,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts betwe5 und]scores & equal signs repres5t texts pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face1 respectively4 ,small capitals are transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,u /&s = a ,u-%ap$ symbol r ?an = ! lett] ,u4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,geology ,,& ,,! ,,_w',s ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,illu/ration3 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co4 ,inc4 ,,publi%]s ,,( ,,books ,,= ,coal ,age ,electric ,railway ,j\rnal ,electrical ,_w ,eng9e]+ ,news-,record ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ ,+5i]a ,int]nacional ,eng9e]+ ,m9+ ,j\rnal ,p[] ,*emical ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+ ,electrical ,m]*&is+ ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,geology ,,& ,,! ,,_w',s ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,/udies ,,by ,,speciali/s ,j4 ,e4 ,,spurr1 ,,editor ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,second ,,impression ,royalties receiv$ f ! sale ( ?is book w be assign$ to an in/itution ( le>n+ to f9ance fur!r /udies along ! l9es foll[$ 9 ! volume4 ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york3 #cgj ,,sev5? ,,av5ue ,,london3 #f #h ,,b\v]ie ,,/41 ,e4 ,c4 #d #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,! ,,maple ,,press ,,york ,,pa4 ,,preface ,! purpose ( ! accompany+ s]ies ( /udies is to %$ light ^u ! va/ importance ( comm]cial control ( raw mat]ials by diff]5t p[]s1 or by ! citiz5s ( ^? p[]s1 ?r\gh inve/$ capital4 ,! "q ( dome/ic & =eign gov]nm5tal policies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is closely involv$4 ,x appe>$ to _m ( u :o 7 engag$ 7z all ! au?ors ( ^! pap]s 77 9 /udy+ ! m9]al problems dur+ ! w>1 t our ,gov]nm5t _h nev] grasp$ ! va/ political significance ( comm]cial dom9ation1 & especially ( ! control ( m9]al weal?2 & t o!r m season$ nations _h done s1 & !reby affect$ ! int]e/s ( ,am]ica & h] policy v deeply1 )\t h] be+ aw>e ( ! circum/ance4 ,) ! rapid increase ( ! _w's population & ! explor+ & exploit+ ( ! hi!rto undevelop$ natural res\rces1 competition = ?is weal? has become & w /ill become ke5]4 ,9 pa/ ages w>1 pe/il5ce1 & />vation held d[n ! e>?'s population2 & 9 ! la/ few ye>s all ^! grim spectres h return$ 9 =ce1 sugge/+ ! possibility ( a p]man5t return ( ! old primitive days4 ,nev]!less1 mod]n sci5ce & organization1 if n qu5*$ by va/ social disord]s1 w s safegu>d life1 z 9 rec5t times1 t ! _w is 9 a fair way to become cr[d$4 ,all ( u1 l ,g]many1 ye>n = our 8place 9 ! sun10 & our %>e ( com=t & p[]4 ,( all ! fundam5tal necessities = ?is1 no?+ is s mu* 9 ! nature ( a fix$ & unmultipliable quality z ! metals2 !y con/itute ! basis & f\ndation ( our mod]n civilization & p[] ov] man & natural =ces4 ,o!r raw mat]ials are ( vegetable or animal orig92 !y propagate & duplicate !mselves 9 successive inc>nations accord+ to ! law ( life2 !y are born 9 "s magical fa%ion ( air & wat]1 ) a m9imum ( ! e>?1 & !y return _! loans fai?fully to air & wat] & e>? ) ! pass+ ( ea* g5]ation & ! dawn+ ( a new4 ,!re is ! h9t ( su* a law ( gr[? 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 b x is s va/ly sl[ t ! evanesc5t animal man has no p]sonal int]e/ 9 x2 = all 8 purposes & by all 8 /&>ds ( measurem5t x is in]t1 & ^! ri*es1 once dug & us$1 w nev] aga9 be available4 ,! treasures ( comm]cially valuable ore-deposits h be5 hid by nature :imsically ?r\gh\t ! e>?1 "h & !re1 by no rule ( geography or latitude1 & ) a great disreg>d ( equality4 ,a nation's ne$s or desires = m9]al weal? h no /at$ relation to its actual m9]al possessions2 :at x ne$s is (t5 9 ! t]ritory ( ano!r nation :i* does n ne$ x4 ,comm]ce is ?us born1 & ! nation :i* mu/ h ! metal or ore 9 "q backs up its comm]ce & helps x to fa/5 its claims = p]man5t control ( ! deposits 9 "q1 by legislation1 by diplomacy1 &1 if ne$ be1 by w>4 ,9 ! case ( w>1 ! metallic prize falls to ! /ronge/--usually ! nation :i* be=e1 ?r\gh its necessities1 ex]cis$ only comm]cial control1 b :i*1 z ! result ( ! trial ( /r5g?1 n[ frankly ass]ts its sov]eignty4 ,h we z ,am]icans realiz$ ^! =ces8 ,absolutely n1 ,i %\ld say4 ,h[ _m realize t ! ,alsace-,lorra9e "q is & 0 n a s5tim5tal "o1 b a /ruggle = ! greate/ iron deposits ( ,europe & ! second l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 :i* gave ,g]many h] imm5se gr[? & p[]1 & may n[ transf] t weal? & p[] to ,france8 ,t ! dispute betwe5 ,pol& & ,g]many z to ,upp] ,silesia is n a "q ( nationality1 s5tim5t1 or ev5 t]ritory1 b conc]ns ! greate/ coal field ( ,europe z well z great deposits ( lead & z9c8 ,if ,pol& gets ?is1 %e may rival ,g]many 9 weal? & importance2 if ,g]many loses x1 %e may drop into ! position ( a second-rate p[]1 n[ t %e has also _h to give up ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,to submit su* a "q to ! vote ( ! native population is ( ! same ord] ( fitness z toss+ a co9 = x2 b h[ _m ( u h und]/ood ?is8 ,population %ifts & *anges1 swells or %r9ks1 may be at "o "t pr$om9antly ,poli% & at ano!r "t ma9ly ,g]man2 b ! coal deposits are fix$4 ,to cl>ify ^! ?+s we %\ld 9 place ( ,silesia say ,coal1 9 ! place ( ,alsace-,lorra9e1 ,iron1 & s on4 ,! reason we h n realiz$ ^! facts is on acc\nt ( our own va/ m9]al weal?1 s abundant t n till rec5tly has ,am]ican capital & ent]prise f\nd x necess>y to adv5ture into ! outside _w1 z ! ,european nations _h long ago done4 ,_! natural weal? 0 limit$ s t !y h become famili> ) ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples & laws ( :i* we h be5 unconsci\s4 ,f ?is has aris5 ,european =eign policies1 ! protection ( _! national comm]ce & national capital 9 =eign ent]prises & consequ5tly at home2 gov]nm5tal p>ticipation 9 bus9ess comb9ations1 z 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy2 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 engag$ 9 8tru/-bu/+0 & has neglect$ ! protection ( its inve/ors 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,?is illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,european diplomacy & ,am]ican guilelessness4 ,h[ well ?is play$ into ! h&s ( =eign p[]s x is unnecess>y to expla94 ,! spectacle ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ma9ta9+ a ,monroe ,doctr9e ( protection ov] ,lat9-,am]ican republics :i* %e took no vigor\s /eps to unite ) h] by ! p[]ful bonds ( comm]ce1 mu/ well h excit$ ! amusem5t ( ^? ,european comm]cial nations l ,g]many :o h be5 /r5g!n+ !mselves 9 ^? c\ntries by ! close/ comm]cial1 & h5ce political1 ties4 ,?is volume simply takes up ! /udy ( ! actual situation1 z to ! di/ribution & own]%ip ( m9]al supplies 9 ! _w1 & ! au?or ( ea* *apt] is a well-kn[n speciali/4 ,fir/ is consid]$ ! "q ( petroleum1 s\rce ( p[] & light1 ! key to ! ma/]y ( ! air1 &1 on acc\nt ( its fluid & easily transportable condition1 ( extraord9>y future importance4 ,next are tak5 up ! great fuel m9]al1 coal1 & its ally1 ! great metallic m9]al1 iron1 :i* mu/ g toge!r = ! manufacture ( iron & /eel1 ! backbone ( all our me*anical a*ievem5ts4 ,next come ^? metals indisp5sable 9 /eel mak+ & 9 ! manufacture ( specially h>d or t\gh /eels4 ,^! are ( great importance1 & include manganese1 *romium1 nickel1 tung/51 vanadium1 antimony1 molybd5um1 uranium1 & zirconium4 ,radium is closely associat$ ) uranium & is consid]$ ) x4 ,closely alli$ ) zirconium are ?orium & meso?orium1 & _! treatm5t !re=e closely foll[s t ( zirconium4 ,! next great gr\p is t ( ! major metals1 o!r ?an iron & ! f]ro-alloy metals3 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 t9 & m]cury1 & alum9um4 ,alum9um ores are us$ n only z s\rces ( ! metal1 b = ! manufacture ( refractories & abrasives4 ,!re=e !y are class$ p>tly ) ! metallic & p>tly ) ! non-metallic m9]als2 & ! o!r non-metallic m9]als1 us$ likewise = abrasives1 refractories1 & o!r uses--su* m9]als z em]y & corundum1 magnesite1 graphite1 mica1 & asbe/os--foll[4 ,! next great gr\p is t ( ! f]tiliz] m9]als--phosphate rock1 pota%1 nitrates & nitrog51 & pyrite & sulphur1 all ess5tial = agriculture4 ,! la/ gr\p is t ( ! preci\s metals1 gold1 silv]1 & plat9um1 ess5tial = co9age & 9 ! arts4 ,^! v>i\s /udies are ess5tially bo? inclusive & elem5t>y3 toge!r !y =m almo/ ! fir/ contribution to ! bran* ( inve/igation--t ( ! relation ( geology to indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & political economy--:i* !y cov]2 & x is natural t beg9n+s %\ld be r crude4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! *apt]s 7 writt5 a ye> or m previ\s to ! publication ( ! volume1 & al?\gh br\ght to date to ! ext5t possible 9 ! brief "t available1 are consid]$ inadequate by ! au?ors !mselves4 ,apologies = %ortcom+s & possible inaccuracies are !re=e v mu* 9 ord]4 ,nev]!less1 x is felt t ! volume m]its publication1 & t ! beg9n+ "h made is f> bett] ?an no />t at all4 ,,josiah ,,edw>d ,,spurr4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,petroleum1 ,,by ,,john ,d4 ,,nor?rop #a ,,ii4 ,,coal1 ,,by ,,george ,s4 ,,rice ,,& ,,frank ,f4 ,,gr\t #bb ,,iii4 ,,iron1 ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,h>d] ,,& ,f4 ,t4 ,,edd+field #ee ,,iv4 ,,manganese1 ,,by ,d4 ,f4 ,,hewett #ij ,v4 ,,*romium1 ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,h>d] #aji ,,vi4 ,,nickel1 ,,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,corbett #abi ,,vii4 ,,tung/51 ,,by ,,frank ,l4 ,,hess #adb ,,viii4 ,,vanadium1 ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore #afc ,,ix4 ,,antimony1 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,f]guson ,,& ,d4 ,a4 ,,hall #agb ,x4 ,,molybd5um1 ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore #aia ,,xi4 ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium1 ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,p5rose1 ,,jr4 #bja ,,xii4 ,,zirconium1 ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,morris #bji ,,xiii4 ,,monazite1 ,,?orium1 ,,& ,,meso?orium1 ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore #baf ,,xiv4 ,,copp]1 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,pa9e #bbc ,,xv4 ,,lead1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,b4 ,,hyd] #bfa ,,xvi4 ,,z9c1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,b4 ,,hyd] #bid ,,xvii4 ,,t91 ,,by ,,james ,m4 ,,hill #cag ,,xviii4 ,,m]cury1 ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,ransome #ccg ,,xix4 ,,bauxite ,,& ,,alum9um1 ,,by ,,james ,m4 ,,hill #cdi ,,xx4 ,,em]y ,,& ,,corundum1 ,,by ,,frank ,j4 ,,katz #cef ,,xxi4 ,,magnesite1 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,/one #cfc ,,xxii4 ,,graphite1 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,f]guson1 ,,frank ,f4 ,,gr\t1 ,,& ,,george ,d4 ,,dub #cgb ,,xxiii4 ,,mica1 ,,by ,,dur& ,a4 ,,hall #chj ,,xxiv4 ,,asbe/os1 ,,by ,,oliv] ,,b[les #chh ,,xxv4 ,,phosphate ,,rock1 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,/one #djb ,,xxvi4 ,,pota%1 ,,by ,,hoyt ,s4 ,,gale ,,& ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ockett #daa ,,xxvii4 ,,nitrog51 ,,by ,,*e/] ,g4 ,,gilb]t #dba ,,xxviii4 ,,pyrite ,,& ,,sulphur1 ,,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,:ite #ddg ,,xxix4 ,,gold1 ,,by ,,john ,e4 ,,or*>d #dfb ,,xxx4 ,,silv]1 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,pa9e #die ,,xxxi4 ,,plat9um1 ,,by ,,james ,m4 ,,hill #ejf ,,xxxii4 ,,:o ,,owns ,,! ,,e>?8 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,spurr #ebb ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,geology ,,& ,,! ,,_w',s ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,,*apt] ,i ,,petroleum ,,by ,,john ,d4 ,,nor?rop#a #a ,9 ?is article1 prep>$ 9 ,june1 #aiah1 by ,mr4 ,nor?rop1 h be5 incorporat$ c]ta9 notes & additions2 z1 = example1 in=mation furni%$ by ,e4 ,russell ,lloyd1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey2 ,a4 ,g4 ,:ite & ,w4 ,e4 ,p]due1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 & o!rs4 7,j4 ,e4 ,s47 ,,introduction ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,spurr ,coal & iron are ! backbone ( indu/rial civilization1 & %\ld be consid]$ fir/ 9 any attempt to analyze ! own]%ip & control1 z betwe5 nations1 ( ! _w's m9]al res\rces4 ,k9 to coal 9 gr[+ importance1 h[ev]1 is ! light]1 fluid & volatile m9]al sub/ance1 petroleum1 ^: significance is va/ & z yet n :olly def9$4 ,m easily transportable ?an coal1 & yield+ ref9$ products ^: explosive action 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es furni%es great] p[] 9 proportion to weight ?an 0 once deem$ possible1 petroleum & its products1 ap>t f _! imm5se direct economic importance1 may1 9 ! automobile1 ! subm>9e1 & ! air plane1 & ?r\gh num]\s o!r applications1 control /rategically1 f a nationali/ic /&po9t1 ! m in]t f\ndations ( civilization4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( crude petroleum z fuel1 especially = %ips1 is ( ! mo/ vital importance 9 ^! days ( great] competitive plans = exp&+ _w-wide comm]ce1 & e/abli%+ ! /r5g? & ready effici5cy ( navies4 ,great m>itime nations mu/ h1 = _! oil-burn+ %ips1 oil-bunk]+ /ations "u _! own control 9 all p>ts ( ! _w :]e !y wi% _! comm]ce to dom9ate1 & _! navies to protect _! int]e/s effici5tly4 ,! recognition by c]ta9 /rong & aggressive nationalities ( ?is critical factor has br\ght ab\t a situation t is p]haps unp>allel$ 9 ! m9]al hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,coal & iron h always be5 decid$ly /atic z to control--!y h rema9$ l>gely "u ! sup]vision & direction ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y occur4 ,transportation co/s1 ! conjunction ( iron & coal deposits1 & o!r factors h prev5t$ ^! m9]als1 9 spite ( _! va/ importance1 f be+ fully us$ z a _w commodity4 ,by contra/1 petroleum is com+ to be univ]sal1 l gold1 9 its acceptance & applicability2 b1 unlike gold1 x is ess5tial 9 ! highe/ degree to ! advance ( mod]n civilization4 ,! fluidity ( ?is m9]al1 its consequ5t amaz+ly *eap transportation & h&l+ by pipe l9es1 ! complet5ess ) :i* x c be utiliz$1 all comb9e t[>d mak+ x 9 ! future ! crucial factor ( comm]cial & ( political control4 ,moreov]1 ?is fluidity ( =m & ease ( application facilitate ! control ( petroleum by va/ comm]cial organizations1 l ! ,/&>d ,oil ( ,am]ica1 & o!rs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 & ev5 make its _w control feasible & probable4 ,recogniz+ ?is t5d5cy1 _m nations1 l ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,mexico1 h tak5 /eps look+ t[>d a p>tial nationalization ( _! petroleum res\rces1 9 ord] to protect !mselves aga9/ =eign comm]cial aggression 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,engl& has gone f>!/ 9 ?is direction1 & has rea*$ & is rea*+ out aggressively into o!r c\ntries to secure1 ?r\gh comm]cial control1 back$ :]e necess>y by political pressure1 a _w empire ( petroleum to s]ve h] _w-wide colonial empire4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 has dom9at$ ! _w's petroleum indu/ry ?r\gh h] own va/ res\rces1 work$ by int]e/s :i* h gr[n )\t consci\s gov]nm5tal help or ev5 9 spite ( gov]nm5tal & popul> opposition1 & h rea*$ out & secur$ foo?olds 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! pa/ ! m9]al developm5t ( ! _w has l$ to great *anges 9 political sov]eignty4 ,important z ^! h be51 ! ev5ts t may result f ! nationali/ic competitive exploitation & control ( ! _w's petroleum supply bid fair to exce$ 9 importance all simil> *anges ( ! pa/4 ,! p]ception ( ! problem & ( ! necessity1 & ! advantage ( ! initiative1 naturally belongs to ^? nations ) re/rict$ area & res\rces1 t h gr[n great by trad+ & by exploit+ ! res\rces ( o!r c\ntries4 ,su* a nation1 = example1 is ,engl&1 a c\ntry t is =tunately ! natural ally ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by contra/1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a nation conc]n$ hi!rto only ) ! developm5t ( its own va/ res\rces1 comm]cial ent]prise 9 =eign c\ntries has be5 back$ by no fix$ national policy1 & inde$ has (t5 be5 treat$ z unwor?y4 ,9 ! new int]national era t 0 initiat$ by ! ,_w ,w>1 h[ev]1 ?is policy ( ,*9ese self-suffici5cy & exclusion c n be safely cont9u$1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ n only p]ceive cle>ly ! t5d5cies & movem5ts ( o!r nationalities1 b consid] h[ be/ to direct its own comm]cial & political plans s z to uphold its indep5d5ce & p[]4 ,su* a policy w\ld naturally lead to int]national agreem5ts z to ! di/ribution & division ( petroleum l&s1 res\rces1 & production1 & probably no "o ?+ w\ld contribute m to ! promotion ( frank und]/&+ betwe5 nations & ! removal ( ob/acles to p]man5t peace4 ,mr4 ,nor?rop's pap] foll[s3 ,,uses ,,( ,,petroleum ,9 its crude or semi-ref9$ /ate1 petroleum is ext5sively utiliz$ z fuel "u locomotive & m>9e boil]s & to a small ext5t 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es ( ! ,diesel type4 ,c]ta9 grades ( petroleum are utiliz$ 9 ! crude /ate z lubricants4 ,! pr9cipal use ( petroleum is = ! manufacture ( ref9$ products1 ( :i* ! numb] & uses are legion4 ,! lighte/ gravity1 e!rial products are employ$ z anae/hetics 9 surg]y4 ,! gasol9es are ! univ]sal fuels ( int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 & ! naph?as are widely us$ z solv5ts & = bl5d+ ) raw cas+head gasol9e 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial gasol9e4 ,! k]os5e gr\p includes a v>iety ( products utiliz$ prim>ily z illum9ants1 b 9 annually increas+ quantities z fuel 9 f>m tractors4 ,! lubricat+ oils & ! greases d]iv$ f petroleum are indisp5sable to ! op]ation ( all types ( ma*9]y4 ,! waxes d]iv$ f petroleum ( p>aff9 base are utiliz$ 9 _m =ms z pres]vatives & z s\rces ( illum9ation1 & 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s h become indisp5sable con/itu5ts ( surgical dress+s 9 ! treatm5t ( burns4 ,petroleum coke1 because ( its purity1 is 9 dem& = use 9 c]ta9 metallurgical processes & = ! manufacture ( batt]y c>bons & arc-light p5cils4 ,fuel oils obta9$ z by-products ( petroleum ref9+ satisfy ! fuel ne$s ( _m indu/rial plants1 railroads & ocean /eam]s4 ,road oils1 z ! "n implies1 are employ$ = m9imiz+ du/ on /reets & highways2 & artificial asphalt1 a product ( c]ta9 types ( petroleum1 has 9 _m localities sup]s$$ ! use ( o!r =ms ( asphalt = pav+ purposes4 ,sub/itutes4--,= petroleum z a fuel "u boil]s 9 ! g5]ation ( /eam !re are num]\s sub/itutes1 includ+ wood1 *>coal1 coal1 peat1 natural gas1 artificial gas1 & electricity2 z a fuel 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es "s demon/rat$ sub/itutes are natural gas1 artificial gas1 b5zol1 & alcohol1 & 9 ! ,diesel type ( eng9e c]ta9 vegetable & fi% oils c be utiliz$4 ,= illum9at+ purposes1 animal fats1 oils di/ill$ f coal1 natural gas1 artificial gas1 acetyl5e gas & electricity may be sub/itut$ = k]os5e4 ,= c]ta9 types ( lubrication c>efully ref9$ vegetable & m9]al oils are acceptable1 b = lubricat+ high-spe$ be>+s & = all lubrication 9 ! pres5ce ( high temp]ature & ( /eam no satisfactory sub/itutes = m9]al lubricants d]iv$ f petroleum are kn[n4 ,sub/itutes = petroleum asphalt are available 9 ! =m ( native asphalts1 bitum9\s rocks1 & coal-t> residues4 ,= petrolatum1 animal fats & vegetable oils c be sub/itut$1 & = p>aff9 wax1 ozok]ite might be made to satisfy su* ess5tial requirem5ts z c\ld n be met by refrig]ation or by vegetable & animal oils4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,probable *anges 9 practice t may be expect$ to affect ! petroleum indu/ry )9 ! next t5 ye>s include an increas$ dep5d5ce by oil produc]s on geologic inve/igations 9 advance ( drill+1 ! developm5t ( me?ods = deep] drill+ ?an is n[ practicable1 & ! m effici5t h&l+ ( individual wells & ( entire prop]ties1 ) a view to ! ultimate recov]y1 at m9imum co/1 ( a high] p]c5tage ( ! oil orig9ally pres5t4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d amalgamation ( individual produc+1 transport+1 ref9+ & m>ket+ int]e/s into /rong units capable ( competition 9 dome/ic & =eign m>kets on relatively equal t]ms ) ea* o!r & ) pre-exi/+ comb9ations ( equival5t /r5g? w d\btless increase1 & ) ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ! sev]al units w come an effici5t & ?or\gh que/ = petroleum 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ref9+ ( petroleum x is probable t me?ods w be devis$ & p]fect$ = recov]+ m ( ! light-gravity products f l[-grade petroleum & = ! conv]sion ( ! less-salable products ( petroleum into products ( greate/ curr5t dem&4 ,moreov]1 x is believ$ t int]nal-combu/ion eng9es w be s modifi$ z to run successfully on petroleum products ( l[] volatility ?an gasol9e4 ,! use ( petroleum z railroad1 m>9e1 & indu/rial fuel is de/9$ to increase enorm\sly 9 ! next decade4 ,al?\gh an important contributor to ! oil-supply ( ,great ,brita91 ! %ale-oil indu/ry has receiv$ little att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s outside ( ,scotl&4 ,inve/igations by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey h demon/rat$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s va/ deposits ( oil %ale 9 ,utah1 ,colorado1 ,wyom+ & ,nevada1 mu* ( :i* w av]age high] 9 oil cont5t ?an ! ,scotti% %ale4 ,ef=ts already begun to develop me?ods = ! recov]y ( %ale oil on a comm]cial scale 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w und\bt$ly result 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a %ale-oil indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry )9 ! next two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! future gr[? ( ?is indu/ry w dep5d l>gely on ! rapidity ( ! decl9e 9 ! dome/ic production ( petroleum4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,comm]cial accumulations ( petroleum are ev]y:]e re/rict$ to /rata ( s$im5t>y orig94 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates petroleum is produc$ comm]cially f /rata ( all p]iods f ,cambrian to ,quat]n>y1 ! mo/ prolific s\rces be+ 9 /rata ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,t]ti>y sy/ems4 ,! geological age ( ! *ief s\rces ( petroleum production 9 ea* ( ! o!r oil-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w is indicat$ 9 ! table foll[+3 ,,table #a4--;,,geologic ,,age ,,( ,,petroleum-,,be>+ ,,=mations ,c\ntry ,sy/em ,nor? ,am]ica ,canada ,silurian & ,devonian ,mexico ,cretace\s & basal ,t]ti>y ,alaska ,t]ti>y 787 ,we/ ,indies ,tr9idad ,t]ti>y ,cuba ,cretace\s & pre-,cretace\s ,s\? ,am]ica ,colombia ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,v5ezuela ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,p]u ,t]ti>y ,arg5t9a ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,europe ,russia ,t]ti>y ,r\mania ,t]ti>y ,galicia ,t]ti>y ,italy ,t]ti>y ,g]many 7,alsace7 ,t]ti>y & pre-,t]ti>y ,asia ,india ,t]ti>y ,turke/an ,t]ti>y ,p]sia ,t]ti>y ,africa ,alg]ia ,t]ti>y ,egypt ,t]ti>y ,oceania ,japan ,t]ti>y ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies ,t]ti>y ,new ,zeal& ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,f ! =ego+ table "o might conclude t a direct relation exi/s betwe5 ! di/ribution ( ,t]ti>y rocks & ! supply ( petroleum1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* produces two-?irds ( ! _w's curr5t supply1 ! que/ = petroleum has1 "u sci5tific direction1 includ$ ! entire range ( ! /ratigraphic column1 & has f\nd petroleum 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! rocks ( ea* geologic sy/em y\ng] ?an ! ,cambrian4 ,! fact t seeps & o!r surface indications ( petroleum are g5]ally m pron\nc$ 9 ! relatively y\ng] ,mesozoic /rata ?an 9 ! old] ,paleozoic =mations1 & ! fur!r fact t geologic exploration = oil & gas 9 c\ntries o!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 re/rict$ 9 ! ma9 to areas conta9+ ! mo/ pron\nc$ indications ( petroleum1 t5d to acc\nt = ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em 9 ! =ego+ table & to indicate ! fallacy ( attempts to e/imate ! _w's res]ves ( petroleum on /ratigraphic evid5ce alone4 ,despite ! broad geologic range ( petroleum1 its occurr5ce 9 specific memb]s1 =mations1 gr\ps1 s]ies or sy/ems is by no means univ]sal4 ,on ! contr>y1 its occurr5ce is re/rict$ to specific localities 9 :i* are fulfill$ c]ta9 v>iable relations1 z yet b little und]/ood1 t involve 7#a7 ! con/itution1 sequ5ce & cont5t ( organic matt] ( ! s$im5ts2 7#b7 ! nature & degree ( metamorphism !y h und]gone2 7#c7 _! /ructure2 & 7#d7 _! degree ( saturation ) salt wat]4 ,because ! mo/ detail$ geologic "w is insuffici5t to provide a basis = ! appropriate evaluation ( ! num]\s factors involv$1 & because only a relatively small p]c5tage ( ! areas ( s$im5t>y rocks 9 ! _w h be5 exam9$ geologically 9 appreciable detail1 any e/imate ( ! future supply ( petroleum 9 ! _w is peculi>ly haz>d\s4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! geographical di/ribution ( petroleum is z wide relatively z its geologic range4 ,! oil fields ( pres5t comm]cial significance are situat$1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance z contributors to ! _w's production ( petroleum 9 #aiag1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,galicia1 ,mexico1 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,japan & ,=mosa1 ,r\mania1 ,p]u1 ,tr9idad1 ,arg5t9a1 ,egypt1 ,g]many1 ,canada1 ,v5ezuela & ,italy4 ,small quantities ( petroleum h also be5 report$ f ,guatemala1 ,honduras1 ,co/a ,rica1 ,panama1 ,haiti1 ,porto ,rico1 ,bolivia1 ,*ile1 ,spa91 ,arabia1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 ,papua1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,nig]ia1 ,belgian ,congo1 ,gold ,coa/1 ,madagasc>1 & else:]e4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( petroleum 9 ! _w is %[n on ! accompany+ map4 7,plate ,i47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! produc+ petroleum fields ( ! _w4 ,by ,john ,d4 ,nor?rop4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or ! mo/ conspicu\s developm5ts ( ! _w's supply ( petroleum 9 ! next decade w take place 9 ! c\ntries t bord] ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! tr5d 9 ?is direction is unmi/akable4 ,f #aiac to #aiag1 ! annual production ( petroleum 9 ,mexico increas$ f #ba1jjj1jjj b>rels to #ef1jjj1jjj b>rels1 & ! pot5tialities ( future production 9 t c\ntry h be5 demon/rat$ to be almo/ beyond compreh5sion4 ,! output1 orig9ally consid]$ valuable only z a s\rce ( fuel oil1 is n[ yield+1 by mod]n ref9+ me?ods1 increas+ly important p]c5tages ( illum9at+ oils & gasol9e4 ,! only ob/acles to enorm\sly increas$ production are unsettl$ political conditions & inadequate facilities = m>9e transportation4 ,^! ob/acles w d\btless be ov]come )9 ! next few ye>s1 & b>r+ un=ese5 cont+5cies ,mexico w soon rank second among ! oil-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w4#b ,judg$ by ! results ( exploratory "w already done 9 ,v5ezuela & ,colombia1 bo? ( ^? c\ntries are de/9$ to contribute appreciably to ! _w's supply ( petroleum )9 ! next decade4 ,rec5tly ,colombia has giv5 en\gh evid5ce ( ability to furni% high-grade petroleum f wells ( l>ge individual capacity to w>rant ! l>ge int]e/s hold+ concessions !re to ex]t e ef=t to ov]come ! adv]se natural conditions t h s long b>r$ ! way to exploitation4 ,en\gh drill+ has already be5 done 9 ,v5ezuela to demon/rate t ! res\rces ( heavy-gravity asphalt-base petroleum 9 t c\ntry are l>ge1 & ! rec5t in/allation ( a mod]n petroleum ref9]y = ! treatm5t ( ^! oils on ! isl& ( ,curacao1 (f ! ,v5ezuelan coa/1 has provid$ ! m>ket necess>y to active field developm5t4 #b ,mexico rank$ second 9 #aiah & #aiai4 ,9 ,tr9idad ! production ( petroleum exce$s #a1ejj1jjj b>rels a ye> & has d\bl$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,) ! increas$ facilities = ocean transport ( petroleum t are becom+ available1 a l>ge output is assur$4 ,cuba is n expect$ to become an important produc] ( petroleum1 & pres5t k conc]n+ ! petroleum res\rces ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries is n su* z to w>rant ! belief t oil fields ( mat]ial consequ5ce w be develop$ 9 any ( !m4 ,petroleum production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is expect$ to rea* its maximum )9 ! next two or ?ree ye>s & to decl9e /eadily !reaft]1 al?\gh ?is c\ntry is expect$ to rema9 ! lead+ oil-produc+ c\ntry ( ! _w = ! great] "p1 if n all1 ( ! com+ decade4 ,z reg>ds ^? oil-produc+ c\ntries ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica t h n be5 already m5tion$1 no significant *anges 9 _! pres5t /atus are anticipat$4 ,! petroleum res\rces ( ,russia 7includ+ ,asiatic ,russia7 are believ$ suffici5t to assure t c\ntry reta9+ its position z ! lead+ produc] ( petroleum 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e f> beyond ! next decade4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! output has be5 obta9$ "u increas+ difficulties1 & z a consequ5ce !re has be5 no measure ei!r ( pres5t productive capacity or ( pot5tialities4 ,conc]n+ ! future ( ,russia z a s\rce ( petroleum ,arnold#c says3 8,su* l>ge areas1 bo? 9 ,european & ,asiatic ,russia1 yield unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( oil 9 l>ge quantities t x is to ?is c\ntry1 among ^? ( ,europe & ,asia1 to :i* ! future mu/ look = a supply40 #c ,,arnold1 ,,ralph3 8,! ,_w's ,oil ,supply03 ,report ,am4 ,m94 ,cong41 #ai? annual session1 #aiag1 pp4 #dhe-dhf4 ,russia be+ end[$ ) petroleum res]ves1 bo? prov$ & prospective1 ( great magnitude1 ! ultimate position ( t c\ntry z ! lead+ oil-produc] ( ! _w seems reasonably assur$4 ,its imm$iate future is too intimately dep5d5t on ! progress f political turmoil to w>rant a =eca/4 ,! oil fields ( bo? ,r\mania & ,galicia are believ$ to h pass$ _! maximum yield1 & ! possibilities ( op5+ new fields ( consequ5ce 9 ^? c\ntries are n consid]$ l>ge en\gh to ju/ify a =eca/ ( any?+ b a mod]ate decl9e ( production 9 future ye>s4 ,no mat]ial *ange 9 ! /atus ( ! negligible oil fields ( ,italy or ( ,alsace is anticipat$ at any "t 9 ! future4 ,) reg>d to ! situation 9 ,asia1 ! writ] believes t ! next decade w witness a /eady increase 9 ! output ( petroleum 9 ,india1 & ! probable developm5t ( "o or m important oil fields 9 ,p]sia & possibly ( fields 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,turke/an & ,*9a4 ,9 ,oceania ! same p]iod w d\btless witness a mat]ial increase 9 ! production ( petroleum 9 ,japan & ,=mosa & 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 toge!r ) ! possible op5+ ( new fields 9 ,papua4 ,africa w d\btless receive consid]able att5tion f oil op]ators 9 ! next t5 ye>s1 b on ! basis ( available evid5ce ! results obta9$ 9 t p]iod w probably n be l>ge en\gh to affect ! petroleum situation ( ! _w4 ,,political ,,control ,,( ,,production ,! /atus ( ! political control ( ! _w's output ( petroleum 9 #aiag1 z det]m9$ by ! be/ data n[ available1 is indicat$ 9 ! table foll[+4 ,! accompany+ diagram 7,figure #a7 %[s ! proportion ( ! _w's production ( petroleum contribut$ annually by ea* ( ! pr9cipal produc+ c\ntries 9 ea* ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,,table #b4--,,political ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,petroleum ,,9 #aiag ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,s\rce ( ,c\ntry production ,quantity ( ex]cis+ production,p]c5tagepolitical 7b>rels7 ( total control ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,unit$ ,/ates #cce1cae1fja #ff4ag ,unit$ ,/ates ,russia #fi1jjj1jjj #ac4fb ,russia ,mexico #ee1bib1ggj #aj4ia ,mexico ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #ab1ibh1iee #b4ee ,holl& ,india #h1jgh1hdc #a4ei ,great ,brita9 ,p]sia #f1hef1jfc #a4cf ,p]sia ,galicia #e1ife1ddg #a4ah ,pol& 787 ,japan & ,=mosa #b1hih1fed #j4eg ,japan ,r\mania #b1fha1hgj #j4ee ,r\mania ,p]u #b1ecc1dag #j4ej ,p]u ,tr9idad #a1eii1dee #j4cb ,great ,brita9 ,arg5t9a #a1add1gcg #j4bc ,arg5t9a ,egypt #a1jjh1gej #j4bj ,great ,brita9 ,g]many #iie1gfd #j4bj ,g]many ,canada #bje1ccb #j4jd ,great ,brita9 ,v5ezuela #abg1gdc #j4jc ,v5ezuela ,italy #ej1ccd #j4ja ,italy ,cuba #ai1afg ,cuba --------------------- #ejf1gjb1ijb #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,proportion ( ! _w's output ( petroleum contribut$ annually by ea* ( ! *ief produc+ c\ntries1 #aijh-aiag4 ,aside f ! control ex]cis$ by ,great ,brita9 ?r\gh its protectorate relation ov] ! petroleum res\rces ( ,egypt1 control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( ! v>i\s c\ntries is ma9ly by virtue ( /ate sov]eignty4 ,?is political control is 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! c\ntry ex]cis+ x4 ,rec5t developm5ts :]eby ! ,briti% gov]nm5t becomes ! majority /ockhold] ( a corporation controll+ ! oil res\rces ( ,p]sia1 practically transf] ! political control1 z well z ! comm]cial control1 ( ,p]sian petroleum f ,p]sia to ,engl&4 ,mexico's rec5tly attempt$ firm political control ( h] va/ petroleum res\rces dep5ds = its success ^u h] diplomatic ability 9 deal+ ) ! /rong] gov]nm5ts ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: nationals h acquir$ a comm]cial control t is ?reat5$ by ,mexico's new & decid$ nationali/ic policy4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,production ,! comm]cial control ( ! _w's production ( petroleum1 z f> z nations are involv$1 is det]m9$ 9 ! ma9 ?r\gh direct own]%ip1 ( l&s1 leases & concessions1 or by ! control1 ?r\gh hold+ corporations1 ( subsidi>y companies hold+ fee1 leases1 m9]al rights or concessions ( petroleum l&4 ,except 9 ,arg5t9a1 :]e ! dome/ic petroleum indu/ry is own$ & op]at$ by ! /ate2 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! gov]nm5t p>ticipates directly 9 ! f9anc+ ( petroleum ent]prises ?r\gh ! ,deuts*e ,bank2 & 9 ,p]sia1 :]e ! ,briti% gov]nm5t owns a sub/antial int]e/ 9 a company own+ & op]at+ ext5sive concessions1 ! comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry is det]m9$ almo/ :olly by aggregations ( private capital act+ 9 _! own int]e/s4 ,,table #c4--,,nationality ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,control ,,( ,,dom9ant ,,int]e/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,approximate ext5t ,production ,nationality ( control by 9 #aiag ( dom9ant dom9ant int]e/s ,c\ntry 7b>rels7 int]e/s 7p] c5t47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #cce1cae1fja,unit$ ,/ates #if ,russia #fi1jjj1jjj;,briti%-,dut* #dj ,mexico #ee1bib1ggj,unit$ ,/ates #fe ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #ab1ibh1iee;,briti%-,dut* #ajj ,india #f1jgh1hdc;,briti% #ajj ,p]sia #f1hef1jfc;,briti% #ajj ,galicia #e1ife1ddg;,g]man #ajj ,japan & ,=mosa #b1hih1fed;,japanese #ajj ,r\mania #b1fha1hgj;,briti%-,dut* #cf ,p]u #b1ecc1dag,unit$ ,/ates #gj ,tr9idad #a1eii1dee;,briti% #hj ,arg5t9a #a1add1gcg;,arg5t9ian #ajj ,egypt #a1jjh1gej;,briti%-,dut* #ajj ,g]many & ,alsace #iie1gdf;,g]man #ajj ,canada #bje1ccb,unit$ ,/ates#d #hj- ,v5ezuela #abg1gdc;,briti%-,dut* #hj 787 ,italy #ej1jjj;,fr5* #if ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d ,by control ( ref9+ facilities4 ,s f> z ! au?or is aw>e1 ,canada is ! only c\ntry 9 :i* ! petroleum indu/ry may be said to be controll$ by =eign 7,unit$ ,/ates7 int]e/s1 ?is control be+ by virtue ( an ess5tial monopoly ( pipe-l9e & ref9+ facilities4 ,! prec$+ table %[s1 accord+ to ! be/ in=mation available1 ! nationality & approximate ext5t ( control ex]cis$ by ! dom9ant int]e/ 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal oil-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w 9 #aiag4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,res\rces ,! accompany+ diagram 7,figure #b7 %[s graphically ! approximate comm]cial control ( ! _w's production ( petroleum 9 #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,approximate comm]cial control ( ! _w's production ( petroleum 9 #aiag4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ! h&s ( ! s-call$ 8,/&>d ,oil ,gr\p0 ( companies1 ?r\gh _! control ( mo/ ( ! great pipe-l9e sy/ems ( ! c\ntry1 ( probably #ge p] c5t4 ( ! ref9+ facilities & ( a sub/antial "p ( ! actual production4 ,o!r dome/ic int]e/s hav+ important %>es 9 ! control ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates include ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad ,co41 ,cities ,s]vice ,co4 7,doh]ty int]e/s71 ,g5]al ,petroleum ,corporation1 ,gulf ,oil ,corporation1 ,ohio ,cities ,gas ,co41 ,cosd5 ,co41 ,s9clair ,oil ,ref9+ ,corporation1 ,! ,sun ,co41 ! ,texas ,co41 ! ,tide ,wat] ,oil ,co41 & ! ,union ,oil ,co4 ,=eign int]e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates include purely ,briti% companies1 :i* control a production ( ab\t #b1jjj1jjj b>rels a ye>2 ,briti%-,dut* companies repres5t$ by ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate1 :i* control a production ( ab\t #i1jjj1jjj b>rels a ye>1 toge!r ) ref9+ & m>ket+ facilities2 & ,franco-,belgian companies controll+ a ye>ly production ( ab\t #a1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,aside f ! v probable hold+s by individual ,g]mans ( %>es 9 companies engag$ 9 "o or m phases ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! au?or is aw>e ( no organiz$ ,g]man int]e/ 9 any phase ( ! dome/ic indu/ry4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,russia is1 "u ! political conditions n[ exi/+ 9 c5tral ,europe1 l>gely a matt] ( speculation4 ,z ne>ly z c be asc]ta9$1 ! dom9ant control is 9 ! h&s ( purely ,briti%1 ,franco-,briti%1 & ,briti%-,dut* 7,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate7 int]e/s4 ,c]ta9 ( ! second-nam$ int]e/s are alli$ closely ) an additional gr\p ( capitali/s repres5t$ by ! firm ,nobel ,bros41 ( mu* importance1 ! pres5t control ( :i* is by no means cle>1 f ! lit]ature available on ! subject4 ,?\gh orig9ally ,sw$i%1 ! f9ancial int]e/s n[ involv$ 9 ,nobel ,bros4 are believ$ to include repres5tatives ( f9ancial gr\ps 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many z well1 ) control probably ly+ ) ! ,anglo-,sw$i% int]e/s4 ,be=e ! w>1 direct ,g]man int]e/ 9 ,russian petroleum includ$ control by ! ,deuts*e ,bank ?r\gh a ,belgian company 7! ,petrole de ,grosny7 ( ! important produc+ & ref9+ company1 ,a4 ,i4 ,akv]d(f ,co41 control ( :i* is n[ 9 ,briti% or ,briti%-,dut* h&s4 ,z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a consid]able "p ( ! actual production ( petroleum 9 ,russia is di/ribut$ among a l>ge numb] ( individually weak companies1 dom9at$1 ?r\gh ! control ( pipe-l9e or ref9+ facilities1 by "o or ano!r ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,( consid]able importance 9 ,russian petroleum affairs at "o "t 0 ! ,european ,petroleum ,union1 organiz$ = combat 9 ! _w m>kets ) ! ,/&>d ,oil tru/4 ,?is union includ$ among o!rs su* important petroleum op]ators z ,nobel ,bros41 ! ,ro?s*ild int]e/s 7n[ ,dut*-,%ell71 ,mantas*(f 7n[ ,russian ,g5]al ,oil ,corporation7 7,briti%71 & ! ,deuts*e ,bank1 ! latt] controll+ ,akv]d(f & ,spies 9 ,russia1 toge!r ) important companies 9 ,r\mania & ,galicia4 ,h[ f> ?is union controll$ ! affairs ( its con/itu5t companies is n evid5t f available data1 & its pres5t influ5ce on companies n[ op]at+ 9 ,russia is unc]ta94 ,conditions 9 ,russia make impossible any def9ite /atem5t on ! petroleum situation4 ,a decree ( ! ,bol%eviki gov]nm5t1 dat$ ,june #bj1 #aiah1 on ! nationalization ( ! petroleum indu/ry1 decl>$ z ! prop]ty ( ! /ate all movable & immovable prop]ty employ$ 9 & belong+ to t indu/ry4 ,trad+ 9 oil 0 decl>$ a /ate monopoly & 0 delegat$ to ! *ief petroleum committee ( ! fuel dep>tm5t ( ! supreme ,c\ncil ( ,national ,economy4 ,z ! *ief produc+ areas are n[ "u ,briti% milit>y control1 ?is decree is ineffective4 ,comm]cial control ( petroleum 9 ,mexico is divid$ among ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,briti%1 & ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s1 :i* controll$ ab\t #fe1 #cj & #b p] c5t41 respectively1 ( ! production 9 #aiag4 ,! int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates include ! ,doh5y gr\p1 op]at+ pr9cipally z ! ,hua/eca & ,mexican ,petroleum companies2 ! ,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ,new ,j]sey1 op]at+ z ! ,p5n-,mex ,fuel ,co42 ! ,s9clair int]e/s1 op]at+ z ! ,freeport & ,mexican ,fuel ,oil ,co42 ! ,texas ,co42 ,gulf ,co42 ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad2 & o!rs4 ,! ,briti% int]e/s are repres5t$ by ! ,pe>sons1 op]at+ z ! ,mexican ,eagle ,oil ,co42 & ! ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s by ,la ,corona ,petroleum ,co41 & ,*ijoles ,oil1 ,ltd41 controll$ by ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate4 ,no exclusively ,g]man int]e/s are kn[n to hold a sub/antial portion ( any important company op]at+ 9 ,mexico4 ,=m]ly concessions 7 freely grant$ to =eign individuals & companies = ! exploitation ( m9]al deposits1 & oil l&s 7 sold by ! native own]s to =eign]s4 ,article #bg ( ! con/itution ( #aiag expressly =bids any b ,mexican companies acquir+ directly or op]at+ directly petroleum l&s 9 ,mexico4 ,all rec5t concessions = ! exploitation ( oil prop]ties conta9 a provision /at+ t ! concession w be decl>$ null if any ( ! rights are transf]r$ to any =eign gov]nm5t4 ,! provisions & ! int5t ( a s]ies ( presid5tial decrees issu$ on ,febru>y #ai1 #aiah1 ,july #h1 #aiah1 ,july #ca1 #aiah1 & ,augu/ #a1 #aiah1 are to nationalize all petroleum l&s & to p]mit !m to be work$ only by ,mexican citiz5s or by companies t agree to consid] !mselves ,mexican & fur!r agree n to invoke ! protection ( _! gov]nm5ts4 ,a bill 0 pres5t$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiah1 to c>ry out ,article #bg ( ! new con/itution1 b ?us f> no action has be5 tak5 9 ! matt]4 ,! decrees & legislation gr[+ out ( ,article #bg h be5 prote/$ by ! *ief petroleum companies op]at+ 9 ,mexico & by _! respective gov]nm5ts4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate & is ess5tially absolute by reason ( ! re/rictions conta9$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ,ea/ ,india ,m9+ ,act & subsequ5t supplem5ts on =eign acquisition ( m9+ rights 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,actual control is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bataafs*e ,petroleum ,maats*appij1 :i* has a capital ( #ef1jjj1jjj divid$ into five %>es1 ?ree ( :i* are own$ by ! ,royal ,dut* ,petroleum ,co41 & two by ! ,%ell ,transport ,trad+ ,co4 7,briti%74 ,purely ,briti% int]e/s control an inconsequ5tial production ( petroleum 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo & 9 ,s>awak4 ,prospect+ lic5ses & concessions are grant$ only to ,dut* subjects & to ,dut* companies4 ,x is (ficially /at$ t ! object ( ^! re/rictions is n to exclude =eign capital2 ?is is precisely _! effect1 & on acc\nt ( ! economic monopoly :i* ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell n[ has ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 x w\ld be v difficult = any new ent]prise to ga9 a foo?old4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( ,india is ex]cis$ by ! ,burma ,oil ,co4 ?r\gh its dom9ance ( production1 ref9]ies1 & pipe-l9e facilities1 & by reason ( agreem5ts z to m>ket+ ) its pr9cipal competitor1 ! ,briti% ,burma ,petroleum ,co41 bo? controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! ,burma ,oil ,co4 is alli$ )1 if n directly controll$ by1 a gr\p ( ,briti% f9anci]s1 "o or m ( :om is int]e/$ 9 companies 9 ,tr9idad & 9 ,p]sia4 ,dur+ ! w> ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,r\mania 0 tempor>ily :olly 9 control ( ,g]man & ,au/rian int]e/s4 ,! advanc$ /age ( developm5t ( ! oil fields prior to ! w> & ! int5tional damage1 mu* ( :i* is irrep>able1 wr\ght 9 ! fields by ,briti% deta*m5ts 9 #aiaf1 :5 capture ( ! fields by ,au/ro-,g]man =ces became inevitable1 are believ$1 h[ev]1 to h depriv$ ,g]many ( a l>ge "p ( ! fruits ( h] conque/1 z x is consid]$ d\btful if ! ,r\manian fields c ev] aga9 be made to yield petroleum at ! pre-w> rate ( #ab1jjj1jjj b>rels p] annum4 ,! ,am]ican ,petroleum ,in/itute /ates t 8,r\mania is consid]+ ! erection ( a /ate monopoly ( bo? production & di/ribution on ! ru9s ( ! monopoly :i* ,g]many s\ght to e/abli% !re b 0 compell$ by ! armi/ice to r5\nce40 ,prior to ! w> ,dut* or r ,briti%-,dut* 7,dut*-,%ell7 int]e/s controll$ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! annual production ( petroleum 9 ,r\mania1 ,g]man int]e/s ab\t #bf p] c5t41 ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s 7,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ,new ,j]sey7 ab\t #ah p] c5t41 ,fr5* int]e/s ab\t #af p] c5t41 purely ,briti% int]e/s ab\t #f p] c5t41 & ,belgian & ,r\manian int]e/s ! rema9d]4 ,?r\gh ! ,au/rian 8,society ,gaz0 & ! ,g]man 8,deuts*e ,erdoel ,akti5-gesells*aft10 ,g]man int]e/s h dom9at$ ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,galicia = ye>s ?r\gh ! direct control ( ! l>g] produc+ & ref9+ int]e/s & by reason ( ! fact t ! small] scatt]$ int]e/s 7 dep5d5t almo/ entirely on ! two lead+ companies1 ! ,galizis*e ,k>pa!n ,petroleum ,a4 ,g4 7controll$ by ,society ,gaz71 & ! ,premi] ,oil ,pipe ,l9e ,co4 7controll$ by ! ,deuts*e ,erdoel ,a4 ,g41 :i* is 9 turn controll$ by ! ,diskonto und ,blei*ro$]1 a bran* ( ! ,deut*e ,bank7 = _! transportation & ref9+ facilities4 ,briti% & ,dut* capital 7 involv$ 9 ! ,galician fields prior to ! w>1 b n1 x is believ$1 to a controll+ ext5t 9 ei!r ( ! dom9ant companies4 ,! petroleum indu/ry ( ,japan is controll$ :olly by ,japanese int]e/s & to a prepond]ant ext5t by a s+le company1 ! ,nippon ,oil ,co4 ,s f> z ! au?or is aw>e1 no =eign int]e/s %>e 9 any way 9 ! developm5t or control ( ! ,japanese petroleum indu/ry4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,p]u is ex]cis$ by ! ,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ,new ,j]sey ?r\gh its subsidi>y1 ! ,imp]ial ,oil ,co4 ( ,canada4 ,?is control involves ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( ! annual production1 ! rema9+ #cj p] c5t4 be+ divid$ 9 ! ratio ( #bg to #c betwe5 ,briti% & ,italian int]e/s respectively4 ,s f> z is kn[n no o!r int]e/s are involv$4 ,! int]e/s engag$ 9 ! petroleum indu/ry ( ,tr9idad include f9ancial gr\ps purely ,briti%1 controll+ ab\t #eg p] c5t4 ( ! production2 ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s 7,dut*-,%ell7 controll+ ab\t #bc p] c5t41 & ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s 7,g5]al ,asphalt ,co471 controll+ ! rema9d]4 ,! lead+ op]ator 9 ,tr9idad is ! ,tr9idad ,leaseholds1 ,ltd41 a ,briti% company t 9 #aiag produc$ ab\t #db p] c5t4 ( ! petroleum output cr$it$ to ,tr9idad t ye>4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( l[] ,alsace has be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,v]e9igte ,pe*elbronn] ,oelb]gw]ke ,gesells*aft & ! ,deuts*e ,tiefbohr ,a4 ,g4 ,bo? ( ^! companies are believ$ to be controll$ by ! ,deuts*e ,bank ?r\gh ! ,deuts*e ,erdoel ,a4 ,g41 & ! ,diskonto und ,blei*ro$]4 ,! negligible production ( petroleum 9 ,hanov] is d\btless "u ! same f9ancial control1 al?\gh data t w\ld w>rant a positive /atem5t to t effect are n at h&4 ,! petroleum res]ves ( ,arg5t9a1 :i* comprise ! only areas f :i* petroleum is be+ comm]cially produc$ 9 t c\ntry1 are op]at$ by ! /ate ?r\gh ! ,comodora ,rivadavia ,petroleum ,commission4 ,g]man int]e/s are ?\ght to h be5 involv$ 9 two or ?ree unsuccessful ef=ts 9 ! la/ decade to obta9 petroleum on tracts adjac5t to ! gov]nm5t res]ves 9 ! ,comodora ,rivadavia di/rict4 ,! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,egypt is controll$ :olly by ,briti%-,dut* capital op]at+ z ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,oilfields1 ,ltd41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate1 ?r\gh ! ,anglo-,saxon ,petroleum ,co41 ! la/-nam$ company be+ pr$om9antly ,briti%4 ,comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,canada is ex]cis$ 9 effect by ! ,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ,new ,j]sey1 ?r\gh its subsidi>y ! ,imp]ial ,oil ,co4 ( ,canada4 ,?is control is ex]cis$ ?r\gh a virtual monopoly ( pipe-l9e & ref9+ facilities1 & by ! produc+ int]e/s1 ?\gh ,briti% & ,canadian1 be+ individually small & unorganiz$4 ,! production ( petroleum 9 ,italy1 :i* is small1 repres5ts ! output ( two companies1 ! ,petroli d',italia1 9 :i* ,fr5* capital is pr$om9ant1 & ! ,petrolif]a ,italiana1 :i* is believ$ to be ess5tially ,italian4 ,f9ancial gr\ps int]e/$ 9 petroleum 9 ,v5ezuela include ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate 7,briti%-,dut*71 ! ,g5]al ,asphalt ,co41 7,unit$ ,/ates71 & a gr\p ( ,briti% f9anci]s :o control prop]ties 9 ,tr9idad z well z ! mo/ important gr\p ( companies1 o!r ?an ,nobels & ! ,dut*-,%ell1 9 ,russia4 ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s1 includ+ ! ,/&>d ,oil ,co41 ! ,doh]ty int]e/s1 ! ,texas ,co41 ! ,gulf ,corporation1 & ! ,isl& ,oil ,transport ,corporation1 are pr$om9ant 9 ! que/ = petroleum 9 ,colombia4 ,! ,v5ezuelan ,oil ,concessions1 ,ltd41 an ,engli% company op]at+ 9 ,v5ezuela1 is report$ to h obta9$ a concession to explore = oil 9 ! nor?we/ di/rict ( ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! ,s9clair int]e/s 7,unit$ ,/ates7 are p>ticul>ly active 9 ! se>* = petroleum 9 ,co/a ,rica & ,panama2 & ! ,sun ,co4 7,unit$ ,/ates7 is und]/ood to be inve/igat+ petroleum possibilities 9 o!r ,c5tral ,am]ican republics4 ,! ,pe>son int]e/s 7,briti%7 h exp5d$ consid]able ef=t 9 ! que/ ( petroleum 9 ,alg]ia & ,morocco1 & 9 ! =m] c\ntry ,am]ican int]e/s 7,e4 ,e4 ,smi?7 are report$ to h rec5tly s\ght petroleum concessions f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,briti% int]e/s1 includ+ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 control ext5sive petroleum concessions 9 ,p]sia1 f :i* oil 9 unreport$ quantities is n[ be+ produc$4 ,! mo/ promis+ oil t]ritory ( ,p]sia has rec5tly be5 clos$ to ,am]ican activity ?r\gh ! grant+ ( a concession aggregat+ approximately #ejj1jjj squ>e miles to a ,briti% conc]n1 ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,co41 a majority ( ^: vot+ /ock is own$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,?is concession runs until #aifa4 ,! importance ( ! oil t]ritory is indicat$ by its report$ pot5tial capacity ( #cj1jjj1jjj b>rels ye>ly1 ) trem5d\s res]ves undevelop$4 ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s 7,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ,new ,york7 are und]/ood to /ill reta9 control ov] ! petroleum rights 9 c]ta9 prov9ces 9 ,*9a1 :]e active prospect+ 9 two or ?ree localities a few ye>s ago 0 report$ to h yield$ unfavorable results4 ,petroleum 9 small quantities is produc$ 9 ,new ,zeal& by purely ,briti% int]e/s4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,p[]s ,unit$ ,/ates4--,z reg>ds probable developm5ts 9 ! petroleum indu/ry )9 ! next decade1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?anks to ! ent]prise & =esight$ness ( f9ancial int]e/s ( dome/ic orig91 seems to h a /rong position4 ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s are practically supreme 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 dom9at+ ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,mexico1 & ,p]u1 hold+ sub/antial int]e/s 9 ,tr9idad & ,v5ezuela & 9 ! prospective petrolif]\s areas 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,colombia4 ,its only competitors are ,briti% & ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s1 :i* control ! petroleum situation 9 ,tr9idad & are n only /rongly intr5*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico1 & ,v5ezuela1 b are aggressively seek+ to enl>ge _! hold+s 9 ^? c\ntries & to ga9 foo?olds else:]e4 ,unless ! ,unit$ ,/ates adopts measures1 su* z ,f$]al op]ation ( ! trunk pipe-l9es1 to limit ! aggressions ( =eign capital 9 ?is c\ntry1 & erects a firm =w>d-look+ gov]nm5tal policy t[>d ! protection ( inve/m5ts ( its citiz5s 9 petroleum prop]ties 9 o!r c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ,lat9-,am]ican c\ntries1 x may witness its comm]cial supremacy 9 petroleum affairs wane & disappe>1 :ile x is yet ! l>ge/ political contributor to ! _w's supply ( petroleum4 ,z contra/$ ) ! /rongly nationali/ic & delib]ately aggressive gov]nm5tal policy adopt$ by ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,holl& & "s o!r nations1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has nev] adopt$ any policy f\nd$ on recognition ( ! importance ( political & comm]cial control ( petroleum4 ,am]ican companies may n own & op]ate oil l&s 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 9 ! ,fr5* possessions1 or ! ,dut* colonies1 b ! only ,am]ican re/rictions on =eign activity 9 ! petroleum indu/ry are ^? :i* cov] all m9]als conta9$ 9 public l&s4 ,only ,am]ican citiz5s1 or ^? :o h decl>$ _! int5tion ( becom+ ,am]ican citiz5s1 c apply = pat5ts to su* l&4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! application is made1 !re is no re/riction on transf] ( ! m9]al rights ?us secur$4 ,great ,brita94--,briti% & ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s easily dom9ate ! petroleum situation 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e by supremacy 9 ! petroleum indu/ries ( ,russia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ! ,ne!rl&s ,ea/ ,indies4 ,dom9ation ( ! petroleum situation 9 ,russia alone is believ$ tantam\nt to dom9ion ( ! petroleum situation 9 ! entire ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e = ! great] "p ( ! next c5tury4 ,! /r5g? ( ,great ,brita9's pres5t position 9 ! _w's petroleum affairs lies 9 a /rong gov]nm5tal policy & 9 ! wide scope ( ,briti% petroleum inve/m5ts1 embrac+ practically e c\ntry :]e petroleum is an important product & ne>ly e c\ntry :]e x is a product ( pot5tial importance4 ,! g5]al policy ( ! ,briti% ,empire seems to be to control all oil developm5t & re/rict op]ations by =eign capital4 ,9 ,au/ralia lic5ses are requir$ = ! exploitation ( oil l&s1 & only companies incorporat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom or a ,briti% possession may receive su* lic5ses4 ,! ,gov]nor ,g5]al has ! "r ( pre-emption ( all oil produc$ & 9 case ( w> may take control ( all oil prop]ties4 ,9 ,canada1 9 ^? we/]n prov9ces :]e m9]als are ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n1 petroleum & natural gas l&s may be leas$ only to ,briti% companies4 ,a simil> re/riction exi/s 9 ,burma4 ,9 ,burma a monopoly ( ! petroleum indu/ry = #ii ye>s 0 grant$ to ! ,burma ,oil ,co4 9 #ahfe4 ,?is grant seems to h be5 inspir$ by fe> ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! agreem5t betwe5 ! company & ! gov]nm5t /ipulates t ! =m] %all n amalgamate ) o!r oil companies4 ,regulations ( l effect exi/ 9 o!r ,briti% colonies :]e oil exi/s2 9 ,b>bados ! ,briti% gov]nm5t has ! "r ( pre-emption ( all oil residues2 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 non-,briti% companies c only hold l&s by special lic5se ( ! ,gov]nor2 9 ,briti% ,honduras all m9]al oil is res]v$ to ! ,cr[n2 9 s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,tr9idad1 & ,tobago ! ,briti% gov]nm5t has ! "r ( pre-emption ov] all petroleum4 ,! rec5t grant+ ( a concession am\nt+ to a monopoly 9 ! mo/ promis+ oil di/rict ( ,p]sia 7a region t _m oil exp]ts believe likely to become "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! _w7 to a ,briti% company controll$ directly 7by /ock own]%ip7 by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 signifies an aggressive policy ( ,engl&1 outside ( h] own dom9ions1 to secure & hold1 "u gov]nm5t control1 oil l&s 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,x is und]/ood t ! be/-kn[n oil t]ritories 9 ,v5ezuela are already cov]$ by concessions t are practically all controll$ ei!r directly or indirectly by ,briti% int]e/s1 *iefly ! ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate4 ,s f> z obs]v$1 ,g]man int]e/s actually dom9ate ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,galicia & at home4 ,:e!r =c$ back on its own petroleum res\rces or on ^! re9=c$ by ^? ( ,galicia1 ,g]many w obvi\sly h an inadequate supply1 & 9 consequ5ce ,g]man int]e/s are likely to be p>ticul>ly aggressive 9 seek+ petroleum 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,france4--,s9ce control ( ! petroleum int]e/s ( ! ,ro?s*ilds pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate 7,briti%-,dut*71 ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* f9ances 9 petroleum affairs has be5 negligible1 outside ,galicia & ,italy1 :]e its pot5cy 0 n great4 ,fr5* capital w und\bt$ly p>ticipate 9 ef=ts to det]m9e ! petroleum res]ve ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 ,fr5* dep5d5cies1 b x w h>dly be mu* involv$ 9 organiz$ ef=ts to control ! _w situation ) respect to petroleum4 ,! ,fr5* m9+ law holds t oil & gas belong to ! /ate1 & may be exploit$ "u concessions1 ! area & "t limit ( :i* are matt]s ( negotiations betwe5 ! applicant & ! au?orities4 ,x is und]/ood t ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t is unwill+ to grant oil concessions except to companies ! majority ( ^: /ock is held by ,fr5* citiz5s4 ,a company incorporat$ rec5tly to "w ! ,alg]ian oil fields conta9s 9 its articles ( incorporation ! provision t #fj p] c5t4 ( its /ock mu/ be held by ,fr5* citiz5s4 ,japan4--,japanese inve/m5ts 9 ! _w's petroleum indu/ry h n yet atta9$ significant proportions outside ,japan itself1 ?\gh ! ,japanese gov]nm5t is (ficially alive to ! importance ( ,japanese inve/m5ts 9 petroleum prop]ties 9 ,mexico1 p>ticul>ly ,l[] ,cali=nia & ,sonora2 ,*9a2 & und\bt$ly ,russia4 ,h5ce l>ge inve/m5ts ( ,japanese capital 9 ! petroleum indu/ry 9 "o or all ( ^? c\ntries may be expect$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,,summ>y ,petroleum 9 its crude or semi-ref9$ /ate is us$ z fuel "u locomotive & m>9e boil]s & z a lubricant4 ,! pr9cipal use ( petroleum1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! manufacture ( num]\s ref9$ products4 ,"s ( ! m important products & _! uses are z foll[s3 e!r1 z an an/hetic 9 surg]y2 gasol9e1 z fuel 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es2 naph?as1 z solv5ts & 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial gasol9e2 k]os5e1 z an illum9ant & z a fuel = f>m tractors2 lubricat+ oils2 waxes1 z pres]vatives1 illum9ants1 & surgical dress+s 9 treatm5t ( burns2 petroleum coke1 9 metallurgical processes & 9 ! manufacture ( batt]y c>bons & arc-light p5cils2 heavy fuel oils2 road oils2 artificial asphalts1 = pavem5ts4 ,! use ( petroleum & its products z fuel1 z a lubricant1 & = illum9ation may be consid]$ ess5tial4 ,sub/itutes = mo/ ( ^! uses are kn[n1 b !y are ei!r ineffici5t or n readily available4 ,! mo/ prolific s\rces ( petroleum are 9 s$im5t>y /rata ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,t]ti>y p]iods4 ,because ! mo/ detail$ geologic "w is insuffici5t to provide = ! appropriate evaluation ( ! num]\s factors involv$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( petroleum1 & because only a relatively small p]c5tage ( ! areas ( s$im5t>y rocks ?r\gh\t ! _w h be5 exam9$ geologically 9 any appreciable detail1 x is difficult to e/imate ! future supply ( petroleum or to pr$ict t l>ge accumulations w be discov]$ 9 any p>ticul> region4 ,! pr9cipal c\ntries contribut+ to ! _w's production ( petroleum rank z foll[s 9 g5]al ord] ( importance3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,mexico1 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,r\mania1 ,india1 ,p]sia & ,galicia4 ,o!r c\ntries produce less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ! annual total4 ,! greate/ *ange t is likely to come 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( production is a l>g] output f ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,p]sian & ,mesopotamian fields4 ,mexico n[ ranks second to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries promise to become m important contributors to ! _w's production ?an !y n[ are4 ,russia is expect$ to become ultimately "o ( ! *ief produc]s ( petroleum4 ,)9 ! next decade1 ?r\gh improv$ me?ods ( production & ?r\gh ! fur!r amalgamation ( produc+1 transport+1 ref9+1 & m>ket+ companies into /rong units1 ! output w und\bt$ly be l>g] & w be m economically produc$4 ,9 ! ref9+ ( petroleum x is probable t improv$ me?ods w make possible ! recov]y ( a l>g] p]c5tage ( light] products f l[-grade petroleum4 ,int]nal-combu/ion eng9es are be+ modifi$ s z to run on petroleum products ( l[] volatility ?an gasol9e4 ,! use ( petroleum z fuel "u railroad & m>9e boil]s is expect$ to increase enorm\sly 9 ! next decade4 ,z ! output ( ! produc+ fields decl9es1 ! va/ deposits ( oil %ale 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates w be develop$ z a s\rce ( oil4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 political control ( ! petroleum res\rces ( ! _w is det]m9$ by /ate sov]eignty 7see ,plate ,i1 page #g74 ,9 normal times1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates controls politically ov] #ff p] c5t4 ( ! pres5t output ( petroleum4 ,russia & ,mexico rank$ second & ?ird 9 #aiag1 controll+ #ac4f p] c5t4 & #aj4i p] c5t41 respectively4 ,! rema9+ #i p] c5t4 0 controll$ by ,great ,brita91 ,holl&1 ,p]sia 7,briti% gov]nm5t own$71 ,r\mania1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,japan1 ,p]u1 ,g]many1 ,arg5t9a & ,italy 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! table %[+ ! nationality & ! approximate ext5t ( ! comm]cial control ex]cis$ by ! dom9ant int]e/s 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal oil-produc+ c\ntries1 & ,fig4 #b 7page #ab7 are ! be/ possible summ>ies ( comm]cial control4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital is supreme 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,briti% & ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s easily dom9ate ! petroleum situation 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,france no long] ex]cises control ov] any important fields4 ,japanese int]e/s1 controll+ at pres5t all ! oil fields ( ,japan1 may be expect$ to make l>ge inve/m5ts 9 ! petroleum fields ( ,mexico1 ,*9a & ,russia4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,coal ,,by ,,george ,s4 ,,rice ,,& ,,frank ,f4 ,,gr\t ,,uses ,,( ,,coal ,coal is among ! mo/ important ( all m9]als4 ,x furni%es p[] & heat1 & its di/illation yields a great numb] ( useful mat]ials1 su* z gas = light+ & fuel1 explosives1 ammonia1 anil9e dyes1 etc4 ,coke1 :i* is bitum9\s coal ) ! m volatile con/itu5ts remov$ by di/illation1 is us$ = smelt+ metallic ores2 & ?us ! contiguity ( fields ( high-grade cok+ coal & ( iron ore det]m9$ ! location ( ! c5t]s ( /eel indu/ry1 :i* are ! v ma9-spr+s ( our mod]n ma*9e-made civilization4 ,ne> su* coal di/ricts1 o!r manufactures ( all k9ds naturally develop$1 ! coal be+ *eaply available = p[] & con/itut+ practically ! only s\rce ( p[] 9 regions :]e *eap hydro-electric p[] is n available4 ,ab\t #ff p] c5t4 ( ! coal m9$ goes to ! production ( p[]1 includ+ transportation2 ab\t #ab p] c5t4 to cok+ & ! by-products2 & ab\t #bb p] c5t4 to ! heat+ ( build+s4 ,comm]cial coal is ( ?ree v>ieties3 7#a7 an?racite 7,p5nsylvania an?racite is popul>ly t]m$ h>d coal71 & semi-an?racite conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( fix$ c>bon & a relatively l[ p]c5tage ( ! volatile con/itu5ts 7#c to #ab p] c5t472 7#b7 bitum9\s 7ambigu\sly t]m$ 8s(t coal0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 conta9+ less fix$ c>bon & m volatile matt] 7#ab to #dj p] c5t472 & 7#c7 lignite1 conta9+ a /ill small] proportion ( fix$ c>bon & a l>ge proportion ( wat]4 ,( ! bitum9\s coals1 "s coke satisfactorily1 b _m d n1 s t good cok+ coals are highly priz$4 ,an?racite1 because x makes no smoke1 is 9 great dem& = h\se heat+2 :]eas bitum9\s coal is *iefly us$ = p[] production1 includ+ locomotive & /eam%ip fir+4 ,lignites z a rule are us$ only :]e ! bett] grades ( coal are n available4 ,coal 0 fir/ us$ = heat+ be=e /eam p[] came into use1 & iron 0 smelt$ ) *>coal in/ead ( ) coke z at pres5t4 ,%ip bunk]+ calls = ! be/ grades ( bitum9\s coal1 l[ 9 a% & pref]ably high 9 fix$ c>bon1 because ! use ( l[-grade coals w\ld require c>ry+ l>g] am\nts1 leav+ less space = c>go4 ,h[ev]1 no c\ntry t has en\gh coal to bunk] %ips1 ne$ be dep5d5t on =eign supplies2 ! l[ grade ( coal w\ld simply r$uce effici5cy & ?us increase exp5se4 ,sub/itutes4--,! proportion ( coal us$ = p[]1 z di/9ct f t us$ = heat & coal products1 is increas+1 & is n[ two-?irds ( ! total4 ,z a s\rce ( p[] !re is really no complete sub/itute = coal4 ,all ! great indu/rial nations1 l ,engl&1 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h develop$ _! indu/ries on ! basis ( l>ge coal supplies4 ,"s c\ntries make l>ge use ( hydro-electric p[]1 b = mo/ x is an insuffici5t sub/itute4 ,wood & o!r fuels are r>ely suffici5t to ma9ta9 an indu/ry built up on a supply ( coal4 ,oil is be+ successfully sub/itut$ 9 "s indu/ries1 notably 9 %ipp+1 b ! importance ( coal+ /ations w no d\bt p]si/4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,! te*nique ( coal m9+ 9 _m di/ricts1 & ! developm5t ( heat1 p[] & coal products are n f> advanc$4 ,wa/eful me?ods are us$1 mo/ly z a result ( competition & lack ( co-op]ation & organization among produc]s4 ,economies are be+ advocat$1 h[ev]4 ,labor-sav+ ma*9]y has be5 in/all$ 9 _m m9es4 ,a numb] ( p[] plants h be5 erect$ ne> ! m9e m\? & ! p[] di/ribut$ electrically1 ?us elim9at+ freight *>ges on coal4 ,c5tral heat+ & p[] plants t c burn coal effici5tly w no d\bt be m popul> & num]\s 9 a few ye>s4 ,gov]nm5t control & legislation may be expect$ to ha/5 ! *anges4 ,9 ,europe ! te*nique ( coal m9+1 except 9 und]cutt+ ma*9]y1 is fur!r advanc$ ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z reg>ds m9+ all ! coal & 9 support+ ! surface4 ,improvem5ts 9 cok+ ov5s may soon make possible ! manufacture ( "s sort ( coke f almo/ any bitum9\s coal4 ,:ile all coke may n be satisfactory = mod]n bla/-furnace practice1 any future lack ( coke w probably be (fset by ! developm5t ( electric smelt+1 s ! s]i\sness ( ! metallurgical ne$ is d\btful4 ,! proportion ( by-product coke ov5s1 :i* make = *eap] coke by provid+ = o!r m>ketable products1 is increas+4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,coals are f\nd 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits ( sev]al geological eras3 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,t]ti>y4 ,! ,paleozoic era1 embrac+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 is by f> ! mo/ important z reg>ds quality & availability ( its coal res\rces2 b ! l[]-grade & *iefly lignitic coals ( ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y are ( great importance locally1 & !re are enorm\s res]ves t exce$ 9 quantity ! g5]ally high]-grade coals ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,! geologic di/ribution ( coal is describ$ 9 8,! ,coal ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ! mo/ important & compreh5sive compilation on coal res]ves ev] made1 :i* 0 und]tak5 by ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,twelf? ,int]national ,geologic ,congress1 held 9 ,canada 9 #aiac4 ,z ! compilation 0 made ) ! assi/ance ( geological surveys & m9+ geologi/s ( ! sev]al c\ntries ( ! _w1 x is cit$ 9 ?is pap] z au?oritative on geologic di/ribution & res\rces4 ,! geographic di/ribution ( ! *ief coal fields ( ! _w is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! mo/ important coals 9 ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n "p are ( ,paleozoic age1 b 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region va/ quantities ( coal occur 9 ! ,cretace\s 7,mesozoic7 /rata4 ,9 ! ,gulf prov9ce & 9 ! ,nor!rn ,great ,pla9s prov9ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ext5ds into ,canada1 are coals ( ,triassic 7,mesozoic7 age t are relatively unimportant at pres5t4 ,9 b$s ( ! ,eoc5e p]iod ( ! ,t]ti>y era are l>ge deposits ( br[n lignite locally conv]t$ by m\nta9-build+ =ces into bitum9\s & semi-bitum9\s coal1 & also a little an?racite "u difficult m9+ conditions4 ,su* locally alt]$ b$s are f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 & 9 ,alaska4 ,! limit$ coal res\rces ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ^? deposits ea/ ( ! ,&es & 9 s\!rn & ea/]n ,brazil1 are ( ,paleozoic age4 ,small areas ( ,t]ti>y coals are f\nd 9 s\!rn ,arg5t9a & 9 ,*ile4 ,key to ,plate ,,ii4 ,_w's ,coal ,res]ves z ( #aiaf--;,coal ,fields 9 ,solid ,black4 #a4 ,c\ntries possess+ coal res]ves ( ! fir/ magnitude 7#d1jjj1jjj million to #a1jjj1jjj million tons73 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#c1ebg1jjj million71 ,canada 7#a1bcd1jjj million71 & ,*9a 7#a1ejj1jjj million74 #b4 ,c\ntries possess+ coal res]ves ( ! second degree ( magnitude 7#ejj1jjj million to #ajj1jjj million73 ,! ,briti% ,isles 7#ahi1ecc million71 ,g]many 7be=e ! w>7 7#dbc1cef million71 ,sib]ia 7#agc1hgi million71 & ,au/ralia 7#afe1egb million74 #c4 ,c\ntries possess+ coal res]ves ( ! ?ird degree ( magnitude 7#hj1jjj million to #af1jjj million tons73 ,france 7be=e ! w>7 7#ag1ehc million71 ,alaska 7#af1bic million71 ,colombia 7#bg1jjj million71 ,au/ria-,hung>y 7be=e ! w>7 7#ee1eec million71 ,russia 9 ,europe 7be=e ! w>7 7#fj1ajf million71 ,india 7#gi1jja million71 ,indo-,*9a 7#bj1jjj million7 & ,s\? ,africa 7#ef1bjj million74 #d4 ,c\ntries possess+ coal res]ves ( ! f\r? degree ( magnitude 7#af1jjj million to #f1jjj million tons73 ,spa9 7#h1gfh million71 ,japan 7#g1igj million71 ,belgium 7#aa1jjj million71 ,spitzb]g5 7#h1gej million74 #e4 ,c\ntries possess+ coal res]ves1 b ( inf]ior magnitude 7less ?an #d1jjj million tons73 ,brazil1 ,arg5t9a1 ,*ile1 ,p]u1 ,ecuador1 ,v5ezuela1 ,gre5l&1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,italy1 ,bulg>ia1 ,turkey1 ,greece1 ,r\mania1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 v>i\s isl&s ( ,malaysia & v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,africa4 ,coal fields %[n 9 black--c\ntry n %ad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! coal deposits ( ! _w1 & relative res]ves4 ,by ,f4 ,f4 ,gr\t4 ,9 ,europe ! pr9cipal coal deposits occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 ei!r 9 ! upp] or ! l[] "p4 ,! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s is ! pr9cipal s]ies 9 :i* coals occur 9 ,scotl&1 :]eas ! mo/ important coals 9 ,engl& & 9 ,wales lie 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,9 nor!rn ,france1 9 ,belgium1 & 9 ,we/phalia1 ,g]many1 ! middle ,c>bonif]\s measures conta9 ! mo/ important res]ves4 ,mesozoic coals are f\nd 9 nor!rn ,au/ralia & 9 c5tral ,france4 ,! lignites or br[n coals ( middle ,europe are locally v important 9 ,g]many2 ^? ( ,au/ria are f\nd 9 num]\s small b ?ick deposits ( ! ,t]ti>y age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,coal output ( ! *ief coal-produc+ c\ntries1 #ahhj-aiaf4 ,! pr9cipal coal res\rces ( ,africa are 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t & are *iefly 9 deposits ^: ages range f ,c>bonif]\s to ,triassic4 ,9 ,asia ! coal fields are n well def9$4 ,!re are coal bas9s ( note 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,9 ,*9a important coals are f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,coals ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s are f\nd ea/ ( ! ,urals & also 9 ,turke/an4 ,9 ,japan ! ,mesozoic coals are important4 ,t]ti>y coals are widely di/ribut$ 9 ,asia b are n high-grade nor ( importance4 ,x may be safely /at$ t geological reconnoissance has cov]$ ! _w s well t fur!r developm5t is n likely to disclose coal res\rces ( great magnitude n n[ kn[n ) m or less exactitude4 ,e/imates ( res\rces ( "s regions w und\bt$ly be revis$ _m times1 especially ^? ( res]ves 9 ! middle portion ( ,africa1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,*9a4 ,,coal ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,9 #aiac ,z ! great ,_w ,w> began on ,july #ca1 #aiad1 ! la/ normal production figures 7 = #aiac4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! _w's production ( coal = ! ye>s #aiaa-aiad is f 8,m9]al ,res\rces0 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ! compilation be+ cr$it$ by ,mr4 ,le%]1 ( ! ,survey1 to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,gray1 /ati/ician ( ! ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 & ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,r\%1 editor ( 8,m9]al ,indu/ry40 ,! output 7#ahhj-aiaf7 ( ! *ief coal-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w is %[n graphically 9 ,figure #c4 ,,table #d4--,,! ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,coal 7,,9 ,,%ort ,,tons7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c\ntry #aiaa #aiab #aiac #aiad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #dif1cga1abf #ecd1dff1ehj #efi1ifj1bai #eac1ebe1dgg ,great ,brita9 #cjd1eah1ibg #bia1fff1bii #cba1ibb1acj #big1fih1fag ,g]many #bei1bbc1gfc #bha1igi1dfg #cje1gad1ffd #bgj1eid1ieb ,au/ria- ,hung>y #ed1ifj1bih #ef1ied1egi #ei1fdg1ieg ,france #dc1bdb1ggh #de1ecd1ddh #de1ajh1edd ,russia #bi1cfa1gfd #cc1gge1ged #ce1ejj1fgd ,belgium #be1daa1iag #be1cbb1hea #be1aif1hfi ,japan #ai1dcf1ecf #ba1fdh1ijb #bc1ihh1bib #ba1gjj1egb ,india #ac1did1egc #af1dga1ajj #ah1afc1hef ,*9a #af1ecd1ejj #af1ecd1ejjeae1dcb1bjj ,canada #aa1cbc1chh #ad1eab1hbi #ae1aae1jhi #ac1eig1ihb ,new ,s\? ,wales #i1cgd1eif #aj1hig1acd #aa1ffc1hfe #aa1fdd1dgf ,transvaal #d1cdc1fhj #fh1aai1bhh #e1bbe1jcf ,spa9 #d1caf1bde #d1eei1dec #d1gca1fdg ,natal #b1fgi1eea ,see note #f #b1hih1gbf ,new ,zeal& #b1cae1cij #b1dch1ibi #b1aae1hcd ,holl& #a1fbh1jig #a1ija1ijb #b1jfd1fjh ,*ile #a1bgg1aia #a1dgj1iag #a1cfb1ccd ,que5sl& #iih1eef #a1jaj1dbf #a1afb1dig #a1ahj1hbe ,mexico #ea1djj1jjj #ihb1cif ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a #hdh1eaj #idj1agd #ibg1bdd ,turkey #gii1afh #iji1bic ,italy #fad1acb #gca1gbj #ggb1hjb ,victoria #gcb1cbh #ffd1ccd #ffh1ebd ,orange ,free ,/ate 7,orange ,riv] ,colony7 #dhb1fij #fji1igc ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #efjj1jjj #fbb1ffi #dec1acf ,indo-,*9a #edfj1jjj #dga1bei ,s]bia #cce1die #cce1jjj ,sw$5 #cdc1gjg #cig1adi #dja1aii ,we/]n ,au/ralia #ecjj1jjj #ccj1dhh #cea1fhg ,p]u #ecjj1jjj #cjg1dfa #cja1igj ,=mosa #bhj1iii #cjf1ida ,bulg>ia #bgj1daj #cbd1eaa ,rhodesia #bab1ebi #baf1adj #bcg1gbh ,r\mania #bff1ghd ,cape ,colony 7,cape ( ,good ,hope7 #hi1jbc ,see note #f #fg1dha ,korea #ach1ejh ,tasmania #egj1jjj #ei1ihg #fa1fdh #fh1acj ,briti% ,borneo #eajj1jjj #di1gfb ,spitzb]g5 #dd1jib ,brazil #af1ece ,portugal #eaj1jjj #af1ich #bg1jec ,v5ezuela #eaj1jjj #eab1jjj #ac1cee ,switz]l& #h1bfg ,philipp9e ,isl&s #eb1jjj #b1iih ,unspecifi$ #ea1jaf1idg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #a1cji1efe1jjja1cgg1jjj1jjja1dgh1jjj1jjj a1cdf1jjj1jjj #g #g #g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #e ,e/imat$4 #f ,transvaal includ$ ,natal & ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 #g ,approximate4 ,,table #e4--,,res]ves ,total coal res]ves 9 millions ( metric tons h be5 e/imat$1 by cont95ts1 z foll[s3 ,cont95t ,millions ( tons ,nor? ,am]ica #e1jgc1jjj ,asia #a1bhj1jjj ,europe #ghd1jjj ,au/ralia & ,oceania #agj1jjj ,africa #eh1jjj ,s\? ,am]ica #cb1jjj ,! c\ntries on pre-w> basis hav+ ! greate/ res]ves are z foll[s3 ,c\ntry ,millions ( tons ,unit$ ,/ates 7half lignite7 #c1ebg1jjj ,canada 7?ree-f\r?s lignite7 #a1bcd1jjj ,*9a #iif1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj ,briti% ,isles #aij1jjj ,sib]ia 7l>gely lignite7 #agc1jjj ,g]many 7includ+ ,upp] ,silesia & ! ,sa>7 #dbc1jjj ,new ,s\? ,wales #aah1jjj ,india #gi1jjj ,russia includ+ ,dombrova field 7,pol&7 #fj1jjj ,au/ria 7*iefly 9 ,bohemia1 ,silesia & ,galicia7 #ed1jjj ,france #ag1fjj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,coal res]ves ( *ief produc+ c\ntries1 accord+ to 8,coal ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 9 millions ( metric tons4 ,squ>es are to scale3 l9es %[+ relative production are n on same scale z squ>es4 ,! res]ves ( ! pr9cipal productive coal fields are graphically %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,! di/ribution ( ! coal deposits ( ! _w & ! e/imat$ res]ves 9 ^! deposits are %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,_w ,,situation ,! di/ricts ) coal = export h be5 *iefly ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many2 !re might be includ$ also ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,briti% ,s\? ,africa1 ,japan1 ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a1 ,canada1 ,new ,zeal& & ,spitzb]g54 ,*9a1 ) h] l>ge res]ves1 may become an export] 9 ! future2 or1 if h] indu/ries develop1 may f9d use = h] coal at home4 ,an?racite ( good grade is f\nd 9 l>ge am\nts 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,s\? ,wales only4 ,poor] supplies are kn[n 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,indo-,*9a1 & also 9 ! /ates ( ,colorado & ,new ,mexico4 ,cok+ coals 9 l>ge am\nts are f\nd 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & are cok$ ext5sively4 ,small] am\nts ( coke are made 9 ,france1 ,belgium & old ,au/ria4 ,relatively v small am\nts are made 9 ,canada1 ,*ile1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,japan & ,spa94 ,! coal res]ve ( a c\ntry be>s no direct relation to its pres5t production1 = ! latt]1 :i* has to be develop$ 9 competition ) o!r c\ntries1 dep5ds ^u relative facility ( transportation & proximity ( iron-ore deposits1 :i* r5d] /eel mak+ & o!r indu/ries economically feasible4 ,great ,brita9 is p>ticul>ly favor$ ?r\gh ! possession ( high-grade coal imm$iately adjac5t to coa/ ports1 z 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,wales4 ,h5ce ,great ,brita9 became a great export] ( coal4 ,fir/1 coal = heat+ purposes travel$ by sea f ,newca/le to ,london2 next coal 0 c>ri$ to ,european ports1 & f9ally to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! possession ( easily work$ iron deposits 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& & ! discov]y t iron c\ld be smelt$ ) coke rapidly accel]at$ ! developm5t ( ! coal indu/ry 9 ,great ,brita91 s t by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,great ,brita9 _h a comm&+ lead4 ,no o!r c\ntry possesses high-grade coal 9 su* quantity imm$iately adjac5t to ! coa/1 & ?is fact has enabl$ ,great ,brita9 to rema9 ! great export]4 ,! av]age l5g? ( haul ( export coal1 f m9e to %ip1 is less ?an #bj miles4 ,9 ,g]many coal = ocean export mu/ be haul$ #aah miles to #afh miles2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #aej to #cge miles1 except = ,wa%+ton coals1 :i* are )9 #dj miles ( tidewat]1 b are small 9 quantity & ( indiff]5t quality4 ,aft] ! w> ) ,france 9 #ahga1 :5 ,g]many annex$ ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 ! coal indu/ry ( ! ,g]man ,empire develop$ ) trem5d\s rapidity1 l>gely ?r\gh ! discov]y--f ! inve/igations ( ,?omas1 ( ,great ,brita9--( a me?od ( utiliz+ ! high-phosphorus iron ores ( ,g]man & ,fr5* ,lorra9e1 & ! ne>ness ( ^! iron-ore deposits to ! high-grade bitum9\s coals ( ,we/phalia4 ,! coal indu/ry 0 also develop$ by fo/]+ ! export trade ) adjac5t c\ntries1 :i* h small coal res\rces or none1 ?is trade ne>ly all go+ by rail4 ,h[ev]1 ! long rail haul & ! correspond+ly high co/ ( m9+ h ret>d$ ! ocean export bus9ess ( ,g]many1 9 spite ( ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,) ! transf] ( practically all its iron deposits & its important ,lorra9e pota% deposits1 z well z ! own]%ip ( its ,sa> coal m9es1 to ,france1 & ! possible loss ( its ,upp] ,silesian coal & z9c deposits to ,pol&1 ! balance ( comm]cial prosp]ity1 z well1 may be h&$ ov]4 ,no o!r c\ntries except ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia & ,*9a h res]ves = ext5sive export trade4 ,9 ,canada ! coals are mo/ly inl&1 & ^? ne> ! coa/1 z on ,vanc\v] ,isl& & 9 ,nova ,scotia1 are limit$ 9 quantity & difficult to m9e1 s t export bus9ess is p]=ce re/rict$4 ,"o *ange t seems likely is a rapid increase 9 output ( coal 9 ,*9a4 ,! res\rces are enorm\s1 ! res]ves ( ! high] classes ( coal be+ surpass$ by ^? ( no c\ntry b ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ambiti\s & aggressive ,japanese1 ) _! /rategic neighbor+ location1 h giv5 e indication t !y w take advantage ( an opportunity to develop su* a res\rce4 ,x may be a "q h[ soon ,*9ese coal w be develop$1 b great *anges are inevitable :5 developm5t beg9s4 ,"s ( ! coal fields are s ne> ! coa/ & h coals ( su* good quality z to p]mit an ext5sive developm5t ( export bus9ess 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,au/ralia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 has coal res\rces t are consid]able1 9 comp>ison ) ! ne$s ( ! small population4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! coals are excell5t & are adjac5t or close to h>bors1 s t ! coal is ext5sively suppli$ = bunk]age & export trade to ! ,s\? ,pacific & has become a l>ge factor 9 ! ocean trade ( t "p ( ! _w4 ,a l>ge factor 9 ! coal trade ( ! ,pacific ,ocean is ! c>ry+ ( coal z return c>go4 ,?is is also important 9 ,s\? ,am]ican trade4 ,s\? ,africa dur+ ! w> s5t consid]able coal to ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 b its coal _c be a l>ge factor 9 ocean trade 9 normal times4 ,( all ! cont95ts ,s\? ,am]ica is ! poore/ 9 coal res\rces4 ,!re is coal 9 ,brazil & ,*ile & o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries1 b x is difficult to rea* & ! fields s f> kn[n d n give promise ( be+ able to take c>e ( ! ne$s ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! total annual production ( ,s\? ,am]ica is less ?an two million tons1 mo/ly f ,*ile4 ,x is probable t = ! next g5]ation ,s\? ,am]ica w cont9ue to import coal z x has 9 ! pa/1 to ! ext5t ( #ae million tons or m p] annum1 al?\gh developm5ts 9 ,brazil are n[ promis+ = t c\ntry's future supply4 ,= e/imates ( res]ves1 see ,table #e4 ,summ>y4--,by way ( summ>y1 x may be said t ! ,unit$ ,/ates leads ! _w 9 coal res\rces2 moreov]1 its res\rces are mo/ imm$iately available1 because ( _! %all[ dep? & g5]al undi/urb$ 7geologic7 condition & _! accessibility ?r\gh railway sy/ems4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! ,appala*ian region1 :i* conta9s by f> ! be/ coal1 is ! ne>e/ to ! coa/1 & h5ce is ! mo/ available = ocean trade4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age haul to export po9ts1 z already not$1 is f> great] ?an t ( ,great ,brita9 & great] ?an t ( ,we/phalia2 b to (fset ?is ! coal has be5 & c be m9$ m *eaply ?an 9 ei!r ,we/phalia or ,great ,brita94 ,! res\rces ( ,upp] ,silesia are l>ge1 & ! coal is easily m9$1 b ! output w all be ne$$ = c5tral ,europe4 ,z reg>ds bo? quality & quantity1 ,p5nsylvania an?racite is unique2 nev]!less1 ! home ne$s w cont9ue to be a brake on ext5sive exports4 ,unit$ ,/ates /eam & cok+ coals available = %ipm5t av]age a little poor] ?an ! correspond+ coals ( ,great ,brita91 b are sup]ior to ! ,g]man coals4 ,! total res\rces ( ,great ,brita91 possible1 actual1 & probable1 are only #aij1jjj million tons1 z contra/$ ) #dbc1jjj million tons 9 ! old ,g]man ,empire & #c1hch1jjj million tons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probable ,future ,production4--,! possible depletion ( coal res\rces is ( c\rse important 9 consid]+ ! future1 b x c be safely /at$ t 9 none ( ! pr9cipal fields n[ be+ m9$ are ! res\rces s deplet$ t ! output !refrom w be r$uc$ = ano!r g5]ation at lea/4 ,( ! great coal-produc+ c\ntries1 ,great ,brita91 ) its increas+ rate ( production1 mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! po9t ( ultimate depletion1 b t po9t has be5 v>i\sly plac$ at "o hundr$ to sev]al hundr$ ye>s 9 ! future1 mu* dep5d+ ^u :e!r ) bett] me?ods ( use ! output w cont9ue to increase at ! same rate z 9 ! pa/4 ,meantime1 c]ta9 areas 9 ,great ,brita9 ) %all[] coal b$s w be deplet$ mu* soon] & ! rema9+ coal w become m & m difficult to get1 because ( ! increas+ dep? ( m9+1 :i* 9 turn w cause a cont9ually increas+ co/4 ,al?\gh ! exhau/ion ( coal is a di/ant prospect1 !re are cle> signs ( ! approa*+ exhau/ion ( c]ta9 grades ( coal4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! output ( ,am]ican an?racite w s]i\sly decl9e 9 #fj to #ajj ye>s4 ,probably ?is w result 9 a *ange 9 practice1 ! use ( coke1 & o!r me?ods ( h\se heat+4 ,if ! rate ( production cont9ues to increase1 high-grade ,am]ican /eam coal1 ,new ,riv] & simil> grades1 w probably be exhau/$ 9 a little ov] #aej ye>s4 ,am]ican cok+ coal ( ! be/ ,connellsville quality is ( equally %ort duration4 ,briti% coal ( simil> high grade may la/ long] ?an ,am]ican1 z ! production rate is less rapid1 ev5 ?\gh ! total ,am]ican coal %\ld la/ mu* long] ?an ! ,briti%4 ,,political ,,control ,9 sev]al c\ntries /ate own]%ip ( coal m9es is e/abli%$2 z1 = example1 9 p>ts ( ,prussia1 ,au/ralia1 ,*ile & ,bulg>ia4 ,9 o!rs ! undevelop$ coal l&s are /ill l>gely own$ by ! gov]nm5t1 z 9 ,alaska & ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! gov]nm5t reta9s control ( all m9]al rights1 simply leas+ ! prop]ty & grant+ a m9+ concession4 ,_m gov]nm5ts h a dep>tm5t or adm9i/ration ( m9es4 ,9 e c\ntry1 ( c\rse1 9 an em]g5cy1 ! sov]eign /ate w\ld ex]cise control ( coal res\rces z fully z 0 necess>y4 ,:]e ! /ate owns m9es1 & favors organization1 z 9 ,g]many1 ! m dra/ic regulation ( w> "t is easily effect$4 ,x is q possible t coal may 9 "t be g5]ally consid]$ a public utility4 ,9 ,engl& a movem5t t[>d nationalization ( m9es1 ) m9]s z well z ! gov]nm5t hav+ a h& 9 ! control1 seems to be mak+ progress4 ,engl&'s colonies excel all o!rs 9 ext5t ( coal res\rces4 ,!re is coal 9 ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 ,india1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,rhodesia1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,s\? ,nig]ia & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo--! total be+ _m times great] ?an t 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! colonies & possessions ( ,france1 ,d5m>k1 ,portugal1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan h relatively small am\nts ( coal4 ,coal res\rces1 along ) o!r raw mat]ials1 h be5 influ5c$ by "s trade treaties4 ,h[ev]1 no p]man5t advantage 9 comm]ce has be5 secur$ to any nation by a trade treaty4 ,ne>ly all su* treaties are made = %ort p]iods & r5ew$4 ,if n satisfactory to "o p>ty !y are soon correct$4 ,v>i\s in=mal or tacit agreem5ts might be m5tion$4 ,:5 %ipp+ 0 sc>ce dur+ ! w>1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates divid$ ! coal bus9ess ( ,s\? ,am]ica accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( %ip economy4 ,g]many made agreem5ts to s5d coal to ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,switz]l& dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,engl& _h agreem5ts ) ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal & ,italy1 ^! agreem5ts *ang+ ) conditions1 ab\t supplies ( ,engli% coal4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,al?\gh ! own]%ip ( m9es 9 mo/ c\ntries is nom9ally op5 to citiz5s & ali5s alike1 exceptions & re/rictions t5d to keep ! control 9 ! h&s ( citiz5s4 ,= example1 x is impossible = =eign]s to control any m9+ company 9 ,japan4 ,concessions 9 ,holl& & ! ,dut* colonies are limit$ to ,dut* subjects & 9 ,bolivia to ,bolivian citiz5s4 ,! legislation sugge/$ s9ce ! outbreak ( ! ,_w ,w> may develop a simil> condition 9 ! possessions ( ,great ,brita9 & ^? ( h] allies4 ,9 peace ! relations ( two c\ntries may be l>gely det]m9$ by ! own]%ip ( prop]ty2 own]s ( prop]ty 9 a =eign c\ntry may /rongly influ5ce ! policy ( ! two gov]nm5ts t[>d ea* o!r4 ,9 em]g5cies1 ! political & ! comm]cial control are put to ! te/1 & !re results ei!r a deadlock or ! victory ( "o ov] ! o!r4 ,an important comm]cial relation ex]cis+ political influ5ce is ! incorporation ( companies "u ! laws ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,m9+ companies 9 ,*9a1 l ! ,kailan ,m9+ ,adm9i/ration1 organize at ,hong ,kong to obta9 ,briti% protection & are ?us subject to ,briti% control1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,belgian money f9ances ! company4 ,"s companies organiz$ 9 ,japan may also own ,*9ese coal m9es4 ,z relatively few regions ( ! _w h coal 9 excess ( _! own ne$s1 ! l>g] numb] are dep5d5t on imports4 ,if a c\ntry ) coal controls also /eam%ip l9es1 x may completely control ! coal situation 9 ! import+ c\ntry4 ,engl&1 ) ab\t half ! total _w's %ipp+ & a good supply ( seaport coal1 has be5 9 a position to dom9ate coal exports1 ev5 to h&l+ ! excess ,am]ican coal4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s ! sc>city ( %ipp+ has giv5 increas$ importance to ,am]ican & ,japanese %ipp+1 b ! ,engli% /ill ex]t a /rong influ5ce4 ,_! docks & /orage facilities are ! be/1 & _! %ips are /ill num]\s4 ,railroad %ipp+ rights ov] ! ,national ,l9es 9 ,mexico give a c]ta9 am\nt ( control ov] ! coal indu/ry4 ,! ,national ,l9es are /ate own$ & h a special agreem5t giv+ trackage rights to two companies1 ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 & ! ,peoles ,company1 ( ,g]man own]%ip4 ,s9ce ! ,mexican railway s]vice has be5 di/urb$1 ! ,g]man company has be5 op]at+ ) c>s & eng9es ( its own4 ,x has _m coke ov5s & l>ge coal res]ves1 & has be5 ! *ief competitor ( ! ,am]ican company 9 ,mexican metallurgy4 ,no pat5t is likely to limit coal indu/ries1 except z reg>ds ! by-products ( coke4 ,be=e ! w>1 coal-t> products 7 l>gely develop$ by ,g]mans1 :o pat5t$ _! processes 9 _m c\ntries1 b (f]$ no su* protection to =eign inv5tions by pat5ts 9 ,g]many4 ,!y limit$ production *iefly to _! ,g]man plants1 & export$ ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj wor? a ye>4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ^! pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 & ! ,am]ican indu/ries t sprung up 9 consequ5ce may be p]man5tly protect$4 ,o!r alli$ c\ntries took ! same /eps to free !mselves f ,g]man control1 :i* has ret>d$ ! developm5t ( ! by-product coke indu/ry 9 non-,g]man c\ntries4 ,9 ,g]many ! l>ge m9+ companies g5]ally own ! coal rights4 ,! only gov]nm5t t has m9$ coal on a comm]cial scale & = comm]cial purposes is ,g]many1 & ev5 !re ! gov]nm5t production cov]$ only a small "p ( ! total output ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,m9es ( ! ,sa> coal field & a gr\p ( m9es 9 ! ,upp] ,silesian field own$ by ! ,prussian gov]nm5t h be5 ! only ext5sive /ate-op]at$ m9es ( ! _w1 & n[1 "u ! t]ms ( ! ,treaty ( ,peace1 ! own]%ip ( ! ,sa> m9es w pass to ,france4 7,! details are giv5 on p4 #ci74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gov]nm5t ex]cis$ a quiet b real control ov] ! :ole ,g]man coal indu/ry4 ,?r\gh its own]%ip ( ! ,ko5ig5 ,l\ise m9es x act$ z a memb] ( ! ,upp] ,silesian coal syndicate4 ,=m]ly1 ?r\gh its own]%ip ( ! ,sa> m9es1 x 0 also a memb] ( ! ,we/phalian coal syndicate1 b :e!r a memb] or n x practically approv$ ! syndicate op]ations & ! fix+ ( prices 9 advance2 also1 x co-op]at$ ) ! syndicate 9 haul+ ! latt]'s coal ov] /ate-own$ railway sy/ems4 ,9 c]ta9 undevelop$ coal fields 9 ,g]many1 ! nor!rn ext5sion ( ! ,we/phalian field1 ! ,prussian gov]nm5t reta9s mo/ ( ! coal rights4 ,! ,rh5i% ,we/phalian coal syndicate is a classic example ( a great int]lock+ trade comb9ation4 ,capitaliz$ at #ega1jjj1 x cov]$ an enorm\s capitalization ( individual memb]s4 ,! m9es h votes 9 proportion to production1 :i* 9 turn is limit$ = c]ta9 p]iods4 ,prices are fix$ & coal is m>ket$ = ! syndicate z a unit1 b o!r affairs are left to ! companies4 ,! syndicate z a :ole is a memb] ( a transport+ & export+ comb9e1 & disposes ( its product ?r\gh a comb9e ( coal deal]s4 ,! sev]al m9or comb9es int]lock & are practically m]g$ 9 a l>g] organization1 ! ,kohl5 ,kontor4 ,?us ! comb9ation _h exceptional p[] to /udy ! v>i\s problems ( ! indu/ry1 & became v p[]ful4 ,x ma9ta9s a rese>* dep>tm5t & an explosion te/+ gall]y ne> ,dortmund4 ,9 sev]al c\ntries ,g]man companies ?r\gh ! control ( adv]tis+ contracts h be5 able to influ5ce ! editorial policy ( ! lead+ newspap]s1 ev5 dur+ ! w>4 ,ov] half ( ! ,g]man coal m9$ be=e & dur+ ! w> 0 syndicate coal4 ,all ( ! #fjj o!r ,g]man c>tels h n be5 z mod]ate 9 _! action & regulations z ! coal syndicate4 ,:5 ! coal syndicate1 h[ev]1 at "o "t1 f\nd x c\ld n supply its ,g]man m>ket ) coal1 x is report$ to h b\ght inf]ior ,briti% coal = its cu/om]s1 s t !y w\ld n !mselves get good ,briti% coal & refuse to return to ! ,g]man supply4 ,ef=ts 7 made by ! c>tel to absorb & control =eign coal trade1 :]e political & f9ancial reasons s]v$ to r5d] ?is advisable1 & !re=e ^! ef=ts 7 out ( all proportion to ! intr9sic value ( ! trade4 ,:5 x 0 plann$ to capture su* a trade1 ! ,g]man-inv5t$ 8dump+0 sy/em 0 us$1 coal be+ sold *eap] abroad ?an x c\ld be sold or produc$ at home1 ! diff]5ce be+ met by export bonuses4 ,?is ,g]man dump+ became s s]i\s 9 "s c\ntries1 z ,canada1 ,new ,zeal& & ,s\? ,africa1 t special import duties 7 impos$ to c\nt]act x4 ,:5 desirable1 ! syndicate pur*as$ colli]ies abroad1 includ+ ev5 a ,s\? ,york%ire plant 9 ,engl&1 ! ,h]aclea colli]ies1 9 ,turkey1 & _m m9es 9 ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 is a p[]ful coal comb9e1 ! ,cambria1 closely alli$ ) great %ipp+ conc]ns4 ,an important trade asset 9 ?is organization1 l t 9 ! ,g]man c>tel1 is a bank+ connection by :i* ! comb9e c (f] long-t]m cr$it4 ,coal syndicates are m5tion$ 9 ,belgium4 ,"s sort ( c5tral organization int]e/$ 9 coal is kn[n 9 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,sw$51 ,greece1 ,arg5t9a1 ,*ile1 & ,ecuador4 ,,! ,,situation ,,9 ,,france1 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,france has a modifi$ =m ( own]%ip ( coal res\rces3 ?is 0 ve/$ =m]ly 9 ! ,cr[n & n[ 9 ! ,republic4 ,! gov]nm5t gives concessions = m9+ ! m9]al & *>ges a royalty4 ,! m9]al is n consid]$ to be own$ by ! surface own] or by ! orig9al surface own]1 z is ! case 9 all o!r important c\ntries4 ,! concessions grant$ are lib]al & = l>ge areas4 ,! royalty or r5tal is small & is n[ paid on ! basis ( s mu* p] sup]ficial unit ( area 7hect>e7 9 ! concession1 b ! *ief returns receiv$ by ! public are ?r\gh a p]c5tage ( ! net e>n+s1 t is1 e>n+s available = divid5ds4 ,"u ! conditions prevail+ 9 ,france ! sy/em seems em95tly fair1 & ! und]tak+s h be5 pr(itable bo? to ! op]ators & to ! c\ntry4 ,! books ( ! company are op5 to inspection by gov]nm5t (ficials1 & ! annual reports are publi%$ 9 detail4 ,! sy/em virtually makes ! gov]nm5t a p>tn] 9 ! bus9ess4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 mo/ ( ! coal own]%ip is ve/$ 9 entail$ e/ates1 & ! royalties are a %ill+ a ton & upw>ds4 ,bo? private & gov]nm5t own]%ip exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry ! l>ge op]at+ companies own ! coal rights1 al?\gh 9 ! an?racite di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania ! =tunate own]s ( ! surface1 or _! assigns1 receive l>ge royalties1 #be to #ej c5ts a ton4 ,9 ! ,middle ,we/ mo/ ( ! op]ators h b\ght ! coal rights f ! surface own]s4 ,:5 leas$1 ! royalty is relatively small1 #b to #f c5ts a ton4 ,op]ators 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s g5]ally own ! coal !y m9e4 ,! gov]nm5t has sold ! coal rights1 b ! /ate s*ool l&s ( ,colorado & ,wyom+ h g5]ally be5 leas$ at royalties ( ab\t #aj c5ts a ton4 ,9 ,oklahoma ! ,five ,civiliz$ ,tribes h until rec5tly1 "u gov]nm5t control1 leas$ _! l&s & coal rights at ab\t #aj c5ts p] ton1 b ^! rights are n[ be+ sold4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton a consid]able am\nt ( ! bitum9\s coal di/rict n[ op5$ is own$ by ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,railway1 :i* secur$ ^! l&s z grants :5 ! railroad 0 con/ruct$4 ,! royalty is ab\t #ae to #be c5ts a ton4 ,9 ,alaska 9 ! ,matanuska & ,b]+ ,riv] bitum9\s fields1 & 9 ! ,n5ana lignite field1 ! gov]nm5t has (f]$ ! coal = leas+ purposes at #b c5ts a ton = ! fir/ p]iod1 "u re/rictions provid+ = cons]vation ( coal & reasonable prices to consum]s4 ,"s units h be5 tak5 up 9 ! ,matanuska & ,b]+ ,riv] fields1 b1 z ! measures are badly contort$ & ! coal b$s difficult to trace1 progress has be5 sl[ & production has sc>cely begun4 ,tempor>ily1 ! ,alaskan ,railway ,commission is work+ "s m9es at ,*ickaloon & ,eska ,creek1 to obta9 a supply ( coal p5d+ ! developm5t ( o!r m9es by lessees4 ,congress1 9 op5+ ! coal l&s 9 ! ,matanuska & ,b]+ ,riv] fields = leas+1 has res]v$ tracts ( n exce$+ #g1fhj acres & #e1abj acres respectively = ! use ( ! ,navy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates /ill owns l>ge areas ( coal & lignite l&s 9 ! we/]n /ates4 ,mo/ ( ^! l&s are remote f railroads & difficult ( access1 b !y conta9 enorm\s res]ves4 ,at pres5t1 outside ( ,alaska1 only "o m9e1 ! ,gebo m9e1 ,gebo1 ,wyom+1 is leas$ by ! gov]nm5t1 b ext5sion ( a leas+ sy/em simil> to t ( ,alaska has be5 rec5tly effect$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! an?racite indu/ry is well organiz$1 & its railroad connections make x notably effici5t & p[]ful4 ,bitum9\s coal1 on ! o!r h&1 is s widely di/ribut$ on bo? public & private l&s t no private organization has attempt$ to control ! indu/ry4 ,su* control has always be5 oppos$ by ,congress & ! g5]al public4 ,except dur+ ! w>1 nei!r ,great ,brita9 nor ! ,unit$ ,/ates has attempt$ any control ov] comm]cial m9+ & ! sale ( coal4 ,ea* c\ntry creat$ a fuel adm9i/ration1 & ! coal 0 %ipp$ "u gov]nm5t in/ructions & paid = at prices fix$ by ! fuel adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is gov]nm5t control has practically disappe>$ ) ! w>1 b 9 ,engl& ! ,coal ,control has s f> be5 cont9u$1 & ! t5d5cy is = ! gov]nm5t to reta9 = ! pres5t a /rong guid+ h& on ! v>i\s 8key0 indu/ries4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ! f9al analysis1 coal m9+ is a public utility & %\ld be sup]vis$ & adju/$ by ! gov]nm5t accord+ly1 all[+ free latitude = private initiative4 ,( ! important coal-produc+ c\ntries1 only ! ,g]man ,empire1 m or less op5ly1 has fo/]$ 9 peace times ! coal indu/ry & to "s ext5t controll$ x4 ,9 ,france !re 0 only an indirect control1 ?r\gh ! control by ! gov]nm5t ( ! concessions & taxation ( rev5ues & ?r\gh tacit k ( ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* coal syndicate1 :i* o/5sibly at lea/ obta9s & dissem9ates in=mation & conducts m9e safety inve/igations4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 & o!r c\ntries free competition has be5 p]mitt$4 ,free competition does n seem s]i\s 9 c\ntries l ,france1 :]e ! supply ( coal is limit$1 b x has _h m or less s]i\s f9ancial effects :]e ! supply ( coal has be5 v l>ge4 ,9 ,g]many be=e ! =mation ( ! syndicates ! coal m9+ indu/ry _h p]iods ( ov]production & s]i\s f9ancial depression2 & at o!r1 r>]1 p]iods !re 0 great prosp]ity4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re h be5 simil> times ( depression & prosp]ity1 b g5]ally ! bus9ess has be5 pr(itable4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 ! an?racite di/rict1 :]e = m ?an tw5ty ye>s ! op]ations h be5 9 ! h&s ( comp>atively few companies1 depression & prosp]ity h alt]nat$ rapidly4 ,! /ati/ics obta9$ by ! c5sus %[ t ! av]age pr(its ( ! bitum9\s indu/ry prior to #aiag 7 small] ?an ^? ( any o!r great indu/ry1 & ?is has _h an un=tunate effect on ! be/ developm5t ( ! coal res\rces4 ,! companies g5]ally h _h little or no surplus to develop prop]ly 9 ! lean ye>s2 h5ce !y h m9$ only ! be/ or ?icke/ coal1 & 9 %ort p]iods ( great prosp]ity _m m9es n directly own$ by ! railroads & /eel companies h be5 work$ s z to lead to 8squeezes0 & great loss ( coal4 ,moreov]1 ^! conditions h also be5 un=tunate = labor2 9 times ( prosp]ity too _m new m9es 7 op5$1 because ( ! trem5d\s & easily accessible res\rces1 & 9 times ( depression ! numb] ( days ! m9]s work$ has be5 s r$uc$ t _! mon?ly or ye>ly e>n+s h be5 l[ en\gh to make _! liv+ a h>d "o4 ,! av]age numb] ( days work$ p] ye> f #aija to #aiae 0 #bac4 ,"s sy/em ( limit$ control ( trade comb9ations by ! gov]nm5t w\ld appe> to be highly advantage\s = bo? ! op]ators & ! m9]s1 & %\ld insure a /eady supply ( coal to ! consum]s & /eady prices ) reasonable pr(its4 ,z reg>ds trade relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries conc]n+ fuel supplies1 except = a possible agreem5t on non-subsidy ( ! coal-c>ry+ %ipp+1 any attempt at a g5]al agreem5t on s vital a necessity z coal seems unwise1 except = non-duplication ( elaborate coal /orage & reh&l+ plants 9 ports requir+ small tonnages1 & prev5t+ ru9\s competition by sy/ematic 8dump+0 ( surplus coal to drive a competitor out ( bus9ess4 ,( all ! cont95ts1 ,s\? ,am]ica has ! smalle/ coal res\rces4 ,al?\gh !re is coal 9 ,brazil & ,*ile & o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries1 x is difficult to rea*1 & ! fields s f> kn[n d n give promise ( be+ able to take c>e ( ! ne$s ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! ,coal ,situation z ,affect$ by ! ,w>4--,imm$iately aft] ! op5+ ( ! w> 9 ,europe1 ,july #ca1 #aiad1 ! ,g]man milit>y =ces attack$ & advanc$ 9 ! ea/ ?r\gh ,russian ,pol&1 promptly secur+ ! important ,dombrova field1 :i* is an ext5sion ( ! ,upp] ,silesian coal fields4 ,! ,g]man =ces also advanc$ 9 ! we/ ?r\gh ! ,belgian coal fields & !nce ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( ^! fields 9 nor!rn ,france1 at ! same "t seiz+ ! important ,briey iron-ore deposits nor? ( ,v]dun4 ,! economic effect ( ^! advances 0 ( enorm\s importance 9 secur+ all ! productive coal m9es ( ,belgium1 ! mo/ productive coal m9es ( ,russia1 & mo/ ( ! coal fields ( nor!rn ,france4 ,! ,fr5* coal & iron m9es seiz$ produc$ "o-half ( ! coal output ( ,france 7#bj million tons out ( #dj million tons71 & #ie p] c5t4 7#bj million tons7 ( ! output ( iron ore4 ,necess>ily "u ^! conditions ,france _h to rely ^u ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to meet ! milit>y & economic ne$ = iron1 lean+ *iefly ^u ,great ,brita9 = ! necess>y supply ( coal4 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! w> cont9u$ to supply coal to ,italy2 also to ,spa9 & o!r neutral nations4 ,! armi/ice end$ ,g]many's occupation ( ! coal fields ( ,belgium & nor!rn ,france4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* took *>ge ( ! important ,sa> coal field1 & ! ,allies occupi$ ,g]man t]ritory rea*+ to ! ,rh9e & beyond ! ,rh9e at c]ta9 bridgeheads1 ?is occupation includ+ ! sup]vision ( ! m9es 9 ! coal & br[n lignite bas9s ne> ,aix-la-,*apelle & ,cologne & ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! ,we/phalian bas9 on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! treaty ( peace gives to ! ,fr5* ! important iron res\rces ( =m] ,g]man ,lorra9e1 :i* toge!r ) imports f ,fr5* ,lorra9e 7 ! *ief s\rces ( iron ore = ,g]man iron works1 & ! own]%ip ( ! ,sa> coal m9es4 ,! t]ms "u :i* ! ,sa> m9es are transf]r$1 & ! future gov]nm5t ( ! di/rict1 are indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ extracts f ! treaty3 8,z comp5sation = ! de/ruction ( ! coal m9es 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & z "p paym5t t[>ds ! total rep>ation due f ,g]many = ! damages result+ f ! w>1 ,g]many c$es to ,france 9 full & absolute possession1 ) exclusive rights ( exploitation1 un5cumb]$ & free f all debts & *>ges ( any k9d1 ! coal m9es situat$ 9 ! ,sa> bas940 ,?is is exclusive ( t "p ( ! ,sa> bas9 9 ,lorra9e :i* belong$ to ,france prior to #ahgj1 & :i* n[ rev]ts to ,france ) "s m9or rectifications ( b\nd>y4 ,! treaty fur!r specifies1 8all ! deposits ( coal situat$ )9 ! ,sa> bas9 w become ! complete & absolute prop]ty ( ! ,fr5* /ate4 99 99 99 ,! "r ( own]%ip ( ! ,fr5* /ate w apply n only to ! deposits :i* are free & = :i* concessions h n yet be5 grant$1 b also to ! deposits = :i* concessions h already be5 grant$1 :oev] may be ! pres5t proprietors1 irrespective ( :e!r !y belong to ! ,prussian /ate1 to ! ,bav>ian /ate1 to o!r /ates or bodies1 to companies or to individuals4 99 99 99 ,! value ( ! prop]ty ?us c$$ to ! ,fr5* /ate w be det]m9$ by ! ,rep>ation ,commission4 99 99 99 ,?is value %all be cr$it$ to ,g]many 9 "p paym5t ( ! am\nt due = rep>ation4 ,x w be = ,g]many to indemnify ! proprietors or p>ties conc]n$1 :oev] !y may be40 ,z conc]ns ! gov]nm5t ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,sa>1 at ! t]m9ation ( a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s1 ! population w be call$ ^u to indicate _! desires1 & !n1 8,! ,league ( ,nations %all decide on ! sov]eignty "u :i* ! t]ritory is to be plac$1 tak+ into acc\nt ! wi%es ( ! inhabitants z express$ by ! vot+40 ,9 ! meantime1 ! t]ritory w be gov]n$ by a commission ( five memb]s *os5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,9 addition to turn+ ov] ! own]%ip ( ! m9es & m9]als 9 ! ,sa> bas91 ,g]many accords ! foll[+ options = ! deliv]y ( coal to ! und]m5tion$ signatories ( ! pres5t treaty3 8,g]many und]takes to deliv] to ,france sev5 million tons ( coal p] ye> = t5 ye>s 7x is und]/ood t ?is is to provide fuel = ! ,alsace ,lorra9e t]ritory c$$ back to ,france74 ,9 addition1 ,g]many und]takes to deliv] to ,france annually = a p]iod n exce$+ t5 ye>s1 an am\nt ( coal equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! annual production be=e ! w> ( ! coal m9es ( ! ,nord & ,pas de ,calais1 de/roy$ z a result ( ! w>1 & ! production ( ! m9es ( ! same area dur+ ! ye>s 9 "q2 su* deliv]y n to exce$ tw5ty million tons 9 any "o ye> ( ! fir/ five ye>s1 & eight million tons 9 any "o ye> ( ! succe$+ five ye>s4 ,x is und]/ood t due dilig5ce w be ex]cis$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! de/roy$ m9es 9 ! ,nord & ! ,pas de ,calais40 ,besides furni%+ ,france ) coal1 8,g]many und]takes to deliv] to ,belgium eight million tons ( coal annually = t5 ye>s20 & to ,italy f f\r & "o-half to eight & "o-half million tons annually2 & also to ,luxemburg1 8a quantity ( coal equal to ! pre-w> annual consumption ( ,g]man coal 9 ,luxemburg40 ,! prices to be paid = coal "u ^! options %all be z foll[s3 87a7 ,= ov]l& deliv]y1 includ+ deliv]y by b>ge1 ! ,g]man pi!ad price to ,g]man nationals1 plus ! freight to ,fr5*1 ,belgian1 ,italian or ,luxemburg fronti]s1 provid$ t ! pi!ad price does n exce$ ! pi!ad price ( ,briti% coal = export4 ,9 ! case ( ,belgian bunk] coal1 ! price %all n exce$ ! ,dut* bunk] price4 ,railroad & b>ge t>iffs %all n be high] ?an ! l[e/ simil> rates paid 9 ,g]many4 87b7 ,= sea deliv]y1 ! ,g]man export price f4o4b4 ,g]man ports1 or ! ,briti% export price f4o4b4 ,briti% ports1 :i*ev] may be l[]4 8,! alli$ & associat$ gov]nm5ts int]e/$ may dem& ! deliv]y1 9 place ( coal1 ( metallurgical coke 9 ! proportion ( #c tons ( coke to #d tons ( coal40 ,g]many und]takes to deliv] to ,france dur+ ea* ( ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ ! com+ into =ce ( ?is treaty1 ,b5zol #ce1jjj tons ,coal t> #ej1jjj tons ,sulphate ( ammonia #cj1jjj tons ,! price paid = coke & = ! articles ref]r$ to %all be ! same z ! price paid by ,g]man nationals "u ! same conditions ( %ipm5t4 ,! own]%ip ( ! ,sa> m9es is a mo/ welcome addition to ! coal res\rces ( ,france2 & ! ,sa> bas91 z x is capable ( fur!r developm5t1 may 9 ! future make ,france m ne>ly self-su/a9+ z reg>ds coal production4 ,! requirem5t ( furni%+ coal to ,france dur+ ! rehabilitation ( ! ,fr5* m9es wreck$ by ! ,g]mans is a mo/ equitable arrangem5t4 ,g]many at fir/1 ow+ to ! drop 9 ! output ( ! ,we/phalian fields1 claim$ n to be able to furni% coal1 b ?is situation w no d\bt "r itself 9 "t1 especially z ,france holds ! :ip h& ?r\gh control ( ! iron ores necess>y = ! great iron & /eel plants ( ! ,rh9e di/rict4 ,9 ! meantime x is hop$ ,great ,brita91 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w be able to supply ! defici5cy 9 ! coal requirem5ts4 ,! problems connect$ ) ! ,russian coal fields are complicat$1 b at lea/ ! ,dombrova coal field w\ld seem to be 9 ! h&s ( ! new ,pol&1 & ?is c>ries coal res\rces e/imat$ at #b1ebe million tons1 ) an output be=e ! w> probably exce$+ #g million metric tons p] annum4 ,accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! peace treaty1 a plebiscite w det]m9e ! political control ( ! ,upp] ,silesian coal fields4 ,probable ,*anges 9 ,coal ,trade4--,9 ! ocean coal trade ( ! _w ! greate/ *ange likely is t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w m l>gely supply ,s\? ,am]ica1 its coal be+ sub/itut$ = t ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ocean di/ance is m>k$ly 9 favor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica by vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! ,canal4 ,) ! increas$ %ipp+ facilities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is e reason to believe exports ( coal to ,s\? ,am]ica w be equally %>$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,at ! pres5t "t1 x is evid5t t ! ,briti% coal-m9+ indu/ry is 9 a bad way1 & publici/s are express+ s]i\s al>m at ! possible loss ( ! great] "p ( ! export trade & ! curtailm5t ( home indu/ries ?r\gh a great decrease 9 production accompani$ by a rapid increase 9 co/4 ,9 #aiac ,great ,brita9 produc$ #bhg1jjj1jjj long tons1 & export$ #gg1jjj1jjj long tons ( coal4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( m9]s ent]+ ! milit>y s]vice1 ! output greatly decl9$1 b 0 expect$ to recov] rapidly ) ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice & ! return ( ! m9]s4 ,b labor unre/1 result+ 9 /rikes & abs5teeism1 kept ! output d[n1 & on ,july #af1 #aiai1 ! s-call$ ,sankey aw>d w5t into effect4 ,?is aw>d %ort5$ ! m9]s' work+ day f eight to sev5 h\rs1 exclusive ( ! "t tak5 9 hoi/+ & l[]+1 b inclusive ( ! "t tak5 9 rea*+ ! work+ place4 ,rates 7 rais$ s t ! m9] receiv$ m 9 a day ) ! sev5-h\r day ?an =m]ly ) ! eight-h\r day1 & ! ,controll] rais$ ! price ( coal six %ill+s a ton to (fset ! increas$ co/4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,r$l&1 *ief inspector ( m9es1 pr$ict$ t ! output = #aiai w\ld be #bcj1jjj1jjj tons1 & = #aibj1 #bag1jjj1jjj tons1 or a r$uction ( #gj1jjj1jjj tons f ! output ( #aiac4 ,presumably1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by us+ additional %ifts1 ,great ,brita9 may recov] its =m] output1 ?\gh manife/ly at greatly increas$ co/2 s t unless ! co/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates goes up correspond+ly1 !re is e probability t ?is c\ntry w be able to compete successfully 9 export bus9ess1 n only 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 b also 9 ,m$it]ranean ports4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 dem&s = coal are rea*+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates n only f ^? p>ts ( ! _w1 b also f ,sc&9avia1 ,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,! ,ne!rl&s4 ,on acc\nt ( ne>ness1 h[ev]1 ,great ,brita9 %\ld be able to take c>e ( ! fuel requirem5ts ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 ! ,pacific1 x is n probable t ei!r ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton or ! ,t]ritory ( ,alaska w produce coal 9 su* quantity & at su* a price t ! output c be a g5]al factor 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ trade4 ,! dem&s ( ,alaska1 ,wa%+ton1 & adjo9+ /ates w absorb ! local production2 & ,cali=nia w cont9ue to import 9 balla/ m or less coal f ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! imm$iate *anges 9 ,asia are m likely to be 9 ! developm5t ( m9es 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a & 9 ,india to supply dome/ic ne$s r ?an ext5sive exports1 al?\gh1 z be=e /at$1 x is possible t ,*9a w gradually get into ! ,pacific ,coa/ m>kets4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! be/ coal res]ve ( any c\ntry--ab\t #c1ebg1jjj million out ( a total _w res]ve ( #g1ijj1jjj million tons--& good res]ves ( ea* ( ! sev]al classes ( coal4 ,= _m ye>s !re w be no dang] ( a %ortage except = an?racite1 good cok+ coal & ! highe/ grades ( /eam coal1 :i* are n[ actively m9$4 ,ab\t #fjj1jjj1jjj tons a ye>1 or ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 ( ! annual output ( ! _w1 is m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 contra/ ) ! res]ves & production1 ! exports 9 #aiac 7 only ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( ! exports ( coal f all c\ntries2 & a l>ge "p ( ! ,am]ican exports goes to ,canada by rail4 ,( sea-borne coal1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t out only #d p] c5t4 ,?is small proportion ( int]national trade is due to ! di/ance ( our coal f seaports1 ! lack ( organization & relat$ %ipp+ organizations2 &1 fur!r1 to ! relative indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i*1 f mo/ c\ntries1 requires only a small am\nt ( import z a return c>go = coal-c>ry+ %ips4 ,we use our coal at home1 b ! advantage ( export+ a consid]able quantity ( coal = its effects on increas+ trade relation%ips ) o!r c\ntries is n[ becom+ evid5t4 ,correlat$ ) ! l>ge supply & small export ( coal is ! rem>kable developm5t ( home indu/ries us+ our own coal4 ,f ! curves ( production 7%[n 9 ,figure #c7 x seems t )9 a c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates w surpass all ,europe 9 coal production4 ,z our indu/ries h kept pace ) coal production1 our consumption ( coal is indicat$ r\ghly by ! production curve4 ,h5ce x seems t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is likely to be a c5t] ( manufactur+ & weal?2 & ) ?is w come an equally c]ta9 cont9ual increase 9 population & p[]4 ,! second great _w supply ( coal is likely to be t ( ,*9a4 ,to be sure1 ,european production is l>ge1 b x w be divid$ among sev]al p[]s4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! _w's p[] & indu/ry = ! next c5tury is s def9itely locat$ by ! coal deposits 7& by associat$ iron 9 mo/ cases7 t ! "p ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld take 9 ! _w's program is cle>4 ,e precaution %\ld be obs]v$ to h ! ,*9ese res\rces controll$ by p[]s t w n abuse !m to make ! _w 8unsafe = democracy40 ,! w> op5$ sev]al =eign m>kets1 especially 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 to ,unit$ ,/ates coal4 ,"s ( ^! m>kets may be p]man5t1 b ,wel% coal is /ill likely to dom9ate sea-borne trade4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has coal+ /ations z f> away z ,manila & ! ,samoan ,isl&s1 b little coal rea*es !m f ?is c\ntry4 ,am]ican coal supplies our gov]nm5t coal+ /ations 9 ,alaska2 ,hawaii2 our home ports1 bo? ,atlantic & ,pacific2 ,cuba2 ,porto ,rico2 ,nic>aguan ports2 ,panama ,canal ports2 ,mazatlan1 ,mexico2 & "s ,s\? ,am]ican ports4 ,no attempt seems to h be5 made to e/abli% /rategic ports ar\nd ! _w1 su* z may be ne$$ if ! pres5t increase 9 ,am]ican %ipp+ is to be ma9ta9$ "u ! ,am]ican flag4 ,no =eign control has be5 influ5tial 9 m9+ or h&l+ coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! own]%ip ( coal m9es by ali5s has be5 possible1 b app>5tly has n become important4 ,am]ican coal res\rces are s great t no s+le organization1 =eign or dome/ic1 has be5 able to dom9ate ! situation4 ,! lack ( a /rong trade comb9ation made x possible 79 #aiaf7 = a comb9ation ( ,briti% %ipp]s to fix ! price ( bunk] coal 9 ,atlantic ports1 s t ! m9es got ev5 less = x ?an = indu/rial coal4 ,?is 0 ! result ( competitive bids1 & ! lack ( organization "h1 b x is expect$ t organization w develop n[4 ,s9ce ! w> began ! developm5t ( indu/ries bas$ on coal t> has be5 rem>kable4 ,!re are signs1 h[ev]1 ( an unheal?y competition 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! gov]nm5t %\ld be c>eful t int]nal squabbles d n op5 ! door = ,g]man control aga94 ,engl&4--,! ,briti% ,isles h only "o-=tie? ( ! total _w's supply ( coal1 b ?is is ( bett] ?an av]age quality4 ,high-grade /eam coal is abundant & !re is a fair supply ( cok+ coal4 ,! annual production1 #cjj million tons1 is ab\t "o-fif? ! _w's production1 & is second only to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engl& be=e ! w> export$ ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! production1 ov]seas exports f ,engl& be+ six times z mu* z f any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,coal has con/itut$ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( all ,engli% exports4 ,! coal m9es are ne> seaports1 & ocean freight rates are l[1 because ! dem& = imports gives return c>goes to ,engl& f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re are l>ge supplies ( coal also 9 ! colonies1 especially ,india1 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa4 ,! coal bus9ess & %ipp+ ( ,great ,brita9 grew up toge!r4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! coal %ipp$ goes = bunk]+4 ,9 #aiaf ,engl& own$ #dj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's %ipp+ & export$ ne>ly #gj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's sea-borne coal4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! %ipp+ requires bunk]+ ports all ar\nd ! _w4 ,coal f ,wales & ,briti% colonies 0 suffici5t to supply !m all1 & !y con/itute by f> ! mo/ /rategic sy/em t any c\ntry possesses4 ,engl&1 ,gibralt>1 ,greece1 ,malta1 ,suez1 ,port ,said1 ,ad51 ,maskat1 ,colombo1 ,s+apore1 ,bombay1 ,hong ,kong1 ,%anghai1 ,sydney1 ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,vanc\v]1 ,valp>aiso1 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,jamaica1 ,halifax1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,b]muda1 ,cape ,t[n & ,durban1 & o!rs encircle ! globe4 ,france1 ,japan1 ,holl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h ea* a few /ations1 b no su* compreh5sive sy/em4 ,! ,g]man proposals ( t]ms ( peace 7dur+ ! w>7 recogniz$ ! importance ( ^! /ations by specify+ t ,engl& %\ld give up ,ad51 ,malta & simil> ports4 ,trade arrangem5ts betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries h be5 su* z to grant 8mo/ favor$ nation0 treatm5t to bo? p>ties1 ev5 ) ,g]many1 :]e no =mal treaty 0 9 =ce4 ,! free-trade policy ( ,engl& is well e/abli%$1 & on t basis ,engl&'s comm]cial gr[? has be5 v great4 ,/udies s9ce ! w> began %[ t ,g]many took advantage ( ! fre$om 9 ,briti% c\ntries & ! protection at home4 ,= example1 ,g]man capital controll$ "s colli]ies 9 ,s\? ,york%ire1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,/9nes1 "o ( ! l>ge/ compon5ts ( ! ,g]man ,kohl5 ,kontor4 ,?is organization _h bran*es 9 ,newca/le1 ,c>diff1 ,glasg[1 ,hull1 & _m =eign ports4 ,! ,fr5* also _h pur*as$ an ,engli% colli]y be=e ! w>1 ! ,/onehall colli]y1 at ,lydd51 ne> ,dov]4 ,! ,au/ralian colonies & probably o!rs f\nd t ,g]man f9anci]s own$ & controll$ mo/ ( ! m9es :5 w> broke out4 ,x took "s "t to de/roy ?is influ5ce4 ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 ,briti% s5tim5t seem$ to call = action aga9/ all su* ,g]man comm]cial aggression1 & at an ,alli$ ,economic ,conf]5ce at ,p>is 9 ,june1 #aiaf1 plans 7 sugge/$ = protection by t>iff & exclusion ( ali5 own]%ip 9 alli$ c\ntries4 ,m rec5tly x seems t ! ,briti% plan is to keep ,briti% c]ta9 key indu/ries at all haz>ds & at any exp5se1 b n to ab&on free trade or 9 any way decrease ! am\nt ( trad+ done4 ,comm]cial control ( ! ,wel% /eam-coal export trade is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,cambria ,coal ,comb9e1 b 9 ! trade !re are sev]al o!r l>ge comb9ations4 ,! an?racite indu/ry ( ,engl& is n z well organiz$ z t ( ,am]ica4 ,comm]cial control ( coal export$ f ,wales is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! l>ge comb9ations ( ,briti% %ipp]s1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,cambria4 ,ev5 :5 ! w> int]f]$ ) %ipp+1 x is e/imat$ t two-?irds ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican coal trade 0 9 ,briti% control4 ,_m in/ances ( ,briti% f9ancial control ( coal 9 c\ntries o!r ?an ,briti% colonies h n be5 not$4 ,briti% capital is inve/$ 9 a few m9es 9 ,sib]ia & !re are ext5sive hold+s 9 ,*9a4 ,g]many4--,! res]ves ( coal 9 ,g]many be=e ! w> 7 great] ?an ^? 9 ,engl&1 c\nt+ possible res]ves1 & ( fair quality4 ,g]many =m]ly controll$ #gj p] c5t4 ( ! coal on ! ,cont95t4 ,au/rian coal 0 controll$1 & ! coal ( ,spitzb]g5 has be5 claim$1 ?\gh n[ 9 ,briti% & ,norwegian control4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ important deposits ( cok+ coal ( ! ,cont95t are 9 ,we/phalia1 ^? ( ,belgium & nor!rn ,france are v important to a g5]al control ( ! coal situation4 ,x _c be assum$ t ^! important coal fields 7 seiz$ by ! ,g]mans = o!r reasons1 or t ! ,g]mans includ$ coal & iron by accid5t4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,rh5i% ,we/phalian ,zeitung advis$ t ,fr5* ,lorra9e & ,luxemburg %\ld be dom9at$ z ?or\ghly z ,we/phalia 04 ,9 #aiae ! six greate/ associations ( bus9ess m5 9 ,g]many petition$ ! ,*ancellor to consid] ! control ( ! coal 7& iron7 ( nor!rn ,france z a milit>y z well z economic necessity4 ,! annual production ( coal 9 ,g]many be=e ! w> 0 ab\t "o-fif? ( ! _w's total output1 closely approa*+ ! production ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! w> ! coal output decl9$ some:at4 ,9 coal exports1 ,g]many has be5 second only to ! ,briti% ,isles1 b no c\ntry exports by sea "o-six? z mu* z ,great ,brita94 ,be=e ! w> ,g]many _h e/abli%$ "s f\rte5 8,kohl5 depots0 abroad & _h a l>ge am\nt ( %ipp+4 ,^! bunk]+ ports 7 tak5 by ! ,allies4 ,an example ( ,g]man indu/rial p5etration is furni%$ by ! case ( ,kiau ,*au1 ,*9a4 ,9 #ahii ! ,%antung ,eis5bahn ,gesells*aft 0 =m$ 9 ,b]l9 ) headqu>t]s at ,ts+tao4 ,x acquir$ exclusive rights = #e ye>s to se>* = m9]als 9 a zone #aj miles ea* side ( ! railway & to acquire claims4 ,*9ese m9es 7 n to be all[$ to adopt mod]n me?ods & compete1 unless !y b\ght ,g]man mat]ial & employ$ ,g]man m54 ,! m9es t 7 develop$ produc$ good /eam%ip coal & good en\gh coke1 s t a bla/ furnace 0 plann$4 ,! ,g]mans lo/ _! control :5 w> broke out1 & ^! rights h pass$1 "u ! t]ms ( ! peace treaty1 to ,japan4 ,g]man capital t _h be5 inve/$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,*ung ,hs+ ,coal ,co4 0 b\ght out 9 #aijh4 ,france4--,be=e ! w> ,france 0 fif? 9 ! li/ ( _w's coal produc]s1 b = _m ye>s ne$$ m coal ?an %e produc$4 ,possibly en\gh coal c\ld h be5 m9$ 9 ,france by great] developm5ts1 b to import x 0 *eap]4 ,fr5* capital 0 inve/$ 9 "s =eign coal deposits4 ,a company ( ,fr5* control own$ ! ,/onehall colli]y1 ne> ,dov]4 ,be=e ! w> a ,fr5* company 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ op]ators 9 ,turkey & 0 /eadily acquir+ new m9es4 ,a ,fr5* company own$ an important colli]y 9 ! ,dombrova field1 n[ "p ( ,pol&4 ,france has ma9ta9$ gov]nm5t coal+ /ations = %ipp+ 9 ,indo-,*9a1 ,tahiti1 ,society ,isl&s1 ,m>t9ique1 & ,madagasc>2 b no attempt is made to supply !m :olly ) ,fr5* coal1 or to be indep5d5t ( o!r coal+ /ations4 ,italy4--,italy has a poor supply ( l[-grade coal1 & ! normal production is insignificant4 ,imports h be5 l>ge1 ^? f ,great ,brita9 am\nt+ 9 #aiad to #aj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,russia4--,russia has sev]al important coal fields4 ,! production 0 #ca1jjj1jjj tons 9 #aiae & #bc1jjj1jjj 9 #aiaf1 s t ,russia1 includ+ ! prov9ce ( ,ukra9e1 has rank$ fif? or six? among ! _w's produc]s4 ,if ! dem& = coal develops "u ! /imulus ( indu/rial /ability1 ! output w all be consum$ 9 ,russia4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! production has be5 rais$ 9 ! ,donetz bas94 ,half ( ?is is cok+ coal4 ,japan4--,japan has on ! ma9 isl&1 ,hondo1 en\gh coal to p]mit consid]able exports4 ,supplies 9 ,korea & ,=mosa are less abundant4 ,9 all ,japan's coal !re is v little ( good cok+ quality4 ,:5 ! w> r$uc$ ! am\nt ( ,briti% %ipp+ 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 ,japanese %ips suppli$ ,japanese coal to a numb] ( new coal+ /ations1 & ! ,briti% may f9d x difficult to rega9 _! =m] prom95ce 9 bunk]+ !re4 ,japanese coal n[ gets z f> we/ also z ,colombo1 ,ceylon4 ,japanese law specifies ,japanese control ( ! policy ( m9+ companies1 ?\gh "s =eign f9ancial int]e/s are all[$4 ,japan controls a "p ( ! coal produc$ 9 ,*9a1 & by pres5t+ insi/5t dem&s is increas+ h] control 9 t c\ntry4 ,if giv5 a free h&1 ,japan is 9 a position to ex]cise indu/rial & milit>y control 9 ,asia almo/ z ?or\ghly z ! ,unit$ ,/ates c 9 ,am]ica4 ,engli% & ,belgian int]e/s h "s ,*9ese coal1 & ?us are ab\t ! only real competition at pres5t ) ,japanese control4 ,*9a4--,outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,*9a has ! l>ge/ coal res]ves ( any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! coal v>ies 9 quality & grade2 "s ( x is excell5t1 b ! production has rea*$ only ab\t #ah1jjj1jjj tons a ye>4 ,"s di/ricts export & o!rs import coal4 ,! c\ntry c\ld easily be indep5d5t if !re 7 int]nal means ( di/ribution4 ,!re might ev5 be l>ge exports if production began 9 advance ( o!r indu/rial developm5t4 ,cok+ coal is available only 9 c]ta9 areas1 mo/ly 9 ! s\?4 ,! l>ge/ & be/-equipp$ produc] is ! ,kailan ,m9+ ,adm9i/ration1 op]at+ ,briti% & ,*9ese prop]ties4 ,! own]%ip ( ! company is mo/ly 9 ,belgian h&s1 b ! incorporation is "u ,hong ,kong law1 s t ! company is "u ,briti% control4 ,! *ief produc]s 9 ,*9a are3 ,,table #f4--;,,*ief ,,produc]s ,,( ,,coal ,,9 ,,*9a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,company ,tons a ye>,control ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,kailan ,m9+ ,adm9i/ration #c1jjj1jjj ,briti% & ,*9ese ,fun%un ,colli]ies #b1jjj1jjj ,own$ by ! ,s\? ,man*uria ,railway ,co4 7,japanese7 ,p+%i5g ,colli]ies #a1jjj1jjj ,*9ese ,pek9 ,syndicate #ejj1jjj ,briti% ,p+%ihu #cjj1jjj ,japanese ,l9*5g #hjj1jjj ,belgian ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! ,m9+ ,company ( ,%antung1 produc+ #djj1jjj tons a ye>1 =m]ly own$ by ! ,g]mans1 is n[ run by ! ,japanese milit>y organization4 ,?us only "o ( ! l>ge produc]s is "u ,*9ese control1 ?\gh _m small] m9es are work$ by ,*9ese4 ,! ,*9ese law design$ to prev5t =eign control ( ?is sort is n effective4 ,x requires t ! %>e ( a m9+ indu/ry held by =eign]s %all n be ov] "o-half2 b if a =eign company owns half ! %>es & f9ances ! ,*9ese half by a loan1 ! =eign control may be complete4 ,!re is a fur!r control ( m9+1 ?r\gh ! own]%ip ( railways4 ,all ! l>g] produc]s mu/ %ip coal by rail1 & =eign nations are all[$ to f9ance railways4 ,! difficulty ( a gov]nm5t ex]cis+ adequate political & comm]cial control :5 x grants concessions 9 ?is way is evid5t4 ,g5]al m9+ affairs 9 ,*9a are sup]vis$ by a ,bureau ( ,m9+ ,affairs4 ,any specific ent]prise is controll$ by a commission] ( f9ance 9 ea* prov9ce4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r gov]nm5tal control w be /rong en\gh to ov]balance comm]cial & f9ancial control1 & diplomatic pressure f outside4 ,^? companies incorporat$ "u ,hong ,kong law c c\nt on ,briti% protection4 ,japanese dem&s on ,*9a h be5 v insi/5t1 & x is said t ab\t a ?ird ( ! production ( ! c\ntry is n[ controll$ by ,japan4 ,z a :ole1 ,*9a seems to take a small "p 9 ! control ( h] own coal4 ,! opportunity = o!r p[]s to get f9ancial1 &1 ?r\gh t1 indu/rial favors may be involv$ 9 ! problem ( f9anc+ ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,,table #g4--,,production1 ,,exports ,,& ,,imports ,,= #aiach ,millions ( metric tons ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c\ntry ,k9d ( coal,production,exports,imports,rem>ks 7#aiai7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,unit$ ,an?racite #he #d4a 444 ,res\rces great] ,/ates ,bitum9\s #dcb #ah4j #a4d ?an ^? ( any ,coke #db #a4j #j4a o!r c\ntry2 c ,bunk] coal 444 7#g4g7 444 easily increase ocean exports ) m %ipp+ available4 ,pres5t exports *iefly to ,canada4 ,value ( coal-t> products import$ 9 #aiac1 #aj1ifb1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,great ,an?racite #e 444 ,*ief coal-export+ ,brita9 ,bitum9\s #bhb #gc4d 444 c\ntry2 be=e w> ,coke #bj4e #a4b 444 _h virtual monopoly ,briquettes 444 #b4a 444 ( ocean exports4 ,bunk] coal 7#ba4j7 444 ,export control imp]il$ by %ortage f labor conditions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,g]man ,bitum9\s #aia #cd4f #aj4e ,coal ne$$ = ,empire ,lignite #hg 444 #g ,c5tral ,europe4 ,coke #cb #f4d #j4f ,exports by rail & ,coal canal4 ,di/ance f ,briquettes #e4h #b4c #j4c seaports prev5ts ,lignite ov]sea exports4 ,briquettes #ba4d #j4i #j4a ,we/phalia has ---------------------------------------- -----l>ge/ cok+ coal ,sa> ,bitum9\s #ag4j res\rces 9 ,europe4 ,di/rict ,coke #b4j ,own]%ip ( ,sa> 7,includ$ m9es transf]r$ to "u ,france by ,treaty ( ,g]man ,peace4 ,empire1 above7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,upp] ,bitum9\s #di4a ,nationality ( ,upp] ,silesia ,lignite #b4c 444 444 ,silesia to be 7,includ$,coke #c4a 444 444 det]m9$ by "u plebiscite2 coal ,g]man production vital to ,empire1 ea/]n ,g]many1 above7 ,pol& & ,au/ria4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,au/ria- ,bitum9\s #ag4f #j4g #ac4g ,au/ria1 already ,hung>y ,lignite #cf4d #g4j 444 defici5t 9 bitum9\s coal1 "u ! ,peace ,treaty loses practically all coal fields to ,pol& & ,cze*o-,slovakia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,au/ria ,bitum9\s #af4c 444 444 ,hung>y always 7,includ$,lignite #bg4d 444 444 lack$ en\gh "u ,coke #b4f 444 444 bitum9\s coal1 & ,au/ria- "u any political ,hung>y1 control mu/ above7 cont9ue to import coal f ,upp] ,silesia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hung>y ,bitum9\s #a4c 7,includ$,lignite #i4j "u ,coke #j4b ,au/ria- ,hung>y1 above7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,france ,bitum9\s #dj4j #a4c #ah4g ,france consum$ 9 ,lignite #j4h 444 444 #aiac 7millions ( ,coke #d4j #j4b #c4j tons7 ,briquettes #c4g #j4a #a4a ,coal #ea4b ,coke #f4i ,briquettes #d4h ---- #fb4i ,deficit #ba millions tons 9 #aiac4 ,addition ( ,sa> production 7#ag1jjj1jjj tons7 w n cancel ! deficit1 z ! ne$s ( ! local di/rict & ^? ( =m] ,g]man ,lorra9e w absorb t or m4 ,m9es wreck$ by ,g]many produc$ #bj1jjj1jjj tons2 ,g]many to supply equival5t am\nt until m9es rehabilitat$4 ,france mu/ cont9ue indef9itely to import coal & coke4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,russia ,bitum9\s ,russia1 ) poorly 7,includ$*iefly #cb4c 444 #h4a develop$ fields & 9 above ,bitum9\s great future ne$s1 is ! 7,"s br[n has import$ f ,dombrova coal7 #g4j ,great ,brita9 & field ( ,g]many2 ?r\gh ,pol&7 loss ( ! ,dombrova field 7ext5sion ( ,upp] ,silesian bas97 ne$s m coal ?an c produce & is unlikely ev] to be an export+ c\ntry4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,belgium ,bitum9\s #bb4h #d4i #h4i ,belgium has high- ,coke #c4e #a4a #j4d grade /eam coals ,briquettes #b4f #j4f #a4a & "s cok+ coal2 b$s are deep & difficult to m9e4 ,its exports to ,holl& & ,france probably w 9 future cont9ue to be exce$$ by imports f ,we/phalia & ,great ,brita94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #h ,compil$ by ,george ,s4 ,rice4 ,,table #h4--;,,c\ntries ,,9 ,,europe ,,l>gely ,,dep5d5t ,,on ,,imports ,,( ,,fuel4 ,,production ,,& ,,imports1 #aiaci ,millions ( metric tons ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,k9d ,c\ntry ( coal ,production,imports,rem>ks 7#aiai7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,holl& ,bitum9\s #b4j #ab4j ,holl&1 9 ! small ,limb\rg bas91 has an ext5sion ( ! ,aix-la- ,*apelle bas9 ( ,g]many4 ,! output is increas+1 b z ! bas9 is small ,holl& w import f ,we/phalia1 ,belgium & ,great ,brita9 or ,am]ica4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,italy ,an?racite #j4g #aj4 ,italy has insignificant & & poor res\rces 9 ?9 ,lignite an?racite b$s & 9 lignite deposits2 has dep5d$ on ,great ,brita9 = imports1 b n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates is furni%+ "s coal4 ,wat]-p[] developm5ts are l>ge2 opportunity = fur!r developm5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,spa9 ,bitum9\s #d4c #c4f ,spa9 has a numb] ( small coal bas9s4 ,x mu/ cont9ue to import4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sw$5 ,bitum9\s #j4d #d4h ,sw$5 has a few ?9 impure b$s1 b has reli$ on imports f ,great ,brita94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,norway #b4c ,norway has no coal res\rces & has import$ coal f ,great ,brita94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,switz]- #a4f ,switz]l& has no coal l& wor?y ( m5tion2 x has reli$ on imports f ,we/phalia4 ,s9ce ! armi/ice1 ,switz]l& has import$ coal f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ?is movem5t is abnormal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #i ,compil$ by ,george ,s4 ,rice4 ,conclusions4--,z reg>ds political control1 ?ree great national or race factors loom 9 ! future ( ! coal indu/ry & 9 ! developm5t ( weal? & p[]3 ! ,european1 dom9at$ by ,engl&2 ! ,am]ican1 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! ,asiatic1 by ,japan4 ,! ef=ts ( ,engl& dur+ ! w> tempor>ily pro/rat$ h]1 & dim9i%$ ! grip ( h] export coal & bunk]+ trade1 b conditions late 9 #aiai indicat$ t recov]y might be rapid4 ,! imm$iate gr[? 9 ! m9+ ( coal = use at home1 ) consequ5t progress 9 /eel & o!r indu/ries1 h[ev]1 w be greate/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 because ( our gigantic res\rces4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 h[ev]1 are indications ( a developm5t ( ,*9a's coal & ! gr[? ( att5dant indu/ries on a scale :i* may 9 "t out/rip ^? ( any c\ntry except ,am]ica1 & transf] ! bulk ( weal? & p[] to ! two great civilizations1 on ei!r side ( ! ,pacific--! newe/1 t ( ,am]ica1 & ! olde/1 t ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! w> & ! settlem5ts aft] ! w> prov$ an unmix$ b5efit & opportunity to ,japan1 & enabl$ h] s to /r5g!n h]self 9 ,*9a & ,korea t %e is n only ! prepond]at+ p[] 9 ! ,ea/1 b may claim a sph]e ( influ5ce & a wide protectorate = ,asia1 f> m effective ?an ! ,am]ican ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,hav+ reg>d to national int]nal economy & ext]nal & int]nal effectiv5ess1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w cle>ly neglect ! ma9 function ( gov]nm5t if x fails to ex]cise an effective sup]vision & regulation ( ! coal indu/ry4 ,?is indu/ry is national2 e citiz5 has an int]e/ 9 x1 & a "r to expect its adm9i/ration = ! highe/ b5efit ( all4 ,,table #i4--,,production ,,& ,,imports ,,( ,,fuel ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,c\ntries ,,9 #aiacaj ,millions ( metric tons ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,c\ntry ,production,imports,rem>ks 7#aiai7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,arg5t9a #d4j ,arg5t9a has no coal res\rces4 ,imports *iefly f ,great ,brita92 ,c>diff coal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,brazil #b4b ,brazil has coal1 b x is inaccessible = transportation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,*ile #a4bc #j4f ,*ile has "s coal1 b does n m9e en\gh high-grade coal = its ne$s2 has import$ f ,great ,brita94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,colombia ,colombia has "s undevelop$ coal res\rces2 has import$ a little coal f "t to "t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p]u #j4bh #j4jb ,p]u has small coal res\rces & m9es a little coal1 practically en\gh = its ne$s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,uruguay #j4h ,uruguay has no coal res\rces & import$ "s 9 ! pa/1 *iefly f ,great ,brita94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total ,s\? ,am]ica #a4ea #g4f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aj ,compil$ by ,george ,s4 ,rice4 ,,table #aj4--aiac ,,production1 ,,exports1 ,,& ,,imports ,,( ,,coal ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,asia ,,& ,,au/ralia#aa ,millions ( metric tons ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,k9d ,c\ntry ( coal ,production,exports,imports,rem>ks 7#aiai7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,japan ,bitum9\s #ba4h #c4e ,japan does n h l>ge coal res\rces & coal is n ( high grade1 b deposits are advantage\sly locat$ = export+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,india #af4e ,india has consid]able good coal1 b ?is w be ne$$ = dome/ic purposes & bunk]+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*9a ,bitum9\s #ad4j ab\t ,coal is import$ f #b4j ,japan1 b ,*9a has great coal res\rces1 & ^! are be+ develop$ by ,japanese1 ,briti% & ,am]ican capital4 ,g]many _h l>ge int]e/s1 :i* h rev]t$1 x is und]/ood1 to ,japan4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,indo- ,indo-,*9a has "s ,*9a #j4d coal1 bo? an?racite & lignite4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sib]ia ,little is kn[n ( ! coal res\rces ( ,sib]ia4 ,!re are _m indications ( lignite deposits4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,new ,new ,s\? ,wales has ,s\? l>ge res\rces ( ,wales #aj4e #f4j good coal4 ,"o-half ( ! #f million tons export$ goes to o!r ,au/ralian /ates2 ! o!r half to ,pacific ports4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,new ,new ,zeal& has small ,zeal& #a4i coal bas9s1 b !y are close to ! sea1 p]mitt+ ready export4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,que5s- #a4a ,que5sl&1 ,victoria1 l& & ,we/]n ,au/ralia ---------------------------------------- ---h consid]able coal ,victoria #j4f res\rces1 b n ( ---------------------------------------- ---grade or quality to be ,we/]n a factor 9 export ,au/ralia #j4c trade4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aa ,compil$ by ,george ,s4 ,rice4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,iron ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,h>d] ,,& ,f4 ,t4 ,,edd+field ,,uses ,,( ,,iron ,! uses ( iron ore are s well kn[n t _! enum]ation is h>dly necess>y4 ,f iron ore are manufactur$ ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron1 & /eel4 ,by ! addition ( "o or m o!r elem5ts1 *iefly silicon1 c>bon1 *romium1 nickel1 manganese1 vanadium1 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 9 quantities less ?an #e p] c5t4 & usually less ?an #a p] c5t41 v>i\s qualities1 su* z h>dness1 t\ghness1 ela/icity1 durability1 brittl5ess1 d5sity1 porosity1 endurance1 resi/ance to oxidation or corrosion1 malleability1 & fusibility1 c be controll$ & giv5 to ! ca/ iron or /eel 9 ! desir$ degree4 ,! uses ( ! products ( iron ore are s common t ! f9d+ ( objects :i* d n conta9 "s ( !m is difficult4 ,besides be+ us$ z a metal1 iron ent]s into ! manufacture ( pa9ts 7especially r$1 yell[1 & blue71 *emicals ( v>i\s k9ds1 m$ic9es1 color+ matt] 9 glass & pott]y1 & 9 ! =m ( specul> hematite x is made into jewelry4 ,consid]able am\nts ( iron ore are also consum$ annually = flux 9 ! smelt+ ( silv]1 copp]1 lead1 & o!r metallif]\s ores4 ,iron & its products are m widely us$ ?an any o!r metal2 & ! ye>ly production ( pig iron makes up #id to #if p] c5t4 ( ! total am\nt ( all ! metals produc$ 9 ! _w1 & 9 normal times av]ages ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj tons annually4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,iron ores are associat$ ) _m diff]5t classes ( rocks--s$im5t>y1 igne\s1 & metamorphic4 ,:]e associat$ ) s$im5t>y rocks ! ores may be ! result ( direct s$im5tation or may be lat] replacem5ts ( s$im5t>y b$s by magmatic or meteoric iron-be>+ wat]s4 ,_m iron-ore deposits associat$ ) s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ by ! enri*m5t ( orig9al iron-be>+ b$s1 ei!r by solution & transportation ( iron comp\nds or by ! removal ( o!r associat$ m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,among ^? important iron-ore deposits ( s$im5t>y orig9 t h und]gone little or no fur!r enri*m5t s9ce deposition1 except p]haps directly at ! surface1 are ! iron ores ( ! ,cl9ton type ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,wabana iron ores ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! 8m9ette0 ores ( ! ,lorra9e di/rict 9 nor!rn ,france1 ,luxemburg1 & s\!rn ,g]many1 ! oolitic sid]ite b$s ( ! ,clevel& di/rict 9 nor!rn ,engl&1 & ! hematite ores ( ,m9as ,g]aes 9 ,brazil4 ,! mo/ important ( ! s$im5t>y iron ores t are ! result ( fur!r enri*m5t s9ce deposition are ^? ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,iron ores associat$ ) igne\s rock are mo/ly ( deep-seat$ orig91 usually hav+ be5 =m$ by solutions t accompani$ or foll[$ ! intrusion ( ! rocks ) :i* ! ores are associat$4 ,^! ores are ( two ma9 classes3 7#a7 ,^? associat$ ) silice\s igne\s rocks2 & 7#b7 ^? associat$ ) basic igne\s rocks4 ,! ores associat$ ) silice\s igne\s rocks consi/ ei!r ( hematite or1 m commonly1 magnetite4 ,!y occur 9 granite1 sy5ite1 & monzonite1 & 9 gneiss d]iv$ f ^! by metamorphism4 ,_m important ore deposits 9 diff]5t c\ntries belong to ?is class1 among !m be+ ! magnetite & hematite deposits ( ,sw$i% ,lapl& & ( c5tral ,sw$51 ! magnetite bodies ( ! ,adirondacks & nor!rn ,new ,j]sey 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 v>i\s magnetite & hematite bodies 9 ,cali=nia & else:]e 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mix$ hematite & magnetite deposits ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,cuba1 mo/ ( ! iron-ore bodies ( ,*ile1 & ! newly develop$ iron ores ( ,man*uria4 ,z a class1 ! iron ores associat$ ) silice\s igne\s rocks rank next 9 importance to iron ores ( s$im5t>y orig94 ,iron-ore deposits associat$ ) basic igne\s rocks are ne>ly all ( a di/9ct type kn[n z titanif]\s magnetites4 ,^! ores consi/ ( a mixture ( magnetite & ilm5ite 9 v>y+ proportions1 & !re=e c>ry a v>iable am\nt ( titanium4 ,_m l>ge ore deposits ( ?is class are f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 among ! l>g] ones be+ c]ta9 ore bodies 9 ,wyom+1 9 ! ,adirondack region1 & else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & sev]al deposits 9 ,norway & 9 nor!rn & s\!rn ,sw$54 ,an important gr\p ( iron-ore deposits has result$ f m9]al replacem5t along ! contact ( s$im5t>y rocks ) igne\s intrusives4 ,^! ores usually occur 9 lime/ones n f> f intrusive masses ( granite1 monzonite1 sy5ite or diorite1 b !y may be f\nd )9 ! igne\s rocks !mselves1 ne> ! contact4 ,!y are r>ely associat$ ) ! m basic igne\s rocks4 ,^! ores are kn[n z igne\s contact ores1 & _! orig9 is ascrib$ to iron-be>+ solutions t accompani$ or foll[$ ! intrusion ( ! igne\s rocks ) :i* ! ores are associat$4 ,su* ores are extremely widespread1 occurr+ 9 practically e cont95t4 ,locally1 ext5sive deposits exi/1 z 9 ! ,cornwall di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,columbia1 9 ,*ile1 & 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,igne\s contact ores h furni%$ only a relatively small p]c5tage ( ! _w's total production ( iron ore1 h[ev]4 ,!re are also widespread replacem5t deposits 9 s$im5t>y rocks t are n associat$ ) igne\s rocks4 ,^! are believ$ to be =m$ by ord9>y meteoric wat]s :i* dissolve dissem9at$ iron m9]als f c]ta9 b$s or masses ( rock1 & r$eposit ! m9]al else:]e 9 a m conc5trat$ =m4 ,su* ore deposits may be r\ghly tabul> & resemble b$d$ deposits1 or !y may be v irregul>4 ,mo/ deposits ( ?is type consi/ ( sid]ite :i* has replac$ lime/one1 b hematite & limonite deposits =m$ by replacem5t also exi/4 ,among ! important deposits ( ?is gr\p are ! sid]ite ores ( ,bilbao1 ,spa91 l>gely alt]$ to limonite ne> ! surface2 ! sid]ite ore ( ,eis5]z1 ,/yria2 & ! hematite deposits ne> ,h>tville1 ,wyom+4 ,small deposits ( sid]ite1 hematite1 & limonite ( ?is type are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,besides ! classes ( iron ores already m5tion$1 widely di/ribut$ iron ores occur z residual products d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( ei!r igne\s or s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! ores h be5 =m$ by ! conc5tration ( iron-be>+ mat]ials orig9ally dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rocks ^: wea!r$ products !y n[ con/itute4 ,!y are ma9ly 9 ! =m ( limonite & occur ei!r z l>ge bodies ( relatively pure ore or z aggregates ( irregul> masses ( v>i\s sizes imb$d$ 9 clays4 ,to ?is class belong ! br[n iron ores associat$ ) clay 9 ! ,appala*ian region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! limonite ores ( p>ts ( ,russia1 & simil> ores 9 ,korea4 ,9 ?is class %\ld also be includ$ ! ext5sive limonite deposits d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( s]p5t9e :i* h rec5tly be5 develop$ along ! nor? coa/ ( ,cuba1 z well z ! lat]itic iron-ore deposits f\nd 9 _m tropical c\ntries4 ,limonite ores associat$ ) clays h be5 smelt$ s9ce e>ly ages1 ow+ to _! accessibility & ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld be smelt$ by crude me?ods4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 furni%$ a decid$ly m9or p]c5tage ( ! _w's production ( iron ore4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! iron ore consum$ by ! _w has be5 obta9$ pr9cipally f ! f\r great iron-produc+ c\ntries3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,france & ,great ,brita94 ,o!r c\ntries t yield important quantities ( iron ore are1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance3 ,spa91 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,luxemburg1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,cuba1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,alg]ia4 ,! normal annual output 9 ea* "o ( ^! c\ntries is m ?an "o million tons4 ,m9or am\nts ( iron ore are produc$ 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,,table #aa4--;,,iron-,,ore ,,output ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,produc+ ,,c\ntries1 #aiaj-aiag1 ,,9 ,,gross ,,tons#ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,c\ntry #aiaj #aiaa #aiab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,canada#ac #bca1fbc #ahg1hjg #aib1gec ,cuba#ac #a1dfb1dih #a1afc1gad #a1cig1gig ,newf\ndl&#ac #a1ajh1gfb #a1aga1iib #a1bea1ifh ,unit$ ,/ates #eg1jad1ijf #dc1hgf1eeb #ee1aej1adg ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,*ile 444 #bh1aej #f1edf ,v5ezuela#ad 444 444 #ab1ajj ,europe3 ,au/ria-,hung>y #d1eib1egb #d1ggi1hea #d1iig1caa ,belgium #aba1jbd #adh1acj #afd1gcd ,france #ad1cge1ihd #af1cgf1ifg #ah1heh1ffh ,g]many #agbh1beg1egiagbi1djh1habagcc1ahj1beh ,greece #ebg1jdj #dic1ajf #dbd1hce ,italy #edb1egh #cfg1ijj #egb1ijj ,luxemburg 7#ah7 7#ah7 7#ah7 ,norway #ajj1hcd #bag1jea #dja1ffe ,portugal #c1cjg #ai1bcc #bh1idg ,russia 7#ai7 7#ai7 7#ai7 ,spa9 #h1ecj1caj #h1fce1ebc #bjh1iij1gdc ,sw$5 #e1dfe1bcd #f1jef1hfh #f1eie1jdd ,unit$ ,k+dom #ae1bbf1jae #ae1eai1dbd #ac1gij1cia ,asia3 ,*9a #baacj1dgb #baaji1edb #babja1efa ,*os5 7,korea7 #ajd1fbg #if1ijb #aba1bbd ,india #ed1fbf #cff1bab #ehj1jbi ,japan #acb1iba #add1jja #afh1dgi ,philipp9e ,isl&s #adh #baf #cdg ,africa3 ,alg]ia #a1jdh1bbh #a1jeg1jhg #a1aga1beb ,morocco #ahf1adi 7#af7 7#af7 ,madagasc> 7#bc7 7#bc7 #bb ,natal #ej ,togol& 7#af7 #cid 7#af7 ,tunis #cbg1gef #cig1fch #dgj1hff ,au/ralia3 #aeg1hba #abb1cfa #aac1ihi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,c\ntry #aiac #aiad #aiae ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,canada#ac #bgd1fgc #bah1fbj #cee1deg ,cuba#ac #a1ehb1dca #hba1aaj #hbg1ddh ,newf\ndl&#ac #a1dcc1heh #eff1jjj #gge1djc ,unit$ ,/ates #fa1ihj1dcg #da1dci1gfa #ee1ebf1dij ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,*ile #ac1hgh #fb1ejf #add1ghc ,v5ezuela#ad #eg1bbe #b1djj ,europe3 ,au/ria-,hung>y #e1bcc1jee #c1ici1bdhaea1bah1cfg ,belgium #adg1jdh #ha1jfc #d1fdf ,france #ba1egb1hce 7#af7 7#af7 ,g]many #bf1gga1eih 7#af7 7#af7 ,greece #cjh1fdj #bid1egc #aed1iea ,italy #eic1fah #fie1abd #ffi1bfb ,luxemburg #g1bae1ead #d1ibf1ihj #f1jdj1gfe ,norway #ece1hfi #fda1gij #gjf1cgi ,portugal #dh1cib #f1ecb 7#af7 ,russia #g1idg1aia 7#af7 7#af7 ,spa9 #i1gjc1agg #f1gaj1ceg #e1ebg1eeb ,sw$5 #g1ceg1hde #f1dhb1ijd #f1ggd1iji ,unit$ ,k+dom #ae1iig1cbh #ad1hfg1ehb #ad1bce1jab ,asia3 ,*9a #bbdaf1cdbbbdhh1beh #ecg1jdg ,*os5 7,korea7 #aci1cgj #agi1jfb #bjf1eaj ,india #cgj1hde #dda1fgd #cij1bgj ,japan #afh1hig #acd1aic #acc1icc ,philipp9e ,isl&s #edf #cib 7#af7 ,africa3 ,alg]ia #a1cbg1cbj #a1jig1aja #hje1edg ,morocco 444 444 444 ,madagasc> ,natal 444 444 444 ,togol& ,tunis #ehd1fdi #bdd1ebh #bha1cjd ,au/ralia3 #bdij1gab #agg1ich #cgj1hhg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,c\ntry #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- - ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,canada#ac #bde1fic #aib1baj ,cuba#ac #gab1gaf #eec1dhe ,newf\ndl&#ac #ijc1fbe #ghh1hbj ,unit$ ,/ates #ge1afg1fgb #ge1bhh1hea ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,*ile #ee1bha #d1iba ,v5ezuela#ad ,europe3 ,au/ria-,hung>y 7#af7 7#af7 ,belgium #bi1iea #af1gcb ,france 7#af7 7#af7 ,g]many 7#af7 7#af7 ,greece #hc1fdg #fb1cff ,italy #ibg1djf #igh1agd ,luxemburg #f1fdc1fhi #d1dcf1fhb ,norway #hfe1gjj 7#af7 ,portugal 7#af7 7#af7 ,russia 7#af7 7#af7 ,spa9 #e1gfb1gcc #e1dfa1heg ,sw$5 #f1hgf1bgh #f1aai1bfc ,unit$ ,k+dom #ac1did1feh #ad1hde1gcd ,asia3 ,*9a #bgd1jgh #bii1dfe ,*os5 7,korea7 #bda1dab 7#af7 ,india #daa1geh #dac1bgc ,japan #aef1bfc 7#af7 ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7#af7 7#af7 ,africa3 ,alg]ia #ibc1eih #a1jdh1gbb ,morocco 444 444 ,madagasc> ,natal 444 444 ,togol& ,tunis #cfa1eic #eif1bfa ,au/ralia3 #cij1ajhbecbh1caj ---------------------------------------- - #ab ,,bur*>d1 ,e4 ,f41 8,iron ,ore1 ,pig ,iron & ,/eel03 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey 8,m9]al ,res\rces10 #aiae & #aiag1 ) additions & revisions4 7,! above figures are1 s f> z possible1 bas$ on (ficial reports &1 :]e ^! are lack+1 on ! te*nical press47 #ac ,%ipm5ts4 #ad ,exports to ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ae ,= ,hung>y only4 #af ,/ati/ics n available4 #ag ,includes ,luxemburg4 #ah ,includ$ 9 ,g]many4 #ai ,russia produc$ #b1icf1jbd long tons ( pig iron 9 #aiaj2 #c1ecf1dag long tons 9 #aiaa1 & #d1aca1hij long tons 9 #aiab4 #bj ,includes #a1efc long tons ( arg5tif]\s iron ore4 #ba ,exports4 #bb ,f ,tayeh deposits only4 #bc ,madagasc> produc$ ab\t #h long tons ( iron 9 #aiaj & #a4e long tons 9 #aiaa4 #bd ,= ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&4 #be ,= ,s\? ,au/ralia only4 ,,table #ab4--,,pig ,,iron ,,manufactur$ ,,9 ,,pr9cipal ,,c\ntries ,,9 #ahej1 #ahij1 #aijj1 ,,& #aiaj ,,to #aiaf1 ,,9 ,,gross ,,tons#bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c\ntry #ahej #ahij #aijj #aiaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,unit$ ,/ates #efc1gee #i1bjb1gjcac1ghi1bdbbg1cjc1efg ,g]many #cej1jjj #d1ehd1hhb #h1cha1cgcad1eei1eji ,great ,brita9 #b1cjj1jjj #g1ijd1bad #h1iei1fiaaj1bag1jbb ,france #dje1fec #a1ica1ahh #b1ffi1iff #c1igd1dgh ,russia #bbg1eee #iab1efa #b1hhi1ghi #b1iib1jeh ,au/ria-,hung>y #bej1jjj #iaj1fhe #a1dgb1fie #b1aec1ghh ,belgium #add1deb #gge1che #a1jja1hgb #a1hbb1hba ,canada 444 #ai1dci #hf1jij #gdj1baj ,sw$5 #aej1jjj #dhc1aee #eah1bfc #eid1che ,spa9 444 #agf1eih #bhi1cae #cfg1dbc ,italy 444 #ad1jid #bc1efi #cdg1feg ,japan 444 444 444 #ahf1gid ,o!r c\ntries#bg #aj1jjj #hj1jjj #ajj1jjj #bjj1jjj --------------------------------------- ,total #d1dja1daebf1iid1ijddj1aha1hfefe1dei1gab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,c\ntry #aiaa #aiab #aiac #aiadbg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bc1fdi1edgbi1gbf1icgcj1iff1aebbc1ccb1bd d ,g]many #ae1djd1fdhag1ehf1ebaai1jjd1jbbad1afb1ad g ,great ,brita9 #i1gah1fch #h1hhi1abdaj1dha1iag #i1jje1hih ,france #d1cji1dih #d1hgj1iac #e1bbg1cgh #c1ejj1jjj ,russia #c1eca1hjg #d1acc1jjj #d1dgd1geg #d1aij1jjj ,au/ria-,hung>y #b1jef1hci #b1bgf1ada #b1cce1agj #a1ejj1jjj ,belgium #b1jgb1hcf #b1cjg1hec #b1cah1gfg #a1ejj1jjj ,canada #hbd1cfh #iab1hgh #a1jae1aah #gje1igb ,sw$5 #fbd1cfg #fhh1geg #gbh1ajc #fbi1fjh ,spa9 #djb1bji #cif1hgb #dah1jfa #djj1jjj ,italy #bih1add #cgc1ifj #dbj1jaa #cgi1jbh ,japan #bjj1jjj #bjj1gji #bcf1dia #bie1dbh ,o!r c\ntries#bg #bej1jjj #cej1jjj #bej1jjj #bjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ,total #fc1cdb1ijagb1gac1efegg1hgf1cdgei1hjj1cb e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------- ,c\ntry #aiaebg #aiafbh --------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bi1iaf1bacci1dcd1gig ,g]many #aa1fjc1hgdac1jjj1jjj ,great ,brita9 #h1gic1fei #i1jdg1ihc ,france #d1jjj1jjj #e1jjj1jjj ,russia #c1fch1jjj #d1cjj1jjj ,au/ria-,hung>y #a1ibi1jjj #b1jjj1jjj ,belgium #ejj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj ,canada #hbe1dbj #a1jfi1eda ,sw$5 #gee1jjj #gej1jjj ,spa9 #dba1jjj #ddj1jjj ,italy #chi1jjj #ded1ibc ,japan #cab1ieg #cgi1egd ,o!r c\ntries#bg #bjj1jjj #ejj1jjj -------------------- ,total #fc1bhd1abcgg1jjj1jjj --------------------------------------- #bf 8,metal ,/ati/ics10 #aiad to #aiah1 ) "s additions & *anges4 #bg ,p>tly e/imat$4 #bh ,l>gely e/imat$4 ,m ?an two-fif?s ( ! total annual output ( iron ore 9 ! _w has come f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,am]ican production m ?an #hj p] c5t4 is g5]ally produc$ 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,?is di/rict is1 !re=e1 by f> ! mo/ important iron-ore di/rict 9 ! _w1 produc+ annually m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total ( iron ore4 ,g]many & ,france h be5 next 9 importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z iron ore-produc+ c\ntries1 ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! ore m9$ 9 ^! two c\ntries be+ obta9$ f ! ,lorra9e iron fields situat$ on ! bord]4 ,! annual output ( ^! fields1 :i* includes also ! ores ( ,luxemburg1 has be5 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,! ,lorra9e di/rict & ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict toge!r1 !re=e1 produce some:at m ?an "o-half ( ! total iron ore annually m9$ 9 ! _w4 ,! iron ore produc$ 9 ,great ,brita9 is obta9$ ma9ly f ! ,clevel& di/rict ( nor!rn ,engl&1 ?is di/rict furni%+ ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! ,briti% total1 equival5t to ab\t #b4f p] c5t4 ( ! _w's annual production4 ,9 comp>ison1 ! ,birm+ham di/rict ( ,alabama & ! ,krivoi-,rog di/rict ( s\!rn ,russia1 :i* are next 9 importance to ! ,lorra9e & ,lake ,sup]ior di/ricts1 furni% ab\t #c4e p] c5t4 & #c4b p] c5t41 respectively1 ( ! _w's annual production4 ,,table #ac4--,,production ,,& ,,movem5t ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,& ,,production ,,( ,,pig ,,iron1 #aiacbi ,gross ,tons ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,production ,app>5t ,production ( ,iron ore ,iron ore consumption ( iron ore imports exports 79 "p pig iron /ocks7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom#ae1iig1cbh #h1jbh1ecb #ba1bbc #bd1jjd1fcgaj1bfj1cae ,canada #cjg1fcd #b1aaj1hbh #abf1abd #b1bib1cch #a1jae1aah ,belgium #adi1dej #d1djj1jjj 444 #d1edi1dej #b1dhd1fij ,france #ai1afj1djg #a1daj1dbdaj1jff1fbg #aj1ejd1bfd #e1caa1caf ,italy #fjc1aaf #g1fff #bj1jjj #eij1ggb #dbf1gee ,russia #h1jgg1jjj 444 #efe1jjj #g1eab1jjj #d1eeg1jjj ,au/ria #c1jci1cbd #idb1cab #ajf1jga #c1hge1efe #a1geg1hfd ,hung>y #b1jei1jjj 444 #gjj1jjj #a1cei1jjj #fbc1jjj ,g]many 7includ+ ,luxemburg7 #ce1ida1bhead1jai1jde #b1fac1aeh #dg1cdg1agbai1bia1ibj ,spa9 #i1hfa1ffh 444 #h1ijg1bjb #ied1dff #dbd1ggd ,sw$5 #g1dge1ega 444 #f1ddj1jjj #a1jce1ega #gcj1beg ,unit$ ,/ates #fa1ihj1dcg #b1eid1ggj 444 #fd1ege1bjgcj1iff1aeb ,alg]ia #a1cdi1jjj 444 #a1cej1jjj ,*ile #gj1jjj 444 #fe1jjj ,cuba #a1ejj1jjj 444 #a1ehb1dca ,newf\ndl& #a1fje1ijj 444 #a1fje1ibj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bi ,advisory ,c\ncil1 ,dept4 ( ,sci4 & ,indu/4 ,rese>*3 8,report on ! s\rces & production ( iron & o!r metallif]\s ores us$ 9 ! iron & /eel indu/ry10 ,london1 #aiah1 p4 #ab4 ,table #aa %[s ! _w's production ( iron ore f #aiaj to #aiag4 ,table #ab %[s ! production ( pig iron 9 #ahej1 #ahij1 #aijj1 & #aiaj to #aiaf4 ,table #ac %[s ! production & movem5t ( iron ore & ! production ( pig iron = ! ye> #aiac4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! pr9cipal iron ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ext5sive pre-,cambrian hematite deposits ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior region2 ! b$d$ fossilif]\s ores ( ! ,cl9ton type ( ,alabama & o!r s\!rn /ates2 ! magnetite deposits ( ,new ,york1 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & s\!a/]n ,p5nsylvania2 ! limonite ores ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn /ates2 & ! mix$ hematite & magnetite ores ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ produc] ( iron ore 9 ! _w1 & annually yields m ?an two-fif?s ( ! _w's supply4 ,m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( ! output comes f ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict & mo/ ( ! rema9d] f ,alabama1 ,new ,york1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #aiag !re 7 m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ge1jjj1jjj tons ( iron ore1 ( :i* #fc1jjj1jjj came f ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 #g1jjj1jjj f ,alabama1 #a1jjj1jjj f ,new ,york1 & ab\t #ejj1jjj ea* f ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 & ,wyom+2 9 #aiah ! total production 0 #fi1jjj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #fj1jjj1jjj came f ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict1 #f1jjj1jjj f ,alabama1 #ijj1jjj f ,new ,york1 #ejj1jjj f ,p5nsylvania1 & #djj1jjj ea* f ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & ,wyom+4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! approximate res]ves ( iron ore 9 ! pr9cipal di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,,table #ad4--;,,iron-,,ore ,,res]ves ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 ,,gross ,,tons#cj ,millions ( tons4 ,lake ,sup]ior ,di/rict 7hematite7 #c1ejj ,birm+ham ,di/rict 7fossil hematite7 #cee ,t5nessee & ,virg9ia 7fossil hematite7 #ajj ,adirondack ,di/rict 7non-titanif]\s magnetite7 #dj ,adirondack ,di/rict 7titanif]\s magnetite7 #ij ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey & ,s\!a/]n ,new ,york 7magnetite7 #ae ,s\!a/]n ,p5nsylvania 7magnetite7 #dj ,appala*ian region 7magnetite7 #ej ,nor!a/]n ,texas 7limonite7 #bfj ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 7magnetite & hematite7 #ajj ,o!r ,di/ricts #aej ----- ,total #d1gjj #cj ,kemp1 ,j4 ,f43 8,! ,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj 7) m9or revisions74 ,! greate/ s+le iron & /eel indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 :i* controls ! foll[+ iron- & /eel-produc+ companies3 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,ill9ois ,/eel ,co41 ,indiana ,/eel ,co41 ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co41 ,am]ican ,%eet ,t9plate ,co41 ,national ,tube ,co41 ,! ,national ,tube ,co4 ( ,ohio1 ,m9nesota ,/eel ,co41 ,! ,lora9 ,/eel ,co41 ,t5nessee ,coal1 ,iron ,railroad ,co41 & ! ,%elby ,/eel ,tube ,co41 ) a total ( #abd bla/ furnaces1 hav+ an annual capacity ( ab\t #ah1jjj1jjj tons ( pig iron4 ,mo/ ( ! bla/ furnaces are 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 & ,alabama4 ,) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation is connect$ ! ,oliv] ,iron ,m9+ ,co41 :i* produces ab\t #dc p] c5t4 ( ! iron ore m9$ annually 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict1 ?is be+ equival5t to ne>ly #cg p] c5t4 ( all ! iron ore m9$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,t5nessee ,coal1 ,iron ,railroad ,co4 is ! *ief produc] ( iron ore 9 ,alabama4 ,next 9 importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation z a produc] ( iron & /eel is ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation1 ) its subsidi>ies1 ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,p5nsylvania ,/eel ,co41 ,m>yl& ,/eel ,co41 ,jurugua ,iron ,co41 ,spani%-,am]ican ,iron ,co41 & ,be?lehem ,iron ,m9es ,co4 ,! works ( ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation h a total pig iron-produc+ capacity ( #c1jfj1jjj tons annually f #bc bla/ furnaces4 ,sev5 ( ! furnaces are 9 ,s\? ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 sev5 9 ,/eelton1 ,pa41 f\r 9 ,lebanon1 ,pa41 ?ree 9 ,cornwall1 ,pa41 & f\r 9 ,sp>r['s ,po9t1 ,md4 ,! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation owns l>ge iron-ore deposits 9 ,cuba & ,*ile4 ,mo/ ( ! ore consum$ 9 its furnaces at pres5t comes f ,cuba1 f ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict1 & f ,cornwall1 ,pa4 ,?ird 9 importance ( ! iron- & /eel-produc+ companies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! rec5tly organiz$ ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 controll+ ,wor? ,bro!rs1 ,midvale ,/eel ,co41 ,rem+ton ,arms ,co41 ,cambria ,/eel ,co41 & o!rs4 ,! comb9$ pig iron-produc+ capacity ( ! #ad bla/ furnaces controll$ by ! ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co4 is #b1dbj1jjj tons ( pig iron4 ,?ree ( ! bla/ furnaces are at ,coatesville1 ,pa41 & elev5 are at ,john/[n1 ,pa4 ,?is company owns important iron-ore deposits 9 ,cuba & 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,f\r o!r l>ge companies produce m ?an a million tons ( pig iron annually1 ^! be+ ! ,republic ,iron ,/eel ,co41 ) an e/imat$ total capacity f its #aa bla/ furnaces 9 ,ohio & ,alabama ( #a1dcj1jjj tons ( pig iron1 & ( #b1ejj1jjj tons ( ore f its m9es 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict & 9 ,alabama2 ! ,lackawanna ,/eel ,co41 ) an annual capacity 9 #aiah f its n9e bla/ furnaces at ,lackawanna1 ,n4 ,y41 ( #a1ddj1jjj tons ( pig iron2 ! ,jones ,laughl9 ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ) a capacity ( #a1ibj1jjj tons f #aa bla/ furnaces2 & ! ,mc,kinney ,/eel ,co41 ) eight furnaces 9 ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 & ,p5nsylvania1 & an annual capacity ( #a1bje1jjj tons ( pig iron4 ,! la/ ?ree companies nam$ h ext5sive iron m9es 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,important iron & /eel companies produc+ some:at less ?an a million tons ( pig iron annually are3 ! ,y\ng/[n ,%eet ,tube ,co41 ) an annual capacity ( #iij1jjj tons ( pig iron f six bla/ furnaces1 all ( :i* are at ,y\ng/[n1 ,ohio2 ! rec5tly organiz$ ,/eel ,tube ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 hav+ six bla/ furnaces 9 & ne> ,*icago1 ) an annual pig-iron capacity ( #ijj1jjj tons2 ! ,colorado ,fuel ,iron ,co41 an important we/]n iron & /eel produc]1 :i* has six bla/ furnaces ne> ,pueblo1 ,colo41 ) an annual capacity ( #fbe1jjj tons ( pig iron1 & has iron-ore m9es 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,wyom+1 & ,colorado2 & ! ,s*loss-,%effield ,/eel ,iron ,co4 ( ,alabama1 ) sev5 bla/ furnaces & a pig-iron capacity ( #ecj1jjj tons4 ,_m o!r plants ) small] capacity are scatt]$ ?r\gh ea/]n & c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 practically ! entire iron & /eel bus9ess ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ! h&s ( ,am]ican capital4 ,g]many4--,! 8m9ette0 ore ( ! ,g]man ,lorra9e di/rict be=e ! w> con/itut$ by f> ! l>ge/ iron-ore res]ve ( ,g]many & is ! *ief s\rce ( pres5t supply4 ,next 9 importance ( ! ,g]man ore res]ves are ! br[n hematites occurr+ nor? ( ! ,h>z1 & ?ird & f\r? 9 importance1 respectively1 are ! deposits ( ! ,lahn & ,dill di/ricts 9 ! ,rh9el&1 & ^? ( ,sieg]l&4 ,all ( ^! di/ricts are 9 we/]n & s\?we/]n ,g]many & all ( !m1 except ,lorra9e1 are 9 ! region ly+ ea/ ( ! ,rh9e 9 ,hanov]1 ,we/phalia1 ,hesse-,nassau1 & ,rh5i% ,prussia4 ,! ,lorra9e di/rict is on ! ,fr5* bord] & =ms a "p ( ! l>ge ore field ( ,luxemburg & nor!rn ,france4 ,! deposits1 ( s$im5t>y orig9 & ,jurassic age1 comprise ext5sive b$s ( oolitic limonite v>y+ 9 ?ickness up to #bj feet1 int]lay]$ ) m>l & lime/one4 ,sev5 pr9cipal b$s ( ore are f\nd )9 a ?ickness ( s$im5ts rang+ f #ge to #aej feet1 ! mo/ important be+ kn[n z ! ,grey seam4 ,! tonnage#ca ( 8m9ette0 ore available 9 ! ,g]man ,lorra9e di/rict is e/imat$ at #a1hcj million#cb z comp>$ ) #cjj million 9 ,luxemburg & #b1ige million#cc 9 nor!rn ,france4 ,! 8m9ette0 ores av]age #cj to #dj p] c5t4 9 metallic iron cont5t & #j4c to #j4g p] c5t4 or m 9 phosphorus4 #ca ,! ore res]ves 9 ?is *apt] are giv5 9 metric tons unless o!rwise /at$4 #cb ,,e9ecke1 ,g41 & ,,kohl]1 ,w43 8,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 #cc ,,nic\1 ,l41 idem4 ,! deposits ( ! ,salzgitt] & ,ils$e di/ricts nor? ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s are b$s ( br[n iron/one conglom]ate ) an av]age ?ickness ( #bj to #cj feet1 consi/+ ( limonite pebbles 9 a clayey or calc>e\s cem5t4 ,^! deposits cov] _m squ>e miles1 ! res]ves be+ e/imat$ at #bdh million tons4 ,! ores conta9 #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( iron & av]age #j4g to #j4h p] c5t4 9 phosphorus4 ,! ores ( ! ,lahn & ,dill region are ma9ly r$ hematites1 t lie 9 an ext5sive s$im5t>y b$4 ,!y conta9 ab\t #dh p] c5t4 ( iron1 #j4b to #j4c p] c5t4 phosphorus1 & are high 9 silica4 ,! res]ves are e/imat$ at ab\t #ace million tons4 ,9 ,sieg]l& ! iron ores are ma9ly c>bonate1 c>ry+ #ch to #dj p] c5t4 metallic iron & #f to #i p] c5t4 manganese4 ,!y =m irregul> deposits abundantly scatt]$ ?r\gh ! region1 ! available res]ves be+ e/imat$ at ab\t #ajj million tons4 ,! total iron-ore res]ves ( ,g]many 7n includ+ ^? ( ,luxemburg7 actually available h be5 e/imat$ at #b1edj million tons1 & ! probable fur!r res]ves at #a1jfg million tons4 ,( ^! am\nts1 h[ev]1 ,lorra9e has by f> ! l>ge/ "p1 s t ! transf] ( ?is prov9ce to ,france r$uces ,g]many's available res]ves to #bh p] c5t4 ( ! pre-w> figure1 & h] fur!r probable res]ves to "o-half1 altoge!r r$uc+ h] iron-ore res\rces to "o-?ird ( ! =m] am\nt4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 ! ,g]man iron & /eel bus9ess is 9 ! h&s ( ,g]man capitali/s1 :o1 besides1 h important iron-ore hold+s 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,sw$51 & else:]e4 ,among ! important iron-ore & pig-iron produc+ firms 9 ,g]many are ,guteh(fnung%tte1 de ,w5del ,co41 ,krupp1 ,gebrd] ,/umm1 ,as*5] ,htt5 ,akti5 ,v]e91 ,romba*] ,htt5w]ke1 ,?yss5 ,cie41 & o!rs4 ,all ( ^! firms _h l>ge ore res]ves 9 ! ,lorra9e di/rict :5 ! w> began4 ,france4--,! iron ores ( ,france are divid$ into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps3 ! 8m9ette0 ores ( ! ,briey1 ,longwy1 ,crusnes1 & ,nancy di/ricts2 ! ,silurian ores 9 ,norm&y2 & ! ve9 deposits ( ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees4 ,! 8m9ette0 ores ( nor!rn ,france =m "p ( ! great bas9 ( 8m9ette0 ores ( ,france1 ,luxemburg1 & ,g]many already m5tion$4 ,9 #aiac !y furni%$ ab\t #ia p] c5t4 ( ! total production ( ,france4 ,! iron ores ( ,norm&y & ,brittany are ( s$im5t>y orig9 & are compos$ ( hematite or c>bonate or a mixture ( bo?4 ,! c>bonate becomes m abundant ) dep?4 ,! iron-ore deposits ( ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees consi/ ( bo? hematite & sid]ite & are ( high grade1 con/itut+ ! only consid]able s\rce ( ,bessem] ore 9 ,france4 ,! iron cont5t ( ! ores ( ,norm&y & ,brittany ranges f #cj p] c5t4 to #ej p] c5t42 t ( ! ,pyr5ees ores f #ea p] c5t4 to #eg p] c5t4 ,! latt] range includes calc9$ sid]ite4 ,! production ( iron ore f ,fr5* ,lorra9e 0 ab\t #ai1ejj1jjj tons 9 #aiac2 t ( ,norm&y & ,brittany ab\t #a1ejj1jjj tons1 & t ( ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees ab\t #ejj1jjj1 mak+ a total production ( m ?an #ba1jjj1jjj tons = ,france4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative output ( iron ore f ! diff]5t iron fields ( ,france & ,g]many dur+ ! la/ ?ree normal ye>s be=e ! w>3 ,,table #ae4--,,production ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,g]many1 #aiaa ,,to #aiac ,metric tons ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,di/rict #aiaa #aiab #aiac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,g]man ,lorra9e #ag1gcd1egfbj1jej1bdeba1ace1eed ,luxemburg #f1jei1gig #f1eec1icj #g1cca1jej ,fr5* ,lorra9e1 includ+ ,briey1 ,longwy & ,nancy #ad1hgh1jjjag1bce1abeai1dii1aff ,g]many1 outside ( ,lorra9e #f1ifh1jjj #g1afg1jjj #g1dgb1jjj ,france1 outside ( ,lorra9e #a1ehd1jjj #a1ibe1jjj #a1fhf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! available res]ves 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ! ,fr5* 8m9ette0 ore field are e/imat$ z foll[s3#cd ,,table #af4--,,ore ,,res]ves ,,9 ,,fr5* 8,,m9ette0 ,,field ,million tons ,briey #b1jjj ,crusnes #ejj ,longwy #bge ,nancy #bjj ----- ,total #b1ige #cd ,,nic\1 ,l43 8,iron ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,! li/ ( op]at+ companies 9 ,france %[s a consid]able numb] ( ,g]man companies among ! pr$om9at+ ,fr5*4 ,g]man or probably ,g]man companies produc$ 9 #aiac six & a half million tons ( iron ore1 or "o-?ird ( ! :ole production4 ,9 ! ,norm&y & ,brittany region two ,g]man companies made #aa p] c5t4 ( ! :ole production2 & 9 ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees "o ,g]man company produc$ #bj p] c5t4 ,altoge!r1 ,g]man capital controll$ ov] "o-?ird ( ! iron & /eel indu/ry ( ,france 9 #aiac4 ,! re/ seems to h be5 9 ! h&s ( ,fr5* capital4 ,! mo/ important iron-produc+ firms 9 ! ,lorra9e field 9 rec5t ye>s h be5 ^? ( de ,w5del ,co41 ,guteh(fnung%tte1 ,socit des ,hauts ,f\rneaux et ,fond]ies de ,pont-a-,m\ssons1 ,socit des ,=ges et ,aci]ies de la ,m>9e et d',homec\rt1 ,socit ,anonyme des ,aci]ies de ,longwy1 ,socit des ,aci]ies de ,mi*eville1 & ,socit des ,m9es d',amm]mont ,domm]y4 ,! fir/ two firms are *iefly ,g]man & h controll$ l&s n only 9 ,g]man ,lorra9e1 b also 9 ,fr5* ,lorra9e4 ,?us1 ! iron-ore l&s ( ! ,lorra9e di/rict w1 ev5 aft] ! cessation ( ! t]ritory to ,france1 be own$ l>gely by ,g]man-controll$ firms4 ,politically1 h[ev]1 ,france w h control ( ! output4 ,great ,brita94--,! iron ores m9$ 9 ,great ,brita9 come *iefly f ! ,clevel& ,hills 9 ,york%ire & f ,l9coln%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 ,scotl&1 & ,lanca%ire1 9 ord] ( importance4 ,m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total production is d]iv$ f ! ,clevel& ,hills4 ,! ore f ! ,clevel& ,hills1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 & ,scotl& is b$d$ oolitic sid]ite ( ,middle & ,l[] ,jurassic age2 t f ,cumb]l& & ,lanca%ire is hematite1 exceptionally l[ 9 phosphorus1 f\nd 9 pockets 9 ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian lime/ones2 & t 9 ,/af=d%ire is sid]ite ( ! 8black b&0 & 8clay b&0 v>ieties f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! production ( iron ore 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #aiae3 ,,table #ag4--,,production ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,,9 #aiae ,long tons ,clevel& ,hills #d1gdf1bic ,l9coln%ire #c1adi1jgi ,nor?ampton%ire #b1eag1aej ,cumb]l& #a1cbc1djh ,/af=d%ire #gjc1bca ,leice/]%ire #fhe1acg ,scotl& #cge1bda ,lanca%ire #ccc1jhf ,o!r ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #djb1chg ---------- ,total #ad1bce1jab ,a l>ge "p ( ! iron ore 9 ,great ,brita9 c n n[ be work$ pr(itably1 & mu* ( ! ore t 0 m]*antable a few ye>s ago c\ld n n[ be work$1 on acc\nt ( increas$ co/ ( transportation1 labor1 & p>ticul>ly ( fuel4 ,! actual res]ves ( ore ( pres5t m]*antable grade are e/imat$ at #a1cjj million tons2 ! total res]ves h be5 e/imat$ by ,h4 ,l\is at #ci1ejj million tons4#ce #ce ,,l\is1 ,h43 8,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,9 #aiae ! ,unit$ ,k+dom produc$ #ad1jjj1jjj tons ( iron ore4 ,9 ! same ye> ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj tons 7 import$1 ( :i* #d1jjj1jjj came f ,spa9 & betwe5 "o-half & "o million f ,alg]ia & ,norway ea*1 mak+ a total ( ov] #bj1jjj1jjj tons smelt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! total production ( pig iron 0 ne>ly #i1jjj1jjj tons1 ( :i* ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj tons 7 produc$ 9 ,engl&1 #a1jjj1jjj tons 9 ,scotl&1 & ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj tons 9 ,wales4 ,irel& produces no pig iron4 ,! iron & /eel indu/ry ( ,great ,brita91 s f> z in=mation is available1 is 9 ! h&s ( ,briti% subjects4 ,eckel#cf reviews ! ,briti% iron-ore situation z foll[s3 ,! position ( ,great ,brita9 z reg>ds iron-ore res\rces is peculi>--p]haps m curi\s ?an satisfactory4 ,! matt] may be summ>iz$ by say+ t ,engl& has /ill sev]al hundr$ million tons ( high-grade ore :i* w\ld be salable any:]e2 t %e has 9 addition p]haps d\ble t quantity ( l[-grade ore1 workable because ( its ne>ness to coal & m>kets2 & t ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales h ?\s&s ( millions ( tons ( ore n[ unworkable1 b :i* may be s]viceable 9 ! future provid$ t at t future date !re is /ill any o!r good reason = mak+ /eel 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?is la/ limitation may n be palatable1 b x is really ! crux ( ! :ole "q1 & x seems to h be5 ov]look$ by ! ,briti% geologi/s :o h discuss$ ! subject4 ,p d n make iron out ( l[-grade ores simply to use up ! ores2 & ) an increas+ coke co/ & a n>r[+ export m>ket x is a v s]i\s "q :e!r ! bulk ( ^! ,briti% c>bonates w ev] be us$4 ,! duration ( ! ,briti% /eel indu/ry w be fix$ by its coal supply1 & n by its supply ( local ores2 = s long z coke & m>kets ju/ify x1 ore c be import$ to good advantage4 ,if o!r conditions d n ju/ify ! importation ( ore1 !y w c]ta9ly n ju/ify ! use ( ^! hypo!tical res]ve tonnages4 #cf ,,eckel1 ,e4 ,c43 8,iron ,ores1 ,_! ,occurr5ce1 ,valuation & ,control10 p4 #cbj1 #aiad4 ,spa94--,spa9 is ri* 9 iron-ore res]ves1 b ! iron & /eel manufactur+ indu/ry has _h little developm5t4 ,! annual production ( iron ore 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! la/ ye>s be=e ! w> am\nt$ to ab\t #i1jjj1jjj tons1 ( :i* m ?an #h1jjj1jjj tons 7 export$4 ,! consumption ( iron ore by ,spani% bla/ furnaces has be5 9 ! neighborhood ( #hjj1jjj tons annually4 ,! pr9cipal iron ores ( ,spa9 lie 9 ! nor?we/]n "p1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,viscaya1 ,ovi$o1 ,lugo1 & ,sant&]2 9 ! nor!a/]n "p1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,t]uel & ,guadalaj>a2 & 9 ! s\!a/]n "p1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,granada1 ,alm]ia1 ,murcia1 ,sevilla1 & ,huelva4 ,! iron ores ( ! ,bilbao di/rict ( ,viscaya are all ( ,bessem] grade1 & = _m ye>s l>ge am\nts h be5 export$ to ,engl& = use 9 ,bessem] plants to supplem5t ores f ! ,clevel& & o!r di/ricts ( ,engl&4 ,because ( _! excell5ce1 !y h be5 9 cont9u\s dem&1 & ! ,engli% iron & /eel indu/ry has dep5d$ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ^! & o!r high-grade ores ( ,spa94 ,9 m rec5t ye>s1 ,g]many has also become int]e/$ 9 ! ,bilbao iron fields1 & 9 ! la/ ye>s be=e ! w> ,g]many took m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total ,spani% production1 includ+ l>ge am\nts ( ore f s\!rn ,spa9 z well4 ,spani% int]e/s own important deposits 9 s\!a/]n ,spa9 & 9 ! ,bilbao di/rict4 ,mo/ ( ! ore ( s\!a/]n ,spa9 is ( high grade1 be+ ri* 9 iron & l[ 9 phosphorus4 ,ne>ly all ( x is ( ,bessem] quality1 & "s is v l[ 9 phosphorus2 ! latt] is export$ ext5sively = use 9 ! manufacture ( l[-phosphorus pig iron4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 l>gely dep5d5t 9 pa/ ye>s ^u ,spa9 = ?is grade ( ore1 m ?an #ajj1jjj tons be+ import$ annually4 ,spa9 has a numb] ( bla/ furnaces & /eel plants1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ at ,bilbao1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,viscaya4 ,m ?an #cjj1jjj tons ( pig iron are produc$ annually 9 ,viscaya1 ?is be+ approximately ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total output ( pig iron 9 ,spa94 ,european ,russia4--,9 ,european ,russia#cg ! pr9cipal deposits ( iron ore are di/ribut$ ov] f\r *ief di/ricts3 ,ural ,m\nta9s1 c5tral ,russia1 s\!rn ,russia & ! ,caucasus4 #cg ,,bogdan[its*1 ,k43 8,! ,iron ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s = ! great] "p ! ores are associat$ ) igne\s rocks4 ,! mo/ important deposits are 9 ! neighborhood ( ,gora ,blagodat1 9 ! nor!rn ,ural regions1 & ne> ,gora ,mongnitnaja1 9 ! s\!rn ,urals4 ,! ores are ma9ly magnetite & limonite & come f an extremely l>ge numb] ( small m9es4 ,9 c5tral ,russia1 ov] widely scatt]$ areas1 are deposits ( calc>e\s ores1 clay iron/ones1 & bog ores4 ,_m ( ! deposits are ?9 & c n be pr(itably work$4 ,! only res]ves 9 s\!rn ,russia ( any importance are divid$ among ?ree c5t]s3 ,krivoi-,rog1 ! ,donetz bas91 & ! ,k]ts* p59sula4 ,by f> ! mo/ important deposits are ! magnetite-hematite ores 9 ! region ( ,krivoi-,rog4 ,! iron/ones ( ! ,coal ,measures 9 ! ,donetz bas9 & ! limonite ( ! ,k]ts* p59sula are ( second>y importance4 ,! m9es ( ,krivoi-,rog are ext5sively work$1 & _! res]ves are e/imat$ at "s #hf million tons ( comm]cial ore4 ,! m9es are controll$ ma9ly by ! foll[+ ?ree companies3 ! ,briansk company2 ,krivoi-,rog ,iron ,ore ,co42 & ! ,provid5ce company4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! production ( iron ore 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,russia 9 #aiab3 ,,table #ah4--,,output ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,9 ,,russia ,long tons ,s\!rn ,russia #e1fgi1jjj ,ural #a1hag1jjj ,c5tral ,russia #bhf1jjj ,o!r ,russia & ,sib]ia #f1jjj --------- ,total #g1ghh1jjj ,! ore res]ves ( ,russia may be summ>iz$ by di/ricts z foll[s3 ,,iron-,,ore ,,res]ves ,,9 ,,russia ,millions ( tons ,ural #bhb ,c5tral ,russia #ghi ,s\!rn ,russia #ecf ,caucasus #ad ----- ,total #a1fba ,eckel#ch reviews ! iron-ore situation 9 ,russia z foll[s3 ,on _! face ! ore res]ves not$ seem satisfactory en\gh1 & until ! data are exam9$ m critically x is difficult to expla9 :y ! relatively l>ge furni%+ capacity ( ! ,mosc[ & o!r c5tral ,russian di/ricts is s f> out ( l9e ) ! comp>atively small ore production ( t area4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge total ore res]ves cr$it$ to c5tral ,russia are 9 reality less important ?an !y seem1 ow+ bo? to grade ( ore & ?9ness ( ! ore bodies4 ,f an int]national viewpo9t ! ore deposits ( s\!rn ,russia are ! ones :i* require mo/ att5tion2 = ^! are s locat$ z to be ( importance to =eign competitors1 :ile ! total res]ve tonnage is high1 & ! grade ( mu* ( ! ore is excell5t4 #ch ,,eckel1 ,e4 ,c43 8,iron ,ores1 ,_! ,occurr5ce1 ,valuation & ,control10 #aiad1 p4 #cbf4 ,actual available ore res]ves ( m]*antable grade 9 ,russia are e/imat$ at #hfe million tons4 ,be=e ! ,revolution ! great] "p ( ! ,russian iron & /eel indu/ries 0 controll$ by syndicates4#ci ,! olde/ ( ^! consi/$ ( manufactur]s ( m$ium %eets 7#aijb72 !n foll[$ manufactur]s ( joi/s & ,u-iron 7#aijc71 axles & tires 7#aijd71 iron tubes 7#aijf71 rails 7#aijg71 & b> iron & hoops4 ,^! six syndicates 7 aft]w>ds comb9$ into "o1 (ficially /yl$ ! ,association = ! ,sale ( ,products ( ! ,metallurgical ,works ( ,russia1 b g5]ally kn[n z 8,prodameta10 f its telegraphic address4 ,!re 7 sep>ate syndicates = wire1 wire nails1 & ro(+ %eets4 ,! 8,prodameta0 consi/$1 at la/ advices1 ( n9ete5 works1 ( :i* sixte5 are 9 s\!rn ,russia1 & "o ea* 9 ,petrograd1 ,mosc[1 & ! ,ural region4 ,! 