,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,,september1 #aiah ,how the ,shortage of ,skilled ,mechanics ,is ,being ,overcome by ,training the ,unskilled ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,section ,,on ,,industrial ,,training ,,for ,,the ,,war ,,emergency ,,committee ,,on ,,labor ,,council ,,of ,,national ,,defense4 ,,section ,,on ,,industrial ,,training ,,for ,,the ,,war ,,emergency ,national ,committee ,,representing ,,labor3 ,,frank ,,duffy1 ,general ,secretary1 ,united ,brotherhood of ,carpenters and ,joiners of ,america1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,,hugh ,,frayne1 ,general ,organizer1 ,american ,federation of ,labor1 #gjf ,council of ,national ,defense ,bldg41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #a;,,john ,,golden1 ,president1 ,united ,textile ,workers of ,america1 #hf-hg ,bible ,house1 ,new ,york4 ,,grant ,,hamilton1 ,american ,federation of ,labor1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,holder1 ,member ,federal ,board of ,vocational ,education1 ,ouray ,building1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,miss ,,florence ,c4 ,,thorne1 ,american ,federation of ,labor1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,charles ,h4 ,,winslow1 ,federal ,board of ,vocational ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,representing ,,employers3 ,,frederick ,a4 ,,geier1 ,president1 ,cincinnati ,milling ,machine ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,,henry ,m4 ,,leland1 ,president1 ,lincoln ,motor ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,michael1 ,president1 ,virginia ,bridge ,iron ,company1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 #a,,percy ,s4 ,,straus1 ,r4 ,h4 ,macy ,co41 #acag ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 #b;,h4 ,e4 ,,miles1 ,formerly ,president1 ,wisconsin ,state ,board of ,vocational ,education1 ,chairman1 ,com4 on ,industrial ,education1 ,national ,association of ,manufacturers1 ,racine1 ,wis4 ,c4 ,u4 ,,carpenter1 ,works ,manager1 ,dayton ,recording ,computing ,machine ,company1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,duffield 7,chairman1 ,michigan ,branch ,committee71 ,detroit ,lubricator ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,representing ,,education ,,and ,,welfare3 ,s4 ,w4 ,,ashe 7,chairman1 ,new ,england ,branch ,committee71 ,chairman1 ,education and ,welfare ,department1 ,general ,electric ,co41 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,,john ,c4 ,,frazee 7,chairman1 ,pennsylvania ,branch ,committee71 ,member of ,state ,committee of ,public ,safety1 #gjd ,finance ,bldg41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #a;,c4 ,r4 ,,dooley1 ,educational ,department1 ,westinghouse ,electric ,manufacturing ,co41 ,east ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,r4 ,o4 ,,small1 ,deputy ,commissioner of ,education1 ,state ,house1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,dr4 ,,charles ,,mccarthy1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,chief1 ,reference ,library1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,,alvin ,e4 ,,dodd1 ,national ,society for the ,promotion of ,industrial ,education1 #adj ,west #db;d ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,training for ,war ,industries1 which was heretofore developed under the ,,section ,,on ,,industrial ,,training of the ,council of ,national ,defense1 has been taken over by the ,,training ,,and ,,dilution ,,service ,,department ,,of ,,labor #fah #ag,,th ,,st41 ,n4 ,w4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 to whom all correspondence should be addressed4 #a ,executive ,committee4 #b ,chairman4 ,,intensive ,,training ,,of ,,unskilled ,,workers ,,as ,a ,,means ,,of ,,overcoming ,,labor ,,shortage ,the ,committee on ,labor1 ,advisory ,commission of the ,council of ,national ,defense1 of which ,samuel ,gompers is chairman1 authorizes the following from the ,official ,bulletin of ,august #ad3 ,the grave situation of shortage of labor 7it now being estimated that there is a shortage of #bej1jjj skilled workers#c7 is being met by a new quick method of training operatives4 ,all over the country1 day by day1 one factory after another falls into line and puts in a training department to train its own people--the same sort of quick1 intensive-training plan to meet the same sort of situation which the regulations in ,france prescribe for every manufacturer employing #cjj people or more1 and the ,english ministry of munitions requires in its contracts for materials4 ,and the situation must be met in greater degree and substantially all factories must train their workers if the #gej1jjj new skilled workers which the country needs by ,january #a are skilled and efficient and standing at their job by that time4 #c ,note3 ,september #cj1 now estimated #ejj1jjj4 ,,proved ,,by ,,the ,,factories ,to-day #ajjd important factories making war orders are proving that it is possible to train their own men4 ,they do not assume to teach a worker a whole trade in the brief time available4 ,they do teach him by the methods of the training department how to master one process or one machine in a few weeks or a few days4 ,these #ajj factories are spending1 or preparing to spend1 at the rate of #a1ejj1jjj solely in this business of intensive training of new workers4 ,this training investment is not an expense1 as the training is immediately upon production and the product from the training room is expected to equal that in the factory4 ,all the training departments mentioned are on a production basis at all times1 with speed and accuracy as the watchword4 #d ,note3 ,september #cj1 now #bjj4 ,,declaration ,,of ,,policy ,one year ago that section of the committee on labor of the ,council of ,national ,defense which has been instrumental in developing the training department or vestibule schools above noted recorded the following as its declaration of policy3 8,the ,section on ,industrial ,training for the ,war ,emergency is concerned with industrial training only as a war measure4 ,it is not concerned with vocational education in general4 ,in all cases in the existing crisis shortage of labor must be met first by training operatives from allied trades who are unemployed and by advancing operatives of ability from lower to higher positions in the occupation itself4 ,for instance1 apprentices should be advanced rather than outsiders4 ,it is possible that many sewing women will be without work1 and many men in the building trades4 ,for all such1 new and fitting places must be developed where possible4 ,non-wage earners must not be trained to take places for which unemployed wage earners may reasonably be trained40 ,at the same time the section on industrial training stated the following to be its plan and scope3 #a4 ,increased use of the public vocational schools through the co-operation of local manufacturers4 ,this is being done very fortunately in ,worcester1 ,bridgeport and some other cities4 #b4 ,introduce new workers1 men and women1 into industry through these schools4 #c4 ,arrange for the training of present mechanics and others in existing workrooms in connection with regular production1 and by more scientific procedure than heretofore4 #d4 ,as of particular importance1 act as a clearing house1 that the judgment and experience1 good and bad1 in each locality may be available to all4 ,the section on industrial training1 a part of the welfare division of the committee on labor1 is composed of one-third representatives of labor1 one-third employers and one-third experts in factory training4 ,state committees similarly organized have been developed where war products are being made4 ,there are at present nine associate branch committees of the section on industrial training1 which are ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 ,new ,england1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania and ,wisconsin4 ,,keeping ,,check ,,on ,,training ,the section recommends three checks on the factory training department1 to be made daily by report3 #a4 ,how many operatives are sent into the factory8 7,if this were the only test they might be sent in too fast and only partly trained47 #b4 ,cost1 net1 after crediting production which should equal the shop average4 #c4 ,wastage4--,there should be none4 ,there should be #ajj per cent4 ,government inspection4 ,these training departments1 because of the thorough training given1 have yielded from #aj to #dj per cent4 increase in production1 both for men and women1 and the labor turnover has been reduced materially thereby4 ,great care has been taken to advocate that unemployed men be adapted and trained in new trades for the period of the war and that unskilled men be educated wherever possible before resorting to the employment of women4 ,,possibilities ,,of ,,development ,as an indication of the possibilities of this development1 the experience of the ,state of ,new ,jersey co-operating with this section may be cited4 ,in order to overcome possible objection which labor might have to the introduction of emergency training a program was agreed on1 after a series of conferences1 which was heartily approved by all the employers and by the representatives of the employees4 ,some of the clauses of this agreement are as follows3 8,all skilled labor available within the surrounding territory should be brought into the essential war industries before it is unduly diluted by the introduction of unskilled labor4 ,when such dilution is necessary1 and in the opinion of the committee that time has already arrived1 the more skilled activities should be supplied by training those already at work and successful in handling the lesser skilled activities of the same general type4 ,the lesser skilled activities should be supplied by training those already skilled in non-essential activities and not engaged at present in essential war industries1 and who1 because of such skill1 are peculiarly capable of quickly learning the rudiments of the new activities4 8,exploitation of labor and reduction of wages through dilution for war purposes is to be avoided1 and to this end persons brought into an essential industry1 or promoted from one grade of work to another1 are to be paid the prevailing rate of wages for the class of work for which they have been trained1 after a training period of reasonable duration4 8,dilution of labor by the employment of women when necessary is recommended1 provided women receive wages equal to men for the class of work performed by them1 and provided the working conditions surrounding their activities are carefully controlled for their comfort and well-being40 ,,eliminating ,,housing ,,problem ,one interesting result of training resident unemployed is the practical elimination of the housing problem in certain instances4 ,this is exemplified in the city of ,detroit1 where it is estimated that #ej1jjj additional mechanics will be needed before the end of the year4 ,if those now engaged in the war plants could be advanced to more skilled positions1 and their places be filled by present residents of ,detroit engaged in non-essential or unskilled industries1 or those not now at work1 the need for housing of the #ej1jjj mechanics with their families could be1 if not entirely1 at least1 in part1 eliminated4 ,all who have tried these intensive methods of training are happily surprised at the shortness of time required to make skilled operatives for precision work in tool room and factory of men from non-essential trades and of the more intelligent women now entering industry for the war4 ,,activities ,,of ,,the ,,chairman ,to stimulate effort and arouse interest in training the idle and potential workers in each community1 as well as to facilitate the up-grading of the old operatives1 the sectional chairman has traveled from one manufacturing center to another for the past #ab months1 addressing leading metal1 machine-tool1 and other manufacturers' associations4 ,he has also actually assisted in the establishment of vestibule ,training ,departments in the plants4 ,both single shops and great industrial communities are acting upon the advice of this section1 which will furnish experts for investigation and planning upon request4 ,,pratt ,,institute',s ,,national ,,service ,,courses ,,in ,,machine ,,work ,as a contribution to industrial training for the war emergency1 ,pratt ,institute is conducting day and evening courses in ,machine ,work1 which have been especially organized to serve the present need for increased productive efficiency in this country's machine shops4 ,these courses are designed to aid ambitious machine shop workers of limited development1 including machine operators1 bench hands and machinists' helpers1 who wish to extend and broaden their practical ability as a means to personal advancement in the trade1 increased earning power and fuller service to production4 ,pratt ,institute's ,machine ,shop has been continuously employed to maximum capacity for this instruction since the entry of the ,united ,states into the war4 ,the ,machine ,work comprises six graded courses1 each of which requires for its completion six weeks1 if taken as a full-time day course1 seven hours per day1 or if taken as an evening course1 twenty-four weeks1 three evenings per week1 two hours per evening4 ,day students register and pay tuition for six weeks1 and evening students for twelve weeks4 ,new classes are started at frequent intervals4 ,a student may start in any course for which he is qualified1 and may enroll for additional courses1 either consecutively1 or at some later time1 if he finds it desirable to withdraw temporarily4 ,students are permitted also to transfer at any time from the day to the evening course or vice versa1 with full credit for work already performed4 ,the instruction is adapted to the individual4 ,men capable of following directions without excessive damage to material or equipment are put on productive work4 ,men who have not reached this degree of efficiency are commonly assigned exercises4 ,about #ge per cent4 of the work is productive4 ,production is introduced as a means to greater efficiency in training4 ,courses in ,wooden ,boat and ,shipbuilding1 ,marine ,engineering1 ,gasoline ,engine ,maintenance and ,operation1 ,machine ,drawing and ,design1 ,ship ,drafting1 ,chemical ,laboratory ,practice1 in addition to an extensive list of day and evening trade and technical courses1 all of which are of special service in the war emergency1 are being conducted4 7,signed7 ,,samuel ,s4 ,,edmands4 ,illustration3 ,pratt ,institute's ,machine ,shop has been employed to capacity since our entry into the war4 ,illustration3 ,pratt ,institute4 ,note the 8older men40 ,illustration3 ,pratt ,institute 7,brooklyn7 is conducting day and evening courses in machine work4 ,illustration3 ,pratt ,institute4 ,ambitious machine shop workers go out from here to give fuller service in production4 ,,boardman ,,trade ,,school ,the ,boardman ,apprentice ,shop1 under which name ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 operates a ,trade ,school1 is doing its share toward meeting the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled help and plans are being made to further this work4 ,the 8,shop0 teaches many trades under actual trade conditions1 but as the most pressing need is for machine workers this trade only will be considered in this article even to the exclusion of the drafting department1 second in importance1 and results to the machine department4 ,primarily this ,trade ,school is operated to teach boys1 but the evening continuation classes have grown in importance year by year until they have reached the present high standard of efficiency4 ,the machine department trains fifty boys in the day course and under normal conditions the boy graduates after #d1hjj hours of study1 seventy-five per cent4 being trade practice and twenty-five per cent4 academic study4 ,at present many boys leave before the completion of their course to enter local munition factories4 ,these boys are in great demand and even after a few months of training are found extremely useful in those factories4 ,the boys who complete their studies and receive their diplomas are largely sought for tool room work4 ,thus the school is supplying more trained hands than the number of boys and length of course would indicate and that is but part of the story4 ,these boys work eight hours a day1 forty-four hours a week1 fifty weeks a year1 and produce real machinery practically all of which goes into the munition plants4 ,one lot of forty-five ,horizontal ,tappers was built and boxed and ready for shipment to ,glasgow for use on ,british munitions long before cargo space was available4 ,the boys build two sizes of screw slotting machines1 two sizes of horizontal tapping machines1 lathes1 slide rests1 drill press vises and hundreds of small cutters4 ,they have built and shipped about six hundred machines1 not including slide rests and vises4 ,the screw slotters and tapping machines are of a type in great demand for munition factories1 being particularly serviceable for use on fuse parts1 small arms and government hardware4 ,thus1 the school1 while following its basic plan1 is supplying the country's vital needs in training boys and at the same time making an essential product4 ,in addition1 further use of the equipment is secured by the operation of night continuation classes for twenty-five weeks in the year4 ,the classes are operated six nights per week and ,saturday afternoon with instructors taken from the local factories under one of the regular day force4 ,men in all stages of experience1 ambitious apprentices1 unskilled clerks1 drivers1 porters1 