,,! ,,public ,,& ,,its ,,problems ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,alan ,,swall[ ,,d5v] ,,copyright1 #aibg1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,copyright r5ew$1 #aied1 by ,mrs4 ,john ,dewey ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,prefatory ,,note ,?is volume is ! result ( lectures deliv]$ dur+ ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & tw5ty-six1 ^u ! ,l>will ,f\ndation ( ,k5yon ,college1 ,ohio4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! _m c\rtesies receiv$1 ,i wi% to express also my appreciation ( ! tol]ation %[n by ! au?orities ( ! ,college to delay 9 publication4 ,! int]v5+ p]iod has p]mitt$ a full revision & expansion ( ! lectures z orig9ally deliv]$4 ,?is fact w acc\nt = an occasional ref]5ce to books publi%$ 9 ! int]val4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,public #c ,div]g5ce ( facts & !oretical int]pretations conc]n+ ! nature ( ! /ate1 #c4 ,practical import ( !ories1 #e4 ,!ories 9 t]ms ( causal orig91 #i4 ,!ory 9 t]ms ( p]ceiv$ consequ5ces1 #ab4 ,di/9ction ( private & public sub/itut$ = t ( individual & social1 #ac4 ,! influ5ce ( association1 #bb4 ,plurality ( associations1 #bf4 ,crit]ion ( ! public1 #bg4 ,function ( ! /ate1 #bh4 ,! /ate z an exp]im5tal problem1 #cb4 ,summ>y1 #cd4 ,,ii4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #cg ,public & /ate1 #ch4 ,geographical ext5t1 #ci4 ,multiplicity ( /ates1 #dc4 ,spread ( consequ5ces1 #dg4 ,law is n comm&1 #ec4 ,law & reasonabl5ess1 #ee4 ,! public & long-e/abli%$ habits ( action1 #eg4 ,fe> ( ! new1 #ei4 ,irrep>able consequ5ces1 #fb4 ,v>iation ( /ate-functions accord+ to circum/ances ( "t & place1 #fe4 ,/ate & gov]nm5t1 #ff4 ,/ate & society1 #fi4 ,! plurali/ic !ory1 #gc4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,democratic ,,/ate #ge ,private & repres5tative rles ( (ficials1 #gf4 ,selection ( rul]s by irrelevant me?ods1 #gh4 ,! problem ( control ( (ficials1 #hb4 ,mean+s ( democracy1 #hc4 ,fallacy z to orig9 ( democratic gov]nm5t1 #hd4 ,influ5ce ( non-political factors1 #he4 ,! orig9 ( 8individualism10 #hf4 ,influ5ce ( ! new indu/ry2 ! !ory ( 8natural0 economic laws1 #ij4 ,james ,mill's philosophy ( democratic gov]nm5t1 #ic4 ,criticism ( 8individualism10 #ie4 ,criticism ( anti!sis ( natural & artificial1 #ajb4 ,wants & aims z functions ( social life1 #ajd4 ,p]si/5ce ( pre-indu/rial in/itutions1 #ajh4 ,f9al problem1 #aji4 ,,iv4 ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,public #aaj ,local orig9 ( ,am]ican democratic gov]nm5t1 #aaa4 ,national unification due to te*nological factors1 #aad4 ,subm]g5ce ( ! public1 #aaf4 ,disp>ity ( inh]it$ ideas & ma*9]y ) actual conditions1 #aag4 ,illu/rations ( result+ failures1 #aai4 ,problem ( discov]+ ! public1 #abb4 ,democracy v]sus ! exp]t1 #abc4 ,explanation ( eclipse ( public1 #abf4 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,_w ,w>1 #abg4 ,application ( crit]ia ( ! public1 #abi4 ,failure ( traditional pr9ciples1 #aca4 ,political apa?y acc\nt$ =1 #acd4 ,ne$ ( exp]ts1 #ace4 ,rivals ( political int]e/1 #ach4 ,ideals & in/rum5talities1 #ada4 ,v4 ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,great ,,community #adc ,democracy z idea & z gov]nm5tal behavior1 #adc4 ,problem ( ! ,great ,community1 #adg4 ,mean+ ( ! democratic ideal1 #adh4 ,democracy & community life1 #adi4 ,community & associat$ activity1 #aea4 ,communication & ! community1 #aeb4 ,intellectual conditions ( ! ,great ,community1 #aee4 ,habit & intellig5ce1 #aeh4 ,sci5ce & k1 #afc4 ,limitations ^u social inquiry1 #aff4 ,isolation ( social inquiry1 #aga4 ,pure & appli$ sci5ce1 #agb4 ,communication & public op9ion1 #agc4 ,limitations ( di/ribution ( k1 #agf4 ,communication z art1 #ahc4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,me?od #ahe ,anti!sis betwe5 individual & social z ob/ruction to me?od1 #ahf4 ,mean+ ( individual1 #ahe4 ,:]e opposition lies1 #aia4 ,mean+ ( absoluti/ic logic1 #aid4 ,illu/ration f doctr9e ( 8evolution10 #aif4 ,f psy*ology1 #aig4 ,diff]5ce ( human & physical sci5ce1 #aii4 ,exp]im5tal inquiry z alt]native1 #bjb4 ,me?od1 & gov]nm5t by exp]ts1 #bjc4 ,democracy & education by discussion1 #bjf4 ,! level ( intellig5ce1 #baj4 ,! necessity ( local community life1 #baa4 ,problem ( re/oration1 #bac4 ,t5d5cies mak+ = re/abli%m5t1 #bae4 ,connection ( ?is problem ) ! problem ( political intellig5ce1 #bag4 ,,index #bba ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,its ,,problems ,,*apt] ,i ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,public ,if "o wi%es to realize ! di/ance :i* may lie betwe5 8facts0 & ! mean+ ( facts1 let "o g to ! field ( social discussion4 ,_m p]sons seem to suppose t facts c>ry _! mean+ along ) !mselves on _! face4 ,accumulate en\gh ( !m1 & _! int]pretation />es out at y4 ,! developm5t ( physical sci5ce is ?\ght to confirm ! idea4 ,b ! p[] ( physical facts to co]ce belief does n reside 9 ! b>e ph5om5a4 ,x proce$s f me?od1 f ! te*nique ( rese>* & calculation4 ,no "o is ev] =c$ by j ! collection ( facts to accept a p>ticul> !ory ( _! mean+1 s long z "o reta9s intact "s o!r doctr9e by :i* he c m>%al !m4 ,only :5 ! facts are all[$ free play = ! sugge/ion ( new po9ts ( view is any significant conv]sion ( conviction z to mean+ possible4 ,take away f physical sci5ce its laboratory app>atus & its ma!matical te*nique1 & ! human imag9ation might run wild 9 its !ories ( int]pretation ev5 if we suppose ! brute facts to rema9 ! same4 ,9 any ev5t1 social philosophy exhibits an imm5se gap betwe5 facts & doctr9es4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! facts ( politics ) ! !ories :i* are extant reg>d+ ! nature ( ! /ate4 ,if inquir]s conf9e !mselves to obs]v$ ph5om5a1 ! behavior ( k+s1 presid5ts1 legislators1 judges1 %]iffs1 assessors & all o!r public (ficials1 surely a reasonable cons5sus is n difficult to atta94 ,contra/ ) ?is agreem5t ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ z to ! basis1 nature1 functions & ju/ification ( ! /ate1 & note ! seem+ly hopeless disagreem5t4 ,if "o asks n = an enum]ation ( facts1 b = a def9ition ( ! /ate1 "o is plung$ into controv]sy1 into a m$ley ( contradictory clamors4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 :i* claims to d]ive f ,ari/otle1 ! /ate is associat$ & h>moniz$ life lift$ to its highe/ pot5cy2 ! /ate is at once ! key/one ( ! social ar* & is ! ar* 9 its :ol5ess4 ,accord+ to ano!r view1 x is j "o ( _m social in/itutions1 hav+ a n>r[ b important function1 t ( arbit] 9 ! conflict ( o!r social units4 ,e gr\p spr+s out ( & realizes a positive human int]e/2 ! *ur*1 religi\s values2 guilds1 unions & corporations mat]ial economic int]e/s1 & s on4 ,! /ate1 h[ev]1 has no conc]n ( its own2 its purpose is =mal1 l t ( ! lead] ( ! or*e/ra :o plays no in/rum5t & makes no music1 b :o s]ves to keep o!r play]s :o d produce music 9 unison ) "o ano!r4 ,/ill a ?ird view has x t ! /ate is organiz$ oppression1 at once a social excresc5ce1 a p>asite & a tyrant4 ,a f\r? is t x is an in/rum5t m or less clumsy = keep+ individuals f qu>rel+ too mu* ) "o ano!r4 ,confusion gr[s :5 we ent] subdivisions ( ^! diff]5t views & ! gr\nds (f]$ = !m4 ,9 "o philosophy1 ! /ate is ! apex & completion ( human association1 & manife/s ! highe/ realization ( all di/9ctively human capacities4 ,! view _h a c]ta9 p]t95cy :5 x 0 fir/ =mulat$4 ,x develop$ 9 an antique city-/ate1 :]e to be fully a free man & to be a citiz5 p>ticipat+ 9 ! drama1 ! sports1 ! religion & ! gov]nm5t ( ! community 7 equival5t affairs4 ,b ! view p]si/s & is appli$ to ! /ate ( to-day4 ,ano!r view cord9ates ! /ate ) ! *ur* 7or z a v>iant view slightly subord9ates x to ! latt]7 z ! secul> arm ( ,deity ma9ta9+ outw>d ord] & decorum among m54 ,a mod]n !ory idealizes ! /ate & its activities by borr[+ ! conceptions ( reason & w1 magnify+ !m till ! /ate appe>s z ! objectifi$ manife/ation ( a w & reason :i* f> transc5d ! desires & purposes :i* c be f\nd among individuals or assemblages ( individuals4 ,we are n conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ) writ+ ei!r a cyclop$ia or hi/ory ( political doctr9es4 ,s we pause ) ^! arbitr>y illu/rations ( ! proposition t little common gr\nd has be5 discov]$ betwe5 ! factual ph5om5a ( political behavior & ! int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,"o way out ( ! impasse is to consign ! :ole matt] ( mean+ & int]pretation to political philosophy z di/+ui%$ f political sci5ce4 ,!n x c be po9t$ out t futile speculation is a companion ( all philosophy4 ,! moral is to drop all doctr9es ( ?is k9d ov]bo>d1 & /ick to facts v]ifiably asc]ta9$4 ,! rem$y urg$ is simple & attractive4 ,b x is n possible to employ x4 ,political facts are n outside human desire & judgm5t4 ,*ange m5's e/imate ( ! value ( exi/+ political ag5cies & =ms1 & ! latt] *ange m or less4 ,! diff]5t !ories :i* m>k political philosophy d n gr[ up ext]nally to ! facts :i* !y aim to int]pret2 !y are amplifications ( select$ factors among ^? facts4 ,modifiable & alt]+ human habits su/a9 & g5]ate political ph5om5a4 ,^! habits are n :olly in=m$ by reason$ purpose & delib]ate *oice--f> f x--b !y are m or less am5able to !m4 ,bodies ( m5 are con/antly engag$ 9 attack+ & try+ to *ange "s political habits1 :ile o!r bodies ( m5 are actively support+ & ju/ify+ !m4 ,x is m]e pret5se1 !n1 to suppose t we c /ick by ! de facto1 & n raise at "s po9ts ! "q ( de jure3 ! "q ( by :at "r1 ! "q ( legitimacy4 ,& su* a "q has a way ( gr[+ until x has become a "q z to ! nature ( ! /ate itself4 ,! alt]natives be=e u are n factually limit$ sci5ce on "o h& & uncontroll$ speculation on ! o!r4 ,! *oice is betwe5 bl9d1 unreason$ attack & def5se on ! "o h&1 & discrim9at+ criticism employ+ intellig5t me?od & a consci\s crit]ion on ! o!r4 ,! pre/ige ( ! ma!matical & physical sci5ces is great1 & prop]ly s4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 facts :i* are :at !y are indep5d5t ( human desire & endeavor & facts :i* are to "s ext5t :at !y are because ( human int]e/ & purpose1 & :i* alt] ) alt]ation 9 ! latt]1 _c be got rid ( by any me?odology4 ,! m s9c]ely we appeal to facts1 ! great] is ! importance ( ! di/9ction betwe5 facts :i* condition human activity & facts :i* are condition$ by human activity4 ,9 ! degree :i* we ignore ?is diff]5ce1 social sci5ce becomes pseudo-sci5ce4 ,jeff]sonian & ,hamiltonian political ideas are n m]ely !ories dwell+ 9 ! human m9d remote f facts ( ,am]ican political behavior4 ,!y are expressions ( *os5 phases & factors among ^? facts1 b !y are also some?+ m3 namely1 =ces :i* h %ap$ ^? facts & :i* are /ill cont5d+ to %ape !m 9 ! future ?is way & t4 ,!re is m ?an a speculative diff]5ce betwe5 a !ory ( ! /ate :i* reg>ds x z an in/rum5t 9 protect+ individuals 9 ! rights !y already h1 & "o :i* conceives its function to be ! effect+ ( a m equitable di/ribution ( rights among individuals4 ,= ! !ories are held & appli$ by legislators 9 congress & by judges on ! b5* & make a diff]5ce 9 ! subsequ5t facts !mselves4 ,i make no d\bt t ! practical influ5ce ( ! political philosophies ( ,ari/otle1 ! ,/oics1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,kant & ,hegel has (t5 be5 exagg]at$ 9 comp>ison ) ! influ5ce ( circum/ances4 ,b a due measure ( efficacy _c be d5i$ !m on ! gr\nd :i* is sometimes pr(f]$2 x _c be d5i$ on ! gr\nd t ideas are )\t pot5cy4 ,= ideas belong to human be+s :o h bodies1 & !re is no sep>ation betwe5 ! /ructures & processes ( ! "p ( ! body t ent]ta9s ! ideas & ! "p t p]=ms acts4 ,bra9 & muscles "w toge!r1 & ! bra9s ( m5 are mu* m important data = social sci5ce ?an are _! muscul> sy/em & _! s5se organs4 ,x is n our int5tion to engage 9 a discussion ( political philosophies4 ,! concept ( ! /ate1 l mo/ concepts :i* are introduc$ by 8,!10 is bo? too rigid & too ti$ up ) controv]sies to be ( ready use4 ,x is a concept :i* c be approa*$ by a flank movem5t m easily ?an by a frontal attack4 ,! mom5t we utt] ! words 8,! ,/ate0 a score ( intellectual gho/s rise to obscure our vision4 ,)\t our int5tion & )\t our notice1 ! notion ( 8,! ,/ate0 draws u imp]ceptibly into a consid]ation ( ! logical relation%ip ( v>i\s ideas to "o ano!r1 & away f facts ( human activity4 ,x is bett]1 if possible1 to />t f ! latt] & see if we are n l$ !reby into an idea ( some?+ :i* w turn out to implicate ! m>ks & signs :i* *>act]ize political behavior4 ,!re is no?+ novel 9 ?is me?od ( approa*4 ,b v mu* dep5ds ^u :at we select f :i* to />t & v mu* dep5ds ^u :e!r we select our po9t ( dep>ture 9 ord] to tell at ! t]m9us :at ! /ate ought to be or :at x is4 ,if we are too conc]n$ ) ! =m]1 !re is a likelihood t we %all unwitt+ly h doctor$ ! facts select$ 9 ord] to come out at a pr$et]m9$ po9t4 ,! phase ( human action we %\ld n />t ) is t to :i* direct causative p[] is attribut$4 ,we %\ld n look = /ate-=m+ =ces4 ,if we d1 we are likely to get involv$ 9 my?ology4 ,to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! /ate by say+ t man is a political animal is to travel 9 a v]bal circle4 ,x is l attribut+ religion to a religi\s in/9ct1 ! family to m>ital & p>5tal affection1 & language to a natural end[m5t :i* impels m5 to spee*4 ,su* !ories m]ely r$uplicate 9 a s-call$ causal =ce ! effects to be acc\nt$ =4 ,!y are ( a piece ) ! notori\s pot5cy ( opium to put m5 to sleep because ( its dormitive p[]4 ,! w>n+ is n direct$ aga9/ a man ( /raw4 ,! attempt to d]ive ! /ate1 or any o!r social in/itution1 f /rictly 8psy*ological0 data is 9 po9t4 ,appeal to a greg>i\s in/9ct to acc\nt = social arrangem5ts is ! out/&+ example ( ! lazy fallacy4 ,m5 d n run toge!r & jo9 9 a l>g] mass z d drops ( quicksilv]1 & if !y did ! result w\ld n be a /ate nor any mode ( human association4 ,! in/9cts1 :e!r nam$ greg>i\sness1 or sympa?y1 or ! s5se ( mutual dep5d5ce1 or dom9ation on "o side & abasem5t & subjection on ! o!r1 at be/ acc\nt = ev]y?+ 9 g5]al & no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,& at wor/1 ! alleg$ in/9ct & natural end[m5t appeal$ to z a causal =ce !mselves repres5t physiological t5d5cies :i* h previ\sly be5 %ap$ into habits ( action & expectation by means ( ! v social conditions !y are suppos$ to expla94 ,m5 :o h liv$ 9 h]ds develop atta*m5t to ! horde to :i* !y h become us$2 *ildr5 :o h p]=ce liv$ 9 dep5d5ce gr[ into habits ( dep5d5ce & subjection4 ,! inf]iority complex is socially acquir$1 & ! 8in/9ct0 ( display & ma/]y is b its o!r face4 ,!re are /ructural organs :i* physiologically manife/ !mselves 9 vocalizations z ! organs ( a bird induce song4 ,b ! b>k+ ( dogs & ! song ( birds are en\gh to prove t ^! native t5d5cies d n g5]ate language4 ,9 ord] to be conv]t$ into language1 native vocalization requires trans=mation by extr9sic conditions1 bo? organic & extra-organic or environm5tal3 =mation1 be x not$1 n j /imulation4 ,! cry ( a baby c d\btless be describ$ 9 purely organic t]ms1 b ! wail becomes a n\n or v]b only by its consequ5ces 9 ! responsive behavior ( o!rs4 ,?is responsive behavior takes ! =m ( nurture & c>e1 !mselves dep5d5t ^u tradition1 cu/om & social patt]ns4 ,:y n po/ulate an 8in/9ct0 ( infanticide z well z "o ( guidance & in/ruction8 ,or an 8in/9ct0 ( expos+ girls & tak+ c>e ( boys8 ,we may1 h[ev]1 take ! argum5t 9 a less my?ological =m ?an is f\nd 9 ! curr5t appeal to social in/9cts ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,! activities ( animals1 l ^? ( m9]als & plants1 are correlat$ ) _! /ructure4 ,quadrup$s run1 worms crawl1 fi% swim1 birds fly4 ,!y are made t way2 x is 8! nature ( ! bea/40 ,we d n ga9 any?+ by ins]t+ in/9cts to run1 creep1 swim & fly betwe5 ! /ructure & ! act4 ,b ! /rictly organic conditions :i* lead m5 to jo91 assemble1 =ega!r1 comb9e1 are j ^? :i* lead o!r animals to unite 9 sw>ms & packs & h]ds4 ,9 describ+ :at is common 9 human & o!r animal junctions & consolidations we fail to t\* :at is di/9ctively human 9 human associations4 ,^! /ructural conditions & acts may be s9e qua nons ( human societies2 b s are ! attractions & repulsions :i* are exhibit$ 9 inanimate ?+s4 ,physics & *emi/ry z well z zology may in=m u ( "s ( ! conditions )\t :i* human be+s w\ld n associate4 ,b !y d n furni% u ) ! suffici5t conditions ( community life & ( ! =ms :i* x takes4 ,we mu/ 9 any case />t f acts :i* are p]=m$1 n f hypo!tical causes = ^? acts1 & consid] _! consequ5ces4 ,we mu/ also introduce intellig5ce1 or ! obs]vation ( consequ5ces z consequ5ces1 t is1 9 connection ) ! acts f :i* !y proce$4 ,s9ce we mu/ introduce x1 x is bett] to d s kn[+ly ?an x is to smuggle x 9 9 a way :i* deceives n only ! cu/oms (fic]--! read]--b ourselves z well4 ,we take !n our po9t ( dep>ture f ! objective fact t human acts h consequ5ces ^u o!rs1 t "s ( ^! consequ5ces are p]ceiv$1 & t _! p]ception leads to subsequ5t ef=t to control action s z to secure "s consequ5ces & avoid o!rs4 ,foll[+ ?is clew1 we are l$ to rem>k t ! consequ5ces are ( two k9ds1 ^? :i* affect ! p]sons directly engag$ 9 a transaction1 & ^? :i* affect o!rs beyond ^? imm$iately conc]n$4 ,9 ?is di/9ction we f9d ! g]m ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! private & ! public4 ,:5 indirect consequ5ces are recogniz$ & !re is ef=t to regulate !m1 some?+ hav+ ! traits ( a /ate comes into exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! consequ5ces ( an action are conf9$1 or are ?\ght to be conf9$1 ma9ly to ! p]sons directly engag$ 9 x1 ! transaction is a private "o4 ,:5 ,a & ,b c>ry on a conv]sation toge!r ! action is a trans-action3 bo? are conc]n$ 9 x2 its results pass1 z x 71 across f "o to ! o!r4 ,"o or o!r or bo? may be help$ or h>m$ !reby4 ,b1 presumably1 ! consequ5ces ( advantage & injury d n ext5d beyond ,a & ,b2 ! activity lies betwe5 !m2 x is private4 ,yet if x is f\nd t ! consequ5ces ( conv]sation ext5d beyond ! two directly conc]n$1 t !y affect ! welf>e ( _m o!rs1 ! act acquires a public capacity1 :e!r ! conv]sation be c>ri$ on by a k+ & 8 prime m9i/] or by ,catal9e & a fell[ conspirator or by m]*ants plann+ to monopolize a m>ket4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 private & public is ?us 9 no s5se equival5t to ! di/9ction betwe5 individual & social1 ev5 if we suppose t ! latt] di/9ction has a def9ite mean+4 ,_m private acts are social2 _! consequ5ces contribute to ! welf>e ( ! community or affect its /atus & prospects4 ,9 ! broad s5se any transaction delib]ately c>ri$ on betwe5 two or m p]sons is social 9 quality4 ,x is a =m ( associat$ behavior & its consequ5ces may influ5ce fur!r associations4 ,a man may s]ve o!rs1 ev5 9 ! community at l>ge1 9 c>ry+ on a private bus9ess4 ,to "s ext5t x is true1 z ,adam ,smi? ass]t$1 t our breakfa/ table is bett] suppli$ by ! conv]g5t outcome ( activities ( f>m]s1 groc]s & but*]s c>ry+ on private affairs ) a view to private pr(it ?an x w\ld be if we 7 s]v$ on a basis ( philan?ropy or public _s4 ,communities h be5 suppli$ ) works ( art1 ) sci5tific discov]ies1 because ( ! p]sonal delight f\nd by private p]sons 9 engag+ 9 ^! activities4 ,!re are private philan?ropi/s :o act s t ne$y p]sons or ! community z a :ole pr(it by ! end[m5t ( libr>ies1 hospitals & educational in/itutions4 ,9 %ort1 private acts may be socially valuable bo? by indirect consequ5ces & by direct int5tion4 ,!re is !re=e no necess>y connection betwe5 ! private "* ( an act & its non-social or anti-social "*4 ,! public1 moreov]1 _c be id5tifi$ ) ! socially useful4 ,"o ( ! mo/ regul> activities ( ! politically organiz$ community has be5 wag+ w>4 ,ev5 ! mo/ bellicose ( milit>i/s w h>dly cont5d t all w>s h be5 socially helpful1 or d5y t "s h be5 s de/ructive ( social values t x w\ld h be5 inf9itely bett] if !y _h n be5 wag$4 ,! argum5t = ! non-equival5ce ( ! public & ! social1 9 any praisewor?y s5se ( social1 does n re/ ^u ! case ( w> alone4 ,!re is no "o1 ,i suppose1 s enamor$ ( political action z to hold t x has nev] be5 %ort-sight$1 fooli% & h>mful4 ,!re are ev5 ^? :o hold t ! presumption is always t social loss w result f ag5ts ( ! public do+ any?+ :i* c\ld be done by p]sons 9 _! private capacity4 ,!re are _m m :o prote/ t "s special public activity1 :e!r prohibition1 a protective t>iff or ! exp&$ mean+ giv5 ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 is baleful to society4 ,inde$ e s]i\s political dispute turns ^u ! "q :e!r a giv5 political act is socially b5eficial or h>mful4 ,j z behavior is n anti-social or non-social because privately und]tak51 x is n necess>ily socially valuable because c>ri$ on 9 ! "n ( ! public by public ag5ts4 ,! argum5t has n c>ri$ u f>1 b at lea/ x has w>n$ u aga9/ id5tify+ ! community & its int]e/s ) ! /ate or ! politically organiz$ community4 ,& ! diff]5tiation may dispose u to look ) m favor ^u ! proposition already advanc$3 namely1 t ! l9e betwe5 private & public is to be drawn on ! basis ( ! ext5t & scope ( ! consequ5ces ( acts :i* are s important z to ne$ control1 :e!r by inhibition or by promotion4 ,we di/+ui% private & public build+s1 private & public s*ools1 private pa?s & public highways1 private assets & public funds1 private p]sons & public (ficials4 ,x is our !sis t 9 ?is di/9ction we f9d ! key to ! nature & (fice ( ! /ate4 ,x is n )\t significance t etymologically 8private0 is def9$ 9 opposition to 8(ficial10 a private p]son be+ "o depriv$ ( public position4 ,! public consi/s ( all ^? :o are affect$ by ! indirect consequ5ces ( transactions to su* an ext5t t x is deem$ necess>y to h ^? consequ5ces sy/ematically c>$ =4 ,(ficials are ^? :o look out = & take c>e ( ! int]e/s ?us affect$4 ,s9ce ^? :o are indirectly affect$ are n direct p>ticipants 9 ! transactions 9 "q1 x is necess>y t c]ta9 p]sons be set ap>t to repres5t !m1 & see to x t _! int]e/s are cons]v$ & protect$4 ,! build+s1 prop]ty1 funds1 & o!r physical res\rces involv$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is (fice are res publica1 ! common-weal?4 ,! public z f> z organiz$ by means ( (ficials & mat]ial ag5cies to c>e = ! ext5sive & endur+ indirect consequ5ces ( transactions betwe5 p]sons is ! ,populus4 ,x is a commonplace t legal ag5cies = protect+ ! p]sons & prop]ties ( memb]s ( a community1 & = r$ress+ wrongs :i* !y suff]1 did n always exi/4 ,legal in/itutions d]ive f an e>li] p]iod :5 ! "r ( self-help obta9$4 ,if a p]son 0 h>m$1 x 0 /rictly up to him :at he %\ld d to get ev54 ,injur+ ano!r & exact+ a p5alty = an injury receiv$ 7 private transactions4 ,!y 7 ! affairs ( ^? directly conc]n$ & nobody else's direct bus9ess4 ,b ! injur$ p>ty obta9$ readily ! help ( fri5ds & relatives1 & ! aggressor did likewise4 ,h5ce consequ5ces ( ! qu>rel did n rema9 conf9$ to ^? imm$iately conc]n$4 ,feuds ensu$1 & ! blood-qu>rel might implicate l>ge numb]s & endure = g5]ations4 ,! recognition ( ?is ext5sive & la/+ embroilm5t & ! h>m wr\ght by x to :ole families br\ght a public into exi/5ce4 ,! transaction ceas$ to conc]n only ! imm$iate p>ties to x4 ,^? indirectly affect$ =m$ a public :i* took /eps to cons]ve its int]e/s by in/itut+ composition & o!r means ( pacification to localize ! tr\ble4 ,! facts are simple & famili>4 ,b !y seem to pres5t 9 embryonic =m ! traits t def9e a /ate1 its ag5cies & (fic]s4 ,! in/ance illu/rates :at 0 meant :5 x said t x is fallacy to try to det]m9e ! nature ( ! /ate 9 t]ms ( direct causal factors4 ,its ess5tial po9t has to d ) ! endur+ & ext5sive consequ5ces ( behavior1 :i* l all behavior proce$s 9 ultimate analysis ?r\gh individual human be+s4 ,recognition ( evil consequ5ces br\ght ab\t a common int]e/ :i* requir$ = its ma9t5ance c]ta9 measures & rules1 toge!r ) ! selection ( c]ta9 p]sons z _! gu>dians1 int]pret]s1 &1 if ne$ be1 _! executors4 ,if ! acc\nt giv5 is at all 9 ! "r direction1 x expla9s ! gap already m5tion$ betwe5 ! facts ( political action & !ories ( ! /ate4 ,m5 h look$ 9 ! wrong place4 ,!y h s\ght = ! key to ! nature ( ! /ate 9 ! field ( ag5cies1 9 t ( do]s ( de$s1 or 9 "s w or purpose back ( ! de$s4 ,!y h s\ght to expla9 ! /ate 9 t]ms ( au?or%ip4 ,ultimately all delib]ate *oices proce$ f somebody 9 p>ticul>2 acts are p]=m$ by somebody1 & all arrangem5ts & plans are made by somebody 9 ! mo/ concrete s5se ( 8somebody40 ,"s ,john ,doe & ,ri*>d ,roe figure 9 e transaction4 ,we %all n1 !n1 f9d ! public if we look = x on ! side ( orig9ators ( volunt>y actions4 ,"s ,john ,smi? & 8 cong5]s decide :e!r or n to gr[ :eat & h[ mu*1 :]e & h[ to inve/ money1 :at roads to build & travel1 :e!r to wage w> & if s h[1 :at laws to pass & :i* to obey & disobey4 ,! actual alt]native to delib]ate acts ( individuals is n action by ! public2 x is r\t9e1 impulsive & o!r unreflect$ acts also p]=m$ by individuals4 ,individual human be+s may lose _! id5tity 9 a mob or 9 a political conv5tion or 9 a jo9t-/ock corporation or at ! polls4 ,b ?is does n mean t "s my/]i\s collective ag5cy is mak+ decisions1 b t "s few p]sons :o "k :at !y are ab\t are tak+ advantage ( mass$ =ce to conduct ! mob _! way1 boss a political ma*9e1 & manage ! affairs ( corporate bus9ess4 ,:5 ! public or /ate is involv$ 9 mak+ social arrangem5ts l pass+ laws1 en=c+ a contract1 conf]r+ a fran*ise1 x /ill acts ?r\gh concrete p]sons4 ,! p]sons are n[ (fic]s1 repres5tatives ( a public & %>$ int]e/4 ,! diff]5ce is an important "o4 ,b x is n a diff]5ce betwe5 s+le human be+s & a collective imp]sonal w4 ,x is betwe5 p]sons 9 _! private & 9 _! (ficial or repres5tative "*4 ,! quality pres5t$ is n au?or%ip b au?ority1 ! au?ority ( recogniz$ consequ5ces to control ! behavior :i* g5]ates & av]ts ext5sive & endur+ results ( weal & woe4 ,(ficials are inde$ public ag5ts1 b ag5ts 9 ! s5se ( factors do+ ! bus9ess ( o!rs 9 secur+ & obviat+ consequ5ces t conc]n !m4 ,:5 we look 9 ! wrong place we naturally d n f9d :at we are look+ =4 ,! wor/ ( x is1 h[ev]1 t look+ 9 ! wrong place1 to causal =ces in/ead ( consequ5ces1 ! outcome ( ! look+ becomes arbitr>y4 ,!re is no *eck on x4 8,int]pretation0 runs wild4 ,h5ce ! v>iety ( conflict+ !ories & ! lack ( cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,"o might argue a priori t ! cont9ual conflict ( !ories ab\t ! /ate is itself pro( t ! problem has be5 wrongly pos$4 ,=1 z we h previ\sly rem>k$1 ! ma9 facts ( political action1 :ile ! ph5om5a v>y imm5sely ) div]sity ( "t & place1 are n hidd5 ev5 :5 !y are complex4 ,!y are facts ( human behavior accessible to human obs]vation4 ,exi/5ce ( a multitude ( contradictory !ories ( ! /ate1 :i* is s baffl+ f ! /&po9t ( ! !ories !mselves1 is readily explicable ! mom5t we see t all ! !ories1 9 spite ( _! div]g5ce f "o ano!r1 spr+ f a root ( %>$ error3 ! tak+ ( causal ag5cy in/ead ( consequ5ces z ! he>t ( ! problem4 ,giv5 ?is attitude & po/ulate1 "s m5 at "s "t w f9d ! causal ag5cy 9 a metaphysical nisus attribut$ to nature2 & ! /ate w !n be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( an 8ess5ce0 ( man realiz+ itself 9 an end ( p]fect$ ,society4 ,o!rs1 influ5c$ by o!r preconceptions & o!r desires1 w f9d ! requir$ au?or 9 ! w ( ,god reproduc+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fall5 humanity su* an image ( div9e ord] & ju/ice z ! corrupt mat]ial all[s4 ,o!rs seek = x 9 ! meet+ ( ! wills ( individuals :o come toge!r & by contract or mutual pl$g+ ( loyalties br+ a /ate into exi/5ce4 ,/ill o!rs f9d x 9 an autonom\s & transc5d5t w embodi$ 9 all m5 z a univ]sal )9 _! p>ticul> be+s1 a w :i* by its own inn] nature comm&s ! e/abli%m5t ( ext]nal conditions 9 :i* x is possible = w to express outw>dly its fre$om4 ,o!rs f9d x 9 ! fact t m9d or reason is ei!r an attribute ( reality or is reality itself1 :ile !y condole t diff]5ce & plurality ( m9ds1 individuality1 is an illusion attributable to s5se1 or is m]ely an appe>ance 9 contra/ ) ! moni/ic reality ( reason4 ,:5 v>i\s op9ions all spr+ f a common & %>$ error1 "o is z good z ano!r1 & ! accid5ts ( education1 temp]am5t1 class int]e/ & ! dom9ant circum/ances ( ! age decide :i* is adopt$4 ,reason comes into play only to f9d ju/ification = ! op9ion :i* has be5 adopt$1 in/ead ( to analyze human behavior ) respect to its consequ5ces & to frame polities accord+ly4 ,x is an old /ory t natural philosophy /eadily progress$ only aft] an intellectual revolution4 ,?is consi/$ 9 ab&on+ ! se>* = causes & =ces & turn+ to ! analysis ( :at is go+ on & h[ x goes on4 ,political philosophy has /ill 9 l>ge measure to take to he>t ?is lesson4 ,! failure to note t ! problem is t ( p]ceiv+ 9 a discrim9at+ & ?or\gh way ! consequ5ces ( human action 7includ+ neglig5ce & inaction7 & ( in/itut+ measures & means ( c>+ = ^! consequ5ces is n conf9$ to production ( conflict+ & irreconcilable !ories ( ! /ate4 ,! failure has also _h ! effect ( p]v]t+ ! views ( ^? :o1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 p]ceiv$ ! tru?4 ,we h ass]t$ t all delib]ate *oices & plans are f9ally ! "w ( s+le human be+s4 ,?or\ghly false conclusions h be5 drawn f ?is obs]vation4 ,by ?9k+ /ill 9 t]ms ( causal =ces1 ! conclusion has be5 drawn f ?is fact t ! /ate1 ! public1 is a fiction1 a mask = private desires = p[] & position4 ,n only ! /ate b society itself has be5 pulv]iz$ into an aggregate ( unrelat$ wants & wills4 ,z a logical consequ5ce1 ! /ate is conceiv$ ei!r z %e] oppression born ( arbitr>y p[] & su/a9$ 9 fraud1 or z a pool+ ( ! =ces ( s+le m5 into a massive =ce :i* s+le p]sons are unable to resi/1 ! pool+ be+ a measure ( desp]ation s9ce its sole alt]native is ! conflict ( all ) all :i* g5]ates a life t is helpless & bruti%4 ,?us ! /ate appe>s ei!r a mon/] to be de/roy$ or z a ,levia?an to be *]i%$4 ,9 %ort1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prime fallacy t ! problem ( ! /ate conc]ns causal =ces1 individualism1 z an ism1 z a philosophy1 has be5 g5]at$4 ,:ile ! doctr9e is false1 x sets out f a fact4 ,wants1 *oices & purposes h _! locus 9 s+le be+s2 behavior :i* manife/s desire1 int5t & resolution proce$s f !m 9 _! s+ul>ity4 ,b only intellectual laz9ess leads u to conclude t s9ce ! =m ( ?\ght & decision is individual1 _! cont5t1 _! subject-matt]1 is also some?+ purely p]sonal4 ,ev5 if 8consci\sness0 7 ! :olly private matt] t ! individuali/ic tradition 9 philosophy & psy*ology supposes x to be1 x w\ld /ill be true t consci\sness is ( objects1 n ( itself4 ,association 9 ! s5se ( connection & comb9ation is a 8law0 ( ev]y?+ kn[n to exi/4 ,s+ul> ?+s act1 b !y act toge!r4 ,no?+ has be5 discov]$ :i* acts 9 entire isolation4 ,! action ( ev]y?+ is along ) ! action ( o!r ?+s4 ,! 8along )0 is ( su* a k9d t ! behavior ( ea* is modifi$ by its connection ) o!rs4 ,!re are trees :i* c gr[ only 9 a =e/4 ,se$s ( _m plants c successfully g]m9ate & develop only "u conditions furni%$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r plants4 ,reproduction ( k9d is dep5d5t ^u ! activities ( insects :i* br+ ab\t f]tilization4 ,! life-hi/ory ( an animal cell is condition$ ^u connection ) :at o!r cells are do+4 ,electrons1 atoms & molecules exemplify ! omnipres5ce ( conjo9t behavior4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ! fact ( association1 ( an int]connect$ action :i* affects ! activity ( s+ul> elem5ts4 ,!re is no s5se 9 ask+ h[ individuals come to be associat$4 ,!y exi/ & op]ate 9 association4 ,if !re is any my/]y ab\t ! matt]1 x is ! my/]y t ! univ]se is ! k9d ( univ]se x is4 ,su* a my/]y c\ld n be expla9$ )\t go+ outside ! univ]se4 ,& if "o %\ld g to an outside s\rce to acc\nt = x1 "s logician1 )\t an excessive draft ^u 8 +5uity1 w\ld rise to rem>k t ! outsid] w\ld h to be connect$ ) ! univ]se 9 ord] to acc\nt = any?+ 9 x4 ,we %\ld /ill be j :]e we />t$1 ) ! fact ( connection z a fact to be accept$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an intelligible "q ab\t human association3--,n ! "q h[ individuals or s+ul> be+s come to be connect$1 b h[ !y come to be connect$ 9 j ^? ways :i* give human communities traits s diff]5t f ^? :i* m>k assemblies ( electrons1 unions ( trees 9 =e/s1 sw>ms ( insects1 h]ds ( %eep1 & con/ellations ( />s4 ,:5 we consid] ! diff]5ce we at once come ^u ! fact t ! consequ5ces ( conjo9t action take on a new value :5 !y are obs]v$4 ,= notice ( ! effects ( connect$ action =ces m5 to reflect ^u ! connection itself2 x makes x an object ( att5tion & int]e/4 ,ea* acts1 9 s f> z ! connection is kn[n1 9 view ( ! connection4 ,individuals /ill d ! ?9k+1 desir+ & purpos+1 b :at !y ?9k ( is ! consequ5ces ( _! behavior ^u t ( o!rs & t ( o!rs ^u !mselves4 ,ea* human be+ is born an infant4 ,he is immature1 helpless1 dep5d5t ^u ! activities ( o!rs4 ,t _m ( ^! dep5d5t be+s survive is pro( t o!rs 9 "s measure look out = !m1 take c>e ( !m4 ,mature & bett] equipp$ be+s are aw>e ( ! consequ5ces ( _! acts ^u ^? ( ! "y4 ,!y n only act conjo9tly ) !m1 b !y act 9 t especial k9d ( association :i* manife/s int]e/ 9 ! consequ5ces ( _! conduct ^u ! life & gr[? ( ! "y4 ,cont9u$ physiological exi/5ce ( ! "y is only "o phase ( int]e/ 9 ! consequ5ces ( association4 ,adults are equally conc]n$ to act s t ! immature le>n to ?9k1 feel1 desire & habitually conduct !mselves 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! consequ5ces :i* are /riv5 = is t ! "y %all !mselves le>n to judge1 purpose & *oose f ! /&po9t ( associat$ behavior & its consequ5ces4 ,9 fact1 only too (t5 ?is int]e/ takes ! =m ( endeavor+ to make ! "y believe & plan j z adults d4 ,?is in/ance alone is en\gh to %[ t :ile s+ul> be+s 9 _! s+ul>ity ?9k1 want & decide1 :at !y ?9k & /rive =1 ! cont5t ( _! beliefs & int5tions is a subject-matt] provid$ by association4 ,?us man is n m]ely de facto associat$1 b he becomes a social animal 9 ! make-up ( 8 ideas1 s5tim5ts & delib]ate behavior4 ,:at he believes1 hopes = & aims at is ! outcome ( association & int]c\rse4 ,! only ?+ :i* imports obscurity & my/]y into ! influ5ce ( association ^u :at individual p]sons want & act = is ! ef=t to discov] alleg$1 special1 orig9al1 society-mak+ causal =ces1 :e!r in/9cts1 fiats ( w1 p]sonal1 or an imman5t1 univ]sal1 practical reason1 or an indwell+1 metaphysical1 social ess5ce & nature4 ,^! ?+s d n expla91 = !y are m my/]i\s ?an are ! facts !y are evok$ to acc\nt =4 ,! planets 9 a con/ellation w\ld =m a community if !y 7 aw>e ( ! connections ( ! activities ( ea* ) ^? ( ! o!rs & c\ld use ?is k to direct behavior4 ,we h made a digression f consid]ation ( ! /ate to ! wid] topic ( society4 ,h[ev]1 ! excursion enables u to di/+ui% ! /ate f o!r =ms ( social life4 ,!re is an old tradition :i* reg>ds ! /ate & completely organiz$ society z ! same ?+4 ,! /ate is said to be ! complete & inclusive realization ( all social in/itutions4 ,:atev] values result f any & e social arrangem5t are ga!r$ toge!r & ass]t$ to be ! "w ( ! /ate4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is me?od is t philosophical an>*ism :i* assembles all ! evils t result f all =ms ( human gr\p+ & attributes !m en masse to ! /ate1 ^: elim9ation w\ld !n br+ 9 a mill5nium ( volunt>y frat]nal organization4 ,t ! /ate %\ld be to "s a deity & to o!rs a devil is ano!r evid5ce ( ! defects ( ! premises f :i* discussion sets out4 ,"o !ory is z indiscrim9ate z ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a def9ite crit]ion by :i* to dem>cate ! organiz$ public f o!r modes ( community life4 ,fri5d%ips1 = example1 are non-political =ms ( association4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by an intimate & subtle s5se ( ! fruits ( int]c\rse4 ,!y contribute to exp]i5ce "s ( its mo/ preci\s values4 ,only ! exig5cies ( a preconceiv$ !ory w\ld confuse ) ! /ate t texture ( fri5d%ips & atta*m5ts :i* is ! *ief bond 9 any community1 or w\ld insi/ t ! =m] dep5ds ^u ! latt] = exi/5ce4 ,m5 gr\p !mselves also = sci5tific inquiry1 = religi\s wor%ip1 = arti/ic production & enjoym5t1 = sport1 = giv+ & receiv+ in/ruction1 = indu/rial & comm]cial und]tak+s4 ,9 ea* case "s comb9$ or conjo9t action1 :i* has gr[n up out ( 8natural10 t is1 biological1 conditions & f local contiguity1 results 9 produc+ di/9ctive consequ5ces--t is1 consequ5ces :i* diff] 9 k9d f ^? ( isolat$ behavior4 ,:5 ^! consequ5ces are intellectually & emotionally appreciat$1 a %>$ int]e/ is g5]at$ & ! nature ( ! int]connect$ behavior is !reby trans=m$4 ,ea* =m ( association has its own peculi> quality & value1 & no p]son 9 8 s5ses confuses "o ) ano!r4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! public z a /ate spr+s f ! fact t all modes ( associat$ behavior may h ext5sive & endur+ consequ5ces :i* involve o!rs beyond ^? directly engag$ 9 !m4 ,:5 ^! consequ5ces are 9 turn realiz$ 9 ?\ght & s5tim5t1 recognition ( !m reacts to remake ! conditions out ( :i* !y arose4 ,consequ5ces h to be tak5 c>e (1 look$ out =4 ,?is sup]vision & regulation _c be effect$ by ! prim>y gr\p+s !mselves4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ! consequ5ces :i* call a public into be+ is ! fact t !y exp& beyond ^? directly engag$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,consequ5tly special ag5cies & measures mu/ be =m$ if !y are to be att5d$ to2 or else "s exi/+ gr\p mu/ take on new functions4 ,! obvi\s ext]nal m>k ( ! organization ( a public or ( a /ate is ?us ! exi/5ce ( (ficials4 ,gov]nm5t is n ! /ate1 = t includes ! public z well z ! rul]s *>g$ ) special duties & p[]s4 ,! public1 h[ev]1 is organiz$ 9 & ?r\gh ^? (fic]s :o act 9 behalf ( its int]e/s4 ,?us ! /ate repres5ts an important al?