,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,h&books ,,! ,,agricultural ,,& ,,=e/ ,,products ,,( ,,briti% ,,we/ ,,africa ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,s]ies ,,( ,,h&books ,,to ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,tropics1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,briti% ,,we/ ,,africa ,,issu$ ,,"u ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate ,,= ,,! ,,colonies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dun/an1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute2 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]national ,,association ,,= ,,tropical ,,agriculture ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,africa ,t]ritory held by ,great ,brita9 "u ,m&ate is hat*$ 9 ,r$4 ,leg5d ,/an=d's ,geogl4 ,e/abt41 ,london4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,h&books ,,! ,,agricultural ,,& ,,=e/ ,,products ,,( ,,briti% ,,we/ ,,africa ,,by ,,g]ald ,c4 ,,dudgeon1 ,c4,b4,e4 ,,lately ,,consult+ ,,agriculturi/ ,,& ,,director-,,g5]al ,,( ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,egypt2 ,,previ\sly ,,inspector ,,( ,,agriculture ,,= ,,briti% ,,we/ ,,africa ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dun/an1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,second ,,edition ,,) ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aibb ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book appe>$1 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa has exp]i5c$ a s]i\s set-back 9 its developm5t ?r\gh ! occurr5ce ( ! ,great ,european ,w>4 ,f t w>1 h[ev]1 _m lessons w h be5 le>nt1 :i* w1 x is hop$1 make ! c\rse ( progress 9 ! future m sure & p]haps m rapid4 ,! cultivation ( cotton has n[ be5 %[n to be successful & pr(itable 9 ,nig]ia4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces great progress has be5 made 9 p]fect+ a cotton orig9ally gr[n f 8,am]ican ,upl&0 se$1 :il/ ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces h produc$ increas+ quantities ( an improv$ native cotton ( ! type ( 8,middl+ ,am]ican40 ,! future ( cotton production 9 ,nig]ia is n[ assur$1 & its fur!r developm5t *iefly dep5ds on effective action be+ tak5 on comm]cial l9es4 ,! products ( ! oil palm & especially palm k]nels h be5 9 increas$ dem& = edible purposes1 ! w> hav+ l$ to a f> great] use ( m>g>9e & simil> mat]ials4 ,! p]fection ( processes = ! bett] extraction ( palm oil f ! fruits :i* _h ne>ly rea*$ success at ! outbreak ( w> n[ awaits completion1 :5 a l>ge additional s\rce ( edible oil w be available4 ,9 ! meantime ! trial cultivation ( ?is palm 9 o!r c\ntries has be5 att5d$ ) rem>kable success1 ! gr[? ( ! palm 9 plantations hav+ be5 entirely satisfactory & furni%$ yields ( oil :i* exce$ ^? giv5 by ! wild palm 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e l>ge plantations h be5 made1 & also ,briti% ,malaya1 :]e simil> ent]prise has be5 %[n1 may be=e long be =midable rivals to ,we/ ,africa 9 ! production ( palm k]nels & palm oil4 ,! neglect 9 ,we/ ,africa ( ! wild trees1 ! imp]fect me?ods foll[$ 9 extract+ ! palm oil1 & ! l>ge numb] ( palms unutilis$ are que/ions :i* n[ ne$ r5ew$ att5tion1 & 9 fact ! entire subject ( ! developm5t ( ! palm-oil indu/ry 9 ,we/ ,africa dem&s ! mo/ s]i\s /udy 9 all its aspects if ! indu/ry is n to be supplant$ by ! ent]prise ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ?is & o!r directions :]e ! cont9u\s acquisition ( new k is requisite1 x is satisfactory to le>n t ! /affs ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5ts 9 ,we/ ,africa are to be ext5d$ & bett] remun]at$4 ,9 addition to ?is /ep1 & p]haps equally important1 w be ! increas$ int]e/ & activity ( ^? m]*ants & manufactur]s :o utilise ! raw mat]ials ( ! c\ntry1 & to :om ! comm]cial developm5t ( ,we/ ,africa has hi!rto ow$ s mu*4 ,!re are _m o!r subjects :i*1 x w be se5 f ! new edition ( ?is book1 h come to ! front s9ce ! fir/ edition appe>$1 & n[ ne$ increas$ att5tion4 ,! only rubb] tree :i* has surviv$ z a produc] 9 ! ye>s ( /r5u\s competition is ,hevea brasili5sis1 f :i* ,p>a rubb] is obta9$4 ,successful plantations ( ?is tree h be5 e/abli%$ bo? 9 ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ,nig]ia & 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 & f ! =m] comm]cial rubb] is n[ be+ produc$ ( quality equal to t ( ! rubb] plantations ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,gold ,coa/ has become ! *ief cocoa produc] ( ! _w1 b x is cle> t unremitt+ c>e & att5tion 9 connection ) ! cultivation & ! prep>ation ( cocoa 9 t c\ntry w be necess>y if t supremacy is to be ma9ta9$4 ,9 connection ) ! production ( fibres1 c9*ona b>k1 c9namon1 tobacco1 & _m o!r mat]ials1 !re are promis+ possibilities 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 includ+ ^? new t]ritories = :i*1 z a result ( ! w>1 ,great ,brita9 is n[ responsible4 ,above all1 !re is ! dom9ant problem ( ! gr[? ( food/uffs suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! native populations ( ^! c\ntries4 ,mr4 ,dudgeon1 )9 ! limits impos$ 9 ! production ( a revis$ b n greatly enl>g$ edition1 has successfully br\ght ?is ,h&book up-to-date1 & x is hop$ t x w cont9ue to s]ve z a /&>d guide to all ^? :o require g5]al in=mation respect+ ! agricultural & =e/ products ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dun/an4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 ,m>* #aiba4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,! pres5t s]ies ( ,h&books is int5d$ to pres5t a g5]al acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal comm]cial res\rces ( ! tropics1 & has be5 writt5 ) special ref]5ce to ! res\rces ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa4 ,^! ,h&books w furni% a description ( ! occurr5ce1 cultivation & uses ( ^? tropical mat]ials1 su* z cotton & o!r fibres1 cocoa1 rubb]1 oil-se$s1 tobacco1 etc41 :i* are ( importance to ! produc] 9 ! tropics1 z well z to ! manufactur] & consum] 9 ,europe4 ,)\t attempt+ to include all ! detail$ in=mation ( a sy/ematic treatise on ea* ( ! subjects includ$1 x is believ$ t ^! ,volumes w conta9 mu* in=mation :i* w be ( value to ! tropical agriculturi/ z well z to ! m]*ant & manufactur]4 ,!y w also be ( importance to ,gov]nm5t ,(ficials 9 tropical ,colonies :]e ! advancem5t ( ! ,c\ntry & ! welf>e ( its inhabitants dep5d s l>gely on ! developm5t ( natural res\rces4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ^? c&idates :o are select$ = adm9i/rative appo9tm5ts "u ! ,colonial ,(fice 9 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa are requir$ to pass ?r\gh a %ort c\rse ( in/ruction 9 tropical cultivation & products1 :i* is n[ arrang$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,= ^! prospective (ficials ! pres5t s]ies ( ,h&books w be helpful 9 ! /udy ( a l>ge & g5]ally unfamili> subject4 ,simil>ly x is believ$ t ! s]ies w provide a valuable aid to ! tea*+ ( comm]cial geography4 ,x is hop$ also t ! ,h&books w n be )\t int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( ,imp]ial & national problems4 ,! increase 9 ! productivity ( ! tropics1 & especially ( ! tropical regions )9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 is important1 n only = ! natives ( ^? c\ntries1 & o!rs :o are actually engag$ 9 tropical ent]prise1 b = ! m]*ant & manufactur] at home4 ,! prep>ation = g5]al use ( cotton & o!r fibres1 ( tea1 c(fee & cocoa1 ( oils1 ( tobacco1 & ( num]\s o!r products export$ f ! tropics1 provides ! means ( employm5t & livelihood = a v l>ge proportion ( ! work+ population ( ?is c\ntry1 :il/ e "o at home is int]e/$ 9 secur+ an adequate supply at a mod]ate co/ ( ^! necess>ies & luxuries ( life4 ,! subjects ( ^! ,h&books1 treat$ z !y w be1 z f> z possible1 9 non-te*nical language1 %\ld !re=e appeal to a l>ge class ( read]s4 ,! pres5t ,h&book deals ) ! ,agricultural & ,=e/ ,products ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa & s]ves z an introduction to ?is s]ies4 ,mr4 ,dudgeon1 :o until lately 0 ,inspector ( ,agriculture 9 ! ,we/ ,african ,colonies & ,protectorates1 writes ) an unrivall$ k ( 8 subject1 & gives a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! vegetable products ( t c\ntry1 :i* w af=d to ! g5]al read] "s idea ( ! enorm\s possibilities ( ?is ,briti% t]ritory n[ 9 ! process ( rapid comm]cial developm5t4 ,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dun/an4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 ,s4,w4 ,m>* #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,pages ,,! ,,gambia #a-ad ,,"p ,,ii ,,si]ra ,,leone #ae-db ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,gold ,,coa/1 ,,a%anti1 ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritories #dc-ib ,,"p ,,iv ,,nig]ia--,,s\!rn ,,prov9ces #ic-aai ,,"p ,v ,,nig]ia--,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces #abj-afd ,,index #afe-agf ,,li/ ,,( ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,briti% ,,we/ ,,africa ,frontispiece ,,gambia ,,& ,,si]ra ,,leone ,,opposite ,,page ,,jolah ,,) ,,native ,,h&-,,pl\gh1 ,,bullelai1 ,,fogni #c ,,can>y ,,isl& ,,pl\gh1 ,,agricultural ,,s*ool1 ,,abuko #c ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,ficus vogelii7 ,,at ,,ba?ur/ #c ,,rubb] ,,v9e 7,l&olphia heudelotii7 ,,at ,,kotoo #i ,,ce>a ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,manihot glaziovii7 ,,at ,,bakau #i ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,ca/illoa ela/ica7 ,,at ,,kotoo #i ,,fruits ,,( ,,oil ,,palms1 ,,si]ra ,,leone #ac ,,sweet ,,cassava1 ,,) ,,baobab ,,trees1 ,,bakau #ac ,,indigo ,,dy]s1 ,,mcc>?y ,,isl& #ac ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,gambia ,,& ,,si]ra ,,leone #ae ,,oil ,,palms 7,elis gu9e5sis71 ,,mafokoyia #ba ,,native ,,collect+ ,,oil ,,palm ,,fruit1 ,,blama #ba ,,kola ,,tree ,,at ,,mano #ba ,,native ,,weav] ,,at ,,p5dembu #ce ,,gold ,,coa/ ,,kumassi1 ,,! ,,capital ,,( ,,a%anti #ce ,,/one ,,vat ,,= ,,p\nd+ ,,palm ,,fruits1 ,,) ,,surr\nd+ #ce ,,gutt] ,,& ,,oil ,,well1 ,,krobo ,,plantations ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,gold ,,coa/ #dc ,,cocoa ,,at ,,mramra ,,attack$ ,,by ,,black ,,cocoa-,,b>k ,,bug #ea ,,dry+ ,,cocoa ,,beans ,,at ,,mramra #ea ,,native ,,tapp+ ,,indig5\s ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,funtumia #ea ela/ica71 ,,oboamang1 ,,a%anti 8,,odum0 ,,trees 7,*lorophora excelsa7 #fa ,,p>a ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,hevea brasili5sis71 ,,tapp$ ,,at ,,aburi #fa ,,rubb] ,,tree ,,tapp$1 ,,h]r+-,,bone ,,sy/em ,,imp]fect1 ,,aburi #fa ,,nig]ia--,,s\!rn ,,prov9ces ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,nig]ia #ic ,,/ra9+ ,,oil ,,f ,,! ,,fibr\s ,,pulp ,,( ,,! ,,oil ,,palm1 #ig ,,o%ogbo ,,cotton ,,bales1 ,,m>lbor\gh ,,g9n]y1 ,,ibadan #ig ,,af>a ,,tree 7,t]m9alia sup]ba7 ,,at ,,olokomeji #ig ,,dw>f ,,cattle1 ,,ill>a #aai ,,owo #aai ,,nig]ia--,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces ,,haussa ,,cultivat+ ,,implem5ts 7,,left ,,to ,,"r3 ,i4 #aai ,,fata9ya1 ,,ii4 ,,g>ma1 ,,iii4 ,,sangumi71 ,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,nig]ia #abj ,,%ea-,,butt] ,,tree 7,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii71 ,,) #acj ,,nut-,,collectors1 ,,ilor9 ,,yield+ ,,gum ,,tree 7,acacia caffra7 ,,at ,,kontagora #acj ,,locu/-,,bean ,,tree 7,p>kia filicoidea7 ,,at ,,ilor9 #acj ,,village ,,( ,,fogola1 ,,built ,,( ,,gu9ea-,,corn ,,/alks #acg ,,outside ,,! ,,emir',s ,,palace1 ,,kano #acg ,,ne> ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,gate1 ,,z>ia #acg ,,briti% ,,cotton ,,gr[+ ,,association ,,g9n]y1 ,,ogudu1 ,,ilor9 #aee ,,gw>i ,,t[n1 ,,opposite ,,m9na1 ,,s\? ,,( ,,z>ia #aee ,,c[ ,,fulani ,,woman ,,sell+ ,,milk ,,at ,,gw>i #aee ,,! ,,gambia ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,geographical ,position4--,! ,gambia ,colony & ,protectorate consi/s ( a n>r[ tract ( c\ntry foll[+ ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! riv] f :i* x takes its "n1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #bej miles1 & ext5d+ approximately f\r miles f ! riv] on bo? banks4 ,! :ole c\ntry lies betwe5 #ab #aj & #ac #ae nor? latitude & #ac #ej & #af #dj we/ longitude4 ,x is ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,african possessions4 ,area & ,population4--,! ext5t ( t]ritory is said to be #c1fai squ>e miles1 mu* ( :i* consi/s ( l[-ly+ l& int]sect$ by creeks & riv]s1 :i* "u tidal influ5ce are (t5 d5sely af=e/$ ) mangroves4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaa ! ,colony & ,protectorate _h populations ( #g1gjj & #ach1dja respectively1 totall+ #adf1aja4 ,! total ( #ij1djd giv5 9 ! previ\s c5sus is n[ admitt$ to h be5 bel[ ! actual am\nt4 ,a l>ge migratory f>m+ community exi/s1 com+ annually f ! adjo9+ c\ntries1 = ! purpose ( rais+ gr\ndnut crops4 ,?is 9 #aiaa numb]$ #c1cfg4 ,_m ( ^! immigrants are report$ to h rema9$ & e/abli%$ !mselves p]man5tly "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,tribes4--,! pr9cipal tribes inhabit+ ! ,gambia are ! ,m&+oes1 ,f\lahs1 ,jol(fs1 & ,jolahs4 ,! fir/-nam$ are ! mo/ num]\s1 & are1 g5]ally speak+1 ,mohamm$ans1 al?\gh !re are _m 8,sonn9kis0 or _s dr9k]s among !m4 ,! ,f\lahs are id5tical ) ! ,fulanis ( ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & are frequ5tly fair-sk9n$ )\t negroid features4 ,!y are said to be /rictly ,mohamm$an1 & to h orig9at$ f ! c\ntry ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,s5egal riv]4 ,! ,jol(fs occupy ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,gambia riv]1 & ext5d well into ,s5egal4 ,! ,jolahs inhabit ! prov9ce ( ,fogni1 & spread into ! conf9es ( ,fr5* t]ritory t[>ds ! ,casamance riv]4 ,!y are a curi\s race1 giv5 to liv+ 9 small family villages1 & are said to be v9dictive4 ,!y are ( a l[] type ?an ! ?ree o!r tribes m5tion$1 & are jeal\s ( _! rights4 ,political ,divisions4--,! ,protectorate is divid$ into five di/ricts1 ea* "u ! control ( a ,travell+ ,commission]4 ,^! di/ricts are nam$ 9 accordance ) _! positions3 ,nor? ,bank1 ,s\? ,bank1 ,m#8,c>?y ,isl&1 ,kommbo & ,fogni1 & ,upp] ,riv]4 ,natural ,conditions4--,! climatic conditions ( ! c\ntry are fav\rable to ! bre$+ ( cattle & horses1 al?\gh 9 ! vic9ity ( ! riv] & creeks two species ( tsetse fly are common4 ,by c>efully prev5t+ animals f /ray+ into ^! infe/$ tracts ! spread ( fly-borne disease is held 9 *eck1 & cases are comp>atively r>e4 ,dur+ ! dry season1 :i* (t5 occupies sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 f ,novemb] to ,may1 ! highe/ maximum & ! l[e/ m9imum temp]atures are record$2 ! range be+ f #da 7l[e/ m9imum1 ,m>* #aiji7 to #aje 7highe/ maximum1 ,m>* #aiji & ,april #aiaa74 ,! ra9fall1 ( :i* (ficial records are kept at ,ba?ur/1 v>ies consid]ably1 z ! foll[+ extract w s]ve to %[3 #aija #deca in*es #aiaj #ddjj in*es #aijb #bidb #aiaa #bhad #aijc #egac #aiab #ccii #aijd #chjb #aiac #bcfh #aije #ffjg #aiad #dhia #aijf #fdcf #aiae #dgfd #aijg #cdjj #aiaf #chjb #aijh #dced #aiag #cgfh #aiji #efei #aiah #edjc ,soil4--,! soil g5]ally is ( a light s&y nature1 becom+ /iff] z ! undulat+ regions ( ! upp] riv] are approa*$4 ,! l[ c\ntries are subject to flood 9 ! ra9y season1 & are only fav\rable = rice cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jolah ,,) ,,native ,,h&-,,pl\gh1 ,,bullelai1 ,,fogni4 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,can>y ,,isl& ,,pl\gh1 ,,agricultural ,,s*ool1 ,,abuko4 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,,ficus ,,vogelii7 ,,at ,,ba?ur/4 ,fig4 #c1 p4 #i4 ,*ief ,crops4--,! c\ntry is r sp>sely populat$1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! p are fair cultivators & prep>e _! l&s 9 a c>eful mann]4 ,practically ! only crop gr[n = export is ! gr\ndnut1 monkey-nut1 or e>?-pea 7,ara*is hypoga71 :i* =ms by f> ! mo/ important article ( cultivation4 ,alt]nat+ ?is ) ! /aple food-crops ( ! c\ntry1 namely1 gu9ea-corn1 maize1 millet1 & cassava1 a fairly useful =m ( rotation is obta9$4 ,implem5ts4--,cultivation among ! ,m&+oes & ,jol(fs is p]=m$ by means ( a l>ge wood5-blad$1 iron-%od hoe1 ) :i* ! loose e>? ridges are ?r[n up4 ,a small iron hoe is us$ = keep+ d[n we$s & cle>+4 ,9 ! ,jolah c\ntry a h&pl\gh is employ$1 consi/+ ( a flat blade atta*$ to a pole1 & pu%$ 9 front ( ! op]ator1 s z to ?r[ up a %all[ ridge4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! picture :i* repres5ts a native ) ! implem5t at ,bullelai 7,fig4 #a74 ,pl\gh+4--,cattle are pl5tiful1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( !re be+ an insuffici5cy ( fodd] = !m 9 ! dry season 9 "s localities4 ,!y are *iefly kept = ! purpose ( display+ ! weal? ( _! own]s1 & are n employ$ = any k9d ( f>m "w4 ,not)/&+ ! %ortage ( manual lab\r & ! successful demon/rations made by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,fa!rs at ! ,abuko ,agricultural ,s*ool1 to prove ! value ( sub/itut+ animal draught = manual lab\r 9 till+ ! l&1 ! prejudice on ! "p ( ! natives aga9/ ! use ( _! cattle = pl\gh+ or c>tage has n be5 ov]come4 ,a photograph is giv5 %[+ a native ) a ,can>y ,isl& pl\gh drawn by locally-tra9$ bullocks 7,fig4 #b74 ,ow+ to ! failure att5d+ ! ef=ts to introduce pl\gh+ & cattle bre$+ at ,abuko1 :]e1 = ! latt] purpose1 "s ,ayr%ire bulls 7 provid$1 ! ,gov]mn5t )drew ! provisional subsidy 9 #aiaa4 ,l& ,t5ure4--,l& own]%ip is h]$it>y & desc5ds f fa!r to son among ! ,m&+oes & ,jol(fs4 ,no fees are paid or pres5ts giv5 to *iefs :5 a transf] is made4 ,europeans c r5t l& f ,gov]nm5t 9 cases :]e x is n held or claim$ by a native4 ,grants are app>5tly issu$ = v>i\s p]iods1 b freehold rights are n giv54 ,! rules reg>d+ ! it9]ant1 s-call$ 8/range f>m]s10 :o annually visit ! c\ntry to plant gr\ndnuts1 v>y to "s ext5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,protectorate4 ,:]e h]$it>y rul+ *iefs exi/1 a tax ( #ds4 p] head is paid to !m4 ,9 o!r places1 half ( ?is tax goes to ,gov]nm5t1 "o-qu>t] to ! *ief1 & "o-qu>t] to ! f>m]'s l&lord4 ,! l&[n] g5]ally gives ! gr\ndnut se$ & food z well z a piece ( l& to be cultivat$4 ,9 paym5t = ! se$ & food1 x is a rule to give "o-t5? ( ! crop4 ,dur+ ! "t ! /range f>m] is 9 occupation he is expect$ to give "o or two days' "w ea* week on ! l&[n]'s own f>m4 ,lab\r4--,!re is no fix$ rate paid by ! ,gov]nm5t = lab\r4 ,all ! "w on a f>m is done by ! own] & 8 own boys1 b occasionally o!rs come 9 to assi/ f ! neighb\r+ f>ms1 b no paym5t is made--only a pres5t ( kolas be+ usually giv54 ,agricultural ,s*ools4--,an agricultural s*ool1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 0 />t$ at ,abuko1 ne> ,lamm91 "u ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,fa!rs !re1 & a subsidy 0 grant$ by ! ,gov]nm5t especially = ! purpose ( educat+ ! sons ( l>ge cultivators & *iefs 9 ! use ( pl\ghs & o!r lab\r-sav+ implem5ts4 ,a /ipulation 0 made t ! "w %\ld be inspect$ by a ,gov]nm5t (fic] f "t to "t4 ,9 spite ( ?is a fe> 0 express$ at ! outset t ! att5dance at ^! s*ools w\ld be disappo9t+1 9 view ( ! fact t ,mohamm$an *iefs w\ld be re/ra9$ by _! mallams f s5d+ _! *ildr5 :]e !re might be a risk ( _! religi\s conv]sion4 ,al?\gh x _h be5 specially laid d[n t no religi\s tea*+ w\ld be insi/$ ^u1 ! fe> prov$ ju/ifi$ & ! s*ool nev] became a success1 ! att5dance be+ only ( a few ali5s4 ,s9ce ! clos+ ( ?is s*ool no r5ewal ( agricultural in/ruction seems to h be5 made4 ,*ief ,exports4--,! foll[+ table gives ! av]age am\nts & values ( ! *ief exports = #aijj-aj1 & ! individual figures = ! rema9+ ye>s to #aiah4 ,gr\ndnuts ,rubb] lbs4 ,beeswax lbs4 ,palm ,k]nels ,ye> tons & value & value & value tons & value #aijj-aj ,av4 #ci1jjj tons #df1jjj lbs4 #de1ejj lbs4 #bee tons #bej1jjj #c1ejj #b1jjj #b1bfj #aiaa #dg1ica tons #aj1gcc lbs4 #cc1hga lbs4 #ddc tons #dcg1dgb #hcf #a1ead #d1geh #aiab #fd1afi tons #d1cce lbs4 #cj1hcj lbs4 #dde tons #ejb1jfi #dji #a1afd #f1eah #aiac #fg1djd tons #ab1iie lbs4 #ca1eah lbs4 #edf tons #fbb1jih #a1jbg #iij #i1jbf #aiad #ff1hhe tons #c1edh lbs4 #ae1eac lbs4 #die tons #fej1dfa #ajb #dgc #g1hae #aiae #if1aeb tons #a1aga lbs4 #i1efc lbs4 #cbf tons #djj1dce #ca #caa #e1deg #aiaf #df1cff tons #cee lbs4 #f1iej lbs4 #ffi tons #ejf1jih #bc #ajd #ad1fga #aiag #gd1cjj tons #a1gec lbs4 #c1ifb lbs4 #ecb tons #hfi1gij #ahg #bdg #g1iid #aiah #ef1dhi tons #efd lbs4 #h1fbf lbs4 #fdd tons #hjj1cai #dj #eja #i1hjj ,note4--,cotton exports 7 #ei1hbh lbs4 & #b1egb lbs4 9 #aijd & #aije respectively4 ,none has be5 export$ s9ce4 ,,gr\ndnuts4--,?is commodity is by f> ! mo/ important export$ product1 & is alone subject to a duty levi$ by ! ,adm9i/ration4 ,uses4--,! undecorticat$ nuts are %ipp$1 *iefly1 to ! ,fr5* ports & to ,hamburg1 = ! expression ( an oil ( excell5t quality1 ( :i* !y yield on an av]age ab\t #cj p] c5t41 e/imat$ on ! weight ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,?is is equival5t to ab\t #dd p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! extract$ k]nels4 ,! mode ( extraction 9 g5]al employm5t 9 ,france is to gr9d ! k]nels into a f9e meal1 f :i* ! fir/ quality ( oil is extract$ by cold expression1 yield+ ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,! meal is !n moi/5$ ) cold wat]1 & at ! second expression #f p] c5t4 m is obta9$4 ,bo? ( ^! oils are useful = alim5t>y purposes4 ,a ?ird expression is made f ! residue treat$ ) hot wat]1 & gives a fur!r #f p] c5t41 :i* is *iefly employ$ = light+ purposes1 lubricat+ & soap-mak+4 ,! f9e oils are sub/itut$ =1 or mix$ )1 ! olive-oils ( comm]ce = salad oils1 & ent] into ! manufacture ( oleo-m>g>9e4 ,aft] ^! expressions ( oil h be5 made1 ! meal is press$ into cakes & us$ = cattle-food & manurial purposes4 ,classification & ,description ( ! ,gr\ndnut ,plant4--,! gr\ndnut belongs to ! ,sub-,ord] ,papilionace1 ( ! ,ord] ,,legum9os1 & is t]m$ ,ara*is hypoga1 ,l9n4 ,! plant cultivat$ 9 ,s5egal & ! ,gambia gr[s 9 a spread+ =m1 ) bran*es ( f #ab to #ah in*es 9 l5g?1 & possesses oval leaflets giv5 (f 9 d\ble pairs4 ,a l>ge numb] ( conspicu\s yell[ fl[]s appe> f ! upp] leaf axils1 b are n capable ( f]tilisation4 ,^? spr++ f ! l[] leaf axils ne>e/ ! gr\nd are small & g5]ally hidd51 b produce fruitful pods4 ,aft] f]tilisation ! /ems ( ^! fl[]s become elongat$1 & are direct$ d[nw>ds1 =c+ ! ov>y into ! gr\nd1 9 :i* x comm5ces to swell to ! mature size1 frequ5tly p5etrat+ to a dep? ( two in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,! fruit is a pale /raw-col\r$1 irregul>ly-cyl9drical pod1 ) ! surface ( ! %ell pitt$ & longitud9ally ribb$4 ,9 ! ,gambian v>iety1 :i* is id5tical ) ! common ,s5egalese k9d1 !re are usually two k]nels 9 ea* pod1 b ?ree or "o are also f\nd4 ,! plant is ( d\btful orig91 b x is g5]ally suppos$ t x may h be5 introduc$ into ,africa f ,brazil 7:]e ! g5us ,ara*is is well repres5t$7 ne>ly f\r c5turies ago1 by ! ,portuguese slave-trad]s4 ,ab\t #ahdj gr\ndnuts began to attract ! att5tion ( ,european manufactur]s1 on acc\nt ( ! value ( ! oil obta9$ f !m1 &1 9 common ) ! ,s5egalese1 ! ,gambian natives 7 induc$ to und]take cultivation ^u a l>ge scale4 ,! nuts gr[n 9 ! ,gambia & 9 ,sal\m1 9 ! ,fr5* t]ritory adjo9+ on ! nor?1 are class$ z ( second quality2 ^? f ,cayor & ,rufisque hold+ ! fir/1 & ^? f ! ,casamance & ,portuguese ,gu9ea ! ?ird1 places4 ,! se$s are s[n ^u ridges ) flatt5$ tops1 & ! crop occupies ! gr\nd = ab\t f\r mon?s--,july to ,octob]--correspond+ to ! p]iod ( heavy ra9fall 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! bran*es comm5ce to )]1 ! :ole plant is c>efully pull$ up1 s t ! pods1 :i* are !n mature1 rema9 atta*$4 ,! plants are !n /ack$ 9 ! fields1 & are (t5 cov]$ ov] ) ! leaves ( ! fan-palm4 ,! gre5 p>ts dry into a hay1 :i*1 :5 ! pods h be5 beat5 out1 is us$ z horse-fodd]4 ,! adv5t ( ra9 aft] /ack+ (t5 does great damage to ! crop1 b ! occurr5ce is s r>e t x has be5 f\nd difficult to induce ! native to take common precautions aga9/ x4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! ,gov]nm5t h tak5 /eps to en=ce a regulation ) reg>d to ?is1 & 9 consequ5ce dra9s are n[ g5]ally cut ar\nd ! /acks1 & cov]+s ( palm-leaves are left on until ! nuts are ready to be beat5 out4 ,9 ! ,jolah c\ntry rais$ plat=ms are con/ruct$ = /ack+ ?is crop z well z o!rs4 ,aft] ! nuts h be5 beat5 out f ! dri$ plants1 !y are w9n[$ by all[+ !m to fall f a slight elevation 9 a g5tle breeze4 ,a good crop ( nuts 9 ! ,gambia is e/imat$ at ab\t #dd bu%els p] acre1 equival5t to ov] half a ton1 b l>g] yields are frequ5tly obta9$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t /&>d bu%el is us$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & may conta9 f #be to #ca lbs4 ( undecorticat$ nuts4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made f "t to "t1 to e/abli% a ?ree-k]nel nut in/ead ( ! two-k]nel "o1 b ! results obta9$ h n %[n t any advantage c\ld be ga9$ 9 ?is way4 ,o!r v>ieties ( nuts h be5 introduc$ & cultivat$1 b no ext5sive plant+ ( new k9ds has yet be5 f\nd wor? adoption4 ,! plant seldom suff]s f sev]e attacks ( disease1 al?\gh a :ite fungus 0 preval5t 9 "s localities 9 #aijf4 ,?is affection 0 t]m$ 8tio j>ank>o0 by ! ,m&+oes4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye> x completely disappe>$1 & has n be5 report$ to h occurr$ s9ce4 ,! ext]m9ation ( ?is disease 0 d\btless 9 a l>ge measure due to ! c>eful way 9 :i* ! selection & di/ribution ( se$ _h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 accu/om$ to pur*ase a c]ta9 quantity ( ! be/ nuts ea* season1 & to di/ribute ^! at s[+ "t to ! cultivators1 on cr$it4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 9 a season :5 ! prices = nuts 7 high1 ! ?riftless native w\ld be induc$ to sell e nut1 res]v+ no?+ = s[+ ! next ye>4 ,! sy/em adopt$ is greatly appreciat$ by ! cultivators & m]*ants alike1 & has )\t d\bt contribut$ l>gely to ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,se$ is n only int]*ang$1 9 ?is mann]1 ) advantage betwe5 diff]5t di/ricts1 b fre% se$ is sometimes also provid$ f ,s5egal4 ,! immigrant or 8/range f>m]s0 are g5]ally welcom$ by ! l&-own]s1 :o usually manage to lease !m ! fields :i* require ! mo/ clean+4 ,aft] ! immigrant f>m] has reap$ 8 gr\ndnut crop1 ! field is left 9 a good /ate ( til? = ! own] to s[ 8 gu9ea corn4 ,! occurr5ce ( ru9\s competition among m]*ants at ,ba?ur/ induc$ !m to =m a 8comb9e0 to regulate ! buy+ price ( nuts2 ! pur*ases be+ pool$ & !n divid$ accord+ to a fix$ scale4 ,a rec5t attempt to div]t ,gambian nuts to ,s5egal ports = %ipm5t1 by ! levy ( an import tax at ,m>seilles1 0 oppos$ by ! ,fr5* & ,briti% m]*ants alike1 & ! fe> t ! produce might only be div]t$ to ano!r de/9ation l$ to its ab&onm5t4 ,= fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! cultivation1 v>ieties & uses ( gr\ndnuts1 see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii4 7#aiaj71 pp4 #aec-gb4 ,,rubb]4--,a good quality ( rubb] is produc$ 9 ! ,jolah c\ntry1 9 p>ticul>1 f ,l&olphia ,heudelotii1 an apocynace\s v9e1 :i* gr[s commonly 9 ! grass l&s ( ,fogni4 ,! v9e is tapp$ by wom51 :o1 aft] digg+ a hole ne> ! root ( ! plant1 make a numb] ( transv]se cuts ^u ! root-/em4 ,! latex fl[s rapidly f su* cuts1 & is coagulat$ by ?r[+ salt wat] on ! w\nd4 ,! scrap rubb] :i* =ms is collect$ ! foll[+ day1 & ! pieces are atta*$ to "o ano!r1 =m+ an op5 sponge-l ball ( a p9ki%-:ite col\r4 ,s& is (t5 pres5t 9 ^! balls ow+ to ! fall5 latex be+ add$ to ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rubb] ,,v9e 7,,l&olphia ,,heudelotii7 ,,at ,,kotoo4 ,fig4 #d4 p4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ce>a ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,,manihot ,,glaziovii7 ,,at ,,bakau4 ,fig4 #e1 p4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,,ca/illoa ,,ela/ica7 ,,at ,,kotoo4 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #aj4 ,9 addition to ! inhabitants !mselves collect+ rubb]1 natives belong+ to a tribe f ,portuguese ,gu9ea1 call$ 8,manjagos10 travel ?r\gh ! c\ntry = ! purpose2 ! rubb] :i* !y obta9 be+ sold 9 ! ,fr5* ,colony to ! s\? ( ! ,gambia4 ,! 8,manjagos0 are said to make a semicircul> cut ^u ! ?ick v9e-/ems j above ! gr\nd1 to induce ! bett] fl[ ( latex4 ,?is1 !y ma9ta91 is n a de/ructive me?od1 & t1 z ! root /ock is un9jur$1 ! plant cont9ues to yield latex = a long "t4 ,at "o "t ! rubb] v9e mu/ h be5 pl5tiful1 b ! ru% = x :i* occurr$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury has _h ! effect ( ext]m9at+ x1 except 9 ! m inaccessible places4 ,! export has decl9$ & is n[ insignificant4 ,! plant is kn[n to ! ,m&+oes z 8,folio40 ,an illu/ration is giv5 %[+ ?is plant at ,kotoo 7,fig4 #d74 ,l&olphia florida1 ,b5?41 is common 9 places simil> to ^? :]e ! la/-m5tion$ v9e occurs1 b ! latex is n us$ 9 any way to adult]ate ! good rubb]1 nor is inf]ior 8pa/e0 rubb] made f x1 z 9 o!r places 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,ficus ,vogelii1 kn[n z 8,kobbo0 7,m&+o71 has rec5tly be5 us$ = extract+ an inf]ior rubb]1 :i* has be5 %ipp$ 9 small quantities4 ,?is tree is f\nd gr[+ 9 ,ba?ur/ z well z 9 _m ( ! l>ge t[ns1 :]e x (t5 atta9s a l>ge size1 & af=ds an excell5t %ade = native m>kets1 etc4 ,a view ( a tree 9 ,ba?ur/ is %[n 7,fig4 #c74 ,in=mation reg>d+ ! composition & value ( ! rubb] ( ,ficus ,vogelii is giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 7#aiji71 p4 #bfj4 ,"s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican species ( rubb] trees h be5 plant$ at diff]5t places1 b = ! mo/ "p ! climatic conditions h prov$ unsuitable = _! e/abli%m5t4 ,an exception to ?is is ! ,ce>a rubb] 7,manihot ,glaziovii71 l>ge trees ( :i* 7 to be se5 9 ,ba?ur/ & at ,bakau1 b 9 ! latt] locality appe> to h be5 cut d[n dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ,ce>a rubb] has n prov$ successful 9 plantations made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 =1 al?\gh rubb] ( ! f9e/ quality c be easily prep>$ f ! latex1 ! tree furni%es an extremely incon/ant yield ( latex4 ,9 ! ,gambia ! tree reproduces readily1 &1 z f> z c be judg$1 produces a latex capable ( be+ coagulat$ into good rubb]4 ,z a %ade tree x is recomm5d$ to be gr[n along public roads1 & x might prove exp$i5t 9 ! c\ntry to make small exp]im5tal plantations1 9 ! mann] adopt$ 9 ,togol& & else:]e4 ,by ?is sy/em1 tapp+ is cont9u$ = a few ye>s1 & :ole blocks ( trees are cut out z !y cease to yield latex--! se$l+s :i* h sprung up b5ea? ^! trees be+ p]mitt$ to take ! place ( ! orig9al trees4 ,an illu/ration %[+ a ,ce>a rubb] tree at ,bakau is giv5 7,fig4 #e74 ,"o specim5 ( ,ca/illoa ela/ica1 ( :i* a photograph is giv5 7,fig4 #f71 is gr[+ 9 ! ,kotoo f>m1 ab\t #ab miles f ,ba?ur/4 ,?is tree has n1 s f>1 prov$ successful 9 ,we/ ,africa1 & ! example photograph$ is app>5tly 9 bett] condition ?an ^? gr[n 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,funtumia ela/ica1 ! ,lagos silk rubb] tree1 does n ?rive 9 ! ,gambia1 & ! ra9fall has be5 f\nd to be insuffici5tly di/ribut$ = ! cultivation ( ! ,p>a rubb] tree 7,hevea brasili5sis74 ,! obs]v$ facts po9t to ! conclusion t fur!r exp]im5tal trials ( c]ta9 species ( rubb] trees 9 ! ,gambia %\ld be made4 ,,beeswax4--,x w be obs]v$ t a l>ge quantity ( beeswax is annually export$1 ! quality ( :i* is high4 ,! native bee is a small =m ( ,apis mellif]a1 v>4 ,adansonii4 ,x is f\nd 9 a wild /ate =m+ ne/s 9 holl[ trees or rock cavities4 ,! ,m&+oes collect ! wild sw>ms & conf9e !m 9 basket-hives1 cyl9drical 9 =m & sometimes pla/]$ ov] ) mud4 ,^! are plac$ 9 high trees or 9 ab&on$ huts4 ,! wax is sold 9 a crude =m to ! ,ba?ur/ m]*ants1 :o boil x d[n & /ra9 x previ\s to %ipm5t4 ,! ,european m>ket value ( ! clean$ wax is f #e to #f p] cwt4 ,a detail$ description ( me?ods = ! ref9+ ( wild bees' wax = export is publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii4 7#aiaj71 pp4 #bc-ca4 ,,palm ,,k]nels4--,! ,we/ ,african oil palm1 ,elis gu9e5sis1 is f\nd commonly 9 "s p>ts1 b ! heads produc$ are small & c>ry small fruits1 conta9+ little oil4 ,?is oil is us$ locally1 & ! k]nels f ! nuts alone are %ipp$4 ,! palm is *iefly valu$ = ! production ( palm w9e1 :i* is tapp$ f ! base ( ! fruit+ /ems into funnell$ g\rds1 hung b5ea? ! holes4 ,! tree is app>5tly nev] fell$ = ! purpose1 &1 by limit+ ! am\nt ( w9e extract$1 x survives = a long p]iod4 ,,cotton4--,! ,m&+oes & ,jolahs cultivate cotton = mak+ ! y>n us$ 9 _! native looms1 9 :i* !y weave ! /rips ( clo? call$ 8pagns40 ,^! /rips are aft]w>ds sewn toge!r along _! lat]al edges & made into g[ns4 ,! native cotton plant v>ies some:at 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ,kommbo1 a long /raggl+ =m occurs1 :i* is reta9$ = two seasons to produce cotton1 b 9 ! ,jolah c\ntry a small annual is mo/ frequ5tly se54 ,! =m] is gr[n z a mix$ crop & ! latt] 9 sep>ate pat*es4 ,9 quality1 f ! ,european sp9n]'s po9t ( view1 ! ,m&+o cotton l9t comp>es fav\rably ) ! comm]cial type call$ 8middl+ ,am]ican0 z f> z l5g? ( /aple is conc]n$1 al?\gh x is n s :ite1 nor is !re s mu* silk9ess app>5t4 ,x has be5 rightly rem>k$ t ! native v>iety1 if prop]ly cultivat$1 w\ld probably give a bett] result ?an w\ld be obta9$ f ! introduction ( ,am]ican se$4 ,! ,jolah cotton is %ort-/apl$ & woolly1 ?\gh :it] ?an ! ,m&+o4 ,x w\ld be m difficult to improve ?is k9d suffici5tly to suit ! ,european dem&4 ,egyptian cotton se$ 0 tri$ 9 ! ,gambia ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 & ! v>iety 0 at fir/ consid]$ suitable2 ! cultivation 01 h[ev]1 n proce$$ )1 ow+ to local difficulties4 ,! ob/acles :i* h9d]$ ! developm5t ( cotton-gr[+ 9 ! ,gambia = export 7 ! same z ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! local dem& = raw cotton preclud$ x f be+ obta9$ at a suffici5tly l[ price to leave a m>g9 ( pr(it to export]s1 & 9 addition to ?is1 lab\r 0 n suffici5tly abundant1 nor 7 ! natives famili> ) lab\r-sav+ me?ods 9 cultivation4 ,attempts to e/abli% an int]e/ 9 ! matt] produc$ a fair am\nt ( raw cotton 9 #aijd1 b s9ce t ye> ! export$ quantity rapidly dim9i%$ & has n[ ceas$ altoge!r4 ,= reports on ! quality ( ! cotton produc$ 9 ! ,gambia see ,pr(essor ,dun/an's ,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation 7,colonial ,reports--,miscellane\s ,s]ies1 ,cd4 #ciig1 #aijh71 p4 #bf1 & ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiba4 ,samples may be se5 9 ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute ,collections4 ,,gra9 ,,crops4--,no gra9 is export$1 z ow+ to ! "w ( ! scanty population be+ s l>gely appli$ to ! cultivation ( gr\ndnuts1 sc>cely suffici5t food-/uff is gr[n = _! own requirem5ts4 ,gu9ea-corn 7,sorghum vulg>e71 ! two mo/ important v>ieties ( :i* are kn[n z 8,bassi0 & 8,k9to0 9 ! ,m&+o language1 are commonly us$ = food1 b dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! repeat$ annual attacks on ! crop by ,aphis sorghi1 maize-gr[+ 0 sub/itut$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,:ite maize se$ 0 obta9$ f ,lagos1 & yell[ maize se$ f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 b ! gra9 is n appreciat$ to ! same ext5t z ,gu9ea corn4 ,p5nisetum typhoideum1 ! l>ge millet1 ( :i* ! commone/ v>iety is kn[n 9 ,m&+o z 8,sannio10 is alt]nat$ ) ,gu9ea corn or maize1 b is (t5 badly affect$ by a 8smut fungus0 7,u/ilago sp471 :i* also attacks ! 8,k9to0 v>iety ( ,gu9ea corn4 ,a small grass is (t5 gr[n 9 ! millet fields1 yield+ a crop ( f9e se$ :i* is made into fl\r = ! prep>ation ( a k9d ( porridge4 ,?is is t]m$ 8,f9di0 locally4 ,rice 7,oryza sativa7 is some:at ext5sively gr[n 9 ! swamp l&s1 b ! success ( ! crop is v l>gely dep5d5t on ! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall4 ,:ole tracts ( rice fields are de/roy$ 9 "s ye>s1 ow+ to excessive floods1 z no precautions are tak5 to gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,x is *iefly on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! gra9 crops1 t a l>ge quantity ( rice has to be import$ annually to supplem5t t produc$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,^! imports (t5 am\nt to six or sev5 ?\s& tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fruits ,,( ,,oil ,,palms1 ,,si]ra ,,leone4 ,fig4 #i1 p4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sweet ,,cassava1 ,,) ,,baobab ,,trees1 ,,bakau4 ,fig4 #g1 p4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indigo ,,dy]s1 ,mc,c,a,r,t,h,y ,,isl&4 ,fig4 #h1 p4 #ac4 ,,root ,,& ,,o!r ,,crops4--,sweet cassava 7,manihot palmata7 is frequ5tly plant$ z a t]m9al crop 9 ! crude rotation employ$4 ,?is v>iety c be eat5 )\t previ\sly wa%+ or cook+4 ,an illu/ration ( a cassava field is giv5 7,fig4 #g74 ,two or ?ree k9ds ( beans are plant$1 ?\gh n ext5sively 9 spite ( a good local dem& = !m4 ,okra 7,hibiscus escul5tus71 cultivat$ = ! edible fruit pods1 indigo 7,indig(]a sp47 employ$ = mak+ ! local blue dye1 & tobacco 7,nicotiana tabacum71 are plant$ ne> h\ses4 ,a photograph is giv5 exhibit+ ! diff]5t ut5sils requir$ = ! prep>ation ( indigo1 & cakes ( ! dri$ & f]m5t$ indigo /alks1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are pres]v$1 are %[n susp5d$ 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #h74 ,! tobacco prep>$ is usually gr\nd into snuff1 9 :i* =m x is us$ = *ew+ z well z = smok+4 ,,tann+4--,goat-sk9s are tann$ 9 ! mann] simil> to t employ$ by ! ,haussas2 ,acacia arabica pods be+ us$ 9 ! process4 ,! p :o p]=m ! "w ( prep>+ & work+ lea!r are t]m$ 8,korankos40 ,r$ & black inks1 pur*as$ f ! ,european m]*ants1 are us$ = /a9+ ! lea!r1 :i* is inf]ior to t produc$ 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia 7see p4 #adb74 ,,fibres4--,! c\ntry seems to be pl5tifully suppli$ ) fibre plants 9 a wild /ate1 *iefly belong+ to diff]5t species ( ,hibiscus4 ,^! are ( ! jute class1 & are us$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = mak+ native ropes4 ,indian jute 7,cor*orus capsul>is7 has be5 tri$ exp]im5tally at ,kotoo1 & excell5t samples 7 obta9$1 b ! quantity ( fibre p] acre turn$ out to be small1 & ! work+ prov$ to be too exp5sive4 ,! prep>ation ( piassava1 :i* _h be5 ab&on$ = _m ye>s1 is said to h be5 tak5 up aga9 by a ,briti% firm 9 #aiae4 ,! fibre is obta9$ f ! leaf %ea? ( a palm 7,raphia v9if]a7 :i* gr[s pl5tifully along ! banks ( ! ,gambia 9 places4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,pt4 ,i41 ,fibres1 & ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiae4 ,,timb]4--,!re are no trees ( comm]cial importance1 accessible = fell+ = export1 al?\gh ,gambian mahogany 7,khaya s5egal5sis7 & ,gambian rosewood 7,pt]oc>pus er9aceus7 occur 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 "s remote di/ricts ! =m] tree is said to atta9 l>ge dim5sions 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii4 7#aiaj71 p4 #bdd74 ,,trade4--,! foll[+ extracts f ! ,colonial ,reports %[ ! div]sion ( de/9ation ( ,gambian exports :i* has occurr$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,= ?is purpose gr\ndnuts are reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! :ole ( ! trade1 ( :i* !y normally con/itute ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,exports ,,f ,,! ,,gambia ,de/9ation #aiaa #aiab #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf #aiag ,great ,brita9 #fcj #ijj #fgb #iib #cide #ecef #gief & ,briti% ,possessions ,france & #hdhj #gfjj #ei-aj #gicd #dhfj #cfeh #bjce ,fr5* ,possessions ,holl& #cbj #ijj #fjc -- -- #dbj -- ,g]many -- #cfd #bdef #fhj -- -- -- ,d5m>k -- -- -- #aii #gfh #efc -- ,spa9 -- -- -- #ce #dbd -- -- ,o!r c\ntries #egj #bcf #cei #afj #jjc #jjc #jji ---------------------------------------- - #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- - ,f ! above x w be not$ t ,g]many began to appe> 9 ! m>ket 9 #aiab1 &1 9 #aiac1 _h tak5 ne>ly "o-qu>t] ( ! output4 ,?is is probably acc\nt$ = by ! rapid gr[? ( ! vegetable oil indu/ry 9 ,g]many & ! attempt on ! "p ( ,hamburg cru%]s to capture ! ,gambia trade f ,m>seilles4 ,x w be se5 t a proportionate decrease occurr$ 9 exports to ,fr5* ports co9cid5t ) ! increas$ %ipm5ts to ,g]man ports4 ,! ,european w> put ,g]many out ( ! m>ket1 & 9 #aiad ,france took ne>ly h] normal %>e4 ,9 #aiae & #aiaf1 h[ev]1 ,great ,brita9 felt ! lack ( import$ vegetable oils to su* an ext5t t factories = _! extraction sprang up 9 ! c\ntry2 ?us x is se5 t 9 #aiae ,great ,brita9 took ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 aga9/ ,france's #dh p] c5t41 & 9 #aiaf1 ,great ,brita91 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 took a l>g] portion ( ! ,gambian gr\ndnut crop ?an ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gambia ,,si]ra ,,leone ,/an=d's ,geogl4 ,e/abt41 ,london4 ,,si]ra ,,leone ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,geographical ,position4--,! ,colony & ,protectorate ( ,si]ra ,leone are b\nd$ ^u ! nor? & we/ by ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 & ^u ! ea/ by ,lib]ia4 ,! ,colony is conf9$ to ! hill c\ntry ( ! ,si]ra ,leone ,p59sula & ,%]bro ,isl&2 ! rema9d] be+ ,protectorate4 ,area & ,population4--,! area ( ! c\ntry accord+ to ! ,blue ,book ( #aiaa is #ca1jjj sq4 miles4 ,! great] "p is undulat+1 well wat]$ & fairly f]tile1 trav]s$ by %ort ranges ( m\nta9s1 mo/ly runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,! population ( ! ,colony1 by ! c5sus tak5 9 #aiaa1 0 #ge1egb1 & ( ! ,protectorate #a1cbg1efj4 ,adm9i/rative ,divisions4--,! c\ntry is divid$ into sev5 adm9i/rative di/ricts1 two ( :i* are 9 ! ,colony & five 9 ! ,protectorate4 ,! latt] h be5 =m$ prim>ily 9 accordance ) tribal settlem5ts1 due to ! exp$i5cy ( recognis+ 9 ea* ! native cu/om>y law2 ! exception to ?is is ! ,railway di/rict1 9 :i* o!r consid]ations ( great] importance are involv$4 ,natural ,features4--,al?\gh ! c\ntry is l>gely ( a slightly undulat+ type1 9 ! nor? a curi\s =mation ( hills exi/s1 9 ! ,ko9adugu di/rict2 ea* hill be>+ a curi\sly-=m$ p9nacle ( rock on its summit1 & pres5t+ a mo/ /rik+ appe>ance4 ,! valleys betwe5 ^! hills conta9 "s ( ! ri*e/ soil f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,f>!r nor?1 above ! #i? degree ( latitude1 ! c\ntry is compos$ *iefly ( grass l& int]sp]s$ ) /unt$ trees4 ,approa*+ ! coa/1 second>y =e/ or scrub occurs1 :i* is con/antly be+ cle>$ = f>ms2 be+ s us$ = a ye> or two & !n all[$ to rev]t to 8bu%0 = long p]iods4 ,natives4--,! inhabitants ( ! ,colony are *iefly ! desc5dants ( lib]at$ slaves f ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 b a numb] 7 rescu$ by ,briti% w>-vessels f slave %ips1 & repres5t races f all p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,! language adopt$ by ^! p is a 8pidg9 ,engli%0 ( a peculi> k9d1 & is easily und]/ood aft] a few ( ! curi\s idiomatic phrases h be5 le>nt4 ,! mo/ important tribes are ! ,m5dis1 ,timanis1 ,limbas & ,%]bros4 ,^! are foll[$ 9 numb] by ! ,konnohs1 ,port ,lokkos1 ,susus1 ,korankos1 ,bulloms1 ,krims1 ,yalunkas1 ,m&+oes1 ,gbemas1 ,f\lahs1 ,gall9as or ,veis & ,gpakas4 ,! ,m5dis are ! l>ge/ tribe1 & are entirely pagan2 !y cultivate 9 a wa/eful mann] & are o!rwise improvid5t4 ,! ,timanis are m intellig5t & c>eful1 & ! ,veis1 occupy+ ! sea coa/ to ! s\?1 :o h rec5tly adopt$ cocoa plant+1 are n only consid]$ ! mo/ intellig5t1 b1 alone among ,we/ ,african natives1 h a writt5 language4 ,l& ,t5ure4--,! l& 9 ! ,colony is held by ! ,cr[n1 & is grant$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,all grants made conta9 res]vations ) reg>d to roads & o!r public requirem5ts4 ,! t5ure ( ,cr[n l&s is fee simple1 b occupation is also sanction$ "u squatt]s' lic5ce at a nom9al r5t1 & ! t5ure is !n 9 ! nature ( a t5ancy at w4 ,"u ,ord9ance ,no4 #ad ( #ahhf1 real & p]sonal prop]ty may be tak51 acquir$1 held or dispos$ ( by any ali5 9 a mann] simil> to t all[$ to a ,briti%-born subject4 ,fields or wa/e l&s outside t[n or village limits 9 ! ,si]ra ,leone ,p59sula & ,%]bro ,isl& mu/ be tak5 up 9 lots ( n less ?an #bj1 or m ?an #bjj1 acres4 ,su* lots are dispos$ ( at auction1 at an upset price ( #ds4 #b;d4 p] acre 9 ! =m]1 & #hs4 9 ! latt] locality4 ,up to #aijb ! "q ( l& grants 9 ! ,protectorate 0 unsettl$1 b arrangem5ts may n[ be come to ) ! *iefs = ! lease ( tracts ( l& = long p]iods on an annual r5tal1 agre$ to betwe5 ! applicant & ! tribal c\ncil2 ! title requir+ ! confirmation ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ to native law1 x is g5]ally recognis$ t ! l&s ( a *iefdom are n ! prop]ty ( ! *ief1 b are held 9 tru/ by him = ! tribe4 ,a *ief has no p[] to ali5ate any portion ( ! l& ( a *iefdom1 or to grant to any "o p]petual rights to any portion1 b ! lease ( l& by an arrangem5t ) ! tribal c\ncil1 & ) ! approval ( ,gov]nm5t1 %\ld be satisfactory = all requirem5ts ) reg>d to legal title4 ,lab\r4--,plantations work$ by *iefs at ! in/igation ( ,gov]nm5t are usually suppli$ ) lab\r by ! *ief1 al?\gh monet>y assi/ance 9 ! =m ( bonuses is occasionally giv54 ,"u su* conditions exp]im5tal plantations ( fibre1 rubb]1 kola1 etc41 h be5 made4 ,!re is no fix$ rate ( pay = lab\r]s1 b ! usual wage = an adult man1 :5 hir$1 is f #f;d4 to #as4 p] day4 ,cultivation4--,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry a %all[ type ( cultivation is common1 & "o 9 :i* ! bu% /umps & roots are n remov$4 ,! se$s ( a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( agricultural crops are g5]ally mix$ toge!r be=e be+ s[n broadca/ ov] ! lightly scrap$ soil ( ! burnt bu% area4 ,! object ( reta9+ ! bu% /umps & roots 9 ! fields is t1 aft] two or ?ree ye>s ( cultivation1 ! bu% may be easily re9/at$1 & aga9 aft] t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 :5 cut d[n & burnt1 x furni%es a supply ( wood a% = ! f]tilisation ( ! field4 ,?is application ( a% con/itutes ! only =m ( artificial r5ovation :i* ! soil ev] receives4 ,rec5tly exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ! pres5ce ( natives1 9 ord] to %[ ! advantages ( deep cultivation4 ,to effect ?is1 )\t ! employm5t ( pl\ghs1 ! =k kodalli hoe1 recomm5d$ by ! writ]1 has be5 introduc$ & g5]ally adopt$4 ,! sub/antial increase 9 ! production ( _! rice fields obta9$ by ! use ( ?is implem5t made a =tunate impression among ! natives4 ,! native agricultural implem5ts consi/ ( a /raight-h&l$1 n>r[-blad$ hoe call$ 8k>i0 7,m5di71 or 8katala0 7,timani71 & "o =m$ f an angl$ /ick ) a *>r$ po9t1 call$ 8ba[e0 7,m5di71 or 8kalal0 7,timani74 ,?is la/ is us$ = drill+4 ,9 addition to ^!1 a l>ge broad-blad$ hoe1 call$ 8k>u wai0 7,m5di71 or 8katala kabana0 7,timani71 is employ$ = clean+ out we$s & scrap+ ! soil surface2 ! latt] be+ ! only cultivation ! gr[+ crop receives4 ,^! implem5ts are illu/rat$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 8,,k>i0 7,,m5di71 8,,katala0 7,,timani74 ,b4 8,,kaku ,,wai0 7,,m5di71 8,,katala ,,kabana0 7,,timani71 ,c4 8,,ba[e0 7,,m5di71 8,,kalal0 7,,timani74 ,agricultural ,s*ools1 etc4 ,*iefs' ,sons' ,college4--,9 #aijf a college = ! sons ( *iefs 0 e/abli%$ at ,bo1 & x 0 int5d$ t1 9 addition to ! ord9>y c\rse ( in/ruction1 ! rudim5ts ( improv$ agriculture %\ld be taught4 ,?is 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to int]f]e ) ! tea*+ ( o!r subjects :i* 7 consid]$ m necess>y1 & 0 ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! omission ( agricultural tra9+ f ! c\rse did n preclude ! s*ol>s f cultivat+ small pat*es ( vegetables = _! own use1 ^u gr\nd all[$ to !m = ! purpose4 ,?omas ,agricultural ,college4--,9 #aijh ! erection ( an ,agricultural ,college 0 comm5c$ at ,mabang1 "u ! t]ms ( ! w ( ,mr4 ,?omas1 a native :o bequea!d a l>ge sum ( money to be devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,! ,college 0 expect$ to be complet$ 9 ,june #aiaj1 :5 a comm5cem5t ( lectures & g5]al in/ruction 0 to be made4 ,s*ol>%ips & "s (ficial control 7 provid$ = by ! t]ms ( ! tru/1 b ! project 0 nev] develop$1 & ! build+s 7 n ev5 complet$4 ,pr9cipal ,crops4--,! mo/ important food crop is rice1 b two v>ieties ( maize are also cultivat$ = local consumption2 "o ( ^! is quick matur+1 & is probably id5tical ) ! :ite v>iety :i* is export$ f ,lagos1 f :i* c\ntry x is said to h be5 introduc$ into ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! o!r k9d is ( sl[] gr[?1 & be>s a yell[ gra94 ,yams1 sweet potatoes1 & cassava are gr[n1 especially :]e !re is a heavy ra9fall4 ,=e/ ,products4--,besides ! agricultural crops1 ! =e/s yield palm oil & k]nels1 & kola nuts are plant$ = ! mu* appreciat$ se$ :i* _! pods conta94 ,! latt] nut is said to h a /imulat+ effect1 & to allay hung] & ?ir/ :5 *ew$4 ,! nut is 9 su* great dem& ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,africa t a l>ge trade exi/s betwe5 ,si]ra ,leone & ! coa/ c\ntries to ! nor?4 ,! m important export$ products are accord$ ! =emo/ positions 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,,oil ,,palm4 ,localities & ! ,influ5ce ( ,position4--,elis gu9e5sis is f\nd g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry f ! sea-bo>d t[>ds ! int]ior1 dim9i%+ 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ! climate becomes dri] or :]e rocky & m\nta9\s tracts int]v5e4 ,9 places1 ow+1 d\btless1 to ! wa/eful me?ods ( treatm5t & ! c>elessness 9 burn+ ! 