,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged4 ,italics are represented thus italic4 ,,the ,,traveller',s ,,oracle2 ,,or1 ,,maxims ,,for ,,locomotion3 ,,containing ,,precepts ,,for ,,promoting ,,the ,,pleasures1 ,,and ,,hints ,,for ,,preserving ,,the ,,health ,,of ,,travellers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,comprising ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,carriage ,,keeper',s ,,oracle2 ,,rules ,,for ,,purchasing ,,and ,,keeping ,,or ,,jobbing ,,horses ,,and ,,carriages2 ,,estimates ,,of ,,expenses ,,occasioned ,,thereby2 ,,and ,,an ,,easy ,,plan ,,for ,,ascertaining ,,every ,,hackney-,,coach ,,fare4 ,by ,,john ,,jervis1 ,,an ,,old ,,coachman4 ,,the ,,whole ,,revised ,by ,,william ,,kitchiner1 ,m4,d41 c4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,henry ,,colburn1 ,,new ,,burlington ,,street4 #ahbg4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,,moyes1 ,,took',s ,,court1 ,,chancery ,,lane4 ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,carriage ,,keeper',s ,,oracle2 ,,or1 ,,rules ,,for ,,purchasing ,,and ,,keeping ,,or ,,jobbing ,,horses ,,and ,,carriages2 ,,accurate ,,estimates ,,of ,,every ,,expense ,,occasioned ,,thereby2 ,,and ,,an ,,easy ,,plan ,,for ,,ascertaining ,,every ,,hackney-,,coach ,,fare4 ,,contents ,,of ,,part ,,ii4 ,,introduction #c ,estimate of ,keeping a ,groom and one ,horse in your own ,stable #aa ,estimate of the ,expense of ,keeping one ,horse at a ,livery ,stable #ae ,estimates of various ,carriages #af ,expense of ,keeping a ,coachman1 a ,carriage1 and two ,horses in your own ,coach-,house and ,stable #ai ,liberal ,plan of ,keeping a ,carriage #cc ,estimate of ,hiring a ,carriage for any short ,period #ci ,estimate of ,jobbing ,horses #dd ,estimate and ,description of a ,handsome ,town ,chariot #ej ,carriages and ,coachmaking #ei ,of the ,construction of a ,chariot #fe ,of ,axle-,trees #ic ,of the ,wheels #ii ,the ,ornaments of ,carriages #ajd ,cautions against ,purchasing of ,cheap ,second-hand ,carriages #aab ,of the ,harness #aai ,of ,second-hand ,harness #aba ,travelling ,carriages #abc ,description of ,buonaparte's ,travelling ,chariot #abg ,duties on ,male ,servants1 ,carriages1 and ,horses #aca ,the ,art of ,managing ,coachmen #acc ,of ,evening ,parties #acf ,of ,coachmen and ,orders #adb-aej ,of ,punctuality #aea ,of ,lending your ,carriage #afj ,the ,fifteen ,things which a good ,coachman ,won't ,do #afe ,coachman's ,tools #agj ,of the ,new ,road and ,regent's ,park #agc ,of ,driving #ahd ,of ,care of the ,carriage #bja ,of ,repairing ,carriages #bab ,on ,horses #bah ,hints to ,purchasers of ,horses #bbc ,to ,preserve the ,health of ,horses #bch ,to ,make a ,horse have a ,fine ,coat #bdf ,on the ,food of ,horses #bdi ,on sending ,horses to ,grass #beg ,colds of ,horses #bfa ,of ,stables #bff ,management of ,horses in case of ,fire #bgb ,hints to ,horsemen #bgc ,on the ,rough ,shodding of ,horses in ,frosty ,weather #bha ,of the ,comparative ,expense of a ,private ,carriage and of ,hiring of ,hackney ,coaches #bhf ,an ,easy ,plan of ,ascertaining every ,fare of a ,hackney ,coach #bib ,when and ,how to ,call a ,coach #cab ,hackney ,coach and ,chariot ,fares #cah ,specimen of ,cary's ,new ,guide for ,ascertaining ,hackney ,coach ,fares #cbd ,,music ,,to ,,part ,,ii4 ,,trio to face page #ij ,,the ,,traveller',s ,,oracle1 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,carriage ,,keeper',s ,,oracle4 ,,introduction4 ,the following ,estimates of the ,expense of keeping ,horses and ,carriages1 are ,accurate ,statements1 they cannot be well kept for less1 and they need not cost more3--the ,reader will have no difficulty in finding a ,hackneyman1 and a ,coachmaker1 who will furnish him with them on the terms herein set down2 for we have adopted a mean between thoughtless ,extravagance on the one hand1 and rigid ,parsimony on the other4 ,it is a very frequent1 and a very just complaint1 that the ,expense of a ,carriage is not so much its ,first ,cost1 as the charge of ,keeping it in ,repair4 ,many are deterred from indulging themselves therewith1 from a consciousness that they are so utterly unacquainted with the management thereof1 they are apprehensive the uncertainty of the ,expense1 and the ,trouble attending it1 will produce ,anxiety1 which will more than counterbalance the ,comfort to be derived from it4 ,few ,machines vary more in quality than ,carriages1 the charge#a for them varies as much2--the best advice that can be offered to the ,reader1 is1 to 8,deal with a ,tradesman of ,fair ,character1 and established circumstances4--,such a person has every inducement to charge reasonably1 and has too much at stake1 to forfeit1 by any silly ,imposition1 the ,credit that he has been years in establishing by careful ,integrity40----,dr4 ,kitchiner's ,,housekeeper',s ,,ledger1 #hvo4 #ahbf1 p4 #bj4 ,those ,carriages which cost least1 are not always the ,cheapest1 but often turn out1 in the end1 to be the ,dearest4 ,of ,chariots1 that appear to be equally handsome to a common ,eye1 which has not been taught to look minutely into the several parts of their machinery2 ,one may be cheap at #bejl41 and ,another may be dear at #bjjl43 notwithstanding1 the ,vender of the latter may get more ,profit than the ,builder of the former4 ,the faculty of ,counting1 too frequently1 masters all the other ,faculties1 and is the grand source of deception which ,speculating ,shopkeepers are ever ready to take advantage of2--for catching the majority of ,customers1 ,cheapness is the surest bait in the ,world1--how many more people can count the difference between #bj and #be1 than can judge of the ,quality of the article they are about to buy8 ,quantity strikes the eye at once4--,it is recorded1 that a certain ,king having commanded his ,treasurer to give an ,artist a ,thousand ,pounds for some work which his faithful ,minister knew would be most liberally paid for with half that sum2 the sagacious ,treasurer ordered1 ,five ,hundred ,pounds in ,silver to be laid upon a ,table in a ,room which he knew that his ,majesty would pass through with him4 ,on seeing the heap of ,silver1 the ,king exclaimed1 8,what's all that ,money for80 ,the ,treasurer replied1 8,sire1 it is half of the ,sum which your ,majesty commanded me to give to the ,artist40--,on which1 the ,king said1 8,hey1 hey6 a deal of ,money--a deal of ,money--,half of that will do6660 ,quantity may be estimated by an uneducated ,eye--to discern the ,quality of things1 requires ,experience and ,judgment--capital ,guides2 but with which the purchasers of ,horses and ,carriages are ,years before they acquire sufficient acquaintance to derive any benefit from them1 and their chief security is1 to deal with ,persons who have justly acquired1 and long maintained1 an unblemished ,reputation4 ,i must here protest against a ,custom which it is high time was abolished1 that of asking ,guineas instead of ,pounds1--as ,guineas are coined no more1 there is no pretence for continuing this trick of charging #el4 per ,cent extra6 ,those who do it1 know that nobody would give them #aje ,pounds2 but1 under the jingle of #ajj ,guineas1 they contrive to poke an additional ,five ,pounds out of your pocket6 ,as we have earnestly advised1 that the ,coachman may be made independent of the ,coachmaker1 so let the latter be entirely independent of the former4 ,be not so perfunctory1 as to permit your ,coachman to order what he pleases4 ,if you send a ,carriage to be repaired1 with the usual ,message1 8,to do any little ,jobs that are wanted10 you will most likely not have a little to pay4 ,when any ,repair is required1 desire your ,coachman to tell you2 examine it with your own ,eyes1 and with your own hand write the order to the ,coachmaker1 c4 for every thing that is wanted2 and warn him you will not pay for any ,jobs1 c4 not so ordered1 and desire him to keep such ,orders and return them to you when he brings his ,bill1 that you may see it tallies therewith1 and you may keep a little ,book yourself1 into which you may copy such ,orders4 ,counsellor ,cautious went one step further2 and before any work was begun1 required a ,note1 stating for how much1 and in how long1 the person would undertake to completely perform it4 ,however well built originally1 the ,durability of the ,beauty and the ,strength of ,carriages1 depends much upon how they are managed2--they are as much impaired by those to whose care they are entrusted1 not understanding1 or not performing1 the various operations which preserve them1 as they are by the ,wear occasioned by ,work4 ,in