,pr9t+ & ,bookb9d+ = ,s*ools ,by ,s4 ,j4 ,,vaughn ,head ,dep>tm5t ( ,manual ,arts1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,de,kalb1 ,ill9ois ,illu/ration3 ,logo #aiai ,,public ,,s*ool ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,bloom+ton ,,ill9ois ,copyright #aiab by ! ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co4 ,,! ,,art ( ,,pr9t+ ,pr9t+ is di/9ctly a social art4 ,sett+ type & /rik+ (f a numb] ( impressions presuppose1 9 ! fir/ place1 a community to read :at is pr9t$2 & 9 ! second place1 t ! in=mation pr9t$ is ( value to ?is community4 --,l4 ,w4 ,,wahl/rom1 ,9 ! ,francis ,w4 ,p>k] ,s*ool ,ye> ,book4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,,page ,introduction #a ,! ,art ( ,pr9t+--,me?ods & ,tools ( ,composition #e ,type ,sett+ #ad ,rules ( ,composition #be ,pro( ,m>ks #bg ,imposition #bh ,presswork #ch ,clean+ & ,di/ribut+ #db ,:at to ,pr9t & ,h[ to ,proce$ #de ,wood ,cuts & ,metal ,plates #ej ,! ,equipm5t--,its ,selection & ,co/ #ef ,arrangem5t & ,disposition ( ,equipm5t #fe ,,introduction ,pr9t+ z a ,manual ,art 9 ,s*ools4 ,woodwork has be5 q g5]ally introduc$ into ! high s*ool & gramm> s*ool4 ,) all ! defects ( ! e>li] pres5tation ( ! subject1 n to speak ( ^? 9 lat] ef=ts1 x has made a surpris+ly g5]al appeal1 & has met ) unusual & des]v$ success4 ,"s ( ! me?ods employ$1 t5d+ to place a ban on orig9ality & ?\ght1 h br\ght x f> %ort ( its possibilities 9 ! aid ( intellectual developm5t4 ,to a consid]able ext5t ! woodwork has n t\*$1 z intimately z x might1 ! vital int]e/s ( ! pupils & ( ! homes2 &1 by its own limitations1 x has n _h an especially /rong social be>+4 ,! ne$ is n less woodwork b m orig9al & ?\ghtful woodwork1 & also a great] v>iety ( o!r con/ructive "w :i* t\*es m & wid] int]e/s & :i* may appeal to ^? n p>ticul>ly adapt$ to t "o l9e4 ,9 ?is way x w be possible to /r5g!n ! places :]e woodwork is weak4 ,s f> exp]i5ce ) pr9t+ 9 s*ool indicates t x makes q z g5]al & p]man5t an appeal z woodwork4 ,pr9t+ makes ?is v /rong appeal to ! boys because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9t%op comes z ne> to reproduc+ a great _w indu/ry 9 ! s*ool z any o!r l9e ( indu/rial "w4 ,in/ead ( do+ simply ! 8r\/ab\t0 "w ( ! beg9n+ appr5tice ! boys are put to "w ) ! regul> %op equipm5t1 & soon are ready to beg9 turn+ out "s pr9t+4 ,x is a common ?+ to he> a boy rem>k1 8,?is is j ! way !y d x d[n t[n40 ,s !y look ^u pr9t+ z ! "w ( real m51 & feel t !y are actually tak+ "p 9 "s ( ! activities t are pot5t 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,x's wond]ful1 ! pull ( ?is feel+ ( p>ticipation 9 ! _w's "w4 ,besides ?is1 !re is probably no o!r l9e ( ,manual ,arts "w 9 :i* pupils1 grade boys especially1 get s practical a work+ k ( ! actual %op "w z 9 pr9t+4 ,?is fact is (t5 turn$ to good advantage by ! boys1 = !re c sc>cely be f\nd a comm]cial pr9t%op any:]e :i* is n glad to employ "o or two boys dur+ vacation "t1 if !y "k a little ab\t ! "w & are int]e/$4 ,!re is ! /ill fur!r fact t pr9t+ (f]s ! concrete embodim5t ( rules ( punctuation1 capitalization1 syllabication1 s5t5ce /ructure1 p>agraph+1 etc4 ,x is an indisputable fact t "w 9 ! pr9t%op influ5ces 9 a rem>kable way ! disposition to obs]ve good =m & to foll[ ! be/ usage 9 all su* matt]s4 ,x is a daily occurr5ce 9 ! s*ool pr9t%op t "s boy br+s a text book or newspap] to exhibit :at he consid]s a gl>+ disreg>d ( "s ( ^! pr9ciples ( composition4 ,pr9t+ furni%es a di/9ctly diff]5t type ( motor activity f woodwork1 = x is ! arrangem5t ( c]ta9 unyield+ =ms )9 limit$ space to produce "s desir$ effect4 ,9 ! matt] ( social significance pr9t+ is practically ideal4 ,almo/ e problem is a community project1 t is1 a numb] ( pupils comb9e _! ef=ts to produce x4 ,practically e task 9 ! pr9t%op is und]tak5 ) ! consci\sness ( real s]vice to a great numb] ( p 9 ! s*ool or 9 ! community at l>ge4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t among ! boys 9 s*ool1 ! g5u9e joy 9 ! production ( pr9t$ matt] does n necess>ily arise out ( a s5se ( ! comm]cial value ( ! product4 ,! class t has pr9t$ & illu/rat$ a little pamphlet ( /ories = ! second or ?ird grade are pr\d & happy immeasurably beyond ! pride & happ9ess t w\ld come f a job ( (fice blanks wor? s _m doll>s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are happy to ! ext5t t ! quality ( _! "w m]its praise1 & t !y feel able to make o!rs happy by _! s]vices4 ,! s*ool pap] is an ent]prise ( v mu* ! same nature4 ,x is a real influ5ce & a g5u9e s]vice p]=m$ = :i* !y expect no individual return except 9 ! appreciation ( ^? !y s]ve1 & pride 9 ! excell5ce ( _! "w & ! skill x %[s4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a k9d ( tra9+ = :i* !re is a di/9ct ne$ j n[4 ,!re is no o!r "o ( ! ,manual ,arts t c t\* s intimately ! v>i$ classwork1 int]e/s1 & activities ( s*ool life z does pr9t+1 especially :5 comb9$ ) bookb9d+4 ,x br+s a fre%ness & vigor to ! elem5t>y read+ & language "w2 x t\*es ! a?letics & social activities ?r\gh ann\ncem5ts1 programs1 & notices 9 ! s*ool pap]2 x becomes an important factor 9 ! celebration ( special days1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( mat]ial be>+ on !m2 & x be>s an intimate & vital relation to art4 ,ano!r int]e/+ developm5t is 9 ! relation ( pr9t+ to ! o!r l9es ( con/ructive "w4 ,x has prov$ extremely valuable to h ! complet$ problems writt5 up 9 descriptive articles by ! pupils1 & to h ! be/ ( ^! compositions pr9t$4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,me?ods & ,tools ( ,composition4 ,9 pr9t+1 composition includes all ! /eps f receiv+ ! copy until ! type is set up1 pro($1 correct$1 & made up into page =ms4 ,?is discussion presupposes a k ( spell+1 syllabication1 punctuation1 p>agraph+1 etc41 all ( :i* good composition really includes4 ,practical rules be>+ on ^! diff]5t phases may be f\nd 9 v>i\s h&books = ! pr9t]4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 pr9t+ is1 ( c\rse1 a quantity ( type prop]ly arrang$4 ,type is ca/ f a composition ( metals--lead1 t91 antimony1 & sometimes copp]4 ,?is composition is melt$ & p\r$ into m\lds ! size & %ape ( ! desir$ type4 ,accuracy 9 ,size ( ,type4 ,lead is us$ z ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! composition1 because x %r9ks v little 9 cool+4 ,?is makes great] accuracy possible4 ,accuracy is an absolute ess5tial 9 type1 = ?\s&s ( pieces ( metal mu/ be held toge!r 9 "o =m by a slight pressure at ! sides & ends ( ! =m4 ,lead alone is too s(t to we> well & to reta9 ! %ape ( ! type "u ! con/ant pressure ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,t9 is add$ to give h>dness1 & antimony or copp] to give t\ghness to ! type metal4 ,type ,describ$4 ,type are small columns ( ! metal ) a lett] or "* 9 relief on "o end ( ea* column1 z at ,fig4 #a4 ,! surface ( ?is relief portion f :i* ! lett] or "* is pr9t$ is call$ ! face4 ,! v>i\s faces are di/+ui%$ by names appli$ by ! f\ndries1 z 8,caslon ,old ,/yle10 8,engrav]'s ,old ,engli%10 8,bank]'s ,script10 etc4 ,! extreme l5g? ( type f ! face to ! foot is 4#iah in*es1 or ab\t elev5-twelf?s ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! column ( metal on :i* ! lett] or "* re/s is ! body or %ank ( ! type 7a1 ,fig4 #a7 & ! di/ance :i* ! body ext5ds beyond ! edge ( ! lett] or "* is ! %\ld] 7b1 ,fig4 #a74 ,on ! side ( ! body next ! base ( ! lett] or "* are "o or m nicks 7d1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! *ief purpose ( su* nicks is to indicate ! base ( ! lett] or "*1 & ?us to aid ! compositor 9 keep+ ! type "r side up )\t con/antly ref]r+ to ! face ( ! type4 ,to ! manufactur]1 ^! nicks indicate o!r ?+s 9 addition to t m5tion$ above1 b ^! ne$ n be detail$ "h4 ,! size ( ! type has to d ) ! body1 & signifies ! v]tical di/ance ?r\gh ! body1 or ! di/ance f ! nick side to ! opposite side1 z f x to x1 ,fig4 #a4 ,( c\rse x is cle> t among ! l>ge am\nt ( type manufactur$1 !re mu/ be a great numb] ( diff]5t faces on ! same size ( body2 & t !re may be two or ?ree sizes ( ! same face on ! same size ( body4 ,9 ord] to indicate a specific type1 x is necess>y to m5tion its size & ! "n by :i* t p>ticul> face is di/+ui%$2 z1 8#aj po9t ,au?or's ,roman ,wide10 8#ah po9t ,pab/ ,old ,/yle10 8#f po9t ,caslon ,bold ,italic10 etc4 ,! ,po9t ,sy/em4 ,! type manufactur]s ( ?is c\ntry h adopt$ a uni=m scale ( sizes kn[n z ! po9t sy/em4 ,9 ?is s*eme1 ! unit or po9t is 4#jach in*es1 or ab\t "o sev5ty-second "p ( an in*4 ,! size ( any type is s _m po9ts bas$ ^u ?is sy/em4 ,twelve po9ts con/itute an em pica :i* is ! l>g] unit ( measurem5t4 ,:5 ! pr9t] speaks ( dim5sions1 l ! l5g? & wid? ( a page1 he says x is a c]ta9 numb] ( ems or picas long & wide4 ,an em pica is "o-six? ( an in*2 s a page ?ree in*es by five in*es is eighte5 by ?irty ems pica4 ,until comp>atively rec5t ye>s !re 0 no def9ite /&>d ( type sizes4 ,ea* f\ndry e/abli%$ its own /&>ds4 ,if a pr9t] wi%$ to use type f diff]5t f\ndries1 x probably 0 necess>y to make "s tr\blesome adju/m5ts ) bits ( pap] or o!rwise to get !m to l9e prop]ly4 7,specim5 ( words out ( l9e47 ,!re 0 a suffici5t simil>ity 9 sizes ( type to ju/ify ! use ( names to indicate c]ta9 sizes4 ,! names us$ to designate ! common sizes f #d to #ab po9t type accord+ to ! po9t sy/em1 are z foll[s3 #d po9ts--,diamond #e po9ts--,pe>l #e po9ts--,agate #f po9ts--,nonp>eil #g po9ts--,m9ion #h po9ts--,brevi] #i po9ts--,b\rgeois #aj po9ts--,long ,prim] #aa po9ts--,small pica #ab po9ts--,pica #a4 ,?is l9e is set 9 #f po9t ,caslon ,bold4 #b4 ,?is l9e is set 9 #h po9t ,po/4 #c4 ,?is l9e is set 9 #aj po9t ,au?or's ,roman ,italic4 #d4 ,?is l9e is set 9 #ab po9t ,/ra?more ,old ,/yle4 ,"s ( ^! names1 su* z ,nonp>eil1 ,brevi]1 ,long ,prim]1 & ,pica1 are /ill 9 q g5]al use4 ,n only is ! height or dep? ( ! body det]m9$ by ! po9t sy/em1 b ! wid? or set ( ! body 7cc ,fig4 #a7 is also ca/ on ! po9t basis4 ,!re are no fractional po9ts 9 ! wid? ( type made on ! po9t set basis4 ,any numb] ( lett]s or *>act]s plac$ side by side make an integral numb] ( po9ts4 ,?is is call$ po9t set4 ,also1 9 case a numb] ( diff]5tly fac$ type ) ! same body are us$ 9 ! same l9e1 !y are s ca/ t ! diff]5t faces l9e ) ea* o!r z well z if !y 7 all ( ! same face4 ,! sy/em goes /ill fur!r & makes x possible to use diff]5t sizes ( type 9 ! same l9e )\t difficulty 9 alignm5t4 ,?is is done by mak+ ! l9+ ( ! diff]5t sizes v>y by po9ts1 s t ! diff]5ce c easily be built 9 ) leads & slugs1 see page #ad4 ,?is l9e has ?ree diff]5t faces & two sizes ( type4 ,spac+ ( ,words & ,lett]s4 ,quads & spaces are pieces ( metal %ort] ?an ! type1 & are us$ to make blank spaces betwe5 words & at ! ends ( l9es %ort] ?an ! measure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 any size ( type !re are f\r k9ds ( quads4 ,fig #b %[s ! ends ( ! #h & #ab po9t quads & spaces4 ,an em quad is ! squ>e ( ! type body4 ,! #aj po9t em quad is a squ>e quad ^: sides are #aj po9ts wide4 ,an eight po9t em quad is #h po9ts or "o-n9? ( an in* squ>e4 ,an en quad ( any size type is "o-half ! em quad ( t size ( type4 ,a two em quad ( any size type is equal to two ( ! squ>e or em quads1 & a ?ree em quad is equal to ?ree ( ! squ>e or em quads laid side by side4 ,!re are f\r ( ! ?9n] blanks 9 any size ( type1 kn[n z spaces4 ,! #c-;em space is "o-?ird ( ! em quad2 ! #d-;em space "o-f\r? ( ! em quad2 & ! #e-;em space is "o-fif? ( ! em quad4 ,! hair spaces are v ?9 spaces ( copp] & brass4 ,^! are v seldomly ne$$ 9 g5]al "w4 ,! em quad mu/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! em pica4 ,e size ( type has its em quad2 b ! em pica is simply ! #ab po9t /&>d unit ( measurem5t4 ,type ,font4 ,a quantity ( ! same size & face ( type ) an assortm5t ( ! v>i\s lett]s & *>act]s :i* are us$ toge!r is call$ a font4 ,sometimes fonts are designat$ by ! numb] ( c]ta9 lett]s !y conta94 ,a font may be m5tion$ z hav+ s _m capital ,a's & s _m small a's4 ,type may be b\ght 9 weight or job fonts4 ,if b\ght by weight1 x conta9s capitals1 small capitals1 small or l[] case lett]s1 includ+ ligatures 7ff1 fi1 etc471 figures1 m>ks ( punctuation1 spaces & quads4 ,tw5ty p] c5t ( a weight font is made up ( spaces & quads unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,job fonts are small assortm5ts ( type1 :]e only small quantities or unusual faces are ne$$4 ,su* fonts d n include small capitals1 spaces or quads4 ,fonts or p>ts ( fonts come f ! f\ndry wrapp$ 9 small packages4 ,! capitals1 ! small lett]s1 & ! quads & spaces come1 ( c\rse1 9 sep>ate packages4 ,! lett]s are arrang$ = ! mo/ "p 9 alphabetical ord]2 b !re is an occasional ins]tion ( a m>k ( punctuation or a ?9 bodi$ lett] out ( regul> ord] to fill out a l9e4 ,9 tak+ ! type f ^! packages1 ! entire face side ( ! mass ( type is wet ) soapy wat]4 ,!n1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ( ! alphabet1 a few lett]s are tak5 at a "t & put into ! prop] boxes ( ! case4 ,?is is call$ lay+ ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,news ,,cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,job ,,case4 ,type ,cases4 ,type cases1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 9 :i* type is kept are ( two g5]al k9ds1 news & job4 ,news cases are 9 pairs1 ! upp] & ! l[] case1 arrang$ to occupy a position "o above ! o!r on top ( ! /& or cab9et1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! upp] case conta9s ! capitals1 small capitals1 & an assortm5t ( signs & symbols4 ,! l[] case conta9s ! small lett]s1 num]als1 m>ks ( punctuation1 quads & spaces4 ,! ,cali=nia job case is ab\t ! size ( ! l[] news case & fits l a draw] into a /& or cab9et4 ,x is arrang$ to conta9 bo? ! capitals & l[] case type1 b is )\t boxes = ! small capitals4 ,by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #d1 x w be se5 t ! left side ( ! job case is exactly ! same z ! entire l[] news case1 except t ! comp>tm5ts are small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! "r side ( ! job case conta9s only ?irty-five boxes = capitals in/ead ( =ty-n9e1 z 9 ! capital side ( ! upp] news case4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! capital lett]s are 9 regul> ord] 9 ! case ) ! exception ( ,j & ,u4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! two lett]s 7 ! la/ to be add$ to ! alphabet1 & h5ce 7 simply plac$ at ! la/ ( ! alphabet 9 ! case4 ,9 ! l[] case !re is b little regul>ity ( arrangem5t1 except t ! mo/ commonly us$ lett]s occupy ! mo/ conv5i5t & conspicu\s places4 ,! pr9t] kn[s ! locations ( ! v>i\s boxes1 s t ! pick+ out ( a c]ta9 lett] becomes almo/ purely automatic4 ,,type ,,sett+ ,9 beg9n+ to set type1 ! fir/ tool ! pr9t] ne$s is ! job /ick1 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is ! receptacle into :i* ! compositor places ! type z he sets up ! =m1 lett] by lett]4 ,/icks are made 9 great v>iety1 & almo/ any l5g? f six in*es up4 ,!re are ! simple1 ungraduat$ /ick1 adju/$ by ! ?umb screw2 ! m>k$ & p]=at$ /ick = nonp>eil adju/m5t by means ( a lev]1 ,fig4 #f1 & ! non-adju/able /ick = news or book composition4 ,! pr9t] sets ! /ick ! l5g? ( ! desir$ l9e4 ,?is is done by plac+ into x a lead or slug1 ! desir$ l5g?1 & mov+ ! clamp up aga9/ x tightly en\gh t ! type w n easily fall =w>d1 & yet loosely en\gh to all[ ! l9es to be lift$ f ! /ick )\t b9d+4 ,illu/ration3 #ab em #b po9t ,lead ,fig4 #g4 ,spac+ ( ,l9es4 ,leads 7,fig4 #g7 are /rips ( metal wide1 & f "o to five po9ts1 inclusive1 9 ?ickness4 ,/rips six po9ts & ?ick] are call$ slugs4 ,leads & slugs are us$ to space betwe5 ! l9es ( type1 be>+ ! same relation to ! l9es z spaces & quads be> to ! words4 ,^! /rips are said to be labor sav+ :5 !y are cut ready = use into def9ite l5g?s ( pica or nonp>eil v>iations4 ,! /&>d l5g?s are f #d to #be ems pica4 ,:5 n s cut1 !y are call$ /rip4 ,illu/ration3 #ab em #f po9t ,slug ,fig4 #g;a4 ,a lead or slug g5]ally ( ! ?ickness to give ! requir$ space betwe5 ! l9es1 & ( ! l5g? ( a l9e1 is plac$ 9 ! /ick1 & ! type is set ) ! top ( ! lett] t[>d ?is lead4 ,!n ) ! lead or slug 9 ! /ick & ! /ick 9 ! left h&1 ! compositor /&s upright at ! case1 picks out ! lett]s & *>act]s "o at a "t1 & places !m1 nick out & face up1 into ! /ick1 beg9n+ at ! l[] left h& corn]4 ,fig4 #h4 ,z ! type are put into ! /ick1 !y are held !re by ! ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,! me?od ( hold+ ! /ick at ! prop] angle to prev5t ! type f fall+ out & to all[ ! ?umb to d its "w prop]ly1 is q an art :i* x takes "t to acquire4 ,ju/ify+ l9es4--,! l9e ( type reads f left to "r ! same z pr9t$ matt] b ! lett]s are inv]t$4 ,x takes ! beg9n] "s "t to accu/om himself to ?is condition1 b ) practice1 x becomes easy & conv5i5t4 ,ea* ^w except ! la/ 9 ! l9e1 is foll[$ by a space1 or a quad4 ,9 ord9>y solid matt]1 t is matt] )\t leads or slugs betwe5 ! l9es1 ! ?ree-to-em spaces are us$ betwe5 words4 ,b ! l9e mu/ come out ev5ly at ! end )\t leav+ a space or divid+ a ^w improp]ly4 ,?is v seldom occurs 9 beg9n+ "w1 s ! "y pr9t] sets himself to ! task ( ju/ify+ ! l9e1 t is respac+ x s z to remove ! difficulty4 ,approv$ me?ods ( spac+ & ju/ification may be f\nd 9 ! li/ ( rules ( composition on page #be4 ,great c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 gett+ ea* l9e z ne>ly p]fect z possible be=e proce$+ to ! next1 = 9 ?is way1 mu* tr\ble & annoyance 9 correct+ pro( are avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,:5 a l9e has be5 ?us f9i%$ & a lead put 9 above to support x1 ! compositor proce$s ) ! next l9e exactly z be=e4 ,x is wise = ! beg9n] to leave all ! "w lead$1 s z to simplify ! op]ation ( remov+ ! l9es f ! /ick4 ,if x is desirable1 ! leads or slugs may be remov$ aft] ! type is empti$ f ! /ick4 ,if ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph is n a complete l9e1 x is fill$ ) quads & spaces1 b ! spaces %\ld nev] be plac$ at ! end or betwe5 ! quads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,to ,remove ,type3 ,! ,galley4 ,:5 ! /ick is full or ne>ly s1 ! compositor lays x d[n & to remove ! type cat*es ! fir/ lead ) bo? ?umbs1 & ! la/ lead ) ! fir/ f+] ( ea* h&4 ,fig4 #i4 ,!n he slightly raises ! fir/ l9e4 ,) ! rema9+ free f+]s press+ aga9/ ! ends ( ! l9es & pu%+ at ! same "t d[n aga9/ ! /ick1 he lifts ! type bodily & puts x into ! galley4 ,! fir/ l9e %\ld g aga9/ ! clos$ end & %\ld read f ! l[] side ( ! galley up4 ,! clos$ end ( ! galley %\ld always be at ! "r z ! work] /&s at ! case4 ,! galley1 ,fig4 #aj1 is a k9d ( rectangul> brass tray op5 at "o end1 into :i* ! compositor places ! l9es ( type on remov+ !m f ! /ick4 ,galleys are ( v>i\s sizes = diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,l9es & ,bord]s3 ,! brass rule4 ,9 case !re are solid l9es to be made 9 ! pr9t$ matt]1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ?is is done by use ( ! brass rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is1 l leads1 may be _h ei!r 9 ! /rip or 9 labor sav+ l5g?s2 b unlike leads1 x is type high1 & is design$ = ! purpose ( mak+ l9es1 bord]s1 etc41 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x may be _h 9 any ?ickness1 b usually1 a v ?9 face l a hair l9e or "o po9t1 is put on a heavi] body4 ,9 su* cases ! rule is bevel$ f "o or bo? sides & is said to be side-fac$ or c5t]-fac$ 7a & b1 ,fig4 #ab74 ,labor sav+ brass rule is made up 9 weight fonts1 & may be _h ) or )\t mitres = ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,if a rule l9e %ort] ?an ! measure ( ! type l9e is to be made1 ! blank spaces at ! ends ( ! rule are fill$ ) leads1 slugs1 or quads ( ! same ?ickness z ! body ( ! rule4 ,rule = bord]s is put ar\nd ! type =m aft] x is f9i%$4 ,if ! face ( ! rule is z ?ick z ! body1 z at c1 ,fig4 #ab1 good corn]s are made simply by lapp+ "o piece ( rule ov] ! end ( ! o!r piece :i* meets x at ! corn]4 ,if ! face is ?9n] ?an ! body1 ! rule 9 bord]s or panels mu/ be side-fac$ unless !re are mitres4 ,! bevels ( ! side pieces ( rule are turn$ 9 t[>d ! type & ^? ( ! end pieces are turn$ out4 ,! end rule laps ov] ! ends ( ! side rules at ! corn]s1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,dott$ or hyph5 l9es z se5 9 ,fig4 #aa1 are made by ! use ( lead]s1 :i* closely resemble quads 9 t !y are ( quad sizes4 ,lead]s1 h[ev]1 are type high1 & h ei!r ! dot or hyph5 face--s _m dots or hyph5s to ! em4 ,x is n necess>y to h a great v>iety ( lead] sizes1 s9ce ) ! po9t l9+ sy/em1 "o size ( lead] c easily be l9$ ) ano!r size ( type4 ,spac+ & ,ty+ a ,galley or ,job ( ,type4 ,:5 ! compositor has f9i%$ sett+ ! type & plac$ x into ! galley1 if x is an adv]tisem5t or small job1 he proce$s to space x out by ! use ( leads & slugs to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! =m is !n ti$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x requires consid]able c>e & skill to tie up a mass ( type prop]ly4 ,! =m is 9 ! l[] "r h& corn] ( ! galley4 ,! compositor takes a cotton /r+ & beg9n+ at ! upp] left h& corn]1 he />ts to wrapp+ ! tw9e ar\nd ! =m f left to "r1 draw+ x taut j be=e turn+ a corn]4 ,:5 ! />t+ po9t has be5 rea*$1 he pulls ! tw9e d[n across ! orig9al end ?us b9d+ x firmly aga9/ ! metal4 ,aft] wrapp+ f ?ree to six times ab\t ! =m1 a loop is left 9 ! tw9e1 :i* is =c$ by means ( a compos+ rule1 ,fig4 #ac1 or a lead1 d[n betwe5 ! type & ! /r&s4 ,?is leaves a small piece ( ! end project+ z a conv5i5ce 9 unty+4 ,! next /ep is to take a pro(4 ,! galley is laid on ! /one or a table1 or ! =m may be slid f ! galley to ! /one1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,tak+ a ,pro(4 ,:5 ! ti$ =m has be5 plac$ ^u ! /one or pro( press1 x is ink$ by roll+ a small rubb] roll] 7,fig4 #ad7 ov] x1 ! roll] hav+ be5 fir/ well ink$ by roll+ x ov] an ink$ piece ( m>ble1 slate or glass4 ,!n ! type is cov]$ ) a moi/ pap]1 ! spong$ side up1 or a regul> pro( pap]4 ,if !re is no pro( press ! pro( plan]1 a smoo? fac$ block ( h>d wood1 ) face cov]$ ) felt1 ,fig4 #ae1 is laid on ! top ( ! pap]1 & tapp$ squ>ely & firmly ) ! mallet4 ,if ! pro( plan] does n cov] ! =m1 its position is *ang$ & ! mallet us$ aga94 ,! impression left on ! pap] is ! fir/ pro(4 ,see pro( m>ks1 page #bg4 ,9 s*ool1 x is wise to h ! pupils read _! own pro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,to correct a galley4 ,!n ) ! m>k$ pro( be=e him1 ! compositor proce$s to correct4 ,if only slight *anges are to be made1 su* z turn+ an inv]t$ lett] or tak+ out a capital & putt+ 9 a l[] case lett]1 su* *anges may be made )\t lift+ ! type into ! /ick4 ,(t5 l9es or words are transpos$1 or omissions or repetitions are discov]$4 ,su* errors necessitate respac+ & ov]runn+1 by :i* is meant ! go+ ov] sev]al l9es respac+ !m & cr[d+ a ^w out ( "o l9e into ano!r 9 ord] to correct an error4 ,9 su* cases1 x is well to lift out into ! /ick1 ! l9es involv$4 ,9 ! matt] ( tak+ out a lett]1 x is necess>y only to press lightly at bo? ends ( ! l9e ) ! ?umb & f+] ( "o h&1 rais+ ! l9e ab\t half way out ( ! =m1 & ) ! o!r h& to remove ! desir$ lett] & all[ ! l9e to slide back into its orig9al position4 ,bodk9s & tweez]s are dang]\s & useless in/rum5ts 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,aft] ! *anges indicat$ 9 ! fir/ pro( h be5 made1 a second pro( is tak5 to make sure t all corrections h be5 made1 & t no new errors h crept 94 ,?is pro( %\ld be submitt$ to ! in/ructor = approval4 ,x may be necess>y to make a numb] ( pro(s be=e a p]fect impression is gott54 ,9 case ( a suffici5t quantity ( matt] to necessitate its division into pages or columns1 ! pro( is tak5 9 ! galley )\t ty+ up1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! =m is lock$ tightly 9 ! galley by means ( furniture & quo9s1 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is is some:at l ! lockup describ$ on page #cb1 except t furniture is plac$ only on "o side ( ! mass ( type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,mak+ up4 ,:5 ! corrections are made1 ! matt] is prop]ly divid$1 ! page numb]s & head+s are plac$1 & ! pages or columns are ti$ up4 ,?is process is call$ mak+ up4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,:5 ! pr9t] beg9s to make up1 he has be=e him a long mass ( type1 z at ,fig4 #af4 ,! l5g? ( ! page is det]m9$4 ,x includes ! page numb]1 ! runn+ head1 if !re be "o1 & a nonp>eil1 or six po9t1 slug at ea* end4 ,a page #ah ems wide might prop]ly be #cj ems long4 ,9 ?is case1 ! measure w\ld be #ca ems & a #ca em reglet1 7see furniture page #ca7 answ]s well = a measure1 z w any long piece ( furniture on :i* ! desir$ l5g? may be m>k$4 ,an accurate rul] may be us$ to advantage4 ,! l5g? ( ! fir/ page is usually less ?an ! full measure & is some:at arbitr>ily det]m9$4 ,x is g5]ally sunk5 ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! page4 ,aft] ?is page is ti$ up & mov$ aside1 ! page numb]1 ! runn+ head & ! slug are add$ to ! rema9+ column ( type & ! measure appli$ = ! next page4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! f9al page is rea*$1 :i* is usually some:at less ?an ! full measure4 ,,rules ,,( ,,composition #a4 ,spac+ betwe5 words %\ld appe> z ne>ly uni=m z possible1 n only ?r\gh\t ! l9e b ?r\gh\t ! entire piece ( "w4 #b4 ,= solid1 or unlead$ matt]1 ! em quad is us$ to ind5t ! p>agraph1 & to foll[ a p]iod except at ! end ( a l9e2 ! #c to em space1 betwe5 words 9 ! abs5ce ( m>ks ( punctuation o!r ?an ! comma2 ! en quad1 aft] a semi-colon & also aft] a colon :5 foll[$ by a l[] case lett]1 b :5 foll[$ by a capital lett]1 ! space %\ld be slightly l>g]1 p]haps two #c to em spaces4 #c4 ,! ind5tation & spaces betwe5 words %\ld v>y accord+ to ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es4 ,9 case ( two po9t lead$ matt]1 ! en quad %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! #c to em space & o!r spaces %\ld be correspond+ly l>g]4 #d4 ,9 ju/ify+ a l9e aft] ! spac+ has be5 done accord+ to ! above rules1 spaces may be increas$ at k]n lett]s1 f1 y1 etc41 betwe5 long words1 & aft] semi-colons & colons2 or r$uc$ at slant+ lett]s1 at commas1 & at ! sides ( small words4 ,spaces %\ld be ! same on bo? sides ( v small words1 & !re %\ld nev] be a great] v>iation 9 ! spac+ betwe5 ord9>y words ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 an en quad & a #c to em space4 #e4 ,type %\ld /& squ>ely on foot4 #f4 ,divisions ( words at ! ends ( ! l9es %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible b :5 divid$1 ! prop] division ( syllables %\ld always be made4 #g4 ,avoid divid+ %ort words1 or divid+ words by cutt+ (f %ort syllables at ! fir/ or la/4 #h4 ,d n loos5 ! clamp ( ! /ick 9 ord] to make x possible to ins]t a space4 #i4 ,:5 9 d\bt ab\t spell+1 punctuation1 capitalization1 or syllabication1 consult au?ority4 #aj4 ,save endless "t & tr\ble by produc+ a clean pro( ! fir/ "t4 #aa4 ,9 mak+ up1 x is good =m to h ! fir/ & la/ l9es ( a page full l9es4 ,s x is be/ n to h a p>agraph beg9 ) ! fir/ l9e or end ) ! la/ l9e ( a page4 ,,pro( ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,pro( ,m>ks4 ,,imposition ,imposition is ! arrang+ ( ! type masses 9 prop] ord] on ! /one1 & ! fa/5+ ( !m into ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,,back ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,,front ,,view4 ,! impos+ /one1 ,fig4 #ah1 is a smoo? m>ble slab on :i* ! =ms are plac$ = lock+ up ready = ! press4 ,! /one may be laid ^u a box1 b5* or table1 b bo? /&s & cab9ets are made = ?is purpose4 ,x is prop]ly b$d$ 9 its 8c(f90 by plac+ putty along ! edges ( ! b$ & along any cross supports :i* may run "u ! /one4 ,!n :5 ! /one is plac$ into ?is receptacle1 x rema9s solid & level & free f /ra94 ,x %\ld project a %ort di/ance above ! frame ( ! b$ 9 ord] to r5d] easy ! removal ( ! =ms to & f ! galley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! *ase1 ,fig4 #ai1 is a /eel or ca/-iron frame1 into :i* ! =ms are lock$ to be put into ! press4 ,! size ( a press is bas$ ^u ! inside dim5sions ( ! *ase4 ,a #aj #ae press is "o t accommodates a #aj #ae *ase4 ,! skeleton *ase is a /eel *ase ) a v n>r[ frame4 ,?is makes ! inside consid]ably l>g]4 ,a skeleton *ase = a #aj #ae press is practically #aa #af1 mak+ a cle> ga9 ( almo/ an in* ea* way4 ,:5 ! type has be5 pro($1 correct$1 made up1 & ti$1 ! =m is slipp$ f ! galley to ! /one1 & is !n ready = ! lockup1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a *ase is put ^u ! /one 9 su* a position z to =m a frame ab\t ! type1 :i* z a rule %\ld occupy ! c5tral "p ( ! space enclos$ by ! frame4 ,a roll] support]1 a1 ,fig4 #bj1 is plac$ 9 ea* end ( ! *ase & pieces ( furniture are built out solidly f ! type =m to "o side & "o end ( ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,furniture1 ,fig4 #ba1 & b1 c1 ,fig4 #bj1 is ! "n giv5 to pieces ( wood & metal1 :i* are us$ to build ar\nd ! =ms 9 ! process ( lock+ !m into ! *ase4 ,furniture v>ies by ! em 9 wid? & by #e to #aj ems 9 l5g? :5 cut labor sav+4 ,metal furniture is m mod]n & makes possible m accurate "w2 b = beg9n]s1 x has its disadvantages4 ,! metal is s(t & ( consid]able weight1 mak+ heavi] =ms2 & if a piece is dropp$ ^u ! /one or ev5 ^u ! floor1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s1 x probably has a corn] or an edge batt]$4 ,9 ! lockup1 occasionally ?is small defect may cause ! 8pi0 ( ! :ole =m4 ,reglets are a k9d ( wood furniture simil> 9 size & use to leads & slugs b are l>gely us$ z furniture 9 lock+ up =ms4 ,9 lead$ =ms :i* h to be kept = sometime1 reglets are sub/itut$ = ! leads & slugs4 ,!y are v mu* *eap]1 & !y relieve ! necessity = l>ge quantities ( ! m exp5sive leads & slugs4 ,wood furniture1 :i* comes by ! case or by numb] ( pieces1 is *eap1 durable1 n easily injur$1 & on ! :ole1 q satisfactory = s*ool use4 ,a small am\nt ( metal furniture1 :i* is sold by weight1 is desirable 9 e pr9t%op4 ,:5 ! furniture has be5 built 9 at "o side & "o end ( ! =m z indicat$ above1 quo9s are plac$ at ! o!r side & ! o!r end ab\t midway betwe5 ! type & ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,quo9s1 ,fig4 #bb1 are devices = lock+ ! =ms into ! *ases4 ,!re are two *ief k9ds1 "o consi/+ ( two sep>ate w$ge %ap$ pieces ( h>d metal ) not*$ sides1 :i* by ! use ( a key are made to slide 9 opposite directions aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! dang] ( ^! quo9s 9 ! h&s ( s*oolboys is t1 n realiz+ h[ easily good =ms are held1 !y p]si/ 9 try+ to screw ! quo9 to ! la/ not*1 frequ5tly endang]+ ! *ase & ru9+ ! quo9s4 ,! o!r k9d is con/ruct$ ( two pieces ( metal jo9$ by spr+s & op5$ by ! use ( a key op]at+ a nut :i*1 aft] a slight expansion ( ! quo91 releases its hold & all[s ! p>ts to spr+ back toge!r4 ,?is quo9 is safe = ! =m & = ! *ase1 & is itself n batt]$ 9 ! process ( lock+ up4 ,aft] ! quo9s h be5 put into prop] position1 pieces ( furniture are fitt$ 9 on bo? sides ( ! quo9s4 ,! pieces ( furniture are usually a little long] ?an ! sides ( ! =m aga9/ :i* !y fit4 ,!y are always plac$ ar\nd ! =m 9 su* a way t !y c n b9d aga9/ ea* o!r s z to prev5t ! pressure f /rik+ ! type squ>ely1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,) ! key1 ,fig4 #bb1 ! quo9s are v slightly & uni=mly tight5$4 ,!n ! plan] is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! plan]1 ,fig4 #bc1 is a smoo? fac$ block ( h>d wood simil> to ! pro( plan]1 b is usually small] & n cov]$ ) felt4 ,?is is laid on ! face ( ! =m on ! /one & tapp$ lightly ) a mallet1 9 ord] to make sure t ! faces ( all ! type are at ! same level--no lett]s project+ s z to be brok5 or to injure ! roll]s1 or1 at be/1 to ru9 ! impressions4 ,aft] ?is1 ! pr9t] tight5s ! quo9s gradually1 giv+ a slight turn to ea* quo9 9 succession4 ,!re is dang] ( ! beg9n]'s gett+ ! lockup too tight1 caus+ ! =m to spr+ up f ! /one & ! *ase to spr+ & ev5 to break4 ,if ! composition is good & ! furniture is prop]ly plac$1 x does n require a v tight lockup to hold4 ,be=e remov+ ! *ase f ! /one1 ! lockup %\ld be te/$ by rais+ "o side ( ! *ase v slightly & tapp+ ! furniture to see if any ( ! type are loose4 ,if ! =m holds1 x is ready = ! press4 ,=ms = ,f\r & ,m ,pages4 ,:5 !re are a numb] ( pages in/ead ( "o to be dealt )1 ! imposition is consid]ably m complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,any piece ( pr9t+ ( f\r or m pages has an outside & an inside section4 ,page "o & all ! pages t are pr9t$ on ! same side ( ! pap] ) x con/itute ! outside section4 ,page two & all ! pages t are pr9t$ on ! same side ) x are ! inside section4 ,a f\r page pr9t$ %eet is call$ a %eet folio4 ,! be/ way to h&le su* a f\r page =m is by ! "w-&-turn me?od1 provid$ ! press is l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! f\r pages at "o "t4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! pages are arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,note t 9 ?is =m z 9 any o!r outside =m1 page "o is at ! l[] left h& corn] ) ! foot ( ! page t[>d ! pr9t]4 ,m>g9s are det]m9$ by measur+ f ! front ( type pages "o & two ! wid? ( ! page plus twice ! desir$ m>g9 to ! backs ( pages ?ree & f\r4 ,!n ! l5g? ( ! page plus twice ! m>g9 is measur$ f ! foot ( pages "o & f\r to ! head ( pages two & ?ree4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /ock is cut d\ble ! l5g? ( ! f9i%$ job4 ,:5 x has be5 pr9t$ on "o side1 & ! ink has dri$1 x is turn$ & giv5 ! same impression on ! o!r side4 ,( c\rse1 9 pr9t+ ?is second side1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to rev]se ! pap] s t pages two & ?ree back up "o & f\r at "o end1 & "o & f\r back up two & ?ree at ! o!r end4 ,:5 ! ink ( ?is impression is dry1 ! %eet is cut at l9e ,,xx mak+ two complete folios f "o %eet4 ,) s*ool boys work+ on a small press1 ! f\r pages are (t5 h&l$ 9 two sep>ate =ms ( two pages ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,:5 s divid$1 ea* pair may be impos$ 9 exactly ! same ord] z 9 ! f\r page =m4 ,9 ?is case ! pap] is cut to exact size & pages "o & f\r are pr9t$ on "o side4 ,:5 ! ink dries1 x is run ?r\gh ! press aga9 & pages two & ?ree are pr9t$ on ! o!r side1 complet+ ! "w4 ,an eight page =m1 or a %eet qu>to1 = a suffici5tly l>ge press1 may be impos$ aft] ! "w-&-turn me?od z 9 ! case ( ! f\r page =m4 ,! numb]$ rectangles 9 ,fig4 #be %[ ! arrangem5t ( pages 9 ! "w-&-turn me?od ( impos+ an eight page =m4 ,x w be obs]v$ t pages 9 ! outside section ( an eight page =m are 9 ! same ord] z ^? ( a f\r page =m4 ,= a press t c accommodate only f\r pages1 ! inside & outside sections are impos$ exactly 9 ! same ord] z 9 ,fig4 #be1 b are us$ z sep>ate =ms4 ,:5 we und]take ! imposition ( an eight page job1 we meet ! problem ( m>g9 = trim1 :i* has n be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! previ\s =ms4 ,9 an eight page piece ( "w1 !re mu/ be two folds & s9ce ! %eets are fold$ aft] !y are pr9t$ & be=e !y are cut1 x is evid5t t "s all[ance mu/ be made = trimm+ ! fold at ! top ( ! pages4 ,s9ce 9 fold+1 ! edges are probably n ev51 x is necess>y to trim !m also4 ,?us x is cle> t all[ance mu/ be made = trim ar\nd ea* pair ( leaves4 ,fig4 #be repres5ts a half %eet ( /&>d #be #ch pap] laid on ! eight page =m impos$ by ! "w-&-turn me?od4 ,! l9e ,,xx indicates :]e ! pr9t$ half %eet is cut be=e fold+4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! m>g9s all[$ = trim aft] fold+4 ,! me?od ( measur+ = ! imposition is z foll[s3 ,suppose ! type pages to be f\r by sev5 in*es & c5t]$ 9 ! pages1 & ! m>g91 aft] trim1 to be "o in* all ar\nd ea* page4 ,x is app>5t !n t ! backs ( type pages #h & #e are two in*es f ! backs ( pages #a & #d4 ,! location ( pages #g & #f is det]m9$ by measur+ half ! l5g? ( ! half %eet1 or #ab in*es 9 ?is case1 f ! front edges ( type pages #a & #d4 ,! di/ance !n f #h to #g & f #e to #f is #b in*es or #ae ems pica1 mak+ in* = trim4 ,"o-half ( #ai in*es1 or ! o!r dim5sion ( ! half %eet1 measur$ f ! foot ( type page #a to ! head ( #d1 places ! di/ance ( #b in*es betwe5 #a & #d4 ,?is all[s in* "h also = trim4 ,9 ?is "w1 "s pref] simply to fold ! pap] & use x = measurem5t1 b 9 any case :5 ! m>g9s are det]m9$1 !y are built 9 ) appropriate furniture & ! =m is lock$ up4 ,x is well to rememb] t1 view$ f ! foot ( ! pages 9 a =m1 odd numb]$ pages are always at ! left ( ev5 numb]$ pages4 ,9 mo/ ( ! "w ( ?is "*1 ! pages are s l>ge t only two may be accommodat$ by a small press4 ,9 ?is case1 ! eight pages are impos$ 9 pairs