\gh di/9ctive & re/rict$ social int]e/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re is no?+ extraord9>y 9 ! prem95ce ( ! claims ( ! organiz$ public ov] o!r int]e/s :5 once !y are call$ into play1 nor 9 its total indiff]5ce & irrelevancy to fri5d%ips1 associations = sci5ce1 art & religion "u mo/ circum/ances4 ,if ! consequ5ces ( a fri5d%ip ?reat5 ! public1 !n x is treat$ z a conspiracy2 usually x is n ! /ate's bus9ess or conc]n4 ,m5 jo9 ea* o!r 9 p>tn]%ip z a matt] ( c\rse to d a piece ( "w m pr(itably or = mutual def5se4 ,let its op]ations exce$ a c]ta9 limit1 & o!rs n p>ticipat+ 9 x f9d _! security or prosp]ity m5ac$ by x1 & sudd5ly ! ge>s ( ! /ate are 9 me%4 ,?us x happ5s t ! /ate1 in/ead ( be+ all absorb+ & inclusive1 is "u "s circum/ances ! mo/ idle & empty ( social arrangem5ts4 ,nev]!less1 ! temptation to g5]alize f ^! in/ances & conclude t ! /ate g5]ically is ( no significance is at once *all5g$ by ! fact t :5 a family connection1 a *ur*1 a trade union1 a bus9ess corporation1 or an educational in/itution conducts itself s z to affect l>ge numb]s outside ( itself1 ^? :o are affect$ =m a public :i* endeavors to act ?r\gh suitable /ructures1 & ?us to organize itself = ov]sight & regulation4 ,i "k ( no bett] way 9 :i* to appreh5d ! absurdity ( ! claims :i* are sometimes made 9 behalf ( society politically organiz$ ?an to call to m9d ! influ5ce ^u community life ( ,socrates1 ,buddha1 ,jesus1 ,ari/otle1 ,confucius1 ,hom]1 ,v]gil1 ,dante1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,%akespe>e1 ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,boyle1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau & c\ntless o!rs1 & !n to ask ourselves if we conceive ^! m5 to be (fic]s ( ! /ate4 ,any me?od :i* s broad5s ! scope ( ! /ate z to lead to su* conclusion m]ely makes ! /ate a "n = ! totality ( all k9ds ( associations4 ,! mom5t we h tak5 ! ^w z loosely z t1 x is at once necess>y to di/+ui%1 )9 x1 ! /ate 9 its usual political & legal s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o is tempt$ to elim9ate or disreg>d ! /ate1 "o may ?9k ( ,p]icles1 ,alex&]1 ,julius & ,augu/us ,cs>1 ,elizabe?1 ,cromwell1 ,ri*elieu1 ,napoleon1 ,bism>ck & hundr$s ( names ( t k9d4 ,"o dimly feels t !y mu/ h _h a private life1 b h[ insignificant x bulks 9 comp>ison ) _! action z repres5tatives ( a /ate6 ,?is conception ( /atehood does n imply any belief z to ! propriety or reasonabl5ess ( any p>ticul> political act1 measure or sy/em4 ,obs]vations ( consequ5ces are at lea/ z subject to error & illusion z is p]ception ( natural objects4 ,judgm5ts ab\t :at to und]take s z to regulate !m1 & h[ to d x1 are z fallible z o!r plans4 ,mi/akes pile up & consolidate !mselves into laws & me?ods ( adm9i/ration :i* are m h>mful ?an ! consequ5ces :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to control4 ,& z all political hi/ory %[s1 ! p[] & pre/ige :i* att5d comm& ( (ficial position r5d] rule some?+ to be grasp$ & exploit$ = its own sake4 ,p[] to gov]n is di/ribut$ by ! accid5t ( bir? or by ! possession ( qualities :i* enable a p]son to obta9 (fice1 b :i* are q irrelevant to ! p]=mance ( its repres5tative functions4 ,b ! ne$ :i* calls =? ! organization ( ! public by means ( rul]s & ag5cies ( gov]nm5t p]si/s & to "s ext5t is inc>nat$ 9 political fact4 ,su* progress z political hi/ory records dep5ds ^u "s lum9\s em]g5ce ( ! idea f ! mass ( irrelevancies :i* obscure & clutt] x4 ,!n "s recon/ruction occurs :i* provides ! function ) organs m apt = its fulfillm5t4 ,progress is n /eady & cont9u\s4 ,retrogression is z p]iodic z advance4 ,indu/ry & inv5tions 9 te*nology1 = example1 create means :i* alt] ! modes ( associat$ behavior & :i* radically *ange ! quantity1 "* & place ( impact ( _! indirect consequ5ces4 ,^! *anges are extr9sic to political =ms :i*1 once e/abli%$1 p]si/ ( _! own mom5tum4 ,! new public :i* is g5]at$ rema9s long in*oate1 unorganiz$1 because x _c use inh]it$ political ag5cies4 ,! latt]1 if elaborate & well in/itutionaliz$1 ob/ruct ! organization ( ! new public4 ,!y prev5t t developm5t ( new =ms ( ! /ate :i* might gr[ up rapidly 7 social life m fluid1 less precipitat$ into set political & legal molds4 ,to =m itself1 ! public has to break exi/+ political =ms4 ,?is is h>d to d because ^! =ms are !mselves ! regul> means ( in/itut+ *ange4 ,! public :i* g5]at$ political =ms is pass+ away1 b ! p[] & lu/ ( possession rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! (fic]s & ag5cies :i* ! dy+ public in/itut$4 ,?is is :y ! *ange ( ! =m ( /ates is s (t5 effect$ only by revolution4 ,! creation ( adequately flexible & responsive political & legal ma*9]y has s f> be5 beyond ! wit ( man4 ,an epo* 9 :i* ! ne$s ( a newly =m+ public are c\nt]act$ by e/abli%$ =ms ( ! /ate is "o 9 :i* !re is increas+ disp>agem5t & disreg>d ( ! /ate4 ,g5]al apa?y1 neglect & contempt f9d expression 9 resort to v>i\s %ort-cuts ( direct action4 ,& direct action is tak5 by _m o!r int]e/s ?an ^? :i* employ 8direct action0 z a slogan1 (t5 mo/ en]getically by intr5*$ class-int]e/s :i* pr(ess ! greate/ rev]5ce = ! e/abli%$ 8law & ord]0 ( ! exi/+ /ate4 ,by its v nature1 a /ate is ev] some?+ to be scrut9iz$1 inve/igat$1 se>*$ =4 ,almo/ z soon z its =m is /abiliz$1 x ne$s to be re-made4 ,?us ! problem ( discov]+ ! /ate is n a problem = !oretical inquir]s engag$ solely 9 survey+ in/itutions :i* already exi/4 ,x is a practical problem ( human be+s liv+ 9 association ) "o ano!r1 ( mank9d g5]ically4 ,x is a complex problem4 ,x dem&s p[] to p]ceive & recognize ! consequ5ces ( ! behavior ( individuals jo9$ 9 gr\ps & to trace !m to _! s\rce & orig94 ,x involves selection ( p]sons to s]ve z repres5tatives ( ! int]e/s creat$ by ^! p]ceiv$ consequ5ces & to def9e ! functions :i* !y %all possess & employ4 ,x requires in/itution ( a gov]nm5t su* t ^? hav+ ! r5[n & p[] :i* goes ) ! ex]cise ( ^! functions %all employ !m = ! public & n turn !m to _! own private b5efit4 ,x is no cause = wond]1 !n1 t /ates h be5 _m1 n only 9 numb] b 9 type & k9d4 ,= !re h be5 c\ntless =ms ( jo9t activity ) correspond+ly div]se consequ5ces4 ,p[] to detect consequ5ces has v>i$ especially ) ! in/rum5talities ( k at h&4 ,rul]s h be5 select$ on all k9ds ( diff]5t gr\nds4 ,_! functions h v>i$ & s h _! w & zeal to repres5t common int]e/s4 ,only ! exig5cies ( a rigid philosophy c lead u to suppose t !re is "s "o =m or idea ( ,! ,/ate :i* ^! protean hi/oric /ates h realiz$ 9 v>i\s degrees ( p]fection4 ,! only /atem5t :i* c be made is a purely =mal "o3 ! /ate is ! organization ( ! public effect$ ?r\gh (ficials = ! protection ( ! int]e/s %>$ by its memb]s4 ,b :at ! public may be1 :at ! (ficials are1 h[ adequately !y p]=m _! function1 are ?+s we h to g to hi/ory to discov]4 ,nev]!less1 our conception gives a crit]ion = det]m9+ h[ good a p>ticul> /ate is3 namely1 ! degree ( organization ( ! public :i* is atta9$1 & ! degree 9 :i* its (fic]s are s con/itut$ z to p]=m _! function ( c>+ = public int]e/s4 ,b !re is no a priori rule :i* c be laid d[n & by :i* :5 x is foll[$ a good /ate w be br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,9 no two ages or places is !re ! same public4 ,conditions make ! consequ5ces ( associat$ action & ! k ( !m diff]5t4 ,9 addition ! means by :i* a public c det]m9e ! gov]nm5t to s]ve its int]e/s v>y4 ,only =mally c we say :at ! be/ /ate w\ld be4 ,9 concrete fact1 9 actual & concrete organization & /ructure1 !re is no =m ( /ate :i* c be said to be ! be/3 n at lea/ till hi/ory is end$1 & "o c survey all its v>i$ =ms4 ,! =mation ( /ates mu/ be an exp]im5tal process4 ,! trial process may g on ) div]se degrees ( bl9dness & accid5t1 & at ! co/ ( unregulat$ proc$ures ( cut & try1 ( fumbl+ & grop+1 )\t insight into :at m5 are aft] or cle> k ( a good /ate ev5 :5 x is a*iev$4 ,or x may proce$ m intellig5tly1 because guid$ by k ( ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$4 ,b x is /ill exp]im5tal4 ,& s9ce conditions ( action & ( inquiry & k are always *ang+1 ! exp]im5t mu/ always be retri$2 ! ,/ate mu/ always be r$iscov]$4 ,except1 once m1 9 =mal /atem5t ( conditions to be met1 we h no idea :at hi/ory may /ill br+ =?4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( political philosophy & sci5ce to det]m9e :at ! /ate 9 g5]al %\ld or mu/ be4 ,:at !y may d is to aid 9 creation ( me?ods su* t exp]im5tation may g on less bl9dly1 less at ! m]cy ( accid5t1 m intellig5tly1 s t m5 may le>n f _! errors & pr(it by _! successes4 ,! belief 9 political fixity1 ( ! sanctity ( "s =m ( /ate consecrat$ by ! ef=ts ( our fa!rs & hall[$ by tradition1 is "o ( ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( ord]ly & direct$ *ange2 x is an invitation to revolt & revolution4 ,z ! argum5t has mov$ to & fro1 x w conduce to cle>ness to summ>ize its /eps4 ,conjo9t1 comb9$1 associat$ action is a univ]sal trait ( ! behavior ( ?+s4 ,su* action has results4 ,"s ( ! results ( human collective action are p]ceiv$1 t is1 !y are not$ 9 su* ways t !y are tak5 acc\nt (4 ,!n !re arise purposes1 plans1 measures & means1 to secure consequ5ces :i* are lik$ & elim9ate ^? :i* are f\nd obnoxi\s4 ,?us p]ception g5]ates a common int]e/2 t is1 ^? affect$ by ! consequ5ces are p]=ce conc]n$ 9 conduct ( all ^? :o along ) !mselves %>e 9 br++ ab\t ! results4 ,sometimes ! consequ5ces are conf9$ to ^? :o directly %>e 9 ! transaction :i* produces !m4 ,9 o!r cases !y ext5d f> beyond ^? imm$iately engag$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,?us two k9ds ( int]e/s & ( measures ( regulation ( acts 9 view ( consequ5ces are g5]at$4 ,9 ! fir/1 int]e/ & control are limit$ to ^? directly engag$2 9 ! second1 !y ext5d to ^? :o d n directly %>e 9 ! p]=mance ( acts4 ,if1 !n1 ! int]e/ con/itut$ by _! be+ affect$ by ! actions 9 "q is to h any practical influ5ce1 control ov] ! actions :i* produce !m mu/ occur by "s indirect means4 ,s f> ! /atem5ts1 x is submitt$1 set =? matt]s ( actual & asc]ta9able fact4 ,n[ foll[s ! hypo!sis4 ,^? indirectly & s]i\sly affect$ = good or = evil =m a gr\p di/9ctive en\gh to require recognition & a "n4 ,! "n select$ is ,! ,public4 ,?is public is organiz$ & made effective by means ( repres5tatives :o z gu>dians ( cu/om1 z legislators1 z executives1 judges1 etc41 c>e = its especial int]e/s by me?ods int5d$ to regulate ! conjo9t actions ( individuals & gr\ps4 ,!n & 9 s f>1 association adds to itself political organization1 & some?+ :i* may be gov]nm5t comes into be+3 ! public is a political /ate4 ,! direct confirmation ( ! hypo!sis is f\nd 9 ! /atem5t ( ! s]ies ( obs]vable & v]ifiable matt]s ( fact4 ,^! con/itute conditions :i* are suffici5t to acc\nt1 s x is held1 = ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( political life1 or /ate activity4 ,if !y d1 x is sup]flu\s to seek = o!r explanation4 ,9 conclusion1 two qualifications %\ld be add$4 ,! acc\nt j giv5 is meant to be g5]ic2 x is consequ5tly s*ematic1 & omits _m diff]5tial conditions1 "s ( :i* receive att5tion 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! o!r po9t is t 9 ! negative "p ( ! argum5t1 ! attack ^u !ories :i* w\ld expla9 ! /ate by means ( special causal =ces & ag5cies1 !re is no d5ial ( causal relations or connections among ph5om5a !mselves4 ,t is obvi\sly assum$ at e po9t4 ,!re c be no consequ5ces & measures to regulate ! mode & quality ( _! occurr5ce )\t ! causal nexus4 ,:at is d5i$ is an appeal to special =ces outside ! s]ies ( obs]vable connect$ ph5om5a4 ,su* causal p[]s are no diff]5t 9 k9d to ! occult =ces f :i* physical sci5ce _h to emancipate itself4 ,at be/1 !y are b phases ( ! relat$ ph5om5a !mselves :i* are !n employ$ to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,:at is ne$$ to direct & make fruitful social inquiry is a me?od :i* proce$s on ! basis ( ! int]relations ( obs]vable acts & _! results4 ,su* is ! gi/ ( ! me?od we propose to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,if we look 9 ! wrong place = ! public we %all nev] locate ! /ate4 ,if we d n ask :at are ! conditions :i* promote & ob/ruct ! organization ( ! public into a social gr\p ) def9ite functions1 we %all nev] grasp ! problem involv$ 9 ! developm5t & trans=mation ( /ates4 ,if we d n p]ceive t ?is organization is equival5t to ! equipm5t ( ! public ) (ficial repres5tatives to c>e = ! int]e/s ( ! public1 we %all miss ! clew to ! nature ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! are conclusions rea*$ or sugge/$ by ! discussion ( ! la/ h\r4 ,! wrong place to look1 z we saw1 is 9 ! realm ( alleg$ causal ag5cy1 ( au?or%ip1 ( =ces :i* are suppos$ to produce a /ate by an intr9sic vis g5etrix4 ,! /ate is n creat$ z a direct result ( organic contacts z (fspr+ are conceiv$ 9 ! womb1 nor by direct consci\s int5t z a ma*9e is inv5t$1 nor by "s brood+ indwell+ _s1 :e!r a p]sonal deity or a metaphysical absolute w4 ,:5 we seek = ! orig9 ( /ates 9 su* s\rces z ^!1 a reali/ic reg>d = facts compels u to conclude 9 ! end t we f9d no?+ b s+ul> p]sons1 y1 !y1 me4 ,we %all !n be driv51 unless we h rec\rse to my/icism1 to decide t ! public is born 9 a my? & is su/a9$ by sup]/ition4 ,!re are _m answ]s to ! "q3 ,:at is ! public8 ,un=tunately _m ( !m are only re/atem5ts ( ! "q4 ,?us we are told t ! public is ! community z a :ole1 & a-community-z-a-:ole is suppos$ to be a self-evid5t & self-explanatory ph5om5on4 ,b a community z a :ole involves n m]ely a v>iety ( associative ties :i* hold p]sons toge!r 9 div]se ways1 b an organization ( all elem5ts by an integrat$ pr9ciple4 ,& ?is is precisely :at we are 9 se>* (4 ,:y %\ld !re be any?+ ( ! nature ( an all-inclusive & regulative unity8 ,if we po/ulate su* a ?+1 surely ! in/itution :i* alone w\ld answ] to x is humanity1 n ! affairs :i* hi/ory exhibits z /ates4 ,! notion ( an inh]5t univ]sality 9 ! associative =ce at once breaks aga9/ ! obvi\s fact ( a plurality ( /ates1 ea* localiz$1 ) its b\nd>ies1 limitations1 its indiff]5ce & ev5 ho/ility to o!r /ates4 ,! be/ t metaphysical moni/ic philosophies ( politics c d ) ?is fact is to ignore x4 ,or1 z 9 ! case ( ,hegel & 8 foll[]s1 a my?ical philosophy ( hi/ory is con/ruct$ to eke out ! defici5cies ( a my?ical doctr9e ( /atehood4 ,! univ]sal _s seizes ^u "o temporal & local nation aft] ano!r z ! vehicle = its objectification ( reason & w4 ,su* consid]ations z ^! re9=ce our proposition t ! p]ception ( consequ5ces :i* are project$ 9 important ways beyond ! p]sons & associations directly conc]n$ 9 !m is ! s\rce ( a public2 & t its organization into a /ate is effect$ by e/abli%+ special ag5cies to c>e = & regulate ^! consequ5ces4 ,b !y also sugge/ t actual /ates exhibit traits :i* p]=m ! function t has be5 /at$ & :i* s]ve z m>ks ( any?+ to be call$ a /ate4 ,discussion ( ^! traits w def9e ! nature ( ! public & ! problem ( its political organization1 & w also op]ate to te/ our !ory4 ,we c h>dly select a bett] trait to s]ve z a m>k & sign ( ! nature ( a /ate ?an a po9t j m5tion$1 temporal & geographical localization4 ,!re are associations :i* are too n>r[ & re/rict$ 9 scope to give rise to a public1 j z !re are associations too isolat$ f "o ano!r to fall )9 ! same public4 ,"p ( ! problem ( discov]y ( a public capable ( organization into a /ate is t ( draw+ l9es betwe5 ! too close & intimate & ! too remote & disconnect$4 ,imm$iate contiguity1 face to face relation%ips1 h consequ5ces :i* g5]ate a community ( int]e/s1 a %>+ ( values1 too direct & vital to occasion a ne$ = political organization4 ,connections )9 a family are famili>2 !y are matt]s ( imm$iate acqua9tance & conc]n4 ,! s-call$ blood-tie :i* has play$ su* a "p 9 dem>cation ( social units is l>gely imput$ on ! basis ( %>+ imm$iately 9 ! results ( conjo9t behavior4 ,:at "o does 9 ! h\sehold affects o!rs directly & ! consequ5ces are appreciat$ at once & 9 an intimate way4 ,z we say1 !y 8come home40 ,special organization to c>e = !m is a sup]fluity4 ,only :5 ! tie has ext5d$ to a union ( families 9 a clan & ( clans 9 a tribe d consequ5ces become s indirect t special measures are call$ =4 ,! neighborhood is con/itut$ l>gely on ! same patt]n ( association t is exemplifi$ 9 ! family4 ,cu/om & measures improvis$ to meet special em]g5cies z !y arise suffice = its regulation4 ,consid] ! village 9 ,wilt%ire s beautifully describ$ by ,hudson3 8,ea* h\se has its c5t] ( human life ) life ( bird & bea/1 & ! c5t]s 7 9 t\* ) "o ano!r1 connect$ l a r[ ( *ildr5 l9k$ toge!r by _! h&s2 all toge!r =m+ "o organism1 in/9ct ) "o life1 mov$ by "o m9d1 l a _m-color$ s]p5t ly+ at re/1 ext5d$ at full l5g? ^u ! gr\nd4 ,i imag9$ ! case ( a cottag] at "o end ( ! village occupi$ 9 *opp+ up a t\gh piece ( wood or /ump & accid5tally lett+ fall 8 heavy %>p axe on to 8 foot1 inflict+ a griev\s w\nd4 ,! tid+s ( ! accid5t w\ld fly f m\? to m\? to ! o!r extremity ( ! village1 a mile di/ant2 n only w\ld ea* villag] quickly "k ( x1 b h at ! same "t a vivid m5tal image ( 8 fell[ villag] at ! mom5t ( 8 misadv5ture1 ! %>p glitt]+ axe fall+ on to 8 foot1 ! r$ blood fl[+ f ! w\nd2 & he w\ld at ! same "t feel ! w\nd 9 8 own foot & ! %ock to 8 sy/em4 ,9 l mann] all ?\ghts & feel+s w\ld pass freely f "o to ano!r1 ?\gh n necess>ily communicat$ by spee*2 & all w\ld be p>ticipants 9 virtue ( t sympa?y & solid>ity unit+ ! memb]s ( a small isolat$ community4 ,no "o w\ld be capable ( a ?\ght or emotion :i* w\ld seem /range to ! o!rs4 ,! temp]1 ! mood1 ! outlook ( ! individual & ! village1 w\ld be ! same40#a ,) su* a condition ( intimacy1 ! /ate is an imp]t95ce4 ,= long p]iods ( human hi/ory1 especially 9 ! ,ori5t1 ! /ate is h>dly m ?an a %ad[ ?r[n ^u ! family & neighborhood by remote p]sonages1 swoll5 to gigantic =m by religi\s beliefs4 ,x rules b x does n regulate2 = its rule is conf9$ to receipt ( tribute & c]emonial def]5ce4 ,duties are )9 ! family2 prop]ty is possess$ by ! family4 ,p]sonal loyalties to eld]s take ! place ( political ob$i5ce4 ,! relation%ips ( husb& & wife1 p>5t & *ildr51 old] & y\ng] *ildr51 fri5d & fri5d1 are ! bonds f :i* au?ority proce$s4 ,politics is n a bran* ( morals2 x is subm]g$ 9 morals4 ,all virtues are summ$ up 9 filial piety4 ,wrongdo+ is culpable because x reflects ^u "o's ance/ry & k94 ,(ficials are kn[n b only to be %unn$4 ,to submit a dispute to !m is a disgrace4 ,! measure ( value ( ! remote & !ocratic /ate lies 9 :at x does n d4 ,its p]fection is f\nd 9 its id5tification ) ! processes ( nature1 9 virtue ( :i* ! seasons travel _! con/ant r\nd1 s t fields "u ! b5efic5t rule ( sun & ra9 produce _! h>ve/1 & ! neighborhood prosp]s 9 peace4 ,! intimate & famili> prop9quity gr\p is n a social unity )9 an inclusive :ole4 ,x is1 = almo/ all purposes1 society itself4 ,at ! o!r limit !re are social gr\ps s sep>at$ by riv]s1 seas & m\nta9s1 by /range languages & gods1 t :at "o ( !m does--save 9 w>--has no appreciable consequ5ces = ano!r4 ,!re is !re=e no common int]e/1 no public1 & no ne$ nor possibility ( an inclusive /ate4 ,! plurality ( /ates is su* a univ]sal & notori\s ph5om5on t x is tak5 = grant$4 ,x does n seem to require explanation4 ,b x sets up1 z we h not$1 a te/ difficult = "s !ories to meet4 ,except ^u ! basis ( a freaki% limitation 9 ! common w & reason :i* is alleg$ to be ! f\ndation ( ! /ate1 ! difficulty is insup]able4 ,x is peculi>1 to say ! lea/1 t univ]sal reason %\ld be unable to cross a m\nta9 range & objective w be balk$ by a riv] curr5t4 ,! difficulty is n s great = _m o!r !ories4 ,b only ! !ory :i* makes recognition ( consequ5ces ! critical factor c f9d 9 ! fact ( _m /ates a corroborat+ trait4 ,:atev] is a b>ri] to ! spread ( ! consequ5ces ( associat$ behavior by t v fact op]ates to set up political b\nd>ies4 ,! explanation is z commonplace z is ! ?+ to be expla9$4 ,some:]e betwe5 associations t are n>r[1 close & intimate & ^? :i* are s remote z to h only infrequ5t & casual contact lies1 !n1 ! prov9ce ( a /ate4 ,we d n f9d & %\ld n expect to f9d %>p & fa/ dem>cations4 ,villages & neighborhoods %ade imp]ceptibly into a political public4 ,diff]5t /ates may pass ?r\gh f$]ations & alliances into a l>g] :ole :i* has "s ( ! m>ks ( /atehood4 ,?is condition1 :i* we %\ld anticipate 9 virtue ( ! !ory1 is confirm$ by hi/orical facts4 ,! wav]+ & %ift+ l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 a /ate & o!r =ms ( social union is1 aga91 an ob/acle 9 ! way ( !ories ( ! /ate :i* imply z _! concrete c\nt]p>t some?+ z %>ply m>k$ (f z is ! concept4 ,on ! basis ( empirical consequ5ces1 x is j ! sort ( ?+ :i* %\ld occur4 ,!re are empires due to conque/ :]e political rule exi/s only 9 =c$ levies ( taxes & soldi]s1 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! ^w /ate may be us$1 ! *>act]i/ic signs ( a public are notable = _! abs5ce4 ,!re are political communities l ! city-/ates ( anci5t ,greece 9 :i* ! fiction ( common desc5t is a vital factor1 9 :i* h\sehold gods & wor%ip are replac$ by community div9ities1 %r9es1 & cults3 /ates 9 :i* mu* ( ! intimacy ( ! vivid & prompt p]sonal t\* ( ! family endures1 :ile !re has be5 add$ ! trans=m+ inspiration ( a v>i$1 fre]1 full] life1 ^: issues are s mom5t\s t 9 comp>ison ! life ( ! neighborhood is p>o*ial & t ( ! h\sehold dull4 ,multiplicity & con/ant trans=mation 9 ! =ms :i* ! /ate assumes are z compreh5sible ^u ! hypo!sis propos$ z is ! num]ical div]sity ( indep5d5t /ates4 ,! consequ5ces ( conjo9t behavior diff] 9 k9d & 9 range ) *anges 9 8mat]ial culture10 especially ^? involv$ 9 ex*ange ( raw mat]ials1 f9i%$ products & above all 9 te*nology1 9 tools1 weapons & ut5sils4 ,^! 9 turn are imm$iately affect$ by inv5tions 9 means ( transit1 transportation & int]communication4 ,a p t lives by t5d+ flocks ( %eep & cattle adapts itself to v diff]5t conditions ?an ^? ( a p :i* ranges freely1 m\nt$ on horses4 ,"o =m ( nomadism is usually peaceful2 ! o!r w>like4 ,r\ghly speak+1 tools & implem5ts det]m9e occupations1 & occupations det]m9e ! consequ5ces ( associat$ activity4 ,9 det]m9+ consequ5ces1 !y in/itute publics ) diff]5t int]e/s1 :i* exact diff]5t types ( political behavior to c>e = !m4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t div]sity ( political =ms r ?an uni=mity is ! rule1 belief 9 ! /ate z an ar*etypal entity p]si/s 9 political philosophy & sci5ce4 ,mu* dialectical +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 con/ruction ( an ess5ce or intr9sic nature 9 virtue ( :i* any p>ticul> association is entitl$ to h appli$ to x ! concept ( /atehood4 ,equal +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 expla9+ away all div]g5cies f ?is morphological type1 & 7! favor$ device7 9 rank+ /ates 9 a hi]>*ical ord] ( value z !y approa* ! def9+ ess5ce4 ,! idea t !re is a model patt]n :i* makes a /ate a good or true /ate has affect$ practice z well z !ory4 ,x1 m ?an any?+ else1 is responsible = ! ef=t to =m con/itutions (fh& & impose !m ready-made on peoples4 ,un=tunately1 :5 ! falsity ( ?is view 0 p]ceiv$1 x 0 replac$ by ! idea t /ates 8gr[0 or develop in/ead ( be+ made4 ,?is 8gr[?0 did n mean simply t /ates alt]4 ,gr[? signifi$ an evolution ?r\gh regul> /ages to a pr$et]m9$ end because ( "s intr9sic nisus or pr9ciple4 ,?is !ory disc\rag$ rec\rse to ! only me?od by :i* alt]ations ( political =ms might be direct$3 namely1 ! use ( intellig5ce to judge consequ5ces4 ,equally ) ! !ory :i* x displac$1 x presum$ ! exi/5ce ( a s+le /&>d =m :i* def9es ! /ate z ! ess5tial & true article4 ,aft] a false analogy ) physical sci5ce1 x 0 ass]t$ t only ! assumption ( su* a uni=mity ( process r5d]s a 8sci5tific0 treatm5t ( society possible4 ,incid5tally1 ! !ory flatt]$ ! conceit ( ^? nations :i*1 be+ politically 8advanc$10 assum$ t !y 7 s ne> ! apex ( evolution z to we> ! cr[n ( /atehood4 ,! hypo!sis pres5t$ makes possible a consi/5tly empirical or hi/orical treatm5t ( ! *anges 9 political =ms & arrangem5ts1 free f any ov]rid+ conceptual dom9ation su* z is inevitable :5 a 8true0 /ate is po/ulat$1 :e!r t be ?\ght ( z delib]ately made or z evolv+ by its own inn] law4 ,intrusions f non-political int]nal occurr5ces1 indu/rial & te*nological1 & f ext]nal ev5ts1 borr[+s1 travel1 migrations1 explorations1 w>s1 modify ! consequ5ces ( prexi/+ associations to su* an ext5t t new ag5cies & functions are necessitat$4 ,political =ms are also subject to alt]ations ( a m indirect sort4 ,developm5ts ( bett] me?ods ( ?9k+ br+ ab\t obs]vation ( consequ5ces :i* 7 conceal$ f a vision :i* us$ co>s] intellectual tools4 ,quick5$ intellectual insight also makes possible inv5tion ( new political devices4 ,sci5ce has n inde$ play$ a l>ge rle4 ,b intuitions ( /atesm5 & ( political !ori/s h occasionally p5etrat$ into ! op]ations ( social =ces 9 su* a way t a new turn has be5 giv5 to legislation & to adm9i/ration4 ,!re is a m>g9 ( tol]ation 9 ! body politic z well z 9 an organic body4 ,measures n 9 any s5se inevitable are accommodat$ to aft] !y h once be5 tak52 & a fur!r div]sity is !reby introduc$ 9 political mann]s4 ,9 %ort1 ! hypo!sis :i* holds t publics are con/itut$ by recognition ( ext5sive & endur+ indirect consequ5ces ( acts acc\nts = ! relativity ( /ates1 :ile ! !ories :i* def9e !m 9 t]ms ( specific causal au?or%ip imply an absolut5ess :i* is contradict$ by facts4 ,! attempt to f9d by ! 8comp>ative me?od0 /ructures :i* are common to antique & mod]n1 to occid5tal & ori5tal /ates1 has involv$ a great wa/e ( indu/ry4 ,! only con/ant is ! function ( c>+ = & regulat+ ! int]e/s :i* accrue z ! result ( ! complex indirect expansion & radiation ( conjo9t behavior4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t temporal & local div]sification is a prime m>k ( political organization1 & "o :i*1 :5 x is analyz$1 supplies a confirm+ te/ ( our !ory4 ,a second m>k & evid5ce is f\nd 9 an o!rwise inexplicable fact t ! quantitative scope ( results ( conjo9t behavior g5]ates a public ) ne$ = organization4 ,z we already not$1 :at are n[ crimes subject to public cognizance & adjudication 7 once private ebullitions1 hav+ ! /atus n[ possess$ by an insult pr(f]$ by "o to ano!r4 ,an int]e/+ phase ( ! transition f ! relatively private to ! public1 at lea/ f a limit$ public to a l>g] "o1 is se5 9 ! developm5t 9 ,engl& ( ! ,k+'s ,peace4 ,ju/ice until ! twelf? c5tury 0 adm9i/]$ ma9ly by feudal & %ire c\rts1 c\rts ( hundr$s1 etc4 ,any "l :o _h a suffici5t numb] ( subjects & t5ants decid$ controv]sies & impos$ p5alties4 ,! c\rt & ju/ice ( ! k+ 0 b "o among _m1 & prim>ily conc]n$ ) royalty's t5ants1 s]vants1 prop]ties & dignities4 ,! mon>*s wi%$1 h[ev]1 to increase _! rev5ues & exp& _! p[] & pre/ige4 ,v>i\s devices 7 inv5t$ & fictions set up by means ( :i* ! jurisdiction ( k+ly c\rts 0 ext5d$4 ,! me?od 0 to allege t v>i\s (f5ses1 =m]ly att5d$ to by local c\rts1 7 infractions ( ! k+'s peace4 ,! c5traliz+ movem5t w5t on till ! k+'s ju/ice _h a monopoly4 ,! in/ance is significant4 ,a measure in/igat$ by desire to increase ! p[] & pr(it ( ! royal dyna/y became an imp]sonal public function by b>e ext5sion4 ,! same sort ( ?+ has repeat$ly occurr$ :5 p]sonal pr]ogatives h pass$ into normal political processes4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort is manife/$ 9 contempor>y life :5 modes ( private bus9ess become 8affect$ ) a public int]e/0 because ( quantitative expansion4 ,a conv]se in/ance is pres5t$ 9 transf] f public to private doma9 ( religi\s rites & beliefs4 ,z long z ! prevail+ m5tality ?\ght t ! consequ5ces ( piety & irreligion affect$ ! entire community1 religion 0 ( necessity a public affair4 ,scrupul\s adh]5ce to ! cu/om>y cult 0 ( ! highe/ political import4 ,gods 7 tribal ance/ors or f\nd]s ( ! community4 ,!y grant$ communal prosp]ity :5 !y 7 duly ackn[l$g$ & 7 ! au?ors ( fam9e1 pe/il5ce & defeat 9 w> if _! int]e/s 7 n zeal\sly att5d$ to4 ,naturally :5 religi\s acts _h su* ext5d$ consequ5ces1 temples 7 public build+s1 l ! agora & =um2 rites 7 civic functions & prie/s public (ficials4 ,long aft] !ocracy vani%$1 !urgy 0 a political in/itution4 ,ev5 :5 disbelief 0 rife1 few !re 7 :o w\ld run ! risk ( neglect+ ! c]emonials4 ,! revolution by :i* piety & wor%ip 7 relegat$ to ! private sph]e is (t5 attribut$ to ! rise ( p]sonal consci5ce & ass]tion ( its rights4 ,b ?is rise is j ! ?+ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! supposition t x 0 !re all ! "t 9 a subm]g$ condition & f9ally d>$ to %[ itself rev]ses ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,social *anges1 bo? intellectual & 9 ! int]nal composition & ext]nal relations ( peoples1 took place s t m5 no long] connect$ attitudes ( rev]5ce or disrespect to ! gods ) ! weal & woe ( ! community4 ,fai? & unbelief /ill _h s]i\s consequ5ces1 b ^! 7 n[ ?\ght to be conf9$ to ! temporal & et]nal happ9ess ( ! p]sons directly conc]n$4 ,giv5 ! o!r belief1 & p]secution & intol]ance are z ju/ifiable z is organiz$ ho/ility to any crime2 impiety is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all ?reats to public peace & well-be+4 ,b social *anges gradually effect$ z "o ( ! new functions ( ! life ( ! community ! rights ( private consci5ce & cre$4 ,9 g5]al1 behavior 9 intellectual matt]s has mov$ f ! public to ! private realm4 ,?is radical *ange 01 ( c\rse1 urg$ & ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( intr9sic & sacr$ private "r4 ,b1 z 9 ! special case ( religi\s beliefs1 x is /range1 if ?is reason be accept$1 t mank9d liv$ s long 9 total unaw>5ess ( ! exi/5ce ( ! "r4 ,9 fact1 ! idea ( a purely private area ( consci\sness1 :]e :atev] goes on has no ext]nal consequ5ces1 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance a product ( in/itutional *ange1 political & ecclesia/ic1 al?\gh1 l o!r beliefs1 once x 0 e/abli%$ x _h political results4 ,! obs]vation t ! int]e/s ( ! community are bett] c>$ = :5 !re is p]mitt$ a l>ge measure ( p]sonal judgm5t & *oice 9 ! =mation ( intellectual conclusions1 is an obs]vation :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 made until social mobility & het]og5eity _h br\ght ab\t initiation & inv5tion 9 te*nological matt]s & indu/ry1 & until secul> pursuits _h become =midable rivals to *ur* & /ate4 ,ev5 yet1 h[ev]1 tol]ation 9 matt]s ( judgm5t & belief is l>gely a negative matt]4 ,we agree to leave "o ano!r alone 7)9 limits7 m f recognition ( evil consequ5ces :i* h result$ f ! opposite c\rse r ?an f any pr(\nd belief 9 its positive social b5efic5ce4 ,z long z ! latt] consequ5ce is n widely p]ceiv$1 ! s-call$ natural "r to private judgm5t w rema9 a some:at prec>i\s rationalization ( ! mod]ate am\nt ( tol]ation :i* has come into be+4 ,su* ph5om5a z ! ,ku ,klux & legislative activity to regulate sci5ce %[ t ! belief 9 lib]ty ( ?\ght is /ill sup]ficial4 ,if ,i make an appo9tm5t ) a d5ti/ or doctor1 ! transaction is prim>ily betwe5 u4 ,x is my heal? :i* is affect$ & 8 pocket-book1 skill & reputation4 ,b ex]cise ( ! pr(essions has consequ5ces s widespread t ! exam9ation & lic5s+ ( p]sons :o practice !m becomes a public matt]4 ,john ,smi? buys or sells real e/ate4 ,! transaction is effect$ by himself & "s o!r p]son4 ,l&1 h[ev]1 is ( prime importance to society1 & ! private transaction is h$g$ ab\t ) legal regulations2 evid5ce ( transf] & own]%ip has to be record$ ) a public (ficial 9 =ms publicly prescrib$4 ,! *oice ( a mate & ! act ( sexual union are intimately p]sonal4 ,b ! act is ! condition ( be>+ ( (fspr+ :o are ! means ( ! p]petuation ( ! community4 ,! public int]e/ is manife/$ 9 =malities :i* are necess>y to make a union legal & = its legal t]m9ation4 ,consequ5ces1 9 a ^w1 affect l>ge numb]s beyond ^? imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ! transaction4 ,x is (t5 ?\ght t 9 a sociali/ic /ate ! =mation & dissolution ( m>riages w\ld cease to h a public phase4 ,x is possible4 ,b x is also possible t su* a /ate w\ld be ev5 m alive ?an is ! community at pres5t to ! consequ5ces ( ! union ( man & woman n only ^u *ildr5 b ^u its own well-be+ & /ability4 ,9 t case c]ta9 regulations w\ld be relax$1 b !re might be impos$ /r+5t rules z to heal?1 economic capacity & psy*ologic compatibility z preconditions ( w$lock4 ,no "o c take into acc\nt all ! consequ5ces ( ! acts he p]=ms4 ,x is a matt] ( necessity = him1 z a rule1 to limit 8 att5tion & =esight to matt]s :i*1 z we say1 are di/9ctively 8 own bus9ess4 ,any "o :o look$ too f> abroad ) reg>d to ! outcome ( :at he is propos+ to d w\ld1 if !re 7 no g5]al rules 9 exi/5ce1 soon be lo/ 9 a hopelessly complicat$ muddle ( consid]ations4 ,! man ( mo/ g5]\s outlook has to draw ! l9e some:]e1 & he is =c$ to draw x 9 :atev] conc]ns ^? closely associat$ ) himself4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( "s objective regulation1 effects ^u !m are all he c be sure ( 9 any reasonable degree4 ,mu* ( :at is call$ selfi%ness is b ! outcome ( limitation ( obs]vation & imag9ation4 ,h5ce :5 consequ5ces conc]n a l>ge numb]1 a numb] s m$iately involv$ t a p]son _c readily prefigure h[ !y are to be affect$1 t numb] is con/itut$ a public :i* int]v5es4 ,x is n m]ely t ! comb9$ obs]vations ( a numb] cov] m gr\nd ?an ^? ( a s+le p]son4 ,x is r t ! public itself1 be+ unable to =eca/ & e/imate all consequ5ces1 e/abli%es c]ta9 dikes & *annels s t actions are conf9$ )9 prescrib$ limits1 & ins(> h mod]ately pr$ictable consequ5ces4 ,! regulations & laws ( ! /ate are !re=e misconceiv$ :5 !y are view$ z comm&s4 ,! 8comm&0 !ory ( common & /atute law is 9 reality a dialectical consequ5ce ( ! !ories1 previ\sly criticiz$1 :i* def9e ! /ate 9 t]ms ( an antec$5t causation1 specifically ( t !ory :i* takes 8w0 to be ! causal =ce :i* g5]ates ! /ate4 ,if a w is ! orig9 ( ! /ate1 !n /ate-action expresses itself 9 injunctions & prohibitions impos$ by its w ^u ! wills ( subjects4 ,soon] or lat]1 h[ev]1 ! "q arises z to ! ju/ification ( ! w :i* issues comm&s4 ,:y %\ld ! w ( ! rul]s h m au?ority ?an t ( o!rs8 ,:y %\ld ! latt] submit8 ,! logical conclusion is t ! gr\nd ( ob$i5ce lies ultimately 9 sup]ior =ce4 ,b ?is conclusion is an obvi\s invitation to trial ( =ces to see :]e sup]ior =ce lies4 ,9 fact ! idea ( au?ority is aboli%$1 & t ( =ce sub/itut$4 ,! next dialectical conclusion is t ! w 9 "q is some?+ ov] & above any private w or any collection ( su* wills3 is "s ov]rul+ 8g5]al w40 ,?is conclusion 0 drawn by ,r\sseau1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ,g]man metaphysics 0 erect$ into a dogma ( a my/ic & transc5d5t absolute w1 :i* 9 turn 0 n ano!r "n = =ce only because x 0 id5tifi$ ) absolute reason4 ,! alt]native to "o or o!r ( ^! conclusions is surr5d] ( ! causal au?or%ip !ory & ! adoption ( t ( widely di/ribut$ consequ5ces1 :i*1 :5 !y are p]ceiv$1 create a common int]e/ & ! ne$ ( special ag5cies to c>e = x4 ,rules ( law are 9 fact ! in/itution ( conditions "u :i* p]sons make _! arrangem5ts ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are /ructures :i* canalize action2 !y are active =ces only z are banks :i* conf9e ! fl[ ( a /ream1 & are comm&s only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! banks comm& ! curr5t4 ,if individuals _h no /at$ conditions "u :i* !y come to agreem5t ) "o ano!r1 any agreem5t w\ld ei!r t]m9ate 9 a twilight zone ( vagu5ess or w\ld h to cov] su* an enorm\s am\nt ( detail z to be unwieldy & unworkable4 ,ea* agreem5t1 moreov]1 might v>y s f e o!r t no?+ c\ld be inf]r$ f "o arrangem5t z to ! probable consequ5ces ( any o!r4 ,legal rules /ate c]ta9 conditions :i* :5 met make an agreem5t a contract4 ,! t]ms ( ! agreem5t are !reby canaliz$ )9 manageable limits1 & x is possible to g5]alize & pr$ict f "o to ano!r4 ,only ! exig5cies ( a !ory lead "o to hold t !re is a comm& t an agreem5t be made 9 su* & su* a =m4#b ,:at happ5s is t c]ta9 conditions are set su* t if a p]son con=m to !m1 he c c\nt on c]ta9 consequ5ces1 :ile if he fails to d s he _c =eca/ consequ5ces4 ,he takes a *ance & runs ! risk ( hav+ ! :ole transaction invalidat$ to 8 loss4 ,!re is no reason to int]pret ev5 ! 8prohibitions0 ( crim9al law 9 any o!r way4 ,conditions are /at$ 9 ref]5ce to consequ5ces :i* may be incurr$ if !y are infr+$ or transgress$4 ,we c simil>ly /ate ! undesirable results :i* w happ5 if a /ream breaks ?r\gh its banks2 if ! /ream 7 capable ( =esee+ ^! consequ5ces & direct+ its behavior by ! =esight1 we might metaphorically con/rue ! banks z issu+ a prohibition4 ,?is acc\nt expla9s bo? ! l>ge arbitr>y & cont+5t elem5t 9 laws & _! plausible id5tification ) reason1 dissimil> z are ! two consid]ations4 ,!re are _m transactions 9 :i* ! ?