,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 8,,"w0 ,,h&books ,,knott+ ,,& ,,splic+ ,,ropes ,,& ,,cordage ,,knott+ ,,& ,,splic+ ,,ropes ,,& ,,cordage ,,) ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s ,,& ,,diagrams ,,edit$ ,,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck ,,editor ,,( 8,,"w0 ,,& 8,,build+ ,,_w0 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,h&books ,,= ,,h&icrafts10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,philadelphia ,,david ,mc,k,a,y1 ,,publi%] #faj1 ,,s\? ,,wa%+ton ,,squ>e #aijg ,,preface4 ,?is ,h&book conta9s1 9 a =m conv5i5t = ev]yday use1 a compreh5sive dige/ ( ! in=mation on ,knott+ & ,splic+ ,ropes & ,cordage1 scatt]$ ov] m ?an tw5ty ?\s& columns ( ! j\rnals x is my =tune to edit--& supplies concise in=mation on ! details ( ! subjects on :i* x treats4 ,read]s :o may desire additional in=mation respect+ special details ( ! matt]s dealt ) 9 ?is ,h&book1 or in/ructions on k9dr$ subjects1 %\ld address a "q to ,! ,editor ( ,,"w1 ,la ,belle ,sauvage1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 s t x may be answ]$ 9 ! columns ( t j\rnal4 ,p4 ,n4 ,,hasluck4 ,la ,belle ,sauvage1 ,london4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,introduction3 ,rope ,=mation #i ,,ii4--,simple & ,useful ,knots #ae ,,iii4--,eye ,knots1 ,hit*es1 & ,b5ds #bd ,,iv4--,r+ ,knots & ,rope ,%ort5+s #dc ,v4--,ties & ,la%+s #ei ,,vi4--,fancy ,knots #ff ,,vii4--,rope ,splic+ #hi ,,viii4--,work+ ,cordage #if ,,ix4--,hammock ,mak+ #abe ,x4--,la%+s & ,ties = ,scaffold+ #acj ,,xi4--,splic+ & ,socket+ ,wire ,ropes #acc ,index #aef ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4--,ov]h& ,knot #ae #b4--;,f\rfold ,ov]h& ,knot1 ,loose & ,taut #ae #c4--;,figure-(-eight ,knot #af #d4--,sailor's ,knots or ,reef ,knots #af #e4--,sailor's ,reef ,knot1 ,half-made #ag #f4--;,granny or ,lubb]'s ,knot #ag #g4--;,granny ,knot1 ,taut #ah #h4--,ov]h& ,rosette ,knot or ,b[ #ai #i4--,weav]'s ,knot1 ,half-made #bj #aj4--,weav]'s ,knot1 ,clos$ #ba #aa4--,ov]h& ,knot ,jo9+ ,two ,ropes #ba #ab4--;,flemi% ,knot ,jo9+ ,two ,ropes #bb #ac4--;,fi%]man's ,knot #bb #ad4--,:ipcord ,knot #bc #ae4--,runn+ ,knot #bd #af4--;,fi%]man's ,eye ,knot #be #ag4--,op5h& ,eye ,knot #be #ah4--;,flemi% ,eye ,knot #bf #ai4--;,crabb]'s ,eye ,knot #bf #bj4--;,b[l9e ,knot #bg #ba4--,runn+ ,b[l9e on ,bight #bh #bb4--,runn+ ,knot ) ,two ,ends--,loose #bi #bc4--,runn+ ,knot ) ,two ,ends--,fa/5$ #bi #bd4--,two ,half ,hit*es #cj #be4--;,build]'s ,knot #ca #bf4--,timb] ,hit* #cb #bg4--,killick ,hit* #cc #bh4--,magnus ,hit* #cc #bi4--;,fi%]man's ,b5d #cd #cj4--,roll+ ,hit* #cd #ca4--,topsail ,halli>d ,b5d #ce #cb4--,rack+ ,hit* #ce #cc4--,slipp]y ,hit* #cf #cd4--;,c>rick ,b5d #cf #ce4--;,b5d+ ,%eet to ,clew ( ,sail #cg #cf4--,m ,secure ,%eet ,b5d #ch #cg4--;,b5d+ ,rope to ,loop #ch #ch4--;,blackwall ,hit* #ci #ci4--,mid%ipman's ,hit* #dj #dj4--,m>l9espike ,hit* #dj #da4--,regulat+ ,la%+ #da #db4--,/ation]'s ,knot #da #dc4--,slipp]y ,r+ ,knot #dc #dd4--;,boat ,knot #dd #de4--,l>k ,boat ,knot #dd #df4--,l>k's ,head #de #dg4--,l>k's ,head ,/opp]$ #de #dh4--,l>k's ,head ) ,cross$ ,ends #df #di4--;,d\ble ,l>k's ,head #df #ej4--,treble ,l>k's ,head #dg #ea4--;,backh&$ ,sailor's ,knot #dg #eb4--;,cap/an ,knot #dh #ec4--;,ano!r ,=m ( ,sailor's ,knot #dh #ed4--;,gunn]'s ,knot #di #ee4--;,beg9n+ ( ,artill]y ,knot #ej #ef4--;,artill]y ,knot ,f9i%$ #ej #eg4--;,b5d ,%ort5+ #ea #eh4--;,*a9 ,knot #ea #ei4--;,beg9n+ ,*a9 ,knot #eb #fj4--,twi/ ,knot #ec #fa4--;,beg9n+ ,twi/ ,knot #ec #fb4--,%eep%anks #ed #fc4--,%eep%anks ,fa/5$ #ed #fd4--,%eep%anks ,knott$ #ed #fe4--,%eep%anks ,knott$ #ee #ff4--;,boat ,knot ,%ort5+ or ,%eep%anks ,toggl$ #ef #fg4--,knot ,%ort5+ #ef #fh4--;,beg9n+ ,knot ,%ort5+ #eg #fi4--;,d\ble ,*a9 ,knot #eg #gj4--,w$d+ ,knot #ei #ga4--;,*a9 ,knot ,la%$ to ,sp> #ei #gb4--;,improv$ ,*a9 ,knot #fj #gc4--;,cross ,la%+ #fj #gd4--,necklace ,tie #fa #ge4--,pack+ ,knot #fa #gf4--;,f9i%+ (f ,:ipp+ #fb #gg4--;,f9i%+ (f ,:ipp+ #fb #gh4--,nipp]+ #fc #gi4--,we/ ,c\ntry ,:ipp+ #fc #hj4--;,catspaw #fd #ha4--;,beg9n+ ,catspaw #fd #hb4--,secur+ ,block to ,rope #fe #hc4--,wall ,knot #ff #hd4--,/opp] ,knot #ff #he4--;,beg9n+ ,cr[n+ #fg #hf4--;,cr[n+ ,complete #fg #hg4--;,beg9n+ ,manrope ,knot #fh #hh4--,manrope ,knot #fh #hi4--,tack ,knot #fh #ij4--,mat!w ,walk] ,knot #fi #ia4--,mat!w ,walk] ,knot #gj #ib4--;,beg9n+ ,diamond ,knot #gj #ic4--;,diamond ,knot be=e ,haul+ ,taut #ga #id4--,s+le ,diamond ,knot #gb #ie4--;,d\ble ,diamond ,knot #gb #if4--,%r\d ,knot #gc #ig4--;,beg9n+ ,turk's ,head #gd #ih4--,turk's ,head #ge #ii4--,s+le ,pit*] ,knot #gg #ajj4--;,beg9n+ ,s+le ,pit*] ,knot #gg #aja4--,pit*] ) ,rope ,h&le #gg #ajb4--;,d\ble ,pit*] ,knot #gi #ajc4--;,beg9n+ ,d\ble ,pit*] ,knot #gi #ajd4--;,c or ,j> 9 ,sl+ #hj #aje4--;,beg9n+ ,c ,sl+ #ha #ajf4--,%amrock ,knot #hb #ajg4--;,beg9n+ ,%amrock ,knot #hb #ajh4--;,ano!r ,way ( mak+ ,%amrock ,knot #hc #aji4--;,beg9n+ ,dalliance ,knot #hd #aaj4--,next ,/age 9 ,dalliance ,knot #he #aaa4--;,dav5port ,bro!rs' ,knot #hf #aab4--;,bellr+]'s ,knot #hg #aac4--;,beg9n+ ,%ort ,splice #hi #aad4--,m>l9espike #ij #aae4--,prick] #ij #aaf4--,long ,rope ,splice #ia #aag4--;,cut ,splice #ib #aah4--;,beg9n+ ,cut ,splice #ic #aai4--;,eye ,splice #ic #abj4--,splic+ ,grommet #id #aba4--;,f9i%+ (f ,grommet #ie #abb4--;,flemi% ,eye #if #abc4--;,grommet #ig #abd4--,selvagee #ih #abe4--,selvagee fa/5+ ,block to ,rope #ii #abf4--,worm+1 ,p>cell+1 & ,m>l+ #ajj #abg4--,s]v+ #ajj #abh4--;,belay+ #aja #abi4--;,fairlead] #aja #acj4--;,belay+ ,p9 #ajb #aca4--,toggle #ajc #acb4--;,ano!r ,=m ( ,toggle #ajd #acc4--;,f5d] on ,side ( ,boat #ajd #acd4--;,f5d] ) ,ropey>n ,he>t #aje #ace4--,?imble ,side ,view #ajf #acf4--,?imble ,cross ,section #ajf #acg4--,m\s+ a ,hook #ajf #ach4--,/ropp+ a ,block #ajg #aci4--,po9t+ a ,rope #ajh #adj4--;,ano!r ,me?od ( ,po9t+ a ,rope #ajh #ada4--,ma9/ay #aji #adb4--,%e>-legs #aaj #adc4--,wall ,knot #aaa #add4--;,cr[n #aaa #ade4--;,cr[n ,haul$ ,taut #aaa #adf4--,manrope ,knot #aab #adg4--,po9t+ ,end ( ,yoke ,l9e #aab #adh4--;,fa/5+ (f ,yoke ,l9e #aac #adi4--,yoke ,l9e ,complete #aad #aej4--,/]n ,ladd] #aad #aea4--,r\nd ( ,/]n ,ladd] #aad #aeb4--,s+le ,rope ,ladd] ) ,*ocks #aae #aec4--,toe ,*ock = ,rope ,ladd] #aaf #aed4--,rope ,ladd] ) ,rungs #aag #aee4--,wood ,rung #aah #aef4--,pilot ,ladd] #aai #aeg4--,side ,piece ( ,pilot ,ladd] #abj #aeh4--;,beg9n+ ,mat #aba #aei4--,mat ,mak+ #abc #afj4--,nett+ ,ne$le #abe #afa4--,nett+ ,ne$le #abe #afb4--,me% ,/ick #abe #afc4--,me% ,/ick ,cross ,section #abe #afd4--,loop 9 ,me%+ #abf #afe4--;,fir/ ,/age 9 ,me%+ #abf #aff4--,second ,/age 9 ,me%+ #abg #afg4--,?ird ,/age 9 ,me%+ #abg #afh4--;,*a9 ( ,me%es #abh #afi4--;,beg9n+ ( ,cross ,nett+ #abi #agj4--;,hammock ,clew #abi #aga4--,rope ,la%+ = ,poles & ,l$g]s #acj #agb4--;,*a9 ,la%+ = ,poles & ,l$g]s #acj #agc4--,rope ,la%+ = ,putlogs #acj #agd4--,poles ,la%$ & ,w$g$1 ) ,foot+ #aca #age4--,sl++ ,plank = ,use z ,/age #acb #agf4--;,boatswa9's ,*air #acb #agg4--;,colli]y ,b& ,rope ,driv+ ,sy/em #acd #agh4--8,m>ry+0 a ,wire ,rope ,splice #ace #agi4--,me?od ( ,s]v+ ,wire ,rope #acf #ahj4--,p>tly-f9i%$ ,splice #acg #aha4--,wire ,rope ready = ,splic+ #acg #ahb4--,"r-h&$ ,splice1 ,fir/ ,tuck #ach #ahc4--,"r-h&$ ,splice1 all ,ends ,tuck$ ,once #aci #ahd4--,left-h&$ ,splice1 ,fir/ ,tuck #adj #ahe4--,left-h&$ ,splice1 all ,ends ,tuck$ ,once #ada #ahf4--,long ,splice1 all ,ends ready = ,tuck+ #ade #ahg4--,mak+ ,r\nd ,jo9t #adf #ahh4--;,half-r\nd ,top-,swage #adg #ahi4--,wire ,rope ,clamp #adh #aij4--,l9k ,socket #adh #aia4--,side ,view ( ,socket #adi #aib4--,socket ,op5$ ,out #adi #aic4--,socket 9 ,wire ,rope #adi #aid4--;,hoop$ ,w9d+ ,rope ,socket #aej #aie4--,prep>+ ,bulb on ,wire ,rope ,end #aea #aif4--;,f9i%$ ,bulb on ,wire ,rope ,end #aea #aig4--,set-hamm] = ,tight5+ ,hoops #aeb #aih4--,solid ,socket ) ,clos$ ,ends #aeb #aii4--,solid ,socket ) ,clos$ ,ends #aeb #bjj4--,plan ( ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end #aec #bja4--;,elevation ( a ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end #aec #bjb4--;,ano!r ,elevation ( a ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end #aec #bjc4--,rivet$ ,flat ,rope ,socket #aed #bjd4--;,cramp$ ,flat ,rope ,socket #aed #bje4--,socket ,cramp #aee #bjf4--,rivet+ ,spikes #aee #bjg4--,rivet+ ,spikes #aee #bjh4--,rivet #aee ,,knott+ ,,& ,,splic+ ,,ropes ,,& ,,cordage4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction3 ,,rope ,,=mation4 ,knott+ is an anci5t device ) :i* v e>ly inhabitants ( ?is e>? mu/ h be5 acqua9t$4 ,f ! beg9n+1 mank9d mu/ always h us$ "s k9d ( knot to jo9 animal s9ews1 plant fibres1 or hide /rips :i*1 9 anci5t days1 7 ! prototypes ( ! v>ieties ( cordage n[ employ$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( knots has be5 inv5t$ by ! skill ( man1 & on _! /r5g? & correct ty+ dep5d ! lives ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( workm5--seam51 build+ trade op]atives1 etc41 day by day4 ,! importance ( be+ able to make ! knot be/ suit$ = ! occasion bo? rapidly & correctly may come 9 a new light to "s :5 x is po9t$ out t bo? lives & prop]ty h ov] & ov] aga9 be5 sacrific$ to ill-made knots2 & ?is little volume is put =w>d 9 ! belief t few ?+s bett] repay ! workman's "t & tr\ble 9 le>n+ ?an ! manipulation ( ropes & cordage4 ,cordage is us$ almo/ daily by ev]yone 9 "s =m or o!r1 b comp>atively few c h&le x me?odically4 ,m5 break _! nails & tee? gnaw+ at _! own knots endeav\r+ to untie !m1 & "t & mat]ial are wa/$4 ,"t sp5t 9 le>n+ a few ( ! simple b5ds & hit*es1 reliable "u /ra9 & easy to unb5d :5 ! /ra9 is releas$1 w\ld nev] be regrett$4 ,x is n necess>y = a l&sman to le>n all ! num]\s uses to :i* rope is put1 b a k ( common 8b5ds0 is an ine/imable conv5i5ce1 if n a necessity4 ,! security ( a knot ought n to be1 z _m seem to ?9k1 9 ! numb] ( turns or hit*es 9 its composition1 b 9 ! efficacy ( ! nip4 ,a 8b5d0 or 8hit*0 mu/ be s =m$ t ! "p ( rope "u /ra9 nips "s portion ( ! knot1 ei!r aga9/ itself or ! object to :i* x is atta*$2 & 9 le>n+ a b5d1 or impress+ x ^u "o's memory1 x w be f\nd mo/ helpful to notice p>ticul>ly ! nip ( ea* sep>ate "o z x is /udi$4 ,rope1 ?\gh usually ( hemp1 is made ( o!r mat]ials = c]ta9 purposes4 ,coir rope 7cocoa-nut fibre71 be+ light & buoyant1 is useful = w>ps1 rocket l9es1 life-buoy l9es1 & drift-nets4 ,manilla grass is adapt$ = reef po9ts1 ya*ts' haws]s1 & :]ev] t> w\ld be injuri\s4 ,hide is requir$ = :eel-ropes1 or :]e great /r5g? ) pliability & small circumf]5ce is ne$$4 ,cotton is s]viceable = fancy "w1 etc4 ,! 8y>ns0 are =m$ by twi/+ ! hemp "r-h&$2 ! 8/r&s10 by twi/+ or lay+ up ! y>ns left-h&$2 & ! rope1 by lay+ up ! /r&s "r-h&$4 ,?ree ropes laid up left-h&$ =m :at is kn[n z a cable-laid rope2 f\r-/r&$ ropes are laid r\nd a he>t4 ,ropes are sometimes laid left-h&$1 b if ! /r&s are to be laid left-h&$ ! y>ns are laid "r-h&$4 ,if ! p>ts ( hemp1 etc41 be twi/$ m ?an is necess>y to hold !m toge!r1 /r5g? is lo/4 ,^u foll[+ ! c\rse ( a y>n 9 a rope x w be f\nd t1 by ?is alt]nate lay+1 x runs ne>ly /raight ) ! direction ( ! rope's l5g?4 ,a ?ree-/r&$ rope w be> a great] /ra9 9 comp>ison ) its size ?an any o!r ( ! same mat]ial2 cable-laid ropes & f\r-/r&$ ropes are1 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t "o-fif? weak]4 ,rope is measur$ by its circumf]5ce1 & is laid up 9 l5g?s ( #aac fa?oms1 sizes v>y+ up to #bh 942 b x is n usually made up 9 coils :5 ! size exce$s #e 94 ,v small ropes are di/+ui%$ by _! y>ns r ?an _! size2 ?us sailors speak ( n9e-1 twelve-1 & eighte5-y>n /uff1 :i* is commonly call$ 8seiz+ /uff40 ,if ! fibres ( :i* a rope is compos$ 7 laid p>allel to "o ano!r & fa/5$ at ! two ends1 ! comb9$ /r5g? ( ^! fibres w\ld be utilis$ to ! full2 9 o!r words1 !y lose /r5g? by be+ twi/$ or 8laid up40 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l5g? ( ! fibres be+ at mo/ b a few feet1 _! usefulness 9 ?is /ate is v limit$1 & ! inconv5i5ce ( us+ !m s is prohibitive4 ,= ?is reason ! fibres are fir/ twi/$ into 8y>ns02 ^!1 aga91 are laid up into 8/r&s10 a /r& be+ =m$ ( sev]al y>ns2 &1 f9ally1 ?ree or m /r&s are =m$ into a rope4 ,z twi/+ dim9i%es ! /r5g? ( a rope1 x is important t ! y>ns be c>efully laid up1 s z to br+ an ev5 /ra9 on e "p4 ,x %\ld n be laid up too h>d--t is1 x %\ld only h suffici5t twi/ 9 x to prev5t ! fibres f be+ drawn out )\t break+4 8,haws]-laid0 ropes are made ( ?ree /r&s laid "r-h&$1 or 8) ! sun10 z x is t]m$4 8,%r\d-laid0 are made ( f\r /r&s laid "r-h&$4 ,a 8cable-laid0 rope is made ( ?ree haws]-laid ropes laid up left-h&$1 & !re=e conta9s n9e /r&s4 ,obvi\sly ! size ( a rope is regulat$ by ! quantity ( y>ns compos+ ! /r&s1 & n by ! numb] ( /r&s t x conta9s4 ,) reg>d to ! weight ( ropes1 x may be said t ropes ( all k9ds are usually measur$ by _! circumf]5ce4 ,! weight ( clean1 dry1 hemp rope 9 p\nds p] fa?om is "o-f\r? ( ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce 9 in*es2 = example1 a #c-;94 hemp rope 7ab\t #a 94 9 diamet]7 weighs #cbb #b lb4 p] fa?om 7#f ft474 ,a flat hemp rope1 ) a wid? ( ab\t f\r times ! ?ickness1 weighs 9 p\nds p] fa?om ab\t twice ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce 9 in*es2 = example1 a #c-;94 by -94 flat hemp rope w weigh ab\t #b #g #ad lb4 p] fa?om4 ,r\nd wire ropes weigh 9 p\nds p] fa?om sev5-eigh?s ( ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce 9 in*es2 = example1 a #c-;94 wire rope weighs ab\t #cb #g lb4 p] fa?om4 ,a flat wire rope weighs 9 p\nds p] fa?om t5 times ! sectional area 9 squ>e in*es2 = example1 a flat wire rope1 #c 94 by 94 say #b sq4 94 area1 w weigh ab\t #aj #b #bj lb4 p] fa?om4 ,! maximum safe load on a rope dep5ds on _m circum/ances1 su* z quality1 age & dryness ( rope1 nature ( load1 mode ( lift+1 etc4 ,approximately1 ! safe load on a new hemp rope 9 hundr$weights ) direct lift is ?ree times ! weight 9 p\nds p] fa?om4 ,on a s\nd old rope fall "o-half ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce is suffici5t load4 ,a ,bessem] /eel wire rope w safely c>ry 9 hundr$weights ?ree times ! squ>e ( its circumf]5ce 9 in*es1 & a crucible /eel wire rope f\r times ! squ>e ( its circumf]5ce4 ,= hemp ropes ! m9imum diamet] ( %eave %\ld be circumf]5ce ( rope #b1 & = wire ropes ! diamet] ( %eave 9 in*es %\ld be equal to circumf]5ce ( rope 9 sixte5?s4 ,! pr9ciple ( rope mak+ is v readily %[n by hold+ ! ends ( a piece ( tw9e or :ipcord1 ab\t a foot long1 9 ! h&s & twi/+ x s z to increase ! lay4 ,if ! tw9e be n[ slack5$ by br++ ! h&s ne>] to "o ano!r1 a loop w fir/ =m 9 ! middle ( ! tw9e1 & x w cont9ue to twi/ itself up into a compact cord :i* w n unlay1 z ! t5sion to :i* ! /r&s h be5 subject$ causes friction betwe5 !m1 :i* holds !m toge!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy ( ea* "p s+ly to unlay1 act+ 9 opposite directions1 is ! means ( keep+ !m toge!r :5 jo9$4 ,"s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 made by ,raumur1 ! purposes ( :i* 7 to asc]ta9 ! loss ( /r5g? occasion$ by lay+ up ! fibres ( v>i\s sub/ances1 "o or two ( :i* are giv54 #a4 ,a ?read1 consi/+ ( #hcb fibres ( silk1 ea* ( :i* c>ri$ #a dram & #ah gra9s1 broke ) a weight ( #e lbs41 ?\gh ! sum ( ! absolute /r5g? ( ! fibres is #ajd drams1 or upw>ds ( #h lbs4 #b oz4 #b4 ,?ree ?reads 7 twi/$ toge!r1 _! mean /r5g? be+ ne>ly #h lbs4 ,!y broke ) #ag lbs41 :]eas !y %\ld h c>ri$ #bd lbs4 ,^! exp]im5ts prove t ?\gh conv5i5ce & portability are ga9$ by twi/+ ! fibres1 !re is a great loss 9 ! /r5g? ( ! resultant rope4 ,9 speak+ ( ! size ( a rope1 ! circumf]5ce & n ! diamet] is allud$ to4 ,?us1 a ?ree-in* rope w\ld be slightly less ?an an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 practis+ knott+ x is z well to use a tol]ably firm mat]ial1 su* z :ipcord1 = small common knots1 or1 /ill bett]1 l9e us$ = sea fi%+4 ,ei!r c be ti$ up & undone ov] & ov] aga9 )\t injur+ x1 :i* is n ! case ) tw9e2 x is also m easy to see :i* way ! p>ts ( a knot lie 9 ! h>d] mat]ial1 & !n to f9d out :e!r ! turns are prop]ly made or n4 ,= m complicat$ knots1 p>ticul>ly ^? :]e ! /r&s ( ! rope h to be unlaid to =m ! knot1 su* z a wall knot 7p4 #ff7 or a ,mat!w ,walk] 7p4 #gj71 x is advisable to use ?ree /r&s ( fi%+ l9e1 ea* ab\t a foot long4 ,if a 8seiz+0 7a seiz+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg1 p4 #ea7 be put r\nd !m 9 ! c5tre1 s z to hold !m firmly toge!r1 a good repres5tation ( a rope ) ! /r&s unlaid ready = work+ is obta9$4 ,a knot c be made & unmade z (t5 z requir$ 9 ?is way1 )\t detrim5t to ! /r&s2 b ! /r&s ( a rope1 ow+ to _! loose nature1 w seldom be> knott+ m ?an once or twice4 ,if desir$1 ! knots c be made z above describ$ & kept = future ref]5ce4 ,9 /r+ also x is bett] to use h>d laid /uff at fir/1 b :5 ^! matt]s are ?or\ghly und]/ood knots c be made on any sort ( cordage )\t difficulty4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,simple ,,& ,,useful ,,knots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,ov]h& ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,f\rfold ,ov]h& ,knot1 ,loose & ,taut4 ,! simple/ knot t is made is ! ov]h& knot 7,fig4 #a74 ,x is v useful1 & =ms a "p ( _m o!r knots4 ,to make x1 ! /&+ "p ( ! rope--t is1 ! ma9 "p 9 opposition to ! end--is held 9 ! left h&1 & ! end ( ! rope is pass$ back ov] x 7:5ce its "n7 & put ?r\gh ! loop ?us =m$4 ,x is us$ at ! end ( a rope to prev5t ! /r&s unlay+1 & sometimes 9 ! middle ( a rope z a /opp] knot4 ,if ! end ( ! rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! 