8,prodameta0 expir$ at ! end ( #aiae1 b 0 provisionally prolong$ = "o ye>1 & aga9 at ! end ( #aiaf x 0 ext5d$ = a simil> p]iod4 ,! aggregate capital ( ! eighte5 works 0 #aih1djj1jjj r\bles1 & _! net pr(it = #aiae-af 0 #gf1bjj1jjj r\bles4 #ci ,ironmong] ,metal ,m>ket ,ye>-,book1 ,london1 #aiah4 ,sw$54--,! iron-ore fields ( ,sw$5 are among ! mo/ important 9 ,europe & h = ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s furni%$ a l>ge output1 :i* has gone ma9ly to ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,a relatively small am\nt ( iron ore is us$ 9 ,sw$i% iron-smelt+ works4 ,! iron m9es ( c5tral ,sw$5 h be5 actively work$ s9ce ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :]eas ^? ( ,sw$i% ,lapl& h be5 develop$ rec5tly4 ,at pres5t ab\t "o-half ! output ( iron ore 9 ,sw$5 comes f ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 & ! o!r half f c5tral ,sw$54 ,sw$i% ,lapl& is e/imat$ to h iron-ore res]ves am\nt+ to #a1abh million tons4 ,! ores are mo/ly magnetite associat$ ) igne\s rocks & %[ wide diff]5ce 9 phosphorus cont5t4 ,c]ta9 deposits or p>ts ( deposits are compos$ ( ores t are mod]ately l[ 9 phosphorus1 :]eas o!rs are high en\gh to obta9 a special bonus f ,g]man /eel plants t produce high-phosphorus slag = f]tiliz] purposes4 ,practically all ! ores ( ,sw$i% ,lapl& are export$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! total production has am\nt$ to ab\t #c1ejj1jjj tons annually4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are work$ by ! ,trafikaktiebolaget ,grngesb]g ,oxelosund1 9 :i* ,engli% & ,g]man capital is int]e/$ ) ! ,sw$i% gov]nm5t4 ,! ,sw$i% gov]nm5t controls ! output ( ! m9es & receives a l>ge sum 9 royalties on ! ore produc$4 ,! ore deposits f :i* ore is be+ produc$ at pres5t are ,kiruna1 ,gelliv>e1 & ,tuolluv>ra1 ! fir/ two be+ op]at$ by ! firm m5tion$ above & ! la/ be+ an indep5d5t op]ation4 ,! ore res]ves ( c5tral & s\!rn ,sw$5 are e/imat$ at #adj million tons1 includ$ 9 a great numb] ( relatively small deposits4 ,mo/ ( ! m9es ( c5tral ,sw$5 are controll$ by small ,sw$i% op]ators4 ,"s ( ! m9es1 h[ev]1 su* z ,blotb]g1 are to a l>ge ext5t "u ,g]man control1 & ! l>ge/ "o1 ,grngesb]g1 is op]at$ by ! same firm t controls ! deposits ( ,sw$i% ,lapl&4 ,"s ( ! ores ( c5tral ,sw$51 su* z ^? ( ,dannemora1 ,norb]g1 ,/rossa1 & ,/ripa1 are v l[ 9 phosphorus1 & are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( special l[-phosphorus iron2 o!rs1 l ^? ( ,grngesb]g & ,blotb]g1 conta9 m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,au/ria-,hung>y4--,! iron ores ( ! =m] ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire are ma9ly l[-grade hydr\s iron silicates t require roa/+1 l>ge deposits ( iron c>bonate1 & "s limonite4 ,! total probable ore res]ves h be5 e/imat$ at #idj million tons1 ( :i* ab\t #efj million are v l[ grade4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces f :i* ! dome/ic iron ore us$ 9 ! pa/ 9 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire has be5 obta9$ are ! *amosite-hematite deposits at ,nucitz & else:]e 9 ,bohemia2 ! sid]ite b$s at ,erzb]g1 9 ,/yria1 e/imat$ to conta9 m ?an #bjj million tons ( ore2 ! sid]ite-limonite deposits on ! slopes ( ! ,c>pa?ians2 & deposits ( v>i\s ores 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,bosnia4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! deposits is t at ,erzb]g1 own$ & op]at$ by ! ,oe/]rei*is*e ,alp95 ,montan ,gesells*aft1 presumably ,au/rian4 ,! ,bohemian deposits1 also important1 are l>gely "u ! control ( ! ,prag] ,eis5 ,indu/rie ,gesells*aft4 ,! ,c>pa?ian deposits are l>gely controll$ by local individuals & firms1 among !m ,duke ,philipp ( ,sa*s5-,coburg-,go?a-,koh>4 ,?us ! pr9cipal deposits h be5 l>gely "u ,au/ro-,hung>ian control4 ,z a result ( ! w> & ! disruption ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire1 ! ,bohemian deposits1 e/imat$ to conta9 #ce1ajj1jjj tons ( high-grade ore & #bba1hjj1jjj tons ( l[-grade ore1 w come "u ! control ( ,cze*oslovakia1 :]eas ! ,bosnian ores1 ) an e/imat$ res]ve ( #ba1ejj1jjj tons1 w g to ,jugoslavia4 ,au/ria w reta9 control ( ! l>ge ,erzb]g deposit 9 ,/yria1 & ! ores ( ! ,c>pa?ian region w cont9ue "u ,hung>ian control4 ,alg]ia1 ,tunisia1 & ,morocco4--,! iron ores ( ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 & ,tunisia1 9 nor!rn ,africa1 are ma9ly high-grade hematite4 ,! res]ve tonnage ( ,alg]ia & ,tunisia is e/imat$ by ,nic\ at #ajj million to #aej million tons1 & ab\t #cj million or #dj million tons is report$ 9 ! ,spani% t]ritory ( ,riff1 ,morocco4 ,! deposits ( ,morocco & ,alg]ia are ne>ly all ne> ! nor? coa/1 & ! ores are %ipp$ f v>i\s small ports1 su* z ,melilla1 ,b5isaf1 ,arzeu1 ,algi]s1 ,b\gie1 & ,bona4 ,! deposits ( ,tunisia are #ahj to #bjj kilomet]s s\?we/ ( ,tunis1 ! %ipp+ port1 ) :i* !y are connect$ by rail4 ,! pr9cipal m9es ( ,el ,riff1 ,morocco1 are own$ by ! ,soci$ad ,espaola de ,m9as de ,riff4 ,g]man int]e/s1 ! 8,netta ,company10 held a l>ge concession1 b s9ce ! w> ^! int]e/s are controll$ by ! ,company ( ,bilbao4 ,! ,nor? ,african deposits are important z a s\rce ( high-grade l[-phosphorus ore = ,european bla/ furnaces4 ,all ( ! ore produc$ is export$1 ! annual %ipm5ts am\nt+ to ab\t #a1ejj1jjj tons4 ,cuba4--,!re are two pr9cipal gr\ps ( iron-ore deposits 9 ,cuba--! magnetite & hematite ore on ! s\? coa/1 & ! br[n ore1 or limonite1 on ! nor? coa/4 ,all are ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,! ores ( ,firmeza & ,daiquiri1 on ! s\? coa/1 are mix$ magnetite & hematite1 av]ag+ ab\t #eh p] c5t4 iron & #j4jc p] c5t4 phosphorus4 ,!y are associat$ ) igne\s rocks4 ,a det]m9ation ( tonnage is difficult because ( ! irregul>ity ( ! ore bodies1 & e/imates ( res]ves range f #e million to #i million tons4 ,! br[n ore ( ! nor? %ore is hydrat$ br[n hematite1 a lat]ization product ( s]p5t9e4 ,! dri$ ore av]ages ab\t #df p] c5t4 iron1 #j4ja p] c5t4 phosphorus1 & #a4g p] c5t4 *romium4 ,! res]ve tonnage1 e/imat$ z high z #c1jjj million tons1 is ma9ly conta9$ 9 ! ?ree l>ge deposits ( ,camaguey1 ,may>i1 & ,moa4 ,! pr9cipal deposits ( ,cuba are own$ & op]at$ by ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,important undevelop$ deposits are own$ by ! ,bu5a ,vi/a ,iron ,co4 7,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co471 ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 ,guantanamo ,exploration ,co41 & ,ea/]n ,/eel ,co4 ,newf\ndl&4--,! pr9cipal iron ores ( ,newf\ndl& are b$d$ oolitic hematites1 :i* av]age #ej p] c5t4 to #eb p] c5t4 9 metallic iron4 ,! ore res]ves ( ,newf\ndl& h be5 e/imat$ z betwe5 #c1bej million & #c1ejj million tons1 mak+ !m among ! l>ge/ & by f> ! mo/ compact iron-ore res]ves 9 ! _w4 ,! output ( ore has be5 #a1jjj1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj tons annually1 except dur+ ! w>1 :5 ! production decreas$4 ,^! deposits are important on acc\nt ( bo? _! size & _! situation4 ,ore c be plac$ readily 9 ,am]ican or ,european ports at a co/ f> l[] p] unit ( iron ?an any competitive ore1 s t ! m>ket is practically unlimit$4 ,! ores h be5 ma9ly export$ to ,sydney1 ,nova ,scotia1 & to ,philadelphia1 :ile ab\t #aj p] c5t4 has gone to ,holl& 7,g]many74 ,! phosphorus cont5t is too high = normal economic basic op5-he>? practice if ! ores are us$ alone1 b n too high = f\ndry use or = ! basic ,bessem] process develop$ 9 ,europe4 ,! ,wabana iron-ore deposits are own$ & m9$ by ! ,dom9ion ,iron ,/eel ,co41 & ! ,nova ,scotia ,/eel ,coal ,co41 two ,canadian firms4 ,bo? companies op]ate /eel plants ne> ,sydney1 ,cape ,breton4 ,norway4--,! pr9cipal iron ores ( ,norway are l[-grade magnetite & specul> hematite1 mu* ( :i* c pr(itably be conc5trat$4 ,!y occur 9 ! nor!rn "p1 nor? ( ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,small deposits ( high-grade ores1 consi/+ ma9ly ( magnetite l5ses1 occur 9 s\!rn ,norway4 ,! ,sydv>ang] deposits1 9 ! extreme nor? ne> ! bord] ( ,f9l&1 are e/imat$ to conta9 #ajj million tons ( l[-grade magnetite4 ,! ore is treat$ 9 a l>ge conc5trat+ plant erect$ by a ,norwegian company b controll$ by ,sw$i% & ,g]man capital4 ,! conc5trates analyze #gj p] c5t4 iron & #j4jb p] c5t4 phosphorus4 ,! ,dund]l& deposits on ,rann5fjord1 ne> ! ,arctic ,circle1 are e/imat$ to conta9 #hj million tons ( mix$ l[-grade specul> hematite & magnetite4 ,9 #aiad ,norway produc$ #feb1bgc tons ( iron ore1 ( :i* sev5-eigh?s came f ! ,sydv>ang] deposit4 ,italy4--,! mo/ important iron m9es 9 ,italy are ! hematite m9es ( ! isl& ( ,elba1 :i* h furni%$ betwe5 #ejj1jjj & #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ore annually 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,t5 or twelve l>ge ore bodies are f\nd 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl&1 all "u control ( ! ,elba ,company1 :i* has obta9$ a concession giv+ x exclusive iron-m9+ rights on ! isl&4 ,important b z yet little develop$ magnetite deposits are f\nd 9 ! ,ao/a ,valley1 ,pi$mont1 & limonite deposits are f\nd on ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia4 ,^! h furni%$ a v small output4 ,m9or deposits ( iron ore occur 9 ,lomb>dy1 9 ! ,ap5n9es ( c5tral ,italy1 & else:]e4 ,! total res]ves ( iron ore 9 ,italy are e/imat$ at ab\t #be million tons4 ,italy has sev]al important iron-smelt+ works1 among !m be+ ! ,elba ,company furnaces on ! isl& ( ,elba1 ! ,piomb9o furnaces at ,piomb9o1 on ! ma9l& opposite ,elba1 & ! ,ilva furnaces at ,bagnoli1 ne> ,naples4 ,9 addition !re are "s small plants 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,italy's iron-ore deposits & iron manufactures are controll$ by comm]cial organizations1 ma9ly ,italian1 b 9 "p ,engli%4 ,! ,italian gov]nm5t ex]cises control ov] ! ore deposits by grant+ concessions = comp>atively %ort t]ms4 ,agreem5ts made among ! ,italian manufactur]s = ! rational division ( "w h l$ to ! =mation ( a syndicate ( ! foll[+ firms3 ,ilva1 ,elba1 ,sid]urgica di ,savona1 ,metallurgica di ,le/re1 ,f]ri]e ,italiane1 & ! ,piomb9o ,/eel ,works4 ,^! firms und]took to ma9ta9 ! syndicate = elev5 ye>s1 dat+ f ,july1 #aiaa4 ,! affairs ( ! organization 7 direct$ by ! ,ilva ,company4 8,9 #aiaf ! con/itu5t companies r5ew$ _! agreem5t up to ! ye> #aicj1 b ! ,ilva ,company ceas$ to direct ! affairs ( ! ,syndicate1 & ! relations betwe5 ! ,syndicate & ! ,g]man ,/ahlw]ks ,v]b& 7 abrogat$ & replac$ by ,anglo-,italian relation%ips40#dj #dj ,ironmong] ,metal ,m>ket ,ye> ,book1 #aiah4 ,a fur!r organization 0 made call$ ! 8,societa ,f]ro ed ,acciaio10 a comb9ation ( /eel works4 ,italy is important z a produc] ( iron ore & z a manufactur] ( iron products4 ,%e has be5 able to supply h] own ne$s 9 iron ore = _m ye>s & at ! pres5t rate c cont9ue to d s = probably tw5ty ye>s long]4 ,!re appe>s to be no t5d5cy t[>d expansion into o!r fields to control =eign ore deposits4 ,italy produc$ #eic1jjj tons ( iron ore 9 #aiac2 #ffi1jjj tons 9 #aiae2 & #ibg1jjj tons 9 #aiaf4 ,9 #aiae1 #djh1jjj tons ( pig iron 7 produc$1 & #hg1jjj tons 7 import$4 ,greece4--,*romif]\s iron ores are f\nd 9 ea/]n ,greece & adjac5t isl&s4 ,!y conta9 #df to #eb p] c5t4 iron1 #b to #c p] c5t4 *romium1 & ab\t #j4aj to #a4jj p] c5t4 nickel & cobalt4 ,! normal annual production ( iron ore 9 ,greece has be5 9 ! neighborhood ( #djj1jjj tons4 ,canada4--,small iron-ore deposits occur 9 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia4 ,9 ,ont>io !re are two pr9cipal iron-ore di/ricts--! ,atikokan & ! ,mi*ipicotan ranges4 ,! ore 9 ! =m] is magnetite1 & 9 ! latt] hematite & sid]ite ) "s limonite4 ,! ores ( we/]n ,briti% ,columbia are l>gely magnetite4 ,! pr9cipal deposits are on ,texada & ,vanc\v] isl&s1 :]e ! ore is ( excell5t grade1 av]ag+ #fc p] c5t4 iron1 #j4jb p] c5t4 phosphorus & #d to #aj p] c5t4 silica4 ,l[-grade magnetite ore is f\nd at ! ,moose ,m\nta9 m9e1 ,ont>io1 & is be+ conc5trat$4 ,!re are a numb] ( bla/ furnaces 9 ,canada1 among !m be+ ^? ( ! ,dom9ion ,iron ,/eel ,co41 ,sydney2 ! ,nova ,scotia ,/eel ,coal ,co41 ,sydney ,m9es1 & ! ,londond]ry ,iron ,m9+ ,co41 ,londond]ry1 all ( :i* use ores f ,newf\ndl& & ,nova ,scotia2 ! ,algoma ,/eel ,corporation1 ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ,ont>io2 ! ,/eel ,company ( ,canada1 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io2 ! ,canadian ,furnace ,co41 ,port ,colborne1 ,ont>io2 ! ,canada ,iron ,f\ndries1 ,midl&1 ,ont>io2 ! ,/&>d ,iron ,co41 ,des]onto & ,p>ry ,s\nd1 ,ont>io2 & ! ,atikokan ,iron ,co41 ,port ,ar?ur1 ,ont>io1 :i* use l>gely ,lake ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! ,moose ,m\nta9 ,co41 ( ,sellwood1 ,ont>io1 has a magnetic conc5trat+ & briquett+ plant us+ ore f ! ,moose ,m\nta9 m9e4 ,9 ,may1 #aibj1 ! ,briti% ,empire ,/eel ,corporation1 ! second l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 0 =m$ by ! m]g] ( n9e /eel1 coal1 %ip-build+ & transportation companies4 ,9 #aiab ,canada produc$ #aef1jjj tons ( iron ore1 & made #ijf1jjj tons ( pig iron4#da ,9 #aiah %e made #a1jff1jga tons ( pig iron4 ,! iron m9es ( ,canada are l>gely ( ,canadian & p>tly ( ,am]ican own]%ip4 #da ,bo>d ( ,trade1 8,reports on ,iron & ,/eel10 ,london1 #aije-aiah4 ,*9a & ,man*uria4--,little in=mation is available on ! ext5t ( ! iron-ore deposits ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ area is t ( ,tayeh1 s\? ( ,yangtse ,riv] 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hupeh1 :]e a s]ies ( ore bodies1 consi/+ ( mix$ hematite & magnetite1 occurs along ! contact ( lime/one & intrusive sy5ite4 ,! deposits are e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #dj million tons ( ore4#db ,! ,han-,yeh-,p+ ,iron ,/eel ,co41 l>gely controll$ 9 ,japan1 owns ^! deposits & ! ,han ,yang /eel plant ne> ,hank[4 ,iron ore simil> to t ( ,tayeh is report$ to occur f>!r d[n ! ,yangtse at ,tungl+1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ngan-:ei1 & also along ! coa/ ne> ,amoy1 ,prov9ce ( ,fuki54 ,! deposits ne> ,amoy are said to conta9 ab\t #be million tons4 #db ,,ba91 ,h4 ,f43 8,notes on ,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ,*9a10 ,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aiah4 ,( consid]able importance are ! mix$ hematite & magnetite ores ( ,*9-l+-*51 ne> ,kiao*[1 ,%antung ,prov9ce4 ,a s]ies ( ore bodies1 "s ( !m #ajj feet 9 wid?1 are said to occur along a contact zone two kilomet]s 9 l5g?4#dc ,! deposits 7 exploit$ by ,g]mans & are be+ develop$ by ,japanese4 #dc ,,ko]t1 ,w43 8,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,s$im5t>y b$s ( oolitic ore ( "s ext5t are report$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,*ih-li & ,kiang-si1 b !y are ( l[ grade4 ,b$d$ sid]ite ores simil> to ! ,coal ,measures ores ( ,engl& h be5 m9$ = _m ye>s 9 ,%an-si ,prov9ce & smelt$ 9 native furnaces4 ,9 ,hunan ,prov9ce1 also1 ?is type ( ore is m9$4 ,! pr9cipal iron ores ( ,man*uria are magnetites t occur z a s]ies ( deposits 9 a nor?we/-s\!a/ belt s\? & s\!a/ ( ,mukd51 9 s\!rn ,man*uria4 ,!y are int]b$d$ ) s*i/1 gneiss1 & porphyry4 ,9 ?is belt are ! ,an-%an-*ang deposits t are n[ be+ develop$ by ,japanese int]e/s affiliat$ ) ! ,s\? ,man*urian ,railway1 & ! ,miaor-k[ deposits op]at$ by a ,s9o-,japanese company1 ! ,p5-hsi-hu ,coal ,iron ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! s\!rn ,man*uria magnetite belt is report$ to conta9 res]ves am\nt+ to ab\t #ejj million tons4#dd ,mu* ( ! ore is ( l[ grade4 #dd ,,wang1 ,c4 ,f43 8,coal & ,iron ,deposits ( ! ,p5-hsi-hu ,di/rict1 ,man*uria10 ,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aiah4 ,india4--,iron ores ( f\r types are f\nd 9 ,india#de3 7#a7 l5ses ( specul> hematite ) "s magnetite1 occurr+ 9 qu>tz-hematite & qu>tz-magnetite s*i/ ( ! ,dh>w> s]ies & o!r old] rocks2 7#b7 granules ( magnetite & hematite scatt]$ ?r\gh granite & s*i/2 7#c7 clay iron/ones 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,b5gal2 & 7#d7 lat]itic ores4 #de ,,de ,,la ,,t\*e1 ,f4 ,e43 8,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,! hematite-magnetite l5ses int]lay]$ ) iron-be>+ s*i/s are ! mo/ important ( ! ,indian ores1 al?\gh x is only rec5tly t !y h be5 exploit$4 ,! ,tata ,iron ,/eel ,co4 owns ! pr9cipal deposits ( ?is type1 includ+ ,mayurbhanj1 9 ,b5gal1 :]e m9+ is be+ conduct$ at pres5t1 & ! l>ge undevelop$ deposits ( ! ,raipur di/rict1 ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,important deposits ( ?is type are also f\nd 9 s\!rn ,india4 ,magnetite & hematite d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( s*i/ & granite are n[ be+ us$ by ! ,b5gal ,iron ,/eel ,co41 ( ,b>ak>4 ,!y consi/ ( surface accumulations ( iron s&s & are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india4 ,clay iron/ones scatt]$ ?r\gh %ales 7 =m]ly us$ by ! ,b5gal ,iron ,/eel ,co41 b its supply ( ^! is exhau/$4 ,lat]itic iron ores ly+ at ! surface are widespread b undevelop$4 ,! pr9cipal iron & /eel company ( ,india is t ( ,tata ,sons1 an ,indian firm4 ,its plant1 :i* has be5 m9+ s9ce #aiab1 is at ,sak*i1 9 ,b5gal1 & comprises ?ree bla/ furnaces ) a total mon?ly capacity ( #bd1jjj tons ( pig iron4 ,!re are also ext5sive coke ov5s1 op5-he>? furnaces1 & /eel mills4 ,_m additions are be+ plann$4 ,! ,b5gal ,iron ,/eel ,co41 :i* has be5 9 op]ation = ?irty ye>s1 has ?ree small bla/ furnaces at ,b>ak>1 ) a mon?ly capacity ( #ab1jjj tons4 ,a /eel mill & roll+ mill built by ?is company h be5 ab&on$4 ,sev]al new developm5ts are be+ plann$ 9 ! ,indian /eel indu/ry1 among !m be+ ! ,indian ,iron ,/eel ,co41 an ,engli% firm1 :i* is build+ a plant ne> ,asanol on ! ,ea/ ,indian ,railway4 ,! production ( iron ores = #aiae 0 #cij1bgj tons1 ! production ( iron & /eel = #aiad 0 #ejd1efd tons & = #aiae to #aiaf x 0 #ehd1gge tons4 ,total imports ( iron & /eel1 #aiad to #aiae1 am\nt$ to #fih1fce tons1 & #aiae to #aiaf1 to #dbd1eig tons4 ,japan & ,korea4--,! iron ore us$ 9 ,japanese furnaces is obta9$ 9 "p f dome/ic m9es & 9 "p f ,korean1 ,man*urian1 & ,*9ese m9es4 ,! iron ore produc$ 9 ,japan comes ma9ly f ! ,kamai%i gr\p ( deposits 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! isl& ( ,hon%u4 ,^! m9es yield m ?an "o-half ( ! total annual production ( iron ore 9 ,japan1 ! rema9d] com+ ma9ly f ! ,s5n9 & ,kuriki m9es1 also 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,hon%u2 ! ,abuta & o!r bog ore deposits 9 ,hokkaido1 & ! black s& deposits ( ,*ugoku1 9 s\!rn ,hon%u4 ,! ,kamai%i1 ,s5n91 & ,kuriki deposits consi/ ( magnetite & hematite associat$ ) s$im5t>y rocks ne> igne\s intrusions4 ,! iron-ore res]ves ( ,japan are e/imat$ by ,in\ye#df at ab\t #fj million tons4 #df ,,in\ye1 ,k43 8,iron-,ore ,res\rces ( ! ,_w10 ,/ockholm1 #aiaj4 ,! ,korean iron ores us$ 9 ,japan h come ma9ly f ! surficial limonite deposits ( ,hoang-hai-d1 ab\t #ajj miles nor?we/ ( ,se\l1 :i* h be5 actively m9$ = #aj ye>s or m4 ,rec5tly ,japanese-controll$ bla/ furnaces h be5 e/abli%$ at ,k5-ji-pho1 ,korea1 :i* use ore f ! ,k5-ji-pho iron m9e1 situat$ 9 ! same region z ! ,hoang-hai-d m9es4 ,! pig iron produc$ by ?is plant is s5t to ,japan = use 9 ,japanese /eel plants4 ,*9ese iron ore us$ 9 ,japan has be5 obta9$ f ! ,tayeh m9es ( ,hupeh ,prov9ce4 ,a "p ( ! ore f ^! m9es goes directly to ,japan1 & a "p goes to ! ,han-,yang furnaces1 ne> ,hank[1 to be manufactur$ into pig-iron & /eel products :i* also g to ,japan4 ,! ,han-,yeh-,p+ ,iron ,/eel ,co41 :i* owns bo? ! ,tayeh m9es & ! ,han-,yang furnaces1 is a ,*9ese conc]n1 ! capital ( :i* is at pres5t controll$ l>gely by ,japanese bank+ firms4 ,( consid]able int]e/ at ! pres5t "t is ! developm5t by ,japanese ( ! ,*9-l+-*5 iron-ore deposits on ! p59sula ( ,kiao*[1 ,%antung ,prov9ce4 ,^! deposits 7 be+ exploit$ by ! ,g]mans j be=e ! w> & h rec5tly be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,japanese1 :o are cont9u+ developm5t4 ,two important ,japanese-controll$ iron & /eel manufactur+ projects are at pres5t be+ develop$ 9 ,man*uria4 ,! old] ( ^! is ! plant ( ! ,p5-hsi-hu ,colli]y ,m9+ ,co4 at ,p5-hsi-hu1 s\!a/ ( ,mukd51 :]e pig iron is be+ manufactur$ f ore obta9$ f ! neighbor+ ,miaor-k\ magnetite m9es4 ,! pig iron is be+ s5t to ,japan4 ,! o!r ,man*urian ent]prise is ! ,an-%an-*ang iron & /eel works at ,%a-ho-k\1 s\? ( ,mukd54 ,! ore is d]iv$ f ! ,an-%an-*ang iron m9es & ! pig iron & /eel products :i* x is lat] plann$ to manufacture are to be s5t to ,japan4 ,x is also plann$ to s5d ,man*urian ore to ,japan4 ,on page #gg are %[n ! production & importation ( iron ore into ,japan 9 rec5t ye>s3 ,,table #ai4--,,production ,,& ,,importation ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,into ,,japan1 #aiad ,,to #aiaf 7,metric tons7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,importation f ,total includ+ -------------- o!r ,ye>,production ,korea ,*9a c\ntries ---------------------------------------- --- #aiad #acf1che #afc1gdgcjj1cje #dfe1ged #aiae #acf1aba #bjd1ajacaa1caj #eaf1acb #aiaf #aeh1hae #aib1bbebhb1adi #dgd1iee ---------------------------------------- --- ,a consid]able quantity ( pig iron is import$ into ,japan f ,briti% ,india1 ,great ,brita91 & o!r c\ntries4 ,! pr9cipal iron-smelt+ works 9 ,japan are z foll[s3 ,imp]ial ,/eel ,works1 ,yawata2 ,kamai%i ,iron ,works1 ,kamai%i2 ,wani%i ,iron ,works1 ,tanburi2 ,s5n9 ,iron ,works1 ,waka2 ,kuriki ,iron ,works1 ,kis54 ,all are controll$ by ,japanese1 ! fir/ be+ ! ,japanese gov]nm5t works4 ,pol&4--,9 ,pol& ! *ief deposits ( iron ore are ! limonite deposits 9 ! ,vi/ula di/rict1 c>ry+ #bb to #ej p] c5t4 iron4 ,! production 9 #aiab 0 #bhi1jjj long tons4 ,! res\rces are e/imat$ at #cjj million to #hjj million tons4 ,belgium4--,belgium's production ( iron ore 9 rec5t ye>s has am\nt$ to ab\t #aej1jjj tons annually1 ( :i* m ?an half 0 d]iv$ f ! 8m9ette0 ore b$s 9 ! s\!a/]n "p along ! ,fr5* bord]1 & ! rema9d] came 9 "p f b$s ( oolitic hematite ( ,devonian age 9 ! ,namur & ,liege bas9s & 9 "p f bog-ore deposits 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,9 ! pa/ ! l>ge/ production has come f ! ,namur bas91 & !re are /ill l>ge res]ves ( ^! oolitic hematite ores4 ,! total iron-ore res]ves ( ,belgium are e/imat$ to be ab\t #fb1ejj1jjj tons4 ,! iron ore produc$ 9 ,belgium supplies only a v small "p ( ! requirem5ts = ! ,belgian iron & /eel indu/ry1 mo/ ( ! ore be+ import$ f ,france4 ,portugal4--,! l>ge/ deposits ( iron ore 9 ,portugal are ^? ( ,moncorvo1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p4 ,! ore is a b$d$ s$im5t>y deposit ( l[ grade & ! e/imat$ res]ve is #de million tons4 ,small deposits ( magnetite & br[n hematite are f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,alemtejo4 ,portugal produc$ #dh1cdb tons ( iron ore 9 #aiac4 ,turkey & ,bulg>ia4--,m9or deposits ( magnetite & hematite occur 9 ,bulg>ia & =m] ,european ,turkey1 & 9 we/]n ,asia ,m9or sev]al important ore bodies are kn[n4#dg ,! l>ge/ ( ^! deposits occurs 9 ! ,b]ut ,hills1 #ij miles nor?we/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,alex&retta4 ,x is report$ to be capable ( produc+ #cjj1jjj tons annually4 #dg ,,edw>ds1 ,g4 ,m43 8,notes on ,m9es 9 ! ,ottoman ,empire10 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,met41 vol4 #bc1 #aiac-ad4 ,o!r important deposits are f\nd ne> ,ayazmat1 on ! ma9l& opposite ! isl& ( ,mityl5e1 & ne> ,tireboli & ,trebizond1 on ! ,black ,sea4 ,! only produc+ m9e is ne> ,ayazmat4 ,*ile4--,scatt]$ iron-ore deposits occur 9 ,*ile 9 ! coa/al m\nta9 region2 ! pr9cipal deposits ext5d a di/ance ( ab\t #aej miles p>allel to ! coa/1 "s ( !m be+ nor? & "s s\? ( ,coquimbo4 ,! ore bodies are )9 #aj to #dj miles ( ! coa/4 ,mo/ ( !m are enclos$ z l5ses 9 granitic rocks2 a few are 9 s$im5t>y rocks ne> ! contact ( igne\s rocks4 ,furnaces & a /eel plant 7 erect$ by a ,fr5* syndicate #aj to #ae ye>s ago 9 s\!rn ,*ile4 ,! plant ran only a few mon?s1 !re be+ app>5tly no m>ket = ! product4 ,! iron ore 0 obta9$ f ! ,t(o deposit1 & gre5 wood 0 us$ = fuel4 ,( ! ,*ilean deposits1 ! l>ge/1 ,alg>robo1 is own$ by a jo9t ,dut*-,g]man syndicate controll$ by ,wm4 ,h4 ,mll] ,co41 & ,guteh(fnung%tte4 ,t(o1 next 9 size to ,alg>robo1 is "u lease to ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r deposits are own$ by ,*ileans4 ,! tonnage ( ,*ilean ore controll$ by diff]5t nationalities is approximately z foll[s3 ,millions ( tons 7long tons7 ,g]man #ej ,am]ican #dj ,*ilean 79 "p ,engli%7 #ej --- ,total #adj ,iron ore 0 m9$ at ,t(o dur+ #aiad1 #aiae1 & #aiaf1 & export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aiae ab\t #aec1jjj tons 7 %ipp$4 ,dur+ ! w> ! m9+ practically ceas$4 ,brazil4--,! iron-ore deposits ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,brazil1 are among ! mo/ important 9 ! _w4 ,! ore bodies1 :i* z yet are practically undevelop$1 lie 9 an area r\ghly #ajj miles squ>e1 ! c5t] ( :i* is #bbe miles 9 a direct l9e nor? ( ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,! pr9cipal ores are hematite & are associat$ z b$s & l5ses ) a lam9at$ f]rug9\s qu>tzite kn[n z 8itabirite0 t cov]s _m squ>e miles4 ,! int]lay]$ b$s & l5ses ( ore are high grade1 c>ry+ up to #fi or #gj p] c5t4 ( metallic iron & av]ag+ betwe5 #j4jjc & #j4jbe p] c5t4 phosphorus4 ,ne>ly all ores ( ?is type are ( ,bessem] or l[-phosphorus grade4 ,!re are also l>ge areas ( rec5tly =m$ surface ores consi/+ ( mix$ hematite & limonite mod]ately high 9 phosphorus2 ^! av]age #ee to #fe p] c5t4 9 metallic iron4 ,on acc\nt ( ! di/ance f ! coa/ & high co/ ( transportation1 only ! high-grade b$d$ ores are consid]$ at pres5t z available4 ,! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,brazil runs ?r\gh ! iron-ore di/rict to ! port ( ,rio1 #caj miles f ! s\!rn edge ( ! di/rict1 b un=tunately1 on acc\nt ( heavy grades1 x c n be us$ = ext5sive transportation ( iron ores4 ,z workable bodies ( coal suitable = iron manufacture are n kn[n to exi/ 9 ,brazil1 ! ,m9as ,g]aes deposits h up to ! pres5t produc$ little ore4 ,! pr9cipal iron-ore deposits ( ,m9as ,g]aes are own$ by ! ,itabria ,iron ,ore ,co41 ! ,/4 ,john del ,rey ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ! ,brazilian ,iron ,/eel ,co41 & ! ,compania ,metallurgica1 ! fir/ two be+ ,engli%1 ! ?ird ,am]ican1 & ! f\r? ,brazilian4 ,! ,deuts*-,luxemburgis*es ,b]gw]ks und ,htt5 ,akti5gesells*aft 7,g]man71 ! ,socit ,anonyme ,franco-,bresili5e 7,fr5*71 ,jules ,b]n>d1 ,ma?iew ,g\d*aux et ,cie 7,fr5*71 ! ,m9as ,g]aes ,iron ,syndicate 7,am]ican71 & o!rs1 own local deposits4 ,! foll[+ table %[s approximately ! tonnage ( ore controll$ by ea* nationality3 ,,table #bj4--;,,brazilian ,,iron ,,ore ,,controll$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,nationalities ------------------------------- ,millions ( tons 7long tons7 -------------------- ,bessem],non-,bessem] ------------------------------ ,engli% #ade #cjj ,am]ican #afj #dbj ,fr5* #ba #ae ,g]man #dj #aj ,brazilian #dd #djj -------------------- ,total #daj #a1ade ------------------------------ ,iron ores simil> to ^? ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 & magnetite deposits ( m9or importance are report$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,brazil4 ,mexico4--,mexico has important deposits ( iron ore 9 ! ,/ates ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 ,coahuila1 ,durango1 ,gu]r]o1 ,mi*oacan1 & ,oaxaca4 ,! l>ge/ iron & /eel mak+ plant 9 ,mexico is t ( ! ,compaia de ,aci]o y ,fi]ro de ,mont]ey1 ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon1 op]at$ by ,spani% capital4 ,?is plant produces betwe5 #ej1jjj & #ajj1jjj tons ( pig iron ye>ly4 ,ore is obta9$ f ,coahuila1 & coke f ne>by coal fields4 ,at ,durango is a *>coal furnace1 :i* has be5 idle = _m ye>s4 ,x is own$ by ! ,durango ,iron ,/eel ,co4 7,am]ican74 ,small iron-mak+ op]ations exi/ 9 ,hidalgo1 ,puebla1 ,v]a ,cruz & ,oaxaca4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! ,mexican iron-ore deposits is t ( ,iron ,m\nta9 7,c]ro de ,m]cado71 ne> ,durango ,city1 a l>ge body ( magnetite4 ,9 ,l[] ,cali=nia !re are important deposits ( iron ore at sev]al localities4 ,!y are own$ by ! ,int]national ,developm5t ,co41 an ,am]ican firm ) headqu>t]s at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia4 ,! deposits 9 ,gu]r]o1 ,mi*oacan & ,oaxaca are report$ to be ext5sive4 ,s\? ,africa4--,v>i\s deposits ( l[-grade iron ore are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ,transvaal !re is silice\s s$im5t>y hematite & magnetite 9 f]rug9\s s*i/s ( diff]5t ages1 titanif]\s magnetite associat$ ) basic igne\s rocks1 & local clay-b& ore2 & 9 bo? ,cape ,colony & ,transvaal !re are lat]itic surface ores4 ,a #ae-ton bla/ furnace has be5 built )9 ! la/ ye> or two ne> ,pretoria by ! ,pretoria ,iron ,m9es ,co41 ,ltd41 = ! purpose ( manufactur+ pig iron f local ores4 ,?is is ! fir/ attempt to e/abli% an iron indu/ry 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal&4--,9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& are "s important iron-ore deposits1 b only a few are develop$4 ,mo/ ( ! iron ore m9$ 9 ,au/ralia has be5 us$ = flux 9 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 & o!r smelt+ plants2 a small am\nt has be5 us$ 9 ! two local iron & /eel works--t ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co41 at ,newca/le1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & t ( ! ,eskbank ,iron ,works at ,li?g[1 ab\t #ge miles we/ ( ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! =m] is ! m important1 hav+ 9 op]ation at ! pres5t "t two bla/ furnaces z well z /eel furnaces1 rail mill1 & plate mill4 ,among ! important ,au/ralian iron-ore deposits are ! hematite ores ( ,coomb+ ,p>k1 ne> ,c>co>1 & ( ,cadia1 ne> ,mill?orpe1 bo? 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 e/imat$ to conta9 res]ves ( #db million tons ( ore2 ! hematite deposits ( ! ,mur*ison di/rict1 ab\t #djj miles nor!a/ ( ,p]?1 we/]n ,au/ralia1 :]e "o s+le deposit--t ( ,wilgi ,mia--has be5 e/imat$ to conta9 m ?an #be million tons2 ! ,iron ,mon>* manganif]\s iron-ore deposit1 e/imat$ to conta9 #bj million tons ( ore1 & ! neighbor+ ,iron ,knob hematite deposit ( "o million tons1 bo? ab\t #dj miles f ,port ,augu/a1 at ! head ( ,sp5c] ,bay1 ,s\? ,au/ralia2 & ! hematite deposits ( ,mt4 ,levia?an1 e/imat$ at #aj million tons1 locat$ ab\t #bej miles f ,normanton1 on ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 ,que5sl&4 ,num]\s small] & less important ore bodies are f\nd 9 all ! prov9ces4 ,! ,coomb+ ,p>k ores h be5 us$ at ! ,eskbank ,iron ,works1 #ij1bjj tons be+ produc$ 9 #aiaf4 ,! ore av]ages ab\t #ee p] c5t4 iron4 ,! ,iron ,mon>* deposit is be+ develop$ by ! ,brok5 ,hills ,propriet>y ,co41 & ! ore is to be us$ 9 ! furnaces at ,newca/le4 ,an important iron-ore deposit1 e/imat$ to conta9 #bc million tons ( m9able ore1 is report$ to occur on ,bly! ,riv]1 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,tasmania1 ab\t #f miles f ! coa/4 ,!re h be5 rumors rec5tly ( a possible exploitation ( ?is deposit4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& l>ge deposits ( limonite occur 9 ! ,nelson di/rict1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,s\? ,isl&4 ,! pr9cipal gr\p ( deposits1 kn[n z ,p>ap>a1 is e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #fd million tons4 ,titanif]\s magnetite s&s1 measurable 9 millions ( tons1 are report$ to occur 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,nor? ,isl& ne> ,new ,plym\?4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,g5]al ,/atem5t4--,! _w's *ief iron- & /eel-produc+ c\ntries are1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,russia1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & ,belgium4 ,! annual pig-iron production ( ^! c\ntries rang$ 9 #aiac f #b1cjj1jjj tons 9 ,belgium to #cj1ijj1jjj tons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! normal consumption ( iron ore by ^! c\ntries 9 ! la/ ye>s prec$+ ! w> & _! rec5t maximum annual production are giv5 bel[3 ,,table #ba4--,,maximum ,,annual ,,output ,,& ,,normal ,,consumption ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,by ,,*ief ,,iron- ,,& ,,/eel-,,mak+ ,,c\ntries ---------------------------------------- ,consumption ,production ,c\ntries 7long tons7 7long tons7 ---------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #fb1jjj1jjj #ge1bhh1hea ,g]many #dj1fjj1jjjdhcc1ihg1aab ,great ,brita9 #ai1jjj1jjj #ae1iig1cbh ,france #ab1cjj1jjj #ba1egb1hce ,russia #h1ijj1jjj #i1cfb1gdf ,belgium #f1hjj1jjj #afd1gcd ,au/ria-,hung>y #e1bjj1jjj #e1bcc1jee ---------------------------------------- #dh ,includes production ( ,luxemburg4 ,! consumption figures repres5t metallic iron consum$ 9 t]ms ( iron ore & are obta9$ on ! basis ( production & imports ( iron ore1 & imports ( pig iron & crude iron & /eel products4 ,exports ( iron ore1 pig iron1 & crude iron & /eel products are n consid]$ z =m+ "p ( ! c\ntries' consumption4 ,a comp>ison ( ! consumption & production indicates t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,russia & ,au/ria-,hung>y 7 self-support+ z f> z raw mat]ials = _! iron & /eel indu/ry 7 conc]n$4 ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many are dep5d5t = a small p]c5tage ( _! requirem5ts ^u =eign c\ntries4 ,belgium produces a v small p]c5tage ( h] consumption ( iron ore1 be+ almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces1 ma9ly ,france & ,g]many1 = h] iron-ore requirem5ts4 ,9 sev]al c\ntries t produce mu* iron ore ! iron & /eel indu/ry is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,! iron ore f ^! c\ntries is ne>ly all export$ to ! l>ge iron & /eel mak+ c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rec5t maximum annual production & normal annual consumption 9 "s ( ^!3 ,,table #bb4--,,maximum ,,annual ,,output ,,& ,,normal ,,consumption ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,c\ntries ---------------------------------- ,consumption,production ,c\ntries 7long tons77long tons7 ---------------------------------- ,spa9 #a1jjj1jjj #i1gje1ifc ,sw$5 #gjj1jjj #f1hgh1cah ,cuba 444 #a1ehe1dca ,newf\ndl& 444 #a1dcc1heh ,nor? ,africa 444 #a1cdi1jjj ---------------------------------- ,?us1 consid]able quantities ( iron ore are available f ^! c\ntries = consumption 9 c\ntries t h to import iron ore & iron products4 ,!re is %[n bel[ ! pig-iron & /eel production 9 #aiac ( ! _w's pr9cipal iron & /eel manufactur+ c\ntries4 ,,table #bc4--,,pig-,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,output ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,produc+ ,,c\ntries1 #aiac ------------------------------------- ,pig iron ,/eel ,c\ntries 7long tons77long tons7 ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #cj1iff1aeb #ca1cjj1hgd ,g]many #ai1jjd1jbb #ah1fei1jjj ,great ,brita9 #aj1dha1iag #g1ffd1jjj ,france #e1bbg1cgh #d1cdi1jjj ,russia #d1dgd1geg #d1gej1jjj ,au/ria-,hung>y #b1cce1agj #b1fda1jjj ,belgium #b1cah1gfg #b1dge1jjj ,canada #a1jae1aah #a1jdd1jjj ,sw$5 #gbh1ajc #egd1jjj ,spa9 #dah1jfa #cei1jjj ,italy #dbj1jaa #hig1jjj ,japan #bcf1dia #bea1jjj ------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates has = _m ye>s _h 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict ! *ief iron-ore produc+ fields 9 ! _w4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict has furni%$ m ?an two-fif?s ( ! _w's output ( iron ore4 ,9 #aiag1 #ge1bhh1hea gross tons ( iron ore1 #ch1fdg1cig gross tons ( pig iron1 & #de1jfj1fjg gross tons ( /eel 7 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z comp>$ ) #fa1ihj1dcg tons ( iron ore1 #cj1iff1aeb tons ( pig iron1 & #ca1cjj1hgd tons ( /eel 9 #aiac4 ,! imports ( iron ore 9 #aiag am\nt$ to #iga1ffc tons & ( crude =ms ( iron & /eel to #cjf1ahi tons1 z comp>$ ) #b1eid1ggj tons ( iron ore & #bej1eib tons ( crude iron & /eel products import$ 9 #aiac4 ,! exports ( iron ore f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag am\nt$ to #a1acb1cac tons & ( crude =ms ( iron & /eel to #d1gdd1ebg tons1 z comp>$ ) #a1jdb1aea tons ( iron ore & #a1bgh1aca tons ( crude =ms ( iron & /eel export$ 9 #aiac4 ,^! figures indicate t 9 normal times ! ,unit$ ,/ates consumes ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ! dome/ic output ( iron ore1 9 ! manufacture ( f9i%$ iron & /eel products4 ,fifte5 p] c5t4 is export$ ei!r z iron ore1 or z crude iron & /eel products :i* are manufactur$ into f9i%$ products 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,( ! f9i%$ iron & /eel products made 9 ?is c\ntry ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself consumes ! l>g] "p4 ,h[ev]1 l>ge quantities ( iron & /eel articles & ma*9]y are export$ to o!r c\ntries z well4 ,! iron ore export$ f ?is c\ntry is ma9ly ,lake ore1 :i* goes to ,canadian furnaces4 ,! iron ore import$ is l>gely ,cuban ore1 :i* is us$ at ! ,sp>r['s ,po9t plant ( ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation4 ,?is plant has facilities = us+ only ore arriv+ by boat & has be5 runn+ almo/ entirely on =eign ores4 ,! ,cuban iron m9es are l>gely "u ! control ( ?is company1 & an increas$ production is expect$ f !m 9 ! future4 ,! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation has also develop$ an ext5sive iron-ore deposit 9 ,*ile1 f :i* "s %ipm5ts 7 made dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,_w ,w>4 ,x has be5 all[$ to rema9 idle rec5tly on acc\nt ( lack ( %ipp+ facilities4 ,l>ge %ipm5ts are expect$ f ,*ile 9 ! future4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ,sw$i% ore has be5 import$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation1 to supplem5t its %ipm5ts ( ,cuban ore4 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! ,trafikaktiebolaget ,grngesb]g ,oxelosund decreas$ its ore %ipm5ts & f9ally refus$ altoge!r to export ore to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! %ipm5ts recomm5c$ soon aft] ! cessation ( ho/ilities 9 ,europe4 ,c]ta9 high-grade l[-phosphorus iron ores :i* are n pres5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 suffici5t quantity to supply dome/ic ne$s h be5 import$ 9 pa/ ye>s f ,spa91 ,nor? ,africa1 & to a small ext5t f ,sw$54 ,dur+ ! w>1 :5 ! %ortage ( %ipp+ facilities necessitat$ comb+ ?is c\ntry = supplies ( high-grade l[-phosphorus ores1 x 0 %[n t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is m or less dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces = su* ores4 ,!re are a numb] ( m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* z ! ,lyon ,m\nta9 m9e 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,cranb]ry m9e 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* produce limit$ am\nts ( high-grade l[-phosphorus ore4 ,sev]al m9es on ! ,m5om9ee ,range1 ,mi*igan1 produce a v silice\s l[-phosphorus ore t c be us$ to supplem5t 9 "p ! high-grade ores4 ,a consid]able quantity ( l[-phosphorus pyrite residue f sulphuric acid & f]tiliz] plants is also us$ = mak+ l[-phosphorus iron4 ,mu* ( ! pyrite yield+ ?is residue is import$ f ,spa91 "s ( x is ( dome/ic orig91 & "s ( x comes f ,canada4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates supplies ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! mat]ial requir$ = ! manufacture ( its normal output ( l[-phosphorus pig iron4 ,c]ta9 developm5ts 9 progress make x probable t a great] p]c5tage ( ore us$ = ?is purpose c be suppli$ f dome/ic m9es4 ,! pr9cipal ent]prise is "o t plans to conc5trate ! silice\s magnetite ore ( ! ea/]n ,mesabi ,range4 ,exp]im5ts h yield$ a high-grade product & "w on a comm]cial scale is plann$4 ,! res]ves ( ! ord9>y grades ( iron ore 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are l>ge1 & no %ortage ( su* ore is anticipat$ = _m ye>s4 ,!y are easily capable ( tak+ c>e ( a consid]ably increas$ consumption4 ,! l>ge/ res]ves are 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict & 9 ! s\!a/]n /ates1 b l>ge unt\*$ res]ves occur 9 ! we/]n /ates z well4 ,! iron ores 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ region h rema9$ undevelop$ f ! lack ( suffici5t dem& = pig iron & crude =ms ( iron & /eel on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,und\bt$ly ?is dem& w increase 9 ! future1 & iron & /eel indu/ries w be e/abli%$ !re4 ,! res]ves ( ore 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict are l>ge4 ,! grade ( ore m9$1 h[ev]1 has be5 gradually gett+ l[]1 & x is possible t be=e _m ye>s ,lake iron ores av]ag+ consid]ably bel[ #ej p] c5t4 w h to be utiliz$4 ,at pres5t ! av]age grade ( ! ores m9$ 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict is ab\t #ea p] c5t4 ,x is cle> t !re is n likely to be a %ortage ( ! ord9>y grades ( iron ore 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,res]ves ( high-grade ores1 h[ev]1 are be+ gradually deplet$1 & high-grade ores f =eign c\ntries w f9d an increas+ly ready m>ket4 ,am]ican capital controls a l>ge res]ve ( high-grade iron ore 9 ,brazil4 ,mu* ( ! ,brazilian ore av]ages ab\t #fh p] c5t4 9 metallic iron & is v l[ 9 phosphorus1 mak+ x an exce$+ly desirable raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( special iron & = mix+ ) l[]-grade dome/ic ores4 ,d\btless mu* ( ! ,brazilian ore w g to ,europe1 z ,briti% & o!r =eign hold+s ( ?is ore are ext5sive4 ,h[ev]1 x is highly desirable t a c]ta9 proportion ( ! ore %\ld be div]t$ to ,am]ican furnaces4 ,g]many4--,! annual consumption ( iron ore 9 ,g]many j be=e ! w> 0 ab\t #dj million tons1 & ! maximum annual output at ?is "t1 includ+ m ?an #g million tons f ,luxemburg1 0 only ab\t #cd million long tons4 ,9 ord] to supply ,g]man furnaces x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to import m ?an #f million tons ( iron ore f =eign c\ntries4 ,m ?an #eh p] c5t4 ( ! iron ore m9$ 9 ,g]many has come f ! ,lorra9e di/rict4 ,! production f ,g]man iron m9es outside ( ! ,lorra9e di/rict am\nt$ to #f1ijf1hji tons 9 #aiac4 ,! production ( pig iron dur+ t ye> 0 #ai1jjd1jbb tons4 ,! pre-w> imports ( iron ore into ,g]many 7 l>ge1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #ad million tons 9 #aiac2 aga9/ ^! ! exports 7 some:at m ?an #b million tons4 ,! iron ore import$ f ,sw$5 is ma9ly high-phosphorus ore f ! m9es ( ,sw$i% ,lapl& & c5tral ,sw$54 ,?is is especially adapt$ to ! manufacture ( pig iron = ! ,?omas process1 mu* us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,mo/ ( ! ores f ! ,lorra9e di/rict are slightly too l[ 9 phosphorus to be suitable = ! ,?omas process2 & ,sw$i% high-phosphorus ores1 phosphate rock1 & phosphatic slags are 9 places mix$ ) ,lorra9e ore to raise ! phosphorus cont5t4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( l[-phosphorus iron ore us$ 9 ! manufacture ( l[-phosphorus pig iron is also import$ f ,sw$51 & a l>g] am\nt ( ?is ore is import$ f ,spa94 ,?is mat]ial is us$ 9 ,g]many = ! manufacture ( pig iron to be us$ 9 mak+ acid op5-he>? /eel4 ,s9ce ,g]many has lo/ ! ,lorra9e iron fields1 ! rema9+ dome/ic iron m9es w be able to supply less ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( ! requirem5ts ( iron ore = ! ,g]man furnaces4 ,h[ev]1 x is likely t ,g]many w cont9ue to receive mo/ ( h] supplies f ! ,lorra9e fields1 9 :i* ,g]man hold+s at pres5t pr$om9ate ov] ,fr5* hold+s & w probably cont9ue to pr$om9ate4 ,great ,brita94--,! ,unit$ ,k+dom has produc$ f #aj to #ad p] c5t4 ( ! iron & /eel ( ! _w annually = ! pa/ #aj ye>s or m1 & app>5tly has consum$ 9 normal times ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! product & export$ #ej p] c5t41 ma9ly to ,briti% possessions4 ,dur+ ! w> ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! ,briti% production 0 consum$ at home & #be p] c5t4 0 export$1 l>gely to ,france4 ,fifty p] c5t4 ( ! iron & /eel products manufactur$ has be5 obta9$ f ores m9$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & #ej p] c5t4 f import$ ores4 ,?us1 normally1 ! dome/ic yield ( iron ore j ab\t equals ! dome/ic dem& = iron1 :]eas dur+ ! w> ! dome/ic dem& = iron 0 great] ?an ! dome/ic supply ( ore4 ,great ,brita9 dep5ds ^u outside s\rces = "o-?ird ( h] iron-ore supply & ?is con/itutes ! s\rce ( ab\t "o-half ( ! iron products4 ,! iron indu/ry 9 ,great ,brita9 be=e ! w> 0 loosely controll$ by m]*ants :o act$ z int]m$i>ies betwe5 produc] & consum]1 an arrangem5t t did n "w to ! advantage ( ! consum]4#di ,briti% manufactur]s _h little int]e/ abroad & 7 !mselves insuffici5tly organiz$ to op]ate successfully4 ,if ! s\rces ( =eign iron ore 7 cut (f1 ! situation might become critical & exce$+ly emb>rass+ until ! dome/ic m9+ indu/ry c\ld be exp&$4 ,to meet ?is condition ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade ,committee advis$ a consolidation ( iron int]e/s by ! =mation ( a syndicate = ! pur*ase & di/ribution ( iron ores & p>ticul>ly = ! acquir+ ( int]e/s abroad4 ,?is syndicate w\ld e/abli% sales ag5cies & arrange = transportation & trade1 simil> to ! organization ( ,w4 ,h4 ,mll] ,co41 ( ,! ,hague4 ,! committee recomm5d$ t ^! op]ations be back$ by ! gov]nm5t & t all ! res\rces ( ! ,briti% ,empire be "u ! control ( ! gov]nm5t1 especially 9 reg>d to ! grant+ ( concessions to ali5s & ! impos+ ( re/rictions to favor home produc]s4 ,x has rec5tly be5 report$ t ! iron int]e/s h organiz$ along ! l9es indicat$4 #di ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade1 8,reports on ,iron & ,/eel10 ,london4 ,france4--,! annual consumption ( iron ore 9 ,france = ! manufacture ( pig iron & crude iron & /eel products am\nts to ab\t #ab million tons "u normal conditions4 ,! productive capacity ( ! iron m9es ( ,france is m ?an #ba million1 leav+ a surplus ( #i million tons ( ore annually available = export4 ,m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! iron ore produc$ 9 ,france is obta9$ f ! ,lorra9e iron m9es4 ,mo/ ( ! ore export$ f ,france 9 ! pa/ has gone to ,g]man bla/ furnaces4 ,mu* has gone to ,belgium4 ,imports ( iron ore are small1 be+ mo/ly high-grade ore f ,sw$51 9 :i* class ( ore ,france is defici5t4 ,fr5* possessions 9 ,nor? ,africa h l>ge res]ves ( high-grade ore1 b ! bulk ( ! ore m9$ !re has gone to ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 t "p ( ! ,lorra9e iron fields )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! disput$ prov9ces ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e has be5 giv5 to ,france1 :o ?us has control ( ! entire output ( ! great ,lorra9e iron fields ) ! exception ( ! "p includ$ 9 ,luxemburg4 ,! production ( ! ,lorra9e iron fields1 includ+ ! "p t =m]ly belong$ to ,g]many1 has be5 ne>ly #dh million tons annually1 ( :i* ab\t #g million tons is m9$ 9 ,luxemburg4 ,outside ( ! ,lorra9e di/rict ,france produces ab\t #a1ejj1jjj tons ( ore4 ,?us1 unless iron & /eel mak+ exp& greatly 9 ,france1 mu* iron ore w be m9$ = export4 ,russia4--,9 #aiac ,russia rank$ six? 9 ! output ( iron ore & fif? 9 ! output ( pig iron1 produc+ ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production ( iron ore & #f p] c5t4 ( ! pig iron4 ,russia's iron-ore res]ves are e/imat$ at ab\t #a1fjj million tons1 a "p ( :i*1 especially 9 c5tral ,russia1 is n economically m9able4 ,! di/rict ( s\!rn ,russia is important on acc\nt ( its l>ge res]ves1 l>ge output1 & its location4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true at ?is "t on acc\nt ( ,g]many's ne$ ( iron ore = future use4 ,! ,russian output ( iron ore grew f ab\t #b million tons annually 9 #ahia-ic to #g or #h million tons annually 9 #aiac-aiag4 ,s\!rn ,russia 7almo/ exclusively ! ,krivoi-,rog di/rict7 produc$ ne>ly #g million tons 9 #aiac1 b by #aiaf ! production f ?is region _h be5 cut d[n to half1 its diff]5ce be+ made up f o!r regions4#ej ,betwe5 #aiac & #aiag1 ,russia produc$ ab\t #d million tons ( pig iron annually1 ( :i* #c million tons came f ,s\? ,russia1 & mo/ ( ! rema9d] f ! ,ural region4 #ej ,advisory ,c\ncil1 ,dept4 ( ,sci4 & ,indu/4 ,rese>*1 8,report on ! ,s\rces & ,production ( ,iron & ,o!r ,metallif]\s ,ores ,us$ 9 ! ,iron & ,/eel ,indu/ry10 #aiah4 ,also ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade1 8,reports on ,iron & ,/eel10 ,london2 & ,ironmong] ,metal ,m>ket ,ye> ,book1 #aiah4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,c5tral ,w> ,indu/ry ,committee e/imat$ ! mon?ly requirem5ts ( ! :ole c\ntry at #cjj1jjj tons ( pig iron = w> purposes1 & at #hj1jjj tons = ! requirem5ts ( ! civil population1 mak+ a total annual consumption ( ab\t #d1ejj1jjj tons1 or only ab\t "o-half ( ! normal consumption4 ,9 #aiag1 ! total production 9 ! c\ntry 0 e/imat$ to am\nt to only #cj p] c5t4 ( ^! m9imum requirem5ts4 ,! situation 9 ,russia is s unsettl$ t a /atem5t ( pres5t conditions 9 ! /eel indu/ry is valueless4 ,x is reasonable to assume1 h[ev]1 t ! iron & /eel situation w n mat]ially *ange z to op]ations & control4 ,moreov]1 x w be safe to pr$ict t ,pol& w develop m rapidly z an iron-ore produc] 9 ! future1 z %e 0 h&icapp$ 9 ! pa/ by re/rictions on exportation ( ore4 ,belgium4--,belgium has be5 negligible z a produc] ( iron ore b has be5 a comp>atively l>ge import] ( iron ore & manufactur] ( pig iron4 ,! c\ntry rank$ six? z a produc] ( pig iron 9 #aiac1 9 :i* ye> x produc$ #adg1jdh tons ( ore & import$ #d1djj1jjj tons4#ea #ea ,bo>d ( ,trade1 8,reports on ,iron & ,/eel10 ,london4 ,belgian iron works 7 greatly damag$ by ! ,g]mans dur+ ! w>1 & probably "s "t w elapse be=e ! indu/ry aga9 rea*es ! position x occupi$ be=e ! w>4 ,! c\ntry (f]s a good m>ket1 h[ev]1 = ! iron ores ( ,france & %\ld 9 future ye>s be a l>g] produc] ( iron & /eel w>es4 ,belgium is practically dep5d5t ^u outside s\rces = ore supply1 b is conv5i5tly situat$ z a m>ket = ores f _m c\ntries4 ,! total iron-ore res]ves ( ! c\ntry h be5 e/imat$ at #fb1ejj1jjj tons1 n en\gh to la/ #aj ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( consumption4 ,au/ria-,hung>y4--,! =m] ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire yield$ 9 rec5t ye>s #b to #c p] c5t4 ( ! annual iron-ore production ( ! _w1 & ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! pig-iron production2 !re=e x has be5 ( m9or importance 9 ! iron indu/ry4 ,! ore res]ves h be5 e/imat$ at #bhd million tons ( available ore1 & #hjg million tons additional ( probable ore4 ,! pres5t unsettl$ conditions w probably result 9 consid]able *ange 9 ! op]ation & control ( ! iron m9es & works4 ,ev5tually ! upheaval may /imulate ! iron indu/ry1 b ! result %\ld n mat]ially alt] ! int]national position4 ,japan4--,! iron & /eel indu/ry ( ,japan is ( small magnitude z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 & o!r lead+ iron & /eel manufactur+ c\ntries4 ,! total res]ves ( iron ore are probably n mu* m ?an #fj million tons1 or less ?an has be5 m9$ annually 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! /eel-mak+ indu/ry is exp&+ rapidly1 h[ev]1 & at pres5t bla/ furnaces1 /eel-mak+ furnaces1 & /eel mills are be+ erect$ 9 ,japan1 ,korea1 ,man*uria1 & ,*9a by ,japanese int]e/s4 ,! output ( iron ore 9 ,japan is utt]ly inadequate to supply ?is exp&+ indu/ry4 ,! production ( iron ore 9 ,japan has av]ag$ ab\t #aej1jjj tons annually 9 rec5t ye>s1 :]eas ! consumption ( crude1 semi-crude & manufactur$ articles ( iron & /eel is approximately #a1ejj1jjj tons4 ,9 ord] to supply h] ne$s1 !re=e1 f h] own manufactur+ plants1 ,japan w\ld require 9 ! neighborhood ( #c million tons ( iron ore annually4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is1 ,japan's entire consumption ( iron ore1 bo? import$ & dome/ic1 is less ?an #gjj1jjj tons4 ,! rema9d] ( ! iron & /eel requir$ 9 ,japan is be+ import$ 9 ! =m ( pig iron & crude & manufactur$ products4 ,japan is mak+ a /rong ef=t to develop iron-ore deposits 9 neighbor+ c\ntries1 especially 9 ,*9a1 ,man*uria1 & ,korea2 & ! production f ^! s\rces :i* goes to ,japanese-controll$ furnaces is rapidly increas+4 ,among ! m rec5t ,japanese iron & /eel ent]prises 9 ^! c\ntries are ! bla/ furnaces & /eel plant n[ be+ built at ,an-s*an-*ang1 s\? ( ,mukd51 9 ,man*uria2 ! bla/ furnaces at ,p5-hsi-hu1 s\!a/ ( ,mukd51 9 ,man*uria2 & ! bla/ furnaces at ,k5-ji-pho1 9 ,korea4 ,! la/ two ( ^! plants are n[ produc+ pig iron1 :i* is be+ s5t to ,japan4 ,9 ! future all ?ree plants w probably build /eel works4 ,iron-ore deposits are be+ m9$ 9 connection ) all ( !m4 ,besides be+ us$ 9 ! local bla/ furnaces1 iron ore is be+ s5t to ,japan f ^! m9es4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! mo/ important iron & /eel ent]prise is t at ,han-yang1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hu-peh4 ,?is op]ation 0 />t$ by ! ,han-,yeh-,p+ ,iron ,/eel ,co41 z a ,*9ese ent]prise 9 connection ) ! ,tayeh m9es 9 ! same prov9ce4 ,?is company1 h[ev]1 became involv$ 9 f9ancial difficulties1 & ,japanese capital 0 call$ ^u 9 ord] t "w might cont9ue4 ,consid]able expansion ( ! plant is at pres5t tak+ place "u ,japanese sup]vision4 ,iron ore f ! ,tayeh m9es & pig iron f ! ,han-yang plant are s5t to ,japan = use 9 ,japanese iron & /eel works4 ,x is d\btful :e!r1 ) ! rapid expansion ( ! ,japanese iron & /eel indu/ry1 m9es 9 ,*9a1 ,man*uria & ,korea c be develop$ fa/ en\gh to supply ! raw mat]ials necess>y4 ,!re are rumors t sev]al deposits ( iron ore 9 ea/]n ,*9a are n[ be+ develop$1 includ+ t ( ,*9-l+-*51 & ^! may af=d "s additional supply4 ,! iron m9es ( ,india also may be call$ ^u to furni% m iron ore to ,japan ?an !y h done 9 ! pa/4 ,! only o!r important iron-ore deposits kn[n else:]e 9 ! ,ori5t are 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,^! deposits are report$ to be fairly important & !y are favorably situat$ = supply+ ,japanese plants4 ,!y are controll$ by ,am]icans4 ,! pres5t expansion ( ! ,japanese iron & /eel indu/ry is su* t x is a "q :e!r ! consumption ( iron products 9 ,japan w be suffici5t to take c>e ( ! entire output4 ,x seems v probable t ,japan is look+ = a l>ge export trade 9 iron & /eel products4 ,! ,japanese may be ambiti\s n only to displace ,european & ,am]ican goods 9 ! ,ori5t1 b may ev5 attempt to secure a m>ket on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,x is q probable t ,japanese manufactur$ articles w be able to compete 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates ) articles manufactur$ 9 ! ea/]n /ates & subject to heavy transportation rates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is an active movem5t to />t an iron indu/ry on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & x is hop$ t plants e/abli%$ !re w be able to manufacture iron & /eel products at a l[ en\gh co/ to enable !m to compete ) ,japanese products 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,manganese ,,by ,d4 ,f4 ,,hewett ,,uses ,,( ,,manganese ,alloys ( manganese are ess5tial 9 ! manufacture ( /eel by ! op5-he>? & ! ,bessem] processes1 :i* produce #ii p] c5t4 ( ! total output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ab\t #ad p\nds ( metallic manganese z alloys1 equival5t to ab\t #dj p\nds ( high-grade ore1 is us$ 9 mak+ a ton ( av]age /eel4 ,two alloys are 9 common use3 f]romanganese & spiegeleis54 ,f]romanganese1 ) #gj to #hj p] c5t4 manganese1 is l>gely us$ 9 mak+ op5-he>? /eel c>ry+ less ?an #j4cj p] c5t4 c>bon1 :]eas spiegeleis51 ) #bj to #cb p] c5t4 manganese1 is us$ 9 mak+ ,bessem] /eel c>ry+ m ?an #j4cj p] c5t4 c>bon4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( l[-c>bon /eels is us$ 9 mak+ /ructural %apes1 %eets1 b>s1 wire1 etc41 & ! second gr\p ( high-c>bon /eels is us$ 9 mak+ rails1 =g+s1 etc4 ,9 mak+ #gj to #hj p] c5t4 f]romanganese1 s-call$ 8high-grade0 ore ) m ?an #ce p] c5t4 manganese & less ?an #e p] c5t4 iron & #ae p] c5t4 silica is ne$$4 ,9 mak+ #bj to #cb p] c5t4 spiegeleis51 s-call$ 8l[-grade0 or f]rug9\s manganese ore ) #aj to #ce p] c5t4 manganese1 #bj to #ce p] c5t4 iron1 & less ?an #bj p] c5t4 silica is ne$$1 al?\gh "h & !re spiegeleis5 is made by mix+ high-grade manganese ore ) iron ore4 ,sev]al o!r alloys su* z silico-manganese1 f]ro-silicon1 & f]ro-c>bon-titanium may be us$ z p>tial sub/itutes = f]romanganese1 b al?\gh !y may be capable ( wid] use "u /ress1 !y are electric-furnace products & "u normal conditions _! co/ is prohibitive4 ,v pure manganese oxide is us$ 9 mak+ ! common dry batt]y1 ! production ( :i* has greatly increas$ ) ! wide use ( ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e4 ,ab\t #be1jjj tons is us$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ?is purpose4 ,! manganese oxide ?us us$ is n consum$1 b becomes exhau/$ ?r\gh ! loss ( oxyg54 ,"u /ress ( high prices1 ! oxide may be reg5]at$ by treatm5t or by mixture ) new ref9$ mat]ial4 ,small quantities ( manganese ore are us$ 9 mak+ _m *emical products & pigm5ts4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,any consid]ation ( ! ne$ = manganese ore & f]romanganese & ( dep5d5ce ^u =eign s\rces ( supply %\ld take acc\nt ( ! degree to :i* l[-grade ore & spiegeleis5 may be us$ z sub/itutes = high-grade ore & f]romanganese4 ,?us1 al?\gh bo? ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h only insignificant res\rces ( high-grade ore1 bo? possess unusually l>ge res]ves ( l[-grade ore4 ,"u rec5t conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! p]c5tage ( total manganese us$ z spiegeleis5 increas$ 9 ?ree ye>s f #aj to ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,compet5t au?orities h e/imat$ t ?is sub/itution may be fur!r increas$ to ne>ly #gj p] c5t4 ) slight modifications 9 practice & mode/ addition ( equipm5t4 ,"s compet5t eng9e]s fur!r cont5d t by o!r modifications ( practice a l>ge "p ( ! manganese n[ ne$$ z alloys may be elim9at$ by ! addition ( l[-grade manganese ore dur+ e>ly /ages ( ! smelt+ & ref9+ process4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,al?\gh conc5trat$ masses su* z are useful 9 ! arts are r uncommon1 manganese is widespread ?r\gh\t ! e>?2 x =ms a "p ( ab\t #ajj m9]als & mo/ ( ! common rocks1 igne\s z well z s$im5t>y1 conta9 #j4a to #b p] c5t4 ,pres5t requirem5ts z to grade are su* t manganese ores are l>gely oxides4 ,! c>bonate1 rhodo*rosite1 conta9s en\gh manganese to p]mit its use 9 mak+ #hj p] c5t4 f]romanganese1 b only 9 a few places are ! masses l>ge en\gh to be ! basis ( ext5sive m9+4 ,! common silicate conta9s #dc p] c5t4 manganese1 b ! silica cont5t is s high 7#bc p] c5t47 t x c n be us$ alone 9 mak+ ! ord9>y alloys4 ,! common oxides ( manganese are deposit$ "u _m conditions :i* are f\nd ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,l>ge masses ( oxides 7 deposit$ 9 %all[ m>9e wat]s1 9 %all[ fre%-wat] bas9s & "u _m o!r conditions 9 ! relatively ?9 mantle ( wea!r$ rock t is f\nd ov] ! entire _w4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ^! l>ge masses 7 =m$ 9 ! surface zone :]e ! und]ly+ unwea!r$ rocks are unusually ri* 9 manganese1 "s l>ge masses ( oxides accumulate "u peculi>ly favorable conditions by ! conc5tration ( small quantities ( manganese dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! common rocks4 ,= purposes ( geologic /udy1 deposits ( manganese oxides may be consid]$ 9 two gr\ps1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ^? d]iv$ f m or less localiz$ masses ( c>bonate or silicate mat]ials1 g5]ally ) m ?an #e p] c5t4 manganese1 t seem to h no relation to ! surface ( ! e>?2 & 7#b7 ^? orig9ally deposit$ ne> ! surface z localiz$ bodies ( oxides4 ,"u ! fir/ gr\p are zones ( c>bonate or silicate rocks 9 contact ) intrusive igne\s rocks1 su* z are f\nd 9 ,brazil & ,india4 ,^! zones conta9 manganif]\s c>bonates 7mix$ ) iron1 lime1 & magnesia72 & silicates 7spess>tite or manganese g>net & pi$montite or manganese epidote & possibly rhodonite1 or manganese pyrox5e74 ,by ! wea!r+ ( su* rocks1 l>ge bodies ( high-grade oxides h be5 =m$4 ,manganese also occurs 9 fissure ve9s or ! adjac5t wall rocks 9 regions t h be5 intrud$ by igne\s rocks4 ,! ve9s commonly conta9 rhodo*rosite1 manganif]\s sid]ite1 or rhodonite1 associat$ ) qu>tz & metallic sulphide m9]als1 includ+ alab&ite1 ! sulphide ( manganese4 ,su* ve9s are kn[n 9 ,philipsburg & ,butte1 ,mont42 ,silv]ton1 ,colo41 & else:]e4 ,9 su* regions if ! wall rocks adjac5t to fissures are lime/one or dolomite1 !y may be ext5sively replac$ by manganif]\s sid]ite or o!r c>bonates :i* on wea!r+ yield l>ge bodies ( manganese oxides1 locally mix$ ) iron oxides4 ,su* bodies are kn[n at ,leadville1 ,colo4 ,! manganese exi/+ 9 s$im5ts1 notably clayey1 b 9 "p c>bonate1 may migrate locally aft] ! s$im5ts are slightly buri$ & =m zones ( manganif]\s c>bonate & silicate concretions p>allel to ! b$d+4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! ,batesville di/rict1 ,arkansas1 ^! zones are expos$ by erosion1 ! manganese is fur!r conc5trat$ z masses ( oxides 9 residual clay4 ,metamorphic rocks1 su* z slates & s*i/s1 "h & !re1 z 9 ,spa91 ,newf\ndl&1 ,cali=nia1 & ,wa%+ton1 conta9 ext5sive l5ses ( rhodonite or o!r silicate ) or )\t rhodo*rosite1 r\ghly p>allel to ! b$d+4 ,! orig9 ( ^! l5ses1 :i* are g5]ally r remote f igne\s intrusions1 is obscure4 ,"s are consid]$ to be mat]ials laid d[n dur+ s$im5tation1 o!rs are ?\ght to repres5t conc5trations effect$ dur+ metamorphism :5 ! s$im5ts 7 deeply buri$4 ,9 ! second gr\p m5tion$ above 7manganese deposits fir/ conc5trat$ ne> ! surface z oxides7 are includ$ ext5sive deposits ( oxides int]b$d$ ) m>9e s$im5ts1 z 9 ! ,caucasus region1 ,russia4 ,o!rs int]b$d$ ) volcanic mat]ial1 tuffs & fl[s1 are kn[n 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region & 9 ,*ile4 ,9 ,india important b$s ( oxides are int]b$d$ ) qu>tzite & slate4 ,_m deposits ( oxides h rec5tly =m$ & are probably n[ =m+ 9 bogs 9 _m regions1 notably ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada4 ,!y are n important z s\rces ( production4 ,al?\gh no simple relation seems to gov]n ! di/ribution ( manganese 9 unwea!r$ rock1 !re is reason = believ+ t ! accumulation ( manganese oxides 9 ! wea!r$ mantle is favor$ by climates t cause unusually complete or deep rock decay4 ,al?\gh a few manganese oxide deposits are f\nd )9 ! belts ( rec5t glaciation1 & "s h no relation to wea!r+1 mo/ ( ! important deposits occur 9 areas n[ or rec5tly favor$ ) w>m1 humid climates1 & !re is reason = suspect+ t su* areas w yield o!r important deposits4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,nor? ,am]ica4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! occurr5ce ( manganese ore c be mo/ cle>ly describ$ by gr\p+ ! di/ricts accord+ to grade or ore3 7#a7 high grade1 conta9+ #ce p] c5t4 or m ( manganese1 :i* is us$ ord9>ily = mak+ ! high-grade alloy1 f]romanganese1 & 7#b7 l[-grade1 f]rug9\s manganese ore1 us$ ord9>ily = ! l[-grade f]ro-alloy1 spiegeleis54 ,! c\ntry is defici5t 9 natural supplies ( ! =m]1 b has abundant res\rces ( ! latt]1 :i* "u ! /ress ( necessity c\ld be l>gely sub/itut$ = ! high-grade ore1 :i* is n[ ma9ly import$4 ,! foll[+ di/ricts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates yield high-grade ore3 ,at ,philipsburg1 ,mont41 are bodies ( manganese c>bonate t replace ,cambrian lime/one ne> ve9s & igne\s contacts4 ,^! are wea!r$ to oxides to a dep? ( ab\t #bjj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,at ,butte1 ,mont41 ve9s 9 granite conta9 manganese c>bonate & silicate1 locally wea!r$ to oxides4 ,9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley 9 ,virg9ia1 & 9 simil> valleys 9 ,t5nessee & ,georgia1 ! residual clays f c]ta9 ,cambrian lime/ones & ,silurian %ale & s&/one yield bodies ( manganese oxides to dep?s t range f #bjj to #bej feet bel[ ! surface4 ,_m small deposits also occur 9 ,arkansas1 ,arizona1 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,utah4 ,! total production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahch to #aiah 0 #hic1gcd tons1 & ! maximum 0 #cje1hfi tons 9 #aiah4 ,among ! *ief di/ricts yield+ ! l[] grade ( ore 7#aj to #ce p] c5t4 manganese7 ! mo/ conspicu\s is ! ,cuyuna di/rict 9 ,m9nesota1 :]e b$s ( iron-manganese c>bonate ( pre-,cambrian age are wea!r$ to oxides to dep?s ( #bej to #ejj feet bel[ ! surface & conta9 ore bodies c>ry+ #g to #bj p] c5t4 manganese1 & #be to #ej p] c5t4 iron4 ,! s+le deposits range f #ej1jjj to #g1ejj1jjj tons ea*4 ,s9ce ! fir/ %ipm5ts 9 #aiac1 ! production ?r\gh #aiah has be5 #a1fff1fgg tons ( ore c>ry+ m ?an #e p] c5t4 manganese4 ,l>ge deposits ( l[-grade manganese ore also occur 9 ! ,leadville di/rict 9 ,colorado1 :]e irregul> bodies ( iron-manganese c>bonate h replac$ magnesian lime/one ( ,c>bonif]\s age & are wea!r$ to oxides to dep?s z great z #hej feet4 ,f #ahhe to #aiah1 ! total production 0 #c1bjb1fgh tons ( mat]ial1 mo/ ( :i* conta9$ f #ae to #cj p] c5t4 manganese4 ,o!r deposits ( f]rug9\s manganese ore h be5 exploit$ 9 ,eagle ,c\nty1 ,colorado2 ! ,pio*e di/rict1 ,nevada2 ,silv] ,city di/rict1 ,new ,mexico2 & 9 ,arkansas1 ,georgia1 & ,virg9ia4 ,9 ,canada1 l>ge deposits ( silice\s manganese ores occur 9 ,newf\ndl&1 & sev]al small deposits 9 ,new ,brunswick1 ,alb]ta1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,9 ,co/a ,rica1 manganese occurs 9 f\r di/ricts ne> ,playa ,real1 ,nicoya ,p59sula1 9 ! =m ( oxides t seem to be int]lay]$ ) s$im5t>y rocks4 ,! mo/ productive deposits are own$ by citiz5s ( ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,cuba2 o!rs are own$ entirely by ,cubans4 ,!y 7 fir/ exploit$ 9 #aiaf1 & to ! end ( #aiah _h export$ #ah1jjj tons to ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,cuba1 manganese is m9$ ne> ,santiago & ,bueycito1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ori5te4 ,ne> ,santiago1 manganese oxides occur z l5ticul> or irregul> bodies 9 tuff1 clay1 & lime/one4 ,o!r deposits are report$ 9 ,santa ,cl>a & ,p9al del ,rio prov9ces4 ,! m9es t h be5 ! s\rce ( m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! exports are own$ jo9tly by citiz5s ( ,cuba & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! rema9+ m9es by ,cubans4 ,f #ahhh to #aiaj1 #bff1fba tons 7 export$4 ,9 #aiae1 aft] f\r ye>s ( idl5ess1 ! m9es 7 reop5$1 & imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #aiae to #aiah1 inclusive1 7 #afc1ahi tons4#eb #eb ,production data1 long tons1 unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,9 ,mexico1 manganese ores are f\nd f\r miles nor? ( ,*ihuahua ,city & s\? ( ,palomas1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,*ihuahua4 ,x is assum$ t ! deposits are own$ by native ,mexicans4 ,manganese also occurs ne> ,conception ,bay1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 :]e ! m9es are own$ by native ,mexicans b are "u lease to ,am]icans4 ,f bo? ( ^! di/ricts1 #a1ejj tons 7 produc$ & export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag4 ,9 ! ,republic ( ,panama1 ne> ,nombre de ,dios & ,mad+a1 !re are irregul> l5ses ( manganese oxides 9 decompos$ s$im5t>y b$s4 ,sev5 gr\ps ( deposits 7 exploit$ ne> ,nombre de ,dios4 ,five ( !m 7 exploit$ by ,am]icans1 "o by native own]s1 & "o by ,fr5*4 ,! ,nombre de ,dios deposits yield$ #ej1jjj tons ( ore f #ahga to #aijb1 l>gely dur+ ! la/ six ye>s4 ,! ,mad+a deposits 7 op5$ 9 #aiaf & dur+ #aiaf & #aiag export$ #aa1jjj tons to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,! l>ge/ deposits ( manganese ore 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are 9 ,brazil1 & especially 9 ! important m9+ /ate ( ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,9 ! ,lafayette di/rict 9 ?is /ate1 manganese oxides occur 9 wide l5ticul> bodies1 t seem to h no def9ite arrangem5t or association1 except t mo/ ( !m are b\nd$ by s*i/ or gneiss4 ,! deposits lie 9 a complex ( granite1 gneiss1 & cry/all9e s*i/s2 & ! manganese oxides are probably d]iv$ f manganese-be>+ c>bonate & silicate m9]als4 ,! mo/ productive area1 kn[n z ! ,morro da ,m9a1 #b1ejj feet long by #a1jjj feet wide1 conta9s f\r di/9ct bodies t range f #cbj to #a1cjj feet long & f #dh to #cbj feet wide4 ,"h manganese oxides p]si/ #daj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! area has yield$ ab\t #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ore & ! res]ves are probably betwe5 #g1jjj1jjj & #aj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ! same ,/ate ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 9 ! ,miguel ,burni] & ,ouro ,prieto di/ricts1 manganese oxides are int]lay]$ ) f]rug9\s s$im5t>y rocks ( pre-,cambrian age4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,bahia1 ! ,naz>e? di/rict conta9s bodies ( manganese oxide 9 a ?ick surface zone ( highly wea!r$ s*i/ose rocks4 ,! oxides are probably d]iv$ f l5ses ( manganese g>net 9 s*i/4 ,! l>ge/ deposit yield$ #gj1jjj tons ( ore4 ,manganese deposits are also report$ ne> ,bom ,fim1 9 ! same /ate4 ,o!r deposits ( manganese ore 9 ,brazil are report$ 9 ! /ates ( ,m>anhao & ,matto ,grosso4 ,! kn[n manganese deposits ( ,m9as ,g]aes lie )9 an area ab\t #cj miles squ>e1 ! c5t] ( :i* is ab\t #cjj miles nor? ( ,rio ,janeiro4 ,! ore is readily m9$ f op5 cuts1 b exi/+ transportation & load+ facilities practically limit ! annual exports to #eej1jjj tons4 ,mo/ ( ! important deposits 9 ! ,lafayette-,miguel ,burni] & ,ouro ,prieto di/ricts are own$ by resid5t ,brazilians4 ,9 #aiae a ,g]man company _h work$ a "p ( ! ,morro da ,m9a deposit = six or sev5 ye>s & produc$ a total ( #bjj1jjj tons ( ore4 ,dur+ #aiae a ,belgian company 0 op]at+ ! ,cocuruto m9e ne> ,ouro ,prieto & 0 %ipp+ #b1jjj tons mon?ly4 ,! l>ge/ deposit ( ! ,naz>e? di/rict is own$ by an ,am]ican & ! undevelop$ deposits ne> ,turyassu are own$ by ,norwegians4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/ry 9 #ahid to #aiah1 #d1ffj1jjj tons ( manganese ore 7 export$ f ,brazil4 ,f #aijj to #aiac1 ! annual exports rang$ f #ii1jjj to #bej1jjj tons1 b ) ! elim9ation ( ,russian s\rces 9 #aiad1 exports rose to #ejc1acj tons 9 #aiaf1 #ecb1hee tons 9 #aiag1 & #cic1chh tons 9 #aiah4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 ! export tax on manganese ore 0 advanc$ f #j4he to #c4jj p] metric ton4 ,ev5 be=e ! w> a l>ge "p ( ! ,brazilian exports w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! de/9ation ( ! #aiac exports 0 z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fj p] c5t42 ,g]many1 #ah p] c5t42 ,great ,brita91 #af p] c5t42 ,france1 #f p] c5t4 ,9 ,*ile1 manganese ores occur at ,corral ,quemada1 & ne>by di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate ( ,coquimbo4 ,9 ^! di/ricts1 b$s ( manganese oxides are int]lay]$ ) s&/one1 %ale1 & volcanic fl[s4 ,manganese is also f\nd 9 ! ,c>rizal di/rict 9 ! ,/ate ( ,atacama1 :]e b$s ( manganese oxides are int]b&$ ) %ale & lime/one4 ,f #ahhe1 :5 explorations 7 begun1 to #aije1 ! exports ( manganese ores f ,*ilean ports am\nt$ to #edi1gaf tons1 ! maximum exports = "o ye> be+ #ej1hga tons1 9 #ahib4 ,9 ,uruguay1 deposits ( f]rug9\s manganese ore1 report$ to conta9 #hj1ejj1jjj tons1 occur at ,zapucay1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,riv]a4 ,europe4--,9 ! =m] empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ! pr9cipal manganese di/rict is ne> ,dorna ,vatra1 9 ,buk[9a4 ,"h !re are l5ses ( manganese c>bonate & silicate 9 s*i/s t h wea!r$ to oxides ne> ! surface4 ,! deposits are own$ by ! ,buk[9a ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! av]age annual production f #aijf to #aiab 0 #ac1fjj tons4 ,o!r deposits are report$ 9 ,bohemia1 ,i/ria1 ,/yria1 ,hung>y & ,bosnia4 ,s9ce #aija1 ! production ( ,au/ria-,hung>y has rang$ f #ah1jjj to #be1jjj tons annually4 ,9 ,belgium1 ne> ,*evron1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,lige1 f]rug9\s manganese oxides h =m$ by ! wea!r+ ( manganese & iron c>bonates4 ,s9ce #aija1 ! annual production 9 peace times has rang$ f #b1jjj to #ae1jjj tons4 ,9 ,france1 manganese occurs *iefly ne> ,romane*e1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,saone & ,loire1 :]e sev]al bodies ( manganese oxides lie 9 a fault betwe5 s$im5t>y rocks & granite4 ,! deposit has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahbc1 & ! production 9 #aija 0 #i1ejj tons4 ,o!r ,fr5* deposits h be5 explor$ 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,hautes-,pyr5ees1 ,l',ariege1 ,l',alli]1 ,l',&e1 & ,la ,nievre4 ,! annual production r /eadily decl9$ f #bb1jjj tons 9 #aija to #f1jjj tons 9 #aiac4 ,! own]%ip ( ! ,fr5* manganese deposits seems to be l>gely ,fr5*1 possibly aid$ by "s ,engli% capital4 ,9 ,g]many1 manganese ore ( ! bett] type1 conta9+ ov] #cj p] c5t4 ( ! metal1 occurs 9 ,sa*s5-,go?a1 ,c5tral ,g]many1 9 small ve9s ( manganese & iron c>bonates wea!r$ ne> ! surface to oxides4 ,a simil> grade ( manganese ore occurs 9 small quantities at ,hess5 & ,waldeck1 9 ,rh5i% ,prussia4 ,manganif]\s iron ore1 conta9+ f #ab to #cj p] c5t4 ( manganese1 occurs 9 ,hess5-,nassau1 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 :]e manganese & iron oxides =m irregul> flat l5ses imb$d$ 9 clays d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( und]ly+ ,devonian lime/one4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #aijg to #aiaa1 n9e deposits yield$ #bfb1jjj to #bhc1jjj tons annually4 ,manganif]\s iron ore 7conta9+ less ?an #ab p] c5t4 manganese7 is f\nd at ,sieg]l& & at ,nassau1 ,rh5i% ,prussia4 ,! ve9s are l>ge & conta9 manganif]\s sid]ite2 !y cut ,devonian s$im5ts4 ,^! deposits are l>gely own$ by ! pr9cipal iron works ( ,rh5i% ,prussia4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #aijg to #aiaa1 ! annual production rang$ f #b1bjj1jjj to #b1fjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! pr9cipal deposits are 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,ve9s ( manganese c>bonate & silicate1 z well z int]lay]$ l5ses1 are f\nd4 ,! mat]ial conta9s #bj to #cf p] c5t4 manganese4 ,o!r deposits are record$ 9 ,devon%ire1 ,cornwall1 & ,%rop%ire4 ,! maximum production ( ,great ,brita9 ( ab\t #bc1jjj tons 0 atta9$ 9 #aijf1 :5 two m9es 9 ,nor? ,wales yield$ #ai1cjj tons4 ,manganese occurs 9 ,greece1 9 ! we/]n end ( ! isl& ( ,melos1 :]e nodules & masses ( manganese oxides are dissem9at$ ?r\gh b$s ( tuffs ( ,plioc5e age4 ,! maximum production ( #ae1jjj tons 0 record$ 9 #aijb4 ,! output has s9ce /eadily decl9$ to #eej tons 9 #aiac4 ,manganese also occurs on ! p59sula ( ,kass&ra1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ,european ,turkey4 ,a ve9 explor$ ma9ly = arg5tif]\s gal5a yields manganese oxides f ! surface zone4 ,! maximum production ( #eb1jjj tons 0 atta9$ 9 #aijb1 /eadily decl9+ !reaft] to #ab1jjj tons 9 #aiaj4 ,9 ,italy !re is manganese 9 ,tuscany1 :]e irregul> bodies ( manganese & iron oxides occur 9 ,triassic lime/ones4 ,o!r deposits 9 ,liguria & ,s>d9ia h rec5tly yield$ a little ore4 ,( ! maximum ,italian production ( #ah1adg metric tons 7#ah to #de p] c5t4 manganese7 9 #aiaf1 #ad1jgb metric tons 0 d]iv$ f ! ,tuscany deposits 9 ,tuscany4 ,normally ! annual production has rang$ f #a1fjj to #d1gjj tons4 ,9 ,portugal !re is manganese 9 ,alemtejo4 ,! deposits1 report$ to be l5ses & ve9s 9 ,silurian qu>tzites1 are own$ by a ,portuguese company4 ,russia conta9s ! mo/ important manganese deposits 9 ,europe1 if n 9 ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal m9+ di/rict is ne> ,*iaturi1 9 ! ,kutais ,gov]nm5t1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 9 s\!rn ,russia4 ,lay]s ( oolitic gra9s ( manganese oxides are int]b$d$ ) horizontal s&/one & %ale ( ,l[] ,eoc5e age4 ,)9 a zone t ranges 9 ?ickness f #d4e to #g4e feet & av]ages ab\t #f4e feet1 sev5 di/9ct lay]s ( v pure manganese oxide aggregate ab\t #dj in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ! rema9d] is l[-grade mat]ial & s&4 ,x is e/imat$ t an area ( #abj to #adc squ>e kilomet]s 0 orig9ally und]la9 by ! b$ ( oxides1 b t ab\t half has be5 remov$ by erosion4 ,e/imates ( res]ves range f #bc1jjj1jjj tons to sev]al hundr$ million tons4 ,! m9es are op]at$ 9 a crude1 ineffici5t mann] & sc>cely two-?irds ( ! ore is recov]$4 ,! numb] ( actual produc]s rang$ f #ahc 9 #aijb1 to #cgf 9 #aijf1 b decl9$ to #if dur+ ! political tr\bles 9 #aijh4 ,! ore is sort$ by h& & ! l[-grade mat]ial is wa%$ 9 crude plants4 ,f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( ! export$ mat]ial has be5 conc5trat$ by wa%+4 ,9 #aijb !re 7 #e1jjj concessions1 ( :i* #c1gej 7 own$ by #ad p]sons1 ea* ) #be to #ejj concessions2 ! rema9d] belong$ to #cjj peasants & small m]*ants4 ,by #aiab a produc]s' association _h be5 =m$ to p]mit ! own]s to deal collectively ) ! export]s4 ,l>ge inve/m5ts _h also be5 made by ,g]man capitali/s 9 m9es z well z 9 undevelop$ t]ritory4 ,! ,gels5kir*5 ,gesells*aft1 a ,g]man firm1 _h be5 =m$ p>tly = ! purpose ( m9+ b l>gely to pur*ase & export ore to ,g]many4 ,9 #aiab1 ?is firm1 al?\gh x produc$ only a little ore1 export$ ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! total4 ,g]man gr\ps also e/abli%$ necess>y f9ancial ag5cies to facilitate export ( ore z well z to make loans to m9e op]ators4 ,9 #aiac1 ( #af export+ firms1 only #c 7 ,russian4 ,! output ( ! m9es ( ! ,*iaturi di/rict is haul$ to ,*iaturi 7#a4c to #c4c miles71 load$ on n>r[-gauge c>s = transport to ,%>opan 7#be miles71 & !n reload$ on c>s = %ipm5t to ,poti or ,batum 7#ajg miles71 ! ports ( export4 ,l>ge /ocks rang+ f #a1jcj1jjj tons 9 #aiab1 to #a1ebe1jjj tons 9 #aijh1 are kept at ,*iaturi1 ,poti & ,batum4 ,f #aiaj to #aiab1 ! di/ribution ( exports rang$ z foll[s3 ,holl& 7= ,g]many71 #cj to #dc p] c5t42 ,engl&1 #bb to #bc p] c5t42 ,belgium 7l>gely = ,g]many71 #ae to #ba p] c5t42 ,g]many 7direct71 #e p] c5t42 ,france1 #d to #f p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #d to #aj p] c5t42 ,au/ria1 #d to #aj p] c5t4 ,ab\t #aiac1 an export tax equal to #dj c5ts p] long ton 0 levi$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,x is e/imat$ t f #ahdh to #aiad1 inclusive1 ?is deposit yield$ ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj tons ( wa%$ ore ( m>ketable grade4 ,! maximum production ( #a1cjj1jjj tons 0 atta9$ 9 #aiac4 ,ano!r important manganese m9+ region is ! ,nicopol di/rict1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ekat]9oslav1 nor? ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,9 ?is di/rict a b$ ( manganese oxides lies betwe5 clays & s&/one ( ,oligoc5e age4 ,?is b$ is #a to #e feet ?ick1 av]ag+ ne>ly #c feet4 ,x is e/imat$ to ext5d ov] an area ( #bj squ>e kilomet]s 7#g4e squ>e miles7 & to conta9 #g1djj1jjj tons ( manganese ore4 ,! ore is m9$ & wa%$ 9 a crude way to free x f ! atta*$ clay4 ,! deposits 9 ?is di/rict are probably own$ l>gely by ,russians1 al?\gh ,fr5* capital is int]e/$ 9 "o company & ,g]man capital 9 ano!r4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #aija to #aiaj1 betwe5 #hj & #ij p] c5t4 ( ! production 0 consum$ 9 s\!rn ,russia & ! rema9d] 0 export$4 ,f #ahhf1 :5 ! deposits 7 fir/ exploit$1 ! output rose r /eadily to ! maximum ( #bga1jjj tons 9 #aijg1 !n decl9$ to #agc1jjj tons 9 #aiaj4 ,! total production ( ! di/rict is ab\t #a1hjj1jjj tons4 ,manganese deposits are also kn[n 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,podoli5 & ,t]ek1 & 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,tiflis1 ,erw91 ,elisabetpol1 & ,p]m4 ,! pr9cipal manganese deposits ( ,spa9 are on ! s\? slope ( ,si]ra ,mor5a1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,huelva4 ,v]tical l5ticul> bodies ( manganese c>bonate & silicate ) a little pyrite1 g>net1 & mica occur int]lay]$ ) slate ( ,paleozoic age4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ bodies are kn[n1 _m be+ #ejj feet long & #ajj feet wide1 :]eas ! l>ge/ is #c1cjj feet long & #ccj feet wide4 ,! manganese m9]als are wea!r$ to oxides to an av]age dep? ( #fe feet & a maximum dep? ( #bej feet4 ,f #ahha to #aije1 :5 ! oxide ores 7 ne>ly exhau/$1 ne>ly #gjj1jjj tons _h be5 %ipp$4 ,f #aijf to #aiaj ab\t #abe1jjj tons ( mix$ c>bonate & silicate 0 produc$4 ,manganese is also f\nd 9 ! ,covadonga di/rict1 ,prov9ce ( ,ovi$o1 :]e l>ge b\ld]s ( manganese oxide are f\nd 9 clay result+ f ! wea!r+ ( und]ly+ lime/one4 ,^! deposits yield$ #c1hjj tons 9 #aiae4 ,o!r productive deposits occur 9 ! prov9ces ( ,seville & ,t]uel4 ,deposits are also kn[n 9 ! prov9ces ( ,ciudad ,real1 ,murcia1 & ,alm]ia4 ,9 ,sw$51 !re are manganese ores nor? ( ,philip/ad1 9 ,w]ml&1 :]e tabul> bodies ( manganese oxides are int]lay]$ ) dolomite & magnetite4 ,^! deposits contribut$ #g1fjg tons out ( a total ( #g1gcc tons 9 #aiae1 :i* 0 ! maximum record$ production ( ,sw$54 ,asia4--,9 ,india1 on ! ea/ coa/ 9 ! ,vizagapatam & ,ganjam di/ricts1 ,madras1 is a unique gr\p ( rocks kn[n z ! ,kodurite s]ies1 conta9+ manganese g>net1 manganese pyrox5e1 pota% feldsp>1 apatite1 & qu>tz4 ,^! rocks1 suppos$ to be ( igne\s orig91 h be5 deeply wea!r$ & ! manganese conc5trat$ z oxides 9 ! surface zone4 ,! manganese ore bodies h be5 explor$ only to #ajj feet 9 dep?1 b x is expect$ t !y w ext5d to #ejj feet4 ,! l>ge/ ore body explor$ at ! ,g>bham m9e is #a1fjj feet long & #ajj feet wide1 &1 f #ahif to #aiac1 yield$ #gcf1aib tons ( ore4 ,! ,kodur deposit yield$ #cgj1chb tons ( ore f #ahib to #aiac4 ,production began 9 #ahib1 rea*$ a maximum ( #aaa1eja tons 9 #aijf1 & sl[ly decl9$ to #dd1abg tons 9 #aiac4 ,manganese also occurs 9 ! ,balaghat1 ,bh&>a1 ,*9dw>a1 & ,nagpur di/ricts 9 ! c5tral prov9ces2 ,n>ukot & ,pan* ,mahals di/ricts1 ,bombay2 ,jhabua di/rict1 c5tral ,india2 & ! ,gangpur di/rict 9 ,bih> & ,orissa4 ,^! di/ricts =m a belt t ext5ds f ,b>oda1 on ! we/ coa/1 across nor!rn ,india ne>ly to ,calcutta on ! ea/1 a di/ance ( #gjj miles4 ,9 ^! di/ricts1 b$s ( manganese oxides ) manganese g>net & rhodonite =m a rock type kn[n z gondite1 :i* is int]lay]$ ) qu>tzite & mica s*i/4 ,^! rocks are consid]$ to be s$im5ts ( ! ,dh>w> gr\p 7,ar*ean74 ,! manganese oxides may h be5 laid d[n z s$im5ts1 or may repres5t ! wea!r+ ( ! silicates4 ,! ore bodies are l5ses & lay]s4 ,! l>ge/ s+le deposit1 ,balaghat1 has ! =m ( a %all[ tr\gh1 is #a miles long & #de to #ej feet ?ick1 & yield$ f #aija to #aiac1 #gbe1bdh tons ( ore4 ,9 #aiac1 ?irte5 di/9ct deposits _h yield$ m ?an #ajj1jjj tons ea*1 ! range be+ f #aja1gba to #gbe1bdh tons4 ,f #aija1 :5 ! deposits ( ?is type 7 fir/ exploit$1 ! rate ( production rose /eadily to ! maximum ( #fig1jce tons 9 #aiac4 ,dur+ #aijg1 fifty-two sep>ate deposits contribut$ #eih1dcg tons4 ,:]e rocks ( ,dh>w> age 7,ar*ean71 su* z mica s*i/s1 t d n seem to conta9 ! manganese-be>+ ,gondite s]ies1 are deeply wea!r$1 manganese & manganif]\s iron oxides =m irregul> b locally ext5sive deposits on ! cre/s ( hills4 ,^! deposits are und]la9 by b>r5 clays t repres5t ! residue ( ! und]ly+ rocks4 ,! l>ge/ deposit yield$ #afj1jjj tons ( ore 9 ?ree ye>s1 #aijf to #aijh1 b is probably almo/ exhau/$4 ,! pr9cipal deposits ( ?is class are 9 ! ,s&ur ,hills di/rict1 ,madras2 ! ,%imoga di/rict1 ,mysore2 & ! ,belgaum di/rict1 9 ,bombay2 :i* lie )9 an area less ?an #ajj miles 9 diamet] 9 s\?we/ ,india4 ,f #aije1 :5 deposits ( ?is gr\p 7 fir/ explor$1 ! production increas$ to a maximum ( #aa1cec tons 9 #aiji1!n decl9$ to #fb1ggj tons 9 #aiac4 ,! total yield ( ?is gr\p to ! end ( #aiac 0 only #gfe1dja tons4 ,z reg>ds ! comm]cial control ( ! manganese deposits1 a law rec5tly pass$ =bids ali5s to own m ?an a m9or int]e/ 9 m9]al deposits 9 ,india4 ,previ\s to ?is1 dur+ #aijg1 ! late/ ye> = :i* complete data are available & 9 :i* #hii1jee tons 0 produc$1 ! entire output 0 f m9es own$ by resid5t ,engli% or natives1 except = #ba1ejj tons produc$ by ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,! annual production ( manganese ore 9 ,india rose /eadily f #ahib1 :5 ! fir/ %ipm5ts 7 made1 to #aijg1 :5 #hii1jee tons 0 %ipp$2 & s9ce !n has rang$ f #dej1jjj to #hae1jjj tons4 ,! total production1 up to & includ+ #aiaf1 0 #h1gdh1jjj tons4 ,indian ores are transport$ to ! %ipp+ ports by rail = di/ances rang+ f #ef miles = ! ,vizagapatam di/rict to #ghc miles = ! ,*9dw>a di/rict1 ) ! result t freight *>ges are heavy4 ,! ports ( export 9 ord] ( tonnage h&l$ are1 ,bombay1 ,mormugas1 ,calcutta1 & ,vizagapatam4 ,! de/9ation ( exports 9 #aiac 0 z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #cf p] c5t42 ,belgium 7l>gely to ,g]many71 #bf p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ae p] c5t42 ,france1 #ad p] c5t42 ,g]many1 #b p] c5t42 o!rs1 #g p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,japanese ,empire1 9 ! isl&s ( ,mutsu1 ,e*igo1 ,ugo1 & ,nato1 are irregul> l5ticul> bodies ( r pure manganese oxides t occur m or less p>allel to ! b$d+ ( metamorphos$ ,paleozoic s$im5ts4 ,bel[ wat] level1 ! oxides grade into rhodonite & are probably d]iv$ f ?is m9]al4 ,! ore bodies are n l>ge1 b _m are kn[n & !y are ! s\rce ( a small b regul> production4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ,mutsu1 ,nogo1 ,hokkaido & ,ugo _m irregul> b locally l>ge deposits ( manganese oxides are associat$ ) highly alt]$ volcanic tuffs & fl[s ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,mo/ ( ! deposits 9 ,japan seem to be own$ by natives 9 small hold+s4 ,! maximum production ( #ah1jgf tons is report$ = #aiac1 b s9ce #aijj ! range has usually be5 f #e1jjj to #ae1jjj tons4 ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 manganese occurs on ! isl&s ( ,ilocos ,norte1 ,masbate1 ,bulacan1 ,pangas9an & ,t>loc1 l>gely z ve9lets & b\ld]s ( oxides 9 wea!r$ igne\s rock4 ,on ,ilocos ,norte a maximum production ( #c1jjj tons 0 atta9$ 9 #aiaf4 ,africa4--,on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa 7a ,briti% colony71 ne> ,dagw91 are sev]al deposits ( manganese1 ! l>ge/ be+ #djj feet long & #gj feet wide4 ,! concession is own$ by a ,briti% exploration company4 ,! deposit 0 discov]$ 9 #aiad2 & f ! beg9n+ ( exploration 9 #aiaf up to ,novemb] #g1 #aiag1 #bh1dfe tons _h be5 %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,belgian ,congo1 !re is manganese ore 9 ! valley ( ! ,upp] ,fungwe ,riv]1 & 9 s\!rn ,katanga4 ,! deposits are too remote f ! ocean to ju/ify exploration1 b are report$ to be l>ge4 ,9 ! ,union ( ,s\? ,africa 7,briti%7 sev]al manganese deposits are f\nd along ! sea coa/1 )9 #cj miles ea/ & we/ ( ,capet[n4 ,( ! sev5 kn[n deposits ! l>ge/ is e/imat$ to conta9 #ae1jjj tons4 ,9 ,egypt1 9 ! ,s9ai p59sula1 are l>ge manganif]\s iron deposits z well z small manganese deposits1 b none has be5 exploit$4 ,9 ,tunis1 !re are deposits report$ to conta9 #d1jjj1jjj to #e1jjj1jjj tons ( manganif]\s iron ore1 & also sev]al manganese deposits :i* yield$ #e1hjj metric tons ( manganese ore 9 #aiag4 ,al?\gh ! kn[n deposits ( manganese 9 ,africa are few & relatively unimportant1 ! cont95t (f]s an unusual prospect = ! discov]y ( deposits t w contribute l>gely to ! _w's supply4 ,inasmu* z ! moi/ tropical climate ( l>ge areas favors extraord9>y rock decay & surface conc5tration ( manganese oxides1 exploration w probably %[ ! pres5ce ( _m deposits1 & :]e b$rock geological conditions are favorable1 l>ge bodies may be f\nd4 ,au/ralasia4--,9 ,au/ralia1 !re are deposits ( manganese ore 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 ,que5sl&1 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,victoria4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 deposits ( manganese ore occur 9 ! ,?ames di/rict1 ,auckl&4 ,deposits ( manganese ore are kn[n 9 ,borneo1 at ,m>uda ,bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,annual output ( manganese ore 9 *ief produc+ c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,p]c5tage ( manganese ore produc$ by *ief produc+ c\ntries4 ,x is report$ t l>ge deposits ( high-grade ore h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,java4 ,"s /ati/ics ( ! production ( manganese are %[n graphically 9 figures #e & #f4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,! kn[n manganese res\rces ( ,russia1 ,india1 & ,brazil are s l>ge & readily available = exploitation & m>ket+ t !re is little prospect ( _! be+ displac$ z ! *ief s\rces ( ! _w's supply = _m ye>s4 ,s9ce ! w> began1 9 #aiad1 sev]al important new di/ricts h be5 discov]$ & br\ght to ! produc+ /age1 notably ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 we/]n ,co/a ,rica1 & ,java4 ,al?\gh ! ,javan deposits are report$ to be l>ge & may become an important factor 9 ! _w's trade1 all t is kn[n conc]n+ ! o!r deposits does n hold out mu* hope t !y c compete ) ! e/abli%$ s\rces4 ,!re appe>s to be a fair *ance t ! equatorial belt z well z sev]al o!r p>ts ( ! e>? may yield additional important manganese deposits4 ,! di/ribution ( ! manganese deposits ( ! _w is %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! table ( production = #aiac on page #aje %[s ! "p ( ! total t ea* c\ntry contribut$ & ! kn[n ext5t ( comm]cial control4 ,9 contra/ ) deposits ( sev]al o!r important m9]als1 mo/ ( ! manganese deposits ?r\gh\t ! _w are own$ by natives or resid5ts ( ! respective c\ntries 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,g]man companies h acquir$ tracts 9 ! ,*iaturi & ,nicopol di/ricts1 ,russia1 & ,queluz 7,lafayette7 di/rict1 ,brazil4 ,x appe>s t al?\gh "o ( ^! companies produces a little ore1 ! ma9 purpose 0 to /abilize an unorganiz$ indu/ry by f9ancial assi/ance4 ,9 ,india x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? companies compos$ ( resid5t ,engli% & native ,indians :i* 7 =m$ to exploit m9es = pr(it & ^? compos$ ( abs5tee ,engli% :o desire to secure a supply ( ore = ,engli% or o!r consumption4 ,!re seems to be no ,engli% capital 9 ,brazil or ,russia4 ,"o ,fr5* company own$ two %ipp+ m9es 9 ,india 9 #aijg1 b !re is no record ( op]ations 9 #aiac4 ,fr5* capital is int]e/$ 9 sev]al companies busy 9 ! ,nicopol di/rict1 ,russia4 ,a ,belgian company op]ates "o m9e 9 ! ,queluz di/rict1 ,brazil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal manganese deposits ( ! _w4 ,by ,d4 ,f4 ,hewett4 ,,table #bd4--,,production ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,manganese ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,man- ,p] ganese c5t4 cont5t( total 7p] pro- ,comm]cial control ,c\ntry ,long tonsc5t47 duction 7e/imat$ p] c5t47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,nor? ,am]ica ,unit$ ,/ates #d1jdh #dj #j4af ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajj ,s\? ,am]ica ,brazil1 #hj ,brazil #abj1cfh #ch-dh #e4aj ,belgium1 #e ,g]many1 #ae ,europe ,au/ria-,hung>y #cd1ihf 8 #a4e ,au/ria-,hung>y1 #ajj ,bosnia- ,h]zegov9a #e1gji 8 #j4b 8 ,france #g1faj #cj #j4c ,france1 #ajj ,g]many #gdh #cj #j4jc ,g]many1 #ajj ,italy #a1eif #ah-de #j4jg ,italy1 #ajj ,russia1 #fe ,russia #a1bhi1cgj #da-dh #ee4d ,g]many1 #cj ,france1 #e ,spa9 #ba1bed #bi #j4i 8 ,sw$5 #c1ich 8 #j4ae 8 ,unit$ ,k+dom #e1cic #cj #j4ba ,engl&1 #ajj ,asia ,india #hae1jdg #db-ed #ce4j ,engli% & native1 #ij ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aj ,japan #ah1eaf 8 #j4h ,japan1 #ajj ,oceania ,au/ralia #bg 8 --------- ,total #b1cbh1aaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 owns & works sev]al deposits 9 ,india4 ,al?\gh ,am]icans own deposits 9 ! ,naz>e? di/rict1 ,brazil1 9 ,panama1 & ,co/a ,rica1 & "s ( ^? ( ,cuba1 !re is no record ( ,am]ican own]%ip ( any ( ! mo/ important deposits ( ,brazil1 nor ( any 9 ,russia4 ,f #aijb to #aiad1 ab\t half ! f]romanganese us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made 9 ?is c\ntry f =eign ore & half 0 import$ f ,engl&1 :]e x 0 made f import$ ore4 ,?is t5d5cy arises out ( ! limitations ( bla/-furnace smelt+ ( ! alloy & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! co/ ( labor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,engl&1 b does n repres5t def9ite control1 = f]romanganese may be made 9 any mod]n bla/ furnace us$ to make pig iron4 ,9 ord] to smelt ) maximum effici5cy 9 mak+ f]romanganese1 h[ev]1 a bla/ furnace %\ld run cont9u\sly = long p]iods1 & !re=e make #bj1jjj to #ce1jjj tons ( alloy annually4 ,al?\gh x is possible to pass )\t int]ruption f mak+ f]romanganese to spiegeleis5 & !n to pig iron1 ! *ange causes losses4 ,small /eel works 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re=e f9d x m advantage\s to pur*ase import$ f]romanganese ?an to make :at !y ne$4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,important ,,nations ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,manganese ,,supplies ,unit$ ,/ates4--,al?\gh f #ahhe to #ahij1 deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suppli$ half or m ( ! ne$$ high-grade manganese ore1 f #ahij to #aiaf ! dome/ic production r /eadily decl9$ to a negligible m9imum1 :ile imports ( =eign ore & f]romanganese /eadily rose 9 accord ) ! rate ( total /eel production4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! p]iod end+ ab\t #aijh1 :5 ! rate ( manufacture ( /eel by ! ,bessem] process 79 :i* spiegeleis5 is l>gely us$7 exce$$ t by ! op5-he>? process1 ! annual dome/ic contribution ( spiegeleis5 l>gely made f dome/ic ores greatly exce$$ ! imports4 ,9 advance1 !re=e1 ( ! exploitation ( ! l>ge deposits ( l[-grade ores ( ,m9nesota1 :i* h be5 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! production s9ce #aiaf1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates demon/rat$ indep5d5ce ( =eign supplies ( l[-grade ore & alloys4 ,! exp]i5ce & in=mation ga9$ dur+ ! w>1 l>gely dur+ #aiah1 %[ conclusively1 fir/1 ) respect to metallurgy1 t #bj to #cj p] c5t4 spiegeleis51 z well z #fj to #gj p] c5t4 f]romanganese1 in/ead ( #hj p] c5t41 may be us$ to make satisfactory grades ( op5-he>? /eel )\t appreciably sacrific+ rate ( production or quality ( product2 & second1 ) respect to ore production1 t kn[n dome/ic deposits c supply = at lea/ five & probably t5 or m ye>s1 mu* m l[-grade ore ?an is ne$$ to make spiegeleis51 & = at lea/ five ye>s & possibly t5 ye>s1 ab\t "o-?ird ! high-grade ore ne$$ = ! manufacture ( alloy ) #fj to #hj p] c5t4 manganese4 ,! read] %\ld note1 h[ev]1 t capacity ( m9es to meet dem& is 9 l>ge measure det]m9$ by ! prices (f]$ = ! product1 :i* dur+ #aiah 7 ab\t five times ^? prevail+ be=e ! w>4 ,beyond d\bt1 at pre-w> prices1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c n supply m ?an sev]al p] c5t4 ( ! high-grade ore ne$$ to make f]romanganese4 ,citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n %[n great int]e/ 9 pur*as+ =eign deposits ( manganese ore4 ,) ,cubans1 !y h controll$ ! m9es yield+ a l>ge "p ( ! ,cuban output1 & ab\t #aijg "o company1 ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 pur*as$ sev]al deposits 9 ,india4 ,t company1 h[ev]1 seems to pur*ase ore1 9 addition to ! output ( its m9es4 ,n until #aiag did ,am]icans ent] ! ,brazilian fields2 !n ! l>ge/ deposits ( ! relatively unimportant ,bahia di/rict 7 pur*as$ by a ,philadelphia gr\p4 ,engl&4--,be=e ! w>1 ,engl& receiv$ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( h] manganese ore f ,india1 #dj p] c5t4 f ,russia1 #c p] c5t4 f ,brazil1 & small quantities f ,spa9 & ,portuguese ,india4 ,"s l[-grade ore also came f ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 & ,greece4 ,dome/ic production 0 sc>cely #a p] c5t4 ( imports4 ,exports ( f]romanganese1 l>gely to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 h be5 equival5t to #ce to #de p] c5t4 ( ! total imports ( ore4 ,two effects ( ! w> 7 to elim9ate ,russia z a s\rce ( ore1 ! deficit be+ made up f ,india1 & greatly to curtail exports ( f]romanganese4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many1 ,great ,brita9 does n seem to conta9 deposits ( l[-grade ores capable ( supplem5t+ ! ne$s ( high-grade ore4 ,engl& controls fully #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ,indian output1 probably ?r\gh own]%ip by resid5t ,engli% & native ,indians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,engl& seems to h no control1 direct or indirect1 ( ! output ( ,brazil1 ,russia1 or ( o!r important contributions to supplies4 ,france4--,( ! ne$$ manganese ore1 ,france imports f #ce to #de p] c5t4 f ,india1 #dj to #ee p] c5t4 f ,russia1 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 f ,spa91 & sev]al p] c5t4 f ,brazil1 & produces ab\t #b p] c5t4 ,! dome/ic mat]ial1 h[ev]1 conta9s #cj p] c5t4 or less manganese4 ,9 addition1 ,france imports1 z well z exports1 a little f]romanganese f "t to "t4 ,s f> z available data indicate1 ! ,fr5* h made practically no =eign inve/m5ts 9 manganese deposits1 except 9 ! ,nicopol di/rict1 ,russia4 ,a company ) a ,fr5* "n m9$ ab\t #a1cjj tons 9 ,india 9 #aijg1 out ( a total ( #hii1jee long tons4 ,g]many4--,g]many's position ) respect to manganese is v simil> to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= f\r ye>s prior to #aiad1 ,g]many import$ #dh to #fh p] c5t4 ( ! total receipts f ,russia1 #be to #ce f ,india1 #c to #g f ,brazil1 & small quantities f ,spa91 ,greece1 & ,sw$54 ,dome/ic production ( ore ) m ?an #cj p] c5t4 manganese is negligible4 ,g]many probably exports small quantities ( f]romanganese to ,sw$5 & o!r ,european c\ntries1 & f "t to "t has export$ alloy to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 ,g]many possesses ext5sive deposits ( f]rug9\s manganese ore ) #ab to #cj p] c5t4 manganese2 & f #aijh to #aiac1 produc$ #bfj1jjj to #ccj1jjj metric tons ( su* mat]ial1 z well z #b1cjj1jjj to #c1jjj1jjj tons ) #e to #g p] c5t4 manganese4 ,!re c be little d\bt t al?\gh ,g]many1 ?r\gh accumulat$ /ocks ( manganese ore & seizures 9 ,belgium1 possess$ 9 #aiad at lea/ two ye>s' supply1 %e 0 able to ma9ta9 a fairly con/ant rate ( /eel production = f\r ye>s by adapt+ processes to economize high-grade ore & use l[-grade4 ,g]mans appe> to h pur*as$ manganese deposits 9 ,russia & ,brazil only1 & ^! h yield$ only a small "p ( ! annual imports4 ,9 ! ,*iaturi di/rict ( ,russia1 h[ev]1 :]e mo/ ( ! deposits are own$ by natives1 a ,g]man company1 ,gels5kir*5 ,gesells*aft1 report$ to be a subsidi>y ( ! ,krupp company1 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #aiaj1 to pur*ase prop]ty z well z trade ) & (f] f9ancial assi/ance to ! produc]s4 ,x is report$ t ?is company alone export$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! output ( ! di/rict4 ,g]mans are report$ to own a "p ( "o ( sev]al companies op]at+ 9 ! ,nicopol di/rict1 ,russia4 ,,summ>y ,a review ( ! manganese ore indu/ry1 includ+ features ( ! deposits1 _! geographic di/ribution & own]%ip1 indicates sev]al def9ite conclusions3 #a4 ,! surface outcrops ( mo/ manganese deposits give reliable in=mation conc]n+ ! size & grade ( ! deposits1 & ! mo/ desirable ore occurs 9 a surface zone sc>cely #ajj feet deep4 #b4 ,except 9 ,russia & ,spa91 ! mo/ productive m9es are op5-cuts1 & m9+ is quickly & easily accompli%$ at m9imum exp5se4 ,ext5sive op]ations 9 advance ( production are r>ely necess>y4 #c4 ,! c\ntries t possess ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ deposits h an abundant & *eap labor supply4 #d4 ,! productive capacity ( ! kn[n deposits s mu* exce$s ! _w's dem& = ore = /eel mak+1 t if any s+le s\rce is tempor>ily elim9at$1 ! dem& c be :olly met by ! rema9+ s\rces at prices t are only slightly high] ?an ^? previ\sly prevail+4 #e4 ,! value ( ! mat]ial at ! s\rces ( production is relatively l[ among raw m9]als1 & ranges f "o-?ird to "o-eigh? ( ! sell+ price at ! po9ts ( consumption4 ,x is evid5t t ! co/ ( transportation repres5ts a l>ge "p ( ! f9al price4 #f4 ,! work+ ( mo/ deposits yields s little pr(it1 & !re=e is s haz>d\s1 t only a few =eign]s own deposits 9 ! *ief produc+ c\ntries4 #g4 ,! only case ( comm]cial control1 t ( ! ,*iaturi di/rict1 ,russia1 by ,g]mans1 :o (f] ! natural m>ket1 seems to h be5 e/abli%$ to c\nt]act local political disord]s r ?an to elim9ate competitive consum]s4 #h4 ,no nation t contributes l>gely to ! _w's /eel production1 except ,russia1 possesses dome/ic deposits ( manganese ore suffici5t to meet its ne$s1 & all mu/ import ore f r remote s\rces4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many1 h[ev]1 possess dome/ic deposits ( f]rug9\s manganese ore t "u great /ress w\ld probably p]mit indep5d5ce ( =eign s\rces4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*romium ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,h>d] ,,uses ,,( ,,*romium ,*romite is ! pr9cipal ore f :i* metallic *romium & *romium products are obta9$4 ,! !oretical composition ( *romite is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,fe,o ,cr,o1 :i* repres5ts #cb p] c5t4 f]r\s oxide & #fh p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,9 _m ores1 h[ev]1 ! f]r\s oxide is p>tly replac$ by magnesia1 up to #cj p] c5t41 & ! *romic oxide by alum9a & f]ric oxide1 up to #bj p] c5t4 ,?us ! composition ( *romite v>ies consid]ably4 ,! p]c5tage ( *romic oxide may be z l[ z #aj p] c5t42 t ( f]r\s oxide may range f #aj to #ej p] c5t4 ,o!r common m9]als ( *romium are picotite 7*rome sp9el71 uv>ovite 7*rome g>net71 *rome diopside & crocoite 7lead *romate74 ,*rome ore is consum$ ma9ly 9 ! manufacture ( special /eels & 9 tann+ lea!r4 ,! special /eels comprise *rome /eel1 *rome-nickel /eel1 *rome-tung/5 /eel1 & *rome-vanadium /eel4 ,metallic *romium is add$ to su* /eel 9 ! =m ( f]ro*rome1 an alloy ( *romium & iron conta9+ #fj to #gj p] c5t4 metallic *romium4 ,*rome /eel is t\gh & h>d to break4 ,x h>d5s rapidly & has a f9e gra9 & a fibr\s fracture2 x does n break readily ^u concussion & because ( its h>dness is difficult or impossible to cut ) ord9>y ma*9e tools4 ,metallic *romium is pres5t 9 p]c5tages v>y+ f #a to #e p] c5t4 ,special /eels conta9+ *romium are us$ = guns1 armor plate1 armor-pi]c+ projectiles1 automobile p>ts1 ma*9e tools1 b>s = prisons1 burgl>-pro( safes1 %oes1 cutl]y1 cru%] jaws1 /ampmills1 spr+s & = o!r articles 9 :i* h>dness & t\ghness are necess>y4 ,dur+ ! w>1 :5 a consid]able %ortage ( *romite ?reat5$1 less *romium 0 us$ 9 *rome /eels1 & c]ta9 o!r h>d5+ mat]ials 7 us$ 9 its place4 ,! results are said to h be5 unsatisfactory1 h[ev]4 ,f]ro*rome us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *rome /eels is produc$ 9 ! electric furnace by smelt+ a mixture1 9 prop] proportions1 ( *romite1 coal or coke1 lime1 & fluorsp> or silica4 ,mu* *rome ore is us$ 9 ! /eel indu/ry = refractory mat]ials 9 l9+ op5-he>? furnaces4 ,"s ( ! ore ?us us$ is fir/ manufactur$ into *rome brick & "s is utiliz$ 9 ! crude =m4 ,*rome brick is us$ 9 op5-he>? furnaces z a l9+ along ! slag l9e betwe5 ! magnesite bottom ( ! furnace & ! silica-brick sides & ro(4 ,*rome brick is us$ also to cov] ! ports ( gas-fir$ furnaces4 ,x is desirable = ^! purposes on acc\nt ( its neutral reaction1 :i* r$uces ! we> due to corrosion4 ,lump or cru%$ *romite is us$ = pat*+ ! bottoms ( op5-he>? furnaces1 p>ticul>ly ! toe or apex ( ! bottom1 ! ore be+ ei!r hamm]$ 9 place z lump or cru%$ & mix$ ) a little wat] or t> & clay & !n tamp$ into place4 ,! use ( lump *rome 9 repair+ su* furnaces is desirable on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! furnaces c be repair$ & on acc\nt ( ! great] we> t *romite w /&4 ,! am\nt ( *romite us$ = ?is purpose ranges f #b p\nds to #aj p\nds p] ton ( /eel manufactur$4 ,magnesite has be5 us$ to replace *romite = repair+ furnaces1 b has be5 f\nd to be m exp5sive & to /& less we>4 ,*rome brick is us$ 9 a m9or way 9 electric furnaces = manufactur+ /eel1 9 a belt along ! slag l9e & 9 ! area ar\nd ! p\r+ lips4 ,x is also be+ us$ 9 furnaces manufactur+ /eel by ! duplex process4 ,*rome brick1 besides be+ us$ 9 /eel-mak+ furnaces1 is us$ 9 l9+ furnaces = mak+ copp]1 nickel1 & o!r metals4 ,9 ^! furnaces x is us$ 9 ! bottoms & ar\nd ! tap holes4 ,magnesite brick1 z well z bauxite brick1 h be5 us$ to replace *romite brick = ?is purpose4 ,*romium *emicals us$ = tann+ are ma9ly sodium or potassium bi*romates4 ,ab\t half ( ! bi*romates produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is commonly us$ = tann+1 ! rema9d] be+ us$ = pa9ts1 pigm5ts1 dry colors1 & dyes 9 ! pa9t1 pr9t+ & engrav+1 & textile indu/ries4 ,*rome yell[1 *rome orange1 & *rome black are us$ 9 calico pr9t+ & dye+4 ,*romic oxide1 or *rome gre51 is an indelible pigm5t employ$ 9 pr9t+ banknotes4 ,v>i\s o!r *rome colors are us$ = pa9ts & pigm5ts z well z 9 ! c]amic arts4 ,! m9or uses ( *rome *emicals are _m4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,*romite ?r\gh\t ! _w is associat$ ) basic igne\s rocks1 su* z p]idotite or pyrox5ite1 or ) ! alt]ation products ( ^! rocks1 su* z s]p5t9e1 talc s*i/1 & relat$ rocks4 ,*romite deposits are g5]ally 9 ! =m ( l5ses1 pods1 or irregul> masses t may occur s+ly or may be associat$ 9 gr\ps4 ,besides be+ f\nd z l>ge bodies1 *romite occurs z a m9or con/itu5t ( ^! rocks1 be+ widely dissem9at$ ?r\gh !m z small specks & p>ticles4 ,*romite t =ms workable deposits is believ$ to h be5 sep>at$ out ( ! molt5 mass ( basic igne\s rock by segregation & to h =m$ sep>ate bodies )9 ! rock mass dur+ ! cool+4 ,mo/ *romite deposits are f\nd along ! bord]s ( intrusive masses n f> f ! contact ( old] rocks into :i* !y are intrud$4 ,?is is probably due to ! =mation ( p]iph]al fractures dur+ ! cool+ ( ! igne\s mass1 *romite be+ =c$ up into ^! op5+s4 ,! action ( convection-curr5ts 9 ! molt5 magma may also h result$ 9 localiz+ *romite bodies ne> ! bord]s ( ! mass4 ,h[ev]1 bodies ( *romite are q abundant 9 o!r p>ts ( ! igne\s masses z well1 (t5 be+ f\nd at long di/ances f bord]+ rocks4 ,by wea!r+ ( *romite-be>+ igne\s rock1 *romite bodies are fre$ & occur z loose masses 9 resultant residual clays4 ,su* bodies 9 clay are ( comm]cial importance 9 _m places4 ,! break+ d[n ( *romite-be>+ rocks results 9 sett+ free dissem9at$ specks & p>ticles ( *romite1 & ^! may be transport$ & lat] deposit$ along /reams fl[+ out ( *romite-be>+ areas4 ,9 ?is mann] accumulations ( *romite s&s are =m$4 ,besides *romite1 ^! s&s usually conta9 consid]able quantities ( o!r heavy m9]als su* z magnetite1 ilm5ite1 g>net1 & rutile1 & ! *romite 9 !m is g5]ally n available comm]cially4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! _w's *romite supply has be5 obta9$ ma9ly f ! foll[+ s\rces1 nam$ r\ghly 9 ord] ( _! importance3 ,new ,cal$onia2 s\!rn ,rhodesia2 we/]n & s\!rn ,asia ,m9or2 ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ,russia2 ea/]n ,greece1 adjac5t isl&s1 ,mac$onia1 & ,s]bia2 ,balu*i/an & ,mysore1 ,india2 ,quebec1 ,canada2 ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/ /ates1 ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,/ate ( ,bahia1 ,brazil2 ,ori5te1 ,cuba2 ,japan2 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a2 ,au/ria-,hung>y2 & ,guatemala4 ,! geographic di/ribution ( ! m important deposits ( *romite is %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,o!r c\ntries 9 :i* deposits ( *romite are kn[n b 9 :i* little or no ore has be5 produc$ are3 ,%etl& ,isl&s1 ,scotl&2 ,norway2 ,sw$52 ,silesia2 ,portugal2 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,au/ralia2 ,new ,zeal&2 ,transvaal2 ,togol&2 & ,newf\ndl&4 ,table #be %[s ! output ( *romite 9 ! *ief produc+ c\ntries f #aije to #aiag4 ,au/ralasia4--,important quantities ( *romite occur on ! isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 & 9 small] am\nts 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,tasmania4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! *romite deposits ( ! _w4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,h>d]4 ,,table #be4--,,_w',s ,,*romite ,,production #aije-aiag ,,9 ,,long ,,tons#ec ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aijeed #aijf #aijg #aijh #aiji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bb #ajg #bij #cei #eih ,canada#ee #g1feg #h1jfh #f1dbe #f1dea #b1bje ,cuba#eg 444 444 444 444 444 ,guatemala#eg 444 444 444 444 444 ,brazil#eg ,great ,brita9 7,%etl& ,isl&s7 444 444 444 444 444 ,norway 444 444 #ajeef 444 444 ,sw$5 444 444 444 444 444 ,au/ria-,hung>y 7,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a7 #ahc #cae #cje #dib #cbg ,greece#fj #h1gei #aa1cdhaa1ede #d1bha #i1ddh ,s]bia#fa 444 444 444 444 444 ,russia #bf1fbj #af1gjhbe1idj #aj1ggg #ba1heg ,turkey#fb 7ma9ly ,asia ,m9or7 444 #bc1djdba1aaa #bh1cid #aa1cfd ,rhodesia 444 #c1bef #h1jag #aa1ibg #bb1hge ,india #b1gjh #d1cge #g1bgd #d1gde #i1bej ,japan 444 444 444 444 444 ,new ,s\? ,wales #eb #ae #cj 444 444 ,new ,cal$onia #ge1gag #hb1iajef1dfaefbd1igjefci1cfh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bje #abj #bja #bee ,canada#ee #bfg #adj 444 444 ,cuba#eg 444 444 444 444 ,guatemala#eg 444 444 444 444 ,brazil#eg ,great ,brita9 7,%etl& ,isl&s7 444 444 444 444 ,norway 444 444 #aacef 444 ,sw$5 #ca ,au/ria-,hung>y 7,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a7 #cae #bdf #aig #cjjef ,greece#fj #i1caa #d1edb #f1bji #f1bdbef ,s]bia#fa 444 444 444 444 ,russia #ad1aeg #a1bahefbj1icd #ba1dja ,turkey#fb 7ma9ly ,asia ,m9or7 #eiaa1iic #af1hbcfc #ei ,rhodesia #ci1bhgdf1gec #fa1hdj #fb1cfe ,india #a1gcg #c1hjd #b1hij #e1ehjef ,japan #b1jia #a1ejj #a1eia #ei ,new ,s\? ,wales 444 #adh #bc ,new ,cal$onia #ci1cfhcd1ddg #da1cbe #fb1ceb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #eia #c1bha #dg1jce #dc1gbe ,canada#ee #aba #aa1jjh #bd1ede #cb1degef ,cuba#eg 444 444 #cd #ageh ,guatemala#eg 444 444 444 #agieh ,brazil#eg ,great ,brita9 7,%etl& ,isl&s7 #ajj ,norway #hjef #cddef ,sw$5 ,au/ria-,hung>y 7,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a7 #dgdef #ei #ei ,greece#fj #f1idgefaj1beeef #i1gbdef #ei ,s]bia#fa 444 #ei #ei #ei ,russia #ei #ei #ei #ei ,turkey#fb 7ma9ly ,asia ,m9or7 #ei #ei #ei #ei ,rhodesia #dh1bce #fj1fagefgi1cejef #ei ,india #e1hhgef #c1gfhefbj1afjef #ei ,japan #b1jgeef #b1icbef #h1adief #ei ,new ,s\? ,wales ,new ,cal$onia #da1ccfeffe1idaefgd1aaefdda1bcjef ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ec ,figures n o!rwise cr$it$ 7 obta9$ f 8,m9]al ,res\rces ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiad0 & subsequ5t ye>s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 7figures orig9ally obta9$ ma9ly f ! ,briti% /ati/ical publication1 ,m9es & ,qu>ries3 ,g5]al report ) /ati/ics1 pt4 #d1 ,london74 #ed ,figures = #aije tak5 direct f ,m9es & ,qu>ries1 #aije & #aijf4 #ee ,m9]al production ( ,canada1 #aiaf1 ,canada ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 ,m9es ,bran*4 #ef ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiag4 #eg ,exports f ,cuba1 ,guatemala1 & ,brazil 9 #aiah 7 respectively #h1hbj tons1 #a1aic tons1 & #ag1hed tons4 #eh ,exports4 #ei ,n available4 #fj ,production f ! ,saloniki di/rict includ$ "u ,turkey previ\s to #aiad4 #fa ,pres5t ,s]bian deposits 9 ,turki% doma9 be=e ! w>4 #fb ,exports f ,turkey = fiscal ye>s beg9n+ ) ,m>*4 #fc ,m9es & ,qu>ries reports production ( ,turkey 9 #aiab z #ade tons4 #fd ,/ateman's ,ye> ,book1 #aiah1 ,london4 ,s]p5t9e1 9 masses intrud+ metamorphic rocks & s$im5ts rang+ 9 age f ,ar*ean to ,mesozoic1 is abundant ?r\gh\t ! isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia1 & *romite inv>iably is associat$ ) x z a m9or con/itu5t4 ,locally1 l>ge masses ( fairly pure *romite are f\nd1 g5]ally z l5ticul> bodies 9 ! s]p5t9e1 b locally z irregul> masses 9 residual clay d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! s]p5t9e4 ,*romite deposits ( ?ree types are kn[n 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 z foll[s3 ,rock *rome1 consi/+ ( solid ore bodies 9 s]p5t9e2 residual *romite1 z irregul> bodies or scatt]$ masses1 frequ5tly dis9tegrat$1 9 r$ residual clay d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( ! s]p5t9e2 & *rome s& & gravel 9 surface wa% & /ream deposits4 ,ores ( ! fir/ two classes are bo? important comm]cially 9 ,new ,cal$onia & are bo? pres5t 9 mo/ m9es4 ,ores ( ! la/ nam$ class are n work$4 ,( ^! ,new ,cal$onian deposits1 t ( ,mt4 d',or1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl&1 0 ! fir/ to be discov]$ & work$1 be+ f\nd by ,g>ni] 9 #ahff4 ,lat] ! deposits ( ,ngo ,bay & o!rs fur!r s\? 7 exploit$4 ,production & exportation ( ,new ,cal$onian *romite began 9 ! e>ly #hj's & cont9u$ 9 a m9or way until #aijb1 ! production com+ ma9ly f ,mt4 d',or & ! ,ngo ,bay deposits4 ,9 #aijb1 ,l4 ,b]nheim =m$ ! ,socit le ,*rome1 9 :i* ,fr5* capital 0 l>gely int]e/$4 ,?is company op]at$ m9es 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,x develop$ ! ,tiebaghi deposits ne> ! port ( ,pag\m5e1 n[ among ! mo/ important 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! exportation ( *romite soon increas$1 & gradually ,new ,cal$onian ore replac$ ,turki% ore 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london1 0 =m$ & acquir$ f ! ,socit le ,*rome ! ,tiebaghi & o!r m9es4 ,at ! same "t x acquir$ ! "r f ! ,rhodesia ,*rome ,m9es ,co41 ,limit$1 to m>ket ! ,rhodesian ore1 ?us secur+ practically a monopoly ( ! _w's *romite trade4 ,! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 is controll$ by ,fr5* & ,engli% int]e/s4 ,*alas ,sons1 ,f9sbury ,pavem5t ,h\se1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c1 are ! l>ge/ /ockhold]s4 ,!re 7 =m]ly ,g]man /ockhold]s4 ,l4 ,b]nheim does n seem to be associat$ ) ! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 b x is said t he /ill owns *romite deposits 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,besides ! op]ations ( ! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 !re are a numb] ( indep5d5t op]ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,^! are ma9ly "u ! control ( inhabitants ( ! isl&4 ,africa4--,! important *romite deposits ( s\!rn ,rhodesia are ne> ! t[n ( ,selukwe1 :i* is connect$ by railroad ) ! %ipp+ port ( ,beira4 ,!y occur scatt]$ ?r\gh an area ( s*i/ & s]p5t9e4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty *romite bodies h be5 mapp$ out1 b ! only ones t h be5 develop$ are t5 closely gr\p$ l>ge bodies at ,*rome ,m9e nor?we/ ( ,selukwe4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ bodies is #ahj feet wide & #bdj feet long4 ,! ores are high grade1 av]ag+ betwe5 #dh & #ea p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,rec5tly consid]able publicity has be5 giv5 to ! discov]y ( :at are report$ to be among ! l>ge/ deposits ( high-grade *romite 9 ! _w 9 ! ,umvukwe ,hills 9 ! ,lomagundi di/rict #cj miles f ,banket ,junction1 s\!rn ,rhodesia4 ,! ore is said to occur ov] a l>ge area 9 bodies 9 s]p5t9e4 ,m ?an two million tons is report$ to h be5 uncov]$4 ,! deposits 7 discov]$ by ,alb]t ,peake1 ( ,umvukwe ,ran*1 & are own$ by ,peake ,bro!rs1 :o are said to h (f]$ !m to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t on special t]ms4 ,*romite 0 m9$ 9 ,rhodesia = ! fir/ "t 9 #aije1 ! ore com+ f claims ne> ,selukwe held by ! ,be*uanal& ,exploration ,company1 ,ltd4 ,production /eadily increas$1 sl[ly at fir/ b m rapidly aft] #aiaj1 :5 ! ,selukwe m9es 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,rhodesia ,*rome ,m9es1 ,ltd4 ,9 #aiaj ! /ak+ ( *romite claims 9 ! ,h>tley di/rict 0 report$ & 9 #aiaa *romite 0 discov]$ at ,victoria4 ,%ipm5ts f ,selukwe /opp$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 b began 9 ,decemb] & increas$ dur+ #aiae & #aiaf4 ,9 #aiag ! discov]y ( ! l>ge & valuable deposits ( *romite 9 ! ,lomagundi di/rict 7already m5tion$7 0 report$4 ,previ\s to #aiaf ! entire production ( ,rhodesian *romite came f ! ,selukwe m9es ( ! ,rhodesia ,*rome ,m9es1 ,ltd4 ,9 #aiag1 h[ev]1 ano!r company1 ! ,rhodesia ,metals ,syndicate1 ,ltd41 ent]$ ! field & is produc+ important am\nts ( ore4 ,asia4--,be=e ,turkey lo/ mo/ ( h] ,european possessions aft] ! ,balkan w>s1 ! *romite deposits ( ! ,koss[o1 ,uskub1 & ,mona/ir di/rict ( ,s]bia & ! ,saloniki di/rict ( ,greece 7 )9 h] bord]s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 only ! deposits ( ,asia ,m9or rema9 to h]4 ,*romite deposits are widely scatt]$ ?r\gh _m p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or & are said to be numb]$ by ! hundr$s4 ,! mo/ important deposits are gr\p$ into ?ree di/ricts3 ,9 ! regions ( ,brussa & ,kutahia s\? ( ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 :]e ! important ,dagh>di deposits are f\nd2 ne> ,macri1 ,d5islu & ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,adalia 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! p59sula1 z well z on ! neighbor+ ,isl& ( ,rhodes2 & ne> ,m]s9a1 ,adana1 ,aleppo1 & else:]e 9 ! region ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,alex&retta nor!a/ ( ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,small] deposits are report$ 9 ! vilayets ( ,angora & ,ka/amuni 9 ! nor? c5tral "p ( ,asia ,m9or & ne> ,beirut & ,damascus 9 ,syria4 ,all ! ore bodies are f\nd 9 m or less s*i/ose & decompos$ s]p5t9e 9 gr\ps ( l5slike or irregul> bodies4 ,! *romite m9es ( ,asia ,m9or h produc$ important quantities ( ore4 ,f ab\t #ahgj1 :5 ,turkey began to supplant ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ! _w's pr9cipal produc] ( *romite1 to ne> #aijj1 ,asia ,m9or furni%$ ! bulk ( ! *romite = ! _w's consumption4 ,mo/ ( ! ore m9$ has come f ! m9es 9 ! ,brussa region on ! s\? & s\?we/ slopes ( ! ,mysian ,olympus & f ! m9es ( ! ,macri region4 ,! ,brussa & ,kutahia deposits are said to h produc$ an av]age ( ab\t #bj1jjj tons annually = _m ye>s1 ( :i* ! ,dagh>di m9e is said to h furni%$ ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s4 ,?is deposit consi/s ( high-grade ore av]ag+ #ea to #ee p] c5t4 *romic oxide & has be5 e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( ore4 ,probably ?is is some:at an exagg]ation1 al?\gh d\btless ! deposit is l>ge & important4 ,! *romite m9es 9 ! ,macri region h furni%$ a consid]able "p ( ! output ( ,asia ,m9or1 b mu* ( ! ore m9$ 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 ( l[ grade1 runn+ z l[ z #dj p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,! *romite ne> ,d5islu & t ne> ! ,gulf ( ,adalia1 on ! o!r h&1 is said to be v ri*1 "s deposits conta9+ ore av]ag+ z high z #ef p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,mo/ ( ! *romite m9es ( ,asia ,m9or are probably n[ "u ! control ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 hav+ rev]t$ back t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago :5 increas+ competition ( ,new ,cal$onia *romite 9 =eign m>kets result$ 9 ! %utt+ d[n ( _m ( ! m9es4 ,! taxes on bo? work$ & undevelop$ m9]al prop]ties are s heavy 9 ,turkey t unless m9es are br++ 9 cont9u\s & sub/antial rev5ues1 !y _c be held by private individuals4 ,x has be5 ! policy ( ,turkey n to all[ h] m9]al prop]ties to fall into ! h&s ( =eign]s4 ,ev5 :ile ! exploitation ( ! *romite deposits 0 mo/ vigor\s1 !re=e1 ! m9es1 al?\gh 9 _m places work$ by =eign firms1 7 l>gely own$ by ! ,turki% gov]nm5t or by ,turki% subjects :o leas$ !m4 ,?us 9 #aijd ! pr9cipal deposits ne> ,brussa 7 own$ by an (fic] ( ! ,porte & 7 op]at$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,:ittal ,co41 an ,engli% firm 9 ,con/ant9ople1 :ile o!r deposits 9 ! same di/rict 7 work$ by ,patt]son ,canghell>i1 an ,engli% company locat$ 9 ,smyrna4 ,! fam\s ,dagh>di deposit1 9 ! ,kutahia region1 at t "t 0 own$ by ! ,turki% m9i/] ( m>9e & 0 op]at$ by a ,turk nam$ ,raghit ,bey4 ,9 ! ,macri di/rict1 a numb] ( l[-grade deposits 7 9 #aijd "u ! control ( ,patt]son ,co41 ( ,smyrna1 & ! m9es ne> ! ,gulf ( ,adalia 7 controll$ by a ,fr5* syndicate4 ,"s l>ge deposits ne> ,d5islu1 9 ! int]ior1 nor? ( ,macri1 are said to be ly+ undevelop$ ow+ to ! refusal ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t to p]mit m9+4 ,! *romite deposits 9 ! region surr\nd+ ! ,gulf ( ,alex&retta h be5 work$ 9 a small way bo? by ,turks & =eign]s4 ,among op]ators 9 ! region are m5tion$ ,durian ,eff5di1 a ,turk1 repres5t+ ! ,ottoman ,bank2 ,husni ,h]ikizadeh ,eff5di1 a ,turk ( ,adana2 ,nad] ,bro!rs1 ( ,m]s9a2 ,alfr$ ,keun ,co4 ( ,smyrna2 ,protopazzi ,bro!rs1 ( ,smyrna1 & ,mavrommati ,sons1 ( ,m]s9a1 bo? probably ,greek firms2 ,loizides1 ( ,m]s9a2 & ,hadji ,kemal ,bey1 ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,durian ,eff5di is m5tion$ also z hav+ op]at$ *romite m9es ne> ,beirut4 ,! mo/ important *romite deposits ( ,india are 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,balu*i/an1 b ! m9es ( ! ,madras & ,mysore di/ricts 9 s\!rn ,india h also furni%$ important am\nts ( ore4 ,a small production has come f ,b5gal4 ,! deposits ( ,balu*i/an are l>ge & ! ore is ri*1 mu* ( x av]ag+ ne>ly #ee p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,"o deposit is report$ to be #ddj feet long by #e feet wide4 ,! ore bodies are segregations 9 s]p5t9e4 ,! problem ( transportation is difficult1 z ! ores are f> f ! coa/ & l& transportation facilities are poor4 ,nev]!less1 ^? m9es h made a /eady output s9ce !y 7 op5$ 9 #aijc4 ,! l>ge/ production 0 9 #aijg1 :5 ! yield exce$$ #g1jjj tons4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a decrease ow+ to competition f ,new ,cal$onia & ,rhodesia4 ,*romite ore bodies 7 exploit$ 9 ,madras z e>ly z #ahfa & small am\nts ( ore 7 m9$ int]mitt5tly4 ,! ores are associat$ ) magnesite ve9s 9 s]p5t9e4 ,s9ce #aijg a /eady production is record$ f ,madras1 :i* has increas$ rec5tly4 ,important deposits ( *romite are f\nd 9 ,mysore4 ,^! deposits h produc$ m ?an #b1jjj tons ( ore annually 9 rec5t ye>s1 :i* is report$ to h be5 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! *romite deposits ( ,b5gal are said to be small & unimportant4 ,9 ,bombay a l>ge body ( l[-grade *romite is said to measure #a1jjj by #cjj feet & to av]age #cd p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,be=e #aiaj *romite m9+ 9 ,japan 0 sporadic & unimportant1 b s9ce #aiaj ! output has be5 /eady & increas+4 ,! pr9cipal occurr5ces ( *rome ore are 9 ! s\?we/]n "p1 ! m9es ( ,wakamatsu1 9 ,hoki1 be+ ! mo/ important4 ,! ore is said to av]age ab\t #dj p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,*romite is also report$ to occur 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,japan4 ,! ,japanese *romite deposits are small & soon exhau/$4 ,! pr9cipal *romite deposits ( ,russia are 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s & are associat$ ) s]p5t9e & soap/one4 ,! deposits are class$ "u ?ree heads3 ,l>ge granul> masses 9 s]p5t9e1 f9ely dissem9at$ *romite 9 s]p5t9e1 & *romite s& 9 plat9um- & gold-be>+ plac]s4 ,! *>act]i/ic occurr5ce ( *romite bodies 9 ! ,urals is z segregations )9 areas ( dunite l>gely alt]$ to s]p5t9e4 ,plat9um 9 scatt]$ gra9s is associat$ ) *romite 9 ! dunite 9 sev]al places4 ,rec5tly *romite deposits h be5 report$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,europe4--,! *romite deposits ( ! ,balkan ,p59sula may be gr\p$ into f\r ma9 di/ricts3 c5tral ,s]bia2 s\!rn ,s]bia2 ,saloniki1 9 ea/]n ,mac$onia2 & ,magnesia1 s\!rn ,!ssaly1 & ! neighbor+ isl&s4 ,! *romite deposits are f\nd 9 s]p5t9e d]iv$ f ! alt]ation ( p]idotite4 ,! *romite m9es ( ,s]bia & ,mac$onia = _m ye>s furni%$ a small production1 cr$it$ to ,european ,turkey1 :i* be=e ! la/ ,balkan ,w> embrac$ all ! *romite-be>+ areas4 ,_m ( ! deposits ( c5tral ,s]bia are poorly situat$ ) ref]5ce to transportation1 ! ore be+ haul$ on c>ts to ! railroad /ations & !nce by rail to ! coa/4 ,9 ea/]n ,mac$onia "s ( ! m9es are relatively ne> ! coa/ & ! ore is c>ri$ on c>ts to ,saloniki4 ,! m9es ( ,s]bia & ,mac$onia 7 work$ 9 "p by individuals & 9 "p by ! same firms :i* m9$ ! *rome ores ( ,asia ,m9or1 su* z ,patt]son ,co41 ,:ittal ,co41 & o!rs4 ,! *romite m9es ( ,magnesia1 ,!ssaly1 & adjac5t isl&s 9 ea/]n ,greece h furni%$ a m or less cont9u\s output = ! la/ #cj or #dj ye>s4 ,! ore m9$1 h[ev]1 has be5 ma9ly ( l[ grade1 mo/ ( x av]ag+ betwe5 #cj & #dj p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,x is said to be us$ l>gely = refractory purposes4 ,be=e #aijh mo/ ( ! ,grecian production ( *romite came f ! m9es ( ,magnesia1 b m rec5tly ! m9es ( s\!rn ,!ssaly h furni%$ mo/ ( ! ore4 ,m9es 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago h also furni%$ "s ore4 ,! annual output ( ,greece has v>i$ f a few hundr$ tons to m ?an #ae1jjj tons4 ,dur+ ! pa/ #bj ye>s x has r>ely fall5 bel[ #e1jjj tons4 ,*romif]\s iron ore 9 consid]able quantity is m9$ 9 ,greece1 mo/ ( x be+ export$4 ,9 #aiac t5 or m m9es 7 work$4 ,! production has av]ag$ m ?an #ajj1jjj tons annually4 ,! m9es are op]at$ 9 "p by ,greek & 9 "p by ,fr5* & ,briti% firms4 ,! *romic iron ores produc$ 9 ! =m] ,au/rian ,empire h come ma9ly f ! c5tral "p ( ,bosnia1 b ! *romite m9es 9 ,upp] ,/yria & ^? on ! ,r\manian bord] h also furni%$ an appreciable output1 ! ore be+ l[-grade4 ,! deposits ( ,bosnia are 9 s]p5t9e4 ,! ore is ( good quality & has be5 m9$ = use z a furnace l9+4 ,on & ne> ! left bank ( ! ,danube ,riv] 9 ! ,banat1 ,hung>y1 !re is an ext5sive area ( s]p5t9e conta9+ *romite 9 bun*es4 ,! deposits h be5 work$ to a slight ext5t4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,9 ,canada *romite-be>+ areas ( consid]able ext5t are f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 :]e ne>ly all ! productive *romite m9es ( ,canada are situat$4 ,! ore occurs 9 s]p5t9e 9 irregul> masses & pockets )\t def9ite =m1 t range 9 size up to #ge feet along ! long] axis1 r>ely rea*+ #ajj feet4 ,! am\nt ( high-grade ore 9 ! ,quebec *romite deposits is n l>ge1 b l[-grade ore bodies :i* "u normal m>ket conditions c n be m9$ at a pr(it are num]\s & ( l>ge size4 ,! l[-grade ores range 9 cont5t ( *romic oxide f less ?an #bj p] c5t4 to #ce or #dj p] c5t4 ,ne>ly all ! ,canadian ore m9$ has be5 export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f #aiaj to #aiad ! output ( *rome ore f ! ,quebec m9es 0 insignificant1 ow+ to ! co/ ( m9+ l[-grade ores & ! lack ( a m>ket = !m4 ,:5 ! price ( *romite rose late 9 #aiad1 ,am]ican firms began active developm5ts 9 ! field1 & subsequ5tly two conc5trators 7 built by ! ,mutual ,*emical ,co4 ,! output ( ,canadian *romite1 bo? ( crude ore & conc5trates1 dur+ ! w> p]iod 0 notewor?y1 ! production ris+ f #aba long tons 9 #aiad1 to #dg1jce long tons 9 #aiaf & #dc1gbe long tons 9 #aiag4 ,! pr9cipal ,am]ican firms int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,canadian *romite deposits dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s h be5 ! ,mutual ,*emical ,co41 ! ,h>bison-,walk] ,refractories ,co41 ! ,electrometallurgical ,co41 & ! ,quebec ,asbe/os ,*rome ,co4 ,! la/-nam$ company pur*as$ "o ( ! conc5trators built by ! ,mutual ,*emical ,co41 & has furni%$ a consid]able output bo? ( crude ore & conc5trates4 ,canadian firms h also produc$ consid]able ore4 ,) ! close ( ! w> & ! drop 9 ! price ( *romite1 ! ,canadian m9es h be5 l>gely ab&on$4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s ,am]ican firms t m9e ore = use 9 _! own plants may cont9ue "w on a small scale4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! _w's pr9cipal *romite-produc+ c\ntry1 ! output came f ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & pr9cipally f ,m>yl&4 ,! ,wood *rome m9e & neighbor+ deposits 9 ,baltimore & ,h>=d c\nties furni%$ mo/ ( ! production4 ,small] am\nts 7 m9$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania4 ,! pr9cipal *romite deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^? t h furni%$ ne>ly all ! ore produc$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 are 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,rec5tly deposits ( "s ext5t h be5 f\nd 9 ,montana1 b ^! h n rea*$ ! produc+ /age4 ,! *romite deposits ( ,cali=nia are = ! mo/ "p gr\p$ into f\r pr9cipal di/ricts1 ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s region ( nor?we/]n ,cali=nia & s\?we/]n ,oregon2 ! ,coa/ ,range ( we/ c5tral ,cali=nia2 ! ,si]ra ,nevada range ?r\gh\t a consid]able "p ( its l5g?2 & ! ,san ,luis ,obispo di/rict ( s\?we/]n ,cali=nia4 ,! *rome ores ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon =m l5ses or irregul> bodies 9 s]p5t9e & relat$ rocks4 ,_m ( ! ore bodies are f\nd 9 comp>atively fre% p]idotite & dunite1 & ! intimate relation betwe5 ! *romite & ! associat$ pyrox5e or oliv9e is well %[n4 ,9 places1 also1 *romite masses are f\nd 9 ! mantle ( residual mat]ial d]iv$ f ! alt]ation ( s]p5t9e & o!r rocks4 ,mo/ ( ! *rome ores ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ are ( l[-grade1 few runn+ m ?an #de p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,conc5trat+ plants h be5 built to b5eficiate ! ore f bodies l>ge en\gh to w>rant su* exp5diture4 ,at "s plants ! grade ( ore 0 ?us rais$ to m ?an #eb p] c5t4 ,locally small bodies ( high-grade ore h be5 f\nd4 ,! *romite m9es ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 7 fir/ work$ ab\t #ahbg & cont9u$ to be op]at$ = ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,! ,cali=nia deposits began to be develop$ ab\t #ahgj1 b nev] furni%$ a l>ge output until ! w> rais$ ! price ( *romite to unprec$5t$ figures & ore c\ld be produc$ at a pr(it 9 spite ( high co/s & high freight rates to consum+ c5t]s4 ,! *romite m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h always be5 work$ & controll$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! ore has be5 m9$ ma9ly by private individuals work+ small scatt]$ deposits4 ,a few l>ge firms1 su* z ! ,cali=nia ,*rome ,co41 ! ,adams ,maltby ,co41 ,l4 ,h4 ,but*] ,co41 & ! ,union ,*rome ,co41 work$ on a l>g] scale dur+ ! w> p]iod4 ,deposits ( *romite h be5 kn[n 9 ,alaska = a numb] ( ye>s1 b n until ! w> br\ght high prices 0 x possible to m9e !m at a pr(it4 ,! deposits ( pres5t importance are ne> ! s\?we/]n end ( ! ,k5ai ,p59sula4 ,ab\t #a1jjj tons ( ore conta9+ #df to #di p] c5t4 *romic oxide 0 m9$ 9 #aiag4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,cuba4--,z f> z is kn[n1 only "o *romite-be>+ di/rict ( importance occurs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?is be+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,bahia1 9 ,brazil4 ,"o deposit has be5 work$ at ?is locality by ,e4 ,j4 ,lav9o ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 & ! discov]y ( sev]al neighbor+ deposits is report$4 ,! fir/ %ipm5ts ( ore 7 made 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 & by ,july #a1 #aiah1 #ab1fbj tons _h be5 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! deposits are said to be own$ by ,newman ,co41 a firm ( ,am]ican export]s 9 ,bahia4 ,!y are leas$ to ,e4 ,j4 ,lav9o ,co41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 outside ( ,brazil1 has no kn[n *romite deposits ( importance4 ,9 ,colombia1 *rome ore is report$ to exi/ ne> ,antioquia & *romif]\s pig iron is said to h be5 produc$ by ! bla/ furnace ne> ,m$ell94 ,9 ,v5ezuela1 *rome ore is said to occur on ,coro ,p59sula4 ,important *romite deposits lie along ! nor? coa/ ( ,cuba 9 ! prov9ces ( ,camaguey & ,ori5te4 ,a small deposit is f\nd 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,matanzas4 ,! mo/ important deposits 9 ,cuba are ^? at ! ,cal$onia m9e1 s\? ( ! ,bay ( ,nipe & nor!a/ ( ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4's ,may>i iron m9es4 ,^! deposits are e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #dj1jjj tons ( ore 9 sight4 ,!y are own$ & work$ by ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 :i* began exploitation 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,%ipm5ts dur+ #aiah am\nt$ to #h1hbj tons4 ,next 9 importance to ! deposits at ! ,cal$onia m9e are ^? along ! coa/1 nor!a/ ( ,b>acoa1 kn[n z ! ,cayoguan & ,potosi deposits1 :]e ab\t #ce1jjj tons ( ore is e/imat$ to be 9 sight4 ,! deposits are on ! nor? edge ( a rugg$ m\nta9 range =m+ ! ea/]n end ( ,cuba4 ,! ,cayoguan claims are own$ by ,brady int]e/s1 ,am]ican1 & ! ,potosi claims by ! ,h>bison-,walk] ,refractories ,co41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,camaguey ! deposits are f\nd nor!a/ ( ! t[n ( ,camaguey4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( masses ( ore 9 residual clay & float on ! surface4 ,! und]ly+ rock is s]p5t9e4 ,! ,camaguey deposits are own$ 9 "p by ,lehigh ,univ]sity & 9 "p by ,cubans4 ,! e/imat$ res]ves are #bj1jjj tons4 ,exploitation ( ! *romite deposits ( ,cuba began 9 ! fall ( #aiag & cont9u$ dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiah4 ,only ! ,cal$onia m9e has produc$ ore4 ,! *romite deposits are all associat$ ) areas ( s]p5t9e4 ,*romif]\s iron ores t are de/9$ to play an important "p 9 ! ,am]ican iron & /eel indu/ry are f\nd at ,may>i1 ,camaguey1 & ,moa1 along ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,cuba4 ,! res]ves are measur$ 9 hundr$s ( millions ( tons4 ,only ! ,may>i deposits are m9$ at pres5t4 ,*romite deposits 7 develop$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,guatemala 9 #aiag & %ipm5ts />t$ 9 ! autumn4 ,! deposits 7 own$ & op]at$ by ! ,int]national ,railways ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 an ,am]ican company1 & are situat$ 9 ! hills #ajj miles inl& f ,pu]to ,b>rios4 ,! ore is 9 s]p5t9e4 ,x is v pure & is especially desirable = *emical purposes4 ,! av]age *romic oxide cont5t ( ! %ipm5ts dur+ #aiah 0 #eh p] c5t41 ?us mak+ ?is ! highe/ grade ore t came to ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,! ore 0 us$ by ! ,grasselli ,*emical ,co4 ,because ( ! di/ance f ! railroad1 ^! ores are v exp5sive to m9e1 & x 0 only on acc\nt ( ! high prices paid = *romite dur+ ! w> t !y 7 develop$4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,! c\ntry t leads 9 ! manufacture ( *romium products1 su* z f]ro*rome & *rome *emicals1 is ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 normal times ! ,unit$ ,/ates consumes m ?an "o-?ird ( ! annual consumption ( *romite by ! _w4 ,9 #aiac ! *romite us$ by manufactur]s ( f]ro*rome & *rome *emicals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to #fe1jjj tons4 ,ow+ to ! w>1 ! consumption increas$ m>k$ly until #aiag1 :5 x 0 ne>ly #acj1jjj tons4 ,! normal consumption ( *romite 9 ,engl& is ab\t #be1jjj tons & 9 ,france approximately #ce1jjj tons4 ,^! am\nts h n greatly increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,g]many is an important produc] ( *romium products1 normally consum+ #cj1jjj tons ( *romite annually4 ,russia & ! =m] ,au/rian ,empire us$ p]haps #e1jjj tons ea* annually4 ,norway & ,sw$5 use small am\nts4 ,russia's consumption has be5 ma9ly 9 ! manufacture ( *romium *emicals1 & t ( ! =m] ,au/rian ,empire 0 pr9cipally = refractory purposes4 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$5 small am\nts ( f]ro*rome are produc$4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh ! _w's l>ge/ consum] ( *romite1 is n an important produc] ( ?is m9]al 9 normal times4 ,dur+ ! #cj ye>s prec$+ ! w>1 ! annual production nev] exce$$ #d1jjj long tons ( crude ore1 & dur+ ! la/ #ae ye>s prec$+ ! w> ! l>ge/ annual production 0 #eih long tons1 9 #aiji4 ,! production 9 #aiac 0 less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,! *romite supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has1 !re=e1 come l>gely f =eign s\rces1 & ^! s\rces h be5 ma9ly ,asia ,m9or1 ,rhodesia1 & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,be=e #aije ,turkey 9 ,asia 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ,rhodesia & ,new ,cal$onia h l>gely replac$ ,turkey 9 ! ,am]ican *rome m>ket4 ,al?\gh num]\s deposits ( *romite occur 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & locally 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 ^! deposits are usually small & scatt]$ or ( l[ grade4 ,on acc\nt ( _! physical "*1 small size1 scatt]$ occurr5ce1 or di/ance f consum+ c5t]s1 dome/ic *romite c\ld n be furni%$ to consum]s 9 ! requir$ grade or = ! price t *romite f ri* =eign deposits c\ld be furni%$4 ,= ?is reason ! ,am]ican *romite deposits rema9$ undevelop$ & no ore 0 m9$ except small quantities :i* 7 consum$ = refractory purposes 9 neighbor+ metallurgical works4 ,:5 9 #aiad1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 ! price ( *romite increas$1 production 0 imm$iately /imulat$1 ?is be+ %[n by ! rapid increase 9 output f #eia long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiad to ab\t #hb1cej long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiah1 equival5t to ab\t #ff1eed tons ( ore on ! basis ( #ej p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,ev5 ?is l>gely increas$ dome/ic output1 h[ev]1 fill$ only little m ?an "o-half ( ! ,am]ican requirem5ts1 ! total am\nt ( *rome ore consum$ 9 #aiah be+ ab\t #ajd1jjj long tons on ! basis ( #ej p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,_h ! m>ket = *romite kept up1 h[ev]1 ! dome/ic m9es w\ld h suppli$ a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! requirem5ts 9 #aiai4 ,! consumption ( *romite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiac am\nt$ to #fe1jjj tons ( ore conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 *romic oxide4 ,f ?is x rose to ab\t #abg1jjj tons 9 #aiag1 :i* repres5ts ! maximum annual consumption ?us f>4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! production & imports ( *romite on ! basis ( #ej p] c5t4 *romic oxide1 f #aiac to #aiah1 z well z ! total quantity available = consumption = ^! ye>s4 ,no *romite is export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #bf4--,,production ,,& ,,imports ,,( ,,*romite1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #aiac-aiah ---------------------------------------- - ,total available ,production ,imports = consumption 7long tons77long tons7 7long tons7 ---------------------------------------- - #aiac #bcj #fe1ahj #fe1daj #aiad #ecj #gd1egh #ge1ajh #aiae #b1gef #gc1gfb #gf1cah #aiaf #ci1eji #aaj1hdi #aej1ceh #aiag #cf1gbi #fd1igh #aja1gjg #aiah #ff1eed #ib1fgh #aei1bcb ---------------------------------------- - ,! prices paid = dome/ic *romite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 rec5t ye>s rang$ f an av]age ( #aa4ai p] ton 9 #aiac to an av]age ( ab\t #bd4jj p] ton 9 #aiag4 ,:5 ! ne$ ( increas$ %ipp+ 0 felt 9 ! latt] "p ( #aiag1 /eps 7 tak5 to r$uce ! imports ( *romite f di/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,turkey1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,rhodesia1 to increase ! imports f ne>by s\rces su* z ,brazil1 ,cuba1 & ,canada1 & to urge ! maximum production f dome/ic m9es4 ,z a result1 ! imports ( *romite f ,brazil 7 #ag1hed long tons ( crude ore & f ,cuba #h1hba long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiah4 ,! only previ\s production 9 ,cuba 0 #cd long tons 9 #aiaf & #ag long tons 9 #aiag4 ,brazil _h no production be=e #aiah4 ,! imports f ,canada am\nt$ to #bj1idi long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiah1 z comp>$ to #ai1jba long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiag1 & #ab1bbj long tons ( crude ore 9 #aiaf4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! importation ( *romite f c\ntries f> ov]seas1 v>i\s re/rictions 7 put into effect by ! ,w> ,trade ,bo>d 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiah4 ,! developm5t ( dome/ic *romite supplies means ! depletion ( limit$ res\rces1 high co/ ( production1 use ( l[]-grade ores1 & l[]$ effici5cy 9 consumption4 ,) ! free access ( high-grade =eign ores1 ! m>ket = dome/ic ores1 !re=e1 disappe>s2 & ! dome/ic *romite-m9+ indu/ry c n survive to any l>ge ext5t4 ,if _w cons]vation ( raw mat]ials or ! be/ use ( ! _w's res\rces is ( *ief importance1 ! dome/ic *romite-m9+ indu/ry %\ld be all[$ to decl9e1 & *eap] & high]-grade =eign ores %\ld be all[$ to replace dome/ic *romite4 ,exp]i5ce dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s has %[n t ! *romite deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 supplem5t$ by imports f ,canada1 ,brazil1 & ,cuba1 c l>gely supply ! dome/ic requirem5ts = a limit$ p]iod4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates controls only a small "p ( ! *romite res]ves ( ! _w4 ,am]ican firms own ! pr9cipal ,cuban deposits & control ! ,brazilian deposits ?r\gh leases4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 !re=e1 dep5d5t to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! good w ( ,france & ,engl& = a cont9u\s supply ( *rome ore1 ^! two c\ntries jo9tly be+ l>gely 9 control ( ! *romite res]ves ( ,rhodesia & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,turkey controls mo/1 if n all1 ( ! *romite deposits ( ,asia ,m9or1 b because ( _! enclos$ situation on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ^! deposits c\ld n be reli$ ^u z a s\rce ( supply 9 "t ( ne$4 ,! same is true ( ! deposits ( ! ,ural region 9 ,russia4 ,! *ief *romite-consum+ firms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ,electrometallurgical ,co41 probably ! l>ge/ produc] ( f]ro*rome 9 ! _w2 ! ,mutual ,*emical ,co41 & ! ,national ,electrolytic ,co41 l>ge produc]s ( *romium *emicals1 & ! ,h>bison-,walk] ,refractories ,co41 ,am]ican ,refractories ,co41 & v>i\s /eel-mak+ plants1 us]s ( *romite = refractory purposes4 ,great ,brita94--,be=e ! w> ,great ,brita9 consum$ annually ab\t #be1jjj tons ( *romite1 mo/ ( x be+ us$ by ,blackwell ,sons1 ,ltd41 = ! manufacture ( f]ro*rome4 ,! f]ro*rome made 9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t to supply ! ne$s ( ! ,briti% /eel indu/ry1 & mu* is import$ f ,france4 ,except = unimportant occurr5ces 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s !re are no *romite deposits 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ,great ,brita9 is !re=e dep5d5t entirely ^u ov]seas s\rces ( supply4 ,briti% colonies1 on ! o!r h&1 are ri* 9 *romite deposits1 & z long z ,briti% %ips h fre$om ( movem5t on ! ocean1 !y w h access to ! m important *romite deposits ( ! _w4 ,ow+ to _! ri*ness & l>ge size1 ! mo/ important ( all ! ,briti%-controll$ deposits are ^? ( ,rhodesia4 ,only "o ( _m deposits 9 ?is area is be+ op]at$1 & ! res]ves 9 unt\*$ ore bodies are und\bt$ly l>ge1 comp>able p]haps ) ^? ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! production ( ! ,rhodesian *rome m9es has 9 rec5t ye>s av]ag$ 9 ! neighborhood ( #fj1jjj tons annually or ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production1 & d\btless ! output c\ld be v greatly increas$ if o!r kn[n deposits 7 develop$4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ! pres5t production is m ?an twice ! actual *romite requirem5ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,^! requirem5ts1 h[ev]1 d n repres5t ! ne$s = metallic *romium or *romium comp\nds1 & if ,france %\ld cease to supply ,great ,brita9 ) f]ro*rome1 a mu* l>g] am\nt ( ! raw mat]ial1 *romite1 w\ld be necess>y = ! ,engli% /eel indu/ry4 ,besides ! *romite deposits ( ,s\? ,africa1 *romite deposits ( importance are f\nd 9 o!r ,briti% colonies1 notably 9 ,briti% ,india & ,canada4 ,am\nts ( *romite v>y+ f #b1jjj tons to #aj1jjj tons h be5 produc$ annually 9 ,briti% ,india = _m ye>s1 com+ ma9ly f ,balu*i/an1 9 ! nor?we/]n "p1 b a small production has come also f ,mysore1 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,9 e>ly ye>s1 ,india furni%$ a m important "p ( ! _w's supply ( *romite ?an at pres5t4 ,transportation is a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! m9+ ( ^! deposits & :5 ,new ,cal$onian & ,rhodesian ores became develop$1 ! ,indian ores dropp$ 9 importance4 ,! ,canadian deposits1 :ile ( consid]able ext5t1 & hav+ ready accessibility to ea/]n ,am]ican m>kets1 h n be5 ext5sively or cont9u\sly m9$1 on acc\nt ( _! l[-grade "*4 ,by conc5tration1 a m$ium high-grade product c be obta9$1 b conc5tration me?ods are exp5sive & br+ ! co/ ( ! mat]ial up to su* an ext5t t x c n compete ) o!r ores n[ on ! m>ket4 ,?us1 ! co/ ( produc+ bo? ,indian & ,canadian ores is su* t "u normal conditions x is difficult to f9d a m>ket = !m1 b 9 case ( necessity1 a consid]able tonnage c be suppli$ f ^! s\rces4 ,o!r ,briti% colonies 9 :i* deposits ( *romite exi/ are ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,z f> z kn[n1 ! deposits 9 ^! c\ntries are small & only ^? ( ! fir/ h furni%$ a small production4 ,besides controll+ *romite deposits 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ?r\gh h] colonial possessions1 ,great ,brita9 controls deposits ?r\gh ,briti% firms ) =eign possessions4 ,?us1 ! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 ( mix$ ,briti% & ,fr5* int]e/s1 controls n only ! ,rhodesian *romite output b also owns & controls mo/ ( ! important ,new ,cal$onian m9es4 ,great ,brita9 has 9 ! pa/ receiv$ mo/ ( h] supplies ( *romite f ,rhodesia1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,turkey4 ,al?\gh m ?an en\gh *romite is produc$ 9 ,rhodesia to supply ! ,briti% ne$s1 ,engl& has all[$ mo/ ( ! ,rhodesian ore to be export$ to o!r c\ntries & has import$ =eign ore = "p ( h] own ne$s4 ,probably ! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,rhodesian output be=e ! w> w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mu* ( ! ore consum$ 9 ,engl& has come f ,turkey1 :]e ,engli% firms h be5 int]e/$ 9 *romite m9+ = _m ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,indian output probably has be5 us$ 9 ,great ,brita91 b a "p has gone to ,france4 ,france4--,a few deposits ( *romite are kn[n 9 ,france1 b !y are ( no importance comm]cially4 ,france1 !re=e1 l ,engl&1 is entirely dep5d5t ^u ov]seas s\rces = h] *romite supply4 ,unlike ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ,france has only "o colony1 ,new ,cal$onia1 conta9+ important *romite deposits2 b luckily ?is colony conta9s en\gh to make x "o ( ! _w's pr9cipal s\rces ( *romite4 ,al?\gh ! ,*rome ,co41 ,ltd41 :i* controls ! pr9cipal ,new ,cal$onian *romite deposits & is ! l>ge/ %ipp]1 repres5ts bo? ,engli% & ,fr5* capital1 ,france ?r\gh political means c control ! output ( *romite f ! isl&4 ,:ile 9 ! pa/ probably ! major "p ( ! *romite us$ 9 ,france has come f ?is s\rce1 ,france has also us$ ,rhodesian & ,turki% ores & probably ,russian ores to a consid]able ext5t1 & mu* ,new ,cal$onian ore has gone to ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,! pr9cipal ,fr5* firms manufactur+ f]ro*rome are ! ,socit ,electrometallurgique ,franaise1 at ,la ,praz2 ,socit ,la ,new ,metallurgie1 at ,giffre2 ,socit ,anonyme ,electrometallurgique1 at ,alb]tville2 ,kell]1 ,leleux et ,cie1 at ,livet2 ,socit ,electrometallurgique de ,sa9t ,b]on1 at ,sa9t ,b]on2 ,*4 ,betrolus1 at ,belleg>de2 & ,ro*ette ,frres1 at ,epi]re4 ,g]many4--,except = unimportant l[-grade deposits 9 ,silesia1 ,g]many has no *romite supplies )9 h] bord]s4 ,z a us] ( *romite ,g]many ranks 9 importance ) ,france1 mo/ ( ! ore consum$ be+ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]ro*rome1 ! pr9cipal manufactur]s ( :i* h be5 ! ,krupp works4 ,*rome *emicals are also made 9 abundance1 h[ev]4 ,none ( ,g]many's =m] colonies is kn[n to h *romite deposits except ,togol&1 & ! ,togol& deposits are undevelop$ & are believ$ to be unimportant4 ,9 ! pa/1 ,g]many has receiv$ *romite f ,new ,cal$onia1 ,rhodesia1 ,turkey1 ,greece1 & probably ,russia4 ,because ( ! long rail haul f ,russia & ! poor /ate ( developm5t ( ! indu/ry 9 ,turkey1 ! ores f ^! two c\ntries 71 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! w>1 be+ l>gely replac$ by ores f ov]seas4 ,! f\r l>ge *romite-consum+ c\ntries h1 !re=e1 all be5 look+ ma9ly to ,new ,cal$onia & ,rhodesia = _! s\rces ( supply4 ,dur+ ! w>1 :5 ov]seas *romite 0 n available1 ,g]many 0 enabl$ by h] relations ) ,turkey to obta9 *romite f ,asia ,m9or1 & probably f *romite m9es 9 ,s]bia1 ,hung>y1 ,bosnia1 & ,h]zegov9a4 ,?us 9 "t ( ne$1 :5 ! usual ov]seas s\rces ( supply 7 cut (f1 ,g]many1 ?r\gh h] relations ) neighbor+ c\ntries1 0 able to obta9 by l& suffici5t *romite to supply h] ordnance requirem5ts4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$ ,g]many w\ld d\btless h develop$ ! *romite res\rces ( ! ,urals1 & ^?1 toge!r ) ! deposits ( ,asia ,m9or1 ev5 9 _! pres5t /ate ( developm5t1 c\ld h kept ,g]many suppli$ indef9itely4 ,x is probable t ,g]man control became important 9 ! m9es ( ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! w>4 ,by relatively small improvem5ts 9 transportation facilities1 su* z build+ bran* railroad l9es to ! pr9cipal deposits1 ! *romite m9es ( ,asia ,m9or might be rejuv5at$ to su* an ext5t z to enable ! ores to compete ) ,rhodesian & ,new ,cal$onian ore & to place !m aga9 among ! _w's l>ge produc]s4 ,! deposits are l>ge & ! res]ves rank 9 importance ) ^? ( ,rhodesia & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,russia4--,russia is indep5d5t z f> z h] requirem5ts ( *romite are conc]n$4 ,out ( h] production ( ab\t #bj1jjj tons annually1 ! dome/ic indu/ry consumes less ?an "o-f\r? & ! re/ is available = export to nations less favor$ ) *romite res\rces4 ,mo/ ( ! *romite us$ 9 ,russia goes into ! manufacture ( *rome *emicals4 ,! ,russian bi*romate works at ,elab\ga1 ea/ ( ,kazan1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahib1 h consum$ ab\t #b1jjj tons ( ore annually4 ,,summ>y ,! political & comm]cial control ( ! pr9cipal *romite deposits ( ! _w is summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #bg4--,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,*romite ,,deposits ,political ,pr$om9ant ,c\ntry control comm]cial control ,new ,cal$onia ,fr5* ,fr5*-,briti% ,rhodesia ,briti% ,briti% ,asia ,m9or ,turki% ,turki% ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ,russia ,russian ,russian-,briti% ,greece ,grecian ,unc]ta9 ,s]bia ,s]bian ,unc]ta9 ,india ,briti% ,probably ,briti% ,canada ,briti% ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian ,unit$ ,/ates ,unit$ ,/ates ,unit$ ,/ates ,brazil ,brazilian ,unit$ ,/ates ,cuba ,cuban ,unit$ ,/ates ,japan ,japanese ,japanese ,au/ria-,hung>y ,au/rian ,unc]ta9 ,guatemala ,guatemalan ,unit$ ,/ates ,great ,brita9 & ,france produce 9 _! colonial possessions *romite en\gh = _! own ne$s & = export1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! _w's l>ge/ consum]1 mu/ dep5d1 except 9 "t ( extreme em]g5cy1 ^u imports1 ma9ly f ,new ,cal$onia & ,rhodesia4 ,v>i\s c\ntries h f "t to "t play$ important rles 9 supply+ ! _w's dem& = *romite4 ,"o c\ntry aft] ano!r has be5 displac$1 z *eap] or bett] grades ( *romite came into ! m>ket4 ,at times ^! *anges 7 caus$ by ! f9d+ ( l>g] bodies ( high]-grade ores ?an _h previ\sly be5 m9$1 & at o!r times !y 7 caus$ by *eaply transport$ ores replac+ ores inconv5i5tly situat$ ) ref]5ce to c5t]s ( consumption4 ,?us1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & up to ab\t #ahcj1 ! ,ural ,m\nta9 region ( ,russia suppli$ ! major "p ( ! _w's requirem5ts = *romite1 :i* 7 small4 ,ab\t #ahcj1 important discov]ies ( *romite 7 made 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,m>yl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates soon displac$ ,russia z ! lead+ produc] ( *romite4 ,aft] ?is1 = _m ye>s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9u$ to lead 9 *romite production until ab\t #ahgj1 :5 ! dome/ic deposits gradually approa*$ exhau/ion & important deposits discov]$ 9 ,european ,turkey & ,asia ,m9or began to be ext5sively develop$4 ,asia ,m9or 0 ! pr9cipal *romite-produc+ c\ntry f ab\t #ahgj until ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! deposits cont9u$ to be work$ fairly /eadily on acc\nt ( _! ri*ness & l>ge size1 al?\gh !y 7 inconv5i5tly situat$ ) ref]5ce to transportation4 ,only c]ta9 deposits1 su* z ^? 9 ! ,macri & ,alex&retta regions1 7 s ne> to ! coa/ t ! ore c\ld be c>ri$ on muleback or by camel to ! %ipp+ ports4 ,f ! l>g] deposits1 su* z ,dagh>di1 ! ore _h to be transport$ by animals to railroad /ations1 (t5 a di/ance ( _m miles1 & !n by rail to ! coa/4 ,because ( ^! difficulties1 ,turki% ore 0 l>gely replac$ by ore f ! important ,new ,cal$onian & ,rhodesian deposits z soon z ^? 7 develop$4 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia labor is *eap & ! deposits are all ne> ! coa/4 ,by means ( sail+ vessels & tramp /eam]s :i* *>ge l[ rates & (t5 require su* heavy mat]ials z *romite = balla/1 ?is ore c be deliv]$ to po9ts ( consumption at a relatively small co/4 ,! ,rhodesian *romite deposits are n z accessible f ! coa/1 b !y are l>ge & ri* & ! rail freight rates to ! %ipp+ port are exceptionally l[4 ,= ?is reason1 ,rhodesian ore has be5 able to successfully compete 9 ! m>ket ) ,new ,cal$onian ore1 & ^! two s\rces h1 !re=e1 9 rec5t ye>s1 jo9tly suppli$ mo/ ( ! requirem5ts ( ! pr9cipal nations = *romite4 ,dur+ ! w>1 because ( abnormal conditions aris+ f ! %ortage ( %ipp+ facilities1 !re 0 consid]able unc]ta9ty z to :e!r x w\ld be possible to supply ,am]ican consum]s ( *romite ) import$ ores4 ,"u ! /imulus ( mu* high] prices1 ! production ( *romite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ f #bee long tons ( crude *romite 9 #aiac1 to ab\t #hb1cej tons 9 #aiah1 ma9ly f ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,?is production 0 l>g] ?an ! annual production ( crude ore f any s+le s\rce 7except #hb1iaj tons f ,new ,cal$onia 9 #aijf7 s9ce ! *romite-m9+ indu/ry began4 ,?is production1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be cont9u$ )\t a rapid depletion ( ,am]ican *romite res]ves1 & does n repres5t a normal developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,nickel ,,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,corbett ,,uses ,,( ,,nickel ,nickel is us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture ( special /eels4 ,x is e/imat$#fe t ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! entire nickel production goes into /eel mak+ 9 normal times & m "u w> conditions4 ,nickel /eels are ! mo/ important ( all ! alloy /eels & are ! mo/ us$4#ff ,!y are us$ :]e unusual t5sile /r5g? is requir$4 ,nickel-*romium /eels are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( armor plate4 #fe ,report ( ! ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 #aiag1 p4 #cjj4 #ff ,,/\ghton1 ,,bradley3 8,! ,metallurgy ( ,iron & ,/eel10 #aiaa4 ,ord9>y nickel /eels commonly c>ry ab\t #c p] c5t4 nickel4 8,highly nickelif]\s /eels c>ry+ up to #dj p] c5t4 nickel are us$ = special purposes :]e non-magnetic qualities1 resi/ance to corrosion &1 above all1 no expansion or contraction1 or any desir$ expansion or contraction1 ) *ange ( temp]ature1 is important40#fg #fg ,report ( ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 #aiag1 p4 #cja4 ,non-f]r\s nickel alloys h f\nd ext5sive uses1 & probably ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production ( nickel goes into !m4 ,by f> ! mo/ important are ^? =m$ f nickel & copp]4 ,"o1 g5]ally kn[n z 8cupro-nickel10 conta9s approximately #hj p] c5t4 copp] & #bj p] c5t4 nickel & is us$ l>gely = bullet jackets & o!r munition purposes4 ,ano!r1 :i* has become well kn[n "u ! trade "n 8,monel metal10 conta9s #bi p] c5t4 copp]1 #fg p] c5t4 nickel1 ab\t #b4e p] c5t4 iron1 & a small am\nt ( manganese4 ,x is manufactur$ direct f ! ,sudbury matte4 ,monel metal is us$ *iefly :]e a /rong non-corrod+ metal is ne$$1 z1 notably1 9 %ip propell]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! nickel production is us$ = electro-plat+4 ,to a l>ge ext5t nickel plat+ prev5ts corrosion ( ! metal plat$4 ,nickel is also us$ = /orage batt]ies2 = co9age2 z a catalys] 9 ! h>d5+ ( oils or fats 7solid fats be+ us$ = soap mak+72 = cook+ ut5sils2 & z a pigm5t = color+ c]amic w>e4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ^! la/-nam$ uses w\ld take m ?an #c p] c5t4 ( ! _w's nickel production4 ,copp] gives to /eel prop]ties some:at simil> to ^? giv5 by nickel1 notably increas+ ! t5sile /r5g?4 ,silicon also imp>ts simil> prop]ties to /eel1 increas+ especially ! t\ghness & t5sile /r5g?4 ,a consid]able proportion ( *romium makes /eel highly non-corrod+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ kn[n t w take ! place ( nickel 9 special /eels hav+ a z]o or a pr$et]m9$ coeffici5t ( expansion1 su* z 8inv>0 or 8plat9ite40 ,nickel possesses extraord9>y p[] 9 giv+ its :ite color to alloys ( copp]2 h5ce its use 9 co9age4 ,! o!r :ite metals t might be us$ 9 its place are less pl5tiful & m exp5sive4 ,!re is no o!r abundant metal or alloy hav+ ! good color1 great /r5g? & resi/ance to corrosion possess$ by ,monel metal & l alloys ( nickel & copp]4 ,nickel salts are us$ z sub/itutes = metals ( ! plat9um gr\p z cataly/s 9 h>d5+ oils & fats4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,production ( nickel on a fairly l>ge scale did n beg9 until ! m9es ( ,new ,cal$onia 7 op5$ 9 #ahge4 ,to h&le ^! ores1 smelt]s & ref9]ies 7 built 9 ,engl& & cont95tal ,europe4 ,z ! ores are ( ! silicate type & free f copp]1 !y 7 easily treat$ by common processes ( smelt+ ) fluxes to get rid ( ! gangue & !n heat+ ) *>coal = r$uction to a metallic condition4 ,a pure metal 0 obta9$ :i* f\nd a good m>ket4 ,production ( nickel-copp] ores 9 ! ,sudbury di/rict began 9 #ahhg4 ,on acc\nt ( ! copp] ) ! nickel 9 ^! ores1 new processes ( ref9+ _h to be work$ out & ! trade prejudice aga9/ ! product _h to be ov]come4 ,?is took p]si/5t ef=t = sev]al ye>s4 ,only "o ( ! fir/ companies to op]ate 9 ! ,sudbury di/rict has surviv$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is is ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co41 ! produc+ subsidi>y ( ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co4 ,?ree new ref9+ processes h be5 develop$ to h&le nickel-copp] ores4 ,! ,or=d ,copp] ,co4 7subsidi>y ( ! ,int]national company7 uses ! salt cake process4 ,?is process is "o ( fusion ) sodium sulphide1 ! copp] sulphide conc5trat+ on top & ! nickel sulphides at ! bottom ( ! melt4 ,repeat$ fusion ( ! 8tops0 & 8bottoms0 effects a good sep>ation4 ,! ,mond company _h a process be=e x _h any m9es4 ,?is process dep5ds ^u volatilization ( ! nickel by pass+ c>bon monoxide ov] ! matte1 :i* has be5 previ\sly roa/$ & lea*$ ( its copp] cont5t4 ,nickel c>bonyl1 ,ni7,,co71 is =m$ & metallic nickel is ?r[n d[n by decomposition ( ?is product1 s t ! nickel obta9$ is pure4 ,! ,hyb9ette process1 a process dep5d+ on electrolysis1 0 fir/ work$ out at ! plant ( ! ,or=d ,copp] ,co4 on ,sudbury matte4 ,x 0 us$ = l[-grade ores at ,fr$]ickt[n1 ,mo41 & !n lat] = ! ,norwegian ores at ,kri/ians&4 ,x is to be us$ 9 ! new ref9]y ( ! ,briti%-,am]ican ,co4 9 ,ont>io4 ,monel metal is made directly f ,sudbury matte ) ! removal ( a little ( ! copp]4 ,x is kn[n z a natural alloy1 9 contra/ to "o made by comb9+ ! pure metals4 ,increas$ use ( nickelif]\s iron ore = /eel mak+ w decrease ! am\nt ( nickel t w h to be add$ 9 mak+ su* /eel4 ,?is w probably be ov]balanc$ by ! increas$ use ( su* /eels4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,analyses ( igne\s rocks indicate t nickel is pres5t 9 ! av]age igne\s rock to ! ext5t ( #j4jbjfh p] c5t4 ,( its occurr5ce1 ,cl>ke says3#fi 8,v frequ5tly detect$ 9 igne\s rocks1 probably z a con/itu5t ( oliv9e4 99 99 99 ,! pres5ce ( nickel is especially *>act]i/ic ( magnesian igne\s rocks1 & x is g5]ally associat$ 9 !m ) *romium40 ,reg>d+ copp] he says3 8,m9ute traces ( ?is metal are (t5 detect$ 9 igne\s rocks1 al?\gh !y are r>ely det]m9$ quantitatively40 ,x is e/imat$#gj t copp] is pres5t 9 ! av]age igne\s rock to ! proportion ( ab\t #j4jaj p] c5t41 or only ab\t half t ( nickel1 & t z9c & lead are pres5t 9 ev5 small] proportion4 ,not)/&+ ?is great] abundance ( nickel1 ! workable deposits ( copp]1 lead1 & z9c are mu* m widespread & production is correspond+ly great]4 8,x c ?us be said t nickel is less am5able to conc5tration by ! ag5cies t t5d to produce workable deposits ?an are ! o!r metals m5tion$ 7copp]1 lead & z9c740#ga #fh ,f4 ,w4 ,,cl>ke1 8,! ,data ( ,geo*emi/ry10 ,bull4 #faf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiaf1 p4 #bg4 #fi ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #gj ,report ( ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 #aiag1 p4 #ie4 #ga ,ibid4 ,"o w\ld inf] f ! above t nickel deposits ( consequ5ce w\ld mo/ likely occur 9 connection ) igne\s rocks1 especially ^? t are basic4 ,?is is inde$ true2 9 fact1 ! only kn[n nickel deposits ( comm]cial or prospective comm]cial value occur 9 association ) basic igne\s rocks4 ,! nickelif]\s metallographic prov9ces ( ! _w may be said to lie )9 petrographic prov9ces4 ,h>k] says3#gb 8,an exam9ation ( ! rocks belong+ to "o great p]iod ( igne\s activity1 & ( _! actual di/ribution1 enables u to di/+ui% areas ( great] or less ext5t1 )9 :i* ! rocks pres5t a less or great] degree ( consangu9ity1 ! law be+ t m m>k$ specialization goes ) n>r[] localization40 ,on ! basis ( ?is law & ! fact not$ by ,cl>ke & m5tion$ above1 nickelif]\s metallographic prov9ces may be limit$ m closely ?an simply to areas ( basic igne\s rocks4 ,!y may be said to r\ghly co9cide ) areas ( basic igne\s rock *>act]iz$ by m9]als ( ! oliv9e gr\p1 ^! m9]als hav+ =m$ z a result ( ! high magnesium cont5t ( ! rock magma4 #gb ,,h>k]1 ,,alfr$1 8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,igne\s ,rocks10 #aiji1 p4 #hi4 ,nickel ores occur :]e !re 0 an unusual segregation ( ! elem5t 9 ! igne\s rock at ! "t ( solidification4 ,9 "s places fur!r conc5tration by wea!r+ has be5 necess>y to make an ore ( ! rock4 ,9 /ill o!r places1 ! conc5tration by wea!r+ has n be5 suffici5t to make ! nickel valuable 9 itself1 b has rais$ ! iron cont5t ( ! rock1 & ) x ! nickel cont5t1 to su* an ext5t z to make ! ore valuable 9 ! fir/ in/ance z an iron ore & ( additional value because ( its nickel cont5t4 ,nickel is unique among ! less r>e metals 9 t a s+le di/rict conta9s a quantity ( accessible1 workable ore1 f> ahead ( t 9 all o!r kn[n deposits ( ! _w comb9$4 ,?is is ! ,sudbury di/rict ( ,ont>io4 ,! nickel ores !re 7 segregat$ f an enorm\s mass ( igne\s rock intrud$ "u conditions favorable = broad segregation & subsequ5tly s erod$ t l>ge ore bodies are accessible4 ,9 ^? nickel ores & nickelif]\s iron ores :]e wea!r+ has be5 a necess>y ag5t 9 conc5trat+ ! nickel & iron en\gh to make !m comm]cially valuable1 ! orig9al deposits 7 nickelif]\s igne\s rocks--t is1 !y 7 simil> to ! rocks associat$ ) ! nickel deposits ( ! sulphide type1 b conta9$ mu* less nickel4 ,! nickel-ore deposits ( ! ,new ,cal$onia region1 :i* rank next 9 productiv5ess to ^? ( ! ,sudbury di/rict1 are ( ?is type4 ,! ,cuban nickelif]\s iron ores be/ exemplify iron ore deposits ( ?is type4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! nickelif]\s ore deposits ( ! _w may be divid$ into two ma9 types--! sulphide type1 9 :i* wea!r+ has n be5 ( prime importance1 & ! g>ni]ite or lat]itic type1 9 :i* wea!r+ has alt]$ & conc5trat$ ! nickel z well z ! *romium & iron ( ! orig9al rock4 ,9 addition1 nickel occurs 9 "s places ) ores ( preci\s & semi-preci\s metals 9 ve9s4 ,nickel may be recov]$ f su* ores z a by-product1 b ! ores are nev] m9$ prim>ily = _! nickel cont5t4 ,! brief descriptions ( ! kn[n deposits1 gr\p$ accord+ to type1 :i* foll[1 h be5 tak5 f ! descriptions ( ! _w's nickel deposits 9 ! report ( ! ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission4 ,a few direct quotations f ! text ( ! report are giv54 ,deposits ( ! ,sulphide ,type4--,! ,sudbury di/rict is situat$ 9 s\!a/]n ,ont>io1 ,canada4 ,9 its broad] outl9es ! geology ( ?is di/rict is relatively simple4 ,an imm5se mass ( nickelif]\s rock 0 intrud$ z a 8laccoli?ic %eet0 or sill along an uncon=mable plane ( contact betwe5 flat-ly+ s$im5ts & an und]ly+ complex ( anci5t rocks4 ,dur+ ! intrusion & cool+1 or p]haps soon !reaft]1 ! und]ly+ rocks ( ! c5tral "p ( ! laccoli?1 cov]+ ! res]voirs f :i* ! magma came1 subsid$4 ,long p]iods ( erosion !n plan$ d[n ! region until all t is left ( ! sill occupies a syncl9al bas9 ne>ly #dj miles long & #aj to #ae miles wide4 ,all ( ! rocks involv$ are ( pre-,cambrian age4 ,! laccoli?ic %eet is approximately #aj1jjj feet ?ick4 ,x diff]5tiat$ on cool+ into two k9ds ( rock--micropegmatite1 a rock ( ! granite gr\p1 n[ =m+ ! upp] "p ( ! sill1 & norite1 a gabbro rock1 ! l[] "p4 ,! gradation betwe5 ^! two rocks is r abrupt4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sill1 9 "s places ly+ betwe5 ! norite & ! und]ly+ rock & at o!r places entirely )9 ! und]ly+ rock1 are bodies ( ore consi/+ ( pyrrhotite1 p5tl&ite & *alcopyrite4 ,^! are segregat$ products ( ! norite1 :i* 9 "s places solidifi$ at ! base ( ! sill & 9 o!rs 7 intrud$ z dikes 9 ! und]ly+ rocks or 9 previ\sly solidifi$ portions ( ! norite4 ,!y con/itute comm]cial ore bodies :]e ! sulphides =m a prepond]ant "p ( ! rock4 ,! ore bodies are classifi$ z 8m>g9al0 & 8(fset40 ,! m>g9al deposits occur along ! contact ( ! norite ) ! und]ly+ rock4 ,frequ5tly !y lie entirely )9 ! rocks adjac5t to ! norite4 ,! (fset deposits occur :]e faults cut across ! limbs ( ! fold1 =m+ zones ( weakness into :i* ore or m9]aliz$ norite 0 intrud$4 ,! nickel-be>+ m9]al is p5tl&ite2 ! copp]-be>+1 *alcopyrite4 ,! o!r sulphide1 pyrrhotite1 is a sulphide ( iron4 ,! ores m9$ to date av]age r\ghly #c4e p] c5t4 nickel & #b p] c5t4 copp]4 ,f ! op5+ ( ! di/rict 9 #ahhg to ! end ( #aiaf ne>ly t5 & "o-half million tons ( ,sudbury ore _h be5 m9$ & smelt$2 &1 f ?is1 ab\t #bhe1jjj tons ( nickel _h be5 produc$4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are probably fully #ajj1jjj1jjj tons ( ore res]ves4 ,ov] a million & a half tons ( ore 7 m9$ & smelt$ 9 #aiaf4 ,! ,alexo ,m9e is situat$ #aej miles due nor? ( ,sudbury4 ,! ore occurs at ! contact ( a l>ge mass ( p]idotite 7n[ alt]$ to s]p5t9e71 ) a pill[-lava :i* ! p]idotite intrud$4 ,! ore consi/s ( sulphide m9]als segregat$ f ! intrusive mass4 ,x is ( two types1 "o1 a massive1 pure sulphide occupy+ cracks 9 dike-l relation%ip1 ! o!r1 dissem9at$ sulphide 9 p]idotite adjac5t to ! sulphide ore masses4 ,! ore deposit has a prov5 l5g? ( #gjj feet1 has be5 op5$ to a dep? ( #abj feet1 & drill+ has %[n ore to ext5d to a dep? ( #bdj feet4 ,! av]age wid? may be tak5 z approximately #aj feet4 ,by ! end ( #aiaf1 ore _h be5 rais$ to ! ext5t ( #cd1fej tons & m ?an t am\nt _h be5 develop$4 ,ab\t #ab1jjj tons ( ore 7 %ipp$ 9 #aiae1 av]ag+ ab\t #d4i p] c5t4 nickel & #j4f p] c5t4 copp]4 ,sev]al hundr$ ?\s& tons are probably available 9 ?is deposit4 ,! nickel ore deposits ( ,norway are simil> m9]alogically to ^? ( ,sudbury4 ,! deposits are small1 _! metal cont5t is l[1 & comp>$ to ! ,sudbury & ,new ,cal$onia deposits !y are ( little consequ5ce4 ,up to #aiji !re _h be5 m9$ & smelt$ 9 ,norway ab\t #djj1jjj tons ( nickel ore4 ,! h&-sort$ ore c>ri$ #a4d to #a4g p] c5t4 ( nickel4 ,deposits l ^? ( ,norway h be5 f\nd 9 ,sw$51 b !y h n be5 work$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!re is evid5tly a nickelif]\s metallographic prov9ce 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & important ore deposits may yet be f\nd !re4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ne> ,gap1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 is a deposit ( nickel ore ( ! sulphide type1 :i* occurs z a segregation f a #cjj-;ft4 dike ( amphibolite4 ,x 0 work$ spasmodically = copp] ?r\gh\t ! #ah? c5tury4 ,nickel 0 discov]$ 9 ! ore 9 #aheb & #d1jjj1jjj p\nds ( nickel are e/imat$ to h be5 produc$ up to #ahhb4 ,! adv5t ( ,new ,cal$onia & ,sudbury ores caus$ ! clos+ ( ! m9e4 ,! ore z m9$ c>ri$ #a to #c p] c5t4 nickel & ab\t "o-?ird z mu* copp]4 ,ne> ,julian1 ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 is a sulphide nickel deposit t has nev] be5 comm]cially productive4 ,assays %[ ! ore to conta9 ne>ly #c p] c5t4 nickel or m4 ,a small deposit 9 ,tasmania has produc$ a few ?\s& tons ( ri* ore4 ,diamond drill+ has %[n t little ore rema9s4 ,nickel-copp] sulphides h be5 f\nd 9 connection ) a l>ge intrusive ( basic igne\s rock 9 ! ,insizwa ,range1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,no payable ore has be5 f\nd4 ,nickel sulphide deposits ( unkn[n importance occur 9 ,india & 9 ,s\?we/]n ,*9a4 ,small deposits :i* 7 work$ :5 nickel 0 sc>ce occur 9 ,italy1 ,scotl&1 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,deposits ( ! ,g>ni]ite & ,lat]itic ,types4--,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! surface ( ! isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia is occupi$ by s]p5t9e1 ?is be+ ! wea!r$ product ( basic igne\s rock4 8,! ore1 n\meaite or g>ni]ite1 occurs z a hydrat$ silicate ( nickel & magnesia & may be/ be describ$ z an alt]ation product ( ! s]p5t9e 9 :i* ! magnesia & iron h be5 replac$ by nickel4 99 99 99 ,! workable deposits always occur on ! saddle ( spurs f ! ma9 m\nta9 ridge1 at elevations ( #djj to #b1ejj feet1 ! latt] elevation be+ ! m common4 99 99 99 ,! replacem5t ( ! s]p5t9e by nickel foll[s ! jo9ts & fractures 9 ! s]p5t9e & ! undecompos$ blocks & b\ld]s ( s]p5t9e are z a rule cov]$ by a %ell ( ore :i* has to be pick$ (f40 ,! ores are h& pick$ to br+ !m up to a grade pr(itable to treat4 ,9 ! pa/ x has n be5 consid]$ economical to smelt ore ( l[] grade ?an #d4e p] c5t4 nickel nor to %ip ore mu* bel[ #f4e p] c5t4 ,! ore bodies usually conta9 "u #bej1jjj tons ( ore4 ,! l>ge/ m9e yet work$ produc$ less ?an #fjj1jjj metric tons 7#b1bjd lb47 ( ore4 ,probably !re /ill rema9s z mu* undevelop$ ore z has be5 m9$ 9 ! =ty ye>s ( production1--equival5t to #afj1jjj tons ( nickel4 ,?is w\ld be equal to ab\t f\r ye>s' output ( ! ,sudbury di/rict at ! #aiaf rate ( production4 8,!re are l>ge bodies ( l[]-grade ores :i* x has n yet be5 f\nd feasible to treat40 ,?ree l>ge blanket deposits ( nickelif]\s iron ore occur on elevat$ plateaus 9 ,cuba4 ,^! are typical lat]itic 7residual7 deposits4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! ore is #ae feet & ! comb9$ tonnage ( ! ?ree deposits is plac$ at "o & "o-half to ?ree billion tons4 ,! nickel cont5t ranges f ab\t #j4f p] c5t4 to #b4a p] c5t4 & %[s progressive enri*m5t f ! top d[nw>d4 ,*romium is also pres5t & %[s simil> enri*m5t4 ,! pres5ce ( nickel & *romium 9 ! iron ores greatly enhances _! value = mak+ special /eels4 ,iron ore on ! isl& ( ,seboekoe1 ly+ (f ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,borneo1 conta9s appreciable am\nts ( nickel & *romium4 ,at lea/ #cjj1jjj1jjj tons ( ore are conta9$ 9 ! deposit1 :i* is a por\s limonite1 ab\t #ae feet ?ick1 ov]ly+ s]p5t9e4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nickel deposits ( ! g>ni]ite type occur 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,oregon4 ,attempts to m9e ^! ores h nev] be5 successful4 ,small nickel deposits ( ! g>ni]ite type occur 9 ,egypt1 ,g]many 7,prussian ,silesia71 ,greece1 ,madagasc>1 ,russia & ,spa94 ,nickelif]\s iron ores occur 9 ,greece1 & x is ?\ght t *romif]\s iron ores on ,m9dao ,isl&1 9 ! ,philipp9es1 may1 on fur!r exploration1 prove to be nickelif]\s4 ,nickel 9 ,ve9s4--,nickel occurs ) o!r metals1 preci\s or semi-preci\s1 9 "s ve9 deposits & is recov]$ z a by-product 9 ! treatm5t ( ores f !m4 ,x is notably pres5t 9 ! deposits at ,cobalt1 ,ont>io1 & has be5 f\nd 9 ve9 deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,sev]al hundr$ tons are recov]$ annually 9 ! ref9+ ( copp] produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,relat$ to ! ve9 deposit type ( nickel-be>+ ore are ! gal5a deposits dissem9at$ ?r\gh dolomite 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,iron1 copp]1 nickel1 & cobalt sulphides occur ) ! gal5a4 ,ye>s ago nickel 0 recov]$ electrolytically f matte f ^! ores4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,9 #aijj ,new ,cal$onia suppli$ #fe p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production & ,ont>io #ce p] c5t4 ,s9ce !n ! _w's production has increas$ six-fold1 & ,ont>io1 by ! end ( #aiaf1 0 produc+ #hj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,?is %[s ! tr5d ( ! indu/ry4 ,rec5t discov]ies ( ore 9 ! ,sudbury di/rict & con/ruction ( new smelt]s & ref9]ies 9 ,ont>io to treat ! ores indicate an increas+ dom9ance ( ! indu/ry by t di/rict4 ,new ,cal$onia has n ! l>ge ore bodies & is too f> away to compete favorably ) ,ont>io1 ?\gh "w w cont9ue !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,ref9$ nickel produc$ f ! ores ( ,new ,cal$onia & ,ont>io1 = five-ye> p]iods2 ! am\nts are = ! cal5d> ye> indicat$4 ,/ati/ics ( production & ore res]ves 9 ,ont>io & ,new ,cal$onia are %[n graphically 9 figures #g & #h4 ,isolat$ nickel ore bodies ( ! sulphide type--t is1 segregations f basic igne\s rocks1 z at ,sudbury--h be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( widely sep>at$ places4 ,!re is a di/9ct probability t o!rs exi/ & may be discov]$4 ,su* undiscov]$ deposits might ev5 conta9 m accessible ore1 9 ! aggregate1 ?an ! total ( ! m9$ & unm9$ ores ( ! ,sudbury di/rict1 b 9 ! light ( pres5t k ?is seems a remote possibility4 ,o!r deposits ( ! ,new ,cal$onian & ,cuban types w probably be discov]$1 b x is d\btful if z l>ge deposits ( ^? types rema9 to be f\nd4 ,9 ^! ! nickel has rema9$ 9 ! mat]ial left z residuum f ! p>tial or complete wea!r+ by solution ( ! orig9al nickelif]\s rock4 ,?is mat]ial lies at ! surface & cov]s relatively broad areas4 ,bodies ( x are !re=e n usually difficult ( discov]y4 ,!y seem to be f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 w>m latitudes1 :]e solution wea!r+ has mo/ easily gone on "u conditions favorable = pres]vation ( ! residuum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,nickel production1 & nickel cont5t ( res]ves1 9 ,ont>io1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,norway4 ,! pres5t kn[n nickel & nickelif]\s iron-ore deposits indicate r\ghly ! locations ( p]haps all or ne>ly all ( ! nickelif]\s metallographic prov9ces ( ! _w4 ,x is 9 ^! prov9ces t new deposits are mo/ likely to be f\nd4 ,! wide-spread di/ribution ( ^! prov9ces is indicat$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 ! ,report ( ! ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission3 ,:ile competition is n to be fe>$ 7t is1 = ,ont>io71 x w\ld be futile to try to %ut (f ! supply ( nickel f almo/ any ( ! great nations4 99 99 99 ,ne>ly e important c\ntry has supplies ( nickel ore :i* c be work$ if ! dem& is great1 ?us ensur+ a high price4 ,x is ?\ght probable t ! nickelif]\s metallographic prov9ce ( ea/]n ,canada1 :i* includes ! ,sudbury di/rict1 conta9s ! greate/ unkn[n nickel deposits1 j z x conta9s ! greate/ kn[n "o1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s reason is t ! great nickel-ore bodies ( ! ,sudbury di/rict1 ! isolat$ ,alexo ore body1 #aej miles nor? ( ! di/rict1 & ! appreciable cont5t ( nickel 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,cobalt & o!r di/ricts ne> by1 indicate an unusually l>ge nickel cont5t 9 ! orig9al magma f :i* ! basic igne\s rocks 7 d]iv$4 ,! second reason is t ! mantle ( glacial drift effectively conceals l>ge areas ( und]ly+ rock & prev5ts easy discov]y4 ,! ?ird is t ! wild & unsettl$ nature ( ! c\ntry inhibits ! human activities :]eby accid5tal or o!r discov]ies w\ld be made4 ,,political ,,control ,! ,sudbury nickel deposits & ! ,alexo ore body 9 ea/]n ,ont>io are "u ! political control ( ! ,briti% ,empire2 ! ,new ,cal$onian nickel deposits are controll$ politically by ,france1 ,new ,cal$onia be+ a ,fr5* colony2 & ! nickel deposits ( ,norway & ,cuba are "u ! political control ( ^? gov]nm5ts4 ,! o!r deposits ( ! _w1 z has be5 not$1 are comm]cially unimportant4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,own]%ip ( m9es & undevelop$ ore bodies 9 ! ,sudbury di/rict is divid$ betwe5 ,briti% & ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,!re are two companies produc+ ore at ! pres5t "t & a ?ird is expect$ to beg9 produc+ soon4 ,! fir/ l>ge company 9 ! field 0 ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 ,?is is a subsidi>y ( ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! /ock ( :i* is held 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 owns ! foll[+ m9es3 ,copp] ,cliff1 ,evans1 ,/obie1 ,crean ,hill1 ,v]milion1 ,creighton1 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 ,no4 #d1 ,no4 #e1 & ,no4 #f4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 be+ work$ 9 #aiag--! ,crean ,hill1 ,v]milion1 ,creighton & ,no4 #b4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf1 ! presid5t ( ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 gave ! foll[+ e/imates ( res]ves ( payable ore 9 ?ree prop]ties ( t company3 #aj1jjj1jjj tons 9 ! ,creighton2 #b1jjj1jjj tons 9 ,crean ,hill2 & #de1jjj1jjj tons 9 ,no4 #c4 ,! ,mond ,nickel ,co4 is controll$ by ,briti% int]e/s4 ,x owns ! foll[+ m9es3 ,g>son1 ,wor?+ton1 ,levack1 ,victoria & ,kirkwood4 ,! ,levack has prov5 res]ves ( good ore am\nt+ to #d1ejj1jjj tons4 ,! res]ves ( ! o!r m9es are n giv54 ,! ,briti%-,am]ica ,nickel ,corporation1 ,ltd41 has #bj1jjj1jjj ( common /ock1 ( :i* #ad1ejj1jjj is held by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 ! "n ( ,alan ,&]son1 tru/ee4 ,by ! end ( #aiaf1 ?is company _h #aa1jjj1jjj tons ( workable ore block$ out4 ,its m9es are ! ,murray1 ,g]trude1 ,elsie1 ,blue ,lake & ,frood ,ext5sion4 ,! res]ves ( ! ,murray alone are put at #i1jjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! di/rict an ore body #g1ejj feet long1 #aj to #abj feet ?ick1 & ext5d+ to a dep? ( #a1jbj feet 9 "o place at lea/1 has be5 f\nd rec5tly 9 diamond drill+ op]ations by ! ,e4 ,j4 ,longye> ,co41 ( ,m9neapolis4 ,?is company & its associates1 all ,am]ican1 control ! ore body4 ,! ore tonnage ( ?is deposit is e/imat$ at #f1jjj1jjj tons above ! #ejj-;ft4 level4 ,a few drill holes h gone to great] dep?s & f\nd ore4 ,x is n possible to e/imate ! res]ves ( ?is deposit bel[ ! #ejj-;ft4 dep?4 ,! ,alexo ,m9+ ,co4 ,ltd41 :i* is m9+ ! ,alexo ore deposit nor? ( ! ,sudbury di/rict1 is a ,canadian conc]n4 ,an e/imate ( ! quantity ( ore 9 ?is deposit is n available1 b ! deposit is small comp>$ to t ( ! ,sudbury di/rict4 ,! total may be sev]al hundr$ ?\s& tons4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ important own]s ( nickel-hold+ l&s 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 9 relative ord] ( ! importance ( _! hold+s1 are3 7#a7 ,la ,socit le ,nickel1 a company :i* has be5 m9+ 9 ! isl& = _m ye>s4 7#b7 ,! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 repres5t$ 9 ,new ,cal$onia by its two subsidi>y companies1 ,! ,nickel ,corporation & ,la ,socit ,m9ire ,cal$oni5ne4 ,! ,int]national does n m9e 9 ! isl&1 b "s ( its l&s are work$ on lease by p]sons associat$ ) ,la ,socit le ,nickel4 7#c7 ,les ,hauts-,f\rneaux de ,n\mea4#gc #gc ,report ( ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 #aiag1 p4 #bec4 ,la ,socit le ,nickel 0 "u control ( ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,france at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! ,sudbury deposits4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,m]ry1 an ,engli% metallurgi/1 9 te/ify+ to ! ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 report$ t ,g]mans 7 9 control ( ! company at ! outbreak ( ! w>4 ,! ,g]man firm ( ,krupp _h also acquir$ "s nickel prop]ty 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 ! second l>ge/ hold] ( ,new ,cal$onian nickel l&s1 is ! same ,am]ican firm :i* owns ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 ,les ,hauts-,f\rneaux de ,n\mea is own$1 at lea/ s9ce ! outbreak ( ! w>1 by ,fr5* int]e/s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,m]ry1 ! nickel m9es & smelt]s ( ,norway 7 also ma9ly 9 control ( ! same ,g]man gr\p t _h gott5 control ( ,le ,nickel4 ,x work$ "u ! "n 8,metallgesells*aft40 ,"o m9e & smelt] reop5$ rec5tly 7 "u ,engli% control4 ,! nickelif]\s iron ores ( ,cuba are own$ entirely by ,am]ican companies1 pr9cipally by /eel manufactur+ companies1 notably ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,all ?ree companies produc+ or ab\t to produce nickel 9 ! ,sudbury di/rict own _! own smelt+ & ref9+ plants4 ,! ,int]national has be5 smelt+ its ore 9 ,canada & ref9+ x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has a new ref9]y at ,port ,colborne1 ,ont>io4 ,! ,mond ,nickel ,co4 :i* smelts 9 ,canada & ref9es 9 ,engl&1 has />t$ a ref9]y 9 ,canada4 ,! ,briti%-,am]ican ,nickel ,corporation has built bo? a smelt] & a ref9]y 9 ,canada4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,nickel ,co4 op]ates a ref9]y at ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,les ,hauts-,f\rneaux de ,n\mea & ?is company belong to ! same int]e/s4 ,!y h a smelt] at ,n\mea1 ,new ,cal$onia2 also a ref9]y at ,havre1 ,france4 ,la ,socit le ,nickel has a smelt] at ,?io1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ref9]ies at ,havre1 ,france1 & ,erd+ton & ,kirk9tillo*1 ,briti% ,isles4 ,no "o ref9+ process dom9ates ! nickel indu/ry ( ! _w4 ,! two companies produc+ nickel f ,sudbury ores are us+ entirely diff]5t ref9+ processes1 :i* !y individually control2 & ! ,briti%-,am]ica conc]n1 soon to beg9 produc+1 w use a ?ird process1 ! ,hyb9ette1 an electrolytic process on :i* x has exclusive rights = ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,or=d ,copp] ,co41 subsidi>y ( ! ,int]national1 uses :at is kn[n z ! 8salt-cake0 process1 b x also produces "s nickel electrolytically4 ,! process ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,nickel ,co4 at ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 be+ "o ( flux+ & r$uc+ f matte produc$ at ! ,n\mea smelt]1 is n adaptable to copp]-be>+ sulphide ores4 ,! ores produc$ 9 ,norway are smelt$ & ref9$ 9 ,norway by ! ,hyb9ette process4 ,obvi\sly ! nickel res\rces ( ! _w are controll$ by a few companies4 ,! *ief "o is ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 :i* has ! l>ge/ hold+s at ,sudbury1 & ! second l>ge/ hold+s 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! ,mond & ! ,briti%-,am]ica are ! next mo/ important1 & ,la ,socit le ,nickel is f\r? 9 importance4 ,e4 ,j4 ,longye> ,co4 & associates d n aspire to become produc]s ( nickel & are 9 ! m>ket to sell _! prop]ties4 ,= a new conc]n to succe$ x w\ld h to develop a ref9+ process ( its own4 ,! alt]native w\ld be = x to sell out to or m]ge itself ) a firm t controls a ref9+ process4 ,!re are no cu/om smelt]s or ref9]ies 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,mond company buys ! ,alexo ore because its high magnesium cont5t makes x a good flux+ mat]ial 9 smelt+ ,sudbury ores4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,unit$ ,/ates4--,?