8bu%0 = f>ms1 ext5sive areas )\t palms are occasionally met )1 ev5 :]e ! soil & climatic conditions are n unfav\rable to _! gr[?4 ,9 ! extreme nor?1 :]e ! ra9fall dim9i%es1 ! tree is only f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( /reams4 ,! mo/ suitable situation = gr[? seems to be "o 9 :i* ! soil is g5]ally r moi/1 al?\gh swampy1 ill-dra9$ l& is n fav\rable4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e a gravelly lat]ite appe>s z a surface soil ov] a deep sub/ratum ( sy5ite1 trees may (t5 be met ) 9 consid]able numb]s1 b x is obs]v$ t ! trunks ( su* trees d n acquire ! same ?ickness z ^? gr[+ 9 a damp] & light] soil4 ,x is probable1 al?\gh no exp]im5ts h yet be5 made af=d+ direct evid5ce = ! conclusion1 t ! f]tility & yield ( fruits ( ! trees gr[+ ^u ! flat l&s are great] ?an ^? e/abli%$ ^u ! high] undulat+ c\ntry because !y are subject to less wa% & m natural irrigation4 ,x is also q possible t ! v>iety ( palm fruit produc$ 9 ! =m] places w be f\nd to furni% bett] comm]cial results4 ,no di/9ct v>ieties are1 h[ev]1 recognis$ by ! natives1 al?\gh di/9ctive names are appli$ to ! same fruit 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! oil palm does n appe> to be able to ?rive 9 heavy =e/1 & 9 a natural /ate occupies op5 valleys ) l[ und]gr[?1 b ^u ! cle>ance ( prim>y =e/ x soon becomes e/abli%$4 ,! se$s or nuts1 :i* are l>ge & heavy1 are di/ribut$ by ! ag5cy ( frugivor\s birds & mammals4 ,! grey p>rot1 = example1 may be obs]v$ extract+ ! ripe fruits f ! heads or pick+ !m f ! gr\nd :]e !y h fall51 &1 aft] convey+ ^! to a conv5i5t tree1 c>efully remov+ ! oily p]ic>p be=e dropp+ ! nut 9 a new position4 ,monkeys d\btless convey ! fruits to ev5 great] di/ances 9 _! *eek-p\*es4 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( rocky & swampy /rips ( c\ntry 9 ! ,protectorate1 & ! direction 9 :i* f>m fires h be5 c>ri$ by ! prevail+ w9ds1 ! di/ribution ( palms has be5 ?\ght to assume ! "* ( 8belts10 def9$ by fairly well-m>k$ b\nd>ies4 ,:5 look$ into m closely1 h[ev]1 ! di/ribution appe>s to be bett] describ$ z consi/+ ( d5se pat*es l9k$ sometimes by almo/ unrecognisable *a9s ( widely scatt]$ trees1 & (t5 brok5 into by %ort ranges ( hills :i* are completely de/itute ( palms4 ,! pat*es ref]r$ to may be> #ejj palm trees to ! acre1 & ^! may repres5t #hj to #ajj p] c5t4 ( ! total tree-gr[? on ! pat*4 ,! area ( su* a pat* may be r\ghly e/imat$ at f acre to #ae sq4 miles1 or ev5 m1 b x %\ld be add$ t1 :]e su* ext5sive tracts z ^! occur1 ! difficulties ( transport & ! sc>city ( ! population h con/itut$ ob/acles to work+1 & to ! means ( pres]v+ ! trees4 ,oil palms ne> ,mafokoyia are %[n 9 ! picture 7,fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,palms 7,,el,,is ,,gu9e5sis71 ,,mafokoyia4 ,fig4 #aj1 p4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,collect+ ,,oil ,,palm ,,fruit1 ,,blama4 ,fig #aa1 p4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kola ,,tree ,,at ,,mano4 ,fig4 #ab1 p4 #bi4 ,! appe>ance ( a "y tree is t ( a ?ick /em ?r[+ out annulate s]ies ( long fea!ry leaf fronds1 ^u petioles1 :i* be> r\ghly-=m$ sp9es4 ,z ! tree increases 9 height ! l[] petioles are %$1 & ! trunk assumes a n>r[] b m regul> =m2 indi/9ct r+s be+ traceable1 =m$ by ! bases ( ! fall5 leaf /ems4 ,a mature tree w measure ab\t "o foot 9 diamet] at f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 & at ! gr\nd surface ! diamet] w be two & a half to ne>ly ?ree times z mu*4 ,! male fl[]s are collect$ 9 ! =m ( a numb] ( tassel-l p5dants1 spr++ f a common /alk1 & "o su* bun* is usually f\nd above & ^u ea* side ( ! female infloresc5ce4 ,bo? sexes ( fl[]s usually occur ^u ! trees1 b ! natives recognise ! exi/5ce ( a non-fruit+ tree1 & "o :i* only produces male fl[]s4 ,! numb] ( fruit heads & ! weight ( ^! v>y accord+ to ! position1 age1 & treatm5t ( ! tree4 ,an idea may be giv5 ( ! fruitfulness ( trees1 f ! acc\nts obta9$ f natives 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! palm has two fruit+ seasons1 "o dur+ ! dry wea!r & ano!r dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally ! light] crop4 ,x is e/imat$ t a tree 9 full be>+ w yield f twelve to tw5ty fruit+ heads 9 "o ye>1 ea* ( a fairly l>ge size4 ,a y\ng] tree may only produce f\r to eight heads1 b usually ( a l>g] size2 & a tree ( only five or six ye>s old may give ab\t ! same numb] ( heads1 b ( small] dim5sions4 ,f v old trees small heads ) fruits ( a dim9i%$ size are obta9$4 ,! weight ( a mod]ately l>ge head w be ab\t ?irty p\nds1 & w conta9 ab\t twelve hundr$ fruits weigh+ r\ghly #bc lbs4 ,an illu/ration %[+ two fruit+ heads is giv5 7,fig4 #i74 ,! ripe fruit+ heads are ga!r$ by a man us+ a climb+ sl+1 ) :i* he encircles ! tree & 8 wai/1 & by means ( a skilful manipulation ( ! "p 9 contact ) ! trunk & remote f ! body1 he proce$s to asc5d ! tree rapidly1 almo/ z ?\gh walk+ up x4 ,on rea*+ ! cr[n1 a numb] ( dead leaves h to be remov$ 9 ord] to get at ! fruit /em4 ,^! are cut by means ( a 8cutlass0 or 8ma*ete10 :i* ! climb] c>ries1 & are ?r[n to ! gr\nd4 ,only "o head rip5s at a "t ^u ea* tree1 & ! "t occupi$ 9 climb+ & cutt+ out ! fruit head is e/imat$ at ab\t eight m9utes4 ,a photograph %[+ a native climb+ a palm tree is reproduc$ 7,fig4 #aa74 ,bo? ! ,m5di & ,timani races di/+ui% ! fruit1 at diff]5t p]iods dur+ ! advance t[>ds maturity1 by special names giv5 ) reg>d to ! appe>ance4 ,id5tifications ( ! same s]ies ( fruits by diff]5t individuals h %[n t ^! names are widely us$4 ,al?\gh x w be se5 t 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,nig]ia ! natives recognise a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties ( fruit1 ?is does n appe> to be ! case 9 ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! ?9-%ell$ =ms1 s well kn[n to ! natives ( ! =m] c\ntries1 appe> unkn[n1 except ar\nd ,%]bro1 :]e !re are a few trees recognis$ z productive ( ?is type ( fruit4 ,9 ! appe>ance ( ! mature fruit1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( black at ! apex seems to be ( equally common occurr5ce1 b no importance is atta*$ to ?is feature4 ,! ,si]ra ,leone =m appe>s to be at a disadvantage ) reg>d to ! proportion ( oily p]ic>p cov]+ ! nut1 z well z 9 ! great ?ickness ( its %ell4 ,comp>+ x ) ! v>ieties obta9$ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 x is probably ne>e/ to1 if n id5tical )1 t call$ 8,abe pa40 ,:5 ! p]c5tage ( oil extract$ f ! fruit ( ! ,si]ra ,leone trees is comp>$ ) t f o!r p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 x at once becomes app>5t t ! am\nt is small4 ,! results ( ?ree s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 %[$ t ! fibr\s p]ic>p1 :i* conta9s ! oil1 con/itut$ only ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 ! nut conta9+ ! k]nel be+ l>ge & approximat+ #gj p] c5t4 ,palm oil extract$ by native me?ods gave #abja1 #edg1 #efcg1 & #hcbf p] c5t4 respectively 9 f\r te/s4 ,if ^! results are comp>$ ) ! extractions ( oil f ! sev]al ,gold ,coa/ v>ieties1 ! defici5cy is v m>k$4 ,comp>e ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 7#aiji71 pp4 #cfd-ga4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! local fruit %[s t ! out] fibr\s portion or p]ic>p1 :i* alone conta9s ! palm oil1 is v ?91 :]eas ! h>d %ell surr\nd+ ! k]nel is ?ick4 ,! k]nel repres5ts ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( ! total weight ( ! fruit1 & is l>gely export$ f ! c\ntry = ! extraction ( ano!r k9d ( oil4 ,small ,export ( ,oil comp>$ ) ,k]nels4--,! proportionately l>g] weight ( k]nel ?an ( palm oil capable ( extraction1 acc\nts = ! l>ge quantities ( k]nels export$ comp>$ ) palm oil4 ,z an example ( ?is1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 ! ye> #aijf ,si]ra ,leone export$ only #ab gallons ( palm oil to ea* ton ( k]nels1 :]eas ,s\!rn ,nig]ia figures = ! same ye> %[$ #adb gallons ( oil p] ton ( k]nels4 ,s9ce ?is date1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 a comp>ison ( ! annual exports ( oil & k]nels %[s a fluctuation betwe5 ab\t #ab & #ai gallons ( p]ic>p oil = e ton ( k]nels2 ! latt] /ill rema9+ disproportionately high4 ,proposal to introduce ,new ,v>ieties4--,s9ce x has begun to be realis$ t ! local v>iety ( palm is probably con/antly inf]ior z an oil produc] to "s ( ! v>ieties f\nd f>!r to ! s\?1 x has be5 sugge/$ t "s ( ! =ms1 ) a ?ick] fibr\s p]ic>p & a ?9-%ell$ k]nel1 %\ld be introduc$ & plant$ ^u an ext5sive scale4 ,x is assum$ t by do+ s1 a bett] type w\ld become e/abli%$4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ! ,kam]un %[1 h[ev]1 t ! prog5y ( palms hav+ a ?9-%ell$ fruit 7,lisombe7 d n necess>ily reta9 _! important *>act]s4 ,dr4 ,/runk has sugge/$ t1 9 ! v>iety m5tion$1 ! *>act]s are n fix$ or susceptible ( transmission1 b ! exp]im5ts are n consid]$ z yield+ conclusive evid5ce1 & x is advisable t exp]im5tal plots %\ld be plant$ ) ! m useful =ms 9 ,si]ra ,leone & else:]e1 ! se$ be+ obta9$ f artificially f]tilis$ s\rces4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,local ,manufacture4--,dur+ rec5t ye>s great ef=ts h be5 made by ! ,adm9i/ration to increase ! exports ( bo? palm oil & k]nels by op5+ up ! previ\sly r inaccessible areas 9 :i* palm trees 7 f\nd gr[+ almo/ unt\*$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 ! ext5sion ( ! ,si]ra ,leone ,railway l9e f ,boia1 a small village j beyond ! ,headqu>t]s ,di/rict b\nd>y1 to ,mafokoyia1 ly+ a %ort di/ance to ! nor?4 ,f "h a road 0 made ea/w>ds t[>ds ,yonnibannah1 pass+ ?r\gh c\ntry fairly well /udd$ ) oil palms4 ,lat] f ,yonnibannah ! objective ( ! railway became ,baga1 a t[n on ! ,maybole riv]1 aga9 to ! nor?4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is l9e has rea*$ ,kamabai1 at ! foot ( ! ,ko9adugu m\nta9s & to ! we/ ( ,bumban1 pass+ ! t[n ( ,makump on its way !re4 ,! :ole ( ?is r\te has be5 *os5 9 ord] to make ! oil palm regions m accessible1 & ! increase 9 exports ( bo? oil & k]nels betwe5 #aijg & #aiac is almo/ entirely attributable to ?is developm5t4 ,n only 0 x desirable to op5 up new areas f :i* palm fruits c\ld be ga!r$1 b1 ow+ to ! defici5cy ( p]ic>p oil %ipp$ f ! c\ntry 9 comp>ison ) palm k]nels1 x 0 ?\ght t1 by ! introduction ( improv$ me?ods = extract+ ! p]ic>p oil1 m ( ?is commodity might be obta9able 9 ! future4 ,! prospect ( work+ a l>ge area bo? exp]im5tally & comm]cially = oil extraction 9 situ1 attract$ ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs1 :o in/all$ ample me*anical app>atus at ,yonnibannah 9 #aiad4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h grant$ ?is firm a concession to "w sev]al hundr$ squ>e miles on ! und]/&+ t ! local trad]s & m]*ants 7 n !reby to be deb>r$ f buy+ ! h&-prep>$ oil f ! natives z be=e4 ,! s*eme 0 int5d$ to demon/rate ! advantages ( me*anical means ( extraction ov] ^? ( h& p[]2 & x 0 ?\ght t1 by ! introduction ( ^! great] facilities = deal+ ) ! oil palm products1 lab\r w\ld be lib]at$ & w\ld be employ$ to a great] ext5t 9 ! less heavy & m remun]ative direction ( plantation & field "w4 ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs' factory 0 "o design$ to be equipp$ bo? f a me*anical & rese>* /&po9t1 & a special %unt+ y>d on ! railway 0 leas$ to ! firm by ! ,gov]nm5t to deal ) ! anticipat$ "w4 ,! project seem$ s promis+ t local firms 7 contemplat+ foll[+ ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs' example 9 o!r localities4 ,! :ole s*eme 01 h[ev]1 ab&on$ aft] a %ort trial2 ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs hav+ probably discov]$ two facts 9 connection ) ! oil palm indu/ry 9 ,si]ra ,leone :i* _h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! fir/ is t ! p]ic>p ( ! common type ( palm fruit f\nd 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 z po9t$ out 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 is v ?9 & !re=e conta9s v little oil1 & t ! %ell ( ! nuts 9 ?is ?9-p]ic>p$ fruit is extremely ?ick4 ,! common ,si]ra ,leone k9d is !re=e ( less economic value bo? 9 respect to p]ic>p oil & k]nel cont5ts ?an ! common k9d f\nd 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,nig]ia & ,kam]un4 ,! second po9t is t ! ,m5dis & ,timanis occupy+ ?is "p ( ! ,protectorate are a l[] type & g5]ally poor] work]s by comp>ison ) ! ,fanti tribes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ or ! ,yorubas ( ,nig]ia4 ,"o explanation giv5 = ! failure ( ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs' ef=t 9 ,si]ra ,leone 0 t !y did n (f] a suffici5tly high price = ! oil palm fruit heads to induce ! natives to collect & c>ry !m to ! factory4 ,z ! *iefs & villag]s saw t by sell+ ! fruits to ! factory ! ma9 occupation ( _! wives 7! prep>ation ( palm oil & ! crack+ ( nuts = ! extraction ( palm k]nels7 w\ld be tak5 away1 !y 7 said to be av]se to ! e/abli%m5t ( a new condition ( en=c$ idl5ess1 :i* w\ld impose great] difficulties on !m ( keep+ _! wives 9 ord]4 ,! (f] by ! factory to return ! nuts = crack+ 9 ! villages1 did n dispose ( ?is difficulty1 z ! villag]s only saw 9 x an arrangem5t involv+ !m 9 extra transport4 ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs h n[ transf]r$ _! "w to ! ,belgian ,congo1 :]e1 by reason ( ! bett] type ( palm fruit commonly obta9able1 ! conditions are m satisfactory = ! developm5t ( ! me*anical extraction ( palm oil on a comm]cial scale1 & :]e ! inhabitants are less indep5d5t & m accu/om$ to co-op]ate ) ,european ent]prise4 ,export ,figures4--,! av]age annual export ( palm oil & k]nels = ! fir/ n9e ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & ! annual total ( ! subsequ5t t5 ye>s are giv53 ,palm oil ,palm k]nels ,ye> ,gallons ,tons #aijj-aijh ,av4 #cjc1gij #bf1fcj #aiji #hea1iih #db1hig #aiaj #fde1cci #dc1jca #aiaa #gbe1fdh #db1hib #aiab #gbh1eji #ej1gea #aiac #fag1jhh #di1bja #aiad #dcf1add #ce1iae #aiae #dha1egf #ci1fbd #aiaf #eeg1gea #de1caf #aiag #edc1aaa #eh1jbj #aiah #bfj1ddb #dj1haf ,,rubb]4--,until #aijg ! ,african tree rubb] 7,funtumia ela/ica7 _h n be5 record$ f any "p ( ! c\ntry1 al?\gh its cong5]1 ,f4 africana1 0 f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,a numb] ( trees ( ! fir/-nam$ species h be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,panguma & ,gola =e/s1 & h be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,! latex1 f trees tapp$ 9 ! =m] locality1 yield$ a good quality ( rubb] :5 boil$ ) ?ree volumes ( wat]4 ,native ,me?od ( ,prep>ation4--,! tree is kn[n to ! ,m5dis z 8,gboi-gboi10 & 9 ord] to obta9 ! latex x is cu/om>y to fell ! tree1 aft]w>ds r++ x at int]vals ( ab\t "o foot4 ,! latex1 :i* fl[s1 is collect$ 9 leaf cups or o!r receptacles1 & is heat$ 9 an iron pot4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( semi-coagulation1 induc$ by heat1 x is p\r$ ^u planta9 leaves1 plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,ano!r planta9 leaf is !n us$ to cov] ! mass1 :i* is /amp$ out ) ! feet into a r\gh %eet4 ,! %eet is hung up to dry 9 a hut1 9 :i* x obta9s ! b5efit ( ! fumes f ! wood fires us$ by ! occupants4 ,! next process is to cut ! %eet into /rips1 :i* are subsequ5tly w\nd into l>ge oval balls & ent] ! ,freet[n m>ket "u ! "n ( 8,manoh twi/40 ,ow+ to ! wa/eful me?od ( tapp+ ! trees1 ! species has be5 ext]m9at$ 9 _m places1 & ! local ,gov]nm5t h _h "u consid]ation ! =mulation ( an ord9ance to prev5t ! cont9uance ( su* de/ruction4 ,z ! exi/+ trees are n[ practically only f\nd 9 ! d5se =e/s ne> ! ,lib]ian fronti]1 & are probably widely scatt]$ ov] a l>ge area1 x w prove a difficult matt] to en=ce any regulations ) reg>d to collection4 ,v9e ,rubb]3 ,me?od ( ,prep>ation4--,l&olphia ow>i5sis1 v>4 ,j5je1 is said to be ! species ( v9e f :i* ! ,si]ra ,leone 8,r$ ,nigg]0 rubb] is obta9$4 ,! ,m5di "n = ! plant is 8,dj5je40 ,a v de/ructive me?od is usually employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! rubb]4 ,! v9e is cut d[n & ! roots dug out1 bo? ( :i* are cut into small pieces & soak$ 9 wat] = sev]al weeks4 ,! b>k is !n remov$1 & ! wood is p\nd$ & wa%$ repeat$ly until a r$di% mass ( rubb] rema9s1 :i* usually conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( woody matt]4 ,?is is sold 9 ! =m ( balls4 ,x is less common = ! native to tap ! v9e & to coagulate ! latex ^u ! w\nd ) ! addition ( salt or lime juice1 b ?is is occasionally done1 & balls ( scrap rubb] collect$ 9 ?is way are sold 9 "s localities4 ,ano!r v9e 7,clit&ra laxiflora71 :i* yields an inf]ior rubb] by means ( boil+ ! latex1 is t]m$ 8,jawe0 by ! ,m5dis4 ,?is 0 at fir/ consid]$ to be ,clit&ra ,manni1 b m rec5t inve/igation has prov$ t ,c4 ,manni1 al?\gh call$ by ! same native "n1 produces a latex incapable ( coagulation4 ,! ,quality ( ,indig5\s ,rubb]s & ! ,export4--,! prices obta9$ = ,si]ra ,leone rubb]s comp>e fav\rably ) ^? ( ! o!r ,briti% ,we/ ,african c\ntries4 ,funtumia rubb]1 :i* is g5]ally l>gely adult]at$ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,nig]ia1 is app>5tly n s 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :5 prep>$ 9 ! =m ( 8,manoh twi/40 ,! v9e rubb]1 made f ! scrap1 is also ( good quality1 & ! root rubb] is n inf]ior to t %ipp$ f ! o!r c\ntries4 ,! trade ( ,si]ra ,leone is1 h[ev]1 small1 & x is probable t ! l>g] "p ( t export$ f ,freet[n is obta9$ f ! adjo9+ c\ntries ( ,lib]ia & ,fr5* ,gu9ea4 ,! export ( rubb] decl9$ s9ce #aijf1 :5 x am\nt$ to #ajg tons1 to only #f tons 9 #aiac1 :ile 9 #aiaf & #aiag none 0 export$4 ,! composition & quality ( ,si]ra ,leone rubb]s is giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 iv4 7#aijf71 p4 #bi2 vol4 vi4 7#aijh71 p4 #bd2 vol4 viii4 7#aiaj71 p4 #af2 & vol4 xii4 7#aiad71 p4 #cga4 ,rubb] ,plantations4--,no plantations ( ,funtumia rubb] h be5 made al?\gh small plots h be5 plant$ ) ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,p>a tree 7,hevea brasili5sis7 on an exp]im5tal scale at diff]5t times & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry & a mix$ plantation ( rubb]1 cocoa1 c(fee & fruit has be5 made ne> ,wat]loo4 ,up to #aiji1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 ! "w 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,agricultural ,s]vice1 b f #aiaj1 on ! =mation ( ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t z well z ! reorganisation ( an ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 all =e/ & plantation "w 0 transf]r$ to ! fir/-nam$ ,dep>tm5t4 ,no plantation rubb] has yet rea*$ ! comm]cial /age1 al?\gh fur!r trials are /ill 9 progress1 & mu* exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$4 ,a few ,p>a trees 7 plant$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,freet[n1 b ! locality 0 f\nd unsuitable1 & ! trees grew sl[ly & yield$ unsatisfactorily4 ,a small plantation 0 made at ,moyamba by ,madam ,yoko1 ! late *ief ( ! ,m5dis1 & 0 well look$ aft] until %e di$1 s9ce :5 x seems to h be5 some:at neglect$4 ,at ,mano1 ! *ief ( ! t[n made a good plantation 9 #aijf1 &1 z ! locality 0 app>5tly well select$1 ! trees h %[n satisfactory gr[?4 ,small plots h be5 put out "u ,p>a at ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission /ation at ,s]abu1 at ,segbwema1 ,t9a9ahun & ! ,bo s*ool1 ) v>iable success1 9 accordance ) ! cultivation & c>e be/[$ on ! plants4 ,except 9 ! gravelly positions ! tree succe$s well4 ,l&olphia ow>i5sis & ,l4 ,heudelotii h be5 plant$ 9 =e/$ pat*es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! sup]vision ( su* plant+ hav+ be5 entru/$ to a native :o _h se5 simil> "w p]=m$ by ! ,fr5* au?orities 9 ! neighb\r+ colony4 ,ne> ,batkanu1 a few plants c /ill be se54 ,,kola ,,nuts4--,! importance ( ! kola nut 9 ,we/ ,africa is v high4 ,si]ra ,leone produces g5]ally a bett] quality1 = local consumption & export1 ?an o!r c\ntries4 ,! kola trees 7,kola acum9ata & ,k4 v]a7 d n1 h[ev]1 occur 9 a wild /ate 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! :ole produce is obta9$ f plantations1 :i* are to be se5 ne> almo/ e village 9 ! moi/ region4 ,a photograph is giv5 %[+ a kola tree at ,mano 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! de/9ation ( ! export$ kola is *iefly ,ba?ur/ 7,gambia71 ,dak> 7,s5egal71 ,bissao 7,portuguese ,gu9ea71 & to a small ext5t ,dahomey4 ,! exports ( ?is commodity 9 rec5t ye>s are giv5 bel[ z well z _! av]age annual values p] ton1 :i*1 z w be se51 exhibit great fluctuation4 ,tons ,valu$ at ,equal to p] ton #aijf #a1aee #ajd1jhd #ij #aijg #a1cgd #aac1fgd #hc #aijh #a1afb #ajh1hie #id #aiji #a1cbj #aec1hdh #aaf #aiaj #a1ejh #aia1hgh #abg #aiaa #a1eig #aid1bfj #aba #aiab #a1fdi #bgf1dgc #afg #aiac #a1hfe #cbh1jjc #agf #aiad #a1ibd #bgi1ahe #ade #aiae #b1jda #bcc1chh #aai #aiaf #b1dhd #cjb1gbj #abb #aiag #a1gjb #cba1aje #ahh #aiah #b1cjb #cig1gbf #agc ,kola nuts are second only to palm k]nels 9 ,si]ra ,leone 9 importance z an export1 al?\gh !y are practically entirely consign$ to o!r coa/ ports2 an insignificant am\nt ( dri$ kolas only be+ de/9$ = ,europe4 ,,r$ ,,pepp]4--,capsicum annuum & ,c4 frutesc5s are bo? gr[n among ! multitude ( plants1 ! se$s ( :i* are mix$ & broadca/$ 9 ! f>ms2 b :]eas mo/ ( ! o!r plants are annuals1 ^! are left 9 ! gr\nd = two ye>s or m1 & yield almo/ cont9u\s crops dur+ t p]iod4 ,! c\ntry ( orig9 ( ^! plants is probably ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ! date ( _! introduction is unkn[n4 ,beside ! ext5sive local use ( ! pods1 ! export /ati/ics ( #aiji %[ t #da tons 7 %ipp$4 ,,g+]4--,z+ib] (fic9ale is n f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 ,africa1 b has be5 widely introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! tropical portions1 al?\gh 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 alone among ! ,we/ ,african c\ntries1 has x rea*$ ! important position ( an export4 ,ow+ to ! defective me?ods ( agriculture employ$ 9 ! ,colony1 :]e = ! mo/ "p g+] is cultivat$1 ! roots or rhizomes d n atta9 a l>ge size1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 pres5t great difficulties 9 decortication4 ,! common native me?od ( prep>ation is to rub ! wa%$ & p>tially dri$ rhizomes 9 s&1 & !n to dry !m m or less completely 9 ! sun4 ,! effect ( ?is treatm5t is to remove a small portion ( ! out] sk9 f ^? prom95ces :i* come into contact ) ! s&y surface m readily1 ! depressions be+ left unt\*$4 ,! native has f\nd t ! weight ( ! prep>$ g+] is increas$ by ! adhesion ( s&1 & !re=e pref]s to employ ?is me?od to t ( us+ a knife4 ,! result is a v inf]ior product4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s attempts h be5 made among ! g+] gr[]s to deal directly ) ! ,european buy]s1 & a ,f>m]s' ,association 0 =m$ ) ?is object 9 view4 ,gov]nm5t assi/ance 0 obta9$ on ! assurance t bett] me?ods ( cultivation & prep>ation w\ld be adopt$1 & ?is 0 done to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b great] dep5d5ce seems to h be5 plac$ ^u ! suppos$ advantage to be obta9$ f %ipp+ g+] ( ! usual inf]ior quality1 )\t x pass+ ?r\gh ! local m]*ants' h&s4 ,! result 01 t a small quantity ( select$ g+] 0 sold at a good price1 & a l>ge quantity ( common grade obta9$ a l[] price ?an previ\sly4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h %[n t good results c be obta9$ ) g+] 9 ,si]ra ,leone if c>e be tak5 to deep-hoe ! gr\nd & !n plant out ! select$ eyes f clean rhizomes4 ,! cu/om ( attempt+ to gr[ a crop 9 h>d lat]ite gravel )\t prop] cultivation is ! *ief cause ( ! mal=m$ & small rhizomes usually obta9$ 9 native cultivation4 ,"u improv$ conditions a crop ( five tons p] acre ( good quality g+] has be5 procur$4 ,export ,trade4--,! foll[+ am\nts ( g+] h be5 %ipp$ dur+ ! la/ decade3 ,tons ,value ,tons ,value #aijf #egi #aj1hgi #aiac #b1jdh #ce1dfh #aijg #fah #aa1egh #aiad #a1bac #ae1fci #aijh #fcg #aa1hga #aiae #efg #h1jia #aiji #gbb #ad1adg #aiaf #iga #be1had #aiaj #a1jic #cc1bhh #aiag #a1acf #be1hfc #aiaa #a1fib #dd1ffh #aiah #a1egf #ci1cjf #aiab #b1bjj #dd1hfd ,x is report$ t1 ow+ to ! decl9e 9 price paid = ,si]ra ,leone g+] 9 #aiac1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! crop 0 left unh>ve/$1 & t ! depreciation exp]i5c$ 0 due to ! competition f o!r s\rces ( a bett] m>ket$ product4 ,x w\ld be a pity if ! promis+ opportunity ( ! c\ntry to become e/abli%$ z a l>ge produc] ( g+] 7 altoge!r lo/1 ow+ to ! want ( a little c>e 9 cultivation & prep>ation ( ! product = ! m>ket4 ,! plant is ess5tially suit$ to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,colony & ,protectorate & is n subject to any s]i\s diseases1 ! only record$ "o be+ a fungus :i* attacks ! rhizomes & causes yell[+ ( ! leaves4 ,?is c be prev5t$ f spread+ if ! plants be remov$ & burn$ z soon z ! signs ( attack are app>5t on !m4 ,,fibres4 ,jute ,class4--,9 ! la/ few ye>s sev]al fibre plants indig5\s to ! c\ntry h be5 exp]im5t$ ) at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r any 7 capable ( be+ export$ = use z sub/itutes = ,indian jute4 ,honck5ya ficifolia1 kn[n by ! ,timani "n ( 8,napunti10 a plant :i* occurs 9 great pr(usion 9 ! swamps & l[ l&s1 yields a fibre ( excell5t quality1 b ow+ to ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 ! extraction ( x1 fur!r exp]im5ts are necess>y to devise a means by :i* x c be economically prep>$4 ,! analyses ( ! fibre f ?is plant :i* h be5 made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7see ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,"p ,i4 ,cd4 #dehh1 ,fibres1 p4 #dj7 are v satisfactory1 & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ! natural supply ( ! plant is v l>ge 9 di/ricts :i* are q useless = agricultural purposes1 r5d]s x important t ! me?ods ( extraction %\ld be m c>efully /udi$4 ,among ! o!r fibres ( ?is class :i* h %[n promise1 ,hibiscus qu9quelobus1 to :i* ! ,m5dis give ! "n ( 8,korwey10 is f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 v>iable pr(usion ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,unlike ! la/1 :i* produces erect /ems gr[+ close toge!r1 ?is plant has /ems ( an almo/ sc&5t "*1 gr[+ "u ! %ade ( mod]ately l>ge trees & p]=at+ ! upp] bran*es1 s t ! fl[]+ /ems are (t5 se5 fifte5 feet or m above ! gr\nd4 ,"u cultivation ! exp]im5ts seem$ to %[ t ! elongat$ "* ( ! /ems 0 n ma9ta9$1 & ?is defect requires to be rem$i$ if ! fibre is to be prep>$ ^u a comm]cial scale4 ,! extraction is easily done by rett+1 & exp]im5tal %ipm5ts to ,europe ( sev]al tons h %[n t ! product is q m>ketable & is class$ )1 or a little bel[1 m$ium jutes 7ibid4 p4 #ci74 ,rec5tly exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! extraction ( fibre f ,hibiscus escul5tus1 ! 8okra0 ( tropical c\ntries4 ,a specim5 ( ! fibre hav+ be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & fav\rably report$ ^u 7ibid4 p4 #ce71 a plantation 0 made at ,kangahun1 9 ord] to endeav\r to produce a crop1 :i* %\ld h ! additional advantage ( yield+ a m>ketable supply ( ! vegetable okra pods be=e be+ cut d[n & made into fibre4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 ! se$ 0 s[n at close int]vals1 !reby introduc+ a /raight gr[? ( /em1 & c>e 0 ex]cis$ n to p]mit ! fruit+ to cont9ue long en\gh = ! /ems to become co>se4 ,! fibre 0 extract$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( jute1 except t ! /ems 7 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda be=e rett+ to remove ! ?9 out] b>k4 ,! m>ket$ fibre f ! fir/ ( ^! exp]im5ts realis$ an unsatisfactory price1 b x 0 e/imat$ t ! crop ( pods yield$ #c p] acre4 ,cor*orus capsul>is1 "o ( ! ,indian jutes1 0 introduc$ & plant$ out 9 #aijf1 b ! exi/+ native me?ods ( cultivation & ! abs5ce ( manure r5d]$ ! conditions s diff]5t f ^? obta9$ 9 ,india1 t a successful result 0 n br\ght ab\t4 ,two species ( ,cor*orus are f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & are us$ only z vegetables4 ,ramie ,fibre4--,plantations ( ,ramie fibre or ,*9a grass 7 rec5tly made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,protectorate1 b al?\gh ! plant gr[s well dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! long p]iod ( dry wea!r is detrim5tal to x4 ,piassava4--,?is fibre is produc$ f ! %ea? ( ! leaf /em ( ,raphia v9if]a1 ! w9e palm1 & is prep>$ at sev]al places1 especially 9 ! swampy di/ricts ne> ! coa/4 ,! me?od ( extraction is m]ely t ( /eep+ & beat+ out1 & ! result+ fibre is1 9 appe>ance1 some:at simil> to f9e :alebone4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt 0 export$ 9 #aiae1 :5 ! figure rea*$ #a1bhc tons4 ,! price 9 ?is ye> atta9$ #fa p] ton4 ,! fibre is *iefly employ$ = ! manufacture ( /iff brooms4 ,,cotton4--,! native cotton ( ,si]ra ,leone %[$ promise1 at "o "t1 ( great developm5t1 b insurm\ntable difficulties met ! ef=ts ( ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association 9 _! attempt to e/abli% cotton gr[+ = export ^u a l>ge scale4 ,! native mode ( gr[+ cotton is 9 comb9ation ) a numb] ( o!r agricultural crops1 ! se$s ( all be+ mix$ be=e be+ broadca/$ 9 a field1 :i* has be5 lightly till$4 ,cotton s[n 9 ?is mann] is p]mitt$ to yield crops = two seasons1 b ! second crop is g5]ally mu* inf]ior4 ,ow+ to ?is irregul> mann] ( plant+1 ! am\nt ( cotton available = use is small1 & is ne>ly all absorb$ = ! supply ( ! native looms2 be+ readily saleable 9 ! weav+ di/ricts at ab\t #b;d4 p] lb4 ( se$ cotton1 or ab\t twice z mu* z ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association 7 prep>$ to pay4 ,! ineffici5cy ( ! quality ( ! local cultivation1 & ! dis9cl9ation on ! "p ( ! native to adopt bett] me?ods1 effectually prev5t$ m cotton be+ gr[n1 & ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association 7 unable to obta9 suffici5t mat]ial to keep _! g9n]y employ$4 ,9 connection ) ! cotton g9n]y1 erect$ at ,moyamba1 a l>ge plantation 0 made2 ! indig5\s z well z _m exotic v>ieties ( ! plant be+ put 94 ,! site1 h[ev]1 prov$ unsuitable1 lab\r 0 f\nd to be exp5sive1 & ! climatic conditions 7 compla9$ (4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! adv]se conditions1 ! ,association 7 reluctantly oblig$ to ab&on ! "w4 ,! export ( cotton 0 nev] significant & ceas$ altoge!r 9 #aiji4 ,indig5\s ,v>ieties4--,?ree well-m>k$ types ( cotton are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & are kn[n by ! native 7,m5di7 names ( 7#a7 ,kwonde1 7#b7 ,f&e ,wa1 7#c7 ,dhoole4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has a :ite l9t & a se$ cov]$ ) :ite wool4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute %[$ t ! l9t f x 0 ! mo/ valuable ( ! ?ree2 ! /aple measur$ ab\t #a1 & 0 comp>$ ) v good quality 8,indian ,broa*40 ,two samples1 valu$ 9 #aijg1 7 pric$ at #e;d4 & #e;d4 respectively1 ) good ,broa* at #e;d41 & ,middl+ ,am]ican at #fah;d4 ,! ,f&e ,wa v>iety has a creamy l9t & a gre5 woolly se$4 ,x 0 said to be ( good quality1 b ! col\r 0 n s good z ! la/1 & ! value 0 consequ5tly l[]4 ,dhoole is r r>] ?an ! o!r two1 & has a brick-r$ or br[n l9t & a b>e se$4 ,khaki or r$ cottons are n 9 dem& ^u an ,european m>ket1 b locally !y are some:at s\ght aft]4 ,native ,weav+4--,a native clo? wov5 f ! ?ree diff]5t v>ieties ( indig5\s cottons is frequ5tly se52 ! c>eful arrangem5t ( ! naturally col\r$ y>ns yield+ a di/9ct patt]n4 ,m (t51 p]haps1 only ! fir/ two k9ds are us$1 & ! y>n made f !m is dy$ ) ! local indigo4 ,9 wid? ! native clo?s are usually n>r[1 & ! /rips are sewn toge!r 9 ord] to =m g[ns1 etc4 ,a photograph is giv5 %[+ a native weav] at "w at ,p5dembu 7,fig4 #ac74 ,9 a few localities wid] clo?s are wov51 b ( no great l5g?4 ,^! are (t5 elaborately design$1 & comm& a high price among ! natives1 be+ pref]r$ to import$ mat]ials4 ,exotic ,cottons4--8,cambodia0 & 8,sea ,isl&0 h be5 tri$ exp]im5tally4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh )/&+ ! heavy ra9fall well1 0 f\nd to be v susceptible to attacks ( ! local cotton /a9]4 ,!re is /ill no prospect ( ! revival ( cotton exportation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,weav] ,,at ,,p5dembu4 ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kumassi1 ,,! ,,capital ,,( ,,a%anti4 ,fig4 #ad1 p4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,vat ,,= ,,p\nd+ ,,palm ,,fruits1 ,,) ,,surr\nd+ ,,gutt] ,,& ,,oil ,,well1 ,,krobo ,,plantations4 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #fh ,,rice4--,two =ms ( rice are gr[n 9 ! ,protectorate2 "o "u irrigation or 9 swampy gr\nd1 ne> riv]s1 etc41 & ! o!r entirely )\t any cons]vance ( wat]1 dep5d+ on ! ra9fall4 ,! use ( rice is g5]al ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry--9 fact1 x is probably ! mo/ important food crop2 & al?\gh1 z m5tion$ above1 !re are two =ms1 divid$ accord+ to _! mode ( cultivation1 ea* =m conta9s _m v>ieties di/+ui%$ by diff]5t native names4 ,9 ! ,timani c\ntry & ! vic9ity ( ,port ,lokko ! f9e/ quality is gr[n1 & ! husk+ ( ?is is said to be a prolong$ process ( dry+1 )\t previ\sly p>boil+ or soak+4 ,?is rice only requires to be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e ! husk w sep>ate on p\nd+4 ,9 ! ,m5di c\ntry1 ! heads ( rice at ! h>ve/+ are cut & ti$ 9 small bun*es to dry 9 ! fields4 ,! gra9 is !n beat5 out1 & ! *aff w9n[$ on a tray or 9 a g5tle breeze4 ,! next /ep is to p>boil ! gra9 :ile yet 9 ! husk1 dur+ :i* op]ation ! int]ior swells up s z to split ! husk4 ,! rice is !n aga9 ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun ^u mats1 & f9ally lightly p\nd$ 9 a wood5 mort> 9 ord] to sep>ate ! loos5$ husk1 :i* is remov$ by w9n[+4 ,f ! "t ( h>ve/+ until ! rice is ready = sale1 ! "w is p]=m$ by wom54 ,9 spite ( ! fact t a v l>ge quantity ( rice is gr[n1 x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 a good season mu* rema9s unh>ve/$1 ow+ to ! improvid5ce ( ! native4 ,! price j aft] h>ve/+ may fall z l[ z #as4 #f;d4 p] bu%el1 b a few mon?s lat] x may rea* ?ree times t am\nt4 ,x is cu/om>y = ! ,protectorate native to realise at once ^u 8 crop1 )\t tak+ ! precaution to lay 9 a /ore = 8 future requirem5ts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is he is compell$ to buy back supplies = 8 own consumption at a v mu* enhanc$ rate4 ,! native at ! ,coa/ takes advantage ( ?is improvid5ce & pr(its consid]ably by x2 buy+ up ! *eap product at h>ve/+ & realis+ a h&some pr(it aft] a few mon?s4 ,9 quality ! local rice is excell5t1 b 9 appe>ance x is some:at r$di%1 only a few ( ! f9] qualities be+ ne>ly :ite4 ,! import$ rices are usually :ite1 b are said to conta9 less nutrim5t ?an ! local k9ds4 ,rice has always con/itut$ ! /aple food ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ! ,protectorate1 = :i* reason its cultivation & ! wea!r conditions necess>y = its successful production locally are matt]s ( great importance4 ,no precaution is tak5 to plant any o!r crop z a /&-by 9 ! ev5t ( an unfav\rable rice season4 ,9 #aiaj a disa/] actually occurr$1 = ! ra9y season ( #aiji set 9 s e>ly t x prev5t$ _m f>ms be+ burn$ 9 "t to s[ rice4 ,mo/ ( ! local v>ieties mature _! gra9 f ?ree to five mon?s aft] s[+1 ! e>li] produc+ approximately #ae1 & ! lat] f #cj to #dj bu%els1 p] acre4 ,ow+ to ! failure ( ! rice crop 9 #aiaj1 ! commodity %\ld n h be5 all[$ to be export$ 9 t ye>1 b ! importance ( ?is 0 lo/ sight ( 9 view ( ! remun]ative trade 9 x :i* _h become e/abli%$ ) diff]5t coa/ ports to :i* x 0 %ipp$4 ,9 ! previ\s edition ( ?is volume a recomm5dation 0 made to fo/] ! export ( surplus ,si]ra ,leone rice to ! ,gold ,coa/1 :]e x 0 mu* appreciat$1 & d\btless ?is trade may yet become important :5 exi/+ re/rictions are remov$1 & if x is f\nd possible to induce a l>g] numb] ( ! population 9 ! ,protectorate to engage 9 pure agriculture1 & gr[ crops 9 excess ( _! imm$iate p]sonal requirem5ts4 ,! exports = ! la/ n9e ye>s 7 z foll[s3 ,bu%els ,value #aiaj #ce1aad #e1ibe #aiaa #bb1fba #d1gaf #aiab #cj1gae #e1gab #aiac #ba1edh #c1iia #aiad #ah1gje #d1hee #aiae #ai1fjj #g1bbh #aiaf #c1aib #a1cfd #aiag #a1jbb #fig #aiah #agf #ic ,9 #aiae1 ow+ to ! fall+ (f ( imports1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to ex]cise control ov] ! exports1 b 9 spite ( ?is ! am\nt export$ 0 high] ?an 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 #aiaf ! urg5cy ( ! matt] became ev5 m pron\nc$ & exports 7 re/rict$4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t conduct$ sev]al comp>ative trials ) ,indian & local v>ieties ( rice4 ,! ,indian rices 7 mu* small] 9 size ( gra9 & 7 g5]ally n consid]$ s suitable z ! local k9ds1 ) respect to :i* x 0 f\nd t1 ) a suffici5cy ( se$ us$ 9 s[+ & deep cultivation1 excell5t crops c\ld be secur$4 ,! native me?od ( us+ less ?an half a bu%el ( se$ to s[ an acre is acc\ntable = mu* ( ! resultant crop becom+ full ( we$s4 ,excell5t results 7 obta9$ 9 s[+ #a to #c bu%els p] acre1 :5 ! we$s 7 *ok$ out4 ,,camwood4--,?is mat]ial1 f :i* r$ dye is got1 is obta9$ f ! legum9\s tree ,baphia nitida4 ,! use ( x 9 ,european c\ntries has some:at dim9i%$ dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! sub/itution = x ( artificial r$ col\r+-matt]1 b a small quantity is /ill export$1 & is made use ( = col\r+ sausage sk9s4 ,! am\nt ( camwood export$ 9 #aiae is giv5 z #fce tons1 valu$ at #h1gfa4 ,,copal4--,! tree id5tifi$ z ,copaif]a ,guib\rtiana is tapp$1 9 ! ,m5di c\ntry especially1 = copal4 ,! me?od 9 g5]al practice is to cut small squ>e pat*es ( b>k f ! ma9 trunk & bran*es 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 & to p]mit ^! to exude res9 until ,april1 at :i* "t ! fl[ has ceas$1 & ! res9 h>d5$ suffici5tly to be collect$4 ,! tree has be5 record$ f a few localities 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 b rec5tly plantations h be5 made ne> ,moyamba & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,kwalu di/rict1 :]e clu/]s ( l>ge trees occur1 mu* damage has be5 done by ov]tapp+1 & _m dead trees are to be se54 ,! value ( ,si]ra ,leone copal is high1 sometimes atta9+ ov] two %ill+s a p\nd 9 ! ,european m>kets4 ,! quality is1 h[ev]1 some:at irregul>1 & ! local grad+ is frequ5tly ineffici5t4 ,in=mation z to ! quality & value ( ,si]ra ,leone copal 9 comp>ison ) o!r v>ieties is giv5 9 ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,gums & ,res9s ,cd4 #diga1 pp4 #agj-hb4 ,ab\t ?irty tons 7 annually %ipp$ to ,europe = mak+ v>ni%1 b ow+ to ! de/ructive me?ods ( collection1 ! ,gov]nm5t has prohibit$ trade = five ye>s4 ,,gr\ndnuts4--,practically no trade at pres5t exi/s 9 ?is crop1 b ef=ts are be+ made to re9troduce ! cultivation into ,bullom1 :]e at "o "t a l>ge quantity 0 gr[n = export4 ,! cultivation ( gr\ndnuts = local consumption is c>ri$ on1 b ! ridge sy/em ( plant+1 :i* is 9 vogue 9 ! ,gambia1 is n adopt$ 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 & ! gr\ndnut /alks are remov$ f ! gr\nd )\t ! nuts atta*$ to !m4 ,! nuts 9 ,si]ra ,leone are p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd & depreciate 9 quality ?r\gh insuffici5t dry+4 ,! success ( gr\ndnut cultivation dep5ds l>gely ^u ! plant be+ gr[n on a loose b$ ( friable soil1 &1 :]e su* conditions exi/1 ! ,gambian me?od %\ld prove satisfactory4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t ! nuts %\ld be decorticat$ be=e s[+4 ,! usual local me?od ( s[+ is to scatt] ! nuts ^u ! unbrok5 gr\nd & !n cov] ) loose e>?4 ,"s damage is done by rats1 bu%pig & t]mites1 & 9 #aiad a fungoid disease 7,c]cospora p]sonata7 appe>$ 9 ,k>5e4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has obta9$ #ab cwts4 to ! acre 9 its trials4 ,! v>iety ( nut gr[n is app>5tly id5tical ) t ( ! ,gambia1 f :i* c\ntry ! se$ has probably be5 obta9$ 9 ! pa/4 ,,cocoa4--,"s ye>s ago cocoa 0 introduc$ into ! ,colony1 b1 al?\gh "s ( ! ,colonial plant]s _h receiv$ _! tra9+ 9 ! cocoa e/ates ( ,f]n&o ,po & ,san ,?om1 no success att5d$ _! ef=ts 9 ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! heavy ra9fall1 comb9$ ) ! long p]iod ( dr\ght peculi> to ! c\ntry1 is detrim5tal to ! indu/ry4 ,m rec5tly exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ 9 ! ,protectorate1 :]e a light] ra9fall occurs2 b "h also ! conditions are n g5]ally fav\rable1 z ! long p]iod ( dry wea!r is n comp5sat$ = by humidity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,importance ( ,correct ,climatic ,conditions4--,cocoa plantations1 9 ord] to be successful1 require atmosph]ic moi/ure fairly con/antly ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & w n ?rive if expos$ to excessive & prolong$ dr\ght1 or too mu* ra94 ,meteorological records tak5 at ,bo1 a place n f> di/ant f t :]e cocoa exp]im5ts 7 made1 %[ t ! conditions 9 respect to di/ribution ( ra9fall1 humidity & temp]ature are unfav\rable !re4 ,_m attempts h be5 made 9 o!r localities1 b only 9 ,nor!rn ,%]bro has !re be5 any appreciable success4 ,! soil 9 ?is locality is deep & is kept 9 good til? by ! ,gall9as4 ,! price obta9$ locally = _! cocoa beans 01 9 #aiac1 f #c;d4 to #d;d4 p] lb42 9 #aiad !re 0 an increase 9 ! numb] ( plants put out1 z ! price rose 9 t ye> to #f;d4 p] lb4 ,a sample ( native cocoa 0 submitt$ to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute = exam9ation & report 9 #aiaf1 & 0 f\nd to be incompletely f]m5t$ ) a r h>% flav\r4 ,! trade valuation1 h[ev]1 0 equal to ! /&>d price rul+ = ,accra beans at ! same "t 7cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiaf1 p4 #ehi74 ,al?\gh ! outlook = ,nor!rn ,%]bro is promis+1 cocoa _c atta9 mu* success 9 ! c\ntry g5]ally1 on acc\nt ( unsuitable climatic conditions & g5]al ineptitude ( mo/ ( ! native tribes4 ,,c(fee4--,a few ye>s ago c(fee 0 gr[n 9 ! ,colony = export1 ! indig5\s v>iety1 ,c(fea /5ophylla z well z ,c4 ,lib]ica be+ plant$4 ,! =m] be>s a v small b]ry & yields an excell5t1 /rong-flav\r$ bev]age4 ,! latt] is bett] kn[n & has a l>ge b]ry4 ,?r\gh\t ! hill villages ( ! ,colony a great numb] ( trees are se51 b1 ow+ to a fall 9 ! price ( ! product1 mo/ ( ! crop rema9s unpick$1 al?\gh x %\ld n prove unremun]ative ev5 at ! pres5t prices to cont9ue ! export4 ,,indigo4--,species ( ,indig(]a & a sc&5t %rub1 ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 or 8,g>a0 7,m5di71 are us$ = ! extraction ( ! blue dyes commonly employ$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! leaves ( ! latt] plant are said to be 9 su* dem& t a quantity is annually import$ f ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,a description ( ! me?od ( dye+ ) 8,g>a10 & an explanation ( ! process1 are giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 v4 7#aijg71 p4 #abi4 ,,fruit4--,"s p>ts ( ! ,colony seem fav\rable = ! cultivation ( v>i\s tropical fruits1 su* z bananas1 oranges1 mangoes1 & p9eapples1 & x is possible t ! proximity ( ,si]ra ,leone to ,european ports might enable "s ( ^! to be gr[n = export4 ,,beeswax4--,a small am\nt ( beeswax is collect$ 9 ! ,protectorate1 & in/ruction has be5 giv5 to ! natives 9 "s localities ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ! me?ods employ$ by !m4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has arrang$ = ! in/ruction ( "s ( ! local (ficials :ile on leave 9 ,engl& 9 practical bee-keep+4 ,! bee f\nd 9 ,si]ra ,leone is id5tical ) ! v>iety ( ,apis mellif]a f\nd ?r\gh\t ,we/ ,africa1 & is nam$ v>4 ,adansonii4 ,x is r small1 b produces an excell5t honey1 :i* is mu* appreciat$4 ,,oil ,,se$s4--,a tall tree be>+ a l>ge flatt5$ legume1 kn[n to ! ,m5di p z 8,fai10 or 8,fawe10 has be5 s5t = exam9ation to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute on acc\nt ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,?is tree 0 id5tifi$ z ,p5tacle?ra macrophylla1 &1 al?\gh common ?r\gh\t ! =e/$ zone1 is n se5 9 pr(usion any:]e4 ,! oil has be5 te/$1 & is said to be capable ( utilisation = ! manufacture ( soap & c&les1 b n = alim5t>y purposes4 ,! difficulties 9 connection ) ! collection ( ! se$ 9 l>ge quantities & ! extraction ( ! k]nel f ! out] horny %ell1 h9d] ! creation ( a remun]ative export trade4 ,ano!r vegetable oil is t obta9$ f ! fruit ( ,p5tadesma butyracea1 a tree f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,bullom & 9 ! ,port ,lokko di/rict4 ,! fat extract$ f ! ripe fruit is occasionally br\ght = sale to ,freet[n1 :]e x is kn[n z ,m&+o butt]4 ,x does n occur 9 suffici5t quantities to be comm]cially useful1 al?\gh x yields an edible oil4 ,lophira alata1 :i* is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! grass c\ntry 9 ! nor?1 & is replac$ by a ne>ly alli$ species1 ,l4 proc]a1 9 ! =e/ zone1 be>s a se$ :i* conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( oil1 :i* c be us$ = soap manufacture4 ,! difficulty ( decorticat+ ! se$s & _! pres]vation dur+ transport are disadvantages 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an export trade4 ,analyses ( ! fats or oils yield$ by ^! & o!r ,we/ ,african oil se$s1 & in=mation z to _! quality1 possible uses & value w be f\nd 9 ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,pt4 ,v41 ,oil ,se$s 7cf4 also ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiab1 #aiac1 #aiae1 #aiag1 #aiah74 ,progress 9 ,agriculture4--,9 #aiaj ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 0 reorganis$ on a bett] basis ?an =m]ly1 & ! purely =e/ry "w1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly c>ri$ on by ! ,agricultural ,sup]9t5d5t1 9 addition to 8 o!r duties1 0 !n transf]r$ to a ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t =m$ 9 t ye>4 ,briefly1 ! s*eme ( "w laid d[n by ! new ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture may be said to be on ! foll[+ *ief l9es3 7i7 ,! introduction ( a *eap & effective organic manure1 & ! demon/ration ( its value 9 su* a mann] z to induce ! p to use x on _! l&1 & !reby to employ m economical means = ! production ( food1 etc4 7ii7 ,! in/itution ( a prop] rotation ( crops suitable = ea* di/rict or locality4 7iii7 ,! demon/ration to natives ( ! fact1 t1 by ! prop] employm5t ( manur+ & crop rotation1 !y w\ld be able to f>m ! same piece ( l& = an indef9ite numb] ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x %\ld increase r ?an dim9i% 9 f]tility4 ,by su* demon/ration x %\ld be possible to put an end to ! wa/eful & p]man5tly de/ructive me?ods at pres5t employ$ ( %ift+ cultivation4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has a piece ( l& on ! ,exp]im5t ,f>m at ,njala1 :i* has be5 "u crops annually = ! pa/ eight ye>s1 & ! condition ( x at pres5t is said to be a m f]tile "o1 ow+ to ! sy/em ( manur+ & rotation employ$1 ?an x 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( "w4 ,?is is m5tion$ "h1 z x is 9 contradiction to ! well-worn native excuse = *ang+ ! site ( f>ms annually1 i4e41 t x is ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( ! f]tility ( l& t aft] a few ye>s' cultivation ! 8bu%0 be all[$ to become re-e/abli%$ s t1 on burn+1 a suffici5t am\nt ( wood a% may be obta9$ to r5ovate x4 7iv7 ,to enc\rage ! natives 9 ! =mation ( p]man5t plantations ( fruit & o!r economic trees4 ,to ^! ends1 9 ! fir/ place1 analyses ( soils f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 made by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,at ! same "t samples ( ! soil tak5 f localities :]e kola1 cocoa1 rice & gr\ndnuts 7 gr[n1 h be5 comp>$ ) t f uncle>$ 8bu%40 ,! result ( ! exam9ation1 9 ! latt] case1 %[$ ! soil _h a defici5cy ( lime & phosphoric acid4 ,a special analysis 0 also made ( ! soil ( ! ,banana ,isl&s1 :i* 0 f\nd to h an adequate quantity ( nitrog5 b to be defici5t 9 pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,) a view to produc+ a m satisfactory condition ( soil 9 "s p>ts1 diff]5t legum9\s crops h be5 cultivat$ & alt]nat$ ) ,sorghum millet 7,gu9ea corn71 maize & rice4 ,among ! species tri$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t are3 soya beans 7,glyc9e soja71 black gram 7,phaseolus mungo71 pigeon peas 7,cajanus indicus71 ,java beans 7,phaseolus lunatus71 c[peas 7,vigna catjang71 sword beans 7,canavalia ensi=mis7 & horse-beans 7,doli*os lablab74 ,yams & gr\ndnuts h also be5 tri$1 & a yield ( #f tons #c cwts4 p] acre ( ! =m] crop 0 obta9$ at ! exp]im5tal f>m at ,njala 9 #aiad4 ,=e/ry4--,on ! =mation ( a ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t 9 #aiaj1 a survey 0 at once proce$$ )1 & active /eps 7 tak5 to save f ext9ction ! small ext5t ( =e/ rema9+ 9 ! ,colony & ,protectorate4 ,f ! survey x appe>$ t "s #ii p] c5t4 ( ! ,protectorate prim>y =e/ _h already be5 de/roy$ by ! wa/eful me?ods ( f>m+ g5]ally practis$4 ,int]vals betwe5 ! cle>+ ( ! bu% = f>ms 0 f n9e to five ye>s1 ! effect ( :i* 0 to entirely elim9ate ! prim>y =e/ areas4 ,:]e pat*es /ill rema91 h[ev]1 _m useful species ( timb] trees are f\nd4 ,by ! introduction ( regul> =e/ control & reaf=e/ation1 x is hop$ t conditions may be improv$ to "s ext5t1 & economic trees especially pres]v$4 ,=e/ legislation has already be5 introduc$ to insure ! pres]vation ( copal trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,coa/ ,t]ritory held by ,great ,brita9 "u ,m&ate is hat*$ 9 ,r$4 ,leg5d ,/an=d's ,geogl4 ,e/abt41 ,london4 ,,! ,,gold ,,coa/1 ,,a%anti ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritories ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,geographical ,position4--,! ,gold ,coa/ ,colony1 ) ! dep5d5cies ( ,a%anti & ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories1 =ms a ne>ly oblong tract ( c\ntry1 b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! #aa? p>allel ( nor? latitude & ! ,fr5* ,sudan1 on ! s\? by ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 on ! ea/ by ,togol&1 & on ! we/ by ! ,ivory ,coa/ 7,fr5*74 ,! c\rse ( ! ,black ,volta =ms ! natural b\nd>y on ! nor?