8bight0 or loop two1 ?ree1 or m times be=e haul+ x taut1 ! d\ble1 treble1 or f\rfold knot1 ,a 7,fig4 #b71 is obta9$4 ,?is is a l>g] knot ?an ,fig4 #a1 & is (t5 us$ on ! ?ongs ( :ips1 be+ !n t]m$ a blood knot4 ,b 7,fig4 #b7 %[s ! knot haul$ taut4 ,fig4 #a also goes by ! "n ( ! ,/af=d%ire knot1 z x =ms ! insignia ( ! c\nty4 ,a ,flemi% or figure-(-eight knot is %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,to make x1 pass ! end ( ! rope back1 ov]1 & r\nd ! /&+ "p1 & up ?r\gh ! fir/ bight4 ,! ,flemi% knot is us$ = mu* ! same purposes z ! prec$+ knots1 b is r m ornam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure-(-eight ,knot4 ,! bight ( a rope is ! loop =m$ :5 a rope is b5t back on itself1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,sailor's ,knots or ,reef ,knots4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! ends ( two pieces ( cordage h to be jo9$ toge!r are v>i\s1 & sev]al me?ods are br\ght into requisition2 b x is always ( consid]able importance t ! mo/ suitable knot be employ$ 9 ea* case4 ,! value ( "s knots consi/s 9 ! rapidity ) :i* !y c be made1 ( o!rs 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y c be undone2 b x is an ess5tial t ! knot holds firmly & does n slip :5 once haul$ taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,reef ,knot1 ,half-made4 ,! commone/ knot = jo9+ ! ends ( two ropes1 & probably ! knot t is mo/ (t5 made1 is ! sailor's1 true1 or reef knot 7,figs4 #d & #e74 ,:5 correctly made x is z p]fect z a knot c be4 ,x c be made & undone ) equal rapidity1 & is v secure :5 taut4 ,its "o disadvantage is t x w n answ] :5 made ) ropes ( diff]5t sizes1 z x !n slips & comes adrift1 b :]e ! two pieces ( cordage are ( ! same size x is mo/ secure & reliable1 ! /ra9 be+ equally di/ribut$ on e "p4 ,x requires a little practice to make x prop]ly4 ,to d ?is1 take an end 9 ea* h& & lay "o ov] ! o!r1 ! "r end be+ und]mo/2 br+ ! left-h& end "u ! /&+ "p ( ! "r end1 z %[n at ,a 7,fig4 #e71 & ov] ! end at ,b1 r\nd x1 & up ?r\gh ! bight at ,c4 ,! key to ! knot is ! putt+ ( ! "r end "u ! left :5 ! two ends are cross$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! knot1 z ! left-h& end !n comes naturally fir/ ov] & !n r\nd ! o!r rope1 & ! ends lie p>allel ) ! /&+ p>ts1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,granny or ,lubb]'s ,knot4 ,if ! ends are n pass$ correctly1 a granny1 lubb]'s1 or calf knot results4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,?\gh at fir/ sight ?is seems to be a good knot1 yet x is n s 9 reality1 & :5 any /ra9 comes ^u x1 x slips & becomes useless4 ,fig4 #g is a granny knot1 z x appe>s :5 haul$ ^u4 ,x is consid]$ a v lubb]ly ?+ to make a granny knot1 & read]s %\ld practise until !y c make a true knot rapidly & ) c]ta9ty 9 any position4 ,! sailor's knot is inv>iably us$ = reef+ sails1 ! ease ) :i* x c be undone mak+ x v valuable = ?is purpose4 ,x is only necess>y to take hold ( ! two p>ts on ea* side j outside ! knot & br+ ! h&s toge!r1 & ! loops slip ov] "o ano!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 & ! knot c be op5$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,granny ,knot1 ,taut4 ,?is knot has a curi\s peculi>ity :i* is n g5]ally kn[n4 ,if ! end ( "o ( ! ropes is tak5 9 "o h& & ! /&+ "p ( ! same rope 9 ! o!r1 & bo? are haul$ until ! rope is /raight1 ! knot becomes dislocat$1 s to speak1 & ! rope n haul$ ^u =ms a hit*1 ,b 7,fig4 #d71 r\nd ! o!r "p4 ,?is prop]ty 0 ! secret ( ,h]mann's celebrat$ trick1 8! knott$ h&k]*iefs40 ,aft] ! h&k]*iefs1 knott$ toge!r at ! corn]s1 7 return$ to him by ! audi5ce1 "u pret5ce ( tight5+ ! knots /ill m1 he treat$ ea* knot z has be5 describ$4 ,! knots seem$ firm1 b really 7 loos5$ s t a t\* ) 8 w& sep>at$ !m easily4 ,! common b[ or rosette knot is a modification ( ! sailor's knot4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process ( mak+ x is ! same1 b in/ead ( pass+ "o end s+ly ov] & "u ! o!r1 z 9 ! sailor's knot1 bo? ends are b5t back on !mselves1 & ! d\ble p>ts work$ z be=e4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to pass ^! d\bl$ ends exactly z ^? describ$ 9 ! sailor's knot1 or a granny b[ w result4 ,"s p]sons' %oes always come unti$1 ! reason be+ t !y are ti$ ) granny in/ead ( true b[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,ov]h& ,rosette ,knot or ,b[4 ,ano!r way ( jo9+ ! ends ( two pieces ( cordage is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is is m]ely an ov]h& knot1 made ) two ropes in/ead ( "o4 ,sometimes x is call$ an op5h& knot4 ,x c be made v quickly1 & !re is no fe> ( its slipp+1 b if !re is mu* /ra9 put ^u x ! rope is v apt to "p at ! knot1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ort 8nip10 or turn1 t x makes j z x ent]s ! knot4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! weav]'s knot p>tly made1 & ,fig4 #aj ! same knot complet$1 b n haul$ taut4 ,weav]s call ?is ! 8?umb knot10 z x is made ov] ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 & is us$ by !m 9 jo9+ _! 8ends0 z !y break4 ,! rapidity ) :i* !y make ! knot1 snip (f ! ends1 & set ! loom go+ aga9 is wond]ful4 ,nett]s use ?is knot to jo9 _! tw9e1 & x also =ms ! me% ( ! nett+ itself1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is !n made 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,9 mak+ ! weav]'s knot1 ! two ends to be jo9$ are cross$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! sailor's knot1 plac+ ! "r end "u1 & hold+ !m ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ! left h& at ! place :]e !y cross4 ,! /&+ "p ( ! "r-h& rope is !n br\ght back ov] ! ?umb & betwe5 ! two ends1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! end ,a is !n b5t d[n ov] x1 & held ) ! left ?umb1 :ile ! knot is complet$ by haul+ on ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,weav]'s ,knot1 ,half-made4 ,an excell5t way ( jo9+ two ropes is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #aa4 ,! ends are laid alongside "o ano!r1 ov]lapp+ ea* suffici5tly to give room = ! knot to be made4 ,! d\ble p>ts are !n grasp$ 9 ea* h& & an ov]h& knot is =m$1 :i* is made taut by haul+ on bo? p>ts at once1 z if ! knot 7 s+le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,weav]'s ,knot1 ,clos$4 ,?\gh ! above is ! easie/ way to make ! knot1 x is n available :]e ! ropes are fa/4 ,9 ?is case a simple knot is made on ! end ( "o rope1 b n drawn taut4 ,! end ( ! o!r rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! bight ( ! fir/1 & a second loop =m$ ) x alongside ! fir/4 ,! knot is clos$ by draw+ ! two ropes z be=e4 ,?is is 9 e way an excell5t knot1 & v secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,ov]h& ,knot ,jo9+ ,two ,ropes4 ,fig4 #ab %[s ! ends ( two ropes jo9$ by means ( a ,flemi% knot4 ,x does n require mu* description1 & is made aft] ! mann] ( ! knot la/ describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,flemi% ,knot ,jo9+ ,two ,ropes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,fi%]man's ,knot4 ,! fi%]man's knot 7,fig4 #ac7 d]ives its "n f ! fact t x is always us$ = jo9+ silkworm gut = fi%+ purposes4 ,9 mak+ x1 ! /r&s are made to ov]lap "o ano!r1 & an ov]h& knot is made ) "o end r\nd ! o!r /r&4 ,! /r&s are turn$ r\nd1 & ano!r ov]h& knot made ) ! o!r end r\nd ! fir/ /r&4 ,:5 ! knot is tight5$ by haul+ on ! /&+ p>ts1 "o knot jams aga9/ ! o!r & holds securely4 ,! knot is improv$ by putt+ ! ends twice ?r\gh _! respective loops1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #ae74 ,! size ( ! knot is increas$ by ?is means1 b x w /& a mu* heavi] /ra91 s t x is advisable to d ?is :5ev] ! size ( ! knot is n ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! :ipcord knot 7,fig4 #ad7 is us$ to fa/5 ! la% to a :ip4 ,! la% ,b is laid across ! ends ( ! ?ong ,a :i* are turn$ up ov] x4 ,! la% is br\ght completely r\nd ! ?ong & ?r\gh ! loop x makes1 :i* secures ! ends ( ! ?ong firmly4 ,if a silk la% is us$1 ! %ort end is cut (f1 b if :ipcord1 ! two ends are g5]ally twi/$ toge!r = a few in*es1 z at ,b1 & an ov]h& knot made ) "o end r\nd ! o!r1 to secure !m4 ,! rema9+ "p is left some:at long]1 & ano!r ov]h& knot at ! end prev5ts x f unravell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,:ipcord ,knot4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,eye ,,knots1 ,,hit*es1 ,,& ,,b5ds4 ,"o ( ! simple/ eye knots is %[n by ,fig4 #ae1 & is kn[n z ! 8runn+0 or 8slip knot40 ,a bight is fir/ =m$1 & an ov]h& knot made ) ! ends r\nd ! /&+ "p4 ,! la/ nam$ may be drawn ?r\gh ! knot1 & ! eye made to any size requir$4 ,!re is less *ance ( ! knot com+ undone if an ov]h& knot is made on ! end ,a4 ,) ?is knot a sailor ties 8 neck-h&k]*ief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,runn+ ,knot4 ,fig4 #af is ! 8fi%]man's eye knot40 ,a bight is fir/ made ( suffici5t l5g?1 & an ov]h& knot =m$ ) ! /&+ "p r\nd ! o!r /r&2 ! end is n[ pass$ r\nd ! /&+ "p1 & knott$ z be=e4 ,?us !re is a runn+ knot ,a1 ) a *eck knot ,b1 :i*1 :5 haul$ ^u1 jam tight aga9/ "o ano!r1 & hold securely4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ knots = mak+ an eye 9 fi%+1 z ! /ra9 is divid$ equally betwe5 ! two knots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,fi%]man's ,eye ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,op5h& ,eye ,knot4 ,a common way ( mak+ an eye on ! end ( a piece ( cord is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ag4 ,x is practically ! same knot z ,fig4 #h 7p4 #ai71 except t only "o rope is us$4 ,! end is br\ght back along ! rope to =m ! eye1 & an ov]h& knot made ) ! two p>ts4 ,?is knot1 f be+ s easily made1 is (t5 us$1 b x lacks /r5g?1 l ! op5h& knot 7,fig4 #h71 & %\ld n be us$ :]e x is requir$ to be> mu* /ra94 ,x w h be5 notic$ h[ v (t5 op5h& knots =m ! compon5t p>ts ( o!r knots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,flemi% ,eye ,knot4 ,fig4 #ah is an eye made ) a 8,flemi%0 knot4 ,x is work$ j ! same z a s+le ,flemi% knot 7,fig4 #ab1 p4 #bb71 ! only diff]5ce be+ t two p>ts are us$ in/ead ( "o4 ,x is /rong]1 b clumsi]1 ?an ! "o j describ$1 & is n mu* us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,crabb]'s ,eye ,knot4 ,! 8crabb]'s knot0 7,fig4 #ai7 is a curi\s & n v well kn[n knot1 b x is unlikely to "p :5 /ra9$4 ,to make x1 br+ ! end back to =m a loop1 tak+ x fir/ "u & !n ov] ! /&+ "p1 up ?r\gh ! ma9 loop1 ov] ! /&+ "p aga91 & up ?r\gh its own bight4 ,be=e ! turns are haul$ into _! places1 ! knot w slip on ! "p ,a1 z 9 an ord9>y slip knot2 b if ! "p ,b is haul$ ^u1 ! /r& ,a1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! knot1 rises1 & ! coil :i* goes r\nd x jams1 mak+ ! knot secure3 s t x may be us$ z a runn+ knot or o!rwise1 z desir$4 ,?is is also call$ a runn+ knot ) cross$ ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,b[l9e ,knot4 ,! 8b[l9e knot0 7,fig4 #bj7 _c slip1 & is !re=e always us$ = sl++ a man = ! purpose ( do+ "s p>ticul> piece ( "w2 ! workman sits 9 ! sl+4 ,! end is fir/ laid back ov] ! /&+ "p1 s z to =m a loop2 ! end is !n pass$ up ?r\gh ! loop1 r\nd ! back ( ! /&+ "p1 & d[n ?r\gh ! loop aga94 ,haul+ on ! end & ! /&+ "p makes ! knot taut4 ,a modification ( ?is knot1 call$ a 8,b[l9e on a ,bight10 is %[n by ,fig4 #ba4 ,! loop is made z 9 ! previ\s knot1 only ) ! two p>ts ( a d\bl$ rope2 ! bight is !n pass$ up ?r\gh ! loop1 op5$1 & turn$ backw>ds ov] ! re/ ( ! knot1 :5 x appe>s z illu/rat$4 ,to untie x1 draw ! bight ( ! rope up until x is slack en\gh1 & br+ ! :ole ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! knot up ?r\gh x1 :5 x w readily come adrift4 ,if ! /&+ p>ts ( ! rope are held fa/1 x puzzles ! un9itiat$ to undo x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,runn+ ,b[l9e on ,bight4 ,a 8,runn+ ,b[l9e0 has ! knot made on ! end aft] x has be5 pass$ r\nd ! /&+ "p1 ?us =m+ a loop ?r\gh :i* ! ma9 rope w run4 ,two ropes may be jo9$ toge!r by mak+ a b[l9e 9 ! end ( "o ( !m1 & putt+ ! end ( ! o!r ?r\gh ! bight1 & =m+ ) x ano!r b[l9e on its own "p4 ,?is is (t5 us$ to jo9 haws]s toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4--,runn+ ,knot ) ,two ,ends1 ,loose & ,fa/5$4 ,fig4 #bb %[s a me?od ( mak+ a rope fa/ to a po/ or pill>4 ,! rope is d\bl$ & pass$ r\nd ! po/1 & ! ends put ?r\gh ! loop4 ,= great] security1 ! ends may be pass$ r\nd ! /&+ "p & ?r\gh ! bight ?us =m$1 z 9 ,fig4 #bc2 or1 in/ead ( pass+ ! cords ?r\gh ! bight1 a loop may be =m$ by d\bl+ ! ends1 & ?is loop put ?r\gh ! bight1 ?us =m+ a slipp]y hit*4 ,?is knot has ! advantage ( be+ m readily undone ?an ! o!r "o1 z x is necess>y m]ely to pull at ! ends1 & ! rope is releas$ at once4 ,! ends may also be secur$ by mak+ a ,flemi% knot on !m1 in/ead ( an ov]h& knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,two ,half ,hit*es4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] w discuss a diff]5t class ( fa/5+s4 ,x is n easy to /ate1 h[ev]1 :]e knots end & b5ds & hit*es beg92 inde$1 a tie t1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances & made a p>ticul> way1 is call$ a 8knot10 diff]5tly con/ruct$1 & "u o!r conditions1 is call$ a 8b5d0 or 8hit*10 ?\gh ! result is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,z an illu/ration1 take two half-hit*es 7,fig4 #bd71 :i*1 if made 9 ano!r way r\nd a pole1 are call$ a 8build]'s knot40 ,if read]s w analyse ! knots illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ?is book1 !y w f9d sev]al o!r simil> in/ances4 ,a 7,fig4 #bd7 is a s+le hit*1 be+ m]ely a loop =m$ 9 a rope4 ,?is is readily done by hold+ ! rope 9 ! left h&1 & giv+ x a twi/ ) ! "r2 ! loop !n =ms itself1 z x 74 ,:5 a tightly laid piece ( cordage is twi/$1 ^! loops are apt to rise & =m 8k9ks10 :i* are v objectionable1 z ! cord is sure to "p at ! k9k :5 a /ra9 is put on x4 ,x is /ill worse 9 ! case ( wire1 :i* breaks readily :5 k9k$4 ,tight1 h>d cordage %\ld always be well /ret*$ be=e x is us$1 to avoid k9k+4 ,two half-hit*es 7,fig4 #bd7 are a useful knot = a v>iety ( purposes1 z !y are quickly made1 & w n slip1 no matt] :at /ra9 is put ^u !m--inde$1 ! m !y are haul$ ^u ! fa/] !y hold4 ,!y are ! be/ means ( mak+ a rope fa/ to a hook4 ,fir/ "o hit* is slipp$ on1 & !n ! o!r on ! top ( x1 & ! rope is fa/ 9 less ?an two seconds4 ,?is knot is us$ by surgeons 9 r$uc+ a dislocation ( ! ?umb jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,build]'s ,knot4 ,fig4 #be is ! build]'s knot1 m]ely two half-hit*es1 b z x is us$ 9 places :]e ! hit*es _c be pass$ ov] ! ends ( ! timb] x is made by hold+ "o end 9 ! left h&1 pass+ ! rope r\nd ! pole1 "u ! end1 r\nd ! pole aga91 above ! fir/ "p1 & "u its own "p2 f its non-liability to slip lat]ally ?is knot is always us$ to fa/5 "o pole to ano!r 9 fitt+ up scaffold+1 f :i* circum/ance x has acquir$ its "n4 ,if1 in/ead ( beg9n+ ! knot z 9 ,fig4 #be1 ! end is pass$1 aft] x has gone r\nd ! pole1 two or ?ree times r\nd ! o!r "p1 z 9 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #ae71 ! rema9d] ( ! knot is r m easily made1 z x holds itself taut1 & w n slip :ile ! end is put r\nd to complete ! fa/5+4 ,a 8build]'s d\ble knot0 is made 9 ! same way1 except t ! end goes r\nd aga91 z be=e1 & und]nea? its own "p1 s mak+ x mu* /rong]4 ,:5 a build]'s knot is made on a rope = ! purpose ( secur+ a small l9e to a /\t rope1 x is call$ a 8clove-hit*40 ,! 8timb] hit*0 7,fig4 #bf7 is a r\gh & ready way ( secur+ a piece ( timb] or any?+ simil>2 x is made by br++ ! end ( a rope r\nd ! timb]1 !n r\nd ! /&+ "p1 & !n1 tak+ two or m turns1 r\nd its own "p4 ,! pressure ( ! coils "o ov] ! o!r holds ! timb] securely1 & ! m x is haul$ on ! tight] x holds4 ,x c be ca/ (f readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,timb] ,hit*4 ,fig4 #bg is ! 8killick hit*10 a modification ( ! timb] hit*1 us$ = fa/5+ a /one to ! end ( a rope4 ,aft] mak+ a timb] hit* & haul+ x taut1 a s+le hit* is made1 & slipp$ ov] ! end ( ! /one alongside ( x4 ,"s ( ! be/ fi%+ gr\nds are on rocky coa/s :]e an an*or w\ld n hold2 & if x did1 !re might be consid]able risk ( los+ x altoge!r1 f its jamm+ 9 ! crevices ( a rock4 ,9 ^! places a killick1 or l>ge /one1 slung z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 is us$1 :i* holds ! boat by its own weight1 )\t any risk ( gett+ fa/ to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,killick ,hit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,magnus ,hit*4 ,! 8magnus hit*0 7,fig4 #bh7 is a me?od ( secur+ a rope to a sp>1 z !re is b little t5d5cy to slip endways along ! sp>4 ,9 mak+ x1 take ! end ( ! rope twice r\nd ! sp>1 9 front ( ! /&+ "p1 r\nd ! sp> aga91 & !n ?r\gh ! la/ bight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,fi%]man's ,b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,roll+ ,hit*4 ,! 8fi%]man's b5d0 7,fig4 #bi7 consi/s ( two r\nd turns r\nd a sp>1 & a half-hit* r\nd ! /&+ "p1 & ?r\gh ! turns on ! sp>1 & ano!r half-hit* above x1 r\nd ! /&+ "p4 ,x is us$ = b5d+ /udd+sail halli>ds to ! y>d1 &1 9 ya*ts1 = b5d+ on ! gaff topsail halli>ds4 ,a 8roll+ hit*0 7,fig4 #cj7 is made by tak+ ?ree r\nd turns r\nd a sp>1 & !n mak+ two half-hit*es r\nd ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 & haul+ taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,topsail ,halli>d ,b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,rack+ ,hit*4 ,! 8topsail halli>d b5d0 7,fig4 #ca7 is us$ *iefly on bo>d ya*ts1 & is made by br++ ! rope twice r\nd ! sp>1 back r\nd ! /&+ "p1 "u all ! turns1 ov] two turns1 & "u ! la/4 ,?is hit* is %[n op5 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 b 9 practice x is usual to jam ! coils close toge!r1 & haul !m all taut4 ,fig4 #cb is a 8rack+ hit*10 = hit*+ a rope on to ! hook ( a block4 ,two bights are made 9 a rope1 ^! are turn$ ov] f ! op]ator two or ?ree times1 & ! two loops are put on to ! hook4 ,?is is sometimes call$ a 8cat's paw40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,slipp]y ,hit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,c>rick ,b5d4 ,! value ( ! 8slipp]y hit*0 7,fig4 #cc7 consi/s 9 ! read9ess ) :i* x c be ca/ (f 9 case ( em]g5cy2 at ! same "t1 x holds securely :ile !re is a /ra9 on ! rope ,a4 ,if ! ma9%eet ( small boats is made fa/ at all1 always a m or less risky proce$+1 a slipp]y hit* %\ld always be us$ z a />t4 ,a %>p pull at ! end ( ! rope lets ! %eet g at once4 ,= ! 8c>rick b5d0 7,fig4 #cd7 lay ! end ( a rope ov] ! /&+ "p to =m a loop2 put ! end ( ano!r rope "u ! bight ov] ! /&+ "p at ,a1 "u ! end at ,b1 ov] ! rope aga9 at ,c1 "u its own "p1 & ov] ! rope ,b1 & haul taut4 ,! p>ts ,a & ,b =m ! fir/ loop made4 ,?is b5d g5]ally is us$ = b9d+ haws]s toge!r1 to increase _! l5g? = w>p+ or t[+4 ,x c be undone readily )\t ! aid ( a prick] or m>l9espike1 :i* w\ld h to be us$ = _m knots aft] !y _h be5 9 ! wat]4 ,z 9 ! sailor's knot1 x is only necess>y to grasp ! ropes j outside ! knot1 & pu% ! loops inw>ds1 & ! knot comes adrift at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,b5d+ ,%eet to ,clew ( ,sail4 ,fig4 #ce %[s ! clew ( a sail1 & ! me?od ( b5d+ ! %eet on to x4 ,?is is t]m$ a 8%eet b5d40 ,! %eet is n1 z _m suppose1 a "p ( ! sail1 b is a rope us$ 9 sett+ a sail1 to keep ! clew or l[] corn] ( ! sail d[n to its place4 ,9 mak+ a %eet b5d1 ! end is pass$ up ?r\gh ! clew1 r\nd ! back ( x1 "u its own "p1 & ov] ! clew aga94 ,! end is g5]ally /opp$ to ! /&+ "p ) rope-y>n or o!r small /uff4 ,! knot ?us =m$ is exactly ! same z ! weav]'s knot 7,fig4 #aj1 p4 #ba74 ,fig4 #cf %[s a me?od ( giv+ additional security to ?is knot4 ,! end is pass$ twice r\nd ! back ( ! loop be=e putt+ x "u its own "p4 ,?is knot is v mu* us$ by fi%]m5 9 b5d+ a l9e on to a loop ( gut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,m ,secure ,%eet ,b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,b5d+ ,rope to ,loop4 ,ano!r & some:at m complicat$ me?od ( b5d+ a rope on to a loop is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #cg4 ,b is ! /&+ "p1 & ,a ! end ( ! rope to be b5t on a loop already =m$4 ,pass ! end d[n ?r\gh ! loop1 r\nd ov] its own "p1 & ?r\gh ! loop1 r\nd ! back ( x1 & ?r\gh its own bight4 ,:5 haul$ taut1 ?is holds m securely ?an ei!r ( ! o!r me?ods1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 takes long] to make4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,blackwall ,hit*4 ,! 