,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,miscellaneous ,,circular ,,no4 #gb ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,october1 #aibf ,a ,,decade ,,of ,,negro ,,extension ,,work #aiad-aibd ,illustration3 house ,land ownership and home improvement are vital in developing negro farm life in the ,south4 ,,contents ,page ,agricultural status of the negro #a ,development of negro extension work #c ,early history #c ,order of development #f ,value of cooperative association #h ,evolution of plan #aj ,growth of personnel and finances #ab ,cooperation with other agencies #ac ,club work by negro boys and girls #ad ,the movable school #ae ,stories of achievement #af ,demonstration results #ba ,farm demonstration work #ba ,home demonstration work #bd ,agents' activities #bf ,outlook #bg ,statistics #bh ,a ,,decade ,,of ,,negro ,,extension ,,work1 #aiad-aibd ,by ,o4 ,b4 ,,martin1 in ,charge1 ,southern ,states1 ,office of ,cooperative ,extension ,work ,,agricultural ,,status ,,of ,,the ,,negro ,home ownership is the largest factor in the solution of the so-called negro problem4 ,cooperative extension work1 especially since the comprehensive organization of negro extension agents1 has been one of the greatest influences in encouraging and helping negroes to become landowners and to succeed with land investments4 ,energetic negroes soon learn thrift and have the ability to become good demonstrators4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,negro home remodeled and beautified according to plans and suggestions furnished by the negro extension agent4 ,home ownership and improved living conditions are important factors in obtaining a permanent upbuilding of the negro farm community in the ,south4 ,that negro agents are building well is indicated by their success in influencing the construction of #efi new houses1 the remodeling of #a1jjb old houses1 and the beautification of #a1ccf home grounds during #aibd4 ,in most parts of the ,cotton ,belt it has been possible during the last few years for farmers to make a good living and to make a profit besides4 ,the migration to the ,north has perceptibly slackened1 and thousands of negroes who have been getting good wages as carpenters1 bricklayers1 mechanics1 and other artisans in near-by and distant cities are saving money to buy land4 ,many of them left their families at home and are sending them money for their support and for building savings accounts to be used in buying a farm home4 7,fig4 #a47 ,of course1 a large percentage will remain in the industrial centers of the ,north1 but the negro's love for his folks and for the soil will influence many to begin payments on farms at a time when wages are high and when such crops as cotton1 tobacco1 and peanuts are bringing good prices4 ,negroes1 as a rule1 know how to grow the cash crops1 and it has been found in many sections that negroes succeed with poultry1 truck1 dairying1 and other diversified interests when they own their own small farms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,field demonstration in cultivating cotton4 ,the negro is naturally a farmer and takes a keen interest in putting to use the better practices learned at demonstration meetings4 ,because of the inevitable economic changes resulting from the ,world ,war1 many large plantations have been cut up and sold at low prices4 ,in some sections of the ,south1 chambers of commerce and other business organizations have been promoting campaigns to encourage negroes to become landowners4 ,in #aibj about #bag1ejj negroes in the ,southern ,states owned their farms and about #gjc1ejj were tenants4 ,in some ,states negroes have been buying farms faster than white people1 and the rapid increase of ownership during the last five years is most noticeable4 ,it is not surprising that it has taken a backward race a long time to acquire property and develop farms4 ,it takes white agricultural college graduates quite a while to do that4 ,the next #be years unquestionably will witness a marked contrast to the first quarter of the century in this regard4 ,it is well that the development is taking place along the lines of the negro's training and disposition4 ,all of this confirms the judgment of ,booker ,t4 ,washington1 the negro educator1 who said3 ,the negro is1 in my opinion1 naturally a farmer1 and he is at his very best when he is in close contact with the soil4 7,fig4 #b47 ,there is something in the atmosphere of the farm that develops and strengthens the negro's natural common sense4 ,as a rule1 the negro farmer has a rare gift of getting at the sense of things and of stating in picturesque language what he has learned4 ,the explanation of it is1 it seems to me1 that the negro farmer studies nature4 ,in his own way he studies the soil1 the development of plants and animals1 the streams1 the birds and the changes of the seasons4 ,he has a chance of getting at first-hand the kind of knowledge that is valuable to him4 ,during the last few years many persons from different parts of ,africa have visited this country to study our methods of industrial and agricultural education4 ,some of them have been ,government officials1 some teachers in schools and colleges1 and some missionaries4 ,they represented many different nationalities1 all of which are interested in the welfare of dark-skinned people4 ,such visitors are always interested in ,hampton and ,tuskegee ,institutes and usually have a scholastic point of view when they arrive4 ,on their return1 however1 they are always enthusiastic about the men and women extension agents whose primary responsibility is to reach the farm and home4 ,they see greater significance in demonstrations which proceed from the farm and home to the school than they do in those which go from the school to the farm4 ,they seem to realize that the home is the fundamental unit of civilization and that the agents are the apostles of a better farm and home life1 and therefore return to their work with an optimistic determination to encourage demonstration work in their countries4 ,,development ,,of ,,negro ,,extension ,,work ,,early ,,history ,farmers' cooperative demonstration work was begun in #aijc4 ,at first1 all demonstration agents were white men and women4 ,they enrolled negro demonstrators who followed instructions so faithfully and carefully that they were often more successful than white farmers and home makers4 ,many instances were reported of negro farmers who got started along the pathway of success because of the stimulation of such demonstrations4 ,county agricultural agents often reported that #be per cent of their demonstrators were negroes and that many negroes attended the field meetings and public demonstrations4 ,booker ,t4 ,washington had a prominent part in beginning negro extension work in the ,south4 ,tuskegee ,institute1 which he founded in ,alabama1 already had carried instruction to negro farmers through its faculty1 through farm conferences at ,tuskegee and in local communities1 and through printed bulletins4 ,doctor ,washington also used a 8,jesup wagon10 provided with agricultural equipment to go out among farmers and demonstrate better farming methods4 ,washington1 ,h4 ,b4 ,frissell1 of ,hampton ,institute1 ,va41 and ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 worked out the relation of ,hampton and ,tuskegee ,institutes with the department and made arrangements for the appointment in #aijf of ,t4 ,m4 ,campbell1 of ,tuskegee ,institute1 the first negro demonstration agent1 and of ,j4 ,b4 ,pierce1 of ,hampton ,institute1 a few days later4 ,in speaking of extension work a few years afterwards1 ,washington said3 ,it would be impossible to describe here all the ramifications or all the various forms which this extension work has taken in recent years4 ,the thing that ,i wish to emphasize1 however1 is that we are seeking in this work less to teach 7according to the old-fashioned notion of teaching7 than to improve conditions4 ,his was a spirit of service4 ,in the same connection he expressed in the following excerpt an unusual and unique opinion of the pedagogy of extension work4 ,his experience and his observations constitute a great inspiration for negro extension agents and educators generally4 ,i have sometimes regarded it as a fortunate circumstance that ,i never studied pedagogy4 ,if ,i had done so1 every time ,i attempted to do anything in a new way ,i should have felt compelled to reckon with all the past1 and in my case that would have taken so much time that ,i should never have got anywhere4 ,as it was1 ,i was perfectly free to go ahead and do whatever seemed necessary at the time1 without reference to whether that same thing had ever been done by anyone else at any previous time or not4 ,general ,armstrong1 who founded ,hampton ,institute in ,virginia for ,negroes and ,indians in the reconstruction days immediately following the ,civil ,war1 expressed somewhat the same idea when he said3 ,many teachers seem to me to have disproportionate ideas of the forces that make up man4 99 99 99 ,there is plenty of study of methods and not enough study of men or of the problems of life4 ,negro home demonstration work was also developed through the interest and aid of white agents4 ,white supervisory agents still take sympathetic interest in negro extension activities4 ,in view of the fact that negro women and girls had always done much of the domestic labor in southern homes and because negro schools and colleges had given courses in home economics1 home demonstration work for negroes was started in the best possible environment and atmosphere4 ,many white home demonstration agents and demonstrators took pleasure in giving instruction in gardening1 canning1 and preserving to negro women and girls whom they knew4 ,but1 as the work developed1 it soon became apparent that negro women agents could get access to negro homes better than anybody else1 so negro home demonstration agents began to be appointed4 ,annie ,peters1 of ,boley1 ,okla41 was appointed on ,january #bc1 #aiab1 as the first negro home demonstration agent1 and ,mattie ,holmes1 of ,hampton ,institute1 ,va41 on ,may #bd1 #aiab1 as the second4 ,other appointments followed rapidly4 ,it has been possible to build up an extension organization in the ,south for negro people1 because of such institutions as ,hampton and ,tuskegee4 ,in fact1 the influence of these two major institutions has affected all the schools and colleges where negro agents have been educated4 ,many smaller similar institutions have also contributed much to extension work4 ,table #a gives the percentage of negro men and women extension agents who were graduated from ,tuskegee and ,hampton ,institutes and from the ,state agricultural colleges4 ,,table #a4--,percentage of negro extension agents who are college graduates ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,institution ,men ,women ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,percentage ,percentage ,hampton ,institute #g4ej #e4dj ,tuskegee ,institute #aj4af #e4dj ,state agricultural college #i4ji #b4gj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,graduates of the three combined #bf4ge #ac4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,in beginning farm and home demonstration work for negroes in #aijf1 the cooperation of the ,general ,education ,board of ,new ,york was most valuable and effective4 ,the board was liberal in its appropriations and generous in the arrangements for the expenditure of them4 ,the money was turned over to the authorities of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture to be used as they thought best in starting and promoting the work4 ,it was because of the demonstrated success of this plan of education that the ,national1 ,state1 and county authorities were more disposed to support it4 ,when it is realized that various ,southern ,states are gradually increasing the appropriations to the ,state agricultural colleges1 and also that a #i1jjj1jjj endowment fund for ,hampton and ,tuskegee is being completed1 it is possible to look forward to better-trained negro agents4 ,progress can be faster now because the way is clear4 ,every ,southern ,state now has a group of efficient negro agents1 whose numbers are increasing4 7,fig4 #c47 ,in view of the facts that ,booker ,t4 ,washington gave the credit for his own success to the influence ,general ,armstrong had over his life and that ,tuskegee ,institute is an extension and modified enlargement of ,hampton ,institute1 it is well to trace a further development of such teaching and also to get the observation of the recognized leaders4 ,long before the ,world ,war and before the migration of negroes to the ,north1 ,booker ,t4 ,washington saw the ,south as the permanent home of his people and he urged them to develop the resources of climate1 soil1 forests1 and folks4 ,he saw conditions clearly and urged his people to train for skill1 to practice thrift1 and to grow better by doing better4 ,this was the best of preparation for the negro agency force now in the field4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,virginia negro extension agents assembled at annual meeting4 ,this group is typical of the efficient negro extension agents throughout the ,south who1 with vision and good judgment1 are influencing negroes to follow the best methods of farming and home making in order to increase their earning capacity and improve their living conditions4 ,in the first farmers' conference at ,tuskegee in ,february1 #ahib1 which1 by the way1 was the forerunner of farm congresses at agricultural colleges for white people in various parts of the country1 the following resolution1 among other important deliverances1 was adopted3 ,in view of our general condition1 we would suggest the following remedies3 7#a7 ,that as far as possible we aim to raise at home our own meat and bread2 7#b7 that as fast as possible we buy land1 even though a very few acres at a time2 7#c7 that a larger number of our young people be taught trades1 and that they be urged to prepare themselves to enter as largely as possible all the various vocations of life2 7#d7 that we especially try to broaden the field of labor for our women2 7#e7 that we make every sacrifice and practice every form of economy that we may purchase land and free ourselves from our burdensome habit of living in debt2 7#f7 that we urge our ministers and teachers to give more attention to the material condition and home life of the people2 7#g7 that we urge our people not to depend entirely upon the ,state to provide schoolhouses and lengthen the time of the schools1 but to take hold of the matter themselves where the ,state leaves off1 and by supplementing the public funds from their own pockets and by building schoolhouses1 bring about the desired results2 7#h7 that we urge patrons to give earnest attention to the mental and moral fitness of those who teach their schools2 7#i7 that we urge the doing away with all sectarian prejudice in the management of the schools4 ,,order ,,of ,,development ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,negro county agricultural agent helping a farmer to select fattening hogs4 ,negro farmers desire helpful information on specific things that can be put into immediate use with noticeable results4 ,in this respect1 demonstration activities have rendered a valuable service in meeting their needs4 ,it has been extension experience that negroes are especially responsive to the demonstration method1 because of their faith1 confidence1 and optimism4 ,demonstrations have reached the most ignorant and most needy better than any form of academic instruction1 because demonstrators must be doers before they become teachers4 ,the effect and power of a demonstration are measured by the success of the enterprise and the standing and influence of the demonstrator4 ,the demonstration method has proved to be not only the best for the ignorant1 but also for the intelligent4 ,certainly the more intelligent farmers can carry object lessons further than the ignorant ones4 ,furthermore1 it is safe to assume a fair amount of good farm and home development in an intelligent1 prosperous community4 ,perhaps one reason why farmers tire of institutes and lectures is because they feel that they have reached a stage of knowledge where they can do things fairly well and have thus become teachers and leaders themselves4 ,they do not care to accumulate a lot of information upon diverse subjects just for the purpose of acquiring information4 ,they want usable knowledge upon specific things4 7,fig4 #d47 ,the negro has made sufficient progress for extension agents to find men1 women1 boys1 and girls in every community who can demonstrate better farming and home making4 ,the history of extension work for negroes has not been exactly parallel to that of the whites in the ,southern ,states4 ,the white agents started work with men demonstrators1 followed in succession by boys1 girls1 and women4 ,negro work started with men and women first4 ,the agents tried to meet the most urgent needs of the farms and homes4 ,at the time when the ,department of ,agriculture and ,state agricultural colleges first began to appoint negro agents1 the club work of white boys and girls had drifted somewhat away from the demonstration feature and was emphasizing the club feature4 ,when the negro agents began later to enroll boys and girls they did so because they felt that these young folks should have an influence in farming and in home making in their communities4 ,it was not so much a matter of teaching and telling as it was of doing and growing4 ,one agent expressed it by saying1 8,we are emphasizing work rather than clubs40 ,of course1 in the natural process of evolution1 agents came to pay more attention to meetings1 organization1 recreation1 and group activities in general1 but the central theme is the demonstration4 ,negro club members have manifested a disposition for the boy to do the farming and the girl the home making4 ,that tendency is general in all extension work1 of course1 but the line of differentiation has not been so clear in adult activities4 ,because of the limited funds available1 few counties have been able to afford both negro men and women agents4 ,thus it comes about that the men agents do more home work and the women agents more farm work than in counties employing both county agricultural and home demonstration agents4 ,as time goes on and more agents are appointed1 this matter will adjust itself4 ,during the present period of readjustment and reconstruction it is becoming more and more apparent to students of extension work that the greatest ultimate reform will take place where the most successful demonstration of content and size are conducted and where such demonstrations are multiplied in the greatest numbers4 ,many negro agents seem to have the ability to encourage their demonstrators and magnify the influence of their work4 ,they have caught the philosophy of the founder of demonstration work1 ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp1 when he said1 8,your value lies not in what you can do but in what you can get other people to do40 ,negro agents seem to appreciate the standing in the community of a man or woman who has done better work than anybody else4 ,they enter into the thought and life of the demonstrator who estimated that more than #ej men in his neighborhood had been influenced by his success with #aj acres of cotton along the roadside4 ,they know that the boy who said1 8,my club acre has been noticed by many people in this section and ,i am sure it will cause some of my boy friends to join the club next year10 had developed in himself the real spirit of service4 ,they appreciate the feeling of pride and satisfaction that came to the girl club member who raised a dairy calf1 built a good house for it1 and then saw more than a dozen like it built within a radius of #e miles of her home4 7,fig4 #e47 ,the result has been to make each person carrying on a demonstration feel that he has a responsibility as a leader and teacher in his community4 ,the culminating evidence of these efforts toward improvement through the object-lesson method is found in the results obtained in home and lawn beautification4 ,particularly in recent years negro extension agents have brought about marked progress in the renovation1 painting1 and whitewashing of houses and outbuildings1 and in the growing of flowers1 grass1 and shrubbery in the front yards4 ,,value ,,of ,,cooperative ,,associations ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,negro club member who made sufficient profit from the sale of butter and buttermilk to pay her way through ,tuskegee ,institute4 ,the benefits which accrued through her club activities were far-reaching in that her neighbors and friends were inspired to follow the best dairy practices in an effort to emulate her successful results4 ,negro farmers have manifested considerable interest in cooperative marketing4 ,they belong to cotton1 tobacco1 peanut1 potato1 and similar associations4 ,they usually follow carefully instructions in grading and standardization4 ,they appreciate the opportunity of purchasing fertilizers and other supplies through the farm bureau and other organizations engaged in such enterprises4 ,in some counties where associations have given special attention to marketing carloads of hogs1 chickens1 potatoes1 pecans1 and other products produced in surplus quantities1 the negroes do their share4 ,it has come about that most marketing plans which have been developed include negroes in their operations better than any other form of productive and educational enterprise4 ,in