemble ^? ( tig]s1 is ! pres5ce ( a :ite spot ne> ! summit ( ! back ( ea* e>4 ,f ^! facts x has be5 inf]r$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! lion is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! tig]1 &1 9 ! second place1 t lions1 tig]s1 leop>ds1 & jagu>s are all memb]s ( a s+le gr\p4 ,z reg>ds ! mutual relation%ips ( ^! species1 x is g5]ally believ$ t spots repres5t an e>li] & m primitive type ( col\r+ ?an transv]se /ripes1 & x is !re=e inf]r$ t ! /ripes ( ! tig]1 :i* are v frequ5tly p>tially split or d\ble1 h be5 d]iv$ f ! fusion ( leop>d-l rosettes into transv]se *a9s4 ,z ! self-col\r$ coat ( ! adult lion is evid5tly a mod]n feature1 x seems cle> t tig]s & lions are to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ specialis$ memb]s ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,be=e ! inve/igations :i* l$ up to ^! mod]n advanc$ views _h be5 und]tak51 x 0 v g5]ally believ$1 on acc\nt ( its self-col\r$ tawny coat1 t ! ,am]ican puma--locally kn[n z ! ,am]ican lion--0 "o ( ! ne>e/ relatives ( ,felis leo4 ,if1 h[ev]1 beauty be b sk9 deep1 col\r is an ev5 less deeply seat$ feature among animals2 &1 z ! result ( ! /udy ( ! m>k+s ( "y cubs ( ! puma1 x seems c]ta9 t ?is species has acquir$ its uni=m tawny liv]y q indep5d5tly ( ! lion4 ,= newly born puma cubs exhibit a patt]n ( quadrangul> blacki% m>k+s totally diff]5t 9 =m & arrangem5t f ^? ( "y lions1 tig]s1 leop>ds1 or jagu>s1 & approximat+ 9 "s degree to ^? ( ! small] cats4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! op9ion ( ! inve/igator to :om we are indebt$ = ^! v int]e/+ views ) reg>d to ! int]-relation%ips ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! fel9e tribe1 x seems highly probable t ! puma may be an ov]gr[n self-col\r$ repres5tative ( ! gr\p ( small] cats typifi$ by ! ord9>y dome/icat$ species & its wild relatives4 ,a rem>kable feature connect$ ) ! tuft at ! tip ( ! tail ( ! lion is ! frequ5t pres5ce ( a horny spur or claw1 ! function ( :i* is /ill unkn[n1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 t x is n employ$1 z 0 once ?\ght to be ! case1 to goad ! animal into fury :5 ! tail is la%$ aga9/ ! flanks4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ?is spur is f\nd only 9 ! ,indian lion2 b ?is is z errone\s z ! /atem5t made by ! same writ] t x repres5ts ! la/ jo9t ( ! v]tebr ( ! tail to :i* ! blood is unable to obta9 access4 ,a v simil> /ructure exi/s 9 "o memb] ( ! kang>oo tribe1 kn[n z ! spur-tail$ wallaby1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! spur is common to bo? sexes & q con/ant 9 its developm5t4 ,m5ag]ie lions1 x may be m5tion$1 g5]ally display a great] luxuriance & pr(usion ( mane ?an _! wild relatives2 :ile x is 9 ! =m] alone t any m>k$ developm5t ( long hair on ! "u surface ( ! body is noticeable4 ,! reason = ?is is1 ( c\rse1 too obvi\s to require explanation1 m especially :5 x is borne 9 m9d t lions inhabit+ op5 pla9s ) grass-jungle h l>g] manes ?an ^? :i* h to get _! liv+ 9 a c\ntry ov]gr[n ) ?orn-bu%es4 ,,! ,,man*urian ,,tig] 7,felis tigris mongolica7 ,! tig] is1 & app>5tly always has be51 an ess5tially ,asiatic animal1 al?\gh x ent]s s\?-ea/]n ,europe 9 ! ,caucasus1 :5ce its range ext5ds ea/w>ds ?r\gh ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,india1 to ,java & ,sumatra1 :ile nor?w>d x is f\nd ?r\gh ,*9a & ,mongolia to ,korea & ,amurl&4 ,v notewor?y is its abs5ce f ,ceylon1 :i* seems to indicate t its orig9al home 0 c5tral ,asia1 & t x is a comp>atively rec5t immigrant into s\!rn ,asia4 ,f\r local races ( ! tig] are recognis$ by naturali/s1 namely1 ! typical ,indian tig]1 ! ,p]sian tig] 7,f4 tigris virgata71 ! ,javan tig] 7,f4 t4 sondaica71 & ! ,man*urian or ,sib]ian tig] 7,f4 t4 mongolica or longipilis74 ,z reg>ds spl5d\r ( coat1 ! f9e/ ( ^! races is ! ,man*urian tig]1 :i* diff]s f ! ,indian race by ! great l5g? & wooll9ess ( its w9t] coat & ! l>g] ext5t ( :ite on ! face1 "u-p>ts1 & ! inn] side ( ! limbs4 ,x also appe>s to be a m /\tly built animal1 & atta9s a v l>ge size4 ,its sk9 comm&s a v high price4 ,f bo? ^! races ! ,p]sian tig]1 :i* is probably ! "o f\nd 9 ! ,caucasus1 diff]s by ! copi\s fr+e ( long hair on ! *eeks1 ?roat1 & "u-p>ts2 :ile x is also ( inf]ior bodily size4 ,! ,javan & ,sumatran tig]1 :i* may be ! same z ! "o inhabit+ ! ,malay c\ntries1 diff]s f all ! o!r ?ree by ! light areas on ! head1 body & limbs be+ ( small ext5t1 ill-def9$1 & dirty or buffi% :ite 9 col\r in/ead ( pure :ite4 ,9 size x is always relatively small1 & appe>s to be ! smalle/ ( all4 ,! degree ( developm5t ( ! d>k /ripes appe>s to v>y individually2 b ! ,p]sian race seems to be ! mo/ fully /rip$ ( all1 & %[s 9 p]fection ! *>act]i/ic loop+1 or splitt+ ( ! /ripes4 ,! /rip$ coat ( ! tig] seems design$ to break up ! outl9e ( ! body1 & ?us to r5d] ! animal z inconspicu\s z possible4 ,t x is n1 z 0 once ?\ght1 a special adaptation to mat* ! surr\nd+s ( ! animal 9 ! jungles ( ,b5gal1 w be evid5t f :at is /at$ above z to ! di/ribution ( ! tig] & its comp>atively rec5t entry into ,india4 ,in=mation is /ill requir$ ) reg>d to ! habits ( ! ,man*urian tig]1 :i* has only ( rec5t ye>s be5 hunt$ by ,european sportsm51 or exhibit$ alive 9 zoological g>d5s4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ^! nor!rn tig]s prey on almo/ all ! animals ( _! native c\ntry1 f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/4 ,9 summ] !y w ov]p[] & kill su* fi]ce animals z be>s1 :ile 9 times ( sc>city dur+ ! long w9t] !y may be driv5 to prey on mice & rats4 ,to capture _! victims !y frequ5tly resort to ! dr9k+-places ( ! latt]1 & 9 summ] !y likewise pay con/ant visits to ! salt-pans :]e ! wapiti & o!r de] come to lick ! salt4 ,illu/ration ,ea* pair ( tig]s g5]ally frequ5ts ! same lair1 :i* 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts is conceal$ amid rocks1 :ile 9 ! pla9s ! requisite %elt] is af=d$ by re$-brakes4 ,9 w9t] ! tig]s may be completely sn[$ up 9 _! retreats4 ,z 9 ,india1 ! tigress is report$ to sep>ate h]self f ! tig] a %ort "t be=e giv+ bir? to h] "y2 ^! be+ born 9 "s d5se ?icket or rocky cleft1 _! numb] v>y+ f two to f\r4 ,at bir? !y are ab\t ! same size z lion-cubs1 b are m>k$ 9 ! same fa%ion z _! p>5ts1 al?\gh clo!d 9 m woolly coats4 ,9 ,india x is g5]ally /at$ t ! female keeps ap>t f ! male :ile ! cubs are "y1 al?\gh bo? p>5ts h be5 se5 ) _! (fspr+4 ,l lions1 tig]s associate = ! great] "p ( ! ye> 9 pairs1 & are /rictly monogam\s4 ,:e!r old tig]s 9 ,sib]ia turn man-eat]s1 aft] ! fa%ion ( _! bre?r5 9 ,india1 does n appe> to be kn[n2 b 9 mu* ( _! range x is probable t !y d n resort to ?is mode ( livelihood1 on acc\nt ( ! sp>s5ess ( ! population4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,*9a & ,sib]ia ! natives reg>d ! tig] ) mu* ! same sup]/iti\s awe z d ! natives ( ,h9du/an4 ,all ! ,sib]ian natives consid] ! tig] z a be+ ( high nature1 al?\gh ! ,tunguses look ^u x z an evil _s :i* has come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,%amans1 or sorc]]s4 ,fossil bones f ! ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s indicate t ! ,man*urian tig] once rang$ beyond ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,,! ,,seal 7,phoca vitul9a7 ,( all mammals except :ales1 dolph9s1 & sea-c[s1 ! true seals1 ( :i* ! common ,briti% species is ! typical repres5tative1 are ^? :i* h become mo/ completely adapt$ to an aquatic exi/5ce4 ,?is is %[n by ! sp9dle-%ap$ =m ( ! body1 ! total abs5ce ( ext]nal e>s1 ! conv]sion ( ! =e-limbs into flipp]s1 & ! backw>d direction ( ! h9d pair1 :i* are also flipp]-l1 & lie p>allel to ! %ort tail to =m an effici5t rudd]-l organ4 ,seals are evid5tly desc5d$ f l& ,c>nivora1 & possibly f t long ext9ct gr\p ! ,creodontia4 ,:5 fully develop$1 _! *eek-tee? consi/ ( a s+le middle cusp1 flank$ by a small] "o 9 front & beh9d2 & !re are no tee? specially correspond+ ) ! scissor-l pair *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n l& ,c>nivora4 ,?is fact1 unless ! tee? are deg5]ate1 is all 9 fav\r ( ! direct desc5t ( seals f creodonts4 ,f ! true seals ( ! family ,phocid ! e>$ seals1 or ,ot>iid1 diff] by reta9+ small ext]nal e>s1 z well z by ! fact t ! h9d-flipp]s are n p]man5tly turn$ backw>ds2 ?is latt] feature be+ also di/9ctive ( ! walrus 7,odobnid74 ,9 addition to be+ ! mo/ specialis$ ( ! aquatic ,c>nivora1 ! true seals are also ! mo/ widely di/ribut$1 inhabit+ ne>ly all seas1 & be+ likewise f\nd 9 ! ,caspian ,sea & 9 ,lakes ,aral & ,baikal4 ,al?\gh seals g on l& nightly to sleep1 & likewise sp5d a consid]able am\nt ( "t 9 ! day on ! %ore or on ice1 :ile ! females give bir? to _! "y on l&1 none ( ! ,phocid regul>ly leave ! wat] = a p]iod ( sev]al weeks dur+ ! bre$+-season1 aft] ! fa%ion ( _! e>$ c\s9s4 ,nei!r d any ( !m yield comm]cial sealsk91 :i* is a product ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! e>$ gr\ps4 ,comm]cially1 !y are !re=e valu$ only = _! hides & oil1 = ! sake ( :i* va/ numb]s are annually slaught]$4 ,seals are adepts 9 swimm+ & div+1 & h ! p[] ( clos+ _! no/rils & ! ap]tures ( _! e>s :ile "u wat]1 al?\gh !y are unable to rema9 b5ea? ! surface = any?+ l s long z :ales & dolph9s4 ,! food ( ! common seal1 z well z mo/ o!r k9ds1 consi/s *iefly ( fi%es1 = captur+ & hold+ :i* _! %>ply cusp$ tee? are admirably adapt$4 ,graceful & active z are _! movem5ts 9 wat]1 on l& !y are comp>atively awkw>d & unga9ly2 progression be+ effect$ by means ( ! limbs1 accompani$ by sudd5 flexures ( ! body1 s t x 9 "s degree p>takes ( ! nature ( hopp+4 ,to l&1 seals %oot !mselves out ( ! wat] by a /rong & sudd5 movem5t ( ! h9d-limbs4 ,:5 once on l&1 !y may rema9 !re = days & ev5 weeks toge!r1 till compell$ by hung] to return to ! sea4 ,illu/ration ,! s5ses ( ! seal are highly develop$4 ,! eye1 = in/ance1 is full & globul>1 & ?us specially adapt$ to cat* e ray ( light :5 ! animal is 9 ! wat]4 ,x is notewor?y t seals c %$ te>s "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t1 & especially :5 9 pa94 ,& ! idea ( ! anci5ts t ^! animals are attract$ by music & s++ appe>s to be f\nd$ on fact4 ,_! usual cry is a %>p b>k1 b :5 ang]$ !y give v5t to dog-l sn>l+s4 ,seals always associate 9 p>ties1 :i* may comprise hundr$s ( individuals4 ,! "y1 :i* are beautiful little creatures1 are t5d]ly & affectionately nurtur$ by _! p>5ts1 :o protect !m f dang] by e means 9 _! p[]4 ,"y seals h a coat q diff]5t f t ( ! adult2 ?is baby coat 9 ! case ( ! second ,briti% species1 ! grey seal 7,hali*rus grypus71 be+ :olly :ite4 ,9 col\r1 ! common seal v>ies greatly1 ! coat be+ sometimes yell[i% & sometimes light grey ) blacki% mottl+s & m>bl+s4 ,! s-call$ grey seal is g5]ally mu* d>k] 9 col\r1 b is be/ di/+ui%$ f ! common species by its greatly sup]ior size & its relatively l>g] & blunt] tee?4 ,all seals are polygam\s1 :i* leads to fights among ! males = ! possession ( ! females2 b 9 o!r respects !y are g5tle & affectionate1 easily tam$ if tak5 "y1 & display+ great capacity = education4 ,z a rule1 only a s+le cub is produc$ at a bir?1 b !re may be tw9s4 ,,! ,,elk 7,alces ma*lis7 ,al?\gh ! elk c claim an easy sup]iority 9 ! matt] ( size ov] all ! o!r memb]s ( ! de] tribe1 x c]ta9ly _c be accord$ a high position 9 ! scale ( beauty4 ,=1 tru? to say1 x is an ugly & unga9ly creature1 ) disproportionately long legs1 & huge head t]m9at+ 9 a broad1 flabby1 & almo/ trunk-l muzzle4 ,by ! sportsman1 h[ev]1 x is held 9 high e/imation1 ow+ to ! magnific5t trophies =m$ by its great spread+ antl]s1 :i* 9 ,alaskan specim5s may h a span ( z mu* z six feet4 ,& :5 ! build ( ! elk is consid]$ 9 relation to its mode ( life1 we see t :at appe>s ugly & unga9ly to our eyes is m]ely adaptation to a p>ticul> mode ( life4 ,= 9 summ] ! elk sp5ds mu* ( its "t wad+ belly-deep 9 m>%es & lakes 9 se>* ( ! wat]-plants :i* =m a l>ge proportion ( its food at ?is season2 & 9 ?is pursuit its long limbs mu/ obvi\sly be ( ! greate/ advantage1 :ile ! broad & mobile muzzle is specially well adapt$ = ga!r+ 9 ! float+ leaves & /alks4 ,possibly ! almo/ :olly hairy extremity ( ! muzzle is ano!r adaptation to ! same end4 ,! elk typifies ! wad+ type among mammals j z mu* z does ! flam+o among birds4 ,l _m o!r mammals ( nor!rn ,europe1 ! elk has a circumpol> di/ribution1 al?\gh mo/ ,transatlantic naturali/s reg>d its ,am]ican repres5tatives 9 ! light ( a di/9ct species r ?an z local races4 ,9 common ) ! br[n be>1 ! elk atta9s its maximum /ature 9 ,alaska1 :]e x t[]s to a height ( close on sev5 feet at ! %\ld]4 ,at "o "t an inhabitant ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! elk is /ill f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & is abundant 9 ,sc&9avia2 f ^! c\ntries its range ext5ds ea/w>d ?r\gh ,pol& & ,russia1 & !nce across ! :ole ( ,sib]ia4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,b]+ ,/rait x reappe>s 9 ,alaska1 :5ce x ranges ?r\gh ,briti% ,columbia to ,ma9e & o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! elk 7or moose1 z x is !re call$7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! typical elk ( ,sc&9avia are s slight t x requires an exp]t to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v notewor?y t c]ta9 ,sc&9avian elk nev] develop ! huge expansions1 or 8%ovels10 :i* =m ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! antl]s ( ! species1 b c>ry only five simple t9es2 & 9 ea/ ,sib]ia ?is simpl] type ( antl] seems to be v preval5t4 ,illu/ration ,a peculi> feature ( ! bull elk is ! curi\s hairy app5dage hang+ f ! ?roat1 kn[n to hunt]s z ! 8bell40 ,elk are polygam\s1 l ! majority ( ! de] tribe2 & 9 ! bre$+ season ! two sexes le>n ea* o!rs' :]eab\ts by means ( a l\d 8call0 or bell[+1 :i* 9 "s di/ricts1 at any rate1 appe>s to be utt]$ by males & females alike4 ,! call c easily be imitat$ ) ! aid ( a horn or trumpet1 & by ?is means _m a f9e old bull is lur$ to 8 de/ruction4 ,elk are adepts 9 conceal+ !mselves 9 ! ?ickets to :i* !y resort dur+ ! daytime4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 !y are compell$ to subsi/ on b>k & twigs1 especially ^? ( ! bir*1 ^! giant de] exp]i5ce v h>d times2 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica a bull & two or ?ree c[s (t5 =m :at is call$ a 8y>d0 9 ! =e/1 by con/antly trampl+ d[n ! sn[ ov] a c]ta9 area1 & ?us keep+ !mselves f be+ sn[$ up4 ,! female gives bir? to "o or two calves at a "t1 :i* are ev5 m unga9ly-look+ ?an _! p>5ts4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t 9 ,am]ica ! t]m 8elk0 is misappli$ to ! wapiti1 :ile 9 ,ceylon x is be/[$ on ! samb> de]4 ,,! ,,cap]caillie 7,tetrao urogallus7 ,= ! great] "p ( ! ye> cap]caillie1 ! l>ge/ repres5tative ( ! gr\se family1 passes its "t conceal$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/s1 :]e x manages to f9d suffici5t food ev5 9 ! mo/ sev]e w9t]s2 & x is only = a %ort p]iod 9 spr+ t x makes its appe>ance1 dur+ ! bre$+-season1 9 ! op54 ,its home is 9 ! great =e/s ( cont95tal ,europe & nor!rn ,asia1 m especially ^? 9 :i* fir & p9es pr$om9ate2 abundant "u-wood1 :i* af=ds a good supply ( b]ries1 op5 glades1 pat*es ( s&1 & pure wat] are1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ?is magnific5t bird4 ,! cap]caillie1 or au]hahn z x is call$ 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 rang$ 9 =m] days f ! ,briti% ,isl&s to ! nor?-ea/]n portion ( ,turke/an1 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 & ,lake ,baikal2 b by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x _h already become sc>ce 9 ,brita91 :]e x became ext9ct a c5tury lat]4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! bird has1 h[ev]1 be5 re9troduc$ into ,p]?%ire1 ,=f>%ire1 & a few o!r ,scotti% c\nties4 ,9 ! ,urals1 nor?-ea/]n ,sib]ia1 & ,kam*atka ! typical cap]caillie is repres5t$ by ne>ly alli$ species1 or races4 ,9 ,sc&9avia ! au]hahn ranges z f> nor? z latitude #gj1 b gradually becomes small] & sc>c] z ! p9e-woods t5d to disappe>2 & x is ! va/ p9e-=e/s ( c5tral ,g]many1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & ,pol& t =m ! great c5tre ( its habitat4 ,al?\gh its l>ge size con/itutes a suffici5t means ( recognis+ ! cock cap]caillie1 :i* measures z mu* z ?irty-five in*es 9 l5g?1 f all o!r k9ds ( gr\se1 ! species is di/+ui%able f its ne> relative1 ! blackcock1 by ! ev5ly r\nd$ tail2 :ile ! blacki% head & neck1 ) a pat* ( b>e v]milion sk9 above ea* eye1 ! pale horn-col\r ( ! beak1 ! gre5 b& across ! brea/1 & ! slaty br[n back =m o!r unmi/akable *>act]i/ics4 ,! female pres5ts some:at m resemblance to an ov]gr[n greyh5 7! female ( ! blackcock71 b "h aga9 ! r\nd$ tail & sup]ior size con/itute decisive po9ts ( diff]5ce2 :ile ! g5]al col\r is m di/9ctly *e/nut4 ,additional peculi>ities ( ! h5 cap]caillie are to be f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( a ruf\s pat* at ! base ( ! neck1 & 9 ! :ite tips to ! black great] w+-cov]ts4 ,9 l5g? ! h5 measures ab\t #aj in*es less ?an h] p>tn]2 :ile h] weight is only f #e to #f lb41 aga9/ f #ac to #af or #ag lb4 9 ! cock4 ,illu/ration ,! food ( ! cock cap]caillie consi/s pr9cipally ( ! leaves & "y %oots ( ! ,scot* p9e2 & dur+ ! bre$+-season ^! appe> to =m its sole nutrim5t4 ,at o!r times he also consumes ! leaves ( decidu\s trees1 toge!r ) cranb]ries1 :ortleb]ries1 junip]-b]ries1 & grass1 & sometimes a few insects or worms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h5s1 :i* sp5d mu* m "t on ! gr\nd ?an ! cocks1 & ! "y fe$ l>gely ^u ants & o!r insects1 worms1 etc42 ?is be+ especially ! case ) ! "y birds4 ,! cap]caillie is a polygam\s bird1 & 9 ! spr+--sometimes :ile ! sn[ is /ill ?ick on ! gr\nd--ea* cock takes up a position on a tall p9e1 & comm5ces 8 nuptial p]=mance or spel1 z x is call$ 9 ,norway4 ,?is spel usually la/s f e>ly dawn to sunrise1 & is repeat$ f sunset till d>k2 b ! "t v>ies some:at accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r & ! temp]ature4 ,dur+ ?is amatory p]=mance ! cock /ret*es out 8 neck1 raises & spreads out 8 w+s l a fan1 ruffles 8 fea!rs1 & assumes an appe>ance :i* has be5 comp>$ to t ( an angry turkey4 ,a call1 :i* has be5 express$ by ! words pell]1 pell]1 pell]1 is utt]$ ) cont9ually increas+ rapidity1 & concludes ) a gulp & an indraw+ ( ! brea?1 :5 ! bird ?r[s up 8 head1 closes 8 eyes1 & appe>s to be 9 a p>oxysm ( passion4 ,at ! s\nd ( ! cock's call all ! h5s 9 ! neighb\rhood ru% to ! place1 utt]+ cries some:at l ! croak ( a rav52 & :5 !y h assembl$ on ! gr\nd bel[ ! cock desc5ds f 8 p]* to jo9 ! p>ty4 ,9 ,scotl&1 cap]caillie-%oot+ takes place f #aj? ,augu/ till #bj? ,decemb]2 b 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 z 9 ,pol&1 = in/ance1 ! call+-season is ! "t = ?is sport1 :i* is s highly e/eem$1 t 9 ,hung>y & ,pol& a tablet is fix$ 9 ! %oot+-lodges to commemorate ! dea? ( ea* bird4 ,,! ,,squirrel 7,sciurus vulg>is7 ,( all ! small] animals inhabit+ ! =e/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t1 none is bett] kn[n1 m graceful 9 its actions1 or m *>m+ 9 its appe>ance ?an ! squirrel1 ! typical repres5tative ( a va/ family ( rod5ts1 second 9 numb] only to ! memb]s ( ! m\se tribe1 & hav+ an almo/ cosmopolitan di/ribution1 al?\gh unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,european species1 l ! great majority ( its imm$iate relatives1 is completely arboreal 9 its habits1 & frequ5ts = *oice dry & %ady =e/s :]e !re is abundance ( tall trees4 ,its range includes practically ! :ole ( ,europe & a consid]able portion ( nor!rn ,asia2 b1 z might be expect$1 !re is consid]able local v>iation 9 ! matt] ( col\r 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is ext5sive area1 & ! ,briti% squirrel diff]s m>k$ly f ! typical ,sw$i% repres5tative ( ! species4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 especially 9 ! ,briti% race1 seasonal *anges ( col\r1 :i* r5d] its appe>ance v diff]5t4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! ,briti% squirrel 7,sciurus vulg>is leucurus7 is a foxy col\r$ rod5t1 ) long tufts ( hair to ! summits ( ! e>s & ! tail practically ! same col\r z ! body4 ,9 ! spr+ ! long w9t] coat ( ! head & body is ex*ang$ = a %ort] summ] dress & ! e>s lose _! tufts2 b ! hairs ( ! tail are n *ang$1 & consequ5tly become dirty :ite1 ow+ to ! blea*+ effect ( light on _! col\r4 ,?is dirty :ite or cream-col\r$ t9t ( ! tail 9 summ] is absolutely *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% squirrel2 & x may be add$ t ev5 9 w9t] ?is app5dage is mu* less r$ ?an 9 _m cont95tal squirrels1 be+ 9 fact r$di% br[n4 ,9 ! typical squirrel 7,s4 v4 typicus71 ( s\!rn ,norway & ,sw$51 ! body 9 summ] has a br[ni% r$ coat v simil> to t ( ! ,briti% race2 b ! tail is r$1 & does n blea* :5 ! hairs are old & worn4 ,9 w9t] ! body-coat is s(t greyi% br[n 9 col\r1 ) traces ( ! summ] t9t along ! middle l9e ( ! back & on ! limbs4 ,we n[ come to ! subject ( our illu/ration1 :i* %[s ! ,g]man race ( ! squirrel 7,s4 v4 rutilans7 9 its w9t] coat4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! col\r is bright r$ at all seasons1 al?\gh !re is a t+e ( light smoky grey along ! flanks 9 w9t]2 ! tail be+ at all seasons bright ruf\s1 (t5 r d>k] ?an ! body4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a br[n phase ( ?is race2 & all cont95tal squirrels exhibit a m or less m>k$ t5d5cy t[>ds individual melanism4 ,illu/ration ,omitt+ m5tion ( sev]al o!r r$ or r$di% races ( ! species met ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 ref]5ce may be made to ! ,grecian squirrel 7,s4 v4 lilu71 9 :i* ! t5d5cy to blackness is g5]al if n univ]sal2 ! g5]al col\r be+ br[n1 pass+ into blacki% on ! h9d half ( ! back & ! out] sides ( ! limbs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/s ! col\r range ( ?is extremely v>iable species1 = 9 nor!rn ,russia & ,sib]ia we f9d squirrels 7,s4 v4 arg5teus & ,s4 v4 sibiricus7 9 :i* ! g5]al col\r ( ! w9t] coat is light ,fr5* grey1 ) ! long e>-tufts black4 ,x is ^! grey squirrels :i* are us$ 9 su* numb]s to =m ! l9+s ( ladies' *eap cloaks2 b p]fect sk9s1 to say no?+ ( ! liv+ animal1 are sc>cely ev] se5 9 ,engl&4 ,= ! reception ( _! "y1 squirrels build a well-con/ruct$ ne/1 or 8drey10 :i* is oval 9 %ape1 & made ( fibres & leaves ) a l9+ ( moss2 its usual position be+ ! =k ( a l>ge tree or a hole 9 ! trunk4 ,! fibres are neatly & intricately int]wov52 & :5 ! ne/ is plac$ 9 a =k1 ! entrance is usually made to op5 ne> to "o ( ! bran*es1 ) ! col\r ( :i* x agrees v closely4 ,9 ?is com=table home ! female br+s =? ?ree or f\r "y1 usually 9 ,june1 :i* are t5d$ by bo? p>5ts1 ) :om !y rema9 till ! foll[+ ye>4 ,al?\gh squirrels are /at$ to make an occasional meal ( birds' eggs1 !y are 9 ! ma9 /rict veget>ians1 fe$+ *iefly ^u p9e-cones1 nuts1 bee*-ma/1 b>k1 buds1 & "y %oots4 ,:]e !y are unusually num]\s1 z 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,scotl&1 !y are /at$ to inflict consid]able damage on "y l>*-plantations4 ,:5 fe$+1 squirrels sit up & grasp ! food 9 _! =e-paws1 ) :i* !y hold nuts :ile ^! are pi]c$ by ! *isel-l front tee?4 ,long fly+ leaps f tree to tree are frequ5tly tak5 by ^! active rod5ts4 ,,! ,,roe-,,de] 7,capreolus caprea7 ,! roe-de]1 or roebuck1 z x is commonly call$1 is ! smalle/ ,european repres5tative ( ! de] family1 or ,c]vid1 & belongs to a small gr\p conf9$ to ,europe & nor!rn ,asia4 ,s f> z ext]nal *>act]s are conc]n$1 roe-de] diff] f m typical ,c]vid1 su* z ! r$ de] & ! fall[ de]1 by ! simpl] /ructure ( ! relatively small antl]s ( ! bucks1 :i* rise ne>ly v]tically f ! head1 & c>ry only ?ree po9ts2 ! basal1 or br[1 t9es ( ! r$ de] be+ abs5t4 ,z a di/9ctive "*1 common to bo? sexes1 may be m5tion$ ! abs5ce ( a tail4 ,! summ] & w9t] dresses ( ! species1 z 9 s _m ( ! de] ( ! temp]ate zone1 are /rik+ly diff]5t2 ! summ] coat be+ bright foxy r$1 :ile 9 w9t] ! g5]al col\r ( ! fur is olive-br[n4 ,at ! latt] season1 at any rate1 !re is a conspicu\s :ite pat* on ! rump1 :i* s]ves z a guide to ! h9d] memb]s ( a family or p>ty :5 flee+ f dang]4 ,! beautiful fawns are m>k$ ) a comp>atively small numb] ( longitud9al r[s ( :ite or yell[i% spots & /reaks ^u a ruf\s gr\nd2 ?is indicat+ t ! roe is desc5d$ f de] ( :i* ! adults 7 simil>ly spott$ 9 summ]4 ,! black m\/a*e-m>k on ! muzzle1 & ! :ite tip to ! *91 are o!r features ( ^! elegant little de]4 ,! bucks atta9 _! full developm5t 9 ! ?ird ye>1 :5 ! antl]s1 :i* comm5ce z simple spikes1 fir/ acquire _! ?ird t9es4 ,adult bucks usually %$ _! antl]s ab\t ,*ri/mas1 & ! new ones1 :i* increase 9 size1 al?\gh n 9 complexity till ! six? ye>1 are 9 mo/ cases fully develop$ by ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,! fawns1 ( :i* !re may be ei!r "o1 two1 or ?ree at a bir?1 usually make _! appe>ance 9 ! _w 9 ,may1 at any rate 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! fav\rite haunts ( roe-de] are woods & =e/s on ! pla9s1 :]e "u-wood is abundant1 f :i* !y issue =? at ev5+ to graze 9 mead[s & corn-l&s4 ,on ! ,cont95t ^! de] are1 h[ev]1 also f\nd 9 =e/s on ! l[] m\nta9s1 z well z on ! spurs ( ! high] ranges4 ,z a rule1 !y associate = ! great] "p ( ! ye> 9 small family p>ties2 su* p>ties1 accord+ to cont95tal writ]s1 usually consi/+ ( a buck ) two or ?ree does & _! fawns1 al?\gh x has be5 /at$ t roe are /rictly monogam\s4 ,:5 put up 9 cov]t1 !y g5]ally />t (f at a gallop ) enorm\s fly+ leaps1 b _! spe$ is n great4 ,!y are also excell5t swimm]s1 & c likewise climb rocks to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,_! food comprises grass1 h]bs1 b]ries1 & ! "y %oots ( bu%es & trees2 ivy-leaves1 :]e !y are to be obta9$1 =m+ a fav\rite article ( diet4 ,illu/ration ,! range ( ! roebuck ext5ds f ! ,briti% ,isles to ,spa9 & ,italy 9 ! s\? & to s\!rn ,sc&9avia 9 ! nor?1 :ile ea/w>ds x /ret*es across ,pol& & ! s\? ( ,russia at lea/ z f> z ! ,caucasus4 ,9 ! ,altai & c]ta9 o!r p>ts ( ,sib]ia x is1 h[ev]1 replac$ by a mu* l>g]1 pal]-col\r$ species ) m ?ickly hair$ e>s1 commonly kn[n z ! ,sib]ian roe 7,capreolus pyg>gus71 ( :i* a local race inhabits ! ,tian ,%an range4 ,/ill f>!r ea/1 9 ,man*uria & ,mongolia1 we come ^u a small] & r$d] species1 ! ,man*urian roebuck 7,c4 man*uricus1 or b$=di71 :i* is m l ! ,european roe1 ! r$ coat be+ ex*ang$ = "o ( olive-br[n or grey 9 w9t]4 ,9 =m] days roebuck 7 d\btless di/ribut$ all ov] ,great ,brita92 b by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury !y appe> to h be5 kill$ (f ev]y:]e1 except 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,lat] on1 ) ! increase ( game-pres]vation1 !y h reass]t$ !mselves1 & spread ov] ! l[l&s ( s\!rn ,scotl&1 z well z p>ts ( ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales !y 7 re9troduc$ into ,vaynol ,p>k 9 #ahgd2 & !y h likewise be5 turn$ d[n 9 ! ,blackmoor ,vale ( ,dorset%ire1 :]e !y are n[ once m wild4 ,9 height1 a good roebuck w /& fully #bf in*es at ! %\ld]2 :ile 9 weight he w turn ! scale at #fj lb41 if 9 fir/-rate condition4 ,on ! ,cont95t ^! de] are g5]ally hunt$ by means ( beat+ ! woods1 :]e ! guns are /ation$ along ! tracks by :i* ! roe pass to _! fe$+-gr\nds4 ,roe-v5ison1 :i* is 9 be/ condition dur+ w9t]1 is g5]ally reg>d$ z inf]ior to t ( ei!r ! r$ or ! fall[ de]4 ,,! ,,re9de] 7,rangif] t>&us7 ,! re9de]1 ! r5 ( ! ,sw$es1 is by f> ! mo/ valuable memb] ( ! de] tribe1 z x furni%es ! ,laps & _m ( ! tribes ( nor!rn ,asia n only ) food1 raim5t1 & lea!r1 b likewise s]ves z a bea/ ( draught & burd5 to transport !m & _! food across ! inhospitable regions :i* =m _! home4 ,re9de] are likewise 9 all probability ! mo/ num]\s 9 individuals ( any ( ! ,c]vid1 occurr+ 9 va/ h]ds on ! high fjells ( ,sc&9avia1 :ile 9 _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e !y are kn[n z c>ib\1 !y are met ) 9 c\ntless ?