8,blackwall hit*0 7,fig4 #ch7 is a ready way ( secur+ a rope tempor>ily to a hook4 ,! me?od ( mak+ x is evid5t f ! illu/ration4 ,z ! /&+ "p :5 haul$ ^u jams ! end aga9/ ! back ( ! hook1 x holds mu* m firmly ?an w\ld be suppos$ at fir/ sight4 ,! 8mid%ipman's hit*0 7,fig4 #ci7 is an old-fa%ion$ hit*1 us$ = atta*+ a tail-block to a rope4 ,a r\nd turn is fir/ made ov] ! /&+ "p1 & ! end is br\ght up1 pass$ twice r\nd above ! fir/ hit*1 & !n pass$ out und]nea? its own "p4 ,! 8m>l9espike hit*0 7,fig4 #dj7 is us$ = gett+ a pur*ase on ! seiz+ /uff :5 s]v+ a rope1 s z to leave ! turns taut4 ,make a bight 9 ! seiz+ /uff1 & br+ x back ov] ! /&+ "p2 pass ! m>l9espike "u ! /&+ "p1 & ov] ! sides ( ! bight4 ,?is is practically id5tical ) ! runn+ knot 7,fig4 #ae1 p4 #bd74 ,seiz+ is describ$ on p4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,mid%ipman's ,hit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,m>l9espike ,hit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,regulat+ ,la%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,/ation]'s ,knot4 ,fig4 #da is a 8regulat+ la%+10 us$ :5 ! t5sion ( a rope requires alt]+ f "t to "t4 ,t5t ropes are secur$ ?is way1 z !y require eas+ 9 wet wea!r1 & tight5+ 9 dry4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! piece ( wood ,a is slipp$ up or d[n ! cord1 ! friction ( ! cord aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole fix+ x suffici5tly4 ,! 8/ation]'s knot0 7,fig4 #db7 is h&y = ty+ up a p>cel1 z x c be made rapidly1 & undone ) ease4 ,make a runn+ noose at ! end ( a piece ( tw9e1 & br+ x to ! c5tre ( ! p>cel2 take ! tw9e r\nd ! p>cel aga9 at "r angles1 r\nd ! noose1 & mak+ a bight slip x "u1 z illu/rat$4 ,a pull at ! end releases ! knot in/antly1 z c be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,r+ ,,knots ,,& ,,rope ,,%ort5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,slipp]y ,r+ ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,boat ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,l>k ,boat ,knot4 ,(t5 x is necess>y to fa/5 a rope to a r+1 & !re are a v>iety ( me?ods ( do+ ?is4 ,fig4 #dc1 = in/ance1 %[s ! end to be pass$ ?r\gh ! r+1 & a bight put "u ! /&+ "p2 ?is is a ready way ( tempor>ily fa/5+ ! pa9t] ( a boat to ! r+ ( a pi]2 z 9 ! /ation]'s knot 7,fig4 #db1 p4 #da71 a %>p pull at ! end ( ! rope frees ! pa9t] at once4 ,?is is an excell5t fa/5+ = _m purposes4 ,! 8boat knot0 7,fig4 #dd7 is ano!r means ( moor+ a small boat4 ,x is made 9 ! same way z a m>l9espike hit* 7,fig4 #dj1 p4 #dj71 ! only diff]5ce be+ t a ?[l p9 or o!r small piece ( wood is put ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! knot in/ead ( a m>l9espike4 ,by )draw+ ! p9 ! knot comes adrift ( its own accord4 ,fig4 #de is ano!r =m ( boat knot1 call$ ! 8l>k boat knot10 or 8d\ble boat knot40 ,?is diff]s f ! la/ knot1 inasmu* z a bight1 in/ead ( a s+le end ( rope1 is put ?r\gh ! r+2 a piece ( wood is us$ to fa/5 x1 z 9 ! boat knot4 ,x is r ! bett] knot ( ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,l>k's ,head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,l>k's ,head ,/opp]$4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! ends be+ br\ght d[n outside ! bight aft] x has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! r+1 !y are put ?r\gh x1 a 8s+le l>k's head0 7,fig4 #df7 is ! result1 & ,fig4 #dg %[s ! same knot 8/opp]$40 ,x may be made by pass+ a bight ?r\gh ! r+1 & draw+ ! two p>ts ( ! rope ?r\gh ! bight2 or :]e ?is is n practicable by reason ( "o end ( ! rope be+ fa/1 ! end may be pass$ up ?r\gh ! r+ beh9d ! /&+ "p1 & d[n ?r\gh ! r+ & bight aga94 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( /opp]+ ?is knot ) an ov]h& knot1 z 9 ,fig4 #dg1 ! end is seiz$ to ! /&+ "p ) tw9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,l>k's ,head ) ,cross$ ,ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,d\ble ,l>k's ,head4 ,a 8l>k knot0 ) cross$ ends 7,fig4 #dh7 is made 9 ! mann] above describ$1 except t ! end comes ov] in/ead ( ?r\gh ! bight4 ,! ends are (t5 /opp]$ z 9 ! la/ knot4 ,if ! /&+ "p is tak5 9 "o h& & ! end 9 ! o!r1 & drawn ap>t1 x is no?+ m ?an a 8clove-hit*0 or 8build]'s knot0 7,fig4 #be1 p4 #ca7 "u a diff]5t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,treble ,l>k's ,head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,backh&$ ,sailor's ,knot4 ,9 ! 8d\ble l>k's head0 7,fig4 #di7 a bight is fir/ made1 & ! ends pass$ ?r\gh x2 ! ends are !n put ?r\gh ! r+ & ?r\gh ! loop j made & haul$ taut4 ,fig4 #ej %[s ! 8treble l>k's head10 :i* is n s difficult z x looks4 ,fir/ br+ ! bight ( a rope up ?r\gh ! r+1 take "o ( ! ends1 & pass x ?r\gh ! bight1 & up ?r\gh ! r+1 & !n d[n ?r\gh its own bight2 d ! same ) ! o!r "p & ! knot is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,cap/an ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,ano!r ,=m ( ,sailor's ,knot4 ,9 ,fig4 #ea is illu/rat$ a 8backh&$ sailor's knot10 made by pass+ an end ?r\gh ! r+ r\nd at ! back ( ! /&+ "p & ?r\gh ! r+ aga91 & f9i%+ ) two half-hit*es r\nd ! /&+ "p4 ,x may also be made ) ! end 9 ! la/ turn put "u ! /&+ "p & "u its own "p4 ,fig4 #eb is ! 8cap/an knot40 ,to make ?is1 cross ! end ( ! rope aft] x is ?r\gh ! r+1 br+ x r\nd ! /&+ "p1 ?r\gh ! fir/ bight & ?r\gh its own bight1 ?us =m+ a sort ( figure-(-eight knot4 ,ano!r 8sailor's knot10 compos$ ( two half-hit*es r\nd ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 is %[n by ,fig4 #ec4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful & easily-made knots kn[n1 & is us$ z a moor+ knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,gunn]'s ,knot4 ,a 8gunn]'s knot0 7,fig4 #ed7 is simply a 8c>rick b5d0 7,fig4 #cd1 p4 #cf71 made ) ! two ends ( a rope aft] x has be5 pass$ ?r\gh two r+s4 ,gunn]s !mselves call ?is a 8delay knot40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,beg9n+ ,artill]y ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,artill]y ,knot ,f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,b5d ,%ort5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,*a9 ,knot4 ,! knot %[n 9 ,figs4 #ee & #ef is call$ 8manh>ness10 or ! 8artill]yman's knot10 & is us$ :5 haul+ guns ov] a difficult c\ntry1 :5 horses _c be employ$4 ,x is a valuable knot :]e heavy weights h to be drawn ) ropes1 z by its use a man c ex]t 8 /r5g? to mu* great] advantage ?an by m]ely grasp+ ! rope ) 8 h&s4 ,to make x1 =m a half-hit*1 turn x r\nd1 & lay x aga9/ ! /&+ "p4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a m>l9espike hit*1 & is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dj1 p4 #dj4 ,n[ pass ! "r h& into ! bight ,c1 & go+ "u ,a1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 grasp ! "p ,b1 & draw x ?r\gh ,c until a loop ( suffici5t size is made4 ,:5 us+ x1 ! head & "o arm are pass$ ?r\gh ! loop illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ef1 :i* %[s ! knot f9i%$4 ,a little c>e is requir$ 9 clos+ ! knot1 s t ! turns may jam prop]ly "o aga9/ ! o!r1 or ! knot w slip4 ,:5 sev]al m5 are employ$1 a b[l9e is g5]ally made at ! end ( ! rope1 & z _m loops z !re are m5 to haul at equal di/ances along x4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a rope is too long = its purpose1 & z x is inadvisable & wa/eful to cut x1 "s me?od ( r$uc+ its l5g? has to be devis$2 h5ce h aris5 :at are t]m$ 8%ort5+s40 ,! 8loop0 or 8b5d0 %ort5+ 7,fig4 #eg7 is ! simple/ ( ^!4 ,! rope is m]ely b5t z mu* z is requir$1 s z to =m two bights1 & ! two p>ts seiz$ toge!r ) small /uff4 ,?is is a simple & good me?od ( %ort5+ ropes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,beg9n+ ,*a9 ,knot4 ,! 8*a9 knot0 7,fig4 #eh7 is ano!r me?od ( %ort5+ ropes4 ,9 beg9n+ x1 make a runn+ knot 7,fig4 #ei71 & draw a portion ( ! "p ,a ?r\gh ! loop ,b2 d ?is ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,x w n[ =m ano!r loop1 ?r\gh :i* a fre% piece ( ,a is to be pass$4 ,?is process is to be repeat$ until all ! slack ( ! rope is tak5 up4 ,f9i% x (f by putt+ a piece ( /ick or a belay+-p9 ?r\gh ! la/ loop1 or by draw+ ! end itself up ?r\gh ! bight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,twi/ ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,beg9n+ ,twi/ ,knot4 ,! 8twi/ knot0 7,fig4 #fj7 is ano!r %ort5+4 ,place ! cord to be %ort5$ z 9 ,fig4 #fa1 br+ "o ( ! outside p>ts ov] ! middle /r&1 & ! out] /r& on ! opposite side is br\ght ov] ?is1 :i* is n[ ! middle "p4 ,?is is cont9u$ z long z requir$1 ! outside /r& alt]nately be+ plac$ ov] ! c5tre /r&1 z 9 an ord9>y ?ree-plait4 ,fig4 #fj %[s ! plait complet$1 & ! mann] ( f9i%+ (f ! end4 ,^! %ort5+s are ornam5tal z well z useful4 ,!y may be us$ = ?ick5+ a piece ( small cord1 s z to give m sub/ance :]e x has to be haul$ ^u1 & ?us prev5t ! h& be+ cut ) ! cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,%eep%anks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,%eep%anks ,fa/5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,%eep%anks ,knott$4 ,fig4 #fb is ! 8%eep%anks0 or 8dog%anks0--a common & old-fa%ion$ me?od ( %ort5+1 applicable to any size ( cordage4 ,! twi/ & *a9 knots are n suitable = v /\t rope4 ,two bights are =m$ 9 ! rope1 z 9 ,fig4 #fa2 a half-hit* is !n made at ea* end1 & slipp$ ov] ! bights4 ,?is is made m secure if a seiz+ is put r\nd ! two p>ts1 ,a1 ,b 7,fig4 #fb74 ,x c also be secur$ :5 ends ( rope are free by pass+ ea* end ?r\gh ! adjo9+ bight1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,%eep%anks ,knott$4 ,fig4 #fd is a 8knott$ %eep%anks40 ,x diff]s f ! la/ 9 t ! ends are fa/5$ r diff]5tly4 ,! two bights are made z be=e1 & ea* end1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! bight ne>e/ to x1 is put ?r\gh ! bight x has j made1 ?us =m+ an ov]h& knot at ea* end4 ,9 mak+ ,fig4 #fe1 ! p>ts ( ! rope are arrang$ z be=e4 ,a m>l9espike hit* 7,fig4 #dj1 p4 #dj7 is made at ea* end & ! bight put ?r\gh x4 ,! left side ( ,fig4 #fe %[s ! knot made1 & ! bight 9 ! act ( be+ pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,x goes ov] ! outside /r&1 "u ! c5tre "o1 & ov] ! next4 ,on ! "r side ( ! figure ! loop is %[n 9 its place1 ready to be haul$ taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,boat ,knot ,%ort5+ or ,%eep%anks ,toggl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,knot ,%ort5+4 ,! 8boat-knot0 %ort5+ 7,fig4 #ff7 is ano!r =m ( %eep%anks4 ,! ends are secur$ by br++ a portion ( ! loose "p ( ! rope ?r\gh ! bight at ea* end1 & toggl+ x ) a belay+-p9 or piece ( wood1 z 9 ! boat knot 7,fig4 #dd1 p4 #dd74 ,x is loos5$ readily1 & c be made :5 bo? ends are fa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,beg9n+ ,knot ,%ort5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,d\ble ,*a9 ,knot4 ,! 8knot0 %ort5+ 7,fig4 #fg7 is a ready mode ( tak+ up ! slack ( a rope1 ?\gh x is n suitable = v /\t ropes1 & c be made only :]e "o end ( ! rope is free4 ,! rope is laid z at ,fig4 #fh4 ,! ?ree p>ts are grasp$ ) bo? h&s ne> ! bights1 & an ov]h& knot is =m$ ) ! :ole ( ! /r&s4 ,x =ms a good %ort5+ = mod]ate-siz$ cordage1 :]e ! /ra9 is n too heavy4 ,! 8d\ble *a9 knot0 7,fig4 #fi7 is p]haps ! mo/ ornam5tal knot ( ?is gr\p4 ,a turn is fir/ tak5 r\nd ! /&+ "p1 & ! loose end is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! loop ?us =m$ at ,a4 ,9 do+ ?is ano!r loop ,b is made1 ?r\gh :i* ! end is br\ght4 ,! end is ?us cont9ually pass$ f "o side to ! o!r ?r\gh ! prec$+ loop until ! knot is ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,x may be f9i%$1 if desir$1 by mak+ an ov]h& knot ) ! end ov] its own "p1 or m]ely pass+ x ?r\gh ! la/ loop1 & haul+ on x4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,ties ,,& ,,la%+s4 ,a 8w$d+ knot0 or tie1 us$ = fa/5+ toge!r ! eyes at ! ends ( two ropes1 is %[n by ,fig4 #gj4 ,x is made by pass+ rope-y>n or m>l9e ?r\gh ! eyes backw>ds & =w>ds until /rong en\gh1 & !n is fa/5$ by tak+ sev]al turns r\nd ! middle & fa/5+ ! ends ) a reef knot4 ,?is =ms a sort ( h+e betwe5 ! ropes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,w$d+ ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,*a9 ,knot ,la%$ to ,sp>4 ,! 8*a9 knot10 = la%+ to a sp> is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ga2 a clove-hit* is fir/ =m$ r\nd ! sp>1 & z _m s+le hit*es z requir$ are !n made4 ,x may be f9i%$ (f ) any secure knot4 ,fig4 #gb %[s ano!r & bett] way ( mak+ ! *a9 knot4 ,an ov]h& knot is =m$ at ea* turn1 & consequ5tly x is mu* m secure ?an ,fig4 #ga4 ,?is is us$ = b5d+ ya*ts' sails to ! gaff4 ,z ea* turn =ms a knot if ! cord p>ts1 ! rema9d] holds firm1 & does n necess>ily come adrift1 z x w\ld be almo/ sure to d x if fa/5$ z 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,improv$ ,*a9 ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,cross ,la%+4 ,fig4 #gc is a 8cross la%+10 employ$ :5 a lev] is us$ to a rope4 ,aft] sev]al turns r\nd ! rope1 ! la%+ is cross$ r\nd ! lev] & fa/5$ ) a reef knot4 ,all ^! la%+s are us$ :5 sev]al m5 are requir$ to haul on l>ge ropes at ! same "t4 ,= ! 8necklace tie0 7,fig4 #gd7 sev]al turns are tak5 r\nd ! sp> to be jo9$1 !n two turns r\nd ! la%+s1 & x is secur$ ) a reef knot4 ,:5 ?is is us$ z a la%+ = %e>legs1 ! cross+ ( ! two legs puts a /ra9 on ! knot1 & effectually secures x4 ,= ?is purpose x is call$ a ,portuguese knot4 ,fig4 #ge %[s a 8pack+ knot10 us$ = secur+ l>ge pieces ( timb] toge!r4 ,x is us$ ne> /one qu>ries = hold+ ! blocks ( /one on to ! c>riages by :i* !y are mov$4 ,fig4 #ge repres5ts a block ( granite secur$ to a trolley ) pack+ knots4 ,two or ?ree turns are made some:at loosely ) cordage r\nd ! block & its c>riage2 a /\t piece ( wood is !n ins]t$ "u ! coils1 & twi/$ r\nd until all ! slack is tak5 out & ! cordage is taut4 ,! end ( ! lev] is !n secur$ ) tw9e to ! side ( ! c>riage1 z %[n 9 ! "r side ( ! figure4 ,! o!r la%+ is suppos$ to be all ready = taut5+ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,necklace ,tie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,pack+ ,knot4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to la% two ?+s toge!r )\t %[+ an ext]nal knot1 :i* w\ld spoil ! smoo?ness & neatness ( ! "w--z1 = in/ance1 9 :ipp+ ! two p>ts ( a brok5 fi%+-rod toge!r4 ,fig4 #gf %[s a common me?od ( f9i%+ (f :ipp+ )\t %[+ a knot4 ,lay "o end =w>d1 z at ,a1 !n pass ! o!r end r\nd & r\nd a suffici5t numb] ( times1 haul+ taut ea* "t2 ?ree or f\r loose turns are n[ made1 & ! end pass$ "u !m backw>ds2 ^! are work$ d[n into _! places1 & :5 ! ends are haul$ taut & cut (f ! job is complet$4 ,! end ,a ne$ n come s f> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf1 b may be hidd5 "u ! coils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,f9i%+ (f ,:ipp+4 ,fig4 #gg is ano!r me?od ( accompli%+ ! purpose4 ,in/ead ( a s+le end1 z 9 ! la/ case1 a bight ( ! seiz+ /uff is laid along ! "p to be :ipp$1 & ! turns pass$ ov] x2 :5 ^! are complet$ ! end is pass$ ?r\gh ! bight1 z at ,a4 ,! end ,b is n[ haul$ ^u to br+ ! bight & ! end ( ! rope snug "u ! coils4 ,!re are n[ two loops int]lac+ at ! c5tre ( ! "w1 & ^! _c come undone4 ,:5 ! ends ,a & ,b are cut (f close to ! turns1 ! :ole is fair & smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,f9i%+ (f ,:ipp+4 8,nipp]+10 or 8pack+10 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,?is is a me?od ( secur+ two ropes toge!r ) cross turns2 ^! are haul$ taut1 jamm+ ! ropes toge!r1 & are fur!r secur$ by r\nd turns ov] all1 ) a reef knot at ! ends4 ,! 8we/ c\ntry :ipp+0 7,fig4 #gi7 is an excell5t me?od1 & des]ves to be practis$ (t5] ?an x is4 ,br+ ! middle ( ! mat]ial us$ "u ! "p to be :ipp$1 raise ! ends & tie an ov]h& knot1 l[] ! ends & tie ano!r und]nea?2 cont9ue ty+ a s+le knot above & bel[ alt]nately1 f9i%+ ) a reef knot2 or a r\nd turn or two may be tak5 & ! ends may !n be secur$2 b a reef knot is ! mo/ usual way ( fa/5+ (f ?is :ipp+4 ,?is is n q s neat-look+ a me?od z ,figs4 #gf & #gg1 b x is v /rong & tru/wor?y1 & is an excell5t way ( fa/5+ l>ge hooks1 su* z ^? us$ = cod or cong]1 on to a l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,nipp]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,we/ ,c\ntry ,:ipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,catspaw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,beg9n+ ,catspaw4 ,a 8catspaw0 7,fig4 #hj7 is us$ = atta*+ a rope to a tackle hook4 ,fig4 #ha %[s h[ to beg9 x4 ,a loop is made1 & laid ov] ! /&+ "p s z to =m two bights2 ^! are roll$ ov] two or ?ree times1 & ! hook ins]t$ 9 !m4 ,:5 ! /&+ "p is haul$ ^u1 ! hooks take ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga 7p4 #ei71 & w n slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,secur+ ,block to ,rope4 ,fig4 #hb %[s a way ( secur+ a block to a rope ) a selvage /rop4 ,! middle ( ! selvage is plac$ aga9/ ! rope1 & cross turns tak5 until ! bights come toge!r1 :5 ! loop ( ! block is put ?r\gh !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fancy ,,knots4 ,al?\gh ^! knots are t]m$ fancy knots1 !y are n necess>ily us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 b are (t5 ( consid]able utility2 inde$1 !y c\ld h>dly be done )\t abo>d %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,wall ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,/opp] ,knot4 ,"o ( ! commone/ knots ( ?is k9d is ! 8wall knot02 ,fig4 #hc %[s ?is ready = haul+ taut4 ,fir/ unlay ! /r&s at ! end ( a rope & make a bight ) "o /r& ,a2 hold ?is to ! /&+ "p ) ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 make a loop ) ! next /r& ,b r\nd ! end ( ! fir/ /r&1 & br+ ! rema9+ /r& ,c r\nd ! end ( ! /r& ,b & ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,beg9n+ ,cr[n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,cr[n+ ,complete4 ,if ! ends are tak5 r\nd once m & br\ght up 9 ! c5tre ( ! knot1 x is call$ a 8/opp] knot0 7see ,fig4 #hd74 ,9 ?is case ! ends are :ipp$ toge!r & cut (f level4 ,fig4 #hd is ! /opp] knot f9i%$4 ,fig4 #he %[s ! cr[n+ begun4 ,op5 ! /r&s ( a rope z be=e1 b d n put a seiz+ r\nd !m4 ,lay ! /r& ,a d[n ov] ! c5tre ( ! rope1 & !n br+ ,b d[n ov] ,a & /r& ,c ov] ,b & ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a4 ,fig4 #hf %[s h[ ! /r&s tie :5 !y are ne>ly taut4 ,! /r&s 9 ,fig4 #he are h>dly 9 ! position :i* !y occupy :5 ! knot is actually be+ made1 z !y are !n mu* snugg]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,beg9n+ ,manrope ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,manrope ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,tack ,knot4 ,cr[n+ is us$ by itself z a me?od ( prev5t+ ! /r&s ( a rope unlay+ :ile 9 use4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] cr[n+ z above1 pass "o end ov] ! next /r& 9 ! /&+ "p1 & "u ! foll[+ "o4 ,d ! same to ea* ( ! o!r /r&s 9 succession4 ,?is may be repeat$ & ! ends cut (f4 ,masons1 ^: ropes h to /& a good deal ( knock+ ab\t1 g5]ally use ?is plan2 = ?is reason x is call$ 8masons' :ipp+40 ,?