+ ( *ief importance is t consequ5ces be det]m9ate 9 "s fa%ion r ?an t !y be det]m9$ by "s inh]5t pr9ciple to be j su* & su*4 ,9 o!r words1 )9 limits x is indiff]5t :at results are fix$ by ! conditions settl$ ^u2 :at is important is t ! consequ5ces be c]ta9 en\gh to be pr$ictable4 ,! rule ( ! road is typical ( a l>ge numb] ( rules4 ,s is ! fix+ ( sunset or ( a specifi$ h\r z ! exact "t :5 ! feloni\s ent]+ ( ! premises ( ano!r takes on a m s]i\s quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rules ( law are reasonable s t 8reason0 is appeal$ to by "s z _! f\nt & orig9 on ! gr\nd po9t$ out by ,hume4#c ,m5 are naturally %ortsight$1 & ! %ortsight$ness is increas$ & p]v]t$ by ! influ5ce ( appetite & passion4 8,! law0 =mulates remote & long-run consequ5ces4 ,x !n op]ates z a cond5s$ available *eck on ! naturally ov]we5+ influ5ce ( imm$iate desire & int]e/ ov] decision4 ,x is a means ( do+ = a p]son :at o!rwise only 8 own =esight1 if ?or\ghly reasonable1 c\ld d4 ,= a rule ( law1 al?\gh x may be laid d[n because ( a special act z its occasion1 is =mulat$ 9 view ( an indef9ite v>iety ( o!r possible acts4 ,x is necess>ily a g5]alization2 = x is g5]ic z to ! pr$ictable consequ5ces ( a class ( facts4 ,if ! incid5ts ( a p>ticul> occasion ex]cise undue influ5ce ^u ! cont5t ( a rule ( law1 x w soon be ov]rul$1 ei!r explicitly or by neglect4 ,^u ?is !ory1 ! law z 8embodi$ reason0 means a =mulat$ g5]alization ( means & proc$ures 9 behavior :i* are adapt$ to secure :at is want$4 ,reason expresses a function1 n a causal orig94 ,law is reasonable z a man is s5sible :o selects & arranges conditions adapt$ to produce ! ends he reg>ds z desirable4 ,a rec5t writ]1 :o reg>ds 8reason0 z t :i* g5]ates laws1 says1 8,a debt does n 9 reason cease to be a debt because "t has pass$1 b ! law sets up a limitation4 ,a trespass does n cease 9 reason to be a trespass because x is indef9itely repeat$1 yet ! law %[s a t5d5cy to admit an unresi/$ trespass 9 "t to ! /atus ( "r4 ,"t1 di/ance & *ance are indiff]5t to pure reason2 b !y play _! "p 9 ! legal ord]40#d ,b if reasonabl5ess is a matt] ( adaptation ( means to consequ5ces1 "t & di/ance are ?+s to be giv5 great weight2 = !y effect bo? consequ5ces & ! ability to =esee !m & to act ^u !m4 ,inde$1 we might select /atutes ( limitation z excell5t examples ( ! k9d ( rationality ! law conta9s4 ,only if reason is look$ ^u z 8pure10 t is z a matt] ( =mal logic1 d ! in/ances cit$ manife/ limitation ( reason4 ,a ?ird m>k ( ! public organiz$ z a /ate1 a m>k :i* also provides a te/ ( our hypo!sis1 is t x is conc]n$ ) modes ( behavior :i* are old & h5ce well e/abli%$1 engra9$4 ,inv5tion is a peculi>ly p]sonal act1 ev5 :5 a numb] ( p]sons comb9e to make some?+ new4 ,a novel idea is ! k9d ( ?+ t has to occur to somebody 9 ! s+ul> s5se4 ,a new project is some?+ to be und]tak5 & set ago+ by private initiative4 ,! new] an idea or plan1 ! m x deviates f :at is already recogniz$ & e/abli%$ 9 practice4 ,by ! nature ( ! case an innovation is a dep>ture f ! cu/om>y4 ,h5ce ! resi/ance x is likely to enc\nt]4 ,we1 to be sure1 live 9 an era ( discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,speak+ g5]ically1 innovation itself has become a cu/om4 ,imag9ation is wont$ to x2 x is expect$4 ,:5 novelties take ! =m ( me*anical appliances1 we incl9e to welcome !m4 ,b ?is is f> f always hav+ be5 ! case4 ,! rule has be5 to look ) suspicion & greet ) ho/ility ! appe>ance ( any?+ new1 ev5 a tool or ut5sil4 ,= an innovation is a dep>ture1 & "o :i* br+s 9 its tra9 "s incalculable di/urbance ( ! behavior to :i* we h gr[n us$ & :i* seems 8natural40 ,z a rec5t writ] has cle>ly %[n1 inv5tions h made _! way insidi\sly2 & because ( "s imm$iate conv5i5ce4 ,if _! effects1 _! long-run consequ5ces1 9 alt]+ habits ( behavior _h be5 =ese51 x is safe to say t mo/ ( !m w\ld h be5 de/roy$ z wick$1 j z _m ( !m 7 ret>d$ 9 adoption because !y 7 felt to be sacrilegi\s4#e ,9 any case1 we _c ?9k ( _! inv5tion be+ ! "w ( ! /ate4#f ,! organiz$ community is /ill hesitant ) ref]5ce to new ideas ( a non-te*nical & non-te*nological nature4 ,!y are felt to be di/urb+ to social behavior2 & rightly s1 z f> z old & e/abli%$ behavior is conc]n$4 ,mo/ p]sons object to hav+ _! habits unsettl$1 _! habits ( belief no less ?an habits ( ov]t action4 ,a new idea is an unsettl+ ( receiv$ beliefs2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n be a new idea4 ,?is is only to say t ! production ( new ideas is peculi>ly a private p]=mance4 ,ab\t ! mo/ we c ask ( ! /ate1 judg+ f /ates :i* h s f> exi/$1 is t x put up ) _! production by private individuals )\t undue m$dl+4 ,a /ate :i* w organize to manufacture & dissem9ate new ideas & new ways ( ?9k+ may come into exi/5ce "s "t1 b su* a /ate is a matt] ( fai?1 n sight4 ,:5 x comes x w arrive because ! b5eficial consequ5ces ( new ideas h become an article ( common fai? & repute4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said t ev5 n[ ! /ate provides ^? conditions ( security :i* are necess>y if private p]sons are to engage effectually 9 discov]y & inv5tion4 ,b ?is s]vice is a by-product2 x is =eign to ! gr\nds on :i* ! conditions 9 "q are ma9ta9$ by ! public4 ,& x mu/ be (fset by not+ ! ext5t to :i* ! /ate ( affairs ^u :i* ! public he>t is mo/ set is unfavorable to ?9k+ 9 o!r ?an te*nical l9es4 ,9 any case1 x is absurd to expect ! public1 because x is call$ 9 no matt] h[ eulogi/ic a s5se ! /ate1 to rise above ! intellectual level ( its av]age con/itu5ts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a mode ( behavior has become old & famili>1 & :5 an in/rum5tality has come into use z a matt] ( c\rse1 provid$ x is a pr]equisite ( o!r cu/om>y pursuits1 x t5ds to come )9 ! scope ( ! /ate4 ,an individual may make 8 own track 9 a =e/2 b highways are usually public conc]ns4 ,)\t roads :i* "o is free to use at w1 m5 might almo/ z well be ca/aways on a des]t isl&4 ,means ( transit & communication affect n only ^? :o utilize !m b all :o are dep5d5t 9 any way ^u :at is transport$1 :e!r z produc]s or consum]s4 ,! increase ( easy & rapid int]communication means t production takes place m & m = di/ant m>kets & x puts a premium ^u mass-production4 ,?us x becomes a disput$ "q :e!r railroads z well z highways %\ld n be adm9i/]$ by public (ficials1 & 9 any case "s measure ( (ficial regulation is in/itut$1 z !y become settl$ bases ( social life4 ,! t5d5cy to put :at is old & e/abli%$ 9 uni=m l9es "u ! regulation ( ! /ate has psy*ological support4 ,habits economize intellectual z well z muscul> en]gy4 ,!y relieve ! m9d f ?\ght ( means1 ?us free+ ?\ght to deal ) new conditions & purposes4 ,moreov]1 int]f]5ce ) a well-e/abli%$ habit is foll[$ by uneas9ess & antipa?y4 ,! effici5cy ( lib]ation f att5tion to :atev] is regul>ly recurr5t is ren=c$ by an emotional t5d5cy to get rid ( bo!r4 ,h5ce !re is a g5]al disposition to turn ov] activities :i* h become highly /&>diz$ & uni=m to repres5tatives ( ! public4 ,x is possible t ! "t w come :5 n only railways w h become r\t9e 9 _! op]ation & managem5t1 b also exi/+ modes ( ma*9e production1 s t bus9ess m5 in/ead ( oppos+ public own]%ip w clamor = x 9 ord] t !y may devote _! en]gies to affairs :i* involve m novelty1 v>iation & opportunities = risk & ga94 ,!y might conceivably1 ev5 "u a rgime ( cont9u$ private prop]ty 9 g5]al1 no m wi% to be bo!r$ ) r\t9iz$ op]ations ?an !y w\ld want to take ov] ! c>e ( public /reets4 ,ev5 n[ ! "q ( ! public's tak+ *>ge ( ! ma*9]y ( ! manufacture ( goods is less a matt] ( :olesale 8individualism0 v]sus 8socialism0 ?an x is ( ! ratio ( ! exp]im5tal & novel 9 _! managem5t to ! habitual & matt]-(-c\rse2 ( t :i* is tak5 = grant$ z a condition ( o!r ?+s to t :i* is significant 9 its own op]ation4 ,a f\r? m>k ( ! public is indicat$ by ! idea t *ildr5 & o!r dep5d5ts 7su* z ! insane1 ! p]man5tly helpless7 are peculi>ly its w>ds4 ,:5 ! p>ties involv$ 9 any transaction are unequal 9 /atus1 ! relation%ip is likely to be "o-sid$1 & ! int]e/s ( "o p>ty to suff]4 ,if ! consequ5ces appe> s]i\s1 especially if !y seem to be irretrievable1 ! public br+s to be> a weight t w equalize conditions4 ,legislatures are m ready to regulate ! h\rs ( labor ( *ildr5 ?an ( adults1 ( wom5 ?an ( m54 ,9 g5]al1 labor legislation is ju/ifi$ aga9/ ! *>ge t x violates lib]ty ( contract on ! gr\nd t ! economic res\rces ( ! p>ties to ! arrangem5t are s disp>ate t ! conditions ( a g5u9e contract are abs5t2 action by ! /ate is introduc$ to =m a level on :i* b>ga9+ takes place4 ,labor unions (t5 object1 h[ev]1 to su* 8pat]nali/ic0 legislation on ! gr\nd t volunt>y comb9ations to ensure collective b>ga9+ is bett] = ^? conc]n$ ?an action tak5 )\t ! active p>ticipation ( labor]s4 ,! g5]al objection t pat]nalism t5ds to keep ^? affect$ by x p]man5tly 9 ! /atus ( *ildr51 )\t an impetus to help !mselves1 re/s on ! same basis4 ,! diff]5ce "h is nev]!less n z to ! pr9ciple t inequality ( /atus may call = public int]v5tion1 b z to ! be/ means ( secur+ & ma9ta9+ equality4 ,!re has be5 a /eady t5d5cy = ! education ( *ildr5 to be reg>d$ z prop]ly a /ate *>ge 9 spite ( ! fact t *ildr5 are prim>ily ! c>e ( a family4 ,b ! p]iod 9 :i* education is possible to an effective degree is t ( *ildhood2 if ?is "t is n tak5 advantage ( ! consequ5ces are irrep>able4 ,! neglect c r>ely be made up lat]4 ,9 ! degree1 !n1 t a c]ta9 measure ( in/ruction & tra9+ is deem$ to h significant consequ5ces = ! social body1 rules are laid d[n affect+ ! action ( p>5ts 9 relation to _! *ildr51 & ^? :o are n p>5ts are tax$--,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ! contr>y not)/&+--to ma9ta9 s*ools4 ,aga91 ! consequ5ces ( neglect ( safegu>ds 9 indu/ries involv+ ma*9es :i* are dang]\s & ^? pres5t+ unhygi5ic conditions1 are s s]i\s & irretrievable t ! mod]n public has int]v5$ to ma9ta9 conditions conducive to safety & heal?4 ,movem5ts :i* aim at insurance aga9/ illness & old-age "u gov]nm5tal auspices illu/rate ! same pr9ciple4 ,:ile public regulation ( a m9imum wage is /ill a disput$ matt]1 ! argum5t 9 behalf ( x appeals to ! crit]ion /at$4 ,! argum5t 9 effect is t a liv+ wage is a matt] ( su* s]i\s indirect consequ5ces to society t x _c be safely left to ! p>ties directly conc]n$1 ow+ to ! fact t imm$iate ne$ may incapacitate "o p>ty to ! transaction f effective b>ga9+4 ,9 :at has be5 said !re is no attempt to lay d[n crit]ia to be appli$ 9 a pr$et]m9$ way to ensure j su* & su* results4 ,we are n conc]n$ to pr$ict ! special =ms :i* /ate action w take 9 ! future4 ,we h simply be5 engag$ 9 po9t+ out ! m>ks by :i* public action z di/9ct f private is *>act]iz$4 ,transactions betwe5 s+ul> p]sons & gr\ps br+ a public into be+ :5 _! indirect consequ5ces--_! effects beyond ^? imm$iately engag$ 9 !m--are ( importance4 ,vagu5ess is n elim9at$ f ! idea ( importance4 ,b at lea/ we h po9t$ out "s ( ! factors :i* g to make up importance3 namely1 ! f>-rea*+ "* ( consequ5ces1 :e!r 9 space or "t2 _! settl$1 uni=m & recurr5t nature1 & _! irrep>abl5ess4 ,ea* "o ( ^! matt]s involves que/ions ( degree4 ,!re is no %>p & cle> l9e :i* draws itself1 po9t+ out beyond p]adv5ture1 l ! l9e left by a rec$+ high tide1 j :]e a public comes into exi/5ce :i* has int]e/s s significant t !y mu/ be look$ aft] & adm9i/]$ by special ag5cies1 or gov]nm5tal (fic]s4 ,h5ce !re is (t5 room = dispute4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 actions left to private initiative & managem5t & ^? regulat$ by ! /ate has to be discov]$ exp]im5tally4 ,z we %all see lat]1 !re are assignable reasons :y x w be drawn v diff]5tly at diff]5t times & places4 ,! v fact t ! public dep5ds ^u consequ5ces ( acts & ! p]ception ( consequ5ces1 :ile its organization into a /ate dep5ds ^u ! ability to inv5t & employ special in/rum5talities1 %[s h[ & :y publics & political in/itutions diff] widely f epo* to epo* & f place to place4 ,to suppose t an a priori conception ( ! intr9sic nature & limits ( ! individual on "o side & ! /ate on ! o!r w yield good results once = all is absurd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ate has a def9ite nature1 z x %\ld h if x 7 =m$ by fix$ causal ag5cies1 or if individuals h a nature fix$ once = all ap>t f conditions ( association1 a f9al & :olesale p>tition+ ( ! realms ( p]sonal & /ate activity is ! logical conclusion4 ,! failure ( su* a !ory to rea* practical solutions is1 !re=e1 a fur!r confirmation ( ! !ory :i* emphasizes ! consequ5ces ( activity z ! ess5tial affair4 ,9 conclusion1 we %all make explicit :at has be5 impli$ reg>d+ ! relation to "o ano!r ( public1 gov]nm5t & /ate4#g ,!re h be5 two extreme views ab\t ?is po9t4 ,on "o h&1 ! /ate has be5 id5tifi$ ) gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ate1 hav+ a necess>y exi/5ce ( its own1 p] se1 is said !n to proce$ to =m & employ c]ta9 ag5cies =m+ gov]nm5t1 mu* z a man hires s]vants & assigns !m duties4 ,! latt] view is appropriate :5 ! causal ag5cy !ory is reli$ ^u4 ,"s =ce1 :e!r a g5]al w or ! s+ul> wills ( assembl$ individuals1 calls ! /ate into be+4 ,!n ! latt] z a second>y op]ation *ooses c]ta9 p]sons ?r\gh :om to act4 ,su* a !ory helps ^? :o ent]ta9 x to reta9 ! idea ( ! inh]5t sanctity ( ! /ate4 ,concrete political evils su* z hi/ory exhibits 9 abundance c be laid at ! door ( fallible & corrupt gov]nm5ts1 :ile ! /ate keeps its honor unbesmir*$4 ,! id5tification ( ! /ate ) gov]nm5t has ! advantage ( keep+ ! m9d's eye ^u concrete & obs]vable facts2 b x involves an unacc\ntable sep>ation betwe5 rul]s & p4 ,if a gov]nm5t exi/s by itself & on its own acc\nt1 :y %\ld !re be gov]nm5t8 ,:y %\ld !re p]si/ ! habits ( loyalty & ob$i5ce :i* p]mit x to rule8 ,! hypo!sis :i* has be5 advanc$ frees u f ! p]plexities :i* clu/] ab\t bo? ( ^! two notions4 ,! la/+1 ext5sive & s]i\s consequ5ces ( associat$ activity br+ into exi/5ce a public4 ,9 itself x is unorganiz$ & =mless4 ,by means ( (ficials & _! special p[]s x becomes a /ate4 ,a public articulat$ & op]at+ ?r\gh repres5tative (fic]s is ! /ate2 !re is no /ate )\t a gov]nm5t1 b also !re is none )\t ! public4 ,! (fic]s are /ill s+ul> be+s1 b !y ex]cise new & special p[]s4 ,^! may be turn$ to _! private acc\nt4 ,!n gov]nm5t is corrupt & arbitr>y4 ,q ap>t f delib]ate graft1 f us+ unusual p[]s = private glorification & pr(it1 d5sity ( m9d & pomposity ( behavior1 adh]5ce to class-int]e/ & its prejudices1 are /r5g!n$ by position4 8,p[] is poison0 0 ! rem>k ( "o ( ! be/1 %rewde/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ obs]v]s ( ,wa%+ton politicians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 occupancy ( (fice may enl>ge a man's views & /imulate 8 social int]e/ s t he exhibits z a /atesman traits =eign to 8 private life4 ,b s9ce ! public =ms a /ate only by & ?r\gh (ficials & _! acts1 & s9ce hold+ (ficial position does n "w a miracle ( transub/antiation1 !re is no?+ p]plex+ nor ev5 disc\rag+ 9 ! spectacle ( ! /upidities & errors ( political behavior4 ,! facts :i* give rise to ! spectacle %\ld1 h[ev]1 protect u f ! illusion ( expect+ extraord9>y *ange to foll[ f a m]e *ange 9 political ag5cies & me?ods4 ,su* a *ange sometimes occurs1 b :5 x does1 x is because ! social conditions1 9 g5]at+ a new public1 h prep>$ ! way = x2 ! /ate sets a =mal seal ^u =ces already 9 op]ation by giv+ !m a def9$ *annel ?r\gh :i* to act4 ,conceptions ( 8,! ,/ate0 z some?+ p] se1 some?+ intr9sically manife/+ a g5]al w & reason1 l5d !mselves to illusions4 ,!y make su* a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate & a gov]nm5t t1 f ! /&po9t ( ! !ories1 a gov]nm5t may be corrupt & injuri\s & yet ,! ,/ate by ! same idea reta9 its inh]5t dignity & nobility4 ,(ficials may be mean1 ob/9ate1 pr\d & /upid & yet ! nature ( ! /ate :i* !y s]ve rema9 ess5tially unimpair$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a public is organiz$ into a /ate ?r\gh its gov]nm5t1 ! /ate is z its (ficials are4 ,only ?r\gh con/ant wat*fulness & criticism ( public (ficials by citiz5s c a /ate be ma9ta9$ 9 integrity & usefulness4 ,! discussion also returns ) "s add$ illum9ation to ! problem ( ! relation ( /ate & society4 ,! problem ( ! relation ( individuals to associations--sometimes pos$ z ! relation ( ! individual to society--is a mean+less "o4 ,we might z well make a problem out ( ! relation ( ! lett]s ( an alphabet to ! alphabet4 ,an alphabet is lett]s1 & 8society0 is individuals 9 _! connections ) "o ano!r4 ,! mode ( comb9ation ( lett]s ) "o ano!r is obvi\sly a matt] ( importance2 lett]s =m words & s5t5ces :5 comb9$1 & h no po9t nor s5se except 9 "s comb9ation4 ,i w\ld n say t ! latt] /atem5t applies lit]ally to individuals1 b x _c be ga9said t s+ul> human be+s exi/ & behave 9 con/ant & v>i$ association ) "o ano!r4 ,^! modes ( conjo9t action & _! consequ5ces pr(\ndly affect n only ! out] habits ( s+ul> p]sons1 b _! dispositions 9 emotion1 desire1 plann+ & valu+4 8,society10 h[ev]1 is ei!r an ab/ract or a collective n\n4 ,9 ! concrete1 !re are societies1 associations1 gr\ps ( an imm5se numb] ( k9ds1 hav+ diff]5t ties & in/itut+ diff]5t int]e/s4 ,!y may be gangs1 crim9al b&s2 clubs = sport1 sociability & eat+2 sci5tific & pr(essional organizations2 political p>ties & unions )9 !m2 families2 religi\s d5om9ations1 bus9ess p>tn]%ips & corporations2 & s on 9 an endless li/4 ,! associations may be local1 nationwide & trans-national4 ,s9ce !re is no "o ?+ :i* may be call$ society1 except _! indef9ite ov]lapp+1 !re is no unqualifi$ eulogi/ic connotation adh]+ to ! t]m 8society40 ,"s societies are 9 ! ma9 to be approv$2 "s to be condemn$1 on acc\nt ( _! consequ5ces ^u ! "* & conduct ( ^? engag$ 9 !m & because ( _! remot] consequ5ces ^u o!rs4 ,all ( !m1 l all ?+s human1 are mix$ 9 quality2 8society0 is some?+ to be approa*$ & judg$ critically & discrim9at+ly4 8,socialization0 ( "s sort--t is1 ! reflex modification ( wants1 beliefs & "w because ( %>e 9 a unit$ action--is inevitable4 ,b x is z m>k$ 9 ! =mation ( frivol\s1 dissipat$1 fanatical1 n>r[-m9d$ & crim9al p]sons z 9 t ( compet5t inquir]s1 le>n$ s*ol>s1 creative arti/s & good neighbors4 ,conf9+ our notice to ! results :i* are desirable1 x appe>s t !re is no reason = assign+ all ! values :i* are g5]at$ & ma9ta9$ by means ( human associations to ! "w ( /ates4 ,yet ! same unbridl$ g5]aliz+ & fixat+ t5d5cy ( ! m9d :i* leads to a moni/ic fixation ( society has ext5d$ beyond ! hypo/atiz+ ( 8society0 & produc$ a magnifi$ idealization ( ,! ,/ate4 ,all values :i* result f any k9d ( association are habitually imput$ by "o s*ool ( social philosoph]s to ! /ate4 ,naturally ! result is to place ! /ate beyond criticism4 ,revolt aga9/ ! /ate is !n ?\ght to be ! "o un=givable social s94 ,sometimes ! deification proce$s f a special ne$ ( ! "t1 z 9 ! cases ( ,sp9oza & ,hegel4 ,sometimes x spr+s f a prior belief 9 univ]sal w & reason & a consequ5t ne$ ( f9d+ "s empirical ph5om5a :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ! ext]nalization ( ?is absolute _s4 ,!n ?is is employ$1 by circul> logic1 z evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( su* a _s4 ,! net import ( our discussion is t a /ate is a di/9ctive & second>y =m ( association1 hav+ a specifiable "w to d & specifi$ organs ( op]ation4 ,x is q true t mo/ /ates1 aft] !y h be5 br\ght into be+1 react ^u ! prim>y gr\p+s4 ,:5 a /ate is a good /ate1 :5 ! (fic]s ( ! public g5u9ely s]ve ! public int]e/s1 ?is reflex effect is ( great importance4 ,x r5d]s ! desirable associations solid] & m coh]5t2 indirectly x cl>ifies _! aims & purges _! activities4 ,x places a disc\nt ^u injuri\s gr\p+s & r5d]s _! t5ure ( life prec>i\s4 ,9 p]=m+ ^! s]vices1 x gives ! individual memb]s ( valu$ associations great] lib]ty & security3 x relieves !m ( hamp]+ conditions :i* if !y _h to cope ) p]sonally w\ld absorb _! en]gies 9 m]e negative /ruggle aga9/ evils4 ,x enables individual memb]s to c\nt ) reasonable c]ta9ty ^u :at o!rs w d1 & ?us facilitates mutually helpful cop]ations4 ,x creates respect = o!rs & = "o's self4 ,a measure ( ! goodness ( a /ate is ! degree 9 :i* x relieves individuals f ! wa/e ( negative /ruggle & ne$less conflict & conf]s ^u him positive assurance & ren=cem5t 9 :at he und]takes4 ,?is is a great s]vice1 & !re is no call to be nigg>dly 9 ackn[l$g+ ! trans=mations ( gr\p & p]sonal action :i* /ates h hi/orically effect$4 ,b ?is recognition _c be legitimately conv]t$ into ! monopoli/ic absorption ( all associations into ,! ,/ate1 nor ( all social values into political value4 ,! all-inclusive nature ( ! /ate signifies only t (fic]s ( ! public 7includ+1 ( c\rse1 law-mak]s7 may act s z to fix conditions "u :i* any =m ( association op]ates2 its compreh5sive "* ref]s only to ! impact ( its behavior4 ,a w> l an e>?quake may 8include0 9 its consequ5ces all elem5ts 9 a giv5 t]ritory1 b ! inclusion is by way ( effects1 n by inh]5t nature or "r4 ,a b5efic5t law1 l a condition ( g5]al economic prosp]ity1 may favorably affect all int]e/s 9 a p>ticul> region1 b x _c be call$ a :ole ( :i* ! elem5ts influ5c$ are p>ts4 ,nor c ! lib]at+ & confirm+ results ( public action be con/ru$ to yield a :olesale idealization ( /ates 9 contra/ ) o!r associations4 ,= /ate activity is (t5 injuri\s to ! latt]4 ,"o ( ! *ief occupations ( /ates has be5 ! wag+ ( w> & ! suppression ( diss5ti5t m9orities4 ,moreov]1 _! action1 ev5 :5 b5ign1 presupposes values due to non-political =ms ( liv+ toge!r :i* are b ext5d$ & ren=c$ by ! public ?r\gh its ag5ts4 ,! hypo!sis :i* we h support$ has obvi\s po9ts ( contact ) :at is kn[n z ! plurali/ic conception ( ! /ate4 ,x pres5ts also a m>k$ po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,our doctr9e ( plural =ms is a /atem5t ( a fact3 t !re exi/ a plurality ( social gr\p+s1 good1 bad & indiff]5t4 ,x is n a doctr9e :i* prescribes inh]5t limits to /ate action4 ,x does n intimate t ! function ( ! /ate is limit$ to settl+ conflicts among o!r gr\ps1 z if ea* "o ( !m _h a fix$ scope ( action ( its own4 ,7 t true1 ! /ate w\ld be only an umpire to av]t & rem$y trespasses ( "o gr\p ^u ano!r4 ,our hypo!sis is neutral z to any g5]al1 sweep+ implications z to h[ f> /ate activity may ext5d4 ,x does n indicate any p>ticul> polity ( public action4 ,at times1 ! consequ5ces ( ! conjo9t behavior ( "s p]sons may be su* t a l>ge public int]e/ is g5]at$ :i* c be fulfill$ only by lay+ d[n conditions :i* involve a l>ge measure ( recon/ruction )9 t gr\p4 ,!re is no m an inh]5t sanctity 9 a *ur*1 trade-union1 bus9ess corporation1 or family in/itution ?an !re is 9 ! /ate4 ,_! value is also to be measur$ by _! consequ5ces4 ,! consequ5ces v>y ) concrete conditions2 h5ce at "o "t & place a l>ge measure ( /ate activity may be indicat$ & at ano!r "t a policy ( quiesc5ce & laissez-faire4 ,j z publics & /ates v>y ) conditions ( "t & place1 s d ! concrete functions :i* %\ld be c>ri$ on by /ates4 ,!re is no antec$5t univ]sal proposition :i* c be laid d[n because ( :i* ! functions ( a /ate %\ld be limit$ or %\ld be exp&$4 ,_! scope is some?+ to be critically & exp]im5tally det]m9$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,democratic ,,/ate ,s+ul> p]sons are ! foci ( action1 m5tal & moral1 z well z ov]t4 ,!y are subject to all k9ds ( social influ5ces :i* det]m9e :at !y c ?9k (1 plan & *oose4 ,! conflict+ /reams ( social influ5ce come to a s+le & conclusive issue only 9 p]sonal consci\sness & de$4 ,:5 a public is g5]at$1 ! same law holds4 ,x arrives at decisions1 makes t]ms & executes resolves only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( individuals4 ,!y are (fic]s2 !y repres5t a ,public1 b ! ,public acts only ?r\gh !m4 ,we say 9 a c\ntry l our own t legislators & executives are elect$ by ! public4 ,! phrase might appe> to indicate t ! ,public acts4 ,b1 aft] all1 individual m5 & wom5 ex]cise ! fran*ise2 ! public is "h a collective "n = a multitude ( p]sons ea* vot+ z an anonym\s unit4 ,z a citiz5-vot] ea* "o ( ^! p]sons is1 h[ev]1 an (fic] ( ! public4 ,he expresses 8 w z a repres5tative ( ! public int]e/ z mu* s z does a s5ator or %]iff4 ,8 vote may express 8 hope to pr(it 9 private purse by ! election ( "s man or ! ratification ( "s propos$ law4 ,he may fail1 9 o!r words1 9 ef=t to repres5t ! int]e/ entru/$ to him4 ,b 9 ?is respect he does n diff] f ^? explicitly designat$ public (ficials :o h also be5 kn[n to betray ! int]e/ committ$ to !m in/ead ( fai?fully repres5t+ x4 ,9 o!r words1 e (fic] ( ! public1 :e!r he repres5ts x z a vot] or z a /at$ (ficial1 has a dual capacity4 ,f ?is fact ! mo/ s]i\s problem ( gov]nm5t arises4 ,we commonly speak ( "s gov]nm5ts z repres5tative 9 contra/ ) o!rs :i* are n4 ,by our hypo!sis all gov]nm5ts are repres5tative 9 t !y purport to /& = ! int]e/s :i* a public has 9 ! behavior ( individuals & gr\ps4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no contradiction "h4 ,^? conc]n$ 9 gov]nm5t are /ill human be+s4 ,!y reta9 _! %>e ( ! ord9>y traits ( human nature4 ,!y /ill h private int]e/s to s]ve & int]e/s ( special gr\ps1 ^? ( ! family1 clique or class to :i* !y belong4 ,r>ely c a p]son s9k himself 9 8 political function2 ! be/ :i* mo/ m5 atta9 to is ! dom9ation by ! public weal ( _! o!r desires4 ,:at is meant by 8repres5tative0 gov]nm5t is t ! public is def9itely organiz$ ) ! int5t to secure ?is dom9ance4 ,! dual capacity ( e (fic] ( ! public leads to conflict 9 individuals betwe5 _! g5u9ely political aims & acts & ^? :i* !y possess 9 _! non-political rles4 ,:5 ! public adopts special measures to see to x t ! conflict is m9imiz$ & t ! repres5tative function ov]rides ! private "o1 political in/itutions are t]m$ repres5tative4 ,x may be said t n until rec5tly h publics be5 consci\s t !y 7 publics1 s t x is absurd to speak ( _! organiz+ !mselves to protect & secure _! int]e/s4 ,h5ce /ates are a rec5t developm5t4 ,! facts are1 inde$1 fatally aga9/ attribution ( any long hi/ory to /ates provid$ we use a h>d & fa/ conceptual def9ition ( /ates4 ,b our def9ition is f\nd$ on ! ex]cise ( a function1 n on any inh]5t ess5ce or /ructural nature4 ,h5ce x is m or less a v]bal matt] j :at c\ntries & peoples are call$ /ates4 ,:at is ( importance is t ! facts :i* significantly diff]5tiate v>i\s =ms f "o ano!r be recogniz$4 ,! objection j urg$ po9ts to a fact ( great significance1 :e!r ! ^w 8/ate0 be us$ or n4 ,x indicates t = long /ret*es ( "t ! public rle ( rul]s has be5 incid5tal to o!r ends = :i* !y h us$ _! p[]s4 ,!re has be5 a ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 b x has be5 employ$ = purposes :i* 9 ! /rict s5se are non-political1 ! delib]ate advancem5t ( dyna/ic int]e/s4 ,?us we come ^u ! prim>y problem ( ! public3 to a*ieve su* recognition ( itself z w give x weight 9 ! selection ( (ficial repres5tatives & 9 ! def9ition ( _! responsibilities & rights4 ,consid]ation ( ?is problem leads u1 z we %all see1 into ! discussion ( ! democratic /ate4 ,tak+ hi/ory z a :ole1 ! selection ( rul]s & equipm5t ( !m ) p[]s has be5 a matt] ( political accid5t4 ,p]sons h be5 select$ z judges1 executives & adm9i/rators = reasons indep5d5t ( capacity to s]ve public int]e/s4 ,"s ( ! ,greek /ates ( antiquity & ! exam9ation sy/em ( ,*9a /& out = ! v reason t !y are exceptions to ?is /atem5t4 ,hi/ory %[s t1 9 ! ma91 p]sons h rul$ because ( "s pr]ogative & conspicu\s place :i* 0 indep5d5t ( _! def9itively public rle4 ,if we introduce ! idea ( ! public at all1 we are b\nd to say t x 0 assum$ )\t "q t c]ta9 p]sons 7 fit to be rul]s because ( traits indep5d5t ( political consid]ations4 ,?us 9 _m societies ! male eld]s ex]cis$ su* rule z obta9$ 9 virtue ( ! m]e fact t !y 7 old m54 ,g]ontocracy is a famili> & widespread fact4 ,d\btless !re 0 a presumption t age 0 a sign ( k ( gr\p traditions & ( matur$ exp]i5ce1 b x c h>dly be said t ?is presumption 0 consci\sly ! influ5tial factor 9 giv+ old m5 a monopoly ( rule4 ,r !y _h x ipso facto1 because !y _h x4 ,a pr9ciple ( in]tia1 ( lea/ resi/ance & lea/ action1 op]at$4 ,^? :o 7 already conspicu\s 9 "s respect1 7 x only = long gray be>ds1 _h political p[]s conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,success 9 milit>y a*ievem5t is an irrelevant factor :i* has controll$ ! selection ( m5 to rule4 ,:e!r or no 8camps are ! true mo!rs ( cities10 :e!r or no ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 "r 9 decl>+ t gov]nm5t orig9at$ 9 *iefta9%ip = w> purposes1 !re is no d\bt t1 9 mo/ communities1 ! ability ( a man to w9 battles has seem$ to m>k him out z a pr$e/9$ manag] ( ! civil affairs ( a community4 ,!re is no ne$ to argue t ! two positions dem& diff]5t gifts1 & t a*ievem5t 9 "o is no pro( ( fitness = ! o!r4 ,! fact rema9s4 ,nor d we h to look at anci5t /ates = evid5ce ( its effective op]ation4 ,/ates nom9ally democratic %[ ! same t5d5cy to assume t a w9n+ g5]al has "s quasi-div9e appo9tm5t to political (fice4 ,reason w\ld tea* t (t5times ev5 ! politicians :o are mo/ successful 9 in/igat+ ! will+ness ( ! civilian population to support a w> are by t v fact incapacitat$ = ! (fices ( mak+ a j & endur+ peace4 ,b ! treaty ( ,v]sailles is !re to %[ h[ difficult x is to make a %ift ( p]sonnel ev5 :5 conditions radically alt] s t !re is ne$ = m5 ( a *ang$ outlook & int]e/s4 ,to ^? :o h1 x %all be giv54 ,x is human nature to ?9k along ! easie/ l9es1 & ?is induces m5 :5 !y want conspicu\s lead]s 9 ! civil function to fa/5 ^u ^? :o are already conspicu\s1 no matt] :at ! reason4 ,aside f old m5 & w>riors1 m$ic9e m5 & prie/s h _h a ready-made1 pr$e/9$ vocation to rule4 ,:]e ! community welf>e is prec>i\s & dep5d5t ^u ! favor ( sup]natural be+s1 ^? skill$ 9 ! arts by :i* ! wra? & jeal\sy ( ! gods are av]t$ & _! favor procur$1 h ! m>ks ( sup]ior capacity to adm9i/] /ates4 ,success 9 liv+ to an old age1 9 battle & 9 occult arts1 h1 h[ev]1 be5 mo/ signaliz$ 9 ! initiation ( political rgimes4 ,:at has c\nt$ mo/ 9 ! long run is ! dyna/ic factor4 ,beati possid5tes4 ,! family f :i* a rul] has be5 tak5 occupies 9 virtue ( t fact a conspicu\s position & sup]ior p[]4 ,prem95ce 9 /atus is readily tak5 = excell5ce4 ,div9e favor ex (ficio att5ds a family 9 :i* rule has be5 ex]cis$ = en\gh g5]ations s t ! memory ( orig9al exploits has gr[n dim or become leg5d>y4 ,! emolum5ts1 pomp & p[] :i* g ) rule are n ?\ght to ne$ ju/ification4 ,!y n only embelli% & dignify x1 b are reg>d$ z symbols ( intr9sic wor?9ess to possess x4 ,cu/om consolidates :at accid5t may h orig9at$2 e/abli%$ p[] has a way ( legitimiz+ itself4 ,alliances ) o!r pot5t families )9 & )\t ! c\ntry1 possession ( l>ge l&$ e/ates1 a ret9ue ( c\rti]s & access to rev5ues ( ! /ate1 ) a multitude ( o!r ?+s irrelevant to ! public int]e/1 e/abli% a dyna/ic position at ! same "t t !y div]t ! g5u9e political function to private ends4 ,an additional complication is introduc$ because ! glory1 weal? & p[] ( rul]s con/itutes 9 itself an invitation to seize & exploit (fice4 ,! causes :i* op]ate to induce m5 to /rive = any %9+ object op]ate ) increas$ appeal 9 ! case ( gov]nm5tal p[]4 ,! c5tralization & scope ( functions :i* are ne$$ 9 ord] to s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! public become1 9 o!r words1 s$uctions to draw /ate (ficials into subs]v+ private ends4 ,all hi/ory %[s h[ difficult x is = human be+s to be> effectually 9 m9d ! objects = ! nom9al sake ( :i* !y are clo!d ) p[] & pomp2 x %[s ! ease ) :i* !y employ _! panoply to advance private & class int]e/s4 ,7 actual di%one/y ! only1 or ev5 *ief1 foe1 ! problem w\ld be mu* simpl]4 ,! ease ( r\t9e1 ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ public ne$s1 ! int5sity ( ! gl>e :i* att5ds ! seat ( ! mighty1 desire = imm$iate & visible results1 play ! l>g] "p4 ,"o (t5 he>s x said by sociali/s ju/ly impati5t ) ! pres5t economic rgime t 8indu/ry %\ld be tak5 out ( private h&s40 ,"o recognizes :at !y int5d3 t x %\ld cease to be regulat$ by desire = private pr(it & %\ld function = ! b5efit ( produc]s & consum]s1 in/ead ( be+ sidetrack$ to ! advantage ( f9anci]s & /ockhold]s4 ,b "o wond]s :e!r ^? :o s readily utt] ?is say+ h ask$ !mselves into ^: h&s indu/ry is to pass8 ,into ^? ( ! public8 ,b1 alas1 ! public has no h&s except ^? ( individual human be+s4 ,! ess5tial problem is t ( trans=m+ ! action ( su* h&s s t x w be animat$ by reg>d = social ends4 ,!re is no magic by :i* ?is result c be accompli%$4 ,! same causes :i* h l$ m5 to utilize conc5trat$ political p[] to s]ve private purposes w cont9ue to act to induce m5 to employ conc5trat$ economic p[] 9 behalf ( non-public aims4 ,?is fact does n imply ! problem is insoluble4 ,b x indicates :]e ! problem resides1 :atev] guise x assumes4 ,s9ce (fic]s ( ! public h a dual make-up & capacity1 :at conditions & :at te*nique are necess>y 9 ord] t insight1 loyalty & en]gy may be enli/$ on ! side ( ! public & political rle8 ,^! commonplace consid]ations h be5 adduc$ z a backgr\nd = discussion ( ! problems & prospects ( democratic gov]nm5t4 ,democracy is a ^w ( _m mean+s4 ,"s ( !m are ( su* a broad social & moral import z to be irrelevant to our imm$iate !me4 ,b "o ( ! mean+s is di/9ctly political1 = x d5otes a mode ( gov]nm5t1 a specifi$ practice 9 select+ (ficials & regulat+ _! conduct z (ficials4 ,?is is n ! mo/ inspir+ ( ! diff]5t mean+s ( democracy2 x is comp>atively special 9 "*4 ,b x conta9s ab\t all t is relevant to political democracy4 ,n[ ! !ories & practices reg>d+ ! selection & behavior ( public (ficials :i* con/itute political democracy h be5 work$ out aga9/ ! hi/orical backgr\nd j allud$ to4 ,!y repres5t an ef=t 9 ! fir/ place to c\nt]act ! =ces t h s l>gely det]m9$ ! possession ( rule by accid5tal & irrelevant factors1 & 9 ! second place an ef=t to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to employ political p[] to s]ve private in/ead ( public ends4 ,to discuss democratic gov]nm5t at l>ge ap>t f its hi/oric backgr\nd is to miss its po9t & to ?r[ away all means = an intellig5t criticism ( x4 ,9 tak+ ! di/9ctively hi/orical po9t ( view we d n d]ogate f ! important & ev5 sup]ior claims ( democracy z an e?ical & social ideal4 ,we limit ! topic = discussion 9 su* a way z to avoid 8! great bad10 ! mix+ ( ?+s :i* ne$ to be kept di/9ct4 ,view$ z a hi/orical t5d5cy exhibit$ 9 a *a9 ( movem5ts :i* h affect$ ! =ms ( gov]nm5t ov] almo/ ! entire globe dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half1 democracy is a complex affair4 ,!re is a curr5t leg5d to ! effect t ! movem5t orig9at$ 9 a s+le cle>-cut idea1 & has proce$$ by a s+le unbrok5 impetus to unfold itself to a pr$e/9$ end1 :e!r triumphantly glori\s or fatally cata/rophic4 ,! my? is p]haps r>ely held 9 s simple & unmix$ a =m4 ,b some?+ approa*+ x is f\nd :5ev] m5 ei!r praise or damn democratic gov]nm5t absolutely1 t is1 )\t comp>+ x ) alt]native polities4 ,ev5 ! lea/ accid5tal1 ! mo/ delib]ately plann$1 political =ms d n embody "s absolute & unque/ion$ good4 ,!y repres5t a *oice1 amid a complex ( cont5d+ =ces1 ( t p>ticul> possibility :i* appe>s to promise ! mo/ good ) ! lea/ att5dant evil4 ,su* a /atem5t1 moreov]1 imm5sely ov]simplifies4 ,political =ms d n orig9ate 9 a once = all way4 ,! greate/ *ange1 once x is accompli%$1 is simply ! outcome ( a va/ s]ies ( adaptations & responsive accommodations1 ea* to its own p>ticul> situation4 ,look+ back1 x is possible to make out a tr5d ( m or less /eady *ange 9 a s+le direction4 ,b x is1 we repeat1 m]e my?ology to attribute su* unity ( result z exi/s 7:i* is always easy to exagg]ate7 to s+le =ce or pr9ciple4 ,political democracy has em]g$ z a k9d ( net consequ5ce ( a va/ multitude ( responsive adju/m5ts to a va/ numb] ( situations1 no two ( :i* 7 alike1 b :i* t5d$ to conv]ge to a common outcome4 ,! democratic conv]g5ce1 moreov]1 0 n ! result ( di/9ctively political =ces & ag5cies4 ,mu* less is democracy ! product ( democracy1 ( "s inh]5t nisus1 or imman5t idea4 ,! temp]ate g5]alization to ! effect t ! unity ( ! democratic movem5t is f\nd 9 ef=t to rem$y evils exp]i5c$ 9 consequ5ce ( prior political in/itutions realizes t x proce$$ /ep by /ep1 & t ea* /ep 0 tak5 )\t =ekn[l$ge ( any ultimate result1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( a numb] ( diff]+ impulses & slogans4 ,x is ev5 m important to realize t ! conditions out ( :i* ! ef=ts at rem$y grew & :i* x made possible = !m to succe$ 7 prim>ily non-political 9 nature4 ,= ! evils 7 ( long /&+1 & any acc\nt ( ! movem5t mu/ raise two que/ions3 ,:y 7 ef=ts at improvem5t n made e>li]1 &1 :5 !y 7 made1 :y did !y take j ! =m :i* !y did take8 ,! answ]s to bo? que/ions w be f\nd 9 di/9ctive religi\s1 sci5tific & economic *anges :i* f9ally took effect 9 ! political field1 be+ !mselves prim>ily non-political & innoc5t ( democratic int5t4 ,l>ge que/ions & f>-rang+ ideas & ideals arose dur+ ! c\rse ( ! movem5t4 ,b !ories ( ! nature ( ! individual & 8 rights1 ( fre$om & au?ority1 progress & ord]1 lib]ty & law1 ( ! common good & a g5]al w1 ( democracy itself1 did n produce ! movem5t4 ,!y reflect$ x 9 ?