cooperative-marketing associations the commodity is considered rather than the person or the community4 ,clarendon ,county1 ,s4 ,c41 is a very good example of such development4 ,the market bureau1 which was established at the suggestion of the county agricultural agent and which is conducted largely under his direction and guidance1 has the names of more than #gjj negroes on its mailing list4 ,these negroes have cooperated not only by shipping potatoes1 hogs1 peanuts1 chickens1 and other commodities1 but by procuring better seed and stock in order to grow products of better quality for shipment4 ,as this work develops in any community it gradually brings about a general improvement4 ,it begins with individuals but always influences the entire community4 7,fig4 #f47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a demonstration of home conveniences designed to lighten the labor of the negro home maker and allow her more time for self-improvement and recreation4 ,such demonstrations by local men or women have stimulated the adoption of good practices and have done much to bring about a general community improvement4 ,such cooperation has increased self-respect and has strengthened mutual confidence4 ,this activity has emphasized the fact that men and women limited in ambition and will power may be greatly stimulated to successful effort by the esteem and encouragement of their neighbors4 ,the county agricultural agent of ,clarendon ,county reported that every negro farmer in his county knows ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 and ,jumbo potatoes4 ,he also reported that they are striving to produce ,no4 #a's because they realize that products of such quality will receive the commendation of everybody concerned and also will bring in larger returns4 ,this realization of the value of superior products has brought about a great improvement in the type of chickens1 pigs1 and other farm animals raised for market4 ,marketing has tended to unify and systematize extension organization in the counties more than any other work that has been done thus far4 ,it has enlisted the active interest of all farmers1 both white and colored1 and of local business men4 ,some of the counties which will have full quotas of both white and colored extension agents1 and good representative working organizations are developing extension programs to a fuller degree than has been possible heretofore4 ,it is an enormous task to change the customs and habits of centuries or even of decades4 ,negroes who have grown practically nothing but cotton are slow to become dairymen1 poultrymen1 and truckers4 ,they change mainly because of economic necessity4 ,,evolution ,,of ,,plan ,the evolution of an agricultural plan of work among negroes1 in a general way1 followed that of the whites4 ,it began with demonstrations in the improvement of staple crops and then proceeded step by step into crop diversification1 animal husbandry1 and conservation4 ,the whole development may be briefly expressed as follows3 ,crop production1 livestock production1 soil building1 and marketing4 ,fortunately1 this program is so logical and so appropriate that demonstrators and club members are naturally disposed to follow it4 ,this does not mean that they all do the same things at the same time4 ,in livestock activities1 one group may be emphasizing dairy cattle and another hogs4 ,the retroactive influence upon crop production in one direction and soil improvement in another is very potent4 ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp evidently had this whole evolution in mind1 and he was familiar with the work among negroes1 when he told the agents not to go before the people with elaborate programs4 ,he said3 8,the average man1 like the crow1 can not count more than three4 ,do the next thing40 ,general ,armstrong was dealing with the same people and1 to some extent1 with the same thought when he said1 8,i try to get at bottom facts1 and then take the next step40 ,a general agricultural plan of work1 of course1 is applicable everywhere at any time4 ,it is flexible1 and requires individual initiative and resourcefulness4 ,the more experienced farmers and club boys will be in the advanced stages while the novices will be taking the first step4 ,the whole procedure goes forward in cycles4 ,as each cycle comes around1 modification and adaptation take place in accordance with the progress science has made in the meantime4 ,for instance1 in corn demonstrations in most parts of the ,south1 where1 in former years1 farmers planted one-ear varieties1 they are now using prolific varieties1 especially where interplantings of peas and beans and where hogging down and grazing are to be done4 ,the ,alabama ,agricultural ,experiment ,station recently came to the conclusion that vetch is the best winter legume for most of the soils in ,alabama4 ,thousands of negro farmers have accepted that instruction and are using vetch as a winter legume and soil improver4 ,the negro farmers have also accepted the teachings of the experiment station in regard to the kinds and quantities of fertilizers to be used4 ,the negro home program also has been developed through certain logical processes1 which may be indicated briefly as follows3 ,production1 utilization1 construction1 and beautification4 ,this1 too1 is a natural program which may be followed consciously and intuitively by every person who is properly started in the work4 ,the negro women and girls commence with growing vegetables in the gardens1 beginning with the most needed food crops and enlarging their operations gradually4 ,then they undertake to conserve enough for home use during the winter4 ,they sell the surplus vegetables1 both fresh and canned4 ,it is an easy step from canning vegetables to the preservation of fruits4 ,better bread comes next because of its importance as food and because flour1 meal1 and grains in general are available4 ,then eggs and butter are standardized1 and poultry meat is properly cooked and canned4 ,such activities1 in turn1 stimulate better work with pork1 beef1 and other meats4 ,success in such enterprises suggests and encourages home improvement1 involving demonstrations in rearranging kitchens1 living rooms1 and homes in general4 ,better furniture is procured and paint and whitewash are in demand4 ,demonstrations with textiles and fabrics are considered incidentally all along4 ,the girls and women want simple neat dresses in their work4 ,the club idea suggests uniforms for public demonstrations and meetings4 ,in hundreds of instances the program culminates with an attractive new home in a setting of trees1 shrubbery1 and flowers4 ,such a self-developed program1 the germs of which exist in the plans and hopes of the people who are actually doing the work on the farms and in the homes1 is infinitely more important than one developed for them4 ,it is fortunate that negro extension work started with demonstrations by individual farmers instead of with organization for instruction purposes4 ,organization arose spontaneously4 ,people who did the same kind of work in the same way were easily organized4 ,negro farmers and members of their families who had the same kind of poultry1 for instance1 and who built the same kind of houses1 were brought together for mutual stimulation1 help1 and instruction4 ,every farmer who had an object lesson in growing vetch1 soy beans1 velvet beans1 or peanuts was glad to join a tour to see similar activities on farms in other parts of his county4 ,field meetings1 tours1 camps1 and short courses have the elements and principles of organization within them4 ,they constitute a focus or converging point for activities that are mutual4 ,if the white agents who did negro work in the beginning or the negro agents who took it up later had proceeded on an organization basis first1 the whole proposition would have been misunderstood by both white and colored people4 ,observation of the experience of the people who made negro extension work possible and its success notable1 naturally calls attention to the elementary methods which have been used4 ,the various processes may be stated in a half dozen words3 ,consultation1 demonstration1 emulation1 publication1 organization1 and multiplication4 ,whether the agents are working with the approximately #bag1ejj negroes who own their own farms or with the #gjc1ejj who are tenants1 deliberation1 conference1 and good judgment are required to establish the work without creating friction4 ,in the pioneer counties1 where the demonstrations were most successful1 the introduction was done in a quiet way4 ,the general public did not know much about it until good object lessons in crop production were available1 and nothing prevents or stops criticism so readily as successful demonstrations4 ,if the demonstrators have been carefully selected1 if they are men whose conduct has been exemplary1 the conviction is all the stronger4 ,the first negro demonstrators were proud to wear the button furnished by the ,department of ,agriculture containing the word 8,demonstrator40 ,these buttons were often given out in churches as awards of merit and distinction4 ,negroes are very susceptible to commendation and praise4 ,it means a lot to a man1 woman1 boy1 or girl1 who has started out on a demonstration program1 to receive recognition from his pastor1 his neighbors1 and especially from the leading white citizens4 ,whenever a county paper calls attention to the outstanding results obtained by a negro farmer1 he immediately measures up to the added responsibility and goes forward on the path of improvement4 ,whenever there is a considerable number of demonstrators of that kind1 it is safe to do organization work along agricultural and home-economics lines4 ,in fact1 negroes who have demonstrated that kind of enterprise and dependability are ready for cooperative marketing or other welfare organization4 ,the great task that is before the negro extension force is to multiply the numbers of good demonstrators4 ,in this way1 they will develop leaders and magnify the kind of activities which will meet with universal approval4 ,,growth ,,of ,,personnel ,,and ,,finances#a ,the gradual increase in the number of negro agents and also in the appropriations for their support during the last #aj years gives much promise for the development of this work in the future4 ,on ,june #cj1 #aiae1 the end of the first year under the ,smith-,lever ,act1 #di negro men agents and #ag women agents were employed1 and the total cost of the work during the year was #ca1ehi4 ,in #aiai1 #dei negro men and women agents were employed and the cost was #bdg1eji4 ,on ,june #cj1 #aibd1 the end of the first decade under the ,smith-,lever ,act1 #bii agents were employed1 of whom #aia were men and #ajh1 women4 ,the total amount expended during the fiscal year #aibd was #dbf1bff1 