\gh v /rong & /&+ h>d usage well1 ?is is n ! neate/ way ( f9i%+ ! ends ( a rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,beg9n+ ,mat!w ,walk] ,knot4 ,cr[n+ may also be us$ 9 connection ) o!r knots4 ,= in/ance1 x is possible to cr[n fir/ & wall aft]w>ds1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #hg & #hh4 ,fig4 #hg %[s ! cr[n+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! knot haul$ taut2 ?is is made on ! end ( a rope z j describ$4 ,n[ make a s+le wall knot "u ! cr[n+4 ,:5 ! knot is tight5$ x w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #hh1 & is call$ a 8manrope knot40 ,a s+le 8wall knot0 may be cr[n$ aft] x is made2 a s+le wall & a s+le cr[n are ! result4 ,wall aga9 by pass+ "o end "u ! "p ( ! fir/ wall+ next to x & br+ x up ?r\gh ! same bight1 & d ! same ) ! o!r two /r&s1 & ! result is a knot ) a d\ble wall & a s+le cr[n4 ,a d\ble-wall$ d\ble-cr[n$1 call$ a 8,tack ,knot10 is made z ! la/ knot--t is1 d\ble-wall$ & s+le-cr[n$4 ,n[ lay ! ends by ! sides ( ^? 9 ! s+le cr[n1 & ) ! aid ( a prick] br+ !m d[n ?r\gh ! d\ble wall+ & !y w be alongside ! /&+ "p ( ! rope4 ,! knot is %[n complet$1 ) ! ends cut (f1 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,mat!w ,walk] ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,beg9n+ ,diamond ,knot4 ,9 ,fig4 #ij is %[n a ,mat!w ,walk] knot op5 ready = be+ haul$ taut4 ,aft] putt+ a seiz+ r\nd ! rope & unlay+ ! end z be=e1 br+ "o /r& ,a r\nd ! rope & put x ?r\gh its own bight1 ! next /r& ,b und]nea?1 ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a & ?r\gh its own bight1 & ! la/ /r& ,c und]nea? ?r\gh bo? ! o!r bights1 & la/ly ?r\gh its own bight4 ,fig4 #ia %[s ! knot complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,diamond ,knot be=e ,haul+ ,taut4 ,! 8diamond knot0 is an ornam5tal knot made "s di/ance f ! end ( a rope2 x is !re=e necess>y to unlay ! rope consid]ably m ?an is requir$ = ! prec$+ knots4 ,to =m a diamond1 br+ ea* ( ! ?ree /r&s d[n alongside ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 ?us =m+ ?ree bights1 & hold !m ?us ) ! left h&4 ,take ! fir/ /r& ,a 7,fig4 #ib71 &1 putt+ x ov] ! next ,b1 br+ x up ?r\gh ! bight ( ! ?ird /r& ,c4 ,take ! end ( ! second /r& ov] ! ?ird & up ?r\gh ! bight ( ! fir/4 ,! la/ /r& is br\ght ov] ! fir/ & up ?r\gh ! bight ( ! second4 ,haul taut & lay ! rope up aga94 ,fig4 #ib is ! way ! knot is begun1 %[+ ! mann] ( tak+ ! fir/ /r&4 ,fig4 #ic %[s ! loops 9 _! places ) ! ends ?r\gh !m be=e !y are haul$ taut1 & ,fig4 #id %[s ! knot f9i%$4 ,rememb] t1 aft] ! bights are =m$ d[n ! /&+ "p1 ea* end successively goes ov] ! /r& next to x & up ?r\gh ! loop beyond4 ,?is knot is ! 8s+le diamond40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,s+le ,diamond ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,d\ble ,diamond ,knot4 ,= a 8d\ble diamond0 7,fig4 #ie7 make a s+le diamond z above1 )\t lay+ up ! /r&s2 ! ends are !n made to foll[ ! lead ( ! s+le knot ?r\gh two s+le bights1 ! ends com+ out on ! top ( ! knot4 ,! la/ /r& passes ?r\gh two d\ble bights4 ,:5 ! ends are haul$ taut !y are laid up z be=e4 ,! la/ f\r knots are us$ = ! ends ( lany>ds1 man & ridge ropes1 yoke l9es1 etc4 ,! 8%r\d knot0 7,fig4 #if7 is ( use 9 jo9+ two ropes toge!r1 p>ticul>ly = jo9+ a /ay or %r\d t has be5 c>ri$ away4 ,! ends ( ea* rope are unlaid1 & plac$ )9 "o ano!r z 9 splic+1 ! p>ts n unlaid be+ br\ght closely toge!r4 ,make a wall knot 7,fig4 #hc1 p4 #ff7 ) ! /r&s ( "o rope r\nd ! /&+ "p ( ! o!r rope2 turn ! ropes ov]1 & d ! same ) ! o!r set ( ends1 & !y w appe> z 9 ! figure4 ,op5 ! /r&s1 & tap] & s]ve !m ov] if ! job is to be p>ticul>ly neat4 ,two ropes ( diff]5t sizes may be twi/$ 9 ?is way1 & w be q secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,%r\d ,knot4 ,9 mak+ ! 8,fr5* %r\d knot0 unlay ! ends & place ! two ropes ) ! /r&s int]mix$ z be=e2 br+ "o set ( ends back on _! own rope1 & make a s+le wall knot ) ! o!r set ( /r&s r\nd ! bights ( ! fir/ set & ! /&+ "p4 ,!y c !n be tap]$ & s]v$ z 9 an ord9>y %r\d knot4 ,= a 8spritsail %eet knot10 unlay ! two ends ( a rope & br+ ! two sets ( /r&s toge!r side by side2 ^! h to be wall$ toge!r z = a common wall knot4 ,a bight is made ) ! fir/ /r&1 ! second is put ov] ! fir/1 ! ?ird ov] ! second1 ! f\r? ov] ! ?ird1 ! fif? ov] ! f\r?1 ! six? ov] ! fif? & ?r\gh ! bight ( ! fir/2 !y are !n haul$ taut4 ,cr[n x by lay+ two ( ! /r&s along ! top ( ! knot & pass+ ! o!r /r&s alt]nately ov] & "u ^! two1 & aft]w>ds haul+ !m taut4 ,x may be d\ble-wall$ aft] cr[n+ by putt+ ! /r&s successively "u ! bights on ! left ( !m & ?r\gh ! same bights1 & ! ends w !n come up 9 ! "r position to be cr[n$ aga94 ,?is is done by foll[+ ! lead ( ! fir/ cr[n+ & putt+ ! ends ?r\gh ! wall+ z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,beg9n+ ,turk's ,head4 ,! 8buoy rope knot0 c be made on a cable-laid rope only4 ,unlay ! ma9 /r&s1 & take out "o ( ! small] /r&s1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 f ea* ( ! l>ge /r&s1 & !n lay !m up aga94 ,! small /r&s t h be5 tak5 out are n[ s+le & d\ble-wall$ r\nd ! rope1 & !n laid along ! divisions aft] ! mann] ( weav+1 & _! ?9 ends /opp$ ) spun y>n4 ,a /op %\ld be put r\nd ! rope ) ! spun y>n :]e ! knot is to be made be=e x is begun1 & ! wall+ %\ld be "r-h&$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,turk's ,head4 ,! 8,turk's ,head0 is a highly ornam5tal knot :i*1 in/ead ( be+ made out ( ! rope itself1 is =m$ on ! rope ) a piece ( small /uff4 ,a clove-hit* 7p4 #cb7 is fir/ made on ! rope 7,fig4 #ig72 ?is mu/ be slack en\gh to all[ ( ! extra /r&s :i* w =m "p ( x4 ,put "p ,a ov] /r& ,b1 ?us twi/+ ! two /r&s2 pass ! end ,c "u & up ?r\gh ! bight t ,b n[ =ms1 !n twi/ aga9 by putt+ ,b ov] ,a & run ! end "u & up ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a4 ,cont9ue twi/+ ! /r&s by alt]nately putt+ "o ov] ! o!r1 & at ea* twi/ br+ ! end "u & up ?r\gh ! bight :i* is und]nea?1 ,a at ! beg9n+ go+ ov] ,b2 ! bight :i* ,b makes w be ! "u "o1 & !re=e ! "o ?r\gh :i* ! end ,c mu/ be pass$4 ,! end ,c mu/ be mu* long] ?an illu/rat$ z ! :ole knot is made ) ?is "p1 & z ! knot :5 f9i%$ conta9s ?ree gr\ps ( ?ree /r&s ea*1 x is obvi\s t ! l5g? ( cord us$ mu/ be m ?an n9e times ! circumf]5ce ( ! rope r\nd :i* ! knot is made4 ,hav+ made a suffici5t numb] ( twi/s 7! exact numb] dep5ds on ! size ( ! knot71 lay ! end ,c alongside ,d1 :]e x comes out ( ! knot1 & cont9ue foll[+ its lead ?r\gh all its turns z x goes ?r\gh ! knot until ! beg9n+ is rea*$ aga94 ,!re w n[ be a ,turk's head ( two p>ts4 ,if ! end is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh by ! side ( ! same /r& z be=e1 a complete ,turk's head ( ?ree p>ts w be =m$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! work+ /r& close to & on ! same side ( ! /r& t is be+ foll[$1 or a p]fect knot _c be =m$4 ,! fir/ "t r\nd is ! mo/ difficult1 ! second is easy en\gh4 ,( c\rse1 ! knot may consi/ ( m p>ts if requir$1 b ?ree is ! usual numb]4 ,! ends d n require fa/5+ 9 any way1 z 9 ! la/ r\nd !y f9i% 9 ! middle ( ! knot "u ! coils1 & are q secure 7see ,fig4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,s+le ,pit*] ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,beg9n+ ,s+le ,pit*] ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,pit*] ) ,rope ,h&le4 ,! 8s+le pit*]0 knot1 kn[n also z 8,tom ,fool's0 knot1 is %[n by ,fig4 #ii4 ,=m two half-hit*es1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 "o ly+ half-way ov] ! o!r4 ,) ! f+] & ?umb ( ! left h& draw ! "p ,a d[n ?r\gh ! bight1 & ) ! same f+]s ( ! "r h& br+ ! /r& ,b upw>ds ?r\gh ! bight1 "u :i* x lies4 ,pull out ! loops ?us =m$ to a suffici5t l5g? & knot ! ends toge!r4 ,:5 us$ to supply ! place ( a brok5 pit*] h&le1 ! c5tre knot %\ld be haul$ taut1 &1 ! pit*] be+ plac$ on x1 ! loops are br\ght up to =m h&les4 ,to keep !m 9 _! places a la%+ is put r\nd ! neck ( ! pit*]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,?is knot is also v useful 9 sl++ a %ot :5 requir$ z a weight1 or = any o!r purpose4 ,9 ?is case ! c5tre knot is n haul$ taut b left op51 =m+ a l>ge loop on :i* ! %ot lies4 ,if ! ends are splic$ in/ead ( knott$ a ?ree-loop knot is made4 ,?is knot is us$ also z a trick or puzzle knot1 & f ?is arose its "n ( 8,tom ,fool's0 knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,d\ble ,pit*] ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--;,beg9n+ ,d\ble ,pit*] ,knot4 ,fig4 #ajb is ! 8d\ble pit*]0 knot1 :i* goes also by ! names ( 8jury0 knot & 8true lov]s'0 knot4 ,x is us$ z ! s+le pit*] knot to sl+ a brok5 pit*]1 b 9 ?is case !re are f\r loops by :i* to c>ry x in/ead ( two4 ,9 rigg+ a jury-ma/ ! end ( x is put ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! knot be=e x is haul$ taut2 ! /ays to support & /eady ! ma/ are !n made fa/ to ! bights ( ! knot4 ,=m two half-hit*es 9 a piece ( cord1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 !n make ano!r hit*1 :i* draw beh9d ! o!r hit*es ) ! inn] edge ov]lapp+ ! inn] edge ( ! fir/ hit*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,pass ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h& ov] /r& ,a "u ,b & take hold ( ,c4 ,put ! same f+]s ( ! "r h& "u ,d ov] ,e & take hold ( ,f4 ,take ,g betwe5 ! tee? & draw ! ?ree loops out4 ,x is bett] to make ,g ! l5g? requir$ at fir/1 z ! o!r loops be+ imm$iately connect$ ) ! ends c be m readily adju/$ z to size ?an ! upp] loop4 ,:5 ! loops are made ! "r size ! loose ends are splic$ toge!r ) a %ort splice1 ?us =m+ ! f\r? loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,c or ,j> 9 ,sl+4 ,fig4 #ajd %[s a ready way ( sl++ a c to improvise a pa9t pot1 to dip = wat]1 etc4 ,pass ! end ( ! cord "u ! bottom ( ! c & br+ ! two p>ts ov] x1 & make ) !m an ov]h& knot2 op5 ! knot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje1 & draw ! two p>ts d[n until !y come r\nd ! upp] edge ( ! c2 haul taut1 & knot !m toge!r aga9 ov] ! c1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,beg9n+ ,c ,sl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,%amrock ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,beg9n+ ,%amrock ,knot4 ,if ! ends ( ! %amrock knot 7,fig4 #ajf7 7 splic$1 a f\r-loop$ knot w\ld be =m$4 ,?\gh us$ = ! same purposes z ! d\ble pit*] knot1 x is n s good z t1 be+ m tr\blesome to make & n s /rong1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ort nip ( ! /r&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! knot4 ,fig4 #ajg %[s ! way ( mak+ x4 ,an ov]h& knot is fir/ =m$ ) ! ends at ,a2 ! end ,b is !n laid across ! upp] loop1 br\ght r\nd & "u ! "r loop & up ?r\gh ! bight ,c4 ,! /r& ,d1 aft] pass+ at ! back ( ! upp] loop1 is c>ri$ ov] ! left loop & d[n ?r\gh ! bight ,e4 ,! loops are n[ adju/$ = size & ! knot haul$ taut4 ,fig4 #ajh gives ano!r way ( mak+ ?is knot4 ,two ov]h& knots int]sect+ "o ano!r are made on ! ends1 z illu/rat$2 ! "p ,a is drawn up ?r\gh ! bight ,c1 & ! "p ,b d[n ?r\gh ! bight ,d4 ,^! =m ! side loops1 & ! top loop be+ pull$ out ! knot is complet$4 ,by an ext5sion ( ^! me?ods knots may be made ) any numb] ( loops1 b ! difficulty increases greatly z ! loops increase1 s mu* s1 t _m loops _c be made except wire replaces ! cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,ano!r ,way ( ,mak+ ,%amrock ,knot4 ,! dalliance knot ^: beg9n+ is %[n by ,fig4 #aji is a trick knot difficult to le>n :5 x is m]ely se5 rapidly made4 ,! object is to make two indep5d5t d\ble-knots at once on a d\ble cord4 ,d\ble ! cord s t ! ends lie toge!r2 br+ ! bight ov] ! /&+ p>ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji1 & cross ! /r& ,a ov] ! /r& ,b2 !y w n[ appe> z 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,press ! "p ,c d[n betwe5 ! two /r&s on :i* x lies1 & br+ x up ?r\gh ! op5+ ,d1 draw x out1 & two ov]h& knots w be =m$ on ! d\ble cord4 ,:ile ! "p ,c is be+ drawn out ?r\gh ,d1 ! :ole ( ! loop ,e mu/ be br\ght up ?r\gh ! bight ,f2 ?is =ms ! upp] knot4 ,! l[] knot is made by loop ,f1 ,c =m+ bight at top ( d\ble cord4 ,! f9i%$ knot is practically ! same z ,fig4 #af 7p4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,beg9n+ ,dalliance ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,next ,/age 9 ,dalliance ,knot4 ,"s /age p]=mances _m ye>s ago consi/$ ( v>i\s rope tricks4 ,9 ! pr9cipal "o ! p]=m]s 7 %ut up 9 a cab9et1 & :5 ! doors 7 ?r[n op5 !y 7 f\nd seat$ on two *airs tightly b\nd h& & foot4 ,aft] exam9+ ! knots1 ! doors 7 clos$ & ! m5 rang bells1 play$ on ! tamb\r9e1 & ?rew ?+s out ( a small w9d[ 9 ! top ( ! cab9et4 ,on ! doors be+ op5$ aga9 directly !y 7 f\nd firmly ti$ to _! *airs z be=e4 ,!y 7 able to d ?is by means ( an +5i\s knot1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,to p]=m ! trick1 two m$ium ropes ea* ab\t #ab ft4 long are requir$4 ,fir/ ! op5h& knot ,a 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #ai7 jo9+ ! two ropes is made1 ! ends be+ pass$ twice ?r\gh ! bight to increase ! size ( ! knot4 ,two runn+ knots are made close up to ?is knot z at ,b1 ,b4 ,! knott$ end ( ! rope is laid on ! seat ( a *air ) ! ropes pass+ d[n ! back ( ! seat & "u ! *air4 ,! p]=m] seats himself on ! *air1 &1 draw+ ! loose ends ( ! ropes up 9 front f "u x1 he passes !m r\nd & r\nd 8 legs & ! legs ( ! *air 9 a complicat$ mann]4 ,he draws ! knott$ end f "u him1 &1 putt+ 8 arms ov] ! back ( ! *air1 passes 8 left h& d[n ?r\gh "o loop & 8 "r h& up ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,he n[ turns 8 "r h& d[n until ! palms ( bo? h&s are toge!r & ! f+]s po9t+ d[nw>ds ,?is produces a twi/ 9 ! ropes :i* takes up ! slack & tight5s ! cord r\nd ! wri/s4 ,! l>ge knot be+ betwe5 ! h&s effectually hides ?is1 & ! wri/s m]ely appe> to be z tightly b\nd toge!r z !y c be4 ,! p]=m] has m]ely to rev]se ?is la/ proce$+--t is1 to br+ ! "r h& up aga91 & s undo ! twi/--& 8 h& c be )drawn z readily z x 0 put into ! loop4 ,! trick requires "s practice1 & ! size ( ! loops mu/ be regulat$ by ! size ( ! p]=m]'s wri/s4 ,! knots %\ld also be s plac$ on ! *air at ! comm5cem5t t ! ropes are tight :5 ! h&s are 9 ! loops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,dav5port ,bro!rs' ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,bellr+]'s ,knot4 ,fig4 #aab is ! 8bellr+]'s knot10 b really x is a hit* & n a knot4 ,*ur* bells h a l>ge :eel on ! axle on :i* !y are hung1 r\nd :i* ! bell-rope passes2 ?is is done to obta9 suffici5t lev]age to raise ! bell m\? upw>ds :5 x is rung4 ,?is requires a long rope1 a good portion ( :i* lies on ! belfry floor :5 ! bell is d[n4 ,:5 ! r++ is ov] ?is slack is hit*$ up out ( ! way 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,! loop ,a is made ne> ! end ( ! rope1 laid aga9/ ! /&+ "p1 & a hit* tak5 ov] x at ab\t ! height ( a man's head4 ,! hit* %\ld be kept q close to ! /&+ "p1 & x w hold ! loop q securely2 at ! same "t a slight pull at ! end releases ! :ole ?+ at once4 ,! "p ,b :]e ! rope is grasp$ :5 ! bell is *eck$ z x comes ov] is call$ ! sally or tuft+4 ,x is made by op5+ ! /r&s & ins]t+ %ort pieces ( wor/$1 :i* are aft]w>ds trimm$ until !y are all ( "o l5g?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,rope ,,splic+4 ,splic+ is a me?od ( jo9+ ropes by int]weav+ toge!r _! /r&s4 ,:5 ropes are to run ?r\gh blocks !y _c be jo9$ by knott+1 z ! knot w\ld prev5t _! pass+ ?r\gh ! block4 ,9 ?is case !y are always unit$ by splic+4 ,9 driv+ ropes also knots are out ( ! "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,beg9n+ ,%ort ,splice4 ,= ! %ort splice1 ! ends ( ! two ropes are unlaid = a suffici5t di/ance1 & plac$ toge!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #aac1 ! /r&s ( "o rope go+ alt]nately betwe5 ! /r&s ( ! o!r4 ,! two ropes are !n jamm$ closely toge!r4 ,! end ( "o rope ) ! /r&s ( ! o!r rope is n[ held firmly 9 ! left h&4 ,sometimes a la%+ is put r\nd ! /r&s to keep !m d[n to ! rope on :i* !y lie4 ,pass ! middle /r& ,a ov] ! /r& ( ! o!r rope ,b :i* goes d[n to ! left ( x2 !n br+ x "u ,c1 & haul taut4 ,d ! same to ea* ( ! o!r /r&s 9 succession1 putt+ !m ov] ! next /r& to !m & "u ! next beyond4 ,turn ! rope r\nd & d ! same to ! o!r set ( /r&s2 ?is may be repeat$ on bo? ropes4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to br+ two /r&s up ?r\gh "o int]val 9 ! rope4 ,ea* /r& %\ld come up sep>ately betwe5 two /r&s ( ! rope !y are pass$ into4 ,if x is desir$ to tap] ! splice = ! purpose ( mak+ x neat] aft] ! ends h be5 int]wov51 divide ! y>ns ( :i* ! /r&s are compos$1 pass "o-half z be=e1 & cut (f ! o!r half4 ,to br+ ! rope to %ape aga9 aft] splic+1 roll x "u ! foot2 if small cord has be5 us$1 a piece ( flat wood is sub/itut$ = ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,m>l9espike4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,prick]4 ,z ! /r&s ( a rope are tightly twi/$ toge!r x requires "s =ce to op5 a passage = ! p>ts ( "o rope ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,= ?is purpose1 9 ! case ( l>ge ropes1 is us$ a m>l9espike 7,fig4 #aad7 made ( iron1 copp]1 or h>d wood4 ,copp] is pref]able1 z x does n ru/ l iron or break l wood4 ,) small /uff a /eel prick] 7,fig4 #aae7 is us$4 ,a fid is employ$ = v l>ge ropes1 ?is be+ m]ely a tap]$ wood5 p9 g5]ally made ( lignum vit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,long ,rope ,splice4 ,! long splice illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #aaf has advantages ov] a %ort "o4 ,to make x1 unlay ! ends ( two ropes = a mu* great] di/ance ?an be=e & put ! ends toge!r4 ,unlay "o /r& ,a = "s l5g?1 & fill up ! space left by its removal ) ! opposite /r& f ! o!r rope1 z ,b4 ,d ! same ) two m /r&s ,c ,d2 ,c is ! "o unlaid1 & ,d ! "o laid up 9 its place4 ,make an ov]h& knot ) ! two rema9+ /r&s ,e ,f1 tak+ c>e t ! ends foll[ ! lay ( ! rope & n across !m4 ,divide bo? /r&s into halves & pass "o-half ov] ! next /r&1 & "u ! foll[+ "o2 d ?is two or ?ree times & cut all ! ends (f close4 ,"w ! rema9+ two pairs ( /r&s ! same way & ! splice is f9i%$4 ,! rope %\ld be well /ret*$ be=e ! ends ( ! /r&s are cut (f4 ,fig4 #aag is a cut splice =m+ an oblong loop 9 ! middle ( a rope4 ,! end ( "o rope is splic$ into ! /&+ "p ( ano!r1 z at ,a1 ,a 7,fig4 #aah71 s z to =m an eye4 ,! end ( ! o!r rope is !n splic$ into ! /&+ "p ( ! fir/ rope1 & ! splic$ p>ts s]v$ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,cut ,splice4 ,a neat way ( =m+ an eye at ! end ( a rope 7x is kn[n z ! eye splice1 ,fig4 #aai7 is by unlay+ ! /r&s & plac+ !m on ! /&+ "p s z to =m an eye1 !n put "o /r& "u ! /r& next to x1 & pass ! next ov] ?is /r& & "u ! second2 ! la/ /r& mu/ g ?r\gh ! ?ird /r& on ! o!r side ( ! rope4 ,tap] !m z be=e by halv+ ! /r&s & /ick+ !m aga94 ,to make a cable splice unlay ! ends ( ! ropes to be jo9$ = "s di/ance1 place !m toge!r & make a %ort splice4 ,leave a suitable l5g?1 & !nce r$uce ea* /r& to a long tap] by gradually cutt+ away z _m y>ns z necess>y2 neatly po9t ov] ! tap] & lay ! ends 9 ! int]vals ( ! rope4 ,put a seiz+ at ea* end ( ! splice1 an end seiz+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! po9t+ & a /op at ! end ( ! tails4 ,?is is ! be/ splice = cables1 z x may readily be undone4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ a cable splice is to splice ! ends 9 twice ea* way1 !n to pick out ! /r&s1 worm "p ( !m r\nd ! cable1 & tap] away ! re/1 :i* %\ld be m>l$ close d[n2 !n clap on a ?roat & two end seiz+s ( ratl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,beg9n+ ,cut ,splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--;,eye ,splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,splic+ ,grommet4 ,9 splic+ cotton ropes on ! ,lanca%ire sy/em proce$ z foll[s3--,%ort splic+ ! ends toge!r is ! simple/1 b w\ld n answ] = runn+ ov] a small pulley or ?r\gh ! 