\s&s1 if n inde$ 9 millions4 ,b x is n only 9 ^! two respects t re9de] are wor?y ( special notice1 = !y are ! only memb]s ( ! de] tribe 9 :i* antl]s are c>ri$ by bo? sexes1 ^? ( ! females be+1 h[ev]1 consid]ably small] ?an ^? ( ! males2 :ile !y are fur!r rem>kable = ! e>ly p]iod ( life at :i* ^! app5dages make _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,!n1 aga91 ! antl]s1 z is well %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 are q unlike ^? ( any o!r de]2 g5]ally hav+ ! two pairs ( front t9es m or less bran*$ & unsymmetrical1 :ile ! ma9 beam sweeps backw>ds & !n =w>ds 9 a bold curve1 frequ5tly giv+ (f a s+le back-t9e at ! middle ( ! ar*1 & always c>ry+ a numb] ( t9es on ! h9d edge ( ! upp] portion4 ,re9de] h a circumpol> di/ribution1 except t !y are naturally abs5t f ,alaska2 & 9 ! =m] respect !re=e agree ) elk1 al?\gh _! range ext5ds mu* f>!r nor?1 & is proportionately curtail$ 9 ! s\?4 ,9 all respects ^! de] are admirably adapt$ to a climate ( int5se sev]ity & a life = mon?s at a "t amid sn[ & ice4 ,_! coats are ( great ?ickness & d5sity1 ! hairs gr[+ s close toge!r z to produce a /ructure recall+ mu* elongat$ velvet-pile4 ,9 ! /ags ! ?roat is fur!r protect$ by a fr+e or ruff ( long hair2 & 9 bo? sexes ! ma9 pair ( ho(s is v l>ge & deeply cleft1 s z to af=d z big a surface z possible to prev5t s9k+ deeply 9 ! sn[1 :ile fur!r support is af=d$ by ! unusually l>ge size ( ! small supplem5tal pair ( ho(s4 ,) ^! p[]ful ho(s1 re9de] 9 w9t] scrape away ! sn[ to uncov] ! re9de]-moss 7,cladonia rangif]9a71 :i* at ?is season =ms _! ma9 or only food-supply4 ,9 summ]1 h[ev]1 !y eat grass & h]bage1 z well z ! buds & "y %oots ( dw>f bir*4 ,illu/ration ,! typical repres5tative ( ! species is ! ,sc&9avian re9de]1 ! "o repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration1 :i* occurs 9 bo? ! wild & ! dome/icat$ condition4 ,x is a comp>atively small animal1 ) relatively %ort limbs1 & ! antl]s r\nd$1 & n display+1 z a rule1 any v excessive developm5t 9 ! wid? ( "o ( ! l[] pair ( front t9es4 ,9 ,sib]ia o!r & l>g]1 b /ill imp]fectly kn[n1 races occur2 :ile 9 ,arctic ,am]ica ! species is repres5t$ by two v di/9ct types1 m or less connect$ by a numb] ( int]m$iate races4 ,! rec5tly describ$ ,f9ni% race ( ! re9de] 7,rangif] t>&us f5nicus71 n[ ne>ly ext9ct1 is a l>g] animal ?an its ,sw$i% repres5tative4 ,( ! two *ief ,am]ican types1 ! mo/ nor!rn is ! s-call$ ,b>r5-gr\nd re9de] or c>ib\ 7,r4 t4 arcticus71 9 :i* ! antl]s are r\nd$ & ( great l5g?1 ) ! basal front t9es f> remov$ f ^? ( ! t]m9al extremity2 :ile ! woodl& re9de] 7,r4 t4 c>ibu71 on ! o!r h&1 has ! antl]s %ort1 flatt5$1 & ) ! t9es cr[d$ toge!r1 v l>ge1 & (t5 mu* bran*$4 ,9 "s ( ^! ,am]ican re9de] "o ( ! l[] pair ( front t9es (t5 atta9s an enorm\s wid?1 or dep?1 & is mu* bran*$4 ,!re is likewise great racial v>iation 9 ! matt] ( col\r among ,am]ican re9de]1 ! lighte/ be+ ! ,newf\ndl& ,r4 t4 nov-t]r1 :ile ! d>ke/ is ,r4 t4 osborni ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! body is *ocolate1 or ev5 blacki% br[n4 ,re9de]1 alike 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ,am]ica1 are accu/om$ to und]take long seasonal migrations 9 se>* ( food1 travell+ s\?w>ds 9 autumn1 & return+ to ! nor!rn "p ( _! range 9 summ]4 ,moreov]1 9 _m di/ricts !y are compell$ to retire 9 summ] f ! op5 pla9s to ! %elt] ( m\nta9 =e/s on acc\nt ( ! attacks ( v>i\s insects1 m especially ! re9de]-fly4 ,"h x may be m5tion$ t ! latt] insect is f\nd 9 c]ta9 cont95tal localities f> s\? ( ! pres5t range ( ! re9de]1 :]e x has d\btless exi/$ s9ce ! "t :5 t animal _h a wid] di/ribution4 ,9 _! migrations1 sev]al ?\s&s ( re9de] frequ5tly collect 9 h]ds ( f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ head1 :i* travel "o aft] ano!r 9 long l9es1 ea* l$1 x is report$1 by an old c[1 & ! :ole =m+ a v =e/ ( antl]s4 ,!y swim ! wide/ riv]s ) ease4 ,,! ,,defassa ,,wat]buck 7,cobus defassa7 ,to "o ( ! h&some/ ( ! l>g] ,s\? ,african antelopes ! old ,dut* coloni/s gave ! "n ( wass]bok1 ! equival5t ( ! ,engli% wat]buck1 on acc\nt ( its p>tiality = ! neighb\rhood ( wat]1 al?\gh x has subsequ5tly be5 discov]$ t sev]al m or less ne>ly alli$ species are equally aquatic 9 _! habits4 ,?is typical wat]buck1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( an av]age mule1 & is kn[n to naturali/s by ! "n ( ,cobus ellipsiprymnus1 is *>act]is$ by ! iron-grey col\r ( ! long co>se hair ( ! head & body1 & ! pres5ce ( a l>ge elliptical :ite r+ 7:5ce ! specific "n ellipsiprymnus7 on ! buttocks4 ,! tail is comp>atively long1 & t]m9ates 9 a blacki% tuft1 :ile ! l[] portions ( ! legs are likewise blacki%4 ,! e>s are l>ge & r\nd$2 & ! bucks c>ry a h&some pair ( sublyrate1 light br[n horns1 r+$ f ! base ne>ly to ! tip4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 ! only wat]buck kn[n1 b z ! c\ntry 0 gradually op5$ up a second species 0 discov]$1 ^: range is n[ kn[n to ext5d f ,angola & ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa to ,abyss9ia1 ,s5egambia1 & ,nig]ia4 ,?is is ! defassa or s+-s+ wat]buck--= x has diff]5t native names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its range--! ,cobus defassa ( naturali/s1 & ! subject ( ! accompany+ col\r$ ,plate4 ,f ! true or typical wat]buck x is di/+ui%$ by ! r$d] 7or 9 ! case ( "o race black]7 col\r ( ! coat1 & ! sub/itution ( a comp>atively small :ite pat* = ! l>ge elliptical r+ on ! rump4 ,!re are sev]al local races ( ?is species1 su* z ! typical defassa ( ,abyss9ia & ! s+-s+ ( ,we/ ,africa1 diff]+ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 col\r2 ! mo/ m>k$ ( ^! be+ ! ,angolan ,c4 defassa p5ricei1 :i* is blacki% grey4 ,wat]buck are v g5]ally f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( riv]s & lakes1 :]e !y fe$ amid ! swamps ( re$s & papyrus1 b are by no means re/rict$ to su* situations1 & may inde$ be met ) 9 dry & rocky localities4 ,sometimes1 l h>tebee/s1 !y w climb ! :ite-ant hills 9 ord] to obta9 a good view ( _! surr\nd+s & see :e!r all is safe4 ,!y are greg>i\s antelopes1 usually associat+ 9 p>ties ( f ?ree to a score or m2 & x is notewor?y t :5 on ! move ! troop is inv>iably l$ by an old c[1 & nev] by a bull4 ,:5 dang] is decl>$1 ! :ole h]d makes (f 9 a res\nd+ gallop = ! ne>e/ wat] 9 hope ( f9d+ safety by swimm+4 ,! fle% ( bo? species ( wat]buck is co>se & p]vad$ by a /rong & unpleasant ta/e1 s t x is almo/ uneatable by ,europeans4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,ug&a1 :]e defassa wat]buck are /ill comp>atively num]\s1 ! calves1 ( :i* !re is usually "o at a bir?1 are born f ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb] to ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y4 ,! male calves d n develop _! horns till !y are ab\t eight mon?s old1 by :i* "t ! animals are approximately half-gr[n4 ,at all times %y & difficult to approa*1 wat]buck are specially w>y :5 !y h calves ) !m4 ,unlike s _m antelopes & ne>ly all de]1 :5 !y take to flight at ! approa* ( dang] !y sc>cely ev] turn r\nd1 aft] gallop+ a c]ta9 di/ance1 to gaze at ! intrud]2 & ?is abs5ce ( curiosity saves _m ( !m _! lives4 ,! calves1 if tak5 "y1 are easily tam$4 ,wat]buck are ! bigge/ memb]s ( a l>ge g5us1 all ! repres5tatives ( :i* are conf9$ to ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a2 ! small] species be+ kn[n z kobs4 ,a well-kn[n species is ,buffon's kob 7,cobus coba71 a ne>ly uni=mly ruf\s antelope1 ) blacki% fronts to ! =e-legs1 ( ! approximate size ( a fall[ de]1 & inhabit+ tropical ,africa f ! we/ coa/ to ,ug&a4 ,some:at l>g] are ! puku 7,c4 v>doni7 & ! le*wi 7,c4 le*e71 fir/ discov]$ by ,liv+/one 9 ! ,zambesi di/rict2 bo? ^! be+ foxy-col\r$ antelopes1 )\t black leg-m>k+s4 ,9 ! ,lake ,mw]u di/rict ( ,b>otsel& !re exi/s ano!r k9d ( le*wi 9 :i* ! adult males become blacki% br[n4 ,& mu* f>!r nor?1 9 ! swamps ( ! ,:ite ,nile & ! ,sobat1 we meet ) two o!r memb]s ( ! g5us1 ! :ite-e>$ kob 7,c4 leucotis7 & ,mrs4 ,gray's kob 7,c4 m>ia71 9 :i* ! old bucks are likewise ne>ly black1 ) ! exception ( ! e>s1 c]ta9 portions ( ! head & ?roat1 & ! "u-p>ts1 :i* are :ite4 ,^! black kobs are highly specialis$ species2 al?\gh less specialis$ ?an ! sable antelope1 9 :i* ! adults ( bo? sexes are black4 ,,! ,,h>e 7,lepus europu7 ,= _m ye>s ! true or br[n h>e 0 kn[n sci5tifically z ,lepus timidus1 b z t "n 0 orig9ally be/[$ by ,l9nu on ! blue h>e ( ,sw$51 x has be5 transf]r$ to t species4 ,p]haps less confusion w\ld h result$ _h x be5 all[$ to cont9ue z ! te*nical designation ( ! species ) :i* x 0 s long associat$4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 c mi/ake a h>e = any o!r animal1 & !re=e any?+ 9 ! way ( description w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to po9t out ! *>act]s by :i* ! br[n1 or ,engli% species1 is di/+ui%$ f ! blue h>e1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,! br[n h>e1 !n1 is specially *>act]is$ by its relatively l>ge size1 its v long e>s1 :i* exce$ ! head 9 l5g?1 ! pres5ce ( a di/9ct :ite /reak above ea* eye1 & ( a ru/y r$ area on ! ?igh & g5]ally ano!r on ! flank2 additional *>act]i/ics be+ ! black upp] surface ( ! tail & ! black tips to ! e>s4 ,! g5]al col\r ( ! ?ick s(t fur is ruf\s tawny1 m+l$ ) black above & :ite b5ea?1 ! d>k area ext5d+1 h[ev]1 to ! ?roat & *e/2 !re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! summ] & ! w9t] coat1 al?\gh ! latt] is always some:at ! light]4 ,l5g? ( limb1 especially 9 respect ( ! h9d pair1 is a /ructural *>act]i/ic ( ! h>e4 ,! range ( ! br[n h>e includes ! :ole ( c5tral ,europe1 & a small portion ( we/]n ,asia2 its nor!rn limits 9 ,europe be+ =m$ by ! l[l&s ( ,scotl&1 s\!rn ,sw$51 & s\!rn ,russia1 :ile 9 ! s\? x ext5ds to nor!rn ,italy1 s\!rn ,france1 & ,spa94 ,n9e local races ( ! species are recognis$1 ( :i* ! ,briti% is kn[n z ,l4 europu occid5talis4 ,comp>$ ) ! br[n species1 ! blue or m\nta9 h>e1 n[ kn[n z ,l4 timidus1 is a small] animal1 ) ! e>s1 h9d-legs1 & tail %ort]1 ! head small] & m r\nd$1 & ! col\r frequ5tly blui% or br[ni% grey above 9 summ]1 )\t any ruf\s or br[n on ! flanks1 b ) black tips to ! e>s1 & ! "u surface ( ! body :ite4 ,! upp] surface ( ! tail may be ei!r d>k or :ite2 & z a rule ! fur1 ) ! exception ( ! black e>-tips1 turns :ite 9 w9t]4 ,! range ( ?is species ext5ds f ,irel& & ,sw$5 to ! ,alps1 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 ! ,caspian di/rict1 & ,japan4 ,x is repres5t$ by num]\s races1 ( :i* ?ree occur 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,( ^!1 ! ,iri% h>e 7,l4 timidus hib]nicus7 has ! e>s %ort] ?an ! head1 & ! tail :olly :ite2 ! coat may turn :ite 9 sev]e w9t]s4 ,9 ! ,scotti% h>e 7,l4 t4 scoticus71 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>s are ne>ly z long z ! head1 ! upp] side ( ! tail is dusky 9 summ]1 & ! :ole coat1 exclusive ( ! e>-tips1 turns :ite 9 w9t]4 ,illu/ration ,! br[n h>e is ess5tially an animal ( ! op5 c\ntry1 & m especially b>e fields & fall[s1 ) :i* its col\r h>monises 9 a wond]ful degree4 ,& !re is abundant ne$ = ?is protective resemblance1 z ! h>e has a ho/ ( enemies1 aga9/ :om x has con/antly to be on gu>d1 & f :om its sole hope ( escape dep5ds ^u its limbs4 ,all ! ?ree protective s5ses1 he>+1 sight1 & smell1 are highly develop$2 ! long e>s detect+ e audible s\nd1 :ile ! full1 l>ge1 r\nd eyes1 ) widely di/5d$ pupils1 cat* ! smalle/ rays ( light at night1 :5 ! h>e is mo/ active4 ,x has be5 /at$1 inde$1 t ! eyes rema9 op5 dur+ sleep1 z ! eyelids _c be completely clos$2 b ?is is incorrect4 ,h>es pass mo/ ( ! day 9 a lair or 8=m10 :i* is a smoo? place betwe5 tussocks ( grass or o!r cov]t1 b !y may live out 9 ! op54 ,! females produce at lea/ two litt]s dur+ ! ye>1 ! numb] ( lev]ets 9 :i* usually v>ies f two to five1 al?\gh x is /at$ !re h be5 z _m z elev54 ,! "y are born q active & ) _! eyes op52 ^? :i* come into ! _w 9 spr+ be+ capable ( bre$+ ! same autumn4 ,! "m rema9s ) h] (fspr+ only = ! fir/ five or six days aft] _! bir?1 & !n leaves !m to %ift = !mselves4 ,! "y h>es ( ea* litt] rema9 toge!r till half-gr[n1 :5 !y disp]se2 9 fifte5 mon?s !y atta9 full size1 & _! av]age duration ( life is sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,ow+ to _! long h9d-legs h>es run mu* bett] uphill ?an d[nhill4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,be> 7,ursus m>itimus7 ,liv+ amid et]nal ice & sn[1 ! pol> be>1 :i* is equall$ 9 bodily size only by "s ( ! huge br[n be>s ( ,alaska & ,kam*atka1 evid5tly owes its :ite1 or 9 "s in/ances pale cream-col\r$1 coat to its surr\nd+s2 ?is :ite liv]y1 l t ( ! pol> h>e1 be+ worn ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! species is always allud$ to simply z ! pol> be>1 al?\gh its full title %\ld be ! nor? pol> be>2 ! ,ant>ctic1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 hav+ no l& mammals4 ,9 its native haunts ! pol> be> is f\nd alike on ! ice-b\nd coa/s & isl&s1 & on ! ice-fields !mselves1 :]e x obta9s mu* ( its food1 ?is be+ captur$ bo? on l& & 9 ! wat]4 ,inde$1 ?is great c>nivore is fully z mu* at home 9 ! sea z on t]ra firma1 & is capable ( swimm+ long di/ances at a /ret*4 ,9 =m] days x is probable t ! pol> be> rang$ consid]ably f>!r s\? ?an is ! case at ! pres5t day1 :5 x is b r>ely se5 ev5 9 ! s\? ( ,gre5l&4 ,! species1 l ,arctic animals g5]ally1 has a ne>ly circumpol> di/ribution1 & has be5 divid$ into a numb] ( local races4 ,^! are at pres5t di/+ui%$ by skull-*>act]s1 b if a suffici5t s]ies ( sk9s 7 available 9 museums = comp>ison1 !re w\ld probably be f\nd local diff]5ces 9 ! col\r1 l5g?1 & "* ( ! fur4 ,pol> be> sk9s are1 h[ev]1 ( great comm]cial value1 s t no collection conta9s a l>ge s]ies ( specim5s4 ,moreov]1 ! exact locality ( mo/ ( ! sk9s (f]$ = sale by furri]s is unkn[n4 ,aga9/ ! int5se cold ( its ,arctic home ! :ite be> is well protect$ by its long & d5se coat1 z well z by ! ?ick lay] ( fat und]ly+ ! sk94 ,by means ( ! hairy cov]+ ( ! soles ( ! feet--:i* 9 o!r be>s are nak$--! animal is enabl$ to obta9 a firm foo?old on ! ice2 ^u :i*1 z well z on l&1 x is a swift & long-w9d$ runn]4 ,z special adaptations 9 ! bodily =m to swimm+ & div+1 may be m5tion$ ! ?91 compress$ body1 ! long neck1 ! small e>s1 & ! long po9t$ head1 :i* (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to progression 9 wat]4 ,! /rong limbs1 ) broad paws & webs betwe5 ! toes1 =m effici5t o>s :5 swimm+2 :ile ! oily nature ( ! fur keeps ! wat] (f ! body4 ,! :ite be> is1 9 fact1 z admirably adapt$ to a life among ! ,arctic ice z is ! lion to ! des]ts ( ,africa2 & bo? animals may be reg>d$ z ! absolute rul]s ( _! respective doma9s4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! pursuit ( its prey ! pol> be> displays great craft & +5uity4 ,:5 x spies a seal sleep+ by a hole 9 ! ice1 or on ! edge ( an ice-floe1 if x succe$s 9 approa*+ undetect$1 x glides swiftly & sil5tly into ! wat]1 swims a c]ta9 di/ance "u ! surface1 & !n rises to obs]ve ! situation ( its victim4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by alt]nate dives & ris+s1 x progresses till )9 a %ort di/ance1 :5 x makes a f9al dive1 to rise ne> ! sleep+ seal1 :i* x g5]ally manages to capture4 ,9 summ] ^! be>s are almo/ complete veget>ians1 subsi/+ on grass1 b]ries1 li*5s1 moss1 & sea-we$4 ,at o!r seasons _! *ief food consi/s ( ! fle% ( seals1 walruses1 & ! small] cetaceans1 su* z ! :ite :ale & ! s-call$ blackfi%4 ,9 "s di/ricts !y capture fi% ( v>i\s k9ds1 & m especially salmon4 ,9 addition to ! above1 numb]s ( ! small] pol> mammals1 su* z ! ,arctic lemm+1 are caught & eat52 :ile ! "y & eggs ( v>i\s sea-birds1 especially auks & guillemots1 also =m a portion ( ! diet4 ,:ite be>s are seldom se5 9 numb]s except :]e ! c>cases ( :ales h be5 left to rot by ! :al]s2 & g5]ally ^! animals g ab\t 9 pairs1 accompani$ by "o or two cubs1 :i* ! female w def5d ) h] life4 ,only :5 driv5 by hung] w ! :ite be> v5ture to attack human be+s4 ,seal]s1 :o 7 =m]ly mu* afraid ( !m1 n[adays attack ! be>s arm$ only ) lances1 & kill l>ge numb]s4 ,9 ! f> nor? :ite be>s disappe> = ! mo/ "p dur+ ! long ,arctic w9t]1 & x is believ$ t _m hib]nate1 especially z !y h occasionally be5 f\nd 9 holes4 ,9 ! w9t] lair ! female gives bir? to h] t9y1 %ort-hair$1 & bl9d cubs1 :i* are usually "o or two 9 numb]1 al?\gh triplets occasionally occur4 ,,! ,,m&rill 7,maimon mormon7 ,! m&rill is a highly specialis$ & at ! same "t extremely hide\s ,we/ ,african repres5tative ( ! dog-fac$ baboons1 ne>ly all ( :i* are conf9$ to ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a1 al?\gh "o species is a native ( s\!rn ,arabia4 ,all ^! baboons h ! long /raight muzzles f :i* ! gr\p d]ives its "n1 & all except ! subject ( ! accompany+ ,plate are m or less uni=mly col\r$ animals1 )1 9 mo/ cases1 comp>atively long tails4 ,! m&rill & its ally & compatriot ! drill are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f all _! relatives by ! r$uction ( ! tail to a m]e /ump2 :ile old males ( ! =m] are fur!r *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( l>ge flut$ swell+s on ! sides ( ! muzzle & ! brilliant col\r+ ( ^! & ! o!r b>e p>ts 9 ?is region1 :ile a ne>ly equal brilliancy is develop$ 9 ! nak$ pat*es on ! rump4 ,to ! female m&rill1 :o1 z %[n 9 ! ,plate1 lacks ! nasal swell+s & brilliant hues ( h] "l & ma/]1 ?is /yle ( decoration may1 & probably does1 appe> beautiful1 b to ourselves x is simply hide\s & repulsive1 z are ! mann]s & ways ( ?is mon/r\s ape4 ,! nature ( ! col\r+ ( ! old males is suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ! col\r$ ,plate2 b x may be m5tion$ t ! sc>let area on ! muzzle has ! appe>ance ( v]milion seal+-wax1 :ile ! ultram>9e ( ! lat]al swell+s is suffus$ 9 ! flut+s ) %ades ( violet1 m especially :5 ! animal is "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t4 ,inde$1 :5 9 ?is condition1 all ! col\rs are int5sifi$ & height5$4 ,9 size ! male m&rill may be comp>$ to a %ort-bodi$ ma/iff1 :ile 9 /r5g? & f]ocity x has few equals1 s t x is rightly dread$ by all ! natives ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,! female is a mu* small] & mu* less p[]ful animal4 ,! m&rill1 :i* is "o ( ! %ye/ ( all apes1 inhabits ! rocky p>ts ( m\nta9 =e/s 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,gu9ea1 & ! adjac5t di/ricts ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,its food consi/s ( fruits1 bulb\s plants1 grass1 & v>i\s o!r h]bage1 birds' eggs1 & all small animals t x c capture4 ,:5 captur$ "y1 ! m&rill is suffici5tly amiable1 & = a "t x rema9s tame & am5able2 b1 9 ! case ( males at any rate1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s its naturally evil disposition ass]ts itself1 & x soon becomes "o ( ! mo/ vici\s & disgu/+ brutes 9 creation4 ,inde$1 !re is n a good ^w to be said 9 its fav\r4 ,9 conf9em5t ! rage ( ! old males is some?+ frightful1 & x takes b little to excite !m to ?is fr5zi$ condition1 :5 !y %ake ! b>s ( _! cages1 & endeav\r to ru% ^u ! objects ( _! av]sion4 ,little wond] t ! ,we/ ,coa/ natives dread ! m&rill m ?an !y d ! lion4 ,illu/ration ,in=mation is /ill requir$ z to ! habits ( ! m&rill 9 a /ate ( nature2 & x does n appe> to be kn[n :e!r ^! apes associate 9 l>ge droves1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ord9>y dog-fac$ baboons1 or :e!r !y g ab\t 9 pairs4 ,"h x may be m5tion$ t ! "n m&rill app>5tly signifies a man-l baboon1 al?\gh !re is little approximat+ to ! human type 9 ei!r ! physiognomy or ! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is hide\s creature2 ! "n drill be+ an old ,engli% ^w1 ( :i* "o signification d5otes an ape or baboon4 ,by ! ,g]mans ! m&rill is kn[n z ! =e/-devil1 :i* is p]haps a m appropriate designation2 :ile by "o ( ! old] ,engli% naturali/s x 0 t]m$ ! rib-fac$ ape1 9 allusion to ! flut$1 melon-%ap$ swell+s on ! sides ( ! muzzle4 ,! drill 7,m4 leucophu71 :i* is likewise ,we/ ,african1 b appe>s to h a m ext5sive range 9 t "p ( ! cont95t1 is a small] animal ?an ! m&rill1 ) only small swell+s on ! face ( ! old male1 :i* is uni=mly black4 ,! b>e pat*es on ! rump are1 h[ev]1 bright r$2 b ! tail1 :i* is c>ri$ b5t =w>ds ov] ! rump 9 a simil> mann]1 is hairy on all sides1 in/ead ( hav+ its l[] surface b>e1 z 9 ! m&rill4 ,! limbs1 moreov]1 are long] & m sl5d] ?an 9 ! m&rill2 & 9 fact 9 all ^! p>ticul>s ! drill t5ds to =m 9 "s degree a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! =m] & m ord9>y baboons4 ,,! ,,wolf 7,canis lupus7 ,z ! lion or ! tig] =ms ! supreme developm5t ( ! fel9e /ock1 s ! wolf con/itutes ! culm9at+ bran* ( ! can9e l9e4 ,ea* ( ^! animals repres5ts inde$ ! acme ( p]fection ( :i* its p>ticul> type is capable2 b 9 reg>d to specialisation ! memb]s ( ! cat tribe /& on a mu* high] plane ?an ^? ( ! dog family4 ,9 ! cats we f9d ! face mu* %ort5$ & r\nd$1 ! numb] ( *eek-tee? r$uc$ bo? at ! front & ! back ( ! s]ies1 ! pair ( cutt+-tee? 9 ea* jaw consi/+ almo/ entirely ( scissor-l blades1 & ! claws retractile & protect$ by l>ge horny %ea?s4 ,9 ! dog tribe1 on ! o!r h&1 ! long face & num]\s *eek-tee? ( ! m primitive ext9ct ,c>nivora are reta9$1 ! pair ( cutt+-tee? are by no means :olly blade1 & ! claws are non-retractile & devoid ( %ea?s4 ,equally m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! matt] ( habits are likewise *>act]i/ic ( ! two gr\ps4 ,cats1 z a rule1 hunt _! prey s+ly or 9 c\ples1 /alk+ x /eal?ily by ! aid ( sight1 & !n mak+ a sudd5 ru% or spr+ ^u ! victim4 ,mo/ memb]s ( ! ,canid1 on ! contr>y1 associate 9 l>ge packs1 :i* hunt _! victims by sc5t1 & pull !m d[n by _! comb9$ /r5g?4 ,ap>t f ! br[n be>1 :i* is ( a less active & less c>nivor\s disposition1 ! wolf is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! ,c>nivora :i* has be5 indig5\s to c5tral & nor!rn ,europe dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod2 & x plays 9 ! folk-lore ( t portion ( ! cont95t a "p v simil> to t tak5 by ! tig] 9 ! leg5ds & my?ology ( ! natives ( ,india4 ,! sup]/ition ( ! 8w]wolf0 & ! famili> /ory ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+hood be> /rik+ te/imony to ! prom95t position held by ! wolf 9 folk-lore4 ,! wolf1 :i* is 9 fact ! ance/or ( _m dome/icat$ bre$s ( dogs1 is ! l>ge/ repres5tative ( ! ,canid1 al?\gh ! typical wolf ( nor!rn ,europe is mu* exce$$ 9 po9t ( size by ^? ( c]ta9 o!r c\ntries1 ! l>ge/ ( all be+ ! huge black wolf 7,canis lupus pambasileus7 ( ,alaska1 :i* is almo/ z tall z an ord9>y be>1 & has a head ( enorm\s proportions4 ,al?\gh _m mod]n naturali/s divide x into di/9ct species1 ! wolf has a circumpol> di/ribution1 & 9 ,asia ranges z f> s\? z ! ,himalaya & ! nor?-we/]n fronti] ( ,india4 ,f ,great ,brita91 ,d5m>k1 & ,holl& ! wolf has long s9ce disappe>$1 & x has likewise be5 ext]m9at$ 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,g]many4 ,b wolves /ill rema9 9 ,spa91 9 ! di/ricts ( ,france adjac5t to ,g]many1 & 9 ,pol& & ,russia1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ea/]n ,europe1 :ile !y are abundant ?r\gh\t c5tral & nor!rn ,asia4 ,9 ! cold] p>ts ( _! habitat1 z 9 ,tibet1 :]e a black phase is common1 ^! fi]ce ,c>nivora develop a ?ick "u-coat ( fur4 ,) su* an ext5sive range 9 ! ,old ,_w1 x w\ld be only natural to expect t wolves %\ld pres5t consid]able local v>iation 9 col\r & size2 & z a matt] ( fact ?is is actually ! case1 al?\gh ! v>i\s local races are /ill imp]fectly kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! species is repres5t$ by ! grey1 or timb]1 wolf 7,c4 lupus occid5talis71 z well z by ! a=esaid black ,alaskan race4 ,z reg>ds col\r1 ! ord9>y ,am]ican wolf is d>k grey1 becom+ almo/ black on ! back1 ) dusky pat*es on ! %\ld]s & hips2 b !re is also a m ruf\s phase4 ,! coyote1 or prairie-wolf1 is a di/9ct species1 ,c4 latrans4 ,9 ,europe ! fav\rite haunts ( ! wolf are wild & retir$ situations bo? 9 ! pla9s & m\nta9s2 dur+ spr+ & summ] wolves g ab\t = ! mo/ "p s+ly or 9 pairs1 b 9 w9t] !y collect 9 p>ties or l>ge packs1 & :5 driv5 to desp]ation by hung] are ! t]ror ( ! peasantry or ! travell]1 n only 9 ,russia b ev5 9 "s di/ricts ( ,france & ,g]many4 ,! food ( ! wolf includes all animals t x c capture & ov]p[]1 z well z c>rion1 & ev5 vegetable sub/ances4 ,l>ge game & dome/icat$ animals =m its *ief victims1 b 9 cases ( necessity1 rats1 mice1 frogs1 & ev5 cock*af]s are n disda9$4 ,9 pursuit ( _! prey wolves are practically untir+4 ,! female gives bir? dur+ ! spr+1 9 "s seque/]$ situation 9 ! =e/1 to f ?ree to n9e cubs1 :i* %e nurses & t5ds ) wond]ful affection & c>e4 ,,! ,,wild ,,cat 7,felis catus7 ,savage z a wild cat is a prov]bial expression2 & al?\gh 9 attitudes ( repose1 l ! "o select$ = ! col\r$ ,plate1 ! f]ocity ( look may tempor>ily disappe>1 !re are few animals fi]c] or m blood?ir/y ?an ,felis catus4 ,inde$1 a wild cat br\ght to bay or caught 9 a trap is a p]fect fi5d inc>nate4 ,! wild cat & ! lynx are ! only fel9e ,c>nivora indig5\s at ! pres5t day to c5tral & nor!rn ,europe2 & ( ^! two ! lynx has long s9ce disappe>$ f ! ,briti% ,isles1 & has become v sc>ce ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,cont95t1 b is /ill common 9 ,sc&9avia & ,russia4 ,! wild cat1 on ! o!r h&1 survives 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 & is f> f uncommon 9 ! ,alps & _m p>ts ( ,france & ,g]many1 al?\gh 9 ,great ,brita9 its sole rema9+ refuges are among ! highl&s ( ,scotl&1 & ev5 !re x has be5 sugge/$ t _m ( ! s-call$ wild cats are hybrids1 or dome/icat$ cats run wild4 ,ea/w>d1 ! range ( ! wild cat ext5ds at lea/ z f> z ! ,altai1 :]e its repres5tative has a l>g] & m woolly coat ?an ! typical we/]n race4 ,9 ,africa ! place ( ! ,european wild cat is tak5 by a closely alli$ b some:at less /rongly /rip$ species kn[n z ,felis ocreata1 ( :i* ! nor!rn race 0 protect$ & held sacr$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 9 ,buba/is & o!r cities4 ,t ! ,european & ! ,african wild cats h giv5 rise to ! dome/icat$ cats ( ! great] "p ( ! ,old ,_w may be consid]$ c]ta91 al?