\ght2 aft] !y em]g$1 !y ent]$ into subsequ5t /riv+s & _h practical effect4 ,we h insi/$ t ! developm5t ( political democracy repres5ts ! conv]g5ce ( a great numb] ( social movem5ts1 no "o ( :i* ow$ ei!r its orig9 or its impetus to inspiration ( democratic ideals or to plann+ = ! ev5tual outcome4 ,?is fact makes irrelevant bo? pans & condemnations bas$ ^u conceptual int]pretations ( democracy1 :i*1 :e!r true or false1 good or bad1 are reflections ( facts 9 ?\ght1 n _! causal au?ors4 ,9 any case1 ! complexity ( ! hi/oric ev5ts :i* h op]at$ is su* z to preclude any ?\ght ( rehe>s+ !m 9 ^! pages1 ev5 if ,i _h a k & compet5cy :i* are lack+4 ,two g5]al & obvi\s consid]ations ne$1 h[ev]1 to be m5tion$4 ,born 9 revolt aga9/ e/abli%$ =ms ( gov]nm5t & ! /ate1 ! ev5ts :i* f9ally culm9at$ 9 democratic political =ms 7 deeply t+$ by fe> ( gov]nm5t1 & 7 actuat$ by a desire to r$uce x to a m9imum s z to limit ! evil x c\ld d4 ,s9ce e/abli%$ political =ms 7 ti$ up ) o!r in/itutions1 especially ecclesia/ical1 & ) a solid body ( tradition & inh]it$ belief1 ! revolt also ext5d$ to ! latt]4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! intellectual t]ms 9 :i* ! movem5t express$ itself _h a negative import ev5 :5 !y seem$ to be positive4 ,fre$om pres5t$ itself z an end 9 itself1 ?\gh x signifi$ 9 fact lib]ation f oppression & tradition4 ,s9ce x 0 necess>y1 ^u ! intellectual side1 to f9d ju/ification = ! movem5ts ( revolt1 & s9ce e/abli%$ au?ority 0 ^u ! side ( in/itutional life1 ! natural rec\rse 0 appeal to "s inali5able sacr$ au?ority resid5t 9 ! prote/+ individuals4 ,?us 8individualism0 0 born1 a !ory :i* end[$ s+ul> p]sons 9 isolation f any associations1 except ^? :i* !y delib]ately =m$ = _! own ends1 ) native or natural rights4 ,! revolt aga9/ old & limit+ associations 0 conv]t$1 intellectually1 into ! doctr9e ( indep5d5ce ( any & all associations4 ,?us ! practical movem5t = ! limitation ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t became associat$1 z 9 ! influ5tial philosophy ( ,john ,locke1 ) ! doctr9e t ! gr\nd & ju/ification ( ! re/riction 0 prior non-political rights inh]5t 9 ! v /ructure ( ! individual4 ,f ^! t5ets1 x 0 a %ort /ep to ! conclusion t ! sole end ( gov]nm5t 0 ! protection ( individuals 9 ! rights :i* 7 !irs by nature4 ,! ,am]ican revolution 0 a rebellion aga9/ an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 & x naturally borr[$ & exp&$ ^! ideas z ! ideological int]pretation ( ! ef=t to obta9 indep5d5ce ( ! colonies4 ,x is n[ easy = ! imag9ation to conceive circum/ances "u :i* revolts aga9/ prior gov]nm5tal =ms w\ld h f\nd its !oretical =mulation 9 an ass]tion ( ! rights ( gr\ps1 ( o!r associations ?an ^? ( a political nature4 ,!re 0 no logic :i* r5d]$ necess>y ! appeal to ! individual z an indep5d5t & isolat$ be+4 ,9 ab/ract logic1 x w\ld h suffic$ to ass]t t "s prim>y gr\p+s _h claims :i* ! /ate c\ld n legitimately encroa* ^u4 ,9 t case1 ! celebrat$ mod]n anti!sis ( ! ,individual & ,social1 & ! problem ( _! reconciliation1 w\ld n h aris54 ,! problem w\ld h tak5 ! =m ( def9+ ! relation%ip :i* non-political gr\ps be> to political union4 ,b1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! obnoxi\s /ate 0 closely b\nd up 9 fact & 9 tradition ) o!r associations1 ecclesia/ic 7& ?r\gh its influ5ce ) ! family71 & economic1 su* z gilds & corporations1 &1 by means ( ! *ur*-/ate1 ev5 ) unions = sci5tific inquiry & ) educational in/itutions4 ,! easie/ way out 0 to g back to ! nak$ individual1 to sweep away all associations z =eign to 8 nature & rights save z !y proce$$ f 8 own volunt>y *oice1 & gu>ante$ 8 own private ends4 ,no?+ bett] exhibits ! scope ( ! movem5t ?an ! fact t philosophic !ories ( k made ! same appeal to ! self1 or ego1 9 ! =m ( p]sonal consci\sness id5tifi$ ) m9d itself1 t political !ory made to ! natural individual1 z ! c\rt ( ultimate resort4 ,! s*ools ( ,locke & ,desc>tes1 h[ev] mu* !y 7 oppos$ 9 o!r respects1 agre$ 9 ?is1 diff]+ only z to :e!r ! s5ti5t or rational nature ( ! individual 0 ! fundam5tal ?+4 ,f philosophy ! idea crept into psy*ology1 :i* became an introspective & introv]t$ acc\nt ( isolat$ & ultimate private consci\sness4 ,h5ce=? moral & political individualism c\ld appeal to 8sci5tific0 w>rant = its t5ets & employ a vocabul>y made curr5t by psy*ology3--al?\gh 9 fact ! psy*ology appeal$ to z its sci5tific f\ndation 0 its own (fspr+4 ,! 8individuali/ic0 movem5t f9ds a classic expression 9 ! great docum5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* at "o /roke did away ) all =ms ( association1 leav+1 9 !ory1 ! b>e individual face to face ) ! /ate4 ,x w\ld h>dly h rea*$ ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 if x _h n be5 = a second factor1 :i* mu/ be not$4 ,a new sci5tific movem5t _h be5 made possible by ! inv5tion & use ( new me*anical appliances--! l5s is typical--:i* focus$ att5tion ^u tools l ! lev] & p5dulum1 :i*1 al?\gh !y _h long be5 9 use1 _h n =m$ po9ts ( dep>ture = sci5tific !ory4 ,?is new developm5t 9 inquiry br\ght1 z ,bacon =etold1 great economic *anges 9 its wake4 ,x m ?an paid its debt to tools by lead+ to ! inv5tion ( ma*9es4 ,! use ( ma*9]y 9 production & comm]ce 0 foll[$ by ! creation ( new p[]ful social conditions1 p]sonal opportunities & wants4 ,_! adequate manife/ation 0 limit$ by e/abli%$ political & legal practices4 ,! legal regulations s affect$ e phase ( life :i* 0 int]e/$ 9 tak+ advantage ( ! new economic ag5cies z to hamp] & oppress ! free play ( manufacture & ex*ange4 ,! e/abli%$ cu/om ( /ates1 express$ intellectually 9 ! !ory ( m]cantilism aga9/ :i* ,adam ,smi? wrote 8 acc\nt ( 8,! 7,true7 ,weal? ( ,nations10 prev5t$ ! expansion ( trade betwe5 nations1 a re/riction :i* react$ to limit dome/ic indu/ry4 ,int]nally1 !re 0 a network ( re/rictions inh]it$ f feudalism4 ,! prices ( labor & /aples 7 n fram$ 9 ! m>ket by higgl+ b 7 set by ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,! developm5t ( indu/ry 0 hamp]$ by laws regulat+ *oice ( a call+1 appr5tice%ip1 migration ( work]s f place to place1--& s on4 ,?us fe> ( gov]nm5t & desire to limit its op]ations1 because !y 7 ho/ile to ! developm5t ( ! new ag5cies ( production & di/ribution ( s]vices & commodities1 receiv$ p[]ful ren=cem5t4 ,! economic movem5t 0 p]haps ! m influ5tial because x op]at$1 n 9 ! "n ( ! individual & 8 inh]5t rights1 b 9 ! "n ( ,nature4 ,economic 8laws10 t ( labor spr++ f natural wants & lead+ to ! creation ( weal?1 ( pres5t ab/95ce 9 behalf ( future enjoym5t lead+ to creation ( capital effective 9 pil+ up /ill m weal?1 ! free play ( competitive ex*ange1 designat$ ! law ( supply & dem&1 7 8natural0 laws4 ,!y 7 set 9 opposition to political laws z artificial1 man-made affairs4 ,! inh]it$ tradition :i* rema9$ lea/ que/ion$ 0 a conception ( ,nature :i* made ,nature some?+ to conjure )4 ,! old] metaphysical conception ( ,natural ,law 01 h[ev]1 *ang$ into an economic conception2 laws ( nature1 implant$ 9 human nature1 regulat$ ! production & ex*ange ( goods & s]vices1 & 9 su* a way t :5 !y 7 kept free f artificial1 t is political1 m$dl+1 !y result$ 9 ! maximum possible social prosp]ity & progress4 ,popul> op9ion is little tr\bl$ by que/ions ( logical consi/5cy4 ,! economic !ory ( laissez-faire1 bas$ ^u belief 9 b5efic5t natural laws :i* br\ght ab\t h>mony ( p]sonal pr(it & social b5efit1 0 readily fus$ ) ! doctr9e ( natural rights4 ,!y bo? _h ! same practical import1 & :at is logic betwe5 fri5ds8 ,?us ! prote/ ( ! utilit>ian s*ool1 :i* sponsor$ ! economic !ory ( natural law 9 economics1 aga9/ natural "r !ories _h no effect 9 prev5t+ ! popul> amalgam ( ! two sides4 ,! utilit>ian economic !ory 0 su* an important factor 9 develop+ ! !ory1 z di/9ct f ! practice1 ( democratic gov]nm5t t x is wor? :ile to exp\nd x 9 outl9e4 ,ea* p]son naturally seeks ! bett]m5t ( 8 own lot4 ,?is c be atta9$ only by indu/ry4 ,ea* p]son is naturally ! be/ judge ( 8 own int]e/s1 &1 if left free f ! influ5ce ( artificially impos$ re/rictions1 w express 8 judgm5t 9 8 *oice ( "w & ex*ange ( s]vices & goods4 ,?us1 b>r+ accid5t1 he w contribute to 8 own happ9ess 9 ! measure ( 8 en]gy 9 "w1 8 %rewdness 9 ex*ange & 8 self-d5y+ ?rift4 ,weal? & security are ! natural rew>ds ( economic virtues4 ,at ! same "t1 ! indu/ry1 comm]cial zeal1 & ability ( individuals contribute to ! social good4 ,"u ! invisible h& ( a b5efic5t provid5ce :i* has fram$ natural laws1 "w1 capital & trade op]ate h>moni\sly to ! advantage & advance ( m5 collectively & individually4 ,! foe to be dread$ is int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,political regulation is ne$$ only because individuals accid5tally & purposely--s9ce ! possession ( prop]ty by ! indu/ri\s & able is a temptation to ! idle & %iftless--encroa* ^u "o ano!r's activities & prop]ties4 ,?is encroa*m5t is ! ess5ce ( inju/ice1 & ! function ( gov]nm5t is to secure ju/ice--:i* signifies *iefly ! protection ( prop]ty & ( ! contracts :i* att5d comm]cial ex*ange4 ,)\t ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate m5 might appropriate "o ano!r's prop]ty4 ,?is appropriation is n only unfair to ! labori\s individual1 b by mak+ prop]ty insecure disc\rages ! =?putt+ ( en]gy at all & ?us weak5s or de/roys ! spr+ ( social progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is doctr9e ( ! function ( ! /ate op]ates automatically z a limit impos$ to gov]nm5tal activities4 ,! /ate is itself j only :5 x acts to secure ju/ice--9 ! s5se j def9$4 ,! political problem ?us conceiv$ is ess5tially a problem ( discov]+ & in/at+ a te*nique :i* w conf9e ! op]ations ( gov]nm5t z f> z may be to its legitimate bus9ess ( protect+ economic int]e/s1 ( :i* ! int]e/ a man has 9 ! integrity ( 8 own life & body is a "p4 ,rul]s %>e ! ord9>y cupidity to possess prop]ty ) a m9imum ( p]sonal ef=t4 ,left to !mselves !y take advantage ( ! p[] ) :i* _! (ficial position end[s !m to levy arbitr>ily on ! weal? ( o!rs4 ,if !y protect ! indu/ry & prop]ty ( private citiz5s aga9/ ! invasions ( o!r private citiz5s1 x is only t !y may h m res\rces ^u :i* to draw = _! own ends4 ,! ess5tial problem ( gov]nm5t ?us r$uces itself to ?is3 ,:at arrangem5ts w prev5t rul]s f advanc+ _! own int]e/s at ! exp5se ( ! rul$8 ,or1 9 positive t]ms1 by :at political means %all ! int]e/s ( ! gov]nors be id5tifi$ ) ^? ( ! gov]n$8 ,! answ] 0 giv51 notably by ,james ,mill1 9 a classic =mulation ( ! nature ( political democracy4 ,its significant features 7 popul> election ( (ficials1 %ort t]ms ( (fice & frequ5t elections4 ,if public (ficials 7 dep5d5t ^u citiz5s = (ficial position & its rew>ds1 _! p]sonal int]e/s w\ld co9cide ) ^? ( p at l>ge--at lea/ ( indu/ri\s & prop]ty-own+ p]sons4 ,(ficials *os5 by popul> vote w\ld f9d _! election to (fice dep5d5t ^u pres5t+ evid5ce ( _! zeal & skill 9 protect+ ! int]e/s ( ! populace4 ,%ort t]ms & frequ5t elections w\ld ensure _! be+ held to regul> acc\nt2 ! poll+-boo? w\ld con/itute _! day ( judgm5t4 ,! fe> ( x w\ld op]ate z a con/ant *eck4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is acc\nt ,i h ov]simplifi$ :at 0 already an ov]simplification4 ,! diss]tation ( ,james ,mill 0 writt5 be=e ! passage ( ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb4 ,tak5 pragmatically1 x 0 an argum5t = ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage1 !n l>gely 9 ! h&s ( h]$it>y l&[n]s1 to manufactur]s & m]*ants4 ,james ,mill _h no?+ b dread ( pure democracies4 ,he oppos$ ! ext5sion ( ! fran*ise to wom54#h ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! new 8middle-class0 =m+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! application ( /eam to manufacture & trade4 ,8 attitude is well express$ 9 8 conviction t ev5 if ! suffrage 7 ext5d$ d[nw>ds1 ! middle-class 8:i* gives to sci5ce1 art & legislation itself its mo/ di/+ui%$ ornam5ts1 & :i* is ! *ief s\rce ( all t is ref9$ & exalt$ 9 human nature1 is t portion ( ! community ( :i* ! influ5ce w\ld ultimately decide40 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ov]simplification1 & ( its special hi/oric motivation1 ! doctr9e claim$ to re/ ^u univ]sal psy*ological tru?2 x af=ds a fair picture ( ! pr9ciples :i* 7 suppos$ to ju/ify ! movem5t t[>d democratic gov]nm5t4 ,x is unnecess>y to indulge 9 ext5sive criticism4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! conditions po/ulat$ by ! !ory & ^? :i* h actually obta9$ ) ! developm5t ( democratic gov]nm5ts speak = !mselves4 ,! discrepancy is a suffici5t criticism4 ,?is disp>ity itself %[s1 h[ev]1 t :at has happ5$ sprang f no !ory b 0 inh]5t 9 :at 0 go+ on n only )\t respect to !ories b )\t reg>d to politics3 because1 g5]ally speak+1 ( ! use ( /eam appli$ to me*anical inv5tions4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to reg>d ! idea ( ! isolat$ individual possess$ ( inh]5t rights 8by nature0 ap>t f association1 & ! idea ( economic laws z natural1 9 comp>ison ) :i* political laws be+ artificial are injuri\s 7save :5 c>efully subord9at$71 z idle & impot5t4 ,! ideas 7 some?+ m ?an flies on ! turn+ :eels4 ,!y did n orig9ate ! movem5t t[>d popul> gov]nm5t1 b !y did pr(\ndly influ5ce ! =ms :i* x assum$4 ,or p]haps x w\ld be tru] to say t p]si/5t old] conditions1 to :i* ! !ories 7 m fai?ful ?an to ! /ate ( affairs !y pr(ess$ to report1 7 s ren=c$ by ! pr(ess$ philosophy ( ! democratic /ate1 z to ex]cise a great influ5ce4 ,! result 0 a skew1 a deflection & di/ortion1 9 democratic =ms4 ,putt+ ! 8individuali/ic0 matt] 9 a gross /atem5t1 :i* has to be correct$ by lat] qualifications1 we may say t 8! individual10 ab\t :i* ! new philosophy c5t]$ itself1 0 9 process ( complete subm]g5ce 9 fact at ! v "t 9 :i* he 0 be+ elevat$ on high 9 !ory4 ,z to ! alleg$ subord9ation ( political affairs to natural =ces & laws1 we may say t actual economic conditions 7 ?or\ghly artificial1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! !ory condemn$ ! artificial4 ,!y suppli$ ! man-made in/rum5talities by :i* ! new gov]nm5tal ag5cies 7 grasp$ & us$ to suit ! desires ( ! new class ( bus9ess m54 ,bo? ( ^! /atem5ts are =mal z well z sweep+4 ,to acquire intelligible mean+ !y mu/ be develop$ 9 "s detail4 ,graham ,wallas prefix$ to ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 book entitl$ 8,! ,great ,society0 ! foll[+ words ( ,woodr[ ,wilson1 tak5 f ,! ,new ,fre$om3 8,ye/]day & ev] s9ce hi/ory began1 m5 7 relat$ to "o ano!r z individuals4444 ,to-day1 ! ev]yday relation%ips ( m5 are l>gely ) great imp]sonal conc]ns1 ) organizations1 n ) o!r individuals4 ,n[ ?is is no?+ %ort ( a new social age1 a new age ( human relation%ips1 a new /age-sett+ = ! drama ( life40 ,if we accept ^! words z conta9+ ev5 a mod]ate degree ( tru?1 !y indicate ! enorm\s ineptitude ( ! individuali/ic philosophy to meet ! ne$s & direct ! factors ( ! new age4 ,!y sugge/ :at is meant by say+ ! !ory ( an individual possess$ ( desires & claims & endu$ ) =esight & prud5ce & love ( bett]+ himself 0 fram$ at j ! "t :5 ! individual 0 c\nt+ = less 9 ! direction ( social affairs1 at a "t :5 me*anical =ces & va/ imp]sonal organizations 7 det]m9+ ! frame ( ?+s4 ,! /atem5t t 8ye/]day & ev5 s9ce hi/ory began1 m5 7 relat$ to "o ano!r z individuals0 is n true4 ,m5 h always be5 associat$ toge!r 9 liv+1 & association 9 conjo9t behavior has affect$ _! relations to "o ano!r z individuals4 ,x is en\gh to recall h[ l>gely human relations h be5 p]meat$ by patt]ns d]iv$ directly & indirectly f ! family2 ev5 ! /ate 0 a dyna/ic affair4 ,b none ! less ! contra/ :i* ,mr4 ,wilson _h 9 m9d is a fact4 ,! e>li] associations 7 mo/ly ( ! type well t]m$ by ,cooley#i 8face-to-face40 ,^? :i* 7 important1 :i* really c\nt$ 9 =m+ emotional & intellectual dispositions1 7 local & contigu\s & consequ5tly visible4 ,human be+s1 if !y %>$ 9 !m at all1 %>$ directly & 9 a way ( :i* !y 7 aw>e 9 bo? _! affections & _! beliefs4 ,! /ate1 ev5 :5 x despotically int]f]$1 0 remote1 an ag5cy ali5 to daily life4 ,o!rwise x ent]$ m5's lives ?r\gh cu/om & common law4 ,no matt] h[ widespread _! op]ation might be1 x 0 n _! bread? & inclusiv5ess :i* c\nt$ b _! imm$iate local pres5ce4 ,! *ur* 0 inde$ bo? a univ]sal & an intimate affair4 ,b x ent]$ into ! life ( mo/ human be+s n ?r\gh its univ]sality1 z f> z _! ?\ghts & habits 7 conc]n$1 b ?r\gh an imm$iate m9i/ration ( rites & sacram5ts4 ,! new te*nology appli$ 9 production & comm]ce result$ 9 a social revolution4 ,! local communities )\t int5t or =eca/ f\nd _! affairs condition$ by remote & invisible organizations4 ,! scope ( ! latt]'s activities 0 s va/ & _! impact ^u face-to-face associations s p]vasive & unremitt+ t x is no exagg]ation to speak ( 8a new age ( human relations40 ,! ,great ,society creat$ by /eam & electricity may be a society1 b x is no community4 ,! invasion ( ! community by ! new & relatively imp]sonal & me*anical modes ( comb9$ human behavior is ! out/&+ fact ( mod]n life4 ,9 ^! ways ( aggregate activity ! community1 9 its /rict s5se1 is n a consci\s p>tn]1 & ov] !m x has no direct control4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ! *ief factors 9 br++ into be+ national & t]ritorial /ates4 ,! ne$ ( "s control ov] !m 0 ! *ief ag5cy 9 mak+ ! gov]nm5t ( ^! /ates democratic or popul> 9 ! curr5t s5se ( ^! words4 ,:y1 !n1 0 a movem5t1 :i* involv$ s mu* subm]g+ ( p]sonal action 9 ! ov]fl[+ consequ5ces ( remote & inaccessible collective actions1 reflect$ 9 a philosophy ( individualism8 ,a complete answ] is out ( ! "q4 ,two consid]ations are1 h[ev]1 obvi\s & significant4 ,! new conditions involv$ a release ( human pot5tialities previ\sly dormant4 ,:ile _! impact 0 unsettl+ to ! community1 x 0 lib]at+ ) respect to s+le p]sons1 :ile its oppressive phase 0 hidd5 9 ! imp5etrable mi/s ( ! future4 ,speak+ ) great] correctness1 ! oppressive phase affect$ prim>ily ! elem5ts ( ! community :i* 7 also depress$ 9 ! old] & semi-feudal conditions4 ,s9ce !y did n c\nt = mu* anyway1 be+ traditionally ! draw]s ( wat] & hew]s ( wood1 hav+ em]g$ only 9 a legal s5se f s]fdom1 ! effect ( new economic conditions ^u ! labor+ masses w5t l>gely unnot$4 ,day labor]s 7 /ill 9 effect1 z op5ly 9 ! classic philosophy1 und]ly+ conditions ( community life r ?an memb]s ( x4 ,only gradually did ! effect ^u !m become app>5t2 by t "t !y _h atta9$ en\gh p[]--7 suffici5tly important factors 9 ! new economic rgime--to obta9 political emancipation1 & ?us figure 9 ! =ms ( ! democratic /ate4 ,mean:ile ! lib]at+ effect 0 m>k$ly conspicu\s ) respect to ! memb]s ( ! 8middle-class10 ! manufactur+ & m]cantile class4 ,x w\ld be %ort-sight$ to limit ! release ( p[]s to opportunities to procure weal? & enjoy its fruits1 al?\gh ! creation ( mat]ial wants & ability to satisfy !m are n to be lightly pass$ ov]4 ,initiative1 inv5tiv5ess1 =esight & plann+ 7 also /imulat$ & confirm$4 ,?is manife/ation ( new p[]s 0 on a suffici5tly l>ge scale to /rike & absorb att5tion4 ,! result 0 =mulat$ z ! discov]y ( ! individual4 ,! cu/om>y is tak5 = grant$2 x op]ates subconsci\sly4 ,brea* ( wont & use is focal2 x =ms 8consci\sness40 ,! necess>y & p]si/5t modes ( association w5t unnotic$4 ,! new ones1 :i* 7 volunt>ily und]tak51 occupi$ ?\ght exclusively4 ,!y monopoliz$ ! obs]v$ horizon4 8,individualism0 0 a doctr9e :i* /at$ :at 0 focal 9 ?\ght & purpose4 ,! o!r consid]ation is ak94 ,9 ! release ( new p[]s s+ul> p]sons 7 emancipat$ f a mass ( old habits1 regulations & in/itutions4 ,we h already not$ h[ ! me?ods ( production & ex*ange made possible by ! new te*nology 7 hamp]$ by ! rules & cu/oms ( ! prior rgime4 ,! latt] 7 !n felt to be intol]ably re/rictive & oppressive4 ,s9ce !y hamp]$ ! free play ( initiative & comm]cial activity1 !y 7 artificial & enslav+4 ,! /ruggle = emancipation f _! influ5ce 0 id5tifi$ ) ! lib]ty ( ! individual z su*2 9 ! int5sity ( ! /ruggle1 associations & in/itutions 7 condemn$ :olesale z foes ( fre$om save z !y 7 products ( p]sonal agreem5t & volunt>y *oice4 ,t _m =ms ( association rema9$ practically unt\*$ 0 easily ov]look$1 j because !y 7 matt]s ( c\rse4 ,inde$1 any attempt to t\* !m1 notably ! e/abli%$ =m ( family association & ! legal in/itution ( prop]ty1 7 look$ ^u z subv]sive1 z lic5se1 n lib]ty1 9 ! sanctifi$ phrase4 ,! id5tification ( democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t ) ?is individualism 0 easy4 ,! "r ( suffrage repres5t$ = ! mass a release ( hi!rto dormant capacity & also1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 a p[] to %ape social relations on ! basis ( individual volition4 ,popul> fran*ise & majority rule af=d$ ! imag9ation a picture ( individuals 9 _! untrammel$ individual sov]eignty mak+ ! /ate4 ,to adh]5ts & oppon5ts alike x pres5t$ ! spectacle ( a pulv]iz+ ( e/abli%$ associations into ! desires & int5tions ( atomic individuals4 ,! =ces1 spr++ f comb9ation & in/itutional organization :i* controll$ bel[ ! surface ! acts :i* =mally issu$ f individuals1 w5t unnot$4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( ord9>y ?\ght to grasp ! ext]nal sc5e & hold x z reality4 ,! famili> eulogies ( ! spectacle ( 8free m50 go+ to ! polls to det]m9e by _! p]sonal volitions ! political =ms "u :i* !y %\ld live is a specim5 ( ?is t5d5cy to take :atev] is readily se5 z ! full reality ( a situation4 ,9 physical matt]s natural sci5ce has successfully *all5g$ ?is attitude4 ,9 human matt]s x rema9s 9 almo/ full =ce4 ,! oppon5ts ( popul> gov]nm5t 7 no m presci5t ?an its support]s1 al?\gh !y %[$ m logical s5se 9 foll[+ ! assum$ individuali/ic premise to its conclusion3 ! dis9tegration ( society4 ,c>lyle's savage attacks ^u ! notion ( a society held toge!r only by a 8ca%-nexus0 are well kn[n4 ,its inevitable t]m9us to him 0 8an>*y plus a con/able40 ,he did n see t ! new indu/rial rgime 0 =g+ social bonds z rigid z ^? :i* 7 disappe>+ & mu* m ext5sive--:e!r desirable ties or n is ano!r matt]4 ,macaulay1 ! intellectuali/ ( ! ,:igs1 ass]t$ t ! ext5sion ( suffrage to ! masses w\ld surely result 9 ar\s+ ! pr$atory impulses ( ! prop]tyless masses :o w\ld use _! new political p[] to despoil ! middle z well z upp] class4 ,he add$ t :ile !re 0 no long] dang] t ! civiliz$ portions ( humanity w\ld be ov]?r[n by ! savage & b>b>\s portions1 x 0 possible t 9 ! bosom ( civilization w\ld be eng5d]$ ! malady :i* w\ld de/roy x4 ,incid5tally we h tr5*$ ^u ! o!r doctr9e1 ! idea t !re is some?+ inh]5tly 8natural0 & am5able to 8natural law0 9 ! work+ ( economic =ces1 9 contra/ ) ! man-made artificiality ( political in/itutions4 ,! idea ( a natural individual 9 8 isolation possess$ ( full-fl$g$ wants1 ( en]gies to be exp5d$ accord+ to 8 own volition1 & ( a ready-made faculty ( =esight & prud5t calculation is z mu* a fiction 9 psy*ology z ! doctr9e ( ! individual 9 possession ( antec$5t political rights is "o 9 politics4 ,! lib]ali/ s*ool made mu* ( desires1 b to !m desire 0 a consci\s matt] delib]ately direct$ ^u a kn[n goal ( pleasures4 ,desire & pleasure 7 bo? op5 & above-bo>d affairs4 ,! m9d 0 se5 z if always 9 ! bright sunlight1 hav+ no hidd5 recesses1 no unexplorable nooks1 no?+ und]gr\nd4 ,its op]ations 7 l ! moves 9 a fair game ( *ess4 ,!y are 9 ! op52 ! play]s h no?+ up _! sleeves2 ! *anges ( position take place by express int5t & 9 pla9 sight2 !y take place accord+ to rules all ( :i* are kn[n 9 advance4 ,calculation & skill1 or dullness & inaptitude1 det]m9e ! result4 ,m9d 0 8consci\sness10 & ! latt] 0 a cle>1 transp>5t1 self-reveal+ m$ium 9 :i* wants1 ef=ts & purposes 7 expos$ )\t di/ortion4 ,to-day x is g5]ally admitt$ t conduct proce$s f conditions :i* are l>gely out ( focal att5tion1 & :i* c be discov]$ & br\ght to light only by inquiries m exact+ ?an ^? :i* tea* u ! conceal$ relation%ips involv$ 9 gross physical ph5om5a4 ,:at is n s g5]ally ackn[l$g$ is t ! und]ly+ & g5]ative conditions ( concrete behavior are social z well z organic3 mu* m social ?an organic z f> z ! manife/ation ( diff]5tial wants1 purposes & me?ods ( op]ation is conc]n$4 ,to ^? :o appreciate ?is fact1 x is evid5t t ! desires1 aims & /&>ds ( satisfaction :i* ! dogma ( 8natural0 economic processes & laws assumes are !mselves socially condition$ ph5om5a4 ,!y are reflections into ! s+ul> human be+ ( cu/oms & in/itutions2 !y are n natural1 t is1 8native10 organic prop5sities4 ,!y mirror a /ate ( civilization4 ,ev5 m true1 if possible1 is x t ! =m 9 :i* "w is done1 indu/ry c>ri$ on1 is ! outcome ( accumulat$ culture1 n an orig9al possession ( p]sons 9 _! own /ructure4 ,!re is little t c be call$ indu/ry & /ill less t con/itutes a /ore ( weal? until tools exi/1 & tools are ! results ( sl[ processes ( transmission4 ,! developm5t ( tools into ma*9es1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! indu/rial age1 0 made possible only by tak+ advantage ( sci5ce socially accumulat$ & transmitt$4 ,! te*nique ( employ+ tools & ma*9es 0 equally some?+ :i* _h to be le>n$2 x 0 no natural end[m5t b some?+ acquir$ by obs]v+ o!rs1 by in/ruction & communication4 ,^! s5t5ces are a poor & pallid way ( convey+ ! out/&+ fact4 ,!re are organic or native ne$s1 ( c\rse1 z = food1 protection & mates4 ,!re are innate /ructures :i* facilitate !m 9 secur+ ! ext]nal objects ?r\gh :i* !y are met4 ,b ! only k9d ( indu/ry !y are capable ( giv+ rise to is a prec>i\s livelihood obta9$ by ga!r+ su* edible plants & animals z *ance might ?r[ 9 ! way3 ! l[e/ type ( savag]y j em]g+ f a brute condition4 ,nor1 /rictly speak+1 c\ld !y effect ev5 ?is meag] result4 ,= because ( ! ph5om5on ( helpless infancy ev5 su* a primitive rgime dep5ds ^u ! assi/ance ( associat$ action1 includ+ t mo/ valuable =m ( assi/ance3 le>n+ f o!rs4 ,:at w\ld ev5 savage indu/ry be )\t ! use ( fire1 ( weapons1 ( wov5 articles1 all ( :i* involve communication & tradition8 ,! indu/rial rgime :i* ! au?ors ( 8natural0 economy contemplat$ presuppos$ wants1 tools1 mat]ials1 purposes1 te*niques & abilities 9 a ?\s& ways dep5d5t ^u associat$ behavior4 ,?us 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! au?ors ( ! doctr9e employ$ ! ^w 8artificial10 ^! ?+s 7 int5sely & cumulatively artificial4 ,:at !y 7 really aft] 0 a *ang$ direction ( cu/om & in/itutions4 ,! outcome ( ! acts ( ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 =w>d+ ! new indu/ry & comm]ce 0 a new set ( cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,! latt] 7 z mu* ext5sive & endur+ conjo9t modes ( life z 7 ^? :i* !y displac$2 m s 9 _! sweep & =ce4 ,! be>+ ( ?is fact ^u political !ory & practice is evid5t4 ,n only 7 ! wants & int5tions :i* actually op]at$ functions ( associat$ life1 b !y re-det]m9$ ! =ms & temp] ( ?is life4 ,a!nians did n buy ,sunday newspap]s1 make inve/m5ts 9 /ocks & bonds1 nor want motor c>s4 ,nor d we to-day want = ! mo/ "p beautiful bodies & beauty ( ar*itectural surr\nd+s4 ,we are mo/ly satisfi$ ) ! result ( cosmetics & ) ugly slums1 & (t5times ) equally ugly palaces4 ,we d n 8naturally0 or organically ne$ !m1 b we want !m4 ,if we d n dem& !m directly we dem& !m none ! less effectively4 ,= !y are necess>y consequ5ces ( ! ?+s ^u :i* we h set our he>ts4 ,9 o!r words1 a community wants 79 ! only intelligible s5se ( want+1 effective dem&7 ei!r education or ignorance1 lovely or squalid surr\nd+s1 railway tra9s or ox-c>ts1 /ocks & bonds1 pecuni>y pr(it or con/ructive arts1 accord+ z associat$ activity pres5ts ^! ?+s to !m habitually1 e/eems !m1 & supplies ! means ( atta9+ !m4 ,b t is only half ! tale4 ,associat$ behavior direct$ t[>d objects :i* fulfill wants n only produces ^? objects1 b br+s cu/oms & in/itutions into be+4 ,! indirect & un?\ght-( consequ5ces are usually m important ?an ! direct4 ,! fallacy ( suppos+ t ! new indu/rial rgime w\ld produce j & = ! mo/ "p only ! consequ5ces consci\sly =eca/ & aim$ at 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! fallacy t ! wants & ef=ts *>act]i/ic ( x 7 functions ( 8natural0 human be+s4 ,!y arose out ( in/itutionaliz$ action & !y result$ 9 in/itutionaliz$ action4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 ! results ( ! indu/rial revolution & ! consci\s int5tions ( ^? engag$ 9 x is a rem>kable case ( ! ext5t to :i* indirect consequ5ces ( conjo9t activity outweigh1 beyond ! possibility ( reckon+1 ! results directly contemplat$4 ,its outcome 0 ! developm5t ( ^? ext5sive & invisible bonds1 ^? 8great imp]sonal conc]ns1 organizations10 :i* n[ p]vasively affect ! ?9k+1 will+ & do+ ( ev]ybody1 & :i* h u%]$ 9 ! 8new era ( human relation%ips40 ,equally undream$ ( 0 ! effect ( ! massive organizations & complicat$ int]actions ^u ! /ate4 ,in/ead ( ! indep5d5t1 self-mov$ individuals contemplat$ by ! !ory1 we h /&>diz$ int]*angeable units4 ,p]sons are jo9$ toge!r1 n because !y h volunt>ily *os5 to be unit$ 9 ^! =ms1 b because va/ curr5ts are runn+ :i* br+ m5 toge!r4 ,gre5 & r$ l9es1 m>k+ out political b\nd>ies1 are on ! maps & affect legislation & jurisdiction ( c\rts1 b railways1 mails & telegraph-wires disreg>d !m4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! latt] influ5ce m pr(\ndly ^? liv+ )9 ! legal local units ?an d b\nd>y l9es4 ,! =ms ( associat$ action *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t economic ord] are s massive & ext5sive t !y det]m9e ! mo/ significant con/itu5ts ( ! public & ! resid5ce ( p[]4 ,inevitably !y rea* out to grasp ! ag5cies ( gov]nm5t2 !y are controll+ factors 9 legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,n *iefly because ( delib]ate & plann$ self-int]e/1 l>ge z may be its rle1 b because !y are ! mo/ pot5t & be/ organiz$ ( social =ces4 ,9 a ^w1 ! new =ms ( comb9$ action due to ! mod]n economic rgime control pres5t politics1 mu* z dyna/ic int]e/s controll$ ^? ( two c5turies ago4 ,!y affect ?9k+ & desire m ?an did ! int]e/s :i* =m]ly mov$ ! /ate4 ,we h spok5 z if ! displacem5t ( old legal & political in/itutions 0 all b complete4 ,t is a gross exagg]ation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( traditions & habits h h>dly be5 affect$ at all4 ,x is en\gh to m5tion ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,! navet ) :i* ! philosophy ( 8natural0 economics ignor$ ! effect ^u indu/ry & comm]ce ( ! legal /atus ( prop]ty1 ! way 9 :i* x id5tifi$ weal? & prop]ty 9 ! legal =m 9 :i* ! latt] _h exi/$1 is almo/ incr$ible to-day4 ,b ! simple fact is t te*nological indu/ry has n op]at$ ) any great degree ( fre$om4 ,x has be5 conf9$ & deflect$ at e po9t2 x has nev] tak5 its own c\rse4 ,! eng9e] has work$ 9 subord9ation to ! bus9ess manag] ^: prim>y conc]n is n ) weal? b ) ! int]e/s ( prop]ty z work$ out 9 ! feudal & semi-feudal p]iod4 ,?us ! "o po9t 9 :i* ! philosoph]s ( 8,individualism0 pr$ict$ truly 0 t 9 :i* !y did n pr$ict at all1 b 9 :i* !y m]ely cl>ifi$ & simplifi$ e/abli%$ wont & use3 :51 t is1 !y ass]t$ t ! ma9 bus9ess ( gov]nm5t is to make prop]ty int]e/s secure4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! indictm5ts :i* are n[ drawn aga9/ te*nological indu/ry are *>geable to ! un*ang$ p]si/5ce ( a legal in/itution inh]it$ f ! pre-indu/rial age4 ,x is confus+1 h[ev]1 to id5tify 9 a :olesale way ?is issue ) ! "q ( private prop]ty4 ,x is conceivable t private prop]ty may function socially4 ,x does s ev5 n[ to a consid]able degree4 ,o!rwise x c\ld n be support$ = a day4 ,! ext5t ( its social utility is :at bl9ds u to ! num]\s & great social disutilities t att5d its pres5t work+1 or at lea/ reconcile u to its cont9uation4 ,! real issue or at lea/ ! issue to be fir/ settl$ conc]ns ! conditions "u :i* ! in/itution ( private prop]ty legally & politically functions4 ,we ?us rea* our conclusion4 ,! same =ces :i* h br\ght ab\t ! =ms ( democratic gov]nm5t1 g5]al suffrage1 executives & legislators *os5 by majority vote1 h also br\ght ab\t conditions :i* halt ! social & humane ideals t dem& ! utilization ( gov]nm5t z ! g5u9e in/rum5tality ( an inclusive & frat]nally associat$ public4 8,! new age ( human relation%ips0 has no political ag5cies wor?y ( x4 ,! democratic public is /ill l>gely in*oate & unorganiz$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,public ,optimism ab\t democracy is to-day "u a cl\d4 ,we are famili> ) d5unciation & criticism :i*1 h[ev]1 (t5 reveal _! emotional s\rce 9 _! peevi% & undiscrim9at+ tone4 ,_m ( !m suff] f ! same error into :i* e>li] laudations fell4 ,!y assume t democracy is ! product ( an idea1 ( a s+le & consi/5t int5t4 ,c>lyle 0 no admir] ( democracy1 b 9 a lucid mom5t he said3 8,inv5t ! pr9t+ press & democracy is inevitable40 ,add to ?is3 ,inv5t ! railway1 ! telegraph1 mass manufacture & conc5tration ( population 9 urban c5t]s1 & "s =m ( democratic gov]nm5t is1 humanly speak+1 inevitable4 ,political democracy z x exi/s to-day calls = adv]se criticism 9 abundance4 ,b ! criticism is only an exhibition ( qu]ul\sness & sple5 or ( a sup]iority complex1 unless x takes cognizance ( ! conditions out ( :i* popul> gov]nm5t has issu$4 ,all intellig5t political criticism is comp>ative4 ,x deals n ) all-or-none situations1 b ) practical alt]natives2 an absoluti/ic indiscrim9ate attitude1 :e!r 9 praise or blame1 te/ifies to ! heat ( feel+ r ?an ! light ( ?\ght4 ,am]ican democratic polity 0 develop$ out ( g5u9e community life1 t is1 association 9 local & small c5t]s :]e indu/ry 0 ma9ly agricultural & :]e production 0 c>ri$ on ma9ly ) h& tools4 ,x took =m :5 ,engli% political habits & legal in/itutions work$ "u pione] conditions4 ,! =ms ( association 7 /able1 ev5 ?\gh _! units 7 mobile & migratory4 ,pione] conditions put a high premium ^u p]sonal "w1 skill1 +5uity1 initiative & adaptability1 & ^u neighborly sociability4 ,! t[n%ip or "s n mu* l>g] area 0 ! political unit1 ! t[n meet+ ! political m$ium1 & roads1 s*ools1 ! peace ( ! community1 7 ! political objectives4 ,! /ate 0 a sum ( su* units1 & ! national /ate a f$]ation--unless p]*ance a conf$]ation--( /ates4 ,! imag9ation ( ! f\nd]s did n travel f> beyond :at c\ld be accompli%$ & und]/ood 9 a cong]ies ( self-gov]n+ communities4 ,! ma*9]y provid$ = ! selection ( ! *ief executive ( ! f$]al union is illu/rative evid5ce4 ,! electoral college assum$ t citiz5s w\ld *oose m5 locally kn[n = _! high /&+2 & t ^! m5 :5 *os5 w\ld ga!r toge!r = consultation to "n "s "o kn[n to !m = 8 probity & public _s & k4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! s*eme fell into disuse is evid5ce ( ! transitor9ess ( ! /ate ( affairs t 0 pr$icat$4 ,b at ! outset !re 0 no dream ( ! "t :5 ! v names ( ! presid5tial electors w\ld be unkn[n to ! mass ( ! vot]s1 :5 !y w\ld plump = a 8ticket0 arrang$ 9 a m or less private caucus1 & :5 ! electoral college w\ld be an imp]sonal regi/]+ ma*9e1 su* t x w\ld be trea*]y to employ ! p]sonal judgm5t :i* 0 orig9ally contemplat$ z ! ess5ce ( ! affair4 ,! local conditions "u :i* our in/itutions took %ape is well indicat$ by our sy/em1 app>5tly s sy/emless1 ( public education4 ,any "o :o has tri$ to expla9 x to a ,european w und]/& :at is meant4 ,"o is ask$1 say1 :at me?od ( adm9i/ration is foll[$1 :at is ! c\rse ( /udy & :at ! au?oriz$ me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! ,am]ican memb] to ! dialogue replies t 9 ?is /ate1 or m likely c\nty1 or t[n1 or ev5 "s section ( a t[n call$ a di/rict1 matt]s /& ?us & ?us2 some:]e else1 s & s4 ,! p>ticipant f ?is side is p]haps ?\ght by ! =eign] to be engag$ 9 conceal+ 8 ignorance2 & x w\ld c]ta9ly take a v]itable cyclop$ic k to /ate ! matt] 9 its entirety4 ,! impossibility ( mak+ any mod]ately g5]aliz$ reply r5d]s x almo/ indisp5sable to resort to a hi/orical acc\nt 9 ord] to be intelligible4 ,a little colony1 ! memb]s ( :i* are probably mo/ly kn[n to "o ano!r 9 advance1 settle 9 :at is almo/1 or q1 a wild]ness4 ,f belief 9 its b5efits & by tradition1 *iefly religi\s1 !y wi% _! *ildr5 to "k at lea/ h[ to read1 write & figure4 ,families c only r>ely provide a tutor2 ! neighbors ov] a c]ta9 area1 9 ,new ,engl& an area small] ev5 ?an ! t[n%ip1 comb9e 9 a 8s*ool di/rict40 ,!y get a s*oolh\se built1 p]haps by _! own labor1 & hire a tea*] by means ( a committee1 & ! tea*] is paid f ! taxes4 ,cu/om det]m9es ! limit$ c\rse ( /udy1 & tradition ! me?ods ( ! tea*]1 modifi$ by :atev] p]sonal insight & skill he may br+ to be>4 ,! wild]ness is gradually subdu$2 a network ( highways1 !n ( railways1 unite ! previ\sly scatt]$ communities4 ,l>ge cities gr[ up2 /udies gr[ m num]\s & me?ods m c>efully scrut9iz$4 ,! l>g] unit1 ! /ate1 b n ! f$]al /ate1 provides s*ools = tra9+ tea*]s & _! qualifications are m c>efully look$ into & te/$4 ,b subject to c]ta9 q g5]al conditions impos$ by ! /ate-legislature1 b n ! national /ate1 local ma9t5ance & control rema9 ! rule4 ,! community patt]n is m complicat$1 b is n de/roy$4 ,! in/ance seems ri*ly in/ructive z to ! /ate ( affairs "u :i* our borr[$1 ,engli%1 political in/itutions 7 re%ap$ & =w>d$4 ,we h inh]it$1 9 %ort1 local t[n-meet+ practices & ideas4 ,b we live & act & h our be+ 9 a cont95tal national /ate4 ,we are held toge!r by non-political bonds1 & ! political =ms are /ret*$ & legal in/itutions pat*$ 9 an ad hoc & improvis$ mann] to d ! "w !y h to d4 ,political /ructures fix ! *annels 9 :i* non-political1 indu/rializ$ curr5ts fl[4 ,railways1 travel & transportation1 comm]ce1 ! mails1 telegraph & telephone1 newspap]s1 create en\gh simil>ity ( ideas & s5tim5ts to keep ! ?