8swall[0 ( a block2 9 ?is case a long splice w\ld suffice4 ,if a small /rop only is ne$$1 a "o-/r& grommet is ! neate/4 ,a /r& f cotton rope w n keep its lay1 or acquir$ spiral =m1 & is !re=e a v difficult mat]ial to "w into a grommet4 ,practis+ fir/ on hemp is advis$4 ,f a piece ( rope ab\t a foot long] ?an ! circumf]5ce ( ! int5d$ grommet1 unlay a /r& ) c>e1 to prev5t x los+ its lay4 ,n[ lay up ?is /r& into itself1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! two ends w meet ea* o!r 9 ! same crevice4 ,halve ^! ends1 & tie an ov]h& knot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba1 :i* mu/ n be pull$ too tight1 or x w buckle-up ! grommet 7?is w be notic$74 ,:5 ?is knot is q snug d[n 9 its place1 take ab\t "o-?ird ( ! y>ns out ( ! ends ) :i* ! knot 0 made1 & tuck ! rema9+ two-?irds "u two /r&s1 miss+ "o 7see ,fig4 #aba1 :]e ! arr[ ,d %[s h[ to tuck ! end ,a1 & arr[head ,c %[s :]e end ,b w come out74 ,n[ halve ^! ends1 &1 leav+ "o-half1 tuck ! o!r z be=e2 "w !m 9 nice & snug1 put ! grommet on a good /ret*1 & trim (f ! ends4 ,if ! "w is well done no jo9t %\ld be noticeable4 ,grommets are sometimes f9i%$ (f by knott+ ! :ole /r&s1 !n halv+ !m1 & tuck+ l a common splice4 ,?is is n q z neat1 b p]haps a trifle /rong]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,f9i%+ (f ,grommet4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,work+ ,,cordage4 ,seiz+ implies ! fa/5+ toge!r ( two ropes1 or diff]5t p>ts ( ! same rope1 ) sev]al closely plac$ coils ( small rope1 spun y>n1 etc4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( seiz+s take _! names f ! positions !y occupy 9 a %ip's rigg+4 ,end seiz+ is a r\nd seiz+ at ! end ( a rope4 ,?roat seiz+ is ! fir/ seiz+ clapp$ on :]e ropes cross ea* o!r4 ,middle seiz+ is betwe5 a ?roat & end seiz+4 ,eye seiz+ is a r\nd seiz+ next to an eye 9 ! rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,flemi% ,eye4 ,to make a r\nd seiz+1 make a small eye 9 ! end ( ! seiz+ /uff1 &1 aft] tak+ a turn r\nd bo? p>ts ( ! rope1 reeve ! ends ?r\gh ! eye1 take two or ?ree turns1 & haul !m taut ) a m>l9espike hit* 7,fig4 #dj1 p4 #dj72 pass eight or t5 turns close toge!r1 & heave taut4 ,br+ ! end back "u ^! turns & out betwe5 ! la/ two coils1 & pass ano!r s]ies ( turns on ! top ( ! o!rs1 :i* are call$ rid]s1 & are n hove s taut z ! fir/ turns4 ,!re is always "o less ( ! rid+ turns ?an ( ! l[] ones4 ,two cross turns sometimes are tak51 pass+ betwe5 ! ropes to be jo9$ & across ! :ole ( ! seiz+2 ! end is br\ght "u ! la/ turn1 hove tight1 & secur$1 if l>ge1 ) a wall knot1 cross$ 7,fig4 #hc1 p4 #ff71 &1 if small1 ) an ov]h& knot1 & cut (f4 ,o!r seiz+s are done 9 a simil> way4 ,s5nit is a flat rope1 made by plait+ toge!r rope-y>n or spun y>n1 ! outside y>ns be+ br\ght ov] to ! middle f ea* side alt]nately4 ,x always has an odd numb] ( y>ns1 g5]ally f five to ?irte54 ,fr5* s5nit is braid$ ) an ev5 numb] ( y>ns pass$ ov] & "u e o!r "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,grommet4 ,gaskets are made ( braid$ cordage 9 ! same mann] z s5nit1 & are us$ = conf9+ ! sails :5 furl$ to ! y>ds4 ,!y are call$ arm gaskets :5 us$ at ! ends ( ! y>ds4 ,bunt gaskets are us$ 9 ! middle ( ! y>d to hold ! bunt ( ! sail1 & qu>t] gaskets betwe5 ! middle & extremities ( ! y>ds4 ,a ,flemi% eye 7,fig4 #abb7 is a =m ( eye made )\t splic+4 ,unlay "o /r& at ! end ( a rope1 & br+ ! two o!r /r&s1 j z !y are1 aga9/ ! /&+ "p1 s z to =m an eye ( ! size requir$4 ,lay up ! unlaid /r& 9 ! int]vals 9 ! rope f :i* x has be5 tak51 b 9 ! rev]se way--t is1 beg9 at ! end & keep on lay+ x r\nd until x comes d[n ! /&+ "p & lies along ) ! o!r /r&s4 ,! ends are !n tap]$1 m>l$ d[n1 & s]v$ ov] ) small /uff4 ,an artificial eye is ! end ( a rope unlaid1 & ! y>ns ( :i* ! /r&s are compos$ are sep>at$4 ,! y>ns are n[ hit*$ r\nd a piece ( wood ! size ( ! propos$ eye4 ,!y are !n m>l$1 p>cell$1 & s]v$ ov]4 ,a grommet 7,fig4 #abc7 is a r+ ( rope made by c>efully unlay+ "o /r& f a rope & cutt+ x (f4 ,all ! turns mu/ be left 9 x4 ,=m a r+ by lay+ "o "p ov] ! o!r1 tak+ c>e t ! turns co9cide ) "o ano!r4 ,pass "o end r\nd & r\nd1 9 ! lay1 until all ! int]vals are fill$ up & ! r+ is complete4 ,! two ends are secur$ z 9 a long splice1 fir/ ) an ov]h& knot1 & !n by divid+ ! /r&s & pass+ half ( !m "u ! /&+ "p1 & cutt+ (f ! rema9d]4 ,grommets are us$ = /ropp+ blocks1 h&les = *e/s1 snort]s = ! heel ( sprits1 etc4 ,!y are v (t5 p>cell$ & s]v$ to make !m look neat]4 ,x is easi] to make !m if ! rope f :i* ! /r&s are tak5 is laid up h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,selvagee4 ,selvagee 7,fig4 #abd7 is a numb] ( rope-y>ns fa/5$ toge!r4 ,to make x1 drive two nails into a piece ( bo>d at a suffici5t di/ance f "o ano!r to =m ! size ( selvagee requir$4 ,w9d rope-y>n r\nd ^! to =m ! desir$ ?ickness1 & m>l !m d[n ) spun y>n4 ,!y are us$ to =m a neat /ropp+ = blocks1 or to g r\nd a sp> to :i* a hook is to be fix$4 ,fig4 #abe %[s h[ a selvagee is employ$ = fa/5+ a block to a rope4 ,! middle ( x is plac$ aga9/ ! rope1 & ! bights pass$ "o ov] ! o!r until !y come close to ! rope1 :5 ! hook ( ! block is ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,selvagee fa/5+ ,block to ,rope4 ,worm+ is fill+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! /r&s ( a rope by lay+ spun y>n or o!r small /uff into !m4 ,?is r5d]s ! rope m ev5 & smoo? = p>cell+ & s]v+4 ,! fir/ end ( ! worm+ is securely /opp$ & pass$ along "o ( ! divisions ( ! rope4 ,:5 x has be5 c>ri$ z f> z x is requir$1 x is /opp$ & laid back d[n ano!r int]val1 & !n =w>d along ! rema9+ "o1 & /opp$ at ! end4 ,to e/imate ! quantity ( s]v+ /uff requir$ = a giv5 l5g? ( rope1 multiply ! l5g? ( rope to be s]v$ by ! numb] ( /r&s 9 ! rope1 & add "o-?ird ( ! product4 ,! result is ! l5g? ( s]v+ necess>y to d ! "w4 ,?us1 if six fa?oms ( ?ree-/r& rope h to be s]v$3--7#f #c #ah7 7#ah #c #f7 #ah #f #bd4 ,?us #bd fa?oms is ! l5g? ( s]v+4 ,fig4 #abf %[s at ,a h[ worm+ looks :5 f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,worm+1 ,p>cell+1 & ,m>l+4 ,p>cell+1 ,b 7,fig4 #abf71 is done by w9d+ /rips ( old & g5]ally t>r$ canvas smoo?ly r\nd a rope 9 spiral turns aft] x has be5 worm$ & be=e x is s]v$4 ,to secure ! canvas x is m>l$ d[n--t is1 "s m>l9e or o!r small /uff is w\nd r\nd x1 :i* is secur$ at e turn ) a hit*1 s t ea* ( ! turns is secure & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r 7see ,b1 ,fig4 #abf74 ,! prop] hit* = secur+ ! turns is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 ,fig4 #gb1 p4 #fj4 ,9 m>l+ d[n1 ! coils are n laid close to "o ano!r z 9 s]v+1 b always at "s di/ance ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,s]v+4 ,fig4 #abg %[s ! way a rope is s]v$ or cov]$ ) coils ( spun y>n or o!r small /uff laid on q close to "o ano!r4 ,! end ( ! y>n is fir/ secur$ by plac+ x "u ! fir/ two or ?ree coils4 ,a s]v+-mallet 7see ,fig4 #abg71 aft] be+ plac$ aga9/ ! rope1 has two or ?ree turns pass$ r\nd ! body ( x1 & ano!r turn or two on ! h&le4 ,?is produces suffici5t friction to leave ! coils taut z ! mallet is work$ r\nd ! rope by its h&le4 ,ano!r p]son is requir$ = pass+ ! ball ( s]v+ /uff4 ,! s]vice mu/ be put on aga9/ ! lay ( ! rope4 ,a rope may be s]v$ s+le-h&$ by c>ry+ ! s]v+ /uff on a l>ge reel1 ) a hole 9 its c5tre l>ge en\gh = ! rope to run ?r\gh4 ,?is is kept j ahead ( ! mallet1 & ! s]v+ /uff comes (f ! reel ( its own accord z requir$4 ,:5 ! mallet is )9 a few turns ( ! end1 ! turns are tak5 (f x by h&1 ! end is put ?r\gh !m1 & heav$ well taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,belay+4 ,a rope is belay$ or made fa/ by cross turns r\nd a cleat 9 ! way %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,! cleat is assum$ to be la%$ to a /ay or o!r rope1 b x is (t5 made fa/ to "s "p ( ! vessel4 ,occasionally a s+le hit* is put ov] ! upp] horn ( ! cleat to make ! rope /ill m secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,fairlead]4 ,a rope is tak5 at "r angles f "o "p ( a vessel to ano!r by means ( a 8fairlead]0 7,fig4 #abi74 ,?is is a block ( wood ) a hole 9 x big en\gh to all[ ! l9e to run freely ?r\gh x4 ,! back ( x is groov$ to fit ! rope x is la%$ to4 ,:]e m ?an "o l9e has to be l$1 a piece ( bo>d or plank ) holes ?r\gh x is us$4 ,a fairlead] is n necess>ily fa/5$ to a rope1 b is fix$ 9 any suitable position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,belay+ ,p94 ,a belay+-p9 ) a rope made fa/ to x 7,fig4 #acj7 is ! usual way ( secur+ runn+ rigg+1 z x c be made fa/ & ca/ (f s rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,toggle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,ano!r ,=m ( ,toggle4 ,fig4 #aca %[s a me?od ( secur+ ropes toge!r by means ( a toggle1 a piece ( wood turn$ to %ape & hav+ a groove 9 ! c5tre1 r\nd :i* ! end ( a rope is splic$4 ,an eye is made 9 ano!r rope by any me?od & ! toggle slipp$ into x4 ,x is undone by slack5+ ! ropes & putt+ ! toggle ?r\gh ! eye1 end =emo/4 ,fig4 #acb is ano!r =m ( toggle1 ! r\nd piece ( wood be+ %ap$ l a button4 ,x has a hole 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* a rope is pass$ & ! end knott$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,f5d] on ,side ( ,boat4 ,a f5d] 7,fig4 #acc7 protects ! sides ( a boat f be+ *af$ & ! pa9t or v>ni% rubb$ (f4 ,occasionally a f5d] is ( wood1 :i* is slung ov] ! boat's side by a lany>d reev$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! end ( x1 b m (t5 x is ( canvas1 /uff$ ) oakum & pa9t$4 ,fig4 #acc %[s an easily made s(t f5d] :i* does n ne$ pa9t+4 ,take a piece ( ,manilla rope d\ble ! l5g? ( ! f5d]2 unlay x1 op5 ! /r&s1 & comb !m d[n until all ! y>ns lie /raight2 d\ble x & clap an eye-seiz+ on x1 m>l+ x d[n z illu/rat$4 ,a lany>d ( small cords1 su* z log-l9e1 is !n splic$ into ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--;,f5d] ) ,ropey>n ,he>t4 ,fig4 #acd %[s a h&som] =m ( boat's f5d]4 ,?is is made ( a c5tre or 8he>t0 ( rope-y>n work$ ov] or graft$ ) %ort pieces ( rope-y>n call$ 8knittles0 or 8nettles02 ?is is a k9d ( weav+4 ,! nettles are fir/ cut to ! "r l5g?1 & ! middle "p slightly twi/$4 ,!y are !n br\ght snugly r\nd a ?imble1 & a seiz+ put "u x4 ,! he>t is put into its place & ! nettles laid ev5ly ov] x4 ,half ( ! nettles1 tak5 alt]nately1 are turn$ back ov] ! eye1 ! re/ ly+ d[n ! he>t4 ,pass a turn or two ( tw9e or m>l9e1 call$ ! w>p or fill+1 r\nd ! f5d] :]e ! nettles sep>ate1 & hit* x4 ,! turn$ back nettles mu/ n[ be br\ght d[n1 & ^? t are d[n turn$ up ov] ! eye4 ,! w>p is n[ pass$ aga91 & hit*$ z be=e4 ,?is mu/ be repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! f5d] is cov]$ ) a sort ( wov5 coat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,! ends ( ! nettles are br\ght r\nd ! la/ turn ( ! w>p1 & int]lac$ 9 ! graft+4 ,?is f5d] requires a lany>d ! same z ! la/ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,?imble ,side ,view4 ,fig4 #acf4--,?imble ,cross ,section4 ,a ?imble1 %[n 9 side view & section by ,figs4 #ace & #acf1 is an iron r+1 usually galvanis$1 & a rope or /rop fits snugly 9 its flang$ rim4 ,x may be he>t-%ap$ or r\nd1 & is us$ z a small eye on ! end ( a rope to receive ano!r rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,m\s+ a ,hook4 ,fig4 #acg %[s a me?od ( 8m\s+ a hook10 t is1 prev5t+ a *a9 slipp+ (f a hook4 ,a few turns ( rope-y>n are pass$ r\nd ! end ( ! hook & ! /&+ "p1 & ! ends br\ght r\nd ! middle a few times1 & fa/5$ ) a reef knot4 ,= 8/ropp+ a block0 7,fig4 #ach7 a grommet is neat1 & a selvagee /ill neat]1 especially :5 lea!r-cov]$4 ,! block is fir/ fix$ 9 "o bight1 s t ! l[] "p ( ! block sits on ! splice1 if !re is "o4 ,a ?imble is put into ! o!r bight1 & a seiz+ put on betwe5 ! block & ! ?imble1 ea* turn ( :i* is hove taut ) a heav]4 ,! turns are1 la/ly1 cross$1 & ! ends knott$4 ,fig4 #ach %[s ! "w f9i%$4 ,sometimes ! /ropp+ is made by splic+ ! ends ( a suitable l5g? ( rope toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,/ropp+ a ,block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,po9t+ a ,rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,ano!r ,me?od ( ,po9t+ a ,rope4 ,po9t+ a rope is done p>tly to prev5t x f untwi/+1 & p>tly to make x g m readily ?r\gh a block or hole4 ,fig4 #aci %[s "o me?od4 ,! rope is unlaid = ! necess>y l5g?1 ! /r&s r$uc$ gradually1 & !n laid up aga94 ,! ends are f9ally :ipp$ ) small tw9e4 ,if necess>y ! end is /iff5$ by ins]t+ a piece ( /ick4 ,sometimes a 8becket0--t is1 a piece ( small l9e ) an eye at ! end--is put into ! end & :ipp$ ov] to secure x1 z 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,fig4 #adj gives a m elaborate me?od4 ,! rope is fir/ unlaid1 & a /op put on x :]e ! unlaid "p beg9s4 ,z _m y>ns z are requir$ are tak5 out & made into nettles by twi/+ toge!r ! two halves ( diff]5t y>ns4 ,! rema9d] ( ! y>ns is scrap$ d[n tap] ) a knife4 ,half ( ! nettles is turn$ back on ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 & ! o!r half all[$ to lie on ! scrap$ "p4 ,two or ?ree turns ( tw9e are hit*$ r\nd ! division ( ! two sets ( /r&s1 & ! nettles laid backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! weft be+ pass$ ea* "t1 z describ$ 9 mak+ ! f5d] 7,fig4 #acd74 ,! end usually is :ipp$ & a seiz+ put on ! upp] "p1 :i* is snak$1 z illu/rat$1 by pass+ tw9e diagonally "u & ov] ! out] turns ( ! seiz+ alt]nately--t is1 if x comes out ov] ! upp] turn1 x w g "u ! bottom "o1 "u ! top1 & s on until x is f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ada is "p ( a ma9/ay4 ,an eye is fir/ made 9 ! end1 & a m\se ! %ape ( a pe> rais$ on ! rope ) spun y>n4 ,ea* turn ( ! y>n is hove well taut ) a l>ge s]v+-mallet1 & beat5 close4 ,! eye & ! rope z f> z ! m\se are worm$1 p>cell$1 & s]v$ ov]2 ! m\se & ! "p bel[ x 7! tail7 are p>cell$ ) worn canvas1 well t>r$1 & po9t$ ov] or graft$ ) small /uff4 ,! m\se is cov]$ ) nettles1 & _! numb] dim9i%$ z !y are work$ into ! small] p>ts4 ,bel[ ! po9t+ x is aga9 s]v$ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,ma9/ay4 ,%e>-legs are fa/5$ toge!r z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,!y are fir/ laid side by side1 & a la%+ ( rope put r\nd !m4 ,! ends ( ! la%+ are c>ri$ "o up & ! o!r d[n to =m a cross la%+1 & are knott$ 9 ! middle4 ,?is is call$ a ,portuguese knot4 ,:5 ! legs are sep>at$1 ! knot becomes v secure4 ,a neat pair ( yoke l9es is made & fitt$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! l5g? ( ! l9es dep5ds ^u ! di/ance ( ! yoke f ! aft] seat2 t di/ance add$ to #c ft4 w give a good l5g? = ea* l9e4 ,suppos+ ! top ( ! back-bo>d to be #c ft4 f ! yoke1 two-&-a-half fa?oms ( :ite cotton rope w be necess>y1 ! extra half fa?om be+ all[$ = knott+1 etc4 ,cut ?is 9 two equal l5g?s2 take "o ( ^! & 8/op0 ) a few turns ( tw9e at #ad 94 f "o end & #f 94 f ! o!r1 :i* w leave #gj 94 betwe5 ! /ops or :ipp+s4 ,n[ unlay ! long] end & :ip ea* /r& close to ! end1 leav+ a few in*es ( sp>e tw9e on ea*1 :i* w be useful :5 f9i%+ ! manrope knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,%e>-legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,wall ,knot4 ,hold+ ! l9e 9 ! left h&1 make a s+le wall knot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,! /r& ,a is fir/ plac$ & held 9 position by ! ?umb2 ,b is next tak5 & pass$ r\nd ! end ( ,a1 !n ,c r\nd ! end ( ,b1 & up ?r\gh ! loop =m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) ,a4 ,n[ pull toge!r ev5ly1 b n too tightly1 & ) ! ?ree ends rema9+ "w a cr[n 7see ,fig4 #add71 :]e ,a is cross$ ov] ! knot1 !n ,b ov] ,a1 & ,c ov] ,b1 & d[n ?r\gh ! loop =m$ by ,a4 ,aft] pull+ ?is cr[n toge!r ev5ly1 ! /ate %[n by ,fig4 #ade is rea*$2 notice t ! ends lie snug aga9/ ! /r&s ( ! wall knot fir/ =m$4 ,keep+ ea* end on ! same side ( its p>tn]1 let x foll[ ! same r\nd1 us+ a /eel prick] to op5 ! way betwe5 ! /r&s4 ,! tw9e ends be=e-m5tion$ w n[ be f\nd useful 9 coax+ ^! ends ?r\gh _! holes4 ,:5 ea* end has foll[$ its p>tn] r\nd ! wall & cr[n1 ! ends :i* w come out at ! neck ( ! knot may be cut (f & ! manrope knot 7,fig4 #adf7 w be complet$4 ,a r$ lea!r wa%] ) s]rat$ edge is usually pu%$ up to ! knot z a f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,cr[n ,haul$ ,taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,manrope ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,po9t+ ,end ( ,yoke ,l9e4 ,! o!r end ( ! l9e %\ld be po9t$4 ,to d ?is1 unlay & fray out ! #f 94 ( end1 !n pick out ! y>ns ne>e/ ! edge--t is1 next ! :ipp+--& make a numb] ( #b-ply nettles by lay+ up ^! out] y>ns1 scrap+ !m a little ) a knife to make !m tap] slightly4 ,!re mu/ be an ev5 numb] ( nettles1 & suffici5t to lay close toge!r all r\nd ! 8he>t10 :i* is =m$ by scrap+ away ! c5tre y>ns to an ev5 tap]1 !n m>l+ d[n tight ) tw9e z se5 at ,d 7,fig4 #adg74 ,half ! nettles mu/ n[ be plac$ along ! he>t1 & half & half back ov] ! :ipp+1 pick+ !m out alt]nately4 ,an indi>ubb] b& is conv5i5t to keep !m 9 place :ile pass+ ! 