hiring a ,coachman1 his having a due knowledge of how to take care of a ,carriage1 is of as much importance as his experience in ,horses1 or his skill in ,driving4 ,persons who order ,carriages1 are frequently disappointed in the convenience and appearance of them1 from not giving their ,directions in terms sufficiently explicit2--when those who buy ,carriages make any such a mistake1 it is said1 that those who sell are not always remarkably anxious to rectify it1 unless at the expense of the proprietor4 ,an ,acquaintance of the ,editor's1 ordered that the interior of a ,new ,chariot should be arranged exactly like his former ,carriage3--when it was finished1 he found that there were several very disorderly deviations from the old plan1 which were extremely disagreeable to him3--the ,builder said1 civilly enough1 that he was exceedingly sorry1 and would soon set it all right--which he did2 but presented a ,bill of ,ten pounds for mending these mistakes1 which having arisen entirely from his own ,inattention to the fitting up of the ,old ,carriage1 his ,customer successfully resisted the payment of1 having been prudent enough to have the ,agreement for building the ,carriage1 worded1 8,that it should be finished in all respects to his entire satisfaction1 by a certain ,time1 for a certain ,sum40 ,to the end of this work is added a ,copious ,glossary1 and an ,index1 which will readily conduct the ,reader to the various subjects1 and be found extremely useful in explaining the ,technical terms1 c4 commonly used by ,coachmakers4 ,the ,editor has endeavoured to explain the various points in so plain a manner1 that persons who are previously entirely unacquainted with the subject1 may calculate exactly what will be the ,expense1 and ascertain pretty accurately the best manner of managing1 and of estimating the pretensions of those they are about to employ1 either to build or to take care of a ,carriage1 c41 in almost as little time as they can read this little ,book2 in which it is hoped that they will find ,amusement blended with useful ,instruction1 and soon gain such a general knowledge of the subject1 as will effectually protect them from ,imposition3--at all events1 the ,editor is quite sure1 that it will soon save the ,purchaser more than double what he has been so good as to give his friend the old ,coachman for the following advice4--,now ,cent per ,cent1 even in these times1 when it is said that ,cash is scarce1 is quite as large a profit as can be made by most ,purchases6 ,therefore1 the ,editor sends ,mr4 ,jervis's ,book to ,press1 with a contented conscience1 and a hearty wish1 that all who buy it may be able to invest all their ,money to equal advantage4 ,,estimate ,no4 #a4 ,,expense ,,of ,,keeping ,a ,,groom ,,and ,,one ,,horse ,,in ,,your ,,own ,,stable4 ,a ,saddle-,horse being but of little service during ,november1 ,december1 ,january1 and ,february1 during these four ,months ,economical ,equestrians send their ,nags to a ,straw-,yard4 ,sportsmen say1 that nothing does a ,horse more good than a ,winter's ,run once in ,two or ,three years--it far exceeds turning to ,grass in ,summer1 when the ,flies are troublesome4 ,the ,price at ,straw-,yards varies from #cs4 #f;d4 to #es4 a week1 depending upon the ,straw1 which is contingent on the ,corn ,crops3 some ,horses sleep in at ,night1 and have ,hay given them1 or at least ordered for them1 in which case1 #gs4 per ,week is charged4 s4 d4 ,the ,straw-,yard for one ,horse1 for #ag ,weeks1 say at #ds4 #f;d4 per ,week1 will be #c #af #f ,this ,holiday is very beneficial to the ,horse1 especially to his ,legs and ,feet1 which1 when worn down by hard work1 or cut up by flinty ,roads or bad ,shoeing1 are thereby greatly refreshed and strengthened4 8,rest makes a ,new ,horse40 ,for the remaining #ce ,weeks1 the allowance of ,provisions per week cannot be less than s4 d4 #a ,truss of ,straw#b1 at #cfs4 per ,load #j #a #j #a ,truss and a half of hay1 at #e per ,load #j #d #b peck of ,oats per ,day1 is per ,week #e pecks1 and at #bes4 per ,quarter #j #d #b ------------ ,food per ,week #j #i #d #ce ------------ ,food for #ce ,weeks #af #f #h ,expense of ,horse in ,straw-,yard1 brought forward #c #af #f ,taking to and from the ,straw-,yard #j #aj #j ------------ ,annual ,keep #bj #ac #b ,a ,saddle-,horse1 on an average1 is shod about ,once in four weeks1 and the set of ,shoes costs #es42 ,nine ,sets of ,shoes #b #e #j ,the ,annual ,duty #a #h #i ------------ ,annual ,expense #bd #f #aa ------------ ,,obs4--,this ,allowance for ,provision is hardly sufficient for ,horses that do hard work1 which require a ,peck of ,oats per ,day1 a ,truss and a half of ,straw1 the same of ,hay1 with some good ,chaff1 and occasionally a little ,bran2 also a handful of ,beans in ,wet ,weather1 especially to ,horses that work at ,night4 ,a ,hackneyman's allowance for ,two ,horses is a ,sack of ,oats per week1 which give1 if good measure1 ,four good feeds a day2 ,country measure1 will run nearly five feeds4 ,the above is the ,annual ,expense--exclusive of ,stable ,rent--,interest of ,money paid for the purchase of the ,horses--,saddles--,bridles--,horse ,cloths1 c4--,farrier's ,bills for ,physic--,turnpikes--,travelling ,expenses--,groom's ,wages and ,livery1 c41 which1 excepting the difference of charge between a ,coachman's ,box ,coat1 and a ,groom's ,great ,coat1 and the difference of ,rent and ,taxes on a ,single ,stall ,stable1 7which it is often excessively difficult to obtain contiguous to your ,house71 and on ,two ,stalls and a ,coach-house1 is1 according to the s4 d4 ,expense of keeping a ,groom or ,coachman given in ,estimate ,no4 #d1 about #ie #j #j ,annual ,keep #bd #f #aa --------------- ,total #aai #f #aa --------------- ,n4,b4--,the ,hackneyman's ,charge for ,jobbing a ,saddle ,horse1 and finding ,stabling1 c4 is1 per ,annum1 about #gj4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,expense ,,of ,,keeping ,,one ,,horse ,,at ,a ,,livery ,,stable4 ,at some ,livery ,stables1 your ,horses will be taken as much care of as they can be in your own3 at others1 they fare very sadly2--therefore1 cautiously inquire into the ,character of the person keeping them2--moreover1 if his ,rent is in arrear1 your ,carriage and ,horses may be seized and sold by his ,landlord4 s4 d4 ,four ,feeds per ,day1 at #a4 #as4 per ,week #ed #ab #j ,hostler1 #as4 or #as4 #f;d4 per ,week--a ,gratuity of a shilling now and then to the ,under ,hostler1 who looks after the ,chaise1 or attends to the ,horse1 together1 perhaps1 equal to about #d #j #j ,shoeing1 and ,duty per ,annum #d #ac #i ------------- #fc #e #i ------------- ,,estimate ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,cabriolet ,,and ,,harness1 s4 d4 ,when quite new1 if ,jobbed1 will be1 for one ,year1 from #cj to #dj #j #j ,tax thereon #c #e #j ,for ,standing1 and care at a ,livery ,stable1 per ,week1 #as4 #f;d4 #c #ah #j -------------- #dg #c #j -------------- ,the ,price of a new ,two-,wheel ,one ,horse ,chaise--,dennett--,tilbury--,stanhope1 c4 is from #dj to #ij4 ,of a ,cabriolet1 from #ajj to #acj4 ,of a ,four-,wheel ,one ,horse ,chaise1 with head to it1 from #ajj to #aej4 ,of a ,pair of the best ,strong ,gig ,wheels1 with ,ash felleys and patent hoop tires1 about #g4 ,wheels1 at first1 want only new ,shoeing1 or turning the ,tire1 as they wear upon one edge principally3 this is done for about #bjs4 or #bes41 and they will last almost as long as at first4 ,new-tireing a ,pair of ,gig ,wheels with ,patent hoop-tire1 costs about #b4 #ajs4 ,,mem4--,when going to ,drive1 not only inquire1 but give a look yourself at the ,wheels1 c4 before you set off--trust this to no one--make sure that the ,bridle and the ,bit fit easy to the ,mouth1 and see that the ,collar and every part of the ,harness fit comfortably3--if your ,horse tosses his head up and down continually1 he is not easy4 8,safe bind1 ,safe find10 is at no time a better maxim than when preparing for a ,journey4 8,a ,carriage with but two ,wheels should be built so that the principal part of the weight is on the ,axle-,tree1 7instead of the ,horse's back71 and the ,carriage part of the ,vehicle ought to be on ,springs1 as well as the ,body3 this prevents the ,bolts and ,nuts working loose1 and the ,joints opening1 c4 ,the ,lamps should be at the sides2 but the ,dashing ,iron ought to have in front a socket on each side to place the ,lamps in at ,night1 which will throw the light before the ,horse's head1 and prevent any shadow from the ,wheels--when they are used at the ,sides1 you see your danger just too late4 ,the ,shafts