which was derived from ,federal1 ,state1 and county sources1 and which represented the peak in the amount of money devoted to this work4 ,more agents were employed during the war period1 but many of them devoted only part time to extension work4 ,all things considered1 therefore1 negro extension work is making steady and substantial progress every year4 ,from ,table #c1 page #bh1 it will be noted that the increase in the number of negro extension agents and in the cost of maintaining them went forward in two distinct stages during the #aj-year period immediately following the enactment of the ,smith-,lever ,act4 ,the number of agents and the number of club members increased very rapidly during the ,world ,war1 which was followed by a period of unrest and transition4 ,after that came a settling down and then an era of solid and substantial development4 ,there has been a gradual and steady increase in the amount of money devoted to negro extension work4 ,although it is true that not so many agents were on duty in #aibd as in #aiai1 yet more than four times as many were employed in #aibd as in #aiae4 ,furthermore1 the finances had increased more than a dozenfold4 ,this indicates a better-trained class of negro agents and a greater public willingness to support negro extension work4 ,texas1 which receives more ,federal money than any other ,state1 had #cf negro agents in #aibd and spent #ee1dbd for their salaries1 travel1 and other necessary expenses4 ,alabama had #cd negro agents1 men and women1 and #ej1jeg was spent in the maintenance of their work4 ,mississippi had #cf agents and the cost was #dh1hgf4 ,virginia had a total of #cd agents and the cost of maintaining this force was #dd1ghg4 ,georgia had #bf agents and expended #cj1deb4 ,several other ,states have a large agency force and the financial support is becoming more and more liberal4 ,the percentage of negroes to whites is different in each of the ,southern ,states and this fact would be taken into consideration in any study of appropriations for negro work4 ,at the last census1 ,georgia had #a1fhi1aad white people and #a1bjf1cfe negroes2 ,mississippi1 #hec1ifb whites and #ice1ahd negroes2 ,alabama1 #a1ddg1jcb whites and #ijj1feb negroes2 ,south ,carolina1 #hah1ech whites and #hfd1gai negroes2 ,north ,carolina1 #a1ghc1ggi whites and #gfc1djg negroes2 ,texas1 #c1iah1afe whites and #gda1fid negroes2 ,virginia1 #a1fag1iji whites and #fij1jag negroes2 and ,oklahoma1 #a1hba1aid whites and #adi1djh negroes4 ,it will be observed from ,table #c that practically all of the ,states which took up negro extension work first have the greatest financial support and the largest number of agents in proportion to their negro population4 ,alabama and ,virginia appointed their first negro agents in #aijf2 ,mississippi1 in #aijh2 ,georgia and ,south ,carolina1 in #aiji2 ,oklahoma1 in #aiaj2 ,north ,carolina1 in #aiaa2 and the other ,states in rapid succession4 ,it is greatly to the credit of the pioneer agents that their work has met with the approval of county commissioners1 boards of education1 and public authorities generally4 ,nothing is quite so encouraging about the whole development as the wholesome public sentiment which has sustained the work and encouraged the agents4 ,this support is based upon knowledge of good work done and results achieved4 ,a large metropolitan daily paper1 speaking of the present work of the man who was the first negro agent appointed by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 said3 ,his principal duties are to see that negro county agricultural agents obtain outline maps of each county and properly distribute the work2 that at least one house in each county is built at stated intervals according to an approved plan2 that one or more electric lighting systems be undertaken in the county2 that at least one house be whitewashed or painted in each demonstration community2 that one or more water systems be undertaken in each county2 that at least one farmstead home grounds be developed in each community2 that at least one sanitary toilet be constructed in each demonstration community2 that at least one crop-rotation demonstration be given2 that one or more permanent pastures be established2 that at least one person in each community be taught the use of the farm level2 that one year-round garden demonstration be established2 that at least one farm be properly laid out or plotted in each county2 that one playground be equipped in each community2 and that one or more demonstration orchards be established in each county4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,funds for cooperative extension work are appropriated for fiscal years ending on ,june #cj1 whereas extension agents are required to prepare their reports for calendar years4 ,for this reason1 statements of funds appearing in this section and in ,table #c are for fiscal years ended on ,june #cj1 and statistics of demonstration results appearing in a following section are for the calendar year ended ,dec4 #ca1 #aibd4 ,,cooperation ,,with ,,other ,,agencies ,from several years' experience it has been found that negro agents cooperate closely with their schools and churches4 ,negro preachers have great power and influence among their people1 not only in matters of religion1 but also in farming and home making4 ,wherever an agent obtains the indorsement of a negro pastor1 and also gets this pastor to do some good farming and make his home more attractive1 he gets assistance that is impossible to obtain from any other source4 ,a negro industrial school in a county is usually a center of influence in extension work as well as in public service generally4 ,such a school reenforces the instruction given by the agents and is a gathering place for demonstrators and club members4 ,the demonstration activities improve and enhance the school work to a considerable degree4 ,in addition to the cooperation given by churches and schools1 many organizations have assisted negro extension agents in carrying out local extension programs4 ,much assistance in this respect has been accorded by vocational educational workers1 negro chambers of commerce1 lodges1 health societies1 negro farmers' unions1 federations of women's clubs1 and others4 ,,club ,,work ,,by ,,negro ,,boys ,,and ,,girls ,as has already been indicated1 #d-;,h club work among negro boys and girls has been a secondary development1 but it is now going forward by leaps and bounds4 ,the work by negro agents among adult negroes was just getting well started when the ,smith-,lever ,act was passed4 ,the effect of the act and of the increase of funds resulting from it was to strengthen and reenforce what was being done for negro farmers and home makers4 ,as was to be expected1 the boys and girls soon wanted to follow in the footsteps of their fathers and mothers4 7,fig4 #g47 ,there are excellent prospects for junior extension work in the near future4 ,in fact1 negro boys and girls have been making records that are stimulating white club members to greater effort and endeavor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,this negro club boy is learning seed-corn selection from his county agricultural agent4 ,at the close of the #aj-year period there was a total enrollment in #d-;,h club work in the ,southern ,states of #ba1gba negro boys and #bg1aad negro girls4 ,these figures show a big increase since #aiaf1 when the enrollment of #b1eea negro club members was first recorded separately4 ,at that time the ,state club agents suggested that negro boys should be organized into farm-makers' clubs and negro girls into homemakers' clubs4 ,prior to that time many negro boys and girls were enrolled in #d-;,h clubs1 but they did not have such different classification as to make their work stand out and receive proper emphasis and recognition4 ,the end of the #aj-year period also found a great many negro boys and girls demonstrating to their parents1 their neighbors1 and the world that they can clear #bjj to #cjj a year on their club enterprises and at the same time keep up regular attendance at school during the term provided for them by their respective counties and ,states4 ,a #ad-year-old boy or girl who can put #ajj or more into a bank and continue saving each year as he or she grows older is assured of an education and a start in life4 ,this gives the younger generation a big advantage and also furnishes a great inspiration to the agents who are working among these people4 ,more work of this kind will result in considerable advance on the part of the younger generation of negroes4 ,,the ,,movable ,,school ,a development peculiar to negro extension work is the movable school4 ,this is an automobile truck carrying equipment for demonstrations and accompanied by an automobile conveying instructors4 7,fig4 #h47 ,the equipment consists of farm and home tools and utensils necessary to illustrate better methods of farming and home making4 ,the school goes to a home where arrangements have already been made by the local agent1 and stays from one to three days4 ,the novelty of the outfit and the rather spectacular nature of the occasion guarantee a good attendance of people from the vicinity where the work is to be done4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,negro movable school which carries equipment and instructors to local communities where the better ways of farming and home making are demonstrated4 ,such movable schools have supplemented the work of the local negro extension agent1 who follows up and impresses on the community the lessons brought out4 ,the local agents and the instructors agree in advance upon what is to be done4 ,the program includes such things as pruning trees1 terracing land1 plowing properly1 building a chicken house1 building a sanitary privy1 grading fruit1 eggs1 and vegetables1 dressing chickens1 making fireless cookers1 canning1 making work dresses and aprons1 and whitewashing or painting the house and outbuildings4 ,the people in attendance are divided into small groups and several enterprises are carried on at the same time4 ,after the various jobs are completed1 the whole crowd makes a tour of inspection and much incidental instruction is driven home by those in charge4 ,in addition to having specialists in farming and home making1 the school usually carries a public-health nurse who gives much needed instruction and demonstration4 ,a necessary part of the equipment is a projector for showing films and slides during meetings at the school or church4 ,equipment is also carried to facilitate games and play for a short time every day after the regular work is done4 ,in view of the fact that much interest has been manifested in the movable school1 it may be desirable to consider it from a strictly extension point of view4 ,first1 in the communities where the negro population is densest