8w>p0--t is1 two turns ( tw9e hit*$ r\nd ! he>t & ^? nettles ly+ along x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,fa/5+ (f ,yoke ,l9e4 ,! nettles mu/ n[ *ange places2 all t 7 plac$ back mu/ g =w>d1 & all t 7 along ! he>t mu/ g back ov] ! :ipp+1 & ! w>p is aga9 pass$ twice r\nd & hit*$2 ?is process is cont9u$ till ! po9t rea*es ! l5g? ( #b 941 or :atev] l5g? ( po9t is requir$4 ,f\r times ! diamet] ( ! rope is a good rule = ?is4 ,to fa/5 (f1 all ! nettles are /rok$ d[n t[>ds ! tap]$ end1 & all ^? r\nd :i* ! w>p 0 la/ pass$ are d\bl$ back z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adh1 ?ree hit*$ turns ( ! w>p be+ pass$ ?r\gh all ! 8bites0 or loops ( ! nettles1 :i* are !n pull$ d[n & cut (f ) ! o!r nettle ends4 ,! tw9e /op is !n tak5 (f & a neat snake :ipp+ put on 9 its place4 ,a bunt+ fr+e is g5]ally add$ z a f9i%1 & ?is is v easily made by fray+ out a piece ( blue or r$ bunt+ #d 94 squ>e1 & lay+ ! ?reads d[n toge!r ends ev51 !n plac+ en\gh ( ^! r\nd ! yoke l9e to encircle x at ab\t #a 94 f ! snake :ipp+4 ,pass a numb] ( turns ( tw9e r\nd all ne> ! c5tre ( ! bunt+ ?reads to =m a little knob1 !n /roke all ! bunt+ ?reads t[>ds ! po9t & put r\nd all a neat snake-?read :ipp+ j bel[ ! knob4 ,?is w =m a little tassel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi1 :i* repres5ts "o yoke l9e complet$4 ,! o!r is1 ( c\rse1 made 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,yoke ,l9e ,complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,/]n ,ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,r\nd ( ,/]n ,ladd]4 ,a rope ladd]1 ow+ to its portability1 is = "s purposes m suitable ?an "o made ( wood1 especially :]e ! ladd] is to be haul$ up :5 n 9 use4 ,fig4 #aej %[s a rope ladd] :i* is made ( f\r-/r& rope2 ! r\nds are turn$ out ( oak to ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,! groove at ! ends is = ! reception ( ! /r&s ( ! rope4 ,! r\nds are r m ?an #a 94 9 diamet]1 & are plac$ #aa 94 ap>t4 ,! /r&s are op5$ ) a m>l9espike & ! r\nds ins]t$ betwe5 !m1 two on ea* side3 a seiz+ is put on bel[ ea* r\nd2 a r\nd ?imble is put into ! upp] bight1 & an eye seiz+ is clapp$ on bel[ x4 ,! l[] ends are g5]ally splic$ toge!r1 or a ?imble may be splic$ 91 z at ! upp] end1 if x is int5d$ to make ! l[] end fa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,s+le ,rope ,ladd] ) ,*ocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,toe ,*ock = ,rope ,ladd]4 ,ano!r =m ( rope ladd] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,a numb] ( oak *ocks 7,fig4 #aec7 are turn$1 usually ab\t #e 94 9 diamet] & #e 94 deep1 bor$ to #a 94 diamet] ) ! gra9 ( ! wood2 ?is w take a #c-;94 f\r-/r&$ rope4 ,splice an eye at "o end & seize 9 a ?imble = ! la%+2 put on "o ( ! wood5 /eps1 flat side upp]mo/ t[>ds ! ?imble & ab\t #cj 94 d[n4 ,ins]t a /r& ( ratl9e /uff betwe5 two /r&s ( ! rope1 & ) ! two ends ( ! /r& "w a 8wall knot0 r\nd ! rope1 !n a 8cr[n10 :i* w br+ ! ends d[n to ! fir/ turns ( ! wall4 ,pull ! p>ts up tight1 & foll[ !m r\nd once2 ! result w be a neat knot look+ l a two-p>t$ ,turk's head4 ,if pref]r$1 two /r&s may be ins]t$ cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles betwe5 ! f\r rope /r&s2 !n ) all f\r ends "w a d\ble wall knot r\nd ! rope4 ,betwe5 ! knots1 spac$ #ae 94 ap>t1 slip on ! wood4 ,d n cut (f ! ends %ort until ! knots h got well jamm$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,rope ,ladd] ) ,rungs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,wood ,rung4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,pilot ,ladd]4 ,= a #be-;ft4 ladd] ( a bett] k9d1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aed1 two doz5 oval rungs ( wood w be requir$1 hav+ at ! ends scores rasp$ z %[n at ,fig4 #aee4 ,! rungs may be #ab 94 long4 ,n9e fa?oms ( #d-;94 f\r-/r&$ rope mu/ be well /ret*$ & ! turns tak5 out1 /ret*$ aga91 etc4 ,middle x & seize a ?imble 9 ! bight1 mak+ ?is fa/ to a po/4 ,!n /ret* out bo? p>ts toge!r1 & m>k (f ! positions = ! rungs ) *alk1 #ab 94 ap>t4 ,at e *alk m>k1 & r\nd ea* "p ( rope sep>ately1 put a sev5-turn :ipp+ ( t>r$ nettle /uff 7?is is sold 9 hanks74 ,n[ beg9 at ! end ne>e/ ! bight or l[] end1 op5 ! /r&s ) a fid & spike above ! seiz+s or :ipp+s1 & pu% 9 a rung1 tak+ c>e to avoid twi/+ ! rope by ins]t+ ! spike betwe5 ! two /r&s be/ situat$4 ,:5 all ! rungs are 9 & ! ladd] hangs )\t mu* twi/1 ! op5 p>ts ( ! /r&s may be drawn toge!r ) a m>l9espike & a piece ( s5nit or by c>efully us+ a screw cramp above ! rungs2 !n a six-turn seiz+ ( nettle /uff put tightly on above ea* ( ! rungs keeps !m 9 place4 ,! top rung %\ld be r /\t] ?an ! re/ to all[ a deep] score4 ,splice a ?imble into ea* end1 & into ea* ?imble a fa?om ( eighte5-y>n /uff = la%+s4 ,?is is a good ladd] to hang d[n cle>1 & is us$ ov] %ips' /]ns & f l[] booms1 ! l[] ?imble be+ conv5i5t = boats' 8pa9t]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,side ,piece ( ,pilot ,ladd]4 ,to hang aga9/ a %ip's side1 :]e room = ! toe project+ ov] ! rung is ne$$1 a pilot ladd] 7,fig4 #aef7 is m com=table1 b m difficult to make4 ,! /eps are usually ( teak1 mortis$ into diamond-%ap$ side pieces 7see ,fig4 #aeg7 ab\t #h 94 deep by #e 941 ) a score rasp$ out all r\nd ! edges4 ,ab\t tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r ( ^! /eps w be requir$ = a #be-;ft4 ladd]1 & eighte5 fa?oms ( #b-;94 ?ree-/r&$ rope4 ,prep>e by /ret*+ well z be=e2 cut 9 two equal p>ts & m>k ! middle ( ea* l5g?4 ,place "o ( ! /eps imm$iately ov] ! m>ks & seize x tight 9 place by br++ ! p>ts ( rope r\nd ! score on ea* side to meet above4 ,if ! next /ep is plac$ on ?is seiz+ & s on1 ! complet$ ladd] is too /iff to roll up2 x is !re=e necess>y to put two seiz+s betwe5 ea* /ep1 leav+ ab\t #b 94 ( free rope betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! /eps are ?us seiz$ 9 place1 ! ends on ea* side are made ev51 splic$ toge!r1 & fitt$ ) ?imbles = ! la%+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,beg9n+ ,mat4 ,mats are us$ on bo>d %ip to prev5t *af+4 ,9 mak+ wr\ght mats a piece ( small cord is /ret*$ tight horizontally at ab\t ! height ( a man1 & fa/5$ at ea* end4 ,across ?is1 hang+ by _! middles1 nettles are plac$4 ,^! are (t5 made ( 8foxes0--t is1 ?ree or m rope-y>ns twi/$ toge!r by h&1 & ea* rubb$ d[n ) t>r$ canvas or a h&ful ( rope-y>n4 ,beg9n+ ) ! nettle ne>e/ ! left h&1 x is cross$ z ,a 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,ano!r nettle is !n br\ght up close to ! fir/1 & cross$ 9 ! same way4 ,! end ,b is !n pass$ ov] ! /r& ,c1 & pu%$ to ! back2 ano!r nettle is !n br\ght =w>d1 cross$ z be=e1 & "o "p ( x put ov] ! "p ,d1 & press$ back4 ,! "w is cont9u$ ?is way1 work+ diagonally until a suffici5t wid? is obta9$ 7,fig4 #aei72 !n1 z no m nettles are add$1 & ! outside nettle on ! "r is br\ght ov] f "t to "t1 a selvage is =m$ z on ! left side4 ,take c>e n to twi/ ea* ( ! nettles toge!r at ! bottom1 s t !y may reta9 _! twi/ until ! next 9 succession is br\ght d[n to int]weave ) !m4 ,!re is a little difficulty at />t+1 b aft]w>ds ev]y?+ goes on easily4 ,ea* nettle f ! "r passes ov] ! next "o to x on ! left1 & is pu%$ back1 ! "o t has be5 pass$ ov] be+ tak5 up fir/ ov] ! next & pu%$ back z be=e4 ,ea* twi/ %\ld be press$ tight z x is made4 ,:5 ! mat is deep en\gh1 a selvage is made by /ra9+ ano!r piece ( cord along ! bottom1 secur+ bo? ends4 ,z ea* nettle comes d[n x is half-hit*$ to ?is1 & ! next nettle is laid up at ! back ( x1 & s on alt]nately4 ,mats are frequ5tly ?rumm$2 ?is is done by rais+ ! nettles ly+ on ! top ( ! mat ) a m>l9espike or prick] aft] ! mat is f9i%$1 & putt+ %ort pieces ( ! nettle /uff und]nea?4 ,! ?rums are !n cut (f to ! same l5g?1 & op5$ out4 ,( c\rse1 wr\ght mats may be made ( any mat]ial & us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,!y make mo/ excell5t door-mats1 & are ( ev]la/+ we>4 ,= ?is purpose !y %\ld n be made ( t>r$ /uff4 ,v pretty mats may be con/ruct$ ( tw9e = ! f\ndation & v>i\s col\r$ pieces ( wor/$ = ! ?rums4 ,a k9d ( mat us$ abo>d %ip is call$ a sword mat4 ,x is wov51 b a loom is n us$4 ,two small cords1 or1 bett] /ill1 two small rods1 are secur$ horizontally & ! nettle /uff w\nd r\nd !m1 ! coils be+ laid close toge!r4 ,a piece ( wood call$ a 8fiddle10 z long z ! wid? ( ! mat & ab\t #b 94 wide & 94 ?ick1 has half z _m holes bor$ ne> ! l[] edge z ^! nettles 9 ! mat4 ,e alt]nate nettle is secur$ to ?is by "s tw9e lac$ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,ano!r fiddle is fa/5$ 9 l mann] to ! rema9+ nettles4 ,! "w c n[ be begun4 ,! fir/ fiddle is rais$1 & ! fir/ set ( nettles consequ5tly rais$ ) x4 ,:at weav]s call a 8%$0 is ?us =m$--t is1 an op5+ betwe5 ! two sets ( nettles--& along x ! weft or fill+ is pass$ by means ( a nett+ ne$le 7see p4 #abe74 ,! fill+ is driv5 well home ) a flat piece ( wood1 tap]$ t[>ds ! edge1 call$ a 8sword40 ,! fir/ set ( nettles is n[ all[$ to drop1 & ! second set drawn up ) ! o!r fiddle4 ,! fill+ is pass$ aga9 & driv5 home z be=e4 ,! "w is ?us cont9u$ until !re is no long] room to use ! sword1 :5 ! fill+ mu/ be work$ home ) a prick]4 ,:5 ! mat is long en\gh1 ! fill+ is fa/5$ (f1 & ! mat is complete4 ,^! mats may be ?rumm$ 9 ! same mann] z ! wr\ght mats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,mat ,mak+4 ,a s(t] k9d ( mat is made on a f\ndation ( canvas or duck1 :i* is v suitable = ! /]n-%eets ( a boat or any o!r simil> purpose4 ,! mat]ial is cut to ! "r size & fold$ a %ort di/ance f ! edge4 ,a hole is made ne> ! selvage ) a prick] & a ?rum ins]t$2 ano!r hole is !n made a %ort di/ance f ! fir/ & ano!r ?rum put 91 & s on until ! r[ is complet$4 ,r[ aft] r[ is ?us work$ until ! mat is f9i%$4 ,( c\rse ! holes1 & consequ5tly ! ?rums1 g ?r\gh bo? p>ts ( ! mat]ial4 ,:5 ! canvas is pull$ /raight aft] ea* r[ is f9i%$1 ! ?rums are held securely )\t any o!r fa/5+4 ,:5 a patt]n is to be work$ on ! mat1 ! design mu/ fir/ be drawn on ! mat]ial 9 p5cil & ! canvas fold$ accord+ly2 e fold produces two r[s ( ?rums4 ,:ite duck ?rumm$ ) pieces ( cotton rope makes v nice1 clean-look+ mats = boat use1 & z !y wa% well !y c always be kept 9 good ord]4 ,^! mats1 ) a /\t canvas or sack+ f\ndation1 ?rumm$ ) pieces ( unt>r$ hemp rope1 s]ve v well = door-mats1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y w n la/ z long z wr\ght mats4 ,v ornam5tal mats are made some:at aft] ! same mann] z ^? j describ$4 ,any suitable mat]ial1 ( any col\r1 c be us$ = ! f\ndation1 on :i* ! patt]n mu/ be drawn4 ,! mat is fold$ along ! l9e int5d$ to be work$1 & a common p5cil laid along ! ridge ( ! fold4 ,! wor/$ or o!r mat]ial us$ is ?read$ 9 a l>ge ne$le1 & work$ ov] & ov] ! p5cil1 ?us =m+1 :5 ! p5cil is )drawn1 a s]ies ( loops on ! f\ndation4 ,any patt]n c ?us be work$1 provid$ always t x consi/s ( /raight l9es4 ,x might be possible to =m curv$ l9es by work+ ! loops ov] ! fir/ f+] ( ! left h&1 mov+ ! f+] aft] ea* loop4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,hammock ,,mak+4 ,?is *apt] w describe ! nett+ & sl++ ( hammocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,nett+ ,ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,nett+ ,ne$le4 ,hammock mak+ requires a nett+ ne$le ( "o ( ! %apes %[n by ,figs4 #afj & #afa4 ,x may be made f a piece ( #c_/af-;94 pe>wood1 bee*1 or boxwood ab\t #h 94 long by 94 wide4 ,9 ne$les z %[n by ,fig4 #afa ! cord is w\nd r\nd z :5 fill+ an ord9>y %uttle1 & = ,fig4 #afj ! cord is br\ght r\nd ! end at ,a up "o side1 r\nd ! p9 at ,b1 & back ! same side1 ! process be+ repeat$ on ! o!r side ( ! ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afb4--,me% ,/ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afc4--,me% ,/ick ,cross ,section4 ,a me% /ick 7,fig4 #afb7 is made ( h>dwood or bone ab\t #e 94 long & ( an oval %ape 7,fig4 #afc72 x may be ab\t 94 by 94 9 section4 ,at "o end ( ! /r+ to be us$ = ! net tie a loop ,a 7,fig4 #afd71 & place ! knot on a nail or hook fix$ 9 "s conv5i5t position1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #afe74 ,place ! me% /ick "u ! loop z at ,b1 put ! cord "u x1 !n pass ! ne$le ?r\gh ! loop & pull ! cord tight4 ,n[ place ! ?umb ( ! left h& on ! cord beyond ! loop z at ,a 7,fig4 #aff71 & ) a turn ( ! wri/ ( ! "r h& ?r[ ! cord to ! position %[n at ,b1 !n pass ! ne$le "u ! loop ,c1 !n ?r\gh ! bight ( ,b1 & d[n z at ,d1 & draw ! knot tight1 :i* %\ld !n assume ! %ape %[n by ,fig4 #afg4 ,! cord mu/ be held firmly ) ! ?umb at ,a 7,fig4 #aff7 :5 pull+ up ! knots1 z on ?is dep5ds ! uni=mity ( ! me%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,loop 9 ,me%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,fir/ ,/age 9 ,me%+4 ,to cont9ue ! nett+ ! /ick is )drawn & plac$ "u ,a 7,fig4 #afg71 & ! ne$le is !n pass$ "u ! /ick z 9 ,fig4 #afe1 & br\ght ?r\gh ! loop ,b 7,fig4 #afg71 & ! process %[n by ,fig4 #aff is repeat$ to =m ano!r me%1 ?is be+ cont9u$ to make a *a9 ( me%es1 say =ty-five or fifty 7,fig4 #afh71 suffici5t = ! wid? ( ! hammock4 ,! loop ,a 7,figs4 #afd1 #afe1 & #afh7 t 0 fir/ ti$ is !n unti$1 & x w !n be f\nd t all ! me%es are equal 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,second ,/age 9 ,me%+4 ,next ! *a9 is op5$ out at "r angles to ! l9e 9 :i* x 0 made1 z %[n by ,fig4 #afi1 & work+ across is begun by mak+ a me% at ,a 7,fig4 #afi71 !n at ,b1 ,c1 & s on1 until ! l5g? ( ! fir/ lot ( me%es has be5 rea*$1 :5 ! net is turn$ ov] & ano!r r[ ( me%es work$ until ! "o "u ,a has be5 rea*$2 !n ! net is turn$ aga9 & ano!r r[ work$1 & s on4 ,! me%es are work$ z %[n by ,fig4 #aff1 b at fir/1 to ensure uni=mity1 x w be well to put ! loops ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g 7,fig4 #afi7 sep>ately on ! hook or nail z ! me%es "u !m are made1 b aft] a little practice a cord may be reev$ ?r\gh ! top l9e ( me%es1 ti$ into a loop1 & pass$ ov] ! knee & !n ov] ! foot1 z ! "w progresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--,?ird ,/age ( ,me%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,*a9 ( ,me%es4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( =m+ ! ends4 ,an a% /ick may be us$ at ea* end to :i* ! end me%es are loop$ & ti$1 & a piece ( codl9e may be pass$ ?r\gh ! side me%es on ea* side & atta*$ to ! ends ( ! /icks4 ,at ea* end a /\t cord is secur$ to ! /ick 9 ! =m ( a triangle = hang+ ! hammock4 ,! second plan is to tie a numb] ( cords toge!r by d\bl+ !m 9 ! c5tre & =m+ a loop1 & ea* ( ! free ends1 kn[n z 8nettles10 is atta*$ to "o ( ! me%es ( ! net4 ,! ?ird & p]haps ! be/ plan is to reeve a cord ab\t ! size ( a little f+] ?r\gh ! end me%es & splice x into ! =m ( a grommet z %[n by ,fig4 #agj4 ,a ?imble ,a is fix$ 9 ! end to :i* ! support+ cords are atta*$1 & ! cords :i* are reev$ ?r\gh ! side me%es are splic$ into ! eye ,b at ,c4 ,:5 ^! 8clews0 are us$ ! net mu/ be long] ?an = ! /icks or nettles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,beg9n+ ( ,cross ,nett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,hammock ,clew4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,la%+s ,,& ,,ties ,,= ,,scaffold+4 ,la%+s are seiz+s ( rope = heavy "w1 su* z scaffold+2 & ! la%+ ( poles1 l$g]s1 & putlogs may be n[ consid]$ ) advantage4 ,heavy scaffold+ is be/ la%$ ) *a92 & x %\ld be not$ t1 :ile a rope la%+ is hove taut by ! /eady /ra9 ( a heav+ b>1 a *a9 requires diff]5t treatm5t1 & mu/ be j]k$ tight ) little tugs--an action simil> to t us$ :5 %ak+ out a mat--assi/$ by an occasional rap ) ! heav]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,rope ,la%+ = ,poles & ,l$g]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,*a9 ,la%+ = ,poles & ,l$g]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,rope ,la%+ = ,putlogs4 ,! rope us$ = la%+ all p>ts ( scaffold+ %\ld be fairly new1 s\nd1 & 9 size n m ?an #a 94 ,! av]age l5g? requir$ w be ab\t six y>ds1 & x mu/ be s put on t ea* turn ( ! la%+ takes its %>e 9 ! support4 ,to ?is end ! tackle support+ ! l$g] mu/ n be releas$ until ! la%+ is complet$1 o!rwise ! fir/ turns w be subject$ to undue /ra94 ,fig4 #aga %[s ! la%+ ( a l$g] to a pole2 if *a9 is us$ a diff]5t me?od is necess>y1 & x is la%$ z 9 ,fig4 #agb4 ,putlogs %\ld be squ>e1 or at any rate flat on ! upp] & l[] sides1 to prev5t any *ance ( roll+1 "o end be+ squ>$ d[n 9 size to ent] ! build+ 9 ! place ( a head] brick1 ! o!r end be+ la%$ d[n to ! l$g] z 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,! planks =m+ ! /age are n la%$ to ! putlogs1 & !re is great dang] 9 all[+ !m to project at "o or bo? ends4 ,poles are g5]ally ab\t #cj ft4 long1 & = high build+s x is necess>y to l5g!n !m by la%+ on an extra pole4 ,! safe/ plan is to la% a half pole to ! l[] "p ( ! fir/ erect$2 ?is re/+ on ! gr\nd w =m a foot+1 ^u ! upp] end ( :i* ! l5g!n+ pole w /&1 be+ kept 9 position by ?ree pla9 la%+s 7see ,fig4 #agd74 ,%\ld ! l5g!n+ pole be only light1 & a foot+ n be consid]$ necess>y1 a *a9 rack+ %\ld be put on besides two rope la%+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,poles ,la%$ & ,w$g$1 ) ,foot+4 ,x is usual to w$ge scaffold la%+s tight1 &1 provid$ ! w$ges are well %ap$1 x is a conv5i5t way ( tight5+ ! "w aft] *ange ( wea!r4 ,badly-%ap$ w$ges are apt to cut ! rope & sometimes "w out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--,sl++ ,plank = use z ,/age4 ,/ages = pa9t+1 or small repairs on a build+1 may be quickly rigg$ up by sl++ ea* end ( a plank on ! bight ( a rope4 ,= ?is make a m>l9espike hit* 7see ,fig4 #dj1 p4 #dj71 & let ! end ( ! plank take ! position !re occupi$ by ! m>l9espike2 ! d\ble "p w be bel[ & ! s+le "p above ! plank 7see ,fig4 #age74 ,= s+le-h&$ "w a boatswa9's *air1 ( :i* an illu/ration is giv5 by ,fig4 #agf1 is conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,boatswa9's ,*air4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,splic+ ,,& ,,socket+ ,,wire ,,ropes4 ,wire ropes are n[ us$ to su* an ext5t1 & 9 su* a v>iety ( ways1 t a k ( ! be/ me?ods ( h&l+ !m _c fail to be useful to ! _m ?