z foll[s3 ,"o & eight1 two & sev51 ?ree & six1 & f\r & five4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! sum ( ! page numb]s ( any pair is always "o great] ?an ! :ole numb] ( pages4 ,,presswork ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 ! matt] ( h&l+ a press1 ,fig4 #bf1 is to h a cle> idea 9 m9d z to ! me?od ( its op]ation2 ! next is to make sure t ! press is well oil$1 well clean$ & ! b$ & plat5 clean ( all grit1 pap]1 gauge p9s1 quadrats1 etc4 ,! ?r[ (f1 a1 ,fig4 #bf1 is a lev] by use ( :i* ! press c be prev5t$ f pr9t+4 ,?is %\ld always be 9 su* position z to hold ! plat51 b1 away f ! b$1 c1 until ! press is ready = an impression4 ,an ess5tial "p ( ! press :i* ne$s to be m5tion$ sep>ately is ! roll]s1 d4 ,!y are a k9d ( rubb]y composition m\ld$ ar\nd /eel rods or cores2 & :5 plac$ on ! press1 !y di/ribute ! ink ov] ! plate1 e1 & c>ry x d[n ^u ! type4 ,( c\rse1 !y are s(t & pliable & ne$ prop] att5tion to keep !m s4 ,!re are summ] roll]s & w9t] roll]s & nei!r c be us$ to advantage out ( season4 ,w9t] roll]s become too s(t = summ]1 :ile ! rev]se is true ( summ] roll]s us$ 9 w9t]4 ,sev5ty degrees is ab\t ! "r temp]ature to insure ! prop] work+ ( roll]s4 ,:5 !y become p]man5tly h>d en\gh to reta91 = a consid]able "t1 ! type impressions1 roll]s are said to be dead4 ,mu* c be told ab\t roll]s by obs]v+ ! color & ! %9e ( ! surface4 ,a dead roll] has a dead1 lu/]less surface4 ,:5 roll]s are worn out1 !y are simply s5t to ! factory :]e ! old composition is remov$ & new composition mold$ ^u ! same cores4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts ( roll]s are molasses1 glyc]9e & glue4 ,make-ready4 ,9 prep>+ ! make-ready1 a h>d surfac$ piece ( pressbo>d is plac$ on ! plat54 ,on top ( ?is1 %\ld be f ?ree to five pieces ( book pap] = 8pack+10 cov]$ f9ally ) a 8draw%eet0 ( t\gh manila4 ,n[ ! press is ink$ by putt+ ^u ! plate1 e1 a small quantity ( ink & all[+ ! press to run until ! roll]s h ?or\ghly di/ribut$ x ov] ! plate4 ,!n ! =m is put into ! press at c1 & c>e is us$ to see t ! gripp]s1 f1 are prop]ly adju/$ s t !y d n /rike ! =m & at ! same "t1 are n f> en\gh out to /rike ! roll] support]s4 ,9 case ( int]f]5ce ( gripp]s1 "o or bo? may be remov$4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready1 an impression is tak5 on ! draw %eet & is exam9$ to see if any type are high1 or to discov] & correct any o!r defect4 ,!n ! l[] clamp1 g1 is loos5$ & :ile ! draw %eet is ?r[n back1 an impression is tak5 on ! top %eet ( ! pack+4 ,if a portion ( ! impression is indi/9ct1 a ?9 piece ( pap] is pa/$ ^u ! indi/9ct p>ts to give !m a slightly heavi] impression4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ov]lay4 ,9 pat*+ up ! make-ready 9 ?is mann]1 x is v important t ! ov]lay %all n rea* beyond ! p>ts :i* ne$ build+ up4 ,if an indi/9ctness 9 an impression is due to worn type or a l[ cut1 x may be rem$i$ by an und]lay4 ,?is is ! pa/+ ( bits ( pap] or c>dbo>d to ! foot ( ! type1 or to ! back ( ! cut4 ,9 case a portion %[s too heavy an impression1 t p>ticul> "p is cut out ( ! top %eet ( ! pack+4 ,!n ! draw %eet is clamp$ d[n aga9 & a device is arrang$ = hold+ ! /ock = pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,= locat+ ! positions ( ! gauge p9s1 ,fig4 #bg1 or quadrats1 ! /ock is laid /raight across ! impression all[+ ! ends to project equally ov] ! ends ( ! impression1 & ) a %>p p5cil1 a m>k is made on ! draw %eet along ! left end ( ! /ock4 ,!n ! /ock is slipp$ d[n across ! impression 9 su* a way z to all[ ! edges ( ! /ock to project ! di/ance ( ! desir$ m>g9s above & bel[ ! impression on ! draw%eet4 ,a m>k is !n plac$ along ! l[] edge ( ! /ock4 ,! gauge p9s or quads are plac$ on ^! two l9es1 two on ! horizontal & "o on ! v]tical1 9 su* a position z w be/ hold ! /ock on ! plat54 ,if quads are us$1 !y are glu$ to ! draw%eet4 ,x usually takes sev]al impressions on ! cut /ock to get a p]fect adju/m5t4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! /ock f be+ lift$ f ! plat5 by ! ink1 a small cord is ti$ ab\t ! ends ( ! gripp]s 9 su* a position z t x /rikes ! /ock above ! impression ( ! type4 ,con/ant c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep ! gripp]s f gett+ 9 ! way ( ! roll] support]s & caus+ consid]able injury4 ,! pupils 9 s*ool beg9 op]at+ ! press v sl[ly & by foot p[]4 ,! process ( fe$+ is l>gely a matt] ( cultivat+ a c]ta9 ambidext]ity & a rhy?mic movem5t ( ! h&s1 ! "r to place ! blank %eet ^u ! plat51 & ! left to remove x aft] x is pr9t$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid soil+ ! /ock or sme>+ ! ink on remov+ ! fre%ly pr9t$ %eets4 ,z skill is acquir$1 spe$ %\ld be increas$4 ,f9ally ! boys are able safely to fe$ a motor driv5 press4 ,:5 ! matt] is pr9t$1 x is c>efully scatt]$ ov] ! lett] bo>ds1 table1 or %elves to dry1 & ! *ase is remov$ to ! /one4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,di/ribut+ ,aft] f9i%+ ! job ( pr9t+ prop]1 !re are /ill "s v important ?+s to d4 ,! =m mu/ be clean$1 ! ink ?or\ghly remov$ f ! press1 & ! type ?r[n back into ! prop] cases1 or di/ribut$4 ,! =m is clean$ by go+ ov] ! type1 fir/ ) a cotton clo? moi/5$ ) b5z9e1 & foll[+ ) a bri/le bru%4 ,! press also mu/ be wa%$1 t is ! ink mu/ be remov$ f ! plate & ! roll]s4 ,) cotton rags or wa/e moi/5$ ) b5z9e1 ! ink is wip$ (f ! plate4 ,!n ! roll]s are run ^u ! plate1 & ) ! clo? /ill fur!r moi/5$ ) b5z9e1 ! roll]s are c>efully gone ov] & all ! ink remov$4 ,! roll]s are !n run d[n f ! plate1 :i* is wip$ clean & dry4 ,9 case wa/e is us$ 9 clean+ ! roll]s1 x %\ld be wrapp$ inside ( a clo? to prev5t ?reads & l9t f adh]+ to !m4 ,to ! inexp]i5c$1 ?is matt] ( clean+ ! press1 gives ! impression ( a long1 t$i\s & dirty task4 ,x proves to be q an int]e/+ demon/ration = ! in/ructor to wa% ! press clean1 & come ?r\gh ! process 9 ?ree m9utes ) h&s sc>cely soil$4 ,!re gr[s up some:at ( a rivalry among ! gr\ps or individuals to see :i* c wa% ! press 9 ! %orte/ "t & ) ! lea/ muss4 ,9 leav+ ! press1 ?is caution %\ld always be kept 9 m9d2 nev] all[ ! roll]s to rema9 on ! plate or on a =m 9 ! press4 ,rags t h become saturat$ ) b5z9e & ink %\ld be burn$ or kept 9 a clos$ c4 ,x is ! practice ) a great _m good pr9t]s to leave ! ink on ! press ov] night1 aft] ?or\ghly oil+ x ) lubricat+ oil4 ,by ?us leav+ ! roll]s cov]$ ) ?is s(t1 oily coat1 ! composition is protect$ f ! dry+ & h>d5+ effects ( ! air4 ,( c\rse !re are inks :i* h>d5 9 spite ( ! oil1 su* z gilts1 bronzes1 bronze blues1 r$s1 etc4 ,su* inks %\ld n be left on ! press long] ?an necess>y4 ,! next morn+1 ! oily ink is easily remov$ ) a dry clo?4 ,sometimes1 x is well to foll[ up ) a clo? slightly moi/5$ ) b5z9e4 ,9 case ink has be5 p]mitt$ to h>d5 on ! roll]s1 x may be remov$ by tak+ ! roll]s f ! press1 wa%+ !m ) mod]ately /rong lye1 us+ a pr9t]'s scrub bru%4 ,aft] ! ink is remov$1 ! roll]s are ?or\ghly r9s$ 9 wat]4 ,:5 type has be5 all[$ to rema9 )\t ! ink hav+ be5 clean$ (f1 & ! ink has h>d5$ & cem5t$ ! type toge!r1 x may be loos5$ & clean$ ) lye4 ,make a /rong solution ( lye & saturate ! mass ( type ) x4 ,rub ! lye 9 ?or\ghly ) ! scrub bru%1 leave ! lye on ! type = two h\rs & !n r9se 9 wat]4 ,keep repeat+ ?is process until ! type is loos5$ & clean$4 ,:5 a =m has be5 us$ & is no long] ne$$1 x is call$ dead matt] & is ready = di/ribution4 ,to prep>e ! type = di/ribution1 a sponge is saturat$ ) soapy wat] & ! top ( ! =m ?or\ghly wet1 s t ! wat] makes its way d[n into ! small crevices betwe5 ! type4 ,if ! =m is put into a galley1 x is plac$ 9 ! same position z = ty+ up4 ,!n ! pr9t] takes ^u a slug ! la/ two1 ?ree1 or f\r l9es & holds !m 9 8 left h& z 9 ,fig4 #bh1 s t ! l9es occupy ! same position z :5 9 ! /ick4 ,) ! "r h&1 he picks up "o or m words f ! "r end ( ! top l9e4 ,/&+ be=e 8 case 9 ! same position z :5 sett+ type1 he spells ! words back into ! case4 ,x is v important t type be prop]ly di/ribut$1 t ! lett]s1 *>act]s1 & spaces be put into _! prop] boxes4 ,?is is int]e/+ "w1 & beg9n]s delight 9 x2 besides1 x is a "w 9 :i* consid]able skill c q readily be acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! prop] "t to rescue a lett] f ! floor or f a wrong box into :i* x has be5 dropp$1 is imm$iately aft] x has be5 s misplac$4 ,leads1 slugs1 furniture1 & rule %\ld be put at once 9 prop] positions into _! respective places4 ,,:at ,,to ,,pr9t ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,proce$ ,9 discuss+ ! matt] ( ! prop] pr9t+ = ! public s*ools1 let u n =get ?is g5]al proposition1 i4 e41 t ! claim ( pr9t+ to a place z a s*ool art mu/ re/ ^u its =ce z an educational factor & n ^u ! fact t1 by a species ( *ild labor1 money may be made or sav$4 ,!re may be done "s "w ( a comm]cial nature1 ( c\rse1 z 9 any k9d ( s-call$ indu/rial "w1 & !reby money be sav$ = ! in/itution or ! community4 ,b ! fact t "s ( ! "w results 9 f9ancial ga9 or sav+ is incid5tal1 al?\gh x may help to add int]e/ & reality to ! "w4 ,h[ev]1 ! "w ( ! s*ool pr9t %op %\ld be l>gely su* z1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! s*ool %op1 w\ld n be pr9t$4 ,s*ool pr9t+ may be gr\p$ loosely into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,mat]ial ^: cont5t appeals to ! pupils & ^: m]it ju/ifies p]man5t =m4 ,x is always a happy condition :5 ! matt] :i* we ask ! boys & girls to pr9t appeals to !m on its own m]it z some?+ t des]ves to be p]petuat$4 ,! book idea presupposes p]man5cy ( cont5t4 ,s ! book1 pr9t$ & b\nd by ! pupils & conta9+ _! favorite selections1 makes a /rong appeal4 ,lit]ature classes collect ballads1 lyrics1 & o!r =ms ( lit]ature = su* "w4 ,books ( ballads suit$ to ! v>i\s grades might pr(itably be prep>$4 ,! broad%eet idea may be tak5 advantage ( to popul>ize national airs1 patriotic songs1 crisp maxims1 r>e bits ( humor1 etc4 #b4 ,su* tempor>y mat]ial z connects intimately ) ! s*ool "w & does a g5u9e s]vice4 ,an abundance ( valuable mat]ial may be f\nd 9 connection ) elem5t>y read+1 nature /udy1 geography1 g>d5+1 con/ructive "w1 etc4 ,/ories relat+ to ^! subjects & writt5 by ! *ildr5 may be pr9t$ & furni%$ to ! *ildr5 = read+ matt]4 ,! developm5t ( dramatization 9 ! s*ools (f]s mat]ial = ! pr9t%op4 ,a /ory l 8,treasure ,isl&0 or 8,k9mont ,willie0 is read by ! boys & girls1 :o set !mselves to ! task ( putt+ x into dramatic =m4 ,pupils take up ! "w ( pr9t+ su* a production ) ! greate/ ( int]e/ :e!r x is ! "w ( _! own or ( ano!r class4 ,! s*ool pap] is a valuable ?+ f e po9t ( view4 ,spell+ li/s1 b9d]s' notes ins]t$ 9 reb\nd books1 programs ( s*ool ent]ta9m5ts1 ,xmas & ,ea/] c>ds1 etc41 come "u ?is second division4 #c4 ,?is class includes su* "w z w\ld ord9>ily be s5t to ! comm]cial pr9t]4 ,lett] heads1 (fice blanks1 report c>ds1 bus9ess notices1 (ficial ann\ncem5ts1 etc41 come "u ?is head4 ,"s ( ?is c be h&l$ to ! pr(it ( bo? ! boys & ! s*ool & )\t inju/ice to ! comm]cial pr9t]4 ,9 beg9n+ pr9t+ ) a class1 x is believ$ to be be/ to take advantage ( ! wide-ey$ curiosity & int5se int]e/ ( ! pupils1 simply to make !m famili> ) ! locations ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! equipm5t & ! names ( ! v>i\s tools ( ! pr9t]4 ,j ! po9t+ out & recit+ ( ! names ( ! leads1 slugs1 furniture1 etc41 are suffici5t to hold ! rapt att5tion ( ! class4 ,dur+ ! e>ly p]iod is a good "t = inve/igations by ! pupils z to ! orig9 & developm5t ( pr9t+1 ! /ory ( movable type1 ! evolution ( ! press1 ! relation ( pr9t+ to progress1 etc4 ,?is plan ( hav+ ! pupils get z mu* relevant in=mation z possible conc]n+ _! new activity1 "u ! impulse ( ?is fir/ en?usiasm1 proves to be an effective me?od ( tea*+ z well z valuable & timely "w = ! boys & girls4 ,! same eag]ness to become famili> ) ! "w makes ! lay ( ! cases an easy matt] to get be=e ! class4 ,almo/ )\t exception ! boys ask = ! privilege ( mak+ individual diagrams ( ! cases1 = pocket ref]5ce4 ,! v irregul>ity & confusion ( ! l[] case someh[ appeal to ! boys1 & !y take great pride 9 ma/]+ :at seems at fir/ glance almo/ a puzzle4 ,! explanation t j & u 7 ! la/ lett]s add$ to ! alphabet & t !y occupy positions 9 ! capital case correspond+ to ! "t ( _! additions1 makes ! lay ( ! capital case easy to rememb]4 ,consid]able "t may well be devot$ to j ?is k9d ( "w4 ,9 famili>iz+ !mselves ) ! case1 ! pupils may well beg9 ! use ( ! job /ick & ! practice ( prop]ly hold+ x1 by ! use ( l>ge type1 9 sett+ up _! names & su* simple matt] z !y c>e to attempt1 putt+ ! type back aga9 into ! prop] boxes4 ,:5 simple composition is begun1 x is ?\ght be/ t ea* piece ( "w %\ld run ?r\gh ! typical processes1 sett+ up ! type1 empty+ ! /ick1 pro(+1 correct+1 ty+ up1 remov+ to ! /one1 lock+ up1 & pr9t+4 ,! presswork = ^! fir/ ef=ts may be done by ! tea*] by way ( demon/rations1 s t ! pupils become famili> ) ! me?ods ( h&l+ a press4 ,! class %\ld be kept = a consid]able "t on su* "w z labels1 "n c>ds1 spell+ li/s1 etc41 gradually work+ into ! long] compositions ( pla91 /raight matt]4 ,:5 x comes to ! l>g] jobs1 "o piece ( "w may be divid$ among sev]al pupils or ev5 ! :ole class4 ,( c\rse1 9 all ?is "w1 !re mu/ be con/ant ref]5ce & att5tion to ! v>i\s rules ( composition1 su* z ju/ification1 spac+1 m>g9s1 etc4 ,z ! class advances1 x is well to h ea* boy d a little press "w by himself4 ,he w prep>e ! make-ready1 :i* ! in/ructor has previ\sly demon/rat$1 ink ! press1 set ! gauge p9s1 & run (f ! job1 "u ! close scrut9y ( ! tea*]4 ,9 h&l+ jobs ( two or m pages1 ! pupils h exp]i5ce 9 pro(+1 mak+ up ! matt] into page =ms1 & ( impos+ or lock+ x up4 ,x is well to h ! li/ ( pro( m>ks conspicu\sly on ! bo>d & to insi/ ^u ! pupils' use ( !m 9 a correct & intellig5t way4 ,at ! close ( ! eigh? ye> & 9 ! high s*ool1 ! h&l+ ( cuts1 tabul> "w1 & ! m difficult processes all along ! l9e is expect$4 ,n only mu/ ! boys use ! cuts 9 pr9t+ b !y ought to make ! wood cuts1 z9c et*+s1 & copp] plates z frequ5tly z possible f designs & illu/rations prep>$ by !mselves4 ,dur+ ! "w 9 pr9t+1 ! tea*] %\ld n ov]look or neglect any illu/rative mat]ial t may be available1 & :i* may be ( value 9 sett+ /&>ds1 ar\s+ ambitions1 & (f]+ sugge/ions = improvem5t4 ,visits to comm]cial pr9t %ops are an excell5t ?+ f ! /&po9t ( all ^! consid]ations4 ,9 /udy+ ! arrangem5ts ( ! p>ts ( a brok5 page1 or ( an adv]tisem5t1 x has prov$ int]e/+ & pr(itable to cut out ! p>ts ( ! pr9t$ matt] collect$ = /udy1 & to reassemble !m by pa/+ !m to ano!r page4 ,! v>iety 9 ! matt] ( m>g9s1 spac+1 & gr\p+ t c be _h by su* a treatm5t1 is (t5 really surpris+4 ,!n :5 !re are add$ ! possibilities ( diff]5t sizes & k9ds ( type1 ! colors ( ink1 & ! colors & textures ( pap]1 ! effects t may be produc$ are )\t limit4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,! ,,l[] ,,case ,ea* boy has a case be=e him4 ,! class is told t !re are ?ree little gr\ps ( lett]s to be le>n$ fir/3 ar1 is1 jk4 ,^! gr\ps are le>n$ fir/1 because !y are n consecutive & d n readily fall into ! gr\p+ :i* is to foll[4 ,aft] ^! fir/ gr\ps h be5 fix$ 9 ! m9d1 x is expla9$ t ! left half ( ! l[] case is made up1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( gr\ps ( lett]s :i* are consecutive 9 ! alphabet4 ,^! gr\ps are3 bcde1 lmn 7h7 o1 tuv4 ,besides jk on ! left side !re is ano!r nonconsecutive gr\p1 qxz4 ,^! gr\ps are repeat$ly po9t$ out dur+ ! explanation4 ,:5 we come to ! gr\p lmn 7h7 o1 we say 8lmn ov] h to o40 ,beg9n+ ) a1 ! class repeats sev]al times ^! gr\ps3 bcde1 lmn 7h7 o1 tuv1 qxz4 ,!n x is po9t$ out t !re are only two gr\ps rema9+1 & t !y are on ! "r h& side ( ! case4 ,!y are fg & ypw4 ,:5 ! boys h locat$ ! gr\ps a few times1 !y are te/$ on ! entire alphabet 9 ord]4 ,!y beg91 a1 bcde1 fg1 & !n !y rememb] ! 8ov] h to o0 expression1 :i* locates h = !m4 ,! next lett]s1 i & jk1 are 9 ! fir/ gr\ps le>n$ & h5ce are easily recall$4 ,!n foll[s ! gr\p lmno4 ,if !y d n readily locate p1 ! gr\p ypw is repeat$ by ! tea*]4 ,! lett] q is 9 ! corn] gr\p1 qxz1 r is 9 ! fir/ gr\p le>n$1 ar1 & s is 9 ! second gr\p le>n$1 is4 ,! next lett]s1 tuv1 are 9 a gr\p by !mselves1 & ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! alphabet1 w1 x1 y1 z1 are 9 ! two rema9+ gr\ps1 ypw & qxz4 ,if at any "t1 a boy _c locate a lett]1 he c be imm$iately assi/$ if ! tea*] w simply repeat ! gr\p 9 :i* ! lett] is to be f\nd4 ,= in/ance1 if he _c f9d x1 ! tea*] %\ld simply say 8qxz40 ,! location ( quads1 spaces1 num]als1 & 8po9ts0 is only a matt] ( a %ort "t1 & may be le>n$ at ! "t ! lett] boxes are le>n$1 b c j z well be taught :5 an explanation ( ! quads & spaces is made4 ,x w be obs]v$ t by ?is plan1 in/ead ( le>n+ ! positions ( tw5ty-six sep>ate boxes1 ! boys le>n ! positions ( ! foll[+ n9e gr\ps3 ar1 is1 jk1 bcde1 lmn 7h7 o1 tuv1 qxz1 fg1 ypw1 :i* include ! tw5ty-six4 ,,wood ,,cuts ,,& ,,metal ,,plates ,! mak+ ( wood cuts & metal plate et*+s has prov$ "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( int]e/ & educational pr(it to ! boys & girls4 ,x vitalizes & l5ds motive to design & illu/ration1 x requires v little equipm5t & is a p]fectly feasible s*eme ev5 = ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,x is p]haps z well to illu/rate ! idea ) a concrete problem4 ,a book is be+ made = in/ance1 by ea* pupil4 ,he plans a cov] design1 a bookplate or an illu/ration4 ,aft] ! design or illu/ration is c>efully work$ out1 x is trac$ 9 rev]se by means ( c>bon pap] ^u a piece ( wood1 copp]1 or z9c4 ,if x is to be a wood cut1 ! block is squ>$ up to ! prop] ?ickness1 ab\t sev5-eights ( an in*4 ,bir*1 maple1 & black walnut h prov$ v satisfactory = ?is "w4 ,( c\rse1 9 comm]cial "w1 boxwood is ext5sively us$ & ! design cut on ! end gra92 b x is v satisfactory & mu* easi] = ! s*ool "w1 to cut ! figure on ! side ( a piece ( ord9>y bo>d4 ,) a small ve9+ tool1 su* z is us$ 9 wood c>v+1 ! design is outl9$1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave ! edges ( ! p>ts to be left 9 relief %>p & di/9ct4 ,!n ) a small g\ge1 *isel or knife1 ! backgr\nd is cut away to ! dep? ( ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,no c>e ne$ be tak5 to make ! backgr\nd smoo?4 ,( c\rse1 ! op5 gra9$ woods d n give a solid1 uni=m impression4 ,?is is n at all objectionable z "o may see by exam9+ ! wood cuts ( ! old ma/]s4 ,h[ev]1 if a d5se impression is desir$1 ?is exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ) good results3 ,aft] ! design is cut1 ! face ( ! block is gone ov] ) a heavy coat ( ?ick woodfill]4 ,:5 ! fill] is dry1 x is c>efully scrap$ f ! face ( ! design4 ,by ?is simple me?od1 a d5se1 cle>1 & uni=m impression is made possible4 ,if x is to be a metal plate1 ! pupil simply takes a ?ick1 smoo? piece ( copp] or z9c1 traces ! design1 & ) a wat] color bru%1 he pa9ts ) asphaltum v>ni% ! p>ts ( ! design to be left 9 relief4 ,! back ( ! metal plate is also cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( ! v>ni%4 ,c>eful exam9ation is made to see :e!r air bubbles h caus$ small holes 9 ! v>ni%1 or any?