-we/1 & t ( ! ,daka1 cont9u$ z ! ma9 ,volta riv]1 a l>ge ext5t ( ! ea/]n1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is 9 c\rse ( realignm5t4 ,area & ,population4--,! area ( ! :ole c\ntry is e/imat$ at ab\t #hb1jjj sq4 miles1 & ! population at upw>ds ( #a1ejj1jjj4 ,divisions4--,! ,colony prop] =ms ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! ?ree divisions ( :i* ! c\ntry is compos$1 & is b\nd$ on ! nor? by an irregul> l9e divid+ x f ,a%anti4 ,?is l9e comm5ces ^u ! we/]n fronti] at a po9t ab\t #f #dj ,n4 & #c #g ,w41 & runs to a po9t on ! ,(9 riv] ab\t #f #cj ,n4 & #b ,w41 cont9u+ s\?w>d along ! c\rse ( ! ,(9 to its junction ) ! ,pra riv]1 :5ce x foll[s ! la/-nam$ riv] 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction to ne> ,abetifi1 & cont9ues 9 an irregul> l9e to ! ,volta1 meet+ x bel[ ! junction ( ! ,assuokoko /ream4 ,a%anti is sep>at$ f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories by an irregul> b\nd>y-l9e f ea/ to we/1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,black & ma9 ,volta riv]s4 ,x is almo/ entirely =e/$ up to ! b\nd>ies ( ! l>ge/ t[ns4 ,a view ( ,kumassi1 ! capital1 is giv51 %[+ ! proximity ( ! =e/ 7,fig4 #ad74 ,f a climatic z well z an agricultural /&po9t ! c\ntry is m conv5i5tly divid$ into two p>ts by a l9e :i* %>ply def9es ! limits ( ! region ( d5se =e/ f t ( ! grass l&s ) few trees1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntry to ! nor?4 ,?is l9e is probably ! nor!rn limit ( ! tract ( c\ntry subject to a prolong$ ra9y season1 & ow+ to ! d5sity ( ! =e/ s\? ( x seems to h con/itut$ ! extreme di/ance to :i* ! ,mohamm$an conqu]ors f ! nor? 7 able to p5etrate1 :5 attempt+ to subdue & conv]t ! pagan tribes to _! s\?4 ,! improv$ me?ods ( agriculture f\nd among ! tribes inhabit+ ! ultra-=e/ c\ntry ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories may be attributable to ! tea*+ ( ^! conqu]+ p4 ,on acc\nt ( ! m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! conditions & ! agricultural developm5t ( ! =e/ & ultra-=e/ regions1 x appe>s to be m conv5i5t to ref] to ! products f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories 9 a sep>ate "p1 & ?is c\rse has be5 foll[$ "h4 ,,"p ,i4--,,gold ,,coa/ ,,& ,,a%anti ,orig9 ( ,tribes4--,tradition among ! natives ma9ta9s t ! two great tribes ( ,fanti & ,a%anti 7 orig9ally f ! same /ock1 & x is probable t ?is 0 also ! case ) reg>d to ! p ( ,tufel1 ,d5k]a1 ,ass9 & ,aquapim1 :o are said to speak a dialect ( ! same language z t ( ! ,fantis & ,a%antis4 ,completely diff]5t languages are1 h[ev]1 spok5 by ! ,appolonias1 ,ahantas1 ,agoonahs1 ,accras1 & ,adampes liv+ ne> ! coa/1 & ^! are suppos$ to repres5t ! rema9s ( an e>li] race4 ,! native belief is t ! :ole p 7 orig9ally compos$ ( twelve families or tribes1 & t ea* 0 call$ by a sep>ate "n 9 "s way indicat+ ! occupation4 ,accord+ to ,b[di*1 ^? call+ !mselves aft] animals ( ! =e/ probably repres5t$ ! families employ+ _! "t 9 hunt+1 & ^? be>+ su* names z corn/alk 7,abrotoo7 & planta9 7,abbradi7 appli$ !mselves to agriculture4 ,! "n ,agoonah1 imply+ 8oil-palm locality10 seems to h be5 appli$ to all ^? :o 7 trad]s4 ,individuals are /ill said to assume ^! di/9ctive names )\t reg>d to _! usual tribal aff9ities4 ,! probable reason = ! backw>d condition ( agriculture 9 ! =e/ region is t a food supply 0 procurable f ! =e/ itself1 & ! cont9ual int]tribal w>f>e1 9 :i* ! p seem$ to h be5 engag$1 0 oppos$ to ! cultivation ( crops1 :i* might become an inc5tive to a covet\s attack4 ,m rec5tly1 s9ce ^! conditions h become alt]$1 ?r\gh ! pacification ( ! c\ntry1 "s ( ! tribes1 :o 7 ! fir/ to become settl$1 h adopt$ a =m ( cultivation :i*1 al?\gh wa/eful1 seems to be common among ! =e/ p ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,by means ( imp]fect cle>+ ( ! gr\nd be=e cultivation1 & sup]ficial turn+ up ( ! soil1 small crops ( gra9 7maize7 & roots 7yams & cassava7 are rais$1 & ! l& is usually left to rev]t to a /ate ( we$s & 8bu%0 aft] two or ?ree ye>s' use4 ,?is resembles ! 8,*5a0 sy/em 9 ,ceylon4 ,! tribes :o h develop$ a bett] & m economical =m ( work+ are ^? 9 ^: di/ricts ! adv5t ( cocoa plant]s has s rais$ ! value ( l& t !y are compell$ to utilise ! same plot m frequ5tly = _! annual crops4 ,z an indication ( ?is1 ! be/ cultivat$ fields are ^? ( ! ,krobos1 ,akims1 ,krepes1 & ,kwahus1 :ile ! lea/ advanc$ tribes are ! ,a%antis4 ,ow+ to ! remun]ative return f cocoa cultivation 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ?is commodity has atta9$ ! fir/ place among export$ agricultural & =e/ products4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 moreov]1 developm5t has be5 s rapid t ! c\ntry is n[ ! l>ge/ produc] ( cocoa 9 ! _w4 ,among exports1 rubb]1 palm oil1 palm k]nels & timb] foll[ x 9 ord] ( importance4 ,,cocoa4--,z a prelim9>y to an acc\nt ( ! cocoa indu/ry 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 x may be consid]$ useful to ref] briefly to ! botanical position ( ! tree :i* produces cocoa1 z well z to ! v>ieties :i* are cultivat$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ ) ^? adopt$ else:]e seems also necess>y4 ,! tree is a native ( ,tr9idad & ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is botanically classifi$ 9 ! ,natural ,ord] ,,/]culiace1 sub-,ord] ,buettn]ie1 "u ! "n ( ,!obroma cacao ( ,l9nu4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 f :i* ! cultivation has spread into sev]al tropical c\ntries1 ?ree fairly well-m>k$ v>ieties are recognis$ z comm]cially useful1 & ^! be> ! local names ( 8,criollo10 8,=a/]o10 & 8,calabacillo40 ,! fir/ ( ^! is said to be id5tical ) t occurr+ at ,c>acas1 9 ,v5ezuela1 & is usually call$ by ! "n ( t place :5 export$ f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,criollo v>iety is ! s\rce ( "s ( ! highe/-pric$ produce1 b ,=a/]o has "s po9ts 9 its fav\r = g5]al cultivation1 ! *ief ( :i* appe>s to be great] h>d9ess4 ,= ?is reason x seems to h become easily e/abli%$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,san ,?om & ,f]n&o ,po1 :]e ! sub-v>iety kn[n z ,amelonado is t ( g5]al occurr5ce1 & to h spread f !re to ! ma9l& ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,9 ,ceylon ! ,=a/]o v>iety is also mu* gr[n 9 plantations4 ,! ?ird v>iety1 ,calabacillo1 yields an inf]ior product & does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ into ! ea/]n hemisph]e4#a ,cocoa1 z %ipp$ f ! plantations1 is ! dri$ bean or se$1 :i* has be5 remov$ f ! fruit pod ( ! tree1 & may or may n h be5 f]m5t$ be=e dry+4 ,! prop]ly f]m5t$ se$s or beans f9d m fav\r 9 ,european m>kets ?an ^? :i* h n und]gone ! process1 b x is *iefly 9 an imp]fectly f]m5t$ condition t cocoa beans are export$ f ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,attempts are be+ made to alt] ?is1 s z to produce a bett] quality4 ,cocoa =ms a v nutriti\s food1 & bev]age aft] prep>ation by ! manufactur]1 ent]+ ! m>kets 9 a manufactur$ =m "u ! names ( cocoa or *ocolate4 ,no native manufacture is employ$ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 al?\gh cocoa butt] has be5 extract$ on a small scale at ,odumase4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is t :i* is g5]ally accept$ reg>d+ ! fir/ introduction ( ! tree into ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahgi a native trad]1 nam$ ,tete ,quas%i1 br\ght "s ( ! se$ f ,f]n&o ,po & made a small plantation at ,mampong1 :i* is situat$ ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ,aburi 9 ! ,volta ,riv] ,di/rict4 ,! trees grew well1 & ! fir/ crops ( pods 7 said to h be5 dispos$ ( to o!r natives at #a p] pod4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ?is trad]1 ! ,basel ,mission ,trad+ ,association import$ m pods f ,f]n&o ,po1 & = "s "t !y 7 able to dispose ( !m at a l>ge pr(it4 ,! v>iety introduc$ 0 ,=a/]o-,amelonado1 & 0 f\nd to ?rive extremely well "u ! local conditions preval5t 9 ! di/ricts ( ! ,volta ,riv]1 ,kwahu1 & ,ea/]n ,akim4 ,! fir/ %ipm5t ( cocoa f ! ,gold ,coa/ 0 made 9 #ahia1 :5 #hj lbs41 valu$ at #d1 7 export$4 ,f t "t onw>d ! annual export$ quantity has increas$ some:at irregul>ly until ! returns = #aiai %[ #agf1aee tons1 wor? m ?an #h1jjj1jjj4 ,no e/imate c be giv5 ( ! area at pres5t "u cocoa cultivation1 = ! reason t a l>ge numb] ( ! cultivators only possess a few trees /&+ ne> _! h\ses or scatt]$ 9 _! f>ms4 ,:]e plantations exi/ !y are usually small1 &1 ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( ! plant+1 no effici5t idea ( ! possible production c\ld be obta9$ by measurem5t ( ! plant$ area alone4 ,s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! ,a%antis into m peaceful modes ( liv+1 & ! adoption by !m ( agricultural "w1 cocoa plant+ has rapidly spread ?r\gh ,a%anti-,akim1 & new plantations may be f\nd ev5 we/w>d ( ,kumassi4 ,f ,axim also !re is an ext5sion ( cocoa-gr[+ t[>ds ! nor?1 & x has rec5tly be5 /at$ t ! mo/ promis+ l& = ! cultivation ( ! tree is to be f\nd to ! we/ ( ! railway1 betwe5 ,sekondi & ,kumassi4 ,! once prov]bially trucul5t & w>like ,a%antis h rec5tly1 to a l>ge ext5t1 become peaceful cocoa plant]s4 ,plantations are also f\nd "u ,european control1 (t5 9 comb9ation ) rubb] or kola2 b cocoa does n comb9e ) rubb] z satisfactorily z c(fee1 :i* is m frequ5tly employ$4 ,"u 8,rubb]0 "s p>ticul>s ( ! plantations1 ^: returns are available1 are suppli$4 ,9 common ) _m o!r cultivat$ plants1 cocoa requires c]ta9 def9ite comb9ations ( climate & soil to ensure remun]ative cultivation1 & unless ^! exi/ ! introduction is n to be recomm5d$4 ,) reg>d to climate1 a consid]able ra9fall is g5]ally ?\ght necess>y1 ! int]vals ( dry wea!r n be+ too prolong$4 ,! dra9age ( ! l& %\ld be good1 = if ! wat] _c dra9 away )9 a reasonably %ort "t1 ! trees w be adv]sely & (t5 sev]ely affect$4 ,al?\gh x is recognis$ t cocoa c su/a9 itself "u conditions ( dr\ght = a %ort "t1 di/ricts subject to p]iodical abs5ce ( ra9 = a mon? or m are unsuitable1 & trees plant$ 9 su* places w g5]ally die aft] a brief p]iod4 ,! annual ra9fall 9 ! cocoa di/ricts ( ,tr9idad av]ages ab\t #gb in*es1 b a mu* heavi] fall is exp]i5c$ 9 ! plantations ( ,ceylon4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! c\ntries1 h[ev]1 is !re an annual long p]iod ( complete dr\ght1 :i* is a feature common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa2 & ev5 :5 an int]val )\t ra9 occurs1 ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e comp5sates = ! abs5ce ( x4 ,ceylon is visit$ by a d\ble monsoon or ra9y season1 :i* is also ! case 9 a less m>k$ degree 9 ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,! next requirem5t ( importance is a soil ( suitable quality4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ be/ to select l& :i* possesses a mod]ate am\nt ( loose clay mix$ ) s&1 &1 if ! surface be ?ickly cov]$ ) vegetable deposit1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,/eep hillsides1 /iff1 boggy1 s&y1 or rocky l& are to be avoid$4 ,! pres5ce ( l[ scrub on uncle>$ l& is an indication ( pov]ty ( soil1 al?\gh ! pres5ce ( heavy =e/ does n necess>ily gu>antee ! suitability ( ! locality1 z imp]fectly dra9$ l& (t5 be>s a heavy =e/ gr[?4 ,good natural dra9age is ess5tial1 & is ne>ly always f\nd :]e ! l& slopes & ! rock und]ly+ ! soil is friable or deep4 ,natural dra9age c (t5 be improv$ by artificial means4 ,! la/ important condition necess>y is ! selection ( a position :]e %ade & w9d protection c be obta9$ naturally to z great an ext5t z possible4 ,plantations 9 valleys1 %elt]$ by m\nta9 spurs or by belts ( high =e/1 are suitable1 & su* =mations are met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti4 ,9 ^! localities ! climate z well z ! positions & soil obta9able are g5]ally s well adapt$ = ! fruitful gr[? ( cocoa t1 ev5 :]e ! av]age annual ra9fall is z l[ z #da in*es 7! av]age at ,aburi71 plantations are prov+ successful1 ! regul> di/ribution1 humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! natural %ade con/itut+ a comp5sation = ! %ortage4 ,! native plant] s[s ! se$s 9 small pat*es or 9 r\ghly prep>$ b$s 9 ! vic9ity ( wat]1 (t5 9 su* proximity to "o ano!r z to *oke a numb] ( ! "y plants4 ,?is =m ( nurs]y is met ) ?r\gh\t ! =e/s1 & x is common to f9d circul> pat*es conta9+ two or ?ree hundr$ plants adjo9+ a road4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a l>ge numb] ( se$l+s are gr[n at1 & di/ribut$ f1 ! ,gov]nm5t ,botanic ,g>d5s4 ,native plantations are = ! mo/ "p =m$ ( irregul> l9es ( trees1 g5]ally plant$ too closely4 ,! evil effect ( ?is does n become app>5t until ! trees atta9 a l>ge size1 :5 ! excessive %ade !y af=d to _! fruit-be>+ bran*es1 :i* 9 cocoa consi/ ( ! trunk & ma9 /ructure1 prev5ts ! fruit f =m+ & induces rot ?r\gh want ( evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,! native plant] is sl[ to recognise ?is1 & dis9cl9$ to rem$y ! matt] by remov+ "s ( ! trees4 ,! di/ance at :i* cocoa trees are plant$ by ! native is r\ghly f #g to #aj feet ap>t1 :]eas t recomm5d$ = plantations 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,ceylon v>ies1 ) ! quality ( ! soil & ! elevation1 f #ab to #ae feet2 ! latt] w\ld be m suitable = mo/ ( ! ,gold ,coa/ plantations4 ,! advantage :i* ! native plant] sees 9 8 me?od ( plant+ is1 t 9 addition to gett+ a l>g] numb] ( trees into a giv5 space1 ! d5sity ( _! foliage soon becomes s great t we$s cease to gr[ b5ea?1 r5d]+ cultivation unnecess>y4 ,until su* a /ate has be5 arriv$ at1 ! cutt+ ( we$s is an op]ation :i* may h to be p]=m$ twice1 or ev5 ?ree times1 9 ! ye>4 ,?is is ! only =m ( cultivation giv51 no manure be+ us$ or any break+ ( ! soil done4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies x is n cu/om>y to di/urb ! surface soil1 except 9 s f> z x may be necess>y to apply manure or remove cat* crops2 b ev5 9 ^! cases great c>e is ex]cis$1 z x is f\nd t ! cocoa tree is to a l>ge ext5t a surface fe$]1 & spreads lat]al f9e roots at v little dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,%ade is obta9$ naturally to a l>ge degree1 b 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! tree's exi/5ce1 cassava & planta9s are plant$ to af=d x4 ,! plantation ( ,p>a rubb] ) cocoa has be5 recomm5d$ 9 su* a mann] t ea* w\ld occur alt]nately 9 a diagonal l9e4 ,?is does n appe> a v satisfactory plan1 ow+ to ! fact t ,p>a rubb] trees 9 ,we/ ,africa %$ _! leaves annually at ab\t ! "t t cocoa mo/ ne$s %ade4 ,9 ! small pat*es ( cocoa trees1 :i* con/itute mo/ ( ! native plantations1 p]man5t & suffici5t %ade is g5]ally giv5 by ! surr\nd+ =e/ trees1 & x is ( small importance 9 su* cases to consid] ! plantation ( p]man5t %ade trees4 ,prun+1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 is att5d$ ) ! greate/ am\nt ( c>e1 & is p]=m$ = ! purpose ( produc+ a vigor\s tree by ! removal ( all useless wood1 & ( enc\rag+ fruit+ bran*es to increase _! production4 ,9 ord] to d ! latt] x is ess5tial to remove any sup]flu\s numb] ( prim>y bran*es1 ?ree or f\r be+ consid]$ suffici5t = "o tree4 ,a simil> regulation ( gr[? is requir$ ) reg>d to ! second>y & t]ti>y bran*es4 ,9 addition to ?is1 c>e is giv5 to reta9 ! correct balance = ! tree1 &1 :5 cutt+ out bran*es1 to avoid mak+ jagg$ cuts or sla%es4 ,! ,we/ ,african native does n prune ) ^! objects 9 view1 b employs a 8cutlass0 or 8ma*ete0 to cut out ^? bran*es :i* seem to be giv+ too mu* %ade or :i* h become int]lac$1 reg>dless ( _! value to ! tree or ( ! w\nds inflict$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to tea* prun+ at ! ,botanical ,/ations1 b ! demon/rations h n be5 l>gely att5d$1 & a great deal ( damage cont9ues to be done ?r\gh ignorance ( ! objects & effects ( prun+4 ,_m ( ! old] plantations1 ow+ to bad treatm5t & too close plant+1 are yield+ an annually dim9i%+ crop1 b new ones are spr++ up 9 increas+ numb]s ea* ye>1 :i* is an obvi\s indication t ! indu/ry is prov+ a pr(itable "o4 ,insect ,pe/s & ,vegetable ,p>asites4--,w\nds1 su* z ^? describ$ above1 (t5 r5d] ! tree m susceptible to ! attacks ( insect pe/s2 b1 al?\gh x has be5 /at$ t cocoa trees 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ are s]i\sly affect$ 9 ?is way1 su* is n (t5 ! case4 ,beetles ( ! ,longicorn gr\p are f\nd damag+ ! tree to "s ext5t :]ev] x has be5 plant$4 ,two species are record$ f ! ,we/ ,indies3 ,/eira/oma hi/rionica1 ,:ite1 f ,tr9idad1 & ,s4 depressa1 ,l9n41 f ,gr5ada4 ,on ! trees 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ ,armato/]na buquetiana1 ,:ite1 & a ,gl5ea sp4 h be5 f\nd do+ simil> damage4 ,^! insects deposit _! eggs 9 crevices ( ! b>k or on w\nds1 & ! grubs :i* em]ge bore into ! trunk1 liv+ & gr[+ 9 size 9 ! int]ior ( ! wood until mature1 :5 !y *ange into pup1 & f9ally into beetles4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! grubs is easily detect$ by ! quantity ( f9e p>ticles ( wood or 8frass0 :i* are ?r[n out ( ! entrance hole2 &1 if a flexible wire be ins]t$ until x rea*es & impales ! grub1 x w (t5 prev5t ! damage becom+ s]i\s4 ,! ne/s ( l>ge r$ ants 7cophylla sp471 :i* fe$ ^u ! sac*>9e juices :i* exude f ! pods1 may (t5 be obs]v$ on cocoa trees1 b z ! ants vici\sly bite any liv+ ?+ :i* may v5ture ^u ! tree1 !y are probably a safegu>d aga9/ ! depr$ations ( rats & squirrels t eat out ! cont5ts ( ! ripe fruit :ile /ill on ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa ,,at ,,mramra ,,attack$ ,,by ,,black ,,cocoa-,,b>k ,,bug4 ,fig4 #af1 p4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,cocoa ,,beans ,,at ,,mramra4 ,fig4 #ag1 p4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,tapp+ ,,indig5\s ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,,funtumia ,,ela/ica71 ,,oboamang1 ,,a%anti4 ,fig4 #ah1 p4 #fa4 ,9 #aiji ! writ] drew att5tion to a black hemipt]\s insect caus+ de/ruction to plantations 9 ! ,a%anti-,akim region1 :]e c>eless cultivation prevail$ 7cf4 ,bull4 ,entom4 ,rese>*1 vol4 i4 pt4 viii4 #aiaj74 ,?is insect1 kn[n z ! 8,black cocoa-b>k bug0 or 8,sankonuabe10 0 nam$ ,sahlb]gella !obroma1 ,di/ant1 & subsi/s 9 all its /ages ^u ! sap ( cocoa bran*es obta9$ ?r\gh punctures made by its proboscis4#b ,! attack$ trees are atrophi$ or kill$ outright 7,fig4 #af74 ,spray+ ) petroleum-soap emulsion has prov$ an effective rem$y1 b native plant]s d n readily adopt x4 ,rec5tly ! insect has be5 f\nd sapp+ ! silk cotton tree1 & plant]s are w>n$ aga9/ hav+ ?is tree 9 _! plantations4 ,ano!r insect1 :i* belongs to ! same ,ord] z ! la/1 & ! g5us ,helopeltis1 has be5 obs]v$ punctur+ ! pods & caus+ !m to become black-spott$1 di/ort$1 & sometimes kill$ by ! attack4 ,?is is alli$ to ,h4 ,antonii1 ,sign41 :i* punctures cocoa pods 9 ! same mann] 9 ,ceylon4 ,! insect does n appe> to be num]\s at pres5t1 b %\ld be s\ght on damag$ pods & kill$ at e opportunity1 z "s species ( ! same g5us h develop$ into ! wor/ enemies ( tea & c9*ona 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,fungoid p>asites appe> to be r>e 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 al?\gh !y h be5 obs]v$ commonly 9 o!r places 9 ,africa4 ,9 "s ( ! damp] p>ts ( ,a%anti a fungoid ?read blight 0 obs]v$ on cocoa1 & 0 f\nd to be common ^u sev]al =e/ %rubs 9 ! same places4 ,?is is p]haps ,/ilbum nanum1 ,massee2 x %\ld be treat$ by means ( scrap+ ) a wood5 knife comb9$ ) spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture4 ,h>ve/+ & ,prep>+4--,! native cocoa gr[] collects ! pods f 8 trees at ! "t :5 he e/imates he c ga!r ! mo/1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 _m ov]-ripe & "u-ripe fruits are tak5 ) ! ripe4 ,! effect ( ?is is to give an irregul> product :i* c nev] possess ! attributes ( a good cocoa4 ,! pods are usually pull$ (f ! tree1 a knife be+ seldom us$2 & 9 ! action ( pull+ (f1 ! cu%ion1 ^u :i* ! pod is borne1 is (t5 torn & injur$4 ,z x is f ?is po9t1 or ne> x1 t ! successive crops ( fl[]s & fruits proce$1 ! be>+ p[] ( ! tree is frequ5tly dim9i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,! use ( a knife & ! necessity = frequ5t pick+s1 to ensure ! pods be+ tak5 :5 mature1 are among ! mo/ important lessons :i* ! native plant] %\ld be taught4 ,! pods aft] collection are ?r[n into a heap ^u ! gr\nd1 & are (t5 left )\t fur!r att5tion = two or ?ree days1 aft] :i* !y are brok5 op5 ) ! aid ( a 8cutlass10 & ! cont5ts are scoop$ out into a basket4 ,! result is a mixture ( beans1 9 _! surr\nd+ pulp1 9 diff]5t /ages ( maturity4 ,! l5g? ( "t t ! beans rema9 9 ! basket is g5]ally only regulat$ by ! conv5i5ce ( ! collector4 ,! next op]ation is to remove z mu* ( ! pulp z possible by wa%+ 9 a /ream1 & ?is is m easily effect$ ) ! ov]-ripe beans or ) ^? :i* h be5 all[$ to 8sweat0 or f]m5t4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! beans are spread ?9ly ^u mats1 rais$ ^u r\gh frames1 9 ord] to dry !m 9 ! sun4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 %[+ ?is process 7,fig4 #ag74 ,su* is ! crude & irregul> me?od employ$ by ! natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 :o until q rec5tly _h little or no k ( ! advantages ( f]m5tation4 ,ow+ to ! small quantities ) :i* !y work$ at "o "t1 x is probable t ! f]m5t+ action 9 ! pulp 0 seldom set up4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s att5tion has be5 giv5 to ?is by ! m intellig5t plant]s1 & x is n uncommon to f9d t boxes & b>rels h be5 br\ght into use by !m1 & t f]m5tation has be5 all[$ to proce$ = f f\r to t5 days ) satisfactory results4 ,dry+ is /ill conduct$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 & is (t5 incomplete1 b1 to rem$y ! defects ( ?is1 "o ( ! ,european buy+ firms has erect$ a dry+ ma*9e1 9 :i* all ! cocoa b\ght is ?or\ghly dri$ be=e %ipm5t4 ,! skill$ cocoa plant] ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ,ceylon is c>eful to pick only ^? pods :i* are q mature1 &1 9 ord] to d ?is1 he is oblig$ to g ov] 8 plantation frequ5tly4 ,mature pods are ^? :i* h assum$ a yell[i% or r$di% col\r1 & consid]able exp]i5ce is necess>y to judge ?is ) accuracy4 ,! pods are remov$ by means ( a cutt+ in/rum5t call$ a 8cocoa hook10 ) :i* c>e c be m easily giv5 to ! pres]vation ( ! cu%ion4 ,! pods are plac$ 9 heaps &1 9 ! case ( small e/ates :]e "o day's pick+ is insuffici5t to procure a f]m5tation1 !y are left =1 p]haps1 two days until a suffici5t quantity has be5 obta9$4 ,sort+1 accord+ to v>iety & degree ( maturity1 is resort$ to be=e op5+1 &1 aga91 :5 cut op51 c>e is tak5 to sep>ate su* beans z are f\nd ov]-ripe4 ,?is practice is /rictly adh]$ to 9 ,ceylon1 b is (t5 disreg>d$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,no wa%+ is done at ?is /age1 b ! beans1 ) _! pulp atta*$1 are plac$ 9 b>rels1 boxes1 or vats = ! purpose ( f]m5tation1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! decomposition ( ! pulp1 & is complete :5 ! liquor1 ?us =m$1 has impregnat$ ! int]ior ( ! bean & *ang$ ! col\r ( x f purple to ri* *ocolate br[n4 ,! %ell becomes t\gh5$1 & ! rema9+ pulp is m easily remov$ aft] ?is process has be5 und]gone4 ,wa%+1 if x is consid]$ necess>y1 is !n proce$$ )1 & is g5]ally done 9 ,ceylon1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,dry+ is *iefly done 9 ! sun 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! beans are spread ?ickly & turn$ con/antly4 ,dry+ h\ses1 :i* h ro(s capable ( be+ slid ov] ! cocoa on ! approa* ( ra91 are us$4 ,9 ,ceylon hot air di/ribut$ by c5trifugal fans is ! common me?od4 ,poli%+1 :i* is (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 is done by sift+ f9ely p[d]$ r$ e>? ov] ! p>tly dri$ beans :ile !y are expos$ to ! sun1 :51 x is ma9ta9$1 ! e>? assi/s to remove ! rema9+ pulp z well z to absorb ! moi/ure1 at ! same "t giv+ ! surfaces ( ! beans a poli%$ ext]ior4 ,annatto is said to be us$ in/ead ( r$ e>? 9 ,v5ezuela1 b ! addition ( ?is is1 presumably1 ) ! object ( col\r+1 r ?an poli%+4 8,danc+0 is an op]ation design$ to prev5t ! developm5t ( mildew1 & consi/s ( tread+ ! beans ) ! b>e feet4 ,"s ( ! l>ge manufactur]s 9 ,europe h recomm5d$ t ! ,gold ,coa/ plant]s %\ld f]m5t _! produce1 b %\ld n wa% ! beans aft] f]m5tation4 ,m>kets4--,c]ta9 l>ge cocoa-buy+ c5tres are recognis$1 :i*1 9 ! ,volta ,riv] di/rict1 are situat$ at ! foot ( ! hilly c\ntry1 9 positions conv5i5t = transport to ! ports ( %ipm5t4 ,9 addition to ^!1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( buy+ is proce$$ ) at small] places 9 ! mid/ ( ! gr[+ di/ricts1 b ^! probably repres5t ! localities = ! transactions c>ri$ on by ag5ts or middlem54 ,until ! produce is actually 9 ! h&s ( ! %ipp]s1 ! conveyance ( cocoa is almo/ entirely done by head-loads ( ab\t #fj lbs4 ,! head-load is ! /&>d = trad+1 & ! local price quot$ is always ) ref]5ce to x4 ,x is cu/om>y = ! buy+ %ipp]s to s5d out _! ag5ts to ! cocoa di/ricts to arrange = ! pur*ase ( ! crops1 & x is always necess>y t su* pur*ases %\ld be paid = 9 silv]1 no notes or *eques be+ accept$4 ,ow+ to competition dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 ! ag5ts h (t5 paid ! gr[] a sum ( money long be=e 8 crop 0 ready = pick+1 9 ord] to gu>antee t x may be b\ght by no "o else4 ,?is has _h ! effect ( mak+ ! gr[] c>eless 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 crop1 & has caus$ ! production ( mu* bad mat]ial4 ,! report t at ano!r t[n1 (t5 di/ant by _m days' j\rney1 a high] price is be+ paid ?an t obta9$ 9 a m>ket close at h&1 w frequ5tly induce a native to convey 8 head-loads to ! di/ant m>ket1 reg>dless ( ! fact t ! extra %ill+ or s he may receive does n appe> to be suffici5t comp5sation = ! additional lab\r & "t exp5d$4 ,?is po9ts to ! fact t ! native does n put ! same value on 8 "t & lab\r :5 he is work+ = himself z he does :5 he is employ$ by o!rs4 ,! buy]s ( cocoa pack x 9 bags = %ipm5t1 & ^! are convey$ to ! ports by motor lorries or plac$ inside l>ge casks1 simil> to ^? us$ = palm oil1 & roll$ along ! roads4 ,"s ( ! %ipm5ts are convey$ 9 riv] /eam]s on ! ,volta1 &1 m rec5tly1 ow+ to ! gr[]s hav+ f\nd a bett] m>ket = a %ort "t at ,kumassi1 a consid]able am\nt 0 s5t by rail f t place to ,sekondi4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]fect /ate ( dryness 9 :i* ! cocoa is (t5 sold by ! plant]1 a great am\nt ( c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ be=e mix+ & pack+4 ,sort+ is n mu* practis$1 & "s ( ! beans (t5 become attack$ by mildew be=e rea*+ ,europe1 :i* depreciates ! value ( ! :ole package4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to ! disreg>d ( ! precautions ( sort+ & f9al dry+ t ! ,we/ ,african cocoa has e>n$ su* a bad "n1 & if m %ipp]s 7 to foll[ ! example set by ! "o firm t has erect$ a dry+ app>atus1 x w\ld d mu* to improve matt]s 9 ?is direction4 ,cocoa is difficult to dry completely 9 ! gr[+ di/ricts by means ( ! sun1 z ! atmosph]e 9 ^! localities is (t5 s humid t ! beans absorb moi/ure :5 remov$ f ! sun's rays1 & x is = ?is reason especially t ! f9al dry+ %\ld be done by ! %ipp]s4 ,transport to ! ports ( %ipm5t f ! gr[+ di/ricts w be facilitat$ by ! con/ruction ( a %ort railway1 :i* x is contemplat$ mak+ f ,accra1 & until ?is is ready ! c>riage by head-loads1 cask-roll+1 & motor lorries w probably cont9ue4 ,! pres5ce ( ! 8tsetse0 fly ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ di/ricts prev5ts ! possibility ( draught cattle be+ us$4 ,a sy/em ( pool+ pur*ases 0 agre$ ^u "s ye>s ago by a numb] ( lead+ %ipp]s1 9 accordance ) :i* competition among !mselves 0 suppress$1 & a fix$ price 0 to be giv5 = all cocoa4 ,?is action 0 d\btless tak5 9 ord] to prev5t ru9\s competition1 b _h ! effect ( *eck+ improvem5t 9 ! quality1 z no enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ! plant] to prep>e ! cocoa ) great] c>e4 ,! few %ipp]s :o did n jo9 9 ?is 8comb9e0 7 enabl$ to obta9 ! bett] qualities at a v slightly enhanc$ price4 ,9 #aijf ! g5]al quality ( ,gold ,coa/ cocoa _h s det]iorat$ t ! m]*ants 7 ask$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = _! assi/ance to improve x4 ,?is l$ to an inquiry :i* reveal$ ! /ate ( affairs m5tion$ above4 ,! obvi\s rem$y ( pay+ a price accord+ to quality did n f9d fav\r ) ! comb9e1 :o appe> to h argu$ t x w\ld n pr(it !m to pay a high] price = ! small v>iable lots ( improv$ produce :i* might result4 ,x 0 /at$ by "s ( ! local m]*ants 9 ,accra t ,gold ,coa/ cocoa 0 g5]ally suitable = sale 9 c]ta9 ,european m>kets1 :]e x 0 adapt$ = ! manufacture ( a *eap =m ( sweetmeat1 & t1 if ! quality 7 improv$ & ! price rais$ 9 consequ5ce1 damage w\ld be done to a new & rapidly gr[+ trade4 ,! m]*ants ultimately agre$ to endeav\r to improve ! /&>d ( quality1 & x 0 arrang$ t all ! cocoa br\ght 9 to ! m>kets at ,aim5sa & ,dod[a %\ld be grad$1 ) a view to regulat+ ! price accord+ to grade4 ,?is plan fell ?r\gh at ! la/ mom5t1 z a te/ sample ( pick$ cocoa 0 said to h be5 pric$ at only #as4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 ov] ord9>y 8,accra0 9 ! ,european m>ket4 ,! fall 9 ! value ( ! residue 0 said to be uncomp5sat$ = by ! small increase m5tion$4 ,improvem5t ( ,quality4--,inquiries conduct$ by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute po9t$ to ! fact t well-prep>$ ,gold ,coa/ cocoa c\ld obta9 high prices 9 ,europe4 ,9 #aijg a consignm5t 0 s5t to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute = exam9ation & report1 & prov$ to be ( good quality1 & :5 subsequ5tly sold1 x obta9$ a high price4 ,?is e/abli%$ confid5ce ) reg>d to ! possibility ( f9e grades be+ prep>$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ?is ye>1 ow+ to ! action ( ! ,f]n&o ,po & ,san ,?om gr[]s1 9 )hold+ _! crop1 a great] dem& 0 creat$ = ,gold ,coa/ cocoa1 & ! adv5t ( l>ge buy]s1 work+ outside ! 8comb9e10 =c$ ! local price to a high figure4 ,?is did n assi/ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! quality1 z ! competition induc$ native buy+ ag5ts to buy ! produce 9 almo/ any =m1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* l>ge quantities ( imp]fectly dri$ /uff 7 obta9$4 ,on ! m>ket becom+ /eadi]1 _m ( ! m intellig5t natives realis$ ! advantage ( c>eful prep>ation1 to :i* !y are n[ turn+ _! att5tion4 ,t[>ds ?is latt] result ,messrs4 ,cadbury ,bros41 ,ltd41 r5d]$ great assi/ance4 ,?is firm s5t repres5tatives into ! c\ntry1 :o prov$ to ! natives t !y 7 will+ to pay an enhanc$ price = cocoa prep>$ 9 a mann] suitable = _! requirem5ts4 ,a fair am\nt ( cocoa 0 pur*as$ by !m1 & demon/rations 7 made 9 "s places ) reg>d to ! prop] mode ( f]m5tation4 ,9 addition to ?is a numb] ( se$l+s ( ! ,criollo v>iety 7 giv5 to ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t = exp]im5tal "w at ! ,aburi ,botanic ,/ation4 ,! ,=a/]o-amelonado v>iety1 a h>dy b comm]cially inf]ior k9d1 has be5 ma9ly employ$ 9 plantations1 & exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on = "s ye>s at ,aburi ) ,p5tagona1 ,c>acas & ,cundeamor besides ,criollo m5tion$ above4 ,su* good results 7 obta9$ ) ,cundeamor t1 9 #aiac1 ke5 competition 0 ar\s$ among plant]s to obta9 se$4 ,! ye>s #aiac & #aiad are said to h %[n an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! cocoa produc$4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has be5 giv5 to ! g5]al in/ruction ( ! natives 9 improv$ me?ods ( cultivation & prep>ation1 bo? by means ( lectures & demon/rations at ! ,botanic ,/ations & by ! issue ( pamphlets 9 ,engli% & ! ,twi language4 ,!re 0 at fir/ an insuffici5t /aff = in/ruction to be giv5 except at ! ,botanic ,/ations1 & only ^? gr[]s :o liv$ 9 ! vic9ity 7 able to obta9 b5efit f x4 ,aft] hold+ sev]al conf]5ces ) *iefs & plant]s 9 ! cocoa di/ricts x became evid5t t ! appo9tm5t ( ,european ,travell+ ,in/ructors 0 necess>y1 & foll[+ ?is ! ,gov]nm5t detail$ c]ta9 (fic]s = ! "w2 ! object be+ t !y %\ld occupy a l>ge portion ( _! "t 9 travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry 9 ord] to give p]sonal in/ruction to ! natives 9 correct me?ods ( treat+ cocoa & o!r agricultural products4 ,p]sons select$ by *iefs are n[ tra9$ to act z in/ructors 9 plant+ 9 _! own native t[ns4 ,! prep>ation ( a l>ge quantity ( cocoa ( ev5 quality is s greatly dep5d5t ^u ! simil>ity ( ! treatm5t & conditions at a "t :5 ! mat]ial is und]go+ f]m5tation & dry+1 t x is almo/ imp]ative t a l>ge quantity %\ld be prep>$ at "o op]ation4 ,?is is an important consid]ation 9 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 :]e native plantations range 9 size f a few trees to ab\t five acres 9 ext5t1 ! av]age be+ p]haps ab\t a hundr$ trees1 or1 r\ghly1 "o-t5? ( an acre4 ,! production ( ea* plantation is at pres5t prep>$ indep5d5tly1 & ! result ( "o pick+ ( pods1 if all mature1 is (t5 q inadequate to yield suffici5t = f]m5tation purposes1 x be+ recognis$ t a few hundr$weights ( beans 9 _! pulp are necess>y = ! satisfactory accompli%m5t ( ! op]ation4 ,! same difficulty has pres5t$ itself 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ) reg>d to ! crops pick$ by own]s ( small plantations1 & arrangem5ts are usually made by "s l>g] conc]n 9 ! neighb\rhood to pur*ase ! pods f !m4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( c5tral f]m5t+ & dry+ h\ses1 controll$ by ! %ipp]s !mselves1 w\ld p]haps get ov] ! difficulty on ! ,gold ,coa/ & result 9 a sup]ior class ( cocoa be+ produc$4 ,! plant]s w\ld d\btless cons5t to sell _! pods1 in/ead ( p]=m+ ! labori\s "w ( prep>ation !mselves1 & w\ld probably be able to ext5d ! size ( _! individual plantations1 :i*1 by reason ( _! inability to prep>e m cocoa1 s+le-h&$1 !y h be5 unable1 hi!rto1 to d4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,adm9i/ration to improve ! prep>ation h be5 some:at h&icapp$ by ! sy/em employ$ by "s m]*ants ( secur+ ! crop = !mselves1 by money advances1 ) b little reg>d to its prep>ation1 & ( pool+ ! produce4 ,cocoa plant+ has revolutionis$ ! native sy/em ( l& titles4 ,:]e only annual crops 7 "u consid]ation1 a %ort1 tempor>y occupation ) subsequ5t rev]sion to tribal own]%ip seem$ an adequate provision1 b ) ! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t cocoa plantations ! plant] claim$ p]petual & undivid$ proprietor%ip4 ,fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ,gold ,coa/ cocoa w be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aijg1 p4 #cfa2 #aiab1 pp4 #bdj1 #eef2 #aiac1 p4 #aed2 #aiad1 p4 #chg2 #aiae1 pp4 #adi1 #fde2 #aiaf1 p4 #abc2 #aiag1 p4 #aag2 #aiai1 pp4 #di1 #ajb2 & ,johnson's ,cocoa1 #aiab4 ,exports ( ,cocoa4--,! exports ( cocoa f #aijj to #aiai are z foll[s3 ,ye> ,tons ,ye> ,tons ,ye> ,tons #aijj #ecf #aijg #i1cee #aiad #eb1hhh #aija #ihj #aijh #ab1gdc #aiae #gg1bgh #aijb #b1cif #aiji #bj1bac #aiaf #gb1afb #aijc #b1bgf #aiaj #bb1fca #aiag #ij1ifd #aijd #e1aab #aiaa #ci1gbf #aiah #ff1cdb #aije #e1jic #aiab #ch1fdg #aiai #agf1aee #aijf #h1ige #aiac #ej1eed ,,rubb]4 ,indig5\s ,species4--,! mo/ important s\rce ( rubb] 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti is ! indig5\s tree locally call$ 8,(runtum02 a comp>atively small am\nt is also d]iv$ f "s ( ! v9es belong+ to ! same ,natural ,ord]1 & f "o or m ( ! wild trees ( ! ,ficus ,ord]4 ,reports on ! quality & comm]cial value ( "s ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( rubb] obta9$ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ are publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 v4 7#aijg71 p4 #bdh4 ,botanical ,position ( ! 8,(runtum0 ,tree4--,! 8,(runtum10 or ,african rubb]1 is botanically plac$ 9 ! ,natural ,ord] ,,apocynace1 "u ! specific "n ( ,funtumia ela/ica1 ,/apf4 ,until rec5tly x 0 ref]r$ to z ,kicksia africana1 ,b5?4 & o!rs 7a g5us :i* is n kn[n to occur 9 ,we/ ,africa71 & x 0 also confus$ ) a v ne>ly alli$ species1 occurr+ 9 ! same localities1 & n[ kn[n z ,funtumia africana1 ,/apf4 ,ow+ to ! great simil>ity :i* ^! species ( ,funtumia be> to "o ano!r1 x is important t ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m %\ld be recognis$1 ,f4 africana n furni%+ any b v inf]ior rubb]4 ,! mo/ reliable me?od ( te/+ ! species :i* produces rubb]1 is by rubb+ a small quantity ( latex betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 :5 small p>ticles ( rubb] %\ld be quickly =m$1 ! latex ( ,f4 africana becom+ only a /icky mass "u ! op]ation4 ,! leaf ( ,f4 ela/ica c usually be recognis$ by ! pres5ce ( a small pit at ! orig9 ( ea* second>y n]ve or ve9 on ! "u-surface1 :i* feature is n *>act]i/ic ( ! leaf ( ,f4 africana1 al?\gh rec5tly individual trees h be5 f\nd exhibit+ ?is peculi>ity4 ,! fl[] bud ( ,f4 ela/ica is typically mu* %ort] ?an t ( ,f4 africana1 & ! d\ble se$ pod ( ! =m] species is %ort] & m blunt ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,di/ribution ( ,f4 ela/ica4--,! ,funtumia rubb] tree occurs 9 a wild /ate 9 ! =e/s ?r\gh\t ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti1 al?\gh x has be5 ne>ly ext]m9at$ 9 "s p>ts4 ,x appe>s to be mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! d5se =e/ regions ( ,nor!rn ,a%anti4 ,native ,me?ods = ,prep>+4--,funtumia rubb] is export$ "u ! names ( 8,a%anti lump0 & 8,nigg]s10 :i* consi/ ( mu* adult]at$1 evil-smell+ sub/ances1 = :i* a l[ price is procurable 9 comp>ison ) t paid = pure rubb]4 ,9 c]ta9 ye>s ! dem& = ?is has be5 ma9ta9$1 b ! adequate supplies ( good rubb] f else:]e1 & ! rapid expansion ( ! cocoa indu/ry1 h caus$ a dim9ution 9 ! export ( native-made rubb]1 :i* has be5 replac$ to a small ext5t by plantation rubb]4 ,! wild trees gr[ f #ej to #ajj feet 9 height1 & (t5 h a gir? ( ?ree feet at f\r feet f ! base2 ! trunk be+ commonly )\t bran*es = a consid]able height4 ,! native asc5ds ! trunk by means ( a sl+ pass$ r\nd x1 to "o end ( :i* is a loop :i* fits ov] 8 "r ?igh & to ! o!r a /irrup 9 :i* he keeps 8 left foot4 ,by mov+ ! rope up ! tree ! asc5t is quickly accompli%$1 & :5 /ation>y1 bo? h&s are left free4 ,! climb] c>ries a g\ge1 or semi-cyl9drically-fac$ *isel1 ) :i* he cuts v]tical z well z transv]se oblique grooves1 =m+ a r\gh 8h]r+-bone0 patt]n1 :i* may be cont9u$ = ! :ole l5g? ( ! trunk1 & ev5 ext5d on to ! ma9 bran*es4 ,to make ! cuts ! tool is ei!r us$ 9 "o h& or is held 9 ! left & driv5 by bl[s on ! end ( ! h&le1 giv5 ) ! palm ( ! "r h&4 ,! fl[ ( latex comm5ces at once1 & is direct$ d[n ! v]tical *annel into a calaba% plac$ at ! base ( ! tree1 into :i* ! latex is guid$ by a lip ( clay or a *ip ( wood4 ,! illu/ration %[s a native 9 ,a%anti tapp+ a tree 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! quantity ( latex procur$ at ! "o tapp+ v>ies2 an exceptionally l>ge am\nt be+ ab\t two qu>ts f a l>ge tree4 ,! tree is n tapp$ aga9 = sev]al mon?s & until ! w\nds h heal$4 ,on ! second tapp+ ! same =m ( cuts is made ^u ! opposite side ( ! tree1 & ! transv]se *annels (t5 int]sect ^? made previ\sly2 besides ?is1 ow+ to ! want ( regulation 9 ! dep? ( ! cuts1 ! inn] or cambium lay] ( ! b>k may be s damag$ t ! int]sect+ cuts may r+ ! tree & cause dea?4 ,few trees probably survive ! ?ird or f\r? tapp+4 ,illu/ration3 8,,odum0 ,,trees ,,*lorophora ,,excelsa4 ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>a ,,rubb] ,,tree 7,,hevea ,,brasili5sis71 ,,tapp$ ,,at ,,aburi4 ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rubb] ,,tree ,,tapp$1 ,,h]r+-,,bone ,,sy/em ,,imp]fect1 ,,aburi4 ,fig4 #ba1 p4 #fa4 ,if ! h]r+-bone cuts 7 made c>efully ^u ! l[] "p ( ! trunk1 & att5tion giv5 to _! dep? & direction1 ! tree might be pres]v$ = a long] p]iod4 ,an illu/ration giv5 %[s ! incorrect mode ( tapp+1 :]e ! transv]se cuts are opposite in/ead ( alt]nate 7,fig4 #ba74 ,exp]im5ts seem to %[ t !re is n ! same 8w\nd response0 9 ! case ( ,funtumia trees z is f\nd 9 t ( ! 8,p>a0 tree 7,hevea brasili5sis72 ! p>+ ( ! w\nds "s days aft] tapp+ yield+ no fl[ ( latex simil> to t procur$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,on cutt+ ! b>k area betwe5 ! transv]se *annels1 ! latex cells appe>$ to be empty & to indicate t a l>ge area is dra9$ on ! fir/ tapp+4 ,fur!r inve/igation is necess>y 9 ord] to comp>e ! results obta9$ f ?is tree ) ^? ( ,hevea4 ,! latex ( ,funtumia w rema9 9 an uncoagulat$ /ate = a long] "t ?an t ( ,hevea1 b x may become damag$ by f]m5tation if a quantity is kept 9 bulk = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,! native does n usually produce a pure ,funtumia rubb]1 b mixes ) ! latex ! latices ( sev]al o!r plants1 among :i* may be nam$ 8,odum0 7,*lorophora excelsa71 8,osese0 7,funtumia africana71 8,(o10 8,okre10 8,s9dru0 7,conoph>yngia crassa & ,al/onia sp474 ,hav+ mix$ "s ( ^! latices ) t ( ! ,funtumia1 ! :ole is heat$ & p\r$ into a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* has be5 prep>$ to s]ve z a m\ld4 ,coagulation & decomposition proce$ toge!r at a sl[ rate1 & f9ally produce a rubb] conta9+ a numb] ( holes :i* s]ve z receptacles = ! liquefi$ decompos$ con/itu5ts4 ,! rubb] mass is black outw>dly1 b :iti% )91 & is m or less /icky4 ,x is said t ! latex ( ,l&olphia ow>i5sis1 ! v9e f :i* 8,krepi ball0 rubb] is made1 is sometimes mix$ ) ! re/ to ha/5 coagulation4 ,improv$ ,me?ods4--,9 #aijf att5tion 0 drawn to ! use ( a plant call$ 8,niama0 9 ! ,ivory ,coa/1 by :i* ,funtumia rubb] latex 0 coagulat$ by add+ a hot decoction ( ! leaves4 ,?is plant 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to be ,bauh9ia reticulata1 :i* be>s ! "n ( 8,otakataka0 9 ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,exp]im5ts ) ?is af=d$ excell5t results4 ,an exam9ation ( ! plant made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute prov$ t ! tann9 conta9$ 9 ! leaves 0 responsible = ! coagulation ( ! latex1 & t ! infusion ( any plant conta9+ tann9 is equally effective4 ,! ob/acle to ! g5]al use ( ,b4 reticulata = coagulation1 is t ! plant does n occur 9 ! same localities z ! wild ,funtumia tree4 ,d\btless o!r tann9-yield+ plants may be f\nd 9 ! rubb] =e/s :i* w\ld answ] ! purpose equally well1 among !m ! pods ( ,acacia arabica4 ,a simple me?od ( coagulation1 :i* 0 demon/rat$ to ! *iefs & rubb] collectors 9 #aijh1 is t ( dilut+ ! latex ) ab\t f\r or m times ! volume ( wat]1 /ra9+ & boil+ x1 :5 ! rubb] quickly sep>ates & c be collect$ f ! surface ( ! wat] by means ( a /ick & imm$iately press$ into a r\gh biscuit4 ,! rubb] made 9 ! mann] m5tion$ above has be5 valu$ at m ?an twice ! price obta9$ = ! adult]at$ /uff1 b x appe>s difficult to p]suade ! local m]*ants to (f] a high] price = x1 & x !re=e suits ! rubb] collector bett] to make ! inf]ior quality4 ,s long z ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9ues1 x is to be fe>$ t in/ruction 9 ! improvem5t ( quality w n lead to ! adoption ( bett] me?ods4 ,9 #aijh a ,commission ( ,enquiry 0 appo9t$ & made c]ta9 recomm5dations = legislation = ! protection ( ! indu/ry4 ,articles on ,gold ,coa/ rubb] w be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vols4 viii4 7#aiaj71 x4 7#aiab71 xi4 7#aiac71 xii4 7#aiad71 xii4 7#aiae7 & xv4 7#aiag74 ,plantations4--,l>ge numb]s ( ,funtumia se$l+s h be5 gr[n at & di/ribut$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,aburi1 ,t>kwa1 & ,kumassi1 & "s ( ! ,a%anti k+s & *iefs1 :o h express$ a wi% to attempt to r5ovate _! rubb] =e/s1 h obta9$ assi/ance f ! (fic]s ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 :o h conduct$ plant+ op]ations 9 ! =e/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? int]e/$4 ,plantations "u ,european managem5t & ) ,european capital are 9 progress 9 ! vic9ity ( ,axim & ,sekondi4 ,mo/ ( ! rec5tly made plantations are said to consi/ m ( ,p>a ?an ( ,funtumia rubb] trees1 al?\gh 9 #aiac "o ( ^! 9 ! ,dunkwa di/rict ( ,a%anti 0 report$ to conta9 #bj1jjj trees ( ! latt] k9d4 ,! tree appe>s to ?rive well :5 plant$ closely1 & /raight trunks are soon =m$4 ,insect ,pe/4--,at ,aburi & else:]e ! ,funtumia tree is f\nd to be attack$ by ! l>va ( a mo? ( ! family ,pyralid1 id5tifi$ z ,glyphodes ocellata1 ,hampson1 :i* d5udes x ( leaves4 ,no sev]e damage seems to be done by ?is pe/1 :i* has only be5 obs]v$ 9 plantations1 & 0 de/roy$ at ,aburi by repeat$ applications ( lime & a%es4 ,fungoid ,pe/4--,a sooty fungoid gr[? is sometimes se5 ^u ! leaves1 simil> to t occurr+ on orange trees 9 ! c\ntry1 & probably belongs to ! g5us ,meliola4 ,x is de/roy$ by ! application ( sprays ( ,bordeaux mixture4 ,rubb] ,ma*9]y4--,a fully equipp$ in/allation ( rubb]-wa%+ & crpe+ ma*9]y 0 exhibit$ at ! ,kumassi ,agricultural ,exhibition ( #aijh1 & 0 subsequ5tly tak5 ov] by "o ( ! lead+ m]cantile firms at t place1 :]e ! local rubb] is n[ wa%$1 crp$1 & press$ be=e export4 ,x might prove advantage\s to come to an arrangem5t ) ! rubb] collectors to br+ ! latex to ,kumassi1 :]e1 "u prop] sup]vision1 x c\ld be made into rubb] ( high quality4 ,z ! latex w rema9 = a consid]able "t )\t alt]ation1 x %\ld n be difficult to br+ x 9 f places sev]al days' j\rney di/ant4 ,v9e ,rubb]4--,sev]al species ( v9es1 belong+ to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,apocynace1 produce rubb] 9 ,africa1 b ! only "o ( comm]cial importance occurr+ 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ is ,l&olphia ow>i5sis1 ,pal4 ,beauv41 f :i* 8,krepi0 or 8,:ite ball0 is obta9$4 ,unless ! plant is obs]v$ dur+ ! fl[]+ z well z ! fruit+ season1 x is difficult to di/+ui% x f "s ne>ly alli$1 b useless1 species ( ! same g5us1 :i* are f\nd commonly 9 ! same localities4 ,! v9e is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! =e/ region ( ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti1 climb+ ov] & int]lac+ ! ma9 bran*es ( l>ge =e/ trees2 b an app>5tly t]re/rial =m ( ! same species has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ! ultra-=e/ region1 :]e ! /unt$ habit 9 :i* x gr[s is probably occasion$ by ! annual grass fires4 ,"u diff]5t atmosph]ic conditions ! latex ( ,l4 ow>i5sis behaves diff]5tly4 ,9 ! dri] regions x coagulates ^u ! w\nd almo/ imm$iately ^u exposure to ! air1 :]eas 9 o!r & moi/] places x runs f ! cut 9 su* a mann] z to all[ x to be collect$ 9 a vessel4 ,! acid juices ( "s ( ! local wild fruits are add$ to ha/5 coagulation1 :5 ?is is necess>y1 or ! collector is said to sme> ! fre% latex ^u 8 nak$ body1 until en\gh has be5 coagulat$ to =m a small ball1 :i* s]ves z a nucleus = w9d+ on ! /r+s ( fre% latex z ! new cuts are made4 ,!re is a quantity ( 8scrap rubb]0 =m$ on ! w$ge-%ap$ cuts :i* x is usual to make1 & ?is is add$ to ! ball1 :i* atta9s a diamet] ( ?ree or f\r in*es :5 complete4 ,! cru%+ ( ! root & /em = ! manufacture ( s-call$ 8root-rubb]0 does n appe> to be practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh common else:]e 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,on acc\nt ( ! col\r & =m ( ?is rubb]1 ! "n ( 8,:ite ball0 is usually appli$ to x1 al?\gh1 f ! fact t ! ,krepi tribes1 liv+ on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,volta riv]1 produce a l>ge quantity ( x1 ! "n ( 8,krepi ball0 is frequ5tly giv54 ,:ite ball rubb] is seldom adult]at$ by ! addition ( o!r latices1 z ^! w\ld ret>d coagulation & int]f]e ) ! prep>ation ( x 9 ! mann] m5tion$4 ,= ?is reason ! rubb] sold "u ?is "n usually obta9s a high] price ?an o!r rubb]4 ,l&olphia ow>i5sis pres5ts _m disadvantages = cultivation 9 plantations1 & ! yield is small 9 proportion to ! space :i* ! plant occupies4 ,sev]al species ( ?is & alli$ g5]a are be+ gr[n exp]im5tally at ! ,aburi ,botanic ,g>d5s4 8,flake rubb]0 is a "n giv5 to a v inf]ior quality ( rubb] :i* is produc$ ^u a small scale 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 b x has n be5 det]m9$ f :i* species ( v9e t export$ f ! ,gold ,coa/ is obta9$4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia ,c>pod9us hirsutus1 ,hua1 is said to be ! s\rce ( ! export$ rubb] ( ?is "n4 ,fig ,rubb]4--,"o or m species ( wild fig trees 7,ficus sp47 are tapp$ = ! production ( :at is locally t]m$ 8,memeluku0 rubb]1 & x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,f4 ,vogelii is t mo/ly employ$4 ,! trees atta9 a l>ge size1 & ! rubb] is compos$ ( ! scrap1 collect$ f a l>ge numb] ( small cuts made on ! trunk & bran*es4 ,?is scrap rubb] is press$ toge!r into ?ick biscuits4 ,! rubb] has usually little resili5cy & breaks easily2 x is1 9 consequ5ce1 ( small value4 ,introduc$ ,species4--,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on = sev]al ye>s ) 8,p>a0 rubb] 7,hevea brasili5sis71 8,ce>a0 7,manihot ,glaziovii71 & ,ca/illoa ela/ica1 all indig5\s to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! la/-nam$ has be5 s badly attack$ 9 ! ,botanic ,/ations by bor+ beetle l>v t x has %[n no promise ( success4 ,ce>a gr[s well1 b = "s reason ! production ( latex f x is unc]ta91 & ?is has caus$ little value to be atta*$ to x 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 al?