\s&s :o are br\ght 9 daily contact ) !m4 ,an endeav\r w "h be made to give su* cle> & simple in/ructions z w enable read]s1 ) practice1 to execute any job 9 connection ) ! splic+ ( wire ropes4 ,! uses t wire ropes are n[ put to1 & ! ways & occupations !y are employ$ 91 are s v>i\s1 t x is almo/ a necessity = a man to be engag$ 9 _! manufacture to h a ?or\gh k ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( h&l+ !m4 ,= in/ance1 x w\ld be j z consi/5t to expect a sailor1 us$ only to eye-splic+1 to g to a colli]y & put a long splice into a rope1 to )/& ! enorm\s /ress !re appli$1 z x w\ld be to expect a colli]y man to g abo>d %ip to splice ! ma9brace1 or any o!r brace4 ,n[ ,fig4 #agg is a sket*-plan ( an endless b& rope1 su* z may be se5 at _m colli]ies 9 ,great ,brita94 ,a is ! driv+ %eave on ! eng9e at bank1 r\nd :i* ! rope passes ?ree or f\r times1 & leads (f to ! ov]head pulley ,b4 ,!n x goes d[n ! %aft1 p]haps a v consid]able di/ance1 "u ! pulley ,c1 & s on to ,d1 :5ce x passes r\nd ! tight5+ %eave ,e1 :i* is movable & contriv$ ) weights to keep ! rope always tight1 & s prev5t surg+ r\nd ! pulleys & %eaves & consequ5t loss ( p[]4 ,! rope !n passes r\nd ,d to ! %eave ,f1 ! driv+ ( :i* is ! object aim$ at1 s9ce t %eave 9 turn may "w ei!r "o or two haul+ ropes1 z at ,g & ,h1 work+ into ! int]ior ( ! pit1 9 addition1 p]haps1 to a pump4 ,! load on ?is rope may am\nt to sev]al tons1 & su* a rope w !re=e require a splice f #fj ft4 to #ajj ft4 long4 ,fur!r1 no matt] :at k9d ( a splice x may be1 x mu/ be made well4 ,if x is a %ip's haws]1 at times ! safety ( ! vessel & all x conta9s may dep5d on a splice4 ,aga91 an awful disa/] might be ! result if ! splice 9 a crane rope 7 to draw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,colli]y ,b& ,rope ,driv+ ,sy/em4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( wire rope splices1 ! %ort splice1 eye splice1 & long splice4 ,a %ort splice is a bulky splice1 & is us$ only = block /raps1 sl+s1 etc4 ,x is n suitable = driv+ ropes or = runn+ tackle1 & %\ld nev] be put into a crane or hoi/ rope4 ,x is made by unlay+ ! two ends ( ! rope to a suffici5t l5g?1 f #a ft4 to #b ft41 accord+ to size1 & int]lay+ !m toge!r z 9 ,fig4 #agh4 ,draw !m close1 & tuck ! /r&s ( "o "u ! /r&s ( ! o!r sev]al times4 ,x is only a case ( 8ov] & "u0 z 9 splic+ a hemp rope4 ,aft] ! ends h be5 tuck$ a suffici5t numb] ( times1 ab\t twice1 ea* /r& w /& 9 mo/ cases4 ,hamm] all d[n snug1 & ei!r cut (f ! ends ) a hamm] & *isel or twi/ ! wires (f "o or two at a "t1 :i* makes a mu* neat] job4 ,an eye splice may be made 9 two diff]5t ways--namely1 left-h&$1 or 8ov] & "u10 & "r-h&$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--8,m>ry+0 a ,wire ,rope ,splice4 ,left-h&$ splic+ is und\bt$ly /rong]1 tuck = tuck1 ?an ! "r-h&$ me?od1 = ! 8bite0 on ! /r&s is great] & ! frictional adhesion is m acute4 ,! /r&s & ends are practically plait$1 & consequ5tly lock$ toge!r1 &1 no matt] h[ ! rope unlays itself1 ! splice is immovable4 ,a splice l ?is %\ld be put into e crane rope1 = frequ5tly ! load :5 lift$ f ! gr\nd sp9s r\nd & unlays ! rope to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,9 "r-h&$ splic+1 ! ends to be tuck$ are simply laid sev]al times r\nd "o /r& ea*1 & (f] no resi/ance to any su* unlay+ process4 ,h[ev]1 a "r-h&$ splice is easi] & neat] to make1 & ^! splices are becom+ g5]al1 "s splic]s mak+ x a rule to put a 8lock0 9 by tuck+ ! ends once left-h&$4 ,a "r-h&$ splice is /rong en\gh = mo/ ord9>y purposes1 b if a left-h&$ splice is tuck$ ?ree times & put on a te/+ ma*9e1 x w\ld break ! rope be=e x w\ld draw out2 :]eas1 if a "r-h&$ splice 7 tuck$ ?ree times & put to ! same te/1 x w\ld pull out4 ,h[ev]1 if ! "r-h&$ splice1 in/ead ( be+ tuck$ ?ree times 7 tuck$ eight times1 x w\ld /& any /ress t c\ld be put on x2 9 fact1 six times ?r\gh is q suffici5t = ord9>y purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,me?od ( ,s]v+ ,wire ,rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,p>tly-f9i%$ ,splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--,wire ,rope ready = ,splic+4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( "r-h&$ splic+4 ,fir/ fa/5 up ! rope-end f ! vice to any conv5i5t column or hook1 & m>k (f f ! end1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #agi71 ! l5g? = ! splice1 :i* w be f #a ft4 to #f ft41 accord+ to ! size ( rope2 say #b ft4 ( end = #b 94 cir4 rope4 ,measure ) a /r+ r\nd ! groove ( ! ?imble1 & transf] ! l5g? to ! rope1 m>k+ x z at ,a ,b4 ,to put a seiz+ on ! 8neck0 ( ! splice1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahj1 add #f 94 or #h 94 to ! l5g? ( rope to be s]v$4 ,n[ take a n>r[ /rip ( p>cell+--t is1 ?9 bagg+--& b9d x neatly r\nd ! rope f ,a to ,b 7,fig4 #agi74 ,! rule is3 ,worm & p>cel ) ! lay1 b s]ve ! rope ! o!r way4 ,next take a s]v+-mallet ,d 7,fig4 #agi71 ) a bobb9 full ( spun y>n ^u x1 &1 beg9n+ at ,b1 s]ve ov] ! p>cell+ to ,a4 ,cut (f & make fa/ ! end ( spun y>n1 :5 ! "w w be ready = turn+ 9 ! ?imble4 ,a *alk m>k midway betwe5 ,a & ,b w s]ve z a guide 9 gett+ 9 ! ?imble /raight4 ,next br+ ! end ( ! rope r\nd on ! d\ble to =m a loop1 ) ,a & ,b exactly level4 ,op5 ! vice suffici5tly to take 9 t loop1 ins]t ! ?imble1 tak+ c>e to h x exactly /raight1 & screw up ! vice z tightly z possible4 ,securely fa/5 ! rope & ?imble toge!r at ! 8neck0 ,a 7,fig4 #aha71 :5 ! rope %\ld appe> z !re illu/rat$4 ,fa/5 x 9 ! vice ) ! ?imble hang+ d[nw>ds1 & ! "p to be splic$ held up by a l9e susp5d$ f "s conv5i5t joi/ or gird]4 ,take ! :ipp+ (f ! rope-end1 & op5 out ! /r&s s+ly1 to be ready = tuck+4 ,look+ at ! rope f ! direction ( ! arr[ ,a 7,fig4 #ahb71 drive a m>l9espike ?r\gh ! two /r&s on ! extreme left1 tak+ c>e1 ( c\rse1 always to miss ! core ( ! rope4 ,twi/ ! spike up ! rope ab\t half a turn1 s z to make an easi] b5d = ! /r&1 !n take ! /r& ne>e/ ! op5+1 tuck x ?r\gh1 & haul tight4 ,!n1 mo/ important1 =ce d[n ! /r& ) ! m>l9espike till x occupies ! position indicat$ 9 ! dott$ l9es ( ,fig4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,"r-h&$ ,splice1 ,fir/ ,tuck4 ,at ! next tuck1 ) ! spike take 9 ! /r& to ! "r1 along ) ! two j gone ?r\gh1 mak+ an op5+ ?r\gh ?ree /r&s1 ) ! po9t ( ! spike com+ out 9 ! same place z 9 ! fir/ tuck4 ,ins]t ! next ne>e/ end1 /r& two1 & "w 9 snug z be=e4 ,( ! ?ree /r&s ! spike has j be5 ?r\gh1 take ! "o ne>e/ to ! left1 & drive ! spike 9 s z to make ! po9t come out at ! same op5+ z be=e2 tuck 9 ,no4 #c /r&1 & t w make1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahc1 ?ree /r& ends ent]+ into ! same op5+ 9 ! rope1 b com+ out betwe5 diff]5t /r&s4 ,aft] ?is1 simply keep on tak+ ! next /r& & ! next end1 foll[+ r\nd to ! left1 till all ! ends are tuck$ once1 :5 an end w come out betwe5 ea* pair ( /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,"r-h&$ ,splice1 all ,ends ,tuck$ ,once4 ,! re/ is easy4 ,m]ely keep on repeat+ ! op]ation1 ) /r& & end1 until ! splice is long en\gh & /rong en\gh4 ,z ,fig4 #ahj %[s1 aft] ! fir/ set ( tucks1 x is only a case ( ea* end twi/+ & re-twi/+ r\nd its own p>ticul> /r&1 all ! way up4 ,x m]ely ?ick5s ! /r&s4 ,aft] ! ends are tuck$ ?ree or f\r times1 x w make a neat] splice if ! ends are split & ! splice is tap]$ at ! f9i% by leav+ beh9d "o-half ( ea* end1 :ile ! o!r half is tuck$ once or twice m4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! tuck+1 take ! splice d[n f ! vice1 cut (f all /r& ends q close1 & hamm] all d[n snugly4 ,at ! neck put on ! seiz+ wire1 if any1 p>cel & s]ve1 & ! "r-h&$ eye splice is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,left-h&$ ,splice1 ,fir/ ,tuck4 ,seiz+ wire is really a sev5-wire /r&1 made ( s(t wire1 ab\t ,no4 #ah or ,no4 #ai gauge4 ,x is put on a splice = ! d\ble purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! splice & r5d]+ x easi] to take a weak or brok5 ?imble out ( ! eye1 to be replac$ by a /rong] "o4 ,x is simply b\nd tightly r\nd ! two ropes at ! neck1 & ! end is br\ght up & r\nd ! middle twice1 or ?rice & made secure1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,left-h&$ eye-splic+ %\ld be comp>atively easy if ! prec$+ in/ructions on "r-h&$ eye-splic+ h be5 c>efully foll[$4 ,al?\gh x is n ess5tial1 x makes a neat] & a clos] splice if a slightly diff]5t me?od ( />t+ is adopt$4 ,9 splic+ a ?imble into a crane rope or a trawl-w>p1 two ropes 9 :i* x is v advisable to put left-h&$ splices1 x is unusual to put any seiz+ on ! neck2 in/ead1 ! rope is splic$ "r d[n to ! ?imble4 ,s]ve suffici5t rope to g r\nd ! ?imble only1 leav+ out suffici5t end = ! splice4 ,turn 9 & screw up v tight 9 ! vice1 make fa/ at ! neck1 z be=e describ$1 fa/5 ! rope up ) ! ?imble hang+ d[nw>ds1 & op5 out ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,left-h&$ ,splice1 all ,ends ,tuck$ ,once4 ,diff]5t splic]s h diff]5t ways ( />t+1 b a v good me?od is z foll[s3 ,turn to ,fig4 #aha1 &1 tak+ ! /r& 9 ! rope ne>e/ ! po9t m>k$ ,c1 op5 x out ) ! spike4 ,select ! end t is ne>e/ to x1 :i* w be ! inside middle "o ( ! bun*1 br+ x ?r\gh to ! "r h&1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahd1 & =ce x d[n well4 ,/ill keep+ ! spike ?r\gh ! same /r&1 select ! middle /r& end1 on ! outside ( ! bun*1 & put x ?r\gh ! same ap]ture1 b 9 ! opposite direction--t is1 left-h&$4 ,( ! f\r /r&s n[ rema9+1 fir/ take ! two at ! "r1 & put ea* end ?r\gh its ne>e/ /r&s1 "r-h&$1 z at ,b ,c 7,fig4 #ahe71 & ! o!r two at ! left1 & tuck !m ?r\gh _! ne>e/ neighb\rs1 left-h&$4 ,!re is n[ an end com+ out betwe5 ea* /r&1 & if ! rope is n[ tak5 d[n & hamm]$ well at ?is "p1 a v neat />t+ is =m$4 ,all t rema9s n[ is v simple2 j keep work+ r\nd to ! left1 tuck+ ea* end z x is rea*$ ov] its neighb\r & "u ! next "o4 ,"w 8ov] & "u0 all ! way1 until ea* end is tuck$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,! appe>ance ( ! splice w be improv$ if ! ends are halv$ be=e tak+ ! f9al tuck4 ,if ! /r&s ( ! rope to be splic$ are v h>d & /iff1 x w p]haps be difficult to pull 9 ! ends q snug4 ,to get ov] ?is difficulty1 be=e tuck+ give ea* /r& a %>p b5d close to ! rope1 9 ! direction 9 :i* x has to be tuck$1 :5 x w spr+ into its place ) comp>atively little pull+4 ,:5 all ! ends are tuck$1 hamm] ! splice well1 z t makes ! wires knit m into "o ano!r1 & consequ5tly increases ! 8bite40 ,all t rema9s n[ is to cut ! ends (f1 & s]ve ov]1 f9i%+ at ! ?imble4 ,x is a good plan to take ! splice d[n n[ & !n dur+ ! process ( tuck+1 & hamm] x well1 z t s]ves to drive out all ! slack at ! ends4 ,long-splic+ is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important =m ( splic+4 ,by its use two pieces ( rope may be jo9$ toge!r1 or a rope may be made endless1 )\t increas+ its ?ickness at ! splice4 ,9 fact1 none b a practis$ eye c disc]n :]e a well-made splice is1 aft] x has be5 made & set runn+1 z all ends are completely hidd54 ,ability to splice well 9 ?is /yle comm&s _m good jobs at colli]ies 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,s\? ,african m9es4 ,( c\rse1 9 long-splic+1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 diff]5t m5 h diff]5t /yles4 ,suppose1 = example1 a colli]y haul+ rope is to be splic$1 & t x works endless f a haul+ eng9e to a t]m9al return pulley1 m\nt$ on ! t5sion bogie2 suppose also t ! rope has be5 put 9 position1 ) ! ends left at ! mo/ conv5i5t place ready = splic+4 ,if #fj ft4 ( end is available = ! splice1 decide on t l5g?1 &1 measur+ ab\t #dj ft4 f ea* end1 make ! rope fa/ to ! rails at "o side1 & at ! o!r side fix a block & tackle1 & haul 9 e bit ( slack ly+ on ! haul+ road1 tak+ especial c>e t ! t5sion bogie is pull$ "r up to ! top ( ! t5sion 8ways40 ,?is is a v important consid]ation1 because if1 ?r\gh ! rope /ret*+1 ! t5sion pulley got d[n to its limit be=e ! rope 0 worn out1 x w\ld necessitate cutt+ ! rope & mak+ a new splice1 or op5+ out ! old splice & re-splic+ !re aga9 aft] %ort5+ ! rope4 ,:]e practicable1 h ! t5sion ( a suffici5t l5g? t by ! "t x gets to its limit !re is suffici5t l5g? ( rope to make a new splice1 9 case ! old "o is f\nd to be giv+ way4 ,"s ropes /ret* m ?an o!rs 9 work+1 & x is difficult to say accurately h[ mu* p] c5t4 a rope w /ret*1 z mu* dep5ds on ! way ! rope has be5 made4 ,h[ev]1 ! l>g] ! hemp5 core inside ! rope or ! %ort] ! lay or spiral twi/ ! m ! /ret*4 ,x is wise1 !re=e1 :5 splic+ a new rope nev] to give any slack away4 ,hav+ got ! rope haul$ z tight z possible1 c>efully measure #cj ft4 f ea* end ( ! rope1 & !re tie a /rong :ipp+4 ,x is important t ^! :ipp+s %\ld be put on ea* rope at a di/ance :i* %all ensure t !y w easily come q up to ea* o!r :5 ! two ends are jo9$ toge!r4 ,next1 take ! :ipp+s (f ! extreme ends ( rope & op5 out ! /r&s4 ,"s splic]s d ?is 9 pairs2 o!rs simply halve ! rope1 op5+ x out 9 two bun*es ( ?ree /r&s ea*4 ,a bett] way1 consid]+ lay+ !m 9 aga91 is to op5 out "o /r&1 !n miss "o & op5 out ! next to t1 !n miss ano!r & take ! next "o aga94 ,!re are n[ ?ree s+le /r&s op5$ out to ! :ipp+ at #cj ft4 f ! end1 & betwe5 ea* ( ^! /r&s !re is "o /r& unop5$4 ,?is "w mu/ be done at ea* end ( ! rope1 ( c\rse4 ,tak+ ^! two bun*es ( ?ree unop5$ /r&s1 cut !m (f ab\t #f 94 f ! :ipp+ & ?r[ !m on "o side4 ,op5 out ! #f 941 obta9+ ?ree /r&s #cj ft4 long1 & betwe5 ea* pair is a /r& #f 94 long1 ) ! same l5g? ( core project+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! rope4 ,jo9 ! two ends toge!r z 9 ,fig4 #agh 7p4 #ace71 tak+ c>e 9 e case to h ! /r&s plac$ s t a long /r& w fall 9 :]e a %ort "o comes out1 & at ! same "t pull out betwe5 ! /r&s ! two %ort pieces ( core ,a ,b4 ,place help]s on ea* side to pull on ! long /r&s1 z 9 a tug ( w>1 & aft] cutt+ ! two :ipp+s ,c get ! help]s to pull 9 opposite directions1 until ! two ropes are jamm$ close up to ea* o!r1 ) ! /r&s ready to fall naturally into ! lay ( ! rope4 ,if ?is is n done prop]ly1 or if ! rope is all[$ to slip back1 ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ splice w be spoil$ by an unsightly long place 9 ! lay4 ,next clamp or securely tie ! ?ree long /r&s at "o side to ! rope1 & proce$ to lay ! o!r ?ree long /r&s into place4 ,select a long /r& & ! %ort "o t t\*es x1 op5 out ! %ort /r&1 & lay ! long "o 9 its place4 ,keep on do+ t until all b #e ft4 ( ! long /r& has be5 laid 92 !n /op & lock ^! two /r&s toge!r by cross+ !m1 s t !y w n op5 out4 ,n[ measure back #e ft4 on ! /r& j op5$ out & cut ! re/ (f1 z only #e ft4 w be ne$$ on ea* end4 ,op5 out ano!r %ort /r&1 at ! same "t lay+ 9 a long "o1 to ! l5g? ( #ae ft4 only1 & ! next long /r& mu/ be laid 9 j #e ft4 ,n[ release ! o!r ?ree /r&s made fa/ to ! rope1 & treat !m 9 ! same way1 lay+ 9 a long /r& :]e a %ort "o is tak5 out4 ,make all ! ends #e ft4 long1 putt+ a small :ipp+ on ea* be=e cutt+ to prev5t op5+ out1 :5 ! splice w be z 9 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,long ,splice1 all ,ends ready = ,tuck+4 ,!re are n[ twelve /r& ends1 #e ft4 long1 :i* mu/ be work$ into ! inside ( ! rope & completely hidd52 b be=e ?is "s l5g?s ( ?9 bagg+ mu/ be prep>$1 ab\t #b 94 wide1 or1 fail+ t1 get "s ?9 y>n1 :i* mu/ be wrapp$ securely & ev5ly r\nd ea* /r& = ab\t #b ft4 or #c ft4 f ! end4 ,/rips ( bagg+ are ! bett]1 & c be exp$iti\sly put on by gett+ ea* help] to wrap an end4 ,?is gives ! out] /r&s some?+ to knit or b$ into :5 ! hemp5 core is tak5 out ( ! c5tre ( ! rope & ! /eel /r& ends are work$ 94 ,aft] consid]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! size ( ! hemp5 core & ( ! out] /r&s1 necessitat$1 ( c\rse1 by ! spiral =m ( ! out] /r&s1 x w be obvi\s t ! 8bite0 ( ! out] on ! inn] /r&s w\ld be v little inde$ if ! ends 7 work$ 9 b>e4 ,:5 all ! ends are wrapp$ & cut to su* a l5g? t !y j butt aga9/ ea* o!r :5 work$ inside ! rope1 ! "w is ready = tuck+4 ,take hold ( ! piece ( hemp5 core ,a 7,fig4 #ahf7 & pull x out j to pa/ ! fir/ jo9t--t is1 ! two ends #a & #a4 ,9 all probability1 if ! rope is l>ge or r h>d laid1 ?is w be difficult1 unless a tap]$ r\nd spike is driv5 ?r\gh ! two /r&s imm$iately beh9d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,mak+ ,r\nd ,jo9t4 ,/r& #a has n[ to be work$ inside ! rope :]e ! core came out4 ,to d t1 take a flat tuck+ spike & drive x ?r\gh ! /r&s #a & ! next "o ) ! po9t com+ out & cov]+ /r& #a4 ,twi/ ! spike r\nd 9 ! lay ( ! rope1 &1 ( c\rse1 t[>ds ! orig9al jo9t ,b 9 ! splice2 b s manipulate ! spike1 or 8tuck]10 t /r& #a w fall into ! inside ( ! rope imm$iately ! work] />ts to twi/1 z at ,c 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,:5 work+ a /r& f ! outside to ! inside ( a rope x %\ld be done %ort1 %>p1 & at once4 ,good jo9ts mu/ be made %ort1 = !n ! twi/s 9 ! /r&s s unite ) "o ano!r z to make x appe> z ?\gh !y 7 bl5d$ into "o /r&4 ,! 