etc41 who wish to enter the local munition factories come to these classes4 ,as an instance of extremes we may take the case of a painter of sixty who entered the ,marlin ,rockwell ,corporation on machine work after two seasons of study2 and the case of an experienced toolmaker taking advantage of the equipment to learn some new operations so as to fit himself for a higher grade of work4 ,both men made good4 ,machinists take the continuation course so that they may qualify as toolmakers4 ,four classes of fifty men--making a total of two hundred men--are taught in the night classes4 ,the results have been so satisfactory that these classes will be continued and if the demand warrants women will be given instruction upon specified evenings4 ,the school management believes that the day is coming when women will receive a far greater share of trade instruction4 ,plans are in operation to increase the efficiency of the school by teaching special classes4 ,for instance1 a class in the use of measuring instruments and gauges would prove valuable and reduce1 in a great measure1 the time taken in training the unskilled men and women taking up factory work4 ,large numbers can be handled in such courses4 ,the school is prepared to take crippled and disabled resident soldiers in any of its trade courses1 night or day1 when the demand comes4 ,since this article was prepared1 orders for fifty ,no4 #a screw slotters and twelve ,no4 #a vertical tapping machines have been booked at this school4 ,this order of twelve tapping machines will go directly into an optical factory for use on government supplies4 ,,frank ,r4 ,,lawrence1 ,acting ,director4 ,september #af1 #aiah4 ,illustration3 ,,boardman ,,apprentice ,,school1 ,,new ,,haven4 ,milling the 8tailstock0 on a motor-driven vertical milling machine4 ,a natural mechanic 7one out of every fifteen that apply can be classed as such71 #ad years old4 ,has been an apprentice about four months4 ,is doing work usually done by boys of eighteen months' experience4 ,illustration3 ,,boardman ,,apprentice ,,school1 ,,new ,,haven4 ,boring is an advanced branch of the machine trade1 and requires great skill to successfully complete an accurate piece of work4 ,a boy must complete #d1jjj hours before he is advanced to this operation1 and not then unless we consider him competent to do this accurate work4 ,the 8head0 and 8tail0 of this machine must 8line0 to 4#jja of an inch in #ah inches1 and therefore must be bored until all the 8spring0 is out of the boring bar4 ,this boy1 age #ae1 is making a measurement with a spring caliper to ascertain proper size before reaming4 ,illustration3 ,,boardman ,,apprentice ,,school1 ,,new ,,haven4 ,scraping beds--a difficult art4 ,notice the standard ,brown ,sharpe surface plate at the left4 ,the surface of these beds must show an #he per cent bearing1 the tailstocks scraped to fit the same4 ,these boys are about #ad years old1 and have served six months' apprenticeship4 ,illustration3 ,,boardman ,,apprentice ,,school1 ,,new ,,haven4 ,planing 8head40 ,it is one of the advanced operations and requires much care in machining4 ,the slot shown must be absolutely in line with the boxes1 and they are tested with an aligning bar after planing4 ,this boy is #af years old1 and will graduate in about two months4 ,,dayton ,,industrial ,,institute ,dayton1 ,ohio ,the ,dayton ,industrial ,institute was established to replace the vestibule schools in the following plants3 ,the ,dayton ,engineering ,laboratories ,co41 the ,domestic ,engineering ,co41 the ,dayton ,metal ,products ,co41 and the ,dayton ,wright ,airplane ,co4 ,although the school has been fostered by the above companies1 any manufacturer in ,dayton is at liberty to send students to the school under certain regulations4 ,the ,directors of the several companies thought it advisable to segregate the training school from the plants1 and combine the school under one directing head4 ,most gratifying results have been obtained since the opening of the school ,january #a1 #aiah4 ,during the past seven months over #ejj persons1 from all walks of life1 have been trained for factory work4 ,about #bjj of this number were women4 ,in addition to the large number of people trained1 over #ajj1jjj pieces of commercial product have been manufactured1 which passed the most rigid factory inspection4 ,a large percentage of the work has been parts of war products1 such as detonator bodies1 ,liberty motor ignition parts1 inspection gauges for war materials1 crank shafts1 cam shafts1 motor truck parts1 etc41 as well as airplane parts1 consisting of ribs1 fins1 stabilizers1 wheel covers1 etc41 for the ,de,haviland fighting plane4 ,would it not be advisable for manufacturers in some communities1 and especially for small manufacturers1 to pool their interests in regard to industrial training1 in order that the schools may be a peace time asset1 as well as to satisfy a war time emergency8 ,,wright-,,martin ,,aircraft ,,corporation ,the ,wright-,martin ,aircraft ,corporation has two shop training departments1 one at the ,long ,island ,city plant and the other at the plant in ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,both plants are engaged in the manufacture of a high-grade aeroplane engine4 ,each training department occupies about #aj1jjj square feet of floor space in buildings separate from the factories4 ,they are equipped with modern machinery tooled up for production1 the machines and equipment being of the same type as that in the factory proper4 ,the primary purpose of these departments is to train women1 also men1 for the needs of the factory1 upon production work1 assembly1 inspection1 shop clerk work and tool crib tending4 ,it is the aim of the ,instruction ,department to train the learner to do her work habitually correct1 both as to quantity and quality4 ,with this in mind the training rooms are miniature factories equipped with lathes1 automatic screw machines1 hand screw machines1 ,j4 ,l4 ,turret ,lathes1 hand millers1 plain millers1 sensitive drills1 upright drills1 radial drills1 plain grinders1 internal grinders and bench equipment4 ,jigs and fixtures and the operation tool equipment necessary for the production work are used on these machines1 that those being trained may become entirely familiar with the tools they are required to handle when they go into the shop4 ,the machines and the operation tool equipment were selected after the complete layout of the main operations had been carefully gone over and the operations that women could perform were listed4 ,considerable care has been used in selecting the learners and the class of women under training are of good type4 ,a number of these have worked in shops before2 others have been in offices4 ,our experience has been that our most successful women are those who have had to work for their living1 either in shops or offices1 up to the time they entered our employ4 ,the range of ages preferred varies from #ba to #ce4 ,the first few hundred women selected were about #ce years of age1 the maturity and judgment going with such an age being of value in stabilizing later conditions when hundreds more1 of a more general sort1 will be employed4 ,many of the women are mothers1 wives1 or relatives of those at the front4 ,the training is given upon actual factory production in the manufacture of parts that enter into the construction of the motor4 ,such manufacturing furnishes an excellent medium for instruction in the various branches above mentioned1 and holds both the learner and the instructor up to the factory requirements4 ,the standards of the factory are the standards of the training department both as to quantity and quality4 ,work is routed to the ,instruction ,department according to the regular shop forms and the finished product is transferred from the ,instruction ,department in the same manner as work is transferred within the factory1 the ,instruction ,department receiving credit for what it does4 ,so far1 women are being trained at a rate equal to the demands of the factory1 which is fast approaching #abj per week1 this being the approximate weekly training capacity of the training department4 ,in some branches of work it takes four days to train1 in others ten days1 the length of time varying according to the time it takes the learner to reach the average hourly production4 ,records of production1 while under training1 are plotted on cross section paper and when the learner has reached the average hourly production she is declared trained in that particular line4 ,in some cases women after two or three days' training have done #be per cent4 higher than the average hourly production stated for the job4 ,records of salvage are also kept as a check on such training1 and every effort is made to combine a steep production curve and a minimum salvage curve with good training4 ,the salvage records of the learners are remarkably low1 some weeks averaging much less than #a per cent41 the highest being less than that in the factory itself4 ,after the women have been transferred to the factory their progress is kept track of for at least one week1 to make sure that they are following the instructions given in the training room4 ,those who do not make good after training are assigned back to the training room for further instruction1 or for such disposition as the chief instructor may see fit4 ,regularly1 during the week1 the learners are given general lectures1 talks and instructions on matters that relate to their training1 that they may be more generally fitted for the line of work into which they are to be transferred4 ,the results obtained have been very interesting4 ,the women are very enthusiastic and the foremen are highly pleased4 ,in one branch the foreman advised1 when asked how things were going3 8,you can give me thirty more women right away2 they are all right10 ,in another branch a foreman advised that he would not exchange a good share of the women in his department for an equal number of the best men he had on his floor4 ,the instruction in each training room is given by four male instructors1 with women assistants2 the women assistants having been selected from the best of those who have been trained within the department4 ,the men instructors are all first class mechanics1 especially capable on production work and teaching4 ,the instructors are regularly interviewed from time to time1 and the work they are doing is carefully reviewed1 with the purpose of building them up as efficient instructors4 ,as a part of the training program at ,new ,brunswick an evening school is conducted for the men in the company's employ4 ,the instruction work given consists of technical studies related to the mechanical trades1 and includes blue-print reading1 shop drawing1 shop mathematics and clerical work in its different branches4 ,this is used in conjunction with a promotion program1 whereby men who are capable are promoted into various openings as they occur1 requiring more skill of the same sort they already have4 7,signed7 ,,james ,f4 ,,johnson1 ,chief ,instructor4 ,illustration3 ,being trained upon an engine lathe to accuracy of one-thousandth4 ,illustration3 ,learning to operate the radial drill presses ,wright-,martin ,aircraft ,corp4 ,illustration3 ,training on the job in shop4 ,wright-,martin ,aircraft ,corp4 ,illustration3 ,being trained upon a ,james ,lamson machine4 ,wright-,martin ,aircraft ,corp4 ,,winchester ,,repeating ,,arms ,,company ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,manifestly1 all large employers of labor must train their help to a greater or less degree4 ,it has always been the practice of the ,winchester ,company to do a great deal of this training1 but until the past few years it had all been done in the shops or office where the candidate was to work4 ,for many years it has been the practice to take intelligent boys and young men in the office with the idea of continually promoting them to more responsible positions after they became competent and the positions developed where they might be used4 ,our graduate apprentices1 adjusters and tool setters have been so well trained that they have always been sought for by competitive concerns4 ,since the war1 and especially during the past six or eight months1 it has become increasingly necessary to develop the training of employees to the greatest extent4 ,where formerly help might be obtained who had1 at least1 some knowledge of machines and shop practice1 it is now necessary to take help who have absolutely no knowledge of factory work and teach them to become skilled4 ,in addition1 this must be done in the least possible time4 ,to take care of this condition1 we have developed in addition to our regular apprentice course1 a training course for administrative and executive positions1 an ,office ,school1 a ,gun ,department ,adjuster's ,shop1 a ,cartridge ,department ,training ,shop and ,tool ,department ,training ,shop4 ,the regular apprentice course is designed to give complete training for machinists1 gauge makers1 tool and fixture makers1 etc4 ,the course which ordinarily requires three years to complete has recently been shortened so that some of the boys are graduated in two years4 ,it is the desire to give thorough instruction in the practical work mentioned above4 ,the average enrollment is approximately #ij4 ,the training course for administrative and executive positions is designed to cover briefly such shop and office practice as will give the broadest general knowledge that is likely to be required of those in the more important positions in the administrative organization4 ,this class consists of only about a dozen men who are picked with all possible care4 ,,office ,,school ,the ,office ,school under competent instructors consists of a group of clerks who do the complete work of making up pay roll1 labor distribution cards1 etc41 for a number of factory shops which were chosen because of their having respective classes of work4 ,prospective clerks are taken into this school1 trained on pay roll work1 transferred to the ,central ,pay ,roll ,division as help is needed4 ,in addition to this school for pay roll clerks1 model shop offices are being established in each of the major departments where correct methods will be carefully taught4 ,it is our aim to have all shop clerks pass through one of these model shop offices to receive their training1 as this will insure standard methods and proper following of procedures4 ,these model shop offices will also act as reservoirs on which to draw to supply vacancies caused by absences among the regular shop office staff4 ,,gun ,,department ,,adjuster',s ,,shop ,the shop for training adjusters for the ,gun ,department is designed to teach men how to adjust the type of machines to which they are to be assigned for all classes of work which may be run upon them4 ,this training should ordinarily take from two to four weeks1 but many times it has seemed desirable to graduate candidates more quickly than this2 if they are bright and intelligent it has proven satisfactory to do so4 ,no attempt has been made to train operators in the ,gun ,department except in the shops where they are to work4 ,most of this work can be learned in a very few days under the instruction of a well trained adjuster4 ,,cartridge ,,training ,,shop ,the ,cartridge ,training ,shop was designed to train adjusters and tool setters1 and some operators4 ,due to the great number of new employees1 it has been impossible to have all tool setters and adjusters pass through this school1 but it is hoped that in the near future we may be able to train an increasing percentage of them here4 ,such men as have received this training have shown beyond doubt that they have been much benefited by it1 and that it is most desirable to expand it to include as many of this class of workmen as possible4 ,some operators have been trained in the ,cartridge ,training ,school with excellent results1 but most of the work is relatively simple and the training has been satisfactorily done in the shop to which the new employees have been assigned4 ,,tool ,,department ,,training ,,shop ,a new ,tool ,department ,training ,shop is just being started for the purpose of training operators on lathes1 milling machines1 planers1 grinders1 etc4 ,at first we tried to train this kind of help in the ,apprentice ,shop1 but because of the fact that the kind of instruction was so vastly different1 it has been decided impractical4 ,in the one case1 we wish to give very complete1 broad instructions1 and in the other1 the desire is to train for one kind of work only in the least possible time4 ,,manufacturing ,,tool ,,shops ,we have two shops working night and day offering facilities for the training of unskilled people in certain lines of tool work4 ,these people are taken in totally without experience1 and placed under the tutelage of our best mechanics1 and trained quickly as specialists4 ,within a remarkably short time they are capable of producing all sorts of tools used in the production of guns and ammunition1 thus relieving the general tool shop of a great volume of work which would otherwise require the services of skilled tool makers4 ,from the forces in these shops we are able to recruit the more advanced men for gauge1 jig and fixture work4 ,we consider these shops one of the best examples possible of training upon a productive basis4 ,aside from the regular training courses as outlined1 there are many instructors throughout the shops whose duty it is to explain the best ways of doing the various tasks to which employees are assigned4 ,it has been our intent throughout1 in choosing instructors1 to select those who are real teachers1 having the necessary