,,an ,,account ,,of ,a ,,useful ,,discovery ,,to ,distill double the usual ,quantity of ,sea-,water1 by blowing ,showers of ,air up through the ,distilling ,liquor3 ,,and ,an ,account of the great ,benefit of ,ventilators in many ,instances1 in preserving the ,health and ,lives of ,people1 in ,slave and other ,transport ,ships1 which were read before the ,royal ,society4 ,,also ,an ,account of the good ,effect of blowing ,showers of ,air up through ,milk1 thereby to cure the ill ,taste which is occasioned by some ,kinds of ,food of ,cows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,,stephen ,,hales1 ,d4,d4,f4,r4,s4 ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris1 ,,and ,clerk of the ,closet to ,her ,royal ,highness the ,princess of ,wales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,second ,edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with an ,,appendix2 ,in which is an ,account of some farther considerable ,improvements made in the ,method of procuring ,plenty of ,fresh-,water at ,sea1 viz4 three ,parts in four more than in the common ,methods of ,distilling3 ,also a farther ,account of more ,instances and ,proofs of the good ,effect of ,ventilators in ,ships3 ,as also of the curing1 in a few ,minutes1 the ill ,taste of ,turnip ,milk1 and of musty ,liquors4 ,also1 with great ,ease1 presently to make ,cream or ,milk ,sillabubs1 viz4 by blowing ,showers of ,air up through them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,printed for ,richard ,manby1 in the ,old-,bailey1 near ,ludgate-,hill4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lvi4 ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,great ,benefit of blowing ,showers of ,fresh ,air up thro' ,distilling ,liquors4 #a4 ,the great ,importance of having a sufficient ,supply of fresh ,water in ,ships1 has been the ,occasion of many laudable ,attempts to make ,sea-water fresh and wholsome2 but all the ,attempts and ,discoveries hitherto made1 have laboured under this great and material ,objection1 viz4 the great ,quantity of ,fuel that was necessary to distill1 with a slow ,progress1 a small ,quantity of ,water1 by any ,methods of ,distillation hitherto known4 ,but ,i have lately happily1 most unexpectedly1 discovered an easy and effectual ,method to distill great ,quantities of ,water with little ,fuel2 which ,i was led to by the following ,incidents1 viz4 ,mr4 ,shipley1 ,secretary of our ,society1 for the ,encouragement of ,arts1 ,manufactures and ,commerce1 brought me acquainted with ,mr4 ,william ,baily of ,salisbury-,court1 the ,author of many ingenious ,contrivances2 who shewed me1 in a small ,model of a ,tin ,vessel1 a ,method1 by which he has happily increased the ,force of the ,engine to raise ,water by ,fire1 viz4 by lifting up some of the boiling ,water1 at every ,stroke1 by means of a conical ,vessel1 with small ,holes in it1 full of ,tow2 whereby the ,quantity of the ascending ,steam or ,wreak was considerably increased4 ,this led me to think1 that a greater ,quantity of ,liquor might also by this ,means be distilled2 but on ,trial ,i found the ,increase to be only one twelfth ,part1 tho' considerable in the expanded ,form of a ,steam4 ,hence ,i was led to try what would be the ,effect of causing an incessant ,shower of ,air to ascend thro' the boiling ,liquor in a ,still2 and this1 to my ,surprise1 ,i found on ,trial to be very considerable4 ,there was another ,circumstance also1 which probably conduced to lead my ,mind to this ,thought1 viz4 ,about six ,months before1 ,mr4 ,littlewood1 a ,shipwright at ,chatham1 came thence purposely to communicate to me an ingenious ,contrivance of his1 soon to sweeten stinking ,water1 by blowing a ,shower of fresh ,air thro' a ,tin ,pipe full of small ,holes1 layed at the ,bottom of the ,water4 ,by this means1 he told me1 he had sweetened the stinking ,bilge ,water in the ,well of some ,ships2 and also a ,but of stinking ,water in an ,hour1 in the same manner as ,i blew ,air up thro' ,corn and ,gunpowder1 as mentioned in the ,book on ,ventilators4 #b4 ,the ,method1 which ,i used to blow ,showers of ,air up thro' the distilling ,water1 was by means of a flat round ,tin ,box1 six ,inches ,diameter1 and an ,inch and half deep2 which is placed at the ,bottom of the ,still1 on four ,knobs or ,feet half ,inch high1 to make room for the ,liquor to spread over the whole ,bottom of the ,still1 that the ,heat of the ,fire may come at it4 ,in larger ,stills this ,box must be proportionably larger1 and have higher ,feet4 ,and whereas the ,mouth of the ,still is too narrow1 for the ,tin ,box to enter1 which ,box ought to be within two ,inches as wide as the ,bottom of the ,still2 therefore the ,box may be divided into two ,parts1 with a ,hinge at one ,edge or ,side1 and a ,clasp at the other1 to fix it together1 when in the ,still4 ,this ,box must be of ,copper for distilling ,sea-water2 mine was made of ,tin for other ,liquors also4 ,the ,air-pipe1 which passes thro' the ,head of the ,still1 will help to keep the ,air-box from moving to and fro by the ,motion of the ,ship2 or1 if that should not be found sufficient1 #c or #d small ,struts may be fixed to the ,sides of the ,air-box4 ,they must reach to the ,sides of the ,still4 ,the ,cover and ,sides of the ,air-box were punched full of very small ,holes1 one-fourth ,inch distant from each other1 and about the twentieth part of an ,inch in ,diameter4 ,on the ,middle of the ,cover or ,lid of this ,air-box1 was fixed a ,nosil more than half ,inch wide1 which was fitted to receive1 to put on1 and take off the lower ,end of a ,tin ,pipe1 which was twenty ,inches long1 and passed thro' a ,hole in the ,head of the ,still3 four ,inches of the upper end of this ,pipe were bent to a ,crook1 almost at a right ,angle to the upright ,stem1 in order thereby to unite the ,crook to the widened ,nose of a ,pair of ,kitchen double ,bellows1 by means of a short ,leathern ,pipe of ,calves-skin4 ,see ,fig4 #ast4 ,this ,tin ,air-box1 and many more of them for other ,persons1 were made by ,mr4 ,tedway1 ,tinman1 over-against the ,meuse-,gate1 ,charing-,cross4 #c4 ,the double ,bellows were bound fast to a ,frame1 at the upper ,part of the ,iron ,nose1 and at the lower ,handle1 in order the more commodiously to work them4 ,and that the upper ,half of the double ,bellows may duly rise and fall1 in order to cause a constant ,stream of ,air2 7besides the usual contracting spiral ,springs within side7 several flat ,weights of ,lead must be layed on the upper ,part of the ,bellows1 near the ,handle1 with a ,hole in their ,middle1 to fix them on an upright ,iron ,pin fastened on the ,bellows3 ,that by this ,means the ,weights may the more commodiously be put on or taken off4 ,for1 according to the different ,depths of the ,liquor in the ,still1 so will the ,force of the included ,air1 against the upper ,board of the ,bellows1 be more or less4 ,thus1 supposing the ,depth of the ,water in the ,still to be twelve ,inches2 from the ,surface of the depressed ,water in the ,air-,box2 then the ,pressure of the included ,air against the upper ,part of the ,bellows1 will be equal to that of a ,body of ,water a ,foot deep1 and as broad as the inner ,surface of that ,board4 ,it will1 therefore1 be requisite1 to add or take off ,weights1 according to the different ,depths of the ,water in the ,still1 at different ,periods of the same ,distillation4 ,the ,bellows must be proportionable to the ,size of the ,still1 but need not be very large4 ,wherever the ,stills are fixed in ,ships1 the ,air may be conveyed to them from the ,bellows1 either thro' a small leathern ,pipe1 distended with ,spiral ,coiles of ,wyre1 or thro' ,bamboo ,canes1 or broad small wooden ,pipes1 like hollow fishing ,rods4 #d4 ,when ,i first distilled in this ventilating ,way1 in order to estimate1 what the ,difference might be in the ,quantity distilled1 by that or the common ,method1 ,i tried both ,ways1 by receiving the distilled ,liquor into a ,quarter of a ,pint ,glass1 estimating the ,times1 by a ,pendulum beating ,seconds4 ,where ,i found1 to my ,surprise1 that sometimes three times more was distilled by ,ventilation than by the usual ,way3 ,but finding ,inequalities in the small ,quantities thus distilled1 in order the more fully and assuredly to ascertain the true ,proportion there was in the two ,methods of distilling1 ,i put three ,gallons of ,water into the ,still2 and1 when it boiled1 put on the ,still-head1 and fixed its ,nose to the ,worm-tub ,pipe2 which ,tub was full of cold ,water4 ,when it had distilled for an ,hour1 the ,receiver was instantly taken away4 ,and on measuring the distilled ,water1 found it to be two ,quarts and #de cubick ,inches by a ,glass divided into cubick ,inches4 ,and a ,gallon containing #bhb cubick or solid ,inches1 this ,quantity of distilled ,water1 which was #ahf cubick ,inches1 is #a_/a4e th ,part of a ,gallon4 #e4 ,then1 filling the ,still as full of ,water as before1 and when it began to boil1 fixing the ,head to the ,still and ,worm-tub1 which was full of cold ,water2 there was distilled in an ,hour1 with constantly blowing ,showers of fresh ,air up thro' the stilling ,liquors1 five ,quarts1 less by seven cubick ,inches1 which is #cde4eths cubick ,inches2 that is1 little less than the double of the ,quantity that is distilled in the usual ,way4 ,in several other ,distillations of a ,quart at a ,time1 ,i found the ,quantity distilled by ,ventilation1 to be more than the double of that in the usual ,way4 ,so that the ,quantity by ,ventilation1 may at a ,medium be estimated the double of the usual ,distillation4 ,it is the well known ,property of moving ,air1 to carry along with it a considerable ,quantity of adjoining ,vapour1 as also of falling ,water to carry much ,air down along with it4 #f4 ,it is to be hoped therefore1 that so considerable an ,increase in the ,quantity distilled1 will be of great ,benefit to ,navigation1 as it may be done in less ,time and with less ,fire4 #g4 ,in the ,account of ,mr4 ,appleby's ,process1 for making ,sea-water fresh1 which is published by ,order of the ,lords of the ,admiralty in the ,gazette of ,jan4 #bb1 #aged1 it is said that a ,still which contains #bj ,gallons of ,water will distill #fj ,gallons in ten ,hours with little