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates has insignificant deposits ( nickel ore & !re=e ex]ts little or no political control ov] nickel m9+1 ,am]ican capital plays an important if n ! lead+ rle 9 ! indu/ry4 ,( ! f\r companies hold+ ! deposits ( ! ,sudbury di/rict two are ,am]ican1 & ^! two possess :at are d\btless ! l>ge/ res]ves !re4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 has ! next to ! l>ge/ hold+s 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,great ,brita94--,( all nations ,great ,brita9 is 9 ! /ronge/ position politically ) respect to ! nickel indu/ry1 because ( ! ,sudbury di/rict be+ 9 ,canada4 ,x has us$ ?is control 9 an endeavor to localize ! bus9ess ( ref9+ ,ont>io nickel ores 9 ,canada1 ) ! result t ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co4 is to transf] its ref9+ op]ations f ,new ,j]sey to its new ref9]y 9 ,ont>io4 ,comm]cially1 ,briti% capital controls ! two o!r companies hav+ hold+s at ,sudbury4 ,9 "o ( ^!1--! ,briti%-,am]ica ,nickel ,corporation1--! gov]nm5t itself has a controll+ int]e/4 ,! policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) relation to ! ,sudbury nickel ores1 :i* give ! ,briti% an ov]:elm+ly dom9ant political control ov] ! _w's nickel1 is highly significant z %[+ t ! gov]nm5t is aw>e ( ! necessity = comm]cial z well z political control1 9 ord] to reap all ! comm]cial & /rategic advantages ( its good =tune4 ,dur+ ! w>1 & be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$1 great feel+ 0 r\s$ 9 ,canada & ,engl& by ! ,g]man subm>9e1 ,deuts*l&1 load+ at ,new ,york a c>go t consi/$ p>tly ( metallic nickel1 x be+ assum$ t ?is 0 orig9ally ,canadian nickel4 ,! direct p>ticipation ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 ! ,sudbury indu/ry 9 su* a way z to make ! gov]nm5t practically ! dom9ant factor1 & ! transf] ( ! ref9]y op]ations ( ! ,am]ican-own$ ,int]national ,nickel ,co4 f ,new ,j]sey to ,ont>io1 m>k a vigor\s & aggressive nationali/ic policy :i* has atta9$ its object )\t mu* delay4 ,france4--,france owns ! isl& ( ,new ,cal$onia & has political control ( ! nickel deposits !re4 ,two ( ! ?ree pr9cipal companies hold+ ,new ,cal$onian ore deposits are presumably held by ,fr5* int]e/s4 ,! l>g] "o1 ,la ,socit le ,nickel1 0 = a long "t controll$ by ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,france4 ,x 0 report$ lat] to h gott5 into ,g]man h&s4 ,g]many4--,g]many ex]cises political control ov] no important nickel deposits4 ,be=e ! w> ! ,g]man firm ( ,krupp _h obta9$ "s ,new ,cal$onian nickel prop]ties4 ,a ,g]man gr\p1 ! ,metallgesells*aft1 is report$ to h _h control ( ,la ,socit le ,nickel at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 & also ! m9es & smelt]s ( ,norway4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,tung/5 ,,by ,,frank ,l4 ,,hess ,,uses ,,( ,,tung/5#gd #gd ,unless o!rwise not$1 ! %ort ton ( #b1jjj p\nds is us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] & 8tung/5 ore0 means mat]ials c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ,! ess5tial uses ( tung/5 are z an alloy 9 high-spe$ tool /eel1 = ! mak+ ( filam5ts = inc&esc5t lamps1 = t>gets & ca?odes ( ,ro5tg5 78,x07 ray tubes1 & = electric contacts = explosion eng9es or :]ev] an int]mitt5t electric contact is ne$$4 ,o!r uses are 9 saw & "s o!r /eels1 z a con/itu5t ( /ellite1 9 a tung/5-iron alloy = valves 9 automobile & airplane eng9es1 = k5otrons & simil> in/rum5ts1 9 a manganese-*romium-tung/5-iron alloy = wire-draw+ dies1 9 wire clo?1 lum9esc5t scre5s = ,ro5tg5 78,x07 rays1 mordants & m9or *emicals4 ,sub/itutes4--,! use ( tung/5 9 high-spe$ /eels is z /&>d z ! use ( yea/ 9 bread1 &1 ?\gh assidu\sly s\ght1 no sub/itute is kn[n t satisfactorily takes its place4 ,accord+ to report1 9 ,engl& & ,france molybd5um has be5 us$ to replace ab\t half ( ! tung/5 9 "s high-spe$ tool /eels1 b ?is is seem+ly n a pref]r$ me?od1 be+ us$ only :5 ! obta9+ ( tung/5 is difficult4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! practice has _h few sponsors4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal 7,london7 = ,may #be1 #aiah1 p4 #cah1 %[s t ?is s5tim5t is n unkn[n abroad3 ,! manufacture ( f]romolybd5um is /at$ to h be5 comm5c$ 9 ,sw$51 :]e ! lack ( f]rotung/5 has =c$ ! employm5t ( ?is sub/itute4 ,dur+ #aiag1 #ajd 7metric87 tons ( molybd5ite 0 %ipp$ f ,norway to ,g]many1 :]e x probably 0 us$ z 9 ,sw$54 ,h5ry ,e4 ,wood report$ f9d+ molybd5um 9 ! /eel ( a ,g]man helmet4 ,:5 tung/5 0 at ! excessively high price ( e>ly #aiaf1 _m exp]im5ts 7 made to f9d a sub/itute1 b app>5tly )\t full success1 al?\gh lately sev]al sub/itute /eels conta9+ cobalt & *romium & especially int5d$ = ca/ mill+-cutt]s & o!r multiple-edg$ tools h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket & a cobalt-*romium-molybd5um /eel & a uranium /eel h be5 (f]$ = la! tools4 ,/ellite1 ! cobalt-*romium-tung/5 alloy1 9 :i* !re is only "o-?ird to "o-half z mu* tung/5 z is us$ 9 high-spe$ /eel1 has gr[n 9 favor1 & coop]ite1 a nickel-zirconium alloy1 is also a competitor1 b ! trade 9 ! comb9$ li/ has made no appreciable impression on ! dem& = tung/5 /eels4 ,a *ange 9 ! mann] ( us+ tung/5 /eel1 by :i* a ?9 plate ( high-spe$ /eel is cem5t$ to a m ord9>y /eel b> s z to =m ! cutt+ edge ( a la! tool1 has made ! dem& = tung/5 less ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! old practice be5 foll[$ ( mak+ ! :ole tool ( high-spe$ /eel4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,no />tl+ *anges ( practice 9 ! metallurgy ( tung/5 are kn[n to h tak5 place1 b !re has be5 a /eady bett]m5t ( ! art1 improvem5t 9 ! quality ( f]rotung/51 a %ift+ 9 localities ( r$uction1 & a consid]able *ange 9 ! mann] ( use4 ,! wa/eful1 lazy dem& = ores ( high conc5tration & ( great purity common be=e ! w> has giv5 way be=e m enlight5$ & intellig5t practice1 until firms bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl& make a specialty ( us+ l[-grade or impure ores1 ?\gh seem+ly mu* m advance has be5 made "h ?an abroad4 ,"o firm1 ! ,*emical ,products ,co4 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 0 organiz$ specifically to buy ores c>ry+ less ?an ! #fj p] c5t4 tung/5 trioxide 7,,wo7 dem&$ by o!r ,am]ican firms1 & ores conta9+ sulphur1 copp]1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 t91 antimony1 phosphorus1 or o!r impurities to :i* mo/ us]s object$4 ,two firms1 ! ,black ,metal ,r$uction ,co41 & ! ,tung/5 ,products ,co41 bo? ( ,b\ld]1 ,colorado1 7 organiz$ to h&le mat]ials su* z tail+s c>ry+ z little z #a p] c5t4 tung/5 trioxide1 & !y said t !y 7 able to pay = gold & silv] 9 ! ore4 ,sev]al firms make tung/5 trioxide or tung/ic acid 7,h,,wo7 = f]rotung/5 mak]s4 ,firms h also made artificial s*eelite 7,ca,w,o7 = ! same trade1 us+ (f-color ores 9 ! process4 ,p[d]$ f]rotung/5 made by *emically precipitat+ an iron tung/5 salt f solution & r$uc+ x to a metallic p[d] c>ry+ #d to #aa p] c5t4 iron has be5 produc$ by sev]al firms & seems to h />t$ a dem& = p[d]$ f]rotung/51 s t firms are n[ f9ely gr9d+ ! massive f]rotung/54 ,claims = bett] furnace practice :i* greatly cuts d[n ! consumption ( curr5t & makes a sav+ ( #ij to #if p] c5t4 in/ead ( ! usual #hj p] c5t4 are also made4 ,sev]al firms are mak+ f]rotung/5 p[d] & tung/5 p[d] 9 iron tubes or o!r iron conta9]s in/ead ( 9 ! graphite crucibles us$ be=e ! w>4 ,9 ! mill+ ( tung/5 ores1 ! t5d5cy 9 ?is c\ntry is to get away f ! uneconomic me?od ( mak+ conc5trates v high 9 tung/5 trioxide 7c>ry+ m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo74 ,few op]ators really "k :at ! heads run1 & ! det]m9ation ( losses is m]e guesswork4 ,"s ( ! mo/ c>eful op]ators 9 ! ,b\ld] field be=e clos+ d[n at ! beg9n+ ( #aiai 7 mak+ a high-grade product c>ry+ ne>] #ej p] c5t4 ?an #fj p] c5t4 tung/5 trioxide1 & a l[] grade product c>ry+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 tung/5 trioxide1 n attempt+ to raise its t5or4 ,?is practice cuts d[n ! losses l>gely4 ,:5 ! great %ortage ( tung/5 ore came 9 #aiaf1 us]s 7 compell$ to take l[] grade conc5trates1 & "s improv$ _! metallurgy accord+ly4 ,?is *ange has made ! sale ( #ej p] c5t4 conc5trates easi]4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 #fj to #fe p] c5t4 ores 7 accept$ :]e =m]ly a cont5t ( #fg4e p] c5t4 or #gj p] c5t4 ,,wo 0 dem&$4 ,=m]ly s*eelite sold #ej c5ts p] unit bel[ o!r tung/5 m9]als1 ev5 ?\gh fre] f bo!rsome impurities1 b ) ! graduation f rule-(-?umb me?ods to m ?\ghtful1 c>eful & sci5tific practice1 x came to comm& a premium4 ,huebn]ite seems to be /ill sold ) & z 8wolfram0 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ?is c\ntry x mu/ be sold accord+ to its composition1 = to mo/ metallurgi/s ! manganese is undesirable1 ?\gh at lea/ "o firm n[ makes f]rotung/5 f huebn]ite )\t prejudice or difficulty4 ,?is gr[? 9 k & te*nique has caus$ ! price ( ! tung/5 m9]als to rank ab\t z foll[s 9 ! ord] nam$3 ,s*eelite1 f]b]ite1 wolframite & huebn]ite4 ,?is applies to tung/5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( tung/5 & f]rotung/5 = /eel mak+4 ,s*eelite is n want$ 9 ?is c\ntry = mak+ filam5ts4 ,be=e ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ consid]able quantities ( ,g]man f]rotung/51 b metallurgi/s claim t ! f]rotung/5 n[ made 9 ?is c\ntry is sup]ior to any f ,g]many4 ,= ! pres5t1 ( c\rse1 ! ,g]man export trade is dead4 ,engl&1 =m]ly a small produc]1 is n[ mak+ l>ge quantities ( f]rotung/5 & tung/5 p[d] at a numb] ( plants4 ,"o ( ! produc]s1 ! ,high ,spe$ ,/eel ,alloys1 ,ltd41 ,widnes1 ne> ,liv]pool1 8is "u gov]nm5t assi/ance & is own$ by #ca ( ! lead+ consum]s ( ,%effield40#ge ,! article quot$ /at$ t ! output 0 at ! rate ( #ejj tons ( tung/5 p] annum4 ,! ,!rmo-,electric ,ore ,r$uction ,corporation1#gf ,luton1 0 at ! same "t produc+ #adj tons ( tung/5 p] mon?4 ,! f]ro produc$ c>ri$ #hj p] c5t4 & ! p[d] #ih p] c5t4 ( metallic tung/54 ,only "o company 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 produc+ z mu* z #fj tons ( tung/5 p] mon? dur+ ! same w> p]iod4 ,! ,!rmo ,electric ,ore ,r$uction ,corporation own$ m9es f :i* x expect$ to produce ea* ye> #d1jjj long tons ( conc5trates c>ry+ #fe p] c5t4 tung/ic oxide4 ,!re are at lea/ sev5 o!r manufactur]s ( tung/5 or f]rotung/5 9 ,engl&4 #ge ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,london4 8,high ,spe$ ,/eel ,alloys1 ,ltd41 ,visit ( ,inspection to ! ,works10 vol4 #aae1 ,nov4 #be1 #aiaf1 p4 #ggi4 ,,julius ,l4 ,f4 ,,vogel has s9ce writt5 an article 7,m94 ,j\r41 ,london1 vol4 #bj1 p4 #af1 ,jan41 #aiai7 9 :i* he says t gov]nm5t aid1 ?\gh pr(f]$1 0 n accept$4 ,?is /atem5t confirms ! gov]nm5t policy4 #gf ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 8,!rmo-,electric ,ore ,r$uction ,corporation1 ,ltd41 ,visit to ! ,luton ,works10 vol4 #aae1 p4 #gig1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiaf4 ,france _h a numb] ( f]rotung/5 plants be=e ! w>1 & ^! are ?\ght to be /ill 9 op]ation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ab\t half ( ! tung/5 us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 introduc$ into /eel 9 ! =m ( f]rotung/5 & ab\t half 9 ! =m ( tung/5 p[d]4 ,?is practice has *ang$1 s t n[ m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! tung/5 us$ is introduc$ z f]rotung/51 l>gely1 x seems1 because ( ! f]ro be+ n[ manufactur$ 9 pur] =m & p>tly because tung/5 p[d] c\ld n be obta9$ = a :ile4 ,at "o "t tung/5 ores 7 put 9 ! *>ge & ! tung/5 alloy$ directly ) ! /eel2 9 fact1 tung/5 /eels 7 fir/ made 9 ?is way1 al?\gh ! process 0 pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry z new4 ,! practice seems to h be5 dropp$ because ( ! introduction into ! /eel ( impurities t may be elim9at$ :5 tung/5 or f]rotung/5 is made fir/4 ,9 ! mak+ ( tung/5 /eels a consid]able *ange has tak5 place ?r\gh ! increas$ use ( ! electric furnace4 ,"o consid]able produc]1 ! ,latrobe ,electric ,/eel ,co41 makes all ( its high-spe$ tool /eel 9 ?is way4 ,! ,vanadium ,alloys ,/eel ,co41 "o ( ! l>g] produc]s1 makes a l>ge "p ( its /eel 9 ! electric furnace1 & ! ,crucible ,/eel ,co4 & "s o!r /eel companies are und]/ood to make a "p or all ( _! /eels ?us4 ,! removal ( t91 copp] & o!r impurities f f]rotung/5 by gr9d+ & *emical treatm5t has made possible ! use ( impure ores 9 ! production ( high-grade f]rotung/5 9 ! electric furnace4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,tung/51 ev5 m ?an t91 is f\nd almo/ exclusively ) granitic rocks4 ,9 a few places tung/5 ores are f\nd 9 volcanic1 s$im5t>y or metamorphic rocks1 b z is po/ulat$ ) c]ta9 t9 deposits1 _m ( ^! deposits may be expla9$ on ! supposition t !y are n f> v]tically above und]ly+ granite4 ,among ! deposits !mselves !re is a consid]able v>iety ( types1 & !y may be class$ z foll[s3 ,segregation deposits1 pegmatite dikes1 ve9s1 replacem5t deposits1 contact metamorphic deposits & plac]s4 ,segregation deposits are few & ( little importance & con/itute ^? deposits 9 :i* wolframite is segregat$ 9 granite1 l biotite or hornbl5de4 ,a closely relat$ type is ! occurr5ce ( tung/5 m9]als 9 aplitic granite1 & ?is grades almo/ ins5sibly into ! second type1 ! pegmatites4 ,! pegmatites are also ( comp>atively small importance1 b d yield c]ta9 quantities ( tung/5 m9]als4 ,! pegmatites also grade into ! next type1 ! ve9s1 :i* h h]et(ore furni%$ ! great] "p ( ! tung/5 m9]als ( ! _w4 ,closely connect$ ) ! ve9s are ! f\r? type1 replacem5t deposits1 9 :i* ! c\ntry rocks alongside ! ve9s1 ?\gh ! ve9s may be v small1 are replac$ by v>i\s m9]als1 includ+ ^? ( tung/54 ,! only kn[n l>ge examples are ! wolframite deposits ne> ,lead1 ,s\? ,dakota1 :i* 7 consid]able produc]s "u ! high prices ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,among ! replacem5t deposits are to be not$ also su* deposits z ^? 9 ! ,deep ,creek ,m\nta9s1 ,utah1 9 :i* solutions foll[+ cracks 9 monzonite h replac$ ! rock ) a mass ( feldsp>1 qu>tz1 t\rmal9e1 apatite1 s*eelite1 wolframite 7v little71 bismu?1 copp]1 & molybd5um m9]als1 :i* "u o!r conditions w\ld be unhesitat+ly call$ pegmatite4 ,closely relat$ to ! replacem5t deposits are ! contact metamorphic deposits1 ! fif? type4 ,^! only rec5tly h begun to be ( comm]cial importance1 b promise to be among ! greate/1 if n ! greate/1 produc]s ( ?is c\ntry & possibly ( o!r c\ntries4 ,!y are ( ! famili> k9d--lime/ones or limey rocks :i* h be5 invad$ by granites br++ l>ge quantities ( wat]y or gase\s solutions ( silicon1 iron1 alum9um & magnesium1 ) less *lor9e1 fluor9e1 pota% & sulphur1 &1 9 ?is case1 tung/54 ,9 ! ,great ,bas9 broad areas ( lime/one1 ext5d+ f nor?we/]n ,utah to ! ,si]ra ,nevadas & ar\nd _! s\!rn extremity1 h be5 ?us intrud$ & metamorphos$4 ,"s l>ge deposits ( s*eelite h already be5 exploit$ 9 ! region & o!rs rema9 to be work$4 ,simil> deposits occur 9 ,korea1 ,japan & ,tasmania1 & probably exi/1 ?\gh z yet undiscov]$1 9 ,*9a1 ! ,malay ,p59sula & o!r c\ntries4 ,! tung/5 m9]al 9 su* deposits is inv>iably s*eelite4 ,plac]s1 ! six? type1 are =m$ f all grades ( deposits1 b _! value dep5ds l>gely on local conditions4 ,!y are bo? residual & fluviatile deposits & h be5 l>ge produc]s ( tung/5 m9]als1 especially ( wolframite4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! ,burmese output has be5 f semi-residual & /ream plac]s1 & ! ,*9ese output 9 #aiah1 ! l>ge/ ev] made by any c\ntry 9 "o ye>1 0 almo/ :olly f plac]s4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! di/ribution ( tung/5 ores is f> f be+ z wide z ! di/ribution ( ! granitic rocks1 & "s regions ) l>ge areas ( granite h almo/ no tung/5 m9]als4 ,among su* regions are ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 l>ge /ret*es ( ,canada1 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,brazil4 ,! _w's kn[n l>ge tung/5 fields are gr\p$ along ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean--n always close to x1 b some:]e 9 ! great m\nta9 masses p>allel+ its m>g91 & ! we/]n %ore is mu* ri*] ?an ! ea/]n %ore4 ,9 #aiah1 fully #ib p] c5t4 ( ! _w's tung/5 came f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 #fa p] c5t4 com+ f ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 & ,oceania1 & #ca p] c5t4 f ,nor? ,am]ica & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,ea/]n ,asia alone furni%$ #ef p] c5t4 ,!re is only "o consid]able tung/5-be>+ area n situat$ close to ! ,pacific1 t ( ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula1 mo/ly 9 ,portugal b p>tly 9 ,spa94 ,( ! less ?an #h p] c5t4 n produc$ ar\nd ! ,pacific1 t area yield$ ne>ly #e p] c5t4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 small deposits 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & o!r places ne> ! ,atlantic1 b toge!r !y produce less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( ! _w's tung/5 ores4 ,! huge cont95t ( ,africa has only negligible kn[n deposits2 none ( consequ5ce are f\nd on ! bord]s ( ! ,arctic1 ,ant>ctic or ,indian oceans except along ! n>r[ ,malay ,p59sula divid+ ! ,indian & ,pacific oceans1 & only m9or deposits are kn[n 9 ,sib]ia4 ,consid]$ z a s+le metallog5ic prov9ce1 ! region mak+ by f> ! greate/ production is 9 s\!a/]n ,asia2 x includes ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,burma1 ! ,%an ,/ates1 ,siam1 ,tonk91 & s\!a/]n ,*9a4 ,! second l>ge/ produc+ metallog5ic prov9ce is ! ,cordill]an1 includ+ ,bolivia & ! adjac5t closely relat$ areas ( ,p]u1 ,arg5t9a & ,*ile1 to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico w\ld be a close ?ird4#gg ,portugal1 ,spa9 & ,italy =m ! f\r? prov9ce1 to :i* are closely relat$ ! ,corni%-,fr5* produc+ areas4 ,au/ralia1 includ+ ,tasmania1 is next 9 importance & is a di/9ct prov9ce1 practically all ! ores be+ f\nd 9 ! ranges ( ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t4 ,japan & ,korea also =m a r di/9ct prov9ce :i* may cont9ue into ,man*uria4 ,mexico1 z has be5 indicat$1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! same prov9ce z ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are num]\s small m or less isolat$ areas1 l ,connecticut1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,manitoba1 etc41 t are at pres5t ( little importance & give no promise ( future greatness4 #gg ,x may be q ju/ly object$ t ! idea ( a metallog5ic prov9ce is consid]ably /ret*$ to include ! ,b\ld] & ,black ,hills deposits ) ^? ( ! s\?we/]n /ates & ,mexico1 b = conv5i5ce !y are "h s gr\p$--) a frank confession ( ! lic5se tak54 ,,production ,,by ,,c\ntries ,! _w's production ( tung/5 ores by metallog5ic prov9ces & political areas is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #bh4--,,! ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,tung/5 ,,ore1 #aiac ,,to #aiah1 ,,by ,,metallog5ic ,,prov9ces ,,& ,,political ,,areas#gh ,9 %ort tons 7#b1jjj p\nds7 ( conc5trates conta9+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,prov9ce & area #aiac #aiad #aiae ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,africa ,s\? ,african prov9ce3 ,rhodesia #d 444 444 ,union ( ,s\? ,africa 444 444 444 --------------------- #d 444 444 ,asia ,*9o-,malayan prov9ce3 ,burma #a1hia #b1fje #b1ifc ,*9a 444 444 444 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies 7,billiton & ,s+kep7 #g #a #g ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #hjbebhjbibhjcbf ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a 7,tonk97 #hjaja #aai #bbj ,siam 444 #cja #dge ,unf$]at$ ,malay ,/ates3 ,johore#hj 444 444 #b ,k$ah #cb #bg #ad ,tr5gganu#hj #id #afj #afa ,indian prov9ce3 ,india 7exclud+ ,burma7 444 444 444 ,japo-,korean prov9ce3 ,*os5 7,korea7 444 444 #gd ,japan #bgb #bae #daa --------------------- #b1fdi #c1gbj #d1fec ,au/ralia ,au/ralian prov9ce3 ,new ,s\? ,wales #hjaiahjbbj #hjic ,nor!rn ,t]ritory#gi #bag #aei #cff ,que5sl& #djb #bgj #dfh ,s\? ,au/ralia 444 444 444 ,tasmania #gf #ec #ajf ,victoria #a 444 #af ,we/]n ,au/ralia#hj #a #a 444 --------------------- #hhh #gjc #a1jdi ,europe ,erzgebirgan prov9ce3 ,au/ria #eg #fb #hbge ,g]many #hjcahhbajjhbaej ,franco-,corni% prov9ce3 ,engl& #bjd #bbi #cgj ,france #cjahbbjjhbbjj ,ib]ian prov9ce3 ,italy 444 444 444 ,portugal #a1bda #gce #a1jbi ,spa9 #ahf #adi #bjh ,russian prov9ce3 ,russia 444 444 444 ,sc&9avian prov9ce3 ,norway #c #d 444 --------------------- #b1caj #a1dgi #b1jcb ,nor? ,am]ica ,am]ican prov9ce3 ,alaska 444 444 7#hc7 ,unit$ ,/ates #a1ecg #iij #b1ccb ,canadian prov9ce3 ,s\!a/]n ,canada 444 444 444 ,s\?we/]n prov9ce3 ,mexico 444 444 444 --------------------- #a1ecg #iij #b1ccb ,oceania ,oceanic prov9ce3 ,new ,zeal&#hj #bdh #bbh #bag ,s\? ,am]ica ,brazilian prov9ce3 ,brazil 444 444 444 ,cordill]an prov9ce3 ,arg5t9a#hj #fgi #dii #bja ,bolivia#hj #cci #ccj #idg ,*ile 444 444 #aj ,p]u #ceg #bce #dee --------------------- #a1cge #a1jfd #a1fac --------------------- ,total #i1jaa #h1ahd #aa1hif ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,prov9ce & area #aiaf #aiag #aiah ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,africa ,s\? ,african prov9ce3 ,rhodesia #b #ab #cg ,union ( ,s\? ,africa #a #i #ai ----------------------------- #c #ba #ef ,asia ,*9o-,malayan prov9ce3 ,burma #d1aff #e1jah #d1iai ,*9a #giabjgi1hja1ejjhjaa1ffb ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies 7,billiton & ,s+kep7 #eb #hafa #hafa ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #egh #gid #cih ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a 7,tonk97 #ahc #dbb #hbdej ,siam #ehd #hjj #hbhjj ,unf$]at$ ,malay ,/ates3 ,johore#hj #be #b #a ,k$ah #ai #aci #ehb ,tr5gganu#hj #cjc #bbe #fia ,indian prov9ce3 ,india 7exclud+ ,burma7 #dg #fi #de ,japo-,korean prov9ce3 ,*os5 7,korea7 #fac #iib #hba1ajb ,japan #ggj #hjh #gifea ----------------------------- #g1dfj #aj1hcj #ba1cfb ,au/ralia ,au/ralian prov9ce3 ,new ,s\? ,wales #hjbif #hjbgd #gicbe ,nor!rn ,t]ritory#gi #dja #dbg #fad ,que5sl& #dae #djf #bih ,s\? ,au/ralia #a 444 444 ,tasmania #aai #bgj #daf ,victoria #a #be #d ,we/]n ,au/ralia#hj #d #a #e ----------------------------- #a1bcg #a1djc #a1ffb ,europe ,erzgebirgan prov9ce3 ,au/ria #hbaej #hbaej #hbaej ,g]many #hbcea #hbbjj #hbbjj ,franco-,corni% prov9ce3 ,engl& #dda #bgj #cch ,france #haahb #haahb #haahb ,ib]ian prov9ce3 ,italy #i #a 444 ,portugal #a1efc #a1gdb #hba1cjj ,spa9 #dfh #dia #d1gda ,russian prov9ce3 ,russia #cf #giajh #hbaej ,sc&9avian prov9ce3 ,norway #a #hbaj #hbaj ----------------------------- #c1bja #c1aed #g1jga ,nor? ,am]ica ,am]ican prov9ce3 ,alaska #dg #cb #ab ,unit$ ,/ates #e1hgf #f1aab #e1jef ,canadian prov9ce3 ,s\!a/]n ,canada 444 444 #ac ,s\?we/]n prov9ce3 ,mexico #ac #bjg #afe ----------------------------- #e1icf #f1cea #e1bdf ,oceania ,oceanic prov9ce3 ,new ,zeal&#hj #bih #aha #aij ,s\? ,am]ica ,brazilian prov9ce3 ,brazil #hjg 444 444 ,cordill]an prov9ce3 ,arg5t9a#hj #ifc #a1bea #gbd ,bolivia#hj #c1fbd #d1fdf #d1jhb ,*ile #b 444 444 ,p]u #ehg #dga #bie ----------------------------- #e1ahc #f1cfh #e1aja ----------------------------- ,total #bc1cah #bh1cjh #dj1fhh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #gh ,figures unaccompani$ by footnote ref]5ces are tak5 f (ficial s\rces or o!r au!ntic publications4 ,9 all cases ! orig9al quantities h be5 r$uc$ to _! equival5t 9 conc5trates conta9+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 #gi ,figures p>tly (ficial & p>tly e/imat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 #hj ,exports4 #ha ,figures e/imat$ by ! ,allies :5 x 0 propos$ to allocate ! tung/5 ores ( ! _w among !mselves4 #hb ,figures e/imat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 #hc ,less ?an half a ton4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,asia4--,! increase ( output f ea/]n ,asia has be5 m>vel\s4 ,9 #aiac x am\nt$ to #b1dig tons & 9 #aiah1 z already /at$1 to #bj1bbh tons--m ?an #ef p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,z else:]e1 production mu/ decrease until ! accumulat$ /ocks 9 ! r$uc+ c5t]s are us$1 !n production w aga9 proce$4 ,! alluvial deposits ( ,*9a are by no means exhau/$1 ! ve9s are sc>cely t\*$1 ! tung/5-be>+ area is l>ge & only p>tly prospect$1 & su* prospect+ z has be5 done has be5 almo/ :olly = plac]s2 labor is *eap1 & a l>ge future output is sure4 ,m lib]al ideas ( trade & gov]nm5t are sl[ly tak+ root 9 ,*9a & ultimately educat$ ,*9ese or tra9$ =eign]s w "w ! deposits2 ! output = a long "t w be l>ge1 ?\gh x may nev] aga9 be z l>ge z x 0 9 #aiah4 ,s f> z c be le>n$1 ! easily work$ plac]s & ! upp] p>ts ( ! ve9s 9 ,burma are becom+ exhau/$ r rapidly1#hd & rec\rse mu/ !re=e be _h m & m to ! m9+ ( ^? p>ts ( ! ve9s bel[ wat] level & 9 h>d] rock1 & ?is w probably mean a dim9ution r ?an an increase 9 output4 ,siam seem+ly %\ld give an increas$ production1 z ! m9es are comp>atively new1 & !re /ill %\ld be opportunity = discov]ies4 ,! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates & ! unf$]at$ /ates 7,johore1 ,k$ah & ,tr5gganu7 %\ld produce at lea/ z mu* 9 ! imm$iate future z 9 ! pa/--giv5 ! dem& & an equal price4 #hd ,burma ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce & ,tavoy ,*amb] ( ,m9es1 8,memorial to ,sir ,george ,b>nes10 ,m9+ ,j\r41 ,london1 vol4 #aba1 #aiah1 ,may #d1 p4 #bfa4 ,au/ralasia4--,l o!r ,briti% possessions1 ,au/ralia labor$ "u ! h&icap ( a comp>atively l[ fix$ price = tung/5 ores dur+ ! w>4 ,?is price1 at fir/ #ee %ill+s p] long ton unit c4i4f4 ,london1 0 lat] rais$ to #fj %ill+s4 ,dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! w> ! price paid 9 ,au/ralia av]ag$ less ?an "o-half ! price paid 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & only a little m ?an half t paid 9 regions o!r ?an ! ,briti% prov9ces4 ,9 consequ5ce ! ,au/ralian tung/5 production did n increase dur+ ! w> z x might h done _h prices be5 high]4 ,! cream ( ! kn[n deposits is gone except 9 ,tasmania1 :]e contact metamorphic deposits on ,k+ ,isl& h quadrupl$ ! ,tasmanian output4 ,! tung/5 m9]als m9$ 9 ,au/ralia are l>gely wolframite ) small] quantities ( huebn]ite & s*eelite4 ,! huebn]ite seems to be r>ely recogniz$ z su* 9 ! ,briti% m>ket1 b is all sold z wolframite4 ,except = ! contact metamorphic deposits on ,k+ ,isl&1 ,tasmania1 ! deposits work$ are mo/ly ve9s1 ) "s pegmatites4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! production is :olly s*eelite2 x increas$ consid]ably dur+ ! w> until ! la/ ye>--#aiah--:51 app>5tly f a lack ( effici5t labor1 x fell to ! l[e/ po9t s9ce #aiji4 ,! probabilities are t !re w be a /oppage ( output = ! pres5t4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,9 ,bolivia ! increase ( production has be5 great4 ,! deposits seem to be :olly ve9s & d]iv$ plac]s4 ,! ve9s are closely connect$ ) ! t9 deposits1 & 9 _m ve9s t9 & tung/5 are associat$1 b _m tung/5 deposits conta9 little or no t94 ,! tung/5 m9]als m9$ are f]b]ite1 wolframite1 s*eelite & "s huebn]ite4 ,9 "s ve9s ! m9]als are mix$ & 9 o!rs :olly sep>ate4 ,! m9es are 9 & on bo? sides ( ! ea/]n ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es ?r\gh a di/ance ( ne>ly #djj miles f a po9t ne> ,pu]ta ,aco/a1 on ! nor?we/1 to ,*orolque1 on ! s\!a/4 ,m9+ co/s dur+ ! w> rose greatly 9 sympa?y ) ! rise 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,wages did n rise to great heights1 b ! co/ ( mat]ials advanc$ decid$ly4 ,transportation conditions are always bad 9 mo/ ( ,bolivia1 & heavily increase exp5ses4 ,because ( circum/ances ! output is extremely s5sitive to a decrease 9 dem& or prices1 & h5ce x fell quickly aft] ! armi/ice1 b %\ld high prices come aga91 x w probably aga9 increase quickly4 ,"s mod]n plants 7 plac$ at m9es be=e or j z ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 & :5 _w /ocks ( tung/5 are us$ & :5 !re is aga9 a dem&1 "s ore w be produc$ ev5 at less ?an #aj a unit1 ?\gh ! av]age co/ seems to be ab\t #ab a unit1 at ! m9e4#he #he ,,hazelt9e1 ,,ross1 ,unit$ ,/ates consul1 ,la ,paz4 ,report dat$ ,may #ad1 #aiai4 ,! output ( ,p]u1 z n[ produc$1 seems to dep5d ^u high prices & ) su* prices c\ld probably rema9 at ! level ( #aiaf = sev]al ye>s4 ,! ,huaura deposits are report$ to be l>ge1 ?\gh ( l[ grade1 & may "u prop] managem5t yield mu* ore ev5 at l[] prices4 ,!y 7 "u ! control ( ,g]man firms dur+ ! w> & probably /ill are4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,until #aiaa ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! lead+ tung/5-produc+ c\ntry1 b 9 t ye> x 0 pass$ by ,burma1 :i* kept ! lead until #aiaf1 :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9 became ! pr9cipal m9] ( tung/5 ore4 ,9 #aiah ,*9a ent]$ ! excessively high-pric$ m>ket ) an output t exce$$ by ne>ly #a1jjj tons ! _w's production ( any ye> be=e #aiae4 ,nor? ,am]ica increas$ its output f #a1edi tons 9 #aiac to #f1eab tons 9 #aiag1 b dropp$ back ne>ly #a1jjj tons 7to #e1djf tons7 9 #aiah4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! decrease ( production 0 due almo/ :olly to ! fall 9 price1 & only p>tly to exhau/ion ( deposits4 ,9 ! ,b\ld]1 ,colo41 tung/5 field "s ( its be/ ore bodies are work$ out & ! co/ ( production has ris5 greatly ow+ to ! impov]i%m5t ( o!rs1 & ! same ?+ is true 9 "s o!r places1 b x seems possible t 9 ! c\ntry z a :ole ! production c be made ab\t equal to :at x has be5 be=e1 provid$ prices are equally high1 ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ! contact-metamorphic deposits ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,9 ,mexico ! tung/5 deposits are seem+ly a cont9uation ( ^? ( s\!rn ,arizona4 ,s f> z kn[n1 all ! ,mexican deposits c>ry s*eelite1 9 places p>tly replac$ by cuprotung/ite4 ,! kn[n work$ deposits 9 ! ,sahu>ipa di/rict ( ,sonora are describ$ z ve9s conta9+ s*eelite ) copp] m9]als & a pegmatite dike 9 :i* are l>ge masses ( s*eelite & molybd5ite4 ,europe4--,european production increas$ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 betwe5 #aiac & #aiah1 mo/ly 9 ,portugal1 & ! output ( tung/5 ores 9 ,portugal app>5tly did n rea* its maximum4 ,bo? plac]s & ve9s h be5 exploit$ & !re seems to be plac] mat]ial /ill to be work$ z well z ve9s t are said to be f> f exhau/$4 ,! (ficial /ati/ics ( production giv5 by ,portugal dur+ ! great] "p ( ! w> are decl>$ by eng9e]s conv]sant ) ! situation to h be5 too l[1 because ( ore be+ smuggl$ into ,spa9 & on bo>d %ips b\nd = ,engl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 #aiah ,engl& & ,france object$ to ! %ipm5t ( ,portuguese ore to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b w\ld n pay equival5t prices4 ,! ,portuguese gov]nm5t !re=e issu$ an ord] prev5t+ ! export ( tung/5 ore except at fix$ prices approa*+ ! curr5t ,am]ican prices4 ,am]ican own]s c\ld n "w _! m9es successfully "u ! ,briti%-,fr5* emb>go1 ) ! result t ! output 0 probably mu* small] ?an 9 #aiag4 ,9 spite ( ! unc]ta9ties ! (ficial e/imates h be5 us$ z f> z !y are available1 = no bett] figures are at h&4 ,z to ! ,spani% output1 prophecy is difficult because ! data conc]n+ ! m9es are meag]4 ,x seems probable t "u simil> prices ab\t ! same output z 9 ! pa/ may be expect$ f ! ,engli% & ,fr5* deposits4 ,! ,engli% output decreas$ 9 #aiag & increas$ only a little 9 #aiah4 ,no accurate data are available f ,france4 ,! ,g]man & ,au/rian deposits 7 probably work$ s h>d dur+ ! ,_w ,w> t less is to be expect$ f !m ?an !y h h]et(ore produc$4 ,summ>y4--,! pr9cipal *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( production dur+ ! next few ye>s w\ld seem to be3 ,fur!r developm5t 9 ,korea2 possible developm5t 9 ,man*uria2 developm5t ( deposits 9 s\!rn ,*9a & ,siam2 fur!r developm5t 9 ,bolivia2 a t5d5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to l>gely increas$ production f deposits 9 ! ,great ,bas92 & developm5t ( bo? ve9s & contact-metamorphic deposits 9 ,mexico4 ,production w possibly decrease 9 ! ,atolia & ,b\ld] fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 9 ,au/ralia1 ,japan1 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! actual control ( ! _w's tung/5 deposits diff]s consid]ably f t indicat$ by ! production )9 political areas4 ,actual control is ju/ly obta9$ ?r\gh ord9>y competitive buy+1 own]%ip by nationals 7sometimes by gov]nm5ts7 ( deposits1 & ?r\gh comm]cial alliance4 ,control ?r\gh own]%ip ( banks & transportation l9es may be j or x may be by co]cion & comm]cial brig&age1 seiz+ ports = coal+ & repair /ations--me?ods t are m]ely ref9em5ts evolv$ s9ce ! days :5 8,!y s\ght _! =tunes z !y pleas$ abroad1 ! cr[n annoy+ !m ) no inquiry to emb>rass _! se>* = ,spani% treasure %ips1 or _! trade 9 pirat$ l95s & silks40#hf #hf ,,wilson1 ,,woodr[4 8,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,p10 vol4 #a1 p4 #be4 ,,table #bi4--;,,actual ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,tung/5 ,,output ,,9 #aiag ,,& #aiah4 ,,9 ,,%ort ,,tons ,,( #b1jjj ,,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aiag #aiah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,quantity( _w's,quantity( _w's output output ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,briti%3 ,possessions ,burma & ,%an ,/ates #d1fjj #d1hgj ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #hec #ibj ,tr5gganu #cej #cej ,johore & ,k$ah #bjj #ehb ,india #ge #df ,au/ralia #a1djd #a1ffb ,new ,zeal& #bda #adf ,engl& #bfe #ccj ,s\? ,africa #bd #cg -------- -------- #h1jab #bh4d #h1idc #bd4i ,obta9$ ?r\gh trade & political pressure ,japan & ,korea 7includ+ ores = ,france7 #gij ,none ,*9a & ,hongkong 7includ+ ores = ,france7 #a1aje #ijj ,siam #fjj #fjj ,billiton & ,s+kep #fj #fj ,arg5t9a 7includ+ ,bolivia ores = #b1jce #iej ,p]u ,france7 ,portugal #ifj #hjj ,spa9 7includ+ ores = ,france7 #ddf #dbe -------- -------- #e1iif #ba4c #c1gce #aj4d ,total ores "u ,briti% control #ad1jjh #di4g #ab1fgh #ce4c ,fr5*3 ,france #ahb #ahj ,tonk9 #dbb #dej ,siam #agj #aij ,portugal #fej #ddj ,bolivia 7,see ,great ,brita97 8 8 ,arg5t9a 7,see ,great ,brita97 8 8 -------- -------- #a1dbd #e4c #a1bfj #c4e ,g]man3 ,g]many #bjj #bjj ,au/ria #aej #aej ,norway 8 ,portugal 8 8 ,spa9 8 8 -------- -------- #cej #a4b #cej #a ,am]ican3 ,mexico #cdj #cbf ,p]u ,bolivia #d1cbj #d1fhj ,arg5t9a ,japan & ,korea 7includ+ "s ,*9ese ore7 #a1jaj #a1fej ,*9a & ,hongkong #cie #i1cjj ,portugal #acj #fj ,siam #cj #ab ,dome/ic production #f1add #e1jfh -------- -------- #ab1cfi #dc4i #ba1aej #ei ,japanese3 7,quantity smelt$ only7 ,*9a 8 #cjj ,norwegian3 ,norway #aj #aj #a4c ,russian3 ,russia #aaj #aej -------- -------- ,total #bh1agh #ce1hcb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ow+ to ! close relation%ips betwe5 "s =eign gov]nm5ts & private firms--z illu/rat$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t's int]e/ 9 dye1 pota%1 & %ipp+ firms1 & ! ,briti% gov]nm5t's p>ticipation 9 nickel m9+ & f]rotung/5-mak+ companies--x is n practicable to draw a l9e betwe5 gov]nm5tally & privately controll$ deposits4 ,9 c\ntries ) weak gov]nm5ts1 ! deposits own$ by ,briti% subjects are to all int5ts & purposes ,briti%2 b =eign deposits own$ by ,am]icans are n necess>ily "u ,am]ican control2 9 fact1 in/ead ( help+ & enc\rag+ our pione]s 9 =eign trade we are apt to h>ass !m & de/roy _! bus9ess ) dra/ic t>iff laws4 ,9 effect1 ! prec$+ table m]ely %[s :]e ! ores ( diff]5t c\ntries g = treatm5t2 x is1 ( c\rse1 only a g5]alization1 = trade conditions con/antly *ange4 ,= in/ance1 ,japanese electric furnaces are beg9n+ to smelt tung/5 ores1 ?\gh at pres5t to ! ext5t ( only #aj to #ae tons ( conta9$ tung/5 p] mon?1 b x is conceivable t ! output may be increas$ greatly4 ,al?\gh ,japan c\ld control ! disposition ( its ore1 x is giv5 cr$it = control only ( its smelt$ ores4 ,! exact di/ribution ( ores f ,arg5t9a1 ,bolivia1 ,p]u1 ,portugal & ,spa9 c n be giv54 ,briti% ,control4--,dur+ ! w> ! ,briti% gov]nm5t dem&$ & obta9$ all ( ! tung/5 ores produc$ 9 its colonies & possessions4 ,?is re/riction 0 lat] lift$ z reg>ds to ,canada1 & a new rule all[$ ,canada to %ip tung/5 ores to o!r ,ent5te nations1 b z ,canada 0 n a produc] ! lic5se grant$ am\nt$ to no?+ except z x eas$ ! feel+s ( ! ,canadians4 ,s*eelite deposits _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,manitoba1 h[ev]1 t = a "t seem$ to be pot5tial produc]s4 ,nom9ally ,siam has rema9$ free f ,briti% control because m or less "u ! zone ( influ5ce ( ! ,fr5*1 b diplomatic pressure seems to h be5 ex]cis$ at ,bangkok4 ,! ,siamese ores mo/ly conta9 "s t9 & h gone to ,s+apore = sep>ation2 & :5 once )9 ! ,briti% possessions1 ( c\rse !y c\ld n be export$4 ,! ,engli% control ( ,siamese %ipm5ts1 h[ev]1 seems z complete z if ! ores came f an ,engli% prov9ce4 ,mr4 ,nassu]1 ( ! ,siamese ,am]ican ,trad+ ,co41 te/ifi$ be=e ! ,t>iff ,commission at ,san ,francisco1 ,june #bh1 #aiah1 t 8 company wi%$ to %ip ore to ! ,unit$ ,/ates b ! ,briti% m9i/] to ,siam w\ld give no p]mit4 ,! company took ! matt] up ) our ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & f9ally got p]mission to %ip #aj tons4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ! ,*emical ,products ,co41 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 prote/$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate at ,wa%+ton ) ref]5ce to ,briti% int]f]5ce ) exportation ( tung/5 ore f ,siam to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 /at+ t ! company 0 work+ "u conditions peculi> to itself 9 t x employ$ an exp5sive process develop$ to h&le l[-grade ores obta9able at a mu* l[] price ?an ! regul> grades on ! m>ket2 t x ent]$ into an agreem5t ) an ,am]ican work+ tung/5 m9es 9 ,siam = ! pur*ase ( 8 tung/5 ore1 only to f9d t ?r\gh control ( port privileges at ,s+apore & ,hongkong ! ,briti% effectually prohibit$ x or any o!r ,am]ican firm f obta9+ ! mat]ial4 ,( c\rse1 ?is1 l o!r incid5ts m5tion$1 took place "u ! %ad[ ( a desp]ate w> :5 /rictness 0 to be expect$1 b ! %ipm5ts ask$ 7 to an ally f a c\ntry n op5ly "u control ( ,great ,brita94 ,d\btless no su* objections w\ld be (f]$ n[1 b ! incid5ts %[ ! effici5cy ( ^! me?ods ( controll+ comm]ce4 ,9 s\!rn ,*9a1 ,hongkong be+ ! port = ,kwangtung & ,kwangsi1 & p>ts ( s\!rn ,kiangsi & ,hunan1 ! ,briti% = a :ile ex]cis$ control ov] ! export ( ores produc$ 9 ^? di/ricts1#hg refus+ to all[ ! re%ipm5t ( ores unless !y 7 s5t to ,engl&4 #hg ,,&]son1 ,,george ,e43 ,am]ican ,consul ,g5]al1 ,hongkong1 ,*9a4 8,tung/5 f ,s\? ,*9a40 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,nov4 #i1 #aiag1 p4 #edf4 ,=eign]s1 includ+ ,am]icans ( c\rse1 are n all[$ to own m9+ prop]ty 9 ,burma1 ! ,f$]at$ & ,unf$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 or ,au/ralia1 t]ritory produc+ ne>ly all ! tung/5 ores ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,9 ,arg5t9a small tung/5 m9es are own$ by ,engli% companies4#hh #hh ,,%>p1 ,,ral/on ,c43 8,wolfram ,deposits 9 ! ,arg5t9e40 ,m9+ ,magaz9e1 ,london1 vol4 #ah1 ,may1 #aiah1 pp4 #bcj-bcc4 ,9 ,bolivia ! ,engli% & ,fr5* gov]nm5ts dur+ ! w> leas$ m9es directly1 & came into direct competition ) ,am]ican bus9ess m5 engag$ 9 buy+ or produc+ tung/5 ores4 ,briti% trad]s are con/antly /riv+ to increase _! control ( ,bolivian tung/5 ores4 ,at pres5t ! ,engli% seem+ly h complete control ( ! f9ancial sy/em ( ,bolivia1 s f> z =eign ex*ange is conc]n$4 ,an ,am]ican int]e/$ 9 a tung/5 m9e 9 ,bolivia has in=m$ ! writ] t x is almo/ impossible to d bus9ess ) ,engli% banks1 because !y insi/ t if !y ext5d comm]cial c\rtesies1 ev5 = pay1 ! recipi5t mu/ buy only ,engli% m9+ ma*9]y4 ,! buddle1 :i* = dress+ tung/5 ore is obsolete 9 o!r c\ntries1 is said to be /ill us$ 9 ,bolivian mills "u ,engli% control4 ,if m9]s d n wi% to deal ?r\gh ,engli% banks1 !y are compell$ to cable money to & f ,new ,york at consid]able exp5se4 ,! ,am]ican bank+ int]e/s repres5t$ 9 ,bolivia seem cons]vative 9 advanc+ money on ore %ipm5ts1 :]eas ,g]man & ,engli% repres5tatives are said to advance up to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! m>ket value ( ores %ipp$4 ,m9+ corporations controll$ by ,engli% firms %ip to ,engl&1 & ,am]icans c n compete = ! production4 ,su* a firm is ,aramayo ,francke ,m9es1 ,ltd41 :i* produc$ #b1jej long tons ( t9 conc5trates1 #bbf tons ( wolframite conc5trates1 & a consid]able output ( bismu? 9 ! ye> end+ ,may #ca1 #aiaf4 ,control ( ! ,bolivian m9es by ! ,engli% is n yet dang]\s to ,am]ican int]e/s1 except ?r\gh ! bank+ sy/em1 b entire control may be pass$ to !m1 to ! ,g]mans or ! ,fr5*1 ?r\gh ,am]ican t>iff legislation4 ,9 ,portugal1 ,engli% companies control a numb] ( ! m9es1 & x has be5 alleg$ by at lea/ two ,am]icans#hi t ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh its repres5tations at ,lisbon1 = a p]iod ( m ?an two ye>s1 prev5t$ title pass+ to ,am]ican companies4 ,! ,!rmo ,electric ,ore ,r$uction ,corporation1 ,ltd41 seems to be ! *ief ,engli% own] ( ,portuguese tung/5 m9es4 #hi ,p]sonal communications4 ,9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ! ,briti% are und]/ood to control ! pres5t wolframite production ( ab\t #e tons a mon?4 ,fr5* ,control4--,fr5* control ( tung/5 deposits is n l>ge4 ,x includes ! production ( ,france & ( ,tonk91 a "p ( t f ,portugal1 & a comp>atively small int]e/ 9 ,bolivia4 ,dur+ ! w>1 control 9 ,portugal 0 attempt$ by ,engl& & ,france4 ,! prices (f]$ by ! ,engli% & ,fr5* 7 mu* bel[ ! m>ket prices at ,new ,york1 & ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t /epp$ 9 & rais$ prices to a po9t some:at l[] ?an ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b #bj p] c5t4 high] ?an ! prices (f]$ by ,engl& & ,france4 ,japanese ,control4--,japan has )9 h] own bord]s a consid]able numb] ( tung/5 deposits 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl&s1 b all are small4 ,9 ,korea important deposits h be5 discov]$ & actively work$1 especially )9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,deposits 9 ,man*uria are said to be controll$ by ! ,japanese2 little is kn[n ( !m1 & if !y exi/ !y are probably small4 ,japanese ores h l>gely come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = sev]al ye>s4 ,z has be5 said1 ,japanese firms h erect$ electric furnaces 9 :i* a "p ( ! tung/5 ores are r$uc$1 probably ! equival5t ( #be to #ce tons p] mon? ( conc5trates c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ,am]ican ,control4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates controls entirely ! tung/5 deposits )9 its own bord]s & ,alaska4 ,am]icans op]at+ 9 ,mexico h produc$ #bjj to #cjj %ort tons ( s*eelite conc5trates p] ye>1 f deposits 9 ! ,sahu>ipa di/rict1 ,sonora4 ,wolframite is said to h be5 %ipp$ f ,s9aloa to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b its real orig9 is unkn[n4 ,contact metamorphic deposits ab\t #fj miles s\?we/ ( ,nacoz>i c>ry #j4g p] c5t4 ,,wo & #a to #b p] c5t4 copp]4 ,!y are own$ by ,am]icans b are n n[ productive4 ,9 ,bolivia1 ,am]icans own "s ( ! m important tung/5 m9es4 ,! ,am]ican firms kn[n to own tung/5 prop]ties !re are ,w4 ,r4 ,grace ,co41 local address1 ,la ,paz2 ,/ew>t1 ,wilson ,hepburn1 ,oruro2 ,easley ,inslee1 ,la ,paz2 & ,c4 ,dillon1 ,oruro4 ,_! total output is e/imat$ to am\nt to ab\t #a1fjj tons1 out ( a total output ( m ?an #d1jjj tons = ! c\ntry4 ,9 s\!rn ,*9a1 ,am]ican firms h l>gely develop$ ! tung/5 trade1 s t ?r\gh ?is s\rce ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7or r ,am]ican capital7 controls1 unless h9d]$1 a ye>ly output ( p]haps #i1jjj %ort tons ( tung/5 conc5trates4 ,9 ,siam "o or two ,unit$ ,/ates companies h attempt$ to produce tung/51 b ,engli% influ5ce dur+ ! w> made difficult ! %ipm5t ( ev5 small lots ( ores to ?is c\ntry4 ,because x (f]$ high] prices ?an o!r c\ntries1 & because ! m direct & %ort] trade r\te made trade ) ?is c\ntry advantage\s to ! ,japanese1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates l>gely controll$ ! ,japanese output ( tung/5 ore 9 #aiah4 ,?is trade probably has be5 some:at curtail$ & w be fur!r dim9i%$ ?r\gh ! erection ( electric furnaces 9 ,japan4 ,! table foll[+ %[s ! tung/5 ores import$ = consumption into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiah1 b gives a poor idea ( ! ores %ipp$ f ! c\ntries ( orig92 ,*9ese ores lag ?ree mon?s & ,s\? ,am]ican ores ab\t two mon?s4 ,! table gives only ! ores actually receiv$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,table #bi %[s m ne>ly ! ores %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye>4 ,*9ese ores are treat$ z av]ag+ #fg4e p] c5t4 ,,wo & o!r ores #fe p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ,,table #cj4--,,tung/5-,,be>+ ,,ores ,,import$ ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 #aiah1 ,,by ,,c\ntries ,,z ,,li/$ ,,at ,,ports ,,( ,,entry1 ,,& ,,by ,,probable ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,orig9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,probable orig9 & equival5t ,z li/$ at ports 9 #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,quan- ,quan- tity1 tity1 %ort %ort ,c\ntry tons ,value ,c\ntry tons ,value ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,arg5t9a #ecf #gcj1gbb,s\? ,am]ica1 ,bolivia #hh #abb1ceg;includ+3 ,arg5t9a ,bolivia ,canada #ef #aae1hfc;,*ile ,colombia ,*ile #a1bea #a1bji1hfd;,co/a ,rica ,ecuador ,*9a #b1chd #b1jfh1fcf,panama ,p]u ,colombia #ef #fe1abd,salvador #d1aha #c1gdf1bii ,co/a ,rica #ah #ai1jha ,ecuador #f #i1igi;,*9a1 includ+3 ,hongkong1 ,france #bi #c1djj8,o!r ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies20 ,hongkong #c1eie #c1eaa1jdf;also ,canada #f1haa #e1gjh1faf ,japan #a1cfa #a1gjj1ccb;,japan #a1dgd #a1gjj1ccb ,mexico #bfd #bbd1bdg,mexico #bhf #bbd1bdg 8,o!r ,portugal1 ,briti% includ+3 ,ea/ ,indies0 #ai #ac1jga;,france #fa #ba1afj ,panama #cg #dj1fad ,p]u #a1hbg #a1dhh1eaf,siam #ab #h1ehc ,portugal #bg #ag1gfj ,salvador #dj #fj1jdb,unacc\nt$ = #aeg #adb1iha ,siam #aa #h1ehc ,unacc\nt$ = #ade #adb1iha ----------------- ----------------- #aa1gejaa1eeb1bah #ab1hhbaa1eeb1bah ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unh9d]$ by o!r gov]nm5ts1 ?is c\ntry w\ld h import$ ev5 l>g] quantities ( ore1 because ( its pay+ high] prices & be+ m lib]al reg>d+ impurities4 ,! table %[s t ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ #cf p] c5t4 ( ! tung/5 output ( ! _w2 ?is am\nt add$ to ! dome/ic output makes a total ( #ag1iba tons1 or #ej p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,ow+ to ! lag 9 %ipm5ts f ,s\? ,am]ica & ,*9a ! ,s\? ,am]ican ores receiv$ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y 7 f ! output ( #aiag1 z 7 ! ,*9ese ores arriv+ up to ! end ( ,m>*4 ,subtract+ ! ores arriv+ f ! two regions dur+ ! fir/ two & ?ree mon?s1 respectively1 ( #aiah1 & add+ ! ores arriv+ dur+ a l p]iod 9 #aiai1 make ! quantity ( ore controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiah 7z %[n on page #aec7 equival5t to #ba1aca tons ( conc5trates c>ry+ #fj p]c5t4 ,,wo1 or #ei p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,^! ores 7 all controll$ ?r\gh ! private initiative ( ,am]ican firms :o (f]$ bett] prices & bett] t]ms ?an c\ld be obta9$ abroad4 ,probably a l>g] proportion c\ld be h&l$ 9 ! future1 %\ld int]f]5ce n come f )9 our own bord]s4 ,x is n[ propos$ to put a t>iff ( #aj a unit on tung/5 ores )\t reg>d to purity or quality1 ) a correspond+ly high t>iff ( #a a p\nd1 plus ! #ae p] c5t4 ad valorem duties n[ 9 =ce1 on metal 9 any =m--elem5t1 alloy or salt2 & su* a bill has pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,its advocates believe t ! price1 n[ ab\t #g a unit 9 ,new ,york1 w be rais$ to #ag a unit4 ,h]eaft] ! quantities ( tung/5 ore h&l$ w be mu* small] ?an dur+ #aiaf1 #aiag & #aiah2 & w be conf9$ to peace-"t ne$s unless "s un=ese5 w> arises4 ,engl&1 accord+ to gov]nm5t e/imates ab\t ,janu>y1 #aibj1 _h two ye>s' supply1 & ,france is probably z well suppli$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates probably _h on h& an equival5t ( q #h1jjj tons ( ore c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ,mak]s ( tool /eel figur$ on a consumption ( #g1ejj tons dur+ #aiai1 b because ( ! lack ( m>ket = ore ?is 0 mu* too high2 & probably #d1jjj tons is l>ge en\gh1 s t !re w likely be little m>ket = new supplies = ne>ly two ye>s1 except z ore may be b\ght speculatively4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 m9es ev]y:]e mu/ rema9 idle until a dem& aga9 arises1 except = ^? m9es requir$ to furni% tung/5 = ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,russia & ! small quantity requir$ by ,sw$51 ,norway & ,italy4 ,if indu/ries 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,russia recov] s t !y c buy & use tung/51 ,g]many w h rega9$ 9 ! ores t w be eag]ly (f]$ by produc+ nations ne$+ a m>ket1 a "p ( ! trade %e has lo/4 ,trad]s ( ,engl&1 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be glad to sell tung/5 & f]rotung/51 b ,g]many w und\bt$ly rea* out = raw mat]ial 9 ord] t %e may make z mu* use z possible ( h] abundant unemploy$ labor4 ,%\ld a t>iff law l t n[ propos$ be pass$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w h cut (f its =eign supplies & w h end$ its control ( any consid]able "p ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld a high price be ma9ta9$1 artificially or o!rwise1 ! developm5t ( o!r alloy /eels = use 9 multiple-edg$ tools may h rea*$ a po9t :]e n s mu* tung/5 w be ne$$4 ,g]man ,control4--,g]many _h no consid]able tung/5 deposits at home1 & none 9 ! =eign t]ritory %e held1 b 9 #aiac h] control ?r\gh bus9ess alliances cov]$ ab\t two-?irds ( ! _w's output ( tung/5 ore4 ,9 t ye>1 accord+ to ! ,g]man (ficial figures1 #e1bie %ort tons ( tung/5 ores 7 import$4 ,mo/ ( ?is probably c>ri$ #fe p] c5t4 or m ,,wo1 equival5t to1 say1 #e1gcf tons ( conc5trates c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo4 ,add+ ! #ajf tons ( ,saxon conc5trates produc$ 9 t ye> %[s t ,g]many treat$ a total ( approximately #e1hdj tons out ( a _w's output ( #h1hfd tons1 or ab\t #ff p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! same ye> produc$ #a1ecg tons & import$ #ddi tons ( unkn[n cont5t1 b ! :ole 0 probably equival5t to m ?an #b1jjj tons ( ore c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo1 leav+ only ab\t #a1jjj tons = o!r c\ntries1 mo/ ( :i* seems to h be5 treat$ 9 ,france4 ,?is trade ,g]many lo/ :5 ) ,au/ria %e />t$ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,) ! cutt+ (f ( all %ipm5ts by ocean to ,g]many1 mo/ ( ! =eign ores 7 d5i$ h]1 b und\bt$ly small quantities leak$ 9 ?r\gh ,sw$5 & ,norway = "s "t aft] ! w> began4 ,! small output ( ,au/ria 0 always available1 & x is said t a consid]able quantity ( ore 0 smuggl$ across ! bord] ( ,portugal into ,spa91 !nce by wat] to ! we/]n fronti] ( ,italy1 into ,switz]l&1 & f !re %ipp$ direct to ,g]many4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! ,spani% production is said to h rea*$ ,g]many 9 ?is way also1 & ! 8crippl$0 subm>9es t ran into ,spani% ports are report$ to h c>ri$ out c>goes ( tung/5 = ,g]many4 ,f available data x is impossible to confirm or to disprove ^! reports1 &1 9 giv+ !m1 _! d\btfulness is fully recogniz$1 b su* possibilities mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ! ,alli$ c\ntries & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,g]man int]e/s 7 tak5 ov] by ! gov]nm5ts1 b 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,g]man firms /ill hold "s control ( tung/5-be>+ prop]ties4 ,9 ,bolivia f\r ,g]man firms are said to h an output ( ab\t #fjj metric tons ( ore a ye>4 ,9 ,p]u :at is said to be ! l>g] "p ( ! tung/5 deposits has be5 controll$ by firms ?\ght to be ,g]man1 ,e4 y ,w4 ,h>dt & ,c>los ,w4 ,weiss y ,cia4 ,9 ,arg5t9a ! ,hansa ,m9+ ,co41 a ,g]man conc]n1 is ! pr9cipal produc]4 ,its output is said to be ab\t #ejj tons ( conc5trates a ye>1 b ev5 ?is output is said to h come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! w>4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates is plac$ "u a prohibitive t>iff1 ,g]many may easily recov] a l>ge "p ( h] control ( ! _w's tung/5 trade4 ,,production ,,plants ,,& ,,processes ,! spread ( k1 p>ticul>ly t reg>d+ electric furnaces1 makes ! control ( ! tung/5 trade ?r\gh secret processes or sup]ior skill extremely difficult1 & s f> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 & ,france are conc]n$1 gives little advantage to any "o4 ,japan is p]haps some:at less advantage\sly plac$4 ,smelt+ plants are s easily1 quickly & *eaply erect$ t !y d n (f] any great *ance = monopoly4 ,*eap p[]1 high te*nical skill & k1 orig9ality & boldness 9 exp]im5t1 excell5ce ( organization1 g5]\s deal+ ) produc]s1 an hone/ product hone/ly sold1 good transportation facilities1 & broad sane laws are ! elem5ts t w give control4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates may h ?is control ?r\gh reasonable ef=t1 b selfi% laws may /ill m easily wreck control ( ! l>g] "p ( ! _w's trade1 r$uce our tung/5 bus9ess to a prov9cial scope1 & make ! product high pric$ = all "t4 ,,:at ,,control ,,means ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,9 ye>s ( good bus9ess be=e ! ,_w ,w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ an equival5t ( #c1jjj to #d1jjj %ort tons ( conc5trates1 c>ry+ #fj p] c5t4 ,,wo p] annum4 ,:5 ! w> began !re 0 a lull :ile ! attack$ c\ntries caught _! brea? & prep>$ = a long /ruggle4 ,aft] plans _h be5 made1 & ! manufacture ( munitions _h begun on a gr& scale1 ! dem& = tung/5 rose enorm\sly4 ,all k9ds ( ores 7 tak5 at fabul\s prices4 ,ores c>ry+ t91 phosphorus1 sulphur & bismu?1 t be=e w\ld n h be5 consid]$ by /eel mak]s1 7 tak5 ) avidity1 & !re 0 a great scramble = deposits4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 us+ tung/5 ores at ! rate ( #bj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,mean:ile prospect+ _h uncov]$ s _m new deposits & !y 7 s actively exploit$ t great /ocks ( ores 7 accumulat$ 9 ! ,ent5te c\ntries4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is c\ntry _m ( ! kn[n deposits %[$ signs ( impov]i%m5t1 a numb] aft] be+ work$ pr(itably = a %ort "t became :olly inop]ative1 & x is likely t "s ( ! deposits t h seem$ to be ! ri*e/ w nev] aga9 produce l>gely4 ,among ! new discov]ies 7 ! contact metamorphic deposits ( ! ,great ,bas91 9 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada & nor!a/]n ,utah4 ,!y 7 p>tly develop$1 & sev]al promise well1 b ! irregul>ity ( contact metamorphic ore deposits is notori\s4 ,9 #aiaf ) prices rang+ f #ae to #ic4ej p] unit1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ #e1ifi tons ( conc5trates2 9 #aiag :ile /ill "u ! impetus ( ! #aiaf boom1 ) prices rang+ ar\nd #be p] unit1 #f1add tons2 & 9 #aiah1 ) prices /ill av]ag+ ab\t #be p] unit1 #e1jda tons1 al?\gh little 0 produc$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,"u a price ( #ag p] unit1 :i* t>iff advocates ?9k c be rea*$ by means ( a t>iff ( #aj p] unit1 x seems improbable t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c dep5d on a production ( m ?an #c1jjj tons p] annum = ! next ?ree ye>s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 possibilities ( a l>g] production & !re are equal possibilities ( a small]4 ,%\ld ano!r great w> take place1 an ev5t t is n beyond ! range ( imag9ation1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld probably beg9 by us+ tung/5 at ! rate ( #bj1jjj tons ( conc5trates p] annum4 ,unless ! price 7 ev5 m extravagant ?an ! highe/ price 9 #aiaf1 #ic4ej p] unit1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld n produce half ( its ne$$ conc5trates1 & ! "t requir$ to rea* ev5 t output w\ld be f> too long = safety4 ,( c\rse1 su* a production w\ld be mu* bett] ?an none1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld1 = safety1 h )9 rea* at lea/ a ye>'s supply4 ,! ,pacific1 ar\nd ! bord]s ( :i* are ! l>ge/ tung/5 deposits1 is by _m look$ ^u z ! next l>ge !atre ( w>1 & h[ev] vitally !y 7 ne$$1 ! obta9+ ( supplies ( tung/5 ores might become impossible ?\gh ! block+ ( trade r\tes4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem va/ly bett] t1 in/ead ( putt+ a premium on ! quick depletion ( our own supplies1 :i* are already too meag]1 we %\ld use ! ri* l[-pric$ ores n[ be+ m9$ 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,^! *eap ores we may h 9 trade = ! ask+1 & x w\ld be "o ( ! be/ =ms ( national life insurance = ! gov]nm5t to /ore #aj1jjj tons ( ^! ores :ile !y may be _h4 ,! argum5t is (t5 made t by putt+ a high t>iff on tung/5 ores we w\ld h our own deposits s develop$ t quick production c\ld be made :5 ne$$2 also t ) ! ne$ we w\ld f9d m ores4 ,bo? argum5ts are speci\s4 ,:at is meant is n developm5t b removal4 ,no "o w op5 a tung/5 m9e to let ! ores /& aga9/ ! c\ntry's day ( ne$4 ,! f9d+ ( new ores is a probability1 b ! quantity is :olly a "q4 ,few tung/5 m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be pr(itably work$ at ! pres5t price ( ab\t #g p] unit1 & ! m9es are n[ clos$4 ,! numb] ( p]sons dep5d5t on ! m9+ ( ,am]ican tung/5 ores is small1 probably less ?an #ijj 9 peace times4 ,at pres5t mo/ tung/5 m9]s h already obta9$ o!r employm5t1 & practically all c\ld obta9 employm5t fully z pr(itably 9 o!r m9es1 _m ( :i* are %ort h&$1 s t no great h>d%ip w\ld be work$4 ,z a matt] ( national economy1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c n af=d to ?r[ away its *ance to buy *eap tung/5 ores :ile !y are available4 ,aside f ! "q ( insurance & ev5 ( exi/5ce dur+ ano!r w>1 n to buy ,s\? ,am]ican ores is to ?r[ away ,s\? ,am]ican trade4 ,9 a degree ?is is also true ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ores4 ,! metallurgy ( tung/51 l t ( o!r metals1 is be+ improv$ con/antly1 & %\ld our ores rema9 9 ! gr\nd = a "t !y w be ( great] absolute value :5 m9$1 = !re w be less wa/e 9 conv]sion4 ,if our ores are m9$ n[ "u an artificially high price1 we w always pay a high price = tung/5 ores1 = :5 ours are us$ ! ores 9 o!r c\ntries w h dim9i%$ 9 quantity & increas$ 9 co/2 prices w\ld be high] & we w\ld h to buy at ! advanc$ rate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by hold+ our m>kets op5 to *eap ores f any qu>t]1 we w /& on an equal foot+ ) o!r c\ntries & w always h a res]ve ( high-pric$ ores available 9 an em]g5cy4 ,!re is b "o crop ( ore4 ,delib]ately to turn ov] all ! *eap tung/5 ores ( ! _w to our competitors1 all[+ !m ?is advantage 9 mak+ high-spe$ /eels ) :i* to compete 9 =eign trade ) our /eels & ) all products on & 9 :i* !y are us$2 to put a premium on ! e>ly depletion ( our own deposits ( ?is indisp5sable metal2 & to compel our use always ( high-pric$ ores--^! w\ld be economic crimes4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vanadium ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore ,,uses ,,( ,,vanadium ,! ma9 use ( vanadium is 9 /eel4 ,x is us$ :]e great t\ghness & torsional /r5g? are requir$1 z 9 automobile p>ts1 ge>s1 pi/on rods1 tubes1 boil] plates1 transmission %afts1 bolts1 gun b>rels1 gun %ields & =g+s ( any k9d :i* h to )/& heavy we> & te>4 ,! vanadium cont5t ( su* /eels v>ies f #j4a to #j4d p] c5t4 ,vanadium is occasionally us$ 9 c]ta9 tung/5 alloys = mak+ high-spe$ tool /eel1 ! introduction ( a small proportion ( vanadium decid$ly r$uc+ ! proportion ( tung/5 requir$ to give su* alloys ! desir$ h>dness & t\ghness4 ,arnold has giv5 "s illu/rations ( ! effect ( vanadium on /eels ( diff]5t types3 ,"o pla9 c>bon /eel conta9+ ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( c>bon _h a yield po9t ( #ce tons p] squ>e in*1 a maximum /ress ( #fj tons p] squ>e in*1 an elongation ( #aj p] c5t4 on #b in*es1 & a r$uction ( area ( #aj p] c5t4 ,! addition to ?is /eel ( ab\t #j4f p] c5t4 ( vanadium rais$ ! yield po9t f #ce to #fe tons1 ! maximum /ress f #fj to #hf tons p] squ>e in*1 /ill leav+ an elongation ( #g p] c5t4 & a r$uction ( area ( #h p] c5t4 ,a /eel conta9+ #j4be p] c5t4 ( c>bon & #c4c p] c5t4 ( nickel gave a yield po9t ( #cc tons1 a maximum /ress ( #db tons p] squ>e in*1 an elongation ( #bf p] c5t4 on #b in*es1 & a r$uction ( area ( #ec p] c5t4 ,a practically id5tical /eel1 conta9+ 9 addition ab\t #j4be p] c5t4 ( vanadium1 gave a yield po9t ( #ej tons in/ead ( #cc1 & a maximum /ress ( #fh in/ead ( #db tons p] squ>e in*4 ,! elongation 0 #ag p] c5t4 on #b in*es & ! r$uction ( area #cf p] c5t4 ,a /eel conta9+ #j4be p] c5t4 ( c>bon & ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( *romium regi/]$ a yield po9t ( #bg tons & a maximum /ress ( #da tons p] squ>e in*1 ) an elongation ( #cf p] c5t4 on #b in*es & a r$uction ( area ( #ee p] c5t4 ,! addition ( #j4be p] c5t4 ( vanadium rais$ ! yield po9t f #bg to #dj & ! maximum /ress f #da to #ee tons p] squ>e in*4 ,! elongation 0 l[]$ f #cf to #bf p] c5t41 & ! r$uction ( area f #ee to #ec p] c5t4 ,vanadium1 !re=e1 diff]s f tung/5 9 hav+ an extremely b5eficial effect1 n only on tool b also on /ructural /eel4 ,arnold has %[n t vanadium seem+ly does n =m a d\ble c>bide ) iron1 b gradually takes ! c>bon f ! c>bide ( iron until1 if ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( vanadium is pres5t1 ,fe,c c n exi/1 & only a vanadium c>bide1 ,v,c1 conta9+ #ae p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 is pres5t2 & ?is con/itu5t is con/ant1 at lea/ 9 tool /eels conta9+ #e to #ad p] c5t4 ( vanadium4 ,! micrographic analysis ( su* alloys has result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ?ree new con/itu5ts1 namely1 vanadium pe>lite1 vanadium h>d5ite1 & vanadium cem5tite4 ,*romium-vanadium /eels are ! late/ developm5t 9 /ructural alloy /eels t h ga9$ an ext5sive m>ket4 ,almo/ all ^! /eels are made 9 ! op5-he>? furnace2 ! *romium & vanadium alloys be+ add$ %ortly be=e ca/+4 ,9 _! physical prop]ties ^! /eels are mu* l *rome-nickel /eels1 b !y h a great] contraction ( area = a giv5 ela/ic limit ?an ! latt]4 ,! great] "p ( ! *rome-vanadium /eels made goes into automobiles4 ,"s manufactur]s pref] su* /eels because ( _! great] fre$om f surface imp]fections1 notably seams1 :i* /eels conta9+ nickel are prone to h if ! +ots are at all uns\nd4 ,^! /eels are almo/ always us$ 9 ! heat-treat$ condition1 b ev5 9 automobiles "s frames1 =g+s & %afts are made ( ! /eel 9 its natural /ate4 ,"s *rome-vanadium /eel is said to be us$ 9 armor plate ( m$ium ?ickness1 :i* is n face-h>d5$ b has high resi/ance imp>t$ by heat treatm5t4 ,vanadium is also us$ to "s ext5t 9 mak+ bronzes1 9 m$ic9e & 9 dye+4 ,sub/itutes4--,sev]al sub/itutes1 *iefly titanium & molybd5um1 h be5 claim$ to give ! prop]ties ( vanadium 9 /eel4 ,bo? ( ^? metals give to /eel "s ( ! prop]ties t are usually associat$ ) vanadium1 b nei!r "o takes ! place ( vanadium entirely4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 7see lat]7 has its own pat5t$ me?od = treat+ roscoelite1 ! ore f\nd at ,newmire1 ,colorado4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 roa/+ ! ore ) salt conta9+ a little pyrite1 & is a me?od t is applicable to "s ext5t to mo/ vanadium ores t d n c>ry lead4 ,! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 has a secret process = ! treatm5t ( its ,p]uvian ores4 ,?is me?od has n be5 publi%$4 ,! treatm5t ( vanad9ite1 cuprodescloizite & c>notite ores has be5 /udi$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 at ,gold51 ,colorado4 ,:atev] *ange 9 practice takes place is likely to be ma9ly 9 ! conc5tration ( vanad9ite & 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is m9]al & cuprodescloizite4 ,,geological ,,& ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,p]uvian ,deposits4--,! l>ge/ deposits ( vanadium 9 ! _w1 & ! mo/ important1 7 until rec5tly controll$ by ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* 9 #aiai 0 absorb$ by ! ,vanadium ,products ,corporation1 alli$ to ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation4 ,^! deposits are at ,m9asragra1 ,p]u1 #bj miles f ,c]ro de ,pasco4 ,! area lies along ! we/]n limit ( a broad anticl9e 9 ,juratrias & ,cretace\s rocks4 ,a section %[s ! s]ies 9 ?is locality to be compos$ ( gre5 %ales1 ?9 b$s ( lime/one1 & r$ %ales4 ,vanadium is f\nd only 9 ! r$ %ales4 ,! deposit prop] appe>s to be a l5s-%ap$ mass1 #bh feet wide & #cej feet long4 ,! ore conta9s sev]al m9]als4 ,! m9]al t con/itutes ! l>ge portion ( ! deposit is call$ 8quisqueite02 x is a black c>bonace\s sub/ance conta9+ sulphur4 ,!re is also a less] quantity ( a coke-l mat]ial4 ,nei!r ( ^! conta9s vanadium4 ,! vanadium is mo/ly at ! s\!rn end ( ! ore body1 & to a dep? ( #bj feet is l>gely 9 ! =m ( r$ calcium vanadate1 :i* is bright] color$ !n ! calcium vanadate 9 ,colorado & ,utah1 & c>ries z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 vanadium oxide4 ,x occurs 9 small pockets & fills ! cracks & fissures 9 a f9e %ale4 ,bel[ ?is %ale is ! 8"m lode10 :i* is #i to #cj feet ?ick1 ext5ds along ! great] l5g? ( ! deposit1 & c>ries z high z #aj p] c5t4 vanadium oxide & ne>ly z mu* sulphur4 ,on ! ea/ & s\? sides1 bel[ ! 8"m lode10 is a h>d blue-black vanadium %ale1 c>ry+ z mu* z #ac p] c5t4 vanadium oxide & #d to #e p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,patronite1 ! ma9 vanadium m9]al1 is gre5i% black & conta9s #ai to #bd4h p] c5t4 vanadium oxide & 9 places #ej to #ee p] c5t4 ( comb9$ sulphur4 ,! patronite orig9ally almo/ rea*$ ! surface & is mo/ abundant 9 ! nor? half ( ! l5s4 ,! :ole ore body is almo/ completely inclos$ by porphyry dikes & conta9s two or ?ree intrusions4 ,^! deposits are controll$ by ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co41 & its successor1 ! ,vanadium ,products ,corporation1 ?r\gh a concession f ! ,p]uvian gov]nm5t4 ,!y are l>ge1 b are by no means inexhau/ible1 & z !y are entirely local !y are n likely to be duplicat$4 ,no simil> deposits are kn[n1 ei!r 9 ,p]u or 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,9 #aiag ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 treat$ #e1bcf gross tons ( ore1 f :i* x extract$ #b1abb1jje p\nds ( vanadic acid4 ,f ?is vanadic acid ! company manufactur$ #d1ibe1jad p\nds ( f]rovanadium4 ,! company did n buy any ore 9 ?is c\ntry1 b reli$ entirely ^u its ,p]uvian production4 ,o!r ,=eign ,deposits4--,! deposits 9 ,p]u are ! only deposits ( any comm]cial importance outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,vanadium is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 associat$ ) c>notite & o!r uranium m9]als4 ,small quantities ( vanadic oxide are obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! ores4 ,vanadium is also associat$ ) uranium m9]als 9 ! ,&ijan di/rict1 ,c5tral ,asiatic ,russia4 ,! vanadium is usually f\nd z turanite1 or copp] vanadate2 f]ganite1 an or?o-vanadate ( uranium2 & z sev]al o!r new m9]als4 ,! am\nt ( ore seems to be reasonably l>ge1 & ?is di/rict may ultimately become a s\rce ( bo? uranium & vanadium4 ,! lead ores ( ,mexico conta9 "s vanadium1 ! be/ kn[n deposits be+ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,*ihuahua4 ,o!r deposits are report$ 9 ,zacatecas1 ,guanajuato1 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 & ,hidalgo4 ,deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! pr9cipal vanadium deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates occur 9 a metallographic prov9ce cov]+ s\!rn & s\?we/]n ,colorado1 s\!a/]n ,utah1 & p>ts ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 ,uranium & radium *>act]ize ! same prov9ce4 ,probably ! l>ge/ deposits ( vanadium yet discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado 9 ,san ,miguel ,c\nty4 ,^! deposits 7 visit$ by ,ransome & ,sp5c] 9 #ahii & _! description1 toge!r ) notes on ! *emical analyses & composition ( roscoelite by ,hillebr&1 0 publi%$ 9 #aijj4 ,fleck & ,fr5* h also describ$ ! deposits4 ,fleck & ,haldane lat] publi%$ additional descriptions1 ) notes on m9+ op]ations4 ,hess1 9 #aiab1 publi%$ an excell5t description ( ^! deposits ) notes on ! possible orig91 etc4 ,accord+ to ,cross & ,pur+ton1 ! c\ntry rock is compos$ ( ,jurassic & ,triassic s$im5ts1 divisible into ?ree =mations1 ! ,dolores bel[1 ,la ,plata above & ,mc,elmo above ,la ,plata4 ,! latt] is compos$ ( two heavy b$s ( light-color$ s&/one1 sep>at$ by a ?9 b$ ( lime/one4 ,! vanadium-be>+ rock is ! l[] s&/one4 ,x is a light to dull gre51 & f9e-gra9$4 ,occasionally splot*es ( c>notite are f\nd 9 ! cracks & fissures1 b ! uranium cont5t is too small to be wor? sav+4 ,accord+ to ,hillebr&1 ! gre5 vanadium m9]al to :i* ! s&/one owes its color is n a *lorite1 b is closely relat$ to ! mica1 roscoelite4 ,! ore m9$ has an av]age cont5t ( #a p] c5t4 ,v,o4 ,^! l[-grade roscoelite deposits c be m9$ at a pr(it1 because !y are l>ge & easily work$4 ,und\bt$ly ^! deposits h be5 feel+ ! effects ( ! r l>ge production ( ! la/ few ye>s1 & ! av]age grade ( ! ore is n[ probably at lea/ half ( a p] c5t4 l[] 9 ,v,o ?an x 0 a few ye>s ago4 ,!re is /ill consid]able ore unt\*$ t w av]age #a p] c5t41 or a little less4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t = sev]al ye>s1 accord+ to reports1 has be5 int]e/$ 9 obta9+ control ( vanadium deposits4 ,! ,primos ,*emical ,co41 ) works at ,newmire1 ,colorado1 & ,primos1 ,p5nsylvania1 is m9+ ^! deposits1 & 9 #aiag made ?is production3 ,treat$ #fj1ijg1jjj p\nds ( ore2 f ?is 0 produc$ #dif1gca p\nds ( vanadium 9 ! =m ( iron vanadate runn+ ab\t #cd p] c5t4 metallic vanadium4 ,f ?is 0 produc$ #dag1ggj p\nds ( conta9$ vanadium 9 ! =m ( regul> #dj p] c5t4 f]rovanadium4 ,9 #aiah1 up to & includ+ ,july1 ?is company m9$ #ag1ddi1jjj p\nds ( ore1 f :i* 0 produc$ #adi1cdc p\nds ( conta9$ vanadium 9 ! =m ( vanadate ( iron & #acc1fff p\nds ( conta9$ vanadium made 9 ! =m ( #dj p] c5t4 f]rovanadium4 ,9 #aiai ! ,primos ,*emical ,co41 0 absorb$ by ! newly organiz$ ,vanadium ,products ,corporation4 ,vanadium ore has be5 discov]$ 9 ,hu]fano ,c\nty1 ,colorado1 ne> ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range4 ,! ve9 is said to be well def9$ & #a to #d feet 9 wid?4 ,a numb] ( assays %[ #b to #g p] c5t4 ,v,o cont5t1 & o!rs #b to #d p] c5t4 copp]4 ,! ore is heavy1 black & b&$2 x conta9s small quantities ( uranium oxide1 b %\ld be class$ z a vanadium1 r ?an a uranium m9]al4 ,!re has be5 no comm]cial production up to date4 ,9 ,eagle ,c\nty1 #g miles s\!a/ ( ! t[n ( ,eagle1 a silv] ore has be5 f\nd t c>ries vanadium4 ,?is 0 locat$ mo/ly 9 ! ,lady ,bell m9e4 ,! ore1 a d>k-gre5i% s&/one simil> 9 appe>ance to ! d>k] types ( roscoelite ore f\nd 9 ,san ,miguel ,c\nty1 assay$ f #be to #a1jjj ounces ( silv] to ! ton4 ,! m9e has be5 l>gely work$ out = silv]1 ! vanadium be+ lo/ dur+ ! smelt+ process4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 an appreciable am\nt ( vanadium ore left1 z ! l[-grade silv] ore 0 n m9$ or treat$4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( vanadium is obta9$ z a by-product f ! treatm5t ( c>notite 7uranium & radium7 ore4 ,x is difficult to say j :at ! yield f ?is ore is1 b x is probable t x av]ages ab\t #bjj1jjj p\nds ( vanadic oxide p] annum4 ,?is is produc$ by five or six op]at+ radium companies4 ,^! deposits are f\nd 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 ar\nd ! ,p>adox ,valley1 & 9 s\!a/]n ,utah1 ext5d+ z f> z ! ,san ,rafael ,swell1 s\?we/ ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah4 ,!re is consid]able ore runn+ "o-half to #a p] c5t4 uranium oxide :i* c>ries f #d to #aj p] c5t4 vanadic oxide4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is ore has n be5 m9$1 because ! extraction ( radium f x w\ld n pay4 ,) a /rong dem& & a high price = vanadium1 at lea/ ! high] grades ( ?is ore c\ld be m9$ at a pr(it4 ,!re is consid]able ( su* ore at c]ta9 localities nor? ( ! ,p>adox ,valley2 un=tunately1 ^! deposits are some:at scatt]$ & "s w\ld involve n only long wagon hauls1 b also transportation by burro to wagon roads4 ,only ! high]-grade ore c\ld be h&l$ 9 ?is way at a pr(it1 & ! difficulty is to get en\gh to ju/ify build+ a treatm5t plant4 ,! writ] has be5 told t !re are deposits ( ?is same type ( ore at ,temple ,m\nta91 #dj miles s\? ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah4 ,a small vanad9ite deposit1 conta9+ traces ( wulf5ite1 has be5 f\nd ne> ,kl9efelt] ,/ation1 on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,santa ,fe ,railroad1 ne> ! ea/]n bord] ( ,san ,b]n>d9o ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,! ore is l>gely calcite & is l[ grade1 av]ag+ probably f #a to #b p] c5t4 vanadic oxide4 ,a deposit ( vanad9ite 9 ,si]ra ,c\nty1 ,new ,mexico1 on ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe ,railroad1 0 m9$ = a %ort p]iod 9 #aiab & #aiac4 ,besides vanadium1 ! ve9s conta9 gal5ite1 copp] c>bonates1 b>ite1 fluorite & o!r m9]als4 ,! ore 0 treat$ at a mill close to ! m9e1 b ! :ole und]tak+ 0 unsuccessful1 probably because ! ore 0 s l[ grade1 & because ( metallurgical difficulties4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r deposits ( vanad9ite 9 ,new ,mexico1 b none ( !m h be5 comm]cially develop$ 9 any way4 ,vanad9ite is f\nd 9 a consid]able numb] ( places 9 ,arizona1 frequ5tly associat$ ) wulf5ite1 or lead molybdate4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! difficulties ( produc+ bo? vanadium & molybd5um f vanad9ite & wulf5ite is ! fact t ! two m9]als are frequ5tly s closely associat$ t1 because ( ! slight diff]5ce 9 specific gravity1 x is n easy to sep>ate !m by me*anical me?ods4 ,at ! ,mammo? m9e1 9 ,arizona1 ! upp] levels are ri*] 9 vanad9ite ?an 9 wulf5ite1 b at ! l[] levels1 ! rev]se is true4 ,und\bt$ly a consid]able am\nt ( vanad9ite c\ld be produc$ f ?is m9e & o!rs 9 ! vic9ity1 b x is d\btful :e!r x c\ld be done at a pr(it1 ev5 at a high price = vanadium4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,vanadium ,co4 has a m9e #d miles f ,ray ,junction1 ,arizona1 & at ! m9e a small mill to conc5trate ! ore1 :i* is l[ grade1 & produces vanadium f ! conc5trates4 ,! am\nt ( ore t c be obta9$ f ?is m9e is some:at d\btful4 ,?is is ! tr\ble ) vanad9ite z a :ole2 x exi/s ov] a wide t]ritory1 b ! deposits are all l[ grade & app>5tly are n ext5sive 9 any "o locality4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ deposits1 z reg>ds increas$ production ( vanadium1 is at ! ,%attuck m9e1 ,bisbee1 ,arizona1 :]e a l>ge vug1 or cavity1 is l9$ ) a vanadium m9]al1 probably cuprodescloizite4 ,! ore c>ries ab\t #h to #aj p] c5t4 vanadic oxide1 9 addition to copp] & lead4 ,?is seems to be "o ( ! be/ opportunities = an increas$ production ( vanadium 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,gold51 ,colo41 /ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es made a metallurgical /udy ( ! treatm5t ( ?is ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! vanadium deposits ( ! _w4 ,! di/ribution ( ! vanadium deposits ( ! _w is %[n 9 ,plate ,v4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is peculi>ly =tunate z reg>ds vanadium products1 = x is practically ! only produc] ( vanadium 9 ! _w1 ! ,p]uvian deposits be+ "u ! control ( an ,am]ican company4 ,!re=e1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,japan & o!r nations are =c$ to buy ( ,am]ican companies4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,! l>g] "p ( ! vanadium t has be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry has come f ! m9es ( ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 9 ,p]u1 b ! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 produc$ an am\nt ( vanadium f its claims at ,newmire1 ,san ,miguel ,c\nty1 ,colorado1 t at lea/ t5d$ to give "s real competition to ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 ,z already /at$1 ^! claims are n ne>ly z ri* or productive z !y 71 b !y are probably good = sev]al ye>s m4 ,! ore f ,p]u c be c\nt$ on probably = sev]al ye>s at some?+ l ! pres5t output4 ,! same /atem5t applies to c>notite ore1 & x is likely t ! production ( vanadium f c>notite may increase to "s ext5t1 z ! dem& = radium is /rong1 & !re may be a consequ5t increase 9 ! treatm5t ( l[]-grade c>notite4 ,z ?is l[-grade mat]ial usually c>ries m vanadium1 ! production ( vanadium f ?is s\rce may increase4 ,vanad9ite may prove to be a s\rce ( vanadium1 al?\gh x is d\btful :e!r any l>ge quantity c be produc$ f ?is m9]al4 ,z already /at$1 cuprodescloizite is probably ! be/ s\rce = an imm$iate increase 9 production4 ,z reg>ds =eign c\ntries o!r ?an ,p]u1 ,russia is ! only "o likely to produce any appreciable am\nt ( vanadium ores1 & und\bt$ly no su* production w be obta9$ until indu/rial conditions are m settl$4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 holds its m9es 9 ,p]u ?r\gh a concession f ! ,p]uvian gov]nm5t4 ,?us at lea/ two-?irds ( ! vanadium production ( ! _w is practically 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p]uvian gov]nm5t1 al?\gh ! company op]at+ is ,am]ican4 ,=m]ly ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 0 ! only produc] ( vanadium products & f]rovanadium 9 ! _w4 ,! price ( vanadium 0 !n some:]e ar\nd #e4jj p] p\nd = ! metallic vanadium cont5t ( ! f]rovanadium4 ,lat] ! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 came into ! field1 & ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 cut ! price4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge deposits ( ore t ! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 _h 9 ,colorado1 ! result 0 simply a l[]+ ( ! price ( f]rovanadium4 ,und\bt$ly1 if x 7 n = ?is competition ! price ( vanadium dur+ t p]iod w\ld h be5 high] ?an x 01 & if x 7 n = ! ,primos ,*emical ,co41 ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,co4 w\ld h _h practically a monopoly ( ! :ole vanadium production1 z ! output f c>notite 0 n l>ge en\gh to affect ! m>ket s]i\sly4 ,z x 01 ^! two companies controll$ m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ore supply1 & ?us ! rec5t *ange ( own]%ip to ! ,vanadium ,products ,corporation w enable ! latt] to fix ! price1 z well z to regulate ! consumption & ?us prolong ! availability ( a useful metal :i* o!rwise w\ld be likely to soon become exhau/$4 ,! pr9cipal vanadium deposits ( ,*ihuahua1 ,mexico1 are controll$ by ! ,mad]o e/ate 7,mexican74 ,?is dom9ance ( control ( s\rces ( supply has made control ?r\gh own]%ip ( r$uction plants1 pat5ts & secret processes ( less importance4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,antimony ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,f]guson ,,& ,d4 ,a4 ,,hall ,,uses ,,( ,,antimony ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! uses ( antimony is tak5 f ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiah4ij #ij ,,ba/91 ,e4 ,s43 8,antimony 9 #aiah10 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiah4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #aiai4 ,peace uses4--,metallic antimony unalloy$ has few indu/rial uses4 ,9 ! =m ( f9e p[d]1 kn[n z 8iron black10 x is us$ = produc+ ! appe>ance ( poli%$ /eel on articles made ( papi]-ma* or pott]y4 ,= ^! purposes x is precipitat$ by ! action ( metallic z9c 9 an acid solution ( antimony salts4 ,antimony alloys readily ) mo/ heavy metals & ! alloy is h>d] ?an ! two pure metals4 ,mo/ ( ^! alloys possess ! prop]ty ( slight expansion on solidify+4 ,type metal is an alloy ( antimony1 lead1 & t92 babbitt1 anti-friction1 or be>+ metal is usually an alloy ( antimony1 t91 & copp]4 ,britannia metal1 also kn[n z 8:ite metal10 is an alloy ( antimony1 t91 & copp]1 ) "s z9c1 &1 r>ely1 small quantities ( o!r metals4 ,x is us$ 9 mak+ *eap dome/ic tablew>e1 teapots1 & spoons4 ,antimony alloys f9d m9or utilization 9 batt]y plates1 toys1 cable cov]+s1 & siphon tops4 ,lead-antimony alloy or h>d lead is us$ 9 mak+ acid-resi/+ valves4 ,:ite antimony oxide1 ma9ly ! tetraoxide 7,sb,o71 is us$ = mak+ opaque :ite enamel & o!r sanit>y w>e4 ,9 ?is use antimony oxides compete ) t9 oxide4 ,antimony oxide1 ma9ly trioxide1 is us$ z a color+ ag5t 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 z x is m readily fusible ?an tetraoxide & does n imp>t opacity to ! glass4 ,antimony oxides are fur!r us$ z pa9t pigm5ts4 ,! r$ sulphides ( antimony are us$ 9 vulcaniz+ & color+ r$ rubb] & also z pa9t pigm5ts4 ,! natural antimony trisulphide1 /ibnite1 ent]s into ! composition ( safety mat*es or ( ! comp\nd t is put on ! mat* box4 ,antimonate ( lead conta9+ an excess ( lead oxide1 kn[n z 8,naples yell[10 is us$ 9 oil pa9ts & 9 ! glass & c]amic indu/ries4 ,! antimony salt1 t>t> emetic 7d\ble t>trate ( antimony & potassium71 & antimony fluoride are employ$ z mordants 9 dye+4 ,t>t> emetic & antimony trioxide are employ$ m$ic9ally4 ,w> uses4--,antimonial lead c>ry+ #ab to #ac p] c5t4 ( antimony is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( %rapnel bullets4 ,small] quantities ( liquat$ antimony sulphide are us$ 9 ! prim]s ( %ells4 ,= ?is la/ purpose x is claim$ ! mat]ial mu/ c>ry less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( impurities insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,antimony sulphide z a p[d] is us$ 9 ! *>ge ( "s %ells to produce on explosion a :ite smoke :i* is ( s]vice 9 range f9d+4 ,dur+ ! w> ,g]many us$ antimony to "s ext5t z a sub/itute = m important metals 9 ! manufacture ( curr5cy1 b %ortage ( antimony itself did n all[ ?is use to become important4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! geological di/ribution ( comm]cial antimony dep5ds1 ) a few exceptions1 ^u ! di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ore m9]al1 /ibnite 7antimony sulphide74 ,c]vantite1 s]n>montite & val5t9ite are antimony oxides result+ directly f ! decomposition ( /ibnite ne> ! surface1 & ) o!r oxidiz$ products =m ! *ief ores ( c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,metallic antimony1 also a result ( oxidation ( ! sulphides1 is r>ely f\nd1 & /ill m r>ely is x an ore m9]al4 ,jamesonite1 ! sulphide ( antimony & lead1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce & is ! pr9cipal ore ( "o important deposit 9 ,mexico4 ,antimony is also recov]$ f ! ref9+ ( antimonial lead4 ,/ibnite occurs 9 qu>tz ve9s & relat$ deposits4 ,_m ( ! important antimony deposits ( ! _w occur 9 m or less close g5etic relation%ip ) eruptives ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,! ore (t5 gives way to pyrite ) dep?4 ,a few important deposits occur 9 connection ) intrusive rocks =m$ at consid]able dep? & are probably ( contact metamorphic orig94 ,al?\gh !re is a wide div]sity 9 ! =ms ( ! deposits & ! nature ( enclos+ rocks1 /ibnite %[s a di/9ct t5d5cy to =m replacem5ts 9 lime/one4 ,! *ief gangue m9]als are qu>tz & calcite4 ,( o!r sulphides pyrite is ! commone/1 b c9nab>1 realg>1 *alcopyrite1 gal5a1 & sphal]ite are (t5 pres5t z accessories4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( /ibnite deposits is ! relative sc>city ( o!r sulphides2 & x is equally true t important sulphide deposits ( o!r metals r>ely conta9 /ibnite4 ,an exception to ! g5]al rule is c9nab>1 ! sulphide ( m]cury1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic m9]al ( c]ta9 /ibnite ve9s4 ,likewise /ibnite is "o ( ! m9]als mo/ frequ5tly associat$ ) c9nab> deposits4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ important antimony di/ricts owe _! production ( t metal to ! pres5ce ( recov]able am\nts ( gold4 ,?is is true ( c]ta9 ,fr5*1 ,hung>ian1 ,au/ralian1 & ,s\? ,african deposits4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,al?\gh antimony has be5 produc$ at times f a great _m localities 9 ! _w1 9 only a few c\ntries h deposits be5 develop$ to an important ext5t comm]cially4 ,"u normal conditions ( consumption ! pot5tial supply ( antimony ore is f> 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,consequ5tly only ^? deposits t c be *eaply work$ & are favorably situat$ ) reg>d to m>kets1 or conta9 appreciable am\nts ( o!r m9]als1 pr9cipally gold1 h be5 ext5sively exploit$4 ,! antimony-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps z foll[s3 #a4 ,*ief produc+ c\ntries 9 ord] ( importance3 ,*9a1 ,france & ,alg]ia1 & ,mexico4 #b4 ,c\ntries 9 :i* production is irregul> 9 normal times b 9 :i* pot5tial res]ves are consid]able1 & production becomes important at high-price levels3 ,! =m] ,au/rian ,empire1 ,bolivia1 ,au/ralia 7,victoria71 ,burma1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,asia ,m9or4 #c4 ,c\ntries 9 :i* normal production is small & 9 :i* kn[n res]ves are probably less important3 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,alaska1 ,canada1 ,p]u1 ,g]many1 ,turkey 7,asia ,m9or71 ,s]bia1 ,portugal1 ,borneo1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,plate ,,vi %[s ! geographical di/ribution ( ! *ief antimony deposits ( ! _w4 ,! production /ati/ics ( ! v>i\s c\ntries are s little 9 accord t x is impossible to give m ?an a r\gh comp>ison betwe5 ! important produc]s4 ,z ne>ly z c be e/imat$ ! output ( antimony ore 9 #aiac1 ! la/ ye> = :i* ev5 approximately complete /ati/ics are available1 am\nt$ to ab\t #bj1jjj metric tons ( recov]able antimony4 ,! consumption is ev5 m difficult to e/imate1 z cu/oms figures = diff]5t c\ntries v>y widely4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative importance ( ! pr9cipal produc+ & consum+ c\ntries 9 t]ms ( p]c5tage ( ! _w's output 9 #aiac3 ,,table #ca4--,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,antimony ,,produc$ ,,& ,,consum$ ---------------------------------------- - ,p]c5tage,p]c5tage ( ( ,c\ntry productionconsumption ---------------------------------------- - ,au/ria-,hung>y #d #d ,france #bd #bj ,g]many 7small7 #bj ,italy #b #b ,unit$ ,k+dom #j #ab ,s]bia #a #j ,asia ,m9or #a #j ,japan #j #aj ,*9a #ea ,algi]s #a #j ,unit$ ,/ates #j #cb ,mexico #aa #j ,au/ralia 7,victoria7 #d 7small7 ,all o!r #a 7small7 --- --- #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- - ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! antimony deposits ( ! _w4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,f]guson & ,d4 ,a4 ,hall4 ,9 ! foll[+ discussion ( ! _w's antimony res\rces1 political control is l>gely indicat$ by ! c\ntry head+s1 "u :i* are summ>iz$ ! ess5tial features ( ! comm]cial control ( production1 by own]%ip ( m9es & r$uction plants1 & by trad+ int]e/s4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,antimony deposits occur 9 _m places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b dur+ peace times ! comp>atively high co/s ( m9+ 9 ?is c\ntry d n p]mit competition ) ! ,*9ese & ,mexican m9es4 ,a small production ( antimonial lead f dome/ic ores 0 made prior to ! w> & a small am\nt ( antimony recov]$ z a by-product ( lead ref9+1 b except = ?is ! c\ntry 0 entirely dep5d5t ^u import$ antimony4 ,high prices foll[+ ! outbreak ( ! w> br\ght a quick response 9 ! production ( antimony ores4 ,! m9e production ( antimony ore 9 #aiae 0 ab\t #e1jjj %ort tons conta9+ #b1ajj %ort tons ( metal1 & 9 #aiaf 0 #d1ejj %ort tons conta9+ ab\t #a1ggj %ort tons ( metal4 ,! l[] prices ( #aiag 7 reflect$ 9 ! decreas$ output = t ye>1 am\nt+ to #a1jfj %ort tons ( ore conta9+ #cij tons ( metal4 ,! #aiah production 0 #aij tons1 conta9+ ab\t #ej tons ( metal4 ,! *ief produc+ /ates 9 ord] ( importance 7 ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 ,alaska1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 ,idaho1 & ,arkansas4 ,utah & ,arizona yield$ insignificant am\nts4 ,9 ,nevada ! ,su!rl& m9e1 9 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 0 ! pr9cipal produc]4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! great] "p ( ! output 0 f two m9es 9 ,inyo & ,k]n c\nties op]at$ by ! ,we/]n ,metals ,co41 ( ,los ,angeles1 ! ore be+ %ipp$ to ,san ,p$ro1 ne> ,los ,angeles1 = smelt+4 ,9 ,wa%+ton ! antimony 0 produc$ at ! prop]ty ( ! ,gold ,creek ,antimony ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 9 ,okanogan ,c\nty4 ,9 ,oregon ! ,jim ,d&y m9e1 ne> ,bak] ,city1 0 ! pr9cipal produc]4 ,9 ,arkansas "o prop]ty 9 ,sevi] ,c\nty yield$ a notewor?y output ( ore 9 #aiaf & also a small quantity ( metallic antimony at a local r$uction plant4 ,9 ,alaska ! production 0 ma9ly f ! ,fairbanks di/rict1 ! ore be+ %ipp$ to ,los ,angeles & ,seattle = smelt+4 ,! own]%ip ( m9es )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n play an important "p 9 ! pres5t control ( ! _w's res\rces1 inasmu* z production "u normal conditions is insignificant4 ,x is possible t ) ! developm5t ( new uses = antimony1 & a great] dem& = t metal1 ! res]ves 9 ?is c\ntry may become ( comm]cial importance4 ,ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! ,mexican antimony output is controll$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an ,am]ican-own$ smelt] 0 built dur+ ! w> at ,san ,luis ,potosi4 ,ores f m9es 9 ?is region h also be5 %ipp$ to ! ,we/]n ,metals ,co4 at ,los ,angeles4 ,an ,am]ican conc]n1 ! ,antimony ,corporation1 owns a l>ge deposit ( jamesonite1 antimony-lead sulphide1 9 ,mexico1 :i* con/itutes an important res]ve t has n yet be5 develop$4 ,antimony deposits 9 nor!rn ,mexico 7 work$ by ,am]ican capital dur+ ! w>4 ,prior to ! ye> #aiad only "o company 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h attempt$ ! smelt+ ( antimony4 ,dur+ ! w> consid]able activity prevail$1 h[ev]1 & sev]al companies und]took ! smelt+ ( =eign & dome/ic ores4 ,*9a1 ,bolivia1 & ,mexico 7 ! pr9cipal s\rces ( supply4 ,! success ( all ^! ent]prises has be5 only tempor>y1 z "u normal conditions ! high co/ ( production 9 ?is c\ntry prev5ts successful competition ) ,*9ese & ,japanese metal4 ,am]ican smelt+ int]e/s ex]t little control on ! antimony ( ! _w at pres5t1 & c n be expect$ to d s 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! smelt] capacity ( ! c\ntry is e/imat$ at #f1jjj to #g1jjj tons ( metal p] annum1 all ( :i* is n[ idle4 ,"o company1 ! ,antimony ,comp\nds ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 is closely connect$ ) a ,fr5* company1 ,la ,lucette4 ,canada4--,antimony production 9 ,canada has be5 extremely irregul>4 ,dur+ p]iods ( high prices a consid]able output 0 obta9$1 ! ye>s ( maximum production be+ #ahih1 ) %ipm5ts ( #a1cdd %ort tons ( ore1 & #aijg1 ) #b1jaf %ort tons4 ,m9+ ceas$ 9 #aiaj & 0 n resum$ until #aiae4 ,9 #aiae1 #a1cda tons ( #dj p] c5t4 7metal cont5t7 ore 7 produc$2 9 #aiaf1 #hhe tons ( #db p] c5t4 ore2 & #cfa tons 9 #aiag4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ di/rict is at ,we/ ,gore1 ,nova ,scotia1 :]e ! ore 9 addition to its antimony cont5t has a t5or ( #b to #d ounces ( gold p] ton4 ,o!r regions t h produc$ antimony ore are ,new ,brunswick 7,york ,c\nty71 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,quebec1 & ,yukon ,t]ritory4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia 7,slocan ,di/rict7 & ,yukon ,t]ritory 7,*iefta9 ,hills7 antimonial lead ores are also work$4 ,! ,nova ,scotia ores1 :i* furni%$ ! bulk ( ! production1 h be5 export$ to ,engl& s9ce #aiae2 ! e>li] production w5t to ,g]many4 ,! small production ( ref9$ antimony came *iefly z a by-product ( lead ref9+ at ! smelt] ( ! ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 at ,trail1 ,b4 ,c42 a small am\nt ( antimony 0 also smelt$ f antimony ores by ! ,new ,brunswick ,metals1 ,ltd4 7=m]ly ! ,canadian ,antimony ,co47 at ,lake ,george1 ,n4 ,b4 ,canada appe>s to be 9 ab\t ! same position z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ref]5ce to antimony m9+4 ,high prices1 cont9u$ ov] a long p]iod1 w br+ out a consid]able production1 b no output is to be expect$ at peace-"t prices4 ,mexico4--,antimony deposits exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ,mexico & !re has be5 a consid]able production = _m ye>s4 ,z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! output increas$ l>gely dur+ #aiae & #aiaf4 ,! production ( metallic antimony = #aiag is report$ z #b1ada metric tons4 ,9 #aiad !re 7 export$ to ,engl& #a1edc long tons ( crude antimony & regulus2 !re 7 no exports to ,engl& 9 #aiah1 b #a1ddi %ort tons ( ore & #b1ffj ( metal 7 %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are 9 ! ,si]ra ,catorce1 9 ! /ates ( ,san ,luis ,potosi & ,qu]et>o4 ,! ores are mix$ sulphides & oxides & c>ry #e to #ej p] c5t4 antimony4 ,a smelt] ) an annual capacity ( #f1jjj tons ( metal 0 built at ,wadley 9 #aijj1 & mo/ ( ! production =m]ly w5t to ,engl&1 b s9ce #aiae has be5 m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! smelt] & mo/ important m9es are own$ by ,cookson's1 ( ,engl&1 ?r\gh a subsidi>y1 ! ,republican ,m9+ ,metal ,co4 ,am]ican int]e/s own o!r prop]ties 9 ! same region1 & dur+ ! w> a smelt] 0 con/ruct$ at ,san ,luis ,potosi by ! ,int]national ,m9+ ,metal ,co4 ,9 we/]n ,sonora1 ne> ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 !re are deposits ( oxidiz$ ores t furni%$ a consid]able "p ( ! ore import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are own$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,a l>ge deposit ( lead-antimony ore 7jamesonite7 at ,zimapan1 ,hidalgo1 own$ by ,! ,antimony ,corporation1 an ,am]ican firm1 has n yet rea*$ ! produc+ /age4 ,o!r deposits ( possible importance are kn[n 9 ! /ates ( ,gu]r]o1 ,durango1 ,sonora1 ,mexico1 ,baja ,cali=nia1 & else:]e4 ,political di/urbances dur+ ! la/ few ye>s h prev5t$ an output ( antimony comm5surate ) ! probable capacity ( ! deposits4 ,production w probably be ma9ta9$ 9 ! future1 ev5 dur+ p]iods ( l[ prices4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,bolivia4--,! output ( ,bolivia 0 negligible be=e ! w>1 b "u ! /imulus ( high prices l>ge am\nts ( high-grade ore 7 produc$ 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ,?is ore 0 %ipp$ pr9cipally to ,engl&1 until an emb>go 0 plac$ on ,bolivian ore 9 #aiah4 ,! ore is high grade1 t %ipp$ av]ag+ ov] #ej p] c5t4 antimony1 b ! ve9s are small & become unproductive at %all[ dep?4 ,x is possible t ! kn[n deposits h be5 l>gely exhau/$2 & al?\gh dem& z /rong z t ( #aiaf might result 9 new discov]ies ( importance1 x is n likely t ,bolivia c be an important produc] :5 prices are "u normal conditions4 ,exports ( ore am\nt$ to #ag1ibc metric tons 9 #aiae 7z aga9/ #ahf 9 #aiad72 to #bb1gdh tons 9 #aiaf2 & to #ah1cdj tons 9 #aiag2 b 9 #aiah1 = reasons giv5 above1 %ipm5ts dropp$ to #c1jgj tons4 ,f #ge to #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ore w5t to ,engl&1 & mo/ ( ! rema9d] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except = ab\t a ?\s& tons a ye> to ,france4 ,p]u4--,dur+ ! antimony boom ( #aijf-aijg a small am\nt ( antimony 0 produc$ 9 ,p]u4 ,no fur!r production 0 made until #aiae1 :5 #ebb tons ( high-grade ore 0 m9$4 ,9 #aiaf ! production rose to #a1hgf tons ( #fj p] c5t4 ore4 ,! #aiag production 0 #ijb tons4 ,al?\gh deposits are kn[n 9 _m p>ts ( ! republic1 ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! production has come f ! dep>tm5t ( ,puno1 9 s\!rn ,p]u4 ,up to ! pres5t1 pr(itable m9+ has be5 possible only dur+ p]iods ( high prices1 b ! deposits are said to be ext5sive1 & x is possible t improv$ transportation facilities w\ld result 9 "s production "u normal conditions4 ,europe4 ,au/ria-,hung>y4--,! mo/ important antimony deposits ( ! old ,au/rian ,empire are ^? ( ,hung>y & ,bohemia4 ,o!rs ( m9or importance are 9 ,c>niola1 9 ,au/ria4 ,! ,hung>ian deposits 9 #aiac furni%$ #aa1jag tons ( ore conta9+ #a1jch tons ( metal2 = ! re/ ( ,au/ria ! output 0 #a1bgj tons ( ore1 b only #hi tons ( metal4 ,! l[ antimony cont5t ( ! ,hung>ian deposits is comp5sat$ by ! gold cont5t1 & ^! deposits h produc$ mu* m regul>ly ?an ^? ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! empire4 ,s f> z kn[n ! res]ves are fairly l>ge1 b production c h>dly be expect$ to increase greatly4 ,! productive capacity ( bo? ! ,hung>ian & ,bohemian deposits is probably en\gh to supply local ne$s 9 normal times1 & all[ a surplus = export :5 economic conditions are favorable4 ,prior to ! w>1 exports ( regulus w5t to ,g]many & small am\nts ( ore 7 export$ to ,france & ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,c5tral ,empires probably dep5d$ l>gely on ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian deposits = _! antimony supplies4 ,all m9es 7 work$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is kn[n t c]ta9 m9es t _h be5 ab&on$ resum$ op]ations4 ,france4--,france is ! mo/ important antimony-produc+ c\ntry 9 ,europe & also controls important productive deposits 9 ,algi]s & ,indo-,*9a4 ,! ,fr5* deposits are num]\s b = ! mo/ "p small4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ,la ,lucette1 9 ,may5ne1 :]e /ibnite associat$ ) aurif]\s pyrite has be5 m9$ = _m ye>s4 ,?is deposit 0 consid]$ to be approa*+ exhau/ion1 b rec5t "w is report$ to h develop$ new ore bodies4 ,! ,la ,lucette company has rec5tly ext5d$ its hold+s 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france1 has b\ght prop]ties 9 ,algi]s & ! ,transvaal1 & 9 #aiaa leas$ a smelt] at ,b>celona = ! treatm5t ( ores pur*as$ abroad4 ,! ,la ,lucette company is also to "s degree associat$ ) ! ,am]ican firm ( ,antimony ,comp\nds ,co4 ( ,am]ica4 ,undevelop$ deposits are kn[n 9 ,tunis1 ,morocco1 ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 & ,madagasc>4 ,fr5* control ( =eign supplies is n ( great importance4 ,9 addition to its hold+s 9 ! ,transvaal1 ! ,la ,lucette company pur*ases "s =eign ores4 ,9 #aiac1 #d1ddj tons ( antimony ore 0 import$ f ,*9a1 & #bje tons f ,turkey4 ,=eign control ( ,fr5* deposits is limit$ to a few companies4 ,an ,italian company1 ,m9ire ,fond]ie d',antimonio1 owns concessions 9 ,france & ,corsica1 f :i* ! production be=e ! w> 0 ab\t #c1ejj tons ( ore p] ye>4 ,! great ,belgian smelt+ company1 ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne1 owns ! mo/ productive ,alg]ian deposit--! ,hamman ,n' ,bails m9e2 & an unimportant ,alg]ian m9e 01 prior to ! w>1 own$ by ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 a ,g]man firm4 ,9 #aiac1 ,france produc$ #bj1hgb metric tons ( ore c>ry+ ab\t #cb p] c5t4 metal cont5t4 ,! smelt] output 9 #aiac 0 #f1cij tons ( regulus & oxide4 ,france is normally an export] ( metallic antimony1 ! av]age annual exports dur+ ! p]iod ( #aiaj-aiad am\nt+ to ab\t #b1jjj metric tons4 ,! pr9cipal pur*as]s 7 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,ne!rl&s1 & ,russia4 ,accord+ to rec5t in=mation1 ! surplus production ( antimony 9 ,france is n[ s l>ge t ! indu/ry c h>dly cont9ue to exi/ on a pay+ basis unless ! produc]s come to an und]/&+ among !mselves4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t to be effective1 any agreem5t among ,fr5* produc]s mu/ be ei!r back$ by a high protective t>iff or mu/ be ext5d$ to include _! pr9cipal =eign competitors4 ,g]many4--,9 ,g]many ! antimony output is too small to affect appreciably ! _w's m>ket1 b a few localities h possibilities ( production :5 ! price ( antimony is suffici5tly high4 ,"o plant 9 ! ,eifel di/rict 9 #aiae 0 produc+ #be to #cj tons ( regulus & #fj to #gj tons ( oxide a mon?4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a production ( antimonial lead f ! smelt]s t may am\nt to #a1jjj tons or m ( antimony a ye>4 ,?is is d]iv$ 9 "p f ,g]man ores1 especially ! lead-z9c ores1 & 9 "p f ores ( =eign orig94 ,g]many's int]e/ 9 ! antimony m>ket is *iefly t ( ! smelt] & middle man4 ,av]age annual imports1 #aiaj-aiac1 7 z foll[s3 ,ore1 #c1ffh tons2 metal1 #c1cih2 salts1 #ffh4 ,! exports av]ag$1 ore1 #eff tons2 metal1 #cca2 salts1 #a1bbf4 ,! pr9cipal pur*as]s ( metal 7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,russia2 & ( salts ,russia & ,engl&4 ,g]man int]e/ 9 =eign deposits 0 n ext5sive4 ,! ,metallgesells*aft seems to h _h "s connection ) an ,italian company1 ! ,m9ire ,fond]ie d',antimonio1 own+ m9es 9 ,italy & ,france1 & ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co4 0 record$ z ! own] ( "o ,alg]ian m9e4 ,great ,brita94--,al?\gh deposits 7 =m]ly work$ 9 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 & else:]e1 no antimony has be5 m9$ 9 ,engl& s9ce #ahib1 b be=e ! w> ,engl& 0 ! *ief smelt+ c5t] ( ! _w1 & sev]al br&s ( ,briti% antimony1 su* z ,cookson's & ,hallett's1 _h a _w-wide reputation4 ,deposits ( consid]able importance exi/ 9 _m ( ! ,briti% possessions4 ,cookson ,co41 ( ,newca/le1 control m9es 9 ! ,catorce di/rict1 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 ,mexico1 & op]ate a smelt]1 ! output f :i* 0 %ipp$ to ,engl& = fur!r ref9+ until #aiae1 :5 ! supply 0 9 l>ge "p div]t$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engl&1 ?r\gh h] smelt+ int]e/s1 has play$ an important "p 9 ! antimony trade ( ! _w4 ,sev5 smelt]s 9 ,engl& ref9e ore & crude metals t come *iefly f ,*9a1 b also f ,mexico1 ,au/ralia1 & ,hung>y1 &1 dur+ ! w>1 9 l>ge quantities f ,bolivia & ,spa94 ,! bett] ,briti% br&s h be5 consid]$ m pure ?an o!r grades1 & be=e ! w> virtually monopoliz$ ,am]ican m>kets4 ,briti% trad+ int]e/s h ex]t$ important control bo? 9 secur+ raw mat]ial = ,briti% smelt]s & 9 obta9+ m>kets = ,briti% metal4 ,until #aiad ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,antimony ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ,cookson ,co41 held contracts = ! production ( ! ,wah ,*ang ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ! mo/ important antimony produc]s 9 ,*9a4 ,9 #aiad1 ! ,wah ,*ang ,co4 e/abli%$ an indep5d5t sell+ ag5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! great dem& = antimony 9 #aiae & #aiaf1 ,briti% int]e/s secur$ ! great] proportion ( ! output ( ,bolivian m9es & completely controll$ ! indu/ry ( t c\ntry4 ,italy4--,italy is ! ?ird important antimony produc] ( ,europe4 ,! pr9cipal deposits are ^? 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia4 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! ,tuscan deposits 7 reop5$ & !re has be5 also a small production f ,sicily4 ,! grade ( ! ore is l[1 probably on ! av]age less ?an #be p] c5t41 & ! production1 :i* 0 #g1fji tons ( ore 9 #aijj1 _h fall5 9 #aiac to #a1hbb tons4 ,w> conditions /imulat$ ! indu/ry1 & 9 #aiae1 #aiaf1 & #aiag ! production av]ag$ ov] #e1jjj tons annually1 al?\gh ! imports ( metallic antimony also increas$1 be+ z foll[s3 #aia tons 9 #aiad2 #hbe 9 #aiae2 #aee 9 #aiaf2 & #a1bdg 9 #aiag4 ,! l[ metallic cont5t ( ! ore1 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! ,s>d9ia deposits ! calcite gangue makes recov]y m difficult1 r5d]s x probable t "u peace-"t conditions & prices1 ,italy w n become an important factor 9 ! _w's antimony production4 ,! *ief produc+ company1 ,m9ire ,fond]ie d',antimonio1 01 prior to ! w>1 closely connect$ ) ! ,g]man ,metallgesells*aft1 & ! ri*e/ ,s>d9ian ore w5t to ,g]many = smelt+4 ,besides m9es 9 ,italy1 ?is company own$ sev]al productive deposits 9 ,france4 ,portugal4--,a small am\nt ( antimony ore1 #ajj tons 9 #aiab & #ai tons 9 #aiac1 is produc$ 9 ,portugal4 ,exports 9 #aiaf exce$$ #d1jjj tons4 ,russia4--,antimony & arg5tif]\s lead-antimony deposits are kn[n 9 ! ,urals & 7 "u developm5t 9 #aiab4 ,antimony deposits also occur 9 ! ,amur prov9ce & 9 _m localities 9 ,sib]ia4 ,9 #aiae1 #fg tons ( regulus 0 import$ into ,engl& f ,russia4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ?is repres5ts an ov]l& %ipm5t ( ,*9ese mat]ial4 ,s]bia4--,s]bia conta9s sev]al antimony deposits ( consid]able promise4 ,! production1 h[ev]1 has be5 small4 ,no data are available s9ce #aiab4 ,! output ( regulus & oxide1 :i* am\nt$ to #d1gbe metric tons 9 #aijd1 _h decreas$ to #big metric tons 9 #aiab4 ,! great] "p ( ! product 0 =m]ly %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,plants at two ( ! m9es are capable ( a consid]able output %\ld conditions w>rant x4 ,x seems unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ! ,s]bian deposits w play an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! control ( ! _w's production4 ,spa94--,antimony deposits are kn[n 9 _m localities 9 ,spa94 ,mo/ ( ^! are irregul> & h be5 repeat$ly work$ & ab&on$4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 (f] "s promise ( a cont9u$ output4 ,! annual production has sc>cely exce$$ #ejj metric tons ( ore1 ev5 "u ! /imulus ( w> conditions 7#eaf tons 9 #aiaf1 & #ejb tons 9 #aiag74 ,! smelt] production 9 #aiaf 0 #dbe tons4 ,%ortly aft] ! outbreak ( ! w> !re 7 ?ree smelt]s1 ! mo/ important be+ op]at$ by ! ,fr5* company1 ,la ,lucette4 ,be=e ! w> ,spa9 import$ annually #hjj tons ( antimony ore f ,france1 & ov] #ajj tons ( salts ( antimony 0 export$ annually to ,g]many4 ,asia4 ,borneo4--,briti% ,borneo 0 =m]ly a produc] ( consid]able importance1 & mu* ore 0 export$ betwe5 #ahei & #ahid1 ma9ly to ,engl&4 ,! deposits !n rema9$ idle until #aiad1 :5 #hgj tons ( ore 0 export$2 9 #aiae ! exports am\nt$ to ab\t #cfj tons4 ,x is probable t no important output at peace-"t prices is to be expect$1 al?\gh ! c\ntry is l>gely unexplor$4 ,! ,borneo company 7,briti%7 seems to h be5 ! pr9cipal if n ! only produc]4 ,*9a4--,) all h] va/ m9]al res\rces ,*9a has be5 able to obta9 an important position 9 ! _w's m>kets ) reg>d to b few metals4 ,( ^! antimony is ! mo/ /rik+ example1 = s9ce #aijh ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total antimony production has come f ,*9a4 ,9 #aiac ! output 0 e/imat$ to be ! equival5t ( #aj1hjj tons ( metallic antimony1 t ( ! :ole _w be+ ab\t #bj1jjj tons4 ,! ,*9ese indu/ry be+ well-e/abli%$1 x 0 able to respond rapidly to ! great dem& ( ! w>4 ,exports increas$ f #ad1cfa %ort tons ( regulus & crude antimony1 & #d1gie tons ( ore1 9 #aiac1 to #ch1adb tons & #h1ffg tons1 respectively1 9 #aiag4 ,antimony is f\nd ov] widely scatt]$ areas 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn prov9ces1 b *iefly 9 ! prov9ces ( ,hunan1 ,yunnan1 ,kwei*[ & ,kwangsi4 ,9 ,hunan ! deposits h be5 mo/ ext5sively exploit$1 probably #ij p] c5t4 ( ! total production ( ,*9a com+ f ! region ab\t ,*ang%a1 ! c5t] ( ! smelt+ indu/ry4 ,"h1 9 ! ,hai-,k5g-,%an di/rict1 9 #aiae ab\t #gj companies m9$ antimony along ! outcrop ( ! deposits4 ,! ore1 rem>kable = its purity1 occurs z pockets & bun*es1 ma9ly ( /ibnite1 9 a flat b$ ( dolomitic lime/one4 ,sev]al local smelt]s produce liquat$ sulphide1 & ! output ( ! di/rict is ab\t #a1jjj tons mon?ly ( crude antimony av]ag+ ab\t #gj p] c5t4 metallic antimony4 ,all regulus manufacture is controll$ by ! ,wah ,*ang ,co4 ,9 ! ,pan%i di/rict ! ore occurs z fissure ve9s 9 slates1 %ales1 & qu>tzites4 ,! output consi/s ( ab\t #djj tons mon?ly ( #cj p] c5t4 ore1 all ( :i* is %ipp$ to ,wah ,*ang ,co4 at ,*ang%a = treatm5t4 ,! only di/rict 9 ,yunnan :]e antimony is dealt ) comm]cially is ne> ,*ihtsun on ! ,tongk+-,yunnan ,railroad4 ,! ,pao ,hua ,co41 connect$ ) ! ,wah ,*ang ,co41 owns a ,fr5*-con/ruct$ plant & produces high-grade regulus4 ,! ,wah ,*ang ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 virtually controls ! production ( antimony ore1 regulus1 & crude 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hunan4 ,?is company op]ates smelt]s 9 ,*ang%a & owns l[-grade m9es4 ,x possesses a complete monopoly1 grant$ by ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t1 = ! manufacture ( regulus 9 ,hunan & owns ! pat5t rights 9 ,*9a = ! ,h]r5s*midt furnace1 ! mo/ successful means ( r$uc+ l[-grade antimony ores4 ,! m9es !mselves are mo/ly native-own$1 & work$ 9 a small way4 ,prior to ! w>1 exports ( ,*9ese antimony 7 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & a few ,g]man firms4 ,! ,new ,*9ese ,antimony ,co4 7also kn[n z ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,antimony ,co47 a subsidi>y ( ,cookson ,co41 ( ,engl&1 held a contract = ! entire output ( ! ,wah ,*ang ,co4 ,?is contract 0 brok5 %ortly aft] ! w> began1 al?\gh ! ,wah ,*ang ,co4 paid a p]c5tage on all sales to ! ,new ,*9ese ,antimony ,co4 = a ye> !reaft]4 ,! ,wah ,*ang ,trad+ ,co4 0 organiz$ z a direct sell+ ag5cy 9 ,new ,york1 & has e/abli%$ a l>ge bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,) pres5t high scale ( wages = labor1 & prices = mat]ial1 x is difficult to see h[ ?is c\ntry c compete ) ,*9a 9 ! production ( antimony4 ,adv]se ex*ange conditions due to ! high price ( silv] h probably ne>ly d\bl$ ! co/ ( production 9 ,*9a & wages 9 t c\ntry h advanc$4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,*9a c manufacture antimony f> m *eaply ?an is possible 9 ,europe or ,am]ica2 & probably1 also1 m *eaply ?an 9 ,japan4 ,*9ese antimony suff]$ f lack ( adv]tis+ be=e ! w>1 be+ l>gely exclud$ f ?is c\ntry by ! ,briti% metal1 b has n[ become firmly e/abli%$ 9 our m>kets1 & its quality has prov$ equal to ! be/ ,engli% grades4 ,india4--,s9ce ! w>1 small am\nts ( antimony h be5 produc$ 9 ,burma & ,mysore4 ,! total ,indian ore production 0 #a1jdj tons 9 #aiaf & #acj tons 9 #aiag4 ,! mo/ productive region 0 ! ,amh]/ di/rict ( ,burma4 ,"h ! ore res]ves are said to be consid]able1 b ! inaccessibility ( ! di/rict has made production impossible except at high prices4 ,! production f ,mysore 0 only #bf tons 9 #aiaf4 ,indo-,*9a4--,!re are productive deposits ( possible future importance 9 ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a4 ,9 #aiaf ^! produc$ #a1dcg tons ( antimony ore ) a metal cont5t ( #fdb tons4 ,smelt]s 7 op]at$ by ! firm ( ,s*n ,rhay1 & bo? native & ,*9ese ore 0 treat$4 ,9 #aiad & #aiae1 #hhc & #fcj tons ( antimony ore 7 export$ to ,france4 ,japan4--,v little antimony ore has be5 produc$ 9 ,japan s9ce ! developm5t ( ! ,*9ese deposits1 al?\gh1 z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 !re 0 a r5ew$ developm5t dur+ ! w>4 ,! smelt+ ( ,*9ese ores 9 ,japan has become extremely important2 & ! smelt] production1 :i* 0 only #cb tons 9 #aiad1 rose to #h1ahi tons 9 #aiae1 & to #aj1fcc tons 9 #aiaf4 ,x 0 #f1efb tons 9 #aiag4 ,! production ( metal & crude f dome/ic ores 0 only #ahf tons 9 #aiae & #bhf tons 9 #aiaf4 ,x is probable t z long z *eap ore is available 9 ,*9a little production f ,japanese deposits is to be expect$4 ,japanese own]%ip 9 ,*9ese m9es is probably small1 z practically all ,*9ese antimony b\ght by ,japan has be5 pur*as$ 9 ! op5 m>ket 9 ! =m ( crude & ore4 ,s9ce #aiad ,japan has play$ an important "p 9 ! smelt+ ( ,*9ese ore & matte1 & 9 ?is reg>d has rank$ second only to ,*9a4 ,prior to t "t1 h[ev]1 production 0 insignificant4 ,*9a is n[ 9 a position to supply direct ! major "p ( ! _w's requirem5t ( metal1 hav+ l>gely ext5d$ h] facilities = treat+ antimony ores1 & x is d\btful :e!r ,japanese smelt]s w long be able to compete successfully4 ,turkey4--,! antimony production ( ! ,turki% ,empire comes f ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or 9 ! vilayets ( ,brussa & ,smyrna4 ,! productive di/rict ( ,all*>1 =m]ly 9 ,european ,turkey1 pass$ to ,s]bia aft] ! la/ ,balkan ,w>4 ,! deposits seem to be ri* & capable ( great] developm5t4 ,bad gov]nm5t1 lack ( transportation facilities1 & excessive export duties seem to h ret>d$ production4 ,"s m9es 7 ! prop]ty ( ! ,sultan1 & developm5t 0 h9d]$ by excessive royalties4 ,mo/ ( ! m9es seem to be own$ or leas$ by ,greeks4 ,deposits ( antimony ores associat$ ) arg5tif]\s lead ores are report$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,k>ahiss>1 9 ,arm5ia4 ,9 #aiad ! concession = ^! 0 held by ! ,asia ,m9or ,m9+ ,co41 presumably a ,briti% corporation4 ,undevelop$ deposits ( possible importance occur 9 ! isl&s ( ,mytel5e & ,*ios1 n[ 9 ,greek own]%ip4 ,little in=mation is available z reg>ds production4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,dj9li ,kaya m9e produc$ #a1ejj tons ( #ej p] c5t4 ore4 ,! #aiab production ( ,asia ,m9or is report$ z #fgg tons ( ore4 ,exports ( antimony ore f ,turkey to ,great ,brita9 7 z foll[s3 #aiaj1 #cjc 7metric7 tons2 #aiaa1 #ggc tons2 #aiab1 #a1ajh tons2 & 9 #aiac1 #djh tons4 ,"s ore 0 also %ipp$ to ,au/ria1 &1 9 #aiac1 #bje tons w5t to ,france4 ,x seems probable t1 giv5 good gov]nm5t & improv$ transportation facilities1 an increas$ production c\ld be obta9$ f ! region ev5 at peace-"t prices1 = accord+ to ! be/ available in=mation ! deposits are l>ge & mu* ( ! ore is high grade4 ,africa4 ,algi]s4--,! ,alg]ian deposits are probably capable ( consid]able developm5t1 z is %[n by ! response to ! increas$ dem& 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ,! ores are ne>ly all oxidiz$ & conta9 v>i\s r>e antimony m9]als4 ,prior to ! w> ! *ief production consi/$ ( antimonate ( iron1 m9$ toge!r ) lead & z9c ores at ,hamman ,n' ,bails4 ,dur+ ! w> l>ge deposits ( oxides 7 develop$ & 7 supply+ antimony at ! rate ( #cjj tons p] mon? dur+ ! e>ly "p ( #aiah4 ,9 #aiab1 !re 0 produc$ #d1ffa tons ( ore2 9 #aiac1 #ehb tons2 9 #aiad1 #a1ajj tons2 9 #aiae1 #i1jbb tons1 & 9 #aiaf1 #bh1dgc tons4 ,app>5tly ! ore produc$ c>ries ar\nd #dj p] c5t4 antimony 7metallic cont5t74 ,! m9e ( ,hamman ,n' ,bails is own$ by ! great ,belgian smelt+ company1 ! ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne2 & ! ,la ,lucette company 7,fr5*7 owns ! productive ,a9 ,k]ma oxide deposits4 ,prior to ! w>1 ! ,g]man firm ( ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co4 0 li/$ z ! own] ( "o ( ! less important m9es4 ,briti% ,s\? ,africa4--,sev]al antimony deposits are kn[n 9 ,briti% ,s\? ,africa1 seem+ly ! mo/ promis+ be+ ^? ( ! ,mur*ison ,range 9 ! nor!rn ,transvaal4 ,"h aurif]\s /ibnite occurs z ve9s & replacem5ts 9 lime/one ov] a consid]able area4 ,! ore z m9$ c>ries #c to #f dwt4 gold & #g to #aj p] c5t4 antimony4 ,sales & %ipm5ts ( conc5trat$ & crude antimony 7 z foll[s3 #aiac1 #dh tons2 #aiad1 no?+2 #aiae1 #ia tons2 #aiaf1 #gbb tons2 & #aiag1 #fag tons4 ,! pr9cipal m9e ( ! range1 ! ,unit$ ,jack1 0 pur*as$ 9 #aiag by ! ,la ,lucette company 7,fr5*74 ,9 #aiaf !re 7 f\r produc+ m9es 9 ! di/rict4 ,! antimony deposits ( ! ,/eynsdorp di/rict1 ne> ! ,swazil& bord]1 7 "u developm5t 9 #aiaf1 & antimony deposits are kn[n 9 ! ,=bes ,reef di/rict 9 ,swazil&4 ,antimony ores are f\nd ov] a consid]able "p ( s\!rn ,rhodesia1 & ?is di/rict w\ld probably be capable ( a consid]able output ) bett] transportation facilities & cont9u$ high prices4 ,ore production 9 #aiaf & #aiag 0 #ch & #ae tons4 ,"s ( ! m9es1 su* z ! ,hope ,f\nta91 ne> ,bulawayo1 are *iefly gold produc]s1 antimony be+ a by-product4 ,au/ralia4--,! only antimony-produc+ di/rict ( any importance 9 ,au/ralia is ! ,co/]field di/rict ( ,victoria4 ,"h /ibnite & antimony oxides occur 9 qu>tz ve9s cutt+ ,ordovician slates4 ,! antimony conc5trates1 :i* av]age ab\t #dh p] c5t4 antimony1 & also conta9 ab\t #b ounces ( gold p] ton1 are %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,! annual production is r regul>ly #b1ejj to #c1jjj tons ( conc5trates4 ,,table #cb4--,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,antimony 7#aiab-aiag7 ,approximate recov]able metal cont5t ( ore produc$1 metric tons2 antimonial lead ores n includ$ ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aiab #aiac #aiad #aiae ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #j #j #j #a1gfj ,canada #j #j #j #dbj ,mexico #c1ejj #b1cdj #a1egj #bjjia ,bolivia #dj #cj #gj #g1agj ,p]u #j #j #j #bfj ,au/ria-,hung>y #a1cej #hdj #ib #ib ,g]many #j #j #ib #gjj #ia ,france #b1bij #e1agj #ib #ib ,italy #caj #cfj #aaj #gbj ,spa9 #agj #j #j #ajj ,portugal #dj #aj #ib #ib ,s]bia #cjj #bejia #ib #ib ,algi]s #idj #ahj #cbj #b1gdj ,briti% ,s4 ,africa #j #cj #j #ej ,*9a #aj1hjjaa1jjj #ae1ijj #aj1ejj ,japan #gj #bj #cj #ahj ,india #j #j #j #j ,indo-,*9a #aaj #j #j #afj ,borneo #j #j #cjj #abj ,asia ,m9or #bgj #bdj #ib #ib ,victoria #ehj #ifj #hij #a1cjj ,new ,s\? ,wales #cj #aj #bj #cbj ,que5sl& #j #j #j #hj ,we/ ,au/ralia #j #j #j #j ------------------------------------ ,total #bj1hjjba1ddj #bd1djjicce1djjic ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pr9cipal f9ancial #aiaf #aiag control ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #a1dbj #caj ,unit$ ,/ates ,canada #cjj #abj ,great ,brita9 ,mexico #dejia #b1gcj ,great ,brita9 & ,unit$ ,/ates ,bolivia #i1ajj #g1cdj ,great ,brita9 ,p]u #icj #dej ,p]u ,au/ria-,hung>y #ib #ib;,hung>y ,g]many #ib #ib;,g]many ,france #ib #ib;,france ,italy #a1jhj #ifj ,italy ,spa9 #agj #afj ,france ,portugal #a1jjj #ib8 #ia ,s]bia #ib #ib8 ,algi]s #h1idj #ib;,france ,briti% ,s4 ,africa #chj #cjj ,great ,brita9 & ,france ,*9a #db1hjj #ca1jjj ,*9a 7,japan71 ,great ,brita98 ,japan #bhj #ib;,japan ,india #djj #ej ,great ,brita9 ,indo-,*9a #eaj #ib;,great ,brita9 ,borneo #ib #ib;,great ,brita9 ,asia ,m9or #ib #ib,turkey 7,greece7 ,victoria #a1cbj #ib;,great ,brita9 ,new ,s\? ,wales #caj #aej ,great ,brita9 ,que5sl& #hj #ib;,great ,brita9 ,we/ ,au/ralia #bj #aj ,great ,brita9 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total #gh1gjjiced1cjjic ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ia ,incomplete data2 actual production probably l>g]4 #ib ,no data4 #ic ,totals = ye>s #aiad-aiag include e/imates ( production ( c\ntries f :i* data are lack+4 ,! ,hillgrove di/rict1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 0 =m]ly ( consid]able importance1 ! highe/ annual output be+ #b1dej tons ( ore 9 #aijf4 ,rec5t production has be5 slight1 & al?\gh a v l>ge increase took place ) ! /imulus ( w> prices1 ! #aiag production 0 valu$ at only ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( t ( ,victoria4 ,insignificant am\nts ( antimony ore h rec5tly be5 produc$ 9 ,que5sl& & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,new ,zeal& yield$ a small am\nt dur+ ! boom ( #aijf & #aijg1 b no production is record$ s9ce #aiaj4 ,imports ( antimony ore into ,great ,brita9 f ,au/ralia 9 #aiae am\nt$ to #c1hed tons4 ,/ati/ics ( production 7#aiab-aiag7 are giv5 9 ! table prec$+4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ consum] ( antimony 9 ! _w1 requir+ "u normal conditions betwe5 #g1jjj & #h1jjj tons ( new metal1 mo/ ( :i*1 be=e ! w>1 came f ,engl&4 ,! consumption dur+ ! w> 0 ab\t d\ble ?is am\nt1 & 0 d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,ori5t1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,mexico4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ rema9 dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces = its supply1 unless a mu* high] t>iff is plac$ ^u imports4 ,ev5 "u su* conditions x is d\btful :e!r dome/ic m9es w\ld prove adequate to supply m ?an a small "p ( ! c\ntry's ne$s4 ,*9ese & ,japanese antimony has l>gely replac$ ! ,briti% product s9ce #aiad & has become s well e/abli%$ t x w probably cont9ue to hold ,am]ican m>kets4 ,*9ese antimony 9 p>ticul> has %[n itself equal 9 e way to ! be/ ,briti% grades4 ,) a some:at high] level ( prices ! importation ( ore f ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica may be und]tak5 by r$uc+ plants 9 ?is c\ntry1 z ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by sev]al companies dur+ ! w> has made possible ! production ( high-grade metal4 ,engl&4--,no figures z to ! actual consumption ( antimony 9 ,engl& are available4 ,judg$ f a balance ( imports & exports1 ! normal consumption is ab\t #d1ejj tons annually4 ,dur+ ! w> consumption 0 enorm\sly increas$ = ! manufacture ( munitions4 ,engli% smelt]s are entirely dep5d5t on =eign ores1 mo/ ( :i* 9 ! pa/ h come f ,*9a1 ) small] am\nts f ,mexico & ,au/ralia4 ,! position ( ! indu/ry1 at lea/ 9 s f> z export trade is conc]n$1 is ?reat5$ by ! /rong position ( ! ,*9ese indu/ry acquir$ dur+ ! w>1 z repres5t$ p>ticul>ly by ! activities ( ! ,wah ,*ang ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,engli% antimony exports w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e #aiad4 ,x does n seem probable t ,engl& w be able to fully recov] ?is m>ket1 n[ dom9at$ completely by ,*9ese & ,japanese antimony4 ,france4--,france is ! only _w p[] t possesses important res\rces ( antimony )9 h] b\nd>ies4 ,includ+ h] ,alg]ian m9es1 %e is entirely indep5d5t ( outside supply4 ,inasmu* z c]ta9 ( ! ,fr5* deposits conta9 important am\nts ( gold1 & ! pr9cipal ,alg]ian m9e conta9s lead & z9c1 ! production ( antimony 9 ,france w probably cont9ue to be ( "s importance1 & x is probable t %e w cont9ue to export antimony z be=e ! w>1 ?\gh probably to a less ext5t4 ,g]many4--,g]many1 prior to #aiad1 consum$ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's annual output ( antimony4 ,h] own res\rces ( antimony are insignificant1 & ,g]man int]e/s 9 =eign deposits h n be5 widely ext5d$ b 7 r ^? ( smelt] & middleman1 raw mat]ial be+ drawn *iefly f ,*9a1 & metal & salts be+ export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia & ,great ,brita94 ,dur+ ! w> ,g]many drew l>gely ^u ,hung>y = antimony supply1 b x is kn[n t ?is s\rce c\ld n adequately meet ! dem&4 ,japan4--,japan's actual consumption ( antimony has nev] be5 l>ge & be=e ! w> 0 conf9$ l>gely to ! production ( 8:ite metal0 boxes1 trays1 & o!r articles4 ,dur+ ! w> h] importance 9 ! antimony trade re/$ ^u h] ability to supply a l>ge "p ( ! ne$s ( ! ,allies1 pr9cipally ,russia1 & lat] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,h[ long aft] ! w> %e w be able to reta9 h] position is unc]ta94 ,favorable freight rates to ,japanese %ipp]s1 & ! fact t ! pres5t high price ( silv] & ! consequ5t ex*ange conditions affect adv]sely ,*9ese production may enable ,japan to cont9ue a factor 9 ! antimony trade4 ,,rec5t ,,conditions ,,9 ,,! ,,indu/ry ,ow+ to ! v high prices prevail+ = antimony dur+ #aiae & #aiaf1 caus$ by a greatly increas$ dem& = antimony = ! manufacture ( munitions1 sev]al c\ntries became l>ge produc]s4 ,! mo/ important among ^! 7 ,bolivia1 ,mexico1 & ,alg]ia1 b ,victoria & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,p]u1 ,burma1 & ,spa9 all contribut$ sub/antial am\nts4 ,) ! possible exception ( ,alg]ia--^: pr9cipal m9es yield consid]able lead & z9c & are situat$ ne> to ,fr5* r$uction plants--& ( ,mexico1 none ( ^! c\ntries w be important factors 9 ! production ( antimony at ! usual l[ prices prevail+ = t metal4 ,! sudd5 end+ ( ! w> f\nd ! bellig]5ts ) l>ge /ocks ( antimony on h&1 ! ,engli% hold+1 accord+ to figures publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions on ,m>* #a1 #aiai1 #d1cbe long tons ( regulus4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! o!r ,allies _h /ocks ( ! same ord] ( magnitude1 & if s !re mu/ h be5 ab\t a ye>'s supply available on ,april #a1 #aiai1 z ! #aiac consumption ( antimony am\nt$ to only ab\t #bj1jjj tons4 ,9 addition !re 7 l>ge supplies ( alloys & antimonial lead available & m w und\bt$ly be obta9$ by salvage op]ations4 ,x may be expect$1 !re=e1 t until ^! are absorb$ ! production ( antimony w be ev5 less ?an t ( pre-w> ye>s4 ,at pres5t !re is little inducem5t = m9+4 ,co/s ( m9+ h increas$ ev]y:]e4 ,*9a1 ! l>ge/ produc]1 faces a p>ticul>ly difficult situation1 = ! high] price ( silv] has result$ 9 d\bl+ co/s ( labor & local supplies4 ,if silv] prices rema9 high aft] ! dem& = prim>y antimony has recov]$1 ! o!r antimony-produc+ c\ntries1 n on a silv] basis1 w h a correspond+ advantage ov] ,*9a 9 ! matt] ( production4 ,,summ>y ,! peace-"t consumption ( antimony is limit$ r by ! relatively re/rict$ uses to :i* antimony is put ?an by any lack ( pot5tial supply4 ,z a consequ5ce1 /eady production has be5 ma9ta9$ only f ^? di/ricts 9 :i* work+ exp5ses are l[ & m>kets readily available1 or 9 :i* ! deposits conta9 o!r metals ( value4 ,mod]n w>f>e1 h[ev]1 creates a special use = antimony--9 ! manufacture ( %rapnel--:i* requires _m times ! am\nt ( antimony necess>y = ord9>y peace uses4 ,9 ! case ( ea* ( ! ?ree important w>s ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! ,bo] ,w>1 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> & ! ,great ,w>1 ! curves ( antimony prices & production h ris5 %>ply 9 accordance ) ! dem&1 & h fall5 z rapidly aft] ! ne$ = munitions 0 pa/4 ,*9a has = long be5 ! mo/ important s\rce ( antimony & w d\btless reta9 t position = _m ye>s4 ,/eady ?\gh less important production has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ,france1 ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,mexico1 :ile sev]al o!r c\ntries produc$ important am\nts z a result ( ! l>gely increas$ dem&s ( ! w>4 ,*ief among ^! 7 ,bolivia1 ,alg]ia1 & ,au/ralia4 ,engl& dom9at$ ! antimony m>ket prior to #aiad ?r\gh h] l>ge smelt+ int]e/1 trade agreem5ts 9 ! ,ori5t1 & sell+ ag5cies 9 ,am]ica--! pr9cipal consum+ c\ntry4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ,*9ese int]e/s h become indep5d5t1 & ,japan has become ( importance 9 ! antimony smelt+ & trad+ field4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates possesses limit$ antimony res\rces :i* c be exploit$ only at v high prices1 & is dep5d5t almo/ entirely ^u outside s\rces ( supply4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is supply has be5 drawn l>gely f ,engl&1 b m rec5tly f ! ,ori5t & ,mexico4 ,g]many has insignificant antimony res\rces ( h] own1 & dep5d$ = h] supply dur+ ! w> ^u ! ,hung>ian deposits1 :i* 7 app>5tly inadequate to meet ! dem&s4 ,h] int]e/s prior to ! w> 7 *iefly ^? ( ! smelt] & middleman1 & did n ext5d v l>gely to =eign deposits4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,great ,brita9 normally consume #he p] c5t4 ( ! antimony ( ! _w1 & ( ^! ,france alone is indep5d5t ( =eign s\rces ( supply4 ,! antimony trade ( ! _w is l>gely controll$ by a few companies1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are3 ,cookson's 7,briti%71 ,wah ,*ang ,co4 7,*9ese71 & ,socit de ,la ,lucette 7,fr5*74 ,! ,mitsui ,co4 7,japanese71 l>gely ?r\gh %ipp+ int]e/s1 has a consid]able %>e 9 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese antimony trade4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,molybd5um ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore ,,uses ,,( ,,molybd5um ,molybd5um is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]ro-alloys = mak+ /eel4 ,z wire1 x is us$ = support+ ! filam5t 9 inc&esc5t electric lamps4 ,! wire is also employ$ = w9d+ electric resi/ance furnaces & = ?is use has prov$ *eap] & bett] ?an plat9um because ( ! quick] heat+ & high] temp]atures atta9able4 ,! metal has be5 successfully sub/itut$ = plat9um & = plat9um-iridium 9 electric contact-mak+ devices4 ,molybd5um comp\nds are us$ 9 *emi/ry1 p>ticul>ly ammonium molybdate = ! det]m9ation ( phosphorus4 ,fa/ colors 9 a v>iety ( %ades may be produc$ on lea!r by employ+ molybd5um tannate 9 conjunction ) logwood extracts4 ,x has be5 employ$ = color glazes 9 porcela9 & 9 color+ silks & rubb]4 ,! addition ( molybd5um to /eel increases ! ela/ic limit )\t dim9i%+ ! ductility4 ,molybd5um c be sub/itut$ = a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( tung/5 9 high-spe$ /eel1 z a rule "o "p ( molybd5um tak+ ! place ( two to ?ree p>ts ( tung/54 ,,geological ,,& ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,up to ab\t #aiaf1 practically all ( ! molybd5ite conc5trates produc$ came f ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,norway4 ,%ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! w>1 int]e/ 0 %[n 9 ! production ( molybd5ite 9 ,canada1 pr9cipally 9 ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,dur+ #aiag & #aiah !re 0 a great deal ( int]e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 molybd5um ores1 & at ! pres5t "t ?is c\ntry c probably produce molybd5ite conc5trates 9 quantity equal+ if n exce$+ ! re/ ( ! _w put toge!r4 ,"s molybd5um is produc$ by ,spa9 & ,p]u4 ,au/ralia & ,norway4--,! fir/ (ficial record ( a production ( molybd5ite 9 ,que5sl& 0 9 #aijj1 :5 ! output am\nt$ to #ab4c %ort tons ( high-grade mat]ial4 ,! production gradually rose to #aai tons 9 #aijf1 & has n v>i$ mat]ially s9ce t date1 al?\gh ! sell+ prices = conc5trates increas$ consid]ably4 ,! bulk ( ! mat]ial 0 m9$ at ,wolfram ,camp1 9 ! ,*illagoe field1 #abj miles s\?we/ ( ,cairns1 9 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&4 ,! m9es at ,bam=d1 9 ! same field1 are cr$it$ ) a small output4 ,) ! molybd5ite ores are bismu?-tung/5 ores1 s t all ?ree metals are produc$4 ,! production ( molybd5ite 0 fir/ report$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 #aijb2 9 t ye> ! output 0 #ag %ort tons4 ,! total output to ! end ( #aiad 0 #dih %ort tons1 valu$ at #bfd1jjj4 ,! *ief produc+ molybd5ite m9es are at ,:ip/ick1 9 ! ,pambula division1 at ,k+sgate1 9 ! ,gl5n ,innes division1 & ne> ,deepwat]1 9 ! ,deepwat] division4 ,molybd5ite is also be+ produc$ at ,rocky ,riv]1 9 ! ,tantafield division1 & 9 ! ,ba?hur/ division4 ,! production at all ( ^! localities has n be5 l>ge--9 no "o ye> exce$+ #ajj tons ( conc5trates4 ,9 ,norway1 ! production ( high-grade molybd5ite conc5trates has av]ag$ ab\t #cj tons p] annum s9ce #aijb4 ,9 #aijf1 an output ( #a1abi %ort tons 0 report$4 ,?is probably ref]s to ore m9$ & n to conc5trates produc$4 ,! *ief molybd5ite di/ricts 9 ,norway are ! prov9ces ( ,li/]1 ,m&al1 & ,n$5es1 on ! extreme s\!rn end ( ! p59sula4 ,! di/rict ( ,fjotl&1 9 ! =m] prov9ce1 is probably ri*] 9 molybd5ite ?an any yet discov]$ 9 ,norway4 ,a m9e at ,knab51 9 ?is di/rict1 has be5 ! l>ge/ & probably ! only successful produc] 9 ,norway4 ,?is m9e1 own$ by ,george ,g4 ,blackwell ,sons1 ( ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1#id has made an av]age output ( ab\t #be %ort tons p] annum4 #id ,report$ tak5 ov] by a ,norwegian company4 ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aiah4 ,,table #cc4--,,production ,,( ,,molybd5ite ,,9 ,,que5sl&1 ,,new ,,s\? ,,wales ,,& ,,norway ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,que5sl& ,new ,s\? ,wales ,norway ---------------------------------------- ----- ,weight ,weight ,weight 7%ort ,value 7%ort ,value 7%ort ,value ,ye> tons77doll>s7 tons77doll>s7 tons77doll>s7 ---------------------------------------- --------- #aijb #de4i #bf1ggj #af4h #h1ifj #bb #af1ajj #aijc #bf4i #aj1bbj #cb4e #ba1ifj #cd #ba1djj #aijd #bc4f #ac1jaj #bh4c #ac1bgj #cc #ag1djj #aije #gj4h #da1cdj #ba4g #ab1bjj #ea #af1cjj #aijf #aah4i #gd1ccj #cf4f #bc1cej #a1abi #ad1bjj #aijg #gd4j #da1jhj #bd4b #ag1cdj #cc #ab1ijj #aijh #ih4g #dd1ifj #i4e #d1ebj #ci #ac1djj #aiji #ajc4i #de1abj #ca4e #ae1haj #cc #ab1ajj #aiaj #aah4f #eh1fdj #ec4b #bg1ehj #aiaa #aaa4d #fd1faj #bc4a #ab1faj #b #hjj #aiab #aad4f #hd1dbj #fc4c #ah1jcj #bc #e1djj #aiac #gd4c #ib1dfj #hh4c #cc1ajj #ac #c1bjj #aiad #hg4a #ahe1hcj #fh4h #ee1gbj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! production ( molybd5ite 9 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,norway1 by ye>s1 is %[n 9 ! prec$+ table4 ,figures = m rec5t ye>s indicate ! total production 9 ,au/ralia ( ab\t #ccj %ort tons p] annum & #aaj %ort tons 9 ,norway 9 #aiaf4 ,9 #aiag ! output 9 ,norway 0 ?ree times ! #aiaf figures4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,z already /at$1 ! *ief molybd5ite deposits 9 ,canada are 9 ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,!y are l[ grade & ( c\rse ne$ conc5tration4 ,! ,canadian & ,briti% gov]nm5ts h be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! conc5tration ( ^! ores & ! ,canadian gov]nm5t has a mill engag$ 9 exp]im5tal "w & 9 comm]cial conc5tration4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es has sp5t a good deal ( "t 9 exp]im5tation1 believ+ t molybd5ite has an important future 9 metallurgy4 ,! production 9 #aiag 0 ab\t #hj %ort tons ( high-grade conc5trates & 0 und\bt$ly l>g] 9 #aiah4 ,canada :5 prop]ly prospect$ may produce a good deal m molybd5ite ?an n[4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are a v l>ge numb] ( small molybd5um deposits1 scatt]$ ov] ! we/]n /ates f ,wa%+ton to ,arizona & f ,colorado to ,cali=nia4 ,!re are two common m9]als--molybd5ite1 or molybd5um sulphide1 & wulf5ite1 or lead molybdate4 ,g5]ally speak+1 molybd5ite is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 & wulf5ite 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 b ?is rule is n )\t exception4 ,9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 ! pr9cipal m9]al is wulf5ite1 b !re are "s fairly l>ge deposits ( molybd5ite1 probably ! be/ be+ at ! ,levia?an m9es1 9 ,copp] ,canyon1 ,mohave ,c\nty1 ,arizona4 ,?is is ! only molybd5ite deposit t is be+ work$ 9 ,new ,mexico or ,arizona4 ,x is 9 ! ,c$> ,valley m9+ di/rict ab\t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ,copp]ville & ab\t #be miles ea/ ( ,yucca4 ,?is ore c>ries a good deal ( copp]1 z well z small traces ( gold & silv]4 ,"s analyses h %[n #b or #c p] c5t4 ,mo,s & #a to #b p] c5t4 copp] ) #j4jb ounce ( gold & #a to #d ounces ( silv] p] ton4 ,! p]c5tage ( molybd5ite is und\bt$ly above ! av]age1 :i* does n exce$ #a p] c5t4 ,! c\ntry rock is m$ium-gra9$ gray granite1 consi/+ ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 biotite1 muscovite & small am\nts ( o!r accessory m9]als1 su* z zircon & apatite4 ,! company has erect$ a mill & has succe$$ 9 mak+ a satisfactory sep>ation ( ! copp] f ! molybd5ite4 ,! l>ge/ possibilities 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico are 9 m9+ wulf5ite4 ,?is m9]al is widely scatt]$ ov] ^! two /ates1 especially ,arizona1 & is1 to a great ext5t1 associat$ ) vanad9ite4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 conc5trat+ wulf5ite has be5 ! sep>ation f vanad9ite4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es has work$ on ?is problem = "s "t ) p>tial success4 ,! mo/ important deposit ( wulf5ite is at ! ,mammo? & ,coll9s m9es1 9 ,p9al ,c\nty4 ,!y 7 orig9ally gold m9es1 & :5 ! value ( molybd5um became evid5t1 ,colonel ,r&olph1 own] ( ! ,mammo? m9e1 decid$ t x w\ld be wor? :ile to run ! tail+s dump = wulf5ite4 ,he conv]t$ 8 mill to ?is purpose1 & n only ran ! ,mammo? dump b also ! dump at ! old ,yuma m9e1 9 ,pima c\nty4 ,! total am\nt ( conc5trates produc$ by ,colonel ,r&olph & o!rs 9 ! vic9ity dur+ ! ?ree ye>s #aiaf to #aiah are probably repres5t$ by #a1jjj to #a1bjj tons ( wulf5ite conc5trates4 ,:ile ^! op]ations 7 go+ on1 !y repres5t$ practically ! only production ( molybd5um conc5trates 9 ?is c\ntry except on a v small scale4 ,"o o!r op]at+ company is ! ,r[ley ,copp] ,m9es ,co41 ,gila ,b5d1 ,arizona1 ! ore be+ wulf5ite & ! pr9cipal impurity b>ite4 ,! company has succe$$ 9 mak+ satisfactory conc5trates1 :i* c>ry1 h[ev]1 a consid]able am\nt ( b>ite4 ,! ,gold51 ,colo41 /ation ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es has run "s te/s on ?is conc5trate & has made a p>tial sep>ation ( ! b>ite & wulf5ite4 ,molybd5ite is f\nd 9 a consid]able numb] ( places 9 ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,wa%+ton1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,texas & o!r we/]n & nor?we/]n /ates1 b ! l>ge/ occurr5ce is 9 ,colorado4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! individual deposits 9 ! ,we/ are n l>ge en\gh to w>rant ! build+ ( a mill = any "o ( !m1 & z ! deposits are widely scatt]$1 x is difficult to f9d a place :]e a cu/om mill c\ld obta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( ore4 ,?is is "o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 produc+ a l>ge tonnage ( molybd5ite conc5trates1 outside ( ,colorado4 ,probably ! l>ge/ deposits ( molybd5ite 9 ! _w are at ,climax1 ,colorado4 ,^! deposits are on ! s\?we/]n slope ( ,b>tlett ,m\nta91 ,summit ,c\nty1 ab\t #ae miles f ,leadville4 ,outcrops are practically cont9u\s across ! :ole l5g? ( ! m\nta9 & at places are "o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,! ore is r granul> & n flaky molybd5ite1 ! av]age grade runn+ ab\t #h p] c5t4 ,mo,s4 ,!re are two op]at+ companies1 ! ,climax ,molybd5um ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 ( ,new ,york & ,d5v]1 & ! ,molybd5um ,products ,co41 ( ,d5v]4 ,bo? ( ^! companies h erect$ mills hav+ daily capacities ( #bjj tons4 ,! mill ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 />t$ cont9u\s op]ation ab\t ,m>*1 #aiah1 & t ( ! o!r company 0 complet$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,bo? companies claim t !y c enl>ge ! capacity at %ort notice4 ,! writ] 0 9 ! m9e ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,evid5tly a consid]able "p ( ! m\nta9 is molybd5ite1 & )\t d\bt1 a v l>ge tonnage c be produc$4 ,! ,jackl+ int]e/s rec5tly acquir$ ! adjo9+ prop]ties own$ by ! ,p+ree ,m9es ,co41 b 9 #aiah _h n built a mill or c>ri$ out any s]i\s developm5t "w4 ,ano!r v l>ge gr\p ( deposits ( molybd5ite lies ne> ,empire1 ,cle> ,creek ,c\nty1 ,colorado1 on ! ea/]n slope ( ,r$ ,m\nta91 at an altitude ( ab\t #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj feet4 ,! deposits are #ad miles f ! ,empire /ation ( ! ,colorado ,s\!rn ,railroad & are own$ by ! ,primos ,*emical ,co41 ( ,primos1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ore-be>+ bodies consi/ ( ?ree ve9s ( l[-grade ore4 ,! ore zone1 t is1 ! gr\nd includ$ betwe5 ! footwall ( ,ve9 ,no4 #a & ! hang+ wall ( ,ve9 ,no4 #c :]e cut by ! tunnel1 is ab\t #bjj feet wide4 ,! ve9s v>y greatly 9 wid? & are n p>ticul>ly well def9$1 ?9 ve9lets & /r+]s ( ore runn+ into ! walls4 ,! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 has work$ ^! m9es (f & on = sev]al ye>s4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago x built a mill ne> ! m9e1 b production has be5 r int]mitt5t4 ,?is company has probably us$ all ( its conc5trates = mak+ f]romolybd5um at its own works 9 ,primos1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,a small mill has be5 erect$ at ,pitk91 ,colorado1 9 connection ) ! m9e at t place own$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,molybd5um ,m9es ,co41 ( ,john/[n1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,a numb] ( o!r deposits ( consid]able int]e/ are f\nd 9 ,colorado1 especially ar\nd ,breck5ridge1 ,summit ,c\nty4 ,"h ! pegmatite ve9s consi/ l>gely ( muscovite & qu>tz1 ) "s feldsp>1 & c>ry biotite1 *alcopyrite & accessory m9]als4 ,! difficulty "h is to sep>ate ! molybd5um f ! copp] m9]als & also f ! mica1 mo/ ( :i* floats ) ! molybd5ite4 ,mo/ ( ! develop$ molybd5um deposits ( ,mexico are 9 ! ,/ate ( ,sonora4 ,9 ! ,sahu>ipa di/rict ( ea/]n ,sonora1 ! m9]al occurs ) s*eelite 9 ri* pockets conta9+ v l>ge pieces ( pure m9]al4 ,"s molybd5um ore has be5 %ipp$ f ! ,montezuma copp] di/rict to ! ,empire ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 ( ,dem+1 ,new ,mexico4 ,molybd5um is report$ 9 sev]al o!r ,sonora localities4 ,ne> ,coyame & ,m>quez1 nor!a/]n ,*ihuahua1 ! m9es ( ! ,compaia ,m9]a ,aurora y ,anexas produce molybd5um ore4 ,wulf5ite is f\nd abundantly ) ! lead ore ( ! ,cu*illo ,p>ado m9e 9 ! same di/rict4 ,! ,jibosa copp] m9e ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co41 ne> ,jim5ez1 ,*ihuahua1 seems to c>ry consid]able oxide ( molybd5um1 molybdite4 ,x is n comm]cial at pres5t4 ,molybd5ite deposits are also report$ 9 ! /ates ( ,s9aloa1 ,oaxaca1 ,hidalgo1 & ,jalisco4 ,,res]ves ,z ! production ( molybd5um ores 9 ! pa/ 9 all c\ntries has be5 relatively small1 probably none ( ! deposits h be5 work$ out & an increas$ output c be obta9$4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ( ! "w t has be5 done s f> has be5 on an exp]im5tal basis1 & possibly ! only m9e ^: tonnage w be decreas$ by pa/ production is ! ,mammo? m9e1 ne> ,mammo?1 ,arizona1 & !re is no c]ta9ty t ?is m9e c n cont9ue to produce z mu* = "s "t 9 ! future z x did dur+ its p]iod ( op]ation4 ,j :at production c be obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is some:at unc]ta91 b x is probable t ! deposits at ,climax1 ,colorado1 w yield at lea/ "o ?\s& tons ( ore a day = sev]al ye>s & possibly = a good _m ye>s4 ,! deposits ( ! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 ne> ,empire1 ,colorado1 are also ext5sive & %\ld give a l>ge output = "s "t to come4 ,! re/ ( ! deposits m5tion$ are small comp>$ ) ^! two1 b ! total production ( all ( !m might be l>ge1 7 a /eady m>ket assur$ & cu/om mills erect$4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,ores ,9 conc5trat+ wulf5ite ores "s =m ( table conc5tration1 ) ! addition ( slim]s1 is g5]ally us$4 ,! metallurgical treatm5t ( ! conc5trates v>ies & is /ill v mu* 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,!re is opportunity = ! developm5t ( a process t w give ! pat5tee a consid]able advantage ov] competitors4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es has be5 work+ on ?is problem & has rec5tly devis$ a me?od t seems to be z effici5t z any o!r & possibly has "s additional advantages4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( molybd5ite ! same me?ods are almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,fir/ ! ore is cru%$ to ! requir$ f95ess & ! molybd5ite is sep>at$ by flotation1 l>gely oil flotation4 ,! metallurgy ( ! conc5trate1 n[ m or less /&>diz$1 involves roa/+ ! conc5trate to ! oxide & treat+ ?is oxide 9 an electric furnace = ! production ( f]romolybd5um4 ,) small improvem5ts1 ?is practice is likely to be ma9ta9$ = "s "t to come4 ,,political ,,control ,! political control ( ! molybd5um deposits ( ! _w is det]m9$ by ! geographical location4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( ! kn[n deposits are controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 ! latt] controll+ ^? 9 ,canada & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,briti% & ,canadian gov]nm5ts actually h a gov]nm5t mill 9 ,canada4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! ,knab5 m9es1 9 ,fjotl&1 ! mo/ fam\s & probably ! only successful molybd5um m9es 9 ,norway1 7 acquir$ 9 #aije by an ,engli% company1 ! ,blackwell ,develop+ ,corporation4 ,lat] a newly organiz$ ,norwegian company1 ) head (fice 9 ,*ri/iania1 took ov] ! m9es at a price ( #b1ejj1jjj cr[ns4 ,9 ,mexico ! l>ge molybd5um deposit 9 ! ,sahu>ipa di/rict ( ea/]n ,sonora is own$ by ,george ,fa/1 ( ,d\glas1 ,arizona4 ,! ,lucky ,tig]-,comb9ation ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 ( ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 7,am]ican7 owns ! deposits 9 ! ,montezuma di/rict4 ,ano!r ,am]ican company has acquir$ deposits ne> ,poza1 ,sonora1 ab\t #bj miles nor? ( ,h]mosillo4 ,a deposit locat$ #ce miles f ! port ( ,topolabampo1 nor?we/]n ,s9aloa1 is own$ by an ,am]ican4 ,! ,compaia ,m9]a ,aurora y ,anexas1 op]at+ molybd5um m9es ne> ,coyame & ,m>quez1 nor!a/]n ,*ihuahua1 is own$ by ! ,mad]o e/ate4 ,! ore has be5 %ipp$ to ,leon>d ,worce/]1 ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 ag5t = ! e/ate & also pur*as] = ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 ,new ,york1 =m]ly a bran* ( ! ,g]man metals comb9e4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! w> ! claim 0 made a numb] ( times1 bo? privately & 9 ! press1 t ,g]man int]e/s 7 try+ to obta9 control ( ! molybd5um deposits ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 :i* op]ates at ,climax1 ,colorado1 z ! ,climax ,molybd5um ,co41 & :i* has "s o!r molybd5um deposits1 0 =m]ly controll$ by ,g]man int]e/s4 ,x is true t ! majority ( ! /ock ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 0 own$ 9 ,g]many1 b ,mr4 ,palm]1 ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 took *>ge ( ?is /ock1 & ! affairs ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 7 readju/$ to *ang$ conditions4 ,! pr9cipal /ockhold]s ( ! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 7 f\r bro!rs by ! "n ( ,bo]icke4 ,be=e ! w> !y _h /rong ,g]man connections1 b outside ( _! deposits at ,empire !y made no special ef=t to get l>ge molybd5um hold+s 9 ?is c\ntry & did n seek to get a comb9ation ( any ( ! op]at+ companies4 ,! ,primos ,*emical ,co4 has s9ce #aiai be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,vanadium ,products ,corporation1 affiliat$ ) ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation4 ,! ,molybd5um ,products ,co41 ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 :i* owns a "p ( ! molybd5um deposit on ! slope ( ,b>tlett ,m\nta91 ne> ,climax1 & op]ates a #bjj-ton mill1 is a subsidi>y ( ,e4 ,j4 ,longye> ,co41 explor+ eng9e]s1 ( ,m9neapolis1 ,m9nesota4 ,bo? companies are own$ by ,am]ican /ockhold]s4 ,9 ,canada & ,au/ralia x is c]ta9 t no "o l>ge int]e/ has control1 z ! ore comes f a numb] ( m or less indep5d5t small m9es4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pat5ts h be5 issu$ 9 connection ) ! conc5tration & metallurgy ( molybd5um4 ,none ( ^! is vital to production2 mo/ are valueless1 & ev5 ^? t h a di/9ct value d n necess>ily give control to ! own] ( ! pat5ts or secret processes4 ,9 ord] to insure a /eady dem& = molybd5um1 ! prime requisite is a def9ite k ( ! prop]ties & uses ( molybd5um /eel4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is has be5 lack+1 & at pres5t x is n possess$ by ! majority ( op]ators & /eel mak]s4 ,europe %\ld assi/ mat]ially 9 supply+ ?is defici5cy4 ,molybd5um /eel at ! pres5t "t is 9 ! same position z vanadium /eel 0 a numb] ( ye>s ago--x is on trial4 ,?is unc]ta9ty caus$ a v decid$ slump 9 ! dem& = molybd5um conc5trates 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,a control ( molybd5um is m likely to come ?r\gh ! manufacture ( molybd5um /eel ?an ?r\gh processes connect$ ) ! production ( conc5trates or f]romolybd5um4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,at pres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! l>ge/ pot5tial supply ( molybd5um ores ( any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 addition x has ?ree ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ mod]n mills t are h&l+ ore f any molybd5um deposit4 ,x is 9 a favorable position to equal or surpass1 = "s "t1 any o!r c\ntry1 9 output ( molybd5um conc5trates4 ,be=e ! w> ,great ,brita91 ?r\gh political control ( ! ,au/ralian & ,canadian deposits1 0 ! _w's lead+ produc]4 ,"s molybd5um came f ,norway1 b ! am\nt 0 small z comp>$ to ! output ( ,au/ralia1 ,norway produc+ 9 #aiac only #ac %ort tons & ,au/ralia #afb4f4 ,9 bo? ,canada & ,au/ralia ! kn[n deposits h n be5 work$ to capacity & new deposits w probably be discov]$ ) prop] prospect+1 s t ! future molybd5um production "u ,briti% control promises to increase4 ,! ,canadian & ,briti% gov]nm5ts are mu* int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! molybd5um res\rces ( ! dom9ion4 ,france is entirely dep5d5t ^u ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh x might be able to get a small am\nt ( conc5trates direct f ,norway4 ,g]many 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 molybd5um be=e ! w>4 ,dur+ ! w> x probably did n import any molybd5um conc5trates at all1 & z ! _w production be=e t "t 0 small x is n likely t !re 0 any res]ve on h& 9 ! empire 9 #aiai4 ,japan has no molybd5um deposits z f> z is kn[n1 & probably is n specially int]e/$ at pres5t 9 ! use ( ?is metal4 ,! di/ribution ( ! *ief molybd5um deposits ( ! _w is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! molybd5um deposits ( ! _w4 ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,moore4 ,,summ>y ,molybd5um comm&s att5tion because ( its gr[+ importance z a /eel alloy metal4 ,al?\gh ! metallurgy & prop]ties ( molybd5um /eels are n ?or\ghly und]/ood & _! use is n widespread1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 accumulat+ evid5ce indicates t molybd5um w ev5tually become "o ( ! common alloy metals4 ,x is us$ 9 ! =m ( wire z supports = inc&esc5t light filam5ts & 9 electrical app>atus1 & may become ess5tial 9 ! manufacture ( special /eels4 ,x _c be easily replac$ 9 *emi/ry1 & = its o!r applications x is bett] & *eap] ?an o!r mat]ials4 ,up to #aiae practically all ( ! molybd5um produc$ came f ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,norway4 ,at pres5t m important deposits are be+ develop$ 9 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 & ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada1 & 9 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & o!r we/]n /ates4 ,! m9]al is widely di/ribut$ & ! discov]y ( additional deposits is likely if ! dem& is suffici5t to enc\rage prospect+4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has deposits l>ge en\gh to meet all dome/ic ne$s & also to produce a surplus = export4 ,"s molybd5um is obta9$ f ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,spa91 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 7,canada & ,au/ralia71 & ,norway control ! important deposits4 ,! l>ge/ molybd5um deposit 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 locat$ at ,climax1 ,colorado1 is own$ by ! ,climax ,molybd5um ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 7=m]ly ,g]man71 & by ! ,molybd5um ,products ,co41 ( ,d5v]1 an ,am]ican company4 ,o!r deposits 9 ,colorado are own$ by ! ,primos ,*emical ,co41 a company t _h /rong ,g]man connections be=e ! w>1 b has be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,vanadium ,products ,corporation1 an ,am]ican company4 ,o!r produc+ deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ by ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,! ,knab5 m9es1 ! mo/ important 9 ,norway1 h be5 own$ s9ce #aije by an ,engli% company1 b1 accord+ to a report1 !y h be5 acquir$ by a ,norwegian company4 ,a numb] ( ! deposits ( nor!rn ,mexico are own$ by ,am]icans4 ,o!rs are own$ by ! ,mad]o e/ate 7,mexican74 ,! ,canadian & ,au/ralian deposits are controll$ by small1 indep5d5t op]ators4 ,bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 h ample supplies ( molybd5um2 ,france produces none & is dep5d5t ^u o!r c\ntries2 ,g]many1 :i* 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 molybd5um be=e ! w>1 probably has no l>ge /ocks on h&4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,p5rose1 ,,jr4 ,radium is a metal & is a product ( ! dis9tegration 9 nature ( ! metal uranium4 ,bo? radium & uranium are elem5ts4 ,radium has be5 isolat$ 9 its metallic /ate1 b is n us$ 9 t =m & is kn[n bett] 9 ! =m ( its salts1 among ! mo/ important ( :i*1 s f> z _! uses are conc]n$1 are ! bromide1 *loride & sulphate4 ,:]ev] uranium occurs 9 nature1 radium is associat$ ) x 9 c]ta9 def9able quantities4 ,uranium c conta91 h[ev]1 only a c]ta9 maximum am\nt ( radium at a "t1 & :5 x has rea*$ ?is /age1 ! radium & uranium ratio is said to be 9 equilibrium4 ,9 ?is condition ! am\nt ( radium p] gram ( uranium has be5 calculat$ by ,ru!r=d to be #c4d #aj gram4 ,?is corresponds to #a gram ( radium elem5t to ab\t #c1jjj kilograms ( uranium elem5t1 or #a "p ( radium elem5t to ab\t #c1jjj1jjj p>ts ( uranium elem5t4 ,uranium m9]als z m9$ are usually impure & c>ry only a small p]c5tage ( uranium elem5ts1 s t ! ratio betwe5 radium & ! crude uranium ore may be #a to sev]al or _m times #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! production ( radium f uranium is usually /at$ 9 milligrams or grams1 & ev5 9 ! ri*e/ ores !re is usually only a small fraction ( a gram to a ton1 :ile 9 ! ord9>y l[]-grade ore !re are only a few milligrams to a ton1 correspond+ to a small fraction ( a gra9 to a ton4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 e/imat$ t probably n "o gram ( radium elem5t 9 ! =m ( its ref9$ salts _h be5 extract$ 9 ! _w4 ,today a great _m times1 p]haps a hundr$ times or m1 ?is am\nt has be5 extract$ & is 9 use4 ,! annual production ( radium today 9 ! _w is probably sev]al grams4 ,! annual production ( uranium 9 ! _w is probably sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,! unique position ( uranium z ! s\rce ( radium 9 nature makes x necess>y to discuss bo? mat]ials toge!r4 ,uses ( ,radium4--,radium is a heavy :ite metal :i* is v un/able1 & alt]s rapidly 9 ! air4 ,x is n us$ 9 its metallic /age b only 9 ! =m ( its salts4 ,a few ye>s ago ^! salts 7 suppos$ to h a g5]al b5eficial effect 9 ! treatm5t ( canc] & o!r malignant gr[?s1 b m rec5t inve/igations seem to conf9e _! influ5ce to only c]ta9 =ms ( ^! afflictions4 ,_! influ5ce 9 o!r diseas$ conditions is (t5 v m>k$1 b ! full ext5t ( ! field ( usefulness ( radium = m$ical purposes has n yet be5 v cle>ly def9$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s radium has be5 appli$ to o!r important purposes1 especially 9 lum9\s pa9t = wat*es1 clocks1 compasses & o!r in/rum5ts2 & ?is use has s greatly increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 especially = milit>y purposes1 t x n[ consumes m radium ?an is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,radium salts are m or less lum9\s :5 se5 9 a d>k5$ room1 & ?is quality is (t5 increas$ by ! admixture ( c]ta9 o!r mat]ials1 notably z9c sulphide4 ,h5ce _! value 9 lum9\s pa9ts4 ,radium salts also cause c]ta9 m9]als to fluoresce1 notably ! z9c m9]als willemite & sphal]ite4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e radium dur+ ! w> became sc>ce on acc\nt ( ! %ortage ( ! ores f :i* x is extract$1 radium salts are said to h be5 pres]v$ = m$ical purposes1 & meso?orium & o!r radioactive sub/ances us$ 9 mak+ lum9\s pa9ts4 ,uses ( ,uranium4--,uranium is a heavy :ite metal1 :i* sl[ly t>ni%es on exposure to ! air4 ,! *ief use ( uranium today is z a s\rce ( radium4 ,= _m ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( radium1 h[ev]1 uranium comp\nds 7 us$ 9 a small way 9 color+ glass & porcela91 9 photography1 9 reag5ts = *emical analysis1 9 mordants = dye+ & = o!r m9or purposes4 ,! use ( uranium metal 9 small quantities 9 /eel manufacture has be5 tri$ ) "s degree ( success4 ,,ores ,,( ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,g5]al ,/atem5t4--,! pr9cipal uranium m9]als at pres5t kn[n 9 nature1 :i* are !re=e ! pr9cipal s\rces ( bo? uranium & radium1 are c>notite & uran9ite1 ) ! impure amorph\s =m ( uran9ite kn[n z pit*bl5de4 ,torb]nite1 autunite & "s ( ! r>] uranium m9]als h produc$ a little radium & uranium4 ,c>notite & uran9ite or pit*bl5de z m9$ = ores are g5]ally m or less mix$ ) o!r mat]ials & are r>ely f\nd pure4 ,! uranium 9 ! ores is usually /at$ comm]cially1 = conv5i5ce1 9 ! =m ( ! uranium oxides repres5t$ by ! =mula ,,uo #b,,uo1 briefly express$ z ,u,o4 ,mo/ c>notite ore v>ies f #a p] c5t4 to #c p] c5t4 ( ,u,o2 a #e to #aj p] c5t4 ore is consid]$ high grade2 a #bj to #dj p] c5t4 ore is rem>kably ri*4 ,uran9ite & pit*bl5de ord9>ily conta9 m uranium ?an c>notite conta9s1 & ev5 9 ! impure =ms 9 :i* !y are m9$ z ores1 !y (t5 %[ ?is great] uranium cont5t4 ,! ord9>y uran9ite & pit*bl5de ores c>ry f #b to #c p] c5t4 to #h or #aj p] c5t4 ,u,o1 & a #bj p] c5t4 ore is v high grade1 ?\gh "s ore runs #fj or #gj p] c5t4 ,c>notite4--,c>notite is an amorph\s1 s(t1 p[d]y mat]ial1 sometimes m or less coh]5t & ( a talcose or waxy "*1 g5]ally ( a brilliant can>y yell[ color1 ?\gh sometimes discolor$ by iron1 organic matt] & o!r sub/ances4 ,x is ess5tially a hydr\s potassium uranium vanadate4 ,"s au?orities believe t c>notite is n a di/9ct m9]al1 b a mixture ( diff]5t m9]als4 ,uran9ite & ,pit*bl5de4--,! t]ms uran9ite & pit*bl5de are (t5 us$ synonym\sly to designate ! same m9]al1 b m prop]ly ! t]m uran9ite is a g5]al "n = all =ms ( ! m9]al & especially = ! pur] & di/9ctly cry/all9e v>iety1 & ! t]m pit*bl5de is applicable to ! impure amorph\s =m4 ,x is black or grayi% black 9 color1 opaque1 & (t5 has a submetallic glossy or pit*like lu/]4 ,uran9ite is (t5 rem>kably lack+ 9 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 s t its pres5ce might frequ5tly be ov]look$4 ,= ?is reason x seems possible t ?is m9]al1 n[ kn[n 9 only comp>atively small quantities1 may "s "t 9 ! future be f\nd m abundantly4 ,uran9ite1 l c>notite1 has a some:at indef9ite =mula1 b is ess5tially a comb9ation ( ! two uranium oxides ,,uo & ,,uo1 9 :i* ,,uo seems to act z a base & ,,uo z an acid4 ,a numb] ( bo? ! r>] & common] elem5ts are (t5 associat$ ) !m4 ,! relative am\nts ( ! two oxides v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t specim5s1 especially 9 ! impure =m ( pit*bl5de1 & no def9ite =mula c at pres5t be giv54 ,9 pit*bl5de a notable am\nt ( wat]1 p]haps sometimes 9 *emical comb9ation1 is (t5 pres5t4 ,sev]al o!r m9]als mu* r>] ?an uran9ite or pit*bl5de are relat$ to !m 9 composition1 among !m be+ cleveite1 brgg]ite & niv5ite4 ,o!r ,ores4--,?\gh c>notite1 uran9ite & pit*bl5de are ! mo/ abundant ( all ! radium & uranium mat]ials 9 nature1 & produce almo/ all ! radium & uranium ( comm]ce1 yet _m o!r m9]als conta9 bo? metals1 & ?\gh z yet kn[n only 9 su* limit$ quantities z to be ( small comm]cial value1 may 9 ! future be f\nd 9 quantities ( importance4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ tyuyamunite1 a hydr\s calcium uranium vanadate (t5 associat$ ) ! hydr\s potassium uranium vanadate describ$ above z c>notite2 autunite1 a hydr\s calcium uranium phosphate2 torb]nite or *alcolite1 a hydr\s copp] uranium phosphate4 ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,! only regions ( ! _w t h z yet produc$ any l>ge am\nts ( radium & uranium m9]als on a comm]cial scale are ,colorado1 ,utah & ,au/ria4 ,cornwall1 ,au/ralia & ,g]many h produc$ a small quantity ( ^! m9]als4 ,!y are kn[n 9 small quantities 9 ,france & ,portugal1 & h be5 report$ 9 ,india & ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 b 9 ^! regions !y h n yet become comm]cially important4 ,!y occur sp>+ly1 s f> z yet kn[n1 & practically z only m9]alogical curiosities1 9 ,connecticut1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,canada1 ,norway & _m o!r regions1 b may 9 ! future be f\nd 9 l>g] quantities4 ,m9ute quantities ( radium or its products ( dis9tegration occur 9 almo/ all rocks & 9 ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ! wat]s ( ! sea & l&1 b 9 su* small am\nts z to be unavailable z a s\rce ( ^! sub/ances4 ,! s\rce ( all radium ( comm]ce at ! pres5t "t is 9 ! c]ta9 few uranium m9]als already m5tion$4 ,!y are f\nd 9 =mations ( v>i\s geologic ages1 f rec5t sup]ficial deposits to ! old] cry/all9e rocks1 b %[ a t5d5cy t[>d c]ta9 modes ( occurr5ce1 su* z 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado & s\!a/]n ,utah z an impregnation 9 s&/one2 9 ea/]n ,colorado1 ,cornwall1 ,au/ria & ,s\? ,au/ralia z "o ( ! gangue m9]als 9 ve9s ( o!r ores2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,canada1 ,norway & ,we/ ,au/ralia 9 pegmatite or o!r feldspa?ic dikes4 ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,g5]al ,/atem5t4--,! comm]cially important deposits ( ores ( radium & uranium 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 s f> z yet kn[n1 conf9$ to ! c>notite regions ( s\?we/]n ,colorado & s\!a/]n ,utah1 & ! pit*bl5de deposits ( ,gilp9 ,c\nty1 9 ea/]n ,colorado4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & else:]e1 uran9ite1 pit*bl5de & o!r uranium m9]als h be5 f\nd2 & ne> ,mau* ,*unk1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 small quantities ( c>notite h be5 discov]$1 b ^! occurr5ces are1 s f> z kn[n1 9 quantities too small to be ( comm]cial value4 ,colorado & ,utah4--,! c>notite deposits ( s\?we/]n ,colorado & s\!a/]n ,utah are ! mo/ important s\rces ( radium & uranium 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,colorado ! l>ge/ quantities ( ore h come f _m m9es 9 ,montrose ,c\nty1 especially 9 ,p>adox ,valley1 :ile ,mesa1 ,san ,miguel1 ,dolores1 ,rio ,blanco1 ,r\tt & o!r c\nties h be5 produc]s4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,utah ! ores are c>notite1 z 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 & occur especially 9 ,gr&1 ,em]y & ,san ,juan c\nties1 b h n be5 work$ to ! same ext5t z 9 ,colorado4 ,! c>notite ( ,colorado & ,utah occurs z an impregnation 9 s&/ones & %aly s&/ones1 mo/ly 9 ! ,mc,elmo & ! ,la ,plata =mations1 ly+ at ! top ( ! ,jurassic b$s & bel[ ! ,cretace\s s&/ones & conglom]ates ( ! region4 ,! deposits seem to h be5 =m$ by ! precipitation ( c>notite f solution along c]ta9 /rata ( ^! =mations1 & ! mat]ial occurs along b$d+ planes1 9 fissures & small cavities1 9 lay]s or irregul> masses f a fraction ( an in* to sev]al in*es 9 wid?1 & sometimes z a g5]al impregnation ( ! s&/one = sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x seems to be especially abundant 9 /rata impregnat$ /rongly ) vegetable or animal matt]1 & is (t5 9 unusual quantities 9 lignitiz$ or petrifi$ trunks ( trees4 ,?is ph5om5on sugge/s ! influ5ce ( organic matt] 9 precipitat+ & segregat+ ! c>notite4 ,! rocks c>ry+ ! c>notite lie horizontally or dip at l[ angles 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,colorado region2 9 ,utah !y lie (t5 9 ! same way1 b occasionally dip at /eep angles4 ,:]e !y appe> on ! surface1 ! c>notite sometimes impregnates c]ta9 /rata = sev]al hundr$ feet or m along ! outcrops1 b m g5]ally x occurs 9 spots along !m1 ) little or no c>notite 9 ! int]v5+ spaces4 ,z ^! outcrops are foll[$ into ! hillsides1 ! ore appe>s to be ev5 m irregul> 9 its di/ribution ?an on ! surface1 & 9 _m or mo/ cases x becomes mu* sc>c] ! fur!r x is explor$ und]gr\nd1 until )9 #aj to #dj or #ej feet f ! surface x (t5 mo/ly or entirely disappe>s4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is feature1 b ! gradual & (t5 rapid decrease 9 quantity & grade ( ! c>notite ore z x is foll[$ into a hill is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,?is fact sugge/s t ! c>notite may h be5 r$issolv$ 9 ! s&/one & c>ri$ to ! surface by capill>y action 9 ?is arid climate1 =m+ ri*1 sup]ficial effloresc5ces4 ,9 _m ( ! c>notite deposits1 vanadium m9]als occur indep5d5tly ( ! vanadium 9 ! c>notite1 b ?is association is n always obs]v$4 ,!y occur 9 s&/one & (t5 give x a d>k-gray or blacki% color4 ,9 ea/]n ,colorado sev]al m9es ne> ,c5tral ,city1 ,gilp9 ,c\nty1 h produc$ limit$ quantities ( pit*bl5de4 ,among ^! are ! ,kirk1 ! ,wood1 ! ,bel*]1 ! ,alps1 ! ,g]man & ! ,calh\n m9es4 ,! pit*bl5de occurs z a subord9ate con/itu5t 9 ! gold-be>+ ve9s ( t c\ntry4 ,! ve9s int]sect old metamorphic rocks intrud$ by igne\s rocks4 ,! m9es ( ,gilp9 ,c\nty are today produc+ little if any pit*bl5de1 & ! total production has be5 small1 am\nt+ 9 all probably to only a few tons4 ,mu* m pit*bl5de1 h[ev]1 0 let g to wa/e 9 =m] days :5 ! m9es 7 work$ = o!r ores & ! value ( uranium 0 n recogniz$4 ,production4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates is today by f> ! l>ge/ produc] ( radium & uranium ores 9 ! _w1 & is also ! l>ge/ produc] ( manufactur$ radium & uranium comp\nds4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many1 especially ,g]many1 import$ l>ge quantities ( ,am]ican ores & extract$ ! radium 9 a ref9$ /ate z its diff]5t salts1 mu* ( :i* 0 return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = sale4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,am]ican ores are almo/ entirely treat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! exception ( a little %ipp$ to ,engl& & possibly to ,france4 ,! ,/&>d ,*emical ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 0 a pione] 9 ?is "w1 & o!rs quickly foll[$1 among !m ! ,national ,radium ,in/itute1 ( ,d5v]2 ! ,s*les+] ,radium ,co41 ( ,d5v]2 ! ,*emical ,products ,co41 ( ,d5v]2 ! ,cumm+s ,*emical ,co41 ( ,lansd[ne1 ,pa42 ! ,radium ,lum9\s ,mat]ials ,corporation1 ( ,new ,york1 & o!rs4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( radium 9 #ahih1 b little att5tion 0 giv5 to uranium ores 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh "s little pit*bl5de 0 %ipp$ f ! ,c5tral ,city1 ,colorado1 region = use 9 mak+ uranium comp\nds4 ,%ortly aft] ! discov]y ( radium1 h[ev]1 m9+ 0 begun on ! c>notite ( s\?we/]n ,colorado1 & f #aijj to #aiaj sev]al companies 7 =m$ to "w ^! ores bo? 9 ,colorado & ,utah4 ,! pit*bl5de ( ,c5tral ,city also began to attract r5ew$ att5tion4 ,= a few ye>s active "w 0 done 9 prospect+ = x1 b ! quantities h s f> prov$ to be small4 ,a few tons probably repres5t ! total am\nt d]iv$ f ^! m9es s9ce ! se>* began4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! production ( c>notite increas$ rapidly until #aiae1 :5 x greatly decreas$ on acc\nt ( ! curtailm5t ( %ipm5ts to ,europe4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #aiaf1 h[ev]1 ! production increas$ aga91 on acc\nt ( ! increas$ consumption ( ore 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 #aiah ! production 0 v active1 l>gely on acc\nt ( ! increas$ use ( radium n only 9 m$ic9e b especially 9 lum9\s pa9ts4 ,! am\nt ( radium & uranium ores produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 fact any:]e1 dur+ a giv5 p]iod1 is difficult to det]m9e1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t bases on :i* reports are made1 b x may be said t ! tonnage is small comp>$ ) t ( ores ( common] metals1 a few ?\s& tons be+ a l>ge am\nt ( c>notite1 & simply a few tons or p\nds be+ a l>ge am\nt ( pit*bl5de4 ,?\gh ! m9+ ( radium & uranium ores 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began ab\t #aijj or %ortly be=e1 no v l>ge quantities 7 produc$ until #aiab1 :5 ab\t #a1ajj tons 7 m9$1 consi/+ *iefly ( ,colorado c>notite4 ,! production gradually increas$ to sev]al ?\s& tons ye>ly1 practically all ( :i* is c>notite f ,colorado & ,utah4 ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,,res\rces ,,( ,,europe ,au/ria4--,! mo/ important radium & uranium ore 9 ,europe at pres5t is ! uran9ite or pit*bl5de f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,joa*im/hal1 9 ,bohemia4 ,x occurs z a subord9ate gangue m9]al 9 c]ta9 silv] ve9s ( t region :i* int]sect metamorphic & igne\s rocks1 & has be5 actively work$ ev] s9ce ! discov]y ( radium by ,m4 & ,mme4 ,curie 9 #ahih4 ,be=e t "t ! m9]al _h a c]ta9 value z a s\rce ( uranium comp\nds4 ,^! ,au/rian m9es are second to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a s\rce ( radium & uranium1 b _! production equals only a v small "p ( t ( ?is c\ntry4 ,until ! ,great ,w> ?is production 0 controll$ l>gely1 if n :olly1 by ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t1 & z ! production is said /ill to cont9ue1 x is probably /ill controll$ 9 ! same way4 ,engl&4--,next 9 importance 9 ,europe to ! uran9ite or pit*bl5de ore ( ,joa*im/hal z a s\rce ( radium & uranium1 is ! simil> ore 9 "s ( ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 ,engl&4 ,x occurs z a subord9ate m9]al 9 ! gangue ( "s ( ! old t9 & copp] m9es1 9 ve9s int]sect+ metamorphic & igne\s rocks1 especially at ,/4 ,j1 ,/4 ,ives1 ,gramp\nd ,road1 ,/4 ,au/ell & else:]e4 ,! production & treatm5t ( ! ore has be5 "u private or corporate auspices & ! am\nt produc$ has n be5 l>ge4 ,g]many4--,9 ,g]many ! production ( radium & uranium ores has always be5 insignificant4 ,a small quantity ( su* ores has be5 produc$ at ,s*neeb]g1 ,johanngeorg5/adt1 ,annab]g & else:]e4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,g]many 0 a l>ge produc] ( manufactur$ radium & uranium comp\nds1 b !y 7 d]iv$ mo/ly f import$ ,am]ican ores4 ,o!r ,localities4--,) ! exception ( ,joa*im/hal & ,cornwall1 ,europe has produc$ b small quantities ( radium & uranium m9]als4 ,a little uran9ite or pit*bl5de has be5 f\nd 9 o!r localities 9 ,au/ria1 su* z ,przibram & else:]e1 & sp>+ly 9 ,norway4 ,autunite & o!r uranium m9]als h be5 f\nd 9 small quantities ne> ,autun1 ,france1 & ne> ,sabugal & ,gu>da1 9 ,portugal1 b no important quantities h be5 produc$4 ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,,res\rces ,,( ,,au/ralia1 ,,india ,,& ,,africa ,au/ralia4--,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia c>notite1 autunite1 torb]nite & o!r r>e uranium m9]als occur 9 regions ( metamorphic & igne\s rocks at ,radium ,hill1 ne> ,ol>y1 & at ,m\nt ,pa9t]1 9 ! ,fl9d]s range4 ,a few hundr$ tons ( ore conta9+ ^! m9]als h be5 m9$ by private or corporation int]e/s4 ,mo/ ( ?is has be5 s5t to ,woolwi*1 ne> ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 or to ,engl&1 = ! extraction ( ! radium4 ,s9ce ! w> />t$ no v active m9+ op]ations 9 su* ores h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! ,s\? ,au/ralian region4 ,at ,cooglegong1 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ! uranium m9]al f]gusonite & to a less ext5t ! uranium m9]al eux5ite occur 9 ! surface detrital mat]ial ( ! region4 ,at ,wodg9a ! m9]als mack9to%ite1 ?orogummite & pilb>ite1 all hydr\s silicates ( uranium1 ?orium & lead1 occur 9 an albite pegmatite dike4 ,no important quantities ( ^! ,we/]n ,au/ralia ores h yet be5 produc$4 ,india & ,africa4--,radium & uranium m9]als h be5 report$ 9 ,india & ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 b no important quantities h yet be5 produc$4 ,,prospect ,,( ,,future ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,radium ,,& ,,uranium ,,ores ,! prospect = increas$ discov]ies ( radium & uranium m9]als at ! pres5t "t seems be/ 9 ! c>notite regions ( ,colorado & ,utah4 ,! workable deposits seem to be m or less sup]ficial1 & p]haps no l>ge quantity ( ore may be f\nd 9 any "o spot1 yet ! great ext5t ( ! region 9 :i* ! =mations c>ry+ c>notite occur1 w supply an imm5se aggregate am\nt ( ore4 ,increas$ discov]ies ( uran9ite1 pit*bl5de & o!r uranium m9]als 9 ,europe seem possible1 ev5 ?\gh t cont95t has already be5 well explor$ = !m4 ,moreov]1 new discov]ies ( diff]5t radium & uranium m9]als may v likely be made 9 /ill o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ^? m5tion$1 & 9 less explor$ p>ts ( ! _w1 especially c]ta9 regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,asia & ,africa4 ,_m ( ^! m9]als1 especially pit*bl5de1 h no v di/9ctive features :5 fir/ obs]v$1 & might readily be ov]look$ _m times be=e _! true nature 0 discov]$4 ,h5ce ! possibilities ( future discov]ies4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,zirconium ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,morris ,,uses ,,( ,,zirconium ,z e>ly z #ahcj an attempt 0 made to use zirconia buttons1 heat$ to inc&esc5ce1 = light+ ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,9 #ahhe an inc&esc5t gas mantle ( zirconium oxide 0 pat5t$1 b 0 replac$ 9 a few ye>s by ?orium4 ,ab\t #aijj zirconia 0 us$ 9 ! ,n]n/ gl[]1 & x has also be5 us$ 9 place ( lime & magnesia z ! inc&esc+ mat]ial 9 ! ,drummond light4 ,x is also said to be us$ 9 ! ,bl]iot light1 & its use 9 fl>es has be5 sugge/$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,johnson has succe$$ 9 manufactur+ laboratory w>e made f zirconium m9]als mix$ ) o!r refractories4 ,filt]+ crucibles1 muffles1 combu/ion tubes & boats1 pyromet] protection tubes1 & ,kipp g5]ators are n[ on ! m>ket1 compet+ 9 price ) ,g]man porcela9 & fus$ silica4 ,zirconia crucibles are made f ! fus$ mat]ial gr\nd 9 a suitable mill4 ,! p[d] is press$ or mold$ into %ape ) an organic b9d]1 su* z />*1 or p]haps1 bett] /ill1 ) a pla/ic cem5t made by gr9d+ ! fus$ mat]ial to #bj me%1 :5 x becomes colloidal 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,aft] dry+1 ! articles are burn$ at a v high temp]ature 7#bcjj to #bdjj;,c47 until contraction ceases4 ,fus$ zirconia has a high !rmal endurance2 is n affect$ :5 heat$ to r$ness & plung$ into cold wat]1 its coeffici5t ( expansion be+ z l[ z #j4jjjjjjhd2 & its resi/ance to cru%+ is _m times t ( qu>tz glass4 ,its h>dness is betwe5 t ( corundum & qu>tz2 its specific gravity #e4hi1 & porosity bel[ #a p] c5t4 ,its melt+ po9t is #biej;,c1 b #j4e p] c5t4 impurity r$uces t by #ajj;,c4 ,plat9um1 ) a melt+ po9t ( ab\t #agej;,c41 c be melt$ to a mobile liquid 9 zirconia crucibles1 & x is claim$ t ! boil+ po9t ( pure iron has be5 det]m9$ 9 simil> crucibles4 ,*emically1 zirconia is v in]t1 be+ highly resi/ant to acids1 fus$ alkalies1 fus$ qu>tz1 or molt5 glass4 ,possibly no o!r mat]ial kn[n to *emi/s possesses su* a comb9ation ( desirable refractory prop]ties4 ,its "o undesirable *>act]i/ic is its t5d5cy "u c]ta9 conditions at high temp]atures1 9 ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 or c>bon1 to become conv]t$ into nitride or c>bide4 ,an in/ructive pap] entitl$ 8,zirconia z a ,refractory10 by ,e4 ,h4 ,rodd1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,june #ae1 #aiah4 ,zirconium oxide z an opacifi] has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,h>tman#ie & by ,grunwald#if ) promis+ results2 & a numb] ( =eign pat5ts h be5 grant$ on ! use ( ! oxide 9 :ite c]amic enamels4 ,zirconia seems to be especially suitable = ! manufacture ( refractory bricks1 or x c be appli$ z a l9+ or surfac+ to o!r less desirable refractories4 ,cont95tal practice along ?is l9e is said to h be5 mu* m highly develop$ ?an practice 9 ?is c\ntry1 "o example quot$ be+ actual practice te/s ( a ,m>t9 ,siem5s furnace ) a zirconia-l9$ he>?4 ,aft] f\r mon?s ( cont9u\s op]ation at high temp]atures ! he>? 0 /ill 9 good condition & gave promise ( la/+ at lea/ an equal l5g? ( "t )\t r5ewal4 ,/ati/ics compil$ f ^! te/s %[$ a sav+ ( ab\t #ej p] c5t4 9 actual ma9t5ance co/s 9 favor ( zirconia ov] ! o!r refractories ord9>ily us$ = su* purposes4 ,brad=d#ig quot$ ,podszus#ih z claim+ to h made a furnace ) ! pure oxide :i* _h fir/ be5 fus$ 9 an arc furnace & !n gr\nd2 & 9 :i* temp]atures ( #bdjj to #bejj;,c4 7 obta9$ by fir+ ) gas & oxyg54 #ie ,,h>tman1 ,,augu/us1 ,zirconemail3 ,diss]tations ,arbeit3 ,te*n4 ,ho*s*ule1 ,muni*1 #aiaj4 #if ,ueb] ,zirkonoxyd 9 d] ,email9du/rie3 ,spre*saal1 ,no4 #e1 #aiaa4 #ig ,,brad=d1 ,,leopold1 ,birm+ham ,metallurgical ,society 7,briti%74 #ih ,podszus1 ,zeits*4 angew4 ,*em41 ,jahrg4 #cj1 #aiag1 #a1 pp4 #ag-ai4 ,! mo/ important "q reg>d+ zirconium at ! pres5t "t has to d ) ! rem>kable prop]ties t "s ( its advocates claim x imp>ts to /eel4 ,t ! ,g]mans h _h ?is use 9 m9d = "s "t is evid5c$ by ! num]\s pat5ts !y h obta9$ cov]+ ! use ( zirconium & its alloys4 ,zirconium has be5 obta9$ 9 ! amorph\s & ! graphitic /ate2 & ,w$ek9d has produc$ a metal ( #ii4h p] c5t4 purity resembl+ :ite ca/ iron 9 appe>ance1 ) a h>dness ( #g4h 7,mohs72 specific gravity #f4dj2 specific heat1 #j4jhjd2 heat ( comb9ation1 #aieh calories2 & melt+ po9t1 #aecj;,c4 ,num]\s alloys ( zirconium h be5 made & a numb] ( =eign & dome/ic pat5ts h be5 issu$ cov]+ v>i\s alloys1 bo? f]r\s & non-f]r\s4 ,x is /at$ t f]rozirconium is f9d+ a limit$ application 9 ! /eel indu/ry z a scav5g] = remov+ nitrog5 & oxides4 ,an ,engli% pat5t1 ,no4 #bi1cgf1 cov]s ! use ( zirconium z a scav5g]1 ! alloy conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 ( ! elem5t & be+ us$ 9 an am\nt equal to ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( /eel treat$4 ,ano!r alloy conta9+ #dj to #ij p] c5t4 zirconium1 ! re/ be+ ma9ly iron1 is said to be free f metalloids & oxides1 & malleable & ductile4 ,alloys cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,no4 #a1aea1afj are claim$ to be highly resi/ant to oxidation & *emical reag5ts4 ,!y h a metallic lu/re & take a high poli%1 are readily malleable & ductile1 & x is sugge/$ t !y may f9d an important application 9 filam5ts = electric lamps1 z !y are said to h ! prop]ty ( selective radiation4 ,a typical analysis ( "s ( ! alloys claim$ to h be5 produc$ "u ?is pat5t %[s ,zr4 #j4fe p] c5t41 ,fe #bf p] c5t41 ,ti #j4ab p] c5t4 & ,al #g4g p] c5t4 ,a widely circulat$ /atem5t to ! effect t zirconium has be5 us$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! production ( /eel = armor plates & armor-pi]c+ projectiles has n be5 sub/antiat$1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 by any records ( analyses4 ,! use ( zirconium = alloy+ 9 /eel is s new t1 p5d+ def9ite det]m9ation by dis9t]e/$ compet5t au?orities ( ! exact prop]ties1 if any1 :i* zirconium imp>ts to /eel1 judgm5t z to its value = ?is purpose %\ld be )held4 ,zirconium c>bide has be5 pat5t$ = filam5ts = inc&esc5t electric lamps & x has also be5 us$ z an abrasive4 ,tri$ z a pigm5t1 zirconia has be5 f\nd to h good cov]+ p[] & %\ld be consid]$ :]e protection f acids1 alkalies1 or gases is p>ticul>ly desir$4 ,! basic acetate has be5 us$ = weight+ silk1 & ! pure oxide is us$ z a sub/itute = bismu? subnitrate 9 ,x-ray "w4 ,,geological ,,& ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,zirconium occurs 9 nature 9 comm]cial quantities z a mix$ oxide & silicate kn[n z baddeleyite1 sometimes call$ brazilite1 & z ! silicate1 zircon4 ,baddeleyite1 z suppli$ to ! trade1 usually c>ries #hj to #he p] c5t4 ,zr,o4 ,! silicate1 zircon1 c>ries ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ,zr,o4 ,! oxide deposits1 conta9+ z !y d a high] p]c5tage ( zirconium & ! ore be+ m pure & easi] to r$uce1 w 9 all probability become ! pr9cipal s\rce ( zirconium4 ,! pr9cipal kn[n deposits ( zirconium ores are 9 ,brazil1 ,india & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! c\ntries be+ nam$ 9 ! relative ord] ( _! comm]cial importance4 ,! ,natural ,oxide4--,! natural oxide1 baddeleyite1 or brazilite1 occurs only 9 ,brazil 9 comm]cial quantities & is describ$ 9 ,m9]al ,foote-,notes by ,mey]1#ii :o writes z foll[s3 #ii ,,mey]1 ,h4 ,c41 ,m9]al ,foote-,notes1 ,novemb]1 #aiaf1 p4 #bi4 ,!re are b few comm]cial deposits ( ! unusual ores :i* pres5t m int]e/+ geologic z well z economic features ?an d ! deposits ( natural zirconium oxide 9 ,brazil4 ,! ,caldas region 7visit$ 9 #aiae by ! writ]7 9 :i* ^! zirconia deposits occur1 is situat$ p>tly 9 ! ,/ate ( ,m9as ,g]aes & p>tly 9 ! ,/ate ( ,sao ,paulo1 approximately #acj miles nor? ( ! city ( ,sao ,paulo4 ,x is a m\nta9\s plateau1 ! ma9 elevation ( :i* is ab\t #c1fjj feet4 ,! surface is undulat+1 pres5t+ diff]5ces 9 level ( f #cjj to #fjj feet4 ,! :ole area is b\nd$ on all sides by ridges ris+ abruptly f #fjj to #a1bjj feet above ! g5]al level & =m+ a r\ghly elliptical enclosure ) a major axis ( approximately #bj miles 9 l5g? & a m9or axis ( #ae miles4 ,?is peculi> arrangem5t ( ! high] ridges is v significant :5 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! pr$om9ant rock ( ! plateau is a phonolite & ! pres5ce ( highly m9]aliz$ !rmal wat] ( consid]able m$ic9al value4#ajj ,no ?or\gh geological survey has be5 made ( ?is area ) a view to det]m9+ ! orig9 ( ! zirconia4 ,! "* ( ! ore1 h[ev]1 & ! =mation1 seems to po9t to pneumatolitic ag5cies4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! relation%ip ( ! l>ge masses ( co>sely cry/all9e nephelite-sy5ite 9 ?is area1 ) pron\nc$ segregations ( eudialyte1 might ?r[ "s light ^u ?is subject4 #ajj ,,d]by1 ,o4 ,a41 8,nephel9e-rock 9 ,brazil30 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,zirconia ore c be r\ghly divid$ into two classes3 ,fir/1 alluvial pebbles rang+ 9 size f "o-half in* to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 g5]ally c>ry+ ab\t #ij p] c5t4 to #ic p] c5t4 zirconium oxide4 ,^! pebbles1 kn[n z favas & hav+ a specific gravity rang+ f #d4h to #e4b1 are f\nd along small /ream b$s & on ! talus slopes ( l[ ridges4 ,second1 zirconia ore prop]1 or zirkite 7a trade "n71 :i* ranges 9 %ade f a light gray to a blue black1 ! light] color$ mat]ial c>ry+ a high] p]c5tage ( zirconium silicate1 z evid5c$ by analyses1 :i* 9 "s cases %[ a m9imum ( #gc p] c5t4 zirconium oxide4 ,! blue-black ore g5]ally c>ries f #hj p] c5t4 to #he p] c5t4 zirconium oxide4 ,by c>eful sort+1 h[ev]1 a uni=m grade c>ry+ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 is produc$4 ,prior to ! inve/igations ( ,d]by & ,lee1 ?is ore 0 consid]$ id5tical ) baddeleyite4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t x is a me*anical mixture ( ?ree m9]als2 namely1 brazilite1 zircon1 & a new & unnam$ zirconium silicate c>ry+ ab\t #ge p] c5t4 zirconium oxide4 ,?is new m9]al has ! same cry/al =m z zircon 7#fg p] c5t4 ,zr,o7 b is readily soluble 9 hydr(luoric acid1 :ile zircon is n affect$1 ?is be+ a *>act]i/ic diff]5tial te/4 ,! f9ely p[d]$ m9]al1 on be+ treat$ ) a weak solution ( hydr(luoric acid1 leaves a residue ( m9ute1 p]fect1 pyramidal cry/als ( zircon1 ! brazilite & new zirconium silicate go+ into solution4 ,sev]al l>ge outcrops ( ! ore occur on ! extreme we/]ly edge ( ! plateau1 "o or two isolat$ b\ld]s weigh+ z mu* z ?irty tons4 ,?is v cursory exam9ation ( ! zirconia deposits makes x unsafe to v5ture any conjecture z to ! quantity ( ore available4 ,suffice x to say1 h[ev]1 t ! deposits h be5 trac$ = a di/ance ( fifte5 miles betwe5 ,gascata & ,caldas1 & if surface indications are ( any significance1 are ( va/ ext5t4 ,! oxides h also be5 f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,montana1 & 9 ,ceylon1 ,sw$51 & ,italy1 b none ( ^! occurr5ces are ( comm]cial importance4 ,! ,silicate4--,! simple silicate1 zircon1 is f\nd 9 sea%ore & riv] conc5trations ( monazite s&s1 associat$ ) ilm5ite1 g>net1 rutile1 & v>i\s o!r heavy m9]als usually f\nd 9 su* places4 ,an important conc5tration ( zircon occurs along ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 9 ! /ates ( ,bahia1 ,espirito ,santo1 & ,rio de ,janeiro1 :]e cusps ( ! bea*es are protect$ on ! nor? by granite headl&s & bord]$ by ,t]ti>y bluffs1 :i* are cut by v>i\s /reams & lagoons t con/antly furni% fre% mat]ial = ! conc5trat+ action ( ! tides & waves4 ,probably ! next mo/ important occurr5ce ( zircon is 9 ,india1 9 ! bea* s&s ( ! prov9ce or /ate ( ,travancore at ! extreme s\?we/]n end ( ! ,h9du/an p59sula4 ,next 9 importance is an occurr5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,pablo ,bea*1 ,florida1 :]e n only ! bea* s&s1 b ! dunes bord]+ !m1 conta9 appreciable quantities ( ! foll[+ m9]als 9 _! relative ord] ( abundance3 ilm5ite1 g>net1 epidote1 zircon1 rutile1 & o!r heavy m9]als includ+ monazite4#aja #aja ,,hess1 ,,frank ,l41 ,lett] ( ,may #a1 #aiah4 ,o!r occurr5ces 9 ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( :i* are ( academic int]e/ only1 are 9 ,colorado1 at ,/4 ,pet]'s ,dome1 ne> ,pike's ,peak2 9 ,idaho1 9 ! ,cle>wat] region & else:]e 9 black s&s & 9 c]ta9 granitic rocks2 9 ,sussex ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 at ! ,williams m9e1 :]e zircon occurs abundantly 9 magnetite2 9 ,new ,york at ,lyon ,m\nta91 ,cl9ton ,c\nty2 at a few places ne> ,cr[n ,po9t2 abundantly 9 pegmatite at ,old ,r$ ,m9es1 ,m9eville1 ,essex ,c\nty1 & 9 num]\s places 9 ,orange ,c\nty on ! s\?1 & ,/ ,lawr5ce ,c\nty on ! nor?4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ,burke1 ,mc,dowell1 & ,ru!r=d c\nties1 zircon occurs 9 monazite s&s1 & also 9 ,h5d]son ,c\nty ne> ,zirconia & 9 ,fr$ell ,c\nty ne> ,/]l+4 ,l>ge cry/als ( zircon occur 9 a small pegmatite area 9 ,coman*e ,c\nty1 ,oklahoma1 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,wi*ita ,national ,=e/4 ,oregon has _m localities 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( zircon has be5 not$1 *iefly 9 black s&s1 old & pres5t bea*es1 plac] gravels1 etc41 & ! same is true ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 zircon is f\nd 9 pegmatite 9 ,aurelia ,c\nty1 & 9 s&/one ne> ,a%l&1 n f> f ,ri*mond4 ,zircon is also f\nd 9 ,norway1 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ,ceylon1 ,au/ralia1 & ,briti% ,s\? ,africa4 ,,political ,,control ,! important zirconium res\rces ( ! _w are controll$ politically1 9 ! ord] ( _! comm]cial importance1 by ,brazil1 ,great ,brita91 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,brazil4--,a numb] ( ye>s ago ,john ,gordon1 an ,am]ican m9+ eng9e]1 became int]e/$ 9 deposits ( monazite s& on ! coa/ ( ,brazil 9 ! vic9ity ( ,prado1 ,bahia4 ,a ?or\gh inve/igation ( all ! kn[n monazite deposits ( ! _w %[$ t ^? 9 ,brazil 7 by f> ! mo/ desirable1 & t ^? 