patience and human understanding required to successfully do work of this kind4 ,the regular source through which we train toolmakers is the ,apprentice ,shop4 ,this shop has an enrollment of #abe boys1 who are trained in a three-year course to become expert all-round mechanics4 ,in addition to this1 two of our largest shops1 of #bej men each1 have during the past year and a half conducted special training courses for green men on the more elementary work of toolmaking4 ,the purpose of these courses is to train men who have had no mechanical experience to the point where they can be used to free more expert men from all routine and simple work4 ,these men are started on a lathe grinder or milling machine4 ,those men who show special aptitude are taught how to use two or more machines1 while the rest are trained to operate only a single type4 ,by means of our special course of instruction it is possible to train new men in a period of a week to four weeks1 depending on the man and on the kind of work for which he is being trained4 ,during the last year and a half over #ejj men have been trained in this way4 ,recently #fj men were trained in one month4 ,the best of these are advanced to more difficult work1 and some of them even become third class toolmakers4 ,in addition to this work1 we have been training girls since last ,march to do machine work4 ,these girls have hitherto been sent directly to the ,apprentice ,shop and there given a week's training on a lathe or a milling machine on repetition work4 ,after this they were transferred to one of the regular shops where they have done extremely good work4 ,in addition to the training of expert toolmakers and mechanics for the ,tool ,department1 we are also training mechanics for the ,gun and ,cartridge ,departments4 ,each of these departments has a school or training department containing representative machines and in these schools men are given a course of instruction lasting from one to two months4 ,this prepares them to go out into the shops and take care of a group of machines1 keeping them in repair1 supplied with proper tools1 and generally in good running order4 ,third1 since the above was still not sufficient to fill our requirements1 it was decided to start a regular training shop in which to train machinists and toolmakers1 as well as gauge-makers4 ,these men were to be trained in the use of three or four machines2 the lathe1 miller1 planer1 shaper and grinder4 ,they were to do the more simple work on these machines1 but still1 work that was not repetition4 ,in just three weeks after the plan had been accepted1 the space was secured1 and the equipment of #cj machines1 tools1 and everything which goes with a complete shop1 including overhead shafting1 was installed4 ,moreover1 a complete set of drawings representing #dj typical operations was made and blue-printed1 and these will serve as a plan of instruction4 ,on ,monday morning1 three weeks after the plan was approved1 the shop1 with a complete personnel of foremen and instructors1 began operation4 ,it is planned to turn men out in from three to five weeks4 ,in all our work the emphasis is on production4 ,training wherever possible is given on actual production work4 ,this not only makes possible training of a very practical nature1 but also helps to lessen the cost of the instruction4 7,signed7 ,l4 ,o4 ,,pethick1 ,personnel ,superintendent4 ,illustration3 ,,newly ,,trained ,,operator --,,tool ,,training ,,shop-- ,illustration3 ,,girl ,,lathe ,,operator --,,cutting ,,tool ,,shop-- ,,brown ,,sharpe ,,manufacturing ,,company ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,in our own experience1 without doubt1 much more attention has been given by foremen and fellow-workmen to the supervision of women's work than has been given to the average male employee in the past1 the assumption being that a woman1 having less mechanical background and intuition than a man1 required more training and more specific instructions4 ,this has been the reason advanced by some foremen in explaining why women were doing better work and had 8broken in0 more quickly than men1 and they have added1 8,if we had given the same kind of attention to each new man employed1 he would have done just as well as the girl02 this is1 after all1 an admission on the part of the foreman that he had not in the past helped all he could1 and an indirect compliment to the girl having much significance4 ,it may be noted1 however1 that at the time when such comparisons were made the average man who could be secured was of an unsatisfactory and irresponsible class1 as so few trained or competent men were available for positions in the industries1 while1 on the other hand1 in hiring girls a selection from a large number of applicants could be made1 so that it was possible to obtain a much better average having the qualities to make successful workers4 ,experience has shown that there are advantages in having both men and women in the same department1 as it tends to hold the same standard of workmanship and speed for women as for men1 while it is believed that having a separate department for women may establish a separate and lower standard1 the tendency being to make more allowance for women because of sex4 ,the results seem to show that it is not at all necessary that separate standards should be established and that in some lines of work even more can be expected of women than of men because of their nimble fingers and quickness of motion4 ,as to questions of discipline1 where the two sexes are employed in the same work-room1 little or no difficulty is experienced under capable foremanship4 ,actual results have proved that the fears in the minds of some that there would be opposition on the part of foremen and workmen to the employment of women in the shop were ungrounded4 ,a foreman remarked to a visitor3 8,see that girl working beside the man assembling speed indicators8 ,she is working with him so as to learn all the requirements1 and he knows that she is to have his job as soon as she has become sufficiently proficient1 but he is helping her in every way possible4 ,of course1 we shall find other work for the man2 and often1 with the present shortage of help1 such a change of work can be in the line of promotion40 ,this illustrates the spirit which is practically universal throughout the shop1 and which has been an important factor in bringing about the success of the plan4 ,while the money question--the earning power--is uppermost in the minds of the majority1 many of the women show also a distinct ambition to equal or excel men in the work they do4 ,soon after the employment of women was begun in the gear department1 a girl who was cutting sprockets on a gear-cutting machine became discouraged and said she was afraid she could not make a success of the job4 ,her foreman was surprised and said to her1 8,we have not made any complaint as to your work1 have we80 8,no10 she said1 8but the man who worked on the night job turned out #aje pieces1 while the best ,i could do was only #he pieces a day40 ,her foreman asked if she realized that the man on the night force was working three hours more per day than she was1 and after learning this she felt less discouraged with the results she had obtained4 ,in the gear department where a number of girls have been 8broken in0 in operating gear-cutting machines1 the foreman said that they had taken hold as quickly as the average man1 and some of them are doing exceptionally good and intelligent work4 ,this has partly resulted from the girls being thrown as rapidly as possible on their own resources1 being taught to set up their machines1 working from a blue-print1 to measure their work1 and do everything that had previously been required of the operator4 ,a criticism has recently been made of some of the departments to the effect that the foremen were giving so much supervision to the women's work that they were not thrown sufficiently on their own resources1 and thus were not trained to be responsible for the work in hand4 ,this again speaks well for the women1 as showing that there is a growing appreciation of their ability to do more advanced work than had at first been expected4 ,in inspection work a field has been found for women in which they are making an exceptionally good showing4 ,the chief inspector was asked whether women were learning to read the micrometer caliper4 ,he replied that they learned to read it and read it accurately1 in a very short time1 and that the work passing through their hands showed much discrimination as to the points criticised4 ,he pointed to a pile of work rejected by one of the women inspectors and said1 8,i have just had a man go over this work1 and he has found that while the work failed to pass inspection for many reasons1 they were all good reasons40 ,he said further that in inspecting grinding work he was surprised at the quickness with which some of his women inspectors would pick out batches of work identifying them as coming from particular workmen whose work was known to be above the average4 ,in another department1 in inspecting measuring tools1 a similar condition was noted by the foreman1 and he stated that one of the girl inspectors recently told him that she liked to inspect the work of ,mr4 ,blank1 because it required so few rejections4 8,and10 remarked the foreman1 8she sized the situation up just right40 ,he also showed the writer the notes attached to a number of tools which had been held out by the woman inspector for corrections1 these criticisms showing much discrimination on her part1 and as good a degree of judgment as would have been expected from the experienced inspectors who had previously been doing the work4 ,it is thus found that in the class of inspection work where women are employed the standard is not lowered because of their employment4 ,already several women are employed in the toolmaking department4 ,one of these employees1 who was operating a lathe turning out tool-steel blanks for bits and reamers1 doing her own setting up and measuring1 evinced enthusiasm for machine shop work1 showing1 in reply to questions1 that her work was opening up a new field in which she took especial interest and she remarked1 8,no more housework for me10 with such feeling that it was evident her interests strongly leaned in a mechanical direction4 ,girls in the toolmaking department are working on universal milling machines1 surface grinders1 etc41 as well as lathes4 ,some of the younger girls throughout the works are employed as messengers4 7,signed7 ,l4 ,d4 ,,burlingame4 ,illustration3 ,operating automatic gear-cutting machines4 ,the girls are taught to set up their machines and make all measurements1 working from a blue-print4 ,brown ,sharpe ,mfg4 ,co4 ,illustration3 ,girls employed on polishing machines4 8,when they become proficient on polishing1 they are given more advanced work at 8hand-tooling10 etc41 on these machines4 ,brown ,sharpe ,mfg4 ,co4 ,illustration3 ,fluting reamers1 etc41 on ,universal milling machines in the toolmaking department4 ,brown ,sharpe ,mfg4 ,co4 ,illustration3 ,operating hand milling machines in the production of duplicate parts4 ,brown ,sharpe ,mfg4 ,co4 ,,toolroom ,,analysis ,what does tool room work consist of8 ,it can be separated into two divisions1 namely1 that which only the skilled toolmaker can do1 such as laying out1 fitting1 assembling and devising special setups4 ,the balance is machine work4 ,let us consider the latter and see what it consists of4 ,machines4 ,the machines used are generally the engine lathe1 the horizontal and vertical millers1 planers1 shaper1 plain1 flat and universal grinders1 drill press and filing machines4 ,hobbing and bench lathes may be added4 ,the ,lathe4 ,the lathe work usually consists in machining work preparatory to hardening and grinding4 ,this may be roughly divided into turning1 chucking and faceplate work4 ,the toolmaker frequently does all of this work4 ,let us relieve him of this work and use our semi-skilled man to do it for him4 ,let one man do the turning1 another the chucking and another the faceplate work4 ,where buttons are used the toolmaker sets them at the bench1 but the lathe hand can be instructed on the set-up and the use of the warbler and indicator4 ,the same method can be used on the milling machine in boring holes for bushings1 etc4 ,if there is not enough turning the same man can do the boring4 ,the whole result is the toolmaker can supervise1 or carry through1 a number of jobs at the same time4 ,the lathe hand saves time because he has his tools ground1 his straps1 parallels1 etc41 ready at hand and he knows his machine4 ,it is the writer's experience that more time is lost by the toolmaker in hunting for these accessories than it frequently takes to do the job4 ,the ,shaper4 ,on the shaper the work can be divided into roughing out and following an irregular line4 ,let us take a blanking die for an example4 ,the diemaker 7who works at the bench7 lays out the die on rough stock4 ,then it is roughed out to this layout4 ,next the tap-holes and swivel pins are drilled1 tapped and reamed4 ,now the diemaker can set his die up and lay it out more accurately to his turnplate4 ,the better shaper hand now machines the pieces to his lines and all the diemaker has to do is file the clearance on the cutting edge and remove tool marks4 ,in a sectional die he frequently leaves this for the grinder to do4 ,now the punch1 which has been roughed out1 is 8sheared0 and the machine hand machines the surplus stock from it to make it easier for the diemaker4 ,the head block1 shoe1 knockout plate1 sub-press pins1 and stripper have been machined and are ready for him4 ,the drill press hand does the drilling and reaming for the pins and springs1 also the tapping4 ,by this method of using the semi-skilled machine hands the skilled man can carry on five and more dies at the same time and not lose any time waiting for machines4 ,the ,miller4 ,the milling machine work can be divided into flat work1 cutting teeth in cutters1 reamers1 gears1 etc41 spiral cutting1 boring jigs and special outline work41 ,take the first two groups4 ,the semi-skilled operator can be easily trained for this work1 as it does not call for more difficult work than the use of the dividing head1 and there is always a chart for that4 ,spiral cutting can be taught1 as there is a chart for that4 ,cutting cams is more difficult but if there is enough of it the operators can be taught to do it4 ,the boring of drill jigs1 and similar work1 can be done by an operator because it is laid out beforehand by the toolmaker1 or diemaker in case it is a die4 ,the ,drill ,press4 ,the drill press work presents the same solution4 ,the skilled tool or diemaker makes the layout and then drills the holes to the layout4 ,why use the skilled man's time when a lower-priced1 and less valued1 operator can be used to drill to this same layout8 ,grinders4 ,the horizontal1 the plain 7or flat7 and the universal grinding machines have always had specially trained men so we need not consider them here4 ,special ,machines4 ,the remaining machines in the toolroom are generally special machines with men to operate them4 ,the toolmaker uses1 for the most part1 only the machines considered in this article4 ,training4 ,the question now arises1 8,where will these men be trained and who will train them80 ,i offer this answer4 ,men on these machines throughout the factory are semi-skilled in their use and are mostly on repetition work4 ,take the best of them and train them in the ,training ,department1 or in the tool room1 and replace them by new men in the factory4 ,results4 ,this method results in3 ,first1 enabling the skilled tool or diemaker to handle more work than if he had to do all the machine and layout work2 second1 increasing the output per machine1 for it stops the time lost through the machine's being idle and the tools being separated from the machine4 ,in this matter alone it presents a saving1 as it calls for only one set of tools per machine1 against a set for every man in the room who keeps them in his bench drawer most of the time2 third1 it eliminates the time lost by the skilled man's waiting around for a particular machine4 ,he is now able to plan one job after another and turn it over to the machine operator and thus devote all his time to work that an unskilled man cannot do4 7,signed7 ,,walter ,f4 ,,maddison1 ,director of ,industrial ,training4 ,,the ,,blanchard ,,machine ,,company #fd ,state ,street1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,as you know1 we have been running our ,training ,department for about five weeks only1 hence we are not in position to give you any definite information as to the value of it1 etc41 but from what we can see it will be undoubtedly a great help to us1 because all the unskilled help go to the instructor before being put into the shop4 ,those who have had some experience are put into the shop1 with the instructor to give them detailed information for as long a time as is necessary1 and to teach them the important parts of the work in hand4 ,this1 as you can imagine1 is more difficult in this shop where we do not manufacture large quantities than it would be in a shop where there was a uniform operation1 such as there would be on shells1 and work of that kind4 ,we have taken cabinetmakers and taught them to run boring mills2 blank book salesmen to assemble units for our ,,surface ,,grinders2 shoemakers to assemble units for ,,surface ,,grinders2 carpenters to run turret lathes1 and plain helpers or sweepers to break in on ,surface and ,floor ,motor ,grinders4 ,we also have a number of women in the shop whom we have taken in without