and where their welfare has been most neglected1 more simple instruction and demonstration by the specialists and agents themselves are necessary4 ,just as fast as the farmers can make object lessons and assume leadership themselves1 just so fast should that responsibility be passed on to them4 ,second1 the movable school supplements the work of the local agent and is supplemented by it4 ,when a home with its premises has been renovated and practically reconstructed by the visit of a movable school1 and when the farmer and his family revolutionize their methods on the farm1 then the question arises as to how many more farmers can be influenced to do likewise4 ,the movable school does much to lay out the work of the agents1 and if they do not follow up such work and impress its lessons1 then little benefit is derived4 ,however1 the influence can be measured more successfully a year after the visit of the movable school than the day after4 ,by request of leading white citizens of ,dallas ,county1 ,ala41 the movable school concentrated there for a month and covered the whole county4 ,many plantation owners1 bankers1 and business men visited the school and saw it in action4 ,their commendation was most encouraging and inspires the hope that this enterprise may be used to facilitate the reform and readjustment of farm and home life among negro farmers who are to remain in the ,south and improve their conditions4 ,a prominent ,english woman1 who recently visited a movable school1 was most favorably impressed4 ,her only criticism was that it was liable to cause confusion because of the wealth of instruction given in so short a time4 ,she thought that the instruction included more than could be assimilated and utilized in a week4 ,she rather facetiously remarked that it would not surprise her if some of the women were to go home and put their babies down in water glass and make 8pinless outfits0 for the eggs4 ,her observation still further confirmed the belief that the movable school and the local agents should be mutually helpful4 ,,stories ,,of ,,achievement ,a few typical stories taken from numerous narratives of success quoted by negro extension agents will suffice to give trends and tendencies4 ,floyd ,stokes1 of ,gloucester ,county1 ,va41 told the following story of the help given him through extension work 7fig4 #i73 ,when ,i got married back in #aijc1 ,i left home to begin life as a renter4 ,the little house to which ,i moved was on #c acres of land which ,i worked when not engaged in fishing or oystering4 ,after having lived on this place three years1 a young man1 the first demonstration agent ,i had ever heard of1 came to me and began talking soil improvement and how ,i could make a living out of it4 ,just about this time the agent induced me to buy #i acres of land near by which were for sale4 ,four of these acres had been cleared and there was an old house on the land that had been used as a barn4 ,i sawed some timber1 had some doors and windows made for the barn1 and moved into my own home4 ,under the instruction of the agent ,i planted the #c rented acres to melons and sowed cowpeas between the rows at the last cultivation to be turned under as green manure4 ,this crop of melons netted me #cjj4 ,on the #d cleared acres ,i began soil building and the rotation of crops1 as follows3 ,in the spring ,i sowed cowpeas for hay1 followed by crimson clover1 which was turned under the following spring and planted to corn4 ,cowpeas were sown at the last cultivation4 ,a good crop of corn was produced the first year4 ,the cornland was planted to garden peas the next year1 followed by crimson clover to be turned under and by potatoes the year following4 ,the potatoes were followed by cowpeas1 which were cut for hay in the fall4 ,in the meantime1 ,i had cleared the other #e acres on which ,i planted melons1 followed by crimson clover to be turned under for soil improvement4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,farm home and buildings of ,floyd ,stokes1 of ,gloucester ,county1 ,va41 an outstanding negro farmer who attributes his unusual success to following the advice and suggestions of the negro extension agent4 ,back in the early days when ,i began work with the agent1 my land was very thin and light1 being of a sandy texture2 hence1 it would not produce over #ae bushels to the acre4 ,by following closely the system of crop rotation taught me1 the same land is producing at this time an average of #de bushels of corn per acre and other crops are doing equally well4 ,from a sand bed1 my land has been brought to a high state of cultivation4 ,in the fourth year after ,i had bought my first #i acres1 ,i purchased #g additional acres4 ,from #aiaa to #aiag ,i rented #ac acres adjoining the #af acres ,i owned4 ,at the expiration of this period ,i succeeded in buying this piece of land1 paying cash for it at the rate of #ajj per acre4 ,two years later ,i bought #bj acres more for which ,i paid #c1jjj in cash1 making my total holdings at this time #di acres4 ,the land on which my house stands cost me #hjj4 ,i have since been offered #f1jjj for it4 ,on the #bj-;acre plot is a good house which ,i rent out1 although the land is retained for my own use4 ,in #aibc ,i began to remodel my house4 ,the necessary timber was cut from the #bj acres purchased last4 ,i planned to add all modern conveniences to the house4 ,a lighting system has been installed and ,i plan to put in a complete water system next year4 ,i have sheds for housing the farm tools when not in use1 and insist that they be kept there4 ,my net income averages around #b1jjj per year4 ,i have sold #a1fjj worth of green peas this season and just to-day received #cjj in small checks from neighboring farmers for seeds and plants grown by me4 ,my farm is self-supporting4 ,i do not buy anything that ,i can grow1 and sell all surplus crops4 ,i have eight children1 all of whom are being educated as fast as they are ready for it4 ,two of my children are graduates of ,hampton ,institute4 ,i was one of the first to take up demonstration work in ,gloucester ,county and through it showed that money could be made out of growing garden peas and other truck crops4 ,since most people at that time were practicing fishing and oystering1 no one believed that truck gardening could be successful4 ,when my success became known1 one after the other began to take it up until to-day ,gloucester ,county has become a great trucking center4 ,what success ,i have had in land buying1 soil improvement1 home making1 and education of my children may be credited to the extension service through its agents who have rendered me most valuable service for which ,i am deeply grateful4 ,in ,gloucester ,county1 ,va41 more than #ij per cent of the heads of negro families own their own homes1 the jail is usually empty1 and the courts have little to do4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,herschell ,glenn1 of ,rockdale ,county1 ,ga41 who made a profit of over #bfe through club work in #aibd4 7,photograph furnished by ,georgia ,extension ,service7 ,one of the best records made in boys' club work in #aibd was made by ,herschell ,glenn1 of ,rockdale ,county1 ,ga4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,he made a profit of over #bfe on his club work during the year and also had for his own use #ae bushels of corn and a pig weighing #bjj pounds4 ,he has had the satisfaction of knowing that his good work has aroused and inspired hundreds of other boys in ,georgia1 including a large number in his own community and county1 who will try to excel his record in #aibe4 ,in reporting to his local agent he used the following simple and expressive language3 ,i had #b acres in cotton4 ,my total cost was #ca4ej2 the total amount of seed cotton1 #c1aej pounds2 total value of seeds and lint cotton1 #bhi4eb2 net profit1 #bfe4he2 and net profit per acre1 #acb4ij4 ,my corn did not do so well4 ,i only got #ae bushels from my acre4 ,i hope to do better next year4 ,my pig is fine4 ,i have fed her six months4 ,she weighs #bjj pounds4 ,i am proud to be a club boy and will continue next year4 ,a negro home demonstration agent in ,wayne ,county1 ,n4 ,c41 gave a very good statement which indicates what is being done by negro women agents in changing home conditions4 ,it will be noted that she followed the desirable plan of putting other people forward to give testimony and express the sentiments of her people4 ,there is a fine recognition of individual effort and community cooperation in this method of reporting which might well be commended to extension workers generally4 ,i have been in the county two years and seven months4 ,it is a pleasure to note the improvement of the people along every line4 ,they eat better food1 sleep in more fresh air1 are happier at work1 take better care of their children1 have higher ideals1 and have learned to sell the surplus food instead of wasting it and to buy things which they need4 ,more important than tangible results are their changed ideas and attitude toward the work4 ,one man speaking at a community meeting said3 8,the agent has put new life into dead bones4 ,i feel better and am doing better and everybody in the neighborhood is doing better whether he belongs to the club or not40 ,in the same meeting a woman said3 8,i am #eg years of age1 have #bj children1 #de grandchildren1 and #g great grandchildren1 but have learned more in two years about caring for children1 my home1 and health than ,i had learned in #ee years before4 ,i have #g milk cows and #ge hens4 ,i sell eggs1 milk1 butter1 apples1 peanuts1 and a few other little things and now ,i can see day breaking4 ,i am just learning how to live40 ,the negro home demonstration agent of ,autauga ,county1 ,ala41 sketches a general outline of progress which goes into a little more detail in regard to the various activities4 ,she says3 ,gardening is no longer a part-time project1 but is carried on through the year by both women and girls engaged in club work4 ,we have been able to keep vegetables the year round1 even though we have had a long dry spell4 ,the number of insects and other pests1 such as worms and plant lice1 have been kept down by the constant use of soapsuds and wood ashes4 ,our winter gardens are doing fine4 ,i feel that beautifying the home and surroundings should get first consideration1 due to the fact that most of the time is spent in the house4 ,homes have been whitewashed1 yards cleaned1 and flowers planted in each case4 ,instructions have been given from time to time in the care and handling of a cow and the care and handling of milk in the home4 ,very few women are taking this instruction1 but these few are making and saving money4 ,one separator and six sanitary milk pails have been bought this year4 ,we have worked hard this year with poultry1 trying to do away with scrubs and