8p>tn]0 /r& to ! "o j work$ 9--t is1 /r& #a--mu/ next be tuck$ out ( sight1 b be=e t c be done x w be necess>y to consid] t if ! wires 9 ! /r& are spun or twi/$ 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! rope is 8laid0 or 8clos$10 !n an ord9>y rope is =m$4 ,b if ! wires & ! /r&s are bo? twi/$ 9 ! same direction !re is =m$ a make ( rope commonly call$ a 8,langs0 or 8,alb]t0 laid rope4 ,9 ,figs4 #agi to #ahe ord9>y ropes are illu/rat$1 b 9 ,figs4 #agh1 #ahf1 & #ahg ,langs ropes are %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,half-r\nd ,top-,swage4 ,9 an ord9>y rope ! /r&s are tuck$ into ! inside1 side by side at ! jo9t1 :i* is kn[n z a 8flat jo9t10 :ile 9 ! case ( a ,langs rope ! /r&s are cross$ ov] ea* o!r at ! jo9t1 & ?is is kn[n z a r\nd jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--,wire ,rope ,clamp4 ,fig4 #ahg also illu/rates a good way to place ! spikes to "w 9 /r& #a & make a r\nd jo9t4 ,ea* spike is driv5 ?r\gh two /r&s1 &1 z %[n1 ,a is ! lead+ spike :i* tucks ! /r& into its place1 :ile ,b is us$ simply to comb9e ) ,a 9 mak+ ! jo9t & =c+ ! /r& #a into ! c5tre ( ! rope4 ,?is is effect$ by plac+ ! /r& betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! two spikes & twi/+ !m up 9 opposite directions4 ,if ! spike ,a is twi/$ up t[>ds ! work]1 & spike ,b 9 ! opposite direction1 ! obvi\s result is t ! po9ts ( ! two spikes come d[n1 & simply cru% /r& #a into ! c5tre ( ! rope4 ,!n g on twi/+ spike ,a along ! lay1 & spike ,b c be pull$ out z soon z ! work] gets away f ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--,l9k ,socket4 ,if ^! jo9ts are closely & neatly made1 ea* 9 its own way1 ! two /r&s =m+ ! jo9t knit into ea* o!r's lay or twi/1 & w be sc>cely noticeable4 ,! above op]ation mu/1 ( c\rse1 be repeat$ until all ! ends are tuck$ into ! inside ( ! rope4 ,tuck !m 9 z numb]$ 9 ,fig4 #ahf1 namely #a1 #a1 #b1 #b1 & s on4 ,be v p>ticul> 9 see+ t ! ends exactly butt ea* o!r1 or a lump results on ! splice2 if !y d n butt1 ! out] /r&s w s9k 94 ,:5 all ! ends are prop]ly tuck$1 ! long splice is practically complet$1 b x w improve matt]s to r\nd (f all jo9ts & unev5 places ) a half-r\nd top-swage1 ab\t ! same diamet] z ! rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--,side ,view ( ,socket4 ,fig4 #aib4--,socket ,op5$ ,out4 ,ab\t all ! tools necess>y = long-splic+ are two flat spikes or tuck]s & "o r\nd "o1 ea* say #ah 94 long1 a sl$ge & set = cutt+ ! rope & /r&s1 a h& hamm] = driv+ 9 ! spikes1 a /rong pair ( cutt+ pli]s & ! top-swage 7,fig4 #ahh74 ,a v useful wire rope clamp is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,socket 9 ,wire ,rope4 ,9 addition to ! me?od ( fitt+ atta*m5ts to wire ropes by means ( splic+1 z already describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 !re is ! me?od ( socket+1 %oe+1 or capp+1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! r\gh product ( ! colli]y black-smi?1 9 ! %ape ( ! common l9k socket1 & ! highly f9i%$ ca/-/eel socket or ! turn$ /eel socket ( ! eng9e]2 & 9 conclud+ ?is *apt] x is purpos$ to deal ) !m all4 ,fig4 #aij is a view ( ! ord9>y l9k socket1 (t5 us$ at colli]ies z a means ( tempor>ily repair+ a brok5 rope4 ,a :ipp+ ( s(t wire or spun y>n is put on ea* end ( ! rope1 & a few wires !n b5t %>ply back ov] ! :ipp+ & cut (f an in* or two %ort] ?an ! socket t fits ov] !m4 ,! re/ ( ! rope-end is cut (f z close to ! :ipp+ z possible1 & ! sockets1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are ready op5$1 are put on1 hamm]$ d[n close1 & firmly cl9*$ ) ?ree rivets4 ,a v common socket 9 ev]yday use is %[n by ,figs4 #aia to #aic2 ?is is pr9cipally us$ on haulage ropes & %ips' /e]+-ge>4 ,! eye may be ( ei!r r\nd or squ>e section1 ! latt] be+ ! /ronge/ & be/4 ,z a rule1 ^! sockets are fix$ on ! rope by means ( rivets only1 b :5 atta*$ to w9d+ ropes !y are secur$ ) /rong /eel hoops1 :i* are =g$ to make a close fit at int]m$iate di/ances on ! socket1 z 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,hoop$ ,w9d+ ,rope ,socket4 ,sometimes hoops are us$ 9 conjunction ) rivets4 ,:5 a hoop$ socket leaves ! black-smi?'s %op1 ! hoops %\ld be a close fit at equal di/ances on ! socket2 & z a guide to replac+ !m correctly1 bo? socket & hoops %\ld be pop-m>k$ ) a c5tre-pun* z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--,prep>+ ,bulb on ,wire ,rope ,end4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! wire rope = ^! sockets is ! same :e!r hoops or rivets are us$4 ,fir/ put a /rong wire :ipp+ on ! rope at ab\t ! l5g? ( ! socket f ! rope-end4 ,untwi/ ! wires ( ! "p left ov] & /raight5 !m out 7see ,fig4 #aie72 !n b5d !m %>ply back1 "o or two at a "t1 ov] ! :ipp+ & ov] ! rope4 ,if ! rope has a wire core 9 ! c5tre1 ! wires =m+ x %\ld be b5t back ! same z ! outside wires2 b if ! core is ( hemp1 x mu/ be cut (f close to ! :ipp+4 ,aft] hamm]+ snug & close1 all ^! wires h to be cut to a diff]5t l5g?1 s z to =m a tap]$ bulb correspond+ to ! tap]$ cavity inside ! socket4 ,cut ! longe/ wires an in* or two %ort] ?an ! l5g? ( ! socket1 measur+ f ,a to ,b 7,fig4 #aic71 & gradually make ! o!r wires %ort] & %ort] all ! way t[>ds ! end4 ,^! wires mu/ n[ be tightly & closely s]v$ ) s(t copp] wire or spun y>n1 us+ ! s]v+-mallet already describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,= common "w spun y>n is us$1 & = ! be/ class ( "w s(t copp] wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,f9i%$ ,bulb on ,wire ,rope ,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,set-hamm] = ,tight5+ ,hoops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,solid ,socket ) ,clos$ ,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--,solid ,socket ) ,clos$ ,end4 ,9 b5d+ back ! wires1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to ensure _! be+ b5t equally all r\nd ! rope & n m]ely at ! top & bottom or on "o side only4 ,! object is to =m on ! end ( ! rope a bulb :i* w completely fill ! cavity inside ! socket4 ,to d ?is1 ! op]ator %\ld "w ) ! clos$ socket beside him & take ! measurem5t ( ! inside ( ! socket at bo? ends ) a pair ( inside callip]s1 & ! size ( ! bulb z x progresses ) outside callip]s1 comp>+ ! two4 ,! socket may h be5 made r l>ge inside1 9 :i* case x w be necess>y to put on two or m lay]s ( s]v+ to br+ ! bulb to ! requir$ size4 ,! rope %\ld !n appe> z 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! eye ( ! socket mu/ n[ be made r$-hot4 ,cool d[n all b ! extreme back ( ! eye ,a 7,fig4 #aib7 by ! application ( wat]1 & op5 ! socket out suffici5tly to all[ ( ! bulb be+ pu%$ into place4 ,let ! end ( ! bulb come j to ! %\ld] ,a 7,fig4 #aic7 ( ! socket2 !n hamm] ! socket on ! anvil1 or screw x up 9 ! vice1 until x is z close z x w g4 ,cool x d[n & drive 9 ! rivets1 cl9*+ !m well1 ) a big /rong head on ea* side1 = :i* purpose ! holes mu/ be well c\nt]sunk4 ,! rivets %\ld be made ( good rivet+ iron or ( mild /eel4 ,a prop]ly fill$ socket %\ld %[1 :5 f9i%$1 a -94 op5+ betwe5 ! jaws d[n its full l5g? on bo? sides 7see ,figs #aic & #aid71 :i* w\ld prove t ! socket 0 prop]ly gripp+ ! bulb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,plan ( ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,elevation ( a ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,ano!r ,elevation ( a ,solid ,socket ) ,op5 ,end4 ,:5 fitt+ a hoop$ socket1 fir/ pop-m>k ! p>ts1 !n remove ! hoops & ?read !m on to ! rope1 ! smalle/ fir/ & ! o!rs 9 ord]2 !y are ?us easily return$ to _! prop] places4 ,z soon z ! hoops are replac$1 ! socket %\ld be tak5 out ( ! vice & held end d[n on a block or anvil :ile ! hoops are driv5 tightly home ) a set-hamm] 7,fig4 #aig7 & sl$ge4 ,to give a bett] f9i%1 & to prev5t ! hoops f work+ back or wet f ent]+1 !y are sometimes caulk$ on ! tap]$ side ,a 7,fig4 #aid7 ) a caulk+ set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--,rivet$ ,flat ,rope ,socket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,cramp$ ,flat ,rope ,socket4 ,= crane ropes or colli]y w9d+ ropes1 /eel sockets are sometimes ca/ solid1 "s ) clos$ eyes = ! ,d %ackle1 z 9 ,figs4 #aih & #aii1 & o!rs ) op5 ends ) holes = a slott$ p91 z 9 ,figs4 #bjj to #bjb1 ! two latt] be+ side views ( alt]native %apes4 ,! =m %[n by ,figs4 #aih & #aii is ! m difficult to fit1 z x is obvi\s t ! rope mu/ fir/ be pu%$ ?r\gh ! socket & br\ght out at "o side ( ! eye be=e ! bulb c be =m$1 :5 x has to be ei!r pull$ or hamm]$ back until x is q tight 9 ! socket4 ,aft] ! bulb ( ^! solid sockets has be5 pull$ or driv5 into place1 x is usual to drive a r\nd tap]$ copp] plug into ! core ( ! bulb1 to solidify x & increase its grip ) ! socket4 ,sometimes molt5 :ite metal is p\r$ 9 to fill up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! rope & ! socket4 ,! hole at ! small end ( ^! sockets is made only a v little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! rope1 s t x is impossible = ! bulb to pull ?r\gh if prop]ly made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--,socket ,cramp4 ,flat wire ropes1 :i* are n mu* us$ n[1 also h to be socket$1 z !y _c be splic$4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( fix+ flat rope sockets1 v>y+ ) ! /ra9 & ! conditions "u :i* !y "w4 ,! mo/ usual me?od is to b5d ! wire ends back equally on bo? sides to make ! bulb fit ! inside ( ! socket1 & to secure ) a lib]al supply ( rivets 7see ,fig4 #bjc74 ,= /rong] "w1 ! rope-end1 aft] be+ cut (f squ>e1 is b5t r\nd ! %ackle p91 & ! socket made to grip bo? ! rope & its end1 ! :ole be+ firmly secur$ by means ( /rong iron clamps & bolts 7see ,figs4 #bjd & #bje74 ,9 ord] to drive ! rivets ?r\gh ! compress$ rope aft] ! socket is tight5$1 x is necess>y to make ! way easy = !m by driv+ 9 tap]$ spikes ( ! %ape %[n by ,figs4 #bjf & #bjg4 ,^! require a hole 9 ! end to take ! end ( a /\t m>l9espike1 = ! purpose ( )draw+ !m f ! hole4 ,!y mu/ be made ( mild /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjf & #bjg4--,rivet+ ,spikes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--,rivet4 ,! be/ =m ( rivet is %[n by ,fig4 #bjh2 x mu/ be made long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! socket1 to all[ = cl9*+ ! o!r head4 ,,index4 ,alb]t ,laid ,rope1 #adg ,arm ,gaskets1 #ig ,artificial ,eye on ,rope ,end1 #ih ,artill]yman's ,r+ ,knot1 #di ,b& ,driv+ ,rope1 #acc 8,becket10 #ajg ,belay+1 #ajc ---- ,cleat1 #ajc ---- ,p91 #ajc ,bellr+]'s ,knot1 #hh 8,b5d10 #aj ---- ,%ort5+1 #eb ,b5d+ ,rope to ,loop1 #ch ,b5ds1 #cd-db ,bessem] ,/eel ,wire ,rope1 ,safe ,load on1 #ab ,bight ( ,rope1 ,def9ition (1 #ae1 #af ,blackwall ,hit*1 #ci ,block1 ,secur+1 to ,rope1 #fe ----1 ,/ropp+1 #ajg ,blood ,knot1 #ae ,boat ,f5d]1 #ajd1 #aje ---- ---- ) ,ropey>n ,he>t1 #aje ---- ,knot1 ,%ort5+1 #eg ---- ,r+ ,knot1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,boatswa9's ,*air1 #aca ,b[ ,knot1 #ai ,b[l9e on ,bight1 #bh ---- ,knot1 #bg ,build]'s ,d\ble ,knot1 #cb ---- ,knot1 #cj1 #ca1 #dg ,bulb1 ,prep>+1 on ,wire ,rope1 #aea ,bunt ,gaskets1 #ig ,bunt+ ,fr+e1 #aae ,buoy ,rope ,knot1 #gd ,cable ,splice1 #ib1 #ic ,cable-laid ,rope1 #aj1 #aa ,calf ,knot1 #ah ,c ,sl+1 #hj1 #ha ,capp+ ,wire ,rope1 #aej ,cap/an ,r+ ,knot1 #di ,c>rick ,b5d1 #cg ,catspaw1 #cf1 #fc1 #fe ,*a9 ,knot = ,la%+1 #ei1 #fj ---- ---- ,%ort5+1 #eb ---- ---- ,d\ble1 #eh ,*a9 ,la%+s = ,poles & ,l$g]s1 #aca ,*air1 ,boatswa9's1 #acb ,*eck ,knot1 #bd ,*ocks = ,rope ,ladd]s1 #aaf ,clamp1 ,wire ,rope1 #adh ,cleat1 ,belay+1 #ajc ,clews1 ,hammock1 #abh ----1 ,sail1 #cg ,clove-,hit*1 #cb1 #dg ,cocoanut ,fibre ,rope1 #aj ,coir ,rope1 #aj ,colli]y ,b& ,rope1 #acc ,cordage1 ,work+1 #if-abd ,cotton ,ropes1 #aj ---- ----1 ,splic+1 #ic ,crabb]'s ,eye ,knot1 #bg ,cramp1 ,socket1 #aee ,cramp$ ,flat ,rope ,socket1 #aee ,crane ,rope1 ,splic+ ,?imble into1 #ada ,cross ,la%+1 #fj ,cr[n ,knot or ,cr[n+1 #fg1 #fh1 #aaa ,crucible ,/eel ,wire ,rope1 ,safe ,load on1 #ab ,cut ,splice1 #ib ,dalliance ,knot1 #hc ,dav5port ,bro!rs' ,knot1 #hf-hg ,delay ,knot1 #di ,diamond ,knot1 #ga1 #gb ---- ----1 ,d\ble1 #gb ---- ----1 ,s+le1 #gb ,dog%anks ,%ort5+ ,knot1 #ed ,d\ble ,boat ,r+ ,knot1 #de ---- ,*a9 ,knot1 ,%ort5+1 #eh ---- ,diamond ,knot1 #gb ---- ,l>k's ,head ,r+ ,knot1 #dg ---- ,pit*] ,knot1 #gi ,end ,seiz+1 #if ,eye1 ,artificial1 on ,rope ,end1 #ih ----1 ,flemi%1 #ig ---- ,knots1 #bd-bi ----1 ,left-h&$1 ,splic+1 #ada ---- ,seiz+1 #if ---- ,splice1 #ib ---- ,wire ,rope ,splice1 #acd1 #ace ,fairlead]1 #ajc ,fancy ,knots1 #ff-hh ,f5d]1 ,boat's1 #ajd1 #aje ,fid = ,rope ,splic+1 #ia ,figure-(-,eight ,knot1 #af ,fi%]man's ,b5d1 #cd ---- ,eye ,knot1 #bd ---- ,knot1 #ba ,flat ,hemp ,rope1 ,weight (1 #ab ---- ,rope ,sockets1 #aee ,flemi% ,eye1 #ig ---- ---- ,knot1 #bf ---- ,knot1 #af1 #ba ,f\r-/r&$ ,ropes1 #aj 8,foxes0 = ,mat ,mak+1 #aba ,fr5* ,s5nit1 #ig ---- ,%r\d ,knot1 #gc ,fr+e1 ,bunt+1 #aae ,gaskets1 #ig ,granny ,knot1 #ah ,grommet1 ,splic+1 #ic-ie1 #ih ,gunn]'s ,r+ ,knot1 #di ,halli>d ,b5d1 ,topsail1 #ce ,hamm]1 ,set1 = ,tight5+ ,rope1 #aed ,hammock ,clew1 #abh ---- ,mak+1 #abe-abi ----1 ,me% ,/ick = ,mak+1 #abe ---- ,me%es1 #abg ----1 ,me%+1 #abf ----1 ,nett+1 #abe ----1 ---- ,ne$le = ,mak+1 #abe ----1 ,sl++1 #abe ,haws]-laid ,rope1 #aa ,hemp ,rope1 ,safe ,load on1 #ab ---- ----1 ,%eave on1 #ab ---- ----1 ,weight (1 #ab ,h]mann's ,trick ,knot1 #ah ,hide ,rope1 #aj 8,hit*10 #aj ,hit*es1 #cj-cd ,hook1 ,m\s+1 #ajf ,hoop$ ,socket1 ,fitt+1 #aea ---- ,w9d+ ,rope ,socket1 #aej ,j> ,sl+1 #hj1 #ha ,jury ,knot1 #gi ,killick ,hit*1 #cb 8,knittles10 #aje ,knot1 ,artill]yman's ,r+1 #di ----1 ,bellr+]'s1 #hh ----1 ,blood1 #ae ----1 ,boat ,%ort5+1 #eg ----1 ---- ,r+1 #dc-de ----1 ,b[1 #ai ----1 ,b[l9e1 #bg ----1 ,build]'s1 #cj1 #ca1 #dg ----1 ---- ,d\ble1 #cb ----1 ,buoy ,rope1 #gd ----1 ,calf1 #ah ----1 ,cap/an ,r+1 #di ----1 ,*a9 ,%ort5+1 #eb ----1 ,*eck1 #bd ----1 ,crabb]'s ,eye1 #bg ----1 ,cr[n1 #fg1 #fh1 #aaa ----1 ,dalliance1 #hc ----1 ,dav5port ,bro!rs'1 #hf1 #hg ----1 ,delay1 #di ----1 ,diamond1 #ga1 #gb ----1 ,dog%anks ,%ort5+1 #ed ----1 ,d\ble ,boat ,r+1 #de ----1 ---- ,*a9 ,%ort5+1 #eh ----1 ---- ,diamond1 #gb ----1 ---- ,l>k's ,head ,r+1 #dg ----1 ---- ,pit*]1 #gi ----1 ,eye1 #bd-bi ----1 ,fancy1 #ff-hh ----1 ,figure-(-eight1 #af ----1 ,fi%]man's1 #ba ----1 ---- ,eye1 #bd ----1 ,flemi%1 #af1 #ba ----1 ---- ,eye1 #ig ----1 ,fr5* ,%r\d1 #gc ----1 ,granny1 #ah ----1 ,gunn]'s ,r+1 #di ----1 ,h]mann's ,trick1 #ah ----1 ,jury1 #gi ----1 ,l>k ,boat ,r+1 #dd ----1 ,l>k's ,head ,r+1 #de-dg ----1 ,lubb]'s1 #ah ----1 ,manh>ness ,r+1 #di ----1 ,manrope1 #fi1 #aab ----1 ,mat!w ,walk]1 #gj1 #ga ----1 ,moor+1 #di ----1 ,nett]'s1 #bj ----1 ,op5h&1 #ai ----1 ---- ,eye1 #be ----1 ,ov]h&1 #ae1 #ai1 #ba ----1 ,pack+1 #fa ----1 ,pit*]1 #gg1 #gi ----1 ,portuguese1 #fa1 #aji ----1 ,puzzle1 #gi ----1 ,reef1 #ag ----1 ,r+1 #dc-eb ----1 ,rosette1 #ai ----1 ,runn+ ,eye1 #bd ----1 ,sailor's1 #ag1 #ah ---- ---- ,backh&$ ,r+1 #dh ----1 ---- ,r+1 #di ----1 ,security (1 #aj ----1 ,%amrock1 #ha1 #hc ----1 ,%eep%anks ,%ort5+4 #ed ----1 ,%ort5+1 #eh ----1 ,%r\d1 #gb1 #gc ----1 ,s+le ,diamond1 #gb ----1 ---- ,pit*]1 #gg ----1 ,slip ,eye1 #bd ----1 ,slipp] ,r+1 #dc ----1 ,spritsail ,%eet1 #gc ----1 ,/af=d%ire1 #af ----1 ,/ation]'s1 #db ----1 ,/opp]1 #ae1 #fg ----1 ,tack1 #fi1 #gj ----1 ,?umb1 #bj ----1 ,tom ,fool's1 #gg ----1 ,treble ,l>k's ,head ,r+1 #dg ----1 ,trick1 #ah1 #gi1 #hc-hg ----1 ,true1 #ag ----1 8,true-,lov]'s10 #gi ----1 ,turk's ,head1 #ge-gg ----1 ,twi/ ,%ort5+1 #ec ----1 ,wall1 #ff1 #fi1 #aaj1 #aaa ----1 ,weav]'s1 #bj ----1 ,w$d+1 #ei ----1 ,:ipcord1 #bc ,knott+1 ,mat]ial = ,practis+1 #ac ,ladd] ,*ocks1 #aaf ---- ,rope1 #aaf-aba ---- ,r\nds1 #aaf ,lanca%ire ,sy/em ( ,splic+ ,cotton ,ropes1 #ic ,langs-laid ,rope1 #adg ,lany>d1 #ajd ,l>k ,boat ,r+ ,knot1 #dd ---- ,r+ ,knot ) ,cross$ ,ends1 #df ,l>k's ,head ,r+ ,knot1 #de-dg ---- ---- ---- ---- ,/opp]$1 #de ,la%+1 ,*a91 = ,poles & ,l$g]s1 #aca ----1 ,cross1 #fj ----1 ,regulat+1 #da ----1 ,rope1 = ,poles & ,l$g]s1 #aca ,la%+s & ,ties1 #ei-fe ---- = ,scaffold+1 #acj-acb ,l$g] & ,pole ,la%+s1 #aca ,left-h&$ ,eye-,splic+1 #ada ---- ,rope ,splic+1 #ace ,l9k ,socket1 #aej ,long-splic+1 #ia1 #ace1 #adc1 #adf ,loop ,%ort5+1 #eb ,lov]s' ,knot1 ,true1 #gi ,lubb]'s ,knot1 #ah ,magnus ,hit*1 #cc ,ma9/ay1 #aji ,mallet1 ,s]v+1 us$ 9 ,rope ,splic+1 #ajb1 #acg ,manh>ness ,r+ ,knot1 #di ,manilla-grass ,rope1 #aj ,manrope ,knot1 #fi1 #aab ,m>l9espike = ,rope ,splic+1 #ia ---- ,hit*1 #ci ,m>l+1 #ajb 8,m>ry+0 ,wire ,rope ,splice1 #ace ,mason's ,:ipp+1 #fh ,mat ,mak+1 #aba-abd ----1 ,sword1 #abb ----1 ,?rumm+1 #abb ,mat!w ,walk] ,knot1 #gj1 #ga ,me% ,/ick us$ 9 ,hammock ,mak+1 #abe ,me%es1 ,*a9 (1 #abg ,me%+ 9 ,hammock ,mak+1 #abf ,middle ,seiz+1 #if ,mid%ipman's ,hit*1 #ci ,moor+ ,knot1 #di ,m\s+ a ,hook1 #ajf ,necklace ,tie1 #fj ,nett]'s ,knot1 #bj ,nett+ ( ,hammocks1 #abe ---- ,ne$le1 #abe 8,nettles10 #aje ,nipp]+1 #fb ,op5h& ,eye ,knot1 #be ---- ,knot1 #ai ,ov]h& ,knot1 #ae ---- ,knot ,jo9+ two ,ropes1 #ba ,pack+1 #fb ---- ,knot1 #fj ,p>cell+1 #ajj ,pilot ,ladd]1 #abj ,pit*] ,knot1 ,d\ble1 #gi ---- ----1 ,s+le1 #gg ,p91 ,belay+1 #ajc ,po9t+ ,end ( ,yoke ,l9e1 #aab ---- ,rope1 #ajg1 #ajh ,pole & ,l$g] ,la%+s1 #aca ,portuguese ,knot1 #fa1 #aji ,prick] us$ 9 ,rope ,splic+1 #ia ,putlogs1 ,la%+s =1 #aca ,puzzle ,knot1 #gi ,qu>t] ,gaskets1 #ig ,rack+ ,hit*1 #cf ,raumur ,exp]im5ts on ! ,/r5g?s ( ,ropes1 #ac ,reef ,knot1 #ag ,regulat+ ,la%+1 #da ,"r-h&$ ,splic+1 #ace-adj ,r+ ,knots1 #dc-eb ,rivet$ ,flat ,rope ,sockets1 #aee ,rivet+ ,spikes1 #aee ,roll+ ,hit*1 #ce ,rope1 ,cable-laid1 #aj ---- ,=mation1 #i ----1 ,f\r-/r&$1 #aj ---- ,ladd]1 #aaf-aba ---- ,mak+1 ,pr9ciple (1 #ab1 #ac ---- ,mat]ials1 #aj ----1 ,me?od ( ,measur+1 #aa ----1 ,sizes (1 #aa ---- ,sockets1 ,flat1 #aee ---- ,splic+1 #hi-ie ----1 ,?ree-/r&$1 #aj ----1 ,weight (1 #ab ,ropey>n ,he>t1 ,f5d] )1 #aje ,rosette ,knot1 #ai ,r\nd ,seiz+1 #if1 #ig ,rungs1 ,rope ,ladd]1 #aaf1 #aah ,runn+ ,b[l9e1 #bh ---- ,eye ,knot1 #bd ---- ,knot1 #bi1 #cj ,sailors' ,backh&$ ,r+ ,knot1 #dh ---- ,knot1 #ag1 #ah ---- ,r+ ,knot1 #di ,sally ( ,bellr+]'s ,knot1 #hh ,scaffold+1 ,ties & ,la%+s =1 #acj-acb ,seiz+1 #if ----1 ,end1 #if ----1 ,eye1 #if ----1 ,middle1 #if ----1 ,r\nd1 #if1 #ig ---- ,/uff1 #aa ----1 ,?roat1 #if ---- ,wire1 #adj ,selvagee1 #ih1 #ii ,s5nit1 #ig ----1 ,fr5*1 #ig ,s]v+1 #ajb ---- ,mallet1 #ajc1 #acg ---- ,wire ,rope1 #acf ,set-hamm] = ,tight5+ ,rope1 #aed ,%amrock ,knot1 #ha1 #hc ,%e>-legs1 #aji ,%eave ( ,hemp ,rope1 #ab ---- ---- ,wire ,rope1 #ab ,%eep%anks ,%ort5+ ,knot1 #ed-ef ---- ,toggl$ ,knot ,%ort5+1 #eg ,%eet ,b5d1 #cg1 #ch ---- ,knot1 ,spritsail1 #gc ,%oe+ ,wire ,rope1 #aej 8,%ort5+s10 #eb ----1 ,b5d1 #eb ----1 ,loop1 #eb ,%r\d ,knot1 #gb1 #gc ---- ----1 ,fr5*1 #gc ,%r\d-laid ,rope1 #aa ,s+le ,diamond ,knot1 #gb ---- ,pit*] ,knot1 #gg ,sizes ( ,ropes1 #aa1 #ac ,sl+ = ,c or ,j>1 #hj1 #ha ,sl++ ,hammocks1 #abe ---- ,plank = use z ,/age1 #acb ,slip ,eye ,knot1 #bd ,slipp] ,r+ ,knot1 #dc ,slipp]y ,hit*1 #cg ,socket1 #aej ---- ,cramp1 #aee ----1 ,fitt+ ,hoop$1 #aee ----1 ,flat ,rope1 #aee ----1 ,hoop$ ,w9d+ ,rope1 #aej ----1 ,l9k1 #aej ----1 ,solid1 ) ,clos$ ,ends1 #aed ----1 ----1 ) ,op5 ,ends1 #aed ,socket+ ,wire ,ropes1 #acc-aee ,splice1 ,cable1 #ib1 #ic ----1 ,cut1 #ib ----1 ,eye1 #ib ----1 ,long1 #ia ----1 ,%ort1 #hi ----1 ,wire ,rope ,eye1 #acd1 #ace ----1 ---- ---- ,long1 #acd ----1 ---- ---- ,%ort1 #acd ,splic+1 #hi-ie ---- ,cotton ,ropes1 #ic ---- ,grommet1 #ic-ie1 #ih ----1 ,long1 #adc-adf ----1 ,me?od ( ,/>t+1 #ada1 #adb ---- ,wire ,ropes1 #acc-aee ,spikes1 ,rivet+1 #aee ---- = ,splic+1 #adh ,spritsail ,%eet ,knot1 #gc ,/af=d%ire ,knot1 #af ,/ages1 ,pa9t]s'1 #acb ,/ation]'s ,knot1 #db ,/eel ,wire ,rope1 ,safe ,load on1 #ab ,/]n ,ladd]1 #aaf ,/ick1 ,me%1 us$ 9 ,hammock ,mak+1 #abe ,/opp] ,knot1 #ae1 #fg ,/r&$ ,ropes1 #aj1 #aa 8,/r&s10 #aj ,/ropp+ ,block1 #ajg ,swage1 ,top1 #adi ,sword ,mat1 #abb ,tack ,knot1 #fi1 #gj ,?imble1 #ajf ----1 ,splic+1 into ,crane ,rope1 #ada ----1 ----1 ---- ,trawl-w>p1 #ada ,?read1 ,/r5g? (1 #ac ,?ree-/r&$ ,rope1 #aj1 #aa ,?roat ,seiz+1 #if ,?rumm+ ,mats1 #abb ,?umb ,knot1 #bj ,ties & ,la%+s1 #ei-fe ---- = ,scaffold+1 #acj-acb ,timb] ,hit*1 #cb ,toe ,*ock = ,rope ,ladd]1 #aaf ,toggle1 #ajd ,tom ,fool's ,knot1 #gg ,topsail ,halli>d ,b5d1 #ce ,top-swage1 #adi ,trawl-w>p1 ,splic+ ,?imble into1 #ada ,treble ,l>k's ,head ,r+ ,knot1 #dg ,trick ,knot1 #ah1 #gi1 #hc-hg ,true ,knot1 #ag ,true-lov]'s ,knot1 #gi ,tuck]s or ,spikes = ,splic+1 #adh ,tuft+ ( ,bellr+]'s ,knot1 #hh ,turk's ,head ,knot1 #ge-gg ,twi/ ,%ort5+ ,knot1 #ec ,wall ,knot1 #ff1 #fi1 #aaj1 #aaa ,weav]'s ,knot1 #bj ,w$d+ ,knot1 #ei ,w$g+ ,scaffold ,la%+s1 #acb ,weight ( ,ropes1 #ab ,:ipp+1 #fa1 #fb ----1 ,we/ ,c\ntry1 #fb1 #fc ,:ipcord ,knot1 #bc ,wire ,rope ,clamp1 #adi ---- ----1 ,safe ,load on1 #ab ---- ---- ,%eave (1 #ab ---- ---- ,socket+1 #adi-aee ---- ---- ,splic+1 #acc-adi ---- ----1 ,weight (1 #ab ,worm+1 #ii 8,y>ns10 #aj ,yoke ,l9es1 #aji ---- ----1 ,fa/5+ ,(f1 #aae ---- ----1 ,po9t+ ,end (1 #aab ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #cj4gje ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes4 #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ simple spell+1 gramm>1 & typographical errors4