their having any previous experience in machine work1 and taught them various operations1 such as broaching1 bench work1 drilling1 turning bevel gears1 vise work1 cutting long threads1 and work of a similar nature1 and have found them very satisfactory on this class of work4 ,we have endeavored to teach them the rudiments of this work before putting them on to regular production work1 but after they master the first part of it1 all the work that is done is on a regular production basis1 and we have found in a great many cases that they have been able to reduce the time taken per piece to a very marked degree over what has formerly been taken by men4 ,i send herewith eight photographs of our operatives that have been broken into skilled work of various kinds throughout our shop1 that has previously been done by men skilled in the particular line involved4 ,we think that some of these are almost remarkable1 when we consider what our attitude was two years ago on work of this kind1 refusing absolutely to put anyone on who had not been skilled in the particular line involved4 7,signed7 ,,winfield ,w4 ,,blakeman1 ,superintendent4 ,illustration3 ,assembly of our caliper device used in connection with our high-power vertical-surface grinder1 for fine measurements on parts being surface ground4 ,done by 8a man #fc years old1 a shoemaker by trade1 who has been on this work since ,june #bg1 #aiah1 and has learned in that time to completely assemble these delicate instruments1 making the proper adjustments1 lapping and doing a quality of work that passes a rigid inspection40 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,illustration3 ,thread-cutting operation on a feed screw for our surface grinder1 which is made from a forty-carbon steel1 is #bf inches long and has one-quarter inch pitch acme thread about two-thirds of its length that must be a close fit in a bronze unit4 ,done by 8a young lady1 who has been on this class of work since ,may #i1 #aiah1 has been able to take these screws from the rough stock1 turn them to grinding size and finally finish cutting the thread in a time that is less than was formerly taken by skilled machinists4 ,we think that this is one of the most remarkable jobs done by the women in our shop1 as this work requires very careful attention and unusual skill40 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,illustration3 ,assistant ,inspector4 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,done by 8a young girl of twenty years1 who has been assistant inspector since ,april #bi1 #aiah1 and while she does not understand all the technical phrases used in connection with1 work of this sort1 there is a very large percentage which is merely routine1 and if it does not pass the gauges provided she refers it to another man to put on production work40 ,illustration3 ,machinist4 ,operation of ,turret ,lathe4 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,done by 8a young man1 carpenter by trade 7not in draft71 having no previous experience on machinery but by keeping a uniform line of work going through this machine1 and giving him careful instructions1 he is able to almost equal that of a skilled operator4 ,he has been in our employ since ,january #i1 #aiah40 ,illustration3 ,finish turning of steel bevel gears to accurate dimensions1 using compound slide and producing a quality of work that will pass the most critical inspection4 ,done by 8a woman who had no previous experience on lathes and came to work in ,june of this year40 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,illustration3 ,graduating of the segment plates used on our high-power vertical surface grinder4 ,it calls for the use of an index head and making every fifth line three-sixteenths of an inch longer than the balance of the lines in the section1 using a gauge shown on the front of the machine for this purpose4 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,,done ,,by 8a young lady who had a small amount of experience assembling on automobile starters before she came to work for us on ,june #bd1 #aiah4 ,by setting up the machine and not giving her too difficult jobs1 she is able to about equal the time taken by the average man40 ,illustration3 ,jig drilling on a #bj-;inch upright drill that has previously been done by men4 ,blanchard ,machine ,co4 ,,done ,,by 8women operatives who are usually able to practically reach the time taken by the men on this work4 ,in a few cases where the men have had a longer period of experience they have been able to improve on the time taken by the women4 ,a great deal of this work calls for drilling and tapping1 as well as counterboring and spot facing40 ,,the ,,american ,,shell ,,company ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,in reference to our method of producing toolroom outfits most economically and with a large output3 ,this is chiefly accomplished by anticipating our machine shop requirements or demands far enough in advance so that the majority of work passing through the toolroom can be manufactured in quantities great enough to be produced economically1 and also bringing the toolroom work nearer to an actual manufacturing basis4 ,this also eliminates a lot of down or lost time1 including the unnecessary losses1 such as occur between jobs on work of this nature4 ,it also decreases the percentage of losses due to spoiled work as workers become more skilled in performing one kind of work rather than a number of different classes of work1 which is invariably the case in toolrooms4 ,we also find this gives us the opportunity to take advantage of present conditions and hire a man who sometimes is inclined to call himself a toolmaker1 although he is not an all-around man but is still quite suitable under our conditions of working4 ,we find1 too1 that on quantity production in toolroom1 we are in a position to effect some very great savings in time and money1 as it permits standard jigs and fixtures1 such as in ordinary manufacturing2 for instance1 we at one time machined all our flat tool bits made of high speed steel before hardening and grinding1 while our present method is to heat bars of steel in gas furnace and then punch out with die under heavy hammer or press4 ,this method alone in a couple of hours gives us a supply ahead that would ordinarily take one machine or more in continuous operation to produce4 ,the classes of work in toolroom are also segregated as much as possible2 we have one gang for machine repair and reconstruction only4 ,another gang does all the roughing work on tools and gauges so that the finishing work only on gauges is done by the gauge-makers who are also practically a separate gang4 ,the grinding of tools is under one skilled mechanic who is a working gang boss and leader of men trained to do this work only4 ,our tool supply is never permitted to get below the fixed minimum quantity1 and record of this condition is always before the toolroom foreman and maintained by his clerk4 ,his clerk is advised hourly on this through the disbursements which he receives from various shop cribs4 ,we also make a daily record of these same disbursements as against operations and production1 thereby keeping in close touch with this situation1 obviating any unnecessary tool wastage which very quickly may become extremely expensive1 and which also may cause dangerous delays in production in shop due to shortages in tool supply4 7,signed7 ,,george ,,de ,,laval1 ,vice-,president and ,general ,manager4 ,,westinghouse ,,electric ,,and ,,manufacturing ,,co4 ,east ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,until recently we have confined our training1 as such1 very largely to trades apprentices4 ,we have a four-year course for these as mechanics1 electricians and patternmakers4 ,until recently it has been our plan to train new employees in the section to which they were assigned1 upon the machines and work with which they were to be regularly connected4 ,the various shop departments have instructors picked from the best workmen to demonstrate machines and their operation1 when necessary4 ,what has already been said applies to both men and women1 and up to the present time we have done nothing more than this in the way of training men employees4 ,recently we have inaugurated a training course for women machine operators and a department has been equipped wherein these women are instructed in the operation of machine tools1 such as lathes1 drill press1 screw machines1 grinders and milling machines4 ,this department is also to train women who are to work on mechanical fitting4 ,in addition to this we have a training school for instructing women employees in electrical work1 such as winding1 taping1 soldering1 connecting and insulating4 ,these schools are primarily for beginners and it is the plan to obtain women for these training sections through our centralized ,employment ,department4 ,then1 when any manufacturing department wishes help1 it will obtain it from the training section4 ,the instructor from these training sections is a high-grade man assisted by women1 and these instructors are carefully selected from our own best employees4 ,the length of the training period runs from two to three days up to three to four weeks1 depending upon the difficulty of the occupation and the adaptability of the woman being trained4 ,we have also recently inaugurated a training school for women clerks and we have had for some time a training school for stenographers1 typists1 tracers and dictaphone operators4 ,we believe that preliminary training is very desirable for both men and women and that if equipment and space are allowable1 special training departments should be established wherever the nature of the work will permit it4 7,signed7 ,,robt4 ,l4 ,,wilson1 ,assistant ,general ,superintendent4 ,,norton ,,grinding ,,company ,below is a list of men from the ,norton ,co41 ,worcester1 taking a summer course in the ,worcester ,trade ,school to qualify in an eight weeks' course as all round machine hands4 ,five other factories are sending similar groups of employees4 ,their wages will soon be from #cj per cent4 to #ajj per cent4 more than ever before1 which indicates in a measure their increased service in the war emergency4 ,could anything indicate better than this group in training for all round machine hands1 and the statement of their previous experience which follows1 the necessity of bringing men like them into our factories1 first giving them an intensive training which develops their latent abilities8 ,name ,age ,previous education ,previous occupation ,a4 ,b4 #bd ,grammar ,school ,carpenter ,e4 ,r4 #cb ,grammar ,school ,laborer ,c4 ,m4 #cj ,high ,school1 #a year ,musician1 #i years ,c4 ,j4 #bd ,grammar ,school ,elastic ,dept4 ,o4 ,l4 #ah ,trade ,school1 #d years ,student ,i4 ,k4 #bd ,high ,school1 #a years ,scraper hand ,c4 ,d4 #bj ,high ,school1 #c years ,grocery clerk ,t4 ,j4 #dd ,grammar ,school ,painter ,a4 ,s4 #bg ,high ,school1 #d years ,adjusting glasses in optician's office ,d4 ,s4 #bj ,high ,school1 #a year ,assembling1 machine shop ,m4 ,o',b4 #db ,grammar ,school ,brushmaker for #cc yrs4 ,c4 ,k4 #cb ,high ,school1 #b years ,assembling1 machine shop ,o4 ,g4 #ai ,not given ,grading ,s4 ,g4 #ca ,norwich ,univ4 graduate ,civil engineer1 in business for himself ,m4 ,w4 #ag ,high ,school1 #a year ,turret lathe ,trade ,school1 #a year operator1 #b years ,j4 ,s4 #ba ,primary ,school ,moulder1 #a year ,l4 ,b4 #bj ,high ,school1 did not ,grocery clerk graduate ,m4 ,h4 #ah ,high ,school ,student ,m4 ,t4 #cc ,primary ,school ,a4 ,s4 #ch ,grammar ,school ,scene shifter in ,poli's ,theater ,i4 ,g4 #ai ,grammar ,school1 #b years ,student ,h4 ,m4 #bj ,not given ,carrying boxes1 ,logan1 ,swift ,brigham ,name ,former wage ,a4 ,b4 ,not stated ,e4 ,r4 #ah per week ,c4 ,m4 #bb or #bj week ,c4 ,j4 #ce;c per hour and piece work ,o4 ,l4 ,i4 ,k4 #de;c per hour ,c4 ,d4 #b4ge per day ,t4 ,j4 #cd;c per hour ,a4 ,s4 #e yrs4 at #ah week #i mos4 at #be week ,d4 ,s4 #cd;c per hour ,m4 ,o',b #d per day ,c4 ,k4 #ce;c per hour ,o4 ,g4 #ce;c per hour ,s4 ,g4 ,m4 ,w4 #bg;c per hour ,j4 ,s4 #c4ej per day ,l4 ,b4 ,not stated ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,t4 #ce;c per hour ,a4 ,s4 #ba per week ,i4 ,g4 ,h4 ,m4 #cj;c per hour ,illustration3 ,vertical ,milling--two weeks in school4 ,previous experience1 plumber and punch press operator4 ,norton4 ,illustration3 ,sharpening ,milling ,cutter on ,norton ,tool ,grinder--seven weeks in school4 ,previous experience1 two years boiler factory and teamster4 ,norton4 ,illustration3 ,,machinists' ,,class1 ,,norton ,,companies1 ,,at ,,worcester ,,trade ,,school1 ,,summer ,,of #aiah4 ,illustration3 ,,machinists' ,,class1 ,,norton ,,companies1 ,,at ,,worcester ,,trade ,,school1 ,,summer ,,of #aiah4 ,taking an eight-weeks' course of intensive training fitting them to take places in a general machine shop4 ,this course carries them much farther than machine operators4 ,illustration3 ,,female ,,employees ,,at ,,norton ,,company1 ,,worcester1 ,,mass41 ,,july1 #aiah1 ,,in ,,khaki ,,uniform4 ,illustration3 ,grinding on ,brown ,sharpe universal machine2 #e weeks in school2 previous experience1 designer in corset shop 7,norton74 ,illustration3 ,operating ,warner ,swasey turret lathe2 no previous experience in machine shop2 #h weeks in school and now earns #de cents per hour p4 w4 7,norton74 ,illustration3 ,learning bench work2 one of these men in school #f weeks2 previous to coming here owned a butcher shop 7,norton74 ,,detroit ,,steel ,,products ,,co4 ,detroit1 ,michigan ,some time ago it became necessary to increase the number of skilled mechanics in the steel spring business and a company in ,detroit segregated a group of handymen under a skilled mechanic to see if they could acquire the necessary skill in a period less than three years which was then the admitted necessary time for complete apprenticeship4 ,the plan had the assistance of a man trained in teaching methods but without large knowledge of the special business in hand4 ,after four weeks' training an operator was put on production work who equalled the average mechanic in this line of work and who in three months was leading the production of the shop4 ,this initial success led to the establishment of schooling as the proper method of securing skilled help in this factory4 ,the elements most desirable in industrial training are3 #a4 ,separation of the training department from production so as to avoid interference with production and also interference with the operators in training4 #b4 ,supplying a full knowledge of the special business or trade through an instructor fully trained4 #c4 ,supplying a full knowledge of teaching methods through an instructor who can act as a vehicle for the transfer of trade information in simple language to the new operators4 #d4 ,application of the students' time to learning one simple operation1 preferably on a subdivided operation4 #e4 ,application of the student's time to learning the free operation of the tool together with opportunity to try its operation on some personally chosen work4 #f4 ,satisfactory high scale of wage1 but one which can be exceeded in actual production4 #g4 ,encouragement to the operators and then more encouragement4 #h4 ,selection of suitable operators4 ,of all these the ones most overlooked are numbers #a1 #c and #f4 ,many managers think that good instruction can be given right in the producing departments1 whereas this has been proven to be a great interference with both production and schooling4 ,most attempts to use skilled mechanics as instructors has failed because they lacked the ability to properly convey to others the knowledge they possessed4 ,the assistance of a trained teacher has made the work of many mechanical instructors a real success4 ,the opinion that the company is doing a disinterested thing in training new operators has led some to believe that the wage scale for learners could be made very low4 ,one way to help a man to act like a gentleman is to dress him as such and treat him as far as possible as such4 ,the same holds true with operators in training4 ,the fact that they are rated well and trained by the best of mechanics1 on the best of tools1 in a shop with good surroundings1 means much in the final success of industrial training4 7,signed7 ,r4 ,s4 ,,drummond1 ,formerly ,vice-,president and ,general ,manager4 ,,scovill ,,manufacturing ,,co4 ,waterbury1 ,conn4 ,the training room of the ,scovill ,manufacturing ,company started ,april #a1 #aiah4 ,we train beginners on hand screw machines and engine lathes on plain turning4 ,the training for experienced workers is to teach toolsetters with some experience to be experts along special lines and otherwise developed in their work4 ,also workmen with some general experience in machine room work are taught to run engine lathes4 ,further developments in general machine room work is to be taken up later4 ,our best instructors are picked from those engaged in actual production or from promising pupils in the training school4 ,skill1 patience and teaching ability are the requirements of the teachers4 ,the best trainees are those recruited from other lines of work in the factory1 especially at this time1 and those impelled with the real sense of duty4 ,requirements3 ,average strength1 intelligence and a desire to learn4 ,the steady type is preferable to the more brilliant operator who lacks staying qualities4 ,the operators are trained in the class of work they are expected to follow1 and this training is valued in proportion as it increases production from the first in the production rooms1 and enables the operator to face actual working conditions without hesitancy and without fear of