9 ,travancore1 ,india1 7 second 9 comm]cial importance4#ajb #ajb ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,o!r firms export+ zirconium m9]als f ,brazil1 9 addition to ,gordon ,rog]s1 ( #ada ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 are ,suff]n ,co41 ( #ace ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 ,s4 ,r4 ,scott ,co41 #ci ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 ,foote ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,p4 ,s4 ,ni*olson ,co41 ,caixa #ia1 ,rio de ,janeiro2 ,e4 ,j4 ,lav9o ,co41 ,bullitt ,build+1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,luiz de ,rez5de ,co41 ,rua ,ouidor1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,brazil2 & ,*as4 ,spitz1 also ( ,rio de ,janeiro1 :o is ag5t = ! ,socit ,m9ire1 a ,fr5* company 9 :i* ,rez5de ,co4 are said to h a consid]able int]e/4 ,sometime ago ! firm ( ,a4 ,c4 de ,freitas ,co4 ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 _h a contract f ! ,brazilian gov]nm5t on monazite s&s & agre$ to export at lea/ #a1bjj tons annually4 ,h[ mu* zircon t company export$ is n kn[n4 ,! de ,freitas prop]ties are n[ be+ work$ by ! ,socit ,m9ire 7,fr5*74#ajc #ajc ,production figures #aijb-aiaf = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,brazil are giv5 9 ,table #cd4 ,until v rec5tly1 zirconium has be5 ( m9or int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! monazite s&s hav+ be5 exploit$ = _! ?orium cont5ts only1 n = zirconium4 ,h[ev]1 ,g]many & ,au/ria seem to h plac$ consid]able value ^u zirconium-be>+ s&s1 &1 z %[n by ! atta*$ table1 m 0 produc$ 9 #aiac ?an 9 all ! "t prior1 & practically all ! mat]ial produc$ dur+ t ye> w5t to ,g]many4 ,?is is 9 accord ) ! ef=ts ( ,g]many1 j be=e ! w>1 to obta9 tung/5 & molybd5um1 & is an evid5ce ( prep>ations long be=e ho/ilities began4 ,india4--,be=e ! w>1 ! ,g]man us]s ( monazite 7 9 control ( ! ,travancore1 ,india1 deposits4 ,t control ( c\rse ceas$ & ! contracts 7 cancell$4 ,! ,india ,(fice decid$ t1 9 ! future1 all directors ( ! company mu/ be ,briti% born1 & t ! company mu/ be ready at all times to sell monazite s& to ,briti% firms1 direct1 at a fair price4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,x is h>dly probable t ! deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be able to compete1 on a comm]cial basis1 ) ! ,brazilian ores2 b1 if ! necessity %\ld arise1 ?is c\ntry c produce1 )9 its own bord]s1 en\gh zirconium to manufacture _m ?\s& tons ( zirconium /eel4 ,! cordial comm]cial relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,brazil w probably protect ?is c\ntry f any undue re/ra9t on exports f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,g5]al4--,all ( ! l>ge c\ntries int]e/$ h facilities = mak+ ! f]ro-alloy4 ,num]\s alloys ( zirconium h be5 made1 & a numb] ( pat5ts1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 h be5 issu$ cov]+ v>i\s alloys1 bo? f]r\s & non-f]r\s4 ,no secret processes1 z su*1 are kn[n to ! writ]4 ,,table #cd4--,,production ,,( ,,zirconium ,,m9]als ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,brazil1 #aijb-aiafajd ---------------------------------------- -- ,unit$ ,/ates ,brazil ------------------------------------ ,quantity ,value ,quantity ,value ,ye>7%ort tons7 7%ort tons7 ---------------------------------------- #aijb 444 444 #ab #c1idg #aijc #a #egj #g #a1idg #aijd #bjj #i #c1ice #aije #d #afjj #ah #e1ejf #aijf #bdh #bf #e1jda #aijg #df #ch #h1gef #aijh #j #j #bge #ae1aea #aiji #a #bej #aag #aa1hch #aiaj #j #j #abh #bc1bga #aiaa #a #hjb #de #af1afi #aiab #j #j #dc #ad1ggb #aiac #j #j #a1aai #ed1gfg #aiad #j #j #bcg #ad1ijc #aiae #j #j #h #b1iae #aiaf #j #j #ajd #af1fdg ---------------------------------------- #ajd ,adapt$ f ,m9]al ,res\rces1 ,u4 ,s41 #aiaf1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #aiag1 pp4 #cgg-chf4 ,,summ>y ,! pr9cipal use = zirconium ores at pres5t is det]m9$ by ! refractory prop]ties ( ! oxide1 zirconia4 ,refractory bricks & %apes = furnace l9+s1 *emical w>e1 & o!r heat1 acid1 & alkali resi/+ articles are made ( zirconia1 & are f9d+ a limit$ m>ket4 ,! rec5t int]e/ 9 zirconium is due to ! rem>kable prop]ties :i* x is said to imp>t to /eel4 ,its real wor?1 or function1 9 t direction is yet to be def9itely det]m9$1 & te/s conduct$ by ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds & o!rs are be+ made to asc]ta9 ! facts4 ,! be/ & mo/ available s\rce ( supply at pres5t is ,brazil1 :]e ! natural oxide1 baddeleyite1 occurs 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! /ates ( ,m9as ,g]aes & ,sao ,paulo4 ,! deposits h n be5 explor$ suffici5tly to make any reliable e/imate ( tonnage possible1 b1 judg$ f _! surface %[+1 !y are ( va/ ext5t4 ,! silicate1 zircon1 is f\nd 9 ,brazil1 ,india & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,! important deposits ( zirconium m9]als are controll$ by ,brazil1 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! actual own]%ip ( _m ( ! deposits is unkn[n4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! oxide ores4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,monazite1 ,,?orium1 ,,& ,,meso?orium ,,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,moore ,,uses ,,( ,,monazite ,practically ! only use ( monazite has be5 z a s\rce ( ?orium salts4 ,9 extract+ ^!1 by-products are recov]$1 su* z c]ium1 lan?anum1 & o!r r>e e>?s4 ,?orium salts are us$ almo/ exclusively = ! manufacture ( ,welsba* mantles1 :i* consi/ ( #ii p] c5t4 ?orium oxide & #a p] c5t4 c]ium oxide4 ,= ?is use !re is no kn[n sub/itute4 ,! "o o!r use ( ?orium salts is 9 ord9>y *emical laboratories1 b ?is use is v limit$4 ,! fluoride & o!r salts ( c]ium are us$ 9 connection ) ! flam+ arc1 _! pres5ce giv+ increas$ lum9osity4 ,meso?orium is a radio-active elem5t always f\nd 9 ?orium m9]als4 ,until q rec5tly x has be5 ?r[n away 9 ! manufacture ( ?orium nitrate2 b x is n[ be+ produc$ z a by-product1 & is useful z a sub/itute = radium 9 lum9\s pa9ts1 & = !rapeutic purposes4 ,,geological ,,& ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( monazite are ,brazil & ,india1 al?\gh x has be5 m9$ successfully 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,c>ol9as & 9 ,idaho4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ,swazil&1 ,africa1 & 9 ,au/ralia1 & also1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 native rock & 9 plac]s 9 ,ekat]9burg1 ,russia4 ,monazite is usually f\nd 9 ! gravels ( small /reams or bottom l&s1 al?\gh x is sometimes f\nd 9 ! soil ( hillsides4 ,9 ,brazil & ,india x occurs ma9ly 9 ! bea* s&s ( ! sea coa/4 ,9 places x is f\nd 9 small cry/als 9 gneiss1 granite & pegmatite rocks4 ,z ^! rocks become dis9tegrat$1 ! cry/als are wa%$ into /reams & ) o!r heavy s&s are deposit$ 9 ! /ream b$s4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 ! monazite gra9s f ! cry/all9e rocks ( ! coa/al m\nta9s are conc5trat$ by ! waves ( ! sea4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! deposits ( ! ,c>ol9as cov] an area ( sev]al hundr$ squ>e miles ea/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! c\nties ( ,clevel&1 ,burke1 ,alex&]1 ,ru!r=d & ,l9coln furni% ! ri*e/ deposits4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! only deposits ( value are 9 ! c\nties ( ,*]okee & ,gre5ville4 ,practically all ( ! monazite m9$ 9 ! ,c>ol9as is d]iv$ f gravels 9 /reams & bottom l&s1 ! m9]s usually foll[+ ! /ream c\rses4 ,! gravels v>y greatly 9 ?ickness1 & x is !re=e difficult to make a true e/imate ( ! av]age1 b 9 g5]al ! monazite-be>+ gravels are betwe5 #a & #b feet ?ick4 ,! top soil 9 ! bottom l&s av]ages #c to #f feet ?ick & may be #g feet or m4 ,! deposits 9 ! ,/ate ( ,idaho are ne> ,c5t]ville & ,idaho ,city4 ,9 ! future1 "u m favorable conditions ( price1 transportation1 etc41 ^! deposits may possibly become a comm]cial s\rce ( monazite4 ,almo/ all ( !m conta9 small quantities ( gold4 ,! gravel b$s are consid]ably ?ick] ?an ^? 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ) ! gold cont5t might be m pr(itable 7 x n = labor be+ high] pric$4 ,monazite has be5 f\nd 9 ,colorado1 9 ! ,newl& ,gul* di/rict1 #bj miles s\? ( ,d5v]1 :]e x occurs 9 gravels t c>ry consid]able gold4 ,brazil4--,!re are ?ree k9ds ( monazite s& deposits 9 ,brazil2 ! deposits )9 ! gov]nm5t l&s along ! coa/2 deposits ly+ beh9d ! gov]nm5t coa/al l&s1 :i* are private /ate possessions or belong to private p>ties2 & inl& deposits4 ,! bulk ( ! monazite is d]iv$ f coa/ s&s 9 ! /ates ( ,espirito ,santo & ,bahia1 ! s& be+ wa%$ by means ( oscillat+ tables or sluice boxes4 ,! coa/ l&s are ! prop]ty ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t = #cc met]s inl&1 measur+ f ! po9t :]e ! sea waves wa% ! bea* at mean high tide4 ,?is unc]ta9 me?od ( m>k+ prop]ty has ( c\rse giv5 rise to disputes :5 b\nd>ies are e/abli%$4 ,at a few places along ! coa/ /rips ( monazite-be>+ s&s lie directly beh9d ! gov]nm5t l&1 & "s ( ^! might be work$ pr(itably 7 x n = ! fact t x has be5 difficult to prove to ! f$]al gov]nm5t t ^! s&s 7 n tak5 f ! ne>by gov]nm5t l&4 ,"o ,fr5* conc]n has exploit$ su* l&s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,along ! banks ( ! l>ge riv]s1 su* z ,p>ahyba1 !re are great quantities ( black s&s ) traces ( monazite4 ,ne> ,sapucaia su* deposits h be5 work$ by a ,fr5* conc]n4 ,_m ( ! inl& deposits c n be exploit$ on acc\nt ( ! exp5se ( transportation ( ! products1 z ! deposits are _m miles f a railroad4 ,india4--,india is ! newe/ s\rce ( monazite s&s1 ! deposits ly+ on ! sea bea* l ^? 9 ,brazil4 ,! deposits are 9 ! ,travancore di/rict ne> ! s\?we/]n end ( ! ,h9du/an p59sula4 ,v little in=mation is available conc]n+ ^! deposits4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,treatm5t ,,practice ,! g5]al me?od ( treatm5t employ$ until q rec5tly has involv$ lea*+ ! conc5trate ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ?us gett+ ! ?orium1 c]ium1 & o!r r>e e>?s 9 solution & sep>at+ !m f ! silica1 zircon1 ilm5ite & o!r insoluble products4 ,f ?is /age diff]5t companies us$ slight v>iations 9 practice1 su* v>iations be+ kept /rictly secret1 al?\gh !y all involv$ ! precipitation ( ! ?orium z oxalate by means ( oxalic acid4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> ! price ( sulphuric acid w5t to f\r or five times ! orig9al co/1 & ! increas$ price ( oxalic acid 0 practically prohibitive4 ,consequ5tly ! manufactur+ companies _h to *ange _! entire proc$ure & to use *emicals t !y c\ld obta9 at a reasonable price4 ,9 ?is difficult und]tak+ ! companies 7 successful1 & at lea/ "o company devis$ a process t 0 consid]ably m effici5t ?an ! old "o4 ,at pres5t meso?orium is be+ produc$ z a by-product by ! ,l9dsay ,light ,co4 & ! ,welsba* ,co41 ! process us$ by ! latt] company hav+ be5 orig9at$ by ! ,colorado ,/ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,?is process is *eap & extremely effici5t1 & w no d\bt enable ! ,welsba* ,co4 to compete comm]cially ) any o!r manufactur] ( meso?orium4 ,( c\rse z ! process 0 develop$ by ! ,bureau ( ,m9es x w ultimately be made available = anyone1 b z meso?orium c only be made at a pr(it z a by-product ( ?orium nitrate1 anyone :o manufactur]s meso?orium mu/ fir/ e/abli% a ?orium indu/ry4 ,,political ,,control ,! important monazite res\rces ( ! _w are controll$ politically by ?ree nations3 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 7,india7 & ,brazil4 ,! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 normal times1 probably c n be work$ successfully 9 competition ) ! =eign deposits )\t ! protection ( a high t>iff4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! widely scatt]$ monazite deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ( importance only dur+ a p]iod ( abnormally high prices or dur+ ! re/riction ( imports f ,brazil & ,india4 ,! kn[n res]ves are small & ! deposits w probably nev] be an important factor 9 ! _w monazite m>ket4 ,z f> z ! writ] kn[s1 all ( ! ,am]ican deposits are controll$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,! manufacture ( ?orium nitrate 9 ?is c\ntry is closely controll$ by two l>ge companies1 ! ,welsba* ,co4 & ! ,l9dsay ,light ,co42 !y own ! only two comm]cial plants ( any size 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ( ! manufactur]s ( mantles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) "o exception1 mu/ obta9 _! ?orium nitrate f "o ( ^! two companies4 ,z ^! companies supply practically all ! ?orium nitrate requirem5ts ( ,engl& & ,france1 !y control ! ?orium indu/ry4 ,! only o!r manufactur] ( ?orium nitrate 9 ?is c\ntry is ! ,block ,co41 ( ,*icago1 :i* uses ab\t #ae tons ( monazite a ye>1 mak+ suffici5t ?orium nitrate = its own production ( mantles4 ,! ,welsba* ,co4 uses ab\t #a1bjj tons ( monazite annually & ! ,l9dsay ,light ,co4 ab\t half t am\nt4 ,! ,welsba* ,co4 has contracts = ! deliv]y ( monazite1 up to its requirem5ts1 f ,brazil2 ! ,l9dsay ,light ,co4 has obta9$ all ( its monazite f ,india4 ,mo/ ( ! processes us$1 includ+ ^? us$ by ! ,welsba* ,co4 & ! ,l9dsay ,light ,co41 are secret4 ,z ?orium c be extract$ f monazite 9 m ways ?an "o1 a secret process does n necess>ily mean comm]cial control unless su* a process is 9 e way effici5t & ! company own+ x is will+ to get into a comm]cial w>4 ,brazil4--,z ! ,brazilian deposits h = s _m ye>s be5 ! *ief s\rce ( ! supply ( monazite1 ! hi/ory ( _! comm]cial control is practically a hi/ory ( ! comm]cial control ( ! monazite indu/ry4 ,ab\t #bg ye>s ago1 ,john ,gordon1 an ,am]ican n[ resid+ 9 ,new ,york1 f\nd monazite on ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,he br\ght l>ge quantities to ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 & 0 able to obta9 a monoply ( ! monazite s&4 ,at t "t ! manufacture ( ?orium nitrate1 ! pr9cipal product ( ! monazite s&1 0 conf9$ 9 ,europe to a few l>ge *emical firms 9 ,g]many & ! ,welsba* ,co4 9 ,vi5na4 ,!y n only suppli$ ! ,european m>ket ) ?orium nitrate1 b also s5t l>ge quantities to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,am]ican ,welsba* ,co4 e>ly manufactur$ ?orium nitrates f s&s m9$ 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 a protective duty ( #f p] c5t4 mak+ ?is possible4 ,9 #aijb ,mr4 ,gordon agre$ to supply ! f\r l>ge ,g]man manufactur]s & ! ,au/rian manufactur]s ) monazite at a price ( #aej a ton & a pr(it on ! manufactur$ nitrates4 ,a close comb9ation ?us =m$1 kn[n z ! ,g]man ,?orium ,conv5tion1 prev5t$ o!r ?orium manufactur]s f acquir+ any ( ! m9]al m9$ by ,mr4 ,gordon1 & rais$ ! price ( ?orium nitrate #ajj p] c5t4 ,= a consid]able p]iod ,mr4 ,gordon export$ ! s& f ! coa/ l&s ( ,bahia1 ne> ,prado1 ,brazil1 )\t int]f]5ce4 ,f9ally ! ,brazilian gov]nm5t became acqua9t$ ) ! value ( ! res\rces & decid$ t no private individual or /ate gov]nm5t _h ! "r to m9e1 sell1 lease1 or remove any monazite on s-call$ /ate l&s )\t ! cons5t ( ! f$]al au?orities4 ,9 #aijh ! gov]nm5t adv]tis$ t coa/ l&s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,espirito ,santo w\ld be leas$ to ! highe/ bidd] = ! exploitation ( ! s&s4 ,a contract 0 ?us obta9$ = ! firm ( ,a4 ,c4 de ,freitas ,co41 ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many4 ,by ! contract ! firm agre$ to pay to ! ,brazilian gov]nm5t a r5tal equal to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! sell+ price ( ! monazite s&s & to export at lea/ #a1bjj tons annually4 ,to avoid tr\ble ! ,g]man ,?orium ,conv5tion arrang$ lat] t half ( its supply %\ld be furni%$ by ,mr4 ,gordon & half by ! de ,freitas company4 ,a new conv5tion 0 =m$ by ! f\r ,g]man *emical manufactur]s ) ,mr4 ,gordon & ! de ,freitas company1 prev5t+ firms 9 o!r c\ntries t _h />t$ to manufacture ?orium nitrate f gett+ raw mat]ial4 ,consequ5tly great ef=ts 7 made to f9d & develop new deposits ( monazite4 ,! high price = ?orium nitrate made possible ! m9+ ( monazite 9 ! ,c>ol9as & its export to ,g]many1 especially to "o ,g]man manufactur] :o 0 n 9 ! ,g]man ,?orium ,conv5tion4 ,ultimately !re 0 an ov]production ( ?orium & 9 #aijf ! price dropp$ #ej p] c5t4 ,monazite m9+ decl9$ 9 all localities :]e ! co/ ( m9+ 0 high1 & production 9 ! ,c>ol9as & ! int]ior ( ,brazil practically /opp$4 ,dur+ ! f\r or five ye>s ant$at+ ! w> ! ,g]man ,inc&esc5t ,gas ,light ,co41 ( ,b]l91 succe$$ 9 controll+ ! l>ge/ manufactur]s ( ?orium nitrate 9 ,europe1 except ^? 9 ,france4 ,x controll$ bo? ! ,engli% & ,au/ralian companies & became ! active competitor ( ! s-call$ ,?orium ,conv5tion1 :i* at t "t _h lo/ mu* ( its p[]4 ,mr4 ,gordon /ill has ext5sive int]e/s 9 ,brazil1 b he does n h a monoply4 ,! exportation rights f ,brazil are 9 ! h&s ( ,luis de ,rez5de ,co4 7,rio de ,jani]o71 ,mr4 ,gordon1 & o!rs4 ,luis de ,rez5de ,co4 is ma9ly a ,fr5* conc]n1 b has ,brazilian & ,portuguese /ockhold]s4 ,! company controls ! ,fr5* company1 ,socit ,m9ire1 associat$ ) ! ,welsba* ,co4 ,z not$ above1 "o ,fr5* company has exploit$ monazite deposits 9 ! t]ritory imm$iately beh9d ! gov]nm5t l&s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,ano!r ,fr5* company has work$ ! black s&s along ! ,p>ahyba ,riv]1 ne> ,sapucaica1 :i* conta9 traces ( monazite4 ,india4--,be=e ! w>1 ! ,g]man manufactur]s ( ?orium nitrate ex]cis$ z close control ov] ! monazite deposits ( ,travancore1 ,india1 z ov] ^? ( ,brazil4 ,only a limit$ quantity ( ! s& 0 sold to gas-mantle manufactur]s & o!r consum]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & !n at a price n9e times ! price paid by ! ,g]man consum]s4 ,su* a monoply ( ! supplies ( raw mat]ial made ! ,g]man monoply ( ! ?orium nitrate indu/ry almo/ complete4 ,accord+ to ,s4 ,j4 ,john/one1 9 an address at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 9 ,july1 #aiaf1 ! ,g]mans obta9$ practical control ( ! ,travancore monazite deposits 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a lease = work+ ^! deposits 0 grant$ "s ye>s ago by ! ,travancore ,durb>1 ) ! approval ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 to ! ,london ,cosmopolitan ,t9 ,m9+ ,co41 :i* contract$ to sell ! :ole ( its output to a ,g]man firm4 ,soon aft] ! outbreak ( w> x 0 f\nd t ! :ole ( ! pref]5ce %>es & #aa1jjj ( ! ord9>y %>es ( ! ,travancore ,m9]als ,co4 7 held 9 tru/ = ! ,au] company1 ( ,b]l94 ,! ,india ,(fice decid$ t 9 ! future all directors ( ! company work+ ! concession mu/ be ,briti%-born & t ! company1 mu/ be ready at all times to sell monazite s& direct1 & at a fair price1 to ,briti% firms4 ,g]man contracts 7 cancel$4 ,a second company1 ,?orium1 ,ltd41 obta9$ a #bj-ye> lease to "w #aej acres 9 ,travancore = monazite s&1 & is export+ ! s& & manufactur+ ?orium nitrate f x at works 9 ,engl&4 ,a great deal ( ,travancore monazite has be5 import$ by ,am]ican companies4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,z outl9$ above1 x c be readily se5 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is dep5d5t ^u ,brazil & ,india = its raw mat]ials1 z dome/ic deposits are n l>ge en\gh to furni% ! requir$ supply & _c be work$ 9 competition ) ! m *eaply m9$ =eign deposits4 ,! av]age conc5trate obta9$ 9 ! ,c>ol9as runs ab\t #c to #d p] c5t4 ?orium oxide2 t obta9$ 9 ,brazil av]ages some:at ov] #h p] c5t4 ,"u su* conditions x is difficult = ! ,c>ol9a monazite to compete ) t f ,brazil or f ,india4 ,9 addition1 a v consid]able am\nt ( ! ,c>ol9a monazite available has be5 remov$4 ,! old work+s are m or less cov]$ up & ! :ole indu/ry has become completely disorganiz$4 ,:il/ ^! deposits 7 be+ m9$ & op]at$ f>m]s 7 9 ! habit ( mak+ _! own conc5trate 9 crude sluice boxes4 ,! product ?us obta9$ av]ag$ ab\t #ce p] c5t4 monazite4 ,! conc5trates 7 !n sold to a ref9]y1 :]e x 0 be/ treat$ by electromagnetic sep>ators1 su* z ! ,we!rill ma*9e4 ,! f9al product obta9$ f ^! ma*9es 0 ready = *emical treatm5t = ! extraction ( ! ?orium4 ,practically ! same treatm5t is giv5 to ! monazite f ,brazil & ,india4 ,z ! conc5trate obta9$ is ( mu* high] grade1 ! additional *>ges = freight & duty1 :i* are n borne by ! ,c>ol9as product1 are m ?an (fset4 ,und\bt$ly1 unless a v high t>iff is plac$ on ! monazite f ,brazil & ,india1 our future supplies w come f ^! two s\rces1 at lea/ = "s "t4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ) a high t>iff ! ,c>ol9a deposits c\ld furni% ! monazite requir$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ev5 = a few ye>s1 & "u ! mo/ favorable conditions x w\ld take "s "t1 possibly six mon?s to a ye>1 to revive ! indu/ry4 ,! ,allies & practically ! :ole _w are dep5d5t ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! manufactur$ products1 ?orium nitrate & gas mantles4 ,:e!r ?is monoply w cont9ue is d\btful1 z !re is a movem5t 9 ,engl& to enc\rage bo? ! ?orium nitrate & ! gas-mantle indu/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,copp] ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,pa9e ,,introduction ,"o c\ntry /&s pre-em95t z ! _w's great produc] ( copp]1 & t is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: production 0 #fj p] c5t4 ( ! total _w output 9 #aiag4 ,iron1 coal1 oil & copp] are fundam5tal raw mat]ials ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 b only 9 copp] & 9 oil is ! output great] ?an t ( all o!r c\ntries toge!r4 ,9 copp] ?is has be5 true s9ce ! e>ly n9eties4 ,am]ican copp]1 ,engli% gold1 ,russian plat9um & ,*ilean nitrate are common phrases 9 _w m>kets2 z common z ! commodities !mselves4 ,no o!r c\ntry produces or has = _m ye>s ev] produc$ "o-six? z mu* copp] z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ! _w output ( copp] has be5 increas+1 at ! av]age rate ( #e p] c5t4 annually = #aj ye>s up to #aiad & ?ree times z rapidly s9ce !n1 ! relative importance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n decl9$4 ,on ! contr>y x has increas$ at a great] rate ?an ! total _w output4 ,c]ta9 individual c\ntries1 x is true1 h s9ce #aiad increas$ _! output fa/] ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b !re is no indication t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w lose its pres5t dom9at+ lead]%ip4 ,because ( ! magnitude ( ! copp] indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 great ref9+ plants h be5 built up "h4 ,am]ican capital also has gone l>gely into ,canadian1 ,mexican & ,s\? ,am]ican copp] prop]ties4 ,z a result ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ imports ne>ly "o-?ird z mu* copp] z is produc$ 7#ah p] c5t4 ( ! total _w output 9 #aiag74 ,?us ,am]ican capital controls1 ?r\gh ref9+ 9 addition to own]%ip ( m9es1 #gh p] c5t4 ( ! _w's copp] production4 ,?is control %\ld also be equally /rong z reg>ds sell+4 ,obvi\sly1 a l>ge "p ( our dome/ic1 &1 z reg>ds /ati/ics1 all ! import$ copp]1 is export$ 9 f9i%$ =m--copp] +ots & b>s1 brass1 electrical ma*9]y1 etc4 ,b z reg>ds sell+ & ev5 m9e own]%ip 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re is consid]able ,g]man control2 al?\gh ! important m9es ( ,canada1 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica are own$ by ei!r ,am]ican1 ,briti% or ,fr5* int]e/s1 except ^? own$ by local =eign capital4 ,,table #ce4--;,,geographical ,,& ,,f9ancial ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,copp] ,,m9es 7,production 9 ,metric ,tons7 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p]- ,p]- c5t- c5t- age ,av]age ,e/imat$ age ( #aiaf-aiag capacity ( ,own$ by ,_woutput ( output (_w ,u4 ,s4 total copp] ,c\ntry ( orig9 copp] total capital ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #ei4b #hfh1ijc,unit$ ,/ates #ibh1jjj #eg4e #hii1jjj #c4c #di1afh;,canada #eh1jjj #c4f #bh1jjj #c4d #di1dgh,mexico #fe1jjj #d4j #di1jjj #a4j #ad1jjj;,cuba #aj1jjj #j4f 444 #j4b #b1jjj,v5ezuela #b1jjj #j4a 444 #d4h #gj1jjj;,*ile #aaj1jjj #f4h #hf1jjj #c4 #dc1fbj,p]u #de1jjj #b4h #de1jjj #j4d #f1jjj;,bolivia #ab1jjj #j4h #f1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ge4da1ajc1afi,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #a1bcj1jjj #gf4ba1aac1jjj ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #c4b #dg1ejj;,africa #eh1jjj #c4f 444 #b4e #cf1eej;,au/ralia #dc1jjj #b4g 444 #g4i #aab1ijj;,japan #abe1jjj #g4g 444 #b4i #db1jjj,spa9 & ,portugal #db1jjj #b4f 444 #a4c #ah1ejj,russia 7e/imat$7 #ah1jjj #a4a 444 #d4h #ga1jjj;,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/imat$7 #ga1jjj #d4d 444 #a4d #ai1jjj,norway #ai1jjj #a4b 444 #j4a #a1jjj,sw$5 #a1jjj #j4a 444 #j4d #f1bej,o!r c\ntries #f1bej #j4d 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bd4f #ced1gjj,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #chc1bej #bc4h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,_w ,total#a1def1hfi #a1fac1bejajj #a1aac1jjj #ajj #fiajf ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p]- c5t- age ,av]age ( #aiaf-aiag ,own$ by ,own$ by ,_woutput ( ,briti% ,g]man total copp] ,c\ntry ( orig9 capital capital ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #ei4b #hfh1ijc,unit$ ,/ates #bi1jjj #c4c #di1afh;,canada #cj1jjj #c4d #di1dgh,mexico ,idle #b1ejj plus #a4j #ad1jjj;,cuba 444 #b1jjj plus #j4b #b1jjj,v5ezuela #b1jjj #d4h #gj1jjj;,*ile #b1ejj #d1ejj plus #c4 #dc1fbj,p]u #j4d #f1jjj;,bolivia 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ge4da1ajc1afi,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #fc1ejj #i1jjj ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #c4b #dg1ejj;,africa #eh1jjjaje 444 #b4e #cf1eej;,au/ralia #dc1jjj #g4i #aab1ijj;,japan 444 444 #b4i #db1jjj,spa9 & ,portugal #dj1jjj 444 #a4c #ah1ejj,russia 7e/imat$7 444 #ah1jjj787 #d4h #ga1jjj;,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/imat$7 444 #ga1jjj #a4d #ai1jjj,norway #aj1jjj 444 #j4a #a1jjj,sw$5 444 444 #j4d #f1bej,o!r c\ntries #bej 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bd4f #ced1gjj,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,_w ,total#a1def1hfi #bab1gej #ih1jjj #ajj #ac4cajf #f4aajf ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p]- c5t- age ,av]age ,own$ by ( #aiaf-aiag ,own$ by ,own$ bylocal capital ,_woutput ( ,fr5* ,japanese9 produc+ total copp] ,c\ntry ( orig9 capital capital c\ntries ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #ei4b #hfh1ijc,unit$ ,/ates #c4c #di1afh;,canada #c4d #di1dgh,mexico #ac1ejj #a4j #ad1jjj;,cuba 444 444 #h1jjj #j4b #b1jjj,v5ezuela #d4h #gj1jjj;,*ile #i1ejjaje 444 #g1ejj #c4 #dc1fbj,p]u #j4d #f1jjj;,bolivia #f1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ge4da1ajc1afi,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #bi1jjj 444 #ae1ejj ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #c4b #dg1ejj;,africa 444 #b4e #cf1eej;,au/ralia #g4i #aab1ijj;,japan 444 #abe1jjj #b4i #db1jjj,spa9 & ,portugal 444 444 #b1jjj #a4c #ah1ejj,russia 7e/imat$7 #d4h #ga1jjj;,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/imat$7 #a4d #ai1jjj,norway 444 444 #i1jjj #j4a #a1jjj,sw$5 444 444 #a1jjj #j4d #f1bej,o!r c\ntries #b1jjj 444 7#c1jjj77;,italy7 7#a1jjj77;,*9a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bd4f #ced1gjj,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #ca1ejj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,_w ,total#a1def1hfi #ca1jjj #abe1jjj #ajj #a4iajf #g4gajfb4j1 divid$ z foll[s3 ,cuba1 #j4e2 ,spa91 #j4a2 ,norway1 #j4f2 ,sw$51 #j4je2 ,*ile1 #j4e2 ,*9a1 #j4je2 ,italy1 #j4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aje ,includes ,belgian capital4 #ajf ,p]c5tage ( own]%ip4 ,,table #cf4--;,,bus9ess ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,copp] ,,m9es ,all figures metric tons ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,e/imat$ capacity ,ref9$ output ( ,ref9$ 9 ,ref9$ ref9$ 9 ,briti% 9 ,c\ntry ( orig9 copp] ! ,u4 ,s4,dom9ions,g]many ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ,unit$ ,/ates #ibh1jjj #ibh1jjj 444 444 ,canada #eh1jjj #bh1jjj #cj1jjj 444 ,mexico #fe1jjj #eb1jjj 444 444 ,cuba #aj1jjj #aj1jjj 444 444 ,v5ezuela #b1jjj #b1jjj ,*ile #aaj1jjj #dc1jjj #b1ejj 444 ,p]u #de1jjj #de1jjj ,bolivia #ab1jjj #f1jjj 444 444 ----------------------------------- ,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e#a1bcj1jjj #a1aad1jjj #cb1ejj #j ,p]c5t ( total #gf4bajg #fi #b 444 ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e 7or 9 ,belgium7 ,africa #eh1jjj #e1jjj #ec1jjj 444 ,au/ralia #dc1jjj 444 #dc1jjj 444 ,japan #abe1jjj #c1jjj 444 444 ,spa9 & ,portugal 7e/imat$7 #db1jjj #b1jjj #ce1jjj 444 ,russia 7e/imat$7 #ah1jjj 444 444 444 ,c5tral ,p[]s #ga1jjj8 444 444 #ga1jjj ,norway #ai1jjj 444 #ai1jjj 444 ,sw$5 #a1jjj 444 #a1jjj 444 ,o!r ,c\ntries #f1bej 444 #bej 444 ----------------------------------- ,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #chc1bej #aj1jjj #aea1bej #ga1jjj ,p]c5tage ( total #bc4h 4#g #i4c #d4d ,total p]c5tage #ajj #fi4g #aa4c #d4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=m]ly ,ref9$,ref9$ ,ref9$ sold 9 9 9 o!r by ,g]man ,c\ntry ( orig9 ,france ,japan c\ntries h\ses ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ,unit$ ,/ates 444 444 4447 #gc1jjj7 ,canada 444 444 4447 #ba1jjj7 ,mexico #ac1jjj 444 4447 #b1ejj7 ,cuba 444 444 4447 #aj1jjj7 ,v5ezuela ,*ile #i1ejj 444 #ee1jjj7 #bj1jjj7 ,p]u ,bolivia #f1jjj ------------------------------------- ,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #bh1ejj #j #ee1jjj 7#acd1ejj7 ,p]c5t ( total #a4h 444 #c4d 7#h7 7,*ili copp]7 7,u4 ,s4 own$7 ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e ,africa 444 444 444 7 #e1jjj7 ,au/ralia 444 444 444 7 #dc1jjj7 ,japan 444#abb1jjj ,spa9 & ,portugal 7e/imat$7 #e1jjj 444 444 ,russia 7e/imat$7 444 444 444 8 ,c5tral ,p[]s 444 444 #ah1jjj 8 ,norway 444 444 444 8 ,sw$5 444 444 444 8 ,o!r ,c\ntries #b1jjj 444 #c1jjj 7,italy7 #a1jjj 7,*9a7 ------------------------------------- ,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #g1jjjabb1jjj #bb1jjj 7 #dh1jjj7 ,p]c5tage ( total 4#d #g4f #a4d 7#c7 ,total p]c5tage #b4b #g4f #d4h 7#aa7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ajg ,! ,unit$ ,/ates controls ! sale ( sub/antially all ?is copp]4 ,,table #cg4--;,,future ,,importance ,,( ,,pres5t ,,copp]-,,produc+ ,,c\ntries ,,z ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,kn[n ,,res]ves ,,( ,,copp] ,,ore1 ,,& ,,capital ,,controll+ ,,^! ,,res]ves ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,develop$ res]ves 9 t]ms ( ye>s' life at capacity output ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,e/imat$ ,p]- capacity c5t-,own$ ,own$ output ( age by ,own$ by copp] ( ,u4 ,s4 by ,g]man 7metric _wcapi-,briti% capi- ,produc+ c\ntry tons7 total tal capital tal ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,w4 ,hemisph]e3 ,unit$ ,/ates #ibh1jjj #eg4e #ab4d #ab4d 444 yrs4 yrs4 ,canada #eh1jjj #c4f #ae #bj 444 ,mexico #fe1jjj #d4j #e l>ge l>ge ,cuba & ,v5ezuela #ab1jjj #j4g 444 444 #c yrs4 ,*ile #aaj1jjj #f4h #aej #c 8 ,p]u #de1jjj #b4h #d 444 444 ,bolivia #ab1jjj #j4h 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #a1bcj1jjj #gf4b 444 444 444 ,p]c5tage total res]ves 444 #gf4h #gc4f #b4d #j4a ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e3 ,africa #eh1jjj #c4f 444#ffaaj 444 ,au/ralia #dc1jjj #b4g 444 #g4b 444 ,japan #abe1jjj #g4g 444 444 444 ,spa9 & ,portugal #db1jjj #b4f 444#ej 444 ,russia #ah1jjj #a4a 444#ah787 #ah787 ,c5tral ,p[]s #ga1jjj #d4d 444 444 8 ,norway #ai1jjj #a4b 444#aj 444 ,sw$5 #a1jjj #j4a 444 444 444 ,o!r c\ntries #f1bej #j4d 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #chc1bej #bc4h 444 444 444 ,p]c5tage total res]ves 444 #bc4b 444#ah4d #j4ie ,_w total #a1fac1bejajj 444 444 444 ,p]c5tage ( _w total res]ves 444 444 #gc4f #bj4h #a4je ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,develop$ res]ves 9 t]ms ( ye>s' life at capacity output ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,own$ by ,p]- local c5tage ,own$ capital ( ,own$ by 9 total by ,japan- produc- re- ,fr5* ese + ,ext5- s]ves capi- capi- c\n- sion ( ,produc+ c\ntry tal tal tries #ajh _w ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,w4 ,hemisph]e3 ,unit$ ,/ates 444 444 444 #gac #cd4 ,canada 444 444 444 #fc4c #c4 ,mexico #f yrs4 444 444 #bj4h #a4ae ,cuba & ,v5ezuela 444 444 #c yrs4 #b4a #j4aj ,*ile #e 444 consid- #gie4h #cg4i erable #aji ,p]u 444 444 #aa4b #j4ee ,bolivia #d 444 444 #b4h #j4aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total 444 444 444 #a1fji4j ,p]c5tage total res]ves #j4d 444 #j4c 444 #gf4h ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e3 ,africa 444 444 444 #bcg4f #aa4c ,au/ralia 444 444 444 #bj #j4ie ,japan 444 #f 444 #df4b #b4b ,spa9 & ,portugal 444 444 #ej #acj #f4b ,russia 444 444 #ah #ai4h #j4ie ,c5tral ,p[]s 444 444 8 #bj #j4ie ,norway 444 444 #aj #ab #j4ee ,sw$5 444 444 #aj #a #j4jd ,o!r c\ntries 444 444 8 #a4d #j4jf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total 444 444 444 #dhh4j ,p]c5tage total res]ves 444 #b4b #a4fe 444 #bc4b ,_w total 444 444 444 #b1jig4j ,p]c5tage ( _w total res]ves #j4d #b4b #a4ie 444 #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajh ,ext5sion is ! product ( 8,p]c5tage ( ,_w ,total0 & 8,develop$ ,res]ves 9 ,t]ms ( ,ye>s ,life10 & gives total ultimate relative importance ( diff]5t c\ntries4 #aji ,9 s f> z x affects production ?is high figure mu/ be disc\nt$ because ( ! l>ge res]ves be+ compact1 ! di/ance f m>ket & ! unfavorable m9+ conditions ( a ?9ly settl$ c\ntry4 #aaj ,katanga equals ( ?is4 ,,note4--,n mu* weight is to be atta*$ to figures %[+ m ?an #aj ye>s ( life4 ,total full future value ov] long numb] ( ye>s is greatly r$uc$ :5 express$ 9 t]ms ( pres5t value on normal int]e/ disc\nt4 ,all c\ntries ) res]ves good = t5 or m ye>s may be consid]$ z be+ on an equal foot+ s f> z copp] res\rces are conc]n$4 ,b1 l>ge res]ves may mean exp&+ production 7z 9 ,*ile & ,africa7 & be important on t acc\nt & only on t acc\nt4 ,to weigh ore res]ves !y h be5 tak5 9 toto1 b ,spa9 w\ld be no worse (f z comp>$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates if h] res]ves 7 put at #aj ye>s in/ead ( at #ej 7z calculat$ above74 ,h] res]ves happ5 to be ( a k9d easily block$ out1 b h] output is /ation>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,geographical di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal copp]-produc+ di/ricts ( ! _w4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,pa9e4 ,table #ce %[s ! diff]5t copp]-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w & ! *ief features ( f9ancial control ( ! produc+ m9es4 ,table #cf %[s ! *ief features ( bus9ess control 7ref9+ & sell+ control7 z di/9ct f control by m9e own]%ip4 ,9 bo? tables a =eca/ = future conditions is made by us+ e/imates ( #aiah & #aiai production4 ,^! figures are foll[$ out to ! diff]5t =ms ( control4 ,! actual outputs ( #aiaf-ag are giv5 z a ref]5ce & *eck4 ,table #cg %[s res]ves1 l>gely ^? ( produc+ m9es4 ,plate ,,viii %[s ! location ( ! pr9cipal copp] deposits ( ! _w4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,production4--,! maximum output ( copp] f m9es )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 9 #aiaf1 & am\nt$ to #a1ibg1hej1edh p\nds4 ,9 #aiag ! output 0 less1 because ( labor tr\bles1 b six lead+ /ates %[$ an increase1 & if ,montana _h equal$ ! output ( #aiaf1 ! #aiag output w\ld h be5 #a1ifb1jcd1eab p\nds4 ,)\t good m>kets & favorable labor conditions1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates production _c rea* any?+ l #b1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>4 ,comm]cial ,control ,control ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,m9es4--,all ! productive bodies ( copp] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ by ,am]icans1 except a small numb] controll$ by ,engli% capital4 ,be=e ! w>1 !re 0 evid5ce ( ,g]man affiliation & pot5tial control 9 ! copp] indu/ry1 b ?is c5t]$ 9 ref9+ & sell+ ! metal4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,g]man grip on ! indu/ry 0 highly c5traliz$1 & direct & effective measures 7 us$ 9 break+ x4 ,five lead+ gr\ps are 9 control ( copp] production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! h additional important own]%ips 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico1 :i* w be discuss$ "u ^? c\ntries4 ,,table #ch4--,,lead+ ,,f9ancial ,,gr\ps ,,9 ,,control ,,( ,,copp] ,,production ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,p\nds ,gr\p #a4 ,hayd5-,jackl+ 8porphyries0 7closely affiliat$ ) gr\p #b7 ,utah ,copp]1 ,ray ,consolidat$ 7,ariz471 ,nevada ,consolidat$1 7,nev47 ,*9o 7,n4 ,mex47 & ,butte ,sup]ior 7,mont472 #aiag output 7cu/om ore n includ$7 #ddh1hhg1bec ,gr\p #b4 ,morgan-,gugg5heim 7,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co74 ,k5necott 7,alaska7 & a l>ge numb] ( small] m9es own$ by ,am]icans :i* h _! ore treat$ at plants controll$ by ?is gr\p4 ,! #aiag output ( ,k5necott & elev5 ( ! *ief cu/om]s ( ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ plants 7small] cu/om %ipm5ts to smelt]s mu/ be add$7 0 #aef1ied1gbb ,gr\p #c4 ,rockefell]-,ryan3 ,anaconda1 ,inspiration1 ,nor? ,butte1 ,utah ,consolidat$1 ,m\nta9 ,copp] 7,cal471 ,balaklala 7,cal471 ,walk] m9e 7,cal471 & ,arizona ,copp] ,co41 #aiag output 7cu/om ore n includ$7 #ceg1cjh1eeh ,gr\p #d4 ,phelps-,dodge & affiliations3 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico only4 ,copp] ,que51 ,detroit1 ,burro ,m\nta91 ,comm]cial ,m9+ ,co4 7,phelps-,dodge72 #aiag output #abc1jjj1jjj ,calumet ,arizona--,new ,cornelia 7,briggs-,congdon72 #aiag output #gi1cfj1jjj ,unit$ ,v]de ,ext5sion 7affiliat$ ) ea* ( above72 total #aiag output #fc1bdb1ghd ,to :i* mu/ be add$ cu/om bus9ess :i* is important1 e4g41 ,arizona ,comm]cial m9e1 etc42 #aiag bus9ess 7o!r cu/om ore n includ$7 ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj ------------- ,total = gr\p #d #bge1fjc1aac ,gr\p #e4 ,calumet ,hecla3 #aiag output1 ,calumet ,hecla m9e & subsidi>ies #afh1gfe1jcc ,total #aiag output ( ^! five lead+ gr\ps#aaa #a1djg1eah1fgi #aaa ,exclusive ( ! small m9es 7%ipp]s ( cu/om ore7 p>tly controll$ ?r\gh smelt+ & ref9+ contracts by same int]e/s4 ,important small] gr\ps may be li/$ z foll[s3 ,gr\p #f4 ,w4 ,a4 ,cl>k3 ,unit$ ,v]de1 ,elm ,orlu 7,mont47 & ,ophir ,hill 7,utah72 #aiag output #hh1cij1jch ,gr\p #g4 ,adolph ,lewisohn3 ,miami &1 by sale ( output1 ,%attuck-,arizona2 #aiag output #eg1jeh1fff ,gr\p #h4 ,u4 ,s4 ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 ,cu/om ore & ,mammo? m9e1 ,cal41 ,utah ,apex1 & ,t9tic 7,utah7 m9es2 #aiag output #bb1fjj1jjj ,gr\p #i4 ,lake m9es 7o!r ?an ,calumet ,hecla73 ,copp] ,range ,co41 ,mohawk1 ,qu9cy1 etc4#aab2 #aiag output #ii1gjj1jjj #aab ,t5 diff]5t int]e/s4 ,!re is also a gr\p1 discuss$ lat]1 ( unc]ta9 or unclassifiable affiliations1 own$ by ,am]icans1 b 9 _m in/ances work$ "u smelt+ & ref9+ contracts t m]it special m5tion3 #aiag output1 p\nds ,old ,dom9ion 7,ariz471 7p]haps gr\p #d7 #be1geh1cha ,ea/ ,butte 7& cu/om ore71 7p]haps gr\p #i7 #ah1jjj1jjj ,%annon ,copp] ,co41 7,ariz471 7indep5d5t7 #f1ach1bai ,p5n4 ,m9+ ,co4 7,cal47 7indep5d5t7 #c1djj1jjj ,cons4 ,arizona ,smelt+ ,co4 7indep5d5t7 #e1jjj1jjj ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] ,iron ,co41 ,ltd4 7,t5n471 7,engli%7 #e1ebc1egc -------------- ,total unclassifiable & unc]ta9 #fc1hbj1agc ,total ( gr\ps #a to #e #a1djg1eah1fgi ,total ( gr\ps #f to #i #bfg1gdh1gjd -------------- ,total ( all int]e/s #a1gci1jhg1eef ,total #aiag ,unit$ ,/ates copp] production 7f dome/ic m9es only7 #a1hgc1edf1aga ,balance 7cu/om ore f small %ipp]s7#aac #acd1deh1fad #aac ,?is balance includes copp] produc$ z by-product 9 m9+ ( o!r metals 9 ,colorado & ! ,ea/1 e/imat$ at #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds1 & cu/om %ipm5ts f #a1jjj small op]ations1 *iefly to smelt]s controll$ by gr\ps #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #f1 e/imat$ at #hd1deh1fad p\nds4 ,c]ta9 m9es 9 ! above gr\ps are own$ 9 ,engl&1 b are class$ ) t int]e/ :i* ref9es & sells ! production4 ,9 gr\p #b1 = example1 is li/$ ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,co41 ^: copp] is ref9$ & sold at ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ plant 9 ,baltimore4 ,9 own]%ip1 h[ev]1 ?is prop]ty %\ld be plac$ 9 gr\p #g1 7output #aj1edg1gjd p\nds74 ,9 gr\p #c are two ,engli%-own$ m9es3 ,arizona ,copp] ,co4 7,scot*7 & ,m\nta9 ,copp] ,co41 7,engli%74 ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] ,iron 9 ! la/ gr\p 7unc]ta9 & unclassifiable7 is also ,engli%-own$4 ,! comb9$ output ( ^! ?ree ,engli%-own$ prop]ties is #dh1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is comprises all prop]ties n own$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] ,iron ,co41 ,ltd4 is ,engli%-own$1 b all its production 7copp] matte7 is sold to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,! o!rs 9 ! gr\p designat$ above z unc]ta91 or unclassifiable1 are entirely ,am]ican own$1 al?\gh _! production has be5 m>ket$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 or ,l4 ,vogel/e91 z discuss$ lat]4 ,none ( ^! gr\ps actually own ! m9es outright1 ! m9es be+ own$ by ho/s ( /ockhold]s scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,( _m companies ! presid5t & directors own a v small p]c5tage ( ! /ock4 ,z reg>ds gr\p #f & to a less ext5t gr\p #d1 h[ev]1 ! actual own]%ip is 9 v few h&s2 b ?is is exceptional4 ,! copp] m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l ! railroads & ! l>ge/ indu/rial ent]prises1 su* z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 etc41 are1 9 ! la/ analysis1 controll$ by _! /ockhold]s4 ,summ>iz$ on ! basis ( ! #aiag output1 "o f9ds t ! own]%ip ( ,am]ican copp] m9es is z foll[s3 ,am]ican #ig p] c5t41 ,engli% & ,scot*1 #b p] c5t4 ,control ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,smelt]s & ,ref9]ies4--,own]%ip ( smelt]s t treat dome/ic ore is sub/antially id5tical to ! m9e own]%ip giv5 above4 ,int]e/s own+ active smelt]s are less num]\s ?an int]e/s own+ m9es1 because effici5t smelt+ requires l>ge-scale op]ations4 ,! electrolytic ref9]ies are all ,am]ican own$4 ,l>ge-scale units1 repres5t+ heavy capital inve/m5ts1 are ess5tial 9 electrolytic ref9+4 ,a small ref9]y _c compete successfully ) l>ge ones4 ,! av]age important copp] m9e produces en\gh ore to make ab\t #be1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>1 :]eas ! av]age smelt] produces ?ree or f\r times z mu* bli/] or ca/+ copp]1 & ! av]age electrolytic ref9]y c produce ov] #bej1jjj1jjj p\nds annually4 ,consequ5tly1 !re are only six gr\ps 7,hayd5-,jackl+1 ,morgan-,gugg5heim1 ,rockefell]-,ryan1 ,phelps-,dodge1 ,calumet ,hecla1 & ,u4 ,s4 ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co47 int]e/$ 9 ref9]y own]%ip4 ,no small produc] has ! capital or ! size to be able to ent] ?is field4 ,table #ci %[s electrolytic copp] ref9]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & _! own]%ips3 ,,table #ci4--,,own]%ip ,,& ,,capacity ,,( ,,am]ican ,,copp] ,,ref9]ies ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,own]%ip1 #aiag capacity ,works gr\p-- 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,baltimore ,copp] ,smelt+ ,roll+ ,co4 #a & #b #gbj1jjj1jjj ,ni*ols ,copp] ,co4 ,indep5d5t & 9 "p #d #ejj1jjj1jjj ,r>itan ,copp] ,works #c #dfj1jjj1jjj ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 #a & #b #bhh1jjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates ,metals ,ref9+ ,co4 #h #bej1jjj1jjj ,tacoma ,smelt+ ,co4 #a & #b #bjd1jjj1jjj ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co4 7new plant7 #c #ahj1jjj1jjj ,calumet ,hecla ,m9+ ,co4 #e #fe1jjj1jjj ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co4 7old plant7 #c #fe1jjj1jjj ,balba* ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4#aad 7=m] ,g]man affiliations7 444 #dh1jjj1jjj --------------- ,total capacity #b1ghj1jjj1jjj #aiag production 7p\nds7 ,electrolytic copp] 444 #a1deb1gdd1eic ,second>y electrolytic copp] 444 #ff1ccg1gga ,import$ copp] made into electrolytic 444 #eee1jjj1jjj --------------- ,total #aiag ref9]y production 444 #b1jgd1jhb1cfd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aad ,?is company treats copp] scrap & import$ copp] ores & matte4 ,! ref9]ies control ! situation to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,a copp] produc] mu/ obta9 electrolytic ref9+ 9 ord] to m>ket 8 product4 ,lake copp] & ca/+ copp] d n require electrolytic ref9+1 al?\gh produc]s ( ca/+ are (t5 at a disadvantage :5 !re is a big premium on electrolytic copp] & ca/+ c only be sold at a l>ge disc\nt4 ,! smelt]s d n control ! situation 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are a l>ge numb] ( cu/om smelt]s--#cb--t actively compete = ores2 "s h _m bran*es4 ,moreov]1 a m9e ( any size w h its own smelt]1 z ! capital inve/m5t is f> less ?an t requir$ = an electrolytic ref9]y4 ,z ! table %[s1 !re are only sev5 gr\ps 7! six above enum]at$ & ! ,balba* ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co47 int]e/$ 9 electrolytic ref9+1 & "o ( ^! 7! smalle/7 is to a consid]able degree int]e/$ 9 ! treatm5t ( second>y or scrap copp]4 ,! electrolytic ref9]y control ( ! copp] production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is %[n by ! #aiag figures4 ,9 t ye> ! production ( electrolytic copp] 0 #a1deb1gdd1eic p\nds2 ( ,lake copp]1 #bch1 #ejh1jia p\nds2 & ( ca/+ copp]1 #aeb1bic1dhg p\nds4 ,electrolytic copp] ?us con/itut$ #gg p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,control ,?r\gh ,sell+ & ,di/ribution ( ,copp] 9 ,f9i%$ ,=m4--,gr\ps own+ m9es1 smelt]s1 & ref9]ies inv>iably also control or own ! sell+ ag5cies t di/ribute ! product to ! consum]4 ,9 ^! cases1 control ?r\gh sell+ is ! same z control ?r\gh m9e own]%ip1 b is increas$ by ! copp] 9 ores receiv$ at cu/om smelt]s4 ,control ?r\gh sell+1 !n1 is id5tical to ! control %[n 9 ,table #ch1 s f> z gr\ps #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #h are conc]n$1 if c]ta9 additions at ! exp5se ( ! o!r gr\ps are made4 ,b e produc] ( ,lake copp] controls ! sale ( its product1 because ,lake copp] ne$s no electrolytic ref9+4 ,h5ce 9 gr\ps #e & #i m9e own]%ip & control ?r\gh sell+ are id5tical4 ,?is is a fact ( consid]able int]e/ & confirms ! fact ( control ?r\gh ref9]y own]%ip4 ,gr\ps #f & #g 7,table #ch7 are l>ge produc]s1 & al?\gh !y d n own ref9]ies !y are able to control ! sales ( _! product4 ,! ref9]ies are will+ to ref9e _! copp] on toll & return ! m>ketable copp] to ! m9e own]s1 :o make sale to ! trade4 ,gr\ps #b1 #c1 & #g n[ control copp] ev5 fur!r1 z !y own brass mills1 wire & rod mills1 etc4 ,!y manufacture a "p ( _! production & sell x z copp] wire1 f9i%$ brass1 etc41 in/ead ( mak+ sales to ! brass & wire mills ( +ots1 b>s1 cakes1 etc41 :i* is & has be5 always ! g5]al practice4 ,!re rema9s to consid] ! control1 ?r\gh sell+1 ( ! six unc]ta9 gr\ps 7total production #fc1hbj1agc p\nds7 & "s ( ! #acd1deh1fad p\nds ( copp] produc$ f cu/om ore4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is1 z not$1 is lodg$ 9 gr\ps #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #h4 ,= _m ye>s ?ree conc]ns affiliat$ ) ! ,g]man metal comb9es 7,m]ton ,co4 & ,metallgesells*aft1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 & ,a>on ,hirs*1 ( ,halb]/adt7 h be5 active 9 ! copp] bus9ess ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! activity has be5 conf9$ to sell+ ( copp] produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & to own]%ip & sell+ ( copp] produc$ 9 =eign c\ntries b br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = smelt+ & ref9+4 ,"o small ref9]y is or 0 own$ by ?is gr\p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & two smelt]s1 treat+ ma9ly =eign ores4 ,x also owns smelt]s 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & _h close connections ) two l>ge ref9]ies 9 ,new ,j]sey1 s t x sold all ! electrolytic copp] produc$ by "o plant & an important "p ( ! production ( ! o!r plant4 ,g]man ,control ( ,am]ican ,copp]4--,! exact ,g]man own]%ip ( ^! conc]ns 0 disclos$ dur+ ! w> by ! "w ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 & 0 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 ) an issu$ capital ( #g1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* ! ,g]man hold+s am\nt$ to #c1ccf1jjj1 or close to #ej p] c5t42 ^! hold+s 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?orities2 7#b7 ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 ( :i* #hj p] c5t4 ( ! /ock 0 held by ,g]mans 7,a4 ,hirs* ,sohn7 & #ae p] c5t4 by ,l4 ,vogel/e91 a naturaliz$ ,am]ican citiz52 7#c7 ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 entirely ,g]man own$4 ,! gov]nm5t seiz$ ! two la/-nam$ conc]ns4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 m>kets ! copp] ( ! ,old ,dom9ion1 ,ea/ ,butte1 ,%annon1 ,p5n4 ,m9+ ,co4 & ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,coal ,iron companies4 ,bli/] copp] #ii p] c5t4 pure is pur*as$ on contract f ! fir/-nam$ f\r companies by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,?is copp] is ref9$ = ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 by ! ,ni*ols ,copp] ,co41 & ! f9i%$ product sold to ! trade by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,! ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] ,iron ,co4 sells all ( its production1 z copp] matte1 to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 :i* has x treat$ & sells ! f9i%$ product4 ,9 ?is mann] #eh1hbj1agc p\nds 0 controll$ ?r\gh sale by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 9 #aiag4 ,9 addition1 consid]able dome/ic cu/om ore & a l>ge am\nt ( copp] import$ f ,canada 7,granby71 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico is h&l$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 9 ! same way4 ,su* import$ copp] totals up to ?ree times z mu* z ! dome/ic copp] s controll$4 ,s f> z dome/ic copp] is conc]n$ ?is situation w be correct$4 ,! ,ni*ols ,copp] ,co4 is free to ref9e ?is copp] & sell x or turn x back to ! produc]s = sale2 x does ?is latt] = ,phelps-,dodge & ,miami4 ,x c be assum$ t control ?r\gh sell+ w cease z reg>ds ! #eh1hbj1agc p\nds cit$ above & also z reg>ds ,granby's production--ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 may be sold to ,am]ican int]e/s1#aae ?us cle>+ up ! situation 9 import$ copp] to "s ext5t4 ,c]ta9 ,mexican & ,*ilean prop]ties own$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 w p]haps n be sold1 & su* prop]ties c be consid]$ z likely always to be ,g]man own$4 #aae ,! ,g]man hold+s 9 ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 are report$ sold to an ,am]ican syndicate 9 :i* ,l4 ,vogel/e9 p>ticipat$4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 owns ! ,balba* electrolytic ref9]y1 & f treatm5t ( scrap & import$ copp] 7,*ilean & ,japanese bli/] & copp]7 at t plant obta9s & sells ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds ( ref9$ copp] p] annum4 ,! conc]n ( ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 lo/ its *ief hold on ,am]ican copp] production 9 #aiae4 ,up to t "t ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 work$ v closely ) gr\p #h 7,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co474 ,! output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 m9es & smelt]s 0 sold by ,vogel/e9 z well z ! output ( its electrolytic ref9]y4 ,b s9ce #aiae ?is ,am]ican-own$ ent]prise itself sells all ! copp] produc$ by its own m9es & smelt]s4 ,b ,vogel/e9 /ill controls ! sale ( ! copp] treat$ at ! plant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,metals ,ref9+ ,co41#aaf ov] & above :at is produc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 f its own m9es & smelt]s4 ,?is rema9+ copp] consi/s 9 "p ( import$ copp]1 & 9 "p ( ! output ( ! ,consolidat$ ,arizona ,smelt+ ,co41 :i* is an ,am]ican-own$ ent]prise4 ,! output 0 l>ge 9 #aiag 7ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds7 b ?ree-f\r?s ( x 0 ore f ! ,unit$ ,v]de ,ext5sion m9e4 ,! ,unit$ ,v]de ,ext5sion has s9ce complet$ its own smelt] & no long] turns ov] a "p ( its copp] output to ,vogel/e9 ?r\gh ! ,consolidat$ ,arizona ,smelt+ ,co4 ,! output ( ,unit$ ,v]de 7gr\p #f7 also 0 =m]ly sold by ,vogel/e91 b n[ is sold by ! own] ( ! m9e4 #aaf ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,metals ,ref9+ ,co4 0 a subsidi>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co41 sold1 #aibj1 to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,!re=e1 ! only copp] controll$ 9 #aiah by ,vogel/e9 ?r\gh sell+ 0 ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>1 ! output ( m9es own$ by ,consolidat$ ,arizona ,smelt+ ,co4 7ab\t #e1jjj1jjj p\nds7 & ! import$ copp]1 ( :i* ab\t #de1jjj1jjj p\nds 0 treat$ 9 #aiag4 ,! latt] is controll$ by ,vogel/e9 n only by sell+ ( ! product b 9 "p by smelt+ contracts & 9 "p probably1 z reg>ds ,s\? ,am]ica1 by own]%ip ( m9es4#aag #aag ,l4 ,vogel/e9 is report$ to h sold 8 int]e/s to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & subsequ5tly1 e>ly 9 #aibj1 to h acquir$ a fif? int]e/ 9 t company4 ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co4 has nev] be5 a l>ge factor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates copp] indu/ry1 al?\gh mu* int]e/$ 9 z9c4 ,b ! firm does control ! sale ( "s copp] & owns a smelt] at ,norfolk4 ,?is smelt] treats import$ ores = ! mo/ "p1 b also obta9s "s copp] f pyrites 7sulphur ores7 com+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,p]haps z mu* z #aj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( dome/ic copp] 0 sold by ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co4 9 #aiag4 ,! company owns an important ,cuban m9e4 ,z ,am]ican capital owns ,am]ican copp] m9es1 smelt]s & ref9]ies1 ,g]man int]e/s 7 able to obta9 a foo?old only ?r\gh sell+ organizations 7trad+ 9 metals71 :i* lat] !y ext5d$ to close work+ arrangem5ts ) electrolytic ref9]ies1 :i* 7 naturally int]e/$ 9 f9d+ a good ca% m>ket = _! output4 ,! fact t ,g]many prior to #aiad 0 ! bigge/ =eign buy] ( ,unit$ ,/ates copp]1 made easy ! successful developm5t ( ! c>efully laid ,g]man plans4 ,9 ! future su* plans c be gu>d$ aga9/ by enc\rag+ copp] produc]s to sell _! own output4 ,all ! l>ge produc]s already d ?is1 a *ange 9 ?is respect hav+ develop$ s9ce #aiad4 ,sales 9 =eign m>kets c n[ be prop]ly manag$ "u ! provisions ( rec5t legislation p]mitt+ copp] produc]s to ent] into a comb9ation 9 ! sale ( export copp]4 ,?is c\nt]acts ! old ,g]man sy/em ( a buy]s' comb9e aga9/ ! sell]s ( copp]1 :i* 0 an important factor 9 =c+ ,am]ican produc]s to h ,g]man conc]ns sell _! product4 ,b x w be necess>y = ! electrolytic ref9]ies to co-op]ate 9 ?is policy ( ,am]ican sell+ control ( ,am]ican copp]4 ,produc]s ^: output is only a few million p\nds p] annum probably _c af=d to e/abli% _! own sell+ ag5cies2 su* produc]s w include all :o h no smelt] b %ip to cu/om smelt+ plants4 ,! production c be sold by ! l>ge cu/om smelt+ plants1 :i* are ,am]ican own$1 or ^! small produc]s c\ld e/abli% a common sales ag5cy4 ,o!r l>g] produc]s1 z ^? ^: copp] is n[ sold by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 %\ld be enabl$ to d _! own sell+4 ,9 ?is !y h be5 block$ by ! lack ( ref9+ facilities1 except on a basis t took away f !m sell+ control ( _! product4 ,?is situation c be correct$ by regulations t put electrolytic ref9]ies on a recogniz$ toll basis = all ,am]ican cu/om]s4 ,all ref9]ies h ab\t ! same co/s & _! comb9$ capacity is ample to treat all ! bli/] copp] t w be produc$4 ,!y %\ld receive good pr(its on ! bus9ess1 b x %\ld be unlawful = ref9]ies to refuse to treat bli/] copp] on toll & insi/ t copp] mu/ be sold to !m outright4 ,! toll sy/em is already 9 use at sev]al ref9]ies & has prov$ satisfactory4 ,z %[n above1 !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a few v l>ge ref9]ies ^: own]%ip is 9 few h&s4 ,if ^! ref9]ies control ! sale ( all ! production ( copp] sev]al objectionable features develop4 ,! few sales ag5cies h&le s mu* copp] t !re is a t5d5cy to co-op]ate ) repres5tatives ( =eign consum]s :o c buy 9 l>ge quantities1 & x is n difficult to manipulate ! m>ket tempor>ily1 9 disreg>d ( actual conditions ( dem& & supply4 ,?us ! entire output ( copp]1 "o ( our great natural res\rces1 is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( gr\ps :o1 :ile int]e/$ 9 m9+1 are m int]e/$ 9 ref9+4 ,! be/ int]e/s ( ! indu/ry are m ne>ly ^? ( ! m9] ?an ( ! ref9]4 ,!re=e1 ! mo/ positive dislodgm5t ( =m] ,g]man control ( copp] ?r\gh sell+ w come f ! break+ up ( ! =m] sy/em & transf]r+ ea* unit ( t sy/em to o!r h&s2 r ?an transf]r+ ! old units 9 block to non-,g]man h&s4 ,sales ( ,am]ican copp] %\ld be h&l$ by a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate ag5cies actively compet+ = ! dome/ic m>ket2 ?is is ess5tial 9 ! int]e/s ( ! consum] & ( ! c\ntry4 ,b export copp] bus9ess %\ld be h&l$ ?r\gh "o ag5cy or association repres5t+ all ! sales ag5cies1 z is n[ legal1 & ?is %\ld be done 9 ! int]e/s ( ! produc] & ( ! c\ntry4 ,res]ves ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,copp] ,m9es4--,! develop$ res]ves ( ,unit$ ,/ates copp] deposits are fully equal1 9 proportion to output1 to su* res]ves 9 =eign copp] deposits4 ,?is insures ! fact t = ! next t5 ye>s1 at lea/1 ! copp] production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w ma9ta9 its pres5t relative dom9ance ov] all =eign c\ntries4 ,a l>ge proportion ( all copp] deposits are ( su* a deep-seat$ "* t at no "t c l>ge res]ves be positively develop$1 ev5 :5 !y exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ov] ! _w ! m9es ) l>ge kn[n res]ves are horizontal deposits1 ly+ ne> ! surface1 because only 9 su* occurr5ces is x possible to block out easily & *eaply big tonnages ( ore4 ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates six v important deposits ( ?is type1 ! s-call$ 8porphyries40 ,^! are3 ,,table #dj4--8,,porphyry0 ,,copp] ,,m9es ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ye>s ( life at ,res]ves pres5t ,m9e 7tons7 production ---------------------------------------- -------- ,utah ,copp] ,co4 #bjj1jjj1jjj #ca ,ray ,consolidat$ ,copp] ,co4 #ij1jjj1jjj #cj ,*9o ,copp] ,co4 #hj1jjj1jjj #bg ,inspiration ,consolidat$ #abj1jjj1jjj #bj ,nevada ,consolidat$ #hj1jjj1jjj #bj ,miami ,copp] ,co4 #ej1jjj1jjj #bj --------------------- ,total #fbj1jjj1jjj #bf ---------------------------------------- -------- ,^! m9es 9 #aiag produc$ #ca4e p] c5t4 ( ! total ,unit$ ,/ates output4 ,! ,new ,cornelia m9e is ( simil> type & has already develop$ #ge1jjj1jjj tons1 b z x is new its #aiag output 0 small4 ,! ,arizona ,copp] ,co41 ,ltd41 is also ( ?is type1 z are c]ta9 new developm5ts 9 ! ,phelps-,dodge prop]ties4 ,^! 8porphyry0 deposits occur 9 or ne> intrusive igne\s rocks ( v>i\s ages4 ,fully "o-?ird ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates production is n[ & w cont9ue to be obta9$ f su* deposits4 ,on ! av]age1 ab\t #a p] c5t4 copp] is recov]$ f ! ore4 ,di/9ct f ! %all[ & horizontal-ly+ dissem9at$ ores or 8porphyry copp]s10 are ! deep m9es4 ,! two olde/ & mo/ important deep-m9e di/ricts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ,butte1 ,montana1 & ! ,kewe5aw ,p59sula1 ,mi*igan4 ,! m9es ( ,butte "w /eeply dipp+ ve9s4 ,x _c be consid]$ t ov] five ye>s ( ore res]ves are kn[n1 & probably n ov] #b ye>s ( res]ves are actually block$ out on ?ree sides4 ,h[ev]1 !re are no indications ( e>ly exhau/ion1 z ! ve9s are pr(itable at m ?an #c1jjj feet1 ! greate/ dep? to :i* m9+ has yet progress$4 ,! deposits ( nor!rn ,mi*igan are 9 pre-,cambrian rocks4 ,!y h be5 important produc]s ( copp] = ov] #ej ye>s1 & sev]al m9es h rea*$ a v]tical dep? ( m ?an #e1jjj feet4 ,c]ta9ly n ov] five ye>s ( ore res]ves are fully develop$1 b !re are no signs ( e>ly exhau/ion4 ,^! two di/ricts1 ,butte & ,mi*igan1 n[ produce ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total ,unit$ ,/ates output1 a small] proportion ?an be=e ! developm5t ( ! 8porphyries40 ,! av]age copp] cont5t ( ! ,mi*igan deposits ranges f #j4e p] c5t4 to #b p] c5t4 & ( ! ,butte deposits #b4e to #e p] c5t4 ,c]ta9 ore deposits 7usually massive b irregul>7 :i* are situat$ ma9ly 9 ,arizona con/itute ! ?ird important g5]al class4 ,^! deposits produce ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! total ,unit$ ,/ates output4 ,bisbee1 ,j]ome & ,globe 7,arizona71 & ,k5necott 7,alaska71 are ! ma9 localities4 ,ow+ to ! irregul> nature ( ! deposits & ! di/ance f ! surface at :i* ! ore is f\nd1 l>ge develop$ res]ves _c be block$ out 9 advance4 ,su* res]ves are assum$ to be five ye>s4 ,ap>t f ! ?ree classes ( deposits describ$ above are _m small] deposits1 ( :i* ! mo/ di/9ct class are ! pyritic bodies1 notably ^? ( ,t5nessee & ,cali=nia4 ,su* deposits are (t5 pr(itable ev5 :5 ( l[ grade1 because ! sulphur z well z ! copp] is recov]$4 ,res]ves 9 su* deposits are l>ge3 equal1 say1 to t5 ye>s' life4 ,deposits ( ?is class are important 9 ,spa91 ,norway & 9 "p 9 ,japan4 ,m9es produc+ copp] z a by-product %\ld also be gr\p$ "h4 ,f ! above outl9e ! table bel[ has be5 compil$3 ,,table #da4--;,,develop$ ,,res]ves ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,copp] ,,m9es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p]c5tage ( total ,ye>s (,ext5sion ,g5]al gr\p output life #aah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! 8porphyries0 #ce #bf #i4aj ,deep m9es #cj #e #a4ej ,ri* ore bodies 7,arizona & ,alaska7 #be #e #a4be ,pyritic ore bodies #e #aj #j4ej ,o!rs #e #b #j4aj ----------------------------- ,av]age #ajj #ab4d #ab4de ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aah 8,ext5sion0 is ! ,p]c5tage ( ,total ,output multipli$ by ! ,ye>s ( ,life1 giv+ ! relative importance ( ea* gr\p4 ,! kn[n ore res]ves s]ve z a basis = ! assumption t ! production ( copp] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w cont9ue at ! pres5t figures = at lea/ t5 ye>s4 ,,canada ,canadian copp]-produc+ prop]ties are entirely controll$ by ,am]ican & ,briti% capital 9 ab\t equal proportion1 *anges involv+ con/ruction ( new ref9]ies & a %ift 9 sell+ control be+ assum$ to be already effective4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! natural developm5t has be5 = ,canada to dep5d l>gely on ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ref9+ facilities4 ,x is likely t 9 ! future local or ,engli% control 9 ?is field w be clos] ?an h]et(ore1 al?\gh ! ,canadian copp] indu/ry w always be closely id5tifi$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are ?ree *ief copp] prop]ties 9 ,canada :i* are controll$ by ,unit$ ,/ates capital1 all 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 z well z sev]al small m9es 9 ?is prov9ce & 9 o!rs4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ is ! ,granby ,consolidat$ ,m9+1 ,smelt+ ,p[] ,co4 ,?is company has m9es 9 two di/ricts4 ,"o ( ^! prop]ties is ne>ly exhau/$2 ! o!r is a new & vigor\s produc]4 ,smelt]s are op]at$ at ea* place4 ,! ,granby company is controll$ by ! same int]e/s t own ! ,ni*ols ,copp] ,co4 7electrolytic ref9]y74 ,consid]able cu/om ore is treat$ by ,granby1 a l>ge am\nt com+ f ,alaska4 ,! o!r two m9es are ^? ( ! ,canada ,copp] ,co4 & ! ,h[e ,s\nd ,co4 ,_! production is ref9$ & sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,am]ican conc]ns4 ,! develop$ res]ves at ^! ?ree m9es are all l>ge1 be+ fully adequate = fifte5 ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( production4 ,! only prop]ty 9 ,canada :i* has e/abli%$ facilities = produc+ copp] ready = ! consum] is ! ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ( ,trial1 ,b4 ,c4 ,?is ,canadian company owns & op]ates its own m9es1 smelt] & electrolytic ref9]y4 ,! capacity ( ! ref9]y is n[ #ad1jjj1jjj p\nds ref9$ copp] annually4 ,! ores are massive pyritic bodies )\t great develop$ res]ves1 b ! probable res]ves are l>ge4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican prop]ties at ,sudbury yield ne>ly z mu* copp] z ! ,granby company1 al?\gh _! ma9 bus9ess is nickel production4 ,a small "p ( ! output is ref9$ 9 ,wales1 produc+ copp] sulphate2 b ! l>ge/ "p has be5 ref9$ 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,a ref9]y is be+ complet$ 9 ,canada t w treat ^! copp]-nickel mattes & produce ref9$ copp]4 ,^! copp]-nickel deposits occur 9 pre-,cambrian rocks1 & ! kn[n or pot5tial res]ves are v l>ge4 ,!y are describ$ 9 m detail 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 ,ont>io & ,quebec !re are a numb] ( pyrite m9es :]e "s ( ! pyrite conta9s consid]able copp]4 ,mo/ ( ! pyrite is %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! copp] is recov]$1 ref9$ & sold4 ,! production ( ,canada is gr[+1 & ! c\ntry w become ( increas+ importance z a s\rce ( copp]4 ,kn[n res]ves are l>g] 9 proportion to output ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !re w probably be important developm5ts ( new di/ricts4 ,! nor!rn ,briti% ,columbia region is ( exceptional promise4 ,,cuba ,,& ,,! ,,c>ibbean ,! copp] output ( ,cuba has increas$ 9 an extraord9>y degree dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 b !re are no indications t ?is increase w cont9ue4 ,two m9es are responsible = ne>ly all ! production4 ,"o is an old m9e ne> ,santiago1 ! ,el ,cobre1 :i* yield$ ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! total output4 ,x is own$ by ! ,g]man metal comb9e1 :i* %ips ! ore & conc5trates to ,norfolk1 :]e !y are treat$ by ! smelt] own$ by ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 :o h always m>ket$ ! production4 ,! ,matahambre m9e1 9 ,p9> del ,rio ,prov9ce1 yields ne>ly ! entire rema9+ ,cuban output2 x is own$ by ,cubans4 ,ore is %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 & is believ$ to be sold by ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 ,! res]ves ( copp] ore 9 ,cuba c n be consid]$ l>ge4 ,/ati/ics ( ,cuban output are conflict+3 produc]s' reports1 /ati/ical au?orities & ,unit$ ,/ates comm]ce reports n be+ 9 agreem5t4 ,all production is %ipp$ 9 crude =m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ref9+4 ,!re are copp] deposits 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1#aai & at "o or two po9ts 9 ! ,we/ ,indies outside ( ,cuba4 ,to date production has be5 insignificant1 al?\gh future possibilities are consid]able4 #aai ,! ,rosita m9e1 9 ,nic>agua1 has #a1ejj1jjj tons ( ore block$ out1 runn+ ov] #e p] c5t4 copp]4 ,x has n be5 equipp$4 ,,mexico ,! future importance ( ,mexico z a produc] ( copp] or ( o!r metals w be det]m9$ n only by ! "* ( h] natural deposits b by political conditions4 ,! latt] h mat]ially decreas$ ! output dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 s t 9 #aiag production 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 probably n mu* ov] half :at x w\ld h be5 _h normal conditions be5 cont9u\s s9ce #aiab4 ,comm]cial ,control4--,?ree companies n[ produce ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total copp]4 ,two ( ^! are own$ by ,am]ican capital & _! product is ref9$ & sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,situat$ ne> ! ,arizona bord]1 !y h n suff]$ f ! revolution z mu* z ! prop]ties f>!r s\?4 ,^! two companies are ! ,gre5e ,cananea ,copp] ,co4 7,ryan-,rockefell]1 gr\p #c ( ,table #ch7 & ,montezuma ,copp] ,co4 7,phelps-,dodge1 etc42 gr\p #d ( ,table #ch74 ,! develop$ res]ves at ! ,montezuma ,copp] ,co4 are equival5t to five ye>s at pres5t production & ^? at ,cananea c be consid]$ ab\t ! same4 ,bo? di/ricts h important possibilities4 ,ne> ,gre5e ,cananea is ano!r ,am]ican prop]ty1 ,democrata ,cananea1 :i* is a produc] ( mod]ate size4 ,! ,cananea di/rict is n[ produc+ at ! rate ( ov] #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds p] annum4 ,ano!r ,am]ican prop]ty ( note is ! ,teziutlan ,copp] ,co41 ,puebla1 n[ idle due to revolutions4 ,x has a smelt] :i* normally %ips #ab1jjj1jjj p\nds ( bli/] copp] annually to ! ,anaconda company's electrolytic plant4 ,consid]able copp] is produc$ at ! plants ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 :i* has ?ree copp] smelt]s1 "o at ,matehuala1 ,san ,luis ,potosi2 "o at ,as>co & ano!r at ,aguascali5tes1 ,durango4 ,fr5* capital controls ! ?ird important prop]ty 7among ! ?ree mo/ important 9 ,mexico71 :i* is on ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,?is is ! ,boleo1 own$ by ! ,ro?s*ilds2 z x is f> remov$ f ! he>t ( ,mexico1 op]ations h n be5 greatly di/urb$4 ,! m9e is an old produc] ) l>ge pot5tial res]ves1 & ! actual develop$ res]ves w ma9ta9 pres5t output = six ye>s4 ,! ,boleo ore deposits1 :i* are ( an uncommon type1 are ,t]ti>y s$im5ts t conta9 #c4e p] c5t4 copp] ore1 usually z oxides4 ,smelt]s ne> ! m9e produce bli/] copp] & matte1 :i* normally is %ipp$ to ,france4 ,dur+ ! w> a l>ge "p ( ! bli/] & matte came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,fr5* int]e/s also own ! ,compagnie d',+u>an1 ne> ,ario1 ,mi*oacan4 ,!re are l>ge develop$ res]ves1 b ! prop]ty is idle because ( political conditions & abs5ce ( equipm5t or rail connections4 ,fr5* capital also controls ! ,magi/ral ,ameca ,co41 9 ,jalisco1 :]e l>ge ore res]ves h be5 develop$4 ,?is prop]ty is also idle due to political conditions4 ,engli% capital controls ! ,mazapil ,copp] ,co41 :i* has l>ge plants1 includ+ smelt]s1 9 ,zacatecas & ,coahuila4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ copp] companies 9 ,mexico z well z "o ( ! olde/ important m9es4 ,x 0 idle = "s "t because ( ! ,mexican revolutions1 b has be5 reop5$ rec5tly4 ,to sum up1 ! production 9 ,mexico at pres5t is ?ree-qu>t]s ,am]ican controll$ 7( :i* "o-half may be assign$ to gr\p #c & "o-qu>t] to gr\ps #b & #d71 :ile ! rema9+ "o-qu>t] is ,fr5* controll$4 ,b pres5t output & kn[n res]ves give no true picture ( future possibilities4 ,mexico c become ( fir/ importance z a copp] produc]1 rank+ possibly second only to ! ,unit$ ,/ates or equal+ ,*ile & ,japan among ! _w's produc]s4 ,! natural res\rces are !re & 9 ! future w surely be develop$ mu* m ext5sively ?an ev] be=e4 ,g]man capital mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 & especially ! activities ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 9 ,mexico1 notably m vigor\s s9ce #aiad ?an be=e4 ,x is believ$ t ! company has made sub/antial pr(its f ,mexican m9+ inve/m5ts 9 ?is p]iod & has obta9$ a v /rong foo?old4 ,! ,compaia ,metallurgica de ,torreon is "o ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 subsidi>ies1 own+ promis+ m9es1 *iefly 9 ! developm5t /ate1 & smelt]s already equipp$ to produce #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp] ye>ly4 ,! ,mapimi smelt] is also own$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 z are _m o!r companies4 ,:at is ! future ,mexican political situation to be & :at "p w ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 or ! ,g]man metal comb9e play 9 ! ,mexican copp] indu/ry8 ,!re is no m p]t95t "q 9 ! entire field ( ! political & comm]cial control ( ! copp] res\rces ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly z ,am]ican capital is l>gely int]e/$ 9 ,mexican copp] m9es & has made enorm\s inve/m5ts !re4 ,also ! natural t5d5cy is = mo/ ( ! ,mexican copp] to be %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ref9+ & m>ket+4 ,am]ican ref9]ies1 ) *eap fuel & effici5t me?ods1 are ! natural de/9ation = ,mexican raw copp]4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,s\? ,am]ica is ! second l>ge/ copp]-produc+ cont95t ( ! _w1 b at pres5t /&s f> beh9d ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! copp]-produc+ c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 are ,*ile1 ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 ,v5ezuela & ,arg5t9a4 ,,*ile ,*ile is a copp] produc] ( rapidly increas+ importance1 z indicat$ by production records ( rec5t ye>s4#abj #abj ,accord+ to ,*ilean /ati/ics1 & e/imate = #aiag4 #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ,metric tons #dd1ffe #eb1cda #ga1bhh #ie1jjj ,! l>ge/ m9es ( ,*ile are controll$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,gr\p #b ( ,table #ch 7! ,morgan-,gugg5heim int]e/s7 controls ! ,*ile ,copp] ,co41 ,brad5 ,copp] ,co4 & ! ,cald]a & ,c>rizal cu/om smelt]s4 ,! develop$ ore res]ves ( ! ,*ile ,copp] ,co4 are ! l>ge/ 9 any kn[n copp] deposits 9 ! _w & ! res]ves ( ,brad5 are among ! l>ge/ kn[n4 ,gr\p #c ( ,table #ch 7,anaconda ,copp] ,co47 has a prop]ty ) l>ge develop$ ore res]ves--! ,&es ,copp] ,co4 ,?is m9e is n yet 7#aiah7 produc+4 ,table #dc 7p4 #bdc7 gives data conc]n+ ^! ,am]ican-own$ m9es4 ,^! ?ree m9es are alli$ to ! 8porphyries0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 "*1 b !y are less pr(itable because ! ext]nal conditions make op]ation m difficult4 ,,table #db4--;,,*ief ,,copp] ,,produc]s ,,( ,,*ile4 ,,_! ,,own]%ip ,,& ,,relative ,,importance ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,con- ,plant troll$ capacity1 by #aiah capital 7p\nds ,nature ( ( ,company a ye>7 product ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,*ile ,copp] ,co4 #abj1jjj1jjj ,ref9$ copp] ,/ates ,d ,brad5 ,copp] ,co4 #gb1jjj1jjj ,bli/] copp] ,d ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 ,co4 #bd1jjj1jjj ,bli/] copp] & matte ,d ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 ,co41 cu/om smelt]s #bd1jjj1jjj ------------ ,total ,unit$ ,/ates #bdj1jjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates prop]ties' res]ves #aej ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,engl& ,c5tral ,*ile ,co4 #f1jjj1jjj ,matte ,d ,pod]osa m9e #b1jjj1jjj ,ore 7ri*7 ,d ,lota cu/om smelt] #h1jjj1jjj ,bli/] ------------ ,total ,briti% #af1jjj1jjj ,briti% prop]ties' res]ves #c ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,france ,*an>al #ae1jjj1jjj ,bli/] & matte ,d ,naltagua #aj1jjj1jjj ,bli/] ------------ ,total ,fr5* #be1jjj1jjj ,fr5* prop]ties' res]ves #e ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,belgium ,catemo #aa1jjj1jjj ,bli/] ,res]ves #e ye>s ,g]many ,gatico smelt] #h1jjj1jjj ,bli/] ,guayacan smelt] #c1jjj1jjj ,matte ,*ile #f m9es ) smelt]s #e1jjj1jjj ,matte ,great numb]s ( m9es l>ge ,ore ------------ ,,gr& ,,total #cjh1jjj1jjj ,expect$ output #aiah-aiaibdd1jjj1jjj 7#aaj1jjj metric tons7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,con- troll$ by capital ,s\rce ( ( ,company product ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,*ile ,copp] ,co4 ,m9es ( ! ,capacity w be ,/ates ,company increas$ ,d ,brad5 ,copp] ,co4 ,d ,d ,d ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 ,co4 ,local own$ ,cald]a plant m9es ,d ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 ,co41 cu/om smelt]s ,d ,c>rizal plant ,total ,unit$ ,/ates ,unit$ ,/ates prop]ties' res]ves ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,engl& ,c5tral ,*ile ,co4 ,panulcillo ,balance cu/om ore m9e ,d ,pod]osa m9e ,%ipp$ to ,u4 ,s4 ,d ,lota cu/om smelt] ,l>gely cu/om,treat cu/om matte ore ,total ,briti% ,briti% prop]ties' res]ves ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,france ,*an>al ,m9es ( ! ,product treat$ at company ,balba* plant ,d ,naltagua ,m9es ( ! 7,u4 ,s47 9 #aiag company ,total ,fr5* ,fr5* prop]ties' res]ves ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,belgium ,catemo ,m9es ( ! ,ref9$ by ,res]ves company ,balba*1 #aiag4 ,g]many ,gatico smelt] ,cu/om ore ,tribut>y to ri* & m9es m9+ di/rict4 controll$4 ,guayacan smelt] ,=m]ly %ipp$ matte to ,engl&4 ,*ile #f m9es ) smelt]s ,locally own$ ,%ipp$ to big m9es smelt]s or export$4 ,great numb]s ( m9es ,locally own$ ,%ipp$ to big m9es smelt]s or export$4 ,,gr& ,,total ,expect$ output #aiah-aiai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,table #dc4--,,output1 ,,res]ves1 ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,?ree ,,am]ican-,,own$ ,,copp] ,,m9es ,,9 ,,*ile ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,output1 ,fir/ ,ore ,life at ,company six mon?s ( res]ves pres5t output1 #aiah1 7p\nds7 7tons7 7ye>s7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,*ile #ej1jjj1jjj #cej1jjj1jjj #bjj ,brad5 ,copp] ,co4 #cf1jjj1jjj #aej1jjj1jjj #abe ,&es ,copp] ,co4 non-produc+ #ej1jjj1jjj,"w susp5d$ 7capacity = pres5t #bd1jjj1jjj7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! ,cald]a & ,c>rizal cu/om smelt]s ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 treat ores %ipp$ f v>i\s small] m9es4 ,! ,c>rizal plant has be5 clos$4 ,two *ief prop]ties are tribut>y to ?is plant1--! ,c>rizal ,alto & ! ,a/illa m9es4 ,a l>ge numb] ( prop]ties are tribut>y to ! ,cald]a plant1 among !m3 ,dulc9ea1 ,flam5co1 ,morado1 ,san ,juan1 ,el ,gallo1 etc4 ,?r\gh\t nor!rn ,*ile !re are a great _m small copp] m9es4 ,f ! ,brad5 prop]ty ea/ ( ,valp>aiso to ! ,*ili ,copp] ,co41 s\!a/ ( ,iquique1 ! entire c\ntry seems to be unusually ri* 9 copp]4 ,!re are five important ,*ilean m9es controll$ by ,fr5* or ,briti% capital4 ,see ,table #db4 ,all are ve9 m9es ) no consid]able tonnage ( develop$ ore res]ves1 & ! comb9$ output is ne>ly #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp] a ye> 7a consid]able "p be+ f cu/om ore %ipp$ by small m9es7 9 ! =m ( bli/] or matte4 ,?is production is normally %ipp$ to ,france or ,engl&4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & ,l4 ,vogel/e91 repres5t+ ,g]man capital1 are believ$ to control1 ?r\gh sell+ & ref9+1 mu* ( ! output ( ! ,fr5*1 ,briti% & ,belgian m9es4 ,^! conc]ns also own cu/om smelt]s 9 ,*ile & probably h int]e/s 9 _m m9+ prop]ties !re4 ,! big bus9ess 9 ,*ilean ores %ipp$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates is done by ^! conc]ns1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 is also an important factor4 ,^! ores come f _m small m9es1 al?\gh !re are a few important ore %ipp]s1 "o ( :i* is ,briti% own$4 ,mo/ ( ! m9es are o/5sibly ,*ilean own$1 b mu* ( ! f9anc+1 m>ket+ ( products1 etc41 is done by ,am]ican h\ses ) ,g]man affiliations4 ,x seems t ,*ile may soon become ! second l>ge/ copp] produc] ( ! _w4 ,am]ican capital has l$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ilean deposits1 z ,am]ican int]e/s h discov]$ & furni%$ funds = ! equipm5t ( ! two lead+ produc]s1 & ! ?ird mo/ important ore body is ,am]ican own$4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable 9 light ( ! fact t ,am]ican capital has s f> be5 conspicu\s by its abs5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! o!r important indu/ries ( ,*ile4 ,7 x n = ! pres5t difficulties ( build+ up plant facilities1 due to %ipp+ %ortage1 high co/ ( equipm5t1 etc41 ! ,am]ican-own$ copp] m9es w\ld today be /ill l>g] produc]s ?an !y are4 ,h[ev]1 ,am]ican capital n[ completely controls ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( ! total output4 ,sub/antially all ! copp] produc$ 9 ,*ile is %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,*ili ,copp] ,co4 produces 9 ,*ile a ref9$ electrolytic copp]1 & ?is is ! only f9i%$ ref9$ copp] produc$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,brad5 c produce a grade ( copp] t does n compete ) electrolytic b is ref9$ en\gh to g directly to ! consum]4 ,,p]u ,p]u is "o ( ! important copp]-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! *ief m9es are at extreme altitudes1 h[ev]1 & _! "* & location is su* z to indicate t production w probably rema9 /ation>y or at lea/ n %[ any important increases 9 ! next few ye>s4 ,!re are two important di/ricts3 ,c]ro de ,pasco 7elevation1 #ad1cjj feet7 & ,moroco*a 7elevation #ac1gjj feet74 ,! *ief m9es ( ^! di/ricts are n[ controll$ by ,am]ican capital & may be class$ ) gr\p #b ( ,table #ch4 ,! ,moroco*a di/rict 0 =m]ly ,engli% controll$1 b ! majority int]e/s h lately be5 acquir$ by ! ,c]ro de ,pasco ,copp] ,co4 7,am]ican74 ,! ores 9 bo? di/ricts are exce$+ly ri* & ! prop]ties are well =tifi$ ) res]ves4 ,develop$ res]ves are adequate to insure f\r ye>s' production1 & ev]y?+ indicates t ! m9es are work+ ext5sive & p]si/5t ore deposits4 ,bli/] copp] is %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 9 ,new ,york = treatm5t & m>ket+4 ,bo? m9es h fully equipp$ plants1 includ+ smelt]s4 ,at ! plant ( ,backus ,johnson ,co41 ,moroco*a1 "s cu/om ore & matte f locally own$ m9es is treat$4 ,among ^! m9es are ^? ( ,j4 ,galliv]1 produc+ #fjj tons matte a ye>4 ,backus ,johnson also h a smelt] & m9es 9 ! ,casapalca di/rict4 ,! ,sayapullo ,syndicate 7,engli%7 is work+ ! ,sayapullo m9e "u option f ! ,p]uvian own]s4 ,"s ( ?is matte is %ipp$ to ! ,casapalca smelt]1 & ! re/ is export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! output s f> is small2 at pres5t #hjj tons p] ye>4 ,c]ta9 small companies %ip ores to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 f ^! ! copp] cont5t am\nt$ to ab\t #d1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aiag4 ,?is goes 7#aiai7 *iefly to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & ,l4 ,vogel/e9 = ref9+ & sell+4 ,?is ore comes f ,salav]ry & ,trujillo 7,casapalca di/rict71 ,moll5do 7s\!rn di/rict1 includ+ ,f]robamba1 see bel[71 & ,callao4 ,all ! bli/] copp] is %ipp$ f ,callao except small am\nts %ipp$ by ,backus ,johnson f ! ,casapalca di/rict4 ,an ,am]ican company has develop$ a l>ge body ( l[-grade ore at ,f]robamba 7,cotobamba ,prov9ce71 s\!rn ,p]u4 ,! prop]ty is inaccessible & no "w is n[ be+ done4 ,! foll[+ rsum gives "s ( ! sali5t facts conc]n+ ! ,p]uvian copp] produc]s3 ,,table #dd4--,,production ,,( ,,copp] ,,9 ,,p]u ,,9 #aiah ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,develop$ ,output ,res]ves ,product ,control ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c]ro de ,pasco #gb1jjj1jjj7-7 #d ye>s ,bli/] ,copp],unit$ ,/ates ,backus ,johnson #bh1jjj1jjj7-7 #d ye>s ,d ,d ,hu>on 7new7 #e1jjj1jjj787 #d ye>s ,d ,fr5* ,ore %ipp]s #e1jjj1jjj 8 ,ore ,local -------------- #aaj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bolivia ,!re is "o important copp] produc+ locality 9 ,bolivia--,coro ,coro1 c5tral ,bolivia 7elevation #ab1jjj feet74 ,b$s ( s&/one c>ry native copp] & ve9s ( sulphides4 ,! m9es are own$ by ,fr5* capital4 ,!re is no smelt]1 b conc5trates runn+ up to #he p] c5t4 copp] are export$ to ,france = treatm5t4 ,production is ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj p\nds annually4 ,res]ves are l>ge1 b ! almo/ inaccessible location ( ! m9es has ret>d$ developm5t4 ,rec5tly1 !re has be5 m activity1 a flotation conc5trator hav+ be5 in/all$4 ,"s ( ! ,bolivian t9 & silv] m9es produce small am\nts ( copp]1 b outside ( ,coro ,coro total copp] production is insignificant4 ,,v5ezuela ,! ,aroa ,m9es1 an ,engli% syndicate1 owns a copp] m9e & smelt] produc+ l[-grade matte4 ,! prop]ty is locat$ along ! railroad :i* t]m9ates at ! port ( ,tucacas4 ,9 #aiag ! output 0 #c1ejj1jjj p\nds4 ,! product 0 %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ref9$ & sold !re by ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 ,,arg5t9a ,!re are "s copp] prospects 9 ! extreme we/]n portion ( ! c\ntry1 :i* are really ext5sions f ! ,*ilean copp]-produc+ areas4 ,"o company1 ,famat9a1 ,ltd41 is an ,engli% conc]n :i* has _h an un=tunate c>e]4 ,! company op]ates ! only copp] smelt] 9 ,arg5t9a1 a small affair t m9es irregul>ly4 ,at la/ acc\nts a few hundr$ tons ( bli/] copp] 0 ! annual output2 ?is has always be5 %ipp$ to ,engl&1 b rec5tly attempts h be5 made to %ip to ,new ,york4 ,?is bli/] is exce$+ly ri* 9 silv] 7#f p] c5t4 silv]74 ,,africa ,africa is a copp] produc] ( gr[+ importance1 almo/ entirely because ( ! developm5t ( "o gr\p ( deposits 7,katanga71 :i* ov]%ad[s all o!rs to su* an ext5t t ! ,african situation is almo/ completely describ$ by a discussion ( ! prop]ties ( ! ,tanganyika ,concession1 ,ltd4 ,! m9es ( ?is company yield n[ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! copp] production ( ,africa1 & _! importance 9 ! future w be /ill great]4 ,! copp] production ( ,africa comes f s\? ( ! ,equator & f six g5]al di/ricts1 z foll[s3 ,,table #de4--;,,copp] ,,production ,,( ,,africa 7,production1 p\nds ( f9e copp]7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aiah-aiai1 ,dis- ,prov9ce & *ief e/imat$ trict m9es #aiag output output ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a4 ,congo3 ,katanga#aba #fj1jjj1jjj #hj1jjj1jjj ,bwan ,m',kubwa #d1jjj1jjj8 #c1jjj1jjj #b4 ,transvaal3 ,mess9a #ad1jjj1jjj #ab1jjj1jjj #c4 ,rhodesia3 ,falcon #g1jjj1jjj #g1jjj1jjj #d4 ,cape ,colony3 ,cape ,copp]-,namaqua #g1jjj1jjj #f1jjj1jjj #e4 ,=m] ,g]man ,s\?we/-,africa3 ,tsumeb 7,otavi7 #aj1jjj1jjj8 #ae1jjj1jjj8 #abb ,khan1 etc4 #b1jjj1jjj #d1jjj1jjj8 #f4 ,miscellane\s nor!rn ,africa n specifi$ #a1jjj1jjj8 #a1jjj1jjj8 ------------------------ ,total #aje1jjj1jjj #abh1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,res]ves1 ye>s ,control ( life at ,dis- ,prov9ce & *ief ?is rate trict m9es ( output ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a4 ,congo3 ,katanga#aba;,engli%-,belgian #ajj ,bwan ,m',kubwa ,engli% l>ge #b4 ,transvaal3 ,mess9a ,engli% #a #c4 ,rhodesia3 ,falcon ,engli% #d #d4 ,cape ,colony3 ,cape ,copp]-,namaqua ,engli% #b #e4 ,=m] ,g]man ,s\?we/-,africa3 ,tsumeb 7,otavi7 7,engli% s9ce #d conque/ ( ,g]man ,s\?we/ ,africa7 ,khan1 etc4 #d #f4 ,miscellane\s nor!rn ,africa n specifi$ ,fr5* 8 --------------------------------- ,total ,almo/ entirely ,engli% ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aba ,kan%an%i includ$ 9 ,katanga4 #abb ,basis #aiad4 ,pres5t political conditions gov]n ext5t ( "w4 ,%ipp$ #a1jjj1jjj p\nds copp] 9 ore to ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag4 ,9 ,di/rict #a1 ! ,katanga di/rict1 :i* includes ! ,belgian ,congo & adjac5t t]ritory1 ! ,union ,m9ire du ,haut ,katanga has acquir$ f ! ,belgian ,special ,committee ! own]%ip ( all ( ! ,katanga copp] belt b n ! ,kan%an%i deposit 9 ,rhodesia4 ,equal1 b n ! entire1 %>e int]e/s ( ?is company are own$ by ! ,tanganyika ,concessions1 ,ltd41 & ! ,katanga 7,belgian7 ,special ,committee4 ,! ,lubumba%i smelt] ( ,u4 ,m4 du ,haut ,katanga1 at ,elisabe?ville1 close to ! ,rhodesian b\nd>y1 has sev5 bla/ furnaces ) a daily capacity ( #b1jjj tons4 ,! ore treat$ runs #ae p] c5t4 copp]1 & yields #if p] c5t4 bli/] copp]4 ,! pa/ production is z foll[s3 #aiaa1 #iif tons bli/] copp]2 #aiab1 #b1dib tons2 #aiac1 #g1djg tons2 #aiad1 #aj1gbb tons2 #aiae1 #ad1aij tons2 #aiaf1 #bb1afe tons2 #aiag1 #cj1jjj tons4 ,?is copp] is %ipp$ to ,engl&1 & is consum$ !re & 9 ,france aft] fur!r ref9+4 ,!re is v little gold & silv] 9 ! copp]1 s x goes to m>ket l>gely z ref9$1 be/ select$ & t\gh copp]4 ,tanganyika ,concessions1 ,ltd41 owns concessions 9 nor!rn ,rhodesia conta9+ ! ,kan%an%i m9e 7a deposit simil> to ^? 9 ,katanga7 own$ by a subsidi>y railroad company1 #gj p] c5t4 ( :i* is own$ by ,tanganyika ,concessions1 ,ltd4 ,a small bla/ furnace !re is produc+4 ,! actual railroad connection ) ,katanga is nor? f ,rhodesia & !nce to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,an uncomplet$ l9e f ! ,we/ ,coa/ is plann$ to connect ^! m9]al deposits ) ,lobito ,bay 7,b5guella ,by4 ,co474 ,! ,portuguese gov]nm5t has a small int]e/ 9 c]ta9 railway l9es 9 its t]ritory4 ,x seems t ! ,engli% gr\p1 7,r4 ,williams1 :o 0 an associate ( ,cecil ,rhodes1 ,t4 ,:ite & o!rs7 ) ! ,belgian ,special ,committee1 control ! entire gr\p2 b a consid]able int]e/ has be5 sold to ! public1 ma9ly ,briti% & ,belgian inve/ors4 ,! ,bwan ,m',kubwa m9e f>!r s\? on ! ,rhodesia railroad is a deposit ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,?is is own$ by ,briti% capital1 two ( ! ,rhodesian developm5t companies hold+ a l>ge block ( ! /ock4 ,ore bodies are f\nd 9 ,katanga ov] a di/rict ext5d+ #bej miles ea/-we/ & #ej miles nor?-s\?1 & also at scatt]$ localities 9 ,rhodesia4 ,mala*ite *iefly & o!r oxidiz$ ores impregnate c]ta9 s$im5ts & con/itute ! ore bodies1 :i* are v ri* 7#aj to #ae p] c5t4 copp]74 ,at ,luu%ia sulphides 7#c p] c5t4 copp] z *alcopyrite7 occur b5ea? ! oxidiz$ ore4 ,cobalt is common2 !re is "s nickel b n mu* gold & silv]4 ,! develop$ res]ves ( ! m9es ( ,katanga are e/imat$ at #dj1jjj1jjj tons ( #h p] c5t4 copp] ore above wat] level1 equal to #ajj ye>s' production at ! pres5t rate ( output2 ( ! ,bwan ,m',kubwa m9e 9 ,rhodesia at #c1jjj1jjj tons ( #d p] c5t4 ore1 besides ore ( less] grade4 ,! res]ves ( ! ,kan%an%i m9e1 9 ,rhodesia1 are n includ$ 9 ! e/imates4 ,9 ,di/rict #b1 ne> ! ,rhodesian b\nd>y1 is ! ,mess9a m9e1 ! only copp] produc] ( ! ,transvaal4 ,along ve9s 9 v old gneissic rocks occur %oots & l5ses ( *alcocite & en>gite ) "s oxide4 ,a little matte is made at ! m9e b ! *ief product is conc5trates 7#de to #ej p] c5t4 copp]71 all ( :i* 7 %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,lately !y h be5 9 "p s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! production 0 ab\t #ad1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aiae & ! same 9 #aiaf4 ,res]ves ( #bjh1jjj tons ( #e p] c5t4 ore are report$ develop$1 or n mu* ov] "o ye>'s supply4 ,! company is /rictly ,engli%4 ,9 ,di/rict #c1 ! ,falcon m9es 9 ,c5tral ,rhodesia belong to an ,engli% company :i* is treat+ copp]-gold ore occurr+ 9 old s*i/s4 ,! production 0 ab\t #g1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aiaf4 ,! ore c>ries #b p] c5t4 copp]1 #e 9 gold1 & ! res]ves are /at$ at #hfb1jjj tons ( ?is grade1 or ab\t f\r ye>s' supply4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,congo1 j nor? ( ! m\? ( ,congo ,riv]1 is a belt ( copp] deposits #fj miles long1 :i* h be5 work$ = c5turies by ! natives4 ,diabase rocks occur 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,! output is v small4 ,di/rict #d1 ,cape ,colony1 is ! olde/ important copp] produc] ( mod]n ,africa1 b its *ief deposits1 work$ s9ce #aheb1 are ne>ly exhau/$4 ,! ,cape ,copp] ,co4 & ,namaqua ,copp] ,co4 are s\? ( ! ,orange ,riv] 9 a di/rict #ij miles by rail f a port on ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,! ore is bornite & *alcopyrite1 9 irregul> l5ses2 ! res]ves are equival5t to only two ye>s ( production4 ,ea* m9e has a mill & smelt]4 ,fur!r ref9+ is done at ! ,briton ,f]ry smelt] ( ! ,cape ,copp] ,co4 9 ,wales1 :i* has a capacity ( #ab1jjj tons p] ye> ( ref9$ copp] & electrolytic copp]4 ,all ^! companies1 includ+ ! railroad1 are entirely ,briti%4 ,cape ,colony copp] production is dep5d5t on ?is "o di/rict1 f :i* ! #aiag output 0 #f1jjj1jjj to #g1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ,di/rict #e1 ! =m] colony ( ,g]man ,s\?we/ ,africa1 copp] deposits are num]\s1 & next to diamond m9+ ! production ( copp] is ! mo/ important indu/ry ( ! prov9ce4 ,! ma9 deposit is ! ,tsumeb 9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e solid sulphides ( lead & copp] occur 9 dolomite4 ,fifty ?\s& tons ( ore c>ry+ #ac p] c5t4 copp] & #dj p] c5t4 lead 0 %ipp$ 9 #aiag4 ,!re is a smelt] "h & ! m9e has rail connection4 ,! company work+ ^! deposits 0 ! ,otavi ,m95 und ,eis5bahn1 b ?r\gh ! ,s\?we/ ,africa ,co4 ! ,engli% _h an int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty4 ,! ,engli% n[ h control4 ,! ,khan m9e1 second 9 importance to ,tsumeb1 is work+ a pegmatite ve9 9 s*i/4 ,9 #aiad a mill treat+ #ej tons a day 0 %ipp+ #fj to #gj p] c5t4 conc5trates to ,europe4 ,! ores are *alcopyrite & *alcocite4 ,9 ,di/rict #f1 nor!rn ,africa1 !re are "s deposits ( copp] 9 ,alg]ia1 ,egypt1 & ,morocco4 ,!y are n ( importance at pres5t4 ,de ,launay describes !m z *iefly ve9s 9 rocks ( mu* y\ng] age ?an ! important deposits ( ,africa :i* lie s\? ( ! ,equator4 ,matte & bli/] produc$ 9 ,africa are normally treat$ at small ,engli% plants or at ! ,briton ,f]ry smelt]1 ,wales1 :i* is a plant ( "s size4 ,! g5]al economic situation z reg>ds ,african copp] ores 9 #aiag is %[n 9 ! table4 ,,table #df4--,,production ,,& ,,%ipm5ts ,,( ,,copp] ,,f ,,africa ,,9 #aiag ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,production1 ,*ief product ,%ipp$ to-- ,m9e 7p\nds7 %ipp$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,katanga #fj1jjj1jjjmatte & bli/] ,engl& ,cape ,copp]-,namaqua #g1jjj1jjjmatte ,engl& ,mess9a #ad1jjj1jjj;conc5trates1 matte1 h&-pick$ ore ,engl& ,falcon #g1jjj1jjj;conc5trates or ore ,engl& ,bwan ,m',kubwa #d1jjj1jjj ,katanga plants ,g]man ,s\?we/ ,africa1 ,otavi1 ,khan #ab1jjj1jjjore ,engl& or ,g]many ,nor? ,africa #a1jjj1jjjore ,france ----------- #aje1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,consid]able ( ?is copp] goes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aiag1 z %[n bel[1 ! total am\nt ( copp] receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 #g4e p] c5t4 ( ! total ,african production4 ,,table #dg4--,,%ipm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 #aiag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,%ip- ,copp] m5ts cont5t ,grade ,%ipp$ 7tons77p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,otavi to ,new ,york ,ore 7#ab p] c5t47 #c1ijj #a1jdh1jjj ,mess9a to ,new ,york ,ore 7#de p] c5t47 #gjc #gae1jjj ,d ,matte 7#de p] c5t47 #cjf #caj1jjj ,cape ,copp] to ,new ,york,conc5trates 7#ee p] c5t47 #cge #dfj1jjj ---------------- #e1bhd #b1ecc1jjj ,katanga ,bli/] 444 #e1dcg1jjj --------- ,total #h1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,au/ralasia ,copp] production 9 ,au/ralasia is n n[ increas+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! production 7metric tons7 has be5 z foll[s3 #aiab #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag #af1fjj #bb1ijj #cg1eib #cb1eab #ce1jjj #ch1ajj ,=m]ly ,g]man metal buy+ & ref9+ companies controll$ ! ,au/ralian copp] output 7z t ( lead & z9c7 by virtue ( ref9+ & sell+ contracts4 ,h5ce ! ye> #aiad br\ght disorganization to ,au/ralian m9+4 ,w>-pr(its taxation on ,au/ralian m9es has be5 sev]e2 & gov]nm5t aid1 =m]ly grant$1 has be5 l>gely )drawn4 ,lack ( labor1 inability ( new prop]ties to obta9 railroad connections1 & abs5ce ( gov]nm5t enc\ragem5t to prospect+1 h ret>d$ ! copp] indu/ry s9ce ,augu/1 #aiad4 ,aside f =m] ,g]man control bas$ on sell+ & ref9+ contracts1 all ,au/ralian copp] m9+ is & has be5 "u ,briti% control4 ,! prop]ties are own$ by ,briti% & ,au/ralian capital & pres5t ref9+ & sell+ arrangem5ts w prev5t ! ,g]man metal companies f aga9 gett+ any foo?old 9 ! field4 ,all =m] contracts ) ,g]man ag5cies 7 abrogat$4 ,! gov]nm5t took ?is phase ( ! matt] 9 h&1 & "o /ep 0 to pur*ase ! entire production ( ,au/ralia = ! fir/ half ( #aiah at #ajf to #ajh p] ton4 ,! ,au/ralian copp] situation 9 #aiag is exhibit$ 9 ! table foll[+3 ,,table #dh4--,,production ,,( ,,copp] ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,plants ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,,9 #aiag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,production1 #aiag1 ,ref9]ies ,*ief m9es 7long tons7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,que5sl&3 ,m\nt ,morgan #h1jjjabc,port ,kembla plant1 ,electrolyte ,ref9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,hampd5 ,cloncurry #h1jjjabc;,capacity1 #bi1jjj tons electrolyte copp] p] annum2 #ab1jjj tons fire-ref9$ copp] p] annum4 ,o!r ,cloncurry di/rict m9es #d1jjjabc,m\nt ,elliott complet$ ref9]y at ,b[51 ,que5sl&1 9 #aiag2 capacity #aj1jjj tons ref9$ copp]4 ,s\? ,au/ralia3 ,wall>oo ,moonta #g1jjj ,wall>oo ,moonta smelt]1 ,b[51 ,que5sl&2 capacity increas$ f #g1jjj to #aj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,tasmania3 ,m\nt ,lyell #e1jjj ,%ips to ,port ,kembla4 ,new ,s\? ,wales3 ,great ,cob> #b1ejjabc ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 & ,mt4 ,hope1 etc4 #b1bej ,we/ ,au/ralia & ,papua3 ,new pyrite ore bodies ( promise op5$ #a1bej ----------- #ch1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #abc ,ores m9$ are prim>y1 consi/+ ( *alcopyrite & *alcocite4 ,second>ily enri*$ ores ne> ! surface h be5 entirely m9$ out4 ,z /at$1 ! own]%ip ( ^! m9es is /rictly ,briti%1 & at pres5t ! ref9+ & m>ket+ is n[ ,briti% in/ead ( ,g]man4 ,two ref9]ies1 bo? rec5tly enl>g$ & improv$1 n[ h a capacity ( ov] #fj1jjj tons a ye>1 :i* is well 9 excess ( ! pres5t output ( ! c\ntry4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aiag1 ! ,copp] ,produc]s' ,association ,propriet>y1 ,ltd41 0 =m$ 9 ,au/ralia = ! purpose ( sell+ & %ipp+ copp] on a co-op]ative basis4 ,all copp] produc]s 7 invit$ to jo94 ,wall>oo ,moonta1 ,m\nt ,morgan1 ,m\nt ,lyell & ! ,cloncurry m9es are memb]s ( ?is association1 z is ! ,electrolytic ,ref9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 :i* treats ! ores ( ^! m9es4 ,! company m>kets its products 9 ,engl& & ,au/ralia4 ,its *ief br&s are ,e4 ,s4 ,a4 7electrolytic7 & ,e4 ,s4,a4,f4,r4 7fire ref9$74 ,^! br&s are also sold by ,eld] ,smi? ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london & ,au/ralia1 :i* has _h a f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! ,wall>oo ,moonta ,co4 s9ce ! e>ly days1 & has f9anc$ & m>ket$ ! copp] production ( ?is company s9ce #aiae4 ,metals ,products1 ,ltd41 has rec5tly be5 =m$1 ) works at ,port ,kembla produc+ copp] wire1 brass goods1 etc4 ,importation ( copp] & brass products into ,au/ralia %\ld entirely disappe> if ! plans ( ! ,au/ralian gov]nm5t & copp] produc]s d n misc>ry4 ,! olde/ m9e & "o ( ! two lead+ m9es 9 ,au/ralasia is ! ,wall>oo ,moonta1 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,?is deposit occurs 9 a pre-,cambrian complex1 int]sect$ by pegmatitic dikes4 ,ore res]ves are believ$ to be ample3 say five ye>s' supply ( develop$ ore4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 production has be5 v /eady at ab\t #g1jjj tons p] ye> ( ref9$ copp]4 ,?is is ! only important copp] deposit ( pre-,cambrian age 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! o!r lead+ m9e 9 ,au/ralia is ,m\nt ,morgan1 9 ,que5sl&1 :i* until #aiaj 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ gold m9es 9 ! _w4 ,! gold 0 9 ! oxidiz$ top ( a l>ge l[-grade copp] deposit1 :i* is n[ be+ m9$ f op5 cuts4 ,prim>y *alcocite1 *alcopyrite & pyrite ) qu>tz con/itutes ! ore deposit4 ,! ore runs #b p] c5t4 copp] & is conc5trat$ up to #g p] c5t4 ,! res]ves exce$ #d1jjj1jjj tons ( #b p] c5t4 copp]1 or #aj ye>s' supply4 ,! ,cloncurry di/rict is a l>ge area1 #bjj by #dj miles 9 ext5t1 conta9+ sev]al copp] deposits1 :i* occur 9 s*i/ & are ma9ly small bonanzas4 ,! future ( ?is di/rict seems v promis+4 ,! *ief m9es are ,hampd5 ,cloncurry1 ,m\nt ,elliott1 ,m\nt ,cu?b]t2 & ! develop$ ore res]ves insure five ye>s' production4 ,! ,hampd5 ,cloncurry m9e has #cjj1jjj tons ( #g p] c5t4 ore 9 res]ve1 a smelt] produc+ bli/] copp]1 & railroad connections4 ,! di/rict is hamp]$ by bad climate1 etc41 & especially by labor conditions4 ,rec5t gov]nm5t rul+s 7#aiah71 z to v %ort h\rs ( labor & high] wages1 are r$uc+ outputs4 ,! ,m\nt ,elliott m9e1 :i* has a #cjj1jjj-ton deposit ( #aj p] c5t4 ore1 is n[ 7#aiai7 idle because ( labor conditions4 ,! ,m\nt ,cu?b]t m9e1 :i* complet$ a new smelt] 9 #aiag1 has res]ves ( #aej1jjj tons ( #f p] c5t4 copp]1 & railroad connections4 ,! ,m\nt ,lyell m9e1 9 ,tasmania1 is an old & /eady produc]4 ,"o class ( ore runs #j4e p] c5t4 ( copp] & #a4be ounces silv]2 ! o!r conta9s #f p] c5t4 copp] ore1 ) ! same am\nt ( silv]4 ,?is is a dissem9at$ deposit 9 s*i/1 ne> a conglom]ate contact4 ,no igne\s rocks are kn[n 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! res]ves are #b1jjj1jjj tons ( l[-grade ore & #a1jjj1jjj tons ( high grade2 insur+ ! pres5t output = #ae ye>s4 ,consid]able ( ! ore is m9$ op5 cut1 & ?is is "o ( ! l[e/ grade pr(itable m9es 9 ! _w4 ,ores are smelt$ direct aft] be+ mix$1 s t ! product go+ to ! furnace runs #b p] c5t4 copp]4 ,! ,great ,cob> m9e1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 works cuprif]\s pyrite c>ry+ #b to #b p] c5t4 copp]4 ,cob> us$ to produce #d1jjj to #e1jjj tons ( copp] a ye>4 ,aft] erect+ a #a1bjj-ton smelt] 9 #aiab1 ! company 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a receiv]1 ,april1 #aiad4 ,! res]ves are believ$ to be l>ge4 ,! o!r *ief m9es 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7! ,c4 ,s4 ,a41 ,m\nt ,hope1 ,nymagee1 etc47 produce toge!r ab\t z mu* z ,great ,cob>4 ,^! m9es h smelt]s1 & = ! mo/ "p 7 =m]ly ( mu* great] importance ?an !y are today4 ,sev]al h no railway connections1 & ?is is an important h&icap to ,new ,s\? ,wales m9es1 :i* once produc$ twice ! pres5t output4 ,9 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 !re h be5 develop$ rec5tly a numb] ( promis+ deposits ( pyritic copp] ores4 ,!re are no important produc]s1 !re be+ no railways4 ,! pres5t conditions 9 ,au/ralia1 9 :i* labor conditions are mo/ important1 & ! abs5ce ( new railroad con/ruction1 h s]i\sly affect$ ! developm5t ( ! copp] indu/ry1 b ! future seems promis+4 ,sev]al important deposits h prov$ l>ge & ! ore bodies p]si/5t4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry has n be5 explor$ & _m good %[+s c\ld be work$ & "s probably develop$ into pr(itable m9es if conditions 7 favorable to new v5tures4 ,j ! rev]se is ! case1 h[ev]4 ,! ,m\nt ,lyell company has be5 explor+ nor!rn ,tasmania1 & rec5tly f\nd 9 ! m9e ( ! ,tasmania ,copp] ,co4 ab\t #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ore c>ry+ copp]1 z9c1 gold & silv] & wor? #bj to #cj p] ton1 gross4 ,x is believ$ t ,au/ralia w cont9ue to be an important copp] produc]2 probably its importance w increase4 ,weight$ res]ves1 9 t]ms ( ore supply to ma9ta9 pres5t output1 insure copp] production cont9u+ undim9i%$ = #g4b ye>s4 ,^! res]ves are well di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s produc]s4 ,,asia ,,japan ,copp] deposits are f\nd ov] a l>ge "p ( c5tral ,japan4 ,! ores1 :i* occur 9 ,t]ti>y volcanics1 consi/ ( *alcopyrite & pyrite runn+ #b to #c p] c5t4 copp]1 & are commonly conc5trat$ be=e smelt+4 ,! gangue is usually qu>tzose4 ,l5ticul> deposits ( cuprif]\s pyrite 9 ,paleozoic s*i/s & s$im5ts occur on ! we/ & ! s\? side ( ,japan4 ,^! m9es yield smelt+ ore c>ry+ ab\t #c to #d p] c5t41 b conta9 v little silica4 ,pyritic smelt+ is ext5sively practic$4 ,ov] "o-half ! copp] production comes f f\r *ief m9es3 ,a%io & ,kosaka ( ! ,t]ti>y type2 & ,hita*i & ,be%i ( ! ,paleozoic s*i/ type4 ,! /ate res]ves to itself ! "r ( orig9al own]%ip 9 all ores1 includ+ copp]4 ,! "r to "w !m is grant$ to individuals or companies ( ,japanese nationality4 ,copp] m9+1 smelt+ & ref9+ companies seem to be entirely ,japanese 9 own]%ip & policy4 ,! numb] ( m9es is consid]able1 b _! own]%ip is conc5trat$ into a few h&s & ! smelt+ & ref9+ indu/ry is /ill m conc5trat$4 ,japanese produc]s sell _! own copp]1 all =eign sell+ ag5cies be+ /rictly ,japanese4 ,! m9es 9 ,japan are n g5]ally work$ z jo9t-/ock ent]prises1 b are mo/ly family prop]ties inh]it$ by ! pres5t own]s4 ,a table %[+ ! #aiag copp] production ( ,japan indicates ^! facts4 7,see ,table #di47 ,because ( labor conditions1 abundant fuel ne> ! m9es & wat] transportation1 ,japanese copp] production has increas$ rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,high prices & ! adoption ( mod]n me?ods ( m9+ & smelt+ h be5 important contribut+ factors4 ,!re seems no reason to expect t ,japan's production w decrease1 b n en\gh is kn[n ( geological conditions to enable "o to discuss ! future outlook4 ,! only m9e ^: res]ves are kn[n is ! ,be%i1 :i* has res]ves adequate = #ajj ye>s ( production at ! pres5t rate1 :i* is #aj p] c5t4 ( ! ,japanese output4 ,! res]ves at o!r m9es are n develop$ f> ahead1 b mu/ insure sev]al ye>s ( cont9u$ production at ! pres5t rate4 ,! production & exports ( ,japanese copp] 9 rec5t ye>s are z foll[s 79 t]ms ( metric tons73 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ye> #aiab #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- -------- ,production#fc1hicfg1figga1jdfgf1jciaja1 dfgabd1cjf ,exports #cj1jjjdb1jjjde1ejjei1ejj #fb1jjj #gb1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,table #di4--;,,japanese ,,copp] ,,production ,produc+ companies & br&s ( copp] m>ket$4 ,! companies nam$ h sell+ (fices 9 ,london & 9 o!r =eign consum+ c5t]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,smelt]s ---------------------------------------- ------ ,company & #aiag production 7p\nds7 ( ref9$ *ief m9es own$ ,location & ca/+#abd & br&s sold ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,mitsu ,bi%i ,co4 ,osaka #ae1jjj1jjj ,os>uzawa ,arakawa ,ikuni & #f small] m9es ,br&s sold ,arakawa1 ,mitsui ,bi%i1 ca/+1 etc4 7r\gh copp]7 ,furukawa ,co4 ,osaka #ag1jjj1jjj ,a%io 7,amagasaki7 also ,ani1 ,furukura1 ,kune & #f small] m9es ,br&s sold ,furukawa1 ,ani ,tiles1 ref9$ ,m>agata ,be/ ,select$ ,fujita ,co4 ,inu%imo #c1jjj1jjj ,kosaka 7,nor? end ,hon%u7 ,br&s sold ,obiye ca/+1 etc4 7r\gh copp]7 ,kuh>a ,m9+ ,co4 ,none ,hita*i 7ne> ,tokio7 #c small] m9es #cj p] c5t4 cu/om ore ,br&s sold ,b>on ,sumitomo ,%ikoku #bb1jjj1jjj ,be%i ,isl& ,be%i ,be/ ,select$ ,br&s sold ,nippon ,metals ,co4 ( ,kobe ,moji ,br&s sold ,s4 ,z4 ,k4 7,susuki7 & "s ca/+ ,d5kibundo ,co4 ----------------------------------- ,total ca/+ r\gh copp] & be/ select$ sold #eg1jjj1jjj ,total electro- lytic ref9+ capacity#abe #aiag output ( electrolytic e/imat$ #bag1jjj1jjj ----------------------------------- ,total #bad1jjj1jjj or #abd1cjf metric tons ,eng4 ,m9+ ,j\rnal figure #aiag output4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,electrolytic ref9]ies ---------------------------------------- ------ ,company & #aiag e/imat$ capacity *ief m9es own$ ,location 7p\nds7 & br&s sold ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,mitsu ,bi%i ,co4 ,osaka #ae1jjj1jjj ,os>uzawa ,arakawa ,ikuni & #f small] m9es ,br&s sold ,m4 ,b4 7,mitsu ,bi%i7 ,furukawa ,co4 ,osaka #fg1jjj1jjj ,a%io 7,nikko also ,ani1 ,furukura1,plant7 ,kune & #f small] m9es ,br&s sold ,f4 ,m4 7,furukawa ,m9es7 ,fujita ,co4 ,mosaka #bj1jjj1jjj ,kosaka 7,nor? end ,hon%u7 ,br&s sold ,kosaka ,kuh>a ,m9+ ,co4 ,hita* #ajj1jjj1jjj ,hita*i 7ne> ,tokio7 ,report$ capacity at lea/ #bj 9 excess ( #aiag output4 #c small] m9es #cj p] c5t4 cu/om ore ,br&s sold ,h4 ,m4 7,hiata*i ,m9e7 ,b>on ,sumitomo ,be%i ,br&s sold ,nippon ,metals ,co4 ( ,kobe #ai1jjj1jjj ,br&s sold ,d5kibundo ,co4 ,bundo #ac1jjj1jjj ----------------------------------- ,total ca/+ r\gh copp] & be/ select$ sold ,total electro- lytic ref9+ capacity#abe #bce1jjj1jjj #aiag output ( electrolytic e/imat$ ,total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #abd ,balance smelt$ to ca?odes & treat$ electrolytically4 #abe ,plant capacity4 ,evid5tly n rea*$ 9 #aiag4 ,s9ce ! high copp] prices ( #aiaf !re 0 a heavy importation ( ,*9ese copp] co9s into ,japan4 ,9 #aiag "o conc]n alone _h contract$ = #bjj1jjj tons ( su* co9s1 :i* conta9 ab\t #he p] c5t4 copp]1 & ! rate ( importation at t "t w\ld mean #fj1jjj tons ref9$ copp] a ye> f ?is second>y s\rce4 ,?is developm5t has enabl$ ,japan to make heavy exports ( copp]4 ,! collapse ( ,russia remov$ "o ( ,japan's big copp] m>kets4 ,japan w probably n be able pr(itably to produce a l>ge exportable surplus ( copp] unless ! price obta9$ is fairly high comp>$ to quotations rul+ 9 #aiab to #aiad4 ,"u normal conditions ,japan w supply h] own ne$s = copp] ) little or no?+ to sp>e4 ,,korea 7,,*os57 ,! ,se\l ,m9+ ,co4 7,collbran & ,bo/wick7 is produc+ f contact deposits1 "o #ej miles & ! o!r #ajj miles f a h>bor4 ,?is ,am]ican conc]n is a dom9ant trad+ & bank+ h\se 9 ,korea & is work+ m9es =m]ly op]at$ by ,koreans4 ,! copp] ores are sulphides betwe5 lime/one & granite4 ,five hundr$ tons ( #fj p] c5t4 conc5trates 7 %ipp$ f ,*os5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag4 ,,*9a ,! pres5t production ( ,*9a is #b1jjj tons a ye>1 & ! *ief deposits are 9 ,yunnan ,prov9ce4 ,a great _m localities are report$ to %[ copp] ores1 ma9ly cuprif]\s pyrite 9 v old s*i/s1 or 9 ,p]mian basalt4 ,! latt] deposits are too small = mod]n me?ods4 ,9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 lack ( wood to make *>coal has re/rict$ output to a nom9al am\nt4 ,small seams ( native copp] are highly e/eem$ by ! natives4 ,! ores are c>efully h&-pick$1 & ! small-scale me?ods are wa/eful4 ,! ,tungs*uanfu m9e1 ,yunnan1 ! *ief m9e 9 ,*9a1 has a ye>ly output ( ab\t #a1jjj tons ( copp]4 ,! di/rict has be5 work$ = hundr$s ( & probably is v ri*4 ,! ores1 replacem5ts 9 lime/one & ve9s 9 %ale1 are #h p] c5t4 copp] & ! res]ves are l>ge4 ,! ,yaoki ,kansu gov]nm5t smelt] is a mod]n plant ) a capacity ( f\r tons ( copp] a day4 ,!re are sev]al o!r m9es1 all controll$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,outside eng9e]s h report$ favorably on "s ( !m1 b ! gov]nm5t closely regulates copp] m9+ 9 ,*9a because x affects curr5cy & gov]nm5t pr(its on co9age ( copp]4 ,!re are also "s copp] m9es work$ ) ! contact iron deposits ( ,*9a 7=m$ by contact action ( diorite72 & deposits ( mala*ite 9 ,triassic s&/one are work$ at sev]al po9ts4 ,,india ,india is n a copp] produc]4 ,! ,rakha ,hills m9e ( ! ,cape ,copp] ,co4 7see ,cape ,colony7 has #djj1jjj tons ( #d p] c5t4 copp] ore develop$ & a smelt] is be+ built4 ,india is an enorm\s copp] consum]1 & x is surpris+ %e has nev] be5 a produc]4 ,,europe ,political & comm]cial control ( mu* ( ! copp] production ( ,europe is obvi\sly unc]ta9 9 ! extreme1 z are any figures ( production = ! ,c5tral ,p[]s & ,russia4 7,see ,table #di47 ,,spa91 ,,portugal1 ,,norway ,,& ,,sw$5 ,spa9 is ! olde/ & /eadie/ produc] ( copp] 9 ! _w4 ,! *ief deposits are controll$ by ,engli% capital & _! develop$ res]ves insure pres5t production = #cj to #fj ye>s4 ,! copp] is l>gely ref9$ to f9i%$ =m 9 ,engl& & ent]s ! m>ket !re "u v>i\s br&s4 ,! ,rio ,t9to is an enorm\s deposit work$ by op5 pits4 ,,table #ej4--,,production ,,& ,,control ,,( ,,copp] ,,9 ,,europe ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,e/imat$ ,output output ,e/imat$ #aiaf-aiagaiah-aiai output ,c\ntry & *ief localities 7metric 7metric #aiah-aiai 9 :i* copp] is produc$ tons7 tons7 7p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g]many ,mansfeld #cj1jjj #cj1jjj 444 ,mitt]b]g1 etc4 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj 444 ,au/ria-,hung>y #aj1jjj #aj1jjj 444 ,s]bia1 ,bor1 etc4 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj 444 ,turkey1 ,aghano1 etc4 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj 444 ,bulg>ia & ,r\mania #a1jjj #a1jjj 444 ------------------ ,total ,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/47 #ga1jjj #ga1jjj 444 ,spa9 & ,portugal#abg #db1jjj #db1jjj 444 ,mason ,b>ry 444 444 #e1jjj1jjj ,rio ,t9to 444 444 #fb1jjj1jjj ,?>sis 444 444 #ab1jjj1jjj ,misc4 7,unit$ ,alkali1 ,huelva1 ,cordoba1 etc47 444 444 #aa1jjj1jjj ,miscellane\s 7,calva1 ,los ,gu>dos1 etc47 444 444 #c1jjj1jjj ,russia 7,see ,table #eb7 #ah1ejj #ah1jjj8 444 ,norway#abh 7,sulitolma #dj p] c5t47 #ai1jjj #ai1jjj 444 ,sw$5 #a1jjj #a1jjj 444 ,o!r c\ntries ,italy #c1jjj #c1jjj 444 ,france #a1jjj #a1jjj 444 ,engl& #bej #bej 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,control by3 ----------------------------------- ,c\ntry & *ief localitie ,h&l+ 9 :i* copp] is produc$,f9ancial#abf ,political ( sales ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g]many ,mansfeld ,n[ entirely ,g]man ,mitt]b]g1 etc4 ,d ,au/ria-,hung>y ,d ,s]bia1 ,bor1 etc4 ,d ,turkey1 ,aghano1 etc4 ,d ,bulg>ia & ,r\mania ,d ,total ,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/47 ,spa9 & ,portugal#abg ,mason ,b>ry ,engli% ,portuguese ,engli% ,rio ,t9to ,d ,spani% ,d ,?>sis ,d ,d ,d ,misc4 7,unit$ ,alkali1 ,huelva1 ,cordoba1 etc47 ,d ,d ,d ,miscellane\s 7,calva1 ,los ,gu>dos1 etc47 ,spani% ,d ,d ,russia 7,see ,table #eb7 8 8 8 ,norway#abh 7,sulitolma #dj ,engli% & p] c5t47 ,norwegian ,norwegian ,sw$5 ,sw$i% ,sw$i% ,sw$i% ,o!r c\ntries ,italy ,italian ,italian ,italian ,france ,fr5* ,fr5* ,fr5* ,engl& ,engli% ,engli% ,engli% ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,c\ntry & *ief localities,res]ves 9 :i* copp] is produc$ ( ore ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g]many ,mansfeld ,output 9 future %\ld n be ne>ly z l>ge4 ,mitt]b]g1 etc4 ,au/ria-,hung>y ,s]bia1 ,bor1 etc4 ,turkey1 ,aghano1 etc4 ,bulg>ia & ,r\mania ,total ,c5tral ,p[]s 7e/47 ,spa9 & ,portugal#abg ,no /ati/ics s9ce ,mason ,b>ry #cb ye>s' supply#aiad4 ,rio ,t9to ,v l>ge #fj ye>s' res]ves ,?>sis ,d kn[n4 ,misc4 7,unit$ ,alkali1 ,huelva1 ,cordoba1 etc47 ,d ,miscellane\s 7,calva1 ,los ,gu>dos1 etc47 ,d ,russia 7,see ,table #eb7 #aiad output #cf1cdj tons4 ,norway#abh 7,sulitolma #dj p] c5t47 ,important ,l ,spani% deposits4 ,sw$5 ,o!r c\ntries ,italy ,"s ,engli% capital4 ,france ,fr5* pyrite m9es4 ,engl& ,t9 m9es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #abf ,all companies h =eign /ockhold]s1 b dom9ant nationality is z indicat$4 #abg ,export copp] to ,france & ,engl& 9 =m ( bli/]1 alloys1 cem5t1 pyrite ore & copp] ore4 #abh ,export copp] to ,engl& & ,sw$5 *iefly 9 =m ( cuprif]\s pyrite4 ,,note4 ,production = #aiai 9 ,g]many probably small] ?an e/imate4 ,! copp] deposits1 *iefly massive cuprif]\s pyrite1 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 are simil> to ^? ( ,spa9 geologically z well z economically4 ,_! comm]cial value dep5ds n only on _! copp] cont5t1 b on ! sulphur & iron recov]$4 ,9 _m cases ! sulphur us$ 9 sulphuric acid manufacture is ( great] money value ?an ! recov]$ copp]4 ,h5ce ! export$ copp] f ,spa91 ,portugal & ,norway is 9 sev]al =ms3 pyrite1 matte1 +ot copp] f ,norway & consid]able cem5t copp] or precipitates f ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,pyrite is export$ to ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p]haps a little to ,france2 ! matte1 +ot1 etc41 to v>i\s ,european c\ntries4 ,sw$5 imports z well z produces pyrite4 ,france1 ,italy & ,russia produce consid]able pyrite & be=e ! w> ,france export$ pyrite4 ,"u normal conditions1 ! copp] 9 all ?is pyrite is %ipp$ back & =? ov] ,europe & c h>dly be trac$4 ,! table %[s ! location ( raw mat]ials b n ! place :]e m>ketable copp] is produc$4 ,! *ief imports & exports ( pyrite are normally z foll[s3 ,,table #ea4--,,normal ,,exports ,,& ,,imports ,,( ,,pyrite ,,= ,,c]ta9 ,,european ,,c\ntries ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,exports f-- ,am\nt 7tons7,imports to-- ,am\nt 7tons7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,spa9 #a1ejj1jjj ,engl& #a1jej1jjj ,norway #ejj1jjj ,sw$5 #ajj1jjj ,portugal #bej1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #a1jjj1jjj ,france #ajj1jjj ------------- ------------- ,e/imat$ total #b1bej1jjj #b1bej1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,g]many ,"u exi/+ conditions ! pres5t output ( ,g]many c n be closely e/imat$4 ,! figures 9 ,table #di are guesses bas$ on ! in=mation available4 ,! ,mansfeld deposits are cle>ly ! mo/ important1 & z !y are 9 %ales t ext5d ov] a l>ge area1 ! res]ves mu/ be consid]$ l>ge4 ,! ,mitt]b]g m9e1 own$ by ! ,krupps1 _h a pre-w> output ( only #a1jjj tons ye>ly4 ,sev]al copp] deposits 9 ! ,au/rian ,tyrol _h a pre-w> output ( #a1jjj tons annually4 ,! *ief s\rce ( copp] 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 f conv]sion ( articles conta9+ copp] :i* 7 9 use be=e ! w>4 ,x is d\btful if #aj p] c5t4 ( ! ye>ly copp] production ( peace times 0 de/roy$ 9 use4 ,consequ5tly1 9 all c\ntries !re is normally a big /ore ( copp] 9 ! =m ( wire1 brass1 ma*9e p>ts1 etc4 ,?is is :at ,g]many us$ dur+ ! w>1 & its replacem5t is ess5tial to h] indu/rial success 9 peace4 ,,russia ,! copp] production ( ,russia 0 rapidly increas+ be=e ! w> & rea*$ a maximum 9 #aiac4 ,! own]%ip ( ! m9es & ref9]ies 0 l>gely ,engli% b 9 "p ,fr5*4 ,en\gh developm5t _h be5 done to indicate t ,russia w probably be a l>ge produc] ( copp] :5 consi/5t indu/rial progress is possible4 ,9 #aiah ! m9es _h be5 seiz$ by workm5 & op]ations 7 ne>ly or entirely susp5d$4 ,! copp] di/ricts are all 9 ! ,urals1 ! ,caucasus or ,sib]ia4 ,! ,russian copp] production 79 long tons7 has be5 z foll[s3 #aije #aiaj #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag #h1gjj #bb1caj #cc1gid #ca1dce #be1dgb #bj1eeg #ae1gjj 7#cd1iaa7 7#bg1bie7 ,,table #eb4--;,,copp] ,,production ,,& ,,ore ,,res]ves ,,( ,,russia 7,all figures long tons7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,orig- #aiae inal pro- inve/- #aiac duc- ,ore m5ts pro- tion1 res]ves made duc- 7e/i- 7devel- ,di/rict ,company by3 tion mat$7 op$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,urals ,ky%tim ,briti% #g1jjj #g1fjjc1aej1jjj ,d ,bogoslovsk ,d #d1cjj #d1ajj 444 ,d ,siss]t ,d #a1ajj #a1ejje1jjj1jjj ,d ,tanalyk ,d #fjj #fjj #abf1jjj ,d ,v]*-,isselz ,russian #c1jjj #b1ejj l>ge res]ves ,d ,ni%ni ,tagil% 7,demidov7 ,d #b1jjj #a1ejj ------------ ,urals total #ah1jjjag1hjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,caucasus ,caucasus ,copp] ,co4 ,briti% #e1ejj #c1jjjc1fjj1jjj ,d ,allah ,v]de ,fr5* #b1jjj #gjj 444 ,d ,siem5s ,co4 ,russian #a1ejj #hjj 444 ------------ ,caucasus total #i1jjj #d1ejj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sib]ia ,spassky ,briti% #d1gef #c1dej #edc1jjj ,d ,miscellane\s ,d #gcd 444 ,d ,irky% 7,ridd]7 ,d 7,new7 444 #b1cjj1jjj ,d ,russian ,m9+ ,co4 ,d #daj 444 #ejj1jjj ,d ,alexeieff ,co4 ,d #cgg 444 ,d ,russo-,asiatic ,corporation ,d ------------ ,sib]ia total #e1eec #d1ahd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,russian *emical works #a1ceh #haa ------------ ,gr& total ,russia #cd1iaabg1bie ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,copp] 9 ore res]ves 7p] ,di/rict ,company c5t47 ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,urals ,ky%tim #b4ge ,obta9s gold z by-product4 ,d ,bogoslovsk 444 ,ore h>d to foll[2 excell5t possibilities4 ,d ,siss]t 7#b7-d ,d ,tanalyk 444 ,develop+ into a gold r ?an a copp] deposit4 ,d ,v]*-,isselz #b-c ,massive pyrite ore4 ,d ,ni%ni ,tagil% 7,demidov7 ,urals total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,caucasus ,caucasus ,copp] ,co4 #c ,m9es at ,khot ,eli & ,kat>4 ,d ,allah ,v]de 444 ,indu/rial ,metallurgical ,co4 ( ,caucasus4 ,d ,siem5s ,co4 444 ,m9es at ,t*]ek & ,k$abeck4 ,caucasus total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,sib]ia ,spassky #aj4g ,d ,miscellane\s 444 ,developm5t companies1 see bel[4 ,d ,irky% 7,ridd]7 #e #a1jjj1jjj l[-grade ore also 9 res]ves4 ,d ,russian ,m9+ ,co4 #b4f ,ore c>ries o!r metals4 ,d ,alexeieff ,co4 ,d ,russo-,asiatic ,corporation ,sib]ia total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,russian *emical works ,ou*k(f1 ,kre9]s1 etc4 ,gr& total ,russia ,russian res]ves insure ma9t5ance ( #aiac maximum output = at lea/ #ae ye>s ,copp] ref9]ies ,capacity p] ye>4 ,electrolytic ,ky%tim #aj1jjj ,electrolytic ,bogoslov #f1jjj ,be/ select$ 7ref9$7 ,caucasus ,copp] ,co4 #aj1jjj ------ ,total #bf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,russia has always be5 9 l>ge "p dep5d5t on =eign copp] & !re 0 a t>iff premium on dome/ic production4 ,x is likely t ultimately ,russia may m ne>ly be self-support+ z reg>ds copp] requirem5ts1 ev5 if consumption increases greatly4 ,table #eb %[s ! important develop$ prop]ties1 _! production 9 #aiac 7maximum7 & 9 #aiae 7e/imat$71 _! develop$ ore res]ves1 & ! nationality ( orig9al capital t made ! developm5ts possible4 ,,summ>y ,copp]1 ! r$ metal1 is surpass$ only by gold & silv] 9 malleability & by silv] alone 9 electrical conductivity4 ,next to iron x is indu/rially ! mo/ important ( all metals1 z its value p] p\nd is mu* great] ?an t ( lead or z9c1 & ! _w requires & consumes mu* great] quantities ( copp]1 lead1 & z9c ?an ( any o!r non-f]r\s metals4 ,! uses ( copp] are _m1 b ! electrical indu/ry is ! l>ge/ consum]4 ,brass1 bronze1 & o!r copp] alloys are second 9 importance4 ,a consid]able quantity ( copp] %eets1 tubes & o!r w>es are us$ outside ( ! electrical indu/ry4 ,copp] is us$ 9 co9age1 & 9 ,*9a x is ! money /&>d ( ! work+ population4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 produc+ a major "p ( ! _w's copp]1 has also be5 responsible = f9anc+ & develop+ m successful copp] m9es abroad ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,success has be5 facilitat$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ! _w's *ief copp] deposits & also by ! advances 9 m9+1 mill+ & metallurgy t h be5 9 great measure ! "w ( ,unit$ ,/ates eng9e]s4 ,engl& & ,japan control consid]able copp] production1 b x is small comp>$ to t controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! consumption ( copp] ,g]many is a big factor4 ,because ( ?is fact1 ,g]man int]e/s & int]national metal h\ses h 9 ! pa/ secur$ a consid]able control ov] copp] supplies ?r\gh ref9+ & sell+ contracts ) m9+ companies4 ,su* control is bas$ entirely on ref9+ & sell+ companies & does n ext5d to own]%ip ( produc+ m9es1 & only to a small degree to own]%ip ( smelt]s4 ,*ile1 ,mexico1 ,canada1 & ! ,belgian ,congo %\ld become ( increas+ importance z copp] produc]s n only because ( kn[n res]ves b1 9 ! case ( ,canada & ,mexico p>ticul>ly1 because ( ! likelihood ( new & important discov]ies4 ,! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ,alaska1 %\ld be ma9ta9$ z at pres5t1 nei!r ga9+ nor los+ z comp>$ to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,lead ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,b4 ,,hyd] ,,uses ,,( ,,lead ,lead is us$ 9 ! =m ( ! metal1 ( alloys ) o!r metals1 & ( v>i\s *emical comp\nds4 ,z metal its *ief uses are z pipe = wat] & corrosive solutions2 = protective cov]+ ( electrical cables2 z %eet lead = l9+ *amb]s = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid & vats = *emical manufactur+ processes4 ,9 smelt+1 lead is us$ z a collector ( o!r metals1 p>ticul>ly ( gold & silv]1 f :i* x is lat] sep>at$1 n[ mo/ g5]ally by ! use ( z9c by ! ,p>kes process ( desilv]ization4 ,lead alloys readily ) ne>ly all o!r metals 9 all proportions4 ,its alloys ( indu/rial importance comprise type metal1 be>+ or babbitt metals1 %ot1 sold]s1 ca/+ metals1 "s brasses1 & ! fusible alloys us$ = ! protection ( electrical app>atus & 9 automatic spr9kl]s = ! protection ( build+s aga9/ fire4 ,type metal1 orig9ally compos$ ( #hc p] c5t4 lead & #ag p] c5t4 antimony1 n[ (t5 conta9s bismu? & sometimes a little copp] & iron4 ,an alloy ( #i p>ts lead1 #b antimony & #b bismu? is us$ = /]eotype plates4 ,less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ars5ic is add$ to lead us$ to make %ot to increase ! h>dness & sph]icity ( ! product4 ,antimony also imp>ts ! h>dness ess5tial to %rapnel1 etc4 ,be>+ metals comprise alloys ( lead & antimony or ^! ) copp]1 t91 & z9c4 ,antimony imp>ts to lead ! prop]ty ( expansion on solidification1 ess5tial to type metal & ca/+ mat]ials g5]ally4 ,lead makes a brass t is s(t & ma*9es easily4 ,sold] is commonly an alloy ( lead & t94 ,! melt+ po9t v>ies ) ! proportions ( ^! con/itu5ts & o!rs1 sometimes add$ = special purposes4 ,! *eape/ sold] 9 g5]al use is #cj p] c5t4 t9 & #gj p] c5t4 lead4 ,sold]s seldom conta9 m ?an #ej p] c5t4 t94 ,! addition ( bismu?1 cadmium1 or m]cury l[]s ! melt+ bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,fuses c ?us be obta9$ :i* int]rupt electric circuits at any desir$ temp]ature4 ,! l>ge/ uses ( lead comp\nds are z pigm5ts4 ,:ite lead or basic c>bonate1 #b7,pb,c,o7,pb7,,oh71 is ! mo/ ext5sively consum$1 be+ us$ alone or mix$ ) z9c oxide & b>ytes4 ,r$ lead 7,pb,o7 is us$ = pa9t+ /ructural /eel1 z a pipe-jo9t cem5t1 & 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,li?>ge1 ano!r oxide1 is us$ 9 assay+ z a flux1 9 rubb] manufacture1 & 9 mak+ glass4 ,! acetate1 c>bonate & o!r *emical comp\nds are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! relative am\nts ( lead consum$ 9 ! v>i\s uses 9 #aiac 73 ,9 pigm5t1 compris+ :ite lead1 r$ lead1 li?>ge1 & orange m9]al1 #ch4j p] c5t42 9 alloys su* z type metal1 be>+ metals1 & sold]s1 #bi4g p] c5t42 9 pipe1 #ae4b p] c5t42 9 %ot1 #aj4d p] c5t42 & 9 %eets1 #f4g p] c5t4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,! mo/ revolution>y advance 9 ore dress+ ( rec5t ye>s has be5 ! developm5t ( oil-flotation1 electromagnetic1 & electro/atic processes = ! conc5tration ( lead-z9c ores4 ,^! processes p]mit ! elim9ation ( ! objectionable z9c cont5t ( _m ores & r5d] x an additional cr$it ( great importance 9 ! exploitation ( l[-grade complex ores4 ,! ,murex process appli$ to ! treatm5t ( complex ores consi/s ( coat+ ! metallic sulphide m9]als ) oil & p>ticles ( magnetite & pyrite roa/$ to magnetic sulphide1 !n sep>at+ !m f ! gangue by an electromagnetic ma*9e4 ,! ,ly/] pref]5tial flotation ( gal5a dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( v>i\s salts 9 ! wat] us$4 ,9 ! ,brok5 ,hill m9es ^! salts are pres5t 9 ! m9e wat]s4 ,aft] removal ( gal5a ! bl5de may be pref]5tially float$ by ! ,brad=d copp] salt or ,brad=d hyposulphite or sulphur\s acid processes4 ,9 ! r$uction ( lead ores1 !re are improvem5ts con/antly be+ made4 ,^! are *iefly 9 ! me*anical appliances1 su* z me*anical ore he>?s & cont9u\s roa/+ ma*9]y1 su* z ! ,dwight-,lloyd1 & 9 details ( furnace con/ruction & ! h&l+ ( mat]ials1 r ?an 9 processes or recogniz$ pr9ciples4 ,v>i\s new processes h be5 propos$1 mo/ ( :i* are int5d$ to make available ! ores n[ ( too l[ grade1 or ! complex ores ( lead & z9c ^: sep>ation is difficult or comm]cially impracticable4 ,^! processes are n[ ! subject ( exp]im5t1 ) "s indications t successful applications may be f\nd4 ,"o process involves ! volatilization by *loridiz+ roa/ ( sulphide ores1 ! precipitation ( ! lead *loride fume by ,cottrell electric precipitation1 & smelt+ ! fume ) lime4 ,at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! *lor9e is recov]$ z calcium *loride1 :i* c be sub/itut$ = salt 9 ! fur!r op]ations4 ,) oxidiz$ ores x is propos$ to dissolve ! lead by means ( br9e acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid & to precipitate metal sponge by electrolysis4 ,gillies's process consi/s 9 roa/+ ! complex sulphides to a l[ sulphur cont5t1 mix+ ) c>bonace\s matt]1 di/ill+ 9 excess ( air1 & volatiliz+ ! lead1 z9c1 bismu?1 cadmium1 ars5ic1 etc41 z oxides & sulphates1 ! lead 9 =m ( sulphate1 ! z9c *iefly z oxide4 ,! fume is caught & dige/$ ) a solution ( ,zn,s,o & free ,h,,s f ! electrolytic vats2 ,pb,s,o rema9s1 :i* c be us$ z pigm5t or smelt$4 ,! ,zn,s,o solution is electrolyz$1 9 ! pres5ce ( gum arabic 9 ! electrolyte1 r5d]+ ! z9c deposit m d5se4 ,! ,ganl9 process1 report$ successful on ,burma z9c-lead middl+s1 consi/s 9 fe$+ ! dry pulv]iz$ ore into a molt5 ba? ( ,zn & ,na,cl 9 equal p>ts4 ,z9c replaces lead & silv]1 :i* are dissolv$ z *lorides1 ,zn,s be+ precipitat$4 ,:5 ?is reaction is complete ! lead & silv] are precipitat$ z metals by granulat$ spelt] add$ to ! am\nt ( #ce p] c5t4 ( _! weight1 ! dissolv$ spelt] =m+ ,zn,cl4 ,! silv]-be>+ lead is tapp$ (f1 ! residue granulat$1 ! salts lea*$ ) wat]1 & ! z9c-be>+ gangue fre$ f lead %ot by tabl+1 leav+ a z9c ore free f lead4 ,electrolytic ref9+ has be5 "o ( ! greate/ advances 9 ! indu/ry2 x makes possible ! prep>ation ( pure lead f any s\rce & ! recov]y ( num]\s by-product metals4 ,,geological ,,occurr5ce ,z9c & lead are commonly associat$ 9 m9]al deposits1 sometimes intimately mix$1 sometimes segregat$ en\gh s t "o metal pr$om9ates1 b seldom free entirely "o f ! o!r4 ,! geological & geographical di/ribution ( ! two metals is1 !re=e1 ne>ly id5tical4 ,gal5a is ! mo/ common & important ( ! lead m9]als4 ,c]ussite1 anglesite & pyromorphite usually result f ! oxidation ( gal5a1 ! sulphate be+ usually an int]m$iate /ate 9 ! oxidation to ! c>bonate4 ,pyromorphite & wulf5ite are ( m9or importance4 ,jamesonite is m an ore ( antimony ?an ( lead4 ,sphal]ite 7z9c bl5de7 wea!rs m readily ?an gal5a1 & !re=e z9c 9 _m places is c>ri$ bel[ wat] level m rapidly & completely ?an lead4 ,= ?is reason "s m9es *ange f pr$om9antly lead m9es to z9c m9es ) great] dep?4 ,ap>t f ! effect ( su* second>y enri*m5t1 ?is *ange is (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 prim>y ores ) increase 9 dep?4 ,lead ores occur 9 deposits ( sev]al di/9ct g5etic types4 ,_m deposits lie at %all[ dep? 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 )\t app>5t connection ) igne\s rocks1 occurr+ z tabul> replacem5ts ( receptive b$s4 ,9 regions ( slightly di/urb$ /rata ! ore %oots t5d to foll[ pit*+ tr\ghs4 ,ores ( ?is type usually conta9 lead 7gal5a71 z9c 7sphal]ite71 & iron 7pyrite7 m9]als2 _m conta9 manganese & cadmium2 "s conta9 cobalt & nickel2 b few c>ry gold1 silv]1 copp]1 or antimony4 ,deposits ( ?is type are ( _w-wide di/ribution1 & _m are ext5sive & comm]cially important4 ,! great] purity ( ! ore & ! simplicity ( treatm5t 7p>ticul>ly = ! ores 9 ! oxidiz$ zones71 caus$ !m to be exploit$ fir/ & mo/ ext5sively1 & to dom9ate =m]ly ! _w production ( lead4 ,to ?is type belong1 ) _m o!rs1 ! deposits ( ! ,mississippi ,valley & ,silesia1 t toge!r yield$ #ae p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production 9 #aiac4 ,o!r important deposits are closely associat$ ) igne\s rocks1 & are *>act]iz$ by complex ores4 ,!y comprise ve9 deposits1 dissem9at$ replacem5ts ( igne\s rocks1 & silv]-lead replacem5ts 9 lime/one4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! *ief lead-ore deposits ( ! _w are situat$ 9 ! c\ntries t are li/$ bel[ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance 9 #aiac4 ,,recov]able ,,lead ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,lead ,,ores ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,produc$ ,,9 #aiacabi ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p]c5tage ( _w's total ,rank ,c\ntry ,%ort tons,metric tons production ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 ,unit$ ,/ates #dhd1hhj #ddj1jjj #cf4j #b4 ,au/ralia #bfg1afi #bdb1ddj #ai4h #c4 ,spa9 #bji1aic #ahi1hcj #af4d #d4 ,g]many #gi1cdd #gb1jjj #e4i #e4 ,mexico #fh1cdc #fb1jjj #e4a #f4 ,tunis #ca1jgf #bh1bjj #b4c #g4 ,italy #bd1ije #bb1fjj #a4h #h4 ,canada #bd1bdd #bb1jjj #a4h #i4 ,au/ria #bb1eia #bj1ejj #a4g #aj4 ,great ,brita9 #bj1bgg #ah1djj #a4e #aa4 ,greece #ai1hcf #ah1jjj #a4e #ab4 ,turkey-9-,asia #ae1dbh #ad1jjj #a4a #ac4 ,*9a #ac1iie #ab1gjj #a4j #ad4 ,g]man ,s4 ,w4 ,africa #ac1bbd #ab1jjj #a4j #ae4 ,alg]ia #ab1hic #aa1gjj #a4j #af4 ,france #i1ehg #h1gjj #j4g #ag4 ,india 7,burma7 #f1ejb #e1ijj #j4e #ah4 ,p]u #d1cca #c1icj #j4c #ai4 ,japan #d1adc #c1gfj #j4c #bj4 ,egypt #c1aif #b1ijj #j4b #ba4 ,russia #c1jhc #b1hjj #j4b #bb4 ,bulg>ia #b1bjd #b1jjj #j4b #bc4 ,sw$5 #b1jid #a1ijj #j4b #bd4 ,hung>y #a1bef #a1adj #j4a #be4 ,bolivia #a1ajb #a1jjj #j4a #bf4 ,portugal #ffa #fjj #bg4 ,rhodesia #cfa #ccj ---------------------------------- ,total #a1cde1iah #a1bba1cij #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #abi ,adapt$ f compilations by ,adolph ,knopf1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! f\r di/ricts n[ ( pre-em95t importance are1 9 ord]1 ,brok5 ,hill 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,au/ralia2 s\!a/]n ,spa92 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri & ,coeur d',al5e1 9 ,idaho3 :i* are cr$it$ respectively ) ab\t #ai1 #af1 #ab & #aj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production 9 #aiac4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! *ief produc+ regions & _! p]c5tage ( ! dome/ic lead production 9 #aiae are z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage ( total ,region dome/ic production ,s\!a/]n ,miss\ri #cc ,coeur d',al5e1 ,idaho #bg ,utah #ah ,jopl9 79 ,mo41 ,kans41 ,ark41 & ,okla47 #f ,colorado #e ,z reg>ds ! types ( ores & ! "* ( ! lead produc$1 !re are two metallographic prov9ces3 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 includ+ s\!a/]n ,miss\ri & ,jopl91 & ! m9or di/rict ( ,wiscons91 produc+ z s(t lead #ci to #de p] c5t4 ( ! total dome/ic production2 & ! ,we/]n prov9ce1 9 :i* ! ores are complex1 c>ry+ preci\s metals & (t5 antimony & copp]4 ,all ( ! output f ! ,we/]n prov9ce1 b only a "p ( ! s(t lead1 is desilv]iz$4 ,n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! ore m9$ 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri comes f ,/4 ,francois & ,madison c\nties4 ,! ore deposits conta9 pr$om9antly gal5a1 & are dissem9at$ 9 ,cambrian lime/one ov] l>ge areas at dep?s ( #ajj to #eej feet4 ,copp]1 nickel1 & cobalt occur 9 ! ,madison ,c\nty ores1 & copp] conc5trates are sep>at$ & %ipp$ by ne>ly all ! companies 9 ! region4 ,! pr9cipal op]at+ companies1 ) ! names ( companies absorb$ by !m or n[ subsidi>ies1 %[n 9 p>5!sis1 are3 ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,co4 7,doe ,run ,lead ,co471 ,f$]al ,lead ,co41 ,national ,lead ,co4 7,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co471 ,desloge ,consolidat$ ,lead ,co41 ,bak] ,lead ,co4 7,/4 ,francois ,lead ,co471 ,bo/on ,elv9s ,lead ,co41 ,miss\ri ,metals ,co4 7,m9e ,la ,motte ,co471 & ,miss\ri ,cobalt ,co4 7,nor? ,am]ican ,lead ,co474 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,co4 is normally ! second l>ge/ lead-produc+ company 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its hold+s h a cons]vatively e/imat$ life ( #bj ye>s1 at a rate ( production ( #b1jjj1jjj tons ( ore1 or #hj1jjj %ort tons ( lead1 p] annum4 ,9 #aiag ?is company m9$ #b1dhe1dca tons ( ore1 ne>ly half ! total output ( ! region4 ,! ,f$]al ,lead ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 is ! next l>ge/ produc+ company 9 ! region4 ,9 #aiae x m9$ & mill$ #a1cee1jjj tons ( ore4 ,! ,national ,lead ,co41 ?r\gh its subsidi>y1 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 works ?ree m9es ne> ,flat ,riv] & has a conc5tration plant ) a daily capacity ( #b1djj tons4 ,its smelt] at ,coll9sville treats its own conc5trates1 z well z ^? ( ! ,bak] ,lead ,co4 & ! ,bo/on ,elv9s ,lead ,co4 ,! ,desloge ,consolidat$ ,lead ,co4 op]ates ?ree m9es & a mill ( #a1gjj tons' daily capacity2 its ores are smelt$ by ! ,f$]al ,lead ,co4 ,! ,miss\ri ,metals ,co4 op]ates ! ,m9e ,la ,motte & a mill treat+ #gjj1jjj tons annually at ! #aiag rate4 ,9 #aiae x 0 e/imat$ t ?is m9e c\ld produce #c1jjj1jjj tons ( ore annually = sixty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,jopl9 region1 :i* is *iefly 9 ,miss\ri b also includes adjac5t areas 9 ,kansas1 ,arkansas1 & ,oklahoma1 ! ores lie at ?ree horizons 9 horizontal lime/one & *]t b$s ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,at ! upp] horizon1 usually #ajj to #aej feet bel[ ! surface1 ! ore occurs 9 clayey *]t breccias4 ,! ore bodies are *>act]i/ically 8runs0 up to #cjj feet wide1 & cont9u\s 9 "o horizon = sev]al hundr$ feet &1 r>ely1 = m ?an a mile4 ,! middle horizon1 or 8%eet gr\nd10 at a dep? ( #aej to #cjj feet usually ranges f #f to #ae feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! ore1 mix$ gal5a & bl5de1 cem5ts brecciat$ *]t4 ,! ?ird & l[e/ horizon1 9 s&y lime/ones1 conta9s dissem9at$ ores ma9ly1 & z yet is little exploit$4 ,9 #aiae1 ab\t #d1jjj1jjj tons ( ore 0 m9$ f ! upp] horizon1 & #f1ejj1jjj tons f ! middle horizon or 8%eet gr\nd40 ,! av]age lead cont5t ( ! ore z m9$ 0 ab\t #j4be p] c5t4 ,mo/ ( ! lead conc5trates are sold 9 op5 m>ket4 ,! ,webb ,city di/rict is ! mo/ important 9 ! ,jopl9 region1 & ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 is ! l>ge/ gal5a produc]4 ,mo/ ( ! output is by lessees & small op]ators4 ,! ,jopl9 di/rict ranks second 9 importance4 ,! ,a4 ,w4 ,c4 ,m9+ ,co4 is ! l>ge/ m9] ( 8%eet gr\nd40 ,! ,rav5swood & ,ritz m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co41 9 ,jasp] ,c\nty1 produce #bah1jjj tons ( ore annually4 ,! conc5trates ( ?is region are *iefly smelt$ by ! plants ( ! ,eagle-,pi*] ,lead ,co4 at ,gal5a1 ,kansas2 ,jopl91 ,miss\ri2 ,webb ,city1 ,miss\ri2 & by ! ,granby ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 at ,granby1 ,miss\ri4 ,! ,coeur d',al5e region is 9 ,%o%one ,c\nty1 ,idaho4 ,! deposits are metasomatic ve9s =m$ by replacem5t ( silice\s s$im5t>y rocks along zones ( fissur+1 & c>ry ma9ly gal5a & sid]ite ) "s pyrite & sphal]ite4 ,9 #aiae ! crude ore %ipm5ts am\nt$ to #ie1afi tons ) a lead cont5t ( #ce1bga %ort tons4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ore1 or ne>ly #if p] c5t4 ( ! total1 is conc5trat$ to c>ry ab\t #ej p] c5t4 lead4 ,! #aiae yield ( conc5trates ( all k9ds am\nt$ to #cbi1ecj tons1 hav+ a lead cont5t ( #abh1ibh %ort tons1 mak+ ! total lead cont5t ( crude & conc5trate %ipm5ts #afd1aii %ort tons4 ,! m9+ companies =m ?ree gr\ps1 det]m9$ *iefly by _! relations or affiliations ) ! smelt]s1 z foll[s3 ,! ,bunk] ,hill gr\p1 compris+ ! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co41 & ! ,hecla ,m9+ ,co42 ! ,day gr\p1 compris+ ! ,tam>ack ,cu/] ,m9+ ,co41 ! ,amazon-,manhattan m9e1 & ! ,h]cules ,m9+ ,co42 & ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ gr\p1 compris+ ! ,f$]al ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 & v>i\s small produc]s4 ,! m9es ( ! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co4 _h res]ves on ,decemb] #ca1 #aiag1 ( #c1deg1fcd tons4 ,! ore bodies are replacem5ts ( qu>tzite4 ,?is company's production 9 #aiag 0 #dic1jcj tons ( ore1 ! metallic lead recov]$ by smelt+ be+ #df1iif tons4 ,! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,co41 :ile /ill %ipp+ its own ores to ! ,hel5a plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 built its own smelt] at ,kellogg1 ,idaho1 :]e x smelts ! ,hecla & o!r ores4 ,! ,day family controls ! ,h]cules1 & ,tam>ack ,cu/] companies1 ! ,nor?port smelt] at ,nor?port1 ,wa%+ton 7n[ clos$ d[n71 & ! ,p5nsylvania ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,! #aiaf %ipm5ts ( ! ,h]cules _h a lead cont5t ( ab\t #bb1jjj tons4 ,bo? companies are close corporations & make public little in=mation z to _! op]ations4 ,! ,tam>ack ,cu/] probably has l>ge res]ves ( ore av]ag+ ab\t #i p] c5t4 lead2 x has produc$ z mu* z #c1jjj tons ( %ipp+ ore & conc5trates p] mon?4 ,! ,f$]al ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 op]ates sev]al m9es4 ,"o-six? ( ! /ock is own$ by ! ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 & all its silv]-lead ores & conc5trates are contract$ to ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,! ,success ,m9+ ,co41 work+ two m9es1 has be5 an important produc]4 ,! ,int]/ate-,callahan has be5 *iefly a z9c produc] b %ips "s lead conc5trates to ! ,salida plant ( ! ,ohio ,colorado ,smelt+ ,co4 ,! lead production ( ,utah is *iefly f ! ,p>k ,city1 ,b+ham ,canyon1 & ,t9tic di/ricts4 ,! ores1 compos$ ( gal5a1 tetrah$rite & pyrite1 & 9 places sphal]ite1 ) _! oxidiz$ d]ivatives1 occur 9 lodes cutt+ lime/ones1 s&/ones & %ales1 *iefly ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 & also z b$d$ deposits 9 lime/one4 ,bo? types are frequ5tly associat$ ) porphyry & =m irregul> ore bodies 9 contact-metamorphos$ lime/one4 ,9 _m m9es copp] is an important con/itu5t ( ! ores & ! silv] cont5t is always important4 ,! production ( ,colorado 9 #aiag compris$ #cc1iie %ort tons ( lead1 ( :i* #i1bic %ort tons came f ! ,leadville di/rict 9 ,lake ,c\nty1 #aj1dab %ort tons f ! ,san ,juan di/rict 9 ,san ,juan1 ,san ,miguel & ,ouray c\nties1 & #f1haf tons f ! ,asp5 di/rict 9 ,pitk9 ,c\nty4 ,! ,leadville deposits are 9 ! ,mosquito range4 ,! *ief produc+ companies are ! ,iron ,silv] ,m9+ ,co41 ! ,yak ,m9+1 ,mill+ ,tunnel ,co4 & its subsidi>y1 ! ,leadville ,exploration ,m9+ ,co42 ! ,we/]n ,m9+ ,co42 ! ,d[nt[n ,m9es ,co42 ! ,ibex ,m9+ ,co42 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 ,! ,yak ,m9+1 ,mill+ ,tunnel ,co41 & ! ,we/]n ,m9+ ,co4 are subsidi>ies ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,9 ! ,san ,juan di/rict1 ! pr9cipal produc]s are ! ,lib]ty ,bell2 ,smuggl]-,union2 ,tomboy2 ,black ,be>2 ,i[a-,gold ,tig]2 ,dives2 ,%5&oah2 & ,silv] ,lake m9es4 ,! ve9s p5etrate all ! cla/ic & igne\s rocks ( ?is region1 & ! ores are exce$+ly complex4 ,9 ,pitk9 ,c\nty1 ! ,smuggl] ,leas+ ,co4 op]ates mo/ ( ! produc+ m9es at ,asp54 ,! ores are peculi>ly free f o!r metals ?an lead1 antimony1 & silv]4 ,au/ralia4--,! lead res\rces ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia are *iefly 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,que5sl&4 ,new ,s\? ,wales has be5 ! *ief produc] 9 ! pa/1 b ! ,tasmanian deposits are n[ be+ rapidly develop$ & equipp$ = production4 ,! mo/ important s\rce ( ore 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales is ! great ,brok5 ,hill lode1 situat$ 9 ! arid ,b>ri] ,ranges at an elevation ( ab\t #a1jjj feet above sea level4 ,! lode ranges 9 wid? f a few in*es to #djj feet & has be5 work$ ov] a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,m9+ began 9 #ahhd & n[ is conduct$ by sev]al m9+ companies :i*1 9 ! ord] ( ! importance ( _! production & ore res]ves1 are3 ,brok5 ,hill ,s\? ,silv] ,m9+ ,co42 ,brok5 ,hill ,nor? ,m9+ ,co42 ,z9c ,corporation2 ,sulphide ,corporation2 ,briti% ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co42 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co42 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co41 ,block #aj2 & ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co41 ,block #ad4 ,al?\gh ! deepe/ work+s are #a1hae feet deep1 ! ore /ill cont9ues d[nw>d4 ,= _m ye>s ! e/imat$ ore res]ves ( all ! m9es h approximat$ #ab1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! upp] "p ( ! lode consi/$ ( a gossan #bj to #ajj feet wide ( silice\s & manganif]\s limonite1 hematite1 & kaol94 ,bel[ ! gossan 7 great masses ( c]ussite1 anglesite1 cuprite1 & mala*ite1 ) abundant c]>gyrite1 embolite1 & iodyrite4 ,betwe5 ! oxidiz$ & prim>y sulphide ores 0 a ?9 zone ( second>y sulphides4 ,! e>ly op]ations 9 ! di/rict 7 conduct$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ lead ores1 & imm5se dumps 7 accumulat$ ( z9c-be>+ ores sort$ out or z9c-be>+ tail+s left aft] conc5tration ( ! lead ores4 ,9 #aijc ^! dumps 7 e/imat$ at #e1fhg1djj tons1 c>ry+ #ah4f p] c5t4 z9c4 ,) ! developm5t ( a dem& = z9c sulphide ores & ( oil-flotation me?ods ( sep>ation & conc5tration1 ^! dumps h be5 important s\rces ( z9c4 ,!re are two classes ( sulphide ores1 di/+ui%$ z silicate gangue ore1 & calcite gangue ore4 ,! sulphide ores are a close mixture ( gal5a & z9c bl5de1 c>ry+ silv]4 ,! silicate gangue ore bodies c>ry rhodonite1 g>net1 & qu>tz2 & are ri*] 9 z9c & silv] ?an ^? ) calcite gangue4 ,! ,brok5 ,hill ,s\? ,silv] ,m9+ ,co4 has ore res]ves e/imat$ at #c1cej1jjj tons & is ! l>ge/ ore produc] 9 ! field4 ,brok5 ,hill ,nor?1 ,brok5 ,hill ,s\?1 ,amalgamat$ ,z9c 7,de ,bavay71 ,z9c ,corporation1 & ,b>ri] ,s\?1 ,ltd41 are controll$ by ! ,hoov]-,govett-,bailliau gr\p ( ,briti% & ,au/ralian capitali/s4 ,! ,amalgamat$ ,z9c ,co4 9 #aiac treat$ #dih1bhi tons ( tail+s conta9+ #ag4a p] c5t4 z9c1 #c4g p] c5t4 lead1 & #d4d ounces silv]1 obta9+ #adj1jih tons z9c conc5trates c>ry+ z9c1 #dh4i p] c5t41 lead #e4i p] c5t41 & silv] #h4e ounces p] ton4 ,! ,z9c ,corporation1 a company =m$ by ,bewick1 ,more+ ,co41 has ore res]ves e/imat$ at #a1ejd1baa tons1 av]ag+ #ad4h p] c5t4 lead1 #i4b p] c5t4 z9c1 & #b4e ounces ( silv] p] ton4 ,! l>ge/ lead-produc+ di/rict ( ,tasmania is on ! ,we/ ,coa/1 :]e ! l>ge/ produc]s1 ! ,h]cules ( ! ,dundas gr\p & ! ,primrose & ,tasmanian copp] m9es ( ! ,roseb]y company gr\p1 are n[ controll$ by ! ,m\nt ,read-,roseb]y ,co41 affiliat$ ) ! ,m\nt ,lyell ,m9+ ,railway ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! deposits conta9 complex sulphide ores1 ! res]ves be+ e/imat$ by ! /ate geological /aff at #a1bgb1ejj tons1 av]ag+ #bi4gi p] c5t4 z9c1 #h4hi p] c5t4 lead1 #ab4af ounces ( silv]1 & #j4ag ounces gold p] ton4 ,?is e/imate has s9ce be5 revis$ & made m cons]vative4 ,9 #aiac ,we/]n ,au/ralia produc$ #bf1ehi long tons ( lead ore & #abe tons ( silv]-lead ore1 almo/ :olly f ! ,nor?ampton di/rict on ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,! only company work+ on a l>ge scale is ! ,fremantle ,trad+ ,smelt+ ,co41 op]at+ ! ,badd]a & ,n>ra ,t>ra m9es &1 =m]ly1 a smelt] at ,fremantle4 ,! ,*illagoe di/rict is ! l>ge/ produc] 9 ,que5sl&1 its output am\nt+ to #b1eej long tons ( pig lead 9 #aiac1 *iefly f ! ,gir(la m9e ( ! ,mungana company1 b 9 "p f lead-copp] conc5trates4 ,! ,*illagoe op]at$ a small smelt]4 ,! total pig lead production ( ,que5sl& 0 #c1fjc long tons 9 #aiac4 ,spa94--,spa9 yield$ 9 #aiac1 #cad1cfi %ort tons ( lead conc5trates1 f :i* 7 smelt$ #ahi1eei tons ( pig lead4 ,9 #aiae only #a1jaj %ort tons ( ore or conc5trates 0 export$1 & #afa1iab %ort tons ( desilv]iz$ lead 0 export$1 mo/ly to ,engl&4 ,ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! production ( ore came f ! prov9ces ( ,ja51 ,murcia1 ,cordoba1 & ,ciudad ,real4 ,9 #aiac ! ,prov9ce ( ,alm]ia occupi$ f\r? place1 b its m9es are n[ ne>ly exhau/$4 ,^! prov9ces are 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,spa9 & cov] ! ,si]ra ,mor5a & ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9 ranges4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ja5 are two pr9cipal di/ricts--! ,l9>es-,santa-,el5a & ! ,la ,c>ol9a4 ,_m ye>s ago ,l9>es 0 ! greate/ lead-produc+ di/rict 9 ! _w4 ,! ve9s cut granite & ?9 ov]ly+ s&/one & are v n>r[4 ,! ,arrayanes1 a /ate-own$ m9e1 has be5 exploit$ ov] a l5g? ( two & a half miles & to #a1ejj feet 9 dep?4 ,! gangue is granite1 qu>tz & calcite4 ,iron & copp] pyrites & sphal]ite are pres5t1 b a #gi p] c5t4 lead conc5trate is easily made4 ,! deepe/ m9e is #a1hjj ft4 deep & is /ill 9 ri* ore4 ,9 ! ,santa ,el5a vic9ity1 ! ,san ,f]n&o1 ,ojo ,vec9o1 & ,santa ,ana m9es are own$ locally4 ,! ,c>idad is own$ by ,fr5* capital & ! ,santa ,susanna by a ,belgian conc]n1 ! ,compagnie ,real ,a/uri5ne des ,m9es4 ,9 ,la ,c>ol9a di/rict ! ne>ly v]tical lodes cut ,silurian qu>tzites & ,cambrian & ,silurian slates4 ,! ore atta9s a great] wid? ?an 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,l9>es di/rict4 ,! ,nuevo ,c5t5illo m9e 7,engli% own$7 produces #bg1jjj %ort tons ( conc5trates annually4 ,! great ,gu9do lode runs ?r\gh six m9es1 two ( :i* are own$ by ,spani% companies1 & ?ree by ! ,gu9do ,co41 a ,g]man-,spani% corporation hav+ an output ( #bg1jjj %ort tons ( conc5trates ye>ly4 ,! ,ca/illo ,la ,vieja1 own$ by a ,fr5* company1 has a ye>ly output ( #bj1jjj tons ( m>ketable ore4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,murcia ! ,maz>ron & ,c>tag5a di/ricts are important4 ,mo/ ( ! ve9s are ne>ly v]tical b _m h spurs or bran*es =m+ l5ticul> & b$d$ deposits 9 ! s$im5t>ies4 ,?is di/rict ext5ds s\?we/w>d along ! coa/ f ,cabo de ,palos a few miles nor? ( ,c>tag5a4 ,! production ( ?is prov9ce has be5 /eadily decreas+4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,cordoba 7di/rict ( ,posadas7 _m silv]-lead-z9c m9es 7 work$ by ! ,romans & are /ill pr(itable4 ,ne> ,alc>acejos are ! m9es ( ,anglo-,vask & ,p5>roya1 ! latt] own$ by a ,fr5* company ( ! same "n4 ,! developm5t ( ! lead ores 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ciudad ,real has be5 ret>d$ by lack ( transportation facilities4 ,! be/ kn[n di/rict is t ( ,el ,hoyo-,san ,lor5zo1 :i* 9 #aiae _h ris5 to f\r? place among ! lead-produc+ di/ricts ( ,spa94 ,g]many4--,9 imp]ial ,g]many ! lead-produc+ di/ricts 9 ! ord] ( _! importance 7 z foll[s3 ,upp] ,silesia1 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 ,we/phalia1 ,saxony1 ,hanov]1 & ,nassau4 ,rh5i% ,prussia & ,we/phalia are usually gr\p$ toge!r z "o metallographic prov9ce4 ,at ,gladba*1 ea/ ( ,cologne 9 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 are ore deposits ly+ 9 tr\ghs & bas9s 9 lime/one4 ,! ore is smi?sonite & gal5a mix$ ) %ale4 ,! *ief deposits ( ,we/phalia are at ,is]lohn & ,brilon4 ,at ,is]lohn ores conta9+ calam9e1 gal5a1 & bl5de are f\nd 9 irregul> pockets4 ,! deposits ( ,brilon are simil>1 b mo/ ( ! ore is f\nd 9 crevices 9 ! lime/one4 ,rh5i% ,prussia & ,we/phalia are ! s\rce ( ab\t "o-?ird ! ,g]man production ( lead4 ,! great] "p ( ,upp] ,silesia lay )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,g]many 9 #aiad1 al?\gh =m]ly "p ( ! k+dom ( ,pol&1 ! population be+ /ill pr$om9antly ,poli%2 b portions 7 includ$ 9 ! old empires ( ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,! pre-w> production ( lead ores f ,russian ,pol& 0 entirely f ?is metallographic prov9ce4 ,! deposits1 :i* conta9 lead & z9c toge!r1 lie 9 ,triassic b$s t ov]lie ,c>bonif]\s rocks c>ry+ important seams ( coal4 ,?is juxtaposition ( ore & fuel furni% an ideal basis = ! great smelt+ indu/ry t develop$ locally1 = ! conditions p]mit smelt+ ( l[-grade ores4 ,! hi/oric m9es at ,freib]g1 9 ,saxony 7,erzgebirge7 yield a small quantity ( bl5de 9 connection ) ! conc5tration ( gal5a ores f a rem>kable s]ies ( int]sect+ ve9s1 :i* numb] m ?an #ijj1 al?\gh few are m ?an #b feet ?ick4 ,!y h be5 work$ to a dep? ( #b1ajj feet4 ,m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! lead production ( ,g]many is d]iv$ f ,saxony4 ,^! m9es are own$ & op]at$ by ! ,saxon gov]nm5t1 :i* also owns ! smelt+ plants4 ,lead pr$om9ates ov] z9c 9 ! ores ( ! ,upp] ,h>z1 9 ,hanov]4 ,^! ores occur 9 ve9s & zones 9 slates ( ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,^! m9es are work$ by ! ,prussian ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 :i* also op]ates two smelt+ plants1 ! output be+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total ,g]man output4 ,9 ,nassau1 9 ! valley ( ! ,lahn1 lead ores are produc$ z a by-product1 ) z9c bl5de conc5trates4 ,mexico4--,9 ,mexico lead ores are m9$ 9 sev]al /ates1 ! m important be+ ,*ihuahua1 ,durango1 ,coahuila1 ,nuevo ,leon1 ,sonora1 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 & ,zacatecas4 ,9 _m di/ricts dur+ a consid]able "p ( ! pa/ eight ye>s "w has be5 int]mitt5t & occasionally susp5d$ = long p]iods4 ,! ,santa ,eulalia di/rict 9 ,*ihuahua is l>gely own$ by ,am]ican companies1 includ+ ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 op]at+ ! ,m9a ,vieja1 ,s9 ,nombre1 ,vel>dea1 ,san ,antonio & ,santo ,dom+o m9es2 & ,el ,potosi ,m9+ ,co41 op]at+ ! m9es ( ! same "n4 ,! ,san ,toy is "u lease to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 n[ purg$ ( ,g]man int]e/s4 ,! ,santa ,eulalia ,m9+ ,co4 belongs to ! ,he>/ e/ate4 ,! ,bu5a ,ti]ra ,m9+ ,co4 is a ,briti% conc]n4 ,! m9es ( ! ,santa ,b>b>a & ,p>ral di/ricts are also l>gely "u ,am]ican control1 among _m o!rs be+ ! ,montezuma ,lead ,m9+ ,co4 ( ! ,r4 ,s4 ,t[ne int]e/s1 ,granadea ,m9+ ,co41 ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 & ,am]ican ,z9c ,extraction ,co4 ,! ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 op]ates ! ,tecolotes1 ,montezuma1 ,san ,diego1 ,guadalupe & ,alf>5a m9es4 ,! ,san ,francisco m9es are own$ by ,briti% capital4 ,9 ! ,san ,isidro di/rict ! ,cal]a1 ,prieta & ,bu5a ,vi/a m9es are op]at$ by ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,! ,lago m9e is op]at$ by ,c4 ,m4 de ,las ,plomosas 7,fr5*74 ,9 ! ,p>ado di/rict are m9es ( ! ,compaia ,m9]a ,aurora y ,anexas1 controll$ by ! ,mad]o family 7,mexican74 ,o!r ,*ihuahua m9es ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 are ,orizaba & ,la ,union at ,magi/ral1 ! ,jibosa at ,dolores1 ,la ,luz & ,p>cion]a at ,cord]a1 ! ,veta ,gr&e & ,veta ,colorado4 ,! l>ge/ op]ators 9 ! /ate ( ,durango are ! ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 at ,vel>dea & ! ,cia4 ,m9]a de ,peoles at ,mapimi1 bo? n[ ,am]ican s9ce ! sell+ ( ! ,g]man-held /ock ( ! ,am]ican ,metals ,co4 by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian4 ,9 ,sonora1 ! ,c>negie ,lead ,z9c ,co4 work$ a m9e ne> ,cananea1 dur+ ! w>1 b ! be/ "p ( ! deposit is n[ deplet$4 ,! ,tiro ,g5]al m9es1 9 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 belong to ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,! ,cabrilla & ,paloma m9es1 9 ! ,cabrillas di/rict 9 ,coahuila1 are own$ by ! ,compaia ,m9]a de ,peoles1 controll$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 ,! ,si]ra ,mojada di/rict is dom9at$ by ,am]ican companies1 ! pr9cipal m9es be+ own$ by ! ,consolidat$ ,kansas ,city ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,! ,boquillas de ,c>m5 m9e has be5 acquir$ by an ,am]ican company4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,nueva ,leon1 deposits ly+ )9 a radius ( #ej miles ( ,mont]rey1 at ,villadama1 ,vallecillo1 ,lad]a ,occid5tal de ,m9as ,viejas1 etc41 h be5 exploit$ by ,g]man & ,am]ican companies1 includ+ ! ,compaia ,metalurgica ,mexicana 7,am]ican71 ,jopl9-,mexican ,m9+ ,co4 7,am]ican71 & ! ,metallgesells*aft 7,g]man74 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,! output ( lead ore 9 ,tunis 9 #aiac1 almo/ :olly by ,fr5* companies1 0 #ef1jgb metric tons4 ,x is all export$4 ,practically all ! output ( lead ore 9 ,italy is d]iv$ f ! ,+lesias di/rict ( ,s>d9ia1 :i* 9 #aiae produc$ #dj1hbi metric tons ( ore av]ag+ #ee p] c5t4 lead1 out ( a total national production ( #da1eij metric tons4 ,! pr9cipal op]ators are ! ,monteponi & ,p]tusola companies1 ! =m] ,italian1 ! latt] ,engli%4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ore comes f ! prov9ces ( ,b]gamo1 ,brescia ,cuneo1 & ,grosseto1 & ! op]at+ companies are ! ,engli% ,cr[n ,spelt] ,co4 7,engli%71 & ! ,societa ,au/ro-,belga & ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne 7,belgian74 ,9 ,cze*o-,slovakia1 ! mo/ important di/rict is t ( ,przibram1 9 ,bohemia4 ,ri* lead ores 7 once m9$ at ,mies1 b ! di/rict is n[ exhau/$4 ,! di/rict ( ,joa*im/hal 0 = c5turies an important produc]4 ,9 ,g]man-,au/ria are ! silv]-lead m9+ di/ricts ( ,s*neeb]g1 9 ,tyrol1 & ,raibl1 9 ,upp] ,c>9?ia4 ,9 bo? di/ricts ! m9es 7 be=e ! w> own$ & op]at$ by ! ,au/rian /ate4 ,miess1 9 ,c>9?ia1 is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( ore 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! lead m9es ( ,great ,brita9 9 #aiaf produc$ #ag1jhc tons ( dress$ lead ore4 ,! l>ge/ op]ator is ! ,we>dale ,lead ,co41 op]at+ ! ,boltsburn & ,/anhopeburn m9es & smelt+ its own & "s cu/om ores4 ,9 ,greece ! only important lead deposit is t ( ,laurium1 :i* 0 work$ on a l>ge scale 9 anci5t times4 ,x is n[ controll$ & op]at$ by a ,fr5* company1 ! ,compagnie ,franaise des ,m9es de ,laurium4 ,! lead production ( ,canada is *iefly f ,briti% ,columbia1 ! mo/ important produc]s be+ 9 ! ,slocan di/rict4 ,! l>ge/ op]ator is ! ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 proprietor also ( ! ,trail smelt]4 ,?is company op]ates ! ,sullivan & o!r m9es & produc$ dur+ ! ye> end$ ,septemb] #cj1 #aiag1 #bi1edb tons ( lead ore f ! ,sullivan m9e1 & #a1ajj to #a1ejj tons f sev]al o!rs4 ,! ,sullivan m9e has be5 report$ to h res]ves ( #c1ejj1jjj tons ( gal5a-sphal]ite ore4 ,num]\s small] prop]ties 9 ! same di/rict %ip ore to ! ,trail smelt]1 :i* produc$ "s #bb1jjj tons ( lead dur+ ! ye> end$ ,septemb] #cj1 #aiag4 ,! mo/ important lead-silv] m9es ( ,asiatic ,turkey are ^? at ,hod%a ,g]ni% 7,balia71 belong+ to ! ,socit des ,m9es de ,balia-,k>a-,aid9 7,fr5*71 :i* yield ab\t #ab1jjj tons ( lead annually4 ,!re is a /ate-own$ m9e at ,bulg>dagh produc+ lead1 gold1 & silv]4 ,! ,engli% company1 ,asia ,m9or ,m9+ ,co41 produces ab\t #c1jjj tons ( ore annually4 ,9 ,*9a ! t5 lead m9es 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hunan are controll$ by ,*9ese4 ,! ,wah ,*ang ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ,ltd41 op]ates ! ,ti5 ,= ,tai m9es4 ,! ,%ui-,ko-,%an m9e1 controll$ by ! ,hunan ,m9+ ,bo>d1 f a deposit 9 lime/one1 produc$ 9 #aiac1 #ea1efa net tons ( ore1 :i* yield$ #c1gfb tons ( lead conc5trates & #ab1bge tons ( z9c conc5trates4 ,s9ce #aiac ! production has be5 increas$1 b ! possibilities ( ! deposit are limit$4 ,! ,japanese h endeavor$ to secure control ( ?is m9e1 b )\t success4 ,! pig-lead output ( ,*9a is *iefly consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! only mod]n lead smelt] is at ,*ang%a & is own$ by ,japanese4 ,! lead production ( ,s\?we/ ,africa 7=m]ly ,g]man7 has be5 d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,tsumeb deposit 9 ! ,grootfonte9 di/rict 9 ! ,otavi ,m\nta9s4 ,! ores export$ 9 ! fiscal ye> #aiac-ad am\nt$ to #dh1jjj long tons1 av]ag+ #ac p] c5t4 copp]1 #be p] c5t4 lead1 & #g4g ounces silv]4 ,! ore is a co>sely cry/all9e aggregate ( arg5tif]\s gal5a & *alcocite ) m9or am\nts ( o!r m9]als4 ,! ,otavi ,m9es ,railway ,co4 owns & op]ates ?is m9e1 ! ore hav+ be5 export$ 9 #aiac-ad to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = smelt+4 ,9 #aiac all ! lead-ore production ( ,alg]ia 0 f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,con/ant9e1 & am\nt$ to #ba1ddb tons4 ,practically ! :ole production 0 by ,fr5* companies4 ,lead ore is produc$ 9 sev]al scatt]$ di/ricts 9 ,france1 *iefly 9 ! s\?4 ,among ! m9es are ! ,*aliac et ,*assezac 7,arde*e7 m9es ( ! ,socit ,metallurgique et ,m9ire des ,cev5nes1 produc+ #b1bjj metric tons 9 #aiac2 ! m9es ( ! ,socit ,civile des ,m9es des ,mal9es2 ,la ,londe m9e ( ! ,socit des ,m9es des ,bormettes2 t ( ! ,socit des ,m9es de ,bleym>d1 produc+ #b1dgj tons ( gal5a ore 9 #aiac2 & ! ,pi]refitte 7,haute ,pyr5ees71 ,peybrune1 & ,bul>d de ,s5te9-,sa9t ,l>y 7,ariege7 m9es4 ,all ( ^! appe> to be ,fr5* companies1 except ! ,pi]refitte1 :i* is ,engli% controll$4 ,9 ,burma1 ! *ief deposits are ^? ( ! ,bawdw9 m9es1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,%an ,/ates 7,burma71 n[ connect$ ) ! ,burma ,railway f ,rangoon4 ,! ore bodies ( pres5t int]e/ are ne>ly v]tical %oots 9 a feldspa?ic grit 7rhyolitic tuff or silicifi$ rhyolite7 & rhyolite s]ies4 ,! ,*9aman & ! small] ,%an ore body are believ$ to h be5 "o1 ?\gh n[ sep>at$ by fault+4 ,e/imat$ res]ves on ,decemb] #ca1 #aiag1 7 #d1jcc1jjj tons ( lead-z9c ore assay+ #bd4g ounces ( silv]1 #bg4d p] c5t4 lead1 #ai4a p] c5t4 z9c1 & #j4d p] c5t4 copp]2 & #aje1jjj tons ( copp]-silv] ore assay+ #ba4j ounces ( silv]1 #ai4i p] c5t4 lead1 #h4h p] c5t4 z9c1 & #h4i p] c5t4 copp]4 ,s9ce !n developm5t has consid]ably increas$ ^! res]ves4 ,9 addition !re is e/imat$ to be #a1fjj1jjj tons ( l[-grade ore av]ag+ #e4a ounces ( silv]1 #g4e p] c5t4 lead1 #d4h p] c5t4 z9c1 & #j4b p] c5t4 copp] p] ton1 ) excell5t prospects ( l>g] developm5ts4 ,a l>ge tonnage ( gossan outcrop ore conta9+ #d or #e ounces silv]1 #d to #e p] c5t4 lead1 & a little z9c is *eaply m9$ & available z silice\s flux4 ,! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! ores are gal5a & sphal]ite ) a little pyrite & *alcopyrite4 ,all ( ! ore is arg5tif]\s4 ,! lead & z9c conc5trates are available = ! cu/om>y me?ods ( smelt+4 ,a z9c-di/ill+ & sulphuric acid plant is be+ con/ruct$ at ,sak*i1 ) ! aid ( ! ,indian gov]nm5t1 to treat ! table z9c conc5trates4 ,its initial capacity ( #be1jjj tons ( conc5trates is expect$ to be increas$ to #ge1jjj tons4 ,! company op]ates a lead smelt] at ,nam-,tu1 #aa miles f ! m9es1 us+ a mixture ( ore & anci5t slags4 ,treatm5t ( ! middl+s by ! ,ganl9 process is propos$ & a #ajj-ton unit is "u con/ruction at ,avonm\?1 ,engl&4 ,! ,bawdw9 deposits may be expect$ to be an important factor 9 ! _w's production ( lead 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,!y are own$ by ! ,burma ,m9es1 ,ltd41 an ,engli% corporation repres5t+ ! ,r4 ,tild5 ,smi?-,govett-,hoov] int]e/s & "s ,am]ican capital4 ,! lead production ( ,p]u is l>gely 9 ! =m ( anci5t high-lead slags f ! ,c]ro de ,pasco di/rict1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,jun91 %ipp$ to plants ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,lead occurs z a m9or con/itu5t ( copp] deposits4 ,! dome/ic lead-ore deposits ( ,japan are all own$ & op]at$ by ,japanese4 ,dur+ ! w> ,au/ralian conc5trates & ,*9ese ore 7 import$ & smelt$1 #aj1fff %ort tons ( ! =m]1 c>ry+ #ef p] c5t4 lead1 dur+ ! fiscal ye> #aiae-af1 & #i1hbi %ort tons ( ! latt] dur+ ! ye> #aiaf4 ,! ,fujita company1 m9+ 9 ,japan1 ,korea1 & ,=mosa1 produces #chb %ort tons ( lead ye>ly4 ,its pr9cipal m9e is ! ,kosaka1 at ! nor!rn end ( ,hondo1 ! ma9 isl& ( ,japan4 ,! ore is a complex sulphide mixture ( lead1 z9c1 iron1 & copp] m9]als4 ,! annual output ( ?is m9e is ab\t #cce %ort tons ( lead4 ,! ,mitsui ,m9+ ,co41 ,ltd41 is ! l>ge/ produc]1 its output 9 #aiae hav+ be5 #c1efa1 & 9 #aiaf1 #h1jih %ort tons ( pig lead4 ,?is is d]iv$ :olly f ! ,kamioka z9c-lead m9e1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,hida1 on a contact metamorphic deposit 9 lime/one l5ses enclos$ 9 ,ar*ean gneiss ne> a qu>tz porphyry contact4 ,! only deposit exploit$ 9 ,egypt is t kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ,gebel ,rosas1 n[ op]at$ by ! ,fr5* company1 ,compagnie ,franaise des ,m9es de ,laurium4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] empire ( ,russia1 ! lead production ( ,russian ,pol& & ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s is small1 ! output 9 #aiac com+ *iefly f ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s & be+ made by ! ,elboruss ,co41 & ! ,compagnie d',alagir 7,belgian74 ,9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 9 ,sib]ia1 a z9c-lead-silv] deposit1 ! ,zme9ogorsk1 =m]ly belong+ to ! ,russian ,m9+ ,corporation 7,briti%71 is n[ own$ by a ,russian company1 ,altai ,m9es1 ,ltd41 ?\gh "p ( ! capital is probably ,briti%4 ,! ,n]*9ski di/rict1 9 ea/]n ,sib]ia1 comprises _m kn[n deposits4 ,! ,akatonevski1 ,kada5ski1 ,alga*9ski & ,kli*9ski deposits are ve9s1 :]eas _m ( ! ,z]5tniski1 ,gasim\ra ,valley1 ,k\lt\mski & ,maltzevski are l5ticul> masses ( dissem9at$ ore4 ,9 ! ,kada5ski deposits two massive dissem9at$ ore bodies occur 9 dolomite betwe5 two ve9s4 ,^! deposits 7 controll$ by ! ,imp]ial ,cab9et1 & _! exploitation 0 be+ s]i\sly consid]$ by ,briti% & ,am]ican capital %ortly be=e ! revolution4 ,! deposits ( l>ge/ pres5t importance 9 ,sib]ia are ^? ( ! ,ridd] ,m9+ ,co41 controll$ by ! ,irty% ,corporation ( ,london1 :i* has develop$ two m9es1 ! ,ridd] & ! ,sokolni1 on ! same m9]aliz$ zone4 ,! deposits are replacem5ts by complex sulphide ore ( memb]s ( a con=mable s]ies ( slates1 tuffs1 & igne\s sills4 ,9 #aiaf ! res]ves 7 e/imat$ at #ide1jjj tons ( a grade ( #ca4b p] c5t4 z9c1 #ah4a p] c5t4 lead1 #a4e p] c5t4 copp]1 #i4g ounces ( silv]1 & #j4dg ounces ( gold2 & also #b1bbi1jjj tons av]ag+ #f4g p] c5t4 z9c1 #c4e p] c5t4 lead1 #j4e p] c5t4 copp]1 #a4g ounces ( silv]1 & #j4g ounces ( gold p] ton4 ,o!r kn[n m9]aliz$ zones h n be5 develop$1 b ! possibilities ( ! prop]ty are imm5se1 be+ limit$ *iefly by g5]al political & economic conditions4 ,a small quantity ( lead is produc$ 9 ,bulg>ia f a few small deposits conta9+ intimate mixtures ( lead1 copp] & z9c m9]als2 usually ei!r z9c or copp] pr$om9ate4 ,! mo/ important lead deposit 9 ,sw$5 is ! ,sala1 9 ,ve/manl&1 :]e irregul> masses & ve9s ( gal5a & bl5de ) m9or am\nts ( pyrite1 etc4 occur 9 lime/one4 ,simil> deposits occur at ,l(as & ,guldm$%yttan4 ,hung>y has no lead m9es ( importance1 al?\gh gal5a occurs 9 "s ( ! ve9s exploit$1 notably at ,s*emnitz1 :]e ! l>g] m9es are ! prop]ty ( ! ,hung>ian /ate4 ,mo/ ( ! ore f ,bolivia export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes f ! ,majo m9e1 :i* produc$ #hhd tons1 lead cont5t1 9 #aiab4 ,?is m9e is 9 s\!rn ,bolivia 9 ! region ( ,la ,quiaca4 ,! mo/ important lead-produc+ area 9 ,portugal is ,m]lota1 ne> ! ,guadiana ,riv]1 :]e silv]-be>+ gal5a & oxidiz$ ores are f\nd4 ,o!r di/ricts are ^? ( ,villa ,real1 ,viz51 ,aveiro1 ,portalagre1 & ,beja4 ,! deposits are simil> to ^? ( ,spa94 ,! only deposit ( importance 9 ,rhodesia 7,s\? ,africa7 is ! ,rhodesia ,brok5 ,hill4 ,! l>ge ore bodies are1 s f> z develop$1 almo/ :olly oxidiz$4 ,"o ore body is e/imat$ to conta9 #bej1jjj long tons ( ore av]ag+ #bf p] c5t4 lead & #bb4e p] c5t4 z9c2 ano!r ore body is e/imat$ to conta9 #cjj1jjj long tons1 av]ag+ #cb p] c5t4 z9c1 ) little lead1 b mu* iron oxide & c>bonate4 ,^! ore bodies are controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,consid]able difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 develop+ a comm]cial treatm5t4 ,reports indicate ?is deposit is ( great] magnitude ?an is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! mo/ important lead deposit ( ,belgium1 or r ( ! neutral di/rict ( ,moresnet adjo9+ ,belgium1 belong$ to ! ,belgian company1 ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne at ,moresnet4 ,x 0 exhau/$ 9 #ahhb4 ,*anges 9 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,production 9 ! ,ne> ,future4--,no m>k$ *ange 9 ! pre-w> rate ( production ( ores by ! c\ntries ( ,europe or nor!rn ,africa is anticipat$ :5 normal conditions are resum$4 ,mo/ ( ! di/ricts 9 ^? c\ntries h be5 exploit$ a long "t & h pass$ _! z5i? ( production2 _m are approa*+ exhau/ion4 ,a possible exception to ?is /atem5t is ! ,ciudad ,real ,prov9ce ( ,spa91 :i* is be+ en]getically develop$ by ! ,p5>roya company4 ,! division ( ,au/ria-,hung>y w n mat]ially affect ! control ( ! lead indu/ry4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w cont9ue to be ! l>ge/ s\rce ( lead 9 ! _w1 & ! only *ange anticipat$ is a slight increase 9 ! relative importance ( ! h>d-lead output ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! *ief new factor 9 production w be ! ,bawdw9 m9es ( ,burma1 :i* are be+ develop$ on a l>ge scale = ! production ( #cjj1jjj tons ( ore annually4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s ( s\?we/]n ,sib]ia h prov$ imm5se bodies ( complex z9c-lead ores4 ,_! geographic isolation w prev5t !m f becom+ an important factor 9 ! _w m>ket = a long p]iod1 not)/&+ _! l>ge size & excell5t grade4 ,! ext5t ( _! exploitation w be det]m9$ l>gely by h[ f> ! ,russian m>ket is affect$ by int]nal social & political conditions4 ,! loss ( ! ,poli% indu/rial region1 ) its m>ket protect$ by /r+5t t>iffs1 mat]ially re/ricts ! ext5t ( visible outlets4 ,9 ! future1 b n soon1 x is anticipat$ t !re w be developm5ts 9 ! ,&es region ( ,s\? ,am]ica ( complex lead-ore deposits simil> to ^? ( ! ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,political ,,control ,political control ( ! lead res\rces ( ! _w up to ! outbreak ( ! w> 9 #aiad seems to h be5 a m9or factor 9 ! indu/ry1 & to h made itself felt *iefly ?r\gh imposition ( protective t>iffs or bonuses design$ to /imulate dome/ic production1 smelt+1 & ref9+4 ,su* measures result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( lead smelt+ 9 ,briti% ,columbia & 7 an inducem5t to ! developm5t ( ! ,altai di/rict ( ,sib]ia4 ,z w be describ$ lat] 9 detail1 ! gr[? ( int]national comm]cial relations _h p]mitt$ ! e/abli%m5t by ,g]man int]e/s ( organizations :i*1 al?\gh n all-inclusive1 gave effective control ( ! indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 h[ev]1 political jurisdiction 0 l>gely invok$ to re/ore control ( national res\rces to citiz5s4 ,?is movem5t 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 :]e !re n[ exi/s a jo9t political & comm]cial control4 ,ali5 int]e/s h be5 elim9at$ by gov]nm5tal action & ! gov]nm5t reta9s a %>e 9 ! control ?r\gh its int]e/ 9 m>ket+ organizations or its f9ancial p>ticipation 9 r$uction works4 ,9 ,france1 ! consortium ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 organiz$ by gov]nm5t action1 is ! arbit] ( ! indu/ry & comprises all ! important ,fr5* companies bo? at home & abroad4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian 0 active 9 elim9at+ all enemy-ali5 int]e/s4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,copp]1 lead1 & z9c =m a class by !mselves1 ) respect to indu/rial utility & tonnage produc$1 rank+ aft] iron1 :i* f> outclasses !m1 z ! mo/ important base metals4 ,! total ye>ly production ( ea* ?r\gh\t ! _w is consid]ably m ?an a million tons4 ,,table #ec4--,,ore ,,production1 ,,smelt+1 ,,& ,,consumption ,,( ,,lead ,,9 #aiac 7,tons ( #b1jjj ,p\nds7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,recov]able lead cont5t ( ores & conc5trates ---------------------------------------- - ,m9e production ,exports ,imports -------------------------------------- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,c\ntry tons #acj tons #acj tons #acj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alg]ia #ab1ijj #a4j #ab1ijj #a4j 444 444 ,au/ralia #bdd1ejj #ai4gacb1jjj #aj4f 444 444 #acc ,au/ria-,hung>y #bc1hjj #a4i 444 444 #b1hjj #j4b ,belgium 444 444 444 444 #ef1jjj #d4e ,bolivia #a1ajj #j4a #a1ajj #j4a 444 444 ,bulg>ia #b1bjj #j4b #b1bjj #j4b 444 444 ,canada #ah1hjj #a4e 444 444 444 444 ,*9a #ad1jjj #a4a #ad1jjj #a4a 444 444 ,egypt #c1bjj #j4c #c1bjj #j4c 444 444 ,france #i1fjj #j4h 444 444 #ba1cjj #a4g ,g]man ,s4 ,w4 ,africa #ac1bjj #a4j #ac1bjj #a4j 444 444 ,g]many #gi1cjj #f4d 444 444#abj1cjj #i4g ,great ,brita9 #bj1cjj #a4f 444 444 #ac1cjj #a4a ,greece #bj1cjj #a4f 444 444 444 444 ,holl& 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,india #acd 7,burma7 #f1ejj #j4e #b1bjj #j4b 444 444 #acd ,italy #bd1ijj #b4j #a1jjj #j4a 444 444 ,japan #d1bjj #j4c 444 444 444 444 ,mexico #fh1cjj #e4e #g1ajj #j4f 444 444 ,norway 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,p]u #d1cjj #j4c #d1cjj #j4c 444 444 ,portugal #fjj 444 #fjj 444 444 444 ,rhodesia #djj 444 #djj 444 444 444 #acd ,russia #c1ajj #j4b #b1jjj #j4b 444 444 ,spa9 #bji1bjj #af4h 444 444 #i1ijj #j4h ,sw$5 #b1ajj #j4b #ejj 444 444 444 ,switz]l& 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,tunis #ca1ajj #b4e #ca1jjj #b4e 444 444 ,turkey-9-,asia #ae1cjj #a4b 444 444 444 444 ,unit$ ,/ates #daa1ijj #cc4c 444 444 #ac1bjj #a4j ,o!r c\ntries 444 444 444 444 #b1fjj #j4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,_w#ace #a1bde1ajjajj4jbbg1hjj #ah4bbci1djj #ai4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,prim>y pig lead ---------------------------------------- - ,smelt] production ,imports ,exports -------------------------------------- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,c\ntry tons #acj tons #acj tons #acj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alg]ia 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,au/ralia #aab1ejj #i4j 444 444#aja1ijj #h4a ,au/ria-,hung>y #bf1fjj #b4a #ab1ejj #a4j 444 444 ,belgium #ef1jjj #d4e 444 444 #h1gjj #j4g ,bolivia 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,bulg>ia 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,canada #ah1hjj #a4e #f1djj #j4e 444 444 ,*9a 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,egypt 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,france #cj1ijj #b4e #hg1gjj #g4j 444 444 ,g]man ,s4 ,w4 ,africa 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,g]many #aii1fjj #ae4i #df1hjj #c4g 444 444 ,great ,brita9 #cc1fjj #b4gagg1djj #ad4a 444 444 ,greece #bj1cjj #a4f 444 444 #bj1cjj #a4f ,holl& 444 444 #aj1ejj #j4h 444 444 ,india 7,burma7 #d1cjj #j4c 444 444 #d1cjj #j4c ,italy #bc1ijj #a4i #ab1jjj #a4j 444 444 ,japan #d1bjj #j4c #ag1jjj #a4c 444 444 ,mexico #fa1bjj #d4i 444 444 #fa1bjj #d4i ,norway 444 444 #ejj 444 444 444 ,p]u 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,portugal 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,rhodesia 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,russia #a1jjj #j4a #fc1gjj #e4a 444 444 ,spa9 #bai1ajj #ag4d 444 444#bai1ajj #ag4e ,sw$5 #a1fjj #j4a #a1bjj #j4a 444 444 ,switz]l& 444 444 #f1djj #j4e 444 444 ,tunis 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,turkey-9-,asia #ae1cjj #a4b 444 444 #ae1cjj #a4b ,unit$ ,/ates #dbe1ajj #cc4h 444 444 #aj1hjj #j4i ,o!r c\ntries #b1fjj #j4b #cd1ajj #b4g 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,_w#ace #a1bef1gjjajj4jdgf1bjj #cg4hdda1fjj #ce4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,recov]able lead 9 ores & pig lead ---------------------------------------- - ,consumption ,net imports ,net exports -------------------------------------- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,net c5t4 ,c\ntry tons #acj tons #acj tons #acj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alg]ia 444 444 444 444 #ab1ijj #a4c ,au/ralia #aj1fjj #j4h 444 444#bcc1ijj #ah4g ,au/ria-,hung>y #ci1ajj #c4j #ae1cjj #a4b 444 444 ,belgium #dg1cjj #c4g #dg1cjj #c4h 444 444 ,bolivia 444 444 444 444 #a1ajj #j4a ,bulg>ia 444 444 444 444 #b1bjj #j4b ,canada #be1bjj #b4j #f1djj #j4e 444 444 ,*9a 444 444 444 444 #ad1jjj #a4a ,egypt 444 444 444 444 #c1bjj #j4b ,france #aah1fjj #i4aaji1jjj #h4g 444 444 ,g]man ,s4 ,w4 ,africa 444 444 444 444 #ac1bjj #a4j ,g]many #bdf1djj #ai4aafg1ajj #ac4d 444 444 ,great ,brita9 #baa1jjj #af4daij1gjj #ae4b 444 444 ,greece 444 444 444 444 #bj1cjj #a4f ,holl& #aj1ejj #j4h #aj1ejj #j4a 444 444 ,india 7,burma7 444 444 444 444 #f1ejj #j4e ,italy #ce1ijj #b4h #aa1jjj #j4a 444 444 ,japan #bj1djj #a4f #ag1jjj #a4c 444 444 ,mexico 444 444 444 444 #fh1cjj #e4e ,norway #ejj 444 #ejj 444 444 444 ,p]u 444 444 444 444 #d1cjj #j4c ,portugal 444 444 444 444 #fjj 444 ,rhodesia 444 444 444 444 #djj 444 ,russia #fd1hjj #e4j #fa1gjj #e4j 444 444 ,spa9 444 444 444 444#bji1bjj #af4g ,sw$5 #b1hjj #j4b #gjj 444 444 444 ,switz]l& #f1djj #j4e #f1djj #j4e 444 444 ,tunis 444 444 444 444 #ca1ajj #b4e ,turkey-9-,asia 444 444 444 444 #ae1cjj #a4b ,unit$ ,/ates #dad1cjj #cb4a #b1djj #j4b 444 444 ,o!r c\ntries #cf1gjj #b4h #cf1gjj #b4i 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,_w#ace #a1bij1ejjajj4jfhb1gjj #eb4ifcf1ejj #ej4i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #acj ,p]c5tages ( ,_w production ( recov]able lead cont5t ( ores4 #aca ,p]c5tages ( ,_w smelt] production ( pig lead4 #acb ,p]c5tage ( mean ( totals us$ 9 a & b4 #acc ,total recov]able lead cont5t ( ore production report$1 less lead cont5t ( ,au/ralian production 9 =ms o!r ?an pig lead4 #acd ,probably repres5ts ore surplus r ?an exports4 #ace ,lack ( prop] balance 9 ^! totals %[s error or incomplet5ess1 or lack ( comp>ability1 due 9 "p to lag 9 ! /ati/ics1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %[ correctly ! g5]al situation4 ,! own]%ip or op]ative control ( m9es is a m9or factor 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! lead indu/ry & 9 g5]al is ( importance only z det]m9+ ! di/ribution ( ore to smelt]s compet+ o!rwise on ne>ly equal t]ms4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge smelt] int]e/s engage 91 or h subsidi>ies engag$ 91 m9+ or h suffici5t hold+s 9 l>ge m9+ companies to influ5ce _! smelt+ contracts4 ,! actual basis ( control ( ! indu/ry is1 !re=e1 (t5 ?r\gh comb9$ own]%ip or control ( m9es & ( r$uction works4 ,! own]%ip or control ( r$uction plants has be5 ! dom9at+ factor 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! indu/ry4 ,! production ( ea* c\ntry 9 #aiac1 ! pr9cipal lead r$uction works ( ! _w1 & _! affiliations & control are discuss$ bel[4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! control ( ! lead indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh own]%ip or control is ve/$ 9 t5 gr\ps z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,morgan-,gugg5heim gr\p1 compris+ ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co42 ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co42 & _! subsidi>ies3 ,selby ,smelt+ ,lead ,co42 ,tacoma ,smelt+ ,co42 ,g>field ,smelt+ ,co42 ,consolidat$ ,kansas ,city ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co42 ,f$]al ,lead ,co42 ,f$]al ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co42 ,we/]n ,m9+ ,co42 ,silv] ,lake ,m9+ ,co42 & ! ,yak ,m9+1 ,mill+ ,tunnel ,co4 #b4 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,co4 #c4 ,national ,lead ,co42 ,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co42 ,unit$ ,lead ,co4 #d4 ,! ,rockefell]-,ryan gr\p1 compris+ ! ,int]national ,smelt+ ,co4--,tooele smelt]1 ,utah2 & ! ,int]national ,lead ,ref9+ ,co41--ref9]y at ,ea/ ,*icago1 ,ind4 #e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 gr\p1 compris+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+ ,co4--,mid vale smelt]1 ,utah2 ,u4 ,s4 ,metals ,ref9+ ,co41--electrolytic lead ref9]y at ,grasselli1 ,ind42 ,ne$les ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41--z9c-lead cu/om conc5trator at ,ne$les1 ,calif42 ,b+ham ,m9es ,co4 & o!r m9es 9 ,utah 7,bullion1 ,beck1 ,*ampion1 ,utah-,apex1 ,c5t5nial-,eureka & ,t9tic72 ,sunnyside & ,gold ,pr9ce m9es at ,silv]ton1 ,colorado1 & =m]ly a half int]e/ 9 ,int]national ,metals ,sell+ ,co42 & ! ,leadville ,unit4 #f4 ,! ,day gr\p1 compris+ ! ,nor?port ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co42 ,p5nsylvania ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co42 ,h]cules ,m9+ ,co42 ,tam>ack ,cu/] ,m9+ ,co42 & ! ,amazon-,manhattan m9es et al4 #g4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 gr\p1 controll+ ! ,ohio ,colorado ,smelt+ ,co4 7own+ #fe p] c5t4 ( its /ock71 & ! ,balba* ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 7own+ "o-?ird ( its capital /ock & sell+ ! entire output74 #h4 ,hayd5-,/one-,cl>k-,coolidge gr\p1 compris+ ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co42 ,am]ican ,z9c ,co4 ( ,t5nessee2 ,am]ican ,z9c4 ,co ( ,wiscons92 ,am]ican ,z9c ,co4 ( ,ill9ois2 ,granby ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 ( ,miss\ri2 & ! ,butte ,sup]ior ,m9+ ,co4 #i4 ,! ,eagle-,pi*] gr\p1 compris+ ! ,eagle-,pi*] ,lead ,co41 ,jopl91 ,mo4 ) smelt] at ,jopl91 ,mo41 & controll+ ! ,gal5a ,smelt+ ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,gal5a1 ,kan42 & ! ,webb ,city ,smelt+ ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,webb ,city1 ,mo4 #aj4 ,! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co41 controll$ by ,bradley-,crock] int]e/s1 & probably repres5t+ a c]ta9 proportion ( ,engli% capital4 #aa4 ,! ,desloge ,consolidat$ ,lead ,co41 :i* =m]ly op]at$ its own smelt] b n[ has its ores smelt$ on toll by ! ,f$]al ,lead ,co4 & m>kets its own lead4 ,all ( ! above companies are own$ & controll$ by ,am]ican citiz5s s f> z kn[n1 except c]ta9 int]e/s 9 ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & p]haps ! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 has #gj1jjj %>es ( capital /ock1 ( :i* #cd1fdd %>es 7 own$ by ! ,metallgesells*aft1 "o ( ! ,g]man 8,trio10 #ah1fbj %>es belong to ,g]mans :o h become naturaliz$ ,am]ican citiz5s & h _h ! managem5t1 & ! rema9+ #af1gcf belong$ to ,h5ry ,l4 ,m]ton ,co41 ( ,london1 a firm t is 9 process ( liquidation4 ,! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian took ov] ! #cd1fdd %>es ref]r$ to above & sold !m at public auction4 ,! control ( ! company is ve/$ 9 ?ree vot+ tru/ees select$ by agreem5t betwe5 ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian & ! ,am]ican %>ehold]s4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 at "o "t l9k$ gr\ps #e1 #g1 #h1 & #aj1 *iefly ?r\gh sell+ contracts4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 own$ ! ,int]national ,metals ,sell+ ,co41 =m]ly m>ket+ ! production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+1 ,m9+ ,ref9+ ,co41 b ?is connection is n[ brok54 ,a contract = sale ( ! entire output ( ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 0 held by ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 p>tly own$ by ,aron ,hirs* ,sohn1 ano!r memb] ( ! great ,g]man metal comb9e4 ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 7,inc74 0 seiz$ by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian & 0 controll$ by five directors1 two ( :om 7 appo9tees ( ! ,cu/odian4#acf ,! op]ative control ( ! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co4 is ve/$ 9 ,am]icans1 b ,vogel/e9 ,co4 sells ! output4 ,gr\ps #e & #h are probably l9k$ to "s ext5t by l>ge /ockhold]s 9 common1 ,cl>k ,coolidge ( ,bo/on4 #acf ,l4 ,vogel/e9 is report$ to h sold 8 int]e/s to ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & subsequ5tly1 e>ly 9 #aibj1 to h acquir$ a fif? int]e/ 9 t company4 ,z a result ( ! activities ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 ! own]%ip & control ( sub/antially all ! m9es & r$uction works 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ve/$ 9 ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! activities ( ,g]man int]e/s 9 ! ,am]ican metal trade is giv5 9 ! *apt] on copp]1 pages #bcb-bce4 ,table #ed li/s ! important lead smelt+ & ref9+ plants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! pres5t "t4 ,,table #ed4--,,silv]-,,lead ,,smelt]s ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,annual ,f9ancial ,numb] capacity ,gr\p ,no4 ( 7tons ( ,op]at+ company ,location furnaces *>ge7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 ,selby1 ,calif4 #c #baj1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 #g #eaj1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,pueblo1 ,colo4 #g #chj1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,durango1 ,colo4 #d #baj1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,leadville1 ,colo4 #aj #eaj1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,murray1 ,idaho #h #feg1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,ea/ ,hel5a1 ,mont4 #d #cjf1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,omaha1 ,neb4#acg #b #hb1jjj #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,p]? ,amboy1 ,ref9+ ,co4 ,n4 ,j4#acg #d #agj1jjj #a ,con4 ,kansas ,city ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,el ,paso1 ,texas #f #chj1jjj #aj ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co4 ,kellogg1 ,idaho #c #fjj1jjj #g ,ohio ,colorado ,smelt+ ,co4 ,salida1 ,colo4 #c #bjj1jjj #e ,u4 ,s4 ,smelt+1 ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 ,midvale1 ,utah #g #ecj1jjj #f ,nor?port ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,nor?port1 ,wa%4 #b #baf1jjj #f ,p5nsylvania ,smelt+ ,co ,c>negie1 ,pa4 #b #fj1jjj #d ,int]national ,smelt+ ,co4 ,tooele1 ,utah #e #ejj1jjj ----------------- ,total #gg #e1eba1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #acg ,ref9]y also4 ,! foll[+ ,table #ee %[s ! relative importance ( ! v>i\s f9ancial gr\ps controll+ ! production ( lead 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #ee4--;,,f9ancial ,,gr\ps ,,controll+ ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,lead ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p]c5tage ( production ,f9ancial ,company -------------- gr\p ,oct4-,nov41 ,no4 #aiah #aiag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co #cd4a #cg4g #c ,national ,lead ,co4 7,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co47 #e4i #i4j #b ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,co4 #bj4a #af4d #d ,int]national ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 #c4g #f4e #e ,u4 ,s4 ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co4 #e4e #h4c #f ,p5nsylvania ,smelt+ ,co4 #f4b #g4b #g ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 #a4h #b4a #h ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 #a4g #a4c #i ,eagle-,pi*] ,lead ,co4 #i4c #f4b #aj ,bank] ,hill ,sullivan ,m9+ ,conc5trat+ ,co4 #f4c #a4g #aa ,desloge ,consolidat$ ,lead ,co4 #b4f #c4c ,ont>io ,smelt+ ,co4 #a4i #j4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 ?r\gh ! prepond]ance ( its production & ! wide di/ribution ( its int]e/s1 dom9ates ! dome/ic indu/ry1 al?