+ else has caus$ any portion ( ! design to be left uncov]$4 ,:5 dry1 ! acid ba? is prep>$4 ,comm]cial nitric acid is ! safe/ solution4 ,x is dilut$ by add+ ab\t an equal volume ( wat] to x1 mak+ x f #ae to #bj /rong4 ,! dilut$ acid is p\r$ into a glass or porcela9 tray & ! plate put into x4 ,if ! acid c be kept mov+ by frequ5tly rock+ ! tray1 ! et*+ w be v mat]ially ha/5$4 ,x takes f ?ree to five h\rs to et* deeply a piece ( copp]1 dep5d+ ^u ! /r5g? & am\nt ( ! solution & ! am\nt ( expos$ surface to be eat5 away4 ,if l>ge surfaces are to be et*$1 q a l>ge quantity ( acid is desirable1 or else a *ang+ or /r5g!n+ ( ! solution dur+ ! process4 ,z soon z ! acid becomes some:at burd5$ ) ! metal1 x ceases to act at all freely1 & ev5 beg9s to deposit a blue nitrate ^u ! metal4 ,9 su* a case1 x is be/ to put ! plate into a fre% solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! acid is n too /rong1 z ! heat g5]at$ by its rapid action s(t5s ! v>ni% & lets ! acid "u to play havoc ) ! design4 ,num]\s bubbles & yell[-gre5 fumes indicate t ! acid %\ld be weak5$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( wat]4 ,by obs]v+ ! progress ( ! et*+ occasionally1 x c be told :5 ! prop] dep? has be5 rea*$4 ,!n ! plate is heat$ suffici5tly to s(t5 ! v>ni%1 soak$ 9 k]os5e or turp5t9e1 & rubb$ clean ) a clo?4 ,or ! w>m v>ni% c be remov$ by simply saturat+ ! clo? ) k]os5e1 turp5t9e1 or b5z9e & rubb+ ov] x4 ,a block ( wood is !n prep>$ = a base s t ! m\nt$ plate is slightly less 9 ?ickness ?an ! height ( ! type4 ,!n ) a pun* or a small drill1 holes are put into ! l[]1 or backgr\nd1 "p ( ! metal4 ,?r\gh ^! holes ! plate is fa/5$ to ! block by small tacks or escut*eon p9s1 ! heads be+ sunk5 bel[ ! surface ( ! backgr\nd4 ,l>ge surfaces ( backgr\nd %\ld be saw$ out be=e ! metal is m\nt$ ^u ! block4 ,:5 ! cut is us$ 9 pr9t+1 x is br\ght up to ! prop] height by ! und]lay+ ( pap] or c>dbo>d4 ,?is "w is us$ ext5sively 9 connection ) su* "w z c>ds & programs = ,xmas1 ,?anksgiv+1 ,ea/] & o!r special occasions4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,! ,,equipm5t--,,its ,,selection ,,& ,,co/ ,9 plann+ an equipm5t = a pr9t %op1 z = any o!r %op1 ! m specific ! conditions & limitations "u :i* "o is plac$1 ! m intellig5tly "o c g ab\t ! und]tak+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! foll[+ ?+s %\ld be z def9itely decid$ ^u z possible3 #a4 ,! grade & numb] ( pupils :o are go+ to h&le ! equipm5t4 #b4 ,! nature ( ! "w anticipat$4 #c4 ,am\nt ( money to be exp5d$4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t a s*ool pr9t%op mu/ meet s*ool conditions4 ,!re are a numb] ( po9ts 9 :i* ! s*ool pr9t %op diff]s mat]ially f ! comm]cial job %op4 ,! numb] t mu/ be kept at "w is an illu/rative po9t4 ,f ! /&po9t ( durability & ( quality ( ! "w to be done1 x is saf]1 ( c\rse1 to buy z l>ge a "p ( ! equipm5t z possible1 new4 ,9 o!r l9es ( ! ,manual ,arts "w1 v little disposition is %[n to buy second h& ma*9]y & tools2 b !re seems to be a decid$ t5d5cy to look = old equipm5t = ! pr9t%op4 ,?is1 p]haps1 arises out ( ! misappreh5sion t ev5 a v small pr9t+ plant is v exp5sive4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! li/s on page #eh1 t a pr9t+ equipm5t is comp>atively inexp5sive4 ,unless "o is an exp]t1 or is famili> ) ! "t & k9d ( use ! goods h be5 subject$ to1 x is unsafe to buy su* us$ goods z type1 leads1 slugs1 rule1 furniture1 & type cases1 = ^! may be reg>d$ z p]i%able2 besides1 !y are comp>atively *eap4 ,s1 f ! f9ancial /&po9t1 z well z t ( good "w1 x is unwise to buy su* us$ mat]ial4 ,& :5 x comes to ! l>g]1 m exp5sive articles1 l ! press & ! cutt]1 x mu/ be consid]$ t !y are probably n soon1 if ev]1 to be replac$1 t imp]fections are difficult to detect1 & t n a v l>ge r$uction1 c be _h on ma*9es 9 good repair4 ,b if x is a "q ( gett+ a />t 9 pr9t+ by ! use ( old equipm5t or do+ )\t ! pr9t%op1 by all means let's h ! old equipm5t4 ,!re are a good _m items t c be safely & *eaply b\ght second h&4 ,among ^! are cab9ets1 /ones & frames1 case /&s1 lead cases1 etc4 ,x is wise to buy only su* /aple articles z 9 a good pr9t]'s judgm5t ! conditions dem&4 ,!re is "s temptation to buy1 out ( a scanty all[ance1 articles :i* are n absolutely necess>y1 or :i* may easily be improvis$4 ,x is wise to buy ! ess5tials & su* quantities & accessories z make :at "o buys available to its full capacity4 ,to illu/rate1 x is n uncommon to f9d q a lib]al quantity ( type ) an insuffici5t supply ( quads & spaces4 ,?is simply means t ! type is available = use only to ! ext5t ( ! quad & space supply4 ,?is illu/ration is only typical ( a numb] t might be made4 ,= s*ool purpose1 x is mu* m satisfactory to h g5]\s quantities ( a few sizes ( type ( "o s]ies1 ?an to h small quantities ( sev]al sizes & s]ies4 ,if ! specific purposes ( ! %op are cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! selection ( faces1 quantities1 & sizes ( type is greatly facilitat$4 ,if x is plann$ to d v mu* ( ! supplem5t>y read+ "w = ! elem5t>y grades1 good quantities ( #ab po9t type %\ld be provid$1 includ+ su* a special supply ( sorts1 especially 9 capitals1 z seems necess>y to meet ! ne$s4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 f\nd t 9 ! language & read+ "w ( ! l[] grades1 ! p]sonal pron\ns1 ,i & we1 are us$ ) great extravagance 9 beg9n+ s5t5ces2 s ! ,i & ,w boxes are soon empty4 ,9 case "s prom95ce is to be giv5 to ari?metic "w1 !n l>g] quantities ( figures1 fractions1 etc41 %\ld be b\ght ?an come 9 ! regul> fonts4 ,= g5]al "w1 !re c be no wis] selection ?an a l>ge quantity ( #aj po9t type4 ,( c\rse1 :]e ! all[ance p]mits1 x is extremely nice to h small fonts ( two or ?ree diff]5t faces1 :i* may be us$ = v>iety1 initials1 display1 etc4 ,x has be5 f\nd v satisfactory to h l>ge quantities ( a few sizes ( body type z previ\sly sugge/$1 & 9 addition1 a few fonts ( a heavi] face1 duplicat+ ! body type 9 sizes b ) "s l>g] sizes1 & also a small assortm5t ( "s nice simple text lett]s4 ,9 select+ type1 a wide1 cle>1 readable face is desirable1 & x is be/ to select ^? faces :i* d n conta9 hair l9es or complications :i* make x difficult to get a di/9ct impression1 & :i* r5d] ! type less durable4 ,x is r unusual to see a %op suffici5tly suppli$ ) quads & spaces1 & especially is ?is s :]e mu* ( ! "w is widely spac$ & :]e ea* l9e is treat$ z a p>agraph1 z 9 elem5t>y matt]4 ,9 ord] to provide = ! small font display type :i*1 ( c\rse1 comes 9 /raight lett] "w1 x has be5 f\nd a good plan to add1 9 addition to ! regul> #bj1 #e p\nds ea* ( quads & spaces = ea* #ej p\nds1 & #b p\nds = ea* #be p\nds ( body type4 ,ev]y?+ consid]$1 ! #aj #ae press is pref]able = ! s*ool z well z o!r "w4 ,x accommodates l>ge =ms1 :i* fact is (t5 urg$ aga9/ x2 b = ! small] "w1 l ! mo/ ( ! s*ool "w1 x is practically z easily h&l$ z an #h #ab4 ,x is consid]ably m exp5sive b x has a mu* great] capacity = "w ( ! m advanc$ k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,( c\rse1 cab9ets are pref]able to op5 case /&s4 ,!y are compact1 free f du/ & dirt1 & ( good appe>ance4 ,h[ev]1 !y are m exp5sive ?an /&s1 if ! matt] mu/ be det]m9$ by ! "q ( co/4 ,if "o goes to ! exp5se ( gett+ a cutt]1 ,fig4 #cj1 x is ! "p ( good judgm5t to get "o t w be ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,s x is advisable to get a #be or #bf in* cutt]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ above t ( a tw5ty-two in* is ov]balanc$ by ! economy & conv5i5ce 9 cutt+ l>ge /ock4 ,9 case a l>ge cutt] _c be b\ght1 small table cutt]s1 :i* give good s]vice1 may be _h at v>i\s l[ prices4 ,! /one m5tion$ 9 ! #hjj li/ on ?is page is practically ideal = ! small pr9t%op4 ,x is a #bf #dd m>ble1 m\nt$ ^u a cab9et :i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wood furniture1 & a numb] ( draw]s & lett] bo>ds4 ,?is /one is n s mu* m exp5sive aft] all1 if "o consid]s ! co/ ( ! furniture & case & ! o!r conv5i5ces4 ,probably ! g5]al me?od ( select+ equipm5t = any l9e ( "w is to take an ideal li/ & by elim9ation r$uce x to )9 ! limits ( ! appropriation4 ,! foll[+ #hjj equipm5t is ! "o select$ by ! au?or = 8 own classes1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( plann+ & inve/igation4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 a great _m s*ool m5 :o h _h to deal ) ! same problem1 & a numb] ( exp]t pr9t]s 7 consult$ & ask$ = criticism ( ! propos$ li/ "u ! conditions :i* ! equipm5t has to meet3 #a h4 p4 motor4 #a #aj #ae ,*&l] ,price ,gordon ,press ) #c *ases4 #a ,/eel *ase4 #a ,bo/on ,/aple ,b9d]1 ,/yle ,a4 #a #bf ,*&l] ,price ,pap] ,cutt]4 #a ,utility ,impos+ ,/one ,frame & ,/one1 #bf #dd4 #a ,no4 #fh ,new ,dep>ture ,cab9et 7#ej cases74 #a ,no4 #b ,pap] & ,c>d ,/ock ,cab9et4 #a ,no4 #h ,bettis ,lead & ,slug ,case4 #b ,pairs news cases4 #b ,pair #b-c case tilt+ brackets4 #a ,metal furniture case4 #a ,no4 #a ,h>ris ,rule ,case4 #e #h #ac all brass galleys4 #a #ab #ah all brass galley4 #h #h #b ,yankee ,job ,/icks4 #a #ah #b ,yankee ,job ,/ick4 #b ,doz4 ,no4 #a ,wick]%am ,quo9s4 #b ,keys1 ,no4 #a4 #a ,doz4 ,spr+ ,tongue ,gauge ,p9s4 #a ,qu>t ,success b5z9e c4 #a ,b5z9e bru%4 #a ,no4 #b press brake4 #a #c #f plan]4 #a #c #h pro( plan]4 #a #b #d mallet4 #b ,pair roll] support]s4 #bj ,p\nds #f ,po9t ,au?ors ,roman ,wide4 #dj ,p\nds #h ,po9t ,au?ors ,roman ,wide4 #dj ,p\nds #aj ,po9t ,au?ors ,roman ,wide4 #bj ,p\nds #ab ,po9t ,au?ors ,roman ,wide4 #bj ,p\nds #ah ,po9t ,au?ors ,roman ,wide4 #b ,fonts #f ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #b ,fonts #h ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #b ,fonts #aj ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #b ,fonts #ab ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #b ,fonts #ah ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #a ,font #bd ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #a ,font #cj ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #a ,font #cf ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #a ,font #dh ,po9t ,old ,roman ,black4 #a ,font #h ,po9t ,engrav]'s ,old ,black4 #d ,fonts #ab ,po9t ,engrav]'s ,old ,black1 ,l4 ,c4 #b ,fonts #ab ,po9t ,engrav]'s ,old ,black1 ,caps4 #a ,font #bd ,po9t ,engrav]'s ,old ,black4 #a ,font #dh ,po9t ,elzev]9e ,initials4 #e ,p\nds #f po9t spaces assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #h po9t spaces assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #aj po9t spaces assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #ab po9t spaces assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #ah po9t spaces assort$4 #e ,p\nds #bd po9t spaces assort$4 #e ,p\nds #cj po9t spaces assort$4 #e ,p\nds #cf po9t spaces assort$4 #e ,p\nds #dh po9t spaces assort$4 #e ,p\nds #f po9t quads assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #h po9t quads assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #aj po9t quads assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #aj po9t #b- & #c-;em quads4 #e ,p\nds ea* #ab1 #ah1 #bd po9t quads assort$4 #e ,p\nds ea* #cj1 #cf1 #dh po9t quads assort$4 #aj ,p\nds #aj po9t lead]s1 ?ree dots to em4 #aj ,p\nds #h po9t lead]s1 ?ree dots to em4 #ej ,p\nds ea* #b po9t ,l4 ,s4 leads & #f po9t ,l4 ,s4 slugs4 #c ,p\nds ,l4 ,s4 brass rule hair l9e1 side c5t]$ on #b po9t body4 #c ,p\nds ,l4 ,s4 brass rule1 #a po9t face1 side c5t]$ on #b po9t body4 #b ,p\nds #b po9t ,l4 ,s4 black face rule4 #b ,p\nds #d po9t ,l4 ,s4 black face rule4 #b ,p\nds #f po9t ,l4 ,s4 black face rule4 #b ,p\nds #aj po9t ,l4 ,s4 black face rule4 #bd ,p\nds metal furniture4 #a ,font ,no4 #a brass & copp] spaces4 #d ,font solid brass panel ends4 #a ,set #ab po9t brass squ>es4 #ajj #ac brass label hold]s4 #e,m ,bo/on /aples4 ,9 case ?is am\nt ( money is n available = a pr9t+ equipm5t1 ?is li/ may be modifi$ to come )9 ! necess>y limit4 ,by sub/itut+ a small] press & cutt]1 by gett+ /&s in/ead ( cab9ets = ! type & /one1 by elim9at+ ! /ock cab9et1 motor1 & /apl]1 & by r$uc+ ! quantities ( v>i\s items1 "o may /ill h an excell5t equipm5t4 ,! foll[+ is su* a sugge/ive li/1 & c be b\ght = #djj3 ,press1 #h #ab ) f\r *ases4 ,cutt]1 #bc4 ,doz4 job /icks4 #a ,doz4 gauge p9s4 #a ,doz4 quo9s4 #b ,keys4 #a ,b5z9e c4 #a ,b5z9e bru%4 #a ,wa/e c4 ,doz4 brass galleys1 #h #ac4 #aj ,lbs4 metal furniture4 #a ,two lb4 font labor sav+ brass rule1 #a po9t1 side c5t]$ on #b po9t body4 #a ,two lb4 font brass rule1 labor sav+1 #b po9t4 #ej ,lbs4 ,l4 ,s4 leads1 #b po9t4 #be ,lbs4 ,l4 ,s4 slugs1 #f po9t4 #a ,rule case4 #a ,metal furniture case4 #a ,plan]4 #a ,pro( plan]4 #a ,mallet4 #a ,lead & slug case4 #a ,case wood furniture4 #bd ,cali=nia job cases4 #b ,pairs news cases4 #a ,d\ble case /&1 #bd cases4 #a ,/one & frame1 #bf #dd4 #aj ,p\nds #h po9t type4 #ej ,p\nds #aj po9t type4 #be ,p\nds #ab po9t type4 #b ,fonts #ah po9t type4 #a ,font #bd po9t type4 #e ,p\nds #h po9t quads & spaces4 #ae ,p\nds #aj po9t quads & spaces4 #aj ,p\nds #ab po9t quads & spaces4 #e ,p\nds #ah po9t quads & spaces4 #b ,p\nds #bd po9t quads & spaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,arrangem5t ,,& ,,disposition ,,( ,,equipm5t ,if ! ma*9]y1 cab9ets1 tables1 etc41 are compactly & prop]ly arrang$ 9 good relative positions1 a good job outfit c be plac$ & us$ 9 mu* small] qu>t]s ?an at fir/ seems possible4 ,! pr9t%op is "o place :]e a great am\nt ( floor space betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! equipm5t is n entirely ess5tial4 ,:5 ! gr\ps or individuals h be5 set to "w1 !re is no necessity = a great am\nt ( pass+ back & =?4 ,?is is m5tion$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o feel t pr9t+ _c be in/all$ unless !re is an enorm\s am\nt ( floor space available4 ,( c\rse1 l>ge rooms are desirable1 b aft] all1 ! effectiv5ess & availability ( ! equipm5t turn on ! po9t ( conv5i5t arrangem5t ( relat$ p>ts1 s t a job may pass easily f "o /age to ano!r )\t di/urbance or int]ruption4 ,9 o!r words1 ! arrangem5t mu/ be su* t all ! op]ations ( ! job %op may be 9 progress at ! same "t & t )\t confusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! type cab9et or case /& %\ld be conv5i5t to pl5ty ( table space s t ! boys may c>ry _! cases back & =? )\t difficulty4 ,! pro( /& or press & ! impos+ /one %\ld be ( easy access to ^? :o are work+ at ! type case & at ! same "t 9 close rea* ( ! pressman4 ,a good position = ! press is 9 a well light$ corn] f> en\gh f ! walls to p]mit easy pass+ ( ! pressman = ! purpose ( oil+1 clean+1 & g5]al c>e ( ! press4 ,! motor may be plac$ 9 ! corn] back ( ! press & entirely out ( ! way4 ,! pap] cutt] & /ock cab9et %\ld be plac$ z closely toge!r z possible n to int]f]e ) ! action ( ea* o!r4 ,!re _c well be too mu* 9 ! way ( draw]s1 wall cases1 & %elv+1 = ! "w ( ! /ud5ts1 small items ( supplies1 inks1 roll]s1 b5z9e & wa/e cans1 etc4 ,^! conv5i5ces c be add$ "h & !re 9 small1 unoccupi$ spaces1 ) j a little "t & a v small bit ( exp5se4 ,9 ?is way & ?is only1 c a place be provid$ = ev]y?+ ) any assurance t ev]y?+1 at any "o "t1 may be f\nd 9 its place4 ,^! repositories %\ld be prop]ly labell$4 ,su* additional items & conv5i5ces n includ$ 9 any li/ ( equipm5t1 are nev]!less among ! ess5tials1 & _! pres5ce greatly facilitates & sy/ematizes ! "w4 ,! matt] ( table space _c be too greatly emphasiz$4 ,n only are tables us$ = re/s = type cases b ! make-up galleys are laid ^u !m = conv5i5ce 9 "w4 ,pro( read+ also requires table space4 ,x seems prop]1 "u ?is head+ to speak ( ! disposition ( ! v>i\s sizes ( type = ! greate/ conv5i5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! type ought to be divid$ & plac$ s z to be accessible to ! greate/ possible numb]4 ,s1 except 9 v small fonts1 ea* size %\ld be divid$ & put into z _m cases z c be suppli$ ) work+ quantities ( type4 ,?us1 fifty p\nds ( t5 po9t1 :i* is ext5sively us$ 9 g5]al "w1 may be divid$ among five or ev5 m cases4 ,9 ?is way1 t5 pupils c be accommodat$ at ! t5 po9t cases at "o "t1 s9ce two c "w1 to a v fair advantage1 at "o case4 ,! class works 9 gr\ps1 "o sett+ type1 "o pro(+ & correct+1 "o mak+ up =ms1 :ile ! f\r? op]ates ! press4 ,at ! same "t1 !re usually are jobs go+ =w>d 9 diff]5t k9ds & sizes ( type4 ,s1 x is difficult to ?9k ( ne$+ accommodations = m ?an t5 /ud5ts at "o size & k9d ( type at "o "t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! little boy said1 8,i c n g home4 ,my goat ran into ! woods4 ,he w n g home40 ,!n ! boy began to cry4 ,! squirrel tri$ to make ! goat g home4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,grade ,,poems ,d y be/ y\r v be/1 ,& d x e day2 ,little toys & little girls1 ,?is is ! wise/ way4 ,see-saw6 ,see-saw6 ,"h we g up & d[n4 ,see-saw6 ,see-saw6 ,?is is ! way to t[n4 ,! _w's a v happy place1 :]e e *ild %\ld dance & s+1 ,& always h a smil+ face1 ,& nev] sulk = any?