handling the machines4 ,the total cost of installation for our school to date has been approximately #b1jjj4 ,with us1 the cost of training 7being the amount paid operatives above their earnings while in the training room7 is approximately as follows3 ,engine lathe workers #cd average4 ,toolsetters #be average4 ,female screw machine operators #aj average4 ,the average number of female operators in the school is nine and their average length of time for training is eight days4 ,the male operators1 both engine lathe workers and toolsetters1 require from three to six weeks' training before they are sent out to the production rooms4 ,for tool room purposes we have not taken up the training of women and have only taken up the training of men along the lines of simple punch turning and straight work4 ,we find that the men we instruct in this line of work are very interested and stick closer to the job than the average apprentice in the tool room4 7,signed7 ,,wm4 ,,colina4 ,,the ,,recording ,,computing ,,machines ,,co4 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,several years ago we had over #bjj toolmakers in our tool room engaged upon high grade jigs1 fixtures1 gauges1 etc4 ,the demand for toolmakers became such that the men were leaving us and it became practically impossible to get an adequate supply of this highly skilled labor4 ,my engineers1 superintendents and myself made a study of the proposition and found that on the work that the tool room was doing it was unnecessary to employ such highly skilled labor on #gj per cent4 of the work on the average4 ,we1 therefore1 differentiated the work into its component elements and made a careful line of cleavage between the highly skilled work which the toolmakers were doing and the work which could be done by ordinary machinists4 ,we then brought in men who were machinists1 separating them into several necessary grades4 ,we had sufficient work of a minor character to keep the lower grades busy practically all the time4 ,we1 therefore1 taught them just how we wanted the work done4 ,as a result of this differentiation of the elements going to make up tool room work and the shaping of a distinct line of cleavage between the work requiring high skill and that requiring skill of a lesser grade1 we were able to reduce our toolmaking force to less than fifty4 ,i am sure that a close study of the work done in any tool room and a division of the work same as along the lines indicated above will result in a decrease of the number of toolmakers required4 ,august #g1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,c4 ,u4 ,,carpenter4 ,,ohmer ,,fare ,,register ,,company ,dayton1 ,ohio ,the training department occupies a space of #bex#fj feet and has the following equipment installed as a beginning3 #a #ac-;inch lathe4 #a #bj-;inch lathe4 #a #cf-;inch lathe4 #a ,no4 #e ,cincinnati ,milling ,machine4 #a ,no4 #bd ,osterlein ,milling ,machine4 #a ,no4 #e ,brown ,sharpe ,vertical ,milling ,machine4 #a #bd-;inch ,shaper4 #a ,bathe ,universal ,grinder4 #a #d-;foot ,cincinnati ,bickford ,radial ,drill4 #a #bj-;inch ,barnes ,drill4 #a ,brown ,sharpe ,hand ,screw ,machine4 #a #ad-;inch ,wet ,tool ,grinder4 ,about #cj feet of benches with vises1 etc4 ,at one end of the space they have an office and class room1 #aex#bj feet4 ,in it they have chairs1 blackboard1 drawing board1 etc4 ,it is their practice to assemble all of the students in the class room for a few minutes each day and give them short talks about the work and the fundamentals of the business4 ,these talks are made as pithy as possible and only one main fact is presented at a time4 ,they are taking in green help1 either from the laborers in the shop or hired from outside1 both men and women1 and are training them for machine operators and bench hands4 ,their conditions are such that they cannot do as many concerns do1 train for a single operation1 as they must make all-around operators4 ,their method is such that if the foreman of the lathe department is in need of a man he makes out a 8request for help0 form and has it sent to the school where his needs are supplied if possible2 the 8request for help0 is then sent to the ,employment ,agent stating that the request has been filled and the ,employment ,agent fills the vacancy in the school4 ,in teaching the names of parts of the various machines1 they are going to give each student a picture of the particular machine he is to work on2 these pictures are numbered and on a separate sheet are the names of the corresponding parts4 ,this is done so that they can be examined in the names of parts and not have the name in front of them to refer to4 ,only regular factory production which must pass inspection is used for instruction4 ,in regard to instructors1 they have taken a man from the tool room who is a mechanic and a good teacher4 ,he can handle any and all of the machines and has the ability to tell what he knows in a clear way that is readily understood4 ,most of the students in the training room at present have been hired from outside but as it is becoming better known among the men1 the laborers are applying for admission in rapidly increasing numbers4 ,they have several traveling salesmen1 office men and a few who have taken their degree4 ,these latter are not very satisfactory1 however--they are not nearly so amenable to instruction as are men who have been brought up to work4 ,their training period will probably extend from four or five days to as many weeks1 depending on the adaptability of the student and the difficulty of the machine for which they are being trained4 ,women have not yet been introduced on the heavier machines but it is intended to do so within the near future4 ,,course ,,for ,,lathe ,,operator ,names of parts of machine4 ,names of cutting tools and their uses4 ,how to set tool properly and why4 ,measuring instruments1 uses and how to read4 ,reading blue-prints4 ,tools used about and in conjunction with lathe4 ,files and filing4 ,starting and stopping machine4 ,changing spindle speed1 back gear1 etc4 ,starting and stopping various feeds4 ,changing feeds4 ,centering round shafting4 ,plain turning operations4 ,face plate work1 how set and centered4 ,grinding cutting tools1 clearance1 rake1 etc41 and reasons therefor4 ,cutting speeds and feed for various metals4 ,lubricants and coolants1 use and benefits4 ,care and upkeep of machine4 ,kinks and pointers4 7,signed7 ,e4 ,m4 ,,pierce1 ,supervisor of ,school4 ,,burroughs ,,adding ,,machine ,,company ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,the ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,company established in #aijg an apprentice school 7course four years7 which from its inception has proved an unqualified success4 ,our apprentices have also attended classes in the ,cass ,technical ,high ,school in ,detroit4 ,in the year #aiaf we instituted a course along similar lines to our apprentice course for our service men4 ,however1 the general shortage of skilled male help1 the loss of over #hjj men through the draft1 and the rapid expansion of our business has obliged us to supplement our force with a considerable amount of female help in order that the increased demand for our labor-saving product be met4 ,early in the present year1 therefore1 we established a school for unskilled female labor in connection with one of our departments engaged in the simpler operations4 ,as the young women pass through the ,employment ,department they are placed in this ,training ,school under the supervision of a competent instructor and are thoroughly grounded in the operation performed in that particular department4 ,while in this school their characteristics are studied and as they acquire proficiency and their ability develops1 they are assigned to more intricate and important work in the other departments throughout the factory4 ,the selection for these assignments is determined by their physical condition and their mechanical development and aptitude4 ,the instructor explains thoroughly the nature of the new employment1 points out the advantages accruing to the employees because of their increased earning capacities2 introduces them into the new department1 points out in detail the various operations conducted therein1 and painstakingly explains the scope of their new duties4 ,the following day they are started at their new operation1 and by frequent observation1 instruction and encouragements improve to a degree where they become expert in the one operation4 ,in this manner girls are gradually developed from the simpler burring and filing operations until we now employ them in departments performing such varied operations as indicated below4 ,spring-winding1 riveting machines1 drill-press and milling machines1 straightening of parts1 assembling of special features1 assembling and fitting type1 the erection of machines1 adjusting and inspecting machines1 assembling and adjusting motors1 punch press and hand and automatic screw machine work4 ,as the girls graduate from the starting department1 or school1 they don the regular shop uniform1 consisting of a suit of overalls1 and take their place alongside the men and under the same general conditions as to hours of labor and rates of pay4 ,this stepping-up method of training the unskilled females has been a success with us as far as it goes1 and has enabled us to increase our production #ej per cent4 for the current year in spite of the acute skilled labor situation4 ,from ,april #a1 when the training school was established1 up to the present time1 #dab young women have been received in ,department #ce1 and #bfj have been trained and transferred to other departments4 ,at all times there are about forty or fifty young women undergoing training4 ,only nine young women have been returned to ,department #ce for further training since ,april #a4 ,after receiving additional training these nine were again placed and in no case has one failed for the second time4 ,it is just a matter of finding the right place for the right young women1 and then there is no question about them making good on the jobs1 as they are proving every day4 ,in conclusion1 tribute must be paid to the #a1bjj women in our factory whose earnest desire to help their country in its time of need1 and whose mentality and courage have enabled them to make a success of a kind of employment entirely foreign to them on the general conception of their abilities4 7,signed7 ,,wm4 ,,earl ,,leever1 ,assistant to ,general ,manager4 ,,underwood ,,typewriter ,,co41 ,,inc4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,the ,underwood ,typewriter ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn41 has undertaken the employment of women on a part-time basis1 such as will permit them to attend to their household cares to a reasonable extent4 ,further1 they are offering employment to women having small children between two and one-half and nine years of age1 having given over a space in their plant for the care of such children throughout the work day1 practicing the kindergarten plan4 ,they have found many who are willing to engage with them under this plan1 and are pleased to report the whole general scheme is working out well4 ,many of the women of either class have become expert in skilled work with but a limited time for training4 ,under their method1 however1 the instructing is done in each of the manufacturing departments where the plan has been introduced1 as they have operated under good regulations as to quality and quantity for many years back1 rendering it very practicable in their case to not instruct and train in separate spaces1 although they appreciate the need for acting otherwise with new work1 such as has been brought about by the war1 and wherein the tasks at hand are not subject to accurate measurement to start with4 7,signed7 ,c4 ,d4 ,,rice1 ,manager of ,factory4 ,photos are herewith shown which illustrate the mothers on part-time work in the factory while the children attend the kindergarten in the plant under expert instruction4 ,the experience of the ,underwood ,company indicates conclusively that advanced age is no barrier to productive value4 ,illustration3 ,part-time workers assembling typewriters4 ,their children are cared for meantime in the company's kindergarten--,underwood ,typewriter ,co4 ,illustration3 ,war-time kindergarten4 ,underwood ,typewriter ,co4 ,,the ,,national ,,cash ,,register ,,company ,dayton1 ,ohio ,the ,training ,school for women1 of whom over eight hundred have been placed in the various departments1 was started in the latter part of ,march1 #aiah4 ,because of the demand for trained help in the factory1 we have not been able to keep them in the ,training ,school as long as we would wish1 but even this short experience has been sufficient to take away the fear of the shop1 as many of our women have never had any factory experience before4 ,while in the ,training ,school the students are paid the regular starting rate for women1 and after they enter the factory and become more efficient their rate increases until they can do the work that a man previously did both as regards quality and quantity and they receive a man's wage4 ,in some departments it has been found necessary to put slightly more women on the same operations than men formerly employed to obtain the same production1 but as the women gain experience1 their production increases rapidly and the quality is as good1 if not better4 ,the women have proven themselves very apt in picking up the smaller class of assembling on account of their nimble fingers and care in handling stock4 ,we use our regular production to train the students1 and as it must pass #ajj per cent4 inspection1 we emphasize quality and not quantity4 ,we find the best class of workers comes from those between twenty-one and forty years of age1 with1 of course1 exceptions4 ,we not only teach the new employees the mechanical operations1 but also give them 8,health and ,safety0 lectures1 and show them pictures of many ways one can become injured if they do not use precaution while working around machinery4 ,they are also instructed in the use of time and instruction tickets4 ,our ,inspectors are selected from the factory1 preference being given to those who are experts on their particular class of work4 ,it is our opinion that the ,training ,school is the proper way to teach the inexperienced help in order that they may learn the work quickly and get on a production basis in a short time instead of hiring and placing help right in the shop and letting them pick it up with what assistance and instruction they can from their fellow workmen4 ,in the ,training ,school the most efficient workers can be reorganized in a short time1 and the less efficient ones can be given special attention1 and usually we can bring them to a degree of efficiency not possible under the old method4 ,we try to find out in the training school where the student's strong point is1 whether on machine operation or bench work1 and are enabled in this way to place them in a job they are particularly suited for1 thus keeping the problem out of the factory4 ,if they show a proper degree of interest1 they are given all possible encouragement4 ,we have had to materially increase the size of our school1 and with the hearty co-operation we are receiving from the heads of the different departments1 we believe the employment of women on our work is proving a success in every way4 ,another point that we think is good is that the school itself is nearly self-sustaining4 ,the accompanying photo1 number one1 will give an idea of the size of our school1 and also the various classes of work we train them on4 ,number two shows a gang of hand mills 8manned0 by women4 ,these girls have all been through our ,training ,school and are now working on a piece basis and doing it successfully4 7,signed7 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,hartman4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,national ,cash ,register ,co4 ,a section of the training room4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b4 ,national ,cash ,register ,co4 ,a gang of hand mills operated by women4 ,,packard ,,motor ,,car ,,company ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,in the spring of #aiad labor conditions were somewhat disturbed in ,detroit4 ,we lost a good many of our expert varnish rubbers1 and we could not get skilled men to replace them1 and we tried to break in men on the varnish rubbing deck1 but found that too much work was spoiled by the green men1 and the experienced men did not have time or inclination to properly instruct those who were unskilled4 ,this led to the establishment of a school for training varnish rubbers and was the beginning of our efforts to train unskilled workers4 ,the result of this experience was so highly successful that we carried it to all of the other branches of body manufacture1 and a school for training unskilled help became a permanent part of our institution4 ,we were able to teach women how to trim automobile bodies1 and they learned in an average of less than ninety days4 ,their work was of a very high order1 and we were very much gratified with what they accomplished4 ,very often we found that we were able to train men to an exceedingly high degree of skill in less than sixty days4 ,all men were not so apt4 ,some of them could not be placed in the skilled class even after three months of training4 ,as the war activities took workers we turned our school into training quarters for mechanics4 ,for instructors we aim to use the best workers in a particular class that we have1 providing that they have the natural ability to instruct others4 ,some men lack the ability to impart