,,heortology ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fe/ivals ,,f ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,by ,,dr ,k4 ,a4 ,,he9ri* ,,kelln] ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ca?olic ,,!ology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,bonn ,,translat$ ,,) ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,p]mission ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,g]man ,,edition ,,by ,a ,,prie/ ,,( ,,! ,,diocese ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,dryd5 ,,h\se1 ,,g]r>d ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aijh ,,nihil ,,ob/at ,,fr4 ,,osmund1 ,o4,f4,m41 ,c5sor deputatus4 ,,imprimatur ,,gulielmus1 ,episcopus ,ar9del5sis1 ,vic>ius ,g5]alis4 ,we/mona/]ii1 die #bd ,feb41 #aijh4 ,,imprimatur ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,g]man ,,edition ,,?omas1 ,ar*iepps4 ,friburgi ,brisgovi1 die #h ,maii1 #aijf4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,g]man ,,edition ,9 old] works on liturgy1 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* h be5 g5]ally dealt ) z =m+ "p ( a great] :ole1 :ile 9 m rec5t times v>i\s que/ions relat+ to !m h be5 discuss$ 9 sep>ate articles 9 encyclopdias & reviews4 ,! "t seems n[ to h come :5 ! cycle ( ecclesia/ical fe/ivals ought to be reg>d$ z a def9ite dep>tm5t ( /udy by itself4 ,! old] works1 besides be+ difficult ( access1 d n come up to ! /&>d ( mod]n works on ! same subject1 & ! indep5d5t inve/igations ( rec5t date1 al?\gh ?r[+ mu* new light ^u "s po9ts1 h left o!rs unt\*$1 ) ! result t ! read] is unable to ga9 a cle> conception ( ! matt] z a :ole4 ,! solid results ga9$ by inve/igations into ?is bran* ( /udy 9 e>li] & lat] times mu/ n[ be collect$1 & sy/ematis$1 & br\ght up to ! level dem&$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,mu* rema9s to be done 9 ?is dep>tm5t ow+ to ! fre% light t has be5 ?r[n ^u x by ! publication ( docum5ts hi!rto inaccessible1 among :i* we may m5tion ! s-call$ ,p]egr9atio ,silvi discov]$ by ,gamurr9i1 ! ,lection>ies ( ,silos1 & ! critical edition ( ! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum ( de ,rossi & ,du*esne4 ,! la/-nam$ docum5t has s f> be5 m ( a h9drance ?an a help 9 ?is bran* ( /udy1 "s attribut+ too mu* importance to x1 & o!rs none at all4 ,x has seem$ to ! au?or t ! "t = ga!r+ toge!r ! asc]ta9$ results d]iv$ f ^! & simil> books has come4 ,x is *iefly = !ological /ud5ts & ! y\ng] cl]gy t ! foll[+ book is int5d$4 ,su* a "w z w\ld make x easy to deal ) ! subject 9 s]mons & cate*etical in/ructions1 &1 at ! same "t1 w\ld give cle>ly & briefly all ! in=mation necess>y = deal+ ) ! "q f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 avoid+ equally uncritical cr$ulity & sceptical unbelief--su* a "w seems to ! au?or dem&$ by ! circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,moreov]1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,wor%ip 9 ,prussia has rec5tly 7#ab? ,sept4 #ahih7 requir$ f c&idates = ! (fice ( ca?olic tea*] 9 high] grade s*ools1 a consid]able acqua9tance ) ! ecclesia/ical ye> among _! o!r qualifications4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! au?or has conf9$ 8 att5tion solely to ! wor%ip ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 m]ely allud+ occasionally to ! usages ( o!r religi\s bodies4 ,= ! same reason1 9 accordance ) ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8,heortology10 he has conc]n$ himself ) ^? fe/ivals alone :i* are publicly celebrat$1 or 7 s celebrat$ =m]ly4 ,! majority ( ^! af=d no features ( hi/orical int]e/1 ow+1 z !y d1 _! orig9 to ! action ( au?ority4 ,9 cases :i* d n "h come "u discussion1 ref]5ce may be made to sep>ate works & to ! ,boll&i/s 9 g5]al4 ,9 a matt] ( su* practical int]e/ z ?is1 x _c fail t "s po9ts h be5 omitt$2 /ill1 ,i ?9k1 ! am\nt ( mat]ial collect$ 9 ! foll[+ pages is suffici5t = ! end ,i h _h 9 view4 ,9 support ( ! views h]e9 express$1 a some:at detail$ acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! docum5ts :i* s]ve z ! s\rces ( our in=mation4 ,x has n seem$ practical to pr9t a selection f ! l>ge numb] ( ^! docum5ts by way ( supplem5t1 s9ce to h done s w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! object ( ?is book4 ,,bonn1 ,all ,sa9ts'1 #aijj4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,g]man ,,edition ,?is second 7revis$ & enl>g$7 edition--f :i* ,dr ,a4 ,m]cati1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,sem9>y ( ,reggio1 ,emilia1 has made ! ,italian translation--is 9 sub/ance ! same z ! fir/4 ,! sections deal+ ) ! d$ication ( *ur*es & ! fea/ ( ! patron sa9t1 ) ! fea/ ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ) ! fea/s ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,cecilia1 & ,/ ,ca!r9e1 & ! two conclud+ sections h be5 add$1 & "s app5dices4 ,,bonn1 ,may #aijf4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,9 ?is translation1 ! excursus on ! ,g]man ,prote/ant 8,buss-und-,bettage0 & on ,/ ,ursula h be5 omitt$ z be+ ( less g5]al int]e/1 & a few notes h be5 add$4 ,,london1 ,april #aijh4 ,,books ,,quot$ ,,& ,,ref]r$ ,,to 7,a7 ,,m$i,,val ,,works1 ,,:i* ,,9 ,,"s ,,degree ,,are ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,orig9al ,,s\rces ,,isidore ( ,seville 7 #feh74--;,de ,(ficiis ,ecclesia/icis4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxiii4 ,,amal>ius ,,symphosius 78*or-episcopus0 at ,metz1 betwe5 #hej & #hec74--;,de ,(ficiis ,ecclesia/icis libri quattuor4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cv4 ,,rabanus ,,maurus 7,abbot ( ,fulda1 lat] ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 #hef74--;,de ,(ficiis ,ecclesia/icis4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cvii4 ,,ado 7,bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 #hge74--,libellus de ,fe/ivitatibus ,,ss4 ,apo/4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxiii4 ,,johannes ,,abr9c5sis 7,bi%op ( ,r\51 #ajgi74--;,de ,(ficiis ,ecclesia/icis4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlvii4 ,ord9>ius ,canonicorum ,reg41 ib4 #ahh-aia4 ,,pseudo-,,alcu9 7middle ( ! elev5? c5tury74--,de ,(ficiis ,ecclesia/icis4 ,incomplete 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ci4 #aage4 ,accord+ to ,bum]1 ,amal>ius ,=tunatus is really ! au?or4 ,,b]no ( ,rei*5au 7 #ajde74--;,de ,(ficio ,miss1 & two small tracts on ,adv5t & ! ,emb]tides4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlii4 ,,lanfranc 7 #ajhi74--;,decreta pro ,ord4 ,s4 ,b5$icti4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cl4 ,,b]nold ( ,con/ance 7 #aajj74 ,accord+ to ,bum]1 ! au?or ( ! ,micrologus4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cli4 ,de ,crimoniis1 ,sacram5tis1 ,(ficiis et ,obs]vantionibus ,ecclesi libri tres1 by ,,hugo 7,canon ( ,/ ,victor 9 ,p>is1 #aaah71 or by ,,rob]tus ,,pullus4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxxvii4 #cha4 ,,rup]t ( ,deutz 7 #aace74--;,de ,div9is ,(ficiis4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxx4 ,,guigo ,i4 ,,de ,,ca/ro 7,prior ( ! ,gr&e ,*>treuse ab\t #aacg74--;,consuetud9es ,c>?usi5ses4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clii4 #fca-gei4 ,,honorius ( ,autun 7 circ4 #aade74--;,gemma ,anim4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxxii4 ,,johannes ,,bele? 7,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,p>is1 #aaij74--,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccii4 ,consuetud9es ,f>f5ses1 ed4 ,b4 ,alb]s4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijj4 ,old] editions 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 c4 #d1 & 7,,h]gott7 ,vetus ,discipl9a ,mona/4 ,p>is1 #aggf4 ,,sic>dus 7,bi%op ( ,cremona1 #abae74--,mitrale4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccxiii4 ,,innoc5t ,,iii4 7,pope1 #abaf74--;,de ,s4 ,alt>is ,my/]io libri sex4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccxvii4 ,,od]icus 7,canon ( ,si5a1 #abac74--,ordo ,(ficiorum ,eccl4 ,s55sis4 ,ed4 ,trombelli4 ,bononi1 #agff4 ,,cod9us4--,curopalates s4 de ,(ficialibus ,palatii ,con/ant9opolitani et de ,(ficiis ,magn ,ecclesi4 ,rec4 ,imm4 ,bekk]4 ,bonn1 #ahci4 7,b7 ,,m ,,rec5t ,,works ,,employ$ ,,or ,,ref]r$ ,,to 7a7 ,,by ,,ca?olic ,,au?ors ,,allatius1 ,,leo4--,de ,dom9icis et ,hebdomadibus ,grcorum ,rec5tiorum4 ,col41 #afdh4 ,,ar5s1 ,,franz4--,d] ,lib] ,ord9>ius d] ,ess5] ,/iftskir*e1 ,ess51 #aija4 ,,assemani1 ,,jos4 ,,sim4--,kal5d>ia ,ecclesi ,univ4 ,rom1 #agcj4 ,six vols4 ,,baillet1 ,,adri5 7 #agjf74--,les ,vies des ,sa9ts4 ,p>is1 #agjc2 second ed4 #agci1 9 t5 vols4 #dto4 ,vol4 ix4 conta9s a hi/ory ( ! movable fea/s4 ,b,,um]1 ,,suitb4--,ges*i*te des ,brevi]s1 etc4 ,freiburg1 #ahie4 ,,b5$ict ,,xiv4 7,prosp] ,lamb]t9i74--,de ,fe/is ,d4,n4 ,jesu ,*ri/i et ,b4 ,m>i ,virg9is libri duo4 ,patavii1 #agef4 ,comm5t>ius de ,fe/is ,b4 ,virg4 ,m>i1 etc4 ,dill+51 #aged4 ,,b9t]im1 ,,anton4 ,,jos4--,d5kwrdigkeit5 d] ,ka?ol4 ,kir*e4 ,ma9z1 #ahbi1 especially vol4 v4 "p i3 8,die kir*i*le ,heortologie und ,*ronologie40 ,pragmatis*e ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,konzili54 ,ma9z1 #ahcf4 ,,*evali]1 ,,ul4--,biblio?que ,liturgique4 ,ord9aires de l',eglise ca?4 de ,laon4 ,p>is1 #ahig4--,sacram5taire et ,m>tyrologe de ,s4 ,remy et de ,reims4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,ib4 ( ,bayeux4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,combefis1 ,,fr41 ,o4,s4,d4 7 #afgi74--;,biblio!ca ,patrum ,concionatoria4 ,p>is1 #affb4 ,eight vols4 ,a collection ( s]mons ( ! ,fa!rs & old] s*ola/ics up to ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as = ! :ole ecclesia/ical ye> & ! pr9cipal sa9ts' days4 ,,du*esne1 ,l4--,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti54 ,?ird ed4 ,p>is4 ,engl4 transl4 by ,m4 ,l4 ,maclure1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,gavantus1 ,,b>?4 7,m$iol474--,!saurus ,sacrorum ,rituum4 ,rom1 #afbh4 ,am/elod41 #afcd4 ,id4 op41 ) ,nov obs]vationes et additiones1 etc41 by ,c4 ,m4 ,,m]ati4 ,rom1 #agce4 ,aug4 ,v9d41 #agdj4 ,,grets]1 ,,jac41 ,s4 ,j4--,de ,fe/is ,*ri/ianorum libri duo4 7,+ol/adii1 #afab71 ) ,auct>ium4 ,,gu,,rang]1 ,,prosp4--,l',anne ,liturgique4 ,translat$ anonym\sly into ,g]man1 ) a ,preface by ,j4 ,b4 ,,he9ri*4 ,,ma9z1 #ahhh-ahid4 ,?irte5 vols4 ,,guyet1 ,,c>4--,heortologia4 ,v5etiis1 #agbi4 ,almo/ entirely occupi$ ) ! rubrics4 ,,hoeynck1 ,f4 ,a4--,ges*4 d] kir*l4 ,liturgie des ,bi/ums ,augsburg4 ,augsburg1 #ahhi4 ,,holweck1 ,f4 ,g4--,fa/i ,m>iani4 ,frib4 ,brisg41 #ahib4 ,,mabillon1 ,,joh4--,de ,liturgia ,gallicana libri tres4 ,p>is1 #afhe1 & 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 ,,m>t,,ne1 ,,edmund4--,de ,antiquis ,ecclesi ,discipl9is4 ,antw]p1 #agcg4 ,,m>zohl1 ,j41 & ,j4 ,,s*nell]4--,liturgia ,sacra od] ,gebru*e und ,alt]tm] d] ,ka?ol4 ,kir*e4 ,five vols4 ,luc]ne1 #ahda4 ,vol4 iii4 pp4 #ee-agb deals ) ! ecclesia/ical ye> & fe/ivals4 ,,migne1 ,,abb4--,diction4 des ,crmonies et des ,rites ,sacrs4 ,g]man transl4 by ,e4 ,s*9ke & ,jos4 ,khn4 ,breslau1 #ahej4 ,,morcelli1 ,,seph4 ,a4-- 1 sive ,kal5d>ium ,eccl4 ,con/ant9opolitan ,mille ,annorum ,insigne4 ,rom1 #aghh4 ,,muratori1 ,l4 ,a4--,liturgia ,rom4 ,vetus1 tria ,sacram5t>ia complect5s ,leon41 ,gel41 et ,antiquum ,gregor4 ,acc$unt ,missale ,francorum1 ,go?icum et ,galicana duo1 etc4 ,v5etiis1 #agdh4 ,! ,preface & ! ,gelasianum are pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 ,,nickel1 ,,m>c4 ,,ad4--,die heilig5 ,zeit5 und ,fe/e na* ihr] ,ges*i*te und ,fei]4 ,six vols4 ,ma9z1 #ahbe-ahch4 ,,nilles1 ,,nic4 ,s4 ,j4--,kal5d>ium ,manuale utriusque ,ecclesi ,ori5t4 et ,occid4 ,ed4 ,alt]a4 ,two vols4 niponte1 #ahif4 ,,pilgram4--,kal5d>ium ,*ronol4 m$ii potissimum vi monum5tis accomodatum4 ,vi5na1 #agha4 ,,prob/1 ,,f]d4--,die lte/5 ,rmis*5 ,sakram5t>i5 und ,ord9es erlut]t4 ,pad]born1 #ahib4 ,,s*mid1 ,,frz4 ,x4--,liturgik d] *ri/ka?ol4 ,religion4 ,?ree vols4 ,passau1 #ahca4 ,vol4 iii4 pp4 #dda-faj deals ) ! fe/ivals4 ,,s*ult+1 ,,corn4--,biblio!ca ,ecclesia/ica4 ,col4 ,agr41 #aeii4 ,tom4 i4 c4 #i-ag & tom4 ii4 ,,?omass91 ,,l\is 7,cong4 ,orat4 ,presb47--,trait des ,fe/es de l',eglise4 ,! second vol4 conta9s 8,traits ,hi/oriques et ,dogmatiques sur div]s ,po9ts de la ,discipl9e de l',eglise et de la ,morale ,*rti5ne40 ,p>is1 #afhc4 ,,tomasi1 ,,gius4 ,,m>ia 7,c>d9al1 #agca74--,op]a4 ,ed4 ,vezzosi4 ,rome1 #agdh1 etc4 ,,vei?1 ,p4 ,,ildef\s4--,on ! ,lat9 ,m>tyrologies 9 ! ,hi/4-pol4 ,bltt]1 #ahie & #ahif4 ,on ! ,greek ,m>tyrologies 9 ,/udi5 und ,mitteilung5 aus dem ,b5$ikt9]ord51 #ahif & #ahig4 ,see ! ,ka?olik1 #ahid1 ii4 #cad et seqq4 7b7 ,,by ,,non-,,ca?olic ,,au?ors ,,a*elis1 ,,hans4--,die ,m>tyrologi51 ihre ,ges*i*te und ihr ,w]t4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,,alt1 ,,he9ri* 7,prea*] ( ,la ,*>it74--,das ,kir*5jahr4 ,b]l91 #ahfj4 ,,augu/i1 ,j4 ,,*r4 ,,wilh4--,d5kwrdigkeit54 ,leipzig1 #ahag1 etc4 ,vols4 i4-iii43 8,die ,fe/e d] alt5 ,*ri/5 fr ,religionslehr] und gebildete ,lai5 all] ,konfession540 7,! au?or gives "o or two s]mons f ! ,fa!rs = ea* fea/ z an app5dix47 ,,daniel1 ,,h5r4 ,,adalf4--,codex liturgicus ecclesi univ]s4 ,f\r vols4 ,lipsi1 #ahdg4 ,,dress]1 ,,mat?4--,de fe/is et prcipius anni p>tibus4 ,lipsi1 #aehd4 ,,erbes4--,das ,syris*e ,m>tyrologium und d] ,weihna*tsfe/kreis 9 ,brieg]'s 8,zeits*r4 fr ,kir*5ges*10 #aije1 iv41 & #aijf1 i4 ,,haltaus1 ,,*r4 ,,gottlob4--,jahrzeitbu* d] ,deuts*5 des ,mittelalt]s4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,s*eff]4 ,erlang51 #agig4 ,,hosp9ianus 7,,wir?71 ,,rud4--,de ,fe/is ,*ri/ianorum4 ,g5ev1 #aegd4 ,turici1 #aeic4 ,,maltzew1 ,a4 ,,von4--,fa/5- und ,blum5-,triodion1 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,! ,introduction deals ) ! ecclesia/ical ye> ( ! ,or?odox1 ,arm5ian1 & ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*es4 ,,ranke1 ,e4--,das ,kir*l4 ,p]ikop5sy/em aus d5 lte/5 ,urkund5 d] rmis*5 ,liturgie d>gelegt und erlut]t4 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 ,,/rauss1 ,,fri$r4--,das evangelis*e ,kir*5jahr 9 se9em ,zusamm5hange d>ge/ellt4 ,b]l91 #ahej4 ,,us5]1 ,,h]m4--,religionsges*i*te ,unt]su*ung54 ,das ,weihna*tsfe/4 ,bonn1 #ahhi4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,sect4 ,,page ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,fe/ivals ,,9 ,,g5]al #a4 ,,introduction #a #b4 ,,sunday ,,& ,,its ,,obs]vance ,,z ,a ,,day ,,( ,,re/ #f #c4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,fe/ivals #ac #d4 ,,! ,,gradual ,,increase ,,( ,,fe/ivals4 ,,_! ,,decrease ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,?ree ,,c5turies4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position #af ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> ,a4 ,,ea/]1 ,,& ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,seasons ,,connect$ ,,) ,,ea/] #a4 ,,ea/]1 ,,its ,,"n ,,& ,,hi/ory #cg #b4 ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fe/ival ,,) ,,! ,,jewi% #da #c4 ,,! ,,circum/ances ,,:i* ,,l$ ,,to ,,ea/] ,,be+ ,a ,,movable ,,fea/ #df #d4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,ea/]1 ,,& ,,! ,,attempts ,,made ,,to ,,commemorate ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,! ,,mon? ,,on ,,:i* ,,*ri/ ,,di$ #eb #e4 ,,! ,,liturgical ,,celebration ,,( ,,holy ,,week ,,& ,,ea/] #ei ,,palm ,,sunday #ff ,,maundy ,,?ursday #fi ,,good ,,friday #gc ,,holy ,,saturday #gi ,,ea/] ,,& ,,! ,,ea/] ,,octave #hd #f4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,ea/]--,,quadragesima ,,& ,,! ,,fa/ #hh #g4 ,,! ,,season ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,z ,,an ,,integral ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> #ajj #h4 ,,! ,,transfiguration #aje #i4 ,,! ,,asc5sion #ajf #aj4 ,,:itsunday #aji #aa4 ,,tr9ity ,,sunday #aaf #ab4 ,,corpus ,,*ri/i4 ,,! ,,=ty ,,h\rs' ,,pray]4 ,,! ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,he>t #aai ,b4 ,,*ri/mas ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/mas ,,season #a4 ,,*ri/mas #abg #b4 ,,adv5t ,,& ,,! ,,sundays ,,until ,,septuagesima #aeh #c4 ,,! ,,octave ,,( ,,*ri/mas4 ,,! ,,circumcision4 ,,! ,,new ,,ye> #afc #d4 ,,! ,,epiphany #aff #e4 ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,bless$ ,,virg9 ,,m>y 7,,c&lemas7 #agc #f4 ,,! ,,sundays ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> ,,z ,,=m+ ,,connect+ ,,l9ks ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,fea/s #agf ,c4 ,,o!r ,,incid5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> #a4 ,,! ,,emb]tides #ahc #b4 ,,litanies ,,or ,,rogations #ahi #c4 ,,! ,,d$ication ,,( ,a ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,! ,,patron ,,sa9t #aid ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,sa9ts' ,,days #a4 ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,! ,,cultus ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts ,,& ,,! ,,gr\nds ,,on ,,:i* ,,x ,,re/s #bjc #b4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,/ ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/ ,,& ,,/ ,,/eph5 ,,! ,,proto-,,m>tyr #bag #c4 ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,our ,,bless$ ,,lady ,,9 ,,g5]al #bbe #d4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,anci5t ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,our ,,bless$ ,,lady--,,! ,,nativity1 ,,! ,,annunciation1 ,,! ,,assumption #bcj #e4 ,,in/itution ,,& ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception #bci #f4 ,,! ,,less] ,,fea/s ,,( ,,our ,,lady-- i4 ,! ,"n ( ,m>y #bfd ii4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,our ,lady 9 ! ,temple #bfe iii4 ,! ,visitation #bff iv4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,holy ,ros>y #bfh #g4 ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,/ ,,joseph4 ,,! ,,cultus ,,( ,,ss4 ,,joa*im ,,& ,,anne #bgb #h4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,9 ,,g5]al #bgg #i4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,& ,,evangeli/s ,,9 ,,p>ticul> #bhb i4 ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul #bhb ii4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s #bhg iii4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul #bhh iv4 ,/ ,&rew & ,/ ,luke ! ,evangeli/ #bhi v4 ,/ ,james ! ,great #bia vi4 ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james ! ,less #bic vii4 ,/ ,john #bif viii4 ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude 7,?addeus7 #bih ix4 ,/ ,m>k ! ,evangeli/ #cjj x4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air #cja #aj4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,/ ,,m>y ,,magdal51 ,,/ ,,cecilia1 ,,& ,,/ ,,ca!r9e-- i4 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 #cji ii4 ,/ ,cecilia #cae iii4 ,/ ,ca!r9e #cba #aa4 ,,! ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,all ,,sa9ts #cbc #ab4 ,,! ,,commemoration ,,( ,,all ,,s\ls #cbf #ac4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,angels #cbh #ad4 ,,! ,,two ,,fe/ivals ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,cross #ccc ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,^u ,,:i* ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ye> ,,is ,,bas$ #a4 ,,! ,,docum5t>y ,,s\rces ,,9 ,,g5]al #cdb #b4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,*ri/ian ,,cal5d>s #cdg #c4 ,,! ,,arian ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury #ceb #d4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,m>tyrologium ,,hi]onymianum #cfc #e4 ,,! ,,lection>y ,,& ,,m>tyrology ,,( ,,silos #cgh #f4 ,,egyptian 7,,coptic7 ,,cal5d>s ,,& ,,synax>ia #cha #g4 ,,! ,,m5ology ,,( ,,con/ant9ople #chg #h4 ,,! ,,m5ology ,,( ,,! ,,emp]or ,,basil ,,ii41 ,,& ,,! ,,syrian ,,lection>y ,,( ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury #cij #i4 ,,! ,,kal5d>ium ,,m>moreum ,,( ,,naples #cid #aj4 ,,we/]n ,,au?orities ,,f ,,! ,,six? ,,to ,,! ,,eigh? ,,c5turies #cif #aa4 ,,! ,,m>tyrologies ,,( ,,b$e1 ,,florus1 ,,w&elb]t1 ,,& ,,ngus #dja #ab4 ,,! ,,m>tyrologies ,,( ,,ado1 ,,usu>dus1 ,,rabanus ,,maurus1 ,,& ,,notk] ,,balbulus #dje #ac4 ,,important ,,cal5d>s ,,f ,,! ,,eigh? ,,to ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5turies #daj ,,conclusion #dai ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,classification ,,( ,,fea/s ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,cal5d> #dba ,,ii4 ,,on ,,"s ,,li/s ,,( ,,fe/ivals #dba ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,obligation ,,z ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries #dbc ,,iv4 ,,liturgical ,,ve/m5ts #dbh ,v4 ,,! ,,^w ,,mass ,,z ,a ,,"n ,,= ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,! ,,alt> #dcj ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,date ,,= ,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,hippolytus #dcg ,,vii4 ,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,engl& ,,dur+ ,,! ,,commonweal? #dci ,,viii4 ,,excursus ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,holy ,,k+s #dda ,,ix4 ,,! ,,greek ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ye> #ddb ,x4 ,,engli% ,,writ]s ,,& ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception #dde ,,xi4 ,,excursus ,,on ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,typica #ddg ,,*ronological ,,table #ddi ,,index #deg ,,heortology ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,fe/ivals ,,9 ,,g5]al #a4 ,introduction ,! ext]nal wor%ip ( ,god1 if x is n to rema9 vague & indef9ite1 f9ds expression on ! "o h& ?r\gh c]ta9 elem5ts belong+ to ! s5ses1 su* z signs & words1 & on ! o!r x is connect$ ) places & times4 ,by ! *anges ( day & night1 ( seasons & ye>s1 ,creation calls ^u man to raise 8 m9d to ,god at /at$ times & to ent] into communion ) ,him4 ,! day ) its brightness is suit$ = "w1 night ) its /illness invites man to turn 8 ?\ghts 9 ^u himself4 ,! *ange ( day & night calls ^u u to beg9 ! day's "w ) ,god1 & to comm5d ourselves to ,8 keep+ 9 ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,! c\rse ( ! seasons1 too1 matures ! fruits ( ! e>? necess>y = our support1 & ! succession ( ye>s rem9ds u ( ! fleet+ nature ( ev]y?+ e>?ly1 = our :ole life is compos$ ( successive ye>s4 ,consequ5tly ! civilis$ peoples already 9 remote antiquity h f\nd a call to ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 ! *ang+ seasons & times1 & s h introduc$ sacr$ seasons4 ,sacr$ times & places are common to all religions 9 g5]al4 ,! *ange ( times1 br++ ) !m correspond+ *anges 9 nature1 made a religi\s impression ^u mank9d4 ,9 turn1 man sanctifi$ c]ta9 times & d$icat$ !m to ,god1 & ^! days ?us consecrat$ to ,god became fe/ivals4 ,! wor%ip ( ,god takes prec$5ce ov] ! daily affairs ( common life1 & accord+ly displaces su* ( !m z are n necess>y = ! support ( natural life or ! wellbe+ ( society4 ,?us x came to pass t ! ord9>y affairs ( life gave place to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & re/ f lab\r became an ess5tial "p ( ! wor%ip paid to ,him4 ,man ab/a9$ f 8 wont$ tasks on c]ta9 days1 :i* receiv$ 9 consequ5ce a high] consecration4 ,& s among ! anci5t ,romans1 ! idea ( a day ( re/ & a holy day 7 intimately connect$ & receiv$ ! "n ( f]ia4 ,b x 0 among ! ,hebrews t ! days set ap>t = ! wor%ip ( ,god receiv$ ! mo/ di/9ctive "* z days ( re/4#a ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on h] "p1 9 wi%+ t ! day set ap>t = ! wor%ip ( ,god %\ld be obs]v$ z f> z possible z a day ( re/ f lab\r1 acts 9 accordance ) ideas & cu/oms :i* nature itself has plant$ 9 ! human race1 & :i* ne$ no o!r ju/ification4 ,! t]m sabbatismus 7,sabba? re/7 soon ent]$ into ! !ological language ( ,*ri/5dom1 & 9 public life ! ,*ri/ian holy days1 at fir/ only ,sundays1 gradually1 ev5 9 secul> legislation1 became recognis$ z days ( re/1 sometimes 9 a l>g] & sometimes 9 a small] numb]4 ,! entire numb] ( ecclesia/ical holy days & seasons is actually codifi$ = u 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur* ,cal5d>s4 ,_! cont5ts fall into two ess5tially diff]5t divisions1 ea* possess+ an entirely diff]5t orig9 & hi/ory4 ,! fir/ division consi/s ( fe/ivals ( our ,"l1 di/ribut$ ov] ! ye>1 regulat$ & co-ord9at$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 laws4 ,! second division consi/s ( commemorations ( ! sa9ts 9 no wise connect$ ) ! fe/ivals ( our ,"l or ) "o ano!r4 ,occupy+ to "s ext5t an int]m$iate position betwe5 ^! two *ief divisions come ! fe/ivals ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 :i* h ?is 9 common ) ! fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts1 t !y fall on fix$ days1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are to a c]ta9 ext5t connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & ) "s fea/s ( our ,"l4 ,?is is c>ri$ out 9 su* a way t !y are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ,*ur*'s ye>1 & are includ$ 9 ea* ( ! fe/al seasons4 ,! =m] ( ^! two divisions is ! mo/ important1 & its *ief fea/s are also ! olde/4 ,! fe/ivals ( our ,"l1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ especially1 compose :at is call$ ! ,*ur*'s ye> 9 ! /rict] s5se1 &1 if !y co9cide ) a sa9t's day1 !y take prec$5ce4 ,! ,*ur*'s ye> is built ^u a s+le basis & accord+ to "o plan1 :i* did n orig9ate 9 ! m9d ( any "o p]son1 b develop$ out ( ! hi/orical conditions result+ f ! connection ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,judaism4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 ! ,*ur* br+s be=e u ! *ief ev5ts 9 our ,"l's life & ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( ,8 "w ( r$emption4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole is ! commemoration ( ,8 dea? & resurrection--i4e4 ,ea/]--to :i* all o!r ev5ts are relat$1 :e!r ^? :i* rea* backw>d to ,*ri/mas1 or ^? :i* rea* onw>ds to ! completion ( ,8 r$emptive "w at ,:itsuntide4 ,9 addition1 !re is1 on ! "o h&1 ,adv5t1 z a "t ( prep>ation = our ,"l's com+1 rem9d+ u ( ! f\r or five ?\s& ye>s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,creation & t ev5t1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/1 repres5t+ ! p]iod aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*1 & devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! r$emption won = u1 along ) its doctr9es & bless+s4 ,! weeks ( ! ye> =m ! l9ks ( ! *a91 ea* ,sunday m>k+ ! "* ( ! week :i* foll[s x4 ,! sacr$ seasons1 z !y pass 9 ord]ly succession1 give outw>d expression to ! _s :i* animates ! ,*ur*1 & are ( ! utmo/ importance f ! po9t ( view ( h] wor%ip1 s9ce !y =m "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! in/ruction ( mank9d 9 ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by !m "o easily becomes famili> ) ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,e religion has its fe/ivals1 b none has s ri* & s c>efully ?\ght out a sy/em ( fea/s z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if we may comp>e x to "s arti/ically con/ruct$ edifice1 we c reg>d ! fe/ivals ( our ,"l z =m+ ! pi]s :i* support all ! re/1 ! less] fea/s z contribut+ ! decorations1 & ! ,sundays1 ) _! att5dant weeks1 z ! /ones ( :i* ! walls are built4 ,naturally all ?is did n exi/ at fir/1 b1 l _m o!r ?+s 9 ! ,*ur*1 has gr[n up into its pres5t proportions f small beg9n+s4 ,we are n told t ! ,div9e ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ur* appo9t$ a s+le fe/ival or left beh9d ,him any in/ructions on ! matt]2 /ill ! g]m1 de/9$ by ,provid5ce to develop aft]w>ds into ! sy/em ( fe/ivals ) :i* we are famili>1 exi/$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! subsequ5t ri* & v>i$ developm5t ( ?is sy/em 0 n ! "w ( individuals1 b 0 due to ! work+ ( ! _s :i* ev] rules ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 & ev] r5ews itself )9 h]4 ,love t[>ds ! ,r$eem] & gratitude = :at ,he has done = u call$ ! r\nd ( ,*ri/ian fe/ivals into be+4 ,! au?orities 9 ! ,*ur* h play$ ! "p ( ! g>d5]1 prun+ away sup]flu\s %oots & bran*es4 ,9 view ( ! num]\s in/itutions ( ?is k9d1 "s ( :i* date back to remote antiquity1 x 0 n a m]e figure ( spee* :i* ,t]tullian made use ( :51 ref]r+ to ! num]\s hea!n fe/ivals1 he address$ ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t ) ! words1 8,y h y\r own #8fa/i'0 78,habes tuos fa/os40--,de ,corona1 c4 #ac74 ,! outl9e ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> 0 prefigur$ 9 ! ,old ,law1 :ile ! synagogue furni%$ ! fundam5tal elem5ts 9 its fe/ivals1 ! ,sabba? 9 p>ticul>1 & 9 ! division ( ! ye> into weeks4 ,?is r5d]s a glance at ! religi\s ye> ( ! ,jews necess>y1 =1 ap>t f x1 x is impossible to und]/& ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>4 ,! ,jewi% fe/ivals 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ 7 in/itut$ ei!r 9 commemoration ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! div9e cov5ant1 su* z ! ,passov]1 or !y 7 ( an agr>ian "* or commemorat$ "s national ev5t1 z ! d$ication ( ! ,temple1 ,purim1 ,jom ,kipp>1 etc4 ,accord+ to ! dates ( _! orig9 !y fall into two classes3-- 7a7 ,! anci5t fe/ivals in/itut$ by ,moses3 ! ,passov]1 ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ye>2 ! ,fea/ ( ,trumpets1 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 9 autumn1 i4e4 on ! fir/1 sev5?1 & fifte5? days ( ! mon? ,tizri4 7b7 ,! m rec5t fe/ivals in/itut$ by ! ,synagogue1 su* z ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple on ! #be? ,*isleu2 ,purim1 or ! ,fea/ ( ,haman1 on ! #ad? ,ad>4 ,to ^! 7 add$ f\r fa/ days z days ( national humiliation4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,*ri/ took place on ! fir/ day ( ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] 7#ae? ,nisan71 & s9ce ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ foll[$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 ! *ief ,jewi% fea/s s]v$ z ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ical ye>1 & ! ,apo/les c\ld jo9 ) ! ,jews 9 _! ,passov] celebration4 ,c]ta9ly ! object ( _! fea/ 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! ,jews1 yet1 outw>dly !re 0 no sep>ation f ! synagogue4 #b4 ,sunday & its ,obs]vance z a ,day ( ,re/ ,! ,sabba? & ! week ( sev5 days1 by _! appo9tm5t 9 ! anci5t ,law1 =m$ already a necess>y elem5t ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> & ma9ta9$ _! position 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! division ( ! ye> into weeks is n specifically ,jewi%1 b r ,semitic1 s9ce we f9d x 9 exi/5ce 9 anci5t ,babylon1 ?\gh !re a new week began ) ! fir/ day ( e mon?1 & ! fir/1 sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? days ( ! mon? 7 always days ( re/4#b ,?is sy/em ( divid+ "t into weeks receiv$ a religi\s consecration among ! ,jews1 inasmu* z ! ,sabba? re/ 0 enjo9$ by ! ,law "u ! sev]e/ sanctions4 ,all s]vile "w ( :atsoev] k9d mu/ be laid aside on ! ,sabba?1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% law4 ,x 0 n ev5 p]mitt$ to light a fire or prep>e food4 ,important z 0 ! place giv5 to re/1 x 01 h[ev]1 only "o "p1 & t a subord9ate "p ( ! ,sabba? fe/ival4 ,! mo/ important "p 0 ! p]=mance ( ! acts ( div9e wor%ip ,god enjo9$ ^u ! p1 t is to say ! sacrifice ( a holocau/1 consi/+ ( two ye>l+ lambs1 along ) 8fl\r temp]$ ) oil & ! libations40#c ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! ,sabba? hav+ be5 abrogat$ by ,*ri/ or ! ,apo/les1 b ,/ ,paul decl>$ its obs]vance 0 n b9d+ on ,g5tile conv]ts1 :o soon =m$ ! majority ( ^? conv]t$ to ! fai?2 & 9 ,col4 ii4 #af1 he classes x along ) ! fea/s ( ! new moon4 ,accord+ly1 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? fell m & m into ! backgr\nd1 yet n )\t leav+ "s traces beh9d4#d ,x appe>s at fir/ to h r exi/$ side by side ) ,sunday4#e ,among ! ,*ri/ians1 ! fir/ day ( ! ,jewi% week1 ! prima sabbati1 ! pres5t ,sunday1 0 held 9 hon\r z ! day ( our ,"l's resurrection & 0 call$ ! ,"l's ,day4#f ,?is "n took ! place ( ! "n dies solis1 =m]ly 9 use among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! diff]5t days ( ! week 7 nam$ aft] ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* 9 turn took _! names f ! *ief div9ities ( hea!n my?ology4 ,?us ! names dies solis1 lun1 ,m>tis1 etc41 7 v g5]al & widespread 9 antiquity4 ,! ,*ri/ians did n employ ^! titles = liturgical purposes1 b call$ ! week-days simply f]i1 & di/+ui%$ !m m]ely by numb]s4#g ,9 ! romance languages ! ecclesia/ical "n = ,sunday1 dies dom9ica1 has q tak5 ! place ( all o!rs4 ,^! names 7 already 9 use 9 ! ,apo/olic p]iod1 & ,sunday 0 ! day on :i* ! eu*>i/ic wor%ip ( ,god 0 p]=m$4#h ,*ri/ian wor%ip 9 ! e>lie/ "t consi/$ ( two p>ts4 ,already1 9 ! lett]s ( ,pl9y1 we f9d m5tion ( a nocturnal s]vice ( prep>ation at :i* psalms 7 sung1 pray]s recit$1 & passages read f ,holy ,scripture4 ,! eu*>i/ic "p ( ! s]vice foll[$ at dawn4 ,^! two p>ts appe> %>ply di/+ui%$1 especially 9 ! di>y ( ,silvia 7or ,e!ria74 ,! vigil s]vice develop$ out ( ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p 9 ,silvia's di>y usually be>s ! "n ( ,oblatio1 :ile ! t]m missa d5otes m]ely ! dismissal ( ! fai?ful & ! respective divisions ( ! psalmody4#i ,!re also seems to h be5 a g5]al confession ( s9s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! s]vice1 :i* expla9s ! exhortation ( ! 8,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les10 t ! fai?ful %\ld confess _! s9s on ,sunday4 ,at any rate1 ,eusebius pla9ly ref]s to ! practice1 & adds1 8,we1 ! adh]5ts ( ! ,new ,cov5ant1 are con/antly n\ri%$ by ! ,body ( ,*ri/2 we cont9ually p>take ( ! ,blood ( ! ,lamb1 & celebrate e week on ,sunday ! my/]ies ( ! true ,lamb1 by ,:om we h be5 r$eem$40#aj ,^u ! cessation ( p]secution1 ! pres5t arrangem5t ( div9e s]vice soon became e/abli%$--t is to say1 ,mass & ,s]mon at n9e ,a4,m41 ) ,vesp]s & ,compl9e z popul> devotions 9 ! aft]noon4 ,besides ,sunday1 at lea/ 9 ,t]tullian's "t1 ! liturgy 0 p]=m$ on ,w$nesday & ,friday1 ! s-call$ ,/ation ,days4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 p]=m$ only on ,saturdays1 at lea/ 9 _m places4#aa ,to put on "o's be/ clo!s = att5dance at wor%ip 0 a cu/om ( ! hea!n1 :i* ! ,*ri/ians reta9$1 & :i* has surviv$ to ! pres5t day4#ab ,z to ! gr\nds = celebrat+ ,sunday1 ! ,fa!rs are unanim\s f ! e>lie/ times--x 0 kept z a fe/ival because ,*ri/ rose aga9 on ! fir/ day ( ! ,jewi% week4#ac ,a cle> indication ( ?is is giv5 by ! practice obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( read+ at ! psalmody on ea* ( ! ,sundays 9 ,qu9quagesima1 ! ,gospel ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus4#ad ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or did 8 be/ to promote ! obs]vance ( ,sunday & to %[ x all respect z a day ( pray]4 ,he gave leave to ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s ( 8 army to be abs5t f duty 9 ord] t !y might att5d div9e s]vice4 ,! hea!n soldi]s1 h[ev]1 _h to assemble 9 camp )\t _! arms1 & (f] up a pray] = ! ,emp]or & 8 family4#ae ,eusebius1 9 8 8,life ( ,con/ant9e10 m5tions 9 detail ^! pi\s endeav\rs ( ! ,emp]or1 yet 8 in=mation mu/ h be5 incomplete1 s9ce ,sozom5#af in=ms u t ,con/ant9e also =bade ! law-c\rts to sit on ,sunday4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to ?r[ d\bt on ! v]acity ( ?is in=mation because ( ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius2 b ,sozom5 0 an advocate1 & mu/ h be5 bett] up 9 ! exi/+ legislation ?an ,eusebius1 &1 moreov]1 a cle> grasp ( ! po9t at issue along ) a lucid repres5tation ( all ! facts conc]n$ is n "o ( ! excell5ces ( ,eusebius4 ,! in=mation giv5 by ,sozom5 is fur!r support$ by ! fact t a law ( ,con/ant9e's direct$ to ! same end is 9 exi/5ce4#ag ,! prohibition ( ! transaction ( legal bus9ess on ,sunday 0 frequ5tly r5ew$ by 8 successors1 & ext5d$ s z to susp5d ! c\rts ( arbitration1 & to prohibit summonses = debt4#ah ,a law ( ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 9 ,a4,d4 #dbe1 =bade games 9 ! ,circus1 & all !atrical repres5tations on ,sunday4 ,to ! hon\r ( ! ,emp]ors x mu/ be said t !y suppress$ ^! repres5tations m ?an once4#ai ,! ,emp]or ,leo also r5ew$ ! law conc]n+ ! ,sunday re/1 & w5t s f> z to =bid music on ,sundays1#bj b 8 law is n includ$ 9 ! g5]al collection ( /atutes1 hav+ be5 repeal$ aft] a %ort "t4 ,z reg>ds work+ on ,sunday1 ! ,*ur* v c>efully avoid$ ! adoption ( a ph>isaical obs]vance ( ! day2 b1 f ! beg9n+1 !re 0 a cons5sus ( ,*ri/ian op9ion aga9/ ! cont9uance ( all "w :i* r5d]$ ! att5dance ( ! fai?ful at div9e wor%ip impossible--z1 = in/ance1 ! lab\rs ( slaves or ! "w ( s]vants4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ?is 0 ext5d$ s z to exclude all k9ds ( "w out ( keep+ ) ! dignity ( ! day4 ,z to details1 diff]5t views prevail$ to a great ext5t 9 diff]5t places & times4#ba ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or _h already1 accord+ to ,eusebius1#bb made a law prescrib+ ?r\gh\t 8 ,empire re/ on ,sundays1 & ev5 on ,fridays z well4 ,ecclesia/ical legislation on its "p ma9ta9$ t slaves mu/ h suffici5t free "t to att5d div9e wor%ip & receive religi\s in/ruction 9 *ur*4 ,att5dance at ?is 0 reg>d$ z ! duty ( all gr[n up ,*ri/ians4#bc ,= ! re/1 ! prohibition ( "w on ,sunday 0 n always reg>d$ 9 antiquity z ( g5]al obligation4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea =bade ,*ri/ians on ! "o h& to celebrate ,saturday 9 ! ,jewi% mann]1 &1 on ! o!r1 enjo9$ re/ f lab\r only 89 s f> z x 0 possible40#bd ,t ! e/abli%m5t ( re/ f lab\r _h special ref]5ce to slaves is %[n by ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,con/itutions4 ,9 !m we h 7#h1 #cc7 ! days on :i* slaves 7 to be free f lab\r once m enum]at$ 9 detail1 & ! limits ( ! e>li] legislation consid]ably ext5d$4 ,days ( re/ = slaves 7 to be3 ,saturday & ,sunday1 ,holy ,week & ,ea/] ,week1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,:itsunday1 ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 all fe/ivals ( ,apo/les1 ,/ ,/eph5's ,day1 & ! fea/s ( c]ta9 m>tyrs4 ,naturally ! object ( ?is ord9ance 0 n to make all ^! days fe/ivals 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 8 anxiety to d hon\r to ! holy days ( ! ,*ur*1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or w5t /ill fur!r4 ,he desir$ to make ,friday1 ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 a day ( re/ & devotion z well4#be ,we h no in=mation z to h[ f> ?is regulation took practical effect dur+ 8 life4 ,no trace ( su* a cu/om exi/s at a lat] date except among ! ,ne/orians4 ,h[ e>ne/ he 0 9 secur+ ! execution ( ^! decrees is %[n by ! fact t he comm&$ ! prefects ( ! prov9ces n only to obs]ve ,sundays1 b also to celebrate ! commemorations ( ! m>tyrs1 )9 _! jurisdictions4#bf ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t ,saturday z well z ,sunday _h its liturgical obs]vance4 ,9 c]ta9 ,ea/]n c\ntries x atta9$ to a position almo/ equal to t ( ,sunday4 ,=1 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 x is laid d[n t ! fai?ful %all att5d div9e s]vice on ?is day also1 & ab/a9 f s]vile "w1#bg al?\gh ! rank ( ,sunday 0 ackn[l$g$ to be high]4#bh ,! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea =bade inde$1 z we h obs]v$ above1 ! ab&onm5t ( "w on ,saturday1 b x enjo9$ ! read+ ( ! ,gospel z on ,sunday 7,c4 #af74 ,traces ( ?is pre-em95ce ( ,saturday among ! week-days exi/s at ! pres5t "t 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,ea/4#bi ,9 conclusion1 x is to be notic$ t1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! re/ f lab\r comm5c$1 contr>y to our pres5t cu/om1 ) ! ,vesp]s ( ,saturday4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii41 h[ev]1 decre$ t local cu/om %\ld reta9 its prescriptive "r1 & s x came to pass t ! practice ( reckon+ ! fea/ day f midnight to midnight became g5]al4#cj #c4 ,! ,classification ( ,fe/ivals ,accord+ to ! po9ts ( view tak51 fe/ivals may be divid$ into diff]5t classes3-- #a4 ,accord+ to ! object ( ! fe/ival1 into fe/ivals ( our ,"l & fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts4 ,! =m] fall into ?ree divisions3 7a7 movable fea/s--,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 etc42 7b7 immovable fea/s--,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 etc42 7c7 su* z are n includ$ 9 ! above cycles & are immovable1 e4g41 ! ,transfiguration1 ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross1 etc4 ,! sa9ts ^: fea/s are celebrat$ are ei!r ,old ,te/am5t p]sonages--al?\gh ^! d n appe> 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d> z !y d 9 o!rs1 especially ^? ( ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*es--or ,apo/les1 m>tyrs1 virg9s1 confessors1 angels1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,"m ( our ,"l4 #b4 ,) reg>d to _! obs]vance1 fe/ivals may be ei!r local or g5]al4 #c4 ,accord+ to _! "*1 we may !oretically divide ! fe/ivals into commemorative & devotional fe/ivals4 ,commemorative fe/ivals are ^? :i* celebrate a hi/orical ev5t1 e4g41 ! bir?1 & dea? ( ,jesus1 ! dea? ( an ,apo/le1 ( a m>tyr1 etc4 ,^!1 9 _m cases1 are celebrat$ on ! actual day ( ! ev5t commemorat$4 ,z devotional fe/ivals1 we may rank ^? :i* celebrate "s my/]y ( ! ,fai?1 e4g41 ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 or ^? :i*1 al?\gh !y commemorate a p>ticul> ev5t1 su* z ! ,transfiguration1 d n celebrate x on ! day on :i* x actually happ5$4 ,s9ce ! numb] ( fe/ivals alt]$ mu* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 & _! objects are s v>i\s1 !y are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by diff]5ces ( rank & a :ole s]ies ( gradations has aris54 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are purely ecclesia/ical fe/ivals ^: celebration is conf9$ )9 ! f\r walls ( ! ,*ur* 7fe/a *ori71 & fe/ivals :i* h _! be>+ ^u ! common life ( ! p1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! re/ f lab\r :i* is conjo9$ ) !m 7fe/a =i74 ,! s-call$ f]i & ! fe/ivals /rictly s call$ are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ! practice ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ord9>y days ( ! ye> h _! place 9 ! liturgy1 & %>e to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! fe/al "* ( ! season1 al?\gh di/+ui%$ f ^? days on :i* is commemorat$ "s my/]y ( our r$emption or ! memory ( a sa9t4 ,^! latt] are holy days 7fe/a7 9 a high] s5se4 ,^! holy days aga9 are divid$ into great] or less] fea/s--9 ! language ( ! rubrics1 into fe/a duplicia & simplicia1 ) an int]m$iate class1 ! semi-duplicia4 ,?is is m m>k$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,brevi>y ?an 9 ! ,missal4 ,?is does n exhau/ ! diff]5ces betwe5 fe/ivals1 = !re are fur!r di/9ctions 9 _! rank1 especially 9 ! case ( ! fe/ivals ( our ,"l & ( ! *ief my/]ies ( our r$emption1 i4e4 duplicia majora1 & duplicia prim & secund classis4 ,! fe/a duplicia prim classis are usually kept up = eight days--! s-call$ octave2 s too "s ( ! secund classis4 ,! diff]5t rank ( fea/s is n s elaborate among ! ,greeks & ,russians1 = !y divide _! fe/ivals simply into great]1 int]m$iate1 & less]1 :i* are m>k$ 9 _! ,cal5d>s by special signs4 ,! octave :i* belongs to ! *ief fe/ivals has its orig9 9 ,judaism1 = ! ,jews prolong$ = eight days ! fe/ivals :i* commemorat$ ! two *ief religi\s & political ev5ts 9 _! hi/ory--! ,exodus f ,egypt or ! ,passov]1 & ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple4#ca ,) reg>d to ! ,passov]1 !re 0 ano!r reason = prolong+ ! fea/ dur+ eight days4 ,s9ce _m ,jews1 aft] ! ,exile1 rema9$ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t v>i\s c\ntries1 !re 0 a risk1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9 "* ( ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 t ! correct date ( ! fea/ might n be kn[n to all4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! mis=tune ( celebrat+ ! fea/ on a wrong day1 ! fea/ 0 prolong$ = eight days1 "o ( :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! "r day4 ,! fir/1 second1 sev5?1 & la/ days 7 especially reg>d$ z fe/ivals4#cb ,!n ,p5teco/ & ,*ri/mas 7 also obs]v$ ) an octave1 & s matt]s rema9$ = a long p]iod4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! influ5ce :i* ! ,franciscan ,ord] ex]t$ 9 liturgical affairs t ! numb] ( octaves 0 increas$4 ,! ,franciscans provid$ an inord9ate numb] ( fe/ivals ) octaves 9 _! ,brevi>y1 & obs]v$ ea* day ( ! octave ) ! rite ( a fe/um duplex4 ,9 ?is way a numb] ( sa9ts' fe/ivals1 9 addition to ! fea/s ( our ,"l1 7 provid$ ) octaves4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t ,roman rite1 ! obs]vance ( ! octave consi/$ m]ely 9 a simple commemoration ( ! fe/ival ins]t$ 9 ! (fice on ! eigh? day1 )\t tak+ any notice ( ! fe/ival on ! int]v5+ six days4#cc ,a s+le example ( ?is anci5t cu/om /ill exi/s 9 ! ,brevi>y 9 ! fe/um ,s4 ,agnetis secundo4 ,=m]ly sa9ts' fe/ivals 7 n di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 rank1 b all 7 kept ) ! rite ( a fe/um simplex1 z x is n[ call$1 & also 7 provid$ ) "o lection only1 z ! ,brevi>y develop$4 ,an alt]ation 9 ?is respect 0 introduc$ by ,gregory ,,vii41 :o appo9t$ t ! commemoration ( ,popes :o 7 also m>tyrs %\ld be celebrat$ z fe/a duplicia4#cd ,next1 ,boniface ,,viii41 9 #abih1 ord]$ t ! fea/s ( ! ,apo/les1 ,evangeli/s1 & f\r great doctors ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* %\ld be advanc$ to ! same rank4#ce ,! ,franciscans br\ght ab\t a complete revolution by celebrat+ 9 _! ,brevi>y & 9 _! *ur*es all fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts z duplicia1 & by add+ a numb] ( new sa9ts4#cf ,pius ,v4 r$uc$ ! rank ( _m fea/s1 b ov] & above ! duplicia he p]mitt$ d\bles ( ! fir/ & second class4 ,to ! ord9>y duplex1 or duplex simplicit] p] annum1 ,clem5t ,,viii4 add$ yet ano!r species1 ! duplex majus4#cg ,?us1 accord+ to ! pres5t regulations1 fea/s are rank$ ei!r z simplex1 semiduplex1 duplex1 majus1 duplex ,,ii4 & ,i4 classis4#ch #d4 ,! ,gradual ,increase ( ,fe/ivals4 ,_! ,decrease 9 ! ,la/ ,?ree ,c5turies4 ,! ,pres5t ,position ,x is a recognis$ fact 9 hi/ory t ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies consid]ably increas$ 9 numb]1 & t1 :5 ?is increase _h rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 _! numb] began aga9 to dim9i%4 ,?is 0 p>tly effect$ by means ( legislation & )\t di/urbance1 b p>tly by ! viol5t proce$+s att5dant ^u ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! /ages 9 ?is process w be be/ und]/ood f an acc\nt ( ! secul> & ecclesia/ical legislation by :i* !y 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,t]tullian#ci is ! fir/ ecclesia/ical writ] :o enum]ates ! fea/s celebrat$ among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! only fe/ivals kn[n to him1 & to ,orig5 aft] him1 are ,ea/] & ,p5teco/4#dj ,8 /atem5t is all ! m notewor?y1 because ! exig5cies ( 8 controv]sy ) ,celsus requir$ he %\ld specify all ! fe/ivals by "n4 ,^! are1 besides ,sundays1 ! ,p>asceve1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/4 ,t]tullian & ,orig5 are witnesses respectively = ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 & s9ce _! evid5ce co9cides1 x is c]ta9 t 9 ! ?ird c5tury only ! fir/ g]ms exi/$ ( t ,*ur*-life :i* subsequ5tly 0 to rea* s ri* a developm5t4 ,! cessation ( p]secution remov$ ^? h9drances :i* up to !n _h /ood 9 ! way ( its evolution4 ,! increase ( fe/ivals c n[ be trac$ ) ! assi/ance ( secul> legislation1 inasmu* z ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors prohibit$ ! sitt+ ( ! law-c\rts & games 9 ! circus on c]ta9 days4 ,x has be5 already %[n t ,con/ant9e1 z e>ly z #cba1 appo9t$ t no legal bus9ess %\ld be transact$ on all ,sundays ( ! ye>4 ,9 a proclamation conc]n+ ! regulation ( legal vacations1 put =? by ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 & 8 colleague 9 ! ,empire1 & dat$ f ,rome on ! #g? ,augu/ #chi1 ! sev5 days be=e & aft] ,ea/] are add$ to ! ,sundays4#da ,9 ! same way z special sitt+s ( ! law-c\rts 7 aboli%$ on ,sundays1 s1 lat] on1 ! proce$+s be=e ! judge ( arbitration 7 =bidd54 ,:5 a day became recognis$ z exempt f legal bus9ess1 ?is did n at once r5d] x a fe/ival or holy day1 o!rwise1 accord+ to ! law ( #chi1 !re w\ld h be5 fifte5 consecutive holy days4 ,! prohibition ( legal proce$+s 9 ! c\rts on a giv5 day1 _h reg>d1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! removal ( all h9drances :i* might int]f]e ) att5dance at div9e wor%ip on ! "p ( ^? employ$ !re94 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ^? days ! sitt+s ( ! crim9al c\rts almo/ always impli$ ! application ( torture2 & su* proce$+s on holy days seem$ especially out ( place4 ,?is mu/ also h be5 ! reason :y ,val5t9ian & 8 colleague =bade prosecutions 9 ! crim9al c\rts ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,l5t4 ,he c]ta9ly did n aim at *ang+ all ! days ( ,l5t into fea/-days4 ,?is law 0 r5ew$ by ,ju/9ian4#db ,! legislation conc]n+ ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany exhibits a good deal ( vacillation1 probably connect$ ) ! fact t ^! two fe/ivals 7 n yet g5]ally celebrat$ & recognis$ ev]y:]e 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!y seem to h be5 orig9ally m5tion$ 9 ! law ( #chi1 b to h be5 /ruck out by ! r$actors ( ! ,codex ,!odosianus4#dc ,x 0 only ?r\gh ! inclusion ( ! law 9 "q 9 ! ,code ( ,ju/9ian t !y 7 f9ally m>k$ z days on :i* ! law-c\rts did n sit4 ,?is privilege _h be5 already tak5 away f hea!n fe/ivals by a law ( ,val5t9ian & 8 colleague 9 #cib4dd ,alongside ^! laws we f9d o!rs =bidd+ games 9 ! ,circus & 9 ! !atres4 ,^! int]f]$ ) ! att5dance ( _m p]sons at div9e s]vice z mu* z1 or ev5 m ?an1 ! proce$+s 9 ! law-c\rts1 = !y began e>ly 9 ! morn+ & la/$ ! :ole day4 ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 & 8 colleague1 on ! #ai? ,june #chf1 re-enact$ "o ( _! e>li] laws =bidd+ ! p]=mance ( su* plays on ,sundays4#de ,?r\gh lat] legislation1 x came to pass t ! same held good = ! sev5 days be=e & aft] ,ea/] z well1 & 9 #cie 7 add$ all ! days ( ! ye> :i* 7 reg>d$ z f]i4#df ,f9ally1 a law ( ,!odosius ,,ii4 ( #a/ ,febru>y #dbe1 gives a li/ ( all ^? days on :i* ^! spectacles 7!atrorum atque circ5sium voluptas7 7 =bidd54 ,^! 7 all ! ,sundays ( ! ye>1 ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 & ! :ole p]iod f ,ea/] to ,p5teco/4#dg ,9 ,a4,d4 #djj ,arcadius & ,honorius =bade races on ,sundays1 pla9ly = ! reason t !y drew away ! p f div9e s]vice4#dh ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! increase 9 ! numb] ( fe/ivals1 we make use1 z we h said1 ( ! (ficial decrees on ! subject put =? by ! au?orities bo? 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :]e su* are at our disposal4 ,! s]vice-books1 :i* d n always give ! di/9ction betwe5 fe/a 9 *oro & 9 =o ) precision1 w be consult$ :5 necess>y4 ,a li/ ( fea/s & sacr$ seasons appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 viz4 ! ,bir?day ( our ,"l 7#be? ,decemb]71 ,epiphany1 ,l5t1 ! ,holy ,week ( ! ,passov]1 ! ,passov] ( ! ,resurrection1 ! ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 on :i* is read ! ,gospel ( unbeliev+ ,?omas1 ,asc5sion1 & ,p5teco/4 ,?is gives ! fe/ivals 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,o!r evid5ce ( ! same p]iod1 i4e4 ! s]mons ( ,*ryso/om & o!rs1 af=ds c]ta9 pro( = ! exi/5ce ( five or six fe/ivals only1 accord+ z ,good ,friday is includ$ among !m or n1 viz4 ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 ! ,passion1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 & ,p5teco/4#di ,a li/ ( ! fe/ivals celebrat$ at ,t\rs & 9 ! neighb\r+ ,abbey ( ,/ ,m>t9's dur+ ! fif? c5tury1 is giv5 u by ,p]petuus 7#dfa-ia71 ! six? bi%op ( ! see4#ej ,9 ?is is %[n ! days on :i* ! pr9cipal s]vice is held 9 ! ca!dral1 & ^? on :i* x is held 9 o!r *ur*es 9 ! t[n3-- ,natalis ,dom9i4 ,9 ecclesia4 ,epiphania4 ,9 ecclesia4 ,natalis ,s4 ,joannis 7#bd? ,june74 ,ad basilicam domni ,m>t9i4 ,natalis ,s4 ,petri episcopatus 7#bbnd ,febru>y74 ,ad ipsius basilicam4 ,,vi4 7al4 ,v47 ,cal4 ,apr4 ,resurrectio ,dom9i ,no/ri ,j4 ,*r4 ,ad basilicam domni ,m>t9i4#ea ,pas*a4 ,9 ecclesia4 ,dies ,asc5sionis4 ,9 basilica domni ,m>t9i4 ,dies ,qu9quagesimus 7,p5teco/74 ,9 ecclesia4 ,passio ,s4 ,joannis4 ,ad basilicam 9 bapti/]io4 ,natalis ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum ,petri et ,pauli4 ,ad ipsorum basilica4 ,natalis ,s4 ,m>t9i 7i4e4 ! day ( 8 consecration z bi%op1 ! #d? ,july74 ,ad ejus basilicam4 ,natalis ,s4 ,symphoriani 7#bbnd ,july74 ,ad basilicam domni ,m>t9i4 ,natalis ,s4 ,litorii 7#ac? ,septemb]74 ,ad ejus basilicam4 ,natalis ,s4 ,m>t9i 7#aa? ,novemb]74 ,ad ejus basilicam4 ,natalis ,s4 ,brictii 7#ac? ,novemb]74 ,ad basilicam domni ,m>t9i4 ,natalis ,s4 ,hil>ii 7#ac? ,janu>y74 ,ad basilicam domni ,m>t9i4 ,! regulations = fe/ivals conta9$ 9 ! /atutes ( ,sonnatius1 ,bi%op ( ,reims 7#fad-ca71 %[ a fur!r developm5t4 ,x m>ks z fe/ivals3 ,nativitas ,dom9i1 ,circumcisio1 ,epiphania1 ,annunciatio ,beat ,m>i1 ,resurrectio ,dom9i cum die sequ5ti1 ,asc5sio ,dom9i1 dies ,p5teco/es1 ,nativitas beati ,joannis ,bapti/1 ,nativitas apo/olorum ,petri et ,pauli1 ,assumptio beat ,m>i1 ejusdem ,nativitas1 ,nativitas ,&re apo/oli et omnes dies dom9icales4 ,^! ?irte5 days 7 to be celebrat$ 8absque omni op]e =5si40#eb ,! omission ( ,c&lemas ,day is rem>kable4 ,! day aft] ,ea/] appe>s = ! fir/ "t z a holy day4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,maon1 h[ev]1 _h already gone fur!r & =bidd5 7,c4 #b7 s]vile "w ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,ea/] week4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! fe/ival 0 probably at t "t unique1 :ile we (t5 meet ) x 9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 x _h probably become g5]al4 ,accord+ to ?is docum5t1 ! numb] ( days :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> 7 exempt f lab\r did n exce$ sixty-?ree 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,_! numb] 0 consid]ably increas$ 9 ! subsequ5t p]iod4 ,9 ! notes on fe/ivals ascrib$ to ,/ ,boniface1 x has increas$ to sev5ty-"o1 includ+ ! two ,sundays on :i* ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ fall4 ,^! notes are includ$ 9 ! collection kn[n z /atuta qudam ,s4 ,bonifacii1#ec & ev5 if !y d n owe _! orig9 to ,/ ,boniface1 !y belong )\t d\bt to 8 p]iod4 ,days 9 :i* re/ f lab\r 7sabbatismus7 is enjo9$ 9 ?is docum5t are ,*ri/mas 7f\r days71 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,purification1 ,ea/] 7f\r days71 ,asc5sion1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! fe/ival ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,/ ,&rew's ,day 7#cj? ,novemb]74 ,p5teco/ is pass$ ov] because x has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ?irty-f\r? canon1 b x 0 to be celebrat$ 9 ! same mann] z ,ea/]1 t is1 dur+ f\r days ) a vigil4 ,9 ! ,franki% ,empire1 dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 ! regulations = holy days 7 ev]y:]e r$uc$ to ord]1 & 9 consequ5ce we possess num]\s ord9ances be>+ on ! subject4 ,) ! exception ( fe/ivals ( local sa9ts & patrons1 !y pres5t little v>iety4 ,) reg>d to ! ,assumptio ,b4,v4,m4 alone1 !re seems to h be5 "s fluctuations 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 z a /atem5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #hji proves4 ,! ,c\ncil enum]ates ! foll[+ fe/ivals3 ,natalis ,dom9i1 natales ,s4 ,/ephani1 ,s4 ,joannis ,evangeli/1 ,,ss4 ,innoc5tium1 octabas ,dom9i 7! ,circumcision71 ,epiphania1 ,purificatio ,s4 ,m>i1 ,pas*a dies octo1 ,litania major1 sc5sa ,dom9i1 ,p5teco/e1 natales ,s4 ,joannis ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,petri et ,pauli1 ,s4 ,m>t9i1 ,s4 ,&re4 ,de ,assumptione ,s4 ,m>i int]rog&um reliquimus4#ed ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z 9 #hac1 h[ev]1 9 its ?irty-six? canon1 includes ?is la/ fe/ival along ) ! o!rs1 z well z ! litania ) f\r days1 i4e4 includ+ ! prec$+ ,sunday4 ,x also directs t1 besides ! commemoration ( ^? m>tyrs & confessors ^: relics repose )9 ! diocese1 ! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication ( ! *ur* %all also be celebrat$4#ee ,ab\t ! same "t1 i4e4 9 #hbg1 ,bi%op ,hetto ( ,basle put out a /atute1 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( :i* ! fe/ivals entail+ re/ f s]vile "w 7dies f]i&i7 are enum]at$3 ,*ri/mas & ! ?ree foll[+ days1 ,octava ,dom9i1 ,!ophania1 ,purificatio ,s4,m41 ,pas*a 7:i*1 accord+ to ! sev5? *apt]1 0 prolong$ = eight days71 ! ?ree ,rogation days1 ! ,asc5sion1 ! ,saturday be=e ,p5teco/1 ,/ ,john ,bapti/1 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,apo/les1 ,assumptio ,s4 ,m>i1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,fea/ ( ! patron sa9t1 ^! two la/ to be obs]v$ locally4 ,?ree o!r days1 i4e4 ,/ ,remigius1 ,/ ,maurice1 & ,/ ,m>t91 7 n exempt f s]vile "w4#ef ,?is arrangem5t diff]s f ! prec$+1 inasmu* z x includes all ! ,apo/les1 :ile ! o!r m5tions only ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 & ,/ ,&rew4 ,! fe/ivals ( ! ,apo/les are also abs5t f ! li/ giv5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z 9 #hji4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z 9 #hac1 & ! /atutes ( ,bi%op ,rudolph ( ,b\rges & ,bi%op ,walt] ( ,orleans 9 ! same c5tury1 prescribe eight days = ! fe/ival ( ,p5teco/1 z well z = ,ea/]1 & m5tion 9 addition ! ,nativity ( our ,lady & ,/ ,remigius z fe/ivals4#eg ,! ,c\ncil ( ,+elheim 9 #idh reta9$ ! ,ea/] octave b r$uc$ ! fe/ival ( ,p5teco/ to f\r days1 :i* 7 f9ally r$uc$ to ?ree by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance4#eh ,a few additions to ^! fe/ivals are giv5 9 ! collections ( canons put out at a subsequ5t p]iod by ,bur*>d ( ,worms#ei & ,ivo ( ,*>tres4#fj ,! ,canon ,law conta9s two li/s ( fe/ivals1 ! "o repres5t+ ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! twelf?1 ! o!r t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! =m]1 9 ! decretal ( ,gratian1#fa enum]ates all ! ,sundays 9 ! ye> f ,vesp]s to ,vesp]s1 & !n1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! foll[+ days are exempt f s]vile "w3 ,*ri/mas & ! ?ree foll[+ days1 ,/ ,silve/]1 ,octava ,dom9i1 ,!ophania1 ,purificatio ,s4 ,m>i1 ,ea/] & ! entire ,ea/] week1 ! ?ree ,rogation days1 ! ,asc5sion1 ! days ( ,p5teco/ 7probably ?ree71 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/'s ,day1 all ! ,apo/les1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ,assumptio & ,nativitas ,b4,m4,v41 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur*1 ,/ ,mi*ael & ,all ,sa9ts1 &1 f9ally1 ! fe/ivals approv$ by ! bi%op ( ! diocese4 ,?is li/ exhibits a fur!r increase on its pr$ecessors4 ,! decretal ( ,gregory ,,ix41 ,conque/us e/ nobis1 ( ! ye> #abcb1fb is important = ! ,middle ,ages1 al?\gh x does n repres5t ! highe/ po9t 9 ! developm5t4 ,accord+ to x1 legal bus9ess 0 n to be transact$ on ! ,natalis ,dom9i1 ,s4 ,/ephani1 ,joannis ,evangeli/1 ,,ss4 ,innoc5tium1 ,s4 ,silve/ri1 ,circumcisionis1 ,epiphani1 ,septem ,diebus ,dom9ic ,passionis1 ,resurrectionis cum septem ,sequ5tibus1 ,asc5sionis1 ,p5teco/es cum duobus qui sequuntur1 ,nativitatis ,bapti/1 ,fe/ivitatum omnium ,virg9is ,glorios1 ,duodecim ,apo/olorum et prcipue ,petri et ,pauli1 ,beati ,laur5tii1 ,d$icationis ,beati ,mi*lis1 ,sollemnitatis omnium ,sanctorum ac ,diebus ,dom9icis cet]isque sollemnitatibus1 quas s+uli episcopi 9 suis dicesibus cum cl]o et populo dux]9t sollemnit] celebr&as4 ,sett+ d[n ! numb] ( ,our ,lady's fea/s z five1 & ! ,apo/les' z elev51 we h "h n9ety-five days 9 ! ye> on :i* no legal proce$+s took place1 n c\nt+ ! p>ticul> fe/ivals ( ! c\ntry & diocese4 ,! above-m5tion$ decretal is sil5t conc]n+ s]vile "w4 ,we may assume t !re 7 t5 out ( ! fifte5 days exempt f legal proce$+s on :i* s]vile "w 0 p]mitt$1 & ?us ! total ( days exempt f lab\r mu/ h am\nt$ to eighty-five 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 omitt+ ! fe/ivals prop] to ! diocese4#fc ,) ?is1 ! highe/ po9t ( developm5t 0 almo/ atta9$1 = only a v few fe/ivals 7 add$ lat]1 su* z ,corpus ,*ri/i1 &1 = c]ta9 localities1 ! ,conception ( ,our ,bless$ ,lady1 & "o or two m1 b ! numb] ( local fe/ivals might1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be l>gely augm5t$4 ,betwe5 ! ?irte5? & ! eighte5? c5turies !re 7 dioceses 9 :i* ! numb] ( days exempt f lab\r rea*$ or ev5 exce$$ a hundr$1 s t1 g5]ally speak+1 9 e week !re 0 ano!r day besides ! ,sunday on :i* ord9>y occupations 7 laid aside4#fd ,9 "s dioceses#fe ! numb] ( fe/ivals obs]v$ exce$$ ^? proscrib$ by lawful au?ority4#ff ,9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire ! numb] ( days exempt f legal proce$+s 0 ev5 m consid]able ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 :ole holidays & half holidays4 ,! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us r$uc$ _! numb] by a con/itution1 dat$ ,m>* #aaff4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! fir/-class compris$ no few] ?an sixty-six days1 n includ+ ,sundays1 & ! second compris$ tw5ty-sev54 ,f ! ,cal5d> ( ,calcas5di1#fg we le>n :at 7 ! fe/ivals obs]v$ by ! ,copts 9 ,egypt1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 "u ,mahom$an rule4 ,!y di/+ui%$ betwe5 great] & less] fe/ivals1 & kept sev5 ( ea*4 ,! great] fe/ivals are3-- #a4 ,annuntiatio1 ,calcas5di adds3 ,innuunt p] eam annuntiationem consolatoris1 qui ipse e/ juxta eorum discipl9am ,gabriel1 ,m>i1 sup] quam sit pax1 de nativitate ,jesu1 sup] quam sit mis]icordia ,dei4 ,! fe/ival 0 held on #bi? ,b>*amo?--#be? ,m>*4 #b4 ,oliv>um s4 fe/um palm>um 9 die solis po/remo jejunii illorum1 alias fe/um ,als*acaniu 7a corruption ( ,hosanna71 ,palm ,sunday4 #c4 ,pas*a celebrant die solutionis jejunii eorum4 #d4 ,f]ia qu9ta quadrag9ta 7scil4 di]um71 i4e4 fe/um asc5sionis4 #e4 ,fe/um qu9que 7scil4 decadum di]um71 i4e4 p5teco/e4 #f4 ,nativitas ,dom9i4 #g4 ,imm]sio1 i4e4 baptismus ,dom9i1 ,epiphany4 ,! less] fe/ivals are3-- #a4 ,circumcisio ,dom9i4 #b4 ,quadragesima 7scil4 dies1 reckon$ f ,*ri/mas71 ,c&lemas ,day2 ! date #h? ,mesori is giv54 #c4 ,f]ia qu9ta confd]ations sive te/imonii1 ,maundy ,?ursday4 #d4 ,sabbatum ,lum9is1 ,holy ,saturday4 #e4 ,fe/um claud5s s4 t]m9ans e/ octiduo po/ pas*a1 ,l[ ,sunday4 #f4 ,fe/um transfigurationis 7#f? ,augu/74 #g4 ,fe/um crucis1 on ! #ad? ,septemb]4 ,= ! ,egyptian ,*ri/ians1 ,good ,friday 0 n a fe/ival ( ei!r ! fir/ or second class4 ,9 ?is x /ood 9 m>k$ di/9ction f ! prec$+ & foll[+ days--,maundy ,?ursday & ,holy ,saturday1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z fe/ivals ( ! second class4 ,! fe/ivals obs]v$ 9 ! latt] p]iod ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire "u ! ,paleologi are f\nd 9 ! treatise ( an (ficial ( ! palace1 ,george ,cod9us1 ,de ,(ficiis ,palatii1 9 :i* detail$ in=mation is giv5 ( ! co/ume1 insignia1 etc41 ) :i* ! ,emp]or & 8 c\rti]s att5d$ div9e s]vice 9 ! diff]5t *ur*es ( ! capital4 ,beside ! great fe/ivals--,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 ,hypapante1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/--! foll[+ days 7 di/+ui%$ by ! att5dance ( ! ,c\rt at div9e s]vice3 ! ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,or?odox ,sunday1 ,palm ,sunday1 ,holy ,saturday & ! ,ea/] ,octave1 ! #a/ ,septemb] be+ ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,to ^! 7 add$ a great numb] ( sa9ts' days1 i4e4 #a/ ,janu>y1 ,/ ,basil2 #bcrd ,april1 ,/ ,george2 #ba/ ,may1 ,con/ant9e2 #bd? ,june1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/2 #cj? ,june1 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,apo/les2 #h? ,augu/1 ! ,transfiguration2 #ae? ,augu/1 ! ,assumption 7 72 #bi? ,augu/1 ! ,behead+ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/2 #ca/ ,augu/ or #bnd ,july1 ! ,translation ( ,our ,lady's g>m5t to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,bla*]n2 #h? ,septemb]1 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady2 #ad? ,septemb]1 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross 7 72 #bf? ,octob]1 ,fea/ ( ! ,m>tyr ,demetrius ,myroblyta2 #ac? ,novemb]1 ,/ ,*ryso/om2 #ba/ ,novemb]1 ! ,pres5tation ( ,our ,lady 9 ! ,temple2 &1 f9ally1 ! day ( ! ,resurrection ( ,laz>us1 :i* 0 kept on ! ,saturday be=e ,palm ,sunday4 ,! ,c\rt did n att5d div9e s]vice on ,good ,friday1 al?\gh x did on ,holy ,saturday4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! ,asc5sion4 ,! l>ge increase 9 fe/ivals 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 due to ! fact t ! bi%ops ex]cis$ ! "r giv5 !m by ,canon ,law1#fh ( introduc+ new fea/s )9 ! limits ( _! dioceses4 ,?is arose f ! anci5t cu/om1 t x belong$ to !m to wat* ov] ! cultus ( ! m>tyrs1 & x dep5d$ ^u _! au?orisation :e!r or n a giv5 m>tyr %\ld be recognis$ & v5]at$ z su*4 ,lat]1 :5 ! religi\s ord]s became widespread & influ5tial1 x usually happ5$ t "s mona/]y began to v5]ate a my/]y or a sa9t1 & !n1 z ?is cultus 0 tak5 up by ! p1 o!r mona/]ies1 or ! :ole ,ord]1 adopt$ ! fe/ival1#fi &1 f9ally1 ! bi%ops gave _! approbation to ! in/itution ( ! holy day 9 "q4 ,la/ly1 ! civil p[] & ! ,roman ,see int]v5$1 & ! new holy day 0 9 ?is way fully sanction$4 ,?+s1 h[ev]1 did n always proce$ s f>1 = 9 _m cases ! fe/ival 0 conf9$ to a s+le diocese1 ! result be+ great v>iety 9 p>ticul>s & g5]al unc]ta9ty4 ,^! abuses became m deeply felt 9 c\rse ( "t1 & s ,urban ,,viii41 9 8 con/itution ,univ]sa p] orbem1 publi%$ 9 #afdb1 w>ns ! bi%ops n to use _! rights 9 ?is respect = ! future1 & at ! pres5t day ^! rights1 )\t hav+ be5 abrogat$1 are reg>d$ z antiquat$4#gj ,! fact t =m]ly ! bi%ops enjoy$ ! "r ( introduc+ fe/ivals into _! dioceses1 or ( exclud+ !m1 mu/ con/antly be borne 9 m9d1 because1 if x is left out ( sight1 ! in/itution & developm5t ( ev5 a s+le fe/ival _c be und]/ood1 mu* less ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! :ole fe/al cycle4 ,:5 we realise t ?is pr9ciple 0 act$ ^u f ! beg9n+1 & = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 dur+ a p]iod rem>kable = its ri* developm5t 9 _m directions1 ! wond] is t ! result is z h>moni\s & sy/ematic z x is4 ,no dep>ture 0 made f ! natural basis ^u :i* ! :ole 0 built up1 & ! attempts ( ! ,c\ncils 7 all 9 ! direction ( uni=mity4 ,! abuses result+ f ! excessive multiplication ( holy days 0 rem>k$ ^u ev5 9 ,ca?olic times1 especially by ,john ,g]son1 at a prov9cial synod at ,reims 9 #adjh1 & by ,ni*olas de ,clemangiis1 :o1 9 a "w#ga devot$ to t purpose1 publi%$ ab\t #adaf1 spoke out boldly aga9/ ! introduction ( any m fe/ivals4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,prote/ants 9 _! ,gravam9a d5\nc$ ! great numb] ( fe/ivals1 & already 9 #aebd ! legate ,campeggio settl$ _! numb]1 & s put an end to _! arbitr>y increase = ! future4#gb ,by ! introduction ( diocesan & local fe/ivals1 ! numb] ( holy days became excessive 9 "s localities1 & great unc]ta9ty arose z to :i* fe/ivals %\ld be celebrat$ by all1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al precepts ( ! ,*ur*1 & :i* %\ld n4 ,?is1 & ! compla9ts ( ! poor t !y 7 prev5t$ by ! numb] ( holy days f ga9+ _! livelihood1 :ile o!rs aga9 took advantage ( !m to indulge 9 laz9ess or ! pursuit ( pleasure1 0 ! gr\nd :i* ,g]son _h already adduc$ 9 8 "t4 ,! same reasons n[ induc$ ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 to regulate ! arrangem5ts ( fe/ivals & to fix limits = ! :ole ,*ur* beyond :i* x w\ld n be lawful to g4 ,= ?is purpose1 he publi%$1 on ! #bd? ,septemb] #afdb1 ! important con/itution ,univ]sa p] orbem1 9 :i* ! foll[+ holy days are prescrib$3 #a4 ,fea/s ( our ,"l--,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 ) ! two foll[+ days1 ,new ,ye>1 ,epiphany1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,tr9ity1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross4 #b4 ,fea/s ( ,our ,lady--,c&lemas1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,assumption1 & ! ,nativity4 #c4 ,sa9ts' ,days--,/ ,mi*ael 7#h? ,may71 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,/ ,&rew1 ,/ ,james1 ,/ ,john1 ,/ ,?omas1 ,,ss4 ,phillip & ,james1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 ,/ ,mat!w1 ,,ss4 ,simon & ,jude1 ,/ ,mat?ias1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ,/ ,silve/]1 ,/ ,joseph1 ,/ ,anne1 ,all ,sa9ts'1 & ! patron sa9t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! actual r$uction 0 small1 & conc]n$ *iefly ! less] sa9ts days1 su* z ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/ ,cecilia1 ,/ ,ca!r9e1 ,/ ,m>t91 etc4 ,a m important consequ5ce ( ?is con/itution 01 t ! orig9al "r ( ! bi%op to appo9t fe/ivals1 al?\gh recognis$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 0 r5d]$ practically ineffective4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! hatr$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* :i* %[$ itself at ! ,c\rts ( ! ,b\rbon sov]eigns1 & ! s-call$ advance ( culture1 necessitat$ fre% regulations on ?is po9t4 ,fir/ ( all1 at ! reque/ ( ! prov9cial synod ( ,t>ragona 9 #agbg1 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 cons5t$ to ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( fe/ivals = a "p ( ,spa94 ,f ?is arose ! di/9ction betwe5 half & :ole holy days4#gc ,re/ f s]vile "w 0 ma9ta9$ only on ! ,sundays & sev5te5 fe/ivals1 i4e4 half ! numb] giv5 9 ! li/ above1 & = ! o!r sev5te5 days x 0 enjo9$ t ! fai?ful assi/ at ,mass only4 ,aft] att5dance at div9e s]vice1 all k9ds ( "w 7 to be p]mitt$4 ,?is p]mission 0 ext5d$ 9 #agdh1 by ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 to ,naples1 ,sicily1 & sev]al ,spani% dioceses4 ,! same ,pope ext5d$ ?is r$uction ( fe/ivals to ,au/ria 9 #aged1 inasmu* z only fifte5 complete holy days besides ,sundays 7 left2 :ile on ! o!r days1 :i* 7 to be obs]v$ accord+ to ! provisions ( ! bull1 ,univ]sa p] orbem1 x 0 enjo9$ t ,mass %\ld be he>d & ! fa/ kept on _! vigil4 ,?is la/ injunction soon fell into disuse1 & ev5 assi/ance at ,mass on ! suppress$ holy days 0 n /rictly obs]v$4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,empress ,m>ia ,t]esa desir$ an alt]ation1 & ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv4 issu$ a new brief 9 #agga4 ,9 ?is1 ! direction to keep a fa/ on ! vigil ( ! suppress$ fe/ivals1 & to att5d mass1 0 set aside1 & ! foll[+ fe/ivals 7 prescrib$ to be kept z complete holy days2 ,*ri/mas1 ,/ ,/eph5's ,day1 ,new ,ye>1 ,epiphany1 ,ea/] 7two days71 ! ,asc5sion1 ,p5teco/ 7two days71 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! five pr9ciple fea/s ( our ,lady1 & ! fe/ival ( ! patron sa9t ( ! c\ntry1 i4e4 eighte5 days 9 addition to ! ,sundays4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 introduc$1 9 #aggb1 into ! !n electorate ( ,bav>ia1 9 #agge1 into ,pol& & ,ea/ ,prussia1 & 9 #agia1 into ! :ole ( ,spa94#gd ,"u ,pius ,,vi4 p]mission 0 frequ5tly giv5 = ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( fe/ivals at ! reque/ ( c]ta9 dioceses & di/ricts z appe>s f ! bull>ium ( ?is ,pope4 ,x became necess>y to make new arrangem5ts conc]n+ fe/ivals = ,prussia1 aft] ! incorporation ( ,silesia4 ,?is 0 effect$ by a brief ( ,clem5t ,,xiv4 ( ! #bd? ,june #aggb1 especially grant$ to ! diocese ( ,breslau1 b apply+ to all ,prussia z x !n exi/$4 ,! fe/ivals reta9$ 73 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 & ,*ri/mas 7ea* two days71 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 five fea/s ( ,our ,lady1 7i4e4 ! ,purification1 ,annunciation1 ,assumption1 ,nativity1 & ,conception71 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul & ,all ,sa9ts4 ,:]e !re 7 sev]al patron sa9ts1 only "o1 ! pr9cipal1 0 to be celebrat$4 ,^! regulations rema9$ 9 =ce only until #aghh1 = ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 reque/$ a fur!r r$uction 9 ! numb] ( fe/ivals ?r\gh 8 ag5t 9 ,rome1 ,ci(ani4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,pius ,,vi4 transf]r$ ! fea/s ( ! ,assumption & ,nativity ( our ,lady to ! ,sundays foll[+1 &1 at ! express wi% ( ! ,k+1 appo9t$ t ! ,w$nesday 9 ! ?ird week aft] ,ea/]1 "o ( ! ,prote/ant days ( p5it5ce & pray]1 %\ld rank z a fe/ival1 an ord] t all might implore ! same ,god = a fruitful h>ve/4 ,9 comp5sation = ! suppress$ fe/ivals ( ! ,apo/les & o!r ,sa9ts1 !re 0 to be obs]v$ ! commemoration ( all ! ,apo/les on ! #bi? ,june1 & a simil> commemoration ( all ! holy m>tyrs on ! #bf? ,decemb]4 ,^! _h already be5 appo9t$ by ,clem5t ,,xiv4#ge ,^! regulations rema9$ 9 =ce = ,prussia1 & 7 ev5 ext5d$ to its newly acquir$ t]ritories by a brief ( ,leo ,,xii41 dat$ #bnd ,decemb] #ahbh4 ,by ?is means1 ! di/ricts on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 :i*1 :ile "u ,fr5* dom9ion _h only kept ! f\r holidays prescrib$ by ! ,code ,napoleon1 aga9 enjoy$ a notable increase 9 ! numb] ( fe/ivals4 ,9 ord] t ?is might n int]f]e ) ! livelihood ( ! indu/rial classes1 :o _h to compete ) ,prote/ants1 x 0 conc$$ at ! repres5tations ( ,ar*bi%op von ,spiegel t1 9 ! indu/rial di/ricts1 s]vile lab\r might be p]=m$ aft] att5dance at ,mass on ! fe/ivals introduc$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! brief ( ,leo ,,xii4 ,ow+ to ! deeply religi\s "* ( ! di/rict 9 "q1 v little use 0 ev] made ( ?is concession1 & x has accord+ly become obsolete4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! regulations = ,ca?olic fe/ivals at pres5t 9 =ce 9 ,prussia4 ,9 "o po9t1 h[ev]1 an alt]ation has be5 made1 = :5 ! ,prote/ant day ( p5it5ce 9 pray] :i* falls 9 ,novemb]1 0 fix$ by au?ority 9 #ahic1 ! ,ca?olics fell 9 ) ! arrangem5t1 & n[ celebrate ! ,pres5tation ( our ,lady 9 ! ,temple z a movable fea/ on ! same day4 ,! greate/ alt]ations 9 respect ( ! ,*ur*'s holy days 0 caus$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,by a decree ( ! ,conv5tion on #e? ,octob] #agic1 ! ,*ri/ian mode ( reckon+ 0 aboli%$ & a new mode sub/itut$ = x4 ,! ye>s 7 to be reckon$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic on #bbnd ,septemb] #agib4 ,! division ( "t into weeks 0 also aboli%$ & ! mon?s1 n[ uni=mly ( ?irty days1 7 divid$ into ! decades4 ,! ,fr5* obs]v$ ?is mode ( reckon+ until #a/ ,janu>y #ahjf4 ,:ile x 0 9 =ce1 ,napoleon und]took ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ecclesia/ical affairs 9 ,france1 & z f> z ! regulations = holy days are conc]n$1 traces ( ! !n exi/+ /ate ( ?+s survives until ! pres5t day4 ,= ! ,*ur* _h to fall 9 ) ! reckon+ !n 9 =ce1 to ! ext5t ( ei!r aboli%+ all holy days :i* fell 9 ! week1 or ( transf]r+ !m to ! ,sunday4 ,accord+ to ! ord9ance ( ! ,c>d9al ,legate ,capr>a1 dat$ ,p>is1 #i? ,april #ahjb1 only f\r holy days 7 left1 i4e4 ,*ri/mas1 ,asc5sion1 ! ,assumption 7because ! #ae? ,augu/ 0 ,napoleon's "n-day71 & ,all ,sa9ts4 ,?is ord9ance affect$ all ,france z x 0 !n1 t is includ+ ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! :ole left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! ,app5dix#gf w be f\nd a detail$ li/ ( ! fe/ivals obs]v$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries ^u :i* s]vile "w is =bidd54 ,a li/ ( ?is k9d1 9 addition to its practical value1 is in/ructive z %[+ h[ ! int]e/s ( religion are affect$ by ! culture & social conditions ( ea* c\ntry at a giv5 p]iod1 & also h[ politics h intrud$ !mselves into ! sph]e ( religion4 ,! latt] fact is especially prom95t 9 ,prote/antism4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ,prote/antism 0 affect$ by two oppos+ /reams--"o fav\rable to ! obs]vance ( fe/ivals1 prevail+ among ! ,lu!ran1 ! o!r oppos$ to x1 prevail+ among ! ,calv9i/s4 ,lu!r wi%$ to reta9 all fea/s ( our ,"l1 & ev5 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ! ,annunciation f\nd fav\r ) him z su*4 ,sa9ts days & ! two fe/ivals ( ! ,holy ,cross 7 alone to be aboli%$4 ,c]ta9 secul> gov]nm5ts tol]at$ ev5 m fe/ivals1 su* z ,/ ,mi*ael & ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! ,*ur* ,ord] ( ,br&5burg reta9$ ! fea/s ( ,apo/les1 & ev5 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 b )\t a procession1 & ! ,assumption--?is la/ = ! sake ( ! peasants4#gg ,! same regulations 7 obs]v$ 9 ,saxony & ,wrtemburg4 ,/rict ,calv9ism reta9$ only ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/2 its spread & increas+ influ5ce manife/$ itself gradually 9 ! regulations conc]n+ fe/ivals4 ,! ,prussian ,union1 & ! ,ag5da ( ! s-call$ ,evangelical ,/ate ,*ur* ( #ahie recognise z holy days ( obligation only ! ?ree pr9cipal fe/ivals1 ea* ) two holidays1 i4e4 ! ,sunday & ! ,monday1 ,new ,ye>1 ,epiphany1 ,good ,friday1 ! ,asc5sion1 along ) ! days ( p5it5ce & pray]4 ,contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ,calv9ism1 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& possesses a ,cal5d> ri*ly furni%$ ) fe/ivals4#gh ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> ,a4 ,,ea/]1 ,,& ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,seasons ,,connect$ ,,) ,,ea/] #a4 ,ea/]1 its ,"n & ,hi/ory ,7 x our object to deal ) ! ,*ur*'s ye> z af=d+ mat]ial = a s]ies ( doctr9al in/ructions1 we %\ld beg9 ) ,*ri/mas1 ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 =1 s view$1 ! ecclesia/ical ye> becomes *iefly a comp5dium ( ! *ief acts 9 ! drama ( our salvation1 & recalls 9 ord]ly succession ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 our ,savi\r's life4 ,b if we make ! ,*ur*'s ye> 9 itself ! object ( our /udies1 especially if we deal ) x hi/orically1 we are b\nd to comm5ce ) ,ea/]1 because1 9 ord] ( "t1 x exi/$ f ! fir/ & =m$ ! natural />t+-po9t = all ! re/4 ,x did n1 z o!r fe/ivals1 come into exi/5ce gradually1 b =m$ a connect+ l9k ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 01 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! words1 ! appo9tm5t ( a ,high] ,p[]1 provid5tially ord]+ all ?+s accord+ to ,its good pleasure4 ,ea/] owes its orig9 n to human wisdom1 or piety3 x comes to u ) high] sanctions4 ,ea/] is ! *ief fe/ival ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! fir/ & olde/ ( all fe/ivals1 ! basis on :i* ! ,*ur*'s ye> is built1 ! connect+ l9k ) ! fe/ivals ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 & ! c5tral po9t on :i* dep5ds ! date ( ! o!r movable fea/s4 ,at an e>ly date1 ! ,fa!rs m5tion ,ea/] z ! mo/ important ( ! fe/ivals1 z1 = example1 ,/ ,leo ! ,great1#gi on ! gr\nds t ! inc>nation & bir? ( ! ,son ( ,god s]v$ z a prelude to ! my/]y ( ! ,resurrection1 & t ,*ri/ _h no o!r purpose 9 be+ born ( a woman ?an t ,he %\ld be nail$ to ! ,cross = u4#hj ,o!r ,fa!rs & ! ,roman m>tyrology call x ! fea/ ( fea/s 7fe/um fe/orum74 ,) reg>d to ! "n1 ! ,engli% ^w 8,ea/]0 comes f ,ea/re1 9 ,g]man 8,o/ra10#ha ! goddess ( ,spr+ wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t ,saxons & ,angles1 ^: "n survives 9 _m place-names1 su* z ,o/]ode1 ,o/]b]g1 etc4 ,9 h] hon\r fires1 kn[n z ! ,ea/] fires1 7 k9dl$ 9 spr+4 ,9 ,lat91 we f9d at fir/ dom9ica resurrectionis alone us$ 9 ! liturgy1 nev] ,pas*a4 ,pas*a has no connection ) ! ,greek 1 b is ! ,aramaic =m ( pesa*1 to pass ov]1 = 4 ,9 ,*ri/ian times1 ! simil>ity 9 ! s\nd ( ! words easily sugge/$1 by a sort ( play ^u ! words1 t :i* to ,*ri/ians is ! *ief object ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu*1 pas*a is only f\nd 9 ! /rict s5se ( transitus1 phase4#hb ,! po9ts to be dealt ) reg>d+ ,ea/] are its antiquity1 & its connection1 9 po9t ( view ( "t & ( signification1 ) ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 ) :i* x is connect$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 z well z by ! day on :i* t dea? took place4 ,!n1 ! "* & duration ( ! fea/1 ! prep>atory solemnity ( ,l5t1 & ! subsequ5t ,octave mu/ be dealt )4 ,) reg>d to ,ea/] & its antiquity 9 e>ly ecclesia/ical lit]ature1 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ow+ to ! que/ions dealt ) 9 _! writ+s1 d n m5tion x4 ,only 9 ! int]polat$ lett] ( ,ignatius to ! ,philippians 7c4 #ad7 is ,ea/] m5tion$4 ,! passage is direct$ aga9/ ! ,qu>todecimans1 :i* ( itself is pro( ( its lat] date4 ,no?+ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,dida* or 9 ! pseudo-,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,:5 we come to ! apologi/s1 we f9d no ref]5ce to ,ea/] 9 ,ju/9's ,dialogue ) ,trypho 7c4 #dj71 & no?+ 9 ei!r ( 8 ,apologies4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria speaks only ( ! ,jewi% passov]1 )\t ref]r+ to ! ,*ri/ian fea/4 ,melito ( ,s>dis1 h[ev]1 wrote an entire treatise on ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]1 9 ! ye> :5 ,s]vilius ,paulus 0 ,pro-,consul ( ,asia1 = at t "t a disagreem5t conc]n+ ,ea/] _h brok5 out 9 ,laodicea4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria repli$ to ,melito1 :o _h writt5 9 def5ce ( ! ,qu>todeciman practice4#hc ,9 #aih1 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,asia & ! re/ ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ ,ea/] came "u discussion1 an ex*ange ( lett]s took place betwe5 ! lead+ au?orities ( ! ,*ur*1 ,pope ,victor1 ,bi%op ,n>cissus ( ,j]usalem1 ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 ,bac*ylus ( ,cor9?1 ,ir5u1 & o!rs tak+ "p4 ,ir5u compos$ a special treatise ,de ,pas*ate1 sometimes call$ ,de ,s*ismate1 un=tunately lo/4 ,9 ! fragm5ts falsely attribut$ to him1 ,ea/] is ref]r$ to 9 ! ?ird & sev5?4 ,ref]5ces to ,ea/] are frequ5t 9 ,t]tullian4 ,) reg>d to ! "n1 x is to be notic$ t ) him pas*a d5otes1 n ! s+le day ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival1 b a long] p]iod ( "t1 9 :i* a fa/ 0 obs]v$ & baptism adm9i/]$1#hd 9 o!r words1 ,passion-tide & ! ,ea/] ,octave4#he ,moreov]1 = ! actual day ( our ,"l's dea?1 he uses ! ^w1 p>asceve4#hf ,! fe/ival ( ,ea/]1 z he fur!r relates1 0 kept 9 ! fir/ mon? 7i4e4 ,m>*71#hg & 0 prefigur$ by ! ,jewi% ,passov]4#hh ,we possess a treatise on ,ea/]1 ( ! ye> #bdc ,a4,d41 =m]ly attribut$ wrongly to ,/ ,cyprian1 b1 probably1 a translation ( "w ( ,!ophilus ( ,cs>ea4 ,x is entitl$ ,de ,pas*ate ,computus1 & 0 writt5 else:]e ?an at ,rome1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,ea/] cycle ( sixte5 ye>s drawn up by ,hippolytus4 ,! rem>ks ( ,hippolytus on ! ,qu>todecimans af=d u important evid5ce = ! ,ante-,nic5e p]iod4 8,^!10 he says1 8agree ) ! ,*ur* 9 pres]v+ all ! apo/olic traditions1 b diff] f h] 9 "o po9t1 inasmu* z1 out ( cont5ti\sness1 wilfulness1 & ignorance1 !y ma9ta9 t ! ,*ri/ian fea/ mu/ always be kept on ! #ad? ,nisan1 no matt] on :at day ( ! week x falls40#hi ,if ! ,arabic ,canons ascrib$ to ,hippolytus1 especially ! tw5ty-second1 are really 81 x w\ld appe> t he held ,ea/] might be kept 9 ! same week z ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 b on ! ,sunday1 & %\ld be prec$$ by a week's fa/ on bread & wat]4#ij ,?is date co9cides ) ! ,ea/] cycle ( sixte5 ye>s drawn up by ,hippolytus1 & :i*1 aft] all1 is only ! ,jewi% cycle ( eight ye>s d\bl$4 ,! sev5? & sixty-n9? ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,canons ref] to ,ea/] & its prep>atory fa/4 ,! sev5? is also important on acc\nt ( :at x says ab\t ! p]iod )9 :i* ,ea/] may fall3 8,:osoev] keeps ,ea/] ) ! ,jews be=e ! v]nal equ9ox1 let him be ana!ma40 ,f :i* x appe>s t ! ,jewi% ,passov] c\ld fall be=e ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! la/ day ( ,nisan alone mu/ nev] prec$e ! equ9ox1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ,passov] mu/ frequ5tly h fall5 be=e ! #ba/ ,m>*1 & may h done s 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l's dea?4 ,( ,eusebius' treatise on ,ea/]1#ia d$icat$ to ! ,emp]or1 only a portion rema9s & ?is conta9s no?+ ei!r ab\t ,ea/] or its date4 ,con/ant9e gratefully accept$ ! d$ication 9 a lett] :i* ,eusebius1 n )\t vanity1 incorporat$ 9 8 ,vita ,con/ant9i 7#d1 #ce74 ,! ,emp]or's encyclical1#ib communicat+ to ! *ur*es ! conclusions conc]n+ ,ea/] arriv$ at by ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 w\ld h be5 m des]v+ ( a place 9 ! same "w4 #b4 ,! ,connection ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fe/ival ) ! ,jewi% ,! connection betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,jewi% fea/s is bo? hi/orical & ideal--hi/orical because our ,"l's dea? happ5$ on ! #ae? ,nisan1 ! fir/ day ( ! ,jewi% fea/2 ideal1 because :at took place _h be5 prefigur$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t by types ( :i* x 0 itself ! antitype4 ,! ,jewi% ,passov] 0 a repetition ( :at _h tak5 place on ! ev5+ ( ! exodus f ,egypt4 ,on t occasion1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h kill$ a lamb & m>k$ _! doorpo/s ) its blood 9 ord] t ! de/roy+ angel might pass ov] _! h\ses4 ,!n1 dress$ = ! j\rney1 !y _h consum$ ! lamb at a c]emonial meal4 ,?is la/ meal ( :i* ! ,israelites p>took 9 ,egypt on ! eve ( _! dep>ture1 i4e4 on ! #ad? ,nisan1 0 ( a religi\s "*1 & 01 on ?is acc\nt1 to be repeat$ e ye> on ! same day1 & at ! same h\r1 z a memorial fea/1 at :i* ea* fa!r ( a family _h to in/ruct 8 h\sehold 9 ! signification ( ! rites !y 7 p]=m+4#ic ,! mann] ( celebrat+ ! fea/ 0 m9utely prescrib$4 ,ea* h\sehold]1 = example1 _h to *oose a lamb )\t blemi% ( ! fir/ ye>1 on ! #aj? ( ! fir/ mon?1 i4e4 ,nisan1 z x came to be call$ lat]1 or1 if he _h none 9 8 own h]d1 he mu/ procure "o f else:]e & keep x 9 read9ess = ! fea/ on ! ev5+ ( ! #ad? ,nisan4 ,! lamb 0 to be kill$1 roa/$1 & eat5 by ! h\sehold1 :o rema9$ /&+1 along ) unleav5$ bread1 & bitt] h]bs1 no?+ be+ all[$ to rema9 ov]4#id ,f ?is onw>ds to ! #ba/ ,nisan inclusive1 unleav5$ bread 0 alone to be eat51 & h5ce ! p]iod f ! #ae? to ! #ba/ ,nisan 0 call$ ! days ( unleav5$ bread4 ,! fir/ & la/ days1 ! #ae? & ! #ba/1 7 reg>d$ z especially sacr$1 & s]vile "w 0 =bidd5 on !m4#ie ,dur+ ! :ole week1 holocau/s1 meat (f]+s1 & s9 (f]+s 7 (f]$ daily 9 ! ,temple on behalf ( ! entire p1 z well z (f]+s pres5t$ by individual believ]s on _! own behalf4 ,! #af? ,nisan 0 m>k$ by an (f]+ ( a special k9d1 t ( ! fir/-fruits ( h>ve/1 consi/+ ( ! pres5tation ( a %eaf ( ripe b>ley along ) ! (f]+ ( a ye>l+ lamb4#if ,?is (f]+ ( ! fir/ ripe fruits s]v$ also to m>k ! "t :5 ! ,passov] 0 to be celebrat$1 =1 ow+ to ! fact t ! ,jewi% ye> did n beg9 on a fix$ date1 ?is _h to be 9 "s way det]m9$ by a /at$ ev5t 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! b>ley 0 already ripe by ,m>*4 ,sev]al ( ! actions prescrib$ at ! (f]+ ( ?is lamb po9t$ =w>d to ! aton+ dea? ( ! ,messias1 su* z ! spr9kl+ ( ! doorpo/s ) its blood1 9 ord] t ! de/roy+ angel might pass ov] ! h\se1 & ! direction t none ( ! lamb's bones 7 to be brok54 ,!re 7 also sev]al o!r small p>ticul>s :i* emphasis$ & complet$ ! ideal connection betwe5 ! sacrifice ( ! ,passov] & t ( ! ,cross1 z c]ta9 ,fa!rs p]ceiv$ at an e>ly date4 ,isaias1 speak+ 9 8 prophecy1 ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,messias1 calls ,him ! ,lamb *os5 by ,god1 :o be>s ! iniquity ( o!rs4#ig ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ po9t$ out ,jesus z ! ,lamb ( ,god :o takes away ! s9s ( ! _w1 & by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! same idea is frequ5tly employ$4 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ expressly ref]s to ! typical "* ( ! ,passov] rites1 :5 he applies ! passage1 8,a bone ( x %all n be brok510#ih to ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 & sees its fulfilm5t 9 ! fact t ! soldi]s refra9$ f break+ ,8 limbs4 ,/ ,paul decl>es 9 g5]al t ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ replaces ! ,passov]1 & sees a typical signification 9 ! unleav5$ bread4#ii ,x appe>s1 he _h no objection to ,*ri/ians hold+ a ,passov] supp]1 al?\gh1 else:]e he expresses himself /rongly aga9/ _! cont9u+ to obs]ve ,jewi% practices1 su* z ,sabba?s & new moons4#ajj ,z to ! ,fa!rs1 x is suffici5t1 to quote ,ju/9 & ,t]tullian1#aja :o 9 p>ticul> see 9 ! fact t ! ,passov] lamb 0 transfix$ 9 two pieces ( wood arrang$ cross-wise1 a figure ( ! ,cross 9 :i* ,*ri/ 0 /ret*$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re is no d\bt ! ,jewi% ,passov] 0 tak5 ov] into ,*ri/ianity1 & !reby its typical c]emonies f\nd _! true fulfilm5t4 ,ap>t f ! relation ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/'s dea? to ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 & its dogmatic signification1 s5tim5t & m]e human feel+ w\ld h l$ ,*ri/ians to reg>d ) rev]5ce ! day on :i* our ,"l1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*1 di$1 & to keep ! day sacr$ 9 ea* succe$$ ye> on :i* ,he _h (f]$ ! sacrifice ( ,himself4 ,b = ?is x 0 necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 to "k on :at day exactly ,8 dea? _h tak5 place4 ,= ! ,jews1 ?is 0 easy2 x 0 ! #ae? ,nisan 9 _! ,cal5d>1 b = ,*ri/ians ( o!r c\ntries1 x 0 v difficult4 ,9 ! ,roman ,empire1 to :i* !y all belong$1 diff]5t me?ods ( reckon+ "t & diff]5t cal5d>s 7 9 use4 ,s9ce #de ,b4,c41 ! ,romans !mselves us$ ! revis$ ,julian ,cal5d>1 leav+ at ! same "t p]fect fre$om to subject nations ei!r to adopt x1 or cont9ue _! own me?ods4#ajb ,*ief among ! exi/+ sy/ems 7 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,syro-,mac$onian1 & ! ,semitic1 ea* ) its own way ( dat+ ! ye>4 ,! two fir/ sy/ems admitt$ ( be+ br\ght into agreem5t ) ! ,roman ,cal5d>1 ) m or less difficulty1 s9ce1 accord+ to !m1 ! ye> began on a fix$ date1 b ) ! ,jewi% ,cal5d> x 0 n s1 = its 0 bas$ on ! lun> ye>1 & nev] syn*ronis$ ) ! sol> ye> z to ! beg9n+ ( mon?s & ye>s4 ,! ,egyptian ye>1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 began on ! #bi? ,augu/1 & consi/$ ( twelve mon?s ( ?irty days ea*1 & five additional days 77 belong+ to no mon?4 ,e f\r? ye> 0 a leap-ye>1 namely ! ?ird1 sev5?1 elev5?1 fifte5? ye>1 accord+ to ! ,julian reckon+4 ,! ,syro-,mac$onian ,cal5d> comm5c$ ) ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,! ,syrians1 h[ev]1 lat] on1 p>tially adopt$ ! ,julian ,cal5d> 9 a some:at modifi$ =m4#ajc ,! ,egyptian sy/em ( introduc+ additional days 0 ess5tially ! same z ! ,roman1 except t _! leap-ye> 0 always "o ye> 9 advance ( ! ,roman leap-ye>4 ,to _! usual five additional days1 !y add$ yet "o m1 mak+ a total ( six4 ,consequ5tly ! next ye>1 i4e4 ! f\r?1 eigh?1 twelf?1 sixte5?1 etc41 began on ! #cj? in/ead ( ! #bi? ,augu/4#ajd ,= reckon+ ye>s1 ! ,egyptians made use ( ! ye>s ( ! sov]eign's reign1 b z !y began ! ye> ) ! #a/ ,?o?1 prec$+ ! proclamation ( ! sov]eign's accession1 x (t5 happ5$ t m ye>s ?an he 0 entitl$ to 7 set d[n to "o sov]eign1 :ile ano!r :o _h reign$ = less ?an a ye> 0 simply pass$ ov]4#aje ,x 0 extremely difficult = ^? nations1 ^: ,cal5d>s 7 arrang$ on a diff]5t sy/em1 to fix ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea? by _! own *ronology1 = ! ,jewi% #ae? ,nisan might fall on widely diff]5t days1 sometimes 9 ,m>*1 sometimes 9 ,april4 ,h[ difficult x 0 to discov]1 ! days on :i* ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ ought to be commemorat$1 w become m obvi\s f :at foll[s4 #c4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ,ea/] be+ a movable ,fea/ ,to ! real & hi/orical connection betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/] & ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 is due ! explanation ( a /rik+ peculi>ity 9 ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 viz41 ! movable fea/s1 ( :i* ,ea/] is ! />t+-po9t4 ,ea/] falls on no fix$ date1 because ! ,jewi% #ae? ,nisan1 unlike ! dates ( ! ,julian & ,gregorian ,cal5d>s1 v>i$ ye> by ye>4 ,! ext5t & nature ( ?is discrepancy are caus$ by ! ,semitic ,cal5d>4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ?is ,cal5d> 0 n only us$ by ! ,jews1 b also ext5sively foll[$ 9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,babylon1 ,arm5ia1 ,osrhone1 & 9 a great "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 al?\gh o!r nationalities 9 ^! c\ntries kept ea* to its own ,cal5d>4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,greeks 9 ,antio* foll[$ ! ,syro-,mac$onian ,cal5d>1 & s on4 ,:]e a mix$ population exi/$ 9 any place1 diff]5t ,cal5d>s w\ld be f\nd 9 use4 ,! special features ( ! ,semitic1 or ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 :i* conc]n u 9 ?is connection are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! ,jewi% day end$ at sunset1 & s ! ev5+ h\rs1 f ab\t six p4m4 belong$ to ! foll[+ day4 ,?is caus$ diff]5ce 9 dates1 = :at happ5$ accord+ to ,roman ideas at t5 p4m4 = example1 0 reg>d$ by ! ,jews z happ5+ on ! foll[+ day4 #b4 ,! ,jewi% ye> 0 a v>iable lun> ye>1 i4e4 x consi/$ ( twelve mon?s1 ea* ( :i* began ) ! new moon1 ! full moon consequ5tly fall+ on ! #ad? ( ea* mon?4 ,! moon completes h] orbit r\nd ! e>? 9 tw5ty-n9e & a half days1 or two orbits 9 fifty-n9e days4 ,! ,jewi% mon?s1 accord+ly1 v>i$ f tw5ty-n9e to ?irty days alt]nately 7,tis*ri & ,nisan hav+ ?irty days71 x be+ impossible to comm5ce a mon? 9 ! middle ( a day4 ,?us ! twelve mon?s ( ! ,jewi% ye> make up #ced days4 ,elev5 & a qu>t] days 7 requir$ to make up ! l5g? ( a sol> ye>4 ,_h ?is discrepancy n be5 rectifi$ 9 "s way1 e ,jewi% mon?1 & ! new ye> z well1 w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty ye>s1 h made ! circle ( ! ye>4 ,=1 if 9 "o ye>1 ! #a/ ,nisan co9cid$ ) ! #a/ ,m>*1 9 ! next x w\ld fall on ! #ab?1 & s on4 ,! ,semites br\ght ab\t ! necess>y adju/m5t1 n by leap-ye>s1 b by ! ins]tion ( an additional mon?4 ,= example1 eight sol> ye>s h a total ( #bibj days1 n c\nt+ ! addition days ( leap ye>s4 ,! same numb] ( days make up n9ety-n9e lun> mon?s1 or1 9 o!r words1 eight lun> ye>s & ?ree int]cal>y mon?s1 are equal to eight sol> ye>s4 ,?us1 9 eight ye>s1 ?ree additional mon?s mu/ be introduc$1 mak+ ! numb] ( days almo/ equal ) ! days ( eight sol> ye>s1 except = a small discrepancy1 caus$ by ! additional day 9 leap ye>4 ,:5 ^! additional days _h rea*$ ! numb] ( ?irty1 !y c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! introduction ( a fur!r additional mon?4 ,9 regulat+ ^! po9ts1 ! equ9oxes 7 ( ! utmo/ importance1 &1 9 ! second place1 ! c]emonial oblation ( ! fir/ fruits4 ,if x 0 evid5t t ! mon? ,nisan w\ld t]m9ate be=e ! v]nal equ9ox--its beg9n+ & middle _h to prec$e ! equ9ox1 z well z ! qu>ta decima lun--& if ! b>ley 0 n 9 e> by ! #ad?1 !n x 0 consid]$ ! discrepancy _h to be set "r4 ,?is 0 done by prolong+ ! la/ mon? ( ! expir+ ye>1 ,ad>1 = tw5ty-n9e days long] ?an usual4 ,9 o!r words1 an additional mon? 0 add$ to ! ye>1 designat$ m]ely z ,vead>4 ,?is 0 ! int]cal>y mon?4 ,?is1 happ5+ ?rice 9 eight ye>s1 br\ght ! lun> & sol> ye>s into agreem5t by a v simple exp$i5t4 ,! equ9ox c\ld be controll$ by help ( ! ,zodiac1 =1 on ! #bj? ,m>*1 ! sun ent]s ,aries1 &1 on ! #bcrd ,septemb]1 ,libra4 ,_h ! ,jews foll[$ out ?is me?od sci5tifically1 i4e41 _h ! introduction ( ! int]cal>y mon?s foll[$ fix$ laws & be5 rul$ by a/ronomical obs]vations & calculations1 !n1 ?\gh /ill difficult1 x w\ld h be5 possible to make ! ,jewi% ,cal5d> syn*ronise ) o!rs4 ,b ! introduction ( ^! additional days 01 s to speak1 arbitr>y & dep5d5t ^u ! good pleasure ( ! prie/s4 ,?us we c nev] say = c]ta9 t su* & su* a ye> 0 a leap ye> ) ! ,jews1 & accord+ly no date 9 ! pa/ c ) c]ta9ty be made to syn*ronise ) a date 9 ! ,julian or any o!r ,cal5d>4#ajf ,until _! disp]sion aft] ! ,jewi% w> 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 & ev5 mu* lat]1 ! ,jews reckon$ _! new moons & leap ye>s1 & also ! beg9n+ ( ea* ye>1 n by /rictly a/ronomical data1 b by ! me?od j describ$4 ,! rule 0 t ! mon? began ) ! day on ! ev5+ ( :i* ! new moon fir/ became visible1 & also t ! passov] %\ld be kept :5 ! sun 0 9 ,aries4#ajg ,maimonides1 agree+ ) :at we h said above1 in=ms u t a second ,ad> 0 int]pos$ if ! v]nal equ9ox fell on ! #af? ,nisan or lat]4 ,b x w\ld be a great mi/ake to ?9k t a sci5tifically accurate sy/em1 f\nd$ on ^! pr9ciples1 0 employ$ = calculat+ ! new moons & leap ye>s1 su* z w\ld make x possible to br+ ! dates ( ! ,jewi% ye> into c]ta9 correspond5ce ) ! ,julian ,cal5d>4 ,/ill we mu/ n ?9k no attempts 7 made to r$uce ! ,cal5d> to ord] on ! basis ( "s cyclic sy/em1 b ! caprice ( ! ,sanh$r9 always succe$$ 9 r5d]+ ^! attempts unavail+4 ,idel] 7i4 #eab7 %[s h[ ! new moons 7 treat$1 & ,maimonides tells u t ! ,sanh$r9 0 influ5c$ by _m consid]ations 9 ! *oice ( leap ye>s4 ,! ,talmud pres]ves a rem>kable lett] writt5 by ,rabbi ,gamaliel1 ! tea*] ( ,/ ,paul1 to ! ,jews ( ,babylon & ,m$ia1 :i* may appositely be quot$ "h4 8,we h]e) in=m y t we1 9 conjunction ) our colleagues1 h deem$ x necess>y to add ?irty days to ! ye>1 s9ce ! doves 7to be (f]$ 9 sacrifice7 are /ill too t5d]1 & ! lambs 7= ! passov]7 too "y1 & ! "t ( ,abib 7! b>ley h>ve/7 has n arriv$40 ,?is passage may well s]ve z a w>n+ to ^? :o1 :5ev] !y f9d a fix$ date 9 anci5t ,jewi% writ+s1 =?)1 ) ! aid ( lun> tables1 transpose x into a date accord+ to ! ,julian me?od ( reckon+1 & possibly flatt] !mselves !y h f\nd a fix$ po9t :i* w =m a basis = fur!r calculations4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :at we h said1 x seems natural t ,jewi% conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 9 apo/olic times 9 ! ,ea/ %\ld h fix$ ! date ( ,ea/] by ,jewi% me?ods1 )\t dep>t+1 9 ?is respect1 f ,jewi% cu/oms1 especially z !y =m$ ! majority 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 all ! m natural s9ce 9 ,syria & 9 _m p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 a ,cal5d> drawn up on simil> pr9ciples to ! ,semitic1 0 9 use alongside ! ,greek 7i4e4 ,roman7 ,cal5d>4 ,?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 al?\gh reta9$ by ! ,qu>todecimans1 0 nev] widespread1 & did n long survive4 ,! pr9cipal consid]ation1 :i* dem&$ a dep>ture f ,jewi% me?ods1 01 t f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 ! ,resurrection1 & n ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 =m$ ! *ief feature ( ! commemoration2 ! latt]1 al?\gh a day to be _h 9 remembrance1 c\ld n well be kept z a joy\s fe/ival4 ,b ! ,resurrection took place on ! ,sunday aft] ! #ae? ,nisan1 & s ?is ,sunday came to be ! *ief day ( ! ,*ri/ians' fea/4 ,?r\gh ! gradual spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 non-,semitic l&s 9 ! ,we/1 ! necessity mu/ soon h aris5 ( fix+ ! day ( ! ,resurrection by ! ,julian ,cal5d>1 & ( decid+ accord+ to x ! day on :i* ,ea/] _h to be celebrat$4 ,b1 z we h said1 x is v difficult to transf] a date f ! ,jewi% to ! ,julian ,cal5d>1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 q impossible :5 ! date is t ( an ev5t already long pa/4 ,let u apply all ?is to ! po9t 9 "q4 ,if x 0 ask$1 8,on :at day did ,*ri/ die80 ! answ] 01 8,on ! #ae? ,nisan40 ,b if x 0 ask$ aga91 8,on :i* day ( ! ,roman ,cal5d> does ! #ae? ,nisan fall80 ! reply mu/ be1 8,:o c tell8 ,9 "o ye> x may fall 9 ,m>*1 9 ano!r 9 ,april2 sometimes on "o day ( our ,cal5d>1 sometimes on ano!r40 ,! reply1 8,on ! #ae? ,nisan10 convey$ no?+ ei!r to ! ,romans or to ! ,egyptians2 x 0 intelligible to ! ,semites alone4 ,?us1 :]e ! ,semitic ,cal5d> 0 n und]/ood1 x 0 necess>y to fix ! day by "s o!r me?od4 ,9 ! *oice ( me?ods1 ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria1 &1 mo/ ( all1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 took ! lead4 ,! simple/ plan w\ld h be5 to discov] on :i* day ( ,m>* or ,april ! #ae? ,nisan _h fall5 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 i4e4 #ghb ,u4,c4 ,b x 0 impossible to d ?is ) c]ta9ty aft] a few decades _h elaps$4 ,ano!r />t+-po9t _h to be s\ght1 & ?is 0 naturally giv5 by ! spr+ full moon1 i4e4 ! full moon ne>e/ to ! v]nal equ9ox1 = ! #ae? ,nisan mu/ fall ei!r on ?is full moon or !reab\ts4 ,?us 9 ,rome & ,alex&ria1 all ! pr9ciples :i* are 9 =ce at ! pres5t day 7 gradually adopt$1 i4e4 ,ea/] is to be celebrat$ on ! ,sunday aft] ! full moon foll[+ ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is rule = det]m9+ ! date ( ,ea/] 0 foll[$ 9 ,rome f ! "t ( ,pope ,sixtus ,i41 possibly ev5 e>li]4 ,! fur!r developm5ts d n conc]n u "h4 ,"h & !re 9 ! ,we/1 !re 0 a t5d5cy to commemorate ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ on fix$ days 9 ! ,julian ,cal5d>--on ! #be? & #bg? ( ,m>*1 = example--b x nev] became g5]al4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! data = ! calculation ( ,ea/] 7 ! same z ^? employ$ = calculat+ ! ,jewi% passov]2 t is to say1 ! full moon on ! "o h&1 & ! v]nal equ9ox on ! o!r1 ,sunday be+ introduc$ z an additional factor 9 ! calculation1 s9ce our ,"l _h ris5 on t day ( ! week4 ,9 ?is way ! above rule 0 e/abli%$1 & s1 9 ! date ( ,ea/] z det]m9$ at ! pres5t day1 ! v>iable ,jewi% lun> ye> has left a trace beh9d x1 &1 also1 ! connection 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity /&s to ,judaism receives a practical expression des]v+ ( be+ pres]v$ to ! end ( "t4#ajh #d4 ,! ,f9al ,settlem5t ( ! date ( ,ea/] & ! ,attempts made to commemorate ! day ( ! ,mon? on :i* ,*ri/ di$ ,! mann] 9 :i* ! commemoration ( our ,"l's passion & dea? admitt$ ( be+ celebrat$ 9 agreem5t ) ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 is due to ! m9ut5ess ) :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ describes ! ev5ts ( ,holy ,week4 ,on ! #i? ,nisan our ,"l arriv$ at ,be?ania4 ,! next day1 ! #aj?1 took place ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem#aji--,palm ,sunday4 #aa? ,nisan1 ,monday4 ,curse pron\nc$ on ! b>r5 fig-tree1 & second1 cleans+ ( ! ,temple4 #ab? ,nisan1 ,tuesday4 ,conf]5ces betwe5 our ,"l & ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees2 ! wid['s mite2 attempts ( ! ,greeks to see our ,"l4 #ac? ,nisan1 ,w$nesday4 ,judas betrays our ,"l to ! ,*ief ,prie/s4 #ad? ,nisan1 ,?ursday4 ,! ,la/ ,supp] & ! ,betrayal4 #ae? ,nisan1 ,friday4 ,condemnation & ,dea? ( ,jesus4#aaj #af? ,nisan1 ,sabba?4 ,! body ( ,jesus 9 ! sepul*re4 #ag? ,nisan1 ,sunday4 ,! ,resurrection4 ,9 ?is way1 ^! ev5ts c\ld be annually commemorat$ on ! same days 9 ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 ! day ( ! week1 h[ev]1 v>y+1 z x does 9 ! case ( ! ,jewi% passov]4 ,t ?is 0 actually done is recognis$ by ,isidore ( ,seville1 :5 he says1#aaa 8,=m]ly ! ,*ur* kept ,ea/] ) ! ,jews on ! f\rte5? day ( moon1 no matt] on :at day ( ! week x fell40 ,b :]e ! ,julian1 or ev5 ! ,egyptian1 ,cal5d> 0 9 =ce1 if a man wi%$ to proce$ accurately 9 ?is way1 )\t be+ ti$ d[n to fix$ days ( ! week 7i4e4 ,friday = ! day ( our ,"l's dea?1 & ,sunday = ! ,resurrection71 he w\ld nev]!less h to le>n on :at day ( 8 own ,cal5d> ! #ae? ,nisan ( ! ,jews fell 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l's dea?4 ,= x 0 q impossible = him to look = x at "o "t 9 ,m>*1 at ano!r "t 9 ,april1 accord+ to 8 own ,cal5d>4 ,h5ce arose a /rik+ div]g5ce at ! v beg9n+1 :i* did n admit ( be+ adju/$4 ,obvi\sly1 ano!r me?od = fix+ ! date ( ,ea/] _h to be devis$ = ,g5tile conv]ts & = ^? di/ricts :]e ! ,julian1 or1 at any rate1 a non-,jewi%1 ,cal5d> 0 9 =ce4 ,at ! same "t1 x is also q cr$ible1 because re/+ on cle> pro(1 t 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,apo/les fix$ ! date ( ,ea/] on ,qu>todeciman pr9ciples1 :ile at ,rome & ,alex&ria ano!r me?od obta9$ f ! beg9n+4 ,grant$ t ! ,roman ,*ur*1 dur+ ! ,apo/le's lifetime1 consi/$ only ( conv]ts f ,judaism1 /ill ! ,jews z a :ole 7 su* a small m9ority 9 ,rome t !y mu/ h con=m$ to ! ,roman me?od ( reckon+ "t1 & 7 probably1 mo/ ( !m1 unfamili> ) ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>4 ,x 0 diff]5t 9 ,asia ,m9or :]e ! ,jews 7 v num]\s & free to foll[ _! own cu/oms1 & :]e a ,cal5d> closely alli$ to ! ,jewi% 0 us$ by ! native population4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or claim$ = ?is practice ! ord9ance ( ! ,apo/les1 especially ,/ ,john & ,/ ,philip1#aab _! appeal is z mu* des]v+ ( cr$it z ! claim ( ! ,romans to base _! practice on ! ord9ance ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,t !y actually did s1 we le>n f ! ,fe/al ,lett]s ( ,/ ,a?anasius1#aac :o says3 8,! ,romans lay claim to a tradition f ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 =bidd+ to g beyond ! #bf? ,ph>mu?i 7! #ba/ ,april71 on ! "o h&1 & ! #cj? ,pham5o? 7! #bf? ,m>*71 on ! o!r40 ,"h we h also ! limits ( ! p]iod )9 :i* ,ea/] at t "t fell1 ! #be? ,m>* be+ reckon$ z ! day ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! ,*ur*es :i* _h nev] foll[$ ! ,qu>todeciman practice1 surpass$ ! o!rs 9 numb] & influ5ce1 s mu* ! m z ,egypt1 :]e ! ,*ur* _h be5 organis$ by a disciple ( ,/ ,pet]1 & also ,greece1 7 among _! numb]4 ,:5 /rife arose ov] ?is po9t1 ! num]ically weak] p>ty ought to h yield$1 b r ?an ?is1 !y sep>at$ f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* "u ! =m ( ,ebionitism4 ,ir5u traces ! opposition ( ! ,roman ,*ur* to ! ,qu>todeciman ,ea/] back to ,sixtus ,i4 7#aaf-abe74 8,! ,roman ,bi%ops10 he says accord+ to ,eusebius1#aad 8nei!r obs]v$ ! ,passov] 9 ?is way !mselves1 nor all[$ ^? "u _! au?ority s to obs]ve x40 ,%\ld ! ?\ght "h arise 9 ! m9d t ! ,roman practice came into exi/5ce fir/ "u ,sixtus1 x is contradict$ by ! lett] ( ,polycrates to ,pope ,victor :]e x is said t ,rome appeal$ to ! ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul 9 support ( h] cu/om4 ,! *ief reason :y ! ,jewi% ,qu>todeciman practice ( ! o!r ,*ur*es f9ally succumb$1 0 t ,*ri/ians desir$ to commemorate n m]ely ! day ( our ,"l's dea? alone1 :i* 0 l9k$ to ! #ae? ,nisan1 b also ,8 ,resurrection4 ,! ,resurrection _h a close connection ) ,8 dea? 9 po9t ( "t1 & its commemoration 0 already firmly e/abli%$ 9 apo/olic times 9 ! =m ( ,sunday 7see above1 p4 #e74 ,x 0 ?us impossible to pass ov] ! ,sunday1 & s practically an entire week 0 occupi$ by ! commemoration4 ,! ev5ts ( ,holy ,week giv5 above c\ld n be sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 !y mu/ be kept 9 connection4 ,! ,jews1 z ,epiphanius#aae rem>ks 9 8 polemic aga9/ ! ,audians1 keep _! passov] on a s+le day1 :ile ! ,*ri/ians requir$ a :ole week = _! ,ea/] commemorations4 ,& s1 al?\gh !y took ! date ( ! ,jewi% passov] z ! basis ( _! calculations1 !y nev]!less did n limit ! duration ( _! fea/ to t "o day4 ,f9ally1 ano!r po9t :i* _h weight1 0 t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r? c5tury _h a fix$ idea t ! #ad? ,nisan mu/ n fall be=e ! v]nal equ9ox4#aaf ,along ) ?is g5]ally obs]v$ cu/om ( commemorat+ 9 ! ,*ur* ! passion & dea? ( our ,"l1 repeat$ attempts 7 made to discov] & e/abli% a fix$ date = ! solemnity4 ,already 9 ! ?ird c5tury x 0 ?\ght ?is _h be5 successfully a*iev$1 & 9 ,t]tullian we f9d #ghb ,u4,c4 giv5 z ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 & ! #ae? ,nisan id5tifi$ ) ! #be? ,m>*4 ,?is date w\ld be incorrect 9 any case1 ev5 if #ghb 7 really ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 = 9 t ye>1 ! ,jewi% passov] c\ld only h fall5 on ei!r ! #ai? ,m>* or ! #ag? ,april ( ! ,julian ,cal5d>4 ,nev]!less ! #be? ,m>* met ) no small acceptance1 be+ accept$1 among/ o!rs1 by ,hippolytus1 ,augu/9e1 & ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs1 :o accord+ly m>k$ ! #bg? ,m>* 9 8 ,cal5d> z ! true day ( ! ,resurrection4 ,x appe>s also 9 ! spuri\s acts ( ,pilate4 ,9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod ?is date con/antly occurs 9 ! m>tyrologies1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,gellon5se ( #hjd1 9 t ( ,corbie ( #hbf1 9 ,w&elb]t ( ,prm1 9 ! diff]5t rec5sions ( ! s-call$ m>tyrology ( ,j]ome1 & o!rs4 ,:e!r ?is day 0 liturgically obs]v$1 or _h m]ely an hi/oric int]e/1 _c be decid$ f ! ,cal5d>s1 b ! =m] is probable4 ,f9ally1 x may n be )\t int]e/ to obs]ve h[ 9 subsequ5t c5turies attempts 7 made to expla9 ! fact t ,ea/]1 unlike o!r fe/ivals1 0 movable4 ,x is conceivable t 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! true explanation1 viz41 ! connection ( ! ,*ri/ian ) ! ,jewi% fea/ & its consequ5t dep5d5ce on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 0 =gott51 & attempts began to be made to acc\nt = ! fact on o!r gr\nds1 typical or o!rwise4 ,aft] ! obs]vance _h ev]y:]e become well e/abli%$1 x mu/ h /ruck p t ! day ( our ,"l's dea? 0 v diff]5tly commemorat$ 9 ! ,*ur* f ! day ( ,8 bir?1 viz4 z a movable fea/4 ,among ! que/ions :i* ,janu>ius submitt$ to ,/ ,augu/9e1 !re 0 "o be>+ on ?is po9t4 ,augu/9e#aag repli$ t our ,"l's bir?day 0 m]ely a commemorative fe/ival1 :ile ,ea/] _h a my/ical connection ) ! ,jewi% passov]1 z also its "n is ( ,hebrew1 n ,greek1 orig94 ,ea/] is ! fulfilm5t ( our r$emption :i* consi/s 9 an inw>d r5ewal ( mank9d1 & ) ?is idea ( r5ewal1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,jewi% & anci5t ,roman ye> corresponds4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ,augu/9e =sakes ?is safe pa? & loses himself 9 ! symbolism ( numb]s & 9 =c$ a/ronomical int]pretations4 ,%ort] & m to ! po9t is ! explanation giv5 by ,m>t91 ,bi%op ( ,dumio 7#efa-egb71 :o di$ ,bi%op ( ,braga 9 #ehj4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,pas*ate1#aah he says _m p only add to ! confusion by _! unsuccessful attempts to expla9 :y ! date ( ,ea/] is fix$ by ! moon1 aft] ! ,jewi% cu/om4 ,s1 too1 ! attempts rec5tly made by _m bi%ops ( ,gaul to celebrate ! ,resurrection on a fix$ day 7! #be? ,m>*7 _c be approv$4 ,n[ ! passion ( ,*ri/ is ! r$emption ( ! creature4 ,! creation ( ! _w took place 9 ,spr+ 7c4 #d71 &1 consequ5tly1 ! r5ewal ( ! _w mu/ also take place 9 ,spr+1 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>4 ,two ?