more than one ,bushel of ,coals2 and therefore #abj ,gallons in #bj ,hours1 with little more than two ,bushels of ,coals4 ,and by ,ventilation #bdj ,gallons1 or a ,tun2 and #bd ,gallons may be distilled in twenty ,hours1 making an ,allowance for the times of heating those ,stills full of cold ,water2 and a ,still something larger and wider1 will distill a ,tun in #bd ,hours2 which will more than suffice for a sixty ,gun ,ship with #djj ,men1 whose ,provision of ,water for four ,months is about #aaj ,tuns4 ,and larger ,ships may either have proportionably larger ,stills1 or else two of them4 ,as for ,merchant-,ships with few ,men1 a small ,still will be sufficient4 #h4 ,the second sized ,stills contain #aj ,gallons1 and will produce #fj ,gallons in #bj ,hours1 with half the above-mentioned ,fuel2 and by ,ventilation #abj ,gallons4 #i4 ,the least ,stills contain five ,gallons1 and will produce #cb ,gallons in #bj ,hours2 and by ,ventilation #fd ,gallons in #bj ,hours4 #aj4 ,i have seen some of these ,stills at ,messrs4 ,steel and ,stephens1 over-against ,mercers-,chapel1 in ,cheapside1 which have been made for this ,purpose4 ,there are ,holes in the ,feet of the ,iron ,frame or ,stove to skrew them down to the ,deck4 ,they were fixed at the ,fore-castle before the ,mast in ,king ,charles the ,second's time1 when they thought they had discovered the ,way to distill ,sea-water1 free from the noxious ,spirit of ,salt1 and from the nauseous bittern ,taste4 ,or1 if it be thought proper1 one ,part of the ,ship's ,boiler may be made use of1 by adapting a ,still-head to it4 #aa4 ,now supposing a ,still to contain #be ,gallons1 and that four ,parts in five of it1 viz4 #bj ,gallons are distilled off3 then1 in order to distill a ,tun1 or #baj ,gallons1 the ,still must be emptied1 cleansed and refilled eleven times2 and if the whole be done in #bd ,hours1 full #af of those ,hours will be taken up in distilling at the rate of a ,gallon in about four ,minutes and half2 and the remaining eight ,hours of the #bd1 being divided into #aa equal ,parts1 they will be each near #dd ,minutes to empty and cleanse the ,still1 to refill it1 and give the ,sea-water a proper boiling distilling ,heat3 whether this can be done in so short a ,time1 must be known by ,experience1 and ought therefore first to be tried at ,land4 #ab4 ,doctor ,butler1 in his lately published ,method of procuring ,fresh ,water at ,sea1 proposes the pouring in more ,sea-water into the ,still1 thro' a ,funnel fixed in a small ,hole in the ,head or ,upper-part of the ,still1 when more than half the former ,water is distilled off2 by which means the ,water in the ,still will soon acquire a distilling ,heat2 and this to be repeated several times2 but then it will be requisite to add each time more ,chalk1 in such ,proportion as shall be found requisite4 ,it will be well to try this ,method in hopes thereby to increase the ,quantity of ,water that is distilled4 ,the ,hole in the ,head1 or ,upper-part of the ,still1 is to be stopped with a small ,plate of ,copper1 so fixed as to turn to and fro over the ,hole4 #ac4 ,doctor ,butler used capital ,soap ,lees1 in the ,proportion of a ,wine ,quart to #ae ,gallons of ,sea-water1 which sufficed for four or five times repeated ,pourings in of more ,sea-water into the ,still4 ,but as ,i have found that a small ,quantity of ,chalk has the same good ,effect1 and is cheaper1 and more easily to be had1 it is therefore preferable to ,soap ,lees4 #ad4 ,when there is a ,fire in the ,cook-room1 the ,sea-water might be ready heated to put into the ,still1 without any additional ,expence of ,fuel1 in the following ,manner1 which ,i shall here describe2 tho' ,i think it probable that it will not be put in practice2 yet1 as farther ,improvements may possibly hereafter be made in it1 and as it may be of use in some ,cases1 at ,land at least1 ,i shall here give an ,account of it1 viz4 #ae4 ,about the ,year #agah1 ,mr4 ,schmetou a ,german ,gentleman1 got a ,patent here for heating great ,quantities of ,water1 with little ,expence of ,fuel1 which he then shewed me4 ,having fixed a spiral ,iron ,worm-pipe1 in such a ,brick ,stove or ,chimney as ,women heat their ,irons in1 thereby causing the ,water to run from a ,vessel1 thro' the ,worm-pipe1 several ,feet ,length round1 in the ,fire4 ,about #cj ,years after ,i acquainted ,mr4 ,cramond of ,twickenham with this1 as hoping it might be of ,benefit in distilling ,sea-water4 ,upon which he procured such a spiral ,iron ,worm-pipe1 which was about twenty ,feet long1 and six-tenths ,inch ,diameter2 the ,diameter of the spiral ,coile was about fourteen ,inches4 #af4 ,this ,i fixed in a ,brick ,stove in my ,garden1 with its upper ,end fixed to a ,vessel1 which contained #de ,gallons of ,water4 ,i found the ,event of this first ,trial to be as follows1 viz4 ,when the ,water run full ,bore1 at the rate of a ,gallon in #ag ,seconds1 the ,heat of the ,water was found1 by a mercurial ,thermometer held in the ,stream1 at the lower ,end of the ,pipe1 to be #hj ,degrees above the freezing ,point1 #ahj ,degrees being the ,heat of boiling ,water4 ,when by means of a ,turn-cock1 a ,gallon of ,water was two ,minutes in running1 then the ,heat was #adj4 ,at which ,rate the #de ,gallons would be an ,hour and half in running thro' the ,iron-pipe2 at which ,rate #be ,gallons will run thro' in #ej ,minutes1 with so considerable a ,degree of ,heat2 and if it was an ,hour running1 the ,heat would approach still nearer to a boiling ,heat1 when first put into the ,still1 which would forward the ,distillation if wanted4 #ag4 ,i pumped the heated ,water up again into the upper ,vessel2 and thus continued to circulate the heating ,water1 till its ,heat was #afj ,degrees in the upper ,vessel1 viz4 within #bj ,degrees1 or one-ninth of boiling1 the ,heat requisite for plentiful ,distillation4 ,i was in hopes that if the ,water in the upper ,vessel could have been brought to a due ,degree of ,heat1 and a ,still-head were fixed on it1 with its cooling ,worm-tub1 then ,water might have been distilled in ,ships1 by having the ,iron ,worm-pipe fixed in the ,chimney of the ,cook-room3 ,but ,i found1 that when the ,heat of the ,water in the upper ,vessel was #afj ,degrees1 viz4 within one-ninth of boiling2 then in running through the ,iron ,worm-pipe again1 it was so over-heated1 as to expand in the ,pipe1 into an explosive ,vapour1 which hindered the running of the ,water4 ,however ,i thought it not improper to give an ,account of this ,attempt1 notwithstanding it failed4 ,not knowing whether this ,method of heating ,water1 may not in some ,cases1 at ,land at least1 be of use1 thereby to save1 in some degree1 both ,fuel and ,time3 ,perhaps an ,iron ,worm-pipe of a larger ,bore might do better4 #ah4 ,the ,waste of ,fuel will be less in proportion to the ,quantity distilled in large1 than in small ,stills2 and the wider the ,still-head is1 so much the more ,liquor will be distilled1 and more with a ,worm-tub than without it4 ,the ,worm-tub may be so covered1 as to prevent the flowing over of the ,water by the ,motion of the ,ship4 #ai4 ,it is of great ,importance to take care to keep all ,parts of the ,still clean1 that there may be no ,rust or ,verdigrease in the ,copper1 which will occasion ,vomiting4 #bj4 ,if it be necessary1 the better to close the ,joining of the ,still-head1 it may be done with a ,lute or ,paste made of a ,mixture of powdered ,chalk and ,meal1 wetted with ,salt-water4 #ba4 ,now that several effectual ,means are discovered1 to make distilled ,sea-water wholsome1 and also to distill it in much greater ,quantity in the same ,still1 in the same ,time1 and with nearly the same ,quantity of ,fuel2 it is reasonable to believe1 that it will be of great ,benefit to ,navigation1 not only in saving much stowage room1 for other important ,purposes2 but also in procuring fresh sweet wholsome ,water1 instead of stinking putrid ,water1 hitherto used2 which must needs have a ,tendency to promote that putrid ,distemper1 the ,scurvy4 ,and if withal due ,care be taken1 to exchange for fresh ,air the putrid close confined ,air of ,ships1 which has occasioned the ,death of ,millions of ,mankind2 then ,navigation will become remarkably more healthy1 and with little more ,danger to ,health and ,life1 than at ,land1 except from ,storms4 #bb4 ,now supposing1 that in a sixty ,gun ,ship1 the #aaj ,tuns of ,water1 for four ,months use1 were distilled at the ,expence of three ,bushels of ,coals to a ,tun1 this would consume nine ,chaldrons of ,coals3 ,and as a ,chaldron of ,coals weighs about a ,tun and half2 hence it appears that ,coals will distill about eight times their ,quantity of ,water4 ,and the #aaj ,tuns of ,water weighing 7at the ,rate of #bbdj ,pounds to the ,tun7 #ach ,tuns2 and the nine ,chaldrons of ,coals weighing thirteen ,tuns and half1 that is #id ,tuns and half less than the #aaj ,tuns of ,store-water2 and allowing twenty-four ,tuns and half for the ,still1 ,water-casks1 and ,coals1 there will be #gj ,tuns ,weight of ,stowage saved thereby for other ,uses4 ,or if some ,tuns of ,store-water are carried by way of ,precaution1 which it will be advisable to do1 especially at first1 till they can be assured1 by repeated ,experience1 what ,quantity can be depended upon by ,distillation2 even then about half the ,tunnage will be saved1 which will be a very material ,advantage4 #bc4 ,tho' when the distilling ,liquor runs from the ,bottom of the ,worm-pipe1 thro' a long ,pipe fixed to it1 the ,waste by the ventilating rushing ,air1 is not great when the ,water in the ,worm-tub is not hot2 yet the following ,precaution1 if needful1 may be used1 in distilling by ,ventilation1 viz4 to fix at the lower ,end of the ,worm-pipe1 by means of a wooden ,fawcet1 a small ,cask for a ,receiver2 the ,fawcet to enter the upper side of the head of the ,cask1 and in order to give a free ,passage for the great ,quantity of ventilaing ,air to pass off1 and withal at the same time to prevent the escaping of much moist ,vapour with it1 it will be proper to fix at the ,bung-hole a long upright ,pipe of ,wood1 or of any ,metal4 ,i used a ,gun-barrel four ,feet and a half long2 through which some small ,degree of moist ,vapour escaped2 as appeared by the ,dampness of