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! respective %>es tak5 by ! two wild species 9 ! production ( ! tame bre$s4 ,among ! ord9>y h\se-cats ( we/]n ,europe1 ! type com+ ne>e/ to ! wild ance/or is ! "o ) black transv]se /ripes on a grey gr\nd4 ,! true tabby1 on ! o!r h&1 t is to say ! type 9 :i* ! d>k m>k+s take ! =m ( broad longitud9al or obliquely longitud9al b&s array$ 9 a r+-l or spiral mann] on ! flanks1 is unlike ei!r ( ! two wild cats1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t x may h _h a totally di/9ct ance/ry4 ,by *oice ! wild cat1 :i* = mo/ ( ! ye> lives alone1 frequ5ts l>ge1 ?ick1 & seque/]$ p9e-=e/s1 :]e x selects rocky situations z af=d+ ! be/ hid+-places4 ,9 addition to clefts 9 ! rocks1 x *ooses1 h[ev]1 = its lair ! burr[s ( ! fox or ! badg]1 or holes 9 l>ge tree-trunks1 :ile x w sometimes make its abode 9 ?ick bu%es4 ,illu/ration ,9 reg>d to food1 ! wild cat preys *iefly ^u rats1 mice1 & small birds1 b x also kills l>g] animals1 su* z pheasants1 h>es1 rabbits1 & squirrels1 :ile x occasionally v5tures to attack ! fawns ( roe-de] & r$ de]1 spr++ on _! backs1 & te>+ op5 ! art]ies ( ! neck4 ,!re is an old monki% ,lat9 l9e t 8catus amat pisces1 s$ non vult t+]e plantas0 7! cat loves fi%1 b does n l to wet its feet72 b ?is applies only to ! dome/icat$ bre$1 = :5 dwell+ ne> /reams or lakes ! wild cat w capture bo? fi%es & wat]-f[l4 ,l _m o!r animals1 x w (t5 kill m ?an x c dev\r1 z if f ! v love ( slaught]4 ,! male & female live toge!r only dur+ ! pair+-season1 & :ile ! kitt5s are unable to look aft] !mselves4 ,at o!r times ea* individual has its own p>ticul> haunt1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x makes long excursions into ! surr\nd+ =e/ or ! neighb\r+ pla9s2 su* =ag+ exp$itions (t5 la/+ = days toge!r4 ,9 w9t] x frequ5tly des]ts ! =e/ to take up its abode 9 old un9habit$ build+s or o!r safe places ( refuge4 ,9 "s %elt]$ situation ! female gives bir? 9 spr+ to five or six kitt5s1 v simil> to ^? ( dome/icat$ cats1 & likewise born bl9d4 ,:5 captur$1 wild cats1 :e!r old or "y1 are impossible to tame2 & x is = ?is reason t ! species is s seldom se5 9 m5ag]ies4 ,z already m5tion$1 x has be5 sugge/$ t _m ( ! cats f\nd wild 9 ,scotl& are hybrids betwe5 ! wild species & ! tame bre$1 b !re is no evid5ce t su* int]bre$+ takes place2 & su* ( ^! animals z are n true wild cats seem to be individuals ( ! dome/icat$ bre$ :i* h rev]t$ to ! wild /ate1 & h !reby assum$ to "s ext5t ! *>act]s ( ! ance/ral type4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,kang>oo 7,macropus rufus7 ,little wond] t :5 ,capta9 ,cook & 8 companions fir/ beheld kang>oos b\nd+ ov] ! pla9s ( ,au/ralia !y 7 ov]:elm$ ) a/oni%m5t1 & reg>d$ !m z ! mo/ extraord9>y animals 9 ! _w4 ,!y are1 inde$1 unlike any o!r creatures1 & =m ! supreme developm5t ( ! t]re/rial & h]bivor\s section ( ! m>supial type1 be+ admirably adapt$ to _! environm5t1 & occupy+ 9 ,au/ralia ! place held 9 o!r c\ntries by cattle1 %eep1 antelopes1 de]1 & h>es4 ,= !re are kang>oos ( all sizes1 rang+ f ! gigantic species1 ) its #f foot /ature1 =m+ ! subject ( ! pres5t notice1 d[n to ! dim9utive kang>oo-rats1 no l>g] ?an rabbits4 ,t kang>oos1 l all m>supials1 br+ =? _! "y 9 an exce$+ly imp]fect & helpless condition1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to m5tion2 z is ! fact t ! females c>ry !m 9 ! p\* n only till !y are able to take c>e ( !mselves1 b1 on occasion1 till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,n t x is to be assum$ f ?is t ! "y ( all m>supials are c>ri$ 9 ! mat]nal p\*2 ?is be+ 9 "s cases undevelop$1 & ! (fspr+ 9 su* in/ances m]ely cl++ = a "t to _! mo!rs' nipples4 ,= a long "t x 0 g5]ally consid]$ t m>supials 7 survivors ( ! ance/ral /ock :i* gave rise to ! ord9>y1 & s-call$ plac5tal1 mammals2 b ?is is n[ kn[n to be a mi/ak5 view1 & m>supials & plac5tals are evid5tly div]g5t bran*es f a common ance/ral /ock4 ,9 ,au/ralia m>supials h develop$ almo/ z _m diff]5t modifications z h ! plac5tals 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 & at fir/ sight !re seem few ext]nal *>act]s 9 common to su* div]se types z ! leap+1 bip$al1 h]bivor\s kang>oo1 & ! cursorial & c>nivor\s ,tasmanian wolf4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! two animals are obs]v$ m closely1 we may note a curi\s resemblance 9 ! =m ( _! heads1 &1 above all1 by ! great1 ?ick tail1 pass+ almo/ imp]ceptibly into ! body2 bo? ^! features proclaim+ _! comp>atively ne> relation%ip & desc5t f a common ance/or4 ,among ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! kang>oo tribe may be not$ ! some:at de]-l head1 ! %ort =e-limbs1 ea* arm$ ) five toes1 & us$ 9 progression only :5 ! animal is graz+1 & ! enorm\s l5g? & /r5g? ( ! h9d-legs1 9 :i* "o toe is greatly develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! re/1 & s]ves n only to aid 9 progression1 b =ms an (f5sive weapon ( great p[] & effectiv5ess4 ,9 ! sitt+ po/ure1 z repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration1 ! body is support$ on a tripod =m$ by ! massive tail & ! h9d-legs2 ! :ole ( ! l[] portion ( ! latt]1 correspond+ /ructurally to ! human foot1 be+ !n appli$ to ! gr\nd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! animal is leap+1 z %[n 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 ! h9d "p ( ! foot is rais$ & ! body support$ by ! toes2 ! tail ?ump+ on ! gr\nd at ea* leap4 ,illu/ration ,kang>oos subsi/ *iefly on grass & leaves1 b also eat buds1 b>k1 roots1 & fruits4 ,orig9ally !y 7 to be f\nd all ov] ! habitable p>ts ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 f ! coa/s inw>ds1 & :ile mo/ k9ds inhabit$ ! pla9s1 o!rs 7 to be f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 !y h = ! mo/ "p be5 driv5 back into ! uncultivat$ l&s ( ! int]ior1 & _! numb]s h be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,all ! l>g] species associate 9 l>ge b&s4 ,true kang>oos ( ! g5us ,macropus are also f\nd 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 :ile a few ( ! small] k9ds are natives ( ! ea/]n ,au/ro-,malay ,isl&s4 ,! great r$ kang>oo1 ! subject ( ! illu/ration1 is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! :ole gr\p1 & takes its "n f ! d>k ru/y r$ col\r ( ! s(t woolly hair ( ! adult males1 t ( ! females be+ a delicate blui% grey4 ,its home is 9 ! rocky di/ricts ( ,s\? & ,ea/ ,au/ralia4 ,z ?is species is kept 9 mo/ ,zoological ,g>d5s1 opportunities h be5 af=d$ ( obs]v+ ! newly born "y4 ,^! come into ! _w aft] a ge/ation ( only ?irty-n9e days1 :5 !y are only ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?1 & little m ?an %apeless lumps ( animation4 ,! newborn "y is imm$iately transf]r$ by ! "m1 by means ( h] lips1 to ! p\*1 :]e x is atta*$ by its suck+ m\? to a nipple4 ,"h x rema9s = eight mon?s1 aft] :i* x returns to ! %elt] ( ! p\*1 :5 s dispos$1 = a consid]able "t long]3 a fre% (fspr+ be+ (t5 9 ! p\* at ! same "t4 ,,! ,,blue ,,roll] 7,coracias g>rulus7 ,among ! birds ( brilliant plumage :i* occasionally /raggle to ! ,briti% ,isles1 "o ( ! mo/ gaudy is ! blue roll]1 s call$ on acc\nt ( its rol+1 or 8roll+10 flight4 ,9 ,india ?is & an alli$ species are commonly call$ ! blue jay1 :ile 9 ,pol& ! pres5t bird is locally t]m$ ! ,poli% p>rot4 ,! roll] has1 h[ev]1 no?+ to d ) ei!r jays or p>rots1 b is m ne>ly relat$ to ! k+-fi%]s4 ,al?\gh ! blue roll] is practically an unmi/akable bird--c]ta9ly s f> z ,briti% species are conc]n$--x may be well to m5tion t ! head1 neck1 w+-cov]ts1 & "u-p>ts are bright gre5i% blue1 ! back & %\ld]s c9namon-br[n1 ! flight-fea!rs blue at ! roots & else:]e black above & :olly deep blue b5ea?1 ! upp] tail-cov]ts deep ultram>9e1 :ile ! two middle tail-fea!rs are dirty br[n1 & ! o!r fea!rs ( ! tail sky-blue1 ) ! tips ( ! out] pair1 :i* are some:at l5g!n$1 black4 ,9 size ! bird is r small] ?an a cr[4 ,! normal summ] range ( ! species includes c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 & !nce ext5ds ?r\gh c5tral ,asia to ,ka%mir2 :ile 9 w9t] x embraces ,india & ! great] "p ( ,africa4 ,nor?w>ds ?is bird is f\nd z f> z ,sc&9avia1 al?\gh only occasionally2 b its *ief haunts 9 ,europe are ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,greece1 ,pol&1 & s\!rn ,russia4 ,x makes its annual appe>ance 9 ,europe t[>ds ! end ( ,april1 & takes its dep>ture1 l ! cuckoo1 n lat] ?an ,augu/4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 ,balu*i/an1 ,india1 & ,ceylon x is replac$1 except 9 w9t] 7:5 bo? are f\nd toge!r71 by ! closely alli$ ,coracias indicus4 ,a ?ird species ext5ds f ! ea/]n ,himalaya ?r\gh ,burma to ,co*9 ,*9a & ,siam1 a f\r? inhabits ,celebes1 & q a numb] are indig5\s to ,africa4 ,9 ,au/ralasia & ! ,new ,_w ^! birds are unkn[n4 ,avoid+ swampy localities & high m\nta9s1 ! roll] resorts to dry op5 di/ricts ) ?9 =e/ 9 :i* bir* ab\nds1 & :]e holl[ oaks or bee* are to be f\nd4 ,"h x pref]s to dwell at ! edge ( ! =e/1 :]e isolat$ trees gr[ 9 ! fields & by ! roadsides1 & comm& a wide view ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 h>ve/-"t x repairs to ! %eaves 9 ! cornfields4 ,! bird is1 h[ev]1 l>gely insectivor\s1 & f its p]* 9 "s tall tree sallies =? 9 se>* ( all k9ds ( insects & o!r inv]tebrates z well z "y frogs1 :ile x w also eat field-mice4 ,9 _! season figs af=d x a mu* appreciat$ fea/4 ,illu/ration ,9 habits ! roll] is %y & unsociable1 go+ ab\t 9 pairs1 & g5]ally1 b n always1 %unn+ ! vic9ity ( human habitations4 ,its flight is swift & undulat+1 & (t5 limit$ to ! passage f "o tree-top to ano!r4 ,9 f9e wea!r1 h[ev]1 x indulges 9 ! habit ( tumbl+ :5 on ! w+1 & p]=ms all k9ds ( a]ial evolutions1 sometimes fall+ f a consid]able height almo/ to ! gr\nd2 ?is la/ p]=mance g5]ally tak+ place dur+ ! pair+-season4 ,at t season1 :5 ! males are 9 ! company ( ! females1 ! =m] rise into ! air ) _! *>act]i/ic h>% cry ( 8rak1 rak1 rak10 & desc5d aga9 ) a rapidly repeat$ 8rak1 rak1 rak40 ,:5 at re/1 ! cry is a high-pit*$1 frequ5tly repeat$ 8rak]1 rak]1 rak]40 ,x is f ^! cries t ! bird d]ives its specifi$ "n1 & likewise its ,g]man title ( blaurake4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe ! ne/ is built 9 ! hole ( a tree1 b 9 ! s\? is m g5]ally plac$ 9 ru9s1 "u ! ro(s ( h\ses1 9 clefts 9 walls1 or on cliffs & /eep banks1 9 :i* deep holes are excavat$ = its reception4 ,at ! prop] season x conta9s f five to six :ite eggs1 :i* are brood$ 9 turn by ! male & female1 & ?is s assidu\sly t x is (t5 easy to capture ! sitt+ bird ) ! h&s4 ,9 lay+ :ite eggs1 ! roll] con=ms to ! g5]al rule ( birds :i* ne/ 9 holes4 ,x is1 moreov]1 an uncleanly bird1 & :5 ! ne/ has conta9$ "y = "s "t1 x gives out a mo/ disgu/+ smell1 :ile ! "y !mselves sit 9 a mass ( fil?4 ,/range t su* a beautiful bird %\ld h su* dirty habits6 ,z reg>ds its m5tal p[]s1 ! roll] is evid5tly highly develop$2 b its inh]5t %yness r5d]s x unsuitable z a cage-bird4 ,9 disposition x is1 z already m5tion$1 unsociable1 & x w frequ5tly qu>rel ) o!r birds & its own fell[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al pairs (t5 ne/ ne> toge!r1 & its migrations are made 9 l>ge companies4 ,,! ,,bitt]n 7,botaurus /ell>is7 ,be=e dra9age & cultivation _h driv5 away s _m ( ! m>%-haunt+ birds1 ! boom ( ! bitt]n 0 a famili> s\nd to ! dwell]s 9 ! f5s ( ,cambridge%ire & ,l9coln%ire1 & ?is h&some bird regul>ly ne/$ n only 9 ^? di/ricts1 b 9 ! ,norfolk ,broads1 z well z 9 _m o!r c\nties possess+ situations suitable to its habits4 ,inde$ ne/s 7 tak5 n[ & !n up to ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 & ev5 lat]2 b at ! pres5t day ! bitt]n is no?+ m ?an a casual visitor to ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 9 fact1 s r>e h its visits become1 t !y are g5]ally consid]$ wor?y ( special record4 ,a ne> relative ( ! h]on1 ! bitt]n does n expose itself 9 ! op5 aft] ! fa%ion ( t species1 b skulks amid ! %elt] ( re$s & flags1 :]e its pres5ce is made kn[n only by ! ord9>y rav5-l croak1 or ! l\d boom+ ( ! male 9 ! bre$+-season4 ,f ?is habit ! bitt]n d]ives its ,g]man "n ( rohrdommel2 & ) su* surr\nd+s its mottl$ plumage ( light & d>k br[n m+l$ ) black is design$ to h>monise1 z is also 9 all probability ! gre5i% hue ( its long1 spe>-l beak1 s admirably adapt$ to seize & hold ! unw>y fi% or frog t may come )9 /rik+ di/ance4 ,z ?is resemblance betwe5 ! plumage ( ! bitt]n & its inanimate surr\nd+s is suffici5tly app>5t f ! accompany+ ,plate1 x w be unnecess>y to attempt any description ( its col\r+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to m5tion t ! bird appe>s to be 9 ! habit ( increas+ ! protective p[] ( its mottl$ liv]y1 by assum+1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( al>m1 a /atuesque position amid ! re$s1 ) ! body held z erect z possible1 ! neck /ret*$ to its fulle/ ext5t1 & ! head & beak po9t+ skyw>ds4 ,9 ?is po/ure x is /at$1 by ^? :o h _h ! good =tune to see x1 to be almo/ invisible amid ! upright br[n /ems ( re$s & bulru%es4 ,! range ( ! bitt]n is v ext5sive1 includ+ ! :ole ( temp]ate ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 & ! great] portion ( ,asia ly+ betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,arctic ,circle1 z well z nor?-we/]n ,india & ,burma4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa its place is tak5 by ano!r species1 a ?ird k9d inhabits ,au/ralia1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,new ,zeal&1 :ile a f\r? is a native ( ,nor? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & a fif? is indig5\s to tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! di/ribution ( ! gr\p is ?us almo/ cosmopolitan1 if we except mo/ ( ! tropical zone ( ! ,old ,_w2 & all ! five species are closely relat$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,europe at ! pres5t day bitt]ns are /ill common 9 ,spa91 ,holl&1 _m p>ts ( ,france & ,g]many1 & ! swamps ( ! ,danube & ,volga4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 ,africa1 ,india1 & ,burma ! species occurs only 9 w9t]1 be+ to "s ext5t migratory 9 its habits4 ,^! %y birds associate 9 pairs1 b 9 migration "t collect 9 p>ties previ\s to sett+ out on _! travels4 ,! ne/1 :i* is built ( re$s & flags1 & l9$ ) grass1 is well conceal$ among ! brake 9 :i* ! pair h tak5 up _! resid5ce1 & may be a float+ /ructure4 ,! eggs1 :i* are f ?ree to five 9 numb] & gre5i% blue 9 col\r1 are incubat$ solely by ! h51 :o is suppli$ ) food by h] mate4 ,! *icks rema9 9 ! ne/ until fully fl$g$1 & display extraord9>y clev]ness 9 mak+ _! way among ! re$s4 ,little comes amiss to ! bitt]n 9 ! way ( food1 s long z x is ( an animal nature2 & its appetite is s great1 t x is on ! hunt = prey f sunrise till sunset4 ,wat]-rats1 field-mice1 birds ( all k9ds1 fi%1 especially ^? inhabit+ muddy wat]1 snakes1 liz>ds1 lee*es1 worms1 & insects & _! l>v are alike dev\r$ by ^! voraci\s birds4 ,! usual cry ( ! bitt]n is1 z already m5tion$1 a ho>se1 rav5-l croak2 & x is only dur+ ! bre$+-season t ! male utt]s ! res\nd+ boom1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! bell[+ ( a bull1 & on a /ill night may be he>d at a di/ance ( a mile or m4 ,h[ ?is wond]ful s\nd is produc$ is n yet def9itely kn[n4 ,a w\nd$ bitt]n is mo/ dang]\s to approa*1 z x w /rike ) un]r+ aim at ! eye ( ! gunn] :o approa*es to seize x2 & ! =midable beak is likewise employ$1 & g5]ally ) success1 to repel ! attack ( any fox bold en\gh to approa* its own]4 ,x %\ld be add$ t dur+ ! hot summ] ( #aiaa a pair ( bitt]ns br$ 9 ! old ,norfolk haunts ( ! species4 ,,! ,,kafir ,,cr[n$ ,,crane 7,bale>ica *rysopel>gus7 ,! cr[n$ cranes ( ,africa1 ( :i* !re are ?ree species1 con/itut+ by !mselves an exclusively ,african g5us1 are "s ( ! h&some/ memb]s ( a beautiful & /ately gr\p ( birds2 ! fan-l array ( bri/ly fea!rs on ! head1 :i* con/itutes ! s-call$ 8cr[n10 conf]r+ on ^! cranes a regal appe>ance :i* is lack+ 9 _! smoo?-head$ relatives4 ,( ! ?ree species1 "o 7,bale>ica pavon9a7 is a native ( nor?-ea/]n ,africa1 rang+ s\?w>ds into ,we/ & ,equatorial ,africa2 ! second1 =m+ ! subject ( ! accompany+ ,plate & sometimes kn[n z ,b4 regulorum in/ead ( by ! designation "h us$1 is a s\!rn bird1 rang+ f ! ,cape to ! ,zambesi & ,loanza valleys2 :ile ! ?ird 7,b4 gibb]iceps7 hails f ,ea/ ,africa4 ,z reg>ds ! di/9ctive features ( ^! ?ree cranes1 ! nor!rn species is gre5i% black above & d>k grey bel[1 ) mo/ ( ! fea!rs ( ! %>ply po9t$ lanceolate type2 ! neck is delicate pe>l-grey2 ! second>y quills are *e/nut1 & ! w+-cov]ts p>tly :ite & yell[2 ! twi/$ bri/ly fea!rs =m+ ! cr[n are yell[ & :ite ) black tips2 a b>e area on ea* side ( ! face is :ite above & p9k bel[2 & black d[n clo!s ! ?roat4 ,?is species has a v small wattle on ! ?roat2 b 9 ! ,kafir crane ?is wattle1 z %[n 9 ! ,plate1 is mu* l>g] & ma9ly r$ 9 col\r4 ,! s\!rn species is fur!r *>act]is$ by ! grey] tone ( ! plumage ( ! upp]-p>ts1 & ! :ite *eek-pat*1 ) only a m>g9 ( crimson above4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,african ,b4 gibb]iceps ?is *eek-pat* becomes mu* l>g] ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two species1 ext5d+ backw>ds ne>ly to ! nape ( ! neck4 ,! c>riage ( ^! h&some1 well-built birds is upright2 :ile _! gait1 :5 !y are walk+ ) measur$ /eps1 is calm & /ately4 ,^! birds c1 h[ev]1 run ) great spe$1 s fa/ inde$ t a man c keep up ) !m only ) difficulty4 ,! flight is heavy & sl[1 ) p[]ful1 measur$ /rokes ( ! w+s1 & ! neck & legs /ret*$ out4 ,! cre/1 or cr[n1 is at ! same "t depress$4 ,:5 9 flight1 a p>ty ( cranes always arrange !mselves 9 w$ge-%ap$ =m 9 ord] to cleave _! passage ?r\gh ! air ) ! lea/ possible resi/ance2 a v p[]ful bird tak+ up ! position at ! apex ( ! triangle4 ,z 9 all cranes1 ! cry is v l\d & res\nd+2 its pi]c+1 trumpet-l notes be+ due to ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! w9dpipe1 :i* is arrang$ 9 coils1 & consi/s ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ bony r+s4 ,illu/ration ,! food ( ^! cranes consi/s *iefly ( v>i\s k9ds ( gra9 & o!r se$s1 among :i* ^? ( durrha or ,kafir millet =m ! l>ge/ portion4 ,! se$-spikes ( grass1 buds ( trees1 & fruits1 z well z a c]ta9 proportion ( insects1 are1 h[ev]1 also dev\r$ by ^! birds4 ,v curi\s are ! attitudes assum$ by ^! h&some birds1 especially :5 !y are surpris$ or "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t4 ,on su* occasions !y place !mselves 9 wond]ful po/ures1 b5d+ _! bodies up & d[n1 spread+ out _! w+s1 & !n jo9+ _! fell[s 9 a dance1 dur+ :i* !y (t5 spr+ a y>d high 9 ! air1 :ile all ! "t _! feet are alt]nately lift$ & put d[n 9 regul> rhy?m4 ,! daily life ( ! cr[n$ crane displays great uni=mity4 ,at sunrise ! :ole flock flies out into ! veldt1 :]e its memb]s se>* = food at lea/ a c\ple ( h\rs2 !n !y proce$ to ! wat] to dr9k1 & sp5d ! day 9 dige/+ _! morn+'s meal4 ,_! fav\rite resort = ! day is a s&bank f> out 9 a riv]1 :]e !y c /& & pre5 _! fea!rs or doze )\t fe> ( int]ruption4 ,at ev5+ ! flock returns to its sleep+-qu>t]s 9 ! =e/4 ,all ! graceful habits ( ^! cranes c be /udi$ 9 ,europe1 :]e ! birds fl\ri% 9 conf9em5t1 if giv5 suffici5t room4 ,9 captivity !y soon le>n to associate ) ! human be+s & animals ) :om !y are br\ght into contact1 & are specially ke5 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ^? :o treat !m well & ^? :o dislike _! companion%ip4 ,^! cranes are also to be met ) 9 e ,kafir village1 :ile !y are likewise frequ5tly tam$ by ! ,european settl]s 9 bo? ,s\? & ,ea/ ,africa4 ,9 ,europe ! gr\p is repres5t$ by ! ord9>y grey crane 7,grus c9]ea7 & ! elegant demoiselle crane 7,g4 virgo71 bo? ( :i* lack ! cre/s ( _! cr[n$ relatives4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ?is notice ! "n 8,kafir0 is spelt ) "o f2 ?is be+ ! prop] or?ography1 z ! ^w is ! ,arabic 8,kafir10 an unbeliev]1 ?is be+ exemplifi$ 9 ! "n 8,kafiri/an10 ! l& ( infidels4 ,,! ,,silv] ,,gull 7,l>us arg5tatus7 ,9 its adult plumage1 ) ! sn[-:ite head1 neck1 & "u-p>ts1 ! delicate ,fr5* grey back & w+s1 & ! :ite-spott$ black tips to ! l>g] flight-fea!rs1 ! silv] gull1 or h]r+-gull1 z x is m commonly call$1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful memb]s ( a lovely tribe ( birds4 ,inde$1 :e!r swimm+ calmly on ! surface ( ! sea1 or skimm+ ov] ! cre/s ( ! waves borne on _! long & p[]ful p9ions1 & e n[ & !n plung+ into ! wat] to seize a fi% or "s float+ morsel ( food1 gulls 9 g5]al are "s ( ! mo/ elegant & graceful ( all birds1 _! delicate col\r+1 9 :i* grey & :ite1 reliev$ to a great] or less ext5t by black or *ocolate1 g5]ally pr$om9ate1 ?us giv+ a ref9em5t to _! :ole appe>ance :i* is want+ 9 _m birds ( brilliant plumage4 ,7 x n t _! cries1 _! temp]s1 & _! habits are by no means angelic1 gulls might well h be5 select$ z emblems ( ! angels4 ,! :ite & pale grey plumage1 replac$ 9 a few species by a :olly :ite or cream-col\r$ liv]y1 is1 h[ev]1 develop$ only 9 ! adults2 birds ( ! ye> hav+ ! back & w+s ?ickly mottl$ ) br[n & d>k grey1 & ! tail black1 :ile ! head & neck are :olly br[n2 ! beak1 moreov]1 9 ! species =m+ ! subject ( ! ,plate1 be+ black in/ead ( orange4 ,f ?is we le>n t gulls are desc5d$ f birds ) relatively d>k plumage1 :i* may p]haps h be5 dwell]s on ! l&2 & if ?is be s1 ^! beautiful birds evid5tly acquir$ _! pres5t type ( col\r+ only :5 !y took to a life on ! ocean wave4 ,9 any case1 ! pale liv]y ( ! adult gull mu/ be reg>d$ z a special adaptation to its mode ( life2 su* a g>b be+ ! "o :i* h>monises be/ ) ! foam-fleck$ waves ( ! wa/e ( wat]s4 ,! h]r+-gull closely resembles 9 col\r+ ! common gull 7,l>us canus71 & l t species is abundant on ! ,briti% coa/s1 or1 = t matt]1 on ! ,?ames at ,london ,bridge or ! ornam5tal wat] 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k 9 w9t]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mu* l>g] bird1 atta9+ a l5g? ( ab\t #bb in*es 9 ! case ( adult males4 ,?is species1 moreov]1 is mu* less intol]ant ( heat ?an ! common gull2 & :ile ! =m] is compell$ to w+ its way to ! m nor!rn coa/s = ! bre$+-season1 ! h]r+-gull1 l ! kittiwake1 ne/s by scores on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl&1 :]ev] conditions suitable to its habits exi/4 ,! kittiwake1 x may be m5tion$1 diff]s f o!r gulls by ! abs5ce ( ! h9d-toe1 & is !re=e ref]r$ to a g5us by itself1 "u ! appropriate "n ( ,rissa tridactyla4 ,! only o!r species likely to be conf\nd$ 9 ! summ] plumage1 :5 ! black-head$ species h donn$ _! *ocolate or black caps1 is ! great] :ite-w+$ gull 7,l4 hyp]boreus71 :i* diff]s by ! pal] tone ( ! plumage g5]ally & m especially by ! feature to :i* x owes its "n4 ,illu/ration ,! h]r+-gull is a wide-rang+ species1 met ) on bo? sides ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ext5d+ ea/w>ds to ! ,:ite ,sea1 & 9 w9t] z f> s\? z ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ,am]ica h]r+-gulls visit 9 summ] ! inhospitable coa/s ( ,labrador & ,gre5l&1 b 9 w9t] w&] s\? to ! g5ial climate ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e1 9 all probability1 !y cross ! cont95t to jo9 a closely alli$ gull inhabit+ ! ,pacific4 ,9 ,europe ! s\!rn bre$+ range ( ?is h&some species seems to be =m$ by ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,france4 ,h]r+-gulls1 :]e conditions are fav\rable1 may be f\nd ne/+ on ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles f ! s\? ( ,engl& to ! ,orkneys & ! ,%etl&s1 z well z 9 ,irel&1 :]e !y are ! mo/ common & mo/ widely spread memb]s ( _! tribe 9 ! bre$+-season4 ,sometimes only a few gulls ne/ 9 company1 b 9 o!r situations l>ge colonies collect = bre$+ purposes2 & x is notewor?y t ! bre$+ sites are always 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! %ore & g5]ally on tall cliffs4 ,ano!r notewor?y feature ( ! h]r+-gull is t ! adult liv]y is n assum$ till ! f\r? ye>1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* an unusually l>ge numb] ( birds 9 ! speckl$ dress are always 9 evid5ce4 ,,! ,,great ,,horn$ ,,owl 7,bubo ignavus7 ,! great horn$1 or eagle1 owl1 ! l>ge/ ,european repres5tative ( ! nocturnal birds-(-prey1 is ! typical memb] ( a gr\p *>act]is$ by ! relatively small size ( ! ap]tures ( ! e>s1 :i* are n clos$ by cov]s1 & likewise by ! m or less imp]fect developm5t ( ! disc-l r+ ( fea!rs r\nd ! eye1 :i* =ms su* a conspicu\s feature 9 ord9>y owls4 ,! s-call$ horns are1 x ne$ sc>cely be m5tion$1 tufts ( long1 some:at hair-l fea!rs gr[+ f ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>s4 ,^! e>-tufts are common to ! s-call$ long-e>$ owls1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 all birds ( small] size1 ) l>g] e>-op5+s1 protect$ by special cov]s1 & complete discs ( fea!rs r\nd ! eyes4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is magnific5t bird :5 9 an attitude ( repose1 ! col\r & m>k+s ( ! plumage ( ! head1 brea/1 & "u-p>ts1 & ! great1 />+1 r$-r+$ eyes are admirably %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! bird is enrag$1 ! body is depress$ & ! plumage ruffl$ out1 :ile ! w+s are half-spread1 ?us increas+ its size & produc+ a =midable appe>ance probably suffici5t to ov]awe a numb] ( w\ld-be assailants o!r ?an man4 ,9 l5g? ?is unmi/akable bird measures z mu* z #bg in*es1 s t x is equal 9 po9t ( size to a small eagle4 ,! eagle-owl ranges ov] ! great] portion ( ,europe1 z well z nor!rn ,africa1 & mu*1 if n ! :ole1 ( nor!rn & c5tral ,asia2 & ! species bre$s z f> nor? z ,lapl& & z f> s\? z ,gibralt> & ,greece4 ,x is true t ! eagle-owls inhabit+ ! c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s h be5 reg>d$ z a di/9ct species1 "u ! "n ( ,b4 sibiricus1 :ile ! "n ( ,b4 turcomanus has be5 propos$ = ^? f ! des]ts ( s\?-we/]n ,sib]ia1 ,turke/an1 & ,tibet2 b ^! & o!rs f ,asia nor? ( ! ,himalaya are s closely alli$ to ! ,european bird t !y are be/ reg>d$ 9 ! light ( local races ( t species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican eagle-owl 7,b4 virg9ianus7 is a p]fectly di/9ct species1 ) a range ext5d+ ov] ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 al?\gh ?is bird has likewise be5 split up into a numb] ( nom9al species4 ,eagle-owls ( v>i\s species are also kn[n f tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! :ole ( ,africa1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 s t ) ! exception ( ! ,malay c\ntries & ,au/ralasia1 ! gr\p has a practically _w-wide range4 ,illu/ration ,to ! ,briti% ,isles ! great horn$ owl--! gr& duc ( ! ,fr5* & ! uhu ( ! ,g]mans--is1 n[adays at any rate1 m]ely an occasional /raggl]1 & !n only to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! k+dom1 mo/1 if n all ( ! specim5s t h f "t to "t be5 tak5 9 ,engl& be+ birds t h escap$ f captivity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a report t ^! spl5did owls once inhabit$ ! ,orkneys4 ,eagle-owls ?rive well & bre$ freely 9 captivity2 ye>s ago a numb] 7 kept1 = in/ance1 at ,arundel ,ca/le1 b ^!1 al?\gh long reg>d$ z ,european birds1 7 ev5tually prov$ to belong to ! ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,captive specim5s h s]v$ to demon/rate 9 "s degree ! great age to :i* ^! owls w live2 a female br\ght f ,norway 9 #ahbg hav+ surviv$ = sev5ty-five ye>s 9 an ,engli% avi>y1 & hav+ produc$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( h] captivity no less ?an n9ety (fspr+4 ,f its l>ge size1 p[]ful beak & claws1 & fi]ce disposition1 ! eagle-owl1 :i* is ma9ly nocturnal 9 its habits1 is a t]rible foe to ! small] animals1 prey+ l>gely ^u rats1 mice1 moles1 birds1 & frogs1 :ile x also attacks & dev\rs l>g] game1 su* z roe-de] fawns1 h>es1 rabbits1 hazel-h5s1 ducks1 & geese4 ,its haunts are ?ick =e/s1 especially ^? 