+s _h to be tak5 into consid]ation ) reg>d to ?is fe/ival--! day ( ! week & ! phase ( ! moon4 ,9 ord] to be "r 9 bo?1 ecclesia/ical antiquity _h appo9t$ t ,ea/] %\ld n be kept be=e ! #bcrd ,m>* or aft] ! #ba/ ,april 7c4 #g74 ,! mo/ important passage 9 ?is treatise be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ,ea/] is ! rem>k t _m ,gallic bi%ops ab\t #egj comm5c$ _! celebration ( ! fe/ival on ! #be? ,m>* z an immovable fea/4 ,?is is also confirm$ by ,b$e1#aai :o _h a di/9ctly cle>] insight into ! nature ( ! "q1 & ?us expresses himself conc]n+ ! dispute ab\t ,ea/]4 8,orig9ally ! ,apo/les kept ,ea/] on ! full moon 9 ,m>*1 on :atev] day x fell4 ,aft] _! dea? diff]5t cu/oms prevail$ 9 diff]5t prov9ces4 ,! ,gauls kept ! fe/ival on ! #be? ( ,m>*4 ,9 ,italy1 "s fa/$ tw5ty days1 o!rs sev51 b ! ,ea/]ns rema9$ fai?ful to ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/les40 ,to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,pope ,victor put himself 9 communication ) ,!ophilus ( ,cs>ea1 :o held a ,synod :i* decid$ t ! ,resurrection %\ld be commemorat$ on a ,sunday1 s fix+ ! day ( ! week on :i* x 0 to be kept4 #e4 ,! ,liturgical ,celebration ( ,holy ,week & ,ea/] ,! ,*ri/ian passov]1 z orig9ally limit$ to ,holy ,week & ,ea/] ,week1 0 consecrat$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! remembrances ( ,*ri/'s passion1 dea?1 & resurrection1 & to ?is ! religi\s c]emonies1 9 s f> z !y diff]$ f ! ord9>y s]vices1 ow$ _! special "*4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 x is to be obs]v$ t s long z ! ,cate*um5ate rema9$ 9 exi/5ce1 & ev5 to "s ext5t aft]w>ds1 ,ea/] 0 ! only season regul>ly appo9t$ = baptism4 ,at ,ea/]1 ! lab\rs ( ! ,cate*i/s came to an end1 ! c\rse ( prep>ation 0 f9i%$1 ! ,cate*um5s receiv$ ! sacram5ts ( baptism1 confirmation1 & ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,to ?is fact1 9 ! second place1 ! ,ea/] s]vices owe mu* ( _! special "*1 & ev5 n[1 long aft] ! practice ( ! ,*ur* has *ang$1 rites connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( baptism are to be f\nd 9 ! ritual ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival4 ,?us1 ! consecration ( ! font on ,holy ,saturday1 fir/ ( all1 & !n ! consecration ( ! ,holy ,oils on ,maundy ,?ursday1 mu/ be ow+ to ! fact t !y 7 requir$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ,baptism & ,confirmation4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 z well z because ( ! importance ( ! fea/ 9 itself1 x is obvi\s t ,ea/]1 f ! liturgical po9t ( view1 is conspicu\s among all ! o!r fe/ivals1 & t a numb] ( rites are !n p]=m$ :i* are n repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! :ole ye>4#abj ,to ^! rites belong ! read+ ( ! ,passion on ,palm ,sunday1 & on ! ,tuesday & ,w$nesday 9 ,holy ,week1 ! procession on ,palm ,sunday1 ! ,consecration ( ! ,holy ,oils on ,maundy ,?ursday1 ! missa prsanctificatorum on ,good ,friday4 ,m ?an ! o!rs1 ,holy ,saturday is conspicu\s = a numb] ( rites peculi> to itself1 viz43-- #a4 ,! bless+ ( ! fire f :i* ! o!r lights 9 ! ,*ur* are lit1 & ! bless+ ( ! five gra9s ( inc5se = ! pascal c&le3 bo? c]emonies be+ p]=m$ outside be=e ! door ( ! ,*ur*4 #b4 ,! procession !nce into ! ,*ur*4 #c4 ,! bless+ ( ! pascal c&le by ! s++ ( ! ,exsultet or prconium pas*ale4 #d4 ,! read+ ( ! prophecies f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #e4 ,! bless+ ( ! baptismal font1 9 :i* ! pascal c&le is employ$4 #f4 ,! baptism ( cate*um5s1 if !re are any4 #g4 ,! *ant+ ( ! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts dur+ ! humi pro/ratio4 #h4 ,! mass ( ,holy ,saturday )\t introit1 & ) ! ?reefold ,alleluia1 i4e41 in/ead ( ,vesp]s4 #i4 ,9 _m places ,ea/] fe/ivities take place on ! ev5+ ( ,holy ,saturday1 b ^! are n liturgical4 #aj4 ,on ,ea/] morn+1 ! lift+ up ( ! ,crucifix f ! sepul*re2 procession1 op5+ ( ! doors1 & entry into ! *ur*4 ,! gospel be+ ,/ ,m>k xvi4 #a-g4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages o!r special c]emonies & =ms ( rejoic+ took place4 ,t ,ea/] 0 ! special season = ! baptism ( ^? cate*um5s ^: prep>ation _h ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! prec$+ ye>1 is made prom95t only at a comp>atively lat] date1 9 special laws1 :5 ! cate*um5ate 0 already dy+ out1 z1 = example1 9 ! sev5? canon ( ! ,roman ,synod ( #djb1 ! f\r? ,canon ( ,g]unda1 ! eighte5? ,canon ( ,aux]re1 :]e x is expressly laid d[n t outside ! ,ea/] season1 baptism mu/ be giv5 to none save ! sick4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,second ,synod ( ,maon 7#ehe71 ! cu/om ( baptis+ all ! ye> r\nd on any day _h already become v common4 ,?is ,synod1 h[ev]1 endeav\r$ to re9/ate ! anci5t cu/om & also prescrib$ re/ f "w = ! :ole ,ea/] week4#aba ,h[ev]1 z late z ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies1 ,ea/] cont9u$ to be ! regul> season = baptism1 at lea/ 9 ,rome1 z ! s-call$ scrut9ies#abb %[1 & ev5 ! ,synod ( ,neu*+ 7#ggb71 9 its eighte5? canon1 wi%$ to re/rict baptism to only two dates 9 ! ye>4#abc ,at an e>ly date1 ,holy ,week _h already receiv$ a special "n1 septimana major1 :i* appe>s already 9 ! f\r? c5tury1#abd & :i* x /ill reta9s 9 liturgical books4 ,! ,g]man "n 7,k>wo*e7 comes f ! old ,g]man *>a or k>a1 sadness or lam5tation1 & s]v$ to m>k ! "* ( ! "t1 always & ev]y:]e reg>d$ 9 ! ,*ur* z a "t ( sadness4 ,! description ( ! liturgical c]emonies ( ,holy ,week is be/ introduc$ by ! acc\nt ( a pilgrim f ,gaul 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,to ! acc\nt ( h] travels1 writt5 betwe5 #chc & #cid1 at ! end ( a pilgrimage ext5d+ ov] ?ree ye>s1 %e add$ a description ( all t took place dur+ ,holy ,week 9 ,j]usalem at t p]iod4 ,!re1 ! ,holy places !mselves sugge/$ devotional practices :i* 7 imitat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*1 & h p>tially surviv$ to ! pres5t day1 z1 = example1 ! procession ( palms & ! adoratio crucis4 ,liturgical s*ol>s1 be+ ignorant ( ?is s\rce ( in=mation1 =m]ly s\ght ! orig9 ( ^! practices 9 a wrong qu>t]3 x is n[ beyond d\bt t !y orig9at$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,to beg9 )1 /ud5ts ( ! liturgy us$ to be divid$ ov] ! "q :5 & :]e ! palm procession orig9at$1 & v>i\s conjectures 7 put =?4 ,b9t]im ?\ght ,bi%op ,pet] introduc$ ! bless+ ( palms at ,edessa 9 #cig1 :ile ,m>tne1 attribut$ its orig9 to ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 n a trace ( ! bless+ ( palms is f\nd 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y4#abe ,we %all c]ta9ly n be mi/ak5 if we look = ! orig9 ( ! palm procession 9 ,j]usalem1 = ! ,gallic pilgrim gives u ! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,on ! ,sunday1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,holy ,week1 ! usual ,sunday morn+ s]vices 7 held 9 ! l>g] *ur* on ,golgo?a1 !n call$ ! ,m>tyrium1 b at ! sev5? h\r ( ! day 7ab\t "o ,p4,m47 all ! p assembl$ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e 0 ! cave 9 :i* ! ,"l us$ to tea*4 ,!re = two h\rs1 hymns & antiphons 7 sung & lections f ! ,scriptures 7 read4 ,at ! n9? h\r1 !y asc5d$ to ! summit1 :5ce ! ,"l asc5d$ to heav54 ,"h aga91 hymns 7 sung1 lections suitable to ! place & day 7 read1 & pray]s 7 (f]$ up4 ,at ! sev5? h\r1 :5 ! gospel acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s entry into ,j]usalem _h be5 read1 all rose up1 & ) bran*es ( palm or olive 9 _! h&s1 &1 s++ ,b5$ictus qui v5it1 proce$$ f ! hill d[n into ! city1 & cont9u$ _! procession until !y rea*$ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,ana/asis :]e vesp]s 7 sung1 & an oratio ad crucem (f]$ up4#abf ,x 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! dramatic "* ( ,ca?olic wor%ip to repres5t1 9 "s m>k$ way1 ,*ri/'s memorable entry into ,j]usalem at ! la/ passov]4 ,on ! v sc5e ( ! ev5t especially1 "o 01 s to speak1 drawn on to d s )\t any special ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculty be+ requir$4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ foll[ ! pilgrim's description to ! end4 ,on ,tuesday1 !re 0 ano!r procession to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e ! ,bi%op read ! gospel1 ,/ ,m>k xxv4 #c et seqq4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! acc\nt ( ! treason ( ,judas 0 read z ! gospel1 & dur+ x1 ! p wept & lam5t$4 ,on ,maundy ,?ursday1 ! psalmody began at cock-cr[2 at f\r ,p4,m41#abg mass 0 said 9 ! ,m>tyrium by ! ,bi%op1 at :i* ! p communicat$4 ,t[>ds sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ! p assembl$ 9 ! ,eleona1 z ! *ur* :i* !n /ood on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives 0 call$1 &1 t[>ds elev5 o'clock1 asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! m\nt1 pray+ & s++4 ,?is la/$ until cock-cr[ ! foll[+ day4 ,!n1 ab\t ?ree ,a4,m41 ! assembly broke up & a />t 0 made = ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semani1 :]e !y f\nd ! beautiful *ur* lit up by two hundr$ lamps4 ,"h ! bi%op said a pray]2 a suitable psalm foll[$1 & !n ! read+ ( ! gospel1 ,/ ,matt4 xxvi4 #da et seqq41 :i* n>rates ! capture ( ,*ri/ 9 ,ge?semani4 ,!n ! procession sl[ly desc5d$ ! m\nt into ! city1 & pass$ on until x rea*$ ! place ( ! crucifixion4 ,"h ! gospel n>rative ( ,*ri/'s trial 0 read3 ! bi%op address$ ! p & dismiss$ !m ) an exhortation to return ab\t sev5 o'clock1 = ! adoration ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,:]eupon1 ! p proce$$ to ,m\nt ,sion to pray at ! column ( ! flagellation1 & !n return$ to _! homes4 ,at sev5 o'clock1 ! bi%op took 8 seat on 8 ?rone 9 ! *apel ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,be=e him 0 plac$ a table cov]$ ) a :ite l95 clo?1 r\nd :i* ! deacons took up _! position4 ,!n ! silv] %r9e conta9+ ! wood ( ! ,holy ,cross 0 br\ght 94 ,x 0 op5$ & ! ,holy ,cross itself1 along ) ! inscription 7titulus7 laid ^u ! table4 ,! fai?ful & cate*um5s approa*$1 knelt1 kiss$ ! ,cross1 & t\*$ x ) _! =ehead & eyes1 b n ) _! h&s4 ,9 ?is way1 !y pass$ by1 "o by "o1 :ile ! deacons kept wat*4 ,!n ! deacons exhibit$ also to ! p ,solomon's r+ & ! horn ) :i* ! ,jewi% k+s us$ to be ano9t$3 ^! also 7 kiss$4 ,at ! six? h\r1 noon1 ! s]vice proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! p assembl$ 9 ! op5 c\rt betwe5 ! *apel ( ! ,holy ,cross & ! ,*ur* ( ! ,ana/asis2 ! bi%op took 8 seat on ! ?rone1 & !n lections f ! ,scriptures 7 read cont9u\sly1 until ! n9? h\r4 ,^! relat$ to ! passion1 & 7 tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ! psalms & prophets1 z well z f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,at ! n9? h\r1 ! passage f ,/ ,john xix4 #cj1 :i* speaks ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 0 read & ! assembly 0 dismiss$4 ,! s]vice 0 !n imm$iately resum$ 9 ! *ief *ur* 7! ,m>tyrium71 & cont9u$ until ! read+ ( ! passage 7,/ ,john xix4 #ch71 describ+ ! desc5t f ! ,cross1 & !n aga9 a pray] 0 recit$ & ! bless+ ( ! cate*um5s took place4 ,) ?is1 ! s]vice = ! day conclud$ & ! p 7 dismiss$4 ,! y\ng] cl]ics1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! night wat*+ 9 ! *ur*4 ,) reg>d to ! liturgy = ,good ,friday1 ! pilgrim f\nd t ! c]emonies %e saw 9 ,j]usalem diff]$ n at all f :at %e 0 famili> ) 9 h] own c\ntry4 ,%e only obs]ves t ! baptis$ *ildr5 7 conduct$ by ! bi%op fir/ to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,resurrection & !n to ! pr9cipal *ur* 7! ,m>tyrium74#abh ,?is is ! e>lie/ complete description ( ! c]emonies ( ,holy ,week :i* we possess4 ,we n[ pass to ! usages ( a lat] date4 ,,palm ,,sunday ,! ,sunday next be=e ,ea/] is commonly call$ ,palm ,sunday 7,dom9ica 9 ramis palm>um1 ,gr4 74 ,at an e>li] date x 0 also call$ ,dom9ica compet5tium1 because on x cate*um5s reque/$ baptism4 ,9 "s sacram5t>ies x is call$ 9 capitilavio1#abi f ! wa%+ & %av+ ( ! head 9 prep>ation = baptism4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic c]emonies ( ?is day1 is ! procession1 at :i* bran*es ( palm1 or ( "s o!r simil> tree1 are c>ri$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?is 0 fairly common2 n s1 h[ev]1 ! bless+ ( ! palms4#acj ,9 ! ,roman ritual1 ?is bless+ is p]=m$ ) mu* c]emony4 ,x resembles 9 =m ! ordo miss1 consi/+ ( an introit1 collect1 epi/le1 gospel1 ano!r pray] & a preface1 foll[$ by ! actual bless+ compris+ five m pray]s1 spr9kl+ ) holy wat] & inc5sation4 ,^u ?is1 ! procession />ts1 :i* passes out ( ! *ur*1 ! doors ( :i* are !n clos$4 ,!y are reop5$ :5 ! deacon has knock$ ) ! /aff ( ! processional cross1 & ! procession ent]s1 recall+ ! entry ( our ,"l ?r\gh ! gates ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! ,mass :i* foll[s1 ! ,passion accord+ to ,/ ,mat!w is read or sung4 ,9 ! olde/ ,roman sacram5t>ies1 h[ev]1 no?+ is f\nd relat+ to ! bless+ & procession ( palms1 b ! ritual = !m is m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,ordos1 xii4 c4 #i 7( ,c5cio ,savelli71 & xv4 c4 #ec et seq4 ,^! cle>ly belong to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! fir/ trace ( ! practice ( hold+ palm-bran*es dur+ div9e s]vice1 z f> z ! rituals ( ! ,roman ,*ur* are conc]n$1 is f\nd 9 ! lat] rec5sion ( ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y us$ 9 ,gaul 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies4 ,among ! pray]s = ! day is f\nd "o = ! bless+1 n ( ! palms1 b ( ^? :o c>ri$ !m4 ,9 ! ,gelasian & ,gregorian sacram5t>ies1 ! ,sunday is at any rate call$ ,dom9ica 9 ,palmas1 b only 9 ! title4 ,x seems z if p 7 satisfi$ at fir/ ) hold+ palms dur+ ! ,mass1 & t ! palm procession only took %ape lat]4 ,9 ! ,go?o-,gallican missal1 ! ,sunday has no special "n & no m5tion is made ( palms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "n appe>s 9 ! lection>ies ( ,silos & ,luxeuil4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! bless+ ( ! palms1 &1 probably1 also ! procession1 hav+ become cu/om>y 9 ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury4#aca ,isidore ( ,seville#acb is famili> ) ! "n dies palm>um1 b n ) ! procession4 ,amal>ius1#acc on ! contr>y1 m5tions ! cu/om ( c>ry+ palm bran*es ?r\gh ! *ur* & ( %\t+ ,hosanna4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a rite1 univ]sally obs]v$ on ,palm ,sunday1 :i* _h ref]5ce to ! adm9i/ration ( baptism4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! cate*um5s 9 primitive times 7 in/ruct$ 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e dur+ ,l5t1 & ev5 = a long] p]iod4 ,! in/ruction ( cate*um5s & ! solemn adm9i/ration ( baptism took place only once a ye>4 ,! =m] began eight weeks be=e ,ea/]1 & end$ ) ! baptism :i* 0 adm9i/]$ on ,ea/] ,eve4 ,! conclud+ "p ( ?is c\rse ( in/ruction 0 compos$ ( ! s-call$ my/agogical in/ructions treat+ ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass1 & ! ?ree sacram5ts ( baptism1 confirmation1 & ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,! words ( ! ,cre$1 s ! discipl9a arcani enjo9$1 7 ! la/1 n ! fir/ ?+ to be imp>t$4 ,! cate*um5s le>nt ! ,cre$ = ! fir/ "t on ,palm ,sunday4 ,?is 0 ! cu/om 9 ,spa91#acd ,gaul1#ace ,milan1#acf probably also 9 ,rome4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 div]g5ces z to ! *oice ( ! day1 = x 0 necess>y1 at any rate 9 ,gaul1 to enjo9 uni=mity1 s9ce ! ,synod ( ,agde 7#ejf7 prescribes 9 its ?irte5? canon3 ,9 e diocese1 ! ,cre$ %all be imp>t$ 9 *ur* to ! cate*um5s on "o & ! same day1 i4e4 eight days be=e ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,?is c]emony 0 call$ ! traditio symboli4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is 0 done is fully describ$ 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y1 al?\gh at t date ! cate*um5ate1 /rictly speak+1 no long] exi/$4 ,aft] "s introductory rem>ks f ! prie/1 an acolyte rehe>s$ ! ,cre$ to ! c&idates = baptism1 :o 7 exhort$ to impress x on _! m9ds & he>ts4#acg ,! rite1 at all ev5ts1 0 ! same z 9 e>li] times4 ,9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y ^! practices are already omitt$4 ,a simil> practice 0 foll[$ ) reg>d to ! ,our ,fa!r4 ,x 0 fir/ taught v]batim to ! baptis$ aft] _! baptism4#ach ,?is c]emony =m$ ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sunday next be=e ,ea/]1 9 s]vice-books 9 :i* ! "n ,palm ,sunday 0 z yet unkn[n4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! ,gallican missal ! ,mass = ! day is call$1 ,missa 9 ,traditio ,symboli4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 v>i\s places1 & especially 9 ,g]many1 ,*ri/'s entry into ,j]usalem 0 repres5t$ 9 a some:at nave mann] by c>ry+ r\nd 9 ! procession a wood5 figure repres5t+ ! ,savi\r seat$ on an ass4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 br\ght into ! ,*ur* & plac$ 9 a conspicu\s position4 ,:ile suitable hymns 7 be+ sung1 ! cl]gy & p v5]at$ x on _! knees1 & !re x rema9$ = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,figures ( ! s-call$ 8,palmesel0 are /ill num]\s 9 museums1 z1 = example1 at ,basel1 ,zuri*1 ,muni*1 ,nrnb]g1 etc4 ,,maundy ,,?ursday ,! fif? day ( ,holy ,week1 ! day on :i* ,*ri/ p>took ( ! la/ ,passov] ) ,8 disciples & in/itut$ ! memorial ( ,8 ,passion1 is g5]ally call$ ,cna ,dom9i 9 s]vice-books4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 call x m]ely 1 ! ,great & ,holy ,?ursday4 ,9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius is f\nd1 "u ! #bd? ,m>*1 ! rem>kable note ,natalis ,calicis4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t at t p]iod ! #be? ,m>* 0 reg>d$ z ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 & ! #bg? z ! day ( ,8 resurrection4 ,! day ( ! in/itution ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/ & ( ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass 0 n pass$ ov] 9 ev5 su* an imp]fect li/ ( ! ,*ur*'s fe/ivals z t conta9$ 9 ?is ,cal5d>4 ,! day _h some?+ ( a fe/ival "* belong+ to itself4 ,inde$1 among ! ,copts x appe>s z a regul> fe/ival4 ,! "n ,natalis ,calicis seems to h be5 common 9 s\!rn & we/]n ,gaul1 = x is f\nd 9 ,avitus ( ,vi5ne1 & 9 ,eligius ( ,noyon1 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies4 ,! same writ]s m>k ! day z a fe/ival1 sollemnitas1 on :i* ^? :o _h be5 put to public p5ance 7 ev]y:]e receiv$ back into ! ,*ur*1 & on :i* ! ,*rism 0 consecrat$4#aci ,! mo/ unlikely ( ! _m attempts to expla9 ! ,g]man "n = ! day is t :i* connects x ) ,/ ,luke xxiii4 #ca1 & makes ! "n1 ,gre5 ,?ursday1 signify t ! )]$ bran*es1 s9n]s1 by _! reception aga9 into ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* once m gr[ gre54#adj ,ap>t f ! fact t ?is int]pretation is f>-fet*$1 x sav\rs too mu* ( ! /udy to h ev] giv5 rise to ! "n among ! common p4 ,! fact is t r$ ve/m5ts 7 worn at ! reception ( ! p5it5ts on ,maundy ,?ursday1 b gre5 ve/m5ts at ! ,mass1 & ?is gave rise to ! "n4#ada ,! old] s]vice-books1 h[ev]1 drawn up be=e liturgical col\rs _h be5 introduc$ & _! use _h become regulat$1 d n specify ! col\r = ! ve/m5ts1 b cont5t !mselves ) prescrib+ ! use ( fe/al ve/m5ts 7ve/es sollemniores7 9 g5]al4 ,lat] on1 ! ,roman cu/om ( we>+ :ite ve/m5ts on ?is day became g5]al4#adb ,x 0 only to be expect$ t ! ,*ur* %\ld keep ) special solemnity ! day on :i* ,*ri/ _h celebrat$ ! la/ passov] ) ,8 apo/les1 & _h in/itut$ ! my/]y ( ,8 ,body & ,blood4 ,9 fact1 ,holy ,saturday alone ( ! days ( ,holy ,week c vie ) x 9 ?is respect4 ,x frequ5tly ranks z a ,*ur* fe/ival1 & is expressly call$ a sollemnitas4#adc ,! ritual directions = ,maundy ,?ursday1 ( :i* we possess a consid]able numb] dat+ f ! ,middle ,ages1 naturally beg9 ) ! ,psalmody4 ,?is began at midnight1 & its di/+ui%+ feature 01 t ! lights lit at its comm5cem5t did n rema9 burn+1 b 7 ext+ui%$1 "o at a "t1 aft] ea* psalm1 until1 at ! conclud+ pray]s1 ! *ur* 0 9 total d>kness4 ,! numb] ( c&les v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 betwe5 fifte51 tw5ty-f\r1 ?irty1 & ?irty-f\r4#add ,su* 0 ! 8d>k matt9s10 t5ebr4 ,! second *>act]i/ic c]emony ( ! day 0 ! reconciliation ( ! p5it5ts4 ,^! _h to rema9 pro/rate on ! gr\nd :ile ! ,mis]]e & o!r pray]s 7 recit$ ov] !m & _! absolution pron\nc$4 ,on ?is occasion1 z we h rem>k$ above1 r$ ve/m5ts 7 worn4 ,! reconcil$ p5it5ts 7 admitt$ to communion ) ! re/ ( ! congregation at ! ,mass :i* foll[$4 ,?is ,mass 0 ( a fe/al "*1 &1 9 _m places1 9 primitive times1 two ,masses 7 celebrat$1 "o at ! usual h\r 9 ! morn+1 & ! o!r t[>ds ev5+ at ! "t ( vesp]s4 ,9 o!r places1 on ! contr>y1 !re 0 only "o ,mass1 at :i* all ! fai?ful communicat$4#ade ,^! diff]5t cu/oms 9 c\rse ( "t became a cause ( a/oni%m5t & (f5ce1 & s ,bi%op ,janu>ius enquir$ ( ,/ ,augu/9e :at ought to be done4 ,! reply 01 t ea* ought to foll[ ! cu/om ( 8 own diocese4 ,9 ,rome also1 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y 0 9 use1 two ,masses 7 /ill celebrat$1 = ! sacram5t>y gives a ,missa ad ,vesp]um4#adf ,! same au?ority notices only ! reconciliation ( p5it5ts & ! consecration ( ! ,holy ,oils among ! o!r c]emonies p]=m$ on ,maundy ,?ursday4 ,! ,gregorian sacram5t>y gives only ! latt]1 z also does ,ordo ,i41 ! e>lie/ ( ! sixte5 anci5t ,roman ordos4#adg ,9 liturgical writ+s relat+ to our subject :i* belong to ! ,middle ,ages1 especially 9 ! pseudo-,alcu91 ! consecration ( ! ,holy ,oils is giv5 at consid]able l5g?4#adh ,/ ,cyprian _h already spok5 ( ! consecration ( oil requir$ = ritual purposes )\t say+ on :at day x took place4#adi ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,mass1 ! alt> 0 wa%$ by ! bi%op or (ficiat+ prie/1 &1 9 ! aft]noon1 ! wa%+ ( ! feet 0 p]=m$1 at :i* ! ,sup]ior wa%$ ! feet ( 8 subjects1 or ! bi%op ! feet ( twelve old m5 repres5t+ ! twelve apo/les4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! usual "n = ?is c]emony 0 ,m&atum4#aej ,! wa%+ ( ! alt> & ! consecration ( ! ,*rism is spok5 ( by ,isidore ( ,seville4#aea ,9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 to ^! c]emonies 0 add$ ! read+ ( ! ,bull 9 ,cna ,dom9i1 conta9+ a li/ ( errors condemn$ by ! ,*ur* "u pa9 ( excommunication4 ,! read+ ( ?is ,bull cont9u$ f ! f\rte5? to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 9 "s c\ntries1 ! public c]emonial recitation ( ! ,cre$ by ! cate*um5s 7r$ditio symboli7 0 prescrib$ = ,maundy ,?ursday1 z by ! =ty-six? canon ( ! ,synod ( ,laodicea1 & by ! sixty-eigh? ,trullan canon4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 ,rome1 0 done on ,holy ,saturday by ea* p]son 9 turn f "s conspicu\s place 9 ! *ur*4#aeb ,,good ,,friday ,! day ( our ,"l's ,passion 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z a day ( m\rn+--8dies am>itud9is10 ,/ ,ambrose calls x1 8on :i* we fa/40#aec ,a fa/ day1 on liturgical pr9ciples1 c nev] be a fe/ival1 ?\gh1 vice v]s1 a fe/ival c fall on a fix$ day ( fa/+ or ab/95ce1 z1 = example1 ! ,annunciation4 ,:51 at an e>ly date1 ! ,roman emp]or made a law =bidd+ ! ,c\rts to sit on ,good ,friday1 ?is did n make x a fe/ival4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,*ur* ,ord] ( ! p]iod ( ,con/ant9e expressly decl>es t 8bo? x & ,holy ,saturday are days ( sorr[1 & n fea/s40#aed ,accord+ly1 !re 0 enjo9$ ^u all ^: heal? enabl$ !m to obs]ve x1 an unbrok5 fa/ la/+ ov] ! two days1 directly bas$ ^u ,/ ,m>k ii4 #bj4 ,=1 z ! eigh? canon ( ! f\r? ,synod ( ,tol$o says1 8,! :ole ,*ur* is wont to sp5d ,good ,friday 9 fa/+ & sorr[1 on acc\nt ( our ,"l's ,passion40 ,!re is sc>cely any o!r po9t on :i* su* liturgical agreem5t exi/s 9 all l&s & 9 all p]iods ( ,*ri/ian antiquity z on ?is4 ,! above-nam$ ,synod m5tions ) reprobation a mi/ak5 expression ( grief1 i4e4 9 _m places ! *ur*es 7 %ut up = ! :ole day1 & no s]vices1 nei!r div9e (fice nor s]mon1 7 held 7sev5? canon74 ,! ,synod does n blame ! omission ( ,mass1 = ?is 0 univ]sal4 ,?is s5tim5t ( sorr[ 0 outw>dly manife/$1 aft] ! introduction ( liturgical col\rs1 by ! fact t on ,good ,friday1 black ve/m5ts 7 worn4#aee ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 discussion arose ov] ! "q :y ! days ( ! sa9ts' dea?s 7 kept z fe/ivals1 b ,good ,friday z a day ( m\rn+4 ,! monk ,help]i*1 :o liv$ at ,/ ,gall at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 repli$2 ,*ri/1 unlike ! sa9ts1 atta9$ to no high] degree ( glory ?r\gh ,8 dea?4 ,he di$ n = ,8 own sake b = u4 ,! ,jews1 ,8 enemies1 rejoic$ ov] ,8 dea?1 b ! apo/les bewail$ & lam5t$4#aef ,x may be obs]v$ "h t 9 ,wrtemburg1 ,meckl5burg1 ,saxony1 ,reuss 4 ,l41 ,alt5burg1 & ,lippe1 ,good ,friday is "o ( ! days ( p5it5ce & pray]1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] ,calv9ism is 9 ! asc5d5t1 ! dogmatic significant ( ! day1 z ! day ( our r$emption has be5 p>tially *ang$4 ,!re x ranks z a ,*ur* fe/ival1 & 9 o!r respects is giv5 up to excursions & ent]ta9m5ts1 j z if someone w\ld pass ! day ( 8 fa!r's dea? 9 rejoic+s1 because a ri* inh]itance _h fall5 to him4 ,! ,good ,friday s]vices began at night ) matt9s1 at :i* ! lights 7 ext+ui%$ 9 ! same mann] z on ! previ\s day4 ,9 addition1 ! l[ tone 9 :i* ! devotions 7 pit*$1 & ! omission ( ! ,gloria ,patri at ! end ( ! psalms1 gave outw>d expression to ! s5tim5t ( sorr[4 ,! liturgy prop] to ,good ,friday1 accord+ to ! rite n[ 9 use1 beg9s ) ! pro/ration 7humi pro/ratio7 ( ! celebrant on ! /eps ( ! alt>4 ,!n1 )\t _! title be+ giv5 out1 foll[ lections f ! prophets1 9 :i* ! dea? ( ! ,messias & its virtue 7 =etold4 ,^! suff]+s !mselves are describ$ 9 ! words ( ! ,passion accord+ to ,/ ,john1 :i* are said or sung imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,!n foll[ ! g5]al int]cessions1 at ! conclusion ( :i*1 ! ,ho/1 consecrat$ on ! previ\s day1 is br\ght to ! alt> f ! place :]e x has be5 res]v$4 ,! pat]no/] is !n sung foll[$ by ! elevation ( ! ,ho/ & ! communion ( ! celebrant4 ,?is missa prsanctificatorum is no?+ m ?an an elaborate rite ( communion4 ,x is prec$$ by ! ,adoratio ,crucis1 & foll[$ by ! lay+ ( ! ,cross 9 ! sepul*re1 :i* dates f ab\t ! t5? c5tury4 ,at an e>li] p]iod1 ! c]emonies 7 simpl]1 & ev5 re/rict$ to psalmody1 = ,innoc5t ,i41 says1#aeg t 9 8 "t1 g5]ally speak+1 ,mass 0 n celebrat$ on ,good ,friday & ,holy ,saturday4 ,?is is /ill ! cu/om among ! ,greeks & ,russians4 ,_! ,good ,friday s]vice consi/s ( ! s++ ( psalms & ! v5]ation ( a repres5tation ( our ,"l on ! ,cross1 simil> to our adoratio crucis4 ,at ! ev5+ s]vice1 t is1 a pa9t$1 n c>v$1 repres5tation ( ! dead ,*ri/ is br\ght 9 & v5]at$4#aeh ,^! expressions mu/ be tak5 q lit]ally1 9 ! s5se t on ,good ,friday n ev5 ! missa prsanctificatorum 0 celebrat$1 nor ! n[ usual ,mass on ! morn+ ( ,holy ,saturday4 ,= ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y gives no ,mass = ei!r ( ^! days b only ! v>i\s pray]s1 s too ! old ,gallic missal1#aei & ! same mu/ be und]/ood :5 we he> ( ! ,*ur*es 9 p>ts ( ,spa9 n be+ op5$ on ,good ,friday4 ,s]mons1 h[ev]1 7 prea*$ on ,good ,friday1 = we possess sev]al ( ,leo ,i41 & ,gregory ! ,great prea*$ on ?is day4 ,x is difficult to say :at 0 ! cu/om z to ,holy ,communion4 ,9 ,france1 ! p seem to h communicat$1 b n 9 ,rome or 9 ,g]many2 at lea/ ,rabanus ,maurus is sil5t on ! po9t4#afj ,accord+ to ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! anci5t s]vice-books1 x may be conjectur$ t ! adoption ( ! missa prsanctificatorum1 z well z ! /rik+ ins]tion ( ! ,greek passages 9 ! ,reproa*es1 is due to ,greek influ5ce4 ,t alt]ations 7 made at a consid]ably lat] date 9 ^! p>ts ( ! rite w be notic$ else:]e4 ,) reg>d to ! s]vice-books ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 p>ticul>1 we f9d a rubric 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y1 direct+ t ! ,holy ,cross be plac$ on ! alt>1 & !n t ! prie/s & att5dant cl]ics take _! position at ! alt> 9 sil5ce & beg9 ! solemn int]cessions = ! :ole ,*ur*1 = all e/ates ( m51 etc42 ! int]cessions be+ prefac$ by ! summons to kneel 7flectamus g5ua74 ,! g5uflection seems at t "t to h be5 made also be=e ! pray] = ! ,jews1 = ! rubric directs ! deacon to proce$ 8ut supra40#afa ,! pray]s are ! well-kn[n ,good ,friday pray]s4 ,!re is no m5tion at ?is po9t ( ! ,adoratio ,crucis1 b at ! conclusion ( ! int]cessions1 ! sacr$ ,species1 9 bo? k9ds1 :i* _h be5 consecrat$ ! previ\s day 7 br\ght f ! sacr>ium by ! deacons & plac$ on ! alt>4 ,! prie/ consum$ !m1 hav+ fir/ ador$ & kiss$ ! ,cross4 ,:]eupon all pres5t ador$ ! ,cross & communicat$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 9 ?is connection1 t ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y does n repres5t ! ,roman rite 9 its purity1 b embelli%$ ) num]\s ,gallican additions1 :i* probably owe _! orig9 to ,alcu9 or 8 contempor>ies4 ,! same is true ( ! edition ( ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y employ$ 9 ,france4 ,9 ?is la/ we f9d ! g5]al int]cessions recurr+ twice 9 ,holy ,week1 on ,w$nesday & aga9 on ,good ,friday1#afb b !y are n plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! liturgy1 z !y are 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y4 ,aft] ! bi%op has tak5 8 seat1 ! tract1 ,dom9e audivi1 a lection f ! ,scriptures1 & !n ano!r tract foll[$ 9 succession4 ,! ,passion accord+ to ,/ ,john came next1 & !n ! pray]s 9 "q4 ,at _! conclusion ! alt> 0 /ripp$4 ,! solemn adoration ( ! ,cross be=e ! alt> by cl]gy & p took place at ! "t ( vesp]s1 &1 dur+ x1 ! antiphon1 ,ecce lignum crucis1 0 sung4 ,! missa prsanctificatorum proce$$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z at pres5t1 except t ! elevation is n expressly m5tion$4 ,! alt> rema9$ b>e f ! aft]noon ( ,maundy ,?ursday until ,good ,friday morn+4 ,! ,gregorian sacram5t>y 9 its orig9al =m knew no?+ ( ^! rites4 ,x proscrib$ no?+ m = ,good ,friday ?an ! n9e pray]s /ill 9 use & a bless+ ( ! cate*um5s4 ,a full description ( ! :ole ritual = ,holy ,week is to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ ( ! anci5t ,roman ,ordos edit$ by ,mabillon1 :i* gives bo? ! psalmody & ! special c]emonies4 ,mabillon attributes ?is ordo to ! n9? c5tury4#afc ,accord+ to x1 ! psalmody began at midnight4 ,z on ! previ\s day1 ! c&les 7 gradually ext+ui%$1 & ! sad "* ( ! s]vice 0 indicat$ by ! l[ tone tak5 = ! pray]s & by ! omission ( ! ,gloria ,patri4 ,! consecrat$ ,ho/ 0 br\ght back f ! place :]e x _h be5 res]v$ ! day be=e1 & ! missa prsanctificatorum comm5c$4 ,?is consi/$ ( preface1 ,our ,fa!r1 ! pray] ,lib]a me1 ! pax1 & communion ( ! p4 ,?is la/ is omitt$ f ! exi/+ ,roman rite4 ,! adoration ( ! ,cross prec$$ ! ,mass1 z at pres5t4 ,9 mona/]ies a procession took place )9 ! cloi/]4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,mass "h describ$ agree 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) ! ,franki% edition ( ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! recitation ( ! orationes sollemnes on bo? ,w$nesday & ,good ,friday4 ,?us ! e>li] liturgical s]vices = ,good ,friday 7 replac$ 9 ! n9? c5tury by an elaborate ritual1 :i* agrees 9 all important respects ) t 9 use at ! pres5t day4#afd ,,holy ,,saturday ,?is too is a day ( m\rn+1 z appe>s also f ! fact t1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 x is numb]$ among ! fa/ days1 al?\gh orig9ally 9 ! ,ea/ no ,saturday 0 kept z a fa/4 ,b ! sadness ( ! day is already modifi$ by ! approa* ( ! ,resurrection1 & ! ,alleluia1 :i* has n be5 he>d s9ce ,septuagesima1 is sung aga9 at ! ,mass4#afe ,! solemnity beg9s1 z on ! prec$+ days1 ) ! night (fice1 at :i* ! lights are aga9 ext+ui%$4 ,?is cu/om is v anci5t1 b ! use ( ! triangle ) ! lum5 ,*ri/i is ( lat] introduction4#aff ,m$ival writ]s beg9 _! description ( ! o!r c]emonies ) ! bless+ ( ! fire1 :i*1 ev5 !n1 0 p]=m$ e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?is rite1 x has be5 held t x took place n only on ,holy ,saturday1 b e ev5+ at ,vesp]s4#afg ,/ill ! evid5ce = ?is is n suffici5tly /rong1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is rite h>monises 9 an especial way ) ,holy ,saturday z ! appo9t$ date = ! adm9i/ration ( baptism1 = :i* a fav\rite "n 0 illum9ation 7illum9atio1 74 ,! "n illum9&i 0 common also = ^? ab\t to be baptis$4 ,to ! same association ( ideas1 ! ,pas*al c&le c]ta9ly owes its orig94 ,x is n yet cle> :]e we are to look = ! orig9 ( ?is cu/om4 ,9 ,spa91 !re is evid5ce to %[ t ! bless+ ( a c&le or lamp 7luc]na7 on ,ea/] night 0 common4 ,! f\r? synod ( ,tol$o 7#fcc71 9 its n9? canon1 recomm5ds ! adoption ( ?is practice to ! *ur*es ( ,galicia4 ,! ,pas*al c&le is a symbol ( ,*ri/1 & is bless$ ?r\gh ! *ant+ ( ! prconium pas*ale or ,exsultet1 a gr& song ( triumph1 said to h be5 compos$ by ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,?is c&le1 plac$ 9 its own c&le/ick ne> ! alt>1 is lit at ,high ,mass ?r\gh\t ,ea/]tide4 ,two prefaces = its bless+ are f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,bi%op ,ennodius ( ,pavia 7 #eba71 & m$ival liturgical writ]s g5]ally attribute ! bless+ ( ! ,pas*al c&le to ,pope ,zosimus4#afh ,at an e>li] p]iod1 ! special c]emonies ( ,holy ,saturday comm5c$ 9 ! aft]noon1 ! =5oon be+ devot$ to decorat+ ! *ur* & prep>+ = ! fe/ival4#afi ,^! c]emonies are1 ! bless+ ( ! ,pas*al c&le1 ! lections f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! bless+ ( ! baptismal font1 all ( :i* are only prep>atory to ! solemn adm9i/ration ( baptism4 ,z has be5 said1 ^! c]emonies only comm5c$ t[>ds ev5+ & cont9u$ into ! night1 :i* 0 obs]v$ z a vigil 7p]vigilium pas*ale74 ,:5 !y 7 conclud$1 ! neophytes 7 baptis$1 & !n1 also 9 ! night1 foll[$ ! ,mass ( ! day4 ,to ?is ! newly baptis$1 along ) ! p & cl]gy1 proce$$ 9 a solemn procession f ! bapti/]y1 :5 !re 0 "o1 to ! pr9cipal *ur*4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e all[$ ! /reets & squ>es ( ! capital to be illum9at$ on ?is night4 ,he himself z a cate*um5 pass$ ! night 9 pray] 9 8 private *apel1 & hall[$ ! ,ea/] fe/ival by ! be/[al ( ri* alms4 ,! ,mass is entitl$ 9 ! s]vice-books1 9 vigilia pas*4 ,s9ce x came aft] midnight1 ! ,alleluia c\ld be sung at x4 ,?is arrangem5t z reg>ds ! "t ( ! ,mass /ill held good 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 = ,rup]t ( ,deutz 7,de div4 ,(f41 #g1 #aa7 /ill speaks ( x z be+ ! e/abli%$ practice1 & only lat] on 7 ! above-m5tion$ c]emonies & ! ,mass transf]r$ to ! aft]noon ( ,saturday1 ! ,alleluia ?us com+ be=e its "t4 ,^u ?is foll[$ ! psalmody ( ,ea/]1 :i* _h to be made z %ort z possible on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ^! c]emonies4 ,s]mons also 7 usually %ort at ,ea/]1 = ! same reason4#agj ,9 ! e>ly c5turies1 ! ,roman rite 0 mu* simpl]4 ,! fe/ival comm5c$ ) ! recitation ( ! cre$ by ! c&idates = baptism & a pray] by ! ,pope ov] !m4 ,!n foll[$ ! o!r prep>ations = baptism1 ! r5unciations1 f\r lessons f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! s++ ( ,psalm xli41 two pray]s1 ! bless+ ( ! baptismal wat]1 ! baptism itself1 & ! confirmation ( ! baptis$4 ,! ,mass conclud$ ! function4#aga ,we mu/ n[ see :at special features ! o!r liturgical docum5ts conta9$4 ,9 ! missale ,gallicanum1#agb we f9d1 aft] ! pray]s = ea* ( ! h\rs1 ! ,exsultet1 & ! bless+ ( ! ,pas*al c&le1 !n ! g5]al int]cessions = all e/ates ( ,*ri/ian m51 conclud+ ) int]cessions = ! neophytes & compet5tes4 ,^u ?is foll[s ! baptismal rite 7opus ad baptiz&um71 viz41 ! exorcisms1 ! bless+ ( ! baptismal wat]1 ! wa%+ ( ! feet1 & ! baptism itself4 ,!n come ! pray]s = ! ,mass4 ,! rite 9 ! ,missale ,go?ico-,gallicanum is exactly ! same4#agc ,! ,gelasian sacram5t>y prescribes ! foll[+ rite = ,holy ,saturday3 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ! exorcisms %all be made ov] ! cate*um5s1 &1 aft] !y h made _! solemn r5unciations1 !y %all repeat ! cre$ 7r$ditio symboli74 ,ab\t ! eigh? h\r1 ! cl]gy %all assemble 9 ! sacr>ium1 comm5ce ! litanies !re1 & proce$ to ! alt>2 at ! ,agnus ,dei1 ! ,pas*al c&le is to be light$ & bless$1 b )\t ! *ant+ ( ! ,exsultet4 ,!n ! lections f ! ,old ,te/am5t are read1 ea* ) a pray]1 & aft] !m takes place ! bless+ ( ! font & ! baptism ( ! neophytes4 ,accord+ to ! edition ( ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y us$ 9 ,france1 ! cl]gy & p assemble 9 ! *ur* ab\t ! eigh? h\r1 i4e4 ab\t #b ,p4,m41 accord+ to pres5t reckon+4 ,two c&les 7 !n lit1 :i* 7 held by not>ies1 "o on ! "r1 ! o!r on ! left ( ! alt>2 :ile a lector f ! pulpit read ! ,old ,te/am5t lections1 ea* ( :i* conclud$ ) a pray]4 ,!reupon ! cl]gy & ! bi%op proce$$ 9 procession1 ! not>ies ) ! c&les lead+ ! way1 to ! bapti/]y1 :]e ! baptismal wat] 0 bless$4 ,aft] ! bless+ ( ! wat]1 :i* 0 ! same z t n[ 9 use1 ! baptism foll[$1 at :i* x is to be obs]v$ a di/9ction is made betwe5 *ildr5 & ^? :o are gr[n up4 ,! =m] 7 confirm$ also imm$iately aft] baptism1 ! ritual & significance ( confirmation be+ "h cle>ly %[n4#agd ,aft] ! baptism1 ! litanies are sung 9 ! *ur* by s+]s1 :o !n inton$ ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis4 ,! ,mass ( ! day br\ght ! function to a close4 ,j z ! ,*ur* m>k$ ! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication ( a *ur* & ( ord9ation by a special fe/ival1 s 0 ! anniv]s>y ( _! baptism a day ( joy & ?anksgiv+ = ! baptis$4 ,x 0 also a day = r5ew+ _! baptismal v[s1 & = s]i\s self-exam9ation4 ,! ,*ur* provid$ = ?is inasmu* z %e 0 accu/om$ to celebrate ?is anniv]s>y1 & appo9t$ a special ,mass = x4 ,x 0 call$ ! pas*a annot9a4#age ,a fe/ival ( ?is nature _h a raison d'tre only s long z x 0 cu/om>y to baptise p :5 !y 7 gr[n up4 ,:5 x became g5]al to baptise little *ildr5 imm$iately aft] _! bir?1 ?is fe/ival fell out ( use4 ,! pas*a annot9a1 h[ev]1 appe>s 9 ! ,homil>ium compil$ by ,paul ! ,deacon by comm& ( ,*>lemagne1 ab\t #ghe-ij1 & 9 ! ,sacram5t>y ( ,ess51 compos$ betwe5 #hej & #hgd4 ,,ea/] ,,& ,,! ,,ea/] ,,octave ,if "o wi%es to =m a correct idea ( ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]1 "o mu/ always be> 9 m9d its close connection ) ! solemn adm9i/ration ( baptism4 ,! prelim9>y c]emonies began on ,saturday aft]noon & la/$ ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,:5 ! numb] to be baptis$ 0 v l>ge1 ! adm9i/ration ( baptism & ! ,ea/] fe/ival c\ld be comb9$4 ,?is connection 0 lo/ at only q a late date1 9 days :5 all remembrance ( ! gr\nds = x _h di$ out1 & p _h no long] any idea ( ! cate*um5ate4 ,! *ief & mo/ /rik+ c]emonies 7 !n transf]r$ to ! =5oon1 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t1 9 ^? c5turies1 no creative =ce 0 =?com+ to =m some?+ 9 keep+ ) ! alt]$ conditions ( ! "t4 ,ow+ to ! alt]ation 9 ! h\r1 _m ( ! c]emonies are r5d]$ mean+less4 ,! int]val ?us produc$ 0 occupi$ by ! fe/ival commemoration ( ! ,resurrection1 & by a great procession4 ,! latt] c easily be trac$ back to ! solemn procession ( ! cate*um5s & cl]gy f ! bapti/]y to ! ca!dral1 :i* took place 9 primitive times aft] baptism4 ,x 0 probably ignorance ( ?is cu/om :i* l$ lat] writ]s to trace ! orig9 ( ?is procession to ! words ( ,*ri/ to ,8 disciples3 8,i w g be=e y into ,galilee0 7,/ ,matt4 xxvi4 #cb2 xxviii4 #af71agf direct+ !m to g to ,galilee aft] ,8 resurrection4 ,! ,ea/] c]emonies v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t dioceses4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( !m appe>s 9 ! ,ordo ,romanus belong+ to ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* goes by ! "n ( ,c>d9al ,james ,cajetan4#agg ,x w\ld lead u too f> f our subject to describe !m & ! o!r cu/oms =m]ly obs]v$ on ,ea/] ,day2 besides1 su* special po9ts ( ritual are bett] dealt ) 9 connection ) ! liturgy itself4 ,we %all "h only m5tion ! bless+ ( food1 especially ^? k9ds ( food :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 =bidd5 9 ,l5t1 aga9 become lawful1 su* z fle% meat 9 p>ticul>1 eggs1 *eese1 butt]1 & o!r ?+s z well4 ,! orig9al object ( ?is bless+ ( food 0 pla9ly to *eck ! t5d5cy to ov]-indulg5ce :i* might ass]t itself aft] a prolong$ p]iod ( self-d5ial4#agh ,we mu/ n[ return to ! acc\nt ( ! ,gallic pilgrim4 ,%e speaks ( processions to ! diff]5t *ur*es & to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives z hav+ tak5 place 9 ,j]usalem n only on ,ea/] ,day1 b on ! o!r days ( ! octave z well4 ,%e f9ds no o!r po9ts to notice 9 :i* ! cu/oms at ,j]usalem diff]$ f ^? obs]v$ at h] own home4 ,on ! ,saturday & ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 ! n>rative ( ,/ ,?omas's unbelief =m$ ! ,gospel1 z at ! pres5t day4#agi ,) reg>d to ! ,ea/] octave1 ! two fir/ days rank z fe/ivals ( ! fir/ class4 ,on ,monday1 ! supp] at ,emmaus is commemorat$1 ! ,gospel be+ ,/ ,luke xxiv4 #ac-ce2 on ,tuesday1 ! appe>ance ( our ,"l & ,8 apo/les1 n>rat$ 9 ,/ ,luke xxiv4 #cf-dg2 on ,w$nesday1 ,8 appe>ance by ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias to ,pet] & ! o!rs1 z !y 7 fi%+1 ,/ ,john xxi4 #a-ad2 on ,?ursday1 ,8 appe>ance 9 ! g>d5 to ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,john xx4 #aa-ah2 on ,friday1 ,8 appe>ance on ! m\nta9 9 ,galilee1 ,/ ,matt4 xxviii4 #af-bj2 on ,saturday1 ! ,gospel conta9s ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,jesus to ,m>y ,magdal5 imm$iately aft] ,8 resurrection1 ,/ ,john xx4 #a-i4 ,! foll[+ ,sunday =ms ! conclusion ( ! ,ea/] octave1 &1 accord+ly1 0 =m]ly call$ simply octava pas*1 or pas*a clausum1 lat] x 0 call$ ,:ite ,sunday1 dom9ica 9 albis1 scil4 depon5dis1 because ! neophytes wore _! :ite baptismal g>m5ts until ?is day4 ,:5 ,ea/] ceas$ to be ! day = baptisms1 x 0 appo9t$1 z be+ 9 h>mony ) ,:ite ,sunday1 t *ildr5 %\ld receive _! fir/ communion1 & r5ew _! baptismal v[s4 ,rabanus ,maurus#ahj fur!r obs]ves t 9 8 "t confirmation 0 giv5 on ,:ite ,sunday4 ,! pray]s dur+ ! ,ea/] octave conta9 ref]5ces to ! two great s\rces ( fe/al gladness1 ! resurrection ( our ,"l & ! increase 9 ! numb] ( ! fai?ful4 ,! pray]s = ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six? f]ias are specially conc]n$ ) ! latt]1 :ile ! ,gospels ?r\gh\t are occupi$ ) ! appe>ances ( our ,"l aft] ,8 resurrection to ,8 disciples4 ,! ,epi/les1 h[ev]1 are ei!r = ! mo/ "p tak5 f ! ,acts1 or describe t spiritual r5ewal ( mank9d :i* foll[s ^u ! "w ( r$emption4 ,! pray]s = ! :ole octave1 ) ! exception ( two on ,monday1 are ! same at ! pres5t day z ^? 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y4#aha ,= ! foll[+ ,sundays1 until ,:itsunday1 !y only occasionally agree ) ! pray]s ( ?is sacram5t>y1 be+ tak5 bodily1 ) two unimportant exceptions1 f ! ,gelasian4 ,! ,sundays lead up to ! fulfilm5t ( ,*ri/'s r$emptive "w & ,8 return to ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,gospels f ! ?ird to ! fif? are accord+ly tak5 f ! sixte5? *apt] ( ,/ ,john4 ,"r 9 ! middle ( ! p]iod anci5tly call$ qu9quagesima1 t is to say on ! tw5ty-fif? day aft] ,ea/]1 or1 9 o!r words1 on ! ,w$nesday ( ! f\r? week aft] ,ea/]1 ! ev5t record$ 9 ,/ ,john vii4 #a 0 =m]ly commemorat$ 9 c]ta9 *ur*es4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ,*ri/ w5t up into ! ,temple & taught 7,/ ,john vii4 #ad74 ,on ! la/ day ( ! fea/1 ,he /ood 9 ! ,temple & cri$1 ref]r+ to ! usual libation ( ! ,jews on ?is day1#ahb 8,if any man ?ir/1 let him come to ,me & dr9k0 7v4 #cg74 ,on ?is day1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 ! rite ( bless+ ! wat]s /ill takes place1 :i* is n to be confus$ ) t :i* is p]=m$ on ! #f? ,janu>y1 9 hon\r ( ! baptism ( ,jesus 9 ,jordan 7missa aqu74 ,?is commemoration is call$ by ! ,greeks 1 fe/um m$i p5teco/es4 ,! "n1 z we h already obs]v$1 belongs to ! olde/ ecclesia/ical t]m9ology1 accord+ to :i* ,p5teco/ meant n ,:itsunday b ! :ole p]iod f ,ea/] to ,:itsunday4#ahc #f4 ,! ,prep>ation = ,ea/]--,quadragesima & ! ,fa/ ,! *ief fe/ivals are usually prec$$ by a "t ( prep>ation1 consi/+ 9 _m cases ( only a s+le day1 ! vigil1 b ! prep>ation = ,ea/] ext5ds ov] n9e weeks1 & is compos$ ( two p>ts1 ,l5t1 ! m imm$iate prep>ation1 & ! ?ree prec$+ ,sundays1 z a m di/ant & m]ely liturgical prep>ation4 ,9 ,l5t1 x is ! fa/ :i* plays ! *ief "p1 & pres5ts itself z ! ess5tial feature ( ! :ole "t ( prep>ation4 ,f x1 also1 ! o!r developm5ts take _! rise4#ahd ,!re are indications t1 9 ! e>lie/ times1 ,*ri/ians fa/$ on all ,w$nesdays & ,fridays ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,?is pi\s cu/om seems to h be5 s g5]ally obs]v$ t1 )\t hav+ be5 enjo9$ by any =mal enactm5t1 x _h1 s to speak1 ! =ce ( law4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,dida*1 9 ,h]mas1 & by ,t]tullian4#ahe ,! latt] calls ^! fa/s 8/ation-fa/s10 & m5tions t ! fa/ la/$ until #c ,p4,m4 ,! cu/om _h possibly be5 adopt$ f ! ,jews1 = ! ,ph>isees & ,jewi% ascetics 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ 7 wont to fa/ twice a week1 on ,monday & ,?ursday4#ahf ,) reg>d to ! ,ea/1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria m5tions#ahg ,w$nesday & ,friday z fa/ days1 &1 :i* is especially rem>kable1 ^! days 7 also s obs]v$ 9 ! p]iod aft] ,con/ant9e1 at lea/ = a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,! ,didascalia enjo9s t ^! days be kept z fa/s 9 ! "t aft] ,:itsunday4 ,! prec$+ season1 ! fifty days betwe5 ,ea/] & ,:itsunday1 0 a season ( unmix$ gladness1 & s1 accord+ to ! ,didascalia1 9 ,:itsun ,week1 ^! days 7 n fa/s4 ,we are l$ to ! conjecture t ?is cu/om fell out ( use 9 proportion z fa/+ became o!rwise regulat$1 & ! fa/ ( =ty days be=e ,ea/] became a g5]al law4 ,t fa/+ %\ld =m an ess5tial feature 9 ! commemoration ( ,passion-tide _h already be5 indicat$ 9 our ,"l's words 7,/ ,matt4 ix4 #ae73 8,c ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom m\rn1 z long z ! bridegroom is ) !m80 ,to :i* "q ,he ,himself repli$1 8,! days w come1 :5 ! bridegroom %all be tak5 away f !m1 & !n %all !y fa/40 ,! days :5 ! ,bridegroom 0 tak5 away 7 held f ! fir/ to be ^? 9 :i* ,he lay 9 ! grave1 ,good ,friday & ,holy ,saturday4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times1 ^! days 7 ev]y:]e kept z fa/s1 & 7 obs]v$ by all1 ) exception ( ! qu>todecimans1 z obligatory fa/s ( ! /ricte/ k9d4#ahh ,?is fact is support$ by a rem>k ( ,/ ,ir5u1 9 an (ficial lett] address$ to ,pope ,victor 7#ahi-ii71 on ! occasion ( ! second dispute ab\t ,ea/]4 ,x is giv51 = ! mo/ "p1 by ,eusebius 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4#ahi ,?is is ! e>lie/ evid5ce = ! fa/ be=e ,ea/]4 ,x %[s t ! practice _h n yet receiv$ a fix$ & special =m4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 ?\ght only "o day ought to be kept z a fa/1 ,good ,friday2 o!rs fa/$ = two days1 ,good ,friday & ,holy ,saturday--! two days1 z ,t]tullian says1 on :i* ! ,bridegroom 0 tak5 away4 ,o!rs aga9 fa/$ = m ?an two days 7un=tunately1 x is n said = h[ _m71 & o!rs reckon$ z _! fa/ day1 =ty consecutive h\rs4 ,t is to say1 !y kept a cont9u\s fa/ = =ty h\rs night & day1 & reg>d$ ?is z _! fa/ day4#aij ,:i* ^! =ty h\rs 7 is easy to say1 = our ,"l lay 9 ! grave = ab\t =ty h\rs1 f ! aft]noon ( ,good ,friday until ,ea/] morn+1 or f ,good ,friday morn+ to ! ev5+ ( ,saturday4 ,ir5u & ,t]tullian "k no?+ z yet ( ! fa/ ( =ty days1 al?\gh 9 _! days x 0 ! univ]sal cu/om to fa/1 & t v /rictly1 on ! two la/ days ( ,holy ,week4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 a week's fa/ 0 cu/om>y 9 _m places--! entire ,holy ,week be+ fa/$ on wat] & bread & salt1 :ile on ! la/ two days no?+ :atev] 0 eat54 ,! ,didascalia describes ! fa/ 9 ! same way1 & also ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7#e1 #ae74 ,aft] ?is mann]1 accord+ly1 ! fa/ 0 obs]v$ 9 ,syria1 & ,dionysius witnesses to ! same practice 9 ,alex&ria4#aia ,h[ev] ! words1 8,! fa/ %all be brok5 :5 a ,sunday int]v5es10#aib f\nd on ! well-kn[n /atue ( ,hippolytus 9 ,rome1 %[ t already1 by ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! fa/ ext5d$ ov] sev]al weeks4 ,! fa/ "h allud$ to mu/ h ext5d$ ov] f\rte5 days at lea/4 ,! disput$ canons ( ,hippolytus 7! tw5tie? & tw5ty-second7 receive "s confirmation f ?is passage4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 _m witnesses to ! fa/ ( =ty days are =?com+1 bo? writ]s1 su* z ,eusebius1 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,ambrose1 etc41 z well z ecclesia/ical enactm5ts1 e4g41 ! sixty-n9? ( ! ,apo/olic ,canons4 ,! ,fif? canon ( ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 9 p>ticul>1 m5tions ,l5t z an obs]vance already e/abli%$4 ,nev]!less x cle>ly 0 n z yet uni=mly obs]v$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 z ! ,fe/al ,lett]s ( ,/ ,a?anasius be> witness4 ,^! lett]s are 9 any case ! mo/ important evid5ce = ! fa/ ( =ty days be=e ,ea/]4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 = ! ye> #cbi1 is satisfi$ ) appo9t+ 8a holy fa/ ( six days0 f ! ,monday to ! ,saturday 9 ,holy ,week2#aic ! second1 h[ev]1 = #ccj1 & all ! foll[+ require a fa/ ( =ty days1 beg9n+ on ! ,monday ( ! six? complete week be=e ,ea/]4#aid ,! ,fe/al ,lett]s give no direct explanation ( h[1 & = :at reason1 ! six days' fa/ 0 *ang$ into a fa/ ( =ty days4 ,h[ev]1 ! cov]+ lett] :i* ,a?anasius s5t along ) 8 elev5? ,fe/al ,lett]1 writt5 f ,rome 9 #cci1 ?r[s "s light ^u ! process4 ,he writes1 namely1 to ,s]apion1 fir/ ,abbot & !n ,bi%op ( ,?muis1 t he may ann\nce ! fa/ ( =ty days to 8 bre?r5 & impress ^u !m ! necessity ( ! fa/1 8le/1 :5 all ! _w fa/s1 we only :o live 9 ,egypt be d]id$ = n fa/+40 ,?is w>n+ is repeat$ ) /ill great] emphasis3 ,s]apion is to in/ruct ^? "u him t !y mu/ fa/ =ty days1#aie :i* seems to %[ t ! cu/om ( fa/+ = =ty days 0 n yet 9 =ce 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh else:]e x 0 univ]sally obs]v$1 & especially 9 ,rome4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! n9ete5? ,fe/al ,lett] is f\nd a %>p repro( ( ^? :o disreg>d$ ! fa/4#aif ,?is is ! =ty days' discipl9e 77 obs]v$ dur+ ! six weeks be=e ,ea/] accord+ to ,eusebius4#aig ,! ,gallic pilgrim1 already s (t5 quot$1 gives ! foll[+ m9ute in=mation conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fa/s 7 obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! prep>atory p]iod be=e ,ea/] la/$ eight weeks1 n =ty days1 z 9 ,gaul1 & all ! days ( ! week1 ,saturday & ,sunday except$1 7 fa/$4 ,holy ,saturday 0 an exception to ?is rule1 be+ kept z a fa/4 ,?us !re 7 9 all =ty-"o fa/ days1 :i* 7 call$ 9 ,greek 2 9 ,lat91 f]i4 ,on ,w$nesday 9 ,l5t1 ! ,psalmody 0 p]=m$ z on ,sunday1 & ! bi%op read ! appo9t$ ,gospel1 b ! ,mass 7oblatio7 0 (f]$ only on ,saturday & ,sunday4 ,on c]ta9 days processions 7 also made to diff]5t *ur*es :i* la/$ until elev5 o'clock4 ,! f>e on fa/ days consi/$ ( wat] & bro? made ) fl\r2 fruit & oil & bread 7 also eat54 ,! cate*um5s also fa/$ on ,w$nesdays & ,fridays4 ,among ! fai?ful1 !re 7 "s :o ate no?+ f _! repa/ on ,sunday until ! foll[+ ,saturday1 i4e4 = five days1 & :o all ! ye> r\nd took only "o meal a day4 ,o!rs ab/a9$ 9 ,l5t f all food = two consecutive days1 b o!rs fa/$ by tak+ no?+ to eat all day until ! ev5+4#aih ,?is la/ recalls ! practice describ$ by ,ir5u4 ,"h "o may obs]ve t ! cu/om ( n fa/+ on ! ,saturdays 9 ,l5t exi/$ also 9 ,milan 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,ambrose4#aii ,! fa/ mu/ h comm5c$ on ! ,monday aft] ,sexagesima ,sunday1 s9ce x _h to ext5d ov] =ty days4 ,) ?is agrees ! directions giv5 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7#e1 #ac-bj74 ,9 ^!1 ! fa/ ( ,holy ,week is call$ di/9ctively ! fa/ ( ,ea/] 7 71 & is di/+ui%$ f ! fa/ ( ,l5t4#bjj ,f ,monday to ,friday 9 ,holy ,week1 ! fa/ is to be kept on bread1 salt1 vegetables & wat]1 fle% meat & w9e be+ =bidd54 ,on ,good ,friday & ,holy ,saturday1 ! days :5 ! ,bridegroom 0 tak5 away1 ^? :o are able are to eat no?+ :atev] until e>ly on ,ea/] ,sunday1 :ile ! usual fa/ la/$ until #c ,p4,m41 or sunset4#bja ,on ,saturday1 p are n to fa/1 because x is ! day on :i* ! ,creation 0 complete1 ) ! exception ( ! ,saturday on :i* ! ,"l lay 9 ! e>?4#bjb ,leo ! ,great 9 8 s]mons tea*es u ! objects & significance ( ! fa/ be=e ,ea/]4 ,accord+ to him1 ,l5t 0 appo9t$ 9 ord] to prep>e s\ls = a fruitful commemoration ( ! my/]y ( ,ea/]4 ,x 0 to be a "t = inn] purification & sanctification2 a "t1 fir/ ( all1 ( p5ance = pa/ s9s1 & ( break+ (f s9ful habits1 a "t also = ! ex]cise ( all virtues1 especially almsgiv+1 reconciliation1 & ! lay+ aside ( enmities4 ,x 0 9 correspond5ce ) ! _s ( ,l5t t ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors p>don$ crim9als4#bjc ,fa/+ 0 to =m only a "p ( ?is p5ance & prep>ation1 ?\gh ! mo/ ess5tial "p1 & ,leo decl>es x to be incumb5t ^u all1 n only ! cl]gy1 b all ! fai?ful z well4#bjd ,leo reg>d$ ?is fa/ ( =ty days be=e ,ea/] z an apo/olic in/itution4#bje ,:5 ! duration ( ! fa/ became g5]ally fix$ at =ty days1 a reason = ?is 0 n f> to seek--! l5g? ( ! fa/ ( ,jesus4 ,f ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce became app>5t1 accord+ z ,holy ,week 0 ei!r includ$ 9 ,l5t or reg>d$ z some?+ di/9ct 9 itself4 ,! ante-,nic5e practice af=d$ a prec$5t = ?is4 ,! latt] practice is adopt$ 9 p>ticul> 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 & prevail$ 9 a great "p ( ! ,ea/4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/1 ,saturday 0 exempt f fa/+1 & s ! numb] ( fa/ days 01 z a matt] ( fact1 n great] ?an 9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! o!r practice obta9$4 ,lat]1 x 0 expressly set =? t ,l5t %\ld be a quadragesima1 n a qu9quagesima1 z by ! fir/ & f\r? c\ncils ( ,orleans 9 ! six? c5tury4#bjf ,9 "s qu>t]s1 our in=mant un=tunately does n say :]e1 ,?ursday 0 also exempt$ f fa/+4#bjg ,orig9ally1 x appe>s1 ! fa/ ( =ty days1 quadragesima1 0 tak5 to mean ! days be=e ,ea/] z a :ole1 ,sundays includ$4 ,?is gave = a p]iod ( six weeks only ?irty-six fa/+ days1 &1 :]e ,saturday 0 n kept z a fa/ day1 only ?irty4 ,to rectify ?is1 ! numb] ( fa/ days 0 increas$ actually to =ty1 ) ! result t 9 ! ,we/1 ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t 7caput jejunii7 0 put back f\r days2 b 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e only five days 9 ea* week 7 fa/$1 x 0 put back fur!r /ill4 ,9 ! ,we/1 especially 9 ,rome1 ?is alt]ation1 by :i* ! fa/ began on ! ,w$nesday be=e ! six? ,sunday be=e ,ea/]1 _h n yet be5 accompli%$ by ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 too1 ! t5d5cy to make up ! full numb] ( fa/ days to =ty 0 app>5t also at an e>ly date4 ,!re1 ow+ to ,saturday n be+ a fa/ day1 ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t _h to be ?r[n fur!r back ?an 9 ! ,we/1 & ,l5t began eight weeks be=e ,ea/]1 & s9ce ! ,saturdays1 ,holy ,saturday except$1 7 n fa/ days1 ext5d$ actually ov] =ty-"o days in/ead ( =ty4 ,ab/95ce f fle% meat began on ! ,monday aft] ! eigh? ,sunday be=e ,ea/]1 correspond+ to ! ,lat9 dom9ica sexagesima1 :i* is call$ ! ,sunday ( ,ab/95ce f ,fle% ,meat 7 74 ,f ! foll[+ ,sunday1 call$ ! ,sunday = ,eat+ ,*eese 7 71 lactic9ia are =bidd54 ,! foll[+ ,sundays are reckon$ z m]ely ! fir/ to ! fif? ,sundays 9 ,l5t1 & only ! fir/ ( !m has ! additional designation ( ,or?odox ,sunday1 9 commemoration ( ! settlem5t ( ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy4 ,lat] on1 ! ,ea/]ns atta*$ great importance to ! "q :e!r ,saturday ought or ought n to be kept z a fa/ day4 ,z e>ly1 inde$1 z ! ,apo/olic ,canons1 x is expressly =bidd5 to fa/ on ,saturday "u ?reat ( ecclesia/ical p5alties4#bjh ,at a lat] date ?is diff]5ce became "o ( ! po9ts ( dispute betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,lat9s4 ,! ass]tion ( ,socrates#bji t 9 ,rome ! fa/ la/$ only ?ree weeks is n[ reg>d$ on all h&s z errone\s1 all ! m s z ,socrates adds--also incorrectly--8,saturdays & ,sundays except$40 ,9 ,rome1 ,saturday 0 always kept z a fa/4 ,8 /atem5t _c be accept$ aga9/ ! cle> evid5ce ( ,leo ,i4 conc]n+ ,l5t1 ev5 al?\gh ,valesius & ,baillet wi% to def5d x4 ,t ! fa/ ( =ty days 0 n orig9ally obs]v$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & only gradually came into =ce1 c probably be expla9$ by ! fact t !re 7 already fa/ days en\gh4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 _m indications t ! cu/om ( fa/+ on ,w$nesdays & ,fridays all ! ye> ?r\gh--! p]iod betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ except$--0 fairly g5]ally obs]v$4 ,w$nesday 0 kept z a fa/1 because on t day our ,"l _h be5 betray$ to ! ,jews2 ,friday1 because x 0 ! day ( ,8 ,passion4 ,at ,c>?age1 :]e we f9d reliable evid5ce = ! practice1 !y 7 call$ ! fa/s ( ! /ations4#baj ,ev5 9 ! ,ea/1 ! cu/om 0 app>5tly g5]al4#baa ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions are acqua9t$ ) x2 ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,canons prescribe x2#bab ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus#bac ref] to ! fa/ ( ! f\r? & six? f]ia z well z ! fa/ ( ,l5t4 ,z ^! fa/s are nev] m5tion$ 9 ! lit]ature ( a lat] date1 & altoge!r disappe>$ f practice1 "o is driv5 to ! conclusion t1 z ! ,l5t5 fa/ became m widely obs]v$1 ^! o!rs fell out ( use4 ,h[ev]1 ! weekly fa/-days cont9u$ to be obs]v$ = a long "t toge!r ) ! ,l5t5 fa/1 &1 among ! ,greeks1 are obs]v$ ev5 to ! pres5t day4#bad ,n only ,augu/9e m5tions t1 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 9 ,rome1 ,w$nesdays1 ,fridays1 & also ,saturdays 7 fa/$1 b ,innoc5t ,i4 reg>d$ x z a duty to fa/ on ,saturday all ! ye> r\nd1 & ,prud5tius also alludes to x4#bae ,9 ! ,syrian ,*ur* ! ?ree weekly fa/s appe> to h be5 obligatory on ,bi%ops & ,prie/s alone4#baf ,aft] ! adoption ( ! fa/ ( =ty days1 attempts 7 made1 9 ! ,we/1 to fur!r regulate fa/+1 b ^! 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 di/ricts & 9 c\rse ( "t ceas$4 ,= example1 ,bi%op ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs introduc$ a special practice into 8 diocese1 :i* la/$ until on 9 ! six? c5tury1 i4e4 f ,:itsunday to ,/ ,john1 & also f #a/ ,septemb] to ,/ ,m>t91 two fa/-days 7 obs]v$ 9 ea* week2 f !n until ,*ri/mas1 ?ree2 f ,/ ,hil>y's ,day 7#ad? ,janu>y7 until ! middle ( ,febru>y two aga94 ,! second canon ( ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,orleans 7,a4,d4 #eda7 oppos$ ! attempts ( "s bi%ops to ext5d ! fa/ ov] fifty1 or ev5 sixty days4 ,amal>ius m5tions o!r div]g5ces f ! ,roman cu/om1 su* z keep+ ?ree ,l5ts 9 ! ye>1 "o be=e ,*ri/mas1 ! second be=e ,ea/]1 & ! ?ird be=e ,:itsunday1 &1 aga91 fa/+ on ! days be=e ! ,asc5sion4#bag ,9 ,g]many1 too1 !re 7 peculi>ities 9 ! discipl9e obs]v$ ) reg>d to fa/+ dur+ ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4#bah ,! ess5ce ( fa/+ consi/s 9 ab/95ce f meat & dr9k dur+ a specifi$ "t4 ,?is 9 itself is n suffici5t1 = fa/+ entails moreov] t ! food tak5 aft] ! lapse ( ?is "t be ( a pla9] k9d1 i4e4 ab/95ce f ! bett] sorts ( food & dr9k1 :i* is n[ call$ ab/95ce 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! prohibition ( c]ta9 meats 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be reg>d$ z ( a discipl9>y nature1 & n z a m]ely diet>y regulation4 ,9 ecclesia/ical antiquity1 along ) ab/95ce f ! usual daily meals1 we f9d c]ta9 vi&s also =bidd5--fle% & w9e4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! x]ophagi spok5 ( by ,t]tullian1#bai at :i* p ab/a9$ n only f fle% & w9e b f liquid food & fruit z well4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 seem to h gone beyond ! ab/95ce !n usual ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,montani/s held ^! x]ophagi twice a ye> = f\rte5 days4#bbj ,among ,ca?olics also ab/95ce 0 pu%$ to great l5g?s4 ,! canons ( ,hippolytus#bba prescribe = ,holy ,week only bread & salt4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions w only p]mit bread1 vegetables1 salt & wat]1 9 ,l5t1 fle% & w9e be+ =bidd52 &1 on ! la/ two days ( ,holy ,week1 no?+ :atsoev] is to be eat54#bbb ,! ascetics1 ^: acqua9tance ! ,gallic pilgrim made 9 ,j]usalem1 nev] t\*$ bread 9 ,l5t1 b liv$ on fl\r & wat]4#bbc ,only a few c\ld keep s /rict a fa/1 & g5]ally speak+ p 7 satisfi$ ) ab/a9+ f fle% & w9e4 ,b ?is la/$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ,l5t1 & ,*ryso/om#bbd tells u t 9 ,antio* no fle% 0 eat5 dur+ ! :ole ( ,l5t4 ,ab/95ce f milk & eggs 7! s-call$ lactic9ia7 0 also ! g5]al rule4 ,?us ab/95ce f fle% meat 7i4e4 ab/95ce 9 ! /rict s5se7 0 comb9$ ) ! dim9ution ( ! quantity ( food tak54 ,x 0 also volunt>ily practis$ by itself1 )\t be+ accompani$ by fa/+ 7jejunium a c>ne et sangu9e71 by pi\s p]sons & ascetics1 & 0 prescrib$ z a duty on c]ta9 days 9 mona/]ies & o!r religi\s communities1 z1 = in/ance1 among ! ,canons ( ,*rodegang4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>ly ages1 ab/95ce 0 m]ely a pi\s cu/om4 ,x 0 n until a lat] date t x 0 enjo9$ by law1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! fifty-six? ,trullan ,canon1 ! ,decree ( ,ni*olas ,i4 = ! ,bulg>ians1 ! f\r? & eigh? c\ncils ( ,tol$o1 ! sev5? canon ( ! c\ncil ( ,qu$l9burg 7#ajhe71 & ! decretal ( ,gratian4#bbe ,! cu/om ( ab/95ce 0 !n recognis$ & prescrib$ by ecclesia/ical law = ! :ole ( ,l5t1 = all ,fridays & ,saturdays ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 = ! ,emb] ,day1 & a numb] ( vigils4#bbf ,no au!ntic docum5t ( antiquity is =?com+ to %[ t ab/95ce by itself1 )\t an accompany+ fa/1 _h be5 prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*4#bbg #g4 ,! ,season ( ,prep>ation z an ,integral ,"p ( ! ,*ur*'s ,ye> ,! division ( ?is season ( prep>ation into two p>ts1 ) special names = ! ,sundays1 does n appe> 9 ! s]mons ( ,augu/9e or ,leo ! ,great4 ,b 9 ! anci5t ,gallic sacram5t>y--! missale ,go?ico-,gallicanum--five ,masses1 entitl$ simply missa jejunii or 9 quadragesima1 are f\nd assign$ to ! five ,sundays be=e ,palm ,sunday4 ,! names sexagesima & qu9quagesima appe> already 9 ! canons ( ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,orleans 7#eda71 b1 z g5]ally recognis$ titles = ! ,sundays be=e ,ea/]1 !y beg9 to appe> 9 s]vice-books dat+ f ! eigh? c5tury & onw>ds4 ,! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y is famili> ) ! names = ! ,sundays f ,septuagesima to ,qu9quagesima1 & !n numb]s five ,sundays 9 ,quadragesima until ,palm ,sunday4 ,9 ! anci5t ,spani% ,moz>abic ,sacram5t>y1 ! names ,septuagesima1 etc41 d n yet appe>1 b ! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany are numb]$ f "o to eight1 al?\gh ! entire numb] 0 n always requir$1 accord+ z ,ea/] fell e>ly or late4 ,aft] !m foll[s ! ,dom9ica ante diem ,c9]is1 !n ! five ,sundays 9 ,l5t1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,dom9ica 9 ,ramis ,palm>um4 ,! rec5tly publi%$ ,lection>y ( ,silos1 belong+ to ! anci5t rite ( ,tol$o & compil$ ab\t #fej1 repres5ts a mu* simpl] =m ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>4 ,x enum]ates nei!r ! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany nor ^? aft] ,p5teco/1 b m]ely ^? 9 ,l5t1 & !n is satisfi$ ) tw5ty-f\r ,masses = ! rema9+ ,sundays ( ! ye>4 ,a trace ( ! orig9al l5g? ( ,l5t--six weeks1 or =ty-two days--exi/s /ill 9 ! pres5t missal1 inasmu* z ! secreta = ! ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t runs3 ,sacrificium quadragesimalis initii solemnit] immolamus4#bbh ,sundays1 z we "k1 7 nev] kept z fa/s1 & s ! ,we/]n ,*ur* 9 reality kept only ?irty-six fa/ days1 a pro( t ! ^w quadragesima orig9ally m]ely d5ot$ ! numb] ( days ov] :i* ! p]iod ( prep>ation ext5d$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 our ,"l _h fa/$ =ty days1 ! ,*ur* felt mov$ to keep to ?is numb] exactly1 & s add$ ! f\r miss+ days to ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t4 ,?is alt]nation 0 fir/ accompli%$ at ! end ( ! sev5? or beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! s-call$ ,gelasian sacram5t>y1#bbi :ile ,gregory ,i4#bcj himself /ill c\nt$ ! days actually fa/$ z ?irty-six4 ,! ?ree prec$+ ,sundays 7 n[ includ$ 9 ! season ( prep>ation & receiv$ ! names ( ,qu9quagesima1 ,sexagesima1 & ,septuagesima4 ,! actual comm5cem5t ( ! fa/ fell on ! ,w$nesday be=e ,quadragesima1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y ) a ,mass ( its own1 b )\t its pres5t "n ( ,a% ,w$nesday 7,f]ia ,,iv4 ,c9]um74 ,?is "n comes f ! spr9kl+ ( a%es4 ,spr9kl+ a%es ^u ! heads ( p5it5ts1 9 tok5 ( sorr[1 =m$ "p ( ! anci5t c]emonies connect$ ) ecclesia/ical p5ance4 ,s9ce public p5ance usually began & end$ ) ,l5t1 ?is cu/om 0 associat$ ) ?is p>ticul> day4 ,x soon became a g5]al cu/om no long] re/rict$ to p5it5ts1 al?\gh ! ,c\ncil ( ,b5ev5to 7#ajia7 prescribes x pr9cipally = cl]ics4 ,! a%es 7 prep>$ f ! palms ( ! previ\s ,palm ,sunday4 ,at ! pres5t "t !y are bless$ 9 addition4 ,x is to be obs]v$ fur!r t ,l5t is n devot$ to consid]ation ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s4 ,?is occupies ! m9d dur+ ,holy ,week4 ,! aim ( ,l5t is n to move ! fai?ful to dwell ^u ! passion ( ,*ri/1 b only to prep>e !m = keep+ ,ea/] wor?ily ?r\gh fa/+1 p5ance1 & ab/95ce4 ,! liturgical pray]s 9 ,l5t conta9 no ref]5ce to ! ,r$eem]'s suff]+s1 b speak ( fa/+ & mortification alone4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,epi/les & ,gospels4 ,on ,palm ,sunday = ! fir/ "t1 our ?\ghts are direct$ to ! ,passion 9 ! collect = ! day1 :ile 9 ! pray]s = ! s-call$ ,passion ,sunday x is n m5tion$4 ,^? weeks ( ,l5t _h an exceptional "* 9 :i*1 9 ! six? & foll[+ c5turies1 ! scrut9ies took place1 i4e4 ! s]vices design$ = ! exam9ation ( c&idates 9 prep>ation = baptism4 ,^! began on ! ,w$nesday ( ! ?ird week 9 ,l5t1 & la/$ until ,holy ,saturday4 ,orig9ally sev51 !y 7 r$uc$ 9 c\rse ( "t to ?ree1 ow+ to ! adoption ( ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,masses = ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? ,sunday & = ! ,saturday be=e ,passion ,sunday speak ( baptism & n ( ! ,passion4#bca ,9 ! pres5t ,roman ,missal sc>cely a trace ( ?is is to be f\nd4#bcb ,! pray]s ( ! ,masses bo? = ,sundays & week-days1 = by f> ! great] "p1 are /ill id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y1 :ile ! lections f ,scripture are 9 "s in/ances mu* old]4 ,! ,gospel = ! ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 :i* n>rates ! fa/ ( ,jesus & ,8 temptation by ! devil1 0 read on ?is day already 9 ! "t ( ,leo ! ,great4 ,! ,gospel = ! second ,sunday treats ( ! ,transfiguration on ,m\nt ,tabor1 ! ,gospels = ! two foll[+ ,sundays1 ! heal+ ( ! dumb man1 & ! ca/+ out ( ! devil1 & ! miracle ( ! loaves4 ,! ,gospel = ,passion ,sunday conta9s ! acc\nt ( our ,"l's enc\nt] ) ! ,jews & _! attempt to /one ,him4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! comm5cem5t & beg9n+ ( ,l5t 0 m>k$ 9 a way visible to all by hang+ a curta9 betwe5 ! nave ( ! *ur* & ! *oir on ,a% ,w$nesday1 or1 accord+ to ,dur&us1 on ! ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,?is 0 call$ ! ,l5t5 ,veil1 or1 9 common p>lance1 ! 8,hung]-veil40 ,x rema9$ hang+ until ,good ,friday1 b 9 _m places 0 drawn aside on ,sundays1 obvi\sly because ,sundays 7 n fa/ days4 ,! veil 0 usually q pla91 b sometimes x 0 adorn$ ) pictorial repres5tations f sacr$ hi/ory4 ,x is fir/ ref]r$ to 9 writ+s ( ! n9? c5tury1 b 0 9 use mu* e>li]4 ,9 "s places 9 ,we/phalia & ,hanov] x exi/s to ! pres5t day4 ,^! ,l5t5-veils are /ill to be frequ5tly se5 9 museums & *ur* lumb]-rooms1 :]e n infrequ5tly !y are errone\sly mi/ak5 = c>pets4 ,!y 7 practical 9 _! object--! ord9>y man :o _h no cal5d> 0 put 9 remembrance by !m t x 0 ! season ( ,l5t4 ,allegorical int]pretations 7 naturally n lack+1 & are to be f\nd 9 ,rup]t ( ,deutz4#bcc ,a simil> cu/om also exi/s 9 ,russia1 :]e1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ! alt> curta9s are drawn toge!r & s rema9 until ,palm ,sunday4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies1 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t sa9ts' days mu/ n be obs]v$ dur+ ,l5t4 ,! ,trullan synod introduc$ ! fir/ exception to ?is rule 9 fav\r ( ! ,annunciation4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ?is rule 0 soon entirely set aside1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 tok5 ( sorr[1 ! ,allelujah ceases dur+ ! entire ,l5t1 a cu/om ( :i* ! ,greek ,*ur* kn[s no?+4 ,! ,l5t5 pray]s h a p>ticul>ly e>ne/ tone1 & ,l5t f q an e>ly date appe>s ri*ly provid$ f a liturgical po9t ( view1 ea* week-day hav+ its own special ,mass4 ,9 old days 9 ,rome1 !re 0 a procession e day1 = ! ,pope & cl]gy proce$$ f ! papal palace 9 solemn array to "s *ur* 9 ! city :]e a halt 7/atio7 0 made1 & ,mass 0 sung4 #h4 ,! ,transfiguration ,9 ! exi/+ cal5d>1 ! ,transfiguration ( our ,"l is commemorat$ by a special fe/ival1 ! fe/um ,transfigurationis1 :i*1 z x is kept on a fix$ date1 is exclud$ f ! prop] sequ5ce ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> & treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! sa9ts' days4 ,f q an e>ly date1 ?is fe/ival _h be5 celebrat$ 9 div]s *ur*es1 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 on diff]5t days4 ,! date n[ obs]v$1 ! #f? ,augu/1 0 appo9t$ = ! fe/ival by ,calixtus ,,iii4 9 #adeg1 9 memory ( ! victory ov] ! ,turks1 ga9$ by ,john ,capi/ran & ,george ,hunyadi1 at ,belgrade4 ,9 ! *oice ( a day1 he seems to h be5 influ5c$ by ! ,greek cal5d>1 :]e ! fe/ival _h already be5 kept on ?is day4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,synax>ia ( ! ,copts 9 ,seld5 & ,mai1 9 ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople belong+ to ! eigh? c5tury1 &1 lat]1 9 ! ,neapolitanum1 & among ! or?odox ,syrians4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x 0 commonly obs]v$4 ,s]mons on ! ev5t are f\nd among ^? ( ,/ ,augu/9e & ,leo ! ,great4#bcd ,! t5d5cy to transf] to ano!r p]iod ( ! ye> ! commemoration ( ^? ev5ts :i* fell )9 ,l5t1 is also p]ceptible 9 ! case ( ! fea/ ( ! ,sev5 ,dol\rs4 ,m w be said on ?is po9t 9 ! second "p4 #i4 ,! ,asc5sion ,a special fe/ival 9 commemoration ( ! return ( ! ,r$eem] to heav5 does n inde$ appe> 9 ! e>lie/ li/s ( ,*ur* fe/ivals giv5 by ,t]tullian & ,orig5 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,/ill1 ! t]ms 9 :i* ! e>lie/ witnesses ref] to x1 prove t ?is day 0 kept z a fe/ival 9 q e>ly times4 ,! fir/ witness = x is ,eusebius1 :o calls x a high fe/ival 9 ! treatise he compos$ on ! discussions conc]n+ ,ea/] at ! fir/ ,g5]al ,c\ncil 9 #cbe4 ,! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,socrates speaks ( x z a g5]al fe/ival4#bce ,) reg>d to docum5ts ( an (ficial "*1 ! *ur*-ord] conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1#bcf gives x ! "n ( ,! ,tak+ ,up into ,heav5 71 ,/ ,luke ix4 #ea1 :]e ! =m occurs74 ,num]\s s]mons among ! works ( ! ,fa!rs af=d fur!r evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! fea/4 ,augu/9e#bcg is incl9$ to attribute ! appo9tm5t ( ! fe/ival to an ord9ance ( ! ,apo/les or to ! injunction ( a g5]al c\ncil4 ,! latt] _c be prov$ z c]ta94 ,z soon z p]secution ceas$1 ! fea/ ( ! ,asc5sion made its way naturally 9 all p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 unassi/$ by any au?oritative enactm5t1 = x 0 impossible t ! conclud+ act ( our ,savi\r's e>?ly life %\ld rema9 unnotic$ among fe/ivals & 9 ! ,liturgy4 ,?is 0 all ! m unlikely1 z ! spot f :i* our ,"l return$ to ! ,fa!r at once became ! object ( rev]5ce4 ,! ,empress ,hel5a _h already ord]$ a spl5did basilica to be built on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :i*1 un=tunately1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & has nev] be5 rebuilt4 ,at ! pres5t day1 a small unimpos+ *ur* m>ks ! spot :i* 0 a place ( pilgrimage z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury1#bch & :]e x is believ$ "o ( our ,"l's footpr9ts 9 /ill visible4 ,) reg>d to ! liturgical obs]vance ( ! day1 its *ief *>act]i/ic until well on 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 a procession4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,gallic pilgrim's visit to ,j]usalem1 ?is 0 obs]v$ 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,! p proce$$ 9 solemn procession aft] ! six? h\r 7t[>ds #ab o'clock7 on ,w$nesday f ,j]usalem to ,be?lehem1 !re to celebrate ! ,vigil 9 ! *ur* built ov] ! grotto :]e ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,! next day1 div9e s]vice1 ) a s]mon1 0 p]=m$ 9 ! accu/om$ mann]1 &1 9 ! ev5+1 ! procession return$ to ,j]usalem4#bci ,! "q :i* naturally pres5ts itself1 :y ! s]vice 0 n r held on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 z x 0 9 ! eigh? c5tury1#bdj rema9s unansw]$4 ,x is to be fur!r obs]v$ t ! "n ,asc5sion 7asc5sa7 is n us$ to designate ! fe/ival4 ,! pilgrim simply speaks ( ! =tie? day 7quadragesima7 aft] ,ea/]4 ,else:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 x 0 cu/om>y to obs]ve ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion outside ! city1 z1 = example1 9 ,con/ant9ople & ,antio*4 ,9 ! latt] place1 ! p w5t to ! small t[n ( ,romanesia1 :]e ,*ryso/om deliv]$ 8 s]mon on ! fea/4#bda ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 processions 7 wont to take place on ?is day 9 ,gaul & ,g]many1 & ?is cu/om %[s h[ deeply p 7 mov$ by ! desire to imitate z f> z possible1 9 ! introduction ( liturgical practices1 ! actions ( our ,"l4 ,9 ?is case1 ! det]m9at+ factor 0 t our ,"l _h l$ ! ,apo/les out ( ! city to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4#bdb ,ano!r cu/om peculi> to ?is fe/ival is t1 aft] ! read+ ( ! ,gospel at ! ,high ,mass1 ! ,pas*al c&le1 :i* up till !n has be5 burnt at all ,high ,masses1 is ext+ui%$ & put aside4 ,9 e>li] times1 ! ev5t ( ! day 0 repres5t$ by hang+ up a figure ( our ,"l1 :i* 0 made to disappe> ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ro(4 ,! fe/ival has an octave s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! foll[+ ,sunday1 =m]ly call$ simply ,dom9ica po/ ,asc5sionem1 is n[ call$ ,dom9ica infra ,octavam4 ,! ,mass ( ! fea/ =ms "o ( ! r>e exceptions :]e ! ev5t commemorat$ is describ$ 9 ! ,epi/le1 ,acts i4 #a-aa4 ,! ,gospel = ! day is tak5 f ,/ ,m>k xvi4 #ad-bj1 :]e1 9 v]se #ai1 ! ,asc5sion is briefly allud$ to4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 v]ses #aj-bj are want+ 9 ! olde/ ,alex&rian ,,mss4 ,/ill !y are 9 o!r respects well support$1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z g5u9e4#bdc ,! introduction ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion 0 r5d]$ all ! easi] s9ce ,scripture di/9ctly specifies ! day on :i* ! ev5t took place4#bdd #aj4 ,:itsunday ,:itsunday is ( equal rank ) ! two o!r *ief fe/ivals1 b has no special season ei!r prec$+ or foll[+ x1 & is unatt5d$ by any less] fe/ivals dep5d+ ^u x4 ,:itsunday is ! close ( ! :ole p]iod :i* began ) ,ea/]1 call$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies ,qu9quagesima1 because x ext5d$ ov] fifty days4 ,?is entire p]iod is fe/al 9 "*1 & !re=e s long z x la/$ p 9 anci5t days pray$ /&+ upright1 & no fa/+ 0 practis$4#bde ,! ascetics did n obs]ve a s+le fa/ dur+ ?is "t1#bdf & x seems t ev5 ! day be=e ,:itsunday 0 n a fa/ 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 any m ?an x is n[ among ! ,greeks4 ,a numb] ( ascetics 7 ( op9ion t ?is p]iod ( joy %\ld la/ only =ty days1 because our ,"l appe>$ to ,8 disciples = only =ty days1 & t ! foll[+ t5 days1 z f> z fa/+1 pray]1 & kneel+ 7 conc]n$1 %\ld be l ! re/ ( ! ye>--an op9ion :i* ,cassian1 among o!rs 7,coll4 #bj1 #ba71 /rongly oppos$4#bdg ,?is div]g5ce ( op9ion1 :i* 0 r widespread1 seems to h result$ 9 ,:itsunday be+ pass$ ov] & ignor$4 ,s1 = example1 x is entirely omitt$ f ! olde/ ,gallican ,sacram5t>ies1 ! s]ies ( fe/ivals end+ ) ! ,asc5sion4#bdh ,9 ! lat] s]vice-books1 x appe>s simply "u ! "n ,qu9quagesima4 ,p5teco/ meant orig9ally ! entire p]iod f ,ea/] to ,:itsunday1 & ?is t]m9ology _h be5 already 9 use among ! ,jews1 & is employ$ by ,/ ,luke 9 ,acts ii4 #a 7cum compl]5tur dies p5teco/es74 ,! ,greek ^w ,p5teco/ 0 gladly adopt$ by ! ,lat9s 9 e>ly times1 & m especially1 lat] on1 s9ce ! ,lat9 t]m qu9quagesima might easily be confus$ ) ! ,sunday ( ! same "n4 ,:itsunday1 ( c\rse1 commemorates ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! ,apo/les & disciples4 ,?is happ5$ fifty days aft] ! ,resurrection1 on an anci5t ,jewi% fe/ival call$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1#bdi because x 0 celebrat$ exactly sev5 weeks aft] ! ,passov]4 ,z x fell on ! fiftie? day aft] ! ,passov]1 x 0 also call$ ,p5teco/1 ev5 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4#bej ,! ,jewi% ,p5teco/ 0 orig9ally only a fe/ival ( ?anksgiv+ = h>ve/1 &1 al?\gh ! ,law 0 giv5 on ,m\nt ,s9ai & ! ,mosaic ,*ur* came into exi/5ce on ! same day1 yet ! fea/ 0 n devot$ to ! commemoration ( ?is ev5t4 ,?is purpose 0 s]v$ by ! fe/ival ( ! ,sim*ah ,?orah 9 ,octob]1 :i* ow$ its in/itution to ! ,rabbis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ impli$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 af=d$ ! ,fa!rs a p>allel :i* !y 7 n sl[ to make ! mo/ (4#bea ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks 0 to ! ,jews only ! conclusion ( ! h>ve/1 9 ?anksgiv+ = :i*1 bread1 made f ! newly ga!r$ :eat1 0 pres5t$ to ,jehovah z a sacrifice4 ,! fe/ival ( ,:itsunday rea*es back to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ur*1 al?\gh !re is no evid5ce = x1 z !re is 9 ! case ( ,ea/]1 x be+ unc]ta9 :e!r ! passage1 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #h1 ref]s to ! ,jewi% or to ! ,*ri/ian ,p5teco/4 ,?is is n a/oni%+1 =1 on ! "o h& ! fea/1 orig9ally ( only "o day's duration1 fell on a ,sunday1 &1 on ! o!r1 x is s closely b\nd up ) ,ea/] t ! "o entails ! o!r4 ,t ! fe/ival ( ,:itsunday belongs to ,apo/olic times is /at$ 9 ! sev5? ( ! fragm5ts attribut$ to ,ir5u1 b ^! are admitt$ to be int]polat$4 ,9 ,t]tullian1 ! fe/ival1 along ) ,ea/]1 appe>s z already well e/abli%$1 s t x mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce = "s "t4 ,z at ,ea/]1 pray] 0 made /&+1 & x 0 ! second & la/ date = ! solemn baptism ( cate*um5s4#beb ,t]tullian1 moreov]1 9 accordance ) ! usage already 9 use1 gives ! "n ( ,p5teco/1 n m]ely to ! day ( ! fe/ival1 b to ! :ole p]iod f ,ea/] to ,:itsunday--a use ( ! t]m :i* appe>s "h & !re at a lat] date1#bec & po9ts out ! p]iod z a "t ( joy4#bed ,! la/ day1 h[ev]1 0 cle>ly held 9 ,t]tullian's "t to be a fe/ival 9 an especial s5se4#bee ,orig5 & ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus make ref]5ces 9 pass+ to ! fe/ival ( ,:itsunday4#bef ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions say ,:itsunday is to be reg>d$ z a high fe/ival1 because on x ! ,"l ,jesus s5t d[n ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ,gallic pilgrim gives a detail$ & circum/antial acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! fea/ 0 obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem4#beg ,on ! night be=e ,:itsunday1 ! vigil 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,ana/asis1 at :i* ! bi%op1 accord+ to ! usual cu/om 9 ,j]usalem on ,sundays1 read ! ,gospel ( ! ,resurrection1 & ! cu/om>y psalmody 0 p]=m$4 ,at dawn1 all ! p proce$$ to ! pr9cipal *ur* 7,m>tyrium71 :]e a s]mon 0 prea*$ & ,mass celebrat$4 ,ab\t ! ?ird h\r1 :5 ! psalmody 0 f9i%$1 ! p accompani$ ! bi%op ) s++ to ,sion4 ,!re1 ! passage f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 describ+ ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 0 read1 & a second ,mass 0 celebrat$1 aft] :i* ! psalmody 0 resum$4 ,aft]w>ds ! ar*deacon invit$ ! p to assemble 9 ! 8,eleona10 f :5ce a procession 0 made to ! summit ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,"h psalms & antiphons 7 sung1 ! ,gospel 0 read1 & ! bless+ giv54 ,aft] ?is1 ! p desc5d$ aga9 into ! 8,eleona10 :]e ,vesp]s 7 sung1 & !n1 ) ! bi%op at _! head1 proce$$ 9 a solemn procession ) s++ back to ! pr9cipal *ur*1 :i* 0 rea*$ t[>ds #h ,p4,m4 ,at ! city gate1 ! procession 0 met by tor*-be>]s :o accompani$ x to ! ,m>tyrium4 ,"h1 z well z 9 ! ,ana/asis1 to :i* ! p proce$$ 9 turn1 & 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ! usual pray]s1 hymns1 & bless+s took place1 s t ! fe/ival did n conclude until midnight4 ,! ,pilgrim makes no m5tion ( rites or prep>ations connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( baptism4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 ,j]usalem1 ,:itsunday 0 n obs]v$ z a second or supplem5t>y "t = baptism1 or may n h be5 requir$ z su*4 ,nev]!less1 ?is feature appe>s 9 ! ,we/]n liturgies1 & _h mu* to d1 = in/ance1 9 ! det]m9+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! vigil ( ! fea/ 0 obs]v$4 ,accord+ to ! m anci5t s]vice-books1 ! cate*um5s 7 to assemble at midday on ,saturday4 ,lections f ,scripture1 less num]\s ?an on ,holy ,saturday1 7 read1 & !n1 aft] suitable pray]s1 took place ! bless+ ( ! baptismal wat]1 ! baptism1 &1 dur+ ! night1 ! ,mass ( ! vigil4#beh ,/ ,augu/9e %[s t1 9 ,africa z well1 ! p assembl$ 9 ! aft]noon1 & t ! ,mass 0 celebrat$ dur+ ! night4 ,he ?us addresses ! newly baptis$ on ,:itsunday3 8,:at y "h see be=e y on ! alt>1 y h already se5 dur+ ! pa/ night40#bei ,9 ord] to complete ! resemblance to ,ea/]1 a l>ge c&le 01 9 "s *ur*es1 bless$ & set up dur+ ! s++ ( ! ,exsultet 9 a slightly alt]$ =m4#bfj ,9 mona/ic *ur*es1 9 :i* baptism 0 n adm9i/]$1 ! baptismal c]emonies 7 omitt$1 ?\gh ! special celebration ( ! vigil /ill comm5c$ 9 ! aft]noon4#bfa ,z f> z ! mo/ anci5t p]iod is conc]n$1 ! s-call$ ,leon9e ,missal conta9s a ,mass = ,:itsunday1 & ! c]emonies = baptism4 ,! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y also has num]\s directions = ! adm9i/ration ( baptism on ?is day1 b no =m = ! bless+ ( a c&le4 ,x seems to imply t ! c&idates = baptism %all be especially invalids1 or su* z = "s reason or o!r _h be5 prev5t$ f receiv+ baptism at ,ea/]1 or ,en]gum5s1 etc4 ,^! directions1 h[ev]1 are abs5t f ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y1 & only two lections f ! prophets are giv54 ,9 ! pres5t ,roman rite1 ! function takes place 9 ! =5oon2 /ill ! prophecies & ! bless+ ( ! font rema9 z survivals ( ! anci5t practice4 ,! litany ( ! sa9ts is also sung1 ^u ! la/ ,kyrie ( :i* ! ,mass ( ! vigil foll[s imm$iately )\t an introit4 ,! (fice ( ! day until nones belongs to ! ,octave ( ! ,asc5sion4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions#bfb speak ( ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ la/+ = eight days1 b 9 ! ,we/ x 0 n kept ) an octave until q a late date1 & ! la/ day 0 nev] call$ dies octava1 b m]ely ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/1 & ! days )9 ! octave 7 m]ely call$ ! fir/ or second day aft] ,p5teco/1 & s on4 ,z appe>s f ,b]no ( ,rei*5au1#bfc x 0 a debatable po9t 9 8 day :e!r ,:itsunday ought to be kept )1 or )\t1 a dies octava4 ,b]no reli$ ^u ! analogy ( ,ea/]1 ! special "t = baptisms1 :i* 0 obs]v$ ) an octave4 ,:itsunday 0 ! day on :i* ! ,apo/les receiv$ _! baptism ( fire1 & s x too ought to h an octave4 ,he _h o!r reasons besides :i* w\ld h no weight at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is obvi\s t ,:itsunday _h at fir/ no octave1 :i* c be inf]r$ also f ! :ole s*eme ( ! ,*ur*'s fea/s4 ,:itsunday 0 m]ely ! fiftie? day aft] ,ea/]1 ! end ( ! p]iod call$ ,p5teco/1 & s 9 itself br\ght ! season to a conclusion4 ,! ,mass = ,:itsunday _h a sequ5ce :i* 0 repeat$ daily dur+ ! week4 ,=m]ly ! law-c\rts did n sit dur+ ! entire week1 & ev5 s]vile "w 0 =bidd5 z well4#bfd ,a ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 9 #ajid1 limit$ ?is to ! fir/ ?ree days ( ! week4 ,) u1 at ! pres5t "t1 only ! second day is obs]v$ 9 =o1 b n ev5 ?is is obs]v$ any long] 9 ,rome4 ,9 e>li] times x 0 cu/om>y 9 _m places to scatt] roses f ! ro( ( ! *ur* to recall ! miracle ( ,p5teco/4 ,h5ce 9 ,sicily1 ,:itsunday is call$ pas*a rosatum4 ,! ,italian "n1 pasqua rossa1 h[ev]1 comes f ! col\r ( ! ve/m5ts4 ,9 _m di/ricts ( ,france x 0 usual to bl[ trombones or trumpets dur+ div9e s]vice 9 memory ( ! s\nd ( ! 8mighty w9d0 :i* accompani$ ! ,holy ,_s's desc5t4 #aa4 ,tr9ity ,sunday ,x 0 n until a late date t ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ 0 rais$ to a high] rank1 = 9 ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y x has no special "n1 :ile 9 ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y1 & 9 ! app5dixes to ! ,gregorian1#bfe x is call$ m]ely ! ,sunday aft] ! octave ( ,p5teco/1 or ! ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 x is n[ a fe/ival devot$ to ! hon\r ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,conc]n+ ! introduction ( ?is new fea/ into ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 we le>n f ! ,micrologus t1 ! ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ be+ a dom9ica vacans )\t any special (fice ( its own1 _m us$ on ?is day ! (fice ( ! ,tr9ity drawn up by ,bi%op ,/eph5 ( ,lige 7#ijc-bj74 ,:5 ,pope ,alex&] ,,ii4 7 #ajgc7 0 que/ion$ on ! po9t1 he repli$ t x 0 n ! ,roman cu/om to set ap>t any p>ticul> day 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 s9ce ! ,tr9ity 0 hon\r$ e day by ! ,gloria ,patri 9 ! psalmody4 ,x is to be not$1 cont9ues ! ,micrologus1#bff t ,alcu91 at ! reque/ ( ! ,sa9t ,boniface1 compos$ a ,mass 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,b9t]im speaks s>ca/ically ( ?is ref]5ce1 because ,boniface _h di$ long be=e ! "t :5 ,alcu9 fl\ri%$4 ,! ref]5ce is n to be pass$ ov] on ?is acc\nt1 = ! mi/ake arose m]ely f a misund]/&+4 ,alcu9 _h put toge!r f ! missal employ$ 9 8 ,abbey ,*ur* a numb] ( ,masses--votive ,masses1 z !y w\ld n[ be call$--= ea* day ( ! week1 to be us$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 & to ^! 0 add$1 among/ o!rs1 a ,mass 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,boniface = ! monks ( ,fulda4#bfg ,?is expla9s ! misund]/&+ 9 ! ,micrologus4 ,alcu9 _h also arrang$ a collection ( pray]s drawn f ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y to =m a pray]-book4 ,?is1 by itself1 enables u n[ to appreciate ,alcu9's %>e 9 ! matt]4#bfh ,x m]ely means t he recomm5d$ ! ,mass ( ! ,tr9ity %\ld be said on ,sundays1 9 case a prie/ _h n a complete missal1 or ?r\gh ignorance 0 unable to use x prop]ly4 ,! fact is pla94 ,! lat] ,franki% rec5sion ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y conta9$ = ! ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ a ,mass 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ) ! same preface :i* is /ill 9 use4#bfi ,9 addition to ?is1 ,bi%op ,/eph5 ( ,lige drew up a suitable (fice1 & s all 0 9 read9ess = ! in/itution ( an especial fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i*1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 0 fix$ = ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/4 ,! cu/om ( reg>d+ x z a fe/ival became m & m popul> 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france4 ,sev]al diocesan synods express$ !mselves 9 fav\r ( x1 e4g41 t ( ,arles 9 #abfj4 ,z we h f\nd 9 o!r in/ances1 s "h1 x 0 ! mona/]ies :i* prep>$ ! way = ! adoption ( ! fe/ival4 ,?us1 = example1#bgj ! ,ci/]cians adopt$ ! fe/ival 9 #abgj1 ! ,cluniacs /ill e>li]4 ,! introduction ( ! fe/ival into ea* diocese foll[$ gradually 9 c\rse ( "t1 & x belongs to local hi/orians to inve/igate ! circum/ances 9 ea* case4 ,al?\gh ,alex&] ,,ii4 _h (ficially decl>$ ! fe/ival to be sup]flu\s1#bga x nev]!less cont9u$ to increase 9 popul>ity 9 ev]-wid5+ circles4 ,its adoption did n foll[ any uni=m law1 = 9 sev]al places x 0 obs]v$ on ! la/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/1 z 9 sev]al dioceses ( ,france1 until on 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & "h & !re we f9d x kept ) an octave4 ,uni=mity 0 at l5g? atta9$ :5 ! ,roman ,*ur* "u ,john ,,xxii41 9 #accd1 accept$ ! fe/ival & ord]$ x to be g5]ally obs]v$4 ,! ,franciscan1 ,john ,peckham1 ,canon ( ,lyons1 &1 f #abgh to #abib1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 compos$ a new (fice4 ,! "o actually 9 use dates f ! times ( ,pius ,v41#bgb & is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! brevi>y1 rem>kable alike = sublimity ( ?\ght1 dep?1 & elegance ( =m4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ ,sunday has ?us be5 plac$ 9 a rank by itself1 ! ,roman rite /ill cont9ues ! old] enum]ation ( ! ,sundays f ,p5teco/4 ,9 ,g]many & else:]e x 0 ! cu/om to reckon ! ,sundays f ,tr9ity1 & s ea* ,sunday is "o less ?an ! correspond+ ,sunday accord+ to ! ,roman enum]ation4 ,! ,greeks on ?is ,sunday commemorate ,all ,sa9ts1 & on ?is acc\nt call x ,all ,sa9ts' ,sunday 7 74 #ab4 ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,! ,=ty ,h\rs' ,pray]4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ,on ,maundy ,?ursday1 ! consecration ( ! ,holy ,oils & o!r c]emonies ov]%ad[ almo/ entirely ! commemoration ( ! important ev5t :i* took place on t day--! in/itution ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,x 0 ?is fact :i* sugge/$ ! introduction ( a fe/ival specially int5d$ to commemorate t ev5t1 z is expressly /at$ 9 ! papal con/itution ,transiturus4 ,! introduction ( ?is fea/ dates f a comp>atively late "t1 & its adoption is limit$ to ! ,we/1 al?\gh ! ,uniat ,greeks h also p>tially accept$ x4 ,! e>lie/ trace ( a special ref]5ce to ! ,holy ,sacram5t ( ! alt> 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,*ur* is probably ! appe>ance ( ! "n ,natalis ,calicis1 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius1 on ! #bd? ,m>*4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is entry1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t anci5tly ! #be? ,m>* 0 (t5 reg>d$ z ! day on :i* ,*ri/ di$ 7vide ante1 p4 #eg74 ,div9e ,provid5ce made use ( a humble nun to fur!r ! introduction ( ?is fe/ival4 ,juliana1#bgc born at ,ret9ne1 ne> ,lige1 9 #aaic1 0 receiv$ z an orphan into ! cloi/]1 & became a nun ( ! ord] ( ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,%e 0 appo9t$ prioress ( ! laz>-h\se ( ,mons ,cornelii 7,mont-,cornillon71 ne> ,lige1 :]e %e pass$ ! great] "p ( h] life4 ,:5 ?is in/itution receiv$ ano!r prior :o fell out ) ! au?orities ( ,lige ov] "s matt]s ( adm9i/ration1 ,juliana 0 oblig$ to leave ! laz>-h\se 9 #abdj4 ,%e took up h] abode 9 ,lige1 ) a k9dr$ _s1 ! recluse ,eve4 ,%e return$ to ,mont-,cornillon aft] ?ree ye>s1 b :5 fre% disagreem5ts broke out aga91 on ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,rob]t 7 #abdf71 %e 0 compell$ to leave ,lige altoge!r4 ,%e f\nd a refuge ) ! ,ci/]cian nuns at ,sals9nes 9 ! diocese ( ,namur4 ,b ?is conv5t 0 de/roy$ 9 ! w>s :i* !n di/urb$ ! c\ntry1 & ,juliana 0 once m de/itute4 ,%e end$ h] life on ! #e? ,april #abeh1 z a recluse at ,fosses1 :]e %e _h f\nd a refuge1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,villi]s1 9 ! diocese ( ,namur4 ,juliana ( ,ret9ne _h be5 a zeal\s wor%ipp] ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t f h] y\?1 &1 f h] sixte5? ye>1 _h repeat$ly se5 a vision ( ! disc ( ! full moon f :i* z x 7 a "p _h be5 brok5 (f4 ,a vision ( our ,"l enlight5$ h] m9d z to ! signification !re(4 ,! moon's disc repres5t$ ! ,*ur*1 :i* /ill lack$ a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 & %e 0 to ann\nce ?is want to ! _w & direct all h] ef=ts t[>ds ! introduction ( su* a fe/ival4 ,9 #abcj1 %e communicat$ h] secret1 on acc\nt ( :i* %e _h mu* to suff]1 = ! fir/ "t1 to ,john ( ,lausanne1 ,canon ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,lige1 & to "s o!r pi\s & le>n$ m51 namely1 ,guy>d1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,cambrai1 ,hugo1 aft]w>ds ,c>d9al ,legate1 ! ,ar*deacon ( ,lige1 ,james ,pantaleon ( ,troyes1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,v]dun1 !n ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 &1 f9ally1 ,pope4 ,s9ce 9 ^? days bi%ops ex]cis$ ! "r ( appo9t+ fea/s 9 _! own dioceses1 x 0 ( ! utmo/ importance t ,rob]t de ,?orete1 ,bi%op ( ,lige s9ce #abdj1 0 9 fav\r ( ! introduction ( ?is fe/ival4 ,he gave a sympa!tic he>+ to ! proposals ( ^? 9 fav\r ( ! fea/1 call$ a diocesan synod 9 #abdf1 :i* decid$ 9 fav\r ( its introduction1#bgd & proscrib$ = 8 cl]gy ! recitation ( an (fice compos$ by ,canon ,john1 b di$ on ! #af? ,octob] #abdf1 )\t hav+ =mally in/itut$ ! fe/ival4 ,x 0 kept1 h[ev]1 z agre$ ^u1 by ! canons ( ,/ ,m>t9's 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & lat] on x 0 approv$ by ! ,papal ,legates1 ,c>d9als ,hugo & ,pet] ,capocci4 ,:5 ,james ,pantaleon asc5d$ ! papal ?rone 9 #abfa z ,urban ,,iv41 he receiv$ f ! ,bi%op ( ,lige a lett] conc]n+ ! fe/ival1 writt5 at ! reque/ ( ! recluse ,eve1 :o took an active "p 9 ! introduction ( ! new fea/4 ,to ?is he wrote a fav\rable reply4 ,! g5]al adoption ( ! fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i seem$ n[ assur$4 ,urban's p]sonal pr$ilections 9 its fav\r 7 fur!r increas$ by ! incid5t ( ! ,bohemian prie/ at ,bols5a 9 #abfb1 &1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 on ! #h? ,septemb] #abfd1 he address$ a bull#bge to all bi%ops & prelates 9 :i* he direct$ a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t %\ld be held ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 on ! ,?ursday aft] ,tr9ity ,sunday1 & grant$ indulg5ces to all :o obs]v$ x4 ,he commission$ moreov] ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as to compose a special (fice1 :i* spe$ily replac$ ! =m] "o4#bgf ,ow+ to ! dea? ( ,urban1 :i* foll[$ closely on ! promulgation ( ?is bull1 ! affair proce$$ no fur!r1 & ! spread ( ! fe/ival came to a /&/ill4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! papal resid5ce to ,avignon caus$ a fur!r delay4 ,/ill 9 ,lige ! matt] 0 n dropp$1 & ! diocesan synod ( #abhg is ! fir/ :i* def9itely ord]$ t ?is fe/ival %\ld be obs]v$4#bgg ,at l5g?1 aft] a long sil5ce1 ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 ,b]tr& de ,got1 took up ! matt] once m1 & by 8 influ5ce ! cum5ical ,c\ncil1 :i* he _h assembl$ at ,vi5ne 9 #acaa1 au?oris$ ! fe/ival & enjo9$ its obs]vance ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,= ?is end1 he r5ew$ ! con/itution ( ,urban ,,iv4 9 8 own bull ,si ,dom9um4 ,nei!r 9 ?is docum5t1 nor 9 ! con/itution ( ,urban1 is !re any m5tion ( a procession ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 b only ( a ,mass & ! (fice4 ,! procession 0 a lat] addition :i*1 l ! fe/ival itself1 gradually spread ?r\gh\t diff]5t dioceses & c\ntries4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 altoge!r a novelty1 = already 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,b5$ict9es 9 ,engl& c>ri$ ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t on ,palm ,sunday 9 procession outside ! *ur*4#bgh ,! ,corpus ,*ri/i procession1 m rec5t ?an ! introduction ( ! fea/ itself1 0 at fir/ a mu* simpl] affair ?an x is at pres5t4 ,z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 x 0 by no means unusual to c>ry ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t hidd5 f sight 9 a *alice or pyx r\nd ! *ur*1 & a procession ( ?is k9d is specially provid$ = 9 ! ritual = ,holy ,week4#bgi ,! ,ord9>ium ( ! ,*ur* ( ,r\5 conta9s directions = ! p]=mance ( su* a procession1 b un=tunately ! date ( ?is docum5t is unc]ta94#bhj ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! *ur* by two prie/s 9 :ite *asubles1 accompani$ by f\r *ori/]s c>ry+ c5s]s4 ,two o!r cl]ics c>ri$ tor*es1 & ! rema9d]1 ve/$ 9 copes1 sung v>i\s v]sicles & responses4 ,! %r9e 9 :i* ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t 0 c>ri$ 0 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! *oir1 & ! ,sacram5t 0 c5s$ by a prie/ accompani$ by a deacon1 :ile ! s+]s rema9$ kneel+4 ,!y sang1 ,ave1 v]um corpus natum1 etc41 :i* ! *oir repeat$ /ill kneel+1 & !n add$ o!r hymns4 ,:5 ?is 0 conclud$1 ! ar*bi%op 0 to give ! bless+ & comm5ce ! ,mass4 ,! date at :i* ! ,corpus ,*ri/i procession 0 introduc$ v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t dioceses & c\ntries4 ,9 ,cologne1 x 0 held1 = ! fir/ "t1 ev5 e>li] ?an #abgi1 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,g]eon1 :5 r$ ve/m5ts 7 worn4#bha ,9 #acjh1 x 0 ord]$ = ! p>i% *ur*es ( ! ar*diocese4 ,! direction ( ,john ,,xxii4 0 c]ta9ly 9 mo/ cases ! reason ( ! fea/ becom+ g5]al ?r\gh\t ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,! procession took place = ! fir/ "t 9 ,worms 9 #acae1 9 ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #acai4 ,9 ,/rassburg1 ,bi%op ,john ,i41 on #bbnd ,july #acah1 ord]$ ! adoption ( ! fe/ival1 & ! recitation ( ! (fice4 ,! fir/ (ficial appe>ance ( ! fe/ival & procession 9 ,treves 0 at ! synod held "u ,ar*bi%op ,baldw9 9 #acch2 9 ,utre*t 9 #acdg1 9 ,prague 9 #acee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 introduc$ at ,wrtzburg z e>ly z #abih1 be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne1 z appe>s f ! /atutes ( ! synod = t ye>4 ,at ,augsburg1 already 9 #acje1 a lady ( rank1 ,ka?>9a ,ibsung1 left all h] prop]ty to ! ca!dral = ! due p]=mance ( ! ,corpus ,*ri/i procession1 & x w\ld appe> t ! procession _h tak5 place at ,augsburg z a usual ?+ be=e ?is4#bhb ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,popes ,m>t9 ,v4 & ,eug5ius ,,iv4#bhc enc\rag$ ! spread ( ! procession by grant+ indulg5ces to ^? :o took "p--! latt] especially 9 8 bull ,excell5tissimus1 ( ! #bf? ,may #adcc4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! f\r /ations 7 add$ at :i* ! op5+ passages ( ! f\r ,gospels 7 sung1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ^! 7 f9ally au?oris$4#bhd ,! ,lib] ,ord9>ius ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,ess51 belong+ to ! second half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 af=ds u "s in=mation conc]n+ ?is *ange 9 p>ticul>4 ,x speaks ( two processions--"o compos$ ( ! canons & )\t /ations1 :i* pass$ out ( ! *ur* & !n return$2 ! second ( ! congregation1 :i* _h f\r /ations1 at ea* ( :i* ! beg9n+ ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel 0 read & b5$iction giv54#bhe ,! ,=ty ,h\rs' ,pray]1 ) exposition ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 owes its introduction to ! ,capu*9 ,joseph ,plantanida ( ,f]mo4 ,9 #aeef-eg he urg$ ! s5ate ( ,milan to take /eps = obs]v+ ?is devotion 9 all *ur*es ( ,milan 9 turn1 on acc\nt ( ! w> ) ,france :i* 0 !n ?reat5+1 & also ) ref]5ce to ! plague :i* twelve ye>s e>li] _h deva/at$ ! city4 ,! cu/om ( sp5d+ =ty h\rs 9 pray] = "s special int5tion _h aris5 e>li] ?an ?is1 = a prie/ ( ,gr5oble1 call$ ,antony1 = example1 _h e/abli%$ a confrat]nity 9 ,milan 9 #aebg1 ! memb]s ( :i* met f\r times a ye> = =ty h\rs' adoration ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n expos$4#bhf ,at ! conclusion ( ! octave ( ,corpus ,*ri/i comes ! comp>atively mod]n fe/ival ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,jesus4 ,z x is ?us 9 po9t ( "t closely connect$ ) ,corpus ,*ri/i1 s also x resembles x 9 _m po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ess5tially appo9t$ = ! glorification ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,p]son ( ! ,inc>nate1 &1 secondly1 its orig9 has _m po9ts 9 common ) t ( ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,its introduction is connect$ ) ! visions ( ! ,bless$ ,m>g>et ,m>y ,alacoque 7#afdg-ij71 :i* %e saw 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,visitation at ,p>ay-le-,monial1 dur+ ! ye>s #afgc-ge4 ,! cultus ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t seems to h exi/$ e>li] z a =m ( private devotion4 ,9 support ( x c]ta9 passages are appeal$ to 9 ! writ+s ( sa9ts ( e>li] times1 :i* conta9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,among o!rs1 ,/ ,g]trude1 & ! ,c>?usian ,james ( ,l&sb]g1 are quot$4 ,! ,bless$ ,m>g>et ,m>y _h mu* to suff] 9 h] attempts to e/abli% ! cultus1 b f9ally x 0 introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #afhf at ,p>ay-le-,monial1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,visitation at ,m\l9s 9 #afgd4 ,! public cultus 0 introduc$ by ,*>les ,franois de ,lomnie1 ,bi%op ( ,c\tances1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ,m>g>et ,m>y's revelations1 consecrat$ a *apel 9 hon\r ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t 9 8 sem9>y 9 #afhh1 & erect$ a confrat]nity "u ! same title4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,pet] de ,grammont1 ,bi%op ( ,besanon1 :o1 9 #afib1 ord]$ a special ,mass ) ! title ,cordis ,jesu1 to be pr9t$ 9 ! missal = 8 diocese1 = ! ,friday aft] ! octave ( ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,langres adopt$ ?is ,mass 9 8 diocese1 & f9ally ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,lyons1 ,primate ( ,gaul1 at ! end ( #agah ord]$ ! fea/ to be kept by ! *ur*es "u 8 jurisdiction4 ,! au?oritative recognition ( ! fea/ 0 giv5 by ,clem5t ,,xiii4 9 #agfe4bhg ,b4 ,,*ri/mas ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/mas ,,season #a4 ,*ri/mas ,*ri/mas1 or ! fea/ ( our ,"l's bir? 7,nativitas ,dom9i1 1 71 has ?is 9 common ) ,ea/] t x also is ! c5tre ( o!r fe/ivals :i* gr\p !mselves ar\nd x1 b x diff]s f ,ea/] inasmu* z x is an immovable fea/1 & s falls on a fix$ day ( ! mon?4 ,! :ole ,*ur*1 & all ! sects1 agree 9 obs]v+ ! #be? ,decemb] z ?is date4 ,z x has co/ u already "s tr\ble to %[ h[ ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/] 0 arriv$ at1 s ! que/ions :i* arise 9 reg>d to ! date ( ,*ri/mas are by no means few4 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions entails a special & critical inve/igation into sev]al po9ts ( hi/ory1 :i*1 ?\gh x may n prove int]e/+ to ev]yone1 w nev]!less be full ( in=mation to ^? :o und]take to /udy x4 ,=m]ly x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ,*ri/ _h actually be5 born on ?is day1 &1 accord+ly1 ! le>n$ 7 ( op9ion t ! ,*ur* _h obs]v$ x f ! beg9n+ z ! day ( ,8 bir?4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 x w be difficult = _m to give up ?is idea4 ,b !re is no ,*ri/mas among ! ,*ri/ian fea/s enum]at$ by ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 & ! rec5tly publi%$ ,te/am5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is cle> pro( t ev5 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies x 0 unkn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e its introduction1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 c be prov$ hi/orically4 ,to ?is evid5ce we %all n[ turn our att5tion1 beg9n+ ) ,egypt4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ! le>n$ monk1 ,john ,cassian1 betook himself to ,egypt to /udy ! obs]vances ( ! mona/]ies !re1 & lat] on1 betwe5 #dah & #dbg1 he wrote d[n ! result ( 8 obs]vations 9 8 ,collations4 ,he in=ms u t ! bi%ops ( ^? p>ts at t "t reg>d$ ! ,epiphany z our ,"l's bir?-day1 & t !re 0 no sep>ate fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! latt]4 ,he calls ?is ! 8anci5t cu/om40#bhh ,?is old cu/om1 al?\gh g5]ally obs]v$ at t "t 9 ,egypt1 _h soon to give place to a new "o4 ,= "u ,cyril1 ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 ,bi%op ,paul ( ,emesa1 :ile on a visit to him1 prea*$ on ! fe/ival ( our ,"l's nativity1 & ! date on :i* ?is happ5$ 0 ! #bi? ,*ijak1 or #be? ,decemb]1 9 ! ye> #dcb4 ,*ri/mas1 !n1 _h be5 introduc$ into ,egypt be=e ?is "t1 t is to say1 betwe5 #dah & #dcb1bhi & f !n onw>ds x 0 firmly e/abli%$1 z ! exi/+ ,cal5d>s ( subsequ5t date %[4 ,! le>n$ ,bi%op ,epiphanius ( ,salamis liv$ 9 ,cyprus at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 8 answ] to ! ,alogoi he gives ! *ronology ( our ,"l's life1 accord+ to :i* ! #f? ,janu>y is ! day ( our ,"l's bir?1 & ! #h? ,novemb] ! day ( ,8 baptism 9 ,jordan4 ,= him ! ,epiphany 0 pla9ly ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s nativity4#bij ,! old cu/om 0 /ill 9 =ce 9 ,j]usalem ab\t #che4 ,our ,"l's bir? 0 celebrat$ !re ) great rejoic+s1 n on ! #be? ,decemb]1 b on ! #f? ,janu>y4 ,= accord+ to ! evid5ce ( ! ,pilgrim f ,bordeaux1 ! fe/ival on :i* ! gospel 0 read1 giv+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple & ,8 meet+ ) ,simeon & ,anna--,c&lemas ,day--0 celebrat$ =ty days aft] ! ,epiphany & n =ty days aft] ,*ri/mas4#bia ,epiphany mu/ !n h be5 ! fe/ival ( ! ,nativity4 ,9 ano!r passage1 :]e ! same pilgrim has reason to "n ! *ief fe/ivals ( ! ye>1 %e m5tions z su* only ,epiphany & ,ea/]4#bib ,& s at t "t !re 0 no special fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,among ! witnesses = ! old cu/om1 we f9d ,ephrem ,syrus1 :o in=ms u t1 9 8 "t1 ! *ur* ( ,mesopotamia commemorat$ ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god on ! ?irte5? day aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 9 ! mon? :5 ! light beg9s to increase1 i4e4 on ! #f? ,janu>y4#bic ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! fe/ival ( ! #be? ,decemb]1 z ,*ri/'s bir?-day1 0 entirely unkn[n to ! anci5t *ur*es ( ,arm5ia & ,mesopotamia1 & rema9$ s p>tially until on 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4#bid ,9 ! mo/ ( ! great *ur*es ( ! ,ea/1 on ! contr>y1 ?is fea/ 0 introduc$ dur+ ! la/ decades ( ! f\r? c5tury1 9 o!rs some:at lat]4 ,mo/ int]e/+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! introduction ( ,*ri/mas 9 v>i\s localities are extant1 &1 s9ce !y ref] to its introduction1 we are safe 9 conclud+1 f ! hi/orical evid5ce be=e u1 t ^! *ur*es _h n celebrat$ ,*ri/mas until !n4 ,?is is ! case ) reg>d to ,con/ant9ople4 ,! second capital ( ! empire _h long be5 a /ronghold ( ,arianism1 s t ! or?odox _h dw9dl$ d[n to a m]e h&ful1 & no long] possess$ a *ur* ( _! own 9 ! city4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,*ri/mas 0 c]ta9ly n celebrat$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,n till aft] ! dea? ( ,val5s1 & ! elevation ( ,!odosius ! ,great to ! empire 7#ai? ,janu>y #cgi71 did ! ,ca?olics brea! freely once m4 ,!y receiv$ z bi%op ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 =m]ly ,bi%op ( ,sasima1 b !n liv+ 9 retirem5t at ,seleucia 9 ,isauria4 ,he began 8 lab\rs z a /rang] & soj\rn] 9 a small private *apel :i* he call$ ! ,ana/asia4 ,"h1 on ! #be? ,decemb] #cgi or #chj1 ,*ri/mas 0 celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,con/ant9ople1 z he himself in=ms u1 & on ?is occasion he deliv]$ 8 ?irty-eigh? homily4#bie ,?us "o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! re/or] ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! capital 0 ! introduction ( ! new fe/ival4 ,9 ! above homily inde$ he says no?+ ab\t its be+ celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t1 b 9 ! foll[+ homily 7c4 #ad71 :5 speak+ ( ! previ\s ,*ri/mas1 he calls himself its orig9ator 774 ,gregory's activity 9 ! capital 0 un=tunately ( %ort duration4 ,soon aft] ! meet+ ( ! second ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 9 #cha1 he 0 compell$ ?r\gh ! intrigues ( 8 oppon5ts to retire f 8 po/4 ,x w\ld n be impossible1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n be surpris+1 if ,gregory's expulsion also imp]ill$ 8 new in/itution1 & t ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity w\ld h to be re-introduc$4 ,at any rate1 a late & n v reliable writ]1 ?