a ,piece of ,paper1 fixed at a little ,distance above the ,mouth of the ,gun barrel4 ,this ,vapour became visible1 and much increased1 when the ,water in the ,worm-tub was very hot2 at which ,time1 less is distilled into the ,cask-receiver2 then also there is more ,danger of the ,spirit of ,salt arising4 ,and it was observable1 that the ,water in the ,worm-pipe ,vessel heated much sooner by ,ventilation1 than in the common ,way of distilling4 ,for which ,reason that ,water ought to be changed so much the oftener1 which can easily be done at ,sea4 ,the ,cocks also at the ,side of the ,worm-tub ought to be large1 in order to let the hot ,water off the faster4 #bd4 ,but tho' the ,water in the ,worm-tub was sooner heated by ,ventilation1 because a double ,quantity of hot ,steam passed thro' it1 more than passed thro' it in equal ,times in the common ,way of distilling2 yet in the usual ,way of ,distillation the ,liquor in the ,still is hotter1 with equal ,fire1 as is evident by its aptness to boil over thro' the ,worm-pipe2 whereas in the ventilating ,way it did not boil over1 notwithstanding a very hot ,fire was purposely made for a ,trial4 ,the continual ,streams of ascending fresh ,air1 not only in some ,degree abating the ,heat of the ,water2 but also incessantly carrying off the more rarefied ,particles of the ,water1 which1 when expanded into a repelling ,state1 do thereby cause the overflowing ,ebullition of the ,water4 ,on which ,account it is probable1 that less ,spirit of ,salt is formed and raised by ,ventilation than without it4 ,as also on account of the fresh ,air ascending1 not from the ,bottom of the ,still1 where is the greatest ,plenty of ,salt1 especially towards the latter ,end of each ,distillation2 but about three ,inches from the ,bottom1 viz4 principally from the many ,holes at the ,surface of the ,air-box4 #be4 ,and whereas the ,quantity raised from the ,still1 and distilled into the ,cask-receiver1 cannot be seen2 the proper ,quantity to be distilled in each ,distillation1 may with great ,accuracy be known1 by having a well closed ,pewter ,bottle of the ,size of about half a ,pint1 with a ,brass ,wyre as big as a ,goose ,quill fixed to it1 the ,wyre to pass thro' the ,receiver-cask1 near the ,bung-hole1 which the floating ,pewter ,bottle will raise up1 till the ,marks on the ,wyre appear just above the ,cask4 ,i made use of a ,glass ,viol for this ,purpose4 ,this ,wyre will rise and fall freely1 notwithstanding the ,motion of the ,ship1 if it passes not only thro' the ,wood of the ,cask1 but also thro' a metaline ,pipe two or three ,inches long1 fixed in that ,hole4 ,and it will be known by the simmering or boiling ,noise of the ,water in the ,still1 whether it is hot enough to distill2 for the running of the ,water into the ,receiver-cask cannot be seen4 #bf4 ,as it might be suspected1 that more ,spirit of ,salt would be raised1 and distilled over in the ventilating ,way1 than without it2 having procured #ah ,gallons of ,sea-water by the ,margate ,hoy1 which was taken up at some ,distance from the ,shore1 ,i put three ,gallons of this ,sea-water1 as soon as ,i had received it1 into the ,still2 and when it began to distill1 ,air was blown up thro' it4 ,for some ,time1 as is usual1 in the ,distillation of ,sea-water2 no ,spirit of ,salt arose2 but after distilling some ,time longer1 there were very weak whitish ,clouds1 with ,drops of ,solution of ,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 as in the common ,way of distilling4 ,hence we see1 that ,ventilation does not increase the ,quantity of ,salt1 but rather probably somewhat decreases it1 for the ,reasons above given1 ,no #bd4 #bg4 ,i distilled three ,gallons of ,sea-water1 which had stunk and became sweet again2 when about ten ,quarts of it had been distilled off1 then there began to be very weak whitish ,clouds with ,solution of ,silver1 but none with ,solution of ,mercury2 which shows the ,water to be hitherto good1 agreeably to what ,i formerly had found to be the good ,effect of distilling ,sea-water1 which had putrified1 and become sweet again2 of which ,i published an ,account in the ,year #agci4 ,but when ,i continued the ,distillation on1 a quarter of an ,hour longer1 viz4 till there was but a ,pint of ,water remaining in the ,still1 and the ,salts were incrusted on its ,sides1 up near three ,inches from the ,bottom1 and lay in ,heaps at the ,bottom of the ,still1 then the distilled ,liquor had whitish ,clouds in it1 with the ,solution of ,mercury in ,aqua-fortis4 ,from this ,distillation we see1 that ,putrefaction1 by dissolving the bittern ,salt and ,bitumen1 into very minute ,parts1 qualified them to combine with the more fixed common ,salt1 so as to detain them from rising in ,distillation4 #bh4 ,i distilled three ,gallons of ,sea-water1 with the ,proportion of six ,ounces of ,mr4 ,appleby's ,lapis ,infernalis1 and six ,ounces of calcined ,bones to #bj ,gallons of ,sea-water1 as he directs4 ,this ,water lathered well with ,soap1 and boiled ,peas well4 #bi4 ,i distilled also some ,sea-water ,with half an ,ounce of ,stone ,lime to a ,gallon1 from the ,clee ,hills in ,herefordshire1 which having been preserved ten ,months in a ,firkin1 had slacked to dry ,powder4 ,this distilled ,water did also lather well with ,soap1 and boiled ,peas well2 which proves that the ,lime1 which is a fixed ,body1 does not distill over with the ,water4 ,since ,i made this ,distillation1 ,general ,oglethorpe informed me1 that his ,father1 ,sir ,theophilus1 told him1 that ,lime was one of the ,ingredients1 of what he and the rest of the ,patentees1 in ,charles the ,second's time1 called the ,cement1 with which they made distilled ,sea-water wholsome4 #cj4 ,i distilled also some ,sea-water with the like ,proportion of powdered ,chalk1 which boiled ,peas well1 and was better tasted than the ,waters distilled with ,lapis ,infernalis or ,lime4 ,i distilled also some ,sea-water with an ,ounce of ,chalk to a ,gallon1 but found no ,difference in the ,taste of this1 and that which had but half an ,ounce of ,chalk to a ,gallon3 ,so that half an ,ounce of ,chalk to a ,gallon of ,water will be sufficient2 but where the ,sea-water is salter1 or more bituminous1 more ,chalk may be added if needful4 #ca4 ,dr4 ,alston of ,edinburgh1 in the ,preface to the ,second ,edition of his ,dissertation on ,quick-lime and ,lime-water1 says1 that 8the like ,effect was found in distilling ,sea-water with ,lime1 that it neither precipitated a ,solution of ,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 nor a ,solution of corrosive ,sublimate in ,water1 nor did it form a ,pellicle of various ,colours on its ,surface1 as did the ,water distilled by ,mr4 ,appleby's ,process40 ,and ,i find1 ,page #ce of my ,book on this ,subject1 that ,lime of ,oyster-shells had the same good ,effect1 but required two ,distillations2 ,i might then use too small a ,quantity of that ,lime4 ,hence it is probable1 that the ,chalk1 the ,lime1 the ,lime in the ,lapis ,infernalis1 and the ,lime in ,dr4 ,butler's ,soap-lees1 seize on and fix not only the bittern ,salt1 but also the ,bitumen of the ,sea-water1 as we learn from the like ,effect in the ,purification of the ,salt of ,hartshorn4 ,that the saline ,spirit arises chiefly from the bittern ,salt1 and not from the more perfect ,sea-salt1 is probable from hence1 viz4 when ,i distilled three ,gallons of common ,water1 made as salt as ,sea-water with common ,salt2 no ,spirit of ,salt arose1 even tho' the ,distillation was carried so far as to leave the ,salt1 tho' very damp1 to lie in ,heaps1 and it was incrusted on the ,sides of the ,still1 for about three ,inches from the ,bottom4 #cb4 ,it is a considerable further ,advantage1 that ,water thus distilled by ,ventilation1 being thereby repleat and freshened with ,air1 has for present ,use a more agreeable ,taste1 than ,water distilled without ,ventilation1 which requires the standing a longer ,time to have its more disagreeable adust ,taste go off4 ,and as the volatile ,oil of ,pepper-mint does rise on the ,wings of the ventilating ,air during the ,distillation2 so also may that ,part of the ,bitumen1 which is volatilized by ,heat2 as also the volatile urinous ,salts of the ,sea-water1 which arises from animal ,substances1 be sublimed in the same ,manner4 #cc4 ,it was observable1 that the ,water distilled fast1 even tho' the ,water in the ,still was below the ,surface of the ,tin ,air-box1 thro' which the greatest ,part of the ascending ,shower of ,air rushed4 ,hence the ventilating ,air1 in ascending among the ,vapours1 carries them off fast4 ,hence it is to be suspected1 that this ,method of ,ventilation will not do well for simple ,waters1 or fermented vinous ,spirits2 because they being very volatile1 much of them may be carried off in ,waste4 #cd4 ,it was observable1 that in these ,distillations of ,sea-water1 no whitish ,clouds appeared on dropping in ,solution of corrosive ,mercury1 not even when considerably more than four ,parts in five of the ,water had been distilled over4 ,and it was the same with the ,mixture of ,lapis ,infernalis1 ,lime1 and ,chalk2 whence it is probable1 that the ,lime and ,chalk seize on and fix the more volatile bittern ,salt1 as does also the ,lime in the ,lapis ,infernalis4 ,and it is well known1 that ,sugar1 that sweet ,salt1 cannot be made without ,lime1 on which1 as its ,centre of ,union1 it fixes and granulates4 #ce4 ,and whereas with a ,solution of ,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 which was much weakened and diluted with ,water1 there appeared a faint ,degree of whitish ,cloud1 in all the above-mentioned ,distillations1 tho' not with the stronger ,solution of ,mercury till the ,distillation was carried on1 much beyond four ,parts in five of the ,water in the ,still2 when both ,solutions caused remarkably white ,clouds1 especially the ,solution of ,mercury2 which indicates the ,quantity of the ,spirit of ,salt which was raised during the former part of the ,distillation to be exceeding small1 since it could not seize on1 nor disengage the ,aqua-fortis from the stronger ,solution of ,mercury1 tho' it did in a very small ,degree in the weak ,solution of ,silver1 so as to let loose a very little of the ,silver1 which thereby caused the