+ go+ z a :ole1 = !y create int]action & int]dep5d5ce4 ,! unprec$5t$ ?+ is t /ates1 z di/+ui%$ f milit>y empires1 c exi/ ov] su* a wide area4 ,! notion ( ma9ta9+ a unifi$ /ate1 ev5 nom9ally self-gov]n+1 ov] a c\ntry z ext5d$ z ! ,unit$ ,/ates & consi/+ ( a l>ge & racially div]sifi$ population w\ld once h seem$ ! wilde/ ( fancies4 ,x 0 assum$ t su* a /ate c\ld be f\nd only 9 t]ritories h>dly l>g] ?an a city-/ate & ) a homog5e\s population4 ,x seem$ almo/ self-evid5t to ,plato--z to ,r\sseau lat]--t a g5u9e /ate c\ld h>dly be l>g] ?an ! numb] ( p]sons capable ( p]sonal acqua9tance ) "o ano!r4 ,our mod]n /ate-unity is due to ! consequ5ces ( te*nology employ$ s z to facilitate ! rapid & easy circulation ( op9ions & in=mation1 & s z to g5]ate con/ant & intricate int]action f> beyond ! limits ( face-to-face communities4 ,political & legal =ms h only piece-meal & halt+ly1 ) great lag1 accommodat$ !mselves to ! indu/rial trans=mation4 ,! elim9ation ( di/ance1 at ! base ( :i* are physical ag5cies1 has call$ into be+ ! new =m ( political association4 ,! wond] ( ! p]=mance is ! great] because ( ! odds aga9/ :i* x has be5 a*iev$4 ,! /ream ( immigrants :i* has p\r$ 9 is s l>ge & het]og5e\s t "u conditions :i* =m]ly obta9$ x w\ld h disrupt$ any semblance ( unity z surely z ! migratory invasion ( ali5 hordes once upset ! social equilibrium ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,no delib]ately adopt$ measures c\ld h accompli%$ :at has actually happ5$4 ,me*anical =ces h op]at$1 & x is no cause = surprise if ! effect is m me*anical ?an vital4 ,! reception ( new elem5ts ( population 9 l>ge numb] f het]og5e\s peoples1 (t5 ho/ile to "o ano!r at home1 & ! weld+ !m into ev5 an outw>d %[ ( unity is an extraord9>y feat4 ,9 _m respects1 ! consolidation has occurr$ s rapidly & ru?lessly t mu* ( value has be5 lo/ :i* diff]5t peoples might h contribut$4 ,! creation ( political unity has also promot$ social & intellectual uni=mity1 a /&>dization favorable to m$iocrity4 ,op9ion has be5 regim5t$ z well z outw>d behavior4 ,! temp] & flavor ( ! pione] h evaporat$ ) extraord9>y rapidity2 _! precipitate1 z is (t5 not$1 is app>5t only 9 ! wild-we/ romance & ! movie4 ,:at ,bagehot call$ ! cake ( cu/om =m$ ) increas+ accel]ation1 & ! cake is too (t5 flat & soggy4 ,mass production is n conf9$ to ! factory4 ,! result+ political integration has conf\nd$ ! expectations ( e>li] critics ( popul> gov]nm5t z mu* z x mu/ surprise its e>ly back]s if !y are gaz+ f on high ^u ! pres5t sc5e4 ,! critics pr$ict$ dis9tegration1 in/ability4 ,!y =esaw ! new society fall+ ap>t1 dissolv+ into mutually repell5t animat$ gra9s ( s&4 ,!y1 too1 took s]i\sly ! !ory ( 8,individualism0 z ! basis ( democratic gov]nm5t4 ,a /ratification ( society into immemorial classes )9 :i* ea* p]son p]=m$ 8 /at$ duties accord+ to 8 fix$ position seem$ to !m ! only w>rant ( /ability4 ,!y _h no fai? t human be+s releas$ f ! pressure ( ?is sy/em c\ld hold toge!r 9 any unity4 ,h5ce !y prophesi$ a flux ( gov]nm5tal rgimes1 z individuals =m$ factions1 seiz$ p[]1 & !n lo/ x z "s newly improvis$ faction prov$ /rong]4 ,_h ! facts con=m$ to ! !ory ( ,individualism1 !y w\ld d\btless h be5 "r4 ,b1 l ! au?ors ( ! !ory1 !y ignor$ ! te*nological =ces mak+ = consolidation4 ,9 spite ( atta9$ integration1 or r p]haps because ( its nature1 ! ,public seems to be lo/2 x is c]ta9ly bewild]$4#aj ,! gov]nm5t1 (ficials & _! activities1 are pla9ly ) u4 ,legislatures make laws ) luxuri\s ab&on2 subord9ate (ficials engage 9 a los+ /ruggle to en=ce "s ( !m2 judges on ! b5* deal z be/ !y c ) ! /eadily m\nt+ pile ( disputes t come be=e !m4 ,b :]e is ! public :i* ^! (ficials are suppos$ to repres5t8 ,h[ mu* m is x ?an geographical names & (ficial titles8 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ate ( ,ohio or ,new ,york1 ! c\nty ( ?is & ! city ( t8 ,is ! public mu* m ?an :at a cynical diplomat once call$ ,italy3 a geographical expression8 ,j z philosoph]s once imput$ a sub/ance to qualities & traits 9 ord] t ! latt] might h some?+ 9 :i* to inh]e & !reby ga9 a conceptual solidity & consi/5cy :i* !y lack$ on _! face1 s p]haps our political 8common-s5se0 philosophy imputes a public only to support & sub/antiate ! behavior ( (ficials4 ,h[ c ! latt] be public (fic]s1 we despair+ly ask1 unless !re is a public8 ,if a public exi/s1 x is surely z unc]ta9 ab\t its own :]eab\ts z philosoph]s s9ce ,hume h be5 ab\t ! resid5ce & make-up ( ! self4 ,! numb] ( vot]s :o take advantage ( _! maje/ic "r is /eadily decreas+ 9 proportion to ^? :o might use x4 ,! ratio ( actual to eligible vot]s is n[ ab\t "o-half4 ,9 spite ( some:at frantic appeal & organiz$ ef=t1 ! endeavor to br+ vot]s to a s5se ( _! privileges & duties has s f> be5 not$ = failure4 ,a few prea* ! impot5ce ( all politics2 ! _m non*alantly practice ab/95ce & indulge 9 indirect action4 ,skepticism reg>d+ ! efficacy ( vot+ is op5ly express$1 n only 9 ! !ories ( intellectuals1 b 9 ! words ( l[br[ masses3 8,:at diff]5ce does x make :e!r ,i vote or n8 ,?+s g on j ! same anyway4 ,my vote nev] *ang$ any?+40 ,^? some:at m reflective add3 8,x is no?+ b a fight betwe5 ! ins & ! outs4 ,! only diff]5ce made by an election is z to :o get ! jobs1 draw ! sal>ies & %ake d[n ! plum tree40 ,^? /ill m incl9$ to g5]alization ass]t t ! :ole app>atus ( political activities is a k9d ( protective coloration to conceal ! fact t big bus9ess rules ! gov]nm5tal roo/ 9 any case4 ,bus9ess is ! ord] ( ! day1 & ! attempt to /op or deflect its c\rse is z futile z ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton essay+ to sweep back ! tides ) a broom4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o hold ^! op9ions w\ld pr(ess to be %ock$ if ! doctr9e ( economic det]m9ism 7 argum5tatively exp\nd$ to !m1 b !y act ^u a virtual belief 9 x4 ,nor is acceptance ( ! doctr9e limit$ to radical sociali/s4 ,x is implicit 9 ! attitude ( m5 ( big bus9ess & f9ancial int]e/s1 :o revile ! =m] z de/ructive 8,bol%evi/s40 ,= x is _! firm belief t 8prosp]ity0--a ^w :i* has tak5 on religi\s color--is ! great ne$ ( ! c\ntry1 t !y are its au?ors & gu>dians1 & h5ce by "r ! det]m9]s ( polity4 ,_! d5unciations ( ! 8mat]ialism0 ( sociali/s is bas$ simply ^u ! fact t ! latt] want a diff]5t di/ribution ( mat]ial =ce & well-be+ ?an t :i* satisfies ^? n[ 9 control4 ,! unfitness ( :atev] public exi/s1 ) respect to ! gov]nm5t :i* is nom9ally its organ1 is made manife/ 9 ! extra-legal ag5cies :i* h gr[n up4 ,int]m$i>y gr\ps are close/ to ! political conduct ( affairs4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,engli% lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury reg>d+ factions ) ! /atus actually occupi$ by p>ties4 ,factionalism 0 decri$ by all ?9k]s z ! *ief enemy to political /ability4 ,_! voice ( condemnation is re*o$ 9 ! writ+ ( e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury ,am]ican writ]s on politics4 ,ext5sive & consolidat$ factions "u ! "n ( p>ties are n[ n only a matt] ( c\rse1 b popul> imag9ation c conceive ( no o!r way by :i* (ficials may be select$ & gov]nm5tal affairs c>ri$ on4 ,! c5traliz+ movem5t has rea*$ a po9t :]e ev5 a ?ird p>ty c lead only a spasmodic & prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,in/ead ( individuals :o 9 ! privacy ( _! consci\sness make *oices :i* are c>ri$ into effect by p]sonal volition1 !re are citiz5s :o h ! bless$ opportunity to vote = a ticket ( m5 mo/ly unkn[n to !m1 & :i* is made up = !m by an "u-cov] ma*9e 9 a caucus ^: op]ations con/itute a k9d ( political pr$e/9ation4 ,!re are ^? :o speak z if ability to *oose betwe5 two tickets 7 a high ex]cise ( individual fre$om4 ,b x is h>dly ! k9d ( lib]ty contemplat$ by ! au?ors ( ! individuali/ic doctr9e4 8,nature abhors a vacuum40 ,:5 ! public is z unc]ta9 & obscure z x is to-day1 & h5ce z remote f gov]nm5t1 bosses ) _! political ma*9es fill ! void betwe5 gov]nm5t & ! public4 ,:o pulls ! /r+s :i* move ! bosses & g5]ates p[] to run ! ma*9es is a matt] ( surmise r ?an ( record1 save = an occasional ov]t sc&al4 ,q aside1 h[ev]1 f ! allegation t 8,big ,bus9ess0 plays ! tune & pulls ! /r+s to :i* bosses dance1 x is true t p>ties are n creators ( policies to any l>ge ext5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,= p>ties yield 9 piece-meal accommodation to social curr5ts1 irrespective ( pr(ess$ pr9ciples4 ,z ^! l9es are writt5 a weekly p]iodical rem>ks3 8,s9ce ! end ( ! ,civil ,w> practically all ! m important measures :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 f$]al legislation h be5 rea*$ )\t a national election :i* turn$ ^u ! issue & :i* divid$ ! two major p>ties40 ,re=m ( civil s]vice1 regulation ( railways1 popul> election ( s5ators1 national income tax1 suffrage = wom51 & prohibition are support$ to sub/antiate ! /atem5t4 ,h5ce its o!r rem>k appe>s ju/ifi$3 8,am]ican p>ty politics seem at times to be a device = prev5t+ issues :i* may excite popul> feel+ & involve bitt] controv]sies f be+ put up to ! ,am]ican p40 ,a negatively corroborat+ fact is se5 9 ! fate ( ! ,*ild ,labor am5dm5t4 ,! ne$ ( giv+ to ,congress p[] to regulate *ild labor1 d5i$ x by decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 _h be5 ass]t$ 9 ! plat=ms ( all political p>ties2 ! idea 0 endors$ by ! la/ ?ree ( ! presid5ts belong+ to ! p>ty 9 p[]4 ,yet s f>1 ! propos$ am5dm5t to ! con/itution has n begun to secure ! ne$$ support4 ,political p>ties may rule1 b !y d n gov]n4 ,! public is s confus$ & eclips$ t x _c ev5 use ! organs ?r\gh :i* x is suppos$ to m$iate political action & polity4 ,! same lesson is taught by ! breakd[n ( ! !ory ( ! responsibility ( elect$ repres5tatives to ! electorate1 to say no?+ ( _! alleg$ liability to be call$ be=e ! b> ( ! private judgm5t ( individuals4 ,x is at lea/ sugge/ive t ! t]ms ( ! !ory are be/ met 9 legislation ( ! 8pork-b>rel0 type4 ,!re a repres5tative may be call$ to acc\nt = failure to meet local desire1 or be rew>d$ = p]t9acity & success 9 fulfill+ its wi%es4 ,b only r>ely is ! !ory borne out 9 important matt]s1 al?\gh occasionally x works4 ,b ! in/ances are s infrequ5t t any skill$ political obs]v] c\ld enum]ate !m by "n4 ,! reason = ! lack ( p]sonal liability to ! electorate is evid5t4 ,! latt] is compos$ ( r amorph\s gr\ps4 ,_! political ideas & beliefs are mo/ly 9 abeyance betwe5 elections4 ,ev5 9 times ( political excitem5t1 artificially accel]at$1 _! op9ions are mov$ collectively by ! curr5t ( ! gr\p r ?an by indep5d5t p]sonal judgm5t4 ,z a rule1 :at decides ! fate ( a p]son :o comes up = election is nei!r 8 political excell5ce nor 8 political defects4 ,! curr5t runs = or aga9/ ! p>ty 9 p[] & ! individual c&idate s9ks or swims z runs ! curr5t4 ,at times !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( s5tim5t1 a def9ite tr5d 9 favor ( 8progressive legislation0 or a desire = a 8return to normalcy40 ,b ev5 !n only exceptional c&idates get by on any basis ( p]sonal responsibility to ! electorate4 ,! 8tidal wave0 swamps "s2 ! 8l&slide0 c>ries o!rs into (fice4 ,at o!r times1 habit1 p>ty funds1 ! skill ( manag]s ( ! ma*9e1 ! portrait ( a c&idate ) 8 firm jaw1 8 lovely wife & *ildr51 & a multitude ( o!r irrelevancies1 det]m9e ! issue4 ,^! scatt]$ comm5ts are n made 9 ! belief t !y convey any novel tru?4 ,su* ?+s are famili>2 !y are ! common-places ( ! political sc5e4 ,!y c\ld be ext5d$ indef9itely by any c>eful obs]v] ( ! sc5e4 ,! significant ?+ is t famili>ity has br$ indiff]5ce if n contempt4 ,indiff]5ce is ! evid5ce ( curr5t apa?y1 & apa?y is te/imony to ! fact t ! public is s bewild]$ t x _c f9d itself4 ,! rem>ks are n made ) a view to draw+ a conclusion4 ,!y are (f]$ ) a view to outl9+ a problem3 ,:at is ! public8 ,if !re is a public1 :at are ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( its recogniz+ & articulat+ itself8 ,is ! public a my?8 ,or does x come into be+ only 9 p]iods ( m>k$ social transition :5 crucial alt]native issues /& out1 su* z t betwe5 ?r[+ "o's lot 9 ) ! cons]vation ( e/abli%$ in/itutions or ) =w>d+ new t5d5cies8 ,9 a reaction aga9/ dyna/ic rule :i* has come to be felt z despotically oppressive8 ,9 a transf] ( social p[] f agr>ian classes to indu/rial8 ,is n ! problem at ! pres5t "t t ( secur+ exp]ts to manage adm9i/rative matt]s1 o!r ?an ! fram+ ( policies8 ,x may be urg$ t ! pres5t confusion & apa?y are due to ! fact t ! real en]gy ( society is n[ direct$ 9 all non-political matt]s by tra9$ speciali/s :o manage ?+s1 :ile politics are c>ri$ on ) a ma*9]y & ideas =m$ 9 ! pa/ to deal ) q ano!r sort ( situation4 ,!re is no p>ticul> public conc]n$ 9 f9d+ exp]t s*ool in/ructors1 compet5t doctors1 or bus9ess manag]s4 ,no?+ call$ a public int]v5es to in/ruct physicians 9 ! practice ( ! heal+ art or m]*ants 9 ! art ( salesman%ip4 ,! conduct ( ^! call+s & o!rs *>act]i/ic ( our "t are decid$ by sci5ce & pseudo-sci5ce4 ,! important gov]nm5tal affairs at pres5t1 x may be argu$1 are also te*nically complicat$ matt]s to be conduct$ prop]ly by exp]ts4 ,& if at pres5t p are n educat$ to ! recognition ( ! importance ( f9d+ exp]ts & ( entru/+ adm9i/ration to !m1 x may plausibly be ass]t$ t ! prime ob/ruction lies 9 ! sup]/iti\s belief t !re is a public conc]n$ to det]m9e ! =mation & execution ( g5]al social policies4 ,p]haps ! apa?y ( ! electorate is due to ! irrelevant artificiality ( ! issues ) :i* x is attempt$ to "w up factiti\s excitem5t4 ,p]haps ?is artificiality is 9 turn ma9ly due to ! survival ( political beliefs & ma*9]y f a p]iod :5 sci5ce & te*nology 7 s immature z n to p]mit ( a def9ite te*nique = h&l+ def9ite social situations & meet+ specific social ne$s4 ,! attempt to decide by law t ! leg5ds ( a primitive ,hebrew p reg>d+ ! g5esis ( man are m au?oritative ?an ! results ( sci5tific inquiry might be cit$ z a typical example ( ! sort ( ?+ :i* is b\nd to happ5 :5 ! accept$ doctr9e is t a public organiz$ = political purposes1 r ?an exp]ts guid$ by specializ$ inquiry1 is ! f9al umpire & arbit] ( issues4 ,! que/ions ( mo/ conc]n at pres5t may be said to be matt]s l sanitation1 public heal?1 heal?ful & adequate h\s+1 transportation1 plann+ ( cities1 regulation & di/ribution ( immigrants1 selection & managem5t ( p]sonnel1 "r me?ods ( in/ruction & prep>ation ( compet5t tea*]s1 sci5tific adju/m5t ( taxation1 effici5t managem5t ( funds1 & s on4 ,^! are te*nical matt]s1 z mu* s z ! con/ruction ( an effici5t eng9e = purposes ( traction or locomotion4 ,l x !y are to be settl$ by inquiry into facts2 & z ! inquiry c be c>ri$ on only by ^? especially equipp$1 s ! results ( inquiry c be utiliz$ only by tra9$ te*nicians4 ,:at has c\nt+ heads1 decision by majority & ! :ole app>atus ( traditional gov]nm5t to d ) su* ?+s8 ,giv5 su* consid]ations1 & ! public & its organization = political ends is n only a gho/1 b a gho/ :i* walks & talks1 & obscures1 confuses & misleads gov]nm5tal action 9 a disa/r\s way4 ,p]sonally ,i am f> f ?9k+ t su* consid]ations1 p]t95t z !y are to adm9i/rative activities1 cov] ! entire political field4 ,!y ignore =ces :i* h to be compos$ & resolv$ be=e te*nical & specializ$ action c come into play4 ,b !y aid 9 giv+ def9it5ess & po9t to a fundam5tal "q3 ,:at1 aft] all1 is ! public "u pres5t conditions8 ,:at are ! reasons = its eclipse8 ,:at h9d]s x f f9d+ & id5tify+ itself8 ,by :at means %all its in*oate & amorph\s e/ate be organiz$ into effective political action relevant to pres5t social ne$s & opportunities8 ,:at has happ5$ to ! ,public 9 ! c5tury & a half s9ce ! !ory ( political democracy 0 urg$ ) su* assurance & hope8 ,previ\s discussion has br\ght to light "s conditions out ( :i* ! public is g5]at$4 ,x has also set =? "s ( ! causes ?r\gh :i* a 8new age ( human relation%ips0 has be5 br\ght into be+4 ,^! two argum5ts =m ! premises :i*1 :5 !y are relat$ to ea* o!r1 w provide our answ] to ! que/ions j rais$4 ,indirect1 ext5sive1 endur+ & s]i\s consequ5ces ( conjo9t & int]act+ behavior call a public into exi/5ce hav+ a common int]e/ 9 controll+ ^! consequ5ces4 ,b ! ma*9e age has s enorm\sly exp&$1 multipli$1 int5sifi$ & complicat$ ! scope ( ! indirect consequ5ces1 h =m$ su* imm5se & consolidat$ unions 9 action1 on an imp]sonal r ?an a community basis1 t ! resultant public _c id5tify & di/+ui% itself4 ,& ?is discov]y is obvi\sly an antec$5t condition ( any effective organization on its "p4 ,su* is our !sis reg>d+ ! eclipse :i* ! public idea & int]e/ h und]gone4 ,!re are too _m publics & too mu* ( public conc]n = our exi/+ res\rces to cope )4 ,! problem ( a democratically organiz$ public is prim>ily & ess5tially an intellectual problem1 9 a degree to :i* ! political affairs ( prior ages (f] no p>allel4 ,our conc]n at ?is "t is to /ate h[ x is t ! ma*9e age 9 develop+ ! ,great ,society has invad$ & p>tially dis9tegrat$ ! small communities ( =m] times )\t g5]at+ a ,great ,community4 ,! facts are famili> en\gh2 our especial affair is to po9t out _! connections ) ! difficulties "u :i* ! organization ( a democratic public is labor+4 ,= ! v famili>ity ) ! ph5om5a conceals _! significance & bl9ds u to _! relation to imm$iate political problems4 ,! scope ( ! ,great ,w> furni%es an urg5t z well z conv5i5t />t+ po9t = ! discussion4 ,! ext5t ( t w> is unp>allel$1 because ! conditions involv$ 9 x are s new4 ,! dyna/ic conflicts ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are call$ by ! same "n3 we h only "o ^w1 8w>40 ,! sam5ess ( ! ^w too easily conceals f u ! diff]5ce 9 significance4 ,we ?9k ( all w>s z mu* ! same ?+1 only ! la/ "o 0 horrible beyond o!rs4 ,colonies 7 drawn 93 self-gov]n+ ones ent]$ volunt>ily2 possessions 7 levi$ ^u = troops2 alliances 7 =m$ ) remote c\ntries 9 spite ( div]sities ( race & culture1 z 9 ! cases ( ,great ,brita9 & ,japan1 ,g]many & ,turkey4 ,lit]ally e cont95t ^u ! globe 0 involv$4 ,indirect effects 7 z broad z direct4 ,n m]ely soldi]s1 b f9ance1 indu/ry & op9ion 7 mobiliz$ & consolidat$4 ,neutrality 0 a prec>i\s affair4 ,!re 0 a critical epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 ! ,roman ,empire assembl$ 9 itself ! l&s & peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,! ,_w ,w> /&s out z an indubitable pro( t :at !n happ5$ = a region has n[ happ5$ = ! _w1 only !re is n[ no compreh5sive political organization to include ! v>i\s divid$ yet int]dep5d5t c\ntries4 ,any "o :o ev5 p>tially visualizes ! sc5e has a conv9c+ rem9d] ( ! mean+ ( ! ,great ,society3 t x exi/s1 & t x is n integrat$4 ,ext5sive1 endur+1 intricate & s]i\s indirect consequ5ces ( ! conjo9t activity ( a comp>atively few p]sons trav]se ! globe4 ,! similes ( ! /one ca/ into ! pool1 n9ep9s 9 a r[1 ! sp>k :i* k9dles a va/ conflagration1 are pale 9 comp>ison ) ! reality4 ,! spread ( ! w> seem$ l ! movem5t ( an uncontroll$ natural cata/rophe4 ,! consolidation ( peoples 9 enclos$1 nom9ally indep5d5t1 national /ates has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! fact t _! acts affect gr\ps & individuals 9 o!r /ates all ov] ! _w4 ,! connections & ties :i* transf]r$ en]gies set 9 motion 9 "o spot to all p>ts ( ! e>? 7 n tangible & visible2 !y d n /& out z d politically b\nd$ /ates4 ,b ! w> is !re to %[ t !y are z real1 & to prove t !y are n organiz$ & regulat$4 ,x sugge/s t exi/+ political & legal =ms & arrangem5ts are incompet5t to deal ) ! situation4 ,= ! latt] is ! jo9t product ( ! exi/+ con/itution ( ! political /ate & ! work+ ( non-political =ces n adju/$ to political =ms4 ,we _c expect ! causes ( a disease to comb9e effectually to cure ! disease !y create4 ,! ne$ is t ! non-political =ces organize !mselves to trans=m exi/+ political /ructures3 t ! divid$ & tr\bl$ publics integrate4 ,9 g5]al1 ! non-political =ces are ! expressions ( a te*nological age inject$ into an inh]it$ political s*eme :i* op]ates to deflect & di/ort _! normal op]ation4 ,! indu/rial & comm]cial relations t creat$ ! situation ( :i* ! w> is a manife/ation are z evid5t 9 small ?+s z great4 ,!y 7 exhibit$1 n only 9 ! /ruggle = raw mat]ials1 = di/ant m>kets1 & 9 /agg]+ national debts1 b 9 local & unimportant ph5om5a4 ,travel]s f9d+ !mselves away f home c\ld n get _! lett]s ( cr$it ca%$ ev5 9 c\ntries n !n at w>4 ,/ock-m>kets clos$ on "o h&1 & pr(ite]s pil$ up _! millions on ! o!r4 ,"o in/ance may be cit$ f dome/ic affairs4 ,! plight ( ! f>m] s9ce ! w> has creat$ a dome/ic political issue4 ,a great dem& 0 g5]at$ = food & o!r agricultural products2 prices rose4 ,9 addition to ?is economic /imulus1 f>m]s 7 objects ( con/ant political exhortation to increase _! crops4 ,inflation & tempor>y prosp]ity foll[$4 ,! end ( active w>f>e came4 ,impov]i%$ c\ntries c\ld n buy & pay = food/uffs up to ev5 a pre-w> level4 ,taxes 7 enorm\sly increas$4 ,curr5cies 7 depreciat$2 ! _w's gold supply c5t]$ "h4 ,! /imulus ( w> & ( national extravagance pil$ up ! inv5tories ( factories & m]*ants4 ,wages & ! prices ( agricultural implem5ts increas$4 ,:5 deflation came x f\nd a re/rict$ m>ket1 increas$ co/s ( production1 & f>m]s burd5$ ) mortgages lightly assum$ dur+ ! p]iod ( fr5zi$ expansion4 ,?is in/ance is n cit$ because x is peculi>ly important 9 comp>ison ) o!r consequ5ces :i* h happ5$1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,x is relatively insignificant by contra/ ) !m1 & 9 contra/ ) ! ar\sal ( nationali/ic s5tim5ts :i* has ev]y:]e tak5 place s9ce ! w> 9 s-call$ backw>d c\ntries4 ,b x %[s ! ramify+ consequ5ces ( our intricate & int]dep5d5t economic relations1 & x %[s h[ little prevision & regulation exi/4 ,! f>m+ population c\ld h>dly h act$ ) k ( ! consequ5ces ( ! fundam5tal relations 9 :i* !y 7 implicat$4 ,!y c\ld make a mom5t>y & improvis$ response to !m1 b !y c\ld n manage _! affairs 9 controll$ adaptation to ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,!y pres5t !mselves z hapless subjects ( ov]:elm+ op]ations ) :i* !y 7 h>dly acqua9t$ & ov] :i* !y _h no m control ?an ov] ! vicissitudes ( climate4 ,! illu/ration _c be object$ to on ! gr\nd t x re/s ^u ! abnormal situation ( w>4 ,! w> itself 0 a normal manife/ation ( ! und]ly+ un9tegrat$ /ate ( society4 ,! local face-to-face community has be5 invad$ by =ces s va/1 s remote 9 initiation1 s f>-rea*+ 9 scope & s complexly indirect 9 op]ation1 t !y are1 f ! /&po9t ( ! memb]s ( local social units1 unkn[n4 ,man1 z has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 has difficulty 9 gett+ on ei!r ) or )\t 8 fell[s1 ev5 9 neighborhoods4 ,he is n m successful 9 gett+ on ) !m :5 !y act at a great di/ance 9 ways invisible to him4 ,an in*oate public is capable ( organization only :5 indirect consequ5ces are p]ceiv$1 & :5 x is possible to project ag5cies :i* ord] _! occurr5ce4 ,at pres5t1 _m consequ5ces are felt r ?an p]ceiv$2 !y are suff]$1 b !y _c be said to be kn[n1 = !y are n1 by ^? :o exp]i5ce !m1 ref]r$ to _! orig9s4 ,x goes1 !n1 )\t say+ t ag5cies are n e/abli%$ :i* canalize ! /reams ( social action & !reby regulate !m4 ,h5ce ! publics are amorph\s & un>ticulat$4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 a man might ent]ta9 a few g5]al political pr9ciples & apply !m ) "s confid5ce4 ,a citiz5 believ$ 9 /ates' rights or 9 a c5traliz$ f$]al gov]nm5t2 9 free trade or protection4 ,x did n involve mu* m5tal /ra9 to imag9e t by ?r[+ 9 8 lot ) "o p>ty or ano!r he c\ld s express 8 views t 8 belief w\ld c\nt 9 gov]nm5t4 ,= ! av]age vot] to-day ! t>iff "q is a complicat$ m$ley ( inf9ite detail1 s*$ules ( rates specific & ad valorem on c\ntless ?+s1 _m ( :i* he does n recognize by "n1 & ) respect to :i* he c =m no judgm5t4 ,probably n "o vot] 9 a ?\s& ev5 reads ! scores ( pages 9 :i* ! rates ( toll are enum]at$ & he w\ld n be mu* wis] if he did4 ,! av]age man gives x up z a bad job4 ,at election "t1 appeal to "s "t-worn slogan may galvanize him into a tempor>y notion t he has convictions on an important subject1 b except = manufactur]s & deal]s :o h "s int]e/ at /ake 9 ?is or t s*$ule1 belief lacks ! qualities :i* atta* to beliefs ab\t matt]s ( p]sonal conc]n4 ,indu/ry is too complex & intricate4 ,aga9 ! vot] may by p]sonal pr$ilection or inh]it$ belief incl9e t[>ds magnify+ ! scope ( local gov]nm5ts & inveigh aga9/ ! evils ( c5tralization4 ,b he is vehem5tly sure ( social evils att5d+ ! liquor traffic4 ,he f9ds t ! prohibitory law ( 8 locality1 t[n%ip1 c\nty or /ate1 is l>gely nullifi$ by ! importation ( liquor f outside1 made easy by mod]n means ( transportation4 ,s he becomes an advocate ( a national am5dm5t giv+ ! c5tral gov]nm5t p[] to regulate ! manufacture & sale ( intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,?is br+s 9 its tra9 a necess>y ext5sion ( f$]al (ficials & p[]s4 ,?us to-day1 ! s\?1 ! traditional home ( ! /ates' rights doctr9e1 is ! *ief support] ( national prohibition & ,vol/ead ,act4 ,x w\ld n be possible to say h[ _m vot]s h ?\ght ( ! relation betwe5 _! pr(ess$ g5]al pr9ciple & _! special position on ! liquor "q3 probably n _m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 life-long ,hamiltonians1 proclaim]s ( ! dang]s ( p>ticul>i/ic local autonomy1 are oppos$ to prohibition4 ,h5ce !y play a tune ad hoc on ! ,jeff]sonian flute4 ,gibes at inconsi/5cy are1 h[ev]1 z irrelevant z !y are easy4 ,! social situation has be5 s *ang$ by ! factors ( an indu/rial age t traditional g5]al pr9ciples h little practical mean+4 ,!y p]si/ z emotional cries r ?an z reason$ ideas4 ,! same criss-cross+ occurs ) ref]5ce to regulation ( railways4 ,! oppon5t ( a /rong f$]al gov]nm5t f9ds1 be+ a f>m] or %ipp]1 t rates are too high2 he also f9ds t railways pay little att5tion to /ate b\nd>ies1 t l9es once local are p>ts ( va/ sy/ems & t /ate legislation & adm9i/ration are ineffectual = 8 purpose4 ,he calls = national regulation4 ,"s p>tisan ( ! p[]s ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ an inve/or 9 /ocks & bonds1 f9ds t 8 income is likely to be unfavorably affect$ by f$]al action & he promptly prote/s aga9/ ! vexati\s t5d5cy to appeal to national aid1 :i* has n[ become 9 8 eyes a fooli% pat]nalism4 ,! developm5ts ( indu/ry & comm]ce h s complicat$ affairs t a cle>-cut1 g5]ally applicable1 /&>d ( judgm5t becomes practically impossible4 ,! =e/ _c be se5 = ! trees nor ! trees = ! =e/4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! %ift ( ! actual t5or ( doctr9es--t is1 ( _! consequ5ces 9 application--is pres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ,individualism1 int]pret$ to signify a m9imum ( gov]nm5tal 8int]f]5ce0 ) indu/ry & trade4 ,at ! outset1 x 0 held by 8progressives10 by ^? :o 7 prote/+ aga9/ ! inh]it$ rgime ( rules ( law & adm9i/ration4 ,ve/$ int]e/s1 on ! contr>y1 7 ma9ly 9 favor ( ! old /atus4 ,to-day ! indu/rial-prop]ty rgime be+ e/abli%$1 ! doctr9e is ! intellectual bulw>k ( ! /&patt] & reaction>y4 ,he x is t n[ wants to be let alone1 & :o utt]s ! w>-cry ( lib]ty = private indu/ry1 ?rift1 contract & _! pecuni>y fruit4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "n 8lib]al10 z a p>ty designation1 is /ill employ$ to designate a progressive 9 political matt]s4 ,9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 ! 8lib]al0 p>ty is t :i* repres5ts e/abli%$ & ve/$ comm]cial & f9ancial int]e/s 9 prote/ aga9/ gov]nm5tal regulation4 ,! irony ( hi/ory is n[h]e m evid5t ?an 9 ! rev]sal ( ! practical mean+ ( ! t]m 8lib]alism0 9 spite ( a lit]al cont9uity ( !ory4 ,political apa?y1 :i* is a natural product ( ! discrepancies betwe5 actual practices & traditional ma*9]y1 ensues f inability to id5tify "o's self ) def9ite issues4 ,^! are h>d to f9d & locate 9 ! va/ complexities ( curr5t life4 ,:5 traditional w>-cries h lo/ _! import 9 practical policies :i* are consonant ) !m1 !y are readily dismiss$ z bunk4 ,only habit & tradition1 r ?an reason$ conviction1 toge!r ) a vague fai? 9 do+ "o's civic duty1 s5d to ! polls a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! fifty p] c5t4 :o /ill vote4 ,& ( !m x is a common rem>k t a l>ge numb] vote aga9/ some?+ or somebody r ?an = any?+ or anybody1 except :5 p[]ful ag5cies create a sc>e4 ,! old pr9ciples d n fit contempor>y life z x is liv$1 h[ev] well !y may h express$ ! vital int]e/s ( ! times 9 :i* !y arose4 ,?\s&s feel _! holl[ness ev5 if !y _c make _! feel+ articulate4 ,! confusion :i* has result$ f ! size & ramifications ( social activities has r5d]$ m5 skeptical ( ! effici5cy ( political action4 ,:o is suffici5t unto ^! ?+s8 ,m5 feel t !y are caught 9 ! sweep ( =ces too va/ to und]/& or ma/]4 ,?\ght is br\ght to a /&/ill & action p>alyz$4 ,ev5 ! speciali/ f9ds x difficult to trace ! *a9 ( 8cause & effect02 & ev5 he op]ates only aft] ! ev5t1 look+ backw>d1 :ile meantime social activities h mov$ on to effect a new /ate ( affairs4 ,simil> consid]ations acc\nt = depreciation ( ! ma*9]y ( democratic political action 9 contra/ ) a ris+ appreciation ( ! ne$ ( exp]t adm9i/rators4 ,= example1 "o ( ! by-products ( ! w> 0 ! inve/m5t ( ! gov]nm5t at ,muscle ,%oals = ! manufacture ( nitrog51 a *emical product ( great importance to ! f>m]1 z well z to armies 9 ! field4 ,! disposition & utilization ( ! plant h become matt]s ( political dispute4 ,! que/ions involv$1 que/ions ( sci5ce1 agriculture1 indu/ry & f9ance1 are highly te*nical4 ,h[ _m vot]s are compet5t to measure all ! factors involv$ 9 arriv+ at a decision8 ,& if !y 7 compet5t aft] /udy+ x1 h[ _m h ! "t to devote to x8 ,x is true t ?is matt] does n come be=e ! electorate directly1 b ! te*nical difficulty ( ! problem is reflect$ 9 ! confus$ p>alysis ( ! legislators ^: bus9ess x is to deal ) x4 ,! confus$ situation is fur!r complicat$ by ! inv5tion ( o!r & *eap] me?ods ( produc+ nitrates4 ,aga91 ! rapid developm5t ( hydro-electric & sup]-p[] is a matt] ( public conc]n4 ,9 ! long run1 few que/ions exce$ x 9 importance4 ,aside f bus9ess corporations :i* h a direct int]e/ 9 x & "s eng9e]s1 h[ _m citiz5s h ! data or ! ability to secure & e/imate ! facts involv$ 9 its settlem5t8 ,"o fur!r illu/ration3 ,two ?+s :i* intimately conc]n a local public are /reet-railway transportation & ! m>ket+ ( food products4 ,b ! hi/ory ( municipal politics %[s 9 mo/ cases a fl>e-up ( int5se int]e/ foll[$ by a p]iod ( indiff]5ce4 ,results come home to ! masses ( ! p4 ,b ! v size1 het]og5eity & nobility ( urban populations1 ! va/ capital requir$1 ! te*nical "* ( ! eng9e]+ problems involv$1 soon tire ! att5tion ( ! av]age vot]4 ,i ?9k ! ?ree in/ances are fairly typical4 ,! ramification ( ! issues be=e ! public is s wide & intricate1 ! te*nical matt]s involv$ are s specializ$1 ! details are s _m & s %ift+1 t ! public _c = any l5g? ( "t id5tify & hold itself4 ,x is n t !re is no public1 no l>ge body ( p]sons hav+ a common int]e/ 9 ! consequ5ces ( social transactions4 ,!re is too mu* public1 a public too diffus$ & scatt]$ & too intricate 9 composition4 ,& !re are too _m publics1 = conjo9t actions :i* h indirect1 s]i\s & endur+ consequ5ces are multitud9\s beyond comp>ison1 & ea* "o ( !m crosses ! o!rs & g5]ates its own gr\p ( p]sons especially affect$ ) little to hold ^! diff]5t publics toge!r 9 an integrat$ :ole4 ,! picture is n complete )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! _m competitors ) effective political int]e/4 ,political conc]ns h1 ( c\rse1 always _h /rong rivals4 ,p]sons h always be51 = ! mo/ "p1 tak5 up ) _! m imm$iate "w & play4 ,! p[] ( 8bread & ! circus0 to div]t att5tion f public matt]s is an old /ory4 ,b n[ ! indu/rial conditions :i* h enl>g$1 complicat$ & multipli$ public int]e/s h also multipli$ & int5sifi$ =midable rivals to !m4 ,9 c\ntries :]e political life has be5 mo/ successfully conduct$ 9 ! pa/1 !re 0 a class specially set aside1 z x 71 :o made political affairs _! special bus9ess4 ,ari/otle c\ld n conceive a body ( citiz5s compet5t to c>ry on politics consi/+ ( o!rs ?an ^? :o _h leisure1 t is1 ( ^? :o 7 reliev$ f all o!r preoccupations1 especially t ( mak+ a livelihood4 ,political life1 till rec5t times1 bore out 8 belief4 ,^? :o took an active "p 9 politics 7 8g5tlem510 p]sons :o _h _h prop]ty & money long en\gh1 & en\gh ( x1 s t its fur!r pursuit 0 vulg> & b5ea? _! /ation4 ,to-day1 s great & p[]ful is ! sweep ( ! indu/rial curr5t1 ! p]son ( leisure is usually an idle p]son4 ,p]sons h _! own bus9ess to att5d to1 & 8bus9ess0 has its own precise & specializ$ mean+4 ,politics ?us t5ds to become j ano!r 8bus9ess03 ! especial conc]n ( bosses & ! manag]s ( ! ma*9e4 ,! increase 9 ! numb]1 v>iety & *eapness ( amusem5ts repres5ts a p[]ful div]sion f political conc]n4 ,! memb]s ( an in*oate public h too _m ways ( enjoym5t1 z well z ( "w1 to give mu* ?\ght to organization into an effective public4 ,man is a consum+ & sportive animal z well z a political "o4 ,:at is significant is t access to means ( amusem5t has be5 r5d]$ easy & *eap beyond any?+ kn[n 9 ! pa/4 ,! pres5t era ( 8prosp]ity0 may n be endur+4 ,b ! movie1 radio1 *eap read+ matt] & motor c> ) all !y /& = h come to /ay4 ,t !y did n orig9ate 9 delib]ate desire to div]t att5tion f political int]e/s does n less5 _! effectiv5ess 9 t direction4 ,! political elem5ts 9 ! con/itution ( ! human be+1 ^? hav+ to d ) citiz5%ip1 are cr[d$ to "o side4 ,9 mo/ circles x is h>d "w to su/a9 conv]sation on a political !me2 & once initiat$1 x is quickly dismiss$ ) a yawn4 ,let !re be introduc$ ! topic ( ! me*anism & accompli%m5t ( v>i\s makes ( motor c>s or ! respective m]its ( actresses1 & ! dialogue goes on at a lively pace4 ,! ?+ to be rememb]$ is t ?is *eap5$ & multipli$ access to amusem5t is ! product ( ! ma*9e age1 int5sifi$ by ! bus9ess tradition :i* causes provision ( means = an enjoyable pass+ ( "t to be "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable ( occupations4 ,"o phase ( ! work+s ( a te*nological age1 ) its unprec$5t$ comm& ( natural en]gies1 :ile x is impli$ 9 :at has be5 said1 ne$s explicit att5tion4 ,! old] publics1 9 be+ local communities1 l>gely homog5e\s ) "o ano!r1 7 also1 z ! phrase goes1 /atic4 ,!y *ang$1 ( c\rse1 b b>r+ w>1 cata/rophe & great migrations1 ! modifications 7 gradual4 ,!y proce$$ sl[ly & 7 l>gely unp]ceiv$ by ^? und]go+ !m4 ,! new] =ces h creat$ mobile & fluctuat+ associational =ms4 ,! common compla9ts ( ! dis9tegration ( family life may be plac$ 9 evid5ce4 ,! movem5t f rural to urban assemblies is also ! result & pro( ( ?is mobility4 ,no?+ /ays long put1 n ev5 ! associations by :i* bus9ess & indu/ry are c>ri$ on4 ,! mania = motion & spe$ is a symptom ( ! re/less in/ability ( social life1 & x op]ates to int5sify ! causes f :i* x spr+s4 ,/eel replaces wood & masonry = build+s2 f]ro-concrete modifies /eel1 & "s inv5tion may "w a fur!r revolution4 ,muscle ,%oals 0 acquir$ to produce nitrog51 & new me?ods h already made antiquat$ ! suppos$ ne$ ( great accumulation ( wat] p[]4 ,any select$ illu/ration suff]s because ( ! het]og5e\s mass ( cases to select f4 ,h[ c a public be organiz$1 we may ask1 :5 lit]ally x does n /ay 9 place8 ,only deep issues or ^? :i* c be made to appe> su* c f9d a common d5om9ator among all ! %ift+ & un/able relation%ips4 ,atta*m5t is a v diff]5t function ( life f affection4 ,affections w cont9ue z long z ! he>t beats4 ,b atta*m5t requires some?+ m ?an organic causes4 ,! v ?+s :i* /imulate & int5sify affections may und]m9e atta*m5ts4 ,= ^! are br$ 9 tranquil /ability2 !y are n\ri%$ 9 con/ant relation%ips4 ,accel]ation ( mobility di/urbs !m at _! root4 ,& )\t abid+ atta*m5ts associations are too %ift+ & %ak5 to p]mit a public readily to locate & id5tify itself4 ,! new era ( human relation%ips 9 :i* we live is "o m>k$ by mass production = remote m>kets1 by cable & telephone1 by *eap pr9t+1 by railway & /eam navigation4 ,only geographically did ,columbus discov] a new _w4 ,! actual new _w has be5 g5]at$ 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,/eam & electricity h done m to alt] ! conditions "u :i* m5 associate toge!r ?an all ! ag5cies :i* affect$ human relation%ips be=e our "t4 ,!re are ^? :o lay ! blame = all ! evils ( our lives on /eam1 electricity & ma*9]y4 ,x is always conv5i5t to h a devil z well z a savior to be> ! responsibilities ( humanity4 ,9 reality1 ! tr\ble spr+s r f ! ideas & abs5ce ( ideas 9 connection ) :i* te*nological factors op]ate4 ,m5tal & moral beliefs & ideals *ange m sl[ly ?an outw>d conditions4 ,if ! ideals associat$ ) ! high] life ( our cultural pa/ h be5 impair$1 ! fault is prim>ily ) !m4 ,ideals & /&>ds =m$ )\t reg>d to ! means by :i* !y are to be a*iev$ & inc>nat$ 9 fle% are b\nd to be ?9 & wav]+4 ,s9ce ! aims1 desires & purposes creat$ by a ma*9e age d n connect ) tradition1 !re are two sets ( rival ideals1 & ^? :i* h actual in/rum5talities at _! disposal h ! advantage4 ,because ! two are rivals & because ! old] ones reta9 _! glamor & s5tim5tal pre/ige 9 lit]ature & religion1 ! new] ones are p]=ce h>% & n>r[4 ,= ! old] symbols ( ideal life /ill engage ?