\gh "o n to be pass$ ov] 9 ?is connection1 speaks ( ! emp]or ,honorius z hav+ be5 ! means ( introduc+ ! fea/ ( ,*ri/mas at ,con/ant9ople4 ,on ! occasion ( a visit to ,con/ant9ople he p]suad$ 8 "m & 8 bro!r ,arcadius to celebrate ! fea/ ( ,*ri/mas1 & 9 ! ,roman mann]4#bif ,?is mu/ h tak5 place aft] ! ye> #cie4 ,9 ,cappadocia ! sep>ation ( ! two fea/s1 ,epiphany & ,*ri/mas1 _h be5 effect$ 9 #chj1 at lea/ z f> z ,nyssa 0 conc]n$4 ,= ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 9 8 fun]al oration on ,basil1 speaks ( ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s bir? z well e/abli%$4#big ,he says ! same 9 8 two s]mons = ! fea/ ( ,/ ,/eph54 ,) reg>d to ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! introduction ( ! fe/ival at ,antio*1 we are fully in=m$ by ,/ ,*ryso/om 9 a s]mon he prea*$ !re on ! #bj? ,decemb] #chf4bih ,! fe/ival _h be5 kn[n 9 ,antio* = ab\t t5 ye>s already1 & a c]ta9 p>ty !re among ! fai?ful 7 9 ! habit ( celebrat+ x publicly1 b its (ficial introduction 0 fir/ effect$ by ,bi%op ,flavian1 :o 0 second$ 9 ?is by ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om1 rec5tly orda9$ prie/ 9 ! ,febru>y ( ! same ye>4 ,*ryso/om began 8 prie/ly activity ) a c\rse ( s]mons aga9/ ! ?or\gh-go+ ,arians--! ,anomans4 ,^! disc\rses treat ( ! nature ( ,god1 ,8 incompreh5sibility1 & triune p]sonality1 b ! prea*] _h to int]rupt ! c\rse f "t to "t 9 ord] to deal ) o!r matt]s affect+ ! fai?ful !mselves1 su* z _! sup]/iti\s respect =1 & imitation (1 ! ,jews & _! cu/oms4 ,"s w5t s f> z to reg>d oa?s tak5 9 ! synagogue z m sacr$ & b9d+ ?an ^? tak5 9 ! *ur*4 ,_m ,*ri/ians obs]v$ ! ,jewi% fe/ivals z well z _! own4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,*ryso/om dep>t$ f 8 fir/ subject & direct$ 8 fir/ f\r s]mons aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,!n 8 eloqu5ce 0 direct$ to ! task ( w9n+ ov] ! fai?ful ( ,antio* to ! obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas4 ,x 0 on ! fe/ival ( ! ,antio*5e m>tyr ,philogonius t he ann\nc$ to 8 he>]s t on ! foll[+ #be? ,decemb] ,*ri/mas w\ld be celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*4 ,! day _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ f ! beg9n+ 771 b only dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s _h ! k ( x p5etrat$ to ,antio*4 ,= 8 own "p1 he _h = a long "t made 8 pray] 9 secret t ! fe/ival %\ld be kept also 9 ,antio*4 ,he _h f\nd _m1 especially ( ! l[] ord]s1 9 fav\r ( x1 b _m1 on ! o!r h&1 7 oppos$1 & s ! introduction ( ! fe/ival _h be5 delay$4 ,! ef=ts ( ! great prea*] 7 cr[n$ ) success4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! fai?ful 7 pres5t 9 ! *ur* :5 ! new fe/ival 0 celebrat$4 ,! s]mon :i* ,*ryso/om deliv]$ on ! occasion has happily come d[n to u4#bii ,9 ! introduction he says he wi%$ to speak to !m himself conc]n+ ! fe/ival ov] :i* !re _h be5 s mu* controv]sy 9 ,antio*4 ,"s consid]$ x a m]e innovation1 b o!rs knew t x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ f ,?race to ,cadiz4 ,?is la/ ass]tion 0 an exagg]ation1 z ! next words ( ,*ryso/om !mselves %[4 ,he says he proposes to comm5d ! fea/ to ! devotion ( 8 he>]s on ?ree gr\nds3 fir/1 because ! fea/ has spread ) rem>kable rapidity1 & has met ) s mu* fav\r 9 all directions2#cjj secondly1 because ! "t ( ! c5sus tak5 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir? c be det]m9$ by anci5t docum5ts pres]v$ 9 ,rome2 ?irdly1 ! ye> ( our ,"l's bir? c be comput$ f ! "t ( ! angel's appe>ance to ,za*>y 9 ! ,temple4 ,za*>y1 z ,high ,prie/1 _h ent]$ into ! ,holy ( ,holies on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,jewi% ,day ( ,atonem5t fell 9 ,septemb]4 ,six mon?s aft]w>ds ! angel came to ,m>y1 & n9e mon?s lat] ,*ri/ 0 born1 i4e4 9 ,decemb]4 ,*ryso/om concludes ) an attack ^u ^? :o d n believe 9 ! inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 z f> z ! det]m9ation ( ! date is conc]n$1 re/s ^u an insecure f\ndation4 ,s9ce ,za*>y 0 only an ord9>y prie/1 & n ! ,high ,prie/1 8 entry into ! ,holy ( ,holies _c !re=e be id5tifi$ ) t ( ! ,high ,prie/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,b ?is is ( little importance1 if on indep5d5t gr\nds ^! calculations c\ld /ill po9t to ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 ?\gh ! #be? ne$ n on ?is acc\nt h be5 ! precise day on :i* our ,"l 0 born4 ,:5 we consid] ! facts1 we see t x 0 no m]e accid5t t ,*ri/mas began to be celebrat$ 9 ! ,ea/ j at ?is p>ticul> p]iod1 & t its introduction 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ! great m5 :om we h nam$4 ,x 0 ! mom5t :5 ,ca?olics began successfully to repel ,arianism2 x 0 j ^? :o attack$ ,arianism ) mo/ vig\r & success :o promot$ ! spread ( ! new fe/ival 9 ! ,ea/4 ,we mu/ add to ?is ! evid5ce af=d$ by secul> enactm5ts4 ,nei!r ! laws ( ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 nor ! revis]s ( ! ,codex ,!odosianus 9 #dch1 nor ! ,brevi>ium ,al>icianum ( #ejf1 reg>d ! #be? ,decemb] z a fe/ival e/abli%$ by law4 ,x 0 made to appe> = ! fir/ "t z su* by ,tribonianus 9 ! ,codex ,ju/9ianus4#cja ,f ^! additional facts1 we ga!r t ,*ri/mas 0 ( lat] introduction 9 ! ,*ur* ?an ,ea/] or ,:itsunday4 ,9 su* matt]s secul> law g5]ally foll[s ! lead ( ecclesia/ical law4 ,if ,*ri/mas _h be5 celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+1 "o c see no reason :y x %\ld n h enjoy$ equal privileges ) ,ea/] & ,:itsunday4 ,/ill !re 0 a law ( ! ,emp]or ,arcadius z e>ly z #djj :i* includ$ ,*ri/mas among ! days on :i* at lea/ ! games ( ! circus 7 =bidd54#cjb ,*ryso/om1 9 ! s]mon ref]r$ to above1 /ates pla9ly t1 at ! "t :5 ! attempt 0 be+ made to introduce ! fe/ival 9 ! ,ea/1 x 0 already celebrat$ 9 ,rome4 ,our att5tion is ?us naturally direct$ to ,rome1 & x w be int]e/+ to le>n h[ long x _h be5 s obs]v$ !re4 ,?is "q we mu/ n[ consid] m fully4 ,john1 ,bi%op ( ,nica1 in=ms u t ! ,roman ,*ur* _h begun "u ,pope ,julius ,i4 7#ccg-ceb7 to celebrate ! bir? ( our ,"l on ! #be? ,decemb]4#cjc ,?is pope1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! writ+s ( ,josephus1 _h asc]ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 born on ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,john ( ,nica !n recurs sub/antially to ! reckon+ :i* we h already produc$ f ,*ryso/om1 accord+ to :i* ! appe>ance ( ! angel to ,za*>y 9 ! ,temple happ5$ on ! #bcrd ,septemb] & ! ,annunciation on ! #be? ,m>*4 ,f ^! data x foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! #be? ,decemb] 0 ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,john _h ga9$ ?is in=mation f an alleg$ correspond5ce betwe5 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem & ,julius1 f :i* he quotes4 ,b ?is correspond5ce is c]ta9ly n au!ntic1 z w appe> f "o ( ! facts quot$ f x fur!r on4#cjd ,b ! fact t x _c /& ! te/ ( criticism does n prove ! spuri\sness ( ! treatise ( ,john ( ,nica 9 itself1 nor ! incorrectness ( ev]y?+ else conta9$ 9 x4 ,:5 we turn to ! au!ntic evid5ce = ! practice ( ! ,roman ,*ur* on ?is po9t1 our att5tion is at once arre/$ by "o docum5t :i* is quot$ "u v diff]5t names--,anonymus ,cusp9iani1 ,catalogus ,bu*]ianus1 ! ,cal5d> ( ,furius ,philocalus1 or ! ,*ronograph] ( #ced4 ,^! diff]5t ways ( quot+ ! same docum5t are apt to lead to confusion4 ,!y are due to ! fact t f "t to "t diff]5t s*ol>s h publi%$ l>g] or small] portions ( ! docum5t1 )\t ev] plac+ x be=e ! public 9 its entirety4 ,! diff]5t portions ( :i* x is compos$ are ( a r het]og5e\s "*1 &1 accord+ly1 z ea* /ud5t 0 int]e/$ 9 ?is or t portion1 he publi%$ z mu* ( x z conc]n$ 8 own /udies1 leav+ ! rema9d] unnotic$4 ,9 ord] to =m a correct judgm5t ( ! evid5tial value ( ?is docum5t1 & ! importance ( ! facts record$ 9 x1 x w be well at ?is po9t to describe x m p>ticul>ly1 al?\gh to d s may lead u away f our ma9 subject4 ,briefly1 we h to d ) a collection ( *ronological data belong+ to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 9 :i* ! unkn[n compil] collect$ toge!r f (ficial s\rces all k9ds ( *ronological & hi/orical notices1 su* z might be useful = p 9 (ficial positions4 ,8 object 0 to supply !m ) a comp5dium ( all t might be ( practical assi/ance to !m4 ,john ,cusp9ianus 7#adgc-aebi7 0 ! fir/ to make use ( ?is "w1 because he recognis$ t ! li/ ( ,roman consuls conta9$ 9 x is ! mo/ correct t has come d[n to u4 ,9 8 ,comm5t>ius de ,consulibus ,romanis1 publi%$ at ,basel aft] 8 dea?1 9 #aeeb1 a "p ( ! "w is pr9t$4#cje ,o!r /ud5ts !n edit$ su* portions z relat$ to ! special /udies !y _h 9 h&1 su* z ,onuphrius ,panv9ius1 gidius ,b\*]1 ,s4,j41#cjf ,lambeck1 ,h5s*51 ,c>d9al ,noris1 ,ecc>d1 ,prell]1 & especially ,roncalli4 ,f9ally1 9 ! transactions ( ! 8,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft50 ( ,saxony = #ahej1 ,momms5 pr9t$ almo/ ! :ole ( x ) ! exception ( ! lat] portions4 ,a collection ( ! allegorical illu/rations ( ! docum5t1 z f> z !y exi/1 has also be5 publi%$1#cjg & ?us at l5g? ?is rem>kable docum5t has be5 plac$ )9 ! rea* ( all to :om x may be ( int]e/4 ,! diff]5t sections !re9 conta9$ are p>tly ( ecclesia/ical & ,*ri/ian orig91 & p>tly secul> & hea!n4 ,( purely ecclesia/ical orig91 9 addition to ! table = calculat+ ,ea/]1 are ! ,depositio ,episcoporum1 ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum1 & ! li/ ( popes4 ,! rema9+ sections fall into two classes3 !y are ei!r entirely hea!n1 or !y h int]polations ( a ,*ri/ian & ecclesia/ical "*4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! li/s ( consuls4 ,up to #gec ,u4,c4 !y conta9 m]ely ! names ( ! consuls1 ) notices ( ! dictators2 f #gec ,u4,c4 to #ee ,a4,d4 f\r ecclesia/ical notices h be5 int]polat$1 b none f !nce onw>ds4 ,^! f\r notices relate to ! date ( ,*ri/'s bir? & dea?1 ! arrival ( ! ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul 9 ,rome1 & _! dea? !re4 ,^! notices1 naturally1 did n orig9ally =m "p ( ! li/s ( consuls4 ,:o add$ !m8 ,philocalus himself or someone else8 ,s9ce ! li/ ( consuls conta9s ecclesia/ical int]polations1 x is all ! m rem>kable t none h be5 add$ to ! ,cal5d>4 ,:]e else w\ld we m naturally look = !m1 & :]e c\ld !y h be5 m easily introduc$8 ,:y did n ,philocalus set d[n ! bir? ( ,*ri/ "h "u ! #be? ,decemb]1 ! ,natalis ,invicti1 s9ce he consid]$ x ( suffici5t importance to be int]polat$ into ! li/s ( consuls1 ) :i* x is out ( keep+8 ,b if1 x is object$1 ! date ( ,*ri/'s bir? is also giv5 9 ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum1 let u exam9e ?is docum5t m closely4 ,z ! title indicates1 x conta9s only ! days ( ! dea? & burial ( ,roman m>tyrs & o!r m>tyrs v5]at$ 9 ,rome 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 e4g4 ,cyprian1 ,p]petua1 ,felicitas4 ,to ^! !re are add$ two exceptions3 ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,jan4 7! bir? ( ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem7 & ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,m>t4 7! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air74 ,nei!r ( ^! belong 9 any s5se to a ,depositio ,m>tyrum1 & on ?is acc\nt1 ,de ,rossi wi%$ to *ange ! title ( ! docum5t to ,f]iale ,ecclesi ,roman4 ,b 9 ?is he 0 mi/ak54 ,! ,,mss4 h ! title ,depositio ,m>tyrum alone1 & to *ange x w\ld be arbitr>y4 ,! two days m5tion$ above1 ! #be? ,decemb] & ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 mu/ r be /ruck out z lat] additions :i* d n belong to ! docum5t4 ,t su* entries d n appe> 9 ! ,cal5d> is expla9$1 9 my op9ion1 by ! fact t soon aft]w>ds succe$+ emp]ors =bade ! games ( ! circus & en]getically suppress$ hea!n cu/oms4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done1 ! ,cal5d> w\ld no long] be ( any practical use1 & s x w\ld n be wor? :ile to make alt]ations 9 x4 ,! o!r *ronological pieces1 h[ev]1 _h a p]man5t value1 & x naturally occurr$ to ^? :o us$ !m lat] on to adapt !m to ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e m m9utely ! notice ( ,*ri/'s bir? giv5 u 9 ?is docum5t4 ,x runs z foll[s3 ,i p4 ,*r4 ,cs>e et ,paulo sat4 ,,xiii4 ,hoc cons4 ,dns4 ihs4 ,,xpc natus e/ ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,jan4 de v54 luna ,,xv4#cjh ,:i* means1 ,*ri/ 0 born dur+ ! consul%ip ( ,c4 ,cs> ,augu/us & ,l4 milius ,paulus 7#ged ,u4,c471 on ! #be? ,decemb]1 :i* 0 a ,friday1 on ! fifte5? day ( ! new moon4 ,?is notice gives rise to sev]al que/ions4 ,fir/ ( all ! ,epact is n correct1 z accord+ to our tables x ought to be #aa4cji ,b ?is ne$ n deta9 u1 z two or ?ree peculi>ities ( ?is k9d are to be met ) 9 ?is li/ ( ! consuls4 ,! error conc]n+ ! day ( ! week is m important4 ,to expose ?is error we ne$ only give ! dom9ical lett]s = ! ye>s 9 "q3-- #gea ,u4,c41 ,dom4 let4 ,f #be? ,dec41 ,w$nesday4 #geb ,u4,c41 0 ,e 0 ,?ursday4 #gec ,u4,c41 0 ,,dg 0 ,saturday4 #ged ,u4,c41 0 ,b 0 ,sunday4 ,! compil] ( ?is *ronology might h set d[n ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 9 ei!r #ged or #gec ,u4,c4 #ged is a possible ye>1 al?\gh ! #be? ,decemb] #gec is m probable1 yet 9 ei!r case ! day ( ! week w\ld be wrong4 ,9 #geb1 ! #be? ,decemb] fell on ,?ursday1 b s9ce #gec 0 a leap ye>1 ! dom9ical lett] advances two places1 & ,friday is pass$ ov]4 ,at ! same "t1 !re has be5 a fairly con/ant tradition t ! #be? ( ,decemb] fell on a ,w$nesday 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,9 any case1 ! notice t ! #be? ,decemb] fell1 9 ?is ye>1 on a ,friday is bas$ on a mi/ak5 reckon+4 ,?is notice1 !n1 does n repres5t a tradition1 b is m]ely ! result ( a calculation :i* un=tunately is incorrect4 ,consequ5tly ! :ole int]polation is undes]v+ ( cr$it4 ,we n[ pass on to a second po9t4 ,:ile all writ]s be=e #ced fix ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir? by ! ye> ( ! ,emp]or's reign1 "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 x is fix$ by ! ye> ( ! consuls4 ,?is is a m>k$ dep>ture f ! orig9al usage4 ,! =ty-fir/ or =ty-second ye> ( ,augu/us correctly conv]t$ into a consul> ye> w\ld h run3 ,augu/o ,,xiii4 et ,silvano conss4 or ,l5tulo et ,messal9o1 :i* w\ld also be ! ye> #gea or #geb ,u4,c41 accord+ z ! ye> ( ! emp]or is tak5 z 8effektiv0 or n1 i4e4 accord+ z "o places ,*ri/'s bir? 9 ! fir/ or second half ( ! ye>4#caj ,moreov]1 :5 ! *ronograph] dates ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir? 9 ! consul%ip ( 8,cs> & ,paulus0 7#ged ,u4,c471 he anticipates ! ,dionysian era "s two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,dionysius1 &1 fur!r1 :51 9 accordance ) a v anci5t tradition1 he places ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s dea? 9 ! consul%ip ( ! 8duo gem9i0 7#bi ,a4,d471 he ?us only all[s tw5ty-eight & a qu>t] ye>s = ,*ri/'s e>?ly life1 :ile ,/ ,luke 7iii4 #bc7 speaks ( ,him z hav+ wellnigh ?irty full ye>s4 ,:oev] he may h be5 :o ins]t$ ?is notice "u ! consul%ip ( ,cs> & ,paulus 9 ! *ronology1 he c]ta9ly made a mi/ake4 ,he also /&s alone 9 plac+ ,*ri/'s bir? 9 ! ye> #ged ,u4,c41 = ! writ]s & annali/s :o wrote at a lat] date1 su* z ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 ,orosius1 ,prosp]1 ,hydatius1 & ev5 ,cassiodorus1 give o!r dates4 ,! anonym\s compil] ( ?is *ronology diff]s also1 bo? z to cont5ts & =m1 f ^? :o prec$$ him4 ,:ile ,ir5u1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ! pseudo-,cyprian1 etc41 fix ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir? by a ye> ( ! emp]or1 i4e4 ! =ty-fir/ or =ty-second ( ,augu/us1 x is giv5 9 ?is docum5t 9 ! =m ( a consul> ye>1 & :ile ! =m] give #gea-geb ,u4,c4 z ! ye>1 ! latt] gives #ged4 ,all ?is creates great difficulty 9 accept+ ! evid5ce ( ! compil]4#caa ,we mu/ n[ deal ) ! day ( ! mon? giv5 9 ! *ronology1 ! #be? ,decemb]1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 alone is ( importance 9 connection ) ! end we h 9 view1 al?\gh x _c well be sep>at$ f ! previ\s "q z to ! ye>4 ,x has rec5tly be5 ?\ght t ,hippolytus af=d$ "s v e>ly evid5ce on ?is po9t1 ow+ to a passage 9 8 comm5t>y on ,daniel be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,h[ev]1 ?is hope has prov$ deceptive1#cab s9ce ! passage 9 ,hippolytus proves to be ! addition ( a mu* lat] h&2 we are ?us left ) ! *ronology ( #ced z ! e>lie/ evid5ce = plac+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ on ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,! result ( our inve/igation ( ?is compilation1 made up ( hi/orical1 *ronological1 & o!r mat]ials1 proves t ! compil]1 9 collect+ 8 mat]ials 9 #ced1 add$ to ! li/s ( consuls1 :i* naturally he did n draw up himself1 ! notice t ,*ri/ 0 born "u ^! p>ticul> consuls on ! #be? ,decemb]1 because x 0 at t "t ! g5]ally accept$ date4 ,x c\ld only be widely accept$1 :5 ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s bir? _h already be5 celebrat$ on ?is day1 n rec5tly b dur+ a consid]able p]iod4 ,x is v improbable t x _h j be5 introduc$ by any "o p]son 9 p>ticul>1 su* z ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 = ! fir/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,lib]ius 7 v tr\bl$ & ill suit$ = ! introduction ( s important an innovation4 ,moreov]1 hi/ory %[s t a ?+ l ?is _c be done all at once by a /roke ( ! p51 or at ! w ( an individual1 ev5 ?\gh he be ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 b is r ! outcome ( a long p]iod ( prep>ation4 ,! compil] cle>ly be>s witness t ,*ri/mas exi/$ already 9 ,rome 9 #ced1 b n t x _h !n be5 only rec5tly introduc$ !re1 /ill less t ,*ri/ 0 actually born on ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,?is /atem5t is unsupport$ by evid5ce prior to #ced1 = ! passage 9 ,hippolytus is an int]polation1 ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum & ! ,depositio ,episcoporum h be5 work$ ov] by ! h& ( ! same compil]1 :o may h made additions to !m to ! same effect )\t prejudice to _! orig9al cont5ts4 ,nev]!less attempts 7 made to ma9ta9 ! #be? ,decemb] on o!r gr\nds4 ,z we h se51 ,*ryso/om made an attempt ( ?is k9d1 & ev5 9 rec5t times !re h be5 p :o repeat$ ! attempt1 )\t fall+ into ! mi/ake ( mak+ ,za*>y a ,high ,prie/4 ,!y reckon$ z foll[s3--:5 ! angel ann\nc$ to ,za*>y 8 son's bir?1 ! c\rse ( ,abia1 to :i* ,za*>y belong$1 0 p]=m+ ! s]vice ( ! ,temple4#cac ,at ! d$ication ( ! ,temple "u ,solomon x 0 arrang$ t ! tw5ty-f\r prie/ly families m5tion$ 9 #a ,p>al4 xxiv4 #g-ac %\ld relieve "o ano!r 9 ord]ly succession ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ea* be+ responsible = ! ,temple s]vices = a week4 ,! fir/ c\rse 0 t ( ,joi>ib1 ! c\rse ( ,abia be+ ! eigh?4 ,aft] ! return f exile1 ^! c\rses ( prie/s 7 re-e/abli%$1 & cont9u$ to dis*>ge _! functions z be=e1 s soon z ! new ,temple _h be5 d$icat$4#cad ,accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ,josephus1#cae ?is arrangem5t surviv$ to 8 own "t1 & 0 consequ5tly 9 exi/5ce at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,s9ce ! d$ication ( bo? ,temples took place 9 autumn1 x has be5 calculat$ t ! c\rse ( ,abia mu/ h be5 on duty 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l's bir? on ! day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* fell at t season4 ,?is 0 arriv$ at by calculat+ bo? =w>ds & backw>ds f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,b 9 ! =m] case1 beg9n+ ) ! re/oration ( ! ,temple1 ! calculation is ?r[n into confusion by ! fact t twice dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! second ,temple ! regul> p]=mance ( div9e s]vice 0 int]rupt$4#caf ,9 ! "t ( ! ,ma*abees1 "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ! int]ruption la/$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ?is case :at 0 to be done8 ,! succession ( ! c\rses might be resum$ aft] ! int]ruption z if no?+ _h happ5$1 or1 at ! re-e/abli%m5t ( wor%ip1 t c\rse might und]take duty ^: turn x 0 to s]ve at t p>ticul> "t ( ! ye>1 or1 f9ally1 "o might />t afre% ) ! c\rse ( ,joi>ib4 ,9 all ^! cases x w\ld be said t ! anci5t ord] _h be5 ma9ta9$1 b :i* ( ! ?ree possibilities j m5tion$ 0 actually *os5 is n told u4 ,ev5 if x 7 told u1 ! reckon+ w\ld /ill be )\t solid f\ndation4 ,= ea* c\rse ( prie/s s]v$ 9 turn twice a ye>1 leav+ h[ev] eighte5 days1 or 9 a leap-ye> tw5ty-n9e1 /ill to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! difficulty is n less5$ by ! fact t dur+ ! week ( ! ,passov]1 sev]al c\rses 7 on duty 9 ! ,temple at once4 ,grant$ t ! c\rse ( ,abia 0 on s]vice 9 spr+ & aga9 9 autumn1 ,/ ,luke un=tunately does n in=m u at :at season ( ! ye> ! angel appe>$ to ,za*>y1 or ev5 if ?is ev5t happ5$ dur+ ! ,passov]1 :5 ! c\rse ( ,abia might q possibly h be5 on duty z well4 ,we are no bett] (f if we beg9 our reckon+ f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :5 ! c\rse ( ,joi>ib is said to h be5 on duty1#cag = aga9 we d n "k 9 :at season ( ! ye> ! angel appe>$4 ,if we take ! autumn z c]ta91 !n we assume :at mu/ be prov$4 ,ev5 if ! difficulties are few] 9 ?is me?od ( proce$+1 on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( ! p]iod1 x /ill rema9s a "q :e!r1 :5 ! s]vices ( ! ,temple came to an end 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 !y ceas$ on ! #h? ,gorpios1 :5 ! citadel ( ,j]usalem 0 tak51 or on ! #aj? ,l\s1 ! day ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple itself4#cah ,x is impossible by ^! means to prove t ! #be? ,decemb] is really ! day ( ,our ,"l's bir?4#cai ,x foll[s f ?is t !re is no sort ( exi/+ pro( t ! ,r$eem] 0 actually born on ?is day4 ,we may add1 moreov]1 t ev5 :5 ?is op9ion _h met ) acceptance f _m1 & 9 times :5 ,*ri/mas _h become "o ( ! popul> fe/ivals1 !re 7 n want+ "s "h & !re :o express$ d\bt on ! "q4 ,?is is ! case 9 an anci5t s]mon on ,*ri/mas includ$ among ! spuri\s writ+s ( ,/ ,j]ome3 8,:e!r our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 baptiz$ to-day1 or :e!r ,he 0 born1 has giv5 rise to diff]5t op9ions 9 ! _w1 & accord+ to ! diff]5t traditions diff]5t views are ma9ta9$40#cbj ,al?\gh ?is s]mon is incorrectly attribut$ to ,/ ,j]ome1 x nev]!less c]ta9ly belongs to 8 "t1 = x ref]s to ! gild$ temples ( ,rome 7aurata capitolia74 ,:at !n 0 ! am\nt ( k possess$ by antiquity conc]n+ ! true day ( ,*ri/'s bir?8 ,x may n be out ( place to attempt to answ] ?is "q4 ,!re are only a few passages 9 :i* ! olde/ writ]s 9 ! ,*ur* ref] to ! matt]1 b f ^! x is easy to see t1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times1 no?+ 0 kn[n = c]ta91 & t ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! "q did n agree among !mselves4 ,?is 0 ! case1 = example1 9 ,alex&ria 9 ! second c5tury4 ,a p>ty exi/$ !re :o reg>d$ ! #be? ( ! ,egyptian mon? ,pa*on 7i4e4 #bj? ,may7 z ! day ( our ,"l's bir?4 ,! ,basilidians ( ,alex&ria1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ x on ! #ae? ,tybi 7i4e4 #aj? ,janu>y71 & pass$ ! prec$+ night 9 devotional read+s4 ,! majority celebrat$ ,*ri/'s bir? on ! #aa? ,tybi 7i4e4 #f? ,janu>y74#cba ,9 a treatise ( ! ?ird c5tury =m]ly attribut$ to ,/ ,cyprian1 :i* deals ) k9dr$ subjects1 a v diff]5t view appe>s4 ,! anonym\s writ] ( ?is treatise 7,de ,pas*a ,computus71 :i* 0 compos$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bdc1 incl9es to ! view t ! #bh? ,m>* 0 ! true day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1#cbb &1 contempor>y ) ?is1 ,hippolytus sets x d[n on ! #be? ( ! same mon?1 provid$ ?is is ! correct int]pretation ( ! inscription on 8 /atue4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 ! view became preval5t t ,*ri/ 0 born on ! #be? ,decemb]1 & ,/ ,augu/9e uses expressions :i* seem to imply he 0 ( ?is op9ion4#cbc ,! f\r gospels conta9 no?+ 9 support ( any ( ^! dates4 ,_! au?ors atta*$ no importance to ?is po9t1 al?\gh _! aim 9 writ+ 0 to give in=mation conc]n+ our ,"l's life1 &1 ev5 if ! date 0 kn[n to !m1 we mu/ all[ = ! difficulty ( fix+ dates ( pa/ ev5ts 9 accordance ) ,jewi% modes ( reckon+ "t4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible t our ,"l 0 born at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,! c5sus :i* took place at ! "t ( ,8 bir?1 r5d]$ x necess>y t ! inhabitants ( ,juda %\ld be enroll$ ea* 9 8 own city4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! ,roman au?orities w\ld see t ! c5sus 0 made at a season :5 agricultural "w _h ceas$1 su* z ! late autumn or e>ly w9t]4 ,!re c h be5 no ecclesia/ical tradition conc]n+ ! date ( ! ,nativity1 s9ce 9 ! e>lie/ times x 0 commemorat$ by no special fe/ival4 ,! ,epiphany1 :i* commemorat$ sev]al ev5ts1 took ! place ( su* a fe/ival4 ,^! are ! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( accept+ ! #be? ,decemb] z ! actual date ( ! ,nativity1 & !y mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt by any "o :o desires to =m a judgm5t = himself on ?is matt]4 ,! o!r que/ions relat+ to ! same po9t are m easily dispos$ (4 ,:e!r ! accept$ date is correct or n1 we f9d x def9itely set d[n by ! *ronograph] ( #ced1 :o directly /ates t ,*ri/ 0 born on ! #be? ,decemb] 7natus e/ octavo ,kal5das ,janu>ias71 :ile x foll[s indirectly f 8 words t ?is day 0 solemnly obs]v$ z ! day ( ,8 nativity4 ,! ,cal5d> ends ) ! ye> #ced1 & accord+ly ,*ri/mas 0 obs]v$ !n 9 ! same way z at pres5t4 ,! ye> #ced br+s u )9 ! pontificate ( ,lib]ius1 & x is j 9 8 pontificate t we f9d fur!r au!ntic evid5ce conc]n+ ! fea/4 ,dur+ 8 pontificate ,lib]ius gave ! veil to ,m>cell9a1 an eld] si/] ( ,/ ,ambrose4 ,?is took place on ! day ( our ,"l's bir? 7,natalis ,salvatoris71 & on ?is occasion ,lib]ius deliv]$ a s]mon pres]v$ = u by ,ambrose 9 8 ,de ,virg9itate4 ,9 ?is "w he recalls to 8 si/]'s memory :at ! ,pope _h said3 8,:5 ?\ seal$/ ?y v[ ( virg9ity 9 ,/ ,pet]'s by *ang+ ?y habit on ! bir?-day ( ! ,r$eem]--on :at m fitt+ day c\ld x h tak5 place ?an t on :i* ! ,virg9 7,m>y7 br\ght =? h] *ild--& 9 ! pres5ce ( _m ( ,god's h&-maid5s :o /rove = ?y companion%ip1 he 7,lib]ius7 said1 #8,?\ ha/ desir$ excell5t esp\sals1 my daught]4 ,?\ see/ :at a cr[d ( p h come toge!r to celebrate ! bir?-day ( ?y ,bridegroom1 & t no "o goes away f h5ce unn\ri%$4 ,he x is :o1 :5 invit$ to ! m>riage1 *ang$ wat] into w9e4 ,he w v\*safe ! true secrets ( virg9ity to !e1 :o until n[ ha/ be5 subject to ! begg>ly elem5ts ( nature4 ,he x is :o1 ) five loaves & two fi%es1 satisfi$ f\r ?\s& m5 9 ! wild]ness4#cbd ,he c\ld h satisfi$ m _h m be5 !re4 ,f9ally1 ,he has invit$ /ill m to ?9e esp\sals1 n to give !m b>ley-bread1 b a ,body f heav54'0#cbe ,lib]ius "h repres5ts tak+ ! v[s ( religion "u ! famili> figure ( a m>riage4 ,! m>riage fea/ always =ms "p ( e m>riage1 & accord+ly x 0 ! duty ( ! ,bridegroom :om ,m>cell9a _h *os5 to provide "o4 ,he _h *ang$ wat] into w9e & f$ ?\s&s ) a few loaves1 b n[ ,he fe$s a /ill great] numb] ) ,8 my/ical ,body 9 ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,?is is ! ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! ,pope's address4 ,/ ,ambrose does n in=m u ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! c]emony took place at :i* ,lib]ius spoke ! above words4 ,lib]ius _h be5 elect$ bi%op ( ,rome 7#ag? ,may #ceb7 9 tr\bl\s times "u ! ,emp]or ,con/antius1 a /rong ,arian4 ,z he refus$ to communicate ) ! ,eusebius & protect$ ,/ ,a?anasius1 he 0 bani%$ to ,b]a at ! end ( #cee1 :]e he 0 compell$ to rema9 until #ceg4 ,! ,ar*deacon ,felix1 rely+ on ! ,emp]or's support1 all[$ himself to be consecrat$ bi%op 9 8 /ead1 b f\nd no foll[+ 9 ,rome4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,con/antius cons5t$ to ! recall ( ! lawful bi%op1 & ,lib]ius resid$ 9 ,rome = ! rema9d] ( 8 pontificate1 & di$ !re 9 #cff4 ,x is m probable t ,m>cell9a's clo?+ ) ! religi\s habit took place dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is pontificate4 ,= accord+ to ! receiv$ op9ion1 ,/ ,ambrose 0 born ab\t ! ye> #cdj1cbf & ?us 9 #cec he w\ld h be5 only ?irte5 ye>s old1 & al?\gh 8 si/] 0 old]1 yet 9 #cec %e w\ld n h be5 tw5ty-five1 ! canonical age = tak+ ! veil4#cbg ,/ill x is n impossible t ! c]emony & ! address ( ,lib]ius took place betwe5 #ceb & #ced1 & at any rate ?is mu* is c]ta9 t x took place on ! #be? ,decemb] & n on ! ,epiphany 7#f? ,janu>y71 accord+ to ! view =m]ly held4#cbh ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ,epiphany 0 obs]v$ 9 ,rome1 z x _h be5 9 ! ,ea/1 z ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & ,lib]ius 9 ?is address does n say t ! commemoration ( ! miracles ( ! loaves & ( ! *ang+ wat] into w9e 0 be+ celebrat$ precisely on ! day ( ,m>cell9a's tak+ ! veil1 i4e4 on ! day ( ! ,savi\r's bir? 7,natalis ,salvatoris74 ,^! ?+s 7 allud$ to only because ( _! connection ) ! tra9 ( ?\ght foll[$ by ,lib]ius 9 8 address4 ,no?+ c be ga!r$ f ! words ( ,lib]ius z to :5 ,*ri/mas 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,rome on ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,9 any case1 x did n come into exi/5ce sudd5ly1 b w\ld require "t1 &1 l o!r fe/ivals1 a consid]able p]iod w\ld h to elapse be=e x became g5]al & ga9$ (ficial recognition4 ,contempor>y evid5ce on ?is po9t is want+2 "o anci5t witness1 un=tunately n altoge!r reliable1 speaks ( ,julius ,i4 & n ,lib]ius z ! orig9ator ( ,*ri/mas4 ,we mu/ n[ conclude by giv+ ! view we h arriv$ at4 ,9 ,rome a di/9ctive cu/om _h aris5 ( celebrat+ ,*ri/'s nativity on ! #be? ,decemb]1 :ile 9 o!r qu>t]s x 0 celebrat$ on ! #f? ,janu>y4 ,h[ ?is 0 br\ght ab\t mu/ rema9 a matt] = conjecture4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t 9 "s places hea!n fe/ivals ( v>i\s k9ds 7 kept 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]2 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,kikellia#cbi 0 kept at ,alex&ria on ! #be? ,decemb]1 9 ,bo/ra & ,pella1 a fe/ival ( local obs]vance1#ccj & 9 ,rome1 ! ,saturnalia began on ! #ag? ,decemb] & la/$ until ! #bcrd4#cca ,x is only natural t ! w9t] sol/ice %\ld give rise to a fe/ival1 & f9d its place m>k$ 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,fea/s4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d> ( mu* lat] date--t ( ,philocalus--! #be? ,decemb] is m>k$ z ! bir?-day ( ! unconqu]able ,sun-,god 7,natalis ,solis ,invicti74 ,s9ce on ! #ba/ ,decemb] ! sun rea*es its l[e/ po9t1 & !n beg9s once m to rise high] 9 ! heav5s1 man1 9 8 simplicity1 m>k$ ! day on :i* ?is *ange 9 ! sun became p]ceptible z ! new bir? or bir?-day ( ! sun1 ! inv9cible ,sun-,god4 ,:at 0 m natural = ! ,*ri/ians ( t age ?an to connect ?is obvi\s natural ev5t ) ! ?\ght ( ! nativity ( ,him :o is ! ,light ( ! ,_w6 ,ev5 if ! ,holy ,scriptures _h n sugge/$ ?is idea1 x mu/ h pres5t$ itself to ! ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,! comp>ison ( ,*ri/ ) ! sun1 & ( ,8 "w ) ! victory ( light ov] d>kness1 frequ5tly appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,/ ,cyprian#ccb spoke ( ,*ri/ z ! true sun 7sol v]us74 ,/ ,ambrose#ccc says precisely1 8,he is our new sun0 7,hic sol novus no/]74 ,simil> figures are employ$ by ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 ,leo ! ,great1 ,gregory ! ,great1 etc4#ccd ,e *ild kn[s t ,simeon address$ ! new-born ,messias z 8a light to ! revelation ( ! ,g5tiles10 &1 s9ce ! ,messias is also call$ by ! ,prophets ! light 9 ! d>kness & ! ,sun ( ,ju/ice1 x is easy to see h[ su* expressions pass$ into ! ,*ur*'s liturgy = ?is fe/ival4#cce ,x 0 natural = ! ,romans to set d[n ! bir?-day ( ?is new ,sun on ! day m>k$ ( old "t 9 _! ,cal5d> z a ,natalis ,solis1 & obs]v$ z a fe/ival by all ! hea!n inhabitants ( ,rome4#ccf ,! *oice ( ! day _c be due to ! desire to supplant ! hea!n fe/ival1 = x 0 n a fe/ival ( any special importance4 ,b ! simil>ity betwe5 ! natural fact 7! sol/ice7 & ! revolution 9 ! spiritual sph]e 7,*ri/'s nativity71 0 suffici5t to sugge/ ! idea4 ,x 0 n necess>y to wait = ! "t ( ,con/ant9e 9 ord] to hit ^u ?is idea4 ,we mu/ n[ return once m to ! usages ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem & ! fe/ival obs]v$ !re4 ,! #f? ,janu>y1 inde$1 0 call$ 9 ,j]usalem ,epiphany1 nev]!less ! nativity ( ,*ri/ =m$ an especially prom95t feature ( ! commemoration4 ,a detail$ description ( ! function is giv5 9 ,silvia's di>y4 ,un=tunately ! beg9n+ is miss+1#ccg & ! acc\nt op5s ) ! return ( ! great procession :i* took place annually f ,j]usalem to ,be?lehem ! ev5+ be=e ! fea/4 ,! next morn+1 ! procession return$ to ,j]usalem & proce$$ to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,ana/asis1 :i* 0 ri*ly decorat$4 ,! monks rema9$ all night 9 ! *ur* at ,be?lehem1 :i*1 all ?r\gh ! octave1 rema9$ 9 fe/al array4#cch ,a procession to ,be?lehem1 on ! ,epiphany w\ld h no mean+1 if ! baptism ( ,*ri/ 0 ! only ev5t commemorat$ at t fea/1 = ?is1 ( c\rse1 took place 9 ! ,jordan4 ,9 ,j]usalem1 z 9 ! o!r ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 no special ,*ri/mas fe/ival _h be5 z yet in/itut$1 /ill at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fif? c5tury !re 7 "s :o reg>d$ ! ,epiphany z ! day ( ,*ri/'s nativity 9 ! fle%1 al?\gh1 z ,/ ,j]ome says1#cci ! ,son ( ,god did n reveal ,himself 9 fle% b r conceal$ ,himself4 ,inde$1 if we are to believe ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 :o liv$ 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 ! nativity ( ,*ri/ 0 commemorat$ at ,j]usalem1 & !re only on ! ,epiphany--8a sup]/iti\s fancy10 z he calls x4#cdj ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 /at$ t ,bi%op ,juv5al 7#dbe-deh71 :o obta9$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem patri>*al rank1 introduc$ ! fea/ ( ,*ri/'s bir?4#cda ,p]haps x 0 specially difficult to e/abli% ?is fe/ival 9 ,j]usalem on ! #be? ,decemb] because ano!r fe/ival 0 already obs]v$ !re on t day--! commemoration ( ,david & ! ,apo/le ,/ ,james4#cdb ,_! commemoration1 along ) t ( ,/ ,joseph1 is kept bo? by ! ,greek ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem on ! ,sunday be=e ,*ri/mas4#cdc ,a docum5t already ref]r$ to1 dat+ f ! end ( ! n9? or beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury1 af=ds an int]e/+ pro( ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! matt]s :i* we h plac$ be=e ! read] 7 reg>d$ at a lat] date4 ,john1 ,bi%op ( ,nica1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #ijj1 endeav\r$ to induce ! ,arm5ians to adopt ! #be? ,decemb] z ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & set d[n 9 an elaborate treatise ! reasons he ?\ght calculat$ to influ5ce !m4 ,?is composition is especially int]e/+ because 9 x ! introduction ( ,*ri/mas is ascrib$ to a p>ticul> individual1 none o!r ?an ,pope ,julius ,i4 7#ccg-ceb74 ,bi%op ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7#cdh-chf7 is said to h correspond$ ) him on ?is "q4 ,ev5 if1 f po9t ( view ( dates1 ?is 7 n impossible1 ! lett] ( ,cyril w\ld 9 itself give rise to suspicion4#cdd ,= ,cyril w\ld h be5 m likely to introduce or e/abli% ! fea/ on ano!r day1 :ile x is hi/orically c]ta9 x 0 n yet obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem 9 #che4 ,9 ?is pret5d$ lett]1 ,cyril alleges z a reason = transf]r+ ! fea/ to a diff]5t day f ! ,epiphany1 t x is impossible = ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem to keep bo? fea/s on ! same day ) befitt+ solemnity4 ,be?lehem lies ?ree miles we/1 & ! ,jordan fifte5 miles ea/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is /at$ 9 ?is lett] t a procession w5t to bo? places on ! same day1 & s x 0 impossible = ! cl]gy to accompany bo?4 ,! (t5 quot$ di>y ( ! ,gallic ,pilgrim#cde %[s u t ! procession to ,be?lehem actually took place1 b %e is sil5t ab\t a procession to ! ,jordan4 ,?is is fir/ m5tion$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs 9 ! six? c5tury4#cdf ,x only 0 possible :5 ! ,nativity _h be5 transf]r$ to ano!r day4 ,! writ] ( ! lett] has ant$at$ a lat] practice & c]ta9ly 0 n ,bi%op ,cyril ( ,j]usalem4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is lett] br+s =? evid5ce 9 fav\r ( *oos+ ! #be? ,decemb] = ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ is also int]e/+4 ,titus1 says ! suppos$ ,cyril 9 ?is lett] to ,pope ,julius1 _h c>ri$ (f all ! books ( ! ,jews to ,rome aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re !y /ill rema91 & ,julius might make a se>* to see if ! true bir?-day ( ,*ri/ _c be discov]$4#cdg ,julius !n discov]$ f ! writ+s ( ,josephus t ,za*>y _h se5 ! vision ( ! angel 9 ! ,temple 9 ! sev5? mon?1 on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* on t occasion _h fall5 on ! #bcrd ,septemb]4 ,on t day 8 son1 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 0 conceiv$1 :o 0 born on ! #bd? ,june foll[+1 b ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,/ ,luke i4 #cf1 0 born six mon?s lat]1 on ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,z reg>ds ! liturgical celebration ( ! fea/1 ! olde/ s]mons on ! ,nativitas ,dom9i :i* h come d[n to u1 are ^? ( ,z5o ( ,v]ona 7 #chj74cdh ,!y are purely moral exhortations1 & ?r[ no light ^u ! date ( ! fea/4 ,he has no s]mon = ! ,epiphany1 & x may be inf]r$ he did n obs]ve x or t x 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,nativity4 ,! repres5tation ( ! crib on a side-alt> or "s o!r conspicu\s place 9 ! *ur* is a special feature ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival at ! pres5t day4 ,?is rema9s 9 ! *ur* until ,epiphany1 or ev5 to ! #bnd ,febru>y4 ,! ,*ri/mas crib dates back to ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 :o1 ) ! p]mission ( ! ,pope1 set up 9 #abbc = ! fir/ "t a repres5tation ( ! *ild ,jesus 9 ! mang]4 ,x is also ! cu/om to celebrate ?ree ,masses1 ( :i* ! fir/1 accord+ to ! anci5t use1 comm5c$ at midnight4 ,z ! words ( ! ,mass %[1 ?is fir/ ,mass commemorates ! et]nal g5]ation ( ! ,son f ! ,fa!r1 ! second commemorates ,8 ,inc>nation & bir? into ?is _w1 ! ?ird ,8 bir? ?r\gh grace1 9 ! he>ts ( s9n]s4 ,! ,gelasian sacram5t>y m5tions ! tr9a celebratio4 ,! cu/om is "o :i* rea*es back to e>ly ,*ri/ian times4 ,gregory ! ,great m5tions x 9 ,hom4 viii4 9 ,evang4 ,! ,leon9e sacram5t>y conta9s n9e diff]5t =mul>ies = ,*ri/mas1 b ! o!r we/]n rites1 includ+ ! ,moz>abic1 h only "o ,mass = ! fea/4 ,! ,m5ology ( ,basil ,porphyrog5itus gives ! flight ( ,m>y into ,egypt on ! #bf? ,decemb]1 & ,/ ,/eph5 only on ! foll[+ day4 ,s9ce ! #be? ,decemb] 0 only *os5 = reasons ( a m or less accid5tal & ext]nal "*1 s too ! days :i* imm$iately foll[--,/ ,/eph51 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & ! ,holy ,innoc5ts--h no real connection ) ,*ri/mas1 al?\gh !y are ( v anci5t in/itution4 ,! #bf? ,decemb] 0 already a special fe/ival 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 z appe>s f ! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e 7,s]mo #cad1 c4 #a71 ?\gh he kn[s no?+ ( ! two foll[+ days4 ,! #bbj? s]mon1 :i* celebrates ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 is spuri\s4#cdi ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,african ,cal5d> ( ! six? c5tury4 ,on ! ,innoc5ts' ,day 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! s*oolboys us$ to elect a bi%op :o 0 no?+ m ?an _! lead]1 & ! c]emony 0 q h>mless4 ,= ?is c]emony1 z well z = ! crib & o!r popul> cu/oms /ill practis$1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,heus]'s elaborate articles 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 iv41 #acie-adcf4 ,! introduction ( ,*ri/mas & its appo9tm5t on ! #be? ,decemb] br\ght ab\t ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree o!r fe/ivals3 #a4 ! fea/ ( ! ,circumcisio ,dom9i1 eight days aft] ! ,nativity1 accord+ to ,/ ,luke ii4 #ba1 7po/quam consummati sunt dies octo1 ut circumcid]etur pu]1 vocatum e/ nom5 ejus ,jesus74 #b4 ,! ,annunciation on ! #be? ,m>*1 :i* is also ! day ( ,*ri/'s conception1 & s is plac$ n9e mon?s be=e ! #be? ,decemb]4 ,! hi/orical evid5ce = ?is day is on a p> ) t = ,*ri/mas4 #c4 ,! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 on ! #bd? ,june4 ,ano!r consequ5ce 0 t ! fe/ival ( ! ,occursus ,dom9i 771 i4e4 ! meet+ ( our ,"l ) ,simeon 9 ! ,temple1 on ,c&lemas ,day1 :i* 0 obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/mas1 _h to be transf]r$ to ano!r day4 ,accord+ to ! regulations ( ! ,jewi% ,law 9 ,lev4 xii4 #f1 ! p]iod ( uncleanness aft] bir? la/$ =ty days4 ,& accord+ to ,/ ,luke ii4 #bb1 ,m>y submitt$ to ! ,law 9 ?is respect4 ,s long z our ,"l's bir? 0 commemorat$ at ,epiphany on ! #f? ,janu>y1 ! #ae? ,febru>y 0 ! =tie? day aft] ! ,nativity1 & s1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,occursus ,dom9i 0 celebrat$ 9 ,j]usalem on ?is day 9 #che4cej ,b :5 ! ,nativity came to be celebrat$ on ! #be? ,decemb]1 ! o!r fe/ival _h to be plac$ ?irte5 days e>li]1 on ! #bnd ,febru>y1 z x is at ! pres5t "t4#cea #b4 ,adv5t & ! ,sundays until ,septuagesima ,*ri/mas1 l ,ea/]1 besides its ,vigil & ,octave1 has also a consid]able p]iod ( prep>ation4 ,?is1 naturally1 c\ld only come into exi/5ce aft] ! in/itution ( ! fe/ival1 & inde$ a c]ta9 "t _h to elapse be=e x 0 organis$4 ,s9ce ,*ri/mas itself 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 x is n rem>kable t ! e>lie/ cle> ref]5ce to ,adv5t1 f an (ficial s\rce1 dates f ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,"s sort ( prep>atory season to ,*ri/mas1 h[ev]1 exi/$ be=e ?is4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,ea/]1 ?is prep>atory season 0 m>k$ by a fa/ comm5c+ on ,/ ,m>t9's ,day 7#aa? ,novemb]71 & la/+ until ,*ri/mas4 ,all ,mondays1 ,w$nesdays1 & ,fridays 7 fa/$ z 9 ,l5t4 ,su* 0 ! prep>ation obs]v$ 9 ,gaul s9ce ! appo9tm5t ( ! fe/ival by ,bi%op ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs 7 #dia74 ,! same obs]vance exi/$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,gaul1 = ! fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,maon 7#eha7 prescribes exactly ! same ord]1 & also t f ,/ ,m>t9's ,day to ,*ri/mas ! ,mass %all be ! same z dur+ ,l5t--! fir/ sign ( ! liturgy = ,adv5t4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,t\rs !re 0 a simil> enactm5t1 al?\gh affect+ ! monks alone1 ord]+ !m to fa/ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,decemb]4#ceb ,! ,roman ,*ur* did n obs]ve ! fa/1 al?\gh %e treat$ ,adv5t z a liturgical portion ( ! ,*ur*'s ye> & incorporat$ x !re94 ,al?\gh ! ,greek ,*ur* has n m>k$ ! prep>ation = ,*ri/mas 9 h] liturgy1 /ill %e has obs]v$ ! fa/ s9ce ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?is beg9s on ,/ ,philip's day 7! #ad? ,novemb]71 & cont9ues = six weeks until ,*ri/mas4 ,accord+ to ! ,moz>abic & ,milanese rites1 ?is is ! l5g? ( ,adv5t4 ,! ,copts obs]ve an ,adv5t fa/ beg9n+ on ! #ai? ,a?yr 7#ae? ,novemb]74#cec ,once ! obs]vance ( ,adv5t _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome1 x spread ?r\gh\t ! entire ,we/4 ,9 ,spa9 we f9d x ext5d$ ov] five ,sundays accord+ to ! ,lection>y ( ,silos1 dat+ f ab\t #fej4 ,x took long] to make its way 9 ,france1 al?\gh ! way _h already be5 prep>$ = x by ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs4 ,! s]vice-books ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,lection>y ( ,luxeuil1 & ! s-call$ ,missale ,go?ico-,gallicanum1 edit$ by ,mabillon1 comm5ce ) ! ,vigilia ,natalis ,dom9i1 )\t ,adv5t4 ,9 ,rome1 ! in/itution ( ,adv5t _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an to ! six? c5tury1 = ! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e & ,leo ,i4 make no m5tion ( x4 ,unmi/akable evid5ce = its obs]vance is f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! homilies ( ,gregory ! ,great4#ced ,! want ( uni=mity 9 ! duration ( ,adv5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,*ur* is due to ! fact t local ,*ur*es1 con=mably to ! anci5t discipl9e1 act$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,?us1 9 ,rome ,adv5t la/$ only f\r weeks1 z we ga!r f ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 :i* provides ?ree ,sundays 9 ,decemb] ) collects de adv5tu ,dom9i1 & a dom9ica vacans2 9 ! ,app5dix1 h[ev]1 five ,sundays are reckon$ be=e ,*ri/mas4#cee ,! fir/ traces ( ,adv5t are to be s\ght = 9 ! lection>ies1 z1 = in/ance1 9 t drawn up by ,bi%op ,victor ( ,capua 7#edf-edg71 & us$ by ,/ ,boniface4#cef ,?is conta9s f\r ,epi/les = ! ,sundays be=e ,*ri/mas 7de ,adv5tu74 ,! ,gelasian sacram5t>y has five ,sundays 9 ,adv5t1 b x has obvi\sly be5 revis$ = ! use ( ! ,franki% ,*ur*es4 ,all s]vice-books conta9+ only f\r ,sundays 9 ,adv5t belong to ! ,roman rite4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,roman & ,franki% uses became noticeable & gave rise to confusion4 ,amal>ius rem>ks3 ,9 all missals & lection>ies !re are five ,sundays 9 ,adv5t1 b 9 ! ,antiphon] !re are only ?ree (fices & a ,dom9ica vacans1 & ! ,gregorian missal has only f\r ,sundays 9 ,adv5t4 ,9 support ( five ,sundays1 x 0 urg$ t f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w until ! ,*ri/ian era five ( ! sev5 ages ( ! _w _h pass$4 ,ev5 9 ! t5? c5tury1 op9ions 7 express$ 9 fav\r ( five weeks4 ,x 0 urg$ t1 accord+ to ! o!r practice1 if ,*ri/mas fell on a ,monday1 ,adv5t /rictly speak+ la/$ only ?ree weeks4 ,abbo ( ,fleury 7 #ajjd7 is witness to ! exi/5ce ( a tw(old practice 9 a lat] p]iod4#ceg ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 an ,adv5t ( f\r weeks 0 obs]v$ 9 ,france :]ev] ,roman influ5ce ext5d$4 ,b]no ( ,rei*5au 9 8 writ+s on ,adv5t is only occupi$ ) ! "q h[ to deal ) ! vigil ( ,*ri/mas :5 ! #be? ,decemb] falls on a ,monday4 ,! ,micrologus does n m5tion an ,adv5t season ( five weeks1 nor does ,bele?4#ceh ,a deviation f ?is cu/om appe>s 9 ! ,milanese & ,moz>abic rites :i* prescribe a duration ( six weeks = ,adv5t1 ?us br++ x into con=mity 9 ?is respect ) ,l5t4 ,at fir/ ,adv5t 0 reg>d$ m]ely z a "t = p5ance & mortification 9 ! same way z ,l5t4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x 0 widely obs]v$ z a "t ( fa/+1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* _h n[h]e s ord]$ x4 ,lat] on1 aga91 ,adv5t 0 reg>d$ z a type or memorial ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! "t be=e ,*ri/4 ,h[ev]1 ! view t ! f\r weeks ( ,adv5t typify ! f\r ?\s& ye>s f ,adam to ,*ri/1 impressive z x is1 f9ds no support f ! ,liturgy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! lections f ,g5esis 9 ! ,brevi>y beg9 9 ,septuagesima1 :ile dur+ ,adv5t ! lections are tak5 f ! ,prophet ,isaias4 ,z f> z ! lections f ,scripture are conc]n$1 ! ,gospel = ! second ,sunday 9 ,adv5t rec\nts our ,"l's ,messianic lab\rs1 :ile ,8 bir? is only commemorat$ "s two or ?ree weeks lat]4 ,! ,gospel = ! fir/ ,sunday speaks ( ! end ( ! _w1 n1 z "o w\ld expect1 ( its creation4 ,! m$ival lection>ies1 moreov]1 replace ,/ ,luke xxi4 #be et seqq4 on ?is ,sunday ) ! ,gospel ,cum approp9quasset ,j]usalem1 etc4 7,/ ,mat!w xxi4 #a et seqq471#cei & ! prec$+ ,sunday is sometimes call$ ,dom9ica 9 prp>atione ,adv5tus1 or ,dom9ica ,qu9ta ante ,natalem ,dom9i1 9 :i* we see a remnant ( ! m anci5t reckon+4 ,! collects ( ! ,mass express ! hope ( ! ,messias & ! long+ = ,8 appe>ance4 ,we mu/ also consid] ,*ri/mas 9 connection ) ! fe/ivals :i* foll[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 su* z ! ,circumcision ( our ,"l1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 falls on ! eigh? day aft] ,*ri/mas1 ! ,octava ,dom9i1 ! ,epiphany1 & ,c&lemas ,day4 ,?us q naturally1 z x 71 a cycle ( fe/ivals has gr[n up r\nd ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,we may also m5tion ! ,sunday 9 ! ,octave ( ,*ri/mas ) its ,gospel giv+ ! acc\nt ( ! meet+ ( ,jesus & ,8 p>5ts ) ,simeon & ,anna4 ,! ,gospel = ! ,sunday aft] ,new ,ye>'s ,day records ! flight into ,egypt4 ,! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany =m connect+ l9ks betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 v>y+ f two to six1 accord+ z ,ea/] falls e>li] or lat]4 ,only ! two fir/ ,sundays h any di/9ctive "*1 ! fir/ commemorat+ ! visit ( our ,"l to ! ,temple at ! age ( twelve ye>s1 & ! second ,8 fir/ miracle at ,cana ( ,galilee4#cfj ,! rema9+ ,sundays1 along ) ,septuagesima & ,sexagesima1 d n commemorate any hi/orical ev5t 9 _! lections f ,scripture2 ,qu9quagesima & ! ,sundays 9 ,l5t direct our att5tion to ! approa*+ ,passion4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,sundays ?ree to six aft] ,epiphany1 ?is is int5tional1 s9ce !y are liable to be transf]r$ f _! prop] place to ! end ( ! ye> :5 necess>y4 ,! ,sunday 9 ! ,octave ( ,*ri/mas1 or1 z x 0 =m]ly call$1 ! ,sunday aft] ,*ri/mas1 has z its ,gospel ,/ ,luke ii4 #cc-dj1 :i* gives ! acc\nt ( ,simeon's prophecy4 ,*ronologically speak+1 ?is passage comes be=e its "t1 =1 9 ,/ ,luke's ,gospel1 x comes aft] ! passage *os5 z ! ,gospel = ,c&lemas 7,/ ,luke ii4 #bb-cb71 ( :i* x =ms ! cont9uation4 ,9 ! la/ v]se 7ii4 #ci71 m5tion is made ( ! return f ,j]usalem or ,be?lehem to ,naz>e?4 ,! ev5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* foll[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>--! circumcision & ! arrival ( ! ,wise ,m5--mu/ h happ5$ be=e ! return to ,galilee4 #c4 ,! ,octave ( ,*ri/mas4 ,! ,circumcision4 ,! ,new ,ye> ,s9ce ,ea/]1 aft] ! example giv5 by ! ,synagogue1 0 f ! fir/ obs]v$ ) an octave1 &1 s9ce ,epiphany _h its octave already 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 x 0 inevitable t ,*ri/mas %\ld be provid$ ) "o also4 ,accord+ly1 ! eigh? day aft] ,*ri/mas be>s ! "n ,octava ,dom9i 7,9 ,octavas ,dom9i7 9 ! ,gelasian#cfa & ,gregorian sacram5t>ies1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t x 0 n yet reg>d$ z an indep5d5t fe/ival & pass$ unnotic$ if x fell on a week-day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 p>tially obs]v$ z a popul> holiday1 at lea/ x gave occasion 9 _m places = popul> rejoic+s1#cfb be+ ! day on :i* ! ,roman ,cal5d> began a new ye>4 ,9 ,rav5na x 0 m>k$ by danc+ & masqu]ades1 aga9/ :i* ,pet] ,*rysologus inveigh$ 9 8 #aee? ,s]mon4 ,s9ce he =bids ,*ri/ians to put 9 ev5 an appe>ance at ^! ent]ta9m5ts1 !y mu/ h be5 ( an objectionable nature4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,gaul ev5 9 ! six? c5tury & lat]4 ,! second ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs1 & ! ,c\ncils ( ,aux]re & ,r\5 7#fej7 7 compell$ to =bid ^! rejoic+s4 ,) a view to c\nt]act+ _! influ5ce1 ! bi%ops exhort$ ! fai?ful to att5d div9e s]vice on ?is day1 & appo9t$ some:at e>li] p5it5tial processions 7litani7 to be privately p]=m$ 9 atonem5t = ! s9s committ$ at ?is season4#cfc ,9 ,spa91 ! elev5? canon ( ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o comm&$ a /rict fa/ & ab/95ce = ! same object1 & ! ,allelujah 0 omitt$ f ! psalmody4 ,9 #fej1 a law ( ! ,k+s ,reccesw9? & ,erwig made ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y a fe/ival ( obligation4#cfd ,9 ,rome1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! p sp5t ! nights danc+ 9 ! /reets to ! sc&al ( pilgrims f ! nor?1 z ,boniface in=m$ ,pope ,za*>ias4 ,^! abuses l+]$ longe/ 9 ,france ?\gh dive/$ ( _! hea!n "*4 ,late on 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we f9d a remnant ( !m 9 ! s-call$ ,fea/ ( ,fools1 at :i* ecclesia/ical cu/oms 7 trave/i$ by ! election ( a ,bi%op ( ,fools & by all sorts ( misconduct 9 ! *ur*es4 ,?+s became s bad t ! papal legate1 ,c>d9al ,pet]1 felt compell$ to ord] ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 to pron\nce excommunication on all :o took "p 9 su* proce$+s4 ,! bi%op prohibit$ ! abuse 9 ! /ronge/ mann] 9 #aaii1 b 9 spite ( repeat$ ecclesia/ical c5sures1 x cont9u$ on into ! fifte5? c5tury1 z appe>s f a report ( ! !ological faculty ( ,p>is 9 #addd4cfe ,! #a/ ,janu>y appe>s z an ecclesia/ical fe/ival at ,rome = ! fir/ "t at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 :]e x is call$ f ! fir/ ,circumcisio ,dom9i1 ! "n :i* x be>s among ! ,greeks1 ,syrians1 & ,copts4 ,we h already obs]v$ t 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y ! #a/ ,janu>y is simply call$ ,octava ,dom9i4 ,! same is also ! case 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,/ ,g5evive1 edit$ by ,fronteau1 :i* 0 writt5 betwe5 #gad & #gca4cff ,9 ! ,homili>ium ( ,*>lemagne compil$ by ,paul ! ,deacon betwe5 #ghf & #gig1 ! day is /ill call$ 9 octavas ,dom9i1 i4e4 ,cal5das ,janu>ias4#cfg ,! *ange ( "n mu/ h be5 effect$ %ortly aft] ?is4 ,al?\gh among ! s]mons ( ,z5o ( ,v]ona1#cfh !re is "o on ! circumcision ( our ,"l1 ?is only proves t he treat$ ( ?is subject 9 8 disc\rse1 & af=ds no evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne1 edit$ by ,pip]1 dat+ f betwe5 #gca & #gha1 ! "n ,circumcisio occurs1 s too 9 ! li/ ( ,fe/ivals ( ,sonnatius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y writt51 "u ,ar*bi%op ,otg>1 ab\t #hdj = ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,alban ne> ,ma9z1 has only ,octava ,dom9i4 ,! idea & date ( ?is fe/ival are d]iv$ f ,/ ,luke ii4 #ba1 s9ce eight days aft] bir? our ,"l 0 circumcis$ & receiv$ ,8 human "n1 :i*1 accord+ to ,jewi% usage1 0 giv5 at ! same "t4 ,lat] on1 a special fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,"n 0 in/itut$ & appo9t$ = ! second ,sunday aft] ,epiphany4 ,its celebration 0 p]mitt$ to ! ,franciscans by ,clem5t ,,vii4 9 #aecj1 b ! cultus ( ! ,holy ,"n is due 9 a great measure to ! influ5ce ( ,/ ,b]n>d9e ( ,si5a4 ,on #bj? ,decemb] #agba1 ,innoc5t ,,xiii4 appo9t$ ?is fea/ to be obs]v$ by ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,! ,liturgy makes no ref]5ce to ! comm5cem5t ( ! civil ye>1 al?\gh 9 ! lection>y ( ,silos ?is day is call$ ,caput ,anni4 #d4 ,! ,epiphany ,z ! "n ,epiphany implies1 ! orig9 & e>ly celebration ( ?is fe/ival is to be s\ght 9 ! ,ea/4 ,among ! ,syrians1 x is call$ d5ho1 or 8,go+ =?10 9 ! s5se ( 8ori5s ex alto0 7,/ ,luke i4 #gh74 ,among ! ,greeks1 x goes by ! "n ( or sc4 1 & 4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ,lat9s employ$ ! ,greek "n1 or an equival5t1 su* z ,fe/ivitas ,decl>ationis1 us$ by ,leo ! ,great1 manife/atio1 by ,fulg5tius1 or app>itio by o!rs4#cfi ,! root1 f :i* ! ,greek is d]iv$1 0 employ$ to describe ! dawn1 & ! adjective 0 appli$ to ! appe>ances ( ! gods br++ help to m54 ,^! names suffici5tly disclose ! idea commemorat$ by ! fea/--! commemoration ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,god on e>? 9 g5]al1 ) special ref]5ce to ^? occasions 9 ,8 life on :i* ,8 div9e son%ip 0 reveal$ 9 "s di/9ctive mann]4 ,prom95t among ^? occasions 7 ,8 ,nativity1 ! wor%ip ( ! ?ree wise m5 f ! ,ea/1 ! baptism 9 ,jordan ) its accompany+ !ophany1 & ! miracles ?r\gh :i* ,he manife/$ ,8 div9e p[]1 especially ! fir/ miracle at ! m>riage 9 ,cana4 ,accord+ly p spoke ( div9e manife/ations1 9 ! plural1 = ! "n dies epiphani>um sive manife/ationum 0 kn[n to ! hea!n4#cgj ,! fea/ 0 kept on ! #f? ,janu>y4 ,! fir/ indication t ?is day 0 m>k$ 9 "s special way 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,cal5d> is giv5 by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o says t "s ( ! or?odox 9 8 day reg>d$ x z ! bir?-day ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! ,basilidians obs]v$ ! #aj? ,janu>y4#cga ,?is ( c\rse does n prove t ! #f? ,janu>y 0 obs]v$ at t "t 9 ,alex&ria z a fe/ival4 ,orig5 omits x f ! li/ ( fe/ivals he gives 9 ,c4 ,cels41 #h1 #bb4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 among ! writ+s ( ,hippolytus1 9 an e>ne/ exhortation :i* he address$ to a c&idate = baptism %ortly be=e ! day ( ! 8,div9e ,manife/ations0 7 71 :5 baptism 0 to be receiv$4 ,he />ts ) ! baptism ( ,jesus1 & !n treats ( ! effects ( baptism1 & ( wor?y prep>ation = its reception4#cgb ,a mu* lat] writ]1 :o is h[ev] n to be q disreg>d$1 ,bi%op ,john ( ,nica 9 ! n9? c5tury1 traces back ! in/itution ( ! fe/ival to disciples ( ,/ ,john4 ,epiphany commemorates sev]al ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus by :i* ,he manife/$ ,8 div9ity4 ,"o ( ^! is ,8 baptism by ,/ ,john 9 ,jordan1#cgc =1 accord+ to ! scriptural n>rative1 at ! "t ( ,8 baptism a voice f heav5 0 he>d proclaim+ ,jesus to be ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ visibly appe>$ 9 bodily %ape z a dove4 ,! baptism 9 ,jordan is ! special ev5t commemorat$ by ,epiphany among ! ,ea/]ns1 e4g41 9 ! olde/ ,coptic ,cal5d> ,epiphany is call$ ,dies ,baptismi ,sanctificati1 & 9 a lat] "o ,imm]sio ,dom9i4#cgd ,! e>lie/ exi/+ s]mon on ! day--! homily ( ,hippolytus--treats exclusively ( ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,*ryso/om1 9 addition to ! baptism1 speaks ( our ,"l's second com+ 9 ,judgm5t z an ev5t commemorat$ by ! fe/ival4 ,on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! baptism1 ?is fe/ival has among ! ,greeks ! second>y title ( 8,fea/ ( ,lights10 7 72#cge & 9 ,irel&1 contr>y to ! anci5t cu/om ( ! ,*ur*1 solemn baptism 0 adm9i/]$ on ?is day4#cgf ,! second ev5t commemorat$ on ! #f? ,janu>y is ! visit ( ! ?ree ,wise ,m5 :o1 by _! gifts1 recognis$ ,*ri/ z ,god & ,man & ,r$eem]1 & wor%ipp$ ,him z ! long expect$ ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,wise ,m5 f\nd ! div9e ,*ild /ill 9 ,be?lehem1 ?\gh no long] 9 ! /able1 z arti/s usually repres5t ! sc5e1 b 9 a ro($ h\se#cgg :]e ,8 p>5ts 7 tempor>ily lodg$4 ,! evangeli/s give no indication h[ long aft] ! ,nativity ?is took place4 ,! visit ( ! ,magi appe>s z ! sole ev5t commemorat$ by ,epiphany 9 ! six s]mons ( ,augu/9e deliv]$ on ! fea/ 7,s]mons #aii-bjd74 ,fulg5tius 9 8 f\r s]mons on ,epiphany treats only ( ?is ev5t & ( ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts4 ,! ,mass 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y ref]s 9 ! collects & preface only to ^! my/]ies1 & n to ! two o!rs1 & ! ,gospel#cgh relates ! visit ( ! ,magi4 ,! ?ird ev5t commemorat$ is ! fir/ miracle p]=m$ at ! m>riage 9 ,cana1 by :i* our ,"l manife/$ ,8 div9e p[]4 ,?is ?reefold commemoration is /ill recognis$ 9 ! pres5t ,roman liturgy1 & f9ds expression 9 ! antiphon to ! ,b5$ictus1 :i* runs3 8,on ?is day ! ,*ur* is jo9$ to h] cele/ial ,bridegroom1 because ,*ri/ wa%$ away h] s9s 9 ,jordan1 ! ,magi ha/5 ) gifts to ! royal esp\sals & ! gue/s are gladd5$ ) wat] *ang$ into w9e40 ,polemius ,silvius notices ! ?ree ev5ts 9 8 ,cal5d> on ?is day4 ,paul9us ( ,nola#cgi expressly m5tions !m4 ,!y are especially dwelt ^u & di/+ui%$ 9 a s]mon ( ,s$atus1 ,bi%op ( ,bzi]s1 9 ! six? c5tury4#chj ,maximus ( ,tur9 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ?reefold commemoration1 b d\bts if !y all actually happ5$ on ! same day1 ! #f? ,janu>y4 ,lat] on1 9 m$ival times1 !re 0 a t5d5cy to include "u ! ,epiphany o!r manife/ations ( ,*ri/'s div9e p[]1 su* z ! miracle ( ! loaves1 & ! resurrection ( ,laz>us4#cha ,!re is h>dly any trace 9 ! ,we/ ( ,epiphany z ! fe/ival ( our ,"l's bir?1#chb & ev5 9 ! ,ea/ ?is significance ( ! fea/ 0 =gott5 aft] ! in/itution ( ,*ri/mas4 ,l+]+ traces ( ! e>li] conception :i* _h n q di$ out 9 ! ,ea/1 may p]haps h be5 ! occasion ( a polemic f ,/ ,j]ome1#chc :5 he decl>$ t ! ,epiphany _h nev] be5 reg>d$ z a fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s nativity4 ,by ! introduction ( ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany naturally lo/ its "* z ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,*ur* :]e x _h orig9ally be5 reg>d$ z su*4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be wond]$ at t ,*ryso/om1 z introduc] ( ,*ri/mas1 felt compell$ to expla9 to 8 he>]s m p>ticul>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fea/s4 ,*ri/1 he says1 did n appe> at ,8 bir? op5ly & to all1 b only to a few p]sons1 & s little 0 ,8 div9ity manife/$ !reby t ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 able to say3 8,!re ha? /ood "o 9 ! mid/ ( y1 :om y "k n40 ,f ! mom5t ( ,8 baptism1 ,8 div9ity 0 evid5t to all1 & consequ5tly ! fe/ival in/itut$ 9 hon\r ( ! baptism ( ,jesus be>s ! "n ( ,epiphany4 ,moreov]1 !re is yet ano!r & a full] appe>ance ( ! ,"l :i* w take place at ! end ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ! necessity1 accord+ to ,/ ,*ryso/om1 ( celebrat+ 9 addition to ! ,epiphany a special fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,*ri/'s bir?4#chd ,epiphany fir/ appe>s ) an octave 9 ! ,cal5d>s ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y x is )\t an octave1 b has a vigil4 ,9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,fronteau ! fe/ival is kept up = ?ree days4 ,"o ( ! special obs]vances connect$ ) ! fea/ 0 ! publication on ! #f? ,janu>y ( ! annual pa/oral lett] ( ! ,patri>*s ( ,alex&ria--! epi/ola fe/alis--ann\nc+ ! date ( ,ea/] = ! curr5t ye>4 ,9 #eda1 ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,orleans 7c4 #a7 ord]$ ! same ?+ = ! ,we/1 also ! ,c\ncils ( ,aux]re 9 #egh & #ehe 7c4 #b74 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! dates ( ! o!r movable fea/s 7 add$ to ! date ( ,ea/] 7,pontif4 ,rom471 z is /ill done 9 "s places1 z = example1 ,tur91 at ! pres5t day4 ,! fe/ival 0 kept ) special solemnity at ,j]usalem1 z we le>n f ! description ( x giv5 by ! ,gallic ,pilgrim4 ,un=tunately1 ! beg9n+ ) ! special acc\nt ( ! fea/ is miss+1 b !re is no d\bt t ! =ego+ p>agraph describ$ ! ,epiphany1 = ! succe$+ fe/ival is spok5 ( z quadragesima de ,epiphania 7c4 #bf74 ,accord+ to ?is docum5t a procession f ,j]usalem to ,be?lehem took place on ! eve1 return+ 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,aft] a "t = re/1 ! s]vice comm5c$ ab\t ! second h\r ( ! day 9 ! great *ur* on ,golgo?a1 :i* 0 ri*ly decorat$4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! function ! fai?ful proce$$ to ! *ur* ( ! ,ana/asis1 &1 ab\t ! six? h\r1 or twelve o'clock1 ! fe/ival 0 at an end4 ,9 ! ev5+ vesp]s 7luc]n>e7 7 sung4 ,on ! second & ?ird days s]vice 0 held 9 ! same *ur*1 on ! f\r? day 9 ! *ur* call$ ,eleona on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 on ! fif? day 9 ! ,laz>ium1 ! grave ( ,laz>us 9 ,be?ania1 on ! six? day 9 ,sion1 on ! sev5? day 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,ana/asis1 on ! eigh? day 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,?us bo? 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ,be?lehem ! fea/ la/$ eight days--a k9d ( octave4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es ! day is fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! solemn bless+ ( ! wat]1 m5tion$ by ,*ryso/om & int5d$ to recall ! miracle at ,cana4 ,?is is a v popul> fe/ival1 b 9 _m places has be5 /ripp$ ( its religi\s "*2 x is p]=m$ by ! cl]gy go+ 9 procession to ! sea or to a riv]1 recit+ a pray]1 & !n ?r[+ a crucifix into ! wat] :i* is fet*$ out aga9 by swimm]s & takes place on ! #ah? ,janu>y 7old /yle74 ,) reg>d to ! antiquity & spread ( ! fea/1 x 0 unkn[n 9 ,nor? ,africa dur+ ! ?ird c5tury1 = ,t]tullian makes no ref]5ce to x1 & ev5 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,augu/9e x 0 reject$ by ! ,donati/s z an ,ori5tal novelty4#che ,9 ,orig5's "t1 at lea/1 x 0 n g5]ally obs]v$ z a fe/ival 9 ,alex&ria1 s9ce he does n reckon x z su*4 ,= ,rome1 evid5ce is want+ = ! e>lie/ times1 b s9ce ! daught] ,*ur* ( ,nor? ,africa knew no?+ ( ! fe/ival at fir/1 x may be inf]r$ t orig9ally x 0 n kept at ,rome b 0 introduc$ !re 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 ,spa91 x 0 a fea/-day 9 #chj1 9 ,gaul1 9 #cfa1 & !re is evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 9 ,?race z e>ly z #cjd4chf ,9 ! ,ea/ x g5]ally held ! place ( ,*ri/mas z our ,"l's bir?-day1#chg & z su* x _h already1 z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury1 become domicil$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 z is %[n by ! rec5tly publi%$ ,te/am5tum ,jesu ,*ri/i1 :]e x is twice nam$ z a high fe/ival along ) ,ea/] & ,p5teco/4#chh ,9 ! ,roman ,empire1 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #djj1 ,epiphany 0 "o ( ! days on :i* games 9 ! circus 7 =bidd5 by law4 ,n until ,ju/9ian's#chi "t 7 ! law c\rts clos$#cij on ?is day also4 #e4 ,! ,purification ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 7,,c&lemas7 ,by ! mosaic law1 e "m1 aft] giv+ bir? to a son1 rema9$ unclean = sev5 days1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & !n1 = ?irty-?ree days long]1 0 exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 public wor%ip4 ,aft] ! bir? ( a daught] ! p]iod ( c]emonial uncleanness 0 twice z long4 ,?us ! :ole p]iod la/$ = =ty or eighty days1 & at its conclusion ! woman _h to br+ a ye>l+ lamb = a holocau/ & a pigeon = a s9-(f]+4 ,9 case ( pov]ty1 two "y pigeons or turtle-doves suffic$ z an (f]+ 7,lev4 xii4 #b-h74 ,accord+ to ! n>rative 9 ! ,gospels1 ,m>y1 aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus1 fulfill$ ! comm&s ( ?is law & br\ght ! prescrib$ (f]+ to ! ,temple on ! =tie? day1 on :i* occasion ! meet+ ) ,simeon & ,anna took place 7,/ ,luke ii4 #bb et seqq474 ,our ,bless$ ,lady & h] div9e ,son1 9 ! fir/ place1 &1 second>ily1 ,simeon & ,anna are ! actors 9 ?is sc5e1 & x w\ld h be5 /range _h ?is ev5t n be5 commemorat$ v e>ly among ! ,*ur*'s fe/ivals4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to su* a commemoration belongs to ! la/ decades ( ! f\r? c5tury & comes f ,j]usalem4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! di>y ( ! s-call$ ,silvia4 ,! day 0 u%]$ 9 by a solemn procession1 foll[$ by a s]mon on ,/ ,luke ii4 #bb seqq41 & a ,mass4 ,x _h z yet no special "n1 b 0 kn[n m]ely z ! =tie? day aft] ! ,epiphany4 ,?is goes to prove t at t "t ! ,epiphany 0 reg>d$ 9 ,j]usalem z ! day ( ! ,"l's bir?1 & x foll[s indirectly f ! expressions us$ 7hic7 t ! fe/ival 0 n yet kn[n 9 ! ,pilgrim's home4#cia ,x seems probable t ! fe/ival 0 fir/ ( all obs]v$ 9 ,j]usalem f :5ce x spread ?r\gh out ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,! p]son by :om1 & ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,con/ant9ople & ! ,byzant9e empire1 are kn[n to u4 ,a plague hav+ caus$ frightful mortality1 ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 z soon z x _h pass$ away1 ord]$ ! ,purification to be obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #edb4cib ,! contradictory evid5ce 9 ,georgius ,ham>tolus & ,nicephorus#cic t x 0 ! ,emp]or ,ju/91 ,ju/9ian's pr$ecessor1 :o introduc$ ! fe/ival & ord]$ x to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 seems due simply to a confusion betwe5 ! two emp]ors4 ,9 any case ! spread ( ! fea/ ?r\gh\t a wid] area dates f ?is "t4 ,! "n by :i* ! fe/ival 0 kn[n1 n[ t x 0 widely adopt$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 0 8,! ,meet+10 9 ,greek ,hypapante1 9 ,lat9 ,occursus ,dom9i1 9 ref]5ce to ! meet+ betwe5 ! ,*ild ,jesus & ,simeon & ,anna2 x may be t ?is fe/ival 0 introduc$ at ,rome 9 consequ5ce ( ,ju/9ian's comm&s1 b no evid5ce to t effect is extant4 ,z f> z ,rome is conc]n$1 x appe>s 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y ) ! new "n ( ,purificatio1 & z a fea/ ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 )\t any m5tion ( a procession4#cid ,pope ,s]gius ,i4 7#fhg-gja7 orda9$1 h[ev]1 a procession on ?is z on ! o!r pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ,our ,lady4 ,9 ! passage 9 "q ( ! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 ! fe/ival has ! rem>kable "n ( ,/ ,simeon's ,day1 8:i* ! ,greeks call ,hypapante10 :i* seems to %[ t ! fe/ival _h n yet be5 well e/abli%$ 9 ,rome4 ,moreov]1 ! #bnd ,febru>y 0 obs]v$ among ! ,greeks z ! actual day ( ,simeon's dea?1 because 9 8 canticle he _h said1 8,n[ ,?\ do/ dismiss ,?y s]vant 444 9 peace40#cie ,t ! fe/ival 0 only introduc$ at a late date 9 _m places 9 ! ,we/ is prov$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,lection>y ( ,silos1 ! olde/ belong+ to ! ,spani% ,*ur*1 & dat+ ab\t #fej1 x does n appe>4 ,! same is ! case ) reg>d to ! ,cal5d> ( ,/ ,g5evive 9 ,p>is 7#gca-gda7 publi%$ by ,fronteau4 ,=m]ly ! g5]al op9ion 0 t x _h be5 introduc$ 9 ,rome by ,pope ,gelasius ,i4 9 ord] t he might replace ! hea!n ,lup]calia1 ) _! midnight tor* processions & disord]ly proce$+s1 by a popul> ,*ri/ian fe/ivity4 ,?is op9ion#cif _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! face ( ! facts ref]r$ to above4 ,! ,lup]calia inde$ fell on ! #ae? ,febru>y1 :i* also happ5$ to be ! day on :i* ?is fe/ival 0 orig9ally kept 9 ,j]usalem1 b ! ,gallic pilgrim makes no m5tion ( lights c>ri$ 9 ! procession4 ,aga91 processions1 ) or )\t lights1 7 s common bo? among ! ,*ri/ians & hea!n ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian era1 t any connection betwe5 ! procession on ,c&lemas ,day & ! ,lup]calia _c be inf]r$4 ,! ,invitatorium 7,gaude et lt>e1 ,j]usalem1 occurr5s ,deo tuo71 & ! preface1 :i* is t = ,*ri/mas1 %[ t orig9ally ! fea/ 0 r a fe/ival ( ,our ,"l ?an ( ,our ,lady4 ,! collect = ! day speaks ( ! pres5tation ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,temple alone1 & ! antiphons = ! mo/ "p ref] to ! same ev5t1 :ile ! psalms are ^? ( ,our ,lady's fea/s4 ,! ,gospel = ! day 7,/ ,luke ii4 #bb-bc71 ! same n[ z 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 *ronologically speak+1 prec$es ! ,gospel = ! previ\s ,sunday4 ,= ! ,sunday aft] ,*ri/mas has ,/ ,luke ii4 #cc-dj = its ,gospel1 :i* relates ! return ( ! ,holy ,family f ,juda to ,galilee4 #f4 ,! ,sundays ( ! ,*ur*'s ,ye> z =m+ connect+-l9ks betwe5 ! pr9cipal ,fea/s ,dur+ ! age ( ! p]secutions x 0 sc>cely possible = ,*ri/ians to obs]ve any o!r fe/ival ?an ,sunday1 & s x is n surpris+ t ! two writ]s1 :o h occasion to speak ( ! in/itution ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 m5tion only ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 bo? ( :i* fall on ,sundays4 ,to ^! ,*ri/mas 0 add$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & ,epiphany some:at e>li]4 ,^! *ief fe/ivals1 along ) o!rs soon add$ to _! numb]1 =m$ ! elem5ts = ! organisation ( a fe/al sy/em 9 ! ,*ur*1 z c5tres r\nd :i* ! less] fe/ivals gr\p$ !mselves4 ,! la/ /ep ( importance1 h[ev]1 9 ?is developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s ye> 0 to connect ^! *ief fe/ivals ) "o ano!r1 s z to make !m p>ts ( a :ole4 ,! ,sundays af=d$ a conv5i5t means = effect+ ?is4 ,!y 7 associat$ ) ! fe/al "* ( ! ne>e/ fea/ & 7 connect$ ) x z l9ks 9 a *a94 ,! way = ?is developm5t _h be5 prep>$ by ! season ( prep>ation be=e ,ea/]1 & by ! relation 9 :i* ,ea/] /ood to ,p5teco/4 ,! ,sundays ( ,l5t _h _! own "* z a prep>ation = ,ea/]1 & ! ,sundays 9 ! fifty days betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/--,qu9quagesima--7 m>k$ by ! fe/al "* ) :i* antiquity inve/$ ! :ole p]iod4 ,all t 0 ne$$ 01 fir/ ( all1 to connect ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 &1 9 ! second place1 ! in/itution ( a season ( prep>ation be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ betwe5 ! six? & ! eigh? c5turies4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies1 ! ord9>y ,sundays ( ! ye> _h nei!r liturgical position or "*1 s9ce !y 7 n ev5 enum]at$4 ,!re 0 a sort ( commune dom9ic>um1 i4e41 a numb] ( masses exi/$ f :i* "o c\ld be *os5 at w = ea* ,sunday4 ,to ^! ,sundays1 :i* 7 call$ simply dom9ic quotidian1 ^? aft] ,epiphany & ,p5teco/ belong$4 ,!y numb]$ altoge!r tw5ty-n9e or ?irty1 accord+ z ! ,cal5d> gave fifty-two or fifty-?ree ,sundays 9 ! ye>4 ,= ! sum ( ! days ( ! ye>1 #cfe1 divid$ by sev5 makes fifty-two & "o ov]1 & s ! ye> :i* comm5ces on a ,sunday has fifty-?ree ,sundays1 ! o!rs only fifty-two4 ,! small] numb] ( ^!1 six at mo/1 come betwe5 ,epiphany & ,septuagesima1 b ! l>g]1 tw5ty-?ree to tw5ty-eight1 betwe5 ,:itsunday & ,adv5t4 ,! v>iation dep5ds ^u ! date ( ,ea/]4 ,!re is no hi/orical circum/ance =?com+ to give ^! ,sundays a specially fe/al "*4 ,) ,p5teco/ ! commemoration ( ,our ,"l's r$emptive acts concludes1 & x 0 n ! cu/om 9 ! ,we/ to include ev5ts f ,*ur* hi/ory 9 ! cycle ( fea/s1 al?\gh ! ,ea/ celebrat$ a few1 z1 = example1 ! ,g5]al ,c\ncils4 ,) reg>d to ! ,roman rite 9 p>ticul>1 !re are no special masses = ! ,sundays aft] ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ 9 ! ,leon9e sacram5t>y4 ,a fur!r developm5t appe>s 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y1 :]e ! ,sundays 9 ,l5t & ^? betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ alone h a cle>ly def9$ liturgical "*1 & keep _! special place 9 ! ,cal5d>4 ,= ! rema9+ ,sundays ( ! ye>1 !re 0 a *oice ( only sixte5 masses1 :i* are n 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y conta9+ ! c\rse = ! ye> 7anni circulus1 i4e41 ,proprium de tempore71 b at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird book4 ,along ) ! masses = week-days & masses = special occasions1 !y =m ! cont5ts ( ?is volume4 ,! masses = ,adv5t1 h[ev]1 /range to say1 are conta9$ 9 ! second book1 ?us out ( *ronological ord]4 ,9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,*ur*'s ye> has ! same =m z at ! pres5t day1 ) ! sole exception t ! ,sundays 9 ,adv5t come at ! end1 in/ead (1 z at ! pres5t "t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,missal4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ,*ri/mas 0 !n usually reg>d$ z ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 ! ,gallic & ,spani% ,*ur*es foll[$ ! ,roman4 ,! ,moz>abic brevi>y has five ,sundays 9 ,adv5t1 b !y /& at ! beg9n+4 ,!y are 9 ! same position 9 ! ,lib] ,responsalis sive ,antiphon>ius1 conta9$ 9 a ,codex ( ,compigne belong+ to ! n9? c5tury1 & falsely attribut$ to ,gregory ! ,great4#cig ,! ,gregorian sacram5t>y simply numb]s ! ,sundays consecutively aft] ,p5teco/1 b 9 ! ,franki% lection>ies !re are signs ( an attempt to sep>ate ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ into gr\ps--,sundays aft] ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,sundays aft] ,/ ,lawr5ce1 etc4--b ! cu/om 0 aft]w>ds ab&on$4 ,9 ,france1 ?is division ( ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ seems to h be5 g5]al 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! ,homil>ium ( ,*>lemagne divides !m z foll[s3-- ,f\r ,sundays aft] ,epiphany4 ,?ree ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/4 ,sev5 ,sundays aft] ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul 7,po/ ,natale ,apo/olorum74 #bb ,five ,sundays aft] ,/ ,lawr5ce4 ,! ,septemb] ,emb] ,week 7,f]ia iv41 vi41 et sabb4 et ,dom9ica74 ,six ,sundays aft] ,/ ,mi*ael1 #bi? ,sept4 7,po/ ,s4 ,angeli74 ,! ,kal5d>ium ,frontonis divides !m ?us3-- ,two ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/4 ,six ,sundays aft] ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul 7,po/ ,natale ,apo/olorum74 #ai ,f\r ,sundays aft] ,/ ,lawr5ce4 ,sev5 ,sundays aft] ,/ ,cyprian 7,po/ ,s4 ,cypriani74 ,?is gives only n9ete5 aft] ,p5teco/1 & s ! ,kal5d>ium ,frontonis has t5 ,sundays aft] ,epiphany until ,septuagesima1 :i* mu/ cle>ly h help$ to fill up1 :5 necess>y1 :at 0 want+ at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! ,comes ,alb9i 9 ,ranke 7,app4 iv47 gives3-- ,five ,sundays aft] ,epiphany4 ,f\r ,sundays po/ ,p5teco/54 ,five ,sundays po/ natale ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum4 #ba ,five ,sundays po/ natale ,s4 ,laur5tii4 ,"o ,dom9ica m5sis septimi4 ,six ,sundays po/ ,s4 ,angeli scil4 d$icationem basilic ,s4 ,ar*angeli 7,mi*lis74 ,f\r ,sundays 9 ,adv5t4 ,! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 writt5 = ,ma9z "u ,ar*bi%op ,otg> ab\t #hdj1 has six ,sundays aft] ,epiphany1 f\r po/ ,p5teco/51 !n six po/ natale ,apo/olorum1 six m po/ natale ,s4 ,laur5tii & eight po/ ,s4 ,ar*angeli--9 all1 tw5ty-f\r4 ,! ,lection>y ( ,luxeuil ( ! sev5? c5tury /&s alone 9 giv+ m]ely two ,sundays po/ ,!ophaniam1 & ?ree po/ ,ca!dram ,s4 ,petri4 ,! ,sundays 9 ,l5t z well z ,septuagesima are n m>k$ 9 any special way4 ,! fir/ ( ^! peculi>ities is less rem>kable s9ce1 ev5 9 ! ,gelasian sacram5t>y1 ! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany are n giv5 a di/9ctive "n4 ,all ^! attempts to split up ! ,sundays into small gr\ps 7 subsequ5tly ab&on$1 & ! simple mann] ( enum]ation f\nd 9 ! ,roman rite 0 adopt$4 ,a c>eful obs]v] w h notic$ t ! ye> is divid$ into two v unequal p>ts4 ,! movable fea/s all fall 9 ! fir/ half1 leav+ ! second half devoid ( fe/ivals4 ,ev5 ! week-days 9 ,l5t1 & 9 ! octaves ( ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 are ea* provid$ ) special lections & masses4 ,)\t d\bt ?is is due to ! fact t 9 ! e>lie/ times ! entire season be=e ,ea/] 0 occupi$ ) ! in/ruction ( ,cate*um5s4 ,! necessity ( provid+ !m ) z mu* in/ruction z possible l$ to ?is increas$ liturgical activity4 ,x appe>s almo/ z if ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,cate*um5ate result$ 9 a decrease ( ?is activity1 & br\ght matt]s to a /&/ill4 ,a long p]iod elaps$ be=e any fre% ef=ts 7 made 9 ! direction ( complet+ ! c\rse ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>4 ,! ,greeks h /opp$ %ort ) _! ecclesia/ical ye> only half made4 ,!y h a fairly complete cycle ( ,ea/] fe/ivals1 & !y h adopt$ ,*ri/mas1 b )\t its prop] sett+ s9ce !y h no ,adv5t4 ,b _! mann] ( enum]at+ ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ is v diff]5t f t adopt$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,t is to say1 !y "n ! ,sundays aft] ! passages ( ,scripture read 9 ! ,gospel = ! day4 ,f ,ea/] to ,:itsunday1 ! ,gospels = ,sundays & o!r days are tak5 f ,/ ,john2 f ! ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ to ! exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross 7#ad? ,septemb]71 f ,/ ,mat!w2 & = ! foll[+ fifte5 weeks f ,/ ,luke4 ,! =m] ,sundays are call$ ,sundays aft] ,/ ,mat!w1 ! latt]1 ,sundays aft] ,/ ,luke4 ,! latt] ext5d ov] ! ,new ,ye> & ,epiphany--= no notice is tak5 ( ,adv5t 9 ! lections4 ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel supplies lections = mo/ ( ! ,saturdays & ,sundays ( ,l5t1 z well z = a numb] ( week-days ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,b ! ,sundays 9 "q are n call$ ,sundays aft] ,/ ,m>k1 any m ?an ! ,sundays betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ are call$ ,sundays aft] ,/ ,john2 b !y take _! names p>tly f _! position z ,sundays 9 ,l5t & p>tly f ! incid5ts relat$ 9 ! ,gospel = ! day4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n sy/em ! connection betwe5 ! ,sundays & ! fe/ivals is purely ext]nal & n organic4#cih ,9 speak+ ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> ( ! ,greeks & ,ori5tals1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y d n possess ! same quantity ( =mul>ies = ! ,mass z we d1 b1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 !y employ only two or ?ree4 ,! result is monotony1 & x is practically only ! ,gospel = ! day 9 :i* ! fe/al "* ( ! celebration f9ds expression4 ,among ! ,lat9s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! introit1 collect1 etc41 all emphasise ! "* ( ! fea/1 & /ill m cle>ly ! lections f ,scripture4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 a few rem>ks z to _! orig9 & t ( ! lections 9 ! ,brevi>y may n be out ( place4 ,evid5ce = ! e>lie/ p]iod is lack+1 b !re is no d\bt ! *oice ( :at 0 to be read re/$ ) ! bi%op & t he also fix$ ! l5g? ( ! lections4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 & = _m days1 ! *oice pres5t$ no difficulty1 ! lections be+ det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! fea/ itself4 ,we c1 = example1 det]m9e ! lections = a numb] ( days us$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury 9 ,j]usalem4 ,sev]al ( !m agree ) ^? n[ 9 use4#cii ,v e>ly1 a s]ies ( lections = ! canonical h\rs mu/ h be5 drawn up = use 9 mona/]ies1 & !n ?is 9 its turn influ5c$ ! lections 9 ! liturgy4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 ?\ght t ,/ ,j]ome 0 ! orig9ator ( su* a s]ies ( lections1 & accord+ly ! lection>y 0 call$ by 8 "n4 ,x is c]ta9 t a lection>y exi/$ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury1 = :i* ! s-call$ ,c>ta ,cornutiana af=ds pro(4#djj ,:5 we exam9e m closely ! ord] ( lections1 we notice !y d n h>monise ) ! ideas pres5t$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 z n[ exi/+1 b !y d agree ) ! =m :i* x took 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( its developm5t4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! lections are appropriately *os5 = ! pascal season & = ,:itsuntide1 b d n fit 9 ) ! fe/al "* ( ,adv5t & ! ,*ri/mas cycle4 ,z we h said1 ! ecclesia/ical ye> began orig9ally ) ! prep>ation = ,ea/]1 i4e4 ,l5t4 ,! lections f ! five books ( ,moses :i* />t ) ,septuagesima 7 !n 9 _! prop] place1 treat+ z !y d ( ! fall & ! div9e s*eme = man's re/oration4 ,c4 ,,o!r ,,incid5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*',s ,,ye> #a4 ,! ,emb]tides ,! ,emb]tides#dja are peculi> to ! ,we/]n or ,roman ,*ur*4 ,9 ,rome !y h be5 obs]v$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & s ,leo ! ,great 0 incl9$ to ascribe to !m an apo/olic orig94 ,?is ,pope connects !m ) ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>1#djb & gives !m a special signification 9 z mu* z we !n give ,god due hon\r & praise = ! gifts ,he gives u to support our bodily life4 ,aga91 !y move u to make a good use ( ! gifts ?us be/[$1 to ab/a9 f sup]fluities1 & to imp>t our gifts g5]\sly to ^? 9 ne$4 ,we mu/ nei!r murmur ov] ! fewness ( "s gifts1 nor be discont5t$ ) ! excess ( o!rs1 z may ev5 sometimes happ54 ,god's w %\ld be our w4#djc ,! ,emb]tides 9 g5]al1 b especially t ( ,decemb]1 he directly connects ) agriculture & ! h>ve/ 7ut omnium fructum collectione conclusa1 etc41 ,s]mo #af1 c4 #b72 & ! e>lie/ liturgies#djd conta9 pray]s = ! same purpose2 su* indications z ^! give u ! clue to ! orig9 ( ^! fa/s4 ,by !m practices orig9ally hea!n h assum$ a ,*ri/ian =m & "*4 ,! ,romans1 orig9ally1 7 compell$ to be an agricultural p1 & _! gods 7 = ! mo/ "p deities :o presid$ ov] agriculture1 z ,t]tullian e>ly rem>k$ 7,/]culus1 ,epona1 ,mutunus1 etc471 & _! wor%ip 0 closely connect$ ) ! /ages ( cultivation4 ,! *ief incid5ts 7 accompani$ by religi\s c]emonies & usages4 ,a bless+ 0 ask$ on ! s[+ ( ! se$ at ! f]i sem5tiv1 obs]v$ betwe5 ! end ( ,novemb] & ! ,w9t] sol/ice1 i4e4 9 ,decemb]4 ,at ! "t ( h>ve/1 ! f]i messis 7 celebrat$1 & at ! v9tage1 ! f]i v9demiales4#dje ,) ! fact t ! hea!n wor%ip ( ,rome recognis$ ?ree sorts ( su* f]i obs]v$ ?rice 9 ! ye> 7no evid5ce ( a f\r? be+ =?com+71 agrees a passage 9 ! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 :i* has long be5 reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ evid5ce = ! obs]vance ( ,emb]tides1 ?\gh x fell %ort ( absolute pro(4 ,! passage /ates t ,calixtus 7#bag-bbb7 orda9$ a fa/ on ?ree ,saturdays 9 ! ye>4#djf ,! numb] corresponds well ) ! ?ree sets ( hea!n f]i m5tion$ above4 ,z ,/ ,leo speaks ( f\r fa/s ( ?is k9d ye>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! f\r? fa/1 correspond+ to ! f\rfold division ( ! ye>1 mu/ h be5 add$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x may be t ! passage1 ,za*>ias viii4 #ai1 ref]r+ to a ,jewi% cu/om ( sanctify+ by a fa/ ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>1 help$ to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,all f\r ,emb]tides are m5tion$ 9 ! s]mon ( ,leo ! ,great1 & bo? ! ,leon9e & ,gelasian sacram5t>ies agree 9 m>k+ ,w$nesday1 ,friday1 & ,saturday z ! days to be obs]v$ z fa/s4#djg ,pope ,gelasius#djh appo9t$ t ord9ations ( prie/s & deacons 7 to be held on all ,emb]tides1 & 9 ! middle ( ,l5t1 :]eas 9 ,/ ,leo's "t ! ord9ation ( prie/s took place at ,ea/] only4#dji ,! ,emb] fa/s 7 call$ jejunium primi1 qu>ti1 septimi et decimi m5sis1 9 ! e>lie/ s]vice-books1 & fell 9 ,m>*1 ,june1 ,septemb]1 & ,decemb]4 ,! week 9 ea* ( ! a=esaid mon?s1 9 :i* ! ,emb] fa/ 0 to be obs]v$1 appe>s n to h be5 def9itely fix$ 9 e>li] days4 ,if ! op9ion ( ,mor9 is correct1 ?is w\ld agree ) ! fact t ! h>ve/ fea/ 0 n fix$ = any day 9 p>ticul>1 b 0 det]m9$ by ! pontiffs 9 ea* case4 ,h[ev]1 x rema9$ = a long p]iod undet]m9$ :e!r ! fir/ ,emb]tide %\ld be obs]v$ be=e or dur+ ! c\rse ( ,l5t1 & also 9 :i* week ( ,adv5t ! la/ ,emb]tide %\ld fall4 ,! pres5t arrangem5t1 accord+ to ! ,micrologus#daj 0 fir/ made by ,gregory ,,vii41 i4e41 ! fir/ ,emb]tide to fall 9 ! fir/ week ( ,l5t1 ! second 9 ,:itsun week1 ! ?ird 9 ! ?ird week ( ,septemb]1 ! f\r? 9 ! ?ird week 9 ,adv5t4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said ! ,emb] fa/s 7 di/9ctively ,roman 9 orig91 & inde$ belong$ to ! city ( ,rome1 & ! ,roman bi%ops by repeat$ injunctions ord]$ _! colleagues 9 ,italy to adopt !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,9 ,gaul & 9 ! ,*ri/ian di/ricts ( ,g]many1 _! adoption 0 due to ! patronage giv5 to ,roman usages by ! ,c>ol+ians3 9 ,spa9 ! ,emb] ,days 7 unkn[n until ! ,roman ritual 0 introduc$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & 9 ,milan !y 7 introduc$ mu* lat]1 9 fact by ,/ ,*>les ,borromeo4#daa ,x does n appe> f hi/ory t ! orig9al object ( ! ,emb] ,days 0 to petition ,god to raise up wor?y prie/s 9 ,8 ,*ur*4 ,!y are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ?is connection aft] ! popes _h appo9t$ !m z ! fix$ times = ord9ations4 ,!y owe _! orig9 to ! agricultural fe/ivals ( anci5t ,rome1 z appe>s pla9ly f ! ref]5ces ( ,leo ! ,great1#dab to ! ,decemb] fa/4 ,9 a lat] age1 !y lo/ entirely _! e>ly significance & came to be reg>d$ solely z days ( p5it5ce & pray]4 ,9 ! pray]s ( ! actual ,roman missal1 no trace ( _! orig9al "* is to be f\nd4 ,! ,emb] masses ( ,adv5t ref] to ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ^? ( ,l5t to ! suff]+ caus$ by s91 & its ,atonem5t1 ^? ( ,:itsun week to ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,:]e ! pray]s d n relate to ^! subjects !y conta9 no special ref]5ces1 or deal only ) fa/+ 9 g5]al & its necessity4 ,! masses = ! ,septemb] ,emb] ,days alone pres]ve "s traces ( _! hi/orical orig91 9 z mu* z !y are pr9cipally ( a fe/ive "* 7,exultate1 etc471 su* z might ref] to a h>ve/ safely ga!r$ 94 ,b su* a connection _c be prov$ beyond d\bt4 ,:5 we g ?r\gh ! pray]s 9 ! olde/ sacram5t>ies we f9d ! same ?+4 ,! "n ( ,emb]tide is n inde$ employ$1 & ! days are n yet m>k$ z fa/-days1 b ! ,saturdays are di/+ui%$1 twice 9 ! ,gelasian1 & on all f\r ,emb]tides 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 by hav+ twelve lessons4#dac ,) reg>d to ! lat] rec5sions ( ^! two sacram5t>ies1 ! ,gelasian conta9s two =mul = ann\nc+ ! ,emb] fa/s to ! fai?ful aft] ! 8,pax ,dom9i sit semp] vobiscum0#dad 9 ! ,mass4 ,9 ! fir/ "p1 !re is a ,mass = ! ?ree ,emb] ,days ( ! f\r? mon?1 ,june1 &1 9 ! second "p1 = ,septemb] & ,decemb] z well1#dae :ile ! ,m>* ,emb] ,days are m]ely indicat$ 9 ,nos4 ,,xix4 & ,,xx4 ( ! fir/ "p4 ,9 ! ,franki% ,gregorian sacram5t>y x is ! same2 masses are giv5 = ,m>*1 ,june1 & ,septemb] b n = ,decemb]4#daf ,few ( ! pray]s 9 ^! two sacram5t>ies are conta9$ 9 ! missal actually 9 use4 ,x is to be rem>k$ conc]n+ ! lections t !y numb]$ twelve on ! ,saturdays4 ,! pres5t ,roman missal prescribes ?ree lections = ! ,w$nesdays1 b = ! ,fridays only two z usual4 ,= ! ,saturdays1 h[ev]1 ! numb] rea*es six1 &1 9 ! ,adv5t ,emb]tide1 sev51 includ+ ! ,gospel4 ,t !re 7 only ?ree ,emb]tides 7i4e4 ! jejunium qu>ti1 septimi1 et decimi m5sis7 giv5 9 ! anci5t s]vice-books is n surpris+1 s9ce ! fa/ 9 ,m>* fell usually 9 ,l5t & s ne$$ no special m5tion4 ,) reg>d to ! spread ( ,emb] ,days 9 ! ,we/1 !y made _! way sl[ly & seem$ to h be5 e>lie/ adopt$ by ! ,anglo-,saxons1 :o at _! conv]sion accept$ ! ,roman ritual z a :ole4 ,!y are ord]$ to be obs]v$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,clove%oe 7c4 #ah7 9 #gdg4 ,nei!r ,*rodegang nor ,!odulf speak ( ,emb] ,days 9 _! writ+s1 ?\gh !y seem to h be5 introduc$ by ,/ ,boniface into ,g]many & ,france4 ,ev5 if ! s-call$ /atutes ( ,/ ,boniface are n 9 all po9ts contempor>y ) ! sa9t1 ,emb] ,days 7 c]ta9ly enjo9$ 9 ! ,franki% ,empire by ! ,capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne 9 #gfi1 :]e up till !n !y _h n be5 obs]v$4#dag ,! circum/ance1 too1 t _! obs]vance _h to be repeat$ly enjo9$ by ! ,c\ncils ( ! n9? c5tury1 e4g4 ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #hac1 & lat] ones1 proves t !y _h n yet won _! way z a popul> obs]vance 9 nor!rn c\ntries4#dah ,moreov]1 x /ill rema9$ unc]ta9 9 :i* week ( ! mon?s 9 "q ! ,emb] ,days %\ld come4 ,9 ,rome !y came 9 ! fir/ week ( ! mon?4 ,else:]e d\bts arose z to :at ought to be done :5 ! ,emb] ,days 9 ,june came 9 ,:itsun ,week1 & z to :e!r "o ought to fa/ :5 ! #a/ ,m>* fell on a ,?ursday or ,friday1 ! ,w$nesday fall+ on ! la/ day ( ,febru>y4#dai ,gregory ,,vii4 put an end to ^! v>iations by e/abli%+ ! pres5t usage4#dbj #b4 ,litanies or ,rogations ,litani is ! "n giv5 to solemn processions ( cl]gy & p accompani$ by pray] at :i* sacr$ pictures & emblems are c>ri$4 ,x 0 impossible to p]=m su* devotions 9 ! days be=e ,con/ant9e4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ianity became a recognis$ religion !y 7 quickly adopt$1 & all ! m s z ! hea!ns _h simil> practices :i* !y p]=m$ frequ5tly & at /at$ times4 ,litanies 7 especially frequ5t 9 ,rome4 ,!re1 dur+ ,l5t1 ! ,pope 0 wont to set out ) 8 assi/ants ) great solemnity f 8 resid5ce to celebrate ,mass 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es ( ! city4 ,ea* day he w5t to a diff]5t *ur*1 :]e ! halt or /ation 0 made4 ,a survival ( ?is rema9s 9 ! ^w ,/atio1 :i* appe>s s (t5 9 ! missal4 ,?is cu/om 0 ab&on$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,/ill "s ( ^! litani f\nd _! way into ! regul> wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*1 & h _! place 9 ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 i4e4 ! procession on ! #be? ,april1 ,/ ,m>k's day1 call$ litania major1 & ^? on ! ?ree days be=e ! ,asc5sion1 call$ litania m9or4 ,! names are rem>kable1 = ! m9or la/s ?ree days & ! major only "o1 b x is expla9$ by ! hi/ory ( _! in/itution4 ,! ,*ri/ian processions are a cont9uation ( ! hea!n processions :i* !y h replac$4 ,?is is especially cle> ) reg>d to ! litania major :i* 0 p]=m$ on a /at$ day1 ! #be? ,april4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ,/ ,m>k1 ^: fea/ 0 only mu* lat] introduc$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! anci5t ,romans _h _! processions :i* took place bo? )9 & )\t ! city1 ! latt] correspond+ to our rogation processions2 ! =m] 7 call$ amburbalia f urbs1 & ! latt] amb>valia f arva4#dba ,!y s]v$ z supplications ei!r = bless+s f ! gods on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & 7 obs]v$ ye>ly on /at$ days1 or to av]t calamities & 7 appo9t$ z ne$ requir$4#dbb ,! bett] kn[n ( ^! processions ( anci5t ,rome1 ! amb>valia1 took place on vii4 a4 ,kal4 ,maias 7#be? ,april74 ,! procession pass$ along ! ,via ,flam9ia1 ! pres5t ,corso1 & w5t z f> z ! fif? mile/one1 i4e4 z f> z ! ,milvian ,bridge1 :]e1 ! entrails ( a dog & ( a %eep 7 (f]$ to ! god ,robigus4#dbc ,z ! procession 0 prim>ily int5d$ to w>d (f blight 7robigo7 f ! crops ! day 0 call$ 8,robigalia0 9 ! ,cal5d>4 ,:5 ,rome became a great city1 agriculture & its fe/ivals fell unto ! back gr\nd1 & bo? 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ! f\r? c5tury & 9 t ( ,polemius ,silvius ! ,robigalia is no long] m5tion$ on ?is day4 ,!re 0 ano!r great procession 9 hea!n ,rome1 ! ,argea1 :i* took place on ! #af? & #ag? ,m>*1 & ,bi%op ,vigilius ( ,tr5t1 speaks ( a rural fe/ival ( ! same "*4#dbd ,z to ,*ri/ian ,rome1 ,rup]t ( ,deutz is ( op9ion t processions _h be5 p]=m$ !re s9ce ,con/ant9e's days1 & ,bele? names ,lib]ius z _! orig9ator4 ,al?\gh x is n impossible ^! writ]s may h ga9$ _! in=mation f anci5t s\rces1 /ill "o _c draw any c]ta9 conclusion f _! rem>ks4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 sure pro( ( ! introduction ( ,rogations by ,bi%op ,mam]tus ( ,vi5ne4 ,t "p ( ! c\ntry _h be5 visit$ = a consid]able p]iod by v>i\s calamities & e>?quakes4 ,on ,ea/] night1 #dfi1 ! royal palace 9 ,vi5ne 0 /ruck by lightn+1 :i* caus$ su* a panic among ! entire congregation assembl$ 9 *ur*1 t !y fl$ f ! build+4 ,mam]tus put himself into connection ) ! civil au?orities & along ) !m organis$ ! ,litanies1 :i* _h be5 us$ be=e ?is "t1 b 9 an in=mal & irregul> mann]4 ,x 0 orda9$ !y %\ld take place on ! ?ree days be=e ! ,asc5sion1 t !y %\ld be accompani$ by a fa/1 & t ! slaves %\ld d no s]vile "w4 ,?is in/itution 0 soon imitat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,gaul4 ,"u ,bi%op ,sidonius ,apoll9>is !y 7 adopt$ at ,cl]mont1 next ! fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,orleans 7#eaa71 9 its tw5ty-sev5? canon1 prescribes !m = ! ,franki% "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ,avitus c\ld say !y _h already spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 & be5 accept$ ) eag]ness4#dbe ,nev]!less !re is no cle> evid5ce 9 antiquity1 to %[ h[ matt]s 7 arrang$ 9 ,rome4 ,only :5 we come to ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great1 d we get detail$ acc\nts :i* h be5 pres]v$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,9 autumn ( ! ye> #ehi1 a t]rible inundation deva/at$ ! city ( ,rome1 ov]?r[+ ! anci5t build+s1 de/roy+ all provisions1 & leav+ beh9d x a pe/il5ce :i* c>ri$ away ,pope ,pelagius ,,ii4 9 ,febru>y #eij4 ,to av]t ! div9e wra?1 ,gregory1 z adm9i/rator ( ! vacant see1 ord]$ a procession ( especial solemnity4#dbf ,x 0 app>5tly ! procession ( ! #be? ,april1 b c>ri$ out on a l>g] scale ?an h]et(ore4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 an extraord9>y procession su* z _h nev] be=e tak5 place1 = its date is unkn[n1 & x is n c]ta9 if ! (t5 quot$ /atem5t ( ,gregory really ref]s to x4 ,9 8 num]\s lett]s !re is no m5tion ( ?is procession4 ,gregory prep>$ ! p = ! procession "s days be=e by a s]mon4 ,! procession 0 divid$ into sev5 p>ts1 & h5ce receiv$ ! "n ( ,litania ,septi=mis4 ,ea* division />t$ f a diff]5t *ur*1 & all met 9 ! basilica ( ,/ ,m>y ,major4 ,z ,gregory says 9 ano!r place1 8,! return ( ?is annual solemnity w>ns u to keep x ) dev\t he>ts10 we conclude x 0 n a new obs]vance j introduc$4#dbg ,9 ,rome ! litani ( ,rogation ,week1 z ! ,lib] ,pontificalis in=ms u1 7 fir/ adopt$ "u ,leo ,,iii4 7#gie-haf71 ?r\gh ! ,franki% influ5ce#dbh !n dom9ant !re4 ,! obs]vance ( days ( p5it5ce 9 ?is season ( ! ye> 0 a dep>ture f ! orig9al pr9ciple t ! ,qu9quagesima 0 a "t ( ecclesia/ical joy1 z ,amal>ius rightly obs]ves4 ,! procession ( ! #be? ,april belong$ especially to ! city ( ,rome1 & ! "n litania major is due to ! fact t ! processions ( ,rogation ,week 7 only introduc$ lat]4 ,!y too 7 p]=m$ ) great solemnity4 ,9 o!r places !re 7 yet o!r days appo9t$ = litanies1 b :e!r 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$ or 9 place ( !m is n cle>4 ,?us ! second ,c\ncil ( ,lyons 9 #efg1 9 its six? canon1 enjo9$ t 9 ! fir/ week ( ,novemb]1 litanies simil> to ^? cu/om>y be=e ! ,asc5sion %\ld be p]=m$4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,milan celebrat$ ! ,rogations 9 ! week aft] ! ,asc5sion4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,g]unda 9 #eag1 9 its second canon1 places !m 9 ! week aft] ,p5teco/1 & a second litania on ! fir/ ( ,novemb] :5 x 0 n a ,sunday 7,ib41 ,c4 #c74 ,! second canon ( ! six? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7#fch7 places !m on ! ,ides ( ,decemb]4 ,x may be conjectur$ f ?is t ! litanies 9 ,spa9 develop$ on peculi> l9es4#dbi ,"h z 9 ,gaul1 ! ,rogation ,days 7 kept z fa/s4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! ,rogations 7 only introduc$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 = ! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z 9 #hac 7,c4 #cc71 prescrib$ !y %\ld be obs]v$ by a ?ree days' fa/1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #hcf 7,c4 #aa71 ord]$ expressly ! p]=mance ( ! processions aft] ! ,roman mann]4 #c4 ,! ,d$ication ( a ,*ur* & ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,patron ,sa9t ,! fe/ival ( ! d$ication ( a ,*ur* has inde$ no connection ) ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 & ! fe/ival ( ! patron sa9t belongs to ! same category z ! ord9>y sa9ts' days1 b =m]ly1 & ev5 to "s ext5t at ! pres5t "t1 bo? h su* a m>k$ position among ! fe/ivals t !y des]ve "s special m5tion4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% "o *ur* f ano!r1 diff]5t ways ( nam+ !m 7 adopt$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,9 ,rome !y took _! names orig9ally f _! f\nd]s & f ^? to :om ! site on :i* !y /ood _h previ\sly belong$1 e4g41 ! ,basilica ( ! ,lat]an1 ! ,sessorian ,basilica 7,/a4 ,croce71 ! ,lic9ian ,basilica 7,/a4 ,bibiana71 ! ,lib]ian 7,/a4 ,m>ia ,maggiore71 etc4 ,else:]e !y receiv$ _! names p>tly 9 ! same way1 & p>tly f o!r reasons1 z we see f ! olde/ *ur*es 9 ,j]usalem--! ,m>tyrium & ,ana/asis 9 ! city1 ! ,eleona or ,imbomon on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & ! ,laz>ium 9 ,be?ania1 close to ,j]usalem4#dcj ,*ur*es built ov] ! graves ( m>tyrs1 ,m>tyria1 7 naturally call$ aft] ! sa9t ov] ^: tomb !y 7 erect$1 & z _m su* *ur*es s]v$ = ord9>y div9e wor%ip1 x gradually became cu/om>y to call *ur*es aft] a sa9t1 or to d$icate !m specially to 8 hon\r4#dca ,su* 0 ! cu/om 9 ,c>?age4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orical developm5t1 "o mu/ consid] 7#a7 ! day on :i* ! *ur* 0 made ov] = public use1 & 7#b7 ! patron sa9t4 ,! =m] 0 ! day ( ! *ur*'s d$ication or consecration4 ,! hea!n1 bo? civilis$ & b>b>ian1 _h be5 accu/om$ to set ap>t ! edifices erect$ = ! s]vice ( _! gods by a special c]emony ( consecration4#dcb ,ev]yone kn[s ) :at magnific5ce ,solomon d$icat$ ! fir/ temple4 ,accord+ly1 x only 0 to be expect$ t s symbolical a c]emony w\ld be adopt$ by ! ,*ur*1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( p]secution1 "u ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or1 we f9d ! d$ication ( *ur*es p]=m$ ) great display4 ,we h an example ( ?is 9 ! d$ication ( ! ,*ur* at ,tyre1 ab\t :i* ,eusebius has s mu* to say 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 hav+ himself deliv]$ a long & v t$i\s & commonplace disc\rse on t occasion4 7,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #aj1 #c & #d47 ,! d$ication ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 9 ,j]usalem 9 #cce1 0 p]=m$ ) rem>kable magnific5ce4 ,aft] ! ,synod ( ! ,eusebians at ,tyre 9 ?is ye>1 _m bi%ops at ! invitation ( ! imp]ial repres5tative proce$$ to ,j]usalem1 = ! great basilica :i* ,con/ant9e _h comm5c$ to build on ,m\nt ,calv>y 0 n[ f9i%$4 ,! d$ication took place on ! #ad? ,septemb]1 ! day on :i* ! ,empress ,hel5a _h f\nd ! ,holy ,cross1 & :i*1 z ! ,gallic ,pilgrim /ates1 0 obs]v$ lat] z an annual fe/ival4 ,two anniv]s>ies fell1 9 ?is case1 on ! same day & consequ5tly we are unable to conclude t ! anniv]s>y ( a *ur*'s d$ication 0 at ?is "t already celebrat$ z a regul> ?+4 ,x became cu/om>y to d s1 h[ev]1 %ortly aft]w>ds bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/4#dcc ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! consecration ( ! s-call$ ,gold5 ,basilica at ,antio*1 also comm5c$ by ,con/ant9e b complet$ "u ,con/antius 9 #cda4 ,on ?is occasion also a ,synod 0 held4#dcd ,un=tunately no?+ def9ite reg>d+ ! c]emonies employ$ at ! d$ication ( a ,*ur* c be ga!r$ f ,eusebius' wordy description4 ,he says3 8,! bi%ops p]=m$ ! div9e s]vice1 & ! prie/s fulfill$ _! functions1 & v magnific5t 7 ! ecclesia/ical c]emonies4 ,"o he>d ! psalms & ! o!r hymns :i* come f ,god1 & saw ! my/ic rites ( ! s]vice p]=m$2 ! my/ical symbols ( ! sav+ ,passion 7 !re also4 ,moreov] ea* ( ! bi%ops pres5t deliv]$ a fe/al address & /rove to ! be/ ( 8 ability to promote ! fe/ivity40 ,9 ! ,we/1 ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 special c]emonies ( d$ication 7 9 use1 & ,ambrose m5tions !m z g5]ally obs]v$1 b ! p>ticul>s ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 we _c n[ asc]ta94 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! c]emonies 0 ! plac+ ( relics ( ! m>tyrs 9 ! new *ur*1 if !re 7 n "s !re already4 ,9 an unconsecrat$ *ur* !re c\ld be no p]=mance ( div9e s]vice4#dce ,be=e ?is1 & 9 _m places aft]w>ds1 x appe>s t ! consecration ( ! alt> alone 0 requir$4 ,at lea/ ! olde/ ,gallic missal#dcf conta9s a mass = ! consecration ( an alt> only1 & none = ! d$ication ( a ,*ur*4 ,?is is borne out by ! fact t 9 ! liturgical writ+s ( ,ephrem & ( ! pseudo-,dionysius we f9d m5tion ( ! consecration ) holy oil ( ! alt>1 :ile no?+ is said ( ! consecration ( *ur*es4 ,nei!r ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions nor ! s-call$ ,te/am5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ conta9 any ref]5ce to x4#dcg ,! ,old ,te/am5t furni%$ models = ! elaboration ( ! liturgical s]vices us$ at ! d$ication ( *ur*es2 9 p>ticul>1 ! octave & ! annual commemoration ( ! d$ication day foll[ ,jewi% prec$5ts4#dch ,! impressive solemnities ) :i* ,solomon d$icat$ ! fir/ temple 9 ! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign la/$ = sev5 days 7iii4 ,kg4 viii4 #fe74 ,:5 ! second temple1 built by ,zorobabel1 _h be5 defil$ by ! hea!n rites ( ! ,syrians1 x 0 purifi$ by ,judas ,ma*abeus1 ,b4,c4 #afe1 & re/or$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,x 0 !n settl$ t ! fe/ival ( ?is purification ( ! temple %\ld be obs]v$ annually = eight days1 beg9n+ on ! #be? ,casleu 7#a ,ma*4 iv4 #db et seq41 #b ,ma*4 i1 #i & #ah74 ,! prolongation ( ! d$ication fe/ival = eight days1 & ! recurr+ celebration ( its anniv]s>y soon make _! appe>ance 9 liturgical writ+s & spread ?r\gh\t all ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,! ,leon9e ,sacram5t>y conta9s a mass = ! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication ( ,/ ,pet]'s1 ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y has a %ort rite = ! consecration ( a *ur* along ) =ms = ! consecration ( alt>s1 *alices1 & alt> clo?s1 b omits ! bless+ ( ! wat]4#dci ,at ! consecration ( a *ur* 9 ,/ ,augu/9e's "t1 ! tw5ty-n9? psalm 0 direct$ to be sung4 ,we possess ?ree s]mons prea*$ by ,/ ,augu/9e at a ,d$icatio 7#ccf-cch74 ,9 ! text ( ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y1 !re is no ,mass = ! consecration ( a new *ur*1 b a special "o = ! anniv]s>y4 ,t ! latt] 0 kept z a fe/ival ( obligation is n /at$4 ,! =m = ! consecration ( a *ur*1 ) ! ,mass belong+ to x1 is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4#ddj ,9 ! middle ages1 ! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication 7natale ecclesi7 0 obs]v$ z a g5]al fe/ival ( obligation = ! local congregation irrespective ( :e!r x fell on a week-day or on a ,sunday2 x 0 also to be obs]v$ ) an octave4#dda ,9 ,g]many x 0 ord]$ by ! ,synod ( ,ma9z 9 #hac1 &1 along ) ! fea/ ( ! ,patron ,sa9t1 9 ! /atute ( ,bi%op ,hetto ( ,basel ab\t #hbg4 ,bo? fe/ivals are f\nd toge!r 9 ! /atutes ( ,lanfranc ( ,cant]bury & 9 ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,szabolcs 9 ,hung>y1 9 #ajib4 ,! ecclesia/ical celebration consi/$ ( a vigil1 solemn ,high ,mass1 & procession 9 :i* ! relics ( ! sa9ts belong+ to ! *ur* 7 c>ri$4 ,a flag 0 wont to fly f ! *ur* t[]1 ! floor 0 /rewn ) gre5 leaves1 ! alt> & pulpit 7 decorat$ ) b\ghs1 & a bun* ( fl[]s 0 plac$ be=e ! picture ( ! ,patron ,sa9t4 ,! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication ( ea* alt> 0 also obs]v$1 b only inside ! walls ( ! *ur*4#ddb ,fe/ivals ( ! ,patron ,sa9ts 7 n enjo9$ z ( obligation 9 ! decretal ( ,gregory ,,ix4 9 #abcb1 al?\gh plac$ by ,lanfranc 9 ! highe/ class ( fea/s4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z su* 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 especially ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,?us1 ! diocesan ,synod ( ,cologne1 "u ,ar*bi%op ,he9ri* ,,ii41 plac$ !m along ) ! d$ication ( *ur*es among ! holy days ( obligation1#ddc & s also did ! /atute ( ,ar*bi%op ,baldw9 ( ,treves 9 #acch4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prov9cial ,synod ( ,cologne 9 #aedi1 "u ,adolf ,,iii41 expressly suppress$ !m z holy days ( obligation1 & desir$ !y %\ld be celebrat$ only 9 *oir1 9 ord]1 z x said1 fe/ivals %\ld n become too num]\s4 ,x also =bade noisy revels1 su* z danc+1 etc41 at ! fe/ival ( ! d$ication ( a *ur*4 ,to h a *ur* ( its own1 especially a p>i% *ur*1 0 ( ! greate/ importance to ea* di/rict1 on acc\nt ( ! spiritual & ev5 mat]ial b5efits ( :i* x 0 ! s\rce4 ,?is expla9s ! en?usiasm ) :i* ! d$ication ( ! *ur* 0 obs]v$4 ,) ! ecclesia/ical fe/ival 7 soon associat$ secul> amusem5ts1 fairs1 m]ry-mak+s1 & %[s4 ,! d$ication 0 especially ! fe/ival ( ! p 9 ! middle ages1 &1 z always happ5s 9 su* cases1 ! secul> influ5ces prov$ /rong] ?an ! spiritual1 al?\gh ! d$ication 0 "o ( ! days on :i* indulg5ces 7 usually grant$4 ,z p>i%es & *ur*es became m num]\s1 ! numb] ( ^! fe/ivals increas$ also1 & ! result 0 t n only ! p>i% 9 "q obs]v$ ! fea/1 b all ! neighb\r+ p>i%es jo9$ 9 ! celebration4 ,?us ^! fea/s & ! m]ry-mak+ associat$ ) !m increas$ )\t limit4 ,among ! c\ntry p especially x 0 inevitable t excess & lic5ce %\ld give rise to grave disord]s4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,re=mation1 ! innovators avail$ !mselves ( ^! abuses to wage w> aga9/ all ,d$ication ,fea/s1#ddd & "s prov9cial ,synods ( ! sixte5? c5tury direct$ t all ! d$ications 9 a diocese %\ld be kept on "o & ! same day4 ,9 ! bull ( ,urban ,,viii4 9 #afdb1 r$uc+ ! numb] ( fe/ivals1 ! d$ication is no long] nam$ among ! fe/ivals :i* 7 to be reta9$4 ,by a decree ( ,clem5t ,,xiv4 9 #aggb1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,patron ,sa9t 0 to be celebrat$ on its prop] day1 & if !re 7 m ?an "o patron1 only ! *ief patron 0 to be commemorat$4 ,! brief ( ,pius ,,vi4 ( #aghh = ,breslau remov$ ! fe/ival ( ! ,patron ,sa9t out ( ! range ( ! ord9>y life ( ! p by transf]r+ its celebration to ! ,sunday4#dde ,f9ally1 ! ,fr5* revolution & ! ,concordat aboli%$ ^! celebrations altoge!r1 & put an end to all ,d$ication ,fe/ivals ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ! ,fr5* ,empire4 ,?is caus$ ! *ur*es 9 mo/ dioceses to keep a g5]al ,d$ication ,fe/ival on "s "o ,sunday 9 ! ye>1 & only inside ! walls ( ! *ur*4 ,! d$ication ( ! ca!dral is ei!r includ$ 9 ?is g5]al celebration1 or1 9 "s in/ances z 9 ,cologne1 is /ill celebrat$ by itself4 ,! p 7 by no means pleas$ at ! suppression ( ^! popul> fea/s1 b consol$ !mselves by transf]r+ to ! fe/ival ( ! ,patron ,sa9t1 ev5 :5 transf]r$ to ! ,sunday1 ! rejoic+s :i* !y _h hi!rto associat$ ) ! ,d$ication ,fe/ival4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,g]many :i* 9 #ahjb did n belong to ,france1 ! e>li] usages cont9u$ & ! traditional rejoic+s /ill cont9ue to be obs]v$1 b 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! m ref9$ _s ( ! "t4 ,! cu/om ( keep+ ! day ( ! ,patron ,sa9t z a holiday ( ecclesia/ical & civil obligation /ill cont9ues 9 all ! sev]al ,au/rian cr[n l&s4 ,9 ,bav>ia ea* diocese celebrates ! fea/ ( ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ! diocese on ! prop] date4 ,z reg>ds ! pres5t usage1 ! law = e p>i% is t ! fea/ ( ! patron ( ! *ur*1 or1 if ! *ur* is d$icat$ to a my/]y1 ! day on :i* t my/]y is commemorat$ 9 ! cal5d>1 is to be kept z a d\ble ( ! fir/ class ) an octave4 ,! popul> fe/ival1 call$ 9 ,g]many ,kirmes1 takes place on ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! popul> fea/s to ! pres5t day1 9 spite ( s mu* opposition1 proves _! inh]5t "r to exi/1 = ea* "p ( a great :ole1 hav+ its own sep>ate exi/5ce1 naturally wi%es to h some?+ di/9ctively its own 9 addition to :at x %>es 9 common ) o!rs4#ddf ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,sa9ts' ,,days #a4 ,! orig9s ( ! ,cultus ( ! ,sa9ts & ! ,gr\nds on :i* x ,re/s ,! ecclesia/ical ye> recalls to ! memory ( ! fai?ful all t ,god has done = ! salvation ( mank9d1 especially ?r\gh ! my/]ies ( ! new ,cov5ant1 i4e4 ! life & passion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & %e re-enacts !m1 z x 71 be=e _! eyes )9 ! compass ( ea* recurr+ ye>4 ,to ?is ! ,sundays & fe/ivals1 especially ^? f ,adv5t to ,p5teco/1 are devot$4 ,!y =m an organic :ole1 con/itut$ 9 accordance ) "o def9ite idea1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree great fe/ivals ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 ea* 9 itself ! c5tre ( a special season4 ,! f\ndations & he>t ( ! :ole fe/al sy/em ( ! ,*ur* 7 giv5 by a high] ,h&1 & only ! developm5t--! mu* less important "p ( ! :ole--is to be attribut$ to ! ?\ghts & contrivances ( m54 ,x n[ rema9s = u to consid] ! second division ( ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival sy/em--! ,sa9ts' ,days4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ f ! fea/s ( our ,"l bo? by _! in/itution & by _! treatm5t1 _! di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 _! developm5t & _! diffusion ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4#ddg ,f ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*1 !re has be5 no controv]sy ov] ! hol9ess & wor%ipfulness ( ^? :o laid d[n _! life = ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t itself did n omit to h& on to po/]ity ! memory ( ^? ^: dea? fell )9 ! apo/olic p]iod1 su* z ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 ,/ ,james ! ,great1 & be=e all o!rs ! fir/ m>tyr ,/ ,/eph54 ,! se] ( ! ,apocalypse saw ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus b5ea? ! alt> ( ,god1 ,:o did n =get !m 7,apoc4 xvii4 #f2 vi4 #i-aa74 ,nei!r did ! ,*ur* =get !m4 ,f its f\ndation ea* ,*ri/ian congregation 0 at pa9s to pres]ve ! memory ( ! m>tyrs belong+ to x4 ,?us1 = example1 ,pionius & 8 companions celebrat$ ! 8true day0 ( ,/ ,polyc>p's dea? 7natale g5u9um7 at ,smyrna 9 #bej1 dur+ :i* fe/ival !y 7 !mselves seiz$ & condemn$ to dea?4#ddh ,among ! l>g] congregations1 :]e ! numb] ( m>tyrs rapidly increas$1 special means 7 tak5 at an e>ly date to pres]ve _! memory4 ,?is 0 necess>y 9 l>ge communities if ! memory ( ^! h]oes ( ! ,fai? 0 n to pass away4 ,x is true t = ! ,*ur* ( ,rome alone1 d we possess def9ite in=mation z to h] mode ( proce$+ 9 ?is respect1 b !re is no room = d\bt t small] communities foll[$ on ! same l9es1 & = "s inde$ we h cle> evid5ce t !y did s4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! rev]5ce :i* cont9u$ to be paid to ! tomb ( su* an individual 0 suffici5t to keep 8 memory alive4 ,^? :o suff]$ a %ameful dea? z law-break]s 9 ! op9ion ( ! civil p[] nev]!less receiv$ hon\rable burial4 ,accord+ to ,roman ideas e>?ly ,ju/ice 0 satisfi$ by ! dea? ( ! guilty p]son1 ! body 0 giv5 to ! relations & fri5ds to be duly buri$4#ddi ,only :5 !re 0 risk ( a tumult 0 ?is p]mission )held1 :i* happ5$ v r>ely 9 ! ,roman ,empire be=e ! reign ( ,diocletian--or1 :]e x 0 a "q ( high treason4 ,n only ! relations & fri5ds 7 c>eful to pres]ve ! memory ( ! m>tyrs1 b1 z we h already said1 ! congregation to :i* !y _h belong$4 ,:ile ! =m] erect$ *apels ov] ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 & pres]v$ ! in=mation relat+ to !m1 ! community on its "p m>k$ d[n 9 its regi/]s _! names & ! days on :i* !y suff]$4 ,9 l>ge communities ! ,bi%ops took /eps = draw+ up au?oritative reports conc]n+ ! m>tyrs belong+ to _! flocks4 ,accord+ to ! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 ,clem5t ,i4 is said to h divid$ ,rome into sev5 regions1 ) a ,*ri/ian not>y appo9t$ ov] ea* ^: bus9ess x 0 c>efully to inve/igate matt]s ( ?is nature belong+ to 8 region4#dej ,! size ( ! city ( ,rome r5d]$ ?is necess>y4 ,augu/us _h divid$ ,rome = civil purposes into f\rte5 regions1 b ,clem5t1 = ! purpose he _h 9 view1 =m$ "o region out ( e two4 ,pope ,fabian aga9 adopt$ simil> measures1 & enjo9$ ^u ! sev5 sub-deacons ! duty ( see+ t ! sev5 not>ies made a complete collection ( ! acts ( ! m>tyrs4 ,he ?us d\bl$ ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ?is matt]1 & plac$ ! subdeacons ov] ! not>ies4#dea ,8 pr$ecessor ,ant]os 7#bce-bcf7 collect$ ! ge/a m>tyrum1 & c>efully pres]v$ ! ,acts ( ! m>tyrs1 z we le>n f a some:at obscure notice 9 ! ,lib] ,pontificalis4#deb ,?is is aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! same "w1 :]e x is /at$ t ,pope ,caius appo9t$ ! regions ( ! city to ! deacons dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution4 ,/ ,cyprian adopt$ ! same plan at ,c>?age dur+ ! p]secutions "u ,decius & ,val]ian4 ,he ord]$ ! prie/s & deacons ( ,c>?age n only to int]e/ !mselves 9 e way on behalf ( ! fai? ( ^? 9 prison1 b also to take ?\ght = ! bodies ( ^? :o di$ 9 bonds1 ev5 :5 !y di$ )\t hav+ und]gone torture1 & also to keep a record ( ! "n & date ( dea? ( ea* "o1 9 ord] t 8 memory might be celebrat$ along ) ! memorials ( ! m>tyrs4#dec ,! ord] to take d[n ! date c\ld be easily obey$ ev]y:]e1 s9ce 9 e city1 ,cal5d>s engrav$ on m>ble tablets 7 set up = public use4#ded ,we h an au?oritative docum5t ( ?is k9d 9 ! detail$ acc\nt giv5 by ! communities ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne1 ( ! m>tyrdoms :i* took place !re "u ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,ow+ to its hav+ be5 s5t to ,asia ,m9or1 ,eusebius 0 able to utilise x & incorporate ! *ief p>ts ( x into 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ m or less ev]y:]e2 ! names ( ! m>tyrs belong+ to ! community 7 ent]$ 9 ! ,cal5d>s ( ! ,*ur*1 & _! memory 0 celebrat$ annually on ! anniv]s>y ( _! dea?4 ,^! 7 ! s-call$ m>tyres recogniti1 i4e4 ^? :o 7 recognis$ z m>tyrs by ! community4 ,ea* l>ge community1 especially ! patri>*al ,*ur*es1 ?us possess$ _! cal5d> ( sa9ts1 :i* became m & m full ( names 9 process ( "t4 ,au!ntic fragm5ts ( su* cal5d>s are conta9$ 9 ! ,roman ,depositio ,m>tyrum1 :i*1 along ) ! ,depositio ,episcoporum1 0 compil$ n lat] ?an ! episcopate ( ,lib]ius 7#ceb-ced74 ,full]1 because less anci5t1 is ! ,cal5d> ( ,c>?age1 dat+ f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury or f ! beg9n+ ( ! six?1 pr9t$ by ,mabillon 9 8 ,analecta ,vet]a1#dee & ( :i* he treats 9 iii4 #cih1 ( ?is "w4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 ,bi%op ( ,neocs>ea 9 ,pontus1 0 no less zeal\s ?an ,/ ,cyprian 9 collect+ in=mation conc]n+ ! m>tyrs4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/rict1 inspir+ ! p ev]y:]e ) zeal = ! celebration ( ! memory ( ^? :o _h suff]$ = ! fai?4#def ,& ?us 9 all ! great] cities1 catalogues ( ! local m>tyrs 7 compil$1 z ,sozom5 te/ifies = two neighb\r+ t[ns1 ,gaza & ,con/antia4 ,ea* ( ^! two t[ns1 he says1 _h _! own bi%op & cl]gy1 & also _! own fe/ivals ( m>tyrs & catalogues ( ! prie/s :o _h presid$ ov] !m4#deg ,at a mu* lat] date1 ,maximus ( ,tur9 gives u "s int]e/+ evid5ce conc]n+ ^! attempts ( ! diff]5t communities3 8,z we mu/ celebrate ! g5]al commemoration ( all ! holy m>tyrs1 s1 my bre?r51 ought we to celebrate ) special devotion ! fea/s ( ^? :o %$ _! blood 9 our own locality4 ,= :ile all ! sa9ts1 :]ev] !y may be1 assi/ u all1 yet ^? :o suff]$ = u int]c$e = u 9 a special mann]4 ,= ! m>tyr suff]s n = himself alone1 b also = 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,by 8 suff]+s1 he obta9s = himself a rew>d 9 heav51 & gives a good example to 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,he ga9s re/ = himself & salvation = !m40#deh ,! (ficial cultus ( ! sa9ts 0 at fir/ conf9$ to ! m>tyrs4 ,! e>lie/ example ( ! public wor%ip ( sa9ts1 n m>tyrs1 dates f ! "t ( ,pope ,symma*us1 "u :om1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejj1 a *ur* 0 built & d$icat$ to ,pope ,silve/] & ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 9 ,rome1 ! basilica ,silve/ri et ,m>t9i4#dei ,our in=mation conc]n+ ! m>tyrs is d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces#dfj3-- #a4 ,! ,acta1 i4e4 ! report ( ! trial tak5 d[n by ! not>y ( ! proconsul or procurator 7not>ius1 comm5t>i5sis1 & exceptor71 conta9+ ! accusation1 ! exam9ation1 ! depositions ( ! witnesses1 ! description ( ! tortures employ$ & ! judgm5t giv54 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o ! evid5ce ( ! witnesses 0 tak5 d[n 9 writ+1 & dur+ ! ,empire full reports ( bo? civil & crim9al actions 7 tak5 & pres]v$4 ,a proclamation ( ! ,emp]or ,sev]us 9 #aid1 enjo9s t ^! acta be pres]v$1 & be produc$ :5 requir$ = asc]ta9+ ! tru?4 ,copies 7 giv5 = paym5t to p int]e/$ or conc]n$ 9 ! trial4 ,"s ( ^! reports ( ! trials ( ! m>tyrs h come d[n to u 9 _! orig9al =m1 & af=d ! mo/ valuable mat]ials :i* we possess = ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian times4 ,! be/ kn[n are ! ,acta ,proconsul>ia ,s4 ,cypriani1 along ) ! acts ( ,pionius1 ,maximilian1 & ,m>cellus1 etc4 #b4 ,passiones1 i4e4 an acc\nt ( ! imprisonm5t1 trial1 & execution ( ! m>tyrs drawn up by ,*ri/ian eye-witnesses at ! "t or imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,!y are wor?y ( all cr$it1 = among ! ,romans legal proce$+s took place z a rule 9 public4 ,x 0 only "u ! lat] emp]ors t ?is publicity 0 s f> curtail$ t ! proce$+s 7 conduct$ 9 ! basilicas or build+s set ap>t = t purpose4 ,! e>lie/ & be/-kn[n examples ( ^! ,passions are ! lett] ( ! *ur* ( ,lyons to ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,passio ,s4 ,p]petu et ,felicitatis1 ! ,m>tyrium ,polyc>pi1 etc4 #c4 ,leg5ds1 i4e4 n>ratives bas$ ^u docum5ts ( ! nature describ$ above1 & work$ up by lat] writ]s1 ei!r = ! purpose ( edification or f ! po9t ( view ( a hi/orian4 ,?is class ( writ+s is v l>ge1 beg9n+ ) ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,ignatius4 ,! writ+s1 h[ev]1 diff] endlessly z to _! value1 accord+ to ! k & au?ority possess$ by ! writ]s1 & accord+ to _! ne>ness to ! date ( ! ev5ts describ$4 ,!re 7 _m m>tyrs ^: suff]+s 7 record$ 9 no acta or passiones1 b 7 impr9t$ ^u ! memory ( m51 & became "p ( ! traditions h&$ d[n 9 ! community1 until !y 7 f9ally committ$ to writ+4 ,! lat] ?is took place1 ! worse = ! au!nticity4 ,= x 0 !n t ana*ronisms1 alt]ations 9 titles1 *anges 9 ! p]sons1 & o!r simil> hi/orical errors c\ld m easily creep into ! n>rative1 z we "k1 9 fact1 !y h done 9 _m in/ances4 ,! hi/orical s5se 0 un=tunately lack+ to ! ,franks & ,byzant9es1 z well z all idea ( s\nd criticism4 ,a false k9d ( patriotism & national pride (t5 goes along ) cr$ulity1 s t we f9d "h & !re 9 lit]ature ( ?is k9d ev5 d[nright fabrications4 ,aft] ! introduction ( pr9t+1 by :i* lit]ature became m widely diffus$ & comp>ative criticism 0 r5d]$ possible1 x at once became evid5t among ,ca?olics t error 0 mix$ ) tru?1 & t a sift+ ( ! "o f ! o!r 0 necess>y1 &1 9 _m cases1 q possible4 ,9 ?is prov9ce ( criticism1 ^? :o h mo/ di/+ui%$ !mselves = judgm5t & insight are ,launoi1 ,h5s*51 ! ,boll&i/s1 ,tillemont1 ,baillet1 ,ru9>t1 & 9 m mod]n times1 ,fran*i di ,cavali]i & o!rs :o h avoid$ extremes 9 ei!r direction4 ,! matt] f ^! writ+s incorporat$ 9 ! s]vice books possesses ! same hi/orical value z ! s\rce f :i* x is drawn4 ,=1 z ,bum] ju/ly rem>ks1 8x 0 n ! int5tion ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( ! compil]s & au?ors ( ! s]vice books1 to claim hi/orical au?ority = _! /atem5ts4 ,& s ! ,popes !mselves h direct$ _m em5dations to be made 9 ! leg5ds 9 ! ,brevi>y1 al?\gh _m o!rs /ill rema9 to be effect$40#dfa ,! leg5ds1 by _! incorporation into ! ,brevi>y1 ga9 no high] degree ( cr$ibility ?an t :i* ! p]son :o incorporat$ !m is able to conf] ^u !m f a purely natural /&po9t4 ,?is mu/ be emphasis$ & ma9ta9$1 = s9ce ! "t ( ,bi%op ,aurelian ( ,arles1#dfb ! read+ ( ! hi/ories ( ! m>tyrs made its way m & m into ! psalmody 9 ! ,we/1 & became an ess5tial "p ( ! ,brevi>y4 ,! hon\r ( hav+ cultivat$ = ! fir/ "t ! prov9ce ( hagiography z a :ole & n m]ely 9 a few p>ticul>s1 belongs1 z f> z we "k1 to ! hi/orian ,eusebius4 ,be=e he complet$ 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 he plann$ a collection ( ! ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs 7 71 :i* he quotes 9 8 hi/ory 7v4 #a1 #f74 ,un=tunately ?is compilation has be5 lo/1 al?\gh x 0 probably us$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs4#dfc ,he gives fur!r in=mation 9 8 "w on ! m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e :i* took place 9 8 own lifetime dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 betwe5 #cjc & #caj4 ,?is book seems to h be5 compos$ aft] ! completion ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4#dfd ,_h we simil> writ+s ( ! same p]iod relat+ to o!r prov9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 we %\ld be bett] in=m$ conc]n+ ^? extraord9>y ev5ts4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 pla9ly t ea* local community work$ = itself alone )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t :at happ5$ else:]e4 ,! wor%ip ( ! m>tyrs 0 also at fir/ limit$ to p>ticul> localities4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 no lack ( int]e/ 9 :at took place 9 o!r di/ricts1 z is %[n by ! lett] f ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or1 b liturgical & ecclesia/ical wor%ip 0 paid to ! m>tyrs ( ! place alone4 ,= example1 ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,roman ,*ur* conta9$ ^? m>tyrs alone :o belong$ to ! ,roman community2 9 ! same way ! ,alex&rian ,cal5d> conta9$ only ^? belong+ to ,egypt1 ! ,antio*5e ,cal5d> only ^? ( ,syria1 & s on4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ until ! n9? c5tury4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ?is is ! fact t ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 al?\gh he suff]$ dea? 9 ,rome1 f9ds no place 9 ei!r ! ,gelasianum or ! ,gregorianum1 :ile at ,antio* he 0 v5]at$ z a sa9t f ! beg9n+4 ,a rem>kable exception is ! v5]ation :i* ,/ ,p]petua1 ,/ ,felicitas1 & ,/ ,cyprian enjoy$ 9 ,rome4 ,9 ?is case ! relation%ip betwe5 ! "m & ! daught] *ur* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 = ,*ri/ianity _h spread to ,c>?age f ,rome4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x foll[s t in=mation conc]n+ ! mann] ( a m>tyr's dea? & ! exact day on :i* he suff]$1 d]iv$ f local s\rces1 is tru/wor?y 9 ! highe/ degree1 b x is =?com+ 9 a few cases only4 ,z x 0 ! day ( ! m>tyr's dea? :i* 0 kept & m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?is day 0 sometimes call$ ! m>tyr's bir?day1 natalis1 natalitium1 & sometimes also dies depositionis4 ,ow+ to ! burial tak+ place on ! day ( dea?1 z 0 ! cu/om among ! anci5ts1 dies obitus & dies depositionis c\ld be us$ z synonym\s t]ms4#dfe ,among ! ,romans burial foll[$ z soon z ! dea? 0 c]tifi$4 ,ne>ly e "o belong$ to a burial society1 :i* und]took ! prep>ations = ! fun]al4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re 7 only ! prep>ations 9 ! h\se to be ?\ght (1 & ^!--! wa%+ & clo?+ ( ! corpse--c\ld be quickly p]=m$4 ,h5ce ! burial c\ld take place 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! ,jews also buri$ _! dead imm$iately aft] dea?1 z ! /ory ( ,ananias & ,saphira %[s4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies foll[$ out all ! cu/oms relat+ to burial usual 9 _! "t & c\ntry1 exclud+ only ^? :i* 7 specifically hea!n & idolatr\s4 ,t !y buri$ _! dead ) ! same exp$ition z ! hea!n is cle> f an incid5t relat$ by ,t]tullian4#dff ,! burial ( a woman :o seem$ to be dead 0 = "s reason delay$4 ,:ile %e lay ready = burial & ! prie/s 7 recit+ ! pray]s1 %e rais$ up bo? h] h&s1 &1 :5 ! pray] = peace 0 conclud$1 laid !m d[n aga9 9 _! =m] position4 ,x 0 only 9 ! f\r? c5tury t x began to be ! cu/om to delay burial to ! ?ird or f\r? day aft] dea?1#dfg b ! e>li] practice cont9u$ /ill to exi/ = a consid]able p]iod4#dfh ,z x 0 already ! cu/om to int] ^? :o di$ a natural dea? on ! day ( _! decease1 s !re 0 no reason :y ! burial ( ! m>tyrs %\ld be delay$1 & ?us ) !m ! dies obitus & ! dies depositionis 7 "o & ! same4 ,consequ5tly ! anci5t dates 9 "q1 ev5 :5 giv5 z t ( ! burial1 are always to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! day ( ! m>tyr's dea?1 &1 :5 !y =m "p ( ! traditions ( ! community to :i* ! m>tyr belong$1 !y are to be receiv$ z absolutely reliable4 ,9 ! case ( ! m>tyrs1 ! rule ( v5]at+ !m on ! day ( _! dea? admitt$ ( no exception1 al?\gh x might be set aside 9 ! case ( ^? sa9ts :o 7 n m>tyrs1 = c]ta9 reasons & 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,?us1 = example1 ! day ( ,/ ,*ryso/om's dea?1 ! #ad? ,septemb]1 0 already occupi$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury by ! fe/ival ( ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,/ ,basil di$ on ! #a/ ,janu>y1 & ,/ ,ambrose on ! #d? ,april1 :i* fell )9 ! ,pascal season4 ,dur+ ,l5t1 no fe/ivals ( m>tyrs 7 to be celebrat$ on week-days1 accord+ to ! fifty-fir/ ,canon ( ,laodicea1 b only on ,saturdays & ,sundays at mo/4 ,b ?is prohibition 0 by no means g5]al4 ,besides ! li/s ( ! depositiones1 ! s]vice-books1 ! sacram5t>ies or missals1 help$ to pres]ve ! memory ( ! m>tyrs4 ,9 ! e>lie/ s]vice-books ( ! ,roman & also ( a few o!r *ur*es1 ! ,masses 9 hon\r ( ! m>tyrs 7 n class$ by !mselves ap>t1 b 7 incorporat$ ) ! o!rs1 & n sep>at$ f ! c\rse ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 or1 to use a mod]n expression1 ! ,proprium de ,sanctis & ! ,proprium de ,tempore 7 /ill fus$ toge!r4 ,only 9 ! ,gelasianum are ! ,natalitia sanctorum sep>at$ f ! ecclesia/ical ye> & collect$ toge!r 9 ! second volume4 ,/ill lat] 7 ! catalogues ( ! sa9ts =m$ into indep5d5t works1 ! s-call$ m>tyrologies4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ^! began to appe> at an e>ly date4 ,9 ?is a return 0 made to ! old] arrangem5t1 except t n[ x 0 n ! m>tyrs ( ! local *ur*es alone :i* 7 tak5 into consid]ation1 b ^? ( ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal4 ,x is j ?is ins]tion ( ! sa9ts' days 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,*ur*'s ye> :i* proves t ! names ( ! m>tyrs & ! days ( ! commemoration 7 subject to ! control ( au?ority2 t is to say1 ! compilations 9 "q h all ! weight atta*+ to public (ficial docum5ts & to reliable s\rces ( in=mation1 &1 = ?is reason1 !y may be us$ z mat]ial 9 hi/orical works4 ,valuable in=mation c be ga9$ f a judici\s employm5t ( ^! compositions4 ,! re/riction ( fe/ivals to ^? commemorat+ sa9ts ( a specific locality disappe>$ only sl[ly1 & at a late date 9 ! ,we/4 ,x disappe>$ /ill lat]1 & only to a limit$ ext5t1 among ! ,ea/]ns1 :o %[$ a t5d5cy to fill up _! cal5d>s ) o!r ?+s r ?an ) ! fea/s ( =eign m>tyrs & sa9ts1 z1 = example1 ! commemorations ( ,c\ncils1 ,old ,te/am5t p]sonages1 & ev5 ! f\r bea/s ( ! ,apocalypse 7 press$ into ! s]vice4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! entrance ( ! ,franks & ,anglo-,saxons into ! ,roman ,*ur* gave ! fir/ impulse to an ext5sion ( ! m>tyrologies & cal5d>s 9 ! direction ( univ]salism or univ]sal ,ca?olicity4 ,bo? ^! nations1 hav+ no ,*ri/ian antiquity ( _! own1 adopt$ along ) ! ritual ( ! ,roman ,*ur* h] cal5d> ( sa9ts z well4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 !y add$ to ?is ! names ( _! own p>ticul> sa9ts1 & s prep>$ ! way = m univ]sal ideas2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,roman ,*ur* did n include 9 h] cal5d> ! sa9ts & m>tyrs ( ! ,franks & ,anglo-,saxons4 ,only at ! revision ( ! s]vice-books 9 ! sixte5? c5tury did %e s f> yield z to act 9 "s degree ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,ca?olicity 9 ?is matt]4 ,! subsequ5t increase & developm5t ( ! fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h a di/urb+ effect ^u ! ecclesia/ical ye> & daily (fice4 ,ord9>y ,sundays h lo/ _! position & h giv5 place to ! commemoration ( sa9ts1 & gre5 ve/m5ts only r>ely make _! appe>ance4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! g5]al obs]vance ( ! cultus ( p>ticul> sa9ts ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*1 & ! admission ( o!r ?an m]ely local sa9ts to a place 9 ! devotions ( ea* community1 may h be5 effect$ by ! ,litanies :i* came into use 9 ,france4 ,! olde/ =m ( a ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts is conta9$ 9 ! pray]-book ( ,*>les ! ,bald4#dfi ,! sa9tly p]sonages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h really ! same "r to v5]ation z ^? ( ! ,new1 be+ ju/ifi$ ?r\gh fai? 9 ! future ,messias1 _m ( !m 7 m>tyrs1 & all atta9$ to ! ,beatific ,vision aft] our ,"l's resurrection4 ,!y are on ?is acc\nt call$ bless$ by ,/ ,paul 9 ,heb4 xi4 #d-ci4 ,! synagogue paid no wor%ip to sa9ts1 b hon\r$ ! memory ( ! prophets s f> z to erect monum5ts ov] _! graves 7,/ ,matt4 xxiii4 #bi74 ,accord+ly !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! same cultus be+ paid to !m z to ! sa9ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 yet nev]!less x rema9$ exceptional4 ,ea/]n cal5d>s conta9 ! names ( _m ,old ,te/am5t wor?ies1 ,we/]n cal5d>s only a few1 & ! ,roman ,*ur* commemorates none ) ! exception ( ! ,ma*abees4 ,b ev5 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es h appo9t$ no days 9 _! hon\r1 & s ?is "p ( ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts lies )\t ! scope ( ?is "w4#dgj #b4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/ ,/eph5 ! ,proto-,m>tyr ,9 say+ t 9 antiquity ! wor%ip ( ! m>tyrs 0 conf9$ to ! localities to :i* !y belong$1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is rule admitt$ ( two exceptions f ! fir/4 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/ ,/eph5 ! ,proto-m>tyr1 7 hon\r$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! beg9n+2 _! commemoration 0 univ]sally celebrat$1 & ev5 ! =m] 0 reg>d$ z a m>tyr 9 ! ecclesia/ical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ,bapti/ _h at once be5 designat$ by 8 fa!r 9 a mom5t ( prophetic inspiration z a prophet & ! ,=]unn] ( ! ,"l1 & lat] on he receiv$ f our ,"l ,himself ! recognition ( 8 rem>kable sanctity 7,/ ,matt4 xi4 #aa74 ,accord+ly x causes no surprise to f9d pro( ( 8 wor%ip & 8 fe/ivals at a v e>ly date4 ,! latt] already appe> 9 ! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e z solemnitates1 & z fix$ on def9ite dates4 ,inde$1 9 c\rse ( "t a regul> little cycle ( fe/ivals ( ! ,bapti/ came into exi/5ce4 ,! date ( 8 bir?1 = in/ance1 0 fix$ by t ( our ,"l1 z fall+ six mon?s be=e ,*ri/mas2 n9e mon?s e>li] came ! date ( 8 conception1#dga &1 9 addition to ^!1 ! day ( 8 dea? 0 celebrat$ on ! #bi? ,augu/1 "u ! title ( ,passio or ,decollatio4 ,! fe/ival ( ,/ ,john's bir? does n appe> inde$ 9 ! ,cal5d>s ( ,philocalus & ,polemius ,silvius1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t cal5d> ( ! ,african ,*ur*1 & 9 ! li/ ( fe/ivals drawn up by ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs4 ,among ! s]mons ( ,/ ,pet] ,*rysologus & ,maximus ( ,tur9 !re are also to be f\nd _m allusions to x4 ,x 0 numb]$1 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,agde 9 #ejf1 among ! *ief fea/s on :i* all ! fai?ful mu/ att5d div9e s]vice 9 _! p>i% *ur*es & n 9 private oratories4#dgb ,9 ! ,middle ,ages s]vile "w 0 proscrib$ on x1#dgc & until our own times x cont9u$ univ]sally to rank z a high fe/ival1 b at ! pres5t "t x is kept z su* 9 only a few c\ntries1 z we h obs]v$ on page #ce4 ,! fe/ival ( ! ,bapti/'s conception 0 celebrat$1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 & appe>s 9 ! ,cal5d>s ( ,calcas5di & ( ! ,syrians1 also 9 ! ,neapolitan ,cal5d>s1 & 9 t ( ,silos z well z 9 ! ,moz>abic ,cal5d>1 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,b$e1 9 ! ,greek cal5d>s1 & 9 bo? m5ologies1 i4e4 t ( ,con/ant9ople & t ( ,basil4 ,its introduction#dgd at an e>ly date is due to ! circum/ance t ,/ ,john's conception 0 ann\nc$ by ! angel1 & also to ! supposition1 :i* appe>s z e>ly z ,/ ,augu/9e1 t by ! meet+ ( 8 "m ) ,m>y he 0 already purifi$ f orig9al s9 be=e 8 bir?4 ,! #bi? ,augu/ 0 kept z ! commemoration ( 8 dea? at an e>ly date1 bo? 9 ,africa & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! collection ( ,/ ,augu/9e's s]mons conta9s two s]mons = ?is fe/ival 7#cjg & #cjh71 & x has its place among ! fe/ivals 9 ! li/ ( ,p]petuus4 ,! same date is giv5 9 ! ,coptic ,cal5d> 9 ,seld51 9 ! ,syrian1 ,neapolitan1 & ,moz>abic4 ,z reg>ds ,rome1 x _h n yet made its way into ! ,leon9e sacram5t>y1 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 ! ,gelasianum4 ,9 addition1 a s-call$ synaxis ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ is m>k$ 9 ! two ,greek m5ologies4 ,?is is an in/ance ( a peculi> cu/om among ! ,greeks1 accord+ to :i*1 aft] c]ta9 *ief fea/s ( our ,"l & our ,lady1 !re is held a second fe/ival1 or synaxis1 on ! foll[+ day1 9 hon\r ( ! p]sonages :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! ev5t commemorat$ by ! fea/4 ,?us ) ! fea/ ( ! #bnd ,febru>y is c\pl$ t ( ,/ ,simeon1 ) t ( ! ,nativity ( our ,lady1 ! fea/ ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 & "h1 aft] ,epiphany1 ! day ( ,*ri/'s baptism1 we h ! fea/ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 on ! #g? ,janu>y4#dge ,! cultus ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ receiv$ a great ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ur* 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 ow+ to ! discov]y ( 8 relics4 ,! records ( ! ,*ur* conta9 mu* in=mation conc]n+ bo? ! discov]y & ! translation ( ^! relics1 ?\gh !y give rise to insoluble difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place "o mu/ be> 9 m9d h[ ! disciples ( ,/ ,john1 on he>+ ( ! dea? ( _! tea*] 9 ! =tress ( ,ma*rus1#dgf came & took 8 body & buri$ x 7,/ ,matt4 xiv4 #ab2 ,/ ,m>k vi4 #bi74 ,! head d\btless rema9$ at fir/ 9 ! keep+ ( ,h]odias1 :o _h accept$ x z a pres5t4 ,accord+ to a cr$itable tradition1 ,sam>ia 0 ! place ( ,/ ,john's burial1 z x 0 outside ! limits ( ,h]od's tetr>*y1 & "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,roman gov]nor4 ,! rema9s repos$ !re until ! p]secution ( ,julian 9 #cfb1 :5 ! pagan rabble violat$ ! tomb & burnt ! rema9s4 ,a portion ( !m1 h[ev]1 0 sav$ by monks & c>ri$ to ,alex&ria1 :]e ,a?anasius deposit$ !m provisionally 9 a *ur*4 ,lat] on !y 7 plac$ 9 ! *ur* erect$ by ! ,patri>* ,!ophilus 9 hon\r ( ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ru9s ( ! de/roy$ ,s]apeum4 ,! d$ication ( ?is *ur* foll[$ on ! #bg? ,may #che or #chf4dgg ,tillemont 0 incl9$ to reg>d ! #bi? ,augu/ z ! day ( ! translation1 :i* 9 ?is case z 9 o!rs came to be reg>d$ z ! ecclesia/ical commemoration ( ! ev5t4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ! m anci5t ,coptic ,cal5d>s "k no?+ ( ! #bi? ,augu/ z a fea/ ( ! ,bapti/4#dgh ,) reg>d to ! sa9t's head1 !re are two diff]5t acc\nts 9 exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 giv5 by ,sozom5 7#g1 #ba71 x is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! possession ( monks belong+ to ! sect ( ! ,mac$onians1 :o c>ri$ x to ,cilicia1 :5 !y 7 driv5 out f t city4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,val5s he>d ( ?is1 he despat*$ an (ficial to convey ! relic to ,con/ant9ople4 ,z !y approa*$ ,*alc$on1 ! mules :i* drew ! vehicle 9 :i* ! mess5g] travell$ ) ! relic refus$ to proce$ any fur!r1 & all ef=ts to cont9ue ! r\te 7 unavail+--a circum/ance frequ5tly repeat$ 9 lat] leg5ds4 ,val5s & 8 c\rt reg>d$ ?is z miracul\s & did n v5ture to br+ ! relic ne> ! city4 ,accord+ly x rema9$ 9 a village ne> ,*alc$on 9 *>ge ( adh]5ts ( ! ,mac$onian sect1 until ! reign ( ,!odosius1 :o br\ght x to ,hebdomon1 a suburb ( ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he _h a *ur* erect$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,bapti/4 ,! ,pas*al ,*ronicle makes m5tion ( ?is translation 9 #cia1 z well z ( ano!r "u ! date #dec1 )\t ?r[+ any light on ! connection ( ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,?is second translation1 ( :i* ,ruf9us also speaks 78,hi/4 ,eccl40 #b1 #bh71 is said to h come ab\t 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! head is report$ to h be5 br\ght f ,ma*rus to ,j]usalem & !re buri$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e x 0 tak5 to ,emesa & hidd5 away 9 a cave4 ,:y ?is 0 necess>y at t p>ticul> p]iod is n /at$4 ,"h x 0 discov]$ by a prie/ call$ ,m>cellus1 ! sup]ior ( a mona/]y 9 ^? p>ts4 ,he compos$ a long & detail$ acc\nt ( ! discov]y1 conta9+ also a hi/ory ( ! previ\s vicissitudes ( ! relic4#dgi ,! discov]y 0 made 9 consequ5ce ( _m dreams1 & a fi]y /> is said to h guid$ ,m>cellus to ! spot :]e ! sacr$ treasure re/$ 9 an urn1 deeply buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,m>cellus in=m$ ,bi%op ,uranius ( ,emesa ( 8 discov]y1 & ! bi%op solemnly remov$ ! relic on ! #bd? ,febru>y1 #deb4 ,x 0 fir/ ( all plac$ 9 ! ca!dral1 & !n soon aft]w>ds 9 a *apel expressly built to receive x1 to :i* x 0 convey$ on ! #bf? ,septemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,"h x re/$ "u ! ,mohamm$an dom9ion1 & 9 #gfj a l>ge *ur* 0 ev5 built to replace ! *apel4 ,we h "h a ?reefold translation ( ! head ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,x is ass]t$ t a "p ( x is pres]v$ at ,ami5s :i* 0 br\ght ?i!r f ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,two ( ! ?ree days commemorat+ ^! translations are m>k$ 9 ! ,greek m5ologies1 ! #bd? ,febru>y & ! #bf? ,septemb]4#dhj ,! /ory ( ^! translations ?r[s no light ^u ! *oice ( #bi? ,augu/ = ! behead+ ( ! sa9t4 ,f a liturgical po9t ( view1 ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ 0 kept ) special di/9ction at ,rome 9 e>li] times4 ,9 ! ,leon9e sacram5t>y x is already provid$ ) a vigil4 ,o!r sa9ts' days inde$ 7 simil>ly provid$1 b ! vigil ( ,/ ,john 0 to be kept z a fa/1 &1 moreov]1 9 addition to ! two =mul>ies = ! ,mass ( 8 fea/1 !re are two m specially int5d$ = use 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/ ,john4 ,z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury 9 ,rome1 ?ree ,masses seem to h be5 celebrat$ on ,/ ,john's ,day z on ,*ri/mas1 "o on ! vigil aft] ,vesp]s1 "o dur+ ! night1 & ! ?ird on ! morn+ ( ! #bd? ,june--?is la/ be+ celebrat$ 9 ! ,bapti/]y4 ,9 ! ,gelasianum we f9d only two ,masses1 "o = ! vigil1 & "o = ! day itself1 b 9 ! ,gregorianum we f9d ?ree aga9 to be said at special times1 z 9 ! ,leon9um4#dha ,accord+ly1 ,m5>d obs]ves t ,alcu9#dhb also speaks ( ?ree ,masses on ,/ ,john's ,day commemorat+ ! ?ree great triumphs--z he calls !m--:i* ! ,bapti/ _h celebrat$ 9 prep>+ ! way = our ,"l1 9 baptiz+ ,him1 & 9 hav+ be5 a ,naz>ite f 8 "m's womb4 ,! ordo ( ! ,canon ,b5$ict ( ,/ ,pet]'s1 belong+ to ! ye> #aadc1 makes no m5tion ( ?ree ,masses1 ?\gh x speaks ( two (fices4#dhc ,:5 ! ,c\ncil ( ,selig5/adt 9 #ajbb 7cap4 #a7 prescrib$ ab/95ce = ! f\rte5 days be=e ,/ ,john1 x 0 act+ )\t prec$5t1 & 0 influ5c$ by ! desire to make ! fe/ival ( ! =]unn] z l to ,*ri/mas z possible4 ,z at ,rome1 s too 9 ,lat9 ,nor? ,africa1 ! ,nativity ( ! ,bapti/ mu/ h be5 celebrat$ ) special hon\r1 = we possess no few] ?an sev5 s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e on x1 & he di/9ctly speaks ( x z a fe/ival :i* _h come d[n f 8 pr$ecessors4#dhd ,,! ,,proto-,,m>tyr ,,/ ,,/eph54 ,! cultus ( ?is sa9t receiv$ also a great impulse f ! discov]y ( 8 relics at ,kaph>-,gamala4#dhe ,?is took place on ! #e? ,decemb]1 9 consequ5ce ( a revelation said to h be5 made to a prie/ ( ,j]usalem call$ ,lucianus1 9 pres5ce ( ,john ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 & ( a ,spani% prie/ f ,braga1 nam$ ,avitus1 :o 0 !n /opp+ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,lucianus wrote an acc\nt ( ! ev5t 9 ! =m ( a lett] to all ! *ur*es1#dhf :i* ,avitus translat$ into ,lat94#dhg ,:]eupon ! wor%ip ( ! fir/ m>tyr spread1 "o might say1 9 e direction4 ,pilgrims seek+ relief f _! suff]+s visit$ 8 *ur*es & *apels1 num]\s answ]s to pray] & miracles ( heal+ foll[$1 ( :i* ! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e & 8 "w on ! 8,city ( ,god0 af=d evid5ce4#dhh ,pope ,simplicius 7 #dhc7 erect$ a basilica 9 ,/ ,/eph5's hon\r at ,rome4 ,! fe/ival ( ! discov]y ( 8 relics 0 fix$ = ! #crd ,augu/4 ,^u _! discov]y ! relics 7 fir/ tak5 to ,j]usalem1 b portions ( !m 7 be/[$ ^u o!r places1 z1 = example1 a h& to ! city ( ,con/ant9ople1 or r to ! ,emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii41#dhi & small] relics else:]e4 ,9 ! ye> #dci ! ,empress ,eudocia br\ght ! rema9+ relics to ,con/ant9ople & _h !m plac$ 9 ! basilica ( ,/ ,lawr5ce4#dij ,ov] ! tomb a *apel 0 erect$1 well kn[n to pilgrims ( ! six? c5tury z ! grave ( ,/ ,/eph54#dia ,/ ,augu/9e1 9 ! passages already quot$1 speaks ( *ur*es erect$ 9 ,/ ,/eph5's hon\r 9 _m places4 ,! wor%ip ( ,/ ,/eph51 h[ev]1 does n date m]ely f ?is p]iod1 b 0 mu* old]1 & may ev5 be said to be z old z ! ,*ur* h]self1 s9ce ,/ ,paul gave him ! title ( 8,m>tyr ( ,*ri/0 7,acts xxii4 #bj74 ,_m *ur*es & *apels 7 d$icat$ to him 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ( :i* ! olde/ 0 built by or "u ,con/ant9e1 if ,cod9us is rightly in=m$4#dib ,ap>t f ?is1 8 "n is to be f\nd already 9 ! e>lie/ liturgical s\rces1 e4g4 ! ,arian m>tyrology1 belong+ to ab\t #cfj1 & 9 all ,cal5d>s anci5t & mod]n except+ ! ,coptic ,cal5d>s1 publi%$ by ,seld5 & ,calcas5di4 ,a rem>kable v>iation is obs]vable ) respect to ! date1 = ! mo/ anci5t ,cal5d>s & also ! ,roman give x inv>iably z ! #bf? ,decemb]1 :ile ! ,ea/]n ,cal5d>s give x sometimes on ! #bg?1 e4g4 ! two m5ologies ( ,con/ant9ople & ! ,syrian lection>y4 ,x _c n[ be asc]ta9$ :e!r "o ( ^! days 0 ! day ( 8 m>tyrdom or n2 x is n impossible1 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! ,coptic ,cal5d> giv5 9 ,mai notices only a discov]y ( 8 relics on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 ) :i* agrees a lat] tradition ( ! ,egyptian ,*ur*4#dic ,accord+ly ! #bf? or #bg? ,decemb] may h be5 obs]v$ z only ! day ( a translation ( ,/ ,/eph5's relics4 #c4 ,fe/ivals ( our ,bless$ ,lady 9 ,g5]al ,! unique position occupi$ by ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! s*eme ( salvation call$ = a correspond+ recognition f ! ,*ur* 9 ! developm5t ( h] fe/al sy/em4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,*ur* has amply dis*>g$ ?is duty1 inasmu* z n only ! ev5ts 9 our ,lady's life record$ 9 ,scripture h be5 made ! occasion ( fe/ivals1 b o!rs also n m5tion$ !re94 ,a consid]able p]iod1 h[ev]1 elaps$ be=e ?is "w 0 accompli%$4 ,?is circum/ance has be5 expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! fact t ! ,*ur*1 :ile paganism 0 /ill 9 p[]1 refra9$ f publicly hon\r+ ! p>5ts ( our ,"l aft] ! fle%1 on acc\nt ( ! my?s & g5ealogies curr5t ab\t ! gods4 ,m weight may be giv5 to ! circum/ance t ! facts relat+ to ! life ( ,jesus & ! r$emption ,he accompli%$ _h fir/ to be commemorat$ by fix$ fe/ivals be=e an ext5sion ( ! ,cal5d> 9 o!r directions c\ld be ?\ght (4 ,!n aga91 9 ! e>ly ages1 x 0 felt to be an imp]ative duty to duly hon\r ! commemorations ( ! num]\s m>tyrs1 & ! cu/om ( appo9t+ days = ! commemoration ( sa9ts n m>tyrs only came into exi/5ce lat]4 ,! cultus paid to ! ,"m ( ,god by ! ,*ur* exi/$ long be=e ! in/itution ( h] fea/s1 = ,con/ant9e is said to h built ?ree *ur*es 9 h] hon\r 9 8 new capital4 ,accord+ to rec5t inve/igations1 a ,*ur* d$icat$ to h]1 ,m>ia ,antiqua1#did is said to h exi/$ 9 ,rome be=e ! erection ( ! ,lib]ian basilica1 g5]ally reckon$ z ! olde/ ,*ur* ( our ,lady 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,ephesus _h a notewor?y ,*ur* ( our ,lady 9 #dca1 9 :i* ! ?ird ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil held its meet+s4 ,z reg>ds fe/ivals1 all ! *ur*es ( ! anci5t patri>*ates obs]ve _m ( !m1 especially ! ori5tal ,greeks & ! ,roman ,ca?olic2 ! latt]1 )\t "q1 obs]ves ! l>ge/ numb]4 ,b ! anci5t ,*ur* ( ,egypt also di/+ui%$ itself by its zeal = ! wor%ip ( our ,lady1 & 9 ! ,coptic ,cal5d>s we f9d a commemoratio ,dom9 ,virg9is ,m>i on ! #ba/ 7correspond+ to ! #ae? 9 ! ,julian ,cal5d>7 ( ea* mon?4#die ,=m]ly e ,saturday 0 g5]ally d$icat$ to h]4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 in/ance ( ! obs]vance ( a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 :i* has s f> come to light1 is f\nd 9 ! panegyric on ,/ ,!odosius1 prea*$ by ,!odore ab\t ! ye> #ejj4 ,9 ?is x is /at$ t a commemoration ( ! holy ,"m ( ,god 7 7 0 celebrat$ annually 9 ! ,pale/9ian mona/]ies1 att5d$ by a conc\rse ( all ! monks4 ,un=tunately nei!r ! date ( ?is fe/ival nor its "n is giv51 al?\gh !re is good reason = ?9k+ t x 0 ! fea/ ( ! #ae? ,augu/1 :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z ! day ( our ,lady's dea? f ! e>lie/ times4#dif ,9 ,spa91 9 ! "t ( ,bi%op ,ildephonsus ( ,tol$o 7 #ffg71 a fe/ival ( ! ,"m ( ,god 0 also solemnly obs]v$4 ,?is prelate made p5it5tial processions 7litani7 9 ! ?ree prec$+ days1 & compos$ a special mass = ! fea/4 ,"h aga9 ! p>ticul> "n ( ! fea/ is un=tunately n giv54 ,/ill x c only h be5 ! fea/ ( ! #ae? ,augu/4#dig ,! numb] ( fea/s ( our ,lady obs]v$ at ! pres5t "t 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is1 z we h said1 consid]able1 among !m be+ "s :i* affect ! public life ( ! community & "s ^: obs]vance is conf9$ to ! f\r walls ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y c also be classifi$ z great] & less]1 or1 accord+ to ! date ( _! in/itution1 z e>li] or lat]4 ,among ! great] fea/s are ! ,conception1 ,bir?1 ,annunciation & ,assumption ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 & ,c&lemas2 among ! less] are ! ,pres5tation ( our ,lady 9 ! ,temple1 h] ,esp\sals1 ! ,visitation1 & n[ ! ,fea/ ( ! ,holy ,ros>y4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 possible to speak1 z _m liturgi/s d1 ( a ,m>ian ecclesia/ical ye>4 ,= ! dates ( our ,lady's fea/s1 view$ 9 _! *ronological ord]1 ov]lap ! limits ( ! ye>1 & be+ subject to ! same pr9ciples :i* regulate sa9ts' days1 fall inv>iably on fix$ days 9 ! ,cal5d>1 & s _c be said to =m an integral "p ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>4 ,nev]!less !y =m 9 !mselves a cycle ( fe/ivals1 z is also ! case 9 a less] degree ) reg>d to ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,two ( !m1 h[ev]1 h be5 br\ght into connection1 at lea/ ext]nally1 ) ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 i4e4 ! ,annunciation1 ^: date dep5ds ^u ,*ri/mas1 & ! ,visitation1 ^: date is regulat$ by ! bir?s ( ,*ri/ & ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! =m] int]rupts ! c\rse ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 & falls )9 a cycle ( fea/s ) :i* x has no inn] connection4 ,! ,conception ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 ! late/ 9 date ( h] great fea/s1 dep5ds naturally ^u ! date ( h] bir?4 ,f9ally1 no?+ c be said t\*+ ! gr\nds :i* l$ to ! *oice ( ^! dates1 = no hi/orical evid5ce = ! fir/ in/itution ( ^! fe/ivals has come d[n to u4 ,!y h be5 appo9t$ & sanction$ by cu/om4 ,we %all fir/ deal ) ! great fe/ivals ( our ,lady1 ! obs]vance ( :i* affect$ public life4 ,f ^! we omit ,c&lemas1 orig9ally reg>d$ r z a fe/ival ( our ,"l4 ,?ree o!rs--! ,nativity1 ,annunciation1 & ,assumption--c be consid]$ toge!r z f> z _! in/itution is conc]n$1 inasmu* z !y made _! appe>ance 9 hi/ory at ! same p]iod--t is to say1 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! reliable evid5ce = _! introduction 9 ,rome is conf9$ to ! foll[+2 9 ! lat] ,,mss4 ( ! ,gregorianum appe>s a notice :i* conf9es ! "w ( ,gregory ! ,great to ! fir/ "p ( ! sacram5t>y4 ,?is is ! important preface 8,hucusque40#dih ,9 ?is x is /at$ ! entire prec$+ "p ( ! book is due to ,gregory ,i41 ) ! exception ( :at conc]ns ! ,nativity & ,assumption ( our ,lady1 & a few o!r matt]s4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! sacram5t>y us$ 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ,i4 did n conta9 ^! two fe/ivals ( ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,!y _h be5 already introduc$1 h[ev]1 by ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t !y appe> 9 ! ,gelesianum1 &1 secondly1 f a /atem5t 9 ! life ( ,s]gius ,i4 7#fhg-gja71dii to ! effect t ?is pope direct$ t on ! ,annunciation1 ,nativity1 & ,assumption ( our ,lady1 & 9 ! fe/ival :i* ! ,greeks call ,hypapante1 a procession 7litania7 %\ld g f ,/ ,adrian's to ,/ ,m>y ,major's4 ,^! fe/ivals 7 at t "t already obs]v$ 9 ,rome1 :5 ,s]gius ord]$ ^! processions z adjuncts to exi/+ fe/ivals4 ,?is comprises all ! reliable evid5ce at our disposal reg>d+ ^! fea/s ( our ,lady4#ejj ,all t we c ) c]ta9ty d$uct !refrom is t ^! ?ree pr9cipal fea/s ( our ,lady 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* only 9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! s]mons belong+ to ! same p]iod also support ?is conclusion4 ,! ri* collections ( s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 ,/ ,leo ! ,great1 ,pet] ,*rysologus1#eja ,fulg5tius1 & ,maximus ( ,tur91 conta9 no s]mons = fea/s ( ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,all ! *ief1 & also ! majority ( ! less]1 fea/s ( our ,lady _h _! orig9 r 9 ! ,ea/1 & only at a comp>atively late date made _! way into ! ,we/4 ,?is also expla9s :y none ( !m h be5 incorporat$1 z mo/ ( !m might easily h be51 into ! ecclesia/ical ye>4 ,_! adoption by ,rome result$ f ! political dep5d5ce ( ,italy on ,byzantium & f ! intimate relations exi/+ betwe5 ! ,apo/olic ,see & ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt4 #d4 ,! ,?ree ,anci5t ,fe/ivals ( our ,bless$ ,lady--! ,nativity1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,assumption 7#a7 ,,! ,,nativity ,,( ,,our ,,lady ,! spread ( ?is fea/ seems to h be5 ret>d$1 = x does n appe> 9 _m ,cal5d>s :i* conta9 ! ,assumption1 i4e4 9 ! ,go?o-,gallican1 9 t ( ,luxeuil1 9 ! ,tol$an ,cal5d> ( ! t5? c5tury1 & 9 ! ,moz>abic2 t x is n to be f\nd 9 old] ,cal5d>s goes )\t say+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s along ) ! ,assumption 9 ! ,gelasianum & 9 ! ,franki% ,cal5d>s drawn up "u ,roman influ5ce 9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 ! e>lie/ be+ ^? ( ,reims & ,b$e4 ,x _c be said to h be5 g5]ally celebrat$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 al?\gh 9 _m places x makes its appe>ance mu* e>li]4 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t1 on ! :ole1 ,fulb]t ( ,*>tres 7 #ajbh7 0 ! fir/ to introduce x4#ejb ,b ?is is c]ta9ly wrong4 ,nev]!less he probably ex]t$ himself to spread ! obs]vance ( ! fea/ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,france1 s9ce we h two s]mons ( 8 prea*$ on ! fea/1 ! olde/ g5u9e ,lat9 s]mons on ?is fe/ival1 z x seems4 ,9 ,greek !re are two s]mons ( ,&rew ( ,crete deal+ also ) ! fe/ival4#ejc ,evid5ce is want+ to %[ :y ! #h? ,septemb] 0 *os5 = ! ,nativity ( our ,lady4 7#b7 ,,! ,,annunciation ,! (ficial title ( ?is fea/ is n[ ,annuntiatio ,b4 ,m>i ,virg9is1 b =m]ly o!r titles 7 us$1 i4e4 ,annuntiatio ,angeli ad ,b4,v4,m41 ,annuntiatio ,dom9i1#ejd ,annuntiatio ,*ri/i1 or ev5 ,conceptio ,*ri/i1 etc41 %[+ t x 0 reg>d$ m z a fe/ival ( our ,"l ?an ( our ,lady4 ,t x owes its exi/5ce entirely to ,*ri/mas1 & dep5ds ^u ! date 7#be? ,decemb]7 assign$ to ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 requires no pro(4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ,m>y is s /rik+ t x c\ld n fail to be reg>d$ z ess5tially "o ( h] fea/s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! cu/om ( ! anci5t ,*ur* 0 n to celebrate ! fe/ivals ( m>tyrs & o!r sa9ts dur+ ,l5t1 :i* rule ! ,spani% ,*ur* foll[$ ev5 ) reg>d to ?is fea/4 ,b 9 ,con/ant9ople an exception 0 made 9 its fav\r1 :i* 0 expressly approv$ by ! fifty-second canon ( ! ,trullan ,c\ncil4 ,! fea/ is abs5t f ! anci5t ,gallican ,missal & ! ,lection>y ( ,luxeuil1 b 9 ,rome1 accord+ to ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,gelasianum & ,gregorianum1 ! fea/ 0 obs]v$ on ! same date z 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! fea/ ( our ,lady 9 ,adv5t 7,s4 ,m>i71 not$1 )\t fur!r specification1 9 ! ,lection>y ( ,silos dat+ f ab\t #fej1 c be no o!r ?an ! ,annunciation4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ! t5? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7#fef7 took occasion to rem>k ^u ! diff]5ce ( date4 ,ext]nal influ5ces 7traducti hom9es7 _h be5 ! cause4 ,! ,c\ncil decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! date hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ,spa91 & orda9$ 9 its fir/ canon t ! fea/ %\ld be celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,spa9 eight days be=e ,*ri/mas--on ! #ah? ,decemb]4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/ ! o!r date 0 already s widely obs]v$ t x 0 ev5 employ$ z a fix$ indication ( "t1 z1 = example1 :5 ! ,alex&rian ,pas*al ,*ronicle /ates 9 #fbd t ,h]aclius & 8 =ces />t$ = ! ,ea/ on ! day ( ,m>y's ,annunciation4#eje ,?is1 along ) o!r indications1 %[s t 9 ! ,ea/ ! fe/ival _h be5 e>li] adopt$ & 0 widely spread4 ,a circum/ance ( special importance is t ! s*ismatic ,arm5ians1 ^: ecclesia/ical ye> 9 o!r respects is v primitive 9 "*1 obs]ve ?is fea/4 ,!y keep x1 h[ev]1 on ! #g? ,april4 ,?is is due to ! fact t !y h n adopt$ ,*ri/mas1 & /ill celebrate ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 9 ! anci5t mann] on ! #f? ,janu>y4 ,c\nt+ back n9e mon?s f ?is date "o arrives at ! #g? ,april4 ,! ,arm5ians c]ta9ly celebrat$ ?is fe/ival be=e _! sep>ation f ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 kn[n & lov$ 9 ! ,ea/ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury1 z ! s]mons ( ,proclus1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 7 #ddf71 & ( ,pet] ,*rysologus ( ,rav5na 7 #dej71 prove4#ejf ,bo? me?ods ( dat+ ! fe/ival exi/$ side by side = a long p]iod4 ,! majority 0 9 fav\r ( ! #be? ,m>*1 b ! o!r date 0 n )\t support]s1 especially 9 ,upp] ,italy1 = accord+ to ! ,milanese rite ! ,annuntiatio falls 9 ,adv5t1 &1 inde$1 on ! f\r? ,sunday4 ,9 s\!rn ,france ! diff]5ce 9 date gave rise to sundry diff]5ces & disputes :i* t]m9at$ 9 a victory = ! ,roman usage4 ,c]ta9 ,spani% monks1 :o came to ,cluny "u ,abbot ,odilo1 desir$ to celebrate ! fe/ival aft] _! own fa%ion1 :i* 0 at fir/ all[$ !m4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury sev]al ,c\ncils occupi$ !mselves ) ! "q1 & decid$1 obvi\sly out ( reg>d = ,rome1 = ! #be? ,m>*4#ejg ,a fur!r consid]ation ( ! "q %[s t an agreem5t 0 arriv$ at by bo? p>ties4 ,! ,spani>ds1 9 _! ,missale ,mixtum1 celebrat$ ! fea/ twice--on ! #ah? ,decemb] & ! #be? ,m>*--) ! same ,mass1#ejh & 9 ,rome1 9 eighte5? c5tury1#eji ! fea/ ( ! ,expectatio ,p>tus ,b4,m4,v41 0 plac$ on ! #ah? ,decemb]1 ! ,gospel = ! ,mass be+ t ( ! ,annunciation4 ,! s]mons ( ,proclus already ref]r$ to give rise to an important obs]vation4 ,?is prea*] 9 o!r passages ( 8 works enum]ates ! fe/ivals celebrat$ 9 8 "t & 9 8 diocese1 among :i*1 /range to say1 ! ,annunciation does n appe>4#eaj ,s9ce !re are n only two s]mons ( 8 compos$ = ?is fea/1 b ! day itself is cle>ly m>k$ out z a fe/ival1 ?is contradiction c only be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,annunciation 0 kept simply z a fe/ival inside ! ,*ur*1 b _h n yet won its way to public recognition4 ,if ! conception ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> tak5 9 ,section ,i4 ( ?is *apt] be assum$ z correct1 ! ,annunciation is mo/ suitably obs]v$ 9 ,adv5t1 :]e x 0 correctly plac$ 9 ! anci5t ,spani% liturgy4 ,b ow+ to ! fact t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* did n suffici5tly c>ry out ! idea :i* und]lay ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 ! fea/s ( our ,lady 7 n incorporat$ !re91 b 7 treat$ z ord9>y sa9ts' days by be+ ti$ d[n to fix$ dates4 ,& s x comes to pass t ) u ! ,annunciation1 in/ead ( com+ 9 ,adv5t1 falls 9 ,l5t1 & f "t to "t ev5 9 ,holy ,week1 :]e x is s+ul>ly out ( place4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 ?is fea/ falls on "o ( ! ?ree la/ days ( ,holy ,week or 9 ,ea/] ,week1 x is n[ transf]r$1 :i* on ! :ole may be reg>d$ z a desirable arrangem5t4 7#c7 ,,! ,,dea? ,,& ,,assumption ,,( ,,our ,,lady ,9 all probability ?is is ! e>lie/ ( our ,lady's fea/s4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !re 0 a g5]al s5tim5t 9 ! ,*ur* :i* l$ to ! days on :i* ! m>tyrs suff]$ be+ kept z solemn commemorations4 ,! same ?+ took place at a lat] date ) reg>d to ! o!r classes ( sa9ts--confessors1 virg9s1 etc4--& s ,*ri/ian s5tim5t 0 soon direct$ t[>ds ! "q ( our ,bless$ ,lady's dea?4 ,x is highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ! fea/ ( our ,lady1 m5tion$ above z hav+ be5 celebrat$ by ! monks 9 ,pale/9e1 0 t :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ,rome ! #ae? ,augu/ 0 kept z ! day ( our ,lady's dea?1 :ile we f9d ano!r date obs]v$ 9 ,gaul4 ,z reg>ds ! ref]5ces to ! decease ( ! ,holy ,virg9 f\nd 9 patri/ic lit]ature1 we f9d ,epiphanius allud+ to x1 b 9 su* g5]al t]ms z to %[ he knew no?+ ab\t x = c]ta94#eaa ,!n we h a lett] ( ! s-call$ ,areopagite ,dionysius conta9+ ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! tradition = ! dea? & burial ( ! ,holy ,virg91 :i* we f9d lat] on 9 ,/ ,john ,damasc5e4 ,! date ( ?is lett] dep5ds ^u ! view tak5 ( ! au?or & date ( ! pseudo-,dionysian writ+s4 ,! g>d5 ( ,ge?semani is nam$ z ! place ( burial4#eab ,! same tradition appe>s 9 ! apocryphal ,apocalypse on ! 8transitus0 ( ,m>y1 :]e ! ye> ( h] dea? is giv5 z ! ?ird aft] our ,"l's resurrection1#eac :ile o!r au?orities give x z ! twelf?4 ,! *ief au?ority1 h[ev]1 = ! ev5t is ,/ ,john ,damasc5e4 ,rely+ on ! hi/ory ( an o!rwise unkn[n ,eu?ymius1 he describes ! circum/ances 9 detail4 ,accord+ to ?is in=mant1 ,pul*]ia1 wife ( ! ,emp]or ,m>cian 7#dej-deg71 _h erect$ a ,*ur* 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,virg9 9 ! suburb ( ,con/ant9ople call$ ,bla*]n1 to :i* %e wi%$ to translate ! e>?ly rema9s ( our ,lady4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 %e address$ h]self to ,bi%op ,juv5al ( ,j]usalem dur+ ! sitt+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 b he in=m$ ! ,emp]or & ,empress t ! body ( ! ,"m ( ,god 0 n to be f\nd 9 ,j]usalem4 ,%e _h inde$ be5 buri$ !re 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semani 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! ,apo/les2 ,?omas alone 0 abs5t1 & only arriv$ on ! ?ird day aft] ! burial2 9 ord] t he too might v5]ate ! body ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 ! tomb 0 op5$1 b no?+ 0 f\nd save ! l95 grave-clo!s1 :i* gave =? a fragrant p]fume4 ,:]eupon ! ,apo/les conclud$ t our ,"l _h tak5 up into heav5 ! body :i* _h borne ,him4 ,9 8 panegyric on ! ,holy ,virg91 ,mode/us1 ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem 7 #fcd71 /ates t already 9 ! sev5? c5tury !re 0 a special fe/ival 9 ,j]usalem to celebrate h] decease 774 ,9 addition1 we h s]mons deal+ ) ?is ev5t by ,&rew ( ,crete 7 #gbj circ47 & ,g]manus1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 7 #gcc74ead ,! bodily assumption ( ,m>y into heav5 0 already kn[n 9 ! ,we/ 9 ! six? c5tury1 & is allud$ to 9 ,gregory ( ,t\rs4#eae ,! ,emp]or ,maurice is said to h appo9t$ ! fe/ival ( our ,lady's dea? 7 71 & fix$ x on ! #ae? ,augu/4 ,al?\gh ?is in=mation is giv5 by an hi/orian ( a mu* lat] date1#eaf x mu/ n be altoge!r set aside4 ,maurice may well h giv5 (ficial recognition to ! fe/ival1 & by s do+ settl$ ! "q ( ! day on :i* x 0 to be kept4 ,! fe/ival itself 01 h[ev]1 mu* old]1 = n only ! h]etical sects1 :i* sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* 9 ! fif? c5tury1 su* z ! ,monophysites & ,ne/orians1 pres]v$ ?is fe/ival at ! "t ( _! sep>ation1 b mo/ anci5t national ,*ur*es1 su* z ! ,arm5ian & ,e?iopian1 h x 9 _! ,cal5d>s4 ,accord+ly ! #ae? ,augu/ mu/ h already be5 g5]ally reg>d$ 9 ! ,*ur* z ! day ( our ,lady's dea? be=e ! ,c\ncils ( ,ephesus & ,*alc$on1 al?\gh n m5tion$ by hi/orians ( t "t4 ,we h un=tunately no in=mation conc]n+ ! introduction ( ?is fe/ival 9 ,rome4 ,all we "k is t x 0 celebrat$ !re along ) our ,lady's ,nativity & ,annunciation "u ,s]gius ,i41 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #hdg ,leo ,,iv4 orda9$ t x %\ld be celebrat$ ) a vigil & octave 9 ! basilica ( ,/ ,lawr5ce )\t ! ,walls4 ,9 ! ,go?ico-,gallican missal ( ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury1 edit$ by ,mabillon1#eag ! fe/ival is plac$ on ! #ah? ,janu>y1#eah & n on ! #ae? ,augu/1 z is also ! case 9 ! ,lection>y ( ,luxeuil ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,?is circum/ance po9ts to ! conclusion t1 indep5d5tly ( ,byzant9e influ5ce1 x 0 obs]v$ already at an e>li] date 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,*ur* z well1 & came into exi/5ce spontane\sly1 s to speak4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! fea/ appe>s already ) ! title ,assumptio 9 ! canons ( ,bi%op ,sonnatius ( ,rheims1 compos$ sometime ab\t ! ye> #fcj4eai ,9 ! canons ascrib$ to ,/ ,boniface "s am\nt ( vacillation is obs]vable4 ,by ! ?irty-six? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z1 9 #hac1 x is appo9t$ z a fea/ = ! :ole ,franki% ,empire1 :ile ! e>li] ,c\ncil ( #hji _h decid$ no?+ conc]n+ its adoption4 ,among ! ,lat9s ! fe/ival did n at fir/ be> ! "n ,assumptio1 b 0 call$ ,domitio or ,pausatio1 correspond+ to ! ,greek title4 ,?is "n left ! p>ticul> object ( ! fea/ unc]ta9--:e!r x commemorat$ m]ely ! decease or ! bodily assumption ( ,m>y into heav54 ,x 0 probably due to ?is t 9 ! n9? c5tury d\bts z to ! latt] 7 "h & !re express$4#ebj ,unlike bo? ,ea/]ns & ,we/]ns1 ! ,copts h plac$ ! dea? & bodily resurrection ( ! ,"m ( ,god on ! #af? ,janu>y 7#ba/ ,tybi74 ,we f9d x s 9 ! ,synax>ium ( ! n9? c5tury 9 ,mai1 & 9 t ( ,mi*ael ( ,atriba2 :ile ! old] ,cal5d> ( sa9ts belong+ to ! sev5? c5tury giv5 by ,seld5ius has a 8,planctus ,dom9 ,m>i0 on ?is day1 :i* may well mean ! same ?+4#eba ,9 n a few ,g]man & ,sclavonic dioceses a bless+ ( ! fruits ( ! field takes place on ! #ae? ,augu/4 ,?is is ( anci5t ,g]manic orig91 b has be5 adopt$ into ! ,roman ritual4 ,x seems to h aris5 f "s popul> cu/om connect$ ) h>ve/4#ebb #e4 ,in/itution & ,spread ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ,! two dogmatic def9itions =mulat$ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,pius ,,ix4 _h ?is 9 common t !y came z a surprise to _m1 al?\gh !y only set at re/ que/ions :i* _h be5 v5tilat$ = c5turies4 ,?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 = ! discussion ( ! "q _h be5 prolong$ dur+ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b\nd up ) ! discussion 0 ! cont5tion :e!r ! fe/ival 9 "q ought or ought n to be celebrat$2 & ^! two ?+s1 ! !oretical treatm5t ( ! doctr9e1 & ! =tunes ( ! fe/ival1 7 mo/ intimately connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & f\nd at "o & ! same mom5t _! f9al solution4 ,inde$1 ! fe/ival has a long] hi/ory ?an ! doctr9al controv]sy4 ,= ! obs]vation t ,*ur* fe/ivals requir$ a long "t f _! inception--:i* is = ! mo/ "p to be look$ = 9 mona/]ies--until !y obta9$ g5]al approbation & acceptance f ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 applies to _m fe/ivals2 b none has _h s long & *angeful a hi/ory z ! fe/ival ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,x has n[1 = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 be5 celebrat$ z a fe/ival ( obligation ?r\gh\t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & has ev5 be5 adopt$ 9 ^? c\ntries :i* =m]ly set !mselves mo/ /rongly aga9/ ! increase ( ecclesia/ical holy days4 ,our object is to give a compreh5sive & detail$ hi/ory ( ! vicissitudes ( ?is fe/ival1 :ile leav+ aside ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e4 ,naturally !y _c be kept entirely di/9ct1 /ill ! latt] %all only be t\*$ ^u 9 s f> z is necess>y = ! elucidation ( ! hi/ory ( ! fea/4#ebc ,passaglia & 8 collaborator ,clem5s ,s*rad]1 ,s4,j41 9 _! well kn[n "w1 8,de ,immaculato ,deip> ,conceptu0 7,rome1 #ahed & #ahee1 #c vols4 #dto471 h giv5 u a ri* & notewor?y collection ( mat]ials = ?is purpose4 ,we mu/ d ju/ice to ! imm5se le>n+ exp5d$ ^u ?is "w bo? 9 its dogmatic & hi/orical sections1 b ! hi/orical explanations c no long] be reg>d$ z satisfactory4 ,on ! "o h&1 subsequ5t inve/igations h br\ght fre% facts to light :i* give a new turn to ! hi/ory2 &1 on ! o!r1 ,passaglia 0 defici5t 9 ! critical faculty1 & m]ely 9 ord] to m>%al z _m pro(s z possible1 he made use ( sev]al :i* _c /& close inve/igation1 & mu/ be set aside if ! :ole "q is n to be misrepres5t$4 ,= ! correct und]/&+ & exam9ation ( ! s\rces ( evid5ce1 x mu/ fir/ be obs]v$ t anci5tly bo? among ! ,greeks & ! ,lat9s ! t]m conceptio 77 0 tak5 9 ! active s5se1 :ile we are accu/om$ to take x 9 ! passive s5se4 ,conceptio ,m>i ,virg4 signifi$ !n ! conception ( ,*ri/ by ,m>y1 :ile ! 7passive7 conception ( ,m>y 0 call$ ! ,conceptio ,s4 ,ann4 ,?us x foll[s t ! fe/ival ( 8! ,conception ( ,m>y0 & ! fe/ival ( 8! ,immaculate ,conception0 are n ! same ?+4 ,orig9ally only a fe/um ,conceptionis ,b4,m4,v4 0 celebrat$1 & only 9 c\rse ( c5turies has a fe/um ,immaculat ,conceptionis be5 evolv$ !refrom4 ,?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z a m]e "q ( t]ms :i* might be employ$ int]*angeably4 ,passaglia has n suffici5tly emphasis$ ?is di/9ction1 & consequ5tly 8 pres5tation ( ! facts creates ! impression t !re 0 already 9 ! fif? c5tury a fe/ival ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ,m>y1 :i* is altoge!r errone\s4 ,! simple /atem5t ( ! facts w make ?is cle>1 & %[ t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! fea/ orig9ally celebrat$ z ! ,conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 0 *ang$ into a fea/ ( ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,?is *ange came ab\t 9 proportion z ! matt] 0 made cle>] by dogmatic discussion1 & z ! doctr9e ( ,m>y's exemption f orig9al s9 ga9$ adh]5ts 9 ! s*ools4 ,ev5 :5 ?is doctr9e _h f\nd g5]al acceptance 9 ! ,we/1 & _h au?oritatively receiv$ ! support bo? ( concili> decrees & ( papal dogmatic decisions1 ! anci5t title ( ! fea/ /ill rema9$ 9 use = a long "t4 ,if we consult ! s]vice-books pr9t$ be=e #ahed1 we f9d 9 !m inde$ on ! #h? ,decemb] ! fe/um conceptionis1 b ! ^w immaculata is n[h]e f\nd 9 ! (fice = ! fea/4 ,an ord]ly repres5tation ( ! hi/orical facts conc]n$ w %[ h[ ?is 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,evid5ce %[s t ! fea/ ( our ,lady's ,conception arose 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 & _h ga9$ civil recognition 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire at a "t1 :5 9 ! ,we/1 ecclesia/ical circles 7 /ill debat+ :e!r or n its celebration ought to be p]mitt$4 ,9 a con/itution entitl$1 8,conc]n+ ! days ( ! ye> :i* are :ole holidays & half holidays10 ! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us 9 #aaff recognis$ x z a public fe/ival on :i* s]vile "w 0 =bidd54 ,n[ x is a kn[n fact t ! civil au?orities are sl[ to give recognition to ecclesia/ical fe/ivals1 & accord+ly fe/ivals h (t5 be5 celebrat$ by ! ,*ur* = a long p]iod be=e !y receiv$ ! recognition ( ! ,/ate4 ,s x 0 9 ?is case4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,con/ant9ople 9 :i* ! fea/ ( ! #i? ,decemb] is m>k$ z ! 8fe/ival ( ! ,conception ( ,/ ,anne1 ! "m ( ! ,!otocos10 is a c5tury & a half old] ?an ?is con/itution4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ! ,emp]or ,basil1 mean+ ! second ( ?is "n surnam$ ,porphyriog5itus 7#igf-ajbe71 &1 accord+ly1 x foll[s t ev5 !n ! fe/ival _h receiv$ "s less] degree ( recognition f ! ,/ate4#ebd ,conc]n+ ! date ( ! introduction ( ?is fea/1 we h detail$ in=mation 9 a s]mon ( ,john ( ,euba1 :o liv$ 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,he 0 fir/ a monk & !n ,bi%op ( ! isl&1 & 0 contempor>y ) ,/ ,john ,damasc5e1 :om he occasionally visit$4 ,john decl>es t !re are t5 po9ts 9 ! life ( ! ,holy ,virg9 :i* mu/ be commemorat$1 & ^! he enum]ates 9 ! t5? section ( 8 s]mon4 ,! mo/ ( !m are at ! same "t fea/s ( our ,"l1 ! only ones entirely relat+ to our ,lady be+ h] ,nativity1 ,annunciation1 & ,assumption4 ,) reg>d to ! fea/ ( our ,lady's ,conception1 ,john hesitates4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ! passage ref]r$ to above1 he enum]ates x among ! fea/s1 b at ! end ( 8 s]mon he /ates t x is n ackn[l$g$ by all1#ebe b he speaks highly 9 its fav\r1 & consid]s 9 conclusion t x ought to be celebrat$4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t 9 8 "t ! fea/ 0 n yet g5]ally accept$1 & t he ex]t$ himself to spread x4 ,if ,passaglia1 :o quotes ?is s]mon z evid5ce = ! fea/1 _h notic$ ?is passage1 he w\ld h le>nt t 9 ! eigh? c5tury ! fe/ival _h n yet become g5]ally popul> 9 purely ecclesia/ical circles1 su* z among ! specially dev\t & ! religi\s1 & he w\ld h avoid$ ! mi/ake ( ?r[+ back ! inception ( ! fea/ to ! fif? c5tury 9 reliance on an int]polat$ & mu* lat] ,typicum ,s4 ,sab4#ebf ,john m5tions ! #i? ,decemb] z ! day ( ! fea/4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is s]mon ( 8 are 9 o!r respects ( no importance4 ,george ( ,nicom$ia1 :o liv$ ab\t a c5tury lat]1 is ! second ,greek prea*] ( :om we possess a s]mon = ?is fe/ival4#ebg ,x be>s ! title1 8,conc]n+ ! ,conception ( ,/ ,anne10 & 0 deliv]$ ^u a fe/al occasion 771 & ! day is already di/9ctly call$ a fea/ 774 ,george consid]$ x no long] necess>y to m]ely comm5d ! acceptance ( ! fea/1 b reg>d$ its adoption z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,he reveals1 h[ev]1 ! comp>atively late date ( its in/itution1 by say+ t ! day 0 n to be kept 8z "o only rec5tly add$ to ! ,cal5d>1 b z "o adopt$ on ! be/ gr\nds1 s9ce x naturally belong$ to ! c\rse ( ! ye> & is prescrib$ by ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 do+ s we become p>tak]s ( ! joy x promises40 ,z f> z ! ,ea/ is conc]n$ ^! two witnesses are suffici5t1 especially z !y ?r[ light on ! date ( ! in/itution ( ! fea/4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 s "h ! orig9 ( ! fea/ is d\btless to be s\ght 9 religi\s communities4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ to ?9k ( hon\r+ ?is act ( r$emption4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ! monks1 to :om is due ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s psalmody1 :o 9 _! canonical h\rs celebrat$ ,m>y's ,conception1 & appo9t$ a special day = ?is purpose1 ! #i? ,decemb]1 :i* 0 always kept z su* 9 ! ,greek m5ologies4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! fea/ issu$ =? f ! limits ( ! mona/]ies1 & f ! inn] circles ( ! dev\t1 & atta9$ publicity4 ,prea*]s glorifi$ x4 ,x met ) a sympa!tic reception 9 ev] wid5+ circles1 until x gradually atta9$ ! rank1 if n ( a fea/ ( obligation1 at any rate1 ( a simple fea/ ( devotion1 &1 f9ally1 x obta9$ bo? ecclesia/ical & civil au?orisation4 ,! ,byzant9e ,empire compris$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! p]iod ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ,l[] ,italy1 ,sicily1 & ,s>d9ia4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ,byzantium 0 no long] able to reta9 its hold ov] ! du*y ( ,rome & ! ,ex>*ate ( ,rav5na2 at a /ill lat] date x lo/ ,apulia1 ,calabria & ,sicily1 especially :5 ! ,normans settl$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,x reta9$ its hold ov] ! city ( ,naples longe/ ( all2 x 0 only 9 #aabg t ,naples 0 tak5 by ,rog] ,,ii41 :o _h himself cr[n$ k+ ( ! ,two ,sicilies 9 #aacj4 ,! con/itution ( ,manuel ,comn5us ( #aaff m5tion$ above 0 nev] promulgat$ 9 ,naples1 & _h no =ce !re1 b ! connection ) ,byzantium _h la/$ suffici5tly long = ! fea/ ( ,m>y's ,conception to obta9 an entrance into ,naples4 ,t x actually did make its way !re is prov$ by ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,neapolitan ,*ur* ( ! n9? c5tury1 engrav$ on m>ble1 & %[+ traces ( ,byzant9e influ5ce1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #agdb 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni ,maggiore4 ,ap>t f ! hi/orical facts :i* we h m5tion$1 ! "n & date ( ! fea/--,conceptio ,s4 ,ann1 & ! n9? ,decemb]--%[ a ,byzant9e orig94 ,& s 9 respect ( ! hi/ory ( ?is fea/1 ,naples1 along ) ,l[] ,italy & ,sicily1 mu/ be class$ ) ! ,ea/]n half ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z celebrat+ a fea/1 ( :i* at ,rome no "o _h z yet ?\ght4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! fea/ ( ,m>y's ,conception 0 kn[n 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury1 al?\gh "u a diff]5t "n f t :i* x n[ be>s4 ,0 ! fea/1 9 its ess5tial idea1 ! same z ours8 ,?is "q ! read] may answ] = himself4 ,!re is mu* d\btless 9 fav\r ( an affirmative answ]4 ,greek writ]s ref] to our ,lady 9 ! highe/ conceivable t]ms1 z c be amply prov$ f ! lections ( ! (fice = ! #h? ,decemb] n[ 9 use4 ,!y exalt h] n m]ely above all m51 b absolutely above e creature4 ,moreov]1 ! fea/ ( ! ,conception has a mean+ only :5 ! conception is reg>d$ z s9less1 j z ! ,greeks celebrate a commemoration ( ! conception ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ solely ,on ! gr\nd t ,john 0 sanctifi$ 9 8 "m's womb4 ,9 all o!r cases1 x is n ! bir?day ( ! sa9ts :i* is kept1 b ! day ( _! dea?4 ,all ?is tells 9 fav\r ( ! affirmative4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! fa!rs ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* h nev] ei!r us$ or ev5 discov]$ ! specific t]ms to designate ! ,immaculate ,conception1 nor h !y ev] propos$ ! "q if our ,lady 0 free f orig9al s94 ,x is inde$ v difficult to ma9ta9 ! =m] view 9 ! face ( ! fact t ! ,greeks1 at ! pres5t day1 d n reg>d _! fea/ ( ,m>y's ,conception z imply+ ?is mean+1 b among !m x is a fea/ ( little importance4 ,_! ,brevi>y conta9s ! foll[+ notice ( ! fea/3 8,god s5t ,8 angel to ! pi\s c\ple ,joa*im & ,anna1 & ann\nc$ to !m t ! b>r5 w\ld give bir?1 & s to prep>e ! way = ! conception ( ! ,virg94 ,?us ! holy ,virg9 ,m>y 0 conceiv$ 9 consequ5ce ( an ann\ncem5t1 b by means ( man & f 8 se$4 ,= our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ alone 0 born 9 an ineffable mann] ( ! holy ,virg9 ,m>y )\t ! co-op]ation ( man & 8 se$40 ,?is ann\ncem5t by an angel is bas$ on an apocryphal leg5d1 :i* appe>s 9 ,byzant9e s]mons on our ,lady1 belong+ to ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,joa*im1 accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om1 desir$ to pres5t an (f]+ 9 ! ,temple1 b 0 driv5 back & insult$ by memb]s ( ! tribe ( ,reub5 because he 0 *ildless4 ,?is caus$ him s mu* pa9 t in/ead ( return+ to 8 home1 he sadly betook himself into solitude4 ,anna1 9 h] anxiety1 pray$ e>ne/ly to ,god1 & 0 in=m$ by an angel %e %\ld give bir? to a daught] ri*ly end[$ ) gifts ( grace4 ,?is leg5d d]iv$ f ! ,proto-evangelium ( ,james1 & propagat$ *iefly 9 ! s]mons ( ,john ( ,euba & ( ,pet] ,siculus1 0 also kn[n 9 ! ,we/1 & figures l>gely 9 works ( art2 z1 = example1 9 ! beautiful picture 9 ! ca!dral at ,augsburg1 by ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,eld]4 ,! ,greek ,brevi>y1 h[ev]1 %[s t !re 0 curr5t among ! p a /ill /rang] idea1 :i* x /rongly opposes1 i4e4 t ,m>y 0 born on ! sev5? mon? aft] h] conception1 & s 0 :at is call$ a sev5 mon?s' *ild4 ,! reason :y x is wor? :ile to allude "h to ?is w be pla9 lat] on4 ,we may m]ely po9t out h[ all ?is %[s ! unimportant "* ( ! fe/ival among ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 o!rwise 9 ! ,we/4#ebh ,"h ! fe/ival 9 "q makes its appe>ance on ! sc5e j z its developm5t 9 ! ,ea/ came to an end4 ,to ! t5tative attempts at ! introduction ( ?is fe/ival 9 mona/]ies1 & among ! inn] circles ( ! dev\t1 !re foll[$ its acceptance by sev]al dioceses1 n h[ev] )\t opposition4 ,! !oretical discussion ov] ! w>rant & significance ( ! fe/ival accompani$ ! e>ly in/ances ( its (ficial introduction4 ,^! discussions la/$ ?r\gh c5turies1 & 7 only br\ght to a conclusion 9 our own times4 ,9 attempt+ to trace out its introduction 9 detail1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we are treat+ ( :at 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance a fe/ival ( ! ,conception only1 n ( ! ,immaculate ,conception2 t x 0 n a public holy day ( obligation1 b only a religi\s commemoration conf9$ to ! f\r walls ( ! *ur*es2 &1 f9ally1 t :5 x 0 adopt$ by "s religi\s ord] or celebrat$ 9 "s mona/]y1 x does n foll[ t x 0 at ! same "t adopt$ by ! diocese or c\ntry :]e9 su* a mona/]y 0 situat$4 ,cle> & detail$ evid5ce = its introduction comes to u fir/ ( all f ,engl&4 ,! individuals :o m or less ex]t$ !mselves 9 ?is connection 7 a c]ta9 ,els9us or ,hels9us1 a monk ( ,/ ,augu/9e's1 ,cant]bury1 & lat] ,abbot ( ,ramsay 9 ! diocese ( ,w9*e/] 7#ajhj-ajhg71 ,/ ,anselm ( ,cant]bury & 8 nephew ( ! same "n1 ,osb]t de ,cl>e1 ,prior ( ,we/m9/]1 ,w>9us1 ,dean ( ,worce/]1 ,abbot ,hugh ( ,read+1 & f9ally1 ! hi/orian ,eadm]4#ebi ,fur!r p>ticul>s conc]n+ ^! p]sons w be f\nd 9 ! app5dix4#ecj ,we beg9 ) ! hi/ory ( ,els9us1 or ,hels9us4 ,he is n an imag9>y p]sonage1 b "o ^: /ory is hi/orically true4 ,he 0 monk at ,/ ,augu/9e's1 & !n ,abbot ( ,ramsay "u ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,a leg5d1 curr5t 9 ! middle ages 9 v>i\s =ms z ei!r a s]mon or a lett] ( ,anselm ! ,eld]1 /ates t he 0 s5t by ,william ) pres5ts to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 9 ord] to discov] if he contemplat$ an invasion ( ,engl&4 ,hav+ fulfill$ 8 embassy1 he 0 ov]tak5 on 8 return voyage by s sev]e a /orm t ! %ip seem$ ab\t to be da%$ 9 pieces4 ,z all 7 invok+ our ,bless$ ,lady 9 ?is mom5t ( p]il1 a =m array$ 9 episcopal ve/m5ts appe>$1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ,/ ,ni*olas1 ! patron ( sailors4 ,he address$ ,els9us by "n1 & promis$ him he w\ld be sav$1 if he 9 8 turn promis$ to celebrate ! fea/ ( our ,lady's ,conception annually on ! #h? ,decemb]1 & to exhort o!rs to celebrate x also4 ,els9us promis$1 & all 7 sav$4#eca ,?is leg5d>y n>rative 0 adopt$ =m]ly = ! lections 9 ! ,brevi>y1#ecb b m rec5tly x has be5 altoge!r discr$it$4 ,! le>n$ ,mauri/ ,g]b]on1 editor ( ,/ ,anselm's works1 9 p>ticul> has object$ to ?is n>rative on ! gr\nds t aft] ! battle ( ,ha/+s 9 #ajff1 ,william return$ to ,norm&y1 & ! l&+ ( ! ,danes foll[$ imm$iately4 ,g]b]on has ov]look$ ! fact t s9ce ,els9us und]took ?is j\rney z ,abbot1 n z a simple monk--:i* 9 itself w\ld h be5 highly improbable--x mu/ be plac$ betwe5 #ajhj & #ajhg1 n 9 #ajff4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ! /ory be a leg5d1 yet ?is mu* is true1 t ,els9us did introduce ! fea/ ( ! #h? ,decemb] into 8 mona/]y4#ecc ,t ,anselm ! ,y\ng] introduc$ x into 8 mona/]y at ,bury ,/ ,edmonds is prov$ by two lett]s1 dat+ f #aabh-bi1 ( ,osb]t de ,cl>e1 a zeal\s def5d] ( ! doctr9e4 ,he lam5ts t two bi%ops1 ,rog] ( ,salisbury & ,b]n>d ( ,/ ,davids1 h oppos$ ! introduction ( ! fea/4 ,!y _h ev5 held a ,synod1 & =bidd5 ! fea/ z an absurd novelty4 ,?is fact1 & also ! circum/ance t ,osb]t himself 9 a s]mon on ! #h? ,decemb] made no m5tion ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ,m>y f fe> ( ! oppon5ts1 z he himself says1 %[ h[ /rong ! opposition to bo? fea/ & doctr9e mu/ h be5 among ! ,anglo-,saxon secul> cl]gy ( t p]iod4#ecd ,f :at has be5 said x c be reg>d$ z hi/orically c]ta9 t ! fea/ ( ,m>y's ,conception 0 obs]v$ 9 _m ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies 9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! ye> #aabh--;9 ,ramsay1 ,bury ,/ ,edmonds1 ,read+1 ,worce/] & ,we/m9/]4#ece ,possibly also 9 "s o!rs1 b 9 no case 0 ! fea/ celebrat$ outside ! walls ( ! mona/]ies4#ecf ,x mu/ h enc\nt]$ opposition1 = important p]sonages1 bo? ecclesia/ical & secul>1 look$ ^u x ) disfav\r1 & x 0 /ill v f> f ga9+ ! support ( ! secul> cl]gy1 ( bi%ops & synods4 ,inde$ "o synod ( ! p]iod =bade ! fea/ altoge!r4 ,its adoption foll[$ only 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d ! ecclesia/ical & civil circum/ances ( ! times1 we are a/oni%$ to f9d h[ su* a novelty--= s ! fea/ is call$ 9 ! writ+s already quot$--c\ld h made its way to ,engl& fir/ ( all4 ,=1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 t c\ntry 0 torn by int]nal /rife1 & invad$ by =eign foes2 :ile ! national cl]gy1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( a contempor>y ,engli% hi/orian1 7 sunk 9 simony & worldl9ess4#ecg ,t is sc>cely ! atmosph]e suitable = ! inception ( a fea/ s intimately connect$ ) ! inn] religi\s life ( ! community4 ,= ?is "s impulse f )\t 0 requir$4 ,su* an impulse came indirectly f ! ,ea/ ?r\gh int]c\rse ) ,norm&y1 :5ce s _m le>n$ & zeal\s monks & cl]gy came to ,engl& aft] ! conque/4 ,! political1 or r dyna/ic1 connection ( ! c\ntry ) ,norm&y dates n only f ! battle ( ,ha/+s 9 #ajff1 b goes back to ! times ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ^: wife ,emma 0 a ,norman pr9cess4 ,! (ficial introduction ( ! fea/ ( our ,lady's ,conception 9 ,engl& only comm5c$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & only spread sl[ly4 ,! prov9cial ,synod ( ,ox=d 9 #abbb1 ,canon ,,viii41 refus$ to recognise x z a fea/ ( obligation1 al?\gh x e/abli%$ its private obs]vance4 ,! diocesan ,synod ( ,worce/] does n m5tion x 9 its li/ ( fe/ivals4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 celebrat$ at ,/ ,albans 9 #abbh1ech & ! diocesan ,synod ( ,exet] 9 #abhg =mally adopt$ x by a decree :i* naturally affect$ t diocese alone4 ,9 ,norm&y ! fea/1 ^: celebration f\nd 9 ,engl& prec>i\s tol]ation 9 ! retirem5t ( ! cloi/]1 0 already introduc$ by ! secul> cl]gy )\t enc\nt]+ any opposition4 ,?is is /at$ by ,osb]t himself :5 he rem>ks 9 8 lett] to ,anselm h[1 on ! o!r side ( ! *annel1 ! fea/ _h be5 solemnly kept by "s bi%ops4#eci ,if ^! words d n apply to ,norm&y1 we %\ld l to "k ( "s o!r c\ntry on ! ,cont95t :]e ! fea/ 0 !n obs]v$4 ,x is c]ta9 t x 0 kept at ,r\5 "u ,bi%op ,rotricus 7#aafe-aahc71 & plac$ on a level ) ! fea/ ( ! ,annunciation4#edj ,ow+ to ! law t1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,r\51 consi/+ ( six dioceses1 ! daught] *ur*es mu/ foll[ 9 _! ritual & ,brevi>y ! use ( ! metropolitan ,*ur*1 ?is fea/ w\ld soon be celebrat$ all ov] ,norm&y4#eda ,:5 ! ,corporation ( ,norman /ud5ts at ! ,p>is ,univ]sity *ose x z _! p>ticul> fe/ival1 x 0 n a m]e fancy on _! "p1 b mu/ h _h its orig9 9 ! ecclesia/ical obs]vances ( _! home4 ,/ill less mu/ ?is fact h be5 ! cause :y ! fea/ 9 ! middle ages w5t by ! "n ( ! 8,norman's fea/0 7fe/um nationis ,normannic74 ,?is "n c only h come into exi/5ce because ! fea/ _h be5 zeal\sly celebrat$ 9 ,norm&y = a long "t1 by all ! p1 be=e x 0 kept 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! ,we/4 ,h5ry ( ,gh5t1 a memb] ( ! ,sorbonne1 di/9ctly decl>es ?is to h be5 ! case4#edb ,! ,normans1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 ! orig9ators ( ! fea/4 ,d\btless !y got _! k ( x 9 ,l[] ,italy1 :]e x _h be5 obs]v$ = a long "t1 aft] !y _h begun to settle !re4 ,^? :o are unwill+ to adopt s rationali/ic an explanation ( ! matt]1 draw att5tion to ! fact t ! two ,anselms1 ! e>lie/ kn[n propagators ( ! fea/ 9 ,engl&1 7 n un9flu5c$ by o!r ,ea/]n =ms ( %[+ hon\r to our ,bless$ ,lady4 ,?is is %[n n only by ,anselm's hymns on ! ,"m ( ,god1 9 :i* ! refra91 ,ave sponsa insponsata1 has be5 adopt$ f ! s-call$ hymnus aca?i/us1 b also by an entry 9 an ,iri% ,cal5d> 7^u :i* too mu* /ress has rec5tly be5 laid71 9 :i* ,m>y's conception is put d[n on ! #crd ,may1 9 accordance ) ! ridicul\s ,greek leg5d1#edc t ,m>y 0 born sev5 mon?s aft] h] conception4 ,grant+ t ?is entry really belongs to ! n9? c5tury1 x is only evid5ce ( mona/ic le>n+1 b af=ds no pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ! fea/ 9 ,irel&4 ,x only %[s t ! writ] knew ( ! ,greek fable 9 "q1 & made use ( x = 8 ,cal5d>4 ,x may be ask$ if ! fea/ made its appe>ance 9 ! ,we/ fir/ ( all 9 ,norm&y1 & 9 ,engl&1 :i* s9ce #ajff _h be5 politically unit$ ) ,norm&y1 or _h be5 obs]v$ e>li] else:]e8 ,c\ld we believe ,passaglia1 x _h be5 celebrat$ already 9 ,spa9 9 ! sev5? c5tury4#edd ,if s1 x is impossible to ?9k x c\ld h disappe>$ lat] on )\t leav+ a trace beh9d4 ,! g5u9e ,moz>abic liturgy does n conta9 x1 & 9 ! olde/ ,spani% ,cal5d>s1 e4g4 t ( ,tol$o ( ! t5? c5tury1 publi%$ by ,mor9us1 x does n appe>4 ,! ,jesuit ,leslu1 :o wrote ! introduction to ! ,moz>abic liturgy1 admits c&idly t ! fea/ came into ,spa9 ?r\gh ,france4#ede ,! two reasons :i* ,passaglia gives = 8 op9ion are wor?less4 ,he relies ^u a spuri\s life ( ,/ ,isidore ( ,seville1 :i* conta9s lat] int]polations1 :ile ! g5u9e life writt5 by ,ildefons makes no m5tion ( x1 & ^u a passage 9 ! laws ( ! ,we/ ,go?s4 ,b ?is latt] passage has to be tak5 z ref]r+ to ! ,conception ( ,*ri/ by ,m>y 9 accordance ) ! t]m9ology !n 9 use4 ,:5 ! same au?or wi%es to make 8 read]s believe t ! fea/ exi/$ 9 ,cremona already 9 ! t5? c5tury1#edf x has to be borne 9 m9d t ,bi%op ,sic>dus ( ,cremona1#edg 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 /rongly oppos$ its introduction !re4 ,x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ! fea/ ( our ,lady's conception 0 introduc$ into ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies ( ,engl& by ! two ,anselms at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 reg>d ,engl& z especially ! home ( ! fea/ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 = bo? ,/ ,anselm & 8 nephew _h receiv$ _! tra9+ 9 ,norm&y1 :i* 0 _! second home4 ,f !nce !y pass$ 9 lat] middle life to ,engl&1 = ,william lik$ to fill ! *ief spiritual po/s 9 ,engl& ) =eign]s4 ,:5 ! au?or ( ! tract ,de ,conceptione ,b4,m4,v4 lam5ts t ! fea/ met ) mu* opposition bo? f cl]gy & laity1 8 compla9ts 7 well gr\nd$1 = ! names ( a numb] ( fam\s m5 are kn[n to u at ! pres5t day z hav+ /rongly oppos$ bo? ! fea/ & ! doctr9e :i* und]lay x4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y 7 m5 ( importance4 ,we c "n ,rog] ( ,/ ,albans1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 & ,b]n>d1 ,bi%op ( ,/ ,davids 7 #aadg74 ,! =m] 0 m9i/] & advis] ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! latt] *apla9 to ,que5 ,matilda4 ,9 ,france ! mo/ fam\s oppon5t ( ! fea/ 0 ,/ ,b]n>d1 ! celebrat$ prea*] ,maurice de ,sully 7 #aaif71 ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 & ,pet] ( ,celle1 ,abbot ( ,m\ti]-la-,celle1 f #aaha ,bi%op ( ,*>tres4#edh ,x is especially rem>kable t ! greate/ liturgi/s ( ! middle ages1 ,bele?1 ,sic>dus ( ,cremona1 & ,dur&us ( ,m5de1 all oppos$ ! fea/4#edi ,9 ,g]many1 ! monk ,po?o ( ,prm may be nam$1 al?\gh 8 views are obscure4 ,! conduct ( ,/ ,b]n>d mu/ be m closely exam9$4 ,! opportunity ( express+ 8 views 0 furni%$ by ! circum/ance t ! ,canons ( ,lyons comm5c$1 ab\t #aadj1 to celebrate ! fea/ ( our ,lady's conception1 )\t hav+ obta9$ ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,see = ?is 8novelty40 ,accord+ to ! !n exi/+ /ate ( canon law1 ! bi%ops _h ! "r ( arrang+ by !mselves ! fe/ivals to be celebrat$ )9 _! respective dioceses4 ,b ,/ ,b]n>d 9 8 lett] to ! ,canons makes no m5tion ( ! bi%op4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! lett] 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,lyons 0 )\t any recognis$ head1 & :5 ,/ ,b]n>d 0 ex]t+ himself ) ! ,pope to obta9 ! confirmation ( ,fulco1 ! bi%op elect4#eej ,x may well h be5 t 9 ?is matt] ! canons act$ despotically4 ,/ ,b]n>d1 h[ev]1 does n br+ ?is *>ge =mally aga9/ !m 9 8 lett]1 b lays all ! /ress ^u objections to ! inn] significance ( ! fea/4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 he says1#eea to celebrate ! day ( our ,lady's bir?1 because %e1 l ,j]emias & ,john ! ,bapti/1 _h be5 sanctifi$ be=e bir? 7fuit ante sancta quam nata74 ,m>y c\ld n be holy be=e %e exi/$1 b h] exi/5ce began at h] conception & t 0 n free f concupisc5ce4 ,if h] conception 0 to be reg>d$ z holy1 "o mu/ logically hold t h] p>5ts 7 already holy also4 ,*ri/ our ,"l 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & consequ5tly ,8 conception 0 holy & a fea/ ( ! ,*ur* 7,annuntiatio74 ,be=e tak+ any /eps 9 ! matt]1 ,/ ,b]n>d concludes1 ! ,apo/olic ,see ought to h be5 consult$1 to ^: au?ority he commits ! matt]4 ,! ,roman ,*ur*1 to :i* he appeal$1 01 h[ev]1 9 no hurry4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s _h to pass be=e %e 9 any degree broke ?r\gh h] res]ve on ?is "q4 ,! effect ( ?is lett] is n kn[n1 b !re is no d\bt t dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ! fea/ made /eady progress 9 ,france4 ,un=tunately we possess only a few data to illu/rate its developm5t1 = ! inve/igation into ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( special localities requires to be m ext5sively tak5 9 h&4 ,9 ,r\51 ! capital ( ,norm&y1 x 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ at t p]iod1 z we h already se54 ,next1 its obs]vance is prescrib$ by ! /atutes ( ,le ,mans1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,t\rs1 9 #abdg4eeb ,9 ,rheims x appe>s betwe5 #abfa-abga4 ,a m important fact is t ! ,g5]al ,*apt] ( ! ,franciscans1 held at ,pisa 9 #abfc1 decre$ t ! fea/ %\ld be celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ord]4#eec ,al?\gh x did n atta9 to ! rank ( a fea/ ( obligation = cl]gy & p1 yet x became kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & especially at ! papal ,c\rt at ,avignon1 :]e ,franciscan influ5ce 0 /rong4 ,f9ally ! /&po9t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ) reg>d to ?is fea/ is be/ summ$ up 9 ! words ( ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 8,al?\gh ! ,roman ,*ur* does n celebrate x1 %e all[s o!r ,*ur*es to d s10#eed & 9 ^? ( ,/ ,bonav5ture :o ju/ifies ! keep+ ( a fe/ival on ! day ( our ,lady's conception4#eee ,accord+ly ! numb] ( dioceses & prov9ces )9 :i* x 0 celebrat$ 0 con/antly on ! increase2 = ! f\rte5? c5tury we h ,cant]bury #acbh2 ,treves betwe5 #acch & #acdc2eef ,pad]born #acdc2 ,mn/] #acej2eeg ,utre*t #acej2 ,brix5 #acii1 :ile o!r diocesan synods1 e4g4 ,prague 9 #acee1 did n yet adopt x4 ,:5 x is ass]t$ t ! fea/ _h be5 introduc$ at ,lige "u ,bi%op ,alb]o ,,ii4 7 #aade71 x mu/ be urg$ on ! o!r side t ! li/ ( fea/s drawn up by ! diocesan synod ( ,lige 9 #abhg makes no m5tion ( x4#eeh ,! synod ( ,cologne ( #acjh does n m5tion x ei!r1 al?\gh x is conta9$ 9 ! ,cologne ,cal5d> ( ! same c5tury4 ,= ,ma9z we h ! fact t ?is fea/ is employ$ = dat+ a decree ( ! ye> #acah4eei ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury1 ! fea/ obta9$ (ficial recognition only 9 #acbh1 i4e4 two hundr$ & n9ete5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ^? :o _h fir/ ex]t$ !mselves 9 its fav\r4#efj ,z f> z ,canon law & ! liturgy are conc]n$1 ! fea/ ( ! ,conceptio ,b4,m4,v4 rema9$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury z incomplete z x _h be5 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5?4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ea* bi%op _h !n ! "r ( appo9t+ ! fe/ivals = 8 own diocese1 b ?is "r 0 always re/rict$ to ! appo9tm5t ( ^? fe/ivals already recognis$ & p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur* univ]sal :i* he desir$ %\ld be obs]v$ )9 8 own diocese--z1 = example1 :e!r ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e %\ld be kept z a holiday or n4 ,b 9 ?is case x 0 n a "q ( a fea/ already recognis$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & its oppon5ts c\ld always object ) reason3 ,non e/ au!nticum4 ,important if n decisive /eps 7 at l5g? tak5 by ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! doctr9e1 :i* _h be5 def9$ & =mulat$ by ,duns ,scotus 0 s widely accept$1 except among ! ,dom9icans1 & enjoy$ s mu* popul>ity among ! p1 :o viol5tly took sides on ! "q1 t x 0 possible = ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel 7:i* began by be+ ecum5ical1 b became s*ismatical aft] its qu>rel ) ! pope71 to /ate 9 its ?irty-six? session1 on ! #ag? ,septemb] #adci1 9 answ] to ! petition ( ! !ological faculty ( ,p>is1 t ! doctr9e t ,m>y by a special gift ( grace _h nev] be5 subject to orig9al s9 0 8pi\s & agreeable to ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 & ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,scripture40 ,! ,c\ncil =bade ! contr>y doctr9e to be taught4 ,at ! same "t x r5ew$ ! decree 9 reg>d to ! fea/ ( 8h] ,holy conception1 :i* 0 kept on ! #h? ,decemb] bo? by ! ,roman ,*ur* & by o!rs40#efa ,grant+ t ! ,c\ncil 0 ecum5ical1 all circum/ances connect$ ) ! fea/1 ) reg>d to bo? doctr9e & ritual1 7 n[ =mally settl$4 ,?is decree 0 n )\t effect1 z soon appe>$ f ! fact t 9 ! ,ma9z ,brevi>y ( #aejg ! lections = ! second nocturn ( ! fea/ are drawn f x4 ,x also c]ta9ly influ5c$ ! fur!r spread ( ! fea/1 z soon appe>$ f its be+ expressly au?oriz$ & receiv$ by a prov9cial synod at ,avignon1 held "u ! presid5cy ( a papal legate 9 #adeg4efb ,al?\gh ! fa!rs ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel 7 ( op9ion t ! fea/ 0 celebrat$ by ! ,roman ,*ur* on ! #h? ,decemb]1 ?is 0 only p>tially correct4 ,! fact is t at ,avignon1 ) ! full k ( ! ,papal ,c\rt1 x _h be5 already celebrat$ )\t meet+ ) any opposition f ! au?orities4 ,s1 too1 9 ,rome x _h be5 celebrat$ by religi\s 9 ! *ur*es ( _! mona/]ies4 ,x c well h be5 t ,alv>us ,pelagius 7 #acdj71 z we are in=m$1 prea*$ on ?is day 9 ,rome2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove t ! diocese ( ,rome1 or ! ,papal ,c\rt1 _h adopt$ ! fea/ at t date1 = t1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to include ! day 9 "q 9 ! ,cal5d> & treat x z a fe/ival 9 ! ,missal & ,brevi>y4 ,& s x w\ld appe> t x 0 kept z a purely ecclesia/ical holy day1 & n z yet z a public (ficial holiday ) re/ f s]vile "w4 ,nev]!less !re 7 ^? at ,basel :o ma9ta9$ x 0 a fe/ival ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! ,franciscan ord]1 z has be5 already said1 add$ our ,lady's conception to ! numb] ( ! fea/s obs]v$ by !mselves4 ,!y celebrat$ x ev]y:]e :]e !y _h a *ur* ( _! own1 & also 9 ,avignon & ,rome dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! popes4 ,o!r ord]s foll[$ _! example--namely1 ! ,b5$ict9es1 ,ci/]cians1 ,c>melites1 all ( :i* _h h\ses 9 ,rome1#efc & s1 s9ce !re 7 _m *ur*es belong+ to ^! ord]s 9 ,rome1 x might well seem z if ! ,roman ,*ur* h]self kept ! fe/ival1 all ! m s9ce ! popes knew ( x & tol]at$ ! practice4 ,9 ,sixtus ,,iv4 7#adga-adhd71 a ,franciscan asc5d$ ! ,papal ?rone1 & he x 0 :o f9ally took ! decisive /ep 9 ! direction ( recognition in/ead ( tol]ation4 ,on ! #bg? ,febru>y #adggefd he publi%$ ! ,con/itution 8,cum pr excelsa10 9 :i* he grant$ indulg5ces on ! fea/4 ,9 p>ticul> he grant$ to all ^? :o on ?is day recit$ ! (fice compos$ by ! ,papal not>y1 ,leon>do ,nog>oli ( ,v]ona1 & assi/$ at ,mass & ! canonical h\rs1 ! same indulg5ces :i* 8 pr$ecessors grant$ = ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,9 ?is way ! fea/ 0 adopt$ into ! diocese ( ,rome1 & made its way into ! ,cal5d>1 ,brevi>y & ,missal1 b only z a purely ecclesia/ical fea/4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ t no advance 0 made 9 ! doctr9e conc]n$1 = ! pope 9 8 decree speaks ( a ,conceptio immaculat1 or1 z he expresses himself 9 ano!r place1 prlibat virg9is1 n ( an immaculata conceptio4 ,?is 0 n ! only (ficial act ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 9 fav\r ( ! fea/4 ,9 #adgi he built a *apel 9 old ,/ ,pet]'s1 :i* he d$icat$ & end[$ 9 hon\r ( our ,lady's conception & 9 hon\r ( ! ,franciscan sa9ts1 ,francis ( ,assisi & ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,9 #adhc1 h[ev]1 he 0 compell$ to =bid1 by a special con/itution1 ! support]s & oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,m>y's exemption f orig9al s9 to call ea* o!r h]etics4 ,?is proves t ! /rife betwe5 ! two p>ties _h !n wax$ w>m4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many !re 7 bitt] cont5tions conc]n+ ! po9t 9 "q 9 ,frankfurt1 ,m>burg1 ,heidelb]g1 & at ,b]n 9 ,switz]l&4 ,by ! decree ( ,sixtus ,,iv41 9 #adgg1 ! (fice = ! fea/ 0 f9ally prescrib$ = ! diocese ( ,rome z a duplex1 b n = o!r dioceses2 ^! 7 free z be=e to adopt x or n4 ,clem5t ,,viii4 rais$ x to a duplex majus4 ,clem5t ,,ix41 add$ an octave1 & ,clem5t ,,xi41 by a decree ( #f? ,decemb] #agjh1 prescrib$ x = ! :ole ,*ur*4#efe ,x _h already be5 obs]v$ 9 ,spa9 z a regul> holy day ( obligation1 = ,philip ,,iv4 petition$ ,innoc5t ,x4 = x & ! pope _h grant$ 8 reque/ 9 a con/itution ( #aj? ,novemb] #afdd4eff ,x 0 only 9 #ahed t x became1 ?r\gh ! zeal ( ,pius ,,ix41 a holy day ( obligation = ! :ole ,ca?olic _w4 ,! /eps 9 reg>d to ?is fea/ tak5 by ,rome 71 z we h se51 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,) reg>d to ! significance ( ! fea/1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! decl>ation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 a policy ( delay & laissez-faire 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! fea/ rema9$ a simple fe/um conceptionis1 & ! idea ( ! immaculata conceptio did n receive outw>d expression1 except t ,paul ,v4 p]mitt$ ! recitation on all free ,saturdays ( an (ficium conceptionis ,b4,m4,v41 9 :i* ! invitatorium is1 8,immaculatam conceptionem ,m>i virg9is celebremus40 ,pius ,,ix4 _h a new (fice drawn up :i* he prescrib$ = use on ! #be? ,septemb] #ahfc1 9 :i* ! idea conta9$ 9 ! invitatorium is express$ beyond all d\bt4 ,hymns express+ ! same idea 7 ins]t$1 & ! bull 8,ineffabilis0 0 drawn ^u = "s ( ! lections1 :ile = o!rs ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to ! homilies ( ! lat] ,greek writ]s4 ,! pope's lett] elevat+ ! fea/ to ! rank ( a holy day ( obligation = all ,*ri/5dom receiv$ an en?usia/ic reception ev]y:]e4 ,! rank ( ! fea/ 0 n increas$4 ,x 0 only by ,leo ,,xiii4 t x 0 plac$ on an equality ) ! ?ree *ief fe/ivals ( ! ye>4 ,9 trac+ out ! long process ( developm5t by :i* ?is fea/ pass$ f ,byzantium by ,l[] ,italy to ,norm&y & ,engl&1 & f !nce ?r\gh\t ! entire ,we/1 our att5tion has be5 drawn especially to ! conduct ( ! ,roman ,see4 ,passaglia endeav\rs by e means to magnify ! "p x play$1 & to date its int]v5tion z f> back z possible4 ,/ill he is f9ally oblig$ to own t ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 n ! fir/ to pay a special cultus to ! ,"m ( ,god z conceiv$ )\t orig9al s94 ,b1 he adds1 %e has done ev]y?+ dur+ ! space ( five hundr$ ye>s#efg = ! glorification ( ?is fea/ & = ! spread ( ! doctr9e :i* =ms its basis4 ,x is difficult to see :at is ga9$ by magnify+ ! "p ( ! ,roman ,see at ! co/ ( hi/orical tru?4 ,o!rs reg>d ) satisfaction ! fact t ,rome 9 no way press$ matt]s =w>ds4 ,9 a "q s mu* debat$1 ,rome c\ld n h adopt$ a bett] c\rse ?an to wait until ! conviction ( all ,*ri/5dom1 9 s f> z x 0 int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 _h arriv$ at maturity4 ,! ,immaculate ,conception _h be5 ! dom9ant doctr9e = a long p]iod1 & want$ no?+ b ! =mal approbation ( ! tea*+ *ur*4 #f4 ,! ,less] ,fea/s ( ,our ,lady ,:ile ! numb] ( less] fea/s ( our ,lady accord+ to ! exi/+ ,roman rite is v consid]able1 yet only a few ( !m come mu* be=e ! public1 & ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ ( !m af=ds no po9ts ( g5]al int]e/4 ,we %all !re=e conf9e ourselves to ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,"n ( ,m>y owes its orig9 to ! devotion ( ! fai?ful1 & 0 fir/ au?oris$ by ! ,apo/olic ,see = ! diocese ( ,cu5a1 9 ,spa91 9 #aeac4 ,x 0 aboli%$ by ,pius ,v41 b re-e/abli%$ by ,sixtus ,v41 & f9ally prescrib$ by ,innoc5t ,,xi4 to be obs]v$ by ! :ole ,*ur* on ! ,sunday aft] ! ,nativity ( our ,lady4 ,?is 0 done 9 #afhc1 on ! occasion ( ! deliv]ance ( ,vi5na f ! ,turks4#efh ,m>ia1 or ,miriam1 is ! ,greek =m ( ,miryam1 a "n ov] ! etymology ( :i* _m op9ions 7 held 9 antiquity4 ,eusebius expla9s x to mean 8illum9atrix una vel illum9ans eos1 aut smyrna m>is vel /ella m>is40#efi ,/ ,pet] ,*rysologus & ,/ ,john ,damasc5e d]ive x f ! ,syrian m> 7fem99e m>?a71 lady1 :i* appe>s also 9 ! ,roman brevi>y along ) ! o!r explanation1 8/ella m>is40 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ?is 0 ! usual1 & ev5 yet is ! fav\rite1 explanation4 ,o4 ,b>d5hew] ma9ta9s t ! only d]ivation p]missible is f 1 fat or /\t1 9 ! s5se ( ! impos+ or /ately "o4 ,^? to :om ,b>d5hew]'s d]ivation does n comm5d itself w be glad to he> t ,pr(essor ,macke has _h ! happy ?\ght to ref] back to ! fir/ be>] ( ! "n1 ,miryam1 ! si/] ( ,moses1 & to d]ive ! names ( bo? bro!r & si/] f ! ,egyptian4 ,9 ,egyptian x w\ld be3 ,m]i jom1 :i* w\ld be equival5t to ,fri5d ( ,wat]1 or ,bride ( ! ,sea1 & s approa*es m to ! mean+ ( ,/ella ,m>is4 #b4 ,! ,pres5tation ( our ,lady 9 ! ,temple#egj 7,prs5tatio ,b4,m4,v41 #ba/ ,novemb]74 ,! /ory t ,m>y at ! age ( ?ree ye>s 0 br\ght by h] p>5ts to ! temple 9 fulfilm5t ( _! v[1 !re to be educat$1 appe>s only 9 apocryphal writ+s1#ega b x fell 9 s completely ) ! ideas ( religi\s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times 9 ,ea/ & ,we/1 t x 0 n long be=e x ass]t$ its influ5ce on ! cycle ( our ,lady's ,fea/s4 ,! commemoration appe>s (ficially = ! fir/ "t 9 ! con/itution ( ,manuel ,comn5us1 publi%$ 9 #aaff1 z a fully recognis$ fe/ival on :i* ! law c\rts did n sit4 ,! date is ! same z at ! pres5t day4#egb ,! fea/ 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/ by a ,fr5* nobleman1 ,philip de ,maizires1 :o sp5t "s "t at ! ,c\rt ( ,gregory ,,xi4 at ,avignon 9 #acga z repres5tative ( ! ,k+ ( ,cyprus4 ,he repres5t$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! day 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,ea/ 9 su* a way z to move ,gregory to orda9 x z "o ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,x soon made its way 9 o!r places also--9 ,nav>re 9 #acgd1 9 ,treves 9 #acha1 9 ,metz 9 #adbj1 9 ,cologne & else:]e4 ,9 ,rome x 0 introduc$ by ,sixtus ,,iv41 & an (fice = x 0 add$ to ! ,roman brevi>y )\t its recitation be+ impos$ 7int] fe/a ad libitum & pro quibusdam locis74 ,x 0 only ,sixtus ,v4 :o1 9 #aehe1 orda9$ x = ! :ole ,*ur* aft] x _h be5 = a "t suppress$ by ,pius ,v4 ,! orig9al (fice 0 alt]$ "u ,clem5t ,,viii4 ,al?\gh ! fea/ at fir/ 0 reg>d$ z unimportant1 x atta9$ 9 ,prussia to ! rank ( a fea/ 9 =o1 & ?is 9 an unexpect$ way1 9 #ahic4 ,x falls 9 ,prussia on ! ?ird ,w$nesday 9 ,novemb]1 & occupies a position midway betwe5 ! movable & immovable fea/s4 #c4 ,! ,visitation 7,visitatio ,b4,m4,v47 0 =m]ly includ$ among ! less] fea/s ( our ,lady1 al?\gh ! mo/ prom95t & popul> ( !m4 ,at ! pres5t day x has a high] rank 7duplex ,,ii4 cl471 &1 9 c]ta9 localities1 x has an octave4 ,x us$ to be kept z an entire holiday4 ,x is n only gr\nd$ ^u ,scripture1 b ! ev5t x commemorates is "o ( ! mo/ important relat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! sanctification ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 8 "m's womb1 & because ( its be+ ! occasion on :i* ! ,magnificat 0 fir/ utt]$4 ,nev]!less ?is fea/ does n exi/ among ! ,greeks1 b1 on ! #bnd ,july1 !y celebrate ! translation ( ! ,holy ,virg9's g>m5t 9 ! *ur* ( ! suburb ( ,con/ant9ople call$ ,bla*]n1 :i* took place "u ! ,emp]or ,leo ,i4 9 #dfi4egc ,! e>lie/ traces ( ! fea/ are f\nd 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y appe> 9 diff]5t localities at ab\t ! same date1 :i* may be due to ! fact t ! newly f\nd$ ord] ( ! ,franciscans _h adopt$ ! fea/ & promot$ its celebration4 ,x appe>s among ! ,franciscans z e>ly z #abfc1 & receiv$ (ficial recognition dur+ ! great s*ism f ,urban ,,vi41 & ,boniface ,,ix4 9 #achi4 ,aft] ! s*ism 0 heal$1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel 0 compell$ 9 its =ty-?ird session1 on #a/ ,july #adda1 to issue a decree au?oris+ ! fea/1 & grant+ indulg5ces to ^? :o assi/$ at div9e s]vice on ! day4 ,!y felt oblig$ to adopt ?is measure1 ! fea/ n hav+ be5 adopt$ )9 ! ob$i5ce ( ! anti-pope4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ :y ! #bnd ,july 0 *os5 = ?is fea/1 & "o mu/ ne$s h rec\rse to surmise4 ,!re seem to be indications t x is connect$ ) ! date ( ! ,annunciation on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! octave ( :i* x imm$iately foll[s4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z probable t ,m>y _h *os5 ! "t ( ,elizabe?'s conf9em5t = h] visit1 & _h rema9$ "s "t ) h] aft]w>ds4#egd ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! real reason 0 t ! ,greek ,*ur* _h already = "s "t kept ?is fe/ival ( our ,lady on ! #bnd ,july4 ,! fea/ 01 moreov]1 kept on diff]5t days 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ,p>is1 = example1 x 0 kept on ! #bg? ,june2 ,ar*bi%op ,john ,,ii4 ( ,prague1 :o introduc$ x into 8 prov9ce 9 #ache1 plac$ x on ! #bh? ,april4 ,its prop] place1 if ! ma9 idea ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> 7 c>ri$ out1 w\ld be 9 ,adv5t4 #d4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,holy ,ros>y 7,sollemnitas ,,ss4 ,ros>ii ,b4,m4,v474 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury we f9d x _h become usual to use ! angelic salutation 7,/ ,luke i4 #bh71 along ) ! salutation ( ,elizabe? 7,/ ,luke i4 #da71 z a pray]4 ,?is pray] 0 au?oris$ & impos$ by _m c\ncils4 ,we h evid5ce to ?is effect f a synod ( ,p>is "u ,bi%op ,odo de ,sully 7#aaif-abjh71ege &1 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+1 f ! synods ( ,orleans1 ,durham 7#abag71 ,treves 7#abcg71 & else:]e4#egf ,! new pray] 0 jo9$ to ! 8,our ,fa!r0 9 su* a way t t5 8,hail ,m>ys0 7 recit$ aft] "o 8,our ,fa!r0 fifte5 times1 ea* pray] be+ c\nt$ on a /r+ ( beads4 ,! orig9ator ( ?is =m ( pray]1 call$ ! ,ros>y1 is g5]ally1 b )\t f\ndation1 consid]$ to h be5 ,/ ,dom9ic4 ,! cu/om ( us+ a /r+ ( beads on :i* to c\nt a /at$ numb] ( pray]s _h already be5 9 exi/5ce = a long "t1 & only became g5]al :5 ! cu/om grew up ( recit+ "o hundr$ & fifty 8,hail ,m>ys0 to correspond to ! numb] ( ! psalms4 ,?is 0 call$ ! 8,m>y ,psalt]10 ! ,ros>y1 or ! 8,psalt] ( ! ,laity40#egg ,:5 ?is =m ( pray] took %ape is n exactly kn[n1 b x has q rec5tly be5 ma9ta9$ t ,/ ,dom9ic did n orig9ate x1 z is (t5 affirm$4 ,8 biograph] & o!r contempor>ies d n ascribe ! inv5tion ( ! ros>y to him4 ,x is only at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury t a ,dom9ican1 ,alanus de ,rupe 7de la ,ro*e71 produc$ ?is /ory1#egh :i* un=tunately has f\nd its way into ! brevi>y4 ,a notable improvem5t 0 made 9 ?is devotion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 by add+ aft] ! "n ,jesus 9 ea* ,hail ,m>y ! m5tion ( "s ev5t 9 ! lives ( ,jesus & ,m>y be>+ on ! "w ( salvation1 beg9n+ ) ! message ( ! angel & conclud+ ) ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! ,assumption4 ,among ^!1 ! five po9ts tak5 f ! ,passion ( ,*ri/--! s-call$ 8sorr[ful ,my/]ies0--=m ! c5tre1 & ?us ! entire ros>y n[ falls into ?ree p>ts1 ea* complete 9 itself4#egi ,by ?is means ! devotion ga9$ a m def9ite mean+4 ,! m]e recitation ( ! pray]s is closely connect$ ) m$itation1 & ea* my/]y has m or less ref]5ce to "s fea/ ( our ,"l or ( our ,lady1 & s is br\ght into relation ) ! diff]5t liturgical seasons4 ,x c ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t be connect$ ) ! :ole cycle ( fe/ivals ( :i* inde$ x 0 a sort ( summ>y4 ,9 its complet$ =m ! ,ros>y became ! fav\rite devotion ( all1 high & l[1 cl]ical & lay1 & a special confrat]nity1 fav\r$ by ! popes & end[$ ) indulg5ces1 0 =m$ = its spread & enc\ragem5t4#ehj ,! ,ros>y 0 a s\rce ( innum]able graces n only to individual believ]s1 b ev5 ,*ri/5dom z a :ole _h rec\rse to its assi/ance 9 times ( g5]al di/ress & dang]1 especially :5 press$ by ! ,turks4 ,rem>kable answ]s to pray]1 among :i* 0 numb]$ ! victory ( ,lepanto 7#g? ,octob] #aega71 fir/ mov$ ,pius ,v4 to in/itute a fea/ 9 ?anksgiv+4 ,gregory ,,xiii4 gave /ability to ?is fea/ by ord]+ 9 #aegc t 9 e *ur* possess+ a *apel1 or at lea/ an alt> ( ! ,ros>y1 x %\ld be celebrat$ z 8! ,fea/ ( ! ,holy ,ros>y0 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,octob]4 ,clem5t ,x4 grant$ ! fea/ to ! :ole ( ,spa9 )\t ?is proviso4 ,clem5t ,,xi4 ext5d$ ! fea/ to all ,*ri/5dom 9 consequ5ce ( ! victory ga9$ at ,pet]w>de9 by ,pr9ce ,eug5e on ! #e? ,augu/ #agaf4eha ,a commemoration mu* belov$ by ! p1 is t ( ! ,sev5 ,dolors ( ,our ,bless$ ,lady1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z a fe/ival 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x takes place on ! ,friday aft] ,passion ,sunday4 ,its introduction 0 prep>$ by ! ascetic lit]ature ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 :i* also its roots are to be s\ght4 ,! pi\s monk ,eadm] 9 8 treatise 8,on ! ,excell5cies ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y0 *apt] v4 7see ,app4 x41 page #ddf7 deals ) ! %>e tak5 by ,our ,lady 9 ! suff]+s ( h] ,son4 ,! writ+ ( an unkn[n au?or 7,de ,passione ,*ri/i et ,doloribus et ,planctibus ,matris ,ejus1 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clii471 attribut$ to ,/ ,b]n>d1 :ile full ( deep piety1 is yet r effem9ate & s5tim5tal4 ,! ?ird treatise belong+ to ?is subject is compos$ by ,amadeus1 a disciple ( ,/ ,b]n>d1 ,abbot & aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,lausanne 7 #aaei71 ^: fif? homily is entitl$ ,de ,m5tis ,dolore et ,m>tyrio ,b4,m4,v4 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxxxviii41 #acbe-acca74 ,he deals ) ,our ,lady's %>e 9 h] ,son's suff]+s 9 a m]ely g5]al way & 9 outl9e4 ,at a lat] date1 ! matt] 0 treat$ 9 m detail & ) additions1 s t ! ,sev5 ,dolors ( ,our ,lady 7 ! result4 ,9 ?is =m1 ! matt] 0 tak5 up by ! ,s]vites1 ^: ord] came into exi/5ce 9 #abdj1 & to :om ,innoc5t ,,ix4 9 #afhh grant$ a second fea/ ( ! same "n to be celebrat$ out ( ,l5t on ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,septemb]4 #g4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,joseph4#ehb ,! ,cultus ( ,,ss4 ,joa*im & ,anne ,dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ur*'s exi/5ce x 0 only ! m>tyrs :o1 z we h said1 enjoy$ religi\s v5]ation4 ,x 0 probably ow+ to ?is cu/om t no cultus 0 paid ev5 to ^? p]sonages :o _h be5 closely relat$ to our ,"l dur+ ,8 e>?ly life4 ,/ ,joseph1 our ,"l's fo/]-fa!r1 is a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is law4 ,al?\gh m5tion$ z a 8j0 man 9 ,holy ,scripture1 & ! object ( occasional eulogies 9 patri/ic lit]ature1 he receiv$ univ]sal public v5]ation only at a late date4 ,:ile we possess mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! tombs ( ! ,apo/les1 & :ile ev5 ! graves ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets h frequ5tly _h att5tion drawn to !m1 tradition has no?+ to report conc]n+ ! dea?1 burial1 & relics ( ,/ ,joseph4 ,! e>lie/ traces ( a direct cultus appe>s 9 "o ( ! ,coptic cal5d>s#ehc publi%$ by ,seld5ius4 ,9 ?is 8,joseph ! ,c>p5t]0 is ent]$ on ! #bj? ,july1 z also 9 ! some:at lat] ,synax>ium 9 ,mai1#ehd :i* at late/ may belong to ! n9? c5tury4 ,! date1 #bj? ,july1 _h no influ5ce ^u o!r *ur*es4 ,! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople does n conta9 ,/ ,joseph's "n1 & ev5 ! ,basilianum only m5tions him by ! way on ! #be? ,decemb]1 9 ! =m ( a commemoration4 ,aft] ! ,nativity ( our ,"l1 ! ,magi are fir/ m5tion$1 & !n ,/ ,joseph z sp\se & protector ( ! ,holy ,virg9 7 74 ,he has no special day ( 8 own4 ,9 ! ,we/1 an ,antio*5e m>tyr call$ ,joseph1 o!rwise unkn[n1 appe>s 9 ! s-call$ m>tyrology ( ,/ ,j]ome on ! #bj? ,m>*4#ehe ,?is _c ref] to ! fo/]-fa!r ( ,*ri/ on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( ,antio* & ! abs5ce ( any indication ( ! sa9t's condition1 al?\gh ?is trans=mation has tak5 place 9 "s m>tyrologies4 ,) ! unmi/akeable title ( fo/]-fa!r ( our ,"l 7nutritor ,dom9i71 ,/ ,joseph appe>s fir/ 9 ! m>tyrologies ( ! t5? c5tury1 z 9 "o belong+ to ,fulda#ehf & 9 o!rs4 ,z ^! are ( private orig91 & ( m]ely local importance1 x _c be said t ! cultus ( ,/ ,joseph _h !re=e become univ]sal4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ,middle ,ages x rema9$ r a private devotion1 al?\gh num]\s traces ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ,/ ,joseph 0 held1 & ev5 ( ext]nal v5]ation paid to him by individuals are to be f\nd4#ehg ,x 0 ?r\gh ! private devotion ( _m important or holy memb]s ( ! ,*ur* t ! public cultus ( ,/ ,joseph came into exi/5ce4 ,among ^! may be nam$ ,/ ,b]n>d1 ,/ ,g]trude1 ,/ ,brigid ( ,sw$51 & ,/ ,v9c5t ,f]r]4 ,among ! mo/ en?usia/ic & influ5tial 9 ?is respect 0 ! ,*ancellor ,john ,g]son1 foll[+ ! lead ( 8 ma/] ,pet] d',ailly1 &1 at a lat] date1 ! ,abbot ,tri!mius4 ,9 #adjj1 ,g]son compos$ an (fice 9 hon\r ( ! ,esp\sals ( ,joseph ) ,m>y1 & urg$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance to take /eps = ! spread ( ! devotion4 ,! way _h be5 already prep>$ by ! ,franciscans1 especially ,/ ,b]n>d9e ( ,si5a1 & ,b]n>d9e de ,bu/is1 :o %[$ great zeal = ! wor%ip ( ,/ ,joseph4#ehh ,^! attempts result$ 9 ! approval giv5 to ! cultus by ,sixtus ,,iv41#ehi :o ins]t$ ,/ ,joseph's day 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y z a fea/ ) "o lection 7fe/um simplex74 ,"u ,clem5t ,,xi4 x 0 *ang$ into a fea/ ) n9e lections4 ,accord+ly1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 ! #ai? ,m>* began to be kept z ,/ ,joseph's day 9 ! ,missals & ,brevi>ies ( _m religi\s ord]s1 i4e41 ! ,c>melites1 ,h]mits ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 ,premon/rat5sians1 ,dom9icans1 ,knights ( ,/ ,john2 ^! 7 foll[$ by ! ,b5$ict9es & ,jesuits1 :ile ! s]vice-books ( ! ,c>?usians1 ,camaldules1 ,ci/]cians & ,cluniacs ( ! same p]iod rema9$ )\t x4#eij ,ow+ to ! fact t lat] on1 sev]al royal p]sonages su* z ! ,emp]ors ,f]d9& ,,iii4 & ,leopold ,i4 ( ! ,h\se ( ,habsburg1 & ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 7 devot$ to ! cultus ( ,/ ,joseph1 ,gregory ,,xv4 rais$ 8 fe/ival to ! rank ( a fe/ival ( obligation 9 #afba4 ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 ins]t$ 8 "n into ! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ,pius ,,ix41 on ! #h? ,decemb] #ahgj1 conf]r$ ^u him ! (fice ( ,patron ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ! p>5ts ( ,our ,lady enjoy$ a religi\s cultus f a comp>atively e>ly date1 al?\gh all t 0 kn[n ( !m 0 d]iv$ f ! apocryphal ,proto-evangelium ( ,james4 ,joa*im & ,anne already _h _! own commemoration on ! #i? ,septemb] 9 ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ,ju/9ian ,i4 is said to h built a *ur* 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,anne 9 ,con/ant9ople4#eia ,_! names are m5tion$ by ,epiphanius#eib & appe> 9 ! olde/ ,neapolitan ,cal5d> on ! #i? ,septemb]1 a circum/ance :i* %[s ,byzant9e influ5ce1 = among ! ,syrians _! fe/ival is kept on ! #be? ,july4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 _! leg5d 0 receiv$ ) consid]able res]ve1 & al?\gh ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 _h _! pictures plac$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,m>ia ad ,prsepe1 no trace ( any liturgical commemoration appe>s 9 cal5d>s be=e ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is no pro( t any special cultus 0 paid to !m1 t we f9d !m occasionally m5tion$ 9 writ+s & spok5 ( z sa9ts4 ,x 0 only 9 #acgh t ,urban ,,vi4 au?oris$ ! wor%ip ( ,/ ,anne = ! ,engli% at _! own reque/4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 especially approv$ ( x1#eic & ,gregory ,,xiii41 9 #aehd1 appo9t$ ! #bf? ,july = h] fea/4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury %e 0 v5]at$ ) special devotion 9 ,g]many1 ! t[n ( ,annab]g be+ nam$ aft] h]4 ,z reg>ds ,joa*im1 ,julius ,,ii4 is said to h approv$ ( 8 be+ commemorat$ ) a special (fice on ! #bbnd ,m>*4 ,gregory ,,xii4 introduc$ a new & improv$ (fice1 & fix$ ! commemoration = ! ,sunday )9 ! octave ( ! ,assumption4 ,leo ,,xiii4 rais$ x to ! rank ( a fea/ ( ! second class4#eid ,baillet has "s rem>ks conc]n+ ,our ,lady's p>5ts :i* are wor?y ( notice4 ,he ?9ks t ,m>y at ! "t ( h] esp\sals to ,joseph 0 an orphan2 consequ5tly1 s9ce h] p>5ts di$ be=e ! dea? ( ! ,r$eem]1 !y 7 consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 7 n made ! object ( a cultus4 ,:e!r !y 7 actually nam$ ,joa*im & ,anne is d\btful1#eie = ,anna 9 ,hebrew means 8,grace10 & ,joa*im1 8,prep>ation ( ,god40 ,x is possible t ow+ to ignorance ( _! real names1 ^! appellations 7 *os5 = !m4 ,! names appe> 9 ,epiphanius only at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 #h4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,g5]al ,! cultus ( ! apo/les foll[$ ! same l9es ( developm5t z t ( o!r sa9ts4 ,at fir/ x 0 m]ely local1 b al?\gh ! t5d5cy to obs]ve ! fe/ivals ( ! apo/les ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ur* 0 /rong] ?an 9 ! case ( o!r sa9ts1 /ill _! fe/ivals did n atta9 e>li] to univ]sal obs]vance ?an ^? ( ord9>y sa9ts1 t is to say1 at ! p]iod ( ! compilation ( univ]sal m>tyrologies1 ?\gh !re 71 ( c\rse1 "s exceptions4 ,! e>lie/ cal5d>s ( p>ticul> *ur*es h1 on ! av]age1 only a few fea/s ( apo/les1 usually only "o or two4 ,x 0 only 9 c\rse ( "t t ! long+ = complet5ess appe>$1 :i* 9 ! t5? c5tury 0 c>ri$ to su* a pit* by ! ,greeks t !y set d[n 9 _! cal5d>s n m]ely e p]sonage :o _h receiv$ hon\rable m5tion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b ev5 ! ,sev5ty ,disciples1 al?\gh !re 0 b sl5d] au?ority = _! names4 ,f ! fir/ a diff]5ce 0 made betwe5 ! apo/les :o _h liv$ & work$ )9 ! exi/+ b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ^? :o _h end$ _! lives 9 b>b>ian c\ntries4 ,9 ! f> ,ea/1 !re 0 a second _w-p[] simil> to ! ,roman p[] 9 ! ,we/1 i4e41 ! empire ( ! ,p>?ians1 or t e>li] ,p]sian ,empire ( ! ,a*m5ides1 :i* 9 its turn1 aga91 _h ris5 f ! ru9s ( ! anci5t empires ( ,babylon & ,assyria4 ,! ,jews _h obvi\sly num]\s relations f old "t ) ?is ,ea/]n ,empire 9 consequ5ce ( _! hi/orical connection ) x4 ,aft] ! return f exile1 _m ,jews _h rema9$ !re1 & probably _m o!rs return$ ?i!r at a lat] "t4 ,9 f9e1 ! circum/ances att5d+ on ! fir/ ,:itsunday %[ t _m ,jews 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ^? prov9ces4 ,! ,ea/]n ,empire consi/$ ( a numb] ( vassal /ates1 :i* recognis$ a supreme sov]eign1 ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 b1 9 o!r respects1 rema9$ indep5d5t & sov]eign1 z = example1 ,arm5ia1 ^: inhabitants 7 moreov] closely alli$ by blood ) ! ,p]sians4 ,! ,jews1 z ,semites1 _h naturally m sympa?y ) ^! ,ea/]ns1 once _! anci5t grievances _h be5 =gott51 ?an !y _h ) ! ,greeks & ,romans :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 7 _! oppressors4 ,?is expla9s :y "s ( ! apo/les1 "s = life & o!rs only tempor>ily1 betook !mselves ?i!r1 & sp5t _! lives !re 9 mission "w & ev5 end$ _! days 9 ^? p>ts4 ,?is is also ! reason :y we h s little reliable in=mation conc]n+ _! life & "w1 & :y ! days ( _! dea?s 7 n celebrat$ = s long a p]iod 9 ! ,we/4 ,! apo/les :o devot$ !mselves to ! ,ea/]n ,empire 7 probably ,b>?olomew1 ,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,simon ,zelotes1 & ,jude4 ,?addeus also lab\r$ !re = a "t 9 ,mesopotamia & ,osrhone4 ,no traces rema9 ( ! lab\rs ( ,mat?ias :o is said to h prea*$ to ! ,e?iopians1 & ( ^: life1 a writ] ( ! n9? c5tury1 ,autp]t1 ,abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o1 confesses no?+ is kn[n4#eif ,sev]al ( ! apo/les h be5 commemorat$ f ! fir/ 9 ! cal5d>s1 & always on ! same day1 :ile o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 appe> on diff]5t days 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 a circum/ance :i* seems confus+ to ! hi/orical inve/igator1 b :i* c easily be expla9$ :5 "o has correctly grasp$ ! pr9ciples :i* op]ate 9 liturgical matt]s4 ,) reg>d to ^? :o h ev]y:]e be5 commemorat$ f ! fir/ on ! same day1 "o c usually be c]ta9 t !y di$ z m>tyrs 9 ! ,*ur*es 9 "q4 ,al?\gh ! only correct view is to ma9ta9 t ! commemorations ( ! apo/les 7 treat$ 9 ! same way z ! days devot$ to ! memory ( ! m>tyrs1 & t _! names appe>$ 9 ! cal5d>s on ! day ( _! dea? 7dies natales71 /ill ?is is true ( only a few inde$ ( _! commemorations 9 ! cal5d>s actually 9 use4 ,= ! majority ( ! apo/les di$ 9 b>b>ian c\ntries ) no "o on ! spot to collect in=mation1 & only mu* lat] a few float+ pieces ( in=mation conc]n+ !m 7 collect$ f popul> tradition4 ,ano!r difficulty may h aris5 f ! diff]5t sy/ems ( *ronology 9 use1 & s ev5 :5 ! day ( an apo/le's dea? 0 set d[n x 0 probably n und]/ood by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & s 0 =gott54 ,= ^! & o!r reasons x came to pass t1 lat] on1 :5 ! commemoration ( a c]ta9 apo/le _h to be fix$ 9 ! cal5d>1 ! date ( ! inv5tion or translation ( 8 relics 0 g5]ally *os51 or f9ally ! date 0 fix$ simply by *ance4 ,z absolutely tru/wor?y1 ,i c1 !re=e1 reg>d only ! day ( ! dea? ( ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,paul1 & ,/ ,&rew1 p]haps also ! day ( ! dea? ( ,/ ,m>k & ,/ ,luke1 s9ce !y end$ _! days 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 at a p]iod :5 ! hi]>*y ( ! ,*ur* _h already be5 e/abli%$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,) reg>d to ,/ ,john1 ! "q is op5 to d\bt1 fir/1 because he did n die a m>tyr's dea?1 & secondly1 because he did n preside z bi%op ov] a p>ticul> congregation4 ,_h he done s1 ! li/ ( bi%ops = t p>ticul> city w\ld h be5 c>eful to in=m u ( ! fact4 ,al?