should be plated underneath with ,iron1 or if your ,horse falls1 they are apt to break1 which may occasion a dangerous fall to the ,persons in the ,vehicle40--,a4 ,e4 ,,carriages ,,with ,,two#c ,,wheels ,are the cheapest1 and have the advantage over all others for ,lightness and ,expedition2 but ,,mem4 ,if the ,horse be ever so sure-footed1 and the ,driver be ever so skilful and steady1 they are still but ,dangerous ,vehicles--which will only be used by those who are compelled to sacrifice ,safety to ,celerity1 and ,comfort to ,cheapness3--if risks1 however1 are incurred by this mode of conveyance1 ,expense is certainly diminished1 for the rate of charges in ,travelling is considerably less in proportion for one ,horse and ,two ,wheels1 than for two ,horses and ,four ,wheels4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,expense ,,of ,,keeping ,a ,,coachman1 ,,and ,a ,,carriage ,,and ,,two ,,horses1 ,,in ,,your ,,own ,,coach-,,house ,,and ,,stable4 4 s4 d4 ,a ,peck of ,oats per ,day for each ,horse1 when ,corn is #bes4 per ,quarter2 say #bd ,quarters per ,annum #cj #j #j ,a ,quarter of a ,truss of ,hay for each ,horse per ,day1 at #e per ,load2 say #e ,loads per ,annum #bg #aj #j ,one ,truss of ,straw each ,horse per week2 say three ,loads per ,annum1 at #cfs4 #e #h #j ,beans1 which are only wanted when ,horses are worked very hard2 and ,physic1 which 7excepting the ,persuader prescribed--see ,index7 is as little wanted by a ,horse1 as it is by a ,man4 ,see ,,obs4 to ,estimate ,no4 ,i4 #d #j #j ,twenty-eight sets of ,shoes1 at #es4 per set #g #j #j ,farriers' ,bills1--the ,risk of your ,horses turning out unsound and inefficient1--the ,expense of hiring other ,horses while your own are ,ill1 c41 and the ,interest of the ,money paid for the purchase of the ,horses1 c41 cannot be estimated at less than #bj4 per ,annum for each ,horse #dj #j #j ----------- #aac #ah #j ,those ,persons who are most dependent upon their ,carriage1 frequently require it to carry them only a ,mile or ,two1 and may save the expense of hiring another ,horse while one of their own is ,ill1 or is in want of a ,day's rest1 by having a pair of ,shafts made to fit on1 and so use it with only one ,horse--which will do all the work required by many infirm persons1 almost as easily as ,two3--we wonder that more ,chariots are not so constructed4 ,the preceding ,calculation shews that the ,expense of keeping ,two ,horses1 and the ,risk of loss by ,horses1 c4 cannot well be set down at less than #aac4 #ahs4 per ,annum4 ,a ,hackneyman will furnish a pair of ,horses1 take all the ,hazards1 and bear all the expenses enumerated above2 at from #ace4 to #afj4 per ,annum1 according to the quantity of ,work1 and the ,age1 ,colour1 and ,quality of the ,horses required4 ,if a ,pair of ,horses are hired for a ,year1 and they are given up at any time within that period1 it is customary to give a couple of months' notice1 or a couple of months' money4 ,have a written agreement about this4 ,the following is my ,agreement for hiring ,horses3-- 8,,memorandum4 ,mr4 ,thurston agrees to furnish ,dr4 ,kitchiner with a ,pair of ,horses at #adj4 per ,annum1 to be paid ,quarterly2 and if ,dr4 ,k4 wishes to give them up1 he must give two months' notice1 or two months' money3 i4 e4 #bd4 8,from ,january #eth1 #ahbg4 ,,wm4 ,,kitchiner4 ,,jas4 ,,thurston40 ,i would not recommend a ,carriage ,horse to be less than ,seven years old1 especially if to be driven in ,crowded ,streets3--,horses that have not been taught how to behave in such situations1 are extremely awkward and unmanageable1 and often occasion ,accidents4 ,as ,i have said1 the ,price charged for ,job ,horses varies as the goodness of the ,horses1 and as the ,work required1 does4 ,some persons do not ,exercise their ,horses enough2--others require ,two ,horses to do as much ,labour as should be done by ,three4 ,again1 the price of ,horses varies from less than #hj4 a ,pair1 to twice #hj4 a piece4 ,if you keep ,horses for useful purposes1 you must not be too nice about either their ,colour1 or the condition of their ,coats4 ,the ordinary ,town ,carriage ,work can be done just as well by a ,pair of ,horses1 which may be had for #gj4 or #hj4 as with those that cost three times that ,sum2 indeed it will most likely be done better4 ,if you have ,horses worth an hundred pounds a piece1 you will be afraid of using them when you most want them2 i4 e4 in ,cold and ,wet ,weather1 for fear of their catching ,cold and breaking their ,coats1 c4 ,moreover1 the ,elegance of an ,equipage1 in the ,eyes of most people1 depends more upon the ,carriage1 ,harness1 and ,liveries1 than upon the ,horses3--all can judge of the former1 but few of the latter2 and1 provided they are the same ,size and of the same ,colour1 the ,million will be satisfied4 ,horses in ,pairs are sometimes worth double what they are1 singly--and ,horsedealers do not like to buy any but of the most common ,colours2 i4 e4 ,bays and ,browns2 because of the ease in matching them4 ,horses of extraordinary ,colours may be purchased at a proportionably cheap rate1 unless they are in ,pairs1 and happen to be an extraordinary good match1 when they will sometimes bring an extravagant price4 ,an ,ancient ,equestrian gives the following advice2 and also gave us all those ,paragraphs to which are affixed the initials ,a4 ,e43-- 8,if you have occasion to match your ,horse1 do not let the ,dealer know you are seeking for a ,match ,horse1 or he will demand a higher price2 nor do not send your servant to select for you40--,see the 8,hints to ,purchasers of ,horses10 in ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,if you will be contented with the useful ,qualities of your ,horses1 i4 e4 their ,strength and ,speed1 and are not too nice about their matching in ,colour1 you may be provided with capital ,horses1 at half the cost of those who are particular about their ,colour2 and moreover1 you may easily choose such as will do double the service4 ,the ,judgment and ,liberality of the ,proprietors are not so questionable on account of the ,horses 7which all the ,wit and all the ,wealth in the ,world cannot always procure exactly what may be wished7 as they are about those works of ,art1 a ,carriage and a ,livery2 these1 good ,taste and ,liberality can always command4 ,the difference in the charge for the hire of an elegant ,new ,carriage and a shabby ,old one1 does not exceed #be4 per ,annum2 and #aj4 per ,annum more will defray all the extra expense incurred by giving a handsome ,livery2 so there is not #aj per ,cent saved in the ,shabbiest turn out4 ,as most people ,job their ,carriage ,horses1 we shall continue our ,estimate1 and set down-- 4 s4 d4 ,for a ,pair of ,jobbed ,horses 7the lowest price at present7 #ace #j #j ,the ,duty on ,two ,horses #d #ad #f ,on a ,four-,wheeled ,carriage #f #j #j ,on the ,coachman #a #ad #j ,wages#d of the ,coachman1 not less than #ajs4 per week #bf #j #j ,board1 ditto1 ditto1 at #ads4 per week #cf #h #j ,n4,b4 ,if there are no ,lodging ,rooms over the ,coach-house1 it is customary to allow a ,coachman about #ds4 per ,week1 i4 e4 about #aj4 per ,year1 to pay his ,lodging4 ,allowance for ,oil and ,grease1 ,towels and ,leathers1 to clean the ,carriage1 at least #as4 per ,week #b #ab #j ,rent of ,coach-house and ,stable #be #j #j ,tax on ditto #c #j #j -------------- #bdj #h #f -------------- ,the advice of our great ,dramatic ,bard cannot be quoted more aptly than in the following ,maxim for choosing a ,livery3-- 8,costly thy ,habit as thy ,purse ,can buy1 but not expressed in fancy1 ,rich not gaudy3 for the ,apparel oft proclaims ,the ,man40 ,shakespeare4 ,we recommend a ,blue1 ,brown1 ,drab1 or ,green ,livery1 the whole of the same ,colour4 ,to have a ,coat of one ,colour1 and lined with another1 a ,waistcoat of another1 and the other ,clothes of another ,colour1 claims the ,poet's censure--it is 8,gaudy0--unless for a full ,dress ,livery on a ,gala ,day3--we equally disapprove of the ,capes of a ,box ,coat being alternately ,blue and ,yellow1 or ,brown and ,red1 c4 ,coachman's ,livery4 ,those who affect an elegant ,equipage1 usually give their ,coachman annually1 say ,two handsome ,suits of what is termed the best ,second ,cloth 7what is called ,livery ,cloth is a little cheaper1 but much coarser1 and not half so serviceable74 4 s4 d4 ,brought forward #bdj #h #f ,light ,blue ,cloth ,double-breasted ,coat1 edged with ,crimson1 and lined with ,shalloon same colour as the ,coat1 with ,gold-laced ,collar and ,button ,holes-- ,waistcoat1 ,blue ,kerseymere1 with ,shalloon ,sleeves2 ,plush ,breeches1 lined1 and gilt ,knee ,buckles #ad #ad #j #cj ,large and #ah ,small ,buttons with ,crest#e and ,motto1 c4 thereon #j #ac #f ,working ,dress1 7once a ,year71 ,drab ,cord ,breeches1 ,coat1 ,waistcoat1 and ,overalls 7,drab ,fustian1 lined17 c4 #c #ac #j -------------- #bei #i #j ,for those who make but little use of their ,carriage1 ,,one ,,livery a ,year1 or ,two in ,three ,years1 is enough1 especially if you give a ,working-dress1 as the ,livery is then worn merely when he mounts the ,box to drive4 ,those who give only ,,one ,,livery ,,in ,a ,,year1 should do that in ,april1 so that they may have the credit of it during the ,summer months1 while it is seen3 during the ,winter it is almost always covered by the ,box ,coat2 when the ,coat the man does his work in1 will do as well as any4 ,if a ,livery ,coat has a ,laced ,collar1 wearing the ,box ,coat over it1 will soon cut it to pieces4 ,counsellor ,cautious never gave a ,coachman a ,livery till he had served him for ,three ,months4 ,some ,persons1 instead of a ,livery1 allow #cs4 or #ds4 per ,week extra1 and the ,coachman finds his own ,clothes1 a plain ,blue ,coat2 they giving him only a ,hat and ,great ,coat4 4 s4 d4 ,brought forward #bei #i #j ,a good full-made ,box ,coat1 with six real ,capes1 and lined with ,shalloon1 about #g4 7according to the number of ,capes and the quality of the ,cloth1 the price varies from #e4 to #h471 once in ,three ,years1 at the end of which it is given to the ,coachman1 per ,annum #b #g #j ,plain ,liveries1 without ,lace1 c4 one-third less1 i4 e4 about #e4 per ,suit4 ,two ,plain ,hats #b #aj #j ----------- #bfd #f #j ,with ,gold ,lace ,binding1 and a neat narrow ,gold ,band1 they cost about double the above sum4 ,some give1 ,annually1 one plain ,hat for common use1 and one edged with ,gold ,lace and a ,gold ,band as a ,dress ,hat4 ,those who like to see their ,coachman neat and nice1 give him a ,clothes ,box as well as a ,clothes ,brush1 or1 which is infinitely better1 a ,cupboard six feet high1 about three feet deep1 and three feet wide1 with pegs to hang his ,box ,coat1 ,hat1 and other ,clothes on1 which1 without such a case1 are soon spoiled by the ,dust of the ,hay ,loft4 4 s4 d4 ,brought forward #bfd #f #j ,the ,yearly hire of a handsome new ,chariot or ,coach and ,harness1 from #gj4 to #hd43 if it is hired for only three or four ,years1 and fitted up with ,under-springs1 ,collinge's ,axles1 c41 and finished in the best style1 as described in ,estimate ,no #i1 it will be about #hd #j #j ------------- ,total #cdh #f #j ,to the above ,estimate is to be added the charges of ,turnpikes--,short ,baits#f--,travelling ,expenses1 c41 extra ,visiting1 and numerous other ,expenses1 which would not be incurred without a ,carriage to carry you to them3 these will make the total amount of outgoings from keeping a ,carriage come up to not less than #djj per ,annum4 ,the ,editor is aware that the foregoing ,computations are rather higher than those random-guess ,estimates1 which some inexperienced persons have published3 however1 his ,calculations are neither more nor less than the actual amount which he has himself paid2 and he does not believe that the business can be done properly for less than the ,sums set down2--therefore1 ,prudent ,peruser of the present ,page1 ,to keep a ,coach will add but ,care to ,age1 ,unless your ,annual ,income is quite clear ,full ,fifteen ,hundred ,pounds a ,year4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,v4 ,the former is ,the ,usual and ,liberal ,plan of ,keeping a ,carriage--it cannot be kept so comfortably on any other2 but we must also tell our ,readers ,the ,cheapest ,plan1 which is about #ajj per ,annum less4 4 s4 d4 #ast4 ,instead of giving #hd per ,annum for a ,new ,carriage and ,harness1 made in the best style1 as per ,estimate ,no4 #i1 you may hire an inferior1 or a vamped-up second-hand one for about #fj #j #j ,a ,hackneyman will supply a ,pair of ,horses1 and keep them1 c4 in his ,livery ,stables1 for #ace #j #j ,standing of ,carriage1 and charge for cleaning and greasing1 c4 as in ,estimate ,no4 #f1 per annum1 not less than #aa #af #j ,duty on ,horses and ,carriage #aj #ad #f ,a ,grand managing ,economist informed me that he pays the ,hostler at a ,livery ,stable #hs4 per week additional1 