9 :i* t9ts ( ruf\s grey & black prevail2 & 9 su* situations ! mottl$1 w>m-col\r$ t9ts ( its plumage h>monise bo? ) ! b>k ( ! tree-trunks & ! wea!r$ surface ( ! rocks & cliffs4 ,at ev51 ) noiseless w+s1 ! eagle-owl issues f its p]* to sweep ov] ! pla9s 9 se>* ( prey2 or1 ris+ high 9 ! air1 utt]s its l\d scree*1 & awakes ! slumb]+ birds1 :i* flutt] f _! roo/s to meet _! fate by ! rel5tless talons & beak ( ! nocturnal m>aud]4 ,! huge ne/ is g5]ally built 9 trees1 on cliffs1 or 9 old build+s1 b ! two or ?ree eggs may be laid 9 holes on ! b>e gr\nd4 ,! eggs are brood$ by ! female1 :o is f$ dur+ incubation by h] p>tn]4 ,,! ,,flam+o 7,phnicopt]us roseus7 ,flam+oes1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species1 pres5t u ) "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( adaptation to a p>ticul> mode ( life to be met ) 9 ! animal k+dom1 m especially z ! ma9 feature 9 ?is adaptation is develop$ 9 its full p]fection only :5 ! bird is mature & takes to a special diet4 ,9 common ) o!r wad]s1 ! adult flam+o has an enorm\sly long neck & legs1 & is !reby enabl$ to procure its food f dep?s inaccessible to mo/ o!r birds1 al?\gh x is frequ5tly cont5t to se>* = food 9 ! %all[s4 ,its di/9ctive /ructural peculi>ity is1 h[ev]1 ! %>p d[nw>d flexure ( ! extremity ( ! beak1 & m especially t ( ! l[] half4 ,su* a beak appe>s at ! fir/ glance q unsuit$ = grop+ up food f ! mud ( m>%es & lagoons :i* =m ! fav\rite haunts ( ^! /ately birds2 b :ile ?us engag$1 flam+oes turn _! heads ! wrong way up1 :5 ! beak at once becomes a mo/ effici5t ladle1 admirably adapt$ = collect+ & hold+ ! small spiral univalve molluscs ( ! g5us ,c]i?ium :i* 9 _m di/ricts =m _! *ief food4 ,9 ! "y flam+o1 ^: diet is ( a diff]5t nature1 ! beak is m or less normal 9 =m4 ,flam+oes1 ) c]ta9 relation%ips to ! /orks1 appe> to h mo/ aff9ity ) ducks1 geese1 & swans2 & x is curi\s to note h[ l are ! head & neck ( a flam+o1 if ! beak 7 b /raight5$ out1 to ^? ( a swan1 ! resemblance ext5d+ 9 "s cases ev5 to ! col\r ( ! beak1--r$ or orange at ! base & black at ! tip4 ,:ite & sc>let1 or crimson--! ,ea/] col\rs--are ! col\rs ( ! flam+o1 b ! relative proportions ( ^! v>y accord+ to ! species4 ,! ,european flam+o--! subject ( ! ,plate--^: range ext5ds f c5tral ,europe to ! ,can>ies & ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 & !nce all ov] ,africa1 & ea/w>ds to ,lake ,baikal1 ,india1 & ,ceylon1 has1 = in/ance1 ! great] "p ( ! plumage :ite or p9ki% :ite ) sc>let w+-cov]ts & black quills1 r$ legs1 & ! beak p9k at ! base & black at ! tip4 ,mu* m gorge\s is ! tropical ,am]ican ,p4 rub]1 rang+ z f> s\? z ,p>a & ! ,galapagos ,isl&s1 9 :i* ! g5]al col\r ( ! plumage is light v]milion1 ) bright] w+-cov]ts1 ! base ( beak be+ yell[ & ! legs r$4 ,to ! s\? ( c5tral ,p]u1 9 ,uruguay1 & p]haps 9 ,brazil ?is species is replac$ by ,p4 *il5sis1 di/+ui%$ by ! legs be+ grey ) r$ jo9ts1 :ile ! black ( ! beak ext5ds upw>ds above ! b5d4 ,9 all ! =ego+ species a h9d-toe is pres5t1 b ?is is lack+ 9 two o!r ,s\? ,am]ican species1 namely1 ,p4 7,phnicop>rus7 &9us1 ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! family1 ( ! ,*ilian & ,bolivian ,&es & ,arg5t9a1 & ,p4 7,p47 jamesi1 ( s\!rn ,p]u & ,*ile1 9 bo? ( :i* ! beak is yell[ at ! base & r$ 9 ! middle1 :ile ! legs are yell[ 9 ! =m] & r$ 9 ! latt]4 ,la/ly1 !re is ,p4 7,phniconaias7 m9or1 ( ,africa1 ,madagasc>1 & ,india1 :i* 9 g5]al appe>ance mu* resembles ! ,european species4 ,illu/ration ,al?\gh flam+oes sp5d mu* ( _! "t 9 wad+1 !y are also good swimm]s4 ,l geese & ducks1 !y associate 9 va/ flocks1 & fur!r evid5ce ( _! k9%ip to t gr\p is af=d$ by _! loss ( ! p[] ( flight dur+ ! height ( ! m\lt+ season1 & likewise by _! 8gaggl+0 cries1 :i* are curi\sly l ^? ( geese4 ,9 ! bre$+-season flam+oes resort to lakes1 salt-lagoons1 or ! swamps 9 riv]-valleys1 ^? ( ! ,guadalquivir be+ "o ( _! fav\rite haunts 9 ,europe4 ,b>e %ores are an ess5tial elem5t 9 su* bre$+-colonies1 = x is on ^! t ! birds con/ruct _! curi\s sug>-loaf mud-ne/s1 :i* h a cup-l depression at ! summit = ! reception ( ! "o or two eggs1 & v>y 9 height f two to fifte5 in*es accord+ to ! dep? ( ! wat]4 ,! eggs1 :i* are brood$ by ea* sex 9 turn = a p]iod ( fully f\r weeks1 h blui% col\r$ %ells1 cov]$ ) a r\gh *alky cru/4 ,:5 incubat+1 ! bird sits ) its legs b5t b5ea? ! body1 al?\gh x 0 long suppos$ t ^! hung d[n on ! sides ( ! ne/4 ,hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( flam+oes may congregate 9 ^! bre$+-colonies2 & !re are few m beautiful sights 9 nature ?an to see a flock ( ^! spl5did birds1 especially ! sc>let ,am]ican species1 rise on ! w+ & display _! full col\r+ & plumage 9 ! sunlight4 ,,! ,,nile ,,crocodile 7,crocodilus niloticus7 ,to ! anci5t ,egyptians ! timsa1 or ,nile crocodile1 ! *ampsa ( ,h]odotus1 0 a famili> reptile2 b f ! l[] & middle portion ( ! ,nile1 z f> up z ,!bes1 ! species has long s9ce be5 ext]m9at$1 al?\gh x is /ill abundant 9 ,ea/ & ,s\? ,africa4 ,else:]e x occurs 9 ,madagasc>1 & /ill survives1 al?\gh sp>+ly1 9 ,syria1 m especially 9 ! ,z]ka 7 ,crocodile7 ,riv] ne> ,cs>ea4 ,9 ,biblical times crocodiles 71 h[ev]1 abundant 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 & !re is little d\bt t ! 8levia?an0 ( ! ,book ( ,job ref]s to ^! noisome reptiles4 ,till ne>ly ! fifte5? c5tury x also seems t crocodiles liv$ 9 ,greece & ! ,isles ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago2 & at t date a huge crocodile's skull 0 jeal\sly pres]v$ & exhibit$ at ,rhodes4 ,x is ^! anci5t s\? ,european crocodiles :i* probably gave rise to ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon & o!r my?s ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,9 popul> e/imation !re is mu* confusion betwe5 crocodiles & alligators2 & 9 ,india ! =m] are almo/ inv>iably call$ alligators1 al?\gh !re is n a s+le repres5tative ( t gr\p 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,inde$1 alligators are conf9$ to ,*9a & ,am]ica2 ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 prop]ly kn[n z caimans1 diff]+ f ! typical ,mississippi species by hav+ a bony arm\r on ! "u z well z on ! upp] surface4 ,!re are _m *>act]s di/+ui%+ crocodiles f alligators2 "o ( ! mo/ easily recognis$ be+ t ! f\r? l[] too? ( a crocodile bites into a not* on ! out] side ( ! upp] jaw1 s t its summit is visible :5 ! m\? is clos$1 :]eas 9 an alligator ! correspond+ too? is receiv$ into a pit1 s t ! tip is completely conceal$ :5 ! reptile %uts its enorm\s m\?4 ,true crocodiles1 :i*1 ) alligators1 caimans1 & gavials1 are ! l>ge/ ( liv+ reptiles1 are n[ repres5t$ by ab\t elev5 species1 ^: comb9$ range includes ,africa1 s\!rn ,asia1 nor!rn ,au/ralia1 & tropical ,am]ica4 ,india possesses two species1 ! broad-nos$ mugg> 7,crocodilus palu/ris71 & ! n>r[-nos$ e/u>9e crocodile 7,c4 porosus72 ! =m] ( :i* ranges to ,ceylon1 ,burma1 & ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,isl&s1 :ile ! latt]1 :i* ent]s salt-wat] freely1 & is sometimes f\nd f> out to sea1 ext5ds f ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! s\? ( ,*9a to nor!rn ,au/ralia & ! ,solomon & ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,illu/ration ,crocodiles may gr[ to a l5g? ( #ah & probably #bj feet or m1 & are p[]ful creatures1 :i* are ! pe/s ( ! wat]s !y frequ5t1 seiz+ & dragg+ d[n wom5 & m5 :o come to draw wat]1 & gripp+ by ! nose cattle & o!r animals :i* come to dr9k4 ,a bea/ ?us seiz$ has little *ance ( escape1 no matt] :at may be its size1 z x is tak5 at a disadvantage & r5d]$ comp>atively helpless2 b !re is a well-au!nticat$ /ory ( a ,nile crocodile seiz+ a rh9oc]os by "o ( ! h9d-legs j z x 0 ab\t to leave ! riv]1 & ev5tually dragg+ ! enorm\s bea/1 despite its frantic ef=ts1 backw>ds into deep wat]1 :]e x 0 dr[n$4 ,! prey is1 inde$1 always kill$ by dr[n+1 aft] :i* ! c>case is dragg$ a%ore & conceal$ among re$s or o!r cov]t1 :]e x is left until decomposition has set 9 be=e be+ dev\r$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! food ( ! ,nile crocodile is /at$1 h[ev]1 to consi/ ( fi%2 & snails1 wat]-f[l1 & c>rion are also dev\r$ by ^! rav5\s reptiles4 ,:5 9 repose1 crocodiles lie l logs 9 ! wat]1 or on ! neighb\r+ s& & mud banks1 b ! slighte/ s\nd awak5s !m to activity4 ,he>+ seems inde$ to be ! s5se mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 crocodiles2 & x is ^u ?is t !y dep5d 9 asc]ta9+ ! pres5ce ( prey4 ,smell1 t\*1 & ta/e appe> to be b poorly develop$2 & ! tongue is affix$ to ! l[] surface ( ! m\? ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,crocodiles are furni%$ ) gl&s secret+ a musky sub/ance1 mu* e/eem$ by ! ,sudanis = ano9t+ _! hair & bodies1 & ?us produc+ :at is to !m1 no d\bt1 an agreeable od\r4 ,all crocodiles lay h>d-%ell$1 oval eggs1 ab\t ! size ( ^? ( a goose4 ,^! are deposit$ by ! female1 to ! numb] ( f ab\t tw5ty to n9ety1 a y>d or s deep 9 ! s& ( ! riv]-bank1 :]e !y are c>efully cov]$ up by means ( h] tail1 & !n left to mature by ! action ( ! sun's rays4 ,! "m appe>s1 h[ev]1 to keep wat* 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ne/1 & :5 ! eggs are ready to hat*1 _! occupants utt] a peculi> s\nd :i* attracts ! p>5t to _! assi/ance4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,h&$ ,,gibbon 7,hylobates l>7 ,! "n gibbon1 :i* is ( unkn[n orig91 & appe>s to h be5 fir/ us$ by ! ,fr5* naturali/ ,buffon1 is appli$ to ! memb]s ( ! smalle/ repres5tatives ( ! man-l apes1 all ( :i* diff] f _! l>g] c\s9s1 ! *impanzi1 gorilla1 & orang-utan1 by reta9+ small b>e pat*es on ! buttocks4 ,9 ?is respect !y %[ evid5ce ( k9%ip to ord9>y monkeys & baboons1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ^! nak$ callosities1 z !y are call$ by naturali/s1 atta9 mu* great] developm5t4 ,gibbons agree ) ! l>g] man-l apes 9 ! complete abs5ce ( ! tail1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! great l5g? ( ! limbs1 m especially ! front pair1 s t :5 ^! curi\s pigmies are /&+ upright on _! feet1 _! h&s t\* ! gr\nd4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t gibbons are ! only man-l apes :i* habitually assume ! erect po/ure 9 walk+1 :5 ! arms are usually elevat$ & 9 "s cases ext5d$ horizontally1 ?us giv+ a mo/ rem>kable appe>ance to _! own]s4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p are conf9$ to tropical s\?-ea/]n ,asia1 :]e !y range f ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,himalaya ?r\gh ,burma & ! ,malay c\ntries to ! isl& ( ,ha9an1 (f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,! l>ge/ species1 ! siaman 7,hylobates syndactylus7 ( ,borneo1 does n mu* exce$ "o y>d 9 height4 ,9 col\r !y are v g5]ally black1 (t51 z 9 ! species repres5t$ 9 ! ,plate1 ) a n>r[ :ite b& or fillet surr\nd+ ! great] "p ( ! face1 or mak+ m]ely a l9e above ! eyebr[s4 ,9 ! :ite-h&$ species1 =m+ ! subject ( ! illu/ration1 ! :ite fillet atta9s its fulle/ developm5t1 & ! h&s & feet are likewise :ite4 ,?is species inhabits ! m\nta9-=e/s ( ,t5ass]im at elevations betwe5 ?ree ?\s& & five ?\s& feet1 :5ce x ext5ds ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,its ne> relative ! hulok 7,h4 hulok71 ^: range ext5ds f ,assam to ,arakan & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 lacks ! :ite h&s & feet1 :ile ! fillet on ! face m]ely =ms a b& ov] ! eyebr[4 ,9 ! ,ha9an gibbon 7,h4 ha9anus7 ev5 ! eyebr[-b& is want+4 ,a specim5 ( ?is la/-nam$ species1 :i* is v ne> ak9 to ! hulok1 af=d$ a surprise to naturali/s 9 t x *ang$ ! col\r ( its coat dur+ its soj\rn 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,:5 obta9$ 9 #ahig1 at an age ( ab\t six mon?s1 its col\r 0 d>k smoky grey1 b ?is soon *ang$ to black1 :i* p]si/$ till aft] ! animal's arrival 9 ,london 9 ,janu>y #aijd4 ,9 ,febru>y ( t ye> ! fur began to assume a greyi% t+e2 & by autumn ! entire coat _h become silv]y1 or /one1 grey1 except = a black /ripe d[n ! middle l9e ( ! head4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t ?is col\r-*ange is univ]sal 9 ! species2 = ano!r captive specim5 believ$ to be ab\t a doz5 ye>s old 0 :olly black4 ,illu/ration ,?is is confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( a ,fr5* travell] 9 ! case ( ! :ite-*eek$ gibbon 7,h4 leucog5ys7 ( ,annam & ,siam1 9 :i* two di/9ct col\r-phases are noticeable4 ,^! gibbons commonly g ab\t 9 p>ties ( six or sev52 & :ile "s individuals are black ) :ite :isk]s & a b& on ! sides & l[] "p ( ! face1 9 o!rs ! g5]al col\r is gold5 yell[ ) no :ite on ! face4 ,t ! two phases are specifically id5tical is c]ta91 & x does n appe> t ! light-col\r$ individuals ev5tually become d>k1 or vice v]sa4 ,! natives1 x is true1 h an idea t ! light-col\r$ individuals are ! females1 b ?is seems to be disprov$ by ! fact t !y are mu* less num]\s ?an ! black ones2 & x ?us appe>s probable t ! species exhibits two di/9ct col\r-phases4 ,gibbons are almo/ :olly arboreal apes2 & 9 ! trees !y move ab\t ma9ly ) ! aid ( _! long arms1 by means ( :i* !y sw+ !mselves f b\gh to b\gh1 & ?us f "o tree to ano!r1 s t a :ole troop w trav]se ! =e/ )\t desc5d+ to ! gr\nd4 ,s active & agile inde$ are ^! apes1 t :5 conf9$ 9 op5 cages !y w cat* birds on ! w+1 :i* app>5tly =m "p ( _! food4 ,9 addition to ^!1 gibbons subsi/ on fruits ( v>i\s k9ds1 leaves1 "y %oots1 insects1 & spid]s4 ,all gibbons h a rem>kably p[]ful d\ble-note cry1 l hu-lok1 :i* has a wail+ s\nd1 & awakes ! e*oes 9 ! e>ly morn+ & aga9 at ev5+ 9 ! =e/s inhabit$ by ^! apes4 ,at a di/ance ! cry has "s fa9t resemblance to ! human voice2 b at close qu>t]s x is en\gh to drive ! travell]1 :5 re/+ 9 8 t5t1 well-nigh di/ract$4 ,,! ,,abyss9ian ,,gre5 ,,monkey 7,c]copi!cus ?iops7 ,z a famili> example ( a v l>ge assemblage ( exclusively ,african long-tail$ monkeys collectively kn[n z gu5ons 7f a ,fr5* ^w signify+ to make grimaces71 no bett] species c\ld h be5 select$ = illu/ration ?an ! ,abyss9ian gre5 monkey4 ,?is monkey1 :i* l its c\s9 ! common gre5 monkey 7,c]copi!cus callitri*us1 or sabu7 may be se5 9 almo/ all m5ag]ies & on _m /reet-organs1 is an ,ea/ ,african species2 :]eas ! true gre5 monkey is ,we/ ,african1 rang+ f ,s5egambia ?r\gh ,si]ra ,leone to nor!rn ,lib]ia1 b has be5 introduc$ into "s ( ! ,cape ,v]d & ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 :]e x /ill occurs pl5tifully1 at lea/ 9 ,b>bados4 ,f ! gu]eza monkeys 7,colobus7 ( ,africa1 a gu5on may be di/+ui%$ at a glance by its well-develop$ ?umbs2 :ile ^! monkeys also diff] f gu]ezas1 z well z f _! ,asiatic relatives ! langurs1 by hav+ well-develop$ p\*es 9 _! *eeks = /or+ food4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r ,african gr\p ( monkeys1 ! mangabeys 7,c]cocebus71 "s ( :i* are m difficult to di/+ui% f gu5ons1 al?\gh ! majority are recognisable at a glance by _! fle%-col\r$ eyelids1 :5ce ! "n ( :ite eyelid monkeys4 ,:5 ?is "* fails1 res\rce mu/ be _h to ! *eek-tee?1 ( :i* ! la/ pair 9 ! l[] jaw is less complex 9 a gu5on ?an 9 a mangabey2 b to exam9e ! back-tee? ( a live monkey is n an exp]im5t e "o w\ld desire to try6 ,to any "o b a speciali/1 ! v l>ge numb] ( repres5tatives ( ! gu5ons are exce$+ly difficult to class & id5tify4 ,! matt] has1 h[ev]1 be5 some:at simplifi$ by arrang+ ! species 9 ?irte5 gr\ps1 ea* *>act]is$ by ! possession ( "s p>ticul> di/9ctive feature or features4 ,! well-kn[n diana monkey 7,c4 diana7 repres5ts1 = in/ance1 a gr\p 9 :i* !re are long1 upw>dly direct$1 sn[-:ite :isk]s associat$ ) blacki% or d>k r$ "u-p>ts1 a :ite br[-b&1 di/9ctly :ite areas on ! *e/ & ! inside ( ! arms1 a *9-tuft1 & a :ite /ripe on ! out] side ( ! ?igh4 ,! memb]s ( ! spot-nos$ gr\p1 aga91 z typifi$ by ,c4 petauri/a1 are recognisable at a glance by hav+ a l>ge1 he>t-%ap$ :ite spot on ! tip ( ! nose4 ,! gre5 monkeys1 on ! o!r h&1 belong to a gr\p 7typifi$ by ! ,abyss9ian species7 some:at less easy to recognise1 b *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( black on ! out] surface ( ! arms1 :i* may be col\r$ l ! body1 b are usually1 z 9 ! plate1 some:at pal] & grey4 ,! face is ne>ly always black1 b may be mottl$ or freckl$ ) pigm5t2 &1 except 9 "o species1 ! :isk]s gr[ upw>ds & backw>ds ov] ! e>s4 ,! we/]n species1 ! a=esaid ,c4 callitri*us1 lacks ! :ite br[-b& pres5t 9 ! ,abyss9ian species & ne>ly all ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p2 ! species =m+ ! subject ( ! plate be+ fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! black-speckl$ yell[i% olive col\r ( ! fur ( ! back1 ! long1 :ite :isk]s1 %>ply def9$ f ! hair ( ! re/ ( ! head1 & ! pres5ce ( a tuft ( hair at ! root ( ! tail4 ,illu/ration ,gu5ons may be reg>d$ z "s ( ! mo/ typical ( all monkeys1 & ^? 9 :i* monkey-tricks atta9 _! fulle/ developm5t4 ,!y live m on fruits & se$s ?an ei!r ! gu]ezas or ! langurs1 :i* fe$ l>gely on leaves & ! "y %oots ( trees4 ,gu5ons are inde$ probably to "s ext5t omnivor\s1 :]eas ! memb]s ( ! o!r two gr\ps are :olly h]bivor\s4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! matt] ( diet is correlat$ ) ! pres5ce ( *eek-p\*es & ! simple "* ( ! /oma* 9 ! gu5ons1 :]eas ! o!r two gr\ps lack p\*es 9 ! *eek1 b1 9 comp5sation1 h ! /oma* fold$ & divid$ 9 a complex mann]4 ,9 _! native =e/s gre5 monkeys & _! relatives associate 9 l>ge troops1 :i* keep up a con/ant *att]+1 & ea* ( :i* is "u ! lead]%ip & control ( an old male4 ,ea* troop appe>s to h its own p>ticul> t]ritory 9 ! =e/2 & if "o p>ty intrude on ! doma9 ( its neighb\r1 a fi]ce conte/ takes place1 :i* does n end until ! invad]s h be5 driv5 out or h prov$ !mselves ! /rong]4 ,a survival ( ?is cu/om may be notic$ ev5 among monkeys 9 a m5ag]ie1 :]e ea* species or individual w take up "o portion ( ! cage = its own p>ticul> use1 & resolutely def5d x aga9/ ! o!r occupants ( ! enclosure4 ,f ! o!r memb]s ( ! g5us ! patas monkey 7,c4 patas7 & its relatives are specially di/+ui%$ by _! r$ col\r+ & l>ge size1 & !y %\ld p]haps =m a g5us by !mselves4 ,,! ,,fox 7,canis vulpes or ,vulpes alopex7 ,! fox enjoys a well-e>n$ reputation = cunn+ & %rewdness1 & especially = its capacity to adapt itself to *ang$ conditions & its pres5ce ( m9d & res\rcefulness 9 em]g5cies4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible to deceive ev5 a fox4 ,a well-kn[n ,am]ican naturali/ relates1 = in/ance1 h[ he attract$ a fox to )9 a few y>ds ( 8 own position by imitat+ ! squeak+ ( a field-m\se4 ,= "s di/ance he came cauti\sly skulk+ betwe5 ! big tussocks ( co>se grass1 b = ! la/ fifty y>ds he _h to trav]se op5 sw>d4 ,:5 he _h got half ?is di/ance he became suspici\s1 & began to ?9k t ! motionless1 squatt+ naturali/ 0 n a /ump or a rock1 :]eupon1 x is curi\s to note1 t he at once ran to leew>d ( ! suspici\s object1 ?us %[+ t foxes1 l _m o!r animals1 tru/ m to _! s5se ( smell ?an to _! sight4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ev]ybody kn[s a fox by sight1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among naturali/s z to :e!r ! fox ( ,nor? ,am]ica is specifically id5tical ) ! ,european animal4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are1 h[ev]1 s small & insignificant t ! mo/ s5sible c\rse is to reg>d ! fox z a circumpol> species1 ) sev]al local races1 bo? 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to attempt any?+ 9 ! way ( description ( su* a well-kn[n animal w\ld be altoge!r sup]flu\s1 al?\gh x may be well to m5tion t ! tip ( ! tail is always :ite or :iti%2 & t1 z 9 mo/ memb]s ( ! dog family1 !re is a d>k-col\r$ pat* on ! upp] surface ( ! root ( ! tail1 indicat+ ! position ( a gl&4 ,al?\gh ne>ly relat$ to wolves & jackals1 foxes are di/+ui%$ by _! slight] make1 ! relatively %ort] limbs & long] body & tail1 z well z by ! %>p] muzzle1 & also by a peculi>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! project+ process ( bone :i* =ms "p ( ! upp] bord] ( ! socket ( ! eye4 ,9 wolves1 jackals1 & dogs ?is process is convex1 :]eas 9 all foxes x is concave2 ?us conclusively prov+ t ! fox has no?+ to d ) ! p>5tage ( ! dog4 ,illu/ration ,! typical fox ( nor!rn & c5tral ,europe is "o ( ! l>ge/ repres5tatives ( ! species1 & is fur!r *>act]is$ by ! deep 8foxy0 r$ col\r ( its coat1 & ! light col\r ( ! "u-p>ts4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe ?is race is replac$ by "o ( r small] dim5sions 7,canis vulpes melanoga/]7 & less brilliant r$ 9 col\r1 ) ! "u-p>ts d>k1 & sometimes a cross-%ap$ d>k m>k on ! %\ld]s4 ,ne>ly alli$ is ! ,himalayan fox 7,c4 v4 montanus72 b 9 c5tral ,asia & "s ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries we f9d a l>g] & pal] race kn[n z ,c4 v4 flavesc5s4 ,no repres5tative ( ! species is f\nd to ! s\? ( ! ,himalaya or 9 ,burma & ! ,malay c\ntries2 b ! c5tral ,asian1 or a ne>ly alli$1 race probably ext5ds "r across ,sib]ia & ,man*uria4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! fox reappe>s1 & ranges z f> s\? z ,georgia2 ! common & mo/ widely di/ribut$ race be+ kn[n z ,c4 v4 fulvus1 :ile sep>ate names h be5 giv5 to ! races respectively inhabit+ ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl&4 ,! s-call$ 8cross fox0 ( ,am]ica is m]ely "o ) a blacki% /ripe d[n ! back & ano!r across ! %\ld]s1 z 9 _m ,himalayan & ,afghan foxes2 :ile ! 8silv] fox0 is a grey1 & ! 8black fox0 a black phase ( ! ord9>y ,am]ican race4 ,sk9s ( black foxes are ( enorm\s value1 really f9e specim5s sell+ = z mu* z #bjj ea*2 !y are imitat$ by dye+ ! sk9s ( ! :ite ,arctic fox 7,c4 lagopus7 & leav+ ! end ( ! tail & ! tips ( ! long] hairs :ite4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ^! black sk9s come f ,am]ica1 black foxes app>5tly also occur 9 ,sib]ia4 ,no matt] h[ f> nor? its range1 ! fox nev] turns :ite 9 w9t]4 ,ano!r curi\s fact ab\t ?is animal is t ! sk91 :5 view$ "u ! microscope1 exhibits a /ructure indicat+ t ! ance/ors ( ! species 7 app>5tly clo!d ) scales in/ead ( hair2 ?us af=d+ important te/imony to ! view t mammals are ! direct desc5dants ( reptiles4 ,unlike jackals & wolves1 ! fox is a m or less solit>y animal1 liv+ = ! great] "p ( ! ye> alone1 or 9 company ) ! vix51 z ! female is call$2 ! latt] "n be+ m]ely ! we/ c\ntry pronunciation ( fix51 :i* may be ! ,saxon plural ( fix4 ,*iefly nocturnal 9 _! habits1 foxes may take up _! resid5ce ei!r 9 holes1 or 8e>?s10 dug by !mselves1 9 rav9es or clefts among rocks1 or amid co>se grass & bu%es4 ,! "y1 usually f five to sev5 9 numb]1 h slaty grey coats q diff]5t f _! p>5ts4 ,al?\gh foxes are sad enemies to ! p\ltry-y>d & ! game-cov]t1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !y are dea? on field-mice & rats4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,be> 7,ursus arctus7 ,) ! exception ( ! hynas & ! civets1 all ! m important families ( l& ,c>nivora are repres5t$ 9 nor!rn ,europe2 ! wild cat & ! lynx do+ duty = ! ,felid1 ! wolf & ! fox = ! ,canid1 ! p9e-m>t51 glutton1 & ott]1 toge!r ) sev]al small] species1 = ! ,mu/elid1 & ! be>1 or br[n be>1 z x is commonly call$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f its relatives--:ite1 grey1 or black--= ! ,ursid4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t1 ) ! exception ( ! wild cat1 all ^! animals are ei!r common to ! nor!rn portions ( ! two hemisph]es or are repres5t$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by species v closely alli$ to _! ,european prototypes4 ,! be> is "o ( ! und\bt$ly circumpol> species1 = al?\gh di/9ct names h be5 giv5 to its ,am]ican repres5tatives1 ) ! exception ( ! grisly be> 7,ursus horribilis71 :i* is specifically diff]5t1 all ^! are obvi\sly no?+ m ?an local =ms or races ( a s+le v>iable & widely di/ribut$ species4 ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,_w !re are _m di/9ct races ( ! br[n be>4 ,9 ,syria1 = in/ance1 we h a greyi% race 7,u4 arctus syriacus72 :ile 9 ,ka%mir ! coat is v g5]ally deep cream-col\r1 al?\gh x t5ds to d>k5 9 old individuals ( ?is race1 :i* is kn[n z ,u4 a4 isabell9us4 ,f ! ,briti% ,isles ! be> has long s9ce be5 ext]m9at$1 b x survives 9 ! wild] p>ts ( ,spa91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,hung>y1 :ile x is /ill comp>atively common 9 _m p>ts ( ,sc&9avia & ,russia1 :5ce x ext5ds "r across ,asia nor? ( ! s\!rn flank ( ! ,himalaya to ,kam*atka & ,japan2 its s\!rn limit to ! ea/ ( ! ,himalaya be+ m>k$ by ! ,siamese race 7,u4 a4 %anorum74 ,c5tral ,asian br[n be>s1 ( :i* ! local races are n yet prop]ly det]m9$1 g5]ally h light-col\r$ coats1 ) a :ite gorget1 :i* is want+ 9 ,sc&9avian & ,russian be>s4 ,! l>ge/ ,old ,_w race is ! ,kam*adale br[n be> 7,u4 a4 piscator or lasiotis71 ( :i* sk9s may measure z mu* z #i feet 9 l5g?4 ,on ! opposite side ( ,b]+ ,/rait ,alaska vies ) ,kam*atka 9 claim+ ! record 9 po9t ( size among br[n be>s1 :ile 9 ! matt] ( local v>iation ! repres5tatives ( ! species put ! re/ ( ! _w into ! %ade1 = ,am]ican naturali/s recognise no few] ?an half a doz5 diff]5t races 9 ,alaska alone4 ,^! include ! huge ,kodiak be> 7,u4 a4 midd5dorffi7 ( ,kodiak ,isl&1 ! ,alaskan ,p59sula be> 7,u4 a4 gyas71 ! gigantic ,yakutat be> 7,u4 a4 dalli7 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,yakutat ,bay & ! coa/ = an undet]m9$ di/ance nor? & s\?1 ! ,sitka be> 7,u4 a4 sitk5sis7 ( ,sitka & ,b>an(f ,isl&s1 ! ,admiralty be> 7,u4 a4 eulophus7 ( ,admiralty ,isl&1 & ,kidd]'s be> 7,u4 a4 kidd]i7 ( ! ,alaskan ,p59sula4 ,all ^! are1 h[ev]1 s simil> to "o ano!r1 t x requires an exp]t to di/+ui% !m4 ,illu/ration ,! grisly be> 7,u4 horribilis7 is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ct species1 *>act]is$1 among o!r features1 by its :ite claws4 ,typically a native ( ! high =e/s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! grisly is repres5t$ by two ,alaskan races1 namely1 ,u4 h4 phonyx ( ! int]ior1 & ,u4 h4 k5ai5sis ( ! ,k5ai ,p59sula & adjac5t coa/s4 ,x p]haps reappe>s 9 ! ,tian ,%an range1 9 ! he>t ( c5tral ,asia1 9 ! %ape ( ! s-call$ ,u4 leuconyx4 ,be>s are ! lea/ c>nivor\s ( ! ,c>nivora1 subsi/+ 9 _m di/ricts almo/ entirely on fruits1 nuts1 %oots ( trees1 roots1 honey1 & ants1 ) an occasional meal ( c>rion4 ,9 ,alaska1 h[ev]1 :5 ! be>s wake up f _! w9t] sleep & come abroad !y f9d ! riv]s almo/ *ok$ ) ,pacific salmon :i* are asc5d+ to spawn1 & 9 ^! !y f9d an abundant & n\ri%+ food-supply ^u :i* !y rapidly gr[ fat4 ,! duration ( ! w9t]-sleep1 :i* may take place 9 a holl[ tree1 a cav]n1 or a cleft 9 ! rocks1 dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! w9t]2 & x is :5 !y fir/ issue =? f ^! lairs t be>s are 9 _! be/ coats1 ! summ] fur be+ %ort & comp>atively valueless1 :ile ! sk9s are also difficult to pres]ve ow+ to ! fatness ( ! animals at ?is season4 ,! females br+ =? _! cubs1 "o or two 9 numb]1 dur+ ! p]iod ( hib]nation4 ,be>s are to a great ext5t diurnal mammals1 ^: haunts are *iefly ! =e/s1 al?\gh 9 late summ] !y resort 9 _m localities1 su* z ,ka%mir1 to ! op5 m\nta9 pa/ures1 :]e !y may be se5 graz+ at no great di/ance f flocks ( %eep or goats4 ,! adults g ab\t s+ly or 9 pairs1 ! females g5]ally accompani$ by _! cubs1 :i* may include ^? ( two successive seasons4 ,,! ,,p9e-,,m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes7 ,! m>t51 or p9e-m>t51 z x is commonly t]m$ 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f its cont95tal relative ! bee*-m>t5 7,mu/ela fo9a71 is "o ( ^? species :i* are on ! v]ge ( disappe>+ f ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 ! midl& & s\?-ea/]n c\nties ( ,engl& ! species appe>s to h become sc>ce dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 9 mo/ ( ^! x 0 kill$ be=e #ahfj1 al?