\gh ! cultus ( ea* apo/le 0 orig9ally local1 yet !re are e>ly traces t ! cultus became univ]sal4 ,?us already 9 ! fif? c5tury a day )9 ! octave ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul seems to h be5 d$icat$ to ! cultus ( all ! apo/les 9 common4 ,we f9d 9 ! s-call$ ,sacram5t>y ( ,leo ,i4 ! foll[+ pray]3 ,omnipot5s sempit]ne ,deus1 qui nos omnium apo/olorum m]ita sub una tribui/i celebritate v5]>i1 etc4 ,! same pray] appe>s also 9 ! ,gelasianum1 :]e x is f\nd 9 lib4 #b1 ,no4 #cc4eig ,a m$ival liturgi/1 ,bele?1 gave expression to ! view t ! sep>ate apo/les _h no special fe/ivals 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 b t all toge!r 7 commemorat$ on ! #a/ ,may1#eih & t f9ally only ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james cont9u$ to be commemorat$ on ?is day4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 z f> z we h be5 able to le>n1 d n be> out ! op9ion ( ?is writ] :i* he inf]r$ f ! great] cal5d>s1 b ! fe/ivals ( ea* ( ! apo/les came into exi/5ce "o by "o1 f ! n9? c5tury onw>ds1 until !y rea*$ _! full numb]4 ,! c\ncil ( ,erfurt 9 #icb rais$ all fea/s ( apo/les to ! rank ( holy days ( obligation = ,g]many4 ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 9 #abic made !m all duplicia4 ,ev5 be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 ,con/ant9e _h built a *ur* 9 hon\r ( all ! apo/les#eii 9 ,con/ant9ople1 9 :i* he 0 aft]w>ds buri$4#fjj ,x 0 rebuilt "u ,ju/9ian & re-d$icat$ on ! #bi? ,june #eej1 ! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4#fja ,?is *ur* _h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! cultus ( ! apo/les inasmu* z "u ,con/antius attempts 7 made to provide x ) _! relics1 obvi\sly ) ! int5tion ( resembl+ ,rome z closely z possible4 ,! relics ( ,/ ,timo?y 7 fir/ translat$ ?i!r f ,ephesus on #a/ ,july #cef1 :i* caus$ a great increase ( devotion to ?is sa9t4 ,he _h lo/ 8 life 9 a popul> upris+ 9 ,ephesus "u ,n]va on #bbnd ,janu>y #ig1 ( :i* 8 successor1 ,polycrates1 has giv5 u an acc\nt4#fjb ,! *ur* became possess$ ( a /ill great] treasure 9 ! foll[+ ye> :5 ! relics ( ,/ ,&rew & ,/ ,luke 7 plac$ 9 x4 ,z we %\ld expect f :at has be5 said above1 !re exi/s hi/orical mat]ial = ! fea/s ( only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! apo/les1 :ile o!rs1 z1 = example1 ! fea/s ( ,/ ,mat!w1 ,/ ,mat?ias1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 & ,/ ,?omas1 are ( no fur!r int]e/ ?an to m>k ! translation ( _! relics4 ,9 conclusion x may be useful to draw att5tion to ! actual increase ( ! fe/ivals ( ! apo/les 9 ! cal5d>s4 ,! ,leon9um has only two1 ! #bi? ,june & ! #cj? ,novemb]4 ,! lection>y ( ,luxeuil 9 ! sev5? c5tury has ! same numb]1 i4e41 ! #bbnd ,febru>y & ! #bi? ,june1 t ( ,silos1 ab\t #fej1 has f\r 7#bbnd ,febru>y1 #bi? ,june1 #cj? ,novemb]1 #bg? ,decemb]71 &1 9 addition1 ! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s4 ,! cal5d> ( ,/ ,g5evive 7betwe5 #gad-gca7 has ! same numb]1 omitt+ ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s4 ,f ?is po9t ! numb] ( fea/s ( ! ,apo/les increases rapidly2 ! cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne ( #gha has eight already1 & subsequ5t cal5d>s conta9 t5 or m4 ,a s+ul> peculi>ity appe>s 9 ! cal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius 7see bel[7 :]e we f9d only "o fea/ ( apo/les1 ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 8,depositio ,,ss4 ,petri et ,pauli40 ,! anci5t ,neapolitan cal5d> br+s ! numb] up to sixte5 days1 giv+ two commemorations to "s apo/les & includ+ ! disciples ,?addeus & ,b>nabas4 #i4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s 9 ,p>ticul> 7#a7 ,,/ ,,pet] ,,& ,,/ ,,paul ,! #bi? ,june1 ! commemoration ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! two *ief apo/les1 is ! only fea/ ( apo/les t is /ill obs]v$ z a public holiday4 ,x c be reg>d$ "u two aspects z a univ]sal & z a local fe/ival4 ,x is important z a local fe/ival1 because1 s9ce a con/ant tradition ma9ta9$ t ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul 7 put to dea? 9 ,rome "u ,n]o on ! same day1 x is only natural t ?is day %\ld be kept 9 ,rome z ! dies natalis ss4 apo/olorum1 9 ! cu/om>y mann] f ! fir/1 & s 0 nev] =gott54 ,b ev5 9 o!r localities1 ap>t f ,roman influ5ce & tradition1 we f9d ef=ts made 9 antiquity to devote a day to ! commemoration ( ^! same two apo/les4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,arian m>tyrology 9 use 9 ! ,ea/1 x _h already a place1 on ! #bh? ,decemb]1 aft] ,/ ,/eph5 & ! apo/les ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john4 ,?is is by no means an isolat$ ph5om5on1 = 9 ! ,arm5ian cal5d> x has a correspond+ place1 i4e41 on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 :ile 9 ! ,ne/orian cal5d> x appe>s on ! second ,friday aft] ,epiphany4#fjc ,9 ,cappadocia1 or at lea/ 9 ,nyssa1 we f9d ! ,*ri/mas season aga9 consid]$ to be ! suitable "t = a collective fea/ ( ! apo/les1 = ! commemoration ( ! apo/les ,pet]1 ,james1 ,john & ,paul foll[s ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,/eph54#fjd ,ev5 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rhone1 x 0 felt necess>y to obs]ve ! day ( ! dea? ( ! two *ief apo/les1 = ! cal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius1 :i* belongs to ?is region1 conta9s ! entry3 depositio ss4 ,petri et ,pauli1 b on ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 ! day on :i* 9 o!r p>ts ( ,gaul ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air 0 celebrat$4 ,t ?is cal5d> gives no fea/ ( any sort on ! #bi? ,june1 %[s t 9 8 *oice ( ! day1 ,polemius 0 q indep5d5t ( ! ,roman tradition4 ,! consid]ations :i* weigh$ ) him 9 s do+ w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 ! true day ( ! apo/le's dea? 0 well kn[n1 & obs]v$1 z = example1 at ,milan 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,ambrose4#fje ,among ! s]mons ( ,maximus ( ,tur91 belong+ to ! fif? c5tury1 we f9d no few] ?an t5#fjf = ?is fea/4 ,! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 among :i* are five = ?is fe/ival1 %[ t 9 ,nor? ,africa ! day 0 kept z a holy day2 he speaks ( x z a dies fe/us & a sollemnitas4#fjg ,moreov] ,/ ,augu/9e belongs to ! numb] ( ^? ,fa!rs :o expressly /ate t al?\gh bo? apo/les di$ on ! same day ( ! mon?1 !y di$ 9 diff]5t ye>s1#fjh a fact :i* ! hi/orical & biblical sci5ce ( ! day p]si/5tly ov]looks1 :i* naturally mu/ cause s]i\s misgiv+s z to ! reliability ( ! pr9ciples on :i* its *ronology is con/ruct$4 ,among ! num]\s s]mons ( ,/ ,pet] ,*rysologus !re are none = ?is day4 ,z reg>ds ,/ ,*ryso/om1 :ile we h sev5 s]mons ( 8 9 hon\r ( ! apo/le ,paul1 we h only "o 8on ,pet] & ! ,prophet ,elias0 conjo9tly1 9 :i* ,/ ,pet] is only briefly m5tion$ 9 ! introduction & treat$ z ( second>y importance4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t x 0 prea*$ on ! #bi? ,june4#fji ,! fact t nei!r ( ^! sa9ts prea*$ on ?is day1 is an indication ( ! practice foll[$ at ,rav5na & ,antio*4 ,) reg>d to ,rome1 ! local tradition1 :i* reg>d$ ! #bi? ,june z ! day on :i* bo? apo/les 7 put to dea?1 0 committ$ to writ+ by ! *ronograph] ( #ced1 & all lat] *ronograph]s4 ,a we/]n tradition1 support$ by _m ( ! great ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 adds fur!r t1 ?\gh bo? apo/les di$ on ! same day ( ! mon?1 !y di$ 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,?is idea appe>s 9 ,/ ,augu/9e1 9 ! ,leon9um1 ,arator1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 & 9 ?ree ,greek writ]s1 b s*ol>s h s f> ignor$ x4 ,x is fur!r evid5t f ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum t ! day ( _! dea? 0 specially *os5 = a translation ( _! relics :i* took place 9 #beh4 ,! special fe/ivities obs]v$ 9 ,rome are describ$ = u by ,prud5tius f :at he _h se5 himself :5 he visit$ ! city ab\t #dje4 ,accord+ to him ! :ole city 0 9 commotion3 ! fai?ful visit$ ! tombs ( ! apo/les & 9 ! two *ur*es erect$ 9 _! hon\r1 pontifical mass 0 celebrat$4#faj ,?is is 9 complete agreem5t ) ! tradition accord+ to :i* devotion to ! m>tyrs 0 closely connect$ ) ! spot :]e !y suff]$ & ) ! date on :i* !y suff]$1 & ! *ief commemoration consi/$ 9 ! (f]+ up ( ! ,holy ,sacrifice ov] _! tombs4 ,ow+ to ! di/ance :i* sep>at$ ! two *ur*es ( ! apo/les f "o ano!r1 x 0 mo/ fatigu+ to celebrate mass at bo? places1 & s 9 c\rse ( "t ! fe/ival 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 & ! ,mass 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,paul took place on ! #cj? ,june4 ,an exam9ation ( ! e>lie/ ,roman missals %[s t 9 ! ,leon9um !re is a numb] ( masses = ?is day1 all commemorat+ ! two apo/les toge!r1 b1 9 ! ,gelasianum1 on ! contr>y1 !re is only "o mass = ! two apo/les conjo9tly 7,,iii4 ,kal4 ,jul4 9 ,natali ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum ,petri et ,pauli71 &1 9 addition1 "o = ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,x may be t ! division ( ! fea/ 0 !n cu/om>y1 b ! #bi? ,june cont9u$ to be call$ ,natalis ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum ,petri et ,pauli4 ,z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ! fea/ 0 kept at ,rome ) a vigil & octave4#faa ,at an e>ly date1 ! #bi? ,june1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 celebrat$ *iefly 9 ! ,we/1 i4e41 9 ,rome & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 began to be obs]v$ z a univ]sal fe/ival ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 inasmu* z x began to be celebrat$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,roman ,s5ator ,fe/us1 :o _h be5 s5t on matt]s ( /ate to ! new ,emp]or ,ana/asius1 9 #dia1 mov$ ! emp]or1 accord+ to ,!odorus ,lector1 to celebrate ?is fea/ solemnly 9 ,con/ant9ople4#fab ,al?\gh ! fea/ may h be5 kept already 9 ,con/ant9ople be=e ?is "t1 x n[ began to be celebrat$ ) great] pomp4 ,! day mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 kn[n 9 ,con/ant9ople be=e ?is date1 b c h>dly h be5 kept z a fe/ival4 ,aft] ?is ! #bi? ,june appe>s 9 all ,cal5d>s & m>tyrologies z ! commemoration ( ! two *ief apo/les4 ,9 ! ,we/ we f9d x fir/ 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian ,cal5d> is un=tunately defective1 b t ! day 0 kept !re _c be d\bt$ on acc\nt ( ! evid5ce giv5 by ,/ ,augu/9e's s]mons4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! lat] ori5tal ,cal5d>s1 ) ! exception ( a few belong+ to ,egypt4#fac ,:ile ?is fea/1 l ! fe/ivals ( all m>tyrs1 0 orig9ally local1 & 0 celebrat$ only 9 ,rome & 9 ! *ur*es dep5d5t ^u ,rome1 ! e/eem 9 :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! apo/les 7 held e>ly ga9$ = x ! "* ( a univ]sal fea/4 7#b7 ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,/ ,,pet]',s ,,*a9s ,! ,roman brevi>y bases ! f\ndation = ?is fea/ ^u ! foll[+ leg5d4 ,eudocia1 wife ( ,!odosius ,,ii4#fad s9ce #dba1 0 pres5t$ ) a *a9 at ,j]usalem :i* 0 believ$ to h be5 t ) :i* ,/ ,pet] 0 b\nd :ile imprison$1 z record$ 9 ,acts1 *ap4 xii4 ,%e br\ght ?is *a9 to ,rome1 :]e ano!r *a9 0 already pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,pet] on ! ,esquil9e4#fae ,?is is said to h be5 ! *a9 ) :i* ,/ ,pet] 0 conf9$ dur+ 8 ,roman imprisonm5t4 ,bo? *a9s appe>$ to be ( ! same workman%ip1 & unit$ !mselves toge!r ( _! own accord4 ,:]eupon ! *ur* 0 rebuilt at ! ,empress's exp5se1 & receiv$ ! "n ( ,eudoxi ad ,v9cula4 ,!re is no tru/wor?y pro( = ! pres5tation ( ! second *a9 by ,eudocia1 al?\gh !re is evid5ce t 9 ,rome ! fai?ful prid$ !mselves on possess+ a *a9 ( ,/ ,pet] be=e ?is suppos$ gift ( ! ,empress4#faf ,"u ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 x 0 propos$ to suppress ! lections 9 ! brevi>y conta9+ ^! leg5ds4 ,! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s *a9 is n 9 ! ,gelasianum1 & appe>s only 9 ,cal5d>s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 z1 = example1 9 t ( ,b$e1 b n yet z a fea/ ( obligation4 ,! decree ( ! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us rais$ x to ?is rank 9 #aaff4 ,! spread ( ! fea/ 0 und\bt$ly facilitat$ by ! circum/ance t 9 #ifi a c\rti] ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,i4 0 heal$ 9 ,rome by t\*+ ! *a94#fag ,t ! commemoration 0 fix$ = ! #a/ ,augu/ does n imply t ?is 0 ! day on :i* ! apo/le 0 set free f imprisonm5t2 b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! date ( ! ,*ur*'s d$ication caus$ ?is day to be *os54 7#c7 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,/ ,,paul ,! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul 0 kept z a holiday ( obligation 9 sev]al dioceses ( ,france & ,g]many1 & especially 9 ,engl&4 ,x is unc]ta9 :]e & :5 x fir/ became s4 ,x is n 9 ! ,gelasianum nor 9 ! old] editions ( ! ,gregorianum1 b appe>s 9 ! lat] texts ( m rec5t editions1 z a lat] addition1 = x is /ill frequ5tly lack+ 9 lat] ,,mss4 & ,cal5d>s4#fah ,nev]!less x appe>s 9 ,ado & ,usu>dus4 ,! #be? ,janu>y seems orig9ally to h _h ano!r signification2 = 9 ! rec5t critical edition ( ! ,hi]onymianum ( ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne1 ! two olde/ rec5sions give on ?is day a translation ( ! relics ( ,/ ,paul1 :i* is said to h tak5 place 9 ,rome 7,rom1 ,translatio ,b4 ,pauli ,apo/oli74 ,! mo/ rec5t ( ! anci5t codices1 t ( ,metz1 n[ 9 ,b]n1 belong+ to ! t5? c5tury1 has a translation & conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul on ! #be? ,janu>y4 ,! idea ( ! conv]sion soon replac$ t ( ! translation1 & fix$ ! "* ( ! fea/4 ,z su* x spread1 & soon atta9$ to univ]sal acceptance4 ,! translation :i* ! fea/ orig9ally commemorat$ is believ$ by ,de ,waal to h tak5 place 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 ! basilica ( ,/ ,paul 0 erect$#fai 7,translatio et ,conv]sio ,s4 ,pauli 9 ,damaso1 ! words conv]sio & 9 ,damaso be+ add$ by a lat] h&74 7#d7 ,,/ ,,&rew ,,& ,,/ ,,luke ,,! ,,evangeli/ ,we c deal ) ! fe/ivals ( ^! two sa9ts toge!r1 = 9 ! ye> #ceg1 on ! #crd ,m>*1 _! relics 7 solemnly translat$ at ! same "t to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,con/ant9ople4#fbj ,until ?is date ! tomb ( ,/ ,&rew 0 9 ,patras1 :]e he _h suff]$ dea?4 ,! previ\s burial place ( ,/ ,luke is n specifi$1 b x may h be5 ei!r 9 ,patras or some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! possession ( ,/ ,&rew's relics 0 ( great importance to ,con/ant9ople1 because he 0 reg>d$ z ! apo/olic f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian community !re1 & ! catalogue ( bi%ops1 :i*1 hi/orically speak+1 only beg9s ) ,metrophanes 7#cae-cbe71 has be5 c>ri$ back to him1 inasmu* z x 0 ma9ta9$ he _h orda9$ ,/a*ys z fir/ bi%op ( ! ,see4 ,m c]ta91 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 is 8 m>tyrdom at ,patras1 ( :i* we h a tru/wor?y acc\nt4#fba ,besides ?is1 !re is a well-kn[n encyclical lett] to ! prie/s & deacons ( ,a*aia1 :i* 9 all ess5tial po9ts agrees ) ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom1 al?\gh 9 "s o!r respects x is op5 to criticism4#fbb ,! s-call$ m>tyrology ( ,j]ome on #e? ,febru>y commemorates ,/ ,&rew's ord9ation z ,bi%op ( ,patras4 ,! date = ,/ ,luke's dea? nev] v>i$ & seems to be correct4 ,bo? dates1 ! #ah? ,octob] & ! #cj? ,novemb]1 appe> 9 ! olde/ ,neapolitan ,cal5d>1 :i* conta9s no o!r fe/ival ( an apo/le except ,/ ,james ! ,less 7#bg? ,decemb]74 ,f ! fact t ! relics ( ,/ ,&rew & ,/ ,luke happ5$ to be translat$ at ! same "t1 _m anci5t & mod]n writ]s drew ! ha/y conclusion t ,/ ,luke _h also di$ 9 ,patras & be5 buri$ !re4 ,a docum5t :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly late1 c yet be trac$ back to ,philo/orgius1#fbc gives ! true place ( 8 dea? & burial z ,!bes1 :i* ,paul9us ( ,nola confirms4 ,8 relics may well h be5 translat$ !nce at ! same "t z ^? ( ,/ ,&rew 7 br\ght f ,patras4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ to ,con/ant9ople at ! comm& ( ! ,emp]or ,con/antius by ! (ficial ,artemius1 :o _h also br\ght ! relics ( ,/ ,timo?y to ! capital4 7#e7 ,,/ ,,james ,,! ,,great ,james1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee & bro!r ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 0 a native ( ,galilee4 ,8 lab\rs1 aft] ! ,crucifixion1 7 n ( long duration1 = 9 ! ye> #db or #dc he 0 behead$ at ! in/igation ( ,k+ ,h]od ,agrippa ,i41 :o _h enjoy$ inde$ ! dignity ( k+ ( ,judea s9ce #cg1 b only dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 reign did 8 p[] ext5d ov] ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ! usual cu/om he came to ,j]usalem = ! ,passov]1 & !n1 9 ord] to ga9 fav\r ) ! ,jews1 he _h ,/ ,james seiz$ & made away ) %ortly be=e ! fea/2 & :5 he saw t x pleas$ ! ,jews1 he proce$$ to take up ,pet] also1 9 ord] to make away ) him too1 aft] ! fea/4 ,?is happ5$ n long be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od himself1 :i* is n>rat$ 9 ! same *apt] ( ! ,acts 7,acts xii4 #a-d & #bc74 ,! day ( ,/ ,james's dea? 0 %ortly be=e ,ea/]1 or1 z we %\ld say1 9 ,holy ,week1 &1 9 accordance ) ?is circum/ance1 ! ,copts keep 8 commemoration on ! #ab? ,april1#fbd & ! ,syrian lection>y ( ,antio* on ! #cj? ( ! same mon?4 ,al?\gh ^! d n exactly repres5t ! actual day ( 8 dea?1 !y are n f> (f f x4 ,! obs]vance ( ! actual day 01 moreov]1 int]f]$ ) by ! circum/ance t x came at a season :5 ! ?\ght ( our ,"l's passion prev5t$ ! celebration ( a m>tyr's fea/4 ,9 ! m5ologies he is m5tion$ only 9 ! ,basilianum on ! #i? ,octob]4 ,! bodily rema9s ( ,/ ,james1 z well z ^? ( ,/ ,james ! ,less1 7 /ill 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! six? c5tury4#fbe ,9 ! n9? c5tury we f9d !m 9 ,spa91 at ,compo/ela1 :]e !y 7 an object ( great v5]ation1 z we le>n f ,notk] ,balbulus4#fbf ,!y mu/ h be5 tak5 !re "s "t betwe5 ! sev5? & n9? c5turies4 ,an acc\nt ( ! translation1 su* z we possess 9 o!r in/ances1 is n extant2 !re is no in=mation 9 any au?or to %[ :5 or by :om ! translation 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! translation itself c well be hi/orically true1 al?\gh ! op9ion t ,/ ,james prea*$ ! gospel 9 ,spa9 is only a leg5d4#fbg ,"o is l$ to ?9k t ! relics 7 secretly c>ri$ (f by ,*ri/ians f ,j]usalem f fe> ( ! ,arabs1 & f9ally f\nd a second re/+-place 9 ,spa94 ,! ,roman brevi>y & m>tyrology place 8 fea/ on ! #be? ,july1 :i* is m>k$ z ! day ( a translation ( 8 relics1 )\t giv+ any fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,! ,gelasianum does n m5tion ,/ ,james1 & he appe>s 9 liturgical books only at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,8 "n is entirely abs5t f ! old] liturgical books ( ! anci5t ,spani% ,*ur*1 an inexplicable circum/ance _h he be5 ! apo/le ( ,spa94 ,! v5]ation = him beg9s to %[ itself 9 ,spa9 only f ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 ,we/]n ,cal5d>s he appe>s 9 t ascrib$ to ,*>lemagne ( #gha1 publi%$ by ,pip]1 & also 9 ! lat] ,,mss4 ( ! ,gregorianum1 b n 9 ! sacram5t>y ( ,ma9z dat+ f #hdj4 ,! entries 9 ! diff]5t rec5sions ( ! ,hi]onymianum are notewor?y4 ,! ,weiss5burg codex on ! #be? ,july has simply a m>tyr ,james1 ) no o!r specification except ,portus ,romanus z an indication ( place2 ! ,e*t]na* codex describes ?is m>tyr z apo/olus & frat] ,joannis ,evang41#fbh & adds ,hi]osolym2 ! codex ( ,b]n has briefly ,passio ,s4 ,jacobi4 ,x is n evid5t on :at gr\nds ! two lat] rec5sions h made ,james1 ! m>tyr ( ,portus ,romanus1 into ! apo/le4 ,! ,neapolitanum does n m5tion an apo/le ,james on ! #be? ,july1 al?\gh x does on ! #ae? ,novemb]1#fbi &1 along ) ,philip1 on #a/ ,may4 ,al?\gh he is f\nd 9 ,b$e1 he is abs5t f ! ,cal5d> ( ,/ ,g5evive1 dat+ f #gca-gda4 7#f7 ,,/ ,,philip ,,& ,,/ ,,james ,,! ,,less ,x is well kn[n t 9 e>ly days li/s 7 drawn up conta9+ ! names ( ^? bi%ops at lea/ :o _h presid$ ov] ! *ief sees1 along ) ! duration ( _! episcopates4 ,s9ce "s apo/les _h act$ z bi%op 9 c]ta9 cities = a l5g? ( "t1 :ile o!rs--z1 = example1 ,/ ,paul--nev] settl$ d[n = long 9 "o place1 ! =m]1 9 addition to _! m>tyrdom1 _h a yet fur!r claim to be commemorat$4 ,?is is ! case ) ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,james ! ,less1 & ,/ ,m>k4 ,/ ,james ! ,less1 son ( ,alpheus or ,clopas1 imm$iately aft] ,*ri/'s dea? 0 entru/$ ) ! (fice ( ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem by ! o!r apo/les1 :i* he held = ?irty ye>s4#fcj ,8 dea? 0 caus$ by ! ,high ,prie/ ,ananias ,,ii41 :o avail$ himself ( ! int]regnum t int]v5$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,porcius ,fe/us & ! arrival ( ! new procurator ,alb9us4 ,gessius ,florus succe$$ ,alb9us 9 ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,/ ,james's dea?1 accord+ to ,/ ,j]ome's precise /atem5t1 fell 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,n]o4 ,accord+ to ,/ ,j]ome's way ( reckon+1 :i* agrees ) ! (ficial me?od1 ,n]o reign$ f\rte5 ye>s & a half1 & 8 sev5? ye> corresponds ) ! sixtie? ( ! ,*ri/ian era4#fca ,/ ,james 0 commemorat$ 9 ! ,ea/ on ! #bg? ,decemb]4 ,?is is 8 date 9 ! ,arian m>tyrology1 :i* is foll[$ by ! v anci5t ,c>?ag9ian ,cal5d>4 ,al?\gh ! latt] incorrectly adds t he 0 kill$ by ,h]od1 x is evid5t t ,/ ,james ! ,less is int5d$1 = all ! ,ea/]n docum5t>y s\rces place ! commemoration ( ,/ ,james ! ,less 9 ! ,*ri/mas season4 ,!y diff] z to ! day1 "s commemorat+ him on ! #bf?1 "s on ! #bh?1 ! ,neapolitan & ,moz>abic ,cal5d>s on ! #bi?1 & ! ,syrian lection>y has 8 "n bo? on ! #bh? ,decemb] & on ! #bcrd ,octob]4 ,9 accordance ) ^! anci5t witnesses we w\ld will+ly place 8 dea? on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 b !re are /rong reasons aga9/ ?is4 ,fir/1 9 ^! docum5ts he is c\pl$ = ! mo/ "p ) ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & x is unlikely t bo? ( !m di$ on ! same day4 ,secondly1 9 ! mo/ anci5t docum5t ( all1 ! ,arian m>tyrology1 imm$iately aft] ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john1 on ! #bh? ,decemb]1 come ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 :o suff]$ dea? on a diff]5t date altoge!r2 ! compil] simply plac$ ! *ief p]sonages connect$ ) our ,"l on ! days aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,?irdly1 ! *ur* built by ,hel5a on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 9 :i* ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john receiv$ special v5]ation1 0 d$icat$ on ! #bg? ,decemb]4#fcb ,"h aga91 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 ! date ( ! *ur*'s consecration became ! date ( ! fe/ival ( ! sa9t specially connect$ ) x4 ,( c\rse x may be ?\ght t ! *ur* 0 consecrat$ on ! day ( ! sa9t's dea?1 b = ?is !re is1 at any rate1 no pro( conc]n+ ?is p>ticul> *ur*4 ,& s we mu/ give up ! #bg? ,decemb] z ! real day ( ,/ ,james's dea?4 ,x may h be5 ! day ( 8 appo9tm5t to ! episcopate4#fcc ,t ?is is s is fur!r confirm$ by ! acc\nts writt5 by pilgrims1 9 :i* x is /at$ t ,/ ,james 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & t he _h own$ a h\se 9 ,j]usalem & a burial place1 9 :i* he _h buri$ ,za*>y & ,simeon4#fcd ,x is true t lat] ,lat9 au?orities expressly give 8 dies natalis1 i4e4 ! actual day ( 8 dea?1 on ! #bg? ,decemb]1#fce b _! evid5ce is n conclusive4 ,9 m>k$ di/9ction f ! ,ea/]n tradition1 ! ,hi]onymianum gives 8 dea? on ! #be? ,m>*3 8,hi]osolyma passio ,jacobi ,ju/i10 or1 z 9 ! ,b]n codex1 8fratris ,dom9i40 ,?is date co9cides /rik+ly ) ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #bc1 #aa71 t ! dea? ( ,/ ,james happ5$ dur+ ! season ( ,ea/]4 ,! ,con/ant9opolitan au?orities1 l ! ,roman1 take an indep5d5t l9e4 ,! mo/ anci5t among ! =m] d n m5tion ,/ ,james ! ,less1 b ! ,basilianum names him on ! #bcrd ,octob] & ! #cj? ,april1 bo? times ) ! title !n only giv5 to m>tyrs 774 ,we %all h occasion to ref] else:]e to ! arbitr>y & s+ul> "* ( ?is "w4 ,) reg>d to ! ,roman s]vice-books & ^? d]iv$ f !m1 !y agree1 beg9n+ ) ! ,gelasianum1 9 plac+ ,/ ,james along ) ,/ ,philip on ! #a/ ,may4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t 9 ! six? c5tury a *ur* 0 erect$ 9 hon\r ( ^! two apo/les 9 ,rome1 :i* is kn[n at ! pres5t day z ! ,basilica ( ! ,apo/les4 ,pope ,pelagius ,i4 7#eef-efa7 comm5c$ ! erection ( ! *ur*1 :i* 0 complet$ by 8 successor ,john ,,iii4#fcf ,x 0 d$icat$ on ! #a/ ,may1 & s x came to pass t ! commemoration ( ^! two apo/les is celebrat$ 9 ! ,roman rite on ?is day4 ,lat] on1 ! #a/ ,may came incorrectly to be consid]$ _! dies natalis4 ,! commemoration ( ,/ ,philip 9 ! m5ology ( ,basil1 & 9 ! ,neapolitanum1 is on ! #ad? ,novemb]4 ,a mona/]y ( ,/ ,philip exi/$ 9 ,con/ant9ople z e>ly z #eaa4 7#g7 ,,/ ,,john ,z reg>ds ,/ ,john ! ,apo/le & ,evangeli/1 we h se5 8 commemoration 0 jo9$ ) t ( ,/ ,james ! ,less1 on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 al?\gh ?is 0 n ! date ( _! dea?s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ,/ ,john gradually eclips$ ,/ ,james & ga9$ possession ( ?is day = himself alone2 yet 9 ! ,hi]onymianum & 9 ! ,go?ico-,gallic missal1 ascrib$ by ,mabillon to ! eigh? c5tury1 ,/ ,john & ,/ ,james are /ill commemorat$ toge!r 7,natalis ,jacobi et ,joannis74 ,9 ! ,gelasianum1 & also 9 lat] ,roman & ,franki% m>tyrologies1 & 9 ,b$e1 ,/ ,john alone is commemorat$1 z at ! pres5t day4 ,/ ,john di$ & 0 buri$ 9 ,ephesus4 ,:5 8 grave 0 op5$1 probably "u ,con/ant9e1 :o built a *ur* 9 8 hon\r 9 ! "p ( ,con/ant9ople call$ ,hebdomon1 no rema9s ( 8 body 7 f\nd 9 x1 b only p[d]1 :i* 0 call$ manna4 ,! int5tion evid5tly 0 to provide ?is *ur* 9 ,con/ant9ople ) relics ( its titul> sa9t4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! idea became preval5t among ! ,greeks t ,/ ,john1 l our ,bless$ ,lady1 _h be5 tak5 up bodily into heav54 ,?is op5+ ( 8 grave mu/ h tak5 place on ! #h? ,may1 = ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople makes m5tion on ?is day ( ! manna m5tion$ above4#fcg ,! #bf? ,septemb] seems to h be5 reg>d$ z ! day ( 8 dea?1 = ! same au?ority m5tions ! 8,dep>ture0 ( ! apo/le 7 7#fch on ?is date4 ,s1 too1 does ! ,cal5d> ( ,naples "u ! "n ( 8 ,assumption 7,adsumptio ,joannis ,evangeli/74 ,among ! ,jacobites ( ,antio* also ! #bf? ,septemb] 0 kept z ! day ( 8 dep>ture 7decessus ,joannis ,evang4 ex mundo74#fci ,:]e !re is s mu* div]g5ce1 no?+ c]ta9 c be det]m9$4 ,mo/ probably ,morcelli is correct 9 suppos+ t ! #bf? ,septemb] 0 ! day on :i* ,/ ,john di$ 9 ,ephesus1 & t on ! #bg? ,decemb] "s *ur* or *apel1 or1 at lea/1 an alt>1 0 d$icat$ to 8 hon\r4#fdj ,! #f? ,may appe>s already z a fe/ival ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ 9 ! ,go?ico-,gallic missal1 )\t any fur!r specification1 b simply ) ! rubric3 ,missa ,s4 ,joannis ,apo/oli et ,evangeli/4 ,! ,roman fe/ival on ?is day1 8,joannis ante ,portam ,lat9am10 0 introduc$ on ! gr\nd ( ,t]tullian's /atem5t4#fda ,! olde/ rec5sions ( ! ,hi]onymianum d n m5tion x1 nor yet ! rec5sion ( ,metz belong+ to ! n9? c5tury4 7#h7 ,,/ ,,simon ,,& ,,/ ,,jude 7,,?addeus7 ,! apo/les ,simon & ,jude1 l ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james1 are con/antly commemorat$ toge!r 9 ,we/]n ,cal5d>s1 b 9 _! case !re is an inn] reason = ?is arrangem5t4 ,accord+ to a tradition1 :i* appe>s 9 ! pseudo-,abdias1 ! two apo/les sp5t ?irte5 ye>s toge!r 9 ,p]sia lab\r+ = ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !re suff]$ dea? at ! same "t 9 ! city ( ,suanir4#fdb ,! day ( _! dea? is "h giv5 z ! #a/ ,july1 :i* is also giv5 9 "s ,we/]n m>tyrologies--su* z ^? ( ,naples & ,tol$o1 :i* pla9ly d]ive _! in=mation f ?is s\rce4 ,9 ! ,roman ,cal5d>1 & 9 ^? dep5d5t ^u !m1 ! two apo/les are inde$ con/antly commemorat$ toge!r1 b on ! #bh? ,octob]4 ,no reason has be5 discov]$ = ! *oice ( ?is date4 ,x does n seem to h be5 due ei!r to ! ,hi]onymianum or to ,b$e4 ,! =m] has 8,9 ,suana1 a city ( ,p]sia1 ! bir?day ( ! apo/les ,simon & ,jude0#fdc 7,cod4 ,ept]nac474 ,z f> z ,roman sacram5t>ies are conc]n$1 ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude appe> only 9 ! lat] rec5sions ( ! ,gregorianum4 ,! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople does n conta9 ,/ ,simon1 b x has ,?addeus on ! #bj? ,augu/4 ,! ,basilianum has an apo/le ,simon on ! #bi? ,april :o is call$ ,jude1 & on ! #aj? ,may ! apo/le ,simon ,zelotes1 &1 fur!r1 an apo/le ,jude on ! #bbnd ,may & #ai? ,june4 ,all ?is is obscure & arbitr>y4 ,! fact t ^! apo/les are n jo9$ toge!r1 b h ea* _! sep>ate day1 agrees ) ! ,ea/]n s]vice-books4 ,! lection>y ( ! ,syrians ( ! elev5? c5tury has ,/ ,simon on ! #aj? ,may1 ,jude on ! #af? ,may4 ,! ,coptic ,cal5d> 9 ,seld5ius has ,jude ,?addeus on ! #bj? ,may4 ,a rem>kable pro( ( ! obscurity hang+ ov] ! apo/les is f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t 9 "s cal5d>s :i* commemorate !m toge!r on ! same day o!r sa9ts ( ! same "n are f\nd 9 addition4 ,?us 9 ! ,neapolitanum !re is a ,jude on ! #bf? ,may & a 8passio ,s4 ,simonis ,ap40 on ! #aj? ,septemb]1 z well z ! commemoration ( !m bo? toge!r on ! #a/ ,july4 ,9 ! ,p>isian lection>y ( ,/ ,g5evive1 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne1 & 9 ! ,gelasianum1 !re is no m5tion ( ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude4 7#i7 ,,/ ,,m>k ,,! ,,evangeli/ ,accord+ to a con/ant & univ]sal tradition1 he 0 ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 & 8 "n appe>s fir/ 9 all li/s ( ! bi%ops ( t ,see4 ,h[ev]1 z f> z cal5d>s & m>tyrologies g1 8 "n does n appe> 9 ^? ( ! ,we/ until ! n9? c5tury1 nor 9 ! ,con/ant9opolitanum until ! same p]iod4 ,un=tunately ! mo/ anci5t ,coptic ,cal5d> 9 ,mai is imp]fect = ! mon? ( ,april4 ,x is only 9 ! ,synax>ium ( ! n9? c5tury1 publi%$ by ,mai1 t he appe>s4 ,8 "n appe>s 9 all lat] ,coptic ,cal5d>s1 9 ! ,neapolitanum1 :i* m5tions him a second "t on ! #ag? ,may1 & 9 ! ,basilianum4 ,!re is n mu* to be said 9 support ( ! #be? ,april z ! day ( ,/ ,m>k's dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! ,hi]onymianum gives ! #bcrd ,septemb] z ! date ( 8 dea?1 b ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle puts x d[n on ! #a/ ,phorma?i1 i4e4 ! #bf? ,m>*4#fdd ,/ ,j]ome 9 8 *ronicle gives ! ye> ( 8 dea? z ! eigh? ( ,n]o4 ,t ! processional litanies take place on ,/ ,m>k's day is a m]e accid5t1 z is prov$ by ! circum/ance t 9 ! olde/ ,lat9 ,cal5d>s--z1 = example1 9 t ( ,fronteau1 & 9 ! ,ma9z edition ( ! ,gregorianum--! ,litania major alone is put d[n on ! #be? ,april )\t any m5tion ( ,/ ,m>k4 7#aj7 ,,! ,,fea/s ,,( ,,/ ,,pet]',s ,,*air 7#ah? ,janu>y & #bbnd ,febru>y7 ,! hi/orical inve/igation ( ^! two fea/s necessitates ! consid]ation ( two que/ions :i* mu/ be discuss$ sep>ately--fir/1 _! "n & significance1 &1 secondly1 ! dates on :i* !y are celebrat$4 ,ca!dra1 :5 us$ 9 its lit]al s5se by ! olde/ ecclesia/ical writ]s1 means ! bi%op's seat 9 ! apse ( ! *ur* beh9d ! alt>1 ^u :i* he sat1 :5 n o!rwise engag$1 dur+ ! p]=mance ( div9e s]vice4 ,figuratively1 ! ca!dra is ! symbol ( episcopal au?ority 9 g5]al & ( ! bi%op's tea*+ au?ority 9 p>ticul>1 j z ! ?rone is ! symbol ( royal au?ority4 ,ca!dra ,petri1 !n1 signifies especially ! tea*+ au?ority ( ,/ ,pet] & 8 successors 9 ! ,see ( ,rome1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ,primacy4 ,?is c easily be prov$ f ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! evid5ce = x has (t5 be5 set =? 9 writ+s & treatises deal+ specially ) ?is "q1 & s x ne$ n be repeat$ "h4#fde ,t ! fea/ 0 int5d$ to celebrate ! be/[al ( ! ,primacy on ,/ ,pet] is cle> f ! olde/ liturgies1 & w become suffici5tly evid5t 9 ! c\rse ( our rem>ks4#fdf ,b h[ came x to pass t ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air--we are consid]+ at pres5t only ! m anci5t ( ! two commemorations--0 fix$ = ! #bbnd ,febru>y8 ,?is "q c only be answ]$ by a critical inve/igation into ! hi/ory ( ! fea/4 ,! two fea/s pres5t entirely diff]5t peculi>ities4 ,! second half ( ,febru>y among ! hea!n ,romans 0 m>k$ by popul> fe/ivities p>tly religi\s & p>tly secul> 9 "*2 on ! #ac? ,febru>y comm5c$ ! great fe/ival ( ! dead1 ,p>5talia1 & la/$ eight days1 ! conclud+ day be+ call$ ,f]alia4 ,dur+ ?is "t no m>riages 7 celebrat$1 ! temples rema9$ clos$1 & ! magi/rates laid aside ! ext]nal insignia ( _! (fice4 ,^u ! commemoration ( ! dep>t$ foll[$ imm$iately1 on ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 ! fe/ival ( surviv+ relatives--! ,*>i--nam$ 9 consequ5ce ,*>i/ia or ,c>a ,cognatio4 ,?is celebration _h no recognis$ place among ! functions ( ! (ficial wor%ip ( ! ,/ate1 & no public fe/ivities presid$ ov] by ! colleges ( prie/s 7 provid$ = x4#fdg ,nev]!less1 x 0 a v popul> fea/1 & /uck its roots deep] into ! life ( ! p ?an any ( ! (ficial fe/ivals4 ,all ranks jo9$ 9 celebrat+ x2 ! portraits ( ! ance/ors ( ea* family 7 adorn$ ) g>l&s1 a sacrificial meal 0 pres5t$ to ! h\sehold gods1 inc5se 0 burnt1 & a pig 0 (f]$ 9 sacrifice2 :]e qu>rels _h brok5 out 9 a family1 h>mony 0 aga9 re/or$1 & ! religi\s c]emonies 7 p]=m$ amid ! rejoic+s ( all2 ! de$s ( fam\s memb]s ( ! family 7 recit$1 & ! day conclud$ ) a banquet1 :i* la/$ until a late h\r4#fdh ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ,*>i/ia 0 also a fe/ival 9 ! s*ools2 ! walls 7 hung ) g>l&s1 & pres5ts 7 giv5 to ! tea*]s4#fdi ,su* a fe/ival mu/ h be5 highly popul>4 ,x seems to h be5 obs]v$ ev]y:]e :]ev] ,lat9 0 spok51 9 ,africa z well z 9 ,gaul4 ,9 ,gaul ! fea/+ cu/om>y on ?is occasion cont9u$ to take place long aft] x _h be5 giv5 up else:]e4 ,^! banquets are c5sur$ 9 two s]mons1 attribut$ to ,/ ,augu/9e1 b n by him1 ?\gh !y are anci5t1 & date f ab\t ! six? c5tury4 ,f ^! we see t ! ,f]alia & ! ,*>i/ia are no long] sep>ate2 ! prea*] speaks only ( ! meals & gifts :i* 7 (f]$ on behalf ( ! dep>t$4#fej ,^! cont9u$ on into ,*ri/ian times1 & 9 ,gaul took place on ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 al?\gh ?is 0 n ! correct day = ! ,f]alia4#fea ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 _m places ! memory ( bo? liv+ & dead relatives 0 celebrat$ on "o & ! same day1 & ?is 0 always ! #bbnd ,febru>y4 ,ab\t #aaih an ,engli%man1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,france1 in=m$ ,bele?#feb ( ! fea/+s :i* took place on ?is day4 ,accord+ly x _c be m]e accid5t1 :5 we f9d a ,*ri/ian fea/ v e>ly fix$ = ?is day4 ,gregory ! ,great recognis$ t p mu/ n be all at once depriv$ ( ! old cu/oms2 he ord]$ t 9 ,engl&1 at ! d$ication ( *ur*es & on ! fea/s ( ! m>tyrs1 ! newly conv]t$ ,*ri/ians might reta9 "s ( ! hea!n cu/oms :i* _h be5 usual on simil> occasions4#fec ,in/ances 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple 0 put into practice are1 = example1 ! processional litanies & ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! ,new ,ye>4 ,x is cle> t ! appo9tm5t ( a ,*ri/ian fea/ on ! ,*>i/ia is ano!r in/ance ( ! t5d5cy to deprive ! hea!n fe/ivals ( _! h>mful "*4 ,t ?is held good ( ! fea/ 9 "q1 & t a det]m9$ attempt 0 made to give x a ,*ri/ian "*1 is %[n by ! fact t 9 o!r c\ntries a diff]5t fea/ 0 appo9t$ = ?is day4 ,polemius ,silvius1 ,bi%op ( ,sion1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rhone1 compos$ a cal5d> = ! ye> #ddh1 ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian cal5d> 9 exi/5ce1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,bi%op ,eu*]ius ( ,lyons4#fed ,9 ?is docum5t ! hea!n fe/ivals are omitt$1 ev]y?+ especially hea!n has be5 remov$1 & only hi/orical & meteorological notices rema92 x conta9s "s sa9ts' days1 al?\gh v few 9 numb]4 ,on ! #bbnd ,febru>y we f9d ! entry1 ,depositio ,,ss4 ,petri et ,pauli1 along ) a note on ! ,*>i/ia1 :i* %[s t ! int5tion ( ! writ] 0 to supplant ! hea!n fea/ ( ! ,c>a ,cognatio4 ,aga91 x is notewor?y t an ev5t 0 *os5 = ?is purpose :i* 0 commemorat$ 9 ,rome1 i4e4 ! burial ( ! two *ief apo/les4 ,! #bi? ,june 0 n !n kept z a fe/ival ( ! apo/les 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rhone1 :i* belong$ at t "t to ,gaul1 & probably 0 n kept ei!r 9 ! :ole prov9ce to :i* ,sion 7,s$unum7 belong$4#fee ,! idea ( ,polemius ,silvius 9 mak+ ! #bbnd ,febru>y into a commemoration ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul f\nd no imitators1 b ! cu/om ( celebrat+ in/ead ! ,ca!dra ,petri on ?is day became g5]al 9 ! ,gallican liturgies4 ,! significance ( ?is fea/ is express$ 9 ! words ( ! collect = ! day3 8,god :o on ?is day ha/ giv5 ,bless$ ,pet] to be head aft] ,!e to ! ,*ur*0 7,deus qui hodi]na die ,b4 ,petrum po/ te d$i/i caput ecclesi72 i4e4 ! occasion ( ! fea/ 0 n ! f\ndation or organisation ( "o p>ticul> *ur*1 ei!r ,rome or ,antio*1 b ! appo9tm5t ( ,/ ,pet] to be head ( ! :ole ,*ur* 9 g5]al1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! be/[al ( ! ,primacy ^u him1 or 8 ord9ation z bi%op 7natale episcopatus71 z o!rs pref] to h x4#fef ,9 ?is connection x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 9 antiquity1 x 0 already ! cu/om to celebrate ! anniv]s>y ( ! bi%op's consecration1 & t special masses exi/ 9 ! old sacram5t>ies1 & among ! s]mons ( ,/ ,leo ! ,great !re are "s = su* occasions4 ,f ! f\r? to ! n9? c5tury1 we f9d ?is fea/ ( ! #bbnd ,febru>y 7,ca!dra ,petri71 )\t fur!r specification1 9 ! great] numb] ( cal5d>s & m>tyrologies1 especially 9 ^? ( ,gaul4 ,z ! late/ :i* give only "o fea/ ( ?is "n1 we may m5tion ! m>tyrology ( ,w&leb]t1 ! ,cal5d> ( ,corbie ( #hbf 9 d',a*]y1#feg & also ! ,go?ic ,cal5d>4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s ,franki% cal5d>s :i* conta9 no fea/ ( ?is "n1 z1 = example1 t ( ,/ ,g5evive1 publi%$ by ,fronteau1 & ! ,cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne4 ,x is n 9 ! ,neapolitanum1 nor 9 c]ta9 lection>ies ( ! same p]iod1 su* z ! ,comes ,alb9i1 ! lection>y ( ,spires1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,roman sacram5t>ies4#feh ,x is rem>kable t nei!r ! ,gelasianum nor ! ,gregorianum h a fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air1 yet x is c]ta9 t ! fea/ 0 kn[n 9 ,rome 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 = ! *ronograph]1 ref]r$ to on page #bien41 9 8 ,depositio ,m>tyrum sets d[n3 8,,viii4 ,kal4 ,m>tias1 ,natale ,petri de ,ca!dra40 ,a rem>kable alt]ation n[ took place1 d\btless caus$ by ano!r view be+ tak5 ( ! mean+ ( ! fea/4 ,:5 ! words ,ca!dra ,petri 7 no long] tak5 z ref]r+ to ! be/[al ( ! ,primacy or ! episcopal & tea*+ (fice 9 g5]al1 b z ref]r+ to "s def9ite episcopal ,see1 !n ! "q 0 ask$1 ,is ,antio* meant or ,rome8 ,= al?\gh ! (ficial li/s reckon ,evodius1 & n ,/ ,pet]1 z fir/ bi%op ( ,antio*1 /ill !re 7 writ]s ( antiquity1 su* z ,orig51 :o repres5t ,/ ,pet]'s resid5ce 9 ,antio* 7,gal4 ii4 #aa7 z 8 ,antio*5e episcopate4 ,?is view l$ to ! division ( ! fea/ into a ,roman & an ,antio*5e ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air2 = reasons :i* are unkn[n1 ! #ah? ,janu>y 0 *os5 = ! =m]1 :ile ! latt] cont9u$ to be celebrat$ on ! #bbnd ,febru>y4 ,! m>tyrology ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e m>ks ! date at :i* ?is division ( ! fea/ came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! orig9al rec5sion1 giv5 by ! ,boll&i/s1 ! fea/ ( ! #ah? ,janu>y does n appe>1 b ! fea/ ( ! #bbnd ,febru>y has ! note atta*$1 8,at ,antio*40 ,x is possible t ,b$e consid]$ ! fea/ commemorat$ ! comm5cem5t ( a p>ticul> episcopate1 & s9ce1 accord+ to 8 idea1 ! ,antio*5e episcopate ( ,/ ,pet] prec$$ 8 ,roman1 & ,antio* mu/ h be5 ! fir/ ,see occupi$ by ! apo/le1 he add$ ! words1 8,at ,antio*1 :]e ! disciples 7 fir/ nam$ ,*ri/ians40 ,! sep>ation is complete 9 ,ado & ,usu>dus1 & appe>s 9 ! olde/ editions ( ! ,hi]onymianum1 &1 9 defect ( fur!r in=mation1 ! compil] ( ?is docum5t may be reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( ! sep>ation4#fei ,!re ?us arose a ?reefold practice--ei!r bo? fea/s 7 kept1 or nei!r1 or t ( ! #bbnd ,febru>y2 ! la/ 0 ! case 9 only a few dioceses4 ,! ,cologne ,cal5d> ( ! f\rte5? c5tury _h only "o fea/1 b ! m anci5t cal5d> belong+ to ! n9? c5tury _h bo?4#ffj ,?is div]sity ( usage1 result+ f ! indep5d5ce ( ea* diocese 9 ! adoption ( fe/ivals1 0 put an end to by ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 at ! advice ( ,c>d9al ,sirleto1 :51 on ! #f? ,janu>y #aeeh1 he ord]$ t bo? fea/s %\ld be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ,ca?olic _w4#ffa ,at ! consultations conc]n+ ! re=m ( ! ,brevi>y 9 #agdb1 x 0 consid]$ t ! two fea/s %\ld once m be jo9$ into "o1 b ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n done1 :i*1#ffb f a hi/orical po9t ( view1 is to be regrett$1 = nei!r ,eusebius nor ! (ficial li/s ( bi%ops "k any?+ ( an ,antio*5e episcopate ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,! pseudo-,clem5t9es make use ( ,/ ,pet]'s activity 9 ! ,see ( ,antio* = _! own ends1#ffc & to !m mu/ be trac$ back ! /atem5ts ( ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & o!rs1 = 9 antiquity1 z well z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !y enjoy$ m consid]ation1 & 7 m widely read1 ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury x 0 reg>d$ z an inviolable pr9ciple ( canon law--z we "k f ! case ( ,pope ,=mosus--t a bi%op mu/ n be translat$ f "o ,see to ano!r4 ,h[ c\ld ?is pr9ciple h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! face ( s /rik+ an in/ance ( translation8 ,! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,ea/]ns 9 antiquity1 b ! mod]n ,uniats h naturally adopt$ x4 #aj4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,cecilia1 & ,/ ,ca!r9e 7#bbnd ,july1 #bbnd & #be? ,novemb]7 ,! sa9ts :i* h occupi$ u until n[ 7 all prom95t figures ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 & /ood 9 close relation to ! ,r$eem] & ,8 "w2 9 consequ5ce1 _! fe/ivals 7 kept z fea/s ( obligation 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 at a p]iod :5 x seem$ almo/ impossible to d too mu* t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! cycle ( fea/s2 a l>ge numb] kept ?is rank until rec5t times4 ,o!r sa9ts ( less importance enjoy$ ! same di/9ction ?r\gh _! be+ ! patrons ( p>ticul> c\ntries1 dioceses1 or localities2 x w\ld take too long to deal ) su* "h2 besides1 _! fe/ivals are n ( hi/orical importance4 ,/ill1 among fe/ivals ( ?is sort !re are "s :i* =m]ly 7 kept z fea/s ( obligation2 ( ^! sev]al are des]v+ ( notice1 s9ce !y atta9$ a rank above t ( a m]e local fe/ival1 ei!r because ( "s special circum/ance1 or because ! life ( ! p>ticul> sa9t 9 "s way or o!r caught ! popul> fancy4 7#a7 ,,/ ,,m>y ,,magdal5 ,?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ^: fea/1 n inde$ 9 ,rome1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ( ,france1 & ev5 else:]e1 z 9 ,cologne1 0 kept z a fea/ ( obligation 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion1 ,m>y1 ! s9n] ( ,magdala1 :o took h] "n f t place1 ei!r because %e 0 born !re1 or because x 0 ! sc5e ( h] excesses1 0 ! si/] ( ,laz>us & ,m>?a ( ,be?ania2 %e 0 ! same p]son :o humbly ba!d ! feet ( our ,bless$ ,"l ) h] te>s & ano9t$ !m ) o9tm5t4 ,accord+ to ano!r op9ion1 preval5t 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 !re 7 ?ree ,m>ys connect$ ) our ,"l--,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,laz>us2 ,m>y ( ,magdala1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et2 & ! sometime s9n] m5tion$ 9 ,/ ,luke vii4 #cg4 ,?is latt] op9ion di/+ui%es ,m>y ,magdal5 f ,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,laz>us4 ,! ,lat9 tradition1 on ! o!r h&1 f ,t]tullian d[nw>ds1 reg>ds !m z id5tical2 ! si/] ( ,laz>us hav+ liv$ a life ( s9 at ,magdala1 came1 aft] h] rep5tance1 to live ) h] bro!r & si/] at ,be?ania1 b 0 /ill popul>ly kn[n z ,m>y ,magdal54 ,%e 0 also ! same p]son1 m5tion$ by ! o!r two synopti/s 7,/ ,m>k xvi4 #i2 ,/ ,luke viii4 #b71 :o 0 possess$ by sev5 devils4#ffd ,bo? op9ions receiv$ support f ! words ( ! gospels2 b ! ,roman liturgy has adopt$ ! latt]1 & ev5 ! lections drawn up = ,/ ,m>?a's ,fea/ are influ5c$ by x4 ,?is (fice ( ,/ ,m>?a is only ( late introduction 9 ! ,liturgy4 ,9 addition1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! adv5tures ( ! ,magdal5 & h] family aft] our ,"l's dea?1 or r ! adv5tures ascrib$ to h]4 ,our in=mation is scanty2 ! pseudo-,clem5t9es /ate t ,laz>us foll[$ ,/ ,pet] 9 8 mission>y j\rneys 9 ,syria2#ffe o!r docum5ts m5tion ,cyprus z ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs & dea?4 ,absolutely no in=mation conc]n+ ! fur!r do+s ( 8 si/]s has come d[n to u f antiquity2 h[ev]1 ,we/]n m$ival docum5ts dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury are rem>kably ri* 9 details2 9 ^! x is admitt$1 inde$1 t he 0 ,bi%op ( ,cyprus1 al?\gh ?is w\ld h be5 incompatible ) ! actions "h ascrib$ to him4 ,?is in=mation is conta9$ 9 a volum9\s "w :i* has be5 audaci\sly ascrib$ to ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,abbot ( ,fulda1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ he1 9 8 retir$ mona/]y1 surr\nd$ by =e/s1 c\ld h ga9$ possession ( su* in=mation4#fff ,! great] "p ( ?is "w1 *apt]s i4-xxxv41 is devot$ to a description ( ! life ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 & h] family1 :i* foll[s & elaborates ! biblical n>rative2 b x conta9s sev]al additions to ! facts m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 especially !re is a great deal said ab\t ,m>cella1 z ! h\sekeep] ( ! family at ,be?ania is said to h be5 call$1 :o lat] on play$ an important "p 9 ! leg5d4 ,! second "p beg9s ) ! ?irte5? ye> aft] ,*ri/'s ,asc5sion1 :5 ,/ ,james ! ,great _h be5 behead$ & ,/ ,pet] 0 9 prison4 ,!n1 accord+ to ! /ory1 ,h]od ,agrippa drove ! fai?ful f ,pale/9e1 & tw5ty-f\r ( ! disciples ( ,jesus1 ) ,maxim9us at _! head1 7 s5t by ! apo/les z mission>ies to ,spa9 & ,gaul4 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 jo9$ !m1 & ,m>?a & ,laz>us foll[$ h] example1 ! latt] be+ at ! "t ,bi%op ( ,cyprus2 !y emb>k$ unmole/$1 & 7 c>ri$ by ! s\?-ea/ w9d to ! %ores ( ,s\!rn ,gaul1 :]e ,maxim9us became ,bi%op ( ,aix 9 ,prov5ce4 ,! o!r disciples di/ribut$ !mselves ov] ! o!r prov9ces1 ( :i* !re 7 sev5te5 9 ,gaul & sev5 9 ,spa9--tw5ty-f\r 9 all1 j ! numb] ( ! disciples4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,spa9 & ,gaul did comprise ?is numb] ( prov9ces1 n h[ev] 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 b 9 ! fif? c5tury1 z ! ,notitia ,dignitatum %[s4 ,?is betrays ! late orig9 ( ! leg5d4 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 is said to h liv$ at ,aix ) ,bi%op ,maxim9us1 & to h (t5 prea*$ !re to ! fai?ful4 ,accord+ to o!r acc\nts1 %e is said to h pass$ ?irty ye>s 9 a life ( solitude & p5ance 9 ! cave ( ! ,/e ,baume1 ne> ,m>seilles1 :ile ,laz>us is said to h be5 ,bi%op ( ,m>seilles1 :]e he di$ a m>tyr4 ,m tru/wor?y1 ?\gh n s int]e/+1 is ! in=mation :i* we f9d 9 ,greek s\rces conc]n+ ,laz>us & 8 si/]s4 ,f ^! we le>n no m ?an t ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi4 9 #hhg built a *ur* 9 8 hon\r 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & 9 #hii a mona/]y2#ffg ?i!r ! relics ( ,laz>us1 b n ^? ( 8 si/]s1 7 translat$ f ,citium 9 ,cyprus1 :]e !y _h hi!rto repos$4 ,! m5ology ( ,basil & ! cal5d>s ( ! ,copts & ,syrians %[ t ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 0 hon\r$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* on ! #bbnd ,july4 ,! resurrection ( ,laz>us 0 specially commemorat$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,manuel ,comn5us on ! second ,saturday be=e ,ea/]4#ffh ,9 ! ,we/ ! e>lie/ traces ( ! cultus ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 are f\nd 9 ,b$e1 & !n 9 ! m>tyrologies ( ,rabanus1 ,ado1 & ,usu>dus1 always on ! #bbnd ,july1 & ) ! designation1 8,natale40 ,! ,hi]onymianum does n m5tion ,laz>us & ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 b ! "n ( ,m>?a occurs five times2 h[ev]1 ! si/] ( ,laz>us _c be int5d$1 = ! days 7#bi? ,july & #ag? ,octob]7 are n ^? on :i* %e is commemorat$4 ,al?\gh ! fir/-nam$ m>tyrologies conta9s ! m5tion ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 x kn[s no?+ ( h] voyage to ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,usu>dus1 inde$1 puts ,laz>us & ,m>?a toge!r on ! #ag? ,decemb]1 b m]ely says t a *ur* 0 erect$ 9 _! hon\r at ,be?ania4 ,z f> z ! s]vice-books are conc]n$1 ! "n ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 a missal ( ,v]ona ( ! t5? c5tury1 & !n 9 "s missals ( ! elev5? c5tury1 b ! missals ( ! ,roman rite 7secundum consuetud9em ,rom4 curi7 m5tions h] only 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 x is ! same ) reg>d to ,/ ,m>?a4#ffi ,ev5 to ! pres5t "t ,laz>us has n obta9$ a place 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y1 b 8 commemoration is sanction$ = c]ta9 localities on ! #ag? ,decemb]4 ,! lections = 8 (fice conta9 no acc\nt ( 8 life4 ,! attitude ( ! ,roman ,brevi>y is significant z indicat+ ! *ange ( views4 ,! lections = ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 are simply tak5 f a homily ( ,/ ,gregory1 & conta9 no ref]5ces to h] life1 :ile ^? ( ! mu* lat] (fice ( ,/ ,m>?a 7#bi? ,july7 conta9 ! m rec5t =m ( ! leg5d ) ! lat] additions4 ,!y "k no?+1 h[ev]1 ( ! pseudo-,rabanus1 accord+ to :om ,/ ,m>y & h] companions 7 =cibly plac$ by ! ,jews on bo>d a boat )\t rudd] or sail1 & yet1 not)/&+1 rea*$ ,m>seilles 9 safety4 ,) reg>d to ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 9 p>ticul>1 ! tradition mu/ n be ov]look$ :i* /ates t %e 0 orig9ally buri$ 9 ,ephesus2 ?is is ma9ta9$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 & !n1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ,bi%op ,mode/us ( ,j]usalem /ates t ,/ ,m>y jo9$ ,/ ,john at ,ephesus aft] ! dea? ( our ,lady1 & !re suff]$ m>tyrdom2 ! ?ird witness is ,bi%op ,willibald ( ,ei*/tt1 :o visit$ h] grave 9 ,ephesus4#fgj ,9 #hhg1 z we h said1 ,leo ,,vi41 ! ,philosoph]1 plac$ h] relics 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,laz>us1 :i* he _h built 9 ,con/ant9ople1 b ! writ]s :o m5tion ?is fact d n imply t h] relics 7 translat$ f ,cyprus1 z "s mod]n writ]s arbitr>ily ass]t1 on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( ,/ ,laz>us' relics be+ br\ght f t isl& on ! same occasion4#fga ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! tradition says no?+ ab\t ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5 be+ ! si/] ( ,laz>us2 9 fact1 %e is describ$ by ,glycas z a daught] ( ,simon ! ,lep]4 ,?is tradition furni%es fre% gr\nds = ! belief t ! acc\nt ( ! translation ( ,/ ,m>y's relics ref]s to a truly hi/orical ev5t4#fgb ,! inve/igation ( s*ol>s h br\ght to light ! foll[+ facts z ?r[+ light ^u ! ,prov5cial leg5d3 7#a7 ,an e>ly s>cophagus at ,m>seilles1 belong+ to a c]ta9 ,laz>us1 ,bi%op ( ,aix 7#djg-dag71 :o 0 ?\ght to be ! ,laz>us m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 7#b7 ! exi/5ce ( reput$ relics ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,vezelay 9 ! diocese ( ,autun4 ,! e>lie/ (ficial m5tion ( ,laz>us is 9 a decree ( ,pope ,b5$ict ,,ix4 ( ! ye> #ajdjfgc2 ?is pope consecrat$ ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,victor at ,m>seilles1 & f ?is date ! leg5d develop$ rapidly4 ,its complicat$ hi/ory has be5 cle>ly set =? 9 ! inve/igations ( ,l4 ,du*esne & ,j4 ,riets*2 ! latt] %[s t x is probable ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi4 pres5t$ ! relics ( ,/ ,laz>us to ! wid[$ ,empress ,ri*>dis on h] visit to ,con/ant9ople dur+ h] travels 9 ! ,ea/2 %e probably gave !m to ! ,conv5t ( ,&lau 9 ,alsace1 ov] :i* %e presid$4 ,among ! num]\s works on ?is subject we may m5tion3 ,m4 ,faillon1 ,monum5ts ,9dites sur l',apo/olat de ,sa9te ,m>ie ,madele9e en ,prov5ce 7a collection ( all docum5ts g5u9e & o!rwise be>+ on ! "q71 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,lacordaire1 ,vie de ,sa9te ,m>ie ,madele9e1 ,p>is1 #ahfj1 popul>is$ ! leg5d1 & made x a po9t ( national hon\r to def5d x4 ,l4 ,cl>us 7,volk71 ,ges*i*te des ,leb5s1 d] ,reliqui5 und des ,kultus d] heilig5 ,ges*wi/] ,magdal5a1 etc4 ,reg5sburg1 #aheb1 is uncritical1 b pleasantly writt54 ,l4 ,du*esne1 ,sa9te ,m>ie ,madele9e1 ,t\l\se1 #ahib4 ,j4 ,riets* 7,die ,na*evangelis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,be?anis*5 ,ges*wi/]1 etc41 ,/rassburg1 #aijb7 has probably settl$ ! "q ( ! relics by 8 c>eful inve/igations4 7#b7 ,,/ ,,cecilia ,a p>i% *ur* 0 d$icat$ to ,/ ,cecilia 9 ,rome z e>ly z #dii1 to :i* two prie/s 7 atta*$1 & a cemet]y 0 nam$ aft] h] fell[-suff]]s1 ,tiburtius & ,val]ian1 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,no fur!r in=mation respect+ h] cultus has come d[n to u f antiquity1 & 9 ! lit]ature ( ! patri/ic p]iod1 ) ! exception ( ,v5antius ,=tunatus 9 ! six? c5tury1 h] "n is n m5tion$4 ,h] cultus 0 app>5tly limit$ to ,rome1 al?\gh %e _h a *apel or *ur* 9 ,rav5na1#fgd z ! poet j m5tion$ /ates4 ,a *ange took place :5 ,pope ,pas*al ,i4 9 #hba discov]$ ! sa9t's body1 9 consequ5ce1 z he said1 ( a vision2 until !n x 0 believ$ t ! ,lomb>ds _h c>ri$ x away ) !m4 ,pas*al _h ! body tak5 f ! cemet]y ( ,,ss4 ,sixtus & ,prtextatus1 :]e he f\nd x1 & br\ght to h] *ur* 9 ,rome1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,imm$iately aft] h] dea?1 accord+ to ! /atem5t 9 h] ,passio1 h] body mu/ h be5 plac$ 9 ! papal crypt4#fge ,h] "n 0 !n ins]t$ 9 ! m>tyrologies ( ,ado1 ,usu>dus1 & ,rabanus ,maurus1 & plac$ "u ! #bbnd ,novemb]1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! day ( ! translation ( h] relics1 = ! ,hi]onymianum 9 its olde/ rec5sion gives ! #af? ,septemb] z ! day ( h] dea? 7,natalis74 ,/ ,cecilia appe>s 9 ,b$e & 9 ! ,franki% cal5d>s ( ! eigh? c5tury compos$ "u ,roman influ5ce1 b 9 ! mo/ anci5t cal5d> ( ,c>?age1 "o looks = h] "n 9 va94#fgf ,aft] ! miracul\s discov]y ( h] relics & _! translation1 on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 su* matt]s 9 ! n9? c5tury1 h] fame spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w2 & *ur*es 7 d$icat$ to h]1 ev5 9 ! rec5tly conv]t$ ,nor? ,g]many4 ,f ! po9t ( view we are consid]+1 suffici5t has be5 said ab\t ,/ ,cecilia1 /ill we _c omit ! opportunity ( mak+ "s rem>ks on ! date & circum/ances ( h] m>tyrdom4 ,we h a full acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,passio ,s4 ,ccili1 :i*1 accord+ to ,fa*mun]1 0 drawn up at ! end ( ! fif? or beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,?is docum5t /ates t ,cecilia 0 condemn$ to dea? & execut$ by a prefect ( ,rome call$ ,turcius ,alma*ius2 a ,roman bi%op 7papa urbanus7 plac$ h] body 9 ! papal crypt1 & d$icat$ h] h\se z a *ur*2 ?is pope _h already be5 a confessor = ! ,fai? on two occasions be=e ! dea? ( ,/ ,cecilia4 ,^! /atem5ts cause great difficulty1 s9ce ,pope ,urban ,i4 7#bbc-bcj71 :o c alone be meant "h1 liv$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :o 0 v well dispos$ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians1 & dur+ ^: reign !y 7 free f p]secution4 ,x is exce$+ly improbable t a high (ficial c\ld h p]secut$ !m 9 ,rome1 "u ! eyes ( ! emp]or1 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! ,passio4 ,x is impossible t ,pope ,urban ,i4 c\ld h twice be5 a confessor at ?is "t1 & no evid5ce ( su* a ?+ exi/s2 moreov]1 we h no evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a prefect ( ,rome call$ ,turcius 9 t p]iod1 b we d f9d p]sons ( ?is "n 9 (ficial positions 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e & lat]4 ,all ?is1 tak5 along ) ! circum/ance t x 0 a "t ( mu* unsettlem5t 9 ,rome1 agrees well ) ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ! emp]or 0 seldom 9 ! capital1 b does n suit ! reign ( ,alex&] ,sev]us4 ,! fact t ,/ ,cecilia appe>s nei!r 9 ! anci5t ,roman ,cal5d>1 ! ,depositio ,episcoporum1 nor 9 ! *ronograph] ( #ced1 po9ts to ! conclusion t %e mu/ belong to ! reign ( ,julian4 ,all ! indications ( "t agree ) ?is date2 ! only ?+ aga9/ x is ! "n ( ! contempor>y pope--,urban2 ?is may be an error1 b h[ ! "n f\nd its way into ! ,passio c be expla9$ on v>i\s gr\nds2 ei!r ! orig9al text did n conta9 ! pope's "n1 :i* 0 introduc$ by mi/ake at a lat] date by "s r$actor ( ! orig9al docum5t1 or1 if ! words 8papa urbanus0 7 9 ! orig9al docum5t1 !y are to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( 8,bi%op ( ! city ( ,rome40#fgg ,?is falls 9 ) ! pontificate ( ,lib]ius all ! bett]1 s9ce1 9 ! ye>s #cee-cfe1 he 0 oppos$ by an anti-pope1 ,felix1 :o _h a small foll[+1 & sp5t 8 "t mo/ly outside ,rome1 :]e also he di$4 ,! circum/ance t ! pope1 :atev] 8 "n may h be51 _h be5 twice a confessor = ! ,fai? also suits ,lib]ius1 :o _h be5 bani%$ "u ! ,arian ,con/antius to ,b]a 7#cee-ceg74 ,aft] ! ,c\ncils ( ,seleucia & ,rim9i 9 #cei1 ,con/antius ev5 desir$ 8 dea?1 because he refus$ to subscribe to ! ,arian ,cre$1 & he 0 oblig$ to rema9 9 hid+ = two ye>s 9 ! catacombs until ! dea? ( ! tyrant 7,novemb] #cfa74fgh ,! op9ion t ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,cecilia took place "u ,alex&] ,sev]us has hi!rto receiv$ ! mo/ support1 & ! difficulties h be5 expla9$ on ! supposition t x happ5$ :ile ! emp]or 0 abs5t f ! capital2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is arbitr>y1 & does n really remove ! o!r difficulties4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell ^u ! dates :i* h be5 assign$ 9 m rec5t times4 ,) reg>d to ! m anci5t dates1 ,ado1 ,usu>dus1 & ,de ,rossi place ! m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,commodus1 pla9ly on acc\nt ( ! use ( ! plural by ! prefect :5 he said 7c4 #bd7 8! emp]ors0 _h comm&$ t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld be puni%$ by dea?1 b ?is g5]al comm& 0 repeat$ dur+ all ! p]secutions f ,n]o to ,diocletian4 ,less wide ( ! m>k is ! mo/ anci5t attempt ( all to fix ! date1 i4e41 made by ! fir/ compil] ( ! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 = al?\gh n rem>kable = hi/orical k1 he places ! dea? ( ,cecilia "u ,diocletian4 ,! family ( ! ,turcii did n belong to ,rome1 b came f ,samnium1 :]e "o ( ! "n 9 ! ?ird c5tury is m5tion$ z a proprietor ( brick works 9 ,aufid5a4#fgi ,v>i\s memb]s ( ! family quickly made _! way to high (fices 9 ! ,/ate1#fhj & 9 ! summ] ( #cfc a ,turcius ,apronianus 0 prefect ( ,rome1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself z a p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,8 wife1 h[ev]1 0 a si/] ( ! eld] ,melania1 ,/ ,j]ome's pupil1 ?r\gh ^: influ5ce ! :ole family 0 baptis$ 9 #cig4 ,z a ,*ri/ian ,turcius ,apronianus enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,/ ,paul9us ( ,nola & ! prie/ ,ruf9us4#fha ,8 desc5dants fl\ri%$ all ?r\gh ! fif? c5tury1 at ! end ( :i* a ,turcius ,a/]ius ,secundus 0 consul4 ,all ?is1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! influ5tial position ( ! family1 easily acc\nts = ! abs5ce1 9 ecclesia/ical lit]ature ( a subsequ5t p]iod1 ( ref]5ces to ,/ ,cecilia1 at ^: dea? a ,turcius _h play$ su* an evil "p4 ,o!rwise x w\ld be incr$ible t ! prea*] & poets ( t date %\ld h pass$ ov] a /ory :i* pres5t$ s _m po9ts ( int]e/4#fhb ,no?+ m is kn[n ( ,turcius ,alma*ius ?an :at is relat$ 9 ! passion ( ,/ ,cecilia4 ,he mu/ h be5 prefect f ! end ( #cfa to ! autumn ( #cfb4 ,:5 all has be5 said1 we mu/ admit t ! acc\nt ( ,/ ,cecilia's m>tyrdom1 z x has come d[n to u1 gives rise to s]i\s difficulties f :atev] po9t ( view we reg>d x4 ,tillemont & ,baillet 7 incl9$ to reg>d x z lack+ all au?ority4 ,! only way to give full =ce to all ! facts ( ! case is to place x 9 ! p]iod to :i* x really belongs1 i4e4 to ! reign ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate4 7#c7 ,,/ ,,ca!r9e ,! ,fe/ival ( ,/ ,ca!r9e1 ?\gh only ( late introduction1 quickly spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom2 n only did ,faculties ( ,!ology select h] z _! patroness1 b h] day 7#be? ,novemb]7 0 widely adopt$ = annual fairs1 & h] "n 0 frequ5tly giv5 to *ildr5 ( bo? noble & l[ly families4 ,! orig9al =m ( h] "n 0 cat]9a 771 ! mod]n ,russian ,jekat]9a2 its d]ivation f ! ,greek ka?>os _c1 !re=e1 be ma9ta9$4 ,ca!r9e is said to h be5 a noble virg9 ( ,alex&ria1 :o1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 expo/ulat$ ) ! tyrant ,max5tius on acc\nt ( 8 cruelty dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 & 01 9 consequ5ce1 seiz$ by him & =c$ to hold a disputation ) fifty philosoph]s4 ,n only did ,/ ,ca!r9e hold h] own aga9/ ! philosoph]s1 b ev5 won !m ov] to ,*ri/ianity2 :]eupon ! empress1 :o _h he>d ( h] wisdom1 visit$ h] 9 prison1 escort$ by two hundr$ soldi]s4 ,! soldi]s1 h[ev]1 along ) _! capta91 7 conv]t$ also1 & condemn$ to dea? 9 a body by ! emp]or4 ,! m>tyr h]self 0 next tortur$1 milk1 in/ead ( blood1 fl[+ f h] w\nds1 & !n put to dea? by ! sword4 ,s f> ! leg5d z giv5 by ,metaphra/es2 ! c>ry+ ( h] body by angels to ,m\nt ,s9ai is a lat] addition4 ,x does n require mu* ex]cise ( ! critical faculty to realise ! improbabilities ( ?is /ory1 & at ! pres5t day critics are all b unanim\s#fhc 9 reject+ x2 & s we ne$ only conc]n ourselves ) x "h 9 s f> z x has giv5 rise to ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,ca!r9e4 ,9 ?is connection we obs]ve t n only ! anci5t ,*ur* z a :ole knew no?+ ( ,/ ,ca!r9e1 b1 :at is /ill m to ! po9t1 nei!r ! ,syrian nor ,egyptian ,cal5d>s publi%$ by ,seld5 & ,mai make any m5tion ( ?is rem>kable m>tyr4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ! ,m5ologium ,basilianum is ! fir/ to m5tion h]1 :ile 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* %e does n appe> until ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,dur&us1 al?\gh he treats ( all ! important sa9ts' days1 does n "n ,/ ,ca!r9e1 nei!r does ! ,lib] ,ord9>ius ( ,si5a conclud$ 9 #abfc4 ,9 ! num]\s ,italian missals consult$ by ,ebn]1 ,/ ,ca!r9e is usually f\nd only 9 ! supplem5ts :i* date f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! body ( ! missal1 %e appe>s only 9 ! missal ( ,trani1 belong+ to ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is n difficult to fix ! p]iod at :i* ! leg5d met ) g5]al acceptance1 = ,/ ,ca!r9e is abs5t f ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople1 b is commemorat$ z a m>tyr ( ! second class 9 t ( ,basil4 ,to ?is p]iod belongs ?ree ,lat9 poems f\nd among ! works ( ,alfanus1#fhd ,abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o1 & lat] ,ar*bi%op ( ,sal]no 7#ajeh-ajhe74 ,alfanus1 :om ,/ ,pet] ,damian calls a lov] ( tru?1 b :o is prov$ to h be5 v cr$ul\s by a /ory :i* he tells ( "s unnam$ ,byzant9e mon>*1#fhe appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to make ! leg5d kn[n 9 ! ,we/4 ,! orig9 ( ! /ory is lo/ 9 obscurity1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! leg5d ( ,/ ,laz>us1 we h hi!rto be5 unable to discov] reliable data on :i* to base any conclusion4 ,! /ory ( ,/ ,ca!r9e may well be "o ( ^? popul> tales1 drawn up 9 a hi/orical =m1 :i* 7 circulat$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & occupi$ ! place ( poetic fiction4 ,its excision at any e>ly date f ! s]vice-books is mu* to be desir$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! respect due to !m4 #aa4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts ,! ,fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts has no intimate connection ) ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 b is ( ! nature ( an addition f )\t1 &1 l ! sa9ts' days1 is fix$ = a special date4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ages ! ,*ur* paid an ext]nal cultus to ! m>tyrs alone1 among :om %e includ$1 at an e>ly date1 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 b x 0 only 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies t o!r sa9ts1 n m>tyrs1 atta9$ to ?is di/9ction4 ,! cultus ( simple confessors1 h[ev]1 =m$ at fir/ q ! exception1 & only became g5]al along ) ! introduction ( canonisations4 ,?us 9 ! e>ly ages !re 0 no ,fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts1 b only a commemoration ( all ! m>tyrs1 ! int5tion be+ t no m>tyr might be left unhon\r$4 ,_! numb] _h be5 increas$ to su* an ext5t by ! ,diocletian p]secution1 t x 0 no long] possible to celebrate a special commemoration ( ea* "o sep>ately1 & s _m m>tyrs _h to be pass$ ov]2 ?us a commemoration ( all ! m>tyrs 0 in/itut$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,z f> z we "k at pres5t1 we fir/ meet ) ?is commemoration 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 :i*1 on ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/1 kept a commemoration ( all ! holy m>tyrs4 ,we h "s s]mons ( ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om prea*$ on ?is day4#fhf ,9 c\rse ( "t ! fea/ became g5]al ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 & an ,all ,sa9ts' ,sunday f9ds a place 9 ! ,ea/]n cal5d>s1 :ile ! ,uniats h accept$ ! ,roman date = ! fea/4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! fe/ival pass$ ?r\gh ! foll[+ phases4 ,! ,emp]or ,phocas 7 #d? ,octob] #faj71 z ma/] ( ,rome & "l ( ,c5tral ,italy1 gave ! ,pan!on to ,boniface ,,iv4 at ! pope's reque/4 ,! build+ _h be5 erect$ by ,agrippa 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us 9 #bg ,b4,c4 ,! le>n$ are n agre$ z to :e!r x 0 orig9ally a temple or a ba? 7,laconicum sudatio71 b x _h c]ta9ly /atues ( ! gods 9 ! ni*es :i* adorn its int]ior2 h[ev]1 9 ! sev5? c5tury x no long] s]v$ its orig9al purpose1 & its ma9t5ance 0 a s\rce ( exp5se to ! imp]ial treasury4 ,! pope _h ! build+ cleans$ & made into a *ur*1 :i* he d$icat$ to our ,lady & all ! m>tyrs2#fhg ! day ( ! d$ication 0 ! #ac? ,may 7#fji or #faj71 :i* ?us came to be obs]v$ 9 ,rome z a commemoration ( all ! holy m>tyrs4 ,a second /age 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! fea/ 0 rea*$ 9 ! next c5tury1 :5 ,gregory ,,iii4 7#gca-gda7 d$icat$ an oratory 9 ,/ ,pet]'s to 8! ,r$eem]1 ,8 holy ,"m1 all ! ,apo/les1 ,m>tyrs1 ,confessors1 & all ! j & p]fect :o are at re/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w40 ,9 ?is oratory ! monks 7 to celebrate vigils & say mass 9 hon\r ( ! sa9ts4#fhh ,"h we h ! same idea manife/$ :i* und]lies ! ,fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,a ,roman basilica _h be5 already d$icat$ 9 hon\r ( all ! apo/les1 & ! day ( its d$ication1 ! #a/ ,may1 probably s]v$ z a commemoration ( all ! apo/les4 ,! ,*ur* ( 8,s4 ,m>ia ad ,m>tyres10 ! ,pan!on1 01 moreov]1 ?or\ghly re/or$ by ,gregory ,,iii4#fhi ,! ?ird & decisive /age 9 ! progress 0 rea*$ "u ,gregory ,,iv4 7#hbg-hdd74 ,a m$ival1 b1 9 ?is case1 well-in=m$ writ] /ates t a great numb] ( pilgrims w5t annually to ,rome = ! ,fea/ ( all ! ,m>tyrs 7#ac? ,may71 & t1 s9ce ! supply ( provisions 9 ,rome 9 spr+ 0 insuffici5t = ! support ( bo? pilgrims & inhabitants1 ,gregory ,,iv4 *ang$ ! fea/ f ! #ac? ,may to ! #a/ ,novemb]4#fij ,franki% writ]s ( ! same p]iod in=m u t ?is pope exhort$ ,l\is ! ,pi\s to introduce ! fe/ival into ,france1 & t ,l\is1 ) ! cons5t ( all ! bi%ops ( ,gaul & ,g]many1 accord+ly ord]$ x to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t 8 empire 9 #hce4fia ,_m writ]s on ?is acc\nt give ?is z ! ye> 9 :i* ! fe/ival 0 in/itut$1 & attribute its orig9 to ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 b 9 ?is !y are mi/ak54 ,sixtus ,,iv4 7#adga-adhd7 provid$ ,all ,sa9ts' ) an octave4#fib #ab4 ,! ,commemoration ( ,all ,s\ls ,! pi\s duty ( pray] = ! dep>t$ 7#b ,ma*abees xii4 #df7 f9ds expression 9 private & public devotions4 ,! public pray]s usually take place on /at$ days1 i4e4 ! day ( ! dea?1 ! sev5? & ?irtie? days aft] dea?1 & ! anniv]s>y2 ! obs]vance ( ^! devotions is left 9 ! h&s ( ! relatives & fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,! religi\s ,ord]s began at an e>ly date to obs]ve ^! pi\s cu/oms ) reg>d to _! own dep>t$ memb]s4#fic ,besides ?is1 = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s a p>ticul> day 9 ! ye> has be5 set ap>t = ! commemoration ( all ! dep>t$ 9 g5]al2 ?is 0 ! #bnd ,novemb]1 or1 if ! #bnd fell on a ,sunday1 ! #crd4 ,! impulse :i* l$ to its introduction into ! ritual ( ! ,*ur* came f ,cluny1 = 9 #iih ! ,abbot ,odilo issu$ an ord9ance to ?is effect 7! s-call$ ,/atutum ,s4 ,odilonis pro ,defunctis7#fid to all ! mona/]ies ( 8 congregation4 ,9 ?is x 0 direct$ t 9 all mona/]ies ( ! ,ord] on ! #a/ ,novemb]1 aft] vesp]s1 ! bell %\ld be toll$ & ! (fice ( ! dead recit$1 & on ! next day all ! prie/s ( ! congregation 7 to say mass = ! repose ( ! fai?ful dep>t$4 ,?is example f\nd imitators )\t !re be+ any legislation on ! po9t4 ,o!r ,ord]s spe$ily took x up1 su* z ! ,b5$ict9es & ,c>?usians1 etc42#fie b x 0 long] be=e ! secul> cl]gy adopt$ ?is practice 9 ea* diocese4 ,! date ( its introduction v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 x w be suffici5t = u to give a few dates = :i* we h c]ta9 in=mation1 :i* h a special int]e/ = u4 ,! fir/ diocese to adopt ,all ,s\ls' ,day seems to h be5 ,lige1 :]e x 0 introduc$ by ,bi%op ,notk] 7 #ajjh74fif ,x appe>s 9 ! m>tyrology ( ,besanon1 call$ aft] ,bi%op ,protadius1 & compil$ betwe5 #ajec & #ajff2 x is m5tion$ 9 ! f\rte5? ( ! ,roman ,ordos1 :i* belongs to ! ?irte5? c5tury2 x is n f\nd 9 ! ,cologne ,cal5d> ( ! same c5tury1 nor 9 ! m anci5t "o publi%$ by ,b9t]im2 x is also abs5t f a cal5d> put out 9 #achb4fig ,we h m detail$ in=mation respect+ ! ,*ur* ( ,milan4 ,bi%op ,otricus 7#aabj-aabe7 _h already introduc$ ! obs]vance ( ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 b plac$ x on ! day foll[+ ! d$ication ( ! ca!dral1 i4e4 ! #ae? ,octob]4 ,?is arrangem5t cont9u$ to ! "t ( ,/ ,*>les ,borromeo1 :o 9 #aehb adopt$ ! ,roman1 or r ! orig9al date4#fih ,9 ! ,greek & ,russian ,*ur*es ! commemoration ( ! dep>t$ is kept on ! ,saturday be=e ! ,sunday 8,apoecros10 :i* corresponds to our ,septuagesima ,sunday4 ,! ,arm5ians keep x on ,ea/] ,monday4 #ac4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,angels ,! exi/5ce ( high] & purely spiritual be+s =m$ "p ( ! religi\s belief ( ! ,jews2 !y are m5tion$ 9 c\ntless passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b no wor%ip 0 paid directly to !m by ! ,synagogue4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! cultus ( ! angels1 especially ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 c be trac$ back to remote antiquity4 ,9 m rec5t times special days h be5 set ap>t 9 hon\r ( ! o!r two angels nam$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & also ( ! ,gu>dian ,angels2 ,/ ,gabriel is hon\r$ on ! #ah? ,m>*1 ,/ ,raphael on ! #bd? ,octob]4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or built a *ur* 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,mi*ael on ! headl& call$ ,he/i on ! ,bosphorus4 ,x 0 built on ! spot call$ ,anaplus1 di/ant f ,con/ant9ople sev5ty /adia by l& & ?irty-five by wat]4 ,! place aft]w>ds took ! "n ( ,mi*aelion1 aft] ! *ur*4 ,on ! opposite headl& on ! ,asiatic %ore ,ju/9ian also erect$ a *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael4 ,nicephorus makes ,con/ant9e ! f\nd] ( bo? *ur*es1 b ,!ophanes speaks only ( "o built by him4#fii ,accord+ to ,du ,cange1 !re is said to h be5 no few] ?an fifte5 *ur*es & *apels ( ,/ ,mi*ael 9 ,con/ant9ople & ! neighb\rhood 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,o!r t[ns also erect$1 at an e>ly date1 *ur*es d$icat$ to ,/ ,mi*ael1 z1 = example1 ,rav5na 9 #ede4 ,/ ,mi*ael enjoy$ special v5]ation at ! same p]iod at ,*on 9 ,phrygia1#gjj an anci5t & celebrat$ place ( pilgrimage1 & ! *ief c5tre 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire ( ! cultus ( ! angels4 ,*on1 ! pres5t ,khonas on ! ,lycus1 situat$ on a tribut>y ( ! ,m&] 9 ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,laodicea1 is ! "n giv5 s9ce ! n9? c5tury to ! anci5t ,coloss1 to ! ,*ri/ian community ( :i* city ,/ ,paul address$ "o ( 8 epi/les1 :]e9 he already speaks ( ! wor%ip ( angels4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ! apo/les !re exi/$ a half-,jewi%1 half-,gno/ic sect :i* di/urb$ ! peace ( ! local *ur* by tea*+ t ,*ri/ 0 inf]ior to ! angels1 :o mu/ be wor%ipp$ & invok$ 9 pref]5ce to ,him2 ,/ ,paul 7,colossians ii4 #ah7 rejects ?is tea*+ z h]etical1 nev]!less1 x did n die out1 = 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 0 compell$ to c5sure ?is false wor%ip ( ! angels 9 its ?irty-fif? canon4#gja ,?is 0 n a prohibition ( ! cultus ( ! angels 9 g5]al1 = at ! same p]iod ,/ ,ambrose & ,/ ,hil>y 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,*ur* exhort$ ! fai?ful to invoke !m4#gjb ,! true wor%ip ( ! angels exi/$ also 9 ,coloss1 = ,metaphra/es tells u t an app>ition ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael himself took place !re1 9 hon\r ( :i* ,manual ,comn5us lat] on prescrib$ t ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,app>ition ( ,/ ,mi*ael %\ld be kept z a fe/ival ( ! second class on ! #f? ,septemb] 7,app>itio ,s4 ,mi*lis 9 ,*onis74 ,! fir/ *ur* d$icat$ to ! ,ar*angel 9 ,rome1 or r 9 its neighb\rhood1 seems to h enjoy$ great v5]ation4 ,! olde/ ,roman sacram5t>y1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ,leo ! ,great1 gives no less ?an five masses = ! anniv]s>y ( its d$ication2 9 ?ree ( !m ,/ ,mi*ael is m5tion$ by "n 9 ! pray]s or prefaces4 ,f ! fact t 9 ! o!r masses ! angels 9 g5]al are spok5 ( )\t special m5tion ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 we mu/ n conclude1 z _m liturgical writ]s h done1 t !y deal ) ! cultus ( ! angels 9 g5]al4 ,! *ur* 0 situat$1 accord+ to subsequ5t in=mation1 on ! ,via ,sal>ia at ! six? mile/one f ,rome2 b beyond ?is no?+ fur!r is kn[n ab\t x4 ,^! masses = ! day ( ! ,consecration ( ! ,basilica ( ! ,holy ,angel 9 ! ,via ,sal>ia#gjc are plac$ on ! #cj? ,septemb] 9 ! ,leonianum4 ,z reg>ds lat] ,roman sacram5t>ies1 ! pray]s = a mass 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,mi*ael are giv5 9 ! ,gelasianum on ! #bi? ,septemb]4 ,! ,gregorianum gives on ! same day ! d$ication ( ! basilica ( ,/ ,mi*ael )\t ! addition 89 via ,sal>ia40#gjd ,x is probable t ano!r *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael is meant "h ^: d$ication took place on ! #bi? & n ! #cj? ,septemb]4 ,! day ( ?is *ur*'s d$ication has cont9u$ to our own "t to be kept z ! ,fe/ival ( ,/ ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel4 ,9 ! city itself !re 0 also a *ur* erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 ! date & f\nd] ( :i* are bo? unkn[n4 ,among ! ecclesia/ical build+s ( ,pope ,symma*us 7#dih-ead7 9 ! city ( ,rome1 ! ,lib] ,pontificalis says t he enl>g$ & beautifi$ ! basilica ( ,/ ,mi*ael4#gje ,a *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael 0 also built by a pope ( ! "n ( ,boniface ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius1#gjf &1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael 9 ,sassia 0 also erect$4 ,! ,*ur*es ( ! ,we/ accept$ ! ,roman date1 ! #bi? ,septemb]1 = ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,mi*ael1#gjg & 9 ! ,middle ,ages x rank$ z a holy day ( obligation1 especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e ,k+ ,e!lr$ 9 #ajad provid$ x %\ld be obs]v$ ) a vigil & a prep>atory fa/ ( ?ree days4#gjh ,9 ,g]many ! ,c\ncil ( ,ma9z 7#hac7 9 its ?irty-six? canon e/abli%$ x z a fe/ival2 & ! imp]ial bann]1 to be c>ri$ 9 battle1 bore ! figure ( ,/ ,mi*ael4 ,9 ,france ! fea/ 0 e/abli%$ by ! sixty-fir/ canon ( ! diocesan ,synod ( ,t\rs 9 #heh4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople ! fea/ 0 obs]v$ on ! #h? ,novemb]2 x is m>k$ 9 ! m5ology z ! ,synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 :ile 9 ! ,basilianum ! same day is call$ only a ,synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel4 ,9 ! lat] ,coptic ,cal5d> ( ,calcas5di1 ,/ ,mi*ael occurs no less ?an six times 7#g? ,april1 #f? ,june1 #e? ,augu/1 #i? ,septemb]1 #h? ,novemb]1 & #h? ,decemb]74 ,9 ! ,syrian lection>y he is set d[n 9 ! #f? ,septemb]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! six? c5tury a second ,fe/ival ( ,/ ,mi*ael began to be celebrat$ 9 ! ,we/1 9 consequ5ce ( an app>ition ne> ,sipontum on ,monte ,g>gano :i* took place on ! #h? ,may2 ! ye>1 un=tunately1 is n kn[n1 b ! ,boll&i/s place x 9 ! int]val betwe5 #ebj & #ecj4 ,s9ce ,monte ,g>gano1 l ,*on 9 ! ,ea/1 became a fam\s ,we/]n place ( pilgrimage1 ?is local fe/ival gradually came to be obs]v$ 9 o!r places 9 ! ,we/4 ,! cal5d>s & m>tyrologies frequ5tly confuse x ) ! fea/ ( ! #bi? ,septemb]1 z1 = example1 ! two olde/ rec5sions ( ! ,hi]onymianum1 ^? ( ,metz & ,weiss5burg2 & simil> mi/akes occur 9 o!r cal5d>s4#gji ,gabriel & ,raphael h no special commemoration ei!r 9 ! ,hi]onymianum or 9 o!r anci5t m>tyrologies & cal5d>s ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 nei!r d !y appe> 9 ! ,greek m5ologies2 x is only 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies t 9 a few in/ances we f9d !m commemorat$ on special days4#gaj ,al?\gh ,gabriel appe>s 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,coptic ,cal5d>1 x is d\btful :e!r ! day *os5 = 8 commemoration1 ! #ah? ,decemb]1 is n 9 ! fir/ in/ance a commemoration ( ! ,annunciation1 & only second>ily & accid5tly a fea/ ( ! ,ar*angel4 ,9 ! same way1 8 "n appe>s 9 ! ,syrian lection>y on ! #bf? ,m>*1 ! day aft] our ,lady's ,annunciation4 ,a special fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,gu>dian ,angels 0 fir/ celebrat$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,spa9 on ! #a/ ,m>*1#gaa & aft]w>ds 9 ,france on ! fir/ free day aft] ,mi*aelmas4 ,pope ,paul ,v4 p]mitt$ ! :ole ,*ur* to celebrate ! ,fea/ ( ! ,gu>dian ,angels 7#bg? ,septemb] #afjh71 &1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii41 prescrib$ its obs]vance ?r\gh\t ! imp]ial dom9ions4 ,clem5t ,,ix4 9 #affg plac$ ! fea/ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,septemb]1 & provid$ x ) an octave4 ,clem5t ,x4 9 #afgj made x a fe/um duplex ( g5]al obligation1 & gave x a fix$ place 9 ! cal5d> on ! #bnd ,octob]2 ! old] date1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s 9 ,g]many & 9 a "p ( ,switz]l&4#gab ,leo ,,xiii4 rais$ x to a duplex majus4 #ad4 ,! ,two ,fe/ivals 9 ,hon\r ( ! ,holy ,cross 7#crd ,may & #ad? ,septemb]7 ,! discov]y ( ! true cross is ascrib$ to ,/ ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,hel5a 0 born ab\t #bdf at ,drepanum 9 ,bi?ynia1 ( humble orig91 hav+ s]v$ z maid 9 an inn 7/abul>ia7 :]e ,con/ant9e ,*lorus made h] acqua9tance ab\t #bgc4 ,f _! union sprang ! future ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 born on #bg? ,febru>y #bgd at ,nassus1 n[ ,nis* 9 ,s]via4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e ,*lorus 0 rais$ to ! rank ( ,cs> on #a/ ,m>* #bib1 he1 l 8 colleague1 _h to sep>ate f 8 wife 7:e!r ,hel5a or ano!r is disput$71 9 ord] to =m a m influ5tial alliance1 ) ,!odora1 daught] ( ,maximianus ,h]cules1 by :om he _h ?ree sons4 ,b 9 #cjf1 :5 ,con/ant9e aft] 8 fa!r's dea? became ! emp]or's colleague & ,cs>1 he rais$ 8 "m to a position ( hon\r & br\ght h] to ! c\rt4 ,:51 9 #caa1 he pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 ,hel5a also foll[$ 8 example1 & at ! age ( sixty-f\r or sixty-five became a ,*ri/ian4 ,! mis=tunes ( h] son's family life di/urb$ h] la/ ye>s1 & %e 0 especially griev$ at ! dea? ( h] gr&son ,crispus1 :om ,con/ant9e caus$ to be murd]$ 9 #cbf1 at ! in/igation ( 8 /epmo!r ,fau/a4#gac ,z a pi\s ,*ri/ian %e f\nd consolation 9 ! p]=mance ( good works1 to :i* %e devot$ h]self4 ,%e di$ 9 #cbf1 & h] body 0 buri$ at ,rome 9 ! ,via ,lavicana1 b two ye>s lat] x 0 tak5 to ,con/ant9ople4#gad ,9 h] hon\r ,con/ant9e *ang$ ! "n ( h] bir?place to ,hel5opolis1 & be/[$ ^u h] ! title ( ,augu/a2 on m$als %e is call$ ,flavia ,julia ,hel5a4 ,%e obta9$ great hon\r aft] h] dea?1 & 9 ,j]usalem especially h] memory 0 held 9 v5]ation by ! religi\s virg9s ( ! locality2#gae ,/ ,ambrose calls h] a woman ( good & holy memory2 ,/ ,paul9us ( ,nola _h a high idea ( h] wor?1 & speaks ( h] z des]v+ all v5]ation1 & ,!odoret1 al?\gh imp]fectly in=m$ z to ! facts ( h] life1 praises h] exub]antly4#gaf ,z to h] admission among ! ranks ( ! sa9ts1 ?is 0 effect$ only at a late date1 & 9 a few in/ances4 ,we f9d h] "n1 inde$1 9 ! eigh? c5tury 9 ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople set d[n along ) t ( h] son on ! day ( 8 dea? 7#ba/ ,may74 ,?is %[s t ! au?or ( ! m5ology 0 ignorant ( ! day ( h] dea?1 & also t no cultus 0 paid to h] imm$iately aft] h] decease2 /ill1 to bo? ! t]m sa9t is appli$ 9 ?is docum5t4 ,no trace ( h] cultus appe>s 9 ! ,we/ be=e ! n9? c5tury4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,,mss4 ( ! ,hi]onymianum d n conta9 h] "n2 %e is n to be f\nd ei!r 9 ,b$e or ,ado2 ,usu>dus has plac$ h] 9 8 m>tyrology "u ! #ah? ,augu/1#gag & f him h] commemoration pass$ into ! ,roman m>tyrology on ! same day1 b 9 ! o!r liturgical books %e has no place4#gah ,:5 we f9d 8,s ,hel5a0 9 a graffito or 9 an it9]>y1 ?is _c be reg>d$ z a fact ( mu* importance4#gai ,soon aft] he became sole emp]or1 ,con/ant9e decid$ to erect a *ur* ov] ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius1#gbj ! hea!n _h fill$ up ! place ) rubbi%1 rais$ ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & built a temple to ,v5us on ! site4 ,?is 0 n[ de/roy$1 ! rubbi% remov$1 & deep "u ! surface ! cave ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 0 discov]$4#gba ,! emp]or's lett] to ,bi%op ,mac>ius ( ,j]usalem conc]n+ ! build+ ( ! *ur* is giv5 9 full by ,eusebius4 ,! erection ( ! build+ 0 und]tak5 at once1 & ,eusebius has giv5 u a full description ( x4#gbb ,at ?is po9t ,eusebius beg9s to speak ( ,hel5a1 & relates h[ %e came to ! ,ea/ & visit$ ! holy places1 & on ?is occasion %e gave ri* pres5ts to ! *ur*es :i* h] son _h built bo? 9 ,be?lehem & on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4#gbc ,:]eupon ,eusebius relates ! dea? ( ,hel5a1 b ( h] discov]y ( ! ,holy ,cross he says n "o ^w2 x is only 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms 7lxxxvii4 #aa2 cviii4 #bi7 t c]ta9 my/]i\s expressions are f\nd :i* may ref] to x4#gbd ,?is sil5ce is all ! m rem>kable s9ce ,j]usalem belong$ to ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,cs>ea1 & ,eusebius mu/ 9 any case h kn[n ( ! ev5t4 ,lat] hi/orians & writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ,socrates & ,sozom51#gbe h a great deal to say ^u ! subject4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! cross ( our ,"l1 & ^? also ( ! two ?ieves1 along ) ! title writt5 by ,pilate1 7 all f\nd deep "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 b ! cross on :i* our ,"l suff]$ c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two4 ,bi%op ,mac>ius solv$ ! difficulty by obta9+ a miracle f ,god1 9 answ] to 8 pray]s2 ! ?ree crosses 7 laid1 "o aft] ano!r1 ^u a sick woman1 9 ! belief t %e mu/ be cur$ :5 t\*$ by our ,"l's cross4 ,& s x happ5$1 z ! ?ird cross t\*$ h] body1 %e recov]$4 ,?is heal+ ( a sick p]son has become 9 lat] writ]s1 z1 = example1 9 ,paul9us ( ,nola1#gbf a resurrection f ! dead1 %[+ 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! developm5t ( ! leg5d4 ,9 addition1 ! nails ( ! cross 7 also f\nd1 & ^!1 along ) half ( ! cross1 7 s5t by ,hel5a to h] son 9 ,con/ant9ople2 ! o!r half 0 pres]v$ 9 ,j]usalem 9 a silv] %r9e 9 a *apel specially built = its reception4 ,socrates1 f :om ^! details are tak51 places ^! ev5ts aft] 8 acc\nt ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil2 _m writ]s place !m 9 ! ye> aft] ! ,c\ncil1 b ?is is incorrect1 s9ce 9 t ye> ,hel5a di$2 ! ,alex&r9e ,*ronicle alone1 :i* 9 su* matt]s is v reliable1 gives ! day & ! ye> = ^! ev5ts1 i4e4 #ad? ,septemb] #cbj4gbg ,o!r au?orities give a yet e>li] date2 inde$1 a ,syrian leg5d relates t a c]ta9 ,protonika _h discov]$ ! ,holy ,cross dur+ ! reign ( ,tib]ius4#gbh ,! day ( ! discov]y ( ! ,holy ,cross 0 kept annually at ,j]usalem ) great c]emony1 all ! m z ! consecration ( ! *ur* 0 kept on ! same day4 ,! two pr9cipal *ur*es 9 ,j]usalem1 ! "o on ,golgo?a1 :i* bore ! title ( ,m>tyrium & ,ad ,crucem1 & ! o!r1 also built by ,con/ant9e1 & call$ ! ,ana/asis1 7 bo? consecrat$ on ! same date1 i4e4 ! #ad? ,septemb]4#gbi ,already 9 ! f\r? c5tury numb]s ( pilgrims came to ,j]usalem to celebrate ?is fe/ival2 !y came f di/ant c\ntries1 f ,mesopotamia & ,egypt1 & among !m sev]al bi%ops 7 to be f\nd4 ,! ,gallic pilgrim1 ( :om we h s (t5 spok51 0 pres5t at ?is fe/ival1 & has left an int]e/+ description ( x1 & a lat] pilgrim1 ! p5it5t ,m>y ( ,egypt1 0 conv]t$ on ! occasion ( ! fe/ival4 ,we h already relat$ h[ ! ,holy ,cross 0 expos$ = ! v5]ation ( ! fai?ful e ye> 9 ,j]usalem on ,good ,friday4 ,! #ad? ,septemb] 0 at fir/ only a local fe/ival at ,j]usalem & 9 ^? o!r t[ns :i* possess$ portions ( ! ,holy ,cross1 su* z ,con/ant9ople & ,apamea2 x spread aft]w>ds to o!r places1 & soon became univ]sal 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is call$ 9 ! ,ea/ ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross 7 1 or 71 f :i* is tak5 its ,we/]n "n1 ,exaltatio ,crucis1 b ! pilgrim ,!odosius1 :o visit$ ! ,holy ,l& ab\t #ecj1 employs ! correct t]m1 ! ,f9d+ ( ! ,cross 7inv5tio crucis74#gcj ,accord+ to ! m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! fe/ival 0 prec$$ by a prep>ation ( f\r days 7#aj? to #ac? ,septemb]74 ,on ! ?ree la/ days ( ,holy ,week ! c\rt & all ! high (ficials took "p 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,holy ,cross1 z we le>n f a writ]#gca ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! ,coptic cal5d>s usually prolong ! celebration dur+ ?ree days4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ! relic ( ! ,holy ,cross 0 connect$ ) an ev5t ( great importance4 ,*osroes ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 began to make w> aga9/ ! ,ea/]n ,empire at ! "t :5 ,h]aclius asc5d$ ! ?rone2 he captur$ ! cities ( ,apamea & ,edessa1 & defeat$ ! ,greeks 9 sev]al engagem5ts2 9 ,june #fad 8 g5]al ,salb>us took ,j]usalem ) great slaught]4 ,he laid wa/e ! *ur*es1 & c>ri$ (f to ,p]sia1 ) ! re/ ( ! booty1 ! portion ( ! ,holy ,cross :i* 0 pres]v$ !re4 ,! c\rse ( ! w> /ill rema9$ unfav\rable to ! ,greeks until ,h]aclius1 hav+ made peace ) ! ,bulg>ians1 himself l$ ! full /r5g? ( 8 army aga9/ ! ,p]sians 9 #fba4 ,! =tune ( w> *ang$1 & ! ,greeks reconqu]$ _! lo/ t]ritory1 be+ aid$ 9 ?is by int]nal discord among ! ,p]sians4 ,*osroes 0 depos$ & murd]$ 9 #fbh2 8 successor1 ,siroes1 ha/5$ to make peace ) ! ,greeks1 & re/or$ to !m ! wood ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ,h]aclius return$ z victor to 8 capital1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ye> he set out = ,syria1 tak+ ! ,holy ,cross ) him4 ,he br\ght x himself f ,tib]ias to ,j]usalem1#gcb :]e he h&$ x ov] to ! ,patri>* ,za*>ias on ! #crd ,may1 if ! traditional date be correct4 ,tradition fur!r adds t1 array$ 9 8 royal robes1 he essay$ to c>ry x ^u 8 %\ld]s1 b at ! foot ( ! hill ( ,calv>y he f\nd himself unable to proce$ fur!r until1 ^u ! advice ( ,za*>ias1 he laid aside 8 royal app>el4 ,no fe/ival 9 commemoration ( ! ev5t 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,ea/1 al?\gh x 0 9 ! ,we/4#gcc ,) reg>d to ! spread ( ^! two fe/ivals ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*1 we mu/ call att5tion to a rem>kable fact2 ! day ( ! discov]y ( ! ,holy ,cross by ,hel5a 7#ad? ,septemb]7 naturally exi/$ z a fe/ival f ! fir/ 9 ,j]usalem1 f :5ce x soon spread ?r\gh\t ! entire ea/]n half ( ! ,*ur*1 b 9 ! ,we/1 al?\gh ! discov]y ( ! cross 0 already well kn[n 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t 0 n adopt$1 at lea/ n at once4 ,x 0 j ! opposite ) reg>d to ! recov]y ( ! cross by ,h]aclius2 ! grief at ! news ( its loss 0 equall$ by ! joy :i* ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w felt at its recov]y4 ,:ile 9 ! ,ea/ p rema9$ cont5t ) ! already exi/+ fea/1 9 ! ,we/ ! day ( ! recov]y ( ! cross 0 kept z a solemn commemoration1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! cal5d>s & m>tyrologies at an e>ly date2 we f9d x m5tion$ by ! "n 8,day ( ! ,holy ,cross0 7dies sanct crucis7 9 ! lection>y ( ,silos1 :i* belongs to ab\t #fej--probably ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! fe/ival4 ,! anci5t ,gallic liturgies publi%$ by ,mabillon1 bo? ! lection>y & sacram5t>y1 conta9 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,cross 9 spr+1 b call x 8,! ,f9d+ ( ! ,cross0 7,inv5tio ,sanct ,crucis74#gcd ,none ( ^! s]vice-books m5tion ! fea/ ( ! #ad? ,septemb]4 ,! ,gregorianum has bo? fea/s1 s has ! ,gelasianum1 at all ev5ts 9 ,?omasi's edition1 b ! second is a lat] addition4#gce ,! way 9 :i* ! ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum treats ^! fea/s is wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,weiss5burg ,codex1 writt5 ab\t #gej1 has bo? days2 ! ,e*t]na* ,codex1 :i* repres5ts ! olde/ =m ( ! text1 has nei!r1 & ! ,b]n ,codex1 ! late/ ( ! ?ree rec5sions1 has only "o1 i4e4 ! #crd ,may1 :i*1 9 common ) all ,lat9 au?orities1 x calls ! ,f9d+ ( ! ,cross4#gcf ,! au!ntic text ( ,b$e has only ! #crd ,may1 s too has ! sacram5t>y ( ,padua1 belong+ to ! fir/ half ( ! n9? c5tury4#gcg ,^! notices might easily be increas$1 b !y are suffici5t to %[ h[ t 9 ! ,we/1 :5 x 0 kn[n t ! ,holy ,cross _h be5 recov]$ f ! ,s>ac5s1 ! fea/ ( ! #crd ,may 01 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 imm$iately introduc$1 b ! fea/ ( ! #ad? ,septemb] only became kn[n 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & won its way to acceptance sl[ly & p>tially4 ,9 _m *ur*es x 0 receiv$ q late1 z = example 9 ,milan 9 #ajce4gch ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,^u ,,:i* ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ye> ,,is ,,bas$ #a4 ,! ,docum5t>y ,s\rces 9 ,g5]al ,! s\rces f :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> & ! fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts is drawn are fir/ ( all (ficial docum5ts1 namely s]vice-books1 decrees ( c\ncils1 papal con/itutions & bulls2 9 ! second place come ! in=mation d]iv$ f ecclesia/ical writ]s ( v>i\s p]iods & c\ntries :i* mu/ be us$ & br\ght into connection ) ! (ficial s\rces4 ,among ! liturgical books ( ! ,*ur*1 ! missals & brevi>ies hold ! fir/ place4 ,9 e>li] times ^! 7 diff]5tly arrang$ & _h diff]5t names f ^? :i* !y be> at pres5t4 ,! collects & psalms 9 p>ticul> employ$ at ! mass 7 n includ$ 9 "o volume z !y are n[1 b 7 tak5 f a numb] ( books4 ,! ess5tial pray]s ( ! mass 7 conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,sacram5t>ium1 9 :i* 7 also to be f\nd ! collects1 prefaces1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ev5 ! :ole canon4 ,! lections f ,holy ,scripture1 ! ,epi/les & ,gospels1 7 collect$ toge!r 9 ! ,lection>ies1 ei!r all toge!r1 or ! ,epi/les & ,gospels 9 sep>ate volumes2 ano!r "n = ?is k9d ( book 0 ,comes4 ,! psalms & o!r portions to be sung by ! *oir 7 conta9$ 9 sep>ate books1 ! ,antiphon>ies1 ,graduals1 & ,hymn>ies1 etc4 ,x 0 only 9 ! ,middle ,ages t = ! sake ( conv5i5ce all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! mass 7 conta9$ toge!r 9 "o volume1 call$ a missale pl5>ium1 b ! sep>ate volumes /ill cont9u$ 9 use = c]ta9 occasions4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations1 we h (t5 _h to ref] to ! s-call$ sacram5t>ies1 ( :i* ! ?ree mo/ anci5t belong+ to ! ,roman ,*ur* are also ! mo/ important4 ,^! are3-- #a4 ,sacram5t>ium ,leonianum4 ,?is is a collection ( old] =mul>ies :i* _h be5 already drawn up by an unkn[n au?or1 "s ( :i* may well be ! "w ( ,leo ! ,great2 ! title1 :i* gives rise to ! op9ion t ,leo 0 ! au?or ( ! book1 is due to ! fir/ editor4 ,! only exi/+ codex is 9 ,v]ona1 & is un=tunately imp]fect1 be+ defici5t 9 all t relates to ,l5t & ,ea/]4 ,s9ce x conta9s a pray] = ,pope ,simplicius 7 #dhc71 ,rome mu/ be reg>d$ z ! place :]e x 0 drawn up1 & :]e x 0 us$1 :ile ! date :5 x took its pres5t %ape 0 ! pontificate ( ,felix ,,ii4 7#dhc-dib74 #b4 ,! ,gelasianum1 s call$ aft] ,gelasius ,i4 7#dib-dif74 ,?is pope did actually compose "s liturgical books1 b ! volum5 sacram5torum1 ascrib$ to him by ,g5nadius1 _c h be5 "o ( !m1 s9ce x conta9s ! f\r fe/ivals ( our ,lady :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 ,rome only aft] ,gregory ! ,great4 ,on ! o!r h& x does n conta9 ! /ations = ! ,?ursdays 9 ,l5t introduc$ by ,gregory ,,ii4 7#gae-gca72 consequ5tly1 x repres5ts ! liturgical usages ( ! sev5? c5tury1 i4e4 ( ! p]iod aft] ,/ ,gregory ! ,great1 & be>s ! "n ( ,gelasius incorrectly4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree books3 7#a7 ,de ,tempore1 beg9n+ ) ,*ri/mas2 7#b7 ,de ,sanctis1 beg9n+ ) ! #a/ ,janu>y2 & 7#c7 masses = ! ord9>y ,sundays1 votive masses1 & masses = ! dead4 ,! numb] ( prefaces conta9$ 9 ! sacram5t>y am\nts to ov] a hundr$4 ,! ,/[e ,missal1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! ,gelasianum1 gives ! canon ,gelasii ,pap4 ,?is book 0 drawn up 9 ,rome & 0 int5d$ = local usage1 b we only possess ! ,,mss41 :i* 7 meant = ! *ur*es ( ,france2 ! mo/ anci5t belongs to ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & 0 writt5 app>5tly = ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,d5ys 7,cod4 ,vat4 ,reg4 ,sueci1 #caf74 ,! o!r exi/+ codices only give an edition specially adapt$ f ! orig9al ,roman book = use 9 ! ,franki% ,empire2 ?is is %[n by ! pray]1 8,respice propitius ad ,romanum sive ,francorum imp]ium40 #c4 ,! ,gregorianum4 ,?is repres5ts ! ,roman rite ( ! p]iod ( ,pope ,adrian ,i4 7#ggb-gie7 & ,*>lemagne4 ,x is entirely a compilation ( ,roman orig9 belong+ to ! eigh? c5tury1 de/9$ orig9ally = ! use ( ! popes b aft]w>ds adapt$ = g5]al use4 ,! canon /&s at ! head ( ! "w1 :i* comm5ces ) ,*ri/mas1 b ,adv5t comes at ! end ( ! ,proprium de ,tempore4 ,! ,agnus ,dei1 add$ to ! text ( ! mass by ,pope ,s]gius ,i41 is giv5 "h 9 its place1 :ile x is abs5t f ,gelasianum4#gci ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ?is "w is 9 ! collection ( lett]s ( ! popes ( ! eigh? c5tury kn[n z ! ,codex ,c>ol9us1 9 a lett] ( ,adrian ,i4 to ,*>lemagne :o receiv$ a copy ( ! "w f ,adrian betwe5 #ghd & #gia1gdj f :i* date x 0 introduc$ into ! ,franki% ,empire1 copi$1 & circulat$1 & also add$ to4 ,9 8 lett] ,adrian ascribes a p]sonal %>e 9 ! production ( ! "w to 8 pr$ecessor ,gregory1 rely+1 ( c\rse1 on ! tradition ( 8 ,*ur*4#gda #d4 ,?is la/-nam$ book gradually supplant$ ! anci5t liturgies & s]vice-books ( ,gaul2 ( ^! we possess ! ,sacram5t>ium ,gallicanum1 along ) its lection>y1 ! ,missale ,go?ico-,gallicanum1 & ! ,missale ,francorum2#gdb ! ,moz>abic missal & brevi>y are also v important docum5ts4 ,! ecclesia/ical cal5d>s & m>tyrologies come next "u consid]ation4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 ! s]vice-books ( :i* we h be5 speak+ 7 on ! :ole drawn up 9 accordance ) ! local cal5d> & add$ bo? ! movable & immovable fea/s z be/ !y c\ld4 ,9 proportion z ! numb] ( fea/s increas$ ! cal5d>s 7 reg>d$ z indep5d5t catalogues ( fe/ivals1 & are f\nd bo? z sep>ate docum5ts1 or b\nd up ) ! o!r liturgical books2 9 ! latt] case1 !y are usually plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! volume4 ,:ile ! cal5d>s give m]ely ! names ( ! sa9ts or ! date ( _! fea/s1 ! m>tyrologies or ,synax>ia conta9 m detail$ notices1 giv+ ! place1 "t1 & circum/ances ( ! sa9ts' dea?1 rank1 etc41 accord+ z ! compil] _h m or less mat]ial at 8 disposal2 9 _m in/ances ^! notices h gr[n into consid]able hi/orical n>ratives1 & on ?is acc\nt1 ! "* ( ! diff]5t m>tyrologies v>ies greatly4 ,z to _! employm5t = hi/orical purposes1 ! %ort] ! cont5ts ! high] ! value & tru/wor?9ess ( a cal5d>4 ,! m>tyrologies 7 usually compil$ by private individuals1 ev5 :5 int5d$ = ecclesia/ical use1 b ! cal5d>s %>$ 9 ! (ficial "* ( ! liturgical books ( :i* !y =m$ "p1 s9ce alt]ations c\ld n be made 9 !m )\t ! k & cons5t ( ! au?orities ( ! *ur* or corporation to :i* !y belong$4#gdc ,manuscript cal5d>s belong+ to e>li] c5turies exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s1 = all missals & brevi>ies 7 provid$ ) !m4 ,_! value = hi/orical rese>* dep5ds ^u _! age1 & also ^u our k ( ! locality = :i* !y 7 drawn up1 ! be/ data = discov]+ ?is latt] po9t be+ af=d$ by ! names ( local sa9ts conta9$ 9 ! cal5d> itself4 ,no cal5d> c be set aside z altoge!r useless1 = 9 case ( ne$ all c ?r[ light ^u ! hi/ory ( at lea/ _! own locality4 ,= ?is reason1 & = o!rs z well1 an increas+ am\nt ( att5tion has be5 giv5 to !m 9 rec5t times1 & a l>ge numb] ( !m h be5 pr9t$ 7see sect4 #aj ( ?is "p74 ,! days m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>s are ^? ( ! sa9ts' dea?s 7vid4 ante1 p4 #bac72 b ! days on :i* _! relics 7 translat$ to "s p>ticul> *ur* are also m>k$ z fe/ivals 9 ! cal5d> ( ! *ur* 9 "q4 ,:5 9 diff]5t cal5d>s diff]5t days are giv5 to ! same sa9t1 ! date 9 ! cal5d> belong+ to ! *ur* :]e he di$ is usually to be reg>d$ z ! day ( 8 dea?2 ! o!rs are days on :i* 8 relics 7 translat$4#gdd ,ano!r class ( docum5ts consi/s ( ! ordos drawn up = div9e s]vice belong+ to p>ticul> c\ntries1 dioceses1 or ! m important ecclesia/ical f\ndations 7ord9es1 ord9>ia2 9 ,greek1 typica74 ,^! 7 n orig9ally drawn up = ! c\rse ( m]ely "o ye>1 l our pres5t ordos1 b conta9$ ! li/ ( recurr+ fe/ivals & fa/s obs]v$ f ye> to ye> 9 "s mona/]y or ca!dral1 along ) detail$ directions = ! p]=mance ( div9e s]vice4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! ?irte5 olde/ ordos ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 collect$ & publi%$ by ,mabillon1 b o!r dioceses & mona/]ies z well z ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h simil> ordos1 "s ( :i* h be5 already pr9t$1#gde :ile o!rs /ill await publication4#gdf #b4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,cal5d>s ,! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts1 especially ( ! m>tyrs1 ass]t$ itself 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,among ! ,lat9s1 x appe>$ ev5 9 ! liturgy ( ! mass1 s9ce special masses 9 hon\r ( ! sa9ts 7 compos$ at an e>ly date = ! commemorations ( ! mo/ celebrat$ sa9ts4 ,^! 7 includ$ 9 ! sacram5t>ies1 &1 f9ally1 z _! numb] cont9u$ to increase1 !y 7 plac$ toge!r 9 a sep>ate division ( ! book 7proprium sanctorum71 in/ead ( be+ di/ribut$1 z =m]ly1 ov] ! :ole ye>4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ?is 0 n possible1 s9ce !y repeat ! same mass daily1 & employ only two or ?ree mass =mul>ies ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,9 ! second place1 ! cultus ( ! sa9ts ga9$ a foot+ 9 ! ,canonical ,h\rs1 ! ,psalt]1 bo? among ,lat9s & ,greeks4 ,x 0 cu/om>y among ! ,lat9s z e>ly z ! six? c5tury to read a portion ( ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom 7passiones m>tyrum71 z ,aurelian ( ,arles tells u2#gdg ?is 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/+ lections ( ! brevi>y4 ,!n collections ( lives ( ! sa9ts = ! :ole ye> 7 drawn up on ! l9es ( ! cal5d>1 :i* came to be call$ m>tyrologies on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! l>g] "p ( _! cont5ts4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 two k9ds ( m>tyrologies came into exi/5ce1 ^? conta9+ leg5ds ( great] l5g? m suit$ = private read+1 & ^? di/+ui%$ by ! brevity ( _! notices int5d$ = employm5t 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 ^! h no imm$iate connection ) ! liturgy1 al?\gh ! names ( ! sa9ts = ! day 7 read at ,prime1 a cu/om :i* possibly ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle ( #hag _h 9 view 9 its sixty-n9? canon4#gdh ,^! m>tyrologies develop$ out ( ! dipty*s & cal5d>s ( p>ticul> *ur*es1 by way ( compilation & expansion2 l ! cal5d>s1 !y conta9 simply ! names ( ! sa9ts1 b ) ! m5tion ( ! locality to :i* ! sa9t belong$1 &1 9 _m cases1 ) an indication ( ! date at :i* he liv$4 ,! m>tyrologies aim$ at complet5ess 9 o!r directions4 ,fir/1 x 0 attempt$ to unite toge!r ! names ( all ! m>tyrs :o _h ev] suff]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ur*1 along ) ! day ( _! dea?1 & secondly1 an attempt 0 made1 b only 9 lat] times1 to fill up ! cal5d> by allott+ e day 9 ! ye> to at lea/ "o sa9t4 ,?is latt] attempt 0 made 9 ! ,we/ only 9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies1 & a*iev$ consid]able success4 ,:ile ! fir/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction atta9$ to only relative complet5ess1 s9ce !y took into consid]ation only a "p1 & n ! :ole1 ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 z ! ,arian & ,c>?ag9ian m>tyrologies _h done1 yet ! t5d5cy t[>ds univ]sality appe>s unmi/akably at a lat] date1 especially 9 ! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum4 ,) reg>d to ! ,greek s]vice-books1 m5ology means ! same ?+ z m>tyrology--a catalogue ( sa9ts arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cal5d> accord+ to ! days ( ! mon?1 & m]ely giv+ ! "n ( ! sa9t aga9/ ! p>ticul> day set ap>t by ! ,*ur* 9 8 hon\r4 ,! lives ( ! sa9ts arrang$ accord+ to mon?s & days are call$ ,m5a or ,m5ia1 & ! %ort] ab/racts f x are call$ ,synax>ia4#gdi ,! li/ ( cal5d>s op5s ) two docum5ts1 ! mo/ anci5t ( _! k9d possess$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 i4e4 ! li/s ( popes & m>tyrs ) ! days ( _! dea?1 :i* h (t5 be5 ref]r$ to already--! ,depositio ,episcoporum f ,lucius to ,julius ,i41 & ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum1 a catalogue ( ! m>tyrs ( ! city ( ,rome1 ext5d+ only to #cjd1 ?ree m>tyrs n belong+ to ,rome be+ includ$ 9 ?is li/1 ,cyprian1 ,p]petua1 & ,felicitas4 ,! connection ( ^! two li/s to "o ano!r is %[n 9 _! titles 7item71 & also by ! fact t ,sixtus1 :o is plac$ among ! m>tyrs1 is omitt$ f ! li/ ( popes4 ,?is latt] li/ comprises ! p]iod f ,lucius 7 #bee7 to ,julius 7 #ceb7 only2 ei!r ! compil] _h no mat]ial at h& = ! e>li] p]iod1 or he set x aside z n be>+ ^u ! po9t he _h 9 view4 ,! li/ ( m>tyrs conta9s ! names ( popes :o 7 also m>tyrs1 su* z ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,clem5t1 ,/ ,calixtus1 ,/ ,pontianus1 ,/ ,fabian1 & ,/ ,sixtus2 ( m>tyrs1 n bi%ops1 we h "h ! mo/ fam\s sa9ts ( ! city ( ,rome1 ,/ ,agnes & ,/ ,lawr5ce 7b n ,/ ,cecilia71 z well z _m o!r q obscure names4 ,9 reply to ! inquiry :at pr9ciple 0 foll[$ 9 draw+ up ?is li/1 ,momms51#gej rely+ on ! title :i* connects ! docum5t ) ,c>?age1 replies t x conta9s 8! names ( ^? m>tyrs & bi%ops ^: commemoration 0 celebrat$ annually 9 ! ,*ur*40 ,bo? ^! li/s 7 fir/ publi%$ by gidius ,bu*]ius 7,gilles ,b\*]71 & =m a portion ( ! "w on ! ,cal5d> ( ,dionysius ,philocalus 7see above1 p4 #acf seqq474 ,next 9 ord] comes a ,cal5d> ( ! ,nor? ,african ,*ur* belong+ to ! fif? c5tury1 & edit$ by ,mabillon f a codex ( ! sev5? c5tury =m]ly belong+ to ! ,mona/]y ( ,cluny4 ,! orig9al mu/ h be5 complet$ aft] #eje1 = ,bi%op ,eug5ius ( ,c>?age is m5tion$ 9 x4 ,x conta9s ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 "s apo/les & m>tyrs n belong+ to ,nor? ,africa1 ,sixtus1 ,g]vasius & ,protasius1 ,lawr5ce1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,eulalia1 ,felix ( ,nola1 ,agnes1 ,aga?a1 ,v9c5t1 & ! ,ma*abees1 :o belong to ! ,*ur*es ( ,rome & ,spa94 ,un=tunately1 ! li/ is n q p]fect ow+ to ! bad /ate ( ! ,,ms4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ,philocalus = ! ye> #ceb conta9s no?+ def9itely ,*ri/ian4#gea ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,cal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius1 ,bi%op ( ,sion1 drawn up betwe5 #dce & #dee1 is int]e/+ z %[+ a mixture ( ,*ri/ian & hea!n entries4 ,de/9ation1 "*1 place1 & "t ( ! compilation c be le>nt f ! cal5d> itself2 x 0 n drawn up = "o p>ticul> ye>1 at lea/ !re is no?+ by :i* to det]m9e ! ye>1 = ,dom9ical lett]s1 movable fea/s1 etc41 are all want+2 among hea!n fe/ivals we h ! ,c>m5talia1 ,lup]calia1 ,t]m9alia1 ,qu9quatria1 & ,lavatio ,c]]is1 all ( :i* recall hea!n religi\s cu/oms4 ,! ,saturnalia are includ$ on acc\nt ( _! popul>1 n on acc\nt ( _! religi\s significance1 & appe> z f]i s]vorum on ! #ag? ,decemb]1 z well z f]i ancill>um on ! #g? ,july4 ,9 addition1 !re are _m o!r popul> commemorations1 su* z ! #g? ,janu>y1 #ac? ,septemb]1 etc41 & a great numb] ( natales ( emp]ors4 ,! numb] ( ecclesia/ical fea/s is v small1 be+ limit$ to ,epiphany1 ! #be? & #bg? ( ,m>* z ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,*ri/mas1 & six sa9ts' days--,depositio ,petri et ,pauli on ! #bbnd ,febru>y in/ead ( ! #bi? ,june1 ,v9c5t1 ! ,ma*abees1 ,lawr5ce1 ,hippolytus1 & ,/eph5 on _! usual days4 ,besides ^! we h ! natales ( au?ors--,cic]o & ,virgil1 & f9ally1 ! days are m>k$ on :i* ! ,s5ate usually held sitt+s & games 7 giv5 9 ! circus4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,cal5d> ( ,philocalus1 ! numb] ( su* days is mu* r$uc$2 9 ! =m] !re are ov] a hundr$1 "h only fifty-?ree4 ,! meteorological entries are num]\s4 ,! cal5d> 0 evid5tly int5d$ = ! prov9ces ( ! we/]n half ( ! empire1 & takes into acc\nt bo? ! ecclesia/ical & civil requirem5ts1 al?\gh x deals ) ! =m] to a limit$ ext5t4 #c4 ,! ,arian ,cal5d> ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury 7,ab\t #cgj-chj7 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ docum5ts 9 connection ) our subject 9 virtue ( its age1 cont5ts1 & plan is ! ,arian m>tyrology1 publi%$ by ,w4 ,wright 9 #ahfe4geb ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,arians 7 an active p>ty :o1 until ab\t #chj1 attempt$ ) "s success to ga9 ! upp] h& 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,z a means to ?is end1 x 0 to _! int]e/ to inve/ _! foll[]s z mu* z possible ) ! appe>ance ( sanctity1 & ! ,arian hi/orian ,philo/orgius devot$ himself especially to ?is2 he *>act]ises z sa9ts & work]s ( miracles ,agapetus & a c]ta9 ,!ophilus :o work$ 9 ,india1 & also ,atius1 ,eunomius1 & ,leontius1 ! r+lead]s ( ?or\gh-go+ ,arianism4#gec ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! ,arians encroa*$ 9 v>i\s ways ^u ! doma9 ( liturgy also4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !y did n wi% to figure z h]etics1 b z =m+ ! true ,*ur*1 & s !y exhibit$ a correspond+ activity 9 hagiology4 ,:ile1 g5]ally speak+1 ! local *ur*es conf9$ !mselves ea* to its own diocese1 & ! pr9ciple ( individualism cont9u$ to hold its own = a long "t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ur*1 ! ,arians e>ly ab&on$ ?is me?od1 & ev5 :ile !y did n completely adopt ! pr9ciple ( univ]sality1 yet !y did s p>tially1 _! position z a m9ority among ,*ri/ians giv+ !m an impulse 9 ?is direction4 ,?us we f9d _! m>tyrology embraces ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,msia1 ,illyria2 9 fact1 ! entire ea/]n half ( ! empire1 & ev5 ,italy & ,nor? ,africa are n pass$ ov] altoge!r4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all turn our att5tion to ! ext]nal & hi/orical side ( ! docum5t4 ,wright f\nd x 9 a ,syrian ,,ms41 belong+ to ,nitria 9 ,egypt1 ( ! "t ( ,porphyrius1 ,bi%op ( ,antio* 7#djd-dac71 & writt5 9 ! ye> #daa4ged ,x consi/s ( two diff]5t p>ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ is a m>tyrology drawn up 9 accordance ) ! cal5d>1 & orig9ally compos$ 9 ,greek4 ,un=tunately1 ! section f ! #a/ to ! #be? ,decemb] is miss+4 ,?is "p is ! orig9al docum5t1 & 0 e>ly translat$ into ,syriac1 al?