+4 ,polit5ess is to d or say ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,high ,,s*ool ,,comm]cial ,,dep>tm5t ,bloom+ton1 ,ill9ois4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 late 9 mild ,octob]1 & ! long autumnal ra9 ,_h left ! summ] h>ve/-fields all gre5 ) grass aga92 ,! fir/ %>p fro/s _h fall51 leav+ all ! woodl&s gay ,) ! hues ( summ]'s ra9b[1 or ! mead[-fl[]s ( ,may4 --,:itti]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,pr9t ,,%op ,,press ,ye ,high ,s*oole4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,si\x ,,city1 ,,i[a1 ,,?ursday1 ,,novemb] #bg1 #aiac4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,organiz$ ,,play 9 ,si\x ,city4 ,he visits ea* s*ool ,,fly+ ,,! ,,flag ab\t once a week4 ,he />ts ! pupils -------- 9 "s k9d ( play & ! tea*] -------- ,,?is ,,idea ,,is ,,be+ ,,c>ri$ ,,out cont9ues ?is until ,mr ,morris returns ,h4 ,h4 ,,rice ,,comm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,9 ,,si\x ,,city4 ! next week4 ,all pupils are engag$ ,,subject4 ,,h5ry ,,metzg] ,,raymond ,l ,,l9k ,haw?orne ,"m's ,club ,meets ,tuesday ,*icago ,automobile ,co4 ,septemb] #bc1 #aiac ,,automobiles #c3ae o'clock & ,accessories #abba ,nor? ,/ate ,/4 ,,*icago ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s]ies #a1 ,s5ior ,eigh?4--,pr9t ,%op3 ,ye ,highe ,s*oole4 ,,hi/ory ,s5ior ,eigh? ,grade1 ,decemb] #a1 #aiac #i3cj to #aa3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,,note3 ,answ] any t5 ( ! foll[+ twelve que/ions4 ,i4 ,= :at are ! foll[+ places to be rememb]$8 a4 ,jame/[n4 c4 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 b4 ,vicksburg4 d4 ,yorkt[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 --------------------------------------- ,,! ,,s]vice ,,philosophy ,i ,believe 9 ,,s9c]ity--,t ,p[] ( ! p]sonality t w9s confid5ce1 & e/abli%es satisfaction4 ,,endurance--,! ess5ce ( vitality d]iv$ f ,heal? & /r5g?4 --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bookb9d+ & ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,= ,,ea* ,,grade ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,by ,s4 ,j4 ,,vaughn ,head ,dep>tm5t ( ,manual ,arts1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,de,kalb1 ,ill9ois4 #aiad ,,public ,,s*ool ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,bloom+ton1 ,,ill4 ,copyright #aiab by ! ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,,page ,introduction #ajf ,classes ( ,b9d+s #aji ,case ,b9d+ #aaa ,libr>y ,b9d+ #abb ,extra ,b9d+ #aca ,reb9d+ #adj ,equipm5t #ade ,sugge/ive ,c\rse #adg ,fir/ ,grade #aea ,second ,grade #aeb ,?ird ,grade #aec ,f\r? ,grade #aee ,fif? ,grade #aeg ,six? ,grade #afj ,sev5? ,grade #afd ,eigh? ,grade #aff ,illu/ration3 books ,,introduction ,!re are a numb] ( well def9$ reasons :y bookb9d+ may ju/ly claim recognition z an educational factor 9 our s*ools4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p]man5t & vital "* ( ! book 9 "o =m or ano!r has giv5 x a place ( respect 9 all civilizations4 ,! book is ! f9al =m ( all endur+ lit]ature & inde$ ( all endur+ ?\ght4 ,x is ! epitome ( ! pr9t]'s1 ! engrav]'s1 ! illu/rator's1 ! design]'s1 & ! b9d]'s art1 & is ! meet+ po9t ( all ! crafts4 ,s ! book idea appeals v /rongly to p bo? 9 & out ( s*ool4 ,bookb9d+ is p]haps ! mo/ logical & consi/5t ( all ! crafts1 9 its developm5t f ! simple to ! m complex =ms4 ,9 ?is easy gradation1 is repeat$ ! hi/ory ( ! book itself & ( its developm5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 books fall into f\r r di/9ct classes4 #a4 ,! simple/ idea ( b9d+ is ! hold+ toge!r 9 "s mann]1 a numb] ( s+le leaves4 ,s ! att5tion is direct$ simply to me?ods ( fa/5+ toge!r leaves ( relat$ matt] = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 #b4 ,aft] ?is simple conv5i5ce has be5 met1 ! matt] ( protect+ ! leaves =ces itself ^u u1 & ! att5tion is turn$ almo/ :olly to devis+ ways ( mak+ durable & beautiful cov]s4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( sep>ate cov]s are made to accompli% ^! ends4 #c4 ,lat]1 ! att5tion turns back to ! book prop] & ! diff]5t me?ods ( putt+ toge!r a numb] ( sections :i* become necess>y 9 l>g] books made ( fold$ pr9t$ %eets4 ,! emphasis n[ naturally falls ^u ?is new feature ( fa/5+ sections toge!r1 & s1 v>i\s me?ods ( sew+ are develop$4 #d4 ,9 ! f\r? division1 ! emphasis goes ^u ! cov]s & ! decoration4 ,"h come 9 ! tool+1 lett]+1 inlay+ & su* processes z are usually includ$ 9 ! t]m f9i%+4 ,,apply ,,to ,,*ildr5',s ,,"w4 ,n only is ! book idea endur+ & vital1 & its developm5t logical & consi/5t1 b ! book "w may be intimately relat$ to ! o!r activities ( ! s*ool1 ! pupil br++ ab\t ) 8 own ef=t ! satisfaction ( 8 own di/9ct ne$s4 ,9 mak+ books = spell+1 read+1 language1 nature /udy1 art1 etc41 ^! ne$s & relations are evid5t4 ,^! books ) _! /ories1 _! cov]s1 & _! end pap]s1 (f] abundant mat]ial = illu/ration1 design1 lett]+1 etc41 9 ! art "w4 ,aga91 ! bookb9d+ "w 9 its elem5t>y aspects ( con/ruction is peculi>ly adapt$ to *ildr54 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! fact1 easily demon/rat$1 t *ildr5 d z well 9 _! p>ticul> grades ( "w z matur$ b inexp]i5c$ p c d 9 ! same grades ( "w4 ,aside f ! logical developm5t & ! g5u95ess ( ! problems pres5t$ & _! intimate relations to ! o!r "w1 p]haps ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 favor ( bookb9d+ 9 ! s*ools1 is ! fact ( its adaptability to ! conditions ( ! ord9>y s*ool room1 ) b little equipm5t & h5ce b little exp5se4 ,! "w may be c>ri$ on 9 ! prim>y & int]m$iate grades ) z small1 b practically ! same equipm5t1 z is necess>y = su* activities z 8c>dbo>d con/ruction0 & k9dr$ "w4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to page #de h[ inexp5sive ev5 a good equipm5t = upp] grade & high s*ool "w is4 ,illu/ration3 ,bookb9d] work]s ,,classes ,,( ,,b9d+s4 ,=w>d+--,f9i%+4 ,9 advanc$ bookb9d+1 !re are ! two g5]al divisions ( "w3--,=w>d+1 :i* includes 9 new books1 sew+1 back+1 putt+ on bo>ds1 & cov]+2 & f9i%+1 :i* has to d ) ! lett]+1 tool+1 inlay+1 & g5]al decorative treatm5t4 ,! elem5t>y & high s*ool treatm5t ( ! subject ( bookb9d+1 su* a treatm5t z is und]tak5 9 ! pres5t volume1 is almo/ :olly conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s processes includ$ 9 ! t]m ,=w>d+1 :i* 9 reb9d+ includes a numb] ( o!r /eps n m5tion$ above4 ,case ,b9d+2 ,libr>y ,b9d+2 ,extra ,b9d+4 ,bas$ ^u _! me?ods ( sew+1 back+1 cov]+1 f9i%+1 etc41 !re may be said to be ?ree g5]al classes ( b9d+s3--,case ,b9d+1 ,libr>y ,b9d+1 & ,extra ,b9d+4 ,^! are arbitr>y t]ms appli$ to me?ods ( b9d+ :i* h be5 fully e/abli%$ & recogniz$4 ,9 ! mod]n comm]cial b9d]ies1 all k9ds ( modifications1 comb9ations & imitations are made1 s t x is (t5 difficult to tell by ext]nal appe>ances ( b9d+s to :at types !y belong4 ,x is a common ?+ to see a case b9d+ 9 full lea!r4 ,! prop] way to h a book b\nd or reb\nd is to h writt5 specifications :i* indicate details ( me?ods1 mat]ials1 etc4 ,! foll[+ are typical specifications = ,case ,b9d+3-- #a4 ,plates gu>d$4 #b4 ,sew$ all along ) five punctures & kettle/it*es4 #c4 ,full or half buckram4 #d4 ,glu$ & back$4 #e4 ,atta*$ back4 #f4 ,comm]cial silk headb&4 #g4 ,fir/ & la/ leaves us$ z pa/$[ns4 #h4 ,edges uncut4 ,,ii4 ,,case ,,b9d+4 ,case ,b9d+s or cas+s 7= ! craft b9d] refuses to call !m b9d+s7 are ^? cov]s :i* are made sep>ately f ! books & laid on4 ,^! cov]s h ! *>act]i/ics enum]at$ 9 ! specifications & are ! unsub/antial cov]s usually f\nd on mod]n *eap1 tempor>y books4 ,if ! book is to be b\nd f orig9al %eets1 ea* %eet is fold$ into a section4 ,su* a section is call$ a signature4 ,! numb] ( leaves 9 a fold$ %eet or section gives ! "n to ! book4 ,a %eet fold$ once1 mak+ two leaves1 is a folio2 twice1 mak+ f\r leaves1 a qu>to or #dto2 ?ree times1 mak+ eight leaves1 an octavo or #hvo2 f\r times1 mak+ sixte5 leaves1 a #afmo2 etc4 ,x is se5 by ?is t ow+ to ! v>y+ sizes ( pap]1 any =m ( book may v>y greatly 9 size4 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a g5]al /&>d ( sizes3-- #afmo #eg in*es4 ,octavo 7#hvo7 #fi in*es4 ,qu>to 7#dto7 #ajab in*es4 ,end ,pap] ,if !re h n be5 left an abundance ( blank leaves at ! fir/ & la/ ( ! book1 at lea/ f\r folios are cut--two = ea* end--& ^! become ! fir/ & la/ sections ( ! book4 ,! sections are n[ assembl$ 9 prop] ord]1 a t9 is plac$ betwe5 sections at sev]al places 9 ! book & all are put "u heavy pressure4 ,?is is usually done at ! la/ ( a recitation1 & ! book left 9 press ov] night1 s t ! sections may be p]fectly flat4 ,m>k ,up--,puncture4 ,aft] ! book is c>efully ev5$ up by knock+ ! back & head aga9/ ! table1 x is m>k$ up2 t is1 a m>k is put on ea* outside endpap] ne> ! head1 s t ! head ( ! book may be recogniz$ )\t op5+2 & !n places are m>k$ = five punctures along ! back4 ,! top puncture may be put ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* or an in* f ! head1 & ! bottom "o ab\t "o & "o-f\r? or "o & "o-half in*es f ! foot4 ,x is consid]$ t ! head %\ld be some:at /rong]1 s9ce x mu/ be> ! /ra9 ( pull+ ! book f ! %elf4 ,!n ) a small saw or a %>p-edg$ file1 punctures are made across ! back at ! m>ks4 ,^! %\ld be j deep en\gh to rea* ?r\gh ! inside folio ( ea* section4 ,sew+ ,fir/ ,two ,sections4 ,n[ ! book is ready to sew4 ,x is plac$ on ! table to ! left ( ! workman ) ! back t[>d him & ! head to ! left4 ,) a l95 ?read & a long1 slim ne$le ready1 ! workman takes up ! section ( endpap]s ly+ on top & turns x entirely ov]1 lay+ x exactly 9 front ( him ) ! head to 8 "r4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,) 8 "r h& he ins]ts ! ne$le into ! head puncture1 :ile ) 8 left h& 9 ! middle ( ! section betwe5 ! leaves1 he draws ! ne$le ?r\gh to ! inside & runs x out at ! foot puncture4 8,9 at ! head puncture & out at ! foot40 ,! second section is turn$ ov] ^u ! fir/1 & ! ne$le run 9 at ! foot puncture & out at ! second puncture f ! foot4 ,!n x is ins]t$ at ! second puncture f ! foot ( ! fir/ section & imm$iately run out at ! same puncture b on ! opposite side ( ! ?read :i* runs along inside ! fir/ section4 ,!n apply ?is unfail+ rule :5 9 d\bt z to :at puncture to g into3--8,put ! ne$le into a puncture s locat$ t x w n undo "w already done1 & t ! ?read w n be left expos$ on ! outside ( ! book40 ,apply+ ?is rule1 x is se5 t ! ne$le mu/ be put into ! second puncture ( ! second section4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ at ea* puncture until ! head is rea*$4 ,:5 ! ne$le has be5 drawn f ! head puncture ( ! second section1 ! ?reads com+ out ( ! two head punctures are pull$ up tight & are ti$ into a d\ble knot4 a ,fig4 #ad4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 pull+ ! ?read s z n to te> ! pap]4 ,kettle/it*2--,sew+ ,all along4 ,! ?ird section is n[ laid on & ! ne$le run 9 at ! head puncture & out at ! second puncture f ! head4 ,n[ comes ! elusive 8kettle/it*40 ,! ne$le is run "u ! second section at ! "r ( ! second puncture & out at ! left ( ! same puncture1 z at b ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ?read is drawn loosely s z to leave a small loop ?r\gh :i* ! ne$le is pass$4 ,x is n[ drawn taut & ! ne$le run back into ! second puncture ( ! ?ird section4 ,?is /it* is made e "t ! ne$le comes out ( a puncture until ! sew+ is f9i%$4 ,:5 ! la/ puncture is rea*$1 a d\ble kettle/it* is made & ! ?read cut a half in* f ! knot4 ,?is is :at is meant by 8sew+ all along40 ,if ! orig9al ?read %\ld n be long en\gh or %\ld break1 a new ?read is ti$ on ) a weav]'s knot1 ,fig4 #ae1 always inside ! book & z closely z possible to ! puncture to avoid pull+ ! knot ?r\gh ! next puncture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,sew+ all along4 a4 fir/ two sections ti$4 b4 ,kettle/it*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,m>k+ ( clo? = ,case ,b9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,book ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,lay+ on ( ! cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,half clo? cov] %[+ turn-ins at a4 ,back+ bo>ds--,back+4 ,! book is n[ plac$ betwe5 back+ bo>ds ) only a small portion ( ! book project+ above ! bo>ds & !n put into ! ly+ press 7#a4 ,plate #a71 & clamp$ up tightly4 ,! "p project+ %\ld ab\t equal ! ?ickness ( ! c>dbo>d us$ = ! cov]4 ,?is book is n to be r\nd$ any m ?an is absolutely necess>y 9 ! back+4 ,! process ( back+ is necess>y because ( a ?ick5$ condition ( ! back z a result ( ! num]\s ?reads & p]haps a few gu>ds t h be5 add$ to x4 ,by clamp+ ! book tightly & hamm]+ ! back1 ! ?ickness c be r$uc$ by =c+ ! edges ov] ! bo>ds z at ,fig4 #af4 ,aft] ! book is firmly fa/5$ 9 ! press1 ! back is cov]$ ) ?9 glue1 :i* is rubb$ 9 ) a /iff bru% & !n wip$ (f1 s t x rema9s only 9 ! little depressions betwe5 ! sections4 ,)9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 ! glue rea*es a k9d ( ela/ic condition1 & !n ! hamm] is br\ght into use4 ,by light /rokes along ! c5t] ( ! back1 & !n gradually f>!r out t[>d ! end sections1 ! edges ( ! sections are =c$ away f ! c5t] & made to project f9ally ov] ! edges ( ! back+ bo>ds1 mak+ ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i #a4 ,ly+ ,press #b4 ,back+ ,bo>ds #c4 ,bone ,fold] #d4 ,pap] ,cutt] #e4 ,head ,knife #f4 ,sew+ ,frame #g4 ,back+ ,/icks #h4 ,lett] ,press us$ z ,/&+ ,press #i4 ,back ,saw #aj4 ,jo9t ,rods #aa4 ,press+ ,t9 #ab4 ,press+ ,bo>d ,sup]2--,headb&2--,back ,/rip4 ,:5 ! book is dry1 a piece ( sup] or ?9 canvas is glu$ to ! back & ab\t "o & "o-half in*es d[n ! endpap]s1 :i* are !n cut (f along ! edges ( ?is sup]4 ,?is =ms :at is call$ ! slip4 ,! sup] %\ld be a little %ort] ?an ! book & ab\t two or ?ree in*es wid] ?an ! back ( ! book4 ,a piece ( cotton or silk /ock headb& is n[ glu$ to ! back at ! head & project+ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* above x4 ,!n a /rip ( ?ick1 t\gh pap]1 j l>ge en\gh to cov] ! back1 is glu$ on4 ,?is f9i%es ! book ready = ! cov]4 ,squ>es2--,=$ge4 ,dur+ ! processes j describ$1 :ile wait+ = ! glue to dry1 ! mat]ials are gott5 = ! cov]4 ,two bo>ds are cut z wide z ! book & f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long]4 ,?is makes ! squ>es "o-eigh? or ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* & det]m9es ! wid? ( ! jo9t at ! back1 s9ce ! bo>d mu/ g =w>d suffici5tly to make ! projection at ! =$ge ! same z at ! head & foot4 ,?is projection is call$ ! squ>es4 ,sev]al ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! size ( ! squ>es4 ,! mo/ important are protection1 /r5g?1 & beauty4 ,f ! /&po9t ( good proportion1 ( c\rse1 ! l>ge1 ?ick book w\ld dem& l>ge squ>es1 :]eas protection ( ! edges may n require !m s long2 :ile ! /r5g? & durability ( ! b9d+ w\ld sugge/ %ort] squ>es /ill4 ,a l>ge book set ^u a %elf is =c$ by its own weight d[n betwe5 ! bo>ds aga9/ ! %elf1 /ra9+ or break+ ! cov] at ! back4 ,turn-92--,size ( ,cov] ,clo?4 ,9 cutt+ lea!r1 clo?1 & pap]1 x is a rule to all[ ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* = ea* turn-94 ,s ?is is obs]v$ 9 cutt+ mat]ial = ?is cov]4 ,to f9d ! size ( ! clo? = a full clo? cov]1 x is necess>y to add toge!r ! wid?s ( ! two bo>ds1 ! ?ickness ( ! back1 ! two jo9ts & "o & "o-half in*es = ! turn-ins at ! =$ge4 ,?is sum gives ! dim5sion1 ( c\rse1 f ! =$ge ( "o cov] ar\nd ! back to ! =$ge ( ! o!r cov]4 ,! dim5sion ( ! clo? l5g?wise ( ! book is "o & "o-half in*es great] ?an ! l5g? ( ! bo>d4 ,to make ! cov]1 ! clo? is laid wrong side up on ! table1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( an in* is measur$ d[n f ! top & a p5cil l9e is drawn1 a1 a4 ,!n ! middle ( ! clo? f left to "r is f\nd & m>k$ z indicat$ by ! crosses4 ,f ^! c5tral po9ts1 ! l9es b b & c c are locat$ :i* m>k ! positions ( ! back edges ( ! bo>ds & ( c\rse1 are z f> ap>t z ! ?ickness ( ! book plus ! two jo9ts4 ,!n ! bo>ds are plac$ s t !y fit into ! "r angles =m$ by l9es bb & cc & aa1 & a p5cil m>k z dd is made along ! =$ge & bottom ( ea* bo>d1 complet+ ! rectangles4 ,! /rips ( clo? outside ^! rectangles are ! turn-ins4 ,mitres4 ,) scissors or a knife ! corn]s are clipp$ out z at e1 :i* is call$ mak+ ! mitres4 ,x is cle> t if ! corn] 7 cut entirely up to ! corn] ( ! rectangle1 !re w\ld be dang] ( expos+ ! corn] ( ! bo>d1 s a di/ance is left ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d4 ,pa/+4 ,! surface ( ! clo? except ! back /rip betwe5 ! bo>ds1 is cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( pa/e1 ! bo>ds are laid on1 & ! edges ( ! clo? are turn$ ov] ! edges ( ! bo>ds & press$ d[n z at a1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai1 c>e be+ tak5 to get ! clo? firmly aga9/ ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,) less mature pupils1 x is sometimes advisable to put on only "o bo>d at a "t1 9 :i* case ! head & foot ( ! back /rip are treat$ z at g1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! cov] is n[ ready = ! press4 ,x is clos$ 9 book fa%ion ) a press+ t9 or bo>d betwe5 ! cov]s4 ,a piece ( clean wa/e pap] is put betwe5 ea* bo>d & ! press+ t9 or bo>d4 ,a wa/e pap] & a bo>d are plac$ on ea* side ( ! cov] & all put into ! press4 ,! cov] %\ld be left 9 ! press ov] night4 ,! wa/e pap] is v important4 ,)\t x1 ! t9s are likely to /ick to ! book & ! moi/ure ( ! pa/e to cause ru/ :i* m>s ! book4 ,?is caution is nev] out ( place & c nev] be repeat$ too (t51 i4 e41 d n use too ?9 pa/e2 d n use too mu* pa/e2 put on ! pa/e rapidly4 ,laid ,on4 ,n[ ! cov] is ready to be laid on4 ,a /rip ( t\gh pap] j z wide & z long z ! back ( ! book1 is n[ pa/$ along ! back clo? betwe5 ! bo>ds f1 ,fig4 #ag1 & ins]t$ "u ! clo? :i* is turn$ ov] at ! two ends4 ,if ! cov] 7 to be left holl[1 ! pa/e w\ld be appli$ to ! slips only2 b 9 ?is case1 :]e ! back clo? is to be atta*$1 bo? ! slips & ! back1 z well z ! /rip betwe5 ! bo>ds ( ! cov]1 are ?or\ghly cov]$ ) pa/e1 & ! book set into ! cov] 9 its prop] position4 ,:ile ! workman supports ! book ) "o h&1 he br+s up "o side ( ! cov] firmly aga9/ ! book4 ,! slip on ?is side becomes atta*$ to ! bo>d4 ,!n ! book is laid d[n on ! side j pa/$1 :ile ! o!r cov] is pull$ firmly to br+ ! back clo? aga9/ ! book1 & is !n press$ d[n ^u ! pa/e-cov]$ slip or sup] b1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,exam9ation is !n made to see if ! book is /raight 9 ! cov]1 if ! squ>es are correct1 etc4 ,if x is n /raight1 x is remov$ & ! process repeat$4 ,:5 ! cov] is on /raight1 ! clo? is rubb$ firmly along ! back & into ! jo9ts4 ,:5 x is ?or\ghly atta*$ at ! back1 ! book is put lightly into ! press1 aft] a t91 ins]t$ betwe5 two pap]s1 has be5 put betwe5 ! cov] & ! book on ea* side4 ,pa/e-d[ns--,bone ,fold]4 ,! next /ep is ! pa/+ d[n ( ! endpap]s4 ,! cov] is lift$ on "o side & a piece ( wa/e pap] is plac$ b5ea? ! endpap] :i* is !n cov]$ ) pa/e4 ,?is done1 ! endpap] is drawn back ^u ! bo>d & rubb$ d[n ) ! h&s4 ,!n ) a bone fold]1 #c1 ,plate ,i1 ! endpap] & slip are rubb$ "u ! back edge ( ! bo>d at ! jo9t4 ,! cov] is n[ clos$ ^u ! book & imm$iately op5$4 ,if x is f\nd t 9 clos+1 ! endpap] wr9kles or proves 9 anyway wrong1 ! wr9kles are smoo!d out & o!r defects correct$4 ,if necess>y1 ! endpap] may be lift$ c>efully f ! bo>d & !n put d[n aga94 ,!n ! cov] is clos$ aga91 & aga9 inspect$4 ,if x is all "r1 ! o!r endpap] is treat$ 9 l mann]1 & ! book is put lightly into press1 n neglect+ wa/e pap] & t9s1 & left until ?or\ghly dry4 ,pa/e4 ,! be/ pa/e is made z foll[s3--,add "o-half a teaspoonsful ( p[d]$ alum & a few drops ( w9t]gre5 to "o p9t ( fl\r4 ,mix ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,cook until x becomes /iff & waxlike1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,!n p\r 9 "s hot wat]1 /ir & cook aga9 until x becomes ! desir$ consi/5cy4 ,ord9>y libr>y pa/e or photo m\nt is n satisfactory4 ,,iii4 ,,libr>y ,,b9d+4 ,! "n ,libr>y ,b9d+ may be some:at mislead+ if "o has 9 m9d ! b9d+s commonly se5 9 libr>ies4 ,?is b9d+ is practically :at 0 recomm5d$ = ! libr>ies ( ,engl& by a committee f ! ,engli% ,society ( ,arts1 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! causes ( ! lack ( durability 9 b9d+s & to sugge/ rem$ies = defects f\nd4 ,! foll[+ specifications indicate ! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is b9d+3-- #a4 ,half lea!r1 pap] sides4 #b4 ,sew$ on f\r or m tapes4 #c4 ,d\ble bo>ds4 #d4 ,fr5* jo9t4 #e4 ,zigzag color$ endpap]s4 #f4 ,head cut1 out ( bo>ds1 & color$4 #g4 ,back$ & slightly r\nd$4 #h4 ,cord ins]t$ "u lea!r in/ead ( headb&4 #i4 ,lea!r atta*$ to back4 ,zigzag ,endpap]4 ,aft] ! %eets are fold$ & press$ z describ$ 9 ! previ\s b9d+1 ! zigzag endpap]s are prep>$4 ,9 cutt+ ^! endpap]s1 f\r %eets ( :ite pap] to mat* ! book are cut & fold$1 two ( ! folios be+ consid]ably wid] ?an ! book s z to all[ = ! fold e1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,ea* leaf ( ! l>ge folios is fold$ back ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* f ! orig9al fold4 ,!n ano!r folio1 c1 ! same size z ! book1 is pa/$ "u zigzag e1 & ! endpap]s made 9 ?is way become ! fir/ & la/ sections4 ,folio b is ! color$ endpap] :i* is n ins]t$ until book is sew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,zigzag end4 a1 b1 c1 sep>ate folios4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,sew+ ,frame & sew+ on tapes4 a1 f9i%$ cat* or cr[sfoot /it*4 b1 ! beg9n+ ( ! cat*/it*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,ready = back+4 a1 ,jo9t4 b1 ,back+ bo>ds4 c1 ,ly+1 or f9i%+ press4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 putt+ on d\ble bo>ds4 a1 ,! slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,putt+ on ! lea!r back4 a1 cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,book ,! book is n[ m>k$ up z 9 ! ,case ,b9d+ except t !re are only two punctures1 "o ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f ! head1 & ! o!r ab\t "o & "o-qu>t] in*es f ! foot1 9 an ord9>y size ( book4 ,sew+ on ,tapes4 ,sew+ on tapes requires a sew+ frame1 ,fig4 #ba1 :i* is prep>$ = sew+ by ty+ five tapes to ! horizontal b>4 ,! book is !n laid on ! floor ( ! frame ) ! head t[>d ! "r & ! back to ! tapes4 ,! head tape is plac$ "o-f\r? ( an in* to ! left ( ! head puncture1 :ile ! foot tape is plac$ "o-f\r? ( an in* to ! "r ( ! foot puncture4 ,! o!r tapes are di/ribut$ equally along ! di/ance betwe5 ^? at ! head & foot4 ,all ! tapes are fa/5$ to ! edge ( ! frame floor ) ?umb tacks4 ,( c\rse1 t is only "o simple frame out ( a great v>iety :i* may be made4 ,!re are num]\s ways ( improvis+ sew+ frames4 ,tempor>y frames are (t5 made by tack+ small /rips to ! ends ( draw+ bo>ds1 & fa/5+ a cross b> to !m4 ,9 l>ge classes1 m]ely a bo>d is sometimes us$ z 9 old5 times1 :5 /iff ?ongs or /rips ( vellum 7 us$4 ,?is is n v satisfactory4 ,! book is laid to ! left z 9 ! previ\s b9d+1 & ! sections are turn$ 9 ! same way1 & laid ^u ! frame4 ,! end section is laid ) a1 ,fig4 #bj1 on ! floor ( ! frame & ! ne$le ins]t$ at ! head puncture ( ! fold betwe5 e & d ?r\gh folio c1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,!n ) ! left h&1 ! ne$le is drawn 9 & run back out j to ! "r ( ! head tape4 ,!n ! ne$le is run into ! section imm$iately to ! left ( ! head tape1 mak+ a /it* across ! tape4 ,?is is repeat$ at ea* tape & f9ally ! ne$le comes out at ! foot puncture4 ,n[ ! second section is put on1 ! ne$le ins]t$ at ! foot puncture & ! sew+ cont9u$ z 9 ! fir/ section1 until ! head puncture is rea*$1 :5 ! ?read is ti$ ) a d\ble knot to ! orig9al end4 ,! ?ird section is n[ put on & treat$ exactly l ! fir/ section until ! ne$le comes out at ! "r ( ! head tape1 :5 a cr['s foot or cat* /it* is made 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,cr['s ,foot or ,cat* ,/it*4 ,z ! ne$le comes out at ! side ( ! tape1 in/ead ( sew+ ! ?read /raight across ! tape z be=e1 ! ne$le is run f ! bottom up beh9d ! two previ\s ?reads 9 su* a way z to make a loop knot ar\nd !m1 a & b1 ,fig #ba4 ,!n ! ne$le is run into ! section on ! opposite side ( ! tape exactly z 9 previ\s /it*es4 ,?is is repeat$ at e tape until ! foot puncture is rea*$1 :]e a kettle/it* is made4 ,aft] ! ?ird section1 a kettle/it* is made e "t ! ne$le comes out at an end puncture1 & a cr['s foot or cat* /it* e ?ird or f\r? section4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is sew$ by exact repetitions ( ! processes ?us f> describ$4 ,:5 ! sew+ is complet$1 ! tapes are cut1 leav+ !m ab\t "o & "o-half in*es long at ea* side & a color$ folio1 b1 ,fig4 #bj1 is tipp$ to ! top ( ea* zigzag z at e1 & ! book is !n ready = glu+1 r\nd+ & back+4 ,r\nd+4 ,r\nd+1 z ! "n implies1 is ! process ( giv+ a convex %ape to ! back ( a book to prev5t its becom+ sunk5 or concave4 ,! book is laid ^u ! table1 & ! fir/ few sections are pull$ firmly =w>d1 :ile ) a hamm]1 ! upp] edge ( ! back is /ruck lightly1 driv+ ! upp] sections =w>d4 ,!n ! book is turn$ ov] & ! process is repeat$ on ! o!r side4 ,a fold$ %eet ( wa/e pap] is tipp$ 7pa/$ by a v n>r[ /rip ( pa/e7 along ! sides ( ! book at ! back4 ,m>ks are plac$ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* f ! back1 %[+ ! places = ! edges ( ! back+ bo>ds betwe5 :i* ! book is put & all clamp$ into ! ly+ press1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,?is done1 ! back is ?or\ghly cov]$ ) ?9 glue :i* is rubb$ 9 ) a /iff bru% & wip$ z 9 ! previ\s book4 ,)9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 :5 ! glue has dri$ suffici5tly to be rubb]y1 ! back is p\nd$ ) a hamm]1 /rik+ fir/ along ! c5t]1 !n gradually t[>d ! end sections1 always ) a glid+ bl[1 until ! edges h be5 =c$ ov] ! tops ( ! back+ bo>ds1 z a1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,if ?is has be5 prop]ly done1 ! back w be smoo? & r\nd+1 & ! edges w project ov] ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds4 ,! tapes are n[ pa/$ d[n aga9/ ! outside leaves ( ! endpap]s1 & ! sup] glu$ on1 rea*+ f puncture to puncture1 & to ! ends ( ! tapes on ea* side4 ,:5 dry1 ! endpap]s1 to :i* ! tapes 7 pa/$1 are cut (f ar\nd ! edges ( ! sup]1 a1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,mat]ial is n[ gott5 ready = ! cov]4 ,s9ce ?is book is to h a ,fr5* jo9t1 ! bo>ds are cut z mu* n>r[] ?an ! book z w make ! prop] wid? ( jo9t2 & s9ce x is to h d\ble bo>ds1 f\r bo>ds are cut1 two ?9 & two m$ium4 ,a ?9 bo>d & a ?ick] "o are glu$ toge!r1 all except ab\t two in*es along ! back edge1 to =m "o bo>d4 ,! bo>ds1 ?us glu$1 are put into ! press1 & ! lea!r cut1 :i* is to be "o & "o-half in*es long] ?an ! bo>d & wide en\gh to rea* ar\nd ! back & z f> d[n ! sides z desir$--! g5]al rule be+ 8m ?an a f\r? & less ?an a ?ird40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a /atem5t ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d1 & prop] wid?s = ! lea!r are det]m9$ to meet specific conditions4 ,skiv+--,head ,cut--,color+4 ,) a %>p skiv+ or head knife1 #e1 ,plate ,i1 ! edges ( ! lea!r are p>$ ?91 & also a /rip ?r\gh ! middle :]e ! back ( ! book goes1 is p>$1 if ! lea!r is q ?ick4 ,= ?is op]ation1 ! lea!r %\ld be laid on a /one or slate4 ,! book is n[ m>k$ ) p5cil & trysqu>e :]e ! head is to be cut1 & is plac$ betwe5 two press+ bo>ds ) a heavy piece ( c>dbo>d1 call$ ! cut-aga9/1 betwe5 ! back press+ bo>d & ! book4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! book is n[ put into ! cutt+ press1 ,plate ,,ii1 ! front press+ bo>d be+ pu%$ d[n on a level ) ! m>k on ! book & ) ! top ( ! press4 ,! pl[ is run =w>d & backw>d1 ! blade mean:ile be+ gradually screw$ t[>d ! book1 cutt+ only a v few leaves at a /roke4 ,) ?is easy /roke & sl[ advance ( ! blade1 if ! blade is %>p1 ! head is left smoo? & ready = color+4 ,! head is color$ ) ,india ink & :5 dry1 is rubb$ ) beeswax & burni%$ ) a burni%] made = t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,fr5* ,jo9t4 ,n[ ! book is m>k$ = ! ,fr5* jo9t1 t is1 = ! location ( ! back edges ( ! bo>ds1 & a /rip ( t\gh pap] l>ge en\gh to cov] ! back is glu$ on4 ,glue is put into ! op5 places left betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! d\ble bo>ds2 !n ! slips--sup]1 tapes1 & pieces ( endpap]s :i* 7 previ\sly pa/$ toge!r--are ins]t$ into ^! op5+s1 ,fig4 #bc1 & ! book put into press1 :]e x rema9s until ?or\ghly dry4 ,9 putt+ on ! bo>ds1 great c>e is necess>y to insure a /raight cov] & p]fect squ>es4 ,half ,lea!r4 ,x is n[ "t to put on ! lea!r1 :i* is laid1 fle% side up1 on wa/e pap] & ?or\ghly cov]$ ) pa/e4 ,! wa/e pap] is remov$ & ! book is !n plac$ 9 its prop] position on ! lea!r & ! bo>ds op5$ d[n aga9/ x ) suffici5t pressure to atta* ! lea!r to !m4 ,!n ! ends ( ! lea!r are turn$ "u ! back ( ! book & ov] ! bo>ds1 enclos+ a cord at ! head z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is cord makes a roll in/ead ( a headb&4 ,?is done1 ! lea!r is ?or\ghly rubb$ ) ! h&s & =c$ closely d[n into ! jo9ts4 ,jo9t /icks1 #aj1 ,plate ,i1 may be us$ = ?is purpose1 b c>e mu/ be us$ n to m> ! lea!r ) !m4 ,n[ ! book is plac$ ) ! =$ge 9 ! ly+ press1 & a cord ti$ ar\nd x l5g?wise ?r\gh ! jo9t to make sure ?an ! lea!r holds its position at ! jo9t4 ,:5 dry1 ! lea!r is trimm$1 s9ce ! "w ( gett+ x onto ! book has probably /ret*$ x1 or ! p>+ may h left ! edges unev54 ,measurem5t is made f ! =$ge back to ! po9ts :]e x is desir$ to h ! lea!r ext5d4 ,) a %>p knife1 ! surplus lea!r is cut (f4 ,! book is n[ ready = ! cov] pap]s4 ,m>ks are made on ! lea!r = ! "o-eigh? in* lap ( ! pap]4 ,cov] ,pap]4 ,! cov] pap]s = ! sides are cut "o & "o-half in*es long] ?an ! bo>ds & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wid] ?an ! di/ance f ! lea!r to ! =$ge ( ! bo>d4 ,?is all[s ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* = turn-9 & "o-eigh? ( an in* = ! lap ov] ( ! lea!r4 ,!n ! book is plac$ on ! pap]1 b1 ,fig4 #bd1 9 su* mann] z to h a /raight edge ( ! pap] come j to ! m>ks on ! lea!r & z ne>ly ! same projection at ! ends & =$ge z possible4 ,) a lead p5cil1 a l9e is drawn on ! pap] ar\nd ! bo>d4 ,corn]s = ! mitres are cut1 always cutt+ n clos] to ! p5cil m>k ?an ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d1 z expla9$ 9 ! previ\s b9d+4 ,?is done1 ! pap] is cov]$ ) pa/e1 ! book aga9 laid on 9 position indicat$ by m>ks1 & ! turn-ins pa/$4 ,! o!r bo>d is n[ treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,great c>e is necess>y to make sure t ! pap] fits firmly aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,! bone fold] is us$ "h to =ce ! pap] aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d be=e ! turn-9 is pa/$ d[n on top4 ,! pap] at ! corn]s usually does n make a p]fect mitre1 b laps4 ,?is is rem$i$ by tak+ a %>p knife & cutt+ ?r\gh ! lapp+ pap]s & remov+ ! pieces cut (f4 ,! book is n[ put "u light pressure until dry4 ,no?+ rema9s n[ b to pa/e ! color$ endpap]s to ! bo>ds1 ! same z 9 ! previ\s b9d+4 ,x w be se5 on op5+ ! book h[ mu* flexibility ! zigzag has l5t to ! cov]4 ,,iv4 ,,extra ,,b9d+4 #a4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ,morocco4 #b4 ,sew$ on cords2 cords lac$ into bo>ds4 #c4 ,flexible back4 #d4 ,edges cut 9 bo>ds1 head color$4 #e4 ,r\nd$ & back$4 #f4 ,zigzag endpap]s1 color$ pa/$[n4 #g4 ,head & foot b&s1 silk ?read ov] heavy cords4 #h4 ,bl9d or gold tool$ & lett]$4 ,cords4 ,! sew+ frame is prep>$ exactly 9 ! same way z 9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+ except t cords are "h us$ in/ead ( tapes1 ,fig4 #be4 ,endpap]s are cut & prep>$ zigzag1 book m>k$ up & punctures saw$ ! same z 9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,^! are ! di/9ct diff]5ces betwe5 sew+ on cords & on tapes4 ,) cords1 ! ne$le goes 9 at ! head puncture & out on ! left ( ! cord & !n d\bles back & f ! "r ( ! cord1 ! ne$le is ins]t$ at ! same hole ?r\gh :i* x came out1 completely encircl+ ! cord ) ! ?read1 a1 ,fig4 #be4 ,?is is ! :ole /ory ( sew+ on cords4 ,9 ! use ( tapes1 ! ?read simply goes back ( ! tapes1 n ar\nd !m4 ,! kettle/it*es are made j z 9 sew+ on tapes1 b !re are no cat* or cr[foot /it*es z ) tapes4 ,:5 ! book is tak5 f ! sew+ frame1 ! back is r\nd$4 ,9 ?is process1 judgm5t mu/ be us$ n to get ! back too convex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,sew+ on cords4 a1 /it* ar\nd ! cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,lac+ cords into bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,detail ( holes & tr\gh = cords4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,bo>d pull$ d[n ready = ! head to be cut4 ,! book is n[ put into ! back+ bo>ds 9 ! press & glu$ & back$ z describ$ 9 deal+ ) ! ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,lac+ ,holes4 ,two bo>ds1 z wide z ! book & "o-f\r? ( an in* long]1 are cut f heavy t> or mill bo>d4 ,! bo>ds are plac$ 9 prop] position closely up aga9/ ! jo9t projection ( ! back1 & m>ks p]p5dicul> to ! back edges ( ! bo>ds1 are made1 indicat+ ! positions ( ! cords4 ,at ea* m>k & ab\t "o-half ( an in* f ! edge1 a hole almo/ z l>ge z ! cords1 is made ) an awl f ! outside1 & ! projections caus$ by ! awl are trimm$ (f4 ,!n ab\t "o-half in* f ^! holes1 ano!r r[ ( some:at small] holes is made4 ,^! holes are n 9 ! l9es drawn f ! edges ( ! bo>ds1 z is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bf & #bg1 & are pun*$ f ! inside1 leav+ ! projections caus$ by ! awl4 ,!n a k9d ( ,v or tr\gh is cut f ea* ( ! fir/ s]ies ( holes to ! edge ( ! bo>d1 mak+ a place = ! cord to lie1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,lac+4 ,n[ ! cords are fray$ out & trimm$ ?9 at ! ends1 & ) pa/e1 ! fray$ portions are twi/$ to po9ts & ins]t$ d[n ?r\gh ! fir/ holes & up ?r\gh ! o!rs1 a1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,:5 ! cords h be5 drawn tightly & a small am\nt ( pa/e put ar\nd ! holes1 ! ends are aga9 fray$ out & spread ab\t ! holes1 & ) a hamm]1 ! bo>d re/+ firmly on a block1 ! protrud+ p>ts ( ! bo>d are p\nd$ d[n ab\t ! cords4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done to all ! cords on bo? sides1 ! book is left to dry4 ,! cutt+ ( ! edges 9 bo>ds1 is a process requir+ ! greate/ c>e4 ,a m>k is drawn on ! :ite endpap] indicat+ :]e ! head is to be cut4 ,a t9 & a piece ( heavy c>dbo>d are plac$ betwe5 ! book & ! back bo>d4 ,^! make a cut-aga9/ to protect ! cov] f ! knife4 ,! front bo>d is n[ drawn d[n ev5 ) ! head m>k1 ,fig4 #bh1 & prep>$ 9 ?is way1 ! book is put into ! cutt+ press4 ,x is ess5tial to good "w t ! book be absolutely true 9 ! press1 & t ! head m>k & ! top ( ! bo>d :i* has be5 pull$ d[n1 be on a level ) ! top surface ( ! jaw ( ! press4 ,! cutt+ is ! same z describ$ "u ,libr>y ,b9d+1 page #bg4 ,! book is n[ remov$1 ! cov]s are ?r[n back1 & ) a try squ>e aga9/ ! head1 a m>k is drawn on ! endpap]1 %[+ :]e ! =$ge is to be cut4 ,) ! cov]s hang+ d[n & a press+ bo>d & "o or two ?icknesses ( c>dbo>d = a cut-aga9/1 ! book is put into ! press & ! =$ge cut4 ,! foot is cut exactly z 0 ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,putt+ on ! headb&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,cutt+ ! lea!r corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,pa/+ on lea!r corn]s & cov] pap]s4 a1 ,turn-9 ( lea!r4 b1 ,turn-9 mitre ( lea!r4 c1 & d1 ,turn-ins ( pap]4 e1 ,tap] ti$ ar\nd book4 f1 ,end pa/$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,deep punctures = sunk5 cords4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fold$ pap] = holl[ back cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,book ,head & ,foot ,b&s4 ,x is n[ "t to make ! head & foot b&s4 ,! book is fa/5$ 9 a ly+ press z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 ) ! head lean+ t[>d ! workman4 ,a ne$le1 into :i* is ti$ "o end ( a long1 color$ silk ?read is run ?r\gh ! middle ( ! fir/ section d[n to ! head puncture & out ?r\gh ! back1 ! ?read be+ drawn half its l5g? ?r\gh4 ,!n a /rong piece ( cord1 consid]ably long] ?an ! wid? ( ! back1 is laid on ! head ( ! book j back ( ! bo>ds4 ,! ne$le end ( ! ?read is br\ght directly =w>d ov] ! cord1 :ile ! o!r end is cross$ ov] ! ne$le end ( ! ?read1 "u ! cord1 & =w>d ov] ! cord ! same z ! fir/ ?read4 ,!n *ang+ h&s aga91 ?is op]ation is repeat$ twice :5 ! ne$le is run d[n into ! head ( ! book & out at ! back "o-half in* or m bel[ ! head b z x comes back ov] ! cord1 x is cross$ by ! o!r ?read exactly z at fir/4 ,ab\t e f\r? cross+1 ! ?read %\ld be sew$ into ! book4 ,:5 ! cord is cov]$ to ! o!r side ( ! book1 ! two ?reads are knott$ firmly b5ea? ! cord4 ,a small bit ( pa/e is put at ! end ( ! silk on ea* side1 & ! cord cut (f4 ,!n a t\gh piece ( pap] rea*+ f ! top cord to ! top ( ! headb& is glu$ on to hold ! b& 9 place4 ,! foot b& is made 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,!n a /rip ( pap] z wide z ! back is glu$ on & c>efully fitt$ ab\t ! cords4 ,rubb+ ,/icks--,b& ,nipp]s4 ,! lea!r back is put on z 9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+1 b mu* great] c>e & pati5ce are requir$ 9 rubb+ d[n ! lea!r ab\t ! cords & mak+ x adh]e /rongly to ! book at all po9ts4 ,rubb+ /icks1 #g1 ,plate ,i1 come 9 good place 9 ?is op]ation4 ,b& nipp]s are (t5 us$ to =ce ! lea!r aga9/ ! cords4 ,! lea!r is moi/5$ slightly at ! head & foot & made to lie d[n snugly aga9/ ! head & foot b&s4 ,aft] ?is1 ! lea!r pieces = ! corn]s are cut & m>k$ up1 leav+ a ?ree-qu>t] in* m>g9 on ! two equal sides ( ! triangle1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a g5]al rule = ! size ( corn]s is t ! altitude ( ! f9i%$ corn] triangle %\ld be ab\t ! same z ! ext5sion ( ! back lea!r ov] ! side ( ! book4 ,lea!r ,corn]s4 ,! corn]s ( ! lea!r pieces are cut out j z ! corn]s ( ! pap] 9 ! previ\s book4 ,!n ! edges are p>$ ?94 ,! lea!r corn]s are cov]$ ) pa/e1 "o at a "t1 a corn] ( ! cov] bo>d is plac$ 9 prop] position on ! lea!r & ! turn-ins pa/$1 a & b1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is done1 ! book is put "u light pressure = a "t4 ,! lea!r is n[ all trimm$ to prop] size & ! cov] pap] m>k$ & cut = ! sides4 ,! "o-eigh? in* lap is m>k$ on ! lea!r back1 & ! book laid on ! pap] z 9 previ\s book4 ,!n ) a %>p p5cil1 po9ts are made on ! pap] %[+ :]e x mu/ be cut to all[ n m ?an "o-eigh? in* lap on ! lea!r ( ! corn]s1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! corn]s ( ! pap] are cut out1 ! pap] cov]$ ) pa/e1 ! book plac$ 9 prop] position & ! turn-ins pa/$ z at c & d4 ,c>e mu/ aga9 be ex]cis$ t ! pap] comes squ>ely aga9/ ! edges ( ! bo>ds & fits closely ar\nd ! edges ( ! lea!r4 ,= su* processes1 ! bone fold] is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,! next /ep is ! l9+ ( ! bo>ds4 ,a rectangul> piece ( heavy pap] is pa/$ on ! inside ( ea* cov] & fitt$ snugly aga9/ ! edges ( ! lea!r & pap] turn-ins4 ,aft] ^! l9+s are dry1 ! end pap]s are trimm$ & pa/$ d[n4 ,9 ?is case1 great c>e & pati5ce are necess>y to make ! endpap]s atta* !mselves to ! back edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,( c\rse1 ! outside :ite leaves are torn (f & ! color$ pa/$[ns are drawn back ^u ! bo>ds z 9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+1 & ) a bone fold]1 ! pap]s are =c$ aga9/ ! back edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,!n ! book is clos$ & imm$iately op5$4 ,if 9 clos+1 ! endpap] is pull$ loose or wr9kl$1 x is aga9 put into prop] ord] & ! book aga9 clos$4 ,:5 ! end pap]s hold _! positions p]fectly1 ! book is ?or\ghly protect$ ) pap]1 t9s & bo>ds & put lightly into press4 ,!n ! head is color$ ) ,india ink1 a coat ( beeswax put on1 & a burni%] us$ to give x a poli%4 ,x is well to leave ! complet$ book "u "s pressure = sev]al days4 ,if1 9 ! process1 "s pa/e has gott5 on ! lea!r or pap]1 x may be remov$ by ! use ( a damp clo?1 c>efully rubb$ ov] ! soil$ places4 ,holl[ ,back4 ,9 case a holl[ back is desir$ = ?is book1 deep punctures are saw$ at e cord1 & ! cords :i* are small] ?an 9 ! flexible b9d+1 are sunk5 into ^! punctures1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! sew+ 9 su* a b9d+ is v simple1 ! ?read runn+ along ! middle ( ! section & beh9d ! cords1 ) kettle/it*es at ! head & foot1 ! same z 9 ! flexible sew+4 ,be=e ! cov] goes on1 a heavy pap] fold$ z 9 ,fig4 #cc1 mak+ f ?ree to five ?icknesses1 is glu$ by ! bottom lay] to ! back4 ,b especially 9 elem5t>y "w :]e v little gold tool+ & lett]+ are und]tak51 ! holl[ back is nei!r necess>y nor desirable4 ,at all ev5ts1 let u avoid ! false cords sometimes se5 9 comm]cial books4 ,v4 ,,reb9d+4 ,! =ego+ "w has assum$ t ! books 7 to be b\nd f ! orig9al1 unfold$ %eets4 ,9 case ( reb9d+ books1 ! foll[+ prelim9>y /eps are necess>y be=e beg9n+ ! sew+3-- #a4 ,tak+ (f old cov]4 ,?is is done simply by pull+ loose ! endpap]s & c>efully loos5+ ! sup]4 ,if ! glue or pa/e refuses to come (f1 x is cov]$ ) a coat ( fre% pa/e1 & aft] a %ort "t may be scrap$ (f4 #b4 ,cutt+ sections ap>t4 ,! leaves are c\nt$ until ! ?read is rea*$ :i* indicates ! middle ( ! section4 ,! ?read is clipp$ & ! same numb] ( leaves1 disreg>d+ plates1 is c\nt$1 br++ u to ! end ( ! section4 ,! c\nt+ is necess>y because ( ! fact t 9 _m books1 ! fir/ & la/ few sections are pa/$1 or tipp$1 toge!r1 mak+ x difficult to tell :]e "o /ops & ! o!r beg9s4 #c4 ,beat+ out ! jo9t4 ,9 books :i* h be5 r\nd$ & back$1 ! fir/ & la/ few sections especially h a decid$ b5d ne> ! backs caus$ by ! hamm]+4 ,?is is remov$ by lay+ ! sections d[n on a solid block & hamm]+ !m along ! jo9ts4 #d4 ,m5d+1 clean+ & gu>d+4 ,gu>ds are /rips ( t\gh pap] ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* wide :i* are us$ to pa/e toge!r ! leaves ( a folio t h be5 torn ap>t1 & to fa/5 plates into ! book4 ,9 case ( ! torn folio1 ! leaves are laid side by side 9 ! prop] position & a gu>d1 cov]$ ) pa/e1 is plac$ ov] ! jo9t :]e ! leaves come toge!r4 ,! leaves are !n fold$ toge!r creas+ ! gu>d 9 ! middle4 ,?is g5]al rule z to ! plac+ ( ! gu>ds is giv5 9 ! =m ( a bull3--8,if x is to be gu>d$ on ! outside1 put ! gu>d on ! inside2 b if x is to be gu>d$ on ! inside1 put ! gu>d on ! outside40 ,t is1 if x is ! outside folio ( ! section to be gu>d$1 put ! gu>d on ! inside ( ! folio1 s t ! ragg$ edges ( ! te> may be ga!r$ up by ! glue on ! back & t x may n int]f]e ) ! sew+4 ,b if x is an inside folio to be gu>d$1 put ! gu>d or ! outside ( ! folio4 ,:5 gu>d+ 9 a plate1 a folio is op5$ out1 ! plate plac$ on ! prop] leaf1 & ! gu>d put on z 9 ! case ( a torn folio4 #e4 ,cutt+ new end pap]s4 ,aft] all ! =ego+ /eps1 ! book is ready to be press$1 plac+ ! sections ^u ea* o!r & ins]t+ t9s & bo>ds z describ$ 9 ,case ,b9d+4 ,:5 x comes to re-sew+ ! book & putt+ on new cov]s1 ! practice is to use any me?od or any comb9ation ( me?ods t seems to be dem&$ by ! conditions & size ( ! book1 & ! "* ( usage :i* x w probably meet4 ,x is n unusual 9 comm]cial b9d]ies to sew books especially l>ge1 heavy books1 on tapes or on sunk5 cords )\t reg>d to ! /yle ( cov]4 ,?is is done especially :]e ! book has l>ge1 ?ick sections t are difficult to hold 9 place4 ,?us x is se5 h[ f>1 "u "s conditions1 we dep>t f ! /&>d types4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! folios are s badly torn at ! folds t to gu>d !m w\ld make ! back unusually ?ick4 ,9 su* cases1 ! ov]ca/+ me?od is us$4 ,! back ( ! book is cut if x is 9 v bad condition1 & !n in/ead ( sew+ ?r\gh punctures ov] cords or tapes1 sev]al ( ! leaves are tak5 & plac$ 9 ! same position z a section1 & sew$ ?r\gh1 :ipp+ ov] & ov]1 & go+ ar\nd tapes or cords 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s h[ev]1 t a book is 9 good condition ) ! exception ( ! cov]1 9 :i* case1 simply a new cov] is put on4 ,?is necessitates re-glu+ ( ! back & putt+ on new sup] & end pap]s4 ,!n ! "q arises h[ to fa/5 9 ! end pap]s s t !y may be /rong4 ,"o me?od1 especially 9 ! case ( heavy books1 is to put 9 a clo? jo9t4 ,?is is a fold$ /rip ( clo? ab\t "o in* wide1 at ea* end ( ! book1 ) "o side ( ! fold pa/$ to ! outside leaf4 ,!n :5 ! cov] is put on1 ! o!r side ( ! clo? fold is pa/$ to ! bo>d1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,a folio ( cov] pap] is !n tipp$ aga9/ ! clo? & ! outside leaf pa/$ to ! bo>d2 or 9 _m cases1 a sep>ate %eet is us$ = ! pa/$[n1 leav+ bo? leaves ( ! end folio free4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 a1 ,clo? jo9ts b1 ,end %eets ,9 ! case ( m>bl$ endpap]s1 ! folio is cut ( pap] to mat* ! book1 a piece ( sup] or canvass is put along ! fold l a gu>d1 !n ! s+le %eet ( m>bl$ pap] is pa/$ entirely ov] ! fir/ page ( ! folio :i* is !n tipp$ 9 to ! clo? ( ! jo9t4 ,:]e a book is to be resew$1 sometimes s+le end %eets ( heavy cov] /ock1 toge!r ) ! clo? = ! jo9t1 are fold$ ar\nd ! backs ( ! fir/ & la/ sections & sew$ 9 ) !m1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,!n :5 ! bo>ds are put on1 ! clo? is drawn back ov] ! edge z be=e4 ,ano!r me?od ( attempt+ to re9=ce & /r5g!n ! fir/ & la/ p>ts ( a book is to sew ?r\gh ! endpap]s t are to rema9 free z 8flyleaves0 & ! leaves ( ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ & la/ sections4 ,?is seems ( some:at d\btful value1 al?\gh x may be ( "s s]vice 9 ! case ( a ?ick1 heavy book4 ,a v practical & easy me?od ( reb9d+ mod]ately ?9 books :i* h torn backs1 is to sew !m 9 ! mann] describ$ = a f\r?-grade ,language ,book1 ,fig4 #dj1 page #ee1 & put on a new case b9d+4 ,9 su* cases1 c>e mu/ be us$ to make ! jo9t wide en\gh to all[ ! bo>ds to come well 9 front ( ! /it*es2 o!rwise1 ! book w\ld n op5 )\t te>+ ! cov]4 ,plate ,,iii %[s a numb] ( libr>y books reb\nd 9 ?is mann] by sev5? grade boys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,libr>y ,books ,reb\nd by ,sev5? ,grade ,boys4 ,,vi4 ,,equipm5t4 ,equipm5t = elem5t>y bookb9d+1 z already indicat$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 c be made almo/ entirely to fit ! purse4 ,! /atem5t occurs 9 text books & has gone ! r\nds on 8good au?ority0 t v little c be done 9 ! way ( bookb9d+ )\t a l>ge & unusually exp5sive equipm5t4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* a /atem5t c\ld be made by anyone :o is famili> ) craft b9d+ & its simplifi$ =ms z !y may be work$ out 9 ! l[] grades ( our s*ools4 ,( c\rse1 x is possible to sp5d any am\nt = bookb9d+ equipm5t1 b !re are _m s*ools :]e good elem5t>y "w is be+ done ) absolutely no equipm5t except pocket knives1 scissors & su* o!r aids z may be pick$ up ab\t any s*ool build+4 ,x is entirely possible to adju/ ! upp] grade "w s t only a few w be h&l+ ! same processes at ! same "t1 ?us mak+ a small equipm5t answ] ! purposes ( a good siz$ class4 ,= mak+ ! typical books "u good conditions ) a mod]ate numb] ( pupils 9 ! eigh? grade or high s*ool1 ! foll[+ equipm5t may be said to be elaborate1 & c be _h = ab\t #ge3-- #a #aj-;in* ,c>d ,cutt]1 #f ,ly+ ,presses1 #a ,pl[ & ,press1 #b ,lett] ,presses1 #ab ,sew+ ,frames1 #b ,p>+ ,knives1 #c ,pairs ,back+ ,bo>ds1 #b ,back ,saws1 #f ,try ,squ>es1 #c ,hamm]s1 #c ,doz4 ,press+ ,bo>ds & ,t9s1 #f ,awls1 #f ,pa/e ,bru%es1 #ab ,bone ,fold]s4 ,ev5 ?is equipm5t may be v mat]ially r$uc$4 ,_m ( ! items may be improvis$1 made1 or furni%$ by ! pupils4 ,= in/ance1 ! sew+ frames are ( simple con/ruction & (f] an excell5t problem = ! class 9 woodwork4 ,! pl[ & press are n an ess5tial ev5 9 high s*ool "w4 ,mo/ excell5t "w may be done by cutt+ bo? pap] & bo>ds ) a %>p knife guid$ by a trysqu>e or /raight edge1 aga9/ a cutt+ t94 ,any ord9>y hamm] w d = back+ purposes4 ,s ?is br+s u back to ! repeat$ proposition t mu* & good bookb9d+ c be done 9 ! s*ools ) almo/ no equipm5t4 ,,vii4 ,,sugge/ive ,,c\rse4 ,9 ! previ\s discussions ( ! ?ree ma9 types ( books1 practically e process us$ 9 elem5t>y h&-b9d+ has be5 describ$4 ,! foll[+ outl9e is ! result ( sev]al ye>s ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! au?or1 to develop a s]ies ( problems involv+ ! bookb9d+ processes1 meet+ "s ( ! con/ructive ne$s ( ! v>i\s grades ( ! s*ool1 & relat+ 9 "s vital way to ! regul> s*ool int]e/s4 ,x 0 ?\ght t confusion w\ld be avoid$ by indicat+ ! me?ods & processes ( a set ( specific problems4 ,x is und]/ood t ^! problems are only typical & t f ^!1 a great v>iety ( books may be work$ out 9 response to special ne$s4 ,9 ! practical "w ( ! class1 ^! problems are n dictat$ /ep by /ep & 9 detail1 to ! pupils2 b z f> z possible ea* pupil plans = himself1 size1 numb] ( pages1 proportions1 color comb9ations1 decoration1 etc4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! value d]iv$ f su* "w1 comes f ! necessity ( ?9k+ & plann+ 9 advance1 & f ! privilege & ex]cise ( *oice4 ,let u assume t we are tak+ ! problem ( ! f\r? grade spell+ book1 page #ec1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y is ! spell+ pap] z a basis = our plans4 ,ea* *ild is giv5 a %eet ( pap]1 say #ch in*es4 ,! class is que/ion$ to br+ out ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! cov] ne$$1 su* z ! direction ( op5+1 ! necessity = a h+e 9 ! top cov]1 etc4 ,!n ! matt] ( ! squ>es or ! ext5sion ( ! bo>ds is tak5 up & ! pupils express op9ions z to ! am\nt ( ! ext5sion4 ,aft] reasons are giv5 = v>i\s op9ions1 ! pupils calculate & write on ! %eets ( pap] ! sizes ! bo>ds are to be cut4 ,!n comes ! "q ( ! di/ance ! h+e is to be f ! back4 ,"o pupil may answ] ?ree in*es & ano!r "o-half an in*4 ,reasons are br\ght out :y nei!r is satisfactory & also :y x may v>y1 say1 f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to "o & "o-half in*es1 & ea* *ild writes on 8 pap] ! di/ance he pref]s4 ,! same plan is us$ ) ref]5ce to ! wid? ( ! h+e2 & s9ce ?is may v>y greatly1 ev5 f "o-f\r? to two in*es1 guid$ always by ! ideas ( good proportion & fulfillm5t ( purposes1 ! pupils are ask$ to write d[n _! pref]5ces4 ,!n is tak5 up ! "q ( ! proportion ( clo? to pap] on ! cov]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is app>5t t con/ructive consid]ations dem& t ! clo? mu/ rea* f ! back "s di/ance beyond ! h+e t[>d ! =$ge1 b h[ f> beyond is a "q ( good proportion4 ,x is always f\nd t *ildr5 v>y b little 9 _! judgm5ts ( proportion 9 ?is matt]4 ,! au?or has made ?is proposition to scores ( *ildr53--8,let's h ! clo? & ! cov] pap] meet at ! middle ( ! cov]10 & 9 ! :ole numb] ( *ildr51 !re has nev] be5 "o :o w\ld agree to any su* an arrangem5t4 ,:5 ! matt] ( ! clo? has be5 det]m9$1 ! pupils calculate ! sizes ! pieces ( clo? & pap] mu/ be cut1 all[+ ! prop] turn-ins4 ,^! dim5sions are writt5 d[n ) ! o!r decid$ po9ts4 ,f ?is in=mation1 ! pupils make simple draw+s4 ,f samples ( v>i\s colors ( clo?1 pap]1 & cords1 ! pupils select satisfactory comb9ations4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 if pupils make wrong selections or %[ poor judgm5t1 x is ! opportunity ( ! tea*] to sugge/ & to conv9ce !m ( ! wisdom ( "s o!r *oice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! mat]ial is next m>k$ out & cut4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is done by ea* pupil f ! in=mation he has writt5 on 8 %eet ( pap]4 ,! actual pa/+ ( ! bo>ds into ! clo? & pap] requires b few sugge/ions or directions if ! pupils h gone ?r\gh ! "w ( ! previ\s grades4 ,if !y h n1 !n !y are ask$ to place ! bo>d ^u ! clo? 9 ! prop] position1 m>k ar\nd x1 & clip out corn]s z at a1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,:5 ! clo? is pa/$ on1 ! same process is us$ ) ! pap] all[+ x to lap "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( an in* on ! clo?1 b4 ,:5 ! cov]s are complet$ & press$1 ! punctures are made & ! cord ti$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv #a4 ,tilo ,matt+ ,poem ,book #b4 ,nature or ,sket* ,book #c4 ,home ,book ,,fir/ ,,grade4 #a4 ,home ,book4 ,?is is made to conta9 ! freeh& cutt+s ( ! h\se & its furni%+s1 ! family1 ! b>n1 ! *ick5 h\se1 all ! animals1 ma*9]y1 etc41 ab\t ! home4 ,x is made up ( %eets ( manila pap] ) color$ %eets ( ! same size = cov]s4 ,^! are all ti$ toge!r ) a heavy cord ?r\gh two holes pun*$ at "o end4 #c1 ,plate ,,iv4 #b4 ,nature or ,sket* ,book4 ,made ( ! same mat]ial z ! ,home ,book except t only "o color$ %eet is ne$$4 ,b ! %eets are all fold$ 9 ! middle & ?ree or f\r punctures are made ) a d>n+ ne$le or a pun* along ! fold4 ,a cord ?read$ into a l>ge ne$le is run into ! top puncture & out at ! bottom puncture2 !n back into ! second puncture f ! bottom ar\nd ! ?read & out at ! same puncture4 ,?is is repeat$ at ea* puncture until ! top "o is rea*$1 :]e ! ends ( ! cord are ti$ toge!r1 #b1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,! book may be made by f9d+ ! middle ( ! pap]1 pun*+ ! holes & ty+ ! cord be=e ! fold+ is done4 #c4 ,portfolio4 ,?is is made ( two %eets ( pap]1 "o ( :i* is "o-half in* n>r[] & "o in* %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,! small "o is plac$ ^u ! l>ge "o 9 su* a way z to leave a half in* /rip ar\nd ?ree sides4 ,! two corn]s ( ! l>ge %eet are cut out & ! edges pa/$ & fold$ ov] ^u ! small %eet4 ,,second ,,grade4 #a4 ,portfolio4 ,made ( "o piece ( t\gh pap] by simply cutt+ rectangles f ! l[] corn]s ( ! %eet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg ,a1 & fold+ ! rectangles a1 b1 c on dott$ l9es4 ,! two small] rectangles are pa/$ to ! l>g] "o1 c4 #b4 ,scrap ,book4 ,made ( s+le leaves ) a two-in* fold at "o end4 ,cov]$ ) a folio ( ,bri/ol1 re9=c$ at ! back ) /rip ( book clo?1 & ti$ ?r\gh five punctures ) heavy cord4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,see #f1 ,plate ,,iv4 #c4 ,nature ,book4 ,cov] same z ,scrap ,book ) ! addition ( pieces ( cov] pap] pa/$ on ! cov]s1 rea*+ f ! clo? to ! =$ge4 ,book made ( folios sew$ l #b1 grade "o4 ,pa/$ into cov]4 #d4 ,spell+ ,book ,cov]4 ,made ( light bo>ds :i* are cov]$ ) cov] pap]4 ,pieces ( cov] pap] are pa/$ on ! inside z end pap]s1 & are decorat$ by ! *ildr54 ,! two sides ( ! cov] are fa/5$ toge!r by ins]t+ r+s or cords 9 holes pun*$ at ! end4 #e1 ,plate ,,iv4 #e4 ,language1 ,poem or ,ari?metic ,book4 ,s+le leaves cov]$ ) folio ( cra% or burlap1 ti$ ) cord ?r\gh ?ree punctures1 cov] l9$ ) "o piece ( cov] pap]1 & edges & design ( cov] work$ ) co>se ?read4 #d1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,?ird ,,grade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg;,a4 #a4 ,spell+ ,book4 ,s+le leaves ) sep>ate bo>ds1 cov]$ ) book clo? pa/$ all ov]4 ,! top bo>d is cut into two p>ts1 leav+ a flexible h+e ne> ! back4 ,bo>ds l9$ ) cov] pap]4 ,ti$ ?r\gh two1 ?ree or f\r punctures by ,japanese me?od1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,spell+ ,book ,illu/ration3 ,language ,book #b4 ,lit]ature ,illu/ration ,book ,cov]4 ,half clo?4 ,n>r[ bo>ds1 leav+ wide limp back ( book clo?4 ,back re9=c$ ) sup] & bo>ds l9$ ) cov] pap]4 ,two or ?ree boles are pun*$ f side to side1 & ti$ ) heavy cord or fa/5$ ) r+s4 ,fig4 #ci4 #c4 ,portfolio4 ,made ( "o long1 n>r[ piece ( cov] pap] or ,manila bo>d4 ,! bottom ?ird is fold$ up to =m ! body ( ! portfolio1 & ! top ?ird is fold$ d[n = ! hap or cov]4 ,two /rips ( clo? are fold$ & pa/$ to ! ends ( ! portfolio to hold ! front & back toge!r4 #d4 ,nature ,book4 ,"o section sew$ ) five punctures1 same z numb] #b1 grade "o1 cov]$ ) heavy m>bl$ bo>ds1 ) buckram back1 sup] put on1 & fir/ & la/ leaves us$ z pa/$[ns4 #e4 ,poem ,book ,cov]4 ,made ( two bo>ds4 ,jo9t made 9 top bo>d z 9 ,spell+ ,book4 ,bo>ds