\gh 9 ! dri] region ( ,togol& ?is species is be+ plant$4 ,p>a rubb] seems to %[ mu* bett] results1 al?\gh1 up to ! pres5t1 no ext5sive exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! yield ( rubb] h be5 made4 ,tapp+ two trees gr[+ at ,aburi1 ,mr4 ,johnson obta9$ a l>g] quantity ( latex ?an f ,funtumia ela/ica "u ! same conditions2 & foll[+ ?is an ext5sive area 0 plant$ ) ,hevea trees at ! ,t>kwa ,botanic ,g>d5s1 :]e ! exp]im5t appe>s to be prov+ successful4 ,views are giv5 ( a tree at ,aburi 7,fig4 #bj74 ,l>ge plantations ( ,hevea are be+ made ne> ,t>kwa1 ,axim & ,sekondi z well z 9 ! ,kwahu di/rict1 :]e ! tree seems to ?rive rem>kably well4 ,a few ( ^! plantations made returns 9 #aiac %[+ promise ( success4 ,at "o1 on ! ,(f9 riv]1 !re 7 said to be #ij1jjj ,p>a trees ( diff]5t ages1 #bj1jjj ,funtumia & #f1jjj c(fee 7,c4 robu/a74 ,at ano!r ! yield ( rubb] f a numb] ( mature trees gave an av]age ( #ajh lb4 ( dry rubb] p] tree 9 eight mon?s' tapp+1 & a ?ird _h #bb1jjj ,p>a trees ( :i* ab\t #h1dej _h be5 tapp$ & yield$ #aj1efe lbs4 ( rubb]1 or #a lb4 p] tree tapp$4 ,lab\r 0 report$ pl5tiful & good4 ,!re are said to be _m m rubb] plantations 9 ! c\ntry f :i* returns _h n be5 receiv$4 ,up to #aiac ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t _h di/ribut$ #bej1jjj ,p>a se$l+s & #a1ejj1jjj se$s4 ,comm5t+ on ! fluctuation 9 ! export$ am\nts ( rubb]1 ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,gov]nor 7,sir ,hugh ,clif=d71 9 8 message to ! ,legislative ,c\ncil 9 ,octob] #aiah1 expla9$ ! recrudesc5ce dur+ #aiaf & #aiag z due to ! developm5t ( rubb] plantations "u ,european control4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! ,gold ,coa/ w be able to successfully compete 9 ?is "w ) ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,articles on ,p>a rubb] f ! ,gold ,coa/ are to be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 x4 7#aiab71 vol4 xi4 7#aiac71 vol4 xii4 7#aiad71 vol4 xv4 7#aiag7 & vol4 xvii4 7#aiai74 ,,palm ,,oil ,,& ,,k]nels4--,records are available %[+ t ! export ( palm oil f ,we/ ,africa has cont9u$ = ov] "o hundr$ ye>s1 b ! quantity %ipp$ f ! ,gold ,coa/ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s %[s a rapid decrease f ! av]age ( ! tw5ty ye>s previ\s4 ,! tree :i* yields ! oil ( comm]ce is kn[n z ,elis gu9e5sis1 ,jacq41 & is plac$ 9 ! ,tribe ,,coco9e ( ! ,natural ,ord] ,,palm1 toge!r ) ! g5us ,cocos1 to :i* ! ,coconut palm belongs4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiji1 p4 #ceg2 #aibj1 p4 #bji47 ,habits ( ! ,oil ,palm4--,! oil palm occurs mo/ pl5tifully 9 ! moi/ regions ne> ! coa/1 al?\gh x w n ?rive on l& :i* is p]petually m>%y4 ,! palm becomes sc>c] :5 ! d5se =e/s ( ,a%anti are rea*$1 b x is n entirely abs5t until ! ultra-=e/ tract comm5ces4 ,! tree (t5 be>s fruit :5 x has only atta9$ ! height ( t5 feet1 :i* x is said to d ab\t ! sev5? ye>1 b ! yield is suppos$ to increase annually until ! tree is ?irty or m ye>s old1 (t5 cont9u+ = a mu* long] "t4 ,x is n possible to give any positive assurance on ?is po9t1 z obs]vations h n be5 record$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,al?\gh ! oil is pr9cipally obta9$ f wild trees1 "o ext5sive plantation 9 ! ,krobo ,hills has be5 successfully c>ri$ on = _m ye>s by ! *ief ( ,odumassi4 ,8 trees are plant$ at regul> int]vals & c>e is giv5 to _! upkeep & cleanl9ess4 ,concessions h rec5tly be5 grant$ to ,europeans = plant+ z well z exploit+ ! wild palms1 & exp]im5tal "w 9 ! me*anical extraction ( p]ic>p & k]nel oil h giv5 "s promise4 ,two ,briti% companies t h erect$ extraction plants 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce h laid tram-l9es design$ to keep !m con/antly suppli$ ) ! palm fruit4 ,trees t h become old & practically b>r5 are usually tapp$ = ! extraction ( 8palm w9e10 be+ frequ5tly cut d[n = ! purpose4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry fruitful trees are tapp$ :ile /&+1 &1 z ?is necessitates ! base ( ! t]m9al %oot be+ cut into1 ! tree is g5]ally kill$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,two crops ( fruit+ heads are yield$ by a tree 9 full be>+ ea* ye>1 b ! autumn crop is heavi] ?an ! e>li] "o1 & ! aggregate weight ( fruit yield$ by a tree 9 "o ye> is g5]ally e/imat$ at #dj lbs4 ,! fruit+ heads consi/ ( l>ge bun*es :i* hang f ne> ! cr[n ( ! tree1 & ea* fruit is p>tly envelop$ 9 a husk-l cov]+4 ,:5 remov$ f ?is x is f\nd to be smoo?1 some:at conical or irregul>ly compress$1 tap]+ t[>ds an abrupt po9t4 ,! col\r :5 fre% v>ies f orange-r$ to ne>ly :ite1 ) a m or less broad black apex4 ,9 section x appe>s to be compos$ ( a ?ick fibr\s lay] ov] a h>d1 some:at r\nd$ /one1 :i* conta9s a :iti% k]nel4 ,x is f ! fibr\s portion1 :i* is includ$ 9 :at is botanically t]m$ ! p]ic>p1 t ! oil is obta9$1 b ! k]nel also conta9s ano!r valuable oil1 = ! extraction ( :i* x is %ipp$ to ,europe to a l>ge ext5t4 ,prep>ation ( ,palm ,oil4--,:5 ! ripe head has be5 cut f ! tree1 x is left ^u ! gr\nd = a few days 9 ord] t a %r9kage 9 ! fruits may occur1 :i* r5d]s !m m easily dislodg$ f _! husk-l9$ places4 ,! fruit also becomes slightly dull 9 col\r4 ,! heads be>+ ! fruit are (t5 beat5 to remove ! latt]1 or !y are individually brok5 out by h&4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! extraction ( ! fruit k]nels1 ! fruits are usually buri$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 a pit l9$ ) planta9 leaves4 ,"h !y rema9 = f ?ree weeks to a mon?1 dur+ :i* "t decomposition is set up4 ,! subsequ5t quality ( ! oil is dep5d5t ^u ! degree to :i* ?is is all[$ to proce$1 rancid & ?ick oils result+ :5 x has be5 ov]done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! high] ! /ate ( decomposition ! great] is ! facility = sep>at+ ! fibr\s pulp f ! /ones4 ,on remov+ ! fruits f ! gr\nd !y are plac$ 9 an op5 vat 7,fig4 #ae7 & p\nd$ by a numb] ( p us+ long poles1 aft] :i* !y are cov]$ up = sev]al h\rs 9 ord] t ! oil may dra9 into ! small well %[n at ! side4 ,sev]al consecutive p\nd+s are appli$1 until ! fibr\s pulp is q sep>at$ & mo/ ( ! oil has dra9$ out1 aft] :i* ! /ones are comb$ out ) ! f+]s1 & ! pulp is plac$ 9 a bag & press$ on a horizontal b> until ! oil fl[s f x into a pit bel[4 ,! oils f ^! extractions are boil$ & cle>$1 & ! residual pulp is (t5 plac$ 9 ! boil+ pot s z to extract z mu* oil z possible4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ at ! ,krobo ,plantations1 b ! op]ation v>ies slightly 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,k]nel ,oil--,! value ( ! k]nel = ! extraction ( oil 0 recognis$ at a mu* lat] date ?an ! p]ic>p1 al?\gh1 9 a few places 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 oil _h probably be5 express$ f k]nels = local consumption = "s "t4 ,among ! ,krobos ! m$ic9e-m5 prev5t$ ! trade 9 k]nels f becom+ e/abli%$ = sev]al ye>s1 b !y 7 f9ally ov]rul$ by ! *iefs4 ,a l>ge & increas+ trade 9 k]nels cont9u$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ?is has fall5 (f to a small ext5t m rec5tly4 ,! %ell ( ! v>iety ( k]nel :i* appe>s to be ! mo/ common 9 ?is c\ntry is usually ?ick1 & ! labori\s "w ( crack+ ea* /one individually betwe5 two /ones1 9 su* a mann] t ! k]nel is extract$ 9 an unbrok5 /ate1 prev5ts a l>g] quantity be+ prep>$ = sale1 & results 9 mu* wa/e4 ,nut-crack+ ma*9es h be5 br\ght into ! c\ntry1 & are said to prove successful to "s ext5t1 b ! native is n 9 a position to use ma*9]y1 & mo/ ( ! mat]ial %ipp$ is extract$ 9 ! primitive me?od m5tion$4 ,cf4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vols4 vii41 viii4 & xv4 7#aiji-ag74 ,be=e ! crack+ c be accompli%$ )\t break+ ! int]ior1 ! k]nel requires to be expos$ to ! sun & ?or\ghly dri$4 ,k]nel oil prep>$ 9 a native way is ( two k9ds1 "o :i* express$ )\t heat be+ :ite1 :il/ t made f ! roa/$ k]nels is d>k br[n4 ,bo? are made by p\nd+ & gr9d+ ! k]nel into f9e meal1 ! extraction ( ! "o be+ effect$ by cold & ! o!r by boil+ wat]4 ,9 #aiaf a ,special ,committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! position ( ! palm-k]nel trade1 *iefly ) ref]5ce to ! protection ( ! newly-e/abli%$ ,briti% oil-cru%+ indu/ry aga9/ ,g]man competition2 & x 0 consid]$ advisable to recomm5d ! imposition ( a diff]5tial export duty ( #b p] ton on all palm k]nels f ,briti% ,we/ ,african ports4 ,! ,colonies conc]n$ impos$ ! duty at ! rate m5tion$ & 9 "s in/ances h s9ce supplem5t$ x by a direct rev5ue-produc+ tax4 ,comm]cial ,uses4--,! *ief comm]cial uses ( ! oils are = ! manufacture ( soap1 c&les1 & glyc]9e1 "s qualities ( palm oil be+ made use ( 9 ! manufacture ( t9 plates4 ,) improv$ me?ods ! supply ( palm oil & k]nels c\ld be l>gely increas$4 ,v>ieties ( ,oil ,palms4--,9 #aijg in=mation 0 obta9$ f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute t a v>iety ( oil palm 0 be+ propagat$ 9 ! ,kam]uns ! fruit ( :i* conta9$ a ?9-%ell$ k]nel & 0 call$ 8,lisombe40 ,fur!r inve/igation 9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,african c\ntries l$ to ! discov]y t a numb] ( well-m>k$ v>ieties ( ,elis gu9e5sis 7 di/+ui%$ by ! natives1 & 7 call$ by di/9ct names4 ,among ^! "o possess$ a ?9-%ell$ k]nel1 &1 toge!r ) ab\t eight o!rs1 has be5 "u inve/igation at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ _! respective m]its4 ,! ?9-%ell$ 8,lisombe0 & ! 8,gamopale0 v>ieties f ! ,kam]uns h rec5tly be5 tri$ exp]im5tally 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 & ! advantages !y possess ov] ! o!r k9ds h be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,f ! descriptions giv5 bel[ ( ! m important v>ieties f\nd on ! ,gold ,coa/1 x w be se5 t p>ticul>s ( ! comp>ative weight ( ! fruit crop & ! quality ( ! oil yield$ are requir$ to det]m9e ! relative values4 ,9 addition ! proportions ( fruit- & k]nel-oil ( ea* z well z ! facilities = extract+ ! k]nel mu/ be consid]$4 ,a ref]5ce is giv5 bel[ to six v>ieties1 :i* h be5 fully exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,! native names are giv51 & ! p]c5tages h be5 calculat$ = comp>ison1 f ! m elaborate figures :i* h be5 publi%$ 7,bullet9 ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 #aiji1 p4 #cff2 cf4 also vol4 xi4 #aiac1 p4 #bjh74 ,! *>act]i/ic v>iations ( ea* v>iety are z foll[s3-- #a4 8,abe-pa40 ,fruit l>ge1 orange-r$1 ) or )\t black tip1 p]ic>p ?91 nut l>ge ) ?ick %ell4 ,?is is ! commone/ =m 9 ! c\ntry1 & is probably id5tical ) ! v>iety f\nd 9 ,si]ra ,leone4 #b4 8,abe-dam40 ,fruit ( irregul> %ape1 fairly l>ge1 bright r$1 p]ic>p slightly ?ick] ?an ! la/1 nut l>ge ) a ?ick %ell4 ,?is is n uncommon4 #c4 8,abe-tuntum40 ,fruit mod]ately l>ge1 d>k purpli%-black1 p]ic>p v ?91 & nut ) ?ick %ell4 ,uncommon4 #d4 8,abe-bobe40 ,fruit usually r small1 r$ & black1 p]ic>p ?ick & s(t1 nut ) a ?9 k]nel 7easily brok5 9 ! tee?74 ,trees r sc>ce4 ,?is is probably id5tical ) ! 8,lisombe0 v>iety f ! ,kam]uns4 #e4 8,int]m$iate =m betwe5 #b & #d40 ,simil> to ! la/ b ) a ?ick] %ell to ! nut4 #f4 8,se$less k9d40 ,a v r>e k9d1 ne>ly correspond+ ) ! 8,difumbe0 v>iety f ,angola1 :i*1 h[ev]1 possesses a k]nel b no %ell4 ,! foll[+ are ! p]c5tages bas$ on ! total weight ( ! fruit1 9 ea* case tak5 z #ajj3-- ,"n ,pulp ,contg4 ,fibre ,nut ,contg4 ,%ell oil etc4 ,k]nel #a4 8,abe-pa0 #cj #bjac #ihg #gj #aif #ejd #b4 8,abe-dam0 #cge #bdjc #acad #fbe #afhg #defc #c4 8,abe-tuntum0 #cbe #adcc #ahag #fge #agee #diie #d4 8,abe-bobe0 #fc #cfjb #bfih #cg #aiih #agjb #e4 8,int]m4 #b & #d0 #ea #cjcd #bjff #di #bjeh #bhdb #f4 8,se$less0 #ajj #gfjj #bdjj r>ely a trace ,nos4 #d & #e seem to be mo/ valuable f a comm]cial /&po9t1 al?\gh at pres5t ,nos4 #a & #b are ! mo/ commonly us$1 ow+ to ! comp>ative sc>city ( ! fir/ two m5tion$4 ,no4 #f is *iefly int]e/+ f a botanical aspect1 & is probably incapable ( reproduction4 ,! sacr$ palm kn[n 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ z 8,abe-oh5e10 & id5tical ) 8,ope-,ifa0 ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 belongs to a new species call$ ,e4 ,?ompsonii1 ,*ev41 b ! fruits are n employ$ = ! extraction ( oil4 ,,o!r ,,oil ,,se$s4--,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aijh ) ! k]nels ( ! 8,crabnut0 7,c>apa proc]a1 ,d4,c474 ,! k]nels 7 f\nd to conta9 ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( oil1 :i* 0 report$ to be wor? ab\t #bj #ajs4 p] ton1 b ! residual cake c\ld n be us$ = fe$+ purposes1 ow+ to ! pres5ce 9 x ( a bitt] con/itu5t1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! r l[ manurial value1 0 e/imat$ z wor? only #b p] ton 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi41 #aijh1 p4 #cfb74 ,! oil seem$ to be well suit$ = soap-mak+1 b w\ld n be suitable = lubricat+ or = edible purposes4 ,! nut does n occur 9 su* pr(usion z to w>rant pr(itable exportation f localities :]e ! oil palm is f\nd4 ,,timb]4 ,mahogany4--,! mo/ valuable & commonly export$ timb] is t kn[n 9 ! ,european & ,am]ican m>kets z 8,african ,mahogany40 ,! value ( t %ipp$ f ! ,gold ,coa/ 9 #aiac 0 e/imat$ at #cff1jjj4 ,sev]al r$ woods are includ$ "u ! "n ( ,mahogany1 b ! be/ quality is said to be obta9$ f ,khaya s5egal5sis1 a l>ge tree ( ! ,natural ,ord] ,,meliace4 ,?is tree is kn[n by ! native 7,fanti7 "n ( 8,dub9i40 ,9 ! same language ! names 8,okumankra0 & 8,akwabohori0 are appli$ to two trees :i* are said to be export$ z ,mahogany1 b ( ^! ! id5tity has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,o!r ,timb]-trees4--,! 8,odum0 tree 7,*lorophora excelsa7 produces a h>d & useful wood1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ! =e/ region1 b is n (t5 %ipp$ 7,fig4 #ai74 ,9 ! dry c\ntry ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories ,pseudoc$rela ,kots*yi may be f\nd ( value z a r$ wood = decorative purposes4 ,among ! o!r trees :i* %[ evid5ce ( yield+ h>d & useful woods are 8,ah$ua0 7,cyano?yrsus sp471 8,opapeh0 7,afzelia africana71 & 8,bako0 7,mimusops sp474 ,in=mation ab\t ! work+-quality & suitability = export ( ^! & o!r ,gold ,coa/ timb]s is giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii41 #aiaj4 p4 #bcb4 ,! l>ge/1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ valuable1 trees belong+ to ! diff]5t species m5tion$1 are f\nd 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti1 & mo/ ( ! mahogany logs are %ipp$ f ,sekondi1 ,axim1 & o!r places f>!r to ! we/w>d4 ,! ,pra & ,ankobra riv]s are utilis$ to float d[n ! squ>$ logs1 :i* are !n moor$ at ! riv] m\?s1 to await %ipm5t4 ,! export ( logs is only limit$ by ! facilities ) :i* !y c be br\ght to a riv] or ! railway1 & l>ge1 valuable trees are pl5tiful 9 _m ( ! =e/s1 al?\gh !y w\ld be unpr(itable to fell & trim 9 "s cases1 ow+ to _! remote situations & ! difficulties connect$ ) conveyance4 ,,kola4--,kola-nut is ! "n usually appli$ to ! fruit ( a tree belong+ to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,/]culiace1 & ! wild z well z ! cultivat$ =ms f\nd 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,a%anti are1 probably1 all ref]able to ! species ,kola acum9ata1 ,r4 ,! fruits or nuts are borne 9 l>ge pods1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a v>iable numb]4 ,! nuts !mselves are irregul> 9 =m1 & h an incon/ant numb] ( cotyl$ons1 or se$ divisions1 v>y+ f two to five4 ,"s confusion seems to h be5 caus$ ow+ to ?is v>iation1 z well z on acc\nt ( ! col\r & %ape ( ! nuts4 ,9 "s trees !y are r$1 9 o!rs :ite1 & o!rs aga9 p9k1 & !y may be elongate or ne>ly r\nd4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n reliable z di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 s9ce nuts ( ! ?ree col\rs h be5 f\nd on ! same tree1 & ev5 9 ! same pod4 ,analyses & comm]cial valuations ( sev]al v>ieties ( kola nuts f ! ,gold ,coa/ are publi%$ 9 ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,"p ,,iii41 8,food/uffs0 7,colonial ,reports1 ,misc41 ,cd4 #eacg1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bei-fa2 vide also ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vols4 x4 7#aiab7 & xvii4 7#aiai74 ,9 ! =e/s to ! nor? ( ,kumassi l>ge wild kola trees are f\nd1 & ! nuts are collect$ by ! natives inhabit+ ! villages 9 ! vic9ity1 :]e !y are sold at f #f;d4 to #i;d4 a hundr$4 ,9 o!r places ! trees are plant$1 commonly on ! outskirts ( villages1 especially 9 ,akim & ,kwahu4 ,kola nuts are us$ 9 tropical ,africa 9 ! same mann] z betel nuts are 9 ,asia4 ,_! ta/e is some:at bitt]1 & ! ma/ication ( fre% nuts seems to increase ! fl[ ( saliva4 ,*ew+ kola nuts is resort$ to by ! natives 9 ord] to allay ?ir/1 or ev5 hung]1 & = ?is reason !y are 9 great dem& among ! inhabitants ( ! ,sudan1 to :i* c\ntry !y are l>gely export$1 be+ c>ri$ by m5 & donkeys 9 c>avans1 :i* travel f ! =e/ limits ( ,a%anti ?r\gh ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories4 ,! donkeys1 :i* are *iefly us$ to transport ! nuts1 d n g5]ally ent] ! =e/s1 b ! kola nuts are pack$ 9 elongat$ head-loads1 9 bamboo or palm-/alk frames1 9 :i* =m !y are c>ri$ to ! place :]e ! donkeys h be5 left4 ,! c>avans br+ %ea-butt]1 gu9ea corn1 cattle1 & sk9s1 :i* !y ex*ange = kola4 ,! weight ( nuts export$ f ! ,gold ,coa/ is ab\t #ej p] c5t4 above t ( ,si]ra ,leone1 b1 9 value1 ! latt] are wor? f ?ree to five times z mu* p] ton4 ,! fre% nuts are %ipp$ to ,lagos & are transport$ f> into ! int]ior by ,haussa trad]s4 ,,cotton4--,no record is available to %[ :5 ! tribes ( ! =e/ c\ntry comm5c$ to cultivate & use cotton = local requirem5ts4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! p ( ! k+doms ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan 7 acqua9t$ ) ! uses ( ! fibre1 & h cultivat$ ! plant1 f a remote p]iod1 & x is probable t contact ) ^! p1 dur+ _! exp$itions aga9/ ! tribes to _! s\?1 l$ to ! adoption by ! latt] ( cotton-gr[+ ^u ! small scale 9 :i* x /ill rema9s at pres5t4 ,cruick%ank1 writ+ ( ! ,fantis 9 #ahec1 says3 8,!y sp9 ! ?read f ! cotton :i* gr[s 9 ! c\ntry1 b !y m commonly make use ( ! ?read out ( ,engli% clo?s1 :i* !y pick to pieces40 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,appolonians1 a tribe inhabit+ ! coa/ region ne> ,axim1 ,cruick%ank rem>ks t !y 8make f9e grass clo?s1 :i* are /rong & durable40 ,9 ,a%anti1 until rec5tly1 a clo? 0 commonly made f ! inn] b>k ( a tree1 g5]ally suppos$ to be ,anti>is toxic>ia v>4 africana1 :i* 0 produc$ by ! removal ( ! woody portions by beat+1 leav+ a pliable mat]ial compos$ ( ! int]lac+ fibres4 ,^! in/ances are cit$ to %[ t ! value ( cotton = cultivation has n be5 recognis$ by "s ( ! l>ge & dom9ant tribes 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,s9ce cotton clo?+ has begun to be appreciat$1 ! necessity ( gr[+ ! plant & weav+ has be5 some:at *eck$ by ! l>ge imports ( f9i%$ mat]ial f ,europe4 ,?r\gh\t ! =e/ region occasional plants ( cotton may be se5 gr[+ ne> villages1 b ! sy/ematic cultivation ( ! plant is only met ) on ! out] nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! d5se =e/ & 9 ! ,krepi c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ! ,volta riv]4 ,! inhabitants ( ! nor!rn =e/ b\nd>y are a mix$ p1 _m ( :om h probably be5 driv5 f ! c\ntries f>!r nor?1 :]e cotton is a recognis$ field crop1 :5ce !y h introduc$ ! cultivation4 ,! adoption ( cotton-gr[+ by ! ,krepi tribes may be due to simil> reasons1 al?\gh !re appe>s to be no evid5ce 9 support ( ?is conjecture4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ places ! se$ is s[n 9 r[s on ! tops ( ridges1 on ! sides ( :i* maize plants may be also gr[n1 b x is n uncommon to f9d cotton plants gr[+ alone4 ,?is is especially ! case on ! nor!rn limits ( ,a%anti4 ,! l>ge v>ieties gr[n 9 ^! places are (t5 left 9 ! gr\nd = a second season & produce two crops1 ! la/ ( :i* is said to be inf]ior4 ,no sy/em ( rotation has be5 obs]v$1 al?\gh x is probable t ! cotton is plant$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( cultivation imm$iately foll[+ ! yam crop1 :i* is ! practice 9 "s o!r ,we/ ,african c\ntries4 ,?ree di/9ct =ms or v>ieties ( cotton are cultivat$ 9 ! =e/ region4 ,! fir/ v>iety is usually ref]r$ to z 8,gre5 se$10 & is ! commone/ "o gr[n4 ,! l9t is long-/apl$ & ne>ly :ite1 b exp]im5ts seem to %[ t ?is =m does n yield heavily4 ,! second =m is recognis$ by ! se$ be+ d>k br[n or black1 )\t any fuzz1 except a small br[n tuft at ! apex1 :i* has a %>p spike4 ,! l9t ( ?is k9d is creamy :ite1 & ! plant is kn[n z 8,volta40 ,! ?ird =m diff]s 9 hav+ ! d>k br[n se$s adjo9+ "o ano!r1 & =m+ a conical mass1 f :i* x is difficult to sep>ate ! individual se$s4 ,at ! po9t ( connection ea* se$ be>s a small light br[n pat*4 ,?is =m is g5]ally kn[n to ! (fic]s at ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association plantation z 8,kidney40 ,all ^! v>ieties are cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! =e/ c\ntry1 & ext5d to "s di/ance beyond2 be+ replac$ 9 ! dri] p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories by a small plant ) a :ite woolly se$4 ,no cotton 9 a wild /ate has be5 se5 9 ! c\ntry1 & isolat$ plants1 f\nd spr++ up 9 op5 places surr\nd$ by =e/1 are g5]ally easily traceable to =m]ly exi/+ cultivation4 ,! 8,gre5 se$10 8,volta10 & 8,kidney0 cottons1 :i* are gr[n 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 are diff]5t 9 habit f ! ,am]ican & ,indian plants1 al?\gh 9 =m !y are simil> to ,sea ,isl& & ,egyptian1 hav+1 p]haps1 aris5 f ! same orig9al /ock4 ,! =ms m5tion$ z cultivat$ locally atta9 ! height ( f sev5 to t5 feet 9 n9e mon?s f ! "t ( plant+1 & ! /em ne> ! base is (t5 ?ick] ?an a man's wri/4 ,! cotton bolls cont9ue to op5 = ?ree mon?s or m1 & (t5 z _m z two hundr$ bolls are produc$ on a s+le plant 9 "o season4 ,if left = a second ye> ! bolls are g5]ally dim9i%$ 9 size4 ,! soil :i* appe>s mo/ fav\rable = gr[? is a s&y loam conta9+ mu* humus4 ,f ,janu>y to ,april ! bolls rip5 cont9u\sly1 & ! cotton is plac$ 9 ! sun z soon z x is pick$1 9 ord] t ! 8,se$ bugs0 may be driv5 out4 ,9 native m>kets small quantities are usually expos$ = sale 9 an ung9n$ =m ?r\gh\t ! h>ve/+ season4 ,no g9 seems to be 9 use 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ = native "w1 & ! l9t is pull$ (f ! se$s by h& :5 a supply is requir$ = sp9n+4 ,! greate/ damage is done by 8,se$ bugs0 ( ?ree species--,oxyc>5us hyal9ip5nis1 ,o4 ,dudgeoni1 & ,o4 gossip9us--t infe/ ! l9t z soon z ! bolls op51 & und]go _! complete & rapid metamorphoses dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! op5+ & ! ?r[+ out ( ! cotton1 fe$+ mean:ile ^u ! juices :i* !y suck f ! se$s4 ,! injury caus$ by ! punctur+ ( ! se$ (t5 r5d]s x unf]tile4 ,a 8cotton /a9]0 is also common on ! plants1 & damages ! unop5$ bolls by punctur+1 & ! l9t by a yell[i% /a9 :i* x makes4 ,?is insect is kn[n z ,dysd]cus nigr(asciatus1 & x is at lea/ f\r times z l>ge z any ( ! species ( ,oxyc>5us1 on :i* x may possibly fe$ to "s ext5t4 ,an attempt 0 evid5tly made1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 to e/abli% ! cultivation ( cotton = export1 & ,cruick%ank m5tions t an association _h tak5 ! matt] up1 & t sev]al ( ! native *iefs 7 beg9n+ to give x _! att5tion ab\t t "t4 ,v little success seems to h att5d$ ^! ef=ts4 ,ab\t #aijc ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,gold ,coa/ comm5c$ ! plantation ( an area 9 ! ,krepi c\ntry1 at a place call$ ,anum1 &1 "u ! control ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ?is 0 transf]r$ to a bett] site soon aft]w>ds1 at a place nam$ ,labolabo on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,volta riv]4 ,9 addition to ! ext5sion ( ab\t two hundr$ acres ( l&1 :i* 7 plant$ ) native & ,am]ican v>ieties ( cotton1 enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ! natives 9 ! vic9ity to gr[ m1 on ! und]/&+ t _! crops w\ld be pur*as$ f !m at "o p5ny p] p\nd4 ,un=tunately no arrangem5ts _h be5 made to /ore or g9 a l>ge quantity ( se$ cotton1 & ! entire native crop c\ld n be tak5 ov] :5 br\ght 94 ,?is seems to h induc$ ! native gr[]s to convey mo/ ( _! cotton into ,togol&1 :]e !y 7 able to dispose ( x at a fair price4 ,arrangem5ts _h to be made ) a local firm possess+ a g9n+ ma*9e1 :i* 0 erect$ ab\t sixty miles l[] d[n ! ,volta riv]1 by :i*1 on paym5t ( a c]ta9 rate1 ! se$ cotton gr[n on ! ,labolabo plantation 0 g9n$ & prep>$ = %ipm5t4 ,x 0 soon recognis$ t ! exp5se ( transport ( ! se$ cotton = ?is di/ance1 & ! price *>g$ = g9n+1 prev5t$ ! production ( cotton = export except at a heavy f9ancial loss4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association 0 ask$ =1 9 ord] to supply g9s at ,labolabo1 & 9 #aijf ?ree h& g9s 7 s5t f ! ,gold ,coa/ ,exhibition1 :i* _h j be5 held4 ,! ma*9es 7 mu* damag$ 9 transit1 & x 0 "s "t be=e ! l>ge /ock ( se$ cotton1 :i* _h accumulat$1 c\ld be work$ (f4 ,soon aft] ?is ! ,labolabo plantation 0 transf]r$ entirely to ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 & an annual grant 0 made by ! ,gov]nm5t to assi/ 9 ! work+4 ,9 #aijg a l>ge /eam-p[] g9n]y 0 put up1 & ! native f>m]s aga9 began to br+ 9 _! se$ cotton = sale1 b /ill a consid]able quantity 0 report$ to be div]t$ to ,togol&1 :]e ! price (f]$ 0 a fraction high] ?an t paid by ! ,association4 ,! cotton bales are transport$ f ! g9n]y by means ( native canoes z f> z ,am$ika1 :i* is ! highe/ po9t on ! ,volta to :i* small /eam]s c asc5d1 b great risk is entail$ 9 desc5d+ ! rapids betwe5 ,labolabo & ?is place4 ,! co/ ( c>riage by native canoe is arrang$ at tw5ty %ill+s a ton1 & ! bales are press$ into a suitable =m = conveyance4 ,am]ican & o!r ,exotic ,cottons at ,labolabo4--,a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,am]ican cottons h be5 tri$ at ,labolabo1 b mo/ ( !m h prov$ unsuccessful4 ,^? :i* yield$ a good crop = ! fir/ ye> h g5]ally be5 f\nd to produce se$1 :i*1 ow+ to ! great] susceptibility ( ! plants to ! attacks ( insects1 refus$ to g]m9ate 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,"s ( ! l9t produc$ 01 app>5tly1 ( excell5t quality & sold well1 b ! necessity = ! r5ewal ( se$ ea* ye> =m$ a s]i\s ob/acle to ! e/abli%m5t ( a new v>iety4 ,! plants f ,am]ican se$ are n s h>dy z ^? f native se$1 & ! necessity = great] c>e 9 cultivation r5d]s !m unsuitable = use by ! natives4 ,sea ,isl& & v>i\s ,egyptian cottons h n prov$ successful4 ,see ,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation1 by ,pr(essor ,dun/an 78,colonial ,reports10 ,miscellane\s1 ,cd4 #ciig1 #aijh1 pp4 #bh-cj71 & ! ,bullet9s ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vols4 vii41 x41 xi41 xiii41 xiv4 7#aiji-af74 ,attempts at ,hybridisation4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ! plantation ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t made sev]al exp]im5ts ) a view to ! e/abli%m5t ( a cross betwe5 ! native & ! ,am]ican plants1 b ! subsequ5t *anges 9 ! managem5t ( ! plantation result$ 9 ! disappe>ance ( mo/ ( ^!2 subsequ5tly sev]al o!rs 7 attempt$ 9 #aijf & #aijg by ,mr4 ,fi%]4 ,9 all cases plants ( ! 8,gre5 se$0 or ! 8,volta0 native =ms 7 made use ( z female p>5ts1 & ! desc5dant plants p>took ( ! *>act]s ( ! native =ms 9 e way = ! fir/ g5]ation1 b 9 lat] g5]ations seem to h produc$ a numb] ( v>i\s types1 f :i* x is n[ necess>y to make a c>eful selection4 ,! quantity ( l9t yield$ by ! fir/ g5]ation ( plants1 f ! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,fi%] 9 #aijf1 is said to h rea*$ a high] figure1 p] acre1 ?an t ( any o!r =m gr[n on ! plantation1 & ! quality 0 satisfactory2 b t ( ! second g5]ation appe>$ to be unequal 9 type1 & c\ld sc>cely be comp>$ = quantity ow+ to ! unfav\rable season4 ,! ,am]ican plants us$ = poll9ation 9 ! #aijf crosses 7 ^? :i* h giv5 ! be/ results among ! exotic =ms plant$1 & are call$ 8,black ,rattl]0 & 8,ri*mond40 ,( ! f\r crosses attempt$ 9 t ye>1 t ( 8,black ,rattl]0 8,volta0 0 said to h prov$ ! mo/ successful 9 po9t ( yield4 ,small plots ( native & ,am]ican cottons h be5 plant$ at ,kumassi1 & exp]im5tal plants at ,aburi1 b ! conditions h n be5 s fav\rable at ^! places z at ,labolabo4 ,at ,obuassi1 9 ,a%anti1 an attempt 0 also made1 b ! soil seem$ too /iff & ! plants 7 n heal?y4 ,l& suitable = native cotton f>ms seems to be t on ! we/ bank ( ! ,volta riv]1 nor? ( ! ,labolabo plantation4 ,valuations ( ,samples exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4--,! foll[+ selection ( specim5s ( ,gold ,coa/ cottons exam9$ & report$ on at diff]5t times by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute w give "s indication ( ! relative values3-- ,/&>d at "t ( ,place ,v>iety ,/aple ,value valuation 8,middl4 ,am]40 ,labolabo ,volta clean-se$ #jh-ad #e-e;d4 #eje;d4 ,gre5-se$ #a-ad #e;d4 #eje;d4 ,black ,volta1 small woolly #a-ad #e-f;d4 #fdc;d4 se$$ f ,n4 ,t]r4 ,black ,rattl] #ab-ah #g;d4 #fg;d4 ,native ,all5s #ab-af #f;d4 ,native ,russels #ab-ae #d;d4 ,native ,p]uvian #ab-af #g;d4 ,native ,culpepp] #aa-ae #f-g;d4 ,volta ,black ,rattl] #aa-ae #e;d4 ,volta ,ri*mond #aa-af #f-f;d4 ,gre5se$ ,black ,rattl] #a-ad #e;d4 ,gre5se$ ,ri*mond #a-ad #g;d4 ,tamale1 ,n4 ,t]r41 ,native #jg-aj #e;d4 ,! cottons f native v>ieties cross$ ) ,am]ican repres5t ! fir/ g5]ation only1 z 9 no case 7 ! foll[+ g5]ations f\nd con/ant4 ,! l>ge pr(its :i* h be5 made f cocoa 9 ! =e/ c\ntry h caus$ cotton-gr[+ to be neglect$1 & x seems improbable t l>ge quantities ( cotton w be export$ f ?is region dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,9 ! same "p ( ! c\ntry palm oil & rubb] are easily collect$1 &1 besides be+ m remun]ative products1 require comp>atively small ex]tion 9 prep>ation4 ,an attempt to e/abli% cotton cultivation ^u a comm]cial scale1 among ! indu/ri\s p ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories1 0 made by ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 b ! imm5se di/ances ( ! inhabit$ tracts f a %ipp+ port & ! consequ5t exp5se ( transport1 comb9$ ) ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ra9fall 9 ^! ultra-=e/ regions1 compell$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! v5ture 9 #aiaf4 ,,fibres4--,piassava fibre1 :i* has sometimes be5 call$ 8vegetable :alebone10 is prep>$ f ! %ea? ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! leaf-/em ( a tree belong+ to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,palm1 & classifi$ z ,raphia v9if]a1 ,p4 ,beauv4 ,?is tree is f\nd gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( /reams1 & occurs commonly 9 ! =e/ regions ne> ! coa/4 ,! natives prep>e ! fibre1 :i* is sold 9 ! ,european m>kets "u ! "n ( 8,piassava10 by cutt+ ! /em-%ea?s & /eep+ !m 9 wat] = a consid]able "t until ! fibr\s /r&s are easily sep>at$ by beat+4 ,aft] be+ extract$ 9 ?is mann] !y are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,only a small quantity is export$ f ! c\ntry1 b x is a m important article ( export f ,si]ra ,leone & ,lib]ia4 ,z ! specific "n d5otes1 w9e is extract$ f ! tree1 by tapp+ ! /&+ or fell$ tree1 9 ! la/ case ) ! aid ( fire4 ,on ! e/ate ( ! ,african ,plantations1 ,ltd41 ne> ,axim1 a fibre ( excell5t quality1 comm]cially alli$ to jute1 has be5 prep>$ f ! /ems ( a h]bace\s plant1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ,triumfetta semitriloba1 ,l9n41 b :i* has s9ce be5 det]m9$ at ,kew to be ,t4 cordifolia v>4 ,holl&ii1 ,sprague4 ,! plant belongs to ! same ,natural ,ord] z ,indian jute--namely1 ,,tiliace4 ,a description ( ?is fibre is giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi4 7#aijh71 p4 #bda4 ,?is species has be5 obs]v$ commonly 9 a wild /ate 9 ! =e/s ne> ,sekondi & ,axim1 b does n seem to be pres5t 9 ! int]ior ( ,a%anti or 9 ! c\ntry t[>ds ! ,volta riv]4 ,exp]im5ts made at ! e/ate ( ! ,african ,plantations1 ,ltd41 are said to %[ t ! be/ fibre is obta9$ f /alks :i* h be5 rett$ or /eep$ 9 wat] = five days1 b x w probably be f\nd t ! p]iod requir$ = ! op]ation is dep5d5t to a great ext5t ^u ! age ( ! /alks us$4 ,! fibre may be prep>$ by /ripp+ ! b>k lay]s f ! soak$ /alks & beat+ ^! ^u ! surface ( ! wat] until ! actual b>k is remov$1 :5 ! fibre may be dri$ 9 ! sun2 be+ f9ally pick$ ov] to get rid ( ! small rema9+ b>k p>ticles4 ,! plant exhibits "s advantages = cultivation ov] jute1 9 t x may be cropp$ twice 9 "o ye> & treat$ z a p]5nial4 ,collection ( ! wild gr[?s w\ld be unsatisfactory = ! production ( ! fibre ^u a l>ge scale1 ow+ to ! "t occupi$ 9 se>*+ = ! plants1 b x seems probable t ! plant w\ld repay plant+1 especially if "s bett] me?od ( extraction 7 devis$4 ,! composition1 quality1 & comm]cial value ( a l>ge numb] ( fibres obta9$ f plants indig5\s to1 or cultivat$ 91 ! ,gold ,coa/ are discuss$ 9 ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,"p ,i41 8,fibres0 7,colonial ,reports1 ,miscellane\s1 ,cd4 #dehh1 #aiji71 pp4 #dc1 #ea1 #hd1 #hi1 #ij1 #aae4 ,,silk4--,a species ( wild silkworm is commonly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! =e/s to ! nor? ( ,kumassi1 & has be5 id5tifi$ z ,anaphe v5ata4 ,! silk cocoons ( ?is species & ^? ( ,anaphe infracta are us$ 9 ,nig]ia = sp9n+ into y>n = weav+ ! 8,saya0 clo?s ( t c\ntry1 b no use is app>5tly made ( !m 9 ,a%anti4 ,! worms live 9 small colonies1 & =m _! cocoons 9 a common envelope ( silk1 f :i* two or ?ree some:at tubul> processes project to enable ! mo?s to em]ge :5 ! "t arrives4 ,! food plant ( ! silkworm has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$1 b1 z ! cocoons are f\nd on a l>ge numb] ( h]bace\s plants z well z trees1 x seems probable t sev]al plants are eat5 by x4 ,! quality ( ! silk is said to be good1 & ! col\r is usually a gold5 or light br[n4#c ,,copal4--,! tree :i* produces ?is res91 (t5 miscall$ 8gum10 :i* is comm]cially kn[n z 8,accra copal10 occurs ?r\gh\t ! =e/s ( ,a%anti & ,akim1 & has n yet be5 specifically det]m9$4 ,inve/igations h %[n t x is alli$ to ,cyano?yrsus oblongus1 ,oliv]1 :i* yields ! 8,ogea0 res9 ( ,lagos1 & :i* belongs to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,legum9os4 ,! fl[]s obta9$ f ! ,a%anti trees are ( a simil> con/ruction to ^? ( ,cyano?yrsus4 ,locally ! res9 is commonly us$ = tor*es & = ! prep>ation ( a sc5t$ pigm5t call$ 8,krobo10 :i* is us$ = elaborat+ patt]ns ^u ! sk91 be+ commonly employ$ by ! ,akim p = ?is purpose4 ,= export ! *ief value is = ! prep>ation ( v>ni%4 ,! quantity export$ rea*$ #agh tons 9 #aijg1 aft] :i* x decl9$1 & n[ no long] rea*es a significant figure4 ,! ov]:elm+ int]e/ attract$ by cocoa has l$ to its disappe>ance4 ,cf4 ,select$ ,reports ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 pt4 ii41 8,gums & ,res9s0 7,col4 ,rep4 ,misc41 ,cd4 #diga1 #aiji71 pp4 #agb-e2 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xii4 7#aiad71 p4 #bbj4 ,! copal-yield+ trees are g5]ally ( imm5se size1 & ! res9\s liquid may be obs]v$ exud+ f ! ma9 trunk z well z ! bran*es1 9 su* a way z to =m elongat$ 8te>s0 or slabs1 :i* h>d5 on exposure to ! air4 ,:5 ^! become brittle !y are brok5 (f by w9d & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,(t5 ! fl[ ( res9\s liquid seems to be s pr(use t quantities rea* ! gr\nd & =m :at is t]m$ 8fossil copal10 ow+ to ! fact t x is dug f ! gr\nd b5ea? ! trees4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t 9 "s in/ances ! orig9al fl[ ( ! res9\s liquid is caus$ by deep bor+s 9 ! sap wood made by insect l>v 7probably ,coleopt]a--beetles71 signs ( :i* are commonly app>5t on old trees1 :i* yield ! mo/ copal4 ,specim5s ( bran*es1 :i* h be5 tunnell$ by ^! l>v1 h be5 collect$1 exhibit+ all ! cavities fill$ ) h>d5$ res94 ,comp>$ ) ! copal produc$ by ,copaif]a ,guib\rtiana1 a tree :i* is f\nd 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 ! ,a%anti product is mu* inf]ior1 al?\gh ! price paid r5d]s x suffici5tly valuable = collection & export4 ,sev]al diff]5t types ( ! ,accra copal are kn[n1 "s ( :i* appe> to be ( less value ?an o!rs1 al?\gh app>5tly yield$ by ! same tree4 ,t :i* is deem$ pref]able is cle> & pale yell[2 milky pieces %\ld be sort$ out1 z !y are valu$ at a l[] figure4 ,blocks h be5 obta9$ :i* weigh$ ov] tw5ty p\nds4 ,sort+ is said to h be5 adopt$ by "s ( ! local m]*ants1 & z high a price z #fjs4 p] cwt4 is report$ to h be5 obta9$ = sort$ copal4 ,,copra4--,"s special att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! ext5sion ( ! copra indu/ry on ! coa/1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! av]age annual exports h ne>ly d\bl$ dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s4 ,! coconut 7,cocos nucif]a7 is f\nd on ! great] "p ( ! coa/l9e1 & ! dri$ cont5ts ( ! nut con/itute ! product kn[n z copra4 7,cf4 ,oil ,se$s & ,fe$+ ,cakes1 ,imp4 ,in/4 ,monograph1 #aiae47 ,no use is app>5tly made ( ! fibr\s cov]+ ( ! nuts1 :i* is export$ f o!r p>ts ( ! _w "u ! "n ( coir4 ,locally ! nuts are cut d[n 9 an unripe condition1 & ! 8milk0 f ! int]ior is us$ z a dr9k4 ,,dyes ,,& ,,pigm5ts4--,camwood is ! trade "n appli$ to ! wood ( a tree kn[n z ,baphia nitida1 ,afzelius1 belong+ to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,legum9os4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! bright r$ col\r+-matt] is produc$ by decomposition on exposure to air1 ! mat]ial %ipp$ f diff]5t places 9 ,we/ ,africa be+ app>5tly 9 ?is condition1 b inve/igations 9 o!r p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa %[ t ! fre% wood is frequ5tly us$ 9 mak+ ! col\r+-matt]4 ,a v small quantity is export$ f ! ,gold ,coa/1 b ! natives make "s use ( x = /a9+ diff]5t mat]ials4 ,indigo4--,?is is prep>$ f two or ?ree species ( ,indig(]a1 :i* are f\nd gr[+ ne> villages1 b ! process ( prep>ation 9 ! ,gold ,coa/ does n appe> to h be5 record$1 ?\gh probably simil> to t employ$ 9 ! o!r ,we/ ,african c\ntries4 ,! res9 f ! copal tree1 m5tion$ above1 is cru%$1 toge!r ) ! b>k ( a tree call$ 8,krobo10 9 ,akim especially1 & ! balls =m$ f ?is mixture are rubb$ d[n1 ) ! addition ( a little wat]1 into a f9e sort ( la!r1 :5 a gre5i%-grey-col\r$ ?9 pa/e is procur$4 ,) ?is designs are trac$ ^u ! body & arms z an adornm5t = wom51 ! res9 imp>t+ to ! mixture a pleasant od\r4 ,,field ,,crops4--,! soil ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! =e/ c\ntry is v f]tile1 & no difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 produc+ suffici5t crops = local ne$s f a small area ( gr\nd4 ,! usual me?od is to cut d[n a piece ( =e/1 leav+ ^? trees :i* are too l>ge to be remov$ or burnt1 or :i* may yield "o ( ! wild fruits :i* is appreciat$4 ,! /umps & roots are n remov$ :5 only maize 7,zea mays7 is int5d$ to be gr[n1 b are1 to "s ext5t1 :5 yams 7,dioscorea sp471 or gr\ndnuts 7,ara*is hypogea71 are to be cultivat$4 ,! cut 8bu%0 is p]mitt$ to dry 9 ! sun = sev]al weeks1 :5 x is burn$1 & ! a%es are sometimes scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,= plantations ( maize1 ! soil is only turn$ up at ! spots :]e ! se$ is to be put 91 & v little cultivation is giv5 = ! rema9d] ( ! ye>1 al?\gh we$+ & e>?+ up are resort$ to 9 a few places4 ,= ! cultivation ( yams or gr\ndnuts1 ! l>g] roots are dug out1 & ! :ole field is dug ) small hoes1 ! soil be+ scrap$ toge!r into small m\nds1 on ! top ( :i* ! yams or gr\ndnuts are plant$4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 /akes are also put 91 ^u :i* ! yams are tra9$ to gr[4 ,9 addition to ?is x is usual1 9 mo/ places1 to plant maize ^u ! sides ( ! m\nds1 & okra 7,hibiscus escul5tus7 & pepp]s 7,capsicum sp47 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field4 ,gu9ea corn 7,sorghum vulg>e7 is r>ely se5 )9 ! =e/ limits4 ,betwe5 ! m\nds1 at wide int]vals1 planta9s 7,musa sapi5tum7 are g5]ally gr[n1 & occupy ! gr\nd aft] all ! o!r crops h be5 remov$4 ,9 ! c\ntry ne> ! coa/1 z well z 9 ! ,volta di/rict1 cassava 7,manihot utilissima7 is a common t]m9al crop1 al?\gh x is n frequ5tly gr[n 9 ,a%anti4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! l& usually cont9ues to yield a gra9 or root crop1 ( ! k9ds above m5tion$1 seems limit$ to ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,koko yams 7,colocasia antiquorum7 are plant$ 9 damp places ne> ! villages or beside /reams1 &1 9 ! ,volta di/rict1 sweet potatoes 7,ipoma batatas7 are cultivat$ to a small ext5t4 ,small g\rds 7,cucurbitace7 are cultivat$ 9 ! villages1 b are n common1 & p9eapples1 paw-paws1 guavas1 oranges1 cu/>d apples1 s\r-sops1 & limes may be f\nd gr[+ 9 ! places ne> ! old] ,european settlem5ts4 ,planta9s & yams seem to =m ! *ief food ( ! p 9 ! int]ior1 b maize is l>gely us$ by ^? ne> ! coa/1 :o are bett] cultivators4 ,planta9s are prep>$ by roa/+ or by *opp+ up & boil+4 ,9 "s p>ts1 especially 9 ! ,krepi c\ntry1 ! fruits are split & cut 9 pieces1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,!y become h>d & :ite 9 ! process1 & c be kept = "s "t4 ,yams ( sev]al k9ds are cut up aft] peel+1 & boil$ ) pepp]s or made up ) palm oil1 :5 !y =m a fav\rite di%4 ,!y are sometimes p\nd$ 9 a wood5 mort> & made into balls4 ,maize is gr\nd on flat or groov$ /ones by means ( a /one h&-roll]1 aft] :i* ! fl\r is made into d\gh & bak$1 a little palm w9e hav+ be5 add$ to make x rise4 ,cassava is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z yams1 b ! =m] requires long soak+ be=e cook+4 ,palm oil or gr\ndnut oil is g5]ally us$ = cook+1 & ! pulp ( ! palm fruit1 aft] ! oil has be5 remov$1 is eat54 ,a f]m5t$ dr9k is made f maize1 :i* is said to ta/e l weak be]1 b ! *ief intoxicant made locally is ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! oil & ! fibre palms4 ,) ! exception ( cotton1 :i* has be5 sep>ately ref]r$ to1 gr\ndnuts appe> to h be5 ! only field crop ( importance t has be5 export$4 ,9 #aijh a sub/antial figure 0 rea*$1 b has s9ce decl9$4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritories ,tribes4--,! c\ntry :i* is includ$ "u ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories is inhabit$ by a numb] ( tribes1 n[ *iefly locat$ 9 ! nor!rn half2 ! c5tral portion be+ liable to inundation at c]ta9 times1 & !re=e almo/ unoccupi$1 & ! s\!rn be+1 p]haps1 consid]$ unsafe ow+ to ! proximity to ! w>like ,a%antis4 ,! m important tribes are ! ,mamprussis1 "u ! k+ ( ,gambaga2 ! ,gonjas1 "u ! k+ ( ,kombe2 ! ,walas1 "u ! k+ ( ,wa2 & two sections ( ! ,dagombas1 "u ! *iefs ( ,savelugu & ,k>aga 7=m]ly "u ! k+ ( ,y5di1 9 ,g]man t]ritory74 ,! ,lobis1 ,dag>tis1 ,grun%is1 ,kussassis1 & sev]al o!rs 7 disp]s$ by ,samory & ,b>betu 9 #ahif & #ahih1 & h n[ only nom9al *iefs4 7,see ,colonial ,reports--,annual1 ,no4 #eff1 8,nor!rn ,t]ritories ( ! ,gold ,coa/10 #aijg1 p4 #h47 ,! ,mo%is1 ^: c\ntry ext5d$ into ! nor!rn limits ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories1 7 employ$ at "o "t z native levies1 b s9ce !y 7 disb&$ !y h int]f]$ ) ! tribes on ! ,gambaga-,kumassi road1 9 ! ,sap>i ,hills1 & made trad+ by t r\te unsafe4 7,see ,colonial ,reports1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aj47 ,/eps h be5 tak5 to expel !m f ! c\ntry1 & x is hop$ t ! p liv+ 9 ! hills1 :o are said to be good agriculturi/s1 w n[ come into clos] contact ) civilisation4 ,! ,dagombas are app>5tly ! mo/ indu/ri\s tribe 9 ! c\ntry1 & !y seem to be num]\s4 ,al?\gh !re does n appe> to be any actual record ( ! invasion ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry by ! ,mohamm$an rul]s ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan1 !y are said to h ov]run ! pagan c\ntries betwe5 !mselves & ! region ( d5se =e/ on sev]al occasions4 ,9 #adhc ! k+dom ( ,mossi 7,mo%i7 0 conqu]$ by ,sonni ,ali1 ,k+ ( ,songhay1 :o 0 a native ( ! ,ea/]n ,sudan1 & _h come f ,egypt4 ,two ye>s lat] he ext5d$ 8 conque/ ?r\gh ! m\nta9 t]ritory to ! s\? & f> into ! pagan belt4 ,sonni ,ali 0 foll[$ by ,askia1 :o aga9 ov]ran ,mossi1 9 ord] to aboli% paganism & e/abli% ! ,mohamm$an fai?4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 & d\btless ! p le>nt to adopt ! improv$ me?ods ( agriculture :i* ! conqu]ors _h introduc$ into ! ,we/]n ,sudan f ,egypt & ! ea/4 ,_m ( ! tribes h relaps$ completely into paganism1 b among/ o!rs !re is a mixture ( ,mohamm$anism & paganism1 :i* is evid5ce ( ! impression made4 ,m rec5tly1 ,samodu ,almami ( ,ouass\l\1 g5]ally kn[n z ,samory1 0 driv5 f 8 k+dom 9 ! ,we/]n ,sudan by ! ,fr5*1 & ov]ran ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories ) 8 ,s(a troops2 subdu+ ,wa1 ,bole1 & ! :ole ( ! we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unlikely t agriculture 0 fur!r improv$ by 8 invasion1 z l>ge tracts ( c\ntry 7 deva/at$ to fe$ 8 troops4 ,,field ,,crops4--,! soil is ( a light] & m s&y nature ?an t g5]ally f\nd 9 ! =e/ region1 b x is well adapt$ = ! cultivation ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( crops1 notably ,gu9ea corn1 millet1 gr\ndnuts1 & cotton1 :ile x is less satisfactory = yams4 ,! latt] are consequ5tly ( small] size4 ,cotton4--,! cotton gr[n by ! ,dagombas is :it] ?an ^? f\nd 9 ! s\?1 & ! plants are ( small /ature2 ! species has a wide-op5+ pale fl[]1 & has be5 gr[n at ,labolabo f se$ procur$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories4 ,! cotton fields are plant$ ) regul> l9es ( plants1 & ! gr\nd appe>s to be exclusively us$ = ! crop dur+ ! season4 ,! se$ is s[n ^u ridges :i* h be5 con/ruct$ f ! high conical m\nds1 ^u :i* ! comb9$ crop ( millet 7,p5nisetum spp47 or ,gu9ea corn & yams 7 gr[n 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,cultivation is p]=m$ by means ( a %ort-h&l$ hoe1 & ! ridges are kept cle> ( we$s & grass until ! crop is ready4 ,! se$-cotton is sold 9 ! m>kets1 & is 9 good dem& = ! manufacture ( native clo?s4 ,no insect pe/s h be5 obs]v$ attack+ ! plants1 & x is probable t if an outside dem& 7 e/abli%$ = ! produce a l>ge quantity c\ld be gr[n4 ,x might be necess>y to introduce a bett] v>iety ?an t at pres5t cultivat$1 z ?is yields a r co>se & %ort /aple4 ,if cotton f ?is "p ( ! c\ntry is to become an article ( export1 ! difficulties at pres5t exp]i5c$ 9 transport w fir/ h to be ov]come2 inde$1 ?is applies to all ! produce capable ( be+ gr[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! navigation ( ! ,volta riv] & ! two ma9 bran*es seems to sugge/ a means :i* might be employ$1 =1 al?\gh !re are sev]al rapids 9 ! c\rse f ,daboya & ,bole to ,labolabo1 only "o is impassable = canoes1 ev5 9 ! dry season4 ,?is rapid is at ,kra*i :]e a %ort l9e has be5 laid = transport+ load$ canoes4 ,! co/ ( ! hire ( canoes = mak+ ! j\rney w\ld probably be prohibitive1 b if ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association und]took ! c>riage by _! own canoes ( ! salt & /ores requir$ by ! m]*ants :o h comm5c$ bus9ess 9 ,yeji & ,tamale1 ! freight on ^! 