\gh1 z we %all see lat]1 x is full ( defects4 ,! fact t1 nev]!less1 x 0 consid]$ wor?y ( be+ translat$1 & t by an or?odox translator1 %[s t x 0 reg>d$ z a rem>kable piece ( "w4 ,:at impress$ its contempor>ies 0 its univ]sal "*1 !n q a novelty4 ,at ! end1 !re is a some:at mutilat$ app5dix consi/+ ( a li/ ( ,p]sian m>tyrs arrang$1 n by ! date ( _! dea?1 b accord+ to _! rank 9 ! hi]>*y1 into ?ree gr\ps--bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons4 ,! second "p1 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,syriac1 0 an addition ( ! ,syrian translator4 ,among ! p]sons nam$ 9 ?is "p1 x is noticeable t !re are no ,arians1 nor ev5 ,ne/orians1 :o1 :5 expell$ f ! ,roman ,empire by ,!odosius ,,ii4 9 #dce1 made !mselves ma/]s ( ! ,p]sian ,*ur*4 ,( ! sixte5 bi%ops m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ section1 at lea/ eight are kn[n to h be5 or?odox ,p]sian m>tyrs1 all belong+ to ! p]iod be=e #djj1 e4g4 ,simon ,b>-,sabai1 ,bi%op ( ,seleucia-,ctesiphon 7 #ag? ,april #cdd71 8 successor1 ,s*ahdu/ 7 #cdf71 & ,sapor1 ,bi%op ( ,be? ,gormai4#gee ,miles 7,milles71 ,simeon1 ,b>basimas1 ,joannes1 ,sapores1 ,gudiab1 ,sab9us1 ,abdos1 ,paul1 & ,eb$jesus are m5tion$ by ,sozom5 z ,p]sian m>tyrs ( ! reign ( ,sapor ,i4#gef ,?is v primitive cal5d> conta9s only ! names ( m>tyrs to ! exclusion ( o!r p]sons :o 7 ev5 reg>d$ z sa9ts1 su* z ,m>es1 ! second bi%op ( ,seleucia 7 #hb74geg ,! compil] calls ^? :om he includ$ 9 8 cal5d> ! ,holy ,m>tyrs :o _h be5 put to dea? 9 ! ,ea/1 :ile he reg>ds ^? nam$ 9 ! fir/ "p z ! ,holy ,confessors ( ! ,we/1 reg>d+ ! ,roman ,empire z ! ,we/ 9 respect to ,p]sia4 ,! fir/ "p1 :i* conc]ns ! ,we/1 diff]s f ! second 9 _m respects4 ,x 0 drawn up by ano!r h&1 & 0 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,greek4 ,! latt] is a docum5t entirely hi/orical 9 "*1 :ile ! =m] is liturgical2 ! "o belongs to ,p]sia1 ! o!r to ! ,roman ,empire1 & probably to ,nicom$ia4 ,x 0 !n employ$ 9 ,antio*1 :]e x 0 enl>g$1 & f9ally1 z x appe>s1 0 translat$ into ,syriac at ,edessa4 ,x =ms "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable docum5ts ( anci5t ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,t ?is ,arian m>tyrology belong$ to ! ,roman ,empire1 & especially to its ea/]n "p1 is prov$ by ! cal5d> employ$ !re91 i4e4 ! ,julian1 ) ! addition ( ! ,*aldean names = ! mon?s1 ! days ( ! mon? be+ giv5 simply )\t ref]5ce to cal5ds & nones & ides4 ,! au?or is well-in=m$ ) reg>d to ! ea/]n half ( ! ,roman ,empire2 he kn[s names & date ( dea? ( eight bi%ops ( ,antio*1 ! "n ,antio* occurs 9 all tw5ty-f\r times1 ,nicom$ia is nam$ ?irty-two times1 b ! "n ( no bi%op ( ,nicom$ia is giv51 ,alex&ria is m5tion$ n9ete5 times1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,rome1 & ,j]usalem only twice4 ,! date ( ?is "w is fix$ by ! m5tion ( ! celebrat$ ,bi%op ,james ( ,nisibis on ! #ae? ,july4 ,he 0 alive aft] #cej1 :5 ! ,p]sians besieg$ ,nisibis1 & fl\ri%$1 accord+ to ! some:at vague expression ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,samuel ( ,ani1 9 ! #bhcrd ,olympiad1 i4e4 #cec-cef4geh ,?us ! m>tyrology 0 writt5 9 ! p]iod betwe5 #cgj & #djj1 & sometime ab\t #chj1 :5 ,arianism 0 ! dom9ant religion 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! empire4 ,! ,arian "* ( ! m>tyrology is %[n by ! fact t ,arius himself is m5tion$ 9 x1 :ile none ( ! adh]5ts ( ! ,nic5e fai? ( t date are includ$1 & ! only or?odox bi%op ^: "n appe>s is ,james ( ,nisibis4 ,s9ce he 0 or?odox1 & s9ce ,nisibis belong$ to ,p]sia1 8 "n c\ld n h be5 9 ! ,greek orig9al1 :i*1 besides be+ ,arian1 0 limit$ to wor?ies belong+ to ! ,roman ,empire1 b ! ins]tion ( 8 "n is probably due to ! or?odox ,p]sian translator4 ,! compil] drew 8 in=mation f ! works ( 8 pr$ecessors1 to :i* he made additions ( 8 own4 ,"o ( ^! s\rces he names1 = he /ates ) reg>d to ! names ( elev5 p]sonages1 t !y are tak5 f ! 8,numb] ( ! ,anci5t ,confessors40 ,he also us$ an old li/ ( m>tyrs1 :i* he does n fur!r describe4 ,to judge by ! "* ( ! quotations f ?is docum5t1 x mu/ h dealt ) ! same "p ( ! ,*ur* z ! new compilation4 ,antio* 7f\r times71 ,synnada1 ,nicom$ia1 ,p]gamus1 & ,h]acleia are nam$ 9 x1 :ile ,alex&ria is n m5tion$4 ,by ! 8,anci5t ,confessors0 are to be und]/ood ! m>tyrs be=e ,diocletian1 & x is probable t !y 7 tak5 f ! li/s ( 8,depositions0 belong+ to ea* city1 j z ! *ronograph] has pres]v$ = u ^? ( ,rome4#gei ,z reg>ds ! cont5ts1 !y resemble ^? ( simil> docum5ts ( e>li] & lat] date1 & are fully describ$ 9 ! sup]scription1 :i* /ates t x 8conta9s ! names ( ! ,lords1 i4e4 ! sa9ts1 confessors1 & victors1 & ! days on :i* !y receiv$ _! cr[ns40 ,"o w\ld expect to f9d ! place ( _! dea? m5tion$ z well1 b _m sa9ts are giv5 )\t any indication ( ! locality to :i* !y belong$1 p]haps on acc\nt ( imp]fect in=mation on ! "p ( ! au?or4 ,! date ( dea? is on ! :ole correctly giv51 a rem>kable in/ance to ! contr>y be+ ! commemoration ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 :i* is plac$ on ! #bh? ,decemb]4 ,?is _c ?r[ d\bt ^u ! date obs]v$ 9 ,rome itself1 = ! ,greeks 71 z a rule1 v imp]fectly in=m$ conc]n+ ecclesia/ical ev5ts 9 ! ,lat9 portion ( ! empire4 ,! s\rces f :i* ! compil] drew 8 in=mation _c h be5 v full1 = !re is no m5tion ( ! fam\s ,we/]n m>tyrs1 ,agnes & ,lawr5ce1 &1 inde$1 beyond ! m5tion on ! #a/ ,ab 7,augu/7 ( ,aksitus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 by :i* ,xy/us ,,ii4 is probably int5d$ 7! day ( ,/ ,xy/us' dea? 0 ! #f? & n ! #a/ ,augu/71 & ( ,,ss4 ,p]petua & ,felicitas1 correctly giv5 on ! #g? ,m>*1 no ,we/]n sa9ts are commemorat$4#gfj ,among ! bi%ops ( ,alex&ria !re are two m5tion$ ^: names d n occur 9 ! (ficial li/s1 ,artemon on ! #crd ,septemb]1 & ,hodion 7,orion7 on ! #af? ,augu/4 ,simil>ly1 among ! bi%ops ( ,antio*1 !re are two n m5tion$ else:]e1 ,amphimelus 7#d? ,m>*7 & ,philippus 7#bg? ,m>*74 ,c ^! h be5 ,arian prelates8 ,besides ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 ! only two apo/les commemorat$ are ,/ ,john & ,/ ,james1 :o held ! mo/ important place 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! empire2 !y are plac$ toge!r on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 on :i* day ! latt] especially 0 =m]ly commemorat$4 ,/ ,/eph51 also call$ an apo/le 7s*elico71 appe>s on ! day /ill consecrat$ to 8 memory 7#bf? ,decemb]74 ,! bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons appe> ) _! prop] titles2 all ! o!rs h ! designation1 confessor 7m&aya74 ,?is designation implies m>tyrdom1 = 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies confessor means a m>tyr ^: suff]+s /op %ort ( dea?4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t "s :o appe> n to h be5 m>tyrs h to be cont5t ) a m]e commemoration 7dukrana commemoratio71 z1 = example1 ,/ ,xy/us1 ,james ( ,nisibis1 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea1 etc4 ,! names1 aga91 ( o!rs are m]ely m5tion$ )\t any addition or title4 ,f9ally1 !re are /ill "s peculi>ities 9 ?is m5ology :i* ought to be m5tion$4 ,"s ( ^! may be due to ov]sight1 or to ! ignorance ( ! compil]1 o!rs seem to be mi/akes made 9 transcrib+ ! docum5t1 & ought n to appe> 9 docum5ts ( an (ficial "*4 ,?us ,m>cianus ( ,tomi appe>s twice 7on ! #e? & on ! #aj? ,june71 ,dius once z confessor & once z presbyt] 7#aa? & #ab? ,june74 ,especially rem>kable is ! circum/ance t ?ree individuals1 ^: names occur 9 no o!r cal5d>1 n ev5 9 ! ,m5ologium ( ,con/ant9ople1 are giv5 ?ree times1 namely1 ,cosconius1 ,melanippus1 & ,z5o1 sons ( ,!odota1 once = ,nicea on ! #ai? ,janu>y1 once = ,asia on ! #bcrd ,febru>y1 & once = ,nicom$ia on ! #bnd ,septemb]4 ,z slips ( ! p51 we may notice ,hadriopolis = ,hadrianopolis1 ,p$9?us = ,p]9?us1 ,tunjus 7#aj? ,june7 = ,tomi1 :i* is else:]e spelt correctly1 ,s9dus = ,synnada1 :i* once 7#cj? ,june7 has ! addition1 89 ,phrygia10 & once 7#ae? ,june7 is )\t x4 ,! prop] names are frequ5tly wrongly spelt1 or s confus$ z to be unrecognisable4 ,( ! ,*ur* fe/ivals1 only ,epiphany & ,ea/] are m>k$4 ,! ,,ms4 is1 un=tunately1 imp]fect :]e we %\ld expect to f9d ! #be? ( ,decemb]4 ,on ! ,friday aft] ,ea/] ! ,commemoration ( all ! ,confessors1 i4e4 ,m>tyrs1 is set d[n4 ,! relation ( ! ,arian m>tyrology to ,eusebius' "w on ! ,m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e des]ves to be consid]$4 ,"o w\ld expect to f9d ?is "w (t5 ref]r$ to1 b x is n s1 & ! compil] seems to h _h no k ( x4 ,?is is all ! m rem>kable s9ce ,eusebius always gives ! dates ( ! dea? ( ! m>tyrs4 ,! two works h1 h[ev]1 v few po9ts ( contact1 b !y confirm "o ano!r 9 ! po9ts :]e !y d co9cide4 ,bo? place ! dea? ( ! prie/ ,pamphilus & 8 elev5 companions at ,cs>ea on ! #af? ,febru>y2 bo? m5tion ! m>tyr ,romanus at ,antio*1 ,eusebius plac+ 8 dea? on ! #ag? ,novemb]1 ! m>tyrology on ! #ah?--a trifl+ discrepancy :i* proves _! indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,h]mes ! ,exorci/1 ,domnion ( ,salona1 ,james ( ,nisibis1 etc41 are giv5 on ! dates :i* !y occupy 9 ! cal5d>s ( o!r ,*ur*es4 ,! s-call$ m>tyrology ( ,/ ,j]ome has _m names 9 common ) ?is ,arian m>tyrology4 ,/ ,j]ome (t5 assigns to "o place & day m m>tyrs ?an ?is ,arian ,cal5d>1 z1 = example1 on ! #be? ,m>*1 ,dulas1 on ! #d?1 #ah?1 & #ba/ ,april1 etc4 ,sometimes ! ,arian gives m names ?an ,/ ,j]ome1 e4g4 on ! #aa? ,m>*1 ! #bnd ,may1 etc41 :ile 9 "s places !y are 9 p]fect agreem5t1 e4g4 on ! #ac? ,m>*1 ,mode/us & tw5ty-"o companions--! ,hi]onymianum gives ! names ( ! :ole tw5ty-"o1 :ile "h only ! numb] is giv5--on ! #af? ,april1 ,leonidas & eight companions 9 ,cor9?1 etc4 ,we _c inf] f ?is t ! compil] ( ! ,hi]onymianum incorporat$ ! "w ( 8 ,arian pr$ecessor 9 8 own1 b he c]ta9ly 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 & made use ei!r ( x or ( common s\rces4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ,arian m>tyrology ) t ( ,/ ,j]ome has fur!r l$ to a curi\s discov]y1#gfa i4e4 t ! entries f ! #f? 7or m correctly f ! #h?7 to ! #cj? ,june are inde$ includ$ 9 ! m>tyrology ( ,/ ,j]ome1 b h be5 bodily transf]r$ to ! correspond+ dates 9 ,july4#gfb ,?is latt] mon? has only ?ree entries1 & x has be5 ?\ght t ! mi/ake is due to ! ,arian compil] or 8 transcrib]s1 b x is j z likely t ! *ange ( date 0 made by ! au?or ( ! ,hi]onymianum4 ,h[ ?is fact is to be expla9$ mu/ be left to conjecture4 ,ano!r important po9t be>+ ^u ! connection betwe5 ! two docum5ts is ! fact t ! "o m5tions ,bi%op ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea on ! #cj? ,may1 b ! o!r 9 m detail on ! #ba/ ,june1 z foll[s3 ,9 ,cs>ea ,pal/9 ,dep4 ,eusebi ,epi4 ,hi/oriographi4 ,:i* is correct8 ,c]ta9ly ! ,syrian docum5t1 :i* also gives correctly ! day ( ,arius' dea?4 ,! entry on ! #f? ,june cle>ly exhibits ! ,arian "* ( ! docum5t3 8,9 ,alex&ria1 ,arius ,presbyt]40 ,! fact t he is m]ely commemorat$1 proves t x is incorrect to suppose1 z _m d1 t ano!r ,arius1 a reput$1 b o!rwise unkn[n1 m>tyr ( ,alex&ria is int5d$4 ,! m>tyrs 9 ?is docum5t are treat$ to m ?an a m]e commemoration 7dukrana74 ,accord+ly he did n reg>d ?is p>ticul> ,arius z a m>tyr4 ,f ! description :i* we h giv5 ( ?is highly important docum5t1 "o is l$ to expect t x w ?r[ fre% light on c]ta9 hi/orical que/ions1 & s1 z a matt] ( fact1 x does4 ,= in/ance1 we c fix ! dea? ( ,arius by its assi/ance on ! #f? ,june #ccf4 ,arius di$ on a ,saturday %ortly be=e sunset4 ,on ! foll[+ day he 0 to h be5 solemnly receiv$ into ! ,*ur*4#gfc ,! only ye> :i* c be tak5 into consid]ation is #ccf1 = 9 x ! #f? ,june fell on a ,saturday4#gfd ,! hi/orian ,eusebius di$ ab\t ! "t :5 ,a?anasius return$ to ,alex&ria f 8 fir/ exile4 ,?is 0 %ortly aft] ,con/ant9e's dea? 7 #bbnd ,may #ccg74 ,s9ce ,eusebius di$ soon aft] he _h f9i%$ ! life ( ,con/ant9e1 :om he did n long survive1 8 dea? is to be plac$ on ! #cj? ,may #cch4 ,?is takes = grant$ t ! ,bi%op ( ,pale/9e m5tion$ on ! #cj? ,may is id5tical ) ! hi/orian1 :i* c sc>cely be call$ 9 d\bt4 ,cs>ea 0 ! ecclesia/ical metropolis ( ,pale/9e1 & ?is acc\nts = 8 title1 ,bi%op ( ,pale/9e4#gfe ,8 successor & heir & biograph] 0 ! en]getic ,acacius4 ,a m important fact is t ! m>tyrdom ( ,bi%op ,babylas ( ,antio* c n[ be def9itely e/abli%$4 ,we h 9 ?is docum5t reliable evid5ce t he suff]$ on ! #bd? ,janu>y1 :i* corresponds ) ! evid5ce ( ,*ryso/om1 :o /at$ t ! ,fe/ival ( ,,ss4 ,juv5t9us & ,maxim91 :i* 0 kept on ! #d? ,febru>y1 foll[$ closely on t ( ,/ ,babylas4#gff ,moreov]1 ,/ ,babylas 0 g5]ally commemorat$ on ! #bd? ,janu>y4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius1#gfg ,babylas di$ 9 prison "u ,decius1 &1 accord+ to ,j]ome1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign4 ,decius reign$ f ,octob]1 or1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 f ,augu/ #bdi to #bg? ,july #bea1 & "o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 to inaugurate ! p]secution aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,accord+ly ! dea? ( ,babylas mu/ h happ5$ on ! #bd? ,janu>y #bej4 ,s9ce all au?orities agree 9 /at+ t he _h be5 bi%op = ?irte5 ye>s1 we are n[ able to fix ! ye> ( ! dea? ( ,zeb9as1 8 pr$ecessor1 i4e4 #bcg1 & ! day ( ! mon? is giv5 z #ac? ,janu>y 9 ! ,arian m>tyrology4 ,?is docum5t mu/ be reg>d$ z a ?or\ghly reliable s\rce = ! dates ( ! dea? ( ! ,antio*5e bi%ops 9 p>ticul>1 & we c1 !re=e1 place ! dea? ( ,maxim91 ! sev5? 9 ! li/ ( bi%ops1 on ! #d? ,febru>y #aia1 & ! dea? ( ,s]apion on ! #ad? ,may #bae4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t ?is cal5d>1 al?\gh x is an ,arian docum5t1 conta9s n m]ely ! names ( ,arian wor?ies1 b _m :i* belong to ,ca?olic antiquity4 ,x is *iefly to ?is t x owes its importance = ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 & x is also due to ?is t x 0 capable ( be+ comb9$ ) ! catalogue ( ,p]sian sa9ts1 :i* is an ess5tially ,ca?olic docum5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is by no means a complete m>tyrology1 & is 9 itself a liturgical1 & n a hi/orical1 docum5t int5d$ by its unskilful compil] to s]ve p>ty ends4 ,! ,go?s 9 ,italy _h also a m5ology ( _! own1 ( :i* a fragm5t 0 discov]$ by ,a4 ,mai4 ,un=tunately1 x conta9s only ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,x is notewor?y t x m5tions ! ,apo/le ,&rew1 ^: "n does n occur 9 ! simil> m>tyrology ( :i* we h j be5 speak+4 ,! fragm5t1 ) ?is exception1 conta9s ,go?ic names alone4 ,/ ,clem5t & ,/ ,cecilia d n appe>1 :i* proves its fre$om f ,roman influ5ce1 & %[s t x 0 ess5tially a national production4#gfh #d4 ,! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum 7,second ,half ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury7 ,already 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,gregory ! ,great !re exi/$ 9 ,rome a complete & univ]sal li/ conta9+ m]ely ! names ( ! m>tyrs & ! place :]e !y suff]$1 arrang$ accord+ to ! days ( ! ye>4 ,eulogius1 ! contempor>y bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 bes\ght ! pope to s5d him ! complete collection ( ! acts ( ! m>tyrs drawn up by ,eusebius 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,he believ$ ^! 7 to be f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,he _h d\btless 9 view ! 8,collection ( ,m>tyrs0 7 7 j m5tion$4 ,/ ,gregory repli$ t !y _h 9 ,rome a collection ( ! names ( all ! m>tyrs 9 "o volume1 b no complete collection ( _! acts4#gfi ,! "w ( ,eusebius "h ref]r$ to 0 n =?com+ 9 ,alex&ria ei!r1 & 0 already reg>d$ z lo/1 b ! fact t su* a "w _h once exi/$ 0 n =gott54 ,a "w ( ! same k9d 0 also attribut$ to ,/ ,j]ome1 :i* is also no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,! s5ator ,cassiodorus exhorts 8 monks to read dilig5tly ! hi/ories ( ! m>tyrs 7passiones m>tyrum7 :o h liv$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 9 ord] to /ir !mselves up to ! practice ( virtue4 ,^! !y w f9d 9 ! lett] writt5 by ,/ ,j]ome to ,*romatius & ,heliodorus4 ,^! la/ words are some:at obscure1 = x w\ld be impossible to deal ) ! acts ( all ! m>tyrs 9 "o lett]4#ggj ,h[ev]1 s mu* is pla9 t ,cassiodorus ascrib$ to ,/ ,j]ome a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,/ ,j]ome _h translat$ "s ( ! hi/orical writ+s ( ,eusebius4 ,?is may h giv5 rise to ! idea t he _h also translat$ 8 collection ( ! m>tyrdoms4 ,x is n impossible t he may h done s1 al?\gh we h no evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,b$e also speaks ( a m>tyrology ( ,/ ,j]ome1 b ) "s unc]ta9ty1 = he _h nev] se5 x himself1 & ?\ght ,/ ,j]ome may h be5 only ! translator & n ! au?or ( ! "w4#gga ,9 ,b$e's day ! s-call$ ,hi]onymianum 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 z ! rese>*es ( ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne h rec5tly %[n4 ,t x 0 also kn[n to ,gregory ! ,great & ,cassiodorus _c be ma9ta9$1 especially z ! words ( ! latt] are s obscure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 f 8 words t ,cassiodorus believ$ ,j]ome to h be5 ! au?or ( a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,fur!r evid5ce = ?is is1 un=tunately1 lack+1 ?\gh ! ?+ is n impossible 9 itself4 ,abbot ,hildu91 a writ] ( ! n9? c5tury1 ref]r$ also to ?is po9t1 & 0 ( op9ion t ,con/ant9e _h collect$ all ! acts ( ! m>tyrs f all p>ts ( ! empire1 & _h s5t !m to ,eusebius at ,cs>ea4#ggb ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is n ( mu* importance1 s9ce x repres5ts a view orig9at+ 9 ! int]polat$ lett] ( ,/ ,j]ome already ref]r$ to4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re h exi/$ s9ce ! eigh? c5tury num]\s ,,mss4 ( a collection ( ! names ( ! m>tyrs ( all times & c\ntries belong+ to ! ,roman ,empire :i* w5t by ! "n ( ! ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum1 & to :i* 0 atta*$ two reput$ lett]s ( ,/ ,j]ome to ,*romatius1 ,bi%op ( ,aquileia1 & to ,heliodorus1 ,bi%op ( ,alt9um4 ,! "w corresponds to t m5tion$ by ,cassiodorus4 ,^u close exam9ation1 x is q cle> t ! "w1 z we h x n[1 _c h be5 compos$ by ,/ ,j]ome4 ,x includes ! names ( _m p]sons :o liv$ at a date subsequ5t to ,/ ,j]ome1 z1 = example1 to "n "o out ( _m1 ,/ ,gregory ! ,great on ! #ab? ,m>*4 ,9 o!r respect ! names d n ext5d beyond ! sev5? c5tury1 z appe>s ^u an inspection ( ! e>lie/ codices4 ,9 lat] rec5sions we naturally meet ) ! names ( _m p]sons :o liv$ at a /ill lat] date4 ,z reg>ds ! date ( composition1 ! p]sonality ( ! compil] & k9dr$ que/ions1 we are face to face ) an hi/orical & lit]>y problem resembl+ t ( ! ,pseudo-,isidorian ,decretals & ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e4 ,/ill "s light has n[ be5 ca/ ^u ^! difficulties1 s9ce we h at la/ a ?or\ghly critical text ( ! docum5t1 ! inve/igations ( ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne hav+ det]m9$ :i* ( ! exi/+ ,,mss4 is ! e>lie/4#ggc ,among ! ,,mss4 belong+ to ! eigh? c5tury1 is "o writt5 = ! ,mona/]y ( ,weiss5burg 9 ! diocese ( ,spires1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ,wolf5bttel1 ,codex ,wiss5iburg5sis1 #bc4 ,de ,rossi believ$ x 0 writt5 %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,abbot ,w&o 7 #gef7 ( ,fontanelle 9 ! diocese ( ,r\51 because 8 dea? has be5 add$ by a lat] h& on ,,xv4 ,kal4 ,mai4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! codex 0 writt5 be=e #ggb1 because ?is date is ref]r$ to 9 x4 ,( ab\t ! same p]iod is ! ,p>isian ,codex #aj #hcg1 belong+ to ,e*t]na*4 ,x is writt5 9 an ,anglo-,saxon h&1 & is p]haps some:at lat] ?an ! =m]1 b is d]iv$ f an orig9al ,,ms4 c]ta9ly old] ?an ! ,weiss5burg ,codex4 ,?is view :i* is t ( ,de ,rossi ga9s support f ! fact t ! two fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,cross are n conta9$ 9 ! codex1 :ile !y appe> 9 ! ,weiss5burg & all lat] codices4 ,bo? codices are full ( errors ( gramm> & spell+4 ,! codex f ! mona/]y ( ,hil>iacum orig9ally belong+ to ,metz & n[ at ,b]ne1 is m correct & bett] writt51 b un=tunately only ext5ds to ! #ba/ ,novemb]4 ,! late/ entries made 9 x by ! fir/ h& belong to ! ye> #gff & ref] to ,bi%op ,*rodegang4 ,! text dates f ! "t ( ,clotaire ,,ii4 7#ehd-fbh74 ,^! ?ree mo/ anci5t rec5sions d n diff] f "o ano!r to any great ext5t1 b ! ,,mss4 belong+ to lat] times1 :5 ! "w 0 (t5 copi$ & us$1 %[ mu* great] div]g5cies1 = alt]ations & additions 7 cont9ually be+ made 9 x correspond+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! local *ur*es & mona/]ies :]e x 0 employ$4 ,s9ce ! two le>n$ editors h succe$$ 9 detect+ ! orig9al matt] common to ! ?ree rec5sions1 we are 9 possession ( ! foll[+ result3 ! m>tyrology :i* =m$ ! orig9al s\rce ( all lat] texts z f> z !y are kn[n to u 0 writt5 9 ,aux]re betwe5 #eib & #fjj4 ,! gr\nds = ?is conclusion are briefly z foll[s3 ! compil] is evid5tly well in=m$ z to ecclesia/ical & secul> ev5ts 9 ,gaul1 9 fact f> bett] ?an ) reg>d to any o!r c\ntry4 ,9 nam+ ! cities ( ,gaul1 he gives ! prov9ces 9 :i* !y are situat$1 & gives also _m unusual details respect+ ! individuals nam$1 z = example :5 he gives 9 ! case ( bi%ops1 n only ! day on :i* !y di$1 b ! date ( _! ord9ations z well2 ! names are also always giv5 correctly1 :ile 9 o!r docum5ts !y are (t5 frightfully di/ort$4 ,a circum/ance :i* especially po9ts to ,aux]re z ! locality f :i* ! m>tyrology orig9at$ is t ?is n v important city is m5tion$ ?irty times :ile ! neighb\r+ & mu* l>g] city ( ,lyons is nam$ only tw5ty-six times4 ,moreov]1 all ! bi%ops ( ,aux]re1 ) "o solit>y exception1 are nam$1 :ile !re are _m gaps 9 ! li/s ( ! bi%ops ( ,lyons & ,autun4 ,?irdly1 a litania is enjo9$ on ! fir/ ( ea* mon?1 & ?is cu/om 0 peculi> to ! ,*ur* ( ,aux]re1 hav+ j be5 introduc$ at t "t by ,bi%op ,aun>ius4 ,aga91 ! day ( ! ord9ation ( ?is n v fam\s ,bi%op ,aun>ius is m>k$ 7,,ii4 ,kal4 ,aug471 b n z we might h expect$ ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,! same holds good ( ,syagrius1 ,bi%op ( ,autun2 ! date ( 8 consecration 7natale suscepti episcopatus7 is giv51 b n ! date ( 8 dea? :i* happ5$ 9 #eii or #fjj4 ,! la/ ,gallic bi%op ^: dea? is notic$ is ,avitus ( ,cl]mont 7 #eib74 ,on acc\nt ( ^! facts1 ,du*esne arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum orig9at$ at ,aux]re betwe5 #eib & #fjj4 ,?is conclusion is n weak5$ by ! fact t p]sonages belong+ to ! sev5? c5tury are includ$1#ggd su* z ,desid]ius ( ,vi5ne 7 #fjf-g71 ,columbanus 7 #fae71 ,eu/asius1 ,abbot ( ,luxeuil 7 #fbi71 & ,abbot ,attala1 ! date ( ^: dea? is unkn[n4 ,desid]ius1 inde$1 appe>s 9 ! ,b]ne & ,weiss5burg ,codices1 & ! ?ree o!rs 9 t ( ,e*t]na*1 b !y h be5 add$ by ! transcrib]s1 & bo? ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne are agre$ t none ( ^! codices repres5t ! orig9al text compos$ at ,aux]re4 ,! editors g yet fur!r1 & %[ t ! compil] 0 also v well in=m$ conc]n+ ecclesia/ical matt]s 9 ,italy1 especially 9 ,nor!rn ,italy & ,milan2 :ile he has comp>atively little to say ab\t ,spa91 ,rhtia1 ,dalmatia1 ,pannonia1 & no?+ at all ab\t ,scotto-,iri% sa9ts4 ,?is po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( a yet old] "w1 us$ by ! compil] ( ,aux]re1 :i* may h be5 id5tical ) ! "w famili> to ,cassiodorus4#gge ,?is docum5t1 h[ev]1 has entirely disappe>$ )\t leav+ beh9d x any o!r docum5ts d]iv$ f x4 ,if "o foll[s ! p]spective ?us op5$ out1 ! connect+ l9ks may f9ally come to light :i* connect ?is docum5t ) ! "w ( ,eusebius1 ref]r$ to by ,eulogius ( ,alex&ria & 9 ! two lett]s attribut$ to ,/ ,j]ome4 ,h[ev]1 we %all n foll[ ^! int]e/+ sugge/ions fur!r1 b %all cont5t ourselves ) ! fact t 9 ! ,hi]onymianum1 9 ! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u1 we h a primitive m>tyrology1#ggf ) additions & alt]ations made to x by a ,franki% transcrib] or compil] betwe5 #eib-fjj4 ,9 its orig9al =m x conta9$ only sa9ts belong+ to ! ,grco-,roman empire1 & ?is acc\nts = ! abs5ce ( ! ,iri% sa9ts & ^? ( ,mesopotamia4 ,?us at la/ ! s-call$ ,hi]onymianum has be5 made s]viceable = use 9 hi/orical & liturgical inve/igations2 ! le>n$ editors1 9 giv+ u z f> z possible ! orig9al text1 h giv5 u = ! fir/ "t a reliable edition ( ! docum5t1 & ! ,boll&i/s h r5d]$ ! "w /ill m s]viceable by ! addition ( a reliable alphabetical index1 ?us consid]ably light5+ ! lab\rs ( ^? :o use ?is "w4 ,?is is no common ga9 = liturgical /udy1 s9ce ! ,hi]onymianum1 obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 an increas+ly prom95t position1 m prom95t inde$ at la/ ?an x des]v$2 moreov] x has n be5 )\t its influ5ce ^u lat] m>tyrologies & cal5d>s1 & has _h an appreciable effect ev5 on ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s cycle ( fe/ivals4 ,to "k ! numb] & condition ( ! ,*ri/ians :o _h laid d[n _! lives = ! fai? )9 ! limits ( ! ,roman empire w\ld be ( ! highe/ int]e/ n[ & always2 to record ! "n1 date1 & locality ( ea* ) /ati/ical accuracy w\ld h be5 a "w des]v+ ! ?anks ( po/]ity4 ,x might h be5 done imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( ! ,diocletian p]secution1 b only ) ! assi/ance ( ! secul> au?orities4 ,eulogius & ! writ] ( ! lett]s ascrib$ to ,/ ,j]ome 7 on ! "r track 9 ?9k+ t ,eusebius _h und]tak5 to furni% a "w ( ?is "* ) ! assi/ance ( ! emp]or2 ! latt] in=ms u t ,eusebius actually did s1 & t ! collection conta9$ ! names ( f five to eight hundr$ m>tyrs = e day ( ! ye>1 ?us giv+ a total ( betwe5 #ahb1ejj & #bib1jjj m>tyrs4 ,our ,lat9 compil] inde$ has n br\ght toge!r s _m names1 & he /ates 9 ! reput$ lett] ( ,/ ,j]ome t he only admitt$ ^? m>tyrs ^: commemoration 0 celebrat$ ) special solemnity 7qui sunt 9 amplissima fe/ivitate74 ,h[ev] he has br\ght toge!r 9 r\nd numb]s #fjjj names--q a respectable numb] :5 comp>$ ) ! ,m5ologium ,basilianum1 :i* belongs to a mu* lat] date1 & x rema9s a "q h[ x 0 possible = a ,franki% s*ol> ( ! six? c5tury to get toge!r s _m names4 ,"s ( !m c]ta9ly are di/ort$1 o!rs are repeat$ 9 a rem>kable way1 & o!rs aga9 h an unreal s\nd1#ggg b :5 all d$uctions h be5 made1 !re /ill rema9s s mu* t is hi/orical & unexceptional t ! :ole "w _c be dismiss$ z devoid ( all au?ority4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 & value ( ?is mass ( names1 "o f9ds oneself confront$ by a "q :i* seems equally insoluble1 :e!r ! compil] 0 a native ( ,gaul1 ( ,nor? ,italy1 or ( any:]e else4 ,he c]ta9ly incorporat$ into 8 m>tyrology ! old] li/s ( m>tyrs exi/+ at 8 day1 _m ( :i* are kn[n to u1 & ! two editors h display$ bo? indu/ry & insight 9 mak+ ?is cle> 9 sev]al cases2 yet all ^! li/s ( m>tyrs tak5 toge!r conta9 sc>cely a ?\s& names4 ,f :at s\rces has ! compil] obta9$ ! re/8 ,?is is ! "q :i* /ill awaits an answ]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! compil] has giv5 expression to an important pr9ciple to :i* is due 8 influ5ce on ! hagiology & liturgy ( lat] ages4 ,! ,arian ,cal5d> ( :i* we h spok51 conc]n$ itself ) ! ea/]n half alone ( ! empire1 & is compos$ almo/ entirely ( names belong+ !reto1 b ! au?or ( ! ,hi]onymianum set to "w on q ano!r pr9ciple2 he _h 9 view ! entire ,*ri/ian _w1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,africa & ,gaul4 ,8 po9t ( view is inf9itely wid] ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ev5 ( _m ( 8 successors1 & he made use ( ! fruitful pr9ciple ( univ]salism1 reject+ all p>ticul>ism 9 ! ecclesia/ical sph]e4 ,:ile !re _h be5 cal5d>s 9 ! ,we/ conta9+ ! names ( m>tyrs belong+ to a p>ticul> diocese or c\ntry1 ! compil] ( ! ,hi]onymianum reg>d$ ! ,*ur* z a :ole--z ca?olic4 ,! mean+ ( ?is w be se5 f a glance at ! s]vice-books1 ! sacram5t>ies especially4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury & lat]1 ! ,roman sacram5t>ies1 ev5 ^? int5d$ = use 9 o!r c\ntries su* z ^? ( ,/ ,gall1 ,ma9z1 ,cologne1 & ,ess51 conta9 only ,masses = ! ,roman sa9ts1 conf9+ !mselves to "o or two local sa9ts 9 ! supplem5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( univ]sality only v gradually affect$ ! =mul>ies ( ! ,mass1 & did n rea* its full expression until ! sixte5? c5tury1 b x came to ! =e mu* e>li] 9 ! m>tyrologies1 z e>ly inde$ z ,ado1 ,usu>dus1 ,notk]1 & ,rabanus ,maurus1 *iefly ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,hi]onymianum4 ,?is docum5t is n )\t peculi>ities ( its own4 ,9 all rec5sions ( ! text1 ! #be? ,m>* is giv5 z ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 & s9ce ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 "h call$ also 8,! ,j10 di$ at ,ea/]1 8 dea? is plac$ also on ! #be? ,m>*4 ,9 ! ,b]ne ,codex ! sacrifice ( ,isaac is commemorat$ on ! same day4 ,!re is a goodly array ( ,old ,te/am5t names1 e4g4 ,aggeus1 ,habacuc1 ,job1 ,joel1 ,a>on1 ,eliseus1 etc4 ,9 ! ,b]ne ,codex1 ! #bh? ,septemb] is giv5 z ! day ( ,noe's go+ out ( ! ark1 ! #g? ,janu>y z ! day ( ! ,exodus1 & ! #a/ ,may z ! comm5cem5t ( our ,"l's prea*+4 ,n[ t ! date ( its composition has be5 fix$1 ! ,hi]onymianum is specially valuable = ! in=mation :i* x gives conc]n+ ,franki% hagiography & its gradual developm5t4 ,:oev] w devote himself 9 ! future to inve/igat+ ,/ ,d5ys ( ,p>is1 ,/ ,ursula1 etc41 mu/ pursue 8 /udies 9 ! v>i\s rec5sions & transcriptions ( ! ,hi]onymianum4 ,x w well repay ! tr\ble1 if someone w\ld inve/igate h[ _m ( ! reput$ m>tyrs ( ,l[] ,g]many are nam$ 9 ?is important docum5t4 ,x only kn[s ( two m>tyrs at ,cologne1 ,ascl9ius & ,pamphilus1 9 addition to ! ,moori% m>tyrs ^: numb]s1 h[ev]1 v>y greatly 9 ! ,,mss42 _! comm&] is nam$ ,g]eon4 ,no sa9ts are giv5 = ,ma9z4 ,= ,treves we h ,val]ius1 ,paul9us1 ,maxim9us1 & a ,bi%op ,militius2 ,palmatius ,?yrsus & 8 ,innum]able ,company _h n yet be5 discov]$ or inv5t$4 ,= ,bonn ! connection 9 :i* ,cassius1 ,flor5tius1 & ,mallusius /& to "o ano!r on ! #aj? ,octob] is wor?y ( notice4 ,we f9d "s ,african m>tyrs fir/ ( all on ?is day1 & !n1 )\t indication ( ,bonn or any o!r locality1 we h3 8,et alibi ,cassi1 ,eusebi1 ,flor5ti1 ,victoris1 ,agripp91 ,mallusi cum alii trec5tos xxx40 7sic74 ,! lat] leg5ds omit ,eusebius1 & put ,mallusius in/ead1 :o 0 buri$ at ,birt5 & discov]$ by ,bi%op ,ev]gisil2 ! m>tyr ,victor is said to h be5 also orig9ally buri$ at ,birt54#ggh ,) reg>d to ! ,roman m>tyrs & ! succession ( ! popes1 ! ,hi]onymianum is n altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! ,philocalian li/1 al?\gh x is full]4 ,! e>lie/ pope m5tion$ 9 x is ,cornelius1 & ! la/ ,/ ,leo ,i41 :ile ! ,philocalian li/ beg9s ) ,lucius 7 #bed71 & ends ) ,boniface ,i4 7 #dbb74 ,! ,hi]onymianum gives also ! days ( ! consecration ( "s ( !m1 e4g4 ,miltiades1 ,lib]ius1 ,innoc5t ,i41 & ,boniface ,i4 ,on ! o!r h& ! e>li] m>tyrs are omitt$ ) ! exception ( ,clem5t ,i4 ,! indications ( place are dealt ) on v>i\s pr9ciples4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! city is naturally giv5 :]e ! m>tyrdom took place2 occasionally only ! prov9ce is giv51 z1 = example1 ,a*aia1 ,asia1 ,campania1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,sicily1 ?is be+ especially ! case 9 reg>d to ! la/-nam$ isl&4 ,rem>kable on acc\nt ( its vagu5ess is ! phrase 9 ,africa :i* occurs m ?an a hundr$ times )\t ! "n ( any t[n be+ giv51 b1 nev]!less1 9 ! case ( _m ,african m>tyrs ! t[n is giv54#ggi ,(t5 s _m p]sonal names foll[ "o ano!r t "o suspects t "s indications ( place h dropp$ out1 a conjecture to :i* "o is all ! m incl9$ z ! indef9ite expression et alibi is v (t5 employ$4 ,! m>tyrs !mselves are only di/+ui%$ by _! rank 9 ! hi]>*y1 :5 !y belong$ to ! sacr$ m9i/ry1 i4e4 deacon1 presbyt]1 bi%op1 b by f> ! l>g] numb] ( p]sonages are )\t any indication ( place1 date1 etc4 ,9 _m cases x is evid5t t ! same p]son has be5 ent]$ twice or (t5]1#ghj & mutilations1 disfigurem5ts & alt]ations are v num]\s1 m especially 9 ! lat] ,,mss4 ,! transcrib]s all[$ !mselves consid]able fre$om1 add+ supplem5ts & corrections1 ap>t f ! un9t5tional mi/akes !y made4 ,a h9t ( a lit]>y nature is giv5 by ! rem>k1 8cujus0 or 8quorum acta hab5tur10 indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( ! acts ( su* & su* a m>tyr4 ,lat] transcrib]s 7 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 b1 :5 ! acts 7 =?com+1 add$ l>g] or %ort] notices f !m to ! text4#gha ,_h we ! "w z x came orig9ally f ! h&s ( ! compil] ( ,aux]re1 ^! imp]fections w\ld disappe> to a consid]able ext5t4 ,a glance at any entry 9 ! ?ree rec5sions %[s h[ freely ! e>lie/ transcrib]s dealt ) ! orig9al text2 9 ! new edition ! ?ree rec5sions are pr9t$ 9 p>allel columns4#ghb ,all ^! rem>ks h an intimate be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! s\rces & orig9 ( ! "w4 ,) reg>d to s\rces1 ! ,roman ,depositio ,m>tyrum has be5 incorporat$ bodily1 & a great "p ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,cal5d> z well1 b ! compil] mu/ h _h ! ,arian ,m>tyrology 9 a bett] copy ?an t :i* has come d[n to u1 or ev5 9 its orig9al =m2 ?is is %[n by ! fact t frequ5tly he has q correctly enl>g$ "s ( its indef9ite entries4#ghc ,8 use ( ?is m>tyrology is cle> f 8 ins]t+ ,eusebius among ! sa9ts1 9 ignorance ( 8 ,arianism2 he ins]t$ ! "n 9 all simplicity1 a mi/ake avoid$ by ! ,greek m5ologies1 & ! same may possibly h be5 ! case ) reg>d to ,arius 9 ! ,weiss5burg ,codex4#ghd ,?is employm5t ( e>li] s\rces c\pl$ ) ! num]\s correct entries 9 ! ,hi]onymianum entirely excludes ! view t ! docum5t is a fabrication4 ,inde$ its composition c safely be said to h come ab\t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--9 ! two fir/ c5turies ! p]secutions 7 on ! :ole local1 & ! numb] ( m>tyrs n v l>ge1 al?\gh ! p]secution at ,lyons 9 #agg caus$ ! dea? ( m ?an =ty m>tyrs1 n c\nt+ confessors2 a *ange took place 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 p]secutions 7 comm&$ by ! emp]ors = ! :ole ext5t ( ! empire1 &1 "u ,diocletian1 ! m>tyrs 7 to be reckon$1 if n by millions1 at lea/ by ?\s&s4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! p]secutions1 x mu/ h occurr$ to _m to ask h[ _m _h lo/ _! lives 9 ?is tr\bl\s p]iod1 & ! idea ( draw+ up /ati/ics ( ! m>tyrdoms mu/ h sprung up4 ,we h no evid5ce ( any?+ ( ?is sort actually hav+ be5 done1 b 9 ! six? c5tury !re 0 a widespread op9ion t a "w ( ?is k9d _h be5 accompli%$ by ,eusebius "u ,con/ant9e1 & ! passages quot$ f ,cassiodorus & ,gregory ! ,great %[ x 0 believ$ a li/ ( ! m>tyrs = ! :ole ye> exi/$ 9 ,italy or 9 ,rome4 ,if ?is "w conta9$ m]ely a li/ ( names & dates1 its int]e/ mu/ h be5 m]ely /ati/ical & 9 no wise sci5tific1 s9ce little c\ld be le>nt f ! names by !mselves4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ei!r 9 ,aux]re or 9 ,nor? ,italy1 x seems to h be5 held 9 great] e/eem2 x f\nd a transcrib] & revis]1 & f9ally 0 br\ght into connection ) ! liturgy ow+ to its be+ read at ! *oir-(fices 9 mona/]ies & conv5ts1 & by ?is means1 x won its way to a position ( widespread importance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n h an advantage\s effect on ! purity ( ! text4 ,) reg>d to ! pr9t$ editions1 !re are sev]al publi%$ by v>i\s s*ol>s :o reli$ ^u late ,,mss4 ( little value4 ,we may m5tion ! editions ( ,fior5t9i1 ,lucca #affh 7incomplete71 ( ,d',a*]y 9 ! ,spicilegium1 ii4 #a 7,migne1 xxx471 & ( ,gales9ius1 ,milan1 #aegg4 ,x us$ to be disput$ :i* ( ^! editions gave ! e>lie/ text1 b !y are all q sup]s$$ n[4 ,!re are also _m ab/racts ( ! ,hi]onymianum 9 m$ival h&writ+1 z1 = example1 ! ,m>tyrol4 ,gallicanum2 ,m>tne1 ,ampliss4 ,coll4 ,,vi41 call$ aft] ,*auvel9 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xxx4 #fjg72 ! ,fuld5se2 ,anal4 ,boll4 ,,xiii42 ! ,rei*5au m>tyrology1 etc41 b !y are ( small sci5tific importance4 #e4 ,! ,lection>y & ,m>tyrology ( ,silos ,s9ce ! appo9tm5t ( special ,masses 9 hon\r ( ! sa9ts is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,lat9 rite1 ,we/]n liturgical books are 9 !mselves a s\rce f :i* we c increase our k ( ! sa9ts' fe/ivals1 ! mo/ important 9 ?is respect be+ ! sacram5t>ies1 b ! o!r books us$ at ! celebration ( ,mass1 ! collections ( epi/les & gospels especially1 also ?r[ light on ! subject4 ,9 addition to ! books ( ?is k9d already nam$1 ! ,lection>ius ( ,silos has1 9 rec5t times1 attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ?is connection4#ghe ,x is ( ! highe/ importance bo? = ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> & = ! fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts1 = z x belongs to ! p]iod prec$+ ! ,c>ol+ian liturgical re=m1 x repres5ts a v anci5t rite ( :i*1 until its discov]y1 all trace _h disappe>$4 ,?is rite is n ! same z ! s\!rn ,spani% rite ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,boetica f :i* ! s-call$ ,moz>abic rite is d]iv$1 b belongs to ! anci5t ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,tol$o4 ,! codex 9 :i* x is conta9$ 0 writt5 be=e ! ye> #ajfb1 = a lat] ev5t1 i4e4 ! translation ( ,/ ,isidore's relics f ,seville to ,leon1 is add$ by a lat] h&4 ,?is codex1 orig9ally belong+ to ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,seba/ian at ,silos & n[ 9 ! ,national libr>y ( ,p>is1 conta9s two di/9ct docum5ts1 a lection>y giv+ ! lections f scripture = ! :ole ( ! ye>1 & a m>tyrology2 ! latt] 0 compil$ betwe5 #ibe & #ajjj2 b ! lection>y mu* e>li]4 ,its antiquity is prov$3 7#a7 ,by ! limit$ numb]s ( sa9ts' days2 7#b7 by ! circum/ance t ! cate*um5ate is /ill 9 =ce2 7#c7 t ! ,saturdays 9 ,l5t are n fa/ days1 agree+ ) ! ea/]n cu/om2 7#d7 ! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany & ,p5teco/ d n appe> z =m+ "p ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 & are n ev5 numb]$1 b1 z 9 ! ,gelasianum1 !re are add$ tw5ty-f\r ,masses call$ 8dom9ic quotidian02 7#e7 !re are five ,sundays 9 ,adv5t2 7#f7 ) reg>d to sa9ts' days1 ,ana/asius ! ,p]sian is n yet plac$ along ) ,/ ,v9c5t on ! #ba/ ,janu>y1 & ! ,apo/le ,james is also omitt$ along ) all ref]5ce to ! ,spani% leg5d connect$ ) 8 "n4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t ,/ ,james1 at ! "t :5 ?is "w 0 compil$ enjoy$ no special wor%ip 9 ,spa94 ,on ^! gr\nds ! fir/ editor1 ,g4 ,mor91 reg>ds ! lection>y z c]ta9ly belong+ to #fej4 ,! book repres5ts a rite hi!rto entirely unkn[n b :i* c be no o!r ?an ! anci5t rite ( ,tol$o1 s9ce 9 x ! ,annunciation is plac$ on ! #ah? ,decemb] z is prescrib$ by ! fir/ canon ( ! t5? c\ncil ( ,tol$o4 ,x diff]s f ! ,moz>abic rite z to ! numb] ( ,sundays 9 ,adv5t1 ( :i* ! latt] reckons six1 & also 9 ! eight ,masses = ! ,sundays aft] ,epiphany & ,p5teco/2 ano!r peculi>ity is t ! ,innoc5ts' ,day is omitt$ on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 b an 8,allisio ,infantium0 is kept in/ead 9 ! #h? ,janu>y4 ,none ( ! ,roman & ,byzant9e fea/s ( our ,lady are m5tion$1 & only "o fea/ ( ! ,holy ,cross on ! #crd ,may1 omitt+ ! o!r on ! #ad? ,septemb]2 all ,masses = sa9ts' days h two epi/les4 ,! m>tyrology ( ,silos also is an important docum5t on acc\nt ( its orig9al "*1 al?\gh x is "s ?ree c5turies lat] ?an ! lection>y4 ,x is entitl$1 ,m>tyrum ,legium1 & x is consid]ably ri*] 9 names ( sa9ts ?an ! lection>y1 & is q indep5d5t ( ! ,hi]onymianum1 ?\gh influ5c$ 9 a slight degree by ! ,roman rite4 ,! m>tyrs 9 ! ,moori% p]secution1 "u1 ,abdurrhaman ,,ii41 :i* la/$ f #hej to #hfj1 appe> 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! hi/orian ( ?is p]secution1 ! prie/ ,eug5ius ( ,tol$o1 :o 0 put to dea? on #aa? ,m>* #hei1 is ent]$1 b plac$ on #a/ ,june1 ! day ( ! translation ( 8 relics2 ,/ ,pelagius ( ,corduba1 :o suff]$ dea? on #bf? ,june #ibe "u ,abdurrhaman ,,iii4 is also ent]$1 & ?is date gives "o limit 9 fix+ ! date ( ! "w1 ! o!r limit be+ ! ye> #ajjj4 ,!re are five additions by a lat] h&1 i4e4 on #ab? ,m>*1 ,gregorii ,pap2 on #a/ ,may1 ,transitus ,philippi ,apo/oli1 )\t ,/ ,james2 on #bh? ,april1 ,prud5tii et ,sociorum ejus2 on #ba/ ,decemb]1 ,s4 ,?om ,apo/oli1 & on #bbnd ,decemb] ! ,translatio corporis ,s4 ,isidori4 ,"s p]sonages are ent]$1 :o are n call$ sa9ts1 b only ,domnus1 f\r ( :om belong to ,tol$o1 two be+ bi%ops3 ,julian 7 #f? ,m>* #fij7 & ,eug5ius ,,ii4 7 #bi? ,may #fdg72 on #ad? ,janu>y1 ano!r ,julian1 &1 on #ac? ,m>*1 ,depositio ,le&ri4 ,half ( ! entire names belong to ,spa91 ! o!r half to ,rome & ! ,ea/2 ( ! ,franki% m>tyrs1 ,d5ys ( ,p>is1 ,afra ( ,augsburg1 & ,boniface ( ,ma9z are commemorat$4 ,z reg>ds ! fea/s ( our ,lady1 besides ! anci5t ,spani% fea/ on ! #ah? ,decemb]1 we h only ! ,assumption on #ae? ,augu/4 ,litanies are appo9t$ = #aj? ,septemb]1 #g? ,novemb]1 & #ae? ,decemb]1 besides a fa/ on #bnd ,janu>y4 ,! "n ( ! ,apo/le ,/ ,james is abs5t f ! m>tyrology z well z f ! lection>y4 ,bi%op ,torquatus & 8 companions are plac$ on #a/ ,may1 9 bo? docum5ts1 b 9 ! m>tyrology !y are n describ$ z disciples ( ! apo/les1 :i* is fav\rable to _! hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,! ,apo/les ,simon & ,jude are on ! #a/ ,july in/ead ( ! #bh? ,octob]1 & !re is also a ,symon ,apo/olus on #ai? ,octob] z well4 ,al?\gh traces ( lat] influ5ce appe> 9 ?is m>tyrology1 x has /ill pres]v$ ! indep5d5t "* ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,cal5d>s4 #f4 ,egyptian 7,coptic7 ,cal5d>s & ,synax>ia ,! anglican ar*eologi/1 ,john ,seld5 7 #afcd71 has giv5 u ! e>lie/ ,egyptian cal5d>s 9 8 "w on ! ,jewi% ,sanh$r9 :i* 0 left unf9i%$ :5 he di$4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( ?is "w1 ,seld5 int5d$ to deal ) ! rite = ! d$ication ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 al?\gh ?is lay beyond ! imm$iate purpose ( 8 inve/igations1 & he ?\ght t "s ,arabic ,cal5d>s 9 8 possession might h "s be>+ on ! "q4#ghf ,un=tunately1 he gave no in=mation conc]n+ ! ,,mss4 f :i* ^! cal5d>s 7 tak51 & !y seem1 moreov]1 :5 discov]$1 to h be5 by no means 9 a good condition4 ,ludolf decl>$ himself dissatisfi$ ) ^! publications1 & ,w/5feld rem>k$3 8,! ,arabic ,,mss4 employ$1 mu/ h be5 faulty1 & 7 made /ill worse by ! faulty read+ & transcrib+ ( ! editor & ! pr9t+ is s incorrect t "s words w\ld be almo/1 & o!rs q un9telligible1 7 !re n o!r helps to _! mean+ at h&40#ghg ,/ill1 9 spite ( ^! well-f\nd$ criticisms f speciali/s1 ,seld5's "w _c be ov]-look$4 ,!re seem also to h be5 gaps & undeciph]able passages 9 ! ,,ms4 itself4 ,!re are ?ree cal5d>s edit$ by ,seld53 two %ort1 & "o long1 ! latt] be+ ( lat] date ?an ! o!rs4 ,! two fir/ h a supplem5t to ea* mon?1 call$ ordo alt]1 bo? appe> to h be5 orig9ally drawn up = ! use ( mona/]ies1 b are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 important po9ts4 ,we %all designate !m by ! lett]s ,a & ,b4 ,a is at any rate ( ,egyptian orig9 & is monophysite 9 "*1 because ! h]esi>* ,sev]us1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 twice appe>s 9 x1 on #h? ,febru>y & #bi? ,septemb]4 ,o!r peculi>ities 9 ! docum5t are3 #a4 ,x has two fea/s ( ! ,holy ,cross1 on #f? ,m>* ,inv5tio ,crucis1 by :i* d\btless ! recov]y ( ! ,cross by ,h]aclius 9 #fbi is meant1 & fe/um crucis glorios on #ad? ,septemb]4 #b4 ,! ,nativity ( our ,lady is on #bf? ,april4 #c4 ,! commemorations ( ! ,"m ( ,god 9 use 9 ,egypt1 are giv5 on ! #ba/ ( ! mon?s ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 ,may1 ,july1 & ,octob]3 ,b omits ^! fea/s4 #d4 ,a has ! ar*angel ,gabriel on ! #ah? ,decemb]1 b no fe/ival ( ! ,annunciation1 :ile ,b places ,evangelismus on ! #be? ,m>*1 & no fea/ on ! #ah? ,decemb] po9t+ onw>ds to ! imp5d+ ,nativity ( our ,"l4 #e4 ,a has ! f\r liv+ creatures ( ! ,apocalypse on ! #d? ,novemb] :o appe> also lat] on 9 ,coptic cal5d>s3 ,b omits !m4 #f4 ,9 ,a ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ! ,mahometans is sev5 times m5tion$1 e4g4 #bf? ,may1 #aj? ,decemb]1 etc4 #g4 ,a does n m5tion ,/ ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 b ,b places him on ! #bj? ,decemb]4 #h4 ,b has ! ,emp]or ,!odosius on ! #crd ,m>*1 ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om on ! #g? ,may & #ac? ,novemb]1 also ,ephrem ,syrus on ! #i? ,july1 & ,dioscorus ( ,alex&ria on ! #ca/ ,augu/4 ,f ^! entries we see t ,b is ca?olic & ,syrian1 & ,a monophysite & ,egyptian4 ,bo? c]ta9ly belong to ! same p]iod4 ,b 0 probably also us$ 9 ,egypt1 = ! ,patri>* ,isaac ,i4 ( ,alex&ria is m5tion$1 :o di$ on ! #aj? ,a?yr #f? ,novemb] #fhh or #fhi4ghh ,! ,a?anasius m5tion$ on ! #f? ,septemb] mu/ h be5 ,a?anasius ,,ii4 :o became patri>* ( ,antio* 9 #fbi4ghi ,^! cal5d>s & ! foll[+ "o z well are conta9$ 9 ! ,arabic translation ( ,abulaibsan ,a*m$ ,calcas5di :o has prefac$ !m ) a li/ ( ,coptic fe/ivals 7see above p4 #bf74 ,_h !y come d[n to u 9 bett] condition1 !y w\ld be ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! inve/igation ( our subject1 not)/&+ _! h]etical "*4 ,! ?ird ( ! cal5d>s publi%$ by ,seld5 has f>$ little bett]2 x c]ta9ly belongs to ! same p]iod z ! o!rs1 al?\gh some:at lat] 9 date4 ,! late/ p]son m5tion$ 9 x seems to be ! ,patri>* ,isaac ,i41 nam$ already 9 ,a4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ?is 0 ! second monophysite patri>* ( t "n :o di$ 9 #ied1 b x is n s1 = ?is p]sonage is nam$ on ! #aj? ,a?yr #f? ,novemb]1 & ! ,coptic ,synax>ium1 translat$ by ,w/5feld1 :i* m5tions him on ! same day1 expressly /ates t he 0 ! imm$iate successor ( ,john1 surnam$ ,semnudu f ! place ( 8 bir?1 ,seb5nytos1 :o di$ on ! #i? ,a?yr #fhf1 aft] hav+ po9t$ him out z 8 successor4 ,! pr$ecessor ( ,isaac ,,ii41 h[ev]1 0 ,sophronius1 & 8 successor 0 call$ ,job4 ,accord+ly ,isaac ,i4 mu/ be int5d$ "h1 & ?us ! cal5d> belongs to ! end ( ! sev5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury4#gij ,its monophysite "* is prov$ f ! m5tion ( ! h]esi>* ,sev]us ?ree times1 i4e4 on ! #bf? ,april 7fe/um ,sev]i71 on ! #d? ,septemb]1 & on ! #a/ ,decemb]4 ,x has no fea/ ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul on ! #bi? ,june1 b only a ,planctus ,pauli on ! #ah? ,m>*4 ,! foll[+ po9ts are wor?y ( notice3--#be? ,m>* is ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 ! #bh? ,may is kept z ! ,inv5tio ossium ,s4 ,luc & ! #f? ,m>* z ! ,manife/atio ,crucis1 :]e ! lat] cal5d> adds1 p] ,h]aclium imp]atorem4 ,we h ! beg9n+s ( ! ,egyptian cu/om ( commemorat+ ! ,"m ( ,god on ! #ba/ ( ea* mon?1 i4e4 on ! #ba/ ,payni & ! #ba/ ,phaophi4 ,! fe/um ,dom9 on ! #bnd ,augu/ is c]ta9ly a fea/ ( our ,lady1 b ! fe/um ,mirjam on ! #bbnd ,july is probably a fe/ival ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal54 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 ?is docum5t ! mean+ ( :i* c only be surmis$4 ,a welcome addition to our k ( liturgical matt]s among ! ,copts exi/s 9 a cal5d> ( ! n9? c5tury 9 ! ,vatican libr>y2 x is f\nd along ) a ,coptic ,evangeli>ium 9 a codex writt5 9 #acbh4 ,! docum5t is describ$ & translat$ into ,lat9 by ,a4 ,mai 9 ! f\r? volume ( 8 ,nova ,collectio4#gia ,! date is det]m9$ by ! fact t ! ,patri>* ,amba ,za*>ias1 :o is ent]$ z a sa9t 9 ! lat] ,synax>ium on ! #ac? ,a?yr1#gib does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>2 he 0 patri>*1 accord+ to ,le ,qui5 f #ajje to #ajcb4 ,! la/ ,jacobite patri>*s m5tion$ are ^? :o succe$$ "o ano!r f ,alex&] to ,mi*ael 7,*ail74 ,mi*ael 0 succe$$ by ,john1 aft] a vacancy ( t5 ye>s1 :o rul$ f #gff-gii4gic ,accord+ly ?is cal5d> belongs to ! n9? c5tury4 ,a /rik+ peculi>ity 9 x is t ! ,manife/atio ,crucis is on ! #ag?-#ai? ,septemb] in/ead ( ! #ad? z 9 all o!r cal5d>s4 ,! circum/ance t sev]al sa9ts1 in/ead ( hav+ "o commemoration1 h sev]al1 may give rise to confusion4 ,/ ,!cla appe>s no less ?an five times1 twice ) ! title m>tyr 7on ! #be? ,febru>y & ! #aj? ,septemb]71 once z apo/ola 7on ! #ab? ,july71 on ! #f? ,may & #crd ,decemb] %e has no title4 ,al?\gh !re 0 a second ,/ ,!cla1 /ill ?is w\ld n altoge!r expla9 ! entries4 ,!n ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee is m5tion$ on ! #bh? & #cj? ( ,april1 z well z ,james ! ,"l's bro!r on ! #ab? ,july & #bcrd ,octob]4 ,/ ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel occurs eight times4 ,our ,lady's ,nativity is celebrat$ on bo? ! #bf? ,april & ! #g? ,septemb]4 ,no importance is to be atta*$ to ^! repetitions2 !y are purely arbitr>y1 & are due to ! desire to provide a "n = e day 9 ! cal5d>1 & to fill up vacant places4#gid ,?is appe>s especially f ! circum/ance t on ! #bi? ( e ,egyptian mon?1 correspond+ to ! #be? 9 ! ,julian ,cal5d>1 a commemoration ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity is giv51 & on ! #ba/ ( ea* mon? a fea/ ( our ,lady 7,commemoratio ,dom9 ,s4 ,m>i74 ,! ,dea? & ,assumption ( our ,lady is plac$ on ! #af? ,janu>y4 ,/ ,joseph ! ,c>p5t] has 8 commemoration on ! #bj? ,july4 ,fides1 ,spes1 & ,*>itas appe> z ?ree m>tyrs "u ,hadrian on ! #be? ,janu>y2 !y are said to be daught]s ( a report$ ,sophia4 ,no ,/ ,ca!r9e appe>s ei!r 9 ?is cal5d> or 9 ! lat] ,synax>ium b ! h]etic ,sev]us 7 #eci7 is twice commemorat$3 on ! #bi? ,septemb] 7,adv5tus ,sev]i ,patr>* 9 gyptum7 & on ! #h? ,febru>y1 :5 he di$4 ,coptic cal5d>s ( a lat] date are /ill ri*] 9 names1 b are full ( leg5ds & absurdities :i* %[ ! /eady decl9e ( culture among ! sect "u ,mahometan rule4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,synax>ium or collection ( leg5ds compil$ f anci5t s\rces by ,bi%op ,amba ,mi*ael ( ,atriba & ,malids* at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#gie ,! basis ( ! collection is an old] "w ( ! same k9d compos$ sometime ab\t ! ye> #ajij 7see #crd ,a?yr74#gif ,in=mation conc]n+ ! sa9ts :o liv$ 9 mona/]ies 0 tak5 by ,bi%op ,mi*ael f a s-call$ 8,guide10 us$ by bo? ! ,egyptian ,copts & ,mel*ites4#gig ,a 8,guide0 ( ?is k9d _h be5 writt5 especially = ,alex&ria by ,bi%op ,amba ,john ( ,kift4 ,mi*ael ref]s 9 8 "w to ! ye>s #achb & #achg 7see #g? ,b]mahat & #ai? ,b]muda71 & s mu/ h liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,z ! "w conta9s mu* in=mation drawn f ! ecclesia/ical hi/ories ( ! ,copts & ,abyss9ians1 x has be5 translat$ & mu* us$ 9 spite ( its faulty "*4 ,x af=ds _m useful p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! traditions & fea/s ( ! ,egyptian ,*ur*1 & on ?is acc\nt ,/eph5 ,assemani und]took to make an ab/ract ( ! :ole "w :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,mai's ,nova ,collectio4 ,f4 ,w/5feld made a translation ( ! fir/ "p conta9+ ! fir/ half ( ! ,egyptian ye>1 f ,septemb] to ,febru>y2 ! second half1 f ,m>* to ,augu/ includ+ ! int]cal>y days1 is un=tunately /ill untranslat$4 #g4 ,! ,m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople 7,eigh? ,c5tury7 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur* possesses a cal5d> ( ,sa9ts belong+ to ! eigh? c5tury1 :i* occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 a m]ely ,ea/]n ,cal5d>1 & "o t is univ]sal4 ,its title runs1 ,cal5d> ( ! ,gospels = ,fe/ivals 7 71 = x gives ! passage f ! ,gospels to be read on ea* day2 x conta9s a consid]able numb] ( sa9ts belong+ to ! ,ea/1 ?\gh ! days are f> f be+ all occupi$4 ,m>* & ,april h rem>kably few fea/s2 ?is is ow+ to ! anci5t1 b ev5 !n obsolete injunction ( ! ,trullan ,c\ncil t ! fea/s ( no m>tyrs 7 to be kept 9 ,l5t4 ,sev]al circum/ances prove t ,con/ant9ople 0 ! locality :]e ?is docum5t orig9at$ & 0 9 use4 ,c]ta9 qu>t]s ( ! city1 z = example1 ,bla*]n & ,*alcoprateia1 are m5tion$2 ! #aa? ,may is m5tion$ z ! day ( ! city's f\ndation2 s too is ! e>?quake :i* ?rew d[n ! city walls on ! #bd? ,septemb] #eeg4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople are includ$1 tw5ty-n9e 9 all1 beg9n+ ) ,metrophanes 7#d? ,june #cje-cbe7 & end+ ) ,paul :o 0 patri>* f ,septemb] #fhf to ! #bnd ,septemb] #fic4 ,! abs5ce ( ! tw5ty-"o reput$ bi%ops f ,/ ,&rew to ,metrophanes sugge/s ! ?\ght t :5 ?is docum5t 0 drawn up ?is inv5tion _h n be5 accept$4 ,morcelli ma9ta9s t ! ,paul ! y\ng] m5tion$ on ! #bnd ,septemb] is ! ,patri>* ,paul ,,ii41 "u :om ! ,trullan ,c\ncil 0 held 9 #fib1 b he w\ld1 h[ev]1 exon]ate him f p>ticipation 9 ! s*ismatic c\ncil1 s9ce he oppos$ x at a lat] date2 ?is1 h[ev]1 contradicts ! accept$ *ronology4 ,no patri>*1 n ev5 ,g]manus1 & none ( ! _m m>tyrs & confessors belong+ to ! "t ( ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy "u ,leo ! ,isaurian & ,con/ant9e ,copronymus1 are m5tion$4 ,f ?is "o concludes t ! m5ology 0 compos$ imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( ! fir/ ,iconocla/ic controv]sy1 at a date :5 ! judgm5t on ! sanctity ( ^! p]sonages _h n yet be5 conclud$1 or :5 p 7 unwill+ to revive ! pa9ful recollections :i* _! "n evok$4 ,! m>tyrs1 confessors1 & doctors ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* are !re 9 long array1 at lea/ all ! celebrat$ ones1 n only ^? belong+ to all f\r patri>*ates1 b also ^? belong+ to o!r c\ntries1 su* z ,ana/asius ! ,p]sian 7 #fbh1 on ! #bbnd ,janu>y74 ,! popes & sa9ts ( ! ,we/ are exclud$ ) ! exception ( ! ?ree m>tyrs ,lawr5ce1 ,g]vasius1 & ,protasius4 ,! names ( _m ,old ,te/am5t p]sonages are includ$3 ,moses1 ,a>on1 ,elias1 ,j]emias1 etc41 also almo/ all ! apo/les & _! imm$iate disciples1 b = ! mo/ "p !y occur on diff]5t dates f ^? :i* !y usually occupy 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d>4 ,= in/ance1 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ is on ! #h? ,may & ! #bf? ,septemb]1 ,/ ,b>nabas on ! #aa? ,june1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul on ! #bi? ,june1 ,/ ,titus on ! #be? ,augu/1 ,/ ,?omas on ! #f? ,octob]1 ,/ ,philip on ! #ad? ,novemb]1 ,/ ,&rew on ! #cj? ,novemb]4 ,,ss4 ,joa*im & ,anna appe> on ! #i? ,septemb]1 ! day aft] our ,lady's ,nativity1 ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael on ! #h? ,novemb]1 ,/ ,!cla 7"h entitl$ proto-m>tyr7 on ! #bd? ,septemb]1 & ! ,holy ,innoc5ts on ! #ca/ ,decemb]4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ,con/ant9e & 8 "m ,hel5a1 appe> z sa9ts 9 ! cal5d>2 !y are commemorat$ toge!r on ! #ba/ ,may1 a day :i* falls be=e t on :i* ,con/ant9e actually di$4 ,ju/9ian & 8 consort ,!odora are commemorat$ also1 b d n appe> ) ! title 8sa9t02 !y are plac$ on ! #ad? ,novemb]1 ! day on :i* ,ju/9ian di$1 ,!odora hav+ prec$$ him on ! #bh? ,june #edh4 ,ju/9ian 0 call$ a pr9ce ( pi\s memory by ! popes ,pelagius ,,ii4 & ,gregory ! ,great4#gih ,f ^! indications x appe>s t ?is m>tyrology 0 int5d$ pr9cipally if n exclusively = ! city & diocese ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! safe/ conclusion to arrive at is to reg>d x z ! m>tyrology ( ! patri>*ate ( ,con/ant9ople1 s9ce x /e]s a middle c\rse1 z x 71 betwe5 p>ticul>ism & univ]sality3 x is ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,greek m5ologies kn[n to u4 ,among ! ,greeks ,/ ,john ,damasc5e is reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( cal5d>s ( ?is k9d1#gii correspond+ to ,ado 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,! m5ology has be5 edit$ ) an excell5t comm5t>y by ,/eph5 ,a4 ,morcelli 7,rome1 #aghh71 hav+ previ\sly be5 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 at ,urb9o 7#agbg7 f ! ,codex ( ,c>d9al ,albani4 #h4 ,! ,m5ology ( ! ,emp]or ,basil ,,ii41 & ! ,syrian ,lection>y ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ,?is m5ology takes its "n f ,basil ,,ii4 ,porphyrog5itus 7#igf-ajbe71 & 0 giv5 to ! public = ! fir/ "t 9 its entirety by ,c>d9al ,albani at ,urb9o 9 #agbg1 f two codices ea* conta9+ six mon?s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! m5ology :i* we h j describ$ by hav+ a sa9t on e day ( ! ye>1 & mo/ ( ! days h m ?an "o2 ! sa9ts are drawn f ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 & ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 especially ,sicily & ,rome1 is m prom95t ?an 9 ! =m] docum5t4 ,z reg>ds ,rome1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( popes giv5 :o are entirely abs5t f ! o!r m5ology3 ,silve/]1 ,leo1 ,aga?o1 ,gregory ,i41 ,cele/9e1 etc4 ,) ! exception ( ,gregory ,i4 !y are g5]ally plac$ on diff]5t dates f ^? on :i* !y are commemorat$ 9 ! ,we/1 e4g4 ,silve/] on ! #bnd ,janu>y1 ,leo on ! #ah? ,febru>y1 & ,alex&] on ! #af? ,m>*1 etc4 ,x appe>s z if ! s\rces :i* ! compil] _h at 8 disposal = ! ,we/ 7 insuffici5t1 s9ce1 = example1 he gives ,/ ,p]petua1 ,/ ,felicitas & companions once on ! #bnd ,febru>y1 & aga9 on ! #ad? ,m>*1 ) ! addition1 89 ,rome02 f ?is x w\ld appe> t he ?\ght ! sa9ts m5tion$ on ! fir/ date _h belong$ to "s o!r locality4 ,/ ,agnes is giv5 on ! #e? ,july4 ,n s _m patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople are giv5 z "o w\ld h expect$1 & _m1 inde$1 are omitt$ :o are includ$ 9 ! m5ology ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! previ\s section1 z1 = example1 ,nect>ius1 ,paul ,,ii41 ,g5nadius1 ,?omas ,,ii41 b on ! o!r h& we f9d "s :o liv$ aft] ! composition ( ! e>li] docum5t1 especially ,g]manus1 ,t>asius1 & ,antonius ,,ii41 surnam$ ,cauleas 7 #ab? ,febru>y #hif74hjj ,9 o!r po9ts ! ,basilianum resembles ! =m] "w1 except t x is full] 9 e respect4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! l>ge numb] ( sa9ts belong+ to religi\s ord]s conta9$ 9 x1 :o = ! mo/ "p are specially designat$2 ev5 ! patri>* ( ! ,we/]n monks1 ,/ ,b5$ict1 is n =gott51 & is giv5 on 8 prop] day4 ,names f ! ,old ,te/am5t occur frequ5tly1 & f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we h almo/ all ! disciples ( ! apo/les ^: names are giv51 & ^! are designat$ z 8belong+ to ! ,sev5ty40 ,! numb] ( ! days ( apo/les is consid]able1 ?\gh seldom co9cid+ ) ! days obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 except 9 ! case ( ,/ ,m>k1 ,/ ,b>nabas1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 & ,/ ,&rew4 ,bo? ! ,/ ,james are abs5t1 & s are depriv$ ( v5]ation )9 ! region 9 :i* ?is docum5t 0 foll[$1#hja b !re is a fea/ ( all ! apo/les on ! #cj? ,june4 ,/ ,anna appe>s on ! #be? ,july2 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ on ! #bd? ,june & #bi? ,augu/4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! fir/ f\r g5]al c\ncils h ea* a special day allott$ to !m1 :ile 9 ! ,con/ant9opolitanum all are commemorat$ on ! same day--#af? ,july4 ,x is /range to f9d n only e>?quakes1 includ$1 b also defeats 9 ! w>s ) ! ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 & ,bulg>ians1 b un=tunately !re is no?+ to indicate ! localities :]e ^! ev5ts happ5$ 7see ! #g? & #bj? ,febru>y1 ! #bcrd ,m>*1 ! #bd? ,may1 etc474 ,?is exce$s ! limits obs]v$ 9 liturgical docum5ts4 ,z ! day ( ! f\ndation ( ,con/ant9ople 7! #aa? ,may7 is aga9 includ$ 9 ?is docum5t1 we mu/ conclude t x belongs to ?is city4 ,s9ce1 too1 ,go?s & ,p]sians f9d a place 9 x1 x is ahead ( its pr$ecessors 9 its attempts to a*ieve univ]sality4#hjb ,:ile ! admission ( =eign names is to be welcom$ z a /ep 9 advance1 x may yet1 on ! o!r h&1 be a s\rce ( confusion & give rise to mi/akes lat] on4 ,we f9d1 namely1 9 ?is m5ology1 t ! names ( =eign sa9ts are n always giv5 on ! correct date1 b are arbitr>ily plac$ on o!r days ?an ^? to :i* !y belong$4 ,lat] r$actors1 :5 !y f\nd ! same "n on diff]5t dates1 may h ?\ght t diff]5t p]sons 7 meant1 & ?is may h be5 ! cause ( ! repetition ( ! names ( sa9ts4 ,?is %[s t 9 admitt+ names ( new sa9ts1 & ! correct day ( ^: dea? _h n be5 transmitt$1 !y act$ accord+ to _! fancy4 ,?is 0 ! case ) reg>d to ! majority ( ! ,sev5ty ,disciples1 _m ( :om appe> "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,! same mu/ h tak5 place also ) fea/s ( our ,"l1 z :5 ! ,flight 9 ,egypt is giv5 on ! #bf? ,decemb]1 & s plac$ be=e ! ,circumcision & ! ,pres5tation4 ,! admission ( =eign names 0 left to *ance or op9ion4 ,?us1 e4g4 ! ,we/]n sa9ts ,ambrose1 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 & ,hosius are admitt$1 b ,hil>y1 ,augu/9e1 ,j]ome1 etc41 are pass$ ov]4 ,! impression made by ! entire docum5t is t ! pr9ciples :i* 7 on ! :ole foll[$ 9 its composition 7 n ma9ta9$ ) suffici5t c>e1 b yield$ m ?an 0 "r to op9ion & caprice4 ,9 _m cases1 too1 ! necess>y k ( hi/ory1 & a suffici5t supply ( lit]>y mat]ial seems to h be5 lack+4 ,a useful docum5t1 especially = sa9ts' days1 is a lection>y ( ! or?odox ,syrians conta9$ 9 ! codex xix4 ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ! mona/]y ( ,m> ,mussa at ,antio* 9 #ajcj1 & conta9s 9 ! fir/ section ! lections = ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 9 ! second1 ^? = sa9ts' days1 beg9n+ ) ! #a/ ,septemb] z ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,9 x are giv5 ! m>tyrs ( ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy1 sev]al or?odox patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,nicephorus 7 #bnd ,june #hbh7 be+ ! la/2 !n come _m names f ! old ,te/am5t1 & _m fea/s ( apo/les1 ! ,cat5 ,petri on ! #af? ,janu>y be+ "o ( !m1 f\r fea/s ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 & six ( our ,lady4 ,!re are no ,roman or ,we/]n sa9ts ) ! exception ( ,/ ,lawr5ce4 ,?is docum5t has be5 publi%$ by ,c\nt ,f4 ,m9iscal*i-,errizzo "u ! title ,evangeli>ium ,hi]osolymitanum 7#b vols4 #dto1 ,v]ona1 #afhb74 ,9 us+ docum5ts ( ?is k9d = purposes ( hi/orical inve/igation1 z = in/ance 9 ord] to det]m9e ! day on :i* a hi/orical p]sonage di$1 ! appeal mu/ always be to ! local s\rces4 ,9 ! case ( sa9ts belong+ to ! ,we/]n ,*ur* no importance mu/ be atta*$ to ! fact t ! ,ea/]ns may h transf]r$ !m to a diff]5t day1 & vice v]s1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ,/ ,ignatius ( ,antio*4 ,:]e ! day is giv5 9 "s local s\rce1 o!rwise des]v+ ( cr$it1 we c be !n c]ta9 t x is correct4 ,?is mu/ be done ) reg>d to ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 = :om ! local s\rces give inv>iably ! #bi? ,june1 :ile =eign cal5d>s give o!r dates1 z we f9d is ! case ) ,polemius1 ,silvius1 & ! ,arian m>tyrology4 ,! compil]s ( ^! cal5d>s wi%$ to celebrate ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,apo/les1 b1 be+ ignorant ( ! actual day ( _! dea?1 plac$ !m on any day t seem$ suitable4 ,f9ally1 at a lat] date ! correct date came to ! k ( =eign *ur*es1 & f\nd its way into _! cal5d>s4 #i4 ,! ,kal5d>ium ,m>moreum ( ,naples ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 a "t ( great activity 9 matt]s relat+ to hagiography1 ! ,*ur* ( ,naples und]took a revision ( its cal5d>1 :i* exhibits notewor?y peculi>ities4 ,fir/ ( all1 ne>ly e day ( ! ye> is provid$ ) ! "n ( a sa9t1 :i* indicates consid]able c>e & /udy4 ,?is result 0 a*iev$ by foll[+ ! ,ea/]n cu/om ( admitt+ ,old ,te/am5t p]sonages1 al?\gh n to ! same ext5t4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ! selection 0 made _c be discov]$1 = we h ,abraham on ! #i? ,octob]1 ,isaac on ! #ag? ,m>*1 ,eliseus on ! #bh? ,novemb]1 ,daniel on ! #ag? ,decemb]1 ,za*>ias on ! #ac? ,may1 :ile o!r important p]sonages1 su* z ,isaias1 etc41 are omitt$4 ,we are also rem9d$ ( ea/]n usage by ! commemoration ( ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus on ! #d? ,augu/1 & o!r traces ( ea/]n influ5ce are noticeable 9 ! admission ( a few bi%ops ( ,con/ant9ople1 su* z ,metrophanes1 & also ( ! names ( ,con/ant9e 7)\t ,hel5a7 on ! #ba/ ,may1 & ,!odosius on ! #aj? ,novemb]4 ,) reg>d to ,metrophanes1 ! compil] is guilty ( a rem>kable ov]sight2 he has plac$ him once on ! "r day 7! #d? ,june71 )\t 8 title1 & aga9 on ! #d? ,janu>y ) 8 title1 8,patr4 ,con/40 ,! confusion betwe5 ! #d? ( ,june & ! #d? ( ,janu>y might easily escape a transcrib]1 & mu/ h already exi/$ 9 ! s\rce :i* ! compil] us$4 ,9 ord] n to omit any "n ! compil] pref]r$ to ent] ! same "n twice1 once )1 & once )\t1 its prop] title4 ,?is rem9ds u t ,/ ,m>k also occurs twice1 on ! #be? ,april & ! #ag? ,may4 ,/ ,philip is unit$ to ,/ ,james on ! #a/ ,may 7a trace ( ,roman influ5ce71 & is f\nd aga9 alone on ! #ad? ,novemb]4 ,/ ,silve/] comes on ! #ca/ ,decemb] & a ,depositio ,silve/ri ,p4,p41 on ! #bnd ,janu>y2 a ,jacobus ,ap4 & ,mat!us on unusual dates1 ! #ae? & #af? ,novemb]1 o!r ,apo/les are on m usual dates1 e4g4 ,/ ,jude is commemorat$ on ! #ba/ ,may4 ,/ ,b>?olomew's day 7! #be? ,augu/7 is giv5 wrongly z ,nat4 ,pass41 be+ 9 reality ! day ( 8 translation4 ,! names ( ,apo/les & _! disciples are v num]\s4 ,) reg>d to ! wor%ip ( ! ,holy ,cross1 bo? days occur 7i4e4 ! #crd ,may & #ad? ,septemb]71 ) ! title n[ 9 use1 al?\gh =m]ly1 ! fea/ ( ! #crd ,may 0 alone obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/1 & t ( ! #ad? ,septemb] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! reason = ?is circum/ance has be5 already giv5 9 ?is book4 ,bi%ops ( ,naples naturally appe> frequ5tly2 e4g4 ,m>o 7#ae? ,june7 belongs to ! ?ird c5tury1 o!rs belong to ! p]iod f ! six? to ! eigh? c5tury1 su* z ,r$ux on ! #bg? ,m>* 7 #ehd71 ,agnellus on ! #i? ,janu>y 7 #fia71 ,adeodatus on ! #a/ ,octob] 7 #fga71 ,=tunatus on ! #ad? ,june 7 #fjj circ471 ,paulus ! eld] on ! #crd ,m>* 7 #gfj74 ,! la/ to be nam$ is probably ,paul ! y\ng] on ! #ag? ,febru>y 7 #hbj74hjc ,paul ,,iii4 ( ,con/ant9ople _c be int5d$ "h1 = 8 day is ! #cj? ,augu/4 ,we may add t ! fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts _h n yet be5 admitt$1 a circum/ance :i* ?r[s light on ! probable date :5 ?is cal5d> 0 drawn up4 ,special importance atta*es to ?is cal5d> on acc\nt ( its int]m$iate position betwe5 ! cal5d>s ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #agdb 9 ,s4 ,giovanni ,maggiore & edit$ incorrectly1 accord+ to ,mai1 by ,m>9ius1 correctly by ,mazzo*ius 7,naples1 #agdd74 ,! mo/ rec5t edition is by ,a4 ,mai himself4#hjd #aj4 ,we/]n ,au?orities f ! ,six? to ! ,eigh? ,c5turies ,9 ! ,we/ ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts ex]t$ a mu* /rong] influ5ce on ! liturgy ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,roman & k9dr$ rites provid$ special ,masses = sa9ts' days1 :ile 9 ! ,ea/ ! wor%ip ( sa9ts z f> z x effect$ ! liturgy cont9u$ to be limit$ to ! canonical h\rs4 ,at fir/ ! lections us$ at ! ,psalmody 7 drawn f ! ,holy ,scriptures alone1 b f ! six? c5tury1 passages f ! passiones m>tyrum 7 admitt$4#hje ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ^! became m num]\s1 & 9 ?is way ! m>tyrologies obta9$ an ev] increas+ importance4 ,z reg>ds ! ,mass1 9 ! e>lie/ ,gallican ,masses publi%$ by ,mone1 we f9d "o = ! fea/ ( ,/ ,g]manus1#hjf & sev]al 9 ! ,sacram5t>ium ,leon9um1 & = _m c5turies ! ,masses = sa9ts' days rema9$ consid]ably less num]\s ?an ! ,masses de tempore4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 !y became s num]\s t !y 7 f9ally indicat$ 9 a special cal5d> b\nd up ) ! sacram5t>y1 su* z is n[ prefix$ to ! massal z "o ( its integral p>ts4 ,equally important ) ! sacram5t>ies 9 ?is connection are ! s]vice-books1 conta9+ ! epi/les & gospels1 call$ lection>ies4 ,we %all exam9e ^! fir/1 & !n ^? ( ! m>tyrologies specially be>+ ^u ! subject we are inve/igat+1 & aft]w>ds we %all utilise :atev] we f9d 9 ! sacram5t>ies 9 connection ) sa9ts' days4 ,! lection>ies ( ,lux5il & ,silos %[ v pla9ly t 9 ! sev5? c5tury ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts _h z yet v slightly affect$ ! liturgy4 ,! sa9ts' days are some:at m num]\s 9 ! ,leon9um & 9 ! ,missale ,go?ico-,gallicanum edit$ by ,mabillon & belong+ to ! end ( ! same c5tury4 ,9 bo? ! o!r ,roman sacram5t>ies ! increase ( sa9ts' days is noticeable4 ,! ,gelasianum 0 orig9ally drawn up especially = ! city ( ,rome1 b ! rec5sion 9 :i* x has come d[n to u 0 obvi\sly compil$ at ! reque/ ( "s o!r *ur*2 at any rate x conta9s a numb] ( sa9ts :o d n belong to ! city ( ,rome4 ,= in/ance1 on ! #g? ,augu/ we h ! ,confessor ,donatus :o belongs to ,imola1 on ! #ai? a m>tyr call$ ,magnus :o c only be assign$ to ,cs>ea 9 ,cappadocia1 & on ! #bg? a m>tyr ,rufus belong+ to ,capua2 ! appe>ance ( ! leg5d>y family ( m>tyrs ,m>ius1 ,m>?a1 ,audifax1 & ,ambacum or ,habacuc is curi\s1 & 9 addition to ^!1 !re is also a numb] ( sa9ts ^: names "o w\ld se>* = 9 va9 9 ! bett] & old] rec5sions ( ! ,gregorianum1 e4g4 ,sot]1 ,vitalis1 ,felicula1 ,juliana1 ,euphemia1 ,juv5al1 ,n]eus & ,a*illeus1 ,cyr9us1 ,nabor1 ,naz>ius1 & ,vitus4 ,( ^! _m 7 c]ta9ly v5]at$ 9 ,rome1 yet _h hi!rto receiv$ no recognition 9 ! cal5d>s atta*$ to ! s]vice-books4 ,= ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y1 ! edition mo/ frequ5tly employ$ is t ( ,m5>d pr9t$ 9 ,migne4 ,accord+ to ! introduction1 x is tak5 f a codex ,s4 ,eligii & a some:at lat] codex ,rodradi1 :i*1 9 ,m5>d's op9ion1 0 writt5 ab\t #hec1 b ev5 ! e>li] codex has additions belong+ to a lat] p]iod1 e4g4 ,projectus 7#be? ,janu>y7#hjg & ,leo 7#bh? ,june71 z a comp>ison ) ! ,ma9z codex ( ,/ ,alban %[s4 ,?is codex 7i4e4 ( ,/ ,eligius7 accord+ to ! receiv$ op9ion1 0 writt5 betwe5 #hcd & #hdg1 & consi/s ( ?ree diff]5t p>ts1 proce$+ inde$ f ! same h&1 b cle>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s ! ,gregorianum 7fol4 #a-abi7 to :i* h be5 add$ z an app5dix ! ,masses ( ,/ ,alban1 ,,ss4 ,s]gius & ,bac*us1 ,all ,sa9ts'1 & ,/ ,augu/9e1 :i* ! transcrib] did n f9d 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 ! second "p 7,collectio ii41 fol4 #afe-ahc7 ! expressions conte/atio & ad compl5dum are us$ :i* %[ x to be ( ,franki% orig91 & l ! fir/ "p x conta9s ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 beg9n+ ) ,*ri/mas4 ,! ?ird "p 7fol4 #ahc-bjd7 conta9s a few additions consi/+ ( pray]s & ,masses = special occasions4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! fir/ "p /ill has ! obsolete fea/ ( ! #ac? ,may1 ,d$icatio ,s4 ,m>i ad ,m>tyrs1 & only ! ,natalis ,s4 ,cs>ii on ! #a/ ,novemb]1 ! ,mass = ,all ,sa9ts' be+ plac$ at ! end1 & n 9 its prop] place 7fol4 #aca74 ,?is recalls ! circum/ance t ,gregory ,,iv4 7#hbg-hdd7 transf]r$ ! fea/ ( ! #ac? ,may to ! #a/ ,novemb]4 ,?is *ange 0 also introduc$ into ! ,franki% empire 9 #hce4 ,! orig9al docum5t 0 !n c]ta9ly writt5 be=e #hce1 or inde$ e>li]1 = ! litania m9or1 introduc$ into ! ,roman rite by ,leo ,,iii4 ab\t #hja1 is n giv52 nev]!less ! ?ree *ief fea/s ( our ,lady are already ins]t$ 9 _! prop] places4 ,9 ! foll[+ p]iod until ! fifte5? c5tury only a limit$ numb] ( new sa9ts' days 7 add$ to ! ,roman ,missal4 ,a missal writt5 9 #acgd--,ordo ,missalis secundum ,consuetud9em ,roman ,curi--belong+ to ! ,public ,libr>y ( ,muni*1 %[s an increase ( only tw5ty-five ,masses = sa9ts' days ov] ! ,gregorianum aft] m ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,fronteau1 *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 publi%$ a lection>y :i* has important be>+s on ! /udy ( liturgies2 he took x f a codex writt5 9 gold *>act]s belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,g5evive 9 ,p>is4#hjh ,! editor correctly describ$ x z app]ta9+ to ! city ( ,rome1 because ! ,roman /ation *ur*es are giv51 & ! sa9ts m5tion$ almo/ all belong to ! city ( ,rome4 ,! omission ( ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,petronilla 7! #ca/ ,may7 is ( importance 9 fix+ ! date ( ?is docum5t1 = ,gregory ,,iii4 0 ! fir/ to add ! ,*ur* ( ! ,cmet]ium ,s4 ,petronill to ! o!r /ation *ur*es4#hji ,petronilla _h already be5 reg>d$ z a sa9t 9 ! city ( ,rome1 b h] fe/ival _h n made its way into ! liturgy because no /atio 0 held 9 h] ,*ur* or 9 h] ,cmet]ium4 ,! ,litania ,m9or on ! ?ree days be=e ! ,asc5sion1 introduc$ into ! ,roman rite by ,leo ,,iii41 is also n to be f\nd "h4 ,! editor1 h[ev]1 d$uces t ! ,lection>y ( ,/ ,g5evive is lat] ?an ,gregory ,,ii4 f ! fact t ! ,?ursdays 9 ,l5t are provid$ ) an (ficium ( _! own1 an addition introduc$ fir/ by ?is pope4#haj ,accord+ly ?is lection>y 0 compos$ "u ,gregory ,,ii41 betwe5 #gad & #gca1 & x is ( great importance = ! liturgical /ud5t4 ,its mann] ( nam+ ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ des]ves especially to be notic$1 ! fea/s ( our ,lady ( ! #ae? ,augu/ & ! #h? ,septemb] d n fall on ^! days1 b on ! #ad? ,augu/ & ! #i? ,septemb]1 & ! behead+ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ on ! #cj? ,augu/4 ,! only ,greek sa9t m5tion$ is ,m5nas & ! only non-,italian1 ,/ ,cyprian4 ,! ,ca!dra ,petri1 ,exaltatio ,crucis 7#crd ,may71 & ,joannes ante ,portam ,lat4 7#f? ,may71 are n yet kn[n1 & on ! #bh? ,june1 :]e ,leo ,,ii4 ,papa et ,confessor n[ /&s1 we h a ,translatio corporis ,s4 ,leonis4 ,fronteau po9ts out t ?is _c ref] to ,leo ,,ii4#haa #aa4 ,! ,m>tyrologies ( ,b$e1 ,florus1 ,w&elb]t1 & ngus#hab ,be=e ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,franki% ,*ur* _h produc$ no m>tyrology ( its own1 ap>t f ! s-call$ ,hi]onymianum1 b on ! o!r h& ! "y ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur* put out a "w ( ?is k9d 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 its au?or be+ ! le>n$ hi/orian ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,:e!r he und]took ! "w spontane\sly or at ! desire ( 8 sup]iors1 :e!r x 0 int5d$ m]ely = 8 own mona/]y1 or = a wid] circle are que/ions :i* _c be answ]$1 = !re is no introduction to ! "w to in=m u on ^! po9ts4 ,! "w 0 us$ 9 ! ,franki% empire z is prov$ by ! ,,mss4 ( x f\nd !re z well z by ! lat] additions ( ,florus4 ,b$e compos$ 8 ,m>tyrologium 9 #gca1 z he in=ms u at ! conclusion ( 8 hi/ory4#hac ,x 0 8 int5tion to give 9 addition to ! days ( ! sa9ts' dea?s1 ! nature ( _! dea?s1 & ! names ( ! judges by :om !y 7 condemn$1 = by ?is means ! date ( _! dea?s c\ld be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! basis ( 8 "w 0 ! exi/+ ,roman ,cal5d> :ile he exce$$ its limits 9 _m directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he add$ to x ! sa9ts ( ,engl& su* z 7 !n v5]at$2 ^! 7 few 9 numb]1 ,alban1 ,cu?b]t1 ,augu/9e1 ,mellitus1 ,e!ltrud1 ,victor & ,paul9us 7#aj? ,octob]71 ,brigid1 etc4 ,!n a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( names ( ,franki% sa9ts 7 also introduc$1 e4g4 ,maxim9 ( ,treves 7#ca/ ,may71 ,clodoald 7,/ ,cl\d71 ,remigius1 ,d5ys1 ,lamb]t 7 #ag? ,septemb] #gji71 ! ,!ban legion1 & a few o!rs4 ,b$e rises /ill fur!r above ! /&po9t ( national *ur*es & p>ticul>ism by admitt+ "s names f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 e4g4 ,eze*iel 7#aj? ,april71 ,j]emias 7#a/ ,may71 ,eliseus 7#ad? ,june71 ,isaias 7#f? ,july71 ,samuel 7#bj? ,augu/71 etc42 ! dates on :i* !y are commemorat$ be+ tak5 = ! mo/ "p f ,greek m5ologies4 ,b$e collect$ mat]ial = 8 ,m>tyrologium ) great dilig5ce1 & enri*$ 8 subject matt] ) notes f 8 own read+1 z is %[n = in/ance by 8 ref]5ce to ,/ ,cyprian's treatise ,de ,lapsis 9 connection ) ! m>tyrs ,ca/us & milius 7#bbnd ,may7 :o are nam$ 9 x2 o!r s\rces ^u :i* he also drew 7 ! ,ge/a ,pontificum1 ! writ+s ( ,eusebius1 ,/ ,gregory's ,dialogues1 & especially a numb] ( ,passiones ,m>tyrum4 ,b$e's "w %[s bo? dilig5ce & orig9ality1 & an intellig5t employm5t ( ! mat]ials :i* came to h&4 ,yet1 9 spite ( 8 dilig5ce1 he f\nd mat]ial to fill up only a hundr$ & eighty days1 & s ! half ( ! ye> rema9s vacant2 /ill 8 compilation is full] ?an ! ,franki% cal5d>s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & ! notes atta*$ to ! names ( ea* sa9t are rem>kable = brevity & precision4 ,al?\gh ! value ( ,b$e's "w is inconte/able x 0 soon f\nd insuffici5t2 x 0 dilig5tly copi$1 & us$1 b additions ( all sorts 7 made to x z is prov$ by ! l>ge numb] ( v>iations 9 ! exi/+ ,,mss4 ,p]haps x met ) m acceptance abroad ?an at home1 = ! ?irte5? canon ( ! second c\ncil ( ,clove%ove :i* met 9 #gdg1 only twelve ye>s aft] ,b$e's dea?1 enjo9$ ! use ( ! ,roman m>tyrology1 )\t ev5 m5tion+ ,b$e4 ,z reg>ds its publication1 ! m>tyrology ( ,b$e 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,cologne 9 #afaf1 b z 9 ! text ?us publi%$1 all ! days ( ! ye> are provid$ ) ! names ( sa9ts1 x is impossible t x repres5ts ! orig9al text ( ,b$e1 = all old writ]s agree 9 /at+ t 9 x _m days 7 left vacant4 ,! ,boll&i/ ,h5s*5 f\nd fir/ ( all a fragm5t ( ! g5u9e ,b$e among ! ,,mss4 ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 & !n1 lat] on1 ! complete text at ,dijon4#had ,b$e's m>tyrology 0 newly work$ ov] & consid]ably enl>g$ by a c]ta9 ,florus2 accord+ to ,w&elb]t ( ,prm1#hae ?is 0 ! subdeacon ,florus ( ,lyons1 :o1 lat] on1 z deacon1 wrote aga9/ ,scotus ,erig5a 9 #heb1 & di$ 9 #hfj2 he 0 a contempor>y ( ,w&elb]t's4 ,aga9/ ?is mu/ be set d[n ! au?ority ( ,tri!mius1 :o consid]s t ?is ,florus 0 a ,monk ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,trudo 9 ! diocese ( ,lige ab\t #gfj4 ,al?\gh ,tri!mius gives no au?ority = ?is /atem5t1 /ill writ]s on ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 especially ,fabricius1 are 9 complete agreem5t ) him4 ,/ill :i* ev] ( ! two is correct1 "o is incl9$ to ask h[ x came to pass t s /rik+ an enl>gem5t ( ! "w--ea* day ( ! ye> be+ provid$ ) ! "n ( a sa9t--c\ld h appe>$ s soon aft] ,b$e & be=e ! appe>ance ( ! great m>tyrology ( ,ado4 ,w&elb]t ( ,prm turn$ ,b$e's m>tyrology into v]se 9 ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,lo?aire ,i4 7#hdh72 8 v]sion is ( no importance = ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ?is dep>tm5t ( liturgical /udies1 yet x may be consult$ = que/ions connect$ ) local hi/ory4#haf ,! m>tyrology ( ngus ! ,culdee1 writt5 9 ! anci5t ,iri% 7,celtic7 language c]ta9ly belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,no?+ fur!r is kn[n ( ! au?or except t he 0 a monk 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,con5agh 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! m>tyrology is writt5 9 rhym$ v]se1 ext5ds ov] ! entire ye>1 & conta9s = ! mo/ "p ! names ( ,iri% sa9ts4#hag ,c]ta9ly lat] is ! simil> "w ( ,gorman1 ,abbot ( ,l\? 9 ,le9/]4 ,x 0 writt5 9 unrhym$ v]se betwe5 #aaff & #aagd4hah #ab4 ,! ,m>tyrologies ( ,ado1 ,usu>dus1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 & ,notk] ,balbulus ,! mo/ important docum5t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 & "o :i* be>s directly ^u sci5tific inve/igations1 is ! m>tyrology ( ,ado1 ,bi%op ( ,vi5ne4 ,ado 0 born 9 nor!rn ,france ab\t #hjj1 & ent]$ at an e>ly age ! ,mona/]y ( ,f]rires 9 ! diocese ( ,s5s1 f :5ce he 0 s5t to ! ,mona/]y ( ,prm :]e he liv$ = _m ye>s "u ,abbot ,m>kw>d 7#hbi-hec74 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s misund]/&+s he left ,prm & w5t to ,rome1 :]e he sp5t five ye>s & !n w5t to ,rav5na4 ,he return$ to ,france lat] & liv$ = "s "t z a simple monk 9 a mona/]y 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lyons4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,agilm> ( ,vi5ne 7 #g? ,july #hfj7 he succe$$ to ! see & di$ on ! #af? ,decemb] #hgc4 ,he compil$ ! m>tyrology :i* be>s 8 "n 9 #heh be=e he became bi%op1#hai ! basis ( 8 "w be+ a v anci5t m>tyrology ) :i* he _h become acqua9t$ 9 ,rav5na4 ,if 8 in=mation c be tru/$1 a bi%op ( ,rav5na1 ^: "n he does n give1 receiv$ ?is anci5t docum5t f a bi%op ( ,rome :o is also nameless4 ,! re/ ( ! mat]ial he collect$ himself1 & 9 p>ticul> he made notes ( any in=mation conc]n+ m>tyrs :i* _h come 9 8 way4 ,_m ( ! s\rces at 8 disposal h s9ce be5 lo/1 ?us r5d]+ 8 m>tyrology all ! m important = u4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,a cal5d> conta9+ ! names ( "o or m sa9ts = ea* day accompani$ by notices naturally brief2 9 ! pr9t$ edition x be>s incorrectly ! title1 ,vetus ,m>tyrologium ,romanum1 giv5 to x by its fir/ editors1 ,jacob ,mos&] & ,h]ib]t ,rosweyde2#hbj #b4 ,a ,libellus de ,fe/ivitatibus ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum2#hba #c4 ,! m>tyrology itself1#hbb consi/+ ( extracts f ! acts ( ! m>tyrs & o!r writ+s4 ,8 preface conta9s matt] :i* des]ves att5tion4#hbc ,he _h (t5 be5 urg$1 he says1 by holy m51 by 8 sup]iors1 & by ,bi%op ,remigius ( ,lyons to complete ! m>tyrology2 s9ce ! m>tyrology ( ,b$e1 :i* ,florus _h enl>g$1 /ill leaves _m days )\t sa9ts1 he _h und]tak5 to fill up ^! gaps1 & = ?is purpose he _h made use ( ! ,,mss4 describ+ ! suff]+s ( ! m>tyrs1 f :i* he _h made quotations = ! b5efit ( ! weak] bre?r52 ! anci5t m>tyrology :i* came orig9ally f ,rome1 s]v$ him z a f\ndation ^u :i* to build4 ,! frank av[al ( 8 int5tion to fill 9 ! spaces left vacant by 8 pr$ecessors1 might create a prejudice aga9/ ! tru/wor?9ess & excell5ce ( 8 "w1 b a clos] inspection w dispel ?is suspicion1 & ?is w\ld be /ill m ! case _h we ! orig9al =m ( ! "w be=e u2 9 ! exi/+ editions !re are additions ( a lat] date1 su* z ! "n ,rictiov>us4 ,f ! entries on ! #bj? ,april & ! #ag? ,novemb] x is pla9 t ! ,cologne ,,ms4 ( ?is m>tyrology edit$ by ,rosweyde comes f ,/ablo1 & x may h be5 t at ,/ablo ! names ( "s ,franki% sa9ts 7 ins]t$ into x4 ,ado w5t mu* fur!r ?an ,b$e 9 admitt+ names f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,roseweyde's conjecture t ?is cal5d>1 ! s-call$ 8,little ,ado10 is ! ,roman m>tyrology m5tion$ by ,gregory ,i4 9 8 lett] to ,eulogius1 is devoid ( pro( & obvi\sly mi/ak51 = 9 t docum5t !re 7 no ,old ,te/am5t names4 ,?is 8,little ,ado0 is n a m>tyrology at all1 b a cal5d>1 & displays none ( ! peculi>ities :i* *>act]ise ! cal5d>s ( ! city ( ,rome ( t date2 nei!r is x an indep5d5t "w1 b only an ab/ract made by ,ado f 8 own l>g] "w1 & a summ>y ( its cont5ts4 ,! preface prefix$ to ! two o!r p>ts is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! m>tyrology1 & n ) ?is ab/ract1 & x is only ! circum/ance t ?is ab/ract is f\nd 9 ,,mss41 ) "s lat] additions & altoge!r sep>ate f ! l>g] "w1 :i* l$ ! fir/ editor to reg>d x z a treatise by itself2 x is m]ely ! ab/ract us$ at ,/ablo & ,malm$y1 & n an orig9al ,roman "w1 ?\gh x is pla9 f ,ado's preface t ! exi/+ ,roman cal5d> 0 employ$ 9 its composition4#hbd ,two or ?ree decades lat]1 ,usu>dus compos$ 8 m>tyrology aft] ,ado's example1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,*>les ! ,bald 9 #hge4 ,usu>dus 0 a monk ( ,/ ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 !n outside ! gates ( ,p>is1 b n[ surr\nd$ by ! city2 8 "w is by no means s full z ,ado's1 b is m poli%$ 9 /yle1 & m uni=m 9 its treatm5t ( ! diff]5t entries1 & on ?is acc\nt is m suit$ = use 9 *oir4 ,x 0 accord+ly us$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ,we/1 & 9 all ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies1#hbe & ev5 9 ,rome itself ) ! exception ( ! ,vatican basilica4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 s to speak1 ! univ]sal m>tyrology ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & inde$ no o!r 0 kn[n4#hbf ,! value ( ^! works dep5ds naturally ^u ! s\rces employ$ by ! r$actor1 & also ^u 8 p]sonal qualities1 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r he revell$ 9 ! miracul\s or 0 incl9$ to be critical4 ,two m>tyrologies by ,g]man au?ors mu/ n[ be dealt )--^? ( ,rabanus ,maurus & ,notk] ,balbulus4 ,! =m] :5 ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z complet$ a m>tyrology :i* he _h compil$ f second>y s\rces2 x is d$icat$ to ,abbot ,radlei* ( ,selig5/adt1 :o di$ 9 #hec-ed1 & ^: epitaph 0 compos$ by ,rabanus1#hbg b ! composition ( ! m>tyrology mu/ be dat$ a few ye>s e>li]1 ab\t #hej1 ?\gh ! exact date _c be discov]$4 ,z s\rces1 he drew ^u ! ,acts ( ! m>tyrs :i* he f\nd ready to h&1 & also ! ,hi]onymianum1 ,b$e1 & ,florus2 ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial is v unequal1 sometimes a long acc\nt be+ giv51 sometimes no?+ m ?an ! "n2 leg5ds & hi/orical errors are frequ5t4 ,! same is true ( ! m>tyrology ( ,notk] ,balbulus :o 0 a monk at ,/ ,gall f #hdj to #iab1 & compos$ 8 "w "u ,pope ,=mosus 7#hia-hif74 ,he knew & us$ ! ,hi]onymianum1 z1 = example1 = ! #i? ,augu/1 ,v4 ,id4 ,aug4 ,fir/ class s\rces 7 beyond 8 rea*1 a loss ( :i* he 0 himself consci\s4#hbh ,all ^! m>tyrologies ( :i* we h spok51 7 private compilations )\t any?+ ( an (ficial "* ab\t !m4 ,! exi/5ce ( s _m foll[+ ^u ! ,hi]onymianum %[s t x did n satisfy liturgical requirem5ts & 0 little us$4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 m>tyrologies 7 drawn up at a lat] date conta9+ full descriptions ( ! lives & suff]+s ( ! sa9ts = ea* day ( ! ye>1 :i* w\ld s]ve z edify+ & ent]ta9+ read+ = religi\s1 prie/s & o!r pi\s p]sons4 ,h[ev] ev5 ! be/ ( !m 7 no long] practicable 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ,gregory ,,xiii4 conceiv$ ! purpose ( putt+ out "o bett] adapt$ = use 9 div9e s]vice4 ,a fur!r /ep 0 tak5 9 #aehj :5 he commission$ ! le>n$ ,c>d9al ,sirleto to comp>e ! m>tyrology us$ 9 ,rome ) ! olde/ & be/ ,,mss4 & to correct ! errors :i* _h crept into x 9 c\rse ( "t4#hbi ,sirleto associat$ t5 o!r le>n$ m5 ) himself among :om 7 ,cs> ,b>onius & ,aloysius ,lilius1 ! a/ronom]4 ,b>onius 0 ! s\l ( ! und]tak+1 &1 aft] ?ree ye>s' lab\r1 ! ,m>tyrologium ,romanum ,gregorii ,,xiii4 0 complet$1 & a papal brief ( ! #ad? ,janu>y #aehd1 prescrib$ ! exclusive use ( ?is "w 9 *oir at ! canonical h\rs4 ,b>onius bas$ 8 lab\rs on ,usu>dus1 correct+ & enl>g+ 8 m>tyrology by means ( ! mat]ials !n =?com+2 c\ld he h us$ ! mat]ials discov]$ lat]1 or ^? :i* we n[ possess1 8 "w w\ld naturally h be5 mu* bett]2 _m1 too1 ( ! e>li] mi/akes rema9 uncorrect$4 ,! editors 7 f> f claim+ fre$om f errors = _! "w1 & made improvem5ts 9 lat] editions1 beg9n+ ) t ( #aehf4 ,x is n necess>y to reg>d all ! individuals nam$ 9 ! ,roman m>tyrology z sa9ts 9 ! liturgical s5se ( ! ^w1 & _! admission !re1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 is 9 no wise equal to canonisation4#hcj ,s9ce ! "t ( ,b>onius1 ! (ficial m>tyrology has inde$ rema9$ unt\*$1 b sci5ce has n be5 inactive dur+ ?is long p]iod2 mu* has be5 expla9$ & correct$1 &1 on ! :ole1 x has come to be recognis$ z a pr9ciple :i* mu/ be foll[$ 9 inve/igat+ ! hi/ories ( ! sa9ts ( anci5t times1 t rec\rse is to be _h to ! e>lie/ exi/+ s\rces ( in=mation1 & also1 :]e ! evid5ce is contradictory1 local (ficial s\rces1 :]e !y exi/1 are to h ! pref]5ce4 #ac4 ,important ,cal5d>s f ! ,eigh? to ! ,elev5? ,c5turies ,:ile ! m>tyrologies 7 = ! mo/ "p ! outcome ( individual ef=t1 ! cal5d>s1 on ! o!r h&1 are entirely (ficial 9 _! orig94 ,9 times :5 annual cal5d>s1 l our pres5t ordos1 _h n yet appe>$1 _! place 0 tak5 by ! (ficial cal5d>1 & e "o _h to make out 8 ordo = himself ) its assi/ance4 ,f _m po9ts ( view !y are m important = our purpose ?an ! m>tyrologies4 ,z complete missals took ! place ( ! sacram5t>ies !y 7 usually provid$ ) a table1 l an index1 :i* gave a li/ ( ! sa9ts' days conta9$ 9 ! missal2 ^! s-call$ cal5d>s h f !n until n[ =m$ an integral "p ( writt5 & pr9t$ missals1 & ev5 appe> by !mselves l abbreviat$ m>tyrologies4 ,a rem>kably l>ge numb] ( cal5d>s ( ?is k9d h come d[n to u f ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 s9ce !y are important = ! hi/ory ( local *ur*es1 !y h rec5tly be5 publi%$1 z1 = example1 by ,m>tne-,dur&1 ,misset & ,weale1 ,grotef5d1 ,ulysse ,*evali]1 ,le*l]1 etc4#hca ,= our purpose1 ! foll[+ des]ve to be notic$3 #a4 ,a ,roman cal5d> ( ! sev5? c5tury1 discov]$ by ,pr(4 de ,ram1 & pr9t$ 9 ,b9t]im1 ,d5kw4 vii4 #ef-fg4 ,x beg9s ) ,*ri/mas1 ,m>* is call$ m5sis primus1 ! /ation *ur*es ( ,rome are giv5 9 ,l5t1 on ! #ac? ,may !re is ! ,d$icatio ,m>i ad ,m>tyres1 ,all ,sa9ts does n appe>4 ,! only litany is ! s-call$ litania major2 ! ,annunciation & ! ,ca!dra ,petri are omitt$1 9 ,m>* a pas*a annot9a is ins]t$ )\t date1 ,/ ,a?anasius is pass$ ov] on ! #bj? ,janu>y2 !re are only fa9t traces ( ,adv5t4 ,?is cal5d> is v anci5t & =m$ "p ( ! codex ( ! gospels writt5 "u ,l\is ! ,pi\s2 9 ! "t ( ,lo?aire ,i41 x belong$ to ! ,mona/]y ( ,mn/]bils5 9 ! diocese ( ,lige4 #b4 ,a cal5d> belong+ to ,bologna4 ,x is f\nd 9 a codex ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,l5o1 0 discov]$ by ,giovanni ,m]cati 9 ! ,ambrosiana1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,rvue ,bndict9e1 #aijb 7#cec-cee74 ,x has ! ,ord9atio ,episcopatus ,jacobi ,apo/4 on ! #bg? ,decemb]1 &1 on ! #ag? ,may a natalis ,s4 ,m>ci ,evang41 f\nd n[h]e else4 #c4 ,! s-call$ cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne =ms1 along ) an ,ea/] table1 ! beg9n+ ( an ,evangeli>um writt5 9 #gha by comm& ( ! emp]or & 8 consort by a scribe call$ ,godescale4#hcb ,x is only des]v+ ( notice f ! numb] ( names ( ,franki% sa9ts ins]t$ into a cal5d> orig9ally ,roman1 e4g4 ,bi%op ,maxim9 ( ,treves 7#ca/ ,may71 ,boniface 7#e? ,june71 ,m$>d 7#h? ,june71 ,m>tialis 7#cj? ,june7 ,kilian 7#a/ ,augu/71 ,mauritius 7#bbnd ,septemb]71 ,remigius 7#a/ ,octob]71 etc4 ,! ,apo/le ,?omas is plac$1 /range to say1 on ! #crd ,july1 & ,/ ,petronilla on ! #ca/ ,may4 #d4 ,a cal5d> is incorporat$ 9 a treatise ,de ,computo1 by an unkn[n au?or1 writt5 9 #haj 7publi%$ by ,muratori1 ,analecta1 iii4 #ajh1 & also 9 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxix4 #abgd74 ,x seems to come f ! diocese ( ,s5s on acc\nt ( ,s4 ,columb ,virg4 on ! #ca/ ,decemb]2 ,all ,sa9ts is omitt$4 ,?is cal5d> is ,roman ) ,franki% additions2 = ! date see *ap4 #aec1 ,migne1 cxxix41 #acfd4 #e4 ,! la/ f\r mon?s ( ! ye> are un=tunately miss+ f ! cal5d> ( ,alt-,corbie 7,corbei5se7 giv5 by ,m>tne-,dur&1 ,!s4 ,nov4 ,anc$41 iii41 #aeia1 ,p>is1 #agag4 ,! same is ! case ) a v old cal5d> ( ,t\rs4 #f4 ,codex #hc4 ( ! ca!dral libr>y 9 ,cologne conta9s an anci5t cal5d>1 fol4 #gb ,b-#gf4 ,?is codex conta9s a l>ge collection ( annali/ical writ+s & computation tables & 0 writt5 "u ,ar*bi%op ,hildebold4 ,! second treatise 9 ! volume is ,isidore's *ronicle :i* concludes ) ! words3 8,sev5 hundr$ & eighty-n9e ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,*ri/'s ,nativity02 fur!r on1 fol4 #gf ,b1 0 ins]t$ aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 & also ( ,hildebold 7#hah74 ,?us ! codex 0 writt5 betwe5 #gih & #hah1 & belong$ to ! old ca!dral ( ,cologne :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,/ ,pet]4 ,! cal5d>1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ,cologne = ! local sa9ts are abs5t1 b !re is a numb] ( names ( ,franki% sa9ts1 po9t+ to ! nor? ( ,france z ! locality :]e x 0 drawn up2 no explanation ( ! leg5d ( ,/ ,ursula c be le>nt f x4 ,= a cal5d> ( its e>ly date1 x is rem>kably full ( sa9ts1 :ile ! ,cologne ,cal5d>1 %ortly to be ref]r$1 to has _m vacant days4 ,! codex has be5 describ$ by ,jaff & ,watt5ba*1 ,ecclesi ,metrop4 ,colon4 codices manuscripti1 ,b]l91 #ahgd1 #bi et seqq4 #g4 ,! ,gellon5se comes f ! ,mona/]y ( ,/ ,guillaume du ,ds]t 9 ! diocese ( ,lodve1 & belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 & has be5 edit$ by ,d',a*]y1 ,spicilegium1 ii4 #be et seqq4 ,x beg9s ) ,*ri/mas & is prec$$ by a ,brevi>um ,apo/olorum 9 ?irte5 sections conta9+ in=mation conc]n+ ! apo/les4 #h4 ,a ,kal5d>ium ,go?icum 7ed4 ,lor5zana7 ( ! sev5? c5tury 7,migne1 lxxxvi4 #ch et seqq474 ,besides ?is1 !re is ! ,moz>abic ,sanctorale 7ib4 #ajca et seqq47 & a fragm5t ( a ,kal5d>ium ,go?ico-,hispanum 7,migne1 lxxxv4 #ajej et seqq474 ,( lat] date1 b /ill always useful = hi/orical inve/igation are3-- #i4 ,two ,anglo-,saxon cal5d>s ( ! t5? c5tury belong+ app>5tly to ! diocese ( ,w9*e/] 7,migne1 lxxii4 #fai et seqq474 #aj4 ,two f ,corbie2 9 ,m>tne & ,dur& 7,!s4 ,nov4 ,anecd41 iii4 #aega-aeid74 #aa4 ,a cal5d> ( ,floriac & a m>tyrology ( ,aux]re 7,migne1 cxxxviii4 #aahf-abeh74 #ab4 ,a cal5d> ( ,mantua & two ( ,vallombrosa 7,ib4 #abeh et seqq474 #ac4 ,a cal5d> ( ,besanon ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ,s4 ,protadii 7,migne1 lxxx4 #daa71 & an old ,fr5* cal5d> call$ aft] ! "n ( its fir/ own] ,*auvell9 7,migne1 lxxii4 #fjg74 ,= conv5i5ce we sep>ate ! mo/ anci5t cal5d>s ( ,g]man orig9 f ! o!rs1 & consid] !m by !mselves4 #a4 ,! olde/ cal5d> ( ,ma9z belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! n9? c5tury1 & 0 publi%$ f a codex 9 ! ,vatican by ,jo/es 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]tum 7,s*rd] & ,r!7 = #ahif1 #adh-aeh4 ,all ,sa9ts is abs5t1 & ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is ent]$ on ! #be? ,m>*4 #b4 ,a ,kal5d>ium ,v]d95se1 f ! ,mona/]y ( ,w]d5 on ! ,ruhr1 publi%$ by ,b&9i 7,catal4 ,bibl4 ,lauretian ,suppl41 ,migne1 cxxxviii4 #abjc et seqq474 ,x conta9$ ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! ,d$icatio ,s4 ,m>i s4 ,turris ,v9c5tii on ! #ac? ,may z well4 ,among ! special sa9ts ( ,cologne are giv5 ! two ,ewalds1 ,kunib]t1 ,g]eon1 ! ,moors1 & ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s1 b )\t ,ursula1 & designat$ z simply virg9s & n m>tyrs2 x also conta9s ! names ( ! two fir/ bi%ops ( ,halb]/adt1 ,?iatgrim 7 #hdj7 & ,hildegrim 7 #ba/ ,decemb] #hhh71 :i* indicates ! date ( its composition1 & x has ! "n ( ! fir/ abbot ( ,w]d51 ,he?>icus1 & ! ,d$icatio ,eccl4 ,majoris4 ,un=tunately ! mon?s f ,april to ,july are miss+4 #c4 ,! sacram5t>y 9 ! ca!dral libr>y ( ,cologne 7codex #hh1 fol4 #c-i7 conta9s a complete cal5d> = ?is ca!dral4 ,x is ess5tially ! ,roman ,cal5d> ( ! n9? c5tury1 ) ! addition ( ! local sa9ts ( ,cologne1 ! two ,ewalds1 ,kunib]t1 ,brictius1 ,qu9t9us1 ,sev]91 ,g]eon & 8 #cah companions1 ! #cfj ,moors1 & ! #aa1jjj virg9s )\t ,ursula1 & designat$ simply z virg9s4 ,o!r names des]v+ notice are3 ,briga 7,brigida7 #a/ ,febru>y1 ,arealis 787 #bh? ,april1 ,m>cus episcopus1 ,boniface ! m>tyr1 ,m$>d1 ,lamb]t1 & ,mauricius ) #ffff companions4 ,! cal5d> belongs to ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury1 & is prov$ to h belong$ to ! ca!dral ( ,cologne begun by ,hildebold & consecrat$ by ,willib]t 9 #hgc1 by ! fact t x gives ! day ( ! consecration ( ! ca!dral correctly 7#bcrd ,septemb]71 & is describ$ z belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,pet]1 to :om ! =m] ca!dral 0 d$icat$4 ,! sacram5t>y1 b n ! cal5d>1 has be5 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,pamelius 9 8 8,liturgicon ,ecclesi ,lat910 tom4 ii4 7,col4 ,agr4 #aega71 b un=tunately ) s _m arbitr>y alt]ations t x is q useless z an edition ( ! text4 #d4 ,9 ! libr>y at ,dsseldorf !re is a sacram5t>y1 7codex ,d4 ,i47 writt5 9 ! lifetime ( ,bi%op ,altfrid ( ,hilde%eim 7 #hgd71 :i* conta9s 7fol4 #bag-bbb7 a cal5d> %[+ nor!rn ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,only ! #aa1jjj virg9s are giv5 ( ! local sa9ts ( ,cologne1 & "h aga9 ,ursula is n nam$1 & ! virg9s are n call$ m>tyrs4 ,! book belong$ to ! ,conv5t ( ,ess5 on ! ,ruhr f\nd$ by ,altfrid4 ,?is ,,ms4 gives 9 fol4 #fd ,a ! ord] ( ! fe/ivals obs]v$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! mona/]y dur+ ! n9? c5tury3 8,i/as prcipuas solemnitates 9 anno totus populus sabbatiz>e debet3 ,9 die ,nat4 ,dom9i dies ,,iv41 9 octabas ,dom9i1 9 ,teophania1 9 ,purificatione ,m>i1 9 ,pas*a ,dom9i dies ,,iv41 9 ,asc5sione ,dom9i1 9 ,p5teco/e dies ,,iv41 9 ,nat4 ,s4 ,johannis1 9 ,nat4 ,sanctorum ,apo/olorum ,petri et ,pauli1 9 ,assumptione ,s4 ,m>i1 9 ,nat4 ,s4 ,rem$ii ,remigii1 9 ,missa ,mi*ahelis1 9 ,solemnitate ,omnium ,sanctorum1 9 ,nat4 ,s4 ,m>t9i1 9 ,nat4 ,s4 ,&re40 ,b9t]im publi%$ a ,cologne cal5d>1 app>5tly ( ! n9? c5tury1 "u ! title ,kal5d>ium ,ecclesi ,g]m4 ,coloni5sis ,sculi ,noni 7,cologne1 #ahbd71 & ,h>less attributes x to ! second half ( ! same c5tury 7,ar*iv4 f4 die ,ges*4 des ,ni$]rhe9s1 vi4 #fg74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* lat]1 = x gives all ! fea/s ( ! apo/les1 & provides !m ) vigils1 & all ! days ( ! ye> are fill$ 9 ) ! names ( sa9ts4 ,= ^! reasons ,i %\ld date ! cal5d> z belong+ to ! elev5? c5tury at ! e>lie/4 #e4 ,! ,kal5d>ium ,g]manicum ,p]vetu/um ,sc4 ,x41 pr9t$ by ,m4 ,fr4 ,beck 7,aug4 ,v9d41 #afhg74 ,g]b]t 7,mon4 ,lit4 ,alem4 i4 #dee ,a4 ,i47 correctly reg>ds x z com+ f ,alsace & probably f ,/rassburg1 because x conta9s ! sa9ts v5]at$ 9 t city1 ,arboga/ 7#bj? ,july71 ,flor5tius1 ,ottilia & ,aurelia4 ,! basis ( ?is docum5t is aga9 ! ,roman ,cal5d>1 /ill _m ,franki% sa9ts h be5 add$1 b ,g]eon alone ( ! sa9ts ( ,cologne4 ,! late/ date giv5 9 x is ! ,dormitio ,s4 ,uodalrici 7#d? ,july74 ,x has only "o "n f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ( ! prophet ,eze*iel4 #f4 ,a cal5d> ( ,freis+1 drawn up "u ,bi%op ,abraham1 betwe5 #hic & #iic4 ,! #be? ,m>* is m>k$ z ,conceptio ,dom9i4 ,!re is only "o fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air4 ,! cal5d> has be5 pr9t$ by ,le*l]1 8,mittelalt]li*e ,kir*5fe/e und ,kal5d>i5 9 ,bay]n10 ,freiburg1 #ahia4 #g4 ,! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,/abul5se1 ! cal5d> ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,/ablo4 ,! date ( ! orig9al ,,ms4 c be d$uc$ f ! fact t on ! vii4 ,idus ,junii ! coronation ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii41 :i* 0 p]=m$ by ,ar*bi%op ,willigis at ,ma9z on ! #g? ,june #ajjb1 is ent]$ by ! fir/ h&1 :ile ! ord9ation ( ,ar*bi%op ,tag9o ( ,magdeburg 9 ! #bnd ,febru>y #ajjd1 has be5 ent]$ by a second h&4 ,ar*bi%op ,tag9o's dea? is n ent]$4 ,! cal5d> has only ,g]eon ) #cai companions ( ! local sa9ts ( ,cologne4 ,/ ,ulri* ( ,augsburg1 al?\gh he di$ 9 #iig1 is ent]$ by ! second h&4 ,! cal5d> has be5 publi%$ by ,m>tne1 ,ampl4 ,coll41 & by ,zacc>ia1 ,antiq4 ,m$4 vi 7see ,migne1 cxxxviii4 #aaid74 #h4 ,hon!im has publi%$ ! five mo/ anci5t cal5d>s ( ,treves 9 ! ,prodromus ,hi/ori ,trevir5sis1 i4 #cgh-dje4 ,accord+ to him1 only ! fir/ belongs to ! t5? c5tury1 all ! o!rs be+ lat]4 ,= a cal5d> ( ! t5? c5tury1 x is v full ( names1 _m ( !m be+ f ! old ,te/am5t--,eze*ial1 ,daniel1 etc42 x m5tions nei!r ! leg5d ( ! ,innum]able ,company ( ,m>tyrs at ,treves on ! #d? & #e? ,octob]1 nor ,palmatius1 ,?yrsus1 etc42 nei!r does x conta9 ,all ,s\ls1 ,/ ,ca!r9e1 or ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air1 b x has ,g]eon & 8 #cah companions4 ,x is only 9 ! f\r? & fif? cal5d>s :i* belong to ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies t ,?yrsus1 ,palmatius1 etc41 appe>4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! details pres5t$ by cal5d>s1 "o is b\nd to ackn[l$ge t ! ,roman ,depositio ,m>tyrum /&s at ! head ( ?is long l9e ( liturgical docum5ts1 & 0 ! model aft] :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,l !m1 ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum 0 drawn up accord+ to mon?s1 & comm5c$ ) ,*ri/mas4 ,l !m1 x conta9$ ! (ficial li/ ( ! m>tyrs :o receiv$ ecclesia/ical v5]ation 9 ! local *ur* ( ,rome 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,7 x n s1 x w\ld n h des]v$ to be incorporat$ 9 ! ,philocalian collection1 ! ,hem]ologium ,val5t9i1 s9ce ?is compris$ only (ficial docum5ts2 _h x n be5 (ficial x w\ld n h be5 wor? transcrib+4 ,,conclusion ,all e/ates ( m5 9 ! ,*ur* h _h _! %>e 9 ! =mation ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 = ! gr[? ( ! ,*ur*'s fe/ivals has cont9u$ )\t int]ruption f ! beg9n+ until n[1 & has ext5d$ ov] all ! c\ntries ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,hav+ w5d$ our way ?r\gh ! c5turies & arriv$ at ! conclusion ( our "w1 x is a pleasure to r5d] our tribute ( ?anks & praise to ! m5 :o h 9 ! pa/ made ?is sph]e ( /udy _! own4 ,! few writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages :o treat$ ! ,*ur*'s ye> & ! fe/ivals ( ! sa9ts 9 a compreh5sive mann] 7 entirely occupi$ ) contribut+ to ! correct p]=mance ( ecclesia/ical c]emonies1 & ) expla9+ :y ea* c]emony mu/ be done 9 "o way & n 9 ano!r4 ,!y n infrequ5tly br\ght allegorical & symbolical consid]ations to be> on ! "q4 ,9 m mod]n times1 ,cornelius ,s*ult+1 a native ( ,/e5wijk 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 & aft]w>ds pr(essor ( !ology at ,cologne & canon ( ,/ ,&rew's 7 #afjd7 und]took a full exposition ( ! matt]2 8 object 0 ma9ly practical1 & 8 "w c only be reg>d$ z a fir/ attempt4 ,! ke5 controv]siali/1 ,jacobus ,grets] ,s4,j4 7 #afbe71 is m occupi$ ) 8 polemic aga9/ ! ,calv9i/s ?an ) lucid demon/ration4 ,m 9 h>mony ) mod]n requirem5ts1 is ! ,fr5* oratorian ,l\is ,?omass91 a native ( ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 & a p>tisan ( ,port ,royal1 :o di$ 9 #afie2 he wrote a small comp5dium :i* may be us$ ) pr(it at ! pres5t day4 ,! /udy ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> 0 consid]ably advanc$ by ! lab\rs ( ,adri5 ,baillet1 born 9 #afdi1 9 ! diocese ( ,beauvais 7 #agjf71 p>i% prie/ ( a small c\ntry liv+ at ,baumont & libr>ian to ,m4 de ,lamoignon2 he 0 entirely devot$ to ! pursuit ( k1 & sc>cely ev] all[$ himself any relaxation4 ,he compos$ a great "w wor?y ( rank+ alongside ! lab\rs ( ,tillemont1 to :om he is closely relat$ 9 _s4 ,! c\rse ( 8 hi/orical treatm5t ( ! subject is consid]ably obscur$ by ! sup]abundance ( biographical matt]4 ,two valuable monographs 7 publi%$ by ,prosp] ,lamb]t9i 7,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv47 :5 bi%op ( ,bologna1 :i* treat 9 a ma/]ly mann] ( ! fea/s ( our ,"l & ( our ,lady respectively4 ,f9ally1 ! le>n$ prie/ ( ,bilk1 ne> ,dsseldorf1 ,fr4 ,ant4 ,b9t]im 7 #ahee7 dealt ) ?is subject 9 "o volume ( 8 ,d5kwrdigkeit54 ,he treats 9 ! fir/ place ( ! obs]vance ( ,sunday1 !n ( ! ,sundays ( ! ,*ur*'s ye> 9 g5]al1 & f9ally ( ! movable & immovable fea/s4 ,( ^! he naturally deals only ) ! mo/ important1 foll[+ ! ord] ( ! cal5d>1 by :i* arrangem5t ,*ri/mas comes la/4 ,! au?or ( ?is book comm5c$ 8 rese>*es by a comp>ative /udy ( ! m>tyrologies1 cal5d>s1 annals1 & works deal+ ) ! computation ( "t1 & !n set to "w ^u ! hi/orical & liturgical mat]ial :i* he _h be=e him f ! po9t ( vantage ?us obta9$4 ,! =tunate circum/ance t ! mo/ ( ! works requir$ = ?is bran* ( /udy are conta9$ 9 ,migne's collection1 r5d]s ! lab\r ( comp>ison possible1 & frequ5tly br+s rem>kable p>allels to light4 ,,app5dix ,i 7p4 #af7 ,accord+ to ! exi/+ ,roman ,cal5d>1 fea/s are class$ z foll[s3-- ,,duplicia ,,prim ,,classis4 ,nativitas ,dom9i1 ,epiphania1 ,annunciatio1 ,pas*a cum tribus antec$5tibus et duobus sequ5tibus diebus1 ,asc5sio ,dom9i1 ,p5teco/e cum duobus sequ5tibus diebus1 fe/um ,corporis ,*ri/i1 fe/um ,,ss4 ,cordis ,jesu1 fe/um ,s4 ,joseph sponsi ,b4,m4,v41 ,nativitas ,joannis ,bapt41 fe/um ,,ss4 ,app4 ,petri et ,pauli1 ,assumptio ,b4,m4,v41 fe/um ,immaculat ,conceptionis ,b4,m4,v41 fe/um ,omnium ,sanctorum1 ,d$icatio propri ecclesi1 ,patronus vel titulus ecclesi4 ,,duplicia ,,secund ,,classis4 ,circumcisio ,dom9i1 fe/um ,,ss4 ,nom9is ,jesu1 fe/um ,,ss4 ,tr9itatis1 fe/um ,pretiosissimi ,sangu9is ,d4 ,n4 ,j4 ,*r41 ,inv5tio ,crucis1 ,purificatio1 ,visitatio1 ,nativitas ,b4,m4,v41 ,sollemnitas ,s4 ,ros>ii1 ,d$icatio ,mi*lis ,ar*41 fe/um ,patroc9ii ,s4 ,joseph sponsi ,b4,m4,v41 ,natales ,apo/olorum et fe/a ,evangeli/>um1 fe/um ,s4 ,/ephani1 ,protom>tyris1 ,,ss4 ,innoc5tium1 ,s4 ,laur5tii1 ,s4 ,ann matris ,b4,m4,v41 ,s4 ,joa*im patris ,b4,m4,v4 ,,duplicia ,,majora4 ,transfiguratio ,dom9i1 ,exaltatio ,s4 ,crucis1 fe/a ,,vii4 dolorum ,b4,m4,v41 ,commemoratio ,b4,m4,v4 de monte ,c>melo1 fe/a ,ad ,nives1 ,s4 ,nom9is1 de ,m]c$e1 et ,prs5tatio1 ,b4,m4,v41 ,app>itio ,s4 ,mi*lis ,ar*41 fe/um ,,ss4 ,angelorum ,cu/odum1 ,decollatio ,s4 ,joannis ,bapt41 ,ca!dra ,petri utraque1 ,s4 ,petri ad v9cula1 ,conv]sio ,s4 ,pauli ,ap41 ,commemoratio ,s4 ,pauli ,ap41 fe/um ,s4 ,joannis ante ,portam ,lat9am1 ,s4 ,b>nab ,ap41 ,s4 ,b5$icti ,abb41 ,s4 ,dom9ici ,conf41 ,s4 ,francisci ,assis4 ,conf41 fe/um ,patronorum non pr9cipalium4 ,,ii 7p4 #bd7 7,a7 ,a m>k$ increase appe>s 9 ! /atute ( ,lanfranc1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7 #ajhi74 ,he divides ! fe/ivals into ?ree classes4 ,9 ! fir/ class he reckons five1 ! ?ree *ief fe/ivals ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 ! ,assumption1 & ! fea/ ( ! local patron2 9 ! second1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,gregory1 ! ,annunciation1 ,l[ ,sunday1 ,/ ,alphege1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,/ ,augu/9e ( ,cant]bury1 ! ,octave ( ,p5teco/1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,translation ( ! ,relics ( ,/ ,b5$ict1 ! ,nativity ( our ,lady1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/ ,&rew1 & ! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur*2 ! fe/ivals belong+ to ! ?ird class 7 ,/ ,v9c5t1 ! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul1 ,,ss4 ,philip & ,james1 ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross 7#crd ,may71 ,/ ,james 7#bi? ,july71 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ! ,octave ( ! ,assumption1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 ,/ ,augu/9e ( ,hippo1 ! ,behead+ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross1 ,/ ,mat!w1 ,,ss4 ,simon & ,jude1 ,/ ,m>t91 & ,/ ,?omas4 ,lanfranc issu$ ?is decree z ar*bi%op1 /ill x 0 only to hold good = ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies & ! ,ca!dral4#hcc 7p4 #be7 7,b7 ,! fe/ivals ( obligation = ! ar*diocese ( ,cologne 7 regulat$ accord+ to ! mon?s by ! prov9cial synod ( #acjh4 ,janu>y3 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,/ ,agnes1 ! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul4 ,febru>y3 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air1 ,/ ,mat?ias4 ,m>*3 ! ,annunciation4 ,april3 ,ea/] & ,/ ,george4 ,may3 ,,ss4 ,philip & ,james1 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross4 ,june3 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,july3 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,james1 ,/ ,pantaleon4 ,augu/3 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ! ,assumption1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 ! ,behead+ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,septemb]3 ! ,nativity ( our ,lady1 ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross1 ,/ ,mat!w1 ,/ ,mi*ael4 ,octob]3 ,/ ,g]eon1 ! ,elev5 ,?\s& ,virg9s1 ,/ ,sev]91 ,,ss4 ,simon & ,jude4 ,novemb]3 ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/ ,m>t91 ,/ ,cunib]t1 ,/ ,cecilia1 ,/ ,ca!r9e1 ,/ ,&rew4 ,decemb]3 ,/ ,ni*olas1 ,/ ,?omas1 ,*ri/mas1 ,/ ,/eph51 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ! ,holy ,innoc5ts4 ,9 all1 =ty-two days4#hcd ,! fea/s ( ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ ext5d$ ov] ?ree days2 ! ,asc5sion is omitt$4 ,9 ! city ( ,cologne 7 celebrat$ 9 addition3 ! ,arrival ( ! relics ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s on ! #bcrd ,july1 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian1 ! ,d$ication & ,patronal fea/ ( ea* p>i% *ur*1 &1 f9ally1 ! fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i 0 enjo9$ 9 addition4 ,! ,synod ( #aedi "u ,adolf ,,iii4 gives ! foll[+ li/3 ,all ,sundays1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 ,*ri/mas--two days ea*1 ! ?ird day 9 *oro only--,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,asc5sion1 ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ^! be+ fea/s ( our ,"l4 ,! fea/s ( our ,lady are3 ! ,purification1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,visitation1 ! ,assumption1 ! ,nativity1 ! ,pres5tation1 & ! ,conception4 ,sa9ts' days are z foll[s3 all ! ,apo/les1 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/ ,m>t91 & ! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur*2 !re are also six o!r sa9ts' days :i* 7 optional = places :]e !y 7 cu/om>y4 ,! fea/ ( ! ,patron ,sa9t is pass$ ov]1 & ?us a decrease ( fifte5 fe/ivals is br\ght ab\t4#hce 7p4 #bf7 7,c7 ,! /atute ( ,ar*bi%op ,baldw9 ( ,treves1 publi%$ 9 #acch1 conta9s few] fe/ivals1 i4e4 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] ) ! ?ree foll[+ days & ,p5teco/ ) two1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,circumcision1 & ,epiphany4 ,our ,lady's fea/s 73 ! ,nativity1 ,annunciation1 ,purification1 & ,assumption2 a few ye>s lat] h] ,conception 0 add$4 ,!n came ! fe/ivals ( ! twelve apo/les1 ,/ ,mi*ael 7#h? ,may71 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ,/ ,m>t91 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 ,/ ,ca!r9e1 ,all ,sa9ts'1 ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur* & ! fea/ ( ! ,patron ,sa9t4 ,,iii 7p4 #ce7 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,obligation ,,z ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries ,rome4 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 "o day ea*2 ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,joseph 7#ai? ,m>*71 ! ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,/ ,philip ,n]i 7#bf? ,may71 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immac4 ,conc41 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ 7#bg? ,decemb]74 ,! civil law ( ! ,italian ,k+dom recognises ! foll[+ days z legal holidays3 ! ,epiphany1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! fea/s ( ,our ,lady on ! #ae? ,augu/1 #h? ,septemb]1 & #h? ,decemb]1 ,*ri/mas & ! patron sa9t ( ! city & diocese4 ,france4 ,9 accordance ) ! concordat ( ,napoleon f\r fea/s 7 celebrat$3 ,*ri/mas1 ,asc5sion1 ! ,assumption1 & ,all ,sa9ts4 ,all o!r fe/ivals :5 !y fell on a week day 7 transf]r$ to ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,ev5 9 ,belgium & 9 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,luxemburg1 9 ! "p ( ,limburg belong+ to ,holl&1 & 9 ! bailiwick ( ,meis5heim 9 ! diocese ( ,treves1 ?is scanty provision ( fea/s holds good4 ,au/ria4 ,! ,cis-&-,translei?an c\ntries obs]ve ! same holy days4 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 two days ea*2 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,! fea/s ( ! patron sa9ts 7 transf]r$ by ,joseph ,,ii4 to ! foll[+ ,sunday1 b 9 ea* ( ! ,cr[n-l&s ! local patron is commemorat$ on 8 prop] day1 i4e4 9 ,au/ria above & bel[ ! ,enns1 ! fea/ ( ,/ ,leopold3 9 ,upp] ,au/ria1 ,/ ,florian3 9 ,moravia1 ,,ss4 ,cyril & ,me?odius3 9 ,galicia1 ,/ ,/anislaus & ,/ ,mi*ael3 9 ,silesia1 ,/ ,h$wig3 9 ,bohemia1 ,/ ,w5ceslaus & ,/ ,john ,nepomuk3 9 ,/yria1 ,c>9?ia1 ,camiola1 ! prov9ces ( ! ,litoral1 ,salzburg1 ,tyrol & ,vor>lb]g1 ,/ ,joseph3 9 ,sclavonia1 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/3 9 ,hung>y1 ,/ ,/eph5 ! ,confessor3 9 ,croatia1 ,/ ,elias3 9 ,transilvania1 ,/ ,ladislaus3 9 ,salzburg1 ,/ ,rup]t3 9 ,dalmatia1 ,/ ,j]ome3 9 ,goritz1 ,/ ,h]magoras & ,/ ,=tunatus4 ,9 ! eight old prov9ces ( ,prussia1 ! fe/ivals recognis$ by ! /ate are3 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 two days ea*2 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! 