put in more standard breeds4 ,i have succeeded in getting #cj women and #e girls to buy standard-bred eggs4 ,as a result we have #a1cjj more standard-bred chickens this year than we had last year4 ,our aim is to turn out #ajj pullets on each yard4 ,canaan community in ,montgomery ,county1 ,ala41 furnishes a fine example of the ultimate objective of home demonstration work among negroes4 ,it is a good illustration of the fact that demonstrations are progressive4 ,when one step is taken and success is achieved1 the very situation is a stimulus to additional steps until the whole home and its environment become an inspiring object lesson of better living4 ,the following story indicates that practically all the homes in that community are in various stages of advancement in extension work3 ,almost every house in ,canaan community shows signs of effort in home improvement1 and the demonstration home of this community is now in process of development4 ,the house has been remodeled and the interior decoration completed4 ,plans for the yards1 walls1 and fences are under way4 ,this community also leads in bedspread making1 having #ae finished bedspreads4 ,it is the plan of the agent to have one demonstration home complete in each community where demonstration work is carried on4 ,the ,smothers' home at ,mount ,meigs is the best example of home improvement in ,montgomery ,county4 ,the ,state agent and the landscape specialist1 with the cooperation of the county agricultural agent1 laid off the walks1 surveyed the road1 and planted the shrubs1 flowers1 and ,bermuda grass4 ,the owner found that his two-room house was not in keeping with his surroundings and so he decided to remodel4 ,he and his wife left the plans of the house entirely to the judgment of the ,state and county home-demonstration agents and were satisfied with the plans for an addition of three rooms1 a kitchen1 back porch1 bathroom1 and an #h-;foot ,l porch4 ,the plans were executed by an architect at ,tuskegee ,institute4 ,the construction is now complete and as soon as the plasterers are through1 the furniture will be installed4 ,at the request of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,smothers1 the home-demonstration agent helped in the selection of new furniture4 ,the curtains and draperies are being made by the club girls of ,mount ,meigs1 and girls of another community are framing appropriate pictures4 ,the following extract from the report of the home-demonstration agent of ,washington ,county1 ,tex41 is typical of the numerous examples of good work accomplished by negro club girls3 ,lena ,williams1 age #af1 of ,washington ,county1 ,tex41 has learned to can vegetables and make jelly and pickles so well that her services are in great demand4 ,this year1 after attending to her work at home and keeping up her club activities1 ,lena made a profit of #fc by canning for other people and even a greater profit from the sale of some of her products1 both canned and fresh4 ,with this money she bought a purebred ,poland ,china pig1 costing #aj1 and #ab purebred ,rhode ,island ,red pullets and #a cockerel1 costing #ad4 ,lena also attributes her good fortune in having some good warm1 tasty apparel for school to her activity in canning1 as she invested the remaining #ci in clothes for school wear1 and plans to start a bank account from her investment in chickens and pigs4 ,it should be noted that any girl club member who makes the right start in productive enterprises is almost sure to go ahead into other phases of better home making and self-improvement4 ,it is therefore very essential to make the proper start4 ,the initial stage from the viewpoint of the demonstrator is most vital4 ,the importance of the starting point was emphasized by ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp1 when he said3 ,where to commence is the first problem of reform4 ,shall we trust the people and commence by increasing their resources1 or shall our efforts be directed to improving farm dwellings and home conditions1 the construction of better highways1 the introduction of the telephone1 rural free delivery1 a community library1 or improved social and religious privileges8 ,evidently it depends upon the degree of advancement in rural communities4 ,the remedy that would help one might be utterly unapplicable to another4 ,for example1 if it were found that the average farmer in a rural township lived in a house valued at about #ajj1 without barn1 garden1 cow1 or pasture1 with an insufficient supply of poultry1 and unable to read and heavily involved in debt1 it would be the height of unwisdom to commence the rural uplift by establishing a public library or even a school4 ,the rural toilers must be first properly nourished1 clothed1 and housed4 ,it is the order of greatest necessity4 ,the means to do this can not be given to them and if it were1 there would be no uplift4 ,they must be shown how to earn it by a better tillage of the soil1 and how to husband their earnings by greater thrift4 ,a low wage1 a small amount of work accomplished in a day1 and an uneconomic use of resources are a part of any civilization limited by a low earning capacity4 ,no more frequent mistake is made than to assume that the low wage is the result of oppression4 ,as a rule the wage is determined by the accomplishment4 ,in ,india it requires from #ad to #bd servants to do the work of a small household1 where #b would do it better in some portions of the ,united ,states4 ,upon the farm one man in the ,united ,states with a good team and modern machinery can do the work that #ej to #ajj men do in many oriental countries4 ,consequently1 when oriental farm laborers are paid #e to #aj cents per day they are paid up to their earning capacity and that capacity is insufficient to sustain a high civilization4444 ,in attempting to raise the condition of the colored man1 we frequently start too high up1 and in talking of the higher progress talk right over his head4 ,when ,i talk to a negro citizen ,i never talk about the better civilization1 but about a better chicken1 a better pig1 or a whitewashed house4 ,,demonstration ,,results ,at the close of the first decade of negro extension under the ,smith-,lever ,act1 it is well to make permanent record of some of the achievements of the negroes in extension work1 not only as a matter of recognition and commendation1 but also to set up milestones to mark progress4 ,at the close of the next decade these figures will have even greater interest than now4 ,in fact1 they will increase in importance and value with the passing of time4 ,the statistics which follow are not complete because they pertain to the activities of negro agents only4 ,hundreds of white agents have done some work with negroes1 which is not reported separately4 ,it is probably safe to say that the numbers represented in the #aibd report might be doubled4 ,since a system of extension work for negroes by negroes has been evolved1 the tendency has been to turn the responsibility over to negro agents4 ,the most harmonious relations prevail between white and negro agents in all the ,states and white agents always stand ready to advise and help4 ,,farm ,,demonstration ,,work ,during the calendar year #aibd1 #c1fei negro farmers undertook demonstrations with cotton and #c1jgb carried the work to completion and submitted reports4 ,these demonstrations represented a total of #bc1jdc acres4 ,in addition1 #b1fcj junior club members planted an acre or more of cotton and #a1gcd of them completed the work and submitted reports4 ,many of these boys cleared more than #ajj each on their acres and some more than #bjj4 ,this is not bad for boys who attend school regularly4 ,making the usual allowance of about #adj work hours in a year in the production and harvesting of an acre of cotton1 these club members earned an average of about #a an hour for every hour they worked4 ,corn has always been a favorite crop for demonstrations by adults and juniors in the ,south1 because it is used so much for food and feed and because it responds so well to special attention in that section of the country4 ,the #aibd annual reports show that #d1cag negro farmers undertook demonstrations with corn and that #c1bib finished them in good shape4 ,the demonstrations covered #be1ddb acres4 ,of #h1jah club members who planted an acre apiece1 #d1cjh completed the work with marked success4 ,if each successful demonstration should influence only five neighbors1 the totals would be impressive1 and demonstrations of outstanding size1 success1 and continuity are even more far-reaching4 ,from a demonstration viewpoint alone1 it is estimated that a million negro farmers and home makers are being influenced effectively4 ,it is worth while to trace the influence of demonstration in increasing the production of cotton and corn1 but it is equally significant to trace the influence of demonstrations on the growing of other crops4 ,additional attention during the last few years in the ,south has been given to work with legumes4 ,in order to continue the production of large crops of cotton and corn there must be some soil building4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,this can be done most readily with such crops as cowpeas1 soy beans1 vetch1 velvet beans1 clover1 and alfalfa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,negro agent advising a farmer regarding the value of cowpeas1 soy beans1 and other legumes for soil improvement4 ,during #aibd1 negro farmers conducted #i1hfj demonstrations with cowpeas1 soy beans1 and other leguminous and forage crops1 of which #h1ceh were completed on a total acreage of #ed1cff4 ,it is very encouraging to note that the negro farmers carried on #i1hfj demonstrations with leguminous and other forage crops in #aibd and that #h1ceh of these enterprises were completed on a total acreage of #ed1cff4 ,in connection with these totals should be considered #b1fgi club members who were enrolled to grow legumes and #a1gii who completed the work on their acres4 ,when it is considered that most of this work was done on rented land and that most of these crops require inoculation and special care1 these figures have unusual value4 ,of course all the legumes were not planted for soil-building purposes4 ,some of them were cash crops and some were grown for feed4 ,the order of popularity of the principal crops among these demonstrators is indicated by the number of demonstrations begun in #aibd1 as follows3 ,cowpeas1 #b1hhe2 velvet beans1 #a1dih2 peanuts1 #a1cac2 soy beans1 #a1bfi2 lespedeza1 #dgf2 and alfalfa1 #bgb4 ,vetch1 which was included in a miscellaneous total of #chd1 is increasing in popularity faster now than any other winter legume4 ,the success of negro farmers with such crops as sweet potatoes1 tobacco1 and potatoes shows a strong tendency on their part toward diversification in