9 ! j\rney upw>ds w\ld probably be f\nd to cov] ! co/ ( br++ cotton d[n-/ream1 & ! export trade 9 x c\ld be develop$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association made an ef=t to act ^u ! sugge/ion made "h1 b discont9u$ _! op]ations 9 ,july #aiaf1 :5 !y h&$ ov] _! build+s1 at ,tamale1 to ! ,gov]nm5t1 z x 0 %[n t "u ! exi/+ conditions & ) b "o ,european repres5tative to fur!r its int]e/s1 cotton-gr[+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories c\ld n hope to become a remun]ative export bus9ess 7,colonial ,reports1 ,nor!rn ,t]ritories1 ,g4,c4 #aiaf1 ,no4 #ief74 ,! irregul>ity ( ! ra9fall is a matt] :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 any future attempts to develop ! indu/ry "h1 b ! possibilities ( provid+ artificial irrigation %\ld n be ov]look$1 z l>ge tracts ( flat l& exi/ ne> ! ,:ite ,volta riv] capable ( becom+ f]tile "u prop] irrigation & dra9age4 ,o!r ,field ,crops4--,yams are gr[n z a prim>y crop on m\nds1 & ?ree diff]5t k9ds are common1 probably ref]able to ,d4 alata1 ,d4 sativa1 & ,d4 colocasifolia1 ! la/ be+ :at is t]m$ ! wat] yam & ! fir/ ! w+$ yam4 ,gu9ea corn is ! mo/ important food gra9 gr[n1 b millet is sometimes plant$4 ,a r$ species ( sorghum 7,s4 gu9e5sis1 v>4 robu/um7 is cultivat$ on a small scale = use 9 /a9+ lea!r1 b is n us$ = food4 ,rice 7,oryza sativa7 is gr[n 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l>ge riv]s1 b is said to suff] damage f elephants & hippopotami4 ,! v>iety seems to be simil> to ! r$ rice gr[n 9 ! ,gambia & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,v little maize is plant$1 b "s is gr[n ne> ,salaga4 ,cassava is only se5 9 ! s\? ne> ! =e/ b\nd>y1 & gr\ndnuts are n pl5tiful1 ow+1 p]haps1 to ! fact t cook+ oil is obta9able f %ea butt] trees1 :i* are common 9 a wild /ate4 ,pigeon peas are (t5 plant$ r\nd ! bord]s ( fields1 & are left to yield m ?an "o crop4 ,?is pea is id5tical ) "o ( ! common 8,dhalls0 ( ,india 7,cajanus indicus72 ! orig9 ( ! introduction is obscure4 ,small beans are gr[n z well z ,indig(]a spp4 ,sweet potatoes1 okra1 capsicum-pepp]s1 sorrel-hibiscus 7,h4 ,sabd>iffa71 & ! ,fra-,fra potato 7,plectran?us1 sp41 8,tumuku0 ( ! ,haussas7 are also gr[n4 ,fibre4--,plants belong+ to two species ( ,hibiscus are us$ = ! extraction ( fibre = ! prep>ation ( cordage1 ! clean$ fibre be+ simil> to jute4 ,^! plants gr[1 ) p]fectly /raight /ems1 to eight or t5 feet 9 height1 be>+ %ort ?9 bran*es ) axill>y fl[]s4 ,tobacco4--,! tobacco gr[n is us$ = smok+ or ! manufacture ( snuff 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories1 & is prep>$ 9 a special mann]4 ,= smok+ tobacco ! gre5 leaves are press$ into small g\rds until a quantity ( juice exudes1 ! mass be+ roll$ 9 ?is until x assumes an oval =m1 9 :i* x is sold 9 ! m>kets be=e dry+4 ,= snuff x is gr\nd up betwe5 heat$ /ones until ! requisite f95ess has be5 obta9$1 & is !n mix$ ) a small quantity ( ! p[d]$ se$s ( ,monodora myri/ica4 ,! tobacco fields are usually conf9$ to small pat*es ne> h\ses1 & wood a%es z well z sweep+s are appli$ z a top dress+4 ,?is appe>s to be ! only crop to :i* manure or f]tilis] is giv54 ,! leaves always seem to be /ripp$ (f ! /ems at "o op]ation1 :]eby old & immature leaves are mix$ ) mature4 ,,gums4--,two species ( ,acacia 7,a4 arabica & ,a4 ,sieb]iana7 are f\nd1 especially 9 ! un9habit$ tracts 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 & ! la/ nam$ appe>s to yield a l>ge fl[ ( gum1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n collect$4 ,exam9ation ( ?is at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute has %[n x to be ab\t equal 9 quality to inf]ior ,sudan grades2 ,a4 arabica does n seem to yield gum ) su* frequ5cy 9 ?is locality z else:]e4 ,burkea africana & ,pseudoc$rela ,kots*yi produce a quality ( gum comp>able ) 8,talh0 f ! ,sudan4 7,cf4 ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 ,gums & ,res9s1 pp4 #aec1 #afe-g47 ,,wood ,,oil4--,by cutt+ deeply into ! base ( a tree kn[n z 8,ne\0 7,dagomba71 & 8,kawa0 7,haussa71 a r copi\s fl[ ( res9\s liquid is induc$1 :i*1 :5 solidifi$1 is a res9 some:at simil>1 b inf]ior1 to copal4 ,! tree f :i* ?is is procur$ is botanically kn[n z ,daniellia ?urif]a1 ,oliv41 & ! s-call$ 8oil0 obta9$ 0 at "o "t %ipp$ f ,nor!rn ,nig]ia "u ! "n ( ,african ,balsam ( ,copaiba4 ,x is us$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories = light+ purposes1 z well z m$ic9ally4 ,! tree yields a h&somely gra9$ timb]4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiae47 ,,%ea ,,butt]4--,a tree kn[n botanically z ,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii be>s a fruit1 f ! k]nel ( :i* ?is valuable vegetable fat is procur$4 ,! fat =ms ! cook+ oil ( ! ultra-=e/ c\ntry1 tak+ ! place ( palm oil 9 ?is respect4 ,! mode ( prep>ation 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories is1 d\btless1 simil> to t employ$ 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,! prep>$ butt] is "o ( ! products c>ri$ by ! ,haussa trad]s1 :o visit ,a%anti = ! purpose ( pur*as+ kola1 & is mu* appreciat$ 9 ,kumassi1 :]e x obta9s a high price4 ,a small quantity is c>ri$ d[n ! ,volta riv] by ! canoes :i* br+ salt f ,adda to ,yeji & ,daboya4 ,an analysis made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute ( ,%ea butt] f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories %[$ t ! mat]ial is 9 no way inf]ior to ! bett]-kn[n 8,%ea butt]0 ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,cf4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi4 7#aijh71 p4 #cgj4 ,,rubb]4--,rec5tly "s species ( ,l&olphia 7 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! di/rict ( ,wa & else:]e1 &1 ^u exam9ation1 "o ( ^! prov$ to be ,l4 ow>i5sis1 ,p4 ,beauv4 ,?is 0 at fir/ ?\ght to occur pl5tifully1 & to assume ! und]gr\nd habits ( ,l4 ,?ollonii1 "o ( ! mo/ important s\rces ( root or rhizome rubb] 9 ! ,congo4 ,specim5s1 :i* 7 f\nd gr[+ ne> ! s\? bank ( ! ,black ,volta riv]1 9 grass l&1 exhibit$ a trail+ =m ( gr[? ow+ to ! abs5ce ( support+ trees1 b1 al?\gh ! plants 7 probably dw>f$ by ! annual grass fires1 no developm5t ( root gr[? 0 obs]v$ 9 excess ( t ord9>ily produc$ )9 ! =e/s4 ,! plant is n[ report$ to occur r r>ely 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritories2 ano!r ne>ly alli$1 ?\gh useless1 species hav+ be5 mi/ak5 = x4 ,,dyes4--,= dye+ ! y>n made f ! native cotton1 indigo is made f a species ( ,indig(]a1 or f ! "y leaves ( ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 b ! process ( prep>ation employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry has n be5 c>efully obs]v$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probably simil> to t 9 common use 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & ! ,gambia4 ,,beeswax4--,bees are attract$ to hive 9 calaba%es plac$ 9 trees1 ! honey & wax be+ tak5 f !m & sold 9 ! m>kets4 ,! bee belongs to a small v>iety ( ,apis mellif]a1 kn[n z v>4 ,adansonii4 ,a sample ( beeswax obta9$ at ,tamale 0 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & prov$ to be ( excell5t quality & wor? #f #aes4 p] cwt4 7,dec4 #aijh74 ,,lea!r4--,tann+ ( %eep & goats' sk9s is done to a small ext5t1 ! same process z t describ$ = ! prep>ation ( ,kano lea!r 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia be+ foll[$4 ,! ,acacia pods us$ = ! purpose are obta9$ f trees (t5 f\nd plant$ 9 ! middle ( t[ns4 ,,cattle ,,& ,,p\ltry4--,a l>ge bre$ ( cattle ) a dorsal hump exi/s 9 ! ,salaga di/rict1 & a /raight-back$ small] k9d ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to ! nor?4 ,al?\gh 8tsetse0 flies ( ?ree species are common on ! /ream banks1 ! cattle seem to be heal?y = ! mo/ "p1 & (t5 =m "p ( a c>avan travell+ to ! =e/ belt1 :]e a good price is said to be obta9$ = !m f ! ,a%antis4 ,!y are usually kill$ = food v soon aft] ent]+ ! =e/1 :]e !y c no long] be kept free f ! attacks ( ! ?ree species ( 8tsetse0 7,gloss9a morsitans1 ,g4 palpalis1 & ,g4 pallidipes71 all ( :i* seem to attack !m4 ,horses are br$ 9 "s p>ts1 b n to a l>ge ext5t4 ,wire-hair$ %eep & goats are se5 ev]y:]e1 & c be obta9$ 9 _m places at a l[ price4 ,f[ls & ,gu9ea-f[ls are re>$ 9 sev]al villages1 & are c>ri$ to ! s\? = sale4 ,long op5-"w baskets are us$1 & ! f[ls are usually convey$ z head-loads4 ,gu9ea-f[ls1 pur*asable = ?reep5ce ea* 9 "s ( ! villages s\? ( ,daboya1 are sold at f\r or five %ill+s ea* ne> ! coa/4 ,no coops seem to be employ$ 9 ! villages to conf9e ! gu9ea-f[ls1 :i* habitually roo/ ^u ! h\se-tops & :i* may frequ5tly be se5 9 ! adjo9+ fields4 ,!y are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! wild birds :i* occur usually 9 ! same localities4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! dome/icat$ examples to acquire :ite fea!rs ^u ! brea/ or w+s to a great] or less] ext5t4 ,x %\ld be record$ t a consid]able local trade is c>ri$ on 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! sale ( a fl\r-l sub/ance obta9$ f ! int]ior ( ! pods ( ,p>kia filicoidea4 ,?is is made up ) ! se$s ( ! plant into an edible pa/e1 locally t]m$ 8,dawadawa40 ,,exports4--,exclud+ cocoa1 :i* is treat$ sep>ately 9 its place1 ! foll[+ table %[s ! progress ( ! export trade betwe5 #aiaj & #aiai3-- ,,kola4 ,,copra4 ,,copal4 ,,ye>4 ,lbs4 ,tons4 ,lbs4 #aiaj #e1aef1ejj #gg1gaf #gee #ac1jcb #ec1hdg #fdg #aiaa #e1gia1ica #ic1jii #ggi #ac1beg #hj1jdb #a1aaj #aiab #g1acc1afe #acd1bca #fbj #aa1hda #fg1acc #a1jgg #aiac #g1jbd1hfh #add1gje #fbi #ad1bib #ch1bje #eee #aiad #g1hfb1dad #adb1aij #fef #aa1hbe #ah1edi #bfe #aiae #h1bfg1ajj #aci1afc #ggj #ab1hba #bh1hhh #dje #aiaf #f1gfj1hih #acj1eff #fcc #ad1chd #ab1edi #acb #aiag #aa1ihe1fde #bci1acd #gce #ai1iaf #b1cjf #bd #aiah #ac1bed1ech #bfb1add #ii #b1ggb #a1fic #ce #aiai #af1cai1igb #cej1bdi #ihd #cj1jia #ac1gdh #agd ,,rubb]4 ,,palm ,,oil4 ,,palm ,,k]nels4 ,lbs4 ,galls4 ,tons4 #aiaj #c1bbc1bfe #ceh1hgf #b1jdd1hfh #afa1chh #ad1ahb #ahe1jeh #aiaa #b1ffh1ffg #bai1ddg #a1faj1bji #abh1iaf #ac1bed #age1hia #aiab #a1iij1fii #afh1gbi #a1ddd1dcb #aab1hhe #ad1fbh #bje1cfe #aiac #a1cag1cfi #hg1iae #hfj1aee #fe1feb #i1gdd #aei1abh #aiad #fed1acc #ba1fca #die1gfc #cg1fdf #e1fcc #hh1fga #aiae #fdg1ihb #be1afg #ccj1iij #be1gfi #d1jfd #ej1eab #aiaf #b1bae1igc #gh1hfe #dej1cfj #ch1bii #e1heg #he1hii #aiag #b1ifa1bjd #aaj1bgb #aih1ijj #bd1ggj #d1gfh #gd1iaa #aiah #a1cia1jig #eg1jjf #fgj1hfg #hc1fhi #h1icc #aeb1ibb #aiai #gba1ehh #cc1fcg #ich1eie #adj1afc #i1hib #bec1bdc ,,gr\ndnuts4 ,,lumb]4 ,,cotton4 ,tons4 ,feet4 ,lbs4 #aijg3 #aiaj #ad1ich1gdi #adh1abb #aa1dba #bfc #aig #a1hae #aiaa #ac1igc1cif #ach1hba #i1gja #bch n giv5 #aiab #bc1egc1fea #bbh1gde #bj1cie #ejf d4 #aiac #cg1cia1hdh #cff1jid #bg1dig #fhh d4 #aiad #bd1ehg1bag #bdj1hgh #bc1ead #ehh d4 #aiae #i1bag1fbb #ij1ffa #ab1jaf #cjj d4 #aiaf #aj1ccd1gic #ic1ihj #ag1hif #ddg d4 #aiag #g1dha1dfh #fi1abh #dc1hgj #bbg d4 #aiah #ad1fhj1hbc #acg1fdi #bj1fdj #bab d4 #aiai #aj1dcb1bej #ajc1bch nil4 #g #baj ,illu/ration3 ,,nig]ia1 ,,s\!rn ,,prov9ces ,t]ritory held by ,great ,brita9 "u ,m&ate is hat*$ 9 ,r$4 ,leg5d ,/an=d's ,geogl4 ,e/abt41 ,london4 ,,nig]ia-,,s\!rn ,,prov9ces ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,adm9i/rative ,divisions4--,on ,janu>y #a1 #aiad1 ! c\ntries1 hi!rto adm9i/]$ sep>ately "u ! names ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 7 amalgamat$ & plac$ "u a ,gov]nor-,g5]al4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 conv5i5t1 f ! po9t ( view ( _! agricultural & comm]cial int]e/s1 to deal ) !m 9 ?is place sep>ately4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,prov9ces are to a v l>ge ext5t dissimil> 9 languages1 religion & cu/oms1 & ! climatic conditions1 by :i* di/9ct v>ieties ( life are s mu* influ5c$1 are s suitably def9$ by ! artificial b\nd>y :i*1 until rec5tly1 divid$ ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 t little excuse ne$ be (f]$ = ! ma9t5ance ( old division 9 ! discussion ( ! subjects )9 ! compet5ce ( ?is book4 ,foll[+ !n ! plan adopt$ 9 ! fir/ edition1 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ref]r$ to n[ z ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces1 is be+ fir/ dealt ) & treat$1 z f> z possible1 indep5d5tly ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 n[ entitl$ ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces1 ! sep>ate acc\nt ( :i* foll[s4 ,geographical ,position4--,p5d+ ! adju/m5t ( ! ea/]n fronti]1 occasion$ by ! outcome ( ! rec5t w>1 ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ,nig]ia ext5d f #b #de ,e4 to #aj #ae ,e4 long43 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce rea*+ #i #aj ,n41 & ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ab\t #g #ae ,n4 lat4 ,area & ,population4--,! e/imat$ area ( ! c\ntry be=e adju/m5t 0 #id1jjj sq4 miles1 & ! c5sus ( #aiaa %[$ ! population z #g1heg1ihc4 ,natural ,divisions4--,! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces are conv5i5tly divid$ = agricultural consid]ations into wet & dry zones4 ,9 ! =m] ! ra9fall ranges f ab\t #ij in*es at ,b5di to #bej in*es at ,opobo4 ,9 ! latt] zone ! highe/ ra9fall is rea*$ 9 ,lagos ,t[n1 :]e ab\t #ge in*es are annually regi/]$2 ! l[e/ read+ be+ t ( #dj in*es at ,olokemeji4 ,! d5sely =e/$ area is practically entirely )9 ! wet zone2 ?is also includ+ a tract ( bracki%-wat] =e/ 7mangrove7 & swamp4 ,9 ! dry zone grass-l& & op5 8bu%10 ) trees peculi> to su* localities1 occur1 & x is 9 ?is portion ( ! c\ntry t mo/ ( ! agricultural p are f\nd4 ,! inhabitants ( ! =e/$ area 9 ! wet zone give m att5tion to ! collection ( =e/ products1 su* z palm oil & rubb]1 & only gr[ suffici5t gra9 & roots = _! own consumption4 ,inhabitants4--,! tribes f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce are *iefly ,yorubas1 & among ^! are "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t p 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce !re are a l>ge numb] ( tribes speak+ diff]5t languages1 b among ^! ! ,b5is are p]haps ( mo/ importance4 ,! ,ijoas1 ,ibos1 ,aros1 & _m o!r tribes inhabit ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce1 & are g5]ally ( a l[] grade ( civilisation ?an ! o!rs m5tion$4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,cross riv] & ! ,nig] is populat$ by o!r pagan tribes1 :o seem to be c>eful cultivators1 b v little is kn[n ( !m at pres5t4 ,cultivation4--,! ,yoruba race are indu/ri\s cultivators1 & %[ consid]ably m ambition ?an mo/ ( ! o!r ,we/ ,african peoples4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* !y live is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to f>m+1 & ! climatic conditions are suitable = ! cultivation ( cotton & fibr\s plants1 9 addition to ! v>i\s gra9 crops4 ,9 "s p>ts cocoa1 rubb]1 & kola are be+ cultivat$1 b ^! are n s suitable "u ! prevail+ conditions z !y w\ld be )9 ! wet zone--! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 :i* ^! p inhabit1 be+ entirely )9 ! dry region4 ,al?\gh f>m+ is s ext5sive1 cont9u\s cultivation is n f\nd1 & ! use ( manure is practically unkn[n4 ,! usual practice is to f>m a piece ( l& = a few ye>s1 & to p]mit x !n to return to a wild /ate = a long p]iod4 ,9 _! want ( k conc]n+ ! value ( manure & ! application ( artificial irrigation1 ! ,yoruba f>m]s are beh9d ! ,haussas ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 b are m c>eful ?an ! ,nupes ( ! same c\ntry4 ,! dep? ( ! ,yoruba cultivation is great] ?an t ( ! nor!rn ,haussa1 & ?is 9 "s measure comp5sates = ! non-employm5t ( manure1 etc4 ,! p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce are g5]ally less c>eful 9 _! f>m+ me?ods2 ! ,b5is (t5 plant+ _! gra9 crops 9 only p>tially cle>$ l&4 ,f>!r to ! nor? 9 ! same prov9ce a bett] sy/em is noticeable among ! ,i%ans1 ,ifons1 & ! p ( ,agb$e4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! en]getic ef=ts ( ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t1 ! cultivation & bett] treatm5t ( ! indig5\s rubb] tree 7,funtumia ela/ica7 h be5 ext5sively adopt$1 especially by ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b59 ,city1 :]e ! climate is well suit$ to ! species4 ,9 addition to rubb]1 cocoa & kola plantations might prove successful 9 ! same localities1 b z yet no l>ge plantations ( ei!r exi/4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce f>m+ is g5]ally ( poor quality until ! region ( heavy ra9fall is left1 :5 extremely l>ge areas are met )1 highly cultivat$1 ) ! e>? ?r[n up into loose m\nds1 (t5 five or six feet 9 height1 = ! purpose ( gr[+ yams1 maize1 pepp]1 okra1 ,gu9ea corn1 pumpk9s1 etc41 all ( :i* are f\nd plant$ ^u ea* m\nd2 ! yams be+ c>efully tra9$ to climb along fibre /r+s t[>ds c5tral poles4 ,pr9cipal ,crops4--,! *ief crops gr[n 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce are maize1 cotton1 cassava1 yams1 sweet potatoes1 gr\ndnuts1 & to a small ext5t ,gu9ea corn1 sug>-cane1 tobacco1 ,colocasia yams1 pepp]s1 okra1 rice1 eggplant1 & native beans4 ,indigo is extract$ f ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 :i* occurs 9 a wild /ate1 & is pres]v$ :5 mak+ cle>ances = f>ms4 ,! ,indig(]a spp4 are us$ to a small] degree = ! same purpose4 7,see ,si]ra ,leone ,section1 p4 #ci2 also ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aiji1 p4 #cai2 #aiah1 p4 #aa2 & #aiai1 p4 #ca47 ,fruits are n gr[n pl5tifully1 & are g5]ally left 9 an uncultivat$ condition4 ,! *ief k9ds are p9eapples1 bananas1 pawpaws1 akee apple 7,blighia sapida71 oranges1 & guavas4 ,!re are sev]al fruits & spices :i* are collect$ f ! =e/ /rips1 b1 tak5 g5]ally1 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce p are n great fruit eat]s4 ,on ! sea coa/ & = a consid]able di/ance inl&1 coconut plantations are common1 &1 ne> ,badagry1 copra is prep>$ f !m = %ipm5t4 ,! crops cultivat$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce are simil> to ^? ( ! ,we/]n1 b yams become m1 & gr\ndnuts less prom95t4 ,l>ge quantities ( palm oil are prep>$1 & rubb] is collect$1 ! lab\r available = f>m "w be+ !reby r$uc$4 ,! mo/ important product ( ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce is und\bt$ly palm oil1 b fairly l>ge quantities ( yams & maize are gr[n outside ! =e/ zone & are transport$ by native canoes to ! coa/ ports1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* !re is v little cultivation4 ,) ! exception ( ! oil palm1 :i* is ( g5]al occurr5ce ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ! ,lagos silk rubb] tree 7,funtumia ela/ica7 is ( ! mo/ importance f a comm]cial /&po9t4 ,rubb] v9es ( ! g5]a ,l&olphia & ,c>pod9us are also valuable wild plants1 f :i* "s ( ! f9e/ rubb]s are at pres5t extract$4 ,copal1 kn[n z 8,ogea0 gum1 & collect$ f a tree :i* has be5 det]m9$ z ,cyano?yrsus oblongus 7syn4 ogea71 is export$ 9 v>y+ quantity accord+ to ! m>ket value4 ,a fairly ext5sive local trade is done 9 8*ew-/icks0 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce2 ! /icks be+ cut f a tree :i* occurs 9 ! grass c\ntry1 & is recognis$ z ,anogeissus leioc>pus4 ,! a% made f ! wood ( ! same tree is sold = use z a mordant 9 indigo dye+4 ,camwood is a r$ dye-wood prep>$ f at lea/ ?ree diff]5t species ( trees--,baphia nitida1 ,pt]oc>pus t9ctorius1 & ,pt]oc>pus sp4--& is almo/ entirely us$ locally = /a9+ ! human sk9 or dye+ lea!r4 ,fibre plants d n appe> to be cultivat$ 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry1 b occur to "s ext5t 9 all ! =e/$ p>ts4 ,hibiscus gu9e5sis & ,dombeya buettn]i are usually employ$ = native ropes1 & ! b>k ( ,/]culia b>t]i is said to be prep>$ = ! same purpose4 ,,oil ,,palm4--,a description ( ?is tree & in=mation 9 connection ) ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics & mode ( propagation h be5 giv5 9 ! ,si]ra ,leone portion ( ?is "w1 & x may m]ely be rem>k$ t !re is no diff]5ce 9 a g5]al way betwe5 trees gr[n 9 ! two localities4 ,) reg>d to ! =m ( fruit1 h[ev]1 t ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia is sep>at$ into sev]al k9ds1 v>y+ 9 ! relative proportion ( p]ic>p & k]nel1 & ^! w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ palm oil v>ies to a l>ge degree 9 ! diff]5t localities4 ,! be/ quality ( oil is t produc$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce4 ,! oil1 :i* on ! m>ket is class$ z 8,lagos f9e grade10 & obta9s ! highe/ price among ,we/ ,african oils1 is made f ! fre% fruits boil$ & p\nd$ 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! ,si]ra ,leone oil1 b ! extract$ oil is fur!r cle>$ by /ra9+ & boil+ until a uni=mly cle> & limpid product is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ra9+ ,,oil ,,f ,,! ,,fibr\s ,,pulp ,,( ,,! ,,oil ,,palm1 ,,o%ogbo4 ,fig4 #bb1 p4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cotton ,,bales1 ,,m>lbor\gh ,,g9n]y1 ,,ibadan4 ,fig4 #bc1 p4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,af>a ,,tree 7,,t]m9alia ,,sup]ba7 ,,at ,,olokomeji4 ,fig4 #bd1 p4 #aah4 ,an inf]ior quality is t made at ,o%ogbo & nor? ( ,ibadan g5]ally4 ,! fruits1 aft] hav+ be5 boil$ = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 h ! fibr\s pulp suffici5tly loos5$1 s t ! :ole is easily sep>at$ f ! nuts by p\nd+ 9 a wood5 mort>4 ,! fibr\s mass ?us obta9$ is !n put into a pit1 :i* is fill$ to a dep? ( ab\t eighte5 in*es ) cold wat]1 & ! oil is express$ by wom5 & "y girls1 :o tread x out ) _! feet4 ,aft] leav+ ! wat] undi/urb$ = a %ort "t1 ! oil rises to ! surface1 f :i* x is skimm$1 or x may be precipitat$1 by ! removal ( a plug plac$ 9 ! side ( ! pit1 into a vessel plac$ to receive x4 ,! tread+ process is repeat$ until mo/ ( ! oil is extract$4 ,! oil is !n sep>at$ f ! wat] :i* x conta9s by boil+4 ,! fibr\s pulp is next remov$1 /ra9$ 9 baskets1 & is plac$ ^u rocks to dry 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* x is press$ into l>ge balls1 :i* are sold 9 ! local m>kets at #a;d4 ea*4 ,mu* ( ?is f9ds its way to ,lagos ,t[n1 :]e x is sold = fuel at ! rate ( #h;d4 = #h lb4 ,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$ t !re appe>s to be no f\ndation = ! /atem5t :i* has be5 made to ! effect t ?is residual pulp is export$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,lagos = ! fur!r extraction ( oil by *emical means 9 ,europe4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 %[+ a girl /ra9+ fibr\s pulp 9 an oil pit at ,o%ogbo 7,fig4 #bb74 ,9 ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,prov9ces 8h>d0 oil is ! comm]cial "n appli$ to ! k9d :i* is g5]ally made4 ,at ,onit%a ! natives may be se5 br++ 9 ?is oil1 :i* is ( su* a consi/5cy t ev5 at an atmosph]ic temp]ature ( #ij x rema9s 9 a solid wax-l condition4 ,! e>!n vessels 9 :i* su* oil is convey$ to ! factories1 :5 accid5tally dropp$ & brok51 d n necess>ily occasion ! loss ( any oil4 ,! ?ick5$ condition is entirely due to ! me?od ( prep>ation1 dur+ :i* important *emical *anges occur1 :i* appe> to be detrim5tal to ! oil = "s ( its mo/ important uses1 especially t ( soap manufacture1 :ile r5d]+ x suitable = employm5t = mak+ c&les4 ,! important diff]5ce 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is oil lies 9 ! fact t in/ead ( ! fre% fruits be+ us$1 ! p]ic>p is sep>at$ f ! nuts by means ( p>tial decomposition1 induc$ by bury+ ! fruits 9 ! gr\nd = a p]iod v>y+ f ?ree weeks to two mon?s4 ,! semi-decompos$ p]ic>p is !n easily remov$ by p\nd+ or tread+ out 9 a canoe-%ap$ receptacle1 aft] :i* ! fibr\s mass is boil$1 & ! liquid oil is skimm$ & all[$ to set 9 e>!n j>s1 9 :i* x is c>ri$ = sale to ! factories4 ,! extraction ( k]nels f ! nuts is "o ( ! usual occupations ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( a village1 :5 n assi/+ 9 ! prep>ation ( oil4 ,! nuts are spread 9 ! sun = ab\t a week or m until a %r9kage ( ! k]nel occurs1 :i* r5d]s ! nut-%ell capable ( be+ easily crack$ )\t damage to ! int]ior4 ,x is said t 9 ! ,jebu di/rict1 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,lagos1 ! local price paid = k]nels ranges f #d;d4 to #d;d4 = a fill$ t9 b[l hav+ ! diamet] ( n9e in*es4 ,! primitive me?od ( extract+ k]nels1 by means ( crack+ ! nut-%ell betwe5 /ones & pick+ out ! cont5ts1 has n yet giv5 way to ! employm5t ( ! v>i\s ma*9es :i* h be5 introduc$ f "t to "t to sup]s$e x4 ,a black oil is extract$ at ,o%ogbo by roa/+ ! k]nels 9 an e>!n pot until black1 & /irr+ mean:ile until ! :ole mass becomes cov]$ ) exud$ oil4 ,a small quantity ( cold wat] is !n spr9kl$ into ! pot aft] remov+ x f ! fire1 & ! cont5ts are p\nd$ 9 a mort> until an oily meal is produc$4 ,?is is boil$1 &1 :5 ! mixture is cool1 ! oil is skimm$ f ! surface ( ! wat] :i* has be5 add$ = ! boil+4 ,?is oil is app>5tly only us$ locally4 ,! exi/+ native social sy/em1 "u :i* ! male head ( a family receives almo/ exclusive consid]ation1 is oppos$ to native co-op]ation 9 any me*anical process1 :]eby a relief f lab\r ( 8 num]\s dep5dants--wives1 *ildr51 & ag$ or infirm relatives--w\ld be incurr$ at ! exp5se ( 8 enhanc$ p]sonal lab\r2 he be+ ! c>ri] & dispos] ( ! produce at ! m>ket4 ,by ! conveyance & sale ( nuts in/ead ( k]nels1 a mu* small] return 9 value w\ld be obta9$ = ! same weight ( mat]ial1 i4e4 a simil> am\nt ( p]sonal en]gy4 ,! dep5dants1 incapable ( assi/+ 9 transport+1 w\ld rema9 idle1 unless "s simil> "w c\ld be f\nd = !m4 ,up to a %ort di/ance f ! deliv]y po9t 7:i* w\ld det]m9e itself7 ! nuts in/ead ( ! k]nels w\ld be br\ght 9 = sale1 &1 limit$ by ! capabilities ( ! available palm-tree climb]s1 ! family dep5dants w\ld be able to prep>e l>g] quantities ( p]ic>p oil2 b ! increas$ accumulation ( k]nels w\ld fur!r decrease ! radius f ! sell+ c5tre at :i* ! c>ri]s w\ld be able to "w4 ,if ! entire fruit 7 to be b\ght up = me*anical extraction ( p]ic>p oil z well z k]nels1 ! c>ry+ lab\r w\ld be /ill fur!r enhanc$1 & ! "w ( ! oil-manufactur+ communities w\ld resolve itself into ?ree op]ations--viz4 climb+ trees1 *opp+ out fruit1 & transport+--:i* w\ld mean ! exclusion f "w ( all b ! /rong adults1 or ! r$uction ( work]s by #cj to #ej p] c5t4 p]haps4 ,! numb] ( skill$ palm-tree climb]s is said to be decreas+ 9 _m di/ricts1 &1 ow+ to ! sp>sity ( ! population 9 "s localities1 a v l>ge proportion ( ! annual yield ( fruit rema9s unh>ve/$4 ,! inve/igation ( ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! oil palm ( ! c\ntry is 9 progress at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & ! *>act]s ( ! mo/ important are n[ well kn[n1 & may be comp>$ "h ) ! v>ieties f ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,gambia1 & ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,! typical =m1 :i*1 al?\gh subject to "s v>iation1 possesses c]ta9 m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 may be said to fall "u ! foll[+ g5]al description3 ,fruit+ heads g5]ally l>ge4 ,fruit l>ge1 orange to sc>let 9 col\r1 ) a v>iable am\nt ( purpli% black suffusion at ! apex1 :i* may ext5d ov] m ?an half ( ! fruit or may be altoge!r abs5t4 ,p]ic>p ?91 k]nel l>ge ) a ?ick %ell4 ,names3 8,ope yope0 or 8,ope pankora0 7,yoruba71 8,ok-poruk-pu0 7,ibo71 8,ud90 7,b5i71 8,ak-porro-jub0 7,efik71 8,irk-,eyop0 7,ibibio71 8,abe pa0 & p]haps 8,abe dam0 7,fanti1 ,gold ,coa/71 8,tug bore0 7,m5di1 ,si]ra ,leone71 8,tabel-tiloli0 7,timani1 ,si]ra ,leone71 8,t5go0 7,m&+o1 ,gambia71 8,kabe-kalako0 7,jolah1 ,gambia71 8,neul0 7,jol(f1 ,gambia71 8,qua-qua0 7,haussa1 ,n4 ,nig]ia71 8,yi-ku-ni*e0 7,nupe1 ,n4 ,nig]ia74 ,only ! typical =m has z yet be5 obs]v$ 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,gambia1 & ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,! o!r p>ticul>ly important v>iety is t commonly ref]r$ to z ! 8s(t-%ell$0 or 8?9-%ell$0 palm fruit1 :i* has be5 record$ f _m localities 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! foll[+ description w include ! =ms conta9$ 9 ?is gr\p3 ,fruit+ heads (t5 l>ge4 ,fruits l>ge or small1 g5]ally ! latt]1 d>k col\r$4 ,p]ic>p ?ick1 k]nel r small1 ) a ?9 %ell4 ,names3 8,ope-,arunfo0 7,yoruba71 8,au-su-ku0 7,ibo71 8,ivioronmila0 7,b5i71 8,asoge-e-jub0 7,efik71 8,eduege ,eyop0 7,ibibio71 8,abe-bobe0 7,fanti1 ,gold ,coa/74 ,! ?ird k9d is t frequ5tly call$ ! 8,feti%0 or 8,k+0 palm nut4 ,x is r>e :]ev] x occurs1 & is sc>cely wor? consid]ation f an economic /&po9t4 ,! tree :i* be>s ?is fruit has be5 describ$ "u ! di/9ct specific "n ( ,elis ,?ompsoni1 ,*evali]4 ,fruit+ heads g5]ally small4 ,fruits m$ium-siz$1 r$ ) black m>k+s occasionally pres5t4 ,p]ic>p mod]ately ?ick1 k]nel & %ell m$ium4 ,! nuts1 :i* possess f\r eyes1 are n us$ 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial oil1 b are employ$ 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! deity ,ifa 7,d5nett74 ,names3 8,ope ,ifa0 7,yoruba71 8,ojuku0 7,ibo71 8,og$-ud90 7,b5i71 8,affia-ko-jub0 7,efik71 8,efiako-,eyop0 7,ibibio71 8,abe-oh5e0 7,fanti1 ,gold ,coa/74 ,! above are ! ?ree mo/ m>k$ =ms ( oil palm recognisable1 al?\gh o!r v>ieties are giv5 special names by natives 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 di/9ctions be+ frequ5tly made betwe5 ! fruit f trees :i* assume a tall gr[? & ^? :i* rema9 /unt$4 7,cf4 also ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiji1 p4 #cfb2 & #aibj1 p4 #bbc47 ,z f> z inve/igations h progress$1 ! advantage ) reg>d to yield ( oil z well z quality is ma9ta9$ by ! ?9-%ell$ v>iety1 ! great] proportion ( p]ic>p enabl+ a l>g] am\nt ( p]ic>p oil to be express$1 :ile ! ?9 k]nel-cov]+ facilitates ! extraction ( ! k]nel4 ,be=e be+ able to def9itely /ate t ?is v>iety is ( ! greate/ economic value1 x is necess>y t a comp>ison ( ! weight ( ! annual crops f all v>ieties %\ld be made4 ,! advisability ( plant+ any p>ticul> v>iety ( oil palm w\ld 9 ! fir/ place dep5d on ! results obta9$ f ! complete inve/igation ( all2 b at ! pres5t "t su* a project on a l>ge scale is n likely to be practicable1 z x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t only a comp>atively small proportion ( ! exi/+ wild trees are at pres5t utilis$4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,kam]un1 ) diff]5t v>ieties ( oil palms1 seem$ to indicate t ! ?9-%ell$ "* 0 n a fix$ "o4 ,9 #aiaj a =e/ (fic] 9 ,nig]ia 0 detail$ to /udy ! di/ribution1 cultivation & prep>ation ( ! oil1 ( ! mo/ appreciat$ v>ieties1 & a quantity ( nuts ( ! s(t-%ell$ 8,lisombe0 k9d f ! ,kam]un 7 di/ribut$ = plant+ among ! natives ( ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce4 ,! export figures ( ?is trade f #aiaj to #aiah are tabulat$ bel[4 ,up to ! ye> #aiad1 ^? ( ,nor!rn 7 sep>at$ f ^? ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,9 ?is acc\nt1 subsequ5t to t ye>1 ! two sets ( figures h be5 tak5 toge!r4 ,a quantity ( k]nels is import$ f ,dahomey = re-export1 am\nt+ 9 #aiaj to #ba1abj tons4 ,! figures indicate t ! increase has be5 irregul>1 &1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 has be5 influ5c$ by ! w>4 ,9 #aiai "h1 z 9 ! o!r ,w4 ,african ,colonies1 a diff]5tial export tax ( #b p] ton 0 impos$1 ) respect to palm k]nels4 ,ye> ,palm oil 9 tons ,palm k]nels 9 tons 7#bhj galls4 #a ton7 #aiaj #gf1hej #agb1iih #aiaa #gi1ccg #agf1cij #aiab #gf1iid #ahd1fbd #aiac #hc1jhh #agd1gah #aiad #gb1eca #afb1deb #aiae #gb1iid #aec1cai #aiaf #fg1dbb #afa1dci #aiag #gd1fai #ahe1iih #aiah #hf1dbe #bje1afg #aiai #ajj1ifg #baf1iac ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! am\nt ( oil produc$ 9 proportion to k]nels collect$1 !re be+ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! output ( ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce 7,lagos7 & ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,prov9ces4 ,a previ\s s]ies ( ?irte5 ye>s' exports f ! =m] %[$ an av]age ( #fji gallons ( oil to ! ton ( k]nels2 :ile = ! latt] a twelve-ye> p]iod at ! same "t gave #baif gallons ( oil to ! ton ( k]nels4 ,! mean = ! :ole 0 #adjbe gallons at t "t1 b dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s x has fall5 to #abeg gallons4 ,9 #aiab ! fir/ %ipm5ts ( k]nel oil & cake 7 made f factories e/abli%$ "u ,european control at ,opobo & ,lagos1 ! am\nts export$ be+ #ejj tons ( oil & #fce tons ( cake4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! value ( bo? products turn$ out by ^! factories is giv5 z #afa1jjj1 & 9 #aiad z #gb1jjj1 :51 )\t any assign$ reason1 bo? factories 7 clos$ d[n4 ,articles on ! ,african palm-oil indu/ry 9 ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ,nig]ia w be f\nd 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aiji1 #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiac1 #aiad1 #aiae1 #aiai4 ,an int]e/+ article appe>s 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 xviii41 ,no4 #b 7#aibj71 entitl$ 8,! ,cultivation ( ! ,african ,oil ,palm1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,ea/ ,indies40 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! tree ?rives & yields v satisfactorily1 especially 9 ,sumatra2 ! oil cont5t ( ! fruit & k]nels be+ bo? high4 ,att5tion is drawn 9 ?is article to ! ext5sion ( ! use ( palm oil 9 ,europe z an edible fat1 9 addition to its pres5t uses4 ,o!r ,oil ,se$s4--,exclud+ ! %ea nut tree1 :i* w be ref]r$ to lat] on1 ?ree trees h be5 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance = _! se$s to be %ipp$ to ,europe 9 ord] t _! value may be det]m9$4 ,^! are ,p5tacle?ra macrophylla 7,cutlass bean71 ,irv+ia ,b>t]i 7,african mango71 & ,lophira alata4 ,al?\gh ! trials prov$ t ! oils ( all might be valuable = ! manufacture ( soap & c&les1 none ( ! trees occur 9 suffici5t pr(usion to p]mit a l>ge export trade 9 ! se$s be+ e/abli%$4 7,see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 v4 #aijg1 pp4 #aj-ad1 & vol4 vi4 #aijh1 pp4 #bdc1 #ced-hj47 ,,rubb]4--,foll[+ ! progress made by ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t 9 re-e/abli%+ ! indig5\s rubb] tree 7,funtumia ela/ica7 9 places f :i* x _h almo/ disappe>$1 an excell5t sy/em ( communal plantations 0 e/abli%$4 ,?is sy/em1 :i* has be5 l>gely adopt$ by ! *iefs1 is "o to enc\rage ! village inhabitants to re-e/abli% rubb] trees 9 _! proximity2 ! plant+ & tapp+ & prep>ation ( ! rubb] be+ "u ! direction ( ! ,gov]nm5t (fic]s4 ,! result+ rubb] is m>ket$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o reta9 "o-?ird ( ! sale price to cov] ! co/ ( sup]vision1 etc42 ! rema9+ two-?irds be+ paid to ! village community4 ,9 ?is mann] a l>ge numb] ( communal plantations h n[ be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 #aiaa ov] #djj new plantations ( ?is k9d 7 made2 ab\t #ajj1jjj ,funtumia plants be+ put 94 ,at ! same "t #abi1jjj ,p>a rubb] se$s & "s #d1jjj se$l+s 7 di/ribut$ "u ! same s*eme1 :ile ,ce>a plantations 7 made 9 ! dri] p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,lic5ces to collect wild rubb] 7 simultane\sly made compulsory4 ,! rubb] produc$ on ! ,gov]nm5t plantation at ,mamu ,=e/1 by ! boil+ me?od1 prov$ v satisfactory4 ,9 #aiaj su* rubb] 0 sold at #fs4 #f;d4 p] lb41 be+ only #f;d4 less ?an ! be/ ,p>a fet*$ at ! same "t4 ,?ree hundr$ communal plantations yield$ rubb] 9 #aiaa aga9/ eighty-f\r 9 ! previ\s ye>1 ! av]age yield p] tree be+ #aei oz4 aga9/ #adjf oz4 ,9 #aiab communal rubb] am\nt$ to #c1jca lbs41 :i* sold at ab\t #cs4 #d;d4 p] lb42 & 9 ! same ye> ,gov]nm5t plantation rubb] 0 #c1eja lbs41 :i* realis$ #cs4 #aj;d4 p] lb4 ,! next rubb] plant ( importance is ! v9e1 ,l&olphia ow>i5sis1 :i* is some:at v>iable 9 ! =m ( gr[?4 ,! latex at c]ta9 seasons coagulates almo/ in/antane\sly1 b at o!r times x runs freely1 & c be collect$ = coagulation by heat1 ! admixture ( acid1 alkali or alcohol1 or by spontane\s exposure4 ,! scrap rubb]1 :i* is collect$ f t coagulat$ ^u ! /em1 is made into balls1 & comes into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( 8fir/ ,nigg]s10 & comm&s a high price4 ,! native has discov]$ t a l>g] am\nt ( rubb] c be obta9$ at "o "t if ! roots & /ems are cut & p\nd$ up4 ,! result is a product kn[n z 8root rubb]10 ! collection ( :i* c be ju/ifi$ only :]e ! plant1 f :i* x is obta9$1 develops an ext5sive rhizome or subt]ranean gr[?1 capable ( be+ p>tially remov$ )\t kill+ ! plant4 ,su* v9es1 al?\gh f\nd 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 d n occur 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 & ! collection ( s-call$ 8root rubb]0 f ,l4 ow>i5sis only leads to ! complete de/ruction ( ! plant1 & %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! small yield ( latex f ?is species aft] _m ye>s ( gr[?1 & ! difficulties 9 connection ) ! collection ( ! rubb]1 r5d] its cultivation 9 plantations unpr(itable1 al?\gh plant+ has be5 attempt$ 9 ! ,fr5* & ,g]man ,colonies4 ,clit&ra ela/ica is ano!r v9e said to yield a copi\s supply ( latex1 capable ( be+ coagulat$ by means ( heat+ aft] dilution ) wat]4 ,9 appe>ance ! v9e is some:at simil> to ,l4 ow>i5sis1 b does n appe> to be common4 ,! rubb] produc$ f ?is species is report$ to be ( excell5t quality4 ,c>pod9us hirsutus1 a common v9e 9 ! dry zone & on ! ,nig] riv] banks1 furni%es a pl5tiful supply ( latex ( inf]ior quality1 & is made into 8root0 & 8pa/e0 rubb] by boil+2 ! latt] be+ a /icky product ( ! consi/5cy ( birdlime1 & only saleable 9 ,europe at a l[ price4 ,! latices ( ,l&olphia ,?ompsonii & ,l4 s5egal5sis are us$ simil>ly4 ,bo? species are ne>ly alli$ to ,l4 florida1 :i* is prep>$ else:]e4 ,a numb] ( latex-yield+ plants are employ$ 9 ! adult]ation ( good rubb]1 among :i* ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z ! commone/3 ,funtumia africana1 ,conoph>yngia sp41 ,al/onia congo5sis1 & ,hol>rh5a ,wulfsburgii4 ,! admixture ( ^! is usually detect$ by ! /ick9ess :i* !y imp>t to good rubb]4 ,! introduction ( lic5ces = p]mission to collect wild rubb] & t ( ! communal plantation sy/em1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 h r5d]$ ! position m secure ?an previ\sly1 & insur$ ! pres]vation ( ! wild plants :i* 7 ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,?is has moreov] be5 effect$ 9 ! mo/ economical mann]4 ,! results ( ! tapp+s on ! ,p>a rubb] plantations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry are ( int]e/4 ,9 #aiaa at ,ebute ,metta1 trees eighte5 ye>s old yield$ #c lbs4 #e oz4 p] tree2 at ,calab> six ye> old trees gave an av]age ( #f oz4 p] tree2 :ile at ,sapele 9 ! same ye>1 five ye> old trees yield$ f #ad oz4 to #a lb4 #f oz4 p] tree4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! same trees at ,ebute ,metta gave #g lbs4 #d oz41 :ile ^? at ,sapele yield$ f #a lb4 #d oz4 to #a lb4 #aa oz4 ,9 #aiae f two ,p>a rubb] e/ates at ,sapele #id1dac lbs4 ( dry rubb] 0 h>ve/$4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiaj1 #aiab1 #aiac1 #aiah47 ,export ( ,rubb]4--,! ,comm]cial ,intellig5ce ,(fic] ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 9 8 report on ! trade ( ! c\ntry = #aijg1 gives a table %[+ ! rubb] export$ f ,s\!rn ,nig]ian ports f #aijj to #aijg2 b z ^! figures include l>ge quantities ( ! product f ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 %ipp$ ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,nig]ian ports1 !y d n repres5t ! output f ! latt] c\ntry alone4 ,until #aijg app>5tly no record ( ! ,nor!rn ,nig]ian rubb] export$ 0 kept1 b 9 ! ye> m5tion$ #a1ahg1ehh lbs41 valu$ at #ia1jgd1 7 record$ z hav+ pass$ ! cu/oms po/ ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia at ,ida1 on ! ,nig]4 ,! am\nts1 9 tons1 export$ f ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces alone 73 #aijg1 #fij2 #aijh1 #ede2 #aiji1 #fbj2 & f ! :ole ( ,nig]ia f t "t3 #aiaj1 #a1ahj2 #aiaa1 #iff2 #aiab1 #gje2 #aiac1 #eaj2 #aiad1 no figures2 #aiae1 #bdh2 #aiaf1 #cif2 #aiag1 #cib2 #aiah1 #aeg2 #aiai1 #cih4 ,! rubb] production ( ! c\ntry is to "s ext5t controll$ by ! m>ket price1 :i* is at pres5t v l[ 7#aiba74 ,,copal4--,"s quantity ( a k9d ( copal res9 is collect$ f ,cyano?yrsus oblongus 7syn4 ,c4 ogea71 & is export$ "u ! "n ( 8,ogea gum40 ,! quality appe>s to be simil> to t obta9$ f ! ,gold ,coa/ ,cyano?yrsus sp41 & :i* is sold "u ! "n ( 8,accra copal40 ,bo? are obta9$ 9 a fre% & a fossil /ate4 ,ow+ to ! rec5t fall 9 ! price ( ogea gum1 ! collection ( x has dim9i%$1 b !re are said to be l>ge quantities available :i* w\ld be collect$ z soon z a bett] dem& occurr$4 7,see articles on 8,copal ,res9s f ,briti% ,we/ ,africa10 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aijh1 p4 #bde2 & #aiad1 p4 #bah47 ,,cocoa4--,! good =tune :i* has rec5tly att5d$ ! plant]s 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ow+ to a sudd5 dem& = _! cocoa1 has enc\rag$ !m1 especially to ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,lagos1 to make m ext5sive plantations4 ,! climatic conditions 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 h[ev]1 are n fav\rable1 & ! repeat$ failures ( trees1 due to ! exhau/+ effect ( ! long dry seasons1 give ! plantations an irregul> appe>ance4 ,! trees 9 ! plantations made at ,agege1 :]e _m well-to-d plant]s h made f>ms1 are /unt$1 & plant$ 9 too close proximity1 mo/ly )\t p]man5t %ade trees4 ,9 "s in/ances ! trees %[$ disease f ! sapp+ ( ! b>k juices occasion$ by a ,capsid1 ! species ( :i* is z yet undet]m9$4 ,! *ief cause ( _! /]ility & dea? seems1 h[ev]1 to be ! unfav\rable climatic conditions4 ,9 ! direction ( ! ,abeokuta-,ibadan b\nd>y1 bett] plant+ seems to h be5 done & p]man5t %ade trees pres]v$4 ,x is said t ! ,agege plant]s are dissatisfi$ ) ! prices !y obta9 = _! cocoa1 :i* !y ma9ta9 is prop]ly f]m5t$ & ( bett] quality ?an t ( _! neighb\rs4 ,an association ( ! local plant]s 0 rec5tly =m$ to %ip _! own produce direct to ! ,european m>kets4 ,! ,agege cocoa g5]ally1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to be m c>efully prep>$ or ( bett] quality ?an ! o!r local k9ds4 ,f]m5tation is c]ta9ly practis$ 9 _m places1 & is becom+ popul> ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 ow+ to ! discov]y t ! f]m5t$ pulp juice =ms a bev]age1 :i* is said to be us$ z a sub/itute = palm w9e1 b ! beans are frequ5tly improp]ly dri$4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce ! climatic conditions appe> to be m fav\rable = ! plant1 & !re are n[ a numb] ( small plantations ne> ,eket1 ,old ,calab>1 & ,itu4 ,! product is /ill improp]ly prep>$ & usually unf]m5t$1 b "t & exp]i5ce w rem$y ?is4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce f #aiae "s activity 9 cocoa plant+ has occurr$ 9 ! ,b59 di/rict1 b att5tion !re is /ill ma9ly devot$ to rubb] plant+4 ,see also ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiad1 p4 #bac2 #aiae1 p4 #eec2 & #aiai1 p4 #bhi4 ,! exports ( cocoa h be5 z foll[s3 ,ye> ,lagos 7,w4 ,prov9ce7 ,s4 ,nig]ia 7,c4 ,e4 ,provs47 lbs4 value lbs4 value #ahij #ac1feg #cbb ,no record #ahia #ae1bed #ccb #ahib #ae1hbj #cij #ahic #ah1jbg #dhh #df1igg #fee #ahid #ci1agg #ibi #eh1ahj #iib #ahie #dh1ahg #hcb #a1ebj #ahif #bg1ifh #ddb #aji1cii #a1ecb #ahig #aja1ahf #a1ebh #aja1bad #a1cic #ahih #gf1ife #a1egi #abj1fcc #a1dei #ahii #aeg1gjh #c1daa #adb1bce #b1edh #aijj #bef1bcd #e1iac #aif1dee #b1gaj #aija #bbi1ieb #e1jdb #bcj1gbf #c1aci #aijb #che1edj #g1ecj #cjb1cje #c1fgg #aijc #cda1dfa #f1gje #bhh1fad #c1fec #aijd #hba1gcb #ac1hib #cfg1gbh #d1ihb #aije #hif1cej #aj1hhi #chh1dgi #f1jai #aijf #a1aec1dci #bj1hic #dff1edh #f1afa #aijg ,comb9$ #b1jhi1bbe #dg1hdj #aijh #c1jfj1fji #ej1ehg #aiji #e1jai1dag #ga1iag #aiaj #f1efg1aha #aja1aej #aiaa #i1heh1ggd #afd1ffd #aiab #g1eic1gaa #acj1edb #aiac #h1aaa1ibj #aeg1dhj #aiad #e1jjj tons app4 #aga1gea #aiae #i1aje #cac1idf #aiaf #h1ief #cic1aja #aiag #ae1ddb #dii1jji #aiah #aj1bai #bce1hgj #aiai #be1gaa #a1jfg1fge ,,cotton4--,review+ ! "w :i* has be5 done 9 induc+ ! agricultural population ( ! c\ntry to cultivate cotton = export1 by f> ! greate/ prom95ce mu/ be giv5 to ! untir+ ef=ts ( ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 :o are gradually surm\nt+ all ! ob/acles :i* ret>d$ _! progress4 ,! condition ( ! indu/ry1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 is extremely fav\rable1 & %[s signs ( fur!r developm5t4 ,9 e ,yoruba m>ket sales ( cotton are n[ conduct$ z a "p ( ! regul> transactions ( ! day1 & cotton f di/ant villages filt]s ?r\gh f m>ket to m>ket1 increas+ 9 value z x approa*es a g9n]y1 :]e ! full price = x may be ultimately claim$ by ! trad] :o has collect$ x4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is sy/em ( pass+ f "o m>ket to ano!r1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( b>t] = o!r produce1 x becomes ne>ly impossible to accurately det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! supplies br\ght to ! g9n]ies2 &1 by ref]5ce to ! records kept1 v l>ge quantities ( cotton (t5 appe> z hav+ be5 s5t f t[ns :i* are little m ?an accumulat+ c5tres1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* !re is little or no cotton gr[n4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! plantation ( cotton "u ,european control has %[n t )\t comb9+ ! "w ( a g5]al trad]1 f>m]1 & g9n] ) t ( gr[]1 su* an attempt is n likely to prove remun]ative4 ,! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association h ab&on$ developm5t ^u ^! l9es1 direct+ _! att5tion solely t[>ds buy+1 g9n+ & induc+ ! native f>m]s to cultivate ! plant 9 _! ord9>y field rotations4 ,su* plantations z /ill exi/ are n[ "u ! direct control ( ! ,gov]nm5t & are ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( exp]im5tal "w & = ! propagation ( improv$ types4 ,! local v>ieties ( cotton may be r\ghly class$ "u five heads1 :i* are easily recognisable by ! *>act]s ( ! se$ & l9t4 ,^! are3 #a4 ,black1 clean-se$$ ) a br[n tuft or br[n woolly & a brick-r$ l9t4--8,eponkon40 #b4 ,black1 clean-se$$1 ) a creamy :ite l9t4--,common ,we/]n ,prov9ce k9d2 r>] 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce 7,i%an74 #c4 ,black1 adh]+ se$s1 8kidney0 k9d1 l9t creamy4--,common ,c5tral ,prov9ce4 #d4 ,:ite or br[ni% woolly se$$1 l9t creamy4--,meko & ,agb$e k9ds4 #e4 ,gre5 woolly se$$1 l9t creamy4--,r uncommon except at ,agege4 ,! *>act]s ( ! above classes d n appe> to be suffici5tly con/ant to r5d] x easy to give ea* class a specific position1 al?\gh "s ( !m are d\btless sep>able4 ,all native =ms ( plant are con/antly ( great] /ature ?an ,am]ican1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> resemble ,egyptian k9ds4 ,! r$-l9t$ =m kn[n z 8,eponkon0 is id5tical ) ! 8,dhoole0 ( ,si]ra ,leone1 &1 al?\gh prolific1 yields a cotton :i* is ( little value = export4 ,! o!r f\r k9ds are ^? f :i* ! ,s\!rn ,nig]ian output ( export$ cotton is almo/ :olly obta9$1 & ! price realis$ v>ies f d4 "u to #a;d4 or m ov] ,middl+ ,am]ican4 ,! f9e/ cottons are ^? gr[n at ,agege & ,meko2 ! =m] be+ suppos$ to be a hybrid ) an ,am]ican v>iety1 & ! latt] a con/ant local v>iety4 ,"s ( ! %ipm5ts1 f ,illu%i1 ( cotton gr[n ne> ,agb$e appe> to h be5 ( equally desirable quality4 ,a l>ge numb] ( specim5s ( cotton h be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & ! l5g? ( fibre is g5]ally f\nd to be ov] "o in* 9 av]age1 b ! col\r is yell[i%1 & !re is less lu/re ?an is f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican k9ds4 ,al?\gh ! price obta9$ is (t5 some:at high] ?an t ( ! /&>d ,middl+ ,am]ican grade1 ,man*e/] sp9n]s d n reg>d ,we/ ,african cotton z q suitable = _! ord9>y requirem5ts1 & x appe>s t ! high] prices h only be5 paid = small quantities :i* 7 capable ( be+ us$ = special purposes4 ,= ! reason m5tion$1 ef=ts h be5 made to replace ! indig5\s cottons by ,am]ican k9ds1 or to hybridise ! two1 b ! results h n yet be5 successful1 ! t5d5cy be+ to produce an irregul> mix$ l9t1 :i* is comm]cially inf]ior4 ,am]ican & ,egyptian cottons seem to be less capable ( )/&+ ! attacks ( ! local insect pe/s1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! se$ is r5d]$ /]ile by ! cotton se$ bug4 ,gr[n exp]im5tally on a small scale at ,olokemeji1 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ f sev]al exotic & local cottons 7,am]ican ,middl+ at #ffd;d4 p] lb473-- ,yield ,/aple ,v>iety p] ,a4 ,l9t av]age ,value lbs4 #a4 ,black ,rattl] #hbe #cfcf #ac 94 #f--f;d4 #b4 ,ri*mond #adj #bhe #aa #f-f;d4 #c4 ,eponkon #ebe #bdg #ab no dem& #d4 ,abassi #baj #ca #ae #g;d4 #e4 ,a%m\ni #cjj #ccc #ac #f;d4 #f4 ,jannovit* #abj #ccc #aj #f-f;d4 #g4 ,kidney #cdj #da #ab #f;d4 #h4 ,georgia #aej #cff #aa #f-f;d4 #i4 ,ogudu #dij #bhe #ae #g;d4 #aj4 ,sea ,isl& #fj #ccc #ad #f;d4 #aa4 ,all5's ,improv$ #aie #cjg #af #g;d4 #ab4 ,culpepp] ,b4 ,boll4 #aej #ccc #ab #f-f;d4 #ac4 ,jannovit* #bdj #ccc #ae #g;d4 #ad4 ,p]uvian #djj #age #ab #f-f;d4 #ae4 ,abassi #cbj #cdd #ad #g;d4 #af4 ,jones' improv$ #hbe #cfcf #ad #f;d4 #ag4 ,russell's ,b4,b4 ,crop entire failure #ah4 ,hawk9s' ,extra ,prolific #ai4 ,sunfl[] ,box ,/aple ,( ! above ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai are ,am]ican v>ieties1 & 7 gr[n f se$ suppli$ by ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association2 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ac & #ae are ,egyptian2 ,no4 #i is a ,nor!rn ,nig]ian v>iety f ,nor? ,ilor91 & ,nos4 #c & #g appe> to be local k9ds4 ,^! cottons are ref]r$ to 9 ,pr(essor ,dun/an's ,report 7#aijg71 8,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation40 ,9 addition to ! susceptibility ( ! ,am]ican v>ieties to ! attacks ( ! local insect pe/s1 ! se$ produc$ f plants gr[n 9 ! c\ntry is (t5 /]ile4 ,9 ! di/ricts 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association's g9n]ies ,am]ican & native cottons are (t5 se5 gr[+ 9 ! same field1 b z ! "t ( rea*+ maturity diff]s 9 ! v>i\s =ms1 & ! cotton is n easily kept sep>ate 9 ! native me?ods ( h>ve/+1 a mix$ crop is obta9$4 ,exp]im5t+ at ! ,moor ,plantation at ,ibadan1 ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association h obta9$ occasionally satisfactory results f ! ,am]ican plots1 z appe>$ to be ! case 9 ! #aijh-i season1 :5 an ,am]ican 8,upl&0 v>iety is said to h yield$ #hjj lbs4 ( se$ cotton p] acre4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> an indig5\s v>iety call$ 8,meko0 is record$ z hav+ produc$ ov] #ijj lbs4 to ! acre4 ,^! results are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! season & ! "t ( s[+4 ,artificial poll9ation ( ! female fl[]s ( ! local =ms ) poll5 tak5 f ,am]ican k9ds has n yet succe$$ 9 produc+ a p]man5t hybrid1 al?\gh ! result 9 ! fir/ g5]ation has frequ5tly %[n great promise4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! e/abli%m5t ( a hybrid :i* w\ld c>ry ! l9t ( ! be/ ,am]ican k9d & reta9 ! h>d9ess & blight-resi/+ p[]s ( ! indig5\s =ms w\ld be v desirable1 b su* a type c\ld only be evolv$ aft] c>eful exp]im5t & selection = a prolong$ p]iod4 ,su* "w may probably be und]tak5 by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 ! future4 ,until ?is c be sci5tifically tak5 up1 ! improvem5t ( ! exi/+ =ms by a m gradual means %\ld be attempt$1 namely by a c>eful selection ( se$ & elim9ation ( undesirable =ms ( plants 9 ! field4 ,:]e cotton is plant$ by natives1 ! cultivation is usually c>efully c>ri$ out4 ,plant+ takes place 9 ,june1 ,july1 or ,augu/1 & ! crop is h>ve/$ f ,janu>y until ,april4 ,= ! mo/ "p cotton is gr[n by ! ,yorubas z a sep>ate crop1 al?