faint ,clouds4 ,when a ,drop of the ,solution of ,mercury was dropped into the distilled ,water1 after a ,drop of the ,solution of ,silver1 it resorbed the ,silver ,cloud1 and made the ,water clear1 by means of the great ,proportion of acid ,aqua-fortis that was in it4 #cf4 ,now in order to make some ,estimate of the very small ,quantity of ,spirit of ,salt in these several distilled ,waters1 ,i dropped a ,drop of the ,solution of ,silver into an ,ounce1 or #dhj ,grains of pure ,rain ,water1 which gave no ,clouds2 but on dropping in a ,drop of ,sea-water1 which weighed a ,grain1 the white ,clouds were strong4 ,and since ,sea-water can dissolve nine times more ,salt than it has in it2 therefore1 supposing the ,drop to be so fully impregnated with ,salt1 then the ,salt would be the #dhjth ,part of the ,ounce of ,water4 ,but as there is nine times less ,salt1 therefore the ,proportion of the ,quantity of ,spirit of ,salt will be but the #dcbjth ,part4 ,and how much less must be the ,proportion of ,salt in these distilled ,waters1 which is not sufficient to make a sensible ,impression on ,solution of ,mercury1 and but a faint one on much diluted ,solution of ,silver4 ,such distilled ,sea-water will not therefore1 probably be unwholsome2 almost all ,spring-waters have some ,degree of ,salt in them3 ,but if there were more of the ,spirit of ,salt1 a very small ,quantity of ,pot-ash1 or ,pearl-ashes1 or ,salt of ,tartar1 combined with it1 will turn it into common ,salt1 the ,quantity of which would be extremely little4 #cg4 ,it may be well to be provided in ,ships with some ,silver dissolved in ,aqua-fortis1 mixed with pure ,rain-water1 or distilled fresh ,water1 in the ,proportion of sixty ,drops to an ,ounce of the ,water2 tho' it is probable1 it may seldom be wanted1 unless in some doubtful ,cases1 when the ,taste may not be accurate enough to perceive1 whether there be any ,spirit of ,salt in the distilled ,water4 #ch4 ,since double the usual ,quantity of ,vapour may by ,way of ,ventilation be carried off1 common ,salt may thus be made much sooner1 cheaper1 and better2 because as there is much less ,fire used2 so proportionably1 less of the fine acid ,spirit of the ,salt1 in which its ,virtue consists1 will be evaporated away3 ,for it is well known1 that the ,salt is best which has undergone the least ,action of ,fire in making4 #ci4 ,this more speedy ,method of evaporating will also be useful1 in making many other ,evaporations2 as in making ,pot-ash1 c4 #dj4 ,but some are apprehensive1 that this great ,improvement in ,distilling1 may be of ill ,consequence in making those destructive ,spirits cheaper1 which are already but too cheap4 ,had not the ,improvement been of great ,benefit to ,mankind in many other ,respects1 ,i should have been far1 very far1 from endeavouring after it1 or discovering it4 ,but should the ,event be to make those ,spirits cheaper1 and consequently1 by spreading farther1 more destructive1 the consequence of that will be1 that the increased raging ,devastation will the sooner necessarily rouse the ,nations to put a ,stop to what must be done hereafter2 for if the ,ravages continue increasing1 as they have done for sixty ,years past1 the human ,species must needs not only be greatly debased1 but even in great measure diminished and destroyed4 ,and yet none of the ,nations1 whose very ,vitals are thereby consuming and destroying1 endeavour to put any ,stop to it1 except the ,heads of the native ,indians in ,north-,america1 who have long repeatedly intreated the ,english to sell them no ,rum2 which is as effectually extirpating of them1 as the ,hornet did the unsubdued remainder of the ,canaanites4 #da4 ,if ,mankind1 instead of receiving and entertaining this ,pest with almost universal ,applause and ,approbation1 could prevail with themselves to be in earnest to use ,means to deliver themselves from it2 then much might be done towards it1 by lowering and weakening all kind of fermented distilled ,spirits with ,water1 to a salutary ,degree1 as is now practised in our ,plantations in ,america1 in making ,punch so weak1 as not to be hurtful2 which1 when it was much stronger1 was well known to destroy ,multitudes4 ,and where the like humane1 wise1 and laudable ,practice has been used in ,ships1 it has had the same happy salutary ,effect4 #db4 ,what ,necessity or even ,temptation can there be to be averse to the making them wholsome1 instead of being venomous and destructive8 and that not only of the ,lives1 but even of the ,morals of ,mankind4 ,how much therefore does it behove all1 who have any ,concern for the ,honour and ,dignity of their own kindred ,species1 any ,indignation at its being thus debased and disgraced1 any ,bowels of ,pity for the vast ,multitudes1 not less than a ,million1 that are yearly destroyed all over the ,world1 by this moral as well as natural1 and therefore worst of all ,evils that ever befel unhappy ,man2 to use their utmost ,endeavours to deliver ,mankind from this ,pest8 ,but notwithstanding this astonishing ,ravage and ,destruction of the human ,species1 yet the unhappy unrelenting ,nations of the ,world1 seem as unconcerned about it1 as if only so many ,thousands1 nay1 ,millions of ,caterpillers or ,locusts were destroyed thereby4 ,was there ever a more important ,occasion to rouse the ,indignation of ,mankind8 ,can we be calm and undisturbed1 when this mighty ,destroyer rears up its invenomed ,head every where8 ,the most zealous ,advocates for ,drams1 even the unhappy besotted ,dramists themselves1 the prolonging of whose ,lives1 and whose real ,welfare both here and hereafter1 is hereby sincerely intended1 cannot find fault with this well-meant ,remonstrance1 in ,defence of them1 and of all ,mankind1 against this mighty ,destroyer1 from one who has long been labouring1 and that not without ,success1 in finding ,means to preserve ,multitudes of ,lives1 by various ,ways4 ,an ,account of the great ,benefit of ,ventilators in many ,instances1 in preserving the ,health and ,lives of ,people1 in ,slave and other ,transport ,ships4 #dc4 ,it is to be hoped that the several ,means here proposed for having fresh and sweet ,water at ,sea1 will be of great ,benefit in preserving the ,health and ,lives of ,multitudes of that valuable and useful ,part of ,mankind1 those who occupy their ,business in great ,waters2 whose ,welfare ,i have long had at heart1 and endeavoured to promote by various ,ways2 especially by finding ,means to procure them fresh salutary ,air1 instead of the noxious1 putrid1 close confined pestilential ,air1 which has destroyed ,millions of ,mankind in ,ships4 ,and it is to be hoped that by diligent ,researches1 farther and farther useful ,discoveries will hereafter be made for the ,benefit of ,navigation4 #dd4 ,the following1 as they are strong ,proofs of the great ,benefit and ,usefulness of ,ventilators in ,ships1 so they also fully prove that they can most commodiously be fixed and worked in them1 in contradiction to the vulgar1 false1 and groundless ,notion1 that they take up too much room1 and are incommodious1 and in a manner impracticable to be worked1 whereas the ,men are eager to work them2 and many more ,persons can be with ,safety to their ,health and ,lives in a ventilated1 than in an unventilated ,ship2 which fully obviates the ,objection as to the ,room they take up4 ,in new and important ,researches1 the likeliest ,way to succeed1 is to pursue a ,thought not only by imperfect and fallacious ,reasonings1 but when the ,nature of the ,thing requires it1 with a proper ,series of ,trials and ,experiments4 ,thus in the present ,case1 the principal ,cause of the ,sickness in ,ships1 is the noxious putrid ,air2 the obvious ,remedy is the exchanging that foul ,air for fresh1 by effectual ,means1 which are seldom discovered by dwelling only on ,objections1 but are usually the ,reward of repeated diligent1 experimental ,researches4 ,neither are we to be discouraged in these our ,pursuits by some ,disappointments1 for ,i have frequently found that they lead to the ,thing sought for3 ,and by the like ,clue of ,reasoning and ,experimenting1 there is the greatest ,probability that we shall succeed in another very important ,research1 viz4 the preserving much longer from ,decay the ,timbers of ,ships laid up in ordinary in ,harbour3 ,for as we are assured by daily ,experience1 that the ,decay is wholly owing to damp1 close confined putrid corroding ,air2 so the only ,remedy for this ,evil1 is the frequently changing the ,air among the ,timbers1 by plentiful ,ventilations2 which we find by happy ,experience1 can be effected to such a ,degree1 as give reasonable ,hopes1 enough to encourage our farther ,trials and ,researches4 #de4 ,captain ,thomson of the ,success ,frigate1 in his ,letter to me dated ,london1 ,sept4 #be1 #agdi1 says1 8,that during the ,ventilation1 the ,lower-deck ,hatches were commonly kept close shut2 by which means the ,air was drawn down into the ,hold1 from between ,decks1 thro' the ,seams of the ,ceiling1 along the ,timbers of the ,ship2 by which means we found the foul ,air soon drawn off from between ,decks4 ,our ,rule for ventilating was for half an ,hour every four ,hours2 but when the ,ventilating was sometimes neglected for eight ,hours together1 then we could perceive1 especially in hot ,weather1 a very sensible ,difference by that short ,neglect of it2 for it would then take a longer ,time to draw off the foul ,air4 ,our general ,rule was1 to work the ,ventilators till we found the ,air from them sweet4 ,we all agreed that they were of great ,service2 the ,men being so sensible of the ,benefit of them1 that they required no driving to work that which they received so much ,benefit by4 ,we found this good ,effect from ,ventilation1 that tho' there were near #bjj ,men on board1 for almost a ,year1 yet ,i landed them all well in ,georgia1 notwithstanding they were pressed ,men1 and delivered me out of ,goals1 with ,distempers upon them4 ,this is what ,i believe but few ,transports1 or any other ,ships1 can brag of2 nor did ,i ever meet the like ,good-luck before2 which1 next to ,providence1 ,i impute to the ,benefit received by the ,ventilators4 ,it is to be remarked1 that we who lay wind-bound1 for four ,months1 with our ,expedition ,fleet1 