\ght & comm& loyalty4 ,conditions h *ang$1 b e aspect ( life1 f religion & education to prop]ty & trade1 %[s t no?+ approa*+ a trans=mation has tak5 place 9 ideas & ideals4 ,symbols control s5tim5t & ?\ght1 & ! new age has no symbols consonant ) its activities4 ,intellectual in/rum5talities = ! =mation ( an organiz$ public are m inadequate ?an its ov]t means4 ,! ties :i* hold m5 toge!r 9 action are num]\s1 t\gh & subtle4 ,b !y are invisible & intangible4 ,we h ! physical tools ( communication z nev] be=e4 ,! ?\ghts & aspirations congru\s ) !m are n communicat$1 & h5ce are n common4 ,)\t su* communication ! public w rema9 %ad[y & =mless1 seek+ spasmodically = itself1 b seiz+ & hold+ its %ad[ r ?an its sub/ance4 ,till ! ,great ,society is conv]t$ into a ,great ,community1 ! ,public w rema9 9 eclipse4 ,communication c alone create a great community4 ,our ,babel is n "o ( tongues b ( ! signs & symbols )\t :i* %>$ exp]i5ce is impossible4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,great ,,community ,we h _h occasion to ref] 9 pass+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 democracy z a social idea & political democracy z a sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,! two are1 ( c\rse1 connect$4 ,! idea rema9s b>r5 & empty save z x is inc>nat$ 9 human relation%ips4 ,yet 9 discussion !y mu/ be di/+ui%$4 ,! idea ( democracy is a wid] & full] idea ?an c be exemplifi$ 9 ! /ate ev5 at its be/4 ,to be realiz$ x mu/ affect all modes ( human association1 ! family1 ! s*ool1 indu/ry1 religion4 ,& ev5 z f> z political arrangem5ts are conc]n$1 gov]nm5tal in/itutions are b a me*anism = secur+ to an idea *annels ( effective op]ation4 ,x w h>dly d to say t criticisms ( ! political ma*9]y leave ! believ] 9 ! idea unt\*$4 ,=1 z f> z !y are ju/ifi$--& no c&id believ] c d5y t _m ( !m are only too well gr\nd$--!y ar\se him to be/ir himself 9 ord] t ! idea may f9d a m adequate ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* to "w4 ,:at ! fai?ful insi/ ^u1 h[ev]1 is t ! idea & its ext]nal organs & /ructures are n to be id5tifi$4 ,we object to ! common supposition ( ! foes ( exi/+ democratic gov]nm5t t ! accusations aga9/ x t\* ! social & moral aspirations & ideas :i* und]lie ! political =ms4 ,! old say+ t ! cure = ! ills ( democracy is m democracy is n apt if x means t ! evils may be rem$i$ by introduc+ m ma*9]y ( ! same k9d z t :i* already exi/s1 or by ref9+ & p]fect+ t ma*9]y4 ,b ! phrase may also indicate ! ne$ ( return+ to ! idea itself1 ( cl>ify+ & deep5+ our appreh5sion ( x1 & ( employ+ our s5se ( its mean+ to criticize & re-make its political manife/ations4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 = ! mom5t1 to political democracy1 we mu/1 9 any case1 r5ew our prote/ aga9/ ! assumption t ! idea has itself produc$ ! gov]nm5tal practices :i* obta9 9 democratic /ates3 ,g5]al suffrage1 elect$ repres5tatives1 majority rule1 & s on4 ,! idea has influ5c$ ! concrete political movem5t1 b x has n caus$ x4 ,! transition f family & dyna/ic gov]nm5t support$ by ! loyalties ( tradition to popul> gov]nm5t 0 ! outcome prim>ily ( te*nological discov]ies & inv5tions work+ a *ange 9 ! cu/oms by :i* m5 _h be5 b\nd toge!r4 ,x 0 n due to ! doctr9es ( doctr9aires4 ,! =ms to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 democratic gov]nm5ts repres5t ! cumulative effect ( a multitude ( ev5ts1 unprem$itat$ z f> z political effects 7 conc]n$ & hav+ unpr$ictable consequ5ces4 ,!re is no sanctity 9 univ]sal suffrage1 frequ5t elections1 majority rule1 congressional & cab9et gov]nm5t4 ,^! ?+s are devices evolv$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t 0 mov+1 ea* wave ( :i* involv$ at ! "t ( its impulsion a m9imum ( dep>ture f antec$5t cu/om & law4 ,! devices s]v$ a purpose2 b ! purpose 0 r t ( meet+ exi/+ ne$s :i* _h become too int5se to be ignor$1 ?an t ( =w>d+ ! democratic idea4 ,9 spite ( all defects1 !y s]v$ _! own purpose well4 ,look+ back1 ) ! aid :i* ex po/ facto exp]i5ce c give1 x w\ld be h>d = ! wise/ to devise s*emes :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 w\ld h met ! ne$s bett]4 ,9 ?is retrospective glance1 x is possible1 h[ev]1 to see h[ ! doctr9al =mulations :i* accompani$ !m 7 inadequate1 "o-sid$ & positively errone\s4 ,9 fact !y 7 h>dly m ?an political w>-cries adopt$ to help 9 c>ry+ on "s imm$iate agitation or 9 ju/ify+ "s p>ticul> practical polity /ruggl+ = recognition1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 ass]t$ to be absolute tru?s ( human nature or ( morals4 ,! doctr9es s]v$ a p>ticul> local pragmatic ne$4 ,b (t5 _! v adaptation to imm$iate circum/ances unfitt$ !m1 pragmatically1 to meet m endur+ & m ext5sive ne$s4 ,!y liv$ to cumb] ! political gr\nd1 ob/ruct+ progress1 all ! m s because !y 7 utt]$ & held n z hypo!ses ) :i* to direct social exp]im5tation b z f9al tru?s1 dogmas4 ,no wond] !y call urg5tly = revision & displacem5t4 ,nev]!less ! curr5t has set /eadily 9 "o direction3 t[>d democratic =ms4 ,t gov]nm5t exi/s to s]ve its community1 & t ?is purpose _c be a*iev$ unless ! community itself %>es 9 select+ its gov]nors & det]m9+ _! policies1 are a deposit ( fact left1 z f> z we c see1 p]man5tly 9 ! wake ( doctr9es & =ms1 h[ev] transitory ! latt]4 ,!y are n ! :ole ( ! democratic idea1 b !y express x 9 its political phase4 ,belief 9 ?is political aspect is n a my/ic fai? z if 9 "s ov]rul+ provid5ce t c>es = *ildr51 drunk>ds & o!rs unable to help !mselves4 ,x m>ks a well-atte/$ conclusion f hi/oric facts4 ,we h e reason to ?9k t :atev] *anges may take place 9 exi/+ democratic ma*9]y1 !y w be ( a sort to make ! int]e/ ( ! public a m supreme guide & crit]ion ( gov]nm5tal activity1 & to enable ! public to =m & manife/ its purposes /ill m au?oritatively4 ,9 ?is s5se ! cure = ! ailm5ts ( democracy is m democracy4 ,! prime difficulty1 z we h se51 is t ( discov]+ ! means by :i* a scatt]$1 mobile & manifold public may s recognize itself z to def9e & express its int]e/s4 ,?is discov]y is necess>ily prec$5t to any fundam5tal *ange 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,we are n conc]n$ !re=e to set =? c\nsels z to advisable improvem5ts 9 ! political =ms ( democracy4 ,_m h be5 sugge/$4 ,x is no d]ogation ( _! relative wor? to say t consid]ation ( ^! *anges is n at pres5t an affair ( prim>y importance4 ,! problem lies deep]2 x is 9 ! fir/ in/ance an intellectual problem3 ! se>* = conditions "u :i* ! ,great ,society may become ! ,great ,community4 ,:5 ^! conditions are br\ght into be+ !y w make _! own =ms4 ,until !y h come ab\t1 x is some:at futile to consid] :at political ma*9]y w suit !m4 ,9 a se>* = ! conditions "u :i* ! in*oate public n[ extant may function democratically1 we may proce$ f a /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! democratic idea 9 its g5]ic social s5se4#aa ,f ! /&po9t ( ! individual1 x consi/s 9 hav+ a responsible %>e accord+ to capacity 9 =m+ & direct+ ! activities ( ! gr\ps to :i* "o belongs & 9 p>ticipat+ accord+ to ne$ 9 ! values :i* ! gr\ps su/a94 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! gr\ps1 x dem&s lib]ation ( ! pot5tialities ( memb]s ( a gr\p 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/s & goods :i* are common4 ,s9ce e individual is a memb] ( _m gr\ps1 ?is specification _c be fulfill$ except :5 diff]5t gr\ps int]act flexibly & fully 9 connection ) o!r gr\ps4 ,a memb] ( a robb] b& may express 8 p[]s 9 a way consonant ) belong+ to t gr\p & be direct$ by ! int]e/ common to its memb]s4 ,b he does s only at ! co/ ( repression ( ^? ( 8 pot5tialities :i* c be realiz$ only ?r\gh memb]%ip 9 o!r gr\ps4 ,! robb] b& _c int]act flexibly ) o!r gr\ps2 x c act only ?r\gh isolat+ itself4 ,x mu/ prev5t ! op]ation ( all int]e/s save ^? :i* circumscribe x 9 its sep>at5ess4 ,b a good citiz5 f9ds 8 conduct z a memb] ( a political gr\p enri*+ & enri*$ by 8 p>ticipation 9 family life1 indu/ry1 sci5tific & arti/ic associations4 ,!re is a free give-&-take3 fullness ( integrat$ p]sonality is !re=e possible ( a*ievem5t1 s9ce ! pulls & responses ( diff]5t gr\ps ren=ce "o ano!r & _! values accord4 ,reg>d$ z an idea1 democracy is n an alt]native to o!r pr9ciples ( associat$ life4 ,x is ! idea ( community life itself4 ,x is an ideal 9 ! only intelligible s5se ( an ideal3 namely1 ! t5d5cy & movem5t ( "s ?+ :i* exi/s c>ri$ to its f9al limit1 view$ z complet$1 p]fect$4 ,s9ce ?+s d n atta9 su* fulfillm5t b are 9 actuality di/ract$ & int]f]$ )1 democracy 9 ?is s5se is n a fact & nev] w be4 ,b nei!r 9 ?is s5se is !re or has !re ev] be5 any?+ :i* is a community 9 its full measure1 a community unalloy$ by ali5 elem5ts4 ,! idea or ideal ( a community pres5ts1 h[ev]1 actual phases ( associat$ life z !y are fre$ f re/rictive & di/urb+ elem5ts1 & are contemplat$ z hav+ atta9$ _! limit ( developm5t4 ,:]ev] !re is conjo9t activity ^: consequ5ces are appreciat$ z good by all s+ul> p]sons :o take "p 9 x1 & :]e ! realization ( ! good is su* z to effect an en]getic desire & ef=t to su/a9 x 9 be+ j because x is a good %>$ by all1 !re is 9 s f> a community4 ,! cle> consci\sness ( a communal life1 9 all its implications1 con/itutes ! idea ( democracy4 ,only :5 we />t f a community z a fact1 grasp ! fact 9 ?\ght s z to cl>ify & enhance its con/itu5t elem5ts1 c we rea* an idea ( democracy :i* is n utopian4 ,! conceptions & %ibbole?s :i* are traditionally associat$ ) ! idea ( democracy take on a v]idical & directive mean+ only :5 !y are con/ru$ z m>ks & traits ( an association :i* realizes ! def9+ *>act]i/ics ( a community4 ,frat]nity1 lib]ty & equality isolat$ f communal life are hopeless ab/ractions4 ,_! sep>ate ass]tion leads to mu%y s5tim5talism or else to extravagant & fanatical viol5ce :i* 9 ! end defeats its own aims4 ,equality !n becomes a cre$ ( me*anical id5tity :i* is false to facts & impossible ( realization4 ,ef=t to atta9 x is divisive ( ! vital bonds :i* hold m5 toge!r2 z f> z x puts =? issue1 ! outcome is a m$iocrity 9 :i* good is common only 9 ! s5se ( be+ av]age & vulg>4 ,lib]ty is !n ?\ght ( z indep5d5ce ( social ties1 & ends 9 dissolution & an>*y4 ,x is m difficult to sev] ! idea ( bro!rhood f t ( a community1 & h5ce x is ei!r practically ignor$ 9 ! movem5ts :i* id5tify democracy ) ,individualism1 or else x is a s5tim5tally app5d$ tag4 ,9 its j connection ) communal exp]i5ce1 frat]nity is ano!r "n = ! consci\sly appreciat$ goods :i* accrue f an association 9 :i* all %>e1 & :i* give direction to ! conduct ( ea*4 ,lib]ty is t secure release & fulfillm5t ( p]sonal pot5tialities :i* take place only 9 ri* & manifold association ) o!rs3 ! p[] to be an individualiz$ self mak+ a di/9ctive contribution & enjoy+ 9 its own way ! fruits ( association4 ,equality d5otes ! unhamp]$ %>e :i* ea* individual memb] ( ! community has 9 ! consequ5ces ( associat$ action4 ,x is equitable because x is measur$ only by ne$ & capacity to utilize1 n by extrane\s factors :i* deprive "o 9 ord] t ano!r may take & h4 ,a baby 9 ! family is equal ) o!rs1 n because ( "s antec$5t & /ructural quality :i* is ! same z t ( o!rs1 b 9 s f> z 8 ne$s = c>e & developm5t are att5d$ to )\t be+ sacrific$ to ! sup]ior /r5g?1 possessions & matur$ abilities ( o!rs4 ,equality does n signify t k9d ( ma!matical or physical equival5ce 9 virtue ( :i* any "o elem5t may be sub/itut$ = ano!r4 ,x d5otes effective reg>d = :atev] is di/9ctive & unique 9 ea*1 irrespective ( physical & psy*ological inequalities4 ,x is n a natural possession b is a fruit ( ! community :5 its action is direct$ by its "* z a community4 ,associat$ or jo9t activity is a condition ( ! creation ( a community4 ,b association itself is physical & organic1 :ile communal life is moral1 t is emotionally1 intellectually1 consci\sly su/a9$4 ,human be+s comb9e 9 behavior z directly & unconsci\sly z d atoms1 /ell> masses & cells2 z directly & unkn[+ly z !y divide & repel4 ,!y d s 9 virtue ( _! own /ructure1 z man & woman unite1 z ! baby seeks ! brea/ & ! brea/ is !re to supply its ne$4 ,!y d s f ext]nal circum/ances1 pressure f )\t1 z atoms comb9e or sep>ate 9 pres5ce ( an electric *>ge1 or z %eep huddle toge!r f ! cold4 ,associat$ activity ne$s no explanation2 ?+s are made t way4 ,b no am\nt ( aggregat$ collective action ( itself con/itutes a community4 ,= be+s :o obs]ve & ?9k1 & ^: ideas are absorb$ by impulses & become s5tim5ts & int]e/s1 8we0 is z inevitable z 8,i40 ,b 8we0 & 8our0 exi/ only :5 ! consequ5ces ( comb9$ action are p]ceiv$ & become an object ( desire & ef=t1 j z 8,i0 & 8m9e0 appe> on ! sc5e only :5 a di/9ctive %>e 9 mutual action is consci\sly ass]t$ or claim$4 ,human associations may be ev] s organic 9 orig9 & firm 9 op]ation1 b !y develop into societies 9 a human s5se only z _! consequ5ces1 be+ kn[n1 are e/eem$ & s\ght =4 ,ev5 if 8society0 7 z mu* an organism z "s writ]s h held1 x w\ld n on t acc\nt be society4 ,int]actions1 transactions1 occur de facto & ! results ( int]dep5d5ce foll[4 ,b p>ticipation 9 activities & %>+ 9 results are additive conc]ns4 ,!y dem& communication z a pr]equisite4 ,comb9$ activity happ5s among human be+s2 b :5 no?+ else happ5s x passes z inevitably into "s o!r mode ( int]connect$ activity z does ! int]play ( iron & ! oxyg5 ( wat]4 ,:at takes place is :olly describable 9 t]ms ( en]gy1 or1 z we say 9 ! case ( human int]actions1 ( =ce4 ,only :5 !re exi/ signs or symbols ( activities & ( _! outcome c ! flux be view$ z f )\t1 be arre/$ = consid]ation & e/eem1 & be regulat$4 ,lightn+ /rikes & rives a tree or rock1 & ! result+ fragm5ts take up & cont9ue ! process ( int]action1 & s on & on4 ,b :5 phases ( ! process are repres5t$ by signs1 a new m$ium is int]pos$4 ,z symbols are relat$ to "o ano!r1 ! important relations ( a c\rse ( ev5ts are record$ & are pres]v$ z mean+s4 ,recollection & =esight are possible2 ! new m$ium facilitates calculation1 plann+1 & a new k9d ( action :i* int]v5es 9 :at happ5s to direct its c\rse 9 ! int]e/ ( :at is =ese5 & desir$4 ,symbols 9 turn dep5d ^u & promote communication4 ,! results ( conjo9t exp]i5ce are consid]$ & transmitt$4 ,ev5ts _c be pass$ f "o to ano!r1 b mean+s may be %>$ by means ( signs4 ,wants & impulses are !n atta*$ to common mean+s4 ,!y are !reby trans=m$ into desires & purposes1 :i*1 s9ce !y implicate a common or mutually und]/ood mean+1 pres5t new ties1 conv]t+ a conjo9t activity into a community ( int]e/ & endeavor4 ,?us !re is g5]at$ :at1 metaphorically1 may be t]m$ a g5]al w & social consci\sness3 desire & *oice on ! "p ( individuals 9 behalf ( activities t1 by means ( symbols1 are communicable & %>$ by all conc]n$4 ,a community ?us pres5ts an ord] ( en]gies transmut$ into "o ( mean+s :i* are appreciat$ & mutually ref]r$ by ea* to e o!r on ! "p ( ^? engag$ 9 comb9$ action4 8,=ce0 is n elim9at$ b is trans=m$ 9 use & direction by ideas & s5tim5ts made possible by means ( symbols4 ,! "w ( conv]sion ( ! physical & organic phase ( associat$ behavior into a community ( action saturat$ & regulat$ by mutual int]e/ 9 %>$ mean+s1 consequ5ces :i* are translat$ into ideas & desir$ objects by means ( symbols1 does n occur all at once nor completely4 ,at any giv5 "t1 x sets a problem r ?an m>ks a settl$ a*ievem5t4 ,we are born organic be+s associat$ ) o!rs1 b we are n born memb]s ( a community4 ,! "y h to be br\ght )9 ! traditions1 outlook & int]e/s :i* *>act]ize a community by means ( education3 by unremitt+ in/ruction & by le>n+ 9 connection ) ! ph5om5a ( ov]t association4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is di/9ctively human is le>n$1 n native1 ev5 ?\gh x c\ld n be le>n$ )\t native /ructures :i* m>k man (f f o!r animals4 ,to le>n 9 a human way & to human effect is n j to acquire add$ skill ?r\gh ref9em5t ( orig9al capacities4 ,to le>n to be human is to develop ?r\gh ! give-&-take ( communication an effective s5se ( be+ an individually di/9ctive memb] ( a community2 "o :o und]/&s & appreciates its beliefs1 desires & me?ods1 & :o contributes to a fur!r conv]sion ( organic p[]s into human res\rces & values4 ,b ?is translation is nev] f9i%$4 ,! old ,adam1 ! unreg5]ate elem5t 9 human nature1 p]si/s4 ,x %[s itself :]ev] ! me?od obta9s ( atta9+ results by use ( =ce in/ead ( by ! me?od ( communication & enlight5m5t4 ,x manife/s itself m subtly1 p]vasively & effectually :5 k & ! in/rum5talities ( skill :i* are ! product ( communal life are employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( wants & impulses :i* h n !mselves be5 modifi$ by ref]5ce to a %>$ int]e/4 ,to ! doctr9e ( 8natural0 economy :i* held t comm]cial ex*ange w\ld br+ ab\t su* an int]dep5d5ce t h>mony w\ld automatically result1 ,r\sseau gave an adequate answ] 9 advance4 ,he po9t$ out t int]dep5d5ce provides j ! situation :i* makes x possible & wor? :ile = ! /rong] & abl] to exploit o!rs = _! own ends1 to keep o!rs 9 a /ate ( subjection :]e !y c be utiliz$ z animat$ tools4 ,! rem$y he sugge/$1 a return to a condition ( indep5d5ce bas$ on isolation1 0 h>dly s]i\sly meant4 ,b its desp]at5ess is evid5ce ( ! urg5cy ( ! problem4 ,its negative "* 0 equival5t to surr5d] ( any hope ( solution4 ,by contra/ x indicates ! nature ( ! only possible solution3 ! p]fect+ ( ! means & ways ( communication ( mean+s s t g5u9ely %>$ int]e/ 9 ! consequ5ces ( int]dep5d5t activities may in=m desire & ef=t & !reby direct action4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ! problem is a moral "o dep5d5t ^u intellig5ce & education4 ,we h 9 our prior acc\nt suffici5tly emphasiz$ ! rle ( te*nological & indu/rial factors 9 creat+ ! ,great ,society4 ,:at 0 said may ev5 h seem$ to imply acceptance ( ! det]m9i/ic v]sion ( an economic int]pretation ( hi/ory & in/itutions4 ,x is silly & futile to ignore & d5y economic facts4 ,!y d n cease to op]ate because we refuse to note !m1 or because we sme> !m ov] ) s5tim5tal idealizations4 ,z we h also not$1 !y g5]ate z _! result ov]t & ext]nal conditions ( action & ^! are kn[n ) v>i\s degrees ( adequacy4 ,:at actually happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( indu/rial =ces is dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( p]ception & communication ( consequ5ces1 ^u =esight & its effect ^u desire & endeavor4 ,economic ag5cies produce "o result :5 !y are left to "w !mselves out on ! m]ely physical level1 or on t level modifi$ only z ! k1 skill & te*nique :i* ! community has accumulat$ are transmitt$ to its memb]s unequally & by *ance4 ,!y h a diff]5t outcome 9 ! degree 9 :i* k ( consequ5ces is equitably di/ribut$1 & action is animat$ by an in=m$ & lively s5se ( a %>$ int]e/4 ,! doctr9e ( economic int]pretation z usually /at$ ignores ! trans=mation :i* mean+s may effect2 x passes ov] ! new m$ium :i* communication may int]pose betwe5 indu/ry & its ev5tual consequ5ces4 ,x is obsess$ by ! illusion :i* vitiat$ ! 8natural economy03 an illusion due to failure to note ! diff]5ce made 9 action by p]ception & publication ( its consequ5ces1 actual & possible4 ,x ?9ks 9 t]ms ( antec$5ts1 n ( ! ev5tual2 ( orig9s1 n fruits4 ,we h return$1 ?r\gh ?is app>5t excursion1 to ! "q 9 :i* our e>li] discussion culm9at$3 ,:at are ! conditions "u :i* x is possible = ! ,great ,society to approa* m closely & vitally ! /atus ( a ,great ,community1 & ?us take =m 9 g5u9ely democratic societies & /ate8 ,:at are ! conditions "u :i* we may reasonably picture ! ,public em]g+ f its eclipse8 ,! /udy w be an intellectual or hypo!tical "o4 ,!re w be no attempt to /ate h[ ! requir$ conditions might come into exi/5ce1 nor to prophesy t !y w occur4 ,! object ( ! analysis w be to %[ t unless asc]ta9$ specifications are realiz$1 ! ,community _c be organiz$ z a democratically effective ,public4 ,x is n claim$ t ! conditions :i* w be not$ w suffice1 b only t at lea/ !y are indisp5sable4 ,9 o!r words1 we %all endeavor to frame a hypo!sis reg>d+ ! democratic /ate to /& 9 contra/ ) ! e>li] doctr9e :i* has be5 nullifi$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,two ess5tial con/itu5ts 9 t old] !ory1 z w be recall$1 7 ! notions t ea* individual is ( himself equipp$ ) ! intellig5ce ne$$1 "u ! op]ation ( self-int]e/1 to engage 9 political affairs2 & t g5]al suffrage1 frequ5t elections ( (ficials & majority rule are suffici5t to ensure ! responsibility ( elect$ rul]s to ! desires & int]e/s ( ! public4 ,z we %all see1 ! second conception is logically b\nd up ) ! fir/ & /&s or falls ) x4 ,at ! basis ( ! s*eme lies :at ,lippmann has well call$ ! idea ( ! 8omni-compet5t0 individual3 compet5t to frame policies1 to judge _! results2 compet5t to "k 9 all situations dem&+ political action :at is = 8 own good1 & compet5t to en=ce 8 idea ( good & ! w to effect x aga9/ contr>y =ces4 ,subsequ5t hi/ory has prov$ t ! assumption involv$ illusion4 ,_h x n be5 = ! mislead+ influ5ce ( a false psy*ology1 ! illusion might h be5 detect$ 9 advance4 ,b curr5t philosophy held t ideas & k 7 functions ( a m9d or consci\sness :i* orig9at$ 9 individuals by means ( isolat$ contact ) objects4 ,b 9 fact1 k is a function ( association & communication2 x dep5ds ^u tradition1 ^u tools & me?ods socially transmitt$1 develop$ & sanction$4 ,faculties ( effectual obs]vation1 reflection & desire are habits acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! culture & in/itutions ( society1 n ready-made inh]5t p[]s4 ,! fact t man acts f crudely intelligiz$ emotion & f habit r ?an f rational consid]ation1 is n[ s famili> t x is n easy to appreciate t ! o!r idea 0 tak5 s]i\sly z ! basis ( economic & political philosophy4 ,! measure ( tru? :i* x conta9s 0 d]iv$ f obs]vation ( a relatively small gr\p ( %rewd bus9ess m5 :o regulat$ _! ent]prises by calculation & acc\nt+1 & ( citiz5s ( small & /able local communities :o 7 s intimately acqua9t$ ) ! p]sons & affairs ( _! locality t !y c\ld pass compet5t judgm5t ^u ! be>+ ( propos$ measures ^u _! own conc]ns4 ,habit is ! ma9spr+ ( human action1 & habits are =m$ = ! mo/ "p "u ! influ5ce ( ! cu/oms ( a gr\p4 ,! organic /ructure ( man entails ! =mation ( habit1 =1 :e!r we wi% x or n1 :e!r we are aw>e ( x or n1 e act effects a modification ( attitude & set :i* directs future behavior4 ,! dep5d5ce ( habit-=m+ ^u ^? habits ( a gr\p :i* con/itute cu/oms & in/itutions is a natural consequ5ce ( ! helplessness ( infancy4 ,! social consequ5ces ( habit h be5 /at$ once = all by ,james3 8,habit is ! enorm\s fly-:eel ( society1 its mo/ preci\s cons]vative influ5ce4 ,x alone is :at keeps u )9 ! b\nds ( ord9ance1 & saves ! *ildr5 ( =tune f ! upris+s ( ! poor4 ,x alone prev5ts ! h>de/ & mo/ repulsive walks ( life f be+ des]t$ by ^? br\ght up to tread !re94 ,x keeps ! fi%]man & ! deck-h& at sea ?r\gh ! w9t]2 x holds ! m9] 9 8 d>kness1 & nails ! c\ntry-man to 8 log cab9 & 8 lonely f>m ?r\gh all ! mon?s ( sn[2 x protects u f invasion by ! natives ( ! des]t & ! froz5 zone4 ,x dooms u all to fight out ! battle ( life ^u ! l9es ( our nurture or our e>ly *oice1 & to make ! be/ ( a pursuit t disagrees1 because !re is no o!r = :i* we are fitt$ & x is too late to beg9 aga94 ,x keeps diff]5t social /rata f mix+40 ,! influ5ce ( habit is decisive because all di/9ctively human action has to be le>n$1 & ! v he>t1 blood & s9ews ( le>n+ is creation ( habitudes4 ,habits b9d u to ord]ly & e/abli%$ ways ( action because !y g5]ate ease1 skill & int]e/ 9 ?+s to :i* we h gr[n us$ & because !y in/igate fe> to walk 9 diff]5t ways1 & because !y leave u incapacitat$ = ! trial ( !m4 ,habit does n preclude ! use ( ?\ght1 b x det]m9es ! *annels )9 :i* x op]ates4 ,?9k+ is secret$ 9 ! int]/ices ( habits4 ,! sailor1 m9]1 fi%]man & f>m] ?9k1 b _! ?\ghts fall )9 ! framework ( accu/om$ occupations & relation%ips4 ,we dream beyond ! limits ( use & wont1 b only r>ely does rev]y become a s\rce ( acts :i* break b\nds2 s r>ely t we "n ^? 9 :om x happ5s demonic g5iuses & m>vel at ! spectacle4 ,?9k+ itself becomes habitual along c]ta9 l9es2 a specializ$ occupation4 ,sci5tific m51 philosoph]s1 lit]>y p]sons1 are n m5 & wom5 :o h s brok5 ! bonds ( habits t pure reason & emotion undefil$ by use & wont speak ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are p]sons ( a specializ$ infrequ5t habit4 ,h5ce ! idea t m5 are mov$ by an intellig5t & calculat$ reg>d = _! own good is pure my?ology4 ,ev5 if ! pr9ciple ( self-love actuat$ behavior1 x w\ld /ill be true t ! objects 9 :i* m5 f9d _! love manife/$1 ! objects :i* !y take z con/itut+ _! peculi> int]e/s1 are set by habits reflect+ social cu/oms4 ,^! facts expla9 :y ! social doctr9aires ( ! new indu/rial movem5t _h s little presci5ce ( :at 0 to foll[ 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,^! facts expla9 :y ! m ?+s *ang$1 ! m !y 7 ! same2 !y acc\nt1 t is1 = ! fact t in/ead ( ! sweep+ revolution :i* 0 expect$ to result f democratic political ma*9]y1 !re 0 9 ! ma9 b a transf] ( ve/$ p[] f "o class to ano!r4 ,a few m51 :e!r or n !y 7 good judges ( _! own true int]e/ & good1 7 compet5t judges ( ! conduct ( bus9ess = pecuni>y pr(it1 & ( h[ ! new gov]nm5tal ma*9]y c\ld be made to s]ve _! ends4 ,x w\ld h tak5 a new race ( human be+s to escape1 9 ! use made ( political =ms1 f ! influ5ce ( deeply engra9$ habits1 ( old in/itutions & cu/om>y social /atus1 ) _! inwr\ght limitations ( expectation1 desire & dem&4 ,& su* a race1 unless ( disembodi$ angelic con/itution1 w\ld simply h tak5 up ! task :]e human be+s assum$ x ^u em]g5ce f ! condition ( an?ropoid apes4 ,9 spite ( sudd5 & cata/rophic revolutions1 ! ess5tial cont9uity ( hi/ory is d\bly gu>ante$4 ,n only are p]sonal desire & belief functions ( habit & cu/om1 b ! objective conditions :i* provide ! res\rces & tools ( action1 toge!r ) its limitations1 ob/ructions & traps1 are precipitates ( ! pa/1 p]petuat+1 willy-nilly1 its hold & p[]4 ,! creation ( a tabula rasa 9 ord] to p]mit ! creation ( a new ord] is s impossible z to set at naught bo? ! hope ( buoyant revolution>ies & ! timidity ( sc>$ cons]vatives4 ,nev]!less1 *anges take place & are cumulative 9 "*4 ,obs]vation ( !m 9 ! light ( _! recogniz$ consequ5ces ar\ses reflection1 discov]y1 inv5tion1 exp]im5tation4 ,:5 a c]ta9 /ate ( accumulat$ k1 ( te*niques & in/rum5talities is atta9$1 ! process ( *ange is s accel]at$1 t1 z to-day1 x appe>s ext]nally to be ! dom9ant trait4 ,b !re is a m>k$ lag 9 any correspond+ *ange ( ideas & desires4 ,habits ( op9ion are ! t\ghe/ ( all habits2 :5 !y h become second nature1 & are suppos$ly ?r[n out ( ! door1 !y creep 9 aga9 z /eal?ily & surely z does fir/ nature4 ,& z !y are modifi$1 ! alt]ation fir/ %[s itself negatively1 9 ! dis9tegration ( old beliefs1 to be replac$ by float+1 volatile & accid5tally snat*$ up op9ions4 ,( c\rse !re has be5 an enorm\s increase 9 ! am\nt ( k possess$ by mank9d1 b x does n equal1 probably1 ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( errors & half-tru?s :i* h got into circulation4 ,9 social & human matt]s1 especially1 ! developm5t ( a critical s5se & me?ods ( discrim9at+ judgm5t has n kept pace ) ! gr[? ( c>eless reports & ( motives = positive misrepres5tation4 ,:at is m important1 h[ev]1 is t s mu* ( k is n k 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b is 8sci5ce40 ,! quotation m>ks are n us$ disrespectfully1 b to sugge/ ! te*nical "* ( sci5tific mat]ial4 ,! layman takes c]ta9 conclusions :i* get into circulation to be sci5ce4 ,b ! sci5tific inquir] kn[s t !y con/itute sci5ce only 9 connection ) ! me?ods by :i* !y are rea*$4 ,ev5 :5 true1 !y are n sci5ce 9 virtue ( _! correctness1 b by reason ( ! app>atus :i* is employ$ 9 rea*+ !m4 ,?is app>atus is s highly specializ$ t x requires m labor to acquire ability to use & und]/& x ?an to get skill 9 any o!r in/rum5talities possess$ by man4 ,sci5ce1 9 o!r words1 is a highly specializ$ language1 m difficult to le>n ?an any natural language4 ,x is an artificial language1 n 9 ! s5se ( be+ factiti\s1 b 9 t ( be+ a "w ( intricate art1 devot$ to a p>ticul> purpose & n capable ( be+ acquir$ nor und]/ood 9 ! way 9 :i* ! "m tongue is le>n$4 ,x is1 inde$1 conceivable t sometime me?ods ( in/ruction w be devis$ :i* w enable laym5 to read & he> sci5tific mat]ial ) compreh5sion1 ev5 :5 !y d n !mselves use ! app>atus :i* is sci5ce4 ,! latt] may !n become = l>ge numb]s :at /ud5ts ( language call a passive1 if n an active1 vocabul>y4 ,b t "t is 9 ! future4 ,= mo/ m51 save ! sci5tific work]s1 sci5ce is a my/]y 9 ! h&s ( initiates1 :o h become adepts 9 virtue ( foll[+ rituali/ic c]emonies f :i* ! pr(ane h]d is exclud$4 ,!y are =tunate :o get z f> z a sympa!tic appreciation ( ! me?ods :i* give patt]n to ! complicat$ app>atus3 me?ods ( analytic1 exp]im5tal obs]vation1 ma!matical =mulation & d$uction1 con/ant & elaborate *eck & te/4 ,= mo/ p]sons1 ! reality ( ! app>atus is f\nd only 9 its embodim5ts 9 practical affairs1 9 me*anical devices & 9 te*niques :i* t\* life z x is liv$4 ,= !m1 electricity is kn[n by means ( ! telephones1 bells & lights !y use1 by ! g5]ators & magnetos 9 ! automobiles !y drive1 by ! trolley c>s 9 :i* !y ride4 ,! physiology & biology !y are acqua9t$ ) is t !y h le>n$ 9 tak+ precautions aga9/ g]ms & f ! physicians !y dep5d ^u = heal?4 ,! sci5ce ( :at might be suppos$ to be close/ to !m1 ( human nature1 0 = !m an esot]ic my/]y until x 0 appli$ 9 adv]tis+1 salesman%ip & p]sonnel selection & managem5t1 & until1 ?r\gh psy*iatry1 x spill$ ov] into life & popul> consci\sness1 ?r\gh its be>+s ^u 8n]ves10 ! morbidities & common =ms ( crank9ess :i* make x difficult = p]sons to get along ) "o ano!r & ) !mselves4 ,ev5 n[1 popul> psy*ology is a mass ( cant1 ( slu% & ( sup]/ition wor?y ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ days ( ! m$ic9e man4 ,mean:ile ! te*nological application ( ! complex app>atus :i* is sci5ce has revolutioniz$ ! conditions "u :i* associat$ life goes on4 ,?is may be kn[n z a fact :i* is /at$ 9 a proposition & ass5t$ to4 ,b x is n kn[n 9 ! s5se t m5 und]/& x4 ,!y d n "k x z !y "k "s ma*9e :i* !y op]ate1 or z !y "k electric light & /eam locomotives4 ,!y d n und]/& h[ ! *ange has gone on nor h[ x affects _! conduct4 ,n und]/&+ its 8h[10 !y _c use & control its manife/ations4 ,!y und]go ! consequ5ces1 !y are affect$ by !m4 ,!y _c manage !m1 ?\gh "s are =tunate en\gh--:at is commonly call$ good =tune--to be able to exploit "s phase ( ! process = _! own p]sonal pr(it4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ %rewd & successful man does n 9 any analytic & sy/ematic way--9 a way wor?y to comp>e ) ! k :i* he has won 9 less] affairs by means ( ! /ress ( exp]i5ce--"k ! sy/em )9 :i* he op]ates4 ,skill & ability "w )9 a framework :i* we h n creat$ & d n compreh5d4 ,"s occupy /rategic positions :i* give !m advance in=mation ( =ces t affect ! m>ket2 & by tra9+ & an innate turn t way !y h acquir$ a special te*nique :i* enables !m to use ! va/ imp]sonal tide to turn _! own :eels4 ,!y c dam ! curr5t "h & release x !re4 ,! curr5t itself is z mu* beyond !m z 0 ev] ! riv] by ! side ( :i* "s +5i\s me*anic1 employ+ a k :i* 0 transmitt$ to him1 erect$ 8 saw-mill to make bo>ds ( trees :i* he _h n gr[n4 ,t )9 limits ^? successful 9 affairs h k & skill is n to be d\bt$4 ,b su* k goes relatively b little fur!r ?an t ( ! compet5t skill$ op]ator :o manages a ma*9e4 ,x suffices to employ ! conditions :i* are be=e him4 ,skill enables him to turn ! flux ( ev5ts ?is way or t 9 8 own neighborhood4 ,x gives him no control ( ! flux4 ,:y %\ld ! public & its (fic]s1 ev5 if ! latt] are t]m$ /atesm51 be wis] & m effective8 ,! prime condition ( a democratically organiz$ public is a k9d ( k & insight :i* does n yet exi/4 ,9 its abs5ce1 x w\ld be ! height ( absurdity to try to tell :at x w\ld be l if x exi/$4 ,b "s ( ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ if x is to exi/ c be indicat$4 ,we c borr[ t mu* f ! _s & me?od ( sci5ce ev5 if we are ignorant ( x z a specializ$ app>atus4 ,an obvi\s requirem5t is fre$om ( social inquiry & ( di/ribution ( its conclusions4 ,! notion t m5 may be free 9 _! ?\ght ev5 :5 !y are n 9 its expression & dissem9ation has be5 s$ul\sly propagat$4 ,x _h its orig9 9 ! idea ( a m9d complete 9 itself1 ap>t f action & f objects4 ,su* a consci\sness pres5ts 9 fact ! spectacle ( m9d depriv$ ( its normal function+1 because x is baffl$ by ! actualities 9 connection ) :i* alone x is truly m9d1 & is driv5 back into seclud$ & impot5t rev]y4 ,!re c be no public )\t full publicity 9 respect to all consequ5ces :i* conc]n x4 ,:atev] ob/ructs & re/ricts publicity1 limits & di/orts public op9ion & *ecks & di/orts ?9k+ on social affairs4 ,)\t fre$om ( expression1 n ev5 me?ods ( social inquiry c be develop$4 ,= tools c be evolv$ & p]fect$ only 9 op]ation2 9 application to obs]v+1 report+ & organiz+ actual subject-matt]2 & ?is application _c occur save ?r\gh free & sy/ematic communication4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( physical k1 ( ,greek conceptions ( natural ph5om5a1 proves h[ inept become ! conceptions ( ! be/ end[$ m9ds :5 ^? ideas are elaborat$ ap>t f ! close/ contact ) ! ev5ts :i* !y purport to /ate & expla94 ,! rul+ ideas & me?ods ( ! human sci5ces are 9 mu* ! same condition to-day4 ,!y are also evolv$ on ! basis ( pa/ gross obs]vations1 remote f con/ant use 9 regulation ( ! mat]ial ( new obs]vations4 ,! belief t ?\ght & its communication are n[ free simply because legal re/rictions :i* once obta9$ h be5 done away ) is absurd4 ,its curr5cy p]petuates ! infantile /ate ( social k4 ,= x blurs recognition ( our c5tral ne$ to possess conceptions :i* are us$ z tools ( direct$ inquiry & :i* are te/$1 rectifi$ & caus$ to gr[ 9 actual use4 ,no man & no m9d 0 ev] emancipat$ m]ely by be+ left alone4 ,removal ( =mal limitations is b a negative condition2 positive fre$om is n a /ate b an act :i* involves me?ods & in/rum5talities = control ( conditions4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t sometimes ! s5se ( ext]nal oppression1 z by c5sor%ip1 acts z a *all5ge & ar\ses intellectual en]gy & excites c\rage4 ,b a belief 9 intellectual fre$om :]e x does n exi/ contributes only to complac5cy 9 virtual enslavem5t1 to slopp9ess1 sup]ficiality & rec\rse to s5sations z a sub/itute = ideas3 m>k$ traits ( our pres5t e/ate ) respect to social k4 ,on "o h&1 ?9k+ depriv$ ( its normal c\rse takes refuge 9 academic specialism1 comp>able 9 its way to :at is call$ s*ola/icism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! physical ag5cies ( publicity :i* exi/ 9 su* abundance are utiliz$ 9 ways :i* con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! pres5t mean+ ( publicity3 adv]tis+1 propag&a1 invasion ( private life1 ! 8featur+0 ( pass+ incid5ts 9 a way :i* violates all ! mov+ logic ( cont9uity1 & :i* leaves u ) ^? isolat$ intrusions & %ocks :i* are ! ess5ce ( 8s5sations40 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to id5tify ! conditions :i* limit free communication & circulation ( facts & ideas1 & :i* !reby arre/ & p]v]t social ?\ght or inquiry1 m]ely ) ov]t =ces :i* are ob/ructive4 ,x is true t ^? :o h ability to manipulate social relations = _! own advantage h to be reckon$ )4 ,!y h an uncanny in/9ct = detect+ :atev] intellectual t5d5cies ev5 remotely ?reat5 to encroa* ^u _! control4 ,!y h develop$ an extraord9>y facility 9 enli/+ ^u _! side ! in]tia1 prejudices & emotional p>tisan%ip ( ! masses by use ( a te*nique :i* imp$es free inquiry & expression4 ,we seem to be approa*+ a /ate ( gov]nm5t by hir$ promot]s ( op9ion call$ publicity ag5ts4 ,b ! m s]i\s enemy is deeply conceal$ 9 hidd5 entr5*m5ts4 ,emotional habituations & intellectual habitudes on ! "p ( ! mass ( m5 create ! conditions ( :i* ! exploit]s ( s5tim5t & op9ion only take advantage4 ,m5 h got us$ to an exp]im5tal me?od 9 physical & te*nical matt]s4 ,!y are /ill afraid ( x 9 human conc]ns4 ,! fe> is ! m efficaci\s because l all deep-ly+ fe>s x is cov]$ up & disguis$ by all k9ds ( rationalizations4 ,"o ( its commone/ =ms is a truly religi\s idealization (1 & rev]5ce =1 e/abli%$ in/itutions2 = example 9 our own politics1 ! ,con/itution1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 private prop]ty1 free contract & s on4 ,! words 8sacr$0 & 8sanctity0 come readily to our lips :5 su* ?+s come "u discussion4 ,!y te/ify to ! religi\s aureole :i* protects ! in/itutions4 ,if 8holy0 means t :i* is n to be approa*$ nor t\*$1 save ) c]emonial precautions & by specially ano9t$ (ficials1 !n su* ?+s are holy 9 contempor>y political life4 ,z sup]natural matt]s h progressively be5 left high & dry ^u a seclud$ bea*1 ! actuality ( religi\s taboos has m & m ga!r$ ab\t secul> in/itutions1 especially ^? connect$ ) ! nationali/ic /ate4#ab ,psy*iatri/s h discov]$ t "o ( ! commone/ causes ( m5tal di/urbance is an und]ly+ fe> ( :i* ! subject is n aw>e1 b :i* leads to )drawal f reality & to unwill+ness to ?9k ?