\gh occasionally x may be f\nd 9 conjunction ) maize4 ,no manur+ is c>ri$ on1 b ! crops are g5]ally fair1 except 9 ! proximity ( ! ,nig]1 = an unexpla9$ reason4 ,no e/imate c be made ( ! yield p] acre f native cotton fields1 b f #fj to #hj bolls are frequ5tly f\nd ^u a s+le plant4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r matt]s 9 connection ) ! condition ( ! cotton plant 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! appliances 9 use = ! prep>ation ( ! l9t = export1 x seems advisable to emphasise ! ma9 po9ts :i* require att5tion 9 ! field4 #a4 ,improvem5t ( ! indig5\s =ms1 by ! c>eful selection ( se$ at ! g9n]ies1 = di/ribution1 & ! subsequ5t elim9ation ( undesirable types ( plant 9 ! field4 #b4 ,demon/ration to ! native f>m] ( a useful me?od ( comb9ation ( cotton ) ! exi/+ field crops1 & especially ! advantage ( introduc+ legum9\s crops into ! rotation ) cotton4 #c4 ,special ef=ts to be made 9 ^? c\ntries outside ! oil palm di/ricts1 :]e ! natives h little else capable ( be+ produc$ = b>t] = import$ mat]ial4 ,alt] a s]ies ( exp]im5tal trials x 0 decid$ 9 #aiae to enc\rage ! plant+ ( ,georgia cotton 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce4 ,9 ! ye> m5tion$ ?is ,am]ican v>iety _h yield$ #hjj lbs4 ( se$ cotton p] acre at ,ibadan4 ,a numb] ( insect pe/s ( a m or less s]i\s nature attack ! plant at diff]5t p]iods ( gr[?4 ,! ,am]ican boll-worm 7,*loridea obsoleta7 does "s damage annually 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce 7,ugboha1 ,agb$e & ,i%an72 ,e>ias insulana1 ,f41 ! ,egyptian boll-worm2 ,e4 imbricata1 an alli$ species1 & ,dip>opsis ca/anea ,hamp41 ! ,sudan boll-worm1 are common at ,ibadan4 ,! immature boll is (t5 punctur$ by a sc>let & br[n bug1 id5tifi$ z ,dysd]cus sup]/itiosus1 ,fabr41 :i* ent]s ! op5$ bolls also1 & exudes a yell[i% liquid1 :i* /a9s ! l9t4 ,! op5$ boll is also infe/$ ) ?ree species ( cotton-se$ bugs--,oxyc>5us hyal9ip5nis1 ,o4 gossip9us1 & ,o4 ,dudgeoni--:i* d a l>ge am\nt ( damage 9 sapp+ ! juices f ! se$ & r5d]+ x unproductive4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( disp]s+ ?is insect is to place ! se$-cotton 9 a hot sun = sev]al h\rs4 ,bo? ,oxyc>5us & ,dysd]cus may be trapp$ by plac+ piles ( se$ 9 ! field at int]vals1 & treat+ !m ) k]os5e :5 ! insects h collect$ on !m4 ,a small cat]pill> belong+ to ! family ,gele*iad#d is (t5 f\nd 9 ! boll fe$+ on ! se$1 & a leaf-bli/]+ blight1 probably ,*lorita flavesc5s1 appe>s to be common 9 sev]al places4 ,a malady1 *iefly on /ems ( exotic cottons1 & kn[n z 8black-arm0 9 ,georgia1 ,u4,s4,a41 is se5 occasionally4 ,! affection is n attribut$ to any animal or vegetable p>asite4 ,! g9n]ies erect$ by ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association are probably "s ( ! be/ equipp$ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,m>lbor\gh ,g9n]y at ,ibadan 7,fig4 #bc7 has at pres5t ! l>ge/ output1 al?\gh ! ,jones ,g9n]y at ,o%ogbo is l>g]1 & is expect$ to receive a great] quantity ( cotton = treatm5t 9 ! future4 ,! ?ird1 :i* is work+ 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 is ! ,*ur*ill ,g9n]y at ,laf5wa1 ne> ,abeokuta4 ,small] g9n]ies h be5 erect$ at ,eruwa ,road1 ,iwo1 ,oyo1 & ,agege 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 b are at pres5t unus$4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce ! ,illu%i ,g9n]y on ! ,nig] is capable ( treat+ all ! cotton ( ! adjo9+ di/ricts4 ,a photograph ( cotton bales at ,ibadan is reproduc$ 7,fig4 #bc74 ,at ,ibadan an oil mill has be5 erect$ 9 connection ) ! ,m>lbor\gh ,g9n]y1 & ! expression ( oil f ! se$ is regul>ly c>ri$ on4 ,! se$ cake :i* is turn$ out is f\nd to be ( r inf]ior quality = ,european consumption1 z ! excess ( woolly se$ r5d]s x undesirable = cattle food4 ,a v economical local use = ?is cake has rec5tly be5 discov]$--namely ! employm5t ( x to g5]ate gas to drive ! ma*9]y ( ! g9n]y4 ,x has be5 f\nd t #f cwt4 ( cotton-se$ cake is suffici5t to g5]ate gas to drive ! #cj h4p4 oil-mill eng9e = n9e & a half h\rs4 ,?is discov]y sugge/s ! possibility ( do+ )\t coal entirely at ! g9n]ies1 :i* w\ld mean a v l>ge sav+ 9 ! co/ ( production ( cotton4 ,! cotton g9n$ by ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association is bal$ = ! mo/ "p 9 rectangul> oblong =m1 ea* bale weigh+ approximately #djj lbs4 ,! production ( ! c\ntry has %[n a rapid increase1 especially 9 ! e>li] ye>s1 ?\gh m rec5tly "o ( ! seasons prov$ a %ort "o ow+ to adv]se climatic conditions4 ,weight cwts4 ,weight cwts4 ,weight cwts4 #aijb #aaj #aijh #bj1dhe #aiad no figure giv5 #aijc #b1ehh #aiji #dd1icg #aiae #bd1jha #aijd #aj1bee #aiaj #bb1abh #aiaf #ff1eee #aije #ab1bge #aiaa #ai1ihd #aiag #dg1acg #aijf #bd1jga #aiab #ci1jdc #aiah #ac1bad #aijg #cf1eac #aiac #ef1gif #aiai #fj1bba ,! exports ( cotton-se$ 9 #aiab & #aiac rea*$ #d1jeh tons & #e1hhg tons respectively4 78,cotton ,v>ieties10 cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xv4 #aiag74 ,mu* is expect$ f ?is new developm5t4 ,,maize4--,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! cultivation ( a %ort-season 8:ite0 maize has be5 tak5 up1 especially among ! ,yorubas1 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 al?\gh ! v>iety is also f\nd 9 ! fields f>!r to ! ea/4 7,see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 #aiji1 pp4 #ade-h47 ,tons ,value ,tons ,value #aijg #i1hia #bh1ebj #aiac #aa1hda #dj1cdi #aijh #ae1ebi #ea1fie #aiad -- #e1hjc #aiji #aj1iag #cd1cce #aiae #bgb #ida #aiaj #e1jif #af1fhi #aiaf #iha #e1jfd #aiaa #hfg #c1abh #aiag #hgf #d1cfg #aiab #g1hii #bh1gac #aiah #dje #c1fif ,a difficulty has aris5 9 connection ) ! prep>ation ( ! crop = %ipm5t2 x hav+ be5 f\nd t v l>ge quantities arrive 9 ,europe 9 a weevilly condition4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 sugge/$ to rem$y ?is1 includ+ dis9fection ) c>bon bisulphide1 b ! use ( ?is la/ is dang]\s4 ,a re/riction ) reg>d to ! "t ( buy+ ! ,july--,augu/ crop is recomm5d$ = adoption by ! m]*ants1 9 ord] to prev5t immature1 insuffici5tly dri$ corn be+ %ipp$4 ,x is insi/$1 h[ev]1 9 "s qu>t]s1 t1 until ! holds ( %ips are sy/ematically clean$ out be=e load+1 no am\nt ( precaution on %ore w prev5t %ipm5ts becom+ weevill$ dur+ ! voyage4 7,see article on 8,! ,cultivation & ,m>ket+ ( ,maize0 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi4 #aijh1 pp4 #bfa-gg47 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 #aiaa1 #aiab & #aiac to det]m9e ! mo/ pr(itable "t = s[+ maize4 ,! results 71 h[ev]1 conflict+1 & no def9ite recomm5dation c\ld be made ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( ra9fall4 ,,cassava4--,among ! m important field crops1 cassava has to be reckon$4 ,two well-m>k$ =ms occur1 :i* are readily recognis$ by ! diff]5t *>act]s ( _! leaves1 "o hav+ ! leaflets digitate & po9t$1 & ! o!r digitate & spa?ulate1 ) ! c5tral leaflet %ort5$4 ,cassava =ms an important food 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & is widely cultivat$1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce4 ,no tapioca is prep>$ f ! root 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 su* z is ! case 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & else:]e4 ,,yams4--,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 m especially 9 ! ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,prov9ces1 ! v>i\s =ms ( yam 7,dioscorea7 are ext5sively cultivat$ alone or ) maize1 b ! pres5ce ( five or six o!r crops gr[+ ^u ! height5$ yam m\nds is n uncommon1 9 ! ,cross ,riv] di/ricts p>ticul>ly4 ,f ! latt] locality quantities ( yams are s5t by riv] canoes to ! l>ge ports 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* cultivat$ l& is (t5 sc>ce4 ,! ,koko yam 7,colocasia antiquorum7 is also common 9 ! wet zone4 ,,gr\ndnuts4--,! cultivation ( gr\ndnuts 7,ara*is hypogea71 ^u a m ext5sive scale ?an at pres5t1 is to be recomm5d$1 z !re are too few legum9\s crops gr[n 9 ! local rotation4 ,! col\r ( mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,nig]ian nuts is probably an ob/acle to _! ready sale 9 ,europe2 ! %ell be+ usually a dirty greyi% in/ead ( a light /raw col\r4 ,! k]nels are1 h[ev]1 satisfactory4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 !re=e be advantage\s to %ip decorticat$ nuts1 z is done 9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces4 ,al?\gh new se$ & in/ructors h be5 br\ght rec5tly f ! ,gambia1 v little m is gr[n ?an =m]ly4 ,! v>iety se5 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce is a l>g] "o ?an t ( ! ,gambia1 & has g5]ally two k]nels4 ,! m>ket price = gr\ndnuts at ,lapita ne> ,oyo 0 #bjj = #a;d41 :i* w indicate ! sc>city ( ! product4 ,,%ea ,,nuts ,,& ,,butt]4--,! export trade 9 %ea nuts 7,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii7 0 expect$ to develop ) ! ext5sion ( ! railway ?r\gh ,ibadan & ,ilor9 to ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces1 b ! export$ product /ill has its ma9 s\rce f localities nor? ( ! ,nig]4 ,! dem& does n seem suffici5t to induce expansion to a great ext5t 7,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 vi4 #aijh74 ,! butt] or fat is mu* appreciat$ 9 ! c\ntry = cul9>y purposes1 & has be5 f\nd ( value 9 ,europe = soap & c&le-mak+1 z well z = ! manufacture ( vegetable butt]4 ,,kola4--,two species ( kola 7,k4 acum9ata & ,k4 v]a7 are cultivat$1 ! latt] be+ ! indig5\s ,gold ,coa/ =m1 ! fruit ( :i* is said to be especially valu$ 9 ! ,haussa c\ntries to ! nor?4 ,! local native names are1 respectively1 8,obi abatta0 & 8,obi gbanja40 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! trees are simil>1 except t ! =m] has n>r[] & small] leaves4 ,! 8gbanja0 =m ( nut is g5]ally p9k & divisible into f two to ?ree p>ts 7cotyl$ons71 :]eas ! 8abatta0 =m may v>y 9 col\r f deep crimson to :ite & be sep>able into f ?ree to five p>ts4 ,! price paid = kolas 9 ,lagos is said to v>y f #as4 #c;d4 to #es4 p] hundr$4 ,al?\gh a consid]able numb] ( trees h be5 plant$ & are be>+ fruit 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce1 ! dem& = kolas = native consumption is s great t !re is a l>ge import trade f ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,! kola nut is *ew$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! betel nut 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is greatly appreciat$ = its su/a9+ qualities1 & =ms a tok5 ( fri5d%ip ex*ang$ among high-grade natives1 z a prelim9>y to an important discussion ( any k9d4 ,,fibre4--,exp]im5ts h be5 made at ! ,olokemeji ,botanic ,/ation ) indig5\s fibres1 & a small factory has be5 erect$ at ,il>o1 :]e a ma*9e capable ( extract+ fibre is said to h be5 in/itut$4 ,! reports ^u "s ( ! local ,hibiscus fibres h be5 satisfactory4 ,^! are capable ( utilisation z jute sub/itutes1 & x may be possible to gr[ !m 9 ! crop rotation ( ! c\ntry at "s future "t = ! purpose ( export4 7,see ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,no4 #a 8,fibres10 pp4 #ch1 #eb1 #hc1 #hi1 & #aad47 ,piassava 7,raphia v9if]a7 fibre is prep>$ & %ipp$1 especially f ,uwet 9 ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce1 ! export am\nt+ to #cai tons 9 #aiaj4 ,,lea!r4--,a small trade 9 lea!r is done among ! ,yorubas1 & tann]s may be met ) *iefly 9 ! nor? ( ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce4 ,! process employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! goat & %eep sk9s us$ is simil> to t ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 7,see ,report on 8,lea!r f ,lagos10 ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 iv4 #aijf1 p4 #cff1 & articles on 8,native ,lea!r ( ,we/ ,africa10 ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi4 #aijh1 pp4 #age-ha & vol4 viii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #djb47 ,,tobacco4--,tobacco is produc$ ne> ,ibadan1 & l>ge quantities are sold 9 ! ,k+'s m>ket ( t t[n4 ,x is probable t ! cur+ ( ! leaf is done completely 9 ! sun1 z ! prep>$ mat]ial is ( a r light col\r & has a mild flav\r4 ,! leaves are app>5tly r mix$1 & old or immature examples are frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! same grade4 ,exp]im5ts w be tak5 9 h& ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ! quality1 b at pres5t ! local dem& is s great t !re is little prospect ( an export trade becom+ e/abli%$4 ,rec5t "w 9 ,nyasa-l& has %[n t good pipe smok+ tobacco1 suitable = consumption 9 ,engl&1 c be produc$ 9 ,africa4 ,,silk4--,! prep>ation ( a silk y>n1 c>d$ & spun f ! boil$ cocoons ( wild silkworms1 is a common occupation ( "s ( ! wom5 ( ,ibadan4 ,! id5tity ( ! insects produc+ ! silk has be5 det]m9$ to be ,anaphe infracta & ,a4 v5ata1 bo? ( :i* =m congregat$ masses ( cocoons4 ,! y>n is ( a br[n col\r1 & is wov5 ) cotton into a clo? :i* is call$ locally 8,saya40 ,x is mu* valu$ by ! natives on acc\nt ( its durability4 ,! silkworms %[ "s sign ( becom+ sc>ce ow+ to ! utilisation ( ! pup z food4 7,see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aiaj1 p4 #aej2 #aiaf1 p4 #afh2 & #aibj1 p4 #cai47 ,,coconuts4--,! prep>ation ( copra is c>ri$ on at ,badagri1 :]e a l>ge coconut plantation exi/s4 ,great al>m 0 rec5tly caus$ to ! proprietors ?r\gh ! attack ( a scale insect 7,aspidiotus de/ructor71 :i* de/roy$ ! leaves ( a v l>ge numb] ( trees4 ,! adv5t ( ?is pe/ 01 h[ev]1 quickly foll[$ by ! va/ multiplication ( ! numb]s ( a species ( l>ge ladybird beetle1 :i* soon *eck$ ! spread ( ! scale4 ,! directions issu$ by ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t ) reg>d to ! means ( de/roy+ ! infect$ leaves also assi/$ 9 ! ext]m9ation ( ! blight4 ,,mahogany ,,& ,,ebony4--,among ! valuable export$ products f ! c\ntry1 mahogany & ebony mu/ be reg>d$ z occupy+ an important place4 ,! l>ge/ proportion ( ! timb]s export$ to ,europe & sold "u ! "n ( mahogany are obta9$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce1 & are cut f trees belong+ to ! g5]a ,khaya1 ,pseudoc$rela1 & ,ent&rophragma1 ( ! ,natural ,ord] ,,meliace4 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ,cons]vator ( ,=e/s1 rem>ks t a fair numb] ( logs cut f a species ( ,gu>ea1 ( ! same ,natural ,ord]1 h be5 %ipp$1 & h obta9$ good prices 9 ,europe4 ,a r$ wood1 call$ locally 8,iroko0 7,*lorophora excelsa71 :i* is 9 good dem& 9 ! c\ntry = mak+ furniture1 etc41 has be5 %ipp$ to ,europe1 b at pres5t !re is little dem& = x4 ,a photograph ( ano!r timb] tree 7,t]m9alia sup]ba7 is giv5 7,fig4 #bd74 ,mahogany _c be reli$ ^u z a product capable ( p]man5t exportation1 z trees are only useful = fell+ 9 ! vic9ity ( creeks & riv]s1 :5ce ! logs may be inexp5sively transport$ to ! sea4 ,! rate at :i* ! available trees are becom+ work$ out is mu* great] ?an t at :i* !y c be replac$ by nature4 ,! export values = "s rec5t ye>s are z "u3-- #aiaj #fj1aia #aiae #ed1eei #aiaa #ee1ege #aiaf #di1cfa #aiab #gh1jjg #aiag #ba1bhb #aiac #aje1ddj #aiah #fh1dhj #aiad #hf1ebb #aiai #aaf1hbj ,! ebony export$ f ! c\ntry is *iefly obta9$ 9 ! ,cross ,riv] ,di/rict ( ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce1 b dur+ rec5t ye>s ! trade 9 x has dim9i%$1 & x is said t immature trees are frequ5tly fell$4 ,! s\rces ( ebony are two species ( trees belong+ to ! g5us ,diospyros4 ,! value ( ebony export$ dur+ ! two ye>s #aiji & #aiaj is /at$ to h be5 #a1bih & #aff respectively4 ,sev]al o!r trees h rec5tly be5 exam9$ = export value1 mo/ ( !m com+ into ! mahogany or r$-wood class4 7,see articles on 8,timb]s f ,s\!rn ,nig]ia10 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 vi4 #aijh1 p4 #add1 vol4 xviii4 #aibj1 p4 #aii1 & note on next page47 ,,cattle4--,! great] "p ( ! moi/ zone is almo/ devoid ( cattle1 p>tly ow+ to ! preval5ce ( 8tsetse0 fly1 al?\gh ma9ly1 p]haps1 to ! less advanc$ condition ( ! inhabitants4 ,z soon z ! int]m$iate & dry-zone c\ntry is ent]$1 small h]ds are frequ5tly se54 ,t ! pres5ce ( tsetse fly is n entirely acc\ntable = ! sc>city ( cattle 9 ! =e/$ region is %[n by ! occurr5ce ( ! peculi> dw>f$ v>iety ) %ort legs1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,ondo1 ,ile%a1 ,ifon1 ,i%an1 & ev5 9 ! ,bassa ,prov9ce 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 9 all ( :i* di/ricts 8tsetse0 flies ( at lea/ two species are met )4 7,gloss9a palpalis & ,g4 pallidipes47 ,x is /at$ by ! natives t ! dw>f cattle are immune f fly disease1 b t introduc$ animals succumb to x4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! animals1 an illu/ration ( "o ( :i* is giv51 reproduc$ f a photograph tak5 at ,ill>a 7,fig4 #be71 is rem>kable4 ,! prevail+ col\rs are black & :ite1 black1 & m r>ely fawn-col\r$4 ,!re is no dorsal hump1 & ! =equ>t]s are g5]ally l[] ?an ! h9d4 ,a second illu/ration1 f a photograph tak5 at ,owo 7,fig4 #bf71 gives an idea ( ! relative size ( a full-gr[n animal comp>$ ) t ( a boy4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! above-m5tion$ di/ricts is t ! goats occurr+ !re are simil>ly %ort-legg$ & dim9utive2 !re is also said to be a /unt$ v>iety ( horse1 :i* is br$ = use at ,ondo4 ,:5 ! op5 c\ntry is rea*$1 two v>ieties ( cattle are se51 "o ( ! ,indian zebu type1 ) a l>ge dorsal hump1 ! prevail+ col\r ( :i* is :ite1 & ano!r ) a /raight back4 ,! latt] k9d is se5 z f> s\? z ,onit%a1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,nig]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dw>f ,,cattle1 ,,ill>a4 ,fig4 #be1 p4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,owo4 ,fig4 #bf1 p4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haussa ,,cultivat+ ,,implem5ts 7,,left ,,to ,,"r3 ,i4 ,,fata9ya1 ,,ii4 ,,g>ma1 ,,iii4 ,,sangumi71 ,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces4 ,fig4 #bg1 p4 #abe4 ,,pott]y4--,e>!n pots are made 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & are usually symmetrically =m$1 al?\gh no :eel is us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,! l>ge e>!n j>s made at ,abeokuta are us$ 9 ! palm oil1 native be]1 & indigo indu/ries4 ,,=e/ ,,res]ves4--,^! are n[ be+ =m$ ev]y:]e 9 ord] to replace ! de/ruction ( rec5t ye>s4 ,! irregul> ra9fall r5d]s natural reg5]ation v poor1 & artificial reg5]ation by means ( plant+ by leasehold]s = trees cut d[n has prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,9 #aiac "s villages 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce />t$ small mahogany plantations1 & trees = fuel are n[ be+ gr[n 9 sev]al di/ricts4 ,! value ( su* trees z ,afzelia africana & ,triplo*iton johnsoni has be5 rec5tly demon/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nig]ia1 ,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces ,t]ritory held by ,great ,brita9 "u ,m&ate is hat*$ 9 ,r$4 ,leg5d ,/an=d's ,geogl4 ,e/abt41 ,london4 ,,nig]ia-,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces ,,introductory ,,rem>ks--,until #aiad ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces ( ,nig]ia 7 sep>ately adm9i/]$ "u ! designation ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & 7 ! l>ge/ z well z ! mo/ rec5t ( our ,we/ ,african ,colonies4 ,!y lie betwe5 #g #c & #ac #ed nor? latitude1 & #b #ej & #ad #e ea/ longitude1 & are b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,fr5* ,sudan1 on ! ea/ by ! ,kam]uns & on ! we/ by ,dahomey & ,fr5* ,gu9ea4 ,! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ,nig]ia almo/ completely adjo9 ! s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,! e/imate ( ! populations & areas ( ! ?irte5 prov9ces giv5 bel[ is tak5 f ! ,colonial ,(fice ,report ,no4 #hba = #aiac3-- ,area1 sq4 miles4 ,population4 ,sokoto #cb1fjj #a1cjj1jjj ,kano #bi1ejj #c1ejj1jjj ,bornu #cc1fjj #gjj1jjj ,c5tral#e #bc1gjj #gjj1jjj ,z>ia #ac1cbj #djb1jjj ,nig]#e #af1ggj #djj1jjj ,kontagora #bg1hjj #abb1jjj ,ilor9 #f1ejj #bjj1jjj ,muri #bh1gjj #gjj1jjj ,nass>awa #af1gaj #fjj1jjj ,yola #aa1fjj #cjj1jjj ,kabba #h1bjj #adj1jjj ,bassa #f1gjj #bje1jjj ------- --------- #bee1gjj #i1bfi1jjj ,! total population is ?us ne>ly d\ble t ( ! e/imation ( #aijg-h4 ,= conv5i5ce ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces may 9 places /ill be ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w by ! old title ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,z w be se5 bel[ !re is less v>iation 9 ! ra9fall ( ! diff]5t prov9ces ?an is f\nd else:]e 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! av]ages ( ! foll[+ c5tres = z _m ye>s z are available until #aiac are giv5 = comp>ison3-- ,av4 in*es4 ,av4 in*es4 ,n>aguta #ejbh ,knepp #djhj ,ilor9 #dige ,yola #chfd ,kontagora #dggg ,kano #ccfe ,z>ia #dfei ,maifoni #bghe ,b>o #dfef ,sokoto #bdhf ,lokoja #degg ,kataguni #aihg ,zung]u #dafg ,geidam #aead ,( ! places m5tion$ ! highe/ s+le ye>'s ra9fall 0 rea*$ at ,ilor9 :5 #feah in*es fell1 & ! l[e/ at ,geidam 9 #aiac :5 only #egf 7 record$4 ,!re are localities :]e ! ra9fall exce$s ! highe/ giv5 "h & o!rs :]e x is und\bt$ly mu* l[]1 b no records are available4 ,! highe/ %ade temp]atures h be5 at ,dumj]i & ,maifoni 7,nor? ,bornu71 :]e #abj 0 atta9$1 ! l[e/ be+ at ,kano1 :]e x fell to #ci4 ,9 ,kano & ,z>ia ra9 seldom falls betwe5 ,novemb] #a & ! end ( ,m>*1 b ! di/ribution is m g5]al 9 ! s\?4 ,adm9i/ration & ,political ,divisions4--,! adm9i/ration ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,cr[n 9 #aijj1 hav+ previ\sly be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,royal ,nig] ,company4 ,protectorates 7 gradually assum$1 & ! c\ntry plac$ ^u a secure foot+ by ! suppression ( raid+1 :i* _h con/antly be5 c>ri$ on by ! diff]5t ,emirs1 *iefly ^u ! pagan tribes4 ,! deva/ation caus$ by ^! raids is /ill visible 9 ! c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,kontagora & else:]e1 & ! fe> ( ! raid]s kept ! inhabitants )9 or 9 close proximity to _! wall$ t[ns1 leav+ l>ge tracts ( f]tile c\ntry unexploit$4 ,! "w accompli%$ by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,lug>d1 ! fir/ ,high ,commission]1 0 l>gely t ( pacification & reassurance ( ! p1 & until ?is _h be5 complet$1 & facilities = transport provid$1 x c\ld n be expect$ t ! c\ntry c\ld make mu* progress f a comm]cial /&po9t4 ,! fur!r op5+ up ( ! c\ntry by means ( roads & railways1 & ! assessm5t ( l& rev5ue ^u l9es completely und]/ood & recognis$ z fair by ! natives1 0 effect$ by ,sir ,p]cy ,gir\>d1 :o succe$$ ,sir ,fr$]ick ,lug>d's fir/ adm9i/ration4 ,sir ,fr$]ick subsequ5tly return$ z ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ! amalgamat$ ,nig]ia4 ,until ,april #aijg ! c\ntry 0 divid$ into f\rte5 prov9ces1 "o ( :i*1 ,borgu1 0 absorb$ 9 ,kontagora at t "t1 mak+ ! ?irte5 m5tion$ above4 ,by a lat] recon/ruction ! prov9cial limits ( ! two prov9ces ( ,bau*i & ,nupe 7 re=m$1 & ! prov9ces recon/itut$ "u ! names ( ! ,c5tral & ,nig] ,prov9ces respectively4 ,gr\ps ( prov9ces 7 !n plac$ "u ,fir/-class ,resid5ts4 ,photographs are giv5 ( ,kano & ,z>ia 7,figs4 #cb & #cc74 ,natural ,divisions4--,!re is less app>5t possibility ( def9+ limits to ! natural conditions ( any "p ( ! c\ntry ?an is f\nd 9 ! c\ntries ne>] ! coa/4 ,!re is no af=e/$ zone 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 al?\gh fairly d5sely wood$ tracts occur 9 sev]al places ne> ! l>g] riv]s4 ,x may be said t grass l& /udd$ ) well-sep>at$ trees is ! condition ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh\t1 ! trees becom+ m /unt$ t[>ds ! nor!rn & des]t b\nd>ies4 ,to ! nor? ( ! #aa? degree ( latitude1 ! botanical aspect becomes diff]5t2 m trees ( ! ,mimosa gr\p1 includ+ ! gum-be>+ ,acacias1 becom+ app>5t4 ,cattle ?rive well 9 ?is region1 :]e ! 8tsetse0 fly has n yet be5 obs]v$4 ,haussa ,l&1 a t]m appli$ to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 alone among ! ,briti% ,we/ ,african t]ritories1 may be said to h be5 controll$ by an ord]$ =m ( gov]nm5t f e>ly times1 & to h _h a record$ hi/ory4 ,un=tunately ^! records 7 de/roy$1 :]ev] possible1 by ! ,fulani conqu]ors1 :o came f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,s5egal & ov]ran ! c\ntry at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ^: object seem$ to be to endeav\r to elim9ate f ! m9ds ( ! conqu]$ p all recollection ( _! previ\s p[]4 ,9 spite ( /r5u\s ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 a few docum5ts h be5 pres]v$1 & ^!1 comb9$ ) traditions1 :i* h n _h "t to become completely di/ort$1 %[ t1 9 spite ( sev]e w>s1 fam9es1 & o!r di/urb+ incid5ts1 ! ,haussa has ma9ta9$ 8 *>act]i/ic traits4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,haussa race is /ill a matt] ( unc]ta9ty1 al?\gh !re is "s reason to suppose t x came f ! ea/1 & gradually p5etrat$ ! ,we/]n ,sudan f ! nor?4 ,! ,haussa language1 :i* is claim$ to be m 9 use ?an any o!r native language 9 ,we/ ,africa1 is said1 by ,lady ,lug>d1 to be class$ ) ,coptic among ! ,hamitic languages4#f ,hi/ory has e/abli%$ ! fact t !re 7 sev5 divisions or /ates 9 ,haussa ,l&1 ! p ( :i*1 al?\gh reg>d$ z hav+ come f a common /ock1 7 almo/ p]petually at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,! my?ical acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ^! /ates relates t ea* _h p>ticul> duties assign$ to x2 ^? ( ,kano & ,rano1 to ! nor? ( ,z>ia1 be+ specially indu/rial4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,songhay k+dom 0 at ! summit ( its p[]1 ,kano & ,gob]1 among o!r ,haussa t[ns1 7 specially ref]r$ to by ,leo ,africanus on acc\nt ( _! cotton trade4#g ,ev]y:]e along ! ,we/ ,coa/ ! "n ,haussa is associat$ ) ! idea ( trade2 ! it9]ant nature ( ! race induc+ individuals to visit ! remote p>ts ( ! pagan c\ntries1 ?us creat+ trade r\tes 9 all directions4 ,! ,haussa trad] ( ! pres5t day does n necess>ily br+ goods f 8 own c\ntry = trad+1 b buys 9 "o m>ket to sell or ex*ange 9 ano!r4 ,x is by ?is means t _m ,european manufactur$ goods p5etrate into localities :]e no ,european trad] has yet set foot4 ,! ,haussa is also reg>d$ z a good soldi]1 & is l>gely enli/$ 9 ! native regim5ts ( ,we/ ,africa "u ,european (fic]s4 ,! ,nupes1 ,yorubas1 ,gw>is1 ,yauris1 & o!rs 7 con/antly 9 contact ) ! ,haussas1 & to a small ext5t ! ,haussa language is spok5 by !m4 ,nupe is reg>d$ z an anci5t k+dom1 occupy+ at "o "t a position ( great importance4 ,! ,yorubas1 :o inhabit ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,ilor9 ,prov9ce & ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 trace _! orig9 f ! ,phnicians ( ! tribe ( ,nimrod1 & claim t all ! pagan tribes ( ,haussa ,l& are desc5d$ f !m4 ,! ,gw>is1 app>5tly1 h no records1 b are a scatt]$ race liv+ among ! rocky hills & caves 9 ! c\ntry ly+ to ! s\? ( ,z>ia4 ,bornu 0 n evid5tly includ$ 9 ! ,songhay k+dom or associat$ ) ! ,haussa /ates1 ! inhabitants belong+ to a di/9ct race ) sep>ate traditions4 ,_! hi/ory 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! ,haussas is ( rec5t date4 ,9 #ahjh1 aft] ! successful ,fulani conque/s ( ,z>ia1 ,zanf>a1 ,kano1 ,kats5a1 & ,bau*i1 ,bornu 0 ov]run4 ,%ortly aft] ?is a %eikh1 f ! c\ntry ext5d+ ea/w>ds f ,lake ,t*ad1 believ+ himself to be inspir$ to lib]ate ! c\ntry1 rais$ a small army1 drove out ! ,fulani =ces1 & f\nd$ ! pres5t dyna/y ( ,bornu4 ,"s ye>s lat] he attempt$ to expel ! ,fulanis f ! ,bau*i ,prov9ce1 b fail$1 & 0 compell$ to come to t]ms4 ,! ,haussas z well z ! ,bornuese are *iefly ,mohamm$ans1 b x is only among ! high] ranks ( ! o!r tribes t a semblance ( t religion has be5 adopt$4 ,! tribes :i* _h migrat$ f ! ,ea/ br\ght ) !m ! agricultural k ( ! ,ea/]n nations4 ,among ! noticeable evid5ces ( ?is may be m5tion$ ! 8%aduf10 or dipp+ beam1 us$ = irrigation 9 ,egypt1 :i* is simil>ly employ$ ne> ,kano & ,z>ia4 ,! abs5ce ( pl\ghs & ! non-employm5t ( cattle are1 h[ev]1 difficult to acc\nt =1 z excell5t cattle are common & ?rive well 9 ! mo/ popul\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,tillage ( ! soil is /ill done entirely by h&1 &1 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! %all[e/ =m exi/s1 manure is ext5sively us$4 ,among ! _m crops gr[n :i* are common to ,ori5tal c\ntries1 z well z ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 are ,gu9ea corn1 maize1 cotton1 gr\ndnuts1 millet1 b5nise$1 arti*okes1 :eat1 & rice4 ,agriculture %[s ! greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,kano1 :]e ! population is d5se1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n f :i* ! ,prov9ce takes its "n4 ,! conc5tration ( a l>ge population 9 ?is locality 0 d\btless occasion$ by ! protection ?us obta9$ aga9/ local enemies2 &1 z ! realisation ( ! necessity = ?is becomes less ea* ye>1 s w ! inhabitants spread out into ! ri*] l&s t[>ds ! s\?4 ,at a radius ( ?irty miles f ,kano1 x may be said t e available acre ( gr\nd is cultivat$4 ,x may also be said t ne>ly all ! cultivation is cont9u\s1 & has be5 s = a long p]iod1 ! r5ovation ( ! soil be+ secur$ ea* ye> by manur+4 ,! mode ( cultivation 9 ^! localities is = ! mo/ "p %all[1 & 9 _m places ! crops gr[n subsi/ entirely ^u ! manure appli$4 ,! ,director ( ,agriculture1 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 7#aiac71 p4 #fbf1 ref]s to ! lack ( f]tility 9 ! soil & to ! common practice ( cropp+ )\t a fall[ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 succession4 ,he also m5tions1 among o!r matt]s ( int]e/1 ! rec5t expansion 9 cultivation ( c[peas & gr\ndnuts2 ^! be+ respectively ?ird & f\r? 9 ord] ( importance among ! cultivat$ crops4 ,implem5ts4--,an illu/ration is giv5 %[+ ! me?od ( us+ ! ?ree important agricultural implem5ts employ$ by ! ,haussa cultivator 7,fig4 #bg74 ,! fir/ ( ^! is locally t]m$ 8,fata9ya10 & is a curv$-h&l$ hoe ) a blade ( v>iable wid?4 ,x is us$ = all op]ations ( cultivation ) ! exception ( turn+ up broad ridges & drill+4 ,! implem5t %[n 9 ! c5tre is t]m$ 8,g>ma10 & is a broad1 spade-l hoe1 compos$ ( an iron ,w-%ap$ frame1 ) sev]al /rips ( iron rivet$ on ! face1 fill+ ! int]val betwe5 ! arms4 ,9 ! ,z>ia ,prov9ce ! iron /rips are g5]ally omitt$1 & ! implem5t is call$ 8,owya40 ,x is us$ = ?r[+ up l>ge spadefuls ( soil 9 ! prep>ation ( ! broad ridges :i* are made = ne>ly all k9ds ( crops4 ,! la/ implem5t is ! 8,sangumi10 :i* is a ?9 rod ) a small blade plac$ ne> "o end & at "r angles to x2 its use is entirely = mak+ drills = s[+ se$4 ,all ! fields = gr[+ ord9>y food crops1 ) ! exception ( cassava1 rice1 & sug>-cane1 are prep>$ 9 ridge =mation2 ! latt] appe>+ to av]age ab\t #h 94 high f ! orig9al surface4 ,! furr[s f :i* ! loose soil has be5 remov$ increase ! app>5t height by ! ext5t ( _! dep?1 & give ! appe>ance ( a good =m ( tillage hav+ be5 practis$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 seldom ! case1 z1 except :]e irrigat$ crops are be+ treat$1 ! gr\nd is left untill$ b5ea? ! ?r[n-up soil4 ,to comp5sate = ! %all[ /ate ( ! cultivation1 manure is appli$ 9 l>ge quantity1 all animal refuse & a%es be+ c>efully pres]v$1 & (t5 convey$ = long di/ances to ! fields by m5 or donkeys4 ,! above conditions app>5tly apply only to ! ,haussa race1 ! pagan ,gw>is & ,bassas resort+ to a mu* deep] =m ( cultivation & employ+ no manure4 ,! ,nupes & ,yorubas d n "k ! use ( manure = any crops except onions & tobacco1 = bo? ( :i* wood a%es are ! *ief sub/ance appli$4 ,! crops ( ! c\ntry may be r\ghly divid$ into ra9fall1 irrigat$1 & swamp k9ds4 ,! fir/ are s[n at ! comm5cem5t ( ! wet season1 & are greatly affect$ by ! di/ribution ( ! ra91 b include ! mo/ important s\rces ( food4 ,^! are ,gu9ea corn1 millet1 maize1 gr\ndnuts1 cassava1 sweet potatoes1 etc4 ,an inadequate or irregul> ra9y season (t5 causes fam9e conditions4 ,! irrigat$ crops are yams1 ,colocasia1 onions1 tobacco1 pepp]s1 rama-fibre1 & :eat1 ! la/ be+ almo/ conf9$ to ! c\ntry nor? ( ! #aa? degree4 ,cassava & sug>-cane are also frequ5tly irrigat$ 9 ! dri] di/ricts to ! nor?4 ,irrigation is p]=m$ 9 ! nor!rn localities by means ( ! %aduf4 ,! swamp crops are rice1 ,colocasia1 & sug>-cane4 ,! fir/ is gr[n ^u a flat-dug surface1 ! second ^u high ridges made ( swamp mud1 & ! ?ird on l[ ridges bord]+ ! rice fields4 ,! villages nor? ( ,kano are (t5 entirely built ( ! /alks ( ,gu9ea corn1 & ,fig4 #ca repres5ts a pr9cipal hut )9 su* a /ructure4 ,! f5c+ ( ! fields 9 ?is locality is g5]ally made ( ! same mat]ial1 b 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kano itself1 ,euphorbia or ?orn h$ges are m common4 ,ne> ,rogo1 f5ces & h$ges are usually disp5s$ )1 pa?s =m+ ! b\nd>ies betwe5 fields4 ,! foll[+ table ( value ( exports %[s ! progress 9 ! la/ five ye>s be=e amalgamation ) ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces4 ,! subsequ5t ye>s are giv5 at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,,values ,,( ,,exports #aijh #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab ,rubb] #cc1jej #dj1jjj #cg1ijj #ec1eaa #h ,%ea nut products #gj1ijj #ic1jej #dc1aej #dj1dif #ea1dji ,palm k]nels #dg1aej #da1gej #ff1ajj #eb1fcg #fd1dcb ,gr\ndnuts #ac1fej #af1cej #h1aej #aj1cgg #ah1icj ,gum#i #h1hej #f1fej #i1gej #e1dcf #a1ghe ,cotton #a1cjj #d1djj #a1hej #ide #h ,b5nise$ #b1jjj #d1jjj #b1cjj #b1ehb #b1igb ,fibre #a1chb #d1jfa -- -- -- ,live/ock #b1fjj #a1cjj #c1gej #f1ceg #i1acb ,gutta p]*a 78,balata07 -- -- #b1bfb #f1fie #d1bfg ,sk9s & hides#aj -- -- #e1bad #cg1hji #fh1hcb ,o/ri* fea!rs -- -- #b1fae #g1bbe #ab1fba ,,rubb]4--,! ext5t ( ! export ( ?is commodity f ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces 0 less g5]ally recognis$ ?an t f ! coa/ c\ntries1 = ! reason t ! ,nor!rn ,nig]ia's exports are necess>ily %ipp$ f ,s\!rn ,nig]ian ports1 & h be5 includ$ 9 ! /ati/ical figures ( t c\ntry4 ,until #aijg no sep>ate /atem5t 0 furni%$ indicat+ ! quantity ( rubb] actually orig9at+ f ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces2 ! :ole produce leav+ ! c\ntry by ! ,s\!rn ,nig]ian ports made x difficult to asc]ta9 ?is4 ,! foll[+ imp]fect records %[1 h[ev]1 t ! production 0 ( significant ext5t3 #aije4 ,! value ( ! rubb] export$ by two ( ! lead+ firms 9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces 0 e/imat$ at #aja1bjg4 #aijf4 ,! am\nt export$ 9 ! second half-ye> 0 giv5 z #eef1gja lbs41 valu$ at #cd1cdd4 ,! ye>'s exports 7 said to be #egd tons4 ,e/imat+ ! :ole at ! same proportionate value z t giv5 = ! second half-ye> we h3 #aijf4 #a1bhc1ebj lbs4 #gi1ahe #aijg4 #a1ahg1ehh lbs4 #ia1jgd ,! decrease 9 rec5t ye>s is acc\nt$ = by ! fall :i* occurr$ 9 ! price ( rubb]1 b is probably p>tly due to ! ext]m9ation ( ! v9es by ! wa/eful process ( prep>+ root rubb]4 ,s\rces4--,! foll[+ are ! trees & plants :i* h be5 us$ = extract+ rubb]3-- #a4 ,funtumia ela/ica4--,?is is only f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 ,s\!rn ,kabba & ,bassa ,prov9ces1 & is recognis$ "u ! ,yoruba "n ( 8,ire40 ,small pieces ( fairly well-prep>$ rubb] f ?is tree are occasionally br\ght 9 to ,lokoja = sale4 #b4 ,l&olphia sp4 7probably ow>i5sis74--,a clean 8r$ nigg]0 rubb] is sold1 & is probably obta9$ f ?is species4 ,x is g5]ally ( good quality1 b n pl5tiful4 ,x appe>s to be collect$ z a scrap rubb]1 & is made up 9 small irregul> balls4 #c4 ,l&olphia sp4--8,root rubb]10 t]m$ locally 8,attifufu10 & call$ by ! trade 8,br[n clu/]0 or 8,br[n m$ium40 ,x is probable t sev]al species ( v9es are us$ = ?is1 :i* is n necess>ily prep>$ f ! root alone1 ! :ole /em be+ p\nd$ up4 ,?is seems to repres5t ! commone/ =m ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ian rubb]1 ! prep>ation ( :i* 0 at "o "t prohibit$4 #d4 ,l&olphia florida or ,?ompsonii 7874--8,pa/e rubb]10 call$ locally 8,ebo10 is prep>$ f ! latex ( ^! v9es by boil+ ) ! admixture ( 8wood oil10 or ! res9\s exudation ( ,daniellia ?urif]a1 until x rea*es ! consi/5cy ( bird-lime1 :5 x is only capable ( be+ h&l$ 9 wat]1 9 :i* /ate x is sold to ! m]*ants1 :o accumulate x 9 casks = %ipm5t4 ,x is inf]ior 9 quality1 & only capable ( export = *eap manufactures4 #e4 ,c>pod9us hirsutus4--8,flake rubb]10 call$ 8,arib$da10 is said to be ! product ( ?is v9e1 :i* gr[s commonly 9 ,bassa4 ,x is )\t resili5cy & some:at resembles ! exudations ( "s ( ! species ( ,ficus4 #f4 ,ficus platyphylla4--8,r$ ,kano rubb]10 or 8,ballata10 kn[n to ! ,nupe p z 8,ogbagba40 ,?is is prep>$ by boil+1 )\t ! addition ( any =eign matt]1 & atta9s ! consi/5cy ( a h>d5$ pa/e1 simil> to ! 8guttas0 made f ! latex ( ! ,%ea-butt] tree 7,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii74 ,x is di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,kano ,prov9ce by ! "n 8,danko ,gawi10 %ea gutta be+ kn[n z 8,danko ,kada9ya40 #g4 ,ficus tra*yphylla4--,?is tree is call$ 9 ,ilor9 by ! ,yoruba "n 8,oapottoa10 & yields a latex :i* is discol\r$ p9k by ! sap ( ! tree ) :i* x becomes mix$ 9 tapp+4 ,:5 boil$ & all[$ to cool1 ! product is a r$di% h>d5$ sub/ance1 some:at resembl+ guttap]*a 9 appe>ance4 #h4 ,ficus ,vogelii4--,scrap rubb] f ?is tree is said to be collect$4 ,9 appe>ance ?is rubb] is (t5 good1 b ! %r$s break up easily4 ,x w be se5 f ! above1 t sev]al ( ! s-call$ rubb]s are unlike ! valuable k9ds 9 appe>ance & composition1 & z su* are1 p]haps1 incapable ( be+ us$ 9 a pure /ate & = ! mo/ important manufactures = :i* rubb] is employ$4 ,all k9ds1 h[ev]1 seem to be m>ketable at a price :i* is remun]ative to ! export]1 s t ! trade has become an ext5sive "o4 ,plantations4--,x has be5 urg$ t ,p>a rubb] 7,hevea brasili5sis7 might be gr[n ^u a l>ge scale 9 ! moi/ & well-wat]$ areas1 & ,ce>a 7,manihot ,glaziovii7 & ,funtumia ela/ica 9 ! dri] di/ricts2 b ! c\ntry is n g5]ally fav\rably adapt$ = gr[+ ! fir/ & la/ m5tion$4 ,ce>a rubb] seems to ?rive well 9 climates simil> to t ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! rubb] made f x is ( ! f9e/ quality1 b 9 _m tropical c\ntries x has %[n great unc]ta9ty 9 yield ( latex1 & (t5 unacc\ntable cessation ( fl[4 ,?is has caus$ x to be less fav\rably reg>d$ = plantation "w4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aiac1 #aiaf47 ,_m p>ts ( ! c\ntry are suitable = ,ce>a cultivation1 ?riv+ z x does 9 localities susceptible to long p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,african ,colonies ! me?od ( treat+ ! tree seems advantage\s1 9 view ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! yield aft] maturity is rea*$4 ,9 ^! places ! plants are put out 9 ext5sive plots ea* ye>1 &1 aft] !y h rea*$ full gr[?1 all ! latex possible ( extraction is tak5 out ( !m1 & ! exhau/$ trees are cut out1 p]mitt+ ! area to become r5ovat$ by ! self-s[n se$l+s1 :i* spr+ up 9 great pr(usion4 ,?us1 ea* ye> a plot becomes completely r5ovat$1 )\t great exp5se be+ incurr$4 ,if ,ce>a plant+ %\ld be adopt$ 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 "s su* sy/em z ?is might prove remun]ative4 ,9 ! ,lokoja =e/ res]ve1 ab\t a hundr$ acres ( ,funtumia ela/ica 7 plant$ 9 #aijf1 b ^! h n succe$$ z well z 0 orig9ally expect$1 ow+1 probably1 to want ( moi/ure4 ,a few ,ce>a & ev5 ,hevea plants1 h be5 gr[n at ,zung]u & ,b>o1 b1 z yet1 no plantations h be5 made4 ,,%ea ,,nuts4--,! %ea nut is ! se$ or k]nel conta9$ 9 ! gre5 fruit borne by ,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii1 call$ locally 8,kada9ya40 ,! fruit1 :i* rip5s ab\t ,may1 is ( v>iable size1 f t ( a pigeon's egg to z l>ge z a h5's egg :]e only "o nut is conta9$1 b is ne>ly twice ! size :]e two nuts are pres5t 9 ! same fruit4 ,! fle%y r9d is n m ?an "o-six? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is sweet to ! ta/e1 & conta9s a :ite latex1 :i* coagulates into a product call$ 8gutta-%ea40 ,! natives 9 "s places seem to reg>d ! fruit z a delicacy1 & ! roads & pa?s1 9 di/ricts :]e ! tree is pl5tiful1 are /rewn ) ! nuts :i* h be5 ?r[n away aft] ! fruit portions h be5 eat54 ,! nut is q smoo?1 & is readily sep>at$ f ! fle%y "p4 ,! butt]1 :i* is extract$ by ! natives1 is appreciat$ less ?an palm oil or gr\ndnut oil = cook+1 b is us$ z a sub/itute4 ,9 ,europe ! k]nels z well z ! extract$ 8butt]0 are employ$1 especially on ! ,cont95t1 = ! manufacture ( vegetable butt] & 9 c&le factories4 ,9 "s places ! fruits are collect$ & put 9 heaps1 until ! fle%y p>ts h decompos$ & left ! nuts clean1 aft] :i* ! k]nels are extract$1 dri$ 9 e>!n /oves1 & p\nd$ or gr\nd into a f9e fl\r4 ,?is is !n p\nd$ aga91 ) ! addition ( a little wat]1 previ\s to be+ mix$ 9 hot wat] to sep>ate ! fat4 ,! latt] rises to ! surface & solidifies on cool+1 be+ melt$ aga9 = cl>ification by skimm+ previ\s to be+ p\r$ into m\lds made f planta9 leaves or maize-cob %ea?s4 ,9 ?is =m x is sold = export1 & is !n kn[n z 8%ea-butt]40 ,an illu/ration is giv5 7,fig4 #bh7 ( "s ,%ea nut collectors re/+ b5ea? a ,%ea tree 9 ! ,ilor9 ,prov9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ea-,,butt] ,,tree 7,,butyrosp]mum ,,p>kii71 ,,) ,,nut-,,collectors1 ,,ilor94 ,fig4 #bh1 p4 #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yield+ ,,gum ,,tree 7,,acacia ,,caffra7 ,,at ,,kontagora4 ,fig4 #bi1 p4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locu/-,,bean ,,tree 7,,p>kia ,,filicoidea7 ,,at ,,ilor94 ,fig4 #cj1 p4 #afb4 ,accord+ to results obta9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aijh1 p4 #cgj2 #aiab1 p4 #bij71 ! k]nels conta9 f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( fat1 z well z a small quantity ( unsaponifiable matt] resembl+ gutta-%ea4 ,:]e ! nuts are v pl5tiful1 & transport appe>s to be easy1 ! collection is (t5 neglect$1 & ! reason giv5 is t !re is "s difficulty 9 remov+ ! fruit f ! nut1 :i* makes ! occupation unremun]ative4 ,b x is noticeable t ! fle%y "p quickly decomposes1 & ! clean nuts are frequ5tly se5 b5ea? ! trees !mselves1 al?\gh 9 ?is situation ! adv5t ( heavy ra9 w (t5 induce g]m9ation1 & s spoil ! k]nel4 ,?is difficulty is obviat$ if ! fruits are collect$ & plac$ "u cov]1 be+ all[$ to decompose )\t too mu* moi/ure4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ilor9 & ,nupe ,prov9ces ! nuts are at pres5t collect$ = sale to ! factories1 b 9 size ^? gr[n 9 ! ,z>ia ,prov9ce are l>g]1 & are n[ q accessible4 ,9 ?is latt] locality ! d\ble fruit1 above ref]r$ to1 appe>s to be common4 ,9 ! tract ( c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! ,b>o-,kano railway n[ proce$s1 aft] cross+ ! ,kog9-,s]ik9-,pawa riv]1 z f> ,z>ia1 localities conta9+ v l>ge & prolific trees are frequ5tly met )1 b ! population is scanty1 & collection is sc>cely made = export purposes4 ,trees gr[+ 9 cultivat$ areas are g5]ally recognis$ z ! prop]ty ( ! cultivator1 =e/ trees only be+ common prop]ty4 ,wom5 are ! *ief collectors ( ! nuts 9 ! di/ricts :5ce ! supplies at pres5t come1 & _! inability to p5etrate f> into ! =e/s has sometimes be5 urg$ z a reason = l>g] quantities n be+ br\ght 9 to ! factories4 ,n[ t ! railway is pres5t1 x is probable t regul> collectors w comm5ce to exploit ! =e/s = "s di/ance on ea* side ( ! l9e1 & t p f ! m popul\s di/ricts w be induc$ to visit !m = ! same purpose4 ,no record is available to %[ ! am\nt ( nuts & butt] export$ previ\s to #aije1 b x mu/ h be5 consid]able1 z ! ,high ,commission] 9 8 annual report = #aije-f says3 8,! ,%ea nut export trade1 :i* =m]ly con/itut$ ! /aple ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 cont9ues to decrease 9 an unacc\ntable way1 & is n[ an almo/ negligible am\nt40 ,v>i\s reasons are giv5 to acc\nt = a p>tial or gradual decrease1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is1 t ! p :o us$ to rely on ! collection ( sylvan produce = a livelihood1 h f\nd a m lucrative employm5t 9 gr[+ food/uffs = ! troops & ,gov]nm5t /aff1 or 9 work+ ^u ! ,gov]nm5t roads & railways4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! value ( ,%ea nuts & butt] export$ 9 #aijg-h rea*$ a high figure1 & plac$ ^! products second 9 ord] ( value among ^? export$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,! export ( ,%ea nuts 9 ! two ye>s foll[+ %[$ a fur!r increase1 be+ #c1ibb & #i1jhe tons = #aijh & #aiji respectively4 ,!re is a gr[+ dem& = ,%ea butt] 9 ,europe1 & ! supply is at pres5t inadequate4 ,,palm ,,oil ,,& ,,k]nels4--,! oil palm 7,elis gu9e5sis7 is almo/ abs5t f a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry1 & is r>ely se5 nor? ( ,zung]u1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to ! vic9ity ( ! riv]s & ! =e/s on ! b\nd>ies ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,an insignificant am\nt ( palm oil is export$1 z ! local dem& absorbs practically all t is produc$1 ! k]nels rema9+ be+ alone export$4 ,only "o v>iety is recognis$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & is t ) a ?9 p]ic>p & ?ick-%ell$ k]nel4 ,x is simil> to ! =m t]m$ 8,abe-pa0 9 ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,among ! ,haussa-speak+ races ! palm is call$ 8,quaqua10 & 9 ! ,nupe language 8,yi-ku-ni*e40 ,extraction ( ! oil = local use is g5]ally done by boil+ ! fre% fruits1 & a limpid product is obta9$4 ,,gr\ndnuts4--,! gr\ndnut 7,ara*is hypogea71 call$ 8,g$a0 by ! ,haussas1 is se5 9 two =ms 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 dep5d5t1 probably1 on diff]5ces 9 soil & climate 9 ! localities 9 :i* !y are gr[n4 ,! =m se5 commonly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bida1 f :i* mo/ ( ! export$ nuts are procur$1 has a light-br[n %ell1 & is simil> to ! ord9>y ,gambian k9d4 ,! soil 9 :i* ?is is gr[n is r$1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ?is col\r is imp>t$ to ! %ell4 ,! nuts gr[+ 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts ne> ,kano1 :]e ! soil is s&y & light1 resemble ! k9d :i* is consid]$ ! f9e/ 9 ! ,fr5* ,colonies1 & is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,s5egal4 ,9 ?is ! %ell is pale /raw-col\r$4 ,l>ge exports h be5 made f ,kano s9ce railway facilities 7 provid$4 ,gr\ndnuts are *iefly employ$ z a t]m9al crop 9 ! cultivation adopt$ by ! ,nupes & ,yorubas1 b 9 ! ,kano & ,z>ia ,prov9ces1 :]e l& is reta9$ = long p]iods 9 cultivation & r5ovat$ annually by manure1 !y are (t5 ! fir/ crop gr[n on op5+ new l&1 & are seldom plant$ lat]4 ,f an int]e/+ article contribut$ by ,mr4 ,lamb1 ! ,director ( ,agriculture 7,imp]ial ,in/itute ,bullet91 vol4 xi4 #aiac71 entitl$ 8,agriculture 9 ,haussal&10 x appe>s t legum9\s crops h rec5tly be5 introduc$ m g5]ally 9 ! rotation employ$ among ! ,haussa cultivators4 ,! au?or rem>ks t ! c[pea 7,vigna catjang7 is n[ almo/ inv>iably gr[n ) c]eals1 & t !re is su* an increase 9 gr\ndnut cultivation t ?is has come into great prom95ce z an export$ crop4 ,?is condition has be5 br\ght ab\t entirely by ! e/abli%m5t ( railway transport--a result :i* 0 =etold 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w4 ,all ! nuts export$ at ! pres5t "t are 9 a decorticat$ =m1 & ! reason giv5 = decortication is t !re is a l>ge sav+ 9 weight 9 c>riage !reby4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 g5]ally admitt$ t 9 an undecorticat$ =m ! nuts are bett] pres]v$ 9 transit1 & x (t5 happ5s t ! price = undecorticat$ nuts is high] ?an = decorticat$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 recognis$ t if ! appe>ance ( ! %ell is ru/y or dirty1 x %\ld be remov$ be=e %ipm5t1 z ?is condition adv]sely affects ! m>ket value4 ,! dem& = undecorticat$ nuts is = confection]y1 & is relatively small z comp>$ ) ! am\nt us$1 *iefly 9 ,france1 = ! expression ( oil4 ,! weights ( gr\ndnuts export$ 9 #aiag & #aiah 7 respectively #ej1ccd & #eg1eee tons4 ,! ,kano nuts appe> to be ( su* a clean type t x might be f\nd m advantage\s to %ip !m 9 an undecorticat$ /ate1 b ?is c be asc]ta9$ :5 transport has be5 facilitat$ suffici5tly to e/abli% a cont9u\s trade ) a p>ticul> m>ket4 ,! *ief m>kets = ! product 7 ,m>seilles & ,hamburg1 :]e x 0 employ$ = ! expression ( oil1 us$ pr9cipally = admixture )1 or z a sub/itute =1 olive oil4 ,al?\gh =m]ly almo/ entirely s5t to ! ,g]man port1 !y n[ come mo/ly to ,engl&4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xvi4 #aiah47 ,,gums4--,9 ! dri] regions ,acacia trees ( sev]al species become pl5tiful1 b _m ( ^! d n seem to produce gum4 ,"s ( ! gum 9 ! ,sudan is said to be d]iv$ f ,a4 arabica1 ,willd41 :i* is n uncommon 9 c]ta9 localities1 b is almo/ entirely unproductive 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! tree kn[n 9 ,haussa z 8,gawo10 id5tifi$ z ,a4 ,albida1 ,delile1 is p]haps ! commone/ species ne> ,kano1 & "o :i* produces a small am\nt ( r$di% gum4 ,none1 h[ev]1 is app>5tly collect$ f ! tree 9 ! di/rict4 ,! species f :i* mo/ ( ! gum is collect$ 9 ,bornu is said to be id5tical ) t call$ 8,k>u0 9 ,kano1 ( :i* only immature specim5s h z yet be5 exam9$4 ,?is is probably ref]able to ,a4 ,v]ek1 ,guill4 ,p]r41 :i* is ! mo/ important s\rce ( ! ,s5egal product1 & to :i* ,b5?am ref]s ,a4 ,s5egal1 ,willd4 ,9 ,kontagora a good quality ( gum is obta9$ f a tree :i* has be5 id5tifi$ z ,a4 ,caffra1 ,willd4 ,?is tree does n appe> to occur pl5tifully "h1 b fur!r inve/igation is necess>y ) reg>d to x 9 ! dry un9habit$ regions :]e x is f\nd4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is tree is giv5 7,fig4 #bi74 ,ano!r species :i* has be5 record$ by ,b>t] f ! ,nig]1 & is said by him to yield 8a gum l gum-arabic10 is ,a4 mellif]a1 ,b5?am1 & may be "o ( ^? f :i* ! pres5t export$ product is collect$4 ,on exam9ation ( ! trade specim5s1 x is noticeable t ! quality is inf]ior to mo/ ( ! ,sudan & ,s5egal k9ds1 ow+1 ma9ly1 to ! want ( clean+ or sort+ previ\s to sale4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t an improvem5t 9 ! quality might be effect$ by sort+ ! gum into diff]5t grades1 clean+ x1 & spread+ x 9 ! sun to blea*4 ,! quantity ( gum export$ 9 #aijh is giv5 z #ghi1idi lbs41 & t = #aiji z #hid1bhg lbs4 ,inve/igations c>ri$ out rec5tly at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute %[ t ,nig]ian gum is little1 if at all1 inf]ior to ,sudan gum1 except t its mucilage is n q s /rong4 ,gums ( ! bett] class are ma9ly employ$ 9 confection]y1 & = ?is purpose ! clean]1 light]-col\r$ gums ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia are q suitable4 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #aijh1 pp4 #bi-fj2 #aiaj1 pp4 #ceb-fe2 & #aiad1 pp4 #bg-ca47 ,,cotton4--,?ree di/9ct =ms ( cotton are f\nd 9 cultivation 9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces4 ,! be/ ( ^! is t gr[n by ! natives ( ! ,bassa & ,nass>awa ,prov9ces1 & possesses l9t ( r long /aple & a good col\r1 cov]+ a clean se$4 ,! se$-cotton f ^! ,prov9ces is br\ght into ,lokoja = sale4 ,?is v>iety seems well suit$ to ! localities m5tion$1 b1 al?