cash and food crops4 ,during #aibd1 #a1hag demonstrators were enrolled to grow sweet potatoes and #a1dfa of them completed the demonstrations and reported their results at the close of the season4 ,the club enrollment for this popular crop was #hcf1 of whom #eij completed their enterprises and reported4 ,the enrollment for potatoes was #iic adults and #fai juniors and the completions were #hgh and #ddh1 respectively4 ,in tobacco demonstrations #bbi men were enrolled and #baa finished and reported4 ,in junior extension #dhb boys grew tobacco4 ,in field-crop activities the enrollment of negro girls has been very small1 just as it has been among the whites1 which clearly indicates that the boys do most of the work on the farm and the girls in the home4 ,as a further contribution to the effort of the ,south to feed itself1 the activities of negro farmers with cereals other than corn are indicative4 ,in #aibd demonstrations were undertaken with wheat1 oats1 rye1 barley1 and other cereals1 and #b1ehj men1 #ihc boys1 and #e girls were enrolled1 of whom #a1hga men1 #fhb boys1 and #e girls completed4 ,in these demonstrations the yields were much larger than those of near-by farmers or county averages2 frequently they were twice or three times as large4 ,when a person undertakes1 as a representative of his county1 ,state1 and ,nation1 to make an object lesson to his neighbors1 he assumes a large responsibility4 ,some of the most successful demonstrations in truck farming1 from a financial standpoint1 have been made by negroes4 ,good stories of their work with melons1 berries1 cabbage1 turnips1 carrots1 celery1 and other similar crops come in constantly4 ,some of the enrollment figures in horticultural demonstrations deserve attention and favorable comment4 ,negro farmers undertook #a1cib demonstrations in trucking and market gardening and completed #iga with marked success4 ,a total of #h1gbi persons were enrolled to make object lessons in home gardens and #f1ejb of them were carried through to completion4 ,the enrollment in fruits was #b1jde1 of whom #a1djc completed4 ,some extraordinary service was rendered by these farmers in spraying and pruning1 which made their results more satisfactory and their examples more potent4 ,in fact1 many demonstrators became teachers and leaders through the merits of their work4 ,unusual significance may very properly be attached to the livestock demonstrations of negro farmers4 ,the large number of cows1 hogs1 and chickens owned by them indicates increased land ownership by negroes4 ,it throws light also on the increased production of feed crops4 ,the annual reports for #aibd show that #i1icf adult farmers and farm women were enrolled as livestock demonstrators1 of whom #g1cgi completed the year's work and submitted reports4 ,it is safe to assume that most of the #bfd1dcb animals used in these demonstrations were purebred4 ,likewise1 it means progress when it is realized that negro boys and girls cared for #ajb1jgj high-class farm animals in their club enterprises4 ,the enrollment of negro boys and girls in livestock work is worthy of the detailed statement given in ,table #b4 ,,table #b4--;,enrollment of negro boys and girls in livestock demonstrations1 #aibd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,line of work ,boys ,girls ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hogs #c1ggd #fhb ,dairy cattle #eje #b1gcb ,beef cattle #hc #d ,poultry #b1aed #g1gec ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,some idea of the substantial nature of the accomplishments of negro agents may be found in the record for #aibd1 which shows that they helped to procure better sires for the flocks and herds of #c1eeb farms and that they had flocks and herds culled on #d1hdh farms4 ,they also introduced better balanced feeding for farm animals on #i1ebj farms4 ,negro demonstrators used #fh1abf tons of fertilizer and #h1bhh tons of lime in their exemplary farm enterprises in #aibd1 and they plowed under #ac1edg acres of cover and green-manure crops in their soil-improvement operations4 ,terracing was done on #a1gch farms and soil erosion was thereby prevented on #dc1bii acres4 ,drainage systems were installed on #egc farms and #ah1dje acres were thereby made more productive and valuable4 ,the climax of negro extension work comes in the constructive features just as for the whites4 ,special import should therefore be attached to the fact that the agents had #dfc barns1 #daa hog houses1 and #ghg poultry houses built according to approved plans4 ,some rural-engineering work of a constructive nature was done on #c1ifg farms under the guidance of negro extension agents4 ,all this development means that thousands of the best negroes are learning lessons of thrift1 economy1 and enterprise4 ,they are coming to realize more and more the importance of owning land and building permanent homes4 ,another decade will probably show even greater results along these lines4 ,,home ,,demonstration ,,work ,it is certainly very gratifying to note that a large number of negro women and girls are doing excellent home demonstration work4 ,when it is remembered that they have to help a great deal in cotton1 tobacco1 and other fields1 there is unusual significance in the fact that they are willing and anxious to take part in the special activities which make for better living and better homes4 ,in #aibd1 #ba1eji women and #bg1aad girls were enrolled in the various activities which pertain definitely to the improvement of the home4 ,it is interesting1 also1 to compare the figures on home gardens with those on food preservation and preparation4 ,there seems to be a logical sequence here4 ,during the year1 #ab1cee women and #ad1fda girls were enrolled in home gardening2 #ac1iaa women and #ac1hbf girls1 in food preservation2 and #ad1gca women and #af1ecg girls1 in food preparation4 ,as a rule1 the work begins with garden demonstrations1 so it would seem that the interest increases as the work progresses4 ,it should be remembered also that women and girls did most of the work with poultry4 ,the proportion of members completing these demonstrations and the number of method demonstrations necessary for instruction were about the same as the averages of agents in other parts of the country and in other lines of work4 ,gardening work is begun with the most staple and standard crops and soon leads to winter and perennial gardens and the growing of small fruits4 ,wherever home ownership obtains1 the garden demonstrations are followed by orchard and lawn demonstrations4 ,fruit trees suitable to climatic and soil conditions are planted around the homes1 and such activities always approach their climax in beautified front yards and lawns4 ,the number of dwellings constructed and remodeled under the guidance of negro women agents and the number of club members demonstrating the beautification of home grounds indicate clearly the progress of negro home demonstration work4 ,such activities show that other steps have been taken before the family is ready to build4 ,they show1 also1 that a great deal of interest has been aroused and that the earning power of the people must have been increased to make such improvements possible4 ,in #aibd1 #efi houses were built in accordance with plans furnished by negro extension agents and #a1jjb houses were remodeled in accordance with the suggestions made by them4 ,the fact that so much work was done to make homes attractive indicates that demonstrators are anxious to make improvements4 ,this point is still further emphasized by the number of members who were enrolled in demonstrations in the beautification of home grounds4 ,a total of #f1dcc women and #f1dbg girls took up this important enterprise2 in #a1ccf homes the grounds were laid out according to a definite landscape plan2 and #cce school and community grounds were planted according to plans4 ,paint and whitewash are good indexes of improvement and prosperity4 ,demonstrations of this nature exert a fine influence from the standpoint of morals and civilization4 ,in #aibd1 #b1bei dwellings were painted or whitewashed as the result of extension influence4 ,many of the dwellings which were built or remodeled installed running water and lighting and heating systems4 ,altogether1 #aea houses installed one or more of these improvements4 ,perhaps no phases of home demonstration work are more valuable among negroes than sanitation and health1 which were exemplified by more than #aj1jjj negro homes4 ,in #b1cfa homes the doors and windows were screened and in #c1gha homes other methods of insect control and extermination were followed4 ,in most ,southern ,states1 negro agents have definite plans with blue prints for the construction of sanitary closets4 ,these plans were followed in #a1hij homes4 ,a total of #i1gcd women and #aj1cea girls were enrolled in home-health and sanitation demonstrations4 ,the agents gave more than #e1jjj demonstrations by way of instruction along this line4 ,the club members and the home demonstrators took much interest in home nursing1 first aid1 care of teeth1 care of skin1 good posture1 prevention of colds1 and similar health activities which the agents were emphasizing4 ,the statistics on house furnishings by negro women and girls compare favorably with their activities along other lines4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,during #aibd1 #g1fhh women and #h1fef girls were enrolled to make or buy and install certain house furnishings suggested by the agents4 ,more than #c1jjj individuals conducted demonstrations in treating woodwork1 walls1 and floors4 ,as a result of demonstrations carried on in house furnishings1 #d1ich improvements were made in bedrooms1 #a1gdd in living rooms1 #b1aij in dining rooms1 and #a1gag in other rooms of the house4 ,during the year #d1ifb demonstrations in home management were conducted by women and girls1 most of them pertaining to the kitchen and its equipment4 ,negro women and girls in their demonstration activities rearranged #b1bbf kitchens according to plans outlined by negro extension agents1 installed #cbf fireless cookers1 #cab kitchen sinks1 #a1aih kitchen cabinets1 and thousands of other articles of equipment and convenience in the kitchen4 ,in equipping the home laundry #bgg hand washing machines and #bf power washing machines were obtained4 ,the women and girls also bought #fbc electric and gasoline irons and #gj power vacuum cleaners4 ,the record shows that #d1jjh club members and demonstrators followed improved laundry practices for the first time4 ,,agents' ,,activities ,in the conduct of demonstration work with negroes the agents made visits to #bh1daj farms and #bf1eae homes4 ,it required #hf1hbd farm visits and #di1ccd home visits to get the results heretofore reported4 ,it therefore seems that each demonstration farm required an average of