\gh isolat$ in/ances ( its occurr5ce 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex h be5 record$ s9ce t date4 ,9 ,l9coln%ire1 ,norfolk1 & ,suffolk x surviv$1 h[ev]1 until ! 'eighties2 & !re h be5 rec5t occurr5ces 9 ,leice/]%ire4 ,! ,lake ,di/rict & ! we/]n side ( nor? & c5tral ,wales are at pres5t ! /rongholds ( ! species2 & ! isolat$ occurr5ces 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry appe> to be l>gely due to its w&]+ habits4 ,9 ! wild] di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 :]ev] !re is suffici5t =e/1 m>t5s are /ill f> f uncommon2 & !y are comp>atively abundant 9 p>ts ( ,sc&9avia1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 & ,russia4 ,among ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species1 ! mo/ easily recognisable is ! yell[ or orange area on ! ?roat2 ?is "p be+ :ite 9 ! bee*-m>t54 ,t ^! two animals are di/9ct species1 & n m]ely local races ( a s+le "o1 seems to be demon/rat$ by _! occurr5ce 9 ! same di/ricts4 ,h[ f> ea/w>ds ! range ( ! m>t5 ext5ds does n appe> to be asc]ta9$4 ,9 ,sib]ia ! species is1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ by ! closely alli$ sable 7,m4 zibell9a71 :i* 9 turn gives place 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,am]ican m>t5 7,m4 am]icana74 ,all ?ree might p]haps1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z geographical races ( "o & ! same species4 ,m>t5s are ess5tially =e/-animals1 :i* pref] ev]gre5 trees1 & are especially p>tial to woods :]e dead tree-trunks lie rott+ on ! gr\nd or =m natural bridges f "o /em to ano!r4 ,"h !y are z active z squirrels1 & *ase "o ano!r 9 ! same sportive mann]4 ,mu* ( _! prey is1 h[ev]1 tak5 on ! gr\nd1 & !y are deadly foes to h>es1 rabbits1 pheasants1 & p>tridges1 z well z to small birds ( all k9ds4 ,!y are also report$ to eat bee*-ma/1 & if ?is be ! case1 b]ries may also v probably =m a portion ( _! diet4 ,! p]si/5cy ) :i* a m>t5 w foll[ ! trail ( a h>e or a rabbit1 ev5 9 deep sn[1 is a "* ! species possesses 9 common ) ! weasel tribe g5]ally2 & if x fail to p\nce ^u ! unsuspect+ victim 9 ! fir/ few spr+s1 x w settle d[n to ! *ase z /eadily z a beagle or a h>ri]4 ,illu/ration ,m>t5s are devoid ( ! unpleasant od\r ( ! polecat1 or f\m>t1 & are !re=e suitable = tam+4 ,9 _! native =e/s !y associate 9 pairs1 & make _! ne/s high up 9 tall trees1 select+ 9 "s in/ances a hole 9 ! /em1 b 9 o!r cases tak+ possession ( ! des]t$ ne/s ( wood-pigeons or o!r l>ge birds1 or occasionally ! drey ( a squirrel4 ,9 ?is ne/ are born e>ly 9 ! spr+ ! six or sev5 "y1 :i* come into ! _w bl9d1 & are t5d$ by _! p>5ts ) assidu\s c>e2 & !y rema9 9 its neighb\rhood till !y are ne>ly full gr[n4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x has be5 obs]v$ t once 9 ab\t e eight or t5 ye>s m>t5s m or less completely disappe> f di/ricts 9 :i* !y are at o!r times abundant4 ,/range to say1 !re is no evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( disease on su* occasions2 & x is c]ta9 t ! m>t5s d n migrate aft] ! mann] ( lemm+s4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$ by ! trapp]s t j be=e _! disappe>ance none ( ! m>t5s 9 ! di/rict w take a bait1 al?\gh at o!r times !y are caught ) comp>ative ease4 ,9 ! =e/ m>t5s & sables are mu* less difficult to approa* ?an _m o!r wild animals2 b !y nev]!less display a ke5 av]sion to ! neighb\rhood ( human dwell+s1 :i* !y nev] volunt>ily approa*4 ,m>t5s & sables1 unlike _! small] relative ! /oat or erm9e1 d n turn :ite 9 w9t]2 = ! v suffici5t reason t1 on acc\nt ( be+ arboreal animals1 !y w\ld be extremely conspicu\s 9 su* a liv]y4 ,!y are s rel5tlessly hunt$ = ! sake ( _! valuable fur1 t x is a m>vel !y h n long s9ce be5 ext]m9at$ f _m portions ( _! habitat4 ,! value ( ! sk9s ( ! ord9>y ,european m>t5 v>ies f eight to twelve %ill+s1 b ,russian & ,sib]ian sable comm&s a mu* high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,,! ,,leop>d 7,felis p>dus7 ,x is n a little rem>kable t ?ree su* closely relat$ animals z ! lion1 ! tig]1 & ! leop>d or pan!r 7= ^! two names really indicate ! same species7 %\ld exhibit su* /rik+ dissimil>ity 9 _! type ( col\r+4 ,! explanation ( ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect is1 h[ev]1 probably to be f\nd 9 ! div]sity ( habit4 ,nei!r ! lion nor ! tig] c climb2 & z ! =m] is ma9ly an inhabitant ( op5 & m or less des]t c\ntry1 x has assum$ a uni=mly s&y coat to accord ) ! tawny hue ( its surr\nd+s4 ,! tig]1 on ! o!r h&1 resorts m to cov]t1 & has !re=e adopt$ a liv]y suitable to su* situations1 or1 at all ev5ts1 "o :i* t5ds to break up ! g5]al outl9e ( ! body4 ,f bo? its l>g] c\s9s ! leop>d diff]s by its arboreal habits1 & ?is may to a great ext5t acc\nt = its spott$ type ( col\r+1 :i* h>monises well ) ! *equ]$ %ade ?r[n by ! foliage on ! horizontal & gn>l$ bran*es ( =e/-trees4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to notice t ! d>k m>k+s on ! fur ( an ord9>y leop>d are n solid black circul> spots1 b take ! =m ( rosettes ( irregul> black pat*es enclos+ a c5tre ( d>k] t9t ?an ! g5]al gr\nd-col\r ( ! fur4 ,su* a type ( col\r+ seems to be "o specially adapt$ to a p>tially arboreal life1 = 9 ! purely t]re/rial hunt+-leop>d 7,cynlurus jubatus71 z well z 9 ! small] ,african cat kn[n z ! s]val 7,felis s]val71 ! m>k+s all take ! =m ( solid circul> black spots4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t ! ,amurl& race ( ! leop>d 7,f4 p>dus villosa71 :i* inhabits a c\ntry :]e ! =e/s are conif]\s & !re=e ill-adapt$ = climb+ by a l>ge animal1 ! spots are 9 ! ma9 solid & m or less ne>ly circul>4 ,leop>ds h a range l>g] ?an t ( ei!r ! lion or ! tig]4 ,9 =m] times !y probably inhabit$ a consid]able portion ( ,europe2 & at ! pres5t day !y ext5d f ! ,caucasus ov] ! great] "p ( ,asia1 inclusive ( ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! ,malay c\ntries1 al?\gh unkn[n 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia1 ! highl&s ( ,tibet1 & ,japan4 ,9 ,africa !y inhabit ! :ole cont95t f ,morocco to ,cape ,colony1 al?\gh f c]ta9 di/ricts !y h n[ be5 kill$ (f4 ,z a rule1 ! c5tral *e/nut area =m+ ! c5tre ( ! rosettes does n c>ry any small spots1 b two or ?ree su* spots occur 9 ! rosettes ( "s ,asiatic leop>ds2 & sk9s ?us m>k$ s]ve to connect ! leop>d ) its ne> relative ! jagu> 7,f4 onca7 ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 :i* ^! c5tral spots are con/ant4 ,n[ ! jagu> is an ev5 m arboreal animal ?an ! leop>d2 & ! m complex developm5t ( its rosettes is a fur!r pro( t ?is type ( m>k+ is "o specially adapt$ to a life among ?ick-foliag$ trees4 ,x may be add$ t ! ne> relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! leop>d & ! jagu> af=ds conclusive evid5ce t l>ge spott$ fel9es at "o "t inhabit$ ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,) su* an enorm\s geographical range1 x w\ld be only natural to expect t ! leop>d %\ld pres5t consid]able local v>iation2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* is actually ! case4 ,! ,amurl&1 or ,man*urian1 race has already be5 m5tion$4 ,asiatic leop>ds h l>ge rosettes2 & among ^! ! ,p]sian leop>d 7,f4 p>dus pan!ra1 or tulliana7 con/itutes a race *>act]is$ by its pale col\r1 long fur1 & ?ick tail4 ,?is race makes an approa* to ! sn[-leop>d 7,f4 uncia7 ( ! highl&s ( c5tral ,asia1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ct species1 di/+ui%$ by its long fur & tail1 ) ! prevail+ col\r grey1 & ! rosettes 9 ! =m ( ill-def9$ r+s2 ?is type ( col\r+ be+ probably an adaptation to a life among rocks & sn[4 ,leop>ds f ,nor? & ,ea/ ,africa %[ l>ge rosettes ( ! ,asiatic type2 b 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! ,african cont95t ! rosettes %[ a great t5d5cy to break up into small spots4 ,among ^! small-spott$ leop>ds ! ,somali race 7,f4 p>dus nanop>dus7 is noticeable = its pale col\r & small size2 its total l5g? be+ less ?an #e feet1 :]eas "s ( ! o!r races may measure #g feet1 or ev5 m1 9 l5g?4 ,bo? 9 ,asia & nor?-ea/]n & ,ea/ ,africa black leop>ds are n uncommon2 b ^! are m]ely a d>k 7melani/ic7 phase ( ! ord9>y leop>d4 ,nev]!less1 x appe>s1 s f> z c be judg$ f a s+le au!nticat$ in/ance1 t black leop>ds :5 mat$ toge!r w bre$ true1 al?\gh1 if pair$ ) spott$ individuals1 ! prog5y may be ( ei!r type4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al habits ( leop>ds1 space p]mits only ( ref]5ce to _! rem>kable p>tiality = ! fle% ( dogs1 :i* is s /rong z to r5d] x difficult to keep ^! animals 9 leop>d-infe/$ di/ricts4 ,,! ,,lynx 7,felis 7,lynx7 lynx7 ,:e!r ! lynx is m ke5 ( vision ?an o!r animals is m ?an problematical2 b1 nev]!less1 x takes its "n f ! ,greek ^w 7luk7 = light1 & lynx-ey$ has become a prov]bial expression4 ,moreov]1 z if to set a seal ( endorsem5t ^u ! prov]b1 ! olde/ & mo/ r5[n$ sci5tific society 9 ,italy be>s ! title ( ,regia ,lynceorum ,academia 7! 8,royal ,academy ( ,lynxes074 ,be all ?is z x may1 ! lynx is an ab]rant & well-m>k$ memb] ( ! ,felid1 di/+ui%$1 toge!r ) its imm$iate relatives1 f o!r memb]s ( ! cat tribe by its %ort1 /umpy tail1 ! long tufts ( hair at ! tips ( ! e>s1 & ! bu%y :iti% :isk]s fr++ ! face1 z well z by ! l>ge size ( ! feet1 & a g5]ally /\t appe>ance1 due to ! ?ickness ( ! coat4 ,! beautiful fur ( ! lynx1 :i* comm&s a high price 9 ! m>ket1 has also a "* all its own1 be+ long1 s(t1 & silky1 ) a greyi% or r$di% tawny col\r1 & 9 mo/ cases a numb] ( m or less d>k m>k+s1 :i* take ! =m ( longitud9al /reaks along ! back1 ( flecks on ! sides1 & r\ndi% spots on ! limbs2 ! great] portion ( ! absurd apology = a tail1 toge!r ) ! backs & tufts ( ! e>s1 & a conspicu\s /reak on ea* side ( ! face1 be+ black4 ,_m lynx-sk9s are1 h[ev]1 m or less completely devoid ( ! d>k m>k+s2 & x does n yet appe> to be asc]ta9$ :e!r ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect is individual or seasonal4 ,:5 ! m>k+s are fully develop$1 !y s completely break up ! outl9e ( ! body z to r5d] ! animal almo/ invisible at a %ort di/ance2 ?is be+ noticeable ev5 )9 ! cramp$ conf9es ( a cage4 ,! lynx is ! second & l>ge/ species ( ! cat tribe inhabit+ nor!rn ,europe1 :]e x is common 9 ,sc&9avia & ,russia1 :ile to ! s\? x is f\nd 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts z f> z ,spa94 ,ea/w>ds x ext5ds across ,asia1 f ! ,caucasus & nor!rn ,p]sia1 to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,himalaya to ! isl& ( ,saghal94 ,its fossil rema9s prove t x 0 =m]ly a native ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! ,tibetan lynx1 on acc\nt ( its g5]ally pal] col\r1 has be5 sep>at$ z ,f4 lynx isabell9a1 :ile ! "o f ! ,urals1 ,caucasus1 & nor!rn ,p]sia is di/+ui%$ z ,f4 l4 c]v>ia4 ,! ,altai lynx1 *>act]is$ by its unusually long coat1 !1 at lea/ frequ5t1 abs5ce ( spots1 except on ! limbs1 & its extremely pale col\r+1 approximat+ 9 _m p>ts to :ite1 has likewise receiv$ a sep>ate racial "n1 ,f4 l4 w>di4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! s-call$ ,canada lynx1 al?\gh (t5 reg>d$ z a di/9ct species1 diff]s1 9 ! op9ion ( a well-kn[n ,am]ican naturali/1 f ! lynx ( nor!rn ,asia & ,europe m]ely by features :i* may ) safety be ascrib$ to local environm5t1 & %\ld !re=e be reckon$ z yet ano!r geographical race1 "u ! "n ( ,f4 l4 canad5sis4 ,its range ext5d$ 9 =m] days f ,arctic ,am]ica to ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania2 ! lynxes ( ,alaska & ,newf\ndl& respectively =m+ two m9or races4 ,lynxes are extremely savage animals ) imm5sely p[]ful limbs1 :i* appe> out ( proportion to ! lean body4 ,!y are inhabitants ( =e/1 :]e !y pass mu* ( _! "t repos+ on ! horizontal b\ghs ( trees1 :5ce !y c laun* !mselves ) un]r+ spr+ on any unsuspect+ animal t may be pass+ bel[1 or f :i* !y may asc5d high] 9 se>* ( squirrels or birds & _! ne/s4 ,!y by no means1 h[ev]1 conf9e _! att5tion to su* arboreal game1 b are rel5tless pursu]s ( h>es & /ill small] t]re/rial mammals ( all k9ds1 :ile _! agility is su* t a half-tam$ individual has be5 repeat$ly se5 to cat* pigeons out ( a flock fe$+ on ! gr\nd z !y rose on ! w+4 ,9 pursuit ( gr\nd-game !y advance 9 long sil5t leaps1 & 9 w9t] are prev5t$ f s9k+ 9 ! sn[ :5 progress+ 9 ?is mann] by ! great size ( _! paws4 ,tangl$ ?ickets or o!r k9ds ( d5se und]gr[? are select$ by ! lynx = its summ] lair2 & 9 su* localities 9 ,norway ! fluffy cubs are born4 ,9 ,tibet1 h[ev]1 ^! animals are compell$ to ex*ange clefts 9 rocks = ! =e/s ( ,sc&9avia & ,russia4 ,unlike be>s1 lynxes1 9 common ) all memb]s ( ! cat tribe1 rema9 active ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 be+ suffici5tly protect$ aga9/ cold by ! ?ickness ( _! s(t fur4 ,at ?is "t ( ye> !y are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly r$uc$ to great /raits by hung]2 & _! endurance mu/ be simply m>vell\s to enable !m :5 9 ?is fami%+ condition to hunt & capture f "t to "t su* prey z may be on ! move4 ,,! ,,indian ,,rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os unicornis7 ,al?\gh =m]ly rang+ a consid]able way d[n ! p59sula1 ! great ,indian rh9oc]os1 z ?is species %\ld prop]ly be call$1 is m or less completely re/rict$ to ,nepal & ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,ti/a valley1 especially ! pla9 ( ,assam & ,ku*-,beh>4 ,"h ! mighty bea/1 :i* /&s ov] #e feet 9 height at ! %\ld]1 dwells 9 ! tall grass-jungles1 :]e x is z completely conceal$ z is a rabbit 9 a mead[ ready = m[+4 ,! rh9oc]oses1 9 fact1 make = !mselves 9 ?is giant grass1 tunnels1 or 8runs10 9 :i* !y move f place to place p]fectly secure f obs]vation1 & likewise protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun2 & x appe>s t1 except to dr9k1 !y seldom leave ?is wond]ful cov]t4 ,to attempt to %oot su* enorm\s bea/s on foot 9 jungle ( ?is description1 :]e escape f ! beat5 track is well-nigh impossible1 w\ld be little %ort ( madness2 & ! ,indian rh9oc]os is !re=e always hunt$ on elephants4 ,9 old books on ,indian sports ! rh9oc]os is depict$ z *>g+ ! elephants1 & attempt+ to spe> !m ) its horn1 if n 9 ! act ( gor+ _! bodies4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 errone\s1 z none ( ! ?ree nam$ species ( ,asiatic rh9oc]os use _! horns 9 ?is mann]1 b employ = (f5ce _! %>p1 triangul> l[] tusks1 ) :i* !y make lat]al ?ru/s & lunges aft] ! mann] ( a wild bo>4 ,african rh9oc]oses1 on ! o!r h&1 h no tusks1 & consequ5tly h to rely on _! horns--always two 9 numb]--= bo? attack & def5ce4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be assum$ f ?is t ! abs5ce ( tusks is comp5sat$ by ! developm5t ( two horns1 = !re is "o ,asiatic species1 commonly kn[n z ! ,sumatran rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os sumatr5sis71 :i* has two horns comb9$ ) l[] tusks2 ?is species ?us be+ ! mo/ =midably arm$ memb] ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,?is s-call$ ,sumatran rh9oc]os also occurs 9 "s ( ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ,india1 z does likewise ! ?ird ,asiatic species1 commonly kn[n z ! ,javan rh9oc]os 7,r4 sondaicus71 :i* resembles ! great ,indian species 9 c>ry+ b "o horn4 ,illu/ration ,a satisfactory & easily recognis$ di/9ction betwe5 ! rh9oc]oses ( s\?-ea/]n ,asia & ! two ,african species is af=d$ by ! circum/ance t :ile 9 ! =m] ! hide is ?r[n into a numb] ( deep folds divid+ x into sep>ate areas1 9 ! latt] ^! folds are m or less lack+1 s t ! sk9 is comp>atively smoo? l t ( a pig4 ,! %ape ( ! sk9-folds s]ves to di/+ui% ! species =m+ ! subject ( ! plate f ! o!r "o-horn$ ,asiatic species4 ,among ! di/9ctive features ( ! pres5t animal may be not$ ! coif-l expansions ( sk9 at ! sides ( ! head1 ! l>ge tub]cles1 recall+ ! heads ( ! rivets 9 an iron boil]1 on ! %\ld]s & h9d-qu>t]s1 & ! some:at triangul> %ape ( ! great %ield on ea* %\ld]1 ! fold =m+ ! upp] bord] ( :i* does n ext5d across ! back4 ,by ! old] naturali/s1 rh9oc]oses1 elephants1 & hippopotamuses 7 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! title ( pa*yd]ms1--a "n :i* has completely dropp$ out ( use 9 natural hi/ory4 ,& v rightly1 s9ce ! ?ree gr\ps ( animals brigad$ toge!r "u t designation h b little 9 common ) "o ano!r4 ,elephants1 = in/ance1 =m a gr\p by !mselves2 hippopotamuses are c\s9s ( ! pigs1 & ?us relat$ to de] & cattle2 :ile rh9oc]oses1 toge!r ) tapirs & horses1 =m a ?ird gr\p by !mselves4 ,!re may seem to ! man 9 ! /reet little 9 common betwe5 a great lumb]+ brute l a rh9oc]os & a ,d]by w9n]2 b ! diff]5ce is due solely to ! "o be+ a mod]n specialis$ type cut out solely = spe$1 & ! o!r an old-fa%ion$ creature suit$ = wall[+ 9 m>%es or w&]+ on op5 pla9s :]e x is suffici5tly protect$ by its size & f]ocity4 ,take away ! two side-toes f ea* foot ( a rh9oc]os1 l5g!n its limbs1 light5 its head & body1 modify to a comp>atively slight degree its *eek-tee?1 & replace its b>e 8pa*yd]mat\s0 cov]+ by a ?9n]1 hairy sk91 & we %\ld h a horse4 ,=tunate x is = ! naturali/ t su* primitive creatures z rh9oc]oses & tapirs h surviv$ to ! pres5t day to af=d u an adequate idea ( :at _! num]\s ext9ct relatives look$ l 9 life4 ,rh9oc]oses are purely h]bivor\s animals1 b :]eas ! great ,indian species subsi/s *iefly on bamboo-leaves & o!r grasses1 its two ,asiatic relatives dep5d m ^u b\ghs & roots2 ?is diff]5ce be+ correlat$ ) ! /ructure ( _! tee?4 ,produc+ b "o (fspr+ at a "t1 & t at long int]vals1 ^! animals app>5tly live to a v great age1 al?\gh by no means s long z elephants4 ,! idea t ! hide ( ! ,indian species is bullet pro( is altoge!r errone\s4 ,,! ,,bison 7,bos ,bison bonasus7 ,al?\gh ! "n bison indisputably belongs to ! s+le species ( wild cattle n[ surviv+ 9 ,europe1 x came to be appli$ almo/ exclusively to its ,am]ican c\s91 :ile ! bison itself1 till comp>atively few ye>s ago1 0 g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ! auro*s4 ,! auro*s 01 h[ev]1 ! anci5t wild ox ( ,europe1 ! ance/or ( _m ( our dome/icat$ cattle2 & on its ext]m9ation1 :i* took place 9 ,pol& dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 its "n became transf]r$ to ! bison1 or zubr z x is call$ 9 ,russia & ,pol&4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 matt]s h be5 put "r 9 ?is respect1 & ! bison has once m come into its own4 ,! ,european bison1 al?\gh lack+ ! enorm\s mass ( long hair on ! head & =e-qu>t]s :i* gives to ! bulls ( its ,am]ican c\s9 su* a magnific5t appe>ance1 is a f> bett] built animal ?an ! latt]1 z ! h9d-qu>t]s d n fall away 9 ! same mann]4 ,! bulls are consid]ably l>g] ?an ! c[s1 & x is 9 t sex alone t ! be>d & ?roat-fr+e1 z well z ! long hair on ! =e-qu>t]s1 atta9 _! full developm5t4 ,9 summ] a %ort & sleek coat is donn$2 ! old w9t] coat fall+ (f 9 spr+ 9 l>ge1 blanket-l masses4 ,! bison1 ap>t f a c]ta9 numb] :i* h be5 introduc$ into private p>ks1 n[ survives only 9 ! =e/ ( ,biel[itza1 9 ,li?uanian ,pol&1 n[ ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,grodno1 & 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,9 ,biel[itza ! bison exi/ 9 a p>tially protect$ condition1 & are regul>ly f$ dur+ w9t]2 _! numb] dim9i%$ f ne>ly two ?\s& 9 #aheg to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five 9 #ahib1 & a few ye>s previ\sly _h be5 j ov] a hundr$ less4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! h]d1 :i* =ms an imp]ial pres]ve1 appe>s to be suff]+ f ! effects ( inbre$+1 s t an abnormally l>ge numb] ( ! calves are males4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bison ( ! ,caucasus1 :i* has be5 sep>at$ z a di/9ct race "u ! "n ,bos bonasus caucasicus1 exi/s 9 a purely wild /ate1 al?\gh v little in=mation ) reg>d to its numb]s1 di/ribution1 & habits is available4 ,9 =m] times bison1 z we "k f hi/orical evid5ce1 z well z f rude al?\gh (t5 spirit$ sket*es1 believ$ to be ! "w ( prehi/oric man1 on ! walls ( cav]ns1 z well z f _! actual fossil rema9s1 7 di/ribut$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe1 includ+ ,spa94 ,illu/ration ,"h x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! ,european & ! ,am]ican species are ! only liv+ k9ds ( wild cattle prop]ly entitl$ to be includ$ "u ! "n ( bison2 ! s-call$ ,indian & ,burmese bison belong+ to a totally diff]5t gr\p ( ! ox tribe4 ,european bison1 :i* associate 9 l>ge h]ds1 are ess5tially =e/ animals1 al?\gh ! =e/ !y inhabit mu/ be comp>atively ?9 & int]sect$ ) glades & mead[s :]e ! h]d c graze4 ,! neighb\rhood ( wat] is also ess5tial2 & :5 muddy pools are available1 !y are utilis$ = wall[+4 ,9 addition to tak+ ^! mud-ba?s1 bull bison 9 summ] are fond ( roll+ 9 s&y or du/y spots4 ,leaves & grass =m ! great] portion ( ! food ( ! ,biel[itza h]d 9 summ]1 "o p>ticul> k9d ( grass1 kn[n z zubr-grass1 be+ a special fav\rite & communicat+ to ! animals !mselves an aromatic od\r4 ,"y %oots1 twigs1 & b>k1 especially ^? ( ! a%1 are also l>gely eat52 & 9 obta9+ b>k ! /ems ( trees are frequ5tly /ripp$ z high z ! animals c rea*1 :ile numb]s ( sapl+s are trampl$ d[n4 ,except :]e !y are artificially f$1 bison h to dep5d almo/ entirely ^u buds1 twigs1 b>k1 & pat*es ( dry grass & brack5 = su/5ance2 & at ?is season ! h]ds leave ! damp] p>ts ( ! =e/ to take up _! qu>t]s 9 ! drie/ situations !y c f9d4 ,al?\gh an adult bull bison is m ?an a mat* = any wolf t ev] exi/$1 ! ,biel[itza h]d is con/antly h>ass$ by ! attacks ( wolves1 be>s1 & lynxes1 :i* kill _m ( ! calves1 & probably also ov]p[] weakly & half-/>v$ c[s 9 w9t]1 especially if ! wolves hunt 9 packs4 ,bison fe$ *iefly 9 ! e>ly morn+s & ev5+1 al?\gh !y may be se5 abroad at all h\rs4 ,dur+ ! bre$+-season1 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 fi]ce combats take place betwe5 rival bulls = ! ma/]y ( ! h]ds4 ,:5 di/urb$ or al>m$1 ! h]d breaks into a quick trot1 :i* soon develops into a heavy lumb]+ gallop2 & !re is sc>cely a f9] sight 9 ! _w ?an a *>g+ troop ( ^! magnific5t bea/s4 ,,! ,,gazelle 7,gazella dorcas7 ,al?\gh _m k9ds ( gazelles are n[ kn[n1 ! gazelle p> excell5ce1 t is to say1 ! ghazal ( ! ,arabs1 is ! beautiful little species repres5t$ 9 ! ,plate1 :i*1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f its relatives1 naturali/s h designat$ ! dorcas4 ,& no m beautiful & delicately made creature exi/s 9 ! _w ?an ?is same gazelle1 :i* has =m$ ! !me ( poets--especially 9 ! ,ea/--= c5turies1 z ! emblem ( beauty1 elegance1 & fleetness4 ,_m p p]si/ 9 confus+ gazelles ) de]1 al?\gh ! two gr\ps h b little 9 common1 be+ broadly di/+ui%$ by ! *>act]s ( _! horns1 :i* 9 gazelles are holl[1 unbran*$ %ea?s ( true horn support$ on cores ( bone1 :ile 9 de] !y are bran*+ /ructures ( b>e bone4 ,inde$1 ! s-call$ horns ( de] are n really horns at all1 at all ev5ts f ! po9t ( view ( ! naturali/1 b r antl]s2 & gazelles con/itute a section ( t gr\p ( rum9ants collectively kn[n z antelopes4 ,( ! approximate size ( a roebuck1 ! true1 or dorcas1 gazelle1 l mo/ ( its k9dr$ is col\r$ to h>monise ) ! m or less des]t conditions ( its home4 ,! delicate ruf\s fawn ( ! upp]-p>ts accords ) ! yell[ t9t ( ! rocks or s& amid :i* ^! beautiful creatures sp5d mo/ ( _! "t2 :ile1 :5 ! animal is /&+ 9 ! full gl>e ( an ,ea/]n sun1 ! :ite ( ! "u surface c\nt]acts ! effect ( ! d>k %ade ?r[n by ! body1 & ?us1 ev5 at comp>atively %ort di/ances1 makes = m or less complete invisibility4 ,nei!r is ! :ite 8blaze0 on ! rump )\t its special use1 z x s]ves z a guide to ! memb]s ( a troop to foll[ ! l9e tak5 by _! lead] :5 safety dep5ds solely ^u fleetness ( foot2 ! effect ( ! dang]-signal on su* occasions be+ increas$ by ! elevation ( ! tail1 ( :i* ! :ite "u surface is !n %[n4 ,9 ! bucks alone d ! gracefully curv$ & heavily r+$ black horns atta9 _! full developm5t2 ^? ( ! does be+ ?9 & ne>ly smoo? spikes4 ,! range ( ! gazelle is l>ge1 includ+ ! :ole ( nor!rn ,africa1 f ,morocco 9 ! we/ to ,egypt 9 ! ea/1 & ext5d+ s\?w>ds to ,nig]ia & ! ,egyptian ,sudan2 :ile 9 ,asia x embraces ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,9 we/]n & s\!rn ,arabia x is1 h[ev]1 replac$ by ! ,arabian gazelle 7,gazella arabica71 :i* is itself a relative ( ! edmi gazelle 7,g4 cuvi]i71 ( ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 & we/]n ,tunisia2 ! la/-nam$ be+ a m\nta9-dwell]1 :]eas ! dorcas is l>gely a native ( ! pla9s4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! des]ts & pla9s betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e ! dorcas gazelle is especially num]\s1 its food *iefly consi/s ( mimosa-bu%es2 ^! bu%es gr[+ mo/ abundantly on l[1 b\ld]-/rewn hills :i* =m ! fav\rite fe$+-places ( ! gazelles4 ,unlike _m rum9ants1 gazelles are almo/ con/antly on ! move1 re/+ only dur+ ! v hotte/ h\rs ( ! day1 :5 !y seek ! %ade ( ! mimosas3 & :5 ?us repos+1 ev5 exp]i5c$ hunt]s f9d x extremely difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! b\ld]s amid :i* !y lie4 ,gazelles mo/ly associate 9 h]ds ( v>iable size2 b !y are g5]ally se5 on _! fe$+-gr\nds ei!r 9 small p>ties ( f two to eight head1 or s+ly4 ,!y are extremely %y & wat*ful1 & ne>ly always fe$ ) ! w9d beh9d !m2 :ile _! fav\rite /ations are on elevat$ gr\nd1 :]e !y c comm& an ext5sive view ( ! pla9s bel[4 ,:5 a h]d is al>m$ & takes to flight1 its memb]s always seek %elt] on ! ne>e/ hill4 ,! s5ses ( sight1 smell1 & he>+ are all highly develop$ 9 gazelles2 & ! spe$ ( ^! beautiful antelopes is little %ort ( m>vell\s4 ,inde$1 :5 a gazelle is flee+ f ! slughi h\nds1 or s-call$ ,p]sian greyh\nds1 ) :i* ! ,arabs hunt ! fawns1 !y seem sc>cely to t\* ! gr\nd1 & to be fly+ r ?an runn+4 ,previ\s to ! pair+-season ! bucks fight among !mselves1 & s fi]cely t !y n infrequ5tly lose a horn4 ,aft] a ge/ation ( betwe5 five & six mon?s1 ! doe gives bir? to a s+le fawn1 :i* is at fir/ extremely helpless1 :5 x is mo/ assidu\sly nurs$ by ! "m4 ,"y gazelles are beautiful little creatures1 :i* 9 _! own c\ntry c be kept & tam$ )\t difficulty2 9 cold climates !y require1 h[ev]1 %elt] & protection 9 cold & bad wea!r4 ,pictures ( ! gazelle are common among ! anci5t ,egyptian frescoes1 especially 9 ! temples at ,giza1 ,!bes1 ,sakh>a1 & ,b5i-hassan2 & f a pa9t+ 9 a tomb at ,sakh>a x may be inf]r$ t h]ds ( ^! graceful rum9ants 7 kept 9 a half-tam$ condition 9 ,ph>aonic times4 ,,! ,,m\flon 7,ovis musimon7 ,! m\flon1 or muflon1 is ! only wild %eep inhabit+ ,europe1 :]e x is re/rict$ at ! pres5t day to ! m\nta9s ( ,corsica & ,s>d9ia4 ,9 =m] times x d\btless _h a m ext5sive range1 & !re are reports ( its occurr5ce )9 ! hi/orical p]iod 9 ,greece & ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,x is likewise report$ to h once inhabit$ ! m\nta9 ranges ( c5tral ,spa94 ,l all wild %eep1 ! m\flon has a hairy coat1 :ile its tail is %ort & de]-l1 z 9 ! small dome/icat$ %eep ( ,soa & o!r ,hebridean isl&s1 ( :i* x is probably ! ance/or4 ,! woolly fleece & long tail ( _m dome/icat$ bre$s mu/ accord+ly be reg>d$ z features due to c>eful selection2 & 9 ?is connection x is important to notice t "s ( ! dome/icat$ %eep ( ,africa1 z well ( ! ,ea/1 possess hairy coats l _! wild ance/ors4 ,! g5]al col\r ( ! m\flon1 l t ( s _m rum9ants1 is ( a protective nature1 be+ d>k above & :ite b5ea?1 ) a :ite rump-pat* z a signal-m>k = ! memb]s ( ! flock :5 9 flight4 ,9 accordance ) ! nature ( its surr\nd+s1 ! m\flon has a d>k] & m ruf\s coat ?an ! gazelle2 b old rams h a :iti% saddle-pat* on ! back 9 ! w9t] coat4 ,9 _! native haunts ^! %eep are /at$ to be v difficult to detect4 ,! :ite /reaks on ! face s *>act]i/ic ( ! gazelles are want+1 b ! d>k flank-b& divid+ ! fawn ( ! back f ! :ite ( ! belly is a feature common to m\flon & _m species ( gazelles4 ,9 height ! m\flon ram /&s only ab\t #bg in*es1 s t ! species is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! wild %eep4 ,! horns ( ! rams usually curve =w>ds on ! sides ( ! face2 ! "r horn ?us =m+ a "r-h&$ spiral1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 "s ,s>d9ian rams1 h[ev]1 !re is an alt]ation 9 ! direction ( ! upp] "p ( ! spiral1 s t ! horns curve backw>ds ov] ! neck1 in/ead ( =w>ds by ! sides ( ! face4 ,! ewes ( ! ,s>d9ian m\flon appe> to be g5]ally1 if n inv>iably1 hornless2 b "s ,corsican females1 at any rate1 c>ry small horns2 & x may be t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( horns 9 ?is sex =ms a di/9ction betwe5 ! races respectively inhabit+ ! two isl&s4 ,illu/ration ,m\flon are f\nd only 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! m\nta9s ( ,s>d9ia & ,corsica2 & :5 9 repose usually resort to high peaks or ridges :5ce a wide view c be obta9$4 ,moreov]1 !y frequ5tly select situations :]e curr5ts ( air f two diff]5t situations comb9e1 & !y are !n absolutely unapproa*able by ! sportsman4 ,9 mu* ( ! gr\nd !y frequ5t1 ! valleys are fill$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( ilex2 :ile !y fe$ on ! hills amid abundant hea!r1 :i* af=ds admirable cov]t = ! approa* ( ! /alk]4 ,9 ! pair+-season1 :i* takes place dur+ ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 ! old rams1 l ! males ( mo/ rum9ants1 engage 9 fi]ce combats = ! possession ( ! females4 ,! ewes give bir? to _! "o or two lambs dur+ ,april & ,may2 & ^!1 l ! lambs ( dome/icat$ %eep1 are able to run ) _! mo!rs at a v e>ly age4 ,:5 ! rams are 9 good condition1 m\flon-mutton1 if hung long en\gh1 is excell5t = ! table4 ,9 ,cyprus1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,p]sia ! m\flon is replac$ by ! r$ %eep 7,ovis ori5talis71 a r$d] &1 9 ! case ( "s races1 l>g] species1 (t5 ) a fr+e ( blacki% hair on ! ?roat ( ! old males1 & ! horns 9 t sex always curv+ backw>ds beh9d ! neck4 ,! race ( ?is species inhabit+ ! ,trodos m\nta9s ( ,cyprus is small] ?an ! re/4 ,f>!r ea/1 namely1 9 ! ,kopet ,dagh range divid+ ,p]sia f ,turke/an1 ! r$ %eep gives place to ! well-kn[n urial 7,o4 vignei71 9 :i* !re is a long :ite ?roat-fr+e to ! old rams1 ^: horns curve =w>ds by ! sides ( ! face4 ,?is species ranges ?r\gh ,balu*i/an & ,afghani/an to ! ,salt ,range ( ! ,punjab1 & !nce along ! ranges flank+ ! ,indus into ,ladak & ,tibet4 ,9 ! ,altai & ,tibet1 toge!r ) o!r p>ts ( c5tral ,asia1 we rea* ! c\ntry ( ! great argali %eep 7,o4 ammon71 ) its num]\s races2 :ile 9 ! ,yana ,valley ( ,sib]ia & 9 ,kam*atka we fir/ meet ) ! s-call$ bighorns 7,o4 canad5sis71 ( :i* ! typical race is ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,"o peculi> species 7,ammotragus l]via7 inhabits ! nor? ( ,africa1 b 9 ! re/ ( t cont95t1 z also 9 p59sul> ,india1 ! ,malay c\ntries1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 wild %eep are unkn[n4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,de] 7,c]vus elaphus7 ,! r$ de]1 ! typical repres5tative ( ! family ,c]vid1 is ! l>ge/ & h&some/ ,european memb] ( t gr\p1 al?