\gh its proportion ( ! total output has decreas$ greatly dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,spa94--,m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( ! pig lead made 9 ,spa9 comes f ! smelt]s ( ! ,p5>roya company 7,fr5*71 :i* )9 ! pa/ few ye>s has absorb$ ! ,spani% smelt]s ( ,escombr]a-,bleyb]g at ,esconbr]a1 & ! two smelt]s ( ,figu]oa1 at ,l9>es & ,c>tag5a4 ,?is gives ! ,p5>roya company a dom9ant position 9 ! ,spani% lead indu/ry4 ,engli% int]e/s1 ,e4 ,j4 ,en?ov5 ,co41 h a smelt] produc+ ab\t #be1jjj %ort tons ( lead annually4 ,all ! smelt+ companies h made a comb9ation to /op competition 9 ore buy+4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t imposes a duty ( ab\t #a4hj p] ton on lead conc5trates export$4 ,au/ralia4--,smelt+ plants 9 ,au/ralia t produce lead h ! capacities %[n bel[4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aiac production1 %ort tons ,company ,location pig lead ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,brok5 ,hill ,associat$ ,smelt]s ,port ,pirie1 ,s\? ,au/ralia #ib1hbd ,sulphide ,corporation ,cockle ,creek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales #ai1ffj ---------------- ,total #aab1dhd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! annual capacity ( ! ,port ,pirie plant is n[ #afe1jjj %ort tons ( pig lead4 ,,table #ef4--,,silv] ,,lead ,,smelt]s ,,9 ,,mexico ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,annual capacity ,numb] ( tons ( ,company ,location furnaces *>ge ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,mont]rey #g #daj1jjj ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,aguascali5tes #a 7lead7 #dj1jjj ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,*ihuahua #g #djj1jjj ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co4 ,vel>dea #c #aej1jjj ,compaia de ,m9]ales y ,metales ,c]ralvo #b #ce1jjj ,compaia de ,m9]ales y ,metales ,guadalupe1 #a #gj1jjj ,n4 ,l4 ,compaia ,fundadora y ,ref9adora de ,mont]rey 7leas$ to ,am]ican ,metal ,co47 ,mont]rey #d 7or #h87 #baj1jjj ,compaia ,metalurgica ,mexicana ,san ,luis #aj #bej1jjj 7,t[ne7 ,potosi ,compaia de ,m9]ales y ,metales 7report$ ab\t to be dismantl$7 ,torreon #i #cej1jjj ,compaia ,m9]a de ,peoles ,mapimi #f #cej1jjj ,mazapil ,copp] ,co41 ,ltd4 7,engli%7,saltillo1 ,coahuila #a #cf1jjj ------------------- ,total #ea #b1cja1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,mexico4--,practically all ! ,mexican smelt+ works are own$ & op]at$ by ,am]ican companies4 ,prior to ! w> sev]al ( ^! 7 controll$ by ,g]man int]e/s ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 7incorporat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 b ! action ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian elim9at$ all =eign control 9 ^? companies1 :i* comprise ,compaia ,m9]a de ,peoles1 ,compaia de ,m9]ales y ,metales1 & ,compaia ,metalurgica de ,torreon1 leav+ only ! ,compaia ,fundadora y ,ref9adora de ,mont]rey /ill "u ,g]man control4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 normally controll$ #fj1jjj to #ge1jjj tons ( bond$ ,mexican lead & #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj tons ( lead smelt$ 9 ,mexico1 toge!r ) ov] a ?\s& tons ( antimonial lead4 ,! ,aguascali5tes & ,vel>dea plants are *iefly copp] smelt]s4 ,!re are small lead smelt]s at ,t]razas & ,santa ,rosalia1 ,*ihuahua1 b !y are probably ab&on$4 ,briti% ,isles4--,dur+ ! w> ! ,briti% lead-smelt+ capacity is report$ to h be5 increas$4 ,be=e ! w> a l>ge am\nt ( =eign lead bullion f ,spa91 ,belgium & ,g]many 0 desilv]iz$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,! lead-smelt+ plants ( ,france escap$ de/ruction dur+ ! w>1 be+ outside ! w> zone4 ,! capacity ( ! ,pontgibaud plant 0 greatly increas$4 ,!y are all ,fr5* own$4 ,! mo/ important lead smelt+ plant 9 ,italy is t ( ! ,societa di ,p]tusola 7,engli%71 ) a pig-lead output 9 #aiae ( #af1fbe metric tons2 ! o!r plant is t ( ! ,societa di ,monteponi 7,italian71 ) an output ( #e1ahg tons4 ,! only lead smelt+ ( ,greece is t ( ! ,compagnie des ,m9es de ,laurium 7,fr5*74 ,! only important lead smelt] ( ,canada is t ( ,trail1 ,briti% ,columbia1 :i* is controll$ by ! ,canadian gov]nm5t4 ,?is plant includes a ref9]y us+ ! ,betts electrolytic process4 ,! only lead smelt] 9 ,turkey is "o controll$ by ,fr5* int]e/s1 t ( ! ,socit des ,m9es de ,balia-,k>a-,aid91 at ,k>a-,aid94 ,! lead smelt+ plant ( ! ,burma ,m9es ,corporation1 ,ltd41 at ,bawdw91 ,burma1 has a capacity ( #bb1jjj %ort tons lead4 ,9 ,sib]ia ! ,ridd] ,m9+ ,co41 controll$ by ! ,irty% ,corporation1 ( ,london1 has con/ruct$ #afe miles ( railroad1 :i*1 toge!r ) riv] transport1 br+s ! ore f ! ,ridd] concession & ! coal ( ! ,ekiba/us coal fields to ! smelt+ plant at ,ermak1 :i* has a capacity ( #ae1jjj tons ( lead annually4 ,trade ,comb9ations4--,national & ev5 int]national control ( ! lead m>ket has at times be5 atta9$ ?r\gh m>ket+ organizations or trade comb9ations ( r$uction works1 ore-buy+ & metal-sell+ ag5cies ) int]lock+ directorates1 jo9t own]%ip1 & long-t]m contracts = ores1 conc5trates1 & metals4 ,9 #aiji ! s-call$ ,lead ,conv5tion1 or (ficially ! ,int]national ,sales ,association1 0 =m$ 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ,g]man1 ,spani%1 & ,belgian produc]s & metal-sell+ ag5cies controll+ directly ab\t "o-half ( ! ,european production4 ,"s companies n nom9ally 9 ! association act$ 9 conc]t ) x4 ,?is conv5tion 0 r5ew$ 9 #aiaj & aga9 9 #aiac = ?ree ye>s4 ,! association 0 dom9at$ by ! same int]e/s z ! ,g]man ,z9c ,syndicate1--! ,m]ton gr\p1 compris+ ! ,metallgesells*aft1 ! ,metallbank & ,metallurgis*e ,gesells*aft ( ,frank=t & ! ,m]ton companies ( ,london2 ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 controll+ a doz5 ,g]man metal & *emical conc]ns1 & ,aron ,hirs* ,sohn at ,halb]/adt4 ,! ,m]ton gr\p ( ,london & ,frank=t 7 ! sell+ ag5ts ( ! association1 & ! dom9ant 8,trio10 ?r\gh ! ,au/ralian ,metal ,co41 controll$ ! lead export$ z metal or conc5trates f ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico all lead export$ 0 controll$ by ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 affiliat$ ) ! association1 or ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 act+ 9 conc]t ) x4 ,! ,g]man 8,trio0 ma9ta9$ & 0 rapidly ext5d+ & /r5g!n+ its asc5dancy ?r\gh\t ! _w ?r\gh banks1 hold+ companies1 affiliations ) syndicates & c>tels1 int]lock+ directorates1 jo9t %>e hold+s & pur*ase 9 :ole or 9 "p ( m9es & smelt]s4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% lead ref9]ies 7 closely associat$ ) ! ,conv5tion1 & all lead export$ f ! ,port ,pirie smelt] 0 sold by ,m]ton ,co4 ,! association 0 able to fix ! price ( lead 9 ,europe & ?us affect ! output &1 x has be5 claim$1 s manipulat$ ! m>ket t lead outside ! ,conv5tion 0 controll$ j z effectively z t inside4 ,! memb]%ip 0 int]national1 br\ght toge!r by m]c5>y motives4 ,t ! /ronge/ & mo/ aggressive int]e/s 7 ,g]man citiz5s 0 purely incid5tal4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! production ( ,au/ralian lead conc5trates & bullion is p]man5tly div]t$ f ,g]man control4 ,! activities ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian t5d$ to elim9ate all ,g]man int]e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ! ,au/ralian lead bullion production is n[ m>ket$ by ! ,brok5 ,hill ,associat$ ,smelt]s1 ,prop41 ,ltd41 ( ^: capital /ock ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y owns "o-?ird & ! ,brok5 ,hill ,s\?1 ,brok5 ,hill ,nor?1 & ,z9c ,corporation ea* own two-n9?s4 ,! plant ( ?is company is n[ ! l>ge/ smelt] 9 ! _w4 ,! nationali/ movem5t 9 ,france result$ 9 ! =mation ( trade associations kn[n z 8consortiums10 compris+ ! pr9cipal factor 9 ea* indu/ry4 ,^! 8consortiums10 7 recogniz$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ea* 0 made virtually arbit] ( its p>ticul> field4 ,! consortium ( ! m9]al indu/ry has be5 p]fect$ into ! ,socit ,m9]als et ,metaux1 #aed ,b\lev>d ,hausmann1 ,p>is4 ,! (ficial ann\ncem5t /ates t ?is society is organiz$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 ord] to gr\p ! ,fr5* metal produc]s op]at+ bo? at home & abroad into a co-op]ative association = ! pur*ase & sale ( metallurgical products4 ,! p>ticipants comprise ! pr9cipal companies 9 ,france produc+ or ref9+ metals & also ! m9+ & smelt+ companies controll$ by ,fr5* capital 9 ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 & o!r =eign c\ntries4 ,a highly c5traliz$ organization ( t "p ( ! m9]al & metal indu/ry "u ,fr5* control is ?us a*iev$ = mutual protection & advantage 9 competition ) o!r nationalities4 ,memb]s ( ?is organization w produce mo/ ( ! ore f ,algi]s & ,tunis & probably #ge p] c5t4 ( ! ,spani% lead bullion4 ,! pres5t annual output ( ! p>ticipat+ companies is ab\t #bjj1jjj metric tons ( lead1 #ej1jjj metric tons ( z9c1 & #dj1jjj tons ( copp]1 besides iron1 antimony1 plat9um1 etc4 ,! association comprises ! foll[+ companies3 ,socit ,m9ire et ,metallurgique de ,p5>roya2 ,socit d',aff9age de ,metaux2 ,compagnie des ,m9es d',a9-,b>b>2 ,association ,m9ire2 ,socit des ,m9es de ,z9c d',a9-,arko2 ,compagnie du ,boleo2 ,compagnie ,franaise des ,m9es de ,bor2 ,corocoro ,unit$ ,copp] ,m9es1 ,ltd42 ,socit des ,m9es de ,f$j-el-,ad\m2 ,socit des ,m9es de ,z9c de ,gu]g\r2 ,compagnie des ,m9es de ,hu>on2 ,socit ,m9ire du ,kanguet2 ,compagnie des ,m9]ais de ,f] ,magnetique de ,mokta-et-,hadid2 ,comptoir ,lyon ,allem&2 ,socit ,anonyme des ,m9es de ,malfidano2 ,compagnie des ,m9es d',oua/a et de ,desl\la2 ,socit des ,m9es de ,p>zan2 ,compagnie ,indu/rielle du ,plat9e2 ,socit ,anonyme des ,m9es et ,fond]ies de ,pontgibaud2 ,socit des ,m9es d',antimo9e de ,ro*etrej\x2 ,socit des ,anci5s ,etablissem5ts ,sop)2 ,socit ,franaise d',etudes et d',ent]prises2 ,socit des ,m9es du ,djebel-,ressas2 ,socit ,anonyme ,franaise du ,djebel-,hall\f2 ,socit ,anonyme des ,m9es et ,us9es de ,peyrebrune2 & ,compagnie ,la ,cruz4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! w> 0 ! /imulation ( co-op]ative ent]prises betwe5 ,briti% companies1 ! movem5t be+ enc\rag$ by ! gov]nm5t1 :i* 9 "s cases p>ticipat$ f9ancially4 ,! ,briti% ,au/ralian ,lead ,manufactur]s ,propriet>y1 ,ltd41 0 =m$ z a consolidation ( ! ,au/ralian int]e/s ( ,briti% firms1 ) ! object ( e/abli%+ a :ite-lead indu/ry 9 t c\ntry4 ,^? p>ticipat+ comprise3 ,alex&] ,f]guson ,co42 ,cookson ,co42 ,fo/]1 ,blockett ,wilson2 ,locke1 ,blockett ,co42 ,locke-,lanca/]2 ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,johnson ,sons1 ,ltd42 ,m]sey ,:ite ,lead ,co41 ,ltd42 & ,walk]s ,p>k] ,co4 ,! ,*loride ,syndicate compris+ ! ,z9c ,corporation1 ,ltd41 ,burma ,m9es ,corporation1 & ! ,swansea ,vale ,smelt]1 ,ltd41 is conduct+ exp]im5tal "w on ! ,ganl9 process ) ! object ( p]fect+ x4 ,ri*>d ,tild5 ,smi?1 hav+ acquir$ controll+ int]e/s 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,en?ov5 ,sons1 ,locke-,lanca/]1 ,walk]s ,p>k] ,co4 & a "o-?ird int]e/ 9 ! ,burma ,m9es ,corporation1 became a /rong l9k betwe5 ^! important companies & ?us secur$ an arrangem5t ) ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t = f9ancial assi/ance ) ! new plant ( ! ,national ,smelt+ ,co41 ,ltd41 at ,avonm\? to ! ext5t ( #ejj1jjj out ( ! total e/imat$ co/ ( #gej1jjj1 ! gov]nm5t be+ p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! production ( by-product acid4 ,! ,national ,smelt+ ,co4 agre$ to take #be1jjj tons ye>ly ( ,brok5 ,hill conc5trate & smelt no =eign ore )\t gov]nm5t p]mission4 ,en?ov5 ,sons control ?r\gh own]%ip ! output ( "o ( ! ,spani% smelt]s & ?r\gh desilv]iz+ & m>ket+ contracts ! output ( ! ,fr5* ,laurium company ( ,greece4 ,an attempt to br+ ab\t a clos] comb9ation ( all ! above-m5tion$ ,engli% & ,au/ralian companies fail$4 ,x is report$ t 9 #aiag ,vivian1 ,y\ng] ,bond1 & ,morgan1 ,gr5feld ,co4 7 in/rum5tal 9 =m+ a 8,metal ,bank0 9 ,london4 ,brok5 ,hill ,associat$ ,smelt]s ,prop4 ,ltd41 & ! ,p5>roya company 7 said to h agre$ to m>ket _! production ?r\gh ?is bank1 b x is probable t ! arrangem5t 0 nev] made effective4 ,a ,*emical & ,metallurgical ,bank has be5 =m$ 9 ,london1 among ! %>ehold]s be+ ,ri*>d ,tild5 ,smi?4 ,its propos$ field is n cle>1 b x w probably endeavor to influ5ce ! control ( lead 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,a ,briti% ,metals ,corporation 0 =m$ 9 #aiah by ,vivian1 ,y\ng] ,bond1 ,*as4 ,t5nant ,sons ,co41 ,cookson ,co41 ! ,briti% ,alum9um ,co41 ,morgan1 ,gr5feld ,co41 & l>ge /ockhold]s ( ! ,rio ,t9to ,co41 ) a capital ( #e1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,imp]ial ,treasury w be repres5t$ on ! bo>d ( directors4 ,! purposes are to f9ance ,briti% non-f]r\s metal companies1 br+ all ! production )9 ! empire ( ^? metals "u "o m>ket+ organization & pres]ve ,briti% control4 ,if plans are successfully c>ri$ out1 ! smelt+ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 %\ld any ,briti% conc5trates be allott$ !re1 w practically be on toll1 ! metal rema9+ 9 ! control ( ! ,metals ,corporation or ! affiliat$ bank4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,nations ,! accompany+ table pres5ts available /ati/ics ( production s9ce #aiac 9 ord] to %[ ! ext5t to :i* ! indu/ry 9 ea* c\ntry is controll$ by dome/ic or =eign capital1 & attempts to %[ ! ext5t ( comm]cial control by ea* ( ! great p[]s4 ,su* /ati/ics are at be/ only approximate2 ! control v>ies f ye> to ye> & ! data are difficult to obta9 & v]ify4 ,,table #eg4--;,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,output ,,( ,,pig ,,lead ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,rec5t pig-lead ,f9ancial control by pro- ,p] ---------------------------------- duction c5t4 ,home 7%ort ( cap- ,unit$ ,great ,c\ntry tons7 ,ye>_w ital ,/ates,brita9 ,france,g]many ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #fab1bjjaiag #dd4f 444 #fab1bjj ,au/ralia #abg1hjjaiac #i4d 444 444 #abg1hjj ,briti% ,isles #ab1fjjaiaf #j4i 444 444 #ab1fjj ,canada #bj1djjaiaf #a4e 444 444 #bj1djj ,burma #bj1jjjaiag #a4e 444 444 #bj1jjj ,france #cj1hjjaiac #b4b 444 444 444 #cj1hjj ,italy #bd1jjj 444 #a4h #e1gjj 444 #ah1cjj ,belgium #ci1djjaiac #b4iae1jjj 444 444 #bd1djj ,v5ezuela #bjjaiag 444 444 444 444 444 #bjj ,bolivia #b1djjaiag #j4b #djj 444 444 #b1jjj ,greece #ab1hjjaiaf #j4i 444 444 444 #ab1hjj ,japan #ab1cjjaiaf #j4iab1cjj ,p]u #c1jjjaiag #j4b #ejj #ejj #b1jjj ,russia #a1ajjaiac #j4a #a1ajj ,*ile #f1jjjaiag #j4d #c1jjj 444 #a1jjj 444 #b1jjj ,mexico #fa1bjjaiac #d4d 444 #ec1bjj #h1jjj ,spa9 #aeg1jjjaiag #aa4dbj1jjj 444 #be1jjjaje1jjj #g1jjj ,sw$5 #b1ajjaiae #j4a #a1ajj 444 444 444 #a1jjj ,g]many #bjj1jjjaiac #ad4e 444 444 444 444 #bjj1jjj ,au/ria- ,hung>y #bf1fjjaiac #a4ibf1fjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #a1cga1ijj 444#ajj4j #ffe1ijjbce1ajjage1jjjbaj1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p] c5t4 ( _w produc- tion4 #ajj4j #dh4f #ag4b #ab4g #af4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates4--,dur+ ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates demon/rat$ t its lead-ore deposits 7 capable ( a production greatly 9 excess ( ! normal4 ,t ! increase 0 n great] 0 *iefly because ( insuffici5t inc5tive 9 ! m>ket price ( lead1 :i* did n atta9 ! e>ly inflation ( _m ( ! o!r metals2 & lat]1 :5 ! price 0 "r1 0 re/rict$ by lack ( ref9+ capacity4 ,! exi/+ capacity 0 at times n fully utiliz$ because ( ! conge/ion ( railway traffic4 ,! lead-ore deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h l>ge possibilities1 b ) ! exception ( ! dissem9at$ lead deposits ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri ! develop$ ore res]ves w supply production = only a few ye>s4 ,control ( ! m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ve/$ almo/ exclusively 9 ,am]icans or ,am]ican companies1 "s ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 hav+ =eign /ockhold]s1 *iefly ,briti% or ,canadian4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates imports lead ores1 to a small p]c5tage ( its total production1 f ,mexico1 ,canada1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,! ,mexican ore is l>gely import$ to meet ! especial ne$s ( ! ,el ,paso lead smelt]1 & n because ( lack ( smelt+ capacity 9 ,mexico4 ,! smelt+ capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has always be5 9 excess ( ! actual production ( ore & is n[ v greatly 9 excess ( ! normal production4 ,! own]%ip ( mo/ ( ! important smelt]s has always be5 ve/$ 9 ,am]ican capital1 & z a result ( ! activity ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian all ( !m are n[ own$ & controll$ by ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( lead bullion is import$1 *iefly f ,mexico1 = ref9+4 ,mo/ ( ?is is re-export$4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital ?r\gh own]%ip ( smelt]s controls ! great] "p ( ! pig lead produc$ 9 ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,! importation ( ore & bullion = ref9+ f ,canada is re/rict$ by ! gov]nm5t b\nty on lead smelt$ & ref9$ 9 ,canada4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital also controls a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! m9es ( ,mexico & has "s int]e/ 9 ! ,burma ,m9es ,corporation1 & ! ,irty% ,corporation4 ,not)/&+ ! enl>g$ smelt+ capacity & ! possibilities ( production f ,am]ican m9es1 x is n expect$ t !re w be any consid]able export ( dome/ic lead aft] ! p]iod ( readju/m5t foll[+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,briti% ,empire4--,! c\ntries ( ! ,briti% ,empire 9 ! ord] ( ! importance ( _! lead output 9 #aiac are ,au/ralia1 ,briti% ,isles1 ,canada1 ,burma1 & ,egypt4 ,briti% capital controls ! m9es & smelt]s ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,burma1 & ! ,altai ,m\nta9s 9 ,sib]ia1 &1 by own]%ip ( m9es & smelt]s1 "s #be1jjj tons ( lead annually f ,spa9 & ov] #gj p] c5t4 ( ! production ( ,italy4 ,by contracts = desilv]ization & m>ket+ x has controll$ ! great] "p ( ! ,spani% output & "p ( ! production ( ,greece4 ,x is report$ also to control small tonnages ( ore f ,p]u & ,*ile4 ,9 view ( ! rec5t increase ( ref9+ capacity 9 ,spa9 by ! ,p5>roya company 7,fr5*71 & ! organization ( all ,fr5* int]e/s into ! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 future control by ,engli% capital ( ,spani% output above ! #be1jjj tons produc$ by ! ,engli% smelt] is d\btful1 al?\gh x has be5 report$ t ! ,p5>roya company _h agre$ to m>ket its lead ?r\gh ! new ,metal ,bank ( ,london4 ,prior to ! w> mu* base bullion f ,spa91 ,belgium1 & ,g]many 0 import$ & desilv]iz$1 & 9 l>ge "p re-export$4 ,! ore production ( ! ,briti% ,empire is ab\t #be p] c5t4 great] ?an its consumption1 b insuffici5t smelt+ capacity has caus$ dep5d5ce on =eign-smelt$ lead4 ,! smelt+ capacity has be5 increas$1 & ! additional capacity contemplat$ w make ! total equal ! consumption4 ,! empire c be made indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! _w %\ld ! policy ( 8,imp]ial pref]5ce0 be adopt$4 ,all ! l>ge int]e/s 9 ! lead indu/ry ( ! ,briti% ,empire h %[n dur+ ! w> p]iod a /rong t5d5cy to co-op]ate & organize = mutual protection & b5efit4 ,a culm9ation ( ?is movem5t is app>5tly ! =mation ( ! ,briti% ,metals ,corporation1 int5d$ to ve/ ! m>ket+ control ( ! production ( ! :ole ,briti% ,empire 9 "o organization "u gov]nm5tal auspices4 ,au/ralia4--,! ,au/ralian production ( lead ore & conc5trates1 d]iv$ *iefly f ,new ,s\? ,wales1 makes ,au/ralia rank second 9 _w production ( lead ores4 ,9 #aiac little m ?an half ! output 0 export$ to ,europe = smelt+1 ! rema9d] be+ smelt$ at ,cockle ,creek & ,port ,pirie4 ,! pig lead produc$1 less a small local consumption1 0 also export$4 ,au/ralian m9es h always be5 own$ by ,briti% & ,au/ralian capital4 ,prior to ! w> ! m>ket+ ( conc5trates & ( all lead bullion export$ 0 controll$ by ! ,au/ralian ,metal ,co41 affiliat$ ) ! ,g]man metal 8,trio0 head$ by ! ,metallgesells*aft4 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,au/ralia annull$ ! long-"t ore- & metal-pur*as+ contracts1 & ! ore produc]s & smelt]s h organiz$ = mutual protection & to keep ! indu/ry p]man5tly "u exclusive ,briti% control4 ,! capacity ( ! ,port ,pirie r$uction works has be5 increas$ by capital contribut$ jo9tly by ! pr9cipal m9+ companies1 & ! plant is n[ ! l>ge/ lead smelt] 9 ! _w4 ,briti% ,isles4--,! small output ( lead ore 9 ,great ,brita9 is obta9$ f a few scatt]$ deposits ( little importance4 ,"s ore is import$ & smelt$ ) ! dome/ic production4 ,! consumption ( ! ,briti% ,isles is s l>ge t v l>ge imports ( pig lead are necess>y1 am\nt+ to #ad p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,all ( ! m9es & smelt]s ( ! ,briti% ,isles are own$ & controll$1 s f> z kn[n1 by ,briti% capital4 ,canada4--,) ! assi/ance1 ?r\gh b\nties1 ( ! ,canadian gov]nm5t1 ! ,trail smelt] has become firmly e/abli%$ & is ! only important lead produc] ( ,canada4 ,x h&les mo/ ( ! ,briti% ,columbia output ( ores1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h to g to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = r$uction4 ,! ,canadian consumption is1 h[ev]1 ab\t "o-?ird great] ?an ! production4 ,burma4--,al?\gh ! production ( ore & pig lead 9 ! ,nor!rn ,%an ,/ates by ! ,burma ,m9es ,corporation 0 9 #aiac an insignificant "p ( ! _w's output1 ! company has develop$ its deposits s z to be capable ( a v mu* great] yield1 :i* may am\nt 9 ! ne> future to #ge1jjj tons annually4 ,?is company is controll$ by ,briti% ) probably "s ,am]ican capital4 ,egypt4--,! small ore production ( ,egypt is export$ = smelt+ & is controll$ by ,fr5* capital4 ,g]many4--,g]many1 a l>ge produc] ( lead ores1 import$ 9 #aiac = smelt+ ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output & 9 addition import$ a consid]able am\nt ( pig lead1 be+ ! second l>ge/ consum] ( lead 9 ! _w4 ,%\ld ,g]many lose ,upp] ,silesia1 :i* produc$ ne>ly half ! dome/ic ores1 x w be /ill m dep5d5t on imports to supply its smelt]s4 ,prior to ! w> ! ,g]man lead indu/ry 0 closely organiz$1 mu* ( ! lead m9+ & smelt+ be+ conduct$ by dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 al?\gh "s ( ! l>ge/ conc]ns 7 private corporations4 ,! ,g]man metal 8,trio0 head$ by ! ,metallgesells*aft ?r\gh ! ,int]national ,sales ,association controll$ directly ab\t "o-half ! ,european production1 compris+ 9 ?is s-call$ ,lead ,conv5tion1 besides ! ,g]man conc]ns1 mo/ ( ! ,spani% & ,belgian produc]s1 mo/ ( ! lead export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 & ! pig lead & conc5trates export$ f ,au/ralia4 ,?is sy/em ( control outside ( ,g]many has n[ be5 p]man5tly de/roy$1 & ! magnitude & ! organization ( ! ,g]man lead indu/ry 9 ! ne> future _c be anticipat$4 ,france4--,9 ,france ! output ( lead ore is small & is controll$1 ) probably "o exception1 by ,fr5* capital4 ,"s ores are import$ = smelt+1 ,tunis & ,alg]ia be+ capable ( supply+ ev5 m4 ,to provide = ! l>ge consumption1 ,france rank+ f\r? among lead-consum+ c\ntries1 !re is import$ 9 ! =m ( pig lead "s #g p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output4 ,rec5tly smelt+ capacity has be5 increas$4 ,fr5* capital controls m ?an half ! production ( ,belgium ?r\gh own]%ip ( smelt]s1 & ?r\gh own]%ip ( m9es & smelt]s controls m ?an half ! production ( ,spa9 & mo/1 if n all1 ( ! output ( ,greece4 ,x also controls ! ore production ( ,egypt & mo/ ( ! ores produc$ 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis4 ,"u gov]nm5t auspices a /rong organization ( all ! metal-produc+ companies controll$ by ,fr5* capital 9 ,france & =eign c\ntries has rec5tly be5 effect$ "u ! "n ( ! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 :i* controls ! sale ( all ! production ( its memb]s1 z well z act+ z a pur*as+ ag5t = !m4 ,belgium4--,belgium produces no ores b smelts ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output1 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* is consum$ )9 h] bord]s4 ,a little less ?an half ( ?is production is controll$ by ,belgian capital1 ! rema9d] by ,fr5* int]e/s4 ,belgian capital is also int]e/$ to a m9or ext5t 9 ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s & ,tunis4 ,x is believ$ t a "p ( ! ,au/ralian conc5trates may be allott$ to ,belgium = smelt+4 ,italy4--,! ,italian ore production1 am\nt+ to ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total1 is smelt$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,! product is consum$1 toge!r ) ab\t #ej p] c5t4 m1 import$ z pig lead4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! dome/ic output is controll$ by ,engli% capital2 ne>ly all ! rema9d] is controll$ by ,italian capital1 b o!r ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,belgian companies produce insignificant am\nts ( ore4 ,au/ria-,hung>y4--,! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire produc$ & smelt$ ores to ! am\nt ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output 9 #aiac1 & consum$ ?is ) ab\t #ej p] c5t4 m metal import$ 9 ! =m ( pig lead4 ,! sev]al lead-produc+ di/ricts & smelt]s1 "s ( :i* belong to ! /ates ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 ) ! p>tition ( ! empire fall )9 ?ree or m di/9ct political jurisdictions1 ! lead production ( none ( :i* w be ( importance4 ,"o ( ! important lead smelt]s is at ,fiume4 ,spa94--,spa9 ranks ?ird 9 cont5t ( ores produc$ & second 9 smelt] production4 ,! dome/ic consumption be+ negligible1 all ( ! lead is export$4 ,prior to ! w> mo/ ( ! production w5t to ,engl& to be desilv]iz$4 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! ref9+ capacity ( ,spa9 0 greatly increas$1 & x n[ seems likely t any silv] lead :i* ! dome/ic plants c n take c>e ( w be %ipp$ to ,france = desilv]ization4 ,m ?an half ! ,spani% production is controll$ by ,fr5* capital1 & to a m9or degree by ,belgian & ,g]man int]e/s4 ,japan4--,japanese lead-ore res\rces are meagre4 ,! output ( lead ore & pig lead 9 #aiac 0 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! dome/ic consumption4 ,s9ce !n ores & conc5trates h be5 import$ f ,*9a1 ,=mosa1 ,korea1 ,sib]ia1 & ,au/ralia1 b importation ( pig lead has /ill be5 necess>y4 ,! ,japanese are endeavor+ to secure control ( ore deposits 9 ,*9a & ,sib]ia1 & supply ! raw mat]ial = ! increase ( _! dome/ic smelt+ & manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ,japan w be dep5d5t = _m ye>s on imports f o!r s\rces = mo/ ( ! lead consum$4 ,,summ>y ,! *ief uses ( lead are z metal & 9 ! =m ( :ite lead or basic c>bonate1 z a pigm5t4 ,metallic lead is us$ = wat] pipe1 cov]+ = electrical cables1 l9+ acid *amb]s & vats1 & = %ot1 bullets & %rapnel4 ,alloys ) v>i\s o!r metals are us$ 9 type1 be>+s1 & fuses4 ,! r$ & orange oxides are us$ = pigm5ts4 ,! l>ge/ s+le =m ( consumption is :ite lead4 ,lead & z9c ores are commonly associat$ & are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w4 ,gal5a is ! *ief lead m9]al1 ! o!r ore m9]als1 c]ussite & anglesite1 be+ d]iv$ f x by oxidation4 ,gal5a is a p]si/5t m9]al1 be+ f\nd 9 ne>ly all types ( ore deposits4 ,! c\ntries produc+ ! mo/ ore are1 9 ord] ( importance1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ralia1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,mexico4 ,di/ricts ( major importance are ,brok5 ,hill1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 s\!a/]n ,spa92 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri2 & ,coeur d',al5e1 ,idaho4 ,! developm5ts 9 selective oil flotation1 by :i* ! detrim5tal z9c cont5t is elim9at$ f complex ores & made an asset1 con/itute ! greate/ rec5t advance 9 ! dress+ ( lead ores4 ,electrolytic ref9+ is ! greate/ rec5t advance 9 ! metallurgy ( lead4 ,! read9ess ) :i* lead is r$uc$ f its ores & its utility z a collector ( ! preci\s metals 9 smelt+ h result$ 9 a wide di/ribution ( r$uction plants4 ,nev]!less a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! _w's output ( ores is transport$ f ! c\ntries ( orig9 to o!rs1 = r$uction ne> ! m>ket & :]e skill$ labor & fuel are m abundant & *eap]4 ,! c\ntries ( l>ge/ smelt] production are1 9 ord]1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,spa91 ,g]many & ,au/ralia2 ^? ( mu* less importance are ,mexico1 ,belgium1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,canada &1 rec5tly1 ,burma4 ,o!r c\ntries are ( little importance4 ,! c\ntries ( major consumption are1 9 ord]1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 & ,france4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces its own requirem5ts1 b ! o!r ?ree c\ntries import ores = smelt+ & also pig lead 9 l>ge quantity4 ,au/ralia & nor!rn ,africa h suppli$ ! bulk ( ! ores1 & ,spa91 ,au/ralia1 & ,mexico mo/ ( ! pig lead4 ,?is is ! situation at la/ analysis1 ! actual trade movem5t be+1 ( c\rse1 mu* m complex4 ,! political control ( ! _w's lead production1 9 t]ms ( ! lead cont5t ( ores1 9 #aiac 0 z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cf4j p] c5t42 ,briti% ,empire1 #bc4i p] c5t42 ,spa91 #f4d p] c5t42 ,g]many1 #e4i p] c5t42 ,mexico1 #e4a p] c5t42 & ,france1 #d4j p] c5t4 ,?ree p[]s ?us control #gf p] c5t4 ( ! production4 ,! own]%ip ( m9es is important *iefly z det]m9+ ! di/ribution ( ores to smelt]s4 ,ore-pur*as+ contracts may modify or annul ! effect ( political jurisdiction & m9e own]%ip4 ,! own]%ip or control ( r$uction plants has be5 ! mo/ effective basis = comm]cial control ( ! indu/ry4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 dom9ates ! m>ket1 b controls directly only "o-?ird ( ! output4 ,9 ,spa9 ! ,fr5* company ( ,p5>roya controls m ?an half ! production4 ,9 ,g]many ! 8,trio0 head$ by ! ,metallgesells*aft controll$ ! dome/ic indu/ry prior to ! w>1 & ?r\gh ! 8,lead ,conv5tion0 ext5d$ its dom9ation to half ! ,european output & mo/ ( ! exports ( ,au/ralia1 ,mexico1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is control 01 h[ev]1 nev] absolute4 ,9 ,au/ralia at pres5t ! ,brok5 ,hill ,associat$ ,smelt]s controls ! m>ket+ ( mo/ ( ! pig lead export$4 ,jo9t political & comm]cial control has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire & ,france4 ,dur+ ! w>1 political jurisdiction 0 q g5]ally invok$ to modify or elim9ate comm]cial control1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ali5-enemy int]e/s4 ,! v>i\s comb9ations ( ,briti% companies to insure ,briti% control ( ! res\rces ( ! empire1 p>ticul>ly ( ,au/ralia & ,burma1 culm9at$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,briti% ,metals ,corporation = ! sale ( ! output4 ,a repres5tative ( ! ,imp]ial ,treasury w be on ! bo>d ( directors & ei!r ! ,metal ,bank ( ,london or ! ,*emical ,metallurgical ,bank may f9ance its op]ation1 unless x absorbs _! functions4 ,?is organization is d\btless int5d$ to take ! place ( ! ,metallgesells*aft z ! dom9ant factor 9 ! lead indu/ry ( ! _w4 ,x w h mu* influ5ce1 z ,briti% capital controls all ! production ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,au/ralia1 ,burma1 ,canada1 & normally ,sib]ia1 mo/ ( t ( ,italy1 "p ( t ( ,spa9 & ,mexico1 & p]haps ( ,greece4 ,probably ! ,briti% ,isles w n 9 ! future desilv]ize z mu* =eign lead z =m]ly1 s t ! importance ( ?is basis ( comm]cial control w be greatly decreas$4 ,! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 compris+ all produc]s controll$ by ,fr5* capital1 "u gov]nm5t auspices is sell+ & pur*as+ ag5t = its memb]s1 & controls all ! ,fr5* & mo/ ( ! ,grecian production1 m ?an half ( t ( ,spa9 & ,belgium1 besides ! ores ( nor!rn ,africa & ( ,egypt4 ,s9ce ! elim9ation ( ali5-enemy hold+s by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian1 ,unit$ ,/ates capital controls sub/antially all ! dome/ic production & ne>ly all t ( ,mexico1 besides "s ores import$ f ,mexico1 ,canada1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,not)/&+ l>ge ore res]ves & r$uction capacity1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is expect$1 aft] ! p]iod ( readju/m5t1 to supply its dome/ic ne$s1 b to export little lead1 z 0 ! case prior to ! w>4 ,! position ( ,g]many w dep5d l>gely ^u arrangem5ts = =eign ore supply4 ,"s ,mexican ore production may /ill be "u ,g]man control4 ,belgium is :olly dep5d5t on =eign ore1 :i* presumably w be obta9$ l>gely f ,au/ralia2 & ) m ?an half h] production controll$ by ,fr5* capital1 %e w be "u ,briti% & ,fr5* dom9ation2 b %e consumes mo/ ( h] smelt] output4 ,italy consumes #ej p] c5t4 m ?an ! dome/ic production1 :i* is *iefly controll$ by ,engli% capital4 ,none ( ! /ates =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire w be ( importance 9 ! lead indu/ry4 ,! comm]cial control ( ! smelt] production ( lead1 calculat$ f ! late/ /ati/ics available1 is approximately z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dh4f p] c5t42 ,briti% ,empire1 #ag4b p] c5t42 ,g]many1 #ae4c p] c5t42 & ,france1 #ab4g p] c5t42 or a total = ! f\r p[]s ( #ic4h p] c5t4 ( ! pig-lead output ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,z9c ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,b4 ,,hyd] ,,uses ,,( ,,z9c ,metallic z9c1 or spelt]1 z ! comm]cial metal is (t5 kn[n 9 ! trade1 is *iefly us$ 9 ! =m ( roll$ %eets2 9 galvaniz+2 9 alloys =m+ brass & bronze2 & 9 ! desilv]ization ( lead bullion4 ,roll$ %eets are us$ = ro(s1 tanks1 conduits1 & protective l9+s4 ,iron & /eel objects are dipp$ into ba?s ( molt5 spelt] & coat$ ) ! metal or galvaniz$1 be+ !reby protect$ f oxidiz+ ag5cies4 ,o!r me?ods ( apply+ ?is protective coat+ are also 9 use4 ,z9c & copp] unite 9 all proportions1 =m+ alloys kn[n z brass :i* are ( widespread indu/rial application4 ,!re is only "o def9ite alloy2 x corresponds approximately to ,cu,zn1 conta9s #cc p] c5t4 copp] & #fg p] c5t4 z9c1 is h>d & brittle & ( little practical value4 ,all o!r brasses may be consid]$ z solid solutions ( ?is def9ite alloy 9 an excess ( "o ( its con/itu5ts4 ,brasses 9 use v>y 9 z9c cont5t f #bj to #he p] c5t4 & diff] greatly 9 _! prop]ties accord+ to ! composition4 ,alloys ( z9c & alum9um h valuable prop]ties1 especially ^? conta9+ #be to #ce p] c5t4 z9c4 ,o!r alloys us$ conta91 besides copp] & z9c1 ei!r lead1 t9 or nickel4 ,! ,p>kes process ( desilv]iz+ lead bullion has sup]s$$ ! old] ,patt9son & cupellation process1 except :]e bismu? is pres5t1 ow+ to ! avidity ) :i* z9c robs ! bullion ( gold1 silv]1 copp] & tellurium4 ,?is purification may be made z p]fect z desir$ or only to a comm]cially pr(itable po9t1 g5]ally be+ br\ght d[n to a cont5t ( "o-half ounce ( silv] p] ton ( lead4 ,among ! miscellane\s uses ( z9c are ^!3 ornam5tal ca/+s2 9 galvanic batt]ies2 9 photo-engrav+2 9 plates hung 9 boil]s to prev5t =mation ( scale2 precipitation ( gold 9 ! cyanide process2 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 z a r$uc+ ag5t 9 organic *emi/ry1 especially 9 ! r$uction ( indigo-blue & 9 a pa9t = /ructural /eel4 ,z9c is also us$ 9 ! =m ( num]\s salts1 su* z ! *loride z a wood pres]vative1 & ! sulphate1 employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 dye+ & glue manufacture4 ,z9c oxide1 produc$ bo? f ! metal & f ores1 is us$ z a pigm5t bo? 9 comb9ation ) :ite lead & b>ytes1 & z a competitor ( !m4 ,consid]able am\nts ( oxide are also us$ 9 ! rubb] manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,li?opone 7an intimate mixture1 obta9$ by *emical precipitation ( z9c sulphide & b>ium sulphate7 is ( gr[+ importance z a pigm5t4 ,all ! *ief uses ( z9c1 compris+ galvaniz+1 roll$ %eets1 brass-mak+ & ! desilv]ization ( lead bullion1 may be consid]$ ess5tial4 ,brass belongs ) /eel 9 ! category ( indisp5sable mat]ials ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,no satisfactory sub/itute z reg>ds bo? physical qualities & co/ is available = _m important p>ts ( ma*9]y & = manufactur+ purposes4 ,its wide use dep5ds on a numb] ( qualities4 ,! excell5t %>p ca/+s made f c]ta9 brasses are readily ma*9$ or o!rwise f9i%$ & electro-plat$ if desir$4 ,! electrical conductivity ( brass is good4 ,c]ta9 brasses are easily roll$ into %eets & cut & /amp$ 9 desir$ %apes4 ,lubricat$ surfaces ( /eel on brass make satisfactory & durable be>+s4 ,! o!r l>ge uses ( z9c dep5d on its resi/ance to oxidation & on ! possibility ( roll+ x into fairly ?9 %eets4 ,9 bo? ^! qualities1 h[ev]1 x is surpass$ by o!r metals1 notably nickel & t94 ,alloy$ ) lead x may be roll$ into a sub/itute = t9-foil4 ,x is 9 "s cases a fairly satisfactory1 *eap sub/itute = metals ( high] quality4 ,9 times ( sc>city or high prices1 sub/itution ( metals ( inf]ior quality is feasible1 & 9 _m cases z9c may be tempor>ily disp5s$ ) altoge!r4 ,its field is !re=e l>gely fix$ by comm]cial conditions ( supply & price1 :i* det]m9e broadly ! total consumption & especially ! p]c5tages devot$ to ! v>i\s uses4 ,x may be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ! p]c5tages = ! dome/ic consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj repres5t approximately ^? ( normal peace times4 ,9 t ye>1 ( ! total consumption1 #fj p] c5t4 0 us$ 9 galvaniz+2 #bj p] c5t4 9 brass-mak+2 #aa p] c5t4 9 roll$ %eets2 & #a p] c5t4 9 lead desilv]ization2 leav+ #h p] c5t4 = miscellane\s uses4 ,dur+ ! w> ! p]c5tage us$ 9 galvaniz+ 0 greatly r$uc$ & t us$ = brass-mak+ mu* increas$4 ,! use ( roll$ %eets w increase4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,european production 9 normal times is roll$ into %eets us$ *iefly = ro(+4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,9 ! extraction ( z9c f its ores ! mo/ important *anges 9 practice dur+ rec5t ye>s h be5 adaptations ( retort smelt+ = ! purpose ( utiliz+ z9c conc5trates f complex ores1 ! increas$ production ( z9c oxide & li?opone ?r\gh ! application ( volatilization me?ods to ! re-treatm5t ( retort residues & base ores1 & ! electrolytic & electro-!rmic processes ( extraction ( ! metal4 ,! mo/ revolution>y advance has be5 ! developm5t ( ! oil flotation1 ! electro-magnetic1 & electro-/atic processes = ! conc5tration ( ores4 ,^! processes are be+ widely introduc$ & 9 connection ) electrolytic r$uction are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! production ( spelt] ( ! highe/ quality f complex ores4 ,z ! electrolytic & electro-!rmic processes f9d _! field only :]e p[] is relatively *eap1 ! t5d5cy is to put in/allations :]e hydro-electric p[] is available1 effect+ a r$i/ribution ( z9c-smelt+ c5t]s4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,z9c & lead are commonly associat$ 9 m9]al deposits1 sometimes intimately mix$1 sometimes s segregat$ t "o metal pr$om9ates1 b ores ( "o are seldom free entirely f ! o!r4 ,! geological & geographical di/ribution ( ! two metals is !re=e ne>ly id5tical4 ,! sulphide ores1 *iefly sphal]ite or bl5de1 are ! mo/ important1 b 9 ! oxidiz$ zone !y are (t5 alt]$ to c>bonates--smi?sonite1 calam9e & hydroz9cite4 ,! oxides--frankl9ite1 willemite & z9cite--are important 9 only "o di/rict 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! c>bonates1 al?\gh !y c>ry a l[ p]c5tage ( z9c1 (t5 occur 9 conc5trat$ ore bodies1 & yield readily to metallurgical treatm5t4 ,!re=e1 calam9e-smi?sonite ores =m a l>ge proportion ( ! production ( _m important di/ricts1 b bl5de w h]eaft] be ( increas+ importance 9 ! _w production4 ,z9c ores occur 9 deposits ( sev]al di/9ct g5etic types4 ,9 ! ord] ( _! importance !y are3 7a7 ,deposits =m$ 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 )\t app>5t connection ) igne\s rocks1 z b$d$ replacem5ts usually ( lime/ones & dolomites4 ,! ores ( ?is type usually conta9 lead 7gal5a7 & iron 7pyrite or m>casite7 m9]als1 (t5 ^? ( manganese & cadmium1 sometimes ^? ( ars5ic1 cobalt & nickel1 b seldom gold1 silv]1 copp]1 or antimony4 ,b>ite & fluorite are sometimes pres5t4 ,! deposits ( ?is type are ( _w-wide di/ribution4 ,_! great] purity & ! simplicity ( ! treatm5t necess>y1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ores 9 _! oxidiz$ zones1 h caus$ !m to be exploit$ fir/ & mo/ ext5sively & to be until rec5tly ! dom9ant factor 9 ! _w production ( z9c4 ,to ?is type belong ! deposits ( ! ,mississippi ,valley & ,silesia1 :i* toge!r produc$ #cd p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output 9 #aiac4 7b7 ,ve9s associat$ ) igne\s rocks & dissem9at$ sulphide replacem5ts ( igne\s rock4 ,9 ?is gr\p come ! deposits ( ,butte1 ,leadville1 & ! ,coeur d',al5e1 & ! dissem9at$ deposits ( ! ,bawdw9 7,burma ,m9es ,co471 ,ridd] 7,sib]ia7 & ,salmon ,riv] 7,b4,c474 ,^! ores are usually complex1 compris+ m9]als ( z9c1 lead1 copp]1 iron1 gold & silv]1 & (t5 ars5ic1 antimony & o!r metals4 ,9 "o gr\p1 ! silv]-lead deposits1 z9c seems a m9or factor1 b ) dep? replaces lead z ! pr$om9ant metal4 ,deposits ( ^! complex ores h 9 rec5t ye>s become important s\rces ( z9c ?r\gh recognition ( ! z9c ores 9 _! oxidiz$ zones1 ?r\gh z9c becom+ ! dom9ant metal ) increas+ dep? at _m m9es1 & especially ?r\gh improvem5ts 9 me?ods ( conc5trat+ complex ores & extract+ metal f ! conc5trates4 ,ores ( ?is type w be ( increas+ importance 9 ! future because ( _! _w-wide di/ribution4 7c7 ,igne\s metamorphic deposits conta9+ frankl9ite1 willemite1 z9cite1 a little bl5de1 & a gangue ( calcite1 rhodonite1 g>net1 pyrox5e1 hornbl5de1 magnetite & tremolite4 ,?is type is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,frankl9 & ,adirondack deposits ( ! nor!a/]n metallographic prov9ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & is also f\nd at ,magdal5a & ,hanov]1 ,new ,mexico & ! ,horn ,silv] m9e1 9 ,utah4 7d7 ,metamorphos$ deposits4 ,orig9ally ^! may h be5 ( any ( ! prec$+ types b are n[ disguis$ by regional metamorphism4 ,! be/ example is ! important deposit ( ,ammeb]g1 ,sw$54 ,bl5de !re occurs dissem9at$ 9 b&s 9 gneissoid granulite1 :i* also conta9s b&s ( dissem9at$ pyrrhotite & ars5opyrite4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! *ief z9c ore deposits ( ! _w are 9 ! c\ntries li/$ 9 ! table bel[2 ! ord] ( ! c\ntries is t ( _! importance 9 ! indu/ry 9 #aiac1 z ne>ly z c be e/imat$ f incomplete data4 ,! ?ree major metallographic prov9ces ( ! _w z indicat$ by pres5t exploitation are ^? ( ,brok5 ,hill1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,silesia1 & ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! condition ( ! z9c indu/ry 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries1 9 #aiac1 is %[n 9 ,table #ei4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! z9c deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be assign$ to ?ree metallographic prov9ces1 :i* 9 ! ord] ( _! pres5t importance are3 ! ,mississippi ,valley prov9ce2 ! ,we/]n prov9ce2 & ! ,nor!a/]n prov9ce4 ,judg$ by pres5t k1 ! ,mississippi ,valley prov9ce is "o ( ! ?ree major z9c-be>+ metallographic prov9ces ( ! _w4 ,x occupies an area und]la9 ) slightly di/urb$ ,paleozoic lime/one1 rang+ f ,ordovician to ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 9 age1 t comprises mo/ ( ! great mid-cont95tal valley ( ! ,mississippi 9 ! /ates ( ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 ,kansas1 ,ill9ois1 ,k5tucky1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 also ,t5nessee & ! we/]n "p ( ,virg9ia4 ,igne\s rocks are g5]ally abs5t4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal subprov9ces3 ! ,oz>k prov9ce1 compris+ ,miss\ri1 ,oklahoma1 ,kansas1 ,arkansas2 ! upp] ,mississippi valley1 compris+ ,wiscons91 ,nor!rn ,ill9ois1 & ,i[a2 & ! regions ( ,t5nessee & ,virg9ia4 ,,table #eh4--;,,*ief ,,z9c-,,ore ,,deposits ,,( ,,! ,,_w ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,approximate ,p]c5tage ( ord] ,c\ntry _w's production 9 #aiac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a ,unit$ ,/ates #ce4j #b ,g]many #be4j #c ,au/ralia #ae4j #d ,italy #e4j #e ,alg]ia #c4j #f ,japan #b4j #g ,spa9 #b4j #h ,russia 7includ+ ,russian ,pol&7 #b4j #i ,france #a4e #aj ,greece #a4j #aa ,sw$5 #a4j #ab ,mexico #a4j #ac ,au/ria #a4j #ad ,tunis #a4j #ae ,indo-,*9a 7,tonk97 #af ,great ,brita9 #ag ,*9a #ah ,bolivia #ai ,canada #bj ,india 7,burma7 #ba ,egypt #bb ,s\? ,africa #bc ,p]u ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ! ,oz>k subprov9ces ! ,jopl9 di/rict is mo/ important4 ,! ores lie at ?ree horizons 9 flat-ly+ l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones4 ,9 ! upp] horizon1 bel[ ! surface1 ! ore lies 9 clayey *]t breccias1 & gal5a pr$om9ates4 ,! middle horizon1 or 8%eet gr\nd10 c>ries mix$ gal5a & bl5de1 :i* cem5ts brecciat$ *]t4 ,! ore is l[ grade1 ! av]age recov]y ( z9c be+ #a4i p] c5t4 ,?is horizon has be5 ! mo/ important s\rce ( ore4 ,! ?ird & l[e/ horizon1 z yet little exploit$1 conta9s dissem9at$ ores4 ,?irty mills 7 busy 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict 9 #aiah4 ,! ,a?letic ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 0 ! l>ge/ produc]1 op]at+ ! ,a?letic m9e1 at ,du5weg1 ! ,b]?a ,a41 at ,webb ,city1 & ,mutual m9e1 at ,oronogo4 ,miami ,z9c ,syndicate1 affiliat$ ) ! ,butte ,sup]ior & ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co42 ! ,comm]ce ,m9+ ,royalty ,co42 ! ,c5tury ,z9c ,co42 & ! ,tri-,/ate ,m9+ ,co41 are l>ge op]ators4 ,mu* ( ! production is by lessees & small op]ators4 ,,table #ei4--,,z9c ,,indu/ry ,,9 #aiac ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,available z9c 9 ore 7%ort tons7 ---------------------------------- ,c\ntry ,produc$ ,smelt$ ,export$,import$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,unit$ ,/ates #cje1ejj #caj1ejj #h1ejj #ac1ejj ,au/ralasia #bjf1jjj #d1jjj #bjb1jjj 444 ,briti% ,isles #ej1jjj #fe1jjj 444 #ae1jjj ,canada #bd1jjj 444 #bd1jjj 444 ,burma1 ,indo ,*9a1 etc4 #ah1jjj 444 #ah1jjj 444 ,france & ,fr5* ,africa #fi1jjj #fc1jjj #f1jjj 444 ,italy #dj1jjj 444 #dj1jjj 444 ,belgium #aa1jjj #bah1jjj 444 #bjg1jjj ,*9a #e1jjj #b1ejj #b1ejj 444 ,greece #ab1jjj 444 #ab1jjj ,japan #aj1jjj #h1jjj #b1jjj 444 ,russia #ce1jjj #ac1jjj #bb1jjj 444 ,holl& 444 #bg1jjj 444 #bg1jjj ,mexico #cj1jjj 444 #cj1jjj ,norway #ae1jjj #aj1jjj #e1jjj 444 ,spa9 #ej1jjj #ae1jjj #ce1jjj 444 ,sw$5 #aj1jjj #f1jjj #d1jjj 444 ,au/ria-,hung>y #bd1jjj #bd1jjj 444 444 ,g]many #afc1ejj #cab1jjj 444 #adh1ejj ,o!r 444 444 444 444 ---------------------------------- ,total #a1jgh1jjja1jgh1jjj #daa1jjj #daa1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,spelt] 7%ort tons7 ---------------------------------------- ,produc$ ---------------- ,to be ,annual ,sec- ,= im- con- ,c\ntry ,prim>y ond>y export port$ sumption ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #caj1ejj #ej1jjj #ba1jjj #cci1ejj ,au/ralasia #d1jjj 444 444 444 #d1jjj ,briti% ,isles #fe1jjj #f1jjj 444 #adc1ejj #bad1ejj ,canada 444 444 444 #bj1jjj #bj1jjj ,burma1 ,indo ,*9a1 etc4 ,france & ,fr5* ,africa #fc1jjj #bj1ejj 444 #e1ejj #hi1jjj ,italy 444 444 444 #ab1jjj #ab1jjj ,belgium #bah1jjj #c1ejj #g1ejj 444 #hd1jjj ,*9a #b1ejj 444 444 #g1ejj #aj1jjj ,greece ,japan #h1jjj 444 444 #d1jjj #ab1jjj ,russia #ac1jjj 444 444 #bc1ejj #cf1ejj ,holl& #bg1jjj #c1jjj #be1ejj 444 #d1ejj ,mexico ,norway #aj1jjj 444 #aj1jjj ,spa9 #ae1jjj 444 #h1ejj 444 #f1ejj ,sw$5 #f1jjj 444 #f1jjj 444 ,au/ria-,hung>y #bd1jjj #c1jjj 444 #ag1ejj #dd1ejj ,g]many #cab1jjj #ah1ejj #ge1jjj 444 #bee1ejj ,o!r 444 #a1ejj 444 #de1jjj #df1ejj --------------------------------------- ,total #a1jgh1jjjajf1jjjbhc1ejjbgh1ejja1agi1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ,arkansas ! ores are ( simil> "* & mode ( occurr5ce & are f\nd 9 ! same =mation & also 9 ! ,ordovician lime/one4 ,! ,lav5d] ,m9+ ,mill+ ,co4 is ! l>ge/ op]ator & ! production has be5 l>gely c>bonate ores4 ,! ,upp] ,mississippi region comprises deposits 9 ne>ly horizontal lime/ones ( ,ordovician age4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! output ( ?is di/rict is made by five companies3 ! ,m9]al ,po9t ,z9c ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co41 ) sev5 m9es2 ! ,v9eg> ,hill ,z9c ,co41 ) six m9es2 ! ,wiscons9 ,z9c ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co41 ) f\r m9es2 ! ,fronti] ,m9+ ,co41 ) five produc+ m9es2 & ! ,clevel& ,m9+ ,co41 ) two m9es4 ,o!r important companies are ,burr ,m9+ ,co41 ,block ,h\se ,m9+ ,co41 ,m4 ,a4 ,m9+ ,co41 ,b4 ,m4 ,b4 ,m9+ ,co41 & ,oliv] ,m9+ ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eel ,corporation4 ,all ( ! m9es are equipp$ ) mill+ plants4 ,! production ( ! di/rict %[s a /eady gr[?4 ,! z9c deposits ( s\?we/ ,virg9ia & nor!a/]n ,t5nessee occur z dissem9at$ replacem5t breccia along cru%$ & fault$ zones 9 fold$ ,cambro-,ordovician lime/ones1 & also z oxidiz$ ores 9 clays residual f ! wea!r+ ( ! same lime/ones4 ,! gangue is calcite & dolomite4 ,! ,am]ican ,z9c ,co4 is ! l>ge/ op]ator 9 ,t5nessee2 x has a mill+ capacity ( #c1jjj tons daily & z9c-bl5de ore res]ves great] ?an #f1jjj1jjj tons av]ag+ betwe5 #d & #e p] c5t4 z9c1 f :i* #fj p] c5t4 z9c-bl5de conc5trates are made4 ,?is company is a subsidi>y ( ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 ,! ,we/]n prov9ce comprises mo/ ( ! we/]n /ates2 x ext5ds nor? into ,briti% ,columbia & s\? into ,mexico4 ,! *ief subprov9ces are ^? ( ,leadville1 ,butte1 & ,coeur d',al5e4 ,! ,leadville deposits are f\nd 9 /rata v>y+ 9 age f ,ar*ean to ,cretace\s1 :i* h be5 intrud$ by igne\s rocks4 ,! ores are ma9ly replacem5ts ( lime/one & occur 9 l>ge masses4 ,?is di/rict fir/ became ( importance 9 z9c production ^u ! recognition ( smi?sonite & calam9e 9 ! l>ge masses ( oxidiz$ ores4 ,( rec5t ye>s sulphides =m an increas+ "p ( ! production1 n[ com+ l>gely f deep] levels4 ,! ores c>ry gold1 silv]1 manganese1 copp] & sometimes bismu?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,m9+ ,co41 ! ,empire ,z9c ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co42 ! ,we/]n ,m9+ ,co41 ! ,d[nt[n ,m9es ,co41 ! ,well+ton ,m9es ,co41 at ,breck5ridge2 & ! ,m>y ,murphy m9e1 at ,*alk ,creek1 are ! l>ge/ op]ators 9 ?is region4 ,! ,butte ores occur z ve9s 9 igne\s rocks4 ,! area 9 :i* z9c ores pr$om9ate surr\nds t ( important copp] ve9s on ?ree sides4 ,on ! bord] ( ! two areas1 z9c-silv] ores pr$om9ate 9 ! upp] levels & copp] 9 ! deep] work+s4 ,_m ( ! pres5t z9c m9es 7 =m]ly work$ = silv]4 ,^! complex z9c ores h be5 made available by ! successful application ( oil flotation & electrolytic deposition4 ,! ,black ,rock m9e ( ! ,butte ,sup]ior ,m9+ ,co41 ! ,elm ,orlu ( ,w4 ,a4 ,cl>k ,son1 ! ,alice1 & sev]al o!r m9es ( ! ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co41 & ! ,nor? ,butte ,m9+ ,co4 are among ! mo/ important produc]s4 ,! twelve m9es yield+ z9c 9 #aiae toge!r h imm5se res]ves4 ,! ores all c>ry lead & silv] & "s pyrite1 & _m conta9 copp] & gold4 ,! ,coeur d',al5e subprov9ce comprises a numb] ( m9+ di/ricts 9 ,idaho1 at lea/ five be+ z9c produc]s4 ,! ,int]/ate-,callahan1 9 ! ,beav] di/rict1 is ! l>ge/ z9c m9e 9 ! /ate4 ,! ore is rem>kable = ! small p]c5tage ( m9]als o!r ?an sphal]ite1 av]ag+ #bh p] c5t4 z9c4 ,! ,nor!a/]n prov9ce comprises important deposits at ,frankl91 ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s 9 ,new ,york1 & o!rs ( m9or importance 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by deposits ( igne\s metamorphic orig9 9 ,pre-,cambrian lime/one4 ,! ,frankl9 deposits1 9 ,new ,j]sey1 consi/ *iefly ( frankl9ite1 willemite & z9cite 9 a gangue ( calcite1 rhodonite1 g>net1 pyrox5e1 magnetite & hornbl5de4 ,willemite is sep>at$ magnetically f ^! ores & us$ to produce a v high-grade spelt] free f lead & cadmium & !re=e 9 great dem& = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! o!r classes ( ore are smelt$ = ! production ( z9c :ite & spiegeleis54 ,^! m9es1 own$ & op]at$ by ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co41 h produc$ m ?an #a1ejj1jjj tons ( z9c 9 ! =m ( spelt] & z9c oxide4 ,! ,edw>ds-,balmat di/rict1 9 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 comprises an area two to ?ree miles wide & fifte5 miles long1 ( ,pre-,cambrian lime/one4 ,! ore occurs 9 l5ses & is a mixture ( sphal]ite1 pyrite & a little gal5a ) a gangue ( dolomite4 ,sep>ation is effect$ by magnetic tables4 ,! typical ore conta9s3 sphal]ite1 #be4e p] c5t42 gal5a1 #a4dc p] c5t42 pyrite1 #ab4d p] c5t42 b>ite1 #c4i p] c5t4 ,! ore res]ves ( ! ,nor!rn ,ore ,co41 ! l>ge/ op]ator1 are kn[n to exce$ "o million tons4 ,g]many4--,imp]ial ,g]many compris$ mo/ ( "o metallographic prov9ce ( major importance1 ,silesia1 & o!r di/ricts rank+ z foll[s3 ,upp] ,silesia2 ,rh5i% ,prussia2 ,we/phalia2 ,saxony2 ,hanov]2 & ,nassau4 ,! major "p ( ! m9]al prov9ce ( ,upp] ,silesia lay )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,g]many 9 #aiad4 ,once x 0 "p ( ! ,k+dom ( ,pol&1 except = portions includ$ 9 ! old empires ( ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,! pre-w> production ( z9c ores f ,russian ,pol& 0 entirely f ?is metallographic prov9ce4 ,! deposits1 :i* conta9 lead & z9c toge!r1 occur 9 ,triassic =mation ov]ly+ ,c>bonif]\s rocks t c>ry important seams ( coal4 ,?is juxtaposition ( ore & fuel has furni%$ an ideal basis = ! great smelt+ indu/ry t has be5 develop$1 & facilitates ! smelt+ ( l[-grade ores4 ,! ores are said to av]age #ag p] c5t4 z9c & #e p] c5t4 lead4 ,!y come f two ore horizons4 ,! l[] is *>act]iz$ by bl5de1 ) a little gal5a & m>casite2 ! upp] or lead horizon comprises a v p]si/5t %eet ( gal5a #j4je to #j4cj met]s ?ick1 :i* g5]ally is und]la9 by r$ calam9e4 ,! bl5de deposits are ext5sive & w be productive = a long "t4 ,9 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 z9c ore 7smi?sonite7 deposits are f\nd 9 /rata ( ,devonian age4 ,^! deposits are approa*+ exhau/ion4 ,! *ief z9c deposits ( ,we/phalia are 9 ,devonian /rata4 ,! hi/oric m9es at ,freib]g 7,erzgebirge71 9 ,saxony1 produce a small quantity ( bl5de f ! conc5tration ( gal5a ores4 ,! bl5de c>ries consid]able iron & silv] & "s ( x conta9s traces ( t94 ,^! m9es are controll$ by ! ,saxon gov]nm5t4 ,a consid]able quantity ( bl5de ore is conc5trat$ z a by-product 9 ! dress+ ( ! lead ore ( ! ,upp] ,h>z1 ,hanov]4 ,! ore ( ,rammelsb]g1 9 ! ,l[] ,h>z1 occurs 9 a b$ int]/ratifi$ ) l[] ,devonian slates & s&/ones2 x is an intimate mixture ( bl5de1 gal5a1 pyrite1 *alcopyrite1 & b>ite & "s calcite & qu>tz4 ,z9c is produc$ z a by-product ( lead ores 9 ! valley ( ,lahn 7,nassau71 :]e a s]ies ( /rong ve9s are f\nd 9 ,l[] ,devonian /rata4 ,au/ralia4--,! z9c res\rces ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia are *iefly 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania4 ,! =m] has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( z9c 9 ! pa/1 b ! ,tasmania deposits are n[ be+ rapidly develop$ & equipp$ = production4 ,! mo/ important s\rce ( z9c ore 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales is ! great ,brok5 ,hill lode1 :]e op]ations began 9 #ahhd4 ,! c\ntry rock comprises cry/all9e s*i/s & gneisses4 ,betwe5 ! oxidiz$ & prim>y sulphide ores 0 a ?9 zone ( second>y sulphides4 ,! e>ly op]ations 9 ! di/rict 7 = lead1 & imm5se dumps accumulat$ ( z9c-be>+ ores sort$ out or ( z9c-be>+ tail+s f ! conc5tration ( ! lead ores4 ,9 #aijc ^! dumps 7 e/imat$ at #e1fhg1djj tons c>ry+ #ah4f p] c5t4 z9c4 ,) ! developm5t ( dem& = z9c sulphide ores & ( oil flotation me?ods ( sep>ation & conc5tration ^! dumps became important s\rces ( z9c conc5trates1 b _m ( !m are approa*+ exhau/ion4 ,! sulphide ores are a close mixture ( gal5a & z9c bl5de1 c>ry+ silv]4 ,!re are two classes ( ^! ores1 di/+ui%$ z silicate-gangue ore1 & calcite-gangue ore4 ,! silicate gangue ore bodies c>ry rhodonite1 g>net & qu>tz & are ri*] 9 z9c & silv] ?an ^? ( calcite gangue4 ,eight m9+ companies are n[ at "w4 ,9 ! ord] ( ! importance ( _! output & ore res]ves1 ^! companies are3 ,brok5 ,hill ,s\? ,silv] ,m9+ ,co42 ,brok5 ,hill ,nor? ,m9+ ,co42 ,z9c ,corporation2 ,sulphide ,corporation2 ,briti% ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co42 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co41 ,block #aj2 & ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co41 ,block #ad4 ,! e/imat$ ore res]ves ( all ! m9es approximate #ab1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! ,brok5 ,hill ,s\? ,silv] ,m9+ ,co4 has ore res]ves e/imat$ at #c1cej1jjj tons1 & is ! l>ge/ produc]4 ,brok5 ,hill ,nor?1 ,amalgamat$ ,z9c 7de ,bavay71 ,z9c ,corporation1 & ,b>ri] ,s\? ,ltd4 are controll$ by ,govett & associates1 a gr\p ( ,au/ralian capitali/s4 ,! ,amalgamat$ ,z9c ,co4 9 #aiac treat$ #dih1bhi tons ( tail+s1 obta9+ #adj1jih tons z9c conc5trates1 c>ry+ z9c1 #dh4i p] c5t42 also lead conc5trates am\nt+ to #a1ehd tons1 c>ry+ #eg4a p] c5t4 lead4 ,! ,z9c ,corporation1 a company =m$ by ,bewick1 ,more+ ,co41 has ore res]ves e/imat$ at #a1ejd1baa tons1 av]ag+ #ad4h p] c5t4 lead1 #i4b p] c5t4 z9c1 & #b4e ounces ( silv] p] ton4 ,! m9e ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,co4 is1 accord+ to la/ reports1 ne>ly exhau/$4 ,! pr9cipal deposits ( ,tasmania are ^? ( ! ,primrose1 ,h]cules1 & ,tasmania ,copp] ,m9es1 all own$ by ! ,m\nt ,re$ ,roseb]y ,co41 affiliat$ ) ! ,m\nt ,lyell ,m9+ ,railway ,co4 ,! /ate geological /aff e/imates res]ves at #a1bgb1ejj tons av]ag+ #bi4gi p] c5t4 z9c1 #h4hi p] c5t4 lead1 #ab4af ounces ( silv] & #j4ag ounces ( gold p] ton4 ,italy4--,! z9c production ( ,italy is d]iv$ f ! ,iglesias di/rict ( ,s>d9ia1 & ! ,prov9ce ( ,b]gamo4 ,! ,iglesias di/rict is 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia4 ,! ores are oxidiz$ & mo/ly work$ by op5 pits4 ,!y are m9$ & mill$ by two ,italian companies1 ,societa di ,monteponi1 & ! ,societa di ,p]tusola4 ,! ores h usually be5 smelt$ 9 ,g]many1 ,engl& or ,belgium4 ,! ,b]gamo m9es1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,lomb>dy1 are work$ by ! ,engli% ,cr[n ,spelt] ,co41 :i* %ips ! ore to ,swansea1 ,wales1 = smelt+4 ,alg]ia4--,alg]ia produc$ #hb1bef tons ( z9c ore 9 #aiac4 ,( ! #gh1igc tons ^: orig9 is kn[n1 #ca p] c5t4 ( ! total 0 extract$ by ,belgian companies & ! rema9d] 0 produc$ by ,fr5* op]ators4 ,japan4--,! only important z9c-produc+ di/rict 9 ,japan is ! ,prov9ce ( ,hida4 ,! pr9cipal companies are ! ,osaka ,z9c ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ,takata ,co41 ! ,rhu>a ,m9+ ,co41 & ! ,mitsui ,m9+ ,co4 ,! l>ge/ produc] is ! ,kamioka ,m9e ( ! la/ nam$1 :i* produces annually ab\t #aj1jjj tons4 ,! ,osaka ,m9+ ,co4 also produces f ,korea 7,*os57 ab\t #ae1jjj tons ( ore annually4 ,! annual smelt+ capacity 9 ,japan1 ) all project$ con/ruction complet$1 is e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj tons ( z9c ore1 :]eas ! dome/ic output ( ore is ab\t #ej1jjj tons4 ,! diff]5ce has be5 import$ *iefly f ,sib]ia1 ,*9a1 ,tonk9 & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! future x is expect$ t ! =eign ores w come *iefly f ,*9a & ,sib]ia4 ,! dome/ic spelt] production has rea*$ ab\t #fj1jjj tons annually & ! dome/ic consumption #bi1jjj tons4 ,spa94--,z9c ores are produc$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,sant&]1 ,murcia1 ,t]eul1 ,biscay & ,guipuzcoa4 ,! only di/rict ( importance is t ( ,sant&]1 :]e !re is a z9c smelt] own$ by ! ,compagnie ,royale ,a/uri5ne des ,m9es 7,fr5*74 ,"s ( ! ore is smelt$ 9 ,france4 ,mo/ ( ! ,spani% ores are calam9e & occur almo/ )\t exception 9 lime/one4 ,eighty p] c5t4 ( ! ,spani% production comes f ,sant&] & ,murcia4 ,9 ! latt] ! m9es are work$ prim>ily = lead4 ,russia4--,! z9c output ( ! ,russian ,empire 0 d]iv$ f ,russian ,pol&1 ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s 9 s\?we/]n ,sib]ia1 & ! nor!rn ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,poli% deposits are "p ( ! ,silesian field4 ,! ores are l>gely c>bonates & silicates4 ,"s ( ! m9es & plants 7 own$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 o!rs app>5tly by ,fr5* companies4 ,9 ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ! ,tyuti*a m9e has a calam9e orebody conta9+ at lea/ #bjj1jjj tons av]ag+ #dh p] c5t4 z9c4 ,"s ore has come f ! ,ussurisk di/rict4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,mitsui ,m9+ ,co4 has made arrangem5ts to %ip ores f ?is di/rict to ,japan = treatm5t4 ,9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s ( s\?we/]n ,sib]ia ! ,ridd] ,m9+ ,co41 controll$ by ! ,irty% ,corporation1 ,ltd41 ( ,london1 has develop$ two l>ge deposits on ! same m9]aliz$ zone1 ) ore res]ves e/imat$ 9 #aiag at ov] #c1ejj1jjj tons4 ,! possibilities ( ?is prop]ty are imm5se4 ,! company has acquir$ ! ,ekiba/us coal fields1 con/ruct$ ab\t #afe miles ( railroad & provid$ riv] transport1 ?us br++ ! ore & coal toge!r at a smelt+ plant hav+ a capacity ( #ae1jjj tons lead & #e1jjj tons spelt] annually4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 ! ,sadon m9e1 belong+ to ! ,socit d',alagir 7,fr5*71 has be5 work$ = a long "t4 ,! ores f ?is m9e are smelt$ locally4 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,! z9c-ore production ( ,france comes f sev]al scatt]$ di/ricts4 ,( ! #de1ibi long tons report$ 9 #aiab1 ne>ly all came f six m9es :i* are all controll$ by ,fr5* capital ) p]haps "s ,belgian p>ticipation4 ,! only important s\rce ( z9c 9 ,greece is ! fam\s ,laurium deposit1 :i* 0 work$ 9 anci5t times4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 reject$1 z f> z possible1 ! z9c ores4 ,^! deposits are n[ controll$ & op]at$ by a ,fr5* company1 ! ,compagnie ,franaise des ,m9es de ,laurium1 :i* also has reop5$ ! anci5t work+s ( ,gebel ,rosas1 ne> ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ,egypt4 ,! *ief z9c m9es ( ,sw$5 are ! ,ammeb]g1 ! ,rylls ,wytl& & ! ,sala4 ,at ! ,sala imm5se piles ( tail+s made 9 c5turies ( op]ation1 conta9+ quantities ( z9c1 c n[ be treat$1 z well z z9cif]\s areas left 9 m9+ silv]-lead ores4 ,! important ,ammeb]g deposit consi/s ( b&s & l5ses ( dissem9at$ bl5de 9 gneissoid granulite & is exploit$ by ! ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne 7,belgian74 ,! z9c production ( ,mexico has come *iefly f ! /ates ( ,nuevo ,leon1 ,*ihuahua & ,sonora4 ,v>i\s z9c deposits h be5 work$ 9 ,nuevo ,leon by ,g]man & ,am]ican capital4 ,mo/ ( !m are )9 #ej miles ( ,mont]rey4 ,z9c-produc+ di/ricts are scatt]$ ov] ! ,/ate ( ,*ihuahua4 ,9 ! ,santa ,eulalia di/rict1 ,el ,potosi ,m9+ ,co41 controll$ by ,am]icans1 works ! m9e ( ! same "n1 :i* has c>bonate ores to a dep? ( #a1gjj feet4 ,! ,bu5a ,ti]ra1 9 ! same di/rict1 is controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! pr9cipal m9es 9 ! ,p>ral di/rict are own$ by ,am]icans & ,briti% companies1 includ+ ! ,am]ican ,smelt]s ,securities ,co41 ,am]ican ,z9c ,extraction ,co41 & ,san ,francisco ,m9es ( ,mexico1 ,ltd4 7,briti%74 ,! ,c>negie ,lead ,z9c ,co4 owns ! l>ge/ z9c m9e 9 ,sonora1 locat$ ne> ,cananea4 ,! ,calumet ,arizona ,co4 & ! ,mexican ,metal ,co4 own z9c deposits 9 ! ,arizpe di/rict4 ,all ( ^! companies are ,am]ican4 ,z9c ores are produc$ 9 ,au/ria 9 ! prov9ces ( ,c>9?ia1 ,/yria1 ,c>niole1 ,tyrol & ,galicia4 ,! ,raibl & ,s*neeb]g m9es ( ,c>9?ia are gov]nm5t own$1 & ! ores are smelt$ at ! gov]nm5t works at ,cilli4 ,tyrolean ores 7 %ipp$ to ,frank=t-on-,ma9 & ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,/yrian ores 7 %ipp$ to ,silesia & ,rh5i% ,prussia = smelt+4 ,! consid]able production ( calam9e ) "s bl5de f ,tunis is "u ,fr5* political & comm]cial control4 ,! *ief z9c ore produc]s appe> to be ,fr5* companies1 9 g5]al pay+ a royalty ( #e p] c5t4 ( ! net proce$s to ! gov]nm5t ( ,tunis4 ,! total production = #aiaf 0 #ab1edd tons4 ,f\r di/ricts ( ,indo-,*9a produce z9c ores ) an aggregate total annual output ( ab\t #df1jjj tons4 ,! l>ge/ z9c m9e 9 ,great ,brita9 is ! ,n5!ad1 9 ,cumb]l&1 work$ by ! ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne 7,belgian74 ,! second l>ge/ produc] is ! ,c>%ield m9e1 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,n5!ad m9e all ! important produc]s are1 s f> z kn[n1 own$ & op]at$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! *ief m9e 9 ,*9a is ! ,%ui ,k'ou ,%an1 "u control ( ! ,hunan ,bo>d ( ,m9es4 ,prior to ! w> ?is m9e 0 dom9at$ by ,g]man capital1 :i* _h provid$ ma*9]y & %ipp$ ! product to ,europe4 ,japanese h s\ght dilig5tly & ) p>tial success to secure control ( ?is m9e4 ,! *ief z9c-m9+ di/rict 9 ,bolivia is ,huan*aca1 ! production ( :i* has rec5tly decreas$ because ( great quantities ( wat] ent]+ ! work+s4 ,! l>ge/ op]ator is ! ,compaia ,huan*aca de ,bolivia1 ! capital & control ( :i* is ,fr5*4 ,its z9c production is incid5tal1 ! pr9cipal metal produc$ be+ silv]4 ,! z9c production ( ,canada is *iefly f ,briti% ,columbia1 b a small am\nt is f ,ont>io & ,quebec4 ,! only production ( any mom5t is f ! s\!rn "p ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :]e ! ,slocan di/rict is ( greate/ importance4 ,briti%1 ,canadian & ,am]ican capital are l>gely int]e/$4 ,9 #aiae1 ! m9es ( ! ,slocan di/rict 7 e/imat$ by ! managem5t ( ! ,trail smelt] to be capable ( produc+ #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj tons ( ore c>ry+ #dj to #de p] c5t4 z9c4 ,app>5tly ?is 0 9 addition to ! possible production f ! ,sullivan m9e1 own$ by ! ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 ,ltd4 7,trail smelt]71 :i* _h prov$ res]ves ( #c1ejj1jjj tons ( gal5a-sphal]ite ore4 ,! pr9cipal m9es ( ,ont>io & ,quebec produc$ #ehj tons ( z9c1 or "o-?irtie? ( ! production ( ,canada4 ,^! are op]at$ at lea/ 9 "p by ,am]ican capital1 & ! ores are smelt$ by ! ,z9c ,co41 ,ltd41 own$ by ,am]icans4 ,! *ief deposits ( ,india are ^? ( ! ,bawdw9 m9es1 locat$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,%an ,/ates 7,burma74 ,!re 0 e/imat$ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiag1 #d1jcc1jjj tons lead-z9c ore assay+ #bd4g oz4 silv]1 #bg4d p] c5t4 lead1 & #ai4a p] c5t4 z9c4 ,! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! ores are gal5a & sphal]ite ) a little pyrite & *alcopyrite4 ,! lead & z9c conc5trates are available = ! cu/om>y me?ods ( smelt+4 ,a z9c-di/ill+ & sulphuric acid plant is be+ con/ruct$ at ,sakohi1 ) ! aid ( ! ,indian gov]nm5t1 to treat ! table z9c conc5trate4 ,! company op]ates a lead smelt] at ,nam-,tu1 #aa miles f ! m9es4 ,! ,bawdw9 deposits may be expect$ to be an important factor 9 ! _w's production ( z9c 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,!y are own$ by ! ,burma ,m9es1 ,ltd41 an ,engli% corporation ( ! ,r4 ,tild5 ,smi?-,govett-,hoov] int]e/s1 9 :i* "s ,am]ican capital is int]e/$4 ,! only z9c deposit ( note 9 ,egypt is ! ,gebel ,rosas1 op]at$ by ! ,compagnie ,franaise de ,laurium4 ,?is deposit is locat$ ne> ! ,r$ ,sea & 0 work$ 9 anci5t times4 ,! only deposit ( importance 9 ,s\? ,africa is ! ,rhodesia ,brok5 ,hill4 ,! l>ge ore bodies are1 s f> z develop$1 almo/ :olly oxidiz$4 ,"o ore body is e/imat$ at #bej1jjj long tons1 av]ag+ #bf p] c5t4 lead1 #bb p] c5t4 z9c1 & ano!r at #cjj1jjj long tons1 av]ag+ #cb p] c5t4 z9c1 ) little lead1 b mu* iron oxide & c>bonate4 ,!y are controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,consid]able difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 develop+ a comm]cial treatm5t4 ,9 ,p]u a ,fr5* company1 ! ,association ,m9ire1 has int]e/s 9 ! ,compagnie des ,m9es de ,hu>on4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,s f> z in=mation is available no m>k$ *ange 9 ! rate ( production 9 ! c\ntries ( ,europe & nor!rn ,africa seems probable4 ,mo/ ( ! di/ricts 9 ^? c\ntries h be5 exploit$ ov] a long p]iod & h pass$ _! z5i? ( production2 _m are approa*+ exhau/ion4 ,! decrease 9 mo/ ( !m w1 h[ev]1 be gradual4 ,! mo/ important *ange 9 ,europe probably w be ! transf] to ,poli% jurisdiction ( ! :ole ( ! ,silesian field1 mak+ ! new /ate ( ,pol&1 if e/abli%$ z propos$1 ! l>ge/ s+le s\rce ( z9c ore 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* w cont9ue to be ! l>ge/ produc] ( z9c 9 ! _w1 ! greate/ increase 9 relative importance may be expect$ f ! we/]n metallographic prov9ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor?we/1 9 ! ,butte & ,coeur d',al5e di/ricts4 ,! ,leadville di/rict has already pass$ ! z5i? ( production & has dropp$ to second place aft] ,butte1 :i* is capable ( /ill fur!r increase4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! ,brok5 ,hill di/rict may be expect$ to yield ab\t #dej1jjj tons ( conc5trates annually = "s ?ree ye>s1 aft] :i* ! output %\ld drop to ab\t #cjj1jjj tons4 ,! increase ( production f ,tasmania w l>gely dep5d ^u ! con/ruction ( electrolytic z9c plants1 b ! isl& w be a factor 9 production 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! greate/ new factor 9 ! _w's output ( z9c w be ! ,bawdw9 m9es1 9 ,burma1 :i* )9 a %ort "t w be equipp$ to produce ab\t #cjj1jjj tons ( ore annually or ab\t #ge1jjj tons ( high-grade z9c conc5trates & #ajj1jjj tons ( l[-grade conc5trates or middl+s = treatm5t by ! ,ganl9 process4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! z9c conc5trates f ?is ore w be treat$ 9 ,india w be det]m9$ by ! developm5t ( ! local m>ket = sulphuric acid4 ,! rema9d] ( ! conc5trates w be treat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s ( s\?we/]n ,sib]ia h prov$ imm5se bodies ( complex z9c-lead ores4 ,! ext5t ( _! exploitation w1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ l>gely by ! ext5t ( ! ,russian m>ket z affect$ by social & political conditions4 ,removal ( ! /r+5t t>iff on importations f abroad to ! manufactur+ c5t]s ( ,w>saw1 ,petrograd & ,mosc[ might greatly re/rict ! m>ket = ! output ( ^! m9es4 ,_! extreme geographic isolation w prev5t ! deposits f becom+ an important factor 9 ! _w m>ket = a long p]iod1 not)/&+ _! l>ge size & excell5t grade4 ,! utilization ( ! ,rhodesia ,brok5 ,hill deposit 9 ,s\? ,africa w be delay$ by ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! oxidiz$ lead & z9c m9]als1 ! lack ( fuel1 & geographic & comm]cial isolation4 ,,political ,,control ,political control ( ! z9c res\rces ( ! _w up to ! outbreak ( ! w> 9 #aiad seems to h _h only a m9or effect ^u ! indu/ry4 ,economic factors made ineffective any control n int]national 9 scope4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! z9c ores ( ! _w 7 transport$ f ! c\ntry ( production to ano!r = treatm5t1 9 "s cases ev5 be+ re-export$1 sometimes aft] calc9ation1 = ! purpose ( utiliz+ ! sulphur cont5t 9 ! production ( acid4 ,t>iffs 7 impos$ by "s c\ntries1 z1 = example1 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on c]ta9 classes ( z9c ores4 ,su* measures _h "s effect on production 9 ,mexico & ,canada4 ,russia _h impos$ heavy import duties :i* subsidiz$ dome/ic production & /imulat$ exploration & developm5t4 ,! *ief ,european c\ntries import+ & smelt+ z9c ores admitt$ !m free ( duty4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 h[ev]1 political jurisdiction 0 l>gely invok$ to re/ore control ( national res\rces to citiz5s ( ! giv5 c\ntry or its allies4 ,?is movem5t 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 :]e9 !re n[ exi/s a jo9t political & comm]cial control4 ,ali5 int]e/s h be5 elim9at$ by gov]nm5t action & ! gov]nm5t reta9s a %>e 9 ! control ?r\gh int]e/s 9 m>ket+ organizations or ?r\gh f9ancial p>ticipation 9 treatm5t works4 ,canada has e/abli%$ a small b\nty on z9c produc$ 9 ,canada f dome/ic ores & giv5 f9ancial aid to attempts to e/abli% dome/ic smelt+ & ref9+ plants4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian has be5 active 9 elim9at+ all ali5 enemy control4 ,8 appo9tees w control _m important companies = sev]al ye>s4 ,su* action z has be5 tak5 does n appe> to h di/urb$ su* c5tralization ( control z _h be5 effect$4#ach #ach ,see ,*apt] on ,copp]1 pages #bcb-bce1 = discussion ( ,g]man int]e/s 9 ! ,am]ican metal trade4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,copp]1 lead & z9c =m a class by !mselves z reg>ds indu/rial utility & tonnage produc$1 rank+ aft] iron1 :i* f> outclasses !m1 z ! mo/ important base metals4 ,! annual production ( ea* is consid]ably m ?an a million tons4 ,9 view ( ! indu/rial importance ( z9c & ! fact t brass1 an alloy ( copp] & z9c1 is an indisp5sable mat]ial 9 mod]n indu/ry1 x is n /range t ! great indu/rial nations h contriv$ _m exp$i5ts 9 ! endeavor to control ! z9c indu/ry4 ,! own]%ip & op]ative control ( ! m9es has be5 a m9or factor 9 ! comm]cial control ( ?is indu/ry4 ,economic factors =ce ! location ( retort smelt+ plants 9 indu/rial di/ricts adjac5t to coal fields1 ! mo/ important factors be+ availability & co/ ( fuel & labor1 & proximity to a m>ket = spelt]4 ,a lack ( fuel & sc>city or high co/ ( labor has prev5t$ smelt+ 9 "s regions produc+ consid]able ore4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! smelt+ done 9 "s c\ntries has be5 entirely disproportionate to _! ore output4 ,! revival ( nationali/ s5tim5t z a result ( ! ,_w ,w> may make own]%ip & op]ative control a m important factor 9 ! future4 ,electrolytic & electro-!rmic r$uction ( ores makes possible ! economic production ( spelt] :]e previ\sly impossible & may br+ ab\t "s dec5tralization ( ! indu/ry4 ,own]%ip or control ( ! r$uction plants has be5 an important basis = control ( ! indu/ry4 ,! mo/ effective control has be5 ex]cis$ ?r\gh m>ket+ organizations or trade comb9ations ( r$uction works1 ore-buy+ & metal-sell+ ag5cies1 ) int]lock+ directorates1 jo9t own]%ip & long-t]m contracts = ores1 conc5trates & metals4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ^! became _w-wide 9 _! scope & completely dom9at$ ! indu/ry4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,bel[ are li/$ ! mo/ important z9c smelt+ companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 toge!r ) ! p]c5tage ( ! total r$uction capacity t ea* controls3 ,p]c5tage ( production controll$ ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co4 #ac4d ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 #ae4b ,grasselli ,*emical ,co4 #aj4a ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co4 #aj4j ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation #g4g ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 #g4b ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 #e4g ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co4 #d4g ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co4 #a4g ,v>i\s indep5d5ts or ( unkn[n affiliation #bd4c ,! close affiliations ( ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 & _! subsidi>y companies1 compris+ #bg4c p] c5t4 ( ! smelt+ capacity1 & v>i\s ore produc]s1 ) _! metal-sell+ contracts ) o!r smelt]s1 enabl$ !m to dom9ate ! ,am]ican metal m>ket 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,g]man 8,trio40 ,! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian took ov] all ?ree companies dur+ ! w> & elim9at$ all ali5-enemy own]%ip & control by dispos+ ( ,g]man-own$ /ock at auction4 ,! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 completely owns ! ,am]ican ,z9c ,*emical ,co41 ,s\? ,am]ican ,metal ,transport ,co41 ,b>tlesville ,z9c ,co41 & ,s\? ,am]ican ,metal ,co42 x has l>ge hold+s ( /ock 9 ! ,ohio & ,colorado ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 ,compaia ,m9]a de ,peoles1 ,compaia de ,m9]ales y ,metales1 ,compaia ,metalurgica de ,torreon1 ,compaia ,m9]a ,palmo y ,cabrillos1 ,fundicion de ,guayacan1 ,balba* ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 & ,ni*ols ,copp] ,co41 "s ( :i* op]ate 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! capital /ock ( ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 compris$ #gj1jjj %>es1 ( :i* #cd1fdd 7 own$ by ali5s affiliat$ ) ! ,g]man 8,trio02 #ah1fbj %>es belong to ,am]ican citiz5s :o h _h control ( ! managem5t1 & ! rema9d] belong$ to ! ,m]ton int]e/s1 ( ,london1 :i* has be5 reorganiz$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 elim9at+ ali5 own]%ip4 ,! ali5-own$ %>es h be5 sold by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian & ! control ( ! bus9ess = a p]iod ( five ye>s 0 ve/$ 9 a bo>d ( five tru/ees nam$ by him4 ,! ,national ,z9c ,co4 0 own$ by ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 "o ( ! ,g]man 8,trio10 :i* also own$ o!r metal-produc+ companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,cuba4 ,! op]ative control ( ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 has be5 acquir$ by ! ,butte ,sup]ior ,m9+ ,co41 dom9at$ by ,hayd51 ,/one ,co41 ( ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,a l>ge int]e/ 9 ! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 0 held by ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 =m]ly ! repres5tative ( ! ,g]man ,metallgesells*aft 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,am]ican ,z9c1 ,lead ,smelt+ ,co4 controls ! ,wiscons9 ,z9c ,co42 ! ,am]ican ,z9c ,co41 ( ,ill9ois2 ! ,am]ican ,z9c ,co41 ( ,t5nessee2 & ! ,am]ican ,z9c ,ore ,sep>at+ ,co4 ,! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co41 an ,am]ican conc]n1 controls ! ,new ,j]sey field1 &1 ?r\gh its subsidi>y1 ! ,empire ,z9c ,co41 owns & op]ates a numb] ( m9es 9 ! we/]n /ates & ,mexico1 & ! ,m9]al ,po9t ,z9c ,co41 ( ,wiscons91 "o ( ! ?ree l>ge/ produc]s 9 t region1 & f\r z9c smelt]s4 ,! ,anaconda company op]ates a numb] ( z9c-produc+ m9es 9 ! ,butte di/rict & has erect$ electrolytic plants = ! treatm5t ( its own conc5trates1 "o ( #be-tons' capacity z an exp]im5tal plant at ,anaconda & a plant ( #bjj-tons' daily capacity at ,great ,falls1 ,montana4 ,x has treat$ "s ( ! production ( o!r companies1 notably ( ! ,butte ,sup]ior ,m9+ ,co4 ,x is an ,am]ican company "u ,am]ican control b has _m ,european /ockhold]s4 ,g]many4--,! ambition ( ,g]man comm]cial int]e/s to control ! metal m>kets & res\rces ( ! _w 0 m ne>ly realiz$ 9 ! case ( z9c ?an ( any o!r metal4 ,! ,g]man ,z9c ,syndicate 7,z9khtt5v]b&7 0 organiz$ 9 #aiji1 by ?ree p[]ful int]e/s3 7#a7 ,! ,m]ton gr\p1 compris+ ! ,metallgesells*aft1 ! ,metallbank & ,metallurgis*e ,gesells*aft1 all ( ,frankfurt1 & ! ,m]ton companies ( ,london2 7#b7 ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 :i* ?r\gh ! ,tellus /ock company controll$ ov] a doz5 metal & *emical conc]ns2 & 7#c7 ,aron ,hirs* ,sohn1 at ,halb]/adt2 & 0 imm$iately jo9$ by all ! important ,silesian & ,rh5i%-,we/phalian z9c conc]ns4 ,! organiz]s 7 made exclusive sell+ ag5cies = ! syndicate & pur*ases f any =eign s\rces 7 made 9 unison4 ,! syndicate imm$iately made agreem5ts ) ,au/rian & ,belgian produc]s includ+ ! ,vieille ,montagne1 :i* has m9es1 works & ag5cies 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x 0 also jo9$ by a ,dut* conc]n1 ,z9cs de la ,camp9e4 ,! syndicate embrac$ altoge!r #ah firms & regulat$ bo? _! output & prices4 ,by ! end ( #aiab ?is ,g]man syndicate controll$ directly "o-half ( ! _w's output ( z9c & ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,european production4 ,two ,belgian & "s ,fr5* works =m$ ano!r syndicate4 ,a ?ird 0 =m$ by six ,engli% works1 & ! competition ( ,unit$ ,/ates firms drove all ?ree into ! ,int]national ,z9c ,syndicate1 :i* endur$ up to ,april1 #aiad4 ,! ,int]national regulat$ ! output ( its memb]s b did n fix exact prices4 ,?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 & affiliat$ companies1 ! ,g]man syndicate 0 rapidly becom+ a factor ( importance 9 ! control ( ,am]ican1 ,mexican1 & ,au/ralian z9c production at its s\rce4 ,! ,g]man syndicate ma9ta9$ its dom9ancy & 0 rapidly ext5d+ & /r5g!n+ x ?r\gh\t ! _w ?r\gh banks1 hold+ companies1 affiliations ) syndicates & c>tels1 int]lock+ directorates1 & jo9t %>ehold+s4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 ! ,au/ralian z9c conc5trates are p]man5tly div]t$ f ,g]man r$uction works1 & all ,g]man control is elim9at$4 ,! activities ( ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian h t5d$ to elim9ate ,g]man int]e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! nation ( ,pol& may take f ,g]many all ! ,silesian deposits & r$uction plants1 leav+ only ^? ( ! ,rh5i%-,we/phalian1 ,h>z & ,erzgebirge regions1 ) only "o-?ird ! =m] dome/ic production ( ore4 ,pol& %\ld be twice z important z ,g]many 9 ! z9c indu/ry1 unless ,g]many %\ld be able to import ores & conc5trates on a l>ge scale4 ,au/ralia4--,at ! outbreak ( ! ,_w ,w> ! ,au/ralian z9c indu/ry 0 9 ! grip ( ! great ,g]man z9c syndicate1 describ$ 9 m detail above "u 8,g]many40 ,?is controll$ ! _w's spelt] m>ket1 det]m9$ output & prices & manipulat$ ! m>ket 9 ! int]e/s ( ,g]many4 ,?is 0 possible ?r\gh long-t]m contracts = z9c conc5trates1 9 :i* =m ne>ly ! :ole z9c product 0 export$ = r$uction 9 ,belgium & ,g]many4 ,only #aj p] c5t4 ( ! conc5trates 0 smelt$ at ,port ,pirie or 9 ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! w> ^! contracts 7 cancell$ by ! ,au/ralian & ,briti% gov]nm5ts & ! "w ( recon/ruct+ ! indu/ry on a purely ,au/ralian & ,briti% basis 0 und]tak51 ! idea be+ to provide = ! treatm5t1 s f> z possible1 ( all ores 9 ,au/ralia1 s t !y c\ld be m>ket$ 9 _! f9i%$ /ate4 ,! ,au/ralian gov]nm5t fir/ =m$ a metals ex*ange1 ?r\gh :i* all metals produc$ 9 ,au/ralia mu/ pass = sale4 ,! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association ,propriet>y1 ,ltd41 0 regi/]$ ,may #bj1 #aiaf1 9 ,victoria1 ,au/ralia1 to m>ket products ( ! memb] companies produc+ z9c ores1 conc5trates1 & metals 9 ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 all ( :i* h sold _! entire output to ! association = fifty ye>s4 ,! %>es1 #ajj1jjj ( #a ea*1 are held by ! foll[+ companies3 ,amalgamat$ ,z9c 7,de ,bavay's72 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y1 ,block #ad2 ,z9c ,corporation2 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y2 ,electrolytic ,z9c ,smelt]s2 ,junction ,nor?2 ,nor? ,brok5 ,hill2 ,sulphide ,corporation2 ,briti% ,brok5 ,hill2 ,brok5 ,hill ,associat$ ,smelt]s2 ,brok5 ,hill ,junction2 ,brok5 ,hill ,s\? ,silv]2 ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y1 ,block #aj2 ,m\nt ,lyell ,m9+ ,railway ,co4 ,! ,au/ralian f$]al gov]nm5t1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association1 contract$ to sell to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ! :ole output ( z9c conc5trates 9 ,au/ralia = ! p]iod ( ! w> & t5 ye>s !reaft]4 ,previ\sly ! ,prime ,m9i/] _h contract$ = ! sale to ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ( #ajj1jjj tons ( z9c conc5trates & #de1jjj tons ( electrolytic z9c & spelt] = t5 ye>s4 ,! arrangem5t provid$ = ! ,briti% gov]nm5t tak+ ! /ocks ( z9c conc5trates on h& ,decemb] #ca1 #aiag1 less a def9ite p]c5tage res]ve1 & !reaft] #bej1jjj tons p] annum = ! p]iod ( ! w>1 & #cjj1jjj tons annually = ! foll[+ n9e ye>s4 ,provision 0 also made = supply+ ! requirem5ts ( ! ,au/ralian z9c-ref9+ works & ! fulfill+ ( ,japanese contracts dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,briti% contract4 ,"u normal conditions ! ,au/ralian output ( z9c conc5trates1 av]ag+ f #df to #dh p] c5t4 z9c1 is ab\t #dej1jjj tons p] annum1 valu$ at #be1jjj1jjj4 ,! effect ( ! above arrangem5ts is to transf] p]man5tly ! control ( ! ,au/ralian z9c indu/ry f ,g]man to ,briti% citiz5s "u a sy/em jo9tly comm]cial & political4 ,! m9es & works always 7 own$ by ,briti% & ,au/ralian capital4 ,! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association is co-op]ative 9 "*1 gu>antee+ to all memb]s equality ( treatm5t irrespective ( tonnage4 ,! commonweal? is repres5t$ on ! bo>d4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t is also enc\rag+ 9 e possible way ! e/abli%m5t ( r$uction works1 p>ticul>ly electrolytic z9c works4 ,x has be5 report$ t ! ,burma ,corporation 0 a /ockhold] ( ! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association1 b ?is report has n be5 satisfactorily confirm$4 ,9 case x %\ld be true ! association may ultimately control ! sale ( #he to #ie p] c5t4 ( ! z9c ores ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,hav+ smelt+ capacity = a consid]able "p ( _! production & act+ z a unit 9 sell+ ! surplus1 ! ,au/ralian z9c produc]s %\ld h]eaft] be 9 a /rong position 9 deal+ ) ,g]man1 ,dut* & ,belgian smelt]s4 ,! smelt+ capacity w n be l>gely increas$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,france4--,! nationali/ movem5t 9 ,france dur+ ! w> result$ 9 ! =mation ( trade associations kn[n z 8consortiums10 compris+ ! pr9cipal factor 9 ea* indu/ry4#aci #aci ,= a description ( ! consortium cov]+ ! m9]al indu/ry1 ! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 see ! ,*apt] on ,lead1 pages #bhd & #bhe4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,nations ,s9ce ! elim9ation ( ! ali5-enemy int]e/s 9 ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co41 ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 & ,be]1 ,sondheim] ,co41 ! indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is controll$ & ! m9es & works are own$ by ,am]ican capital1 :i* also controls "s z9c production 9 ,mexico1 ,canada & ,p]u4 ,future production & consumption w probably balance z be=e ! w>4 ,!re is n[ excess smelt+ capacity1 b x has be5 conclusively demon/rat$ t ! c\ntry is capable ( supply+ ! ore = ev5 great] capacity4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w reta9 fir/ place z a produc]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( readju/m5t "s conc5trates may be %ipp$ to ,belgium & ,holl&4 ,) ! p]man5t div]sion ( ! ,au/ralian conc5trates1 & ! probable loss ( ! ,silesian deposits & r$uction works1 ,g]many w lose its second place 9 ! indu/ry4 ,) only ! ,rh5i%1 ,we/phalian1 ,h>z1 & ,erzgebirge di/ricts z s\rces ( dome/ic ores1 ! supply w be r$uc$ to "o-?ird ( t produc$ be=e #aiad1 :i* 0 only two-?irds ( all ! ore smelt$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,unless ores or conc5trates c be import$1 ,g]many w be only a small factor 9 z9c production4 ,:]eas 9 #aiab ,g]many _h #ej1jjj tons ( spelt] available = export1 importation may n[ be necess>y4 ,z a result ( ! treaty ( peace ! ,poli% indu/ry may be dom9at$ by ,fr5* capital4 ,n ov] #e p] c5t4 ( ! ore smelt$ 9 ,belgium is ( dome/ic production4 ,! m9es are own$ by ,fr5* & ,g]man companies4 ,! works are own$ by ,fr5*1 ,belgian & ,g]mans 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,"p ( ! ,au/ralian conc5trates w be allott$ to ,belgium = smelt+4 ,! l>ge/ s+le factor 9 ! ,belgian indu/ry1 ! ,socit de la ,vieille ,montagne1 own$ & work$ m9es 9 ,belgium1 ,moresnet1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,engl&1 ,algi]s & ,tunis & r$uction works 9 ,belgium1 ,g]many & ,france4 ,al?\gh =m]ly a memb] ( ! ,g]man z9c conv5tion ?is company seems to be controll$ by ,belgian capital affiliat$ ) ! /ronge/ ,belgian f9ancial int]e/s4 ,sev]al o!r ,belgian companies h important int]e/s 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,algi]s1 & ,tunis4 ,close affiliation seems to exi/1 & may be expect$ to cont9ue1 betwe5 ,fr5* & ,belgian capital 9 ! z9c indu/ry4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! dome/ic production ( z9c ores 9 ! ,briti% ,isles is insignificant1 b ! smelt+ works h made ,engl& an important factor 9 ! indu/ry1 al?\gh be=e #aiad !y produc$ only #cb p] c5t4 ( ! z9c consumption ( ! empire4 ,! capacity ( ^! works1 :i* are ,briti% own$1 has be5 l>gely increas$ & new plants are be+ con/ruct$ to treat ! conc5trates f ,au/ralia & ,burma1 f :i* s\rces a supply m ?an suffici5t is assur$ by ! contracts ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ) ! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association ( ,au/ralia4 ,! imp]ial gov]nm5t is int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! plants4 ,r$uction plants w also be 9 op]ation 9 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 ,india1 & ,canada4 ,! excess ,au/ralian conc5trates are to be allott$ to ,fr5* & ,belgian works4 ,) ! organization n[ 9 effect1 ,briti% dom9ation ( ! ,european z9c indu/ry seems c]ta94 ,! m9es & works ( ,au/ralia are entirely controll$ by ,engli% & ,au/ralian capital4 ,an organization "u ,au/ralian gov]nm5t control has be5 made ! sole m>ket+ ag5cy = ! produc]s4 ,! m9es ( ,india & ,burma are ,engli% controll$ & ! smelt] be+ con/ruct$ at ,sak*i is p>tly f9anc$ by ! ,indian gov]nm5t4 ,! m9es ( ,canada are mo/ly ,briti% own$1 al?\gh !re are "s ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,! pot5tial capacity ( ! m9es is l>ge4 ,9 spite ( gov]nm5t subsidies1 ! capacity & future ( ! r$uction works is unc]ta94 ,fr5* capital controls all ! dome/ic works & m9es ( ,france2 also ^? ( ,greece1 ,indo-,*9a1 ,tunis1 mo/ ( ! m9es ( ,algi]s1 :]e "s ,belgian capital is also int]e/$1 "p ( ! ,belgian & ,poli% m9es & r$uction works1 "s ( ! ,spani% m9es & smelt]s1 & probably ! ,caucasus m9es 9 ,russia4 ,france %\ld be an important factor 9 ! indu/ry dur+ ! ne> future4 ,! l>ge/ m9es ( ,italy are own$ by ,italian companies & "s dome/ic r$uction works are "u con/ruction by !m4 ,! *ief produc+ company 9 nor!rn ,italy is ,engli%4 ,9 ,japan1 ,japanese capital owns all ! dome/ic m9es & works2 also ^? ( ,*os5 7,korea71 & is rapidly secur+ control ( ! deposits ( ,*9a & ea/]n ,sib]ia4 ,! pres5t smelt+ capacity is great] ?an dome/ic consumption & mu* l>g] ?an ! dome/ic ore supply4 ,ore is import$ f ,*9a1 ,sib]ia1 ,indo-,*9a & ,au/ralia4 ,z to ,russia1 ! own]%ip ( deposits 9 ! ,poli% regions 0 divid$ betwe5 ,russians & ,fr5* be=e #aiad1 & ?is condition presumably w be re/or$1 modifi$ by ,poli% political control4 ,! ,russian int]e/s 7 d\btless "u ,g]man influ5ce4 ,! ,altai ,m\nta9s region is controll$ by ,briti% capital & its developm5t dep5ds :olly ^u h[ int]nal social & political conditions affect ! dome/ic m>ket to :i* ! product ( ?is region is limit$ by geographic isolation4 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia seems to be rapidly com+ "u ! comm]cial control ( ! ,japanese4 ,holl& has no m9es b has consid]able smelt+ capacity4 ,x is dep5d5t on its neighbors = coal also4 ,its future is difficult to =eca/4 ,! m9es & works ( ,spa9 are l>gely "u ,fr5* & ,belgian control1 :i* may be modifi$ by contracts ) ,engli% int]e/s4 ,! control 9 ,norway & ,sw$5 is n def9itely kn[n4 ,x is nom9ally by local capital b "s ,engli% & ,g]man int]e/s are probable4 ,! ,sulphide & ! ,z9c corporations1 bo? ,briti%1 are report$ int]e/$ 9 ! ,hydraulic ,p[] ,smelt+ ,co4 ,! m9es & works 9 ,au/ria1 :i* 7 own$ by ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t & ,au/rian companies1 p]haps "u ,g]man dom9ation1 w n[ be di/ribut$ among two or ?ree political jurisdictions4 ,little ore is import$ or export$1 & ! region z a :ole is n an important factor 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! m9es 9 ,mexico are l>gely own$ by ,mexicans & ,am]icans4 ,g]man control is report$ to be /rong & gr[+4 ,! possibilities ( ore production are l>ge4 ,,summ>y ,! ess5tial uses ( z9c are3 9 brass1 ! alloy ) copp]1 an indisp5sable mat]ial 9 mod]n indu/ry2 9 galvaniz+ z roll$ %eets2 & 9 desilv]iz+ lead bullion4 ,! consumption is greate/ 9 galvaniz+4 ,! am\nt us$ 9 ! =m ( roll$ %eets w increase4 ,z9c & lead are commonly associat$ 9 _! ores & are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w1 b ! c\ntries ( l>ge/ ore production are1 9 ord]1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ralia4 ,burma w soon be ( importance4 ,sib]ia c produce mu* ore 9 ! ne> future1 b exploitation w be ret>d$ by political conditions & geographic isolation4 ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,*ile1 ,p]u & ,bolivia may be expect$ to increase _! output4 ,! successful comm]cial application ( electro-magnetic1 electro-/atic1 & m especially oil flotation processes to ! sep>ation & conc5tration ( complex ores has made available va/ res\rces1 add+ to ! li/ ( regions ( ore production & mat]ially affect+ _! relative importance4 ,economic factors1 p>ticul>ly availability & co/ ( fuel & skill$ labor 9 retort smelt+ & m>ket = spelt]1 det]m9$ ! location ( r$uction works 9 popul\s indu/rial di/ricts adjac5t to coal fields4 ,! m9]al res\rces1 h[ev]1 9 _m in/ances occur 9 c\ntries ei!r undevelop$ indu/rially or )\t abundant & *eap fuel1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! z9c ores are transport$ f ! produc+ c\ntry to ano!r = treatm5t4 ,9 ! ord] ( _! importance ! c\ntries mak+ ! mo/ spelt] are3 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,great ,brita9 & ,france4 ,comm]cial control ( ! indu/ry has be5 bas$ *iefly on ! control ( r$uction plants & ore-buy+ & metal-sell+ organizations r ?an on own]%ip ( deposits1 & to be effective x necess>ily became int]national 9 scope4 ,be=e #aiad an organization1 app>5tly int]national 9 "*1 b really dom9at$ by ,g]mans1 _h ?r\gh control on ?is basis a*iev$ a comm&+ position 9 ! indu/ry1 influ5c+ output & prices q effectively4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 h[ev]1 political jurisdiction 0 l>gely invok$ to re/ore control ( ! res\rces ( a c\ntry & indu/ries to citiz5s ( t c\ntry or its allies4 ,?is movem5t has be5 p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 :]e9 !re n[ exi/s a jo9t political & comm]cial control ?r\gh ! ,z9c ,produc]s' ,association & contracts 9 :i* ! gov]nm5ts are p>ticipants1 & 9 ,france1 :]e ! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux1 "u gov]nm5t auspices1 comprises all ! pr9cipal m9+ & metallurgical companies controll$ by ,fr5* capital & is ! arbit] ( ! metal indu/ry4 ,a dec5tralization ( ! indu/ry & r$i/ribution ( r$uction works is to "s ext5t result+ f ! successful application ( electrolytic r$uction & to ! dissem9ation ( k ( ! practice ( retort smelt+4 ,! ,briti% ,empire z a unit %\ld be able to dom9ate ! indu/ry 9 ,europe dur+ ! ne> future4 ,france1 ?r\gh political & comm]cial control ( ,alg]ia & ,tunis1 & l>ge f9ancial control 9 ,belgium1 ,spa9 & ,pol&1 w be 9 a /rong position4 ,belgium1 ) m9or b widespread f9ancial int]e/s 9 m9es & works 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,sw$51 ,spa91 ,algi]s & ,tunis1 is an important factor 9 ! ,european situation4 ,its int]e/s appe> closely affiliat$ ) ^? ( ,france4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) l>ge r$uction capacity & ore res]ves1 :ile ma9ta9+ its position z l>ge/ produc]1 is expect$ to supply dome/ic consumption b to export little1 z 0 ! case prior to ! w>4 ,! position ( ,g]many w dep5d ma9ly ^u ! supply ( =eign ore1 :i* may h to be import$ l>gely f ,mexico & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,t9 ,,by ,,james ,m4 ,,hill#adj #adj ,! writ] h]eby expresses 8 ?anks to ,adolph ,knopf1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 & ,r4 ,r4 ,horn]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es1 = _! assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article4 ,,uses ,,( ,,t9 ,t91 ord9>ily consid]$ "o ( ! m9or metals1 is nev]!less a metal ( prime importance 9 ! _w's pres5t /ate ( developm5t4 ,9 #aiac ! value ( ! _w's output ( t9 0 #aca1jjj1jjj1 :i* 0 great] ?an ! value ( ! _w's output ( ei!r lead or z9c4 ,)\t t9 x is v d\btful if ! pres5t me?ods ( food pack+ & di/ribution c\ld h be5 accompli%$4 ,! pr9cipal use ( t9 is 9 ! manufacture ( t9 plate1 f :i* are fabricat$ ! s-call$ 8t9s0 or 8t9 cans0 t ev]yone kn[s4 ,! second l>ge/ consumption ( t9 is = ! alloys1 sold] & babbitt made ) lead1 & brass & bronzes made ) copp]4 ,m9or am\nts ( t9 are us$ = mak+ f9e metal tub+1 t9 foil1 & collapsible tubes = pack+ su* mat]ials z d5tal & toilet creams1 arti/s colors1 etc4 ,t9 is consum$ by ! mak]s ( silk1 pr9cipally to give weight & 8ru/le0 to _! product4 ,9 #aiag ! consumption ( t9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 approximately #ic1jjj tons1#ada ( :i* #ai1jjj tons 0 recov]$ f scrap mat]ials4 ,( ! total consumption #ca1jjj %ort tons 0 us$ = mak+ t9 plate1 #bj1djj %ort tons = sold]1 #ac1hjj %ort tons = be>+ metals1 7babbitt1 bronzes1 etc4171 & #bg1gjj %ort tons = ! _m m9or uses1 items ( :i* are #a1jjj tons = ! silk indu/ry1 #e1jjj tons = foil1 #d1jjj tons = collapsible tubes1 #c1jjj tons = :ite metal4 #ada ,9 ?is report ! figures = tons ref] to metric tons 7#b1bjd p\nds avoirdupois7 unless o!rwise /at$1 & are giv5 9 r\nd numb]s because errors 9 /ati/ics & 9 conv]sion d n w>rant clos] figur+4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! non-ess5tial uses ( t9 9 ! indu/ries4 ,surely t9 plate is ess5tial1 yet "s sav+ ( t9 conta9]s 0 made dur+ ! w> %ortage by curtail+ ! use ( t9 & sub/itut+ pap] & o!r sub/ances = packages c>ry+ non-p]i%able products4 ,sold]s1 be>+ metals1 & bronzes are unque/ionably ess5tial1 b v>iation 9 alloy specifications made possible1 dur+ ! w> p]iod1 a consid]able sav+ ( t9 )\t detrim5t to ! results4 ,9 fact "s ( ! /&>ds set "u ! em]g5cy 7 sup]ior to ^? us$ be=e4 ,alum9um foil is to "s ext5t replac+ t9 foil1 b no suitable sub/itutes h be5 f\nd = t9 9 ! manufacture ( collapsible tubes1 :i* are necessities4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,ov] #gj p] c5t4 ( ! t9 produc$ 9 ! _w is won f plac] deposits1 al?\gh 9 ! la/ few ye>s ! exploitation ( t9-be>+ lodes has become ( consid]able importance4 ,t9 ores are intimately connect$ ) silice\s igne\s rocks4 ,practically all ( ! kn[n lode deposits are ei!r 9 or lie ne> silice\s igne\s rocks su* z granite1 granite-porphyry1 qu>tz-porphyry or monzonitic types4 ,9 ,mexico & ! ,unit$ ,/ates unimportant t9 deposits h be5 f\nd 9 rhyolite4 ,9 only "o or two places 9 ! _w are t9 lodes kn[n :]e silice\s igne\s rocks d n %[ on ! surface1 & 9 ^! places geologic evid5ce po9ts to ! pres5ce ( granitic rocks at no great dep?4 ,9 ! _w's *ief c5t]s ( t9 production--! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,bolivia1 ,au/ralia1 ,nig]ia1 ,cornwall1 & ,s\? ,africa--! granitic rocks are ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce1 & ! t9 lodes are s closely relat$ to ^! granites t !re is no "q ( _! orig94 ,fluor9e-be>+ m9]als su* z fluorite & topaz1 t\rmal9e1 & ! tung/5 m9]al1 wolframite1 are f\nd 9 practically all t9 deposits4 ,molybd5ite & bismu? m9]als are pres5t 9 _m t9 deposits1 ?\gh _! di/ribution is n s g5]al z t ( ! =m] m9]als4 ,copp]1 lead1 z9c1 & iron sulphides1 ! latt] (t5 ars5ical1 are common 9 t9 lodes1 & qu>tz & feldsp> are ! *ief gangue m9]als4 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t ! t9 lodes 7 =m$ ne> ! close ( intrusive activity by ! f9al diff]5tiates ( ! acid magmas4 ,^! f9al solutions are notable = _! pneumatolitic action & _! ability to cause ! pr(\nd *ange ( granite to greis5 & ! =mation ( /annif]\s pegmatite & qu>tz ve9s4 ,greis51 an alt]ation product ( granite1 consi/s ( qu>tz1 mica & v>y+ am\nts ( topaz & t\rmal9e4 ,x is commonly develop$ along fractures1 & 9 favorable places l>ge masses ( rock may be greis5iz$4 ,t9 deposits are mo/ (t5 f\nd z lodes1 bo? fissure & pegmatitic1 or /ockworks1 b "s segregations are kn[n4 ,a peculi> pipe-l =m ( deposit is f\nd at places 9 ! ,transvaal & ,tasmania4 ,g5]ally t9 deposits he close to ! contact ( intrusive & intrud$ rocks & are ma9ly f\nd ne> ! top ( ! intrud+ mass4 ,x !re=e foll[s t 9 deeply erod$ granite masses ! *ance ( f9d+ lode t9 deposits is small] ?an :]e se>* is made 9 ! tops ( granitic intrusions4 ,x has also be5 not$ t deposits 9 intrud$ rocks g5]ally lie :]e ! dip ( ! intrusive contact is l[ & are r>ely pres5t along a /eeply dipp+ intrusive contact4 ,practically ! sole ore m9]al ( t9 is cassit]ite 7t9 oxide71 :i* c>ries #gh4f p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,cassit]ite is kn[n comm]cially by v>i\s names1 su* z t9/one1 black-oxide ( t91 black t91 or1 :]e x occurs 9 plac]s1 /ream t94 ,! t9 conc5trates f plac] m9+ normally c>ry #fj to #ge p] c5t4 metallic t91 #gj p] c5t4 be+ a fair av]age4 ,! conc5trates f ! mills treat+ ,bolivian lode t9 make a product call$ b>illa t av]ages ab\t #fb p] c5t4 t92 ! conc5trates produc$ f lodes 9 ,cornwall av]age ab\t #fe p] c5t42 & f ! lodes & plac]s ( ! ,malay ,p59sula c>ry ab\t #gb p] c5t4 t94 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! lodes d n c>ry suffici5t t9 to be work$ pr(itably4 ,9 ,cornwall & 9 ,tasmania1 lodes c>ry+ ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( t9 are be+ m9$2 b 9 g5]al a cont5t ( #a to #b p] c5t4 t9 is ! l[] limit = comm]cial lode m9+4 ,9 ,bolivia ! t9 lodes av]age #e to #h p] c5t4 t9 & "s bodies ( ore c>ry+ z mu* z #dj p] c5t4 t9 h be5 op5$4 ,9 ! places :]e l[-grade t9 ores h be5 m9$ ! by-products1 pr9cipally ars5ic & wolfram1 h help$ to pay exp5ses1 & mo/ ( ^! m9es are advantage\sly situat$ ) respect to transportation & supplies4 ,9 ! plac]s ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 includ+ ,banca & ,billiton1 & ^? ( ,au/ralia1 :i* are work$ by dr$ges1 ! t9 cont5t ranges f "o-half p\nd to z high z #c p\nds1 b av]ages less ?an a p\nd ( cassit]ite to ! cubic y>d4 ,advantage\s location & *eap labor make pr(itable exploitation possible4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,z w be se5 f ! map1 ,plate ,,ix1 t9 deposits are f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w1 ?\gh an inspection ( ,table #fj & figure #i w %[ t ! deposits )9 ! ,briti% ,empire are ! mo/ important s\rces ( ! _w supply4 ,bolivia & ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies h be5 ! *ief produc]s ( t9 outside ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 ?\gh ,*9a & ,siam are /eadily ga9+ importance z t9 produc]s4 ,briti% ,empire4--,! ,briti% ,empire has t9 deposits 9 ,engl&1 ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 & ,africa4 ,! l>ge/ production is f ! deposits 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,! ,african deposits1 ^? 9 ,nig]ia & ! ,s\? ,african ,union1 yield ! second l>ge/ output ( ! empire1 ! ,au/ralian deposits rank ?ird1 & ! ,cornwall deposits1 =m]ly ! l>ge/ produc] ( t9 9 ! _w1 n[ rank f\r?4 ,malay ,p59sula4--,! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,protect$ ,malay ,/ates occupy ! s\!rn end ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,?is region1 :i* is entirely ,briti% controll$1 produc$ = _m ye>s "o-half ( ! _w's output ( t91 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s ! output has decl9$ /eadily4 ,! decl9e seems to be due to ! exhau/ion ( ! easily work$ plac] deposits1 ?\gh 9 #aiag & #aiah an additional cause 0 ! sc>city ( labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,t9-produc+ localities ( ! _w4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,_w production ( t91 #aiac-aiah1 9 metric tons4 ,,table #fj4--,,_w',s ,,output ,,( ,,metallic ,,t91 #aiac-aiah1 ,,9 ,,metric ,,tons#adb 7,metal obta9able by smelt+ f conc5trates7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c\ntry #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag #aiah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cornwall #e1cgj #e1adj #e1jfj #d1ggj #d1jjj #d1jjj ,nig]ia #b1iej #d1eij #d1fcj #e1aej #g1jgj #g1jjj ,union ( ,s\? ,africa #b1jej #b1jjj #b1jej #a1ijj #a1edj #a1ejj ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #ej1icj #di1hbj #dg1ebj #dd1egj #dj1dgj #cg1igj ,briti% ,protect$ ,malay ,/ates #a1hjj #b1gjj #d1agj #d1dej #d1ejj #d1ejj ,au/ralia #h1afj #e1ebj #e1fhj #e1eej #d1igj #d1ijj ---------------------------------------- -- ,total ,briti% ,empire #ga1bfj #fi1ggj #fi1aaj #ff1cij #fb1eej #ei1hgj ,p]c5tage _w total #eb4f #ed4a #ec4g #eb4 #dg4 #de4h ,banca #ae1idj #ad1fcj #ac1ffj #ad1dfj #ac1edj #aa1jjj ,billiton & ,s+kep #e1cjj #f1jij #f1gfj #f1ghj #g1cjj #i1bjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,total ,dut* #ba1bdj #bj1gbj #bj1dbj #ba1bdj #bj1hdj #bj1bjj ,p]c5tage _w total #ae4d #af4a #ae4d #af4g #af4 #ae4e ,*9a #h1cij #g1abj #h1jjj #g1fcj #aa1hjj #ab1jjj ,siam #f1ffj #f1gdj #h1ebj #h1ifj #h1fjj #h1fjj ,bolivia #bf1gfj #bb1cfj #ba1ijj #ba1ccj #bh1cbj #bh1jjj ,o!r c\ntries #a1djj #a1ejj #a1ejj #a1gjj #a1hjj #b1jjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,total o!r control #dc1baj #cg1gbj #ci1ibj #ci1fbj #ej1ebj #ej1fjj ,p]c5tage _w total #cb4 #bi4h #cj4i #ca4c #ch4 #ch4g ---------------------------------------- -- ,_w total #ace1gajabh1bajabi1dejabg1bejacc1iajacj1 fgj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #adb ,,knopf1 ,a41 8,t9 9 #aiah10 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 8,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiah40 ,! l>ge/ t9-smelt+ c5t] ( ! _w is ,s+apore1 :]e ! ,/raits ,trad+ ,co41 & ! ,ea/]n ,smelt+ ,co41 bo? ,briti% own$1 & a ,*9ese-own$ smelt]1 h a comb9$ capacity ( #eh1jjj metric tons ( metal a ye>4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! ,malaysian m9es are work$ by ,*9ese1 ?\gh mu* ,engli% & ,au/ralian capital is inve/$ 9 t9 m9+ companies 9 ! ,p59sula1 & ! f9ancial control ( ! indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( ,briti% subjects4 ,political control is ex]cis$ by a prohibitive export duty 7#bhe p] ton7 on all t9 ore export$ = treatm5t except to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or ,au/ralia4 ,z w be se5 f ,table #fj ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates produce mu* m t9 ?an ! ,protect$ ,/ates4 ,practically all ( ! t9 9 ! ,p59sula is tak5 f plac] deposits1 "s ( :i* are /ill work$ by h& me?ods1 ?\gh "p ( ! black t9 is n[ be+ m9$ by dr$ges4 ,! backbone ( ! ,malay ,p59sula is compos$ ( granite :i* is intrusive into lime/one1 %ale1 & qu>tzite4 ,t9 has be5 f\nd 9 place 9 practically all ( ! rock =mations4 ,ow+ to ! int5se wea!r+ & erosion ( ! t9-be>+ =mations great accumulations ( detritus1 m or less mix$ ) clay1 all ( :i* c>ry cassit]ite1 are f\nd 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! ,p59sula4 ,! orig9al deposits are s s(t5$ by wea!r+ t !y c be work$ by hydraulic me?ods4 ,! prov9ces ( ,p]ak1 ,selangor1 ,pahang1 & ,negri ,sembilan1 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 produce t94 ,! foll[+ table %[s _! relative importance4 ,,table #fa4--,,production ,,( ,,t9 ,,9 ,,! ,,f$]at$ ,,malay ,,/ates ,,9 #aiag ,metric tons ,p]ak #be1jge ,selangor #aj1eie ,pahang #c1gej ,negri ,sembilan #a1jee ,9 ,negri ,sembilan1 qu>tz ve9s 9 decompos$ pegmatite are work$ by hydraulick+ & ! mix$ t9-tung/5 conc5trate obta9$ is fur!r sep>at$ by magnetic ma*9es4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are ne> ,titi & ,s]emban4 ,pahang1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9s1 has _m widely scatt]$ t9 deposits1 bo? lodes & plac]s4 ,! *ief work+s at pres5t are 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ! ,selangor b\nd>y1 at ,b5tong1 ,tras1 & ,ma*i4 ,"s m9+ is also done at v>i\s places along ! ,kuantan ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,transportation is a s]i\s item 9 work+ t9 m9es 9 ,pahang4 ,kuala ,lumpur is ! c5t] ( ! m important t9-m9+ op]ations 9 ,selangor4 ,bo? decompos$ lode-/uff & gravels are be+ work$4 ,ne> ,s]5dah s(t greis5iz$ granite is work$ by monitors4 ,ne> ,tanjong1 ,malim1 & on ! ,kalumpang & ,selangor riv]s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate bo? gravels & decompos$ ve9 mat]ials are work$4 ,! ,k9ta di/rict1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p]ak1 is ! mo/ important t9-produc+ area 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,/ates4 ,a /ructural valley erod$ 9 s(t lime/ones betwe5 granite ridges is ! location ( mo/ ( ! work+s4 ,! valley is fill$ ) clays & b\ld] clays c>ry+ t91 & ! pres5t /ream *annels are also /annif]\s4 ,m9+ is 9 progress ar\nd #ae or m settlem5ts 9 ?is di/rict2 mu* ( ! m9+ is by op5 cuts & dr$ges1 b "s lode m9+ is done on pipes 9 lime/ones4 ,next 9 importance to ,k9ta is ! ,l>ut di/rict1 nor?we/ ( ! =m]4 ,plac] deposits are ! *ief s\rce ( t9 9 ! di/rict b lodes are work$ at ,selama & ,bl&a ,mabok4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,p]ak1 at ,bruseh1 /ockworks 9 s*i/ are work$ by hydraulick+1 yield+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a p\nd to ! cubic y>d ( mat]ial work$4 ,developm5t ( ! t9 deposits 9 ! ,protect$ ,malay ,/ates has be5 hamp]$ by transportation difficulties4 ,until rec5tly ! alluvial t9 0 won by crude native me?ods4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ comes f ! /ates ( ,johore1 ,k$ah1 ,kelantan1 ,p]lis1 & ,tr5gganu4 ,ne> ,setul1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p]lis1 peculi> gravel-fill$ caves 9 lime/one h be5 m9$ = t94 ,"s ( ^! caves h be5 foll[$ = f\r or five miles4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,tr5gganu1 lode m9+ "u ,european managem5t is "u way4 ,! lodes seem to be decompos$ /ockworks 9 granite4 ,an insignificant am\nt ( t9 is m9$ f ! bea* deposits on ! ,isl& ( ,malacca1 ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,! t9 0 d]iv$ f s*i/s intrud$ by granite 9 :i* !re are _m /annif]\s ve9lets4 ,africa4--,z w be se5 f ,table #fj1 ! pr9cipal production ( t9 9 ,africa is f ,briti% ,nig]ia4 ,! di/rict 0 work$ by natives 9 ! e>ly days1 b no important production 0 made until #aijd1 aft] ! subjugation ( ! ,emir ( ,bau*i4 ,! production ( ,nig]ia has gr[n /eadily till x rea*$ #h1ejj tons ( conc5trates 9 #aiag4 ,seem+ly all ( ! m9es are controll$ by ,briti% capital & ! exports h be5 l>gely to ! smelt]s 9 ,engl&4 ,! alluvial deposits ( ,nig]ia are 9 ! valleys ( ! ,bau*i ,plateau4 ,soda granite & pegmatites1 intrusive into old] cry/all9e rocks1 seem to be ! s\rce ( ! cassit]ite t has be5 conc5trat$ by ! pres5t /reams4 ,sluic+ is ! pr9cipal m9+ me?od1 ?\gh "s deposits are suitable only = dr$g+4 ,t9 is also kn[n 9 nor!rn ,nig]ia 9 ! ,n+i & ,burra hills1 & o!r localities4 ,9 s\!rn ,nig]ia t9 has be5 f\nd ne> ,akwa-,ibami1 9 ! ,uwet di/rict4 ,! t9 output ( ! ,union ( ,s\? ,africa is *iefly f ! ,wat]b]g-,zaaiplaats di/rict1 9 ! we/]n ,transvaal1 a little t9 be+ m9$ 9 ,swazil& & ! ,cape prov9ce4 ,! production has rang$ f #b1iej tons to #c1dej tons ( conc5trate a ye>1 mo/ ( :i* be=e ! w> w5t to ,engl& = smelt+1 b s9ce #aiae to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,a small smelt]1 rat$ at #bej tons a ye>1 0 built at ,zaaiplaats 9 #aiag2 x is expect$ to supply ! t9 ne$$ 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,wat]b]g di/rict conta9s sev]al t9 fields4 ,t9 ores are f\nd 9 ! ,r$ ,granite & ,wat]b]g felsites1 s&/ones1 & conglom]ates4 ,9 ! =m] ! ores occur 9 pipes1 9 irregul> bodies ( alt]$ granite1 dissem9at$ 9 ! granite1 9 impregnations along fissures1 & 9 pegmatites & qu>tz ve9s4 ,9 ! ,wat]b]g s]ies ! t9 ores are 9 lodes1 & 9 irregul> l5ses & pockets ^: position is det]m9$ by fissures or b$d+ planes4 ,9 ! ,potgiet]sru/ di/rict ! pr9cipal m9es are l>gely pipe deposits 9 ! ,r$ ,granite4 ,^! pipes1 :i* are v erratic 9 direction1 range f a few in*es to #bj feet 9 diamet]2 "s h be5 foll[$ = #c1jjj feet4 ,! fill+ mat]ial v>ies greatly1 rang+ f slightly alt]$ granite to a gre5i% homog5e\s rock2 ! out] zones are t\rmal9e-qu>tz rock4 ,9 ! small] pipes ! cassit]ite is fairly ev5ly di/ribut$ b 9 ! l>g] pipes x occurs ne> ! out] edges4 ,9 ! ,nyl/room di/rict ! pr9cipal m9es are work+ ore deposits 9 felsites & %ales ( ! ,l[] ,wat]b]g s]ies4 ,! deposits are brecciat$ c\ntry rock cem5t$ by qu>tz1 t\rmal9e1 cassit]ite1 & fluorite4 ,! ,w>mba?s field includes sev]al m9es locat$ along ! junction ( ! ,r$ ,granite & ! felsites4 ,t9 is f\nd 9 lodes 9 bo? types ( rocks & "s alluvial t9 has be5 m9$4 ,9 ! ,rooib]g field1 ! t9 deposits are practically all 9 fissures 9 qu>tzite intrud$ by ,r$ ,granite4 ,t9 occurs 9 ! ,r$ ,granite #dj miles nor? ( ,pretoria4 ,9 ! ,cape ,prov9ce1 ne> ,kuils ,riv]1 cassit]ite is f\nd dissem9at$ 9 granite & 9 ve9s at ! contact ( granite & slates4 ,mo/ ( ! small am\nt ( t9 won has be5 obta9$ f gravels d]iv$ f ^! deposits4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,swazil& alluvial deposits h be5 work$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 produc+ ar\nd #ejj tons ( conc5trates a ye>4 ,at ,=bes ,reef1 s*i/s & slates h be5 intrud$ by granite & t9 lodes are f\nd ne> ! contact ( ! two =mations4 ,t9 has be5 report$ 9 plac] deposits 9 ! ,w9nebah di/rict & 9 pegmatite dikes 9 ! ,mank(a & ,m\nt ,mankwadi di/ricts ( ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,t9 has be5 f\nd 9 plac] conc5trates f /reams 9 ,nyasal&4 ,t9 deposits seem+ly ( little value h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ent]prise di/rict1 ea/ ( ,salisbury1 & 9 ! ,ndanga di/rict1 ea/ ( ,victoria1 9 ,rhodesia4 ,^! deposits are /annif]\s pegmatites :i* are f\nd 9 s*i/s ne> granite4 ,au/ralia4--,t9 is produc$ 9 ! foll[+ prov9ces ( ,au/ralia3 ,tasmania1 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory1 ,victoria1 nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,9 #aijg1 ! output ( ,tasmania 0 ab\t #ad1jjj tons ( conc5trates1 b production s9ce !n /eadily decl9$ until x became ne>ly /ation>y at #c1jjj tons annually = ! la/ few ye>s1 & x is believ$ t ?is output c be ma9ta9$ = "s "t4 ,!re are t9-smelt+ works at ,launce/on1 9 ,tasmania2 ,woolwi*1 ne> ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ,irv9ebank1 ne> ,h]b]ton1 ,que5sl&1 capable ( produc+ ov] #d1bjj tons ( metallic t9 a ye>4 ,( rec5t ye>s t9 conc5trate is be+ s5t to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts 7,s+apore7 = smelt+4 ,! exports ( metallic t9 f ,au/ralian ports 9 #aiag came to ab\t #c1ajj tons4 ,practically all ( ! m9+ companies are controll$ by ,au/ralian & ,engli% capital1 & z ! t9 is smelt$ ei!r locally or at ,s+apore ! total ,au/ralian output c be consid]$ z "u ! direct political & comm]cial control ( ,engl&4 ,! total production ( t9 ore f ,tasmania#adc f #ahhj to #aiah1 inclusive1 is /at$ to be approximately #abh1bjj tons4 #adc ,tasmania1 ,report ,secret>y = ,m9es = ! ye> end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah1 p4 #df4 ,! mo/ important t9 m9e is ,m\nt ,bis*(f1 #de miles s\?we/ ( ,emu ,bay4 ,! deposits1 discov]$ 9 #ahga1 are cr$it$ ) a total production ( ab\t #ge1jjj tons ( t9 ore4 ,!re are sev]al deposits1 s(t alt]$ qu>tz porphyries intrusive into s*i/s4 ,topaz & cassit]ite are dissem9at$ 9 ! porphyries1 & ve9s c>ry+ t9 & wolframite1 toge!r ) pyrite & ars5opyrite1 are f\nd bo? 9 ! porphyry & s*i/s4 ,! ,%eph]d & ,murphy m9e1 ne> ,middlesex1 is 9 a zone ( metamorphism at ! contact ( granite1 intrusive into s&/one & qu>tzite4 ,t91 tung/51 & bismu? are produc$ f ?is ore4 ,plac] t9 deposits on ! ,r+>ooma ,riv] 7,d]by di/rict7 supply ab\t #a1jjj tons ( t9 conc5trates a ye>4 ,! pr9cipal plac] m9es are ! ,pione] & ,briseis4 ,ne> ,glad/one1 plac]s & lode deposits c>ry+ t9 & tung/5 are work$4 ,at ! ,an*or m9e1 9 ! ,blue ,ti] di/rict1 a t9-be>+ granite av]ag+ "o-half p] c5t4 t9 is work$1 b m9+ has n be5 pr(itable4 ,! ,r5ison ,bell1 ,dreadn\ght-,b\ld] & ,montana m9es1 9 ! ,nor? ,dundas field1 are 9 slates cut by dikes ( qu>tz porphyry4 ,z9c1 lead1 & iron sulphides are important 9 ! lodes4 ,9 ! ,heemskirt di/rict1 s\?we/]n ,tasmania1 ! t9 deposits are 9 granite & 9 ov]ly+ slate & s&/one4 ,at ! ,f$]ation m9e ! ore is 9 a pipe measur+ #be by #ae feet at ! surface1 b contract+ to only #a by #e feet at #aae feet d[n4 ,t9 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,que5sl& 9 #ahgb1 & ! total output1 includ+ #aiag1 is e/imat$ to be ab\t #add1jjh tons4 ,! *ief produc+ di/ricts are ,h]b]ton1 ,cookt[n1 ,*illagoe1 ne> ! port ( ,cairns2 ,/annhills1 ,kang>oo ,hills1 & ,/an?orpe1 ! latt] be+ ne> ! ,new ,s\? ,wales bord]4 ,9 ! ,h]b]ton-,cookt[n di/ricts ! t9 occurs 9 greis5iz$ granite intrud$ into slates1 s*i/s1 & qu>tzite2 bismu? & tung/5 m9]als are associat$ ) x4 ,plac] deposits are work$ by hydraulick+1 & 9 places ! t9-be>+ greis5 is brok5 d[n by hydraulic giants4 ,9 ! ,/annhills field1 ne> ,croydon1 cassit]ite is f\nd 9 ve9s 9 granite ) gal5a1 sphal]ite1 & *alcopyrite4 ,! ,kang>oo ,hills1 #ajj miles s\? ( ,h]b]ton1 produces bo? lode & plac] t94 ,9 ! ,/an?orpe di/rict mo/ ( ! output is f plac] deposits1 "s ( :i* are buri$ "u basalts4 ,t9 0 fir/ m9$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 #ahgb1 & ! total production1 includ+ ! output ( #aiag1 is e/imat$ at #hd1bcj tons ( t9 & #cd1eaj tons ( t9 conc5trates4 ,! *ief produc+ di/ricts are ! ,vegetable ,creek & ,emmaville-,t+ha-,inv]ell region1 9 ! nor!a/ ne> ! ,que5sl& bord]1 & ! ,ardle?an di/rict1 #dj miles we/ ( ,temora1 9 ! s\?4 ,9 ! ,emmaville-,inv]ell region ! erosion ( /annif]\s greis5iz$ granite1 intrusive into slates1 has result$ 9 a widespread di/ribution ( t9 plac]s1 bo? 9 ! pres5t /reams & 9 :at are believ$ to be ,t]ti>y /ream b$s t are n[ capp$ by lavas4 ,! ,vegetable ,creek m9es1 ne> ,emmaville1 are typical ( ! old] plac] deposits4 ,s9ce #aijj1 dr$g+ has become important1 & x is e/imat$ t ! dr$ge production up to #aiag 0 #ah1hed tons ( conc5trates4 ,lode m9+1 al?\gh n z important1 has be5 done 9 ?is di/rict 9 pipes & /ock works 9 granite2 ! typical fluor9e-be>+ gangue m9]als are common1 & tung/51 bismu?1 copp]1 & lead m9]als are f\nd4 ,t9 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,ardle?an di/rict 9 #aiab 9 lodes 9 granite & s*i/4 ,molybd5um1 bismu?1 & tung/5 are commonly associat$ ) t9 9 ! greis5iz$ granite lodes4 ,! ,b>ri] di/rict1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! prov9ce1 has n be5 a l>ge contributor1 because ( lack ( wat]4 ,cassit]ite is f\nd 9 dikes ( co>sely cry/all9e granite intrusive into greis5 & mica s*i/4 ,9 ,we/ ,au/ralia ! mo/ important t9-produc+ di/ricts are ,gre5bu%es1 ne> ! s\?we/1 & ,pilb>a1 on ! nor?we/1 ?\gh !re has be5 a v small recov]y ( t9 9 ! ,mur*ison goldfield1 & ,coolg>die4 ,9 ! ,gre5bu%es di/rict cassit]ite is f\nd 9 pegmatite & qu>tz-t\rmal9e ve9s 9 granite1 b ! t9 won is f /ream deposits & f lat]ite4 ,9 ! ,pilb>a field ! alluvial t9 has be5 d]iv$ f pegmatite dikes t cut granite & metamorphic rocks4 ,! production ( t9 9 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory has am\nt$ to ab\t #bjj tons a ye>1 mo/ ( x be+ obta9$ f pegmatitic deposits 9 granite 9 ! vic9ity ( ,burrundie4 ,a few tons ( t9 conc5trates are sav$ ea* ye> 9 ! op]ation ( gold plac]s 9 ! ,nor!a/]n & ,gippsl& divisions ( ,victoria4 ,india4--,! pr9cipal output ( t9 9 ,india is f ! ,m]gui & ,tavoy di/ricts1 s\!rn ,l[] ,burma2 ,?>ton & ,amh]/ di/ricts1 nor!rn ,l[] ,burma2 & ! ,s\!rn ,%an ,/ates4 ,! production am\nts to ab\t #aej tons ( metallic t9 a ye>1 & is s5t to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts = smelt+4 ,9 ! ,m]gui di/rict cassit]ite is f\nd 9 alluvial deposits ne> granite hills1 ! granite be+ intrusive into s$im5t>y rocks ( unc]ta9 age4 ,t9 ore is also f\nd 9 pegmatite & qu>tz ve9s4 ,9 ! ,tavoy di/rict t9 is obta9$ z a by-product ( wolfram m9+4 ,! deposits occur 9 pegmatite & qu>tz ve9s cutt+ granite & s$im5t>y rocks4 ,9 ! ,?>ton di/rict ! t9-be>+ alluvium is said to be ri* & its developm5t is await$ ) int]e/4 ,production ( t9 began 9 #aiab f ! deposits ( ,bawlake ,/ate1 ,k>5ni1 ,s\!rn ,%an ,/ates1 & 9 #aiag ^! deposits 7 ! *ief produc]s 9 ,india4 ,cornwall4--,9 ! extreme s\?we/ ( ,engl& is ! fam\s ,cornwall t9 region1 :i* includes ! ,camborne1 ,/4 ,au/ell1 & ,liske>d di/ricts1 9 ,cornwall1 & ! ,tavi/ock di/rict1 9 ,devon4 ,! m9es h produc$ ab\t #h1jjj tons ( conc5trates a ye>1 b at pres5t ! output seems to be dim9i%+2 9 #aiae ! production ( metallic t9 0 approximately #e1jjj tons1 b 9 #aiah 0 only ab\t #d1jjj tons4 ,t9 m9+ 9 ,cornwall dates back to prehi/oric times4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! m9es produc$ ab\t #gjj tons ( t9 a ye>2 ! maximum output 0 rea*$ 9 ! p]iod #ahfj to #ahij1 :5 ab\t #aj1jjj tons 0 produc$ annually4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! total output ( t9 f ?is di/rict is approximately #a1gej1jjj tons4 ,! m9+ companies are )\t exception controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! second l>ge/ t9-smelt+ capacity 9 ! _w is 9 ! ,cornwall di/rict4 ,! foll[+ companies1 ,williams ,h>vey ,co41 ,p5poll1 ,corni% ,t9 ,smelt+ ,co41 ,copp] ,pass1 ,r$ru? ,t9 ,smelt+ ,co41 & ! ,london ,smelt+ ,co4 op]ate smelt]s hav+ a comb9$ output ( approximately #ca1ajj tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,! t9 deposits ( ,cornwall & ,devon lie ab\t five masses ( granite1 :i* are intrud$ into slates 7killas7 & gre5/ones4 ,qu>tz porphyry dikes are closely connect$ ) ! granite1 & ! t9 lodes are f\nd 9 bo? slates & granite1 be+ p>ticul>ly abundant ne> intrusive contacts ) l[ dips4 ,! pr9cipal lodes are wide zones ( fissur$ rock t are t\rmal9iz$1 ! less important fissures conta9+ t9 & gangue m9]als4 ,copp] & tung/5 m9]als are produc$ f ^! lodes1 & ars5ic is an important by-product ( smelt+4 ,! lodes 9 slates are z a rule ri*] 9 copp] ?an 9 ! granite1 & 9 dep? ! lodes conta9 a l>g] proportion ( t9 ?an ne>] ! surface4 ,! m9es ab\t ! ,camborne granite mass yield ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ! t9 m9$1 ^? ab\t ! ,l&s ,end granite mass #ab p] c5t41 & ! m9es ab\t ,/4 ,au/ell1 ,bodm9 ,moor1 & ,d>tmoor ab\t #a p] c5t4 ea*4 ,practically all ( ! t9 produc$ 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 f lodes1 b plac] t9 0 m9$ ne> ,/4 ,au/ell4 ,! lodes h be5 work$ to a dep? ( #c1jjj feet1 :i* seems to be ab\t ! greate/ dep? to :i* comm]cially pr(itable ore ext5ds4 ,z consid]able gr\nd above ?is level rema9s to be develop$1 ! di/rict %\ld be productive = "s "t4 ,o!r ,nations4--,outside ( ! ,briti% ,empire ! pr9cipal t9 deposits ( ! _w are 9 ,bolivia1 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,*9a1 & ,siam1 nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance z produc]s 9 #aiah4 ,!re are small outputs ( t9 f deposits 9 ,japan1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t9 deposits are kn[n 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,belgian-,congo1 & ,s\?we/ ,africa4 ,bolivia4--,practically all ( ! t9 ore %ipp$ f ,bolivia is m9$ f lodes4 ,m9+ began late 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,exports are 9 ! =m ( b>illa1 a t9 conc5trate c>ry+ #fj to #fe p] c5t4 & av]ag+ ab\t #fb p] c5t4 t94 ,! output has be5 /eadily increas+1 & s9ce #aiac ,bolivia has be5 ! second l>ge/ produc] ( t9 9 ! _w4 7,see ,table #fj1 & ,figure #i74 ,! majority ( ! companies work+ 9 ,bolivia are controll$ by ,*ilean or local capital1 ?\gh a little ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,swiss1 & ,g]man capital 0 inve/$ 9 ,bolivian t9 m9es be=e ! w>4 ,rec5tly ,engli% & ,am]ican capital has become int]e/$ 9 ! deposits4 ,prior to ! w> practically all ( ! b>illa 0 s5t to ,g]many & ,engl& to be smelt$1 b lately exports h be5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,a small ,*ilean-own$ smelt]1 e/imat$ capacity #ijj tons a ye>1 has rec5tly be5 built at ,arica to h&le ! conc5trates f "o ( ! l>g] m9es4 ,!re are f\r important t9-produc+ di/ricts 9 ea/ c5tral ,bolivia1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,potosi1 ,oruro1 & ,la ,paz4 ,! region lies on ! high plateau 7elevation1 #ab1jjj feet7 & ! pr9cipal m9es are ne> or 9 ! m\nta9s on ! ea/ ( ! pampa r ?an 9 ! we/]n range ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,s*i/s1 slates1 & qu>tzites h be5 intrud$ by acid igne\s rocks1 & ! t9 deposits are f\nd 9 ! granites1 ! qu>tz porphyries1 & ! s$im5t>y rocks ne> ! contacts4 ,! qu>tz ve9s are /rong & c>ry betwe5 #c & #h p] c5t4 t9 9 mo/ ( ! productive m9es1 ?\gh "s bodies ( ore h c>ri$ z mu* z #dj p] c5t4 t94 ,"s ( ! m9es 7 work$ = silv] by ! ,spani%1 b ! silv] ores seem to be limit$ to ! upp] zones1 ! lodes becom+ relatively ri*] 9 t9 at dep?4 ,wolframite & bismu? are won z by-products at "s ( ! m9es4 ,pyrite1 sphal]ite1 *alcopyrite1 & gal5a are usually abundant 9 ! t9 ores1 & t\rmal9e & fluorite are n uncommon4 ,! ,bolivian deposits are ( consid]able future importance4 ,_m m9es & prospects1 ei!r ?r\gh lack ( k or f9ances1 h n be5 develop$2 ! local managem5t ( mo/ ( ! m9es has be5 notori\sly poor2 & x is ?\ght t ) prop] te*nical direction ! output ( t9 c be greatly increas$4 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4--,on ! isl&s ( ,banca1 ,billiton1 & ,s+kep1 s\? ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 are important t9 m9es4 ,z w be se5 f ,table #fj ! output ( t9 f ^! isl&s has be5 approximately #ba1jjj tons a ye>4 ,m9+ began on ,banka ab\t #agah1 b ! ,billiton deposits 7 n work$ until ab\t #ahfj4 ,! m9es ( ,banka are work$ by ! gov]nm5t1 b on ,billiton & ,s+kep ! deposits are leas$ by private conc]ns1 mo/ly ,dut*4 ,at ,banka ! ,dut* gov]nm5t op]ates smelt]s hav+ a ye>ly capacity ( #af1jjj tons4 ,! conc5trates produc$ on ,billiton & ,s+kep are 9 "p s5t to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts = treatm5t1 b "s are smelt$ locally4 ,practically all ( ! t9 m9$ 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies is f plac] deposits1 "s ( :i* are alluvial4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a little lode m9+ on ,billiton4 ,! cassit]ite 0 =m$ 9 greis5iz$ granite & s$im5ts1 & ! orig9al deposits are simil> to ^? ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,a little tung/5 & gold are obta9$ z by-products ( ! t9 m9+4 ,*9a4--,t9 deposits 9 ! ,m5gtze di/rict1 ne> ,ko*iu1 ,prov9ce ( ,yunnan1 s\!a/]n ,*9a1 h be5 work$ = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ab\t #h1jjj tons ( t9 h be5 export$1 & x is kn[n t consid]able t9 ore produc$ f ^! deposits is smelt$ locally1 ! metal be+ consum$ 9 ,*9a4 ,! exports g out ?r\gh ! ,fr5* port ( ,haifong4 ,! m9+ indu/ry is entirely "u ,*9ese control4 ,mo/ ( ! t9 ore is obta9$ by plac] & op5-cut me?ods f decompos$ granitic & pegmatitic lodes :i* are f\nd ne> ! contact ( granite t is intrusive into lime/one4 ,!re are less important t9 deposits 9 ! ,fu*uan & ,tung*wan di/ricts1 ! =m] produc+ a v pure metal4 ,! t9 conc5trates export$ g mo/ly to ,hong ,kong & ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts = treatm5t1 s ! ,*9ese t9 output is m or less at ! disposal ( ,engl&4 ,siam4--,9 t "p ( ,siam ly+ 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 t9 deposits1 simil> 9 orig9 & occurr5ce to ^? 9 ! ,briti% prov9ces1 are be+ work$1 & z %[n by ,table #fj are ye>ly becom+ l>g] factors 9 ! _w's output4 ,! l>ge/ op]ations are ne> ,r5ong & ,tongkah1 :]e dr$g+ by ,briti% companies is active4 ,! *ief produc+ companies are ,tongkah ,h>bor ,t9 ,dr$g+ ,co41 ,t9 ,b5bong1 ,bangnon ,valley1 ,ronpibon ,ext5d$1 ,beebook ,dr$g+ ,co41 & ,katoo ,syndicate4 ,japan4--,! t9-produc+ localities 9 ,japan are ne> ,kago%ima1 ,satsuma1 on ,kyu%u ,isl&2 ab\t #ej miles nor? ( ,kobe 9 ,tajima prov9ce2 & ne> ,nayegi1 ,m9o ,prov9ce1 ne> ! c5t] ( ! ma9 isl&4 ,plac] deposits ne> ,nayegi h yield$ "s t91 seem+ly d]iv$ f pegmatite dikes 9 granite4 ,! ,ak9obe m9e1 9 ,tajima ,prov9ce1 0 develop$ z a copp] m9e1 b ab\t #aiab t9 & tung/5 m9]als 7 f\nd 9 ! ore4 ,! ve9s are 9 slates & qu>tzites intrud$ by diorites4 ,x is said t 9 #aiag ab\t #dj tons ( mix$ t9-tung/5 ores 0 produc$ daily4 ,a small smelt] at ,ikuno h&les ! t9 conc5trates & produces ab\t #bej tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,! ,susuijama m9e1 9 ,satsuma1 produces t9 f ve9s1 9 %ales & s&/ones1 t also c>ry lead & z9c4 ,app>5tly ! output is smelt$ & us$ locally4 ,spa94--,9 ! prov9ces ( ,salamanca1 ,zamora1 ,or5se1 ,pontev$ra1 & ,corua1 nor?we/ ,spa91 !re are t9 deposits4 ,lode deposits are f\nd ne> ! contact ( granite intrusive into s*i/s & gneisses1 & plac] deposits h be5 work$ s9ce anci5t times4 ,9 #aiac ab\t #f1gjj tons ( ore is said to h be5 produc$1 b s9ce !n ! output has be5 ar\nd #ajj tons a ye>4 ,portugal4--,9 ,portugal1 j s\? ( ! ,spani% bord]1 t9 lodes 9 granite & slates h be5 f\nd & plac] deposits work$ 9 ! gravels adjac5t to ! lodes4 ,! ye>ly output ( ^! deposits is ar\nd #cjj tons4 ,x is report$ t ,am]ican capital is int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! ,portuguese t9 & tung/5 deposits4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! dome/ic output is only nom9al1 be+ equival5t to #fj to #ajj tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,! productive deposits1 plac]s work$ by dr$ges1 are 9 ! ,york di/rict ( ,sew>d ,p59sula1 ,alaska4 ,!y occur ne> ! contact ( granite intrusive into lime/ones1 9 peculi> rocks ( contact metamorphic orig94 ,cassit]ite has be5 m9$ f gravels d]iv$ f pegmatite dikes intrusive 9 pre-,cambrian rocks ( ! ,black ,hills ne> ,t9ton & ,hill ,city1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & v>i\s attempts h be5 made to m9e ! lode deposits4 ,^! deposits are ( m sci5tific int]e/ ?an comm]cial importance4 ,a little /ream t9 has also be5 m9$ on ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a-,s\? ,c>ol9a b\nd>y ne> ,k+'s ,m\nta91 ! cassit]ite be+ an orig9al con/itu5t ( pegmatite dikes intrusive into pre-,cambrian s*i/s4 ,at ,iri% ,creek1 ,rockbridge ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 !re are kn[n /annif]\s ve9s 9 co>se granites4 ,9 ! ,frankl9 ,m\nta9s #ad miles nor? ( ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 qu>tz ve9s 9 granite c>ry+ cassit]ite 7 work$ at "o "t b h n be5 productive ( late4 ,9 ! ,temescal ,m\nta9s1 ,riv]side ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 small qu>tz ve9s c>ry+ cassit]ite are f\nd 9 acid granitic rocks t are intrusive into metamorphos$ s$im5ts4 ,consid]able "w 0 done 9 ?is locality 9 ! ye>s #ahhj to #ahij1 b ! irregul>ity ( ! deposits & _! l[ t9 cont5t d n hold mu* promise = future production4 ,prior to ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh ! l>ge/ consum] ( t9 9 ! _w1 produc$ practically no t9 ore1 & import$ only metallic t91 hav+ no smelt]s = treat+ t9 ore4 ,s9ce #aiaf smelt]s h be5 erect$ by ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 & ! ,williams ,h>vey ,corporation1 _! e/imat$ capacity be+ #ah1jjj tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,presumably ^! smelt]s mu/ rely l>gely on ,bolivian conc5trates4 ,g]many-,au/ria4--,g]many has produc$ practically no t9 ores 9 rec5t ye>s1 ?\gh ! c\ntry _h a smelt+ indu/ry1 e/imat$ at ab\t #af1jjj tons ( t9 a ye>1 dep5d5t on =eign ores4 ,! normal imports ( t9 ore be=e ! w> 7 #ag1jjj to #ah1jjj metric tons a ye>1 mo/ ( :i* came f ,bolivia4 ,9 ! ,erzgebirge1 on ! ,g]man-,au/rian fronti]1 9 ! ,alt5b]g-,z9nwald di/rict1 !re 0 =m]ly "s t9 m9+4 ,! deposits1 :i* are typical greis5 ly+ ne> ! tops & sides ( bodies ( granite intrusive into s*i/s & gneisses1 h made almo/ no production = sev]al ye>s & !y are consid]$ to be exhau/$4 ,italy4--,at ,campiglia ,m>ittima1 ,tuscany1 iron & t9 h be5 produc$ f ve9s 9 lime/one & %ale4 ,! output is v>iable & _c be reli$ ^u4 ,russia4--,9 ! =m] ,empire ( ,russia t9 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,trans-,baikal ,prov9ce1 ,sib]ia1 & 9 ! ,urals & ,f9l& 9 ,european ,russia4 ,! ,sib]ian deposits are plac]s 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,onon ,riv]4 ,a ,g]man company 0 =m$ be=e ! w> to "w lode t9 deposits ne> ,olovianoy1 s\?we/ ( ,n]*9sk1 9 ! ,urals4 ,! ,f9ni% deposits are at ,pitk>anta1 nor? ( ,lake ,ladoga4 ,! ores are a mixture ( magnetite1 cassit]ite1 & *alcopyrite1 occurr+ 9 alt]$ lime/one & s*i/4 ,belgian ,congo 7,katanga74--,alluvial t9 d]iv$ f ve9s 9 granite & intrud$ s$im5t>y rocks has be5 f\nd along ,lualaba ,riv] & on ,busanga ,ridge4 ,!re are no records ( production1 b ! field holds consid]able promise4 ,s\?we/ ,africa4--,cassit]ite occurs 9 pegmatite1 intrusive into granite1 9 ! ,erongo ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,br&b]g1 & "s plac] t9 deposits h be5 work$4 ,on ! :ole ! region does n seem to be p>ticul>ly promis+4 ,,probable ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,x seems reasonably c]ta9 t ,engl& is 9 a position to keep produc+ a l>ge "p ( ! _w's t9 = "s "t1 ! less5+ output f ! ,malaysian prov9ces be+ (fset by ! increas$ production ( ! ,african colonies4 ,bo? ,cornwall & ,au/ralia1 x is believ$1 w be able to ma9ta9 = a numb] ( ye>s a r /eady output ( ab\t ! pres5t size4 ,bolivia w d\btless be able to increase h] output ( t91 & probably bo? ,siam & ,*9a c be expect$ to produce l>g] quantities 9 ! future4 ,production ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies c probably be ma9ta9$ at ab\t its pres5t rate = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,,political ,,control ,z w be se5 f ,table #fb & ,figure #aj1 ,great ,brita9 controls politically ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( ! t9 output ( ! _w1 9 t h] political influ5ce is absolute 9 ,engl&1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & all ( h] colonial possessions on ! ea/ side ( ! ,indian ,ocean2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! /rong ,briti% policy ) reg>d to ! ea/]n colonies is also pot5t ) respect to ,siam & ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,political control ( t9 deposits & t9 smelt]s1 bas$ on e/imates = #aiah4 ,holl& controls ! t9 output ( ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& colonies1 9 :i* !re are smelt+ works t seem capable ( tak+ c>e ( mo/ ( ! ore m9$4 ,holl& consumes little t9 h]self & has approximately #af p] c5t4 ( ! _w's supply at h] disposal4 ,prior to ! w> ,holl& 0 a l>ge di/ributor ( t91 b dur+ ! w> t9 f h] colonies 0 s5t direct to ,am]ica & ,engl&1 ! l>ge/ consum+ c\ntries4 ,*9a has a r feeble political control ( ! output ( ! ,yunnan t9 m9es1 b z t "p ( h] production :i* rea*es ! re/ ( ! _w is export$ ?r\gh ,fr5* t]ritory1 l>gely ?r\gh ,engli% middlem51 h] actual control is n p>ticul>ly great4 ,siam controls "s important t9 fields4 ,! v /rong ,briti% influ5ce on ! ,malay ,p59sula1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! ,siamese ore is smelt$ 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 seems to indicate t ,briti% policy w l>gely dom9ate ! t9-m9+ indu/ry ( ,siam4 ,bolivia1 us+ little t9 & produc+ ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! _w's output1 is really ! only consid]able produc] t c act m or less indep5d5tly4 ,h] m9es are mo/ly controll$ by ,*ilian-,bolivian capital & %e has ! _w = a m>ket4 ,x w\ld seem t ,bolivian b>illa might be smelt$ locally1 b z ,bolivia has no fuel1 ! t9 smelt+ capacity ( ,bolivia am\nts ?us f> to almo/ no?+4 ,h] ne>e/ m>ket at pres5t is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! future w %[ :e!r ,bolivian ore w cont9ue to be smelt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 or w be s5t to ,engl& & ,g]many1 z be=e ! w>4 ,! relation ( political control ( t9 deposits & t9 smelt+ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 & diagrammatically 9 ,figure #aj4 ,,table #fb4--,,political ,,control ,,( ,,t9 ,,deposits ,,& ,,smelt]s ,,bas$ ,,on ,,e/imates ,,= #aiah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,control ( ,control ( t9 deposits1 t9 smelt]s1 ,p]c5tage annual output,p]c5tage (annual capacity ( _w ,c\ntry 7metric tons7 _w output 7metric tons7 capacity ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,great ,brita9 #ei1ijj #de4e #hh1cjj #eg4c ,holl& #bj1bjj #ae4b #af1jjj #aj4b ,*9a #ab1jjj #i4c #ab1jjj #g4d ,siam #h1fjj #g4j ,bolivia #bh1jjj #ba4c #b1gjj #a4f ,g]many 444 444 #af1jjj #aj4b ,france 444 444 #a1ejj #j4g ,am]ica 444 444 #ah1jjj #ab4d ,all o!rs #b1jjj #a4g #ejj #j4b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #acj1gjj #aed1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,t9 ,,m9es ,briti% capital is ! dom9ant controll+ factor ( approximately #eg p] c5t4 ( ! _w's t9 output1 & ?r\gh affiliations ) capital ( o!r c\ntries x has a p>tial control ( ab\t #ae p] c5t4 m4 ,briti% capital is dom9ant 9 all ( ! ,briti% possessions & ,siam1 & ?r\gh buy+ ag5cies practically controls ! export t9 f ,*9a4 ,bolivian t9 m9es are ! only ones 9 ! _w 9 :i* ,briti% control is n /rongly felt4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,bolivian output is "u ! f9ancial control ( ,*ilean f9anci]s1 ) local capital ! next /ronge/ factor4 ,fr5* & ,g]man money has be5 inve/$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 ,bolivian m9es4 ,rec5tly ! firm ( ,gugg5heim ,bro!rs1 ( ,new ,york1 connect$ ) ! ,am]ican t9-smelt+ indu/ry1 has acquir$ c]ta9 t9 m9es 9 ,bolivia4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,t9 ,,smelt+ ,briti% capital controls t9 smelt]s ) a ye>ly capacity ( approximately #hh1cjj tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,^! are situat$ 9 ,engl&1 ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! t9 deposits ( und\bt$ ,briti% control c produce ore to furni% only #fb1eej tons1 s t ,engl& has a smelt+ capacity ( #ae1gej tons a ye> 9 excess ( h] supply4 ,! ,dut* control ! smelt]s1 hav+ a capacity ( #af1jjj tons1 ( _! ,ea/ ,indian colonies1 b ! annual output ( ore f ^! colonies is equival5t to #bj1bjj tons ( t91 s t an excess ( #d1bjj tons mu/ be smelt$ else:]e1 & mo/ ( ?is goes to ! smelt]s 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 :i* are ,engli% own$4 ,*9ese capital controls smelt]s t are seem+ly capable ( h&l+ ! entire output ( ,*9a1 ab\t #ab1jjj tons ( t9 a ye>4 ,am]ican capital1 s9ce ! w>1 has develop$ t9 smelt]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,bolivia1 :i* h an annual capacity ( #ah1jjj metric tons4 ,?is capacity is be+ enl>g$ & %\ld be able %ortly to take c>e ( ! entire ,bolivian t9 output1 provid$ x receives ! ore4 ,b ,*ilean capital has built a smelt] at ,arica :i* c\ld h&le ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! ,bolivian output1 & if ?is smelt] is favor$ by ,*ilean m9e own]s ! ,am]ican smelt]s may f9d !mselves %ort ( ore4 ,g]man capital is int]e/$ 9 t9 smelt]s 9 ,g]many t h a produc+ capacity ( #ae1jjj tons a ye>4 ,all ( ! ore treat$ mu/ be import$1 b x h>dly seems possible t mu* ore f outside s\rces c be expect$ = "s "t1 z ! smelt+ capacity ( ! _w exce$s ! output ( ! m9es4 ,! t9-smelt+ capacity ( ! _w is approximately #aed1jjj tons1 :]eas ! _w's production ( t9 ore is equival5t to approximately #acj1gjj tons4 ,x is evid5t t1 unless great] production is =?com+1 "s smelt]s w be idle1 & x is a reasonable surmise t nei!r ! ,briti% nor ,dut* smelt]s w lack ore4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ow+ to its favorable situation ) respect to ,bolivian supply1 may hope to h a l>ge "p ( its smelt] capacity at "w1 ?\gh !re is "s "q :e!r en\gh ore w be available to assure ! maximum op]ation ( ! t9 smelt]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,t9-,,consum+ ,,c\ntries ,great ,brita9 produces m t9 ?an %e consumes & is !re=e 9 a position to dispose ( t9 to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,f a /udy ( import & export tables x seems t ,engl& consumes ab\t #bj1jjj tons ( t9 a ye> & t %e imports ab\t #ee1jjj tons & !re=e has #ce1jjj tons = export4 ,%e is 9 position ?r\gh h] l>ge political & comm]cial control ( t9 deposits & smelt]s to practically dictate ! _w's t9 policy4 ,! ,dut* colonies produce ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( ! _w's t91 & z ,holl& is normally a v small consum] ( t91 %e has suppli$ a consid]able "p ( ! t9 us$ 9 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prior to ! w> a consid]able t9-plate indu/ry1 dep5d5t on =eign t91 0 built up 9 s\!rn ,russia4 ,! consumption 0 ab\t #h1jjj tons ( t9 a ye>1 :i* 0 l>gely suppli$ by ,great ,brita91 ,holl&1 & ,g]many4 ,if ?is indu/ry is ma9ta9$ ,russia w /ill be "u ! necessity ( import+ consid]able t94 ,t9 us]s 9 ,g]many1 :o1 be=e ! w>1 app>5tly consum$ ab\t #bb1jjj tons ( t91 mu/ pur*ase all supplies f o!rs4 ,be=e ! w> ! pr9cipal supply ( t9 ore 0 ,bolivia1 & ( metallic t9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x seems reasonable t ,g]many's supply ( ,bolivian ore may be curtail$ 9 ! future1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n[ 9 position to treat ! ore1 & freight rates %\ld favor %ipm5ts ( ,bolivian b>illa to ! ,unit$ ,/ates r ?an to ,g]many4 ,:e!r ! ,g]man t9-smelt+ indu/ry w survive or n rema9s to be se54 ,france has a small t9-smelt+ indu/ry1 treat+ ab\t #a1ejj tons a ye>4 ,! app>5t consumption is ab\t #g1jjj tons ( t9 a ye>1 mo/ ( :i* 0 =m]ly import$ f ,briti% ,india1 ,engl&1 & ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates annually consumes ov] #hj1jjj tons ( t91 includ+ second>y metal1 & produces f dome/ic ores ab\t #ajj tons4 ,prior to ! w>1 metallic t9 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ,engl& & ,holl&1 z !re 7 no t9 smelt]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! w> !re 0 e/abli%$ a t9-smelt+ indu/ry1 :i* is dep5d5t entirely on =eign ore1 mo/ ( :i* s f> has come f ,bolivia4 ,! e/imat$ capacity ( t9 smelt]s 9 ,am]ica is ab\t #ah1jjj tons a ye> or ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! e/imat$ ye>ly requirem5t4 ,a comb9ation ( ,engli%1 ,bolivian & ,am]ican capital is int]e/$ 9 "o ( ^! smelt]s1 & also 9 ,bolivian t9 m9es1 & probably ?is smelt] c be suppli$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 consid]able "q :e!r ! o!r smelt]s c obta9 supplies ( ,bolivian ore4 ,c]ta9ly !y w h competition f bo? ,engli% & ,g]man smelt+ conc]ns1 :i* w be some:at (fset by *eap] freight to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an across ! ,atlantic4 ,?is diff]5ce is probably n l>ge1 & x w\ld seem t if ,am]ican smelt]s are to get ,bolivian t9 ore _! *>ges mu/ be l[4 ,a sur] me?od ( meet+ _! ore requirem5ts w\ld be to obta9 f9ancial control ( en\gh ore deposits 9 ,bolivia to supply ! dem&4 ,evid5tly ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 import consid]able quantities ( t9 f bo? ,great ,brita9 & ,holl&4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! t9 trade r\tes e/abli%$ dur+ ! w> may be ma9ta9$ & t ,am]ican consum]s w n h to pay ! additional *>ges necessitat$ by ,ea/]n t9 go+ to ,europe & back to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,m]cury ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,ransome ,,uses ,,( ,,m]cury ,"u normal conditions ! *ief uses ( quicksilv] 7m]cury7 or its salts1 /at$ 9 ord] ( decreas+ importance1 are z foll[s3 ,9 ! manufacture ( drugs & *emicals1 includ+ calomel & corrosive sublimate2 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 *emicals1 su* z glacial acetic acid1 ph?alic acid & ph?alic anhydride1 into :i* m]cury itself does n ent]2 z m]cury fulm9ate 77,c3,n4,o7,hg1 ,h,o71 made by treat+ m]cury ) alcohol & nitric acid1 :i* is us$ z a detonator = high explosives1 &1 ?\gh less ?an =m]ly1 9 small-arms ammunition4 ,! discov]y ( m]cury fulm9ate by ,h[>d 9 #agii l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! p]cussion cap 9 place ( ! old fl9t-lock1 & fulm9ate /ill rema9s ! be/-kn[n & mo/-us$ detonator = gunp[d] & high explosives4 ,x is (t5 comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly an abrasive su* z p[d]$ glass1 to increase its s5sitiv5ess1 & ) comp\nds or mixtures t !mselves h ! prop]ty ( detonat+1 su* z sulphide ( antimony & *lorate ( potassium4 ,rec5tly a l>ge "p ( ! m]cury fulm9ate 9 detonators = mod]n high explosives has be5 replac$ by picric acid1 tr9itrotolu5e1 or tetranitrome?ylam9e1 :]eby a mu* /rong] initial effect is obta9$1 & "o "p ( m]cury fulm9ate is made to detonate a *>ge t w\ld h requir$ six times z mu* fulm9ate us$ alone4 ,o!r sub/ances h be5 f\nd1 :i* seem likely to replace m]cury fulm9ate entirely = c]ta9 uses4 ,"o ( ^! is lead azide1 a salt ( hydronitric acid4 ,l>ge dry cry/als ( ?is salt are s s5sitive z to explode :5 bru%$ ) a fea!r1 b small] cry/als are less s5sitive4 ,z m]curic sulphide1 m]cury =ms ! brilliant r$ pigm5t v]milion4 ,! metal is employ$ ext5sively 9 electrical app>atus1 includ+ rectifi]s = *ang+ alt]nat+ into direct curr5t1 m]cury vapor lamps1 & /orage batt]ies4 ,9 ! manufacture ( felt hats f rabbits' fur1 m]curic nitrate is us$ to r\gh5 ! hairs s t !y w adh]e toge!r1 a process te*nically kn[n z 8c>rot+40 ,metallic quicksilv] is employ$ 9 ! amalgamation ( gold & silv] ores1 al?\gh ( late ye>s ! wide application ( ! cyanide process has decreas$ ?is use4 ,! metal is also utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( in/rum5ts1 !rmo/ats1 gas gov]nors1 & o!r appliances4 ,m]cury ent]s into ! composition ( "s anti-f\l+ m>9e pa9ts = %ip bottoms1 a mod]n & at pres5t rapidly increas+ use4 ,! m]cury = ?is purpose is g5]ally employ$ z r$ m]curic oxide1 its effici5cy dep5d+ ^u ! gradual conv]sion ( ! oxide to ! poison\s bi*loride by ! sodium *loride ( salt wat]4 ,m]cury is also us$ 9 c]ta9 comp\nds = prev5t+ boil] scale1 9 cosmetics1 & 9 d5tal amalgam4 ,silv] nitrate has to a l>ge ext5t replac$ m]cury 9 silv]+ mirrors4 ,a small quantity ( quicksilv]1 n m ?an two or ?ree flasks annually1 is us$ 9 float+ c]ta9 types ( revolv+ lights 9 ligh?\ses4 ,quicksilv] is also us$ z ! ca?ode 9 c]ta9 electrolytic processes = manufactur+ *lor9e & cau/ic soda f common salt4 ,m]curic oxide p>ts ) oxyg5 readily & is a useful oxidiz+ ag5t 9 c]ta9 *emical processes4 ,an important mod]n utilization ( ?is prop]ty is 9 ! manufacture ( glacial acetic acid by ! oxidation ( acetyl5e4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! possible advantages ( us+ m]cury vapor ) /eam 9 turb9e p[] g5]ators are report$ to h be5 enc\rag+ & a #d1jjj-kil[att unit has be5 built by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 to te/ fur!r ?is application4 ,except = incid5tal losses1 ! m]cury s us$ is recov]able1 b if 9 practice ! increase ( p[] is z mu* z ! exp]im5tal "w has indicat$ a l>ge consumption ( ! metal is likely to result4 ,! production ( quicksilv] 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #aiag 0 #ce1ied flasks 7( #ge p\nds7 & 9 #aiah x 0 #cb1hhc flasks4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! ores ( quicksilv]1 l ^? ( mo/ metals1 %[ on ! :ole a close association ) igne\s rocks & ) zones ( fissur+4 ,m commonly ?an ) o!r metals1 ) ! possible exception ( antimony1 !y are associat$ ) volcanism z oppos$ to plutonic igne\s activity & 7 deposit$ comp>atively ne> ! surface4 ,x foll[s t quicksilv] deposits z a rule are f\nd 9 regions ( ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y volcanic activity :i* h n be5 subject$ to long & deep erosion1 t !y are m likely to be 9 ! y\ng] geologic =mations ?an 9 ! old] rocks1 & t z a class1 comp>$ = example ) ! hypog5e ores ( gold or copp]1 d n ext5d to great dep?4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t !re are "s conspicu\s exceptions to ^! g5]alizations4 ,al?\gh ! ,cali=nia deposits are 9 a region ( late volcanic activity & _m ( !m are closely associat$ ) active hot spr+s1 ! ore bodies t are n[ mo/ productive1 ^? at ,new ,idria 7,idria po/ (fice7 & ! great deposits1 at ,new ,almad51 t =m]ly yield$ s ri*ly1 h no obvi\s connection ) volcanism4 ,! greate/ quicksilv] m9e 9 ! _w1 t at ,almad51 ,spa91 has no kn[n connection ) volcanism or massive igne\s rocks1 has be5 work$ to a dep? ( #a1aej feet1 & ! ore bodies h be5 f\nd to gr[ l>g] & ri*] d[nw>d4 ,! deepe/ quicksilv] m9e 9 ! _w is ! ,new ,almad5 9 ,cali=nia1 work$ to a dep? ( #b1bjj feet4 ,! "p ( ! m9e bel[ ! #fjj-;foot level 0 ab&on$ at a "t :5 ! price ( quicksilv] 0 l[1 b x is d\btful :e!r1 "u any conditions t c n[ be =ese51 x w be pr(itable to reop5 & "w ! deep levels ( ?is m9e4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! kn[n quicksilv] deposits are 9 regions ( geologically late volcanic eruptions x is probable t ores ( quicksilv] 7 deposit$ dur+ or closely foll[+ epo*s ( simil> igne\s activity 9 ! old] geologic p]iods1 b t _m ( !m h be5 remov$ by erosion4 ,"s ( ! deposits 9 ! old] rocks1 :i* d n appe> to be relat$ to ,t]ti>y or lat] volcanic eruptions1 may h _h su* e>li] orig94 ,! quicksilv] deposits ( ! ,adriatic region 9 ,europe1 includ+ ^? at ,idria1 9 ,au/ria2 ,avala1 9 ,s]bia2 & ,monte ,amiata1 9 ,italy1 h be5 %[n by ,de ,launay to belong to a s+le metallog5etic prov9ce *>act]iz$ by ,t]ti>y eruptions4 ,simil>ly1 ! some:at scatt]$ occurr5ces ( quicksilv] 9 ,alaska1 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,oregon1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,*ile co9cide 9 "p ) ! belt ( ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y volcanic activity along ! we/]n sides ( ! cont95ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! deposits at ,almad51 ,spa91 9 ! ,donetz bas91 ,russia1 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 & 9 ,*9a appe> to be isolat$ occurr5ces t c n at pres5t be assign$ to recognizable prov9ces ( eruptive activity & metallization4 ,quicksilv] deposits are n conf9$ to rocks ( any p>ticul> k9d or ( any p>ticul> geologic age4 ,at ,ovi$o ! ore av]ages #j4cc p] c5t4 & yields ars5ic comp\nds z by-products4 ,at ,idria ! ore yields #j4fe p] c5t4 ,! ore ( ! ,abbadia-,san ,salvatore1 ! pr9cipal m9e 9 ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict1 9 ,italy1 yield$ ab\t #j4i p] c5t4 9 #aiae4 ,9 ,cali=nia few m9es h ov] #b p] c5t4 ore1 & ! av]age yield ( ! ore work$ is ab\t #j4e p] c5t4 ,! l[e/ yield t 0 pr(itably obta9$ 9 t /ate 9 #aiag 0 #j4ahe p] c5t4 ,! ores work$ 9 ,texas are g5]ally ( high] grade ?an ^? m9$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! pr9cipal m9e ( ! ,t]l+ua di/rict1 ,texas1 ! won t5or ( ! ore 9 #aiaf 0 #b4e p] c5t4 & 9 #aiag1 #c4i p] c5t4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,europe4--,! l>ge/ & ri*e/ deposit ( quicksilv] ore kn[n is at ,almad51 9 c5tral ,spa94 ,!re are ?ree ne>ly p>allel ore bodies /&+ v]tically side by side1 ea* consi/+ ( a portion ( a b$ ( qu>tzite ( ,silurian age1 impregnat$ ) c9nab>4 ,! ore bodies h be5 m9$ to a dep? ( #cej met]s4 ,! production 9 #aiag 0 probably ab\t #be1jjj flasks4 ,! m9e is said to h ore op5$ up t insures a future production ( at lea/ #dj1jjj metric tons ( quicksilv]4 ,o!r productive deposits 9 ,spa9 are ^? ne> ,ovi$o1 :]e ! ore1 :i* conta9s c9nab>1 pyrite1 orpim5t1 & realg>1 is said to av]age ab\t "o-?ird ( #a p] c5t4 ( quicksilv]1 ) ars5ic comp\nds z by-products4 ,accord+ to a report f ,vice ,consul ,g5]al ,h4 ,a4 ,mc,bride1 writt5 9 ,b>celona 9 #aiaa1 ! pr9cipal companies op]at+ 9 ! ,ovi$o di/ricts 7 ! ,ovi$o ,m]cury ,m9es ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london1 ! ,soci$ad ,fabrica de ,mi]es1 ( ,ovi$o1 & ! ,soci$ad ,union ,a/uriana1 ( ,mi]es4 ,! production f ! di/rict 9 #aiae 0 #fjh flasks 7#bj4g metric tons74 ,a ?ird gr\p ( deposits lies on ! s\? slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 ! prov9ces ( ,granada & ,alm]ia1 s\!rn ,spa94 ,! production f ,granada 9 #aiae 0 #da flasks 7#a4d metric tons74 ,a small quantity ( quicksilv] 0 produc$ 9 ,portugal 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury f a m9e n f> f ,lisbon4 ,c9nab> occurs at a numb] ( localities 9 ,france & also 9 ,corsica1 b ! deposits are n ( economic "*4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many1 nor? ( ,zweibruck51 are quicksilv] deposits t _h consid]able importance ne> ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w ,w> ! m9es _h be5 clos$ = _m ye>s4 ,z9c ores m9$ ne> ,b5sb]g1 ea/ ( ,cologne1 yield annually ab\t #ij flasks ( quicksilv]1 won z a by-product 9 z9c smelt+4 ,9 ! =m] ,au/rian ,empire ! pr9cipal deposit is at ,idria1 ab\t #bh miles f ,trie/e4 ,! ore body occurs *iefly z an impregnation ( ,triassic dolomite & %ale4 ,! output 9 ,au/ria 9 #aiaf1 probably all f ,idria1 is believ$ to h be5 ab\t #be1jjj flasks4 ,res]ves capable ( yield+ #bj1jjj metric tons1 or #ehg1gcc flasks1 are kn[n4 ,at late/ reports ^! m9es 7 9 ! possession ( ,italy4 ,at ,zips1 9 nor!rn ,hung>y1 quicksilv] is obta9$ z a by-product f iron ore 7sid]ite7 t c>ries m]curial tetrah$rite & "s c9nab>4 ,! production 9 #aiac 0 #b1fae flasks4 ,to ! we/ ( ,idria1 quicksilv] deposits belong+ to ! same g5]al belt ( metallization ext5d into nor!rn ,italy4 ,! pr9cipal deposit ( ?is belt 9 ,v5etia is ! ,vallalta4 ,! m9e produc$ #i1eej flasks 7#cbe metric tons7 betwe5 #ahef & #ahgj1 b has long be5 idle4 ,! mo/ productive deposits ( quicksilv] 9 ,italy are ^? ( ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict1 9 ,tuscany1 ab\t half way betwe5 ,rome & ,flor5ce4 ,monte ,amiata is app>5tly a po/-,plioc5e volcano1 & traces ( rec5t volcanic activity survive4 ,! mo/ productive m9e is ! ,abbadia-,san ,salvatore1 :i* yields ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ( ! output f ! di/rict1 :i* 9 #aiag am\nt$ to ab\t #bi1cjj flasks4 ,at ,m\nt ,avala1 ne> ,belgrade 9 ,s]bia1 deposits ( quicksilv] ore h be5 kn[n s9ce #ahhc1 :i* resemble _m ( ^? 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,avala deposits 7 work$ betwe5 #ahhi & #ahie1 b seem+ly h n be5 productive 9 late ye>s4 ,! only quicksilv] deposits ( note 9 ,european ,russia are ^? 9 ! ,donetz coal bas91 s\!rn ,russia4 ,! ess5tial m9]al is c9nab>1 accompani$ by /ibnite & pyrite4 ,! deposits 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgi1 ! maximum output1 #ah1ajb flasks 7#faf metric tons71 0 rea*$ 9 #ahig1 & "w 0 ab&on$ 9 #aiaa1 b has be5 resum$ s9ce 9 a small way4 ,asia4--,! ,konia m9e1 9 s\?-c5tral ,asia ,m9or1 is 9 silicifi$ lime/one4 ,! quicksilv] occurs z c9nab> & mo/ ( ! ore c>ries f #a to #b4e p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,! kn[n res]ves 7 e/imat$ 9 #aijh at #ac1jjj metric tons ( #a p] c5t4 ore4 ,! production 9 #aiaa 0 only #ij flasks ( #ge p\nds4 ,! ,k>a-,burnu m9e1 said to be ! only important quicksilv] m9e 9 ,turkey1 is situat$ s\!a/ ( ,smyrna4 ,9 #aijf & #aijg ! m9e 0 produc+ ab\t #c1jjj flasks annually1 b ( late ye>s ! output has decl9$ & 9 #aiab am\nt$ to only #haa flasks 7#ca metric tons74 ,! ,ildekansk quicksilv] m9e1 9 s\!a/]n ,sib]ia1 ea/ ( ,lake ,baikal1 has ga9$ notoriety f ! fact t political exiles 7 condemn$ to m9e ! ore4 ,! deposit appe>s to be ( slight economic importance4 ,t quicksilv] deposits occur 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,kwei*[1 s\?-c5tral ,*9a1 has long be5 kn[n1 b ! locality is remote f ord9>y r\tes ( travel & comp>atively little is on record conc]n+ _! "*4 ,! ore bodies ( ! ,wan ,san ,*ang m9es are ! mo/ ext5sively work$4 ,= sev]al ye>s prior to #aije ! output av]ag$ ab\t #d1jjj p\nds ( quicksilv] a mon?4 ,?is w\ld be equival5t to ab\t #fdj flasks annually4 ,m rec5t figures ( production are n available4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,! quicksilv] deposits ( ,nor? ,am]ica are conf9$ to ! ,cordill]an region f ,alaska to ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ productive deposits are 9 ,cali=nia & we/]n ,texas4 ,9 ,alaska m9]als conta9+ quicksilv] h be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( ! plac]-m9+ di/ricts1 b deposits 9 place h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c5tral ,kuskokwim region only4 ,! ore occurs z c9nab> accompani$ by /ibnite1 qu>tz1 & a f]rug9\s dolomite4 ,developm5t has be5 h9d]$ by transportation difficulties1 & only a few hundr$ p\nds ( quicksilv] h be5 produc$ = local consumption4 ,9 ,wa%+ton quicksilv] ores h be5 prospect$ 9 v>i\s places1 b ! production is z yet inconsid]able4 ,9 ,oregon c9nab> is widely di/ribut$1 b only "o deposit 7at ,blackbutte1 9 ,lane ,c\nty7 is at pres5t productive4 ,9 ! ,black ,butte m9e ! ore av]ages ab\t #j4be p] c5t4 ( quicksilv]1 & ! quantity available above ! #ejj-;foot level is e/imat$ by ! company at ab\t #aej1jjj tons4 ,! production ( ,oregon 9 #aiag 0 #chh flasks1 all b #c flasks be+ f ! ,black ,butte m9e4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! pr9cipal deposits occur 9 ! ,coa/ ,ranges )9 a belt t is ab\t #djj miles long & has a maximum wid? ( ab\t #ge miles4 ,! kn[n deposits )9 ?is area are num]\s4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five ( ^! are at pres5t productive1 :ile probably ?ree times t numb] :i* 7 once productive are n[ idle4 ,) a few exceptions1 ! deposits ( ?is ma9 quicksilv] belt are 9 rocks ( probable ,jurassic age1 or 9 s]p5t9e :i* is ! alt]ation product ( p]idotites4 ,! mo/ notable exceptions are ! deposits ( ! ,oceanic m9e1 ,san ,luis ,obispo ,c\nty1 & ( ! ,sulphur ,bank m9e1 9 ,lake ,c\nty4 ,_m ( ! mo/ productive m9es ( ! pa/ h yield$ no quicksilv] f und]gr\nd "w = ye>s4 ,! mo/ productive m9e 9 ,cali=nia at pres5t is ! ,new ,idria1 9 ,san ,b5ito ,c\nty1 :i* 9 #aiag yield$ #aa1jjj flasks out ( a total = ! /ate ( #bc1gcc flasks & = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( #ce1ied flasks4 ,! ,new ,idria ore comes f two m9es1 ! ,new ,idria prop] & ! ,san ,c>los4 ,! ,new ,idria has be5 ext5sively op5$ to a dep? ( ab\t #a1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ,san ,c>los practically all ( ! kn[n ore lies )9 #bjj feet ( ! surface4 ,! two m9es contribut$ ne>ly equally to ! total production 9 #aiag1 & ! av]age w9nable t5or ( ! ore 9 t ye> 0 #j4cb p] c5t4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ! two m9es !re is available #b1djj1jjj tons ( ore av]ag+ #j4bec p] c5t4 ( quicksilv]4 ,! ,new ,almad5 m9e is 9 ,santa ,cl>a ,c\nty4 ,at pres5t1 all ! levels bel[ ! #hjj-;foot are "u wat] & ( late ye>s v little ore has be5 tak5 f ! old m9e4 ,mo/ ( ! rec5t production ( ! ,new ,almad5 ,co41 ,inc41 :i* = #aiag am\nt$ to #b1fhc flasks1 has come f ! ,el ,s5ador m9e1 nor!a/ ( ! old m9e1 & f quicksilv] recov]$ f gr\nd "u old furnaces & cond5s]s4 ,9 ! ,new ,almad51 ! ,el ,s5ador1 & 9 ! neighbor+ ,new ,guadalupe1 :i* produc$ #c1ajj flasks 9 #aiag1 ! ore occurs z irregul> bodies 9 s]p5t9e4 ,close to ! m9e n[ be+ work$ by ! ,new ,guadalupe ,m9+ ,co41 & own$ by ! same company1 is ! orig9al ,guadalupe m9e1 once highly productive b n[ long idle4 ,! ,oceanic m9e1 9 ,san ,luis ,obispo ,c\nty1 rank$ f\r? 9 productiv5ess 9 ,cali=nia 9 #aiag1 ) an output ( #a1bdf flasks4 ,! ore occurs z an impregnation ( s&/one4 ,! av]age w9nable t5or ( ! ore 9 #aiag 0 #j4ahe p] c5t4 ,o!r m9es 9 ,cali=nia :i* yield$ f #ejj to #a1jjj flasks 9 #aiag are ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ! ,clov]dale1 & ! ,culv]-,ba]1 all 9 ,sonoma ,c\nty4 ,^? ^: output 0 betwe5 #djj & #ejj flasks are ! ,/4 ,johns1 & ! ,hel51 9 ,lake ,c\nty4 ,nevada conta9s _m widely scatt]$ deposits ( quicksilv] ore1 no "o ( :i* has yet be5 work$ on an ext5sive scale1 al?\gh a few h be5 fairly productive = %ort p]iods4 ,! ores occur 9 rhyolite ( ,t]ti>y age & 9 lime/one or associat$ s$im5t>y b$s ( v>i\s ages f ,paleozoic to ,mesozoic4 ,! total yield f ,nevada 9 #aiag 0 #iig flasks1 ne>ly half ( :i* came f ! ,f>nham & ,drew m9e1 ea/ ( ,m9a1 :i* clos$ = lack ( ore ne> ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! next m9e 9 po9t ( yield1 ! ,goldbanks1 9 ,humboldt c\nty1 is also at pres5t non-productive4 ,9 ,texas ! pr9cipal quicksilv] deposits are 9 ! ,t]l+ua di/rict1 9 ,brew/] ,c\nty4 ,! ore occurs along fissure zones 9 ,cretace\s lime/ones & %ales1 g5]ally 9 proximity to intrusive rock4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are ! ,*isos1 ,m>iposa1 ,big ,b5d1 & ,dallas4 ,9 ,mexico quicksilv] deposits 9 ! /ates ( ,san ,luis ,potosi1 ,gu]r]o1 & ,durango are said to be yield+ consid]able quicksilv]1 ev5 9 ! pres5t di/urb$ condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,a quicksilv] deal]1 te/ify+ at ! ,t>iff ,commission he>+ 9 ,san ,francisco1 on ,june #bf1 #aiah1 said t #djj flasks a mon? 0 be+ export$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b a consid]able "p ( ?is 0 probably reclaim$ quicksilv] t has be5 us$ 9 ! amalgamation ( silv] ores4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,quicksilv] deposits are kn[n 9 ,colombia1 ,ecuador1 ,bolivia1 ,*ile1 ,brazil1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,p]u1 b only ^? 9 ,p]u seem to be ( pres5t economic importance1 & ! production ( t c\ntry 9 #aiaf 0 only #fb flasks 7#b4a metric tons74 ,! mo/ fam\s deposits 9 ,p]u are ^? at ,huancavelica1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,santa ,b>b>a m9e1 on ! ea/ flank ( ! we/]n *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,^! h be5 work$ s9ce #aeff & are said to h yield$ #df1ejj metric tons 7#a1cff1dhj flasks ( #ge p\nds7 be=e #agij4 ,! production 9 ! #ai? c5tury has be5 e/imat$ at #c1ejj metric tons 7#ajb1hfe flasks74 ,! ore bodies are num]\s1 irregul>1 & occur 9 /ratifi$ rocks t are cut by igne\s rocks4 ,9 #aiaf ! great] "p ( ! quicksilv]-be>+ gr\nd 9 ! ,huancavelica di/rict 0 pur*as$ by ,e4 ,e4 ,f]n&9i1 ( ,lima1 & !re appe>s to be "s prospect ( a resumption ( active m9+4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,future ,z ) mo/ metallif]\s ores t h be5 =m$ lat] ?an ! deposition or solidification ( _! inclos+ rocks1 ! ores ( quicksilv] are mo/ likely to be f\nd 9 regions ( eruptive activity & complex geologic /ructure1 especially 9 regions ( comp>atively late volcanic di/urbance4 ,x foll[s t new deposits are mo/ likely to be discov]$ )9 ! areas ( ,t]ti>y or po/-,t]ti>y volcanic activity1 z 9 ! ,cordill]an belts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,oceania1 & ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,alaska1 ,mexico1 & ! we/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica seem to (f] ! greate/ possibilities ( future productivity1 b !re is little probability ( any important *anges 9 ! s\rces ( quicksilv] tak+ place 9 ! ne> future4 ,! value ( a quicksilv] deposit c be asc]ta9$ z a rule only by m9+ exploration1 & 9 v few quicksilv] m9es c any safe e/imate be made ( 8undevelop$0 ore4 ,! kn[n facts af=d no secure basis = pr$ict+ t 9 ! ne> future "s n[ unimportant di/rict w1 )9 ! next t5 ye>s1 wre/ ! supremacy 9 production f ,spa91 or compete ) ,au/ria1 ,italy1 ,cali=nia1 or ,texas4 ,z reg>ds ! pr9cipal kn[n s\rces1 x appe>s t ! high-wat] m>k ( productivity 9 ,cali=nia has long be5 pass$1 al?\gh ! m9es are /ill capable ( increas+ _! pres5t production "u suffici5t /imulus4 ,! ,italian output has be5 increas+ ( late ye>s1 b :e!r ?is repres5ts ! discov]y ( new ore bodies or indicates a long] life = ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict is unc]ta94 ,a p]man5t improvem5t 9 ! political conditions 9 ,mexico1 ) a cont9uance ( ! pres5t1 or high]1 prices1 w\ld probably lead to a notable increase 9 yield f t c\ntry4 ,!re is "s probability also t ,p]u may aga9 become an important s\rce ( quicksilv]4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,! quicksilv] indu/ry is less likely to be modifi$ by *anges 9 m9+ me?ods ?an by improvem5ts 9 metallurgy4 ,al?\gh v simple 9 pr9ciple1 ! treatm5t ( quicksilv] ores1 ow+ to ! mobility & elusiv5ess ( ! metal bo? 9 ! liquid & vaporiz$ condition1 is beset ) _m practical difficulties4 ,co>sely brok5 ore is g5]ally treat$ 9 v>i\s types ( simple %aft furnaces1 ! fuel be+ ei!r mix$ ) ! *>ge or burn$ 9 a firebox4 ,f9ely brok5 or pulv]ul5t ore1 h[ev]1 su* z =ms ! l>g] "p ( ! mat]ial f mo/ quicksilv] m9es1 requires diff]5t treatm5t4 ,9 ,europe ! common type ( furnace = f9e ore is ! ,spirek & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,scott-,htn]1 or1 z m commonly call$1 ! ,scott furnace4 ,9 bo?1 ! ore desc5ds by gravity ov] tiles ( fire-clay s %ap$ & plac$ z to p]mit ! flame to pass back & =? ?r\gh passages "u tiles1 ! passageways or flues be+ =m$ p>tly by ! tiles & p>tly by ! ore itself4 ,f ! furnace ! m]cury-lad5 vapors are conduct$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( cond5s+ *amb]s ( brick1 iron1 wood1 or o!r mat]ial1 9 :i* ! metal collects4 ,:5 intellig5tly op]at$1 ! ,scott furnace is rem>kably economical & effici5t2 b its con/ruction is exp5sive & requires specially skill$ masons4 ,moreov] ! furnace is difficult to repair1 & once erect$ c n be mov$4 ,^! are s]i\s disadvantages to ! man ( small capital :o is develop+ a new m9e1 & he usually has to fall back on retorts :i* are exp5sive to op]ate & are unsatisfactory except = relatively small quantities ( ri* ore4 ,( late ye>s attempts h be5 made 9 ,cali=nia & ,texas to use slightly modifi$ rot>y cem5t-kilns = treat+ quicksilv] ores4 ,?is innovation is promis+ & seems likely to prove successful4 ,su* a furnace1 al?\gh x may n displace ! ,scott "u "s conditions1 does n require elaborate masonry /ructure1 & its use may lead to a consid]ably increas$ production f ! small] m9es4 ,! cond5s+ sy/ems us$ ) quicksilv] furnaces diff] greatly & at no two m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !y id5tical4 ,! brick cond5s+ *amb]s =m]ly s ext5sively us$ ) ! ,scott furnace are exp5sive to build2 also ! bricks are poor conductors ( heat & absorb l>ge quantities ( quicksilv]4 ,! rec5t t5d5cy 9 ,cali=nia has be5 to replace ! brick *amb]s ) l>ge boxes or cyl9drical tanks ( wood4 ,european practice1 foll[$ by "o m9e 9 ,oregon & "o 9 ,texas1 favors cond5s]s con/ruct$ ( vitrifi$ e>!nw>e pipe4 ,! :ole "q ( quicksilv] cond5sation calls = /udy & skillful exp]im5t4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a /&>d ( practice w\ld increase production by elim9ation ( mu* ( ! loss & disc\ragem5t t come f ineffici5t individual ef=ts to collect ! m]cury f ! furnace vapors & gases 9 ! mo/ complete & economical way4 ,,political ,,control ,! quicksilv] indu/ry (f]s two conspicu\s examples ( ! direct political control ( m9]al res\rces4 ,! ,almad5 m9e1 ^: output is su* z 9 normal times to det]m9e ! m>ket = quicksilv]1 has be5 own$ & work$ by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t s9ce #afde1 & ! ,idria m9e up until ! close ( ! w> 0 own$ by ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian gov]nm5t4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 on ! basis ( competitive proposals1 contracts ) ! successful bidd] = ! sale ( ! quicksilv] = p]iods ( t5 ye>s4 ,= a numb] ( successive p]iods ! contract has be5 aw>d$ to ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,london1 ! pres5t "o dat+ f ,june #a1 #aiab4 ,! contractors b9d !mselves to sell1 9 ,london1 ! greate/ possible quantity ( quicksilv]1 :i* !y take f4o4b4 at ! r$uction plant at ,almad51 at prices above #g p\nds p] flask1 ,!y receive a commission ( #a p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt ( ! sale2 #f %ill+s = ea* flask %ipp$ f ,spa9 to ,london2 & #aj p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt by :i* ! sales price exce$s #h p\nds #b %ill+s p] flask4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t res]ves f ! op]ation ( ?is contract #ejj flasks#add annually = ! national requirem5ts ( ,spa94 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 al?\gh ! m9e is own$ by ,spa91 ! m>ket has be5 controll$ 9 ,london4 ,dur+ ! w> ! sale ( ,almad5 m]cury 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,admiralty ?r\gh ,messrs4 ,ro?s*ild4 ,! quantity receiv$ 9 ,london f ,almad5 9 #aiag 0 ab\t #be1jjj flasks4 #add ,increas$ to #aj1jjj flasks 9 #aiai4 ,! ,konia m9e1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 rev]t$ to ! ,turki% gov]nm5t 9 #aiab1 b its output1 z previ\sly not$1 is inconsid]able4 ,! quicksilv] m9es ( ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict1 ,italy1 al?\gh less obvi\sly illu/rative ( political control ?an ^? j m5tion$1 %\ld p]haps be ref]r$ to 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,g]man capital has be5 dom9ant 9 _! developm5t 9 ! late ye>s be=e ! w>1 & ! mo/ productive m9es are cr$ibly report$ to h be5 own$ :olly or 9 "p by ! ,g]man ,emp]or4 ,) ! entry ( ,italy into ! w> !y 7 seiz$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,! ,italian m9es produc$ ab\t #bh1jjj flasks1 ( :i* f #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj flasks 7 pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,admiralty4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,"u pres5t practice ! r$uction ( quicksilv] ores is almo/ inv>iably at ! m9e1 bo? m9e & r$uction works be+ "u ! same own]%ip4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be consid]$ toge!r = ! purpose ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s example ( comm]cial control is t ex]cis$ by ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,london1 :o d n own ! res\rces t give !m ?is pre-em95ce4 ,! yield ( ! rem>kably ri* ,almad5 m9e1 ^: annual output surpasses t ( any o!r m9e & 9 #aiaf exce$$ t ( any c\ntry except ,spa9 7^: ore1 ev5 :5 c>elessly work$1 yields quicksilv] at l[ co/1 & ^: kn[n res]ves are l>ge71 enables ! ,ro?s*ilds1 9 "t ( peace & subject to ! m9imum fix$ price 9 _! contract1 to det]m9e ! price at :i* quicksilv] %all be sold 9 ! _w's m>kets4 ,ano!r b mu* small] factor 9 mak+ ,london ! lead+ quicksilv] m>t ( ! _w is ! control by ,briti% capital ( ! pr9cipal m9es 9 ! ,ovi$o di/rict1 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! c\ntry :i* ranks next to ,spa9 z a produc] ( quicksilv]1 ! m9es are all own$ by corporations or individuals1 & s f> z kn[n1 !re is at pres5t no =mal comb9ation or und]/&+ betwe5 ^! own]s to control output or sales4 ,"s ye>s ago mo/ ( ! lead+ produc]s 9 ,cali=nia =m$ ! ,eureka company1 :i* act$ z sell+ ag5t & to "s ext5t 0 able to control prices4 ,(t5 ref]r$ to by ^? outside ( x z ! 8quicksilv] tru/10 ?is organization 0 ab&on$ aft] a brief exi/5ce4 ,! firm ( ,haas ,bro!rs1 ( ,san ,francisco 7di/9ct f ,haas ,bro!rs1 ( ,new ,york71 took a lead+ "p 9 ! ,eureka company1 & s9ce its dissolution has fulfill$ _m ( ! functions t ! company 0 to p]=m4 ,! firm owns /ock 9 ! lead+ m9e on ! ,pacific ,coa/ & acts z sell+ ag5ts = ! ,new ,idria ,quicksilv] ,m9+ ,co41 :om x *>ges #a p] c5t4#ade1 :]eas x *>ges o!rs #b p] c5t4 ,x also buys ! metal = itself1 usually f ! small] produc]s1 at prices g5]ally mu* bel[ ! curr5t m>ket quotation1 & is to supply op]ators ) empty flasks1 b only on condition t ,haas ,bro!rs %all buy ! product or sell x on commission4 ,o!r brok]s :o h&le important quantities ( quicksilv] on ! ,pacific ,coa/ are ,atk9s1 ,kroll ,co41 & ! ,braun-,kne*t-,hiemann ,co41 bo? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,s f> z kn[n ^! two firms h no own]%ip 9 quicksilv] m9es & sell only on commission4 #ade ,?is connection is report$ to h be5 brok5 9 #aiai4 ,! quicksilv] m9es 9 ,texas are own$ by ,am]ican citiz5s or ,am]ican corporations4 ,! ore f ea* is indep5d5tly work$ & ! quicksilv] is sold by ! individual produc]s4 ,! m]cury deposits ( ,mexico are own$1 z f> z is kn[n1 by native ,mexicans4 ,briti% capital is probably int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! l>g] m9es4 ,! =m]ly productive quicksilv] m9es at ,huancavelica1 ,p]u1 h be5 pur*as$ by ,e4 ,e4 ,f]n&9i1 ( ,lima1 & may aga9 contribute to ! _w's supply4 ,s f> z kn[n to ! writ] ( ?is article1 pat5ts1 secret processes or trade agreem5ts play no "p 9 ! control ( quicksilv] res\rces4 ,dur+ ! w> ,g]many & h] allies controll$ ! quicksilv] deposits ( ,au/ralia1 ,s]bia1 ,turkey & probably ,european ,russia4 ,only ! ,idria deposit1 & p]haps ! ,zips deposit1 9 ,au/ria1 are important1 & ! available annual supply = ! ,teutonic allies 0 probably #be1jjj to #cj1jjj flasks4 ,! ,ent5te allies controll$ ! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yield+ ab\t #cf1jjj flasks annually2 ( ,italy1 yield+ ab\t #bh1jjj flasks2 & controll$1 al?\gh !y did n own1 ! deposits ( neutral ,spa91 yield+ f #cj1jjj to #da1jjj flasks annually4 ,! ,*9ese m]cury deposits 7 possibly drawn ^u to "s ext5t by ,japan1 :o1 l ,brita9 & ,france1 has no deposits ( h] own t are wor? m5tion+4 ,,summ>y ,! *ief uses ( m]cury & m]cury comp\nds1 9 g5]al ord] ( decreas+ importance1 are z foll[s3 ,9 ! manufacture ( drugs & *emicals1 includ+ calomel1 corrosive sublimate1 & glacial acetic acid2 z a detonator = high explosives2 z v]milion pigm5t2 9 electrical app>atus1 !rmo/ats1 gas gov]nors1 & o!r appliances2 9 ! amalgamation ( gold & silv] ores2 9 anti-f\l+ m>9e pa9t2 9 comp\nds to prev5t boil] scale2 9 cosmetics2 & 9 d5tal amalgam4 ,!re are comp>atively few applications ( m]cury :]e a sub/itute c\ld n be employ$1 al?\gh ! sub/itute might n be z economical or z satisfactory4 ,9 g5]al ! ores ( quicksilv] d n ext5d to great dep?s & %[ on ! :ole a close association ) ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y igne\s rocks t h n be5 subject$ to long & deep erosion4 ,!re are "s notable exceptions1 h[ev]1 to ^! g5]alizations4 ,new deposits ( m]cury are mo/ likely to be discov]$ on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,oceania1 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or 9 ! ,cordill]an belts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! kn[n facts af=d no secure basis = pr$ict+ t !re w be )9 ! next t5 ye>s any m>k$ %ift f ! pres5t ma9 s\rces ( supply to "s newly discov]$ deposit4 ,! ri*e/ m]cury deposits are at ,almad51 c5tral ,spa92 at ,idria1 ,au/ria-,hung>y2 & 9 ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict ( ,italy4 ,o!r productive deposits are situat$ ne> ,ovi$o & ,granada1 ,spa92 9 ! ,donetz coal bas91 ,russia2 ne> ,aid91 ,turkey2 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kwei*[1 ,*9a2 9 ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,texas2 9 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 ,gu]r]o1 & ,durango1 ,mexico2 & 9 ,p]u4 ,_m deposits at pres5t unproductive are kn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! political control ( ! quicksilv] deposits corresponds = ! mo/ "p ) geographic location4 ,! ri* deposits ( ,almad51 9 ,spa91 & ,idria1 9 old ,au/ria-,hung>y1 are gov]nm5t-own$4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 on ! basis ( competitive proposals1 contracts ) ! successful bidd] = ! sale ( ! quicksilv] = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s4 ,! contract has be5 aw>d$ to ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,london = a numb] ( successive p]iods4 ,?is control ( ! output ( ! ,spani% m9es gives ! ,ro?s*ilds a control ( ! _w's quicksilv] m>ket4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t res]ves a suffici5t numb] ( flasks annually = ! national requirem5ts ( ,spa94 ,! ,konia m9e1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 has be5 ! prop]ty ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t s9ce #aiab4 ,x is believ$ t ! mo/ productive m9es ( ! ,monte ,amiata di/rict1 ,italy1 7 own$ :olly or 9 "p by ! ,g]man ,emp]or2 ) ! entry ( ,italy into ! w> !y 7 seiz$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,! m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are all controll$ by corporations or individuals4 ,x is believ$ t ! m9es ( ,mexico are own$ by ,mexican citiz5s1 al?\gh ,briti% capital may be inve/$ 9 "s ( !m4 ,! m9es at ,huancavelica1 ,p]u1 h be5 pur*as$ by ,seor ,e4 ,e4 ,f]n&9i1 ( ,lima4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,bauxite ,,& ,,alum9um ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,hill ,,uses ,,( ,,bauxite ,,& ,,alum9um ,bauxite1 alum9um oxide1 besides be+ ! *ief ore ( alum9um1 has an important use 9 ! manufacture ( artificial abrasives :i* are ( wide application 9 all metal-fabricat+ indu/ries4 ,bauxite is also ! basis ( an ext5sive *emical indu/ry1 be+ ! crude mat]ial f :i* alum1 alum9um sulphate1 & sev]al o!r *emicals us$ = wat] purification1 dye+1 & tann+ are made4 ,a rapidly gr[+ use = bauxite is 9 ! manufacture ( bauxite brick = furnace l9+s4 ,! m ess5tial uses ( bauxite are = ! manufacture ( alum9um & abrasives1 ?\gh x seems d\btful :e!r ! utilization ( bauxite = *emicals c\ld be mu* re/rict$4 ,! use ( bauxite = refractories is relatively small4 ,9 #aiag ne>ly #fe p] c5t4 ( ! dome/ic output ( bauxite w5t into alum9um1 ne>ly #ac p] c5t4 0 tak5 by manufactures ( alum9um salts1 #ai p] c5t4 0 consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( bauxite abrasives1 & #c p] c5t4 0 us$ by mak]s ( bauxite refractories4 ,! uses ( alum9um are myriad1 *ief among !m are 9 ! manufacture ( p>ts ( int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 & ! fabrication ( indu/rial & h\sehold ut5sils4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,,( ,,alum9um ,,manufacture ,h]et(ore bauxites l[ 9 silica 7#b to #e p] c5t4 ,si,o7 h be5 us$ = ! prep>ation ( alum9a = ! manufacture ( alum9um4 ,_m exp]im5t]s h endeavor$ to utilize l[-grade 7high-silica7 bauxites1 or alum9um silicates = ! recov]y ( alum9a4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t x is *emically possible to produce l[-silica alum9a f _m alum9\s mat]ials1 b n on a comm]cially pr(itable basis4 ,x seems reasonably c]ta9 t "o or m ( ! me?ods ( h&l+ l[-grade bauxite or ev5 alum9\s silicates w be develop$ to ! comm]cial /age1 ev5 "u ord9>y conditions1 9 ! ne> future4 ,t ev5t %\ld t5d to revolutionize ! alum9um indu/ry1 z clays & %ales c>ry+ f #be to #ce p] c5t4 ,al,o are ( widespread occurr5ce4 ,:e!r x w\ld mat]ially l[] ! price ( alum9um is m d\btful1 = ! co/s ( manufacture w\ld be rais$ by ! increas$ co/ ( treat+ ! l[-grade crude mat]ial4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! ,european bauxite deposits are 9 fold$ s$im5t>y rocks1 ma9ly ( ,cretace\s age4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates bauxite deposits are surficial & h result$ f ! alt]ation ( ei!r s$im5t>y kaol9 7alum9um silicate7 or kaol9 d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( sy5ite or ( dolomitic lime/ones4 ,9 ! tropical fields1 :i* h z yet be5 little exploit$ & are 9 fact little kn[n1 ! bauxites seem+ly are surficial deposits d]iv$ f ! alt]ation ( feldspa?ic rocks4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! *ief bauxite deposits ( ,europe are 9 ! prov9ces ( ,v> & ,h]ault1 9 s\!rn ,france1 ?\gh o!r deposits are kn[n 9 ,b\*es du ,rhone & sev]al o!r s\!rn prov9ces4 ,9 c5tral ,italy bauxite has be5 m9$ = "s ye>s4 ,9 ,g]many l[-grade bauxite has be5 m9$ 9 ! ,vogelsb]g ,m\nta9s1 ,hesse1 ne> ,knigsw9t]1 9 ! l[] ,rh9e c\ntry1 & is kn[n 9 ,hanov]4 ,9 ! =m] ,empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y !re are ext5sive bauxite deposits 9 ! ,bih> ,m\nta9s & 9 ! prov9ces ( ,i/ria1 ,croatia1 & ,dalmatia4 ,bauxite is also kn[n 9 nor?we/]n ,russia1 ab\t #bjj miles s\!a/ ( ,petrograd4 ,bauxite has be5 m9$ = a numb] ( ye>s f b$s 9 nor?we/]n ,irel&4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bauxite has be5 m9$ = ye>s 9 c5tral ,arkansas1 nor?we/]n ,georgia1 nor!a/]n ,alabama1 & s\!a/]n ,t5nessee1 & m rec5tly f ! c5tral ,georgia field1 :i* is be+ ext5d$ into we/-c5tral ,georgia4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ext5sive deposits ( good bauxite h be5 f\nd 9 ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana1 & x is report$ t !re are evid5ces ( bauxite 9 ea/]n ,v5ezuela1 we/]n ,fr5* ,guiana1 & nor!a/]n ,brazil4 ,9 ,africa1 bauxite ( good quality is report$ to h be5 develop$ ne> ! coa/ ( ,fr5* ,gu9ea & to h be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( inl& localities 9 t colony4 ,vague rumors are curr5t ( l>ge areas ( bauxitic lat]ite#adf at _m places 9 equatorial ,africa4 #adf ,lat]ite is ! g5]al "n = rock ( any k9d t is 9 a ?or\ghly s(t5$ & decompos$ /ate1 due to alt]ation or wea!r+ at ! surface4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( ! geology ( ,india !re are _m ref]5ces to bauxitic lat]ites1 & x is report$ t rec5tly "s ( ! ,deccan bauxite deposits are be+ exploit$4 ,9 s\?we/]n & ea/]n ,au/ralia "s ( ! lat]ites are report$ to be bauxitic1 ?