are cov]$ ) cra% & l9$ inside ) cov] pap]4 ,ti$ ) heavy cord ?r\gh f\r punctures4 #f4 ,japanese ,book4 ,! book "p is made by fold+ a long piece ( pap] fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r until x is all fold$ accordion fa%ion4 ,bo>ds are cov]$ ) cov] pap] & pa/$ to ! fir/ & la/ pages4 ,,f\r? ,,grade4 #a4 ,portfolio4 ,made ( heavy cov] pap]1 ) "s me?od devis$ by ! class = increas+ & decreas+ ! ?ickness ( ! portfolio4 #b4 ,clipp+ ,envelope4 ,made ( "o piece ( heavy cov] pap] or light ,manila bo>d4 ,rectangles a little long] ?an half ! body ( ! envelope1 are fold$ ov] & pa/$4 ,! small flap at ! bottom is fold$ up & pa/$4 ,see ,fig4 #ci ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci;,a4 #c4 ,spell+ ,book4 ,same z t ( ?ird grade except ) half in/ead ( full clo? cov]s4 ,see ,fig4 #ch4 #d4 ,language1 ,geography or ,hi/ory ,notebook4 ,m ?an "o section4 ,%eets fold$ & cut4 ,sections arrang$ 9 book =m1 & a color$ folio tipp$ 9 to ! second endpap] on ea* side4 ,! book is m>k$ up = a saw$ puncture "o-half in* f ea* end1 & = /abs imm$iately "u ! saw$ punctures & e half in* along ! side & ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* f ! back1 a1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! /abs are made ) a %>p pun* or awl4 ,a ne$le is put on ea* end ( a long l95 ?read4 ,!n ) ! ?read ly+ 9 ! head puncture1 a ne$le is ins]t$ f ea* side into ! head /ab & ! ?read drawn ?r\gh4 ,! ne$les are !n run into ! next /ab & !n into ! next1 until ! foot puncture is rea*$4 ,"h ! ?reads are br\ght up & ti$ s t ! knot s9ks into ! saw$ puncture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,a piece ( sup] is n[ ?or\ghly pa/$ ^u ! back & ab\t "o & "o-half in*es d[n ! endpap]s4 ,^! outside leaves ( ! endpap]s are cut (f at ! front edge ( ! sup] & a piece ( ! cov] pap] z long z ! book & z wide z ! sup] is glu$ on1 b1 c>e be+ tak5 to h x fit flat across ! back ) %>p turns at ! edges4 ,! bo>ds hav+ be5 cov]$ sep>ately1 except l9+1 are n[ pa/$ on ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* f ! back or "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 front ( ! /it*es4 ,! book is n[ put lightly into press4 ,:5 dry1 ! color$ endpap]s are pa/$ to ! cov]s & ! book aga9 put into press4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,fif? ,,grade4 #a4 ,nature ,book4 ,"o section4 ,l>ge %eet fold$ & cut or torn to prop] size4 ,sew$ ?r\gh five punctures4 ,b\nd 9 full or half clo?4 ,case b9d+4 ,sup] put on & fir/ & la/ leaves pa/$ to cov]s by clos+ ! cov] on ! pa/e-cov]$ endpap]s4 ,fig4 #da4 #b4 ,spell+ ,pad4 ,made l ! top cov] ( ! spell+ book %[n at ,fig4 #ch1 except t x has clo? corn]s1 :i* are put on ! same z ! lea!r corn]s ( ! ,extra ,b9d+1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,f\r punctures are made & ! n>r[ "p is turn$ ov] & ti$ z at ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,spell+ ,pad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db;,a4 #c4 ,s(t ,lea!r ,cov]4 ,?is makes a nice gift = ,*ri/mas4 ,! cov] is remov$ f a small book1 a folio ( cov] pap] is tipp$ to ea* side = end pap]s1 & ! book is pa/$ into a cov] ( velvet %eep sk94 #d4 ,re-cov]4 ,"s libr>y book or book ( ! pupil's4 ,new sup] put on1 new endpap]s tipp$ 91 & a new half clo? case b9d+ made & laid on4 ,bo>ds z wide z ! book & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long]4 ,clo? z wide z desir$ & "o & "o-half in*es long] ?an ! bo>ds4 ,cov] pap] z long z ! clo? & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wid] ?an ! di/ance f ! back clo? to ! =$ge ( ! bo>d4 ,clo? is fold$ l5g?wise & creas$ only at ! ends1 z at a & b1 ,fig4 #db ,a4 ,a l9e c d is drawn f "o end4 ,l9es h f & g e are drawn4 ,! di/ance ( ^! l9es f a & b is half ! ?ickness ( ! book1 plus "o jo9t4 ,! bo>ds are pa/$ into ! angles d h f & c g e1 & ! cov] is put lightly into press4 ,! cov] pap] is m>k$ up & pa/$ on exactly z describ$ 9 ,libr>y ,b9d+1 page #cj4 #e4 ,po/ ,c>d ,book4 ,loose leaves ( cov] pap] #gaa4 ,cov] made exactly l ! f\r? grade spell+ book at ,fig4 #ch1 except t x mu/ be mu* l>g] 9 ord] to accommodate ! l>g] leaves4 ,v>i\s devices may be us$ to hold ! c>ds1 b ! be/ me?od p]haps1 is to cut slits = ! corn]s4 #f4 ,reb9d ,/raight ,back ,book4 a4 ,old cov] torn (f4 b4 ,sections cut ap>t4 c4 ,m5d$ & gu>d$4 d4 ,endpap]s cut4 e4 ,sew$ all along ) five punctures4 ,consult ,case ,b9d+1 ,fig4 #ad4 f4 ,back glu$4 g4 ,half clo? case b9d+ made & put on4 #g4 ,magaz9e ,cov]4 ,case b9d+ 9 full clo?4 ,inside ( back l9$ ) a /rip ( book clo?4 ,a "o in* piece ( clo? or lea!r runs l5g?wise inside ( ea* bo>d to hold ! leaves ( ! magaz9e4 ,^! /rips are fa/5$ by turn+ ! ends & pa/+ !m "u ! end pap]s1 simil> to t %[n 9 photograph1 ,fig4 #eb4 #h4 ,art ,book4 ,sev]al sections sew$ all along4 ,heavy gray pap] = m\nt+ draw+s & pictures4 ,orig9al "w on cov]1 us+ comb9ations & modifications ( previ\s problems4 ,aft] ! book is b\nd1 a suffici5t numb] ( leaves may be cut out along ?r\gh ! book to prev5t too great ?ickness at ! back4 ,,six? ,,grade4 #a4 ,portfolio4 ,simply a case b9d+ 9 half or full clo?1 ) a clo? pocket inside ( ea* cov]4 ,ea* pocket is made by tak+ a piece ( clo? "o in* wid] & two in*es long] ?an ! bo>d1 & fold+ ! edges ( "o side & ! two ends & pa/+ to ! bo>d4 ,!n ! cov] is f9i%$ accord+ to ! me?od ( mak+ a case b9d+4 #b4 ,memor&um ,book4 ,"o section ) a small folio ( ,manila bo>d outside4 ,cov] is made ( "o piece ( buff+1 :i* is cut long] & wid] ?an ! f9i%$ cov]4 ,a piece ( t\gh pap] exactly ! size ( ! f9i%$ cov]1 is pa/$ on ! inside ( ! buff+1 leav+ ab\t a ?ree-eigh?s in* m>g9 all r\nd4 ,a piece ( ,manila bo>d z wide z ! pap]1 is laid on ! pap] at ea* end4 ,^! bo>ds %\ld be %ort en\gh to leave a ?ree-qu>t] in* space at ! middle ( ! lea!r = ! back4 ,! project+ edges ( ! lea!r are n[ turn$ ov] & pa/$ to ! ,manila bo>d4 ,end pap]s z long z ! ,manila bo>ds & "o-f\r? in* n>r[]1 are n[ pa/$ on4 ,aft] ! cov] has dri$ 9 press1 ! ends ( ! outside folio ( ! book are ins]t$ "u ! unpa/$ ends ( ! ,manila bo>ds ( ! cov]4 #c4 ,b9d+ f ,orig9al ,pr9t$ ,%eets4 ,small book l 8,pr9t+ & ,bookb9d+10 8,he ,knew ,l9coln10 8,man ,)\t a ,c\ntry10 or 8,! ,o!r ,wise ,man40 ,arrangem5ts c be made ) publi%]s to furni% unfold$ pr9t$ %eets at reasonable prices4 ,%eets are fold$ & press$--n cut4 ,sew$ all along ) five punctures4 ,typical case b9d+4 ,full clo?4 ,edges untrimm$4 #d4 ,reb9d ,sets ( ,books4 ,case b9d+s 9 full clo?1 ea* pupil mak+ a numb] ( cov]s at "o "t4 ,:]e sev]al books are to be uni=mly b\nd1 a spac] is us$ to locate ! positions ( ! bo>ds on ! clo?1 in/ead ( repeat+ ! measurem5ts on ea* cov]4 ,! spac]1 ,fig4 #dc1 may be made ( press bo>d1 t91 celluloid1 or o!r mat]ial4 ,by plac+ ! spac] at ! middle ( ! clo? at ! head1 ! angles are locat$ = ! corn]s ( ! bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 #e4 ,envelope ,file4 ,a numb] ( envelopes are made accord+ to ! plan indicat$ by ,fig4 #ci ,a1 page #ee4 ,) two pieces ( clo? fold$ back & =?1 ! ends ( ! envelopes are b\nd toge!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,a case b9d+ 9 half clo? is made simil> to ! ,lit]ature ,illu/ration ,book1 ,fig4 #ci1 mak+ pl5ty ( all[ance at ! back = ! ?ickness ( ! envelopes4 ,:5 ! cov] is complet$1 ! bottom envelope is pa/$ firmly to "o ( ! bo>ds1 z %[n at ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,envelope ,file ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,desk ,pad ,fig4 #df4 #f4 ,desk ,pad4 ,made ( "o piece ( heavy clo? bo>d4 ,a piece ( cov] pap] "o & "o-half in*es long] & wid] ?an ! bo>d1 is pa/$ to "o side & ! edges turn$ ov]4 ,?9 lea!r corn]s or end /rips are n[ put on z indicat$ at ,fig4 #df1 ) only ! turnov]s pa/$4 ,!n ! "u side ( ! bo>d is cov]$ ) a piece ( cov] pap] ab\t "o-half in* %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! bo>d4 ,! lea!r may be decorat$ by tool+1 cutt+1 or color+4 #g4 ,note ,book ,cov]4 ,/iff bo>ds ) clo? back & corn]s1 & pap] sides4 ,corn]s are put on ! same z ! lea!r corn]s 9 ! ,extra ,b9d+1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,two /rips ( bo>d are cut ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & "o in* %ort] ?an ! cov]4 ,a piece ( clo? is cut z long z ! /rips ( bo>d & f\r in*es wid] ?an ! back ( ! cov]4 ,"o ( ^! /rips ( bo>d is n[ pa/$ "o-half in* f ea* long edge ( ! clo?4 ,! o!r sides ( ! /rips ( bo>d are cov]$ ) pa/e & ! clo? is fold$ ov] ^u !m4 ,fig4 #dg %[s ! end ( ?is "p :i* is pa/$ inside ( ! back ( ! cov]1 ! "o-half in* projections ( ! clo? be+ atta*$ firmly to ! bo>ds4 ,end pap]s are put 9 & holes = ! cord are n[ pun*$ ?r\gh ^! ?ree-qu>t] in* /rips1 & ! leaves are ti$ 9 place4 ,f9i%$ cov] %[n at ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,,sev5? ,,grade4 #a4 ,decorative ,b9d+4 ,blank book or magaz9es sew$ on color$ tapes1 ribbons or /rips ( lea!r ) co>se silk ?read 9 decorative /it*es1 ,fig4 #di4 ,bo>ds are b\nd sep>ately 9 fancy cov] pap]s4 ,tapes are lac$ ?r\gh ! bo>ds & ti$ at =$ge4 ,color$ endpap]s pa/$ to cov]s4 ,tapes & /it*es left expos$ at back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 #b4 ,portfolio4 ,?ree rectangul> pieces ( t> or clo? bo>d are cut1 two l>g] ones = ! body ( ! portfolio & "o small] "o = ! lid or flap4 ,! l>ge pieces are l9$ ) pap] on ! sides :i* are to g inside4 ,?is prev5ts w>p+ :5 ! outside cov]+ is put on4 ,a /rip ( book clo? or buckram is cut ab\t two in*es wide & long en\gh to rea* ar\nd "o side & ! two ends ( ! body ( ! portfolio4 ,?is /rip is fold$ l5g?wise 9 ! middle ) ! wrong side out4 ,!n ea* half is fold$ l5g?wise 9 ! middle1 turn+ ! wrong side 94 ,?us fold$1 ! /rip is pa/$ ar\nd ! ends & bottom edges ( ! two l>ge bo>ds1 mit]+ all ! corn]s4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,!n ! flap is atta*$ by means ( two /rips ( clo?1 "o above & "o bel[1 & ! edges are b\nd to correspond ) ! body4 ,!n cov] pap] is pa/$ on all ! uncov]$ surfaces ( ! bo>ds1 lapp+ "o-eigh? ( an in* ov] ! edges ( ! clo? :]ev] ! pap] & clo? come toge!r4 ,scores ( modifications may be made ( ?is /yle ( portfolio4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,%[+ only ! clo? on ! edges4 #c4 ,limp ,lea!r ,b9d+4 ,pupil's blank or pr9t$ book4 ,sew$ all along or on tapes4 ,color$ endpap]s sew$ 94 ,b\nd 9 "o piece ( %eep or calf4 ,cov] is us$ = dye+ & tool+ 9 decoration4 ,book put into cov] by pa/+ book & fitt+ lea!r closely ab\t x & !n press+4 ,,eigh? ,,grade4 #a4 ,book = ,m\nt+ ,draw+s & ,pictures4 ,heavy cov] pap] is us$ = ?is book & is cut into l>ge folios4 ,!n /rips ( ! same pap] ab\t "o & "o-half in*es wide & z long z ! book is high1 are fold$ l5g?wise 9 ! middle4 ,"o ( ^! fold$ /rips is fitt$ ov] ! back & "o inside ( ea* folio1 ,fig4 #ea1 except ! fir/ & la/4 ,?is provides = ! pa/+ ( a m\nt on ea* page ( ! book )\t mak+ ! body ( ! book ?ick] ?an ! back4 ,sew$ on tapes4 ,cov] treat$ exactly z t ( ! ,libr>y ,b9d+1 page #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea ,x is mu* easi] to h&le ?is problem by mak+ ! book ( regul> sections in/ead ( us+ ! "o & "o-half in* /rips1 & !n cutt+ out e #crd or #d? leaf aft] x is complet$4 ,^! leaves are n wa/$4 ,!y may be us$ = small] books4 #b4 ,typical ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,see page #bb4 ,half lea!r4 ,sew$ on tapes4 ,d\ble bo>ds4 ,fr5* jo9t4 ,back$ & r\nd$4 ,head cut & color$4 ,cord ins]t$ in/ead ( headb&4 #c4 ,portfolio4 ,b\nd 9 lea!r & pap] or clo?4 ,?ree bo>ds are cut ! same size4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! bo>ds are treat$ exactly l ! back ( a case b9d+1 except t lea!r is us$ & t ! inside ( ! jo9ts are also l9$ up ) lea!r4 ,small bo>ds = ! flaps are jo9$ 9 ! same mann] to ! ends ( ! middle bo>d4 ,fig4 #eb %[s ! portfolio ) only ! lea!r pa/$ on4 ,! cov] pap] or clo? is cut & pa/$ exactly l t ( ! ,libr>y or ,extra ,b9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,%[+ "p ( portfolio ) only ! lea!r pa/$ on4 ,li/ ( ,bookb9d]s ,t]ms4 ,,back4--,! back ( a book is ! "p :]e ! leaves are fa/5$ toge!r1 & does n include ! sides ( ! cov]4 ,,back+4--,! process ( hamm]+ ! back 9 ord] to drive ! extra ?ickness due to sew+1 ov] ! edge ( back+ bo>ds mak+ ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,back+ ,,bo>ds4--,/eel fac$ bo>ds betwe5 :i* ! book is plac$ :ile back+4 b1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,b&1 ,,or ,,rubb+ ,,/icks4--,/icks us$ 9 rubb+ ! lea!r d[n ov] ! cords1 or b&s1 9 ! ,extra ,b9d+4 #g1 ,plate ,i4 ,,beat+ ,,out ,,jo9t4--,hamm]+ ! back ( ! section ( an old book 9 ord] to /raight5 out ! "p turn$ ov] 9 ! process ( back+ :5 fir/ b\nd4 ,no4 #c1 page #dj4 ,,bl9d ,,tool+4--,putt+ a design ^u ! lea!r ) hot tools )\t us+ gold leaf4 ,,bo>ds4--,! /iff sides ( ! cov]4 ,,bone ,,fold]4--,a bone tool = fold+ pap] & clo?4 ,no4 #c1 ,plate ,i4 ,,buff+4--,?9 c[hide us$ 9 b9d+4 ,,case ,,b9d+1 ,,or ,,cas+4--,:]e ! book & ! cov] are made sep>ately & !n pa/$ toge!r4 ,pages #aa & #ad4 ,,collat+4--,ga!r+ toge!r ! sections ( a book 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,,cov] ,,pap]4--,heavy pap] us$ on ! cov]s ( books4 ,,cr[foot ,,/it*4--,! /it* us$ at ! tapes 9 ,libr>y ,b9d+4 a & b1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,d\ble ,,bo>ds4--,two bo>ds glu$ toge!r to make "o side ( ! cov] 9 ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,end ,,pap]s4--,! blank leaves at ! fir/ & la/ ( ! book4 ,,extra ,,b9d+4--,book sew$ on cords & b\nd 9 full or ?ree-qu>t]s lea!r4 ,page #ca4 ,,f9i%+4--,! "p ( bookb9d+ t has to d ) ! decoration1 tool+1 lett]+1 etc4 ,page #i4 ,,f9i%+1 ,,or ,,ly+ ,,press4--,a press = hold+ ! book :ile ! 8f9i%+0 is 9 progress4 ,no4 #a1 ,plate ,i4 ,,flexible4--,9 ,extra ,b9d+ :]e lea!r is atta*$ directly to ! back ( ! book4 ,,folio4--,a %eet fold$ once1 mak+ two leaves4 ,,foot1 ,,or ,,tail4--,! bottom ( ! book z x is held upright4 ,,=$ge1 ,,or ,,=e-,,edge4--,! edge ( ! book opposite ! back4 ,,=w>d+4--,all ! "w ( b9d+ a book until x is ready = ! f9i%+4 ,page #i4 ,,fr5* ,,jo9t4--,wide space left betwe5 ! edges ( ! bo>ds & ! back ( ! book 9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,,gold ,,tool+4--,! use ( gold leaf to cov] ! lett]+ or ornam5ts4 ,,gu>d4--,a /rip ( pap] us$ to m5d a torn folio or to fa/5 9 a plate4 ,no4 #d1 page #dj4 ,,half ,,lea!r4--,a book b\nd ) a /rip ( lea!r at ! back & ! bo>ds cov]$ f ! lea!r to =$ge ) pap] or clo?4 ,,head4--,! top ( ! book z x /&s upright4 ,,headb&4--,a piece ( clo? or cord at head ( book to /r5g!n back4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,head ,,knife1 ,,or ,,skiv+ ,,knife4--,a knife us$ = p>+ ! edges ( ! lea!r4 ,no4 #e1 ,plate ,i4 ,,h+e4--,! "p ( ! cov] at ! jo9t :]e ! cov] b5ds on op5+4 ,x usually ref]s to a sep>ate piece ( clo? or lea!r us$ to /r5g!n cov] at ?is po9t4 ,,holl[ ,,back4--,:]e ! cov] is n pa/$ directly to ! back ( ! book4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,jo9t4--,! n>r[ space betwe5 ! bo>d & ! back1 & also ! projection ( ! back =m$ by ! process ( back+4 ,,jo9t ,,rods4--,small rods us$ to press d[n ! lea!r or clo? at ! jo9t4 ,no4 #aj1 ,plate ,i4 ,,kettle/it*4--,a /it* us$ 9 all types ( sew+ b especially 9 sew+ all along4 b1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,lay+ ,,on4--,atta*+ ! cas+ to ! book4 ,,limp ,,cov]4--,cov] )\t bo>ds4 ,,libr>y ,,b9d+4--,! type ( book :i* is sew$ on tapes1 has a ,fr5* ,jo9t & d\ble bo>ds4 ,page #bb4 ,,ov]ca/+4--,me?od ( sew+ books :i* are badly torn & _c be dealt ) 9 sections4 ,,plate4--,picture or o!r special matt] on a sep>ate leaf :i* is fa/5$ into ! book4 ,,pl[ ,,& ,,press4--,! pl[ is = cutt+ ! edges ( books4 ,! press holds ! book :ile ! cutt+ is 9 progress4 ,plate ,,ii1 ,p4 #bh4 ,,press+ ,,t9s ,,& ,,bo>ds4--,small pieces ( t9 & bo>d to protect ! book :ile 9 press4 ,nos4 #aa & #ab1 ,plate ,i4 ,,punctures4--,holes saw$ or pun*$ 9 ! book = sew+ or ty+4 ,,r\nd+4--,process ( mak+ ! back ( a book curv$4 ,,section4--,"p ( book made f "o fold$ %eet ( pap]4 ,,sew+ ,,all ,,along4--,me?od ( sew+ a book ) kettle/it*es & )\t tapes or cords4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,sew+ ,,frame4--,frame on :i* ! books are sew$4 ,no4 #f1 ,plate ,i4 ,,signature4--,small figure or lett] at ! bottom ( ! fir/ page ( a section to indicate ! ord] ( ! sections4 ,,slips4--,! tapes1 sup]1 & endpap] pa/$ toge!r to ins]t 9 ! d\ble bo>ds ( a ,libr>y ,b9d+4 a1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,spac]4--,a device = det]m9+ ! position ( bo>ds 9 caseb9d+1 in/ead ( measur+4 ,?is is us$ only :]e a numb] ( ! same k9d ( books are be+ b\nd uni=mly4 ,,split ,,bo>ds4--,9 ! ,libr>y ,b9d+1 ,split ,bo>ds are sometimes us$ in/ead ( d\ble bo>ds4 ,^! are simply s+le bo>ds split at "o edge = ! ins]tion ( ! slips4 ,,squ>es4--,! di/ance ! bo>ds project beyond ! edge ( ! book4 ,,/ab ,,sew+4--,:]e books are sew$ f side to side ?r\gh holes pun*$ ) an awl4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,sunk5 ,,cords4--,:]e book is sew$ on cords sunk5 into l>ge depressions saw$ across ! back4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,sup]4--,?9 clo? put on back ( book to /r5g!n ! atta*m5t to ! cov]4 ,,tail4--,same z foot4 ,"p ( ,book at bottom ( page4 ,,tapes4--,pieces ( tape to :i* book is sew$ 9 ,libr>y ,b9d+4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,?ree-,,qu>t]s ,,lea!r4--,cov] ) lea!r on back & corn]s4 ,,tip4--,to atta* a %eet ( pap] by a n>r[ /rip ( pa/e4 ,,turn-,,94--,! p>ts ( lea!r1 clo? & pap] turn$ ov] bo>d1 etc4 ,,weav]',s ,,knot4--,a knot us$ to atta* a new ?read to an old "o4 ,x is made z foll[s3 ,hold old ?read betwe5 ?umb & f+]1 place ! end ( ! new ?read "u ! end ( ! old ?read4 ,!n loop ! new ?read ar\nd its own end4 ,draw ! end ( ! old ?read d[n ov] ! new ?read into ! loop4 ,?is =ms ! knot2 n[ draw ! ?reads tight4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,zigzag4--,a k9d ( fold made 9 ! end folios ( ,libr>y & ,extra ,b9d+s4 ,fig4 #bj1 page #bc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,r5umb]$ ! ,bookb9d+ section by add+ #ajj to all ( its page numb]s4 #c4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4