\gh x atta9s its maximum developm5t 9 po9t ( bodily size & massiv5ess ( antl]s only 9 ea/]n ,europe & s\?-we/]n ,asia4 ,z 9 mo/ memb]s ( ! de] tribe inhabit+ temp]ate c\ntries1 !re is consid]able seasonal diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! coat1 & ! fawns diff] rem>kably 9 ?is respect f _! p>5ts4 ,!re are also di/9ctions 9 col\r betwe5 ! v>i\s local races ( ! species4 ,! ord9>y "n ref]s to ! fact t 9 summ] a m or less di/9ct ruf\s col\r prevails on ! upp]-p>ts4 ,"h x may be rem>k$ t de] d n 9 mo/ cases pres5t t m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! upp] & ! l[] surfaces ( ! body s *>act]i/ic ( gazelles & _m o!r memb]s ( ! antelope gr\p4 ,& ! reason = ?is is n difficult to expla94 ,z m5tion$ 9 ! text accompany+ ! plate ( t species1 ! :ite "u-p>ts ( ! gazelle are = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! d>k %ad[ ?r[n by ! body :5 /&+ 9 full sunlight1 & ?us to r5d] ! animal inconspicu\s4 ,de]1 on ! o!r h&1 are 9 ! ma9 nocturnal & =e/-dwell+ creatures1 & ?is type ( protective col\r+ w\ld !re=e be useless 9 _! case4 ,! *ital1 or ,indian spott$ de]1 is1 h[ev]1 mu* less nocturnal ?an mo/ species1 & also fe$s to a great ext5t 9 ! op52 & x is int]e/+ to notice t1 9 accordance ) su* habits1 ?is species is :ite-belli$4 ,notable features 9 ! r$ de] are ! %ortness ( ! tail1 & ! /raw-col\r$ pat* on ! buttocks 9 :i* t brief app5dage is includ$2 ! same features recurr+ 9 its ne> relative ! wapiti4 ,z 9 all simil> cases among rum9ants1 ! light rump-pat* s]ves z a guide to ! memb]s ( a h]d2 ! place ( ?is be+ tak5 9 c]ta9 o!r species1 su* z ! fall[ de] & ! ,am]ican :ite-tail$ de]1 by ! pure :ite "u surface ( ! tail1 :i* is rais$ :5 ! animals are runn+4 ,! antl]s ( ! /ag are *>act]is$ by ! numb] & regul> arrangem5t ( ! t9es2 & m especially1 9 _! fulle/ developm5t1 by ! duplication ( ! fir/1 or br[1 t9e1 & ! cup-l arrangem5t ( ! t]m9al snags4 ,illu/ration ,two features indicate t ! r$ de] is :at naturali/s t]m a highly specialis$ animal4 ,^! are1 fir/ly1 ! %ortness ( ! tail1 &1 secondly1 ! :ite-spott$ coat ( ! fawn1 s utt]ly diff]5t f t ( ! adults ( ! typical we/]n repres5tative ( ! species4 ,9 ! race inhabit+ ! ,caucasus yell[i% spots are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly obs]vable 9 ! coats ( full-gr[n h9ds1 :ile simil> spots may be develop$ 9 adult /ags ( ! ,nor? ,african race1--! s-call$ ,b>b>y de]4 ,^! features cle>ly indicate t ! r$ de] is desc5d$ f a species :i* 0 fully spott$ at all ages4 ,! range ( ! r$ de] includes1 ) ! exception ( ! f> nor?1 practically ! :ole ( ,europe1 z well z ,asia ,m9or & "p ( ,p]sia4 ,f _m p>ts ( we/]n ,europe ^! spl5did animals h1 h[ev]1 be5 ext]m9at$2 & 9 ! ,briti% ,isles !y survive 9 a wild /ate only 9 ,devon & ,som]set1 ! highl&s & isles ( ,scotl&1 & p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,! r$ de] ( ! ,caspian di/rict & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 commonly kn[n 7f its ,p]sian "n7 z ! m>al1 is a mu* l>g] & also a grey] animal1 ) heavi] antl]s1 ?an its we/ ,european repres5tative4 ,! latt] h be5 split up into sev]al local races1 :i* ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be p>ticul>is$ 9 ?is place4 ,! food ( ! r$ de] v>ies consid]ably accord+ to ! "t ( ye>1 & comprises grass & o!r h]bage1 corn1 leaves & b\ghs1 b>k1 acorns1 *e/nuts1 funguses1 li*5s1 & moss4 ,9 autumn1 :5 liv+ ne> cultivat$ gr\nd1 de] w dig up ) _! ho(s1 potatoes1 arti*okes1 & o!r edible roots4 ,! pair+-"t comm5ces e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 & cont9ues till ! middle ( ,octob]2 & at ?is season1 :5 !y utt] ! well-kn[n bell[+ or ro>+1 ! /ags n only fight fi]cely among !mselves = ! ma/]y ( ! h]d1 b are highly dang]\s to human be+s4 ,at no "t v amiable1 ! /ags at ?is season are little bett] ?an inc>nate fi5ds4 ,soon aft] ! bre$+-season ! antl]s are %$1 to be replac$ by new gr[?s1 cov]$ at fir/ ) s(t velvety sk91 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,at ! end ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june ! h9d seeks a seque/]$ situation amid cov]t 9 :i* to give bir? to h] fawn4 ,! fawns1 ( :i* !re may occasionally be tw9s1 are extremely helpless at bir?1 b 9 a %ort "t ga9 suffici5t /r5g? to run by ! side ( _! mo!rs4 ,,! ,,beav] 7,ca/or fib]7 ,! beav] enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ ! only w>m-blood$ quadrup$ t is 9 ! habit ( mak+ really noticeable modifications 9 ! appe>ance ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,_m quadrup$s1 su* z foxes1 ant-be>s1 rabbits1 & rats & mice burr[ holes 9 ! gr\nd1 :ile ! mole m>ks ! c\rse ( its subt]ranean tunnels by ?r[+ up heaps ( e>? at int]vals4 ,b al?\gh su* excavations & hillocks1 :5 suffici5tly num]\s1 may to a slight degree affect ! appe>ance ( a mead[1 !y are no?+ 9 comp>ison to ! *anges br\ght 9 a valley by a colony ( beav]s4 ,by ?r[+ a dam across its c\rse1 ^! indu/ri\s rod5ts w conv]t a n>r[ /ream into a wide %eet ( /agnant wat]1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t may become silt$ up s z to =m a broad & level 8beav]-mead[10 :]e !re 0 orig9ally a rocky valley4 ,9 or ne> _! dams beav]s likewise con/ruct dwell+s ( mud & clay1 kn[n 9 ,am]ica z 8lodges10 = _! own accommodation4 ,b ?is is by no means all beav]s accompli% 9 ! way ( 8public works10 =1 by means ( ! s+le pair ( p[]ful *isel-l tee? 9 ! =e "p ( ea* jaw & ! p[]ful muscles by :i* ! jaws !mselves are work$1 ^! animals1 :i* are ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y spaniel1 are enabl$ to fell trees ( consid]able size1 :i* are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( _! dams4 ,beav]s are ! sole liv+ repres5tatives ( a family ( rod5ts alli$ on ! "o h& to squirrels & dormice1 & on ! o!r to rats & mice4 ,two /ructural peculi>ities are v *>act]i/ic ( ^! rod5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o ( ! toes ( ! =e-foot is provid$ ) a d\ble claw1 :i* may be us$ 9 dress+ ! beautiful1 long br[n fur2 a simil> /ructure occurr+ 9 ! small] rod5t kn[n z ! ,arctic lemm+ 7,dicro/onyx torquatus74 ,secondly1 !re is ! rem>kable flatt5$1 scaly tail1 :i* almo/ looks z ?\gh x did n belong to ! animal1 al?\gh 9 reality1 except = its sup]ior size1 x is n mu* m abnormal ?an ! scaly cyl9drical tail ( ! rat4 ,sev]al my?s atta* to ! beav]'s tail2 x 0 said1 = in/ance1 to be employ$ z a tr[el = pla/]+ d[n ! mud us$ 9 build+ ! dams & lodges1 al?\gh its real use is to act z a rudd] 9 swimm+1 m especially :5 its own] is transport+ ! trunk ( a fell$ tree4 ,:5 ent]+ ! wat]1 or :5 engag$ 9 play+ !re91 ! beav] frequ5tly makes a res\nd+ 8smack0 by /rik+ ! surface ) its tail4 ,illu/ration ,9 monki% times beav]-tail 0 consid]$ to p>take m ( ! nature ( fi% ?an fle%1 & 0 consequ5tly all[$ to be eat5 on fa/ days4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 9 ! days :5 beav]s 7 /ill abundant 9 all ! great riv]s ( ,europe1 f mo/ ( :i* !y h n[ be5 all b ext]m9at$ = ! sake ( _! valuable fur1 & likewise = ! odorif]\s secretion kn[n z ca/oreum1 :i* 0 =m]ly mu* us$ bo? 9 m$ic9e & 9 p]fum]y4 ,:5 ! la/ beav] 0 kill$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles is unkn[n1 b ! species /ill surviv$ 9 ,wales :5 ! old *ronicles 7 writt52 & we h te/imony z to its =m] exi/5ce 9 ,engl& n only 9 ! %ape ( skulls1 tee?1 & bones dug up f "t to "t 9 ! peat ( ! f5s & o!r sup]ficial deposits1 b also 9 place-names su* z ,bev]ley1 9 ,york%ire4 ,consid]able colonies ( beav]s /ill exi/1 by ! aid ( special protection1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,sc&9avia1 :ile a few are tak5 f "t to "t 9 ! ,rhone1 b f ! ,rh9e1 & ev5 ! ,vi/ula1 !y seem to h completely disappe>$4 ,9 ea/]n ,russia !y probably /ill survive locally1 z !y d\btless d ov] a l>ge "p ( ,sib]ia1 al?\gh our in=mation on ?is po9t is v defective4 ,inde$ ! s\!rn range ( ! beav] 9 c5tral ,asia seems to be /ill unkn[n1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 t ! species nev] exi/$ 9 ,ka%mir or ! ,himalaya4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 sugge/$ t ea* ( ! great ,european riv]-sy/ems possess$ a special race ( beav]s ( its own2 b ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion is at pres5t insuffici5t4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! beav] may be reg>d$ z a circumpol> animal2 al?\gh its ,am]ican repres5tative has be5 sep>at$1 on acc\nt ( a comp>atively small diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! bones cov]+ ! cavity ( ! nose1 z a di/9ct species1 "u ! "n ( ,ca/or canad5sis4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,canadian beav] has be5 almo/ z mu* p]secut$ z its ,european relative1 & has be5 ext]m9at$ f _m di/ricts4 ,beav]s1 x ne$ sc>cely be m5tion$1 are ?or\ghly aquatic rod5ts1 :i* fe$ on vegetable sub/ances1 & h _! entrances to _! habitations "u wat]4 ,!y rema9 active all ! w9t]1 :5 !y swim b5ea? ! ice4 ,9 ,europe beav]s h giv5 up con/ruct+ lodges1 & live 9 burr[s4 ,,! ,,m>mot 7,arctomys m>motta7 ,! m>mot ( ! ,alps is ! typical repres5tative ( a l>ge assemblage ( burr[+ rod5ts ne> ak9 to squirrels2 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! gr\p be+ 9 c5tral ,asia4 ,by rights1 ( c\rse1 ! "n belongs exclusively to ! typical species1 b z x has be5 ext5d$ to include all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 ! =m] is n[ di/+ui%$ z ! ,alp9e m>mot4 ,m>motte1 x appe>s1 is ! ,savoy>d "n ( ?is rod5t1 :i* 9 ! ,engad9e is designat$ m>motella1 :ile its ,g]man designation is murmelti]4 ,! typical m>mot is conf9$ to ,europe1 & ma9ly to ! high ranges ( ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 & ,c>pa?ians4 ,9 ea/]n ,europe & we/]n ,asia x is replac$ by ! bobac 7,arctomys bobac72 & 9 c5tral ,asia !re are a numb] ( species1 ( :i* sev]al are consid]ably l>g] & m brightly col\r$ ?an ! ,alp9e animal2 none is f\nd to ! s\? ( ! ma9 range ( ! ,himalaya1 & ! gr\p is repres5t$ else:]e only by ! s-call$ wood*uck 7,a4 monax7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* atta9s a l5g? ( ab\t #bd in*es4 ,! g5]al col\r & appe>ance ( ! ,alp9e m>mot are well %[n 9 ! ,plate2 & x w suffice to direct att5tion to ! %ortness ( ! e>s z a feature connect$ ) burr[+ habits4 ,9 "o ,himalayan species ! tail is consid]ably long]4 ,9 ! ,alps m>mots dwell high up among b>e rocks1 above ! zone ( vegetation1 :]e n ev5 goats v5ture1 & :]e x frequ5tly sn[s = six weeks toge!r 9 w9t]4 ,9 su* desolate situations ^! h>dy rod5ts make _! home 9 ! little isl&s ( rocks betwe5 ! glaci]s4 ,himalayan m>mots1 on ! o!r h&1 live at an elevation :]e a consid]able am\nt ( vegetable gr[? fl\ri%es 9 summ]2 _! burr[s be+ frequ5tly excavat$ b5ea? clumps ( wild rhub>b4 ,z summ] resorts1 ,alp9e m>mots select situations ) a s\!rly1 ea/]ly1 or we/]ly aspect on ! m\nta9 slopes1 & "h !y con/ruct _! summ] dwell+s1 :i* are design$ to af=d !m %elt] 9 bad wea!r & to s]ve z a refuge f dang]4 ,9 autumn !y dig deep] into ! sides ( ! m\nta9s to con/ruct _! w9t] burr[s & *amb]s1 :i* h to af=d accommodation = ! entire family1 ^: numb] g5]ally ranges betwe5 five & fifte5 individuals4 ,! burr[ t]m9ates 9 a l>ge *amb]1 :i* is fill$ ) s(t1 %ort hay4 ,z e>ly z ,augu/ ^! rod5ts beg9 to collect grass1 :i* is spread out on ! hillsides to dry1 & !n c>ri$ into ! burr[s4 ,illu/ration ,! entrance to ! burr[ is only j wide en\gh to admit ! own]s1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w9t]-sleep is block$ ) e>?1 /ones1 clay1 grass1 & hay4 ,:5 ?is "w is complet$1 ! :ole family falls into a dea?-l sleep la/+ f six to eight mon?s2 9 ?is torpid condition1 well protect$ f ! int5se cold1 !y rema9 till awak5$ to new life by ! w>m? ( return+ spr+4 ,m>mots fe$ ^u a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,alp9e plants1 z well z on ! fre% or dri$ grass f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! burr[s4 ,:5 eat+1 !y sit up on _! h9d-legs & hold ! food 9 _! m\?s aft] ! mann] ( squirrels2 & ! h]bage !y consume is s full ( sap1 t !y seldom require to dr9k4 ,! same upright position is assum$ :5 !y fir/ come out ( _! burr[s1 9 ord] t !y may see :e!r all is safe2 if dang] ?reat5s1 !y utt] a %rill :i/le & disappe> ) m>vell\s rapidity into ! dep?s ( ! burr[4 ,frequ5tly !y take up _! position on "s l>ge rock 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! burr[1 on :i* !y c ei!r sit up & survey ! prospect1 or bask 9 ! w>m? ( ! summ] sun4 ,_! extraord9>y w>9ess & ! rapidity ) :i* !y disappe> f view are due to _! num]\s enemies1 among :i* man1 foxes1 & eagles & o!r birds-(-prey are ! *ief4 ,x requires only ! %ad[ ( an eagle's w+s to make !m utt] _! pi]c+1 :i/l+ scream & vani% into ! holes1 f :i* !y d n reappe> = "s "t4 ,z a rule1 !y only rema9 above gr\nd :ile ! sun is %9+1 & !y keep entirely bel[ dur+ bad wea!r1 s t !y are reg>d$ by ! peasants z wea!r-prophets4 ,to ! ,savoy>ds & o!r ,alp9e peasantry ! m>mot is a valuable animal2 its fle% be+ mu* e/eem$ z food1 :5 x has be5 fre$ f a c]ta9 disagreeable od\r by smok+4 ,! fat is reg>d$ z a rem$y = _m diseases2 & a fre%ly remov$ m>mot sk9 is consid]$ wond]fully efficaci\s 9 cases ( rheumatism4 ,m>mots are caught ei!r by trapp+ or by digg+ !m out ( _! burr[s4 ,ye>s ago ,savoy>d organm5 us$ frequ5tly to be accompani$ by a m>mot or two4 ,,! ,,ham/] 7,cricetus frum5t>ius7 ,! ham/]1 :i*1 al?\gh abundant 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t is unkn[n 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 is ! typical repres5tative ( a l>ge section ( ! m\se tribe *>act]is$ by ! cusps on ! upp] *eek-tee? =m+ two longitud9al r[s1 in/ead ( ! ?ree f\nd 9 ^? ( ord9>y rats & mice4 ,9 size x may be comp>$ to a rat1 b its tail is r$uc$ to a m]e /ump1 n m ?an a c\ple ( in*es 9 l5g?2 :ile x is fur!r *>act]is$ by ! brilliant & v>iegat$ col\r+ ( its fur4 ,%ort-legg$ & /\tly built1 x has relatively small1 membran\s e>s1 l>ge brilliant eyes1 a r %>p muzzle1 small toes1 & %ort claws4 ,! glossy1 hairy fur is und]la9 by a ?ick woolly "u-fur4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( ?is animal is a n>r[ l9e ( fur d>k] ?an ! re/ on ! middle l9e ( ! back :i* m>ks ! position ( a gl&4 ,9 g5]al col\r ! fur ( ! upp]-p>ts is light br[ni% yell[2 b ! sides ( ! face are v>iegat$ ) *e/nut & :ite1 & !re is a :ite area on ! %\ld]1 :ile ! "u-p>ts & ! great] portion ( ! limbs are black1 ! black ext5d+ upw>ds to "s ext5t beh9d ! =e-legs4 ,ham/]s are1 h[ev]1 subject to consid]able individual v>iation 9 col\r1 & black1 pi$1 & ev5 :ite examples are by no means uncommon4 ,s(t dry soils o!r ?an loose s&1 :i* is unsuit$ = its burr[s1 =m ! fav\rite resorts ( ! ham/]1 :i* 9 localities ( ?is nature ranges f ! valley ( ! ,rh9e to t ( ! ,obi 9 ,sib]ia4 ,its di/ribution is1 h[ev]1 v local1 & ! species is unkn[n 9 ! s\!rn & s\?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,g]many1 z x is also 9 ea/]n & we/]n ,prussia3 9 ,?ur+ia & ,saxony1 on ! o!r h&1 x is abundant4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! ham/] is conc5trat$ 9 its rem>kable habits4 ,^! rod5ts associate 9 l>ge societies2 &1 l m>mots1 con/ruct bo? summ] & w9t] burr[s1 9 ! latt] ( :i* !y become torpid dur+ ! cold mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! w9t]-burr[ includes a l>ge sleep+-*amb]1 situat$ at a dep? ( f "o to two y>ds bel[ ! surface2 & also a /oreh\se or gran>y1 9 :i* quantities ( corn ( v>i\s k9ds are collect$ by ^! indu/ri\s rod5ts = use dur+ su* portions ( _! retirem5t z !y are active4 ,! burr[ lead+ to ! dwell+-*amb] desc5ds almo/ p]p5dicul>ly1 b takes a turn be=e op5+ into ! *amb] itself1 :i* is likewise provid$ ) an oblique em]g5cy exit4 ,al?\gh gra9 =ms _! *ief nutrim5t dur+ ! p]iod ( retirem5t1 ham/]s 9 summ] consume l>ge quantities ( peas1 beans1 roots1 fruits1 & grass & o!r gre5 food4 ,illu/ration ,z a rule1 ham/]s retire f ! _w to _! subt]ranean dwell+-places "s "t dur+ ,octob]2 :5 !y block up ! entrances & exits ( ! w9t]-burr[s ) e>?4 ,app>5tly !y almo/ imm$iately ent] on _! w9t]-sleep1 f :i* !y d n awake till ! foll[+ ,febru>y or ,m>*1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,! wea!r at ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! ye> is1 h[ev]1 by no means suit$ = an out-door exi/5ce1 & ^! rod5ts accord+ly subsi/ = a season on _! ho>d$ gra94 ,! old males g5]ally make _! appe>ance above gr\nd ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 b ! females def] _! em]g5ce till a =tnight or s lat]4 ,!y are !n rav5\sly hungry1 & w dev\r almo/ any?+ t comes 9 _! way1 includ+ beetles or o!r insects & an occasional bird or m\se4 ,9 summ] ! ne/-*amb] ( ! females1 :i* is di/9ct f ! summ]-burr[ ( ! males & is furni%$ ) "o exit & sev]al entrances1 is c>efully l9$ ) hay4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,april ! males visit ! females 9 _! own ap>tm5ts2 & f\r or five weeks lat] ! fir/ litt] ( bl9d & nak$ "y--v>y+ 9 numb] f half a doz5 to eighte5--is produc$4 ,^! rapidly develop _! fur1 & op5 _! eyes ab\t ! eigh? or n9? day2 & )9 a =tnight are driv5 away f ! p>5tal burr[ to con/ruct a new "o ( _! own4 ,fre$ f "o family1 ! old ham/]s set ab\t produc+ a second "o1 :i* usually comes into ! _w 9 ,july4 ,! annual increase is1 h[ev]1 by no means limit$ to ! old] individuals1 = ! memb]s ( ! e>ly spr+ litt] are able to produce "y ones 9 ! autumn4 ,ham/]s frequ5tly make _! appe>ance 9 enorm\s sw>ms1 :5 !y d va/ damage to crops4 ,9 return1 ! w9t] gran>ies ( ^! rod5ts are frequ5tly raid$ by ! peasants ( c\ntries :]e !y are common2 ! fle% ( ! ham/] is also eat51 & its fur employ$ = l9+ cloaks & coats4 ,,! ,,duckbill ,,or ,,platypus 7,orni?orhyn*us anat9us7 ,= _m ye>s x 0 report$ by ! natives ( ,au/ralia t ! extraord9>y w>m-blood$ quadrup$ kn[n to naturali/s z ! duckbill1 or platypus1 produc$ its "y f eggs laid 9 a burr[ by ! female4 ,t a mammal--& a mammal1 al?\gh ( an altoge!r peculi> & out ( ! way type1 ! creature und\bt$ly is--%\ld lay eggs 01 h[ev]1 too mu* = ! m9ds ( /ay-at-home naturali/s1 & ! fiat accord+ly w5t =? t ! native /ory 0 to be discr$it$4 ,& discr$it$ x !re=e 04 ,9 nature1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 tru? w1 h[ev]1 ultimately prevail2 & we n[ "k = c]ta9 t ! female lays 9 a burr[ 9 ! bank ( "s riv] or pool a c\ple ( h>d-%ell$1 oval eggs1 :i* 9 due c\rse hat* out into nak$1 helpless "y1 furni%$ ) s(t suck+ lips4 ,n t !y suck 9 ! ord9>y mammalian fa%ion1 = ! female platypus has no nipples1 b h] milk oozes out 9 ! brea/ f a numb] ( sieve-l pores1 f ! surface ( :i* x is suck$ up by h] (fspr+4 ,su* a diff]5ce f ! ord9>y mammalian way ( do+ bus9ess proclaims ! wide di/9ction betwe5 ! platypus1 &1 x may be add$1 its relatives ! sp9y ant-eat]s or e*idnas 7"o ( :i* =ms ! subject ( ano!r illu/ration71 & all o!r w>m-blood$ quadrup$s4 ,nor is ?is all1 = 9 ! /ructure ( _! skeleton & s(t int]nal p>ts ! platypus & ! e*idna display _m m>ks ( aff9ity ) reptiles & birds1 :i* are totally want+ 9 o!r mammals4 ,^! two creatures repres5t inde$ a gr\p by !mselves1 s t mammals may be divid$ into two great prim>y sections1 ! "o embrac+ only ! two egg-lay+ types1 & ! o!r all ! re/4 ,& x is n a little significant t ! egg-lay]s are conf9$ to ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea1 ! home ( _m o!r primitive & anci5t types :i* h disappe>$ f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,9 "o s5se inde$ ! platypus & ! e*idna are n exactly primitive creatures1 z !y h sev]al specialis$ *>act]s :i* 7 evid5tly want+ 9 _! ance/ors4 ,!y may r be describ$ z specialis$ bran*es ( an anci5t & primitive /ock4 ,! duckbill is a heavily made aquatic mammal ( ab\t ! size ( a v %ort-legg$ rabbit1 ) blacki%1 mole-l fur above1 pass+ gradually into :iti% b5ea?1 & a %ort1 ?ick1 tap]+ tail4 ,! v %ort limbs t]m9ate 9 ?ick toes1 connect$ toge!r by a web & arm$ ) /rong1 po9t$ claws4 ,9 ! =e-feet ! m>g9 ( ! web projects consid]ably beyond ! claws1 b on ! r>e occasions t ! animal leaves ! wat] ! m>g9 is fold$ d[nw>d b5ea? ! claws1 s z to leave ! claws expos$4 ,9 museum-specim5s1 h[ev]1 ! web is almo/ inv>iably %[n fully exp&$1 z 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration2 a condition 9 :i* x w\ld obvi\sly be impossible = ! animal to walk on l&4 ,illu/ration ,! mo/ rem>kable ext]nal feature ( ! duckbill is und\bt$ly ! duck-l1 nak$ beak1 pi]c$ ) two holes repres5t+ ! no/rils4 ,9 /uff$ specim5s1 at any rate1 ?is beak is d>k-col\r$ & horny 9 consi/5ce1 & looks z ?\gh x did n belong to ! animal1 b 9 life x is s(t & t5d]4 ,m$ium-siz$1 d>k eyes complete ! physiognomy ( ?is /range creature1 9 :i* ext]nal e>s are want+4 ,! int]nal arrangem5ts ( ! m\? ( ! duckbill are sc>cely less curi\s ?an ! ext]ior4 ,9 e>ly life ! m\? is furni%$1 bo? above & bel[1 ) ?ree pairs ( some:at quadrangul> *eek-tee?1 ) rais$ & cusp$ m>g9s4 ,b5ea? ^! gr[ up c]ta9 l>ge horny plates1 & ab\t ! "t t full maturity is atta9$ ! tee? become worn out1 & are f9ally %$1 ?us leav+ ! horny plates z ! sole ma/icat+ organs4 ,?is replacem5t ( ! tee? by horny plates appe>s to be connect$ ) ! nature ( ! food1 = :ile 9 e>ly life ! duckbill appe>s to subsi/ ma9ly on wat] insects & o!r comp>atively s(t aquatic creatures1 lat] on x takes to fe$+ almo/ entirely on bivalve %ells ( "o p>ticul> species2 & = cru%+ ! /\t %ells ( ^! molluscs x has be5 sugge/$ t ! t\gh horny plates are bett] suit$ ?an brittle tee?4 ,duckbills1 except :5 9 _! burr[s1 pass ! great] portion ( _! "t 9 ! wat]1 select+ quiet pools = _! fav\rite haunts4 ,9 su* situations !y may be se5 on a /ill ev5+ float+ & div+1 & look+ m l bottles 9 ! wat] ?an any?+ else4 ,!y obta9 _! food *iefly by prob+ 9 ! mud ) _! duck-l beaks4 ,! dwell+-*amb] ( ! burr[ is situat$ 9 ! bank above ! wat] level1 b its entrance is bel[ ! surface1 al?\gh !re is also an exit on ! l&4 ,9 ! pair+-season ! males1 :i* are arm$ ) a poison-be>+ sp9e on ! inside ( ea* h9d-leg1 fight fi]cely among !mselves4 ,! duckbill1 ( :i* !re is b a s+le species1 is absolutely conf9$ to s\!rn & ea/]n ,au/ralia & ,tasmania2 & its ne>e/ liv+ relative is ! e*idna1 ( :i* a picture & notice foll[4 ,,! ,,sp9y ,,ant-,,eat] ,,or ,,e*idna 7,ta*yglossus aculeatus7 ,no "o :o look$ at ! portrait ( ! sp9y ant-eat] = ! fir/ "t1 & _h no k ( its anatomy or hi/ory1 w\ld be likely to guess t x 0 a ne> relative ( ! duckbill4 ,b 9 natural hi/ory1 :5 we h to deal ) memb]s ( diff]5t gr\ps1 ext]nals c\nt = v little1 & all dep5ds ^u int]nal organisation4 ,9 ! latt] respect ! e*idnas1 = !re is m ?an "o species1 resemble 9 all ess5tial features ! duckbill1 z !y d 9 lay+ h>d-%ell$ eggs1 f :i* ! "y are ev5tually hat*$4 ,! s+le egg ( ! e*idna1 9 place ( be+ laid 9 a burr[1 is1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ ab\t by ! female 9 a p\* develop$ = ! purpose on ! "u side ( h] body %ortly be=e ! egg is laid2 & 9 ?is same tempor>y p\* ! "y is likewise nurtur$ dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( its exi/5ce4 ,! duckbill & ! e*idna af=d an excell5t example ( ! div]sity ( appe>ance produc$ 9 animals m or less ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r by specialisation & adaptation to totally di/9ct modes ( life4 ,9 ! duckbill ! specialisation & adaptation are = an aquatic exi/5ce2 9 ! e*idna !y are = a burr[+1 t]re/rial life & a diet ( ants4 ,to an ant-eat] tee? ( any k9d w\ld be n only useless1 b an actual h9drance1 & !y h accord+ly be5 disc>d$1 :ile ! muzzle has be5 prolong$ into a decid$ly bird-l beak4 ,9 ?is respect ! e*idna mu* resembles ! great ,s\? ,am]ican ant-eat]1 :i* belongs to a totally diff]5t gr\p ( mammals4 ,to enable x to dig out ! ne/s ( ! ants :i* =m its *ief food1 & likewise to excavate ! burr[s 9 :i* x passes ! day1 ! e*idna is arm$ ) p[]ful claws1 ^? on ! h9d-feet be+1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] & m curv$ ?an ^? 