\gh x has be5 tri$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 x does n seem to ?rive s successfully4 ,9 mak+ a comp>ison ( ! l9t = ,liv]pool m>ket requirem5ts1 ! /&>d employ$ is 8,mod]ately ,r\gh ,p]uvian10 :i* is a grade ( high] price ?an 8,middl+ ,am]ican10 ) :i* mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,african cottons are comp>$4 ,9 ,ilor91 a woolly-se$$ tall cotton plant is commonly cultivat$1 &1 al?\gh yield+ a fair quality ( l9t1 x is n equal to t m5tion$ above4 ,a small proportion ( ! cotton gr[n 9 ! ,ilor9 ,prov9ce f9ds its way to ! ,ogudu ,g9n]y ( ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 on ! ,nig]1 b ! ma9 crop is c>ri$ to v>i\s po9ts on ! ,lagos ,gov]nm5t ,railway1 & is sold = deliv]y to ! ,s\!rn ,nig]ian g9n]ies ( ! ,association4 ,small quantities ( cotton belong+ to ?is same v>iety are gr[n 9 ,nupe1 ,kabba1 & ,kontagora1 b ! l[ gr\nd ( ! ,nig] valley does n appe> to be v suitable = cotton-gr[+4 ,9 ,z>ia1 ,kano1 & ,sokoto ,prov9ces1 :]e ! climate is dri]1 excell5t conditions exi/ = ! production ( l>ge supplies ( cotton1 b ! population requires to become m di/ribut$ into ! di/ricts remote f ! t[ns4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ ,prov9ces1 cotton has exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & 0 long e/abli%$ z an important export to ,nor? ,africa by c>avan4 ,a small-boll$ v>iety ) a %ort /em takes ! place ( ! tall cottons ( ! ,nig] valley4 ,! quality ( ! l9t1 al?\gh fair1 is ( a %ort] /aple1 & ! plant is less prolific4 ,9 addition to ! ?ree k9ds ref]r$ to1 all ( :i* are gr[n z field crops1 s+le plants ( a f\r? are sometimes se5 ne> villages1 especially 9 ! ,bassa ,prov9ce4 ,?is is ! crimson-fl[]$ tree-cotton id5tifi$ z ,gossypium arboreum1 v>4 sangu9eum1 & is n[h]e cultivat$ ^u a l>ge scale4 ,! l9t is silky & f9e1 & ! se$ is cov]$ ) gre5 fuzz4 ,exotic ,cottons4--,am]ican & ,egyptian se$ h be5 introduc$ 9 _m localities1 especially 9 ! ,prov9ces ( ! ,nig] valley4 ,cotton gr[n f ,am]ican ,upl& se$ 9 ,bassa ,prov9ce has be5 well report$ ^u1 b ! det]ioration ( ! quality ( se$ reproduc$ by ?is k9d has prov$ a s]i\s drawback to e/abli%m5t4 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! indig5\s cottons are h>di] & m prolific ?an ! introduc$ v>ieties1 & are bett] able to )/& ! attacks ( ! local insect pe/s4 ,x is probable t ! climate ( ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces w be f\nd m suitable = ! cultivation ( ,am]ican ,upl& cottons1 z ! indig5\s plant ( t region m ne>ly approximates ! latt] type4 ,valuation ( ,cottons4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! value ( diff]5t cottons gr[n 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia & exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 7,see ,pr(essor ,dun/an's 8,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation10 pp4 #cd-cg47 ,locality4 ,k9d4 ,l5g? ( ,/aple4 ,value4 ,/&>d value at "t ( te/4 ,bassa ,am]ican #i-ab 94 #g;d4 ,m4,a4 #fci;d4 #a-ac #e-f;d4 #a-ac #f;d4 #h-ab #f;d4 #a-ac #f;d4 #i-ad #f;d4 #i-ac #f;d4 #i-ab #f-f;d4 #a-ac #f;d4 ,native #i-ac #f-g;d4 #a-ad #h-i;d4 ,m4,r4,p4 #ia;d4 #a-ac #h;d4 #i-ad #h-h;d4 #h-ab #g-h;d4 #a-ac #h;d4 #ab-ae #h;d4 #a-ac #h;d4 #i-ac #h;d4 #aa-af #h-h;d4 #i-ac #f;d4 ,m4,a4 #fci;d4 ,z>ia ,brazilian 787 #i-ab #d;d4 ,egyptian #i-ae #f;d4 ,f4,g4,f4,b4 #aj;d4 ,yola ,native #h-ab #d;d4 ,m4,a4 #fci;d4 ,am]ican #i-ac #f;d4 ,mun*i ,native #a-ae #h;d4 ,m4,r4,p4 #ia;d4 ,ilor9 ,am]ican #i-ac #f;d4 ,m4,a4 #fci;d4 7,m4,a4 indicates ! price rul+ at ! "t ( valuation = /&>d 8,middl+ ,am]ican10 ,m4,r4,p4 t = 8,mod]ately ,r\gh ,p]uvian10 & ,f4,g4,f4,b4 t = 8,fully ,good ,fair ,br[n ,egyptian407 ,illu/ration3 ,,village ,,( ,,fogola1 ,,built ,,( ,,gu9ea-,,corn ,,/alks4 ,fig4 #ca4 p4 #abf ,illu/ration3 ,,outside ,,! ,,emir',s ,,palace1 ,,kano4 ,fig4 #cb1 p4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,gate1 ,,z>ia4 ,fig4 #cc1 p4 #acg4 ,all ! native cottons 9 ! above table are f ! ,nig] & ,b5ue ,riv] ,prov9ces1 b x is consid]$ probable t l>ge quantities ( ! product1 :i* are look$ = = export1 w be obta9$ f ! ,kano & ,z>ia ,prov9ces1 & aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,b>o-,kano ,railway1 ! capitals ( ^! may become important cotton-buy+ & g9n+ c5tres4 ,figs4 #cb & #cc illu/rate views ( ,kano & ,z>ia4 ,9 all ! localities ref]r$ to1 cotton is g5]ally cultivat$ z a sole crop1 9 succession to food crops1 & is plant$ ^u %all[ ridges f ,july to ,septemb]1 :5 ! cotton is ready = pick+ f ,decemb] to ,m>*4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made at ,b>o & ,zung]u to raise plants dur+ ! dry mon?s by irrigation1 b z ?is causes ! fruit+ season to occur ab\t ! "t t ! fir/ ra9 & w9d /orms comm5ce1 ! success ( ?is is v unc]ta94 ,! necessity = ! application ( irrigation to ?is crop is n app>5t except z an assi/ance 9 lieu ( ra9 :5 ! season ( ra9fall is late4 ,!re is no extreme dr\ght ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 su* z is ! case 9 ,egypt1 :]e cotton is entirely an irrigat$ crop4 ,9 ! ,ilor9 di/rict1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,%>i1 a some:at ext5sive area is se5 "u cotton1 & ! mode ( plant+ is simil> to t appli$ on a small] scale ne> ,rabba1 ,jebba1 ,bida1 & ,egga4 ,a piece ( l& is usually select$ = a cotton field ^u :i* ,gu9ea corn & millet crops h be5 gr[n cont9u\sly = a long p]iod1 & :i* has consequ5tly become r exhau/$4 ,?is is (t5 p]mitt$ to lie fall[ = sev]al ye>s1 aft] :i* cotton is plant$ 9 drills on ridges or m\nds 9 ,july or ,augu/4 ,no manure is appli$4 ,g5]ally ab\t a doz5 or m se$s are put 9 ea* drill1 & 9 ?is way x is e/imat$ t ab\t a bu%el & a half ( se$ p] acre is requir$4 ,pick+ comm5ces 9 ,decemb]1 & la/s until ,febru>y1 z mu* z #ejj lbs4 ( se$-cotton p] acre be+ frequ5tly ga!r$4 ,9 ,kano1 cotton is (t5 gr[n 9 alt]nation ) cassava1 & is a manur$ crop4 ,l>ge fields are n se51 z ! l& is *iefly requir$ = food crops1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( t[ns1 :]e ! population is d5se4 ,g5]al improvem5ts 9 cultivation1 & ! introduction ( pl\gh+1 w\ld enable a mu* l>g] area to be put "u cultivation1 & w\ld p]mit ( ! f]tile tracts remote f ! t[ns be+ employ$ l>gely = cotton-gr[+4 ,! above acc\nt indicates ! direction 9 :i* ef=ts %\ld be made to ensure ! mo/ f]tile tract ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 :]e ! population is also mo/ indu/ri\s & d5se1 becom+ an important cotton-gr[+ locality4 ,x may be safely said t ! l&1 climate1 & indu/ri\s population are exi/5t & suitable1 b ! population is conge/$1 leav+ l>ge f]tile areas ( l& unt\*$4 ,transport difficulties h up to ! pres5t prev5t$ cultivation ( products useful = export1 & ! non-employm5t ( cattle = pl\gh+ has re/rict$ cultivation to ! gr[? ( crops entirely absorb$ by local necessity4 ,improvem5t ( ,plant4--,9 addition to ^! requirem5ts1 ) reg>d to cultivation1 a r bett] class ( cotton is necess>y 9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces4 ,! local v>iety might p]haps be suffici5tly improv$ "u bett] cultivation & se$ selection1 b su* a process w\ld be gradual & require ! undivid$ att5tion ( an exp]i5c$ ,european (fic]1 work+ 9 ! di/ricts4 ,x has previ\sly be5 sugge/$ t ! introduction ( "o ( ! _m ,upl& ,am]ican k9ds might be advantage\s2 ! local v>iety approa*+ t class ( plant m ne>ly ?an d ! v>ieties occurr+ 9 ! =e/ regions f>!r to ! s\?1 :]e ! ,am]ican v>ieties h be5 ext5sively plant$ ) some:at v>iable results4 ,"o v>iety only %\ld be introduc$1 & ?is %\ld possess cropp+ & l9t records suitable = ,european requirem5ts4 ,georgia or ,texas quick-matur+ k9ds are indicat$1 b n ! l[l& k9ds su* z are gr[n 9 ! ,mississippi valley4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks apply to ^? regions only :]e x seems possible t ! quality ( cotton :i* is 9 mo/ g5]al dem& 9 ,lanca%ire c be ext5sively gr[n1 b are n applicable to ! ,nig] ,valley4 ,z w be se5 by a ref]5ce to ! table ( valuations1 a cotton exi/s 9 ! ,bassa & ,nass>awa ,prov9ces :i* is comp>able ) a high] /&>d grade ?an ,middl+ ,am]ican1 ! type to be produc$ 9 ! nor?4 ,ef=ts %\ld be made to keep ?is latt] v>iety free f ! possibility ( admixture ) exotic k9ds1 & x is !re=e advisable t improvem5t 9 ?is class %\ld be conf9$ to se$ selection4 ,am]ican cottons h already be5 introduc$ into ,bassa1 b ! value ( ! l9t is l[] ?an t ( ! indig5\s k9d4 ,) reg>d to ! cotton gr[n 9 ! ,ilor9 ,prov9ce1 ! common v>iety is simil> to t ( ! adjo9+ c\ntry to ! s\?1 & x is 9 ?is direction t ! crop ( ! :ole ,prov9ce w be s5t 9 ! future1 z x has be5 arrang$ to remove ! ,ogudu g9n]y on ! ,nig]1 to :i* ! nor!rn ,ilor9 cotton has hi!rto be5 s5t = sale4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 %[+ ! position ( ?is g9n]y ^u ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,nig] 7,fig4 #cd74 ,! mo/ important insect pe/s :i* attack ! cotton plant 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia are ?ree species ( ,oxyc>5us1 or cotton-se$ bugs3 ,dysd]cus sup]/itiosus1 a cotton-l9t /a9]1 ! ,am]ican cotton boll-worm1 ,*loridea obsoleta1 & a species ( ,e>ias1#aa id5tical ) or alli$ to ! ,egyptian cotton boll-worm4 ,! la/ m5tion$ has only be5 record$ z yet f ! ,bornu ,prov9ce1 b ! ,am]ican boll-worm is f\nd at ,lokoja & ne> ! ,nig] 9 ,nupe4 ,! se$-bugs & /a9] are g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,9 no direction h ^! pe/s assum$ l>ge proportions1 b :]e !y occur ! foll[+ rem$ies are recomm5d$ = application4 ,! se$-bugs & /a9] c be attract$ to traps ( se$ plac$ 9 piles ^u ! gr\nd betwe5 ! l9es ( gr[+ cotton1 & ! insects !n de/roy$ by petroleum or boil+ wat]4 ,9 ! case ( ! boll-worms1 trap-crops ( maize & ,hibiscus are recomm5d$1 z well z ! de/ruction ( ! mo?s aft] attraction to light at night4 7,see ,pr(essor ,dun/an's 8,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation10 pp4 #ce-f47 ,! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association comm5c$ "w 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia by erect+ a /eam g9n]y at ,lokoja1 foll[$ by o!rs at ,ogudu & ,z>ia4 ,! natives ( ! ,bassa ,prov9ce 7 induc$ to gr[ cotton ^u a l>g] scale ?an be=e by ! fav\rable m>ket e/abli%$ ne> !m at ,lokoja1 b1 al?\gh ! cotton br\ght 9 0 g5]ally ( good quality1 ! supply fell (f aft] ! fir/ ye> or two1 & 9 #aijh x almo/ ceas$4 ,m rec5tly !re has be5 "s return to cultivation1 b ! p are difficult to get into t\* )1 & h few ne$s :i* c be suppli$ by ! trad]s1 s t !y h rema9$ some:at inactive & %y4 ,! g9n]y at ,ogudu act$ z an inducem5t to ! p ( ,nor? ,ilor9 7,%>i7 to und]take cotton-gr[+ ^u an increas$ scale1 & z ! inhabitants are *iefly ( a m intellig5t class 7,yorubas & ,nupes7 ?an ! ,bassa p1 ! cultivation ( cotton develop$ well4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,b>o-,kano ,railway creat$ "s activity 9 cotton gr[+1 & satisfactory quantities 7 br\ght 9 to ! nor!rn g9n]ies4 ,! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association w probably succe$ well 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e a l>ge rural population is to be f\nd4 ,an example ( ! developm5t ( cotton cultivation 9 ,we/ ,africa1 influ5c$ by & foll[+ ! op5+ ( a railway1 is se5 9 ! ,we/]n ,prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia & 9 ,ilor92 along almo/ ! entire r\te ( ! l9e ! agricultural population h tak5 up ! cultivation ( ! plant4 ,?is has occurr$ ev5 9 ^? di/ricts :]e o!r natural products 7 available = utilisation to a remun]ative degree4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! indu/ri\s population ( ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces1 :o h no su* advantages1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( oil palms1 rubb]1 etc41 w\ld readily adopt cotton-gr[+ ^u a comm]cial scale4 ,! ,b>o-,kano ,railway passes1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh an ext5sive tract ( ?9ly populat$ c\ntry be=e rea*+ ! localities f :i* a l>ge supply c be reasonably expect$1 & ?is may delay ! actual results4 ,x w\ld be inadvisable1 9 ! meantime1 to enc\rage cotton cultivation 9 ^? di/ricts :i* are /ill remote1 unless x 7 possible to buy ! crops 9 advance ( any prospective railway ext5sion4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ical /atem5t has be5 suppli$ by ! ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 %[+ ! production 9 bales f _! g9n]ies1 #aijf-aiji3 ,ye>4 ,lokoja4 ,ogudu4 ,total4 ,weight ( ,bale4 ,approx4 lbs4 #aijf4 ,sept4 #a/1 #aije1 to ,aug4 #ca/1 #aijf #ijc #ijc ab\t #bjj lbs4 #ahj1fjj #aijg4 #af mon?s4 ,sept4 #a/1 #aijf1 to ,dec4 #ab?1 #aijg #a1jfg #hae #a1hhb #bjj lbs4 ea* #cgf1djj #bci #bci #djj lbs4 ea* #ie1fjj #aijh #hd #adg #bca #djj lbs4 ea* #ib1djj #aiji4 #h mon?s4 ,to ,aug4 #ca/1 #aiji #acc #bdf #cgi #djj lbs4 ea* #aea1fjj ,9 #aijh ! ra9fall 0 defici5t 9 a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ! cotton crop1 among o!rs1 suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,a tempor>y *eck to cotton-gr[+ 9 ,ilor9 prov9ce occurr$ 9 #aiji due to ! dem& = lab\r = ! railway con/ruction1 & a subsequ5t "o occasion$ by ! w>2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! increase ( cotton 9 ,nig]ia is to be attribut$ l>gely to developm5ts 9 ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces4 ,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 x41 p4 #dhj1 & vol4 xi4 pp4 #gj1 #afe & #fef4ab ,,capsicums4--,an increas+ export trade seems to be becom+ e/abli%$ 9 r$ pepp]s & *illies 7,capsicum annuum & ,c4 frutesc5s71 plants :i* ?rive well 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,9 ! ,ilor9 & ,nupe ,prov9ces1 ! plants are usually gr[n 9 ! vic9ity ( h\ses1 b 9 ! ,kano & ,z>ia di/ricts !y are frequ5tly met ) 9 irrigat$ fields4 ,f ! latt] localities an almo/ unlimit$ supply c\ld be obta9$4 ,,b5nise$4--,! oil se$ :i* is export$ "u ?is "n is ! product ( ,sesamum indicum1 ,l9n41 & is id5tical ) t kn[n 9 ,india z 8til0 or 8g+elly0 se$4 ,al?\gh ! specific "n seems to imply t ! plant is a native ( ,india1 !re is evid5ce to %[ t x may h be5 introduc$ into t c\ntry f ,africa1 :]e sev]al species ( ! g5us occur 9 a wild /ate4 ,! se$ is pale or d>k br[n 9 col\r1 & conta9s a l>ge proportion ( oil1 = ! extraction ( :i* x is export$4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! d>k se$s are said to produce ! bett] quality ( oil1 b ?is does n appe> to be recognis$ 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & ! crop gr[n !re is compos$ ( a mixture ( ! two k9ds4 ,! oil extract$ f b5nise$ is cle> yell[ & )\t smell1 & is said to be capable ( be+ pres]v$ = a long "t )\t becom+ rancid4 ,= ?is reason x is highly appreciat$ locally = alim5t>y purposes1 & is said to be us$ 9 ,europe = mak+ butt] sub/itutes & = mix+ ) olive oil4 ,! se$ cake furni%es a valuable cattle food & good manure4 ,al?\gh liable to fluctuation 9 price on ! ,european m>ket1 dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t ( ! supply ( olive & gr\ndnut oils1 ! se$ is always 9 dem&1 & = ?is reason x is wor?y ( special att5tion = cultivation 9 ! f]tile & populat$ tracts ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,a fair am\nt ( b5nise$ is gr[n 9 ! c\ntry1 b ! use ( x is s appreciat$ locally t only a small quantity is yet %ipp$1 mo/ ( ?is be+ app>5tly s5t f ,bau*i & ,kabba1 al?\gh ,kano & ,z>ia probably produce mu* m4 ,! value %ipp$ f ,nig]ia rose f #e1bbe 9 #aiae to #af1ebc 9 #aiaf4 ,b5nise$ is gr[n *iefly 9 sep>ate fields1 & is seldom se5 9 ^? :i* h be5 employ$ = a long p]iod "u ,gu9ea corn or millet4 ,x is a sole crop1 & gr[n b once a ye> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,india1 x may be rem>k$1 ! plant is cultivat$ 9 bo? ! spr+ 7,rabi7 & autumn 7,kh>if7 rotations1 & x %\ld be possible to d ?is 9 ! agricultural p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia :]e irrigation is employ$4 ,,kano ,,lea!r4--,a v l>ge trade exi/s 9 ! tann$ & dy$ goat & %eep sk9s prep>$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n ( ,kano lea!r1 or1 9 ,europe1 8,morocco ,lea!r40 ,x is said t f e>ly times c>avans h annually convey$ numb]s ( ^! sk9s f ! ,kano m>kets across ! ,sah>a to ! t[ns 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :5ce !y 7 export$ to ,trie/e & o!r ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! c>avan trade has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 b "s quantity ( sk9s n[ come to ,liv]pool by way ( ! coa/ ports4 ,! value ( sk9s 9 ,kano itself av]ages ab\t #e;d41 b ! co/ ( transport at pres5t has made x almo/ impracticable to export remun]atively1 & a v small trade exi/s 9 consequ5ce4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( sk9s1 :i* are tann$1 are dy$ a bright r$1 yell[1 or gre5 col\r1 :i* seems to r depreciate !m 9 ! ,european m>kets = _m uses to :i* !y might o!rwise be put1 undy$ & ev5 untann$ sk9s be+ 9 great] dem&4 7,see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vi4 #aijh1 p4 #age2 & vol4 viii4 #aiaj1 p4 #djb47 ,x has also be5 said t ! tann+ is (t5 insuffici5tly done1 & ! sk9s become blot*$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,x is noticeable t ,kano lea!r quickly becomes spott$ 9 ! damp coa/ regions1 & = ?is reason x is probable t no great direct ,european trade w be e/abli%$ until bett] me?ods are introduc$ & m rapid transport is arrang$4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be a consid]able trade done 9 ! untann$ sk9s4 ,! be/ class ( ,kano or ,nig] lea!r is valu$ at a high price = bookb9d+4 ,9 ! c\ntry a fair am\nt ( lea!r is manufactur$ = saddl]y & horse trapp+s1 pill[s1 mattress cov]s1 sword scabb>ds1 boots & hats1 elaborate designs be+ (t5 produc$ by ! skilful introduction ( pieces ( diff]5tly col\r$ lea!r4 ,9 prep>+ ! lea!r ! sk9 is /ripp$ (f ! animal & usually pegg$ out = dry+ 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* x is imm]s$ = two or ?ree days 9 a liquid made by p\nd+ ! pods & se$s ( ,acacia arabica 78,bagg>ua071 & soak+ !m 9 wat]4 ,! hides are !n aga9 pegg$ out & scrap$ 9 ord] to remove ! hair1 & :5 dry ! be/ atta9 a creamy :ite col\r1 o!rs be+ pale br[ni%4 ,palm oil or %ea-butt] is !n rubb$ 9 on ! smoo? side ( ! sk91 :i* is work$ & roll$ until q s(t1 aft] :i* a poli% is obta9$ by draw+ ! smoo? surface rapidly ov] a wood5 upright blade4 ,! f9e/ & lighte/ sk9s are usually res]v$ = mak+ into yell[1 gre51 or pale blue lea!r1 & ! re/ are conv]t$ into r$1 black1 d>k blue or d>k yell[ k9ds4 ,! r$ dye is obta9$ f ! /alks ( a species ( ,sorghum1#ac :i* is gr[n = ?is purpose1 & to :i* ! ,haussas give ! "n ( 8,k>&effi0 or 8,k>antudi40 ,! dri$ /alks are p\nd$ up & plac$ 9 a calaba%1 to :i* a solution ( 8pota%0 is add$4 ,a deep crimson liquid results1 & 9 ?is ! sk9 is /eep$ until a suffici5cy has be5 absorb$ by x to r5d] x p]man5tly deep r$ 9 col\r4 ,a pale yell[ col\r is imp>t$ to ! sk9 by an infusion made f ! root ( a k9d ( turm]ic1 :i* is p\nd$ up = ! purpose4 ,a d>k yell[ is obta9$ f ! root ( a tree call$ by ! ,yorubas 8,agbesi40 ,a black pigm5t is prep>$ f a mixture ( honey & blacksmi?'s slag2 blue f ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 "o ( ! indigo produc]s2 gre5 or pale blue-gre5 f brass fil+s mix$ ) lime juice1 common salt1 & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,m rec5tly gre5 anil9e dye has be5 import$ into ! c\ntry1 & has almo/ sup]s$$ ! use ( brass fil+s 9 all ! l>ge lea!r-produc+ di/ricts4 ,,fibres4--,ow+ to ! dem& = ropes among ! cattle-keep]s ( ! nor!rn di/ricts & ! canoem5 ( ! ,nig] & ,b5ue valleys1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! wild fibres are consid]$ insuffici5t to supply s great a necessity1 & t 9 consequ5ce a select$ species is ext5sively cultivat$ & prep>$ = sale 9 ! m>kets4 8,rama0 or 8,ramo0 is ! "n :i* is appli$ to su* a plant 9 ! ,haussa- & ,yoruba-speak+ c\ntries respectively1 b al?\gh us$ exclusively = fibre made f plants belong+ to ! g5us ,hibiscus1 diff]5t species are indicat$ 9 v>i\s di/ricts4 ,! plant to :i* ! "n 8,rama0 is giv5 9 ,ilor91 ,nupe1 ,kontagora1 ,kano1 & ,z>ia1 is app>5tly ! same z t g5]ally t]m$ 8,f>9 7:ite7 ,rama0 9 ,bau*i & ,muri1 & has be5 recognis$ z ,hibiscus lun>iifolius2 t call$ 8,rama0 9 ! nor!rn t]ritories ( ! ,gold ,coa/ is said to belong to two species alli$ to ,h4 ,sabd>iffa1 & t gr[n by ! ,yoruba p ( ! we/]n prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 & call$ by !m 8,ramo10 has be5 id5tifi$ z ,h4 gu9e5sis4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance only ,h4 lun>iifolius is ref]r$ to1 s9ce ?is is ! species cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,al?\gh 9 ! o!r c\ntries ! alli$ plants are cultivat$1 !y are inv>iably gr[n ^u a small scale1 & are only se5 9 small pat*es adjo9+ h\ses1 or cultivat$ z a mix$ crop ) pepp]s1 okra1 etc42 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia fairly ext5sive tracts are plant$1 & ! crop is treat$ z c>efully z ! food crops 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9 ,ilor91 ,kabba1 & ,bassa ! se$s are s[n on ridges 9 drills a few in*es ap>t1 ea* drill hav+ f\r to six plants 9 x4 ,! s[+ 9 ?is locality is done 9 ! middle ( ,may1 & ! crop is n irrigat$1 be+ dep5d5t ^u ! ra9fall = developm5t4 ,! plants1 :5 !y h rea*$ ! height ( six or m in*es1 d n appe> to be adv]sely affect$ by a prolong$ cont9uance ( dry wea!r 9 ! ,nig] ,valley1 b ?is is p]haps acc\nt$ = by ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! conditions la/ ref]r$ to d n1 h[ev]1 apply to ! nor!rn di/ricts1 & ! importance ) :i* ! crop is reg>d$ is se5 9 ! fact t x is wor? :ile to irrigate x4 ,at ,fogola ! plants are also s[n 9 drills on ridges1 b ! drills are made at ab\t "o foot ap>t f "o ano!r1 & t5 or m plants are left 9 ea* drill4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ,april & irrigat$ until ! ra9y season comm5ces 9 ,june4 ,! /alks are said to be cut aft] ! plant has fruit$1 & are describ$ z be+ rett$ 9 a mann] simil> to t employ$ = ,indian jute4 ,! unrett$ 8ribbons0 z well z ! prep>$ fibre are (f]$ = sale 9 ! local m>kets1 ! =m] be+ employ$ 9 ! r\gh /ate = twi/+ into rope us$ = fa/5+ ro(+ poles1 etc4 ,! prep>$ fibre produces an excell5t k9d ( rope1 & is 9 appe>ance v simil> to ,b5gal jute1 al?\gh x has slightly less lu/re4 ,specim5s ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ian rama fibre h be5 exam9$ f "t to "t at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & h be5 satisfactorily report$ on4 ,z a result ! fibre has be5 actually export$ to ,europe4 ,9 ! ,select$ ,reports f ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ,"p ,i41 8,fibres0 7,colonial ,reports--,miscellane\s ,cd4 #dehh1 p4 #ch71 a full acc\nt is giv5 ( ! composition ( a specim5 ( ! fibre receiv$ f ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 ,! "* is said to be simil> to jute1 b x is app>5tly r h>%1 & !re=e m suitable = use 9 rope-mak+ ?an = sp9n+4 ,! valuation plac$ ^u x 0 #ab p] ton1 ) common jute at #aa--ab4 ,a specim5 ( ! br[n ribbons 0 also exam9$ & 0 report$ on1 ! valuation be+ plac$ at ab\t #d p] ton1 ) a rem>k t x w\ld only be ( use = pap] manufacture4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 s9ce att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ! probable value ( ! fibre z a jute sub/itute1 ! natives ( ,nupe & ,muri h be5 urg$ to cultivate ! plant & prep>e ! fibre = export4 ,?is has be5 done to a small ext5t1 & ! natives ( ! latt] prov9ce are said to be will+ to produce x at ! local price ( "o p5ny p] p\nd4 ,at ! valuation m5tion$ above x might sc>cely prove remun]ative to pay ?is local price1 b x %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation t ! m>ket price ( jute 0 depress$ at ! "t t ! valuation 0 obta9$4 ,x seems t ! product may be usefully cultivat$1 especially 9 ! ,nig] ,valley1 :]e riv] transport is available1 & x is probable t a bett] price w\ld be quot$ if a l>g] & regul> supply c\ld be reli$ on4 ,! value ( ! fibre %ipp$ f ! c\ntry 9 #aijh is e/imat$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t returns at #a1chb1 & t = #aiji at #d1jdi4 ,att5tion %\ld be specially direct$ to ! "t ( cutt+ ! /alks = rett+1 & ^! %\ld be treat$ be=e becom+ too woody1 :5 a mu* bett] product w\ld result4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,indian jute1 z well z ) c]ta9 ,hibiscus fibres 9 ,we/ ,africa1 h %[n t if ! /ems are p]mitt$ to become woody1 ! result+ fibre is h>% & co>se4 ,) reg>d to ! probable production ( fibre p] acre1 !re are at pres5t no data1 b x may be /at$ = comp>ison t a good av]age yield ( jute 9 ,india is tak5 z #bjjj lbs4 ,c>efully plant$ & treat$ 9 ! same way1 x is probable t rama w\ld give z high a return1 judg+ f ! gr[? se5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,jute 9 ,india1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 is a manur$ crop1 b rama 9 ,we/ ,africa is only manur$ 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 be+ cultivat$ )\t any special c>e 9 ! ,nig] ,valley4 ,,wood ,,oil4--,foll[+ ! ord] ( value %[n 9 ! li/ ( export$ products1 wood oil appe>s next4 ,?is is ! oleo-res9\s exudation obta9$ f ,daniellia ?urif]a1 a tree belong+ to ! ,natural ,ord] ,,legum9os1 & alli$ to "s ( ! species f :i* ! ,we/ ,african copals are procur$4 ,?is tree is commonly f\nd 9 ! dry c\ntry1 b occurs also 9 ! damp =e/s1 :]e x frequ5tly atta9s l>ge dim5sions4 ,! wood oil is collect$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 & is us$ z a sub/itute = 8balsam ( copaiba0 9 native m$ic9e4 ,! concret$ res9 =m$ on ! trunks ( ! trees by ! bor+s ( coleopt]\s l>v is us$ = burn+ z inc5se4 ,! native use ( wood oil 9 place ( 8balsam ( copaiba0 induc$ m]*ants trad+ ^u ! ,nig] to export x1 & at "o "t a fair quantity 0 sold 9 ,engl&4 ,?is export trade has rec5tly dim9i%$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! sub/ance is an oleo-res91 & :5 free f oil has a simil> appe>ance to copal4 ,^u exam9ation ( ! res91 x has be5 f\nd to be dissimil> 9 prop]ties f ! v>i\s fre%ly exud$ res9s :i* ent] ! m>ket "u ! "n ( rec5t or s(t copal4 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vols4 vi4 #aijh & xiii4 #aiae47 ,! mode ( collect+ wood-oil is some:at de/ructive1 z1 9 ord] to procure an excessive fl[1 a holl[ is scoop$ out 9 ! ma9 trunk & a fire is k9dl$ 9 ! hole ?us made4 ,! oil comm5ces to fl[ rapidly aft] ! fire is ext+ui%$1 :i* x is necess>y t x %\ld be be=e a l>ge quantity ( oil has exud$1 on acc\nt ( ! inflammability ( ! latt]4 ,! application ( fire to ! trees does n appe> to kill !m1 b !y are r5d]$ liable to attacks ( noxi\s insects1 & are (t5 brok5 (f by w9ds4 ,9 addition to ! local use ( ! oil = maladies = :i* balsam ( copaiba is g5]ally employ$1 ! rubb] mak]s ( ,ilor9 & ,nupe add x to ! latex ( ,l&olphia florida or ,l4 ,?ompsonii to make pa/e rubb]4 ,! two liquids are boil$ toge!r = "s "t1 until ! mixture atta9s a consi/5cy ( birdlime4 ,! dri$ res9 is "h us$ = tor*es1 & 9 ! ,egyptian ,sudan = inc5se4 ,,kola4--,al?\gh a l>ge quantity ( kola nuts is annually import$ f ,lagos & ! ,gold ,coa/1 su* a great dem& exi/s t ! price ( kola 9 ,kano & ,z>ia is v high4 ,! kola tree is seldom se5 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry except on ! we/ bank ( ! ,kaduna riv]1 :]e ! fam\s plantations ( ! ,emir ( ,bida are situat$4 ,! kola nuts produc$ f ^! plantations are said to be m appreciat$ ?an any o!r1 &1 9 ord] t ! v>iety might n be gr[n else:]e1 /r+5t measures are said to h be5 en=c$ by ! ,emir1 & ! nuts 7 always export$ to ! nor?1 :]e x 0 impossible to gr[ ! tree1 & :]e a v remun]ative price 0 obta9able4 ,?is p>ticul> k9d ( kola nut is ref]r$ to z 8,laboji10 & is said to be :ite4 ,! cultivation ( kola c\ld be und]tak5 9 ! ,kabba & ,bassa ,prov9ces1 especially 9 ! moi/ valleys protect$ f sev]e w9ds by high plateaux1 su* z are commonly f\nd 9 ^! localities4 ,9 ! export table ( #aijg a small quantity ( kola is %[n1 b ?is probably repres5ts ! re-export ( produce f ! s\?4 ,,cotton ,,se$4--,! ,lokoja ,g9n]y has export$ a small quantity ( cotton se$ ea* ye>1 b ! trade is n a lucrative "o1 & ! l>g] "p ( ! cotton se$ :i* is turn$ out ( ! g9n]y is valueless = %ipm5t4 ,,food ,,crops4--,! products :i* h be5 ref]r$ to above are ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 export$ f ! c\ntry1 b by f> ! mo/ important agricultural products are ^? ^u :i* ! population itself subsi/s1 & 9 relation to :i* ! export$ products are m]ely 9 ! position ( a surplus4 ,be=e ref]r+ to ! products regul>ly cultivat$ = food1 x is necess>y to m5tion t ! seasons1 :i* 9 ! temp]ate zones are closely associat$ ) a rise & fall 9 ! temp]ature & its effect ^u vegetation1 are 9 ,we/ ,africa det]m9$ to a mu* great] degree by ! adv5t & cessation ( ! ra9y p]iod4 ,! ye> is !re=e divid$ into two seasons1 r\ghly describ$ z 7#a7 t 9 :i* ! conditions are hot & dry1 & 7#b7 t 9 :i* !y are cool] & wet4 ,! vegetation is s directly dep5d5t ^u ! timely appe>ance ( ! ra9y season & its normal di/ribution1 t a failure ( ^! conditions1 ev5 9 a comp>atively small degree1 may h s]i\s consequ5ces & p]haps produce fam9e4 ,9 no "p ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa is a %ortage or irregul>ity ( ! ra9fall s sev]ely felt1 nor does x affect su* a l>ge numb] ( p1 z 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts4 ,a table is giv5 bel[ %[+ ! di/ribution ( ra9 9 ,z>ia = five ye>s1 & ( t 9 ,kano = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ea* ( ^! x w be se5 t ! fall 9 ! ye> #aijg 0 f> bel[ ! av]age1 & t dur+ ! mo/ important mon?s = ! gr[? ( ! /aple gra9 crops--,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]--!re 0 a sev]e %ortage ( ra9fall4 ,! effect ( ?is 9 ,kano 0 to produce a condition ( fam9e1 :i* la/$ = ab\t six weeks4 ,9 a conge/$ locality1 su* z exi/s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n ( ,kano1 ! difficulty ( import+ suffici5tly l>ge supplies to af=d relief at su* a p]iod 0 great1 on acc\nt ( lack ( transport4 ,! *ief crop 9 ?is ye>1 namely ,gu9ea corn1 0 an almo/ complete failure 9 _m places1 b ! millet ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ra9fall ,,at ,,z>ia ,,= ,,five ,,ye>s 7#aije ,,to #aiji7 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,mon?4 #aije4 #aijf4 #aijg4 #aijh4 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,janu>y nil nil nil nil nil ,febru>y nil nil nil nil #cf ,m>* nil nil nil #ji nil ,april #gf #he #bbj #ahd #cef ,may #eij #iej #cfi #aia #egi ,june #gbd #eie #gje #fid #fea ,july #gai #addi #cge #gdb #acaa ,augu/ #aejd #afci #ddf #adcf #affb ,septemb] #acbh #iij #fcc #abjh #ffa ,octob] #adj #cic #bcb #hd #agd ,novemb] nil #jd nil nil nil ,decemb] nil nil nil nil #aej ---------------------------------------- ------ ,totals #ejha #faje #bihj #dedh #eehj ---------------------------------------- ------ 7,p5nisetum7 crop1 :i* is an e>ly "o1 & n dep5d5t on ! ra9fall aft] ,june1 _h receiv$ a normal am\nt ( ra9 to t "t1 & 0 satisfactory2 ! /or$ supplies1 z well z a second s[+1 ( ?is gra9 to "s ext5t made up = ! failure ( ! o!r4 ,! above table has be5 made out f ! meteorological reports obta9$ at ,z>ia t[n1 & probably repres5ts a fair av]age ( ! ra9fall conditions p]ta9+ to ! cultivat$ c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! m nor!rn di/rict1 ( :i* ,kano is ! c5tre1 is liable to small] ra9fall conditions ?an ,z>ia4 ,a comp>ison c be made by ref]5ce to ! table giv5 bel[4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ra9fall ,,at ,,kano ,,= ,,f\r ,,ye>s 7#aijf ,,to #aiji7 --------------------------------------- ,mon?4 #aijf4 #aijg4 #aijh4 #aiji4 --------------------------------------- ,janu>y nil nil nil nil ,febru>y nil nil nil nil ,m>* nil nil #ed #ji ,april #ja #aj #bc #age ,may #cbd #agg #aaf #hg ,june #dff #ehh #dab #cga ,july #hge #cij #ajbd #ija ,augu/ #aefa #ieh #acib #aggb ,septemb] #dff #ceg #dfc #fhc ,octob] #hg #ja #jb #gg ,novemb] nil nil nil nil ,decemb] nil nil nil #de --------------------------------------- ,totals #cghj #bdha #cdhf #dijc --------------------------------------- ,! rem>ks made above s]ve to emphasise two po9ts 9 connection ) ! d5sely populat$ di/ricts ( ! nor?1 ! fir/ be+ ! necessity ( cultivat+ l>g] areas to p]mit ( surplus supplies be+ /or$1 & ! second ! requirem5t ( quick transport to enable supplies to be br\ght 9 f ! ,nig] valley 9 cases ( urg5t ne$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! also indicates ! necessity = ! improvem5t ( agricultural me?ods by ! introduction ( pl\gh+1 ! ext5sion ( irrigation & dry-season crops1 & ! bett] di/ribution ( ! population4 ,! second--! supply ( quick transport--is becom+ rapidly e/abli%$1 by means ( ! railway & improv$ roads4 ,! ext5sion ( irrigat$ crops c only be made 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l>g] riv]s1 or :]e good wells exi/1 & x may be f\nd m exp$i5t1 !re=e1 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,nig]1 ,b5ue1 ,kaduna1 ,gongola1 & ,gur>a valleys %\ld be urg$ to cultivate rice & maize "u ^! conditions4 ,! use ( ! l& = two crops 9 ea* ye> w\ld be made possible by ! introduction ( a legum9\s crop z an int]m$iate1 be+ s[n lat] b 9 ! same field ) ! irrigat$ crop1 & be+ p]mitt$ to rip51 aft] ! gra9 has be5 h>ve/$1 ^u ! /ubble4 ,a legum9\s gra9 suitable = human food w\ld be necess>y 9 ! riv] valleys :]e cattle are sc>ce1 b a cattle food c\ld be gr[n 9 ! nor? :]e cattle are common1 & :]e milk =ms an important article ( human consumption4 ,,gu9ea ,,corn 7,sorghum vulg>e7--8,dawa0 7,haussa71 o!rwise kn[n z ! ,great or ,indian ,millet 8,ju>0 7,h9du/ani71 8,dhura0 7,egyptian7--=ms ! mo/ important food-gra9 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ultra-=e/ region ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties are recognis$ 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & are di/+ui%$ 9 ! mann] /at$ bel[4 ,mo/ ( ^! h a gra9 :i* is commonly us$ = human food1 b at lea/ two v>ieties are gr[n = o!r purposes4 ,! foll[+ li/ /ates ! *>act]s by :i* ! v>i\s k9ds c be det]m9$ f ! appe>ance ( ! se$ & =m ( ! /em4 #a4 8,asid9ono40--,se$ ) :ite %ell & black adh]5t envelope4 #b4 8,f>af>a40--,se$ ) :ite %ell & r$ adh]5t envelope4 #c4 8,bog&]i40--,se$ ) /raw-col\r$ %ell & r$ adh]5t envelope4 #d4 8,jan>i40--,se$ ) p9k %ell & r$ adh]5t envelope4 #e4 8,kaura-f]9-sosia40--,se$ ) /raw-col\r$ %ell & /raw-col\r$ adh]5t envelope4 #f4 8,bok9-sosia40--,se$ ) /raw-col\r$ %ell & black adh]5t envelope4 #g4 8,makafo-dewayo40--,se$ ) /raw-col\r$ %ell & po9t$ /raw-col\r$ adh]5t envelope1 :i* sc>cely op5s4 #h4 8,asidig]o40--,small p9k-%ell$ se$ ) r$ adh]5t envelope4 #i4 8,mazgua40--,v l>ge :iti% se$ ) a /raw-col\r$ envelope4 #aj4 8,k>&effi40--,se$ ) r$ %ell & r$ adh]5t envelope4 ,nev] us$ = food1 b employ$ 9 native m$ic9e1 z well z = ! production ( ! r$ dye us$ = lea!r 7,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 vi4 #aijh74 #aa4 8,tak&a0 or 8,k>antalaka40--,! se$ has n be5 exam9$1 b ! /em conta9s a l>ge quantity ( sac*>9e juice1 & ! plant is gr[n entirely z a cattle food4 ,probably id5tical ) ,s4 sac*>um4 ,! fir/ f\r k9ds are regul>ly employ$ z food1 & are f\nd gr[+ z a mix$ crop2 al?\gh ! :ite gra9s are m appreciat$ & frequ5tly pr$om9ate4 ,nos4 #e & #f are n consid]$ s good = human food1 b are l>gely employ$ = fe$+ cattle & horses1 = :i* latt] purpose !y are greatly 9 dem&4 ,no4 #g is us$ = ! same purpose z ! la/1 b is a r>ity & ( no special value4 ,^! sev5 k9ds are gr[n z six-mon?s' crops1 & are h>ve/$ 9 ,octob] :5 ! ra9s cease4 ,no4 #h is a ?ree-mon?s' cropp+ k9d1 :i* 9 ?is p>ticul> resembles 8,g]o0 7,p5nisetum typhoideum71 z its native "n indicates4 ,! gra9 is mu* small] ?an ! o!rs1 & x is said to be cultivat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,sokoto ,prov9ce4 ,no4 #i is a v>iety :i* is said to be cultivat$ 9 ,bornu 9 ! f]tile depressions :i* reta9 moi/ure = long p]iods1 or by means ( irrigation f ! riv]s4 7,see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 iv4 #aijf1 p4 #bbf47 ,gu9ea corn is p]mitt$ to occupy ! l& = a numb] ( ye>s successively1 be+ (t5 gr[n ) 8bulru% millet0 7,p5nisetum typhoideum74 ,9 ?is case ! millet occupies ! furr[ :il/ ! ,gu9ea corn is on ! ridge1 & ?is is rev]s$ :5 ! soil f ! ridge has be5 ho$ into ! furr[ & ! previ\s ridge becomes ! furr[4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! nor!rn di/ricts x is cu/om>y to p]mit ! ,gu9ea corn root-/ocks to rema9 9 ! gr\nd = two or ?ree ye>s1 & to fill 9 ! vacancies only ) new se$ :5 ! old plants die4 ,by ?is sy/em x is f\nd t ! crops are bett] assur$1 z ! old root-/ocks )/& a prolong$ dr\ght bett] ?an new plants4 ,?is cu/om1 if p]si/$ 91 w\ld be a direct h9drance to ! introduction ( pl\gh+4 ,manure is appli$ regul>ly to ?is crop 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts1 b nev] 9 ! ,nig] valley4 ,! me?od ( apply+ manure v>ies accord+ to ! condition ( ! crop4 ,:]e entirely new plants are to be gr[n1 a %all[ b$ is made ^u ! top ( ! ridge or 9 ! furr[1 & ! goat1 %eep1 & c[ manure mix$ ) a%es1 & accumulat$ c>efully 9 ! villages1 is spread ?9ly ^u ! b$ be=e ! se$ is s[n4 ,9 o!r places1 :]e old root-/ocks occur1 h&fuls ( manure are appli$ to ! gr[+ plants 9 ,may4 ,?is is sometimes adopt$ :]e "y plants only are gr[+4 ,manure is s necess>y = ! sy/em ( cultivation adopt$ 9 ! ,kano & ,z>ia ,prov9ces t e scrap ( mat]ial :i* is ( manurial value is c>efully pres]v$1 be+ c>ri$ to ! fields by m5 & donkeys4 ,! heads are cut :5 ripe & ti$ 9 bundles to dry1 aft] :i* ! gra9 is readily beat5 out 9 wood5 mort>s or ) /icks4 ,! fl\r made f ! gra9 is gr\nd betwe5 /ones1 & is frequ5tly eat5 9 ! =m ( a ?9 porridge4 ,two v>ieties ( ,nig]ian ,gu9ea corn h be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & %[n to be sup]ior to ,indian ,gu9ea corn1 ?\gh n q s good z ! ,syrian gra9 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 #aiji1 p4 #adh47 ,smut-blights1 ,u/ilago ,reiliana & ,tolyposporium sp4 7call$ 9 ,haussa 8domana071 attack ! heads1 & a ,capnodium sp4 7call$ 8d]ba071 ! honeydew produc$ on ! leaves by ,aphis sorghi 7cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xi4 #aiac74 ,at c]ta9 /ages1 gre5 ,gu9ea corn is poison\s to cattle1 & = ?is reason goats1 %eep1 & c[s are muzzl$ 9 ! ,kano & ,z>ia ,prov9ces4 ,local k ( ?is fact confirms :at has be5 obs]v$ else:]e ) reg>d to ?is species1 & is expla9$ by inve/igations conduct$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 i4 #aijc1 & vol4 viii4 #aiaj47 ,,bulru% ,,millet4--,?is plant1 :i* is suppos$ to be ( ,african orig9 & is usually call$ millet 9 ,we/ ,africa1 belongs to t gr\p ( grasses ( :i* ! se$+ head is 9 a compact =m & 9 appe>ance resembles ! head ( a bulru%1 f :i* ! common "n appli$ to x has be5 d]iv$4 ,! botanical "n is ,p5nisetum typhoideum1 & ! plant is kn[n 9 ! c\ntry z 8,g]o0 or 8,giro0 7,haussa71 & 9 ,india z 8,bajra40 ,at lea/ two v>ieties1 a smoo? & an awn$ =m1 are gr[n z ?ree-mon?s' crops1 & are s[n ei!r alone or z describ$ be=e ) ,gu9ea corn4 ,x is usual to plant millet se$ be=e ! ,gu9ea corn1 g5]ally ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 or z soon z ! fir/ %[]s are exp]i5c$4 ,! crop is !n ready = pick+ 9 ,june & ,july4 ,if ! ra9fall by ?is "t has be5 defici5t to su* an ext5t t ! ,gu9ea-corn crop promises to prove a failure1 a second crop ( millet is (t5 put 91 &1 z v mu* less ra9 is requir$ = ?is crop ?an is necess>y = ,gu9ea corn1 ! sev]e effects ( a %ort ra9fall are m9imis$4 ,! gra9 yield$ by ,p5nisetum typhoideum w\ld be class$ comm]cially z a millet1 & a sample f ,nig]ia exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 0 valu$ at #bbs4 p] qu>t] ( #dhj lb4 7,july #aijh74 ,9 addition to ! two v>ieties m5tion$ :i* are employ$ z ?ree-mon?s' crops1 !re is ano!r k9d ) a smoo? greyi%-:ite l>ge gra9 :i* is call$ 8,maiwa0 or 8,dauro10 & is cultivat$ 9 ! same mann] z ,gu9ea corn2 occupy+ ! l& = f five to six mon?s4 ,! pagan ,gw>is to ! s\? ( ,z>ia gr[ ?is 9 l>ge quantities1 b x is uncommon nor? ( ,z>ia4 ,^! gra9s are easily /or$1 & keep 9 good condition = a long "t4 ,fl\r is made f ! gra9 by gr9d+1 & bo? ! gra9 & leaves are us$ = cattle food4 ,f ! malt$ gra9 ( millet1 & sometimes ( ,gu9ea corn1 an intoxicat+ bev]age is made :i* is kn[n z 8,gir0 7,haussa74 ,a f9e grass se$ call$ 8,a*a0 7,digit>ia t]nata7 is gr[n 9 ! fields ) millet1 & atta9s a height ( ab\t two & a half feet4 ,x is us$ = mak+ a sort ( porridge4 8,tomba0 7,eleus9e coracana87 & 8,iboru0 are gr[n 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! composition1 nutritive value & comm]cial value ( sev]al ( ^! food gra9s are fully dealt ) 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 #aiji1 p4 #adh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,briti% ,,cotton ,,gr[+ ,,association ,,g9n]y1 ,,ogudu1 ,,ilor94 ,fig4 #cd1 p4 #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gw>i ,,t[n1 ,,opposite ,,m9na1 ,,s\? ,,( ,,z>ia4 ,fig4 #ce1 p4 #aee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c[ ,,fulani ,,woman ,,sell+ ,,milk ,,at ,,gw>i4 ,fig4 #cf1 p4 #afc4 ,,maize4--8,muss>a0 7,haussa7 is ! "n appli$ to ?is plant 7,zea mays74 ,! crop is m common 9 ! ,nig] valley among ! ,nupe & ,yoruba p ?an 9 ! high] plateaux ( ,z>ia & ,kano4 ,x is probable t maize requires a l>g] ra9fall ?an ! gra9 crops :i* h be5 m5tion$ above--:i* may acc\nt = ! infrequ5cy ( its cultivation 9 ! dry c\ntry4 ,among ! ,gw>i pagans1 inhabit+ ! c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m9na1 & ! ,nupe p to ! s\?1 fairly l>ge quantities ( maize are gr[n & seem to repres5t ! *ief food crop4 ,! s[]s drop only "o se$1 or at mo/ two1 into ! drills1 :]e !y w\ld put five or six ,gu9ea-corn se$s4 ,! only v>iety gr[n commonly has a bright yell[ gra9 & is app>5tly a ?ree-mon?s' crop2 be+ s[n at ! comm5cem5t & 9 ! middle ( ! ra9s1 ?us giv+ two crops 9 ! ye> 9 "s localities4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 at ,fig4 #ce %[+ a view ( ! ,gw>i t[n at ,m9na4 ,,:eat4--,! cultivation ( :eat is conf9$ to ! dri] p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 :]e x is gr[n z a ra9fall z well z an irrigat$ crop4 ,9 ,z>ia x is frequ5tly s[n 9 ,octob]1 & occupies l& :i* may h be5 "u rice cultivation j previ\sly4 ,goat manure is especially appli$ to :eat1 & irrigation is c>ri$ out f wells or by ! employm5t ( %adufs on ! banks ( /reams4 ,?is crop is h>ve/$ 9 ,janu>y4 ,9 ,kano1 :eat is m g5]ally gr[n z a ra9fall-crop 9 simil> situations1 & is1 9 ?is case1 s[n 9 ,may1 be+ h>ve/$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,! v>iety seems to be con/ant ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & appe>s to h be5 e/abli%$ f v e>ly times4 ,! gra9 is simil> 9 appe>ance to ! :eat se5 9 ! ,nile valley1 & may be ,triticum compositum 7,egyptian :eat74 ,specim5s f ,kano & ,z>ia h be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & ! analyses made %[ ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( glut5 includ+ #e to #f p] c5t4 ( gliad91 & ! comm]cial exp]ts consult$ 7 ( op9ion t an unlimit$ quantity ( ?is type ( :eat w\ld be readily saleable on ! ,european m>ket 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii4 #aiaj1 p4 #aah47 ,! ,kano :eat 9 p>ticul> gave excell5t results 9 mill+ & bak+ trials4 ,z a food1 :eat is reg>d$ ) great fav\r 9 ! c\ntry1 & is b\ght up *iefly by ! weal?y classes = mak+ a br[n fl\r4 ,x makes an excell5t bread1 & is 9 dem& among ! ,european resid5ts = mix+ ) ,european t9n$ fl\r = breadmak+4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! e>1 ! dri$ corn is ?re%$ by ! village wom52 ?9 /icks be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,! *aff is !n w9n[$ 9 ! w9d4 ,! ,haussa "n is 8,alkama40 ,9 addition to ,z>ia & ,kano di/ricts1 ! gra9 is said to be pl5tiful & *eap 9 ,sokoto & ,bornu1 b does n appe> to be gr[n s\? ( ! #aa? degree4 ,,rice4--,! cultivation ( rice ext5ds ov] a mu* l>g] portion ( ! c\ntry ?an :eat4 ,x is said to be especially pl5tiful 9 ! l[-ly+ di/ricts to ! s\? ( ,sokoto1 :]e l>ge tracts ( swampy c\ntry exi/1 :i* are annually plant$ ) ! crop4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,kaduna riv]1 ne> ,dakman & ,dagomba1 z well z 9 ! valley ( ! ,baku riv] 9 ! ,nupe c\ntry1 irrigat$ rice fields are common1 & ! product f ! ,nupe ,prov9ce is mu* appreciat$ by ! inhabitants ( ! middle ,nig]4 ,! local "n = rice is 8,%9kafa40 ,ne> ,z>ia & ,kano comp>atively little rice is cultivat$1 & :]e se5 is g5]ally f\nd 9 swampy places :]e o!r food gra9s are n capable ( be+ utilis$4 ,rice 9 ^! localities is "o ( ! few unmanur$ crops1 & is plant$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season4 ,! h>ve/+ is done ab\t ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 & ! paddy or husk-rice is clean$ by soak+ ! gra9 9 hot wat]1 dry+ 9 ! sun & !n p\nd+ 9 a wood5 mort>4 ,! *aff is w9n[$1 & a fairly clean rice ) a slight r$di% t9t rema9s4 ,all ! rice appe>s to be ( ! same type1 & is held 9 high e/imation = its nutriti\s quality4 ,! import$ :ite rices1 :i* occasionally ent] ! c\ntry1 are reg>d$ ) less fav\r ?an ! local k9d4 ,x is possible to develop ! cultivation ( ! crop 9 ! valleys ( all ! l>ge riv]s1 & x seems probable t1 ) improv$ me?ods ( irrigation1 two crops might be gr[n annually4 ,a sample ( rice f ,ilor9 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute prov$ to be ab\t equal 9 quality to av]age ,b5gal rice 7,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 vii4 #aiji1 p4 #adi71 b x is improbable t x w\ld at pres5t prove remun]ative to export ?is rice to ,europe4 ,a good m>ket might1 h[ev]1 be f\nd = x at ! coa/ ports ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 :]e import$ rice is 9 dem&4 ,x might be necess>y1 9 ord] to compete ) ! pres5t trade1 to gr[ & prep>e a clean] 7less r$7 v>iety1 :i* w\ld resemble m ne>ly ! import$ k9ds1 & to ?is end ! acclimatis$ ,am]ican rice ( ,si]ra ,leone might be tri$ 7cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xv4 #aiag74 ,,sug>-,,cane4--,! cultivation ( sug>-cane 7,sac*>um (fic9ale7 is conf9$ to small pat*es or /rips ( l& on ! edges ( rice fields1 :]e x may be said to be "u irrigation4 ,! ,haussa "n is 8,reke40 ,! prep>ation ( sug> does n appe> to be kn[n 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! sole use to :i* ! plant is put1 seems to be ! consumption ( ! gre5 /alks by ! inhabitants & _! cattle4 ,! v>iety se5 9 ,kano di/rict appe>s to h a r$di% /alk1 & cane is said to be a feature 9 ! ,maigana di/rict4 ,,legum9\s ,,plants4--,sev]al k9ds ( small beans are gr[n1 ( :i* ! mo/ valuable appe>s to be t kn[n z 8,wanki40 ,?is is a :ite-sk9n$ k9d1 simil> to1 b ab\t half ! size (1 ! :ite h>icot ( ,europe4 ,! cultivation ( ^! beans is some:at irregul>2 a few be+ occasionally s[n among ! millet & ,gu9ea-corn crops4 ,!y are app>5tly nev] gr[n z a sole crop4 ,a simil> bean ( a br[n col\r is common 9 ! ,bassa ,prov9ce1 b ! :ite bean is g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! 8,bamb>ra gr\ndnut0 7,vo&zeia subt]ranea7 is gr[n 9 a simil> mann] to ! common gr\ndnut 7,ara*is hypogea7 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to among ! export$ products4 ,! cultivation is simil>1 & ! plant is se5 occupy+ elevat$ ridges4 ,! ,haussa "n is 8,p>uru40 ,an unid5tifi$ bean1 :i* is call$ 8,girigiri10 has be5 describ$ z be+ gr[n by ! pagan ,gw>i tribes to ! s\? ( ,z>ia1 b ap>t f ! fact t x is mu* l>g] ?an ! 8,wanki0 bean1 no?