+s ?r\gh4 ,!re is a social pa?ology :i* works p[]fully aga9/ effective inquiry into social in/itutions & conditions4 ,x manife/s itself 9 a ?\s& ways2 9 qu]ul\sness1 9 impot5t drift+1 9 uneasy snat*+ at di/ractions1 9 idealization ( ! long e/abli%$1 9 a facile optimism assum$ z a cloak1 9 riot\s glorification ( ?+s 8z !y are10 9 intimidation ( all diss5t]s--ways :i* depress & dissipate ?\ght all ! m effectually because !y op]ate ) subtle & unconsci\s p]vasiv5ess4 ,! backw>dness ( social k is m>k$ 9 its division into indep5d5t & insulat$ bran*es ( le>n+4 ,an?ropology1 hi/ory1 sociology1 morals1 economics1 political sci5ce1 g _! own ways )\t con/ant & sy/ematiz$ fruitful int]action4 ,only 9 appe>ance is !re a simil> division 9 physical k4 ,!re is cont9u\s cross-f]tilization betwe5 a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry & ! biological sci5ces4 ,discov]ies & improv$ me?ods are s record$ & organiz$ t con/ant ex*ange & int]communication take place4 ,! isolation ( ! humane subjects f "o ano!r is connect$ ) _! alo(ness f physical k4 ,! m9d /ill draws a %>p sep>ation betwe5 ! _w 9 :i* man lives & ! life ( man 9 & by t _w1 a cleft reflect$ 9 ! sep>ation ( man himself into a body & a m9d1 :i*1 x is curr5tly suppos$1 c be kn[n & dealt ) ap>t4 ,t = ! pa/ ?ree c5turies en]gy %\ld h gone *iefly into physical inquiry1 beg9n+ ) ! ?+s mo/ remote f man su* z heav5ly bodies1 0 to h be5 expect$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! physical sci5ces reveals a c]ta9 ord] 9 :i* !y develop$4 ,ma!matical tools _h to be employ$ be=e a new a/ronomy c\ld be con/ruct$4 ,physics advanc$ :5 ideas work$ out 9 connection ) ! sol> sy/em 7 us$ to describe happ5+s on ! e>?4 ,*emi/ry wait$ on ! advance ( physics2 ! sci5ces ( liv+ ?+s requir$ ! mat]ial & me?ods ( physics & *emi/ry 9 ord] to make headway4 ,human psy*ology ceas$ to be *iefly speculative op9ion only :5 biological & physiological conclusions 7 available4 ,all ?is is natural & seem+ly inevitable4 ,?+s :i* _h ! mo/ outly+ & indirect connection ) human int]e/s _h to be ma/]$ 9 "s degree be=e inquiries c\ld compet5tly conv]ge ^u man himself4 ,nev]!less ! c\rse ( developm5t has left u ( ?is age 9 a plight4 ,:5 we say t a subject ( sci5ce is te*nically specializ$1 or t x is highly 8ab/ract10 :at we practically mean is t x is n conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( its be>+ ^u human life4 ,all m]ely physical k is te*nical1 c\*$ 9 a te*nical vocabul>y communicable only to ! few4 ,ev5 physical k :i* does affect human conduct1 :i* does modify :at we d & und]go1 is also te*nical & remote 9 ! degree 9 :i* its be>+s are n und]/ood & us$4 ,! sunlight1 ra91 air & soil h always ent]$ 9 visible ways into human exp]i5ce2 atoms & molecules & cells & mo/ o!r ?+s ) :i* ! sci5ces are occupi$ affect u1 b n visibly4 ,because !y ent] life & modify exp]i5ce 9 imp]ceptible ways1 & _! consequ5ces are n realiz$1 spee* ab\t !m is te*nical2 communication is by means ( peculi> symbols4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 !n1 t a fundam5tal & ev]-op]at+ aim w\ld be to translate k ( ! subject-matt] ( physical conditions into t]ms :i* are g5]ally und]/ood1 into signs d5ot+ human consequ5ces ( s]vices & diss]vices r5d]$4 ,= ultimately all consequ5ces :i* ent] human life dep5d ^u physical conditions2 !y c be und]/ood & ma/]$ only z ! latt] are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 !n1 t any /ate ( affairs :i* t5ds to r5d] ! ?+s ( ! environm5t unkn[n & incommunicable by human be+s 9 t]ms ( _! own activities & suff]+s w\ld be deplor$ z a disa/]2 t x w\ld be felt to be intol]able1 & to be put up ) only z f> z x is1 at any giv5 "t1 inevitable4 ,b ! facts are to ! contr>y4 ,matt] & ! mat]ial are words :i* 9 ! m9ds ( _m convey a note ( disp>agem5t4 ,!y are tak5 to be foes ( :atev] is ( ideal value 9 life1 in/ead ( z conditions ( its manife/ation & su/a9$ be+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is division1 !y d become 9 fact enemies1 = :atev] is consi/5tly kept ap>t f human values depresses ?\ght & r5d]s values sp>se & prec>i\s 9 fact4 ,!re are ev5 "s :o reg>d ! mat]ialism & dom9ance ( comm]cialism ( mod]n life z fruits ( undue devotion to physical sci5ce1 n see+ t ! split betwe5 man & nature1 artificially made by a tradition :i* orig9at$ be=e !re 0 und]/&+ ( ! physical conditions t are ! m$ium ( human activities1 is ! b5umb+ factor4 ,! mo/ influ5tial =m ( ! divorce is sep>ation betwe5 pure & appli$ sci5ce4 ,s9ce 8application0 signifies recogniz$ be>+ ^u human exp]i5ce & well-be+1 honor ( :at is 8pure0 & contempt = :at is 8appli$0 has = its outcome a sci5ce :i* is remote & te*nical1 communicable only to speciali/s1 & a conduct ( human affairs :i* is haphaz>d1 bias$1 unfair 9 di/ribution ( values4 ,:at is appli$ & employ$ z ! alt]native to k 9 regulation ( society is ignorance1 prejudice1 class-int]e/ & accid5t4 ,sci5ce is conv]t$ into k 9 its honorable & emphatic s5se only 9 application4 ,o!rwise x is truncat$1 bl9d1 di/ort$4 ,:5 x is !n appli$1 x is 9 ways :i* expla9 ! unfavorable s5se s (t5 atta*$ to 8application0 & ! 8utilit>ian03 namely1 use = pecuni>y ends to ! pr(it ( a few4 ,at pres5t1 ! application ( physical sci5ce is r to human conc]ns ?an 9 !m4 ,t is1 x is ext]nal1 made 9 ! int]e/s ( its consequ5ces = a possess+ & acquisitive class4 ,application 9 life w\ld signify t sci5ce 0 absorb$ & di/ribut$2 t x 0 ! in/rum5tality ( t common und]/&+ & ?or\gh communication :i* is ! precondition ( ! exi/5ce ( a g5u9e & effective public4 ,! use ( sci5ce to regulate indu/ry & trade has gone on /eadily4 ,! sci5tific revolution ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ! precursor ( ! indu/rial revolution ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5?4 ,9 consequ5ce1 man has suff]$ ! impact ( an enorm\sly enl>g$ control ( physical en]gies )\t any correspond+ ability to control himself & 8 own affairs4 ,k divid$ aga9/ itself1 a sci5ce to ^: incomplet5ess is add$ an artificial split1 has play$ its "p 9 g5]at+ enslavem5t ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 9 factories 9 :i* !y are animat$ ma*9es to t5d inanimate ma*9es4 ,x has ma9ta9$ sordid slums1 flurri$ & discont5t$ c>e]s1 gr9d+ pov]ty & luxuri\s weal?1 brutal exploitation ( nature & man 9 times ( peace & high explosives & noxi\s gases 9 times ( w>4 ,man1 a *ild 9 und]/&+ ( himself1 has plac$ 9 8 h&s physical tools ( incalculable p[]4 ,he plays ) !m l a *ild1 & :e!r !y "w h>m or good is l>gely a matt] ( accid5t4 ,! in/rum5tality becomes a ma/] & works fatally z if possess$ ( a w ( its own--n because x has a w b because man has n4 ,! glorification ( 8pure0 sci5ce "u su* conditions is a rationalization ( an escape2 x m>ks a con/ruction ( an asylum ( refuge1 a %irk+ ( responsibility4 ,! true purity ( k exi/s n :5 x is uncontam9at$ by contact ) use & s]vice4 ,x is :olly a moral matt]1 an affair ( hone/y1 imp>tiality & g5]\s bread? ( int5t 9 se>* & communication4 ,! adult]ation ( k is due n to its use1 b to ve/$ bias & prejudice1 to "o-sid$ness ( outlook1 to vanity1 to conceit ( possession & au?ority1 to contempt or disreg>d ( human conc]n 9 its use4 ,humanity is n1 z 0 once ?\ght1 ! end = :i* all ?+s 7 =m$2 x is b a slight & feeble ?+1 p]haps an episodic "o1 9 ! va/ /ret* ( ! univ]se4 ,b = man1 man is ! c5t] ( int]e/ & ! measure ( importance4 ,! magnify+ ( ! physical realm at ! co/ ( man is b an abdication & a flight4 ,to make physical sci5ce a rival ( human int]e/s is bad en\gh1 = x =ms a div]sion ( en]gy :i* c ill be af=d$4 ,b ! evil does n /op !re4 ,! ultimate h>m is t ! und]/&+ by man ( 8 own affairs & 8 ability to direct !m are sapp$ at _! root :5 k ( nature is disconnect$ f its human function4 ,x has be5 impli$ ?r\gh\t t k is communication z well z und]/&+4 ,i well rememb] ! say+ ( a man1 un$ucat$ f ! /&po9t ( ! s*ools1 9 speak+ ( c]ta9 matt]s3 8,sometime !y w be f\nd out & n only f\nd out1 b !y w be kn[n40 ,! s*ools may suppose t a ?+ is kn[n :5 x is f\nd out4 ,my old fri5d 0 aw>e t a ?+ is fully kn[n only :5 x is publi%$1 %>$1 socially accessible4 ,record & communication are indisp5sable to k4 ,k coop$ up 9 a private consci\sness is a my?1 & k ( social ph5om5a is peculi>ly dep5d5t ^u dissem9ation1 = only by di/ribution c su* k be ei!r obta9$ or te/$4 ,a fact ( community life :i* is n spread abroad s z to be a common possession is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,dissem9ation is some?+ o!r ?an scatt]+ at l>ge4 ,se$s are s[n1 n by virtue ( be+ ?r[n out at r&om1 b by be+ s di/ribut$ z to take root & h a *ance ( gr[?4 ,communication ( ! results ( social inquiry is ! same ?+ z ! =mation ( public op9ion4 ,?is m>ks "o ( ! fir/ ideas fram$ 9 ! gr[? ( political democracy z x w be "o ( ! la/ to be fulfill$4 ,= public op9ion is judgm5t :i* is =m$ & ent]ta9$ by ^? :o con/itute ! public & is ab\t public affairs4 ,ea* ( ! two phases imposes = its realization conditions h>d to meet4 ,op9ions & beliefs conc]n+ ! public presuppose effective & organiz$ inquiry4 ,unless !re are me?ods = detect+ ! en]gies :i* are at "w & trac+ !m ?r\gh an intricate network ( int]actions to _! consequ5ces1 :at passes z public op9ion w be 8op9ion0 9 its d]ogatory s5se r ?an truly public1 no matt] h[ widespread ! op9ion is4 ,! numb] :o %>e error z to fact & :o p>take ( a false belief measures p[] = h>m4 ,op9ion casually =m$ & =m$ "u ! direction ( ^? :o h some?+ at /ake 9 hav+ a lie believ$ c be public op9ion only 9 "n4 ,call+ x by ?is "n1 acceptance ( ! "n z a k9d ( w>rant1 magnifies its capacity to lead action e/ray4 ,! m :o %>e x1 ! m injuri\s its influ5ce4 ,public op9ion1 ev5 if x happ5s to be correct1 is int]mitt5t :5 x is n ! product ( me?ods ( inve/igation & report+ con/antly at "w4 ,x appe>s only 9 crises4 ,h5ce its 8rightness0 conc]ns only an imm$iate em]g5cy4 ,its lack ( cont9uity makes x wrong f ! /&po9t ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x is z if a physician 7 able to deal = ! mom5t ) an em]g5cy 9 disease b c\ld n adapt 8 treatm5t ( x to ! und]ly+ conditions :i* br\ght x ab\t4 ,he may !n 8cure0 ! disease--t is1 cause its pres5t al>m+ symptoms to subside--b he does n modify its causes2 8 treatm5t may ev5 affect !m = ! worse4 ,only cont9u\s inquiry1 cont9u\s 9 ! s5se ( be+ connect$ z well z p]si/5t1 c provide ! mat]ial ( endur+ op9ion ab\t public matt]s4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* 8op9ion0 r ?an k1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 is ! prop] t]m to use--namely1 9 ! s5se ( judgm5t1 e/imate4 ,= 9 its /rict s5se1 k c ref] only to :at has happ5$ & be5 done4 ,:at is /ill to be done involves a =eca/ ( a future /ill cont+5t1 & _c escape ! liability to error 9 judgm5t involv$ 9 all anticipation ( probabilities4 ,!re may well be hone/ div]g5ce z to policies to be pursu$1 ev5 :5 plans spr+ f k ( ! same facts4 ,b g5u9ely public policy _c be g5]at$ unless x be in=m$ by k1 & ?is k does n exi/ except :5 !re is sy/ematic1 ?or\gh1 & well-equipp$ se>* & record4 ,moreov]1 inquiry mu/ be z ne>ly contemporane\s z possible2 o!rwise x is only ( antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,k ( hi/ory is evid5tly necess>y = connect$ness ( k4 ,b hi/ory :i* is n br\ght d[n close to ! actual sc5e ( ev5ts leaves a gap & ex]cises influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( judgm5ts ab\t ! public int]e/ only by guess-"w ab\t int]v5+ ev5ts4 ,"h1 only too conspicu\sly1 is a limitation ( ! exi/+ social sci5ces4 ,_! mat]ial comes too late1 too f> aft] ! ev5t1 to ent] effectively into ! =mation ( public op9ion ab\t ! imm$iate public conc]n & :at is to be done ab\t x4 ,a glance at ! situation %[s t ! physical & ext]nal means ( collect+ in=mation 9 reg>d to :at is happ5+ 9 ! _w h f> outrun ! intellectual phase ( inquiry & organization ( its results4 ,telegraph1 telephone1 & n[ ! radio1 *eap & quick mails1 ! pr9t+ press1 capable ( swift r$uplication ( mat]ial at l[ co/1 h atta9$ a rem>kable developm5t4 ,b :5 we ask :at sort ( mat]ial is record$ & h[ x is organiz$1 :5 we ask ab\t ! intellectual =m 9 :i* ! mat]ial is pres5t$1 ! tale to be told is v diff]5t4 8,news0 signifies some?+ :i* has j happ5$1 & :i* is new j because x deviates f ! old & regul>4 ,b its mean+ dep5ds ^u relation to :at x imports1 to :at its social consequ5ces are4 ,?is import _c be det]m9$ unless ! new is plac$ 9 relation to ! old1 to :at has happ5$ & be5 integrat$ into ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,)\t cord9ation & consecutiv5ess1 ev5ts are n ev5ts1 b m]e occurr5ces1 intrusions2 an ev5t implies t out ( :i* a happ5+ proce$s4 ,h5ce ev5 if we disc\nt ! influ5ce ( private int]e/s 9 procur+ suppression1 secrecy & misrepres5tation1 we h "h an explanation ( ! triviality & 8s5sational0 quality ( s mu* ( :at passes z news4 ,! cata/rophic1 namely1 crime1 accid5t1 family r[s1 p]sonal cla%es & conflicts1 are ! mo/ obvi\s =ms ( brea*es ( cont9uity2 !y supply ! elem5t ( %ock :i* is ! /ricte/ mean+ ( s5sation2 !y are ! new p> excell5ce1 ev5 ?\gh only ! date ( ! newspap] c\ld in=m u :e!r !y happ5$ la/ ye> or ?is1 s completely are !y isolat$ f _! connections4 ,s accu/om$ are we to ?is me?od ( collect+1 record+ & pres5t+ social *anges1 t x may well s\nd ridicul\s to say t a g5u9e social sci5ce w\ld manife/ its reality 9 ! daily press1 :ile le>n$ books & articles supply & poli% tools ( inquiry4 ,b ! inquiry :i* alone c furni% k z a precondition ( public judgm5ts mu/ be contempor>y & quotidian4 ,ev5 if social sci5ces z a specializ$ app>atus ( inquiry 7 m advanc$ ?an !y are1 !y w\ld be comp>atively impot5t 9 ! (fice ( direct+ op9ion on matt]s ( conc]n to ! public z long z !y are remote f application 9 ! daily & unremitt+ assembly & int]pretation ( 8news40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tools ( social inquiry w be clumsy z long z !y are =g$ 9 places & "u conditions remote f contempor>y ev5ts4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! =mation ( ideas & judgm5ts conc]n+ ! public apply z well to ! di/ribution ( ! k :i* makes x an effective possession ( ! memb]s ( ! public4 ,any sep>ation betwe5 ! two sides ( ! problem is artificial4 ,! discussion ( propag&a & propag&ism w\ld alone1 h[ev]1 dem& a volume1 & c\ld be writt5 only by "o mu* m exp]i5c$ ?an ! pres5t writ]4 ,propag&a c accord+ly only be m5tion$1 ) ! rem>k t ! pres5t situation is "o unprec$5t$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! political =ms ( democracy & quasi-democratic habits ( ?\ght on social matt]s h compell$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( public discussion & at lea/ ! simulation ( g5]al consultation 9 arriv+ at political decisions4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t mu/ at lea/ seem to be f\nd$ on public int]e/s z !y are reveal$ to public belief4 ,! days are pa/ :5 gov]nm5t c be c>ri$ on )\t any pret5se ( asc]ta9+ ! wi%es ( ! gov]n$4 ,9 !ory1 _! ass5t mu/ be secur$4 ,"u ! old] =ms1 !re 0 no ne$ to muddy ! s\rces ( op9ion on political matt]s4 ,no curr5t ( en]gy fl[$ f !m4 ,to-day ! judgm5ts popul>ly =m$ on political matt]s are s important1 9 spite ( all factors to ! contr>y1 t !re is an enorm\s premium ^u all me?ods :i* affect _! =mation4 ,! smoo!/ road to control ( political conduct is by control ( op9ion4 ,z long z int]e/s ( pecuni>y pr(it are p[]ful1 & a public has n locat$ & id5tifi$ itself1 ^? :o h ?is int]e/ w h an unresi/$ motive = tamp]+ ) ! spr+s ( political action 9 all t affects !m4 ,j z 9 ! conduct ( indu/ry & ex*ange g5]ally ! te*nological factor is obscur$1 deflect$ & defeat$ by 8bus9ess10 s specifically 9 ! managem5t ( publicity4 ,! ga!r+ & sale ( subject-matt] hav+ a public import is "p ( ! exi/+ pecuni>y sy/em4 ,j z indu/ry conduct$ by eng9e]s on a factual te*nological basis w\ld be a v diff]5t ?+ f :at x actually is1 s ! assembl+ & report+ ( news w\ld be a v diff]5t ?+ if ! g5u9e int]e/s ( report]s 7 p]mitt$ to "w freely4 ,"o aspect ( ! matt] conc]ns p>ticul>ly ! side ( dissem9ation4 ,x is (t5 said1 & ) a great appe>ance ( tru?1 t ! free+ & p]fect+ ( inquiry w\ld n h any especial effect4 ,=1 x is argu$1 ! mass ( ! read+ public is n int]e/$ 9 le>n+ & assimilat+ ! results ( accurate inve/igation4 ,unless ^! are read1 !y _c s]i\sly affect ! ?\ght & action ( memb]s ( ! public2 !y rema9 9 seclud$ libr>y alcoves1 & are /udi$ & und]/ood only by a few intellectuals4 ,! objection is well tak5 save z ! pot5cy ( art is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a te*nical high-br[ pres5tation w\ld appeal only to ^? te*nically high-br[2 x w\ld n be news to ! masses4 ,pres5tation is fundam5tally important1 & pres5tation is a "q ( art4 ,a newspap] :i* 0 only a daily edition ( a qu>t]ly j\rnal ( sociology or political sci5ce w\ld und\bt$ly possess a limit$ circulation & a n>r[ influ5ce4 ,ev5 at t1 h[ev]1 ! m]e exi/5ce & accessibility ( su* mat]ial w\ld h "s regulative effect4 ,b we c look mu* fur!r ?an t4 ,! mat]ial w\ld h su* an enorm\s & widespread human be>+ t its b>e exi/5ce w\ld be an irresi/ible invitation to a pres5tation ( x :i* w\ld h a direct popul> appeal4 ,! free+ ( ! arti/ 9 lit]>y pres5tation1 9 o!r words1 is z mu* a precondition ( ! desirable creation ( adequate op9ion on public matt]s z is ! free+ ( social inquiry4 ,m5's consci\s life ( op9ion & judgm5t (t5 proce$s on a sup]ficial & trivial plane4 ,b _! lives rea* a deep] level4 ,! function ( art has always be5 to break ?r\gh ! cru/ ( conv5tionaliz$ & r\t9e consci\sness4 ,common ?+s1 a fl[]1 a gleam ( moonlight1 ! song ( a bird1 n ?+s r>e & remote1 are means ) :i* ! deep] levels ( life are t\*$ s t !y spr+ up z desire & ?\ght4 ,?is process is art4 ,poetry1 ! drama1 ! novel1 are pro(s t ! problem ( pres5tation is n insoluble4 ,arti/s h always be5 ! real purveyors ( news1 = x is n ! outw>d happ5+ 9 itself :i* is new1 b ! k9dl+ by x ( emotion1 p]ception & appreciation4 ,we h b t\*$ lightly & 9 pass+ ^u ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ if ! ,great ,society is to become a ,great ,community2 a society 9 :i* ! ev]-exp&+ & intricately ramify+ consequ5ces ( associat$ activities %all be kn[n 9 ! full s5se ( t ^w1 s t an organiz$1 articulate ,public comes into be+4 ,! highe/ & mo/ difficult k9d ( inquiry & a subtle1 delicate1 vivid & responsive art ( communication mu/ take possession ( ! physical ma*9]y ( transmission & circulation & brea! life into x4 ,:5 ! ma*9e age has ?us p]fect$ its ma*9]y x w be a means ( life & n its despotic ma/]4 ,democracy w come into its own1 = democracy is a "n = a life ( free & enri*+ communion4 ,x _h its se] 9 ,walt ,:itman4 ,x w h its consummation :5 free social inquiry is indissolubly w$d$ to ! art ( full & mov+ communication4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,me?od ,p]haps to mo/1 probably to _m1 ! conclusions :i* h be5 /at$ z to ! conditions ^u :i* dep5ds ! em]g5ce ( ! ,public f its eclipse w seem close to d5ial ( ! possibility ( realiz+ ! idea ( a democratic public4 ,"o might inde$ po9t = :at x is wor? to ! enorm\s ob/acles ) :i* ! rise ( a sci5ce ( physical ?+s 0 confront$ a few %ort c5turies ago1 z evid5ce t hope ne$ n be :olly desp]ate nor fai? :olly bl9d4 ,b we are n conc]n$ ) prophecy b ) analysis4 ,x is en\gh = pres5t purposes if ! problem has be5 cl>ifi$3--if we h se5 t ! out/&+ problem ( ! ,public is discov]y & id5tification ( itself1 & if we h succe$$1 9 h[ev] grop+ a mann]1 9 appreh5d+ ! conditions ^u :i* ! resolution ( ! problem dep5ds4 ,we %all conclude ) sugge/+ "s implications & coroll>ies z to me?od1 n1 inde$1 z to ! me?od ( resolution1 b1 once m1 ! intellectual antec$5ts ( su* a me?od4 ,! prelim9>y to fruitful discussion ( social matt]s is t c]ta9 ob/acles %all be ov]come1 ob/acles resid+ 9 our pres5t conceptions ( ! me?od ( social inquiry4 ,"o ( ! ob/ructions 9 ! pa? is ! seem+ly engra9$ notion t ! fir/ & ! la/ problem :i* mu/ be solv$ is ! relation ( ! individual & ! social3--or t ! out/&+ "q is to det]m9e ! relative m]its ( individualism & collective or ( "s compromise betwe5 !m4 ,9 fact1 bo? words1 individual & social1 are hopelessly ambigu\s1 & ! ambiguity w nev] cease z long z we ?9k 9 t]ms ( an anti!sis4 ,9 its approximate s5se1 any?+ is individual :i* moves & acts z a unit>y ?+4 ,= common s5se1 a c]ta9 spatial sep>at5ess is ! m>k ( ?is individuality4 ,a ?+ is "o :5 x /&s1 lies or moves z a unit indep5d5tly ( o!r ?+s1 :e!r x be a /one1 tree1 molecule or drop ( wat]1 or a human be+4 ,b ev5 vulg> common s5se at once introduces c]ta9 qualifications4 ,! tree /&s only :5 root$ 9 ! soil2 x lives or dies 9 ! mode ( its connections ) sunlight1 air & wat]4 ,!n too ! tree is a collection ( int]act+ p>ts2 is ! tree m a s+le :ole ?an its cells8 ,a /one moves1 app>5tly alone4 ,b x is mov$ by some?+ else & ! c\rse ( its flight is dep5d5t n only ^u initial propulsion b ^u w9d & gravity4 ,a hamm] falls1 & :at 0 "o /one becomes a heap ( du/y p>ticles4 ,a *emi/ op]ates ) "o ( ! gra9s ( du/1 & =?) x disappe>s 9 molecules1 atoms & electrons--& !n8 ,h we n[ rea*$ a lonely1 b n lonesome1 individual8 ,or does1 p]haps1 an electron dep5d = its s+le & unit>y mode ( action ^u its connections1 z mu* z ! /one ) :i* we />t$8 ,is its action also a function ( "s m inclusive & int]act+ sc5e8 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 we h to qualify our approximate notion ( an individual z be+ t :i* acts & moves z a unit>y ?+4 ,we h to consid] n only its connections & ties1 b ! consequ5ces ) respect to :i* x acts & moves4 ,we are compell$ to say t = "s purposes1 = "s results1 ! tree is ! individual1 = o!rs ! cell1 & = a ?ird1 ! =e/ or ! l&scape4 ,is a book or a leaf or a folio or a p>agraph1 or a pr9t]'s em ! individual8 ,is ! b9d+ or ! conta9$ ?\ght t :i* gives individual unity to a book8 ,or are all ( ^! ?+s def9]s ( an individual accord+ to ! consequ5ces :i* are relevant 9 a p>ticul> situation8 ,unless we betake ourselves to ! /ock resort ( common s5se1 dismiss+ all que/ions z useless quibbles1 x seems z if we c\ld n det]m9e an individual )\t ref]5ce to diff]5ces made z well z to antec$5t & contempor>y connections4 ,if s1 an individual1 :atev] else x is or is n1 is n j ! spatially isolat$ ?+ our imag9ation incl9es to take x to be4 ,su* a discussion does n proce$ ^u a p>ticul>ly high nor an especially deep level4 ,b x may at lea/ r5d] u w>y ( any def9ition ( an individual :i* op]ates 9 t]ms ( sep>at5ess4 ,a di/9ctive way ( behav+ 9 conjunction & connection ) o!r di/9ctive ways ( act+1 n a self-enclos$ way ( act+1 indep5d5t ( ev]y?+ else1 is t t[>d :i* we are po9t$4 ,any human be+ is 9 "o respect an association1 consi/+ ( a multitude ( cells ea* liv+ its own life4 ,& z ! activity ( ea* cell is condition$ & direct$ by ^? ) :i* x int]acts1 s ! human be+ :om we fa/5 ^u z individual p> excell5ce is mov$ & regulat$ by 8 associations ) o!rs2 :at he does & :at ! consequ5ces ( 8 behavior are1 :at 8 exp]i5ce consi/s (1 _c ev5 be describ$1 mu* less acc\nt$ =1 9 isolation4 ,b :ile associat$ behavior is1 z we h already not$1 a univ]sal law1 ! fact ( association does n ( itself make a society4 ,?is dem&s1 z we h also se51 p]ception ( ! consequ5ces ( a jo9t activity & ( ! di/9ctive %>e ( ea* elem5t 9 produc+ x4 ,su* p]ception creates a common int]e/2 t is conc]n on ! "p ( ea* 9 ! jo9t action & 9 ! contribution ( ea* ( its memb]s to x4 ,!n !re exi/s some?+ truly social & n m]ely associative4 ,b x is absurd to suppose t a society does away ) ! traits ( its own con/itu5ts s t x c be set ov] aga9/ !m4 ,x c only be set ov] aga9/ ! traits :i* !y & _! l pres5t 9 "s o!r comb9ation4 ,a molecule ( oxyg5 9 wat] may act 9 c]ta9 respects diff]5tly ?an x w\ld 9 "s o!r *emical union4 ,b z a con/itu5t ( wat] x acts z wat] does z long z wat] is wat]4 ,! only intelligible di/9ction :i* c be drawn is betwe5 ! behaviors ( oxyg5 9 its diff]5t relations1 & betwe5 ^? ( wat] 9 its relations to v>i\s conditions1 n betwe5 t ( wat] & ! oxyg5 :i* is conjo9$ ) hydrog5 9 wat]4 ,a s+le man :5 he is jo9$ 9 m>riage is diff]5t 9 t connection to :at he 0 z s+le or to :at he is 9 "s o!r union1 z a memb]1 say1 ( a club4 ,he has new p[]s & immunities1 new responsibilities4 ,he c be contra/$ ) himself z he behaves 9 o!r connections4 ,he may be comp>$ & contra/$ ) 8 wife 9 _! di/9ctive rles )9 ! union4 ,b z a memb] ( ! union he _c be treat$ z anti!tical to ! union 9 :i* he belongs4 ,z a memb] ( ! union1 8 traits & acts are evid5tly ^? :i* he possesses 9 virtue ( x1 :ile ^? ( ! integrat$ association are :at !y are 9 virtue ( 8 /atus 9 ! union4 ,! only reason we fail to see ?is1 or are confus$ by ! /atem5t ( x1 is because we pass s easily f ! man 9 "o connection to ! man 9 "s o!r connection1 to ! man n z husb& b z bus9ess man1 sci5tific inve/igator1 *ur*-memb] or citiz51 9 :i* connections 8 acts & _! consequ5ces are obvi\sly diff]5t to ^? due to union 9 w$lock4 ,a good example ( ! fact & ( ! curr5t confusion z to its int]pretation is f\nd 9 ! case ( associations kn[n z limit$ liability jo9t-/ock companies4 ,a corporation z su* is an integrat$ collective mode ( action hav+ p[]s1 rights1 duties & immunities diff]5t f ^? ( its s+ul> memb]s 9 _! o!r connections4 ,its diff]5t con/itu5ts h also div]se /atuses--= example1 ! own]s ( /ock f ! (fic]s & directors 9 c]ta9 matt]s4 ,if we d n be> ! facts /eadily 9 m9d1 x is easy--z frequ5tly happ5s--to create an artificial problem4 ,s9ce ! corporation c d ?+s :i* its individual memb]s1 9 _! _m relation%ips outside ( _! connections 9 ! corporation1 _c d1 ! problem is rais$ z to ! relation ( ! corporate collective union to t ( individuals z su*4 ,x is =gott5 t z memb]s ( ! corporation ! individuals !mselves are diff]5t1 h diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 rights & duties1 ?an !y w\ld possess if !y 7 n its memb]s & diff]5t f ^? :i* !y possess 9 o!r =ms ( conjo9t behavior4 ,b :at ! individuals may d legitimately z memb]s ( ! corporation 9 _! respective corporate rles1 ! corporation does1 & vice v]sa4 ,a collective unity may be tak5 ei!r di/ributively or collectively1 b :5 tak5 collectively x is ! union ( its di/ributive con/itu5ts1 & :5 tak5 di/ributively1 x is a di/ribution ( & )9 ! collectivity4 ,x makes nons5se to set up an anti!sis betwe5 ! di/ributive phase & ! collective4 ,an individual _c be oppos$ to ! association ( :i* he is an integral "p nor c ! association be set aga9/ its integrat$ memb]s4 ,b gr\ps may be oppos$ to "o ano!r1 & individuals may be oppos$ to "o ano!r2 & an individual z a memb] ( diff]5t gr\ps may be divid$ )9 himself1 & 9 a true s5se h conflict+ selves1 or be a relatively dis9tegrat$ individual4 ,a man may be "o ?+ z a *ur* memb] & ano!r ?+ z a memb] ( ! bus9ess community4 ,! diff]5ce may be c>ri$ z if 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 or x may become su* a division z to entail int]nal conflict4 ,9 ^! facts we h ! gr\nd ( ! common anti!sis set up betwe5 society & ! individual4 ,!n 8society0 becomes an unreal ab/raction & 8! individual0 an equally unreal "o4 ,because an individual c be disassociat$ f ?is1 t & ! o!r gr\p+1 s9ce he ne$ n be m>ri$1 or be a *ur*-memb] or a vot]1 or belong to a club or sci5tific organization1 !re gr[s up 9 ! m9d an image ( a residual individual :o is n a memb] ( any association at all4 ,f ?is premise1 & f ?is only1 !re develops ! unreal "q ( h[ individuals come to be unit$ 9 societies & gr\ps3 ! individual & ! social are n[ oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & !re is ! problem ( 8reconcil+0 !m4 ,mean:ile1 ! g5u9e problem is t ( adju/+ gr\ps & individuals to "o ano!r4 ,! unreal problem becomes p>ticul>ly acute1 z we h already not$ 9 ano!r connection1 9 times ( rapid social *ange1 z :5 a newly =m+ indu/rial gr\p+ ) its special ne$s & en]gies f9ds itself 9 conflict ) old e/abli%$ political in/itutions & _! dem&s4 ,!n x is likely to be =gott5 t ! actual problem is "o ( recon/ruction ( ! ways & =ms 9 :i* m5 unite 9 associat$ activity4 ,! sc5e pres5ts itself z ! /ruggle ( ! individual z su* to lib]ate himself f society z su* & to claim 8 inh]5t or 8natural0 self-possess$ & self-suffic+ rights4 ,:5 ! new mode ( economic association has gr[n /rong & ex]cises an ov]we5+ & oppressive p[] ov] o!r gr\p+s1 ! old fallacy p]si/s4 ,! problem is n[ conceiv$ z t ( br++ individuals z su* "u ! control ( society z a collectivity4 ,x %\ld /ill be put z a problem ( readju/+ social relation%ips2 or1 f ! di/ributive side1 z t ( secur+ a m equable lib]ation ( ! p[]s ( all individual memb]s ( all gr\p+s4 ,?us our excursion has br\ght u back to ! !me ( me?od1 9 ! int]e/ ( :i* ! excursion 0 tak54 ,"o reason = ! comp>ative /]ility ( discussion ( social matt]s is because s mu* intellectual en]gy has gone into ! supposititi\s problem ( ! relations ( individualism & collectivism at l>ge1 :olesale1 & because ! image ( ! anti!sis infects s _m specific que/ions4 ,!reby ?\ght is div]t$ f ! only fruitful que/ions1 ^? ( inve/igation into factual subject-matt]1 & becomes a discussion ( concepts4 ,! 8problem0 ( ! relation ( ! concept ( au?ority to t ( fre$om1 ( p]sonal rights to social obligations1 ) only a subsumptive illu/rative ref]5ce to empirical facts1 has be5 sub/itut$ = inquiry into ! consequ5ces ( "s p>ticul> di/ribution1 "u giv5 conditions1 ( specific fre$oms & au?orities1 & = inquiry into :at alt]$ di/ribution w\ld yield m desirable consequ5ces4 ,z we saw 9 our e>ly consid]ation ( ! !me ( ! public1 ! "q ( :at transactions %\ld be left z f> z possible to volunt>y initiative & agreem5t & :at %\ld come "u ! regulation ( ! public is a "q ( "t1 place & concrete conditions t c be kn[n only by c>eful obs]vation & reflective inve/igation4 ,= x conc]ns consequ5ces2 & ! nature ( consequ5ces & ! ability to p]ceive & act ^u !m v>ies ) ! indu/rial & intellectual ag5cies :i* op]ate4 ,a solution1 or di/ributive adju/m5t1 ne$$ at "o "t is totally unfitt$ to ano!r situation4 ,t social 8evolution0 has be5 ei!r f collectivism to individualism or ! rev]se is %e] sup]/ition4 ,x has consi/$ 9 a cont9u\s re-di/ribution ( social integrations on ! "o h& & ( capacities & en]gies ( individuals on ! o!r4 ,individuals f9d !mselves cramp$ & depress$ by absorption ( _! pot5tialities 9 "s mode ( association :i* has be5 in/itutionaliz$ & become dom9ant4 ,!y may ?9k !y are clamor+ = a purely p]sonal lib]ty1 b :at !y are do+ is to br+ into be+ a great] lib]ty to %>e 9 o!r associations1 s t m ( _! individual pot5tialities w be releas$ & _! p]sonal exp]i5ce enri*$4 ,life has be5 impov]i%$1 n by a pr$om9ance ( 8society0 9 g5]al ov] individuality1 b by a dom9ation ( "o =m ( association1 ! family1 clan1 *ur*1 economic in/itutions1 ov] o!r actual & possible =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! problem ( ex]cis+ 8social control0 ov] individuals is 9 its reality t ( regulat+ ! do+s & results ( "s individuals 9 ord] t a l>g] numb] ( individuals may h a full] & deep] exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce bo? ends c be intellig5tly atta9$ only by k ( actual conditions 9 _! modes ( op]ation & _! consequ5ces1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! *ief enemy ( a social ?9k+ :i* w\ld c\nt 9 public affairs is ! /]ile & impot5t1 because totally irrelevant1 *annels 9 :i* s mu* intellectual en]gy has be5 exp5d$4 ,! second po9t ) respect to me?od is closely relat$4 ,political !ories h %>$ 9 ! absoluti/ic "* ( philosophy g5]ally4 ,by ?is is meant some?+ mu* m ?an philosophies ( ! ,absolute4 ,ev5 pr(ess$ly empirical philosophies h assum$ a c]ta9 f9ality & =ev]ness 9 _! !ories :i* may be express$ by say+ t !y h be5 non-hi/orical 9 "*4 ,!y h isolat$ _! subject-matt] f its connections1 & any isolat$ subject-matt] becomes unqualifi$ 9 ! degree ( its disconnection4 ,9 social !ory deal+ ) human nature1 a c]ta9 fix$ & /&>diz$ 8individual0 has be5 po/ulat$1 f ^: assum$ traits social ph5om5a c\ld be d$uc$4 ,?us ,mill says 9 8 discussion ( ! logic ( ! moral & social sci5ces3 8,! laws ( ! ph5om5a ( society are1 & c be1 no?+ b ! laws ( ! actions & passions ( human be+s unit$ toge!r 9 ! social /ate4 ,m51 h[ev]1 9 a /ate ( society are /ill m52 _! actions & passions are ob$i5t to ! laws ( individual human nature40#ac ,obvi\sly :at is ignor$ 9 su* a /atem5t is t 8! actions & passions0 ( individual m5 are 9 ! concrete :at !y are1 _! beliefs & purposes includ$1 because ( ! social m$ium 9 :i* !y live2 t !y are influ5c$ ?r\gh\t by contempor>y & transmitt$ culture1 :e!r 9 con=mity or prote/4 ,:at is g5]ic & ! same ev]y:]e is at be/ ! organic /ructure ( man1 8 biological make-up4 ,:ile x is evid5tly important to take ?is into acc\nt1 x is also evid5t t none ( ! di/9ctive features ( human association c be d$uc$ f x4 ,?us1 9 spite ( ,mill's horror ( ! metaphysical absolute1 8 lead+ social conceptions 71 logically1 absoluti/ic4 ,c]ta9 social laws1 normative & regulative1 at all p]iods & "u all circum/ances ( prop] social life 7 assum$ to exi/4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution modifi$ ?is idea ( me?od only sup]ficially4 ,= 8evolution0 0 itself (t5 und]/ood non-hi/orically4 ,t is1 x 0 assum$ t !re is a pr$e/9$ c\rse ( fix$ /ages ?r\gh :i* social developm5t mu/ proce$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( concepts borr[$ f ! physical sci5ce ( ! "t1 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ! v possibility ( a social sci5ce /ood or fell ) ! det]m9ation ( fix$ uni=mities4 ,n[ e su* logic is fatal to free exp]im5tal social inquiry4 ,inve/igation into empirical facts 0 und]tak51 ( c\rse1 b its results _h to fit into c]ta9 ready-made & second-h& rubrics4 ,:5 ev5 physical facts & laws are p]ceiv$ & us$1 social *ange takes place4 ,! ph5om5a & laws are n alt]$1 b inv5tion bas$ ^u !m modifies ! human situation4 ,= !re is at once an ef=t to regulate _! impact 9 life4 ,! discov]y ( mal>ia does n alt] its exi/5tial causation1 intellectually view$1 b x does f9ally alt] ! facts f :i* ! production ( mal>ia arises1 ?r\gh dra9+ & oil+ swamps1 etc41 & by tak+ o!r measures ( precaution4 ,if ! laws ( economic cycles ( expansion & depression 7 und]/ood1 means w\ld at once be se>*$ = to mitigate if n to d away ) ! sw+4 ,:5 m5 h an idea ( h[ social ag5cies "w & _! consequ5ces are wr\ght1 !y at once /rive to secure consequ5ces z f> z desirable & to av]t !m if undesirable4 ,^! are facts ( ! mo/ ord9>y obs]vation4 ,b x is n (t5 not$ h[ fatal !y are to ! id5tification ( social ) physical uni=mities4 8,laws0 ( social life1 :5 x is g5u9ely human1 are l laws ( eng9e]+4 ,if y want c]ta9 results1 c]ta9 means mu/ be f\nd & employ$4 ,! key to ! situation is a cle> conception ( consequ5ces want$1 & ( ! te*nique = rea*+ !m1 toge!r )1 ( c\rse1 ! /ate ( desires & av]sions :i* causes "s consequ5ces to be want$ r ?an o!rs4 ,all ( ^! ?+s are functions ( ! preval5t culture ( ! p]iod4 ,:ile ! backw>dness ( social k & art is ( c\rse connect$ ) ret>d$ k ( human nature1 or psy*ology1 x is also absurd to suppose t an adequate psy*ological sci5ce w\ld fl[] 9 a control ( human activities simil> to ! control :i* physical sci5ce has procur$ ( physical en]gies4 ,= increas$ k ( human nature w\ld directly & 9 unpr$ictable ways modify ! work+s ( human nature1 & lead to ! ne$ ( new me?ods ( regulation1 & s on )\t end4 ,x is a matt] ( analysis r ?an ( prophecy to say t ! prim>y & *ief effect ( a bett] psy*ology w\ld be f\nd 9 education4 ,! gr[? & diseases ( gra9s & hogs are n[ recogniz$ z prop] subjects ( gov]nm5tal subsidy & att5tion4 ,in/rum5tal ag5cies = a simil> inve/igation ( ! conditions :i* make = ! physical & moral hygi5e ( ! "y are 9 a /ate ( infancy4 ,we sp5d l>ge sums ( money = s*ool build+s & _! physical equipm5t4 ,b sy/ematic exp5diture ( public funds = sci5tific inquiry into ! conditions :i* affect ! m5tal & moral developm5t ( *ildr5 is j beg9n+1 & dem&s = a l>ge increase 9 ?is direction are look$ ^u askance4 ,aga91 x is report$ t !re are m b$s 9 hospitals & asylums = cases ( m5tal di/urbance & ret>dation ?an = all diseases comb9$4 ,! public pays g5]\sly to take c>e ( ! results ( bad conditions4 ,b !re is no comp>able att5tion & will+ness to exp5d funds to inve/igate ! causes ( ^! tr\bles4 ,! reason = ^! anomalies is evid5t en\gh4 ,!re is no conviction t ! sci5ces ( human nature are f> en\gh advanc$ to make public support ( su* activities wor? :ile4 ,a m>k$ developm5t ( psy*ology & k9dr$ subjects w\ld *ange ?is situation4 ,& we h be5 speak+ only ( antec$5t conditions ( education4 ,to complete ! picture we h to realize ! diff]5ce :i* w\ld be made 9 ! me?ods ( p>5ts & tea*]s 7 !re an adequate & g5]ally %>$ k ( human nature4 ,b su* an educational developm5t1 ?\gh intr9sically preci\s to ! la/ degree1 w\ld n entail a control ( human en]gies comp>able to t :i* already obta9s ( physical en]gies4 ,to imag9e t x w\ld is simply to r$uce human be+s to ! plane ( inanimate ?