9 front4 ,x is ) ^! /rong h9d-claws t ! e>? loos5$ by ! =e-feet is ?r[n out f ants' ne/s & ! burr[4 ,l ! porcup9e1 :i* is also a nocturnal & a burr[+ creature1 ! e*idna has its back protect$ ) an array ( p>ti-col\r$ horny sp9es m+l$ ) hairs4 ,! degree ( developm5t ( ! sp9es is1 h[ev]1 subject to great v>iation2 & !re is "o race 9 :i* ! hair pr$om9ates1 & ! sp9es appe> only 9 ! mid/ ( ! d5se br[n fur4 ,l ! platypus1 ! e*idna has no ext]nal e>s4 ,illu/ration ,! ord9>y1 or five-to$1 e*idna has a mu* m ext5sive range ?an ! platypus1 occurr+1 9 suitable localities1 n only all ov] ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 b likewise 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! la/-nam$ isl& is likewise ! home ( ! mu* l>g] ?ree-to$ e*idna 7,proe*idna bruijnii71 9 :i* ! beak is long]1 m sl5d]1 & di/9ctly curv$1 :ile ! numb] ( ! toes on ea* foot is r$uc$ to ?ree4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ev5+ ! e*idna issues =? f ! lair or burr[1 9 :i* x has pass$ ! day1 9 se>* ( food--?is compris+ n only ants1 bo? ord9>y & :ite1 b likewise su* o!r insects & _! grubs z may be enc\nt]$ or dug up dur+ ! nocturnal w&]+s4 ,soon aft] daybreak ! creature returns to its burr[4 ,dur+ ! hotte/ & drie/ "p ( ! ,au/ralian summ] sp9y ant-eat]s fall into a torpid condition1 :5 !y exi/ = weeks at a "t on no o!r n\ri%m5t b _! own fat4 ,9 cases ( extreme hung] !y are /at$ to fill _! /oma*s ) s&4 ,at ! end ( ! dry season1 :5 ra9 falls & ! c\ntry resumes its v]dure1 ! e*idnas wake up1 & ! males rel9qui% _! normally solit>y life & take to !mselves p>tn]s4 ,on occasions ( dang] ! e*idna has two means ( def5ce--x c ei!r roll itself up into a ball & pres5t a sph]e ( spikes to its enemy1 or x c burr[ ) su* rapidity t x actually seems to s9k into ! e>? z if swimm+4 ,! s+le egg appe>s to be convey$ to ! p\* by ! female 9 h] m\?1 & ! p>5t assi/s ! "y e*idna1 ^: muzzle is arm$ ) a special knob = t purpose1 9 break+ ! %ell4 ,nak$ & bl9d :5 fir/ hat*$1 ! "y "o rema9s 9 ! p\* till its sp9es make _! appe>ance1 draw+ its nutrim5t f two pores ?r\gh :i* ! milk fl[s4 ,:5 ! "y e*idna has be5 turn$ adrift 9 ! _w to %ift = itself1 ! mat]nal bre$+-p\* %rivels up1 to be re-develop$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! platypus1 no rema9s ( ext9ct e*idnas are f\nd any:]e except 9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ,au/ralia itself4 ,c]ta9 tee? f rocks old] ?an ! ,*alk1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 may1 h[ev]1 indicate ! ance/ral /ock ( ! egg-lay+ gr\p4 ,,! ,,black ,,swan 7,cygnus atratus7 ,:5 ! old ,roman poet p5n$ ! well-kn[n l9e1 8,r>a avis 9 t]ris1 nigroque simillima cygno10,a he little imag9$ t a black swan 0 actually liv+ 9 ! !n unkn[n & undreamt-( ,antipodes1 to be discov]$ 9 ! dim & di/ant future by ! sailors ( a little isl& 9 ! f> nor? inhabit$ by fair-hair$ b>b>ians ( :om he may or may n h he>d4 ,a 8,a r>e bird 9 ! _w1 & mo/ l a black swan40 ,! black swan ( ,au/ralia1 f :i* ! ,swan ,riv] takes its "n1 is n p]haps ! ideal black swan ( ! poet1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 x has a good deal ( :ite 9 its w+s1 al?\gh b little ( ?is is visible :5 ! w+s are clos$1 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al col\r ( ! plumage is br[ni% black1 r ?an pure black1 :ile ! beak is crimson ) a :ite tip1 & ! eyes are sc>let4 ,f all o!r swans ?is species diff]s by ! curl+ fea!rs 9 ! region ( ! %\ld]1 & ! extreme %ortness ( ! tail4 ,o!r di/9ctive features are to be f\nd 9 ! compress$ body1 ! long neck1 ! small1 gracefully c>ri$ head1 & ! abs5ce ( a ridge to ! beak4 ,! range ( ! black swan includes bo? ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 :]e x is f\nd n only on ! coa/1 b likewise on ! riv]s & lakes ( ! int]ior4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ,au/ralian colonisation x ab\nd$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 b1 un=tunately1 x is a bird by no means %y1 & !re=e comp>atively easy to %oot1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is x has be5 incessantly & rel5tlessly p]secut$1 ev5 ! cygnets1 :ile /ill unable to fly1 be+ hunt$ among ! re$s 9 ! swamps & kill$ out ( pure malici\sness4 ,z a result ( ?is p]secution ! species has ev]y:]e become sc>ce1 & f "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry has be5 ext]m9at$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ^! swans collect 9 small p>ties & families 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & return to _! bre$+-places 9 spr+4 ,! ne/ is a huge1 ill-built /ructure1 made out ( co>se mat]ials & l9$ ) s$ge4 ,x is g5]ally situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( small isl&s1 :]e ! p>5t birds c readily collect ! l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial requir$ = its con/ruction4 ,! clut* consi/s ( f five to sev5 dirty :ite or pale gre5 spott$ eggs1 :i* are brood$ ) great assiduity by ! female1 :ile ! male keeps gu>d 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! cygnets are clo!d 9 a grey or ruf\s d[n1 & c swim & dive z soon z !y are hat*$4 ,! food ( bo? "y & adults comprises wat]-plants ( all k9ds1 z well z worms1 molluscs1 & small frogs & fi%es4 ,illu/ration ,! black swan is a noisy species1 m especially dur+ ! pair+-season1 :5 x gives v5t to l\d trumpet+s4 ,:5 do+ s1 ! neck is /ret*$ out /raight along ! wat]1 s t ! beak lies close to ! surface4 ,at ?is season ! males become v pugnaci\s1 & fight mu* among !mselves4 ,x is a beautiful sight to wat* a p>ty ( ^! swans swimm+ on a /ill lake or riv] by moonlight 9 l>ge circles2 b ?is is exce$$ :5 ! birds m\nt into ! air & reveal ! /rik+ contra/ =m$ by ! :ite ( ! p9ions aga9/ ! sable ( ! re/ ( ! plumage4 ,:5 fly+1 ^! swans /ret* out _! necks to ! fulle/ ext5t1 & accompany ! l\d & regul> beat ( _! w+s ) cont9u\s & res\nd+ trumpet+s4 ,! black swan be>s captivity well1 alike 9 its own c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 be+ cont5t ) small rations & bre$+ regul>ly e season4 ,! ,au/ralian black swan is by no means ! only abnormally col\r$ memb] ( its tribe inhabit+ ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 its place 9 ,s\? ,am]ica be+ tak5 by ! black-neck$ swan 7,c4 nigricollis71 :i* is a native ( ,*ile1 ,arg5t9a1 & "s ( ! o!r s\!rn c\ntries4 ,9 ?is h&some species ! head & neck are black1 & ! rema9d] ( ! plumage :ite2 ! lores1 or b>e pat*es 9 front ( ! eyes1 & ! basal portion ( ! beak be+ r$4 ,9 its long & w$ge-%ap$ tail ! black-neck$ swan diff]s f ! black species & resembles ! ord9>y ,european mute swan 7,c4 olor71 f :i* x is /ructurally di/+ui%$ by ! scallop$ m>g9s ( ! webs ( ! toes4 ,! adults ( all swans1 except ! black & ! black-neck$ species1 are :olly :ite2 ! smalle/ k9d is ! coscoroba swan ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* is no l>g] ?an a goose1 & has be5 ref]r$ to a g5us by itself4 ,,! ,,bu/>d 7,otis t>da7 ,by ! ext]m9ation ( ! bu/>d1 or great bu/>d1 z x is sometimes call$ 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f its small] relatives1 ! ,briti% ,isl&s h lo/ "o ( ! f9e/ memb]s ( _! bird fauna2 &1 un=tunately1 all attempts to rehabilitate ?is magnific5t species h result$ 9 failure4 ,x is to be fe>$1 moreov]1 t any su* attempts h b little *ance ( success 9 ! future1 = ! bu/>d is a native ( op5 d[ns & fall[s1 :]e x mu/ live an undi/urb$ & untrammell$ exi/5ce1 & 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day ?is is almo/ an impossibility 9 c\ntry ( t description4 ,9 ?is respect ! bu/>d /&s at a great disadvantage 9 comp>ison ) ! cap]caillie1 ^: re9troduction into ! =e/s ( ,scotl& 0 a relatively easy matt]4 ,l ^? ( mo/ polygam\s birds1 ! cocks ( ! bu/>d are mu* l>g] ?an ! h5s1 rivall+ full-gr[n turkeys 9 ! matt] ( size2 !y are also mu* m attractively col\r$1 & are furni%$ ) a quantity ( :ite fluffy plumes1 :i* are only fully display$ :5 ! birds p]=m _! curi\s nuptial p>ade to attract ! h5s1 al?\gh "s ( !m may be se5 :5 two cocks are fight+1 z depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! cock is ! possession ( a great p\*1 communicat+ ) ! w9dpipe1 on ! ?roat1 :i* c be inflat$ "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t4 ,:5 ! w+s are clos$ & ! bird is engag$ 9 fe$+ or o!r normal occupation1 ! col\r+ ( ! body-fea!rs ( ! cock bu/>d is admirably adapt$ to h>monise ) ! g5]ally s&y or e>?y hue ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! h5 ! :ole plumage is protectively cov]$4 ,! "o feature ( ! body-plumage 9 bo? sexes :i* produces su* a wond]ful h>mony betwe5 ! col\r+ & t ( ! surr\nd+s is ! pres5ce ( a va/ numb] ( n>r[ black b>s on a ruf\s buff gr\nd1 ?is type ( col\r+ n only mat*+ s&y or loamy soil1 b likewise aid+ to break up ! outl9e ( ! bird4 ,:5 bu/>ds liv$ 9 ,engl& _! fav\rite resorts 7 ! dry1 hea?y upl&s ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 & ! d[nl& ( ,cambridge%ire1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ,roy/on4 ,at ! pres5t day ^! spl5did birds are /ill common 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 _! range includ+ ! great] portion ( c5tral & s\!rn ,europe & a l>ge ext5t ( c5tral ,asia1 :ile 9 w9t] x likewise embraces nor!rn ,africa4 ,! /eppes ( ,russia1 ! pla9s ( ! ,danube 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ,hung>y1 & ! op5 tracts ( c5tral ,asia are ! regions :]e bu/>ds are n[ to be met ) 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 al?\gh l>ge flocks may be se5 9 p>ts ( ,spa94 ,illu/ration ,bu/>ds1 :i* associate 9 l>ge flocks1 are ess5tially birds ( ! op5 c\ntry1 nev] ent]+ woods1 & pref]r+ elevat$ gr\nd1 :5ce !y c comm& a wide view ( ! pla9s bel[1 to :i* !y desc5d dur+ ! daytime 9 se>* ( food4 ,!y are exce$+ly %y & mi/ru/ful1 giv+ e bu% 9 _! pa? a wide b]?1 le/ x %\ld conceal a lurk+ foe1 & tak+ to flight on ! lea/ al>m4 ,= w>n+ ( ! pres5ce ( dang] !y seem to dep5d ma9ly ^u sight1 al?\gh _! he>+ is also good2 on ! o!r h&1 _! s5se ( smell1 l t ( mo/ birds is b poorly develop$4 ,?is excessive %yness r5d]s ! bu/>d a difficult bird to bag1 ev5 by ! exp]i5c$ gunn]4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pair+-season ! cocks endeav\r to attract ! att5tion ( ! h5s by _! nuptial display4 ,advanc+ t[>ds ! latt] !y ruffle out _! fea!rs l an excit$ turkey-cock1 at ! same "t l[]+ _! w+s & spread+ out ! tail l a fan4 ,! gul> p\* is also inflat$1 s z to make ! neck appe> z ?ick z possible1 & ! beautiful "u fea!rs are display$ to ! utmo/ ext5t1 ! body & neck be+ half buri$ 9 a bill[y mass ( sn[-:ite plumes4 ,x is at ?is "t also t ! cocks ru% at "o ano!r ) trail+ w+s to cont5d ) beak & talons = ! ma/]y4 ,on su* occasions x is possible to capture ^! g5]ally %y birds ) ! h&4 ,! ne/ is g5]ally con/ruct$ amid gr[+ corn1 ! h5 m]ely scrat*+ a slight holl[ 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* %e l9es ) /raw1 b5ts1 & grass4 ,! ?ree or f\r eggs are incubat$ by ! h5 alone1 & :5 ! "y are hat*$1 bo? ^! & _! p>5ts leave ! /&+ corn only = %ort p]iods4 ,at fir/ ! "y bu/>ds fe$ *iefly ^u insects & worms1 to :i* !y are direct$ by ! old birds1 b lat] on vegetable sub/ances con/itute almo/ _! sole food4 ,"y peas & cabbage =m v fav\rite food1 b 9 default ( bett] nutrim5t grass is l>gely eat54 ,,! ,,somali ,,o/ri* 7,/ru?io molybdophanes7 ,o/ri*es1 :i* are natives ( ! des]ts & semi-des]t pla9s ( ,africa & s\?-we/]n ,asia1 _c possibly be mi/ak5 = any o!r birds1 & !re=e /& 9 no ne$ ( description1 al?\gh x may be z well to m5tion t !y are ! l>ge/ ( liv+ birds1 & are absolutely peculi> 9 hav+ only two toes to ea* foot1 z well z 9 ! abs5ce ( fea!rs on ! ?igh4 ,x 0 at "o "t consid]$ t ! lack ( ! p[] ( flight1 :i* *>act]ises ^! birds 9 common ) _! relatives ! rheas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! emu ( ,au/ralia1 ! cass[>ies ( ,au/ro-,malaya & ,au/ralasia1 & ! t9y kiwis & rheas ( ,new ,zeal&1 0 a primitive feature4 ,b ?is is manife/ly an errone\s idea1 & all ^! gr\ps are evid5tly desc5d$ f birds end[$ ) ! p[] ( flight1 _! ne>e/ relatives be+ ! t9amus ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! game-birds1 ) :i* !y agree 9 ! pres5ce ( longitud9al light /ripes on ! d[ny dress ( ! *icks4 ,naturali/s n[ recognise f\r k9ds ( ,african o/ri*es1 :i*1 al?\gh g5]ally class$ z di/9ct species1 might p]haps be bett] reg>d$ z local races ( a s+le specific type4 ,^!1 reg>d$ z species1 comprise ! typical r$-legg$ & r$-?igh$ ,nor? ,african o/ri* 7,/ru?io camelus71 rang+ into ,pale/9e & ,arabia1 & lay+ ?ickly pitt$ eggs2 ! ,somali o/ri* 7,s4 molybdophanes71 *>act]is$ by its blui% grey neck & ?ighs2 ! ,masai o/ri* 7,s4 masaicus7 ( ,ea/ ,africa1 ) ! b>e p>ts r$1 ! body-plumage ( ! cocks br[ni% black 9 place ( black1 & ! eggs pitt$2 &1 la/ly1 ! ,s\? ,african ,s4 au/ralis1 :i* lays smoo?-%ell$ eggs & has ! neck & ?ighs light blui% grey4 ,9 ! ,somali o/ri*1 :i* inhabits ,somalil& & we/]n ,gallal& z f> z ! ,juba ,riv]1 ! col\r ( ! b>e p>ts ( ! body may be/ be describ$ z grey or slaty blue1 :ile ! m>g9s ( ! beak & ! front surfaces ( ! l[] "p ( ! legs are dull v]milion4 ,o/ri*es are ess5tially greg>i\s birds1 associat+ ei!r 9 small family p>ties compris+ five or six birds1 or 9 l>ge flocks1 :i* 9 ,ea/ ,africa m+le freely ) h]ds ( h>tebee/s1 gnus1 & bontequaggas4 ,!y require a wide ext5t ( op5 c\ntry1 ) grass &1 above all1 wat]1 ( :i* !y dr9k frequ5tly & copi\sly4 ,al?\gh o/ri*es fe$ *iefly ^u vegetable sub/ances1 !y likewise consume worms1 insects1 molluscs1 reptiles1 & probably also small birds & mammals1 :ile 9 captivity !y w swall[ almo/ any?+ t is (f]$ !m1 includ+ nails1 keys1 & copp] co9s4 ,9 a /ate ( nature !y swall[ s&1 e>?1 & small /ones1 9 ord] to assi/ ! action ( _! gizz>ds4 ,illu/ration ,! cocks appe> to be polygam\s1 al?\gh "s d\bt has be5 express$ z to :e!r ?is is really ! case2 & x seems c]ta9 t sev]al h5s lay 9 ! same ne/1 :]e z _m z ?irty eggs may be laid 9 a slight holl[ 9 ! s&4 ,incubation is und]tak5 by ! cock alone1 & x is he :o looks aft] ! *icks1 :i* he t5ds ) rem>kable c>e4 ,! *icks :5 !y escape f ! eggs 7ea* ( :i* weighs z mu* z tw5ty-f\r h5s' eggs7 are z l>ge z h5s2 &1 ) _! bri/ly fea!r-quills1 are r sugge/ive ( two-legg$ h$gehogs4 ,o/ri*es are extremely %y & rem>kably swift birds1 s t !y are difficult ei!r to /alk or to ride d[n4 ,:5 br\ght to bay1 or :5 runn+ loose 9 captivity1 !y %\ld be approa*$ ) great caution1 z a kick f _! /rongly claw$ feet w prove fatal to an animal ( ! size ( a jackal1 if n also to a human be+4 ,! vision ( ^! giant birds is v /rongly develop$ & capable ( sweep+ ! c\ntry to ! di/ance ( at lea/ a mile2 & _! s5ses ( he>+ & smell are also good1 al?\gh ta/e appe>s to be practically want+4 ,occasionally o/ri*es indulge 9 a k9d ( dance2 & !y are also subject1 :5 />tl$1 to sudd5 collapse1 :i* may h giv5 rise to ! old fable ( _! bury+ _! heads 9 ! s& & leav+ _! bodies expos$4 ,if all[$ suffici5t space1 o/ri*es ?rive rem>kably well 9 conf9em5t2 & o/ri*-f>m+1 = ! sake ( ! lovely :ite plumes ( ! cocks1 has become an important indu/ry1 n only 9 ,africa1 b 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,o/ri*-f>m+ 0 comm5c$ 9 ,alg]ia1 & by #ahfe _h be5 introduc$ 9 ,cape ,colony1 :5ce x has spread nor?w>ds1 :ile x has also be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt1 s\!rn ,russia1 ,cali=nia1 ,patagonia1 & ,arg5t9a4 ,! cocks are clipp$ regul>ly e eight mon?s4 ,,! ,,pi$ ,,hornbill 7,buc]os bicornis7 ,! hornbills1 :i* are z l>ge z big eagles1 are "s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & biz>re ( all birds1 n only on acc\nt ( ! huge beaks f :i* !y take _! "n1 b f _! /range & unique ne/+-habits4 ,9 ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! beak ^! ,old ,_w birds are p>allel$ by ! t\cans ( tropical ,am]ica1 al?\gh ! two gr\ps are 9 n[ise ne>ly relat$4 ,su* a huge & app>5tly unnecess>y /ructure might at fir/ sight seem too heavy & bulky = ! bird by :i* x is c>ri$2 b int]nally ! beak is g5]ally a m]e delicate tissue ( bone1 s t its weight is really v slight4 ,inde$1 ^! enorm\s beaks are 9 mo/ cases probably mu* less ( an incumbrance to _! own]s ?an are ! mat9ee hats fav\r$ by ladies ( ! pres5t day4 ,! pi$1 or d\ble-horn$ species1 ! hornray ( ! natives1 inhabits ! d5se =e/s ( ! ,indo-,malay c\ntries f ! ,himalaya & ! ,indian p59sula to ! s\? ( ,*9a & ,sumatra4 ,! glossy plumage is mo/ly black above1 ) ! "u-p>ts1 ! neck1 ! tips ( ! flight fea!rs1 & ! tail fea!rs m or less :ite or :iti%1 ! upp] half ( ! huge beak1 ) its horn-l app5dage1 be+ r$di% yell[1 & ! l[] half yell[4 ,! total l5g? ( ! bird1 :i* is ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! :ole gr\p1 exce$s a y>d4 ,! s-call$ 8horn10 or casque1 =ms a m or less flat & oblong plat=m on ! upp] "p ( ! beak & ! =e "p ( ! head1 t]m9at+ 9 front 9 two obtuse corn]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same app5dage 9 ! ne>ly alli$ rh9oc]os-hornbill1 or engan 7,buc]os rh9oc]os71 is mu* m horn-l1 z x turns up into a recurv$ po9t 9 front4 ,! range ( ! hornbill gr\p includes ,africa1 ,india1 ,malaya1 ,celebes1 & ,new ,gu9ea & ! neighb\r+ isl&s z f> z ! ,solomon gr\p4 ,! gr\nd-hornbills are solely ,african1 :ile ! holl[-casqu$ section has a di/ribution equival5t to t ( ! gr\p4 ,"o v rem>kable ,malay species1 ! solid-bill$ hornbill1 ! teban-m]tua ( ! ,malays 7,rh9oplax vigil71 diff]s f all ! re/ 9 hav+ ! beak & casque solid4 ,?is species is mu* hunt$ by ! ,*9ese = ! sake ( its beak & casque1 :i* h a /ructure resembl+ ivory1 & are us$ z a sub/itute = t mat]ial 9 c>v+2 :ile x is fur!r rem>kable = its b>e neck & ! elongation ( ! middle pair ( tail fea!rs4 ,illu/ration ,! flight ( hornbills is heavy & noisy1 ! swi%+ s\nd produc$ by ! w+s be+ audible at a great di/ance4 ,! :ole body ( ^! birds is p]meat$ by air-tubes connect$ ) ! w9d-pipe1 & x is said t ! movem5t ( ! air 9 ^! increases ! nois9ess ( ! flight4 ,m\nta9-=e/s bord]+ valleys1 & big =e/s ne> riv]s1 are ! fav\rite haunts ( ! typical hornbills4 ,"h ! great birds p]* 9 flocks :i* may numb] a score 9 individuals2 = h\rs toge!r !y sit motionless1 ) ! neck drawn back on to ! body1 & ! body itself press$ d[n on to ! feet4 ,_! food consi/s *iefly ( ! fruits ( ! trees 9 :i* ^! birds take up _! qu>t]s1 ! fav\rite fruit be+ figs2 b 9 captivity hornbills w eat fruits ( all k9ds1 z well z animal food4 ,^! birds kill e small creature t comes 9 ! way1 & ?r[ !m up 9 ! air be=e swall[+ ! body4 ,:5 p]*+1 hornbills utt] f "t to "t a l\d cry1 recall+ ! b>k ( a dog1 ?is *ang+ into a l\d scream :5 !y are w\nd$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature connect$ ) ! habits ( ^! birds is1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) _! ne/+ arrangem5ts4 ,z 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,india 9 #ahee by a milit>y (fic] devot$ to outdoor natural hi/ory1 :5 ! female has laid h] clut* ( eggs1 v>y+ 9 numb] f two to half a doz51 9 "s hole 9 a tree & comm5c$ to incubate1 ! male walls up ! entrance to ! ap>tm5t ) clay1 leav+ an ap]ture only j l>ge en\gh = h] to protrude h] beak & receive ! food br\ght regul>ly by h] h>d-work+ mate4 ,! object ( ?is immur+ process is d\btless to protect ! female & h] eggs or "y f ! attacks ( birds-(-prey1 or pr$atory arboreal mammals4 ,"u ^! circum/ances sanit>y matt]s _c1 ( c\rse1 be att5d$ to1 & ! ne/-hole1 consequ5tly1 soon becomes an evil-smell+ mass ( abom9able fil?4 ,9 ord] t no "t may be wa/$1 ! female m\lts dur+ ! p]iod ( h] conf9em5t1 a process :i* adds /ill m to ! mess 9 ! hole4 ,! "y1 :i* come =? f ! eggs almo/ nak$1 rema9 9 ! bre$+-hole till !y are fully fl$g$4 ,to rea* ! food br\ght by h] p>tn]1 ! female1 at any rate dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( incubation1 has to climb up to ! ap]ture 9 ! wall ( clay4 ,,! ,,blue ,,macaw 7,ara crulea or ,ara ar>auna7 ,! blue1 or blue & yell[1 macaw1 ! ar>auna ( ! natives1 is "o ( ! mo/ famili> repres5tatives ( a gr\p ( tropical ,am]ican p>rots *>act]is$ by _! l>ge size1 long tails1 & brilliantly col\r$ plumage1 z well z1 x may be add$1 by _! atroci\sly l\d1 scream+ cries1 :i* r5d] !m among ! mo/ objectionable ( all birds z pets4 ,9 ! species =m+ ! subject ( ! plate blue & yell[ are ! pr$om9ant hues2 yell[1 x is said1 be+ ! equival5t among true p>rots1 9 :i* :ite is unkn[n1 to no col\r at all4 ,! :ole ( ! "u surface & ! sides ( ! neck are deep orange-yell[1 :ile ! upp] surface1 inclusive ( ! tail-cov]ts1 is d>k sky-blue4 ,! range ( ?is species1 l t ( its relative ! gre5 & blue macaw 7,ara sev]a71 ext5ds only f ,panama s\?w>ds ?r\gh ! tropical =e/s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,o!r k9ds are1 h[ev]1 f\nd f>!r nor?1 ! h&some r$ & blue species 7,a4 *loropt]a7 & ! r$ & gre5 macaw 7,a4 milit>is7 ext5d+1 = in/ance1 f ,mexico & c5tral ,am]ica to ,bolivia4 ,f\r o!r species1 kn[n on acc\nt ( _! deep blue col\r+1 z hyac9?9e macaws1 con/itut+ ! g5]a ,anodorhyn*us & ,cyanopsittacus1 are1 on ! o!r h&1 solely ,brazilian4 ,macaws are n only /rong fli]s1 b likewise excell5t climb]s1 & 9 ! latt] mode ( progression make use ( _! p[]ful beaks z well z _! feet1 9 captivity1 at any rate1 frequ5tly hang+ f a bran* or p]* by ! beak alone1 :i* is specially adapt$ = obta9+ a hold on smoo? bran*es by ! %>p d[nw>d curvature ( ! extremity ( its upp] half4 ,! food ( ^! birds includes fruits & se$s1 especially h>d nuts ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* are crack$ 9 ! /rong beak z if 9 a vice4 ,:5 ! fruits or nuts are l>ge1 !y are held to ! beak 9 "o foot4 ,! ?ick1 fle%y tongue aids 9 extract+ ! inside ( fruits f ! r9d1 or ! k]nels ( nuts f _! %ells4 ,illu/ration ,all macaws are ess5tially birds ( ! great primeval =e/s ( tropical ,am]ica1 ! blue & yell[ species be+ especially abundant 9 ^? ( nor!rn ,brazil4 ,dur+ ! hotte/ h\rs ( ! day ^! birds sit quietly p]*$ on ! l[] bran*es ( ?ick-foliag$ trees1 ! long tail hang+ /raight d[n1 & ! neck be+ drawn 94 ,aft] re/+ = sev]al h\rs1 !y issue =? 9 se>* ( food2 & a flock ( ^! magnific5t birds on ! w+ 9 ! cle> air ( ! tropics is a truly spl5did sight1 z !y fly sl[ly to & f _! fe$+-places4 ,hav+ select$ a likely look+ tree1 ! :ole flock desc5d ) a ru%1 & proce$ to /rip x ( its fruit4 ,quickly ea* bird climbs out to ! end ( a bran* & sets to "w at crack+ nuts1 or dev\r+ s(t] fruit4 ,:5 su* a flock ( ar>aunas is fea/+1 little is se5 ( ! birds !mselves1 b _! pres5ce is amply manife/$ by _! incessant & discordant cries & screams4 ,if a %ot be fir$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! :ole flock rises imm$iately 9 a gold & azure cl\d4 ,macaws ( all k9ds con/antly make raids on cultivat$ crops1 :]e1 unless promptly driv5 (f1 !y d incalculable damage 9 a surpris+ly %ort space ( "t1 cocoa be+ "o ( ! crops to :i* !y are specially p>tial4 ,z is ! case ) all memb]s ( ! p>rot tribe1 ! union betwe5 ! sexes ( ! ar>auna is v close3 ! two memb]s ( a pair are ?or\gh comrades1 & live only = !mselves & _! (fspr+4 ,at ! pair+-season ea* c\ple ( ! old] birds resorts to ! same spot1 & (t5 to ! same tree1 z has s]v$ !m previ\sly z a bre$+-place4 ,= ! ne/ a tall tree is always select$1 & a slit 9 ! trunk or a holl[ 9 "o ( ! bran*es is enl>g$ by means ( ! p[]ful beak until a cavity l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! ne/ is excavat$4 ,9 ?is *amb] ! female ar>auna deposits a c\ple ( :ite eggs ( ne>ly ! same size z ^? ( a dome/icat$ h51 aft]w>ds incubat+ !m ) great assiduity1 h] long tail project+ all ! "t out ( ! hole1 & ?us reveal+ ! situation ( ! ne/4 ,tame ar>aunas & o!r macaws are mu* e/eem$ by ! ,indians ( ,brazil & o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,^! dwell on ! prop]ties ( _! own]s1 & fly (f to fe$ 9 ! fields1 j 9 ! same mann] z dome/icat$ pigeons 9 ,europe4 ,!y =m ! ornam5ts ( ! ,indian p\ltry-y>d4 ,9 captivity 9 ,europe macaws ?rive well1 & c be taught to speak1 al?\gh !y nev] turn out su* good l+ui/s z _m o!r memb]s ( ! p>rot tribe4 ,,! ,,m&>9 ,,duck 7x gal]ita7 ,! male ( ! m&>9 duck--! m&>9 drake1 z x %\ld prop]ly be call$--looks s ess5tially ,*9ese t "o w\ld almo/ intuitively guess t x came f ,*9a4 ,nev]!less1 x has a ne> relative1 & ! only o!r memb] ( ! same g5us1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e x is repres5t$ by ! summ] duck 7x sponsa74 ,9 ?is di/ribution ^! pa9t$ ducks1 z !y h n inaptly be5 call$1 resemble sev]al o!r gr\ps ( animals1 su* z ! true alligators 7,alligator7 & ! spoonbeak$ /urgeons 7,polyodon & ,psephurus71 ea* ( :i* has "o ,nor? ,am]ican & "o ,*9ese species1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican & ,asiatic spoonbeak$ /urgeons are ref]r$ to sep>ate g5]a4 ,ducks1 x may be m5tion$1 are divid$ into two di/9ct sections--namely1 ! swimm+ ducks & ! div+ ducks2 ! m&>9 duck & its ,am]ican relative belong+ to ! =m] section1 ( :i* !y =m a special gr\p1 *>act]is$ by ! ornate plumage ( ! drakes1 & p>ticul>ly by ! broad ornam5tal fea!rs on ! %\ld]s & ! elongat$ plumes on ! head1 :i* =m a k9d ( helmet1 ) a l>ge flange ext5d+ backw>ds ov] ! neck4 ,! m&>9 drake is specially di/+ui%$ f ! male ( ! summ] duck by possess+ a ruff on ! neck =m$ ( elongat$1 n>r[1 *e/nut fea!rs /reak$ ) :iti%1 & a *e/nut & black 8fan0 ris+ up 9 a k9d ( tig]'s-claw %ape on ea* side ( ! h9d end ( ! body1 & ma9ly =m$ by ! broad inn]mo/ second>y fea!r ( ! w+2 ! helmet be+ copp]-col\r$1 purple1 & gre51 & sep>at$ by a broad :ite b& enclos+ ! eye f ! *e/nut ?roat-ruff1 :ile ! beak is r$di% br[n4 ,! o!r details ( col\r & patt]n are suffici5tly app>5t 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is gorge\s bre$+-liv]y is1 h[ev]1 worn only dur+ a portion ( ! ye>4 ,= f\r mon?s--namely1 f ,june till ,septemb]--! m&>9 drake is a v ord9>y-look+ bird1 clo!d 9 a greyi% dress1 :i* 9 autumn gives place1 by a second m\lt1 to ! bre$+-liv]y1 ! latt] la/+ till ! foll[+ summ]4 ,:5 ! drake is 9 ! non-bre$+ plumage1 x is ma9ly di/+ui%able f ! duck by its some:at sup]ior size4 ,! col\r ( ! female is *iefly grey1 reliev$ ) br[n & :ite4 ,! di/ributional area ( ! m&>9 duck includes nor!rn ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,amurl&2 b ! species appe>s to be n[h]e common1 & 9 mo/ di/ricts is decid$ly r>e4 ,9 ,*9a ^! ducks1 :i* are reg>d$ z semi-sacr$ birds1 are highly valu$1 & are kept 9 cages4 ,illu/ration ,unlike ! majority ( ! duck tribe1 bo? ! m&>9 & ! summ] duck are 9 ! habit ( p]*+ on ! bran*es ( trees1 & make _! ne/s 9 holes ei!r 9 ! bran*es or trunk4 ,9 ?is p]*+ habit !y resemble ! tree-ducks ( ! g5us ,d5drocycna4 ,aft] l9+ ! hole ) a pl5tiful supply ( fea!rs1 d[n1 & o!r s(t mat]ial1 ! female lays a clut* ( f sev5 to fifte5 eggs4 ,^! %e incubates h]self1 c>efully cov]+ !m up ) d[n e "t %e leaves ! ne/2 & %e likewise takes sole *>ge ( ! duckl+s1 f ! "t !y are hat*$ till !y are able to %ift = !mselves4 ,:51 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! ne/ is situat$ ov] wat]1 ! duckl+s ?r[ !mselves d[n into ! wat] v soon aft] !y are hat*$1 b 9 o!r in/ances !y are c>ri$ 9 ! beaks ( _! p>5ts1 z is ! case ) ^? ( ! ord9>y wild duck :5 ! ne/ is built above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,! food ( ^! ducks1 l t ( _m o!r memb]s ( ! tribe1 includes insects1 worms1 wat]-snails1 "y frogs1 & o!r wat]-animals1 toge!r ) ! leaves & "y %oots ( v>i\s k9ds ( wat]-plants4 ,! m&>9 duck is an active & untir+ bird1 mov+ quickly on ! gr\nd1 & fly+ easily & rapidly into trees1 :]e x flits f b\gh to b\gh ) ! ease & assurance ( a wood-pigeon4 ,x lives & bre$s well 9 conf9em5t1 & may be se5 9 ne>ly all zoological g>d5s1 z well z on _m ornam5tal wat]s4 ,9 ! summ] duck1 :i* is a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,cuba1 b occasionally w&]s to ,jamaica & ! ,b]mudas1 ! col\r ( ! upp]-p>ts ( ! male 9 ! bre$+-dress is *iefly glossy gre51 ) ! *eeks purple1 & black pat*es on ! neck1 & :ite /ripes on bo? ! head & neck4 ,! w+-cov]ts are p>tly blue1 ! flanks are br[n1 black1 & :ite1 :ile ! brea/ is *e/nut spott$ ) :ite1 & ! re/ ( ! "u-p>ts :ite2 ! beak be+ a mixture ( black1 :ite1 purpli%1 yell[1 & sc>let1 & ! feet yell[4 ,,! ,,h]on 7,ardea c9]ea7 ,! h]on1 or common or grey h]on1 z x is frequ5tly call$ 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f its relatives1 has =tunately n %>$ ! fate ( ! bitt]n1 & is /ill m or less common 9 _m p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 :]e x may be se5 at all h\rs ( ! day /&+ mid-leg deep 9 "s /ream pati5tly await+ ! next pass+ fi%4 ,its greg>i\s habits & ! protection accord$ to _m ( ! anci5t h]onries 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry d\btless acc\nt = ! survival among u ( ?is h&some1 albeit ?9 & ill-fav\r$1 grey bird4 ,nev]!less1 on acc\nt ( its fi%-eat+ habits1 ! h]on has _m enemies1 & is rel5tlessly p]secut$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 especially by ^? connect$ ) fi%]ies4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ef=ts h be5 made to *eck ?is p]secution2 & 9 ,ea/ ,sussex1 :]e !re are no tr\t-hat*]ies1 ^! birds are protect$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,al?