which soon after invaded ,france1 were very healthy all the time1 when they were very sickly in all the ,ships of that ,expedition4 #df4 8,this certainly occasioned all kind of ,grain ,provisions to keep better and longer from ,weevels1 than otherwise they would have done2 and other ,kinds of ,provisions received ,benefit from the ,coolness and ,freshness in the ,air of the ,ship1 which was caused by ,ventilation40 #dg4 ,mr4 ,cramond also informs me1 that he found the good ,effect of ,ventilators on board a ,slave-,ship of his with #cib ,slaves1 twelve of which were taken on board1 just before they sailed from ,guinea1 ill of a ,flux1 which twelve all died2 but the rest1 with all the ,europeans in the ,ship1 arrived well at ,buenos ,ayres4 ,the following is a ,letter to me from ,captain ,,ellis1 viz4 8,sir1 #dh4 8,could any thing increase the ,pleasure ,i have in a literary ,intercourse with you1 it would be to find that it answered your ,end in promoting the public ,good4 ,the ,vis-inerti of ,mankind is not the only ,difficulty you have had to encounter1 but their ,ignorance and ,prejudices1 which are almost insuperable4 ,it is to your ,perseverance and ,resolution1 that the little ,progress you have made is due3 ,indeed ,i ought not to say little2 for it is a great ,step to have found the few that have ,hearts good enough to relish your ,plan1 and ,heads sufficiently clear to discern the most effectual ,method of advancing it4 ,it does ,honour to those noble and other worthy ,personages that join you in ,acts of such extensive ,humanity1 as the ,introduction of ,ventilators to ,hospitals1 ,prisons1 ,ships of ,war and ,transport1 c4 as they must necessarily render the ,miseries of the first more supportable1 and the close and constant ,confinement of the others less prejudicial and fatal to their ,health and ,life4 ,it is to be lamented that they are not more generally made use of2 for1 notwithstanding their ,advantage is apparent and incontestable1 it is scarce credible how few are to be found among the vast ,number of ,ships daily employed in carrying ,passengers1 ,slaves1 ,cattle1 and other perishable ,commodities4 ,those of your ,invention1 which ,i had1 were of singular ,service to us2 they kept the ,inside of the ,ship cool1 sweet1 dry1 and healthy3 ,the ,number of ,slaves ,i buried was only six1 and not one white ,man of our ,crew1 7which was thirty-four7 during a ,voyage of #ae ,months2 an ,instance very uncommon4 ,the #cdj ,negroes were very sensible of the ,benefits of a constant ,ventilation1 and were always displeased when it was omitted3 ,even the ,exercise had ,advantages not to be despised among ,people so much confined4 ,i must not1 however1 forget that ,ventilation alone is insufficient to keep ,disorders out of ,ships2 for often ,infections are brought aboard by the ,slaves1 or others2 and frequently ,diseases are produced by feeding on bad or decayed ,food1 but oftener still by ,insobriety2 for ,i have ever remarked that the immoderate ,use of spirituous ,liquors in warm ,climates1 is more pernicious and fatal even than the ,malignancy of the ,air itself4 ,in cold ,countries too1 where ,i have had ,experience1 those ,sailors1 or others1 who accustomed themselves to hard drinking1 especially of ,drams1 had the ,scurvy in a terrible ,degree2 whereas those who were temperate or sober1 either escaped it entirely1 or had it but moderately4 ,the ,effects of ,drunkenness was still more discernable among the ,indians adjoining our ,settlements in ,hudson's-,bay1 who are a feeble1 diminutive1 chilly1 indolent ,set of ,people4 ,on the contrary1 those who come from the inland ,parts 7who are unused to drink ,brandy7 are brave1 active1 robust1 and industrious4 ,the same ,difference is observable in the ,africans1 and perhaps among the ,inhabitants of most other ,nations1 did we attend to it4 ,it was to the unusual ,sobriety of my ,crew1 that ,i ascribed1 in some measure1 their uncommon ,healthiness2 for ,sailors breathe a purer ,air1 and enjoy more ,exercise and ,liberty1 than ,passengers or ,slaves2 wherefore their ,ailments are owing to bad or disorderly ,living1 as well as to unwholsome ,air4 8,could ,i but see the immoderate ,use of spirituous ,liquors less general1 and the ,benefits of ,ventilators more known and experienced1 ,i might then hope to see ,mankind better and happier4 ,i am1 8,,sir1 8,your most obediens ,servant1 ,,henry ,,ellis40 ,bristol1 ,dec4 #bf1 #agec4 #di4 ,and1 by the like good ,conduct1 in his next ,voyage in the ,year #agee1 not one of #cab ,slaves died2 and all his #cf ,sailors arrived alive and well at ,bristol4 #ej4 ,and the ,earl of ,halifax has often informed me of the great ,benefit they found by the ,use of ,ventilators1 in several ,nova ,scotia ,transport-,ships1 twelve to one more have been found to die in unventilated than in ventilated ,ships4 ,it is indeed a self-evident ,thing1 that the changing the foul ,air frequently in ,ships1 in which there are many ,persons1 will be a means of keeping them in better ,health than not doing it2 which makes it the more astonishing that effectual ,proposals to remedy so great an ,evil1 should be received with so much ,coldness and ,indifference by ,mankind4 ,they little consider that it is the high ,degree of ,putrefaction 7that most subtile ,dissolvent in ,nature7 which a foul ,air acquires in long stagnating1 which gives it that pestilential ,quality1 which causes what is called the ,goal-,distemper4 ,and a very small ,quantity1 or even ,vapour of this highly attenuated ,venom1 like the ,infection or ,inoculation for the ,small-pox1 soon spreads its deadly ,infection4 ,ought not ,men therefore1 from the common natural ,principle of ,self-,preservation1 to use their utmost ,endeavours to shun this pestilent ,destroyer1 by which ,millions of ,mankind have perished in ,ships8 ,an ,account of some ,tryals to cure the ill ,taste of ,milk1 which is occasioned by the ,food of ,cows1 either from ,turnips1 ,cabbages1 or autumnal ,leaves1 c4 ,also to sweeten ,stinking-water1 c4 #ea4 ,this ,method of blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' ,liquors1 will be of considerable ,use in several other ,respects1 as well as in ,distillation1 as appears by the following ,trials1 viz4 #eb4 ,i have been informed that it is a common ,practice1 to cure the ill ,taste of ,cream from the ,food of ,cows1 by setting it in broad ,pans over hot ,embers or ,charcoal1 and continually stirring it1 till scalding hot1 and till cool again3 ,but when ,i attempted to do this much sooner1 and more effectually1 by blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' it2 ,i soon found it to be impracticable1 by reason of its very great ,degree of frothing up4 ,the ill ,taste must therefore be got out of the ,milk1 before it is set for ,cream2 which ,i have been told1 has been practiced1 and that with some benefit1 by giving the ,milk a scalding ,heat1 without stirring it4 #ec4 ,may #bb4 ,i ventilated some ill tasted1 new unheated ,milk of a ,cow which was purposely fed with ,crow-,garlick mixed with cut ,grass4 ,after #ae ,minutes ,ventilation the ,taste was a little mended2 in half an ,hour's blowing it was something better4 ,at the ,hour's end it had the same ,taste1 but was sensibly better than the unventilated ,milk4 ,i was disappointed of an ,opportunity to repeat the ,experiment with ,crow ,garlick ,milk1 with a scalding ,heat2 it would then probably have been soon perfectly cured2 as it is reasonable to believe from the ,event of the following ,experiments1 viz4 #ed4 ,august #bc1 four ,quarts of ill tasted new ,milk1 from a ,cow which had fed eighty-four ,hours on ,cabbage ,leaves only1 and drank during that ,time very little ,water2 were put into a leaden ,vessel1 eight ,inches in ,diameter1 and thirty ,inches ches deep4 ,the leaden ,vessel was heated in a large ,boiler1 and set into a ,vessel of hot ,water2 thereby to give the ,milk a scalding ,heat1 and also keep it hot4 ,in ten ,minutes ,ventilation it was perfectly cured of its ill ,taste2 and after standing twenty-four ,hours in a broad ,pan1 there was a thick ,scum which was half ,cream and half ,butter1 free from any ill ,taste2 the skimmed ,milk was not sheer or thin3 ,so here is a ,method to make good ,butter from ill tasted ,milk4 #ee4 ,the ,froth of the ,milk was so great1 by reason of a too brisk ,ventilation1 as to make it froth over the ,vessel1 which was thirty ,inches deep2 if it had not been kept down1 by constantly lading and breaking the very large ,bubbles of ,froth4 ,but when the ,ventilation is more gentle1 the ,froth has risen but three ,inches from six ,quarts of ,milk1 which was nine ,inches deep4 ,the ,cabbage ,milk was but six ,inches deep4 ,i repeated the like ,operation the same ,day1 with the ,evening ,milk of the same ,cow2 but giving it only a ,heat1 that ,i could bear my ,fingers in1 for a little ,time2 with this ,degree of ,heat1 after forty-five ,minutes ,ventilation1 the ,milk 7tho' much better tasted7 yet was not so compleatly cured1 as the former ,milk4 ,hence we see1 how necessary ,heat is1 to volatilize the rancid ,oyl 7which gives the ill ,taste7 to such a ,degree as to cause it to fly off by ,ventilation4 #ef4 ,it was observed that what was milked from this ,cow a ,week after she had done eating the ,cabbage1 had an ill ,taste4 #eg4 ,i have not as yet had an ,opportunity1 to try to cure1 in the same ,manner1 the ill ,taste of ,milk1 which is occasioned by ,cows feeding on autumnal ,leaves1 or ,turnips1 they having probably eaten this ,autumn1 the fewer ,leaves1 on account of the ,plenty of ,grass1 occasioned by much ,rain2 which has also hitherto prevented ,turnips from being rancid1 which are observed to be most so1 when they shoot out in the ,spring4 ,as ,opportunities offer ,i purpose to make ,trials1 which ,i conclude others will also do1 which will probably be attended with the same good ,effects as that on the ,cabbage ,milk4 #eh4 ,but tho' the ill ,taste of ,milk from feeding on ,cabbage ,leaves1 was thus effectually cured by volatilizing with ,heat1 and dissipating by ,ventilation the rancid ,oil2 yet the bitter ,taste of a strong ,infusion of ,chamomel ,flowers in six ,quarts of ,water1 was not sensibly abated by an ,hour's ,ventilation of it1 while