their knowledge to others4 ,this type of man does not make a good instructor4 ,a man should not only be an expert in his trade1 but he should have the natural ability to impart his knowledge in order to become a good instructor4 ,in teaching some of the women we find that some women pick up very quickly some particular trade and when they become experts we in turn make them instructors4 ,we have not yet developed any toolmakers4 ,we have developed men to tool room work1 such as turning1 grinding1 etc41 but this is not really toolmaking4 ,we believe that it is possible to turn out good toolmakers and we are turning our energies to this end4 7,signed7 ,f4 ,f4 ,,beall1 ,vice-,president of ,manufacturing4 ,,north ,,american ,,motors ,,co4 ,pottstown1 ,pa4 ,our production is about half of what it should be1 due to lack of skilled help1 in other words1 due to lack of machinists4 ,we have not had much trouble in getting green men and we have had no trouble in training these green men to do the operations on the shell both accurately and quickly1 but we have had trouble in getting men to maintain the tools or to equip for these operators4 ,facing this condition and being unable to obtain machinists1 we decided to train men to do machinists' and toolmakers' work4 ,our scheme as outlined is as follows3 ,we are taking operators who have had experience of a year or more in our shop and are putting them into the school under a good mechanic who fortunately is a teacher also4 ,after a few weeks in the school we are putting them into the tool room as operators1 that is1 they will be on work where they will get work of a repeating nature and they will stay on the same class of work for a considerable period of time1 depending on the man and how fast our other pupils come on1 the idea being then to take the first man back again to the school and teach him to operate some other machine tool1 then send him back in the tool room1 where1 after he has operated on the second type of tool for a certain length of time1 he would then be of more use1 as the tool room foreman could then place him on either one of two machines4 ,for the more attentive and interested men we would continue this scheme and thus teach them the operations of all machines and tools used in the tool room4 ,we have also provided for a certain line of bench training4 ,within the next few weeks we hope to be able to take some of our machine tools from the shell shop and put them into this school and we will then train our operators in this school with the idea in mind1 as stated in our previous letter1 of teaching them the proper care of a machine tool1 as we consider this of vital importance4 ,in fact1 the writer would say that from observation in other plants and experience here that it is his opinion that one of the greatest1 if not the greatest1 causes for lack of production in machine shops now on shell work is due to machine breakage1 this coming from several causes1 among the foremost being the lack of knowledge on the operators' part4 ,when the idea of the school was first brought up there was some feeling among the skilled mechanics that the men trained in the school would replace them to the detriment of the mechanic1 but this idea has passed or is passing away very rapidly and we find a considerable interest shown by the mechanics in the things that we are teaching4 ,two of our good machinists who are on maintenance or repair work have asked to be allowed to go to the school so that they may become better workers and get a training on finer work4 ,others have shown similar interest and we have tentatively agreed to start an evening school this fall for mechanics1 our proposal being to work in conjunction with the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 for shop drawing and the reading of drawings and to use our own shop for special instruction on machine tools4 7,signed7 ,,george ,c4 ,,lees1 ,secretary and ,works ,manager4 ,,the ,h4 ,e4 ,,harris ,,engineering ,,co4 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,we are enclosing herewith three photographs showing work in our vestibule school for women on gauge finishing work4 ,the picture of the six women in a line with the instructor at the end shows the pupils on gauge finishing work1 lapping plug1 thread gauges1 snap gauges1 etc4 ,these women have proven themselves very apt1 but difficulty is being experienced1 due to the fact that the necessary laps requiring highly skilled mechanics are often made defective1 on account of the feeling of the skilled tool and gauge makers who do not wish any of the women to do any of this work4 ,the women show a better spirit and give a much better production1 at least three times as much as the men do on the same work4 ,the one photograph showing the six women in a row and the instructor at the far end1 shows a group in the school lapping these gauges4 ,illustration3 ,group in training room lapping gauges4 ,h4 ,e4 ,harris ,engineering ,co4 ,the two photographs of the same woman1 ,mrs4 ,h----1 show her in one photograph lapping a thread gauge which has to be correct within 4#jjjb4 ,she is about four times as proficient as any man that we have in the place4 ,the other photograph shows her measuring the same thread gauge between the lapping operation with the three-wire system1 which is rather a difficult feat of measurement4 7,signed7 ,,harry ,e4 ,,harris1 ,president4 ,illustration3 ,lapping a thread within 4#jjjb inch4 ,h4 ,e4 ,harris ,engineering ,co4 ,illustration3 ,measuring thread gauge with three wire system--a difficult feat4 ,h4 ,e4 ,harris ,engineering ,co4 ,,oakley ,,machine ,,tool ,,company ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,our shop has an average of #ge men on its pay roll1 making a ,precision ,tool ,room ,grinder4 ,before the ,united ,states joined the forces of ,liberty we had felt a shortage of labor and had taken steps to break in untrained men4 ,thinking we were not large enough to inaugurate a ,vestibule ,training ,room1 as it is generally understood1 we inaugurated a system of training men directly in our shop4 ,we sorted out applicants and put them in our shop1 two at a time2 if they had never worked in a shop before we started them on simple machines1 such as the hack saw1 centering machine1 etc41 in order that they might get used to the noise and methods of the machine shop4 ,they were then advanced to ,roughing ,lathes1 being given simple jobs1 such as turning and facing4 ,by having only two at a time the foreman was able to give them personal supervision1 without interfering with his regular work4 ,as they developed they were given more difficult jobs4 ,we found1 as a rule1 inside of sixty days such men made very fair machine hands4 ,we also broke men in on drill presses and shapers1 using same tactics and had very successful results4 ,to give you an idea as to the class of men from which we have made machine operators1 we have working in our shop to-day one bartender1 piano tuner1 street car conductor1 bricklayer1 coal miner and an artist--self made4 ,the other unskilled men had had some previous experience on productive labor1 either running punching presses1 nailing machines1 or work requiring a smattering of mechanical ability4 ,our experience is that if you take a man over #cj that has become disgusted from a blind alley profession1 where there is no hope of advancement1 point out the possibilities of the machine tool trade1 and give him a living wage to start1 even though at first he is not worth it1 he develops into a good and loyal man4 ,they are1 however1 like children1 they have to be encouraged every so often by a personal talk or suggestions from the head man4 ,of course we have had our failures1 but our successes have been in the majority1 so we are continuing to break in green help4 7,signed7 ,,albert ,a4 ,,thayer1 ,treasurer4 ,,lincoln ,,motor ,,company ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,our school is going along nicely and while we are not perfecting machine tool operators to the degree ,i would like because of the necessity of rushing them through the school to the shop proper1 we are accomplishing1 ,i think1 that which we set out to do1 namely1 to take away from the girl the fear of the shop and to give her a fair knowledge of the tool she is to handle4 ,the women undoubtedly have benefited beyond measure by the short time spent in the school room1 and have gone into the factory with the confidence that carried them through the first few days and made them efficiently productive in a shorter period of time4 ,the training room is located in the smaller of our two plants and is equipped with a lathe1 milling machine1 gear cutter1 drill press1 profiler1 etc41 those being the tools upon which it was decided to train operators4 ,in charge of this room was placed an instructor who had had some slight experience in a continuation school and who went to work under the direct supervision of a high grade specialist secured from a well known eastern factory efficiency organization4 ,the instructor was given no special instruction beyond being told what we hoped to accomplish in the way of building up an organization of women of more than ordinary ability and moral character4 ,the training room up to the present time has been used only in connection with supplying the factory with women workers4 ,women of the age of twenty-one and upwards have been taken1 their references carefully examined1 and they have been given from one to three days' training in this school4 ,because of the demand of the shop for help it has not always been possible to keep them in a training room for as long a period as would seem desirable1 and in some instances they have stayed only one day4 ,during the training period they have been paid the regular rate for women1 thirty cents per hour1 which rate maintains after they enter the shop until such time as they are placed upon a piece-work basis4 ,we believe1 however1 that through the medium of the training room we shall be able to instruct women workers in machine tool operation so they will go direct from the school room into the shop without fear of what is to be encountered therein1 and with a better knowledge of the tool they are operating1 and the reason they are operating it1 than they could possibly acquire through any other method4 ,illustration3 ,inspecting pistons and valves4 ,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,illustration3 ,machining ,main ,bearing ,bolts4 ,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,illustration3 ,hand ,milling ,machines4 ,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,illustration3 ,in the training department4 ,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,illustration3 ,new arrivals in ,training ,room--,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,the school is favorably looked upon by all of the employees1 and in those cases where it is found that a woman is not working out well upon the work to which the school has assigned her1 and is returned to it for further instruction1 she has in all cases gone back to it with a cheerfulness and willingness that is both surprising and gratifying4 ,the writer is of the opinion that the school in this factory has come to stay and that when we build up our organization and get through the strenuous times we are now experiencing1 the advantage of the vestibule school instruction will be given men employees as well as women4 7,signed7 ,j4 ,m4 ,,eaton1 ,assistant to ,president ,henry ,m4 ,leland4 ,,training ,,for ,,the ,,tool ,,room ,you mention training in the more difficult lines of effort1 such as ,tool ,room1 ,machine ,shops1 etc4 ,we agree with you as to the wide possibilities in this field1 and are now organizing to accomplish this very thing at the ,lincoln ,motor ,company4 ,at the beginning of the war when labor shortage was seriously manifested1 ,i had charge of the reconstruction of a tool room1 employing #bgj toolmakers and machinists1 engaged in the making of cutters1 reamers1 broaches1 drill jigs1 milling fixtures1 etc4 ,realizing then the difficulty that the future held in store of securing competent1 reliable toolmakers and machinists1 we undertook to train men who had no previous experience in this line4 ,our results were quite gratifying4 ,we classified all work and trained men to operate specific machines against the various classifications4 ,to illustrate3 ,we engaged a carpenter #fg years of age1 who had no previous machine shop experience1 trained him to run a ,universal ,milling ,machine2 not only did he meet successfully all work scheduled against his machine1 but developed such skill in the operation of this machine1 that later he compared favorably with the average good toolmaker1 and in six months' time we depended on him entirely to set up his own machine and proceed as a regular toolmaker4 ,this represents intensive training and what was accomplished here can be accomplished in other general lines of tool room work4 ,we ultimately had #bae of these trained operators who were able to carry on the work1 supported by #ee good toolmakers4 ,i am with you in the confidence that it will be necessary to plan quite considerably in the adoption of some means to overcome a situation which looks really serious for the future4 7,signed7 ,w4 ,h4 ,,ebelhare1 ,general ,superintendent1 ,lincoln ,motor ,co4 ,,mueller ,,metals ,,company ,port ,huron1 ,mich4 ,i am pleased to advise you that we have been using many unskilled workers1 also women1 at both our ,sarnia1 ,ontario1 and ,port ,huron1 ,michigan1 and ,decatur1 ,illinois1 plants and find that women are able to do the light operations on turret lathes quite satisfactorily4 ,our greatest difficulty is in our ,toolmaking ,department1 but we have lately installed the following plan4 ,we are selecting a good lathe hand from among our toolmakers and giving him from one to three students1 paying him from #bj per cent4 to #cj per cent41 depending on the number of students he is able to take care of successfully1 and we then pay these students about #ej per cent4 of what the instructor receives with stipulated raises in pay until they have served two years1 at the end of which time we pay them a very liberal bonus4 ,we have been able to secure some young men just out of ,high ,school who are going to make good workmen1 but as the new draft will possibly take some of these boys we are now figuring on using women on this work and believe that they will be able to carry it on quite successfully4 7,signed7 ,c4 ,g4 ,,heiby1 ,vice-,president and ,general ,superintendent4 ,,detroit ,,lubricator ,,company ,detroit1 ,michigan ,new employees are started on simple work and given individual instruction4 ,they are then advanced to more difficult work4 ,by this method of training we have operators giving top production who only a short time ago were automobile salesmen1 cigar salesmen1 letter carriers and watchmen4 ,the women trained in this way are producing excellent results and are making as good pay as the men on the same piece-work4 ,at some types of inspection they excel any men we ever had on the jobs for speed and accuracy4 ,we have two men1 with only one arm each6 7after proper training7 doing more work than the average two men4 ,the company has created a new department for the production of ,liberty ,motor ,aeroplane ,carburetors1 and the work of this department includes a great variety of machines4 ,it writes3 ,in order to furnish employees for this work with at least partial training1 we are recruiting them from other departments in the shop doing similar work2 in each of these other departments we have a section set aside which includes type machinery1 and new employees are put at this work under careful supervision and training to develop them and thoroughly determine their value before being advanced on to aeroplane work4 7,signed7 ,g4 ,b4 ,,duffield1 ,superintendent4 ,,independent ,,pneumatic ,,tool ,,company ,aurora1 ,illinois ,since installing our ,vestibule ,training ,school some seven weeks ago1 we can gladly say it has proven a success1 even beyond our expectations4 ,to date we have enrolled #aji students2 #ha men1 #bh women4 ,the women workers have proven that they can in the emergency take the place of practically all our male workers1 that is with from five to ten days of intensive training4 ,we have placed women on such machines as ,gear ,hobbers1 ,screw ,machines1 ,grinders1 ,drill ,presses and are well satisfied with the result obtained4 ,the percentage of scrap material has been less by the female workers than by the male4 ,in beginning our course of training each week our ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,hamerly1 ,works ,manager1 has made it his duty to tell these workers the vital need of training unskilled men and women so as to replace the boys that are called from our plant1 that is1 he tries to raise them to the highest pitch of enthusiasm4 7,signed7 ,a4 ,h4 ,,boehm1 ,vestibule ,training ,school4 ,august #af1 #aiah4 ,illustration3 ,,independent ,,pneumatic ,,tool ,,company4 ,in training on regular production4 ,our training school has been running about five weeks with a capacity of #ab students per week4 ,we are indeed surprised at the results we are getting4 ,next week we intend to put on a double dose running through #bd students per week4 ,we are trying to start a night shift in one of our important departments and will need about #dh or #ej men4 ,these men are to be recruited entirely from our ,vestibule ,school1 where in the past we have been playing in the open market competing for the desired help4 ,we are satisfied that if the larger corporations and manufacturers were to install a ,vestibule