7,prote/ant7 day ( p5it5ce & pray]1 ! ,annunciation & ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,9 ! ar*diocese ( ,pos51 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 & ! ,assumption z well z ,/ ,/anislaus are obs]v$1 & 9 ,gnes51 ,/ ,george z patron ( ! diocese4 ,! new prov9ces h _h also to adopt ! ,prote/ant day ( p5it5ce4 ,hanov]1 ! dioceses ( ,hilde%eim & ,osnabrck4 ,besides ! days obs]v$ 9 ,prussia1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,nativity & ,assumption ( ,our ,lady1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 & ! local patrons ,/ ,b]nw>d & ,/ ,m>t94 ,= ! c\ntries ( ! ,nor!rn ,mission 9 ! diocese ( ,osnabrck1 ! foll[+ are omitt$ f ! li/ j giv53 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 & all ! fea/s ( ,our ,lady1 ?us leav+ only ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 ea* ) two days2 ! ,circumcision1 ! ,epiphany1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,all ,sa9ts4 ,?is applies to ,brem51 ,hamburg1 ,lbeck1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 bo? ! ,meckl5burgs & ,d5m>k4 ,bav>ia4 ,! foll[+ fe/ivals are obs]v$3 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 ea* = two days2 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,joseph1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption & ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,ea* diocese ( ,bav>ia celebrates its own p>ticul> patron z well4 ,! ,palat9ate1 diocese ( ,spires4 ,"h ! effects ( ! ,fr5* dom9ion are /ill obs]vable1 & ! only fe/ivals ( obligation obs]v$ are3 ! ,circumcision1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts4 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/ are kept ea* = two days4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,saxony4 ,! fe/ivals ( obligation are3 ! ,circumcision1 ! ,epiphany & ,annunciation1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ,all ,sa9ts2 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 ea* = two days4 ,9 ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e !re are diff]5t regulations 9 ea* diocese4 ,wrtemburg1 diocese ( ,rott5burg4 ,! ,circumcision1 ! ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ! ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption & ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception2 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 ea* = two days4 ,bad51 ar*diocese ( ,freiburg4 ,! five *ief fea/s ( ,our ,lady are kept on ! day itself2 s too is ! fea/ ( ,/ ,joseph1 & ! o!r fe/ivals are ! same z 9 ,wrtemburg1 ) ! exception ( ! #bd? ,june4 ,hesse-,nassau3 ! dioceses ( ,fulda & ,limburg4 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 ea* = two days2 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts2 ! ,prussian day ( p5it5ce is obs]v$ 9 ,novemb]1 & 9 ,limburg1 ! patron sa9t on 8 own day4 ,hesse-,d>m/adt3 diocese ( ,ma9z4 ,! same regulations z 9 ! ,palat9ate4 ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,! f\r ,fr5* holy days4 ,an edict ( #aj? ,octob] #ahhg adds to ^! ,good ,friday1 ,ea/] ,monday1 & ,:it ,monday1 z g5]al holidays 9 ! legal s5se1 & z holidays & days ( re/ 9 ! s5se ( ! ,code de procdure civile4 ,9 ,holl&1 9 ! ar*diocese ( ,utre*t1 & 9 ! diocese ( ,h>lem1 ! foll[+ rank z full holy days on :i* no "w is to be done3 ! day foll[+ ! ?ree *ief fea/s ( ! ye>1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,annunciation1 & ! ,assumption4 ,x is ( obligation to he> mass only on ,c&lemas1 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,9 ! dioceses ( ,br$a & ,bois-le-,duc1 ^! ?ree fe/ivals are days ( full obligation4 ,= ,engl&1 ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 appo9t$ ! foll[+ holy days on ! #i? ,m>* #aggg3 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 ea* two days3 ,*ri/mas1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,assumption1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! fea/ ( ! patron sa9t4 ,at ! pres5t "t are obs]v$1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/ & ,*ri/mas1 "o day ea*1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 & ,all ,sa9ts4 ,/ ,&rew's day is add$ = ,scotl&1 & ,/ ,patrick's day & ! ,annunciation = ,irel&4 ,! ,immaculate ,conception is a purely ecclesia/ical fe/ival4 ,switz]l& af=ds an int]e/+ /udy ow+ to ! great v>ieties exi/+ )9 s small a space4 ,! diocese ( ,basel-,soleure3 ,*ri/mas1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,9 ! canton ( ,luc]ne1 ,/ ,joseph's day & ! ,annunciation are celebrat$1 ! latt] also 9 ! canton ( ,zug4 ,! ?ree *ief fe/ivals are kept = day only4 ,! diocese ( ,coire1 compris+ ! cantons ( ,grisons1 ,s*wyz1 ,uri1 ,unt]wald51 ,zuri*1 ,gl>us1 & ! pr9cipality ( ,lie*t5/e93 ! ?ree *ief fe/ivals1 ea* two days1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas & ,/ ,joseph4 ,! la/ two days d n rank z holy days 9 ! canton ( ,zuri*1 nor does ! ,annunciation 9 ! cantons ( ,zuri* & ,s*wyz4 ,! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul are n kept 9 ei!r ( ^! two cantons1 b ! ,assumption & ,all ,sa9ts are kept ev]y:]e4 ,! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady is n kept 9 ,zuri* & ,s*wyz1 b ! ,immaculate ,conception is kept ev]y:]e except 9 ! canton ( ,zuri*4 ,! foll[+ patron sa9ts are kept1 ,/ ,fridol9 7#f? ,m>*7 9 ! canton ( ,gl>us1 ,ni*olas von d] ,flu 7#ba/ ,m>*7 9 ,unt]wald51 ,/ ,m>t9 ) an octave 9 ,s*wyz & ,uri1 ,/ ,lucius 7#crd ,dec47 9 ,coire4 ,/ ,gall1 compris+ ! cantons ( ,/ ,gall & ,app5zell1 keeps ! ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception2 ! ?ree *ief fea/s1 ea* = two days1 & ,/ ,gall's day 7#af? ,oct47 z patron ( ! diocese4 ,9 ! diocese ( ,g5eva-,lausanne1 consi/+ ( ! f\r ,fr5* cantons3 ! ,circumcision1 ! ,epiphany 7) ! exception ( ! cantons ( ,g5eva & ,vaud71 ,c&lemas1 ! ,annunciation 7) ! exception ( ,vaud & ,neu*tel71 ! ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception 7) ! exception ( ,g5eva1 ,vaud1 & ,neu*tel74 ,! ?ree *ief fea/s are kept = "o day ea*4 ,?is is also ! case 9 ! canton ( ,valais1 diocese ( ,sion1 b ! foll[+ days are also kept 9 ?is canton3 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption & ,nativity ( ,our ,lady & h] ,immaculate ,conception1 & ,/ ,maurice z ,patron ,sa9t 7#bbnd ,sept474 ,russian ,pol&4 ,! ?ree *ief fea/s1 ea* = two days1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,joseph1 ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption1 ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ,/ ,/anislaus z patron4 ,?is la/ nam$ day is n obs]v$ 9 ! s*ools & law-c\rts on acc\nt ( its nationali/ic "*4 ,spa94 ,! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,joseph1 ,annunciation1 ,ea/]1 ,asc5sion1 ,p5teco/1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption1 ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ,*ri/mas4 ,! ?ree *ief fe/ivals are kept = only "o day ea*4 ,portugal4 ,! ?ree *ief fe/ivals = "o day ea*4 ,! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,/ ,joseph1 ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 ,/ ,antony ( ,padua 7#ac? ,june71 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,be=e ! la/ r$uction1 ! ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 & f mid-day on ,maundy ,?ursday to mid-day on ,good ,friday 7 also holy days ( obligation4 ,lisbon keeps ! fea/ ( ,/ ,v9c5t 7#bbnd ,janu>y7 z patron ( ! city4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates obs]ve only six fe/ivals :i* may fall on week-days2 all ! o!rs are transf]r$ to ! ,sunday4 ,^! are ,*ri/mas1 ! ,circumcision1 ,asc5sion1 ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,! ?ree *ief fe/ivals are kept = "o day only4 ,s9ce ! numb] ( fe/ivals v>i$ orig9ally 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 an attempt 0 made aft] uni=mity1 & ! c\ncil ( ,baltimore 9 #aheb desir$ to reta9 only f\r fe/ivals z 9 ,france4 ,rome1 h[ev]1 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 &1 9 #ahff1 ! six fe/ivals m5tion$ above 7 adopt$4 ,! prov9cial synod ( ,c9c9nati 9 #ahfa agre$ to adopt ! ,epiphany1 ,annunciation1 & ,corpus ,*ri/i z well4 ,brazil4 ,! ?ree *ief fe/ivals1 ea* = "o day4 ,! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,annunciation1 ,asc5sion1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,assumption1 ,nativity ( ,our ,lady1 ,all ,sa9ts & ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,russia4 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 ,*ri/mas1 ! ,circumcision1 ,epiphany1 ,asc5sion1 ,transfiguration1 ,c&lemas1 ,annunciation1 our ,lady's ,pres5tation & ,assumption1 & ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross 7#ad? ,sept74 ,all ^! are1 ( c\rse1 kept accord+ to ! ,julian cal5d>4 ,to ^! are add$ ! foll[+ fea/s peculi> to ,russia3 ! ?ree fea/s ( ! ,jordan s-call$1 i4e4 ! ,bless+ ( ! ,wat]1 & ! ?irte5 s-call$ ,gala-fea/s1 i4e4 ! commemoration ( ! reign+ dyna/y 7see ,kir*5lexikon1 ,x41 #bnd ed4 #acii74 ,! s*ismatics 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y keep _! fe/ivals accord+ to ! ,julian cal5d>1 s t :]e ! population is mix$1 ea* fea/ is z a rule kept twice4 ,,iv 7p4 #ga7 ,= _m c5turies ! liturgical ve/m5ts 7 exclusively :ite1 l ! ord9>y dress ( classic times4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod 9 _! desire to f9d p>allels betwe5 ! enactm5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 7 ! fir/ to rememb] t diff]5t col\rs 7 us$ 9 ! ve/m5ts ( ! ,jewi% high prie/4 ,9 addition to ! :ite "u g>m5t :i* he wore 9 common ) ! simple prie/s1 he wore an upp] g>m5t ( blue1 & a p>ticol\r$ %\ld]-g>m5t1 ! ephod1 ( blue1 purple1 sc>let1 & f9e l951 int]wov5 ) gold ?read4 ,! repeat$ ref]5ces to ^! ve/m5ts gradually l$ to ! adoption ( col\r$ ve/m5ts = ! mass4#hcf ,_! introduction 0 at fir/ t5tative4 ,nei!r ,rup]t ( ,deutz1 ,honorius ( ,autun1 ,bele?1 nor ,hugh ( ,/ ,victor m5tion ! liturgical col\rs 9 _! writ+s1 or1 if !y d1 only ) ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,sic>d ( ,cremona1 a contempor>y ( ,innoc5t ,,iii41 cle>ly alludes to !m1 al?\gh he only m5tions two--:ite & r$4#hcg ,innoc5t ,,iii4 0 ! fir/ to speak ( all ! liturgical col\rs1 & to regulate _! use 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 b always ) ref]5ce to ! regulations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,accord+ to him1 :ite 0 to be us$ on ! fea/s ( ,confessors1 ,virg9s1 & ,angels1 & on ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 ,c&lemas1 ,maundy ,?ursday1 & ! ,asc5sion2 x 0 us$ z a matt] ( c\rse on all o!r days :]e x 0 n o!rwise specifi$1 s9ce until !n :ite _h be5 ! univ]sal liturgical col\r4 ,r$ ve/m5ts 7 to be worn on fea/s ( ,apo/les & ,m>tyrs4 ,on fea/s ( ! ,holy ,cross a *oice betwe5 :ite & r$ 0 all[$4 ,r$ 0 to be us$ on ,p5teco/ 9 memory ( ! fi]y tongues1 & on ! fea/ ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,on ! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul & on ! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air1 :ite 0 to be us$4 ,:ite 0 ! col\r = ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 r$ = 8 ,behead+4 ,on ,all ,sa9ts _m us$ r$ ve/m5ts1 b ! ,roman ,*ur* us$ :ite1 because x is said 9 ! ,apocalypse t ! sa9ts /& be=e ! ,lamb 9 :ite g>m5ts1 ) palms 9 _! h&s4 ,black ve/m5ts are to be worn on days ( p5it5ce & ab/95ce1 & also on ! ,commemorations ( ! dead4 ,!y 7 also worn dur+ ,adv5t & ,l5t1 except1 ( c\rse1 on fe/ivals fall+ )9 ^? seasons4 ,) reg>d to ! ,holy ,innoc5ts "s decid$ 9 fav\r ( black1 "s 9 fav\r ( r$1 b ! ,roman pontiff decid$ = violet4 ,= f]ias & ord9>y days ! col\r 0 gre54 ,"o might1 9 addition1 we> sc>let = r$1 violet = black1 & yell[ = gre54 ,9 ,dur&us 7 #abif7 we f9d ! same rule1 9 p>ts v]bally id5tical ) ! above4 ,! only po9t to notice 9 reg>d to :at he says is t he says black ve/m5ts are to be worn on ,rogation days1 violet seems to h ! pref]5ce ov] black = ,adv5t & ,l5t1 & ! use ( ! =m] col\r is repres5t$ z peculi> to ! ,roman ,*ur*4#hch ,!re is accord+ly no?+ /range 9 ! circum/ance t 9 ! m anci5t rituals1 only ve/es sollem9ores 9 g5]al are prescrib$ = ,maunday ,?ursday1 )\t ref]5ce to col\r4 ,! ,roman use1#hci f ! beg9n+1 0 to use :ite on ?is day1 & ?is sup]s$$ ! cu/oms obs]v$ else:]e4#hdj ,v 7p4 #gi7 ,,! ,,^w ,,mass ,,z ,a ,,"n ,,= ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,! ,,alt> ,! t]m mass does n owe its position to !ology1 b became e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies by popul> usage4 ,! mo/ anci5t writ]s ( ! *ur* speak frequ5tly1 & ) all ! precision desirable ( ! holy sacrifice ( ! alt>1 b !y speak ( x by o!r names :i* fully indicate its ess5tial "*1 su* z oblatio & sacrificium1 or ev5 sacram5ta & collecta4 ,^! two la/ names h a m g5]al significance2 collecta is ! late ,lat9 abbreviation = collectio1 & means an assembly ( m5 = "s giv5 purpose1 9 ?is case = div9e s]vice4 ,collig]e appe>s 9 ! same s5se 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ,ir5u & 9 ,t]tullian2 ! sub/antive is f\nd 9 ,j]ome & o!r anci5t au?ors2 a survival ( ?is primitive usage appe>s 9 ! "n collecta giv5 to ! fir/ pray] ( ! ,mass4#hda ,x owes its "n ( collecta to ! fact t accord+ to ! mo/ anci5t ritual x =m$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,mass4 ,9 ! s]vice-books1 collecta 0 m]ely a "n :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% ! pray]s ( ! ,mass f ^? :i* prec$$ or foll[$4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman rite1 ! ,mass began ) ! pray] ( ! prie/ at ! alt> z soon z ! invitatorium sung by ! *oir 0 f9i%$1 ! psalm ,judica me1 ! ,confiteor1 ! ,kyrie & ,gloria be+ lat] additions4 ,?us ! "n collecta became atta*$ to ?is op5+ pray]1 & is s giv5 to x 9 mo/ m$ival & ,roman missals1 until ! re=m "u ,pius ,v41 :5 x 0 replac$ by ! "n oratio n[ 9 use4 ,at ! same "t ! "n po/communio replac$ ! old] title ad compl5dum4 ,:5ev] we f9d 9 pray]-books & explanations ( ! ,mass1 t ! pray] 0 call$ ! ,collect because ! prie/ 8collect$0 ! petitions ( ! fai?ful1 we c only reg>d su* an int]pretation z silly & unhi/orical2 ! same c\ld be said equally well ( all1 or1 at any rate1 ( mo/ ( ! pray]s ( ! ,mass4 ,! t]m sacram5tum or sacram5ta s]v$ also n unfrequ5tly z a "n = ! ,mass1#hdb & s gave rise to ! "n sacram5t>ium1 g5]ally giv5 to ! missal 9 anci5t times4 ,9 addition to ^! names1 oblatio & sacrificio 7 especially employ$ z hav+ ! advantage ( adequately express+ ! ess5tial "* ( ! rite4 ,! =m] 0 ! p>ticul> fav\rite ( ,t]tullian1 ! f\nd] ( ,lat9 ecclesia/ical t]m9ology1 & aft]w>ds ( ,/ ,cyprian1 b x may be said to belong to all writ]s & to all p]iods4#hdc ,/ ,augu/9e1 :o _h already prop\nd$ a =mal !ory ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass1 %[s a pref]5ce = sacrificium4#hdd ,:5 we turn to ! ^w missa1 we mu/ n treat x z a p>ticiple1 ev5 9 ! ,ite missa e/1 = !re is no?+ ) :i* ! fem99e p>ticiple c agree1 & s x mu/ be a sub/antive4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is sub/antive1 & to %[ h[ x acquir$ its position z ! te*nical t]m = ! mo/ sacr$ act ( ! ,*ur*'s wor%ip1 requires an excursus deal+ ) ! matt] f ! po9t ( view ( etymology1 patrology1 & liturology4 ,z reg>ds ! etymology ( ! ^w1 attempts h be5 made f "t to "t to d]ive missa f ! ,hebrew1 7 ,deut41 xvi4 #aj71 9 ! belief ! "n mu/ be z old z ! ?+ x signifies1 an attempt ab&on$ z absurd at ! pres5t day4#hde ,a bett] idea 0 t ( ! m$ival liturgi/s :o expla9$ ! ^w z equival5t to transmissio 9 ! s5se ( ! (f]+ up & pres5tation ( ! oblation be=e ,god4 ,b =tunately !re is "o man1 ?or\ghly conv]sant at fir/ h& ) primitive usages & t]m9ology1 :o has left u an explanation ( ! ^w & ( ! orig9 ( its application to ! sacrifice ( ! alt>4 ,bi%op ,avitus1 ( ,vi5ne 7 #eah71 fl\ri%$ at ! p]iod betwe5 ! ages ( antiquity & ! m$ival p]iod1 & is1 !re=e1 a reliable witness 9 ?is matt]4 ,he 0 ask$ by 8 sov]eign1 ,k+ ,gundobad ( ,burgundy1 :at 0 ! mean+ ( ! ^w missa1 & repli$ t missam fac]e 0 ! same z dimitt]e1 & 0 us$ by ! ,romans at bo? audi5ces 9 ! royal palace & sitt+s ( ! law c\rts to intimate to ! assembly t ! audi5ce or session 0 at an end & t !y 7 free to dep>t2 x 0 us$ 9 ! same way 9 ! *ur*es4 ,avitus#hdf himself uses missa simply = div9e s]vice4 ,x is cle> t ! explanation giv5 by ,avitus is correct4 ,= s9ce ! conclusion ( e session & assembly mu/ be (ficially ann\nc$ ) words su* z1 8,! session is at an end10 s 9 *ur*1 :]e a /ill great] numb] ( m5 meet toge!r1 x is necess>y to make kn[n to !m ! conclusion ( div9e s]vice4 ,su* 0 ! cu/om ( ! anci5t ,romans at _! sacrifices & religi\s c]emonies1 & ! ,*ri/ians naturally did ! same4 ,t]tullian speaks already ( a dimissio plebis1#hdg & we f9d ! same ?+ 9 ! ,greek liturgies1 al?\gh ! =mul v>y 9 "s respects f t 9 use among ! ,lat9s4#hdh ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! ,mass :i* 0 fir/ call$ by ?is "n1 b ! o!r s]vices ( ! anci5t ,*ur*--! ,psalmody1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ,canonical ,h\rs4 ,f ! /rik+ acc\nt giv5 by ! s-call$ ,silvia1#hdi we c see h[ important ^! s]vices 7 & :at a prom95t position !y occupi$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 8,e day1 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ! doors ( ! *ur* 7 op5$1 & all ! monks & nuns1 z well z _m ( ! laity1 assembl$1 & until sunrise1 s+ hymns & psalms1 9 alt]nate *oirs1 along ) ! antiphons & pray]s4 ,ab\t sunrise !y beg9 to say ! #8matut9as ymnos4' ,! bi%op arrives ) ! cl]gy & s+s ! pray] )9 ! *ancel4 ,!n he comes =? & blesses ! p "o by "o4 ,et sic fit missa10 i4e4 s ! s]vice ends1 :i* compris$ ,nocturns1 ,lauds1 & ,prime1 z !y w\ld n[ be call$4 ,! same c]emonies 7 obs]v$ at ! ,little ,h\rs :i* foll[$ lat]4 ,vesp]s 7 p]=m$ ) m c]emony2 at ! conclusion ! deacon direct$ ! fai?ful to b[ _! heads 9 ord] to receive ! bi%op's bless+4 ,aga9 ! pilgrim ends h] description ) ! words1 8,et sic fit missa40 ,we mu/ notice t ! ,psalmody took place daily 9 ?is way1 :ile ! ,mass1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 0 n celebrat$ daily2 9 ,l5t1 = example1 x 0 celebrat$ on ,saturdays & ,sundays only4 ,at ea* h\r !re took place a dismissal1 missa1 & ?us x 0 br\ght ab\t t ?is ^w came to be us$ z a "n = ea* ( ! canonical h\rs4 ,! "n 0 f>-fet*$ & unsuitable1 b popul> usage does n =m its nom5clature ^u sci5tific pr9ciples1 b f :at mo/ /rikes ! popul> fancy4 ,?us ! pilgrim1 :o expresses h]self 9 popul> language1 speaks ( missa vigili>um1 = ,matt9s1 & missa luc]n>is = ,vesp]s4 ,! ^w missa 9 itself means dismissal & no?+ m4 ,once1 9 h] nave mann]1 %e expla9s :at sort ( dismissal %e means2 x is dismissal out ( ! *ur* 78missa de ecclesia10 c4 #cg1 #c1 l9e #bj74 ,:i* ( ! v>i\s dismissals out ( ! *ur* is int5d$ 9 a giv5 case is %[n by an additional phrase1 z 9 ! cases giv5 above1 :5 x is n cle> f ! context4 ,( c\rse x may mean ! dismissal :i* took place at ! ,mass1 b n ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass itself4 ,h[ f> missa is f be+ 9 ! pilgrim's di>y ! te*nical t]m = ,mass--:i* is all we are conc]n$ ) "h--is suffici5tly cle> f ! circum/ance t :]ev] %e lets slip ! ^w missa = ,mass1 %e at once ha/5s to add t ! missa ( :i* %e speaks is ! oblatio4#hej ,:5 %e wi%es to express h]self ) precision1 %e always calls ! ,mass oblatio1 & 9 a few cases sacram5tum 7s+ul> or plural74 ,( c\rse missa1 z a g5]al t]m1 may h be5 us$ z a "n = ! ,mass1 s9ce !re are "o or m dismissals !re92 _h x n be5 s1 missa c\ld nev] h become ! "n p> excell5ce = ! ,mass4 ,! same t]m9ology is f\nd at a some:at lat] date 9 ,cassian1 to :om we are especially indebt$ = our intimate k ( mona/ic obs]vances4 ,an important "p ( ^! obs]vances 7 ! daily h\rs ( pray]1 ! canonical h\rs1 & we naturally expect to f9d ! te*nical t]ms = !m 9 ,cassian's writ+s4 ,& s1 inde$1 we f9d ! names =m$ ) ! help ( ! ^w missa1 z 9 ,silvia's di>y2 ,matt9s & ,lauds are call$ missa nocturna or missa vigili>um1#hea :ile ! ,mass1 on ! o!r h&1 is call$ oblatio or sacrificium4 ,f ^! passages x appe>s t missa 9 its /rict s5se means 8dismissal10 & is a g5]al t]m capable ( receiv+ a p>ticul> significance by ! addition ( vigili>um1 etc4 ,! same ?+ appe>s 9 ,pope ,innoc5t ,i4 7,epi/4 #ag1 c4 #ab2 ,,migne1 xx4 #ece71 :]e he speaks ( ! prie/s belong+ to ! p>ty ( ,bonosus1 & asks if !y h celebrat$ ,mass1 :i* he calls sacram5ta confic]e1 if !y h giv5 ,holy ,communion 7si populis tribuit71 & if !y h p]=m$ ! cu/om>y dismissals 7si missas complevit74 ,ap>t f ! fact t 9 ! same passage two diff]5t t]ms _c well /& = ! same ?+1 ! use ( ! plural %[s t x is n ! ,mass :i* is meant b ! o!r miss1 ! h\rs1 ! p]=mance ( :i* conc]n$ bo? ! bi%op & ! prie/s4 ,!re is no d\bt z to :i* t]m ,leo ,i4 us$ = ! ,mass1 = oblatio & sacrificium occur sev]al times 9 8 writ+s4 ,:5 9 "o passage we f9d ! ^w missa z well1 ?is c only mean ! dismissal1 ! conclusion ( div9e s]vice4#heb ,?us ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury missa by itself always meant m]ely dismissal1 nev] ,mass2 = ,mass1 ! t]ms sacrificium & oblatio 7 employ$4 ,?is 0 ! correct use ( ! t]ms 9 "q dur+ t p]iod4 ,b s9ce1 z we h said1 ! c]emonial dismissals 7miss7 at ! end ( div9e s]vice gave rise to ! "n1 & s9ce dismissals ( ?is k9d occurr$ 9 ! ,mass1#hec once at ! end & once aft] ! s]mon at ! dismissal ( ! ,cate*um5s1 x is n rem>kable t missa came into use z a "n = ! ,mass1 & came to be reg>d$ z its special "n 9 proportion z ! canonical h\rs became less s]vices = ! laity ?an ( obligation = cl]gy & religi\s4 ,!re 0 h[ev] an int]m$iate p]iod be=e missa became solely & exclusively ! popul> "n = ! ,mass4 ,?is transitional /ate ( affairs ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! six? c5tury1 & appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,/ ,b5$ict & ,/ ,gregory ! ,great1 :o bo? employ missa )\t di/9ction z a "n = ! ,mass & = ! canonical h\rs4#hed ,! same ?+ appe>s 9 ,gregory ( ,t\rs & 9 o!r writ]s4 ,! la/ appe>ance ( missa z a "n = bo? k9ds ( div9e s]vice )\t di/9ction appe>s to be a passage 9 ! life ( ,/ ,ludg]us by ,altfrid4#hee ,! t]m9ology employ$ by ! (ficial organs ( ! ,*ur* is naturally ( weight 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* made use ( a t]m s little expressive ( ! nature ( ! ?+ z missa1 :i* _h already tak5 ! popul> fancy1 x 0 inevitable t x %\ld become ! only recognis$ "n = ! ,mass2 & ?is is j :at happ5$4 ,on glanc+ ?r\gh ! canons ( ! anci5t ,c\ncils ( ! ,we/1 we f9d all ! t]ms ) :i* we are already famili>--oblatio by ! ,c\ncil ( ,arles 9 #cad 7,canons #e & #ai71 & sacrificium by ! ,c\ncils ( ,c>?age 7t ( #cij1 ,canon #h2 t ( #cig1 ,canon #ad71 etc4 ,we also f9d ! t]m miss appli$ to ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! ,psalmody1#hef & to ! o!r s]vices compos$ ( ,psalmody & ,mass toge!r4#heg ,z a t]m cle>ly & unmi/akably appli$ to ! ,mass by itself1 missa appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! f\r? ,synod ( ,arles 9 #ebd 7,canon #d71 & !n 9 sundry o!r ,gallic synods ( ! six? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be /at$ once = all t missa 9 ! s5se ( ,mass is n to be f\nd 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! "o solit>y in/ance :i* = a long "t seem$ to c\nt5ance su* a view is 9 a lett] ( ,/ ,ambrose1#heh 9 :i* he tells 8 si/] ( ! attempts made by ! ,arians on ,palm ,sunday #che to ga9 possession ( ! pr9cipal *ur* ( ,milan4 ,ambrose 0 p]=m+ div9e s]vice1 ! homily 0 conclud$1 & he 0 j on ! po9t ( dismiss+ ! cate*um5s1 :5 ! al>m+ news arriv$ t ! ,arians has seiz$ a basilica situat$ outside ! walls2 he did n all[ himself to be upset by ! news1 b rema9$ :]e he 01 dismiss$ ! cate*um5s1 & comm5c$ ! ,mass1 dur+ :i* he receiv$ fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! tumult4 ,! "q turns ^u ! words1 8,ego tam5 mansi 9 mun]e1 missam fac]e cpi4 ,dum (f]o10 etc4 ,hi!rto missa has "h be5 always tak5 9 ! s5se ( ,mass1 b x has really ! s5se ( dismissal4 ,= on ,palm ,sunday 9 ,milan1 ! s-call$ traditio symboli to ! m advanc$ class ( cate*um5s 0 p]=m$ ) mu* c]emony1 some?+ l a fir/ ,communion ) u2 on ?is day a tw(old dismissal ( ! cate*um5s 0 necess>y1 ! fir/ ( ! l[] class ( cate*um5s1 because !y mu/ n yet le>n ! cre$ :i* 0 n[ to be recit$ by ! m advanc$1 & !n foll[$ ! dismissal ( ! m advanc$ cate*um5s1 ! compet5tes1 because ^!1 z be+ /ill unbaptis$1 c\ld n yet assi/ at ! ,mass4 ,aga9/ ?is int]pretation x has be5 urg$#hei t missa mu/ mean ,mass1 because1 ! act ( dismissal be+ s %ort1 ,ambrose c\ld sc>cely h said1 8,missam fac]e cpi10 _h he meant only ! dismissal ( ! cate*um5s4 ,h[ long an act mu/ cont9ue 9 ord] t its beg9n+1 middle1 & end+ may be obs]vable dep5ds ^u circum/ances1 b ! dismissal ( ! compet5tes 0 sometimes f> f brief4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 = in/ance1 give a =mula = ?is act1 & ! pray]s us$ cov] ?ree pr9t$ pages 7,con/it4 ,apo/41 #h1 #e1 #f to #f1 #d74 ,at ! dismissal ( ! c&idates = baptism1 ?ree pray]s 7 recit$ 7ib4 #h1 #g1 #b1 to c4 #g1 #a71 "o by ! deacon1 "o by ! cate*um5s1 & "o by ! bi%op1 :o !n gave 8 bless+4 ,!n foll[$ an address by ! bi%op1 ( :i* we h two examples1 9 ! #bae? & #baf? ( ! s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,! act la/$ long en\gh to h a beg9n+1 middle1 & end+4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we conclude1 missa appe>s 9 ! f\r? c5tury z a te*nical "n = ! v>i\s p>ts ( div9e s]vice1 especially = ! canonical h\rs4 ,dur+ ! six? & sev5? c5turies x became a te*nical t]m = ! ,mass1 & gradually usurp$ ! place ( o!r names = ! ,mass4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 surviv$ 9 isolat$ in/ances until ! n9? c5tury1 b disappe>$ entirely 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,vi 7p4 #adb7 ,,on ,,! ,,date ,,= ,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,hippolytus ,consid]+ ! unc]ta9ty z to ! day ( our ,"l's bir? %[n by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ! res]ve :i* ,ir5u & ,t]tullian ma9ta9 on ! same po9t1 x is surpris+ to f9d ! mo/ precise data giv5 = its det]m9ation by a writ] v little po/]ior to ^? j m5tion$4 ,9 ! comm5t>y ( ,hippolytus on ,dan4 iv4 #bc 79 ,bratke's ed41 #ai71 we read 9 ! text discov]$ 9 #ahhe2 8,! fir/ ,adv5t ( our ,"l 9 ! fle%1 :5 ,he 0 born 9 ,be?lehem1 happ5$ on ! eigh? day be=e ! cal5ds ( ,janu>y1 on a ,w$nesday1 9 ! =ty-second ye> ( ,augu/us1 9 ! ye> #eejj1 reckon+ f ,adam4 ,he suff]$ 9 ,8 ?irty-?ird ye>1 on ! eigh? day be=e ! cal5ds ( ,april 7#be? ,m>*71 on a ,friday1 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 :5 ,rufus & ,rubellius 7 consuls40#hfj ,n m]ely ! a/oni%+ m9ut5ess ( ! data1 b also ! circum/ance t ?is passage is to be f\nd 9 a %ort] =m 9 a fragm5t1 long well kn[n to s*ol>s1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,*igi ,libr>y 9 ,rome1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t anci5t ecclesia/ical writ]s quote f x ! ye> ( _w alone1#hfa mu/ give rise to d\bts conc]n+ ! long] =m ( ! passage 9 itself1 z well z conc]n+ ! sep>ate data ( :i* x is compos$4 ,if we turn our att5tion fir/ to ^! sep>ate data1 we f9d ! names ( ! consuls wrongly giv52 _! names are ,fufius & ,rubellius1 n ,rufus & ,rubellius4 ,mi/akes 9 ! names ( consuls are c]ta9ly n r>e 9 ,ea/]n writ]s1 b 9 ! case ( a man l ,hippolytus1 :o liv$ 9 ,rome1 su* a mi/ake is v a/oni%+1 s9ce he c\ld easily h f\nd out ! "r names4 ,next1 accord+ to ! au!ntic ,hippolytus1 our ,"l's life la/$ only ?irty-"o ye>s1 & n ?irty-?ree2 ?is appe>s f ! passage 9 ! s-call$ ,lib] ,g5]ationis repres5t+ 9 a ,lat9 translation "p ( ! 8,*ronicle0 :i*1 accord+ to ! inscription on 8 /atue1 ,hippolytus _h compos$4#hfb ,aga91 ! eighte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius is also wrong4 ,! =ty-second ye> ( ,augu/us & ! two week-days may be correct 7see ,comm4 ,dan41 #d1 #i2 9 ,bratke #h71 = ! latt] appe> also 9 ! same connection 9 ! inscription on ! /atue4 ,w$nesday f\nd acceptance z ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir? ow+ to ! ,messias be+ call$ 9 ,mala*y iv4 #b1 8! ,sun ( ,ju/ice10 f :i* x 0 inf]r$ t ,he mu/ h be5 born on ! same day ( ! week z t on :i* ! visible sun _h be5 creat$ 7,g54 i4 #ai74 ,b1 moreov]1 ! days ( ! week h be5 int]polat$ into ! text1 s9ce !y d n fit 9 ) ! sequ5ce ( ?\ght b r di/urb x4 ,! aim ( ,hippolytus 0 "h to calm ! ,*ri/ians agitat$ by ! p]secution ( ,sev]us2 _m w5t s f> z to ?9k t ! la/ day 0 close at h&1 & ,hippolytus oppos$ himself to ?is al>m by decl>+ ,god _h creat$ ! _w 9 six days1 ) ,god a ?\s& ye>s are z "o day 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #d71 & ?us ! _w w\ld la/ six ?\s& ye>s4 ,until ! bir? ( ,*ri/ only five ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s _h pass$1 & s ! end ( ! _w 0 n to be expect$ yet4 ,9 su* a tra9 ( ?\ght1 :at place is !re = days ( ! week & consulates8 ,! late orig9 ( ! passage is also betray$ by ! p>allel gr\p+ ( ! data giv51 = elaborate attempts ( ?is k9d 7 popul> 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b n 9 primitive times4 ,accord+ly only ! ye> #eejj ( ! _w1 & p]haps also ! =ty-second ye> ( ,augu/us1 belong to ! orig9al =m ( ! passage 9 ,hippolytus1 all ! re/ hav+ be+ add$ by a lat] h&4#hfc ,,vii 7p4 #aeh7 ,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,engl& ,,dur+ ,,! ,,commonweal? ,*ri/mas 0 aboli%$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury dur+ ! reign ( ! ,puritans1 & its prohibition 0 /rictly en=c$4 ,9 #afdd1 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! mon>*y1 :5 ! ,puritans came into p[]1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t =bade all obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas1 = x 0 held t ,*ri/mas 0 n orig9ally a ,*ri/ian fe/ival at all1 b 0 ( hea!n orig94 ,p>liam5t direct$ t ! #be? ,decemb]1 8:i* _h hi!rto be5 commonly call$ ,*ri/mas ,day10 0 to be kept z a fa/4 ,?is law rema9$ 9 =ce = sixte5 ye>s1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! enactm5t 0 repeat$ & made /ill m /r+5t4 ,no *ur* d>e be op5$1 no s]vice ( any k9d held2 ! law expressly enact$ t on ,*ri/mas ,day ev]yone 0 to g on z usual ) 8 "w1 & e m]*ant :o %ut 8 %op on ?is day 0 br\ght be=e ! judge & puni%$4 ,m>kets 7 held on ?is day :i* _h hi!rto be5 held on o!r days1 m]ely to make x impossible to keep ! day z a fe/ival4 ,plum-pudd+ & m9ce pies 7 br&$ z hea!ni% inv5tions4 ,! soldi]s 7 *>g$ to break into h\ses 9 ord] to see t no "o _h food 9 8 home su* z us$ to be eat5 at ,*ri/mas & :5 any?+ ( ?is k9d 0 discov]$1 ! soldi]s 7 to seize x & ! p 7 puni%$ into ! b>ga94 ,!re 7 naturally "s :o refus$ to ab/a9 f ! celebration ( ,*ri/mas 9 ob$i5ce to ^! directions ( ! ,p>liam5t2 _m m9i/]s p]=m$ s]vice 9 _! *ur*es & sev]al ( !m 7 tak5 be=e ! judge & puni%$4 ,9 diff]5t places di/urbances broke out1 especially ow+ to ! ord]s ( ,p>liam5t t m>kets 7 to be held on ,*ri/mas ,day :ile !y 7 =bidd5 on o!r days ( ! week4 ,9 ,cant]bury1 = in/ance1 !re 0 a g5]al riot2 ! :ole t[n 0 divid$ into two p>ties--^? :o obs]v$ ,*ri/mas & _! oppon5ts1 & ! fe/ival ( peace end$ 9 a g5]al r[2 _m h\ses ( ! t[n 7 totally de/roy$ & "s set on fire4 ,*>les ,,ii4 made x 8 aim to revoke z quickly z possible ! laws pass$ dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 & s be=e long ,*ri/mas 0 once m obs]v$ z be=e4 ,! ,noncon=mi/s1 h[ev]1 long held by _! det]m9ation n to celebrate ,*ri/mas1 & !y kept a %>p look-out t at lea/ _! m9i/]s %\ld eat no ,*ri/mas pudd+ or m9ce pies2 !y call$ ,yuletide ,fooltide4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ,*ri/mas is /ill reg>d$ z some?+ hea!ni%2 ! ,presbyt]ians w h no?+ :atev] to d ) its celebration1 & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry no special notice is ( x z a religi\s fea/4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 only ref]s to ! ,prote/ants ( ,scotl&4 ,trans4 ,,viii 7p4 #agc7 ,,excursus ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,holy ,,k+s ,epiphany is a fea/ ( our ,"l & n ! fea/ ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s1 al?\gh x is popul>ly call$ s1 &1 9 ! liturgy = ! day1 !y are ref]r$ to4 ,9 a small numb] ( dioceses1 & only at a late date1 !y h be5 ! object ( a cultus1 b 9 ! cal5d>s & m5ologies ( ! pr9cipal ,*ur*es !y f9d no place2 anci5t ecclesia/ical lit]ature & tradition has also no?+ to relate ( !m4 ,only 9 ! twelf? c5tury did !y em]ge f oblivion :5 ! imp]ial *ancellor1 ,ra9ald von ,dassel1 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 translat$ _! reput$ relics to ,cologne1 #bcrd ,july #aafd1 hav+ receiv$ !m z a gift f ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa aft] ! de/ruction ( ,milan4 ,until ?is "t !y _h re/$ 9 ! little ,*ur* ( ,/ ,eu/orgius at ,milan1 to :i* !y are said to h be5 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople4 ,! life ( ,/ ,eu/orgius1 ,bi%op ( ,milan1 #cae-cca1 relates h[ ?is happ5$3--!re liv$ 9 ,con/ant9ople a pi\s man call$ ,eu/orgius1 a ,greek by bir?1 & a fav\rite & advis] ( ! emp]or4 7,! "n ( ! emp]or is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! au?or47 ,he s5t ,eu/orgius z ambassador--! purpose ( ! embassy is n disclos$--to ! prov9ce ( ,liguria1 ( :i* ! capital is call$ ,milan--:i*1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake4 ,eu/orgius won ! affections ( ! ,milanese to su* a degree t !y desir$ to h him z _! bi%op2 aft] long resi/ance he cons5t$1 & w5t to ! emp]or 9 ord] to obta9 8 approval4 ,! emp]or rejoic$ ov] ! love :i* 8 ambassador _h inspir$1 z ,gratian _h rejoic$ ov] ! appo9tm5t ( ,/ ,ambrose1 ratifi$ ! election1 & =?) remitt$ all taxes to ! ,milanese 7674 ,eu/orgius 0 unwill+ to return empty-h&$ & begg$ = "s relics f ! emp]or ) :i* to enri* 8 bi%opric4 ,! emp]or all[$ him to take :atev] he lik$1 & he *ose ! relics ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s1 :i* _h be5 s5t f ! ,ea/ by ,hel5a4 ,a *ur* 0 n[ built 9 ,milan 9 :i* ! relics 7 laid1 :]e !y attract$ a great conc\rse ( pilgrims & devotees4 ,! au?or regrets t he is n 9 a position to give u fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! do+s ( ,bi%op ,eu/orgius1 b he m]ely tells u t he di$ on ! #ah? ,octob] & 0 succe$$ by ,dionysius4 ,?is is incorrect = ,protasius came fir/4 ,! au?or ( ?is docum5t mu/ h liv$ 9 ,milan1 = he gives "s correct dates 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,milan2 nev]!less1 gross blund]s aga9/ hi/orical tru? & o!r indications %[ t we are deal+ ) a ?or\ghgo+ fabrication ( ! elev5? c5tury bas$ ^u ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,/ ,ambrose4 ,! names ,gasp>1 ,mel*ior1 ,baltass> make _! fir/ appe>ance "h4 ,a /ill m nave acc\nt is giv5 9 a s]mon belong+ to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,eu/orgius be+ made a contempor>y ( ! ,emp]or ,comn5us2 ?is is pr9t$ 9 ,floss4 ,contempor>ies :o _h ! opportunity ( see+ ! relics1 /ate t ! rema9s 7 embalm$ & incorrupt2 to judge f ! face & hair1 "o ( ! bodies 0 t ( a boy ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s2 !y 7 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation consid]+ _! age4 ,! /ory ( _! translation to ,milan is obvi\sly a romance & ! se>* = _! bodies by ,hel5a is =m$ ^u ! recognis$ model accord+ to :i* ,hel5a /eps 9 to effect :at _c be o!rwise expla9$4 ,& s !re is no d\bt t we are face to face ) a rem>kably successful fabrication1 su* z 71 un=tunately1 by no means r>e 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,cologne1 ! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s--all ?ree ( !m--7 at once set d[n z m>tyrs1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ !y w\ld h suff]$1 grant+ !m to h be5 k+s4 ,! ,c>melite ,john ( ,hilde%eim compos$ a popul> ,vita ,trium ,regum1 compos$ 9 a simple /yle1 :i* 0 widely read4 ,see ,,us5]1 ii4 #g-aj1 & ! in/ructive treatise ( ,h4 ,j4 ,floss1 8,dreiknig5bu*10 ,cologne1 #ahfd4 ,! ,vita ,eu/orgii is only to be f\nd 9 ,mombritius1 ,sanctu>ium1 i4 #aff4 ,,ix 7p4 #ahb7 ,,! ,,greek ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ye> ,! ,greek ecclesia/ical ye> beg9s n ) ,adv5t b ) ,ea/]1 or r ) ! season prep>atory to ,ea/]1 i4e4 accord+ to our phraseology1 ) ,septuagesima ,sunday4#hfd 4 ,! ,sunday ( ! ,publican & ! ,ph>isee2 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! ,gospel = ! day1 ,/ ,luke xviii4 #i-ad4 or 4 ,! ,sunday ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 ! ,gospel be+ ,/ ,luke xv4 #aa-cb4 1#hfe corresponds ) ,septuagesima ,sunday ( ! ,lat9s1 & is call$ ,ab/95ce ,sunday because ) x ,l5t ) its ab/95ce f fle%-meat comm5ces4 ,! week foll[+ is call$ ,butt]-,week by ! ,russians1 because ! use ( lactic9ia is /ill p]mitt$4 ,! ,gospel1 ,/ ,mat!w xxv4 #ca-df1 ref]s to ,*ri/'s return at ! la/ judgm5t4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! ,sunday is also call$ 4 4 ,sunday ( ,*eese-,eat+1 because f h5ce=? ! use ( lactic9ia is also =bidd5 7,sexagesima ( ! ,lat9s74 4 ,! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 call$ ,or?odox ,sunday 9 memory ( ! conclusion ( ! iconocla/ic controv]sy 7correspond+ to ,qu9quagesima74 1 1 1 4 ,! second to ! fif? ,sundays 9 ,l5t1 correspond+ to ! fir/ to ! f\r? ( ! ,lat9s4 3 ,palm ,sunday f a palm4 3 ,maundy ,?ursday4 3 ,good ,friday4 3 ,holy ,saturday4 3 ,ea/] ,day2 1 i4e41 ! ,week ( ,r5ew+1 ,ea/] ,week4 3 ,:itsunday1 call$ also 1 z ! ,gospel relates ,/ ,?omas's unbelief1 ,/ ,john xx4 #ai seqq4 ,at ! end ( mass bless$ bread is di/ribut$ to ! p4 3 ! ,sunday ( ! ,wom5 :o br\ght inc5se & ,joseph ! ,j4 ,see ,/ ,m>k xvi4 #a-g2 ,/ ,luke xxiv4 #a-aj4 3 ! ,sunday ( ! palsi$ man4 ,see ,acts ix4 #cb seqq4 or 3 ! ,sunday ( ! ,sam>itan woman1 f ! ,gospel ,/ ,john iv4 #a-db4 3 ! ,sunday ( ! man born bl9d2 ! ,sunday be=e ! ,asc5sion4 ) ! foll[+ week1 4 #cah 1 d$icat$ to ! commemoration ( ! fir/ g5]al c\ncil2 ! ,sunday aft] ,*ri/'s ,asc5sion4 1 ,:itsunday4 3 our ,tr9ity ,sunday is among ! ,greeks kept z ! fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts1 & is prec$$ by a fa/4 ,f ?is onw>ds until ! exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ! #ad? ,septemb]1 ! gospels = ! ,sundays are tak5 f ,/ ,mat!w4 ,h5ce ! sixte5 foll[+ ,sundays are call$ ,mat!w-,sundays4 to 4 3 ,sunday be=e ! ,exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross 7! #ae? aft] ,mat!w74 3 ,sunday aft] ! ,exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross 7! #af? aft] ,mat!w74 to 1 also call$ ! ,sunday ( ! ,holy ,patri>*s 7 74 3 ! ,sunday be=e ,*ri/mas1 also call$ ! ,sunday ( all ! ,holy ,fa!rs4 3 ,*ri/mas4 3 ,sunday aft] ,*ri/mas4 3 ! ,circumcision4 3 ! ,sunday ( ,lights4 ,see above1 page #afh4 ,! ,sunday be=e ,epiphany4 ,among ! ,lat9s a dom9ica vacans4 ,! rema9+ f\r ,sundays ( ! ,greek ecclesia/ical ye> s]ve to fill up ! inequality due to ,ea/] fall+ e>li] or lat]1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,lat9 rite4 ,"o1 two1 or all f\r ( !m1 z occasion requires1 are ins]t$ aft] ,epiphany4 ,!y are ! ,sundays 7#a7 1 ! fir/ aft] ,epiphany1 :i* is press$ into use :5 ,ea/] falls 9 ,m>*2 7#b7 ! twelf? ,sunday aft] ,/ ,luke2 7#c7 ! fifte5? aft] ,/ ,luke 7! two ,sundays 9 ! ,*ri/mas season are reckon$ z ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? aft] ,/ ,luke s9ce _! gospels are tak5 f t evangeli/72 7#d7 ! sev5te5? ,sunday aft] ,/ ,mat!w4 ,all f\r are requir$ :5 ,ea/] falls on ! #bb-be ,april4 ,9 ?is way ! gaps betwe5 ! end ( ! old ecclesia/ical ye> & ! beg9n+ ( ! new are fill$ up4 ,z f> z ! immovable fea/s are conc]n$1 ! ,greeks divide all fea/s1 bo? movable & immovable1 into f\r classes4 ,! fir/ & highe/ class conta9s3 ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany 7#f? ,janu>y71 ,c&lemas 7#bnd ,febru>y1 71 ! ,annunciation 7 71 ,ea/]1 ,palm ,sunday1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,p5teco/1 ! ,transfiguration1 ! ,assumption 7 1 #ae? ,augu/71 our ,lady's ,nativity 7#h? ,septemb]71 ! ,exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross 7#ad? ,septemb]71 & ! ,pres5tatio ,b4,m4,v4 7#ba/ ,novemb]74 ,some:at l[] 9 rank are ! ,circumcisio1 ,nativitas ,s4 ,joannis ,bapt4 7#bd? ,june71 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul 7#bi? ,june71 & ! ,decollatio ,s4 ,joannis ,bapt4 7#bi? ,augu/74 ,x is n necess>y "h to enum]ate ! rema9+ fea/s4 ,x 7p4 #bdh7 ,,engli% ,,writ]s ,,& ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception ,! well kn[n ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 ,anselm1 0 born ( a ,g]man /ock1 z 8 "n implies1 at ,ao/a 9 #ajcf4 ,9 #ajec he ent]$ ! ,b5$ict9e ord] at ,bec 9 ,norm&y :]e ,lanfranc 0 at t "t abbot4 ,9 #ajgh he 0 himself elect$ abbot ( ! mona/]y1 & 9 ?is capacity 0 br\ght into relation ) ,william ! ,conqu]or & ,william ,rufus4 ,dur+ an illness ( ! latt]1 he 0 *os5 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury at ! end ( #ajic & 8 appo9tm5t 0 confirm$ by ! k+4 ,s]i\s misund]/&+s soon arose betwe5 !m on ! que/ions ( inve/iture & ,*ur* prop]ty1 & ,anselm 0 oblig$ to g to ,rome1 :]e he rema9$ until ! k+'s dea?4 ,fur!r misund]/&+s1 moreov]1 soon arose betwe5 him & ,william's successor1 ,h5ry ,i41 :i* deta9$ him 9 ,france1 until an agreem5t 0 arriv$ at 9 #aajf1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to return to ,engl& & to 8 bi%opric4 ,he di$ !re on ! #ba/ ,april #aaji4 ,8 nephew1 ,anselm ! y\ng]1 came f ,lomb>dy1 & z a y\? _h ent]$ ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,mi*ael at ,*iusa1 & receiv$ 8 !ological tra9+ f ! ,b5$ict9es ( ,cant]bury4#hff ,aft] 8 uncle's dea?1 he 0 = a %ort "t abbot ( ,/ ,saba 9 ,rome4 ,9 #aaae he 0 *os5 by ! pope to br+ ! pallium to ! newly elect$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,radulf4 ,z legate1 he /rongly ma9ta9$ ! rights ( ! pope 9 ! election ( bi%ops1 & consequ5tly fell "u ,k+ ,h5ry's displeasure1 & _h to retire to ,france until a reconciliation _h be5 effect$ betwe5 ! ,k+ & ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 ,he 0 !n elect$ abbot ( ,bury ,/ ,edmond's & confirm$ z su* 9 #aaba4 ,"h he rema9$ until 8 dea? on ! #aa? ,janu>y #aadh4 ,! attempt ( a section ( ! *apt] ( ,/ ,paul's 9 #aacf to make him bi%op l$ to no result1 b r caus$ him mu* annoyance4 ,! ,anglo-saxon1 ,eadm] or ,edm]1 0 a disciple & fai?ful att5dant ( ! old] ,anselm4 ,born 9 ,k5t1 he ent]$ ! mona/]y at ,cant]bury & accompani$ ,anselm 9 8 bani%m5t to ,rome4 ,aft] ,anselm's dea?1 he liv$ 9 retirem5t f :i* he em]g$ = a %ort "t 9 #aabj to be ,bi%op ( ,/ ,&rews 9 ,scotl&4 ,b aft] a ye> he resign$ & return$ to 8 mona/]y1 :]e he di$ aft] #aabd4 ,he wrote a hi/ory ( ,engl&1 a numb] ( lives ( ,engli% sa9ts1 & "s !ological treatises1 two ( :i* 7 9 praise ( ! ,"m ( ,god 7,de ,excell5tia ,virg4 ,m>i & ,de ,quatuor ,virtutibus ,m>i74 ,x has be5 rec5tly conclusively prov$ t he is also ! au?or ( a treatise on our ,lady's conception 7,de ,conceptione ,s4 ,m>i71 hi!rto g5]ally attribut$ to "o or o!r ( ! two ,anselms4#hfg ,9 8 "w on ! ,excell5ces ( our ,lady1 9 :i* h] %>e 9 ! "w & suff]+s ( ,*ri/ is br\ght into prom95ce1 ,eadm] adopts a neutral position ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 & admits ! possibility t %e 0 purifi$ f orig9al s9 only at ! ,annunciation4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ composition1 h[ev]1 :i* advocates ! introduction ( ! fe/ival1 he endeav\rs to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 & def5ds x w>mly1 & n unskilfully1 aga9/ _m objections1 hav+1 z he says1 ^u m mature consid]ation ( ! matt]1 recognis$ its correctness4 ,! circum/ance t ?is is ! fir/ treatise :i* aims especially & av[$ly at def5d+ ?is op9ion1 end[s x ) a special int]e/4 ,,xi 7pp4 #bdc1 #cdg7 ,,excursus ,,on ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,typica ,! t]m ,typicum is us$ fir/ ( all by ,greek liturgi/s & rubrici/s to d5ote ^? %ort p>ts ( ! liturgy :i* are compos$ ( v]ses f ! psalms 9 connection bo? ) ! ,canonical ,h\rs & ) ! ,mass1 !re is no?+ exactly correspond+ 9 ! ,we/]n rite4 7,leo ,allatius1 ,de ,libris ,eccl4 ,grc41 #ad1 #ae4 ,daniel1 ,!s4 ,lit41 iv4 #cac1 #cai74 ,typicum is also us$ z a te*nical t]m1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* especially dur+ ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 9 ! s5se ( /atute1 regulation1 etc4 ,x 0 appli$ *iefly to two k9ds ( docum5ts4 ,fir/1 x designat$ ! catalogues ( ! possessions ( ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts & corporations1 especially 9 s f> z !y 7 bas$ ^u te/am5t>y donations1 along ) ! duties entail$ by !m ^u ! cl]gy4 ,typica ( ?is k9d 7 call$ 771 & correspond to ! *>tul>ies & 8traditiones0 ( ,we/]n mona/]ies & bi%oprics4 ,secondly1 typicum 0 a t]m ( a liturgical "*1 & z su* mu/ be consid]$ "h4 ,typica1 9 ?is s5se1 7 ! li/s ( ! fea/s recurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 ( liturgical obs]vances1 fa/s1 etc41 su* z 7 to be obs]v$ 9 "o ( ! l>g] *ur*es or mona/]ies1 along ) detail$ descriptions ( ea*2 !y correspond to ! consuetud9es ( ,we/]n mona/]ies & ca!drals4 ,typica ( ?is la/ k9d exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s1 al?\gh only a few ( !m h be5 publi%$1 & ^! n 9 editions useful = critical purposes4 ,! be/ kn[n & mo/ important are3 7#a7 ! ,typicum ,s4 ,sab2 7#b7 t belong+ to ! mona/]y ( ! ,/udium at ,con/ant9ople2 & 7#c7 t =m]ly belong+ to ! fam\s ,mona/]y ( ,/ ,aux5tius 9 ,bi?ynia1 n[ ,ka-i%-dagh1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,mi*ael ,paleologus 7 #abfh74 ,! typicum ( ,/ ,sabas is sometimes valuable z a s\rce ( liturgical in=mation1 & = its ref]5ces to ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 b x is only to be us$ ) ! greate/ caution4 ,x d]ives its "n n s mu* f ,/ ,sabas himself z f ! mona/]y call$ aft] him ne> ,j]usalem4 ,leo ,allatius gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( its orig9 f a dialogue ( ,simeon ( ,!ssalonica2 ,/ ,sabas drew up an ord] = ! canonical h\rs & div9e s]vice to be obs]v$ 9 8 mona/]y2 ?is 8diatyposis0 0 de/roy$ ow+ to ! ravages ( ! ,s>ac5s1 b 0 re-e/abli%$ by ! patri>* ,sophronius f memory1 & ret\*$ by ,/ ,john ,damasc5e2 lat] on x 0 alt]$ yet aga9 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! "t4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 pr9t$ = practical purposes1 z1 = example1 9 ,v5ice 9 #aede4 ,9 ?is =m ! typicum conta9s ! ord] = div9e s]vice ?r\gh\t ! ye> = mona/]ies foll[+ ! rule ( ,/ ,sabas1 rubricks = ! canonical h\rs1 ! fa/s & fe/ivals1 ) in=mation z to ! liturgy to be us$1 ! gospels & epi/les1 ! m5ology1 in/ructions on ! canonical h\rs1 etc41 also rules ( life & /atutes = ! monks & select$ passages f ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,x receiv$ its pres5t =m app>5tly f ,john ,grammaticus 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & _c1 ( c\rse1 be reg>d$ z a "w ( ,/ ,sabas4 ,?is _c be appeal$ to = evid5ce conc]n+ ecclesia/ical cu/oms 9 use be=e ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* typica are issu$ f "t to "t1 some:at correspond+ to our directories4 ,) reg>d to ! lit]ature on ?is po9t1 x is well to m5tion3 ,!odoras ,toscanus1 ,ad ,typica ,grcorum ,animadv]siones1 ,rom1 #ahfd4 ,pitra 9 ,spicil4 ,solem41 iv4 #dff seqq4 ,ehrh>d1 ,rm4 ,qu>tals*r41 #ahic4 ,krumba*]1 ,byzant4 ,zeits*r41 ii4 #cdh2 iii4 #afg seqq4 ,waldem> ,niss51 ,die ,diataxis des ,mi*ael von ,attalia von #ajgg1 ,j5a1 #ahid4 ,mey] 9 ! ,!ol4 ,lit]aturztg4 ( ,%r] & ,h>nack1 #ahid1 #ehh seq41 & #ahif1 ,no4 #aj4 ,g$eon1 1 etc41 ,con/ant9ople1 #ahie4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ,greek ^w _h become associat$ ) ! ideas ( paganism & m]e enjoym5t4 ,*ri/ians call$ ! week-days foll[+ on a ,sunday f]ia secunda1 etc4 ,?is use 0 already e/abli%$ 9 ,t]tullian's "t4 #b ,j4 ,,b>?1 ,babel und das israel4 ,religionswes51 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,see ,,s*mid1 ,die ,kir*e und die ,sonntagsruhe3 ,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,ka?4 ,!ol41 #aija1 #dcf et seq4 ,,l9z]1 ,!ol4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #aijj1 #ab4 #c ,num4 xxviii4 #i1 #aj2 ,ezec4 xlvi4 #c1 #d4 #d ,see ! article 8,sonnab5dfei]10 by ,,kr,,ll1 9 ,kraus' ,real5zyklopdie4 #e ,heb4 iv4 #i2 ,acts xiii4 #bg2 xviii4 #d4 #f ,apoc4 i4 #aj2 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b4 #g ,,euseb41 ,de ,m>t4 ,pal4 #a2 see ,,baillet1 ,,ix4 x4-xiv4 #h ,acts xx4 #g seq42 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b4 #i ,e4g41 8,et facta oblatione fit missa0 7c4 #ch1 p4 #fh74 #aj ,,euseb41 ,de ,pas*41 c4 #g2 see c4 #ab;a4 ,e4 ,,montfaucon1 ,introduction to ,eusebius' ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms1 ,p>is1 #agjg4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xxiii4 #ea4 #aa ,,t]t41 ,de ,orat41 #ad4 ,,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f1 #h4 ,,du*esne1 #bah-bb4 #ab ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #gi4 ,,leo ,m41 ,s]mo1 #da1 #a4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 liv4 #bgb2 ,,b9t]im1 v4 #acd4 #ac ,,b>nabas1 ,epi/41 #ae4 ,,ignatius1 ,ad ,magn41 #i4 ,,ju/91 ,apol41 i4 #fg4 #ad ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 #ajb1 #ga cod42 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #dd1 #b4 #ae ,,euseb41 ,vita ,con/41 #d1 #ai1 #bj4 #af ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #ah1 t[>ds ! end3 1 4 #ag ,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h1 de f]iis #a4 ,law ( #cba4 #ah ,op4 cit41 #b1 #h1 #ah2 #h1 #h1 #c2 #aa1 #g1 #ac4 ,9 ^! laws ,sunday is /ill call$ 8dies solis10 b ) ! addition1 8quem dom9icum rite dix]e majores40 #ai ,op4 cit4 #ae1 #e1 #e1 de spectaculis4 #bj ,*ron41 ,pas*41 ad a #dfg4 #ba ,= in/ances1 see ,,baillet1 ix4 art4 #a1 c4 #e et seq4 #bb ,vita ,con/41 #d1 #ah4 #bc ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #b1 #ei2 #e1 #bj2 #g1 #bc & #cj2 #h1 #cc4 ,,t]t41 ,de ,orat41 #bj4 #bd ,laod4 c41 #bi3 4 ,?is ,c\ncil 0 held betwe5 #cdc & #cha4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 see ,,b9t]im1 v4 #acd-eb4 #be ,,euseb41 ,vita ,con/41 #d1 #ai4 #bf ,op4 cit4 #d1 #bc4 #bg ,con/4 ,apo/41 #b1 #ei2 #h1 #cc4 #bh ,op4 cit4 #g1 #cg4 #bi ,,?omass91 i4 #b1 c4 #b1 #agf seqq4 #cj ,c\ncil ( ,r\5 7#fej71 ,c4 #ae4 ,decr4 ,grat41 ,c4 #a1 di/4 #c1 de consecr42 ,c4 #aj1 de f]iis1 #c1 #i4 ,= ! v>iations 9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 see ,,alt41 #aj seqq4 #ca ,lev4 xxiii4 #bd42 #c ,k+s viii4 #fe42 #b ,*r4 xxix4 #ag42 xxx4 #bb4 #cb ,,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronol41 i41 ,b]l91 #ahbe1 #eae4 #cc ,b,,um]1 #cbe et seq4 #cd ,micrologus1 #dc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cli4 #ajaj4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ill exceptions to ?is rule1 e4g41 ,/ ,cornelius1 ,/ ,silv]ius1 etc4 ,moreov]1 ! above regulation only took effect 9 ! city ( ,rome4 #ce ,b,,um]1 #cad1 #ced4 #cf ,op4 cit4 #cbe4 #cg ,op4 cit4 #dii4 #ch ,app5dix i4 #ci ,de ,bapt41 #ai4 #dj ,c4 ,cels41 #h1 #bb4 #da ,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h1 #a1 #ai4 #db ,cod4 ,ju/941 #c1 #ab1 ,no4 #f4 #dc ,op4 cit4 #c1 #ab1 ,no4 #g1 comp>$ ) ,cod4 ,!od4 #b1 #h1 #ai4 #dd ,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h1 #bj4 #de ,op4 cit4 #ae1 #e1 #b4 #df ,op4 cit4 #b1 #h1 ,nos4 #bj1 #ba1 #be4 #dg ,op4 cit4 #ae1 #e1 ,no4 #e1 comp>$ ) #b1 #h1 #bd4 #dh ,op4 cit4 #b1 #h1 #bc4 #di ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ac-bj2 comp>e #h1 #ac4 ,,*rys41 ,hom4 #d ,p5tec4 ,,proclus1 ,or4 #c1 #a4 ,,phila/rius 7,de ,hr41 #ada7 enum]ates eight fe/ivals1 because he adds ! ,w$nesday 9 ,holy ,week4 #ej ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,hi/4 ,franc41 #aj1 #e4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxi4 #eff4 #ea ,! #bg? or #bh? ,m>* 0 frequ5tly reg>d$ 9 ! ,gallic ,*ur* z ! actual date ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & ! #be? ,m>* z ! date ( ,8 dea?4 #eb ,,sonnatius1 ,/atuta1 c4 #bj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxx4 #ddf4 #ec ,,h>tzheim1 ,conc4 ,g]m41 i4 #gc4 ,,h>d41 iii4 #aidd4 ,,mansi1 xii4 #chc4 #ed ,conc4 ,aquisgr41 ,c4 #ai4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcvii4 #cbf4 ,,b9t]im1 ,conc4 ii4 #cca4 #ee ,,b9t]im1 op4 cit4 #dff4 ,,h>d41 iv4 #abda4 ,,mansi1 xiv4 #cic4 #ef ,capit4 ,hettonis4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cv4 #gfc4 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #cjb4 #eg ,,h>tzheim1 ,conc41 l4 #dd4 ,see also ii4 #fab1 #fib4 #eh ,op4 cit4 iii4 #bba1 ,c4 #f4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxviii4 #hcb4 #ei ,,bur*>d1 ,decreta1 #b1 #gg4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxl4 #fdj4 ,,ivon41 ,decret41 #d1 #ad4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxli4 #bfj4 #fj ,see ,app5dix ii4 7a74 #fa ,c4 #a1 di/4 #c1 de ,consecr41 tak5 f a ,c\ncil ( ,lyons4 #fb ,c4 #e1 x41 de ,f]iis #b1 #i4 ,! fea/s ( ,our ,lady are ! same z 9 ,decretum ,grat4 #fc ,see ,app5dix ii4 7b74 #fd ,9 ! diocese ( ,lyons1 = example1 9 #aegg !re 7 no few] ?an n9ety-n9e days ( ?is k9d1 includ+ ,sundays1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ be+ obs]v$ ea* = ?ree days4 ,see ,,migne',s ,h&book1 #cdg4 #fe ,,b9t]im1 ,conc41 vi4 #aah & #ebd2 ,d5kw41 v4 #a1 #cjc1 etc4 ,,b9t]im & ,,moor51 ,die ,erzdizese ,kln im ,mittelalt]1 i41 ,khn1 #ahib1 #ebf4 ,,h>tzheim1 ,conc4 ,g]m41 v4 #ajf2 vi4 #dih4 ,fur!r in=mation is conta9$ 9 ! collections ( ,*ur* ,c\ncils4 ,see ! ,c\ncil ( ,szabolcs 9 ,hung>y1 #ajib 7i4 cap4 #cg & #ch2 ,,mansi1 xx4 #geg72 ,ox=d1 #abbb1 c4 #h2 ,t\l\se1 #abbi1 cap4 #bf2 ,worce/]1 #abdj2 ! /atutes ( ,le ,mans 7,,mansi1 xxiii4 #gfd72 ! ,c\ncils ( ,lige1 #abhg2 ,wrtzburg1 #abih2 ,utre*t1 #acdg2 ,prague1 #acee 7,,h>tzheim1 iii4 & iv471 & ,,bamb]g1 #adia 7tit4 #cf2 ,,h>tzheim1 v4 #fai71 :i*1 ) fifty-f\r holy days ( obligation besides ,sundays1 repres5ts ! non plus ultra 9 ?is direction4 #ff ,see ,app5dix ii4 7c74 #fg ,pr9t$ by ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis1 iii41 ,am/el4 #afgi1 c4 #ae1 #bjd4 #fh ,di/4 #c1 de ,conscr41 ,c4 #a ,conque/us1 de ,f]iis4 ,see also ,matiscon5se1 ,c4 #aj4 #fi ,,?omass91 i4 #aca seqq4 #gj ,,f]r>is1 ,prompta ,bibl41 iii41 art4 ,fe/a1 #b & #c4 #ga ,de ,novis ,fe/ivitatibus non ,in/itu5dis4 #gb ,,hosp9ianus1 #ah4 ,,?omass91 i4 c4 #aa2 ,de la dim9uation du nombre des ftes4 #gc ,j4 ,,fessl]1 ,conc]n+ ! suppress$ ,holy ,days1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,kir*5re*t1 v4 7#ahfj7 #aid4 ,,s*,,*-,,grimmi*1 ,h&bu* d] ,pa/oral!ol41 #aj? ed41 #cch seqq4 #gd ,bull4 ,rom4 ,cont941 ix41 ,rom1 #ahdf1 #abj4 #ge ,^! briefs ( ,clem5t ,,xiv41 ,pius ,,xi41 & ,leo ,,xii41 are pr9t$ 9 ,,dumont1 ,sammlung kir*l4 ,erlasse fr d4 ,erzd4 ,kln1 #bnd ed41 #aii seqq4 #gf ,see ,app5dix iii4 #gg ,alt41 #ded4 #gh ,?is ,cal5d> conta9s tw5ty-six days 9 addition to ! *ief fea/s4 ,see ! table 9 ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 #gi ,s]mo #dg1 9 ,exod4 ,9 omnibus solemnitatibus ,*ri/ianis non ignoramus pas*ale sacram5tum esse prcipium4 #hj ,s]mo #dh1 c4 #a4 #ha ,,b$a1 ,de rat4 ,temp41 #a1 #e4 #hb ,exod4 xii4 #aa2 ,num4 xxviii4 #af4 #hc ,,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #d1 #cc4 #hd ,de ,orat41 c4 #ah4 #he ,by ,pas*a1 ,,t]tullian probably und]/&s ,holy ,week & ,ea/] ,week toge!r1 z a "t dur+ :i* ea* day _h its liturgical celebration1 8collecta10 :i* 0 n ! case g5]ally4 ,simil>ly1 ,qu9quagesima means ! p]iod f ,ea/] to ,:itsunday4 #hf ,adv4 ,m>41 #d1 #ab2 ,de ,jeiun41 #ad4 ,cf4 ,de ,bapt41 #ai2 ,de ,cor41 #c4 #hg ,de ,jeiun41 #ad4 #hh ,adv4 ,m>c41 #e1 #g4 #hi ,philos41 #h1 #ah4 #ij ,c4 ,arab41 #bb4 #ia ,,mai1 ,nova ,coll4 ,vet4 ,script41 iv4 #bjh2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr4 xxiv4 #fid4 #ib ,vita ,con/41 #c1 #ag1 seqq4 #ic ,exod4 xii4 #db4 #id ,exod4 xii4 #f-h4 #ie ,lev4 xxiii4 #g1 #h4 #if ,ibid4 v]4 #aj et seqq4 #ig ,isa4 liii4 #g et seq4 #ih ,exod4 xii4 #df2 ,/ ,john xix4 #cf4 #ii #a ,cor4 v4 #g1 #h4 #ajj ,col4 ii4 #af4 #aja ,,ju/91 ,dial41 c4 #dj1 #aaa4 ,,t]t41 ,adv4 ,m>c41 #d1 #dj2 #e1 #g4 #ajb ,! ,greeks ( ! prov9ce ( ,asia1 = example1 volunt>ily adopt$ ! ,julian ,cal5d> "u ,augu/us1 accord+ to an inscription discov]$ at ,pri5e4 ,rvue ,ar*ol1 #aijj1 #ceg4 ,mitteil4 des kais]l4 ar*ol4 ,in/its at ,a!ns1 #ahii4 #ajc ,,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronol41 i4 #dcc4 #ajd ,op4 cit4 #adb4 #aje ,,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronol41 i4 #aac1 #aag1 #aai4 #ajf ,s ,,idel]1 :o is c]ta9ly an au?ority1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronol41 i4 #egj et seq4 #ajg ,,josephus1 ,ant41 i4 #a1 #c3 4 ,,idel]1 op4 cit4 #dja1 #ead1 #egj4 #ajh ,nilles 7p4 #bhf7 expressly decl>es himself oppos$ to ! fea/ ( ,ea/] be+ fix$ on a /at$ ,sunday 9 ,april4 ,accord+ to in=mation giv5 9 ! ,klnis*5 ,volkszeitung = ! #bbnd ,may #ahid1 ! ,b>nabite ,cs> ,tond9i is said to be at "w ^u a re=m ( ! ,cal5d>1 ! *ief features ( :i* are ! giv+ a fix$ date = ,ea/] & ! transf]r+ ( ! extra day 9 leap ye> to ! end ( ! ye>4 ,he is ( op9ion t ?is re=m w be acceptable to ! ,russians also4 #aji ,/ ,luke xix4 #bi seqq42 ,/ ,john xii4 #a seqq4 #aaj ,among ! ,fa!rs1 ,/ ,ambrose1 m especially1 deals ) ! "q ( ! day ( ! week & day ( ! mon? on :i* ! ,la/ ,supp] took place4 ,cf4 ,epi/4 #bc1 writt5 9 #chf4 ,he says ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 held on ! #ad? ,nisan :i* 0 a ,?ursday1 on ! #ae?1 ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$1 &1 on ! #ag?1 ,he rose aga94 ,! day ( ,8 dea? mu/ be kept 9 sorr[ & fa/+4 ,!re=e ! two ev5ts _c be commemorat$ on ! same day1 & ,*ri/'s dea? _c be commemorat$ on a ,sunday4 ,if ! #ae? ,nisan falls on a ,sunday1 ,ea/] mu/ be po/pon$ to ! foll[+ week4 ,:5 ,johannes ,philoponus1 9 ! treatise ,de ,pas*ate 7ed4 ,c4 ,walt]1 ,leipzig1 #ahii7 makes our ,"l keep ! ,la/ ,supp] on ! #ac? ,nisan & celebrate n ! old1 b a new my/ical passov]1 & !n says3 7,/ ,m>k xxvi4 #ag7 means 4 ,,h>nack & ,,%,,r]1 ,!ol4 ,lit]aturztg41 #aijj1 ,no4 #d4 #aaa ,etymol41 #f1 #ag1 #aj2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxii4 #bdg4 #aab ,,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #d1 #ba2 #e1 #bg4 #aac ,tw5ty-fir/ ,fe/al ,lett]1 = ! ye> #cdi1 9 ,l>s[ #cc4 #aad ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e1 #bg4 #aae ,adv4 ,hr41 #gj1 c4 #ab3 ' 1 ' 1 1 etc4 #aaf loc4 cit4 c4 #aa4 #aag ,ep4 ad ,janu>ium41 #ee1 c4 #a-c4 #aah ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #dg-ea4 #aai ,de ,ord4 ,f]4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xc4 #fjg4 #abj ,= a full acc\nt ( ! c]emonies1 etc41 belong+ to ?is "p ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 see ,l5t & ,holy ,week1 by ,h4 ,,?ur/on1 ,s4,j41 ,london1 #aijd4 ,trans4 #aba ,matiscon1 #b1 #c4 #abb ,cf4 ,ordo ,i41 #g4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #ied1 #iid et seqq4 #abc ,,hefele1 ,koncili5ges*41 #bnd ed41 ,freiburg1 #ahgg1 iii41 #cf1 #db1 #egg1 #eif4 #abd ,p]egr9atio ,silvi1 c4 #cj1 ed4 ,gey]1 #fg cod41 & ,,*ryso/41 ,hom4 #cj 9 ,g541 #aj t4 #d4 fol4 #bi4 ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw4 v4 #agi7 pref]s to d]ive 8,k>wo*e0 f 8c>5a10 :i* 9 ! ,romance languages has tak5 v>i\s =ms 7c>me c>5zia7 & also 9 ! old ,g]man is f\nd z ,k>9a1 9 ref]5ce to ! /rict fa/ !n obs]v$4 #abe ,nor 9 ! ,antiphon>ium ,greg41 to :i* ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw4 v4 #agd7 ref]s4 #abf ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 c4 #cj1 #ca1 ed4 ,gey]1 #fd cod4 ,s9ce ! pilgrim1 9 describ+ ! size & /r5g? ( ! ,euphrates 7c4 #ah1 p4 #fa1 #aa71 recalls ! ,rhone1 x seems c]ta9 %e belongs to ,s\!rn ,france4 ,i use ! expression1 8,gallic pilgrim10 z h] "n may h be5 ei!r ,silvia or ,eg]ia4 ,%e travell$ 9 ! ,ea/ betwe5 #cgh & #cid4 #abg ,hora decima4 ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #ce4 #abh ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #cf-ch1 p4 #fg-fi cod4 #abi ,! "n 0 usual 9 ,spa94 ,,mabillon1 ,de ,lit4 ,gal41 #cb4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #ahf1 quotes = x ,,isidor41 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #a1 #bh4 #acj ,accord+ to ,,migne 7,h&bu*1 #fga7 9 sev]al dioceses ( ,france x is n ev5 yet ! cu/om4 #aca ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t 9 ! missal 9 ! ca!dral libr>y at ,cologne 7cod4 #hh71 ! b5$ictio palm>um has be5 add$ by ano!r h&4 ,9 ! ,ess5 cod4 ,d4,i41 x appe>s 9 ! fir/ "p 7fol4 #de71 b 9 nei!r ( ! o!r p>ts4 #acb ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #a1 #bh4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxiii4 #gfc4 ,,isidore makes no m5tion ( c>ry+ palm bran*es 9 ! *ur*1 z ,,du*esne 7p4 #bcg7 implies1 b he does speak 9 ?is passage ( ! traditio symboli & ( ! capitilavium :i* 9 ,spa9 7 bo? p]=m$ on ,palm ,sunday4 #acc ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #d1 #aj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cv4 #ajjh4 #acd ,,isidor41 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #a1 #bg4 #ace ,,mabillon1 ,lit4 ,gall4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #bfe4 ,cf4 ,synod ( ,agde 7#ejf71 c4 #ac4 #acf ,,ambrosius1 ,epi/41 #bj1 c4 #d4 #acg ,sacr4 ,geb41 #a1 #ce1 #cf4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #ajhh4 #ach ,,augu/941 ,s]mo1 #eh1 c4 #aa4 8,ideo die sabbati03 ,s]mo1 #bab1 c4 #a1 #b4 #aci ,avitus 7 #eah71 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lix4 #cjb1 #cji1 #cba-cbf4 ,eligius 7 betwe5 #fdj & #fei71 ,hom41 #aj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxvii4 #fbh4 #adj ,kir*5lexikon1 v41 #bnd ed41 #acji1 art4 ,grndonn]/ag by ,,punkes4 #ada ,,m>t,,ne1 iii41 #bcg1 #cdf1 #ceb4 ,incipiat cantor cum cappa viridi missam1 presbyt]o1 diacono et subdiacono indutis ornam5tis viridibus1 etc4 ,also ,,wickham ,,legg1 ^: pamphlet on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,liturgical ,col\rs 7,london1 #ahhb7 is only conc]n$ ) ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 %[s 7p4 #ba7 t gre5 0 us$ 9 _m places1 9 ,ma9z among o!rs4 #adb ,cf4 ,app4 iv4 #adc e4g4 by ,,greg4 ( ,t\rs1 ,hi/4 ,franc41 #h1 #dc2 fe/a ,dom9ic ,cn4 #add ,,m>t,,ne1 ,de ,ant4 ,eccl41 iv4 #bb2 ed4 ,antw4 #agbg1 iii4 p4 #bbg seqq41 :]e ! pray]s ov] ! p5it5ts are giv5 9 full4 #ade ,an (f]5dum sit mane et rurus po/ cnam 444 an jeiun&um et po/ cnam tantummodo (f]5dum1 an etiam jeiun&um et po/ oblationem sicut fac]e solemus cn&um4 ,,augu/941 ,epi/41 #ed ad ,janu>ium1 c4 #d2 #aa1 #cjb4 #adf ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #aajb4 #adg ,,muratori1 ii4 #ee & ,ordo ,i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #iea4 #adh ,pseudo-,alcu94 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ci4 #abje et seq4 #adi ,oleum 9 alt>i sanctificatum4 ,,cyprian1 ,epi/41 #gj1 c4 #b4 #aej ,s call$ f ,/ ,john xiii4 #cd3 m&atum novum d vobis4 ,! wa%+ ( ! feet prec$$ vesp]s4 ,ea* monk _h to wa% ! feet ( ! poor1 &1 la/ly1 ! abbot & prior wa%$ ! feet ( ! bre?r54 ,consuet4 ,f>f41 #di4 ,h5ce ! ,engli% "n = ! day4 ,trans4 #aea ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #a1 #bi4 ,lit4 ,moz>4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 #djf4 #aeb ,,/ ,,augu/941 ,conf41 #h1 #e2 de loco em95tiori4 #aec ,epi/41 #bc1 c4 #ab4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xvi4 #ajcj4 #aed ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ah2 1 ' 4 #aee ,?is is also ! cu/om 9 ! ,russian ,*ur*4 8,! prie/s we> black ve/m5ts dur+ ! :ole s]vice on ,good ,friday1 z a sign ( grief = ! dea? ( ! ,r$eem]40 7,,maltzew1 lxxxiv47 ,by ! law ( #bnd ,sept4 #ahii1 9 ,prussia1 ,good ,friday 0 made a g5]al public holiday4 #aef ,8 diss]tation is incorporat$ 9 ! treatise1 ,de ,div9is ,(ficiis ( ! pseudo-,alcu9 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ci41 #abaa et seqq474 ,he is also ! au?or ( ! %ort treatise ,de ,computo 7,,migne1 cxxxvii4 #ah seqq474 ,tri!mius wrongly locates him 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 #aeg ,epi/4 ad ,dec5tium ,eng41 #be1 c4 #b3 ,con/at apo/olos biduo i/o 9 mrore fuisse et propt] metum ,judorum occuluisse4 ,quod utique non dubium e/1 9 tantum eos jeiunasse biduo memorato1 ut traditio ecclesi habeat1 i/o biduo sacram5ta p5itus non celebr>i4 ,sacram5ta "h means masses1 z well z ,sacram5t>ium ,missale4 ,x appe>s t ! two la/ days ( ea* week 9 ,l5t 7 )\t a celebration ( ! liturgy1 = ! ,pope cont9ues3 ,qu utique =ma p] s+ulas t55da e/ hebdomadas1 etc4 #aeh ,,maltzew1 lxxxvi4 et seqq4 #aei ,missale ,go?ico-,gallic4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #bfg4 #afj ,,amal>ius1 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #a1 #ae2 ,et inde communicet populus4 ,de qua obs]vatione int]rogavi ,romanum ar*idiaconum et ille respondit3 ,9 /atione ubi apo/olicus salutat crucem1 nemo ibi communicat4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cv4 #ajcb4 ,ordo ,rom4 ,i4 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #ied7 has ! g5]al communion 7et communicant omnes cum sil5tio74 ,,rabanus ,,maurus 7,de ,cl]ic4 ,in/it41 #b1 #cg7 m5tions ! o!r c]emonies 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cvii4 #cdi74 #afa ,adnuntial diaconus ut supra4 ,sac4 ,gelas4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #aaje4 #afb ,lib] ,sacram5torum1 ed4 ,m5>d4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #gi1 #hf et seq4 #afc ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet41 ii4 #eg4 #afd ,vide ,app5dix iv4 #afe ,among ! ,greeks x is cont9u$ dur+ ,l5t4 ,,maltzew1 lxxxvi4 #aff ,x fir/ appe>s 9 ,ordo ,rom41 xiv4 n4 #id 7#ac? c5t474 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #abah4 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw4 v4 #bba4 #afg ,?is view is ma9ta9$ by ,,?omass91 #ccj seq4 ,aga9/ ?is ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw41 v4 #bad7 rightly def5ds ! op9ion t ! bless+ ( ! new fire 0 unkn[n 9 ,rome 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?is appe>s f ! answ] ( ,pope ,za*>ias to ! inquiry ( ,/ ,boniface on ! po9t4 ,x 0 only introduc$ at ,rome by ,leo ,,iv4 ,! ecclesia/ical rite seems to h be5 m\ld$ on ! 8,o/]feu]0 9 use among ! ,g]mans4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,roman sacram5t>ies "k no?+ ( x4 #afh ,9 ! life ( ,zosimus 7 #dah7 x only says3 8,p] p>rocia concessa lic5tia c]eum b5$ici40 ,x is d\btful if ^! obscure words ref] to ! ,pas*al c&le4 ,cf4 ,,du*esne1 ,lib4 ,pont41 i4 #bbe4 #afi 8,hoc autem die incl9ante ad vesp]am /atuta celebratio noctis ,dom9ic 9 ecclesia incipitur10 etc4 7,,rabanus ,,maurus1 ,de ,cl]ic4 ,in/it41 #b1 #ch2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cvii4 #cej74 8,po/ nonam 7#c p4m47 ve/iantur omnes qui ad sacram aliquid habu]9t leg5di10 etc4 7,consuet4 ,f>f41 ed4 ,alb]s1 #ee74 ,! ,con/it4 ,lanfranci give ! same h\r 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 cl4 #dff74 ,accord+ to ,ordo ,rom41 x4 ,app41 ,no4 #af1 ! c]emonies began at hora sexta 7noon74 ,! ,greeks & ,russians h _! ,mass aft] _! ev5+ s]vice or ,vesp]s4 ,,maltzew1 xciii42 ,,hefele1 ,beitrge1 ii4 #bia4 #agj ,cf4 ,,augu/941 ,s]mo #bbh 9 die pas* ,v43 8,po/ laborem noctis prt]it 444 diu vos t5]e s]mone non debeo40 ,9 ,africa ! baptism took place 9 ! night betwe5 ,saturday & ,sunday1 ,s]mo #bad1 c4 #a4 #aga ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet41 ii4 #fa-ff4 #agb ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #cfd-ga4 #agc ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #bfh-gg4 #agd ,,migne1 lviii4 #ij4 ,ordo ,rom4 ,i4 7ib4 #iea et seqq47 gives ! lat] ritual directions = ! ?ree la/ days ( ,holy ,week4 #age ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw41 v4 #bdg7 ?9ks x 0 n obs]v$ :5 ! anniv]s>y ( ! previ\s ,ea/] fell on ,l5t4 #agf ,s ,,dur&us1 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #f1 #hh4 ,9 ! ,consuet4 ,f>f4 7ed4 ,alb]s71 #eh1 a solemn procession ( ! monks 9 ! mona/]y & 9 ! *ur* is also m5tion$4 #agg ,ordo ,rom41 xiv4 c4 #ie2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #abai4 ,"s ( ! cu/oms approa*$ ! dramatic1 e4g41 ,,m>t,,ne1 iii4 #dhc1 #ejf et seq4 #agh ,,?alh(]1 ,liturgik1 ii4 #b1 #eea4 ,= anci5t & popul> cu/oms1 see ,,migne1 ,h&bu*1 #ffb et seqq4 #agi ,p]egr4 ,silvi41 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #ci & #dj4 ,9 _m dioceses ( ,france processions 7 made ?r\gh\t ! entire week 7,,m>t,,ne1 iii4 #eaj74 #ahj ,de ,cl]ic4 ,in/it41 #b1 #ci2 ,,kn,,pfl]1 #ach4 #aha ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet41 ii4 #fg-ge4 ,! designation ( ! sev]al days ( ,ea/] week diff]s only 9 =m f t n[ 9 use4 ,! f]ias are call$ 8f]i 9 albis10 ! ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 8,dom9ica po/ albas1 scil4 depositas40 #ahb ,?is consi/$ 9 p\r+ out at ! alt> wat] drawn f ! pool ( ,siloe 7,,w9]1 ,bibl4 ,realw41 ii4 #h74 #ahc ,a?anasius1 translat$ by ,,l>s[1 #id1 & = ! :ole subject1 ,nilles3 ,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 fr ka?4 ,!ol41 #ahie1 #afi seqq4 #ahd ,! hi/ory ( fa/+1 ab/95ce1 & k9dr$ subjects is excell5tly giv5 by ,,baillet 7ix4 #cg-acj71 accord+ to ! in=mation at 8 disposal4 ,( m rec5t works1 ,,funk1 ,die ,entwicklung des ,o/]fa/5s 9 se95 kir*5ges*i*tli*5 ,abh&lung51 ,pad]born1 #ahig1 #bda-gj4 #ahe ,dida*1 c4 #h2 ,,h]mas1 ,simil41 #e1 #a2 ,,t]t41 ,de ,jej41 c4 #b1 #aj1 #ad4 #ahf 8,jejuno bis 9 sabbato0 7,/ ,luke xviii4 #ab72 ,,du*esne1 ,orig41 #bah2 ,,funk1 ,anm4 zur ,dida*1 #h1 #a4 #ahg ,/rom41 #g1 #gd1 ed4 ,sylburg4 #ahh ,,t]tullian1 op4 cit4 #b1 #ac1 #ad4 #ahi ,,eus41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e1 #bd1 #aa-ah4 #aij 7,,euseb41 op4 cit474 ,,funk1 op4 cit4 #bdb et seq41 def5ds ! above int]pretation ( ! passage aga9/ ,prob/4 #aia ,orig5 _c be quot$ = ! fa/ ( =ty days1 = ! evid5ce attribut$ to him is really t ( 8 translator1 ,ruf9us4 ,cf4 ,,funk1 op4 cit4 #aib 4 ,?is passage is n quot$ 9 ! treatise ( ,funk already ref]r$ to4 ,8 conclusions mu/ accord+ly be modifi$4 #aic ,,l>s[1 ,fe/briefe de%l4 ,a?anasius1 #fb4 #aid ,op4 cit4 #fi4 #aie ,op4 cit4 #abg4 #aif ,,l>s[1 ,fe/briefe de%l4 ,a?anasius1 #adi4 #aig ,de ,pas*ate1 c4 #d4 #aih ,p]egr4 ,silvi41 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #bg1 #bh 7#fj-fb cod474 #aii ,de ,elia41 c4 #aj4 #bjj ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ac4 #bja ,op4 cit4 #e1 #ah1 #ai4 #bjb ,op4 cit4 #e1 #ae1 #a4 #bjc ,,leo ,m41 ,s]mo #dj1 #e4 #bjd ,s]mo #dh1 #a4 #bje ,s]mo #dd1 #b2 #dg1 #a4 #bjf ,aurel4 ,i41 ,a4,d4 #eaa1 c4 #bd2 ,aurel4 ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #eda1 c4 #b4 #bjg ,,augu/941 ,epi/4 ad ,janu>ium1 c4 #d2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ii4 #bjb4 #bjh ,trull41 #ee4 #bji ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e1 #bb4 ,,sozom5 7#g1 #ai7 & ,,cassiodorus 7,hi/4 ,misc41 #i1 #ch7 h m]ely copi$ ,socrates4 #baj ,,t]t41 ,de ,jej41 #b1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 etc4 #baa ,dida*1 c4 #h2 ,,clem5s ,,alex41 ,/rom41 #g1 #ab2 ,,orig51 ,c4 ,celso41 #h1 #ba4 #bab ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ae1 #bj2 #g1 #bc2 ,c4 ,apo/41 #fi 7#fh74 #bac ,c4 ,arab41 #bj4 #bad ,alt41 #abc4 #bae ,,augu/941 ,epi/41 #cf1 n4 #h2 ,,innoc4 ,i41 ,epi/41 #be1 #g2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xx4 #eee2 ,,prud5t41 ,p]i/41 #f1 #eb4 #baf ,,rahmani1 ,te/4 ,i4 ,*r41 #a1 #bb1 #cc2 #cf1 #ga4 #bag ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,hi/4 ,franc41 #aj1 #ea2 ,,amal>ius1 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #d1 #cg2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cv4 #abej4 #bah ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 ii4 #ehi4 #bai ,de ,jej41 c4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #i1 #ab1 #ag4 #bbj ,,hi]onymus1 ,epi/4 #bg ad ,m>cellam4 #bba ,c4 ,arab41 #bb4 #bbb ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ah4 #bbc ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 c4 #bh1 #d4 #bbd ,hom4 de ,/atius1 #c1 #d4 #bbe ,decr4 ad ,bulg4 ,epi/4 #ig1 c4 #d2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcvii4 #ihj4 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw4 v4 #b1 #afj seqq4 ,di/4 #c1 de consecr4 de esu c>nium4 ,di/4 #e1 c4 ,quia dies4 #bbf ,,f]r>i1 ,prompta ,bibl41 art4 ,ab/95tia1 #a1 #db4 #bbg ,s9ce ! fa/s 7 v /rictly obs]v$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 a cu/om to h an especially good meal 9 ! day or ev5+ be=e !y began4 ,h5ce ! ,g]man expression 8,fa/na*t40 ,un=tunately ! ,fa/na*t is n limit$ n[adays to "o night1 b la/s = ?ree days1 & ev51 :]e possible1 "r into ,a%-,w$nesday4 #bbh ,! rubric1 accord+ to :i* ,vesp]s1 f ! ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t onw>ds1 are to be said ante come/ionem1 also belongs to ! m primitive arrangem5t4 #bbi ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #ajfe4 #bcj ,hom4 ,i4 #af 9 ,evang41 c4 #e2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxvi4 #aacg4 #bca ,sacram4 ,gelas42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #ajgf et seqq4 #bcb ,see1 h[ev]1 f]4 iv4 aft] ,lt>e3 8,effundam sup] vos aquam mundam10 & ! ,saturday be=e ,passion ,sunday3 8,siti5tes v5ite ad aquas40 #bcc ,,lanfranc1 ,decreta1 sectio #c2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cl4 #dec2 ,,rup]t ,,tuit41 ,de ,div4 ,(f41 #d1 #i2 ,,honorius ,,aug41 ,gemma1 #c1 #df2 ,,dur&us1 ,rationale1 #a1 #c 7?is la/ speaks ( two su* curta9s--cort974 ,,heus]1 ,art4 ,fa/5tu*1 9 ,kir*5lex41 iv41 #bnd ed41 #abee2 ,,s*riv]1 ,d] ,dom zu ,osnabrck1 etc41 #aija2 ,,maltzew1 ,triodion1 vi4 #bcd ,= ! ,transfiguration1 see ,,baillet1 v4 #ajd2 ,b,,um]1 ,ges*4 des ,brevi]s1 #bii1 #cee2 ,,m>zohl ,u4 ,,s*nell]1 iv4 #fec seqq4 #bce 3 ,,euseb41 ,de ,sol4 ,pas*41 c4 #e2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xxiv4 #fii2 ,,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #g1 #bf3 4 ,on c4 #dc ( ,elvira1 cf4 p4 #aaj4 #bcf ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #ah4 #bcg ,epi/4 ad ,janu>ium1 #ed1 c4 #a2 ,s]mo #bfa-fe4 #bch ,,cyrill4 ,,hi]os41 ,cate*41 #ad1 c4 #bc4 #bci ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 #gj cod41 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #db4 #bdj ,,adamnan41 ,de ,locis ,sanctis41 #a1 #bb2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxviii4 #hjc4 #bda ,,*ryso/41 ,s]mo 9 ,asc5s41 ed4 ,,montfaucon1 ii4 #b1 #dbj4 #bdb ,/ ,luke xxiv4 #fj1 :]e means1 9 ! direction ( ,be?ania4 ,acts i4 #ab2 ,heb4 vi4 #ad2 ix4 #bd2 ,eph4 iv4 #i2 ,col4 iii4 #a4 #bdc ,cf4 ! comm5t>y ( ,s*anz1 9 loc4 #bdd ,:5 ,,*ryso/om 7,hom4 9 ,acta ,apo/41 #c1 #a7 places our ,"l's ,asc5sion on ,saturday1 x may be t he reckon$ ! int]val aft] ! ,resurrection z consi/+ ( =ty full days4 ,"o is n ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 z "s d1 t 9 ,antio* ! ,asc5sion 0 kept on ,saturday4 #bde ,,t]t41 ,de ,orat41 c4 #bc2 ,de ,cor41 #c4 #bdf ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 b4 #da 7#fi cod474 #bdg ,! aim ( ! =ty-?ird canon ( ,elvira seems to be ! abolition ( ?is cu/om4 ,a lat] addition to ! canon adds3 8po/ pas*a qu9quagesima t5eatur1 non quadragesima40 ,! date ( ?is addition is unkn[n4 ,,hefele-,,kn,,pft]1 ,konzili5ges*4 ii41 #bnd ed41 #agd4 ,dr ,,h]b/ 7ibid47 ?\ght ! ref]5ce 0 to ! ,montani/s1 b ev5 if !re 7 any ,montani/s 9 ,spa9 at t p]iod1 _! h]esy c\ld sc>cely be call$ 8,nova40 #bdh ,cf4 ,,muratori1 ii4 #gej-eh1 & #hgc4 #bdi ,exod4 xxxiv4 #bb2 ,deut4 xvi4 #aj4 #bej #b ,mac4 xii4 #cb2 ,acts ii4 #a2 ,joseph41 ,antt41 #c1 #aj1 #f4 #bea ,,leo ,m41 ,s]mo #ge 9 ,p5tec42 ,,augu/941 ,epi/4 #ef1 c4 #af ,ad ,disqu4 ,janu>ii1 #b1 #bah4 #beb ,,t]t41 ,de ,cor41 #c1 & ,de ,bapt41 #ai1 :]e probably 8latissimum spatium10 & n 8ltissimum10 is ! correct read+4 #bec ,,t]t41 ,de ,bapt41 #ai2 ,de ,idol41 #ad2 ,,cassian41 ,coll41 #ba1 #aa1 #ai2 ,b5$4 ,regula1 #ae4 #bed ,,t]t41 ,de ,jej41 #ad4 #bee ,,t]t41 ,de ,bapt41 #ai3 8p5teco/e qui e/ proprie dies fe/us40 #bef ,c4 ,arab41 #bb4 #beg ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #dc #gj cod42 cf4 #dd1 #b4 #beh ,,m>t,,ne1 ,de ,ant4 ,eccl4 ,rit41 iv4 #bh1 #dda-edc4 #bei ,,augu/941 ,s]mo #bgb ad infantes4 #bfj ,,m>t,,ne1 iv4 #bh1 #dda-edc4 #bfa ,accord+ to ! ,consuet4 ,f>f4 7ed4 ,alb]s1 #gc71 a ,mass = ! dead 0 to be celebrat$ 9 ! =5oon2 at mid-day ! bre?r5 7 to re/1 & !n ab\t #b ,p4,m4 beg9 ! less] h\rs1 :i* 7 foll[$ by ! ,high ,mass4 ,aft]w>ds came a meal4 #bfb ,con/it4 ,apo/41 #e1 #bj1 #g3 4 #bfc ,de ,(f4 ,miss1 c4 #c2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlii4 #ajfb4 #bfd ,conc4 ,mogunt41 ,a4,d4 #hah1 c4 #cf4 #bfe ,,muratori1 ii4 #ie3 ,die dom9ica vacat2 ii4 #afd3 ,dom9ica prima po/ p5teco/52 ii4 #cba3 ,dom9ica octav p5teco/5 7sic74 ,= ! ,gelasian ,sac41 cf4 i4 #fjf4 #bff ,c4 #ei & #fj2 ,,migne1 cli1 #ajai4 #bfg ,vid4 ! ,prfatio ( ,frob5 to ,alcu9 #aa 9 ,,migne1 cl4 #ddj4 ,simil> votive ,masses = ea* day--,sunday1 9 hon\r ( ! ,tr9ity1 & on ! week-days 9 hon\r ( ! angels1 ( ! wisdom & ( ! love ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( ! ,holy ,cross1 & ( our ,bless$ ,lady--are f\nd 9 ! ,liturgia ,fontavellan5sis 7,,migne1 cli4 #ich74 #bfh ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw41 v4 #bgj7 rejects ! view t ,alcu9 _h any?+ to d ) ! matt]1 & consid]s t ! fe/ival 0 introduc$ n ?r\gh him1 b ?r\gh a c]ta9 ,catulfus at ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! well-meant b r obscure lett] ( ?is ,catulfus is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 xcvi4 #acfc4 ,c>eful consid]ation ( ! passage 9 "q %[s he is speak+ ( ! hon\r ( ! ,tr9ity 9 g5]al1 & n ( any fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 #bfi ,cf4 ! s-call$ ,mass ( ,alcu9 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cl4 #dde74 ,! circum/ance t ! pres5t preface ( ! ,tr9ity appe>s 9 ! ,vatican ,,mss4 us$ by ,muratori1 & is pr9t$ 9 8 ,liturgia ,rom4 ,vetus 7#aa1 #bhe1 & #cba71 c easily h giv5 rise to mi/akes4 #bgj ,po?o ( ,prm 7#aaeb7 has an int]e/+ rem>k to :i* ,hosp9ian draws att5tion3 8,miramur satis1 quod visum fu]it hoc tempore quibusdam mona/]iis mut>e colorem optimum novas quasdam induc5do celebritates4444 ,qu igitur ratio hc fe/a celebr&i nobis induxcit1 fe/um videlicet s4 tr9itatis et fe/um transfigurationis ,dom9i8 ,additur 8 a quibusdam1 quod magis absurdum videtur1 fe/um conceptionis ,s4 ,m>i0 7,de ,/atu ,domus ,dei lib42 ,,de ,,la ,,bigne1 ,magna ,bibl4 ,vet4 ,patrum1 ix4 #ehh74 ,"o mu/ make all[ances = ,po?o's /&po9t4 ,he set himself en]getically aga9/ ! monks hav+ ! cure ( s\ls or any say 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ur*1 z detrim5tal to _! vocation to ! contemplative life4 ,on ! same gr\nds1 he set himself aga9/ all alt]ations 9 ! rule1 & all innovations 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>4 #bga ,cap4 #b1 x4 de f]iis1 #b1 #i1 #c4 #bgb ,,baillet 7ix4 #b1 #aeh7 consid]s ?is (fice 0 !n a new "o1 ?\gh bas$ ^u "o ( ! ?ree anci5t (fices4 ,,b9t]im1 #bfe seqq41 & ,b,,um]1 #bih 7:]e1 h[ev]1 a few /atem5ts ne$ correct+7 take a diff]5t view4 #bgc ,vita ,s4 ,julian ab auctore covo conscr41 #a1 c4 #b1 9 ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 ,april #a1 #dgc-ge1 ) its ,prolegg41 #ddb4 #bgd ,! lett] ( ?is synod is pr9t$ 9 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #a1 #bgf et seqq4 ,= ! orig9al (fice s f> z x is extant1 cf4 ibid4 #bhd4 #bge ,! bull 8,transiturus0 is conta9$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,clem5t ,v4 9 #acaa 7,clem5t9i1 #c1 #af74 ,x is also 9 ,labbe's ,c\ncils 7xi4 #a1 #hag74 ,cf4 ,b5$4 ,,xiv41 ,in/itutiones ,con/it41 v4 #bj1 = ! procession4 #bgf ,,b9t]im has br\ght =? fre% evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! fact1 :i* _m h que/ion$ 7op4 cit4 #bhb1 & vii4 #a1 #gg74 #bgg ,,h>tzheim1 ,conc4 ,g]m41 iii4 #fii4 #bgh ,,lanfranci1 ,decreta1 sec4 #c2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cl4 #def et seq4 ,cf4 ,,gasquet1 ,p>i% ,life 9 ,m$4 ,engl&1 viii4 #aga4--,trans4 #bgi ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 vii4 #c1 #cfg et seqq42 ,j4 ,,grets]1 ,de ,processionibus1 #b1 #ai2 ,,b9t]im1 ,ges*i*te d] ,konzili51 etc41 v4 #cfh4 ,! synod ( ,cologne 9 #adeb =bade ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t to be c>ri$ r\nd ! *ur* 9 a mon/rance on o!r days ?an ,corpus ,*ri/i 7op4 cit4 vii4 #dhf74 #bhj ,acta ,vet]a ,eccl4 ,rotom42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlvii4 #abc4 #bha ,p4 ,,jo]res1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 des ,fronlei*namsfe/es2 ,rmis*e ,qu>tals*rift1 #aijb1 #agj et seq42 ,,sdralek1 ,die ,/rassburg] ,dizesansynod51 ,/rassb4 !ol4 ,/udi51 ii4 #a1 #aba4 #bhb ,,hoeynck1 ,ges*4 d4 ,k4 ,liturgie des ,bi/4 ,augsburg1 #bbi et seq4 #bhc ,,maurel1 ,ablsse1 ,pad]born1 #ahgd1 #bch4 #bhd ,,hoeynck1 op4 cit4 #bca4 ,= a description ( ! ,roman use1 cf4 ,,migne1 ,h&bu*1 #cjd et seqq4 #bhe ,! olde/ pictorial repres5tation ( ! ,corpus ,*ri/i procession is probably t conta9$ 9 ! *ronicle ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 by ,,ulri* ( ,ri*5tal 7#di et seqq474 ,! orig9al ,,ms4 is 9 ! ,rosg>t5 ,museum at ,con/ance2 x is reproduc$ 9 ,no4 #aeh ( ! ,/uttg>t ,lit]>4 ,v]e9 ( #ahhb 7,photolitographie by ,h4 ,ba*74 ,x repres5ts ! procession z x took place dur+ ! c\ncil 9 ! ye> #adae4 ,! mon/rance is c>ri$ by two ecclesia/ics on a sort ( small plat=m4 #bhf ,cf4 ,,b5$4 ,,xiv41 ,in/itutiones1 #cj1 #bjf1 & ! article ( ,p4 ,,norb]t1 8,ord4 ,cap410 9 ! ,ka?olik = ,augu/ #ahih1 #aea4 #bhg ,,nilles1 ,de rationibus fe/orum ,,ss4 ,cordis ,jesu et ,pur4 ,cordis ,m>i libri quattuor1 #e? ed41 niponte1 #ahhe2 ,,nix1 art4 8,h]z ,jesu und ,m>i0 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 v41 #bnd ed41 #aiba et seqq42 ,b,,um]1 #ebe et seq4 #bhh ,,cassian1 ,coll4 #aj1 c4 #b3 8,mos antiqua traditione s]vatus40 #bhi ,,us5]1 i4 #a1 #cbj1 has inve/igat$ ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! introduction ( ,*ri/mas 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & 8 conclusions h met ) entire recognition f ,,h>nack1 ,!ol4 ,lit]aturztg41 #ahhi1 #aii1 et seqq41 & f ,,dom ,,suitb]t ,b,,um]1 ,ka?olik1 #ahij1 i4 #a-ae4 ,exception 0 tak5 to c]ta9 po9ts by ,,du*esne1 ,bull4 ,critique1 #ahij1 ,no4 #c4 ,^! circum/ances h be5 already dealt ) by ,,baillet1 viii4 #ehb et seqq4 #bij ,,epiphanius1 ,adv4 ,hr41 #b1 #a2 ,hr41 #ea1 c4 #af & #bd4 #bia ,cf4 c4 #bf1 ed4 ,gey]1 #fj2 ed4 ,gamurr9i1 #hd4 #bib ,c4 #di1 ed4 ,gey]2 ed4 ,gamurr9i1 #aji4 #bic ,,lamy1 ,ephrmi ,syri hymni et s]mones1 i41 ,me*l41 #ahhb1 #aj1 on ! ,b5$ictus1 #b1 #dae4 ,?is hymn is translat$ into ,g]man by ,z+]le 9 ! ,kempt5 ,bibl4 d4 ,kir*5vt]1 ii4 #bg4 #bid ,cf4 ,,hefele1 ,hi/ory ( ,c\ncils1 vi41 #a/ ed41 #ejd1 #ege1 etc4 #bie ,,gregor1 ,naz4 ,hom4 #ch 9 ,!ophania2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xxxvi4 #bif ,john1 ,bi%op ( ,nicea1 9 ,,combefis1 ,hi/4 ,hr4 ,mono?41 ,p>is1 #afdh1 #cjf4 ,,baum/>k 7,ori5s ,*ri/41 #aijb1 #dda-ddf7 is 9 fav\r ( ! date #cih to #djj4 #big ,,gregor1 ,nyss41 ,or4 ,fun42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xlvi4 #ghi4 ,cf4 ib41 #gja & #gbe4 ,basil 0 dead be=e #a/ ,janu>y #cgi4 #bih ,! date #chf dep5ds ^u ! ord] ( ! s]mons ref]r$ to4 ,us5]1 :o places !m at unnecess>y wide int]vals1 gives #chh1 ,cl9ton #chg1 ,combefis1 ,montfaucon1 & ,tillemont #chf4 ,! p]iod f ,febru>y to ,decemb] is ample = ! above s]mons4 #bii ,,*ryso/41 ,hom4 9 ,nativ4 ,i4 ,*r42 ,,montfaucon1 ii4 #ceb2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 x4 #b1 #cea4 #cjj 4 does n contradict 1 = ,*ryso/om di/+ui%es betwe5 ! k ( ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir? & its solemn celebration4 ,! =m] _h be5 kn[n = ages 9 ,rome1 b ! celebration ( ! fe/ival1 on ! contr>y1 _h spread rapidly 9 all directions1 & ?is rapid diffusion ( ! fe/ival %[s 9 its turn t ! #be? ,decemb] is really ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 #cja ,cod4 ,ju/941 #c1 #ab1 #f4 #cjb ,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h1 #bg4 ,cf4 ! law ( ! ye> #dbe1 ib41 #ae1 #e1 #e4 #cjc ,,combefis1 ,hi/4 ,hr4 ,mono?41 #cjd3 4 ,combefis 0 ! fir/ to discuss ! "q1 & 8 disquisition is excell5t1 ?\gh n[ =gott54 ,cf4 ,,migne1 viii4 #ifd-ifh4 ,combefis has also collect$ all ! mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/mas 9 8 ,bibl4 ,patrum ,conc41 #cjj et seq4 #cjd ,,combefis 7,hi/4 ,hr4 ,mono?41 #cjb & #cad1 ,a4 #d7 consid]$ x suspici\s4 #cje ,,roncalli1 ,*ronica ,vetu/iora1 ,introd41 xxix4 #cjf ,bu*]ius1 9 its ,lat9iz$ =m4 #cjg ,,jos4 ,,/rzyg[ski1 ,die ,kal5d]bild] des ,*ronograph5 vom ,jahre #ced1 ) #cj plates1 ,b]l91 #ahhh1 publi%$ = ! ,ar*eological ,in/itute4 ,! re/ is to be f\nd 9 ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,hi/4 ,auctores ,antiquissimi1 t4 ix41 vol4 i41 fasc4 i41 ,b]ol41 #ahia4 ,! ,natales ,cs>um & ! ,cal5d> are pr9t$ 9 ! ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 #cjh ,,momms51 ,abh&l4 d] ,s*s4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*41 #ahej1 #a1 #fah4 ,! figure ,,xiii4 signifies ! ,epact4 ,?is proves t ! #a/ ,janu>y fell on a ,saturday1 & t ,b 0 ! dom9ical lett]4 #cji ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates dep4 ,j4 ,*r41 ,i4 #aaa4 #caj ,?is ref]s to ! anci5t practice ( dat+ ! ye>s ( an emp]or's reign1 n f ! actual date ( 8 accession1 b f ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day ei!r prec$+ or foll[+ 8 accession4 ,! ye>s ( ! emp]or's reign 7 ?us br\ght into artificial agreem5t ) ! cal5d> ye>4 ,numb]+ ! ye>s ( ! emp]or's reign f ! actual date ( 8 accession is1 9 ,momms5's phrase1 tak+ !m z effektiv4--,trans4 #caa ,i h attempt$ to %[ h[ ?is diff]5ce is to be expla9$ 9 an article 9 ! ,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,ka?4 ,!ologie1 xv4 7#ahia71 #eai et seqq4 #cab ,vid4 ,app5dix vi4 #cac ,/ ,luke i4 #e1 #h4 #cad #a ,esdr4 vi4 #ah4 #cae ,antiq4 vii4 #ad1 #g4 #caf ,antiq4 vii4 #aa1 #g1 #a2 #ab1 #f1 #d2 #g1 #f4 #a ,ma*4 i4 #eg2 iv4 #ah4 #cag ,s ,,lamy 7,app>atus ,*ronol4 et ,geogr41 #fa7 ref]r+ to ! ,tractate ,era*9 & ,taanit4 #cah ,,jos41 ,bell4 ,jud41 #d1 #h1 #e2 #d1 #e4 ,accord+ to ,,idel] 7i4 #djj1 #dcc7 ,josephus employs ! ,syro-,mac$onian names ( ! mon?s1 n ) ! int5tion ( adju/+ !m to ! ,julian ,cal5d>1 b m]ely z ,greek names = ! ,jewi% mon?s4 #cai ,! attempt to fix ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir? by ! help ( ! c\rse ( ,abia 0 und]tak5 by ,scalig]1 ab&on$ z useless by ,petavius1 resum$ by ,b4 ,lamy4 ,9 mod]n times1 x 0 resum$ by ,,seyff>? 7,*ronol4 ,sacra1 ,leipsig1 #ahdf1 #ig et seqq471 ,,weigl 7,!ol4 und ,*ronol4 ,abh&lung5 b] das wahre ,geburts- und ,/]bejahr ,*ri/i1 ,sulzba*1 #ahdh71 & ,,/av>s 7,tb4 ,!ol4 ,qu>tals*r41 #ahff1 #bja et seq474 #cbj ,,hi]on1 ,op]a1 ed4 ,migne1 xi4 #bbj4 ,x is evid5t f ,/ ,j]ome's comm5t>y on ,eze*iel t 8 views on ! subject 7 n ^? ( ! prea*] ( ?is s]mon4 ,! s]mon = ! #be? ,decemb]1 publi%$ by ,mor9 7,anecdota ,m>$s41 iii4 #b1 #cib1 et seqq471 agrees ) ! s]mon quot$ above4 #cba ,,clem5s ,,alex41 ,/rom41 i41 ed4 ,sylburg1 #cdj4 #cbb ,,cypriani1 ,op]a1 ed4 ,h>tel1 ii4 #bff4 #cbc ,,augu/941 ,s]mo #aij1 #a2 #aib1 #c2 #aif1 #a4 #cbd ,luke ix4 #ac seqq4 #cbe ,,ambr41 ,de ,virg41 #c1 #a2 ,,migne1 xvi4 #bai4 #cbf ,,paul9us1 ,vita ,ambr41 c4 #d1 & 8 life 9 ! ,b5$ict9e edition ( 8 works1 c4 #g4 ,! *ronology ( ! y\?ful p]iod ( ,/ ,ambrose's life is un=tunately obscure4 #cbg ,conc4 ,ca?ag41 iii4 c4 #d2 ,,bruns1 i4 #abc4 #cbh ,,us5] 7#bgb seqq47 />ts ) ! preconceiv$ op9ion t ,lib]ius deliv]$ 8 address on ! #f? ,jan4 #cec1 & s is ( op9ion t ,*ri/mas 0 celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,rome on ! #be? ,dec4 #cec4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,,du*esne 7,bull4 ,crit41 #ahij1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #da seq471 hav+ ! circum/ance 9 view t ! ,depositio ,episcoporum beg9s ! ye> ) ! #bg? ,dec4 & ! ,depositio ,m>tyrum ) ! #be? ,dec41 ?9ks he has pro( = hold+ t ! #bg? ,dec4 = a long "t already1 inde$ ev5 f ab\t #bdc1 _h be5 a m>k$ day 9 ! ,*ur*'s ,cal5d>1 &1 accord+ly1 t ! #be? ,dec4 _h be5 kept z ! ,natalis ,dom9i z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,we leave ^! po9ts to ! read]'s discretion4 ,*ri/mas 0 kept 9 ,rome c]ta9ly be=e #cec4 #cbi ,,momms51 ,rm4 ,ges*41 v4 #dha4 #ccj ,,m>qu>dt-,,momms51 ,rm4 ,alt]t41 vi41 #bnd4 ed41 #ehh4 #cca ,hosp9ian 7fol4 iii47 & o!rs held t ! #be? ,decemb] 0 *os5 purposely 9 ord] to supplant ! ,saturnalia4 ,b ! ,saturnalia did n la/ ov] ! #be?1 al?\gh ,maximus ( ,tur9 seems to ?9k x did4 #ccb ,de ,orat4 ,dom41 #ce4 #ccc ,,s]mo1 #g1 #a1 #c2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xvii4 #fad4 #ccd ,,z5o ,,v]41 ,tract41 #b1 #i1 #b1 calls ,*ri/ 8,sol no/]1 sol v]us40 ,,gregor4 ,i41 ,hom41 #bi 9 ,evang41 c4 #aj3 8,quis solis nom9e nisi ,*ri/us designatur80 ,,prud41 ,ca!m41 #aa1 #a3 8,quid e/1 quod arctum circulum sol jam recurr5s des]it80 ,,gregor4 ,,naz41 ,orat4 9 ,s4 lum9a1 calls ,*ri/ ! sun4 #cce ,on ! ,vigil3 8,sidus refulget jam novum02 at ,lauds3 8,orietur sicut sol salvator mundi03 9 ! ,preface3 8,p] inc>nati ,v]bi my/]ium nova m5tis no/r oculis lux tu cl>itatis infulsit03 on ! octave3 8,tu lum5 et spl5dor ,patris02 9 ! hymn3 8,9 sole posuit tab]naculum suum02 9 ! antiphons3 8,hodie desc5dit lux magna 9 t]ris4 ,9 sole posuit tab]naculum suum10 etc4 #ccf ,,maximus ,,taur41 ,hom41 #ajc2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lvii4 #dia4 #ccg ,p]egr4 ,silv41 #hb 7#ei cod471 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #be4 #cch ,p]egr4 ,silv41 #hd 7#fj71 ed4 ,gey]1 #gg4 ,9 c4 #di1 ,no4 #c1 ! *ief fe/ivals are ,ea/] & ,epiphany4 #cci ,9 ,eze*4 #a1 #c2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xxv4 #ah1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #daa4 #cdj ,,cosmas ,,indicopleu/es1 ed4 ,gall&4 ,bibl41 xi4 #dfa2 ,,migne1 lxxxviii4 #aih4 #cda ,s ,,us5]1 :o quotes a passage f a s]mon ( ,basil ( ,seleucia4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 #dfi4 #cdb ,,cosmas1 op4 cit4 #dfb4 #cdc ,evangeli>ium ,hi]osol41 #dhb1 #did4 ,see ,,us5]1 #cbc1 #cbg4 #cdd ,,combefis1 ,hi/4 ,hr4 ,mono?41 #cad ,a1 #d4 #cde ,p]egr4 ,silv41 #hd 7#fj71 ed4 ,gey]1 #gg4 #cdf ,,gregor ,,tur41 ,microl41 #a1 #hh2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxi4 #ghc4 #cdg ,,combefis1 op4 cit4 #cjb ,e4 #cdh ,op]a1 ,,z5onis ,,v]41 ed4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xi4 lib4 #b1 tract #g-i4 ,lib4 i4 tract #ac may be spuri\s4 #cdi ,s]mo #aj de sanctis accord+ to ! old enum]ation1 s]mo #bbj int] suppos4 accord+ to ! new4 #cej ,p]egr4 ,silv41 #hd 7#fj74 #cea ,see ,app5d4 vii4 #ceb ,,matiscon4 #a1 c4 #i2 ,,turon41 #aa1 c4 #bg4 ,cf4 ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,hi/4 ,franc41 #aj1 #ca4 #cec ,synax>ium ( ,,mi*ael ( ,atriba1 "u #ae? ,novemb]4 #ced ,,gregor4 ,m41 ,hom4 9 ,evang41 #a1 #a1 #f1 #g1 & #bj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxvi4 #ajgh et seqq4 ,,cabrol 7,rvue ,bnd41 #aije1 #a1 #a71 ?\ght he _h discov]$ traces ( ,adv5t 9 ! fif? or ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is be/ to res]ve judgm5t until cle>] evid5ce is =?com+4 #cee ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet41 ii4 #acc-ace & #cdb-cdf4 #cef ,pr9t$ by ,g]b]t1 ,lit4 ,allem41 #daj-daf1 :i* also conta9s ! ,evangel>ium ( ,,spires1 #h? ,c5t41 #dag-ddd1 & ,kal5d>ium ( ,,fronteau1 #aee et seq4 #ceg ,,amal>ius1 ,de ,eccl4 ,(f41 #c1 #dj2 #d1 #cj4 ,,abbo1 ,apolog4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxix4 #dgb4 #ceh ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 #aci4 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #afg4 #cei ,?us ! ,comes ,pamelii 9 ,,ranke',s supplem5t & ! old lection>ies ( ,cologne1 ,treves1 & ,mn/]4 ,see ,,s*ue1 ,die bibl4 ,lesung51 etc41 ,treves1 #ahfa1 #abi et seqq4 #cfj ,s9ce #ahic1 ! ?ird ,sunday aft] ,epiphany has also a special "* ow+ to ! ,fea/ ( ! ,holy ,family fall+ on x4 #cfa ,see ! critical edition ( ,c4 ,a4 ,,wilson 7,ox=d1 #ahid71 p4 #i4 #cfb ,,augu/941 ,s]mo #aih1 c4 #a4 8,vos quasi solemnit] hodie conv5ire conspicimus40 #cfc ,turon41 #b1 c4 #ag1 #bb2 ,antissiod41 c4 #a4 #cfd ,,tolet41 #d 7#fcc71 c4 #aa2 ,lex ,visigo?41 ii4 tit4 i4 #ab1 & xii4 #c1 #f2 ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,leges ,sect4 #a1 tom4 i4 #a1 #ei & #dcd4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxi4 #dgh4 #cfe ,,migne1 i4 #bab1 col4 #gj-gc = ! text4 ,see ,,heus]1 ,kir*5lexikon1 iv41 #bnd ed41 #acie seqq4 ,! s-call$ ,fea/ ( ,asses1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt51 0 a h>mless affair4 ,x took its "n f semi-!atrical p]=mances inspir$ by passages ( ,scripture :i* happ5 to m5tion an ass4 #cff ,9 ?is docum5t x is call$ 8,natale ,s4 ,m>i40 #cfg ,,wieg&1 #bg4 #cfh ,tractat41 #a1 #ac4 #cfi ,,leo ,i41 ,s]mo #b de ,epiph4 ,,fulg5tius1 ,s]mo4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxv4 #gcb4 #cgj ,,ammianus ,,m>cell41 #ba1 #b4 #cga ,,clem5s ,,alex41 ,/rom41 i4 #ba1 #de2 ed4 ,pott]1 #djg2 ,sylburg1 #cdj4 #cgb ,9 ! edition ( ,,bonwets* & ,,a*elis1 ,leipsig1 #ahig1 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #bee et seq41 ,,a*elis & o!rs reg>d x z spuri\s b )\t j reason4 ,x is translat$ by ,,prob/1 ,lehre und ,gebet1 #bdg4 ,al?\gh n a s]mon1 x 0 evid5tly an address deliv]$ to c]ta9 individuals4 ,cf4 c4 #f & #i 7 & 74 #cgc ,con/it ,apo/41 #h1 #cc2 cf4 #e1 #ac4 #cgd ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis1 iii4 #ae1 #bjd1 #bbj4 #cge ,see ,,gregor4 ,,naz41 ,orat41 #ci1 c4 #b4 #cgf ,synodus ,,ii4 ,s4 ,patricii41 c4 #bj4 #cgg ,/ ,mat!w ii4 #aj seq4 #cgh ,/ ,mat!w ii4 #a-ab4 #cgi ,poema1 #bg2 ,natal1 #i1 v4 #dg et seqq4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxi4 #fdi4 #chj ,,s$atus1 ,hom4 de ,epiph4 ,,migne1 lxxii4 #ggc4 ,,maximus ,,taur41 ,hom4 #g 9 ,epiph4 ,,migne1 lvii4 #bga4 8,fu]unt enim hodie 444 quid potissimum prs5ti hoc factum sit die1 nov]it ipse1 qui fecit40 #cha ,,augu/941 ,s]mo supposit41 #acf1 c4 #a1 & ! hymn 8,illum9ans ,altissimus10 9 ,,kays]1 ,hymn51 #bnd ed41 #cgj4 ,see also ! article 8,fe/e0 by ,,funk & ,,krieg 9 ,,kraus',s ,real5zyklopdie4 #chb ,?is also appe>s f ! fact t "s1 z ,,phila/rius 7,de ,hr41 c4 #adj7 in=ms u1 omitt$ ,epiphany & kept ,*ri/mas alone4 #chc ,comm4 9 ,eze*41 i4 #a4 #chd ,,*ryso/41 ,hom4 ad ,pop4 ,ant4 de ,bapt4 ,*r41 c4 #b4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xlix4 #cfc et seq4 ,x appe>s f ?is s]mon t ! ,antio*5e ,*ri/ians 7 9 ! habit ( tak+ "s ( ! baptismal wat] home ) !m1 & keep+ x = a ye> )\t its becom+ corrupt4 #che ,,augu/941 ,s]mo #bjb1 c4 #b4 #chf ,cs>aug41 ,a4,d4 #chj1 c4 #c4 ,,ammianus ,,m>c41 op4 cit4 ,passio ,s4 ,philippi ,h]acle5sis 9 ,ru9>t1 ,acta1 #ddj1 c4 #b4 #chg ,,epiphanius 7,hr41 #ea1 c4 #af & #bd71 ,ephrem1 ,cassian1 etc4 ,see above1 pp4 #abh seqq4 #chh ,te/am4 ,d4 ,n4 ,jesu ,*r41 ed4 ,rahmani 7,ma9z1 #ahii71 i4 #bh2 iv4 #fg1 #aja4 ,! discussion ( ! date ( ?is docum5t _c be ent]$ into "h f want ( space4 #chi ,cod4 ,!odos41 #b1 #h1 #bj1 #be2 #e1 #b2 ,cod4 ,ju/941 #c1 #ab1 #f4 #cij ,see ,app5dix ,no4 viii4 #cia ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 #fj1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #bf3 8,quadragesim de ,epiphania valde cum summo honore hic celebrantur1 etc40 #cib ,,!ophanes1 ,*ronogr41 ed4 ,bonn1 #cde ad ann4 #ecd4 #cic ,,nicephorus1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #ag1 #bh3 4 ,see ,,muralt1 ,*ronogr4 ,byz41 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahee1 i4 #acd4 #cid ,sacr4 ,gelasianum1 #b1 #h1 among ! ,natalitia ,sanctorum4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxiv4 #aaeh4 ,!re is no m5tion ( a procession 9 ! ,gregorian sacram5t>y ei!r4 #cie ,,morcelli1 i4 #hf1 #bhh4 #cif ,! /atem5t 0 made by ,,b>onius 7ad ann4 #ecd71 repeat$ by ,,pagi1 &1 9 rec5t times1 by ,,wiss[a 7,rm4 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #ddf7 & by ,,us5] 7#ccb71 b reject$ by ,,gris> 7,ges*4 ,roms41 i4 #dee74 #cig ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #cih ,see ,app5dix ,no4 ix4 #cii ,,cabrol 7,etude sur la ,p]egr4 ,silv41 #afg et seqq47 gives a survey ( ! lections !n 9 use4 #djj ,pr9t$ by ,,bian*9i1 ,op]a ,ana/41 i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxvii4 #iid4 ,,du*esne1 ,lib4 ,pont41 ,i4 cxlvi4 #dja ,,b9t]im',s /atem5t 7,d5kw41 v4 #b1 #acc-aeb7 is out ( date4 ,! article 8,fa/5zeit50 by ,,heus] 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 iv41 #bnd ed41 mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! inve/igations ( ,dom ,g4 ,,mor9 9 ! ,rvue ,bndict9e1 #ahig1 #ccf-cdg--8,l',orig9e des ,quatre-,temps40 #djb ,,leo ,m41 ,s]mo1 #ai 7#ah71 c4 #b43 8,p] totius anni circulum di/ributa sunt 7jejunia71 ut lex ab/95ti omnibus sit adscripta temporibus4 ,siquidem jejunium v]num 9 quadragesima1 /ivum 9 p5teco/e1 autumnale 9 m5se septimo1 hiemale 9 hoc qui e/ decimus celebretur40 #djc ,,leo ,m41 ,s]mo1 #af 7#ae71 c4 #a1 #b2 ,s]mo1 #ab 7#aa71 c4 #c4 #djd ,,mor9 7op4 cit4 #cde7 quotes passages f ! ,leon9e & ,gelasian sacram5t>ies4 ,see ,,migne1 lv4 #aec et seqq4 #dje ,conc]n+ ! 8f]i conceptiv0 & 8sem5tiv0 ( ! ,romans1 see ,,m>qu>dt-,,momms51 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #aih seqq4 #djf ,lib] ,pont41 ,calli/us3 8,hic con/ituit jejunium die sabbati t] 9 anno fi]i1 frum5ti1 v9i et olei secundum prophetiam40 ,ed4 ,,du*esne1 i4 #ada4 #djg ,,leo ,i41 ,s]mo1 #ai1 c4 #b2 ,sacram4 ,leon41 #aja1 ,no4 xxvii4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 liv4 #ahf2 lv4 #aje4 #djh ,epi/4 ad ,episc4 ,luc41 c4 #aa4 ,,migne1 lix4 #dg4 #dji ,,leo ,i41 ,epi/4 ad ,dioscorum ,al41 c4 i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 liv4 #fbf4 #daj ,,migne1 cli4 #igh2 c4 #bd-bg4 #daa ,,mor91 ,rvue ,bndict9e1 #ahig1 #cch seqq4 #dab ,s]mo #b de ,jejun4 ,x4 m5sis3 8,decimi m5sis celebr&um esse jejunium1 quo pro consummata p]ceptione omnium frugum dignissime l>gitori e>um ,deo cont95ti libam5 (f]tur40 #dac ,9 ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet41 i4 #eaa1 #fjc2 ii4 #cc1 #id1 #abc1 #acf4 #dad ,h4 ,,m5>d1 ,n et ,obs]v4 9 ,sacr4 ,greg41 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #cic4 #dae ,sacr4 ,gelas4 ,,migne1 lxxiv4 #ajfi1 #aacc1 #aagh seqq4 #daf ,sacr4 ,gregor4 ,,migne1 lxxviii4 #ei-fa1 #aac-aae1 #adj-adb4 #dag ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcvii4 #abd3 8,ut jejunium quattuor temporum et ipsi sac]dotes obs]v5t et plebi d5unti5t obs]v&um40 ,?is %[s t until !n x _h n be5 cu/om>y 9 ! ,franki% empire4 #dah ,see ,,b9t]im1 ,ges*4 d4 d4 ,prov4- u4 ,diz4-,konzili51 ii4 #bgc seqq42 iii4 #eag seqq4 #dai ,! disagreem5t arose f ! fact t ! anci5t missals 7,sacram5torum libri71 only m5tion$ ! mon? )\t specify+ ! week :5 ! ,emb] fa/s 7 to be obs]v$4 ,see ,,b]no ( ,rei*5au 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlii4 #ajig71 ^: small treatise1 compos$ betwe5 #ajbj & #ajca1 deals ) ! "q4 #dbj ,micrologus1 c4 #bd4 #dba ,,s]vius1 ,comm4 on ,virgil41 ,bucol4 ,eccl41 #c1 #gg4 #dbb ,see examples 9 ,,us5]1 #cje ,a4 #bb1 #cjf-cde4 #dbc ,,obid41 ,fa/i1 #d1 #ije seqq41 & ,fa/i ,prne/41 ,corp4 ,ins]4 ,lat4 i4 #cib4 ,= ! 8,robigali0 see ,,m>qu>dt-,,momms51 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #egd4 #dbd ,,vigilii1 ,epi/4 ad ,simpl4 i42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xiii4 #eej4 #dbe ,,avitus1 ,hom4 de ,rogat4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lix4 #bhi4 ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,hi/4 ,franc1 #b1 #cd4 #dbf ,?is fact is m5tion$ by bo? ! biograph]s ( ,gregory1 ,,joan4 ,,diac4 i4 #da-dc1 & ,,paul4 ,,diac4 c4 #aj1 z well z by ,,amal>ius #d1 #bd1 & ,,bele? c4 #abb1 etc41 b all draw _! in=mation f ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,hi/4 ,france1 #aj1 #a4 ,see ,,baillet ix1 #b1 #hg-ajc1 :o also makes use ( ! designations 8,litani ,gallican0 & 8,litani ,roman40 #dbg ,^! words come f a lett] )\t an address 9 ! app5dix to ! ,regi/] ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,,migne1 lxxvii4 #acbi4 #dbh ,lib4 ,pont4 ed41 ,,bian*9i1 ii4 #chf4 #dbi ,9 ,spa9 ! litanies 7 on #aj? ,sept41 #g? ,nov41 & #ae? ,dec41 accord+ to ! lection>y ( ,silos4 #dcj ,! ,m>tyrium 0 erect$ on ,golgo?a1 close to ! site ( ! pres5t ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,! ,ana/asis1 built by ,con/ant9e1 0 ! l>g] ( ! two1 & s]v$ z ! usual place ( assembly = ! fai?ful 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 7,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #bg1 #cj1 #ci1 #dc74 #dca ,j4 ,p4 ,,kir*1 ,die ,*ri/l4 ,kultusgende 9 ,alt]tum1 #cd-dj4 #dcb ,/ ,gregory ! ,great ord]$ t ! ,anglo-,saxons %\ld keep ! d$ication ( *ur*es & ! natalitia m>tyrum 9 ! same way z !y _h previ\sly obs]v$ ! fe/ivals :ile !y 7 yet hea!n1 t is to say by erect+ huts ( bran*es & by fea/+4 7,epi/4 ii4 #gf1 ( ! ye> #fja74 #dcc ,= ! ,ea/1 see ,,johannes ,,eub41 ,orat4 9 ,concep4 ,b4,m4,v41 c4 #bc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvi4 #adii4 ,= ! ,we/1 see ! ,s]mons ( ,/ ,augu/9e on ! 8,d$icatio10 ,s]mo #ccf-cch4 #dcd ,our in=mants are ,,euseb41 ,vita ,con/ant1 #d1 #f2 ,,sozom51 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #bf2 #c1 #e2 ,,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #f4 #dce ,,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #aj1 #c2 ,,ambrose1 ,ad ,m>cell9am ,epi/41 #bb1 #a 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xvi4 #ajai74 ,,paul9us ( ,nola1 ,nat4 ,s4 ,fel41 #i2 ,poema1 #bg1 #djb seqq4 7,,migne1 lxi4 #feg72 ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 z above4 #dcf ,missale ,francorum 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #cbh4 #dcg ,,dionys1 ,de ,hi]4 ,eccl41 #d1 #ab4 ,see ,,rahmani1 ,te/am4 ,d4,n4,i4 ,*r41 #aef4 #dch ,,dur&us 7,rationale ,div4 ,(f4 #a1 #bc2 #g1 #bfb7 expressly foll[s ! model ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #dci ,,muratori1 ,lit4 ,rom4 ,vet4 i4 #cjh1 #fji1 #fac4 #ddj ,op4 cit4 ii4 #dfg-dhi & #ahf4 #dda ,,gregor41 ix4 c4 #e1 x4 de f]iis #b1 #i4 ,see ,bur*>d ( ,worms1 ,decr4 #b1 #gg2 ,ivo ( ,*>tres1 ,decr41 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxi4 #bjc4 #ddb ,lib] ,ord94 ( ,ess51 #fb et seqq4 #ddc ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw41 v4 #a1 #cjc et seqq42 ,conc41 v4 #ia7 places ?is synod 9 #acjh4 ,,h>tzheim1 ,conc4 ,g]m41 iv4 #ajf2 vi4 #dih4 #ddd ,among/ o!rs1 ,naogeorgius 7,kir*mair aus ,/raub+7 p\r$ contempt on ! obs]vance ( ^! fea/s & ! abuses to :i* !y gave rise4 ,,hosp9ianus1 #age4 #dde ,,dumont1 ,sammlung ,kir*l4 ,erlasse fr d4 ,erzd4 ,khn1 #bnd ed41 #afe1 #afg4 #ddf ,remigius1 a monk ( ,/ ,g]ma91 a dilig5t exegete :o liv$ at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 attempt$ to give an allegorical int]pretation to ! rites obs]v$ at ! consecration ( a *ur*4 ,! cu/om ( writ+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ,greek & ,lat9 on ! floor ( ! *ur* seems to h pres5t$ difficulties to him4 ,he comm5ces 8 explanation ( ?is rite by ! words3 8,qu res pu]ilis ludus vid]etur1 nisi ab apo/olius viris in/ituta cr$]etur40 ,he int]prets x z mean+ t ! ,*ur* in/ructs ! unle>n$ 9 ! elem5ts ( fai?4 ,8 tractate 9 sev5 *apt]s is 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxi4 #hdf-hff4 ,g4 ,m]cati1 h[ev] 7,/udi et ,te/i1 ,roma1 #aijb1 #i7 attributes x to ,ivo ( ,*>tres4 #ddg ,lit]ature3 ,lebrun1 ,de ,m>tyrum ,natalitiis ,diss4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxi4 #eai1 seq4 ,soll]ius1 ,prf4 to ! ,m>t4 ,usu>di4 ,,migne1 cxxiii4 #dei1 seqq4 ,ru9>t1 ,prf4 to ! ,acta m>t4 s9c]a et g5u9a4 ,le ,blant1 ,les ,actes des ,m>tyrs1 9 ,mmoires de l',in/itut1 #ahhh1 #eg-ccf4 #ddh ,passio ,s4 ,pionii et ,soc41 c4 #b 9 ,ru9>t1 #ahh4 #ddi ,,digg41 #dh1 tit4 #bd1 ,no4 #c3 8,corpora animadv]sorum quibuslibet pet5tibus ad sepulturam d&a sunt40 #dej ,lib4 ,pont41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #eb1 #abh4 #dea ,op4 cit4 #fe1 #adh1 ,,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f1 #de1 #aa1 also ref]s to ! sev5 deacons & sev5 subdeacons ( ,rome 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 #deb ,lib4 ,pont41 ,i4 xcv4 #adg4 #dec ,epi/41 #ab1 #b4 #ded ,bullett9o d4 ,comm4 ,ar*4 ,communale di ,roma1 #ahid1 #bdj seqq4 #dee ,,ru9>t1 ,acta ,s9c]a1 #fcj1 ) 8 ,admonitio4 #def ,,gregor4 ,,nyss41 ,vita ,greg4 ,?aum4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xlvi4 #ied4 #deg ,,sozom41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e1 #c4 #deh ,,maximus ,,taur41 ,hom4 #ha4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lvii4 #dbg4 #dei ,lib4 ,pont41 ,symma*us1 c4 #i4 #dfj ,see ,! ,leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 ,delehaye1 translat$ by ,mrs ,v4 ,m4 ,craw=d 7,london1 #aijg71 especially *ap4 iv4 ,trans4 #dfa ,b,,um]1 ,ges*4 des ,brevi]s1 #def2 see also #dbi1 #ddg4 #dfb ,regula ad ,mona*os1 ed4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxviii4 #cif4 ,see also ,n4 ,,paulus1 ,m>tyrologium und ,brevi] als hi/oris*e ,quell52 ,ka?olik1 #aijj1 i4 #cee seqq4 #dfc ,de ,gloria ,m>tyrum1 c4 #dh4 #dfd ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #h1 #ac4 #dfe ,,muratori1 9 a valuable "w1 ,de ,m>tyrum ,natalibus1 %[s 9 opposition to ,pagi t 8natales m>tyrum0 indicates ! actual day ( _! dea?4 ,! "w is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxi4 #hai-bf2 ,diss]t4 #ai4 #dff ,de ,anima1 #ea4 #dfg ,,augu/941 ,epi/4 #bhh4 ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,de ,gloria ,conf41 #ajd4 #dfh ,see ! f\r? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,val5tia 9 ,a4,d4 #ebd4 #dfi ,edit$ by ,baluzius1 ,capitul4 ,reg4 ,franc41 ,app5dix4 ,also 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcix4 #fcc4 ,o!r =mul ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod are giv5 9 ,,migne1 cxxxviii4 #hhe-ijb4 #dgj ,?is bran* ( hagiography has be5 c>efully dealt ) by ,baillet4 ,! entire fir/ volume ( 8 great "w1 ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts1 is devot$ to ,old ,te/am5t ,sa9ts1 m ?an a hundr$ 9 numb]1 & to ! hi/ory ( _! cultus4 #dga ,e4 ,a4 ,knell]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! *oice ( ! #bd? = ! #be? ,june1 draws att5tion to ! way 9 :i* ! anci5t ,roman ,cal5d>s 7 writt51 i4e4 viii4 ,kal4 ,jan4 #be? ,decemb]2 viii4 ,kal4 ,jul4 #bd? ,july 7,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 fr ka?4 ,!ol41 #aija1 #ebg74 #dgb ,aga?4 ,c4 #ca1 #fc4 #dgc ,,ivo ,,c>n41 ,decretum1 #d1 #ad4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxi4 #bff4 #dgd ,accord+ to ,/ ,augu/9e 7s]mo #bib1 c4 i47 x 0 8traditione majorum receptum40 #dge ,,morcelli1 ,m5ol4 ,con/41 ii4 #ac seq4 ,no less ?an fifte5 *ur*es & *apels 7 d$icat$ to ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 #dgf ,,josephus1 ,antt41 #ah1 #e1 #b4 #dgg ,,tillemont1 ,mm41 i4 #dd2 vii4 #afc4 #dgh ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis1 iii4 #bbj-dg4 #dgi ,dionysius ,exiguus translat$ ?is acc\nt into ,lat9 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxvii4 #dah74 ,see also ,,tillemont1 ,mm41 i4 #dd2 vii4 #afc4 ,,morcelli1 ,m5ol4 ,con/41 i4 #afg2 ii4 #fe1 #bbb4 ,,baillet1 iv4 #hbe seqq42 vi4 #bia seqq4 ,,du ,,cange1 ,trait du ,*ef de ,s4 ,j4 ,b4 7,p>is1 #affe71 wrote aga9/ ! tru/wor?9ess ( ,m>cellus4 ,! *ronology ( ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle 0 correct$ by ,du ,cange & ,pagi4 ,see ,,raus*51 ,jahrb*] d4 ,!ol41 #cef ,a4 #dhj ,,nilles1 i41 #bnd ed41 #aaa4 #dha ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #abj1 #cid4 #dhb ,pseudo-,alcu91 ,de (f4 ,eccl41 c4 #cj4 #dhc ,ordo ,rom4 ,,xi41 c4 #ff4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxviii4 #ajej4 ,!re is n suffici5t evid5ce to support ,b9t]im's view 7,d5kw41 v4 #cgi7 t ! procession to ! ,bapti/ry proves t solemn baptism 0 adm9i/]$ at ,rome on ! #bd? ,june4 #dhd ,s]mo #bhg-ic4 ,9 ,s]mo #bib1 c4 #a1 appe>s ! passage quot$ on page4444 8,hoc majorum traditione suscepimus1 etc40 #dhe ,a t[n ( ,gamala 0 situat$ on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake ,g5es>e?1 on a m\nta94 ,josephus1 ,bello ,jud41 #d1 #a1 #a-g2 ,antt41 #ah1 #a1 #a1 etc4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! village ( ,gamala ne> ,j]usalem4 #dhf ,= ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! p>ticul>s1 see ,,hydatius1 ,*ron4 7,,roncalli1 ii4 #ii71 8,honorio ,x4 et ,!odosio ,,vi4 ,conss40 ,) ?is date agrees ,,m>cell9us 7op4 cit41 ii4 #bgi71 b n ! ,*ron4 ,breve4 7op4 cit41 ii4 #bei7 or ,,!ophanes1 ,*rongr41 ed4 ,bonn1 i4 #acc4 #dhg ,,g5nadius1 ,de ,script4 ,eccl41 #df1 #dg4 ,! writ+s relat+ to ! 