scalding hot4 #ei4 ,i am informed that1 in ,devonshire1 they set the ,pans of ,milk on ,trivets1 making ,fires under them1 to give the ,milk1 gently and gradually a scalding1 but not a boiling ,heat1 which would disturb the rising ,cream2 and then set it on the ,floor in the ,milk-house to cool1 where in twelve ,hours it has a thick ,scum1 partly ,butter and partly ,cream3 ,the skimmed ,milk is very thin and sheer2 and the ,cream in great ,plenty and delicious1 except it gets a smoky ,taste1 which it is apt to do2 and which might probably be prevented1 by having a ,range of as many ,stoves1 as there are ,pans of ,milk to be used at one ,time2 all to be warmed by one ,fire1 either at one end1 or the middle of the ,flue or ,funnel in the ,brick-work1 which conveys the ,smoke and ,heat under the ,stoves4 ,and as the ,pans nearest to the ,fire will soonest have their due ,heat1 on their ,removal to bring the farthest and coolest ,pans nearest the ,fire2 and instantly covering the uncovered ,stoves with proper ,covers to prevent the ,heat and ,smoke from coming out2 by this ,means the ,milk would all be soon heated1 with any kind of ,fuel1 and that with much less in ,quantity than in the common ,way4 #fj4 ,and the more effectually to prevent the ,smoke from coming at the ,milk1 it may be well to have the broad outer ,rim of the ,pans turned perpendicularly downwards1 three or four ,inches1 that it may enter deep into a circular ,groove of ,sand2 and if it shall be needful the ,sand may be wetted in order the more effectually to prevent the ,passage of the ,smoke3 ,i thought of this ,method about fifty ,years since on tasting the smoky ,butter in ,somersetshire4 ,by the same ,means the ,poor might save much ,fuel in boiling the ,pot1 especially in ,summer1 when a ,fire is wanted only for boiling the ,pot4 #fa4 ,when any ,pans are to be removed from the ,stoves1 the ,ascent of the ,smoke thro' the uncovered ,stove1 may be prevented by first closing the ,flue near the ,fire1 by an ,iron ,sliding-shutter or ,register4 #fb4 ,milk might thus most commodiously be heated to a scalding ,heat with little ,fuel1 fit for ,ventilation1 in a ,vessel of a proper ,depth1 set in the same ,manner as the ,pans in a ,stove1 to secure it from ,smoke1 with ,bellows fixed properly near it3 7see ,fig4 #c47 ,by this ,means there would be little ,trouble or ,expence in curing ill tasted ,milk by ,ventilation4 #fc4 ,may #adth1 meerly to see what the ,event would be1 a ,gallon of new ,milk1 just from the ,cow was ventilated1 for an ,hour and half1 which produced six ,ounces of ,butter2 and tho' it was ventilated half an ,hour longer1 yet no more ,butter was made2 it was whitish1 wanting both the ,colour and ,taste of good fresh ,butter4 #fd4 ,i am credibly informed1 that in the ,places famous for making the best fresh ,winter ,butter1 they set the ,pot of ,cream in warm ,water1 so long as till it has acquired that small ,degree of ,sourness1 which it very soon has in warm ,summer ,weather1 which gives it its agreeable ,flavour4 ,and in order to give it ,colour1 they grate a well coloured ,carrot into a little ,milk1 which as soon as stained1 is strained from the ,carrot thro' a ,sive1 and then mixed with the ,cream4 #fe4 ,it is found by ,experience1 that the ,quantity of ,cream is increased1 by putting into the ,milk a little warm ,water in ,winter1 and cold in ,summer2 which being thereby1 in some ,degree thinned1 the ,cream is thereby more easily disintangled1 so as more freely to ascend to the ,surface of the ,milk4 #ff4 ,i ventilated three ,gallons of stinking ,jessops-well purging ,water4 ,on first blowing1 the ,smell of the ascending ,vapour was very offensive1 which ,offensiveness abated much in five ,minutes3 ,in eleven ,minutes the ,smell was much better3 ,in twenty ,minutes the ,water seemed sweet both in ,smell and ,taste2 and not sweeter at the ,end of forty-five ,minutes1 fifteen or twenty ,minutes will probably suffice4 #fg4 ,july #bjth three ,gallons of stinking ,sea-water were ventilated2 in five ,minutes it was much sweetened1 and no ill ,smell in the ascending ,air1 tho' at first it was very offensive3 ,at the ,end of ten ,minutes it had a small ,degree of ill ,taste2 after twenty ,minutes no ill ,taste or ,smell4 ,it frothed near a ,foot high during ,part of the ,ventilation2 this from the ,bitumen1 c4 #fh4 ,some ,sea-water which was made to stink with ,flesh and ,isinglass being put into it1 was not made perfectly sweet1 not even by a ventilated ,distillation1 and an ,hour's more ,ventilation after it was distilled2 so that ,putrefaction with animal ,substances1 is not easily compleatly cured by ,ventilation4 #fi4 ,when the ,water was #bg ,inches deep in the leaden ,vessel1 no ,air could be blown up thro' it by the ,force of the ,bellows4 ,but at #ah ,inches ,depth1 the ,air could freely be blown up in ,showers thro' the ,water2 when therefore it is requisite to blow up thro' great ,depths of ,water1 the ,bellows may be worked with a ,lever1 as ,smiths ,bellows are worked4 #gj4 ,as it is found by ,experience1 that the ,milk and ,butter of ,cows1 which drink stinking ,water1 has a very bad ,taste1 this plainly shows that the ,water retains its putrid ,quality when mixed with the ,blood2 whence it is much to be suspected1 that the stinking ,water which is drank in ,ships1 by retaining its putrid ,quality1 even when mixed with the ,blood1 may thereby promote that putrid ,distemper the ,scurvy1 as well as some other ,distempers4 ,and much more does the putrid close ,air in ,ships1 which is mixed with the ,blood from the ,lungs1 promote putrid and other ,disorders3 ,by the same ,means also1 pestilential ,infections are taken in3 ,for as the salutary ,properties of good ,air1 are conveyed to the ,blood by the ,lungs1 so are also the malignant ,qualities of bad ,air4 #ga4 ,thus also the putrid ,water in marshy aguish ,countries1 may be a ,cause of ,agues1 as well as the putrid ,air which they breathe2 which1 as well as the putrid ,water1 may probably carry some of its putrid ,quality into the ,blood thro' the ,lungs4 ,this ,method therefore of sweetening stinking ,water1 by blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' the stinking ,water of some aguish ,places1 may be beneficial4 #gb4 ,live ,fish may well be carried several ,miles1 by blowing now and then fresh ,air up thro' the ,water1 without the ,trouble of changing the ,water2 for this ,ventilation will not only keep the ,water sweet1 but also enrich it with ,air1 which is necessary for the ,life of ,fishes2 with which ,air they supply their ,blood1 by breathing the ,water1 thin spread1 between their ,gills3 ,but stinking ,water will kill ,fish4 #gc4 ,i have found that much of the heating ,oil may be got out of ,tar-water1 by blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' it when scalding-hot1 for #ae or #cj ,minutes1 the longer the better2 the less volatile1 and more salutary ,acid remaining4 ,illustration3 page #ei ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,t4 ,jefferys sculp ,,an ,,appendix ,,to ,,the ,treatise on distilling ,sea-,water1 sweetning ,milk1 c4 which gives a farther ,account how to procure still greater ,plenty of ,fresh-water at ,sea1 and to sweeten ill-tasted ,milk1 ,stinking-water1 and musty ,liquors1 c4 by blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' them4 #gd4 ,several considerable ,improvements having been made on the ,subjects of this little ,book1 since the ,publication of it1 ,i shall here give a short ,account of them1 hoping they may in several ,respects be of ,benefit to the ,world2 especially the great ,improvement in distilling ,plenty of ,fresh-water at ,sea4 #ge4 ,in order to bring the ,method of procuring ,plenty of good ,fresh-water at ,sea1 into practice1 several previous ,trials were made1 at the laudable ,motion and ,desire of ,peter ,wyche1 ,esq2 in a ,still containing #bd ,gallons of ,water1 at ,messrs4 ,steel and ,stephens's ,copper ,workhouse1 near the ,falkon-,stairs1 ,southwark4 ,the first thing to be done1 was to find out the proper ,size of the ,diameter of the ,copper ,air-box4 ,the ,diameter of the ,still1 near its ,bottom1 being #ai ,inches1 the ,diameter of the first ,air-box was #ah ,inches4 ,on three several ,trials1 a ,winchester ,quart of ,water was distilled in five ,minutes by the common way of ,distillation2 and by ,ventilation a ,quart was1 in #c or #d ,trials1 distilled in #b ,minutes2 but at the ,distillation of the ninth ,quart1 the ,water was so much cooled by the ventilating ,showers of ascending ,air1 as to require #e ,minutes and #dd ,seconds4 ,now this great ,decrease of the ,quantities distilled1 was plainly owing to the too great ,breadth of the ,air-box1 which hindered the ,fire from heating and keeping hot the ,water which was above it1 to such a ,degree1 as to have no ,distillation in the common way1 for #h or #aj ,minutes after the ,ventilations2 for the half ,inch ,circle of ,water which was not covered by the ,air-box1 was but one nineteenth ,part of the whole4 ,the next ,trial1 in the same ,still1 was made with an ,air-box1 whose ,diameter was #ac ,inches1 its ,area therefore #abg square ,inches2 which deducted from #bga square ,inches1 the whole ,area or ,breadth of that part of the ,still1 there remains #add square ,inches1 for the ,area of the three ,inch broad annular ,circle round the ,air-box1 viz4 #ag square ,inches more than the ,area of the ,air-box4 ,the ,event was1 that in seven ,distillations in the common way1 a ,quart was distilled in #e ,minutes1 sometimes in a little less1 and sometimes in a longer ,time4 ,and by ,ventilation #ad different ,quarts were distilled in different ,lengths of ,time1 from a ,quart in #b ,minutes and #f ,seconds1 to #c or #d ,minutes4 #gf4 ,i then repeated the like ,trials with my small three ,gallon ,still1 distilling in the common way a ,pint in #aj and #i ,minutes2 and seven separate ,pints were distilled by ,ventilation in #c to #d ,minutes4 ,hence we see that ,ventilation has a more steddy and constant good ,effect where the ,air-box is less in ,proportion to the ,still1 than it was in the other two ,distillations3 ,for in this lesser ,still1 only #bg out of #ii square ,inches were ventilated1 #gb square ,inches being