+ seems to be kn[n ab\t x4 ,indian dhall 7,cajanus indicus71 frequ5tly t]m$ ! pigeon pea1 has be5 introduc$ into _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ) ! object ( induc+ ! native to gr[ a legum9\s crop1 :i* w\ld s]ve ! dual purpose ( provid+ a palatable food z well z be+ b5eficial to ! soil1 b 9 only a few localities d ! natives appe> to make use ( ! peas = food4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to gr[ ! plant ^u l& :i* has become some:at exhau/$ by ! repeat$ gr[? ( gra9 crops1 & to p]mit ! peas to rema9 ^u su* l& = two or ?ree seasons1 dur+ :i* "t !y w yield successive crops4 ,! b5eficial action :i* su* a plant ex]ts by nitrify+ ! soil1 & ! manurial value ( ! leaves1 :i* are %$ 9 ?ick pr(usion1 are important reasons = its introduction1 b ! value w n be fully appreciat$ until x has be5 adopt$ g5]ally z a food4 ,,soya ,,bean4--,! ,man*urian or soya bean 7,glyc9e hispida or soja71 :i* has ! additional m]it ( yield+ ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( a valuable oil1 & :i* is highly appreciat$ z ano!r k9d ( dhall 9 ,india1 is be+ exp]im5t$ ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa 7see ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 vol4 viii4 #aiaj1 p4 #dj74 ,! rec5t expansion 9 ! cultivation ( legum9\s crops is a promis+ /ep4 ,,cassava4--,among ! ,haussas z well z ! ,yorubas & ,nupes1 ! cultivation ( cassava 7,manihot utilissima7 is ext5sively c>ri$ on4 ,9 ,haussa cultivation x is an unmanur$ plant1 & is usually gr[n 9 sep>ate fields surr\nd$ by mud walls1 ?orn h$ges1 or ,gu9ea-corn matt+4 ,! gr\nd f :i* a crop ( cassava has be5 h>ve/$ is r>ely us$ = ,gu9ea corn2 ! succe$+ crop be+ usually cotton1 ) ! application ( manure4 ,9 ! ,nupe c\ntry1 ne> ,bida1 cassava is frequ5tly employ$ z a %ade crop = onions2 9 ?is case be+ plant$ ar\nd ! onion b$s & obta9+ ! b5efit ( ! high /ate ( cultivation1 manur+ & irrigation :i* is appli$ to t crop4 ,cassava gr[n "u ^! conditions is plant$ tw5ty days lat] ?an ! onions1 & is pull$ up a mon? lat]4 ,! pagan tribes ( ,z>ia1 & ! o!r prov9ces :]e !y are 9 great] numb]s1 d n seem to plant cassava4 ,! ,haussa "n giv5 to ! plant is 8,rogo40 ,,yams 7,dioscorea sativa1 etc474--,^! climb]s are commonly gr[n 9 ! moi/ valley ( ! ,nig] & 9 ! ,yoruba c\ntry ( ,ilor91 b are r>e & only an irrigat$ crop 9 ! m nor!rn c\ntries4 ,:]e !y are se51 !y are plant$ f root eyes ^u high m\nds ) dit*es damm$ to reta9 ! wat] betwe5 !m1 &1 until ! plant has gr[n up z a trail] ^u ! gr\nd1 "s feet 9 l5g?1 no supports are put 94 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! /raw cov]s1 :i* x is cu/om>y to place on ! apex ( ! yam m\nds1 are remov$ & an elaborate sy/em ( /akes1 to ! top ( ea* ( :i* /r+s are ti$ & conduct$ to ! gr\nd ne> ! gr[+ plant1 are put 91 & ! plants to ! numb] ( f\r or m are tra9$ to gr[ t[>ds ! top ( ea* /ake4 ,! l>ge :ite yam is *iefly gr[n1 & is call$ 9 ,haussa 8,doya40 ,yams atta9 l>ge dim5sions 9 ! damp localities1 b are small 9 ! dri] places4 ,colocasia antiquorum1 call$ by ! ,haussas 8,kamu10 is usually ref]r$ to z ! koko yam & is r>ely gr[n4 ,a few may be se5 9 ! wet localities & ne> ,z>ia1 :]e !y are plant$ 9 swamps ^u high m\nds or ridges4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes4--,?is crop is gr[n ev]y:]e1 & is ne>ly always unmanur$4 ,x is said t x =ms ! occupant ( ! l& ^u :i* ,gu9ea corn & millet are repeat$ly gr[n 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,kano di/rict 9 ! second & eigh? ye>--i4e4 twice 9 a p]iod ( eight ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> ( plantation1 ! ridges are said to be height5$4 ,ne> ,bida v high b$s are made = x1 resembl+ flat-topp$ m\nds1 ) an area ( sixte5 or m squ>e feet4 ,! ,haussas apply ! "n 8,dankali0 to ! root1 :i* is usually ( ! small :ite v>iety4 ,arti*okes & small ,root ,crops4--,! ,j]usalem arti*oke 7,helian?us tub]osus7 call$ 8,gwaza10 z well z 8,rizga0 7,plectran?us sp47 & 8,tumuku0 7probably ,plectran?us sp47 are cultivat$ by ! p liv+ to ! s\? ( ,z>ia ,t[n4 8,gwaza0 seems to be less plant$ ?an 8,rizga10 ! latt] be+ c>efully gr[n ^u select$ gr\nd :i* has be5 previ\sly ho$ & levell$1 ! surface be+ cov]$ ov] ) bran*es ( ,bauh9ia reticulata & o!r =e/ plants until ! /ems ( ! crop h rea*$ a height ( "o foot or m4 ,s+le /ems spr+ f ! root eyes :i* are plant$4 8,tumuku0 resembles 8,gwaza0 9 appe>ance1 b comes up 9 clu/]s ( /ems & is plant$ ^u m\nds4 ,all ! above roots are us$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! potato is employ$ 9 ,europe2 cassava alone be+ p\nd$ to make a k9d ( d\gh ball1 9 addition to be+ eat5 9 *opp$ up & boil$ =m4 ,onions4--,two k9ds ( onions are cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry3 ,allium cepa1 ! l>ge onion :i* is se5 to p]fection 9 ! ,kano m>kets1 & ,allium ascalonicum :i* is usually t]m$ ! %allot1 & is cultivat$ to a l>g] ext5t 9 ! localities :]e manure is sc>ce4 ,! v>iety ( l>ge onion gr[n 9 ,kano is p9k ^u ! outside1 & = ?is reason1 accord+ to inquiries conduct$ by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 is said to be q unsuitable = ! ,engli% m>ket2 ! :ite ,egyptian onion be+ pref]r$4 ,cultivation4--,! cultivation ( onions is1 p]haps1 m c>efully c>ri$ out ?an t ( any o!r crop1 & may be describ$ f t se5 at ,lemu 9 ,nupe4 ,! se$ is s[n closely 9 b$s ( soil :i* h previ\sly be5 enri*$ ) manure1 & ! surface is cov]$ ) /raw until ! "y plants are a few in*es 9 height4 ,transplant+ into new b$s1 :i* are /rewn ) c[ & goat manure1 is ! next op]ation1 ! plants be+ put 9 at ab\t #d-f in*es ap>t4 ,! :ole cultivation is done dur+ ! dry season1 & ! b$s are irrigat$ by means ( *annels suppli$ ) wat] rais$ f /reams or wells1 9 ! nor? by %adufs1 or 9 ! ,nupe c\ntry by p convey+ ! wat] 9 calaba%es4 ,! m>ket price v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & is imm$iately influ5c$ by any r$uc$ supply4 ,!re is said to be a v good dem& = ! l>ge onions 9 ! ,s\!rn ,nig]ian m>kets1 & !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 gett+ !m to ,lagos1 z !y h be5 br\ght f ,kano to ,london 9 good condition4 ,m9or ,crops4--,okra 7,hibiscus escul5tus71 8,kubiewa10 a species ( ,solanum resembl+ a small tomato call$ 8,yalo10 ! sorrel ,hibiscus 7,h4 ,sabd>iffa7 call$ 8,yakwa10 a pumpk9 call$ 8,kubiwa10 & ! aub]g9e 7,solanum melong5a71 are gr[n ^u a small scale1 & *iefly 9 ! vic9ity ( h\ses4 ,,o!r ,,field ,,crops4 ,dye ,plants4--,indigo is ! *ief dye us$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & is prep>$ 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces f a species ( ,indig(]a1 :i* has n be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,9 ,ilor9 & ,kabba ! plant us$ is ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 & ! wild trees ( ?is species may be se5 pres]v$ 9 ! cultivat$ fields4 ,camwood1 a "n appli$ to ! r$ wood obta9$ f sev]al species ( ,pt]oc>pus & f ,baphia nitida1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 is obta9$ *iefly f ,p4 er9aceus 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 & is us$ by ! natives = /a9+ ! sk94 ,x is pres]v$ 9 ! fields cle>$ = gra9 cultivation4 ,h5na is obta9$ f ,lawsonia in]mis1 :i* is regul>ly plant$ z a sole crop 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces & ,kontagora4 ,! use ( x is g5]ally to replace camwood z a r$ dye :]e t tree is sc>ce4 ,tobacco4--,! cultivation ( tobacco 7,nicotiana tabacum7 is c>ri$ on 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 b = native use is g5]ally made into snuff or into ropes1 plaits1 & t>gets1 = sale 9 ^? places :]e x is smok$4 7,cf4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cb47 ,! crop is usually gr[n 9 ! riv] valleys1 & is irrigat$ c>efully4 ,manure 9 ! =m ( h\se sweep+s1 a%es1 & cattle-%$ refuse is always appli$1 & ! crop consi/s ( leaves ( all sizes & ages /ripp$ f ! plant at ! same "t4 ,! prep>ation ( ! tobacco usually consi/s 9 dry+ ! leaves spread ^u mats or ^u s& 9 ! sun4 ,:5 flaccid !y are twi/$ into ropes or plaits 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are aft]w>ds sold1 or !y are completely dri$ & p\nd$ up4 ,9 ,ilor9 an attempt has be5 made to prep>e ! leaves ti$ up 9 flat bundles1 & ?is me?od has m rec5tly be5 tri$ at ! ,b>o prison f>m1 b ! previ\s cur+ has g5]ally prov$ ineffici5t & requires m att5tion4 ,x is unlikely t tobacco fit = export w be produc$ except "u exp]t guidance4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,beeswax4--,bees are kept 9 _m ( ! l>ge villages1 & are se5 9 hives plac$ 9 trees ne> ! l>ge t[ns 9 ,kano & ,z>ia especially4 ,honey is employ$ 9 ! c\ntry z a sub/itute = sug>4 ,! wax is n greatly valu$1 & is frequ5tly ?r[n away1 al?\gh x seems to be ( fair quality4 ,locu/ ,bean4--,! tree :i* furni%es ! well-kn[n locu/ bean 7,p>kia filicoidea7 is call$ 8,dor[a0 by ! ,haussas4 ,! beans1 :i* are produc$ 9 clu/]s1 conta9 a sweet-ta/+ yell[ fl\r-l sub/ance1 :i* is us$ = mak+ a bev]age4 ,9 ?is fl\r-l sub/ance ! flatt5$ se$s are plac$1 & ^! are greatly appreciat$ = mak+ into cakes1 9 ! process ( :i* !y are boil$ & app>5tly decompos$4 ,! empty pods ( ! bean are boil$ & us$ = mak+ a /rong cem5t us$ 9 floor+1 etc4 ,! pods h be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & appe> to be unsuitable = export z a fe$+-/uff ow+ to _! fibr\s nature 7see ,report by ,pr(essor ,dun/an on 8,cotton1 ,gum1 & ,o!r ,economic ,products f ,nor!rn ,nig]ia0 7,cd4 #bggh #aije71 p4 #ba74 ,fig4 #cj %[s a locu/ bean tree 9 ,ilor94 ,date ,palms 7,phnix dactylif]a7 & ! fruit ( ! ,run palm 7,borassus flabellif]71 8,gig9ia0 7,haussa71 are us$ = food & are sometimes sold 9 ! m>kets t[>ds ! s\?1 be+ commonly se5 9 ,kano4 ,,cattle4--,l>ge numb]s ( cattle are mov$ ab\t ?r\gh ! c\ntry nor? ( ! #aa? degree1 :]e ! tsetse fly does n appe> to occur4 ,! 8,c[ ,fulani0 is ! race ^: "w is conf9$ to ! c>e ( cattle & ! sale ( milk & butt]4 ,^! p h no fix$ abode1 b move ) ! cattle to localities suitable to ! season4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 ( a ,c[ ,fulani woman sell+ milk at ,gw>i1 a t[n s\? ( ,z>ia 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! cattle are l>ge & hump$ simil> to ! ,indian ,zebu type1 al?\gh 9 "s places ! /raight-back$ k9d1 :i* are common 9 ! s\?1 are se54 ,,silk4--,f\r k9ds ( silkworm are collect$ = ! sp9n+ ( y>n us$ 9 ! embroid]y on ! ,haussa g[ns4 ,! be/ ( ^! is t :i* fe$s ^u ! ,tam>9d tree1 8,tsamia10 & is t]m$ 8,tsamian tsamia40 ,! silk cocoons are collect$ 9 ,bau*i ,prov9ce & are boil$ 9 wat] ) wood a%es1 & subsequ5tly wa%$4 ,! silk becomes ne>ly :ite1 & is c>d$ & spun into y>n 9 ! same mann] z cotton4 ,! species ( insect :i* produces ?is silk has n yet be5 id5tifi$1 b is almo/ c]ta9ly ref]able to ! g5us ,anaphe 7cf4 p4 #aag74 ,a second quality ( silk is t call$ 8,tsamian doka10 & is obta9$ f ! cocoon masses produc$ by ! l>v ( ,anaphe ,moloneyi1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! same locality1 fe$+ ^u ! 8,bok9 doka0 tree1 :i* has be5 det]m9$ to be a species ( ,macrolobium4 ,sev]al hundr$ worms congregate toge!r & =m a solid mass ( pale br[n tubul> cocoons ^u ! b>k ( ! tree1 cov]+ ! out] surface ) a :iti% envelope ( silk4 ,?is silk is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! o!r1 b1 aft] boil+ & wa%+1 does n become :ite4 ,two o!r species1 :i* are us$ = ! same purpose1 are call$ 8,tsamian fakali0 & 8,tsamian bauri10 & fe$ on ano!r species ( ,macrolobium & a ,ficus respectively4 ,!y produce inf]ior k9ds ( silk4 ,mu* int]e/ is atta*$ to ^! ,anaphe silks1 :i*1 9 rec5t ye>s1 h be5 develop$ 9 ! ,g]man ,colonies ( ,ea/ ,africa1 especially1 on a comm]cial scale4 ,x is report$ t1 j previ\s to ! decl>ation ( w>1 ,g]man ag5ts 9 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa made endeav\rs to obta9 z mu* ( ! wild silk z possible f ,nig]ia4 ,plantations ( a species ( ,bridelia1 ! common food plant ( ,anaphe infracta1 7 made 9 ! late ,g]man ,colonies1 & special ma*9]y 0 9 use !re = ! production ( a comm]cial silk4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! values ( ! *ief export$ products f ,nig]ia z a :ole1 f #aiac to #aiai3-- #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf ,palm k]nels #c1aji1hah #b1eda1aej #a1fib1gab #a1gci1gjf ,palm oil #a1hed1chd #a1ega1fia #a1dfb1afb #a1djb1gii ,cocoa #aeg1dhj #aga1gea #cac1idf #cic1aja ,cotton l9t #aei1bbc #aej1gia #ef1cea #bdc1idi ,mahogany & timb] #ajf1jej #hf1ebb #ed1eei #di1cfa ,gr\ndnuts #agd1gaf #agi1bai #gb1agg #dgc1fec ,hides & sk9s #aig1bad #eje1ghe #cjb1dbj #ech1iag ,%ea products #gd1dga #eb1hdc #fi1hbc #cb1ebi ,rubb] -- #ch1hed #ch1aac #cd1aib ,b5nise$ -- -- #e1bbe #af1ebc ,cont9u$3 #aiag #aiah #aiai ,palm k]nels #b1eha1gjb #c1bbf1cjf #d1idg1iie ,palm oil #a1hhb1iig #b1faj1ddh #d1bde1hic ,cocoa #dii1jjd #bce1hgj #a1jfg1fge ,cotton l9t #bcd1cch #ig1cii #dhd1gdd ,mahogany & timb] #ba1bhb #fh1dhj #aaf1hbj ,gr\ndnuts #gaj1cjh #ibj1acg #fih1gjb ,hides & sk9s #aih1ccb #bic1jai #a1bfb1adb ,%ea products #dj1ahi #d1hhd #cg1bbb ,rubb] #cb1cej #ai1ffg #dc1ijc ,b5nise$ #b1hgf #fif #ec1eda ,,index ,abassi1 #aaj ,abbradi1 #dd 8,abe bobe10 #ga1 #ajj 8,abe dam10 #gj1 #ajj 8,abe ,oh5e10 #ga1 #ajj ,abeokuta1 #aai ,abeokuta-,ibadan1 #ajf 8,abe pa10 #bb1 #gj1 #ajj1 #acb ,abetifi1 #dc 8,abe tuntum10 #gj ,abrotoo1 #dd ,abuko1 #c1 #d ,aburi1 #dg1 #di1 #eg1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #gi ,acacia1 #hi1 #ia1 #abb1 #acd ,acacia albida1 #acd ,acacia arabica1 #ac1 #fb1 #hi1 #acd1 #adc ,acacia ,caffra1 #acd ,acacia mellif]a1 #acd ,acacia ,s5egal1 #acd ,acacia ,sieb]iana1 #hi ,acacia ,v]ek1 #acd ,accra1 #ef1 #ajf ,accra copal1 #hb1 #ajf ,accras1 #dd 8,a*a10 #aed ,adampes1 #dd ,adda1 #ij ,adm9i/ration1 #aba 8,affia-ko-jub10 #ajj ,african mahogany1 #gb ,african mango1 #ajc ,african rubb]1 #ei ,afzelia africana1 #gb1 #aai ,agb$e1 #ie1 #aji1 #aab 8,agbesi10 #add ,agege1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aac ,agoonahs1 #dd ,agriculture 9 ,haussal&1 #acc ,ahantas1 #dd ,ah$ua1 #gb ,aim5sa1 #ef 8,akee apple10 #ie ,akim1 #gc ,akims1 #de 8,ak-poro-jub10 #ajj 8,akwabohori10 #gb 8,alkama10 #aef ,allium escalonicum1 #afj ,allium cepa1 #afj ,al/onia congo5sis1 #aje ,al/onia sp41 #fb ,am$ika1 #gg ,amelonado1 #df ,am]ican rice1 #aeg ,anaphe infracta1 #ha1 #aag1 #afc ,anaphe ,moloneyi1 #afc ,anaphe v5ata1 #ha1 #aag ,angola1 #ga ,ankobra1 #gb ,annatto1 #ed ,anogeissus leioc>pus1 #if ,anti>is toxic>ia v>4 africana1 #gd ,anum1 #gg ,aphis sorghi1 #ab1 #aec ,apis mellif]a v>4 ,adansonii1 #aj1 #dj1 #ia ,apocynace1 #fd ,appolonias1 #dd1 #gd ,aquapim1 #dd ,ara*is hypoga1 #c1 #f1 #hd1 #aae1 #acb1 #aeh 8,arib$da10 #abh ,armato/]na buquetiana1 #ea ,aros1 #id ,arti*okes1 #abd1 #afj ,a%anti1 #dc1 #dd1 #ia ,a%anti-,akim1 #dg1 #ea ,a%anti k+s1 #fc 8,a%anti lump10 #fj 8,a%m\ni10 #aaj 8,asidig]o10 #aeb 8,asidonono10 #aea ,askia1 #hf 8,asoge-e-jub10 #ajj ,aspidiotus de/ructor1 #aag ,ass91 #dd 8,attifufu10 #abh ,aub]g9e1 #afa 8,au-su-ku10 #ajj ,axim1 #dg1 #fc1 #ff1 #gb1 #gd1 #hj ,badagri1 #if1 #aag ,baga1 #bd 8,bagg>ua10 #adc 8,bajra10 #aed ,bakau1 #i1 #aj 8,bako10 #gb ,baku1 #aef 8,balata10 #abg1 #abh 8,balsam ( ,copaiba10 #ij1 #adg 8,bamb>ra0 gr\ndnut1 #aeh ,bananas1 #ci1 #ie 8,ba[e10 #ag1 #ah ,baphia nitida1 #cg1 #hc1 #if1 #afa ,b>betu1 #hf ,b>k clo?1 #gd ,b>o1 #aba1 #acj1 #acg ,b>o-,kano ,railway1 #aca1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada ,b>o ,prison ,f>m1 #afb ,basel ,mission1 #dg ,bassa1 #aai1 #abj1 #abf1 #abh1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ade1 #adh1 #aeg 8,bassi10 #ab ,ba?ur/1 #h1 #i1 #bi ,batkanu1 #bh ,bau*i1 #abj1 #abd1 #adb1 #add1 #afc ,bauh9ia reticulata1 #fb1 #afj ,beans1 #ac1 #hh1 #ie1 #aeg ,be]1 #he ,beeswax1 #aj1 #dj1 #ia1 #afb ,belgian ,congo1 #be ,b5di1 #ic ,b5gal rice1 #aeg ,b591 #ajg ,b59 ,city1 #ie ,b5is1 #id1 #ie ,b5nise$1 #abd1 #abg1 #adb1 #afd ,b5ue1 #acg1 #add1 #aea ,betel nut1 #gc1 #aaf ,bida1 #acb1 #acg1 #aei1 #afj ,bissao1 #bi 8,black arm10 #aab 8,black dye10 #add ,black gram1 #db ,black oil1 #ih 8,black ,rattl]10 #gi1 #aaj 8,black smut10 #aec 8,black ,volta10 #dc1 #ij ,blea*+ gum1 #ace ,blighia sapida1 #ie ,bo1 #ah1 #bh1 #ch 8,bog&]i10 #aea ,boia1 #bd 8,bok9 doka10 #afc 8,bok9 sosia10 #aea ,bole1 #hf1 #hg ,bollworm1 #aab1 #aci ,borassus flabellif]1 #afb ,bordeaux mixture1 #eb1 #fc ,bor]s 7copal71 #hb ,borgu1 #abb ,bor+ beetles1 #ea1 #fe ,bornu1 #abj1 #abd1 #acd1 #aci1 #aeb1 #aef ,bread mak+1 #aef ,bridelia sp41 #afd ,briti% ,cotton ,cultivation1 #ab1 #gh1 #aaj1 #acf1 #adj ,briti% ,cotton ,gr[+ ,association1 #cc1 #gg1 #hj1 #hg1 #hh1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aca1 #ace1 #adj1 #ada ,br[n beans1 #aeg 8,br[n clu/]10 #abh 8,br[n m$ium10 #abh ,buettn]ie1 #df ,bullelai1 #c ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ad1 #bc1 #bh1 #ci1 #dj1 #ei1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #hj1 #hb1 #ij1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #abe1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa ,bullom1 #af1 #ch1 #dj 8,bulru% millet10 #aeb1 #aed ,bumban1 #bd ,burkea africana1 #hi 8,bu%10 #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #hd1 #id ,butt]1 #ij1 #aae1 #acj1 #adb1 #afc ,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii1 #ij1 #aae1 #abh1 #acj ,cajanus indicus1 #db1 #hh1 #aeh 8,calabacillo10 #df ,calab>1 #aje ,calaba%1 #ia1 #add 8,cambodia0 cotton1 #cd ,camwood1 #cg1 #hc1 #if1 #afa ,canavalia ensi=mis1 #db ,c&les1 #gj1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aae1 #acj ,capnodium sp41 #aec ,capsicum annuum1 #bi1 #ada ,capsicum frutesc5s1 #bi1 #ada ,capsicum sp41 #hd ,capsid1 #ajf ,c>acas1 #df ,c>acas1 #eg ,c>apa proc]a1 #ga ,c>avans1 #gc1 #acf1 #adc ,c>pod9us1 #if ,c>pod9us hirsutus1 #fe1 #ajd1 #abh ,casamance ,riv]1 #b1 #f ,cassava1 #c1 #ac1 #ai1 #de1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #ie1 #aad1 #abe1 #abf1 #ach1 #aeh1 #afj ,ca/illoa ela/ica1 #aj1 #fe ,cat* crops1 #di ,cattle1 #b1 #c1 #ef1 #gc1 #ia1 #aah1 #abd1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afb1 #afc ,cattle food1 #aac1 #adb1 #aea1 #aed ,cayor1 #f ,ce>a rubb]1 #i1 #fe1 #ajc1 #abi1 #acj ,c5tral ,prov9ce1 #abj1 #abb ,c]cospora p]sonata1 #ch 8,*5a10 #de ,*ew /icks1 #if ,*illies1 #ada ,*9a grass1 #cc ,*loridea obsoleta1 #aab1 #aci ,*lorita flavesc5s1 #aab ,*lorophora excelsa1 #fb1 #gb1 #aah ,clif=d1 ,sir ,hugh1 #ff ,clit&ra ela/ica1 #ajd ,clit&ra laxiflora1 #bg ,clit&ra ,manni1 #bg ,clo?1 native1 #cd ,cocoa1 #ch1 #de1 #df1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ajf1 #afd ,cocoa-b>k bug1 #ea ,cocoa bor]1 #ea ,cocoa butt]1 #df ,cocoa1 col\r+1 #ed ,cocoa1 tables ( exports (1 #ei1 #ajg ,,coco9e1 #fg ,coconut1 #fg1 #hc1 #if1 #aag ,cocoons1 #ha1 #aag1 #afc ,cocos1 #fg ,cocos nucif]a1 #hc ,c(fea ,lib]ica1 #ci ,c(fea robu/a1 #ff ,c(fea /5ophylla1 #ci ,c(fee1 #ci1 #dg1 #ff ,coir1 #hc ,colocasia antiquorum1 #hd1 #aae1 #aei ,colocasia yams1 #ie1 #abf ,colopt]a1 #hb ,colopt]\s l>v1 #adg ,communal rubb] plantations1 #ajc ,congo1 #ij ,conoph>yngia crassa1 #fb ,conoph>yngia sp41 #aje ,cook+ oils1 #hh1 #ij ,coops1 #ia ,copaif]a ,guib\rtiana1 #cg ,copal1 #cg1 #ha1 #hi1 #ib1 #if1 #ajf1 #adg ,copal res91 #abg ,copra1 #hc1 #ib1 #if ,cor*orus1 #cc ,cor*orus capsul>is1 #ac1 #cb ,cotton1 #aa1 #cc1 #gd1 #hg1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ajh1 #abd1 #abg1 #ace1 #ada1 #aei1 #afc1 #afd ,cotton1 cultivation (1 #aaa1 #adj ,cotton l9t /a9]1 #aab1 #aci ,cotton se$ bugs1 #aaj1 #aci ,cotton se$-cake1 #aac ,cotton se$s1 #aac1 #adh ,c[ ,fulani1 #afc ,c[pea1 #db1 #abe1 #acc ,crabnut1 #ga ,criollo1 #df1 #eg ,cross ,riv]1 #id1 #aae1 #aah ,,cucurbitace1 #hd 8,culpepp]'s ,big ,boll10 #aaj ,cundeamor1 #eg ,cu/>d apples1 #he 8,cutlass10 #bb1 #ej1 #eb 8,cutlass bean10 #ajc ,cyano?yrsus oblongus1 #hd1 #if1 #ajf ,cyano?yrsus ogea1 #ajf ,cyano?yrsus sp41 #gb1 #ajf ,daboya1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia ,dag>tis1 #hf ,dagomba1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #aef ,dahomey1 #bi1 #aja1 #abj ,daka ,riv]1 #dc ,dak>1 #bi ,dakman1 #aef 8,danc+0 cocoa1 #ed ,daniella ?urif]a1 #hi1 #abh1 #adg 8,dankali40 #afj 8,danko ,gawa10 #abi 8,danko ,kada9ya10 #abi ,date palm1 #afb ,dauro1 #aed 8,dawa10 #aea 8,dawadawa10 #ib ,d5k]a1 #dd 8,d]ba10 #aec 8,dhall10 #hh1 #aeh 8,dhoole10 #cd1 #aji 8,dhura10 #aea 8,difumbe10 #ga ,digit>ia t]nata1 #aed ,dioscorea alata1 #hh ,dioscorea colocasifolia1 #hh ,dioscorea sativa1 #hh1 #aei ,dioscorea sp41 #hd1 #aae ,diospyros sp41 #aah ,dip>opsis ca/anea1 #aab 8,dj5je10 #bg ,dod[a1 #ef ,doli*os lablab1 #db 8,domana10 #aec ,dombeya buettn]i1 #if ,donkeys1 #gc1 #abf 8,dor[a10 #afb 8,doya10 #aei ,dress$ sk9s1 #abg 8,dub9i10 #gb 8,dumj]i10 #aba ,dun/an1 ,pr(essor ,wyndham1 #ab1 #gh1 #aaj1 #acf1 #adj1 #afb ,dw>f cattle1 #aai ,dw>f goats1 #aai ,dw>f horses1 #aai ,dysd]cus nigr(asciatus1 #gf ,dysd]cus sup]/itiosus1 #aab1 #aci ,e>ias biplaga1 #aci ,e>ias imbricata1 #aab ,e>ias insulana1 #aab1 #aci ,e>ias sp41 #aci ,e>!nw>e1 #aai 8,e>? pea40 ,see ,gr\ndnut ,ea/]n agriculture1 #abd ,ea/]n ,akim1 #dg ,ea/]n ,sudan1 #hf 8,ebo10 #abh ,ebony1 #aag1 #aah ,ebute ,metta1 #aje 8,eduege-,eyop10 #ajj 8,efi-ako-,eyop10 #ajj ,egga1 #acg ,egg-plant1 #ie ,egypt1 #hf1 #abd ,egyptian boll-worm1 #aab1 #aci ,egyptian cotton1 #aa1 #gf1 #gh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #acf1 #acg ,egyptian :eat1 #aee ,eket1 #ajg ,elis gu9e5sis1 #aa1 #ai1 #fg1 #gj1 #acb ,elis ,?ompsonii1 #ga1 #ajj ,elephants1 #hh ,eleus9e coracana1 #aee ,embroid]y1 silk1 #afc ,ent&rophragma sp41 #aah 8,eponkon10 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,euphorbia1 #abf 8,fai0 or 8,fawe0 beans1 #dj ,fall[1 #ach ,fam9e conditions1 #abf1 #adi ,fan palm1 #g 8,f&e ,wa10 #cd ,fanti1 #be1 #dd1 #gd 8,f>af>a10 #aea 8,f>9 rama10 #add ,f>m]s' ,association1 #cj 8,fata9ya10 #abe ,f]n&o ,po1 #ch1 #df1 #dg1 #eg ,feti% nut1 #ajj ,fibre prep>ation1 #ade ,fibres1 #ac1 #ag1 #ca1 #hj1 #hi1 #if1 #aaf1 #abg1 #add1 #adf ,fibr\s plants1 #id1 #ade ,fibr\s pulp 7oil palm71 #ig ,ficus1 #ei1 #fe1 #abh1 #afc ,ficus platyphylla1 #abh ,ficus tra*yphylla1 #abi ,ficus ,vogelii1 #i1 #fe1 #abi ,fig rubb]1 #fe 8,f9di10 #ab 8,fir/ ,nigg]s10 #ajd 8,flake rubb]10 #fe1 #abh ,floods1 #ab ,fl\r1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef ,fogni1 #b1 #h ,fogola1 #ade 8,folio10 #i ,food crops1 #adh 8,=a/]o10 #df 8,=a/]o-,amelonado10 #dg1 #eg ,=e/ produce1 #abg ,=e/ products1 #de1 #id ,=e/ res]ve1 #aai1 #acj ,=e/ry1 #db ,=k 8kodalli hoe10 #ag ,fossil copal1 #hb1 #ajf ,f\lahs1 #a1 #af ,f\r-ey$ palm-nuts1 #ajj ,f[ls1 #ia ,fra-,fra potato1 #hi ,freet[n1 #bg1 #bh1 #dj ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 #bh1 #abj ,fr5* ,sudan1 #dc1 #abj ,fruit1 #ci1 #ie ,fuel1 #ig1 #aai ,fulani1 #a1 #abb1 #abd ,funtumia africana1 #bf1 #fj1 #fb1 #aje ,funtumia ela/ica1 #aj1 #bf1 #fj1 #ff1 #ie1 #if1 #ajc1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj ,funtumia rubb]1 #bg1 #bh1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #ajc ,furniture mak+1 #aah ,gall9as1 #af1 #ci ,gambaga1 #he ,gambaga-,kumassi ,road1 #hf ,gambia1 #ch1 #hh1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajj ,,gambia1 introductory rem>ks1 geographical position1 #a2 area & population1 #a2 tribes1 #a2 political divisions1 #b2 natural conditions1 #b2 *ief crops1 #c2 implem5ts1 #c2 pl\gh+1 #c2 l& t5ure1 #c2 lab\r1 #d2 agricultural s*ools1 #d2 *ief exports1 #e2 ,,gr\nd ,,nuts1 uses1 #e2 classification & description1 #f2 ,,rubb]1 #h2 ,,beeswax1 #aj2 ,,palm ,,k]nels1 #aa2 ,,cotton1 #aa2 ,,gra91 #ab2 ,,root ,,& ,,o!r ,,crops1 #ac2 ,,tann+1 #ac2 ,,fibres1 #ac2 ,,timb]1 #ac2 ,,trade1 #ad ,gambian gr\ndnut1 #acb 8,gamopale10 #gj 8,g>a10 #ci 8,g>ma10 #abe 8,gawo10 #acd ,gbemas1 #af 8,gboi-gboi10 #bf 8,g$a10 #acb ,geidam1 #aba ,gele*iad1 #aab ,gele*ia gossypiella1 #aab 8,georgia0 cotton1 #aaj1 #aab ,g]man ,african ,colonies1 #abi1 #afc ,g]man ports1 #acd ,g]man t]ritory1 #hf1 #ajd 8,g]o10 #aeb1 #aed 8,gig9ia10 #afb ,g+elly1 #adb ,g+]1 #cj ,g9n]y1 #cc1 #gg1 #ajh ,g9n+ c5tres1 #acg ,g9n+ ma*9es1 #gg ,g9s1 #gf 8,gir10 #aed 8,girigiri10 #aeh 8,giro10 #aed ,gl5ea sp41 #ea ,gliad91 #aef ,gloss9a morsitans1 #ia ,gloss9a pallidipes1 #ia1 #aai ,gloss9a palpalis1 #ia1 #aai ,glut51 #aef ,glyc]9e1 #gj ,glyc9e hispida1 #aeh ,glyc9e soja1 #db1 #aeh ,glyphodes ocellata1 #fc ,goat manure = :eat1 #aee ,goat sk9s1 #ac1 #aaf1 #adb ,gob]1 #abc ,gola ,=e/1 #bf ,gold ,coa/1 #a1 #aj1 #bb1 #bg1 #bi1 #cf1 #ii1 #aaf1 #acb1 #ade1 #adh ,,gold ,,coa/1 ,,a%anti ,,& ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritories1 introductory rem>ks1 geographical position1 #dc2 area & population1 #dc2 divisions1 #dc2 ,,"p ,i4 ,,gold ,,coa/ ,,& ,,a%anti1 orig9 ( tribes1 #dd2 ,,cocoa1 #de2 prun+1 #ej2 insect pe/s & vegetable p>asites1 #ej2 h>ve/+ & prep>+1 #eb2 m>kets1 #ed2 improvem5t ( quality1 #ef2 exports1 #ei2 ,,rubb]1 indig5\s species1 #ei2 8,(runtum0 tree1 #ei2 di/ribution ( ,funtumia ela/ica1 #fj2 native me?ods ( prep>+1 #fj2 improv$ me?ods1 #fb2 plantations1 #fc2 insect pe/1 #fc2 fungoid pe/1 #fc2 rubb] ma*9]y1 #fc2 v9e rubb]1 #fd2 fig rubb]1 #fe2 introduc$ species1 #fe2 ,,palm ,,oil ,,& ,,k]nels1 #ff2 habits ( ! oil palm1 #fg2 prep>ation ( palm oil1 #fh2 k]nel oil1 #fi2 comm]cial uses1 #fi2 v>ieties ( oil palms1 #gj2 ,,o!r ,,oil ,,se$s1 #ga2 ,,timb]1 mahogany1 #gb2 o!r timb] trees1 #gb2 ,,kola1 #gc2 ,,cotton1 #gd2 ,am]ican & o!r exotic cottons1 #gh2 attempts at hybridisation1 #gh2 valuation ( samples at ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #gi2 ,,fibres1 #hj2 ,,silk1 #ha2 ,,copal1 #ha2 ,,copra1 #hc2 ,,dyes & ,,pigm5ts1 #hc2 ,indigo1 #hc2 ,,field ,,crops1 #hd2 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritories1 tribes1 #he2 ,,field ,,crops1 #hg2 cotton1 #hg2 o!r field crops1 #hh2 fibre1 #hi2 tobacco1 #hi2 ,,gums1 #hi2 ,,wood ,,oil1 #hi2 ,,%ea ,,butt]1 #ij2 ,,rubb]1 #ij2 ,,dyes1 #ij2 ,,beeswax1 #ia2 ,,lea!r1 #ia2 ,,cattle ,,& ,,p\ltry1 #ia2 ,,exports1 #ib ,gongola1 #aea ,gonjas1 #he ,gossypium arboreum v>4 sangu9eum1 #acf ,g\rds1 #hd ,gpakas1 #af ,gra91 #ab1 #id ,grass clo?1 #gd ,grass fires1 #ij ,great or ,indian millet1 #aea 8,gre5 se$0 cotton1 #ge1 #gh ,gr\ndnut1 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #ab1 #ad1 #ch1 #db1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ib1 #ie1 #if1 #aae1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #acb1 #acc1 #adb1 #aeh1 #afd ,gr\ndnut1 orig9 (1 #f ,grun%is1 #hf ,gu>ea1 #aah ,guavas1 #he1 #ie 8,gu9ea corn10 #c1 #ab1 #da1 #gc1 #hd1 #hg1 #hh1 #ie1 #abd1 #abf1 #acg1 #adb1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aei 8,gu9ea f[ls10 #ia ,gums & res9s1 #cg1 #ha1 #hg1 #abg1 #acd ,gur>a1 #aea 8,gutta10 #abh ,guttap]*a1 #abg1 #abi 8,gutta-%ea10 #acj1 #aca ,gw>i1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afc 8,gwaza10 #afj ,hamburg1 #acd ,h& pl\gh1 #c 8,h>d0 oil1 #ig ,haussa1 #ac1 #gd1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #acb1 #add1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb ,haussa ,l&1 #abb ,head load z trad+ /&>d1 #ed ,head loads1 #gc1 #ia ,h$ges1 #abf ,helian?us tub]osus1 #afj ,helopeltis1 #eb ,helopeltis ,antonii1 #eb ,h5na1 #afa ,hevea brasili5sis1 #aj1 #bh1 #fa1 #fe1 #abi1 #acj ,hibiscus1 #ac1 #hi1 #aaf1 #adj1 #add1 #adf ,hibiscus escul5tus1 #ac1 #cb1 #hd1 #afa ,hibiscus gu9e5sis1 #if1 #ade ,hibiscus lun>iifolius1 #add1 #ade ,hibiscus qu9quelobus1 #cb ,hibiscus sabd>iffa1 #hi1 #ade1 #afa ,hides1 #abg1 #afd ,hippopotami1 #hh ,hoe1 #c1 #ag1 #hg1 #abe ,hol>rh5a ,wulfsburgii1 #aje ,honckya ficifolia1 #ca ,honey1 #dj1 #ia1 #afb ,horse beans1 #db ,horse food1 #aeb ,horses1 #b1 #ia ,husk+ rice1 #aef ,hybridisation1 cotton1 #gh1 #aji1 #aaa ,ibadan1 #ig1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag1 #aci 8,iboru10 #aee ,ibos1 #id ,ida1 #aje 8,ifa10 #ajj ,ifon1 #ie1 #aai ,ijoas1 #id ,il>o1 #aaf ,ile%a1 #aai ,ill>a1 #aai ,illu%i1 #aji1 #aac ,ilor91 #aaj1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #abc1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb ,immunity f fly disease1 #aai ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 #ab1 #cd1 #eg1 #fb1 #gj1 #ga1 #gi1 #hb1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aca1 #ace1 #acf1 #ade1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb ,implem5ts1 agricultural1 #ah1 #abe ,inc5se1 #adg1 #adh ,indig5\s cotton1 #aji ,indigo1 #ac1 #cd1 #ci1 #hc1 #ij1 #ie1 #aai1 #add1 #afa ,indig(]a sp41 #ac1 #ci1 #hc1 #hh1 #ie1 #afa ,ink1 #ac ,insect pe/s1 #ej1 #hg1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aag1 #aci ,ipoma ,batatas1 #hd 8,ire10 #abh 8,irk-eyop10 #ajj 8,iroko10 #aah ,irrigat$ crops1 #abf1 #aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #afa ,irrigation1 #id1 #acg1 #adb1 #ade1 #aee1 #aeg ,irv+ia ,b>t]i1 #ajc ,i%an1 #aab1 #aai ,i%ans1 #ie ,itu1 #ajg 8,ivioronmila10 #ajj ,ivory ,coa/1 #fb ,iwo1 #aac 8,jan>i10 #aea 8,jannovit*10 #aaj ,j>s1 #aai ,java beans1 #db 8,jawe10 #bg ,jebba1 #acg1 #ada ,jebu1 #ih ,jolahs1 #a1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #aa ,jol(fs1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d ,ju>1 #aea ,jute1 #ac1 #ca1 #hj1 #ha1 #hi1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg ,jute sub/itute1 #aaf1 #adf ,kabba1 #abj1 #abh1 #ace1 #adb1 #ade1 #adh1 #afa 8,kabe-kalako10 #ajj 8,kada9ya10 #acj ,kaduna ,riv]1 #adh1 #aea1 #aef ,ka9abai1 #bd 8,kalal10 #ag1 #ah ,kamabai1 #bd ,kam]un1 #bc1 #be1 #gj1 #ga1 #aja1 #abj 8,kamu10 #aei ,kangahun1 #cb ,kano1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,kano lea!r1 #ia1 #adb ,k>aga1 #hf 8,k>&effi10 #add1 #aeb 8,k>antalaka10 #aeb 8,k>antudi10 #add ,k>5e1 #ch 8,k>i10 #ag1 #ah 8,k>u10 #acd 8,k>u wai10 #ag1 #ah ,kataguni1 #aba 8,katala10 #ag1 #ah 8,katala kabana10 #ag1 #ah ,kats5a1 #abd 8,kaura-f]9-sosia10 #aea 8,kawa10 #hi ,k]nel1 palm1 #aa1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #de1 #fi1 #ib1 #abg1 #acb1 #afd ,k]nel1 palm1 ,special ,committee1 #fi ,k]nel1 %ea1 #acj ,k]nels1 exports1 #ajb1 #abg ,k]nels1 palm1 export tax1 #aja ,khaki cotton1 #cd 8,kh>if10 #adb ,khaya1 #aah ,khaya s5egal5sis1 #ad1 #gb ,kicksia africana1 #fj 8,kidney0 cotton1 #ge1 #aji1 #aaj 8,k+ palm0 nut1 #ajj ,k+'s m>ket1 ,ibadan1 #aag 8,k9to10 #ab ,knepp1 #aba ,kobbo1 #i 8,kodalli0 =k-hoe1 #ag ,kog9-,s]ik9-,pawa ,riv]1 #aca ,ko9adugu1 #ae1 #bd 8,koko0 yams1 #hd1 #aae1 #aei ,kola acum9ata1 #bi1 #gc1 #aaf ,kolas1 #d1 #ag1 #ai1 #bi1 #dg1 #gc1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #aaf1 #adh ,kola v]a1 #bi1 #aaf ,kombe1 #he ,kommbo1 #b1 #aa ,konnohs1 #af ,kontagora1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #acd1 #ace1 #add1 #afa ,korankos1 #ac1 #af 8,korwey10 #cb ,kotoo1 #i1 #aj1 #ac ,kra*i1 #hg ,krepes1 #de1 #ge 8,krepi ball10 #fb1 #fd1 #fe ,krepi c\ntry1 #gf1 #he ,krims1 #af 8,krobo10 #hb1 #hc ,krobo ,hills1 #fg ,krobo plantations1 #fi ,krobos1 #de1 #fi 8,kubiewa10 #afa 8,kubiwa10 #afa ,kumassi1 #dc1 #dg1 #ee1 #fc1 #fd1 #gi ,kumassi ,agricultural ,exhibition1 #fd ,kussassis1 #hf ,kwahu1 #dg1 #ff1 #gc ,kwahus1 #de 8,kwakwa10 #ajj1 #acb ,kwalu1 #cg 8,kwonde10 #cd 8,laboji10 #adh ,labolabo1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hg 8,ladybird0 beetles1 #aag ,laf5wa1 #aac ,lagos1 #ab1 #ai1 #gd1 #ic1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aae1 #aaf1 #adh1 #afa 8,lagos f9e grade0 oil1 #ig ,lagos ,gov]nm5t ,railway1 #ace 8,lagos silk rubb]10 #aj1 #if ,lamm91 #d ,l&olphia1 #ij1 #if1 #abh ,l&olphia florida1 #ajd1 #abh1 #adh ,l&olphia ,heudelottii1 #h1 #bh ,l&olphia ow>i5sis1 #bg1 #bh1 #fb1 #fd1 #fe1 #ij1 #ajd1 #abh ,l&olphia s5egal5sis1 #ajd ,l&olphia ,?ollonii1 #ij ,l&olphia ,?ompsoni1 #ajd1 #abh1 #adh ,lapita1 #aae ,latex1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #bf1 #bh1 #fj1 #fa1 #fd1 #ajd1 #abi1 #adh ,latex-yield+ plants1 #ajd ,lawsonia in]mis1 #afa 8,leaf-bli/]+ blight10 #aab ,lea!r1 #ac1 #ia1 #if1 #aaf1 #adb1 #aeb ,,legum9os1 #f1 #hb1 #hc1 #adg ,legum9\s crops1 #aae1 #aea1 #aeg ,lemu1 #afj ,lev] ,bros41 #bd1 #be ,lib]ia1 #ae1 #bh1 #hj ,lic5ces to collect wild rubb]1 #ajc1 #aje ,limbas1 #af ,lime juice1 #add ,limes1 #he 8,lisombe10 #bc1 #gj1 #ga1 #aja ,live/ock1 #abg ,lobis1 #hf ,locu/ beans1 #afb ,lokoja1 #aba1 #abh1 #acj1 #ace1 #aci1 #adj ,lokoja ,g9n]y1 #adj1 #ada1 #adh ,lon*oc>pus cyanesc5s1 #ci1 #ij1 #ie1 #add1 #afa ,longicorn beetles1 #ea ,looms1 #aa1 #cd ,lophira alata1 #dj1 #ajc ,lophira proc]a1 #dj ,lug>d1 ,sir ,fr$]ick1 #aba1 #abb ,lumb]1 #ib ,mabang1 #ah ,m',c>?y ,isl&1 #b 8,ma*ete10 #bb1 #ej ,ma*9]y1 rubb]1 #fd ,ma*9es = nut crack+1 #fi1 #ih ,macrolobium sp41 #afc ,madam ,yoko1 #bh ,mafokoyia1 #ba1 #bd ,mahogany1 #ad1 #gb1 #aag1 #aai1 #afd ,maifoni1 #aba 8,maiwa10 #aed ,maize1 #c1 #ab1 #ai1 #db1 #de1 #ge1 #hd1 #he1 #ie1 #if1 #aad1 #aae1 #abd1 #abf1 #adj1 #aea1 #aee 8,makafo dewayo10 #aea ,makump1 #bd ,mallams1 #d ,malt$ gra91 #aed ,mampong1 #dg ,mamprussi1 #he ,mamu1 #ajc 8,m&+o butt]10 #dj ,m&+oes1 #a1 #c1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #af ,mango1 ,african1 #ajc ,mangroves1 #a ,manihot ,glaziovii1 #i1 #fe1 #abi ,manihot palmata1 #ac ,manihot utilissima1 #hd1 #aeh ,manjagos1 #i ,mano1 #bh 8,manoh twi/10 #bg ,manure1 #di1 #id1 #abf1 #ach1 #adb1 #adg1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa ,manur+1 #abe ,m>seilles1 #h1 #ad1 #acd 8,mazgua10 #aeb ,meko1 #aji1 #aaa ,,meliace1 #gb1 #aah ,meliola1 #fc 8,memeluku10 #fe ,m5di1 #af1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj ,meteorological reports1 #ch1 #aej ,milk1 #aea1 #afc ,millet1 #c1 #ab1 #db1 #hg1 #hh1 #abd1 #abf1 #acg1 #adb1 #adi1 #aed1 #aeg ,mill+ trials1 #aef ,mimosa gr\p1 #abb ,mimusops sp41 #gb ,m9na1 #aee ,monkey nut4 ,see ,gr\ndnut ,monodora myri/ica1 #hi ,mordant1 #if ,morocco lea!r1 #adc ,mo%is1 #hf ,mossi1 #hf ,moyamba1 #bh1 #cc1 #cg ,mun*i1 #acg ,muri1 #abj1 #add1 #adf ,musa sapi5tum1 #hd 8,muss>a10 #aee ,muzzl+ cattle1 #aec 8,napunti10 #ca ,n>aguta1 #aba ,nass>awa1 #abj1 #ace1 #aci ,native be]1 #aai ,native clo?s1 #hg ,native cotton1 #ij ,native lea!r1 #aaa ,native levies1 #hf ,navigation ( ,volta ,riv]1 #hg 8,ne\10 #hi 8,neul10 #ajj 8,niama10 #fb ,nicotiana tabacum1 #ac1 #afa ,nig]1 #id1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abj1 #abb1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #aci1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #aea1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei ,nig]ia1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #ha1 #aje ,,nig]ia--,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces1 introductory rem>ks1 #abj2 adm9i/ration & political divisions1 #aba2 natural divisions1 #abb2 implem5ts1 #abe2 ,,rubb]1 #abg2 s\rces1 #abh2 plantations1 #abi2 ,,%ea ,,nuts1 #acj2 ,,palm ,,oil ,,& ,,k]nels1 #acb2 ,,gr\ndnuts1 #acb2 ,,gums1 #acd2 ,,cotton1 #ace2 ,exotic cottons1 #acf2 valuation ( cottons1 #acf2 improvem5t ( plant1 #ach2 ,,capsicums1 #ada2 ,,b5nise$1 #adb2 ,,kano ,,lea!r1 #adb2 ,,fibres1 #add2 ,,wood ,,oil1 #adg2 ,,kola1 #adh2 ,,cottonse$1 #adh2 ,,food ,,crops1 #adh2 ,,gu9ea ,,corn1 #aea2 ,,bulru% ,,millet1 #aed2 ,,maize1 #aee2 ,,:eat1 #aee2 ,,rice1 #aef2 ,,sug> ,,cane1 #aeg2 ,,legum9\s ,,plants1 #aeg2 ,,soya ,,beans1 #aeh2 ,,cassava1 #aeh2 ,,yams1 #aei2 ,,sweet ,,potatoes1 #aei2 arti*okes & small root crops1 #afj2 onions1 #afj2 m9or crops1 #afa2 ,,o!r ,,field ,,crops1 dye plants1 #afa2 ,,tobacco1 #afa2 ,,miscellane\s3 beeswax1 #afb2 locu/ bean1 #afb2 date palms1 #afb2 ,,cattle1 #afb2 ,,silk1 #afc ,,nig]ia--,,s\!rn ,,prov9ces1 introductory rem>ks1 adm9i/rative divisions1 #ic2 geographical position1 #ic2 area & population1 #ic2 natural divisions1 #ic2 inhabitants1 #id2 cultivation1 #id2 pr9cipal crops1 #ie2 ,,oil ,,palm1 #if2 o!r oil se$s1 #ajb2 ,,rubb]1 #ajc2 export1 #aje2 ,,copal1 #ajf2 ,,cocoa1 #ajf2 ,,cotton1 #ajc2 ,,maize1 #aad2 ,,cassava1 #aad2 ,,yams1 #aae2 ,,gr\ndnuts1 #aae2 ,,%ea ,,nuts1 #aae2 ,,kola1 #aaf2 ,,fibre1 #aaf2 ,,lea!r1 #aaf2 ,,tobacco1 #aag2 ,,silk1 #aag2 ,,coconuts1 #aag2 ,,mahogany ,,& ,,ebony1 #aag2 ,,cattle1 #aah2 ,,pott]y1 #aai2 ,,=e/ ,,res]ves1 #aai 8,nigg]s10 #fj ,nimrod1 #abc ,njala1 #da1 #db ,nor? ,bornu1 #aba ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 #a1 #ac1 #fe1 #hb1 #ij1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaf ,nor!rn ,%]bro1 #ci ,nor!rn ,t]ritories 7,gold ,coa/71 #he ,nupe1 #abj1 #abb1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace1 #aci1 #ada1 #add1 #adf1 #adh1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa ,nupes1 #id1 #abc1 #abf1 #abh1 #acc1 #adj1 #aeh ,nut-crack+ ma*9]y1 #fi1 #ih ,nuts1 #ih1 #ii 8,oapottoa10 #abi 8,obi abatta10 #aaf 8,obi gbanja10 #aaf ,obuassi1 #gi 8,odum10 #fb1 #gb ,odumase1 #df ,odumassi1 #fg cophylla sp41 #ea ,(9 ,riv]1 #dc1 #ff 8,(o10 #fb 8,(runtum10 #ei 8,ogbagba10 #abh 8,ogea gum10 #if1 #ajf 8,ogea0 res91 #hb 8,og$ud910 #ajj 8,ogudu0 cotton1 #aaj ,ogudu ,g9n]y1 #ace1 #aci1 #adj ,oil1 #ij1 #ii ,oil1 crab-nut1 #ga ,oil1 edible1 #ajb ,oil1 gr\ndnut1 #e1 #he1 #acc1 #adb ,oil1 k]nel1 #fi ,oil mill1 #aac ,oil1 olive1 #e1 #acd1 #adb ,oil1 palm1 #aa1 #ai1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf1 #de1 #ff1 #fh1 #hj1 #he1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #aai1 #acb1 #adj1 #adc1 #afd ,oil1 palm exports1 #ajb ,oil se$s1 #dj1 #ajb ,oil1 sesamum1 #adb ,oil1 soya bean1 #aeh 8,ojuku10 #ajj 8,okporukpu10 #ajj 8,okra10 #ac1 #cb1 #hd1 #hi1 #ie1 #afa 8,okre10 #fb 8,okumankra10 #gb ,old ,calab>1 #aje1 #ajg ,oleo m>g>9e1 #f ,oleo res9\s exudation1 #adg ,olokemeji1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aaf ,ondo1 #aai ,onions1 #abf1 #aei1 #afj ,onit%a1 #ig1 #aai 8,opapeh10 #gb 8,ope arunfo10 #ajj 8,ope ,ifa10 #ga1 #ajj 8,ope pankora10 #ajj 8,ope yope10 #ajj ,opobo1 #ic1 #ajb ,oranges1 #ci1 #he1 #ie ,oryza sativa1 #ab1 #hh 8,osese10 #fb ,o%ogbo1 #ig1 #ih ,o/ri* fea!rs1 #abg 8,otakataka10 #fb ,ouass\l\1 #hf ,owo1 #aai 8,owya10 #abe ,oxyc>5us1 #aci ,oxyc>5us ,dudgeoni1 #gf1 #aab ,oxyc>5us gossip9us1 #gf1 #aab ,oxyc>5us hyal9ip5nis1 #gf1 #aab ,oyo1 #aac1 #aae ,paddy1 #aef ,paganism1 #hf ,pagans1 #id1 #abd1 #aee1 #aei 8,pagns10 #aa ,,palm1 #fg1 #hj ,palm fruit pulp1 #he ,palm w9e1 #aa1 #fg1 #he ,pamphlets 9 ,twi1 #eh ,panguma1 #bf ,pap] manufacture1 #adf ,,papilionace1 #f 8,p>a0 rubb]1 #aj1 #bh1 #dg1 #ej1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #ajc1 #aje1 #abi ,p>kia filicoidea1 #ib1 #afb 8,p>uru10 #aeh 8,pa/e0 rubb]1 #i1 #ajd1 #abh1 #adh ,pawpaws1 #he1 #ie ,p5dembu1 #cd ,p5nisetum typhoideum1 #ab1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aed ,p5tacle?ra macrophylla1 #dj1 #ajc ,p5tadesma butyracea1 #dj ,p5tagona1 #eg ,pepp]1 #bi1 #hd1 #ie1 #abf1 #ada ,petroleum1 #adj ,petroleum-soap emulsion1 #ea ,phaseolus lunatus1 #db ,phaseolus mungo1 #db ,phnix dactylif]a1 #afb ,piassava1 #ac1 #cc1 #hj1 #aaf 8,pidg9 ,engli%10 #af ,pigeon peas1 #db1 #hh1 #aeh ,pigm5ts1 #hc ,pill[s1 #adc ,p9eapples1 #ci1 #he1 #ie ,plaits 7tobacco71 #afa ,planta9s1 #hd1 #he ,plantations 7rubb]71 #abi ,plectran?us sp41 #hi1 #afj ,pl\ghs1 #c1 #ag1 #abd1 #ach1 #aej1 #aec ,poison\s gu9ea corn1 #aec ,poli%+ cocoa1 #ed ,porridge1 #ab1 #aec1 #aee ,port ,lokko1 #ce1 #dj ,port ,lokkos1 #af ,portuguese ,gu9ea1 #f1 #i ,potato1 #afj ,pott]y1 #aai ,p\ltry1 #ia ,pra ,riv]1 #dc1 #gb ,prun+ cocoa1 #ej ,pseudoc$rela1 #aah ,pseudoc$rela ,kots*yi1 #gb1 #hi ,pt]oc>pus er9aceus1 #ad1 #afa ,pt]oc>pus sp41 #if1 #afa ,pt]oc>pus t9ctorius1 #if ,pumpk9s1 #ie1 #afa ,,pyralid1 #fc 8,quaqua40 ,see 8,kwakwa0 ,rabba1 #acg 8,rabi10 #adb ,railways1 #aae1 #aba1 #aej ,ra9fall1 #b1 #ci1 #dh1 #ic1 #abj1 #abf1 #ada1 #adi1 #aej1 #aed1 #aee 8,rama0 fibre1 #abf1 #add1 #ade1 #adg 8,ramie0 fibre1 #cc 8,ramo0 fibre1 #add1 #ade ,rano1 #abc ,raphia v9if]a1 #ac1 #cc1 #hj1 #aaf ,raw cotton1 #ab1 #hh ,r$ dye1 #add1 #aeb1 #afa ,r$ e>?1 use (1 #ed 8,r$ ,kano0 rubb]1 #abh 8,r$ nigg] rubb]10 #bg1 #abh ,r$ onions1 #afj ,r$ rice1 #hh ,r$ wood1 #aah 8,reke10 #aeg ,r5ovation ( rubb] =e/1 #fc ,res91 #ha1 #hi1 #adg ,rett+ fibre1 #ha1 #adf 8,rhizome rubb]10 #ij1 #ajd ,rice1 #c1 #ab1 #ai1 #ce1 #db1 #hh1 #ie1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #aea1 #aef1 #aeg 8,ri*mond0 cotton1 #gi1 #aaj ,ridge cultivation1 #abe 8,rizga10 #afj ,rogo1 #abf 8,rogo10 #aei 8,root rubb]10 #bg1 #fe1 #ij1 #ajd1 #abh ,roots1 #id ,ropes1 #ac1 #if1 #add1 #ade1 #afa ,rosewood1 #ad ,rotation ( crops1 #c1 #ac1 #da1 #ge1 #acc1 #aei ,rubb]1 #ag1 #de1 #dg1 #ei1 #hj1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ajc1 #abg1 #adj1 #adh1 #afd ,rubb] ,commission1 #fc ,rubb] export1 #ff1 #ib1 #aje1 #abg ,rubb]1 v9e1 #h1 #bg1 #fd1 #ajc1 #abh ,rufisque1 #f ,run palm1 #afb ,sac*>um (fic9ale1 #aeg ,saddl]y1 #adc ,sah>a1 #adc ,sahlb]gella s+ul>is1 #ea ,sahlb]gella !obroma1 #ea ,salaga1 #hh1 #ia ,sal\m1 #f ,salt1 #hh ,samodu ,almami1 #hf ,samory1 #hf 8,sangumi10 #abe 8,sankonuabe10 #ea 8,sannio10 #ab ,san ,?om1 #ch1 #df1 #eg 8,sanyan10 #ha1 #aag ,sap>i ,hills1 #hf ,sapele1 #aje ,savelugu1 #hf 8,scale insect10 #aag 8,scrap rubb]10 #h1 #fd1 #fe1 #ajd1 #abh1 #abi 8,sea ,isl&0 cotton1 #cd1 #gf1 #gh1 #aaj ,seasons1 #adi 8,se$ bugs10 #gf ,se$ cake1 #aac1 #adb ,se$ cotton1 #hg1 #ace1 #ach ,se$less palm fruit1 #ga ,se$ selection1 #ach ,segbwema1 #bh ,sekondi1 #dg1 #ee1 #fc1 #ff1 #gb1 #hj ,s5egal1 #b1 #f1 #h1 #abb1 #acc1 #acd ,s]abu1 #bh ,sesamum indicum1 #adb ,%ade crop1 #aei 8,%aduf10 #abd1 #abf1 #aee1 #afa ,%allot1 #afj ,%>i1 #acg1 #adj 8,%ea butt]10 #gc1 #hh1 #ij1 #aae1 #abg1 #acj1 #adc ,%ea-butt] tree1 #abh 8,%ea gutta10 #abi ,%ea nut1 #ajb1 #aae1 #acj ,%ea-nut products1 #abg1 #afd ,%eep sk9s1 #aaf1 #adb ,%]bro ,isl&1 #ae1 #af1 #bb ,%]bros1 #af 8,%9kafa10 #aef ,si]ra ,leone1 #ab1 #gj1 #gd1 #hj1 #hh1 #ia1 #if1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aji1 #aeg ,,si]ra ,,leone1 introductory rem>ks1 geographical position1 #ae2 area & population1 #ae2 adm9i/rative divisions1 #ae2 natural features1 #ae2 natives1 #af2 l& t5ure1 #af2 lab\r1 #ag2 cultivation1 #ag2 agricultural s*ools1 #ah2 pr9cipal crops1 #ai2 =e/ products1 #ai2 ,,oil ,,palm1 localities & ! influ5ce ( position1 #ai2 small export ( oil comp>$ to k]nels1 #bc2 proposal to introduce new v>ieties1 #bc2 improvem5ts 9 local manufacture1 #bd2 export figures1 #bf2 ,,rubb]1 native me?od ( prep>ation1 #bf2 v9e rubb]1 #bg2 quality ( indig5\s rubb]s & ! export1 #bg2 plantations1 #bh2 ,,kola ,,nuts1 #bi2 ,,r$ ,,pepp]1 #bi2 ,,g+]1 #cj2 export trade1 #ca2 ,,fibres1 jute class1 #ca2 ,ramie1 #cc2 ,piassava1 #cc2 ,,cotton1 #cc2 indig5\s v>ieties1 #cd2 native weav+1 #cd2 exotic cottons1 #cd2 ,,rice1 #ce2 exports1 #cf2 ,,camwood1 #cg2 ,,copal1 #cg2 ,,gr\ndnuts1 #ch2 ,,cocoa1 #ch2 importance ( correct climatic conditions1 #ch2 ,,c(fee1 #ci2 ,,indigo1 #ci2 ,,fruit1 #ci2 ,,beeswax1 #dj2 ,,oilse$s1 #dj2 progress 9 agriculture1 #da2 =e/ry1 #db ,silk1 #ha1 #aag1 #afc ,silk cotton tree1 #ea 8,silk rubb]40 ,see ,lagos silk rubb] ,silkworms1 wild1 #aag ,silv]1 #ee 8,s9dru10 #fb ,sk9s1 #gc1 #abg1 #adc1 #add1 #afd ,sk9 /a9+1 #if1 #afa ,small-boll$ cotton1 #acf ,smut-blights1 #aec ,smut fungus1 #ab ,snuff1 #ac1 #hi1 #afa ,soap1 #dj1 #gj1 #ga1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aae ,soap emulsion1 #ea ,sokoto1 #abj1 #aba1 #ace1 #aeb1 #aef ,solanum melong5a1 #afa ,solanum sp41 #afa ,songhay1 #hf1 #abc1 #abd ,sonni ,ali1 #hf ,sonn9kis1 #a ,sorghum gu9e5sis v>4 robu/um1 #hh1 #add ,sorghum sac*>um1 #aeb ,sorghum sp41 #add ,sorghum vulg>e1 #ab1 #hd1 #aea ,sorrel hibiscus1 #hi1 #afa ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 #aj1 #bc1 #ci1 #ga1 #aja1 #abj1 #abc1 #abg1 #acb1 #ace1 #adj1 #aeg ,soya beans1 #db1 #aeh ,spices1 #ie ,sp9n+1 #ade ,squatt]'s lic5ce1 #af 8,/a9]s10 cotton1 #gf1 #aab ,/a9+ lea!r1 #hh ,/eiro/oma depressa1 #ea ,/eiro/oma hi/rionica1 #ea ,/]culia b>t]i1 #if ,,/]culiace1 #de1 #gc ,/ilbum nanum1 #eb ,/runk1 ,dr41 #bc ,sudan1 #gc1 #gd1 #acd ,sudan boll-worm1 #aci ,sudan gum1 #hi ,sug> cane1 #ie1 #abe1 #abf1 #aeg ,sumatra1 #ajb ,susus1 #af ,sun-cur$ tobacco1 #aag ,swamp crops1 #abf1 #aef ,sweet potatoes1 #ai1 #hd1 #ie1 #abf1 #aei ,sword beans1 #db ,sword scabb>ds1 #adc 8,tabel-tiloli10 #ajj 8,tak&a10 #aeb 8,talh10 #hi ,tamale1 #hh1 #ia ,tam>9d1 #afc ,tann$ sk9s1 #adb ,tann9-yield+ plants1 #fb ,tapioca1 #aae ,tapp+ implem5ts1 #fa ,tapp+ rubb]1 #ff 8,t>gets10 #afa ,t>kwa1 #fc1 #ff ,t*ad ,lake1 #abd ,t]m9alia sup]ba1 #aah ,temp]ature1 #b1 #aba 8,t5go10 #ajj 8,tete ,quas%i10 #dg ,!obroma cacao1 #df ,?omas ,agricultural ,college1 #ah 8,?read blight10 #eb ,?re%+ :eat1 #aef 8,til10 #adb ,,tiliace1 #hj ,tillage1 h&1 #abd ,timani1 #af1 #bb1 #be1 #ca1 #ce ,timb]1 #de1 #gb1 #ij1 #aah1 #afd ,t9a9ahun1 #bh 8,tio j>ankoro10 #g ,tobacco1 #ac1 #ie1 #aag1 #abf1 #afa ,togol&1 #aj1 #dc1 #ff1 #gg ,tolyposporium sp41 #aec ,tomato1 #afa 8,tomba10 #aee ,tor*es1 #hb1 #adh ,tra9+ yams1 #aei ,transplant+ onions1 #afj ,transport1 #ii1 #acc1 #adc1 #aej ,transport 7cocoa71 #ef ,transport 7cotton71 #hj1 #hg1 #ach ,traps1 #aci ,tr9idad1 #de1 #dh1 #ea ,triplo*iton johnsoni1 #aai ,triticum compositum1 #aee ,triumfetta cordifolia1 #hj ,triumfetta semitriloba1 #hj 8,tsamia10 #afc 8,tsamian bauri10 #afc 8,tsamian doka10 #afc 8,tsamian fakali10 #afc 8,tsamian tsamia10 #afc 8,tsetse0 fly1 #b1 #ef1 #ia1 #aah1 #abb1 #afb ,tufel1 #dd 8,tug bore10 #ajj 8,tumuku10 #hi1 #afj ,turm]ic1 #add ,twi language1 #eh 8,ud910 #ajj ,ugboha1 #aab 8,upl& cotton10 #aaa1 #acf1 #ach ,u/ilago sp41 #ab ,u/ilago ,reiliana1 #aec ,uwet1 #aaf ,v>ni%1 #ca1 #hb ,vegetable butt]1 #aae1 #acj ,vegetable fat1 #ij1 #aca 8,vegetable :alebone10 #hj ,veis1 #af ,vigna catjang1 #db1 #acc ,vo&zeia subt]ranea1 #aeh ,volta1 #dc1 #ee1 #gd1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb 8,volta0 cotton1 #ge1 #gh ,volta ,riv] di/rict1 #dg1 #ed ,wa1 #he1 #hf1 #ij ,walas1 #he 8,wanki10 #aeg1 #aeh ,wat]loo1 #bh ,wat] yam1 #hh ,wax1 #ia1 #afb ,weav+1 #cd1 #gd ,weevilly maize1 #aad ,wells1 #aea1 #aee ,we/]n ,sudan1 #abc ,we/ ,indies1 #af1 #df1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #aae ,wet season1 #abf1 #adi ,wet zone1 #ic1 #id ,:alebone1 #cc1 #hj ,:eat1 #abd1 #abf1 #aee ,:ite ball1 #fd1 #fe 8,:ite ,egyptian onion10 #afj ,:ite fungus1 #g ,:ite h>icot1 #aeg ,:ite maize1 #aad ,:ite rice1 #aeg ,wild cotton1 #ge ,wild kola1 #gc ,wild sesamum1 #adb ,w9e1 #hj ,w9e palm1 #cc ,w+$ yam1 #hh ,wire-hair$ %eep1 #ia ,wood a%es1 #hi1 #if 8,wood oil10 #hi1 #abh1 #adg ,wood oil1 mode ( collection (1 #adg 8,w\nd-response10 #fa ,w\nds1 prun+1 #ej 8,yakwa10 #afa 8,yalo10 #afa ,yalunkas1 #af ,yams1 #ai1 #db1 #de1 #ge1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ie1 #if1 #aae1 #abf1 #aei ,y>n1 #aag1 #afc ,yauris1 #abc ,yeji1 #hh1 #ij ,yell[ dye1 #add ,yell[ maize1 #aee ,y5di1 #hf 8,yi-ku-ni*e10 #ajj1 #acb ,yola1 #abj1 #aba1 #acg ,yonnibannah1 #bd ,yoruba1 #be1 #id1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aaf1 #abc1 #abf1 #acc1 #adj1 #ada1 #add1 #ade1 #aee1 #aeh1 #aei ,zanf>a1 #abd ,z>ia1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb ,z>ia ,g9n]y1 #adj ,zea mays1 #hd1 #aee ,zebu1 #aai1 #afc ,z+ib] (fic9ale1 #cj ,zung]u1 #aba1 #acj1 #acb1 #acg 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury1 ,engl&4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,h9*ley ,h>t1 9 ,cacao1 #ahib1 pp4 #dh-eb1 discusses ! ?ree v>ieties m5tion$ "h1 & %[s t int]m$iate =ms exi/ :i* connect all ?ree4 ,! ,=a/]o class includes all ! cocoas :i* h ?ick sk9s & l>ge pods ) r flat beans4 ,footnote #b3 ,s4 s+ul>is1 a ne>ly alli$ insect1 is common 9 c]ta9 localities & does simil> damage4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ,bull4 ,ent4 ,res41 vol4 i4 7#aiaa71 p4 #hc2 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 vol4 viii4 7#aiaj71 p4 #aej2 vol4 xiv4 7#aiaf71 p4 #agd2 vol4 xviii4 7#aibj71 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is has s9ce be5 id5tifi$ ) ,gele*ia gossypiella1 ,s&]s1 an insect :i* subsequ5tly effect$ su* enorm\s damage 9 ,egypt4 ,footnote #e3 ,^! names are sub/itut$ = ,bau*i & ,nupe 9 ! old sy/em4 ,footnote #f3 ,lady ,lug>d1 ,a ,tropical ,dep5d5cy1 #aije1 p4 #bcf et seq4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid41 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #h3 ,includ$ 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia exports4 ,footnote #i3 ,includ+ copal res94 ,footnote #aj3 ,includ+ dress$ sk9s4 ,footnote #aa3 ,id5tical ) :at is t]m$ ,e4 biplaga at ,ibadan1 b probably a local =m ( ,e4 insulana4 ,footnote #ab3 ,= ! mo/ rec5t in=mation respect+ cotton cultivation "h & else:]e 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ,pr(essor ,dun/an's ,reports to ! ,brussels ,congress ( ,tropical ,agriculture 7#aiaj7 %\ld be consult$4 ,footnote #ac3 ,s9ce nam$ ,s4 gu9e5sis v>4 robu/um1 ,/apf4 ,transcrib]'s note3 pg #db ,*ang$3 & ,protectorate1 to3 ,protectorate4 pg #gg ,*ang$3 dec5d+ ! rapids to3 desc5d+ pg #ia ,*ang$3 "s localites to3 localities pg #adf ,*ang$3 ap-app>5tly r h>% to3 app>5tly pg #afe ,*ang$3 ,apocynacea to3 ,apocynace pg #aga ,*ang$3 ,lophila proc]a to3 ,lophira pg #agb ,*ang$3 ,nicotiana tobacum to3 tabacum pg #agd ,*ang$3 ,pseudroc$rela ,kots*yi to3 ,pseudoc$rela ,o!r spell+ inconsi/5cies h be5 left un*ang$4 ,und]l9$ text is indicat$ ) 4