three visits and each demonstration home an average of about two visits4 ,if the demonstrations are large and successful enough1 the agents will be justified in increasing their visits and also in further magnifying them with field meetings and tours where the demonstrations will be greatly emphasized and the good influences extended4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,negro home demonstration agent demonstrating the making of rugs for the home4 ,during #aibd1 #g1fhh women and #h1fef girls were enrolled to make or buy and install certain house furnishings suggested by the agents4 ,it may be noted further that the agents spent #cg1dah days in the field and #ae1dce days in the office4 ,the negro agents reported #df1ajj method and result demonstration meetings with a total attendance of #hbj1cff4 ,this was in addition to #a1hfc special meetings for demonstrators and leaders1 #ceh short courses1 and #ajg camps for special training4 ,altogether1 more than a million people attended the special and regular meetings for the promotion of extension work among negroes4 ,to these impressive totals the number of fairs and exhibits should be added4 ,negroes made exhibits at #hae different community1 county1 and ,state fairs1 which were seen and studied by thousands of people4 ,lantern slides and motion pictures were shown at more than #ejj meetings4 ,,outlook ,the extension work for negroes and by negroes has been built up practically in the last #aj years4 ,it is a wonderful development in such a short time4 ,it took about the same length of time to build a similar organization for white people4 ,when it is remembered that negro work has been established in a period of transition1 turmoil1 and readjustment1 the significance is all the more remarkable4 ,it is a fine tribute to the good work of the negro agents that1 when the period of retrenchment came soon after the ,world ,war1 their force and their appropriations were the only ones which were not reduced4 ,with this solid foundation1 with this inspiring record1 and with this successful history the near future holds out much hope for even more rapid development4 ,there is no field of education in this country now where greater good can be accomplished by earnest1 devoted agents working along the right lines4 ,,statistics ,,table #c4--,number of negro agents and cost of negro extension work for the fiscal years ended on ,june #cj each year from #aiae to #aibd1 inclusive ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ #aiae #aiaf #aiag ,state and sex ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- of agent ,number,estimated,number,estimated,numbe r,estimated of cost of cost of cost agents agents agents ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,alabama3 ,men #g #f1djg #g #f1jii #i #h1fhh ,women #a #a1jcb ,arkansas3 ,men #b #a1chj #d #b1fcg #f #c1jag ,women #a #cad #a #a1jej ,florida3 ,men #a #eij #b #a1fcb #h #c1ffj ,women ,georgia3 ,men #b #a1bde #b #a1hdg #c #c1bhj ,women #a #dhj ,kentucky3 ,men #a #afe ,women ,louisiana3 ,men #a #fbe #f #a1iec #g #d1fbb ,women #b #ddb #b #a1chj ,maryland3 ,men #a #ccc ,women ,mississippi3 ,men #d #b1age #e #c1eej #h #d1fjh ,women ,missouri3 ,men ,women ,north ,carolina3 ,men #h #c1ifj #e #d1hda #e #e1agj ,women ,oklahoma3 ,men #a #hie #a #a1jja ,women #a #hhd #a #ijj #a #hgi ,south ,carolina3 ,men #g #b1gba #e #b1baj #e #a1idc ,women ,tennessee3 ,men ,women ,texas3 ,men ,women ,virginia3 ,men #af #h1fch #ae #aa1abj #ai #ab1fhj ,women #af #b1jfi #a #a1caj #c #b1ddg ,west ,virginia3 ,men ,women ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total3 ,men #di #bh1fcf #eb #cf1hij #gb #dh1aff ,women #ag #b1iec #e #b1iff #i #g1bfh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,grand total #ff #ca1ehi #eg #ci1hef #ha #ee1dcd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aiah #aiai #aibj #aiba ,state and sex ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ of agent ,number ,est4 ,number ,est4 ,number ,est4 ,number ,est4 of cost of cost of cost of cost agents agents agents agents ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,alabama3 ,men #bb #ad1ici #cj #bd1bge #bd #bh1agf #bd #ca1efb ,women #ab #e1igf #aa #h1eij #i #e1hga #i #aj1ehh ,arkansas3 ,men #ab #e1bgc #aa #ac1dbc #aj #ac1iea #aj #ai1bdb ,women #bh #f1cga #ba #e1iba #ac #aj1cea #i #ad1fgi ,florida3 ,men #ad #e1fha #ac #g1cab #h #e1iia #i #f1hdj ,women #ah #b1dib #ah #d1idc #h #c1bbg #aj #d1ibe ,georgia3 ,men #e #f1hje #ad #aa1bdi #ac #af1bab #ab #ae1fac ,women #cb #f1jij #bi #e1cjd #b #a1hjb #aa #f1gcj ,kentucky3 ,men #d #b1gbc #d #d1hgb #d #d1cbj #f #aj1aah ,women #d #a1eae #c #a1hgj ,louisiana3 ,men #ab #h1adh #ag #ab1gbh #ab #ad1dbj #aa #ae1hid ,women #e #c1agd #h #e1ibc #b #b1jbg #c #c1efb ,maryland3 ,men #c #c1aaj #c #d1ifj #b #c1gib #b #c1ige ,women #e #c1dde #e #d1bdb #a #a1eec #a #a1afj ,mississippi3 ,men #ac #g1dfd #ag #af1fbf #ab #ae1jeb #aj #ae1gfj ,women #f #b1fad #bg #e1gfi #aj #f1cad #aj #ab1ebg ,missouri3 ,men ,women ,north ,carolina3 ,men #ag #aa1fif #ah #ag1bcg #af #ah1eaj #ae #bj1ihh ,women #ah #b1jfb #dc #f1gbc ,oklahoma3 ,men #f #c1fah #i #i1gih #i #ag1gja #aj #ai1fab ,women #d #d1hgj #e #d1ffd #d #f1cag #d #f1ede ,south ,carolina3 ,men #aj #b1bbj #aa #f1dcj #g #f1afj #f #f1jdb ,women #d #a1jfc #a #ijj #aj #a1ghh ,tennessee3 ,men #h #d1jgf #h #g1acd #f #g1jbc #e #g1hfj ,women #c #a1efb #bc #h1aae #d #c1bbc #d #f1fea ,texas3 ,men #g #e1bcc #h #h1jid #ab #ab1jdf #ac #bb1ebd ,women #ab #a1eag #ae #d1dbi #aa #e1cic #i #h1haj ,virginia3 ,men #bc #af1jfe #bf #bb1hej #bc #ba1adh #bc #bc1hfc ,women #ef #aj1ebe #ef #ab1gih #aj #b1beb #f #c1cdj ,west ,virginia3 ,men #b #afg #a #bej #a #a1fjj ,women #a #gdj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total3 ,men #aef #ig1jea #aia #afg1aee #aei #ahd1geb #aeg #bba1dic ,women #bjc #eb1bac #bfh #hj1ced #gf #di1igj #hf #ha1cje ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,grand total #cei #adi1bfd #dei #bdg1eji #bce #bcd1gbb #bdc #cjb1gih ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ #aibb #aibc #aibd ,state and sex ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- of agent ,number,estimated,number,estimated,numbe r,estimated of cost of cost of cost agents agents agents ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,alabama3 ,men #bd #ci1jff #bc #dd1gfe #be #ch1egf ,women #i #aa1cea #i #ab1fid #i #aa1dha ,arkansas3 ,men #i #ai1dhi #aj #ae1dbi #aj #ac1ghc ,women #aj #ag1cbj #ab #ae1cgf #aa #ag1hda ,florida3 ,men #i #g1bbb #h #h1djj #h #i1jfc ,women #i #f1fbh #g #f1hcj #h #g1haj ,georgia3 ,men #ae #ah1cjb #ab #ag1igh #ac #ai1gjc ,women #ag #ac1cjb #ag #ad1eic #ac #aj1gdi ,kentucky3 ,men #e #g1bhi #e #f1gdd #e #f1hbf ,women ,louisiana3 ,men #i #ac1cia #i #aa1chj #aj #ac1iha ,women #f #f1aja #e #f1eac #f #f1dad ,maryland3 ,men #b #d1jdj #b #d1adj #b #d1adj ,women #a #a1edh #a #a1fej #a #a1gge ,mississippi3 ,men #ad #bj1bge #ag #bh1bdj #ai #bh1bib ,women #ad #ae1ijf #ag #ba1ahf #ag #bj1ehd ,missouri3 ,men #b #c1hjj #b #d1jjj #b #d1bci ,women #a #b1jjj #a #b1jjj #a #b1bjj ,north ,carolina3 ,men #ae #bb1dgg #bj #be1bhf #bj #bd1dah ,women #e #ac1dha #f #i1djh #f #aa1dac ,oklahoma3 ,men #aj #ba1jgj #aa #ba1bfc #aj #bd1ahh ,women #d #f1ihb #d #f1gid #d #e1gbh ,south ,carolina3 ,men #g #aj1cgb #i #ab1jgg #aj #ad1cah ,women #ac #b1ibe #ad #c1fbd #f #g1bhc ,tennessee3 ,men #e #h1jif #e #h1jii #f #h1gce ,women #d #f1bhe #e #f1acg #e #g1icf ,texas3 ,men #af #bd1ebh #bc #cj1ade #bc #ch1dib ,women #aa #aa1iag #ab #ae1cha #ac #af1icb ,virginia3 ,men #bg #cj1hdi #bf #cd1acj #bf #cd1deh ,women #h #g1cah #h #aj1big #h #aj1cbi ,west ,virginia3 ,men #e #d1ehb #d #d1bha #c #d1egi ,women #a #a1hjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total3 ,men #agd #bed1hdh #ahf #bgf1ceg #aia #bhg1gia ,women #aac #abd1hfd #aah #acb1dhc #ajh #ach1dge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,grand total #bhg #cgi1gab #cjd #djh1hdj #bii #dbf1bff ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,september #ac1 #aibf ,secretary of ,agriculture ,w4 ,m4 ,,jardine4 ,assistant ,secretary ,r4 ,w4 ,,dunlap4 ,director of ,scientific ,work ,a4 ,f4 ,,woods4 ,director of ,regulatory ,work ,,walter ,g4 ,,campbell4 ,director of ,extension ,work ,c4 ,w4 ,,warburton4 ,director of ,information ,,nelson ,,antrim ,,crawford4 ,director of ,personnel and ,business ,administration ,w4 ,w4 ,,stockberger4 ,solicitor ,r4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,weather ,bureau ,,charles ,f4 ,,marvin1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics ,,lloyd ,s4 ,,tenny1 ,acting ,chief4 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry ,,william ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,chief4 ,forest ,service ,w4 ,b4 ,,greeley1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,chemistry ,c4 ,a4 ,,browne1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,soils ,,milton ,,whitney1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,entomology ,l4 ,o4 ,,howard1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,biological ,survey ,e4 ,w4 ,,nelson1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,public ,roads ,,thomas ,h4 ,,macdonald1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,home ,economics ,,louise ,,stanley1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,dairy ,industry ,c4 ,w4 ,,larson1 ,chief4 ,fixed ,nitrogen ,research ,laboratory ,f4 ,g4 ,,cottrell1 ,director4 ,office of ,experiment ,stations ,e4 ,w4 ,,allen1 ,chief4 ,office of ,cooperative ,extension ,work ,c4 ,b4 ,,smith1 ,chief4 ,library ,,claribel ,r4 ,,barnett1 ,librarian4 ,federal ,horticultural ,board ,c4 ,l4 ,,marlatt1 ,chairman4 ,insecticide and ,fungicide ,board ,j4 ,k4 ,,haywood1 ,chairman4 ,packers and ,stockyards ,administration ,,john ,t4 ,,caine ,,iii1 in ,charge4 ,grain ,futures ,administration ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,duvel1 in ,charge4 ,this circular is a contribution from ,extension ,service ,c4 ,w4 ,,warburton1 ,director4 ,office of ,cooperative ,extension ,work ,c4 ,b4 ,,smith1 ,chief4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,of ,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procured ,,from ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents ,,government ,,printing ,,office ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #aj cents per copy ,illustration3 triangle ,transcriber's ,notes pg #a ,changed3 success in influencing the connstruction to3 success in influencing the construction pg #aa ,changed3 good object lessons in crop productoin to3 good object lessons in crop production pg #bj ,changed3 good house which ,i rent1 to3 good house which ,i rent out1 pg #bc ,changed3 completed #iga with marked sucess4 to3 completed #iga with marked success4 pg #be ,changed3 kitchen cabinets1 and thouands of other articles to3 kitchen cabinets1 and thousands of other articles