\gh1 z j m5tion$1 h]ons may be se5 fi%+ at all h\rs ( ! day1 !y are *iefly nocturnal birds1 & ?us ! v opposite ( ! k+fi%]1 :i* always captures its prey by daylight4 ,:5 a h]on sees a fi% )9 rea*1 x /rikes ) un]r+ aim l a fla% ( lightn+1 & usually seizes its victim crosswise 9 its spe>-l beak4 ,9 ! case ( l>g] fi%1 x is /at$1 h[ev]1 to attack !m by /abb+ 9 ! back--a mode ( attack f :i* su* fi%1 al?\gh mortally w\nd$1 g5]ally manage to escape4 ,( ^? fi% :i* are seiz$ crosswise 9 ! beak1 ! l>g] ones are fir/ beat5 to dea?1 aft] :i* !y are swall[$ head-=emo/4 ,:5 a successful lunge has be5 made1 ! h]on resumes its motionless1 wat*ful pose1 confid5t t1 al?\gh sc>$ away = a "t1 ! fi% w soon return4 ,z ! h]on is a mo/ voraci\s bird1 consum+1 x is affirm$1 fully its own weight ( food 9 a day1 & z ?is food consi/s *iefly ( fi%1 angl]s1 x mu/ be confess$1 h "s excuse = ! dete/ation ) :i* !y reg>d ! species4 ,nev]!less1 ! h]on does "s good1 z x also consumes a numb] ( snakes & frogs1 z well z wat]-rats4 ,9 addition to ! above1 h]ons also eat riv]-mussels1 insects1 worms1 & probably also "y birds4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! h]on is v ext5sive1 compris+ mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ! ,old ,_w1 al?\gh ! bird visits "s ( ^! only dur+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 = example1 h]ons are migratory1 travell+ s\?w>ds to ,africa 9 p>ties ( z _m z fifty individuals 9 ,octob]1 & n return+ till ! foll[+ ,m>* or ,april4 ,all /reams & pieces ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( =e/s1 or at lea/ :]e a c]ta9 numb] ( l>ge trees are to be f\nd1 may s]ve z ! fi%+-resorts ( ! h]on4 ,illu/ration ,h]ons build 9 l>ge colonies1 or h]onries1 :i* may conta9 f ab\t fifte5 to z _m z f\r hundr$ ne/s4 ,=m]ly !re 7 a great numb] ( ,engli% h]onries1 especially 9 ,l9coln%ire1 b _m ( ^!1 l ! well-kn[n l>ge "o ne> ,spald+1 h be5 brok5 up4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 /ill rema91 & a new "o has be5 rec5tly e/abli%$ ne> ,lewes4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ,engli% h]onries 0 t ( ,bride1 ne> ,rye1 9 ,sussex1 :i* 9 #ahfj conta9$ z _m z f\r hundr$ ne/s1 al?\gh by #ahhj !re 7 b>ely a c\ple ( hundr$4 ,n[1 ow+ to ! fell+ ( "s ( ! trees1 ?is magnific5t h]onry has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! ne/ is a l>ge1 rude /ructure ( dry /icks & re$s1 l9$ ) hair1 wool1 & fea!rs1 9 :i* ! female lays h] ?ree or f\r l>ge gre5 eggs4 ,! "y rema9 9 ! ne/1 or ne/+-plat=m z x might well be call$1 until fully fl$g$1 & are rem>kably voraci\s4 ,putrefy+ fi% cov] ! edge ( ! ne/1 z well z ! gr\nd bel[1 & poison ! air ) _! smell4 ,! p>5ts att5d to _! (fspr+ = a few days aft] ! latt] leave ! ne/2 b at ! end ( ?is p]iod old & "y "p company4 ,if ! ne/ be attack$1 ! p>5ts suff] _! eggs or "y to be c>ri$ (f1 )\t do+ m ?an op5+ _! beaks & utt]+ m\rnful cries1 al?\gh 9 _m cases a s+le bl[ f ! beak w\ld suffice to slay ! spoil]4 ,h]on-hawk+ 0 9 =m] days a fav\rite sport ( ! nobles all ov] ,europe4 ,! falcon1 usually ! p]egr9e1 always endeav\r$ to get above ! h]on1 :51 aft] ! deliv]y ( a successful attack1 bo? birds fell toge!r headlong to ! gr\nd4 ,z a rule1 ! ornam5tal fea!rs--at "o "t highly e/eem$--7 pluck$ f ! h]on1 :i* 0 !n set at lib]ty4 ,on acc\nt ( ! damage x does to fi%]ies1 ! h]on is ev5 m p]secut$ on ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ,great ,brita92 & is %ot :5ev] an opportunity occurs1 except 9 protect$ bre$+-places4 ,,! ,,great ,,spott$ ,,woodpeck] 7,d5drocopus major7 ,x is n a little rem>kable t su* ne>ly alli$ birds z ! great gre5 woodpeck]1 or yaffle1 & ! two k9ds ( pi$ or spott$ woodpeck]s %\ld pres5t su* rem>kable div]sity 9 ! matt] ( col\r+2 ! =m] be+ ma9ly olive-yell[ ) a r$ skull-cap 9 bo? sexes1 :ile ! o!r two are pi$ above & *iefly :ite bel[1 ) a r$ b& at ! back ( ! head ( ! cock alone4 ,a ?ird gr\p is repres5t$ by ! great black woodpeck]1 :i* is :olly sable1 ) an ivory-:ite beak4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! matt] ( col\r+ betwe5 ! gre5 & ! pi$ species is probably due to _! diff]5t habits1 ! =m] be+ to a great ext5t a gr\nd-bird1 fond ( frequ5t+ lawns & mead[s ne> woods = ! purpose ( digg+ up ants' ne/s1 :ile ! o!r two are almo/ completely arboreal4 ,9 ! dappl$ %ade ca/ by ! leaves--especially ^? ( p9es--on ! trunks ( trees1 ^! pi$ birds are comp>atively inconspicu\s2 :ile among grass ( mod]ate l5g? ! gre5 woodpeck] is absolutely invisible4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t ! pi$ species h mo/ ( ! "u surface ( ! body :ite1 :]eas 9 ! gre5 woodpeck] ! same aspect is grey4 ,to a bird walk+ on grass a :ite "u surface w\ld c]ta9ly be no protection2 b 9 bright sun%9e on ! trunk ( a tree su* a surface w\ld und\bt$ly t5d to r5d] ! bird inconspicu\s1 z x w\ld c\nt]act ! effect ( ! d>k %ade ?r[n by ! body1 9 precisely ! same mann] z 9 ! case ( :ite-belli$ quadrup$s4 ,v curi\s is ! fact t :ile1 z already m5tion$1 ! r$ b& on ! back ( ! pi$ species occurs 9 ! adult only 9 ! males1 su* a b& is f\nd 9 bo? sexes ( ! immature birds4 ,?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! occurr5ce ( a r$ head 9 bo? sexes ( ! gre5 species1 may be tak5 z an indication t r$ on ! head 0 at "o "t a feature 9 all woodpeck]s1 b t = "s reason x has be5 disc>d$ 9 ! females ( ! pi$ gr\p4 ,illu/ration ,woodpeck]s pres5t "s ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! adaptation ( bodily /ructure to be met ) 9 ! :ole animal k+dom4 ,! /rong1 conical beak is1 = example1 admirably suit$ = *isell+ out1 by repeat$ bl[s ( ! head1 rott5 wood 9 insect-infect$ trees1 or pris+ (f loose pieces ( b>k 9 ord] t ! bird may be able to get at ! insects & o!r creatures lurk+ b5ea?4 ,!n1 aga91 ! %ort legs & ! curi\s /ructure ( ! feet1 ) two toes turn$ =w>ds & ! o!r backw>ds1 enable ^! birds to obta9 ! mo/ effective foo?old on smoo?1 slipp]y b>k4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 ! feet %\ld prove ineffectual1 ! bird is aid$ 9 climb+ by its tail1 ! fea!rs ( :i* h unusually /rong quills1 ! tips ( ^! be+ b>e & %9y4 ,:5 ?is tail is press$ firmly aga9/ ! b>k1 ! /iff tips ( ! fea!rs af=d v consid]able support to ! asc5d+ bird4 ,! climax 9 ! way ( special adaptation is pres5t$1 h[ev]1 by ! woodpeck]'s tongue1 :i*1 ow+ to ! =m & /ructure ( ! support+ bones1 c be ?ru/ out a long di/ance 9 advance ( ! tip ( ! beak1 & is cov]$ ) a /icky secretion to :i* insects adh]e4 ,a simil> /ructure obta9s 9 ! tongue ( ! wryneck2 b !re are c]ta9 =eign woodpeck]s 9 :i* t organ is normal4 ,by means ( its /rong beak1 ! spott$ woodpeck] *isels out 9 ! trunk ( a tree1 :]e ! wood is m or less decay$1 bo? a sleep+ & a ne/+ hole4 ,a circul> entrance leads = "s di/ance horizontally into ! he>t ( ! /em1 aft] :i* ! hole desc5ds v]tically = "s way1 & !n exp&s into a l>ge dome-%ap$ *amb]1 :i* s]ves z a receptacle = ! clut* ( ?ree to eight :ite eggs1 ^! be+ incubat$ by ! male & female birds alt]nately4 ,x is v g5]ally believ$ t woodpeck]s live entirely ^u insects & o!r inv]tebrate animals2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ak5 idea1 = !y likewise eat v>i\s k9ds ( se$s & b]ries1 z well z nuts & walnuts1 :i* !y crack 9 nu?at*-fa%ion4 ,! cry ( ! pi$ woodpeck] is ei!r a %ort & %>p 8hi1 hi10 or a h>% & res\nd+ 8h1 h02 b a m famili> s\nd is ! tapp+ on ! b>k ( ! /em or l>g] b\ghs by ! beak1 9 ord] t ! bird may asc]ta9 :e!r ! wood b5ea? is s\nd or rott54 ,v *>act]i/ic is ! undulat+ flight ( a woodpeck]1 ! bird g5]ally dropp+ sudd5ly ne> ! end ( its c\rse1 s z to alight only a %ort di/ance f ! root ( ! select$ tree1 up ! /em ( :i* x !n rapidly climbs4 ,! l>g] spott$ woodpeck] frequ5ts woods ) diff]5t k9ds ( trees2 b its special fav\rites are p9es1 popl>s1 & will[s4 ,,! ,,s5egal ,,p>rot 7,pocephalus s5egalus7 ,al?\gh ! "n ,s5egal p>rot1 or r p]roquet de ,sngal1 has be5 appli$ to sev]al di/9ct memb]s ( ! p>rot tribe1 x is n[ by g5]al cons5t re/rict$ to ! gorge\sly col\r$ species =m+ ! subject ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,9 addition to ?is "n1 x has also ! titles ( orange-belli$ long-w+$ p>rot & black-head$ p>rot1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! m di/9ctive1 al?\gh ! second is pref]able on acc\nt ( its concis5ess4 ,! black-head$ p>rot is a native ( ,s5egambia & "s ( ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ prop]ly s call$1 al?\gh ! exact limits ( its di/ributional area1 :i* probably ext5d a consid]able way into ! he>t ( ! cont95t1 are /ill imp]fectly kn[n4 ,?is p>rot has be5 a well-kn[n bird 9 ,europe f v e>ly days1 z x 0 m5tion$ by ,aloysius ,cada ,mo/o s long ago z #adde1 & 0 aga9 ref]r$ to by ! naturali/ ,brisson 9 ! ye> #agfj4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! p>rots are at times import$ into ,europe1 especially to ,havre & likewise to ,liv]pool4 ,at ! la/-nam$ port imm5se consignm5ts us$ to be receiv$ n[ & !n1 b z ^! 7 = ! mo/ "p "y birds a v l>ge proportion di$ soon aft] _! arrival1 especially :5 pur*as$ s+ly & sep>at$ f _! companions4 ,su* "y birds us$ to be sold at prices rang+ upw>ds f five or six %ill+s2 b tam$ individuals are wor? f tw5ty to ?irty %ill+s ea*1 :ile ! few specim5s t le>n to talk fet* mu* high] prices4 ,if caught suffici5tly "y1 ^! p>rots make admirable cage-birds1 z !y are /rik+ly h&some1 & fairly h>dy4 ,occasionally !y w lay 9 captivity1 if provid$ ) a suitable ne/+-place4 ,sometimes !y become v tame1 al?\gh !y are always n]v\s & excitable birds1 utt]+ :5 al>m$ a curi\s grat+ s\nd1 & :5 ?or\ghly t]rifi$ giv+ v5t to a %rill1 :i/l+ scream ( fe>4 ,z a talk]1 ! black-head$ species be>s1 h[ev]1 no comp>ison to ! common grey p>rot2 & x has ev5 be5 /at$ t ! =m] is totally unable to le>n to speak1 al?\gh ?is is an error4 ,! adult cock1 :i* is r l>g] & h&som] ?an 8 p>tn]1 has ! head1 *eek1 & ! upp] portion ( ! ?roat br[ni% or blacki% grey2 ! back1 rump1 & upp] tail-cov]ts are glossy grass-gre51 :ile ! w+-quills are olive gre5i% br[n1 ! w+-cov]ts gre5 ) br[n middles1 & ! %\ld]s1 toge!r ) ! less] "u w+-cov]ts1 yell[4 ,^? portions ( ! upp] surface n already m5tion$1 toge!r ) ! ?roat & ! upp] "p ( ! brea/ & ! :ole ( ! tail-fea!rs1 are bright grass-gre54 ,! rema9d] ( ! "u surface is yell[1 pass+ into bright orange-r$ on ! middle ( ! brea/ & abdom51 ! yell[ likewise embrac+ ! "u tail-cov]ts4 ,! beak is d>k horny grey pass+ into blacki% br[n1 ) ! s(t 8c]e0 at its base1 l ! pat* ( b>e sk9 r\nd ea* eye1 blacki%2 :ile ! feet are d>k br[n4 ,bright col\r reappe>s 9 ! iris ( ! eye1 :i* v>ies f sulphur-yell[ to d>k br[n1 probably accord+ to age4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! h5 ! head is light br[ni% grey1 ! "u surface uni=mly yell[ )\t any t+e ( orange1 :ile ! "u tail-cov]ts are yell[i% gre5 in/ead ( yell[4 ,9 size ! female may be comp>$ ) a small jackdaw4 ,z is ! case ) _m o!r memb]s ( its tribe1 v little is kn[n ) reg>d to ,s5egal p>rots 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,!y are /at$1 h[ev]1 to associate 9 small p>ties ( ab\t half a doz51 & to take up _! qu>t]s1 :5ev] possible1 9 ! tops ( ! huge monkey-bread trees1 :]e !y reveal _! pres5ce by utt]+ pi]c+ screams at ! approa* ( an intrud] on _! doma9s4 ,9 tak+ w+1 & also :5 settl+ aft] a flight1 !y are /at$ to be some:at awkw>d1 b :5 once />t$ !y fly z /raight & z swift z arr[s4 ,details are want+ ) reg>d to _! ne/+-habits2 b1 :5 ! "y are /rong en\gh to fly1 ! :ole p>ty takes to w&]+ ab\t1 & !n frequ5tly d mu* damage to ! banana1 rice1 maize1 & o!r crops4 ,9 captivity1 at any rate1 ! males p]=m a k9d ( love-dance at ! comm5cem5t ( ! bre$+-season4 ,! ,s5egal p>rot is ! typical repres5tative ( a g5us1 ) r m ?an a doz5 species1 conf9$ to ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a4 ,t g5us belongs to a subfamily 7,pion971 ( :i* ! m typical repres5tatives1 su* z ,pionus & ,*rysotis 7,amazon p>rots71 are ,s\? ,am]ican4 ,,! ,,goldf9* 7,c>duelis elegans7 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! "n 8goldf9*0 ought to be ! designation ( ! can>y1 b x 0 d\btless giv5 to ! well-kn[n ,briti% bird long be=e can>ies 7 ?\ght or he>d ( 9 ,engl&1 & ! =m] has1 !re=e1 an indefeasible title4 ,&1 aft] all1 if ! can>y be put aside1 ! designation is really v suitable to ! goldf9*1 ref]r+ z x does to ! bright gold5 w+-b> :i* di/+ui%es bo? sexes f all o!r ,briti% birds4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! fact t bo? sexes %>e ! brilliant plumage *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 ! goldf9* c lay claim to be ! mo/ brightly col\r$ p]*+-bird indig5\s to ! ,briti% ,isles & nor?-we/]n ,europe g5]ally4 ,to describe ! col\r+ ( su* a well-kn[n bird w\ld be altoge!r sup]flu\s on ! pres5t occasion1 m especially z x is s excell5tly %[n 9 ! ,plate4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t !re is "s am\nt ( individual v>iation 9 ?is respect1 & t ! developm5t ( ! r$ area on ! head & ( ! :ite spots on all ! tail-fea!rs is a feature ( ! adults alone2 & x may be add$ t 9 reg>d to col\r+ females diff] f ! males *iefly by ! small] ext5t ( ! r$ area1 :i* may conta9 black spots4 ,to "o v>iation bird-fanci]s h giv5 ! special "n ( 8*ev]el02 ?is r>e sport1 :5 fully develop$1 be+ *>act]is$ by ! :olly :ite *91 & by ! :ite pat* on ! *eek ext5d+ upw>ds s z to unite across ! back ( ! head ) its fell[ ( ! opposite side4 ,! br[n pat* on ! brea/ is likewise replac$ by :ite4 ,e k9d ( v>iation betwe5 a typical goldf9* & ! s-call$ *ev]el may be se52 & x is ?us evid5t t ! latt] is m]ely a p>tially alb9i/ic phase ( ! =m]4 ,!re is an idea1 d\btless unf\nd$1 t ! *ev]el1 or *evil1 z x is sometimes call$1 mates bett] ) ! can>y1 & is likewise a sup]ior song/]2 & x is to ! latt] notion t x owes its "n1 :i* is app>5tly d]iv$ f an old ,engli% ^w *efle or *evel51 signify+ to talk idly1 or *att]4 ,! di/ributional area ( ! goldf9* ext5ds f ! ,briti% ,isles to we/]n & c5tral ,sib]ia1 beyond :i* x is replac$ by ! grey-head$ goldf9* 7,c>duelis caniceps7--a bird ) :i* ! l>ge ea/]n race ( ! ,european species w int]bre$4 ,al?\gh ! goldf9* is only a casual visitor to ,scotl&1 9 ,sc&9avia its bre$+-area ext5ds "s five degrees f>!r nor? ?an t ( its c\s91 ! brambl+4 ,illu/ration ,ow+ to ! e/imation 9 :i* x is held z a cage-bird1 ! goldf9* 0 almo/ ext]m9at$ f mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& "s ye>s ago2 b n[ t bird-ne/+ has be5 to a great ext5t /opp$1 ! species is gradually recov]+ its numb]s1 & may (t5 be se5 on _m ?i/le-cov]$ commons to :i* x 0 long a /rang]4 ,9 addition to ,europe & we/]n & c5tral ,asia1 ! goldf9* also inhabits nor!rn ,africa1 :ile x has be5 introduc$ into ,new ,zeal& & ,japan4 ,its fav\rite haunts are op5 l&s on ! bord]s ( woods1 plantations1 fields ) trees1 p>ks1 & commons & o!r wa/e gr\nds4 ,?ick =e/s x /udi\sly avoids4 ,! food ( ?is bird consi/s ( se$s1 m especially ^? ( ?i/les & burdocks1 z well z ^? ( ! bir* & ! ald]4 ,z a rule1 x seeks ^? on ! plants & trees !mselves1 & n on ! gr\nd2 & 9 pick+ out ! se$s f ?i/le-heads1 x may be se5 hang+ head-d[nw>ds & 9 v>i\s o!r graceful attitudes on ! /ems4 ,f ! nature ( its food1 ! goldf9* is1 inde$1 a mo/ valuable bird bo? to ! agriculturi/ & ! g>d5]1 on :om x conf]s additional b5efits by di/urb+ insects :i* take up _! qu>t]s 9 its food-plants4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wor?y ( protection on two gr\nds--its utility & ! beauty ( its plumage1 to say no?+ ( its song4 ,! ne/ is a beautifully made /ructure1 ne>ly resembl+ t ( ! *aff9*1 & g5]ally built by ! female alone1 :o is *e]$ 9 h] task by ! cont9u\s song ( ! cock4 ,x is frequ5tly built 9 g>d5s1 (t5 at no great di/ance f ! h\se1 g5]ally at a height ( f fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ! gr\nd1 ! mo/ fav\r$ situation be+ ! =k ( a b\gh1 9 :i* x is s well secur$ t x w reta9 its place ev5 :5 ! tree is fell$4 ,! f\r or five black-spott$ blui% gre5 eggs are laid by ! female 9 ,may1 & are hat*$ 9 ?irte5 or f\rte5 days4 ,! "y rema9 9 ! company ( _! p>5ts = "s "t aft] !y h left ! ne/4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t goldf9*es collect 9 ! autumn 9 l>ge flocks1 :i* 9 w9t] break up into small p>ties ( f t5 to tw5ty birds4 ,,! ,,razorbill ,,or ,,auk 7,alca torda7 ,! razorbill1 or auk1 :i*1 9 suitable localities1 is "o ( ! commone/ ( ,briti% sea-birds1 has an int]e/ all its own f ! circum/ance t x is ! ne>e/ liv+ relative ( ! n[ ext9ct great auk1 ^! two species be+1 9 fact1 ! sole memb]s ( ! g5us ,alca4 ,bo? ^! birds pres5t a consid]able sup]ficial resemblance to ! p5gu9s ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e2 & x seems to be due to ?is resemblance t ! latt] owe _! "n1 = !re appe>s to be little d\bt t ! great auk 0 ! true & orig9al p5gu91 or p+u91 & t ! birds we n[ "k by t "n 7 s call$ by ! old voyag]s on acc\nt ( _! lik5ess to ! =m] species4 ,su* resemblance z exi/s betwe5 ! two gr\ps is1 h[ev]1 m]ely ( ! mo/ sup]ficial k9d1 auks be+ /rong fli]s1 ) feet ( normal /ructure1 :]eas ! w+s ( p5gu9s s]ve ! purpose ( paddles1 & ! bones ( _! feet are q unlike ^? ( all o!r birds4 ,auks1 9 fact1 appe> to be ne> relatives ( ! gulls & t]ns1 :i* h assum$1 9 accordance ) _! mode ( life1 a p>tially upright position ( body4 ,= ^! birds1 9 common ) guillemots1 v frequ5tly bre$ on ! n>r[ l$ges ( cliffs1 :]e x is obvi\s t an upright po/ure af=ds !m great] facilities = movem5t & at ! same "t economises space4 ,9 accordance ) ?is habit1 razorbills1 9 common ) o!r memb]s ( ! auk tribe1 lay pe>-%ap$ eggs1 :i* _c well roll (f ! b>e l$ges ( rock on :i* !y are (t5 laid4 ,z a rule1 ea* female deposits only "o1 relatively l>ge1 egg2 :ile no female incubates m ?an a pair ( ^! eggs at ! same "t4 ,sometimes1 9 place ( a b>e l$ge1 ! egg is laid 9 a holl[ 9 ! rock1 or1 :]e ! soil is ( a suitable nature1 9 a hole excavat$ by ! p>5t bird4 ,all memb]s ( ! auk tribe are inhabitants ( ! cool] portions ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e2 _! place 9 ! correspond+ s\!rn latitudes be+ tak5 by ! a=esaid p5gu9s4 ,illu/ration ,9 addition to its rem>kable bodily %ape1 ! adult razorbill is easily recognis$ by ! great lat]al compression & subt]m9al expansion ( ! beak1 f :i* ! bird d]ives its ord9>y v]nacul> "n2 z well z by ! deep groov+s & wide b& on ! sides ( ?is app5dage4 ,! curv$ :ite /ripe runn+ f j 9 front ( ! eye to ! root ( ! beak is ano!r di/9ctive feature ( ! species2 & ?is1 too1 9 a m or less di/9ct =m1 9 birds ( all ages1 :]eas 9 ! "y ! groov+s & :ite m>k+s on ! beak are want+4 ,consid]able diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! summ] & w9t] plumages ( ! adult birds4 ,9 summ] ! head & neck are sooty br[n1 :ile ! back & w+s are black ) a gre5i% gloss2 ! beak & ! re/ ( ! "u-p>ts1 toge!r ) a n>r[ w+-b>1 be+ :ite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w9t] plumage ( ! adults1 l t ( ! "y 9 summ]1 is br[n] above1 :ile ! sides ( ! head & ! =e portion ( ! neck are ( ! same sn[y :ite z ! "u-p>ts ( ! body4 ,! razorbill inhabits ! coa/s on bo? sides ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 bre$+ f> up on ! ,norwegian coa/1 on ^? ( ,icel& & ! ,f>e ,isl&s1 & on ! opposite side ( ! ocean on ! %ores ( ,newf\ndl&1 ,labrador1 & ,gre5l&2 latitude #gj ab\t m>k+ its nor?w>d bre$+ range on ! ,am]ican side1 :ile 9 ,europe ! limit is ab\t "o degree less4 ,ea/w>ds ! range ext5ds to ,jan ,may5 ,isl&2 :ile ! s\?w>d b\nd>y ( ! bre$+ area 9 ,europe appe>s to be =m$ by ! ,brittany coa/s4 ,9 great ,brita9 ^! birds bre$1 9 suitable localities1 all r\nd ! coa/s1 inclusive ( ^? ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,^! limits d n1 h[ev]1 by any means indicate ! :ole range ( ! species1 = 9 w9t] ^! birds visit ! ,m$it]ranean1 & occasionally ! ,can>ies4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> razorbills associate 9 l>ge flocks1 al?\gh 9 autumn ! numb]s ( ^! colonies are dim9i%$1 app>5tly by a portion ( ! birds go+ out to sea4 ,bempton ,cliffs1 on ! ,york%ire coa/1 =m "o ( _! fav\rite bre$+-places1 :]e ! birds congregate 9 ?\s&s1 9 company ) guillemots1 & yield a l>ge h>ve/ ( eggs4 ,! lay+ season comm5ces ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 b is at its height "s days lat]2 :ile eggs & "y may be f\nd toge!r till late 9 ,june4 ,by ! end ( ,july ! birds h = ! mo/ "p f9i%$ _! bre$+ season1 & by ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/ ne>ly all h =sak5 ! cliffs = ! sea1 :i* is _! true home1 & on :i* !y (t5 pass ! night4 ,,index ,abyss9ian ,gre5 ,monkey1 #dh4 x gal]ita1 #ij2 sponsa1 #ij4 ,alca torda1 #ajj4 ,alces ma*lis1 #h4 ,ammotragus l]via1 #fg4 ,ara ar>auna1 #hh2 *loropt]a1 #hh2 crulea1 #hh2 milit>is1 #hh2 sev]a1 #hh4 ,arctomys bobac1 #gb2 m>motta1 #gb2 monax1 #gb4 ,ardea c9]ea1 #ib4 ,auks1 #ajj4 ,auro*s1 #fb4 ,bale>ica *rysopel>gus1 #cf2 gibb]iceps1 #cf2 pavon9a1 #cf2 regulorum1 #cf4 ,be>s1 #bb1 #eb4 ,beav]1 #gj4 ,bison1 #fb4 ,bitt]n1 #cd4 ,black ,swan1 #hj4 ,blue ,macaw1 #hh4 ,blue ,roll]1 #cb4 ,bos bonasus1 #fb2 b4 caucasicus1 #fb4 ,botaurus /ell>is1 #cd4 ,br[n ,be>1 #eb4 ,bubo ignavus1 #dj2 sibiricus1 #dj2 turcomanus1 #dj2 virg9ianus1 #dj4 ,buc]os bicornis1 #hf2 rh9oc]os1 #hf4 ,bu/>d1 #hb4 ,canis latrans1 #bg2 lupus1 #bf2 l4 occid5talis1 #bg2 l4 pambasileus1 #bf2 vulpes1 #ej2 v4 flavesc5s1 #ea2 v4 fulvus1 #ea2 v4 melanoga/]1 #ej2 v4 montanus1 #ej4 ,cap]caillie1 #aj4 ,capreolus b$=di1 #ae2 caprea1 #ad2 man*uricus1 #ae2 pyg>gus1 #ae4 ,c>duelis caniceps1 #ih2 elegans1 #ih4 ,c>ib\1 #ag4 ,ca/or canad5sis1 #ga2 fib]1 #gj4 ,c]copi!cus ?iops1 #dh2 callitri*us1 #dh2 diana1 #dh2 petauri/a1 #dh2 sabu1 #dh4 ,c]vus elaphus1 #fh4 ,cobus coba1 #ai2 defassa1 #ah2 d4 p5ricei1 #ah2 ellipsiprymnus1 #ah2 le*e1 #ai2 leucotis1 #ai2 m>ia1 #ai2 v>doni1 #ai4 ,coracias g>rulus1 #cb2 indicus1 #cb4 ,coscoroba ,swan1 #ha4 ,cranes1 ,cr[n$1 #cf4 ,cricetus frum5t>ius1 #gd4 ,crocodiles1 #dd4 ,crocodilus niloticus1 #dd2 palu/ris1 #dd2 porosus1 #dd4 ,cr[n$ ,crane1 #cf4 ,cygnus atratus1 #hj2 nigricollis1 #ha2 olor1 #ha4 ,cynlurus jubatus1 #ef4 ,de]1 #ad1 #fh4 ,defassa ,wat]buck1 #ah4 ,d5drocopus major1 #id4 ,drill1 #be4 ,duckbill1 #gf4 ,eagle ,owls1 #dj4 ,e*idnas1 #gh4 ,elk1 #h4 ,felis catus1 #bh2 leo1 #a2 lynx1 #eh2 l4 canad5sis1 #ei2 l4 c]v>ia1 #eh2 l4 isabell9a1 #eh2 l4 w>di1 #eh2 ocreata1 #bh2 onca1 #ef2 p>dus1 #ef2 p4 nanop>dus1 #eg2 p4 pan!ra1 #eg2 p4 tulliana1 #eg2 p4 villosa1 #ef2 s]val1 #ef2 tigris longipilis1 #d2 t4 mongolica1 #d2 t4 sondaica1 #d2 t4 virgata1 #d2 uncia1 #eg4 ,flam+o1 #db4 ,fox1 #ej4 ,gazella arabica1 #fd2 cuvi]i1 #fd2 dorcas1 #fd4 ,gazelles1 #fd4 ,gibbons1 #de4 ,goldf9*1 #ih4 ,great ,horn$ ,owl1 #dj4 ,great ,spott$ ,woodpeck]1 #id4 ,gre5 ,monkeys1 #dh4 ,grisly ,be>1 #ec4 ,gu5ons1 #dh4 ,gulls1 #ch4 ,hali*rus grypus1 #g4 ,ham/]1 #gd4 ,h>e1 #bj4 ,h]on1 #ib4 ,hornbills1 #hf4 ,horn$ ,owls1 #dj4 ,hulok1 #df4 ,hylobates ha9anus1 #de2 hulok1 #de2 l>1 #de2 leucog5ys1 #dg2 syndactylus1 #de4 ,indian ,rh9oc]os1 #fj4 ,jagu>1 #ef4 ,kafir ,cr[n$ ,crane1 #cf4 ,kang>oo1 #cj4 ,l>us arg5tatus1 #ch2 canus1 #ch2 hyp]boreus1 #ci4 ,leop>d1 #ef4 ,lepus europu1 #bj2 timidus1 #bj2 t4 hib]nicus1 #bj2 t4 scoticus1 #bj4 ,lion1 #a4 ,lynx1 #eh4 ,macaws1 #hh4 ,macropus rufus1 #cj4 ,maimon leucophu1 #be2 mormon1 #bd4 ,man*urian ,tig]1 #d4 ,m&>9 ,duck1 #ij4 ,m&rill1 #bd4 ,mangabeys1 #dh4 ,m>mot1 #gb4 ,m>t5s1 #ed4 ,moose1 #h4 ,m\flon1 #ff4 ,mu/ela am]icana1 #ed2 fo9a1 #ed2 m>tes1 #ed2 zibell9a1 #ed4 ,nile ,crocodile1 #dd4 ,orni?orhyn*us anat9us1 #gf4 ,o/ri*es1 #hd4 ,otis t>da1 #hb4 ,ovis ammon1 #fg2 canad5sis1 #fg2 musimon1 #ff2 ori5talis1 #fg2 vignei1 #fg4 ,owls1 #dj4 ,p>rot1 ,s5egal1 #if4 ,phoca vitul9a1 #f4 ,phnicoaias m9or1 #dc4 ,phnicop>rus &9us1 #dc2 jamesi1 #dc4 ,phnicopt]us *il5sis1 #db2 roseus1 #db2 rub]1 #db4 ,pi$ ,hornbill1 #hf4 ,p9e-,m>t51 #ed4 ,platypus1 #gf4 ,pocephalus s5egalus1 #if4 ,pol> ,be>1 #bb4 ,pro*idna bruijni1 #gi4 ,rangif] t>&us1 #af2 t4 arcticus1 #ag2 t4 c>ibu1 #ag2 t4 f5nicus1 #ag2 t4 nov-t]r1 #ag2 t4 osborni1 #ag4 ,razorbill1 #ajj4 ,r$ ,de]1 #fh4 ,r$ ,kang>oo1 #cj4 ,re9de]1 #af4 ,rh9oc]os sondaicus1 #fj2 sumatr5sis1 #fj2 unicornis1 #fj4 ,rh9oc]oses1 #fj4 ,rh9oplax vigil1 #hf4 ,rissa tridactyla1 #ci4 ,roe-de]1 #ad4 ,roll]1 ,blue1 #cb4 ,sciurus vulg>is1 #ab2 v4 arg5teus1 #ac2 v4 leucurus1 #ab2 v4 lilu1 #ac2 v4 rutilans1 #ab2 v4 sibiricus1 #ac2 v4 typicus1 #ab4 ,seal1 #f4 ,s5egal ,p>rot1 #if4 ,silv] ,gull1 #ch4 ,somali ,o/ri*1 #hd4 ,sp9y ,ant-eat]1 #gh4 ,squirrel1 #ab4 ,/ru?io au/ralis1 #hd2 camelus1 #hd2 masaicus1 #hd2 molybdophanes1 #hd4 ,swans1 #hj4 ,ta*yglossus aculeatus1 #gh4 ,tetrao urogallus1 #aj4 ,tig]s1 #d4 ,ursus arctus1 #eb2 a4 dalli1 #eb2 a4 eulophus1 #ec2 a4 gyas1 #eb2 a4 isabell9us1 #eb2 a4 kidd]i1 #ec2 a4 lasiotis1 #eb2 a4 midd5dorffi1 #eb2 a4 piscator1 #eb2 a4 %anorum1 #eb2 a4 sitk5sis1 #ec2 a4 syriacus1 #eb2 horribilis1 #ec2 h4 k5ai5sis1 #ec2 h4 phonyx1 #ec2 leuconyx1 #ec2 m>itimus1 #bb4 ,vulpes alopex1 #ej4 ,wat]buck1 #ah4 ,:ite-h&$ ,gibbon1 #de4 ,wild ,cat1 #bh4 ,wolf1 #bf4 ,wolves1 #bf4 ,woodpeck]s1 #id4 ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4