\gh s f> z kn[n no bauxite has be5 develop$4 ,!re is a p]si/5t rumor1 )\t confirmation1 t bauxite has be5 discov]$ rec5tly 9 ,*9a4 ,z to ?is deposit no in=mation is available4 ,! table bel[ %[s ! _w's production ( bauxite = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! figures give an idea ( ! relative importance ( ! deposits ) respect to consum+ c5t]s1 x is n believ$ t !y repres5t relative importance ) reg>d to ! future4 ,x seems unavoidable to conclude t ! tropical c\ntries hold imm5se res]ves ( bauxite & t "s day ! alum9um indu/ry w be ne>] ! tropics ?an x is at pres5t4 ,,table #fc4--,,_w',s ,,output ,,( ,,bauxite1 #aiaj-aiaf 7,output 9 tons7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,c\ntry #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,unit$ ,/ates #adh1icbaee1fahaei1hfebaj1bda ,france #aib1iacbej1hahbed1heacjd1djg ,unit$ ,k+dom 7,irel&7 #c1gib #f1jjg #e1gij #f1jee ,italy #d1ebd #e1fjj #f1eif #f1hdc ,india #ff #ab #iej #a1ahd ---------------------------- ,total #cej1bggdah1jeedbh1jebebh1gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ----- ,c\ntry #aiad #aiae #aiaf ---------------------------------------- ----- ,unit$ ,/ates #bai1cahbig1jdadbe1ajj ,france 7#adg77adg77adg7 ,unit$ ,k+dom 7,irel&7 #h1bhf #aa1gbc #aj1cbi ,italy #c1hdd #f1ejd #h1gdf ,india #ead #djj #gej --------------------- ,total ---------------------------------------- ----- #adg ,no /ati/ics available4 ,! production ( bauxite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag 0 #efh1fij long tons4 ,,political ,,control ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates hold )9 _! b\nd>ies ! l>ge/ deposits ( bauxite t h be5 work$ 9 ! pa/4 ,engl& controls1 ?r\gh h] colonial possessions1 a l>ge %>e ( ! equatorial areas t probably conta9 mu* ( ! undevelop$ bauxite4 ,france & ,holl& ea* h possessions 9 ! tropics 9 :i* bauxite is kn[n1 & x seems probable t bauxite may be f\nd 9 ! colonies ( ,portugal & ( ,belgium & 9 ^? =m]ly controll$ by ,g]many4 ,x is report$ t ,engl& has plac$ c]ta9 re/rictions on ! acquisition ( bauxite deposits 9 ,india & ,guiana by =eign individuals or corporations4 ,x is kn[n t %e has re/rict$ ! de/9ation ( bauxite export$ f ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! ,dut* gov]nm5t is und]/ood to h exam9$ rec5tly ! bauxite deposits ( ,dut* ,guiana1 probably ) a view to re/rict+ acquisition ( prop]ty n already acquir$4 ,evid5tly !re is "s und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian gov]nm5ts :i* p]mits ! s5d+ ( ,fr5* bauxite to ! alum9um works ( bo? ,italy & ,engl&4 ,! alum9um works ( ! _w are l>gely "u ! political dom9ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy & ,norway4 ,! produc+ capacity ( ! v>i\s c\ntries has be5 e/imat$ z foll[s3#adh ,,produc+ ,,capacity ,,( ,,alum9um ,,works ,%ort tons ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada #hg1ejj ,france #bj1jjj ,switz]l&1 ,g]many & ,au/ria #bj1jjj ,norway #af1jjj ,engl& #ab1jjj ,italy #g1jjj ,japan #bej ------- ,total #afb1gej #adh ,,hill1 ,j4 ,m41 8,bauxite & ,alum9um 9 #aiaf20 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey2 8,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,"p ,i1 #aiag1 p4 #afg4 ,! actual output ( ! plants includ$ 9 ! above table does n repres5t full capacity1 & x seems m reasonable to assume t ! production at pres5t is probably ne>] #aej1jjj tons a ye> ?an ! total giv54 ,!re is little "q t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian plants are produc+ ov] half ( ! _w's supply ( alum9um4 ,x is report$ t dur+ #aiag & #aiah ext5sions ( ! ,briti% & ,italian works br\ght _! output ne>ly to ! rat$ plant capacity4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,x is safe to say t ! alum9um indu/ries ( ! v>i\s c\ntries control to a l>ge ext5t ! bauxite deposits ( ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal alum9um companies are z foll[s3 ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 ,briti% ,alum9um ,co41 ,l',alum9ium ,franaise1 ,alum9um ,indu/ries ,a4 ,g4 ,x is commonly kn[n t be=e ! w> agreem5ts betwe5 ^! f\r companies /abiliz$ ! prices ( alum9um ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,at pres5t 7#aiai7 ! outlook is t ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica %\ld be 9 position to dom9ate ! alum9um indu/ry ( ! _w = "s ye>s ?r\gh ! expansion ( its electrical plants & its initiative 9 acquir+ newly discov]$ deposits ( exceptionally pure bauxite 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x seems q conceivable t ! ,briti% & ,fr5* & possibly ! ,g]man int]e/s may seek to adju/ _! relations s t !y c (fset ! ,am]ican dom9ance4 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4--,! great bulk ( ! bauxite deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates seems controll$ by ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 ?r\gh its subsidi>ies1 ! ,am]ican ,bauxite ,co4 & ! ,republic ,m9+ ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,!re are small hold+s ( bauxite l&s controll$ by ! ,national ,bauxite ,co41 a subsidi>y ( ! ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 & by ! ,norton ,co41 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 mak]s ( artificial abrasives4 ,aside f ^! m important hold]s1 !re are a few indep5d5t op]ators ( bauxite m9es1 b _! comb9$ output is s small t x c be disreg>d$4 ,all ( ! alum9um works ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada are controll$ by ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 :i* is dom9at$ by ! ,mell5 bank+ int]e/s1 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,! ,guianas4--,x is report$ t ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica controls ab\t #b1jcj1jjj acres ( bauxite l& 9 ! ,briti% & ,dut* colonies4 ,9 ,briti% ,guiana ! own]%ip is seem+ly 9 ! ,canadian ,bauxite ,co4 ,associat$ ) ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,briti% ,guiana hold+s is ! ,m]rimac ,*emical ,co41 ( ,bo/on4 ,x is also report$ t ! ,norton ,co41 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 has acquir$ 9 ,dut* ,guiana small hold+s ( bauxite l&s4 ,!re are no works utiliz+ bauxite 9 ,dut* ,guiana4 ,france4--,prior to ! w>1 "s ( ! l>ge deposits ( high-grade bauxite 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,v> 7 controll$ by ! 8,bauxites de ,france10 a ,g]man ent]prise1 b ?is control 0 naturally susp5d$ at ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities1 & x w probably n be resum$4 ,! ,fr5* bauxite indu/ry is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* produc]s ( alum9um m5tion$ bel[1 ?\gh "s deposits are said to be controll$ by ! ,briti% ,alum9um ,co4 ?r\gh its control ( ! ,union des ,bauxites company4 ,! ,fr5* alum9um indu/ry is c5traliz$ "u "o sell+ ag5cy1 ,l',alum9ium ,franaise1 9 :i* ! foll[+ five companies p>ticipate3 ,compagnie des ,produits ,*emiques d',alais et de la ,cam>gue1 ,socit ,electro-,metallurgique ,franaise1 ,socit d',electro-,*emie1 ,socit des ,=ces ,motrices de l',arve1 ,socit ,electro-,metallurgique de ,pyr5ees4 ,x is said t ! /ock ( ! sell+ company is own$ by p>ticipat+ companies 9 proportion to _! output ( alum9um1 :i* w\ld indicate t ! control ( l',alum9ium ,franaise re/s ) ! fir/ two companies above4 ,great ,brita94--,! bauxite deposits 9 ,c\nty ,antrim1 ,irel&1 are seem+ly controll$ exclusively by ! ,briti% ,alum9ium ,co4 ,! ,briti% ,alum9ium ,co4 is ! sole produc] ( ! metal 9 ,engl&1 op]at+ plants at ,foy]s & ,lo* ,lev51 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & plants 9 ,norway4 ,norway4--,all ! bauxite us$ by ! alum9um works 9 ,norway is ( ,fr5* or ,briti% orig94 ,!re are no deposits ( bauxite 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,briti% ,alum9ium ,co4 controls ! alum9um plants at ,higel& & ,/rangfiord ?r\gh ! ,anglo-,norwegian ,co4 ,! ,compagnie des ,produits ,*emiques d',alais et de la ,cam>gue 7,fr5*7 l>gely controls ! ,socit ,norvegi5ne des ,nitrures1 :i* op]ates alum9um works at ,ar5dal & ,tyss$al4 ,a ,norwegian company1 ! ,norske ,alum9um ,co41 has be5 rec5tly organiz$ to make alum9um4 ,italy4--,!re is little in=mation conc]n+ ! own]%ip ( ! ,italian bauxite deposits1 b presumably !y are controll$ by ! produc]s ( alum9um4 ,! pr9cipal alum9um manufactur] is ! ,societa ,italiana p] la ,fabricazione dell',allum9io1 :i* is "u ,italian-,fr5* control4 ,! new alum9um company1 ,l',allum9o ,italiano1 rec5tly organiz$ 9 ,italy1 if reports are true1 may be 9 "p controll$ by ,g]man & ,swiss int]e/s4 ,z ! company 0 organiz$ dur+ ! w>1 x does n seem reasonable to suppose t ,g]man p>ticipation w\ld be p]mitt$4 ,c5tral ,p[]s4--,app>5tly mo/ ( ! alum9um indu/ry ( ^! c\ntries is controll$ by a ,g]man-,swiss company1 ,socit ,swisse p\r l',indu/rie de l',alum9ium1 or ,alum9um ,indu/rie1 ,a4 ,g41 :i* op]ates plants at ,neuhaus51 ,*ippes1 ,navisance1 & ,borgne1 9 ,switz]l&2 at ,rhe9feld51 ,g]many1 & at ,l5d & ,rauris1 9 ,au/ria4 ,a small quantity ( alum9um is also made by ! ,g]man firm1 ,gebrd] ,guil9i1 at its plant at ,m>tigny4 ,x is report$ t ! ,alum9um ,fabrik-,m>tigny1 ,a4 ,g41 has rec5tly be5 =m$ ) ,g4 ,guil9i at its head1 :i* is possibly a reorganization ( ! =m] conc]n4 ,,summ>y ,by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ important use ( bauxite is = ! extraction ( alum9um1 a metal us$ ma9ly 9 ! manufacture ( p>ts = int]nal-combu/ion eng9es & ( indu/rial & h\sehold ut5sils4 ,bauxite is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial abrasives1 z a s\rce ( c]ta9 alum9um salts1 & 9 ! manufacture ( refractory bricks4 ,! fir/ two uses1 ! manufacture ( alum9um & abrasives1 are ! mo/ ess5tial1 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to re/rict to any great ext5t ! use 9 ! *emical indu/ry4 ,! pr9cipal bauxite deposits ( ! _w are 9 ! prov9ces ( ,v> & ,h]ault1 s\!rn ,france2 9 ! =m] empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y2 9 ,arkansas1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama2 9 ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana2 & 9 nor?we/]n ,irel&4 ,m9or deposits are locat$ 9 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,v5ezuela1 ,fr5* ,guiana1 ,brazil1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & probably ,*9a4 ,x is believ$ t ! tropical c\ntries hold imm5se res]ves ( bauxite4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t x is *emically possible to manufacture alum9um f ! l[-grade 7high-silicate7 bauxite ores4 ,no comm]cial process has be5 p]fect$1 b x seems c]ta9 t "o or m me?ods w be develop$ to ! comm]cial /age 9 ! ne> future4 ,a r$uction 9 ! price ( alum9um is n to be expect$ z a result ( ?is *ange 9 practice1 h[ev]1 = ! use ( l[-grade mat]ials w und\bt$ly increase ! manufactur+ co/s4 ,! l>ge/ produc+ bauxite deposits are controll$ politically by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france4 ,great ,brita9 controls a l>ge %>e ( ! equatorial regions t probably conta9 mo/ ( ! undevelop$ deposits4 ,bauxite may also be f\nd 9 ! colonial possessions ( ,portugal & ,belgium1 & 9 ^? =m]ly own$ by ,g]many4 ,! alum9um works ( ! _w are controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy & ,norway4 ,mo/ ( ! bauxite deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ by ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 :i* is dom9at$ by ! ,mell5 bank+ int]e/s1 ( ,pittsburgh1 & controls all ( ! alum9um works ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,small hold+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are controll$ by a subsidi>y ( ! ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co41 & by ! ,norton ,co41 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica also controls1 ?r\gh subsidi>ies1 l>ge areas ( bauxite l& 9 ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana4 ,be=e ! w> "s ( ! l>ge ,fr5* deposits 7 controll$ by ,g]man int]e/s4 ,! ,fr5* indu/ry is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ,fr5* produc]s ( alum9um1 al?\gh "s ( ! deposits are said to be controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! ma9 ,fr5* companies h organiz$ a sell+ company1 ,l',alum9ium ,franaise4 ,! ,briti% ,alum9ium ,co41 controls ! deposits 9 ,irel& & is ! sole produc] ( alum9um 9 ,engl&4 ,briti% capital also controls alum9um works 9 ,norway4 ,! pr9cipal bauxite deposits ( ,italy are probably controll$ by ! ,societa ,italiana p] la ,fabricazione dell' ,allum9io1 an ,italian-,fr5* company4 ,app>5tly mo/ ( ! alum9um indu/ry ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s is controll$ by a ,g]man-,swiss company4 ,am]ican int]e/s are report$ to h explor$ bauxite deposits 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 ,africa1 b s f> z kn[n h produc$ no bauxite4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,em]y ,,& ,,corundum ,,by ,,frank ,j4 ,,katz ,,uses ,,( ,,em]y ,,& ,,corundum ,corundum is ! natural 7m9]al7 cry/all9e oxide ( alum9um4 ,em]y is a v f9e-gra9$ & intimate int]gr[? ( corundum & o!r m9]als1 *iefly magnetite1 "s v>ieties conta9+ also important am\nts ( hematite1 sp9el1 & *lorite4 ,bo? em]y & corundum are v h>d1 & break into r\gh1 %>p gra9s2 h5ce !y are us$ z abrasives = gr9d+1 dress+1 & poli%+ metals--*iefly iron & /eel--& glass1 &1 to a less ext5t1 /one1 wood1 & o!r mat]ials4 ,em]y & corundum are us$ loose 9 ! =m ( gra9s1 p[d]s1 & fl\rs1 & also z gra9s made up into solid :eels1 cyl9d]s1 blocks1 & files ( _m %apes by means ( a great v>iety ( b9d]s4 ,! ess5tial uses are 9 "w on iron & /eel & glass4 ,! s(t] metals & o!r mat]ials c be work$ 9 _m cases to bett] advantage ) o!r abrasives1 su* z qu>tz1 tripoli1 g>net & pumice4 ,! ess5tial op]ations = :i* em]y & corundum are us$ c be p]=m$ ) ! artificial c>bide & alum9a abrasives4 ,= "s "w1 h[ev]1 su* sub/itutions appe> n to be advisable1 z ! abrasive quality & effici5cy ( bo? ! natural & artificial abrasives dep5d n only on ! h>dness ( ^! mat]ials1 b also on a numb] ( o!r factors3 among ^! be+ ! physical qualities ( ! mat]ials work$2 ! %>pness ( edges & angles ( brok5 p>ticles ( ! abrasive2 ! mann] 9 :i* ! abrasive breaks d[n "u use2 ! mann] (1 & mat]ials us$ 91 b9d+ ! abrasive p>ticles2 & ! spe$ & pressure ) :i* !y are appli$ to ! "w4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( mat]ial abrad$1 ea* calls = diff]5t grades & k9ds ( abrasives1 & = v>iation 9 ! above factors 9 ! use ( ^! abrasives 9 ord] to insure mo/ effici5t use4 ,consequ5tly1 x is almo/ impossible to det]m9e arbitr>ily ! uses = :i* ea* ( ! v>i\s abrasive mat]ials is ess5tial4 ,?is mu*1 at lea/1 seems c]ta9--t = f9i%+ & poli%+ glass1 p>ticul>ly optical glass & plate glass1 !re is z yet no g5]al agreem5t t satisfactory sub/itutes are available = ! bett] grades ( ,turki% & ,greek em]y1 al?\gh exp]im5ts 9 manufacture & use ( suitable artificial abrasives h be5 successful4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! kn[n em]y deposits are products ( magmatic diff]5tiation or ( regional metamorphism1 or ( comb9$ contact & regional metamorphism ( lime/one1 presumably argillace\s1 & ( argillace\s s$im5ts4 ,a /udy ( c]ta9 individual deposits1 !re=e1 makes possible "s =eca/ z to future supplies 9 "s regions1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* ! em]y deposits are intimately relat$ to c]ta9 b$s 9 metamorphic s$im5t>y =mations 9 close proximity to igne\s rocks4 ,! em]y bodies are1 h[ev]1 z a rule1 spott$ or irregul>ly di/ribut$1 & reliable e/imates ( res]ves are difficult4 ,corundum1 9 a numb] ( associations1 is an orig9al con/itu5t ( a great v>iety ( igne\s rocks1 su* z p]idotites1 anor?osites1 sy5ites1 nephel9e sy5ites1 & sy5ite pegmatites4 ,x is also abundantly f\nd 9 regionally metamorphos$ rocks & 9 contact metamorphic zones1 occurr+ 9 s]p5t9es1 mica s*i/s1 qu>tz s*i/s1 & cry/all9e lime/ones4 ,a ?ird important s\rce ( corundum is alluvial deposits4 ,corundum is n a *>act]i/ic or ess5tial con/itu5t 9 any ( ^! types ( rocks & is pres5t 9 alluvial deposits 9 re/rict$ localities only4 ,fur!rmore1 its di/ribution & its conc5tration1 :5 pres5t1 are irregul> & unsy/ematic1 & !re are1 !re=e1 no geologic guides by :i* future supplies c be =eca/ )\t int5sive /udy ( ea* individual occurr5ce4 ,,geographic ,,di/ribution ,! *ief deposits ( em]y & corundum 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 ! ea/]n seabo>d or ,appala*ian /ates4 ,! em]y deposits ( ,*e/]1 ,massa*usetts1 are 9 a n>r[ b& less ?an #ejj feet wide t has be5 trac$ = ne>ly five miles4 ,! ,*e/] deposits h be5 work$ at v>i\s times s9ce ! eighties & up to #aiac4 ,em]y deposits ne> ,peekskill1 ,new ,york1 are associat$ ) igne\s rocks 9 an area ( #bj to #be squ>e miles4 ,^! deposits h be5 work$ s9ce #ahhi4 ,"s ( ! mat]ial m9$ is a true em]y1 t is1 an intimate mixture ( corundum & magnetite1 b mo/ ( x is l>gely a mixture ( sp9el & magnetite1 :i*1 :ile n a true em]y1 makes an excell5t abrasive4 ,9 #aiaf & #aiag1 ! annual output ( ore 0 approximately #ae1jjj tons4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,:ittle1 ,pittsylvania ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 sp9el em]y1 some:at l ! ,new ,york em]y1 b conta9+ m corundum1 is abundant4 ,! deposits 9 ?is region h already produc$ consid]able em]y & may be c\nt$ on = a l>ge supply4 ,corundum is associat$ ) a s]p5t9e belt ext5d+ ?r\gh ,lanca/]1 ,*e/]1 ,delaw>e1 ,montgom]y1 & ,bucks c\nties1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ?r\gh adjo9+ c\nties 9 ,delaw>e & ,m>yl&4 ,! deposits 9 ?is region d n seem to be ( comm]cial importance4 ,corundum is f\nd 9 a l>ge numb] ( localities 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! mo/ important occurr5ces ( corundum are 9 or ne> p]idotite masses1 also 9 s*i/s1 & 9 alluvial deposits4 ,active m9+ "w 0 fir/ begun 9 #ahga & cont9u$ until ab\t #aijf1 :5 ,nor? ,c>ol9a corundum 0 driv5 f ! m>ket by ! competition ( ,canadian corundum & artificial abrasives4 ,corundum m9+ 0 reviv$ 9 #aiae1 & ! ?ree prop]ties work$ 9 #aiag made an output ( #hbj tons4 ,!re is unque/ionably a v l>ge res]ve ( corundum 9 ?is region1 b transportation is difficult & effici5t labor is sc>ce2 s t !re is little imm$iate prospect ( a l>ge developm5t4 ,! only comm]cially important deposits ( abrasive corundum we/ ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s are 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,gallat9 ,c\nty ne> ,salesville1 ,montana1 :]e corundum occurs 9 sy5ite & sy5ite pegmatite4 ,! deposits h be5 work$ by ?ree companies1 & up to #aijc1 :5 op]ations ceas$1 _h produc$ sev]al hundr$ tons ( corundum4 ,! s\rces 9 ,canada ( abrasive corundum ( comm]cial importance are limit$ to ! corundum sy5ites & anor?osites 9 c5tral ,ont>io4 ,^! deposits h be5 develop$ & m9$ only at ! ,burgess m9es & at ,craigmont4 ,corundum m9+ z an indu/ry 9 ,canada began 9 #aijj4 ,! production rea*$ a maximum 9 #aijf & 0 small] & fairly uni=m f #aijg to #aiac1 9 :i* ye> op]ations 7 practically susp5d$4 ,! report$ occurr5ces ( corundum 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica are *iefly ( ! gem v>iety4 ,em]y is report$ f ,musco1 ,colombia1 & common corundum is report$ z especially abundant at localities 9 ! ,/ate ( ,sao ,paulo1 ,brazil4 ,! only occurr5ce ( em]y & corundum ( comm]cial importance 9 ,europe is 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 p>ticul>ly ! ,isl& ( ,naxos4 ,! deposits occur !re z l5ses & masses 9 lime/ones & 9 ! vic9ity ( granites4 ,exploration & developm5t "w has be5 sup]ficial1 b res]ves or future supplies !re are probably enorm\s4 ,annual exports dur+ ! ye>s #ahig to #aiad av]ag$ #f1hjj metric tons4 ,9 ,asia !re are comm]cial corundum deposits 9 ,asiatic ,turkey & 9 ,india4 ,! em]y deposits ( ,asiatic ,turkey are ne> ,smyrna4 ,! ,turki% em]y is simil> 9 orig9 & g5]al "* to ! ,greek em]y1 except t none is f\nd 9 ,asia ,m9or ( q ! sup]ior quality ( t ( ,naxos4 ,! ma9 s\rce ( supply seems s f> to h be5 f ! detrital deposits4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t supplies are l>ge4 ,! em]y m9es ( ,asia ,m9or are v old & h annually contribut$ l>ge quantities to ! _w's supply1 _! output hav+ be5 l>g] ?an f any o!r region 9 ! _w4 ,/ati/ics = rec5t ye>s are lack+4 ,! record$ output 9 (ficial reports ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t 0 ab\t #fb1jjj metric tons 9 #aijh & ab\t #be1jjj 9 #aiji4 ,! corundum deposits ( ,india are num]\s & include n only ! common abrasive v>ieties b also ! mo/ highly priz$ gem v>ieties4 ,comm]cially important deposits ( ! abrasive v>iety occur 9 ! presid5cy ( ,madras4 ,! foll[+ prov9ces & native /ates also conta9 ! m9]al 9 m or less abundance3 ,afghani/an1 ,b5gal1 ,burma1 ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,punjab1 & ,travancore4 ,available data on ! production ( corundum 9 ,india indicate an output betwe5 #ajj & #ejj long tons a ye>1 up to & includ+ #aiae4 ,9 #aiaf ! production 0 approximately #b1jjj long tons & s9ce !n x has probably equal$ or exce$$ t figure4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n z to ! corundum res\rces ( ,india1 except t !y are und\bt$ly l>ge4 ,! only record$ deposits ( abrasive corundum 9 comm]cial quantities on ! cont95t ( ,africa are 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pretoria1 9 ! ,transvaal1 :]e corundum1 probably occurr+ orig9ally 9 s*i/s1 is conc5trat$ f residual mat]ial on ! l& surface4 ,little in=mation conc]n+ ^! corundum deposits is available1 b x is probable t l>ge res]ves may be develop$4 ,! production1 :i* _h be5 slight or negligible prior to #aiab1 exp&$ greatly 9 #aiag to ab\t #c1jjj long tons4 ,corundum appe>s to be abundant on ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>1 :]e l>ge am\nts ( gem /uff & abrasive mat]ials h be5 f\nd 9 alluvial deposits4 ,! production ( abrasive corundum1 :i* 0 v small 9 #aiaj1 exp&$ to ab\t #a1ajj metric tons 9 #aiac1 & approximately #a1jjj metric tons 9 #aiaf4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,no mat]ial *anges 9 geographic di/ribution ( res\rces appe> probable 9 ! ne> future4 ,none ( ! deposits n[ productive is approa*+ exhau/ion1 & only conc]n+ em]y 9 ,virg9ia1 :]e some:at l>g] em]y production may be expect$1 is in=mation at h& ^u :i* to =eca/ *anges 9 output4 ,sub/itution ( artificial abrasives = em]y & corundum may be ext5d$4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ e>ly 9 #aiah look+ t[>d ! developm5t ( an artificial abrasive suitable = use 9 optical & plate-glass "w h be5 successful1 s t !re may rema9 no indu/rial op]ation :olly dep5d5t on em]y & corundum4 ,! complete supplant+ ( ! natural abrasives1 h[ev]1 w dep5d 9 "p on ! supply ( bauxite available = manufacture into artificial abrasives4 ,at pres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates supplies ( bauxite are suffici5t = su* use4 ,! dem& 9 ,brita9 & ,france = ,indian & ,s\? ,african corundum & ,greek em]y w\ld und\bt$ly dim9i% if ! ,fr5* artificial abrasive plants 7 9 full op]ation4 ,su* a *ange w\ld also probably cut d[n exports ( artificial abrasives f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & correspond+ly affect ! dem& = em]y & corundum4 ,,political ,,control ,em]y & corundum res\rces )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$1 s f> z kn[n1 by ,am]ican citiz5s1 & are 9 no way /ate controll$4 ,! ,greek em]y indu/ry 0 =m]ly a monopoly controll$ by ! ,greek gov]nm5t1 b ! inhabitants ( ! em]y region _h always ma9ta9$ _! sole "r to m9e ! em]y4 ,?is "r 0 respect$1 & ! ,greek gov]nm5t m]ely regulat$ & manag$ sales & exports1 exact$ high royalties1 :i* 7 *ang$ f "t to "t1 fix$ prices1 & ma9ta9$ high quality & uni=m /&>ds ( em]y = export4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t dur+ ! w> assum$ control ( ! ,naxos em]y supply & presumably cont9u$ ! regulations ( ! ,greek gov]nm5t4 ,supplies ( ,greek em]y 7 available only to ,france & h] allies1 ?r\gh allocation by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! v>i\s em]y & corundum deposits are 9 small hold+s t are mo/ly own$ by local resid5ts4 ,! m9es & qu>ries h be5 work$ by lessees on royalty1 g5]ally4 ,a consid]able numb] ( op]ators are & h be5 engag$ 9 sev]al localities1 & !re are no trade coalitions4 ,cru%+ & grad+ are 9 ! h&s ( eight indep5d5t competitive companies1 except 9 s f> z !y 7 weld$ dur+ ! w> into a trade association by ! ,w> ,trade ,bo>d = ! purpose ( allocat+1 "u ,gov]nm5t sup]vision1 ! small imports ( ,greek em]y to ess5tial indu/ries4 ,9 ,canada ! bett] portions ( ! corundum deposits seem to be controll$ l>gely by "o company--,manufactur]s ,corundum ,co4--^: own]s seem to be dom9antly or entirely ( ,canadian nationality4 ,! ,greek em]y deposits1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,naxos1 are claim$ to be ! inali5able prop]ty ( ! families resid5t ^u ! isl&4 ,!re is no control ( em]y & corundum res\rces ?r\gh own]%ip ( cru%+1 mill+1 & grad+ plants1 nor ?r\gh pat5ts or secret processes ( prep>ation4 ,trade comb9ations z affect+ em]y & corundum supply are unkn[n4 ,!re are a numb] ( mill+ companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,brita91 ,france1 & ,g]many1 :o compete = ! _w's supply ( raw mat]ial1 & ^? ( ea* c\ntry compete ) "o ano!r = m>kets = ! grad$1 prep>$ mat]ial4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has supplies ( inf]ior em]y & res\rces ( corundum :i* are n develop$ adequately to meet ! dem&s = natural abrasive mat]ials4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 %ort ( ! am\nt ( em]y & corundum desir$ by consum]s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is %ortage 0 (fset by an excess supply ( artificial abrasives4 ,engl&1 9 ,india & ,s\? ,africa1 has corundum supplies probably m ?an suffici5t = h] ne$s4 ,engl& is probably well en\gh suppli$ ) ^! abrasives1 p>ticul>ly z long z %e cont9ues to import f ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ne$$ artificial abrasives4 ,france has no home supply ( em]y & corundum1 b has l>ge res\rces 9 h] colony1 ,madagasc>1 & dur+ ! w> controll$ ! ,greek em]y supply4 ,fur!rmore1 ,france has 9 res]ve ri* bauxite deposits & hydro-electric p[] = manufacture ( artificial abrasives4 ,g]many dep5d$ ^u ,turki% em]y dur+ ! w>4 ,%e is %ort ( bauxite1 b makes l>ge quantities ( c>borundum4 ,japan probably c supply h] ne$s by draw+ on ,indian corundum res\rces & on ! ,unit$ ,/ates = artificial abrasives4 ,dur+ ! /r+5cy ( supply 9 #aiag "s mat]ial 0 export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,japan4 ,,summ>y ,corundum & em]y1 ! latt] a close association ( corundum ) c]ta9 o!r m9]als1 are us$ z abrasives = gr9d+ & poli%+ metals1 glass1 /one1 & wood4 ,_m ( ! op]ations =m]ly p]=m$ ) em]y & corundum are n[ be+ p]=m$ ) artificial c>bide & alum9a abrasives4 ,! deposits ( em]y & corundum are few 9 numb]1 b _! product is ample = all pres5t ne$s4 ,comm]cially important deposits are situat$ 9 ! ,appala*ian region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 on ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 especially ! ,isl& ( ,naxos2 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,aid91 9 ,asia ,m9or2 9 ! presid5cy ( ,madras & ! prov9ces ( ,punjab1 ,b5gal1 & ,travancore1 ,india2 9 ,madagasc>2 & 9 ! ,transvaal ne> ,pretoria4 ,! geological =mation ( em]y & corundum deposits makes impossible any accurate e/imate ( res]ves or any =eca/ ( future discov]ies4 ,! political control ( ! em]y & corundum res\rces ( ! _w corresponds to ! geographical location except z reg>ds ! deposits on ! ,isl& ( ,naxos4 ,?is isl& is ,grecian t]ritory1 b ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t dur+ ! w> assum$ control ( ! em]y indu/ry & allocat$ supplies ( ! abrasive only to ! indu/ries ( ,france & h] allies4 ,! deposits ( ,asia ,m9or are at pres5t 7#aibj7 nom9ally 9 ! control ( ,turkey1 b actually p>tly 9 ! coa/al /rips seiz$ & held by ! ,italians & ! ,greeks aft] ! armi/ice4 ,madagasc> is a ,fr5* possession1 & ! ,transvaal & ,india are p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ by a numb] ( small indep5d5t op]ators1 all ,am]ican z f> z is kn[n4 ,! ,canadian deposits are controll$ l>gely by "o company1 ! ,manufactur]s ,corundum ,co41 ^: own]s are pr$om9antly or entirely ,canadian4 ,! ,greek em]y deposits1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,naxos1 are claim$ to be ! inali5able prop]ty ( ! families resid5t on ! isl&4 ,,table #fd4--,,production ,,( ,,em]y ,,& ,,corundum1 #aiaj-aiag ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,em]y ,corundum ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,unit$ ,unit$ ,mada- ,s4 ,/ates ,greece ,/ates ,canada ,india gasc>,africa #adi #adi ,turkey #adi #adi #adi #adi #adi ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ore ,gra9s ,gra9s ,ore %ipp$ ,gra9s ,gra9s or ore or ore pro- f pro- ,gra9s pro- pro- pro- duc$ ,syria duc$%ipp$ duc$ duc$ duc$ 7long7metric 7long 7long 7long7metric 7long tons7 tons7 tons7 tons7 tons7 tons7 tons7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #aiaj #idj #ab1ici #aej #aea #a1ffj #bah #aa #aej #aiaa #fbj #i1hde #aej #aea #a1bgj #bge #aej #aej #aiab #hgj #g1fhg #aej #aea #a1fjj #cde #dif #ii #aiac #ijj #a1ddj #aej #aea #a1jij #cee #a1jii #aej #aiad #dfj #aj1bbf #aej #aea #ejj #aje #eef #aej #aiae #b1hdj #aej #aej #aeb #bbj #fb #cbg #aej #aiafad1djj #aej #aej #aeb #fj #a1hfh #iad #aej #aiagae1djj #aej #aej #ggj #afj #aej #aea #d1jea #aec ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #adi ,/ati/ics = ,unit$ ,/ates f ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey2 = ,canada1 ,canada ,dept4 ,m9es2 = ,greece1 ,briti% ,consul> ,reports quot$ 9 8,m9]al ,indu/ry20 = ,india1 ,records ,india ,geol4 ,survey2 = ,madagasc>1 ,s]vice des ,m9es1 ,madagasc>2 = ,s\? ,africa1 ,am]ican ,consul> ,reports4 #aej ,figures n available4 #aea ,no production4 #aeb ,small unrecord$ am\nt4 #aec ,n9e mon?s1 ,jan4-,june & ,oct4-,dec4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,magnesite ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,/one ,,uses ,,( ,,magnesite ,magnesite & its d]iv$ products are us$ 9 a v>iety ( indu/ries1 ! mo/ ess5tial ( :i*1 beyond d\bt1 is metallurgy4 ,ow+ to ! high fusion po9t & *emical in]tness ( ! oxide ( magnesium1 magnesite is "o ( ! pr9cipal m9]als us$ 9 ! metallurgical & o!r indu/ries :]e highly refractory mat]ial is requir$4 ,= ?is purpose dead-burn$ magnesite is us$ 9 ! =m ( brick or ( gra9s4 ,brick & %apes are employ$ = l9+ op5-he>? /eel furnaces1 weld+1 heat+1 & melt+ furnaces1 rev]b]atories1 settl]s1 & furnaces = ref9+ lead1 copp] conv]t]s1 & electrical furnaces4 ,cru%$ or granul> magnesite is us$ = l9+ ! bottoms ( op5-he>? /eel furnaces1 & 9 mak+ crucibles & cupels4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! cem5t kn[n z oxy*loride or ,sorel cem5t ! quantity ( magnesite us$ is exce$$ only by t us$ = refractory purposes4 ,?is cem5t is employ$ l>gely = sanit>y floor+1 & to a less ext5t = wall pla/]1 bo? int]ior & ext]ior4 ,x is us$ also in/ead ( ,portl& cem5t = "s =ms ( ext]ior con/ruction :]e quick & /rong set is requir$4 ,magnesite is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wood-pulp pap] on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 9 fire-resi/+ pa9t1 z a non-conductor ( heat 9 pipe & furnace cov]+s1 & 9 ! manufacture ( magnesium *loride1 light c>bonate1 & o!r products1 includ+ metallic magnesium4 ,,geological ,,occurr5ce ,deposits ( magnesite are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w & occur 9 two di/9ct =ms1 amorph\s & cry/all9e4 ,amorph\s magnesite1 ! mo/ common =m1 is f9e-gra9$1 & compact2 x is usually f\nd 9 ve9s or masses 9 s]p5t9e result+ f ! alt]ation ( magnesia-ri* rocks ( ! p]idotite family4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! ,grecian deposits1 ne>ly all ! ,cali=nia deposits1 & ^? 9 ,mexico1 ,v5ezuela1 & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,cry/all9e magnesite is m$ium to co>se gra9$1 & occurs z masses 9 lime/one1 dolomite or associat$ s$im5ts :i* h be5 metamorphos$4 ,! pr9cipal deposits ( ?is class are ^? 9 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,quebec1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,deposits ( magnesite are reg>d$ z hav+ orig9at$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,! massive non-cry/all9e v>iety1 su* z t 9 ,cali=nia & ,greece1 is believ$ to h be5 =m$ by ! decomposition ( s]p5t9e4 ,magnesite deposits ne> ,bissel1 ,cali=nia1 & on ,muddy ,riv]1 ne> ,/4 ,?omas1 ,nevada1 are said to be ( s$im5t>y orig94 ,! ,au/ro-,hung>ian1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,quebec deposits are reg>d$ z result+ f ! replacem5t ( calc>e\s s$im5t>y rocks by magnesian-be>+ solutions4 ,magnesite deposits t occur z ve9s 9 connection ) s]p5t9iz$ magnesian rocks probably are =m$ bo? f ! break+ d[n ( ! s]p5t9e-mak+ m9]als & f ! s]p5t9e itself4 ,x seems probable t usually bo? s]p5t9e & magnesite are =m$ 9 ! process ( decay ( ! orig9al m9]als 9 p]idotite & ! alli$ basic rocks1 & t dur+ ! decay ( ! s]p5t9e ! =mation ( magnesite cont9ues4 ,9 any case ! magnesia or magnesian m9]al is *ang$ to c>bonate1 dissolv$ by p]colat+ wat] *>g$ ) c>bon dioxide1 & precipitat$ 9 cracks & crevices z ve9s4 ,:5 =m$ 9 ?is way ! magnesite occurs 9 l>ge & small ve9s1 l5ses1 & /ockwork1 & its di/ribution & ext5t are erratic4 ,x seems fair to assume t ^! deposits may ext5d to ! limit ( dep? ( easily circulat+ surface wat]s1 :i* 9 favorable conditions may be sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,fault+1 on ! o!r h&1 is z likely to cut ! ve9s (f 9 dep? z 9 l5g?4 ,any e/imate ( available tonnage ( magnesite 9 deposits ( ?is type !re=e is unw>rant$ 9 advance ( developm5t "w4 ,s$im5t>y deposits su* z ^? ( ,bissel1 ,cali=nia1 & ne> ,/4 ,?omas1 ,nevada1 are by _! nature m regul> 9 occurr5ce1 & _! tonnage c be e/imat$ f ! outcrop 9 natural exposures & prospects4 ,replacem5t deposits l ^? 9 ,wa%+ton & ,quebec are n s regul> z ! s$im5t>y deposits1 b are m regul> ?an ! ve9s1 & tonnage e/imates may be bas$ on ! surface exposure & an assum$ dep? ( #ej to #ajj feet4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! kn[n di/ribution ( magnesite deposits is z foll[s3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,canada3 ,quebec1 ,briti% ,columbia & else:]e4 ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton1 ,nevada4 ,mexico3 ,l[] ,cali=nia on ,santa ,m>g>ita ,isl&4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,v5ezuela3 ,isl& ( ,m>g>ita4 ,europe4 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,g]many1 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,mac$onia1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,russia4 ,africa4 ,transvaal1 ,rhodesia1 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa4 ,asia4 ,india1 9 ,madras & ,mysore4 ,au/ralia4 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania4 ,oceania4 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! foll[+ description by c\ntries is 9 ! ord] giv5 above3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,canada4--,! pr9cipal magnesite deposits 9 ,canada are 9 ! ,gr5ville di/rict1 ,arg5teuil ,c\nty1 ,quebec1 :]e ! m9]al is associat$ ) s]p5t9e1 dolomite1 & o!r m9]als4 ,! magnesite 9 ! ,gr5ville di/rict is a gli/5+ cream-:ite to milk-:ite or gray mat]ial t occurs 9 ext5sive masses associat$ ) b&s or l5ses ( d>k gre5 to light-yell[ s]p5t9e4 ,?r\gh\t ! great mass ( ! deposits ! magnesite & dolomite are s simil> 9 appe>ance t ! detect+ ( dolomite is difficult4 ,!re is consid]able positive evid5ce 9 support ( ! hypo!sis t ! deposits h be5 =m$ by ! solution & replacem5t ( cry/all9e lime/one ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( magnesia-ri* solutions4 ,outcrops ( ! deposits are up to #a1jjj feet long & #cjj feet wide4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are 9 sight #fhf1ijj tons ( magnesite conta9+ less ?an #ab p] c5t4 ,ca,o & #dhc1gjj tons ( magnesite-dolomite conta9+ m ?an #ab p] c5t4 ,ca,o4 ,9 ! ,atl9 m9+ di/rict1 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 bo? magnesite & hydromagnesite h be5 not$1 b ! ext5sive masses ( hydromagnesite ne> ! t[n ( ,atl9 are ! mo/ important4 ,^! deposits are sup]ficial b$s ( f9e p[d]y :ite hydromagnesite #f to #h feet ?ick1 t cov] areas up to #ah acres 9 ext5t4 ,two gr\ps ( ^! deposits are e/imat$ to conta9 #ahj1jjj tons ( hydromagnesite4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,magnesite 9 comm]cial quantity occurs 9 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,reports ( workable deposits 9 o!r /ates h n be5 v]ifi$4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re are magnesite deposits 9 _m places ?r\gh\t ! ,coa/ ,range & on ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ras1 f ,m5doc9o & ,plac] c\nties on ! nor? to ,riv]side ,c\nty on ! s\?4 ,be=e ! w>1 m9+ 0 limit$ to a few localities & ! annual output 0 ab\t #aj1jjj tons1 b ! dem& caus$ by l>ge r$uction 9 imports />t$ active prospect+ & developm5t1 ) ! result t 9 #aiag ?irte5 c\nties yield$ a total ( #baa1ffc tons1 valu$ at #b1aaf1fcj4 ,9 n9e c\nties ! deposits are l>ge & 9 f\r c\nties only small deposits h be5 f\nd z yet4 ,! mo/ important deposits are 9 ,napa1 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,san ,b5ito1 & ,tul>e c\nties4 ,9 #aiag1 #fc p] c5t4 ( ! crude magnesite produc$ 0 m9$ 9 ,tul>e ,c\nty4 ,practically all ( ! ,cali=nia magnesite deposits are irregul> ve9s 9 s]p5t9e1 result+ f ! alt]ation ( magnesian igne\s rocks4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton deposits ( cry/all9e magnesite h be5 f\nd at sev]al places4 ,! ,wa%+ton magnesite diff]s greatly f ! ,cali=nia deposits & occurs 9 l>g] masses4 ,x is co>sely cry/all9e1 l m>ble or co>se textur$ dolomite1 & is r$1 p9k1 black1 :ite1 & gray4 ,! ,/ev5s ,c\nty magnesite has be5 =m$ by ! replacem5t ( l5ses ( dolomite 9 s$im5t>y rocks4 ,! recry/allization ( ! pur] magnesian c>bonate may h be5 second>y & influ5c$ by ! intrusion ( basic magnesian rock :i* occurs above & bel[ ! magnesite 9 "s places4 ,! l>g] deposits are #bjj or m feet ?ick & #a1jjj or m feet long4 ,e/imates ( "o million tons )9 #ajj feet ( ! surface are reasonable = at lea/ ?ree ( ! deposits4 ,m9+ 9 ,wa%+ton began 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf1 ) a production ( #gae tons4 ,! output 9 #aiag 0 #aje1age tons1 valu$ at #ghc1ahh4 ,! only kn[n deposit ( magnesite 9 ,nevada is an ext5sive s$im5t>y b$ 9 ! valley ( ,muddy ,riv]1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4 ,! magnesite c>ries m ?an #e p] c5t4 lime & m ?an #aa p] c5t4 silica4 ,x has n be5 develop$4 ,! total production ( magnesite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae 0 #cj1dii %ort tons2 9 #aiaf1 #aed1igd %ort tons2 9 #aiag1 #caf1hch %ort tons2 & 9 #aiah1 #bca1fje %ort tons4 ,mexico4--,on ! ,isl& ( ,santa ,m>g>ita1 9 ,magdal5a ,bay1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 are ext5sive deposits ( magnesite f :i* exports h be5 made to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,walls ( canyons 9 ! m\nta9s %[ masses ( magnesite sev]al feet ?ick1 & magnesite b\ld]s /rew ! /ream b$s4 ,l>ge quantities c be obta9$ )\t m9+ & ne$ only to be brok5 up = %ipm5t4 ,an analysis ( calc9$ magnesite f ,santa ,m>g>ita ,isl& %[s practically no silica1 lime1 or iron4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,! deposits on ,m>g>ita ,isl&1 ,v5ezuela1 are ( ! amorph\s or ,cali=nia type & occur 9 ve9s & /ockwork4 ,no in=mation is available reg>d+ _! ext5t1 b #ejj tons 7 export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae4 ,europe4--,! magnesite deposits ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 :i* until rec5tly furni%$ mu* ( ! _w's supply1 ext5d along a nor!a/ l9e = sev]al hundr$ miles across ! two c\ntries4 ,! m9]al occurs 9 l5ses4 ,a l>ge deposit ne> ,veits*1 ,au/ria1 measures #gjj to #hjj feet f ! top to ! base4 ,! ore is qu>ri$ 9 a s]ies ( b5*es4 ,ano!r v l>ge deposit 9 ,au/ria is at ,rad5!94 ,! magnesite is qu>ri$ by great cuts1 & l[]$ by gravity to rot>y kilns4 ,calc9+ is done ne> ! m9e & bo? gra9 & magnesite bricks are %ipp$4 ,! prop]ty 0 own$ by ,am]icans be=e ! w> & mu* ( ! output w5t to ,am]ican ports4 ,! magnesite 9 ^! deposits is cry/all9e & occurs 9 dolomite1 probably ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 f :i* x 0 d]iv$ by ! infiltration ( magnesium c>bonate solutions & ! lea*+ out ( soluble calcium c>bonate4 ,x is f9ely to co>sely cry/all9e1 yell[ or blui%-:ite1 c>ries #c to #d4e p] c5t4 iron oxide1 less ?an #b p] c5t4 silica1 & less ?an #c p] c5t4 lime4 ,x calc9es readily to ! dead-burn$ /ate & makes satisfactory gra9 magnesite & brick = refractory purposes4 ,deposits ( magnesite 7 work$ = _m ye>s ne> ,frank5/e91 ,silesia1 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,sant&]1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 co>se cry/all9e magnesite ly+ 9 ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/one & dolomite has be5 m9$ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! production 9 #aiae 0 #a1djj tons4 ,9 ,greece1 magnesite is ( ! non-cry/all9e type & occurs associat$ ) s]p5t9e 9 ve9s & masses4 ,! mo/ important deposits are on ! ,isl& ( ,euboea4 ,! ,euboean deposits are all close to ! sea%ore1 & "u normal conditions *eap wat] transportation to ! pr9cipal magnesite m>kets ( ! _w is available4 ,! production ( ,greek magnesite 9 #aiad 0 ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ?ree companies3 ! ,anglo-,greek ,magnesite ,co41 #bd ,f9sbury ,sq41 ,london2 ! ,socit ,hell5ique des ,m9es1 ,a!ns2 & ! ,hell5ic ,magnesite ,co41 ,a!ns4 ,! di/ribution ( ! magnesite is controll$ by ! ,london company4 ,! ,anglo-,greek ,magnesite ,co4 works m9es at ,galataki & ,afration1 9 ,euboea4 ,at ! ,galataki m9es ! ve9 ( ore expos$ is kn[n to be #a1cjj feet long & #ej to #fj feet wide4 ,! ,socit ,hell5ique des ,m9es 7n[ call$ ,! ,f9ancial ,corporation ( ,greece1 ,ltd417 controls ! production ( sev]al m9es at ,mant\di1 ,limni1 ,l>imna1 etc4 ,! ,hell5ic ,magnesite ,co4 obta9s mo/ ( its ore f surface excavations4 ,9 #aiab ! production ( magnesite by sev]al companies 9 ,greece1 7n includ+ ! ,hell5ic ,magnesite ,co47 0 z foll[s3 ,raw magnesite1 #hg1cch tons2 calc9$ magnesite1 #cj1fde tons2 dead-burn$ magnesite1 #c1bja tons4 ,?is is equival5t to ab\t #aej1jjj tons ( crude ore1 & does n include ! product ( "o ( ! ?ree l>ge/ produc]s4 ,! magnesite f ,greece & t f ,cali=nia are practically id5tical 9 physical & *emical "*1 b prior to #aiae ! ,cali=nia mat]ial c\ld n compete ) ! ,grecian 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket1 because ( ! transcont95tal freight rate be+ s high 9 comp>ison ) ! ocean freight on mat]ial br\ght z balla/4 ,magnesite is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,mac$onia1 occurr+ z ve9s 9 s]p5t9e4 ,magnesite deposits1 =m]ly work$1 occur 9 ,italy 9 ! ,tur9 di/rict1 & on ! ,isl& ( ,elba4 ,none ( ! deposits seems to be l>ge4 ,an analysis ( magnesite f ! ,isl& ( ,elba %[s ov] #h p] c5t4 silica1 a trace ( iron1 & f #a to #c4e p] c5t4 lime4 ,magnesite occurs 9 ,norway z small ve9s 9 s]p5t9e1 b1 unlike o!r magnesite 9 s]p5t9e1 x is cry/all9e4 ,x is rem>kable 9 t x %[s no lime1 b x c>ries ov] #d p] c5t4 iron & #i p] c5t4 silica4 ,x is calc9$ & made into brick4 ,deposits simil> to ^? 9 ,norway are f\nd 9 ,sw$51 b on acc\nt ( _! situation1 :i* entails heavy op]at+ & transportation exp5ses1 x is d\btful if !y w ev] be able to compete ) *eap] ,european magnesite4 ,magnesite has be5 m9$ 9 ! ,or5burg gov]nm5t1 ,russia4 ,"o m9e yield$ #bf1cbj metric tons 9 #aijf4 ,magnesite occurs also on ! nor? slope ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,africa4--,ext5sive deposits ( magnesite occur 9 ! ,transvaal1 z ve9s1 t range up to #d feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! rock is us$ = mak+ c>bon dioxide & oxy*loride cem5t4 ,great deposits ( magnesite are report$ 9 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa4 ,! deposits are ne>1 or associat$ )1 boil+ spr+s4 ,asia4--,! mo/ important occurr5ce ( magnesite 9 ,india seems to be 9 ! ,madras presid5cy1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! p59sula ( ,h9du/an1 :]e ! m9]al occurs 9 int]lac+ ve9s4 ,! ma9 deposits h produc$ m ?an #b1jjj tons 9 a s+le ye>4 ,cry/all9e magnesite occurs 9 lime/one 9 ! ,man*uria m\nta9s1 & is m9$ at ,daisetsukyo = refractory purposes4 ,magnesite is report$ 9 ,asiatic ,turkey ab\t #ge kilomet]s f ,smyrna4 ,au/ralia4--,! deposits ( magnesite 9 ,que5sl& are s small t !y probably h no comm]cial value4 ,r\nd$ blocks ( pure :ite magnesite outcrop 9 "o locality 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :]e _m ?\s&s ( tons are available at small co/4 ,an analysis %[s #ii4ja p] c5t4 magnesium c>bonate & no lime4 ,l>ge deposits ( magnesite are report$ 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,ext5sive deposits also occur on ! nor? end ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,a small quantity has be5 export$4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! magnesite deposits t play a notable "p 9 ! _w's economy are situat$ 9 ,canada1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & ,greece4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! pr9cipal magnesite deposits 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton are own$ by ! ,nor?we/ ,magnesite ,co41 ,spokane1 ,wa%42 ,valley ,magnesite ,co41 ,spokane1 ,wa%42 & ,am]ican ,m9]al ,production ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,nor?we/ ,magnesite ,co4 is ! l>ge/ produc] 9 ! ,wa%+ton field & probably has made ! l>ge/ inve/m5t4 ,! ,am]ican ,m9]al ,production ,co4 has a plant at ,valley1 ,wa%42 ! ,valley ,magnesite ,co4 has a deposit ne> ,valley1 b is n op]at+ x4 ,! pr9cipal produc]s ( magnesite 9 ,cali=nia 9 ! summ] ( #aiah 7 ! ,tul>e ,m9+ ,co41 ) a m9e ne> ,port]ville2 ,port]ville ,magnesite ,co4 ( ,cali=nia1 ) m9e at ,port]ville2 ,we/]n ,magnesite ,developm5t ,co41 ) a m9e at ,r$ ,m\nta92 & ,frank ,r4 ,sweasy1 work+ ! ,:ite ,rock m9e1 ,pope ,valley1 ,napa ,c\nty4 ,au/ria4--,! ,veits*] ,magnesite ,co41 ( ,vi5na1 & ! ,magnesite ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,budape/1 =m$ a comb9ation or c>tel1 ) ! und]/&+ or agreem5t t all ! sales ( magnesite outside ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y _h to be made ?r\gh ,c>l ,spat] ,co41 a ,g]man firm 9 ,cobl5z1 ,g]many4 ,! firm ( ,c>l ,spat] ,co4 =m]ly own$ ! works ( ! ,veits*] ,magnesite ,co41 b sold out & obta9$ ! p]petual sell+ ag5cy :5 ! /ock company 0 =m$4 ,! ,h>bison-,walk] ,refractories ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,p5n41 is said to h be5 ! ,am]ican repres5tative ( ,spat] ,co4 ,! ,au/ro-,am]ican ,magnesite ,co41 ^: deposit & works at ,rad5!91 ,au/ria1 repres5t an inve/m5t ( #a1hjj1jjj1 is own$ by ,am]icans4 ,! entire /ock is absolutely controll$ by ! pr9cipal /ockhold]s ( ! ,am]ican ,refractories ,co41 or 0 s controll$ be=e ! w>4 ,! ,au/ro-,am]ican ,magnesite ,co41 x is claim$1 0 do+ virtually #ie p] c5t4 ( ! magnesite bus9ess 9 ,engl& be=e ! w>1 & ab\t #fe to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! bus9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is company has a capacity ( #aej1jjj tons ( calc9$ magnesite a ye>4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ,c>l ,spat] ,co41 :o h&le bo? magnesite & magnesite brick made by ! ,veits*] ,magnesite ,co4 & ! ,magnesite ,co41 ,ltd41 w\ld n sell magnesite to ! ,engli% refractory brick mak]s1 ! ,au/ro-,am]ican ,magnesite ,co4 =m$ a sell+ company 9 ,engl&1 call$ ! ,anglo-,au/rian ,magnesite ,co41 ( ,%effield1 ,engl&4 ,! ,engli% company sold magnesite f ! ,au/ro-,am]ican ,magnesite ,co4 works at ,rad5!91 ,au/ria1 to all ! refractory brick manufactur]s ( ,engl&1 & virtually took all ! ,engli% trade f ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,g5]al ,magnesite ,co41 ( ,budape/1 has a magnesite deposit & plant at ,hizonvi* 7,hisnyoviz871 ,hung>y4 ,! /ock ( ?is company is believ$ to be own$ pr9cipally by /ockhold]s ( ! ,g5]al ,refractories ,co41 #aaa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,! balance ( ! /ock1 believ$ to be ab\t #dj p] c5t41 is own$ by "s ,hung>ians ( ,budape/1 repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,gun/1 ( ,budape/1 presid5t ( ! company4 ,accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1#aed !re are sev5 companies exploit+ magnesite 9 ,greece3 ,! ,anglo-,greek ,magnesite ,co41 ,ltd41 ) head (fices 9 ,london1 ,engl&2 ! ,socit ,f9ancire de ,grce1 ,solon & ,lycabettus ,/reets1 ,a!ns2 ,! ,int]nationale ,magnesite ,w]k51 ) head (fices 9 ,rott]dam1 ,ne!rl&s2 ,l4 ,c>ambelas1 ,limni1 ,euboea2 ,n4 ,papantonatos1 ,limni1 ,euboea2 ,g4 ,a4 ,georgidades1 ,a!ns1 7exploit+ a concession on behalf ( ! ,g5]al ,magnesite ,magnesia ,co41 ( ,philadelphia72 & ,alexi\1 ,daphnopotamos1 ,euboea4 ,mo/ ( ! produc]s 9 #aiag _h an abundance ( ord]s = magnesite to be us$ 9 ! /eel indu/ry 9 ,france & ,engl&4 #aed ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,may #a1 #aiag4 ,,summ>y ,! pr9cipal & mo/ ess5tial use ( magnesite is 9 metallurgy1 z a refractory mat]ial = l9+ furnaces4 ,magnesite is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,sorel cem5t & ( pap] f wood-pulp1 9 fire-resi/+ pa9ts1 z a non-conductor ( heat 9 pipe & furnace cov]+s1 & 9 ! manufacture ( magnesium *loride1 light c>bonate & o!r products1 includ+ metallic magnesium4 ,magnesite occurs 9 two =ms1 amorph\s & cry/all9e1 & ! deposits orig9ate 9 ?ree ways3 by ! decomposition ( s]p5t9e1 z s$im5t>y deposits1 & by ! replacem5t ( calc>e\s s$im5t>y rocks by magnesium-be>+ solutions4 ,9 advance ( developm5t "w x is impossible to make reliable e/imates ( available tonnage ( ! fir/ type1 b fairly accurate e/imates c be made ( deposits ( ! second & ?ird types4 ,develop$ magnesite deposits t h be5 productive at "o "t are situat$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton2 9 ,quebec & ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada2 on ,santa ,m>g>ita ,isl&1 ,l[] ,cali=nia2 on ! ,isl& ( ,m>g>ita1 ,v5ezuela2 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,greece1 ,mac$onia1 ,russia1 ,norway1 ,transvaal1 & ,india4 ,o!r deposits1 "s ( :i* h produc$ small am\nts1 are situat$ 9 ,nevada1 ,ont>io1 ,new ,brunswick1 on ,c$ros ,isl&1 ,l[] ,cali=nia2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,sw$51 ,rhodesia1 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,!re is no reason to believe t !re w be 9 ! ne> future any m>k$ %ift 9 ! important s\rces ( supply4 ,9 #aiaf & #aiag ! production f ! deposits ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ v rapidly1 b s9ce ,janu>y1 #aiah1 !re has be5 a sev]e slump 9 ,cali=nia production4 ,! magnesite deposits ( ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton are own$ by a numb] ( companies1 all ( !m ,am]ican4 ,am]ican refractory manufactur]s are believ$ to be int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! ,canadian deposits4 ,! deposits on ,santa ,m>g>ita & ,c$ros isl&s1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 seem to be own$ or op]at$ = ! mo/ "p by resid5ts ( ,cali=nia4 ,! deposits (f ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela are held by a ,philadelphia company4 ,two ( ! l>ge magnesite companies ( ,au/ria-,hung>y h agre$ to make all ( _! sales outside ( ,au/ria-,hung>y ?r\gh a ,g]man firm 9 ,cobl5z4 ,two o!r companies1 ! ,au/ro-,am]ican ,magnesite ,co4 & ! ,g5]al ,magnesite ,co41 are own$ ma9ly by ,am]icans4 ,! magnesite deposits ( ,greece are controll$ by sev5 companies1 "o ( !m be+ ,engli%1 "o ,am]ican1 "o ,dut*1 & ! rema9d] seem+ly ,greek4 ,! o!r magnesite deposits ( ! _w are ( little importance at pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,graphite ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,f]guson1 ,,frank ,f4 ,,gr\t1 ,,& ,,george ,d4 ,,dub ,,uses ,,( ,,graphite ,graphite is produc$ 9 sev]al grades :i* are adapt$ to diff]5t purposes4 ,amorph\s graphite is a trade t]m appli$ to non-cry/all9e or v f9e-gra9$ graphite ( v>y+ degrees ( purity4 ,if cry/all9e graphite is produc$ 9 flakes or scales1 x is flake graphite2 b if m9$ f ve9s x may h o!r =ms1 & be kn[n z ve9 graphite4 ,lump1 *ip1 & du/ ref] to products ( l>g] cry/als ( ,ceylon ve9 graphite m or less brok5 9 m9+ & treatm5t4 ,all ^? ?ree are spok5 ( z cry/all9e4 ,artificial graphite1 made f coal or o!r c>bonace\s matt]1 resembles ! amorph\s v>iety4 ,graphite = crucible use mu/ be high grade1 ei!r lump1 *ip1 or flake graphite1 conta9 at lea/ #he p] c5t4 graphitic c>bon & be free f flux+ impurities4 ,ve9 graphite is consid]$ especially desirable = ?is use4 ,possibly ! increas$ developm5t ( ! electric furnace 9 ! /eel indu/ry & 9 non-f]r\s metallurgy w r$uce ! dem& = crucibles4 ,bo? cry/all9e & amorph\s graphite are us$ z lubricants4 ,= ?is purpose ! graphite %\ld be free f qu>tz or o!r gritty impurities4 ,= f\ndry fac+s1 amorph\s graphite & ,ceylon du/ are *iefly us$2 high-grade mat]ial is n requir$4 ,= ! bett] grades ( p5cils1 mixtures ( cry/all9e & high-grade amorph\s are ne$$2 = ! poor] grades1 amorph\s is us$ alone4 ,! graphite us$ z poli% = high explosives is amorph\s4 ,?is use does n consume l>ge am\nts4 ,= ! manufacture ( electrodes1 artificial graphite is consid]$ ! mo/ suitable4 ,! graphite us$ z dry batt]y fill] may be ei!r amorph\s1 artificial or cry/all9e4 ,pure mat]ial is requir$1 b ! size ( gra9 is n a factor4 ,amorph\s graphite is us$ 9 boil] comp\nds = prev5t+ h>d scale2 pure mat]ial is n ess5tial4 ,= pa9ts1 ei!r amorph\s or cry/all9e graphite may be us$ & ne$ n be high grade4 ,= /ove poli% & %oe poli% amorph\s graphite is *iefly us$2 imp]ial graphite is us$ z an adult]ant 9 f]tiliz]s1 to give ! desir$ d>k color4 ,= amorph\s graphite & du/1 artificial graphite may be sub/itut$4 ,= cry/all9e graphite us$ 9 ! manufacture ( crucibles no good sub/itute is available4 ,h[ev]1 ! use ( electric furnaces or op5-flame furnaces 9 non-f]r\s metallurgy may r$uce ! ne$ ( crucibles4 ,= lubricat+1 mica is us$ 9 some:at ! same way z graphite b is mu* inf]ior4 ,_m o!r boil] comp\nds s]ve ! same purpose z graphite4 ,9 pa9ts1 lampblack is a sub/itute4 ,talc is us$ 9 connection ) & z a p>tial sub/itute = graphite 9 f\ndry "w4 ,bla/ furnace graphite1 or 8ki%10 (f]s possibilities z a sub/itute = flake graphite = lubricat+ purposes4 ,developm5ts along ?is l9e1 h[ev]1 h n proce$$ f> en\gh to be conclusive4 ,,geological ,,occurr5ce ,amorph\s graphite may occur :]ev] coal or o!r c>bonace\s b$s h und]gone regional or igne\s metamorphism4 ,cry/all9e graphite has two pr9cipal geologic occurr5ces1 z flakes 9 s*i/s & z l>g] cry/als 9 ve9s4 ,flake graphite 9 s*i/s is usually associat$ ) granitic intrusions :i* appe> to h aid$ recry/allization ( orig9al c>bonace\s mat]ial 9 ! s$im5ts4 ,ve9 graphite 9 comm]cial quantities is r r>e4 ,x is f\nd associat$ ) granitic intrusives & g5]ally ) graphitic s$im5ts conta9+ ! flake v>iety4 ,su* rocks 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w h n be5 prospect$ en\gh to make sure t all important bodies ( graphite are discov]$4 ,,_w ,,capacity ,,= ,,graphite ,,production ,9 ! ord] ( _! importance ! foll[+ table li/s ! v>i\s c\ntries :i* produce graphite or 9 :i* graphite deposits h be5 report$3 #a4 ,cry/all9e ,graphite ,a4 ,ve9 ,graphite ,ceylon--c\ld produce up to #ce1jjj %ort tons p] ye>1 all grades4 ,unit$ ,/ates--small production f ,montana4 ,canada--small am\nt rec5tly produc$4 ,b4 ,flake ,graphite ,madagasc>--c\ld produce up to ne>ly #ej1jjj %ort tons p] ye>4 ,bav>ia--has av]ag$ #ab1jjj tons = sev]al pre-w> ye>s1 & greatly increas$ production dur+ ! w>4 ,produc$ #dj1jjj metric tons 9 #aiag4 ,unit$ ,/ates--c\ld readily produce #d1jjj tons ( flake exclusive ( du/4 ,canada--c\ld probably produce #a1bjj tons ( flake exclusive ( du/4 ,spa9--deposits be+ develop$4 ,norway--new developm5t report$4 ,r\mania--important deposits rec5tly report$4 ,japan--has n produc$ v mu*4 ,sw$5--v small production4 ,transvaal--v small production1 locally consum$4 ,gre5l&--l>ge deposits report$4 ,v little developm5t4 ,brazil ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa 7=m]7--deposits ( suppos$ l>ge ext5t report$4 #b4 ,amorph\s ,graphite ,g]man ,au/ria --has long produc$ l>ge am\nt ( graphite ,czecko-,slovakia annually4 ,*os5--c\ld probably produce #ab1jjj tons p] annum4 ,italy--c\ld probably produce #ab1jjj tons p] annum4 ,mexico--c\ld probably produce #f1jjj tons p] annum4 ,unit$ ,/ates--c\ld readily produce #f1jjj tons natural & #f1jjj tons artificial amorph\s graphite4 ,spa9--c\ld probably produce #a1jjj tons annually4 ,france--c\ld probably produce #a1jjj tons annually4 ,sib]ia--l>ge am\nt available b undevelop$4 ,rhodesia--local supply4 ,brazil--supply undevelop$4 ,que5sl&--supply undevelop$4 ,,future ,,developm5ts ,al?\gh no def9ite data are available1 x is believ$ t ,ceylon c n produce mu* long] at ! pres5t rate1 & x is possible t ! virtual exhau/ion ( ! deposits is n f> di/ant4 ,madagasc> is capable ( greatly increas$ production4 ,x is d\btful if ,am]ican deposits ) less ?an #e p] c5t4 graphite w be able to meet free competition f ,madagasc>1 :]e ov] #bj p] c5t4 ( ! rock z m9$ is graphite4 ,too little is kn[n ( ! ,gre5l& & ,brazilian deposits to haz>d a guess z to _! future importance1 b x is report$ t imm5se res]ves exi/ 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! ,g]man flake deposits w h>dly survive free competition f ,madagasc>1 unless mod]n me?ods are introduc$4 ,amorph\s graphite w probably be *iefly produc$1 z at pres5t1 by ,au/ria1 ,bohemia1 ,mexico & ,*os54 ,mexico & ,*os5 are likely to supply mo/ ( ! p5cil graphite ( ! _w4 ,increas$ production ( artificial graphite may r$uce ! dem& = amorph\s graphite4 ,9 #aiah1 notices 9 ! ,g]man te*nical press told ( ! discov]y ( imm5se deposits ( flake graphite 9 ,r\mania4 ,^! 7 to be work$ jo9tly by ! ,g]man & ,au/rian gov]nm5ts "u a #ge ye> lease f ! ,r\manian gov]nm5t4 ,! outcome ( ! w> ( c\rse annull$ ?is arrangem5t4 ,ve9 graphite 7t is1 ,ceylon graphite7 is pref]r$ = crucible manufacture1 b increas+ am\nts ( flake are be+ us$ successfully4 ,european manufactur]s seem to use flake almo/ exclusively2 & ,am]ican manufactur]s w no d\bt f9d x possible1 if necess>y4 ,increas+ am\nts ( amorph\s graphite are be+ employ$ = v>i\s indu/rial uses1 *iefly f\ndry fac+s4 ,! developm5t ( ! electric /eel furnace1 by r$uc+ ! use ( crucibles1 may t5d 9 "s degree to r$uce ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 cry/all9e & amorph\s graphite4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,amorph\s graphite is s widely di/ribut$ t no s]i\s difficulty is likely to be enc\nt]$ by any ( ! great comm]cial nations 9 fill+ _! vital ne$s4 ,mexican graphite is ! *ief supply ( good mat]ial = p5cils4 ,int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! mat]ial capable ( be+ made into crucibles4 ,crucible graphite has be5 produc$ 9 ! pa/ mo/ly 9 ,ceylon4 ,its granul> =m 7*>act]i/ic ( ve9 graphite7 has be5 assum$ by crucible mak]s to be ! be/4 ,! deposits are work$ mo/ly by small local own]s 9 ,ceylon1 & ! output is controll$ by ! ,briti% ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty & %ipp+4 ,control by own]%ip & op]ation ) mod]n plant 0 attempt$ by an ,engli% company1 b met native opposition until a few ye>s ago4 ,rec5tly ,madagasc> flake graphite has l>gely replac$ ,ceylon mat]ial 9 ,european practice4 ,?is deposit is "u ,fr5* sov]eignty & ! ,fr5* ex]cise a l>ge degree ( comm]cial control4 ,! flake graphite ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n yet rea*$ a high developm5t4 ,!re are l>ge res]ves ( s*i/ ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 graphite4 ,bav>ian mat]ial is cry/all9e ?\gh n ( su* good quality4 ,x is "u ,g]man control4 ,prior to ! w>1 m9+ & mill+ me?ods 7 primitive1 & ! product correspond+ly poor4 ,canada1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,gre5l&1 ,brazil & possibly o!rs h res]ves ( flake )9 _! b\nd>ies4 ,japan has a small production ( flake graphite & controls a supply 9 ,*os54 ,am]ican control ( ,mexican m9es br+s ! entire ,mexican output to ?is c\ntry = ref9+ & re-export4 ,"o ( ! l>ge ,canadian m9es is also own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ! ,briti% supply 9 ,ceylon decl9$ & ! ,madagasc> production increas$1 ! ,briti%1 :o _h always controll$ ! _w's ma9 supply1 did n readily rel9qui% control4 ,!y b\ght a l>ge "p ( ! ,madagasc> product & h a conc5trat+ plant on ! isl&4 ,! ,morgan ,crucible ,co41 ( ,london1 op]ates on ! isl& z ! ,fr5* company 8,graphites ,mask>10 b ?is is a subsidi>y ( ! ,london company & ! control is entirely ,briti%4 ,?is is n ! only plant1 h[ev]1 work+ on ! isl&4 ,"o l>ge company be=e ! w> _h its ma9 (fice 9 ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 "o at ,antw]p1 & !re 7 sev]al ,fr5* companies4 ,"s ,au/rian m9es 7 own$ by ,belgian companies prior to ! w>1 & ,engli% int]e/s own a "p ( ! ,italian deposits4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,fr5* & ,briti%1 hav+ adopt$ ! ,madagasc> graphite successfully1 app>5tly arrang$ an agreem5t by :i* t supply %\ld be us$ 9 ,europe1 :ile ,ceylon graphite 0 s5t mo/ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! control 0 only possible by a comb9ation ( ,briti% & ,fr5*1 app>5tly a comm]cial r ?an a political matt]1 ?\gh subject to gov]nm5t control4 ,!re appe>s to be a comb9ation among ,madagasc> graphite produc]s1 z evid5c$ by a /atem5t f ! consul 9 ,tanan>ive 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 t ! 8,union des ,producteurs de ,graphite0 c\ld furni% to ?is c\ntry annually #ae1jjj-bj1jjj tons ( #he p] c5t4 graphite at a def9ite price1 f4o4b4 ,tamatave4 ,! object ( ! comb9e appe>s to be to protect produc]s aga9/ unfair practices ( ! manufactur]4 ,! ,colombo ,graphite ,union is m5tion$ 9 "s s\rces z a local comb9ation1 probably int]relat$ ) ! ,ceylon ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,x has n be5 active 9 improv+ m9+ & mill+ me?ods1 & has also object$ to mod]nization by outside capital4 ,! ,graphite ,produc]s' ,association ( ,alabama 0 organiz$ 9 #aiag & _h = its objects ! fur!r+ ( ! int]e/s ( ! graphite m9]s ( ! /ate4 ,an ef=t 0 made to sample & analyze %ipm5ts hone/ly & ?us help remove ! mo/ s]i\s objections t manufactur]s _h aga9/ us+ dome/ic flake--unreliability ( product4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,nations ,l[-grade amorph\s graphite is abundant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are supplies 9 _m /ates & 9 ,alaska1 :i* h n be5 develop$ to any ext5t4 ,an excell5t grade ( mat]ial f ,mexico is available 9 l>ge am\nts1 mak+ ext5sive dome/ic developm5t unpr(itable1 except :5 ! deposits are v favorably situat$4 ,! mo/ productive ,mexican deposit is own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,graphite ,co41 ( ,sag9aw1 ,mi*4 ,artificial graphite is made at ,niag>a ,falls 9 l>ge am\nts1 mak+ ! c\ntry indep5d5t 9 ! matt] ( electrodes4 ,?is c\ntry is n yet indep5d5t 9 ! matt] ( crucible graphite4 ,crucible mak]s h insi/$ on hav+ ,ceylon graphite1 ab\t #ae1jjj tons or m a ye>4 ,! only supply ( simil> graphite 9 ! c\ntry is a v small deposit 9 ,montana4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a fair supply ( flake graphite 9 ,alabama1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,alaska1 ,texas & possibly o!r /ates4 ,"s #c1ejj tons a ye> 7 produc$ prior to #aiai4 ,?is resembles ,madagasc> r ?an ,ceylon graphite1 ?\gh ! flakes are small]4 ,am]ican crucible mak]s are sl[ to make use ( x1 ?\gh !re is evid5ce t x might s]ve v well4 ,if ! dem& = crucible graphite cont9ues1 ! dem& = imports w probably cont9ue4 ,our deposits are n s high grade or s favorably situat$ z to compete successfully ) ^? ( ,ceylon & ,madagasc>4 ,canadian companies produc+ flake simil> to t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 "p own$ by ,unit$ ,/ates capital4 ,! flake graphite supply = crucible mak]s 9 normal times may come f ,madagasc>1 b we c be fairly indep5d5t 9 case ( necessity if we are prep>$ to /imulate m9+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,engl& controls ! graphite f ,ceylon4 ,h[ev]1 !re seems to be a g5]al op9ion t ,ceylon production is likely to decrease unless ! control passes into ! h&s ( "s "o :o w introduce mod]n effici5t m9+ me?ods4 ,engl& normally all[s ab\t two-?irds ( ! ,ceylon product to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engl&'s own supply ( crucible graphite is n[ ma9ly obta9$ f ,madagasc>1 :]e an ,engli% own$ & controll$ company op]ates on ! isl&4 ,amorph\s graphite is obta9$ f ,italy & ,*os54 ,a ,london company op]ates 9 ,quebec1 produc+ "s flake & du/4 ,engli% capital is inve/$ 9 ,italian graphite deposits & app>5tly also 9 ! ,spani%4 ,?r\gh h] sov]eignty ov] ,madagasc>1 ,france probably controls ! _w's be/ future supplies ( flake graphite4 ,! deposits are l>ge1 conv5i5tly situat$1 & rem>kably ri*--#bj p] c5t4 or m graphite4 ,!y are capable ( greatly increas$ production4 ,already ! output exce$s t ( any o!r c\ntry1 ?\gh ! deposits h be5 develop$ b rec5tly4 ,france has a small local production ( amorph\s graphite1 & obta9s "s f ,italy4 ,g]many is n[ *iefly dep5d5t on ,bav>ian flake graphite = crucibles4 ,! ef=ts made dur+ ! w> to get ,ceylon graphite 9 ?r\gh ,holl& & ,switz]l& indicate t ! ,bav>ian supply is n :olly satisfactory4 ,amorph\s graphite is suppli$ f ,au/ria4 ,ov]production has made x possible at times to sell ! products 9 ,am]ica bel[ co/4 ,japan produces "s flake graphite4 ,*os5 has an abundant supply ( ! amorph\s v>iety4 ,9 ,*os5 !re h be5 rec5t discov]ies ( cry/all9e graphite :i* may be ( importance4 ,figure #aa %[s ! *anges 9 ! annual output ( graphite 9 ! *ief produc+ c\ntries1 & ,figure #ab %[s ! p]c5tage ( crucible graphites produc$ by ! ma9 s\rces ( supply4 ,,summ>y ,graphite occurs 9 nature 9 two =ms1 cry/all9e & amorph\s1 ea* =m hav+ its own peculi> uses4 ,cry/all9e graphite is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( crucibles1 z a lubricant1 & 9 pa9ts4 ,amorph\s graphite is us$ z a lubricant1 = f\ndry fac+s1 9 p5cils1 9 pa9ts1 z a poli% = high explosives1 9 boil] comp\nds1 9 electrodes1 9 dry batt]ies1 z a /ove & %oe poli%1 & z a fill] = f]tiliz]s4 ,mo/ ( ! above uses are ess5tial & _c easily be elim9at$4 ,artificial graphite made f coal or o!r c>bonace\s matt] c be sub/itut$ = ! natural amorph\s graphite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,annual output ( graphite 9 *ief produc+ c\ntries1 #aijb-ah4 ,full l9es indicate cry/all9e graphite2 dott$ l9es pr9cipally amorph\s graphite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,p]c5tage ( crucible graphite produc$ by ma9 s\rces ( supply1 #aijg-aiag4 ,bav>ian data s9ce #aiac d\btful1 b s9ce completion ( ! graph x has be5 f\nd t ! #aiag production 0 mu* l>g] ?an %[n4 ,amorph\s graphite may occur :]ev] coal or o!r c>bonace\s b$s h und]gone regional or igne\s metamorphism4 ,cry/all9e graphite1 bo? flake & ve91 is usually f\nd 9 association ) granitic intrusives4 ,s9ce su* rocks h n be5 ?or\ghly prospect$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 x is probable t important new deposits ( graphite w be discov]$1 especially 9 ,canada1 ,sib]ia & p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,ceylon is ! *ief s\rce ( supply ( ! be/ grades ( cry/all9e graphite1 viz41 ve9 graphite4 ,! cry/all9e graphite obta9$ 9 ,madagasc>1 ,bav>ia1 & 9 small quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,japan & ,*os5 is *iefly ( ! flake v>iety & = t reason x is consid]$ by manufactur]s inf]ior 9 grade to t obta9$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,l>ge undevelop$ deposits are report$ 9 ,gre5l& & ,brazil4 ,! discov]y ( ! l>ge deposits ( flake graphite 9 ,r\mania 0 report$ "s "t s9ce4 ,f "t to "t discov]ies are report$ f o!r localities b ! importance is que/ionable1 *iefly because ! deposits are usually situat$ 9 places difficult to rea*4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,ceylon deposits h pass$ ! maximum ( _! production & if deposits ( ve9 graphite ( equal grade & ri*ness c\ld be f\nd1 ,ceylon produc]s might be h>d press$4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,madagasc> has become ! lead+ produc] ( cry/all9e graphite1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is pot5tial supply %\ld ex]t a /abiliz+ effect on prices ( ,ceylon graphite4 ,au/ria1 ,*os51 ,mexico1 ,italy & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! pr9cipal produc]s ( amorph\s graphite2 ,*os5 & ,mexico supply mo/ ( ! p5cil graphite ( ! _w4 ,! developm5t ( ! electric furnace w no d\bt decrease ! dem& = crucibles 9 /eel mak+4 ,great ,brita91 ?r\gh sov]eignty ov] ,ceylon & ,canada1 & ,france1 ?r\gh sov]eignty ov] ,madagasc>1 control politically ! _w's mo/ important deposits ( cry/all9e graphite4 ,japan controls ! deposits ( ,*os54 ,am]ican capital controls ! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! deposits ( ,mexico1 & 9 "p ! deposits ( ,canada4 ,! ,ceylon deposits h be5 work$ ma9ly by small local own]s1 :o oppos$ until a few ye>s ago ! attempts ( an ,engli% company to ga9 control ?r\gh ! erection & op]ation ( a mod]n plant4 ,! ,graphites ,mask>1 own+ a "p ( ! ,madagasc> deposits1 is a subsidi>y ( a ,briti% company1 ! ,morgan ,crucible ,co4 ,ano!r l>ge ,madagasc> company be=e ! w> _h its ma9 (fice 9 ,hamburg1 ,g]many4 ,o!r companies are controll$ by ,belgian & ,fr5* capital4 ,briti% int]e/s own a "p ( ! ,italian & probably a "p ( ! ,spani% deposits4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,mica ,,by ,,dur& ,a4 ,,hall ,,uses ,,( ,,mica ,two v>ieties ( mica are ( p>ticul> economic importance3 muscovite or :ite mica1 & phlogopite or amb] mica4 ,?ree o!r v>ieties1 lepidolite1 z9nwaldite & biotite1 f9d occasional comm]cial use4 ,mica is m>ket$ z %eet or block mica1 mica splitt+s1 ?9 %eets split *iefly f small] sizes ( block mica1 & scrap or gr\nd mica4 ,! uses to :i* %eet or block mica may be put dep5d ^u ! size1 ?ickness & %ape ( ! piece :i* c be cut f x & ! quality ( ! mat]ial itself4 ,factors ent]+ into ! quality ( mica are3 pres5ce or abs5ce ( /a9s1 spots1 inclusions1 cracks or p9 holes2 flexibility & ela/icity2 h>dness2 degree ( di/ortion ( ! %eets2 transp>5cy2 & dielectric /r5g?4 ,an ess5tial use ( %eet or block muscovite is 9 electrical "w2 f ! mica are made cond5s]s = radio equipm5t1 magnetos & c]ta9 telephone equipm5t2 also to a less ext5t = resonators 9 s\nd+ boxes4 ,?is mica is also us$ 9 mak+ sp>k plugs1 p>ticul>ly plugs 9 high-compression eng9es1 = w9d+ cores & z wa%]s 9 place ( porcela94 ,^! uses 7 widely ext5d$ by ! w> to meet requirem5ts = motor transport1 airplanes & radio equipm5t4 ,a great deal ( ?is v>iety ( mica is us$ = o!r insulat+ purposes4 ,!re are a va/ v>iety ( uses1 su* z = %eets1 wa%]s & disks 9 dynamos1 electric-light sockets1 gu>ds 9 rheo/ats1 fuse boxes1 telephones1 etc4 ,%eet or block phlogopite is us$ = g5]al electrical insulation--p>ticul>ly :]e mica s(t] ?an muscovite is requir$4 ,mica splitt+s ( bo? muscovite & phlogopite are employ$ = ! manufacture ( 8built-up mica10 :i* is us$ widely = electric insulation 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 su* z %eets1 tubes1 cups1 etc4 ,mica bo>d built up f phlogopite splitt+s is us$ ext5sively = insulation betwe5 ! copp] segm5ts ( commutators4 ,among ! less ess5tial uses ( %eet or block mica 7ma9ly muscovite7 are 9 w9d[s = /ove fronts & ov5s2 *imneys & %ades = lamps & lant]ns2 & = _m o!r purposes :]e a transp>5t non-inflammable1 non-%att]+ mat]ial is requir$4 ,x is also us$ = heat insulation1 9 v>i\s electric heat+ devices4 ,gr\nd mica is also us$ = heat insulation1 z 9 pipe & boil] cov]+1 etc42 & z a pat5t ro(+1 bo? z a coat+ to prev5t /ick+ :5 roll$1 & z a fill] 9 ! ro(+ itself4 ,x is also us$ 9 anneal+ /eel1 & z a lubricant = wood5 be>+s4 ,among ! non-ess5tial uses ( mica1 ^? = :i* a satisfactory sub/itute is kn[n1 are ! uses ( %eet or block mica = phonograph diaphragms1 & = decorative purposes1 *iefly 9 ,india4 ,on a simil> basis are ! uses ( gr\nd mica 7mix$ ) oil7 z a lubricant = metal be>+s2 z a fill] = rubb] goods1 etc42 & = decorative purposes--9 wall pap]1 decorative pa9ts1 ornam5tal /one1 etc4 ,sub/itutes4--,no o!r sub/ance possesses ! comb9ation ( ela/icity1 t\ghness1 flexibility1 transp>5cy1 ability to )/& excessive heat & sudd5 *anges 9 temp]ature1 high dielectric /r5g?1 flatness & am5ability to splitt+ into ?9 films1 :i* belongs to mica4 ,= ! va/ v>iety ( electrical equipm5t 9 :i* mica is us$1 no satisfactory sub/itute has be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 l[-t5sion cond5s]s %eets ( oil$ pap] h be5 us$ in/ead ( mica films1 b attempts to sub/itute ?is mat]ial m widely h met ) little success4 ,accord+ to "o report a compress$ pap] product call$ 8,p]t9ax0 0 develop$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w> :i* is claim$ to be 8mo/ satisfactory0 = all electrical purposes1 ev5 = ! manufacture ( high-t5sion cond5s]s4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ,g]many 0 pay+ #ge a p\nd = mica f ,norway1 & cont9u$ to use mica 9 ! manufacture ( cond5s]s = airplane magnetos1 indicates t complete sub/itution 0 n possible4 ,= a great _m glaz+ purposes x is possible to sub/itute heat-)/&+ or non-%att]+ v>ieties ( glass4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,f ! nature ( mica deposits !re has be5 little enc\ragem5t = ! application ( any b r crude & simple me?ods ( m9+4 ,^! me?ods prov$ suffici5t z long z !re rema9$ new & easily accessible deposits4 ,!re is at pres5t a t5d5cy 9 ,india1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to apply m sci5tific me?ods to exploration & extraction1 :]e ! exhau/ion ( ! easily work$ deposits is ?reat5$4 ,sort+1 clean+1 grad+1 trimm+ & cutt+ ( mica = ! m>ket are all ess5tially h& processes1 & f ! nature ( ! product w cont9ue to be4 ,= ?is reason produc+ localities possess+ abundant *eap labor h a di/9ct advantage ov] ^? :]e labor is high & sc>ce4 ,9 "o important direction attempts h be5 made to apply a me*anical device to a process :i* has always requir$ h& labor4 ,?is is 9 ! manufacture ( mica splitt+s1 widely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( built-up mica4 ,^! inv5tions h n yet be5 demon/rat$ z comm]cially successful on a broad scale4 ,mica is be+ us$ to an increas+ ext5t = electrical purposes4 ,! w> creat$ a l>ge dem&1 p>ticul>ly = ! bett] grades ( mat]ial = ! manufacture ( magnetos & radio cond5s]s & sp>k plugs1 & _m ( ^! uses w cont9ue to require mu* mica4 ,! use ( mica = glaz+ purposes1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! fronts ( /oves1 is dim9i%+4 ,?is is due to ! decreas+ manufacture ( ! type ( /ove 9 :i* mica is us$4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,x has be5 e/imat$ t mica con/itutes ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! igne\s rocks ( ! _w4 ,segregation into deposits ( workable size conta9+ mica ( comm]cial size & quality is comp>atively r>e4 ,mica m9es are work$ = ! small p]c5tage ( %eet or block mica !y conta91 ! l>ge am\nt ( wa/e mica be+ utiliz$ only :]e a ready m>ket w>rants ! gr9d+4 ,individual deposits ( bo? muscovite & phlogopite are *>act]iz$ by _! extreme irregul>ity1 s t any pr$iction z to res]ve is unc]ta94 ,?is fact is responsible = ! crude me?ods ( m9+ :i* h = s long be5 almo/ univ]sally employ$4 ,! output ( a di/rict z a :ole is f _m small m9es r ?an f any s+le l>ge "o4 ,an important consid]ation 9 ! geological di/ribution ( mica f an economic /&po9t is ! degree ( dynamic metamorphism to :i* ! region has be5 subject$ dur+ or subsequ5t to ! =mation ( ! mica-be>+ deposits4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! value ( %eet mica dep5ds1 among _m o!r factors1 ^u ! fre$om f di/ortion ( ! %eets4 ,muscovite mica 9 comm]cial quantities inv>iably occurs 9 dikes & l5ses ( pegmatite :i* are consid]$ to repres5t segregations ( c]ta9 portions ( granitic intrusions4 ,! pr9cipal associat$ m9]als are qu>tz & feldsp>1 bo? ( :i* are usually consid]ably 9 excess ( ! mica4 ,! dikes or l5ses ( pegmatite may be )9 ! granite itself or 9 o!r inclos+ rocks t may seem unrelat$ to a p>5t intrusive4 ,s*i/s or gneisses =m ! inclos+ rock ( ! pegmatite 9 mo/ comm]cial deposits4 ,phlogopite is mu* r>] ?an muscovite & occurs 9 deposits /ructurally simil> to granitic pegmatites4 ,! important associat$ m9]als are pyrox5e1 apatite & calcite1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 deposits ! mass is almo/ entirely ( mica4 ,! ,canadian deposits1 :i* are be/ kn[n1 consi/ ( ve9s & pockets 9 pyrox5ite dikes & ! inclos+ rock is usually lime/one1 a significant fact z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! deposits4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,india1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates produce ab\t #ih p] c5t4 ( ! %eet mica ( ! _w4 ,! output ( ,india & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is entirely muscovite1 :]eas ! ,canadian production is almo/ entirely phlogopite4 ,brazil & ,arg5t9a h become important produc]s 9 ! la/ two ye>s1 & ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa 0 becom+ ( consid]able importance imm$iately be=e ! w>4 ,s\? ,africa1 ,guatemala1 ,ceylon1 ,madagasc> & ,au/ralia h produc$ small am\nts ( mica & may be consid]$ z pot5tial s\rces ( supply4 ,india produces ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ( ! %eet mica ( ! _w1 & is ! mo/ important s\rce ( high quality muscovite4 ,! two pr9cipal produc+ regions are ! ,haz>ibagh di/rict1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,beh>1 & ,orissa1 9 ,b5gal1 & ! ,nellore di/rict1 ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,! output ( ,canada is practically all phlogopite or amb] mica1 ( :i* t c\ntry is ! _w's pr9cipal s\rce4 ,! important produc+ di/ricts are nor? ( ! city ( ,ottawa1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 & 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io4 ,! ,lacey m9e1 9 ,ont>io1 has be5 ! l>ge/ produc] ( amb] mica 9 ,canada = _m ye>s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( ! %eet mica muscovite ( ! _w4 ,9 t]ms ( value1 ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( ! ,am]ican product comes f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & #bc f ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,o!r di/ricts are insignificant3 #c p] c5t4 comes f ,virg9ia1 #a f ,s\? ,dakota1 & #c f ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,idaho1 & ,colorado tak5 toge!r4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( mica 9 ,brazil are ! /ates ( ,bahia1 ,sao ,paulo1 ,goyaz & ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,! two la/ m5tion$ are p>ticul>ly important4 ,! deposits are widely scatt]$ ov] a l>ge area4 ,production ( mica 9 ,arg5t9a has be5 incid5tal until v rec5tly & ! developm5t has be5 slight4 ,deposits are num]\s b are ( special importance 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cordoba1 ,san ,luis & ,san ,juan4 ,z f> z is kn[n muscovite is ! only mica produc$4 ,consid]able activity has be5 %[n 9 mica m9+ 9 ,guatemala & %ipm5ts h be5 made q regul>ly to ?is c\ntry4 ,! mica1 h[ev]1 is ( inf]ior grade & has n f\nd favor 9 ,am]ican m>kets4 ,! production ( ! =m] ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa is conf9$ entirely to muscovite mica f\nd 9 ! di/ricts ( ! ,ulguru ,m\nta9s & neighbor+ ranges4 ,consid]able quantities ( high-grade mat]ial 7 export$ to ,g]many be=e ! w>4 ,! mica m9es 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa 7 work$ dur+ ! w> "u ! direction ( ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions4 ,! di/rict is ( importance z a future s\rce ( high-grade muscovite4 ,! pr9cipal locality 9 ,s\? ,africa is ne> ,leyd]sdorp1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,transvaal4 ,bo? muscovite & amb] mica are report$ f ?is area4 ,small am\nts ( high-quality amb] mica h be5 %ipp$ f ,ceylon to ,engl&4 ,deposits ( excell5t quality mica are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,mc,donald range1 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 f :i* small %ipm5ts h be5 made sporadically4 ,?is is ! only di/rict f :i* lepidolite or li?ia mica has be5 not$ 9 %eets ( comm]cial size4 ,9 ,*9a1 l>ge deposits ( muscovite mica are report$ f ! vic9ity ( ,kiao-,*au bay & also f ,%antung1 b no comm]cial developm5t has tak5 place1 & x is believ$ t ! deposits are wor?less z a s\rce ( %eet mica4 ,prior to #aiad ef=ts to produce mica 9 ,norway on a comm]cial scale met ) no success & little is kn[n ( ! deposits4 ,! great ne$ ( mica 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w> /imulat$ production 9 ,norway1 trem5d\s prices be+ paid = ! mat]ial4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,! mo/ important *ange 9 kn[n geographic di/ribution ( mica = ! ne> future conc]ns ! increas$ developm5t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican fields4 ,dur+ ! w> ,brazilian mica f\nd consid]able favor bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 & ! bett] grades are consid]$ equal to ! be/ ,india mica4 ,importations ( mica f ,brazil 7 ( mu* importance 9 meet+ ! l>ge dem&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = mica ( high quality to fill gov]nm5t ne$s4 ,ow+ to ! nature ( mica deposits 9 g5]al1 x is n safe to make e/imates conc]n+ res]ves4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ,brazil1 :]e ! indu/ry is "y1 & c>eful prospect+ & developm5t h n be5 c>ri$ f>4 ,f ! l>ge numb] ( kn[n deposits & ! rapidity ) :i* ! indu/ry respond$ to w> dem&s1 despite difficulties 9 transportation f ! m9es to ! seabo>d1 x w\ld appe> t ,brazilian mica w play an increas+ly important "p 9 ! mica m>kets ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no matt] h[ great ! m]it ( ! m9es ( a di/rict may be1 h[ev]1 unless ! mica is c>efully prep>$1 grad$ z to size & quality1 & %ipm5ts are /&>diz$1 x _c expect to atta9 p]man5t favor among consum]s 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 ,europe4 ,less is kn[n conc]n+ ! future possibilities ( ,arg5t9a z a mica-produc+ c\ntry ( importance4 ,_m deposits are kn[n & consid]able %ipm5ts h be5 made to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to ,europe4 ,! mat]ial receiv$ "h has n be5 equal to ,indian or ,brazilian mica4 ,!re is e reason to expect t ,india w reta9 its position z ! mo/ important mica-produc+ c\ntry4 ,! great numb] ( deposits (f] almo/ e grade ( muscovite requir$ 9 ! trade4 ,! indu/ry is well-e/abli%$1 & labor conditions are extremely favorable = ! production ( a commodity requir+ su* a l>ge am\nt ( h& labor be=e be+ ready = m>ket4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! ri*e/ & mo/ easily accessible deposits h be5 m9$ out1 & sci5tific me?ods mu/ be appli$ to m9+ if production is to reta9 its =m] place4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! imm$iate future w see any important *ange 9 ! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a mica produc]4 ,al?\gh ! res]ves ( ! c\ntry z a :ole are probably l>ge1 ! deposits are small & ! p]c5tage ( high-quality mica is n great4 ,production ( important am\nts ( m$ium-grade mica w cont9ue4 ,labor conditions are n favorable to produc+ *eaply an article t has a l>ge "p ( its value det]m9$ by prep>ation & c>eful grad+4 ,sci5tific me?ods h be5 appli$ to ! m9+ & prep>ation ( a consid]able "p ( ! ,canadian output4 ,res]ves are l>ge & ,canada w und\bt$ly reta9 = _m ye>s its position z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( amb] mica4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! ,briti% ,empire1 ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty1 controls #ge p] c5t4 ( ! pres5t %eet-mica production ( ! _w4 ,9 ,brazil & ,arg5t9a1 :i* h important pot5tial res\rces ( mica1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 political control is det]m9$ by /ate sov]eignty4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! own]%ip ( m9es & concessions 9 ,india has be5 9 ! h&s ( natives4 ,9 ! ,haz>ibagh di/rict1 ,f4 ,f4 ,*ri/5 ,co41 an ,engli% firm1 owns rights ov] l>ge areas ( l& outside ! gov]nm5t =e/ & has m9$ on a consid]able scale4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ,g]many1 ?r\gh comm]cial int]e/s1 _h obta9$ a l>ge measure ( control ov] _m ,indian m9es4 ,s4 ,o4 ,fillion ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 is ! "o ,am]ican firm kn[n to be work+ m9es 9 ,india4 ,! mo/ important produc+ phlogopite m9e 9 ,canada1 at ,syd5ham1 ,ont>io1 is own$ & op]at$ by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 ( ,s*5ectady1 ,new ,york4 ,! same company owns sev]al o!r prop]ties 9 ! vic9ity & has a l>ge mica-manufactur+ plant at ,ottawa1 ,ont>io4 ,o!r small] int]e/s are held *iefly 9 ,canada4 ,davol ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 is ! only =eign firm kn[n to be actively work+ mica m9es 9 ,brazil at pres5t4 ,mica m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 z f> z is kn[n1 all own$ by ,am]icans4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 be=e ! w> ! _w's l>ge/ consum] ( mica ( all k9ds4 ,! developm5t ( h] electrical indu/ry is dep5d5t ^u h] supply ( mica1 a l>ge "p ( :i* is import$ f ,india & ,canada4 ,production 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 consid]able1 b has n prov$ ne>ly adequate to supply ! dem&s1 p>ticul>ly ! dem& = ! high] grades ( mica = use 9 magnetos1 radio cond5s]s & sp>k plugs1 & = mica splitt+s us$ 9 mak+ built-up mica4 ,! l>ge dem&s & high prices creat$ by ! w> did n increase dome/ic production en\gh to w>rant ! belief t ?is c\ntry c become indep5d5t z reg>ds %eet mica "u any b ! mo/ artificial conditions4 ,! produc] is protect$ by a #be p] c5t4 import duty on unmanufactur$ 7r\gh or knife-trimm$7 mica & a #cj p] c5t4 duty on cut mica1 splitt+s & o!r manufactur$ =ms4 ,production 9 ?is c\ntry is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( individuals & small companies1 :o are f9ancially incapable ( increas+ output spasmodically ev5 "u v favorable conditions4 ,moreov]1 _m consum]s h a decid$ prejudice 9 favor ( import$ mica4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to take a dom9ant position 9 ! electrical indu/ry ( ! _w an adequate supply ( mica mu/ be assur$4 ,! mo/ promis+ field = ! developm5t ( su* a supply is und\bt$ly ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true because ! important developm5t ( ! electrical indu/ry 9 ,engl& dur+ ! w> places t c\ntry 9 ! dom9at+ position =m]ly occupi$ by ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,?is developm5t w require a l>ge "p ( ! ,indian mica =m]ly available = export trade4 ,! ,briti% ,empire possesses 9 ,india ! mo/ important s\rce ( muscovite mica 9 ! _w & 9 ,canada ! only important supply ( amb] mica4 ,9 spite ( ,engl&'s trem5d\s advantage ) reg>d to raw mat]ial1 ,g]many1 ?r\gh h] important position 9 ! electrical indu/ry & ! l>ge measure ( control acquir$ 9 ! ,indian m9es1 ?reat5$ to dom9ate ! mica m>ket ( ! _w at ! outbreak ( ! w>4 ,s9ce ! outbreak ( ! w> ,engl& has secur$ h] position n only z ! controll+ c5t] = raw mica b z ! *ief produc+ nation ( electrical equipm5t4 ,london is ! di/ribut+ c5t] ( ! _w = ,indian mica & ,london prices regulate ! m>ket4 ,dur+ ! w> ,indian mica 0 controll$ by ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions1 & allotm5ts 7 made to ! associat$ nations at fix$ prices4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican fields lies ! be/ possibility ( ! _w less5+ its dep5d5ce ^u ,engl& = ?is mo/ ess5tial raw mat]ial4 ,france is entirely dep5d5t ^u outside s\rces = h] supply ( mica4 ,be=e ! w> h] dem&s 7 n l>ge & 7 fill$ by ,indian mica4 ,al?\gh ,g]many be=e ! w> 0 entirely dep5d5t on outside s\rces = mica1 h] lead+ position 9 ! electrical indu/ry enabl$ h] to ga9 control ( mu* ( ! ,indian production4 ,e advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is opportunity1 & 9 #aiad1 accord+ to ! ,briti% ,secret>y ( ,munitions1 ! mica m>ket ( ! _w 0 at ! po9t ( be+ transf]r$ f ,london to ,hamburg4 ,! deposits ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa 7 be+ actively exploit$ & ,g]man comm]cial int]e/s 7 be+ ext5d$ to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh probably possess+ v l>ge /ocks 9 #aiad1 ,g]many felt v acutely ! %ortage ( mica dur+ ! w>4 ,high prices 7 paid to ,norway = ! output ( t c\ntry1 b ?is s\rce is probably entirely incapable ( meet+ ! normal dem&s ( ,g]many4 ,,summ>y ,%eet mica is ess5tial to ! manufacture ( a va/ v>iety ( electrical equipm5t1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be class$ z "o ( ! important raw mat]ials ( ! _w4 ,! magneto1 su* a vital factor 9 mod]n transport on l&1 air & sea1 dep5ds ^u mica = its con/ruction1 & mica cond5s]s are indisp5sable 9 mod]n radio equipm5t4 ,india1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are at pres5t ! mo/ important mica-produc+ c\ntries4 ,deposits ( future importance f :i* production has ?us f> n be5 great are kn[n 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ,brazil1 ,arg5t9a & ! ,transvaal2 f sev]al o!r p>ts ( ! _w m sporadic production is report$4 ,unlike ! developm5t ( _m o!r raw mat]ials ! production ( mica has n be5 univ]sally und]tak5 on a l>ge scale1 nor h sci5tific me?ods be5 appli$ to its extraction4 ,?is has be5 l>gely due to ! irregul> nature ( ! deposits & _! scatt]$ position )9 a di/rict1 mak+ consid]able inve/m5t ( capital 9 m9+ a p>ticul>ly haz>d\s v5ture4 ,trad+ int]e/s h1 !re=e1 play$ an important "p 9 controll+ production & m>kets4 ,! ,briti% ,empire1 hav+ )9 its b\nd>ies a l>ge proportion ( ! important mica-produc+ di/ricts1 at pres5t dom9ates ! situation politically4 ,briti% comm]cial control1 ?reat5$ by ,g]many's lead+ position 9 ! electrical indu/ry & wide int]e/s 9 ,indian m9es at ! outbreak ( w>1 is n[ firmly re-e/abli%$1 & ,great ,brita9 has tak5 ! place 9 ! electrical indu/ry =m]ly held by ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! l>ge/ consum] ( mica among ! nations ( ! _w1 has reli$ ^u imports to supply a consid]able "p ( ! consumption & w probably cont9ue to d s 9 ! future1 al?\gh /eady developm5t ( dome/ic s\rces ( supply may be expect$4 ,brazil (f]s ! mo/ promis+ =eign field = ! developm5t ( an indep5d5t s\rce ( supply = ,am]ican m>kets4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,asbe/os ,,by ,,oliv] ,,b[les ,,uses ,,( ,,asbe/os ,asbe/os is useful because ( its incombu/ibility1 insulat+ qualities1 & fibr\s /ructure4 ,high-grade asbe/os is spun or wov5 into ropes & fabrics1 ! fabrics be+ us$ = _m purposes1 su* z safety curta9s1 mats1 mattresses1 uphol/]+1 firem5's suits & gloves4 ,( late ye>s mu* high-grade asbe/os has be5 us$ = friction fac+s 9 brakes & = pack+s4 ,l[-grade asbe/os is us$ = a great _m purposes1 :i* may be class$ 9 ?ree gr\ps--build+1 insulat+1 & miscellane\s4 ,= build+ purposes asbe/os is employ$ 9 _m ways4 ,a mixture ( asbe/os & cem5t is us$ to make firepro( %+les or slates4 ,asbe/os is also us$ ) ,portl& cem5t to make a protective surface on metal %ea?+2 asbe/os pap] is us$ = wea!r & s\nd pro(+ & also = fire-protection purposes4 ,x is us$ widely = pla/]1 :i* n only is firepro( b also improves ! ac\/ic prop]ties ( auditoriums1 *ur*es1 etc4 ,asbe/os is also us$ = floor til+ & 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts4 ,asbe/os lumb] & millbo>d are employ$ = _m /ructural purposes4 ,asbe/os cem5t1 a mixture ( asbe/os fib] & clay1 is mu* us$ z a cov]+ = boil]s & /eam pipes to prev5t heat radiation4 ,o!r cov]+s are made f a mixture ( asbe/os & magnesia4 ,v>ieties ( asbe/os hav+ a l[ iron cont5t are useful = electrical insulat+ purposes4 ,"s ( ! _m miscellane\s uses ( asbe/os are = fire brick1 acid filt]s1 lead-fume collectors1 /ove mats1 cook+-ut5sil l9+s1 etc4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ( ! above uses are ^? 9 :i* ! long-fib] asbe/os is employ$4 ,= firepro( ropes & fabrics no?+ c take its place4 ,its use 9 friction fac+s = brakes is ess5tial 9 all motor vehicles4 ,! uses = :i* l[-grade asbe/os is employ$ may be reg>d$ z less ess5tial & might be elim9at$ 9 case ( necessity1 ?\gh su* elim9ation w\ld no d\bt involve _m s]i\s difficulties4 ,fire risk w\ld !reby be increas$ & _m boil]s & heat+ plants w\ld be r5d]$ less effici5t & m wa/eful1 ?\gh ^! difficulties c\ld be ov]come to "s degree by ! use ( sub/itutes4 ,sub/itutes4--,slag wool or m9]al wool is a firepro( mat]ial & a good non-conductor ( heat & s\nd4 ,x is also highly por\s1 & h5ce x is useful z an absorb5t4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be us$ to "s ext5t z a sub/itute = asbe/os = heat insulation & firepro(+4 ,h[ev]1 z x is brittle & _c be wov5 z readily z asbe/os1 x is n to be reg>d$ z a satisfactory sub/itute = ! high] grades4 ,talc may be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( firepro( & corrosive-pro( pa9ts1 & also z a l9+ = furnaces & fireplaces4 ,infusorial e>? is us$ to "s ext5t z a sub/itute = asbe/os = insulat+ & firepro(+4 ,b x is important to note t none ( ! sub/itutes m5tion$ above c replace ! high-grade sp9n+ fib]4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,z has be5 indicat$1 !re is a probability ( ! dem& = asbe/os increas+4 ,! wide use ( motor-transport equipm5t dem&s a l>ge am\nt ( high-grade fib] = brake l9+s1 :ile ! increas+ use ( /eam equipm5t1 & electrical equipm5t & appliances1 dem&s m & m mat]ial1 bo? = electrical & heat-insulat+ purposes4 ,al?\gh sub/itutes may be employ$ = ! l[] grades1 no sub/itutes are kn[n = ! sp9n+ grades ( asbe/os1 :i* are n[ 9 /ronge/ dem&4 ,consequ5tly !re are no *anges 9 practice t w r$uce ! dem& = asbe/os4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,asbe/os orig9ates = ! mo/ "p f rocks consi/+ l>gely ( oliv9e1 su* z p]idotites or dunites1 or f rocks consi/+ l>gely ( pyrox5e4 ,h5ce x is only 9 alt]$ rocks ( ?is nature t asbe/os ( ! common types is to be expect$4 ,two di/9ct types ( alt]ation are common3 ,alt]ation ( ! oliv9e or pyrox5e to s]p5t9e1 ) developm5t ( *rysotile 9 places2 & alt]ation ( oliv9e or pyrox5e to amphibole ) developm5t ( an?ophyllite 7a v>iety ( amphibole7 & relat$ =ms4 ,bo? types ( alt]ation are well repres5t$ 9 ! great ,nor? ,am]ican belt ( asbe/os-be>+ p]idotites t ext5ds f c5tral ,alabama along ! ,pi$mont ,plateau to ! ,gasp ,p59sula ( ,quebec1 a di/ance ( m ?an #a1fjj miles4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! belt1 9 ,v]mont & ,quebec1 ! alt]ation has be5 to s]p5t9e ) *rysotile asbe/os 9 places1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn "p ! alt]ation has be5 l>gely to amphibolite ) developm5t ( an?ophyllite asbe/os & talc4 ,*rysotile asbe/os 7,quebec type71 z repres5t$ 9 mo/ deposits1 is =m$ by s]p5t9ization1 ) subsequ5t prismatic cry/allization 9 cracks1 ! ve9s ?us =m$ repres5t+ a recry/allization along ! walls & ?us be+ replacem5t ve9s r ?an fissure ve9s4 ,contact metamorphism evid5tly plays an important "p 9 ! process1 = 9 mo/ regions intrusive dikes are associat$ ) ! deposits & evid5tly _h a def9ite influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! comm]cial product4 ,z s]p5t9ization is a deep-seat$ process1 *rysotile deposits may occur at consid]able dep?4 ,an?ophyllite asbe/os 7,georgia type7 results f alt]ation ( p]idotites or pyrox5ites to amphibole1 giv+ ! fibr\s an?ophyllite & relat$ =ms4 ,?is type ( asbe/os does n occur 9 ve9s b con/itutes ! major "p ( ! rock mass4 ,:ile ! modes ( alt]ation not$ above acc\nt = mo/ ( ! asbe/os deposits kn[n1 !re are two important exceptions--! crocidolite1 or blue asbe/os1 ( ,s\? ,africa1 & ! *rysotile deposits ( ,arizona1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 s$im5t>y rocks4 ,crocidolite is int]b$d$ 9 jasp] & iron/one1 & ! ,arizona *rysotile has result$ f ! alt]ation ( *]ty lime/one influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! action ( diabase intrusions4 ,z po9t$ out 9 ! discussion ( uses1 = v>i\s select purposes an?ophyllite _c be employ$ z a sub/itute = *rysotile ( sp9n+ grade4 ,z ! uses ( an?ophyllite are ?us re/rict$1 & z ! supply seems to be ample = _m ye>s to come1 ! problem ( supply c5t]s ab\t ! deposits ( high-grade *rysotile4 ,deposits ( s]p5t9iz$ basic rocks are by no means r>e1 & ev5 ! developm5t ( a fibr\s /ructure is common1 b 9 all *rysotile-be>+ deposits only a small "p ( ! s]p5t9e is fibr\s1 & ( ! fibr\s "p only a small p]c5tage c be utiliz$ z high-grade asbe/os4 ,! value ( deposits ( mo/ ores dep5ds l>gely on ! p]c5tage ( metal & ( impurities pres5t1 & little att5tion ne$ be giv5 to ! physical "* ( an ore4 ,! value ( asbe/os1 h[ev]1 dep5ds n only on purity ( composition1 b on v def9ite physical prop]ties1 su* z l5g? ( fib]1 flexibility1 & t5sile /r5g?4 ,su* prop]ties result f a comb9ation ( favorable conditions ( cry/allization1 conditions t are at pres5t little und]/ood4 ,a l>ge body ( s]p5t9iz$ basic rock be>s1 !re=e1 no c]ta9 promise ( an asbe/os supply1 ?\gh x may (f] enc\ragem5t = prospect+4 ,high-grade fib] is evid5tly =m$ "u a peculi> comb9ation ( geologic conditions :i* involve ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 prim>y rock types1 _! alt]ation to second>y m9]als & recry/allization ( ^! 9 ve9s1 su* recry/allization be+ induc$ by a comb9ation ( metamorphic ag5cies4 ,al?\gh x is q probable1 !re=e1 t new fields w be discov]$1 !re is no probability ( an abundant supply4 ,an important po9t to be consid]$ 9 connection ) future supplies is t = mo/ uses ( asbe/os !re is little or no scrap recov]y2 t :i* is once us$ is = ! mo/ "p gone beyond recall4 ,x is wise1 !re=e1 to ma9ta9 a cons]vative view ( ! asbe/os res]ve1 = al?\gh !re is evid5ce ( a supply 9 ! ,canadian deposits & else:]e to la/ = _m ye>s1 ! probability is t deposits ( high-grade mat]ial are nei!r num]\s nor ext5sive4 ,! total production & e/imat$ res]ves ( sp9n+ asbe/os 9 ! important produc+ c\ntries are %[n 9 ,figure #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,total production & e/imat$ res]ves ( sp9n+ asbe/os4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,unit$ ,/ates4--,asbe/os 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ( two types1 *rysotile & an?ophyllite4 ,! *rysotile v>iety occurs 9 ,arizona1 ,v]mont1 ,wyom+1 & ,cali=nia1 & ! an?ophyllite 9 ,georgia1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,idaho4 ,*rysotile ,asbe/os4--,! asbe/os deposits ( ,arizona are unusual 9 be+ cross-fib] *rysotile ve9s 9 *]ty lime/one1 & ?us q di/9ct 9 orig9 f ! ,quebec deposits4 ,! asbe/os-be>+ b$s are ?9 & "s ( !m are almo/ inaccessible4 ,asbe/os 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,arizona at two po9ts 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,little ,colorado ,riv]4 ,! m9]al occurs 9 a s+le b$1 #ab to #ad in*es ?ick1 ! ve9s be+ p>allel ) ! b$d+4 ,9 "s places ! ve9s are #d in*es ?ick1 b usually !y d n exce$ #b in*es4 ,! visible supply1 !re=e1 is n great1 & z ! di/rict is difficult ( access production has be5 slight4 ,asbe/os also occurs 9 ,a% ,creek ,canyon ne> ,globe4 ,production began 9 #aiad1 & has increas$ consid]ably s9ce4 ,! asbe/os c>ries only #j4e p] c5t4 iron oxide1 :ile ,canadian asbe/os runs #b4b p] c5t4 to #b4f p] c5t4 iron oxide4 ,! ,arizona mat]ial is1 !re=e1 sup]ior to ,canadian asbe/os = electrical insulation4 ,x is e/imat$ t "u favorable conditions ! region c supply #a1jjj tons annually = _m ye>s to come1 b t ! output w nev] be l>ge z comp>$ ) t ( ,canada4 ,9 #aiad an asbe/os deposit simil> to ^? ( ,a% ,creek 0 report$ ne> ,"y po/(fice4 ,x is #hj miles f ! ne>e/ railroad /ation & w probably be inaccessible = _m ye>s4 ,ne> ! summit ( ,m\nt ,bak]1 nor? ( ! ,roosevelt ,res]voir1 a m9e produc+ good *rysotile 0 op5$ 9 #aiag4 ,! asbe/os occurs 9 cross-fib] ve9s 9 lime/one4 ,! asbe/os deposits ( ,v]mont are situat$ at ,l[ell1 9 ! same =mation z ! ,quebec deposits4 ,! asbe/os occurs 9 num]\s irregul> ve9s1 ! supply is probably l>ge1 & "s ( x comp>es favorably ) ! ,canadian product4 ,!re 0 a consid]able production 9 =m] ye>s1 b aft] #aiab ! qu>ries 7 idle4 ,! res]ves ( l[-grade rock are probably l>ge4 ,! ma9 deposits ( ,wyom+ occur s\? ( ,casp] 9 igne\s ,ar*ean rocks4 ,! m9]al is *rysotile asbe/os1 mo/ly ( ! cross-fib] type1 ?\gh "s slip-fib] is pres5t4 ,x is claim$ t ! ,wyom+ asbe/os has bett] heat-resi/+ qualities ?an ! ,canadian fib]4 ,h[ev]1 a v small proportion ( ! fib] is ( sp9n+ grade4 ,deposits ( *rysotile asbe/os h be5 not$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 scatt]$ ov] #ac c\nties4 ,! deposits seem to be small1 & ?us f> ! production has n exce$$ a few tons a ye>4 ,a small production is record$ = #aiag f ,nevada & ,inyo c\nties4 ,!re 0 an increas$ output 9 #aiah1 ! total be+ #bbi tons4 ,"s ,no4 #a sp9n+ fib] 0 obta9$ 9 ,nevada ,c\nty4 ,an?ophyllite ,asbe/os4--,! an?ophyllite asbe/os deposits 9 ,georgia yield ! l>ge/ production ( any /ate 9 ! ,union4 ,! mat]ial is n ( sp9n+ grade & is practically all us$ = firepro(+ & insulat+4 ,!re is a consid]able dem& = su* mat]ial1 h[ev]1 & ! indu/ry is e/abli%$ on a firm basis4 ,a notable feature ( ! ,georgia deposits is t approximately #ie p] c5t4 ( ! rock qu>ri$ is fibr\s an?ophyllite ( comm]cial quality1 :]eas 9 ,quebec only ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( ! mat]ial qu>ri$ c be utiliz$4 ,an?ophyllite asbe/os deposits occur 9 ,virg9ia ne> ,b$=d4 ,! mat]ial is l[-grade & ! am\nt is probably small4 ,a little is consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( 8t5ax10 a prep>ation us$ by d5ti/s4 ,amphibole slip-fib] asbe/os has lately be5 m9$ on a small scale 9 ,m>yl&1 ne> ,pylesville4 ,x is us$ = filt]s4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a small production 0 record$ f ,dalton1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,new ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,an?ophyllite asbe/os occurs 9 ,idaho1 ne> ,kamiah4 ,x is n ( sp9n+ grade1 is ( l[ t5sile /r5g?1 & is inf]ior to all b ! l[e/ grades ( *rysotile4 ,! deposit is evid5tly l>ge1 b ! production is almo/ negligible4 ,canada & ,newf\ndl&4--,! mo/ important asbe/os-produc+ deposits ( ! _w are ^? ( ! prov9ce ( ,quebec1 ,canada1 *iefly 9 ! region ( ,!t=d & ,br\ghton4 ,asbe/os occurs 9 s]p5t9e ( ,cambrian age1 ! area 9 :i* ! important m9es are f\nd ext5d+ f s\!rn ,v]mont to ,gasp1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,! s]p5t9e lies 9 ?ree prom95t belts4 ,! ,danville-,ea/man-,v]mont s]p5t9e belt is ab\t #fb miles long4 ,! scatt]$ outcrops probably are connect$ b5ea? ! heavy drift deposits & =e/ gr[?4 ,prospects h be5 work$ 9 six places1 b ! production atta9$ is small4 ,! belt is an unc]ta9 quantity1 t gives fair promise ( a l>ge future supply4 ,! ,!t=d-,black ,lake area is ! important area ( ,quebec & n[ ! mo/ productive asbe/os di/rict ( ! _w4 ,9 #aiag !re 7 #ag active m9es 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 #aiah ! quantity ( rock m9$ 0 #b1dde1gde tons1 & ! total asbe/os production 0 #aei1bbe tons1 valu$ at #i1jec1ide4 ,! ,br\ghton & ! c5tral & ea/]n ,!t=d areas are ma9ly slip-fib] asbe/os4 ,! ,we/ ,!t=d1 ,s\? ,irel&1 & ,nor? ,col]a9e ,t[n%ip deposits con/itute ! ve9-fib] belt :i* yields ! high-grade sp9n+ asbe/os t has a _w-wide reputation4 ,s]p5t9e rocks be>+ *rysotile asbe/os are report$ ne> ,port au ,port1 9 ,newf\ndl&1 probably repres5t+ a cont9uation ( ! ,quebec belt4 ,! possibility ( comm]cial developm5t is unc]ta94 ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4--,asbe/os deposits h be5 report$ 9 ,brazil1 b aside f ?is no comm]cial deposits h be5 not$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re is no record ( asbe/os deposits 9 ,mexico or 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,europe4--,! asbe/os deposits ( ,russia probably rank next to ^? ( ,canada4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are #eg miles nor? ( ,ekat]9burg1 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,! qu>ries c be work$ only f ,may to ,novemb] 9 ea* ye>4 ,transportation is ov] ! ,p]m ,railroad1 & ! output is export$ via ,riga4 ,! fib] is ( ! same type z ! ,canadian1 a *rysotile asbe/os1 *iefly ( ! cross-fib] type4 ,! ri*e/ ore yields #db to #ee p\nds ( asbe/os p] cubic y>d4 ,production has also be5 report$ by ! ,s\? ,urals ,asbe/os ,co41 op]at+ 9 ! ,orsk di/rict1 9 ,or5burg4 ,russian asbe/os is said to be h>%] ?an ,canadian & less suitable = sp9n+1 b a great deal ( high-grade fib] has be5 produc$ & ,russia is likely to be an important future s\rce ( asbe/os4 ,! asbe/os ( ,italy is ( ! an?ophyllite v>iety4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 di/ricts3 ! ,susa ,valley deposits1 ne> ! ,fr5* bord]1 :i* lie #f1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above sea level & are1 !re=e1 n readily available2 ! ,ao/a ,valley deposits1 ( wide ext5t1 ) long-fib]$1 /rong1 & soapy product2 & ! deposits 9 ,lomb>dy1 also ( great ext5t4 ,italian asbe/os may be us$ to "s ext5t z a sub/itute = ,canadian fib]1 or to mix ) x1 b ! supply ( high-grade fib] is n great1 & x is m difficult & exp5sive to "w ?an ! ,canadian mat]ial4 ,! ,unit$ ,asbe/os ,co41 ( ,london1 ,engl&1 is ! l>ge/ produc]4 ,l>ge deposits ( asbe/os are kn[n on ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,! mat]ial is d]iv$ f s]p5t9e & is ( ! amphibole an?ophyllite type4 ,mu* ( x is %ort-fib]$ b "s ( x c be us$ to mix ) ,canadian fib]4 ,good sp9n+ asbe/os has be5 not$ 9 c5tral ,f9l& b production up to ! pres5t "t is almo/ negligible4 ,asbe/os deposits h be5 not$ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,norway1 ,greece1 & ,turkey1 b all ! above deposits are said to consi/ ( co>se & brittle mat]ial ( little comm]cial value4 ,a l>ge deposit ( good asbe/os is report$ 9 ! isl& ( ,corsica4 ,asia4--,deposits are kn[n 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ,india4 ,asbe/os is also report$ 9 ,afghani/an4 ,indian asbe/os is ( inf]ior t5sile /r5g?1 & ! lack ( developm5t r5d]s x an unc]ta9 res\rce4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey report$ 9 #aiab t ?ree asbe/os m9es 7 9 op]ation #de miles nor!a/ ( ,antung1 ,*9a4 ,! product1 :i* 0 %ipp$ into ,man*uria1 is ( ! amphibole 7an?ophyllite7 type & q brittle4 ,*rysotile asbe/os ( good quality is report$ s\? ( ,lake ,baikal1 9 ,mongolia4 ,x has nev] be5 m9$1 & on acc\nt ( its remot5ess is n likely to be develop$4 ,deposits yield+ a small output are report$ f sev]al o!r prov9ces4 ,asbe/os deposits occur 9 sev]al localities 9 ,japan4 ,! output is ( inf]ior quality & is mix$ ) import$ mat]ial = asbe/os pack+4 ,! ,japan ,asbe/os ,co41 ( ,osaka1 is ! *ief manufactur] ( asbe/os products4 ,deposits h be5 op5$ at ,m9us9ck1 on ! ,y5esei ,riv]1 9 ,sib]ia1 b production is report$ = ! ye> #aije only4 ,transportation is difficult4 ,africa4--,! asbe/os ( ,cape ,colony is crocidolite1 or blue asbe/os2 x is ( ! amphibole type & w n be> high temp]ature1 probably on acc\nt ( its iron cont5t1 b is long]1 /rong]1 f9]1 & m ela/ic ?an *rysotile4 ,on acc\nt ( its l[ fusibility x is useful 9 electric weld+4 ,! m9]al occurs 9 ?ree important di/ricts & outcrops at num]\s po9ts f ! ,orange ,riv] nor? to ,be*uanal&4 ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s report x to be ! l>ge/ asbe/os-be>+ area 9 ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal deposits are at ,koejas1 :]e ! ,cape ,asbe/os ,co41 ,ltd41 produc$ 9 #aiaf ab\t two-?irds ( ! total am\nt ( asbe/os m9$ 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,blue asbe/os is ga9+ favor 9 =eign m>kets1 & ?is fact1 9 connection ) ! great ext5t ( ! deposits1 indicates t ^! deposits con/itute an important factor 9 _w supply4 ,l>ge & probably ext5sive deposits ( *rysotile asbe/os ( ! f9e/ quality occur 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,?ree companies h rec5tly op]at$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,production1 :i* began ab\t #aiad1 9 :i* ye> #cj tons 7 report$1 _h increas$ to a total ( #djg tons 9 #aiaf4 ,a new & important developm5t is ! m9+ ( a long-fib]$ amphibole asbe/os kn[n z 8amosite40 ,a small output ( asbe/os f ,natal has be5 report$ = sev]al ye>s2 h[ev]1 ! fib] is n high grade & an increase ( production is n likely4 ,important deposits occur 9 s\!rn ,rhodesia4 ,! ,s\!rn ,rhodesia ,geological ,survey reports t !re is 9 sight sev]al ye>s' supply = an output ( #bjj tons p] mon? )\t go+ deep] ?an #fj feet4 ,! 8probable ore0 supply is v great4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! ,rhodesian fib] is ! only class ( *rysotile asbe/os t c compete successfully ) ! be/ grade ( ,canadian fib]4 ,au/ralasia4--,a *rysotile-be>+ s]p5t9e belt cov]s a consid]able area 9 ,que5sl&4 ,a deposit occurs ne> ,rockwell1 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! ,au/ralia ,asbe/os ,manufactur+ ,co4 has produc$ a small am\nt ( mat]ial simil> to ,italian asbe/os4 ,a small am\nt ( *rysotile has also be5 f\nd4 ,a deposit ( *rysotile prospect$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales is claim$ to h ! longe/ asbe/os fib] 9 ! _w4 ,no production has be5 report$4 ,9 ! ,pilb>ra di/rict1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 !re is *rysotile asbe/os ( sp9n+ grade :i* is said to be sup]ior to ei!r ! ,russian or ,italian product4 ,"s ye>s ago a m9e 0 work$ to consid]able dep? by ! ,pilb>ra ,asbe/os ,co41 ( ,london1 ,engl&1 b 9 rec5t ye>s ! production has be5 almo/ negligible4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& *rysotile asbe/os ( sp9n+ grade occurs 9 ,nelson ,prov9ce4 ,! ,au/ralasian ,asbe/os ,co41 ( ,sydney1 has rec5tly prospect$ ! s]p5t9e belt ( ,tasmania1 :i* conta9s bo? *rysotile & an?ophyllite asbe/os4 ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,m9es ,! ,unit$ ,/ates leads all nations 9 ! manufacture ( asbe/os products1 & ! l>ge supply ( asbe/os 9 ,quebec is readily available4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 little prospect ( any radical *ange 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( ,am]ican asbe/os m9es4 ,z !re is always a possibility ( su* *anges1 h[ev]1 x is well to consid] ! controll+ factors4 ,z to ! future ( ! ,quebec deposits1 ! pres5t s\rce ( supply1 little def9ite in=mation is available4 ,! fact t s]p5t9ization is a deep-seat$ process has l$ ,canadian geologi/s to conclude t comm]cial fib] may be =m$ to ! full dep? ( ! orig9al p]idotite rock4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! dep? ( ! deposit is limit$ to ! dep? at :i* asbe/os c be extract$ pr(itably4 ,"o m9e is n[ work+ at a dep? ( #cjj feet & drill holes sunk #djj feet f>!r indicate a ?ickness ( at lea/ #gjj feet ( good fib]-be>+ rock4 ,cirkel has /at$ t 9 "o ( ! ,black ,lake qu>ries !re is #dd1cgg1ejj tons ( asbe/os rock 9 sight above ! railway tracks1 ready = imm$iate exploitation4 ,a d$uction ( #ej p] c5t4 = wa/e rock w\ld leave #bb1jjj1jjj tons ( mill rock available1 or en\gh to supply = #bb ye>s a plant capable ( produc+ #d1jjj tons a day4 ,z ?is includes only ! visible ore x may be inf]r$ t ! res]ve is v great4 ,cirkel e/imates ! total acreage ( productive ve9 fib] z #ab1dbj1 ( :i* #a1ajj acres is "u developm5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,a geologi/ :o sp5t two summ]s /udy+ ! geology ( ! region /ates t second-grade fib] is v abundant & t ! high-grade deposits are n m ?an #be p] c5t4 exhau/$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no prospect = _m ye>s ( any *ange 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( work+ m9es ?r\gh ! exhau/ion ( pres5t deposits4 ,dur+ #aiaf & #aiag ! production ( high-grade fib] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates grew /eadily1 b is /ill f> f meet+ dome/ic dem&s1 z ! total ,unit$ ,/ates output 9 #aiag 0 only "o-eightie? ( ! am\nt import$4 ,! mo/ important developm5t has be5 9 ! high-grade *rysotile di/ricts ( ,arizona1 b ^! new deposits d n give promise ( an abundant supply1 & x is unlikely t !y w con/itute a dom9at+ factor 9 ,am]ican production4 ,legislation may h a pr(\nd effect on ! developm5t ( deposits4 ,a high export duty plac$ on raw asbe/os by a c\ntry n[ produc+ x 9 l>ge quantities w\ld h ! effect ( enc\rag+ prospect+ 9 o!r c\ntries & ! developm5t ( deposits t might supply sub/itute mat]ial4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ( ! ea/]n t[n%ips ( ,quebec propos$ measures to protect ! export ( raw asbe/os1 9 ord] to =ce ! manufacture ( asbe/os products 9 ,canada4 ,! ,canadian ,m9+ ,in/itute ,bullet9 7,augu/1 #aiaf7 po9t$ out ! dang]s ( su* action1 = o!r c\ntries w\ld imm$iately se>* = asbe/os deposits else:]e1 & z good asbe/os occurs 9 ,russia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,cyprus1 & o!r localities1 sub/itutes = ,canadian mat]ial c\ld probably be f\nd4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ,canada does n control ! supply1 b t s long z ,canadian fib] is available at reasonable prices !re is no /rong inc5tive = ! developm5t ( new deposits4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w ! situation is less /able ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,european c\ntries import consid]able mat]ial f ,canada1 & ! balance ( _! requirem5ts is fill$ f v>i\s s\rces1 *iefly f ,russia1 ,cyprus1 ,italy1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia4 ,high-grade asbe/os deposits exi/ 9 v>i\s c\ntries & are = ! mo/ "p develop$ to a small ext5t4 ,! factors det]m9+ *anges 9 production are some:at diff]5t f ^? outl9$ = ,am]ica4 ,! lack ( a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t greatly hamp]s production 9 any c\ntry4 ,?us "u rec5t conditions 9 ,russia ! output fell f ne>ly #bj1jjj tons 9 #aiac to ab\t #i1jjj 9 #aiaf4 ,/abiliz$ conditions & m effici5t gov]nm5ts w\ld t5d to increase ! output ( sev]al ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! mo/ important factor contribut+ to ! sl[ developm5t ( ! ,old ,_w deposits is poor transportation4 ,russian asbe/os = ! ,engli% m>ket has to pay transportation co/s ( #be to #cj p] ton4 ,! important crocidolite deposits ( ,s\? ,africa are likewise hamp]$ by poor transportation4 ,n only are ! roads poor1 b ! mo/ important deposits ( ,koegas are #ah miles f a travel$ road1 & o!r deposits are ab\t #ajj miles f roads4 ,?is drawback is (fset to "s ext5t by *eap labor4 ,! pres5t political upheaval 9 ,europe1 involv+ ! =mation ( new /ates & new =ms ( gov]nm5t1 may h a pron\nc$ effect on ! developm5t ( asbe/os deposits1 b until progressive gov]nm5ts are e/abli%$ & va/ improvem5ts made 9 transportation1 no great increase 9 production is possible4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,a l>ge %>e ( ! asbe/os deposits ( ! _w1 be+ situat$ 9 ,briti% colonial possessions1 are "u ! political control ( ,great ,brita94 ,! deposits ( ,cyprus are at pres5t "u ,briti% political control1 b ?is may n be p]man5t4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,cyprus 0 nom9ally ,turki%1 ?\gh adm9i/]$ by ,great ,brita92 9 #aiad1 ,great ,brita9 =mally annex$ ! isl&4 ,cyprus 0 (f]$ to ,greece 9 return = h] assi/ance 9 ! w>1 b ! (f] 0 n accept$4 ,f in=mation available x is evid5t t ! gov]nm5ts ( ,russia & ,italy h 9 ! pa/ impos$ no s]i\s re/rictions on ! developm5t ( _! asbe/os prop]ties ?r\gh ei!r dome/ic or =eign capital4 ,bel[ is set =? ! comm]cial control ( ! asbe/os deposits ( ! _w1 by c\ntries1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,russia1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,italy1 ,cyprus1 & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! ,globe di/rict ( ,arizona1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sp9n+ asbe/os is produc$ by ! ,johns-,manville ,co41 work+ ! ,snell ,fisk prop]ty1 & by ! ,am]ican ,ores ,asbe/os ,co4 ,! ,si]ra ,asbe/os ,co41 ne> ,nevada ,city1 ,cali=nia1 produc$ sp9n+ fib] 9 #aiah4 ,z f> z is kn[n all ! companies op]at+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ,am]ican own$4 ,! asbe/os m9+ indu/ry 9 ,canada is conf9$ to ! ea/]n t[n%ips ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,! l>ge/ company is ! ,asbe/os ,corporation ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ) head (fice 9 ,montreal4 ,?is company op]ates ! ,k+s & ,beav] m9es1 at ,!t=d ,m9es1 ! ,briti% ,canadian m9e1 at ,black ,lake1 & ! ,fraz] m9e1 at ,ea/ ,br\ghton4 ,! company is controll$ by ,engli%1 ,canadian1 & ,unit$ ,/ates capital4 ,! ,bell ,asbe/os ,m9es ,co41 ! ,asbe/os ,asbe/ic ,corporation1 & ! ,manville ,asbe/os ,co4 are :olly or l>gely own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! rema9+ companies are mo/ly controll$ by ,engli% or ,canadian capital1 ?\gh ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s are repres5t$ 9 "s ( !m4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! own]%ip ( ! companies is divid$ betwe5 ,engli%1 ,canadian & ,unit$ ,/ates capital1 ) ,briti% int]e/s probably pr$om9at+4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,ekat]9burg m9es 9 ,russia are ! ,voznes5sky & ,zoe-,anonsky1 ne> ,bazh5(4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total output ( ! ,urals came f ^! m9es 9 #aiaf4 ,x is report$ t prior to ! w> a ,g]man syndicate controll$ sev]al ,russian m9es :i* produc$ 9 all m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( ! entire ,russian output4 ,g]many & ,au/ria 7 ! *ief buy]s ( ,russian asbe/os be=e ! w>4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ! crocidolite ( ,cape ,colony is m9$ l>gely by ! ,cape ,asbe/os ,co41 a ,briti% firm ) m9es at ,koegas & ,we/]b]g1 & hav+ factories 9 ,engl&1 ,tur91 & ,hamburg4 ,a si/] company 9 ,france1 ,compagnie ,franaise de l',amiante du ,cap1 h&l$ 9 #aiaf ab\t two-?irds ( ! total ,s\? ,african production & 0 ! *ief manufactur] ( blue asbe/os products4 ,9 ! ,transvaal1 asbe/os is m9$ by ?ree companies1 ,! ,transvaal ,asbe/os ,syndicate1 n[ absorb$ by ! ,consolidat$ ,gold ,fields2 ! ,s\? ,african ,m9]als ,option ,syndicate1 a subsidi>y ( ! ,be*uanal& ,exploration ,co41 & ! ,anglo-,swiss ,asbe/os ,co4 ,briti% capital pr$om9ates4 ,! ,rhodesia ,asbe/os ,co41 ,ltd41 0 ! *ief ,rhodesian produc] until rec5tly1 b 9 #aiag ! ,rhodesia & ,g5]al ,asbe/os ,corporation 0 organiz$ ) a capital ( #djj1jjj to take ov] ! op]at+ m9es4 ,! comm]cial control is1 !re=e1 ,briti%4 ,! *ief produc] 9 ,italy is ! ,unit$ ,asbe/os ,co41 ( ,london1 ,engl&4 ,prior to ! w> ! ,cyprus deposits 7 work$ by ! ,cyprian ,m9+ ,co41 an ,au/rian corporation4 ,z m9+ concessions are obta9$ f ! ,briti% gov]nm5t by lease on a royalty basis1 x is probable t ! lease has n[ be5 cancell$4 ,! deposits 9 ,au/ralasia are practically all controll$ by ,engli% or ,au/ralian capital4 ,m9es t h no mill+ equipm5t c produce crude fib] :i* may be treat$ at manufactur+ plants4 ,! v>i\s grades ( mill fib] may be produc$ only :]e mills are locat$ at or ne> ! m9es4 ,z ! utilization ( all grades c be accompli%$ only ) ! assi/ance ( mills1 su* mills are necess>y = effici5t m9+4 ,consequ5tly1 ) o!r factors equal1 m9es ) ne>-by mills h a di/9ct comm]cial advantage ov] m9es t produce crude fib] only4 ,al?\gh mills are n ess5tial factors 9 ! asbe/os-m9+ indu/ry1 !y ex]t a second>y influ5ce 9 comm]cial control ?r\gh ! increase 9 m9+ effici5cy t !y r5d] possible4 ,= deposits remote f c5t]s ( manufacture1 mills are ( little advantage1 z fib] bel[ sp9n+ grade w n be> heavy transportation *>ges4 ,mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian m9es h mills = treatm5t ( rock be>+ %ort fib]4 ,sev]al ( ! ,russian m9es are simil>ly equipp$1 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w little or no mill+ is done4 ,a numb] ( important manufactur]s ( asbe/os products 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own]s ( or h intimate trade agreem5ts ) l>ge ,canadian asbe/os m9es1 & also ) "s ( ! dome/ic m9es4 ,h5ce z reg>ds comm]cial control ! ,unit$ ,/ates is practically assur$ ( a supply ( raw mat]ial4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ manufactur] ( asbe/os products 9 ! _w1 9 #aiag less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! raw mat]ial 0 m9$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry is1 !re=e1 l>gely dep5d5t on =eign s\rces ( supply4 ,! abundant deposits ( ,quebec1 ,canada1 are conv5i5tly ne>1 & s long z ! pres5t amicable relations ) ,canada cont9ue1 an ample supply seems to be assur$4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ #hf p] c5t4 ( ! ,canadian output4 ,dur+ #aiaf & #aiag !re 0 m>k$ activity 9 develop+ ! high-grade *rysotile deposits ( ,arizona4 ,:ile !re is z yet no evid5ce ( an abundant supply1 ! mat]ial is an important supplem5t>y s\rce ( supply because ( its quality4 ,:ile no comm]cial asbe/os is m9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,briti% colonial possessions hold control ( ab\t #hh p] c5t4 ( ! annual asbe/os output ( ! _w & approximately #gj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's res]ves4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! supply )9 ! ,briti% ,empire is ample1 ! home requirem5ts ( ! nation c be met only "u favorable %ipp+ conditions1 z all necess>y mat]ial mu/ be transport$ sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,russia is ! second l>ge/ produc] ( asbe/os 9 ! _w1 & seem+ly has l>ge res]ves4 ,z little manufactur+ is done 9 ! c\ntry1 practically ! entire output is export$4 ,be+ indep5d5t z reg>ds h] own ne$s = raw asbe/os1 ,russia requires only ! ma9t5ance ( an active =eign m>ket to assure a p]man5t indu/ry4 ,no comm]cial asbe/os deposits are kn[n to exi/ 9 ,g]many4 ,prior to ! w> asbe/os 0 import$ *iefly f ,russia & ,canada4 ,! *ief ,russian m9es are said to h be5 controll$ by ,g]man capital4 ,italy has l>ge deposits ( amphibole 7an?ophyllite7 asbe/os1 "s ( :i* is ( sp9n+ grade1 b z production has always be5 small & has1 except = m9or fluctuations1 be5 /ation>y = ! pa/ #ah ye>s1 x is unlikely t ! deposits c supply dome/ic requirem5ts ( high-grade fib]4 ,a small am\nt has be5 export$ = filt] use1 = :i* ,italian asbe/os is well adapt$4 ,z ! *ief m9e is op]at$ by a ,briti% company1 consid]able ,italian asbe/os is %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,no asbe/os deposits are work$ 9 ,france4 ,supplies are obta9$ f ,russia1 ,canada1 & ,s\? ,africa4 ,france is ! lead+ nation 9 ! manufacture ( blue asbe/os products4 ,sev]al deposits ( asbe/os occur 9 ,japan1 b all are ( inf]ior quality4 ,! mat]ial m9$ is mix$ ) import$ fib] = ! manufacture ( asbe/os pack+4 ,,summ>y ,asbe/os is a unique m9]al = ! reason t x comb9es incombu/ibility & insulat+ qualities ) a fibr\s /ructure t makes possible its manufacture into fabrics1 felts1 & simil> w>es4 ,! sp9n+ grades ( asbe/os are mo/ 9 dem& & ! problem ( supply h+es l>gely on ! deposits ( high-grade *rysotile4 ,su* mat]ial is us$ = ! manufacture ( ropes1 safety curta9s1 mats1 pack+s & friction fac+s 9 brakes4 ,! l[] grades are us$ = mak+ firepro( %+les & o!r build+ mat]ials1 = insulat+1 & = fire brick1 acid filt]s1 etc4 ,al?\gh "s sub/itutes may be f\nd = ! l[] grades1 no sub/itutes are kn[n = sp9n+ fib]4 ,asbe/os occurs 9 ?ree ma9 types1 *rysotile1 crocidolite1 & an?ophyllite2 ! fir/ & second provide mo/ ( ! sp9n+ fib]1 & ! ?ird is almo/ all ( non-sp9n+ quality4 ,! mo/ important deposit ( *rysotile asbe/os is 9 ,quebec1 ,canada1 b l>ge deposits are work$ 9 ,russia & ,rhodesia4 ,crocidolite is m9$ only 9 ,cape ,colony1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,l>ge deposits ( an?ophyllite occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,italy1 & ,cyprus4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is by f> ! l>ge/ manufactur] ( asbe/os products 9 ! _w1 b produces only a small fraction ( ! necess>y raw mat]ial2 x is practically assur$ ( an ample supply ( ?is because ! l>ge/ deposits 9 ! _w are 9 ! adjac5t ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 ,canada4 ,! ,arizona deposits provide an excell5t grade ( fib] & con/itute a promis+ supplem5t>y s\rce ( supply1 ?\gh ! e/imat$ res]ves are n great4 ,! ,briti% ,empire holds a dom9at+ position1 controll+ ab\t #hh p] c5t4 ( ! annual asbe/os production ( ! _w & approximately #gj p] c5t4 ( ! e/imat$ res]ves4 ,canada is f> 9 ! lead ( all c\ntries1 supply+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output4 ,russia 01 be=e ! revolution1 second to ,canada z a produc]2 because ( ! co/ ( transportation ! *ief output is sp9n+ fib]4 ,s\? ,africa has l>ge res]ves ( good fib]1 b ! output is h&icapp$ by poor transportation4 ,exhau/ion ( ! *ief s\rces ( supply is n likely = _m ye>s1 nor is !re imm$iate prospect ( any mat]ial %ift 9 ! c5t]s ( production1 ?\gh ) improv$ transportation a %ift to ,s\? ,africa is possible4 ,! dem& = high-grade asbe/os w probably increase at a /eady rate4 ,all ! asbe/os qu>ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates seem to be ,am]ican own$4 ,! ,canadian deposits are controll$ by ,canadian1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican capital1 ,briti% int]e/s probably be+ pr$om9ant4 ,briti% companies evid5tly hold exclusive control ( ! pres5t output 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralasia1 & ,italy4 ,be=e ! w> ! ,russian output 0 l>gely controll$ by a ,g]man syndicate1 & ! ,cyprus output by an ,au/rian company4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,phosphate ,,rock ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,/one ,,uses ,,( ,,phosphate ,,rock ,phosphate rock is *iefly us$1 aft] treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 z an +r$i5t ( artificial f]tiliz]s4 ,a small quantity is f9ely gr\nd & us$ directly z f]tiliz]4 ,less] quantities are us$ = mak+ phosphoric acid & phosphorus4 ,phosphorus plays an important "p 9 milit>y op]ations1 be+ us$ = inc5di>y bullets & smoke scre5s4 ,phosphorus also is a common +r$i5t ( mat*es & ! /rik+ surface on boxes ( safety mat*es1 & x ent]s 9 small proportion into phosphor-bronze1 phosphor-copp] & phosphor-t94 ,sub/itutes4--,sub/itutes = phosphate rock may be class$ z natural & artificial4 ,natural sub/itutes are phosphatic lime/one2 o!r phosphate-be>+ m9]als1 su* z apatite1 nelsonite1 & wavellite2 guano2 m>l2 animal excrem5t & bones4 ,artificial sub/itutes include basic slag & manufactur$ comp\nds1 l ammonium phosphate4 ,,geological ,,occurr5ce ,phosphate rock is a s$im5t>y deposit conta9+ phosphate ( lime4 ,x occurs z a h>d rock int]/ratifi$ ) b$s ( s&/one1 %ale1 or o!r s$im5ts2 z amorph\s nodul> concretions or pebbles 9 /ream deposits2 & z a residuum f ! decomposition ( phosphatic dolomite or lime/one1 or o!r rocks conta9+ phosphate ( lime4 ,ano!r type ( deposit commonly class$ z phosphate rock is ! por\s corall9e or o!r lime/one ( tropical isl&s :i* has be5 p]meat$ ) phosphate lea*$ f guano4 ,phosphate deposits ( ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 & ,egypt are h>d rock b$s ( ! fir/ type4 ,amorph\s nodul> deposits occur 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 "p ( ,florida1 ,wales1 ,engl&1 ,belgium1 nor?-c5tral & ea/]n ,france1 & ,russia4 ,! deposits 9 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 & "s ( ^? 9 ,florida are residual4 ,lea*$ guano deposits are f\nd on ! isl&s ( ,aruba1 ,curacao1 & ,sombr]o1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & on ,*ri/mas1 ,ocean1 ,makatea1 ,angaur & o!r isl&s 9 ! ,indian & ,s\? ,pacific oceans4 ,! res]ves 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are fairly well kn[n & are e/imat$ at #f1jjj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,res]ves ( high-grade rock 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis h be5 e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,no in=mation is at h& reg>d+ ! quantity ( phosphate rock 9 ,egypt or 9 ,europe1 except t ,russia is believ$ to h #hj1jjj1jjj tons 9 "o ( its fields4 ,! deposits 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific isl&s are e/imat$ at #gj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,be=e ! w> ! _w's output ( phosphate rock 0 ab\t #f1jjj1jjj tons annually1 ( :i* ab\t "o-half 0 m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! next l>ge/ production is made 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,phosphoric acid is d]iv$ also f apatite1 a calcium phosphate t occurs 9 ve9s4 ,apatite has be5 m9$ 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 ,canada1 & 9 ,spa94 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e phosphate rock is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,canada1 ! ,dut* ,we/ ,indies1 & ,fr5* ,guiana1 & occurs 9 ,p]u & ,*ile4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! pr9cipal deposits ( phosphate rock 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 ,florida1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,arkansas1 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wyom+1 & ,utah4 ,al?\gh by f> ! l>ge/ deposits are 9 ! we/]n /ates1 ^? deposits yield less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! :ole because ( ! lack ( a l>ge ne>-by m>ket & because ( high freight rates on ! crude rock4 ,x is n a matt] ( common k1 b x is1 nev]!less1 a fact1 t ! we/]n rock phosphate deposits are s ext5sive z to be practically inexhau/ible1 ev5 if ! entire _w dep5d$ on !m = its supply ( phosphate4 ,! ,florida phosphate deposits1 :i* are ! mo/ ext5sively develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 comprise ?ree classes ( phosphate--h>d rock1 l& pebble1 & riv] pebble4 ,! fir/ is highe/ grade1 ! second is produc$ 9 l>ge/ quantity1 & ! ?ird is n m9$ at pres5t4 ,! h>d-rock deposits lie 9 a n>r[ /rip along ! we/]n "p ( ! ,florida p59sula f ,suwanee ,c\nty to ,pasco ,c\nty1 a di/ance ( approximately #ajj miles4 ,! l&-pebble phosphate area1 j ea/ ( ,tampa1 is ab\t #cj miles long & #aj miles wide4 ,sales ( ,florida phosphate decl9$ trem5d\sly aft] #aiac ?r\gh ! re/riction on exports by ! w>4 ,9 #aiac ! sales 7 #b1ejj1jjj tons1 valu$ at #i1ejj1jjj1 & 9 #aiae ! production 0 #a1cej1jjj tons1 valu$ at #c1gjj1jjj4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a produces l& rock phosphate 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,riv]-pebble phosphate occurs 9 ! same area b is n m9$4 ,"s ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a output has be5 export$ annually4 ,sales decreas$ f #afi1jjj tons 9 #aiaa to #hc1jjj 9 #aiae1 & ! value 9 ! same ye>s f #fgc1jjj to #caa1jjj4 ,t5nessee deposits ( rock phosphate are 9 ! we/-c5tral "p & extreme nor!a/ corn] ( ! /ate2 ! latt] h n be5 m9$4 ,?ree types are recogniz$ & kn[n by _! colors z br[n1 blue1 & :ite rock2 ! la/ has n be5 m9$ rec5tly4 ,! br[n rock is sold "u gu>antee ( #gj to #hj p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate2 ! blue rock v>ies consid]ably 9 its phosphatic cont5t4 ,sales ( ,t5nessee phosphate 9 #aiad 7 #dhc1jjj tons1 valu$ at #a1hbc1jjj2 by #aiae !y _h fall5 to #cij1jjj tons1 valu$ at #a1cbh1jjj4 ,k5tucky has be5 an insignificant produc] ( phosphate rock 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,arkansas phosphate deposits are 9 ! nor?-c5tral "p ( ! /ate4 ,! output is small4 ,f\r we/]n /ates possess enorm\s deposits ( high-grade rock phosphate1 b _! output is z yet insignificant1 be+ only #c1jjj to #e1jjj tons a ye>4 ,! produc+ /ates are ,idaho1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+4 ,montana is n a produc]1 al?\gh x conta9s ext5sive deposits easy ( access & close to rail transportation4 ,idaho has an unlimit$ supply ( high-grade phosphate 9 ! s\!a/ "p ( ! /ate4 ,a small quantity is m9$ 9 ,be> ,lake ,c\nty4 ,! ,utah deposits are ea/ ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 9 ! ,wasat* & ,u9tah ranges1 & ea/ ( ,be> ,lake4 ,^! deposits are ext5sive1 b ! rock is lean] ?an ! g5]al run ( ! ,idaho phosphate1 av]ag+ ne>] #fj p] c5t4 ?an #hj p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,we/]n ,wyom+ also is ri* 9 rock phosphate1 ! deposits be+ mo/ly 9 ! ,owl ,creek1 ,w9d ,riv]1 ,gros ,v5tre1 & ,salt ,riv] ranges4 ,"s ( ! b$s are ?ick1 c>ry+ #hj p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate1 & ext5d = _m miles4 ,!y con/itute a res]ve supply t may be call$ inexhau/ible4 ,small local dem& = f]tiliz] & lack ( *eap transportation may ret>d = "s ye>s ! developm5t ( ! great & ri* we/]n deposits4 ,an e/imate ( ! quantity ( rock phosphate available 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made sev]al ye>s ago & ne$ n be revis$ to acc\nt = t m9$ 9 ! meantime4 ,x is repeat$ "h3 ,,res]ves ,,( ,,phosphate ,,rock ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,long tons ,florida #bbg1jjj1jjj ,t5nessee #hh1jjj1jjj ,s\? ,c>ol9a #i1jjj1jjj ,k5tucky #a1jjj1jjj ,arkansas #bj1jjj1jjj ----------- #cde1jjj1jjj ,we/]n ,/ates3 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+ #e1cfg1jhb1jjj ------------- ,total #e1gab1jhb1jjj ,canada4--,! pr9cipal phosphatic rock 9 ,canada is apatite1 :i* occurs 9 workable quantity 9 two ma9 di/ricts--"o 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 ! o!r 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,^! deposits1 :i* 7 work$ ma9ly by qu>ry+1 are n[ practically ab&on$4 ,rock phosphate occurs 9 a ?9 b$ ne> ,banff1 ,alb]ta1 b is n us$4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,9 ,aruba & ,curacao1 isl&s ( ! ,dut* ,we/ ,indies1 (f ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 are deposits ( phosphate rock1 f :i* a small quantity is m9$ & %ipp$ to ,europe4 ,x is report$ t ! output 9 #aiad 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj tons1 av]ag+ #he to #ij p] c5t4 ( calcium phosphate4 ,9 ,p]u1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ica1 is a deposit ( nodul> lime phosphate1 :i* is n us$ because ( a local pref]5ce = guano4 ,a l>ge1 ri* deposit ( phosphate is report$ 9 ,*ile1 ab\t #cjj miles nor? ( ,valp>aiso1 b has n be5 develop$ z yet4 ,phosphate deposits occur on ! ,isl& ( ,salut & on ! ,connetables1 close to ! coa/ ( ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,! rock is export$4 ,europe4--,! high-grade phosphate deposits ( ,belgium are exhau/$1 only l[-grade deposits rema9+4 ,! rock is f\nd 9 lay]s & pockets1 & c>ries betwe5 #be & #fe p] c5t4 ( bone phosphate4 ,! production f #aiaa to #aiac av]ag$ m ?an #bjj1jjj tons annually4 ,! pr9cipal deposits 9 ,france are 9 ! ,somme & ,oise bas9s4 ,! be/ ,fr5* deposits are high] grade ?an ! ,belgian1 z !y c>ry #ej to #hj p] c5t4 ( bone phosphate1 b !y are ne>ly exhau/$1 only l[-grade mat]ial rema9+4 ,! production f #aiaj to #aiad 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj tons annually4 ,important deposits ( phosphate rock 9 ,russia c be divid$ into ! nor!rn1 c5tral1 & s\!rn gr\ps4 ,! deposits ( ! s\!rn gr\p 7 ! only ones exploit$ be=e ! w>4 ,_! output 0 ab\t #be1jjj tons a ye>--v small 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! deposits1 :i* are e/imat$ to conta9 m ?an #a1ejj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,"s ( ! rock is high grade1 c>ry+ z mu* z #ge p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate1 b ! normal grade is ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,! only deposits work$ ext5sively 9 ,spa9 are apatite ve9s 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,cac]as4 ,aft] ly+ idle _m ye>s ^! deposits 7 reop5$ & produc$ #bh1jjj tons 9 #aiag4 ,l[-grade phosphate 9 ! =m ( b$s ( nodules occurs 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,wales4 ,! production has be5 slight because ! deposits are too small = comm]cial exploitation4 ,africa4--,! pr9cipal deposits ( phosphate rock 9 ,tunis are ! ,gafsa fields1 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re phosphate occurs 9 b$s sev]al feet ?ick1 b only ^? c>ry+ m ?an #eh p] c5t4 phosphate ( lime are exploit$4 ,! deposits c be trac$ = sev]al hundr$ miles1 & con/itute a res]ve ( hundr$s ( millions ( tons4 ,tunis n[ produces m phosphate ?an any o!r =eign c\ntry1 its annual output be+ betwe5 #a1ejj1jjj & #b1jjj1jjj tons1 mo/ ( :i* goes to s\!rn ,europe4 ,! deposits ( phosphate rock 9 ,alg]ia are cont9uations ( ^? 9 ,tunis1 ! important m9+ di/ricts be+ 9 ea/]n ,alg]ia4 ,! production is ov] #ejj1jjj tons a ye>1 & ! export$ rock c>ries #eh to #fh p] c5t4 ( lime phosphate4 ,ext5sive deposits ( phosphate occur 9 ,egypt1 ne> ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ?9 & irregul> b$s ( ! same geologic age 7,eoc5e7 z ! deposits 9 ,tunis & ,alg]ia4 ,! be/ deposits av]age #gj p] c5t4 lime phosphate & ! output 9 #aiaf 0 #abe1jjj tons4 ,!re are m9es #bj miles f ,port ,safalga1 & concessions #ab miles inl& f ,kosseir & also at ,sebaia1 on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile betwe5 ,k5eh & ,ass\an4 ,b$s ( phosphate are f\nd 9 o!r di/ricts on bo? sides ( ! ,nile valley4 ,practically all ! raw rock phosphate produc$ conta9s #fe p] c5t4 or m ( tricalcium phosphate & is export$ ma9ly to ,japan4 ,deposits ( phosphate occur #hj to #abj kilomet]s f ! city ( ,tripoli 9 b$s m ?an #a met] ?ick4 ,^! b$s probably are a cont9uation ( ! phosphate deposits 9 s\!rn ,tunis4 ,deposits ( phosphate are report$ 9 ,morocco #abe kilomet]s s\?-s\?we/ ( ,casa ,blanca on ! we/ coa/ & #gj kilomet]s f ! end ( a railroad4 ,^! deposits are said to be comp>able to ! ,gafsa field1 9 ,tunis4 ,x is report$ t at ,dielor1 9 ,s5egal1 ab\t ! latitude ( ,cape ,v]de1 ! we/]nmo/ po9t on ! ,african coa/1 !re is a phosphate b$ :i* is #b met]s ?ick to a dep? ( #fd met]s4 ,! rock c>ries only #ej p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate1 s x is n workable "u pres5t conditions1 especially 9 view ( ! abundant high-grade rock 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis4 ,phosphates h be5 f\nd 9 ,natal1 ne> ,we551 ,ladysmi?1 & ,byrnet[n1 9 ! =m ( phosphatic %ales & ( nodules4 ,! p]c5tage ( tricalcium phosphate 9 ! phosphatic %ales is too l[ = use 9 mak+ sup]phosphates2 ! phosphatic nodules are ( high] grade b n abundant en\gh to be ( value4 ,asia & ,au/ralasia4--,9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,uralsk1 9 s\?we/]n ,sib]ia1 bord]+ on ! nor? end ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 !re is report$ to be #fjj1jjj1jjj tons ( phosphate rock4 ,x is said t ! great] "p ( ?is mat]ial c>ries #ag to #bj p] c5t4 phosphoric acid1 :i* is equival5t to #cf to #dc p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,turgai1 :i* bord]s ,uralsk on ! ea/1 is report$ to conta9 #fg1jjj1jjj tons ( phosphate rock1 mo/ ( :i* c>ries #ah to #ai p] c5t4 phosphoric acid1 or ab\t #dj p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,! highe/-grade mat]ial report$ is #bd p] c5t4 phosphoric acid1 equival5t to ab\t #eb p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,all ! phosphate !re=e is l[ grade4 ,no production is report$ f ei!r ( ! localities4 ,l[-grade phosphate rock1 9 s$im5t>y b$s ( consid]able ext5t1 & high-grade ve9 deposits are report$ 9 ,pale/9e1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,jordan4 ,! s$im5t>y deposits occur also on ! we/ side ( ! ,jordan4 ,! kn[n res]ves are ab\t #c1ejj1jjj tons4 ,! s$im5t>y deposits av]age ab\t #dh p] c5t4 & ! ve9 deposits #gg p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,z ! ve9 mat]ial is suitable = export1 ^! deposits h be5 explor$ by a ,fr5* company1 b available in=mation indicates !re has be5 no output4 ,isl&s 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4--,aft] ! discov]y ( phosphate rock on ,rasa ,isl&1 #ejj miles ea/ ( ,=mosa1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 a ,japanese company 0 =m$ to exploit ! deposits4 ,! rock is ri*1 c>ry+ #ge p] c5t4 phosphate ( lime1 & ! res]ves are e/imat$ at #b1hjj1jjj tons4 ,9 #aiae ,rasa ,isl& yield$ #ej1jjj tons4 ,a =m] ,g]man supply ( phosphate is on ,angaur ,isl&1 9 ! ,pelew gr\p1 ea/ ( ! s\!rn end ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,res]ves on ?is isl& are e/imat$ at #b1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj tons ( phosphate rock1 mo/ly ( high grade4 ,g]many increas$ ! output f #de1jjj tons 9 #aiaj to #ij1jjj tons 9 #aiac4 ,japan has held ?is isl& s9ce ,octob]1 #aiad1 & is m9+ #cj1jjj tons or m phosphate annually4 ,deposits ( phosphate1 consi/+ ( replacem5ts ( dolomitic corall9e lime/one1 & phosphatic guano are report$ on sev]al o!r isl&s 9 ,oceania1 z ,bak] & ,fann+ ,isl&s1 9 ,polynesia1 & ,fais ,isl&1 9 ! ,we/ ,c>ol9e ,isl&s4 ,x is probable t on o!r isl&s !re are comm]cial deposits z yet undiscov]$4 ,isl&s 9 ,indian & ,s\? ,pacific ,oceans4--,nor? ( ,adelaide1 9 ,au/ralia1 are pockety deposits ( phosphate2 !y are )\t regul> /ratification & are ( v>y+ quality4 ,! annual output has be5 #d1jjj to #f1jjj tons = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ! ,otago di/rict1 ne> ,cl>5don1 ,new ,zeal&1 b$s ( phosphate #c to #ab feet ?ick re/ 9 pockets 9 lime/one4 ,!re has be5 v little if any production4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,isl& 7,/raits ,settlem5ts71 :i* lies 9 ! ,indian ,ocean #aij miles s\? ( ,java1 rock c>ry+ #hj p] c5t4 ( bone phosphate is qu>ri$ & %ipp$ to ,au/ralia & ,japan4 ,! deposits seem to be irregul>1 b are e/imat$ to conta9 sev]al million tons ( rock ( v high grade4 ,! isl& belongs to ! gov]nm5t ( ,s+apore4 ,exploitation ( ! deposits by ! ,briti% began 9 #aijj4 ,exports 9 #aiac 7 #aej1jjj tons4 ,phosphate rock ( high grade is m9$ on ,ocean ,isl&1 9 ! ,gilb]t ,ar*ipelago1 betwe5 ! ,m>%all & ,solomon ,isl&s1 ea/ ( ,new ,gu9ea & nor? ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,on ?is & o!r s-call$ coral isl&s 9 ! equatorial belt :i* = ages h be5 sea-bird rook]ies1 lea*+s f ! guano h impregnat$ ! lime/one1 =m+ phosphate rock _m feet deep4 ,! deposits on ?is isl& are said to be _m millions ( tons & are among ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w4 ,!y h be5 m9$ s9ce #aija1 & h produc$ z high z #cjj1jjj tons a ye>4 ,9 #aiaf ! output 0 #gj1jjj tons ( rock c>ry+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 tricalcium phosphate4 ,! isl& is a ,briti% possession4 ,ano!r ,briti% possession 9 ! ,gilb]t ,ar*ipelago conta9+ phosphate rock is ,pleasant ,isl&1 :i* is also kn[n z ,nauru1 or ,ng>u1 ,isl&4 ,! deposits are simil> to ^? on ,ocean & ,*ri/mas ,isl&s1 be+ v high 9 calcium phosphate & l[ 9 iron & alum9a4 ,g]many =m]ly own$ ?is isl&1 b x 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,briti% 9 #aiag4 ,makatea1 ne> ,tahiti1 9 ! ,society ,isl&s1 is e/imat$ to conta9 #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( v high-grade phosphate rock1 irregul>ly di/ribut$ betwe5 reefs & p9nacles ( dolomite4 ,! deposits 7 develop$ z rec5tly z #aiaj & yield$ m ?an #cjj1jjj tons be=e #aiag4 ,"s ( ! rock c>ries #he p] c5t4 lime phosphate4 ,! isl& is a ,fr5* possession4 ,,rec5t ,,*anges ,,& ,,developm5ts ,:5 ! ,_w ,w> began1 exports ( phosphate rock f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ord9>ily ab\t #a1jjj1jjj tons a ye>1 7 cut (f & ! annual production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fell f #c1jjj1jjj tons to #a1hjj1jjj tons4 ,!re has be5 a /rong recov]y 9 ! dome/ic indu/ry & if labor & transportation conditions improve !re %\ld %ortly be an annual production ( ne>ly #c1jjj1jjj tons = dome/ic consumption1 or z mu* phosphate rock = our own use z =m]ly 0 produc$ = ourselves & a l>ge export trade4 ,x is surmis$ t nor!rn ,africa w yield l>g] quantities 9 ! future ?an dur+ ! pre-w> p]iod4 ,production 9 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 & ,egypt 0 probably /imulat$ dur+ ! w> on acc\nt ( ! l>ge r$uction 9 ! quantity ( ,am]ican rock s5t to ,europe4 ,japan d\btless w make a l>ge output f ! ,g]man deposits 9 ,polynesia :i* came into h] possession at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,own]%ip ( ! phosphate deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>gely dome/ic2 "s ( ! ,florida h>d-rock deposits are own$ by ,fr5* & 7be=e ! w>7 ,g]man companies4 ,! ,g]man-own$ deposits 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,cu/odian ( ,ali5-,enemy ,prop]ty1 & h d\btless pass$ into o!r h&s4 ,! phosphate deposits on ,curacao1 ,dut* ,we/ ,indies1 are work$ by ! ,curacao ,phosphate ,m9+ ,co41 :i* %ips ! output to ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,phosphate deposits 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis are exploit$ by ,fr5* companies4 ,"s ( ! companies "w "u lease4 ,la ,compagnie des ,phosphates de ,p>is & ,la ,compagnie ,alg]i5ne des ,phosphates h be5 m5tion$ z engag$ 9 ^! fields4 ,deposits on ! l[] ,nile & ,r$ ,sea are work$ by ! ,egyptian ,phosphate ,co41 a ,briti% conc]n1 & by ! ,societa ,egiziana p] l',e/razione de il ,comm]cio dei ,phosphati1 a company manag$ by ,italians4 ,x is report$ t mu* ( ! output goes to ,japan4 ,! ,pacific ,phosphate ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london1 op]ates "u concession ! phosphate deposits on ,ocean & ,pleasant isl&s4 ,japanese companies are m9+ phosphate on ,rasa & ,angaur isl&s4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! l>ge/ kn[n deposits ( phosphate rock 9 ! _w1 &1 z be=e ! w>1 c supply ! ne$s ( o!r c\ntries z well z h] own4 ,s9ce m9+ began ab\t #ee1jjj1jjj tons h be5 m9$1 or less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( res]ves4 ,great ,brita9 possesses phosphate 9 ,egypt & on ,*ri/mas1 ,ocean & ,pleasant isl&s1 & has import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & probably f nor!rn ,africa4 ,france & ! o!r ,m$it]ranean c\ntries h an ample supply 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis4 ,g]many =m]ly possess$ ri* deposits ( phosphate on ,angaur ,isl&1 9 ! ,pelew gr\p1 ,polynesia1 & on ,pleasant & ,ocean isl&s1 b s f> z kn[n n[ lacks a s\rce ( supply4 ,japan has a l>ge supply ( high-grade phosphate at h] disposal on ,rasa & ,angaur isl&s4 ,,summ>y ,! pr9cipal use ( phosphate rock is z an +r$i5t ( f]tiliz]s4 ,less] quantities are consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( phosphoric acid1 9 phosphorus us$ 9 milit>y op]ations1 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es1 & 9 metallurgy4 ,bo? natural & artificial sub/itutes are available = _m ( ! uses ( phosphate rock4 ,phosphate rock is a s$im5t>y deposit conta9+ phosphate ( lime4 ,x occurs z a h>d rock betwe5 b$s ( s&/one or %ale1 z amorph\s nodul> phosphates 9 /ream deposits1 & z a residuum f ! decomposition ( phosphatic dolomite1 lime/one1 & o!r phosphate-be>+ rocks4 ,! por\s lime/one ( tropical isl&s1 :]e x is p]meat$ ) phosphate lea*$ f guano1 is commonly class$ z phosphate rock4 ,! phosphate rock deposits ( pres5t comm]cial importance are situat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 ,egypt1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,indian & ,s\? ,pacific oceans1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates possess+ by f> ! l>ge/ res]ves4 ,small] deposits1 ei!r undevelop$ or ne>ly exhau/$1 are 9 ,canada1 ,v5ezuela1 ,*ile1 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,dur+ ! w> ! exports ( phosphate rock f ! ,unit$ ,/ates decreas$ greatly4 ,) ! return to normal conditions1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld exp]i5ce little difficulty 9 becom+ once m ! pr9cipal s\rce ( phosphate rock4 ,! pr9cipal phosphate-rock deposits are controll$ politically by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france 7,alg]ia & ,tunis71 & ,great ,brita9 7,egypt74 ,a numb] ( phosphate-be>+ isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean 7 own$ by ,g]many be=e ! w>1 b h be5 seiz$ by ,great ,brita9 & ,japan4 ,! comm]cial control ( ! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ,am]icans1 al?\gh ,g]man 7be=e ! w>7 & ,fr5* int]e/s own "s ( ! ,florida h>d-rock deposits4 ,! deposits ( ,alg]ia & ,tunis are controll$ by ,fr5* companies4 ,! ,egyptian deposits are controll$ by two companies1 "o ,briti% & ! o!r ,italian4 ,g]many w be )\t a s\rce ( supply "u h] own control n[ t %e has lo/ h] colonies4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,pota% ,,by ,,hoyt ,s4 ,,gale ,,& ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ockett ,,nature ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,pota% ,! t]m pota% is commonly us$ to designate any ( ! salts ( ! elem5t potassium1 p>ticul>ly ^? soluble 9 wat]1 :i* are l>gely us$ 9 agriculture & manufactur+4 ,! elem5t potassium is widely di/ribut$ z a compon5t ( rocks1 soils1 & vegetable & animal sub/ances1 b l>ge quantities ( potassium salts 9 =ms suitable = ! uses ( man h be5 f\nd 9 only a few places4 ,a%es ( wood1 :i* 7 =m]ly ! pr9cipal s\rce ( pota% 9 comm]ce1 n[ supply an inconsid]able "p ( ! _w's requirem5ts4 ,s9ce #ahfj1 ! pr9cipal1 9 fact almo/ ! only1 comm]cial s\rce ( pota% salts has be5 ! imm5se deposits 9 nor!rn ,g]many4 ,! crude potassium salts obta9$ f ^! deposits by m9+ op]ations are us$ ei!r z f]tiliz] 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are tak5 f ! gr\nd1 or are purifi$ by cry/allization or manufactur$ into v>i\s comp\nds ( potassium ne$$ = bo? agriculture & o!r indu/rial uses4 ,use 9 agriculture z an +r$i5t ( ! s-call$ artificial or *emical f]tiliz]s acc\nts = #ij p] c5t4 or m ( ! _w's consumption4 ,potassium is n only "o ( ! t5 or m *emical elem5ts ess5tial to plant life1 b ( ^! t5 x is "o ( ?ree t frequ5tly become s lack+ 9 soils t ! yield ( crops is n pr(itable4 ,ev5 if potassium exi/s 9 soils1 x may be & (t5 is pres5t 9 "s =m n readily available = plant use1 s t ! addition ( fre%1 readily wat]-soluble salts ( potassium %[s prompt reaction 9 /imulat+ ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,9 a g5]al way pota% is suppos$ to supply a necess>y plant food1 t /r5g!ns ! /alk & fills ! k]nels ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,also x is a g5]al belief t "s de/ructive plant diseases1 su* z blight & ru/ ( cotton & potatoes1 are l>gely favor$ by improp] nutrition z well z by poor physical condition ( ! soil1 = :i* pota% seems to be a specific4 ,?us ! s-call$ pota% indu/ry1 by :i* is meant ! m9+ & m>ket+ ( ! pr9cipal or commone/ comp\nds ( pota%1 is bas$ *iefly on use 9 agriculture4 ,! o!r uses ( ! salts ( potassium are _m & div]se4 ,mo/ ( ! potassium salts h prop]ties simil> to ! correspond+ salts ( sodium1 & = mo/ indu/rial purposes ! salts ( ^! two elem5ts may be int]*ang$1 a g5]alization :i* does n1 h[ev]1 apply to any ext5t :atev] to ! agricultural application ( potassium4 ,"s indu/rial pref]5ces = ! potassium salt dep5d on m favorable physical prop]ties ( ! potassium ov] ! sodium salt1 su* z a less t5d5cy ( ! potassium salt to absorb moi/ure f ! air4 ,o!r pref]5ces dep5d on slight *emical diff]5ces1 z = in/ance a some:at great] solubility1 :i* r5d]s ! purification ( ! potassium salt m easy4 ,dur+ ! sc>city & high prices ( ! w>time p]iod _m sub/itutions h be5 made1 :i* ei!r directly or by "s modification ( practice are n[ prov+ s satisfactory t !y w probably be cont9u$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ urg5t dem&s = pota% has come f ! mat* manufactur]s4 ,potassium *lorate is an important +r$i5t ( mo/ mat*es1 & ?is use consumes a surpris+ly l>ge am\nt ( pota%4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( glass1 especially cut glass tablew>e 7fl9t glass7 & "s optical glass1 are made f pota%1 g5]ally 9 ! =m kn[n z glass-mak]s' c>bonate4 ,mo/ soap is made f soda1 b pota% 7z cau/ic or hydroxide7 is us$ = "s ( ! f9] grades1 su* z %av+1 toilet1 & %ampoo soaps1 especially ! liquid =ms4 ,cau/ic pota% has _h a consid]able use 9 laundries1 & = ! sc\r+ or wa%+ ( wool4 ,! old =m ( black p[d] 0 made f pota% z potassium nitrate or saltpet]2 h5ce ! commonly assum$ milit>y importance ( pota%4 ,black p[d]1 ?\gh n[ l>gely sup]s$$ by mod]n high-explosive p[d]s1 /ill has a relatively small ?\gh nev]!less important application 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,!re are o!r uses1 :i*1 ?\gh requir+ a small total am\nt1 include "s important requirem5ts1 among ^! be+ ! m$ic9al or ph>maceutical1 tann]y1 dye1 photographic1 electroplate1 & metallurgical ne$s4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! great deposits ( pota% 9 nor!rn ,g]many und]lie an ext5sive area 9 ! ,prussian prov9ces ( ,saxony1 ,hanov]1 & 9 ! du*ies ( ,anhalt & ,brunswick4 ,! mo/ important m9+ regions lie 9 an area practically encircl+ ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 #ge to #aej miles s\?we/ ( ,b]l91 & #ajj to #aej miles s\? to s\!a/ ( ,hamburg4 ,?is area is outl9$ m exactly on ! accompany+ index map 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! field orig9ally op5$ at ,/assfurt has s9ce be5 explor$ by deep bor+ & develop$ by ! s9k+ ( m9+ %afts1 ) ! result t !re has n[ be5 outl9$ an e/imat$ res]ve ( #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj metric tons ( crude pota% salts1 :i* at ! pres5t rate ( ! _w's consumption %\ld be suffici5t to la/ almo/ #b1jjj ye>s4 ,?us = all practical purposes ! field may be consid]$ z inexhau/ible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,di/ribution ( pota% deposits 9 nor!rn ,g]many4 ,9 #aijd ano!r important & ext5sive deposit ( wat]-soluble pota% salts 0 discov]$ by bor+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e ,riv] 9 s\!rn ,alsace4 ,alsace1 !n 9 possession ( ,g]many1 has n[ be5 re/or$ to ,france4 ,! deposit is 9 two ess5tially cont9u\s b$s t und]lie )9 accessible dep? an area ( #gj to #hj squ>e miles ( ! flat bottom l&s ( ! ,rh9e ,valley4 ,! b$s are e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #a1ejj1jjj1jjj metric tons ( crude pota% salts1 :i* av]age consid]ably ri*] 9 pota% ?an ! output ( ! nor? ,g]man deposits1 &1 be+ ( simpl] *emical composition1 are m readily ref9$4 ,! m9es op5+ ^! deposits are readily accessible to wat] transportation by way ( ! ,rh9e ,riv] & ! canals ( ! ,rh9e ,valley4 ,! di/ance to ocean ports is consid]ably long] ?an x is f ! nor? ,g]man deposits1 be+ ab\t #cge miles1 z comp>$ ) #aej miles by canal & riv] boats f ! latt]1 b ! am\nt ( h&l+ necess>y to transport simil> c>goes f ! two di/ricts seems to be ab\t ! same4 ,! deposit 9 ,alsace lies 9 an elliptical area c5t]+ ab\t #e miles nor?we/ ( ! city ( ,mulh\se4 ,"s pota% has be5 produc$ f a deposit 9 ,galicia1 ne> ,kalusz1 s\? ( ,lemb]g1 f deposits report$ to be ( a type simil> to ^? ( nor? ,g]many1 b ! field has nev] yield$ ev5 en\gh pota% to satisfy ! local dem&1 & is ?\ght n to be l>ge4 ,dur+ ! w> relatively small outputs ( pota% salts 7 obta9$ f _m indep5d5t s\rces1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,abyss9ia1 ,tunis1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,"u /ress ( w> necessities & ! complete %utt+ (f ( o!r supplies1 ^! outputs 9 ! aggregate =m$ a consid]able am\nt4 ,mu* ( ! developm5t probably w n be p]man5t1 :5 /rict competition ) ! pota% f m available s\rces is r5ew$1 b ea* ( ^! fields & d\btless _m o!rs conta9 ! possibilities ( developm5t t may give ! _w situation a new aspect at any "t4 ,*ief among ! mo/ imm$iate prospects = important developm5t is a r ext5sive field 9 ea/]n ,spa91 ne> ,b>celona4 ,?is field has n z yet produc$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,"o e/imate ( ! res]ves 9 ! ,spani% field claims a prov$ area ( #ac4e squ>e miles conta9+ #bjj1jjj1jjj tons ( potassium oxide4 ,! nitrate deposits ( ,*ile conta9 a small p]c5tage ( pota%1 & ?is is be+ recov]$ sep>ately f ! sodium nitrate at sev]al ( ! ref9]ies4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t a total production ( #bdj1jjj tons ( potassium oxide annually might be d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,_m diff]5t s\rces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are yield+ pota% salts4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n deposit ( soluble pota% 9 fairly conc5trat$ =m is at ,se>les ,lake1 ,cali=nia4 ,?is is a dri$ sal9e lake1 n[ repres5t$ by a b$ ( cry/all9e salts ) a l>ge am\nt ( saturat$ br9e ri* 9 pota%4 ,! body ( salts c>ry+ ! br9e und]lies an area ( ab\t #be squ>e miles & ext5ds to an av]age dep? ( #gj feet4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! br9e alone 9 ?is deposit c>ries ne>ly #bj1jjj1jjj tons ( potassium oxide1 :i* w\ld be en\gh pota% to supply ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry = ab\t #fj ye>s at ! pres5t normal rate4 ,num]\s small lakes 9 we/]n ,nebraska c>ry br9es exceptionally ri* 9 pota%1 & ^! are n[ yield+ a consid]able production ( pota% f]tiliz] salts4 ,no satisfactory e/imate ( ! res]ves 9 ?is field is available4 ,"u pres5t op]at+ conditions ab\t "o-?ird ( ! annual requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is recov]able f ! cem5t mills4 ,ab\t #chj1jjj %ort tons ( pota%1 mo/ ( :i* is volatiliz$1 is annually *>g$ into ! bla/ furnaces ( ! c\ntry4 ,! be/ available e/imates indicate t ab\t #cj1jjj tons ( pota% h =m]ly gone to wa/e 9 molasses di/ill]y slop1 &-ab\t #h1jjj tons 9 ,/eff5s wa/e wat] at ! beet-sug> ref9]ies ( ! c\ntry4 ,kelp & alunite are available 9 quantities suffici5t to cont9ue to yield a sub/antial production4 ,enorm\s quantities ( leucite lava1 c>ry+ #aj p] c5t4 ( pota% 9 an insoluble silicate =m2 gre5s& c>ry+ #f to #g p] c5t4 ( insoluble pota%2 s]icite ) f #g to #ab p] c5t41 & feldsp> ) simil> cont5t1 are available z raw mat]ials ( production if satisfactory comm]cial processes c be develop$4 ,?us pot5tial supplies ( pota% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are practically inexhau/ible4 ,! future ( ! ,am]ican pota% indu/ry1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! developm5t ( processes or me?ods ( sep>ation economical en\gh to p]mit ! dome/ic product to compete ) import$ pota%4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! pota% deposits ( nor!rn ,g]many lie 9 ! mid/ ( a s]ies ( =mations kn[n z ! ,ze*/e91 ! geologic age ( :i* is ,p]mian4 ,bo? ! ,alsatian & ,spani% deposits are f\nd 9 ,oligoc5e ,t]ti>y rocks1 al?\gh ! deposits 7 n necess>ily /rictly syn*ron\s 9 orig94 ,! ,galician deposits are describ$ z ( l[] ,mioc5e 7,t]ti>y7 age4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal kn[n b$d$ deposits ( pota% 9 ! _w1 = :i* z a class ! di/9ction z to geologic age seems to h a special significance4 ,! association ( pota% ) ! l>ge salt & gypsum deposits ( ! _w seems = "s reason to h be5 exceptional 9 geologic hi/ory4 ,b ! det]m9ation t ^! some:at analog\s occurr5ces h be5 =m$ at v>i\s times & places is a good basis = expect+ t simil> deposits may yet be discov]$ else:]e4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,practice ,be=e ! w> ! _w's consumption ( pota% 0 practically ! measure ( ! ,g]man production1 ! /ati/ics ( :i* are available 9 consid]able detail4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ,g]many produc$ ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj metric tons ( pota% salts1 av]ag+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ,k,o1 ( :i* %e us$ m ?an #fj p] c5t4 at home1 & export$ ab\t #be p] c5t4 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= two ye>s a v small production f ,alsace _h be5 lump$ ) ! re/4 ,%ortly aft] ! outbreak ( ! w> ! ,g]man gov]nm5t plac$ an emb>go on ! export ( pota%1 presumably 9 ! hope ( !reby injur+ crop production ( ! ,allies1 & possibly because ( ! small milit>y significance t x has4 ,! production ( pota% 9 ,g]many 0 cont9u$1 h[ev]1 at practically ! same rate z be=e ! w>1 ! portion =m]ly export$ be+ di/ribut$ = f]tiliz] use at home4 ,?is naturally gave a trem5d\s /imulus to ! ef=ts ( o!r c\ntries to develop s\rces ( pota%4 ,al?\gh no huge natural res\rces comp>able to ! already kn[n deposits 7 discov]$1 ! ef=ts nev]!less _h a reasonable am\nt ( success1 s t ! _w has n suff]$ 9 any vital way because ( deprivation ( pota%4 ,! co/ ( pota% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & its ,alli$ c\ntries increas$ to z mu* z t5 times ! pre-w> price1 b ! supply 0 suffici5t to meet all ( ! mo/ press+ ne$s4 ,_m possibilities = production f v>i\s s\rces h be5 op5$1 = :i* x is /ill too soon to pr$ict ! f9al outcome4 ,x appe>s t a numb] ( ^! new ent]prises h ent]$ ! field p]man5tly1 al?\gh !re w necess>ily be "s unc]ta9ty dur+ ! p]iod ( recon/ruction4 ,! c$+ ( ,alsace to ,france1 :i* is discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph1 und\bt$ly entails ! l>ge/ & mo/ significant *ange 9 ! comm]cial situation z reg>ds ! _w m>ket = pota%4 ,a possibility ( production f ! deposits 9 ea/]n ,spa9 holds simil> al?\gh m remote significance4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,production ,! output ( pota% dur+ #aiag1 summ>iz$ by c\ntries accord+ to ! be/ available data1 is z foll[s3 ,,table #fe4--,,_w ,,production ,,( ,,pota% ,,9 #aiag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,production ,av]age 7%ort cont5t ,k,o ,c\ntry ,s\rce ( data tons7 7p] c5t47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,g]many ,kalisyndikat /ati/ics4 #i1hec1aga #aa4b ,alsace 7,includ$ "u ,g]many47 ,unit$ ,/ates,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #abf1ifa #be4f ,india ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 #di1 "p #b1 p4 #ga4 #bc1hch #dj4jaee ,tunis ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 vol4 #cg1 p4 #bid ,t4 #bj1jjj #dj4j ,galicia 8,kali10 vol4 #g1 p4 #i4 #aj1jjj #aj4j ,russia ,w> ,indu/rial ,comm4 ( ,russia report4 #e1jjj ,abyss9ia ,com4 ,f]tiliz]1 ,jan4 #ah1 #aiah1 p4 #dd4 #e1jjj 8 ,japan ,comm]ce ,rept41 ,dec4 #a1 #aiaf1 p4 #hcj4 #d1jjj 8 ,*ile ,u4 ,s4 imports potassium nitrate4 #a1gej #be4jaee ,*9a ,comm]ce ,rept41 ,nov4 #bg1 #aiah1 p4 #gij4 #a1jjj ,france ,sal9e-de-,giraud4 #cjj ,mexico ,u4 ,s4 imports saltpet]4 #aae #dj4jaee ,engl& ,kelp & bla/ furnace recov]ies4 8 8 ,spa9 ,no production ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #aj1jea1ace ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aee ,e/imat$ f data indicat$4 ,,political ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,control ,g]many4--,! pota% indu/ry 9 ,g]many is report$ to h repres5t$ an inve/m5t ( ,m4#ejj1jjj1jjj 7#aai1jjj1jjj74 ,9 #aiah !re 7 #bji m9es capable ( produc+1 z indicat$ by ! ,kalisyndikat li/ assign+ quotas = anticipat$ production f ! individual m9es = ! ye>4 ,mo/ ( ^! m9es are privately own$ "u a v>iety ( laws 9 ! sev]al ,g]man /ates & prov9ces4 ,orig9ally ! developm5ts are said to h tak5 place "u v>i\s local regulations2 = example1 9 ,hanov] ! m9+ rights belong$ to ! prop]ty hold]s1 9 ,saxony ! prospect+ rights 7 free & ! m9+ concessions belong$ to ! fir/ discov]] ( ! deposits )\t reg>d to ! own] ( ! surface soil1 & 9 ,anhalt m9+ 0 at fir/ decl>$ to be a /ate monopoly1 :i* 0 lat] contract$ to a few private companies4 ,"s prop]ties are1 h[ev]1 own$ & op]at$ by ! /ate4 ,! ,prussian gov]nm5t owns m9es at ,/assfurt1 ,blei*]ode1 & ,vi55burg2 ! ,du*y ( ,anhalt has l>ge works at ,leopold%all2 & ! ,du*y ( ,brunswick holds int]e/ 9 "s pota% prop]ties4 ,two in/ances ( p>ticipation by ,am]ican conc]ns 9 ! ,g]man indu/ry are kn[n4 ,! ,int]national ,agricultural ,corporation1 an ,am]ican company organiz$ 9 #aiji1 0 = a "t ! own] ( all ! capital /ock ( ! ,soll/$t ,works 9 ,g]many4 ,lat]1 "o-half int]e/ 9 ?is ,am]ican corporation 0 transf]r$ to ! ,kaliw]ke ,as*]sleb51 ano!r ,g]man conc]n1 "u conditions :i* seem$ to complicate ! matt] ( own]%ip4 ,! ,virg9ia-,c>ol9a ,*emical ,co41 ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 is report$ to h pur*as$ a controll+ int]e/ 9 ! ,e9igkeit ,works1 presumably by a direct ca% transaction4 ,"u a law ( ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 kn[n z ! pota% act ( ! #be? ( ,may1 #ahhd1 an obligatory control ( ! pota% indu/ry 9 ,g]many 0 orda9$4 ,a common ag5cy1 kn[n z ! ,kalisyndikat1 0 e/abli%$1 to repres5t all ( ! m9es1 ) p[] to control ! op5+ ( new m9es1 ! output ( ea* m9e1 & ! sell+ prices ( pota% salts4 ,! indu/ry has ?us become a tru/ re-en=c$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t1 al?\gh ! private own]%ip ( individual prop]ties rema9s4 ,?is syndicate diff]s f an ,am]ican syndicate 9 t x is =m$ = a limit$ p]iod ( "t1 9 ! pres5t case #e ye>s1 & its work+ capital is small1 only en\gh to provide = ! actual work+ ne$s ( ! organization4 ,! object ( ! syndicate is to prev5t disa/r\s competition1 to insure t ! supply w con=m to ! dem&1 & t reasonable pr(its may be obta9$ by produc]s4 ,! m9es or works compos+ ! pota% syndicate1 z ) mo/ m9+ syndicates 9 ,g]many1 may be ei!r ( ! limit$ liability sort1 ! %>es ( :i* are n assessable1 or ^? ^: capital /ock is divid$ into %>es call$ 8kuxe10 :i* are assessable at anytime & are ( unlimit$ liability4 ,! %>es ( bo? k9ds are dealt 9 on ! ex*anges 9 ! l>ge cities ( ,g]many4 ,ea* company t is a memb] ( a ,g]man syndicate has its repres5tative on ! bo>d ( managem5t ( ! tru/1 & ?is bo>d fixes ! quota ( production all[$ ea* m9e1 & g5]ally adm9i/]s ! affairs ( ! entire comb9ation "u its con/itution & by-laws 7/atut574#aef ,! con/itution & by-laws mu/ be sign$ by ea* conc]n ent]+ ! syndicate & ! provisions !re9 conta9$ /rictly obs]v$ "u p5alties en=ceable 9 c\rts ( law4 #aef ,ab/ract f ,daily ,consul> & ,trade ,reports1 ,no4 #bfe1 vol4 #d1 ,nov4 #aa1 #aiaa1 p4 #gfj4 ,! weak po9t 9 ?is =m ( organization is ! diss5sion t (t5 arises ov] ! quotas all[$ ! diff]5t memb]s4 ,ea* company wants z l>ge an allotm5t z x c get4 ,^u ! expiration ( ! life ( a syndicate !re is always unc]ta9ty z to :e!r x w be r5ew$1 ow+ to competition among ! v>i\s con/itu5t firms4 ,be=e ! w>1 "u ! t]ms ( ! contracts ( ! five l>ge f]tiliz] companies ) ! ,g]man pota% syndicate1 "o-half ( ! maximum disc\nt all[$ 0 d$uct$ f ! am\nt ( ! invoice cov]+ ea* %ipm5t1 & ! rema9d] 0 paid to ! buy] at ! end ( ea* half ye>1 provid$ he made a /atem5t 9 writ+ to ! syndicate to ! effect t he _h pur*as$ 8 entire requirem5ts ( pota% f ! syndicate4 ,?us by all[+ maximum disc\nts to ! l>ge buy]s1 & prev5t+ !m f deal+ 9 pota% f any s\rce except ! syndicate1 ?is provision aim$ to /ifle ! developm5t ( any competitive s\rces ( supply4 ,alsace4--,! pota% deposits ( ,alsace 7 develop$ "u ! ,g]man m9+ law = ,alsace-,lorra9e ( ,decemb] #af1 #ahdc1 am5d$ ,july #ad1 #aijh1 ) specific ref]5ce to pota%4 ,s9ce ! armi/ice ! ,g]man m9es h be5 op]at$ "u ! seque/ration rgime1 "u *>ge ( ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities1 direct$ by ! m9i/ry ( indu/rial recon/ruction 9 ,france4 ,n[ t ! treaty ( peace has be5 ratifi$ by ,g]many1 ,alsace may be reg>d$ z hav+ =mally & f9ally pass$ into ! possession ( ,france1 & ) ?is naturally ! political & comm]cial control ( ! ,alsatian pota% deposits4 ,x rema9s !re=e = ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t to det]m9e :at ! f9al disposition ( ! =m] ,g]man own]%ip ( ^! prop]ties %all be1 & que/ions su* z nationalization or ,fr5*-,alsatian control 7 be+ discuss$ 9 ! summ] ( #aibj4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! concessions 9 ! ,alsatian pota% field _h be5 grant$ to ,g]man int]e/s1 ! developm5t 0 />t$ by ,alsatians1 & two ( ! concessions are 9 ,fr5*-,alsatian own]%ip4 ,^! h n be5 & probably w n be alt]$1 unless !y are to ent] "s volunt>y comb9ation4 ,an ag5cy = ! sale & di/ribution ( ! ,alsatian pota% has be5 arrang$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = ! pres5t at lea/ ! product is com+ 9 direct competition ) ! salts f ! old] ,g]man m9es4 ,spa94--,! pota% deposits rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,b>celona & ,l]ida1 ( ,catalua1 9 ea/]n ,spa91 are subject to special regulations ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,a l>ge area ( concessions already grant$ to private int]e/s cov]s a consid]able "p ( ! field outl9$ by exploratory bor+s4 ,op]ations on ^! concessions are p]mitt$1 b ! /ate res]ves ! "r to subord9ate ! exploitation to ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 & impose special conditions 9 favor ( ! consumption ( ! pota% produc$ 9 ,spa94 ,rec5tly1 unexplor$ /ate l&s h be5 op5$1 by royal decree1 to bids = exploration & lease4 ,! s*eme foll[s 9 g5]al ! plan ( gov]nm5tal control ( ! ,g]man pota% indu/ry4 ,accord+ to x1 all concessions = ! work+ & sale ( salts are subject 9 _m details to gov]nm5tal control4 ,among o!r conditions1 work+ mu/ be cont9u\s save 9 c]ta9 exempt$ circum/ances2 ! /ate %all fix annually ! home & export prices1 z well z ! maximum & m9imum quota = ea* m9e4 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,be=e ! w>1 ! ,au/rian pota% syndicate1 :i* consi/$ ( ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t & a gr\p ( capitali/s1 controll$ ! deposits ne> ,kalusz1 9 ,galicia4 ,no specific gov]nm5tal regulation is report$ = ! m9or op]ations connect$ ) ! production ( pota% 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,,summ>y ,m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! pota% h&l$ 9 ! _w's comm]ce is us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,! re/ is us$ z a *emical 9 v>i\s indu/ries1 *ief among :i* are ! manufacture ( mat*es1 c]ta9 k9ds ( glass & soap1 & ! bett] grades ( black p[d]4 ,! uses specifically m5tion$ 9 ?is p>agraph are ess5tial1 z no satisfactory sub/itutes are kn[n4 ,up to #aiad practically all ( ! pota% us$ 9 ! _w came f ! deposits 9 nor!rn ,g]many1 :i* are sub/antially inexhau/ible4 ,next 9 importance are ! deposits ( ,alsace1 :i* conta9 en\gh pota% to meet ! _w's pres5t dem&s = almo/ #cjj ye>s4 ,o!r res\rces are kn[n 9 ,spa91 ,galicia1 ,abyss9ia1 ! nitrate b$s ( ,*ile1 & 9 deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is too e>ly to pr$ict ) assurance :at "p !y w play 9 ! expansion ( ! pota% indu/ry4 ,g]many w no long] be able to ma9ta9 a _w monopoly ( ! pota% m>ket4 ,! pass+ ( control ( ! important res\rces 9 ,alsace f ,g]many to ,france =e%ad[s competition f recogniz$ adequate s\rces ( supply4 ,!re are _m o!r possibilities1 ! m]e pot5tialities ( :i* are suffici5t to re/ra9 any t5d5cy to unreasonable extortion by ^? :o control ! ,g]man fields4 ,moreov]1 att5tion has be5 s direct$ to ! desirability ( develop+ indep5d5t s\rces1 & s mu* able te*nical tal5t is n[ be+ devot$ t[>d br++ successful issue f ! _m und]tak+s 9 progress1 t x is v unlikely t ?is c\ntry1 or any o!r1 w 9 ! future be dep5d5t on "o or two arbitr>ily h&l$ monopolies4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,nitrog5 ,,by ,,*e/] ,g4 ,,gilb]t ,,uses ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,plant life requires nitrog5 & gets x 9 ! normal cycle ( ev5ts4 ,b :5 ! occasion calls = /imulat+ ! gr[? ( plant life by fe$+1 by soil f]tilization 9 o!r words1 nitrog5 9 available =m is indisp5sable4 ,fur!r d[n along ! *annels ( food supply x ex]cises ano!r & equally important function 9 provid+ ! *emical 7ammonia7 ar\nd :i* ! mod]n practice ( refrig]ation is built4 ,likewise1 ! *emi/ry ( explosives is basically ! *emi/ry ( nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,nor is ?is all1 = *emical op]ations 9 g5]al--h5ce rese>* & indu/rial *emi/ry 9 g5]al--involve ! employm5t ( nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is its /atus4 ,on ea* ( ?ree major c\nts1 ! int]e/s ( food production1 ( food di/ribution1 & ( national def5se1 x is indisp5sable2 & ( no less consequ5ce is ! ret9ue ( less conspicu\s ag5cies s]v+ ! int]e/s ( *emi/ry at e turn4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,! developm5t ( fix$ nitrog5 s\rces is condition$ by ?ree simple *emical facts4 ,) ^! ?ree simple facts 9 m9d ! re/ foll[s l>gely z a matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,! facts are3 ,t "u all ord9>y conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 free nitrog5 is a gas4 ,t x is extremely in]t & indispos$ to p>ticipate ) o!r elem5ts 9 ! =mation ( *emical comp\nds4 ,t su* comb9ations :5 !y d occur are *>act]i/ically soluble4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?ree gov]n+ pr9ciples1 along ) its relation%ip to organic matt]1 z allud$ to "u ! prec$+ caption1 nitrog5 has f\r habits ( occurr5ce1 wor? consid]+ z at lea/ pot5tial s\rces ( supply4 ,atmosph]ic ,nitrog54--,be+ indispos$ to p>ticipate 9 *emical comb9ations1 nitrog5 9 ! c\rse ( _w evolution 0 left l>gely to itself2 & s9ce 9 ! free /ate x is normally gase\s1 x e/abli%$ its home 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! atmosph]e today is approximately f\r-fif?s nitrog5 gas1 & aft] all is said & done ! atmosph]e is b\nd to con/itute ! great s\rce to :i* we mu/ turn = our supplies4 ,) a s\rce s b\ndlessly ev]-pres5t1 ! "q ( supply at fir/ glance looks simple en\gh4 ,b atmosph]ic nitrog51 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is nitrog5 uncomb9$1 & ! dem& is n = nitrog5 itself b = nitrog5-be>+ comp\nds4 ,once 9 a /ate ( comb9ation1 x may rema9 s indef9itely1 & ! =m ( comb9ation may be *ang$ m or less readily to suit ! dem&4 ,be=e x c be put to use1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be induc$ to surr5d] its gase\s fre$om & affix itself 9 "s su* /ate ( comb9ation4 ,! free nitrog5 mu/ become fix$ nitrog5--h5ce ! t]ms fix$ nitrog51 nitrog5 fixation1 & ! l 9 common use4 ,t[>d ?is end x mu/ be induc$ to d :at x has n se5 fit to d ( its own accord1 & ! v trait ( alo(ness responsible = ! inexhau/ible res\rces ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 /&s z an ob/acle oppos+ _! utilization4 ,! ob/acle has n prov5 insup]able1 z w appe> lat]2 b x is suffici5tly a s\rce ( tr\ble ev5 to ?is day1 s t ! fix$-nitrog5 situation may ) peculi> appropriat5ess be *>act]iz$ z di/9ctly 9 ! air4 ,nitrate ,ore ,deposits4--,! disposition on ! "p ( nitrog5 to take up its abode 9 ! atmosph]e has an obvi\s result 9 m9imiz+ ! developm5t ( m9]al nitrates4 ,atmosph]ic nitrog5 is n entirely /agnant1 h[ev]4 ,natural processes are con/antly at "w effect+ sub/antial fixation4 ,! processes are n obtrusively en]getic1 z 9 ! case ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 ^: fixation processes con/itute ! ev]-pres5t ph5om5a ( oxidation4 ,/ill1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! mo/ prom95t among :i* is und\bt$ly a =m ( bact]ial action1 nitrification & ! build+ up ( nitrate m9]als ev]y:]e 9 ! soil goes quietly =w>d1 & _! conc5tration 9 ore deposits ( m or less pl5tiful occurr5ce is ?us to be look$ = 9 ! natural c\rse ( geologic ev5ts4 ,9 attempt+ to trace _! fur!r c\rse1 h[ev]1 we are confront$ at ! outset by ! pr9ciple ( solubility4 ,! nitrate m9]als are 9 ! nature ( soluble salts4 ,!y lea* f ! imm$iate environm5t 9 :i* !y =m1 j z d ! soluble m9]als 9 g5]al4 ,mo/ly ^! latt] are c>ri$ 9 solution to ! ocean1 add+ !mselves to its sal9ity2 b "u exceptional conditions ( topography1 :]e ! dra9age fe$s into l&-lock$ bas9s1 ! wat] f9ds itself entrapp$ ) no av5ue ( escape except ?r\gh evaporation4 ,"h ! salts accumulate1 become conc5trat$1 & f9ally give rise to deposits4 ,?is1 9 outl9e1 is ! c\rse set = ! soluble m9]al salts z a class1 & x is along ?is c\rse t we mu/ expect to trace ! developm5t ( nitrate ore deposits4 ,b ! ocean1 ) its #c p] c5t4 ( sal9ity1 has only traces ( nitrate m9]als2 & ! same is true = ! wat]s ( l&-lock$ bas9s1 9 all ! v>i\s /ages ( conc5tration4 ,_! solubility is su* t !y c n h escap$ 9 sub/antial =m along ! way4 ,!re is only "o inf]5ce to be drawn4 ,evid5tly ! inh]5t trait ( alo(ness is n lo/ to nitrog5 :5 x does comb9e4 ,! comp\nds d n survive = any l5g? ( "t1 b und]go dissociation1 releas+ _! nitrog5 & return+ x to ! atmosph]e ev5 z o!r processes are sl[ly )draw+ x f ! atmosph]e4 ,) ?is ! et]nal cycle is clos$ = nitrog51 & clos$ )\t app>5t provision = any consid]able side-track+1 su* z w\ld be requir$ 9 ! build+ up ( ore deposits4 ,s mu* = ! rule2 n[ z to ! exceptions3 ,mo/ly !y are ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,pockety enri*m5ts 9 ! soil are common4 ,accumulations t5d to build up 9 caves1 & may ev5 gr[ to be ( consequ5ce 9 a small way1 z dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 !y help$ mat]ially t[>d reliev+ ! nitrog5 tr\bles ( ! blockad$ ,conf$]acy4 ,9 arid c\ntry1 too1 !y n infrequ5tly assume suffici5t prom95ce to be ( int]e/1 especially at ! h&s ( ! promot]4 ,f9ally1 !re are ! ,*ilean nitrate fields1 :i* f> f be+ ( m9or consequ5ce1 g to ! o!r extreme 9 cat]+ to ! ne$s ( ! entire _w4 ,^! occurr5ces1 especially ! la/ nam$1 h s]v$ to keep alive ! hope t o!rs ( economic importance await discov]y4 ,! ,*ilean deposits alone among !m all des]ve m ?an pass+ notice4 ,! orig9 ( ^! deposits is veil$ 9 unc]ta9ty4 ,j :y or h[ ! natural =ces1 :i* else:]e z a matt] ( univ]sal obs]vation h be5 se5 to oppose bo? ! =mation ( nitrog5 salts & ! accumulation ( su* z d manage to =m1 %\ld h fail$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance rema9s :olly conjectural4 ,a conclusive explanation w\ld be ( ! utmo/ value 9 det]m9+ ! likelihood ( simil> occurr5ces else:]e4 ,b none has be5 =?com+1 & no?+ is to be ga9$ to ! pres5t purpose f /opp+ to inquire into ! plausibility ( ! v>i\s attempts t h be5 made4 ,confront+ u on ! "o h& are ! evid5ces ( a nitrog5 cycle e/abli%$1 seem+ly1 )\t af=d+ any visible loophole ( opportunity = ! accumulation ( ext5sive deposits2 on ! o!r h& /&s ! b>e fact ( enorm\s deposition4 ,?is fact ( exi/5ce unque/ionably c>ries ) x ! possibility ( duplication else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact ( occurr5ce m]ely sugge/s ! possibility1 b does n det]m9e ! *ances ( recurr5ce4 ,^! are record$ 9 ! preval5ce ( ! conditions requisite to ext5sive deposition4 ,9 ! case ( nitrog5 !y are unique beyond compreh5sion1 & ! prospect ( recurr5ce is to precisely ! same degree unlikely4 ,accord+ly1 to all practical purposes1 a review ( ! _w's nitrate ore deposits1 bo? real & pot5tial1 resolves itself d[n to a review ( ! ,*ilean occurr5ce4 ,! ,*ilean nitrate fields lie 9 ! arid valley bas9 to ! ea/ ( ! l(ty coa/ range & j s\? ( ! pres5t ,p]uvian b\nd>y l9e4 ,!y d n occur z a s+le expansive area ( deposition1 b z deposits scatt]$ "h & !re along ! des]t l& at ! bases ( ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,! =mation consi/s ( a conglom]ate or breccia ( rock mat]ial f ! adjac5t slopes1 cem5t$ ) a mixture ( soluble salts 9 :i* sodium *loride1 common salt1 is ! dom9ant memb]1 ) sodium nitrate rank+ second4 ,! =mation is call$ cali*e4 ,x lies = ! mo/ "p j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & v>ies f a few feet to _m feet 9 ?ickness4 ,only 9 scatt]$ pat*es is ! cali*e high en\gh 9 cont5t ( sodium nitrate to w>rant treatm5t4 ,^! pat*es are s\ght out & excavat$1 & ! pick$ ore is load$ 9 c>ts1 :i* haul x to ! extraction plant = treatm5t4 ,"h ! soluble salts z a :ole are extract$ 9 solution1 & ! nitrate 9 turn is segregat$ f ! o!r salts by cry/allization4 ,aside f haulage1 h& labor is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! cali*e reg>d$ z wor? treat+ conta9s n less ?an #aj p] c5t4 nitrate & ranges up to #be p] c5t4 & ov]1 ) an av]age ( ar\nd #ah p] c5t4 ,! product m>ket$ is ( two g5]al grades--! ord9>y1 li/$ z #ie p] c5t4 nitrate1 & ! ref9$1 a gu>ante$ #if p] c5t4 nitrate1 l[ 9 sodium *loride4 ,! deposits h be5 work$ m or less consi/5tly1 & ) /eadily increas+ output1 s9ce ab\t #ahcj4 ,_! importance 9 ! s*eme ( nitrog5 supply may be ga!r$ f ,figures #af to #ah4 ,organic ,nitrog54--,ano!r s\rce ( fix$ nitrog5 gr[s out ( its relation%ip to life processes1 & is consequ5t on ! v requirem5ts ( organiz$ society :i* e>li] x is call$ ^u to assi/ 9 meet+4 ,9 o!r words1 fix$ nitrog5 p>ticipates 9 ! mat]ial cycle ( life4 ,x ent]s into ! mat]ial dem&s ( life = food1 & x is yield$ up among ! mat]ial disc>ds available to absorption4 ,all mann] ( residuum1 animal & vegetable alike1 af=ds at lea/ a pot5tial s\rce ( fix$-nitrog5 supply4 ,"s ( ^! are 9 s]vice2 o!rs = "o reason or ano!r are n4 ,prom95t among ^? 9 ! =m] class are animal excreta1 ! s-call$ tankage f animal r5d]+ plants1 slaught]-h\se refuse1 fi% scrap1 & vegetable-product ref9]y refuse4 ,mo/ prom95t among ^? /ill l>gely pot5tial are sewage & g>bage disposal4 ,! nitrog5 f ^! organic s\rces does n appe> on ! m>ket z su*4 ,in/ead1 ! products ent] 9 bulk into ! make-up ( f]tiliz]4 ,!y are ( miscellane\s "*1 & only "p ( :at is contribut$ collects to pass ?r\gh indu/rial *annels :]e its fl[ may be measur$4 ,! indu/rial fl[ goes on record & ! records are available1 b ev5 "h ! nitrog5 cont5t has nev] be5 sy/ematically comput$1 s ! record is inadequate4 ,= ! re/1 ! portion t does n rea* ! *annels ( indu/ry1 !re is no?+ :atev] 9 ! way ( data to g by4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 !n1 ! significance ( ! organic nitrog5 res\rces is l>gely conjectural4 ,?is is un=tunate4 ,approximate figures cov]+ ! use ( organic nitrog5 w\ld be ( value 9 v>i\s connections1 z 9 ! int]e/s ( intellig5t allocation 9 times ( nitrog5 %ortage1 z help+ to det]m9e ! ext5t to :i* ! gr[+ dem&s ( agriculture incid5t to ! gr[? ( population may be disc\nt$ f ! consequ5t expansion ( scav5g+ opportunity1 or z af=d+ a basis = e/imat+ ! v consid]able influ5ce ( motorization t[>d increas+ ! dem& = *emically prep>$ f]tiliz]s4 ,z ?