8,inv5tio ,s4 ,/ephani0 are 9 ,lat94 ,! translation is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 xli41 ,op]a ,s4 ,augu/9i ,,vii41 #hje-ed4 #dhh ,,augu/941 ,s]mo1 #caf1 #cbj-bd2 ,civ4 ,dei1 #bb1 c4 #h4 #dhi ,,!ophanes1 ,*rongr41 ad ann4 #dbj4 #dij ,,muralt1 ,*ron4 ,byz41 i4 #dh4 #dia ,z1 = example1 to ,anton9us4 ,see ,,gey]1 ,it9]a ,hi]osol41 #agf4 #dib ,,cod9us1 ii4 #dic ,! ,syrian li/ ( ,abul ,b>akat gives = ! date ( ,/ ,/eph5's dea? ! #ab? ,sept4 ,a4,d4 #cg1 & = ! date ( ! fir/ discov]y ( 8 relics ! #bg? ,dec4 ,a4,d4 #dj4 ,*r4 ,,iv4 ,caji4 ,,baum/>k1 ,ori5s ,*ri/41 i4 #bff4 #did ,,gris>1 ,ges*4 ,roms und d] ,pp/e1 i4 #aid seqq4 #die ,see ! ,cal5d>s 9 ,,seld5ius1 op4 cit42 also ! ,synax>ia 9 ,,mai1 ,bibl4 ,vet4 ,patr41 iv4 #dif ,,us5]1 ,d] hl4 ,!odosius1 ,leipsig1 #ahij1 #ch1 #add4 #dig ,,julian ( ,tol$o 9 ! ,vita ,s4 ,ildephonsi ,tol41 c4 #f4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcvi4 #df4 #dih ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxi4 #gih1 f ,pamelius ,liturgica ,lat41 ,col4 ,agr4 #aega1 tit4 ii4 #gj4 ,see also an article 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review1 vol4 cxv41 on 8,! ,e>lie/ ,roman ,mass-book10 by ,mr ,edmund ,bi%op4--,,tr4 #dii ,lib] ,pont41 ,,s]gius1 ,no4 #hf4 #ejj ,9 ! cal5d> ( ,sonnatius ( ,reims 7quot$ on p4 #ba71 dat+ f t5 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ,gregory ! ,great1 ^! ?ree fea/s are already m5tion$4 #eja ,!re are1 h[ev]1 among ! s]mons ( ,pet] ,*rysologus1 ?ree 7#adj1 #adb1 & #adc7 entitl$ 8de annuntiatione10 b ( ^! ,no4 #adj conta9s no allusion to a fe/ival ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 & ! two o!rs belong to ,*ri/mas4 #ejb ,,/ ,,?omass91 #dji4 ,see ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxv4 #djf4 ,fulb]t1 h[ev]1 speaks ( ! fea/ z ( rec5t in/itution4 ,s]mo1 #d4 ,,migne1 cxli4 #cbj seqq4 #ejc ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvii4 #hjf seqq4 #ejd ,s 9 ! passage f ! ,lib] ,pontificalis quot$ above & 9 ! ,kal5d4 ,fronteau4 ,b$e calls x ! 8,annuntiatio ,dom9ica40 ,! ,greek "n = ! fea/ is 4 #eje ,*ron4 ,pas*4 ,olymp41 #cea1 ed4 ,bonn1 i4 #gac4 #ejf ,,petrus ,,*rys41 ,s]mo1 #adj1 #adb1 ed4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lii4 ,among ! spuri\s s]mons ( ,leo ! ,great is "o :i* is believ$ to be a translation ( a disc\rse ( ,proclus1 ,s]mo #ae4 ,see ! note ( ,ball]9i 9 ,,migne1 ,patr ,lat41 liv4 #ejh4 ,,proclus1 ,orat4 ,i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 lxv4 #fgi4 #ejg ,,radulfus ,,glab]1 ,hi/41 #c1 #c4 #ejh ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 #agj1 #gcd4 #eji ,,holweck1 #bib4 ,:5 ! #be? ,m>* falls on "o ( ! ?ree la/ days 9 ,holy ,week or ,ea/] ,week1 x mu/ be translat$4 ,,b9t]im 7,d5kw41 v4 #cef7 gives sev]al hi/orical ref]5ces conc]n+ ?is4 #eaj ,,proclus1 ,oratio ,,iii41 c4 #b4 ,:5 we f9d 9 collections ( s]mons 7e4g4 ,,combefis1 ,bibl4 ,conc471 "s by ! ,fa!rs1 su* z ,orig51 ,/ ,ambrose1 ,/ ,a?anasius1 etc41 ascrib$ to ! fea/s ( our ,lady1 we mu/ n jump to ! conclusion t ^! fea/s 7 obs]v$ at ! p]iod :5 ! au?ors ( ^! s]mons liv$4 ,^! reput$ s]mons are only homilies on texts :i* suit ! fea/ 9 "q1 & on ?is acc\nt h be5 ins]t$ into ! collection4 #eaa ,,epiph41 ,hr41 #gi1 c4 #aa3 8,i say n %e did n die1 yet ,i am n c]ta9 t %e did die40 #eab ,,vett]1 ,tb4 ,!ol4 ,qu>tals*r41 #ahhg1 #acc seqq4 ,! lett] is also giv5 9 ! treatise by ,,nirs*l1 ,das ,grab d] heilig5 ,jungfrau ,m>ia1 ,ma9z1 #ahif1 #hj seqq4 #eac ,transitus ,m>i 9 ,,tis*5dorf1 ,apocal4 ,apocr41 ,lips41 #ahff1 #aad4 #ead ,we h ?ree s]mons ( ,john on ! ,assumption 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvi471 "o ( ,mode/us1 patri>* ( ,j]usalem 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 lxxxvi4 p>s #b71 ?ree ( ,&rew ( ,crete1 :o1 be=e becom+ bi%op1 0 a monk 9 ,pale/9e 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvii41 oratio #ab-ad71 & ?ree ( ,g]manus 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcviii4 #cci-gb74 #eae ,de ,gloria ,m>t41 i4 #d4 #eaf ,,nicephorus1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #ag1 #bh4 #eag ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #bbe4 ,see also ,,mabillon',s note 9 ! same col41 #dge4 #eah ,9 ! ,m>tyr4 ,lucc5se ( ,,fior5t9i1 on ! #bbnd ,janu>y3 8,depositio ,b4 ,m>i ,matris ,d4 ,n4 ,j4 ,c40 #eai ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxx4 #ddf4 ,9 ,,h>du9 7iii4 #bidf7 x is s nam$4 #ebj ,h4 ,j,,rg5s1 ,die kir*l4 ,ub]lief]ung von d] leibl4 ,aufnahme ,m>i5s 9 d5 ,himmel3 ,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 fr ka?4 ,!ol41 #ahhj1 #eie-fej4 #eba ,w,,/5feld1 ,synax>ium ( ,bi%op ,mi*ael ( ,atriba & ,malids*1 #bea4 ,,mai1 ,script4 ,vet4 ,nova ,collectio1 iv4 #a4 #e4 ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis1 iii4 c4 #ae1 #cbj seqq4 #ebb ,a =m = ! bless+ ( ! fruits ( ! field appe>s 9 ! ,ritual ( ,augsburg1 #adhg4 ,see ,,rai*1 ,katkolik1 #aija1 ii4 #add4 ,,franz1 ,das ,ritual von ,/ ,florian aus dem #ab4 ,jahrhund]t2 ,freiburg1 #aijd4 #ebc ,,baillet 7viii4 #dcd-dda7 & ,,b5$ict ,,xiv4 7,de fe/is1 c4 #ahd-baj7 collect$ mat]ials = ?is purpose4 #ebd ,! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi41 ! ,philosoph] 7#hif-ijc71 spread ! obs]vance ( ! fea/4 ,passaglia reli$ 7iii4 #agej7 on a spee* ( 8 pres]v$ 9 ! ,s=za libr>y 9 ,rome4 ,x does n appe> among ! spee*es ( ?is ,emp]or pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 cvii4 #ebe 1 c4 #bc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvi4 #adii4 ,obs]ve ! article ) 4 means all collectively1 i4e4 ! :ole community or *ur*4 #ebf ,= ! s-call$ ,typicum ,s4 ,sab1 see ,app5dix xi4 #ebg ,x is ! fir/ among 8 s]mons4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 c4 #acec4 #ebh ,! *ange f ! #i? ,dec41 ! date ( ! fe/ival among ! ,greeks1 to ! #h?1 is probably to be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d> vi41 ,idus ,dec4 corresponds to ! vi4 ,idus ,sept41 ! date ( our ,lady's ,nativity1 :ile ! #i? ,dec4 is writt5 v4 ,idus ,dec4 #ebi ,! fea/ 01 h[ev]1 obs]v$ 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is giv5 by ,mr ,edmund ,bi%op 9 8 tract1 ,on ! ,orig9s ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,conception ( ! ,bl4 ,v4 ,m41 ,london1 ,burns ,oates1 #aijd4 ,f ?is ! foll[+ is tak53 7#a7 ,cal5d> conta9$ 9 ,cotton ,,ms4 ,titus ,d41 xxvii41 has ! entry 9 ! orig9al h& at #h? ,dec3 8,conceptio sancte ,dei g5itricis ,m>i40 ,?is ,,ms4 0 writt5 9 ! ,new ,m9/]1 ,w9*e/]1 "u ,abbot ,aelfw9 7#ajcd-eg74 7#b7 ,cal5d> ( ! ,old ,m9/]1 ,w9*e/] 7,cotton ,,ms41 ,vitellius ,e41 xviii471 has ! same entry4 ,! ,,ms4 is attribut$ by ,hicks to or ab\t #ajcj4 7#c7 ,add4 ,,ms41 #bh1 #ahh1 a pontifical & b5$ictional ( ! elev5? c5tury probably writt5 = ,bp4 ,le(ric 7#ajdf-gb71 & 8di/9ctly pre-,norman40 ,9 ?is1 fol4 #afa1 is a 8,b5$ictio 9 ,conceptione ,sancte ,m>i40 7#d7 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bhib1 also a pontifical & b5$ictional writt5 = ,cant]bury 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury 7to judge f ! h&writ+72 a simil> b5$iction occurs1 ff4 #ahi-ij4 7#e7 ,to ^!1 9 a lett] to ! translator1 ,mr ,bi%op adds3 ,i4 ,9 ! ,le(ric ,missal1 among ! ,masses add$ to ! book by ,bp4 ,le(ric1 is a ,mass = ! fea/ ( ! ,conception 7p4 #bfh72 ,,ii4 ,9 a ,worce/] ,cal5d> ( ab\t #ajfd1 & writt5 !re=e "u ,/ ,wul/an & be=e ! conque/1 ! fea/ ( ! ,conception is ent]$ at #h? ,dec4 ,trans4 #ecj ,see ,app5dix x4 #eca ,two acc\nts ( ,els9us are f\nd among ! spuri\s writ+s ( ,/ ,anselm 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clix4 #cai-cbf74 ,?ree o!rs h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,?ur/on ,slat]1 ,eadm]i ,mon4 ,cant4 ,tractatus de ,conceptione ,s4 ,m>i1 #hh-ih4 ,ano!r by ,le*l]1 ,mittelalt]l4 ,kir*5fe/e1 #ib et seq4 #ecb ,e4g4 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y ( #adgc 7,univ4 ,bibl41 ,freiburg i4 ,br471 9 ! ,brevi>y ( ,sitt5 ( #adic1 ,national ,mus41 ,zuri*1 & 9 t ( ,con/ance ( #aeji4 #ecc ,g]b]on 9 ! introduction to ,anselm's works4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clviii4 #dc et seq4 #ecd ,osb]t's lett]s 7 fir/ publi%$ along ) ^? ( ,h]b]t de ,los+a by ,robt4 ,an/ru!r 7,brussels1 #ahdf71 un=tunately v imp]fectly4 ,lately !y are giv5 by ,?ur/on & ,slat]1 op4 cit41 #ec et seq4 #ece ,osb]t de ,cl>a 9 ,?ur/on & ,slat]1 ,app4 ,b4 #fj et seq4 #ecf ,mr ,bi%op1 op4 cit41 #cj1 #ca1 says ! ,normans probably treat$ ! celebration ( ?is fea/ by ! ,engli% ) contempt1 z 8a product ( insul> simplicity & ignorance40 ,its public celebration 0 discont9u$ mo/ probably at ,w9*e/] & ,cant]bury1 b 8x did n die out ( ! he>ts ( individuals40--,trans4 #ecg ,osb]t1 ,epi/4 i4 op4 cit4 #ee4 8,et 9 hoc regno et 9 transm>9is p>tibus a nonnullis episcopis et abbatibus 9 ecclesiis ,dei in/ituta e/ illius diei recordatio40 ,t ! fea/ 0 introduc$ 89 hoc regno10 i4e4 ,engl&1 by abbots b n by bi%ops1 is cle> f ,osb]t's second lett]1 & f o!r evid5ce2 &1 !re=e1 8 rem>k is true only ( ,norm&y4 ,( ! "o ,engli% bi%op :om he names z 9 fav\r ( ! fea/1 he c only say he 0 8de 8 suffici5t] in/ructus0 7op4 cit4 #eh74 ,osb]t has no k ( 8 hav+ introduc$ ! fea/4 ,by 8transm>9 p>tes10 ,briti% *ronicl]s ( t p]iod always mean ,norm&y & ,brittany4 #ech ,mat?u ,p>is4 ad ann41 #abbh1 ,*ron4 maj4 #c1 #afa4 #eci ,wilhelm4 ,malmsbur41 ,ge/a ,reg4 ,angl4 #d1 #cch4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clxxix41 #abij4 ,eadm]41 ,hi/4 ,nov41 ,prf4 et passim4 ,,migne1 clix4 #cdg4 #edj ,?is appe>s f a decree ( ,bi%op ,walt] ( ,r\5 9 #abjg1 pr9t$ 9 ! collection ( ,bigot 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccvii4 #aagi4 ,walt] _h )held c]ta9 end[m5ts :i* 8 pr$ecessor ,rotricus appo9t$ = ! metropolitan *apt] on c]ta9 fe/ivals4 ,^! he n[ re/or$4 ,vac&>d 7,les orig9es de la ,fte d4 ,c4 ,imm43 ,rvue des ,que/ions ,hi/41 #ahig1 #aff7 0 unacqua9t$ ) ?is decree1 else he w\ld h arriv$ at a diff]5t conclusion4 ,moreov] he himself br+s =w>d pro( t ! fea/ 0 celebrat$ dur+ ! twelf? c5tury 9 ,jumiges & ,/ ,ow51 b n until ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,fcamp4 #eda ,syn4 ,rotom4 ( #aahi1 c4 #a4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccvii4 #aahj4 #edb ,,h5ricus ,a ,,g&avo1 ,qu/4 quodlib41 #ae qu4 #ac fol41 #ehd ,b43 8,normanni1 9 quorum t]ritorio dicitur hujusmodi revelatio facta fuisse1 pr cet]is populis illam conceptionem praccipue celebrant40 ,aga91 fol4 #che ,a41 x is twice call$ 8fe/um quod a ,normannis celebratur40 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t ! ,normans be=e #abfj 7 /ill ! only p :o kept ! fea/4 #edc ,?is leg5d mu/ h enjoy$ a wide circulation1 s9ce ! ,greek ,brevi>y f9ds x necess>y to attack x4 ,see ! edition ( ,con/ant9ople1 #ahdc1 #gg4 #edd ,,passaglia 7,de ,imm4 ,conc41 iii4 #agee seqq47 is n at all %ak5 9 8 op9ion by ! fact t ,mabillion1 z he himself admits1 has %[n ! falsifi$ life 0 n writt5 by ,,ildefonsus1 ,acta ,ord4 ,s4 ,b5$41 ii4 #eba4 ,! title 8conceptio ,s4,v4,m4 ,g5itricis ,dom9i0 ref]s to ,*ri/mas4 ,x is an altoge!r absurd idea t ! ,jews 9 ! sev5? c5tury jo9$ 9 ! celebration ( ! #h? ,decemb]4 ,un=tunately ,,s*wane 7,dogm5ges*41 iii4 #dad7 has copi$ ,passaglia's mi/ake4 #ede ,,lesl,,u1 ,miss4 ,mixtum4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 #icc ,a4 #edf ,,passaglia 7op4 cit41 iii4 #agfj7 relies on a de$ ( gift ( #ajdg1 9 :i* occurs ! expression 8,conceptio ,immac410 at t p]iod unkn[n--a cle> pro( ( falsification4 ,! docum5t comes f ,antonio ,dragoni1 an indu/ri\s fabricator4 ,see ,,sickel1 ,acta ,regum1 etc41 i4 #bc4 #edg ,,sic>dus1 ,mitrale1 c4 #dc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccxviii4 #edh ,,petrus ,,cell41 ad ,nicolaum ,mon4 ,epi/41 #b1 #aga4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccii4 #fad4 #edi ,see ,,bele?1 ,rationale ,div4 ,(f41 c4 #adf4 ,,sic>dus1 ,mitrale1 c4 #dc4 ,,dur&us1 ,mim4 ,rationale1 also does n "k ( ! fea/4 #eej ,,b]n>d41 ,epi/41 #aga4 ,vac&>d w\ld l to place ?is lett] be=e #aabh1 b ?is is out ( ! "q4 #eea ,,b]n>d41 ,epi/41 #ahd4 #eeb ,,mansi1 ,conc41 xxiii4 #gfd4 ,,*evali]1 ,bibl4 ,lit41 #g4 #eec ,,wadd+1 ,annales ,m9orum4 #eed ,,?omas1 ,s4 ,!ol41 #c q4 #bg1 art4 #b4 #eee ,,s*wane1 ,dogm5ges*41 iii4 #dah4 #eef ,,b9t]im1 ,konzil41 vi4 #ecf1 ,a4 ,i4 #eeg ,,s*at51 ,annal4 ,pad41 ad ann4 #acdc4 #eeh ,,passaglia1 ,de ,imm4 ,conc41 iii4 #agfg4 ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #a1 #cjb seq4 #eei ,,b9t]im & ,,moor51 ,die ,erzdizese ,kln ,i41 ,dsseldorf1 #ahib1 #ech4 ,w,,rdtwe91 ,diplomat ,magunt41 i41 ,ma9z1 #aghh1 #aca1 ,no4 #fi4 ,urkunde des ,klo/]s ,je*aburg 9 ,?r+51 see ,,falk1 ,ka?olik1 #aijc1 #a4 #efj ,! #bnd ,canon ( ?is synod ( ,cant]bury runs3--8,v5]abilis ,anselmi1 prdecessoris no/ri1 qui po/ alia qudam ,b4,m4,v4 antiquiora sollemnia ,conceptionis fe/um sup]add]e dignum duxit1 ve/igiis inhr5tes1 /atuimus1 etc40 ,on ! "o h& ! synod does n say t ,anselm _h actually introduc$ ! fea/1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! words are too pla9 to all[ ( u ?9k+1 ) "s rec5t writ]s1 t ! synod confus$ ! uncle & ! nephew4 ,"o _c *>ge x ) ignorance ( ?is k9d4 ,see ,,h>d\91 ,conc41 vii4 #aech2 ,,labbe-,,coss>t1 ,conc41 ix4 #bdgh4 #efa ,,h>d\91 ,conc41 viii4 #abff4 ,,s*wane1 ,dogm5ges*41 iii4 #dbg4 #efb ,,nat4 ,,alex&]41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #h1 #edf1 ed4 ,p>is1 #afbg4 ,,labbe-,,coss>t1 ,conc41 viii4 #adjc4 #efc ,! fea/ 0 kept ) special devotion by ! ,c>melite nuns 9 _! *ur* 9 ,rome4 ,"u ,innoc5t ,,viii4 ! ord] ( ! ,conceptio ,b4,m4,v4 = wom5 0 also in/itut$ 9 ,rome4 ,,passaglia1 ,de ,imm4 ,conc41 iii4 #aggf4 #efd ,,passaglia1 op4 cit41 #aggg1 &1 aft] him1 ,,tappehorn1 ,pr$igt5twrfe1 ii4 #i1 give ! date incorrectly z #adgf4 #efe ,,f]r>is1 ,prompta ,bibl41 #c1 #cgi4 #eff ,,passaglia1 op4 cit41 iii4 #aghh2 ,con/itution ( #aj? ,novemb] #afdd3 8,9 8 qu p]40 #efg ,f #adgg-ahed is sc>cely f\r hundr$ ye>s4 #efh ,,b5$ict ,,xiv41 ,de ,fe/is41 #b1 #aeb4 #efi ,,eusebius1 ,de ,nom4 ,hebr4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xxiii4 #ghi4 #egj ,see ! excell5t article by ,j4 ,b4 ,kraus 9 ! fir/ ed4 ( ! ,kir*5lexikons1 ) ! additions ( ,,s*rod 9 ! #bnd ed4 ,= special treatises1 see ,,b5$ict ,,xiv41 ,comm5t>ius de ,fe/is ,b4,m4,v41 & = a m mod]n "w1 ,,holweck1 ,fa/i ,m>iani1 ,freiburg1 #ahib4 #ega ,protoevangelium1 #g4 ,evang4 de ,nativitate ,m>i1 #f4 ,see ,,tappehorn1 ,auss]bibl4 ,na*ri*t5 od] die ,apokryph51 #be4 #egb ,,morcelli1 i4 #bhg4 ,! title runs1 4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,kraus 7,kir*5lex41 vi41 #a/ ed41 #hhd7 /ates x 0 obs]v$ 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #gcj1 on ! au?ority ( ,simeon ,metaphra/es1 )\t giv+ ! passages4 ,,alt 7p4 #eb7 & o!rs h copi$ f him1 also )\t cit+ ! passages4 ,! /atem5t is v improbable1 = 9 #gbe ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy _h brok5 out1 r5d]+ its introduction unlikely4 ,x might be consid]$ probable if ! homily ( ,,t>asius1 ,de ,prs5tatione ,b4,m4,v41 7 g5u9e4 ,,morcelli 7ii4 #bej7 consid]s x spuri\s4 ,! fea/ is also n includ$ 9 ! ,m5ologium ( ,con/ant9ople4 #egc 8,depositio10 1 etc41 is ! actual "n ( ! fea/ 9 ! ,cal5d>s1 & 9 ! old] m5ologies x is call$ 8 40 ,arca or loculus is ! wood5 c(f9 9 :i* ,m>y is said to h be5 orig9ally plac$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & :i* 0 br\ght to ,con/ant9ople "u ,m>cian4 ,,morcelli1 ii4 #aea4 ,,muralt1 ,*ronogr4 ,byz41 i4 #hc4 #egd ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #djg4 #ege ,con/it4 synodica ,odonis ,episc4 ,p>4 ,,mansi1 ,conc41 xxii4 #fha1 ,no4 #aj4 #egf ,,mansi1 op4 cit41 #aajh1 i4 #d4 ,,b9t]im1 ,konzili51 iv4 #dhj2 ,d5kw41 vii4 #a1 #ih-abi4 ,,?4 ,,ess]1 ,ges*4 des ,engl4 ,grusses2 ,hi/or4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhd1 #ib4 ,= ! use ( ! ,angelic ,salutation 9 ,engl&1 see ,,fr4 ,,bridgett1 ,c4 ,,ss4 ,r41 8,our ,lady's ,d[ry10 *ap4 iv4 ,trans4 #egg ,= que/ions connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ros>y1 see a s]ies ( articles 9 vols4 #if & #ig ( ,! ,mon?1 by ,,fr4 ,,h]b]t ,,?ur/on1 ,s4,j42 also1 ,uns]] ,lieb5 ,frau5 ,ros5krantz1 by ,,fr4 ,,?4 ,,ess]1 ,o4,p41 ,pad]born1 #ahhi4 ,trans4 #egh ,,holzapfel1 ,s4 ,dom9icus und d] ,ros5kranz1 ,muni*1 #aijc4 #egi ,! orig9ators ( ?is =m ( pray] 7 ,dom9ic ( ,prussia & ,adolf ( ,ess51 two monks ( ! ,*>t]h\se 9 ,treves 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,?4 ,,ess]1 ,beitrag zur ,ges*4 des ,ros5kranzes1 ,ka?olik1 #ahig1 ii4 #dji seqq41 & #aijd1 ii4 #ih seqq4 #ehj ,!re is hi/orical pro( = ! exi/5ce ( confrat]nities ( ! ,holy ,ros>y 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,t f\nd$ 9 ,cologne 9 #adgd by ,prior ,jacob ,spr5g]1 ,o4,p41 0 celebrat$4 ,,?4 ,,ess]1 ,u4,l4 ,fr4 ,ros5kranz1 ,pad]born1 #ahhi1 #bhi4 ,x 0 confirm$ by ,sixtus ,,iv4 9 #adgh4 ,kir*5lexikon1 x41 #bnd ed4 #abha4 #eha ,kir*5lexikon1 viii4 #bnd ed4 #hah2 ,brev4 ,rom4 ,dom i41 ,oct4 lectio #g-i4 ,on ! #e? ,augu/ takes place ! local fea/ ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,sn[s1 8,m>ia ad ,nives10 9 ! basilica ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,maggiore 9 ,rome4 ,z ! (fice has be5 incorporat$ 9 ! ,brevi>y1 a %ort acc\nt ( x may be ju/ifi$ 9 ?is place4 ,pope ,lib]ius erect$ a basilica on ! ,esquil9e1 on ! site ( ,livia's m>ket1 :i* 0 call$ aft] him 8,lib]iana40 ,9 ! next c5tury1 ,sixtus ,,iii4 re/or$ ! *ur* & *ang$ its title1 d$icat+ x to ! ,"m ( ,god 7,lib4 ,pont41 ,lib]ius1 ,no4 #eb1 ,xy/us ,,iii41 ,no4 #fc74 ,f h5ce=? x 0 kn[n z 8,basilica ,s4 ,m>i10 at ! pres5t day1 ,/a4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,! miracle ( ! sn[ is n m5tion$ 9 any ( ! orig9al docum5ts1 b only 9 m$ival writ+s4 ,! #e? ,augu/ may h be5 ! day ( ! d$ication ( ! basilica4 ,see ,,gris>1 ,ges*4 ,roms41 i4 #aec ,a4 #a4 ,! leg5d ( ! translation ( ! ,holy ,h\se ( ,loreto 7#aj? ,dec47 w n /& hi/orical inve/igation4 ,accord+ to tru/wor?y acc\nts1 pilgrims to ,naz>e? already 9 ! eigh? c5tury f\nd ! holy h\se !re no long]1 b only a *ur* on ! site :]e x _h /ood4 ,,adamnan1 ,de ,locis ,sanctis1 #b1 #bf2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxviii4 #cjd4 ,,anton9us ,,plac41 ,it9]>ium1 c4 #e1 9 ,,geys]1 ,it9]>ium ,hi]os41 #afa1 #aig2 ,,nicephorus ,,call41 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #h1 #cj71 names ,hel5a z ! f\ndress ( ! *ur* built on ! spot :]e ! h\se ( ! ,anunnciation _h /ood4 ,see ,l4 ,,de ,,feis1 ,la ,santa ,casa di ,loreto ed il ,santu>io di ,naz>e?1 ,flor5ce1 #aijd4 ,= ,our ,lady's fea/s z obs]v$ 9 ,engl&1 see ,fr4 ,bridgett1 op4 cit41 *ap4 vi4 ,= :at may be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,holy ,h\se ( ,loreto1 see an article by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,e4 ,phillips1 ,s4,j41 9 ! ,u%aw ,magaz9e1 ,m>* #aijh4 ,trans4 #ehb ,,pf,,lf1 ,die ,v]ehrung des hl4 ,joseph 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 9 ,/imm5 aus ,m>ia-,laa*1 xxxviii 7#ahij71 #aag1 et seqq4 ,rvue ,bndict9e1 xiv4 #ahig1 #ajf seqq41 #ade seqq41 #bjc seqq4 ,le ,dveloppem5t ,hi/4 du ,culte de ,/ ,joseph4 #ehc ,de ,syn41 iii4 c4 #ae1 #bbj et seqq4 #ehd ,script4 ,vet4 ,nova ,coll41 iv4 #ae1 et seqq4 #ehe 8,9 ,antio*4 natalis ,josephi10 ,codex ,ept]nac4 #ehf ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,analecta ,boll&41 i4 #ai4 #ehg ,rvue ,bndict9e1 xiv4 7#ahig7 iii4 seqq4 & #ade seqq4 #ehh ,ib41 #ade seqq4 #ehi ,,panv9ius ,vita ,sixti ,,iv41 9 ! cont9uation to ,plat9a4 #eij ,,grotef5d1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronol41 ii4 passim4 #eia ,,procopius1 ,de dif41 i4 #c4 #eib ,de ,hr41 #gi4 #eic ,,panv9ius1 op4 cit4 #eid ,see ! article 8,anna0 by ,s*egg1 & 8,joa*im0 by ,jo*am 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 #bnd ed41 i4 & vi4 ,tri!mius wrote a tract on ! wor%ip ( ,/ ,anne 9 #adhd4 #eie ,,baillet1 v4 #cfc4 #eif ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxix4 #ajbc2 ,s]mo de ,s4 ,mat?41 ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 #c ,febr4 #dhg4 #eig ,op]a ,s4 ,leonis ,i42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lv4 #eg2 lxxiv4 #aafh "u ,no4 #cc4 #eih ,,bele?1 ,rationale ,div4 ,(f4 c4 #abd2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccii4 #aca4 #eii ,,socr41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #af3 4 #fjj ,,euseb41 ,vita ,con/41 #d1 #ga4 #fja ,!ophanes1 ,nicephorus1 etc4 ,,muralt1 ,*ron4 ,byz41 i4 #aig4 #fjb ,edit$ 9 ,greek by ,us5] 9 ! ,bonn ,lektionskatalog = #ahgg4 #fjc ,,du*esne1 ,orig9es1 #bee4 #fjd ,,gregor1 ,nyss4 ,op]a2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xlvi4 #gbe1 #ghg4 #fje ,,ambros41 ,de ,virg4 c4 #ai1 ,no4 #abd3 8,dies factus e/ ,petrus1 dies ,paulus ideoque hodie natali eorum ,spiritus ,sanctus increpuit dic5s1 etc40 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xvi4 #bii4 #fjf ,hom41 #fh-gc & ,s]mo1 #ff-fi2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lvii4 #fjg ,,augu/941 ,s]mo1 #bie1 c4 #h2 #bif1 c4 #a4 #fjh ,see my article 8,petrus und ,paulus0 9 ! ,ka?olik1 #ahhg1 i4 #aa-ci4 #fji ,,*ryso/om1 ,op]a1 ed4 ,montfaucon1 ii4 #a4 #faj ,,prud5tius1 ,p]i/41 #ab1 #b3 8,romam p] omnem cursitant orantque20 v4 #eb3 8,aspice p] bifidas plebs ,romula funditur plateas10 & especially v4 #fc3 8,tran/ib]9a prius solvit sacra p]vigil sac]dos1 ,mox huc recurrit duplicatque vota40 #faa ,s]mo1 #hd1 al4 #ha ( ,leo ! ,great is entitl$3 ,9 ,octavis ,,ss4 apo/olorum4 ,see ,,amal>ius1 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl41 #c1 #cf4 #fab ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #af1 ed4 ,vales1 #eah4 ,,!ophanes1 ad an4 #dib4 #fac ,among ! ,cal5d>s publi%$ by ,seld5ius 7,de ,syn$riis ,,iii41 c4 #ae7 "o conta9s x1 ano!r on #bg? ,june has 8,planctus ,pauli0 7see p4 #bab71 & ! ?ird 7p4 #bda7 has ano!r m>tyr call$ ,basamon4 ,b9t]im is mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ ! fea/ is abs5t f no anci5t ,cal5d> 7,d5kw41 v4 #chc74 #fad ,eudocia liv$ z a wid[ at ,j]usalem1 #dej-dee1 & di$ !re4 ,%e _h previ\sly visit$ ,j]usalem 9 #dch4 ,,muralt1 ,*ron4 ,byz41 i4 #dg1 #fh4 #fae ,a prie/ ( ?is *ur*1 call$ ,philip1 0 papal legate at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus4 #faf ,,de ,,rossi1 ,inscr4 ,*r41 ii4 #a1 #aaj1 #acd1 #afd4 ,,gris>1 ,ges*4 ,roms41 i4 #agb1 pt4 ,i4 ,o!r witnesses = ! exi/5ce ( ,/ ,pet]'s *a9 at ,rome are ,,arator1 ,acta ,apo/41 i4 #ajfg2 ,,ju/9ian1 ,epi/41 9 ,labbe-,coss>t1 iv4 #adaf2 ,,gregor ,m41 ,epi/41 i4 #cj1 ix4 #abb1 xi4 #ec1 etc4 #fag ,,sigeb]t ( ,gembl\rs m5tions ! ev5t ad ann4 #ifi4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clx4 #aia4 #fah ,x is n 9 ! ,kal5d>ium ,go?icum1 ! ,neapolitan ,cal5d>1 nor 9 t ( ,*>lemagne belong+ to #gha 7ed4 ,pip]71 nor 9 ! ,greek m5ologies ( ,basil & ,con/ant9ople4 #fai ,rmis*e ,qu>tals*rift1 #aija1 #bdd seqq4 ,ranke is mu* mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t ,b$e celebrat$ ! conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul 89 ! anci5t mann]0 on #cj? ,june4 ,see ,,b$a1 ,m>tyrol41 ed4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xciv4 #ifb4 #fbj ,,hi]on4 ,de ,vir4 ,ill41 c4 #g1 ,*ron4 ,pas*4 ,! ,,fa/i ,,idat4 & ,,!od4 ,,lector 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #fa7 agree 9 giv+ ! #crd ,m>* z ! date4 #fba ,edit$ by ,us5] f a ,p>isian ,,ms4 ( ! n9? to twelf? c5tury1 9 ,anal4 ,boll41 xiii4 #cgc-gh4 ,see ! au?or's art41 8,zur ,ges*4 des ,aposels ,&reas10 9 ! ,ka?olik1 #aijf1 vol4 iii4 #fbb ,pr9t$ by ,mombritius ,surius 9 ,lat9 only4 ,c4 ,*r4 ,woog 7,lips41 #agdi7 publi%$ ! ,greek text4 ,,morcelli1 ,m5ol4 ,con/41 i4 #bde1 & ,,tis*5dorf1 ,acta ,apo/4 ,apocr41 ,lips41 #ahfa1 #aje seqq4 ,! 7op4 cit41 #dcb seqq47 are full ( *ildi% leg5ds4 #fbc ,passio ,s4 ,artemii auctore ,johanne mon41 c4 #af4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 xcvi41 #abff4 ,,paul9us ,,nol41 ,poema1 #ai1 #cc4 ,see also ! ,enconium ,s4 ,luc1 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,augu/ numb] ( ! ,jahrbu* fr prote/4 ,!ologie = #ahij1 by ,ph4 ,,mey]1 & ,,abu',l ,,b>akat1 ,ori5s ,*r41 ,rome1 #aijb1 #ccg1 ,no4 #f4 ,tb4 ,qu>tals*41 #aije1 #eif et seqq4 #fbd ,see ! ,cal5d> 9 ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis ,hebr41 & t giv5 by ,mai4 #fbe ,,v5antius ,,=t41 ,c>m9a1 #h1 #f4 ,see ,kir*5lexikon1 iii41 #bnd ed41 #ggd1 art4 8,compo/ela10 by ,hefele4 #fbf ,,notk] ,,balbulus1 ad ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,aug41 says3 8,iussu ,h]odis regis decollatus e/ ,hi]osolymis4444 ,hujus ossa ad ,hispanias translata40 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxi4 #aabe4 #fbg ,pope ,innoc5t ,i4 flatly d5ies t any apo/le _h f\nd$ ! ,*ur* ( ,spa94 ,epi/4 ad ,dec5tium1 #be1 c4 #b3 8,aut legant1 si 9 8 prov9ciis alius apo/olorum inv5itur1 etc40 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xx4 #eeb4 #fbh ,edit$ by ,du*esne 9 ,acta ,,ss4 ,nov41 vol4 ii41 p>s4 #a1 #if4 #fbi ,& also on ! #be? ,may4--,trans4 #fcj ,,hi]on41 ,de ,vir4 ,ill41 c4 #b4 #fca ,= ! pro( ( ?is1 see ! ,au?or's art4 9 ! ,ka?olik1 #ahhg1 i4 #bc4 #fcb ,,morcelli1 i4 #afh4 ,he c only produce z evid5ce ! ,cal5d>s ( ,rei*5au & ,rhe9au1 b !y are suffici5t = 8 purpose4 #fcc ,! ,hi]onymianum at lea/ says s on ! #bg? ,decemb]3 8,adsumptio ,s4 ,johannis ,evangeli/ apud ,ephesum et ord9atio episcopatus ,s4 ,jacobi fratris ,dom9i qui ab apo/olis primus ex ,judaeis ,hi]osolymis episcopus e/ ord9atus40 #fcd ,,!odosius 7#ecj circ471 ,de ,situ ,t]r ,sanct1 ed4 ,v9dob41 #ahih1 #adb1 #agd4 ,,v5antius ,,=t41 ,c>m9a1 #h1 #f4 #fce ,s ! ,*ronograph] ( #ced4 ,! ,hi]onymianum 9 its olde/ rec5sion 7,weiss5burg7 has ! entry3 8,9 ,africa natalis ,s4 ,philippi ,apo/oli1 ,jacobi1 ,qu9tiani1 etc40 ,! rec5sions ( ,e*t]na* & ,metz h3 8,natalis ,,ss4 ,apo/olorum ,philippi et ,jacobi10 & ! incorrect addition 9 ,africa is transf]r$ to ano!r place4 #fcf ,lib] ,pont41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #cjc1 #cjf1 note #b4 #fcg ,,morcelli1 ii4 #ig1 gives m p>ticul>s4 ,! "n ,manna implies t ! sub/ance 0 :ite--probably ! salt :i* ga!rs ^u walls4 #fch ,op4 cit41 i4 #afg et seq4 #fci ,,baum/>k1 ,rm4 ,qu>tals*rift41 #ahii1 #cad4 #fdj ,!re is no explanation ( ! entry on ! #bd? ,june1 8,,viii4 ,kal4 ,jul4 ,natalis dormitionis ,s4 ,joannis ,apo/4 et ,evang4 9 ,epheso40 ,! view ( ^? :o ascrib$ ! dea? ( a m>tyr to ,/ ,john on ! gr\nds ( ,/ ,m>k x4 #ci has nev] f\nd mu* support4 ,see ,,s*anz1 ,komm5t> zu ,joh41 #ccb4 #fda ,de ,prs]41 c4 #cf4 #fdb ,,abdias1 ,de ,hi/oria ,c]tam9is ,apo/olorum ,libri ,x41 ,,guts*mid 7,kle9e ,s*rift51 ii4 #cfd-cgb71 consid]s ! au?or ( ! ,acta ,simonis et ,jud conta9$ 9 ?is hi/ory is famili> ) ,p]sian cu/oms & liv$ 9 ! ante-,nic5e p]iod4 ,guts*mid adds t bo? apo/les prea*$ 9 ,arm5ia1 ,a4,d4 #ci-dg1 :i* 0 !n subject to ,p]sia1 & fancies he c discov] allusions to ! civil w> wag$ by ! two ,p]sian k+s1 ,v>danes & ,got>zes4 ,9 ! hi/ory ,v>danes 0 fav\rable to ,greek cu/oms & _h be5 visit$ by ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 #fdc ,suana is m5tion$ by ,claud4 ,ptolem41 #e1 #ac1 #aai1 z situat$ 9 ,great] ,arm5ia4 ,! ,suani 7 a ,caucasian tribe4 ,see ,,muralt1 ,*ron4 ,byz41 i4 #he1 #aej1 #baa1 #bah1 #bej4 #fdd ,*ron4 ,pas*41 ed4 ,bonn1 #dga2 see also #dcb1 & ,cal4 ,calcas5di 9 ,seld5ius4 #fde ,c>d4 ,,rampolla1 ,de ,au!ntico ,rom4 ,pontificis ,magi/]io1 9 ,la ,papaut et les ,peuples1 ii41 ,p>is1 #aijj1 #h-dh4 ,,&ries1 ,ca!dra ,romana1 etc41 ,ma9z1 #ahgb4 ,,kelln]1 ,v]fassung ,lehramt u4 ,unfehlb>keit d4 ,kir*e1 ,kempt51 #ahgc4 #fdf ,,b5$ict ,,xiv4 7,op]a in$4 ,he9]1 #fe-fg7 deals ) ! "q :e!r ! fea/ commemorates ,/ ,pet]'s ord9ation1 or ! day ( 8 arrival 9 ,rome1 or ! f\ndation ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 etc4 ,8 hi/ory ( ! fea/ is bas$ ^u antiquat$ mat]ial1 & ! great] "p ( ! treatise is occupi$ ) ! pro( t ,/ ,pet] _h visit$ ,rome4 #fdg ,,m>qu>dt ,,momms51 ,rm4 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii41 #bnd ed41 #caa seqq4 #fdh ,su* exclamations z 8,b5e vos6 ,b5e te patri pat]1 ,optime ,cs>60 7 common4 ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b1 #faf-fch4 ,,val]ius ,,max41 #b1 #a1 #h4 ,,m>tial41 #i1 #ed4 ,,bonghi1 ,die rmis*5 ,fe/e1 translat$ by ,ruhemunn1 ,vi5na1 #ahib1 #da4 #fdi ,,t]tullian41 ,de ,idol41 c4 #aj4 #fej ,,augu/941 ,s]mo1 #aij1 #aia2 ,op]a1 v4 #fea ,see ! second ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs1 ,a4,d4 #efg1 c4 #bb4 #feb ,rationale div4 (f41 c4 #hc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccii4 #hg4 #fec ,,greg4 ,i41 ,epi/4 ad ,mellitum1 #aa1 #gf al42 #i1 #ga4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxvii4 #abae4 ,/atem5ts to ! same effect are f\nd 9 ,,augu/941 ,epi/41 #dg2 ,,!odoret1 ,de ,grc4 aff4 cur41 #h2 ,,sidonius ,,ap41 ,epi/41 #d1 #ae4 #fed ,edit$ by ,h5s*51 ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll4 ,junii ,,vii42 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xiii42 & rec5tly by ,momms5 9 ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,lat41 tit4 i4 #fee ,! bi%ops ( ,s$unum att5d$ ! ,c\ncils ( ,maon1 & belong$1 at a lat] date1 to ! prov9ce ( ! ,t>antaise4 ,,wilts*1 ,kir*l4 ,geographie u4 ,/ati/ik1 i4 #cbc1 #cee4 #fef ,,mabillon1 ,de ,lit4 ,gall41 ii4 #bc4 ,,migne1 lxxii4 #ahb2 see also #dgb1 & ,,du*esne1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti51 #bff et seq4 #feg ,spicilegium1 t4 ii42 see infra1 p4 #dja4 #feh ,,ranke1 ,,vi4 xxx4 #fei ,accord+ to ! edition ( ,,de ,,rossi & ,,du*esne 9 ! ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 we f9d on ! #bj? ,jan41 ,,xv4 ,kal4 ,febr41 9 ! ,weiss5burg ,codex3 8,d$icatio ,ca!dra 7sic7 ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli1 qua primo ,rom ,petrus ,apo/olus s$it40 ,ept]na* ,codex3 8,depositio ,s4 ,m>i et ,ca!dra ,petri 9 ,roma40 ,! ,b]n ,codex is imp]fect "h4 ,on ! #bbnd ,febru>y1 ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,m>t41 ! ,weiss5burg ,codex has3 8,natale ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli ,ca!dra quam s$it apud ,antio*ia0 7sic74 ,! ,ept]na* has3 8,ca!dra ,petri 9 ,antioc4 et ,rom40 ,! ,b]n ,codex3 8,ca!dra ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli quam s$it apud ,antio*iam40 #ffj ,,b9t]im ,,moor51 ,die ,erzdizese ,kln im ,mittelalt]1 i41 #bnd ed41 #ebh4 #ffa ,bull>ium1 ed4 ,lux41 i4 #hcb4 #ffb ,see ,b,,um]1 #eaj4 #ffc ,,clem5tis ,,rom41 ,recogn41 #aj1 #gj4 ,= a diff]5t op9ion1 see ,,fr4 ,x4 ,,kraus1 9 ! ?ird app5dix to 8 ,roma ,sott41 & ,,m>uc*i1 :o wrongly consid]s ! fea/ ( ! #bbnd ,febru>y commemorat$ ! ,vatican *air ( ,/ ,pet] & t ( ! #ah? ,janu>y 8 *air at ! ,o/rian ,cemet]y4 ,un=tunately ! latt] fea/ 0 unkn[n 9 ,rome be=e ! #af? c5tury4 #ffd ,conc]n+ ?is po9t1 see ,,s*anz1 ,komm5t> zu ,mat?u1 #ejd2 ,m>kus1 #dag2 ,lukas1 #bea4 #ffe ,,clem5tis ,,rom41 ,recogn41 #c1 #fh4 #fff ,accord+ to ,du*esne1 x is ! "w ( a /ud5t ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 call$ ,rabanus1 & belongs to ! ye> #adef4 ,,riets*1 #aj4 ,! "w is pr9t$ 9 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 i4 #aab4 #ffg ,,muralt1 ,*ron4 ,byz41 i4 #dfh1 #dgg4 #ffh ,,morcelli1 i4 #aja1 #bhh note4 ,baum/>k communicat$ to ! ,rm4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #aijj1 #caj1 a ,syrian text indep5d5t ( ! ,byzant9e tradition1 :i* m5tion$ ,citium z ! place ( ,laz>us' burial4 #ffi ,,ebn]1 ,int] ,ital41 ,freiburg1 #ahif1 #bib1 #e1 #ad1 #ajd1 etc4 #fgj ,,gregor4 ,,tur41 ,de ,gloria ,m>t41 c4 #cj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxi4 #gca4 ,,mode/us 9 ,photius1 ,bibl41 cod4 #bge2 ed4 ,bekk]1 #aa4 ,,anonymus1 9 ,vita ,willibaldi1 c4 #e4 ,,mabillon1 ,vit ,,ss4 ,ord4 ,b5$41 iii41 #b1 #chd4 ,,tillemont1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #d4 #fga ,,glycas1 ,ann41 #d1 #aih2 ed4 ,bonn1 #eed4 ,,zon>as1 #af1 #ab1 #aa1 op4 cit4 #fgb ,see ,sdralek1 art4 8,translation0 9 ,,kraus' ,real5zykl41 & ,,a*elis1 ,die ,m>tyrologi51 #gd-gf4 ,! editors ( ! ,monum5ta ,g]mani are fully alive to ! value ( incid5ts ( ?is k9d = ! hi/ory ( any p]iod4 #fgc ,,jaff 7,reg4 ,r4,p47 is d\btful z to its au!nticity4 #fgd ,synodus ,s4 ,symma*o1 #dii4 ,,?iel41 ,ep4 ,rom4 ,pont41 #fec4 ,lib4 ,pontif41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #cje1 #cjg4 ,,v5antius ,,=t41 ,miscellanea1 i4 #bj2 #h1 #f4 #fge ,,pas*alis ,i41 ,epi/41 i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cii4 #ajhf4 #fgf ,pr9t$ 9 ,,ru9>t1 ,acta ,m>t41 #fcc4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ,mn/]bils5 9 ,,b9t]im is m5tion$ fur!r on1 page #daa4 #fgg ,pope ,symmacus is call$ 8papa urbis0 by ,avitus 9 ! inscription ( "o ( 8 lett]s4 ,,?iel1 ,epi/ol ,romanorum ,pontificum1 #gcj4 ,9 an inscription 9 ! catacombs ! pope describes himself z3 8,ego1 ,damasus1 urbis ,rom ,episcopus40 #fgh ,,gris>1 art4 8,lib]ius0 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 vii41 #bnd ed41 #aide1 & ,j4 ,,wittig1 ,pap/ ,damasus3 ,rm4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #aijb1 #gg-hf4 #fgi ,,dessau & ,,von ,,rohd51 ,prosographia ,imp]ii ,rom41 iii41 ,b]l91 #ahig1 #cdi4 #fhj ,see ,,noris1 ,c5otaphia ,pisana1 ,v5et4 #agha1 #dca et seq41 & ,,muratori1 ,diss]tatio1 i4 & ii41 9 ! ,op]a ,s4 ,paul9i ,nol4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxi4 #ggi et seqq4 #fha ,,paul9us ,,nol41 ,poema1 #ba2 v4 #fj-hj1 #baj-bae1 #bhe-bij1 ref] to ! fa!r2 v4 #cad-cbd1 to ! son ,turcius ,a/]ius4 ,see ,,muratori1 op4 cit4 #fhb ,cf4 my articles 9 ! ,tb4 ,qu>tals*r41 #aijb1 #bcg seqq42 #aijc1 #cba seqq42 #aije1 #beh seqq4 ,fr4 ,hippolyte ,delahaye1 9 ! ,analecta ,boll&iana 7xxii4 #aijc1 #hf seq471 :5 review+ my articles1 *>act]is$ my /atem5ts z 8trop +5ieuses0 & 8fragiles10 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able to adduce any argum5ts on ! o!r side4 ,my fir/ oppon5t1 ,dr ,kirs*1 0 at lea/ suffici5tly =tunate z to f]ret out a mispr9t4 ,! sole attempt to ov]?r[ my conclusions r$uces itself to ! rem>k t ! 8,depositio ,m>tyrum0 is n an exhau/ive catalogue ( all ! ,roman m>tyrs :o _h suff]$ previ\sly to its compilation4 ,i nev] said x 04 ,b did x n conta9 all ! m>tyres recogniti 9 ,rome at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury 7cf4 bel[1 page #cej1 = ,momms5's rem>ks on ?is po9t71 x w\ld be a wor?less piece ( pap] f :i* no?+ c\ld be ga!r$4 ,fr4 ,delahaye seems n to und]/& t1 9 deal+ ) mat]ial ( ?is k9d1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to />t ) :at is actually kn[n ( ! ,roman (ficials & gov]nm5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,:5 he scornfully criticises my "w z 8trop +5ieux10 ,i mu/ say t on my "p ,i h f\nd no?+ 9 8 obscure ex ca!dra ass]tions to upset ! date giv5 above to ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,cecilia4 ,see ,,lightfoot1 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 pt4 ii4 vol4 i4 #eaf-ebb1 = a discussion on ,/ ,cecilia's m>tyrdom4--,trans4 #fhc ,,nilles 7,kal5d>ium71 :o usually pays no reg>d to 8 read]'s desire = in=mation on disput$ que/ions1 is entirely sil5t conc]n+ ,/ ,ca!r9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,kaul5 has be5 satisfi$ ) foll[+ ! mu* criticis$ article by ,,pf,,lf 7,kir*5lexikon1 vii4 #cce71 an imp]fect piece ( "w4 #fhd ,c>m9a1 #bb-bd1 ed4 ,ughelli1 ,ital4 ,s41 #aj1 #dg4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlvii4 #abdj seqq4 #fhe ,see ,,petrus ,,dam41 ,epi/41 #h1 #e4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxliv4 #dga4 #fhf ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 l4 #gjf-gab4 #fhg ,lib] ,pont41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #cag3 8,fecit ecclesiam ,b4 ,m>i semp] virg9is et omnium m>tyrum40 ,see ,,b$e1 ,hi/4 ,angl41 #b1 #d2 ,,paulus ,,diac41 ,hi/4 ,long41 #d1 #cg2 ,,rorba*]-,,rump1 ,kir*5ges*41 x4 #ajg seqq4 #fhh ,lib] ,pont41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #dag4 #fhi ,id4 op41 i4 #dai4 ,,bian*9i1 #bjj4 #fij ,,bele?1 ,rationale1 #abg4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccii4 ,,prob/ 7,kir*5lexikon1 i41 #bnd ed41 art4 8,all]heilig507 is incorrect 9 "s ( 8 /atem5ts conc]n+ ! p>ts play$ by ,gregory ,,iii4 & ,gregory ,,iv4 #fia ,,ado1 ,m>tyrol41 ,kal4 ,nov43 8,9 ,galiis mon5te s4 record4 ,gregorio pontifice piissimus ,ludovicus imp]ator omnibus regni et imp]ii sui episcopis cons5ti5tibus /atuit1 ut solemnit] fe/ivitas omnium sanctorum 9 prdicta die annuatim p]petuo ag]etur40 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxiii4 #chg4 ,sigeb]t ,gembl4 gives ! ye> ( its introduction3 8,mon5te ,gregorio papa et omnibus episcopis ass5ti5tibus ,ludovicus imp4 /atuit1 ut 9 ,gallia et ,g]mania fe/ivitas omnium sanctorum 9 ,kal4 ,nov4 celebr>etur1 quam ,romani ex in/itutione ,bonifatii pap celebrant40 ,*ron41 ad ann4 #hce4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clx4 #aei4 #fib ,,nat4 ,,alex&]1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #h1 #bc2 ed4 ,p>is1 #afii4 #fic ,see ,,isidori1 ,reg4 ,mon41 c4 #bd1 ,no4 #b4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxiii4 #hid4 ,a mass = ! dead 0 to be celebrat$ = all ! dep>t$ on ! day aft] ,p5teco/4 #fid ,pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlii4 #ajch1 f ! ,bibl4 ,cluniac41 #cch4 #fie ,consuet4 ,f>f42 ed4 ,alb]s1 #abd 7:]e x is enjo9$ t ! masses be appli$ = all s\ls74 ,consuet4 ( ! ,c>?usians1 by ,guigo 7 #aacg71 c4 #aa4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clii4 #fee4 #fif ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #did4 #fig ,,b9t]im & ,,moor51 ,die ,erzdizese ,kln1 i41 #bnd ed41 #ecf4 ,! ar*ivium ( ,/ ,pet]'s 9 ,aix-la-,*apelle possesses a m>tyrology belong+ to ! mona/]y ( ! 8,kreuzh]r510 =m]ly exi/+ !re4 ,x dates f #achb1 & is prec$$ by a cal5d>4 ,9 ?is ,all ,s\ls' ,day does n appe>1 nei!r d ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air on ! #ah? ,janu>y1 nor ,/ ,g]eon & 8 companions2 ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s are m5tion$1 b )\t ,/ ,ursula4 #fih ,,b]oldus1 #bbb seqq4 7ed4 ,magi/retti74 ,magi/retti is pla9ly mi/ak5 :5 he says ! ,*ur* ( ,milan 0 ! fir/ to foll[ ! example ( ,/ ,odilo4 #fii ,,sozom5us1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #c4 ,,!ophanes1 ,*ronogr41 #ah1 ed4 ,bonn1 #cc4 ,,procop41 ,de ,acclif41 i4 #i4 ,,nicephorus1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #g1 #ej4 #gjj ,,morcelli1 i4 #bai1 & ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 loc4 cit41 #eg4 #gja ,,epiphanius1 ,hr41 #ba1 & ,,!odoret on ,col4 ii4 #ah1 speak ( ! h]esy 9 "q4 ,see ,,?omass91 #ddj4 #gjb ,,ambrosius1 ,epi/41 #ba 7#aa74 ,,hil>ius1 ,hom4 9 ,mat?4 xxviii41 & on ,psalms #aai & #acg4 ,see ,,baillet1 vi4 #b1 #djd-dac4 #gjc ,sacram4 ,leon4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lv4 #ajc4 #gjd ,?is addition is also f\nd 9 a missal at ,padua belong+ to ! n9? c5tury4 ,see ,,ebn]1 ,it] ,ital41 #abg4 #gje ,lib4 ,pont41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #bfb3 8intra civitatem10 & ! note4 #gjf ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 ,sept4 tit4 viii4 ,,ado1 ,m>t41 #bi? ,sept4 ,x /ood1 accord+ to ,ado1 9 summitate circi1 accord+ to ,b>onius3 circuli molis ,hadriani1 i4e4 on ! t]race ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/ ,angelo4 #gjg ,cf4 ,lection>y ( ,silos4 #gjh ,,spelman1 ,conc41 i4 #ebj4 #gji ,z1 = example1 9 ! n9? c5tury ,cal5d>s ( ,/ablo & ,cologne4 ,notk] ,balbulus is ignorant ( ! *ur* on ! ,via ,sal>ia1 b gives ! /ory ( ,monte ,g>gano on ! #bi? ,septemb]4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxi4 #aaed4 #gaj ,x is ! same ) ! missals ( ,ivrea & ,flor5ce 9 ,,ebn]1 ,it] ,ital41 #bh & #eb4 #gaa ,see ,,s*rod41 art4 8,s*utz5gelfe/0 9 ! ,kir*5lexikon1 x41 #bnd ed41 #bjae4 ,! ,spani% cal5d>s pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxxv4 & lxxxvi41 h n ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,gu>dian ,angels4 #gab ,,m>zohl & ,,s*nell]1 iv4 #gjg note4 #gac ,,tillemont1 ,hi/4 des ,emp41 iv41 art4 ix4 #bea et seq4 ,also #ic1 art4 lxii4 #gad ,,niceph4 ,,call41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #h1 #ca4 ,,tillemont1 ,mm41 vii41 art4 viii4 #h4 #gae ,,!ophanes1 ,*ronogr41 ed4 ,bonn1 i4 #cg-dj4 #gaf ,,ambrosius1 ,de ,obitu ,!od41 c4 #dj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xvi4 #acii4 ,,paul9us ,,nol41 ,epi/4 ad ,sev]um4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxi4 #cbf4 ,,!odoret1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #ah4 #gag ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxiv4 #cgd3 8,via ,lavicana ,s4 ,hel51 matris ,con/ant9i imp]atoris40 ,! place ( h] fir/ burial 0 ! pres5t ,torre ,pignatt>a4 #gah ,%e appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 ! supplem5t to bo? ! ,brevi>y & ,missal4 ,trans4 #gai ,,m>uc*i1 ,nuovo ,bull4 di ,ar*4 ,*ri/41 iv4 #afc1 takes ! opposite view4 #gbj ,vita ,con/ant41 #c1 #be4 #gba ,op4 cit41 cc4 #bf-bh4 #gbb ,op4 cit41 cc4 #cc-dj4 #gbc ,op4 cit41 cc4 #db1 #dc4 #gbd ,9 ?is he says t wond]ful ?+s h tak5 place at ! ,"l's sepul*re dur+ 8 own life-"t4 ,9 ,con/ant9e's lett] to ,mac>ius also ! ref]5ces are express$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 #gbe ,,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #ag4 ,,sozom5us1 #b1 #a4 ,,!odoret1 i4 #ah4 ,,!ophanes1 ,*ronogr41 i41 ad ann4 m4 #ehag1 ,*r4 #cag4 ,,*ryso/om41 ,9 ,joann41 #hd4 ,,ruf941 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #h4 ,,sulpicius ,,sev41 #b1 #cd4 #gbf ,epi/4 ad ,sev]um1 #ba1 #e4 #gbg ,exc]pta ,lat4 ,b>b>i1 ed4 ,frick1 #cei4 ,,!ophanes gives a /ill e>li] date1 i4e4 #ehag ( ! _w #cag ,a4,d4 ,he also places ! dea? ( ,mac>ius & ,hel5a 9 ! same ye> z ! discov]y ( ! cross4 ,9 ! ,exc]pta ,b>b>i we f9d ! words 1 b ?is mu/ be an error1 = imm$iately aft]w>ds foll[s '4 ,,?o? co9cides ) ,septemb]1 n ) ,decemb]4 ,see ,,s*o5e1 ,euseb4 ,*ron41 i4 #bcd4 ,! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 8,vita ,euseb410 i4 #afg1 places ! f9d+ ( ! cross on ! #crd ,may #caj2 b ?is is obvi\sly a mi/ake4 #gbh ,,du*esne1 ,lib4 ,pont41 i41 preface1 cviii4 #gbi ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 c4 #dh1 ed4 ,gey]1 #gd cod4 #gcj ,,gey]1 ,it94 ,hi]osol41 #adi4 #gca ,,arculf 9 ,adamnanus1 ,de ,locis ,sanctis1 #c1 #c2 ib4 #bhg4 #gcb ,,muralt1 ,*ronogr4 ,byz41 i41 #bgb1 #bhf4 ,,!ophanes1 ed4 ,bonn1 i4 #ejd1 ad ann4 #fabj4 ,*ron4 ,pas*41 ed4 ,bonn1 i4 #gjd1 ad ann4 #fabb1 relates only ! c>ry+ away ( ! cross1 & !n concludes4 #gcc ,! ,m5ologium ,con/ant9opolit>ium has an 8,adoratio ,pretios ,crucis0 on #ca/ ,july1 ! mean+ ( :i* is n /at$4 ,,morcelli1 i4 #fc4 #gcd ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii4 #bhe1 #eaa4 #gce ,see ! new edition by ,wilson4 #gcf ,! text ( ,,de ,,rossi & ,,du*esne 9 ,act4 ,,ss4 7#ed74 ,a bett] ^w w\ld h be5 8recup]atio40 #gcg ,,ebn]1 ,quell5 und ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*4 des ,missale1 etc41 ,freiburg1 #ahif1 #abc4 ,9 addition to ^! two fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ! ,egyptians & ,abyss9ians celebrate "o on ! #f? ,m>*1 8,manife/atio ,s4 ,crucis p] ,h]aclium ,imp410 in/ead ( ! #crd ,may4 ,see ! ,synax>ia 9 ,,seld5ius & ,,mai4 #gch ,,magi/retti1 op4 cit41 #ada4 #gci ,,du*esne1 ,orig9es1 #aac-acg4 #gdj ,,ebn] 7,it]4 ,italicum1 #cha7 proves aga9/ ,prob/ t ! lett] deals n ) an antiquat$ rite1 b ) ! rite !n actually 9 use 9 ,rome4 #gda ,epi/4 ,hadr41 #di2 ,cod4 ,c>ol41 #gb4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcviii4 #dce4 ,! olde/ ( ! num]\s exi/+ ,,mss4 is ! ,codex ,ottobonianus #cac 7n9? c5tury71 orig9ally belong+ to ,p>is4 ,! codex 9 ! libr>y ( ! sem9>y at ,ma9z is ( ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,cologne are two codices1 ,no4 #acg belong+ to ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 & ,no4 #hh some:at m rec5t4 #gdb ,pr9t$ toge!r 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxii41 f ! edition ( ,mabillon4 ,see ,e4 ,bi%op's art4 on ! 8,e>lie/ ,roman ,mass-book10 ,dubl9 ,review1 ,oct4 #ahid4 ,trans4 #gdc ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #ah et seq4 ,,hon!im1 ,prodromus1 i4 #ceh4 #gdd ,see ! au?or's article 9 ! ,tb4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #aije1 #eij-fjh4 #gde ,e4g41 ! ,ord9>ium ( ! diocese ( ,r\51 etc41 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlvii4 #aeg2 ! ,consuetud9es ,avellan5ses1 ib4 cli4 #gdf ,see ,app5dix xi4 #gdg ,regula ad mona*os4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxviii4 #cif4 #gdh 8,ut ad capitulum primitus m>tyrologium legatur et dicatur v]sus1 de9de regula aut homilia qulibet legatur1 de9de a #8,tu autem' dicatur0 7,,h>d\91 ,conc41 iv4 #abcb74 #gdi ,,leo ,,allatius1 ,de ,libris ,eccl4 ,grcorum1 ,rom1 #afde1 #gh1 #hb1 #ia4 ,,daniel1 ,cod4 ,lit41 iv4 #cbj et seq4 #gej ,) reg>d to ! ,*ronograph ( #ced1 ,leipzig1 #ahej1 #eha1 ! title runs3 ,hic cont95tur dies nataliciorum m>tyrum et depositiones episcoporum1 quos ecclesia ,c>?ag9is anniv]s>ia celebrat4 #gea ,! /atem5t 9 ,,teuffel 7,ges*4 d] ,rm4 ,lit]atur1 iv4 #aah7 t ev]y?+ sav\r+ ( hea!n sup]/ition is omitt$1 is incorrect4 #geb ,w4 ,,wright1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature1 ,octob] #ahfe & ,janu>y #ahff4 ,a bett] edition is giv5 by ,,du*esne1 ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 ,nov4 ,,ii4 #a1 lii4-lxv41 "u ! title3 ,brevi>ium ,syriacum4 ,x is p]haps only fair to add t all s*ol>s are n agre$ ^u ! ,arian "* ( ?is docum5t4 ,trans4 #gec ,,philo/orgius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #d1 #g1 passim4 #ged ,,le ,,qui51 ,ori5s ,*ri/41 ii4 #gah4 #gee ,op4 cit41 ii4 #aajg & #abcg4 #gef ,,sozom5us1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b1 #ac1 #ad4 #geg ,,le ,,qui51 ,ori5s ,*ri/41 ii4 #aajb4 ,,ne/le1 ,!ol4 ,lit]aturztg41 #ahid1 ,no4 #b1 #dc4 #geh ,,samuel ,,anian41 ed4 ,mai1 #dc4 #gei ,see ,h4 ,,a*elis1 ,die ,m>tyrologi51 ihre ,ges*i*te und ihr ,w]t1 ,b]l91 #aijj1 #fa4 #gfj ,! ,bononia m5tion$ on ! #cj? ,decemb] is n ,bologna1 b ,bononia 9 ,msia1 n[ ,widd91 to :i*1 accord+ to o!r docum5ts1 ! m>tyr ,h]mes also belong$4 ,! t[n ( ,tomi1 n[ ,ku/5ds*e1 0 call$ ,con/antia at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 b 9 ?is docum5t & 9 ,peut+]'s table x appe>s "u its old "n4 ,con/ant9ople 7#aa? ,may7 & ,byzantium 7#ai? ,may7 appe> side by side1 :i* m>ks ! date :5 ?is docum5t 0 drawn up4 ,babiduna is a slip = ,noviodunum 9 ,msia1 n[ ,isakts*a4 #gfa ,see ,,a*elis1 op4 cit41 #cc et seq41 = ! connection betwe5 ! ,arian m>tyrology & ! ,hi]onymianum4 #gfb ,,du*esne1 ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 ,nov4 ,,ii41 lviii4 ,x is bett] to say f ! #h? to ! #cj? ?an f ! #f? to ! #cj?2 = ,tir9us & 8 sixte5 companions are n to be f\nd 9 ! ,hi]onymianum1 &1 in/ead ( ,arius on #f? ,june1 ! ,b]n ,codex has3 ,9 ,alex&ria ,ar?oci2 ! ,ept]na* has ,artotis2 & ! ,weiss5burg1 ,ari-?oti4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ^! names are int5d$ = ,arius or n4 #gfc ,see ,,tillemont1 ,mm41 vi4 #h1 art4 xxv4 #gfd ,accord+ to ! view ( ,,du*esne & ,,a*elis1 ! #f? ,july 0 ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,9 ?is case ! ye> w\ld be #cce4 #gfe ,! "n ,eusebius occurs v frequ5tly 9 ?is cal5d>1 bo? ) & )\t di/+ui%+ additions4 #gff ,,*rys41 ,hom41 i4 #bia4 #gfg ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f1 #ci1 #d4 #gfh ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xviii4 #hgh4 #gfi ,nos autem pne omnium m>tyrum di/9ctis p] dies s+ulos passionibus collecta 9 uno codice nom9a habemus atque cotidianis diebus 9 eorum v5]atione miss>um solemnia agimus4 ,non tam5 9 eodem volum9e quis qualit] sit passus indicatur1 s$ tantummodo nom51 locus et dies passionis ponitur4 ,unde fit1 ut multi ex div]sis t]ris atque prov9ciis p] dies1 ut prdixi1 s+ulos cognoscantur m>tyrio coronati4--,,greg4 ,m41 ,regi/rum1 #h1 #bi4 #ggj ,! passage is capable ( receiv+ v>i\s int]pretations4 ,see ,,du*esne1 ,prolegg4 ad ,m>t4 ,hi]on4 9 ,acta ,,ss41 ,nov4 ,,ii4 xi41 xlvii4 ,! words are z foll[s3 8,passiones m>tyrum legite con/ant]1 quas int] alia 9 epi/ola ,s4 ,hi]onymi ad ,*romatium et ,heliodorum de/9ta procul dubio rep]ietis1 qui p] totum orbem t]r>um floru]e1 ut sancta invitatio vos provocans ad cle/ia regna p]ducat40 ,,cassiodor41 ,in/it4 ,div4 ,lit41 #cb4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxx4 #aadg4 #gga ,,b$a1 ,lib] ,retractionis 9 ,acta ,ap41 c4 i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcii4 #iig3 ,lib] m>tyrologii1 qui ,b4 ,hi]onymi nom9e ac prfatione intitulatur1 quamvis ,hi]onymus illius libri non auctor s$ int]pres1 ,eusebius autem auctor ex/itisse videatur4 #ggb ,,hildu941 ,epi/4 ad ,ludov4 ,pium4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cvi4 #ai4 #ggc ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! second edition ( ,dr ,kelln]'s ,heortologie1 a "w ( ! fir/ importance on ! ,roman m>tyrology has be5 publi%$1 ,les m>tyrologes hi/oriques du moy5 ge1 p> ,don4 ,h5ri ,qu5t91 bndict9 de ,solesmes1 ,p>is1 #aijh1 ,lec(fre4 ,trans4 #ggd ,b4 ,,krus* 7,neues ,ar*iv fr lt]e deuts*e ,ges*41 xx4 #ahie #dcg-ddj & xxvi4 #aija #cdi-chi7 is 9 fav\r ( ,autun z ! place ( its orig94 ,b :at is ga9$8 #gge ,,gris> 7,ges*4 ,roms41 #bia7 ?9ks x may belong to ! "t ( ,xy/us ,,iii4 7#dcc-ddf74 #ggf ,aug4 ,urba9 has attempt$ to recon/ruct ! orig9al ,m>tyrologium ,romanum1 z x 0 at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury f ! ,hi]onymianum ,,h>nack3 ,texte und ,unt]s41 vi4 #c1 ,leipzig1 #aija4 #ggg ,m>tyrs ( ! "n ( ,felix1 numb] #aah1 ,saturniuus #hf1 ,janu>ius #fh1 ,donatus #fd1 ,cajus #dj1 ,alex&] #db1 ,lucian #bh1 etc4 ,simil>ly ! common fem99e names & ,!cla4 ,afra occurs f\r times4 ,/range s\nd+ names are f\nd ev]y:]e3 e4g4 ,pip]ion1 ,prunimus1 ,tipecirus1 ,h]ifilius1 ,manira1 ,it]cola1 ,eunuculus1 & ,eununculus1 ,b>balabia1 etc4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 ignorant ( ! names :i* ! weal?y ,romans 7 wont to give to _! slaves4 #ggh ,see ,,gregor4 ,,turon41 ,mirac41 i4 #fc4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxi4 #gfb4 #ggi ,,a*elis sees 9 ! phrase 89 ,africa0 a ref]5ce to ! massacres ( ,*ri/ians by ! ,v&als4 ,see #aja1 seqq4 #ghj ,,a*elis gives examples1 #bji1 #bdb1 etc4 #gha ,,a*elis1 #aae-aah1 has collect$ toge!r #fh in/ances1 :i* he has analys$ critically & hi/orically z f> z possible4 #ghb ,! entries respect+ ,/ ,g]eon & 8 companions may s]ve z an example4 ,/ ,ursula & ,palmatius ) ! 8innum]abiles trevir5ses0 h no exi/5ce 9 ! ,hi]onymianum4 viii4 ,id4 ,oct4 7#h? ,octob]73-- ,,b]ne ,,ept]na* ,,weiss5burg ,no?+4 ,agripp94 sct4 ,g]eon ,no?+4 et aliorum cccxcii4 m>t4 vii4 ,id4 ,oct4 ,g]eon ,et alibi ,cassi1 eusebi1 ,coloni ,agripp9e cum sociis suis flor5ti1 jocundi2 nat4 sctorum cccxvii4 trec5torum decim et ,agripp9 depos4 scor4 quorum nom9a ,deus vii m>tirum quorum m>t4 m>t4 maurorum cum scit4 nom9a ,deus scit4 alis cccxxx4 vi4 ,id4 ,oct4 ,et ,no?+4 ,et alibi 444 ,h]acli1 alibi ,cassi1 eusebi1 cassi1 eusebi1 flor5ti1 victoris1 flor5ti1 victoris1 ,agripp9 mallusi ,agripp9 mallus cum aliis trec5tos cum aliis cccxxx4 xxx4 #ghc ,,a*elis1 #ia seqq4 #ghd ,if ?is be ! case1 & x is n free f d\bt1 /ill ! "n ( ,arius 0 n read out 8at ! alt>10 z ,,a*elis /ates 7#hg & #ih71 = ! m>tyrologies 7 n read at ! alt> b 9 ! *oir1 & x w\ld h happ5$ only 7 ! ,weiss5burg ,codex 9 use1 = o!r codices h diff]5t read+s4 ,! read+ ( ! m>tyrology--n ( ! 8,passions0 ( ! m>tyrs--at ! *oir (fice dates back1 z f> z ! evid5ce exi/s1 to ! n9? c5tury4 ,bi%op ,gregorius ( ,corduba1 :om ,,a*elis 7#ih1 note #d7 places at a v e>ly p]iod1 is n an hi/orical p]sonage2 he exi/s only 9 ! li/ ( bi%ops conta9$ 9 ! lett]s ascrib$ to ,/ ,j]ome4 #ghe ,9 ,codex #baga nov4 acqu4 ( ! ,nat4 ,libr41 ,p>is1 ed4 by ,g4 ,mor9 9 ,anecdota ,m>$solana1 vol4 i4 #ahic4 ,cf4 prf41 ii41 viii41 xiii41 etc4 ,see also ,le ,lib] ord9um de l',eglise d',espagne du ,v au ,,xi sicle1 publi%$ by ,dom4 ,m4 ,frot91 #aijd4 ,trans4 #ghf ,,joh4 ,,seld5ius1 ,de ,syn$riis et ,prf4 ,jurid4 ,vet4 ,ebreorum41 ,am/elod41 #afgi1 lib4 #c1 c4 #ae1 #bjd-bdg4 #ghg ,f4 ,w,,/5feld1 ,synax>ium1 ,go?a #ahgi4 ,introduction4 #ghh ,,le ,,qui51 ,ori5s ,*ri/41 ii4 #dec4 #ghi ,,muralt1 ,*ronogr4 ,byz41 i4 #bhf4 #gij ,,le ,,qui51 op4 cit41 #deb1 #dgf4 #gia ,a4 ,,mai1 ,nova ,collectio ,vet]um ,script41 iv4 #ae-cd4 #gib ,w,,/5feld1 ,synax>ium1 #aj1 ,hatur4 ,! ,patri>*s m5tion$ above are also omitt$4 #gic ,,le ,,qui51 op4 cit41 ii4 #dgi & #dde-dff4 #gid ,:5 ! "n ( ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om occurs m ?an once 9 ! ,byzant9e1 ,egyptian1 & ,syrian cal5d>s1 x commemorates c]ta9 ev5ts connect$ ) him besides ! day ( 8 dea? 7#ad? ,septemb]74 ,su* dates are ! #g? ,may & ! #ac? ,novemb]1 ! #bg? ,janu>y is ! day ( 8 return to ,con/ant9ople1 i4e4 8 translation by ,proclus "u ,!odosius ,,ii41 9 #ddh1 & is celebrat$ by ! ,greeks & ,syrians4 ,! mean+ ( ! o!r two days is unkn[n2 ,see ,morcelli1 i4 #bbc2 ii4 #da4 #gie ,a4 ,,mai1 ,nova ,collectio ,vet]um ,script41 iv4 #ib-abb4 #gif ,w,,/5feld1 ,synax>ium1 etc41 #ig4 #gig ,op4 cit41 #abj seqq4 #gih ,,morcelli1 ,cal5d4 ,eccl4 ,con/4 i41 #bbg4 #gii ,,morcelli 7op4 cit41 i4 #ae71 decl>es x is ! olde/1 & old] ?an ! ,m5ologium ,sirleti 9 p>ticul>4 #hjj ,,muralt1 ,*ronogr4 ,byz41 i4 #dge4 #hja ,bo? appe> 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,syrian ,*ur*3 ,jacobus ,zeb$i on ! #cj? ,april1 ,jacobus ,alphi on ! #i? ,octob]1 & ,jacobus frat] ,dom9i on ! #bcrd ,octob] & #bh? ,decemb]4 #hjb ,pr9t$ 9 ,,morcelli1 i4 #fi-aje4 #hjc ,,gams1 ,s]ies ,epp41 #ijd4 #hjd ,nova ,collectio ,script4 ,vet41 v41 ,rom1 #ahba1 #eh-fe4 #hje ,e4g4 9 ,aurelian ( ,arles1 #eec 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxviii41 #eif73 8,9 m>tyrum fe/ivitatibus1 etc40 #hjf ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxviii41 #hha4 ,,mone1 ,lat4 und4 ,grie*4 ,mess5 aus dem #b-f ,jahrhund]t1 ,frankfurt1 #ahej4 #hjg ,projectus1 deacon ( ,bi%op ,evasius ( ,a/i1 appe>s to belong to ! ,lomb>d p]iod1 & 8 v5]ation dates f ab\t ! "t ( ,luitpr& 7#gac-gdc74 #hjh ,cal5d>ium ,romanum nong5tis annis antiquius1 ed4 ,f4 ,joh4 ,fronto1 ,p>isiis1 #afeb4 ,! title ,cal5d>ium is n well *os54 #hji ,lib] ,pontif41 ed4 ,du*esne1 i4 #dbj4 #haj ,op4 cit41 #djb1 ,vita ,gregorii1 ii4 #haa ,introduction1 #ih4 #hab ,mu* light has rec5tly be5 ?r[n ^u ^! cal5d>s & _! relation to "o ano!r by ,dom4 ,h5ri ,qu5t91 op4 cit4 ,trans4 #hac ,,b$a1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 iii41 #bd4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcv4 #bij4 #had ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,acta ,,ss4 ,boll41 ,m>*1 vol4 ii4 ,bo? rec5sions are plac$ side by side 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xciv4 ,a 8,kal5d>ium ,anglicanum0 is 9 ! same vol41 #aadg et seqq4 ,,b$e',s words "u ! #g? ,feb4 are rem>kable3 8,britaniis 9 ,augu/a natale ,augu/i ,episcopi et m>tyris40 ,! fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts is giv5 on ! #a/ ,nov4 z well z ! fea/ on ! #ac? ,may1 ^: transf]5ce to ! #a/ ,nov4 only took place lat] "u ,gregory ,,iv4 7#hbg-hdd74 ,no explanation has be5 giv5 ( ,&rew ) #beig companions on ! #ai? ,augu/4 #hae ,,w&elb]t1 ed4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxi4 #egg4 ,see also cxix4 #aj1 #aa4 #haf ,& ! same is true ( ! o!r works m5tion$3 e4g41 ,,florus has admitt$ ,g]eon & #cae companions on ! #aj? ,octob]1 :o are omitt$ by ,,b$e1 b he kn[s no?+ ( ,ursula4 ,,w&elb]t m5tions on ! #ba/ ,octob] flocks ( virg9s am\nt+ to "s ?\s&s murd]$ by ! tyrant 9 ,cologne1 ^: trophies adorn ! banks ( ! ,rh9e4 ,g]eon has ,cassius1 ,flor5tius1 & ,victor z 8 companions 7,,migne1 ,patr41 ,lat41 xciv4 #ajfg1 #ajgh2 cxxi4 #fad74 #hag ,edit$ ) an introduction1 ,engli% translation1 & notes by ,:itley ,/okes 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 i41 ,dubl91 #ahhj4 #hah ,edit$ by ! same "u ! title1 ,felire hui i ,gorman3 ,! ,m>tyrology ( ,gorman1 among ! publications ( ! ,brad%aw ,society1 ,london1 #ahie4 ,see also ,analecta ,boll41 xiii4 #aic4 ,,belle%eim1 ,ges*4 d] ka?ol41 ,kir*e 9 ,irl&1 i4 #bci seqq4 #hai ,d,,mml] 7,das ,m>tyrologium ,notk]s1 etc41 9 ! ,=s*ung5 z4 deuts*4 ,ges*41 xxv4 #bja71 incorrectly dates x f betwe5 #hfj-hgj4 #hbj ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxiii4 #adf-agh4 #hba ,ib41 #ahb-bjb4 #hbb ,ib41 #bib-dai4 #hbc ,ib41 #adc1 #add4 ,mos&]1 be=e ,rosweyde1 _h edit$ ! l>g] ,ado by itself )\t ! small]4 #hbd 8,quod ego dilig5ti cura transscriptum 444 9 capite hujus libri pon5dum putavi40 ,transscriptum _c be und]/ood ( m]e copy+ 7describ]e7 b ( re-edit+4 ,! ,roman ,cal5d> makes no m5tion ( ,old ,te/am5t names1 ,j]emias1 ,moses1 etc41 nor ( ,alban1 ,s]vatius1 etc4 ,accord+ly ?is ,m>t4 ,rom4 ,p>vum has n ! importance :i* ,,a*elis 7p4 #aab7 attributes to x4 #hbe ,b,,um]1 #dgd4 #hbf ,h4 ,l,,mm]1 ,de ,m>tyrol4 ,rom41 #ai4 #hbg ,b,,hm]-,,w1 ,rege/a ,ar*iep4 ,mogunt41 i4 #fg1 #fh4 ,! m>tyrology ( ,rabanus is pr9t$ 9 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cx4 #hbh ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxxxi4 #ajgj4 ,see also ,,b9t]im1 ,d5kw41 v4 #fb4 8,cujas caus nos utpote b>b>i et 9 extremis mundi climate positi sumus ign>i40 #hbi ,l,,mm]1 op4 cit41 #aj-ag4 #hcj ,,b5$ict1 xiv41 ,de ,s]vorum ,die ,beatificatione1 i4 #dc1 & iv4 #b1 #ag4 ,n4 ,,paulus1 ,m>tyrolog4 u ,brevi] als hi/or4 ,quell51 ,ka?olik1 #aijj1 i4 #cee4 #hca ,! read] w f9d mu* in=mation be>+ ^u ,engli% heortology 9 ! foll[+ works3--,a ,m5ology ( ,engl& & ,wales1 by ,r4 ,/anton1 #ahhg1 ,london1 ,burns ,oates2 ,die ,heilig5 ,engl&s1 by ,f4 ,lieb]mann1 #ahhi1 ,hannov]1 ,hahn2 ,! ,boswor? ,psalt]1 ed4 by ,gasquet & ,bi%op1 #aijh1 ,london1 ,bell ,sons4 ,trans4 #hcb ,edit$ by ,f]d4 ,pip]1 ,b]l91 #aheh4 #hcc ,,lanfranc1 i4 #i4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cl4 #dgb-dgh4 #hcd ,,h>tzheim1 iv4 #ajf1 = ,a4,d4 #acjg4 ,! correct date1 accord+ to ,b9t]im1 is #acjg4 ,conc41 vi4 #aah1 note #a1 #acjh4 ,,jo]res reg>ds ! six? canon z n au!ntic1 ,rm4 ,qu>t4 ,s*r41 #aijb4 #hce ,,h>tzheim1 vi4 #dih4 #hcf ,j4 ,braun 7,innsbr4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,ka?4 ,!ol41 #aija1 i4 #aee seqq47 cont5ds t :ite 0 n ! only liturgical col\r 9 antiquity1 & re/s 8 cont5tion on "s repres5tation 7n m9iatures7 ( ! fif? to ! n9? c5turies 9 :i* yell[1 br[n & o!r col\rs appe>4 ,b 8:ite0 is n to be tak5 z mean+ always 8sn[-:ite10 & ! natural col\r ( silk & wool w\ld bord] on yell[4 ,! repres5tations may h gr[n d>k] ?r\gh age1 or be5 pa9t$ ov] at a lat] date4 ,at any rate ! pro(s on :i* he relies are n suffici5tly /rong to ov]?r[ ! receiv$ view :i* is bas$ on _m /atem5ts 9 orig9al s\rces4 #hcg ,,sic>dus1 ,mitrale1 #b1 #e 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccxiii4 #gg73 ,9 colore pro qualitate temporis alt]natur1 albo utimur 9 resurrectione 444 rubeo 9 p5teco/e4 ,! passage 9 ,johannes ,abr9c41 ,de ,(f4 ,eccl4 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 cxlvii41 #fb7 is defective & obscure4 ,x seems only to ref] to ! high prie/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #hch ,,dur&us1 ,rationale ,div4 ,(f41 #c1 #ah4 ,! ,ordo ,rom4 xiv41 c4 #di seqq4 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury m5tions five col\rs3 :ite1 r$1 gre51 violet & black4 #hci ,,innoc5t ,,iii41 ,de ,s4 ,alt4 ,my/41 i4 #fe2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 ccxvii41 #gii-hjb4 #hdj ,= ! hi/ory ( liturgical ve/m5ts1 see ,j4 ,braun1 ,s4,j41 ,die ,prie/]li*5 ,gewnd] des ,ab5dl&es1 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahig1 & a l>g] & m rec5t "w by ! same au?or1 ,die ,liturgis*e ,gew&lung im ,occid5t u4 ,ori5t1 etc41 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #aijg4 ,also ,j4 ,wilp]t1 ,die ,gew&lung d] ,*ri/5 9 d5 er/5 ,jahrhund]t51 ,cologne1 ,ba*em1 #ahih4 ,trans4 #hda ,see ,,?alh(]1 ,liturgik1 ii4 #hb1 :o po9ts out ?is mean+ 9 ,micrologus4 #hdb 8,sacram5ta0 is f\nd1 among/ o!rs1 9 ,,innoc5t ,i41 ,epi/41 #ag1 c4 #e1 #ab2 #be1 c4 #d4 #hdc ,,t]tull41 ,de ,exhort4 ,ca/41 #aa2 ,apol41 #b2 ,ad uxor41 #b1 #h2 ,de ,prscr41 #d2 ,de ,virg4 ,vel41 #ac2 ,de ,corona1 #b2 ,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i1 #b1 etc4 ,t]tullian uses 8sacrificium10 ,de ,cultu ,fem41 #b1 #aa1 etc4 ,,cyprian1 ,epi/41 #ab1 #b2 #ae1 #a2 ,ad ,cc41 #i & #ag1 etc4 ,,ambrosius1 ,de ,obitu ,val5t41 #b1 #aac2 ,9 ,psalm41 #ch1 c4 #be2 #aah1 c4 #dh2 ,epi/41 #ci1 #d4 #hdd ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 #aj1 #f-bj2 ,cont4 ,fau/um1 #bj1 #ah2 ,en>r4 9 ,psalm41 #cc1 c4 #f2 #ajf1 c4 #ac2 ,epi/41 #ed1 #d2 #adi1 #ae2 #aei2 ,s]mo1 #acg1 #h2 #caj1 #cj2 #caa1 #ah2 #cde1 #d1 etc4 #hde ,,b>onius1 ,annales1 ad an4 #cd1 c4 #ei4 #hdf ,epi/4 ,i4 ad ,gundobadum1 c4 i41 & ,epi/41 #c4 #hdg ,te/4 ,de ,anima1 c4 #i4 #hdh ,! =mula 9 "q runs3 1 i4e4 8,dep>t 9 peace10 or1 1 or1 4 ,,daniel1 ,cod4 ,lit41 iv4 #gi1 #aca1 #cgj1 #ddi4 8,ite missa e/0 lit]ally means3 ,g1 x is ! dismissal4 #hdi ,p]egr4 ,silvi1 ed4 ,gey]1 c4 #bd seqq4 #hej 8,missa autem qu fit 444 hoc e/ oblatio02 ! passage seems to h be5 correct$4 ,! o!r passage adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,funk 7,tb4 ,!ol4 ,qu>tals*r41 #aijd1 #ef7 to prove ! contr>y--8fit oblatio 9 ,ana/ase maturius1 ita ut fiat missa ante solem0--ought to be translat$3 8! ,mass took place e>li]1 s t its conclusion came be=e sunrise40 ,missa "h ! dismissal at ! end ( ,mass4 #hea ,,cassian1 ,de ,cnobiorum ,in/itutis1 #b1 #g1 #ac & #ae2 #c1 #g2 #aa1 #ae4 #heb ,see ,,leo ,i41 ,s]mo1 #da1 c4 #c2 ,epi/41 #aef1 c4 #e4 ,once1 9 ,epi/41 #i1 c4 #h1 we f9d 8missa40 ,b ! g5]al employm5t ( ! t]m _c be inf]r$ f its use 9 "o isolat$ in/ance4 #hec 8,missa cate*um5orum0 meant orig9ally n t "p ( ! ,mass at :i* ! cate*um5s assi/$1 b ! dismissal ( ! cate*um5s4 #hed ,= miss 9 ! s5se ( ! canonical h\rs1 we may cite ,,gregor4 ,m41 ,epi/41 #b1 #ab2 #c1 #fc2 #aa1 #fd2 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 lxxvii4 #aahg2 9 ! s5se ( ! ,mass3 ,epi/41 #d1 #ci2 ,hom41 #ej1 #h2 z a g5]al t]m = bo?1 ,epi/41 #c1 #fc2 #d1 #ah1 etc4 ,z reg>ds ,/ ,b5$ict's usage1 ,fr4 ,l9d5bau]1 ,o4,s4,b41 draws our att5tion to ,matt9s4 ,x means dismissal at ! h\rs3 ,regula1 c4 #ag 7,,migne1 lxvi4 #dfj71 b ,mass1 ib4 c4 #ce1 #fj4 #hee ,acta ,s4 ,ludg]i1 c4 #bj4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 xcix4 #ggi4 #hef ,aga!nse #ejf1 c4 #cj3 8miss vesp]t940 #heg ,e4g41 ,bracc>5se1 ii41 c4 #fd2 ,aga?41 c4 #dg4 #heh ,epi/41 #a1 #bj1 c4 #c-e4 #hei ,z by ,pr(4 ,funk1 ,tb4 ,!ol4 ,qu>tals*r41 #aijd1 ,no4 #a4 #hfj ,x 0 publi%$ by ,b4 ,georgiades f a ,,ms4 discov]$ 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,*alki 7,con/ant9ople1 #ahhe-hf71 !n by ,bratke1 ,bonn1 #ahia1 & by ,,bonwets*1 ,hippolyts ,w]ke1 vol4 i41 ,leipsig1 #ahig4 #hfa ,9 ,cyril ( ,scy?opolis1 ! ,arabian bi%op1 ,george ( ,horta 7be=e #gbd71 & ,photius1 ,bibl4 cod41 #bbb1 #afc b1 ed4 ,bekk]1 & p]haps also 9 ,g]manus4 ,! passages are collect$ 9 ,,bonwets*1 op4 cit41 xv4 seqq41 & p>tially 9 ,,gall&i1 ,bibl4 ,vet4 ,patr41 ,,ii4 ,su* m9ute indications ( "t 9 s anci5t a writ] 7 too preci\s to be pass$ ov]4 #hfb ,! ,lib] ,g5]ationis 7,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 iii4 #fea seqq41 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat41 & ,,frick1 ,*ron4 ,m941 i4 #a-gg7 is c]ta9ly a "p ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,hippolytus1 z ,momms5 has conclusively prov$ 7,abh&l4 d] ,s*s4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*41 #ahej1 i4 #ehf seqq474 #hfc ,t int]polations ( ?is k9d 7 =m]ly made by unskilful h&s is %[n by ! addition to ! ,,ms4 belong+ to ,m\nt ,a?os1 by ! ,slav translation3 7in/ead ( ,s5tii7 1 ! consuls = ! ye> #da ,a4,d41 :i* ,bonwets* has plac$ 9 ! text1 al?\gh )9 brackets4 #hfd ,,leo ,,allatius1 ,de ,dom9icis et ,hebdom4 ,rec5t4 ,grcorum1 ,cologne1 #afdh1 #adjj quot$ by ,daniel1 ,cod4 ,lit41 iv4 #bab seqq4 ,,alt41 #aha-bba4 ,,nilles1 ,,ii4 xvii4-xxi4 #hfe ,! adjective is =m$ aft] ! analogy ( 4 #hff ,,anselm speaks ( him1 ,epi/41 #c1 #dc & #gg2 #d1 #aad4 ,,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 clviii4 ,,eadm] ref]s to him1 ,hi/4 ,novorum41 #e1 #dib & #dig4 ,,migne1 clix4 #hfg ,x is f\nd 9 ,,mss4 among ! works ( ! eld] ,anselm1 to :om x 0 at fir/ ascrib$4 ,fr4 de ,buck & o!rs set x d[n to ! nephew1 b 9 ! e>lie/ codex at ,cant]bury1 belong+ to ! twelf? c5tury1 x is expressly describ$ z a "w ( ,eadm]'s4 ,see ,,?ur/on ,,et ,,slat]1 ,eadm]i ,mon4 ,cant4 ,tractatus de ,conceptione ,s4 ,m>i1 ,frib4 ,brisg41 #aijd4 ,,*ronological ,,table ,,giv+ ,,! ,,*ief ,,ev5ts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,liturgy ,,& ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* #a/ c5t4 ,ref]5ce to ,ea/] by ,/ ,paul 7#a ,cor4 v4 #g et seqq474 ,pas*a no/rum immolatus e/ ,*ri/us4 ,itaque epulemur1 non 9 f]m5to vet]i 444 s$ 9 azymis s9c]itatis et v]itatis4 #bnd c5t4 ,! #f? ,jan4 obs]v$ z ,*ri/'s bir?day 9 ,alex&ria by a section ( ! ,*ri/ians4 #crd c5t4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ m5tion$ by ,t]tullian 7,de ,bapt41 #ai7 & ,orig5 7,c4 ,cels41 #h1 #bb74 #cjd4 ,evid5ce = ! ,fea/ ( ! ,epiphany 9 ,?race4 #cbj4 ,discov]y ( ! ,holy ,cross by ,/ ,hel5a4 ,exc]pta lat4 ,b>b>i4 #cba4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 by ! law ( #c ,july1 =bids law c\rts to sit on ,sunday 7,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h de f]iis i474 #cbe4 ,! ,asc5sion m5tion$ by ,eusebius4 #cbf4 ,dea? ( ,/ ,hel5a at ! age ( #hj1 f\ndress ( ! *ur*es at ,be?lehem & on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 #cce4 ,consecration ( ! *ur* built by ,con/ant9e 9 ,j]usalem on #ad? ,sept4 ,x 0 nam$ ,m>tyrium or ,ana/asis 7,euseb41 ,vita ,con/ant41 #c1 #be1 & #ce74 ,! same day is also ! ,fea/ 4 #cdj4 ,obs]vance 9 ,egypt ( ! fa/ ( =ty days m5tion$ by ,/ ,a?anasius4 #ccg-ceb4 ,"u ,pope ,julius ,i41 #be? ,dec4 kept at ,rome z ,fe/ival ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity4 #ced4 ,9 ,rome1 #bbnd ,feb4 kept z ,natale ,petri de ,ca!dra1 & #bi? ,june z day ( ! ,apo/les' dea?4 #cef4 ,translation ( ,/ ,timo?y's relics to ,con/ant9ople on #a/ ,july 7,fa/i ,idat41 ,hi]on4 ,*ron474 #ceg4 #crd ,m>*1 translation ( relics ( ,/ ,&rew & ,/ ,luke to ! basilica ( ! ,holy ,apo/les 9 ,con/ant9ople 7,fa/i ,idat41 ,*ron4 ,pas*4 ,hi]on41 catal4 #g74 #cfj4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany 9 ,gaul m5tion$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us4 #cgi4 #be? ,dec4 celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t z ,*ri/mas 9 ,con/ant9ople by ,/ ,gregory ,naz4 #chj4 ,evid5ce = ,epiphany 9 ,spa9 7,syn4 ,s>ag41 c4 #c74 ,!odosius ! ,great publi%es a law on #bg? ,m>* =bidd+ ! sitt+s ( law c\rts dur+ ! =ty days ( ,l5t4 #che-chg 7circ474 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple m5tion$ by ! pilgrim f ,gaul 9 ,j]usalem2 also ! fea/ ( ! #ad? ,sept4 #cgj-chj 7circ474 ,compilation ( an ,arian ,cal5d> on ,m>tyrology4 #chf4 ,! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,antio* on #be? ,dec4 ,by a law ( #bf? ,feb41 ,!odosius =bids unau?oris$ translations ( ! bodies ( ! sa9ts1 ! divid+ into p>ts ( ! rema9s ( ! m>tyrs1 & all traffic 9 relics4 #chf4 ,by ! law ( #bf? ,feb41 judges ( arbitration 7 =bidd5 to ex]cise _! functions on ,sunday4 #bj? ,may games 9 ! circus & !atrical repres5tations 7 =bidd54 #chi4 ,!odosius ,i4 & ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 publi% a law =bidd+ ! law c\rts to sit = sev5 days be=e & sev5 days aft] ,ea/]4 #cid4 ,! relics ( ! ,apo/le ,/ ,?omas translat$ to ! great *ur* 9 ,edessa 7,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #d1 #ah2 ,*ron4 ,edess41 ed4 ,assemani74 #cie4 ,*ri/mas def9itely e/abli%$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 #cih4 ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om *os5 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 #bf? ,feb4 #cii4 ,honorius & ,arcadius =bid races on ,sunday 7,cod4 ,!od41 #b1 #h1 #bc74 #djj4 ,! same emp]ors =bid games 9 ! circus on ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 & dur+ ,ea/]tide4 #djb4 ,discov]y ( ! relics ( ,/ ,/eph51 ,gamaliel1 & ,nicodemus by ! prie/ ,lucian ( ,j]usalem at ,caph>gamala4 ,"s writ]s date ?is #e? ,dec4 #dae4 #dje4 ,! day ( ! dea? ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul m5tion$ z an ecclesia/ical fe/ival 9 ,rome by ,prud5tius 7,p]i/41 #ab74 #dbe4 ,!odosius ext5ds prohibition ( games to ,:it-week4 #dca4 ,bi%op ,paul ( ,emesa m5tions t ,*ri/mas _h be5 introduc$ 9 ,alex&ria4 #cdh4 ,! patri>* ,proclus has ! relics ( ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om br\ght to ,con/ant9ople on #bg? ,jan4 #dci4 ,! ,empress ,eudocia translates ! relics ( ,/ ,/eph5 f ,j]usalem to ,con/ant9ople & lays !m 9 ! basilica ( ,/ ,lawr5ce1 #ba/ ,sept4 #ddj 7circ474 ,/ ,leo ref]s to ! ,emb] fa/s 9 ,rome4 #ddh 7circ474 ,! ,cal5d> ( ,bi%op ,polemius ,silvius ( ,sion = ,s\!rn ,gaul4 #deb4 ,discov]y ( ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & its translation to ,con/ant9ople on #bd? ,feb4 #dgj 7circ474 ,rogation procession introduc$ by ,mam]tus ( ,vi5ne4 #dia4 ,p]petuus1 ,bi%op ( ,t\rs1 ord]s ! ,adv5t fa/4 ,! two ,fe/ivals ( ! ,nativity & ,behead+ ( ! ,bapti/ celebrat$ 9 ,t\rs4 #dib4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul on #bi? ,june adopt$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 #dib-dif4 ,pope ,gelasius appo9ts ! ord9ation ( prie/s to take place at ! ,emb]tides4 #ejj 7circ474 ,! monks ( ,pale/9e keep ! annual commemoration ( ! ,holy ,"m ( ,god 7 7 9 _! mona/]ies4 #ejd4 ,! ,emp]or ,ana/asius has ! relics ( ! ,apo/le ,b>?olomew br\ght to ! city ( ,d>as1 on ! bord]s ( ,mesopotamia1 :i* he _h =tifi$4 #ejf4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,agde 7canon #fc7 includes ! ,nativity ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/ among ! fe/ivals ( obligation4 #ecd4 ,ju/9ian ,i4 r5ews ! prohibition aga9/ ! sitt+s ( ! law c\rts on #be? ,dec4 & #f? ,jan4 #edb4 ,c&lemas celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,con/ant9ople on #bnd ,feb41 & ord]$ to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! empire by ,ju/9ian4 ,! patri>* ,m5as translates ! relics ( ,,ss4 ,&rew1 ,luke1 & ,timo?y to ! rec5tly complet$ basilica ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,be=e #efe4 ,ju/9ian ,i4 builds a *ur* ( ,/ ,anne 9 ! second region ( ,con/ant9ople4 #ehb-fjb4 ,! ?ree ,fe/ivals ( ,our ,lady's ,nativity1 ,annunciation1 & ,purification said to h be5 introduc$ by ! ,emp]or ,maurice4 ,six? c5t4 ,! ,sundays 9 ,adv5t to ! numb] ( five appe> 9 ! ,gelasianum4 #eib-fjj4 ,composition ( ! s-call$ ,m>tyrologium ,hi]onymianum4 ,be=e #fjd4 ,pope ,gregory ! ,great increases ! solemnity ( ! ,litania ,major 9 ,rome4 #fji or #faj4 ,! ,emp]or ,phocas grants ! ,pan!on to ,pope ,boniface ,,iv41 :o adapts x z a *ur*1 & d$icates x to our ,lady & all ! ,holy ,m>tyrs1 on #ac? ,may4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 call$ ,m>ia ad ,m>tyres4 #fbi4 ,k+ ,siroes ( ,p]sia re/ores to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius ! "p ( ! ,holy ,cross :i* _h be5 tak5 f ,j]usalem4 #fej 7circ474 ,evid5ce = ! ,fea/ ( ! ,exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross = ,spa9 9 ! ,lection>y ( ,silos4 #fhg-gja4 ,pope ,s]gius ,i4 ord]s processions 7litani7 9 ,rome on ! ,fea/s ( ! ,annunciatio ,dom9i1 ,dormitio1 & ,nativitas ,b4,v4,m4 #gca4 ,! ,v54 ,b$e composes 8 m>tyrologium4 #gdg4 ,! ,emb]tides legally e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 #gfi4 ,! same 9 ,g]many4 #gha 7circ474 ,! ,octava ,dom9i 7#a/ ,jan47 appe>s z ! ,fe/um ,circumcisionis 9 ! ,cal5d> ( ,*>lemagne4 ,betwe5 #ghd & #gia4 ,"u ,adrian ,i41 ! ,sacram5t>ium ,gregorianum s5t to ! ,franki% ,empire1 & introduc$ !re4 ,betwe5 #ghf & #gig4 ,paul ! deacon compiles a ,homil>ium at ! comm& ( ,*>lemagne4 #ghg4 ,! second ,c\ncil ( ,nica re-e/abli%es ! wor%ip ( images4 #hjj 7circ474 ,compilation ( ! ,m5ologium ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,betwe5 #hbg & #hce4 ,gregory ,,iv4 *anges ! ,fea/ ( ,all ! ,m>tyrs 7#ac? ,may7 into a ,fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts1 & places x on ! #a/ ,nov4 #hce4 ,! ,emp]or ,l\is ! ,pi\s introduces ! ,fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts into ! ,franki% ,empire4 ,betwe5 #ijb & #ibj4 ,! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ kept z a ,fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 9 ,lige by ,bi%op ,/eph54 #iic4 ,! fir/ papal canonisation--t ( ,/ ,ulri* by ,pope ,john ,,xv4 #iih4 ,abbot ,odilo ( ,cluny introduces ! ,commemoratio ,omnium ,fidelium ,defunctorum 7#bnd ,nov47 9 8 ,ord]4 #aj? c5t4 ,! ,fe/um ,conceptionis ,b4,v4,m 7#h? ,dec47 appe>s 9 sev]al cal5d>s 7e4g4 ! ,neapolitan74 #ajjj-ajbe4 ,composition ( ! ,m5ologium ,basilianum4 #ajfh-ajga4 ,adoption ( ! ,roman rite 9 ,aragon "u ,k+ ,san*o ,ramirez4 #ajgh4 ,adoption ( ! ,roman rite 9 ,ca/ile4 #ajhj 7circ474 ,gregory ,,vii4 fixes ! numb] ( ,sundays 9 ,adv5t at f\r1 & suppresses deviations f ! ,roman cu/om ( obs]v+ ,adv5t4 ,betwe5 #ajic-aaji4 ,! ,fe/um ,conceptionis ,b4,v4,m4 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,/ ,anselm ( ,cant]bury4 #aabh-bi4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,our ,lady's ,conception introduc$ into "s ,engli% mona/]ies4 #aadj4 ,! same fea/ introduc$ at ,lyons4 #aaff4 ,! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us puts out an ord] conc]n+ fe/ivals4 #aaih4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 enjo9s ! ,bi%op ( ,worms to celebrate ! ,fe/um ,conv]sionis ,s4 ,pauli ,ap4 9 8 diocese z x is 9 ,rome 7,reg41 i4 #dd74 ,9 ! /atutes ( ! synod held by ,bi%op ,odo ( ,p>is x is enjo9$ to say ! ,ave ,m>ia4 ,be=e #abaf4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 regulates ! use ( liturgical col\rs4 #abdg4 ,corpus ,*ri/i celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,lige4 #abfj4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul adopt$ 9 ,cologne by ,ar*bi%op ,conrad von ,ho*/ad54 #abfc4 ,! ,g5]al ,*apt] ( ! ,franciscans at ,pisa enjo9s ! ,fea/ ( ,our ,lady's ,conception = ! :ole ,ord]4 #abfd4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,our ,lady's ,visitation prescrib$ = ! :ole ,*ur* by ,urban ,,iv4 #abih4 ,boniface ,,viii4 raises all fe/ivals ( ,apo/les to ! rank ( ,fe/a duplicia4 #acaa4 ,clem5t ,v4 at ! ,synod ( ,vi5ne repeats ! injunction to celebrate ,corpus ,*ri/i ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*4 #acaf4 ,john ,,xxii4 repeats & confirms ! bull ( ,urban ,,iv4 ) reg>d to ,corpus ,*ri/i4 #acbh4 ,! ,synod ( ,london appo9ts ! ,conceptio ,b4,v4,m4 z a holy day ( obligation = ! prov9ce4 #accd4 ,! ,fe/um ,,ss4 ,tr9itatis enjo9$ by ,john ,,xxii4 to be kept ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*4 #aced4 ,innoc5t ,,vi41 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv41 appo9ts ! ,fe/um ,lance et ,clavorum4 #acga4 ,gregory ,,xi4 in/itutes ! ,fe/um ,prs5tationis ,b4,v4,m4 #achi4 ,urban ,,vi4 makes ! ,fe/um ,visitationis ,b4,v4,m4 a univ]sal fea/ = ! :ole ,*ur*4 #adjh4 ,*ancellor ,john ,g]son f9ds fault ) ! numb] ( fe/ivals4 #adaf4 ,publication ( ! book ( ,ni*olas ( ,clemangis aga9/ ! increase ( holy days4 #adbc4 ,! ,fe/um ,,vii4 ,dolorum ,b4,v4,m4 adopt$ 9 ,cologne4 #adeb4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,sev5 ,dolors approv$ by ! prov9cial ,synod ( ,cologne4 #adef4 ,calixtus ,,iii41 foll[+ ! prec$5t ( ! ,greeks1 ord]s ! ,fea/ ( ,our ,"l's ,transfiguration to be celebrat$ on #f? ,aug4 #adfd4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ,our ,lady's ,pres5tation introduc$ into ! ,du*y ( ,saxony1 &1 9 #adfh1 into ! prov9ce ( ,ma9z4 #adgd4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 gives 8 approval to ! public v5]ation ( ,/ ,joseph & ,/ ,anne4 #adgg4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 ins]ts ! ,conceptio ,immaculat ,virg4 ,m>i into ! ,roman ,brevi>y4 #aebc4 ,publication ( ,lu!r's little "w on baptism 9 ,g]man4 #aecf4 ,c>d9al ,quiones1 ,o4,s4,f41 puts out 8 edition ( ! ,brevi>y = ! use ( ! secul> cl]gy4 ,x 0 approv$ by ,clem5t ,,vii4 & ,paul ,,iii41 & widely us$1 b )drawn "u ,pius ,v4 9 #aefh4 #aecf-cg4 ,! ,devotion ( ! ,=ty ,h\rs introduc$ 9 ,milan4 #aefc4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 its session 7xxv47 ( #e? ,dec4 commits to ! ,pope ! f9al arrangem5ts conc]n+ ! details ( ! ,brevi>y & ,missal4 #aefh4 ,! revis$ ,roman ,brevi>y publi%$4 #aegj4 ,! revis$ ,roman ,missal publi%$4 #aehb4 ,re=m ( ! ,cal5d> by ,gregory ,,xiii4 takes effect on #ae? ,oct4 #aehd4 ,publication by papal bull ( #ad? ,jan4 ( ! (ficial ,m>tyrologium ,romanum prep>$ by ,b>onius4 #aehh4 ,sixtus ,v4 in/itutes ! ,congregatio ,rituum by ! bull ,imm5sa t]ni4 #aeif4 ,publication ( ! ,pontificale ,romanum4 #afjb4 ,clem5t ,,viii4 takes /eps = a revision ( ! ,roman ,brevi>y1 &1 9 #afjd1 ( ! ,roman ,missal4 #afjh4 ,paul ,v4 in/itutes ! ,fea/ ( ! ,gu>dian ,angels4 #afad4 ,paul ,v4 publi%es ! ,ritual prep>$ by ! ,c>d9al ( ,san ,sev]9o4 #afba4 ,gregory ,,xv4 appo9ts ! #ai? ,m>* z a ,fe/ival ( ,/ ,joseph = ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 #afca4 ,urban ,,viii4 proposes a fre% revision ( ! ,brevi>y4 #afcd4 ,revision ( ! ,roman ,missal by ,urban ,,viii4 #afdb4 ,urban ,,viii4 r$uces ! numb] ( fe/ivals 79 =o7 by ! bull ,univ]sa p] orbem4 #afdd4 ,! ,conceptio ,b4,v4,m4 made a holy day ( obligation = ,spa94 #afff4 ,ar*bi%op ,h>du9 ( ,p>is suppresses ! fe/ivals ( ?ree ,apo/les & ,/ ,mi*ael4 ,^! fea/s 7 re/or$ by 8 successor1 de ,h>lay1 9 #afgc4 #affh4 ,publication ( ,?i]s' book 8,de ,fe/orum ,di]um ,imm9utione0 at ,lyons4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! public wor%ip ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,jesus4 #affi4 ,clem5t ,,ix4 in/itutes ! ,congregatio ,indulg5ti>um et ,,ss4 ,reliqu>um4 #afhc4 ,innoc5t ,,xi41 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,leopold1 e/abli%es ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,"n ( ,m>y 9 commemoration ( ! relief ( ,vi5na4 #agjh4 ,! ,conceptio ,b4,v4,m4 appo9t$ a fea/ 9 *oro ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 #agba4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xiii41 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi41 appo9ts ! ,fea/ ( ! ,"n ( ,jesus to be celebrat$ on ! second ,sunday aft] ,epiphany4 #agbg4 ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 proposes a fur!r r$uction ( fea/ days = ,spa94 #agda-agdg4 ,commission 9 ,rome1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,c>d9al ,gonzaga1 = ! improvem5t ( ! ,brevi>y4 ,! leg5ds 7 sev]ely criticis$1 & mu* valuable mat]ial 0 collect$ = future use4 #agdg4 ,muratori speaks 9 fav\r ( ! r$uction ( fea/ days 9 8 "w 8,della ,regolata ,divozione de' ,cri/iani40 #agfe4 ,clem5t ,,xiii4 appo9ts ! ,fea/ ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t4 ,m4 ,g]b]t writes 8 8,de ,di]um ,fe/orum ,num]o ,m9u5do1 ,celebratione ,ampli&a4 ,s4 ,blasian40 ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 discusses ! same subject 7,diss4 de ,fe/orum de ,prcepto ,imm9utione4 ,cf4 ,de ,s]v4 ,d4 ,beatif41 #d1 #b74 #aggb4 ,new regulations = fea/ days 9 ,prussia4 #aghh4 ,decrease ( ,ca?olic fe/ivals 9 ,prussia by ,pius ,,vi4 ,?is arrangem5t =ms ! basis ( t n[ 9 use4 #ahjb4 ,concordat ) ,france1 by :i* ! fea/s fall+ on week days 7 r$uc$ to f\r4 #ahbh4 ,conv5tion ( ,leo ,,xii4 ) ,prussia conc]n+ fea/ days4 #ahed4 ,def9ition ( ! ,conceptio ,immaculata & ext5sion ( ! fea/ to ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,,index ,abbo ( ,fleury1 #afj ,abdias pseudo-,abdias1 #bih ,acta1 ,!1 ( ,m>tyrs1 #bjh seq4 ,ado1 see ,m>tyrology ,adolf ,,iii4 7,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne71 #aii ( ,ess5 7,c>?usian71 #bgj n4 ,adrian ,i4 7,pope71 #cdd ,agde1 ,synod (1 #fh d',ailly1 ,pet]1 #bgd ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,c\ncil (1 enum]ation ( fe/ivals1 #bb1 #ahh1 #aid1 #cdh ,alacoque1 ,m>g4 ,m>y1 ,bl41 #abf ,alanus de ,rupe1 #bfi ,alb]o ,,ii4 7,bi%op ( ,lige71 #beh ,alcu91 #gb1 #gh1 #aaf seq41 #bbb ,alex&] ,,ii4 7,pope71 #aaf1 #aah ,,iii4 0 on re/ f lab\r1 #ab ,sev]us 7,emp]or71 #cag seq4 ,alfanus 7,abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o71 #cbb ,altfrid1 8 use ( ! ^w ,missa1 #dcf ,alv>us ,pelagius1 #bfj ,amadeus ( ,lausanne1 #bgb ,amal>ius1 #fg1 #ih1 #afj1 #aic ,amb>valia1 ,!1 #aij ,ambrose1 ,/1 on ! date ( ,ea/]1 #ec n41 #gc1 #ib1 #ic1 #adh seqq41 #aif1 #bhc1 #ccd1 #dcf seq4 ,amburbalia1 ,!1 #aij ,ana/asius 7,emp]or71 #bhf ,&rew ( ,crete1 #bcf ,anne1 ,/1 fe/ival ( ! ,conception (1 #bdb ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 ,/1 #bdh seqq41 #bee1 #dde ! y\ng]1 #bdh seqq41 #bee1 #dde ,antio*1 ! ,l5t5 fa/ at1 #ii1 #ajh2 ,*ri/mas at1 #aca seq4 ,antony ( ,gr5oble1 #abe4 ,apo/les1 ,!1 on ! date ( ,ea/]1 #ed ,apo/olic ,canons1 ,!1 #da1 #ib1 #if seq4 ,con/itutions1 ,!1 on obs]vance ( ,sunday & ,saturday1 #ab2 li/ ( fea/s 91 #bj2 on fa/s1 #ia1 #id seq41 #ig1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aad ,arabic ,canons1 ,!1 #dj ,arator1 #bhd ,arcadius 7,emp]or71 =bids races on ,sunday1 #ai1 #aca1 #ace ,arian ,m>tyrology1 ,!1 #bhb1 #bid1 #cdi1 #cfj2 see ,cal5d>s ,arius 7h]etic71 #cfj seq4 ,arles1 ,synods (1 #aah1 #dcf ,artemius1 ,/ 7,m>tyr71 #bij ,a?anasius1 ,/1 #ee1 #ib1 #adi1 #bbj ,augsburg1 ,corpus ,*ri/i procession at1 #abd ,augu/9e1 ,/1 #eg1 #gb2 said to h compos$ ! ,exsultet1 #ha1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aac1 #adf1 #aef1 #aei1 #afh1 #agb1 #bag seq41 #bbc1 #bbi1 #bhc seq41 #cjc ,aurelian 7,bi%op ( ,arles71 #baj ,au/ria1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,autp]t 7,abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o71 #bgh ,aux]re1 ,synods (1 #fa1 #afd1 #aga ,avignon1 ,synod ( 7,a4,d4 #adeg71 #bfj ,avitus 7,bi%op ( ,vi5ne71 #gj1 #aib2 on ! ^w ,missa1 #dcb 7prie/ ( ,braga71 #bbc ,bac*ylus ( ,cor9?1 #ci ,baillet1 ,adri51 on ! ,l5t5 fa/1 #ig1 #baj1 #baf n41 #cbj1 #dbj ,baldw9 7,ar*bi%op ( ,treves71 #abd1 #aii2 /atutes (1 #dbc ,b>d5hew]1 ,o41 #bfe ,b>onius 7,c>d9al71 see ,m>tyrology ,basel1 ,c\ncil (1 #bei seq41 #bfg ,basil ,,ii4 7,emp]or71 see ,m5ology ,basilidians1 ,!1 #adf1 #afg ,bum]1 ,dom4 7,o4,s4,b471 #baj ,bav>ia1 fe/ivals =1 #cb1 #bja2 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation3 ,g]man ,/ates ,b$e1 ,! ,v541 on date ( ,ea/]1 #eh seq41 #bca n41 #bhi n41 #big2 see ,cal5d>s2 ,m>tyrology ,bele? 7liturgi/71 #bef1 #bhj1 #cjd ,belgium1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,belgrade1 ,victory ov] ! ,turks at1 #aje ,b5$ict ,,ix4 7,pope71 #cae ,,xiii4 0 #ca1 #bge ,,xiv4 0 #cb1 #bhg1 #cjb n41 #daj1 #dbj ,canon1 ! ,ordo (1 #bbb ,b5$ict9es1 ,!1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception1 #bej seq41 #bee1 #bfa ,b5ev5to1 ,c\ncil ( 7,a4,d4 #ajia71 #ajb ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #bee seq41 #bgb1 #bgd 7,bi%op ( ,/ ,davids71 #bej1 #bee ,b]n>d9e de ,bu/is1 #bgd ( ,si5a1 ,/41 #aff1 #bgd ,b]no ( ,rei*5au1 #aae1 #afj1 #ahi n4 ,be?lehem1 ,*ri/mas at1 #aec ,b9t]im1 ,ant41 #fb1 #cbg1 #dbj ,bols5a1 ,! miracle (1 #abb ,bonav5ture1 ,/41 on ! ,immaculate ,conception1 #beh ,boniface1 ,/41 on fe/ivals1 #bb1 #hj n41 #aaf seq41 #afj1 #afd1 #ahh1 #bch2 see ,lection>y ,,iv4 7,pope71 #cbd ,,viii4 0 #af1 #bhj ,,ix4 0 #bfg ,bonn1 ,! ,m>tyrs (1 #cgc ,borromeo1 ,*>les1 ,/41 #ahf1 #cbg ,b\*] ,bu*]ius gidius 7,s4,j471 #acg ,braun1 ,j4 7,s4,j471 #dcj n4 ,brazil1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,brigid1 ,/4 7( ,sw$571 #bgd ,bur*>d ( ,worms1 ,canons (1 #bd ,byzant9e ,empire1 fe/ivals 9 !1 #bf seqq4 ,cecilia1 ,/41 #cae seqq4 ,caius 7,pope71 #bjf ,cajetan1 ,james 7,c>d9al71 ! ,ordo ,romanus (1 #he ,calcas5di1 ,abulaibsan ,a*m$1 see ,cal5d>s ,cal5d>s3-- ,alt-,corbie1 #dab ,anglo-,saxon 7,w9*e/]71 #dac ,arian1 #ceb seq4 ,arm5ian1 #bhc ,b$e1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bhg2 see ,m>tyrology ,besanon 7,s4 ,protadii71 #dad ,bologna1 #daa ,calcas5di1 #bf1 #bah1 #bbe1 #cjj n41 #cca1 #chc ,c>?age1 #bjf1 #bhf1 #bid1 #caf1 #cej ,*>lemagne1 #afe1 #bhb1 #bib1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #dab ,cologne1 #cjg1 #cbg1 #ccb n41 #dab1 #daf ,coptic1 #afh1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbd seq41 #bgc1 #bii seq41 #cab1 #ccb1 #cch2 description ( !1 #cha seq4 ,engli% 7,*ur* ( ,engl&71 #cf ,floriac1 #dad ,freis+1 #daf ,fronteau 7( ,/ ,g5evive71 #afe1 #agj1 #age1 #agi seq41 #bic1 #cjj seq41 #cjf2 description ( !1 #djj 8,g]manicum p]vetu/um sc4 ,x410 #daf ,go?o-,gallican1 #bcj1 #cjf1 #dac ,gregorian1 #df1 #baa1 #bii ,jewi% 7,semitic71 #ae1 #dd1 #df1 #dg seq41 #di1 #ea ,julian1 #de1 #df1 #ej seq41 #eg ,luxeuil1 #bcj ,ma9z1 #dad ,mantua1 #dad ,moz>abic1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bed ,neapolitan1 #bah1 #bde1 #bge1 #bhb1 #bij1 #bic seq41 #cjj1 #cjf2 description ( !1 #cid seqq4 ,ne/orian1 #bhc ,philocalian1 #acf seqq41 #aea1 #bag1 #cej seq42 see ,*ronograph ,polemius ,silvius1 #fi1 #aai1 #afi1 #aia1 #bag1 #bhc1 #cea ,roman 7( ! #g? c5tury71 #daa 7,mod]n71 #dba ,silos1 #bah ,/ablo1 #ccb n41 #dag ,syro-,mac$onian1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #baa1 #bah ,tol$o1 #bcj ,t\rs1 #dab2 see ,p]petuus ,treves1 #dag ,vallombrosa1 #dad ,w]d5 7,v]d95se71 #dad ,see ,idel]2 ,mai2 ,maimonides2 ,seld52 ,sonnatius2 ,tond9i ,cal5d>s1 ,e>ly1 #bjf seq41 #caf1 #cde1 #cdg seqq41 #daj seq4 ,calixtus ,i4 7,pope71 #ahe ,,iii4 0 #aje ,calv9ism1 ! fe/ivals reta9$ by1 #ce1 #ge ,campeggio 7,c>d9al-legate71 #cj ,capi/ran1 ,john1 ,/1 #aje ,capocci1 ,pet] 7,c>d9al71 #aba ,c>?age1 fa/s ( ! /ations at1 #ig2 d$ication ( *ur*es at1 #aie1 #bjf2 see ,cal5d>s ,cassian1 ,john1 #aaj1 #abh1 #dcd ,cassiodorus1 #ada1 #cfd ,catulfus1 on ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 #aag n4 ,*>i/ia1 ,! 7or ,c>a ,cognatio71 #cjb seq4 ,*>lemagne1 #hd2 ,homil>ium (1 #afe1 #agi2 ,capitul>y (1 #ahh1 #cdd2 see ,cal5d>s ,*>les ,,ii4 7,k+ ( ,spa971 #bge ,*osroes 7,k+ ( ,p]sia71 #cch seq4 ,*rodegang1 ,canons (1 #ajj1 #ahh ,*ronograph1 ,! 7,a4,d4 #ced71 #adj seq41 #bie n41 #cjf1 #cej n4 ,*rysologus1 ,pet]1 ,/1 #afc1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bfe1 #bhd ,*ryso/om1 ,john1 ,/1 #ii1 #ajh1 #aca seqq41 #adc1 #afh1 #agj1 #bhd1 #cbd ,ci(ani 7,prussian ag5t 9 ,rome71 #cc ,clemangiis1 ,ni*olas de1 #cj ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #ci1 #hi1 #ada1 #afg1 #dcg ,i4 7,pope71 #bje ,v4 0 #abb ,,vii4 0 #aff ,,viii4 0 #af1 #bfb1 #bff ,,ix4 0 #bfb1 #ccc ,x4 0 #bgj1 #ccc ,,xi4 0 #bfb1 #bga1 #bgd ,,xiii4 0 #abg ,,xiv4 0 #cb seq41 #bjj ,clove%ove1 ,c\ncil (1 #ahh1 #djc ,cod9us1 ,george1 ! de (ficiis (1 #bg1 #bbd ,cologne1 ,synod (1 #abc n41 #aii1 #beh2 fea/s = ar*diocese (1 #dbb2 ! ,?ree ,k+s at1 #dda seq42 see ,cal5d>s2 ,lection>y2 ,sacram5t>y4 ,compo/ela1 relics ( ,/ ,james at1 #bib ,con/ance1 ,c\ncil (1 #bd1 #aae1 #abe n4 ,con/ant9e 7,emp]or71 on ! obs]vance ( ,sunday1 #i seq41 #ag1 #da1 #gd1 #ha1 #acf1 #aif1 #bha1 #big1 #cbh1 #ccc ,con/ant9ople1 fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion at1 #ajh2 see ,m5ology ,con/antius 7,emp]or71 #adi1 #aif1 #bha1 #bij1 #cah ,copts1 fe/ivals obs]v$ by !1 #bf seq41 #gj2 ,synax>ia ( !1 #aje1 #aei1 #bch1 #bia2 see ,cal5d>s ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 #aec ,cusp9ianus1 ,john1 #acg ,cyprian1 ,/1 #dj1 #gb1 #ach1 #adf1 #aea1 #bjf1 #dca ,cyril1 ,/1 ( ,alex&ria1 #abh ( ,j]usalem1 #ib1 #ace1 #aed seq4 ,delahaye1 ,hipp4 7,s4,j471 #cbj n4 ,depositio ,episcoporum1 ,!1 #acg seq41 #adi n41 #cah1 #cdi ,m>tyrum1 #acg seq41 #adi n41 #cbj n41 #cdi1 #cef1 #cge1 #dag ,de ,rossi1 ,j4 ,b41 #ach1 #cai1 #cfe ,de ,waal1 #bhi ,diocletian 7,emp]or71 #bje ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 #ia ! ,areopagite1 #bce ,dom9ic1 ,/1 & ! ,ros>y1 #bfi seq4 ( ,prussia 7,c>?usian71 #bgj n4 ,dom9icans1 ,!1 & ! ,immaculate ,conception1 #bei seq4 ,du*esne1 ,l41 ,mgr41 #cae1 #cfe1 #cfh ,dur&us1 on ,l5t1 #ajd2 on ! ,immaculate ,conception1 #bef1 #cbb ,eadm]1 #bga1 #ddf ,ea/]1 ! c5tre ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 #c2 hi/ory (1 #cg seqq42 see ,m>t92 ,nilles2 ,passov] ,ebn]1 #cbb ,ecc>d1 #acg ,eligius ( ,noyon1 #gj ,els9us1 see ,hels9us ,elvira1 ,synod (1 #aaj n4 ,engl&1 ,fea/s ( ! ,b4,v4,m4 91 #bga n42 ,*ri/mas 91 #dci seq42 ,! ,immac4 ,concept4 91 #dde seq42 see ,cal5d>s2 ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,ennodius 7,bi%op ( ,pavia71 #ha ,ephesus1 ,dea? ( ,/ ,john at1 #big seq4 ,ephrem ,syrus1 #abi1 #aig ,epiphanius1 #ef1 #abh ,erfurt1 ,c\ncil (1 #bhj ,erwig 7,spani% ,k+71 #afd ,ess51 ,! ,lib] ,ord9>ius (1 #abe2 see ,sacram5t>y ,e!lr$ 7,k+71 & ! fea/ ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 #cca ,eu*]ius 7,bi%op ( ,lyons71 #cjd ,eudocia 7,empress71 #bbd1 #bhg ,eug5ius ,,iv4 7,pope71 #abd ,eusebius 7,eccl4 hi/orian71 #i seq42 on ,ea/]1 #da1 #ee1 #ij2 on ,l5t1 #ib seq41 #ajf1 #adi1 #aie seq41 #bjf1 #baa1 #bif1 #cjh1 #cce1 #cei seqq4 ,eu/orgius 7,bi%op ( ,milan71 #dda ,eu?ymius1 on ! ,assumption1 ,b4,v4,m41 #bcf ,eve 7recluse at ,lige71 #abj seq4 ,exet]1 ,synod (1 #beb ,fabian1 ,pope1 #bje ,felicitas1 ,/ 7,m>tyr71 #ach ,felix 7anti-,pope71 #adi1 #cah ,,ii4 7,pope71 #cdc ,f]alia 7conclud+ day ( ! ,p>5talia71 #cjb seq4 ,f]d9& ,,iii4 7,emp]or71 #bge ,f]i1 orig9 ( ! "n1 #b1 #g2 z di/+ui%$ f fe/ivals1 #ad ,fe/ivals1 _! two *ief divisions1 #c2 ,jewi%1 #e seq42 _! classification1 #ac seq42 increase 9 numb] (1 #ai2 fir/ li/s (1 #bj seq42 9 ,canon law1 #bd2 l>ge numb] (1 #be seq42 rights ( bi%ops 9 respect (1 #bh seq41 #ca2 _! r$uction1 #ca seq42 ( ! ,greek eccl4 ye>1 #ddb seqq42 see ,f]i2 ,paleologi ,fe/ivals ( obligation 93-- ,au/ria1 #dbd2 ,belgium1 #dbd2 ,brazil1 #dbh2 ,engl&1 #dbf2 ,france1 #dbd2 ,g]man ,/ates1 #dbd seq42 ,holl&1 #dbf2 ,italy1 #dbd2 ,pol&1 #cb1 #dbg2 ,portugal1 #dbg seq42 ,prussia1 #cb seqq41 #dbd2 ,rome1 #dbc seq42 ,russia1 #dbh2 ,spa91 #dbg2 ,switz]l&1 #dbf2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dbh4 ,fe/us 7,s5ator71 #bhf ,flavian 7,bi%op ( ,antio*71 #acb ,=ty ,h\rs ,pray]1 ,!1 see ,plantanida ,france1 alt]ation 9 fe/ivals 91 #cd seq42 ,holy ,saturday 91 #hc2 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,fran*i di ,cavali]i1 #baj ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,/1 introduces ! ,crib1 #aef ,franciscans1 ,!1 influ5ce on ! ,liturgy1 #ae seq42 & ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #beg seqq42 & ,visit4 ,b4,v4,m41 #bfg2 & cultus ( ,/ ,joseph1 #bgd ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 7,k+ ( ,prussia71 #cc ,fronteau1 see ,cal5d>s ,=mosus 7,pope71 #cjh ,fulb]t 7,bi%op ( ,*>tres71 #bca ,fulg5tius1 #aff1 #afh1 #bcj ,gabriel ! ,ar*angel1 #ccb4 ,gallic pilgrim1 ,!1 see ,silvia ,gamaliel 7,rabbi71 on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 #di ,gelasius ,i4 7,pope71 #age1 #cdc2 see ,sacram5t>y ,gellon5se1 see ,m>tyrology ,george 7,bi%op ( ,nicom$ia71 #bdc ,georgius ,ham>tolus1 #agd ,g]eon1 ,/ 7,m>tyr71 #cgc1 #dad seq4 ,g]manus 7,patr4 ( ,con/ant9ople71 #bcf ,g]many1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,g]son1 ,john 7! ,*ancellor71 #cj1 #bgd ,g]trude1 ,/1 #abf1 #bgd ,g]unda1 ,synod (1 #fa1 #aic ,glycas1 on ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 #cad ,gorman 7,abbot71 see ,m>tyrology ,grammont1 ,pet] de 7,bi%op ( ,besanon71 #abf ,gratian1 decretal (1 #bd1 #ajj ,gregory ! ,great 7,pope71 #gf1 #if1 #ajb1 #aea1 #aei1 #agi1 #aib1 #bbi1 #cdc1 #cfc1 #djg1 #dce2 see ,cal5d>s2 ,sacram5t>y ,,ii4 7,pope71 #cdc1 #djj ,,iii4 7,pope71 #cbd seq41 #djj ,,iv4 0 #cbe ,,vii4 0 #af1 #ahf1 #ahi ,,ix4 0 decretal (1 #bd seq41 #aii ,,xi4 0 #bff ,,xii4 0 #bgf ,,xiii4 0 #bgj1 #bgf1 #dji ,,xv4 0 #bge ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 #acj seq41 #aea ( ,nyssa1 #aca ( ,t\rs1 #aib1 #baa1 #bcg1 #bhd1 #cad1 #dce ,?aumaturgus1 #bjg ,grets]1 ,jacobus 7,s4,j471 #dai ,guy>d 7,bi%op ( ,cambrai71 #aba ,he9ri* ,,ii4 7,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne71 #aii ,hel5a 7,empress71 #ajg1 #aif1 #ccc seq4 ,help]i* 7,monk ( ,/ ,gall71 #gd ,hels9us 7or ,els9us71 #bdh ,h5ry ( ,gh5t1 #bec ,h5s*5 7,boll&i/71 #acg1 #baj1 #djc ,h]aclius 7,emp]or71 #bcb1 #cch seq4 ,h]mas1 on fa/+1 #hi ,hetto 7,bi%op ( ,basel71 /atute (1 #bc1 #aih ,hildu9 7,abbot71 on ! ,m>tyrology1 #cfe ,hippolytus 7,bi%op ( ,porto71 canons & cycle (1 #dj seq41 #eg1 #ia1 #ig1 #ii1 #aab1 #ada seq41 #adf1 #afg seq42 on ! date ( ,*ri/mas1 #dcg seq4 ,holl&1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,honorius 7,emp]or71 =bids races on ,sunday1 #ai1 #aca ,hugh 7,abbot ( ,read+71 & ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bdh ,hugo 7,c>d9al-legate71 approves fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 #aba ,hunyadi1 ,george1 #aje ,hydatius1 on ! date ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 #ada ,ibsung1 ,ka?>9a1 h] legacy = fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 #abd ,idel]1 on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 #di ,ignatius1 ,/ 7( ,antio*71 #ci1 #bji1 #bab ,ildefonsus1 ,/ 7,bi%op ( ,tol$o71 #bbg ,+elheim1 ,c\ncil (1 #bd ,innoc5t ,i4 7,pope71 #gf1 #ih1 #bib n41 #dcd ,,iii4 0 on liturgical col\rs1 #dbi ,,viii4 0 #bfa n4 ,,ix4 0 #bgb ,x4 0 #bfb ,,xi4 0 #bfd ,,xiii4 0 #aff ,ir5u1 ,/1 #ci1 #ee1 #ij seq41 #aaa1 #ada1 #dca1 #dcg ,isaias1 8 prophecy on ! ,messias1 #dc ,isidore ( ,seville1 #ed1 #fg1 #gc1 #bed ,italy1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,ivo 7,bi%op ( ,*>tres71 ,canons (1 #bd ,jacobites1 ,!1 #big ,james ( ,l&sb]g 7,c>?usian71 #abf ,james ( ,nisibis 7,bi%op71 #cee ,james ,pantaleon 7aft]w>ds ,pope ,urban ,,iv471 #aba ,janu>ius 7,bi%op71 8 inquiries f ,/ ,augu/9e1 #eg1 #gb ,j]ome1 ,/1 #ade1 #aec1 #ahb1 #bgc1 #bid1 #cjj1 #cjh1 #cfd seq41 #dca2 see ,lection>y2 ,m>tyrology ,j]usalem1 practices obs]v$ at1 #i1 #fb seq41 #ii1 #ajg1 #aab seq41 #aeb seq41 #aga1 #agc seqq41 #aid seq4 ,joa*im1 ,/1 9 ! ,greek ,brevi>y1 #bdf ,john1 ,/ 7,apo/le & ,evangeli/71 #dc ,damasc5e1 ,/1 #bce seq41 #bdb1 #bfe1 #cij1 #ddh 7,bi%op ( ,euba71 #bdb1 #bdf ( ,hilde%eim 7,c>melite71 #ddb 7,bi%op ( ,j]usalem71 #bbc ( ,lausanne1 #aba 7,bi%op ( ,nicea71 #aca n41 #ace seq41 #aed1 #afg ,,iii4 7,pope71 #bif ,,xxii4 0 #aah1 #abd ,,ii4 7,ar*bi%op ( ,prague71 #bfh 7,bi%op ( ,/rassburg71 #abd ,josephus1 #adc1 #ade n41 #aee ,juliana ( ,ret9ne1 #abj ,julius ,i4 7,pope71 #ace1 #aej1 #aed seq4 ,,ii4 0 #bgf ,ju/9 7,emp]or71 #agd ,ju/91 ,m>tyr1 on ,ea/]1 #ci1 #dd ,ju/9ian 7,emp]or71 legislation ab\t ,sunday1 #ah1 #agc seq41 #bge1 #bha1 #cbh ,juv5al 7,bi%op ( ,j]usalem71 #aec1 #bcf ,k+s1 ,! ,?ree1 #dda seq4 ,lacordaire1 ,pre 7,o4,p471 #cae ,lambeck1 #acg ,lanfranc 7,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury71 /atutes (1 #aih seq41 #dba seq41 #dde ,laodicea1 ,synod (1 decree on celebration ( ,saturday1 #aa seq41 #gc ,launoi1 #baj ,laz>us1 ,/1 #caj seqq4 7,bi%op ( ,aix71 #cad ,lection>y3-- ( ,/ ,boniface1 #afj ( ,cologne1 #afa n4 8,comes ,alb9i10 ,!1 #afa n41 #cjf ( ,/ ,j]ome1 #ahb seq4 ( ,luxeuil1 #fg1 #aei1 #ahj1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bha1 #cig ( ,mn/]1 #afa n4 ( ,silos1 #fg1 #aja1 #aei1 #aff1 #age1 #cdj2 description (1 #cgh seqq41 #cig ( ,spires1 #cjf ,syrian1 ,!1 #bbe1 #bia1 #bid1 #bii1 #cca2 description (1 #cic ( ,treves1 #afa n4 ( ,victor ( ,capua1 #afj ,leo ,i4 7,emp]or71 #bfg ,,vi4 0 on ! obs]vance ( ,sunday1 #aj1 #bdb n41 #cab1 #cad ,leo ! ,great1 ,/ 7,pope71 #gf2 on fa/+1 #id1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aea1 #aei1 #aff1 #ahc1 #ahe seq41 #bbi1 #cjf1 #dce2 see ,sacram5t>y ,,iii4 7,pope71 #aic1 #bge1 #djj ,,iv4 0 #hj n41 #bcg ,,xii4 0 #cc ,,xiii4 0 #bfc1 #bgf1 #ccc ,leopold ,i4 7,emp]or71 #bge ,leslu 7,s4,j471 on fea/ ( ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bed ,lib]ius 7,pope71 #adb1 #adg seqq41 #aia1 #bjg1 #bga n41 #cah ,lige1 ,synod (1 #beh ,liturgy1 ,!1 9 "t ( ,t]tullian1 #i ,lomnie1 ,c4 ,f4 de 7,bi%op ( ,c\tances71 #abf ,loreto1 ! ,holy ,h\se (1 #bga n4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s 7,emp]or71 #cbe seq4 ,lucianus 7prie/ ( ,j]usalem71 #bbc ,lu!r1 on obs]vance ( fe/ivals1 #ce ,lyons1 ,second ,c\ncil (1 #aic ,mabillon 7,o4,s4,b471 #gh1 #aei1 #bjg1 #bcg1 #big1 #cdj1 #cej1 #cig ,mac>ius 7,bi%op ( ,j]usalem71 #cce seq4 ,maon1 ,synod (1 #ba1 #fa1 #aeh ,mai 7,c>d9al71 ,cal5d>s publi%$ by1 #cbb1 #chd1 #cif ,maimonides1 on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>s1 #di ,ma9z1 ,c\ncil (1 directions ab\t fe/ivals1 #bc1 #aid1 #aih1 #bch1 #cca2 see ,cal5d>s ,maizires1 ,philip de1 & fea/ ( ,pres5t4 ,b4,v4,m41 #bff ,mam]tus 7,bi%op ( ,vi5ne71 & ,rogation processions1 #aia ,m&atum1 ,!1 #gc ,manuel ,comn5us 7,emp]or71 r$uces numb] ( holidays1 #bf1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bff1 #bhh1 #cab1 #cbi ,m>cell9a 7si/] ( ,/ ,ambrose71 #adh seq4 ,m>cellus1 8 discov]y ( head ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/1 #bba 8,m>ia10 explanation ( ! "n1 #bfd ,m>ia ,t]esa 7,empress71 #cb ,m>tne1 on ! bless+ ( ,palms1 #fb ,m>t9 7,bi%op ( ,dumio71 on date ( ,ea/]1 #eh ,v4 7,pope71 #abd ,m>tyrologies1 #bad1 #bgc1 #bib1 #big1 #cde seq4 ,m>tyrology3-- ( ,ado1 #bhh1 #cjg1 #cab1 #caf1 #cai1 #cce2 description ( !1 #dje seq4 ( ,b$e1 #bic1 #cjg1 #cab1 #cce1 #cda2 description ( !1 #dja seq4 ( ,besanon1 #cbg ( ,corbie1 #eg1 #cjf ( ,florus1 description ( !1 #dja seq4 ! ,gellon5se1 #eg1 #dac ( ,gorman1 #djd ( ,/ ,j]ome1 #eg1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bic1 #bie1 #big seqq41 #cjg1 #cab1 #caf1 #ccb1 #cce1 #cdj1 #cei seq41 #cfc seq4 ( ,notk] ,balbulus1 description ( !1 #dje seq4 ( ngus1 description ( !1 #dja seq4 ( ,rabanus ,maurus1 #cab1 #caf2 description ( !1 #dje seq4 ! ,roman 7( ,b>onius71 #dji ( ,tol$o1 #bii ( ,usu>dus1 #bhh1 #cjg1 #cab seq41 #caf1 #cai1 #cce2 description ( !1 #dje seq4 ( ,w&leb]t1 #cjf2 description ( !1 #dja seq4 ,m>y1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 position ( h] fe/ivals1 #c ,mass ,missa1 explanation ( ! ^w1 #dcj seqq4 ,maurice 7,emp]or71 #bcg de ,sully 7,bi%op ( ,p>is71 #bef ,maxim9us 7,bi%op ( ,aix71 #caa ,maximus ( ,tur91 #aea n41 #afi1 #bjg1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bhc ,melito ( ,s>dis1 #ci ,m5ology3-- ( ,basil1 #aef1 #bah1 #bdb1 #bgc1 #bia1 #bif1 #bii seq41 #cab1 #cbb1 #cca1 #cgj1 #cij seqq4 ( ,con/ant9ople1 #aje1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bgc1 #cjj1 #cbb1 #cch1 #cci n41 #chg seqq4 ,metaphra/es1 ,simeon1 #bff n41 #cba1 #cbi ,metrophanes 7,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople71 #bhi ,mi*ael ( ,atriba1 ,synax>ium (1 #bch1 #chf ,micrologus1 ,!1 #aaf seq41 #afa1 #ahf ,missa1 see ,mass ,missal3-- ,gallican1 #aig1 #bcb ,go?o-,gallican1 #fg1 #fi1 #gf1 #hc1 #aja1 #aei1 #bcg1 #big1 #cig ,leon9e1 #aad1 #cig ,roman1 #ajc1 #ahh1 #cii ,trani1 #cbb ,see ,sacram5t>y ,missals1 ,! e>lie/1 #bad1 #cdc1 #cde ,mode/us 7,patr4 ( ,j]usalem71 #bcf1 #cad ,momms51 ,t41 #acg1 #cbj n41 #cej ,montani/s1 ,x]ophagi ( !1 #ii1 #aaj n4 ,monte ,g>gano1 #ccb ,morcelli1 ,s4 ,a41 #bih1 #cij ,mor91 ,g4 7,o4,s4,b471 #ahf ,naogeorgius1 #bjj n4 ,napoleon ,i4 7,emp]or71 8 regulations = holy days1 #cd seq4 ,n>cissus 7,bi%op ( ,j]usalem71 #ci ,neu*+1 ,synod (1 #fa ,nica1 #a/ ,c\ncil (1 #ib1 #ajf ,nicephorus 7hi/orian71 #agd1 #cbh ,nicolas ,i4 7,pope71 #ajj ,nilles1 on ! date ( ,ea/]1 #eb n4 ,nisan1 ! #ae? day (1 #da2 ,jewi% celebrations on1 #db1 #ec n4 ,nog>oli1 ,leon>do1 composes (fice ( ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bfa ,noris 7,c>d9al71 #acg ,norm&y1 ,fea/ ( ! ,immac4 ,conc4 91 #bea seqq4 ,notk] ,balbulus1 #bib1 #ccb n42 see ,m>tyrology ( ,lige1 #cbg ,octave1 orig9 ( !1 #ae ,odilo1 ,/ 7( ,cluny71 #bcc1 #cbf ,odo de ,sully 7,bi%op ( ,p>is71 #afd1 #bfh ngus1 see ,m>tyrology ,ordos ,ord9>ia1 ,ord9es1 description (1 #cdg ,orig51 fe/ivals kn[n to1 #ag1 #ajf1 #aab1 #abg1 #afg1 #agb1 #cjf1 #cjh ,orleans1 ,synods (1 #ie1 #ih1 #aja1 #aga1 #aib ,orosius1 on ! date ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 #ada ,osb]t de ,cl>e 7,o4,s4,b471 & ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bdh1 #bej1 #beb ,otg>1 7,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z71 #afe1 #ahj ,o?o ,i4 7,emp]or71 #bhh ,otricus1 7,bi%op ( ,milan71 #cbg ,ox=d1 ,synod ( 7,a4,d4 #abbb71 #beb ,paleologi1 ,! 7,emp]ors ( ,con/ant9ople71 fe/ivals "u1 #bg ,palms1 bless+ (1 #fb1 #fg seq42 figures c>ri$ 9 ! procession (1 #fi ,panv9ius ,onuphrius1 #acg ,p>5talia1 ,! 7hea!n fe/ival ( ! dead71 #cjb ,pas*al ,i4 7,pope71 #caf ,passaglia1 on ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bdj seqq4 ,passiones1 ( ,m>tyrs1 #bji1 #cag ,passov]1 ,!1 its connection ) ,ea/]1 #ch1 #dj1 #da seqq41 #eg ,paul1 ,/ 7! ,apo/le71 on ! ,passov]1 #dd2 9 ,rome1 #ach 7! ,deacon71 #hd1 #afe 7,bi%op ( ,emesa71 #abh ,,iv4 7,pope71 #cjh ,v4 0 #bfc1 #ccc ,paul9us ( ,nola1 #afi1 #bij1 #cai1 #ccd ,peckham1 ,john 7,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury71 #aah ,pelagius ,i4 7,pope71 #bif ,,ii4 0 #aib ,p]petua1 ,/ 7,m>tyr71 #ach ,p]petuus ( ,t\rs1 8 li/ ( fe/ivals1 #bj2 cal5d> (1 #eg2 on fa/s1 #ih1 #aeh seq41 #bah1 #bhf ,pet] ,/ 7! ,apo/le71 date ( arrival & dea? 9 ,rome1 #ach 7,c>d9al-legate71 #afd ( ,celle 7,bi%op ( ,*>tres71 #bef ,damian1 ,/1 #cbb 7,bi%op ( ,edessa71 #fb ,phila/rius1 on ,*ri/mas1 #afi n4 ,philip ,,iv4 7,k+ ( ,spa971 #bfb ,philocalus1 ,furius1 #acf2 see ,cal5d>s ,philogonius 7,m>tyr71 #acb ,philoponus1 ,joannes1 on ! date ( ,ea/]1 #ec n4 ,philo/orgius 7hi/orian71 #bij1 #ceb ,phocas 7,emp]or71 #cbd ,pilate1 ,! spuri\s ,acts (1 #eg ,pius ,v4 7,pope71 #af1 #aai1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bgj1 #dca ,,vi4 7,pope71 #cb seq41 #bjj ,,ix4 0 #bci1 #bfb seq41 #bge ,plantanida1 ,joseph 7,o4,s4,f4,c471 & ! ,=ty ,h\rs ,pray]1 #abe ,pl9y1 lett]s (1 #h ,pol&1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,polemius ,silvius1 #cjd1 #cje2 see ,cal5d>s ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 #ci1 #ee1 #bha ,porphyrius 7,bi%op ( ,antio*71 #cec ,portugal1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,po?o ( ,prm1 on fea/ ( ! ,h4 ,tr9ity1 #aah n42 on ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bef ,prell]1 #acg ,processions1 #ahi seqq4 ,proclus 7,patr4 ( ,con/ant9ople71 #bcc1 #bcd ,prosp] 7( ,aquita9e71 on date ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 #ada ,protadius 7,bi%op ( ,besanon71 8 ,cal5d>1 #cbg ,proto-evangelium ( ,james1 ,!1 #bdf ,protonika1 leg5d (1 & ! ,holy ,cross1 #ccg ,prud5tius1 #ih1 #bhe ,prussia1 ,good ,friday 91 #gd n42 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,pul*]ia 7,empress71 #bcf ,qu>todecimans1 ,!1 #ci1 #dj1 #ej1 #ed ,qu$l9burg1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajj ,rabanus ,maurus1 #gg1 #hg1 #caa2 see ,m>tyrology ,ra9ald ( ,dassel 7,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne71 #dda ,raphael1 ,! ,ar*angel1 #ccb ,rav5na1 ,! ,new ,ye> at1 #afc ,reccesw9? 7,spani% ,k+71 #afd ,reims1 ,synod (1 #cj ,remigius 7,monk & ,bi%op ( ,lyons71 #bjb n41 #djf ,ri*>dis 7,empress71 #cae ,riets*1 ,j41 on ,/ ,m>y ,magdal51 #cae ,rob]t de ,?orete 7,bi%op ( ,lige71 #abj seq4 ,robigalia1 ,!1 #aia ,rog] ,,ii4 7( ,naples71 #bdd 7,bi%op ( ,salisbury71 #bej1 #bee ,romanesia1 ,fea/ ( ! ,asc5sion at1 #ajh ,rome1 me?od ( fix+ ,ea/] 91 #ea1 #ed2 ,synod (1 #fa2 see ,cal5d>s2 ,fe/ivals ( obligation2 ,m>tyrology ,roncalli1 on ! ,cal5d>1 #acg ,ros>y1 ,!1 #bfh seqq42 ,confrat]nities ( !1 #bgj n4 ,rotricus 7,bi%op ( ,r\571 #beb ,r\51 ,c\ncil ( 7,a4,d4 #fej71 #afd ,rudolph 7,bi%op ( ,b\rges71 #bc ,ruf9us1 #cai ,russia1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,sabas1 ,/1 see ,typicum ,sabba?1 ,!1 its position 9 ! ,*ur*1 #f ,sacram5t>ies1 description ( !1 #cdb seqq4 ,sacram5t>y3-- ,cologne1 9 ,ca!dral libr>y at1 #dae ,dsseldorf1 9 libr>y at1 #dae ,ess51 #hd ,gallican1 #aaj ,gelasian1 #fg seq41 #gf1 #gh1 #hc1 #ajb seq41 #aad1 #aaf1 #aef1 #afj1 #afc1 #afi1 #age1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahd n41 #ahg1 #aih1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #bib1 #cjf1 #ccj1 #cdj2 description (1 #cdc1 #cih ,gregorian1 #fb1 #fi1 #gb1 #gh1 #hc1 #hg1 #aja seqq41 #aad1 #aaf seq41 #afc1 #afe1 #agj1 #age n41 #agh seqq41 #ahg1 #aih1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bhh1 #bib1 #bii1 #cjf1 #ccj1 #cdj2 description (1 #cdd1 #cih seq4 ,leon9e1 #aef1 #agh1 #ahd n41 #aih1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #ccj2 description (1 #cdc ,moz>abic1 #aja1 #aef ,salb>us 7,p]sian ,g5]al71 #cci ,saturday1 its liturgical obs]vance1 #ab ,saxony1 fe/ivals 91 #ce ,s*rad]1 ,clem5s 7,s4,j4171 on ! ,immac4 ,conc41 #bdj seqq4 ,s*ult+1 ,cornelius1 #dai ,scotus1 ,jo4 ,duns1 #bei ,s$atus 7,bi%op ( ,bzi]s71 #afi ,seld51 ,john1 ,cal5d>s publi%$ by1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bch1 #bgc1 #bhf n41 #bii1 #cbb1 #cha ,selig5/adt1 ,synod (1 #bbc ,s]apion 7,abbot ( ,?muis71 #ib ,s]gius ,i4 7,pope71 #age1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #cdd ,s]vilius ,paulus 7proconsul71 #ci ,sev]us1 ,sulpicius1 #ada ,sic>dus 7,bi%op ( ,cremona71 #bee seq4 ,siculus ,pet]1 #bdg ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 #aia ,si5a1 ,! ,lib] ,ord9>ius (1 #cbb ,silos1 see ,cal5d>s2 ,lection>y ,silvia 7,! ,gallic pilgrim71 on ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 #h1 #fb seqq41 #hf2 on ,fa/s1 #ic1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aab seq41 #abi1 #aeb1 #aed seq41 #aga1 #agc1 #age1 #aif1 #cch1 #dcc seq4 ,sim*ah ,?orah1 fe/ival ( !1 #aaa ,simplicius 7,pope71 #bbd ,sirleto 7,c>d9al71 #cjh1 #dji ,siroes 7,k+ ( ,p]sia71 #cci ,sixtus ,i4 7,pope71 #ea1 #ee ,,iii4 0 #bga n4 ,,iv4 0 #bfa seq41 #bff1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #cbf ,v4 7,pope71 #bfd1 #bff ,socrates 7,eccl4 hi/orian71 #if1 #ajf1 #ccf ,sonnatius 7,bi%op ( ,reims71 /atutes (1 #ba2 ,cal5d> (1 #bbi n41 #bch ,sophronius 7,patri>*71 #ddh ,sozom5 7,eccl4 hi/orian71 #i seq41 #bjg1 #ccf ,spa91 r$uction ( fe/ivals 91 #ca2 ,adv5t 91 #aei2 ,fea/s ( ,b4,v4,m4 91 #bbg1 #bed1 #bfb2 ,/ ,james 91 #bib seqq42 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,spr5g]1 ,jacob 7,o4,p471 #bgj n4 ,/a*ys 7,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople71 #bhi ,/eph5 7,bi%op ( ,lige71 #aaf seq4 ,sunday1 orig9 ( ! "n1 #g2 laws = its obs]vance1 #i seq42 law-c\rts cease to sit on1 #ah2 races =bidd5 on1 #ai ,switz]l&1 see ,fe/ivals ( obligation ,symma*us 7,pope71 #bjh1 #cah n41 #cca ,synagogue1 ,!1 its influ5ce on ! ,*ur*'s ye>1 #e ,synaxis ,synax>ia1 ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/1 #bai1 #cde1 #cdi2 see ,copts1 ,mi*ael ( ,atriba ,szabolcs1 ,c\ncil (1 #aih ,t>ragona1 ,synod (1 #ca ,t5ebr1 ,! ,(fice (1 #ga ,t]tullian1 #e2 8 enum]ation ( fea/s1 #ag2 on ,ea/]1 #dj1 #dd1 #ef1 #hi seqq41 #ii1 #ajf2 on ,p5teco/1 #aaa seq41 #abg1 #ada1 #agb1 #ahd2 on ,*ri/ian burial1 #bac1 #caj1 #dca1 #dcg ,!odore1 on ,fea/s ( ,b4,v4,m41 #bbg ,!odorus ,lector1 #bhf ,!odosius ,,ii4 7,emp]or71 8 legislation ab\t holy days1 #ai1 #acj1 #bbj1 #bbd ,!odulf1 on ,emb] days1 #ahh ,!ophanes 7hi/orian71 #cbh1 #ccg n4 ,!ophilus ( ,alex&ria1 #bbj ,!ophilus ( ,cs>ea1 on ,ea/]1 #dj1 #ei ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,/1 #abb1 #beh ,?omass91 ,l\is1 #dai ,tillemont 7hi/orian71 #baj1 #bbj1 #cbj1 #dbj ,tol$o1 #d? ,synod (1 #gd1 #hj1 #ajj1 #afd #f? 01 #aic #h? 01 #ajj #aj? 01 #bcb ,see ,cal5d>s1 ,m>tyrology ,tond9i1 ,cs> 7,b>nabite71 on ! ,cal5d>1 #eb n4 ,t\rs1 fe/ivals celebrat$ at1 #bj2 second c\ncil (1 #afd1 #cca2 see ,cal5d>s ,trani1 see ,missal ,translation1 ( relics1 #bbj1 #bfg1 #bha1 #bib ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 #ca1 #bfc ,treves1 ,synod (1 #bfh2 see ,cal5d>s1 ,lection>y ,tribonianus1 #acd ,tri!mius 7,abbot71 #bgd1 #bgf n41 #djc ,trullan ,synod1 !1 #gc1 #ajj1 #aje1 #bcb1 #chg ,turcius ,alma*ius 7,prefect ( ,rome71 #cag seqq4 ,typicum1 ,!1 ( ,/ ,sabas1 #bdc1 #ddg seq4 ,tyre1 ,synod at1 #aie ,uranius 7,bi%op ( ,emesa71 #bba ,urban ,i4 7,pope71 #cag ,,iv4 0 see ,james ,pantaleon ,,vi4 0 #bfg1 #bgf ,urban ,,viii4 7,pope71 8 con/itution ,univ]sa p] orbem1 #bi1 #cj1 #bjj ,usu>dus1 see ,m>tyrology ,val5s 7,emp]or71 #acj1 #bbj ,val5tia1 c\ncil (1 #bac n4 ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 7,emp]or71 law on ,sunday re/1 #aj2 regulation ( legal vacations1 #ag seq41 #acd ,valesius1 on ! ,l5t5 fa/1 #ig ,veil1 ! ,l5t5 ,hung] ,veil1 #ajd ,v5antius ,=tunatus1 #caf ,ve/m5ts1 ,liturgical1 #dbh seqq4 ,victor 7,bi%op ( ,capua71 see ,lection>y 7,pope71 #ci1 #ee1 #ei1 #ij ,vi5ne1 ,c\ncil (1 #abd ,vigilius 7,bi%op ( ,tr5t71 #aia ,v9c5t ,f]r]1 ,/1 #bgd ,walt] 7,bi%op ( ,orleans71 #bc 7,bi%op ( ,r\571 #beb n4 ,w&elb]t ( ,prm1 #eg2 see ,m>tyrology ,w>9us ( ,worce/]1 #bdh ,willibald1 ,/ 7,bi%op ( ,ei*/tt71 #cad ,worce/]1 ,synod (1 #beb ,w/5feld1 ,f41 #cha seq4 ,x]ophagi1 ,!1 #ii ,za*>ias 7,patr4 ( ,j]usalem71 #cci 7,pope71 #hj n41 #afd ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 #aea1 #aee1 #afe ,zosimus 7,pope71 #ha ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,turnbull ,,& ,,spe>s1 ,,ed9burgh