+s me*anically manipulat$ f )\t2 x makes human education some?+ l ! tra9+ ( fleas1 dogs & horses4 ,:at /&s 9 ! way is n any?+ call$ 8free-w10 b ! fact t su* a *ange 9 educational me?ods w\ld release new pot5tialities1 capable ( all k9ds ( p]mutations & comb9ations1 :i* w\ld !n modify social ph5om5a1 :ile ?is modification w\ld 9 its turn affect human nature & its educative trans=mation 9 a cont9u\s & endless procession4 ,! assimilation ( human sci5ce to physical sci5ce repres5ts1 9 o!r words1 only ano!r =m ( absoluti/ic logic1 a k9d ( physical absolutism4 ,we are d\btless b at ! beg9n+ ( ! possibilities ( control ( ! physical conditions ( m5tal & moral life4 ,physiological *emi/ry1 increas$ k ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ( ! processes & functions ( gl&ul> secretions1 may 9 "t enable u to deal ) ph5om5a ( emotional & intellectual di/urbance be=e :i* mank9d has be5 helpless4 ,b control ( ^! conditions w n det]m9e ! uses to :i* human be+s w put _! normaliz$ pot5tialities4 ,if any "o supposes t x w1 let him consid] ! applications ( su* rem$ial or prev5tive measures to a man 9 a /ate ( savage culture & "o 9 a mod]n community4 ,ea*1 z long z ! conditions ( ! social m$ium rema9$ sub/antially unalt]$1 w /ill h 8 exp]i5ce & ! direction ( 8 re/or$ en]gies affect$ by ! objects & in/rum5talities ( ! human environm5t1 & by :at m5 at ! "t curr5tly prize & hold de>4 ,! w>rior & m]*ant w\ld be bett] w>riors & m]*ants1 m effici5t1 b w>riors & m]*ants /ill4 ,^! consid]ations sugge/ a brief discussion ( ! effect ( ! pres5t absoluti/ic logic ^u ! me?od & aims ( education1 n j 9 ! s5se ( s*ool+ b ) respect to all ! ways 9 :i* communities attempt to %ape ! disposition & beliefs ( _! memb]s4 ,ev5 :5 ! processes ( education d n aim at ! un*ang$ p]petuation ( exi/+ in/itutions1 x is assum$ t !re mu/ be a m5tal picture ( "s desir$ end1 p]sonal & social1 :i* is to be atta9$1 & t ?is conception ( a fix$ det]m9ate end ought to control educative processes4 ,re=m]s %>e ?is conviction ) cons]vatives4 ,! disciples ( ,l59 & ,mussol9i vie ) ! capta9s ( capitali/ic society 9 endeavor+ to br+ ab\t a =mation ( dispositions & ideas :i* w conduce to a preconceiv$ goal4 ,if !re is a diff]5ce1 x is t ! =m] proce$ m consci\sly4 ,an exp]im5tal social me?od w\ld probably manife/ itself fir/ ( all 9 surr5d] ( ?is notion4 ,e c>e w\ld be tak5 to surr\nd ! "y ) ! physical & social conditions :i* be/ conduce1 z f> z fre$ k ext5ds1 to release ( p]sonal pot5tialities4 ,! habits ?us =m$ w\ld h entru/$ to !m ! meet+ ( future social requirem5ts & ! developm5t ( ! future /ate ( society4 ,!n & !n only w\ld all social ag5cies t are available op]ate z res\rces 9 behalf ( a bett]$ community life4 ,:at we h t]m$ ! absoluti/ic logic ends1 z f> z me?od 9 social matt]s is conc]n$1 9 a sub/itution ( discussion ( concepts & _! logical relations to "o ano!r = inquiry4 ,:atev] =m x assumes1 x results 9 /r5g!n+ ! reign ( dogma4 ,_! cont5ts may v>y1 b dogma p]si/s4 ,at ! outset we not$ 9 discussion ( ! /ate ! influ5ce ( me?ods :i* look = causal =ces4 ,long ago1 physical sci5ce ab&on$ ?is me?od & took up t ( detection ( correlation ( ev5ts4 ,our language & our ?9k+ is /ill saturat$ ) ! idea ( laws :i* ph5om5a 8obey40 ,b 9 8 actual proc$ures1 ! sci5tific inquir] into physical ev5ts treats a law simply z a /able correlation ( *anges 9 :at happ5s1 a /atem5t ( ! way 9 :i* "o ph5om5on1 or "s aspect or phase ( x1 v>ies :5 "s o!r specifi$ ph5om5on v>ies4 8,causation0 is an affair ( hi/orical sequ5ce1 ( ! ord] 9 :i* a s]ies ( *anges takes place4 ,to "k cause & effect is to "k1 9 ! ab/ract1 ! =mula ( correlation 9 *ange1 &1 9 ! concrete1 a c]ta9 hi/orical c>e] ( sequ5tial ev5ts4 ,! appeal to causal =ces at l>ge n only misleads inquiry into social facts1 b x affects equally s]i\sly ! =mation ( purposes & policies4 ,! p]son :o holds ! doctr9e ( 8individualism0 or 8collectivism0 has 8 program det]m9$ = him 9 advance4 ,x is n ) him a matt] ( f9d+ out ! p>ticul> ?+ :i* ne$s to be done & ! be/ way1 "u ! circum/ances1 ( do+ x4 ,x is an affair ( apply+ a h>d & fa/ doctr9e :i* foll[s logically f 8 preconception ( ! nature ( ultimate causes4 ,he is exempt f ! responsibility ( discov]+ ! concrete correlation ( *anges1 f ! ne$ ( trac+ p>ticul> sequ5ces or hi/ories ( ev5ts ?r\gh _! complicat$ c>e]s4 ,he kn[s 9 advance ! sort ( ?+ :i* mu/ be done1 j z 9 anci5t physical philosophy ! ?9k] knew 9 advance :at mu/ happ51 s t all he _h to d 0 to supply a logical framework ( def9itions & classifications4 ,:5 we say t ?9k+ & beliefs %\ld be exp]im5tal1 n absoluti/ic1 we h !n 9 m9d a c]ta9 logic ( me?od1 n1 prim>ily1 ! c>ry+ on ( exp]im5tation l t ( laboratories4 ,su* a logic involves ! foll[+ factors3 ,fir/1 t ^? concepts1 g5]al pr9ciples1 !ories & dialectical developm5ts :i* are indisp5sable to any sy/ematic k be %ap$ & te/$ z tools ( inquiry4 ,secondly1 t policies & proposals = social action be treat$ z work+ hypo!ses1 n z programs to be rigidly adh]$ to & execut$4 ,!y w be exp]im5tal 9 ! s5se t !y w be ent]ta9$ subject to con/ant & well-equipp$ obs]vation ( ! consequ5ces !y entail :5 act$ ^u1 & subject to ready & flexible revision 9 ! light ( obs]v$ consequ5ces4 ,! social sci5ces1 if ^! two /ipulations are fulfill$1 w !n be an app>atus = conduct+ inve/igation1 & = record+ & int]pret+ 7organiz+7 its results4 ,! app>atus w no long] be tak5 to be itself k1 b w be se5 to be intellectual means ( mak+ discov]ies ( ph5om5a hav+ social import & und]/&+ _! mean+4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 ! s5se ( diff]5ces ( judgm5t z to ! c\rse :i* x is be/ to foll[1 ! policy :i* x is be/ to try out1 w /ill exi/4 ,b op9ion 9 ! s5se ( beliefs =m$ & held 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce w be r$uc$ 9 quantity & importance4 ,no long] w views g5]at$ 9 view ( special situations be froz5 into absolute /&>ds & masqu]ade z et]nal tru?s4 ,?is phase ( ! discussion may be conclud$ by consid]ation ( ! relation ( exp]ts to a democratic public4 ,a negative phase ( ! e>li] argum5t = political democracy has l>gely lo/ its =ce4 ,= x 0 bas$ ^u ho/ility to dyna/ic & olig>*ic ari/ocracies1 & ^! h l>gely be5 b]eft ( p[]4 ,! olig>*y :i* n[ dom9ates is t ( an economic class4 ,x claims to rule1 n 9 virtue ( bir? & h]$it>y /atus1 b 9 virtue ( ability 9 managem5t & ( ! burd5 ( social responsibilities :i* x c>ries1 9 virtue ( ! position :i* sup]ior abilities h conf]r$ ^u x4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is a %ift+1 un/able olig>*y1 rapidly *ang+ its con/itu5ts1 :o are m or less at ! m]cy ( accid5ts !y _c control & ( te*nological inv5tions4 ,consequ5tly1 ! %oe is n[ on ! o!r foot4 ,x is argu$ t ! *eck ^u ! oppressive p[] ( ?is p>ticul> olig>*y lies 9 an intellectual ari/ocracy1 n 9 appeal to an ignorant1 fickle mass ^: int]e/s are sup]ficial & trivial1 & ^: judgm5ts are sav$ f incr$ible levity only :5 weight$ d[n by heavy prejudice4 ,x may be argu$ t ! democratic movem5t 0 ess5tially transitional4 ,x m>k$ ! passage f feudal in/itutions to indu/rialism1 & 0 co9cid5t ) ! transf] ( p[] f l&$ proprietors1 alli$ to *ur*ly au?orities1 to capta9s ( indu/ry1 "u conditions :i* involv$ an emancipation ( ! masses f legal limitations :i* _h previ\sly hemm$ !m 94 ,b1 s x is cont5d$ 9 effect1 x is absurd to conv]t ?is legal lib]ation into a dogma :i* alleges t release f old oppressions conf]s ^u ^? emancipat$ ! intellectual & moral qualities :i* fit !m = %>+ 9 regulation ( affairs ( /ate4 ,! ess5tial fallacy ( ! democratic cre$1 x is urg$1 is ! notion t a hi/oric movem5t :i* effect$ an important & desirable release f re/rictions is ei!r a s\rce or a pro( ( capacity 9 ^? ?us emancipat$ to rule1 :5 9 fact !re is no factor common 9 ! two ?+s4 ,! obvi\s alt]native is rule by ^? intellectually qualifi$1 by exp]t intellectuals4 ,?is revival ( ! ,platonic notion t philosoph]s %\ld be k+s is ! m tak+ because ! idea ( exp]ts is sub/itut$ = t ( philosoph]s1 s9ce philosophy has become some?+ ( a joke1 :ile ! image ( ! speciali/1 ! exp]t 9 op]ation1 is r5d]$ famili> & cong5ial by ! rise ( ! physical sci5ces & by ! conduct ( indu/ry4 ,a cynic might inde$ say t ! notion is a pipe-dream1 a rev]y ent]ta9$ by ! intellectual class 9 comp5sation = an impot5ce consequ5t ^u ! divorce ( !ory & practice1 ^u ! remot5ess ( specializ$ sci5ce f ! affairs ( life3 ! gulf be+ bridg$ n by ! intellectuals b by inv5tors & eng9e]s hir$ by capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,"o approa*es ! tru? m ne>ly :5 "o says t ! argum5t proves too mu* = its own cause4 ,if ! masses are z intellectually irr$eemable z its premise implies1 !y at all ev5ts h bo? too _m desires & too mu* p[] to p]mit rule by exp]ts to obta94 ,! v ignorance1 bias1 frivolity1 jeal\sy1 in/ability1 :i* are alleg$ to incapacitate !m f %>e 9 political affairs1 unfit !m /ill m = passive submission to rule by intellectuals4 ,rule by an economic class may be disguis$ f ! masses2 rule by exp]ts c\ld n be cov]$ up4 ,x c\ld be made to "w only if ! intellectuals became ! will+ tools ( big economic int]e/s4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld h to ally !mselves ) ! masses1 & t implies1 once m1 a %>e 9 gov]nm5t by ! latt]4 ,a m s]i\s objection is t exp]tness is mo/ readily atta9$ 9 specializ$ te*nical matt]s1 matt]s ( adm9i/ration & execution :i* po/ulate t g5]al policies are already satisfactorily fram$4 ,x is assum$ t ! policies ( ! exp]ts are 9 ! ma9 bo? wise & b5evol5t1 t is1 fram$ to cons]ve ! g5u9e int]e/s ( society4 ,! f9al ob/acle 9 ! way ( any ari/ocratic rule is t 9 ! abs5ce ( an articulate voice on ! "p ( ! masses1 ! be/ d n & _c rema9 ! be/1 ! wise cease to be wise4 ,x is impossible = high-br[s to secure a monopoly ( su* k z mu/ be us$ = ! regulation ( common affairs4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* !y become a specializ$ class1 !y are %ut (f f k ( ! ne$s :i* !y are suppos$ to s]ve4 ,! /ronge/ po9t to be made 9 behalf ( ev5 su* rudim5t>y political =ms z democracy has already atta9$1 popul> vot+1 majority rule & s on1 is t to "s ext5t !y involve a consultation & discussion :i* uncov] social ne$s & tr\bles4 ,?is fact is ! great asset on ! side ( ! political l$g]4 ,de ,tocqueville wrote x d[n almo/ a c5tury ago 9 8 survey ( ! prospects ( democracy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accus+ a democracy ( a t5d5cy to pref] m$iocrity 9 its elect$ rul]s1 & admitt+ its exposure to gu/s ( passion & its op5ness to folly1 he po9t$ out 9 effect t popul> gov]nm5t is educative z o!r modes ( political regulation are n4 ,x =ces a recognition t !re are common int]e/s1 ev5 ?\gh ! recognition ( :at !y are is confus$2 & ! ne$ x en=ces ( discussion & publicity br+s ab\t "s cl>ification ( :at !y are4 ,! man :o we>s ! %oe kn[s be/ t x p9*es & :]e x p9*es1 ev5 if ! exp]t %oemak] is ! be/ judge ( h[ ! tr\ble is to be rem$i$4 ,popul> gov]nm5t has at lea/ creat$ public _s ev5 if its success 9 in=m+ t _s has n be5 great4 ,a class ( exp]ts is inevitably s remov$ f common int]e/s z to become a class ) private int]e/s & private k1 :i* 9 social matt]s is n k at all4 ,! ballot is1 z (t5 said1 a sub/itute = bullets4 ,b :at is m significant is t c\nt+ ( heads compels prior rec\rse to me?ods ( discussion1 consultation & p]suasion1 :ile ! ess5ce ( appeal to =ce is to cut %ort resort to su* me?ods4 ,majority rule1 j z majority rule1 is z fooli% z its critics *>ge x ) be+4 ,b x nev] is m]ely majority rule4 ,z a practical politician1 ,samuel ,j4 ,tild51 said a long "t ago3 8,! means by :i* a majority comes to be a majority is ! m important ?+03 antec$5t debates1 modification ( views to meet ! op9ions ( m9orities1 ! relative satisfaction giv5 ! latt] by ! fact t x has _h a *ance & t next "t x may be successful 9 becom+ a majority4 ,?9k ( ! mean+ ( ! 8problem ( m9orities0 9 c]ta9 ,european /ates1 & comp>e x ) ! /atus ( m9orities 9 c\ntries hav+ popul> gov]nm5t4 ,x is true t all valuable z well z new ideas beg9 ) m9orities1 p]haps a m9ority ( "o4 ,! important consid]ation is t opportunity be giv5 t idea to spread & to become ! possession ( ! multitude4 ,no gov]nm5t by exp]ts 9 :i* ! masses d n h ! *ance to in=m ! exp]ts z to _! ne$s c be any?+ b an olig>*y manag$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! few4 ,& ! enlight5m5t mu/ proce$ 9 ways :i* =ce ! adm9i/rative speciali/s to take acc\nt ( ! ne$s4 ,! _w has suff]$ m f lead]s & au?orities ?an f ! masses4 ,! ess5tial ne$1 9 o!r words1 is ! improvem5t ( ! me?ods & conditions ( debate1 discussion & p]suasion4 ,t is ! problem ( ! public4 ,we h ass]t$ t ?is improvem5t dep5ds ess5tially ^u free+ & p]fect+ ! processes ( inquiry & ( dissem9ation ( _! conclusions4 ,inquiry1 inde$1 is a "w :i* devolves ^u exp]ts4 ,b _! exp]tness is n %[n 9 fram+ & execut+ policies1 b 9 discov]+ & mak+ kn[n ! facts ^u :i* ! =m] dep5d4 ,!y are te*nical exp]ts 9 ! s5se t sci5tific inve/igators & arti/s manife/ exp]tise4 ,x is n necess>y t ! _m %\ld h ! k & skill to c>ry on ! ne$$ inve/igations2 :at is requir$ is t !y h ! ability to judge ( ! be>+ ( ! k suppli$ by o!rs ^u common conc]ns4 ,x is easy to exagg]ate ! am\nt ( intellig5ce & ability dem&$ to r5d] su* judgm5ts fitt$ = _! purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are likely to =m our e/imate on ! basis ( pres5t conditions4 ,b indubitably "o great tr\ble at pres5t is t ! data = good judgm5t are lack+2 & no innate faculty ( m9d c make up = ! abs5ce ( facts4 ,until secrecy1 prejudice1 bias1 misrepres5tation1 & propag&a z well z %e] ignorance are replac$ by inquiry & publicity1 we h no way ( tell+ h[ apt = judgm5t ( social policies ! exi/+ intellig5ce ( ! masses may be4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly g mu* fur!r ?an at pres5t4 ,9 ! second place1 effective intellig5ce is n an orig9al1 innate end[m5t4 ,no matt] :at are ! diff]5ces 9 native intellig5ce 7all[+ = ! mom5t t intellig5ce c be native71 ! actuality ( m9d is dep5d5t ^u ! education :i* social conditions effect4 ,j z ! specializ$ m9d & k ( ! pa/ is embodi$ 9 implem5ts1 ut5sils1 devices & te*nologies :i* ^? ( a grade ( intellig5ce :i* c\ld n produce !m c n[ intellig5tly use1 s x w be :5 curr5ts ( public k bl[ ?r\gh social affairs4 ,! level ( action fix$ by embodi$ intellig5ce is always ! important ?+4 ,9 savage culture a sup]ior man w be sup]ior to 8 fell[s1 b 8 k & judgm5t w lag 9 _m matt]s f> beh9d t ( an inf]iorly end[$ p]son 9 an advanc$ civilization4 ,capacities are limit$ by ! objects & tools at h&4 ,!y are /ill m dep5d5t ^u ! prevail+ habits ( att5tion & int]e/ :i* are set by tradition & in/itutional cu/oms4 ,mean+s run 9 ! *annels =m$ by in/rum5talities ( :i*1 9 ! end1 language1 ! vehicle ( ?\ght z well z ( communication1 is ! mo/ important4 ,a me*anic c disc\rse ( ohms & amp]es z ,sir ,isaac ,newton c\ld n 9 8 day4 ,_m a man :o has t9k]$ ) radios c judge ( ?+s :i* ,f>aday did n dream (4 ,x is aside f ! po9t to say t if ,newton & ,f>aday 7 n[ "h1 ! amateur & me*anic w\ld be infants beside !m4 ,! retort only br+s out ! po9t3 ! diff]5ce made by diff]5t objects to ?9k ( & by diff]5t mean+s 9 circulation4 ,a m intellig5t /ate ( social affairs1 "o m in=m$ ) k1 m direct$ by intellig5ce1 w\ld n improve orig9al end[m5ts "o :it1 b x w\ld raise ! level ^u :i* ! intellig5ce ( all op]ates4 ,! height ( ?is level is mu* m important = judgm5t ( public conc]ns ?an are diff]5ces 9 intellig5ce quoti5ts4 ,z ,santayana has said3 8,c\ld a bett] sy/em prevail 9 our lives a bett] ord] w\ld e/abli% itself 9 our ?9k+4 ,x has n be5 = want ( ke5 s5ses1 or p]sonal g5ius1 or a con/ant ord] 9 ! out] _w1 t mank9d has fall5 back repeat$ly into b>b>ism & sup]/ition4 ,x has be5 = want ( good "*1 good example1 & good gov]nm5t40 ,! notion t intellig5ce is a p]sonal end[m5t or p]sonal atta9m5t is ! great conceit ( ! intellectual class1 z t ( ! comm]cial class is t weal? is some?+ :i* !y p]sonally h wr\ght & possess4 ,a po9t :i* conc]ns u 9 conclusion passes beyond ! field ( intellectual me?od1 & tr5*es ^u ! "q ( practical re-=mation ( social conditions4 ,9 its deepe/ & ri*e/ s5se a community mu/ always rema9 a matt] ( face-to-face int]c\rse4 ,?is is :y ! family & neighborhood1 ) all _! defici5cies1 h always be5 ! *ief ag5cies ( nurture1 ! means by :i* dispositions are /ably =m$ & ideas acquir$ :i* laid hold on ! roots ( "*4 ,! ,great ,community1 9 ! s5se ( free & full int]communication1 is conceivable4 ,b x c nev] possess all ! qualities :i* m>k a local community4 ,x w d its f9al "w 9 ord]+ ! relations & enri*+ ! exp]i5ce ( local associations4 ,! invasion & p>tial de/ruction ( ! life ( ! latt] by outside uncontroll$ ag5cies is ! imm$iate s\rce ( ! in/ability1 dis9tegration & re/lessness :i* *>act]ize ! pres5t epo*4 ,evils :i* are uncritically & indiscrim9ately laid at ! door ( indu/rialism & democracy might1 ) great] intellig5ce1 be ref]r$ to ! dislocation & unsettlem5t ( local communities4 ,vital & ?or\gh atta*m5ts are br$ only 9 ! intimacy ( an int]c\rse :i* is ( necessity re/rict$ 9 range4 ,is x possible = local communities to be /able )\t be+ /atic1 progressive )\t be+ m]ely mobile8 ,c ! va/1 innum]able & intricate curr5ts ( trans-local associations be s bank$ & conduct$ t !y w p\r ! g5]\s & abundant mean+s ( :i* !y are pot5tial be>]s into ! small] intimate unions ( human be+s liv+ 9 imm$iate contact ) "o ano!r8 ,is x possible to re/ore ! reality ( ! less] communal organizations & to p5etrate & saturate _! memb]s ) a s5se ( local community life8 ,!re is at pres5t1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 a movem5t away f ! pr9ciple ( t]ritorial organization to t ( 8functional10 t is to say1 occupational1 organization4 ,x is true en\gh t old] =ms ( t]ritorial association d n satisfy pres5t ne$s4 ,x is true t ties =m$ by %>+ 9 common "w1 :e!r 9 :at is call$ indu/ry or :at are call$ pr(essions1 h n[ a =ce :i* =m]ly !y did n possess4 ,b ^! ties c be c\nt$ ^u = an endur+ & /able organization1 :i* at ! same "t is flexible & mov+1 only z !y gr[ out ( imm$iate int]c\rse & atta*m5t4 ,! !ory1 z f> z x relies ^u associations :i* are remote & indirect1 w\ld if c>ri$ into effect soon be confront$ by all ! tr\bles & evils ( ! pres5t situation 9 a transpos$ =m4 ,!re is no sub/itute = ! vitality & dep? ( close & direct int]c\rse & atta*m5t4 ,x is said1 & said truly1 t = ! _w's peace x is necess>y t we und]/& ! peoples ( =eign l&s4 ,h[ well d we und]/&1 ,i wond]1 our next door neighbors8 ,x has also be5 said t if a man love n 8 fell[ man :om he has se51 he _c love ! ,god :om he has n se54 ,! *ances ( reg>d = di/ant peoples be+ effective z long z !re is no close neighborhood exp]i5ce to br+ ) x insight & und]/&+ ( neighbors d n seem bett]4 ,a man :o has n be5 se5 9 ! daily relations ( life may inspire admiration1 emulation1 s]vile subjection1 fanatical p>tisan%ip1 h]o wor%ip2 b n love & und]/&+1 save z !y radiate f ! atta*m5ts ( a ne>-by union4 ,democracy mu/ beg9 at home1 & its home is ! neighborly community4 ,x is outside ! scope ( our discussion to look into ! prospects ( ! recon/ruction ( face-to-face communities4 ,b !re is some?+ deep )9 human nature itself :i* pulls t[>d settl$ relation%ips4 ,in]tia & ! t5d5cy t[>d /ability belong to emotions & desires z well z to masses & molecules4 ,t happ9ess :i* is full ( cont5t & peace is f\nd only 9 endur+ ties ) o!rs1 :i* rea* to su* dep?s t !y g bel[ ! surface ( consci\s exp]i5ce to =m its undi/urb$ f\ndation4 ,no "o kn[s h[ mu* ( ! fro?y excitem5t ( life1 ( mania = motion1 ( fretful discont5t1 ( ne$ = artificial /imulation1 is ! expression ( frantic se>* = some?+ to fill ! void caus$ by ! loos5+ ( ! bonds :i* hold p]sons toge!r 9 imm$iate community ( exp]i5ce4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 human psy*ology to be c\nt$ ^u1 x may be urg$ t :5 man is satiat$ ) re/less seek+ = ! remote :i* yields no endur+ satisfaction1 ! human _s w return to seek calm & ord] )9 itself4 ,?is1 we repeat1 c be f\nd only 9 ! vital1 /eady1 & deep relation%ips :i* are pres5t only 9 an imm$iate community4 ,! psy*ological t5d5cy c1 h[ev]1 manife/ itself only :5 x is 9 h>moni\s conjunction ) ! objective c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,analysis f9ds itself 9 tr\bl$ wat]s if x attempts to discov] :e!r ! tide ( ev5ts is turn+ away f disp]sion ( en]gies & accel]ation ( motion4 ,physically & ext]nally1 conditions h made1 ( c\rse1 = conc5tration2 ! developm5t ( urban1 at ! exp5se ( rural1 populations2 ! corporate organization ( aggregat$ weal?1 ! gr[? ( all sorts ( organizations1 are evid5ce en\gh4 ,b enorm\s organization is compatible ) demolition ( ! ties t =m local communities & ) sub/itution ( imp]sonal bonds = p]sonal unions1 ) a flux :i* is ho/ile to /ability4 ,! "* ( our cities1 ( organiz$ bus9ess & ! nature ( ! compreh5sive associations 9 :i* individuality is lo/1 te/ify also to ?is fact4 ,yet !re are contr>y signs4 8,community0 & community activities are becom+ words to conjure )4 ,! local is ! ultimate univ]sal1 & z ne> an absolute z exi/s4 ,x is easy to po9t to _m signs :i* indicate t unconsci\s ag5cies z well z delib]ate plann+ are mak+ = su* an enri*m5t ( ! exp]i5ce ( local communities z w conduce to r5d] !m g5u9e c5t]s ( ! att5tion1 int]e/ & devotion = _! con/itu5t memb]s4 ,! unansw]$ "q is h[ f> ^! t5d5cies w re/abli% ! void left by ! dis9tegration ( ! family1 *ur* & neighborhood4 ,we _c pr$ict ! outcome4 ,b we c ass]t ) confid5ce t !re is no?+ intr9sic 9 ! =ces :i* h effect$ uni=m /&>dization1 mobility & remote invisible relation%ips t is fatally ob/ructive to ! return movem5t ( _! consequ5ces into ! local homes ( mank9d4 ,uni=mity & /&>dization may provide an und]ly+ basis = diff]5tiation & lib]ation ( individual pot5tialities4 ,!y may s9k to ! plane ( unconsci\s habituations1 tak5 = grant$ 9 ! me*anical phases ( life1 & deposit a soil f :i* p]sonal susceptibilities & end[m5ts may ri*ly & /ably fl[]4 ,mobility may 9 ! end supply ! means by :i* ! spoils ( remote & indirect int]action & int]dep5d5ce fl[ back into local life1 keep+ x flexible1 prev5t+ ! /agnancy :i* has att5d$ /ability 9 ! pa/1 & furni%+ x ) ! elem5ts ( a v>iegat$ & _m-hu$ exp]i5ce4 ,organization may cease to be tak5 z an end 9 itself4 ,!n x w no long] be me*anical & ext]nal1 hamp]+ ! free play ( arti/ic gifts1 fett]+ m5 & wom5 ) *a9s ( con=mity1 conduc+ to abdication ( all :i* does n fit into ! automatic movem5t ( organization z a self-suffic+ ?+4 ,organization z a means to an end w\ld ren=ce individuality & enable x to be securely itself by endu+ x ) res\rces beyond its unaid$ rea*4 ,:atev] ! future may h 9 /ore1 "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,unless local communal life c be re/or$1 ! public _c adequately resolve its mo/ urg5t problem3 to f9d & id5tify itself4 ,b if x be re-e/abli%$1 x w manife/ a fullness1 v>iety & fre$om ( possession & enjoym5t ( mean+s & goods unkn[n 9 ! contigu\s associations ( ! pa/4 ,= x w be alive & flexible z well z /able1 responsive to ! complex & _w-wide sc5e 9 :i* x is enme%$4 ,:ile local1 x w n be isolat$4 ,its l>g] relation%ips w provide an exhau/ible & fl[+ fund ( mean+s ^u :i* to draw1 ) assurance t its drafts w be honor$4 ,t]ritorial /ates & political b\nd>ies w p]si/2 b !y w n be b>ri]s :i* impov]i% exp]i5ce by cutt+ man (f f 8 fell[s2 !y w n be h>d & fa/ divisions :]eby ext]nal sep>ation is conv]t$ into inn] jeal\sy1 fe>1 suspicion & ho/ility4 ,competition w cont9ue1 b x w be less rivalry = acquisition ( mat]ial goods1 & m an emulation ( local gr\ps to enri* direct exp]i5ce ) appreciatively enjoy$ intellectual & arti/ic weal?4 ,if ! te*nological age c provide mank9d ) a firm & g5]al basis ( mat]ial security1 x w be absorb$ 9 a humane age4 ,x w take its place z an in/rum5tality ( %>$ & communicat$ exp]i5ce4 ,b )\t passage ?r\gh a ma*9e age1 mank9d's hold ^u :at is ne$ful z ! precondition ( a free1 flexible & _m-color$ life is s prec>i\s & inequitable t competitive scramble = acquisition & fr5zi$ use ( ! results ( acquisition = purposes ( excitation & display w be p]petuat$4 ,we h said t consid]ation ( ?is p>ticul> condition ( ! g5]ation ( democratic communities & an articulate democratic public c>ries u beyond ! "q ( intellectual me?od into t ( practical proc$ure4 ,b ! two que/ions are n disconnect$4 ,! problem ( secur+ diffus$ & sem9al intellig5ce c be solv$ only 9 ! degree 9 :i* local communal life becomes a reality4 ,signs & symbols1 language1 are ! means ( communication by :i* a frat]nally %>$ exp]i5ce is u%]$ 9 & su/a9$4 ,b ! w+d words ( conv]sation 9 imm$iate int]c\rse h a vital import lack+ 9 ! fix$ & froz5 words ( writt5 spee*4 ,sy/ematic & cont9u\s inquiry into all ! conditions :i* affect association & _! dissem9ation 9 pr9t is a precondition ( ! creation ( a true public4 ,b x & its results are b tools aft] all4 ,_! f9al actuality is accompli%$ 9 face-to-face relation%ips by means ( direct give & take4 ,logic 9 its fulfillm5t recurs to ! primitive s5se ( ! ^w3 dialogue4 ,ideas :i* are n communicat$1 %>$1 & reborn 9 expression are b soliloquy1 & soliloquy is b brok5 & imp]fect ?\ght4 ,x1 l ! acquisition ( mat]ial weal?1 m>ks a div]sion ( ! weal? creat$ by associat$ endeavor & ex*ange to private ends4 ,x is m g5teel1 & x is call$ m noble4 ,b !re is no diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,9 a ^w1 t expansion & ren=cem5t ( p]sonal und]/&+ & judgm5t by ! cumulative & transmitt$ intellectual weal? ( ! community :i* may r5d] nugatory ! indictm5t ( democracy drawn on ! basis ( ! ignorance1 bias & levity ( ! masses1 c be fulfill$ only 9 ! relations ( p]sonal int]c\rse 9 ! local community4 ,! connections ( ! e> ) vital & out-go+ ?\ght & emotion are imm5sely clos] & m v>i$ ?an ^? ( ! eye4 ,vision is a spectator2 he>+ is a p>ticipator4 ,publication is p>tial & ! public :i* results is p>tially in=m$ & =m$ until ! mean+s x purveys pass f m\? to m\?4 ,!re is no limit to ! lib]al expansion & confirmation ( limit$ p]sonal intellectual end[m5t :i* may proce$ f ! fl[ ( social intellig5ce :5 t circulates by ^w ( m\? f "o to ano!r 9 ! communications ( ! local community4 ,t & t only gives reality to public op9ion4 ,we lie1 z ,em]son said1 9 ! lap ( an imm5se intellig5ce4 ,b t intellig5ce is dormant & its communications are brok51 in>ticulate & fa9t until x possesses ! local community z its m$ium4 ,,footnotes #a ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 8,a ,travell] 9 ,little ,?+s10 pp4 #aaj-aab4 #b ,judges make rules ( law4 ,on ! 8w0 !ory ?is is an encroa*m5t on ! legislative function4 ,n s1 if ! judges fur!r def9e conditions ( action4 #c 8,a ,treatise on ,human ,nature10 ,"p ,,ii1 sec4 vii4 #d ,hock+1 8,man & ! ,/ate10 p4 #ea4 #e ,ay]s1 8,sci5ce3 ,! ,false ,messiah10 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,! ,lure ( ,ma*9]y4 #f ,! "o obvi\s exception conc]ns ! tools ( wag+ w>4 ,) respect to !m1 ! /ate has (t5 %[n itself z gre$y z x has be5 reluctant & beh9dh& ) ref]5ce to o!r inv5tions4 #g ,?is is a conv5i5t place = mak+ explicit a qualification :i* has to be und]/ood ?r\gh\t b :i* is slight$ 9 ! text4 ,! words 8gov]nm5t0 & 8(fic]s0 are tak5 functionally1 n 9 t]ms ( "s p>ticul> /ructure :i* is s famili> to u t x leaps to ! eyes :5 ^! words are us$4 ,bo? words 9 _! functional mean+ are mu* wid] 9 application ?an :at is meant :5 we speak1 say1 ( ! gov]nm5t & (fic]s ( ,great ,brita9 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 h\seholds1 = example1 !re h usually be5 rule & 8heads02 ! p>5ts1 = mo/ purposes ! fa!r1 h be5 (fic]s ( ! family int]e/4 ,! 8patri>*al family0 pres5ts an emphatic int5sification1 on acc\nt ( comp>ative isolation ( ! h\sehold f o!r social =ms1 ( :at exi/s 9 less] degree 9 almo/ all families4 ,! same sort ( rem>k applies to ! use ( ! t]m 8/ates10 9 connection ) publics4 ,! text is conc]n$ ) mod]n conditions1 b ! hypo!sis prop\nd$ is meant to hold good g5]ally4 ,s to ! pat5t objection t ! /ate is a v mod]n in/itution1 x is repli$ t :ile mod]nity is a prop]ty ( ^? /ructures :i* g by ! "n ( /ates1 yet all hi/ory1 or almo/ all1 records ! ex]cise ( analog\s functions4 ,! argum5t conc]ns ^! functions & ! mode ( _! op]ation1 no matt] :at ^w be us$1 ?\gh = ! sake ( brevity ! ^w 8/ate10 l ! words 8gov]nm5t0 & 8(fic]10 has be5 freely employ$4 #h ,?is la/ position promptly call$ =? a prote/ f ! head ( ! utilit>ian s*ool1 ,j]emy ,b5?am4 #i ,c4 ,h4 ,cooley1 8,social ,organization10 ,*4 iii1 on 8,prim>y ,gr\ps40 #aj ,see ,walt] ,lippmann's 8,! ,phantom ,public40 ,to ?is z well z to 8 8,public ,op9ion10 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness1 n only z to ?is p>ticul> po9t1 b = ideas involv$ 9 my entire discussion ev5 :5 x rea*es conclusions div]g+ f 84 #aa ,! mo/ adequate discussion ( ?is ideal ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ,t4 ,v4 ,smi?'s 8,! ,democratic ,way ( ,life40 #ab ,! religi\s "* ( nationalism has be5 =cibly br\ght out by ,c>leton ,hayes1 9 8 8,essays on ,nationalism10 especially ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #ac ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,logic1 ,book ,,vi1 *4 #g1 sec4 ,i4 ,italics m9e4 ,,index ,absolutism1 9 me?od1 #aid-bjb ,amusem5ts1 rivals to political int]e/1 #aci ,an>*ism1 #bf ,ari/otle1 #d1 #h1 #ach ,art1 ( communication1 #ahb-hd ,association1 a univ]sal fact1 #bb-bc1 #cd1 #aea1 #aha2 di/9ctive traits ( human1 #bd2 revolt aga9/1 #hh1 #ih-ajj2 economic1 #aje-jg2 & democracy1 #adc2 rigid & flexible1 #adh2 di/+ui%$ f community1 #aea-ec2 dom9ation ( isolat$1 #aid2 t]ritorial & functional1 #bab-ac4 ,see ,community1 ,gr\ps1 ,society ,atta*m5t1 a political ne$1 #adj1 #bad ,ay]s1 ,c4 ,e41 #ei n4 ,b5?am1 ,j41 #ed n4 ,biological1 & social1 #aa-ab1 #aeb1 #aie ,bus9ess1 rival to political int]e/1 #ach2 political control by1 #ahb4 ,see ,economic ,=ces ,c>lyle1 ,t41 #ajb1 #aaj ,causal =ces1 & /ate1 #i1 #ag-ba1 #be1 #cf1 #cg1 #dg1 #ec1 #fe1 #ff2 v]sus ! causal ord]1 #bja-jb ,*ild ,labor ,am5dm5t1 #aba ,common ,int]e/1 nature (1 #ag1 #cd-ce4 ,see ,consequ5ces1 ,public ,communication1 a public function1 #fj1 #bjh2 social necessity (1 #aeb1 #bag-ai2 necess>y to k1 #agf-gi2 an art1 #ahb-hd4 ,see ,symbols ,community1 #ch2 & society1 #ih1 #aeg2 condition+ wants1 #aje-jf2 & communication1 #aeb-ed2 importance ( local1 #baa-ai4 ,see ,great ,society ,comp>ative ,me?od1 #dg ,conjo9t ,behavior1 see ,association ,consci5ce1 private1 orig9 (1 #di-ej ,consequ5ces1 importance ( = politics1 #ab-ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #bd-be1 #bg1 #cb1 #ci1 #dc1 #dg1 #fe1 #abf1 #aef1 #aig2 effect ( expansion1 #dg-eg2 & rules ( law1 #ef2 effect ( endur+1 #eg-fb2 effect ( irrep>able1 #fb-fd2 relation to /ate & gov]nm5t1 #ff-fi2 to anti!sis ( individual & social1 #aic ,control1 political1 #ab1 #af2 ( human nature1 #aig-ii ,cooley1 ,c4 ,h41 #ig n4 ,corporations1 illu/ration ( relation ( individual & social1 #aij ,democracy1 political1 #gg2 significance (1 #hc2 hi/oric g5esis1 #hc-hg2 alleg$ unity1 #hc2 pure1 #id2 & 8individualism01 #hf-if2 in*oate1 #aji2 pessimism ab\t1 #aaj2 ,am]ican1 #aaa-ae2 z a moral idea1 #adc-dd2 ma*9]y ( political1 #adc-df2 nature ( ideal1 #adg-ea2 & exp]ts1 #bjc-jh2 & local community1 #bab ,desc>tes1 ,r41 #hh ,de ,tocqueville1 #bj ,direct ,action1 #ca ,dissem9ation1 & social k1 #agf-gg2 physical means (1 #agi2 & art1 #ahb-hd4 ,see ,communication ,dyna/ic ,/ates1 #hi ,economic ,det]m9ism1 #aah-hi1 #aee-ef ,economic ,=ces & ,politics1 #hi-ic1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc-jg1 #aad1 #aah-bj1 #abi-ca1 #ada-db1 #add1 #aee1 #age1 #ahb ,education1 & social control1 #aig-ii2 & absoluti/ic me?od1 #bjj2 & political democracy1 #bjf-jh ,electoral ,college1 #aaa ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 #bag ,equality1 nature (1 #adi-ej ,exp]im5tal ,me?od1 9 politics1 #aid-bjb2 def9$1 #bjc ,exp]ts1 importance (1 #abc-be1 #acf-cg2 & democracy1 #bjc-jd ,factions1 #aai ,facts1 & mean+s1 #c2 physical & social1 #f-g1 #aa-ab2 & !ories1 #ag ,f>m]s1 condition (1 #abi-cj ,g]ontocracy1 #gh ,gov]nm5t1 & ! public1 #bg-bh1 #cb1 #cc1 #cg1 #fe-fi2 z repres5tative1 #gf2 dyna/ic1 #ha-hb2 fe> (1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib2 economic control (1 #ajg2 & op9ion1 #aib-ic ,great ,society1 ,!1 #if1 #ih1 #abf1 #abh1 #adb1 #adg1 #aee1 #aeg1 #ahd ,gr\ps1 & ! /ate1 #d1 #bf1 #ga-gc2 local1 #da-db4 ,see ,community ,habit1 political effects1 #fa1 #afi2 & 8individualism10 #aeh-fa ,hayes1 ,c41 #agj n4 ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f41 #bh1 #ga ,hi/ory1 cont9uity (1 #afa2 contemporane\s1 #agi ,hock+1 ,w4 ,e41 quot$1 #eg ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 quot$1 #dj-da ,hume1 ,d41 #ef ,individual1 anti!sis to social1 #ac-ae1 #bc1 #fc1 #hh1 #adg1 #aea1 #ahf-aia2 & acts1 #ah1 #ba2 & (ficials1 #ah1 #ge1 #hb2 & inv5tion1 #eh2 economic1 #ia2 z fiction1 #ajb1 #aeg-eh2 def9$1 #ahf-hh ,individualism1 orig9 (1 #bb1 #hg-id2 & private prop]ty1 #fa2 explanation (1 #ih-ajb2 influ5ce1 #aaf2 economic1 #acd2 & collectivism1 #ahf-aic2 & me?od1 #aie4 ,see ,psy*ology ,in/9cts1 & social !ory1 #i-ab ,intellig5ce1 necess>y = social facts1 #ab1 #bd1 #aea-fb1 #ahh2 & democracy1 #bjh-aj2 embodi$1 #bjj-ja4 ,see ,consequ5ces1 ,k ,int]dep5d5ce1 #aee ,james1 ,w41 quot$1 #aei-fj ,ju/ice1 & prop]ty1 #ib ,k+s's ,peace1 #dh ,k1 political1 #afb-fg2 divid$1 #age2 & communication1 #agf-gi1 #bah-ai ,labor ,legislation1 #fb ,laissez-faire1 #ia1 #acd ,law1 n comm&1 #ec-ed2 nature (1 #ed-eg2 8natural10 #ij1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aee2 social & physical1 #aif-ig ,legal ,in/itutions1 #af1 #dg ,lib]alism1 #acd ,lib]ty1 made an end 9 itself1 #hf2 & 8individualism10 #ih-ajj1 #aib-id2 nature (1 #aej2 ( ?\ght1 #afh-gj2 & uni=mity1 #bae-af ,lippmann1 ,w41 #aaf n1 #aeh ,locke1 ,j41 on natural rights1 #hg ,macaulay1 #ajb ,majorities & ,m9orities1 #bjg-jh ,mat]ialism1 #agc-gd ,me?od1 problem (1 #aib-bjc ,mill1 ,j41 !ory ( democratic gov]nm5t1 #ic-ie ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #aie ,mobility1 social effect1 #adj ,nationalism1 #agj ,news1 #agi-ha ,(fic]s1 ag5ts ( public1 #af1 #ag1 #cc1 #ce1 #fg-fh1 #ge2 dual capacity1 #gg1 #hb2 selection (1 #gh-hb ,op9ion1 #agg1 #agi ,p>ties1 #aai-ba ,pat]nalism1 #fb ,p]ception1 see ,intellig5ce1 ,consequ5ces ,pione] ,conditions1 effect on ,am]ican democracy1 #aaa ,pluralism1 political1 #gc-gd ,populus1 def9$1 #af ,private1 def9$1 #ae4 ,see ,public4 ,prohibition1 #acb-cc ,propag&a1 #aha-hb ,prop]ty1 & gov]nm5t1 #ia-ic4 ,see ,economic ,=ces4 ,psy*ology1 ( habit1 #fa1 #aei-fj2 ( individualism1 #hh2 ( private consci\sness1 #ajj1 #aeh2 social effects ( sci5ce (1 #aig-ii ,public1 & private1 #ab-ag1 #dg-eb2 & political ag5cies1 #ca1 #ce1 #ch1 #fg2 m>ks (1 #ci-fd2 own]%ip1 #fa2 democratic1 #gg2 education1 #aab-ac2 eclipse (1 #aae1 #abb1 #aca1 #acg1 #ahe2 problem (1 #abe1 #ahe1 #bjh1 #baf2 complexity (1 #abf2 z intellectual problem1 #aeb2 & publicity1 #afg-aga1 #bai2 & op9ion1 #agg ,railways1 & gov]nm5t1 #acc-cd ,reason1 & ! /ate1 #bj2 & law1 #ee-eg ,religion1 & social in/itutions1 #da1 #di1 #afi-gj ,rights1 natural1 #hg1 #ie1 #ajb ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #aee ,rul]s1 see ,(fic]s1 ,gov]nm5t ,santayana1 ,g41 quot$1 #baa ,sci5ce1 di/9ction f k1 #afc-fe1 #agb2 social & physical1 #aga1 #agi1 #aii2 & ! press1 #aha-hb2 appli$1 #agb-gf2 me?od1 #bja ,smi?1 ,adam1 #ac1 #hi ,smi?1 ,t4 ,v41 #adg n 8,socialization10 #gj ,society1 human1 #bd-be2 & /ates1 #bf-bi1 #fi-gd1 #adg-di4 ,see ,association1 ,community1 ,consequ5ces1 ,great ,society1 ,gr\ps1 ,individual1 ,public4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 #fc1 #gi ,symbols1 social import (1 #ada-db1 #aeb-ed1 #bah ,t>iff1 #aca-cb ,!ocracy1 #da1 #di1 #hj ,tild51 ,s4 ,j41 #bjh ,!ories1 political1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #he4 ,see ,causal ,=ces1 ,economic ,=ces1 ,individualism1 ,mill1 ,j41 ,utilit>ianism ,tol]ation1 #di-ea ,tradition1 revolt aga9/1 #hf ,utilit>ianism1 #ia ,wallas1 ,g41 #if ,wants1 individuali/ic !ory (1 #ajb2 socially condition$1 #ajc-jd ,w>1 & selection ( rul]s1 #gi2 ! ,_w1 #abg-bh ,:itman1 ,walt1 #ahd ,w1 z cause ( /ate1 #bj1 #ch2 & ! comm& !ory ( law1 #ec2 & gov]nm5t1 #fh2 g5]al1 #aec ,wilson1 ,woodr[1 quot$1 #if-ig ,work]s1 political neglect & emancipation1 #ii-ajj4 ,see ,economic ,=ces ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,new orig9al cov] art includ$ ) ?is e,book is grant$ to ! public doma94 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( ! pages on :i* !y 7 ref]5c$1 h be5 collect$1 r5umb]$1 & plac$ j be=e ! ,index4 ,"s page numb]s 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts are out ( sequ5ce1 z !y 7 9 ! orig9al book4 ,! correct spell+ ( ! "n1 8,ay]s01 likely is 8,ayres04