system in their factory that within the next six months the severe competition for skilled mechanics would be practically eliminated1 and production would be increased considerably4 7,signed7 ,f4 ,b4 ,,harnelly1 ,works ,manager4 ,,royal ,,typewriter ,,co4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,,report ,,of ,,training ,,school ,,for ,,july1 #aiah ,total entries since ,july #a #ajj ,total number of operations taught #ah ,total number of permanent instructors #f ,instructors from other departments #e ,total number transferred to other departments #gc ,total number left factory from school #ac ,total number in school ,august #a1 #aiah #ad ,,names ,,of ,,operations ,,taught ,,in ,,training ,,school ,milling ,heavy ,power ,press ,copper ,bar ,grinding ,brackets to ,base ,assembly ,linking ,first ,carriage ,building ,assembly ,inspection of ,base ,assembly ,drilling ,light ,power ,press ,small ,parts to ,base ,assembly ,shift ,arms and ,bottom ,rails to ,base ,fitting ,keycard ,assembly ,second ,carriage ,building ,assembly ,riveting 7machine7 ,retapping ,type ,soldering ,,general ,all students but three are women1 ranging from fifteen to fifty-seven years of age4 ,intensified training1 speed and accuracy1 physical and mental condition of employees1 proper mental attitude to company4 ,a matron has been appointed who comes in contact with the women and is responsible for their deportment and personal needs4 7,signed7 ,,chas4 ,b4 ,,cook1 ,vice-,president4 ,,cincinnati ,,milling ,,machine ,,co4 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,we put the new employee into a department and assign him or her to a machine in charge of a skilled operator4 ,the new employee becomes at once an observer and a helper1 and in a little while takes charge of the machine and the skilled operator stands by and gives special instructions4 ,we have detail instruction cards or process sheets for all operations1 and one of these cards in the hands of the new operator will serve as a guide for turning out the work properly after the instructor leaves the new employee to himself or herself4 ,in addition to this we have certain selected engineers from the ,time ,study ,department1 who are attached to both the day and night shifts1 and devote their entire time to coaching the new operators1 and see to it that they learn to acquire the desired degree of skill and proficiency4 ,we find that the women who are selected for this sort of work just about equal the men4 ,they show considerable enthusiasm for the work1 as is indicated by a less degree of lateness and absenteeism than that of the men1 but we have not had enough experience as yet to say anything definite in this regard4 ,it is also perhaps true that we are taking greater pains instructing the women than we would in the ordinary course take in instructing green men4 7,signed7 ,,charles ,s4 ,,gingrich4 ,,the ,,standard ,,parts ,,co4 ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,each individual department at the start of the year had its own training division1 that is1 while we had the orders we lacked a good many of the machines necessary to do our work and the proper tool equipment to start with4 ,we also required the services of eight hundred additional people4 ,we trained absolutely unskilled men and women during this slack period1 so that when we started in quantity production we had also obtained speed4 ,an item that might be of interest to you is the fact that we are now employing women in ,drill ,presses1 ,milling ,machines1 ,hand and ,automatic ,screw ,machines1 ,turret ,lathes1 ,speed ,lathes1 ,engine ,lathes1 ,assembly ,work and ,inspection ,work4 ,illustration3 ,automatic ,milling ,machine--,standard ,parts ,company4 ,these women and the majority of the unskilled men whom we employed are doing work in most cases where dimensions are held to one-half thousandth of an inch limit variation4 ,in a plant employing excess of five thousand people am absolutely convinced that a separate vestibule training school is a necessity1 and in plants already producing work in large quantities there is liable to be a heavy demand for trained skilled workers1 a separate training school would be necessary4 ,however1 where the number of workers needed do not exceed ten people on an individual operation training on machines in the department would be sufficient4 ,august #g1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,j4 ,a4 ,,rothenberg1 ,employment ,manager4 ,illustration3 ,a skilled worker on ,automatic ,turret ,lathe--,standard ,parts ,company4 ,,the ,,yale ,,towne ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,we have had in operation for over a year a vestibule school for the training of women employees in our plant1 and are obtaining good results from it4 ,we are training the women mostly for bench and machine work which was formerly done by men1 such as3 ,lock assembling2 drill press work1 which was formerly considered inappropriate for women employees2 hand screw machine and automatic screw machine operators4 ,we are also training female help on lathe and shaper work4 ,we plan to do the same thing on milling machines and expect eventually to include tool room work4 ,our vestibule school activities include the training of male foundry workers1 and the training both of men and women to become instructors and machine adjusters4 ,we also have an ,apprenticeship ,school4 ,august #ac1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,the ,,yale ,,towne ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,j4 ,a4 ,,horner1 ,vice-,president4 ,,illinois ,,tool ,,works #aed ,e4 ,erie ,street1 ,chicago ,we are planning to have this school in operation within the next month4 ,the writer expects to be responsible for the results4 ,we expect to take one good man from our own plant as an instructor1 and we are also in communication with an instructor from a college in a ,western ,state whom we may have in direct charge of this work should he prove to be the proper person4 ,at the present time we have in our factory about #ge female employees1 on ,lathes1 ,milling ,machines1 ,grinders1 ,finishing ,gauges1 ,lapping1 etc41 also inspectors1 timekeepers and stock chasers4 ,since your last visit we have employed a trained nurse who is in charge of the employment and welfare work of all women employed in the factory4 ,this we have found has given us much better results and can truthfully say that with very few exceptions1 every girl employed is certainly making good4 ,we have one instance where a man employed in the screw machine department1 employed in that capacity for about a year1 was having trouble in not producing on his machine4 ,we had him exchange machines with a woman who had had a month's experience and found that she practically doubled his output the first day4 7,signed7 ,j4 ,d4 ,,sherman1 ,factory ,manager4 ,august #e1 #aiah4 ,,gleason ,,works ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,when you came to ,rochester we were very much impressed with the suggestions you made as to the introduction of women into industry4 ,we sent two representatives together with others from ,rochester to ,dayton1 as you advised1 to investigate the conditions there and also in ,cincinnati4 ,the excellent arrangements made by the ,cincinnati manufacturers to relieve the shortage of labor by placing women at work in machine shops and elsewhere were extremely interesting4 ,after learning what had been done we started using women in our machine shop in line with your idea and the results have been very satisfactory4 99 99 99 ,it is not a question of economy with us but of releasing men for other work in the foundry which women cannot perform4 ,we believe that an intensive training of two weeks would enable women to turn out practically as much work as men are now doing4 ,august #e1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,james ,e4 ,,gleason4 ,,diamond ,,chain ,,and ,,manufacturing ,,company ,indianapolis1 ,indiana ,i am sure that you will be interested in knowing that we have already undertaken this work4 ,for some weeks we have had a school going on for the training of screw machine operators with every success4 ,we also have here a man who is giving detailed attention to the personnel in connection with our hardening and cyanide work4 ,he is talking to these men individually and in small groups1 thus instilling into them the fundamental principles of heat treatment1 which is making a marked impress on the character of our product4 ,we are also having a detailed study of the operations now being done by women with the idea in mind to substitute women where possible when it becomes necessary and we have here two women studying our operations preparatory to giving instructions to women as to how to perform the operations that men are now doing4 ,july #be1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,l4 ,w4 ,,wallace4 ,,henry ,,disston ,,sons ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,we have established a school for vocational training1 appointing an instructor in each department who takes direct charge of each new employee4 ,through this system we have placed many women on work which was entirely operated by men heretofore4 ,one of the delicate situations confronting us at this time is the transferring of help from one department to another4 ,we are appealing to their patriotism and have established a ,disston ,volunteer ,transfer ,system--,industrial ,soldiers ,volunteering for ,heavier ,work1 ,filling ,jobs ,where ,women ,cannot4 ,we are very much interested in this work and are making every endeavor to eliminate the labor turnover which we are all experiencing in these times4 ,we have women operating milling machines1 drill presses1 emery grinding machines1 file hardening1 saw setting and filing machines1 also power punching presses1 all work never attempted by women in our factory before4 ,the result has been more than satisfactory4 ,august #g1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,disston1 ,vice-,president4 ,,the ,,graton ,,knight ,,manufacturing ,,company ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,we do not maintain a regular separate school for training the employees on our business because of the fact that we have such a large variety of trades that it would not be practical for us4 ,we do1 however1 maintain a training system for the employees in our various departments and have men assigned for such work in the departments4 ,when we have a large number of employees to train in some one line of work we establish a separate organization for them with a view to training them to carry on very efficiently and become skilled employees as soon as possible4 ,august #g1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,f4 ,h4 ,,willard1 ,assistant ,general ,manager4 ,,the ,,sparks-,,withington ,,company ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,we are very glad to be able to state that we are operating a school especially for women to train them for toolmaking4 ,we have found that there is not a sufficient number of experienced toolmakers to meet the demand and the only way is to have the women help out1 and we have a school for this purpose1 also have been teaching them to operate production machines4 ,july #ca1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,w4 ,j4 ,,corbett1 ,assistant ,manager4 ,,locomobile ,,company ,,of ,,america ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,the writer was in ,detroit a few weeks ago and was much interested in the work being done by ,packard and ,lincoln with women that were trained in their schools4 ,we are confident that much good will result from the co-operative plan that you have adopted in developing operators4 ,we wish to be considered among those who approve of this plan and we will arrange for a ,vestibule ,school or ,training ,room as soon as we can do so4 ,we have been training young men and boys from our local high school as junior toolmakers1 with excellent results4 ,july #aj1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,h4 ,h4 ,,edge1 ,factory ,manager4 ,,the ,,timken ,,roller ,,bearing ,,co4 ,canton1 ,ohio ,we have established a ,training ,school which has been in operation for the past two or three weeks4 ,we do not feel as yet that we want to make any extensive comments upon the results secured1 but we believe the idea is fundamentally correct1 and hope to have recorded sufficient data of interest in regard to the school so that we will be in a position to answer any questions that may be asked us4 7,signed7 ,,the ,,timken ,,roller ,,bearing ,,co41 ,f4 ,t4 ,,mackay1 ,employment ,manager4 ,july #ah1 #aiah4 ,,carlton ,,machine ,,tool ,,company ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,for your information we wish to advise that we have started a training school for girls in our plant1 and we find that it is working very satisfactorily and we expect to have in the future #ej to #ge per cent4 of our work completed by girls4 ,the writer has noted your talks and writings on this subject and is trying to follow out your ideas as near as possible4 ,august #i1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,jack ,c4 ,,carlton4 ,,the ,,willys-,,morrow ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 ,we have about twenty women learning how to run automatic screwing machines4 ,these women have been grinding their own tools4 ,august #g1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,j4 ,e4 ,,morrow1 ,secretary and ,general ,manager of ,production4 ,,crompton ,,knowles ,,loom ,,works ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,our training school is working very satisfactorily1 and we are only sorry that we did not start two years sooner4 ,july #ac1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,h4 ,l4 ,,robinson1 ,employment ,service ,department4 ,,the ,,lodge ,,shipley ,,machine ,,tool ,,co4 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,in the ,tool ,room we are using men that are skilled in one class of work on one type of machine for the majority of our tool room work4 ,august #b1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,joseph ,t4 ,,wright1 ,assistant ,works ,manager4 ,,the ,,stenotype ,,company ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,we expect very shortly to have our training school in operation4 ,we are thoroughly convinced of the advisability of establishing such a school4 ,august #af1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,r4 ,m4 ,,bowen1 ,chairman1 ,board of ,directors4 ,,interesting ,,paragraphs ,says ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,allen1 the able ,director of the ,cass ,technical ,trade ,school1 ,detroit3 8,we have taken high grade machinists in ,detroit who have been in the shops for a couple of years and were familiar with the use of drawings1 decimal equivalents1 etc41 and made tool room machine operators doing work of considerable variety1 each on a single type machine1 almost immediately4 ,in three or four months1 by continuing to watch and instruct such a man1 he has been able to run almost any machine and do on it almost any work laid out by the toolmaker40 99 99 99 99 99 ,this war is going to last years4 ,even three or four months1 which seems a long time1 will pass like a day4 ,are some of us not almost grossly careless in not getting at this immediately8 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,pierson1 ,dilution ,officer of the ,british ,ministry of ,munitions in the ,london ,district1 says3 8,you can make a toolroom operator of a woman in three weeks4 ,if you can't do it in three weeks1 you can't do it at all4 ,you have simply gotten the wrong woman4 ,pick out a long fingered1 sensitive1 intelligent woman from the shop force who has been carefully trained and is especially satisfactory and exact in her production and upgrade her in this way40 99 99 99 99 99 8,this office has made an exhaustive study of the vestibule training methods and results of the ,section on ,industrial ,training1 of the ,council of ,national ,defense1 and believes that this general immediate adoption is absolutely essential to meet the increased war program and cannot be too quickly or extensively adopted and should have the immediate and fullest support of all who are charged with production matters4 ,the shortage of skilled labor to-day is alone two hundred and fifty thousand and we are advised will be one million by ,january #a4 ,this office is putting it into force and effect just as promptly and as actively as we know how40 ,august #h1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,john ,c4 ,,jones1 ,chief of ,ordnance1 ,philadelphia ,district1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 8,i am confident that any community by establishing a proper school connected with the industries may become a great factor in the progress of the community's industries4 8,we find your bulletins very useful4 ,you are sending out a world of information which education ought to receive4 ,this war ought to show us the way in our schools and give us a chance to connect up the educational wagon with life40 ,august #aj1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,,augustus ,o4 ,,thomas1 ,state ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,augusta1 ,maine4 99 99 99 99 99 8,we are making plans to introduce training schools into all ,ordnance ,manufacturers' plants in this district4 ,we will endeavor to make sure that representatives of all the ,ordnance plants in this neighborhood hear you and work out from the enthusiasm which no doubt your exposition will create40 ,aug4 #aj1 #aiah4 7,signed7 ,b4 ,a4 ,,franklin1 ,major1 ,ord4 ,r4 ,c4 ,bridgeport ,district1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following firms in ,worcester1 ,mass41 are using the vestibule principle in special efforts at training unskilled men in their shops3 ,the ,heald ,machine ,company1 ,bradley ,car ,works1 ,reed ,prentice ,company1 ,sleeper ,hartley1 ,inc41 ,rice1 ,barton ,fales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a large factory making power machines the men from one department threatened to strike because 8the women were being paid higher wages than the men40 ,investigation disclosed that all were working at the same piece rates but the women were producing more4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a member of a ,british ,commission which visited the ,united ,states last winter said3 8,england delayed the winning of the war two years by delaying the introduction of women one year40 ,,partial ,,list ,,of ,,vestibule ,,schools ,,or ,,training ,,rooms ,,in ,,factories ,recording and ,computing ,machines ,co41 ,c4 ,u4 ,carpenter1 ,c4 ,p41 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,curtiss ,aeroplane ,corporation1 ,f4 ,l4 ,glynn1 ,director of ,training1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wright-,martin ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,j4 ,f4 ,johnson1 ,director of ,training1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nordyke ,marmon ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,packard ,motor ,car ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,lincoln ,motor ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,norton ,grinding ,company1 ,john ,c4 ,spence1 ,superintendent1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,,note4--,the above training rooms are remarkably efficient and successful2 they should be seen4 ,by special arrangement the men above named are assisting in the development of training rooms in their vicinity4 ,write them when ready to act4 ,also ,o4 ,d4 ,evans1 very expert in training1 ,army ,ordnance ,department1 ,production ,division1 #agaj ,market ,st41 ,philadelphia4 ,gillette ,safety ,razor ,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,royal ,typewriter ,company1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,scovill ,manufacturing ,company1 ,waterbury1 ,conn4 ,remington ,arms ,company1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,bullard ,engineering ,company1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,the ,h4 ,e4 ,harris ,engineering ,company1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,trego ,motor ,company1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,winchester ,repeating ,arms ,company1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,taft-,pierce ,mfg4 ,co41 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,brown ,sharpe ,company1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,crompton ,knowles ,loom ,works1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,american ,steel ,wire ,company1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,norton ,company1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,john ,bath ,company1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,graton ,knight ,company1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,blanchard ,machine ,company1 ,w4 ,w4 ,blackman1 ,superintendent1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,e4 ,w4 ,bliss ,company 7torpedo factory71 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ford ,instrument ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,pierce-,arrow ,company1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,king ,sewing ,machine ,company1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,airbrake ,company1 ,watertown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,seneca ,falls ,mfg4 ,company1 ,seneca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,savage ,arms ,company1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,henry ,disston ,sons1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,fayette ,r4 ,plumb1 ,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,hess ,bright ,manufacturing ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,roberts ,filter ,manufacturing ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,remington ,arms ,company1 ,eddystone ,plant1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,naval ,aircraft ,factory1 ,league ,island1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,american ,international ,shipbuilding ,company1 ,hog ,island1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,newton ,machine ,tool ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,warren ,webster ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,l4 ,h4 ,gilmer ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,burke ,electric ,company1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,bethlehem ,steel ,company1 ,bethlehem1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,g4 ,brill ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,lanston ,monotype ,machine ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,leeds ,northrup ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,david ,lupton ,sons ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,north ,american ,motors ,company1 ,pottstown1 ,pa4 ,standard ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,snead ,company ,iron ,works1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,spicer ,mfg4 ,company1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,international ,motors ,company1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,woodbury ,bag and ,loading ,company1 ,woodbury1 ,n4 ,j4 ,american ,shell ,company1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,worthington ,pump ,company1 ,harrison1 ,n4 ,j4 ,neptune ,meter ,company1 ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,international ,arms and ,fuse ,company1 ,bloomfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison ,corp41 ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,electric ,company1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,crocker-,wheeler ,company1 ,ampere1 ,n4 ,j4 ,submarine ,boat ,corp41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,barbour ,flax ,spinning ,company1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,american ,tool ,works ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,lodge ,shipley ,machine ,tool ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,cincinnati ,milling ,machine ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,cincinnati ,grinder ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,cincinnati ,planer ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,cincinnati ,bickford ,tool ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,oakley ,machine ,tool ,company1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,buckeye ,twist ,drill ,company1 ,alliance1 ,ohio4 ,morgan ,engineering ,company1 ,alliance1 ,ohio4 ,national ,cash ,register ,company1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,ohmer ,fare ,register ,company1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,the ,timken ,roller ,bearing ,company1 ,canton1 ,ohio4 ,joseph ,feiss ,company1 ,may ,thomsen1 ,employment ,department1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,mosler ,safe ,company1 ,hamilton1 ,ohio4 ,ford ,motor ,company1 ,detroit4 ,long ,manufacturing ,company1 ,detroit4 ,studebaker ,corporation1 ,detroit4 ,solvay ,process ,company1 ,detroit4 ,morgan ,wright ,company1 ,detroit4 ,detroit ,steel ,products ,company1 ,detroit4 ,burroughs ,adding ,machine ,company1 ,detroit4 ,dodge ,brothers1 ,detroit4 ,detroit ,lubricator ,company1 ,detroit4 ,timken ,detroit ,axle ,company1 ,detroit4 ,haskellite ,mfg4 ,company1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,republic ,motor ,truck ,company1 ,alma1 ,mich4 ,sparks-,withington ,company1 ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,illinois ,tool ,works1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,union ,special ,machines ,company1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,western ,cartridge ,company1 ,east ,alton1 ,ill4 ,independent ,pneumatic ,tool ,company1 ,aurora1 ,ill4 ,diamond ,chain ,manufacturing ,company1 ,l4 ,w4 ,wallace1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,general ,electric ,company1 ,e4 ,h4 ,barnes1 ,superintendent1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,ind4 ,pawling ,harnischfeger ,company1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,,extract ,,prom ,a ,,report ,,by ,,mr4 ,,ben ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,,expert ,,adviser ,,to ,,the ,,dilution ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,ministry ,,of ,,munitions ,when war broke out in ,august1 #aiad1 the ,government of the day urged employers to induce their skilled as well as unskilled men to join the colors4 ,no good purpose will be served in my characterizing in suitable terms the unwisdom of such a step4 ,sufficient to say that it was a long time later before the ,government realized that this was an ,engineers' war4 ,the result was that the men with initiative1 education and skill were among the first to lay aside their tools and join the colors4 ,this was a stroke of such folly that it took the country quite a long time to recover from it4 ,not only had we lost men of brain and initiative but also a large proportion of the skill for carrying on a war in which machinery and munitions were a preponderating factor4 ,when the sudden call came for an enormous increase in guns and ammunition the folly of the step that had been taken was realized and arrangements were made to effect the return of a number of skilled men from the colors4 ,this1 however1 was difficult to carry out1 and on top of it came the realization that if every skilled man were returned we had not sufficient to produce the munitions essential to success4 ,it was in these circumstances that the present ,prime ,minister1 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 then ,minister of ,munitions1 laid down the principle that no man must perform any work that could be efficiently performed by women4 ,he foresaw that every man would be required for essentially man's work4 ,this involved the process which has become known as the ,dilution of ,labor4 ,this dilution implies that3 7#a7 ,the employment of skilled men should be confined to work which cannot be efficiently performed by less skilled labor or by women4 7#b7 ,semi-skilled and unskilled men should be employed on any work which does not necessitate the employment of skilled men and for which women are unsuitable4 7#c7 ,women should be employed as far as practicable on all classes of work for which they are suitable4 ,this1 at first sight1 seems a simple arrangement1 but ,i need not tell you that it is a complicated one and involves expenditure of time1 patience and money on the part of the employers and sympathetic co-operation on the part of the skilled employees4 ,women have to receive careful training1 intervening hands in the processes of production have to be upgraded and the skill in the factory has to be spread over a large area1 usually necessitating more supervision and care if equal results are to be obtained4 ,these are average conditions1 but in a large number of cases the changes due to the introduction of women have resulted in considerably increased outputs over men's records1 and this not only on light repetition work1 but on heavy turning and laboring work and skilled and semi-skilled non-repetition work4 ,the patriotism shown by the employers in meeting the numerous difficulties which confronted them in training women for every conceivable kind of work1 in reorganizing their factories for new productions by new labor1 adapting their machinery to the measure of skill and strength available to work them has been one of the most inspiriting experiences of the war4 ,women have been trained in an incredibly short time1 handling appliances of all kinds have been installed1 special tools and gauges have had to be made and often when a work has been set fairly going and was reaching full production1 a change in the country's needs for munitions compelled the ,ministry to alter a design or a size or to put a firm on to a completely new product1 and again the whole process of retaining employees and adapting tools and plant had to be gone through4 ,if the employer has done well for the country1 so1 on the other hand1 no finer example of patriotism has been shown by any class than by the artisan as a whole4 ,on an appeal being made to the ,trades ,unions soon after the outbreak of the war these ,unions without a single exception agreed to do what the national interests required4 ,a network of ,trades ,union rules and regulations1 usages and customs1 the result of many years of activity by organized labor1 were freely set aside to allow for the introduction of women in nearly every class of work1 subject to reasonable conditions4 ,whatever some employers may think this was a gigantic sacrifice to make4 ,it involved wages1 hours1 overtime1 night work1 ,sunday work1 meal times1 holidays1 shop regulations and demarcation arrangements1 restriction of output1 preparations of apprentices and classes of employees to be engaged1 etc41 etc4 ,this structure of ,trade ,unionism the workingman agreed should be swept away to allow of the production of the maximum amount of munitions by the readiest methods and by any character of labor that was available--male or female--on the condition that the structure should be replaced at the close of the war4 ,this is splendid patriotism and when you add to the sacrifice of ,trades ,union ,rules the burden1 such as has fallen principally on the ,trades ,union men1 of training the hundreds of thousands of women to do their work1 this must increase our debt of appreciation and gratitude4 ,it is only by the loyal co-operation of employer and employed that we are in the satisfactory position as regards munitions that we are to-day4 ,by the process of dilution we have been able to place in munition works about #iej1jjj women to do work from the heaviest laboring unskilled operation to the highest grade of toolroom non-repetition work4 ,i do not hesitate to say that women have entirely destroyed our pre-war ideas as to what constitutes 8skilled0 work4 ,when in the early days of the war women were trained to turn out #ah pdr4 ,h4 ,e4 shell and equal the production of male labor many thought that such work1 amounting as it does to little more than manipulative dexterity1 was about the limit of the capacity of women who had not received a regular course of ,engineering training4 ,after a few months' workshop experience1 however1 women are to-day building the greater part of one of the best ,high-,speed ,engines in the country1 each woman setting her own tools and work1 and able to machine any piece of work that the tool she is on will take4 ,women are building guns1 including the fine fitting work on the breech mechanism1 and the cutting of large screw threads up to a shoulder4 ,they are doing most of the work in some shops on three and one-half ton ,army ,lorries and will do practically the whole of it if the war lasts much longer1 including chassis erection and testing4 ,they are doing important work in marine engine building1 turning connecting rods1 propeller shaft liners and doing practically all in some cases of the marked-off drilling4 ,the ,aero ,engine1 as you well know1 is a very fine piece of mechanism and at the outset was considered a tool room job throughout4 ,in some shops women are to-day doing the greater part of the work turning on ,centre ,lathes to half a thousandth1 milling webs of ,clerget ,cylinders on a booker ,miller without stops and setting up their own jobs and working again to half a thousandth limit1 boring cylinders on a ,no4 #i ,herbert and similar work on a ,gishlet1 setting up their own jobs1 turning and finishing test pieces in various metals to a #e1jjjth2 making tools and gauges of all kinds to fine limits2 all varieties of bench fitting to drawings and marking-off work of every description4 ,locomotive work1 steel constructional work1 boilers1 bending1 drilling and riveting4 ,women are doing magnificent work both in regard to accuracy and output4 ,on shells of all nature women should1 of course1 be principally employed4 ,contracts for shell will only be renewed and continued after ,march #cast next 7#aiag7 with those firms who employ #hj per cent4 of female labor on shell of sizes from #b4ge0 to #d4e0 inclusive4 ,on larger sizes of shell1 contracts will only be renewed if the ,ministry of ,munitions' instructions in regard to dilution have been carried out1 not only in regard to the proportion of women to be employed in each factory but the proportions of semi-skilled men4 8,the employer and employee have a mutual--not identical--interest in procuring the largest possible production from a given amount of labor40--,hon4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,wilson1 ,secretary of ,labor4 7,address before ,chamber of ,commerce of ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,september #bj1 #aiag47 8,the factory1 like the trench1 is a post of combat4 ,the duty is not to abandon it before the enemy4 ,my compliments to your ,union for having understood it so well40--,marshal ,foch4 7,cablegram ,august #abth to the ,international ,typographical ,union1 in convention at ,scranton1 ,pa47 ,transcriber's ,notes pg #aj ,changed3 ,the slot shown must be absolutey to3 ,the slot shown must be absolutely pg #fa ,changed3 ,illionis ,tool ,works1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 to3 ,illinois ,tool ,works1 ,chicago1 ,ill4