+s /&1 all su* que/ions ( relation%ip lead only to pr(itless speculation4 ,ev5 ! relative importance ( ! organic s\rces z a :ole 9 ! economics ( nitrog5 supply is unc]ta94 ,:at !y h to (f] ( undevelop$ res]ves1 n[ tak+ ! =m ( wa/eful sanitation proc$ure1 w be tak5 up lat]4 ,"u exi/+ conditions1 x is probably fair to assume t #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! nitrog5 normally put to use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is organically associat$4 ,c>bonif]\s ,deposits4--,nitrog5 9 its organic relation%ips is b\nd up ) c>bon1 ( :i* organic matt] is l>gely compos$1 & ! bond betwe5 ! two is entirely dise/abli%$ only z ! c>bon itself loses its sub/antial =m ?r\gh oxidation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is endur+ alliance1 nitrog5 is *>act]i/ically pres5t 9 c>bonif]\s deposits1 a =m ( occurr5ce giv+ rise to /ill ano!r1 a f\r? type ( nitrog5 res\rce4 ,coal & oil-%ale loom up z ! out/&+ repres5tatives ( ?is class4 ,9 ea*1 ! nitrog5 cont5t is v>iable1 b am\nts to #a p] c5t4 or ov]4 ,) s l[ a p]c5tage ( nitrog51 x goes )\t say+ t nei!r ( ^! is to be reg>d$ z a possible s\rce ( direct supply4 ,! co/ w\ld be prohibitive1 ev5 "u ! /ress ( ! mo/ extreme em]g5cy4 ,! nitrog5 9 a coal b$ or an oil-%ale =mation is z wor?less z ! iron 9 any ord9>y rock4 ,b coal has o!r uses1 & s has oil %ale1 or at lea/ w %ortly4 ,! nitrog5 does n h to be extract$2 x gets releas$ incid5tally1 & :5 its release is effect$ "u conditions t prev5t its escape1 ! result is a productive nitrog5 res\rce4 ,! nitrog5 f ?is type ( res\rce is 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 ! relative importance ( :i* is %[n 9 ,figures #af to #ah & ,table #ff4 ,,g5]al ,,aspects ,,( ,,control ,su* is ! nature ( ! nitrog5 res\rces4 ,! res\rce situation z a :ole is repres5t$ graphically 9 ,figure #ae4 ,none o!r c comp>e ) x = inclusiv5ess4 ,its s\rces are animal1 vegetable1 m9]al1 & atmosph]ic1 :i* is to say1 univ]sal2 & out ( ?is unp>allel$ div]sity has gr[n an indu/rial developm5t z complex z x is div]sifi$1 &1 incid5tally1 9 view ( its be>+ on food & munitions supply1 z important z x is complex4 ,! situation at be/ c be b imp]fectly grasp$1 = x has be5 b inadequately /udi$4 ,9 transgress+ all set rules ( res\rce occurr5ce1 x transgresses ! limits set = organiz$ inve/igation4 ,geologi/s h /udi$ "o phase ( ! situation1 electro*emi/s ano!r1 sanitation exp]ts ano!r1 & s on2 & ! v>i\s comm]cial int]e/s involv$ h se5 to ! giv+ ( publicity :]e publicity w\ld d ! mo/ good4 ,,table #ff4--,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,production ---------------------------------------- - ,organic ,*emical nitrog5 nitrog5 ------------------------- ----------- ,sodium nitrate ,dri$ ----------------------- blood2 ,d- tankage2 mes- guano2 tic fi% scrap2 ,_w's pro- cotton se$ pro- duc- cake & duction1tion1 ,imports1 ,ye>meal2 etc4 tons tons tons -------------------------------------- #aijj 444 444 444 #aija ,data = #a1cbh1ffd 444 #bjc1ifj #aijb organic #a1cdi1cjj 444 #bje1bde #aijc nitrog5 #a1dhe1bgi 444 #bgb1idg #aijd;indef9ite1#a1eei1jia 444 #bbh1jab #aije b #a1ged1fje 444 #cba1bca #aijf probably #a1hjj1ejj 444 #cgb1bbb #aijg ab\t #a1hdf1jcf 444 #cfd1faj #aijh equal to #a1igj1igd 444 #caj1gac #aiji! total #b1aaj1ifa 444 #dbh1dbi #aiaj = #b1dfe1dae 444 #ebi1agb #aiaa *emical #b1eba1jbc 444 #edd1hgh #aiab nitrog54 #b1ehe1hej 444 #dhf1ceb #aiac #b1ggb1bed 444 #fbe1hfb #aiad #b1dfc1cef 444 #eda1gae #aiae #a1gee1bia 444 #ggb1aij #aiaf #b1iab1hic 444#a1bah1dbc #aiag #b1iej1jjj 444#a1eee1hci #aiah #b1ijj1jjj 444#a1hde1aib -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,*emical nitrog5 --------------------------------------- ,fixation comp\nds ------------------------------------- ,d- ,_w's production mes- ------------------------ tic ,ammon4 ,calcium pro- sulph4 nitrate,cyanamid1 duc- ,im- 7,hab]717,arc71 tons tion1ports1 ,ye> tons tons tons tons --------------------------------------- #aijj 444 444 444 444 444 #aija 444 444 444 444 444 #aijb 444 444 444 444 444 #aijc 444 444 444 444 444 #aijd 444 444 444 444 444 #aije 444 444 444 444 444 #aijf 444 444 #chf 444 444 #aijg 444 444 #a1hgd 444 444 #aijh 444 444 #b1gfg 444 444 #aiji 444 #de1dej #ab1gcd 444 444 #aiaj 444 444 #bb1eif 444 #gfd #aiaa 444 444 #ei1dgi 444 #e1fag #aiab 444 444 #aae1fhh 444 #g1acd #aiac #bj1jjjaha1hjj #agc1jbf 444#ad1fef #aiad #fj1jjj 444 #bjh1jgj 444#bi1ecf #aiae #aej1jjj 444 #hde1chh 444#bj1efd #aiaf #cjj1jjj 444#a1jec1dci 444#ch1jbc #aiag #ejj1jjjcjj1jjj #ied1gfe 444#dd1adf #aiah 444 444 444 444#dc1jgj --------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*emical nitrog5 ------------------------ ,by-product ammonium sulphate ---------------------- ,d- mes- tic ,_w's pro- pro- duc- ,im- duction1 tion1 ports1 ,ye> tons tons tons -------------------------- #aijj #edj1jjj #bg1fjj #h1daa #aija #ehj1jjj #bi1bgiad1dhf #aijb #fjj1jjj #cf1abdah1adf #aijc #fdj1jjj #da1hgcaf1ggg #aijd #fej1jjj #ed1ffdaf1ffg #aije #fid1ege #fe1bifae1bhh #aijf #ggh1cfe #ge1jjj #i1ahb #aijg #ijf1bee #ii1cjjcj1aad #aijh #igj1bjj #hc1djjch1bch #aiji #ihg1hdjajf1ejjdb1iad #aiaja1ajd1gjeaaf1jjjib1cdb #aiaaa1bjf1aceabg1jjjid1fcc #aiaba1cef1jgeafe1jjjei1edb #aiaca1ecb1dgeaie1jjjfe1gge #aiada1cbj1jjjahc1jjjge1jaj #aiaea1fij1jjjbdi1jjjcf1cgj #aiafb1jjj1jjjbhe1jjjab1ifb #aiag 444#cbe1jjj #aiah -------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,nitrog5 s\rces & _! cycles ( utilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,w>time developm5ts 9 ! production ( nitrog54 ,figures are ?\s&s ( tons4 ,b an inve/igation work+ on ! basis ( geology alone c n cope ) ! situation2 nei!r c "o on ! basis ( te*nology alone2 nor "o on ! basis ( organic *emi/ry1 or bact]iology alone2 nor yet "o prep>$ to employ any or all ( ^! means1 b only ) a view to "s special end4 ,nor yet aga9 does ! discordant gr9d+ ( _m axes make a noise f :i* x is possible to ga!r an adequate compreh5sion4 ,! nitrog5 situation has be5 inadequately treat$ because x has be5 inadequately /udi$4 ,x has be5 /udi$ piecemeal1 always ?r\gh ! m$ium ( limit$ means or ) "s special end 9 view4 ,x is n a s]ies ( te*nical problems 9 geology1 9 bact]iology1 9 fixation1 9 munitions supply1 & ! l4 ,x has to d ) a composite economic /ructure1 build+ = ! dep5d5ce ( society 9 peace & w> alike4 ,until treat$ z su*1 ! ne$s ( ! situation are b\nd to be inadequately met & its control a matt] ( p]il\s unc]ta9ty4 ,! pres5t discussion makes no pret5se ( supply+ ?is defici5cy or ( do+ mu* ( any?+ m ?an to %[ ! ext5t to :i* x exi/s4 ,figure #ae is design$ to %[ n s mu* ! scope ( ! res\rces z _! composite function+ 9 ! sy/em ( nitrog5 supply4 ,! influ5ce ( geography 9 ! control ( res\rces s univ]sally available is b\nd to be subord9ate4 ,true1 x enables ,*ile to ex]cise monopoli/ic control ov] ! m9]al nitrate supply1 b x leaves ! way op5 = ! developm5t ( o!rs2 & :ile ackn[l$g+ ! fullness ( our dep5d5ce1 z %[n 9 ,figures #af to #ah & ,table #ff1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t x is s n ( necessity1 b because we h be5 cont5t to leave x s r ?an und]take to develop supplies ( our own4 ,s1 too1 ) political control2 :at is ga9$ 9 "o direction is1 pot5tially at lea/1 (fset by ! possibilities op5+ up 9 o!rs4 ,control ( ! sea gives a control ov] ! m9]al nitrate supply z absolute z t 9 ,*ile's t]ritorial monopoly4 ,yet 9 ! rec5t great w>1 ,g]many1 ) h] %ipp+ oblit]at$ at ! outset1 0 n made to suff] mat]ially f a nitrog5 %ortage4 ,brita9's supremacy ( ! sea w5t = naught4 ,9 ! ye>s be=e ! w> ! =ce due 9 season to ex]cise control ov] ! nitrate supply s]v$ only to /imulate ! developm5t ( dome/ic pot5tialities1 ) ! result t :5 ! te/ came ,g]many's prov$ actually to be ! m advantage\s equipm5t4 ,s x goes4 ,control ov] ! nitrog5 res\rces !mselves is impossible4 ,!y are too univ]sally available4 ,_! only susceptibility to control is 9 ! %ap+ ( _! developm5t4 ,?is is too important a matt] to be disreg>d$ ) impunity & left to develop )\t guidance4 ,! mod]n nation t does s c\rts ! irrepressible disa/] ( a nation at w> b b]eft ( ! means n only ( wag+ w> b ( ma9ta9+ a food supply z well4 ,f ,figure #af may be ga!r$ ! quality ( att5tion giv5 ! matt] ( dome/ic supply by ! diff]5t nations imm$iately be=e & dur+ ! w>4 ,g]many1 x w be obs]v$1 he$$ ! call to give ! matt] special att5tion well be=e ! w> & _h an indep5d5t sy/em ( supply develop$ 9 read9ess1 draw+ ^u ! atmosph]e & coal-product nitrog5 ) ! results already *ronicl$4 ,great ,brita9 did n ignore ! importance ( nitrog51 b plac$ reliance on h] supremacy ( ! sea & paid little or no att5tion to %ap+ ! c\rse ( developm5ts4 ,nor did its importance g unhe$$ else:]e abroad1 & ! foo?old ga9$ = fixation 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 & ,japan 01 x is safe to say1 n :olly automatic4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone among ! great nations up to ! outbreak ( ho/ilities 9 ,europe 9 #aiad neglect$ to take any special precautions :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,nitrog5 developm5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a4 ,w>time expansion = munitions manufacture4 #b4 ,field ( competitive opportunity = ,*ilean nitrate1 air nitrate fixation1 improv$ coal-fuel practice1 %ale-oil ammonia1 bact]ial fixation1 improv$ sanitation1 etc4 #c4 ,field ( opportunity res]v$ to coke-ov5 recov]y4 #d4 ,developm5ts indicat$ = coke-ov5 recov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,nitrog5 developm5ts = ! _w1 #aijj-aiah4 ,! w>1 :5 x came1 f> exce$$ all expectations z to magnitude1 & s 9 consequ5ce did ! dem& = specially develop$ nitrog5 supplies4 ,to meet ! em]g5cy1 "s c\ld be deflect$ f agricultural *annels1 b no?+ l :at 0 requir$1 = food 0 j z important z munitions4 ,! organic s\rces (f]$ no help4 ,r !y 7 a h9drance2 = organic nitrog51 broadly speak+1 comes z a by-product ( sanitation1 & z su* develops z ! outgr[? ( civilization's ref9em5ts4 ,!re 0 a measurable response f ! c>bonif]\s s\rces1 b ^! c\ld n be made to meet ! em]g5cy1 =1 be+ ( by-product ord]1 ! supply is det]m9$ n 9 response to ! dem& = nitrog5 b = ! major products4 ,dep5d5ce on ! native m9]al s\rce 9 ,*ile 0 out ( ! "q1 or at lea/ prec>i\s = any c\ntry except ,great ,brita94 ,accord+ly1 ( ! f\r great s\rces x rema9$ = atmosph]ic nitrog5 to meet ! em]g5cy4 ,?us1 ! w> 9 br++ ! nitrog5 situation emphatically to ! =e1 communicat$ practically ! :ole weight ( its trem5d\s impetus to developm5t 9 ! "o direction ( fixation4 ,! result is %[n 9 ,figure #ah4 ,r\s$ by ! nightm>e ( w> 9 #aiad1 ev5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates awoke to ! p]ils if n to ! real ne$s ( ! dome/ic situation4 ,x is a /rik+ & highly significant fact t despite ! fundam5tal importance ( nitrog51 ! awak5+ f\nd u absolutely )\t any =mulat$ program ( action1 ev5 milit>y or agricultural1 let alone any?+ ( compreh5sive economic scope4 ,a hy/]ical ef=t at improvis+ a program ensu$4 ,we 7 n yet 9 ! w>1 & public int]e/ 0 j r\s$ to ! gullible /age4 ,! opportunity = private pick+s f public favors 0 too promis+ to g by ! bo>d4 ,! only prospect op5+ up lay 9 ! direction ( fixation developm5ts1 & fixation 9 ! h&s ( ! promot] is "o ( ! mo/ appeal+ propositions imag9able4 ,its major requirem5ts are nitrog5 & p[]4 ,) ! =m] inexhau/ibly pres5t 9 ! air & ! latt] inexhau/ibly available 9 ! wa/+ wat]p[]s ( ! c\ntry1 no?+ x w\ld seem1 c\ld (f] great] promise4 ,add to ?is ! reflection t *eap nitrog5 means *eap f]tiliz]1 & *eap f]tiliz] means l[]$ co/ ( food/uffs1 & ! proposition broadca/$ ov] ! c\ntry is complete4 ,out ( ! confusion ( int]e/s1 public1 political1 & private1 a program 0 f9ally evolv$1 foll[+ our entry into ! w>1 call+ = ! erection ( a s]ies ( fixation plants ) an aggregate produc+ capacity ( ar\nd #he1jjj tons ( fix$ nitrog5 annually4 ,= ! pres5t is mu/ suffice to say t ! w> end$ be=e any ( ^! _h rea*$ ! produc+ /age1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l ,great ,brita91 dep5d$ on imports4 ,! *>ts compris+ ,figure #af %[ ! influ5ce ( ! w> 9 ! developm5t ( nitrog5 di/ributively among ! c\ntries conc]n$4 ,! ,sc&9avian developm5ts1 :ile actuat$ f :olly comm]cial motives1 7 s l>gely influ5c$ by ! politically /imulat$ m>ket t !y may well en\gh be includ$ 9 t g5]al class ( politically controll$ developm5ts4 ,! same is true = ! neutral c\ntries 9 g5]al4 ,figure #ah1 bas$ on ! be/ in=mation obta9able1 is design$ to br+ out ! collective influ5ce ( ! w> 9 contribut+ to ! _w's supply4 ,organic nitrog5 is disreg>d$ bo? because x involves too _m unc]ta9ties & because ! w>time emphasis 0 all 9 ! direction ( *emical nitrog54 ,?is figure takes into consid]ation only ! actual production & leaves out :at 0 9 process ( con/ruction :5 ! w> end$4 ,accord+ly1 :ile 9 "o respect x ov]rates ! effect ( ! w> by includ+ /rictly comm]cial op]ations t v possibly might h transpir$ anyway1 9 ano!r x und]rates ! situation by disreg>d+ developm5ts l ^? 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! be/ t c be done is to consid] ^! z balanc+ ea* o!r1 :i*1 all ?+s consid]$1 is probably fair en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,tak5 on ?is basis1 ! net effect ( ! w>1 x w be obs]v$1 0 to swell ! production ( fix$ nitrog5 "s #dj or #ej p] c5t4 above ! figures indicat$ = ! normal rate ( expansion4 ,?us ! w>time %ortage 0 made up2 b all ?is is hi/ory4 ,n[ t ! w> is ov]1 ! "q arises z to :e!r ! _w is due to face ! situation 9 rev]se4 ,9 mak+ ready = w>1 & f9ally 9 meet+ its dem&s1 has ! _w be5 build+ up a #ej p] c5t4 ov]-production beyond ! ne$s ( peace8 ,(fh&1 ! answ] w\ld seem to be 9 ! affirmative1 b ! "q is n "o t c be answ]$ (fh&4 ,agriculture is capable ( absorb+ an indef9ite am\nt ( nitrog51 & ! w> has wr\ght a la/+ *ange 9 ! agricultural situation4 ,! *ang$ agricultural conditions make room = mu*1 p]haps = all1 ( ! increm5t to nitrog5 production4 ,! developm5t _c be su/a9$1 h[ev]1 on its pres5t arbitr>y pref]5tial basis ( political exp$i5cy4 ,lea/ ( all c x be su/a9$ on t basis 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,normally1 we d n & c n be made to ?9k 9 t]ms ( w>4 ,! reason is evid5t en\gh1 & its recurr5t =ce is already app>5t4 ,di/a/eful z ! fact may be 9 "s ( its extremes ( application1 ! only rational proc$ure is to accept x & fa%ion our measures ( economic prep>$ness s t ! normal activities ( peace w keep our economic =ces ex]cis$ & 9 trim = ! te/ ( w>4 ,x 0 recogniz$ all along be=e ! w> t )\t an assur$ s\rce ( nitrog5 supply1 our sy/em ( def5se 0 holl[2 b we succe$$ 9 build+ up no means ( supply 9 direct response to political ne$s4 ,we manag$ to get com=tably />t$ dur+ ! w>1 b x rema9s to be se5 to :at ext5t ?is artificially n\ri%$ developm5t is fitt$ to )/& ! bitt] /rife ( competition ahead4 ,,comm]cial ,,aspects ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,control ,free nitrog51 x w be recall$1 has no economic significance4 ,to be available 9 ! indu/rial arts x mu/ be 9 a /ate ( *emical comb9ation4 ,! =m ( comp\nd is ( second>y importance1 s9ce ?is may be modifi$ m or less readily to suit ! ne$1 b its value is condition$ 9 t]ms ( its availability 9 ! =m ( nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! sev]al s\rces are classifiable indu/rially "u ?ree heads3 ,natural comp\nds--nitrog5 occurr+ naturally 9 ! =m ( m>ketable comp\nds4 ,by-product comp\nds--nitrog5 r5d]$ available incid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( op]ations o!rwise direct$4 ,fixation comp\nds--nitrog5 ^: availability is dep5d5t on special fixation treatm5t4 ,natural ,comp\nds4--,*ile nitrate is ! out/&+ repres5tative ( ! natural comp\nds4 ,! guano indu/ry1 or :at !re is left ( x1 & a few o!r odds & ends ( production f organic s\rces1 belong "h z well1 b _! comb9$ output is s relatively small t ! ,*ilean indu/ry comprises :at am\nts to a monopoly ( ! natural res\rces4 ,x is n op]at$ z su*1 h[ev]1 b by private capital1 :i* owns & op]ates ! (ic9as1 pay+ ! ,*ilean gov]nm5t a royalty or export tax am\nt+ to ab\t #aa4bj p] ton4 ,briti% & ,*ilean int]e/s %>e ab\t equally 9 mak+ up ! f> great] "p ( ! capital inve/$4 ,! balance is l>gely ,g]man & ,am]ican4 ,! total capitalization 9 #aiji am\nt$ to approximately #acd1jjj1jjj1 repres5t+ an actual valuation ( ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,v>i\s ef=ts on ! "p ( ! comm]cial int]e/s involv$ to effect comb9ations = ! purpose ( /abiliz+ production h be5 attempt$1 b h n be5 entirely successful1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy has all along be5 t[>d ov]production4 ,! op]ations1 z already outl9$ on page #dbd1 are crude1 & ! co/ ( production is correspond+ly high1 am\nt+ to ar\nd #be to #cj p] ton at seabo>d1 inclusive ( ! #aa export tax4 ,! nitrate is m>ket$ l>gely ?r\gh commission h\ses4 ,! ,am]ican situation is mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( ?ree companies1 ,w4 ,r4 ,grace ,co41 ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 & ,wessel1 ,duval ,co4 ,! magnitude ( ! ,*ilean indu/ry z a :ole & its relative importance are %[n 9 ,figures #af to #ah & ,table #ff4 ,by-product ,comp\nds4--,to ?is class ( comp\nds belong1 ) ! few m9or exceptions already not$1 ! nitrog5\s products ( organic d]ivation z a :ole1 & ^? f c>bonif]\s s\rces su* z coal & oil %ale4 ,f ! =m] s\rce comes a miscellany ( organic refuse result+ f activities deal+ ) animal1 vegetable1 & fi% products1 & c>ry+ nitrog5 9 ! =m ( organic ammoniates commonly left z su* = use 9 agriculture4 ,f ! latt] ! nitrog5 recov]$ is all *emical nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia or ammonium salts1 mo/ly ammonium sulphate1 & is available 9 all capacities4 ,! organic production is impossible ( def9ite analysis f any angle4 ,! lack ( sy/ematically compil$ records1 & back ( t ! miscellane\s l>gely dec5traliz$ "* ( ! output1 along ) ! fact t ! produc+ co/s are = ! mo/ "p indi/+ui%able1 leaves altoge!r too mu* to ! imag9ation4 ,mu* ( ! supply is d]iv$ f connections ( sanitation1 especially ( local sanitation1 su* z ! rural practice1 = :i* !re is no measure :atev]4 ,ano!r prom95t s\rce ( supply is repres5t$ 9 :at is kn[n z tankage1 ! refuse f animal-r5d]+ plants2 b "h too ! issue is lo/ 9 ! scatt]+ ( ! production1 ! indef9it5ess ( composition1 & ! fact t n all ( ! product is us$ z a s\rce ( nitrog51 "s ( x go+ into ! prep>ation ( animal food4 ,! same is true ( cottonse$ meal & v>i\s o!r less prom95t =ms ( organic wa/e result+ f indu/rial activities4 ,fi% scrap & slaught]-h\se refuse f meat pack+ also contribute prom95tly & at ! same "t r m def9itely to ! supply ( agricultural nitrog52 b ev5 "h adequate figures are n available4 ,! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission und]took to analyze ! #aiac consumption1 ) results giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,e/imat$ ,,consumption ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s ,,= ,,! ,,ye> #aiac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,f]tiliz+,consumption ,cont5t ,units ,mat]ials sub/ance 7tons7 7p] c5t47consum$#aeg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,nitrate ( soda ,ammonia #bfj1jjj #ah4j #d1fhj1jjj ,sulphate ( ammonia ,ammonia #acj1jjj #be4j #c1bej1jjj ,cyanamid ,ammonia #ae1dhh #ah4j #bgh1ghd ,high-grade tankage ,ammonia #baj1jjj #aj4e #b1bje1jjj ,conc5trat$ ,ammonia #ah1cea #ad4e #bff1jij ,dri$ blood ,ammonia #dj1jjj #ag4j #fhj1jjj ,dri$ fi% scrap ,ammonia #ej1jjj #aa4j #eej1jjj ,cottonse$ meal ,ammonia #ffj1jjj #g4e #iej1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total 444 444 444 #af1hei1hgd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aeg ,a unit is #a p] c5t4 ( a ton1 or #bj p\nds4 ,?is e/imate1 h[ev]1 takes into acc\nt only ! m /rictly indu/rial s\rces1 leav+ rural sanitation & ! l out ( ! reckon+4 ,aside f ! conv]sion ( organic ammoniates1 :i* is practic$ on a l>ge scale only 9 a few in/ances1 notably t ( ! ,p>is sy/em ( sewage disposal1 f\r g5]al types ( indu/rial op]ation figure m or less 9 ! production ( by-product ammonia4 ,!y include coal di/illation1 bone c>bonization1 oil-%ale di/illation1 & bla/-furnace op]ations4 ,! ,am]ican production1 h[ev]1 is all d]iv$ f ! fir/ two types4 ,bo? ! o!rs are active produc]s abroad1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 b nei!r ( !m has z yet obta9$ a foo?old 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,am]ican recov]y 9 connection ) bone c>bonization is ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,practically ! :ole supply comes f gas works & by-product cok+ op]ations4 ,figure #ag1 9 ! %ad$ area be>+ ! designation 8ammonium sulphate production10 %[s ! magnitude & tr5d ( ! production f ye> to ye> s9ce #aijj4 ,! organic nitrog5 recov]$ 9 all ( ! v>i\s by-product connections tak5 toge!r probably con/itutes #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total supply4 ,coal product ammonia 9 ?is c\ntry adds ano!r #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ,s ov] half ( our supply is ( by-product d]ivation4 ,! dome/ic output is supplem5t$ 9 ! case ( ! organic =m by consid]able importations f ,s\? ,am]ica1 &1 until int]f]$ ) by ! w>1 small am\nts ( ammonium sulphate 7 import$ annually f ,europe4 ,ess5tially1 h[ev]1 ! by-product supply is ( dome/ic orig94 ,despite its magnitude1 x occupies an anomal\s sort ( position indu/rially4 ,x is recov]$ incid5tally = :at x is wor?1 & sold = :at x w br+4 ,! co/ ( production is l>gely *>g$ (f aga9/ ! major op]ations ) :i* its recov]y is associat$1 & ! returns are cr$it$ 9 con=mance1 z a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( ! major op]ations4 ,?is is equally true :e!r ! s\rce be t ( ! dome/ic animal on ! f>m1 a coke ov51 or a pack+ h\se4 ,! indu/rial output is built up z a sequ5ce to indu/rial conc5tration4 ,?is is evid5c$ all d[n ! l9e1 notably 9 ! output ( coke-ov5 ammonia f ! /eel indu/ry & 9 t ( organic ammoniates f ! meat-pack+ indu/ry4 ,x is ?is influ5ce ( co-ord9at$ indu/rial conc5tration1 along ) ! call = ! major op]ations1 t controls ! supply ( by-product nitrog52 s ! developm5t & h&l+ ( ! indu/rial output comes naturally to be l>gely 9 ! h&s ( trade comb9ations4 ,?us1 ! coal-product ammonia situation is l>gely at ! disposal ( ! ,b>rett ,co41 ! tankage & o!r animal-product ammoniates ga!r = disposal at ! h&s ( ! pack+ int]e/s1 & ! nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s f cottonse$ are = ! mo/ "p prep>$ & m>ket$ by int]e/s subsidi>y to ! ,cotton ,oil ,co4 ,! manufactur+ int]e/s involv$ are conc]n$ prim>ily 9 ! manufacture ( o!r ?an nitrog5 products4 ,! by-product nitrog5 recov]$ has to compete = its m>ket aga9/ :at comes f ! o!r two indu/rial classes ( supply1 & its price goes j l[ en\gh to enable x to d s4 ,! limits set 9 ! incid5tal "* ( ! output leave no special inc5tive to c>ry ! price competition fur!r4 ,:atev] additional latitude ( advantage z to co/ ( production x possesses goes n to promot+ a fur!r r$uction 9 ! price ( nitrog5 b to l[]+ co/s ) ref]5ce to ! major !me ( production4 ,gas-h\se ammonia1 = in/ance1 does n affect ! nitrog5 m>ket s mu* z x does ! co/ ( gas1 & ! organic ammoniates recov]$ 9 connection ) meat pack+ h n l[]$ f]tiliz] co/s s mu* z !y h kept d[n ! co/ ( meat to ! consum]4 ,?us ! by-product class ( supply1 ?\gh ! lead+ "o 9 ! po9t ( magnitude1 & by f> ! *eape/ to produce1 has little to d ) det]m9+ ! price ( nitrog54 ,! sell+ price ( by-product nitrog5 is det]m9$ by ! price ! product f compet+ s\rces br+s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is controll$ by ! price ( ,*ile nitrate1 & n1 z commonly imput$1 by ! trade comb9ations t develop & h&le ! output4 ,fixation ,comp\nds4--,nitrog5 has five g5]al habits ( comb9ation3 ) oxyg51 giv+ rise to nitric acid & its ret9ue ( nitrate salts2 ) hydrog51 giv+ ammonia & ! ammonium salts2 ) c>bon1 to =m cyanog5 & ! cyanides2 ) basic elem5ts1 yield+ nitrides2 & organically1 9 ! =m ( organic ammoniates4 ,v>i\s projects h be5 advanc$ = turn+ ^! to acc\nt 9 ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,= ! mo/ "p !y h met ) little or no practical success1 b !re are exceptions to ! rule ( failure 9 all five directions4 ,direct ,oxidation--,arc ,fixation4--,nitrog5 does n oxidize at all readily "u any ord9>y conditions1 b its natural indisposition to comb9e ) oxyg5 may be ov]come by pass+ a mixture ( ! two gases ?r\gh an electric arc4 ,! atmosph]e furni%es ! nitrog5 & oxyg5 ready mix$1 s all t is ne$$ 9 ! way ( raw mat]ials is an abundant p[] supply4 ,arc fixation 0 develop$ 9 ,norway1 :]e ! possibilities 9 ! way ( hydro-electric p[] give ! be/ sett+ to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,ef=ts to introduce x else:]e h result$ unsatisfactorily1 & arc fixation has made relatively little headway1 z may be d$uc$ f ,table #ff & ,figure #ah4 ,! reason is two-fold4 ,s f>1 its use ( p[] has prov$ uneconomical1 & its product unsatisfactory4 ,! =m] ( ^! two objections dep5ds = its =ce on ! dem& = p[]1 b ! latt] is m decisive4 ,! imm$iate end product is nitric acid1 :i* is bo? difficult to transport & limit$ z to use4 ,to be put 9 %ape = agricultural use x mu/ be neutraliz$ 9 ! =m ( a nitrate salt4 ,lime/one is ! only *eap neutraliz+ ag5t4 ,?is gives a salt1 calcium nitrate1 :i* absorbs moi/ure1 cakes1 & is ?us unsuit$ to ! ,am]ican agricultural practice ( ma*9e drill+4 ,an exp]im5tal plant ne> ,seattle1 ,wa%41 aims to ov]come ?is difficulty by turn+ out its arc product 9 ! =m ( sodium nitrate1 b ! project is ( no comm]cial significance z x /&s4 ,ammonia ,fixation4--,nitrog5 is no m dispos$ to comb9e ( its own accord ) hydrog5 to give ammonia ?an ) oxyg5 to give nitric acid4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,hab] process1 ! only syn!tic ammonia process t has /ood ! te/ ( indu/rial application1 ! native indisposition to comb9e is ov]come by subject+ a prop]ly proportion$ mixture ( ! two gases to heat & pressure 9 ! pres5ce ( a catalyz]4 ,?is process 0 in/itut$ 9 ,g]many %ortly be=e ! outbreak ( ! w>1 & z %[n 9 ,figure #af & ,table #ff has develop$ /eadily s9ce !n4 ,little seems to be kn[n z to ! effici5cy ( ! ,g]man ,hab] practice4 ,app>5tly1 c>eful manipulation is necess>y to obta9 results4 ,?is means a skill$ att5tion1 :i* is incompatible ) me*anical volume production & is ?us unsuit$ to ,am]ican practice4 ,:at aims to be an adaptation to ,am]ican conditions 0 work$ out by ! ,g5]al ,*emical ,co41 & a plant ) a rat$ capacity ( #fj1jjj p\nds ( anhydr\s ammonia p] day 0 project$ at ,%effield1 ,ala41 at ! in/ance ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! plant 0 complet$1 b be=e x c\ld be tun$ up = actual production ! w> end$4 ,cyanide ,fixation4--,nitrog51 9 pass+ ?r\gh a r$-hot mixture ( f9ely divid$ soda a%1 coke1 & iron1 reacts ) ! sodium & c>bon to give sodium cyanide4 ,?is pr9ciple ( fixation is be+ ext5sively exp]im5t$ )1 b has n be5 develop$ comm]cially1 except 9 a small plant ) a rat$ daily capacity ( #aj tons ( sodium cyanide at ,saltville1 ,va4 ,cyanamid ,fixation4--,hot calcium c>bide w absorb nitrog51 =m+ a comp\nd ( calcium1 c>bon1 & nitrog51 accord+ to ! =mula ,ca ,,cn1 kn[n z cyanamid4 ,! cyanamid process1 bas$ on ?is reaction1 has be5 ext5sively develop$1 f> m s ?an any o!r ( ! v>i\s processes1 z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ,figure #af & ,table #ff4 ,(fh&1 x looks to be ! mo/ adaptable & consequ5tly ! mo/ promis+ ( ! lot comm]cially4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! sev]al *>ts ( its gr[? 9 ! w>r+ c\ntries giv5 9 ,figure #af4 ,9 none ( ^! is ! %[+ indicative ( a /rong1 heal?y developm5t4 ,wor/ ( all is ! case ( ,g]many1 ) ! contra/ (f]$ 9 ! ,hab] & cyanamid *>ts4 ,until ! w>1 cyanamid manufacture 0 unable to obta9 a competitive foo?old 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh a small plant has be5 9 op]ation at ,niag>a ,falls 9 ,canada = "s ye>s4 ,! problem x has fac$ is simil> to t already *ronicl$ = arc fixation1 9 t x draws heavily on p[] 9 ! prep>ation ( ! necess>y c>bide1 & ! co/ ( p[] 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 prohibitive4 ,"u ! /ress ( ! w>time dem& = nitrog51 h[ev]1 ! ,gov]nm5t contract$ = ! erection ( ?ree plants--"o at ,muscle ,%oals1 ,ala41 "o ne> ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 & "o ne> ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 ) a total rat$ capacity am\nt+ to #bbj1jjj tons ( ammonium nitrate p] ye>4 ,! "w on all ?ree 0 well "u way1 b none ( ! plants _h rea*$ ! produc+ /age :5 ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice br\ght ! nitrate activities ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to an end4 ,nitride ,fixation4--,! only process ( any prom95ce aim+ to fix nitrog5 9 ! nitride =m is "o develop$ by ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica4 ,?is has = its work+ pr9ciple ! fact t a mixture ( alum9a & c>bon1 highly heat$1 w absorb nitrog5 by react+ to give alum9um nitride4 ,! nitride :5 heat$ ) cau/ic soda gives its end product 9 ! =m ( pure ammonia4 ,! out/&+ difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 apply+ ?is process comm]cially seems to be t ( provid+ a furnace capable ( /&+ ! temp]ature requirem5ts4 ,at all ev5ts ! process has n succe$$ 9 mak+ good indu/rially4 ,bact]ial ,fixation4--,! artificial attempts at fixation h be5 direct$ almo/ :olly t[>d employ+ *emical pr9ciples4 ,9 view ( ! difficulties exp]i5c$ & ! unc]ta9 value ( ! results z a :ole1 x is int]e/+ & p]haps highly significant to reflect t aft] all1 z indicat$ 9 ,figure #ae1 inorganic *emical pr9ciples seem+ly h little to d ) develop+ ! natural supply1 probably because ( ! activities ( nitrify+ bact]ia4 ,little att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! possibilities 9 ?is direction4 ,?is is only natural s f> z comm]cially actuat$ rese>* is conc]n$1 s9ce x does n lead 9 ! def9ite direction ( pat5t rights2 b ! failure to in/itute an adequate inve/igation gov]nm5tally c be attribut$ only to lack ( compreh5sion ) ref]5ce to ! scope ( ! nitrog5 issue z br\ght out "u 8,g5]al ,aspects ( ,control0 on pages #dbe to #dcc4 ,! subject has receiv$ j en\gh att5tion to %[ t bact]ial fixation repres5ts a trem5d\s field ( grossly neglect$ possibilities4 ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,& ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,! :ole matt] ( fixation mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 process ( developm5t4 ,true1 x 0 in/itut$ "s fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago & has gr[n to repres5t ! l>ge/ produc+ s\rce ( *emical nitrog51 ) op]ations 9 practically all ! important indu/rial c\ntries 9 ! _w & ) responsible f9ancial back+4 ,b no "o c exam9e ! *>ts 9 ,figure #af )\t recogniz+ ! premature1 mu%room quality ( ! upgr[?1 induc$ prim>ily 9 response to ! political conditions lead+ to & ?r\gh ! w>4 ,?is is especially true = ! ,am]ican situation4 ,:5 ! w> broke out1 fixation "h 0 confess$ly /ill 9 ! dep5d5t /age ( its developm5t1 unable 9 e ef=t x _h made to /& alone indu/rially4 ,9 ! ma91 ! developm5ts t h transpir$ subsequ5tly h foll[$ along pre-exi/+ l9es4 ,9 s f> z !y h done s1 little actual economic significance is to be atta*$ to !m4 ,= ! re/1 ! new developm5ts1 all t c be said at ?is juncture is t !y are disappo9t+ly meag]4 ,j "o w>time a*ievem5t1 ! oxidation ( ammonia1 /&s out z af=d+ a wor? t is unmi/akably cle>4 ,! nitrog5 situation1 x w be recall$1 has two aspects1 ! milit>y & ! agricultural4 ,! milit>y focus is on nitric acid1 & ! readie/ means ( insur+ a supply2 ! agricultural focus is on ammonium comp\nds or _! equival5t 9 neutral nitrog5 salts & ! mo/ economical means ( supply4 ,"h1 !n1 is a p>t+ ( ! ways to exp$i5cy1 & x is at ?is juncture t ) milit>y influ5ces to ! =e ! nitrog5 developm5ts ( ! pa/ few ye>s 7 l$ (f on an uneconomical tang5t ( milit>y control4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 h[ev]1 tak+ up ! "w ( o!rs1 has p]fect$ a simple1 effective means = oxidiz+ ammonia to nitric acid4 ,?is1 beyond "q1 is ! mo/ important contribution ( ! day4 ,its significance may p]haps be/ be br\ght out graphically 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,illu/ration ,ammonia oxidation1 x w be obs]v$ f ! =ego+ sket*1 gives a means ( supply+ ! milit>y requirem5t f ! direct l9e ( agricultural effici5cy4 ,f ! /rictly milit>y viewpo9t1 x has ! objection ( be+ a r\ndab\t proc$ure4 ,! dott$ l9e ( direct milit>y proc$ure1 h[ev]1 has no peace-"t function1 & consequ5tly _c be ma9ta9$ 9 "t ( peace 9 trim = w>1 b mu/ in/ead be built up expressly to meet w>time exig5cies4 ,we h _h an illu/ration ( :at ?is means 9 ! way ( "t & money1 & ?is "o ought to suffice4 ,! agricultural *annel1 once built up on a basis ( economic effici5cy1 is op5 at all times4 ,at ! mo/1 all t is requir$ is to keep an eye to ! em]g5cy ne$s 9 ! way ( oxidation equipm5t1 a relatively simple matt]4 ,?us1 in/ead ( ! prec>i\s proc$ure ( tru/+ to luck :i* *>act]iz$ our pre-w> attitude t[>d nitrog5 on ! "o h&1 or ( attempt+ ! impossible 9 ! way ( ma9ta9+ a milit>y program ( indu/rial proc$ure 9 "t ( peace on ! o!r1 all t is ne$$ is a con/ructive program devot$ expressly to ! int]e/s ( economic effici5cy4 ,,! ,,nitrog5 ,,outlook ,!re is no import duty on nitrog51 nor is !re likely to be any1 = nitrog5 is an important cog 9 ! me*anism ( food supply1 & ! peacetime emphasis1 rev]s+ ! w>time ord]1 is prim>ily on *eapness & only second>ily on ! po9t ( orig94 ,accord+ly1 look+ ahead1 ! ,am]ican m>ket conditions1 once _w trade is fully re/or$1 are due to reflect ! _w conditions4 ,z indicat$ 9 ,figure #ah1 ! sudd5 end+ ( ! w>1 ) its call+ (f ( ! milit>y requirem5t :i* _h be5 build+ up /eadily s9ce ev5 be=e ! outbreak ( ho/ilities 9 #aiad1 left ! _w ) a produc+ capacity #cj to #dj p] c5t4 above normal4 ,to :at ext5t ?is app>5t ov]production1 am\nt+ to "s half million tons ( nitrog51 w prove real is impossible to =etell2 n all ( x c]ta9ly1 = "u ! /imulus ( a food %ortage ! curve ( normal consumption w d\btless b5d upw>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re is ! produc+ capacity ( ! plants n yet 9 op]ation to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,:atev] may be ! capacity ( agriculture to absorb f ! surplus1 x _c be expect$ to take up ! full am\nt imm$iately or )\t special inducem5t4 ,! inf]5ce foll[s t price & production w come d[n1 to /imulate & co-ord9ate ) ! increase 9 dem&4 ,:]e ! meet+ po9t w be betwe5 ! upcurve ( dem& & ! d[ncurve ( production x is impossible to pr$ict4 ,x is ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 to figure 9 review on h[ ! ?ree types ( indu/rial s\rce1 ! natural1 ! by-product1 & ! fixation types1 are equipp$ = ! v evid5t /rife ( competition impli$ 9 ! situation4 ,) ! developm5t ( fixation1 !re h be5 a lot ( unf\nd$ /atem5ts to ! effect t ! day ( ,*ile nitrate is pass+4 ,:5ev] a syn!tic developm5t comes to ! =e1 a peculi> fallacy ( reason+ is indulg$ 9 :i* ignores ! fact ( inh]5t natural wor?1 disreg>ds ! inescapable co/ ( its duplication1 & reg>ds ! syn!tic a*ievem5t z giv+ op5 sesame to ! natural treasure4 ,by way ( sub/antiation 9 ! case ( nitrog51 ! co/ ( produc+ ,*ile nitrate is high1 am\nt+ to ar\nd #cj p] ton4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is l>gely contribut$ to by ! unsy/ematiz$ crudity ( ! op]ations1 by ! high export tax1 & by ov]capitalization4 ,b ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 are v>iable factors1 susceptible ( indef9ite modification 9 keep+ ) ! ne$4 ,*ile nitrate has nev] made any pret5se ( compet+ aga9/ by-product nitrog51 ) its advantages 9 ! way ( l[ incid5tal produc+ co/s & proximity to ! m>ket4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! by-product supply & ! total dem& = nitrog5 has all along compris$ ! field ( opportunity op5+ to ,*ile nitrate4 ,9 ?is its only notewor?y competitor is ! fixation indu/ry4 ,! fixation s\rces are impossible ( analysis on a def9ite basis ( co/4 ,too _m v>iable factors & unc]ta9ties are involv$4 ,repeat$ attempts h be5 made1 b all !y h s]v$ to br+ out is t "u c]ta9 conditions1 z = in/ance ( p[] supply1 & = c]ta9 express purposes1 "o =m ( project has an app>5t m>g9 ( advantage ov] ano!r1 & vice v]sa = o!r conditions2 b t at be/ ! co/ ( production1 if n actually prohibitive1 is dang]\sly close to ! normal pre-w> price ( fix$ nitrog54 ,back ( x all is ! fact t fixation has to deal ) ! problem ( ov]com+ ! native *emical in]tia ( nitrog51 & ! problem has n yet be5 solv$ at all conv9c+ly4 ,always ! solution advanc$ has call$ = "s special measure ( relief f indu/rial competition1 :e!r natural1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,sc&9avian p[] supply1 or political1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican & ,g]man projects4 ,fixation has be5 widely h]ald$ ( rec5t ye>s z due n only to emancipate ! _w f its dep5d5ce ^u ! ,*ilean s\rce1 b to r$uce mat]ially ! co/ ( nitrog5\s f]tiliz]1 h5ce ! co/ ( food production1 to ! m>k$ bett]m5t ( liv+ conditions z well4 ,9 its promise ( political & economic bett]m5t 9 "o1 x has claim$ ! att5tion ( all4 ,h[ev]1 ! claim ( special economic advantage com+ f an indu/ry b>ely1 if at all1 able to meet conditions ev5 z !y are1 has be5 ov]drawn4 ,?is does n aim to imply t !re is no?+ b failure ahead = fixation 9 ! te/ ( competition4 ,x has its possibilities ( developm5t into some?+ comm]cially & economically z well z politically wor? :ile1 b ! exi/+ ho?\se ord] ( upgr[? is unque/ionably due = a lot ( tra9+ d[n1 & mu* t is wor?less is z c]ta9ly due to g4 ,! ,am]ican developm5ts h a p>ticul>ly inauspici\s economic sett+ 9 ! prevail+ scale ( co/s4 ,! only sav+ alt]native = !m w\ld seem to be 9 "o =m or ano!r ( f$]al provision = _! cont9u$ support on "s su* basis z t on :i* !y 7 project$1 & ?is is unlikely1 = !re is no app>5t reason4 ,true1 l[]$ nitrog5 co/s t5d to make = a l[]+ 9 ! co/ ( food/uffs1 b s1 = t matt]1 w\ld a l[]+ 9 ! co/ ( agricultural implem5ts1 & any argum5ts t apply 9 ! case ( nitrog5 apply z equally = pota%1 = phosphate1 = agricultural implem5ts1 = coal--9 fact = indu/ry 9 g5]al4 ,) ref]5ce to by-product nitrog5 ! situation is v diff]5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! by-product s\rces are ( an ord] su* t !y 7 n mat]ially affect$ "o way or ! o!r by ! w>1 & consequ5tly are n due to be mat]ially affect$ 9 ! process ( readju/m5t1 except 9 ! case ( coke-ov5 ammonia1 :]e ! tempor>y slump 9 ! /eel indu/ry w result 9 a tempor>y slump ( probably #ae to #bj p] c5t4 f ! #aiah output4 ,( special significance 9 connection ) :at lies on beyond = ! by-production ( nitrog5 is its relation%ip to ! progress ( indu/rial co-ord9ation4 ,! :ole curr5t tr5d ( indu/rialism1 z repres5t$ 9 integration1 volume production1 & ! l1 is actuat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( co-ord9ation & ! ov]com+ ( lo/ motion2 & nitrog5 comes 9 = an important %>e 9 ^! developm5ts4 ,) ref]5ce to ! organic gr\p ( comp\nds1 ! outlook = ! future is z unc]ta9 z are ! actual conditions ( today4 ,! c5traliz$ developm5t ( meat pack+1 ( animal-r5d]+ e/abli%m5ts1 & ( cotton g9n+ gave rise 9 _! "t to highly important recov]ies ( nitrog5\s wa/e2 b ) ! =w>d progress ( developm5ts ?is usage 9 turn is giv+ way to a m advanc$ ord]4 ,cottonse$ z a f]tiliz] is giv+ place to a cottonse$-products indu/ry2 tankage z a f]tiliz] is giv+ place to ! artificial comp\nd+ ( animal food2 horses1 an important contributor ( agricultural nitrog5 9 times pa/1 are yield+ mu* ( _! place 9 ! sun to ! automotive eng9e4 ,mean:ile1 ) ! factor ( dilution to be ov]come1 our sewage disposal is employ$ to pollute /reams & de/roy ! fi% supply in/ead ( be+ put to useful ends4 ,s x goes4 ,developm5ts are on foot t lead 9 bo? directions1 & !re is no tell+ h[ ! balance is due to %ift4 ,probably ! be/ guess is t relatively at lea/ x w be d[nw>d r ?an upw>d4 ,! outlook = by-product ammonia is m def9ite4 ,ammonia is ! end po9t ( mat]ial ref9em5t2 s "h ! nitrog5 developm5ts hold all !y get1 r ?an g on to lose out aga9 9 a fur!r ref9em5t ( usage1 z 9 ! case ( ! organic gr\p4 ,! output has increas$ consi/5tly & rapidly1 ow+ to ! transition f beehive to by-product cok+ op]ations1 to ! progress ( c5tralization & co-ord9ation2 9 o!r words1 ) ref]5ce to coke manufacture4 ,ev5 n[1 less ?an half ( ! coal cok$ is treat$ 9 ! retort ov52 b ! beehive ov5 is out ( ! l9e ( progress & is due to be entirely displac$4 ,also1 ! indu/ry is /ill exp&+ z ! process ( transition1 ) its sep>ate pot5tiality = d\bl+ ! pres5t output ( coal-product ammonia1 goes =w>d4 ,s f>1 ! recov]y ( by-products 9 connection ) ! use ( coal has be5 conf9$ 9 ! "o direction ( coke mak+1 along ) ! analog\s proc$ure ( gas manufacture4 ,b ! developm5t :i* has ?us />t$ 9 ! coke indu/ry w n /op !re4 ,! loss ( motion result+ f lack ( co-ord9ation 9 ! use ( coal is j z great 9 o!r directions z 9 t ( coke mak+1 & ! advantages ( integral usage may confid5tly be expect$ to ass]t !mselves4 ,already projects ( ! k9d are com+ "u s]i\s contemplation 9 proposals su* z ^? = furni%+ gas to cities1 = employ+ by-product op]ations locat$ at ! m9e 9 support ( ! wan+ natural-gas supply1 & = integrat$ heat1 light1 & p[] projects op]at+ on coal ) by-product recov]y4 ,mean:ile1 ! motor-fuel situation is sugge/ive ( int]e/+ developm5ts ahead4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! petroleum res\rces c n cont9ue to meet ! gr[+ dem&1 9 fact1 t ! occasion = support is already at h&4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ^! support+ developm5ts1 :e!r !y take ! =m ( a %ale-oil indu/ry or :at1 x seems c]ta9 !y w u%] 9 an important s\rce ( by-product nitrog54 ,figure #ag summ>izes ! ,am]ican situation ) ref]5ce to *emical nitrog51 z does ,figure #ah 9 less detail t = ! _w4 ,organic nitrog5 is omitt$1 p>tly because ( ! lack ( in=mation1 p>tly because ! issues m directly involv$ 9 ! situation z x /&s are ^? ( *emical nitrog54 ,,summ>y ,nitrog51 itself1 is an in]t gas ( no p>ticul> use1 b nitrog5\s comp\nds are necess>y to agriculture1 to refrig]ation1 to munitions manufacture1 & to ! applications ( *emi/ry 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! native gase\s /ate1 x makes up ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e1 & comb9$ x occurs z nitrate m9]als1 z organic comp\nds1 & 9 c>bonif]\s deposits4 ,atmosph]ic nitrog5 is ( use only aft] x has be5 artificially comp\nd$ or fix$1 a proposition :i* ! natural in]tness ( nitrog5 r5d]s difficult & exp5sive4 ,! only m9]al deposits ( consequ5ce are ^? compris+ ! nitrate fields ( nor!rn ,*ile4 ,! organic res\rces include all mann] ( animal & vegetable refuse4 ,coal-t> ammonia f retort-coke & gas manufacture1 along ) "s %ale-oil ammonia1 makes up practically ! :ole supply d]iv$ f ! c>bonif]\s s\rces4 ,?is range ( associations1 includ+ animal1 vegetable1 m9]al1 & atmosph]ic s\rces1 transgresses all e/abli%$ rules ( res\rce occurr5ce1 & consequ5tly all regul>ly con/itut$ rese>*4 ,z a result ! nitrog5 res\rces & _! ne$s = att5tion h nev] be5 compreh5sively inve/igat$4 ,?is became /rik+ly app>5t :5 ! w>1 ?reat5+ swift disa/] 9 ! guise ( a nitrog5 %ortage1 %[$ u up to be q devoid ( any sy/ematic nitrog5 program & precipitat$ an hy/]ical ef=t to devise a make%ift "o in/ead4 ,! atmosph]e 0 f\nd to provide ! only indep5d5t s\rce ( supply available on an em]g5cy rat+2 s1 foll[+ ! lead ( ! ,european c\ntries1 sev]al plants = ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 7 project$ gov]nm5tally4 ,indu/rially1 ! nitrog5 s\rces may be classifi$ z natural1 by-product1 & fixation4 ,! natural supply is almo/ :olly 9 ! =m ( sodium nitrate f ! ,*ile nitrate deposits4 ,^! are controll$ & op]at$ by ,briti%1 ,*ilean1 ,g]man1 & ,am]ican capital4 ,! ,am]ican imports are l>gely h&l$ by ?ree companies1 ^: sy/em ( control is effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( %ipp+ & w>eh\se facilities4 ,! by-product s\rces include ne>ly all ( ! organic nitrog5 us$1 & ! nitrog5 f coal & oil %ale z well4 ,! supply is gov]n$ z to magnitude by ! progress ( indu/rial co-ord9ation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c5tralization 9 ! prep>+ ( animal1 vegetable1 & coal products4 ,?us ! developm5t & m>ket+ ( ! by-product supply t5ds naturally to ga!r to indu/rial comb9ations4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are natural developm5ts1 n developm5ts artificially creat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( price control4 ,! price ( by-product nitrog5 is controll$ n by trade comb9ations1 b by ! price ( ! product f o!r s\rces1 :i* is to say1 by ! price ( ,*ile nitrate4 ,beyond t1 ! advantages accru+ 9 ! way ( l[-produc+ co/s d n g :olly to comm]cial pr(it b to ! sav+ ( co/s ) ref]5ce to ! major production1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( gas-works ammonia1 :i* makes its *ief contribution t[>d l[]+ ! price ( gas to ! consum]4 ,! rapid developm5t ( fixation is attributable l>gely to political influ5ces1 activat$ by conditions lead+ to & ?r\gh ! w>4 ,!re are a numb] ( projects = fix+ nitrog51 b only ?ree h any g5u9e measure ( indu/rial a*ievem5t to _! cr$it1 are fixation 9 ,norway1 ,hab] syn!tic ammonia fixation 9 ,g]many1 & cyanamid fixation 9 a numb] ( places4 ,?ree ( ! f\r l>ge ,am]ican plants are ( ! la/-nam$ ord]2 ! o!r is a syn!tic ammonia proposition4 ,all f\r 7 contract$ = by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & s f> z fixation c be said to h ga9$ an indu/rial foo?old 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is :olly 9 response to ! dictates ( political control4 ,probably r less ?an half ( ! nitrog5 consum$ is organically associat$1 & r m ?an half ( x *emically comb9$4 ,practically all ( ! organic nitrog5 & ar\nd "o-f\r? ( ! *emical nitrog5 is ( dome/ic by-product d]ivation4 ,s f>1 ! balance has be5 suppli$ f ,*ile nitrate1 supplem5t$ by small imports ( guano1 animal refuse1 by-product ammonia1 & cyanamid f abroad4 ,!re is no app>5t likelihood ( ?is adju/m5t be+ mat]ially affect$ z an imm$iate outcome ( developm5ts ) ref]5ce to fixation4 ,^! h %[n !mselves to be ( ! utmo/ political significance z af=d+ an unlimit$1 indep5d5t s\rce ( nitrog5 supply4 ,_! g5u9e economic significance at ! pres5t /age ( en=c$ expansion1 h[ev]1 is que/ionable4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 especially1 ! scale ( co/s gives an unpromis+ sett+4 ,! by-product s\rces gr[+ out ( c5traliz$ indu/rial co-ord9ation are 9 l9e ) ! tr5d ( mod]n indu/rialism & may be look$ to z assur+ a /eady increase 9 yield1 especially if ! process ( indu/rial evolution 9 ! direction ( co-ord9at$ economic effici5cy is adequately cultivat$ in/ead ( be+ int]f]$ )4 ,9 ?is same connection ! mo/ significant accompli%m5t record$ = nitrog51 lies 9 ! work+ out ( a means = ! oxidation ( by-product ammonia1 ?us r5d]+ ! gr[+ by-product supply available = ! full range ( nitrog5 uses4 ,) ref]5ce to ! economic & political aspects ( ! outlook ahead1 all else is obscur$ & lo/ to view 9 ! press+ ne$ = a con/ructive program work$ out on a compreh5sive basis1 9 keep+ ) ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! res\rces !mselves1 ) :i* to supplant ! uneconomical make%ift program br\ght into be+ by ! w>4 ,! program call$ = is "o calculat$ to br+ out1 & br+ out co-ord9ately1 ! be/ !re is 9 bact]ial z well z *emical fixation1 9 ! indu/rial by-product s\rces ( organic & *emical nitrog51 & 9 ! prov9ce ( sanitation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,pyrite ,,& ,,sulphur ,,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,:ite ,,uses ,,( ,,pyrite ,,& ,,sulphur ,pyrite & sulphur are closely relat$ 9 _! mo/ ess5tial uses1 & "o mat]ial c 9 _m cases be sub/itut$ = ! o!r4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ important use ( ^! m9]als is 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 :i* is an ess5tial mat]ial requir$ = a v wide v>iety ( purposes1 includ+ ! production ( acid phosphate = f]tiliz]1 ! manufacture ( mod]n high-p[] explosives1 ! ref9+ ( petroleum1 pickl+ ( iron & /eel1 & = a va/ numb] ( *emical indu/ries4 ,! competition betwe5 pyrite & sulphur = ?is purpose has gone ?r\gh sev]al /ages4 ,) ! l>ge-scale developm5t ( ,italian deposits sulphur 0 l>gely us$ = acid manufacture4 ,z ! prices ( sulphur 7 increas$ x became *eap] to use pyrite1 :i* 9 _m localities !n displac$ sulphur1 = ?is purpose4 ,) ! rapid expansion ( ! ,am]ican production1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! trem5d\s increase 9 ! capacity ( sulphuric acid plants = w> purposes1 sulphur has aga9 be5 v l>gely us$ = ! manufacture ( acid4 ,! prospects s9ce ! close ( ! w> are t1 due to ! trem5d\s capacity ( ! sulphur m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sulphur may cont9ue to compete ) pyrite 9 ?is use4 ,probably ! second mo/ important use ( ^! mat]ials is 9 ! manufacture ( sulphite wood pulp4 ,9 ,europe pyrite is l>gely us$ = ?is purpose1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada sulphur is ! pr9cipal mat]ial us$4 ,= e ton ( sulphite pulp manufactur$1 "u ! be/ practice1 ab\t #bej p\nds ( sulphur is requir$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada ab\t #age1jjj tons ( sulphur is us$ annually = ?is purpose1 repres5t+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total sulphur consumption ( ^! c\ntries4 ,!re are also a numb] ( o!r important purposes :]e sulphur is us$ r ?an pyrite1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are 9 ! manufacture ( agricultural sprays & insecticides1 & 9 ! h>d5+ ( rubb]4 ,sulphur is a prim>y +r$i5t ( black p[d]1 & consid]able quantities are /ill us$ = t purpose4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! explosives us$ 9 mod]n w>f>e require ! use ( sulphuric acid 9 _! manufacture1 !y d n use sulphur 9 its elem5tal =m4 ,!re are _m o!r m9or *emical uses4 ,sub/itutes = ,sulphur & ,pyrite4--,because ( ! l>ge deposits ( sulphur n[ available1 & ( ! ext5t & wide di/ribution ( pyrite deposits1 & ( ! *eapness ( bo? ^! mat]ials1 !re are no adequate comm]cial sub/itutes = !m4 ,! increase ( by-product acid1 f ! copp] & z9c smelt]s & possibly ! nickel smelt]s ( ,sudbury1 might be consid]$ z ! mo/ important factors 9 replac+ pyrite & sulphur4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! factors ( co/ & transportation are ! gov]n+ ones r ?an any pres5t or probable sc>city ( mat]ials4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pyrite ,:ile pyrite is a v widely di/ribut$ m9]al1 !re are relatively few deposits :i* are ( suffici5t importance to ent] into ! _w's comm]ce4 ,?is is g5]ally due to ! relatively small value ( its sulphur cont5t p] ton1 usually f #dj to #de p] c5t4 ( recov]able sulphur2 :i* means t x takes almo/ #b tons ( pyrite to be equival5t to ! ton ( sulphur :i* competes ) x = _m uses4 ,consequ5tly pyrite seldom moves f>1 unless x is s situat$ z to take advantage ( *eap balla/ rates :]e little o!r freight is available = %ips1 or unless x c>ries important copp] or gold values1 :i* c be recov]$ aft] ! sulphur cont5t has be5 utiliz$4 ,_m kn[n deposits1 su* z ^? 9 ,mexico & ! ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 rema9 undevelop$ because ( _! di/ance f m>ket4 ,9 c\ntries su* z ,russia1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,japan1 & ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates production is absorb$ by ! local m>ket4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! mo/ important s\rce ( _w supply1 are favorably locat$ to %ip to ne>-by ,european c\ntries or to secure *eap balla/ rates to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 addition mu* ( ! ore c>ries sev]al p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,norway is second 9 export1 ) a high-grade pyrite c>ry+ copp] values1 :i* is %ipp$ to ,sw$5 or across ! ,baltic to ne>-by c\ntries4 ,canada %ips consid]able pyrite to ! ne>-by m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,quebec product hav+ copp] values1 :ile ! product ( ,ont>io takes advantage ( boat %ipm5ts on ! ,great ,lakes4 ,spa9 & ,portugal4--,! deposits ( ,spa9 & ,portugal are ! l>ge/ & mo/ important 9 ! _w1 furni%+ approximately two-?irds ( ! _w supply4 ,! di/rict is ess5tially a unit1 & ! pr9cipal deposits occur 9 a zone ext5d+ f ,rio ,t9to1 ,spa91 to ,san ,dom+o1 ,portugal4 ,! comb9$ annual production ( iron & copp] pyrites = ! two c\ntries is normally almo/ #d million metric tons1 #ij p] c5t4 ( :i* is furni%$ by ,spa9 & #aj p] c5t4 by ,portugal4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! total output c>ries copp] values1 :i* may be recov]$ be=e ! pyrite is roa/$ = its sulphur value or aft]4 ,:5 copp] is to be recov]$ at ! m9e ! ore is lea*$ by spread+ x out 9 b$s expos$ to ! wea!r & frequ5tly /irr+ x & wett+ x d[n4 ,! copp] goes into solution & is precipitat$ on scrap iron1 =m+ cem5t copp]4 ,! process takes ab\t #c ye>s & ! pyrite residue is %ipp$ z wa%$ ore4 ,! ore is compact & f9ely cry/all9e & c>ries f #dh to #ea p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,cons]vative e/imates ( ore res]ves = ! di/rict give x f #cjj to #djj million tons1 or en\gh to la/ = "o hundr$ ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( production4 ,consequ5tly ?is di/rict is de/9$ to long rema9 ! *ief pyrite-produc+ c5t] ( ! _w4 ,! ,rio ,t9to ,co4 is ! pr9cipal produc]1 contribut+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total output ( ! :ole di/rict 7,spa9-,portugal74 ,x is own$ by ,briti% & ,fr5* capital4 ,m9+ is l>gely by op5-pit me?ods1 & ! company employs #be1jjj m54 ,! ore c>ries ab\t #b p] c5t4 copp]1 mak+ ?is company ! l>ge/ ,european produc] ( t metal4 ,! res]ves are e/imat$ z #bej to #cjj million tons1 repres5t+ ! major "p ( ! :ole di/rict4 ,! ,rio ,t9to ,co4 furni%es ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ,spani% pyrite normally import$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! second pr9cipal produc] is ! ,?>sis ,sulphur & ,copp] ,m9es 7,briti%71 ) ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! total production4 ,briti% capital is pr$om9ant 9 ! di/rict z a :ole1 ) ! balance ,fr5* & ,spani%4 ,huelva1 ,spa91 is ! pr9cipal po9t ( export1 locat$ f #cj to #dj miles f ! m9es4 ,"u normal conditions ! pyrite moves at *eap balla/ rates1 & has be5 sold at f #f to #g p] long ton 7#ab to #af c5ts p] unit ( sulphur71 deliv]$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ports4 ,normally ?is ,spa9-,portugal di/rict export$ "o-qu>t] ( its output to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o-eigh? to ,engl&1 "o-eigh? to ,holl&1 "o-eigh? to ,g]many1 & mo/ ( ! balance to ,france & ,belgium4 ,norway & ,sw$54--,norway produces f #djj to #ejj ?\s& tons ( pyrite p] ye> 7ab\t #h p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total71 & h] output is /eadily increas+4 ,! ore usually c>ries f #a to #c p] c5t4 copp] & f #db to #di p] c5t4 sulphur2 & is free f ars5ic4 ,sev5-eigh?s ( ! output is export$ to ,sw$51 ,g]many1 ,engl& & ,russia4 ,:5 ,sw$5's import ( sulphur 7ab\t #dj1jjj tons7 0 cut (f dur+ ! w>1 %e *ang$ ! equipm5t ( h] cellulose plants to burn pyrite in/ead ( sulphur & took ab\t "o-half ( ! ,norwegian output1 s9ce h] own production ( pyrite 7ab\t #cj1jjj tons7 0 ( m9or importance4 ,! ,norwegian deposits are widely di/ribut$ f s\? ( ,b]g5 to ! extreme nor!rn end ( ! p59sula4 ,! ore is g5]ally massive cuprif]\s pyrite1 occurr+ 9 flat l5ses 9 *lorite s*i/s 9 areas ( regional metamorphism4 ,ab\t #bej1jjj tons comes f ! ,trondhjem di/rict1 :]e ! ,lokk5 m9es ( ! ,orkla ,m9e ,co4 are ! l>ge/ produc]s4 ,! nor!rn di/rict is second 9 importance1 ) ab\t #aej1jjj tons annual production1 *iefly f ! ,sulitjelma m9e at ! ,sw$i% fronti]1 ne> ! ,pol> ,circle4 ,9 ! ea/]n di/rict ! ,fodal ,copp] ,sulphur ,co4 has a production ( f #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj tons4 ,norway has suffici5t kn[n res]ves to la/ = ?irty ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( production & probably = mu* long]4 ,! l>ge/ res]ves are 9 ! ,trondhjem di/rict4 ,sw$5 is also report$ to h l>ge res]ves1 al?\gh !re has be5 little developm5t s f>4 ,! comm]cial control ( ! m9es is pr9cipally ,engli% & ,norwegian4 ,x 0 report$ t m9es ) l>ge res]ves ne> ,n>vik 7 own$ by ,g]man int]e/s1 b 7 pur*as$ by ,sw$i% int]e/s dur+ ! w>4 ,france4--,= _m ye>s ,france has produc$ ab\t #cjj1jjj tons ( pyrite p] annum1 or ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ! _w output4 ,! pr9cipal deposits are at ,sa9-,bel1 ne> ,lyons1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,rhne4 ,! product is high 9 sulphur4 ,! kn[n res]ves are probably f t5 to twelve million tons4 ,! output is us$ = home consumption1 & 9 ! pa/ 0 supplem5t$ by ! import ( ,spani% pyrite1 & ,sicilian & ,unit$ ,/ates sulphur4 ,italy4--,9 addition to h] l>ge sulphur production ,italy has produc$ a consid]able quantity ( pyrite1 :i* has be5 us$ locally 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,pyrite production 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj tons be=e ! w> & increas$ to #djj1jjj tons 9 #aiaf1 s t ,italy produces ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( ! _w output4 ,! pyrite conta9s ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( sulphur & a small "p ( x c>ries copp] values4 ,! pr9cipal production comes f a di/rict ne> ,flor5ce1 al?\gh a numb] ( small] m9es are widely scatt]$4 ,russia4--,russia has l>ge pyrite deposits locat$ 9 a belt p>allel to ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,ky%tim & ,siss]t di/ricts furni% ! pr9cipal output4 ,reports indicate a good grade ( pyrite ) high sulphur cont5t4 ,! production has be5 9 ! neighborhood ( #aej1jjj tons1 or ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! _w total4 ,production _h be5 /eadily increas+ up to ! "t ( ,russia's economic collapse1 b has be5 limit$1 due to ! remote location ( ! deposits f ! *ief c5tres ( consumption at ,petrograd1 ,mosc[1 & ,odessa4 ,x is to be expect$ t ,russia1 aft] %e rega9s h] balance1 w cont9ue to import pyrite to a consid]able ext5t1 z %e has done 9 ! pa/4 ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,hung>y4--,! pre-w> ,g]man production 0 f #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj tons ( pyrite p] annum1 or ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! _w output4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! output comes f deposits ne> ,megg54 ,! pyrite is e/imat$ to run ab\t #dc p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,x is report$ t ! pyrite output 0 l>gely increas$ dur+ ! w>1 z ,g]many _h be5 import+ f #hjj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj tons ( pyrite4 ,%e cont9u$ to import "s ,norwegian pyrite1 :i* is especially desirable because ( its recov]able copp] cont5t4 ,g]many secures a consid]able am\nt ( sulphuric acid z a by-product f z9c smelt]s1 :i* help$ to make up ! defici5cy 9 h] sulphur res\rces4 ,hung>y normally produces ab\t #ajj1jjj tons ( pyrite p] annum1 *iefly f ! deposits ( ,s*emnitz4 ,cyprus4--,an important deposit ( cuprif]\s pyrite is "u developm5t 9 an old copp]-m9+ region on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,cyprus4 ,sev]al million tons ( ore are report$1 conta9+ a high sulphur cont5t & high copp] values4 ,x is be+ develop$ on a l>ge scale by ! ,cyprus ,m9es ,corporation1 repres5t+ ,unit$ ,/ates capital1 & may be expect$ to become an important factor 9 pyrite export4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! pre-w> production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ab\t #cej1jjj long tons1 or #f p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production1 comp>$ to an import ( ab\t #a1jjj1jjj tons4 ,ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! total 0 produc$ 9 ,virg9ia & l>gely sold = use 9 acid-phosphate plants f ,m>yl& to ,georgia2 ab\t #be p] c5t4 0 produc$ 9 ,cali=nia & us$ = local acid manufacture 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco2 ab\t #ae p] c5t4 0 produc$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate2 & ! balance 0 scatt]$1 com+ z a by-product f coal m9es 9 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 & ,indiana1 & f ! z9c-m9+ region ( s\!rn ,wiscons94 ,dur+ ! w>1 production 0 increas$ by ab\t #ej p] c5t41 b ) no discov]ies :i* promise to greatly increase ! p]man5t production ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! :ole ! deposits are n ( v high quality1 av]ag+ ab\t #dj p] c5t4 sulphur cont5t4 ,v l>ge res]ves ( pyrrhotite are locat$ 9 we/]n ,virg9ia & ea/]n ,t5nessee1 b h n be5 v ext5sively utiliz$4 ,l>ge res]ves ( pyrite exi/ 9 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 ,utah & o!r we/]n /ates1 b are too f> f ! acid plants locat$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,s\? to compete4 ,on ! :ole1 ! scanty developm5t ( pyrite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is due to ! competition ( high-grade ,spani% pyrite com+ 9 to ! ,atlantic ports at *eap balla/ rates2 to ! import ( ,canadian pyrite ei!r to ne>-by po9ts 9 ,new ,engl& or to ! ,great ,lakes ports2 to ! l>ge production ( *eap sulphur f ,l\isiana & ,texas1 :i* has monopoliz$ ! sulphite pulp trade2 & to ! recov]y ( by-product acid f copp] & z9c smelt]s4 ,! great increase 9 ! production ( sulphur dur+ & s9ce ! w> is v likely /ill fur!r to curtail ! m>ket = pyrite4 ,! production ( pyrite has be5 9 ! h&s ( ,am]ican companies1 sev]al ( ! l>g] op]ations be+ controll$ by conc]ns ei!r 9 ! acid or f]tiliz] bus9ess4 ,canada4--,! production ( pyrite 9 ,canada has increas$ rapidly1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! w>1 to ab\t #cjj1jjj tons4 ,?is is due to an increas$ export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pr9cipally to sulphuric-acid plants4 ,! pr9cipal produc+ areas 9 ,canada are3 7#a7 ,! di/rict 9 ,quebec1 n f> nor? ( ! ,v]mont bord]1 :]e !re are two op]at+ m9es & a numb] ( promis+ prospects4 ,!re are l>ge ore res]ves & ! ore c>ries consid]able copp]4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are controll$ by ,am]ican capital4 7#b7 ,! ,g\dreau di/rict1 locat$ "s #dj miles nor? ( ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 has l>ge ore res]ves1 b ( r l[ grade4 ,?us f> an ,am]ican company is ! pr9cipal produc]4 7#c7 ,! ,nor? ,p9e di/rict ne> ,graham1 ,ont>io1 & a consid]able di/ance we/ ( ,port ,ar?ur1 has be5 a l>ge produc] ( good-grade pyrite4 ,! pr9cipal produc] 0 a subsidi>y company ( ! ,g5]al ,*emical ,co4 ,!re is a l>ge res]ve ( pyrrhotite1 e/imat$ at ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj tons1 mu* ( :i* w av]age ov] #be p] c5t4 sulphur1 9 connection ) ! ,sudbury nickel deposits4 ,at pres5t x is n comm]cially important4 ,!re are consid]able deposits ( pyrites 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,briti% ,columbia1 b ^! are unimportant comm]cially because ( _! di/ance f any available m>ket4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! ,canadian product is controll$ by ,am]ican int]e/s1 *iefly ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,co41 ^: headqu>t]s are 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,canadian output is import$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh ,*icago1 ,clevel&1 & ,buffalo2 & by rail ?r\gh ,v]mont1 ,bo/on & to ,new ,york ,city4 ,cuba4--,an important pyrite prop]ty is be+ develop$ ab\t tw5ty miles f ,ci5fuegos1 ,prov9ce ( ,santa ,cl>a1 ,cuba4 ,x is report$ z conta9+ sev]al million tons ( good-grade ore1 :i* w av]age at lea/ #dj p] c5t4 sulphur & may conta9 a recov]able copp] cont5t4 ,! prop]ty is be+ develop$ by ,unit$ ,/ates capital1 int]e/s connect$ ) ! ,davison ,*emical ,corporation1 ( ,baltimore1 ,md41 :o are "o ( ! l>ge/ produc]s ( sulphuric acid on ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,?is prop]ty promises to be an important ne>-by s\rce ( pyrite = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mexico4--,important pyrite deposits are kn[n to exi/ 9 ,mexico1 b !y are ( no pres5t comm]cial importance because ( inaccessibility & high freight rates1 & unsettl$ political conditions4 ,a l>ge deposit is report$ ab\t #cj miles inl& 9 ! ,/ate ( ,gu]r]o1 conta9+ sev]al million tons ( high-grade pyrite ( approximately #dh p] c5t4 sulphur cont5t & free f ars5ic4 ,!re is no prospect t ,mexico w be ( any imm$iate importance 9 ! _w pyrite situation4 ,japan4--,japan has a small pyrite production ( f #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj tons p] ye>1 or ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! _w output4 ,mu* ( x c>ries copp] values4 ,! production comes f sev]al scatt]$ localities4 ,! /ate has res]v$ ! own]%ip ( ! orig9al m9]al rights1 & ! op]ators to :om !y h be5 leas$ appe> to be entirely ,japanese4 ,japan consumes h] pyrite = local purposes1 & exports mo/ ( h] sulphur4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,sulphur ,italy & ,sicily4--,italy _h practically a monopoly ( ! _w's sulphur supply until #aijd1 :5 l>ge-scale production began 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! importance ( sulphur z a _w m9]al began ) ! use ( gunp[d] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,consid]able export trade 0 e>ly develop$ & has be5 ( increas+ importance s9ce #ahcj4 ,n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! ,italian production has come f ! ,isl& ( ,sicily4 ,! sulphur-be>+ di/rict ( ,sicily is a c5tral belt runn+ across ! isl&1 ext5d+ ab\t #ajj miles ea/ & we/ & #ej miles nor? & s\?4 ,! ri*] deposits are scatt]$ z irregul> l5ses or bas9-l bodies1 9 ?is ext5sive area4 ,! deposits ( comm]cial value are ( s$im5t>y type1 occurr+ z /ratifi$ b$s or %eets 9 lime/one1 associat$ ) gypsum & bitum9\s m>l4 ,!re are g5]ally ?ree or f\r sulphur-be>+ lay]s1 sep>at$ by a few feet ( b>r5 rock4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! sulphur b$s is f #aj to #ae feet1 al?\gh 9 a few places !y run z high z sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,! sulphur occurs z incru/ations1 pockets1 or ?9 b&s intimately associat$ ) ! lime/one4 ,! av]age sulphur cont5t ( ! ore m9$ is f #bj to #be p] c5t41 ) a range f #h to #ej p] c5t42 & 9 a few places x rea*es up to #ij p] c5t4 ,e/imates z to ! res]ves ( ore v>y greatly1 b seem to indicate t !re is f #dj to #fj million tons ( ore /ill unm9$1 :i* w av]age ab\t #bc p] c5t4 ( sulphur cont5t4 ,m9+ has be5 mo/ly by h& & ! ore br\ght out on ! backs ( m54 ,a few m9es _h mod]n hoi/+ ma*9]y & trams4 ,! %ortage ( labor dur+ ! w> has increas$ ! introduction ( mod]n appliances 9 "s ( ! new] m9es4 ,) increas+ dep? ! co/ ( m9+ has increas$ to ! po9t :]e ,am]ican sulphur c compete 9 ,european m>kets4 ,! me?ods ( extract+ ! sulphur f ! ore h also be5 extremely crude & wa/eful1 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s bett] types ( ov5s h be5 in/all$1 giv+ a mu* high] recov]y ?r\gh improv$ di/illation & ! use ( sup]heat$ /eam = melt+ ! sulphur4 ,! sulphur indu/ry ( ,sicily furni%es a notable example ( an attempt$ comm]cial control :i* develop$ into a gov]nm5tal control ( ! indu/ry4 ,! rec5t hi/ory ( ! indu/ry falls into ?ree p]iods4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f #ahge to #ahie & is *>act]iz$ by a rapid increase 9 production1 f #bjj1jjj to #djj1jjj tons a ye>1 ) a correspond+ decrease 9 sell+ price f #be a ton to z l[ z #ab a ton4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( ov]production1 due to ! ease ) :i* %all[ m9+ c\ld be c>ri$ on & to ! abundant supply ( *eap labor available4 ,^! conditions result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a great numb] ( small m9es1 ^: competition r$uc$ prices4 ,! second p]iod1 f #ahif to #aijf1 beg9s ) ! =mation ( ! ,anglo-,sicilian ,sulphur ,co41 f9anc$ by ,engli% capital1 :i* ent]$ into a five-ye> agreem5t ) ! pr9cipal produc]s1 :i* 0 lat] ext5d$ = an additional five ye>s4 ,x 0 prim>ily a m>ket+ organization1 =m$ by ! union ( ,italian & ,engli% int]e/s to control production1 /abilize ! indu/ry1 & ma9ta9 prices4 ,x ev5tually controll$ f #ge to #he p] c5t4 ( ! indu/ry4 ,all sulphur 0 pur*as$ at ab\t #af p] ton f4o4b4 %ip & ! sell+ price rema9$ practically /able dur+ ! t5-ye> p]iod1 at an av]age ( #ah to #ai p] ton4 ,9 spite ( ef=ts to re/rict production1 ! annual output rea*$ #eej1jjj tons dur+ mo/ ( ?is p]iod4 ,at ! same "t ! high] prices ma9ta9$ = sulphur _h /imulat$ ! use ( pyrite z a sub/itute4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 prices "u ^! conditions ! excess production _h to be pur*as$ & /or$1 s t 9 #aijf a /ock ( ov] #ejj1jjj tons ( sulphur _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ,sicily4 ,t[>d ! end ( ?is p]iod l>ge-scale production began 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#aijd74 ,9 #aijc ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ less ?an #aj1jjj tons ( sulphur & 0 ,italy's be/ cu/om]1 buy+ ov] #agj1jjj tons 9 t ye>4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 produc+ m ?an en\gh to supply its own ne$s & 0 accumulat+ a l>ge res]ve /ock4 ,! sudd5 loss ( ! ,am]ican m>ket & ! ?reat ( competition 9 o!r m>kets br\ght on a crisis 9 ! ,sicilian indu/ry1 :i* 0 int5sifi$ by ! l>ge numb] 7#cj1jjj7 ( p employ$ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( ! agreem5t ) ! ,anglo-,sicilian company 7,july #ca1 #aijf7 /eps 7 tak5 by ! ,italian gov]nm5t to control ! situation4 ,! ?ird p]iod1 f #aijf to ! pres5t1 is "o ( gov]nm5t int]v5tion & control ( ! indu/ry4 ,all ! produc]s 7 compell$ to jo9 a company call$ ! 8,consorzia ,obbligatoria p] l',indu/ria ,solfief]a ,siciliana10 organiz$ "u a law pass$ 9 ! ,italian ,p>liam5t4 ,! organization 0 manag$ by a commission appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & _h complete control ov] exports & prices4 ,all sulphur _h to be sold at fix$ price to ?is organization4 ,a m9imum int]e/ 0 gu>ante$ on ! capital inve/$2 local freight rates on sulphur = export 7 r$uc$2 sulphur /ocks accumulat$ by ! ,anglo-,sicilian company 7 tak5 ov]2 & a campaign ( price-cutt+ 0 />t$ 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket1 :i* result$ 9 a decrease ( sev]al doll>s a ton 9 ! sell+ price ( sulphur4 ,a m>ket agreem5t 0 soon rea*$ & prices recov]$4 ,a numb] ( ! small] m9es clos$ d[n & a law 0 pass$ controll+ & re/rict+ ! grant+ ( new concessions4 ,production decl9$ to #cej1jjj tons 9 #aiac4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> ! pr9cipal ,unit$ ,/ates produc] 0 prep>+ to ent] into m active competition ) ,italian sulphur1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,fr5* m>kets4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 ,italian production dropp$ to only #ahj1jjj tons 9 #aiag1 l>gely due to labor %ortage2 ab\t half ( ! surplus /ocks 7 us$ up1 leav+ only #afj1jjj tons on h& at ! end ( #aiag2 & prices increas$ s t ref9$ sulphur sold at ab\t #hj p] ton & inf]ior grades at #ee p] ton1 f4o4b4 ,sicilian ports4 ,! increas+ co/ ( produc+ sulphur1 due to deep] m9+ & increas$ labor co/s1 w make x difficult to compete 9 ! ,european m>kets ) ! greatly exp&$ production ( ! *eap] ,am]ican article4 ,sulphur has be5 produc$ 9 sev]al di/ricts 9 ! ,italian p59sula1 p>ticul>ly ,romagna1 ,m>*es1 ,campania & ,calabria4 ,! yield f ^! di/ricts has be5 decreas+ 9 rec5t ye>s & has g5]ally be5 only f #be1jjj to #cj1jjj tons4 ,! sulphur cont5t ( ! ores ranges f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ,! deposits are ( limit$ ext5t & are be+ m9$ at great] dep?s4 ,! production has be5 l>gely us$ = local agricultural purposes1 9 prep>ations = use aga9/ v9e diseases4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,until #aijd1 ! production ( sulphur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 consid]ably less ?an #aj1jjj tons p] ye> & ! bulk ( our requirem5ts _h to be met by import f ,sicily4 ,f #aijd to #aiad ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ en\gh = its own use & at ! end ( ?is p]iod 0 supply+ ,canada1 _h begun to actively ent] ! ,fr5* & ,g]man m>ket1 & 9 addition _h accumulat$ a res]ve /ock1 9 ! h&s ( ! produc]s1 ( approximately "o million long tons4 ,figures rec5tly made public 9 connection ) litigation ov] pat5t rights %[ t half ( ?is /ock 0 accumulat$ 9 a s+le ye>1 #aiab1 :5 production rea*$ #gij1jjj long tons1 ( :i* only #cjj1jjj tons 0 m>ket$ & ! balance ( #dij1jjj tons w5t into /orage4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates production has exce$$ t ( ,italy s9ce #aiab1 al?\gh ! sales h be5 less1 because sulphur 0 be+ )drawn f /ocks 9 ,italy :ile /ocks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 be+ increas$4 ,! net effect ( ! w> 0 a f\r-fold increase 9 ! am\nt ( sulphur sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )\t any r$uction 9 /ocks2 :ile 9 ,italy production fell (f #ej p] c5t4 & /ocks on h& 7 r$uc$ by ! same p]c5tage4 ,f #ih to #ii p] c5t4 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates production has come f ! ,gulf ,coa/ region ( ! /ates ( ,l\isiana & ,texas4 ,a numb] ( o!r localities 9 ,we/ ,texas1 ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ,idaho1 & ,nevada h surface deposits1 usually ( limit$ ext5t1 :i* h be5 work$ on a small scale1 b h decl9$ 9 importance ) ! developm5t ( ! bett]-grade & m accessible deposits ( ! ,gulf ,coa/al region4 ,! occurr5ce ( sulphur 9 ! ,gulf ,coa/ region is 9 connection ) a peculi> =mation kn[n z 8,sal9e ,domes0 or 8,m\nds40 ,ov] tw5ty ( ^! domes h be5 locat$1 scatt]$ 9 an area #bjj miles long1 ext5d+ ?r\gh we/]n ,l\isiana & ea/]n ,texas1 & g5]ally )9 #ej miles ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,comm]cial deposits ( petroleum1 sulphur1 & salt h be5 develop$ 9 connection ) ^! domes1 b s f> n m ?an "o ( ! m9]als has be5 develop$ to comm]cial degree 9 a s+le dome4 ,sulphur 0 discov]$ :5 drill+ 0 be+ c>ri$ on = oil4 ,s f>1 ?ree domes h be5 develop$ = sulphur1 namely t own$ by ! ,union ,sulphur ,co4 at ,sulphur1 ,la4 7#aijc71 t own$ by ! ,freeport ,sulphur ,co4 at ,freeport1 ,texas 7#aiab71 & t ( ! ,texas-,gulf ,sulphur ,co4 ne> ,matagordo1 ,texas 7#aiai74 ,two o!r domes are "u exploration & a numb] ( o!rs may possibly conta9 sulphur4 ,! sulphur occurs at a dep? ( #cjj to #a1bjj feet & is associat$ ) lime/one & und]la9 by gypsum4 ,! surface area ( ! produc+ domes v>ies f #bjj to #a1ejj acres4 ,exploration is done by drill+ at a co/ ( #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj1 & ! co/ ( a complete plant is sev]al million doll>s4 ,! sulphur _c be m9$ by %afts1 due to ! quicks&s & ! poison\s gases enc\nt]$4 ,! deposit at ,sulphur1 ,l\isiana1 rema9$ unwork$ = almo/ #dj ye>s aft] its discov]y be=e a satisfactory process 0 develop$ to m9e x4 ,?is is kn[n z ! 8,fras* ,process0 & consi/s ( ! s9k+ ( wells to ! sulphur deposit1 ea* well be+ l9$ ) a #aj to #ab 94 pipe4 ,small] pipes are plac$ inside1 s t sup]heat$ wat] c be br\ght 9 contact ) ! sulphur ore1 :i* is melt$ & =c$ to ! surface by compress$ air4 ,! sulphur on cool+ is ready = m>ket & is ov] #ii p] c5t4 pure4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree plants 9 op]ation is equipp$ ) a boil] capacity ( ov] #bj1jjj h4p4 = sup]heat+ ! wat]1 & requires ab\t a million & a qu>t] b>rels ( fuel oil p] ye>4 ,! orig9 ( ^! domes is believ$ to be due to deep-seat$ igne\s intrusions1 result+ 9 ! alt]ation ( gypsum & ! cry/allization ( salt & sulphur1 :i* has caus$ an upb[+ ( ! /rata4 ,because ( ! nature ( ! =mation & ! irregul>ity ( ! deposits x is impossible to accurately e/imate ! res]ves ( sulphur4 ,) ! addition ( two new plants s9ce #aiab1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ has a sulphur-produc+ capacity ( ab\t #a million tons p] ye>1 or f\r times ! normal sales be=e ! w>4 ,if an outlet is to be f\nd = ?is excess sulphur1 x mu/ compete ) pyrite 9 ! dome/ic m>ket or ) ,sicilian sulphur 9 ! ,european m>kets4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #aiai prices ( #ad to #ae p] ton f4o4b4 m9es 7 quot$1 :i* indicat$ t an ef=t 0 be+ made to secure "p ( ! acid trade :i* =m]ly us$ pyrite4 ,!re is no elem5t ( political control 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sulphur indu/ry1 beyond ! tempor>y measures tak5 dur+ ! w> 9 lic5s+ export & allocation ( consumption4 ,! comm]cial control is entirely 9 ! h&s ( ,am]ican companies4 ,! ,union ,sulphur ,co4 has be5 endeavor+ to prev5t ! use ( ! improv$ 8,fras* ,process0 by ! o!r companies :i* are compet+ ) x4 ,if ! claim ( infr+em5t ( pat5t rights %\ld be su/a9$1 x w\ld give ! ,union company control ( ! situation simil> to t :i* x _h be=e ! developm5t ( ! two new] companies1 & might result 9 ! re/riction ( output & ma9t5ance ( prices4 ,japan4--,japan takes ?ird rank 9 ! production ( sulphur1 al?\gh x is ( m9or importance1 comp>$ to ei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,italy4 ,! production ( sulphur 9 ,japan has sl[ly increas$ f #ae1jjj long tons 9 #aijj to #fj1jjj tons 9 #aiac1 or ab\t #g p] c5t4 ( ! _w output4 ,! dome/ic consumption is v small & ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! output 0 export$1 *iefly to ,au/ralia1 ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & to ,*9a & ,india4 ,dur+ ! w> ! output increas$ to a maximum ( ab\t #ajj1jjj tons1 b 9 #aiah production 0 consid]ably curtail$ by ! great advance 9 freight rates to ,au/ralia1 :i* _h be5 pur*as+ ab\t "o-half ( ! ,japanese output4 ,! sulphur occurs 9 surface deposits ( limit$ ext5t & seldom rea*es #ajj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! deposits are g5]ally ( ! solfat>ic type & occur 9 ! num]\s areas ( volcanic activity4 ,! majority ( ! productive areas are ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e1 & indicate t !y 7 =m$ by deposition 9 crat] lakes4 ,9 "s cases !y are /ratifi$ & ov]la9 by f9e br[n clayey or tuface\s mat]ial d]iv$ p>tly f ! surr\nd+ rocks & p>tly f ! sulphur itself4 ,o!r deposits ( m9or importance may h be5 produc$ by impregnation4 ,! ore m9$ runs f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,deposits bel[ #dj p] c5t4 sulphur are seldom work$4 ,approximately two-?irds ( ! production has come f ! s\?we/]n section ( ! ,isl& ( ,hokkaido4 ,f\r m9es av]age ab\t #aj1jjj tons production ea* p] ye>1 & ! rema9d] ( ! production comes f #aj to #ab small] op]ations1 rang+ f ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,daiton1 9 ,taiwan 7,=mosa71 to ! ,kurile ,isl&s4 ,!re is no accurate e/imate ( ore res]ves available4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important m9es 0 e/imat$ z conta9+ sev]al million tons ( #ej p] c5t4 ore4 ,! res]ves are probably suffici5t to ma9ta9 pres5t production = _m ye>s4 ,! lack ( %ipp+ facilities has h&icapp$ production1 & !re seems little likelihood t ! relative importance ( ,japan 9 ! sulphur indu/ry w increase to any great ext5t4 ,! sulphur m9es are all op]at$ by ,japanese4 ,! /ate res]ves ! "r ( orig9al own]%ip ( all m9]als1 except a few plac] deposits4 ,"r ( work+ is grant$ to ,japanese companies or individuals accord+ to priority ( application4 ,! m9+ law1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ges ! rights ( any corporation organiz$ by ali5s "u ,japanese law4 ,great ,brita94--,great ,brita9 has an e/imat$ annual by-product recov]y ( f #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj tons ( elem5tal sulphur4 ,! process ( recov]y is kn[n z ! ,*ance-,claus process1 & is appli$ 9 connection ) ! ,le ,blanc soda process4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! decomposition ( calcium sulphate 9 vat wa/e by means ( c>bon dioxide1 & ! recov]y ( sulphur f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?us g5]at$4 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,! production ( sulphur outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,italy & ,japan is ( m9or importance4 ,nor!rn ,*ile has a small production ( sulphur f ! volcanoes ( ,tacora & ,*upiqu9a4 ,! res]ves are e/imat$ z q l>ge1 b ! high elevation 7#ad1jjj to #bj1jjj ft47 & poor transportation h re/rict$ production to local uses 9 ! v9ey>d di/ricts ( ,*ile4 ,! production z report$ _h gradually increas$ to ab\t #f1jjj tons 9 #aiac & is report$ to h d\bl$ s9ce !n4 ,spa9 produces ab\t #aj1jjj tons ( sulphur annually1 f l[-grade deposits locat$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,alm]ia4 ,! l>g] figures (t5 report$ are 9 t]ms ( l[-grade ore m9$4 ,au/ria is cr$it$ ) a production ( f #aj to #ae ?\s& tons ( crude sulphur ore1 probably repres5t+ only #b or #c ?\s& tons ( actual sulphur4 ,! l>ge/ sulphur m9e 9 ,mexico is locat$ at ,c]ritos1 #be miles s\? ( ,guadalcaz>1 ,san ,luis ,potosi4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago x 0 pur*as$ by an ,am]ican company1 ! ,virg9ia-,c>ol9a ,*emical ,co4 ,x 0 lat] leas$ to ,g]man int]e/s4 ,! small output ( a few ?\s& tons 0 %ipp$ to ,g]many be=e ! w>4 ,!re are a numb] ( deposits 9 ,san ,luis ,potosi 9 addition to ! "o at ,c]ritos4 ,x has be5 report$ sev]al times t a ,briti% company 0 ab\t to op]ate ! sulphur deposits ( ! ,mexican volcano1 ,popocatepetl1 ne> ,mexico ,city4 ,/atem5ts reg>d+ ! deposits 9 ! volcano are conflict+1 b inve/igations indicate t _! magnitude has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,_m o!r deposits occur 9 connection ) local volcanic areas1 b s f> are ( little economic value because ( inaccessibility4 ,!re are a numb] ( deposits ( sulphur 9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s 7,alaska71 probably conta9+ consid]able sulphur1 b p>tially cov]$ by glaci]s & difficult ( access4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !y c\ld be develop$ 9 ! face ( ! competition ( ! *eap sulphur f ! coa/al pla9 di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,no v f>-rea*+ *anges 9 practice are likely to occur 9 ! ne> future4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! surface sulphur deposits 9 ,italy & ! necessity = deep m9+ is mak+ necess>y improvem5t & in/allation ( m mod]n me?ods !re4 ,improv$ me?ods 9 ! ref9+ ( sulphur are also be+ in/all$ :]eby ! losses "u ! old calc>one me?od w be l>gely elim9at$4 ,! consumption ( sulphur = sulphite wood pulp c be consid]ably r$uc$ by ! g5]al utilization ( ! improv$ practice :i* is already us$ by ! be/ plants4 ,9 localities :]e pyrite is available ?is mat]ial may be us$ 9 ! pulp indu/ry to replace sulphur4 ,9 case competition develops betwe5 ! ?ree l>ge sulphur companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! price ( sulphur is consid]ably r$uc$1 x may result 9 ! use ( ?is mat]ial to a l>g] ext5t 9 ! sulphuric-acid indu/ry4 ,! sulphur burn]s c be in/all$ mu* m quickly & *eaply ?an ! furnaces requir$ to roa/ pyrite1 & aft] once be+ in/all$ ! am\nt ( labor & c>e requir$ 9 _! op]ation is less4 ,! increas$ recov]y ( sulphuric acid z a by-product f copp] & z9c smelt]s w probably repres5t an increas+ factor 9 competition ) acid made ei!r f pyrite or sulphur4 ,! fur!r increase ( ?is s\rce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is h&icapp$ by ! location ( _m ( ! copp] smelt]s 9 ! we/1 at long di/ances f ! m>ket = sulphuric acid1 :i* is l>gely 9 ! ea/]n & s\!rn /ates4 ,new processes are be+ exp]im5t$ )1 = ! production ( elem5t>y sulphur f ^! sulphur fumes4 ,if ^! are successful on a l>ge scale1 mat]ial f ?is s\rce may supply any future m>kets locat$ 9 ! we/1 & might compete ) ! ,japanese sulphur :i* has =m]ly be5 import$ 9 our ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates4 ,,political ,,control ,,( ,,sulphur ,,& ,,pyrite ,! political control ( ! important sulphur deposits ( ! _w prim>ily corresponds to ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are locat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! deposits are controll$ by private companies4 ,z a /rictly w> measure1 control 0 ex]cis$ ov] ! allocation & di/ribution ( ! output4 ,9 ,italy ! gov]nm5t _h assum$ control ( ! output & m>ket+ ( sulphur4 ,?is 0 l>gely br\ght ab\t by ! competition ( ,am]ican sulphur & ! consequ5t depression ( ! ,italian indu/ry4 ,9 #aijf :at 0 kn[n z ! ,consorzia ,obbligatoria 0 organiz$ "u a law pass$ by ! ,italian ,p>liam5t1 :i* provid$ t ?is company %\ld be adm9i/]$ by a royal commission] appo9t$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,"u ?is law produc]s 7 oblig$ to sell _! output to ?is company1 :i* _h control ( prices & exports4 ,9 #aiaj re/rictions on ! grant+ ( new concessions 7 made4 ,! argum5ts rec5tly pres5t$ = ! cont9uance ( gov]nm5t control 7 ! increas+ =eign competition1 ! l>ge w> increase 9 ,unit$ ,/ates production1 ! m9or increase ( ,japanese production & ! possibilities ( developm5ts 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,! int5t ( ?is gov]nm5tal control ( ! indu/ry is to comb9e & regulate ! ef=ts ( individual produc]s 9 ord] to effectively meet future competition4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,sulphur ,,& ,,pyrite ,be=e #aijf ! ,italian deposits 7 l>gely controll$ by ! ,anglo-,sicilian ,sulphur ,co41 repres5t+ ,engli% capital1 b s9ce t "t1 :5 ! ,italian gov]nm5t und]took to control ! indu/ry1 ! comm]cial control has be5 prim>ily ,italian4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! comm]cial control ( sulphur output is 9 ! h&s ( ?ree companies1 "o ( :i* />t$ produc+ j ab\t ! "t ( ! outbreak ( ! ,european w> & ano!r ^: production 0 j beg9n+ 9 #aiai4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 !re is no comb9ation among ^! ?ree int]e/s4 ,! ,union ,sulphur ,co41 :i* 0 ! fir/ & pr9cipal produc]1 controls c]ta9 pat5ts cov]+ ! 8,fras* ,process40 ,dur+ ! w> p]iod an agreem5t 0 ent]$ into by :i* alleg$ infr+em5t ( pat5ts 0 n pu%$4 ,s9ce ! close ( ! w> x rema9s to be se5 to :at ext5t ! pat5t rights involv$ may affect ! production ( ! o!r two companies1 ! ,freeport & ! ,texas ,gulf1 :i* 9 g5]al use a simil> process4 ,! production ( sulphur 9 ,japan is comm]cially controll$ by ,japanese int]e/s4 ,an ,am]ican company1 ! ,virg9ia-,c>ol9a ,*emical ,co41 owns a sulphur deposit 9 ,mexico1 :i* 0 leas$1 be=e ! w>1 to ,g]man int]e/s4 ,sev]al o!r deposits 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica 7 report$ z controll$ by ,g]man int]e/s1 b ?us f> ! production f all ^! s\rces has be5 relatively ( m9or importance & !re is no imm$iate prospect ( any great *ange4 ,! significant factor ( comm]cial control 9 ! pyrite situation is ! l>ge inve/m5t ( ,briti% capital 9 ! ,spani% deposits & to a less ext5t ! inve/m5t ( ,fr5* capital4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital controls ! pr9cipal pyrite developm5ts 9 ,canada1 ,cuba1 ,mexico & ,cyprus4 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,sw$i% capital is inve/$ 9 ,norway4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p[]s ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! mo/ favorably situat$ ( any nation 9 its supply ( sulphur4 ,9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! ,european w> x produc$ ab\t "o-half ! _w's supply4 ,s9ce t "t its production has increas$ sev]al fold & x is n[ ! dom9at+ factor 9 ! _w situation4 ,! relative position ( ,italy1 :i* 0 =m]ly ( equal importance ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is decl9+4 ,h] co/ ( production is increas+1 & ,am]ican sulphur w ent] into ke5 competition ) ! ,european m>kets4 ,! res\rces ( ,japan are comp>atively small & ! l>g] "p ( h] production has be5 export$4 ,! po/-w> conditions w probably curtail ! m>kets = ,japanese sulphur1 & !re is no likelihood ( any increase 9 ,japan's position4 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many mu/ prim>ily rely ^u o!r c\ntries = _! supply ( bo? pyrite & sulphur4 ,engl& secures a "p ( h] sulphur supply f a by-product s\rce kn[n z ! ,*ance-,claus process1 :i* produces f #cj to #dj ?\s& tons annually4 ,9 addition %e secures l>ge am\nts ( pyrite f ,spa94 ,france produces "s local pyrite1 b imports l>ge quantities ( ?is mat]ial f ,spa92 & be=e ! outbreak ( ! w> 0 secur+ increas+ am\nts ( sulphur f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g]many & ,au/ria h "s res\rces 9 pyrite & probably _h consid]able /ocks ( sulphur at ! op5+ ( ! w>4 ,x has be5 /at$ t 9 ord] to secure h] ne$s ( ^! mat]ials ,g]many 0 =c$ to use exp5sive processes1 to r$uce ! sulphur cont5t ( gypsum1 to exp& h] pyrite production1 & to increase ! output ( smelt] acid4 ,"u normal conditions %e w probably h to return to imports ( pyrite f ,norway & ,sw$51 or sulphur f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,italy4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,gold ,,by ,,john ,e4 ,,or*>d ,,uses ,,( ,,gold ,! physical prop]ties ( gold & ! difficulties connect$ ) obta9+ x h made gold ?r\gh all ! ages "o ( ! mo/ preci\s ( ! metals4 ,because ( its lu/]1 its color1 & its inde/ructibility1 x 0 %ap$ by primitive man into r+s1 bracelets1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,^! same prop]ties1 toge!r ) its divisibility1 e>ly l$ to ! use ( gold z a trad+ c\nt]1 & 9 all b ! mo/ primitive societies x has be5 reg>d$ z a measure ( value & a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ref]5ce to gold is a ref]5ce to its use 9 trade1 & is conta9$ 9 an edict ( ,m5es ( ,egypt 7p]haps #chjj ,b4 ,c47 fix+ ! ratio ( ! value ( gold to silv] at #b to #a4 ,z a m$ium ( ex*ange gold is us$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,! primitive trad] accept$ & gave ornam5ts ( gold 9 ex*ange = commodities4 ,9 m9+ camps1 gold du/ & nuggets h be5 ! circulat+ m$ium4 ,9 a settl$ community "u a gov]nm5t possess+ ! confid5ce ( ! gov]n$1 gold co9$ into c\nt]s ( conv5i5t d5om9ations by ! gov]nm5t is accept$ )\t "q 9 all transactions4 ,= ! settlem5t ( balances 9 int]national trade1 gold bullion is us$1 its value be+ det]m9$ by weight4 ,today practically all nations are on a gold /&>d1 & ev5 ^? on a silv] /&>d 9 dome/ic trade h adopt$ ! gold /&>d = =eign trade4 ,b gold1 ?\gh x has _m excell5t qualities1 is "o ( ! heavie/ ( metals1 & c>ry+ x on ! p]son is inconv5i5t1 especially 9 am\nts suffici5t = l>ge transactions4 ,also1 ?r\gh con/ant h&l+1 gold we>s away & co9s det]iorate 9 value4 ,accord+ly a l>ge "p ( ! co9s or ! gold bullion is kept 9 ! national treasury or 9 ! vaults ( a bank1 & "s =m ( pap] curr5cy is us$ z ! circulat+ m$ium4 ,^u ?is res]ve ( gold1 se5 only by a few employees ( ! gov]nm5t or bank1 :o h no own]%ip 9 x1 is built an intricate sy/em ( cr$its & trade4 ,x is true t little gold is 9 actual circulation & t = dome/ic trade m$iums ( ex*ange secur$ only 9 "p by gold are be+ us$ 9 increas+ am\nts4 ,ev5 int]national ex*ange is no long] on ! gold /&>d1 b ?is situation is und\bt$ly tempor>y & ) ! improvem5t 9 f9ancial conditions 9 ,europe gold w be re/or$ to its position z f\ndation ( trade & f9ance1 national & int]national4 ,! circulat+ m$ium1 :atev] its nature1 mu/ be freely conv]tible1 & cr$it1 to rema9 s\nd1 mu/ be f\nd$ ^u an adequate gold res]ve4 ,x has be5 (ficially e/imat$ t betwe5 ! ye>s #adib & #ahid ! _w's production ( gold equal$ ab\t #h1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,( ?is am\nt a little less ?an #d1jjj1jjj1jjj 0 held z gold res]ve 9 #ahid1 ! rema9d] hav+ be5 lo/ or absorb$ 9 ! arts or 9 ! manufacture ( jewelry4 ,s9ce #ahid ! consumption ( gold 9 ! arts has be5 betwe5 #ej1jjj1jjj & #ajj1jjj1jjj annually1 or = ! #bg ye>s ab\t #b1ajj1jjj1jjj out ( a total production ( #i1jjj1jjj1jjj--;almo/ #be p] c5t4#aeh #aeh ,,j5n+s1 ,,h5n53 8,! ,gold ,indu/ry & ,gold ,/&>d10 #aiai4 ,,geological ,,occurr5ce ,gold is widely di/ribut$1 bo? geographically & geologically4 ,x is f\nd 9 ab\t #fj c\ntries 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & occurs 9 rocks ( all ages1 f ,ar*ean to ,quat]n>y1 (t5 9 association ) o!r metals1 z silv]1 copp]1 tellurium1 lead1 & iron4 ,gold deposits may be broadly classifi$ z lodes & plac]s4 ,lode deposits are also kn[n z ve9 or qu>tz deposits2 & 9 !m ! gold is f\nd ) silica or qu>tz 9 irregul> masses1 /r+s1 scales1 plates1 & cry/als1 or m (t5 9 microscopic p>ticles 9 ! sulphide m9]als or ! gangue4 ,mu* ! same me?ods are us$ = extract+ ! ore z are us$ 9 m9+ silv]1 lead1 or z9c4 ,plac] or alluvial deposits are s$im5t>y b$s ( gravel or s& 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( gold1 wa%$ f ! "m lode1 h be5 conc5trat$ by ! action ( wat]4 ,mo/ ( ! plac] deposits lie 9 ! op51 along ! b$ ( a riv]1 b "s are cov]$ by a %eet ( lava or o!r non-productive rock4 ,! gold occurs z scales1 gra9s1 slugs or nuggets4 ,a numb] ( l>ge nuggets h be5 f\nd1 ! l>ge/ be+ ! ,au/ralian 8,welcome ,/rang]10 weigh+ #b1ebj ounces & valu$ at ab\t #db1jjj4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! p>ticles ( gold are m9ute4 ,plac] deposits are work$ by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods1 dep5d+ on ! nature & ri*ness ( ! alluvium3 sluice m9+1 hydraulic m9+1 dr$g+1 or drift m9+4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( :at has be5 call$ ! mod]n era ( gold m9+1 beg9n+ ) ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahdh1 mo/ ( ! _w's annual production came f plac] deposits4 ,de ,launay e/imates t f #ahdh to #ahge plac]s contribut$ #hg p] c5t4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s1 ) ! exhau/ion ( ! easily discov]$ & ! easily work$ plac] m9es1 ! proportion has decreas$ & at pres5t x is probably n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,today ! great gold m9es ( ! _w are lode m9es4 ,! _w's deepe/ gold m9e has atta9$ a v]tical dep? ( #e1ijj feet4 ,aft] mak+ all all[ances = fur!r discov]ies1 /ud5ts ( ! subject are ( ! op9ion t ! _w's gold production has already rea*$ its z5i? & t a decl9e may be expect$4#aei #aei ,! above discussion ( ! geological occurr5ce ( gold is bas$ ma9ly on 8,! ,gold ,indu/ry & ,gold ,/&>d0 & o!r articles by ,,h5n5 ,,j5n+s1 consult+ eng9e]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,comm]cially important m9es are f\nd 9 e cont95t1 & !re are few regions on ! e>?'s surface t d n conta9 deposits pr(itably work$ n[ or =m]ly4 ,! di/ribution ( gold has play$ an important "p 9 ! settlem5t ( new l&s1 notably ,cali=nia1 we/]n ,canada1 ,alaska1 ,mexico1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,africa1 & w und\bt$ly greatly influ5ce ! future movem5ts ( peoples4 ,yet al?\gh gold is di/ribut$ ?us widely1 #cbc1iej1jjj1 or ov] #ge p] c5t4 ( ! total am\nt ( gold produc$ 9 #aiag1 came f f\r c\ntries1 ,transvaal1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ralia & ,russia4 ,! outputs ( ! *ief produc+ c\ntries are giv5 9 ,table #fg & ,figure #ai4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,unit$ ,/ates4--,al?\gh at pres5t surpass$ by ! ,transvaal1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates =m]ly l$ ! _w z a produc] ( gold4 ,x is e/imat$ t ?is c\ntry s9ce #agib has contribut$ ab\t #c1iac1jjj1jjj to ! gold supply ( ! _w1 a little less ?an #be p] c5t4 ( ! total produc$1 & an output great] ?an t ( any o!r nation4#afj ,! ,unit$ ,/ates fir/ became an important produc] 9 #ahej1 foll[+ ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia4 ,previ\s to t "t "s gold 0 m9$ 9 ! ,appala*ian /ates1 ! total probably rea*+ #ej1jjj1jjj4 #afj ,report ( ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to /udy ! gold situation4 ,9 #aiae ! output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #aja1jce1jjj1 ! highe/ m>k s f> rea*$4 ,s9ce t ye> !re has be5 an annual drop ( ab\t #h1jjj1jjj 9 output4 ,! yield 9 #aiah 0 #fh1fdf1gjj & 9 #aiai1 #eh1dhh1hjj4 ,dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 eight /ates1 ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,alaska1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 ,montana1 & ,utah1 h produc$ m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! gold m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table #fg4--;,,gold ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,produc+ ,,c\ntries1 #ahhj-aiagafa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,unit$ ,transvaal ,russia- ,rhodesia ,ye> ,/ates ,au/ralasia #afb ,sib]ia #afb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhjcf1jjj1jjj #bh1gfe1jjj #a1iic1hjjbh1eea1jbh 444 #ahha #cd1gjj1jjj #cj1fij1jjj #a1iic1hjj #bd1cga1cdc 444 #ahhb #cb1ejj1jjj #ca1iee1jag #a1iic1hjj #bc1hfg1ice 444 #ahhc #cj1jjj1jjj #bg1aej1jjj #gag1jjj #bj1aai1jjj 444 #ahhd #cj1hjj1jjj #bh1bhd1jjj #hcj1jjj #ba1hgd1jjj 444 #ahhe #ca1hja1jjj #bg1dci1jjj #a1chd1jjj #be4cch1jjj 444 #ahhf #cd1hfi1jjj #bf1dbe1jjj #a1dch1jjj #bj1eah1jjj 444 #ahhg #cc1acf1jjj #bg1cbg1fjj #a1iai1fjj #bj1jib1jjj 444 #ahhh #cc1afg1jjj #bh1efj1ffj #d1ejj1jjj #ba1cjb1jjj 444 #ahhi #cb1ifg1jjj #cc1jhf1gjj #g1ghh1cgb #bc1ije1fjj 444 #ahij #cb1hde1jjj #bi1hjh1jjj #aj1dch1cef #be1dhd1jjj 444 #ahia #cc1age1jjj #ca1cii1jjj #ad1hhe1fci #bd1afb1ejj 444 #ahib #cc1jae1jjj #cd1aei1jjj #bc1bbj1ajh #bd1hjf1bjj 444 #ahic #ce1iee1jjj #ce1fhh1fjj #bh1bic1hca #bg1hjh1bjj 444 #ahid #ci1ejj1jjj #da1gfj1hjj #ci1fif1ccj #bd1acc1djj 444 #ahie #df1faj1jjj #dd1gih1cjj #dc1hic1cjj #bh1hid1djj 444 #ahif #ec1jhh1jjj #de1aha1ijj #dc1ggi1ffi #ba1ece1hjj 444 #ahig #eg1cfc1jjj #eb1ffe1gjj #eg1fcc1hfa #bc1bde1gjj 444 #ahih #fd1dfc1jjj #fd1hfj1hjj #gi1bac1iec #be1dfc1djj #ddd1fag #ahii #ga1jec1djj #gi1cba1fjj #ga1chd1efa #bb1afg1ajj #a1abi1ggc #aijj #gi1aga1jjj #gc1dih1ijj #f1abd1bbf #bj1ade1ejj #a1aeh1hae #aija #gh1fff1gjj #gf1hhj1bjj #e1ccc1iid #bb1hej1ijj #b1igd1idc #aijb #hj1jjj1jjj #ha1egh1hjj #cd1ija1adj #bb1ecc1djj #c1cff1efa #aijc #gc1eia1gjj #hi1baj1ajj #fa1ded1dci #bd1fcb1bjj #d1jfe1dhi #aijd #hj1dfd1gjj #hg1gfg1cjj #gh1jjd1eei #bd1hjc1bjj #d1gid1bjh #aije #hh1ahj1gjj #he1ibf1ejjaja1dhi1aii #bb1bia1fjj #g1ccg1baa #aijf #id1cgc1hjj #hb1cia1djjaai1fah1ejg #ai1dif1ejj #aj1jhb1gdg #aijg #ij1dce1gjj #ge1fgg1gjjacc1cfa1idc #bf1fhd1cjj #aa1aii1aha #aijh #id1efj1jjj #gc1cbg1cjjade1hfb1iga #bh1jeb1bjj #ac1jbb1dfj #aiji #ii1fgc1djj #ga1jjg1ijjaej1gii1hhj #cb1cha1cjj #ac1bbc1iee #aiaj #if1bfi1ajj #fe1dgj1fjjaee1eig1bjb #ce1egi1fjj #ac1eij1feh #aiaa #if1hij1jjj #fj1ahd1bjjagj1eff1aei #cb1aea1fjj #ac1hbc1gcc #aiab #ic1dea1ejj #ed1eji1djjahh1bic1ajj #bb1aii1jjj #ad1bbf1ijj #aiac #hh1hhd1djj #ec1aac1bjjaha1hhe1cjj #bf1ejh1gjj #ad1bgd1gjj #aiad #id1eca1hjj #dg1efi1jbcagc1eei1idj #bh1ehf1cib #ag #ffc1fhf #aiaeaja1jce1gjj #di1cig1gigahh1jcc1aef #bf1cbb1gde #ah1iae1cbd #aiaf #ib1cae1cfc #ch1bac1cbhaib1ahb1ijj #bb1cjj1jjj #ai1bcb1bjj #aiag #hd1def1fjj #ce1bge1jjjahf1bed1bef #ah1jjj1jjjafdad1ihh1fjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,briti% ,ye> ,mexico ,canada ,india ,_w#afc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahhj #ihi1afj #hae1jhi 444#ajf1dcf1hjj #ahha #heh1iji #a1jid1ibf 444 #ajc1jbc1ajj #ahhb #icf1bbc #a1jid1ibf 444 #aja1iif1fjj #ahhc #iea1jjj #ied1jjj 444 #ie1cib1jjj #ahhd #a1ahc1jjj #ied1jjj 444 #aja1gbi1jjj #ahhe #hfg1jjj #a1aaf1jjj #ace1jjj #ajh #dce1jjj #ahhf #fad1jjj #a1ccj1ddb #dba1fjj #ajf1afc1jjj #ahhg #hbd1jjj #a1agh1fcg #cbj1jjj #aje1ggd1ijj #ahhh #igd1jjj #a1aaa1iei #fhe1gbj #aaj1aif1jjj #ahhi #gjj1jjj #a1bie1jjj #a1ejb1fjj #abc1dhi1bjj #ahij #gfg1jjj #a1fff1jjj #b1jjj1jjj #aah1hdh1gjj #ahia #a1jjj1jjj #icj1fff #b1die1jjj #acj1fej1jjj #ahib #a1abi1bjj #ijg1fjj #c1cah1cjj #adf1fea1ejj #ahic #a1cje1cjj #ibg1bjj #c1hac1fjj #aeg1did1hjj #ahid #d1ejj1jjjafd #a1jdb1ajj #c1hhb1ijj #aha1age1fjj #ahie #f1jjj1jjjafd #a1iaj1ijj #d1fef1bjj #aih1gfc1fjj #ahif #h1cca1gjjafd #b1haj1bjj #f1acj1ejj #bjb1bea1fjj #ahig #g1ejj1jjjafd #f1jhi1ejj #g1bdg1bjj #bcf1jhc1gjj #ahih #h1ejj1jjjafdac1hch1gjj #g1gha1ejj #bhf1hgi1gjj #ahii #h1ejj1jjjafdba1cbd1cjj #h1feh1hjj #cjf1gbd1ajj #aijj #i1jjj1jjjafdbg1hhj1ejj #i1dce1ejj #bed1egf1cjj #aijaaj1bhd1hjj #bd1abh1ejj #i1cie1ijj #bfj1iib1ijj #aijbaj1aec1ajj #ba1ccf1gjj #i1ehh1ajj #bif1gcg1fjj #aijcaj1fgg1ejj #ah1hcd1ejjaa1dbh1ijj #cbg1gjb1gjj #aijdab1fje1cjj #af1dfb1ejjaa1gbb1ijj #cdg1cgg1bjj #aijeaf1ajg1ajj #ad1faj1djjaa1iej1bjj #chj1bhh1gjj #aijfah1ecd1gjj #ab1jbc1ijjab1jhg1gjj #djb1ejc1jjj #aijgah1fha1ajj #h1chb1hjjaj1chc1fjj #dab1iff1fjj #aijhbb1cga1bjj #i1hdb1ajjaj1eih1ejj #ddb1dgf1ijj #aijibc1hdb1ijj #i1chb1bjjaj1ceh1fjj #ded1jei1ajj #aiajbd1iaj1fjj #aj1bje1hjjaj1gah1djj #dee1bci1ajj #aiaabd1hhj1ajj #i1gfb1ajjaa1jed1ajj #dfa1ici1gjj #aiabbd1ejj1jjj #ab1fdh1hjjaa1jee1gjj #dff1acf1ajj #aiacai1cjh1hjj #af1eih1ijjab1agh1jjj #dei1ida1ajj #aiad #d1ghh1age #ae1ihc1jjdaa1cgh1djj #dci1jgh1bfj #aiae #f1eei1bge #ah1igg1ijaaa1ebb1deg #dfh1gbd1iah #aiaf #g1fij1gjj #ai1bce1jjjaa1bjf1ejj #ded1agf1ejj #aiag #i1jjj1jjjafdae1ddi1dbfaj1gef1hjj #dbc1eij1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ #afa ,compil$ f reports ( ! ,director ( ! ,m9t1 #ahhj-aiag4 #afb ,previ\s to #ahih production ( ,rhodesia & ,mozambique includ$ 9 ,transvaal returns4 #afc ,total production ( _w1 #adib-aiag1 #af1iaf1gce1cid4 #afd ,e/imat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ai4--,production ( gold 9 *ief produc+ c\ntries1 #ahhj-aiag1 bas$ on reports ( ! ,director ( ! ,m9t4 ,) ! discov]y ( gold 9 a mill race at ,coloma1 ,eldorado ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,m>%all 9 #ahdh1 ! hi/ory ( mod]n gold production began4 ,! great ru% to ,cali=nia foll[$ & ! /ate became ! lead+ gold-produc+ region ( ! _w4 ,! output = #ahfj am\nt$ to #de1cbj1jjj1 z comp>$ ) a total output ( only #a1jjj1jjj = ! rema9+ /ates4 ,= _m ye>s ! gold production ( ,cali=nia has be5 decl9+1 ! total yield 9 #aiag am\nt+ to only #bj1jjj1jjj1 a decrease ( almo/ #b1jjj1jjj f ! output ( #aiaf4 ,ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! output comes f lode m9es & ! rema9d] f plac]s4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ,colorado 0 ! lead+ gold-produc+ /ate1 pr9cipally because ( ! output f ,cripple ,creek1 ,tell] ,c\nty1 :i* 0 f #ahic to #aijh ! lead+ gold camp 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,rec5tly ! output has fall5 bel[ t ( ,cali=nia4 ,ov] half ( ! yield ( ! /ate 9 #aiaf came f ,tell] ,c\nty4 ,! e>lie/ discov]y ( gold 9 ,alaska 0 probably ab\t #ahdi along ! %ores ( ,cook ,inlet4 ,9 #ahgi ! gold-qu>tz ve9s ne> ,sitka 7 discov]$1 & a ye> lat] ! plac]s ( ,juneau4 ,! discov]y ( ! gold plac]s 9 ! valley ( ! ,yukon 0 made 9 #ahhf & ( ^? 9 ! ,klondike 9 #ahif4 ,mo/ ( ! ,alaskan output is obta9$ f plac] deposits1 ! ri*e/ be+ 9 ! ,sew>d ,p59sula ne> ,nome & 9 ! ,yukon bas94 ,! l>ge/ produc+ lode m9es h be5 ^? ne> ,juneau2 ( ^! ! ,treadwell 0 = long ! greate/ gold m9e 9 ! _w1 b x is n[ inactive4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ! work+ ( l>ge l[-grade dissem9at$ deposits ( ! ,treadwell type ne> ,juneau has be5 und]tak5 on a scale hi!rto undream$ (1 b ?us f> ^! v5tures 7,alaska ,gold & ,alaska ,juneau m9es7 h n be5 f9ancially successful4 ,! gold-produc+ area ( ,s\? ,dakota is conf9$ to an area ( less ?an #ajj squ>e miles1 ly+ 9 ! ,black ,hills4 ,! gravels ( ,:itewood & ,deadwood gul*es 7 fir/ wa%$ 9 #ahge1 & 9 #ahgf ! fam\s ,home/ake lodes 7 discov]$4 ,at pres5t ab\t #id p] c5t4 ( ! total output ( ! /ate is controll$ by "o company1 ! ,home/ake ,m9+ ,co41 ! l>ge/ produc+ company 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,foll[+ ! exhau/ion ( ! fam\s ,com/ock lode1 dem>cat$ 9 #ahea1 ,nevada 0 ( little importance z a gold-produc+ /ate until ! discov]y ( ! ri* deposits ( ,tonopah 9 #aijj4 ,at pres5t practically all ! gold obta9$ 9 ! /ate comes f ! ve9 deposits ( ,tonopah & ,goldfield4 ,divide is a newly develop$ camp betwe5 ^! two4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 aurif]\s areas 9 ,arizona3 ! vic9ity ( ,bisbee & ,tomb/one1 ,co*ise ,c\nty2 ! ,oatman di/rict1 ,mohave ,c\nty2 & ! ,v]de di/rict1 ,yavapai ,c\nty4 ,arizona 0 "o ( ! few /ates to %[ a l>g] output 9 #aiag ?an 9 #aiaf4 ,! ,unit$ ,ea/]n m9e1 a new prop]ty op5$ 9 #aiac 9 ! ,oatman di/rict ( ,mohave ,c\nty1 produc$ heavily & 0 responsible = ! increase4 ,! gold output ( ,co*ise & ,yavapai c\nties is obta9$ l>gely f copp] ore4 ,dur+ ! sixties & sev5ties1 ,montana 0 second only to ,cali=nia 9 its yield ( plac] gold4 ,! mo/ fam\s plac]s 7 ^? ( ,bannack & ,ald] ,gul* & lat] ,hel5a4 ,mu* ( ! pres5t output is obta9$ z a by-product f copp] ores4 ,few m9es 9 ,utah are work$ exclusively = _! gold cont5t1 ! great] "p ( ! yield ( ! /ate be+ d]iv$ f copp] & lead ores4 ,gold is also m9$ 9 ,idaho1 ,new ,mexico1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,small am\nts 7 produc$ 9 #aiag 9 a numb] ( ! ,appala*ian /ates4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 practically all ( ! gold co9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9t came f ! m9es ( ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 & ! ,c>ol9as1 b s9ce ! ,civil ,w> _! output has n be5 important4 ,! gold production ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 9 #aiag am\nt$ to #a1djd1jjj4 ,canada4--,! total gold yield ( ,canada 9 #aijj am\nt$ to #bh1jjj1jjj1 b ) ! exhau/ion ( ! plac] deposits x decl9$ to #h1chb1jjj 9 #aijg4 ,) ! developm5t ( ve9 deposits1 production increas$ /eadily f ?is l[ po9t1 & rea*$ #ai1bce1jjj 9 #aiaf1 & #ae1bgb1iib 9 #aiag1 plac+ ,canada six? 9 ! li/ ( gold produc]s4 ,?ree prov9ces1 ,ont>io1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & ! ,yukon ,t]ritory1 yield mo/ ( ! gold1 ! rema9+ prov9ces produc+ less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,m ?an "o-half ( ! ,canadian production comes f ! ,porcup9e di/rict 9 ,temiskam+1 ,ont>io1 develop$ 9 #aiab4 ,o!r produc+ di/ricts1 ?\gh ( m9or importance1 are ,kirkl& ,lake & ,munro ,t[n%ip1 also 9 ,temiskam+1 & ,long ,lake1 ne> ,naughton1 ,sudbury di/rict4#afe #afe 8,production ( ,copp]1 ,gold1 ,lead1 ,nickel1 ,silv]1 ,z9c1 & ,o!r ,metals 9 ,canada1 #aiaf40 ,canadian ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 ,m9es ,bran*1 #aiag4 ,at "o "t mo/ ( ! gold output ( ,briti% ,columbia 0 d]iv$ f plac]s1 *iefly f ^? 9 ! ,atl9 & ,c>iboo di/ricts1 b less ?an #e p] c5t4 came f t s\rce 9 #aiag4 ,! ma9 lode m9+ di/ricts are ,we/ ,koot5ay & ,yale1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! prov9ce4#aff ,gold production 9 #aiag am\nt$ to ab\t half ( ! total = #aiaf4 #aff 8,production ( ,copp]1 ,gold1 ,lead1 ,nickel1 ,silv]1 ,z9c1 & ,o!r ,metals 9 ,canada1 #aiag40 ,canadian ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 ,m9es ,bran*1 #aiai4 ,gold has be5 kn[n 9 ! ,yukon ,t]ritory s9ce #ahfi & ! deposits h be5 actively work$ s9ce #ahha4 ,! great] "p ( ! plac]s ( ,=ty-mile ,riv] & all ( ,sixty-mile ,riv] are )9 ,canadian jurisdiction4 ,9 #ahig came ! discov]y ( ! ,klondike4 ,gold production rea*$ its height 9 ,yukon ,t]ritory 9 #aijj1 :5 ! output 0 #a1jgg1fdi f9e ounces1 valu$ at #bb1jjj1jjj4 ,practically all ( ! #aiag production 0 d]iv$ f plac] deposits4 ,gold 0 m9$ 9 ,quebec z e>ly z #ahbc1 b ,canada 0 ( little importance z a gold-produc+ region prior to ! discov]y ( ! ,briti% ,columbia plac]s 9 #aheg4 ,gold deposits ( little economic value are /ill work$ 9 ,quebec1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,newf\ndl&4 ,prospect+ & developm5t "w 9 ,manitoba1 ,saskat*ewan1 & ,alb]ta indicate t ^! prov9ces may become important produc]s ( gold4 ,mexico4--,= _m ye>s ,mexico rank$ f\r? among ! gold-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w1 be+ surpass$ only by ! ,transvaal1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,au/ralasia4 ,revolutions & b&it w>f>e h s]i\sly int]f]$ ) m9+ op]ations s9ce #aiaa1 & ! output ( gold 9 #aiag 0 little m ?an "o-?ird ( ! normal annual yield4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( a /able gov]nm5t1 able to protect =eign inve/m5ts1 ,mexico w no d\bt rega9 its =m] position4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! gold output ( ,mexico is obta9$ z a by-product f lead1 silv]1 z9c1 & copp] ores4 ,! only true gold-m9+ di/rict is ! ,el ,oro di/rict ( ! /ates ( ,mexico & ,mi*oacan4 ,! *ief produc+ m9es are ! ,esp]anza1 ,el ,oro1 ,mexico ,m9es ( ,el ,oro1 & ,dos ,e/rellas4 ,9 #aijf ! ,esp]anza 0 consid]$1 9 respect to bo? actual output & pr(its e>n$1 ! mo/ productive gold m9e 9 ! _w4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 surpass$ by m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,transvaal4 ,ano!r fam\s gold m9e ( ,mexico1 ! ,dolores1 situat$ 9 we/]n ,*ihuahua1 yields ore ^: silv] cont5t is almo/ equal 9 value to ! gold4 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 ,sonora1 ,durango1 ,hidalgo1 ,san ,luis ,potosi1 ,guanajuato1 & ,*iapas are all gold-produc+ /ates4 ,c5tral ,am]ica4--,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! ,spani% 7 attract$ to ! region n[ includ$ 9 ! /ates ( ,c5tral ,am]ica by reports ( fabul\sly ri* m9es & ( ! weal? ( ! ,indians4 ,a numb] ( exp$itions 7 s5t out 9 se>* ( ! gold & "s ri* m9es 7 discov]$ & work$4 ,gold is /ill produc$ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 b ! total am\nt is small1 be+ less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! _w total 9 #aiac4 ,honduras is ! ri*e/ ( ! /ates 9 production & ,nic>agua ranks second1 ! pr9cipal c5t]s ( ! gold-m9+ indu/ry be+ 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,matagalpa & ,*ontales1 & 9 ! di/rict ( ,cabo ,gracias & ,pr9zapolka4#afg #afg ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,supplem5t #cd;a1 #aiae1 p4 #d4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,s\? ,am]ica 0 also an important s\rce ( gold dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! e>ly conqu]ors obta9$ gold by plund]+ ! temples1 *ur*es1 & ev5 ! graves ( ! natives4 ,foll[+ ! conque/1 ! ,spani>ds by means ( _! slaves sy/ematically se>*$ mu* ( ! cont95t = gold deposits4 ,ab\t #ae p] c5t4 7#b1bff1jjj1jjj7 ( all ! gold produc$ betwe5 #adib & #aiag came f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,today ,s\? ,am]ica is ( little importance z a gold produc]1 ! comb9$ yield ( all ! c\ntries = #aiac be+ ab\t #b4e p] c5t4 ( ! _w total4 ,! great bulk ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican production has s f> be5 alluvial gold4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( m /able gov]nm5ts & ! improvem5t ( transportation facilities x is likely t ! production ( ,s\? ,am]ica w increase4 ,accord+ to ,macl>5#afh ! gold fields ( ,s\? ,am]ica are dispos$ 9 ?ree some:at %>ply sep>at$ areas4 ,! *ief area is t ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! ,&es f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to c5tral ,*ile & includ+ ! deposits ( ,colombia4 ,! second area is conta9$ 9 a well-m>k$ petrographic & metallographic prov9ce ext5d+ across ! re>l& ( ! ,guianas & includ+ also ! m9es ( ,v5ezuela & nor!rn ,brazil4 ,! ?ird area is conta9$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,brazil4 ,"s gold is obta9$ f ,*ile1 ,arg5t9a1 ,bolivia1 ,p]u1 ,ecuador1 & ,uruguay4 ,! *ief gold-be>+ areas ( ,colombia are ,*oco1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antioquia1 & ! di/rict ly+ betwe5 ! ,cauca & ,magdal5a riv]s4 ,fairly ri* deposits h also be5 f\nd 9 ,colombia ne> ! ,ecuadorian bord]4#afi #afh ,,macl>51 ,j4 ,,malcolm3 8,gold3 ,its ,geological ,occurr5ce & ,geographical ,di/ribution1 #aijh10 p4 #fai4 #afi ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,supplem5t #db;b1 #aiae1 p4 #ab4 ,! pr9cipal m9es ( ,brazil are ! ,/4 ,john del ,rey m9e1 & ! m9es own$ by ! ,ouro ,preto ,gold ,m9es ( ,brazil1 ,ltd41 bo? 9 ! ,/ate ( ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,! =m] m9e is said to be ! deepe/ 9 ! _w4 ,,europe ,al?\gh ,europe 9 ! pa/ has play$ an important "p 9 ! production ( gold1 v little is m9$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,previ\s to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 mu* ( ! gold 9 use came f ! ,alps & f ,hung>y4 ,deposits 7 also work$ 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,spa91 & ,g]many4 ,! only gold m9es 9 ,europe ( any pres5t economic importance are 9 ! =m] empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,france1 & ! ,urals ( ,russia4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france gold has be5 produc$ along ! /reams fl[+ f ! ,pyr5ees1 & also 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces4 ,at pres5t only ?ree m9es are 9 op]ation1 :i* 9 #aiaa produc$ #b1eed kilograms ( gold4 ,! ,hung>ian deposits are v old1 z !y 7 work$ by ! ,romans #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,mo/ ( ! produc+ m9es ( today are 9 ,transylvania4 ,russia is cr$it$ ) produc+ #e4h p] c5t4 ( ! _w total 9 #aiac4 ,a small "p ( ?is production came f ! ,urals ( ,european ,russia1 *iefly z a by-product f o!r ores1 b ! great] "p 0 obta9$ 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! ,sib]ian deposits are discuss$ bel[1 "u ,asia4 ,,asia ,s9ce ! decl9e 9 ! ,mexican production1 ,russia ranks f\r? among ! gold-produc+ c\ntries4 ,mo/ ( ! output comes f ,sib]ia1 :i* has long be5 a s\rce ( gold1 ! m9es ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s be+ consid]$ among ! olde/ 9 ! _w4 ,! production ( gold 9 ,sib]ia f #ahcj to date has be5 e/imat$ by ,russian au?orities at approximately #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,macl>5#agj has divid$ ! aurif]\s areas ( ! c\ntry into two di/9ct regions1 ! ea/]n & we/]n4 ,ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! c\ntry's production is d]iv$ f ! =m] region1 :i* ext5ds 9 "o fairly n>r[ aurif]\s belt f ,lake ,baikal to ! s\?we/]n %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,okhotsk4 #agj ,,macl>51 ,j4 ,,malcolm3 8,gold3 ,its ,geological ,occurr5ce & ,geographical ,di/ribution10 p4 #baj4 ,a numb] ( dr$ges h be5 op]at$ 9 ! ,ural di/rict4 ,! mo/ promis+ prop]ty is ! ,rid]l9sky1 ea/ ( ,omsk4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,urals1 mo/ ( ! m9es produce copp]1 pyrite1 or z9c1 ! gold by-product mak+ ! pr(its4 ,! ,ridd] m9e1 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 is ! be/-kn[n lode m9e 9 ,sib]ia4 ,plac]s are locat$ along ! ,man*urian fronti] on ! ,onon & ,amur riv]s4 ,!y are among ! mo/ important 9 ,sib]ia & h produc$ ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj 9 gold4 ,! deposits ( ,irkutsk along ! ,l5a ,riv] are ! mo/ important deposits s f> exploit$ 9 ,sib]ia & are probably ! ri*e/ plac]s ev] discov]$4 ,! di/rict produces ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ,sib]ian output4 ,! plac]s are at pres5t ab\t work$ out z drift m9es1 b w cont9ue to produce ) ! in/allation ( dr$ges4 ,_m eng9e]s believe t ,sib]ia is ! ri*e/ rema9+ pot5tial s\rce ( gold 9 ! _w4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! c\ntry w produce 9 ! future1 say 9 ! next #cj or #dj ye>s1 ab\t #f1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! unsettl$ political conditions h greatly int]f]$ ) m9+4 ,_m ( ! m9es 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,bol%evi/s1 & al?\gh x is unlikely t any attempt at sy/ematic m9+ w be made1 !y w probably be robb$ ( ! ri*] expos$ ore be=e !y c be recov]$ by ! own]s4 ,india has long be5 reg>d$ z a l& ( ri*es4 ,philologi/s h prov$1 to _! own satisfaction1 t ,ophir1 ! s\rce ( ! /ores ( gold ( ,solomon1 0 locat$ !re4 ,9 ! des]ts ( nor!rn ,india liv$ ! gold-digg+ ants1 describ$ by ! ,greek hi/orians & lat] writ]s & z yet unexpla9$4 ,pres5t facts d n be> out leg5d & tradition4 ,9 #aiac ,india contribut$ only #b4f p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total production ( gold1 an am\nt h>dly proportionate to ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l& (f]s to ! prospector an extremely un9vit+ field4 ,x has be5 c>efully prospect$ & its deposits h be5 work$ assidu\sly = at lea/ tw5ty-five c5turies by a p possess+ great pati5ce & consid]able m9+ skill4#aga ,! pr9cipal mod]n produc+ gold m9es ( ,india are 9 ! ,kol> field1 :]e ! ma9 reef c>ries five l>ge m9es along its /rike4 #aga ,,macl>51 ,j4 ,,malcolm3 8,gold3 ,its ,geological ,occurr5ce & ,geographical ,di/ribution10 p4 #bch-bdj4 ,japan 0 "o ( ! *ief contributors to ! /ream ( gold t p\r$ into ,europe dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,portuguese & ,dut* trad]s came to ! isl&s to ex*ange ,european products = ! gold m9$ by ?\s&s ( natives4 ,! ,japanese f9ally revolt$ aga9/ ?is dom9ation ( _! trade & expell$ ! la/ ( ! ,portuguese 9 #afbd4 ,a few ,dut* 7 p]mitt$ to rema9 & to trade ?r\gh c]ta9 ports1 b "u mo/ humiliat+ conditions4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #afja & #agfd1 x is e/imat$ t ab\t #c1gfc1egb ounces ( gold 0 export$ f ,japan4 ,at ! pres5t ! annual gold production ( ,japan1 includ+ ,=mosa1 is ab\t #f1jjj1jjj4 ,mo/ ( ! gold-qu>tz ve9s ( ,japan h be5 work$ = _m g5]ations & only ! poor] sulphide zones rema94 ,! ,isl& ( ,=mosa1 :i* 0 acquir$ by ,japan 9 #ahie1 _h be5 repres5t$ by e>ly ,european travel]s z a /oreh\se ( untold ri*es4 ,n until #ahij 7 ! sites ( ! old work+s r$iscov]$1 ! discov]y ( flakes ( gold dur+ ! con/ruction ( a railway precipitat+ a ru% ( ,*9ese m9]s to ! isl&4#agb #agb 8,m9+ 9 ,japan1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t10 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 ,japan1 #aiji1 pp4 #ag & #fd4 ,! total output ( gold 9 ,*os5 7,korea7 9 #aiad approximat$ #e1jjj1jjj1 b at pres5t ! output is decl9+ because ( ! abnormal rise 9 ! price ( *emicals & mat]ials necess>y = m9+4 ,! yield = #aiah w probably n exce$ #c1ejj1jjj1 #fj p] c5t4 ( :i* w be obta9$ f ?ree m9es op]at$ by =eign capital4 ,! *ief gold-qu>tz m9es ( ,*os5 are includ$ 9 ! ,am]ican concession at ,unsan 9 ,nor? ,pyong-an ,prov9ce1 nor?we/]n ,korea4 ,f ^! m9es is d]iv$ ab\t half ( ! annual gold production ( ,*os54 ,korea also conta9s a l>ge numb] ( plac] deposits1 mo/ly small1 t h be5 ext5sively m9$ by ,koreans4 ,! plac] deposits ( ! ,unsan di/rict h n yet be5 work$1 b ^? ( ! ,*iksan di/rict are be+ exploit$ by ! ,japanese4#agc #agc ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,febru>y #bf1 #aiad4 ,! small1 scatt]$ gold deposits ( ,*9a1 bo? ve9 & plac]1 are work$ almo/ exclusively by ! ,*9ese1 z none has be5 discov]$ ( suffici5t ri*ness to attract =eign capital4 ,on ! ,isl& ( ,ha9an1 s\!a/ ( ! ma9l&1 ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t is op]at+ m9es4 ,exploration "w c>ri$ on 9 ,*9a up to ! pres5t does n indicate t ! c\ntry w ev] become an important produc] ( gold4 ,ev5 9 ! prov9ces contribut+ mo/ ( ! pres5t output--,man*uria1 ,yunnan1 & ,sze*u5--! gold indu/ry gives little promise ( gr[?4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiaa1 #aiab1 & #aiac1 #gjj /reams 7 exam9$ 9 ! la/ two prov9ces & gold 0 f\nd 9 #dcj1 b 9 no case 9 suffici5t quantity to pay = work+4 ,!re h be5 _m rumors conc]n+ ! gold deposits ( ! va/ & unexplor$ t]ritory ( ,tibet s9ce ! v e>lie/ exp$itions to t c\ntry b ! field is /ill clos$ to mod]n ent]prise & ev5 to c>eful sci5tific exam9ation4 ,despite previ\s reports1 x has be5 /at$ by ! geologi/ accompany+ a ,briti% exp$ition ab\t #aj ye>s ago t ! m9]al value ( ,tibet 0 n easily app>5t4 ,ne> ! fronti] ( ! ,/ate ( ,bhutan !re are _m colonies ( gold wa%]s4 ,! ,tibetan gold is f\nd 9 nuggets z well z 9 spangles & du/1 b ! ,tibetans are said to be c>eful to leave ! nuggets intact1 or to replace !m if di/urb$1 "u ! belief t !y are liv+ & are ! p>5ts ( ! spangles & du/1 or ! roots f :i* new gold gr[s1 :i* latt] w\ld disappe> 7 ! lumps remov$4#agd #agd ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,febru>y #bf1 #aiad4 ,siam1 ,burma1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates at pres5t contribute only a small "p ( ! gold production ( ,asia4 ,exploration & prospect+ are proce$+ actively & ! results to date are favorable4 ,future developm5ts may sub/antiate ! /atem5ts ( ! anci5t writ]s & c>tograph]s t !re 0 mu* gold 9 ?is region4 ,gold & o!r m9]als are kn[n to exi/ 9 ,afghani/an1 b ) ! exception ( a gold m9e ne> ,k&ah>1 9 *>ge ( a ,european1 ! m9]al res\rces are almo/ entirely undevelop$4 ,,africa ,s9ce #aije ,s\? ,africa1 includ+ ,transvaal1 ,cape ,colony1 & ,natal1 has be5 ! lead+ gold produc] ( ! _w1 a position t w\ld h be5 atta9$ sev]al ye>s e>li] _h n ! ,bo] ,w> int]f]$4 ,9 #aiag1 gold valu$ at #ahf1bee1jjj1 or ne>ly half ( ! _w's output1 0 produc$1 ! great] "p be+ d]iv$ f ! ,witwat]sr&1 or ,r&1 ne> ,johannesburg1 ,transvaal4 ,production 9 #aiah fell to #agd1jfh1jjj4 ,gold 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ,transvaal 9 #ahgj1 b production 0 n important previ\s to ! discov]y ( gold on ! f>m ,langlaagte1 ,witwat]sr&1 9 #ahhe4 ,! m9es are spread along a belt ext5d+ "s #fb miles f ,r&fonte9 on ! we/ to ,holfonte9 on ! ea/4 ,?is belt conta9s ! l>ge/ deposit ( gold t has ev] be5 f\nd 9 "o place1 & its gold cont5t probably equals t ( all ! o!r kn[n gold fields ( ! _w comb9$4 ,! ore is n exceptionally high grade1 b c be economically treat$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! deposit1 x has be5 e/imat$1 may repres5t #c1jjj1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj1jjj f ab\t #dj squ>e miles1 ( :i* ab\t half _h be5 extract$ by #aiaf4 ,gold occurs bo? 9 ve9 & plac] deposits 9 ,natal & ,cape ,colony1 b ! output is small4 ,rhodesia1 9 sev5? place 9 #aiac1 has develop$ rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s z a produc] ( gold & n[ outranks ,mexico4 ,accord+ to ,portuguese records1 gold 0 m9$ 9 ,rhodesia z e>ly z #aghh4 ,! discov]y 9 #ahff ( anci5t ru9s & ( anci5t gold m9es at ,zimbabwe gave rise to ! hypo!sis t ,rhodesia 0 ! ,ophir ( ! ,scriptures4 ,al?\gh num]\s attempts 7 made to op5 ! gold fields1 no measure ( success 0 obta9$ until #ahia1 & only dur+ ! pres5t c5tury has ! true "* ( ! ,rhodesian gold-qu>tz ve9s be5 recogniz$4 ,! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry & ! developm5t ( ! m9es is ! result ( ! ef=ts ( ,cecil ,rhodes & ! ,*>t] ,company4 ,! gold is widely di/ribut$ & mo/ ( ! m9es are small4 ,! future ( ! c\ntry z a gold produc] w\ld seem to dep5d ^u ! op]ation ( ! l[]-grade ore bodies by l>ge companies4 ,! ,%amva m9e is a conspicu\s example4 ,we/ ,africa1 especially ! ,gold ,coa/1 is ! only region ( ,africa1 o!r ?an ! ,transvaal & ,rhodesia1 produc+ gold 9 important quantities4 ,! output ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,africa colonies 9 #aiag am\nt$ to ab\t #g1ejj1jjj4 ,! unheal?ful climate ( ! region w probably prev5t = "s ye>s any ext5sive m9+ op]ations by :ite m54 ,gold m9es are also work$ 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,belgian ,congo1 ,egypt1 ,fr5* ,ea/ ,africa1 ! =m] ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ,madagasc>1 & ! ,sudan1 b ! total annual production f all ^! c\ntries is little m ?an #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! rock c>v+s & ! hi]oglyphics ( anci5t ,egypt indicate t nor!rn ,africa & ! region along ! ,nile ,riv] 7 important s\rces ( ! gold ( ! anci5t _w4 ,,au/ralasia ,= _m ye>s ,au/ralasia 0 a close rival ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a gold produc]1 frequ5tly outrank+ ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce #aijc !re has be5 a rapid decl9e1 & ,au/ralasian production 9 #aiag 0 less ?an "o-half ! production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ev]1 ,au/ralasia /ill ranks ?ird & produc$ #aa4c p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output 9 #aiac & ab\t #h4c p] c5t4 9 #aiag4 ,au/ralia4--,gold 0 discov]$ 9 ,au/ralia 9 #ahci & p]haps ev5 z e>ly z #ahbc4 ,fe>+ ! unsettl+ effect ( gold-seek+ on ! progress ( ! colony1 ! gov]nm5t au?orities kept ^! e>ly discov]ies a secret = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 #ahea1 h[ev]1 a m9] rec5tly return$ f ,cali=nia1 discov]$ gold ne> ,ba?ur/1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & a ru% simil> to ! ,cali=nian ru% began4 ,discov]ies 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry foll[$4 ,! ve9 deposits ( ,au/ralia occur 9 two di/9ct areas1 well sep>at$ bo? geographically & geologically4 ,! fir/ includes ! gold fields ( ! we/ & nor?we/ & ! o!r lies along ! great ,ea/]n ,cordill]a ( ,au/ralia & /ret*es nor?w>d f ,tasmania ?r\gh ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,que5sl&4 ,= _m ye>s ,victoria1 ! smalle/ ( ! /ates1 0 ! l>ge/ produc] ( gold1 & up to #aijh _h produc$ ab\t half ( ! total output ( ! commonweal?4 ,among ! e>li] returns 7 "s ( ! l>ge/ nuggets kn[n4 ,) ! discov]y 9 #ahib ( ! s5sational field ( ,coolg>die1 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 a /ate previ\sly believ$ to be )\t m9]al weal?1 ,victoria dropp$ to second place4 ,kalgoorlie is ! *ief t[n & c5t] ( ! gold-m9+ area 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,que5sl& ranks next to ,victoria4 ,a disa/r\s ru% occurr$ 9 #aheh1 & #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj m5 7 left />v+ on ! banks ( ! ,fitzroy ,riv]4 ,! m5 7 rescu$ by /eam]s s5t by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,a few ye>s lat] alluvial gold 0 f\nd ne> ,peak ,d[n1 ,cl]mont1 to ! pres5t day ! pr9cipal plac] region ( ,que5sl&4 ,*>t]s ,t[]s1 ! pres5t lead+ field ( ! /ate1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgb4 ,! ,m\nt ,morgan m9e is an isolat$ m9e ly+ n f> f ! sc5e ( ! ill-fat$ ru% ( #aheh4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ productive m9e ( ,que5sl&1 bo? 9 gold & copp]4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 al?\gh ! fir/ ,au/ralian /ate to yield gold 9 any important quantity1 n[ ranks f\r?4 ,tasmania & ,s\? ,au/ralia produce only a small am\nt ( gold4 ,new ,zeal&4--,9 #aheb1 ! ye> foll[+ ! ri* discov]ies 9 ,au/ralia1 gold du/ & gold enclos$ 9 qu>tz 7 f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ab\t #dj miles f ,auckl&1 b ?is discov]y prov$ to be ( little importance4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! ri* plac]s ( ,gabriel's ,gully 7 discov]$1 a discov]y :i* attract$ a ru% f ! ,au/ralian fields4 ,! gold fields ( ,new ,zeal& may be divid$ into ?ree well-def9$ & well-sep>at$ areas3 ! ,hu>aki gold field1 :i* conta9s valuable ve9 deposits b no plac]s2 ! ,we/ ,coa/ area1 9 :i* ! ve9 & alluvial occurr5ces are ( equal importance2 & ! ,otago area1 9 :i* ! aurif]\s alluvial gravels are important & ! few kn[n qu>tz ve9s h little economic value4 ,"s gold is produc$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralasia1 notably 9 ! ,briti% & ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 & 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,deposits ( little importance are report$ 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 & 9 ! =m] ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,,probable ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,specific pr$ictions reg>d+ *anges 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! s\rces ( ! _w's gold seem valueless4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! gold production ( ! pr9cipal fields has decreas$4 ,aside f any decl9e due to ! w> & ! att5d+ sc>city ( labor & high m9+ co/s1 x seems probable t ! gold output ( ! _w has rea*$ its z5i? & t fur!r decl9e is to be expect$ unless new ore bodies are add$ to kn[n res]ves or unless "s revolution>y me?od ( extract+ gold f ! l[-grade ores is discov]$4 ,al?\gh ! lead+ fields1 ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,au/ralia1 seem to h rea*$ or pass$ _! p]iod ( greate/ output1 !re are a numb] ( fields 9 unsettl$ & unexplor$ regions ( ! _w :i* may be expect$ to %[ increas$ production4 ,! possibilities ( ,sib]ia h already be5 m5tion$1 & x is ! op9ion ( _m eng9e]s t ?is region w ev5tually rival ,s\? ,africa4 ,s\? ,am]ica has produc$ an enorm\s quantity ( gold1 *iefly alluvial1 & is expect$ to yield an increas$ output 9 ! future4 ,! future ( ,s\? ,africa is problematical4 ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury ! greatly increas$ gold production has be5 due l>gely to ! exploitation ( ! l[-grade prop]ties1 ?is be+ made possible by improvem5ts 9 m9+ & metallurgy4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ?is developm5t has rea*$ a po9t :]e excessive labor co/s prev5t ! use ( ores ( a /ill l[] grade4 ,9 g5]al1 !re=e1 ! gold output ( ! _w may be expect$ to rema9 /atic or to decl9e1 at lea/ until ! level ( prices is s *ang$ t x is consid]$ pr(itable to exp5d capital 9 ! prospect+ & develop+ ( regions hi!rto unexplor$4 ,,political ,,control ,! political control may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage ( ,c\ntry #aiac production ,briti% ,empire #fb4i ,unit$ ,/ates #ai4c ,russia & ,sib]ia #e4h ,japan #a4h ,france #a4d ,belgium #j4b ,c5tral ,p[] #j4ee ,mexico #d4b ,o!r ,c\ntries #c4g ,great ,brita9 controll$ politically #fb4i p] c5t4 ( ! #aiac production1 ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty ov] ! ,transvaal1 ,au/ralia1 ,rhodesia1 ,canada1 & ,india4 ,o!r ,briti% possessions contribut+ small am\nts to ! _w output are ,briti% ,honduras1 ,briti% ,guiana1 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies1 ,egypt1 & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,all gold produc$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire mu/ be s5t to ,engl&4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates controll$ politically #ai4c p] c5t4 ( ! #aiac output1 practically all ( :i* came f cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,porto ,rico produc$ small am\nts4 ,russia is "o ( ! pr9cipal contributors to ! _w's gold supply1 produc+ #e4h p] c5t4 ( ! #aiac output4 ,mo/ ( ?is #e4h p] c5t4 came f ! m9es ( ,sib]ia1 & ! political control ( t region is /ill unsettl$4 ,mexico1 ) an output equal to #d4b p] c5t4 ( ! _w total1 0 ! l>ge/ produc] among ! neutral p[]s dur+ ! w>4 ,france controll$ #a4d p] c5t4 ( ! _w total1 a ?ird com+ f ! m9es 9 ,france & ! rema9d] f ! ,fr5* colonies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,japan controll$ #a4h p] c5t41 #a p] c5t4 com+ f ! ,japanese isl&s & ,=mosa1 & ! rema9d] f ,korea4 ,! re/ ( ! #aiac production1 am\nt+ to ab\t #d p] c5t41 0 widely scatt]$1 & 0 controll$ by a numb] ( nations ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,europe & ,asia4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t al?\gh ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates control politically ! important produc+ fields ( ! pres5t1 all ( :i* seem to h rea*$ _! maximum output1 ! control ( ! fields expect$ to be important produc]s 9 ! future is 9 diff]5t h&s4 ,dur+ ! w>1 p>ticul>ly dur+ its lat] mon?s1 mo/ ( ! bellig]5t nations & "s ( ! neutrals plac$ re/rictions on ! exportation ( gold1 ei!r z bullion or 9 manufactur$ =m4 ,9 normal times gold is all[$ to fl[ freely betwe5 nations1 z ne$$ to settle int]national trade balances4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,! comm]cial control ( ! gold res\rces ( ! _w is %[n 9 ,table #fh & 9 ,figure #bj4 ,9 exam9+ ! table & ! diagram ! read] %\ld rememb] t ! figures & p]c5tages are at be/ only e/imates4 ,mo/ gold m9es are own$ by companies ^: %>es are be>]'s %>es2 ^! are b\ght & sold 9 ! /ock m>kets ( _m f9ancial c5t]s4 ,today ! control may be 9 ! h&s ( "o gr\p1 tomorr[ 9 ! h&s ( ano!r4 ,because ( ?is ev]-*ang+ own]%ip1 x is difficult to det]m9e ! nationality ( ! comm]cial control1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re is any attempt to conceal ! nationality ( ! capital inve/$4 ,table & diagram1 h[ev]1 are believ$ to be approximately correct4 ,! in=mation ^u :i* !y are bas$ 0 obta9$ f m9+ manuals1 ! reports ( m9+ companies1 ! reports ( consul> ag5ts 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 & by p]sonal int]views ) m9+ eng9e]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,political & comm]cial control ( ! gold production ( ! _w4 ,table #fh may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,,( ,,gold ,,res\rces ,p]c5tage ( ,c\ntry #aiag production ,briti% ,empire #fc4j ,unit$ ,/ates #bc4j ,france #e4f ,russia #b4a ,japan #a4g ,*9a #j4hd ,belgium #j4e ,brazil #j4jg ,g]many #j4ha ,mexico #j4ba ,unclassifi$ #a4i ,x is int]e/+ to note t political control & comm]cial control are closely id5tical 9 ! case ( ! ,briti% ,empire & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fr5* control is mu* m important comm]cially ?an politically4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 little dome/ic capital is available1 & political control is mu* great] ?an comm]cial control4 ,comm]cial control1 if diff]5t f political control1 jo9s 9 a te/ ( /r5g? ) x 9 p]iods ( em]g5cy or unre/1 ) ! result t ! /rong] subdues ! weak]4 ,z reg>ds gov]nm5ts t are /rong & /able en\gh1 ! rec5t w> has demon/rat$ t ! elim9ation ( =eign capital inve/$ 9 a c\ntry is easy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 9 p>ticul>1 h tak5 ov] a great numb] ( companies =m]ly own$ by ,g]man int]e/s4 ,:]e ! gov]nm5t is n s /rong1 h[ev]1 ! comm]cial control1 back$ 9 _m in/ances by ! m vigor\s home gov]nm5ts f :i* ! inve/$ capital comes1 w9s ! day1 & political ev5ts are ?us det]m9$1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( ov]turn+ ! weak] gov]nm5t4 ,?us ! ov]turn+ ( ! ,bo] gov]nm5t & ! bir? ( ,briti% ,s\? ,africa 0 ! result ( ! cla% betwe5 ,briti% comm]cial control & ,bo] political control4 ,! "q ( ! control ( gold /ocks is discuss$ 9 ! report ( ! gold committee ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4#age ,! control ( /ocks 9 #aiaf is %[n graphically 9 ,figure #ba & is discuss$ m 9 detail 9 ! section foll[+1 8,position ( ,lead+ ,comm]cial ,nations40 #age ,report ( ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to /udy ! gold situation4 ,! gold m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are controll$ ma9ly by ,am]ican capital4 ,a few ( ! m9es are pr$om9antly ,briti%1 & %>es 9 o!r m9+ companies are und\bt$ly held 9 ,london1 b ! total production controll$ by ,great ,brita9 is small4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 rec5t ye>s #ie p] c5t4 ( ! annual output 0 controll$ by ,am]icans & ! rema9d] by ,briti%4 ,ov] half ( ! gold m9$ 9 ,canada comes f ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 *iefly f ! ,porcup9e di/rict4 ,9 #aiag & #aiah1 ! ,holl+] m9e1 own$ by ! ,holl+] ,gold ,m9es1 ,ltd41 0 ! ma9 produc]4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ gold m9es 9 ! _w1 hav+ paid ov] #i1jjj1jjj 9 divid5ds up to ! end ( #aiah4 ,! control ( ! company is held 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r m9e ( importance 9 ! ,porcup9e di/rict is ! ,mc,intyre1 own$ by ! ,mc,intyre ,porcup9e ,m9es1 ,ltd41 also ,am]ican4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ! greate/ produc+ camp is ,rossl&1 op]at$ by ! ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co41 controll$ by ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian capital4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ab\t two-?irds ( ! gold m9es ( ,canada are controll$ by ,unit$ ,/ates capital & ! rema9+ "o-?ird by ,briti% capital1 includ+ ,canadian4 ,,table #fh4--;,,f9ancial ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,gold ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 #aiag 7,p]c5tages are only approximate7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aiag ,production controll$ f9ancially by444 ,production ---------------------------------- #aiag ,unit$ ,unit$ ,c\ntry 79 doll>s7 ,/ates ,k+dom ,france ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,unit$ ,/ates #hc1gej1gjjgi1efc1afe #d1ahg1ece 444 ,canada #ae1bjj1jjj #aj1jjj1jjj #e1bjj1jjj 444 ,mexico #i1jjj1jjj #b1gjj1jjj #c1fjj1jjj #ijj1jjj ,c5tral ,am]ica #c1abb1jjj #gej1jjj #gej1jjj 444 ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,arg5t9a #d1fjj 444 444 444 ,bolivia #aae1jjj 444 444 444 ,*ile #bjj1jjj #bjj1jjj 444 444 ,brazil #b1ieh1jjj 444 #b1ffb1bjj 444 ,colombia #f1bjj1jjj #fbj1jjj #c1jjj1jjj #ijj1jjj ,guiana3 ,briti% #fjj1jjj 444 #fjj1jjj 444 ,dut* #djj1jjj 444 #abe1jjj #abe1jjj ,fr5* #a1ejj1jjj 444 444 #a1ejj1jjj ,p]u #a1cjj1jjj #a1cjj1jjj 444 444 ,o!r ,s4 ,am]ica #a1ceg1jjj 444 444 444 ,europe3 ,au/ria- #b1agi1jjj ,hung>y #agf 444 444 444 ,france #gjj1jjj 444 444 #gjj1jjj ,g]many #ace1fjj 444 444 444 #agf ,great ,brita9 #e1jjj 444 #e1jjj 444 ,italy #b1jjj 444 444 444 ,russia & ,sib]ia #ah1jjj1jjj 444 #i1jjj1jjj 444 ,s]bia #cbh1jjj 444 444 444 #agf ,sw$5 #aj1jjj 444 444 444 ,turkey #agfejj 444 444 444 ,asia3 ,*9a #c1fjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,*os5 7,korea7 #d1ddd1jjj #b1ejj1jjj 444 444 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #b1hah1jjj 444 #b1ajj1jjj 444 ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #cdb1cjj 444 #cdb1cjj 444 ,fr5* ,indo- ,*9a #ej1jjj 444 444 #ej1jjj ,japan & ,=mosa #e1eie1bjj 444 444 444 ,india & ,briti% ,indies #aj1gef1hjj 444 #aj1gef1hjj 444 ,au/rala- sia #ce1ide1ejj 444 #ce1ide1ejj 444 ,africa3 ,belgian ,congo #b1jjj1jjj #ejj1jjj 444 444 ,egypt & ,sudan #aej1jjj 444 #aej1jjj 444 ,g]man ,ea/ #bec1bjj ,africa #agf 444 444 444 ,madagas- c> #a1jjj1jjj 444 444 #a1jjj1jjj ,rhodesia #ad1ihh1fjj 444 #ad1ihh1fjj 444 ,transvaal #ahf1bed1bef 444 #afg1fbi1bef #ah1fbe1jjj ,we/ ,africa 7,briti%7 #g1dce1dhh 444 #g1dce1dhh 444 ,undis- tribut$ #b1ghe1fef 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total 7#aiag7 #dbb1eij1ajjih1acc1afebfh1dgg1fgibc1hjj1 jjj ,total 79- clud+ #aiac figures7 #dbe1dhf1djj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] c5t4 ( _w production #ajj #bc #fc #e4f ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aiag ,production controll$ f9ancially by444 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,c\ntry ,belgium ,japan ,*9a ,russia ,brazil ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,unit$ ,/ates 444 444 444 444 444 ,canada 444 444 444 444 444 ,mexico 444 444 444 444 444 ,c5tral ,am]ica 444 444 444 444 444 ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,arg5t9a 444 444 444 444 444 ,bolivia 444 444 444 444 444 ,*ile 444 444 444 444 444 ,brazil 444 444 444 444#bie1hjj ,colombia #fbj1jjj 444 444 444 444 ,guiana3 ,briti% 444 444 444 444 444 ,dut* 444 444 444 444 444 ,fr5* 444 444 444 444 444 ,p]u 444 444 444 444 444 ,o!r ,s4 ,am]ica 444 444 444 444 444 ,europe3 ,au/ria- ,hung>y 444 444 444 444 444 ,france 444 444 444 444 444 ,g]many 444 444 444 444 444 ,great ,brita9 444 444 444 444 444 ,italy 444 444 444 444 444 ,russia & ,sib]ia 444 444 444#i1jjj1jjj 444 ,s]bia 444 444 444 444 444 ,sw$5 444 444 444 444 444 ,turkey 444 444 444 444 444 ,asia3 ,*9a 444 444#c1fjj1jjj 444 444 ,*os5 7,korea7 444#a1idd1jjj 444 444 444 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies 444 444 444 444 444 ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates 444 444 444 444 444 ,fr5* ,indo- ,*9a 444 444 444 444 444 ,japan & ,=mosa 444 #e1eie1bjj 444 444 444 ,india & ,briti% ,indies 444 444 444 444 444 ,au/rala- sia 444 444 444 444 444 ,africa3 ,belgian ,congo #a1ejj1jjj 444 444 444 444 ,egypt & ,sudan 444 444 444 444 444 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa 444 444 444 444 444 ,madagas- c> 444 444 444 444 444 ,rhodesia 444 444 444 444 444 ,transvaal 444 444 444 444 444 ,we/ ,africa 7,briti%7 444 444 444 444 444 ,undis- tribut$ 444 444 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total 7#aiag7 #b1abj1jjjg1eci1bjjc1fjj1jjji1jjj1jjjbie 1hjj ,total 79- clud+ #aiac figures7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p] c5t4 ( _w production #j4e #a4g #j4hd #b4a #j4jg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #aiag ,production controll$ f9ancially by444 ---------------------------------------- ,un- ,c\ntry ,total ,allies ,g]many ,mexico classifi$ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,unit$ ,/ates #hc1gej1gjj 444 444 444 ,canada #ae1bjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,mexico #g1bjj1jjj #ijj1jjjijj1jjj 444 ,c5tral ,am]ica #a1ejj1jjj 444 444#a1fbb1jjj ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,arg5t9a 444 444 444 #d1fjj ,bolivia 444 444 444 #aae1jjj ,*ile #bjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,brazil #b1ieh1jjj 444 444 444 ,colombia #e1adj1jjj 444 444 #a1jfj1jjj ,guiana3 ,briti% #fjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,dut* #bej1jjj 444 444 #aej1jjj ,fr5* #a1ejj1jjj 444 444 444 ,p]u #a1cjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,o!r ,s4 ,am]ica 444 444 444 #a1ceg1jjj ,europe3 ,au/ria- #b1agi1jjj ,hung>y 444 #agf 444 444 ,france #gjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,g]many 444 #ace1fjj 444 444 #agf ,great ,brita9 #e1jjj 444 444 444 ,italy 444 444 444 #b1jjj ,russia & ,sib]ia #ah1jjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,s]bia 444 444 444 #cbh1jjj #agf ,sw$5 444 444 444 #aj1jjj ,turkey 444 444 444 #agfejj ,asia3 ,*9a #c1fjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,*os5 7,korea7 #d1ddd1jjj 444 444 444 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #b1ajj1jjj 444 444 #gah1jjj ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates #cdb1cjj 444 444 444 ,fr5* ,indo- ,*9a #ej1jjj 444 444 444 ,japan & ,=mosa #e1eie1bjj 444 444 444 ,india & ,briti% ,indies #aj1gef1hjj 444 444 444 ,au/rala- sia #ce1ide1ejj 444 444 444 ,africa3 ,belgian ,congo #b1jjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,egypt & ,sudan #aej1jjj 444 444 444 ,g]man ,ea/ #bec1bjj ,africa #agf 444 444 ,madagas- c> #a1jjj1jjj 444 444 444 ,rhodesia #ad1ihh1fjj 444 444 444 ,transvaal #ahf1bed1bef 444 444 444 ,we/ ,africa 7,briti%7 #g1dce1dhh 444 444 444 ,undis- tribut$ 444 444 444 #b1ghe1fef ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total 7#aiag7 #dab1ife1hddc1dfg1hjjijj1jjjh1aeb1gef ,total 79- clud+ #aiac figures7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p] c5t4 ( _w production #if4ha #j4ha #j4ba #a4i ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,c\ntry ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,unit$ #ie p] c5t4 by ,unit$ ,/ates capital2 #e p] c5t4 by ,/ates ,briti%4 ,canada #ff p] c5t4 by ,unit$ ,/ates capital2 #cc p] c5t4 by ,briti%4 ,mexico ,capital control3 ,briti% #dj p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates #cj p] c5t42 ,fr5* #aj p] c5t42 ,g]man #aj p] c5t4 & ,mexican #aj p] c5t4 ,c5tral #ej p] c5t4 by natives2 #be p] c5t4 ea* by ,unit$ ,am]ica ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,arg5t9a ,bolivia ,*ile ,brazil #ij p] c5t4 by ,briti% capital4 ,colombia ,capital control3 #ej p] c5t4 ,briti%2 #ae p] c5t4 ,fr5*2 #aj p] c5t4 ,belgian2 #aj p] c5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates2 & #ae p] c5t4 local4 ,guiana3 ,briti% ,dut* ,fr5* ,p]u ,o!r ,s4 ,am]ica ,europe3 ,au/ria- ,hung>y ,france ,g]many ,great ,brita9 ,italy ,russia & ,l>ge "p ( ,russian production probably controll$ by ,sib]ia ,g]man capital4 ,situation unc]ta94 ,s]bia ,sw$5 ,turkey ,asia3 ,*9a ,probably controll$ l>gely by ,japanese & o!r =eign capital4 ,*os5 ,"p ( production cr$it$ to ,japan controll$ by 7,korea7 ,briti%4 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates ,fr5* ,indo- ,*9a ,japan & ,=mosa ,india & ,briti% ,indies ,au/rala-,be=e w> consid]able capital controll$ by ,g]mans4 sia ,small blocks n[ own$ by ,dut* & ,belgians4 ,africa3 ,belgian ,congo #be p] c5t4 by ,am]ican capital4 ,egypt & ,sudan ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa ,madagas- c> ,rhodesia ,transvaal,be=e w> controll$ 9 l>ge "p by ,g]man int]e/s4 ,at pres5t3 ,briti%1 #ij p] c5t42 ,fr5*1 #aj p] c5t4 ,we/ ,africa 7,briti%7,probably all controll$ by ,briti% capital4 ,undis- tribut$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total 7#aiag7 ,total 79- clud+ #aiac figures7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ( _w production ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #agf ,production 9 #aiac4 ,lat] figures n available4 ,! gold m9es ( ,mexico are own$ by ,briti%1 ,am]ican & ,fr5* capital 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! pr9cipal m9+ companies ( ! ,el ,oro di/rict1 ! lead+ gold di/rict ( ! republic1 are ,el ,oro ,m9+ ,railway ,co41 ,ltd41 ,esp]anza1 ,ltd41 & ! ,dos ,e/rellas ,m9+ ,co4 ,briti% capital controls ,el ,oro ,m9+ ,railway ,co41 ,ltd41 & #ea p] c5t4 ( ! %>es ( ,esp]anza1 ,ltd41 ! rema9+ #di p] c5t4 be+ controll$ by ,am]icans4 ,! ,fr5* h be5 acquir+ control ( m9+ prop]ties 9 ,el ,oro di/rict 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!y n[ own ,dos ,e/rellas ,m9+ ,co41 & ! ,mexico ,m9es ( ,el ,oro1 ,ltd4 ,bo? companies 7 previ\sly controll$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,dolores m9e1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,*ihuahua1 "o ( ! fam\s gold m9es ( ,mexico1 is own$ by ! ,m9es ,company ( ,am]ica1 an ,am]ican corporation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,/ocks ( gold 9 banks1 public treasuries & 9 circulation 9 pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w 9 #aiaf4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,durango1 ! gold m9es1 mo/ ( :i* also produce silv]1 are own$ by ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 7,am]ican71 ! ,bacis ,gold ,silv] ,m9es ,co4 7,briti%71 & ! ,inde ,gold ,m9+ ,co4 7,am]ican74 ,mo/ ( ! gold-silv] m9es ( ! ,/ate ( ,guanajuato h be5 develop$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,! ,/ate ( ,s9aloa is becom+ a gold-produc+ region2 ! ,palm>ito m9es ( ! ,mocorito di/rict & ! ,m9as de ,tajo at ,ros>io are own$ by ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ! copp] ores ( ,sonora4 ,mo/ ( ! m9es ( ! di/rict are controll$ by ,am]icans4 ,! m9es ( ,*ihuahua1 ,hidalgo1 & ,zacatecas are prim>ily silv] m9es b _! ores c>ry "s gold4 ,9 ,*ihuahua1 ,am]ican capital is probably pr$om9ant1 ) ,briti% rank+ second4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ,g]man int]e/s1 ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,metal ,co4 & its subsidi>ies1 h be5 acquir+ control ( prop]ties 9 ,*ihuahua & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,mexico4 ,g]man capital is also inve/$ 9 ,zacatecas1 ! ma9 company be+ controll$ by ,a4 ,go]z ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! m9es ( ! ,/ate ( ,hidalgo1 ! lead+ silv]-produc+ di/rict ( ,mexico1 are own$ by ,am]ican1 ,briti% & ,mexican capital4 ,! gold m9es ( ,c5tral ,am]ica#agg are ( "s importance at pres5t1 & production may increase some:at 9 ! future4 ,! m9es are own$ = ! mo/ "p by ,am]ican & ,briti% capital1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,subsidi>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,fruit ,co41 & ! ,tonopah ,m9+ ,co41 bo? ,am]ican1 op]ate prop]ties 9 ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua4 #agg 8,inve/m5ts 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies10 ,special ,ag5t ,s]ies ,no4 #afi1 ,bureau ( ,=eign & ,dome/ic ,comm]ce1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 #aiah4 ,9 ,colombia1 ! lead+ gold-produc+ c\ntry ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 mo/ ( ! l>ge companies are ,briti%1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,pato ,m9es1 ! ,ne*i ,m9es1 & ! ,front9o & ,bolivia ,m9es4 ,a ,belgian company1 ! ,plat9um ,gold ,concessions ( ,colombia1 ,ltd41 & a ,fr5* company1 ! ,san ,antonio ,gold ,m9es ,co41 ,ltd41 h rec5tly acquir$ gold-m9+ concessions4 ,am]ican capital is also inve/$ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! two mo/ important m9+ companies ( ,brazil1 ! ,/4 ,john del ,rey ,m9+ ,co41 ,ltd41 & ! ,ouro ,preto ,gold ,m9es ( ,brazil1 ,ltd41 are "u ,briti% managem5t4 ,"s ,fr5* capital is int]e/$ 9 ! latt] prop]ty4 ,mo/ ( ! m9es ( ,fr5* ,guiana are controll$ by ,fr5* companies4 ,9 ! rema9+ ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries gold m9+ is ( comp>atively little importance4 ,production is controll$ l>gely by ,briti% & ,am]ican capital4 ,! =eign capital inve/$ 9 ! m9es ( ,sib]ia & ,russia is ma9ly ,briti%1 ?\gh ,g]many is kn[n to h be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,"s ,russian capital1 especially t furni%$ by ! l>ge ,russian banks1 0 inve/$ 9 ,sib]ian m9+ prop]ties4 ,! m9+ laws ( ! old ,russian ,empire provid$ t m9]al prop]ties c\ld be held bo? by =eign & ,russian companies "u concessions or leases grant$ by ! cr[n or "u leases f ,russian e/ates4 ,9 _m cases =eign capitali/s =m$ hold+ companies to acquire a controll+ int]e/ 9 a ,russian company 9 ^: "n ! prop]ty 0 held & op]at$4 ,mo/ ( ^! hold+ companies _h _! ma9 (fices 9 ,london & mo/ ( ! directors 7 ,briti% citiz5s4 ,control 0 app>5tly ,briti%4 ,! %>es ( ! companies 7 be>]s' %>es1 h[ev]1 & 7 trad$ 9 ext5sively on ! ,petrograd ex*ange4 ,! mo/ important gold-m9+ di/rict ( ,sib]ia is 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,irkutsk1 on ! ,l5a ,riv]4 ,a ,russian company1 ! ,l5skoie ,gold ,indu/rial ,co41 has be5 op]at+ ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ?is di/rict s9ce #ahfc4 ,! directors ( ! company are ,russian ,jews4 ,a ,briti% company1 ! ,l5a ,goldfields1 ,ltd41 held #gj p] c5t4 ( ! %>es ( ! ,l5skoie ,co41 b 9 #aiag complet$ ! sale ( #ea1jjj %>es ( /ock to a ,petrograd gr\p includ+ ! ,imp]ial ,=eign ,corporation1 ,ltd41 & ! ,russian & ,engli% ,bank4 ,! ,l5a ,goldfields1 ,ltd41 n[ owns less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! ,l5skoie /ock4 ,a pyrite-copp] m9e yield+ en\gh gold z a by-product to make ! pr(it is locat$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,p]m1 s\!rn di/rict ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & is own$ by ! ,ky%tim ,m9+ ,works1 a ,russian company controll$ by ! ,ky%tim ,corporation1 ,ltd41 ( ,london4 ,! company holds a l>ge concession1 includ+ =e/s1 f>ms1 & m9]al l&4 ,! control ( ! ,ky%tim ,corporation is app>5tly ,briti%4 ,! ,tanalyk ,corporation is controll$ by practically ! same int]e/s z ^? controll+ ! ,ky%tim ,corporation & 0 organiz$ to acquire entire control ( ! ,s\? ,urals ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 ,! prop]ty ( ! company1 situat$ 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,orsk1 ,or5burg gov]nm5t1 s\!rn ,urals1 is only a prospect & has n be5 fully develop$4 ,x includes a total area ( #bh1cej acres ( timb] & m9]al l&4 ,! ore conta9s copp]1 gold1 & silv]1 ! copp] cont5t be+ ! mo/ valuable4 ,dur+ #aiag1 ! %>es held 9 ! ,ky%tim ,m9+ ,works & ! ,s\? ,urals ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 7 ve/$ 9 ! ,canadian ,developm5t ,corporation1 ,ltd41 a company regi/]$ 9 ,canada1 probably = ! purpose ( escap+ ! high ,briti% income taxes4 ,! transf] involv$ no *ange ( control1 z ! two ,briti% hold+ companies1 ! ,ky%tim ,corporation & ! ,tanalyk ,corporation1 ,ltd41 control ! ,canadian company4 ,! ,kol*an plac] prop]ty1 9 ! ,okhotsk m9+ prov9ce ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 has be5 leas$1 = a royalty bas$ on ! gross output ( gold1 by ! ,orsk ,goldfields1 ,ltd41 a ,briti% company1 f ! ,russo-,asiatic ,bank4 ,! ,orsk ,goldfields1 ,ltd41 orig9ally controll$ a gold-m9+ prop]ty 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,or5burg1 s\!rn ,urals1 b ab&on$ ! lease & option4 ,a great deal ( gold is produc$ 9 ,sib]ia z a by-product ( copp]1 lead1 & z9c m9es4 ,! control ( ^! m9es is mu* ! same z ! control ( ! above-m5tion$ gold prop]ties--,briti% ) ,russian %>ehold]s1 *iefly repres5tative ( ,russian banks4 ,japanese control is be+ exp&$1 especially 9 ea/]n ,sib]ia4 ,x 0 report$ 9 ! ,japanese press1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 t ! ,japanese special f9ancial mission 0 plann+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,japan-,russian p>tn]%ip ent]prise simil> to ! ,japan-,*9a ,indu/rial ,association = ! purpose ( obta9+ f ! ,russian au?orities rights 9 ! ,sib]ian m9+ & =e/ areas & ( exploit+ ! natural res\rces ( ,sib]ia4 ,x 0 propos$ t among ! inve/ors 9 ! p>tn]%ip %\ld be includ$ ,russian capitali/s1 ! ,s\? ,man*urian ,railway1 ! ,ea/ ,asia ,developm5t ,co41 ! ,japan-,*9a ,m]cantile ,association1 & capitali/s ( ! ,ent5te c\ntries4 ,practically all ( ! output ( ,india comes f ! m9es ( ! ,kol> reef ( ,mysore4 ,!re are six l>ge produc+ companies1 z foll[s3 ,*ampion ,reefs ,m9+ ,co41 ( ,india1 ,ltd42 ,gold ,fields ( ,mysore & ,g5]al ,exploration1 ,ltd42 ,mysore ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 ,ltd42 ,nundydroog ,co41 ,ltd42 ,balaghat ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 ,ltd42 & ,ooregum ,gold ,m9+ ,co4 ( ,india1 ,ltd4 ,! companies are all ,briti% & are own$ by closely connect$ int]e/s4 ,o!r op]at+ companies 9 ,india are ! ,hutti 7,nizam's7 ,gold ,m9es1 ,ltd41 ( ,hyd]abad1 s\!rn ,india2 & ! ,nor!rn ,anantapur ,gold ,m9es1 ,ltd41 & ,jibutil 7,anantapur7 ,gold ,m9es1 ,ltd41 ,madras ,presid5cy1 all be+ ,briti% companies4 ,9 ,japan ! /ate res]ves to itself ! "r ( orig9al own]%ip 9 all ores1 & grants to individuals or companies ! "r to "w ! deposits4 ,"u ! law ( #ahij1 a =eign] 0 disqualifi$ f work+ a m9e & 0 n p]mitt$ to become a memb] ( a m9+ e/abli%m5t1 s t ! "r ( work+ m9es 0 exclusively res]v$ = ,japanese subjects4 ,by an am5dm5t ( ! m9+ regulations 9 #aijj1 bus9ess e/abli%m5ts organiz$ by ,japanese or =eign]s or by bo? are n[ p]mitt$ to "w m9es1 provid$ su* e/abli%m5ts are plac$ "u ,japanese laws4 ,a bill 0 rec5tly introduc$ into ! ,japanese ,p>liam5t propos+ to grant ! privilege ( m9+ & prop]ty rights to =eign]s4 ,japanese capital has almo/ complete control ( ! gold m9es ( ! empire4 ,! pr9cipal gold m9es are own$ by ! foll[+ companies3 ,tanak ,*obei 7,=mosa71 ,mitsubi%i ,co4 7,sado71 ,%imadzu ,tada%ige 7,satsuma71 ,fujita ,co4 7,riku*u & ,=mosa71 ,kimura ,k9t>o 7,=mosa71 & ,u%io ,gold ,m9e ,co4 7,satsuma74 ,! mo/ valuable ( ! m9]al concessions ( ,*os5 7,korea71 includ+ gold1 are 9 ! h&s ( =eign companies1 ! majority ( :i* are ,am]ican4 ,! ,ori5tal ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,co41 an ,am]ican company1 controls ! ,unsan m9es 9 ,nor? ,pyong-an ,prov9ce1 nor?we/]n ,korea1 ! mo/ important gold-produc+ prop]ty ( ! c\ntry4 ,! concession includes #fjj squ>e miles on ! ,anju ,riv] & has ab\t #ba ye>s to run1 ) ! option ( r5ewal = #ae ye>s4 ,! op]at+ company pays #ae1jjj annually to ! ,korean gov]nm5t4 ,ore res]ves 7 e/imat$ on ,july #a1 #aiaf1 at #heb1jjj tons1 valu$ at #d1hbc1jjj4 ,! ,*iksan m9es1 9 ,s\? ,*oon*ong ,prov9ce1 are also manag$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,! ,suan m9es1 9 ,:anghai ,prov9ce1 7 orig9ally controll$ by a ,briti% company b h be5 leas$ to an ,am]ican company4 ,an ,italian company owns m9es 9 ,nor? ,pyong-an ,prov9ce1 & a ,briti% company is op]at+ 9 ,nor? ,*oon*ong ,prov9ce4 ,a ,g]man company own$ m9es1 n 9 full work+ ord]1 9 ,nor? ,pyong-an ,prov9ce1 b ! prop]ties h d\btless be5 seiz$ by ! ,japanese gov]nm5t4 ,japanese & ,korean m9]s own & op]ate ! small] m9es ( ! c\ntry1 ! output ( :i* has decreas$ greatly dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! gold output ( ,*9a 9 #aiag am\nt$ to #c1fjj1jjj1 ! deposits are small & widely scatt]$ & are own$ & op]at$ almo/ exclusively by ! native m9]s4 ,"s ( ! l>g] m9es h be5 f9anc$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( ! prov9ces4 ,9 "s prov9ces ! own]s ( m9+ prop]ty are n p]mitt$ to seek inve/m5ts ( =eign capital unless !y are unable to f9ance ! prop]ty )9 ! prov9ce4 ,prospect+ has be5 c>ri$ on 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s1 b no deposits h be5 discov]$ suffici5tly promis+ to attract =eign inve/ors4 ,9 view ( _! activity 9 develop+ ! o!r natural res\rces ( ,*9a1 x is probable t ! ,japanese w attempt to control ! indu/ry %\ld any important deposits be discov]$4 ,9 ! ,transvaal all m9]als belong to ! gov]nm5t & n to ! own]s ( ! surface ( ! l&4 ,:5 gold1 or any o!r m9]al1 is discov]$1 a "p ( ! t]ritory 7less ?an half7 is res]v$ = ! own] ( ! l&1 ano!r "p = ! discov]] ( ! m9]al1 & ! rema9d] is op5 to location4 ,at pres5t ! own]%ip ( m9]al l&s is be+ reta9$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! "r to exploit ! m9]al weal? is grant$ on a lease to ! highe/ bidd]1 ! bids be+ bas$ ^u a p]c5tage ( pr(its1 grad$ accord+ to work+ co/s & grade ( ore4 ,a tax ( #aj p] c5t4 on pr(its1 all[+ = amortization ( capital1 is levi$ on all gold-m9+ prop]ties4 ,be=e ! w>1 practically all ! gold m9es ( ! ,witwat]sr& 7 controll$ by ,briti% & ,g]man capital4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican company ent]$ ! field 9 #aiag & "s ,fr5* capital has also be5 inve/$4 ,! ,g]man position 0 /rong1 z ! ,g]man companies controll$ half1 & p]haps m1 ( ! capital inve/$ 9 gold m9es4 ,! report ( ! ,s\? ,african ,cu/odian ( ,enemy ,prop]ty issu$ e>ly 9 #aiah %[$ t no less ?an #bf1jjj enemy %>ehold]s 9 gold1 coal1 & o!r m9+ conc]ns 9 ! ,union own$ /ock to ! aggregate nom9al value ( #cg1ejj1jjj4 ,z gold is by f> ! mo/ important m9]al ( ! ,transvaal1 x is probable t ! great] "p ( ?is ,g]man capital 0 inve/$ 9 gold m9es4 ,! enemy firms 7 w\nd up or w5t into volunt>y liquidation1 & enemy %>es 9 m9+ corporations to ! face value ( #bd1jjj1jjj 7 tak5 *>ge ( by ! ,cu/odian ( ,enemy ,prop]ty4#agh #agh 8,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal10 ,may #aa1 #aiah1 p4 #hhh4 ,! control ( ! gold m9es ( ! ,transvaal is c5t]$ 9 ! foll[+ six companies3 ,c5tral ,m9+ ,inve/m5t ,corporation1 ! ,consolidat$ ,m9es ,selection ,co41 ,johannesburg ,consolidat$ ,inve/m5t ,co41 ! ,consolidat$ ,goldfields ( ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,union ,corporation 7=m]ly ,ed ,go]z ,co471 & ! ,g5]al ,m9+ ,f9ance ,corporation4 ,! la/ two companies 7 absolutely ,g]man be=e ! w>4 ,! ,c5tral ,m9+ ,inve/m5t ,corporation controls probably #ej p] c5t4 ( ! output ( ! di/rict4 ,am]ican capital is int]e/$ 9 ! ,consolidat$ ,m9es ,selection ,co4 ,ano!r ,am]ican company1 ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,corporation ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,ltd41 0 regi/]$ at ,pretoria on ,septemb] #be1 #aiag1 ) an issu$ capital ( #a1jjj1jjj4 ,! imm$iate object ( ! corporation is to p>ticipate 9 t5d]+ = leases ( c]ta9 ,f> ,ea/ ,r& gold-m9+ areas4#agi #agi ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,decemb] #ae1 #aiag1 p4 #ajcc4 ,x has be5 report$ t ,fr5* capital controls ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! annual output4 ,= _m ye>s ! majority ( ! m9+ eng9e]s 9 ! ,transvaal 7 ,am]icans4 ,! ,g]mans _h n only acquir$ a consid]able control ?r\gh ! inve/m5t ( capital 9 m9+ prop]ties1 b !y also ex]cis$ control ?r\gh _! trade 9 m9e supplies4 ,or5/e9-,ar?ur ,koppel ,co4 _h e/abli%$ an important trade 9 rails1 m9e trucks1 & simil> supplies1 & cont9u$ to d bus9ess ev5 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,soon aft] ! s9k+ ( ! ,lusitania1 a mob de/roy$ ! (fices ( ! company 9 ,johannesburg & burn$ a /ock ( mu*-ne$$ supplies4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> x 0 fe>$ t !re might be s]i\s ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! gold-m9+ indu/ry cont9u+ a normal c\rse1 because ( ! possible difficulty 9 obta9+ en\gh ( ! cyanide1 m]cury1 & z9c us$ 9 gold extraction1 mu* ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly suppli$ by ,g]many4 ,! necess>y mat]ials 7 obta9$ f o!r s\rces1 h[ev]4 ,rhodesia is controll$ by ! ,briti% ,s\? ,african ,co41 organiz$ by ,cecil ,john ,rhodes1 = :om ! colony 0 nam$4 ,! company is entirely ,briti%2 x is ! gov]nm5t1 levies ! taxes1 adm9i/]s ! laws1 & controls ! m9+ indu/ry4 ,companies & individuals are p]mitt$ to locate m9+ claims mu* ! same z !y are 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,goldfields ,rhodesian ,developm5t ,co41 :i* has l>ge ,rhodesian m9+ int]e/s1 is an (f%oot ( ! ,consolidat$ ,goldfields ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is safe to say t ! gold m9es ( ,rhodesia are own$ & work$ entirely by ,briti% capital4 ,a p]c5tage tax is levi$ on ! output ( ! gold m9es4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 be=e ! w>1 mu* ! same conditions exi/$ z 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! l>ge gold-m9+ companies 7 seem+ly ,briti%2 _! headqu>t]s 7 ei!r 9 ,au/ralia or 9 ,london & _! directors & manag]s 7 ,briti%4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t a consid]able am\nt ( ,g]man capital 0 inve/$ 9 ! companies4 ,among ! important produc+ companies are ! ,associat$ ,gold ,m9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,great ,b\ld] ,propriet>y ,m9es1 ,ltd41 ,gold5 ,horse%oe ,e/ates ,co41 ,ltd41 ,ivanhoe ,gold ,corporation1 ,ltd41 all ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 ! ,m\nt ,morgan ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 ( ,que5sl&2 ! ,m\nt ,boppy ,gold ,m9+ ,co41 & ! ,m\nt ,lyell ,m9+ ,railway ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,tasmania4 ,?r\gh ! vigor\s action ( ! ,au/ralian prime m9i/]1 ,william ,m4 ,hughes1 ,g]man capital 0 expell$ e>ly 9 ! w> f all ! indu/ries ( ! commonweal?1 includ+ gold1 lead1 & z9c m9es1 smelt]s & ref9]ies1 & buy+ organizations4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiaf1 to safegu>d ! f9ancial position ( ! commonweal?1 ! prime m9i/] issu$ decrees provid+ t no new flotations ( companies or increases 9 ! capital ( exi/+ companies w\ld be all[$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! treasur] ( ! commonweal?2 t companies incorporat$ 9 ,au/ralia w\ld h ?ree mon?s to discont9ue ! hold+ ( _! %>es by p]sons ( enemy nationality or orig91 :e!r naturaliz$ or n2 & t 9 ! future no transf]s ( %>es to p]sons ( enemy nationality or orig9 w\ld be p]mitt$4#ahj #ahj ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports1 ,febru>y #ba1 #aiaf1 p4 #gcc4 ,! rema9+ c\ntries ( ! _w are ( little importance z gold produc]s2 h5ce a discussion ( ! comm]cial control ( _! m9es w\ld be ( little value4 ,9 mo/ ( !m ! m9+ prop]ties are own$ & op]at$ by dome/ic capital1 ! =m] ,empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y be+ "o exception to ?is g5]al /atem5t4 ,prior to ! w>1 ,briti% capital controll$ gold m9es 9 ,transylvania4 ,! own]%ip ( smelt]s & r$uction plants has little influ5ce ^u ! comm]cial control ( ! gold indu/ry4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge gold-m9+ companies h _! own ref9]ies at ! m9es1 & smelt] control is !re=e id5tical ) m9e control4 ,"s gold is produc$ z a by-product 9 ! smelt+ ( lead1 silv]1 & copp]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! smelt]s are controll$ almo/ entirely by ,am]ican capital4 ,fur!r discussion ( ! comm]cial control ( smelt]s & ref9]ies w be f\nd 9 ,*apt]s ,,xiv1 ,,xv1 & ,,xxx4 ,! control ( secret processes & pat5ts is ( less importance 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! gold-m9+ indu/ry ?an t ( any o!r m9]al4 ,! indu/ry is peculi> 9 t ! price ( gold is always fix$ & !re is no competition = a m>ket4 ,control ( an improv$ me?od ( extract+ or ref9+ gold might enable "o company to r$uce m9+ & ref9+ co/s & ?us insure a l>g] pr(it1 b giv+ ! improv$ process to a second company w\ld n necess>ily r$uce ! pr(its ( ! company t _h discov]$ x4 ,,position ,,( ,,lead+ ,,comm]cial ,,nations ,! ,unit$ ,/ates controll$ politically ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty #ai4c p] c5t4 ( ! gold production 9 #aiac1 rank+ next to ,great ,brita94 ,comm]cial control 0 some:at great]1 am\nt+ to approximately #bc p] c5t4 ( ! #aiag production4 ,! m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ almo/ exclusively by ,am]icans1 & ,am]ican capital is inve/$ 9 _m =eign fields4 ,ov] half1 p]haps z mu* z two-?irds1 ( ! m9es ( ,canada are own$ by ,unit$ ,/ates corporations4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ,korean companies are own$ or manag$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,two ,am]ican companies 7 e/abli%$ rec5tly 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,probably #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! gold produc$ 9 ,mexico 9 normal times comes f ! ,unit$ ,/ates own$ m9es4 ,! production ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 al?\gh at pres5t relatively unimportant1 is l>gely controll$ by ,am]icans4 ,al?\gh outrank$ 9 production by ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates controls by f> ! l>ge/ /ocks ( gold co9 & bullion ( any nation4 ,9 #aiaf !re 0 9 ! banks1 ! national treasuries1 & 9 circulation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #b1bii1ded1jjj1 or almo/ twice ! am\nt possess$ by any o!r nation4 ,9 #aiah ?is am\nt _h increas$ to #c1jej1jjj1jjj4 ,! monet>y res]ve probably exce$s ! total gold output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! record+ ( /ati/ics ( production began4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! national debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l[ z comp>$ ) ! debts ( ! o!r pr9cipal nations1 ! f9ancial sy/em ( ?is c\ntry is on a relatively s\nd basis4 ,:5 ! "t comes to r$eem ! out/&+ bonds & o!r =ms ( indebt$ness t h accru$ dur+ ! w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w und\bt$ly be 9 a m favorable position ?an any ( ! o!r bellig]5ts4 ,! /ocks ( gold 9 ! *ief gold-produc+ c\ntries 9 #aiaf are %[n diagrammatically 9 ,figure #ba4 ,great ,brita9 is ! lead+ gold-produc+ nation ( ! _w4 ,! ,briti% ,empire controll$ politically #fb4i p] c5t4 ( ! #aiac production1 & ,briti% comm]cial control approximat$ #fc p] c5t4 ,an insignificant am\nt ( gold is produc$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 b ! empire includes su* important gold produc]s z ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 ,rhodesia1 ,india1 & ,canada4 ,briti% capital also controls gold m9es 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,mexico1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,despite ! l>ge political & comm]cial control ex]cis$ by ! ,briti%1 ! gold /ocks ( ! ,briti% ,empire h be5 mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 #aiaf 7 surpass$ by ^? ( ,france4 ,! l&s "u ,fr5* control produce little gold1 ! output 9 #aiac be+ only #a4d p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total production4 ,less ?an #j4e p] c5t4 came f ,france itself & ! rema9d] 0 obta9$ f ,fr5* ,guiana & ,madagasc>4 ,fr5* capital has n /opp$ at national b\nd>ies1 h[ev]1 & has be5 inve/$ 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal fields1 z is %[n by ! fact t comm]cial control am\nt$ to #e4f p] c5t4 ( ! #aiag production4 ,9 ,mexico at lea/ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! capital controll+ gold m9es is ,fr5*1 & ! am\nt is /eadily increas+4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica--p>ticul>ly 9 ,colombia1 & ,dut* & ,fr5* ,guiana--"s ( ! l>ge companies are ,fr5*1 b mo/ ( ! gold controll$ comm]cially by ! ,fr5* comes f ! ,transvaal4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ,fr5* int]e/s control ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! production ( ,s\? ,africa s9ce ,g]man control has be5 elim9at$4 ,! gold res]ve ( ,france 0 l>ge be=e ! w> & rank$ second to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaf4 ,x is n[ 7#aibj7 r$uc$ to v small proportions4 ,al?\gh ,russia1 ) ,sib]ia1 is "o ( ! mo/ promis+ pot5tial s\rces ( ! future gold supply & produc$ #e4h p] c5t4 ( ! total 9 #aiac1 ,russian capital seem+ly controls only a small "p ( ! gold production ( ! _w4 ,! ,briti% are mo/ active 9 ,sib]ia1 & ,fr5* int]e/s are kn[n to h acquir$ prop]ty !re4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ,russian capitali/s control no gold deposits 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,9 #aiaf ! gold res]ve 9 ,russian banks1 treasuries1 & 9 circulation am\nt$ to #a1jeh1jjj1jjj1 b x is n kn[n :at has become ( ?is /ock s9ce ! ,bol%evi/s h be5 9 control4 ,at pres5t ! total is probably mu* small]4 ,japan controls only a small "p ( ! gold output ( ! _w1 ei!r politically or comm]cially4 ,"s gold is obta9$ f ,japan & ,=mosa1 all ( :i* is probably "u ,japanese f9ancial control4 ,! output ( ,korea1 claim$ by ! ,japanese z a "p ( _! empire s9ce #aiaj & at pres5t attempt+ to secure its indep5d5ce1 is controll$ by ,am]icans & o!r nationalities4 ,! small] m9es are own$ by ,japanese1 b ! l>g] concessions 7 grant$ to =eign]s by ! old ,korean gov]nm5t prior to #aiaj4 ,gold /ocks ( ,japan 7 e/imat$ at #adc1abh1jjj 9 #aiaf4 ,by ,decemb] #bf1 #aiah1 !y _h increas$ to #bbe1hbj1jjj4 ,9 addition ,japanese _h on deposit 9 ,london1 ,new ,york1 & ,p>is a total ( ab\t #eej1jjj1jjj4 ,! gold production controll$1 ei!r politically or comm]cially1 by ,g]many & ! c\ntries ( ! =m] empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y is relatively insignificant1 am\nt+ 9 bo? cases to less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,g]many has produc$ annually 9 its ,european t]ritory a little ov] #ajj1jjj1 & its only colony yield+ an appreciable am\nt 0 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 lo/ dur+ ! w>4 ,! m9es ( ,au/ria-,hung>y h be5 important 9 ! pa/1 b !y are n[ v old & 9 #aiac produc$ only #j4e p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total production4 ,x is und]/ood t "o ( ! l>ge/ op]at+ companies 9 ,transylvania be=e ! w> 0 ,briti%4 ,,summ>y ,! pr9cipal & mo/ ess5tial uses ( gold are z a measure ( value & a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,gold is also us$ 9 d5ti/ry1 & 9 ! arts = jewelry1 gild+1 & o!r =ms ( ornam5tation4 ,9 an em]g5cy o!r mat]ials c be sub/itut$ = ! latt] uses1 b any consid]able sub/itution = ! pr9cipal uses w\ld involve radical *anges 9 our monet>y & f9ancial sy/em4 ,gold is f\nd 9 rocks ( all geological ages f ,ar*ean to ,quat]n>y1 & also 9 m9ute quantities 9 ocean wat]4 ,only ! m conc5trat$ deposits c be work$ pr(itably4 ,x is believ$ t ! production f ! pres5t ma9 deposits has rea*$ its z5i?1 b fur!r important discov]ies w probably be made 9 ! ,arctic regions1 9 ! tropics1 or 9 o!r regions hi!rto unexplor$ by man4 ,sib]ia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & p]haps ,*9a are ! mo/ promis+ regions1 z ! m settl$ l&s h be5 already ?or\ghly prospect$4 ,gold is widely di/ribut$ geographically4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & comm]cially important m9es are work$ 9 e cont95t4 ,ov] #ge p] c5t4 ( ! total annual output ( ! _w comes f f\r c\ntries1 ! ,transvaal1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ralia1 & ,russia4 ,o!r important produc]s are ,rhodesia1 ,mexico1 ,canada1 ,india1 ,we/ ,africa1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,little gold is produc$ 9 ,europe or 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! deposits ( ! =m] cont95t1 at "o "t important1 are becom+ exhau/$4 ,) improv$ transportation facilities & ) fur!r exploration "w1 ! production ( ,s\? ,am]ica is expect$ to increase mat]ially4 ,great ,brita9 controls politically ov] #fj p] c5t4 ( ! annual gold production ( ! _w1 ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty ov] ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralasia1 ,rhodesia1 ,canada1 & ,india4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ranks second1 controll+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,russia controls ab\t #f p] c5t4 & ,mexico #d p] c5t4 ,! rema9+ #aj p] c5t4 is controll$ by _m c\ntries1 among !m be+ ,japan1 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ! ,c5tral ,p[]s4 ,! ext5t ( ,briti% political & comm]cial control is almo/ id5tical1 ,briti% int]e/s controll+ ov] #fj p] c5t4 ( ! production & own+ 9 addition to ! m9es 9 ! empire1 prop]ty 9 ,sib]ia1 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s control f9ancially ab\t #bc p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,! ,korean deposits are pr$om9antly ,am]ican own$4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital is also inve/$ 9 ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & rec5tly 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,al?\gh ! gold controll$ politically by ,france is ( little importance1 ,fr5* int]e/s control comm]cially ab\t #e4f p] c5t4 ( ! total annual production1 own+ m9es 9 ! ,transvaal1 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,g]man int]e/s _h ext5sive hold+s 9 ,s\? ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,silv] ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,pa9e ,,uses ,,( ,,silv] ,! *ief & ess5tial use ( silv] is z money4 ,?is =m ( consumption takes place ma9ly 9 ,india & ,*9a1 :]e silv] s]ves z a basis = ! settlem5t ( =eign ex*ange balances4 ,9 ,*9a1 silv] is ! money /&>d ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,india a gold /&>d is us$1 b f "t immemorial ! natives h ho>d$ silv] & inve/$ _! sav+s 9 silv] co9s & ornam5ts r ?an mak+ use ( banks1 bonds or o!r securities4 ,silv] is us$ = subsidi>y co9age 9 all c\ntries1 b su* co9s 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates c normally be replac$ to a consid]able ext5t by pap]1 z !y circulate at m ?an _! intr9sic value4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & o!r silv]-produc+ c\ntries silv] money is ext5sively us$4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( silv] is us$ 9 ! arts4 ,to a small degree su* consumption is = photographic or *emical "w b ma9ly = ! production ( jewelry & luxuri\s h\sehold w>es4 ,! use ( silv] jewelry 9 ,india is intimately relat$ to silv] ho>ds1 ! bank balance ( ! natives4 ,su* ho>ds are n[ ma9ly co91 h[ev]1 because co9 has become ( m /able value ?an ornam5ts s9ce ,india adopt$ ! gold /&>d4 ,be=e #aiad x 0 e/imat$ by ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t t two-?irds ( ! new silv] annually produc$ w5t into ! arts4 ,9 #aiab1 h[ev]1 co9age absorb$ ov] half ( ! #bbd1caj1jjj ounces produc$ by ! _w4 ,dur+ ! w> ! paym5t by ! ,allies = goods pur*as$ 9 ! ,ori5t div]t$ enorm\s /ores ( silv] to ,india & ,*9a4 ,9 ,europe great] am\nts ( silv] co9 7 ne$$ "u w> conditions4 ,moreov]1 ! l>ge issues ( pap] money make correspond+ increases 9 ! numb] ( silv] co9s desirable4 ,9 #aiae only #bj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's silv] 0 us$ 9 ! arts2 9 #aiaf1 #ae p] c5t4 0 s us$1 ! balance be+ co9$4 ,! importance ( silv] = ess5tial uses dur+ ! w> is be/ indicat$ by ! fact t old dead /ocks ( silv] co91 ,unit$ ,/ates doll>s 9 ! ,treasury1 ,manila doll>s1 etc41 _h to be call$ into s]vice4 ,a /age n rea*$ 0 ! melt+ d[n ( silv] plate & ornam5ts4 ,?is /age 0 rea*$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! case ( gold & probably ( silv]1 j z ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h begun to adopt su* a program to obta9 plat9um4 ,dur+ #aiaf our exports ( silv] exce$$ #baj1jjj1jjj1 surpass+ by #eh1jjj1jjj ! total copp] exports = ! same p]iod4 ,z long z ! c5turies-old cu/oms ( ,india & ,*9a fail to *ange1 silv] mu/ be consid]$ z rank+ ) gold z an ess5tial money metal ( intranational & int]national trade4 ,! l>ge use ( silv] 9 ! arts1 9 ! p]iod #aijj to #aiad1 a use naturally consid]$ z entirely a luxury1 leads to emphasis ^u ! non-ess5tial "* ( silv] consumption z a :ole4 ,:5 ! ,european w> broke out1 prices = silv]1 9 common ) mo/ metals & o!r commodities1 decl9$4 ,b silv] did n increase 9 price a few mon?s lat]1 z did base metals4 ,x 0 n until ! end ( #aiae t silv] sold z high z be=e ! w>1 & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! w> x sold s l[ t produc]s felt disc\rag$ & reg>d$ silv] z1 9 ! ma91 an article ( luxury4 ,on ! o!r side is ! fact t co9age ( silv] 9 ,europe increas$ trem5d\sly 9 #aiad & #aiae1 al?\gh x did n seem to (fset fully ! curtailm5t 9 manufacture ( silv]w>e & jewelry4 ,?is ne$ = co9age cont9u$ dur+ ! w> at an accel]at$ rate1 j z did ! dem&s = munitions & m54 ,! 8silv] bullet0 0 important 9 ,europe1 b /ill m ess5tial 9 br++ supplies f ! ,f> ,ea/ to ! battle fronts4 ,?is fact is confirm$ by ! advance 9 ! price ( silv] to sub/antially twice ! pre-w> quotation1 & _h a price n !n be5 fix$ ! advance w\ld probably h be5 great]4 ,! normal annual silv] production ( ! _w is ar\nd #aei1jjj1jjj ounces1 :]eas ! actual dem& = silv] dur+ #aiah exce$$ #ejj1jjj1jjj ounces4 ,all silv] us$ 9 ! arts by no means repres5ts consumption 9 luxuries4 ,silv] ent]s ! ess5tial *emical & photographic indu/ries to a consid]able degree4 ,at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! silv] consum$ 9 ! arts be=e ! w> repres5t$ jewelry us$ 9 ,india1 & ?is use is mu* m a =m ( inve/m5t by ! natives ?an x is 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t has be5 mu* conc]n$ ov] ! decl9+ output ( gold4 ,priorities dur+ ! w> 7 grant$ to ! gold indu/ry to place x 9 ! position ( a pref]r$ w> indu/ry4 ,silv] _c be consid]$ z be+ 9 a diff]5t position1 al?\gh silv] produc]s receiv$ priorities m z produc]s ( base metals & gold ?an ( silv] alone4 ,! cr$it & f9ance ( ! _w is greatly help$ by maximum gold production1 b ( little less importance is a l>ge supply ( silv]1 = al?\gh gold has become ! g5]al /&>d ( money1 silv] is /ill1 z ?r\gh\t man's hi/ory1 "o ( ! two preci\s or money metals4 ,x is at lea/ a crut* to aid gold4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w silv] ranks equal ) or z m important ?an gold = a money /&>d4 ,else:]e1 9 c\ntries :]e pap] curr5cy is freely accept$ by sell]s1 x is n an ess5tial money metal1 e4g41 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ev]1 silv] ) gold helps to support ! cr$it & /&+ ( pap] money 9 ,europe today1 & 9 c\ntries ) less elaborate f9ancial sy/ems x directly replaces & s cons]ves gold4 ,silv] !n is consid]$ to be an ess5tial metal ( ! _w's f9ance1 trade1 & indu/ry4 ,x belongs ) ! gr\p ( vital m9]al raw mat]ials & c n be class$ ) diamonds or o!r non-ess5tial m9]al products4 ,! unlimit$ m9+ & production ( silv] _c be consid]$ z an end 9 itself1 z ,spa9 f\nd out 9 ! days ( ! conqu]ors4 ,b ! pres5t silv] production is n 9 excess ( ! real ne$s4 ,9 fact !re may be expect$ to be a great %ortage ( capital because ( ! great de/ructive effects ( ! _w w>4 ,silv] production adds to ! /ock ( money1 increases confid5ce 9 f9ancial conditions & furni%es1 ) & subsidi>y to gold1 a basis = cr$it4 ,9 ! imm$iate future a maximum silv] production may be ( z great or great] importance to ! _w ?an ev] be=e4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,ab\t "o-half ( ! silv] output ( ! _w is obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! w9n+ ( o!r metals1 notably lead & copp]4 ,su* production comes f deposits ( all geologic ages4 ,! silv] obta9$ f high-grade silv] ores associat$ ) m9or am\nts ( gold or base metals is n[ d]iv$ *iefly f ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,pre-,cambrian deposits are ( "s importance1 e4g4 ,cobalt1 ,ont>io2 b ! ,t]ti>y is ! great s\rce ( silv] ores4 ,! ,mexican m9es1 :i* are by f> ! mo/ important z produc]s ( silv] ores1 are associat$ ) ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks4 ,a simil> association occurs to ! s\?1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,p]u1 & ,bolivia4 ,! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,nevada1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,montana1 occur "u simil> conditions4 ,?is is also true ( ! *ief work$-out deposits ( rec5t silv]-m9+ hi/ory--! ,com/ock ,lode4 ,a great deal ( silv] has be5 m9$ 9 ,europe 9 ! pa/1 *iefly f ri* silv] deposits :i* are n[ l>gely exhau/$4 ,geologic conditions "h are obscure1 because ! m9+ 0 complet$ s long ago4 ,9 ! future1 ,mexico & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9-,&es ,cordill]a w be ! *ief region = ! m9+ ( ri* silv] ores4 ,! pre-,cambrian areas ( ,canada may cont9ue to be ( "s importance4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,a g5]aliz$ table ( normal outputs is z foll[s3 ,,table #fi4--,,pres5t ,,normal ,,output ,,( ,,silv] ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c\ntry ,by-product,/raight silv] silv] deposits ,notes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,we/]n ,hemisph]e3 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica#ab1jjj1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj ,t]ti>y ,p]u & ,bolivia #aj1jjj1jjj #e1jjj1jjj ,t]ti>y ,*ile #b1jjj1jjj 444,miscellane\s ,unit$ ,/ates 444 #bc1jjj1jjj ,t]ti>y ,unit$ ,/ates lead ores #bd1jjj1jjj 444,miscellane\s ,unit$ ,/ates copp] ores #bc1jjj1jjj 444,miscellane\s ,canada 444 #ba1jjj1jjj ,pre-,cambrian ,canada #d1jjj1jjj 444,miscellane\s ------------------------- ,total ,we/]n ,hemisph]e#ge1jjj1jjj #aji1jjj1jjj ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e3 ,spa9 444 #d1ejj1jjj ,au/ria & ,turkey 444 #c1jjj1jjj ,india #e1jjj1jjj 444,burma ,au/ralia #af1jjj1jjj 444,brok5 ,hill ,japan #g1jjj1jjj 444 ,miscellane\s #b1jjj1jjj #a1ejj1jjj ------------------------- ,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e#cj1jjj1jjj #i1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,summ>y ,total output1 ,p]c5tage ( ounces total output ,ri* silv] m9es #aah1jjj1jjj #ec ,by-product silv] #aje1jjj1jjj #dg ----------- --- ,total #bbc1jjj1jjj #ajj ,mexico1 ! great c5t] = ri* silv] m9es1 is n[ produc+ less ?an "o-half ( its normal output1 due to ! unsettl$ political & social conditions4 ,9 #aijg ! ,mexican production decl9$ to #ca1jjj1jjj ounces1 a loss ( ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,consequ5tly 9 #aiag ! _w's silv] output 0 only #agj1jjj1jjj ounces2 & ( ?is am\nt m ?an "o-half 0 d]iv$ z a by-product 9 ref9+ o!r metals4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! di/ribution ( silv] deposits is ! l>ge numb] ( great produc+ areas 9 ,mexico & ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an arg5tif]\s metallographic prov9ce is ?us indicat$2 & is well %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #gj4--;,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,silv] ,,deposits1 ,,by ,,regions ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,proportion f ,rocky ,normal ,p]c5tage ,m\nta9-,&es output ( _w ,region region 7ounces7 total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,rocky ,m\nta9-,&es ,region3 ,unit$ ,/ates #ii p] c5t4 ( total #gj1jjj1jjj ,mexico ,all #gj1jjj1jjj ,c5tral ,am]ica ,all #b1jjj1jjj ,p]u & ,bolivia ,all #ae1jjj1jjj ,*ile ,all #b1jjj1jjj ,canada #af p] c5t4 ( total #d1jjj1jjj ------------- ,total 444 #afc1jjj1jjj #gc #b4 ,cobalt1 ,ont>io 444 #ba1jjj1jjj #i4de #c4 ,india & ,au/ralia 7#b m9es7 444 #ba1jjj1jjj #i4de #d4 ,japan 444 #g1jjj1jjj #c4a #e4 ,miscellane\s 444 #aa1jjj1jjj #e4j ----------------------- ,total = _w 444 #bbc1jjj1jjj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! relative geologic age ( silv] deposits is exhibit$ 9 ! tabulation bel[3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,probable ,future future outputp]c5tage ,pres5t 7ounces7 ( total proportion ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,t]ti>y #agj1jjj1jjj #gf #gc4j ,japanese copp] 7l>gely ,t]ti>y7 #e1jjj1jjj #b #c4a ,india & ,au/ralia 7age ( deposits n /at$7 #be1jjj1jjj #aa #i4de ,pre-,cambrian #ae1jjj1jjj #g #i4de ,unkn[n #aj1jjj1jjj #d #e4j --------------------------------- ,total #bbe1jjj1jjj #ajj #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,exam9ation ( ! above data %[s t by f> ! great] "p ( ! _w's silv] occurs 9 ! great petrographic & metallographic prov9ce :i* =ms a bord]+ zone ar\nd ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & is mo/ productive 9 ! we/]n ,cordill]as ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geo ,,graphical ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,decreases may occur 9 ,cobalt 7,ont>io7 & 9 ,japan2 9 ,cobalt because ( exhau/ion ( ore1 9 ,japan because ( l[] output ( copp] & lead if prices ( ^! metals fall4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9-,&es output %\ld be ma9ta9$ relatively at ! proportion %[n above--,mexico be+ back to normal 9 ?is assumption4 ,?is ,rocky ,m\nta9-,&es production is all1 or sub/antially all1 associat$ ) ,t]ti>y igne\s rocks4 ,! above figures all[ 9 "p = ! increase 9 ,indian output f ! new ,burma m9es4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,practice ,x is d\btful if silv] production w be mat]ially increas$ 9 ! next few ye>s by improvem5t 9 metallurgy1 mill+1 or m9+ me?ods4 ,silv] production is p]haps unique 9 t a great "p ( ! output1 produc$ z a by-product1 comes on ! m>ket at a rate det]m9$ m by ! volume ( lead & copp] production ?an by curr5t quotations = silv]4 ,also ri* silv] m9es :5 discov]$ c be op]at$ at a l>ge pr(it p] ounce4 ,h[ev]1 high prices = silv] w /imulate t "p ( ! production :i* comes f silv] m9es prop]4 ,! _w's production increas$ ov] "o-?ird dur+ ! p]iod ( #aijd to #aiac4 ,at ! same "t prices _h decl9$ ev5 bel[ ! #ahic-ahid figures4 ,! increas$ output 0 due to production f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & f ,canada4 ,indep5d5t ( price1 ! ,cobalt discov]y p\r$ silv] on ! m>ket4 ,indep5d5t ( price1 ! increas$ lead & copp] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p\r$ by-product silv] on ! m>ket4 ,x seems cle> t discov]ies ( new silv] deposits or enl>g$ & improv$ base-metal m9+ op]ations are ! factors t w influ5ce silv] output4 ,*anges 9 me?ods ( silv] recov]y & ev5 *ang$ silv] prices h no trem5d\s effect4 ,ev5 ! big drop 9 silv] prices 9 ! e>ly n9eties 0 accompani$ by no decrease 9 silv] production4 ,in/ead !re 0 an increase4 ,,political ,,control ,! silv] output ( ! _w is divid$ among ! v>i\s political gr\ps z %[n 9 ,table #ga3 ,,table #ga4--,,production ,,( ,,silv] ,,9 #aiag ,,& #aiac ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aiag #aiac #aiac production production p]c5tage ,c\ntry 7ounces7 7ounces7 ( total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #ga1gdj1jjj #ff1hja1jjj #cj4j ,briti% ,empire 7*iefly ,canada & ,au/ralia7 #cd1jja1jjj #ej1dbi1jjj #bb4f ,france #bce1jjj #eba1jjj #j4b ,italy #dej1jjj #dbd1jjj #j4b ------------------------------------- #ajf1dbf1jjj #aah1age1jjj #ec4j ,japan #f1ibb1jjj #d1gaf1jjj #b4a ,p]u #aa1jjj1jjj #h1cea1jjj #c4g ,c5tral ,am]ica #b1cfi1jjj #b1ace1jjj #a4j ,bolivia #b1dcd1jjj #b1daj1jjj #a4a ,russia1 ,greece1 etc4 #a1jjj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #j4d ,mexico #ca1bad1jjj #gj1gjd1jjj #ca4g ,*ile #a1fgc1jjj #b1jjj1jjj #j4i ,spa9 #d1ejj1jjj #d1bcb1jjj #a4i ,g]many1 ,au/ria #a1ejj1jjj plus #g1aie1jjj #c4b ,turkey #a1eji1jjj #j4g ,miscellane\s #a1gjj1jjj #gjj1jjj #j4c ------------------------------------- ,total #agj1jch1jjj #bbc1abf1jjj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,comm]cial ,,control ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,m9es4--,! production ( silv] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is all controll$ by ,unit$ ,/ates capital4 ,"o-?ird is controll$ by lead-m9+ int]e/s1 "o-?ird by copp]-m9+ int]e/s1 & ! rema9+ ?ird by silv] m9]s4 ,moreov]1 ,unit$ ,/ates capital owns ,mexican m9+ prop]ty normally capable ( produc+ ov] half ( t c\ntry's output4 ,c5tral ,am]ican production & ! by-product silv] ( ,p]u are simil>ly controll$4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! ,canadian production comes f prop]ties own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 all1 ! capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates controls ov] half ( ! ye>ly output ( silv] ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! ,canadian & all ( ! ,au/ralian1 ,indian1 & ,african silv] is controll$ by ,briti% capital1 z is "o-qu>t] ( ! ,mexican production & "s f ,bolivia1 ,p]u1 & ,*ile4 ,9 all1 ,great ,brita9 controls a ?ird ( ! _w's output4 ,g]many probably controls close to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's silv] production4 ,a "p ( ?is is produc$ locally1 b ! ma9 ,g]man control is 9 ,mexico1 ! m9es own$ by ,mexicans be+ tak5 z1 9 ! ma91 ,g]man prop]ties4 ,m9es own$ by ,japanese1 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 or ,*ilean capital are responsible = sub/antially all ! rema9+ #e p] c5t4 ( ! _w's silv] output4 ,,f9ancial ,,control ,,?r\gh ,,own]%ip ,,( ,,m9es ,capital #aiac output1 p]c5tage controll$ ,unit$ ,/ates #eb ,briti% #cc ,g]man #aj ,japanese #b ,spani% #b ,fr5*1 etc4 #a --- #ajj ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,r$uction ,plants4--,z w\ld be expect$ f ! geographic location ( ! silv] deposits1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico are ! c5t]s ( silv] smelt+ & ref9+4 ,important silv]-smelt+ int]e/s are z foll[s ,company ,situation ( smelt]s ,! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s41 ,r4 ,m4 ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico ,! ,int]national ,smelt+ ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,smelt+ ,co4 ,canada ,compaia ,metalurgica ,mexicana4 ,mexico ,compaia ,metalurgica de ,torreon4 ,mexico ,compaia ,m9]a de ,peoles4 ,mexico ,?r\gh own]%ip ( r$uction plants1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ex]cises control ov] a some:at l>g] %>e ( ! _w's silv] ?an x does ?r\gh m9e own]%ip4 ,mu* ( ! ,canadian & ,mexican z well z mo/ ( ! ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ican silv] production ent]s ! ,unit$ ,/ates ei!r z ref9$ bullion or z ore & base bullion4 ,x is e/imat$ t control ?r\gh r$uction plants is ab\t z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 2 ,mexico1 2 ,canada1 2 ,europe & ,asia1 4 ,z reg>ds silv]1 ?is type ( control is n at all p[]ful4 ,silv]-be>+ mat]ials c be> a high transportation *>ge z soon z ! fir/ process ( free+ f gangue has be5 complet$4 ,consequ5tly1 own]%ip ( m9es1 r ?an ( r$uction plants1 is ! vital factor ( control ov] silv] res\rces1 s f> z production is conc]n$4 ,?r\gh ,trade ,comb9ations4--,! _w's output ( silv] is controll$ by ! ,london m>ket4 ,to a small ext5t ?is may be due to a trade comb9ation2 to a l>ge ext5t x is due to ! relations ( ! ,london m>ket ) consum]s4 ,f\r firms =m ! ,london silv] m>ket4 ,silv] prices are fix$ daily 9 ,london1 & ?is 8fix$0 quotation controls ! price ( ! metal 9 e important f9ancial c5t] ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!re are ?ree ref9]ies 9 ,london t h&le practically ! :ole ( ! silv] bullion t comes on ! ,london m>ket4 ,no silv] c be b\ght or sold 9 ,london unless assay$ by "o ( ! f\r (ficial assay]s to ! ,m9t1 ,bank ( ,engl&1 etc4 ,silv] treat$ by ! ,london ref9]ies & c]ta9 b>s f ,european gov]nm5t ref9]ies are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! ,london ref9]ies produce silv] ( ! f95ess to suit ! ,indian m>ket4 ,o!r silv] curr5t 9 ! ,london m>ket has a f95ess ( 4 ,9 ! words ( ,b5jam9 ,:ite3 8,! c>e tak5 to safegu>d ! reputation ( ! ,london silv] m>ket1 ! high /&+ ( ! firms t comprise x1 & ! confid5ce built up by ! me?ods & practices adopt$ to protect ! int]e/s ( buy] & sell] alike1 provide a /rong gu>antee t 9 ! future1 z well z 9 ! pa/1 silv] w f9d its bus9ess c5t] 9 ,london40 ,?r\gh ,relations ) ,consum]s--,engl&'s ,control ( ,silv]4--,z already indicat$1 ,india & ,*9a are ! great consum]s ( silv]4 ,= ! five ye>s prec$+ #aiad1 fully #dj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's silv] output 0 %ipp$ f ,london to ^? two c\ntries1 :i*1 ) a comb9$ population ( ov] #gjj1jjj1jjj1 repres5t ! buy+ side ( ! _w's silv] m>ket1 j z ,nor? ,am]ica repres5ts ! sell+ side4 ,s9ce #aiad ! capacity ( ^! c\ntries to absorb silv] has /eadily increas$ & 9 #aiah x 0 ma9ly a "q ( :]e ! silv] c\ld be obta9$4 ,curr5t production 0 inadequate to meet ! dem&s1 & old /ocks ( ! preci\s metal 7 ( necessity put on ! m>ket4 ,! _w's silv] bus9ess consi/s 9 gett+ ! metal f ! ,am]icas to ! ,ea/4 ,:y s5d x via ,london1 expos+ ! preci\s metal to great] m>9e haz>ds & los+ int]e/ :ile 9 transit8 ,! ma9 reason is t ! *ief trade ( ,*9a & ,india ) we/]n nations is ) ,engl&1 & ! great bank+ h\ses t f9ance ?is trade are 9 ,london4 ,^! banks pur*ase silv] 9 ,london to adju/ ex*ange balances4 ,funds to pur*ase su* silv] usually orig9ate 9 ,london1 :e!r f bills on ,london1 loans f ,london banks or 9 o!r ways4 ,9 addition1 ,london has be5 ! c5t] ( ! _w's f9ance & =eign trade1 & also ! c5t] f :i* ! mail /eam]s1 ! swifte/ & *eape/ r\tes to ! pr9cipal consum]s ( silv]1 h radiat$4 ,:5 ! subm>9e became a m5ace ! ,unit$ ,/ates %ipp$ silv] direct f ,san ,francisco to ,india & ,*9a4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates production 0 ?us div]t$ f ,london1 & 9 #aiah exports ( silv] f ,london 7 f> bel[ normal4 ,h[ev]1 ! (ficials ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 ref9]s ( ov] "o-?ird ( ! _w's silv] output1 say t !y d n expect ^! conditions to cont9ue4 ,! e/abli%$ bus9ess ( ! ,london silv] trade1 &1 ( m importance1 ! relation%ip betwe5 comm]cial ,london & ! silv]-consum+ c\ntries1 w no d\bt quickly re-e/abli% ! normal /atus ( ,london--import] ( ,am]ican silv]1 export] ( ! silv] ne$$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! ,am]ican ref9] or silv] produc] is glad to h a /eady & broad m>ket = 8 silv]1 su* z is furni%$ by ! f\r ,london firms4 ,smelt+ int]e/s & m9es are able to dispose ( _! product ?r\gh ,london2 o!rwise !y w\ld h to deal ) brok]s or banks 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! ,london firms keep 9 close t\* ) ! big bullion deal]s ( ,bombay1 ,calcutta1 & o!r cities1 :i* are ! c5t]s f :i* silv] is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,silv] = ! ,indian imp]ial co9age1 h[ev]1 is pur*as$ 9 ,london by ! gov]nm5t4 ,?r\gh ! ,pittman ,act 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! above silv] trade fl[-%eet has rec5tly 7#aibj7 be5 mat]ially *ang$ by ! program ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to pur*ase dome/ic silv] at #a an ounce4 ,if ! _w price = silv] rema9s bel[ ?is figure1 all ,am]ican silv] w be absorb$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = ab\t f\r ye>s1 or until ! #bjg1jjj1jjj ounces specifi$ 9 ! ,pittman ,act are b\ght4 ,if silv]1 h[ev]1 %\ld rise above #a ! fl[ to m>ket z sket*$ above w\ld be resum$4 ,position ( ,*9a & ,japan4--,*9ese =eign ex*ange rates dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! price ( silv]4 ,all import]s or export]s deal+ ) ,*9a mu/ deal 9 ! silv] m>ket4 ,al?\gh copp] 8ca%0 is ! basis ( ,*9ese curr5cy1 silv] is ! /&>d legal t5d] = transactions involv+ l>ge am\nts1 & weights ( silv] are us$ z units4 ,f95ess & weight ( ,*9ese co9s are manipulat$ s t co9s issu$ by ! silv]-produc+ /ates1 e4g41 ,mexican doll>s 7two v>ieties71 ,briti% doll>s1 ,spani% doll>s1 etc41 are priz$ by ! ,*9ese because !y are uni=m 9 value4 ,japan produces consid]able silv]1 a great deal com+ f h] electrolytic copp] ref9]ies4 ,gold is ! money /&>d & silv] is n us$ ext5sively 9 ! arts4 ,consequ5tly ,japan produces m ?an en\gh silv] to satisfy local consumption4 ,! gov]nm5t is alive to ! importance ( silv] 9 connection ) all deal+s ) ,*9a4 ,9 #aiah1 ,japanese banks b\ght up ,*9ese silv] supplies1 pay+ prices 9 excess ( all o!r trad]s4 ,x is believ$ t ,am]ican silv] has be5 fl[+ into ,japan via ,*9a & t ,japan seeks to control ! ,*9ese silv] m>ket4 ,a l>ge silv] res]ve is be+ built up 9 ,japan4 ,on acc\nt ( ! int]national importance ( ! :ole ,*9ese problem1 ,japanese activity 9 silv] %\ld be not$4 ,,summ>y ,silv] is us$ bo? = money & 9 ! arts1 ! =m] use be+ ! m important & m ess5tial4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 especially ^? produc+ silv] 9 l>ge am\nts1 x is ! money /&>d1 ei!r alone or ) gold4 ,9 o!r c\ntries on a gold /&>d1 silv] is us$ = subsidi>y co9age4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a x is us$ = ! settlem5t ( =eign trade ex*ange balances4 ,normally ab\t two-?irds ( ! silv] produc$ annually is us$ 9 ! arts1 ma9ly = ! manufacture ( jewelry & luxuri\s h\sehold w>es1 ?\gh "s is consum$ 9 ! photographic1 *emical1 & o!r ess5tial indu/ries4 ,dur+ ! w> m silv] w5t into co9age & less into ! arts ?an =m]ly1 z ! l>ge issues ( pap] money made correspond+ increases 9 ! numb] ( silv] co9s desirable4 ,l>ge am\nts h be5 export$ to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! w> has %[n t silv] %\ld /ill be consid]$ an ess5tial metal ( ! _w's f9ance & trade1 despite ! increas+ am\nts consum$ 9 non-ess5tial uses4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! silv] output ( ! _w is obta9$ z a second>y product 9 ! m9+ ( o!r metals1 notably lead & copp]1 f deposits ( all geologic ages4 ,! high-grade silv] ores are d]iv$ *iefly f ,t]ti>y deposits1 & x is probable t 9 ! future ,mexico & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9-,&es region w be ! *ief s\rces ( ores ( ?is type4 ,( ! total _w silv] production ov] #hj p] c5t4 comes f ! m9es ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,= _m ye>s ,mexico 0 ! lead+ silv]-produc+ c\ntry ( ! _w1 b ! unsettl$ political conditions h s int]f]$ ) m9+ op]ations t ! production = #aiag 0 less ?an a half ( t = #aiaa or #aiab4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a close second to ,mexico 9 pre-revolution>y ye>s1 n[ occupies ! lead+ position4 ,canada & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries also produce important quantities ( silv]4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 ,au/ralia is ! lead+ silv] produc]4 ,small] am\nts are contribut$ by ,spa91 ,au/ria1 ,turkey1 ,india1 & ,japan4 ,*anges 9 practice ( silv] recov]y & ev5 silv] prices h little influ5ce on silv] production4 ,x w be /imulat$ r by discov]ies ( new silv] deposits or by enl>g$ & improv$ base-metal mill+ op]ations4 ,! pr9cipal silv] deposits ( ! _w are controll$ politically by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico1 & ,great ,brita91 ! ?ree nations controll+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ! total production 9 #aiac4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital controls ! entire silv] output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & m9es produc+ half ( ! ,mexican output1 "o-f\r? ( ! ,canadian output1 & mu* ( t ( ! ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries1 9 all some?+ ov] "o-half ( ! _w's normal silv] production4 ,great ,brita9 controls probably "o-?ird ( ! _w production1 *iefly 9 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,india1 ,africa1 & ,mexico4 ,g]man capital owns probably "o-t5?1 locat$ p>tly 9 ,g]many b ma9ly 9 ,mexico4 ,! rema9+ silv] deposits ( ! _w are own$ by ,japanese1 ,spani%1 & ,fr5* capital4 ,own]%ip ( r$uction plants is n a p[]ful =m ( control 9 ! case ( silv]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates owns ab\t f\r-sev5?s ( ! total smelt+ & ref9+ capacity ( ! _w1 ! rema9+ ?ree-sev5?s be+ controll$ l>gely by ,g]man1 ,briti%1 & ,mexican capital4 ,al?\gh ! great] "p ( ! silv] produc$ ea* ye> comes f ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! _w's silv] m>ket is locat$ 9 ,london because ( ! close relations betwe5 ,engli% bus9ess int]e/s & ,india & ,*9a1 ! *ief consum]s ( ! metal4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 w 7#aibj7 pur*ase all ,am]ican silv] (f]$ at #a p] ounce1 up to #bjg1jjj1jjj ounces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,plat9um ,,by ,,james4 ,m4 ,,hill ,,uses ,,( ,,plat9um ,9 pa/ discussion ( ! uses ( plat9um "s confusion has result$ f ! lack ( appreciation t all comm]cial plat9um is n ! pure metal4 ,! pure metal is requir$ = *emical "w ( all sorts1 b = o!r uses ! iridium alloys are us$4 ,electrical plat9um conta9s #ae to #ej p] c5t4 iridium1 b av]ages #be p] c5t41 & jewel]'s plat9um c>ries ab\t #aj p] c5t4 iridium4 ,palladium1 ano!r ( ! plat9um gr\p metals1 is also ( importance1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( palladium-gold alloys1 :i* c be us$ to replace plat9um 9 ! d5tal & jewelry indu/ries4 ,rhodium1 "o ( ! r>] elem5ts ( crude plat9um1 has a limit$ use 9 electrical pyromet]s4 ,osmium & ru!nium1 ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! plat9um gr\p1 appe> to h little use1 ?\gh osmium1 :5 prop]ly us$1 c be employ$ z a sub/itute ( iridium to h>d5 plat9um alloys4 ,! ess5tial uses ( plat9um metals are 9 ! *emical & electrical indu/ries1 & probably ! d5tal indu/ry %\ld be class$ z ess5tial4 ,pure plat9um is requir$ 9 ! *emical indu/ry = catalys]s 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid 7ab\t #ge1jjj ounces n[ 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 & 9 ! manufacture ( nitric acid f ammonia4 ,= ! sulphuric-acid indu/ry1 plat9um *loride is ! prim>y mat]ial conta9+ plat9um4 ,asbe/os or anhydr\s magnesium sulphate soak$ 9 plat9um *loride1 & !n bak$ to drive (f ! *lor9e1 =ms :at is kn[n z 8contact mass10 :i* is *>g$ into ! *amb]s ( contact acid plants4 ,v f9e-me% plat9um gauze is us$ = ! catalys] 9 nitric-acid plants4 ,"s gauze us$ = ?is purpose has a re9=c+ edge ( plat9um-iridium wire4 ,pure plat9um ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ crucibles1 di%es1 tongs1 & triangles1 are requir$ 9 e *emical laboratory4 ,x is possible to sub/itute palladium-gold alloys1 or ev5 gold1 nickel1 ni*rome1 & silica1 = "s ut5sils1 b no sub/itutes h yet be5 f\nd :i* w entirely replace plat9um *emical w>e4 ,plat9um-iridium alloys h be5 us$ ext5sively by ! electrical indu/ry1 b sub/itutes are con/antly be+ develop$4 ,tung/51 molybd5um1 & nickel-*rome alloys are ! pr9cipal sub/itutes us$ s f>1 b _! use has n done away ) ! necessity ( plat9um 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! pr9cipal use ( plat9um-iridium alloys 9 electrical "w is 9 contact po9ts1 & ! proportion ( iridium necess>y 9 ! alloys is directly dep5d5t on ! int5sity ( ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! contacts & ! spe$ at :i* ! contacts move4 ,probably ! l>ge/ consumption ( plat9um alloy is 9 ! manufacture ( telephone & telegraph equipm5t1 includ+ s5d+ & receiv+ in/rum5ts1 swit* bo>ds & relays4 ,!re is also a l>ge consumption ( plat9um = contacts 9 magnetos us$ = v>i\s k9ds ( int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,automobile mak]s are1 h[ev]1 develop+ />t+ sy/ems t d n require plat9um1 s we c hope = a less5+ future dem& f t qu>t]4 ,plat9um has an important use 9 d5ti/ry1 ?\gh 9 em]g5cies palladium-gold alloys h be5 us$ z sub/itutes4 ,seem+ly1 h[ev]1 ! sub/itutes are n entirely satisfactory1 & x may be necess>y to g back to plat9um = c]ta9 d5tal uses4 ,! *ief uses are = p9s = cr[n "w1 p9s = fa/5+ artificial tee? to plates1 & foil = mak+ molds ( cavities 9 :i* to bake porcela9 fill+s4 ,= ! "t be+1 ! palladium-gold sub/itutes c be us$ & p]haps !y w be develop$ s t ! use ( pure plat9um 9 ! future may n be necess>y4 ,! non-ess5tial use ( plat9um metals is 9 jewelry1 & x seems c]ta9 t ?is misuse ( plat9um metals mu/ be /opp$ 9 ord] t indu/rial developm5t may cont9ue4 ,x is e/imat$ t = a numb] ( ye>s #ej p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um consum$ 9 ! _w w5t into jewelry4 ,a l>ge "p ( plat9um-m\nt$ jewelry is 9 private own]%ip1 & z ! value ( ! metal 9 a jewel is approximately #ce p] c5t4 ( ! total co/1 x is evid5t t x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 9 case ( necessity to recov] m ?an a small proportion ( ! l>ge quantity ( plat9um t is 9 ! =m ( jewelry4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,! relative importance ( ! plat9um-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w c be/ be judg$ by ! pa/ output1 :i* is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1#aha & graphically 9 ! *>t4 #aha ,,hill1 ,j4 ,m43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals10 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 8,m9]al ,res\rces1 #aiaf10 ,pt4 #a1 #aiag1 p4 #c4 ,! plat9um field ( ,russia is 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 nor? ( ,ekat]9burg4 ,9 ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! *ief production ( plat9um has come f ! headwat] /reams ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 :i* ent]s ! ,pacific ne> ,bu5a ,v5tura2 "s plat9um is f\nd 9 ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,atrato ,riv]1 :i* ent]s ! ,c>ibbean ,sea ne> ! ea/ end ( ,panama4 ,a small am\nt ( plat9um & osmiridium has come f ,new ,s\? ,wales & "s osmiridium f ,tasmania4 ,"s ( ! plac]s 9 s\?we/]n ,oregon & nor!rn ,cali=nia c>ry plat9um z well z gold4 ,plat9um has rec5tly be5 det]m9$ 9 conc5trates f sev]al localities 9 ,alaska & ,canada1 & is kn[n 9 "s plac]s 9 ,borneo & ,india4 ,,table #gb4--;,,e/imat$ ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,crude ,,plat9um1 #aiji-aiag 7,9 troy ounces7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,c\ntry #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,borneo & ,sumatra #ejj #bjj 444 444 #bjj ,canada #cj #cj #cj #cj #ej ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania #ddj #ccb #dgj #ggh #a1ejj ,russia #bfd1jjjbge1jjjcjj1jjjcjj1jjjbej1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #fgb #cij #fbh #gba #dhc ----------------------------------- ,totals #bga1fdbbhe1iebcac1abhcac1ebibfg1bcc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,c\ntry #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,borneo & ,sumatra #ahb #ahb #ahb #ahb ,canada #cj #ajj #fj #hj ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania #a1bdh #cjc #bbb #ahb ,russia #bda1bjjabd1jjjfc1jjjej1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #egj #gdb #gej #fje -------------------------- ,totals #bfj1edhadc1adehi1icbhb1fhe ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ahb ,no basis = e/imate4 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,plat9um ,practically all ( ! plat9um metals produc$ 9 ! _w to date h be5 d]iv$ f plac] deposits1 ?\gh a little plat9um & palladium h be5 obta9$ z a by-product f ! electrolytic ref9+ ( copp] & nickel matte4 ,! plat9um plac]s ( ! _w are s def9itely relat$ to intrusive basic igne\s rocks1 includ+ pyrox5ites1 p]idotites & dunites1 t !re is practically no "q ( ! orig9 ( ! metal4 ,9 fact1 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,spa91 & ,russia plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 place 9 ^! types ( rocks1 & x is report$ t ow+ to ! great value ( plat9um at pres5t1 a project is on foot to cru% & wa% c]ta9 ( ! bodies ( dunite 9 ,russia4 ,plat9um is n f\nd 9 all plac]s d]iv$ f basic rocks1 b s f> z kn[n x is r>ely f\nd 9 plac]s d]iv$ f o!r types ( rocks4 ,prospect+ = plat9um plac]s !re=e resolves itself fir/ into a se>* = deposits ( gravel d]iv$ 9 a l>ge "p f pyrox5ite1 p]idotite1 & dunite4 ,*romite is a *>act]i/ic heavy con/itu5t ( plat9um s&s & 9 "s deposits c be recov]$ z a by-product 9 m9+4 ,oliv9e is also pres5t 9 consid]able am\nts4 ,magnetite & ilm5ite are ord9>ily pres5t 9 ! conc5trates f plat9um plac]s1 b are m *>act]i/ic ( plac]s 9 :i* gold is ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( prospect+ has be5 done 9 ,russia & ,spa91 bas$ on ! !ory ( orig9 outl9$ above4 ,mu* ( ?is prospect+ has be5 successful 9 locat+ plat9if]\s plac]s1 b _m ( ^! rec5t discov]ies d n seem to be ( comm]cial wor?4 ,x is n possible to =etell :e!r plac]s d]iv$ f basic igne\s rocks w be productive4 ,! mo/ t c be told is t c]ta9 plac]s d]iv$ f ^! rocks hold ! greate/ promise = ! se>*] = plat9um4 ,plat9um is su* a r>e metal & is f\nd 9 su* small quantities 9 its "m rock t x is necess>y to h c]ta9 physiographic conditions pres5t to pr$icate comm]cial deposits4 ,mo/ important ( ^! conditions is extremely prolong$ or v rapid wea!r+ ( ! prim>y deposits4 ,9 ! ,russian field1 rock-wea!r+ has be5 9 progress = great geologic "t2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! p]iod ( wea!r+ seems to h be5 relatively %ort1 b s rapid t ! same result has be5 obta9$4 ,ord9>ily1 plat9um is n f\nd 9 comm]cial quantities 9 gravels t h n be5 reconc5trat$1 & ! ri*] deposits ( ! _w seem to be ! results ( repeat$ reconc5trations ( plat9um-be>+ mat]ial4 ,crude or plac] plat9um is n pure metal1 b conta9s1 besides o!r metals ( ! plat9um gr\p1 m or less iron1 nickel1 & copp]4 ,russian crude plat9um is ord9>ily sold on ! assumption t x conta9s #hc p] c5t4 plat9um metals2 ,colombian crude1 #he p] c5t4 plat9um metals4 ,"s plac] plat9um1 s-call$1 c>ries a l>ge proportion ( osmiridium4 ,?us ! ,oregon & ,cali=nia crude plat9um c>ries f #be to #de p] c5t4 iridium1 & ,tasmanian plat9um is really ne>ly pure osmiridium4 ,! foll[+ analyses ( ,russian1#ahc ,colombian1#ahd & ,am]ican#ahd plat9um s]ve to illu/rate ! wide div]g5ce ( metal cont5t ( crude plat9um4 ,,table #gc4--;,,analyses ,,( ,,crude ,,plat9um ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,nor? ,am]ica#ahc ,s\? ,am]ica#ahc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cali- ,cali- ,briti% ,colom-,colom-,colom- =nia=nia,oregon,columbia bia bia bia ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pt4 #he4ej #fc4cj #ea4de #gb4jg #hf4bj #hf4af #hj4jj ,ir4 #a4je #j4gj #j4dj #a4ad #j4he #a4ji #a4ee ,rh4 #a4jj #a4hj #j4fe #b4eg #a4dj #b4af #b4ej ,pd4 #j4fj #j4aj #j4ae #j4ai #j4ej #j4ce #a4jj ,os4 444 444 444 444 444 #j4ig ,io#ahf #a4aj #bb4ee #bg4cj #aj4ea #j4ie #a4ai #a4dj ,au4 #j4hj #j4cj #j4he 444 #a4jj 444 #a4ej ,fe4 #f4ge #f4dj #d4cj #h4ei #g4hj #h4jc #g4bj ,cu4 #a4dj #d4be #b4ae #c4ci #j4fj #j4dj #j4fe ,s&4 #b4ie 444 #c4jj #a4fi #j4dj 444 #d4ce ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aja4ae #ii4djajj4be #ajj4ae #ajj4beajj4ceajj4ae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- - ,oceania#ahe ------------------------------------- ,borneo,n4 ,s4 ,w4,au/ralia,taguil ,tasmania8 ------------------------------------- ,pt4 #hb4fj #ge4ij #fa4dj #gf4af ,ir4 #j4ff #a4cj #a4aj #b4fh ,rh4 444 #a4cj #a4he #j4ed ,pd4 444 ,trace #a4hj #j4bg ,os4 ,io#ahf #c4hj #i4cj #bf4jj #a4ej ,au4 #j4bj 444 #a4bj 444 ,fe4 #aj4fg #aj4ae #d4ee #ad4gb ,cu4 #j4ac #j4da #a4aj #c4ci ,s&4 444 #a4bb #a4bj ------------------------------------- #ih4jf #ii4eh #ajj4bj #ii4bf ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,russia#ahg ---------------------------------------- --- ,iso ,kam5on*y,kosw9sky,kanjak[aky ---------------------------------------- --- ,pt4 #hj4aj #hb4df #hc4ej #fj4ci ,ir4 #a4ch #a4gi #b4gd #f4ij ,rh4 #j4cj #j4fi #j4fb #j4hj ,pd4 #j4cj #j4ah #j4bh #j4ai ,os4 ,io#ahf #d4dg #d4ii #j4gi #bj4ba ,au4 #j4ji #j4bg #j4jg ,fe4 #g4fh #i4di #aa4je #aa4af ,cu4 #j4fc #j4ed #a4ad #j4di ,s&4 ---------------------------------------- --- #id4ie #ajj4da #ajj4ai #ajj4jd ---------------------------------------- --- #ahc ,,dup>c1 ,,l\is3 8,le ,plat9e et les gtes plat9if]es de l',oural03 ,soc4 des ,eng4 ,civ4 de ,france4 ,bull4 ,jan4-,m>41 #aiaf4 #ahd ,,kemp1 ,j4 ,f43 8,! ,geological ,relation & ,di/ribution ( ,plat9um & ,associat$ ,metals03 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #aic4 #ahe ,analyses cit$ by ,,kemp4 #ahf ,io is abbreviation us$ = osmiridium4 #ahg ,analyses cit$ by ,,dup>c4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,plat9um ,! relative importance ( ! plat9um-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w c be/ be judg$ by ! pa/ output1 :i* is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table#ahh & graphically 9 ,figure #bb4 #ahh ,,hill1 ,j4 ,m43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals03 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey 8,m9]al ,res\rces1 #aiaf10 ,pt4 ,i1 #aiag1 p4 #c4 ,,table #gd4--;,,e/imat$ ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,crude ,,plat9um1 #aiji-aiag 7,troy ounces7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,borneo & ,sumatra #ejj #bjj 444 444 #cjj ,canada #cj #cj #cj #cj #ej ,colombia #f1jjj #aj1jjj #ab1jjj #ab1jjj #ae1jjj ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania #ddj #ccb #dgj #ggh #a1ejj ,russia #bfd1jjjbge1jjjcjj1jjjcjj1jjjbej1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #fgb #cij #fbh #gba #dhc ----------------------------------- #bga1fdbbhe1iebcac1abhcac1ebibfg1bcc ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- - #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- - ,borneo & ,sumatra ,canada #cj #ajj #fj #hj ,colombia #ag1ejj #ah1jjjbe1jjjcb1jjj ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania #a1bdh #cjc #bbb ,russia #bda1jjjabe1jjjfc1ijjej1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #egj #gdb #gej #fje -------------------------- #bfj1edhadc1adehi1icbhb1fhe ---------------------------------------- - ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,s\rces ( crude plat9um produc$ f #aiji to #aiag4 ,russia4--,russian plac] deposits h suppli$ approximately #ie p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um 9 ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal plac] deposits ri* 9 plat9um are 9 ! c5tral ,urals1 9 ! ,p]m gov]nm5t1 ne> ,ni%ni-,tagilsk1 ,ni%ni-,tur9sk1 & ,v]khotur%i4 ,! ri*] deposits are on ! ea/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s1 pr9cipally on ! ,iss & ,veeya tribut>ies ( ! ,tura ,riv] ( ! ,obi dra9age4 ,sev]al important plac]s are f\nd on ! we/ slope ( ! m\nta9s on ! headwat]s ( ! ,*usovaia & ,kama riv]s ( ! ,volga dra9age4 ,ne> ,ni%ni-,tagilsk plat9if]\s plac]s occur bo? on ! ,taguil1 a tribut>y ( ! ,obi1 & on ! ,m>tian1 a headwat] /ream ( ! ,volga dra9age4 ,9 ^! plac]s plat9um is ! pr$om9ant metal1 b gold is also f\nd4 ,! great] "p ( ! output 9 ! pa/ has be5 by h&-wa%+1 b ( rec5t ye>s mu* ( ! gr\nd has be5 rework$ by dr$ges1 ?\gh x is /ill safe to say t ov] #ge p] c5t4 ( ! output is f h& labor4 ,x is h>dly practicable 9 a report ( ?is sort to discuss 9 detail ! individual deposits1 ev5 7 ! in=mation at h&4 ,! be/ in=mation available c be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 mo/ ( ! plat9um has und\bt$ly orig9at$ f ! dis9tegration ( dunitic1 pyrox5itic1 or p]idotitic rocks4 ,! p]iod ( wea!r+ has be5 v long & !re h be5 _m *anges 9 ! dra9age sy/ems1 :i* h n[ rea*$ maturity4 ,! /ream grades are l[2 ! int]-/ream relief is relatively slight4 ,! plat9um has probably be5 reconc5trat$ _m times & is at pres5t won pr9cipally f pres5t valley gravels1 ?\gh ! pay *annels d n always foll[ ! pres5t riv] *annels4 ,"s b5*-gr\nd repres5t+ old riv] *annels is work$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ni%ni-,tagilsk region4 ,! pay gravels ord9>ily re/ on b$-rock1 ?\gh conc5tration on clay b$s =m+ false b$-rock is fairly common4 ,! pay dirt ranges f a few in*es to z mu* z #f feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x has few l>ge b\ld]s1 b has consid]able clay 9 _m places4 ,! ov]burd5 ranges f #b to #af feet 9 ?ickness1 av]ag+ #h to #aj feet4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ick basal portion ( practically b>r5 gravel & s&1 or clay & s& l5ses int]lay]$ ) gravel1 :i* is ov]la9 by #b to #c feet ( clay s& & vegetable matt] simil> to ! 8muck0 ( ! ,alaskan m9es4 ,9 %all[ gr\nd1 up to #c feet deep1 m9+ is c>ri$ on by op5-cut me?ods2 9 ! deep] gr\nd %afts & drift+ h be5 employ$4 ,= ! deposits 9 riv] *annels crude h& dr$ges 7 & /ill are us$ = rais+ ! gravels4 ,ab\t #ce m or less mod]n dr$ges 7 engag$ 9 plat9um m9+ prior to ! w>4 ,clay is s g5]ally f\nd 9 ! gravels t specially design$ ma*9es h be5 us$ to save ! plat9um & ! new] dr$ges h special devices to cope ) ?is problem4 ,colombia4--,! plat9um di/rict ( ,colombia cov]s ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,atrato & ,san ,juan riv]s 9 ! ,*oco di/rict ( nor?we/]n ,colombia4 ,plat9um is kn[n z f> nor? z ,bete1 on ! ,atrato1 & 9 _m ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,juan :i* ent] f ! ea/4 ,mo/ ( ! plat9um export$ f ,colombia has come f ! ,condoto ,riv]1 a headwat] /ream ( ! ,san ,juan4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ?is /ream ! plat9um con/itutes ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! preci\s metal 9 ! gravel4 ,on ! ,atrato ! plat9um cont5t is l[]1 rang+ f #e to #ae p] c5t4 ,plat9um & osmiridium also occur 9 ! /reams s\? ( ! ,san ,juan dra9age1 :i* ent] directly into ! ,pacific1 ?\gh little au!ntic data conc]n+ !m are available4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tulio ,osp9a1#ahi ,director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,m$ell91 ,colombia1 plat9um is f\nd widespread 9 conglom]ates :i* cov] an ext5sive area 9 ! ,atrato & ,san ,juan bas9s4 ,! metal has be5 reconc5trat$ 9 ! pres5t /ream *annels f :i* ! major output ( plat9um comes4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( v>i\s obs]v]s1 !re are places on ! int]/ream areas 9 :i* plat9um has be5 conc5trat$4 ,^! areas are1 f all acc\nts1 old /ream *annels4 ,! prim>y plat9um deposits evid5tly are to be look$ = on ! we/ slope ( ! we/]n ridge ( ! ,&es1 ?\gh no lit]ature :i* gives detail$ in=mation on ! geology ( ?is range has be5 f\nd4 ,p]idotite1 dunite1 & o!r basic igne\s rocks are repres5t$ 9 ! plat9if]\s gravels4 #ahi ,proce$+s ,second ,pan-,am]ican ,sci5tific ,congress1 vol4 #h1 #aiag4 ,!re is almo/ no in=mation ^u :i* to base an e/imate z to ! possible res]ves ( plat9um 9 ,colombia4 ,little has be5 publi%$ on ! subject t gives good data on ! geology ( ! c\ntry1 b f all acc\nts x seems safe to assume t ,colombia holds mu* promise & %\ld be m c>efully prospect$4 ,ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um m9$ 9 ,colombia is won by natives1 mo/ly wom51 :o raise ! gravel 9 calaba*es & wa% ! gravels 9 bateas4 ,! dry season is utiliz$1 = !n ! l[ places 9 ! riv] are m expos$4 ,!re is "o dr$ge 9 op]ation 9 ,colombia at pres5t1 ?\gh o!r dr$g+ op]ations h be5 tri$1 :i*1 = v>i\s causes1 7 n successful4 ,canada4--,a small quantity ( plat9um is produc$ ea* ye> by ! plac] op]ations on ! ,tulame5 ,riv]1 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! metal 0 d]iv$ f a mass ( p]idotite & dunite1 :i* outcrops we/ ( ! ma9 dra9age4 ,! gravels ( ?is area are app>5tly v deep1 b ! plat9um is f\nd 9 ! upp] #h to #bj feet1 9 "p conc5trat$ on a false b$-rock4 ,rec5t in=mation indicates ! possibility ( dr$g+ a consid]able acreage ( gravels on ! ,tulame5 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pr9ceton4 ,reports 7 curr5t dur+ #aiag ( discov]ies ( plat9if]\s plac]s fur!r nor? 9 ! ,canadian ,rockies1 b no def9ite in=mation conc]n+ ! size or value ( ! deposits is available4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! ye>ly output ( plat9um & palladium ( ,canadian orig9 is a by-product ( ref9+ ! nickel ores ( ! ,sudbury di/rict1 ,ont>io4 ,t a f> great] production ( bo? metals f ?is s\rce is possible has be5 %[n by ! ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,crude plat9um is won 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,! dr$ges at ! base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s 9 ,cali=nia produce a l>ge "p ( ! plac] plat9um output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pr9cipally because ( ! great y>dage h&l$ r ?an because ( any p>ticul> conc5tration ( plat9um 9 ! gravels d]iv$ f ! ,"m ,lode belt4 ,9 nor!rn ,cali=nia ! ,klama? & ,tr9ity riv]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,hay ,=k ( ! ,tr9ity1 c>ry plat9if]\s gravels4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,oregon plat9if]\s gravels h be5 f\nd at sev]al places on ! ,ill9ois & ,rogue riv]s4 ,along ! bea* f ,b&on1 ,oregon1 to ,eureka1 ,cali=nia1 plat9um occurs ) ! black s&s & has be5 won at a numb] ( m9es locat$ bo? on ! pres5t /r& l9e & on anci5t elevat$ bea*es4 ,9 ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ea/]n ,oregon & 9 ! ,/rawb]ry ,range s\? ( ,john ,day ,riv] a few plac]s h be5 work$ :i* c>ri$ plat9um4 ,9 ,wa%+ton1 p>ticul>ly on ! s\? =k ( ,lewis ,riv]1 ne> ,yacolt1 plat9um has be5 f\nd1 & x is report$ on ! bea*es f ! ,/raits ( ,juan de ,fuca s\?4 ,all ( ! plat9um-be>+ plac]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are closely associat$ ) *romif]\s s]p5t9e d]iv$ f p]idotites or pyrox5ites4 ,! conc5tration ( ! plat9um has n be5 great & ! orig9al quantity 0 n l>ge1 s none ( ! areas seems capable ( mu* production4 ,mo/ ( ! crude plat9um f ! ,pacific ,coa/ plac]s c>ries consid]able osmiridium4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! great bulk ( ! plat9um won 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f ! dr$g+ fields at ! base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s f ,butte to ,/anislaus ,c\nty4 ,! gravels 9 ^! fields are ! result ( sev]al reconc5trations1 b _! plat9um cont5t c n be consid]$ high4 ,9 practically all ( ! o!r /ream plac] areas ! gravels h n be5 subject to su* ext5sive reconc5tration1 & 9 "s places rec5t gravels c>ry plat9um4 ,! bea* deposits are ! result ( repeat$ conc5tration4 ,! plat9um & gold are excessively small1 flaky1 & difficult to sep>ate f ! heavy s&s2 !y are conc5trat$ 9 ! d>k b&s ( s& caus$ by tidal & wave conc5tration4 ,! l5ses are r>ely ov] "o foot ?ick & tap] out 9 %ort di/ances4 ,correct e/imates ( res]ves are consequ5tly almo/ impossible4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s a little plat9um has be5 won f widely scatt]$ localities 9 ,alaska1 *iefly ,dime1 ,be>1 & ,sweep/ake ,creek plac]s 9 ea/]n ,sew>d ,p59sula2 ! ,boob ,creek plac]s1 ,tol/oi di/rict1 ,l[] ,yukon2 & ! bea* deposits ( ,kodiak ,isl&4 ,plat9um also occurs 9 ! ,upp] ,kahiltna dra9age1 nor? ( ,an*orage4 ,copp] ores ri* 9 palladium are produc$ at ! ,rambl] m9e1 ,wyom+1 f ! ,salt ,*uck ,m9e1 ,alaska1 & f ! ,boss m9e1 9 ,nevada4 ,at ! two =m] m9es ! ore is associat$ ) basic igne\s rocks2 9 ! latt] m9e ! ore bodies are 9 dolomite4 ,! (t-repeat$ reports ( plat9um 9 c]ta9 s&/ones expos$ ne> ! ,bright ,angel trail 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 ,arizona1 & 9 c]ta9 %ale b$s 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 h n be5 v]ifi$1 ?\gh 9 ,june1 #aiah1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,plat9um ,co4 0 organiz$ to "w ! deposits 9 ,arizona4 ,au/ralia4--,plat9um & osmiridium h be5 won 9 small quantities f ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,tasmania4 ,plat9um is also report$ f ,new ,zeal&4 ,! great] production has be5 f ! osmiridium-be>+ gravels ( ! ,savage ,riv] dra9age 9 ! ,bald ,hills m9+ di/rict 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,tasmania4 ,little has be5 publi%$ conc]n+ ! ext5t ( ^! gravels1 :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( a s]ies ( s$im5ts intrud$ by basic igne\s rocks4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 bea* deposits mu* l ^? ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon are f\nd f ,bea*y ,head nor? pa/ ,cl>5ce & ,ri*mond riv]s into ,que5sl&4 ,comm]cial exploitation ( ^! deposits seems to h _h ! ups & _m d[ns ( simil> und]tak+s on our ,we/ ,coa/4 ,"s plat9um 0 obta9$ f an old buri$ *annel 9 ! ,plat9a or ,fifield di/rict 9 c5tral ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :]e pay gravel #f to #aj feet ?ick lies "u an ov]burd5 ( #bj to #hj feet4 ,! wat] supply 0 n 9 suffici5t quantities to w>rant l>ge-scale op]ations4 ,! *annel seems small & has be5 m9$ ab\t z f> z is comm]cially possible4 ,spa94--,:at may prove to be comm]cial plac] deposits h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,si]ra ,ronda1 9 s\!rn ,spa91 ab\t #ej miles nor?we/ ( ! port ( ,malaga4 ,! deposits h be5 discuss$ 9 "s detail by ,dup>c4#aij ,app>5tly ! gravels h n be5 re>rang$ by nature _m times1 ! conc5tration ( plat9um is n great1 & x is problematical :e!r ext5sive developm5t w be w>rant$4 #aij ,,dup>c1 ,,l\is1 & ,,grossett1 ,,augu/9e3 8,etude comp>e des gtes plat9if]es de la ,si]ra de ,ronda et de l',oural03 ,soc4 ,phys4 et ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g5eve1 ,mem41 t4 #ch1 fasc4 #e1 #aiaf4 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,a small am\nt ( plat9um is produc$ z a by-product f gold dr$ges on ! ,irawadi ,riv]1 9 ,india1 & f ! t9 dr$ges 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,unconfirm$ reports h be5 receiv$ ( discov]ies ( plat9um 9 s\!rn ,sib]ia1 at v>i\s places 9 ,mexico1 & f sev]al localities 9 ,ecuador & ,p]u4 ,plat9um is kn[n to occur 9 "s ( ! /reams z well z 9 c]ta9 ( ! gold deposits ( ! ,m9as ,g]aes di/rict ( ,brazil4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,borneo plat9um occurs 9 ! ,tana?-,laut di/rict4 ,sev]al ,russian writ]s h giv5 in=mation on ?is region4 ,,probable ,,*anges ,,9 ,,kn[n ,,geographic ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,! ,,ne> ,,future ,at pres5t ! ,russian plat9um fields are practically idle4 ,! dr$ges are = ! mo/ "p n runn+ & ! indu/ry is disorganiz$4 ,x w require consid]able exp5se & sev]al mon?s' "t to rehabilitate ! ,russian plat9um indu/ry4 ,! kn[n deposits ( ! ,russian field are becom+ exhau/$1 & ! res]ves ( kn[n plat9if]\s gravels are /at$ by ,dup>c to h a life ( #ab ye>s1 bas$ on ! pre-w> rate ( production2 or1 /at$ diff]5tly1 ! kn[n deposits are capable ( produc+ betwe5 #c1jjj1jjj & #c1fjj1jjj ounces ( plat9um be=e !y are exhau/$4 ,colombia seems to h l>ge res]ves ( unwork$ plat9um-be>+ gr\nd1 ?\gh s little detail$ in=mation is available t x is unsafe to pr$ict _! future4 ,x is safe1 h[ev]1 to po9t out t all reports indicate t c>eful prospect+ 9 ! ,*oco di/rict w probably be repaid by ! discov]y ( consid]able areas ( plat9um-be>+ gr\nd4 ,! ,canadian deposits hold "s promise ( future production4 ,sev]al rec5t discov]ies ( plat9um along ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 f ! ,tulame5 to ! ,/ike51 indicate t fur!r se>* may be rew>d$4 ,if reports are true1 !re is a consid]able area on ! ,tulame51 ,will[ & ,peace riv]s :i* c be dr$g$ = ! recov]y ( gold & plat9um4 ,! mo/ important ,canadian plat9um res]ves are 9 ! ,sudbury nickel deposits1 b pres5t metallurgical practice w h to be *ang$ to obta9 ! maximum output ( plat9um & palladium f ^! ores4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re does n seem to be hope = a consid]able increase 9 ! output ( plat9um2 9 fact1 x may be t ! production w be mat]ially less :5 ! new ref9]ies = ! treatm5t ( ,sudbury ores are complet$ 9 ,canada4 ,! plac] deposits c>ry+ plat9um are = ! mo/ "p relatively small2 _m ( ^? 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,oregon c n be work$ economically & few are available = dr$g+4 ,z ! gold-dr$g+ field along ! base ( ! ,si]ras becomes exhau/$1 ! output ( plat9um 9 ?is c\ntry w decl9e 9 proportion1 b>r+ ! discov]y ( new gr\nd & deposits ( gravel ri*] 9 plat9um ?an ^? n[ kn[n4 ,! v>i\s ,au/ralian plat9um deposits d n seem p>ticul>ly promis+1 z reg>ds production1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,bald ,hill dr$g+ field1 9 ,tasmania4 ,! ,fifield deposits seem to be ne>ly exhau/$ & ! bea* deposits 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl& are too l[ grade & ! valuable m9]als are too erratic 9 di/ribution to appe> ( mu* comm]cial int]e/4 ,! ,spani% deposits h n yet be5 suffici5tly explor$ to det]m9e _! ext5t1 b publi%$ reports d n seem to indicate t !y w prove v l>ge or p>ticul>ly ri*4 ,,political ,,control ,z ,table #gd %[s1 ,russia has political control ( approximately #ij p] c5t4 ( ! _w's supply ( plat9um4 ,x seems probable t ,canada1 9 ! nickel ore ( ! ,sudbury di/rict & 9 ! kn[n plac]s 9 ! ,tulame5 & ,b>k]sville di/ricts1 has control ( ! ?ird l>ge/ res]ve ( plat9um4 ,! deposits "u ! political control ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,alaska & on ! ,pacific ,coa/ are relatively insignificant4 ,great ,brita9 naturally controls ! plat9um 9 h] colonial possessions1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,india4 ,! output ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 f ,borneo & ,sumatra1 is relatively small1 al?\gh !re is a possibility t ! production f ^! c\ntries may be increas$4 ,spa9 may1 p]haps1 control a small output ( plat9um1 ?\gh x does n seem probable t ! production f ?is c\ntry w ev] be l>ge4 ,a l>ge area 9 ! ,si]ra ,ronda ,m\nta9s has be5 set aside by ! gov]nm5t = fur!r prospect+ "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t1 & x seems reasonable to believe1 judg+ f ! g5]al m9]al policy ( ,spa91 t 9 ! ev5t ( ! prov+ ( comm]cial deposits !y w be work$ "u gov]nm5t auspices r ?an by private p]sons4 ,al?\gh ! deposits 9 ,colombia are politically controll$ by t c\ntry1 !y are1 nev]!less1 own$ l>gely by ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,,comm]cial ,,control ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,m9es4--,prior to ! w>1 ,fr5* comm]cial int]e/s practically dom9at$ ! plat9um indu/ry ( ,russia1 ?r\gh ! op]ations ( ! ,compagnie ,int]nationale du ,plat9e4 ,?is company n only _h ext5sive m9+ hold+s b also _h contracts ) ! two l>ge/ indep5d5t ,russian plat9um produc]s1 namely1 ! ,%\val(f & ,demid(f companies1 = _! entire output4 ,! contracts 7 susp5d$ by ! ,fr5* company %ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( w> & may n be remade4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two ,russian companies :i* are m or less indep5d5t ( ,fr5* control & !re are a l>ge numb] ( small m9]s & peasants :o "k no allegiance to any p>ticul> buy+ conc]n4 ,x appe>s t at lea/ #ge p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um production ( ,russia is 7or 01 previ\s to ! ,bol%evi/ dom9ation7 controll$ by ! foll[+ companies3 ,compagnie ,int]nationale du ,plat9e 7,fr5*71 ,%\val(f's company 7,russian71 ,demid(f company 7,russian71 ,nicolo-,pavd9ski company 7,russian71 & ! ,plat9a company 7,russian74 ,dur+ #aiad ^! companies 7 op]at+ approximately #ce dr$ges 9 ! plat9um field1 ?\gh f ! be/ reports n[ available x does n seem t m ?an two or ?ree ( ! dr$ges 7 at "w dur+ #aiag4 ,! read] %\ld realize1 h[ev]1 t ! production f dr$ges has always be5 relatively small1 z comp>$ ) ! output made by o!r me?ods4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um won f ! ,russian plac]s is recov]$ by h& labor by lessees 7/>ateli7 :o contract to dispose ( _! production to ! companies own+ ! gr\nd & pay a royalty = ! privilege ( work+4 ,s9ce ! w> ! peasants & m9]s are virtually 9 control ( all ! m9es & ! orig9al op]ators h little to d ) op]ation or managem5t4 ,! mo/ important plat9um-be>+ plac]s 9 ,colombia are controll$ by ,am]ican f9ancial int]e/s4 ,! ,g5]al ,developm5t ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 ?r\gh two subsidi>y companies1 controls a l>ge area 9 ! headwat] region ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,condoto ,riv]4 ,rec5tly ^! int]e/s h organiz$ ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,gold ,plat9um ,co4 ,! ,quito ,m9+ ,co4 controls a consid]able acreage on ! ,quito ,riv] betwe5 ,quibdo & ,i/im9a4 ,!re are o!r small ,am]ican hold+s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,negua1 on ! ,atrato dra9age1 & on ! ,tamana & ,sipi1 on ! ,san ,juan dra9age4 ,late 9 #aiag a ,briti% company 0 organiz$ = ! developm5t ( ext5sive hold+s on ! ,opogodo ,riv]1 9 ! upp] ,san ,juan dra9age4 ,if ! pres5t conditions are n *ang$ by special legislation 9 ,colombia x w\ld seem t ,am]ican f9ancial int]e/s w cont9ue to dom9ate ! ,colombia plat9um field4 ,! plat9um deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are app>5tly l>gely 9 ! h&s ( small hold]s1 :o are citiz5s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,a few ( ! l>ge dr$ges 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* are produc+ plat9um z a by-product1 are1 9 "p1 own$ by ,briti% capital4 ,app>5tly ! bea* deposits 9 ,au/ralia 79 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&7 are work$ 9 a small way by local capital1 z are ! deposits ne> ,plat9a & ,fifield4 ,! ,tasmania deposits are controll$ by local capital4 ,z to ,canada1 x is und]/ood t a l>ge "p ( ! gravel area ( ! ,tulame5 ,riv]1 ne> ,pr9ceton1 ,briti% ,columbia1 is controll$ by ,am]ican capital4 ,a few claims on ! upp] ,tulame5 are controll$ by ,canadian capital4 ,an ,am]ican company has rec5tly be5 organiz$ = ! purpose ( exploit+ c]ta9 prospective areas 9 ! ,b>k]sville region1 9 nor?-c5tral ,briti% ,columbia1 & x is und]/ood t ,canadian capital has r ext5sive hold+s on ! ,peace ,riv]1 9 nor!rn ,briti% ,columbia1 :i* are report$ to conta9 consid]able quantities ( plat9um4 ,! nickel deposits ( ,ont>io1 :i* h a consid]able prospective value z produc]s ( bo? plat9um & palladium1 are op]at$ by ! ,mond ,nickel ,co41 "u ,briti% control1 & ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 "u ,am]ican control4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,canadian gov]nm5t is regulat+ ! op]ations ( bo? ( ^! companies4 ,?r\gh ,own]%ip ( ,r$uction ,plants4--,x is a peculi> fact t :ile ! l>g] "p ( ! ,russian crude plat9um is sold ?r\gh a ,fr5* company1 nev]!less ,engl& has ref9$ ! great] "p ( ! output ( ,russia4 ,! ,johnson ,mat!y ,co41 ( ,london1 is ! l>ge/ plat9um ref9] 9 ,engl&4 ,prior to ! w> ?is company is said to h ref9$ ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian plat9um production4 ,9 ,g]many ! *ief plat9um ref9] is ,w4 ,c4 ,h]aeus1 ( ,hanau4 ,?is company is said to be own$ *iefly by ,dr4 ,h]aeus & ! e/ate ( ,he9ri* ,h]aeus4 ,! firm ( ,f4 ,eis5nad ,co41 at ,(f5ba*1 a small plat9um ref9]1 0 acquir$ by ,h]aeus' int]e/s j prior to ! w>4 ,g4 ,seib]t1 ( ,hanau1 also ref9es plat9um1 ! op]ations be+ f9anc$ by ! ,seib]t ,bros41 & ! ,deuts*e ,gold und ,silb]s*eid5an/alt1 ( ,frank=t4 ,accord+ to ,russian figures1 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian output 0 ref9$ by ,g]many & presumably a l>ge "p ( ! "w 0 done by ,h]aeus4 ,h]aeus int]e/s )\t d\bt pr$om9ate ! plat9um-ref9+ indu/ry ( ,g]many4 ,! *ief plat9um ref9] ( ,france is ,qu5ess51 de ,belmont1 ,leg5dre et ,cie41 :i* is controll$ by ! e/ate ( ,,mm4 ,desm\tis & ,lamaire4 ,o!r small ref9]ies are ! ,lyon ,allem&1 ! ,cr$it ,lyonnais1 ,h]ique ,m>rett ,bonn91 & ,hesse ,fils1 all ( ,p>is4 ,app>5tly ! fir/ company is ! controll+ factor 9 ! ,fr5* indu/ry4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! plat9um indu/ry is controll$ by ,bak] ,co41 ,am]ican ,plat9um ,works1 ,irv+ton ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,works1 ,hanovia ,*emical ,co41 & ,*>les ,engleh>d4 ,!re are sev]al indep5d5t plat9um ref9]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh _! comb9$ output is less ?an a qu>t] ( ! dome/ic indu/ry4 ,^! are ,j4 ,bi%op ,co41 ,malv]n1 ,p5nsylvania2 ,wilson ,co41 ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey2 ,belais ,cohn1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,ka/5hub] ,lehrfeld1 ,new ,york ,city1 & ,goldsmi? ,bros41 ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 ,new ,york ,city & ,*icago1 :i* are op]at$ f9ancially by ,am]ican capital4 ,! ,rossl] ,hassla*] ,*emical ,co41 ( ,new ,york ,city1 also ref9es "s plat9um4 ,prior to ! w> !re 0 m or less int]lock+ ( ! int]e/s ( ,johnson & ,mat!y ( ,london1 ,qu5ess5 ( ,p>is1 ,h]aeus ( ,hanau1 & ,bak] ,co4 ( ,new ,york4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t prior to ! w> ,h]aeus actually controll$ ! ,am]ican int]e/s n[ dom9at$ by ,engleh>d4 ,h[ev]1 :5 w> 0 decl>$ ^! v>i\s companies1 by int]*ange ( _! /ock1 7 sep>at$1 s t x n[ appe>s t ,g]man money is no long] int]e/$ 9 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or ,am]ican plat9um indu/ry4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t bo? ! ,engli% & ,fr5* companies /ill hold /ock 9 ! ,am]ican company1 ?\gh ! control ( ! ,am]ican int]e/s is n[ held by ,*>les ,engleh>d ?r\gh own]%ip ( ! majority ( ! /ock ( ! companies m5tion$ above4 ,x is report$ t !re 7 two gov]nm5t-own$ plat9um ref9]ies 9 ,russia prior to ! w>1 ?\gh app>5tly !y h&le only a v small quantity ( ! plat9um produc$ 9 ,russia & no plat9um f any =eign c\ntries4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,plat9um ,z expla9$ above1 ow+ to ! location ( ! *ief plat9um-produc+ regions1 ,russia has be5 ! s\rce ( practically all ( ! _w's plat9um1 ?\gh comm]cially ! ,fr5* controll$ ! m>ket+ ( ! bulk ( ! ,russian output4 ,s9ce #aiad practically no plat9um has be5 export$ & :at little did get out came mo/ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! situation ( ! v>i\s c\ntries c be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,russia normally us$ little ( h] own plat9um1 export+ x to ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france4 ,! c\ntry _h almo/ no plat9um-ref9+ capacity1 ! indu/ry be+ controll$ by ,fr5* & ,russian capital ) m or less ,g]man influ5ce4 ,s9ce ! w> ! plat9um m9es h n be5 ext5sively work$ & 9 fact _! production has decreas$ greatly4 ,any accumulat$ /ocks ( plat9um t may h be5 9 ,russia probably f\nd _! way into ,g]many & into ,alli$ l&s4 ,be=e ! w> ,g]many ref9$ ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian production ( plat9um2 %e has no deposits )9 h] own t]ritory4 ,%e _h built up great *emical & electrical indu/ries1 :i* requir$ l>ge /ocks ( plat9um1 & probably 0 9 a fair position ) reg>d to ! metal :5 w> 0 decl>$4 ,x seems probable t !re is a %ortage ( plat9um 9 ,g]many at pres5t1 = any great expansion ( ei!r *emical or electrical indu/ries4 ,france ?r\gh h] control ( ! bulk ( ! ,russian output 0 9 position to h accumulat$ consid]able /ocks ( plat9um1 & t %e did s is indicat$ by ! fact t ! gov]nm5t did n und]take any regulation ( ! plat9um indu/ry until e>ly 9 #aiah1 & x does n appe> t any great expansion ( ! *ief indu/ries requir+ plat9um 0 necessitat$4 ,ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian1 probably half ( ! ,colombian1 & all ( ! ,au/ralian & ,indian plat9um 0 sold 9 ,engl& prior to ! w>4 ,x is believ$ t n all ( ?is 0 ref9$ 9 ,engl&1 = consid]able am\nts ( crude plat9um 7 export$ f ,engl& to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 h[ev]1 l>ge /ocks ( ! plat9um metals 7 on h& 9 ,engl& :5 w> 0 decl>$4 ,engl& _h to build a great *emical indu/ry dur+ ! w>1 & quickly us$ :at res]ves %e _h1 s t ! gov]nm5t e>ly 9 ! w> saw ! necessity ( controll+ ! use ( plat9um metals4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 & w cont9ue to be dep5d5t on =eign plat9um4 ,at pres5t all ( ! ,colombian plat9um is com+ to ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ! /ocks ( plat9um 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! normal1 & z we _h to build l>ge *emical & electrical indu/ries1 ^? /ocks 7 rapidly exhau/$4 ,colombia has no plat9um ref9]ies2 app>5tly %e has use = none ( ! output ( h] m9es4 ,be=e ! w> h] crude plat9um 0 %ipp$ to ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ref9+1 b at pres5t x is all com+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,summ>y ,ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! crude plat9um produc$ annually has come f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ,russia4 ,! deposits ( next importance are situat$ 9 ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,small am\nts are produc$ 9 ,canada 7*iefly z a by-product 9 ! ref9+ ( nickel ore71 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,india & ,spa94 ,! political control ( ! plat9um deposits ( ! _w corresponds to geographical di/ribution4 ,russia & ,colombia control ! pr9cipal deposits1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,holl&1 & ,spa9 ! m9or ones4 ,prior to ! w>1 a ,fr5* company _h ext5sive hold+s 9 ,russia1 & 9 addition _h contracts ) two ,russian plat9um produc]s = _! entire output4 ,^! contracts 7 cancel$ %ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,! rema9+ deposits ( ! ,russian fields are controll$ by two indep5d5t ,russian companies & by a l>ge numb] ( small m9]s4 ,at pres5t ! peasants & m9]s are virtually 9 control ( ! m9es & ! own]s h little to d ) _! op]ation or managem5t4 ,! pr9cipal plat9um-be>+ plac]s ( ,colombia are controll$ by ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,a ,briti% company 0 organiz$ rec5tly to develop hold+s 9 ! upp] ,san ,juan dra9age4 ,) ! exception ( a few ( ! l>ge dr$ges ( ,cali=nia1 own$ 9 "p by ,briti% capital1 ! plat9um deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are own$ by ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,! plat9um deposits ( ,au/ralia are probably held = ! mo/ "p by ,briti% capital4 ,am]ican capital controls a l>ge "p ( ! plat9um gravel area ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,a few claims are controll$ by ,canadians4 ,! companies op]at+ ! nickel deposits ( ,ont>io1 f :i* plat9um is produc$ z a by-product1 are ,am]ican & ,briti%4 ,ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian plat9um has be5 ref9$ 9 ,engl& & mo/ ( ! rema9d] 9 ,g]many4 ,be=e ! w> !re 0 an int]lock+ ( ! int]e/s ( ! plat9um ref9]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many & ,great ,brita91 :i* has be5 brok5 z f> z ,g]many is conc]n$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,:o ,,owns ,,! ,,e>?8 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,spurr ,let u glance ov] ! prec$+ /udies "o by "o & see :at sali5t features ea* "o conta9s4 ,,! ,,fuel ,,m9]als ,petroleum is ( ! utmo/ pres5t importance & its future importance w be ev5 great]4 ,rec5tly #ih p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production has be5 contribut$ by ! foll[+ c\ntries 9 ?is g5]al ord] ( importance3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,mexico1 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,r\mania1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,galicia4 ,x is believ$ t ! region ar\nd ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico w be ( increas+ importance1 z w also ! ,p]sian & ,mesopotamian fields4 ,unit$ ,/ates capital is supreme 9 ! comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e2 :ile ,briti% & ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s easily dom9ate ! petroleum situation 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,comm]cial control ( petroleum is det]m9$ ma9ly ?r\gh own]%ip by op]at+ companies ( l&s1 leases1 or concessions4 ,/ate own]%ip is r>e1 al?\gh 9 ,arg5t9a ! petroleum indu/ry is own$ & op]at$ by ! /ate4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t controls by direct own]%ip ( a majority ( ! vot+ /ock1 ! ,anglo-,p]sian ,oil ,co41 :i* gives x a monopoly ( ! ,p]sian field1 ?r\gh ! concession ( an area ( #ejj squ>e miles f ,p]sia to ! company1 & closes ! field to ! ent]prise ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or o!r nations2 moreov] ?r\gh ramifications ( ?is company1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t is ext5d+ its hold to o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! comm]cial control ( ! petroleum indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( ! 8,/&>d ,oil ,gr\p40 ,briti% & ,briti%-,dut* companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates control a production ( ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj b>rels a ye>1 out ( a total ( #cce1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! important region ( ,mexico1 :i* n[ takes second place 9 production1 ! comm]cial control is entirely 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s3 ,am]ican int]e/s control #fe p] c5t4 & ,briti% & ,dut* int]e/s #cb p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 ! productive field ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies is "u absolute control ( ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s1 ! ,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate4 ,prospect+ lic5ses & concessions are grant$ only to ,dut* subjects & to ,dut* companies1 & ?is1 ) ! economic monopoly ( ! controll+ ,briti%-,dut* int]e/s1 prev5ts =eign ent]prise4 ,! absolute & exclusive control ( ! great oil fields ( ,p]sia & ,mesopotamia by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t w be confirm$ & ext5d$ by ! ext5sion ( ! ,briti% ,empire ov] ^? portions ( ! ,turki% ,empire :i* %e won by =ce ( arms4 ,9 ,russia ! comm]cial control ( ! great petroleum indu/ry seems to be ,briti%1 ! pr$om9ant int]e/s be+ ,briti%1 ,franco-,briti%1 & ,briti%-,dut* 7,royal ,dut*-,%ell ,syndicate74 ,! pr9cipal produc+ areas 9 ,russia are or 7 till rec5tly "u ,briti% milit>y control4 ,! production ( ,india 7,burma7 is entirely 9 ,briti% h&s4 8,! g5]al policy ( ! ,briti% ,empire seems to be to control all oil developm5t & re/rict op]ations by =eign capital40 ,su* re/rictions by gov]nm5t regulations exi/ 9 ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 ,india1 ,b>bados1 ,briti% ,guiana1 ,briti% ,honduras1 ,tr9idad & o!r colonies4 ,9 ! oil indu/ry1 !n1 we h a rem>kable & /rik+ division ( ! _w's weal? betwe5 ! two great ,anglo-,saxon nations1 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita94 ,no m9]al l5ds itself s readily z oil to transportation & h5ce to comm]cial control4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t production1 ,am]ican int]e/s are l>gely 9 excess4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,briti% control ( ! great fields ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 _m ( !m only p>tly develop$1 toge!r ) h] gr[+ hold 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 indicates ! likelihood t ! ,briti% grip ( ! _w's oil res\rces & production may 9 ! future become pr$om9ant4 ,/rik+ phases ( ! situation are t 9 ! case ( ,great ,brita9 ! gov]nm5t & ! oil monopolies are unit$1 s t to all int5ts & purposes ! control be+ obta9$ is by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t direct2 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! control is 9 ! h&s ( purely comm]cial int]e/s1 op]at+ )\t ! control1 assi/ance1 or sympa?y ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,am]ican companies may n own & op]ate oil l&s 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 9 ! ,fr5* possessions1 or ! ,dut* colonies1 b !re are no ,am]ican re/rictions on =eign own]%ip or op]ation4 ,! policy ( ,great ,brita91 furni%+ h] petroleum & oil bunk]+ /ations all ov] ! _w1 & assur+ h] control ( ! seas1 w fur!r imm5sely increase h] already ext5sive _w dom9ation4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has no su* program ( imp]ial expansion1 b %e has h] ,monroe ,doctr9e1 :i* is to a mild degree an assum$ protectorate ov] ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,coal4--,next let u take up coal1 among ! mo/ important ( all m9]als--s\rce ( p[]1 light1 & heat1 & smelt] ( iron & o!r metals4 ,"h aga91 z 9 oil1 we f9d ! ,unit$ ,/ates wond]fully end[$ by nature4 ,%e is cr$it$ ) res]ves ( #c1ebg1jjj million tons out ( a total #g1iji1jjj million 9 ! _w1 or practically half ( ! :ole _w's supply4 ,z ! _w's coal res]ves are l>ge1 ! high-grade v>ieties1 s situat$ z to h *eap transportation1 are ( mo/ imm$iate importance4 ,great ,brita9 has su* coal close to seabo>d1 & s1 until ! w>1 controll$ ! export trade all ov] ! _w4 ,! indu/ries ( ,am]ica leave h] little coal = export1 & h] coal is f>!r f seabo>d4 ,! ef=ts ( ,g]many be=e ! w> to build up a coal-export trade 7 h9d]$ by ! long rail haul2 & ^! deposits are n[ be+ h&$ ov] to ,france4 ,besides ,france1 ,great ,brita91 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 & ,*9a h suffici5t res]ves = ext5sive export trade4 ,( ^! c\ntries1 ,*9a is ! "o mo/ likely to increase exports1 on acc\nt ( ne>ness to ! coa/1 & good quality ( coal4 ,al?\gh ! coals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n s close to ! coa/ z 9 ,engl&1 !y n only con/itute by f> ! l>ge/ res]ves1 z above /at$1 b are also mo/ imm$iately available1 ow+ to _! %all[ dep? & ! good railway transportation facilities4 ,no natural sub/ance is s univ]sally us$1 & s necess>y to e individual1 z coal1 & h5ce e individual feels a natural "r to x1 & believes t x %\ld be available at a m9imum co/4 ,?is has result$ 9 sev]al c\ntries 9 ! nationalization ( ! coal indu/ry1 z 9 p>ts ( ,*ile1 ,bulg>ia1 ,prussia1 & ,au/ralia4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z 9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! gov]nm5t reta9s ! own]%ip ( coal l&s1 leas+ !m to private op]ators4 ,9 ,engl& ! pres5t conditions po9t t[>d ! nationalization ( ! coal indu/ry4 ,9 ,france ! coal l&s belong to ! gov]nm5t1 :i* gives concessions = _! op]ation1 & receives a royalty or r5tal & a p]c5tage ( ! net e>n+s ( ! op]ator4 ,al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates is pre-em95t among ! _w's nationalities z reg>ds coal1 ,engl& has ! advantage ( hav+ adequate supplies scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1 9 h] colonies ( ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 ,india1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,rhodesia1 & ,borneo4 ,unlike petroleum1 coal is a m9]al :i* does n l5d itself readily to control by comm]cial comb9ation4 ,! m9+ & m>ket+ ( coal is a simple matt]1 requir+ relatively little skill or equipm5t1 s t x is a bus9ess op5 to ev]ybody2 & ! va/ ext5t ( coal l&s assures a multitude ( own]s4 ,!re=e ! effect ( ! control ( coal on ! _w's comm]ce & hi/ory is almo/ entirely a matt] ( political control4 ,organization among produc]s exi/s 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 z 9 ! case ( ! an?racite indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ?is does n z a rule ext5d to a c5tral own]%ip1 nor does x usually ext5d to =eign c\ntries4 ,9 coal1 !n1 z well z 9 petroleum1 we f9d ! two dom9at+ nations are ! great ,anglo-,saxon p[]s1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates m9es ab\t #dj p] c5t41 or two-fif?s ( ! _w's annual production1 :ile ! ,briti% ,isles h produc$ "o-fif? ( ! production1 mak+ !m second only to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 nei!r case h ! respective gov]nm5ts 9 ! pa/ attempt$ to control ! m9+ & ! sale ( coal1 b 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 x is likely t "s =m ( jo9t control1 p>ticipat$ 9 by ! gov]nm5t & ! m9]s1 w come4 ,! me?ods ( m9+ necess>y = maximum production ( ,briti% coal m9es dur+ ! w> result$ 9 putt+ ! m9es 9 su* poor condition t x w be a ye> or two be=e !y c supply all ( ! =m] ,briti% export trade4 ,! dem&s ( ,briti% workm5 = %ort] h\rs 7result+ 9 decreas$ production7 w h9d] /ill fur!r a resumption ( l>ge exports4 ,"o ( ! important phases ( ?is1 to ,engl& & ,am]ica alike1 is ! ,s\? ,am]ican trade4 ,engl& has always suppli$ ?is m>ket1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates w probably d s = ! pres5t1 & %\ld take c>e to d s if %e desires ,s\? ,am]ican trade1 & on ! comm]cial !ory ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,up till rec5tly1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has export$ by sea only ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( h] production1 :]eas ,engl& s5t out #be p] c5t4 ,our own exp&+ indu/ries h provid$ an ample m>ket4 ,aside f ,am]ica & ,engl&1 !re is no dom9at+ factor 9 ! future control ( ! coal indu/ry 9 ! l&s surr\nd+ ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,g]many 0 a /rong factor be=e ! w>1 b ! loss to ,france ( ! ,sa> coal di/rict1 & ! possible loss1 to ,pol&1 ( ! ,dombrova field1 9 ,silesia1 w deprive h] ( h] importance2 & ! division among sev]al nations ( ^! res\rces w prev5t any "o ( !m f becom+ a _w's factor 9 ! coal trade4 ,9 ! l&s ab\t ! ,pacific ,ocean1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important future factor is ! coal fields ( ,*9a4 ,no c\ntry except ! ,unit$ ,/ates has l>g] res]ves ( high-grade coal ready = developm5t & n f> f ocean transport4 ,x is likely t ! ,japanese may attempt ?is developm5t & ! fo/]+ ( an export trade 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! high-grade coals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are remote f ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & c\ld only be available = ,pacific trade by ! long r\te ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,x is n unlikely1 !re=e1 t ,*9ese coal may 9 ! future be suppli$ to our own ,pacific ports by ! ,japanese at a less price ?an ,am]ican coal c be put !re1 & t ?r\gh ?is developm5t ,japan may be able to dom9ate ! ,pacific trade1 z ,engl& has dom9at$ t ( ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific 9 ! pa/4 ,,! ,,/eel ,,& ,,f]ro-,,alloy ,,m9]als ,iron4--,! iron supplies = ! _w's consumption h be5 obta9$ pr9cipally f f\r c\ntries3 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita94 ,m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total production has come f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,am]ican output ab\t #he p] c5t4 has come f ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict1 :i* alone produces annually ov] #cj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total4 ,next 9 importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 ,g]many & ,france1 & ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! production ( ^! two c\ntries has come f ! ,lorra9e fields on ! bord]4 ,! annual output ( ^! fields has be5 #be p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production1 or ne>ly z mu* z ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,l9k$ ) ! coal indu/ry z x is1 no _w-wide or ev5 national monopolies ( iron ore h be5 attempt$4 ,! greate/ s+le comm]cial organization 9 ! _w is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 ) a total annual capacity 79 #aiac7 ( ov] #ag million tons ( pig iron1 or ab\t half ( ! total ,am]ican production4 ,b ?is organization is n a monopoly1 & !re are a l>ge numb] ( p[]ful indep5d5t companies4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many no dom9at+ organizations h be5 not$4 ,9 ,engl& up to ! "t ( ! w> ! iron indu/ry 0 controll$ by middlem51 & ! manufactur]s 7 insuffici5tly organiz$4 ,to meet ?is condition 7page #hf7 ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade ,committee advis$ a consolidation ( iron int]e/s4 ,ext5sion ( comm]cial control by ! dom9ant iron-produc+ nations to ! ore res]ves & to ! iron indu/ry ( =eign c\ntries1 s e/abli%+ t comm]cial p5umbra ( empire :i* is s apt to deep5 into actual sov]eignty1 is1 h[ev]1 mu* m m>k$ 9 ! case ( iron ?an ( coal1 ?\gh less significant ?an 9 ! case ( oil4 ,! control by own]%ip ( great iron fields 9 ,s\? ,am]ica by ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ext5sion ( ,japanese control ( iron-ore res]ves 9 ,*9a1 are ! mo/ significant features ( ?is situation4 ,9 ,france1 ev5 be=e ! w>1 ,g]many controll$ ov] "o-?ird ( ! iron & /eel bus9ess4 ,) ! pass+ ( ,g]man ,lorra9e to ,france1 x is likely t mu* ,g]man capital w rema94 ,japan has an iron & /eel indu/ry :i*1 al?\gh small z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita91 & ! o!r lead+ iron & /eel manufactur+ c\ntries1 is rapidly exp&+4 ,bla/ furnaces1 /eel-mak+ furnaces1 & /eel mills are be+ erect$ 9 ,japan & 9 ,korea1 ,man*uria1 & ,*9a by ,japanese int]e/s4 ,japan is /ill v f> f supply+ h] own consumption ( iron & /eel1 :i* is a million & a half tons annually4 ,9 brief1 z reg>ds ! _w's iron & /eel1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a greatly prepond]ant position1 :i* x w t5d to increase1 ) ! desirable t5d5cy ( draw+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica m closely toge!r4 ,9 ,europe1 ,france & ,g]many are oddly yok$ 9 ! control ( ! second greate/ /eel indu/ry 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! future great ar5a ( ! ,pacific1 ,japan is pati5tly build+ up h] /eel indu/ry1 ) f>-rea*+ ,ori5tal vision4 ,coal m9es & an iron bla/ furnace are includ$ 9 ! ,g]man 8rights0 rec5tly acquir$ by ,japan4 ,w ,japan return ,%antung8 ,did ,g]many return ,alsace ,lorra9e8 ,9 h] =w>d-look+ plans1 ,japan has two national rivals--,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,%e has a va/ f]tile field to "w 91 except = ^! 7especially ,engl&7--all ( ea/]n ,asia4 ,%e has a great disorganiz$ nation :i* is no long] a rival--b a field :]eon to fe$ & gr[ /rong]--,sib]ia & ,russia4 ,9 ! tra9 ( /eel1 & next aft] ! problems ( coal & iron1 come a numb] ( less-kn[n & less-abundant metals--! f]ro-alloys1 metals t alloy ) iron to make /eels ( special h>dness or t\ghness1 or ) "s o!r special quality4 ,relatively inconspicu\s z !y are1 !y are indisp5sable 9 ! indu/ries4 ,manganese4--,manganese is f> m ?an a f]ro-alloy4 ,x is ess5tial 9 ! manufacture ( all op5-he>? process & ,bessem] process /eel1 :i* make up #ii p] c5t4 ( ! total ,unit$ ,/ates production1 = x acts z a remov] ( ! c>bon :i* makes ! diff]5ce 9 quality betwe5 /eel & ca/ iron4 ,= ?is purpose x is mix$ ) ! iron 9 ! =m ( alloys4 ,"o ( ^! is high 9 manganese--f]romanganese--& "o l[--spiegeleis54 ,! pr9cipal manganese fields are ^? ( ,russia1 ,india1 & ,brazil1 :i* are s l>ge & readily available = exploitation & transportation to m>kets t !re is little prospect t !y w be displac$ z ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! _w's supply = _m ye>s4 ,9 contra/ ) ! situation reg>d+ o!r important m9]als1 mo/ manganese deposits ?r\gh\t ! _w are own$ by resid5ts ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y occur4 ,?is is due to ! sup]ficial & irregul> "* ( ! oxide deposits 7! only ones z a rule ( high en\gh grade to f9d a m>ket7 & ! simple nature ( ! m9+ & wa%+ ( ores1 :i* does n require mu* capital4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is poorly provid$ ) high-grade manganese ores1 & h5ce has always be5 & w always be a heavy import]4 ,previ\s to ! w>1 ! supplies 7 mo/ly drawn f ,russia & ,india2 & dur+ ! w> f ,brazil1 9 addition to an increas$ dome/ic production "u ! /imulus ( high w> prices4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many--9 fact ! :ole indu/rial _w--h ! same s\rces ( supply4 ,!re is little necessity ( %>p competition1 lead+ to comm]cial comb9ations1 or ( /rict gov]nm5tal control1 s9ce ! productive capacity ( ! pr9cipal deposits is v l>ge1 & f> exce$s ! _w's dem& = /eel mak+4 ,*romite4--,next 9 importance 9 ! f]ro-alloy gr\p ( metals is *romium1 f\nd 9 nature on a comm]cial scale only z ! oxide *romite4 ,*rome is us$ ext5sively 9 ! /eel indu/ry & ! lea!r indu/ry--9 ! =m] = mak+ a specially t\gh /eel 7& also a refractory l9+ = iron furnaces72 9 ! latt]1 = tann+4 ,*romite is f\nd 9 _m c\ntries1 b 9 mo/ 7z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada7 9 small & scatt]$ deposits1 easily exhau/$4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ important s\rces ( supply are 9 ! ,fr5* colony ( ,new ,cal$onia1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific2 9 ,rhodesia1 9 ,africa2 9 ,asia ,m9or2 & 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ,russia4 ,up to #ahcj ! ,ural region suppli$ ! _w's *romium2 f #ahcj to #ahgj1 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 7,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania7 became ! *ief s\rce2 f #ahgj to ab\t #aijj ! sc5e ( *ief activity %ift$ to ,asia ,m9or2 & s9ce !n ,new ,cal$onian & ,rhodesian ores h occupi$ ! _w's m>kets4 ,new ,cal$onian ore is produc$ ) *eap labor1 & ! deposits are ne> ! coa/2 & ! ,rhodesian deposits are l>ge & ri*4 ,high prices dur+ ! w>1 due to lack ( %ipp+1 br\ght ab\t a great increase ( production 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ) a return to normal conditions ?is region _c survive competition1 unless especially protect$ by legislation4 ,9 normal times1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates consumes m ?an "o-?ird ( ! _w's annual consumption ( *romite1 b dep5ds ^u =eign s\rces--,rhodesia & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,dur+ ! w>1 deposits ( limit$ ext5t 9 ,brazil & ,cuba 7 drawn on1 z well z ,canadian & dome/ic ores4 ,s f> z develop$1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e is relatively poor 9 *romite deposits4 ,! *rome indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is highly c5traliz$1 ! ,electrometallurgical ,company hav+ an almo/ absolute monopoly ( ! f]ro*rome indu/ry1 & be+ probably ! l>ge/ produc]s ( f]ro*rome 9 ! _w1 & ! ,mutual ,*emical ,company hav+ a great prepond]ance 9 ! *emical *rome indu/ry4 ,! *romite supply ( ! _w is !re=e at pres5t ess5tially a monopoly controll$ by ,briti%-,fr5* capital1 & ! great supplies occur 9 ! colonies ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,nickel4--,! position ( nickel is r unusual1 9 t workable deposits are r>ely met )1 & deposits ( great importance are conf9$ to a few places4 ,! only really comm]cially important deposits are ^? ( ,sudbury1 9 ,canada1 & ( ,new ,cal$onia2 al?\gh small deposits ( workable ore h be5 m9$ 9 ,norway1 & nickelif]\s & *romif]\s iron ore occurs 9 ,cuba4 ,! deposits ( ,sudbury are relatively f> m important ?an ^? ( any o!r field4 ,!re=e ,great ,brita9 7?r\gh ,canada7 possesses by all means ! l>ge/ & mo/ important nickel deposits1 am\nt+ practically to an exclusive control4 ,previ\sly ,am]ican capital ex]t$ a dom9ant comm]cial control ov] ! nickel indu/ry1 ?r\gh its own]%ip ( ! l>ge/ ore res]ves & its control ( smelt+ & ref9+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ^! ,am]ican companies has also ! second l>ge/ hold+s 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t pla9ly has tak5 means to ov]come ?is comm]cial dom9ation4 ,a l>ge company has gone into bus9ess at ,sudbury1 9 :i* ! ,briti% gov]nm5t has ! controll+ int]e/4 ,! gov]nm5t has also br\ght ab\t ! transf] ( ! ref9+ op]ations ( ! ,int]national ,nickel ,company f ,new ,j]sey to ,ont>io1 s t ! entire indu/ry w be conf9$ to ,canada4 ,tung/54--,! greate/ tung/5-produc+ region is t ( ea/]n ,asia2 ! region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico second2 t ( ,bolivia & neighbor+ c\ntries 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ?ird2 & f\r? comes ! prov9ce ( ,portugal1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,!re seem to be no v l>ge & conc5trat$ tung/5 deposits2 & ne>ly all ( ^? work$ give signs ( be+ easily exhau/$4 ,!re may be !re=e a _w tung/5 %ortage 9 ! future4 ,possibly ,bolivia w prove to be ! mo/ durable field4 ,z to ! comm]cial control1 x is entirely 9 ,briti% h&s1 & ?is ?r\gh ! active policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,actual control is obta9$ ?r\gh ! f]rotung/5 mak]s1 to :om ! ores g = treatm5t4 ,on ?is basis ! comm]cial control 9 #aiag 03 ,briti% #ad1fjf tons2 ,am]ican #i1dgi tons2 ,japanese #a1afe tons2 ,fr5* #a1jeg tons2 & ,g]many #cfj tons4 ,am]ican capital controls ! tung/5 deposits )9 its own bord]s & 9 ,mexico1 & is l>gely int]e/$ 9 ,bolivia & ,*9a4 ,be=e ! w> ,g]many controll$ probably half ! tung/5 output1 ! o!r half be+ divid$ among ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl& & ,france4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! control ?r\gh own]%ip ( m9es & smelt]s is z foll[s3 ,great ,brita9 #ed p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates #ce p] c5t42 ,japan #d p] c5t42 ,france #d p] c5t42 & ,g]many #a p] c5t4 ,vanadium4--,vanadium is an important f]ro-alloy metal4 ,vanadium /eel has great t\ghness & torsional /r5g?1 & is us$ 9 automobile p>ts1 gun b>rels1 & ! l4 ,*romium-vanadium /eels h an ext5sive m>ket4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ important deposits ( vanadium 9 ! _w are 9 ,p]u1 & until rec5tly 7 controll$ by ! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,company 7an ,am]ican firm71 :i* has a concession f ! ,p]uvian gov]nm5t4 ,o!rwise ! mo/ important deposits are f\nd 9 s\?we/ ,colorado1 & 7 till v lately controll$ by ! ,primos ,*emical ,company1 ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,am]ican ,vanadium ,company _h an absolute _w monopoly ( vanadium products & f]rovanadium1 until ! entrance into ! field ( ! ,primos company4 ,q rec5tly ! hold+s ( bo? ^! companies h be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,vanadium ,corporation1 alli$ to ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,corporation4 ,antimony4--,antimony has a relatively re/rict$ use 9 peace-"t1 b w> creates 7= ! manufacture ( %rapnel7 a va/ly increas$ dem&4 ,"u normal circum/ances ! supply is f> 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,*9a has long be5 ! mo/ important s\rce ( supply1 & is likely s to cont9ue4 ,france & ,alg]ia are also produc]s1 z is ,mexico2 & o!r c\ntries produce "u ! /imulus ( high prices4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z ,canada1 has relatively small res]ves & normally small production4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,european w>1 h[ev]1 9 #aiae & #aiaf1 c\ntries l ,bolivia1 ,mexico1 ,au/ralia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,p]u1 ,burma1 & ,spa9 contribut$ important am\nts2 b none ( ^! w be important factors at ! usual l[ prices4 ,prior to ! w>1 ,engl& 0 ! *ief antimony-smelt+ c5t] ( ! _w4 ,ores f all ov] ! _w 7 !re treat$1 & ! ,briti% br&s 7 consid]$ pur] ?an o!rs1 & virtually monopoliz$ ! _w's m>kets1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! great dem& 9 #aiae & #aiaf1 ,briti% int]e/s completely controll$ ! ,bolivian indu/ry4 ,until #aiad "o ( ! pr9cipal ,engli% companies held contracts = ! production ( ! ,wah ,*ang ,company1 ! mo/ important antimony produc]s 9 ,*9a2 b 9 #aiad ?is company e/abli%$ an indep5d5t sell+ ag5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is t5ds to transf] ! control ( ! antimony m>ket f ,engl& to ,*9a4 ,) all h] va/ m9]al res\rces1 ,*9a has be5 able to obta9 an important position 9 ! _w's m>kets ) reg>d to b few metals4 ,( ^! antimony is ! mo/ /rik+ example4 ,s9ce #aijh ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total antimony production has come f ,*9a4 ,molybd5um4--,! use ( molybd5um 9 /eel mak+ is z yet almo/ 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 b x is likely to become important4 ,x is valuable 9 electric "w4 ,up to ab\t #aiaf practically all ! molybd5um ore 7molybd5ite1 a sulphide ( molybd5um7 came f ,au/ralia & ,norway4 ,%ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! w>1 ! molybd5ite 9 ,canada became prom95t2 & lat] ! ,unit$ ,/ates came to ! =e z a produc]4 ,at pres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c probably produce z mu* if n m molybd5um ?an all ! re/ ( ! _w put toge!r1 pr9cipally f ! great newly discov]$ deposits at ,climax1 ,colorado4 ,be=e ?is developm5t1 ,great ,brita9 0 ! l>ge/ produc]1 9 ,au/ralia & ,canada4 ,bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,canadian gov]nm5ts h be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,canadian molybd5um1 & ! ,canadian gov]nm5t has built a mill = ! conc5tration ( ! ores4 ,prior to ! w>1 ! ,g]man-controll$ ,am]ican ,metal ,company1 a bran* ( ! ,g]man 8metal octopus10 obta9$1 ?r\gh a subsidi>y1 a l>ge %>e 9 ! control ( ! ,climax deposits2 & ! ,primos ,*emical ,company1 :i* _h /rong ,g]man connections be=e ! w>1 produc$ f]romolybd5um f ore f its own m9e at ,empire1 ,colorado4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! great int]e/ tak5 by ,g]many & ,g]man capital 9 molybd5um else:]e1 l$ to ! rumor ( attempt$ ,g]man control ( ,am]ican molybd5um4 ,uranium4--,uranium is valuable = ! manufacture ( special /eel1 al?\gh only us$ 9 small quantities4 ,x is ( extraord9>y int]e/ on acc\nt ( its association ) radium1 bo? be+ obta9$ pr9cipally f ! m9]als c>notite & uran9ite 7includ+ pit*bl5de74 ,radium is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & = lum9\s pa9t4 ,! only regions :i* h yet produc$ l>ge am\nts ( radium & uranium on a comm]cial scale are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,au/ria4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is produc+ sev]al times z mu* z all o!r c\ntries comb9$4 ,zirconium4--,zirconium is us$ 9 electric light+1 & exp]im5ts h be5 made ) zirconium /eel4 ,dur+ ! w> x 0 at "o "t ?\ght to be ( unusual value z a f]ro-alloy4 ,zirconium occurs 9 nature z ! mix$ oxide & silicate1 baddeleyite1 & z ! silicate zircon4 ,! baddeleyite deposits1 hav+ a high] p]c5tage ( zirconium1 w probably become ! *ief s\rce ( ! metal4 ,x occurs 9 comm]cial quantities only 9 ,brazil4 ,zircon deposits are f\nd 9 ,brazil1 & also 9 ,india2 & a deposit ( m9or note occurs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,florida74 ,?orium & ,meso?orium4--,) zirconium mu/ be consid]$ monazite1 a m9]al :i* is ! s\rce ( ?orium & meso?orium4 ,?orium nitrate is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,welsba* mantles = gas burn]s2 meso?orium is a by-product ( its manufacture f monazite1 & is a radioactive sub/ance us$ z a sub/itute = radium 9 mak+ lum9\s pa9ts & = !rapeutic purposes4 ,! zircon m9]als & monazite typically occur toge!r 9 riv] or bea* s&s4 ,l ! zirconium m9]als1 monazite comes ma9ly f ,brazil & ,india2 al?\gh x has 9 ! pa/ be5 m9$ successfully 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! indu/ry is n[ ext9ct4 ,! ?orium nitrate indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is closely controll$ by two companies1 ! ,am]ican ,welsba* ,company1 & ! ,l9dsay ,light ,company4 ,dur+ ! w> !y furni%$ ?orium nitrate also to ,engl& & ,france1 ?us ex]cis+ a _w-wide control4 ,,! ,,major ,,non-,,f]r\s ,,metals ,copp]4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates /&s out pr$om9antly z ! _w's great copp] produc]1 produc+ 9 #aiag #fj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's output4 ,no o!r c\ntry produces "o-six? z mu* z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]ican capital controls 79 "p ?r\gh control ( ref9+7 #gh p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,g]many has be5 "o ( ! l>ge/ consum]s ( copp]1 ?\gh n a l>ge produc]4 ,because ( ?is1 ,g]man int]e/s h 9 ! pa/ secur$ a consid]able control ov] copp] supplies1 z well z ^? ( lead1 z9c1 & o!r metals1 ?r\gh ref9+ & sell+ contracts ) m9+ companies4 ,su* control does n z a rule ext5d to own]%ip ( m9es or smelt]s4 ,?us = _m ye>s companies affiliat$ ) ! great ,g]man ,metal ,comb9e 7,metallgesels*aft7 7 influ5tial 9 ! copp] bus9ess ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 7 ?ree ( ^! companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,am]ican ,metal ,company1 ,l4 ,vogel/e9 ,co41 & ,be]-,sondheim] ,co4 ,rec5tly ! fir/ two h consolidat$2 & all 7 ,am]icaniz$ dur+ ! w>4 ,! comm]cial control ( ! copp] 9 ! _w1 z bas$ on own]%ip ( m9es1 is1 9 ev5 figures3 ,unit$ ,/ates capital1 #fi p] c5t4 7entirely 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e72 ,briti% capital1 #ac p] c5t4 79 bo? hemisph]es1 b ma9ly 9 ! ,ea/]n72 ,japanese1 #h p] c5t4 7entirely dome/ic72 ,g]man1 #f p] c5t42 & ,fr5*1 #b p] c5t4 ,x w be not$ t ( ! pres5t production ?ree-qu>t]s comes f ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e 7,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica7 & only "o-qu>t] f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,x is probable t ?is is a fair index ( ! relative weal?4 ,! future production ( ,s\? ,am]ica w probably increase m rapidly ?an t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* 0 e>li] develop$4 ,x is necess>y = ! p]man5t control ( ! copp] situation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ,am]ican capital %\ld cont9ue to be =emo/ 9 ! developm5t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,lead4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! l>ge/ produc] ( lead 9 ! _w & has l>ge res\rces4 ,next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ord] nam$1 come ,au/ralia1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,mexico4 ,?ree p[]s--! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,briti% ,empire1 & ,spa9--produce #gf p] c5t4 ( ! total2 & ( ^! ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 produce #fj p] c5t4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ab\t ! lead indu/ry is ! fact t z ! ,g]man sy/em ( f>-rea*+ comm]cial control "u gov]nm5t auspices--?r\gh smelt+1 ref9+1 & sell+--0 de/roy$1 ?is sy/em 0 at once adopt$ by ! ,briti% & ,fr5*4 ,9 o!r words1 !y f\nd t ! ,g]man plan _h be5 s effective t !y n only block$ x p]man5tly s f> z _! own c\ntries 7 conc]n$1 b organiz$ simil> comm]cial-political comb9ations :i* %\ld n only take c>e ( all _! own lead bus9ess1 b1 l ! ,g]man organization1 %\ld rea* out into o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,g]man comb9ation /ill rema9s active outside ! t]ritory ( ! =m] ,allies4 ,( all ! great lead-produc+ p[]s ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! only "o :i* does n possess a gov]nm5t-controll$ lead monopoly4 ,?reat5$ comm]cial _w monopolies ( lead1 z ( o!r m9]als1 h !re=e1 ?r\gh ! revival ( nationali/ic _s due to ! w>1 giv5 place to national-comm]cial monopolies by ?ree p[]s 7,g]many1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita971 ea* int5d$ to become z _w-wide z possible1 & ?us competitive ) ea* o!r & ) ! purely comm]cial organizations ( ! ,am]ican lead indu/ry4 ,9 ,engl& ?is movem5t has tak5 ! =m ( a ,briti% ,metals ,corporation 7cov]+ n only lead b o!r metals74 ,! ,briti% ,treasury is repres5t$ on ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,9 ,france1 ! nationali/ movem5t has result$ 9 ! =mation ( consortiums or trade monopolies = ea* indu/ry1 organiz$ "u gov]nm5t auspices4 ,t ( ! m9]al indu/ry is ! ,socit ,m9]ais et ,metaux4 ,! (ficial ann\ncem5t /ates t ?is society is organiz$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to gr\p ! ,fr5* metal produc]s1 op]at+ bo? at home & abroad1 into a co-op]ative association = ! pur*ase & sale ( metallurgical products4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! pr9cipal comm]cial factor is ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ ,ref9+ ,co41 dom9at+ ! m>ket ?r\gh its control ( r$uction plants1 al?\gh x controls directly only "o-?ird ! production4 ,z9c4--,z9c & lead are commonly associat$ 9 m9]al deposits1 s t _! geological & geographical di/ribution is ne>ly id5tical4 ,( ! _w's production ( z9c1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces #ce p] c5t41 ,g]many #be p] c5t41 ,au/ralia #ae p] c5t41 & ,italy #e p] c5t4 ,up to ! outbreak ( ! w> 9 #aiad1 ! position ( z9c 0 extreme among ! metals1 9 t political control or /ate sov]eignty ex]cis$ only a m9or effect ^u ! indu/ry4 8,economic factors10 says our au?or1 8made ineffective any control n int]national 9 scope4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! z9c ores ( ! _w 7 transport$ f ! c\ntry ( production to ano!r = treatm5t1 9 "s cases ev5 be+ re-export$40 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 political control 0 l>gely invok$ to /r5g!n & re/ore comm]cial control to ! *ief bellig]5t nations4 ,?is movem5t 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 :]e !re n[ exi/s1 z above not$ 9 ! p>agraphs discuss+ lead1 a jo9t political & comm]cial control4 ,ali5 int]e/s 7 elim9at$ by gov]nm5t action1 & ! gov]nm5t reta9$ a %>e 9 ! control ?r\gh int]e/s 9 m>ket+ organizations or f9ancial p>ticipation 9 treatm5t works4 ,9 ! z9c indu/ry1 z 9 t ( its closely associat$ metals1 copp] & lead1 ! own]%ip or control ( r$uction plants1 & m p>ticul>ly m>ket+ organizations1 h be5 m important 9 det]m9+ comm]cial control ?an /ate sov]eignty or comm]cial own]%ip ( m9es4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! m>ket+ organizations became _w-wide & completely dom9at$ ! indu/ry4 ,! ambition ( ,g]man comm]cial int]e/s to control ! metal m>kets & res\rces ( ! _w 0 m ne>ly realiz$ 9 ! case ( z9c ?an ( any o!r metal4 ,9 ,france1 z not$ above 9 ! case ( lead1 a gov]nm5t-controll$ metal m>ket+ organization has be5 =m$ = ! same purpose--protection & advantage 9 competition4 ,h[ev]1 ,briti% dom9ation ( ! ,european z9c indu/ry seems c]ta94 ,only ! ,am]ican indu/ry rema9s unt\*$ by close organization "u gov]nm5t auspices4 ,%\ld ,g]many lose ,silesia1 %e w probably become a small factor 9 ! z9c indu/ry4 ,) s _m doors clos$ 9 h] face by ! ,briti% & ,fr5* political & comm]cial comb9ations1 !re %\ld be gov]nm5tal precautions tak5 by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t t %e %\ld n re-e/abli% h]self 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor s f> z possible 7foll[+ out to its logical conclusion ! ,monroe ,doctr9e7 9 ! re/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,note t 9 ! z9c indu/ry1 z well z 9 e o!r indu/ry1 ,japan is rapidly exp&+1 & hav+ rea*$ ! limit ( h] own res\rces1 h] field ( gr[? is 9 ,korea1 ,*9a1 & ,sib]ia4 ,japan's pres5t z9c-smelt+ capacity is great] ?an h] dome/ic consumption1 & mu* great] ?an ! dome/ic ore supply2 & ore is import$ f ,*9a1 ,sib]ia1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ,au/ralia4 ,t94--,t9 belongs to a gr\p ( m9]als t are classifiable toge!r by ! fact t !y are n ( widespread di/ribution1 b are f\nd 9 really comm]cial quantity only on a few spots ( ! globe1 & yet are absolutely necess>y = our indu/rial civilization4 ,su* also are *romium1 plat9um1 pota% salts1 nitrates1 & nickel4 ,( ?is political-comm]cial gr\p1 t9 is an important memb]4 ,x is notewor?y ( ?is gr\p t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n ! lucky hold] ( ! fir/ prize 9 any ( ^! cases4 ,9 ! case ( *romium1 x is ma9ly ! ,fr5* & ,briti% colonies1 ( plat9um x is ,russia & ,colombia1 ( pota% salts x is ,g]many1 ( nitrates x is ,*ili1 ( nickel aga9 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* colonies1 & 9 ! case ( t9 x is s\!a/]n ,asia & ,bolivia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces less ?an "o-fif? ( #a p] c5t4 ( its requirem5ts1 & its control ( =eign t9 res\rces ?r\gh m9e own]%ip is negligible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates consumes ov] half ! t9 ( ! _w1 & is ! l>ge/ manufactur] & di/ributor ( t9 products4 ,! t9-m9+ & smelt+ indu/ry ( ! _w is dom9at$ by ,great ,brita94 ,t9 is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( t9 plate1 9 sold]1 brass1 & _m o!r ess5tial uses1 & no satisfactory sub/itute is available4 ,9 w> z well z peace1 t9 cans are z necess>y z rifles4 ,alum9um is ! mo/ likely possible sub/itute = t9 9 conta9]s1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates controls ! alum9um indu/ry4 ,ab\t #fh p] c5t4 ( ! t9 is produc$ at pres5t f s\!a/]n ,asia & neighbor+ isl&s1 #ba p] c5t4 f ,bolivia1 #d p] c5t4 f ,nig]ia & ,s\? ,africa1 & #c p] c5t4 f ,engl&4 ,! ,bolivian production w probably t5d to increase4 ,m]cury4--,m]cury1 or quicksilv]1 is a m9]al ( "s importance1 al?\gh by f> n 9 ! class ( ! la/ f\r discuss$ above4 ,x is useful = drugs & *emicals2 z a detonator = high explosives2 z a pigm5t2 = treat+ gold & silv] ores2 & = _m o!r uses4 ,! greate/ quicksilv] deposits 9 ! _w are 9 ,spa94 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates comes second4 ,! important ,idria m9e1 ne> ,trie/e1 =m]ly ,au/rian1 b at la/ acc\nts 9 possession ( ,italy1 takes ?ird place4 ,! production f ! re/ ( ! _w is small4 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re=e1 divide ! production & ! control ?r\gh /ate sov]eignty4 ,! great m9e ( ,spa91 ! ,almad5 7! greate/ 9 ! _w71 is also own$ & work$ by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t contracts1 on ! basis ( competitive proposals1 ) ! successful bidd] = ! sale ( quicksilv] = a t]m ( t5 ye>s4 ,= a numb] ( successive p]iods1 ! contract has be5 aw>d$ to ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,london4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! m>ket is controll$ 9 ,london2 & dur+ ! w> ! sale 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! control ( ! m>ket+ ( ! product ( ?is m9e enables ^? 9 control to fix ! price ( quicksilv] 9 ! _w's m>kets4 ,alum9um4--,an important metal at pres5t1 & "o b\nd to be ev5tually /ill m important1 is alum9um4 ,:ile "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( all rocks1 9 ! =m ( silicates1 its release f t comb9ation is s difficult t x has n be5 solv$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,s9ce !re is mu* m alum9um ?an iron 9 ! e>?'s comp\nds1 h[ev]1 !re w nev] be a %ortage1 if co/ is disreg>d$4 ,comm]cial alum9um is manufactur$ f ! oxide1 bauxite4 ,bauxite is also us$ directly z an abrasive & also z a refractory4 ,! l>ge/ bauxite deposits are controll$ politically by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 ) ! ,briti% ,empire 9 a favorable prospective position4 ,! alum9um works ( ! _w are controll$ by ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & also ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 & ,norway4 ,! alum9um indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada is practically 9 ! h&s ( "o company1 ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 :i* also holds int]e/s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,fr5* produc]s ( alum9um h effect$ a c5tral organization ?r\gh ! incorporation ( a sell+ company1 ,l',alum9ium ,franaise4 ,! ,briti% ,alum9ium ,company is ! sole produc] 9 ,engl&1 & controls ! ,iri% deposits4 ,,! ,,non-,,metallic ,,m9]als ,em]y & ,corundum4--,abrasives are ess5tial & important 9 ! indu/ries4 ,*ief1 p]haps1 9 ! gr\p ( natural abrasives are em]y & corundum1 :i* are sup]ior 9 h>dness to o!r abrasives su* z qu>tz1 tripoli1 g>net1 & pumice4 ,!y are us$ 9 gr9d+ & poli%+ metals--*iefly iron & /eel--& glass4 ,comm]cially important deposits ( em]y & corundum are locat$ 9 ! ,appala*ian region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago 7especially ,naxos71 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,india1 ,madagasc>1 & ,s\? ,africa4 ,!re is little control o!r ?an t inh]5t 9 /ate sov]eignty4 ,magnesite4--,magnesite is a m9]al ( "s importance1 us$ ma9ly 9 metallurgical op]ations & z a refractory mat]ial = l9+ furnaces2 also = ! manufacture ( a cem5t = floor+4 ,magnesite is n a r>e m9]al1 & deposits are widespread4 ,productive & comm]cial deposits are locat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton71 ,canada1 ,mexico 7,l[] ,cali=nia71 ,v5ezuela1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,greece1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,n r>e en\gh to be ! subject ( great comb9ations1 ! int]e/+ int]national feature ( ! trade is t :i* c5t]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,until rec5tly l>ge magnesite deposits 7 n kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s va/ deposits h be5 develop$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,previ\s to ! w>1 ! deposits ( ,au/ria 7 ma9ly drawn on by consum]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & dur+ ! w> ,canadian magnesite 0 ma9ly us$4 ,am]ican firms own consid]able int]e/s 9 ! deposits 9 ,au/ria1 & probably 9 "s ( ^? 9 ,canada1 ,mexico & ,v5ezuela4 ,graphite4--,graphite is us$ = crucibles = /eel & brass mak+1 = f\ndry fac+s1 p5cils1 %oe poli%1 z a lubricant1 etc4 ,cry/all9e graphite only is us$ = crucibles4 ,! supply ( ?is = ,am]ican consumption 0 "o ( ! problems ( ! w>4 ,( ! cry/all9e graphite deposits1 x is believ$ t ^? ( ! ,fr5* colony ( ,madagasc> w1 on acc\nt ( _! ri*ness--if competition is free--supplant ,am]ican & ,g]man deposits2 ! deposits ( ,ceylon are reg>d$ z on ! wane4 ,amorph\s graphite w probably come f ,au/ria1 ,mexico & ,korea4 ,! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ext5sive b ( l[ grade4 ,mica4--,mica is an ess5tial m9]al1 especially 9 electrical "w4 ,"o ( ! commone/ m9]als ( ne>ly all rocks1 x becomes valuable only :5 x occurs 9 cry/als or %eets ( l>ge size1 :i* are ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 be+ f\nd only 9 c]ta9 pegmatite dikes4 ,india1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates produce ab\t #ih p] c5t4 ( ! %eet mica ( ! _w4 ,brazil1 ,arg5t9a1 & ! =m] ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa are becom+ important4 ,india produces #fe p] c5t4 ( ! total _w production2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only #ae p] c5t4 ,brazilian mica is expect$ to be ( mu* great] importance 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/1 al?\gh ,india w d\btless reta9 its position z ! mo/ important produc]4 ,! ,briti% ,empire controls #ge p] c5t4 ( ! %eet-mica production4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,g]many _h obta9$ a l>ge measure ( comm]cial control 9 ,indian m9es1 & by virtue ( h] dom9ant position 9 ! electrical indu/ry1 ?reat5$ to control ! mica m>ket ( ! _w4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is n[ ! l>ge/ consum]2 b z ! important developm5t ( ! electrical indu/ry 9 ,engl& dur+ ! w> places x 9 ! position =m]ly occupi$ by ,g]many & ,au/ria1 x requires a l>g] supply ( ! mica f ,india1 & ?is may lead to a p]man5t ,briti% control4 ,london is ! di/ribut+ c5t] = ,indian mica1 & ,london prices regulate ! m>ket4 ,dur+ ! w> ,indian mica 0 controll$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t & allott$ to ! ,alli$ nations at fix$ prices4 ,a p]man5t ,briti% monopoly ( ! mica m>ket c probably be/ be obviat$ by ! developm5t ( ! ,brazilian field by ,am]ican electrical manufactur]s4 ,asbe/os4--,asbe/os is an ess5tial m9]al1 on acc\nt ( its incombu/ibility & insulat+ qualities1 toge!r ) its fibr\s /ructure1 :i* enables x to be spun or wov5 into ropes & fabrics2 & on ?is acc\nt x has a wide & v>i$ use4 ,!re are m9]alogically ?ree k9ds ( asbe/os--*rysotile1 crocidolite1 & an?ophyllite--! la/ be+1 z a rule1 ( non-sp9n+ quality4 ,*rysotile is ! mo/ valuable comm]cially3 crocidolite1 or blue asbe/os1 w n be> high temp]ature l ! o!r v>ieties1 & on acc\nt ( its l[ fusibility is useful = electric weld+4 ,!re=e1 ! ma9 asbe/os problem c5t]s ab\t ! deposits ( high-grade *rysotile1 especially z ! supplies ( an?ophyllite asbe/os are abundant1 & ) its re/rict$ uses1 ample = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! mo/ important deposits ( *rysotile asbe/os are 9 ,quebec1 ,canada1 b l>ge deposits are also work$ 9 ,russia & ,rhodesia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is by f> ! l>ge/ manufactur] ( asbe/os products 9 ! _w1 b produces only a small fraction ( ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,! pres5ce ( ! deposits 9 ,canada1 h[ev]1 provides ! ,am]ican indu/ry ) an ample supply4 ,briti% companies hold exclusive control ( ! production ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralasia1 & ,italy3 ( ^!1 ,s\? ,africa includes ! ,rhodesian deposits ( *rysotile1 :i* are among ! mo/ important 9 ! _w4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,briti% ,empire is 9 a dom9at+ position1 controll+ ab\t #hh p] c5t4 ( ! annual asbe/os production ( ! _w & approximately #gj p] c5t4 ( ! e/imat$ res]ves4 ,canada is 9 ! lead ( all c\ntries1 supply+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,%\ld ! ,briti% policy z to o!r m9]al indu/ries be c>ri$ out 9 ! case ( asbe/os we may expect action on ! "p ( ! ,briti% or ,canadian gov]nm5t to transf] ! c5t] ( asbe/os manufacture f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,canada or ,engl&4 ,,! ,,f]tiliz] ,,m9]als ,we h above t\*$ on f\r great gr\ps ( m9]als--! fuel m9]als1 ! /eel & f]ro-alloy m9]als1 ! major non-f]r\s m9]als1 & ! non-metallic m9]als4 ,next comes a gr\p by itself--! f]tiliz] m9]als or elem5t>y sub/ances1 *ief among :i* are phosphate rock1 pota%1 nitrates1 & sulphur & sulphuric acid4 ,all ( ^! appe> ess5tial to ! re-invigorat+ ( ! soil z successive crops are remov$1 & s to secur+ a p]man5cy ( its orig9al productivity4 ,phosphate ,rock4--,phosphate rock is a natural sub/ance :i* is us$ ma9ly z an +r$i5t ( f]tiliz]s1 be+ f9ely gr\nd & us$ directly4 ,l>ge quantities are also us$ = mak+ phosphoric acid & phosphorus1 ! latt] be+ us$ 9 mat*es1 etc4 ,phosphate rock is a b$d$ or s$im5t>y deposit conta9+ phosphate ( lime2 phosphate ( lime also occurs z nodules 9 /ream b$s4 ,ano!r type ( deposit commonly class$ z phosphate rock is ! por\s coral or lime/one ( tropical isl&s1 p]meat$ ) phosphate lea*$ f guano4 ,! phosphate rock deposits ( pres5t comm]cial importance are locat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 & ,egypt1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates possess+ by f> ! l>ge/ res]ves4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has also ! l>ge/ indu/ry ( production4 ,politically ! pr9cipal deposits are controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france 7,tunis & ,alg]ia7 & ,great ,brita9 7,egypt74 ,! comm]cial control ( ! deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ,am]icans1 al?\gh ,g]man & ,fr5* int]e/s own "s ( ! h>d-rock deposits4 ,! deposits ( ,alg]ia & ,tunis are controll$ by two companies1 "o ,briti% & ! o!r ,italian4 ,g]many w be )\t a s\rce ( supply "u h] own control n[ t h] colonies h be5 =feit$4 ,f ! above x w be se5 t !re is no probability ( a _w control or monopoly ( phosphates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 a position to comm& ! m>ket unless nationali/ic legislation 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries is enact$ to protect & advance _! own indu/ries4 ,pota%4--,pota% is a mo/ important f]tiliz]1 ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( all pota% us$ be+ s employ$1 ! rema9d] go+ into ! manufacture ( explosives & glass1 & into ! *emical indu/ry4 ,up to #aiad practically all ! _w's supply ( pota% came f ! great natural rock-salt deposits ( ,/assfurt1 ,g]many4 ,next 9 importance come ! deposits ( ,alsace1 conta9+ suffici5t to supply ! _w's pres5t dem&s = #cjj ye>s4 ,l>ge undevelop$ deposits exi/ 9 nor!a/]n ,spa94 ,g]many made active practical use ( h] natural pota% weal? 9 erect+ a gov]nm5t monopoly1 :i* suppli$ ! _w4 ,?is advantage 0 made mu* ( 9 h] plans = fur!r political & comm]cial conque/1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ! va+lori\s ,teutons4 ,9 pota%1 !y op5ly boa/$1 !y _h an all-p[]ful comm]cial weapon :i* w\ld oblige o!r nations to supply 9 ex*ange raw mat]ials su* z ,g]many ne$$1 z cotton & copp] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) h] political collapse1 h[ev]1 h] comm]cial pota% monopoly has also gone4 ,! va/ deposits ( ,alsatian pota% h gone to ,france1 & :ile ,g]man pota% may /ill p]haps be produc$ & sold m *eaply1 ! ,alsatian deposits w act z a *eck4 ,a comm]cial comb9ation betwe5 ! two1 & includ+ ! ,spani% deposits1 is1 h[ev]1 n at all out ( ! "q4 ,pota% is "o ( ! commone/ elem5ts 9 ! e>?1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is an abundant supply b x is l>gely 9 ! =m ( silicates1 & s m difficult & exp5sive to extract ?an f ! soluble natural salts ( ,g]many4 ,nitrates4--,nitrates are ess5tial 9 an extraord9>y degree1 9 v>i\s ways3 z f]tiliz]1 & s ess5tial to food & life2 z ! s\rce ( ammonia1 & !re=e necess>y to ! mod]n sy/em ( food refrig]ation2 z an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 explosives1 & ?us indisp5sable = ! national def5se4 ,j z pota% is "o ( ! commone/ elem5ts ( ! e>?1 s nitrog5 is "o ( ! commone/ elem5ts ( ! air1 ( :i* x con/itutes f\r-fif?s4 ,x %\ld n1 !re=e1 be h>d to get2 b to isolate x & cat* x 9 usable =m--9 te*nical t]ms1 to 8fix0 x--is difficult1 sl[ & exp5sive4 ,nature has n done mu* t[>d 8fix+0 nitrog5 9 h] m9]al supplies2 & al?\gh x is con/antly be+ 8fix$0 9 animal & vegetable organisms1 x is l>gely soon return$ to ! atmosph]e z ammonia or 9 o!r =ms1 or1 be+ 9 ! =m ( soluble salts1 is lea*$ f ! soil & c>ri$ away1 ei!r to be trans=m$ aga9 to ! atmosph]e1 or1 r>ely1 to be accumulat$ "u arid conditions by evaporation into m9]al deposits4 ,= "s hi!rto unexpla9$ reason1 only 9 ,*ili h m9]al deposits ( importance ?us be5 =m$2 & ! ,*ilean deposits h till lately suppli$ ! _w1 giv+ ,*ile ev5 a f> m exclusive position z reg>ds nitrates ?an 0 held by ,g]many z reg>ds pota%2 b !re has nev] be5 any monopoli/ic control ( ! ,*ilean nitrate supply4 ,besides ?is m9]al s\rce1 & ! obta9+ ( nitrog5 f ! air by fixation1 important s\rces ( f]tiliz] nitrog5 are conta9$ 9 organic matt]--refuse vegetable or animal rema9s1 or animal excreta--& also f coal1 z a by-product ( coke manufacture4 ,previ\s to ! w>1 ,g]many anticipat$ be+ depriv$ ( ,*ilean nitrate by develop+ fixation & by-product processes1 ?r\gh :i* %e suppli$ h]self dur+ ! w>4 ,o!r c\ntries h n be5 s ?or\gh4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ! dang] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ cut (f f supplies ( ,*ilean nitrates by ! ,g]man subm>9e campaign1 l$ to ! ,gov]nm5t project+ & />t+ f\r l>ge & exp5sive plants = nitrog5 fixation4 ,!y 7 unf9i%$ :5 ! w> clos$4 ,ab\t five-eigh?s or less ( ! nitrog5 consum$ has be5 f v>i\s organic s\rces1 includ+ ! by-production f coke mak+4 ,by-product nitrog5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is e/imat$ at ar\nd "o-eigh? ( ! entire supply4 ,! rema9+ ?ree-eigh?s has be5 furni%$ l>gely by ,*ilean nitrates4 ,,! ,,preci\s ,,metals ,gold4--,9 ! gr\p ( preci\s metals1 gold is ( ! mo/ importance1 ma9ly z ! "t-honor$ & unreplaceable measure ( value & m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,?is position x has sometimes %>$ ) silv]1 b no c\ntry has ev] refus$ to ?us recognize gold4 ,gold is f\nd all ov] ! _w1 b ! ,briti% ,empire produces #fj p] c5t4 ( x1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces #bj p] c5t4 ,political & comm]cial control are ne>ly id5tical 9 ! case ( gold1 :i* is easily r$uc$ to ! metal /ate & !nce=? passes curr5t1 requir+ no sell+ ag5cies4 ,due to ! comm]ce br\ght on by ! w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ has a l>g] gold res]ve ?an any o!r nation4 ,silv]4--8,silv]10 says our au?or1 8is us$ bo? = money & 9 ! arts1 ! =m] use be+ ! m important & m ess5tial4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 especially ^? produc+ silv] 9 l>ge am\nts1 x is ! money /&>d1 ei!r alone or ) gold4 ,9 o!r c\ntries on a gold /&>d silv] is us$ = subsidi>y co9age4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a x is us$ = ! settlem5t ( =eign trade ex*ange balances40 ,9 c\ntries ) elaborate f9ancial sy/ems1 :]e pap] curr5cy is freely accept$1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 x is n su* an ess5tial money metal2 b 9 o!r c\ntries x directly replaces & cons]ves gold4 ,on ?is acc\nt silv] is n an article ( luxury1 b an ess5tial4 ,! co9age ( silv] increas$ 9 ,europe z ! w> progress$1 & 0 ess5tial 9 br++ supplies f ! ,f> ,ea/ to ! battle fronts4 ,:ile ! normal annual silv] production is ar\nd #aei1jjj1jjj ounces1 ! dem& dur+ #aiah exce$$ #ejj1jjj1jjj ounces4 ,silv] production adds to ! /ock ( money1 increases confid5ce 9 f9ancial conditions1 & furni%es1 ) & subsidi>y to gold1 a basis = cr$it4 ,ab\t half ( ! _w's silv] output is z a by-product ( ! production ( o!r metals1 notably lead & copp]2 & accord+ly ! production ( silv] is l>gely indep5d5t ( ! price4 ,( ! _w's total silv] production1 ov] #hj p] c5t4 comes f ! m9es ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,= _m ye>s ,mexico 0 ! lead+ produc]1 until all its indu/ries became disorganiz$ by revolution4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 always a close second1 is n[ 9 a lead+ position4 ,canada1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,s\? ,am]ica are important4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 ,au/ralia is ! lead+ produc]4 ,! pr9cipal silv] deposits ( ! _w are controll$ politically by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico1 & ,great ,brita91 ^! ?ree controll+ #he p] c5t4 ( ! total production 9 #aiac4 ,plat9um4--,plat9um is controll$ *iefly by ,russia1 be+ produc$ o!rwise 9 important quantity only 9 ,colombia4 ,am]ican int]e/s pr$om9ate 9 ,colombia4 ,be=e ! w> !re 0 an int]lock+ ( ! int]e/s ( ! plat9um ref9]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita91 ) ! ,g]man influ5ce v m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,! control accord+ to political sov]eignty 7t]ritorial own]%ip7 ( ! _w's m9]al production4 7,fac+ page #edj7 ,,political ,,control 7,,t]ritorial7 ,,iron #aiac #aia1igh1gej ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cg ,,briti% ,,empire #aa ,,france #ad ,,lorra9e #aj ,,re/ ,,( ,,g]many #f ,,au/ria-,,hung>y #c ,,spa9 #f ,,russia #e ,,all ,,o!rs #f ,,coal #aiac #a1dgh1jjj1jjj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ci ,,briti% ,,empire #bf ,,france #c ,,g]many #ba ,,au/4- ,,hung>y #d ,,all ,,o!rs #g ,,petroleum #aiag #ejb1ihj1fjj ,b>rels ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fg ,,brit4 ,,emp4 #b ,,russia #ad ,,mexico #aa ,,all ,,o!rs #f ,,copp] #aiag #a1fjd1dgb ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fj ,,brit4 ,,emp4 #h ,,japan #h ,,*ile #e ,,c5tral ,,p[]s #c ,,all ,,o!rs #ac ,,z9c #aiac #a1jie1fhf ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cb ,,briti% ,,empire #f ,,france #g ,,belgium #cj ,,g]many #bh ,,all ,,o!rs #g ,,pig ,,lead#aia #a1cga1ijj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #de ,,briti% ,,empire #ac ,,france #b ,,spa9 #aa ,,g]many #ad ,,au/4-,,hung>y #b ,,all ,,o!rs #ac ,,gold #aiag #dbe1dhf1djj ,doll>s ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ai ,,briti% ,,empire #fd ,,russia #d ,,japan #b ,,all ,,o!rs #aa ,,silv] #aiac #bbc1abg1jjj ,ounces ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cj ,,briti% ,,empire #bc ,,c5tral ,,p[]s #c ,,mexico #cb ,,all ,,o!rs #ab ,,nickel #aiac #cb1jaf ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #he ,,france #aa ,,hung>y #b ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,graphite #aiac #aci1bhc ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #bb ,,france #f ,,italy #i ,,g]many #i ,,au/ria-,,hung>y #ci ,,japan #h ,,all ,,o!rs #d ,,m]cury #aiac #d1gbe ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #af ,,italy #bc ,,spa9 #cc ,,au/ria-,,hung>y #ba ,,all ,,o!rs #e ,,t9 #aiag #acg1aii ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #ej ,,ne!rl&s #ad ,,bolivia #ba ,,*9a #h ,,all ,,o!rs #i ,,manganese #aiac #b1fjg1dhc ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #ce ,,russia #ee ,,brazil #e ,,all ,,o!rs #e ,,pota% #aiac #a1bdg1iib ,%ort ,tons ,,g]many 7,,/assfurt7 #ic ,,g]many ,,alsace #e ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,tung/5 #aiag #bf1ghc ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ag ,,briti% ,,empire #cd ,,c54 ,,p[4 #a ,,japan #g ,,bolivia #af ,,*9a #f ,,all ,,o!rs #ai ,,plat9um #aiac #bfg1bcc ,troy ,ounces ,,russia #ic ,,colombia #f ,,all ,,o!rs #a ,,sulphur #aiaf #a1ajj1jjj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fe ,,italy #bc ,,japan #aj ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,asbe/os #aiac #aeh1jaf ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #hg ,,russia #ab ,,all ,,o!rs #a ,prep>$ by3 ,john ,e4 ,or*>d1 ,assi/ant ,m9e ,economi/1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,may #a1 #aiai #aia ,rec5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,! control1 accord+ to comm]cial or f9ancial own]%ip ( ! _w's m9]al production4 7,ins]t foll[+ ,fig4 #bc7 ,,comm]cial ,,control 7,,f9ancial7 7,p]c5tages are ,e/imat$7 ,,iron #aiac #aia1igh1gej ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cg ,,briti% ,,empire #ab ,,france #aa ,,g]many #bg ,,au/4 ,,hung>y #c ,,all ,,o!rs #aj ,,coal #aiac #a1dgh1jjj1jjj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ce ,,briti% ,,empire #bd ,,france #c ,,g]many #ba ,,au/4 ,,hung>y #d ,,all ,,o!rs #ac ,,petroleum #aiag #ejb1ihj1fjj ,b>rels ,,unit$ ,,/ates #gb ,,briti% ,,empire #i ,,ne!rl&s #ge ,,g]many #b ,,all ,,o!rs #aj ,,copp] #aiag #a1fjd1dgb ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fi ,,briti% ,,empire #ac ,,france #b ,,g]many #f ,,all ,,o!rs #aj ,,z9c #aiac #a1jih1fhf ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cb ,,brit4 ,,emp4 #f ,,france #ab ,,belgium #aj ,,g]many #cd ,,all ,,o!rs #f ,,pig ,,lead#aib #a1cga1ijj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #di ,,briti% ,,empire #ag ,,france #ac ,,g]many #ae ,,all ,,o!rs #f ,,gold #aiag #dbe1dhf1djj ,doll>s ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bc ,,briti% ,,empire #fc ,,france #f ,,c5tl4 ,,p[]s #a ,,all ,,o!rs #g ,,silv] #aiac #bbc1abg1jjj ,ounces ,,unit$ ,,/ates #eb ,,briti% ,,empire #cc ,,g]many #aj ,,all ,,o!rs #e ,,nickel #aiac #cb1jaf ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ea ,,briti% ,,empire #ci ,,france #f ,,g]many #d ,,graphite #aiac #aci1bhc ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aa ,,briti% ,,empire #be ,,france #d ,,italy #g ,,g]many #aj ,,au/ria-,,hung>y #cf ,,all ,,o!rs #g ,,m]cury #aiac #d1gbe ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #af ,,briti% ,,empire #ce ,,italy #aa ,,g]many #ac ,,au/ria- ,,hung>y #ba ,,all ,,o!rs #d ,,t9 #aiag #acg1aii ,%ort ,tons ,,briti% ,,empire #fg ,,france #a ,,g]many #a ,,ne!rl&s #ad ,,*ile #aa ,,bolivia #g ,,*9a #g ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,manganese #aiac #b1fjg1dhc ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #d ,,briti% ,,empire #ca ,,france #c ,,g]many #ag ,,au/ria- ,,hung>y #b ,,russia #cf ,,all ,,o!rs #g ,,pota% #aiac #a1bdg1ihb ,%ort ,tons ,,g]many 7,,/assfurt7 #ic ,,g]many 7,,alsace7 #e ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,tung/5 #aiag #bf1ghc ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ce ,,briti% ,,empire #ee ,,france #d ,,g]many #a ,,all ,,o!rs #c ,,plat9um #aiac #bfg1bcc ,troy ,ounces ,,unit$ ,,/ates #d ,,briti% ,,empire #b ,,france #gd ,,russia #ae ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,sulphur #aiaf #a1ajj1jjj ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #fe ,,italy #bc ,,japan #aj ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,,asbe/os #aiac #aeh1jaf ,%ort ,tons ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bd ,,briti% ,,empire #fd ,,c5tral ,,p[]s #aj ,,all ,,o!rs #b ,prep>$ by ,john ,e4 ,or*>d ,assi/ant ,m9e ,economi/ ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,may #a1 #aiai #aib ,rec5t ,:o ,owns ! ,e>?8--,! answ] to our inquiry at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 8,:o ,owns ! ,e>?80 is !re=e answ]$ by ^! summ>ies1 & is fur!r set =? 9 ! accompany+ *>ts1 "o %[+ political 7or1 r1 9 ?is case1 /rictly t]ritorial7 control1 & ! o!r comm]cial control1 ,figs4 #bc & #bd4 ,z bas$ ^u ! t]ritorial & comm]cial control ( ! fundam5tal m9]als1 x appe>s t ! e>? is own$ by ! two great ,anglo-,saxon nations1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,empire3 ! =m] by de/9y & good =tune & )\t political plan or policy1 9 t su* a va/ /ore ( m9]al weal? 0 f\nd 9 ! great sp>sely populat$ wild]ness ( ,am]ica :i* x occupi$2 ! latt] ?r\gh ! imp]ial policy ( ,brita91 develop$ ?r\gh hundr$s ( ye>s by ! ne$ ( ext5d+ comm]ce & ! flag into f>-(f l&s to supplant ! sl5d] res\rces ( its own limit$ isl&s4 ,( ! two1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is r 9 ! lead1 & possesses & controls m ( ! _w's m9]al weal? ?an any o!r nation2 b ,great ,brita9 is a close second4 ,rapid *anges occur1 h[ev]1 9 ^! days1 & ! future mu/ be inspect$4 ,! imp]ial policy ( expansion & increas+ political control has become a tradition & an in/9ct ) ,great ,brita92 %e le>n$ s9ce ! loss ( h] ,am]ican colonies to give full autonomy to h] m intellig5t colonies1 s t %e /r5g!ns h] dom9ion !reby1 & p]si/5tly goes on h] way putt+ m & m ( ! e>? "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,! weal? & res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ s f> great] ?an its necessities1 =eign problems h resolv$ into occasional que/ions ( self-protection2 & f ?is condition a directly result+ !ory has sprung1 ( non-int]f]5ce 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,l ,*9a1 we decl>e ourselves ap>t f ! _w1 & simply ask to be left alone1 9 consid]ation ( :i* we agree to leave ! _w alone4 ,our ,monroe ,doctr9e z orig9at$ is "p ( t !ory--we want$ ! _w to leave all ! ,am]icas alone1 b took no responsibility = ! ,am]icas o!rwise--a selfi% & "o-sid$ position4 ,! mann] 9 :i* we cl+ to ?is doctr9e is /upid & ineffective3 :ile we h conceiv$ ( x only z apply+ to milit>y or political encroa*m5t1 we h ov]look$ ! mod]n phase ( comm]cial conque/4 ,!reby we ga9 ! suspicion ( our ,lat9-,am]ican neighbors1 :o accord+ly welcome m gladly ,european or ,japanese r ?an ,am]ican capital2 & ?us we enc\rage ! v encroa*m5ts we h ?\ght to prev5t4 ,we %\ld ei!r ab&on ! ,monroe ,doctr9e entirely1 or def9e x also 9 t]ms ( political control4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds our great indu/ries1 &1 m specifically1 our m9]al indu/ries1 we h nev] _h any def9ite policy2 our tr\bles & problems 7 purely int]nal1 & ! ,gov]nm5t's ef=ts 7 l>gely direct$ to prev5t+ su* solid>ity ( any "o indu/ry t its p[] %\ld be too great1 al?\gh ,am]ican organiz+ g5ius fir/ successfully develop$ ^! colossal bus9ess comb9ations1 ris+ )\t gov]nm5t support4 ,engl&1 too1 & ,france1 ) _! democratic traditions1 t5d$ to resi/ ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( great bus9ess organizations1 z lead+ to ! de/ruction ( equal opportunity & ?reat5+ ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,x rema9$ = ,g]many1 press+ impud5tly t[>d ! conque/ ( ! _w1 to see ! advantage ( comb9+ ! p[]s ( ! /ate ) ^? ( bus9ess monopolies1 z a means ( regulat+ indu/ry at home & ov]p[]+ o!r nations4 ,?us ! old "q ( ! union or sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate becomes "o ( ,bus9ess & ,/ate4 ,! success ( ?is plan ( ,g]man p5etration 0 mo/ cle>ly & disagreeably br\ght home to ! ,briti% m9d1 z well z to ! ,fr5* & ! ,am]ican p]ception1 by ! w>1 & dur+ ! w> ,engl& took "u gov]nm5t control h] m9]al indu/ries m def9itely & sy/ematically ?an did we4 ,moreov]1 p]ceiv+ ! success ( ! ,g]man sy/em z a means ( p5etration & z a me?od aga9/ competitors1 %e has adopt$ x1 !re be+ a /rik+ t5d5cy to put h] key indu/ries "u syndicates1 unions1 c>tels1 or tru/s controll$ directly by ! /ate4 ,a sy/em ( /ate socialism ?us takes ! place ( ! fre$om ( individual competition4 ,z reg>ds ! m9]al indu/ries1 mu* ! same action has be5 tak5 by ,france4 ,b 9 ,am]ica1 dropp+ all ! problems & half-le>n$ lessons ( ! w>1 we return to ! /atus quo ante4 ,if ?is diff]5ce cont9ues1 x is c]ta9 t ,briti% control ( ! e>?--:]eby we mean its m9]als--w ev5tually prepond]ate4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$1 we %\ld p]haps r see x 9 ! h&s ( ,great ,brita9 ?an ( any o!r p[]1 b mu/ we n decide ^u our own c\rse z a ri* & popul\s nation ( an increas+ly close-pack$ b see?+ & yet unorganiz$ globe8 ,our /atesm51 newspap]s1 & f9anci]s proclaim to ! _w t we int5d to take ! lion's %>e ( ! _w's %ipp+ & comm]ce4 ,engl& says no?+1 b puts h] gov]nm5t directly beh9d h] own indu/ries1 :ile ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t /ill holds alo( f !m4 ,nationalism has be5 reviv$ 9 ,europe1 & especially 9 ,engl& & ,france1 z ! result ( ! /ruggle to prevail aga9/ ! int5se ,g]man nationali/ic _s1 :i* all b subjugat$ a _w drift+ com=tably into int]nationalism4 ,x is conceivably a /ep backw>d1 a rev]sion1 b :at attitude %all ,am]ica take8 ,! ,briti% & ,fr5* nationalism ne$ n disquiet u s mu* z t ( ! ,japanese1 /ill m int5se & purposeful1 & work+ ) ! same ,g]man tools 7n inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 b 9 ,am]ica1 b1 l mo/ ,g]man arts1 successfully copi$ & utiliz$71 n[ adopt$ by ,engl& & ,france 9 self-def5se4 ,am]ica also has _h a rebir? ( nationalism1 q necess>y 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs4 ,z ! case n[ /&s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates l>gely pr$om9ates 9 ! petroleum indu/ry1 ) #ga p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production 9 #aiag2 ,engl&1 f> beh9d1 is 9 a way to ov]take u ) giant /rides "u h] new sy/em4 ,9 ! basic necessities ( coal & iron1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates also leads4 ,! second place 9 ! /eel indu/ry1 held by ,g]many1 0 presumably lo/ z a result ( ! w>1 & probably passes to ,engl&1 already second 9 coal & ) h] iron indu/ries 9 *>ge ( a gov]nm5t-controll$ syndicate = purposes ( protection & expansion4 ,9 copp]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f> away 9 ! lead1 ) ,engl& a long second1 & 9 lead1 also1 ) half ! _w's production1 ) ,engl& second4 ,be=e ! w> ,engl& & ,g]many 7 ab\t ti$ = second place1 & ! latt] 0 rapidly draw+ ahead ?r\gh h] /ate-controll$ comm]cial me?ods2 b ! w> w set h] back greatly4 ,9 z9c1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h ! greate/ production 7#cb p] c5t47 be=e ! w>1 slightly m ?an ,g]many 7#bh p] c5t471 b ,g]man me?ods gave x ! prepond]ance ( actual comm]cial control4 ,! result ( ! w> w re/ore ! comm]cial supremacy to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! importance ( ,engl& w increase4 ,9 silv]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ leads 9 production & 9 bo? t]ritorial & comm]cial control1 &1 by h] comm]cial control ov] ,mexican production1 controls "o-half ( ! _w's output1 ) ,great ,brita9 a /rong comm]cial second1 hav+ ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 ( x4 ,9 ! production ( ! important m9]al1 sulphur1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f> 9 advance ( ! _w1 ) #fe p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production 9 #aiaf4 ,italy is second1 ,japan ?ird1 & ,engl& is practically unrepres5t$4 ,phosphate rock is dom9at$1 bo? t]ritorially & comm]cially1 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b !re are o!r supplies = ,engl&1 & ,france has abundance 9 h] own t]ritory4 ,vanadium is comm]cially controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh t]ritorially by ,p]u4 ,molybd5um has v lately come to be controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,great ,brita91 =m]ly fir/1 n[ second4 ,9 uranium & radium ! ,unit$ ,/ates also has fir/ place1 ) ,au/ria a long second4 ,! alum9um indu/ry is /ronge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh v important also 9 ,france4 ,9 ! foll[+1 h[ev]1 ,great ,brita9 has control3 ! important 8key indu/ry0 ( t91 :]e h] t]ritorial control is "o-half & h] comm]cial control absolute1 :]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n repres5t$2 9 ! important nickel indu/ry1 by t]ritorial control ( #hj p] c5t41 & by a comm]cial control t is n[ probably pr$om9ant ov] ! /rong ,am]ican int]e/s1 z a result ( an active gov]nm5t policy2 9 tung/51 :]e %e controls t]ritorially ! greate/ production 7#cd p] c5t471 & :]e %e has comm]cial supremacy1 controll+ #ed p] c5t4 7#aiag71 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ second1 ) a comm]cial control ( #ce p] c5t4 7al?\gh its t]ritorial control is only #ag p] c5t41 ab\t equal to t ( ,bolivia74 ,9 manganese1 ,russia nom9ally leads1 ) #cf p] c5t4 comm]cial control 7#ee p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production 9 #aiac72 b "u pres5t conditions ! effect is to give ,engl& ! lead1 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a position ( m9or importance4 ,9 *romium1 ,great ,brita9 & ,france control ?r\gh a syndicate1 9 :i* ! ,briti% int]e/ is 9 ! majority1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates occupies a subord9ate position ) reg>d to bo? ^! c\ntries4 ,9 gold production ! ,briti% ,empire controls #fc p] c5t42 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bc p] c5t4 ,9 graphite 9 #aiac ! ,briti% ,empire 0 second to ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,x w n[ take ! fir/ place1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be a competitor4 ,9 asbe/os1 ! ,briti% ,empire produces #hg p] c5t4 & controls comm]cially #fc p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ negligible 9 production1 b second 9 comm]cial control 7( ,canadian asbe/os74 ,m]cury1 t]ritorially1 is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ,spa91 b ! indu/ry is actually dom9at$ by ,engl&1 "u sell+ arrangem5ts4 ,antimony has long be5 controll$ by ,engl&1 b control may rev]t to ,*9a1 :i* means ! possibility ( its becom+ ,japanese4 ,mica1 ess5tial = electrical "w1 is controll$ by ,great ,brita94 ,only a few m9]als rema9 9 :i* mo/ ( ! indu/ry is n 9 ! h&s ( ei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,engl&3 pota%1 =m]ly a ,g]man monopoly1 & n[ divid$ betwe5 ,g]many & ,france1 ) ,g]many likely pr$om9ant2 & m9]al nitrates1 9 ,*ilean t]ritory1 ) no m>k$ national comm]cial control o!r ?an t ( ,*ile4 ,bo? ,am]ica & ,engl& are /rong 9 _! grip on ! _w's m9]al indu/ries--,engl& mu* /rong] ?an be=e ! w> & ) a fre%ly set purpose to exp&4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! two c\ntries w\ld am\nt to a practical _w control ( m9]als1 &1 ) ,france1 a little /rong] control4 ,?is mu* = ! pres5t1 b unc]ta9 quantities loom %ad[y1 9 ! de/9y ( ,russia1 ! future ( ,asia1 & ! progress ( ,japan4 ,japan is int5tly emb>k+ on a c\rse t[>d ! dom9ation ( ,asia1 politically & comm]cially4 ,h] pres5t position is n s significant z ! consid]ation ( h] rapid progress1 ! k ( ! ri* field 9 :i* %e is to "w1 & a /udy ( h] milit>i/ic me?ods1 :i* rem9d "o ( ^? ( ,g]many4 ,japan holds to no ally t w n 7tempor>ily7 aid h] 9 h] =w>d m>*1 & 9 ! weakness ( ,russia1 ,*9a1 & ,korea %e sees h] opportunity4 ,! w> to h] 0 an unmix$ bless+4 ,%e took no *ances1 & seiz$ enorm\s advantages4 ,!re are ?ree great figures ( nations :i* seem to h be5 de/9$ to be1 9 ^! times1 ( critical importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 9 ! pa/ ,g]many2 9 ! pres5t1 ,great ,brita92 9 ! future1 ,japan4 ,! ,g]man "q 0 settl$ 9 ! only possible way2 = ,engl& ! only sane solution is a clos]-knit alliance2 & = ,japan1 wat*fulness & fri5dly int5tions4 ,,index ,africa ,asbe/os 91 #cid ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,*rome 91 #aad ,copp] 91 #bdf ,copp]1 exports to ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bdi2 copp] production1 #bdf1 #bdi ,ea/ ,africa ,mica 91 #chc ,em]y & corundum 91 #cei ,gold 91 #dgc ,magnesite 91 #cfh ,nor? ,africa ,copp] 91 #bdh ,phosphate 91 #dje ,s\? ,africa ,gold 91 #dgc2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhh ,mica 91 #chd ,t9 91 #cbc ,we/ ,africa ,copp] 91 #bdh ,gold 91 #dgd ,alaska4 ,see ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,alg]ia ,antimony 91 #ahe ,iron ores (1 #ga ,lead 91 #bgc ,phosphate 91 #djf ,z9c 91 #cjc ,alloys ( antimony1 #agb2 ( *rome1 #aji2 ( manganese1 #ij2 ( molybd5um1 #aia2 ( nickel1 #abi2 ( plat9um & iridium1 #ejf2 ( tung/51 #adb2 ( vanadium1 #afc2 ( zirconium1 #baj ,alsace4 ,see ,france & ,g]many4 ,petroleum control 91 #af ,pota% control 91 #dah ,alum9um 7bauxite7 ,*anges 9 practice1 #cdi ,*apt] on1 #cdi ,alum9um ,control ( alum9um1 comm]cial1 #ceb2 9 ,france1 #cec2 9 ,g]many-,au/ria1 #ced2 9 ,great ,brita91 #cec2 9 ,italy1 #ced2 9 ,norway1 #cec2 9 ! ,guianas1 #cec2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #ceb ,geographical di/ribution1 #cej2 9 ,africa1 #cej2 9 ,au/ralia1 #cej2 9 ,*9a1 #cea2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cej2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cej2 9 ,europe1 #cej2 9 ,india1 #cej ,summ>y1 #ced ,uses (1 #cdi ,works1 capacity1 #ceb ,_w's output1 #cea ,antimony ,alloys (1 #agb ,*apt] on1 #agb ,geographical di/ribution1 #agc1 #agd1 #age2 9 ,africa1 #ahe2 9 ,alg]ia1 #ahe2 9 ,asia1 #ahb2 9 ,au/ralia1 #ahf2 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 #agi2 9 ,bolivia1 #agh2 9 ,borneo1 #ahb2 9 ,canada1 #agg2 9 ,*9a1 #ahb1 #ahc2 9 ,europe1 #agi2 9 ,france1 #agi2 9 ,g]many1 #ahj2 9 ,great ,brita91 #ahj2 9 ,india1 #ahd2 9 ,indo-,*9a1 #ahd2 9 ,italy1 #aha2 9 ,japan1 #ahd2 9 ,mexico1 #agg2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #agf2 9 ,p]u1 #agi2 9 ,portugal1 #ahb2 9 ,russia1 #ahb2 9 ,s]bia1 #ahb2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #ahe2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #agh2 9 ,spa91 #ahb2 9 ,turkey1 #ahd2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #agf ,position ( ,engl&1 #ahg2 position ( ,france1 #ahh2 position ( ,g]many1 #ahh2 position ( ,japan1 #ahh2 position ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahg ,production ( _w1 #ahf ,rec5t indu/rial conditions1 #ahh ,summ>y1 #ahi ,uses (1 #agb ,_w situation1 #ecj ,arg5t9a ,copp] 91 #bde ,petroleum control 91 #af ,asbe/os 9 ,africa1 #cid2 9 ,asia1 #cid2 9 ,canada & ,newf\ndl&1 #cic2 9 ,europe1 #cic2 9 ,italy1 #cic2 9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cic2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cia ,an?ophyllite1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cib ,*anges 9 practice1 #chi ,*apt] on1 #chh ,*rysolite1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cia ,control 9 ,canada1 #cih2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #cih2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cig ,control1 political & comm]cial1 #cig ,future *anges1 #cie ,geographical di/ribution1 #cia ,geological di/ribution1 #chi ,position ( ,great ,brita91 #cii2 position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cii ,sub/itutes =1 #chi ,summ>y1 #djj ,uses (1 #chh ,_w situation1 #ecg ,asia ,antimony 91 #ahb ,asbe/os 91 #cid ,*rome 91 #aae ,coal 91 #bg ,copp] 91 #bec ,em]y & corundum 91 #ceh ,gold 91 #dga ,graphite 91 #cgd ,iron 91 #gd-gg ,magnesite 91 #cfh ,manganese 91 #ii ,m]cury 91 #cda ,monazite 91 #bag ,petroleum 91 #i ,phosphate 91 #djf ,t9 91 #cai1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj ,tung/5 91 #adi ,z9c 91 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjf ,asia ,m9or ,*rome 91 #aae ,magnesite 91 #cfh ,m]cury 91 #cda ,au/ralasia ,asbe/os 91 #cie ,*rome 91 #aaa ,copp] 91 #bdi ,gold 91 #dgd ,lead 91 #bfh1 #bfi ,manganese 91 #aja ,nickel 91 #acd1 #ace ,phosphate 91 #djf ,t9 91 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbi ,tung/5 91 #adi ,z9c 91 #cjb1 #cjc ,au/ralia ,antimony 91 #ahf ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,coal position1 #ca ,copp]1 production 9 #aiag1 #bej ,gold 91 #dge ,gold1 political & comm]cial control1 #dij ,iron 91 #hj ,lead 91 #bfh ,lead1 comm]cial control1 #bhb ,lead position1 #bhh ,magnesite 91 #cfh ,manganese 91 #aja ,mica 91 #chd ,molybd5um 91 #aia2 molybd5um1 comm]cial control1 #aig ,plat9um 91 #ead ,radium 91 #bjg ,t9 91 #cbe ,tung/51 future (1 #adi ,uranium 91 #bjg ,z9c 91 #cjb2 comm]cial control1 #caa ,au/ria ,copp] 91 #beh ,lead position1 #bij ,magnesite control1 #cfi ,m]cury 91 #cdj ,radium res\rces1 #bjf2 uranium res\rces1 #bjf ,z9c 91 #cje ,au/rian ,empire ,*rome 91 #aah ,m]cury 91 #cdj ,au/ria & ,hung>y ,antimony 91 #agi ,iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #gj2 iron position1 #hg ,manganese 91 #if ,balkan ,p59sula ,*rome 91 #aah ,bauxite ,*apt] on1 #cdi ,geographical di/ribution1 #cej ,geological di/ribution1 #cej ,uses (1 #cdi ,_w control1 #cea ,belgian ,congo ,copp] 91 #bdf1 #bdg ,manganese 91 #aja ,belgium ,coal 91 #bd1 #bf ,iron position1 #hg ,lead 91 #bgf2 lead position1 #bij ,manganese 91 #if ,z9c position1 #cac ,bolivia ,antimony 91 #agh ,copp] 91 #bde ,lead 91 #bgf ,silv] 91 #dih1 #eja ,t9 91 #cbh2 t9 control1 #ccc ,tung/5 91 #aej ,z9c 91 #cjf ,borneo ,antimony 91 #ahb ,manganese 91 #aja ,b[les1 ,oliv] ,*apt] on ,asbe/os1 #chh ,brazil ,*rome 91 #abj ,coal position1 #ca ,gold 91 #dgj1 #dhj ,iron1 control1 #gh ,manganese 91 #id ,mica 91 #chc ,monazite 91 #bag2 monazite1 comm]cial control1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj ,zirconium 91 #bab1 #bac2 zirconium1 political control1 #bac ,briti% ,empire4 ,see ,great ,brita94 ,briti% ,guiana ,gold 91 #dhj ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,bulg>ia ,iron 91 #gg ,lead 91 #bgf ,burma ,lead 91 #bgd2 lead position1 #bhi2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,petroleum 91 #ae ,tung/51 future (1 #adi ,cali=nia ,*rome 91 #aai ,gold 91 #dff ,magnesite 91 #cfe ,m]cury 91 #cdb ,plat9um 91 #eac ,canada ,alum9um control 91 #ceb ,antimony 91 #agg ,asbe/os 91 #cic2 asbe/os control 91 #cih ,*rome 91 #aah ,copp]1 comm]cial control1 #bch ,em]y & corundum 91 #ceh ,gold 91 #dfh ,iron1 comm]cial control1 #gc ,lead 91 #bgc2 lead position1 #bhi2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,magnesite 91 #cfe ,manganese 91 #id ,mica 91 #chb ,molybd5um 91 #aic2 molybd5um1 comm]cial control1 #aig ,nickel 91 #acc ,petroleum control 91 #af ,phosphate 91 #dje ,plat9um 91 #eac2 plat9um own]%ip1 #eah ,pyrite 91 #deb ,z9c 91 #cjf ,cape ,colony1 ,africa ,asbe/os 91 #cid ,copp] 91 #bdh ,gold 91 #dgc ,c5tral ,am]ica ,*rome 91 #abj ,copp] 91 #bci ,gold 91 #dfi2 gold control1 #dhe ,petroleum 91 #ag ,*ile ,coal position1 #ca ,copp] control1 #bda2 copp]1 comm]cial control1 #bdb2 copp]1 ,unit$ ,/ates control1 #bdc ,iron1 control1 #gh ,manganese 91 #if ,nitrate ores1 #dbc2 nitrate1 outlook =1 #dda ,sulphur 91 #deh ,*9a ,antimony 91 #ahb ,coal position1 #ca1 #dg ,copp] 91 #bee ,gold 91 #dgc2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhh ,iron position1 #hh ,lead 91 #bgc ,mica 91 #chd ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,silv] position1 #ejd ,t9 91 #cbi2 t9 control1 #ccb ,tung/51 future (1 #adi ,z9c 91 #cjf ,*9a & ,man*uria ,iron1 control (1 #gd ,*rome 7*romite7 ,alloys (1 #aji 9 ,au/ralasia1 #aaa ,*apt] on1 #aji ,*ief produc+ c\ntries1 #ebh ,comm]cial control (1 #aaa-aad2 9 ,france1 #abe1 #abf2 9 ,great ,brita91 #abd2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd ,control1 comm]cial & political1 #abg ,geographical di/ribution1 #aaa1 #aab ,geological di/ribution1 #aaj2 9 ,africa1 #aad2 9 ,asia1 #aae2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #aae2 9 ! ,au/rian ,empire1 #aah2 9 ! ,balkan ,p59sula1 #aah2 9 ,brazil1 #abj2 9 ,canada1 #aah2 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #abj2 9 ,colombia1 #abj2 9 ,cuba1 #abj2 9 ,europe1 #aah2 9 ,greece1 #aah2 9 ,india1 #aag2 9 ,japan1 #aag2 9 ,mac$onia1 #aah2 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 #aaa2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aah2 9 ,rhodesia1 #aad2 9 ,russia1 #aag2 9 ,s]bia1 #aah2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #abj2 9 ,turkey1 #aae2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aai2 9 ,v5ezuela1 #abj ,position ( ,france1 #abe2 ( ,g]many1 #abf2 ( ,great ,brita91 #abd2 ( lead+ nations1 #aba2 ( ,russia1 #abg2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #abb ,production (1 #aac ,uses (1 #aji ,_w situation1 #ebh ,coal ,asia & ,au/ralia1 /ati/ics =1 #ec ,*anges 9 practice1 #bc ,*apt] on1 #bb ,comm]cial control1 #cc ,control 9 ,g]many1 #ce2 9 ,great ,brita91 #cf2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cf1 #cg ,control1 political1 #cc ,dom9ation by ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ebe ,europe1 /ati/ics =1 #aiac1 #di1 #ej ,exports1 & imports1 #aiac1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed ,geographical di/ribution1 #be ,geological di/ribution1 #bc2 9 ,africa1 #bf2 9 ,europe1 #bd2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bd2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bd ,imports1 #aiac1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ebd ,position ( ,au/ralia1 #ca2 ( ,brazil1 #ca2 ( ,*ile1 #ca2 ( ,*9a1 #ca1 #dg2 ( ,france1 #df1 #dg2 ( ,g]many1 #cj1 #df2 ( ,great ,brita91 #cj1 #dd2 ( ,italy1 #dg2 ( ,japan1 #dg2 ( ,russia1 #dg2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ca2 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dc2 ( _w1 #cb ,production1 #aiac1 #di1 #ej1 #ea2 production ( pr9cipal c\ntries1 #bf2 production ( _w1 #bg1 #bh2 future production1 #cb ,res]ves ( _w1 #bh ,situation z effect$ by ,_w ,w>1 #ci1 #dj1 #da ,s\? ,am]ica1 /ati/ics =1 #aiac1 #eb2 trade1 probable *anges 91 #db ,summ>y ( control1 #ebd ,unit$ ,/ates1 /ati/ics = #aiac1 #di ,uses (1 #bb ,colombia ,*rome 91 #abj ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,plat9um 91 #eab2 plat9um own]%ip1 #eag ,copp] 9 ,africa1 ,katanga di/rict1 #bdf1 #bdi ,*apt] on1 #bbc ,control1 bus9ess1 #bbe2 control1 geographical & f9ancial1 #bbd2 9 ,canada1 comm]cial control1 #bch2 9 ,*ile1 comm]cial control1 #bdb2 ,unit$ ,/ates control1 #bdc2 9 ,cuba & ! ,c>ibbean1 comm]cial control1 #bci2 9 ,europe1 control (1 #beg2 control1 summ>y1 #eca1 #ecb 9 ,europe1 production1 #beg ,geographical di/ribution1 #bbg2 9 ,africa1 #bdf2 9 ,arg5t9a1 #bde2 9 ,asia1 #bec2 9 ,au/ralasia1 #bdi2 9 ,cape ,colony1 #bdh2 9 ,*ile1 #bda2 9 ,*9a1 #bee2 9 ,europe1 #bef2 9 ,g]many1 #beh2 9 ,india1 #bef2 9 ,japan1 #bec2 9 ,korea1 #bee2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #beb2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bbh2 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 #bdh2 9 ,norway1 #bef2 9 ,p]u1 #bdd2 9 ,portugal1 #bef2 9 ,que5sl&1 ,au/ralia1 #bea2 9 ,rhodesia1 #bdh2 9 ,russia1 #beh2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bda2 9 ,s\?we/ ,africa1 #bdh2 9 ,spa91 #bef2 9 ,sw$51 #bef2 9 ,tasmania1 #beb2 9 ! ,transvaal1 #bdh2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bbh2 9 ,v5ezuela1 #bde 9 ,japan1 production & exports1 #bec 9 ,mexico1 comm]cial control1 #bci 9 ,p]u1 comm]cial control1 #bdd ,res]ve ( _w1 #bbf 9 ,russia1 production1 #bei2 res]ves1 #bei ,summ>y (1 #bfj 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 control by ,g]man int]e/s1 #bcb-bce2 control ?r\gh own]%ip ( m9es1 #bbh2 control ?r\gh own]%ip ( smelt]s & ref9]ies1 #bcj 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 lead+ f9ancial gr\ps1 #bbh1 #bbi 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ore res]ves1 #bcf 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 own]%ip & capacity ( ref9]ies1 #bca 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 porphyry copp] res]ves1 #bcf ,unit$ ,/ates1 %ipm5ts f ,africa1 to1 #bdi ,_w situation1 #eca ,corbett1 ,c4 ,s4 ,*apt] on ,nickel1 #abi ,cornwall ,t9 91 #cbg ,corundum & ,em]y ,*apt] on1 #cef ,uses (1 #cef ,_w situation1 #ece ,co/a ,rica ,manganese 91 #id ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,cuba & ! ,c>ibbean ,copp]1 comm]cial control1 #bci ,cuba ,*rome 91 #abj ,iron control 91 #ga ,manganese 91 #id ,nickelif]\s iron 91 #ace ,pyrite 91 #deb ,cyprus ,pyrite 91 #dea ,cze*o-,slovakia ,iron ores1 #gj ,lead 91 #bgb ,dub1 ,george ,d4 ,*apt] on ,graphite1 #cgb ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies ,petroleum control 91 #ad ,t9 91 #cbi ,edd+field1 ,f4 ,t4 ,*apt] on ,iron1 #ee ,egypt ,lead 91 #bge2 lead position (1 #bhi ,manganese 91 #aja ,petroleum control 91 #af ,phosphate rock 91 #djf ,z9c 91 #cjf ,em]y & ,corundum ,*apt] on1 #cef ,control1 comm]cial1 #cfj2 control1 political1 #cfj ,future developm5ts1 #cei ,geographical di/ribution1 #ceg ,geological di/ribution1 #ceg2 9 ,africa1 #cei2 9 ,asia1 #ceh2 9 ,canada1 #ceh2 9 ,europe1 #ceh2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ceg ,position ( ,engl&1 #cfa2 ( ,france1 #cfa2 ( ,g]many1 #cfa2 ( ,japan1 #cfa2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfa ,production (1 #cfb ,summ>y1 #cfa ,uses (1 #cef ,_w situation1 #ece ,engl& ,see ,great ,brita94 ,europe ,antimony 91 #agi ,asbe/os 91 #cic ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,*rome 91 #aah ,coal 91 #bd-bf ,copp] 91 #bef ,copp] production & control 91 #beg ,em]y & corundum 91 #ceh ,gold 91 #dgj ,iron 91 #eg-fj ,lead 91 #bfi1 #bga ,magnesite 91 #cff ,manganese 91 #if ,m]cury 91 #cci ,petroleum 91 #h1 #i ,phosphate 91 #dje ,pyrite1 exports & imports 91 #beh ,silv] 91 #dih ,tung/51 future (1 #aea ,z9c 91 #cjc1 #cje ,f]guson1 ,h4 ,g4 ,*apt] on ,antimony1 #agb ,*apt] on ,graphite1 #cgb ,f]ro-,alloy ,m9]als1 #ebf ,f]romanganese1 #ij ,f]tiliz] ,m9]als1 #ecg ,florida ,phosphate rock 91 #djc ,france ,alum9um control 91 #cec ,antimony 91 #agi2 antimony position1 #ahh ,*rome position1 #abe ,coal position1 #df2 coal control1 #cf ,copp] control 9 ,*ile1 #bdc2 copp] control 9 ,mexico1 #bdj ,em]y & corundum position1 #cfa ,gold position1 #dib ,graphite position1 #cgg ,iron-ore production1 #aiaa-aiac1 #fe2 iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fd2 iron position1 #hf ,lead 91 #bgd2 lead position1 #bij2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,manganese 91 #if2 manganese position 91 #ajg ,mica1 position (1 #chf ,molybd5um position1 #aih ,nickel position1 #ada ,petroleum position1 #ai ,phosphate rock 91 #dje ,pyrite 91 #dej ,t9 position (1 #cce ,tung/51 control (1 #aef ,z9c1 comm]cial control1 #cac ,fuel ,m9]als1 #ebb ,gale1 ,hoyt ,s4 ,*apt] on ,pota%1 #daa ,galicia ,petroleum control 91 #ae ,g]man ,au/ria1 lead 91 #bgb ,g]many ,antimony 91 #ahj2 antimony position (1 #ahh ,*rome position1 #abf ,coal control1 #ce2 coal position1 #cj1 #df ,copp] 91 #beh2 copp] control 9 ,au/ralasia1 #bej2 9 ,*ile1 #bdc2 9 ,mexico1 #bdj ,em]y & corundum position1 #cfa ,gold position1 #dib ,graphite position1 #cgg ,iron position1 #hd2 iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fc ,lead 91 #bgj1 #bga2 lead position1 #bhi ,magnesite 91 #cfg ,manganese 91 #if2 manganese position1 #ajg ,m]cury 91 #cdj ,mica position1 #chg ,molybd5um position1 #aih ,nickel position1 #ada ,petroleum control 91 #eah ,pota% 91 #dab2 pota% control 91 #dag ,radium 91 #bjg ,t9 position (1 #cce ,tung/5 control1 #aei ,uranium 91 #bjg ,z9c 91 #cja2 z9c1 comm]cial control1 #caa2 z9c1 position (1 #cac ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,hung>y ,pyrite 91 #dej ,gilb]t1 ,*e/] ,g4 ,*apt] on ,nitrog51 #dba ,gold ,au/ralia1 control (1 #dij ,*apt] on1 #dfb ,control1 comm]cial1 #dgg2 control 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dhe2 9 ,*9a1 #dhh2 9 ,india1 #dhg2 9 ,japan1 #dhg2 9 ,sib]ia1 #dhf2 9 ,sib]ia & ,russia1 #dhe2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #dhh2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #dgi2 control1 political & comm]cial1 #dgh2 control1 political1 #dgf2 control1 f9ancial 9 _w1 #dhj-dhc2 future *anges 9 di/ribution1 #dgf ,geographical occurr5ce1 #dfd2 9 ,asia1 #dga2 9 ,au/ralasia1 #dgd2 9 ,au/ralia1 #dge2 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #dfi2 9 ,*9a1 #dgc2 9 ,europe1 #dgj2 9 ,india1 #dga2 9 ,japan1 #dgb2 9 ,korea1 #dgb2 9 ,mexico1 #dfi2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #dge2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #dfd2 9 ,rhodesia1 #dgd2 9 ,sib]ia1 #dga2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #dgc2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dfi2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dfd2 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #dgd ,geological occurr5ces1 #dfc2 9 ,mexico1 f9ancial control1 #dhd2 9 ,transvaal1 f9ancial control1 #dhh1 #dhi ,position ( ,france1 #dib2 ( ,g]many1 #dib2 ( ,great ,brita91 #dia2 ( ,japan1 #dib2 ( ,russia1 #dib2 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dia ,production 9 _w1 #dhj-dhc2 production ( _w #ahhj-aiag1 #dfe1 #dff ,rhodesia1 f9ancial control1 #dhi ,summ>y1 #dic ,uses (1 #dfb ,_w situation1 #edj ,graphite ,*apt] on1 #cgb ,control1 political & comm]cial1 #cge2 future developm5ts1 #cgd ,geographical di/ribution1 #cgc ,geological occurr5ce1 #cgc2 9 ,madagasc>1 control1 #cge ,position ( ,engl&1 #cgg2 ( ,france1 #cgg2 ( ,g]many1 #cgg2 ( ,japan1 #cgg2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cgf ,production (1 #cgh2 production1 _w capacity1 #cgc ,summ>y1 #cgg ,uses (1 #cgb ,_w situation1 #ecf ,great ,brita9 ,alum9um control 91 #cec ,antimony 91 #ahj2 antimony position1 #ahg ,asbe/os position1 #cii ,*rome position1 #abd ,coal control1 #cf2 coal position1 #cj1 #dd1 #ebe ,control ( m9]als1 #edb ,copp] control 9 ,mexico1 #bdj ,em]y & corundum1 position1 #cfa ,gold position1 #dia ,graphite position1 #cgg ,iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #ff2 iron-ore production1 #ff2 iron position1 #he ,lead 91 #bgb2 lead position1 #bhh1 #bhi2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,manganese 91 #ig2 manganese position1 #ajf ,mica position1 #chf ,molybd5um position1 #aih ,nickel position1 #ada ,petroleum int]e/s 9 ,mexico1 #ad2 petroleum policy1 #ebc2 petroleum position1 #ah ,radium res\rces1 #bjg ,silv] m>ket control1 #ejc ,sulphur 91 #deh ,t9 91 #cai2 t9 control1 #ccb2 t9 position1 #cce ,tung/51 control (1 #aed ,uranium res\rces1 #bjg ,z9c 91 #cje2 z9c position1 #cad ,greece ,*rome 91 #aah ,em]y 91 #ceh ,iron 91 #gc ,lead 91 #bgc2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,magnesite 91 #cfg ,manganese 91 #ig ,gr\t1 ,frank ,f4 ,*apt] on ,coal1 #bb ,*apt] on ,graphite1 #cgb ,guianas1 ,! ,alum9um control 91 #cec ,gold 91 #dgj ,hall1 ,dur& ,a4 ,*apt] on ,antimony1 #agb ,*apt] on ,mica1 #chj ,hanov] ,petroleum control 91 #af ,h>d]1 ,e4 ,c4 ,*apt] on ,*romium1 #aji ,*apt] on ,iron1 #ee ,hess1 ,frank ,l4 ,*apt] on ,tung/51 #adb ,hewett1 ,d4 ,f4 ,*apt] on ,manganese1 #ij ,hill1 ,james ,m4 ,*apt] on ,bauxite & ,alum9um1 #cdi ,*apt] on ,plat9um1 #ejf ,*apt] on ,t91 #cag ,holl& ,t9 control1 #ccb2 t9 position1 #cce ,hung>y ,iron position1 #hg ,lead 91 #bgf2 lead position1 #bij ,m]cury 91 #cci ,hyd]1 ,fr$]ick ,b4 ,*apt] on ,lead1 #bfa ,*apt] on ,z9c1 #bid ,idaho ,lead 91 #bff ,phosphate 91 #djd ,india ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,*rome 91 #aag ,copp] 91 #bef ,gold 91 #dga2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhg ,iron1 control (1 #ge ,manganese 91 #ii ,mica 91 #chc ,monazite 91 #bag2 monazite1 comm]cial control1 #bbj ,petroleum control 91 #ae ,t9 91 #cbg ,z9c 91 #cjf ,zirconium 91 #bac2 zirconium1 political control1 #bad ,indo-,*9a ,coal 91 #bd ,z9c 91 #cje ,iridium ,uses (1 #ejf ,iron ,*apt] on1 #ee ,control1 comm]cial1 #fa2 control 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 #gj2 control 9 ,india1 #ge2 control 9 ,japan & ,korea1 #gf2 control 9 ,cuba1 #ga2 control 9 ,france1 #fd1 #fe2 control 9 ,newf\ndl&1 #ga2 control 9 ,russia1 #fh1 #fi2 control 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc2 control1 political1 #fa ,f\r *ief produc+ c\ntries1 #ebf ,geographical di/ribution1 #eg ,geological di/ribution1 #ee2 iron 9 ,au/ralia1 #hj2 9 ,brazil1 #gh2 9 ,bulg>ia1 #gg2 9 ,canada1 #gc2 9 ,*ile1 #gh2 9 ,cuba1 #ga2 9 ,cze*o-,slovakia1 #gj2 9 ,greece1 #gc2 9 ,italy1 #gb2 9 ,jugoslavia1 #ga2 9 ,mexico1 #gi2 9 ,newf\ndl&1 #ga2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #hj2 9 ,norway1 #gb2 9 ,pol&1 #gg2 9 ,portugal1 #gg2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #hj2 9 ,tunisia1 #ga2 9 ,turkey1 #gg ,iron-ore & pig-iron production & movem5t1 #aiac1 #fj ,ore res]ves 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fa ,pig-iron manufacture1 /ati/ics1 #ei ,position ( ,au/ria1 #hg2 ( ,belgium1 #hg2 ( ,*9a1 #hh2 ( ,france1 #hf2 ( ,g]many1 #hd2 ( ,great ,brita91 #he2 ( ,hung>y1 #hg2 ( ,japan1 #hh2 ( ,russia1 #hf2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hb ,production ( ! _w1 #aiaj-aiag1 #eh ,italy ,antimony 91 #aha ,asbe/os 91 #cic ,coal position1 #dg ,iron ores (1 #gb2 iron1 comm]cial control1 #gc ,lead 91 #bgb2 lead position1 #bij2 lead smelt]s1 #bhc ,manganese 91 #ig ,m]cury 91 #cci ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,pyrite 91 #dej ,sulphur 91 #dec ,z9c 91 #cjc ,japan ,antimony position1 #ahh ,coal position1 #dg ,*rome 91 #aag ,copp] 91 #bec1 #bed2 copp] production1 #bed ,em]y & corundum position1 #cfa ,gold 91 #dgb2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhg2 gold position1 #dib ,graphite position1 #cgg ,iron control1 #gf2 iron position1 #hh ,lead 91 #bge2 lead position1 #bia ,manganese 91 #ajj1 #aja ,molybd5um position1 #aih ,petroleum control 91 #af2 petroleum position (1 #bj ,pyrite 91 #deb ,silv] position1 #dii ,sulphur 91 #deg ,t9 91 #ccj ,tung/5 control1 #aef ,z9c 91 #cjc2 z9c position1 #cad ,java ,manganese 91 #ajc ,jugoslavia ,iron ores1 #ga ,katanga di/rict1 ,africa ,copp] 91 #bdf1 #bdi ,katz1 ,frank ,j4 ,*apt] on ,em]y & ,corundum1 #cef ,korea ,copp] 91 #bee ,gold 91 #dgb2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhg ,lead ,*anges 9 practice1 #bfb ,*apt] on1 #bfa ,control 9 ,au/ralia1 #bhb2 9 ,mexico1 #bhb1 #bhc2 9 ,spa91 #bhb ,control1 comm]cial1 #bgg ,control1 comm]cial1 ( pig-lead output1 #bhg2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bgi ,control1 political1 #bgg ,control ?r\gh trade comb9ations1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhf ,consumption1 #aiac1 #bgh ,geographical di/ribution1 #bfd2 9 ,alg]ia1 #bgc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #bfh2 9 ,belgium1 #bgf2 9 ,bolivia1 #bgf2 9 ,bulg>ia1 #bgf2 9 ,burma1 #bgd2 9 ,canada1 #bgc2 9 ,*9a1 #bgc2 9 ,colorado1 #bfg2 9 ,cze*o-,slovakia1 #bgb2 9 ,egypt1 #bge2 9 ,france1 #bgd2 9 ,g]man ,au/ria1 #bgb2 9 ,g]many1 #bgj1 #bga2 9 ,great ,brita91 #bgb2 9 ,greece1 #bgc2 9 ,hung>y1 #bgf2 9 ,idaho1 #bff2 9 ,italy1 #bgb2 9 ,japan1 #bge2 9 ,mexico1 #bga2 9 ,miss\ri1 #bfe2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #bfh2 9 ,pol&1 #bgj2 9 ,p]u1 #bgd2 9 ,portugal1 #bgf2 9 ,que5sl&1 #bfi2 9 ,rhodesia1 #bgf2 9 ,russia1 #bge2 9 ,sib]ia1 #bge1 #bhc2 9 ,s\?we/ ,africa1 #bgc2 9 ,spa91 #bfi2 9 ,sw$51 #bgf2 9 ,tasmania1 #bfi2 9 ,tunis1 #bgb2 9 ,turkey1 #bgc2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bfe2 9 ,upp] ,silesia1 #bgj2 9 ,utah1 #bfg2 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 #bfi ,geological occurr5ce1 #bfc ,position ( ,au/ralia1 #bhh2 ( ,au/ria1 #bij2 ( ,belgium1 #bij2 ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 #bhh2 ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 #bhi2 ( ,burma1 #bhi2 ( ,canada1 #bhi2 ( ,egypt1 #bhi2 ( ,france1 #bij2 ( ,g]many1 #bhi2 ( ,hung>y1 #bij2 ( ,japan1 #bia2 ( ,spa91 #bia2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bhg ,lead-silv] smelt]s1 ,mexico1 #bhb2 lead-silv] smelt]s1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bha ,production1 #aiac1 #bfd1 #bgh2 production1 future *anges1 #bgf ,smelt$ 9 #aiac1 #bgh ,smelt]s 9 ,burma1 #bhc2 9 ,canada1 #bhc2 9 ,france1 #bhc2 9 ,great ,brita91 #bhc2 9 ,greece1 #bhc2 9 ,italy1 #bhc2 9 ,turkey1 #bhc ,summ>y1 #bia ,unit$ ,/ates1 f9ancial gr\ps1 #bha ,_w situation1 #ecb ,mac$onia ,*rome 91 #aah ,madagasc> ,graphite control1 #cge ,magnesite ,*apt] on1 #cfc ,control1 political & comm]cial1 #cfh2 control 9 ,au/ria1 #cfi2 control 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfh ,geographical di/ribution1 #cfd2 9 ,africa1 #cfh2 9 ,asia1 #cfh2 9 ,au/ralia1 #cfh2 9 ,cali=nia1 #cfe2 9 ,canada1 #cfe2 9 ,europe1 #cff2 9 ,g]many1 #cfg2 9 ,greece1 #cfg2 9 ,mexico1 #cff2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cfe2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cff2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfe2 9 ,wa%+ton1 #cff ,geological occurr5ce1 #cfc ,summ>y1 #cgj ,uses (1 #cfc ,_w situation1 #ecf ,malay ,p59sula ,t9 91 #cai2 t9 production1 #aiag1 #cba ,manganese ,*anges 9 practice1 #ia ,*apt] on1 #ij ,control1 comm]cial1 #ajc2 control1 political & comm]cial1 #ajc ,geographical di/ribution1 #ic1 #ajd2 9 ,africa1 #aja2 9 ,asia1 #ii2 9 ,au/ralasia1 #aja2 9 ,au/ralia1 #aja2 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 #if2 9 ! ,belgian ,congo1 #aja2 9 ,belgium1 #if2 9 ,borneo1 #aja2 9 ,brazil1 #id2 9 ,canada1 #id2 9 ,*ile1 #if2 9 ,co/a ,rica1 #id2 9 ,cuba1 #id2 9 ,egypt1 #aja2 9 ,europe1 #if2 9 ,france1 #if2 9 ,g]many1 #if2 9 ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 #aja2 9 ,great ,brita91 #ig2 9 ,greece1 #ig2 9 ,india1 #ii2 9 ,italy1 #ig2 9 ,japan1 #ajj2 9 ,java1 #ajc2 9 ,mexico1 #id2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #aja2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ic2 9 ,panama1 #id2 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #aja2 9 ,portugal1 #ig2 9 ,russia1 #ig1 #ih2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #aja2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #id2 9 ,spa91 #ii2 9 ,sw$51 #ii2 9 ,tunis1 #aja2 9 ,uruguay1 #if ,geological di/ribution1 #ia1 #ib ,position ( ,engl&1 #ajf2 ( ,france1 #ajg2 ( ,g]many1 #ajg2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajf ,pr9cipal s\rces (1 #ebg ,production (1 #ajb ,summ>y1 #ajh ,uses (1 #ij ,_w situation1 #ebg ,m]cury ,*anges 9 di/ribution1 #cdc ,*anges 9 practice1 #cdd ,*apt] on1 #ccg ,control1 comm]cial1 #cdf2 control1 political1 #cde ,geographical di/ribution1 #cci2 9 ,alaska1 #cda2 9 ,asia1 #cda2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #cda2 9 ,au/rian ,empire1 #cdj2 9 ,cali=nia1 #cdb2 9 ,europe1 #cci2 9 ,g]many1 #cdj2 9 ,hung>y1 #cdj2 9 ,italy1 #cdj2 9 ,mexico1 #cdc2 9 ,nevada1 #cdc2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cda2 9 ,portugal1 #cdj2 9 ,russia1 #cda2 9 ,s]bia1 #cda2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #cdc2 9 ,texas1 #cdc ,geological di/ribution1 #cch ,summ>y1 #cdg ,uses (1 #ccg ,_w situation1 #ece ,meso?orium ,uses (1 #baf ,_w situation1 #eca ,mexico ,antimony 91 #agg ,coal 91 #bh ,copp] 91 comm]cial control1 #bci ,gold 91 #dfi2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhd ,iron1 control1 #gi ,lead 91 #bga2 lead1 comm]cial control1 #bhb1 #bhc ,magnesite 91 #cff ,manganese 91 #id ,m]cury 91 #cdc ,molybd5um 91 #aie2 molybd5um1 comm]cial control1 #aig ,petroleum1 comm]cial control1 #ad ,pyrite 91 #deb ,sulphur 91 #deh ,tung/51 future (1 #aea ,z9c 91 #cje ,mica ,*anges 9 practice1 #cha ,*apt] on1 #chj ,control1 political & comm]cial1 #che ,future developm5ts1 #chd ,geographical di/ribution1 #chc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #chd2 9 ,brazil1 #chb2 9 ,canada1 #chb2 9 ,*9a1 #chd2 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 #chb2 9 ,india1 #chb2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #chd2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #chb ,geological di/ribution1 #chb ,position ( ,g]many1 #chg2 position ( ,great ,brita91 #chf2 ( ,france1 #chf2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #chf ,sub/itutes =1 #cha ,summ>y1 #chg ,uses (1 #chj ,_w situation1 #ecf ,m9]als ,_w control (1 #eda ,miss\ri ,lead 91 #bfe ,z9c 91 #bih1 #cjj ,molybd5um ,*apt] on1 #aia ,control1 comm]cial1 #aig2 9 ,au/ralia1 #aig2 9 ,canada1 #aig2 9 ,mexico1 #aig2 9 ,norway1 #aig2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aig ,control1 political1 #aif ,geographical di/ribution1 #aia1 #aii2 9 ,au/ralia1 #aia2 9 ,canada1 #aic2 9 ,mexico1 #aie2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aic2 9 ,norway1 #aia2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aic ,geological di/ribution1 #aia ,position ( ,france1 #aih2 ( ,g]many1 #aih2 ( ,great ,brita91 #aih2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aih ,res]ves1 #aif ,summ>y1 #bjj ,treatm5t ( ores1 #aif ,uses (1 #aia ,_w situation1 #ecj ,monazite ,*apt] on1 #baf ,control1 comm]cial1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba ,control1 political1 #bah ,geographical di/ribution1 #baf2 9 ,brazil1 #bag2 9 ,india1 #bag2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #baf ,geological di/ribution1 #baf ,position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bba ,treatm5t practice1 #bah ,uses (1 #baf ,moore1 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apt] on ,molybd5um1 #aia2 ,*apt] on ,monazite1 ,?orium1 & ,meso?orium1 #baf2 ,*apt] on ,vanadium1 #afc ,morocco ,iron ores1 #ga ,phosphate 91 #djf ,morris1 ,h4 ,c4 ,*apt] on ,zirconium1 #bji ,nevada ,m]cury 91 #cdc ,new ,cal$onia ,*rome 91 #aaa ,nickel 91 #acd2 nickel1 comm]cial control1 #aci ,newf\ndl& ,iron ores1 #ga ,new ,s\? ,wales ,copp] 91 #beb ,lead 91 #bfh ,plat9um 91 #ead ,t9 91 #cbf ,z9c 91 #cjb ,new ,zeal& ,gold 91 #dge ,iron 91 #hj ,manganese 91 #aja ,petroleum control1 #ag ,nickel ,alloys1 #abi ,*anges 9 practice1 #acj ,*apt] on1 #abi ,comm]cial control1 #ach ,control1 comm]cial1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 #aci2 9 ,sudbury di/rict1 ,canada1 #ach1 #aci ,control1 political1 #ach ,future (1 #acf ,g>ni]ite & lat]itic type deposits1 #acd ,geographical di/ribution1 #acb2 nickel 9 ,canada1 #acc ,geological di/ribution1 #aca2 9 ,norway1 #acd2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #acd ,position ( ,france1 #ada2 ( ,g]many1 #ada2 ( ,great ,brita91 #ada2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ada ,production1 #acf ,sudbury di/rict1 ,canada1 #acc ,sulphide type deposits1 #acc ,ve9s1 #ace ,_w situation1 #ebh ,nickelif]\s iron1 ,cuba1 #ace ,nig]ia ,t9 91 #cbc ,nitrates ,by-product1 outlook =1 #ddc ,fixation1 outlook =1 #ddb ,ore deposits 9 ,*ile1 #dbb ,summ>y1 #ddd1 #dde ,_w situation1 #eci ,nitrog5 ,ammonia fixation1 #dcg ,arc fixation1 #dcg ,atmosph]ic1 #dba ,bact]ial fixation1 #dci ,by-product comp\nds1 #dcd ,*apt] on1 #dba ,consumption = f]tiliz]s1 #dce ,control1 comm]cial aspects1 #dcc2 g5]al aspects1 #dbe ,cyanamid fixation1 #dch ,cyanide fixation1 #dch ,fixation comp\nds1 #dcg ,geological di/ribution1 #dba2 9 c>bonif]\s deposits1 #dbe ,natural comp\nds1 #dcd ,nitride fixation1 #dch ,organic1 #dbd ,outlook =1 #ddj ,production /ati/ics1 #dbf2 production1 _w developm5ts1 #dbh ,rec5t developm5ts & *anges1 #dci ,s\rces1 #dbg ,unit$ ,/ates1 developm5ts 91 #dcj ,uses (1 #dba ,utilization cycles1 #dbg ,_w situation1 #dca ,non-f]r\s ,metals1 #eca ,non-metallic ,m9]als1 #ece ,nor? ,am]ica ,antimony 91 #agf ,*rome 91 #aah ,coal 91 #bd1 #be ,copp] 91 #bbh ,gold 91 #dfd ,iron 91 #eg1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc ,magnesite 91 #cfe ,manganese 91 #ic ,m]cury 91 #cda ,molybd5um 91 #aic ,petroleum 91 #e-h ,silv] 91 #eja ,tung/51 future (1 #aej ,nor?rup1 ,john ,d4 ,*apt] on ,petroleum1 #a ,norway ,alum9um control 91 #cec ,copp] 91 #bef ,iron ores1 #gb ,molybd5um 91 #aia2 molybd5um1 comm]cial control1 #aig ,nickel 91 #acd ,pyrite 91 #ddi ,or*>d1 ,john ,e4 ,*apt] on ,gold1 #dfb ,oregon ,plat9um 91 #eac ,osmiridium 9 ,canada1 #eac2 9 ,colombia1 #eab2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eac ,osmium ,uses (1 #ejf ,pa9e1 ,f4 ,w4 ,*apt] on ,copp]1 #bbc ,*apt] on ,silv]1 #die ,palladium 9 ,canada1 #eac 9 plat9um ores1 #eaj ,uses (1 #ejf ,panama ,manganese 91 #id ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,p5rose1 ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,jr4 ,*apt] on ,radium & ,uranium1 #bja ,p]u ,antimony 91 #agi ,copp] 91 #bdd ,lead 91 #bgd ,tung/51 future (1 #aej ,vanadium 91 #afe ,z9c 91 #cjg ,petroleum ,*anges 9 op]at+ & ref9+ practices1 #d ,*apt] on1 #a ,control1 comm]cial (1 #aa1 #ab2 9 ,alsace1 #af2 9 ,arg5t9a1 #af2 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 #ag2 9 ,canada1 #af2 9 ,*9a1 #ag2 9 ,colombia1 #ag2 9 ,co/a ,rica1 #ag2 9 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 #ad2 9 ,egypt1 #af2 9 ,galicia1 #ae2 9 ,hanov]1 #af2 9 ,india1 #ae2 9 ,italy1 #ag2 9 ,japan1 #af2 9 ,mexico1 #ad2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #ag2 9 ,panama1 #ag2 9 ,p]sia1 #ag2 9 ,tr9idad1 #af2 9 ,v5ezuela1 #ag2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ab1 #ac ,control1 political1 #i ,future developm5ts1 #f ,geographical di/ribution1 #f ,geological di/ribution1 #e ,policy ( ,great ,brita91 #ebc ,position ( ,france1 #ai2 ( ,g]many1 #ai2 ( ,great ,brita91 #ah2 ( ,japan1 #bj2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ag ,production (1 #aj ,sub/itutes =1 #c ,summ>y1 #bj ,summ>y ( control1 #ebb ,uses (1 #c ,p]sia ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,manganese 91 #aja ,phosphate ,rock ,*anges & developm5ts1 #djh ,*apt] on1 #djb ,control1 comm]cial1 #djh ,geographical occurr5ce1 #djc2 phosphate 9 ,africa1 #dje2 9 ,alg]ia1 #djf2 9 ,asia & ,au/ralasia1 #djf2 9 ,canada1 #dje2 9 ,egypt1 #djf2 9 ,europe1 #dje2 9 ,florida1 #djc2 9 ,france1 #dje2 9 ,idaho1 #djd2 9 ,morocco1 #djf2 9 ,sib]ia1 #djf2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dje2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #djc2 9 ,t5nessee1 #djd2 9 ,tunis1 #dje2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #djc2 9 ,utah1 #djd2 9 ,wyom+1 #djd ,geological occurr5ce1 #djb ,position ( lead+ nations1 #dji2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dji ,summ>y1 #dji ,unit$ ,/ates res]ves1 #djd ,uses (1 #djb ,_w situation1 #ech ,plat9um ,*apt] on1 #ejf ,control1 comm]cial1 #eag2 control ( ,canadian plat9um1 #eah2 ( ,colombian plat9um1 #eag2 control by ,g]many1 #eah2 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eai ,control1 political1 #eaf ,control ?r\gh own]%ip ( m9es1 #eag ,control ?r\gh own]%ip ( r$uction plants1 #eah ,crude analyses (1 #eji2 purity (1 #eji ,future *anges 9 di/ribution1 #eae ,geographical di/ribution1 #ejg1 #eaj2 plat9um 9 ,alaska1 #ead2 9 ,au/ralia1 #ead2 9 ,cali=nia1 #eac2 9 ,canada1 #eac2 9 ,colombia1 #eab2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #ead2 9 ,oregon1 #eac2 9 ,russia1 #eaj2 9 ,spa91 #eae2 9 ,tasmania1 #ead2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eac2 9 ,wa%+ton1 #ead2 9 ,wyom+1 #ead ,geological di/ribution1 #ejh ,production ( _w1 #aiji-aiag1 #ejh ,russian control1 #eaf2 ,russian own]%ip1 #eag ,s\rces ( crude1 #aiji-aiag1 #eaa ,summ>y1 #eba ,uses (1 #ejf1 #ejg ,_w situation1 #eai1 #edj ,pol& ,coal 91 #di1 #ej ,iron 91 #gg ,lead 91 #bge ,z9c 91 #cjd ,portugal ,antimony 91 #ahb ,copp] 91 #bef ,iron 91 #gg ,lead 91 #bgf ,manganese 91 #ig ,m]cury 91 #cdj ,pyrite 91 #ddh ,t9 91 #ccj ,tung/51 future1 #aea ,pota% ,alsatian control1 #dah ,*anges 9 comm]cial practice1 #dae ,*apt] on1 #daa ,control1 comm]cial & political1 #dag ,geographical di/ribution1 #dab2 9 ,g]many1 #dab2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dad ,geological di/ribution1 #dae ,g]man control1 #dag ,nature (1 #daa ,production ( _w1 #aiag1 #daf ,spani% control1 #dai ,summ>y1 #dai ,uses (1 #daa ,_w situation1 #ech ,preci\s ,metals1 #edj ,pyrite & ,sulphur ,*apt] on1 #ddg ,control1 comm]cial1 #dfj2 control1 political1 #dei 9 ,europe1 exports1 & imports1 #beh ,geographical di/ribution1 #ddh2 9 ,canada1 #deb2 9 ,cuba1 #deb2 9 ,cyprus1 #dea2 9 ,france1 #dej2 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,hung>y1 #dej2 9 ,italy1 #dej2 9 ,japan1 #deb2 9 ,mexico1 #deb2 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 #ddi2 9 ,russia1 #dej2 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 #ddh2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dea ,sub/itutes =1 #ddh ,uses (1 #ddg ,que5sl& 7,au/ralia7 ,copp] 91 #bea ,gold 91 #dge ,lead 91 #bfi ,t9 91 #cbf ,tung/5 91 #adh ,quicksilv] ,*apt] on1 #ccg ,see ,m]cury4 ,radium ,*apt] on1 #bja ,future prospects1 #bjh ,geographical & geological di/ribution1 #bjc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #bjg2 9 ,engl&1 #bjg2 9 ,g]many1 #bjg ,ores (1 #bjb ,production1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bje ,unit$ ,/ates res\rces1 #bjd ,uses (1 #bja ,ransome1 ,e4 ,l4 ,*apt] on ,m]cury1 #ccg ,rhodesia 7,africa7 ,*rome 91 #aad ,copp] 91 #bdh ,gold 91 #dgd2 gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhi ,lead 91 #bgf ,rhodium ,uses (1 #ejf ,rice1 ,george ,s4 ,*apt] on ,coal1 #bb ,r\mania ,petroleum control 91 #ae ,russia ,antimony 91 #ahb ,*rome 91 #aag ,*rome position1 #abg ,coal position1 #dg ,copp] 91 #beh ,copp] production & res]ves1 #bei ,gold control1 #dhe2 gold position1 #dib ,iron ore res]ves1 #fh2 iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fh ,iron position1 #hf ,lead 91 #bge ,manganese 91 #ig1 #ih ,m]cury 91 #cda ,petroleum control 91 #ac ,plat9um 91 #eaj2 plat9um control 91 #eaf2 plat9um own]%ip1 #eag ,pyrite 91 #dej ,t9 position1 #cce ,z9c position1 #cae ,ru!nium ,uses (1 #ejf ,s]bia ,antimony 91 #ahb ,*rome 91 #aah ,m]cury 91 #cda ,%ale-,oil ,future (1 #d ,siam ,t9 control1 #ccc ,t9 91 #cbi ,tung/5 91 #adh ,sib]ia ,gold 91 #dga ,gold control1 #dhe1 #dhf ,lead 91 #bge1 #bhc ,m]cury 91 #cda ,phosphate 91 #djf ,silesia ,lead 91 #bgj ,silv] ,by-product1 proportion ( output1 #dih ,*anges 9 practice1 #ejj ,*apt] on1 #die ,*9ese & ,japanese position1 #ejd ,co9age1 #dif ,control1 by ,engl&1 #ejc ,control1 comm]cial1 #ejj ,control1 f9ancial1 #eja ,control1 political1 #ejj ,control1 t]ritorial1 #eja ,control ?r\gh relations to consum]s1 #ejc2 control ?r\gh trade comb9ations1 #ejb ,control ?r\gh own]%ip ( m9es1 #ejj ,control ?r\gh own]%ip ( r$uction plants1 #eja ,future *anges 91 #dii ,geographical di/ribution1 #dih1 #dii ,geological age ( deposits1 #dig1 #dii ,production1 9 _w1 #dih ,ri* m9es1 proportion ( output1 #dih ,summ>y1 #ejd ,uses (1 #die ,_w situation1 #edj ,s\? ,africa ,antimony 91 #ahe ,asbe/os1 control 91 #cig ,coal 91 #bd1 #be1 #bf ,gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhh ,gold 91 #dgc ,iron 91 #hj ,manganese 91 #aja ,t9 91 #cbd ,z9c 91 #cjf ,s\? ,am]ica ,antimony 91 #agh ,asbe/os 91 #cic ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,*rome 91 #abj ,coal position1 #ca ,copp] control1 #bda ,gold 91 #dfi2 gold control1 #dhe ,magnesite 91 #cff ,manganese 91 #id ,m]cury 91 #cdc ,phosphate 91 #dje ,tung/51 future (1 #aej ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,phosphate 91 #djc ,s\?we/ ,africa ,lead 91 #bgc ,spa9 ,antimony 91 #ahb ,copp] 91 #bef ,iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fg ,lead 91 #bfi2 comm]cial control1 #bhb2 lead position1 #bia ,manganese 91 #ii ,plat9um 91 #eae ,pota% 91 #dai ,pyrite 91 #ddh ,t9 91 #ccj ,tung/51 #adh ,z9c 91 #cjd ,spiegeleis51 #ij ,spurr1 ,j4 ,e4 ,*apt] by1 #ebb ,*apt] on petroleum1 introduction to1 #a ,/eel & ! ,f]ro-,alloy ,m9]als1 #ebf ,/ockett1 ,a4 ,w4 ,*apt] on ,pota%1 #daa ,/one1 ,r4 ,w4 ,*apt] on ,magnesite1 #cfc ,*apt] on ,phosphate ,rock1 #djb ,sulphur ,*anges 9 practice1 #dei ,geographical di/ribution1 #dec2 9 ,*ile1 #deh2 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 #dec2 9 ,japan1 #deg2 9 ,mexico1 #deh2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dee ,position ( ! pr9cipal p[]s1 #dfa2 position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dfa ,sulphur & ,pyrite ,*apt] on1 #ddg ,control1 comm]cial1 #dfj ,control1 political1 #dei ,sub/itutes =1 #ddh ,uses (1 #ddg ,sw$5 ,copp] 91 #bef ,iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fi ,lead 91 #bgf ,manganese 91 #ii ,pyrite 91 #ddi ,z9c 91 #cje ,tasmania ,copp] 91 #beb ,lead 91 #bfi ,nickel 91 #acd ,plat9um1 91 #ead ,t9 91 #cbe ,z9c 91 #cjc ,t5nessee ,phosphate 91 #djd ,texas ,m]cury 91 #cdc ,petroleum 91 see ,unit$ ,/ates ,sulphur 91 #dee ,?orium ,*apt] on1 #baf ,uses (1 #baf ,_w situation1 #eca ,t9 ,*apt] on1 #cag ,control1 comm]cial1 ( m9es1 #ccc2 ( smelt+1 #ccd ,control1 political1 #ccb1 #ccc ,geographical di/ribution1 #cai1 #cbj2 9 ,africa1 #cbc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #cbe2 9 ,au/ria1 #cca2 9 ! ,belgian ,congo 7,katanga71 #cca2 9 ,bolivia1 #cbh2 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 #cai2 9 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 #cbc2 9 ,*9a1 #cbi2 9 ,cornwall1 #cbg2 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 #cbi2 9 ,g]many1 #cca2 9 ,india1 #cbg2 9 ,italy1 #cca2 9 ,japan1 #ccj2 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 #cai2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #cbf2 9 ,portugal1 #ccj2 9 ,que5sl&1 #cbf2 9 ,russia1 #cca2 9 ,siam1 #cbi2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #cbd2 9 ,s\?we/ ,africa1 #cca2 9 ,spa91 #ccj2 9 ,tasmania1 #cbe2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ccj ,geological di/ribution1 #cah ,position ( ,france1 #cce2 ( ,g]many1 #cce2 ( ,great ,brita91 #cce2 ( ,holl&1 #cce2 ( ,russia1 #cce2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cce ,production ( _w1 #aiac-aiah1 #cba2 produc+ localities ( ! _w1 #cbj2 production1 future *anges1 #ccb2 production 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 #cbb ,uses (1 #cag ,_w situation1 #ecd ,transvaal1 ,africa ,copp] 91 #bdh ,gold1 f9ancial control1 #dhi ,tr9idad ,petroleum control1 #af ,tung/5 ,alloys (1 #adb ,*anges 9 practice1 #adc ,*apt] on1 #adb ,control1 comm]cial1 #aeb2 ,briti% control1 #aed2 ,fr5* control1 #aef2 ,g]man control1 #aei2 ,japanese control1 #aef2 ,unit$ ,/ates control1 #aef1 #aei ,control1 political1 #aeb ,future ( ,asia1 #adi2 ( ,au/ralia1 #adi2 ( ,bolivia1 #aej2 ( ,burma1 #adi2 ( ,*9a1 #adi2 ( ,europe1 #aea2 ( ,mexico1 #aea2 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aej2 ( ,p]u1 #aej2 ( ,portugal1 #aea2 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aej2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aej ,geographical di/ribution1 #adf ,geological di/ribution1 #ade ,production1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeb ,sub/itutes =1 #adb ,unit$ ,/ates imports1 #aeg ,uses (1 #adb ,_w situation1 #ebi ,tunis ,iron ores 91 #ga ,lead ores 91 #bgb ,manganese 91 #aja ,phosphate 91 #dje ,turkey ,*rome 91 #aae ,iron 91 #gg ,lead 91 #bgc ,unit$ ,/ates ,alum9um1 control (1 #ceb ,antimony 91 #agf2 antimony position1 #ahg ,asbe/os 91 #cia2 asbe/os control1 #cig2 asbe/os position1 #cii ,bauxite & alum9um 91 #cej ,*rome 91 #aai2 *rome position1 #abb ,coal control1 #cf1 #cg1 #ebd2 coal position1 #dc ,control ( m9]als1 #edb ,copp]1 control (1 #bbh ,copp] control 9 ,*ile1 #bda-bdc2 9 ,mexico1 #bci ,copp] 91 #bbh ,copp] %ipm5ts f ,africa1 #bdi ,em]y & corundum 91 #ceg1 #ceh2 em]y & corundum position1 #cfa ,gold 91 #dfd2 gold control1 #dgg1 #dgh2 gold position1 #dia ,graphite position1 #cgf ,iron1 political & comm]cial control1 #fa ,iron-ore res]ves1 #fa2 iron position1 #hb ,lead 91 #bfe2 lead1 comm]cial control1 #bgi2 lead1 f9ancial gr\ps1 #bha2 lead position1 #bhg2 lead-silv] smelt]s1 #bha ,magnesite 91 #cfe2 magnesite control1 #cfh ,manganese position1 #ajf ,mica 91 #chc2 mica position1 #chf ,molybd5um 91 #aic2 molybd5um1 comm]cial control1 #aig2 molybd5um1 position (1 #aih ,monazite 91 #baf2 monazite1 comm]cial control1 #bah-bba2 monazite position1 #bba ,nickel 91 #acd2 nickel position1 #ada ,nitrog5 developm5ts 91 #dcj1 #dcb ,petroleum position1 #ag ,phosphate 91 #djc2 phosphate position1 #dji ,plat9um 91 #eac2 control ( plat9um1 #eai ,pota% 91 #dad ,pyrite 91 #dea ,radium res\rces1 #bjd ,silv] 91 #dih1 #eja ,sulphur 91 #dee ,t9 91 #ccj2 t9 position1 #cce ,tung/5 control1 #aef1 #afj2 future ( tung/51 #aej2 imports ( tung/51 #aeg2 tung/51 propos$ t>iff1 #afa ,uranium res\rces1 #bjd ,vanadium 91 #aff ,z9c 91 #big2 z9c1 comm]cial control1 #cji2 z9c position1 #cac ,zirconium 91 #bac ,uranium ,*apt] on1 #bja ,future prospects1 #bjh ,geographical & geological di/ribution1 #bjc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #bjg2 9 ,engl&1 #bjg2 9 ,g]many1 #bjg ,ores (1 #bjb ,production1 ,au/ria1 #bjf2 production1 ,europe1 #bjf2 production1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bje ,unit$ ,/ates res\rces1 #bjd ,uses (1 #bjb ,_w situation1 #eca ,uruguay ,manganese 91 #if ,vanadium ,alloys (1 #afc ,*anges 9 practice1 #afd ,*apt] on1 #afc ,control1 comm]cial1 #afe1 #agj ,control1 political1 #agj ,future developm5ts1 #agj ,geographical di/ribution1 #afe1 #afi2 9 ,arizona1 #aff2 9 ,cali=nia1 #aff2 9 ,colorado1 #aff2 9 ,p]u1 #afe2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aff ,geological di/ribution1 #afe ,position ( lead+ nations1 #agj ,uses (1 #afc ,_w situation1 #ebi ,v5ezuela ,*rome 91 #abj ,copp] 91 #bde ,gold 91 #dgj ,petroleum control 91 #ag ,wa%+ton ,magnesite 91 #cff ,plat9um 91 #ead ,:ite1 ,a4 ,g4 ,*apt] on ,pyrite & ,sulphur1 #ddg ,:o ,owns ! ,e>?8 ,*apt] by ,j4 ,e4 ,spurr1 #ebb2 ,:o owns ! e>?8 #eda ,_w ,control ( ,m9]als1 #eda ,wyom+ ,phosphate 91 #djd ,plat9um 91 #ead ,z9c ,au/ralia1 comm]cial control1 #caa ,*anges 9 practice1 #bie ,*apt] on1 #bid ,control1 comm]cial1 #cjh2 9 ,au/ralia1 #caa2 9 ,france1 #cac2 9 ,g]many1 #caa2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cji ,control1 political1 #cjh ,deposits ( _w1 #bih ,geographical di/ribution1 #big2 z9c 9 ,alg]ia1 #cjc2 9 ,au/ralia1 #cjb2 9 ,au/ria1 #cje2 9 ,bolivia1 #cjf2 9 ,canada1 #cjf2 9 ,*9a1 #cjf2 9 ,egypt1 #cjf2 9 ,france1 #cjd2 9 ,g]many1 #cja2 9 ,great ,brita91 #cje2 9 ,greece1 #cjd2 9 ,india1 #cjf2 9 ,indo-,*9a1 #cje2 9 ,italy1 #cjc2 9 ,japan1 #cjc2 9 ,mexico1 #cje2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #cjb2 9 ,p]u1 #cjg2 9 ,russia1 #cjd2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #cjf2 9 ,spa91 #cjd2 9 ,sw$51 #cje2 9 ,tasmania1 #cjc2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #big ,geological di/ribution1 #bif ,g]many1 comm]cial control1 #caa ,indu/ry 9 #aiac1 #bii ,position ( ,belgium1 #cac2 ( ,g]many1 #cac2 ( ,great ,brita91 #cad2 ( ,japan1 #cad2 ( ,russia1 #cae2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac ,production1 #aiac1 #bii2 future *anges 9 production1 #cjg ,summ>y1 #cae ,unit$ ,/ates1 comm]cial control1 #cji ,uses (1 #bid ,_w situation1 #ecc ,zirconium ,alloys1 #baj ,baddeleyite or brazilite1 #baa ,*apt] on1 #bji ,control (1 #bac1 ,geographical di/ribution1 #baa2 9 ,brazil1 #bab1 #bac2 9 ,india1 #bac2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bac ,geological di/ribution1 #baa ,production1 #bae ,refractory uses (1 #bji ,summ>y1 #bae ,uses (1 #bji ,_w situation1 #eca ,zircon1 #bab ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,"s ( ! tables may be illegible on small scre5s or 9 n>r[ w9d[s4 ,spell+1 capitalisation & hyph5ation z us$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t 7includ+ ! errors & inconsi/5cies 9 company1 geographic & prop] names1 titles ( publications1 etc47 h n be5 correct$ or /&>dis$1 except z m5tion$ "u ,*anges made bel[4 ,results ( calculations 9 tables are giv5 9 ?is text z !y appe> 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 ev5 ?\gh !y appe> to conta9 occasional calculation &_/or r\nd+ (f errors or are bas$ on incomplete or contradictory data4 ,page #ej1 ,table #g1 table r[ ,au/ria3 ! rem>k 9 ! la/ column may be bett] suit$ = ! r[ ,hung>y4 ,page #bgh1 ,footnote #acb ,p]c5tage ( mean ( totals us$ 9 a & b3 a & b ref] to ! columns ) footnotes #acj & #aca respectively4 ,pages #ejh & #eaj1 ,tables #gb & #gd3 ^! tables are 7almo/7 id5tical 9 ! s\rce docum5t z well4 ,*anges made ,tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs2 footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & mov$ to directly "u ! p>agraph :]e !y are ref]5c$4 ,9 sev]al ( ! tables data h be5 align$ m consi/5tly ?an 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,"s tables h be5 split or o!rwise re-arrang$ to fit ! available wid?4 ,^! tables h be5 split s t x is /raight=w>d to recomb9e !m into s+le tables4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page ix3 ,plat9um1 by ,james ,h4 ,hill *ang$ to ,plat9um1 by ,james ,m4 ,hill4 ,page #ce3 ,dorfmund *ang$ to ,dortmund4 ,page #de3 ,ald5 *ang$ to ,ad54 ,page #ej1 ,table #g3 ,ref]5ces to page #di 7,au/ria1 ,hung>y7 replac$ ) 8above0 cf4 o!r entries4 ,page #adh3 footnote an*or #gh ins]t$ 9 table head+4 ,page #bbd1 ,table #ce3 column head] ,we/]n ,hemisph]e mov$ to sep>ate r[2 r[ ,total ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e3 values #a1aac1jjj1 #bab1gej1 #ih1jjj1 #ca1jjj & #abe1jjj mov$ to r[ ,_w ,total4 ,page #bgh1 ,table #ec3 fir/ column ,p] c5t4 "u ,prim>y pig lead1 ,smelt] production 7values #j4b1 #d4e1 etc47 consid]$ to be int5d$ z second column "u ,imports1 ,recov]able lead cont5t ( ores & conc5trate4 ,page #dcb3 444 & ! latt] 91 exhau/ibly available 444 *ang$ to 444 & ! latt] inexhau/ibly available 4444 ,page #eji-eaj3 ,footnote an*or #ahf ins]t$ aft] bo? 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