unventilated4 ,it will therefore probably be advisable to have the ,air-boxes of other ,stills to be nearly in the like ,proportion to the respective ,stills1 the ,diameter of this ,still being #aa ,inches1 of its ,air-box #f ,inches4 #gg4 ,as by repeated ,trials a ,quart of ,water was distilled in the common way in five ,minutes1 in the above-mentioned twenty ,gallon ,still1 so an #abj1 or two ,tuns and #ad ,gallons1 may be distilled by ,ventilation in twenty ,hours4 #gh4 ,mr4 ,wyche1 who was present at the ,trials near the ,falcon-,stairs1 observing the ,water in the upper ,part of the ,worm-tub to be reeking hot1 tho' the ,water below it was cool1 very rightly proposed to have the hot ,water run from the upper part of the ,worm-tub1 thro' a small ,copper ,pipe1 into the upper ,part of the ,still1 as fast as it was distilled off1 the running ,quantity of ,water to be adjusted by a ,turn-cock in the ,pipe4 ,this ,i tried in my little ,still1 by conveying the upper warm ,water of the ,worm-tub into the ,still thro' a small ,pipe ,which passed thro' a ,hole in the ,head of the ,still1 almost down to the ,bottom of the ,water in the ,still3 ,my ,reasons for doing of which were1 viz4 lest the less hot ,water1 by running on the ,surface of the boiling ,water1 might considerably check the ,ascent of the rising ,vapours2 whereas1 being mixed and blended with the lower ,water1 it will soon acquire a due ,heat4 ,another ,reason why ,i chose to lead the entering ,rill of ,water so slow1 was1 that it might be intimately mixed with the ,chalk1 which is there in an agitated ,state by reason of the ,action of the ,fire4 ,the ,event was as follows1 viz4 that six separate ,pints of ,water were distilled by ,ventilation during the running in of the warm ,water1 some in #c ,minutes1 others in #d ,minutes1 #d 1 and #d ,minutes1 #ej ,seconds1 which was the case of the second ,pint4 #gi4 ,hence we see the great ,benefit of this ingenious ,improvement of ,mr4 ,wyche's in distilling ,sea-water1 where the ,still will be filled with the same ,liquor as the ,worm-tub2 but this ,method cannot so well be put in ,practice in other ,distillations4 ,the ,benefit of thus gently and incessantly keeping the ,still full1 will save about one-fourth of the ,time and ,fuel1 which it would otherwise require to refill with cold ,liquor1 and bring to a distilling ,heat4 ,this great ,advantage1 added to that of distilling about double the ,quantity by ,ventilation1 must needs both together be of so great ,improvement in distilling three ,parts in four more than usual1 as will be of the greatest ,benefit to ,navigation in several respects4 ,by this means the ,still need be emptied and cleansed from the ,chalk1 and very salt ,water1 only at the end of each daily ,distillation4 #hj4 ,and whereas if all the ,chalk requisite for a whole ,day's ,distillation were put into the ,still at once1 it might be suspected that such a ,quantity laying at the ,bottom of the ,still1 might hinder the boiling of the ,water3 ,i put into a broadly flat-bottomed sauce-pan1 half an ,inch ,depth of powdered ,chalk1 and two ,quarts of ,water boiled in ten ,minutes3 ,the ,water mingling freely1 especially in the time of boiling1 among the thin pappy ,chalk1 was freely acted on by the ,fire4 ,but as in boiling it frothed much1 it may be proper to put at first into the ,still only as many half ,ounces of ,chalk as there are ,gallons of ,water2 and afterwards from time to time in proportion to what additional ,water shall have run into the ,still1 at a ,hole purposely made in the ,head of the ,still1 taking care to ventilate while the ,chalk is putting in1 which will cause it to mix intimately with the ,water1 and thereby have the better ,effect on it4 ,and perhaps a less ,proportion of ,chalk than half an ,ounce to a ,gallon of ,sea-water may suffice4 #ha4 ,the ,degree of ,fulness or ,emptiness of the ,still1 may be known by putting a small floating metalline ,vessel1 in at the ,chalk ,hole1 with a long slender ,wire to it4 #hb4 ,mr4 ,wyche thought of other ,means the better to promote ,distillation1 viz4 by conveying the ,air from the ,bellows through a ,pipe with several spiral ,coiles1 thereby in passing thro' boiling ,water in the ,still1 to make the ascending ,showers of the ,air the hotter1 and so the less refrigerating4 ,also to have the warm ,water pass from the ,worm-tub1 in a ,pipe1 with several the like spiral ,coiles1 in the ,head of the ,still2 thereby the more to heat the entering ,water4 ,but we find1 by the above-mentioned ,experiments1 that there is no occasion for either of them2 but if wanted may be used4 #hc4 ,as to the ,benefit of ,ventilators in preserving the ,health and ,lives of ,people in ,slave and other ,transport ,ships1 ,i have received farther ,confirmation of their great ,benefit1 in a ,letter from ,dr4 ,demainbray1 who has shewn ,courses of ,experimental ,philosophy to his ,royal ,highness the ,prince of ,wales and ,prince ,edward1 viz4 8,that in the ,year #agec ,ventilators were put into the ,vessels in the ,slave ,trade at ,bordeaux1 and in other ,ports of ,france2 the happy ,effect of which was1 that instead of the ,loss of one-fourth of those valuable ,cargoes1 in long ,passages from ,africa to the ,french ,plantations1 the ,loss seldom exceeded a twentieth4 ,and since my ,return to ,england1 ,i have been informed of a ,french ,vessel1 which by this self-evidently reasonable ,precaution1 saved #cjh out of #cab ,slaves1 spite of most tedious ,calms and a long ,passage40 ,and ,dr4 ,garden1 in his ,letter to me1 dated ,charles-,town1 ,south-,carolina1 ,march #bdth1 #agef1 says1 viz4 8,it is indeed very wonderful1 that the ,slave ,merchants do not come into the ,use of ,ventilators4 ,there are few ,ships come here from ,africa1 7even though they call for fresh ,provisions and ,water at the ,islands7 but have had many of their ,cargoe thrown overboard2 some one-fourth1 some one-third1 some lose half2 and ,i have seen some that have lost two-thirds of their ,slaves4 ,i have often gone to visit these ,vessels on their first ,arrival1 in order to make a ,report of their ,state of ,health to the ,governor and ,council2 but ,i never yet was on board one1 that did not smell most offensive and noisome4 ,what from ,filth1 putrid ,air1 putrid ,dysenteries 7which is their common ,disorder7 it is a wonder any escape with ,life40 #hd4 ,a probable ,means lately occurred to my ,thoughts1 tho' not perfectly to cure1 yet much to abate the great ,degrees of stinking of the ,bilge-water in the ,well of ,ships1 viz4 by laying at the ,bottom of the ,bilge-water1 round the ,main-mast1 ,copper ,pipes full of very small ,holes1 not one twentieth of an ,inch in ,diameter2 and blowing ,showers of ,air up thro' them from small ,black-smith's ,bellows1 fixed out of the way1 within the ,well4 ,such ,bellows may be worked with great ,ease1 for one1 two1 or three quarters of an ,hour1 in every #bd ,hours1 more or less1 as shall be found requisite by ,experience3 ,but with this ,precaution1 that whenever the ,water stinks much1 first to pump it out of the ,ship1 and after letting in sweet ,water1 then to ventilate it a little now and then1 as shall be found needful2 but care must be taken not to ventilate very stinking ,water1 because it may increase the ,unwholsomeness of the foul ,air in ,ships4 ,by this means ,ships will probably be made something less unhealthy2 for the putrid ,vapours which arise from stinking ,water1 must needs greatly contribute to increase the ,putridness1 and consequently the ,noxiousness of the foul ,air in ,ships4 ,this ,precaution therefore1 with ,ventilators frequently to convey off the close foul ,air1 will be effectual ,means to make ,ships much more healthy2 as will the changing the foul ,air in ,goals1 ,hospitals1 and sick ,rooms1 with proper ,precautions1 make them more wholsome3 ,and it is with pleasure that ,i observe1 that these salutary ,means are coming more in use in ,hospitals1 c4 either by means of ,ventilators1 or by admitting fresh ,air in small ,quantities1 and those spread in thin ,sheets1 so as not to have the entering ,air blow directly on1 and incommode the ,patients4 ,where it can be had1 a thorough ,air entering on one side1 and passing out on the other side of ,wards or ,rooms1 will be best2 because the ,change will be almost constant1 and may be as gradual and gentle as we please4 ,i shall give a more particular ,account of this in my second ,volume of ,ventilators4 #he4 ,as to the curing the ill ,taste of ,milk from the ,food of ,cows2 and also curing musty ,liquors1 ,i made the following ,trials1 viz4 ,when in the ,beginning of ,march the ,turnips had made large ,shoots1 and were thereby become very rancid1 two ,cows being fed with ,turnips only for seven ,days1 their ,milk had a very disagreeable ,smell and ,taste4 ,on ventilating it scalding hot1 with ascending ,showers of ,air1 at first the ill ,smell increased1 but in two ,minutes that ,smell was much abated2 and with five ,minutes ,ventilation1 there was only the common ,smell of good ,milk2 which shows that the rancid ,oil of ,turnips1 which gives the ill ,taste1 is very volatile3 ,after ten ,minutes ,ventilation1 there was no ill ,taste or ,smell2 and it was the same after #ae and #cj ,minutes ,ventilation4 ,by this means therefore the ill ,taste of ,milk from some ,food of ,cows1 may easily be cured4 ,experience will show what ,degrees of ,ventilation will be requisite for larger ,quantities of ,milk2 as also for curing the ill ,tastes from different ,kinds of ,food2 as also from the shorter and longer ,times of feeding on such ,foods4 ,it is observable that the ,breath of these ,cows was disagreeable2 whence we see how freely contagious ,infections may be conveyed through the ,lungs1 from tainted putrescent ,blood4 #hf4 ,a ,cow having been fed for sixty ,hours with a good ,quantity of ,crow ,garlick1 mixed with cut ,grass1 towards the end of ,june1 the ,milk had a very disagreeable ,smell and ,taste2 which was not cured1 though something better1 after #cj ,minutes ,ventilation1 while scalding hot4 ,i repeated the same ,ventilations for #ae ,minutes1 with the two following ,evening and ,morning ,milks of the same ,cow1 viz4 #ab and #bd ,hours after the ,cow had left off eating ,crow-,garlick2 at which times the ill ,taste and ,smell was sensibly abated before ,ventilation1 and something more after it1 yet was far from being cured4 ,hence we see that the ill ,taste and ,smell of the ,crow-,garlick ,milk1 cannot thus be cured1 tho' somewhat amended4 ,the ill ,taste of this ,cow's ,milk continued for about five ,days after she had left off eating of the ,crow-,garlick4 ,and perhaps where ,cows have eaten but a small ,quantity of it1 the ,abatement of the ill ,taste may be so considerable1 as to recompence the ,trouble of ventilating it4 ,as ,opportunities offer1 ,i will make the like ,trials1 with other ill-tasted ,milks1 such as that from autumnal ,leaves1 c4 and hope that others will do the like4 #hg4 ,cream or ,milk ,sillabubs may most commodiously and easily be made in ,plenty1 in a few ,minutes1 by means of a small ,tin ,air-box1 three ,inches in diameter1 and three quarters of an ,inch deep2 the flat ,bottom of the ,pot1 which contains the ,cream or ,milk1 to be but little wider than the ,air-box1 that the ,air from the ,box may the better come at it3 ,but the wider and deeper the upper ,part of the ,pot is1 so much the better1 for the ,froth expands much4 #hh4 ,scalding-hot musty ,vinegar was cured by repeated ,trials1 of near three ,gallons in each ,trial1 by ten ,minutes ,ventilation4 ,and giving ,vinegar a scalding ,heat1 does not weaken or damage it1 as it does ,wine1 whose vinous ,spirit is carried off both by ,heat and ,ventilation2 for when some strong musty ,raisin ,wine was ventilated hot1 it was cured in five ,minutes3 ,but the vinous ,spirit1 which strongly affected the ,nose in flying off during ,ventilation1 being gone off1 the vapid ,wine would not kindle into a ,blaze1 when thrown into the ,fire1 as it did to a great ,degree before it was heated and ventilated4 ,neither musty ,wine nor ,vinegar were cured1 tho' something bettered by #cj ,minutes ,ventilation1 when cold4 #hi4 ,mr4 ,jones1 a ,chemist in ,cranbourn-,ally1 ,leicester-,square1 ventilated a ,gallon of ,proof ,malt ,spirits #ae ,minutes cold1 in which time it wasted two ,ounces and half2 whereas a like ,quantity of common cold ,water wasted but half an ,ounce in #ae ,minutes ,ventilation1 viz4 but one-fifth part of what the ,spirits did2 and the same ,spirits ventilated hot1 wasted no less than #e ,ounces in #e ,minutes2 which ,ventilation made them sensibly better tasted than the unventilated4 ,but the great ,waste shows that these volatile vinous ,spirits1 ought not to be ventilated1 neither hot nor cold4 ,besides that1 the #ae ,minutes cold ,ventilation had but little ,effect in bettering the ,spirit4 #ij4 ,in order to know whether ,fish in a ,vessel of ,water would live the longer for having ,showers of ,air blown up thro' the ,water1 ,may #be1 #agef1 at seven in the ,morning1 the ,wind ,n4 ,e4 the ,mercury in ,farenheit's ,thermometer1 #ej ,degrees1 and it continued so cold1 that at one o'clock it rose but to #fj ,degrees2 ,i put twelve ,dace into a ,pail ,a in two ,gallons of fresh ,pond-,water1 thro' which a ,stream ran1 and twelve more into a ,pail ,b1 with the like ,quantity of ,water2 one of which ,fishes in ,b was sick1 as appeared by turning its ,belly upwards2 as were also two ,fishes in the ,pail ,a1 which was occasioned by being all brought in a ,pail above half a ,mile from the ,thames4 #ia4 ,at #de ,minutes past #h1 most of the ,fish in the ,pail ,b1 were turned ,belly upwards1 and lay as dead2 at #cj ,minutes past #i seven of them were dead2 at #cj ,minutes past #aa all but three were dead2 at two o'clock but two ,fish remain alive in ,b2 which remained alive1 tho' sick1 at ten that ,night1 viz4 at the end of #ad ,hours4 #ib4 ,the good ,effect of blowing every quarter of an ,hour1 with #be ,strokes each time with double ,bellows1 ,showers of fresh ,air up thro' the ,water1 was1 viz4 they all continued well1 and the larger of the two sick ,fish recovered2 but the lesser died at #d o'clock1 viz4 at the end of nine ,hours2 upon each ,ventilation it turned its ,back upwards2 but soon after the ,ventilations1 it constantly fell precipitate with its ,head foremost1 to the ,bottom1 and there turned ,belly upwards4 ,after #d o'clock the ventilated ,water frothed with larger ,bubbles1 this owing to the ,slime of the ,fish4 ,the last ,ventilation was at #aj at ,night1 when the ,fish in the ventilated ,water were well1 and would probably have long continued so by the ,salutariness of ,ventilation2 but that being discontinued1 they were all found dead the next ,morning1 except one which had some small ,degree of ,life4 #ic4 ,june #g1 the ,wind ,s4 ,w4 cloudy1 the ,thermometer at #eh ,degrees1 #ac live ,gudgeons were put into two ,gallons of fresh ,pond-water in a ,pail ,a2 and a like ,number into a ,pail ,b1 at #aj ,minutes before #g in the ,morning4 ,at #ej ,minutes past #g1 two in ,b began to be sick2 at #h1 half of them came up for ,air1 and showed ,uneasiness2 at #ae ,minutes past #h two are dead2 at #cj ,minutes past #h1 eight more turned ,belly upwards2 at #h ,minutes past #i1 five are dead in ,b1 and five more sick2 at #cj ,minutes past #i1 seven are dead1 and four sick1 two well2 and #cj ,minutes past #aj1 eight are dead2 at #aa two only alive1 and also well1 though they showed some ,uneasiness by their raising their ,mouth to the ,surface1 which they continued to do till nine1 when they were taken out of the ,water4 ,hence we see1 by this1 and the preceding ,experiment on ,dace1 that one or two ,fish may be kept alive many ,hours longer than a greater ,number can be1 by means of the small ,portion of fresh ,air1 that is continually mixing with the ,water1 on which it presses4 #id4 ,the ,water in the ,pail ,a was ventilated from #aj ,minutes before #g1 to #f in the ,evening1 by blowing every quarter of an ,hour ,showers of fresh ,air up thro' it1 with #be ,strokes of the ,bellows2 by which means the ,fish continued all well1 laying quiet at the ,bottom3 ,at six we ceased to ventilate2 for an ,hour and half after which1 there was no ,signs of ,sickness1 after two ,hours two of them showed ,signs of ,uneasiness2 and at nine most of the ,fishes turned ,belly upwards1 and lay at the ,bottom dead or dying4 ,by comparing this ,event with that at eight in the ,morning1 we see there is more ,air in this ventilated ,water than in the ,pond-water1 as is probable by the ,gudgeons living longer in it without ,ventilation1 than in the ,pond-water4 ,and accordingly the specific ,gravity of unventilated ,pump ,well-water1 was a very small ,matter greater1 than that of the same1 after being ventilated with #ajj ,strokes of the ,bellows1 as ,i found by the ,hydrometer2 and there was nearly the same ,difference between the specific ,gravity of unventilated and ventilated ,table ,beer4 #ie4 ,tho' from these ,experiments it is manifest1 that ,fish die for want of constant ,supplies of fresh ,air in the ,water1 yet when taken out of the ,water very lively1 they soon die1 notwithstanding the ,surfaces of their ,gills are then exposed to the immediate ,contact of the ,air2 which shows that either the ,air does not enter from the ,gills to the ,blood1 from the open ,air1 as it does from the ,water2 or that the ,circulation of the ,blood is stopped by exchanging their proper ,element1 ,water1 for ,air2 as the ,circulation of the ,blood of ,land ,animals is soon stopped by immersing from ,air into ,water4 #if4 ,hence we see the ,benefit of frequently replenishing the ,water with fresh ,air1 which we find is necessary not only to preserve the ,life of ,land ,animals1 but also of ,fish2 as also the ,use of their ,gills1 to spread in thin ,sheets fresh ,supplies of ,water1 that they may the better come at the ,air in the ,water2 for which ,purpose both ,sides of their ,gills are furrowed with many fine ,furrows1 not only thereby to enlarge their ,surfaces1 but also more minutely to divide the ,water1 whereby to come at the ,air in it4 #ig4 ,whence we may reasonably infer1 how requisite it is1 in order to keep the ,blood in a salutary ,state1 to have almost constant ,supplies of the ,breath of ,life1 fresh ,air1 to mix with it3 ,for if the principal ,use of the ,gills were only to cool1 and churn1 and comminute the ,blood1 ,water devoid of ,air could as well perform that ,office1 as ,water repleat with fresh ,air4 ,it must therefore be of ,importance for all ,animals to have so necessary a vital ,fluid fresh and pure1 and not foul and putrid4 #ih4 ,a ,fisherman informing me that the ,fish were apt to die in the ,well-boats1 it occurred to me that it might1 in a good measure1 be remedied1 by fixing upright a ,board of a proper ,breadth at the ,outside of the ,boat1 as long as the ,well is deep1 on that side of the ,well which is next to the ,stern1 and opening at an ,angle of about #de ,degrees towards the ,head2 which1 by checking the ,course of the ,stream of the ,river near the ,boat1 will raise the ,water a little1 and thereby cause it to run into the ,well on that ,side1 and out on the other ,side of the ,boat2 and the ,run of the ,water thro' the ,well1 will be more accelerated1 if a like ,board is fixed in the same manner on the other side of the ,boat at the ,side of the ,well next to the ,head of the ,boat1 but opening towards the ,stern at an ,angle of #de ,degrees1 by which means the ,water will be lowered on this1 as much as it is raised on the other ,side of the ,boat4----,another ,means to have a brisker ,current of ,water thro' the ,well1 would be to moor the ,boat in a fixed ,position across the ,stream when it can conveniently be done4 ,i am informed that there are ,passages from ,head to ,stern1 for the ,water to pass freely thro' the ,fish-,well of some ,vessels4 ,we see1 from the ,event of the above ,experiments1 the ,importance of frequently changing the ,water in the ,fish-,well of ,ships1 especially when there are many ,fishes in it4 ,hence also we see how salutary it is to ,fish1 to have the ,surface of the ,water agitated into ,waves by ,winds1 whereby ,plenty of fresh ,air enters1 and is blended with the ,water4 ,,finis4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,a number of typographical errors were corrected silently4 ,new original cover art included with this e,book is granted to the public domain4