i4 e4 #bj per annum1 to do all the work usually done by the ,coachman1 except driving the ,carriage--he comes for orders as a ,coachman does1 and brings the ,carriage to the ,door1 when his ,man ,servant1 who acts as ,coachman#g1 mounts the ,box and drives it2 on its return1 the ,footman drives it to the ,stables1 and the ,hostler does all the rest of the business usually done by a ,coachman #bj #j #j ,extra ,wages to a ,footman for ,driving1 and ,box ,coat1 c4 not less than1 per annum #h #j #j ------------ #bde #aj #f ------------ ,,obs4--,few ,people but those who have either a very ,strong ,purse1 or a very ,weak ,person1 really require a ,carriage every day4 ,twice1 or ,thrice in a week would be quite enough for many2--such will do wisely1 to find a ,friend who will pay half of the ,expense1 and use the ,equipage on alternate days--and on ,sundays let it rest4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,,vi4 ,for those who wish for a ,carriage merely as a matter of occasional ,parade1 rather than of continual ,convenience1 and hardly require it perhaps ,two days in a ,week1 the cheapest plan is to purchase a ,carriage1 and keep it at a ,stable ,yard1 where1 as often as they wish1 they can hire a pair of ,horses3 but a good ,carriage must not stand in a ,public ,yard1 unless it is put into a private ,coach-house1 where it can be carefully locked up3--if you pay a little extra for this1 it is money well spent4 4 s4 d4 ,the ,expense then will be1 the ,interest of the ,money paid for the purchase of the ,carriage and ,harness1 7which we will suppose may be bought second hand for about #bjj71 and keeping it in ,repair1 which1 as it is but seldom used1 may be set down together at 7not less than17 per annum #cj #j #j ,standing of it1 at #cs4 per week1 per annum #g #af #j ,for ,oil and ,grease1 and to the ,hostler for cleaning the ,carriage1 from #as4 to #as4 #f;d4 per week1 per annum #d #j #j ,tax #f #j #j ----------- #dg #af #j ,and #a4 #as4 per ,day for ,hire of ,horses1 and #es4 the ,coachman4 ,see ,,estimate ,,no4 #g4 ,thus1 it appears1 ,to keep a ,carriage1 and to use it once in a ,year1 costs #dh4 #b s4666 ,the ,hackneyman's ,charge for a ,pair of ,horses for three or four hours in the middle of the ,day1 say from ,one till ,five o'clock1 is about #aes4 ,from ,four till ,twelve at ,night1 that is1 to take you to the ,theatre or out to ,dinner1 and to bring you ,home after1 is #abs4 ,the ,coachman's fee for these ,short ,jobs1 is about #bs4 #f;d4 ,many people do not require a ,carriage more than twice in a ,week2 nor then1 more than for ,three or ,four hours3 to such1 the ,saving will be very great4 4 s4 d4 ,standing charges of the ,carriage1 c4 as per ,estimate above #dg #af #j ,horses and ,coachman1 for ,four ,hours1 ,twice a ,week1 at #ags4 #f;d4 each time #ia #j #j ------------ ,per ,annum #ach #af #j ------------ ,,estimate ,no4 ,,vii4 ,,hiring ,,for ,a ,,shorter ,,period ,,than ,a ,,year4 ,if a ,carriage be hired for a ,day1 a ,week1 or a ,month1 or for any time less than a ,year1 the person who let it out pays the ,duty4 ,the customary charge for those common ,carriages1 whether of ,two or ,four ,wheels1 which are let out1 is about #es4 per ,day1 or #e4 per ,month 7#bh ,days74 ,open ,carriages are charged higher1 as the whole ,year's ,duty is paid upon them1 though they are only used for a few ,months4 ,when ,coaches or ,chariots are let by the ,day or ,week1 the ,harness is not included in the charge for them4 ,harness for a ,pair of ,horses is charged #as4 per ,day1 or #es4 per ,week4 ,hired ,carriages are expected to be turned out clean1 greased1 and fit for immediate use3--examine them well before you take them2 for if any part breaks while in your use1 you will be expected to pay for the ,repair thereof1 unless you make a previous ,agreement that it shall be done by the person letting it4 ,tell the person you hire of1 how long you want the ,carriage1 and how far you are going to travel3--he has then no excuse for not giving you a sufficient ,carriage4 ,the price of a ,job during the dear ,months1 when the ,town is full1 i4 e4 in ,april1 ,may1 and ,june1 for a ,chariot or ,coach1 a ,pair of ,horses and ,coachman1 his ,wages and ,board ,wages1 the standing at the ,hackneyman's1 c41 and all charges included1 is1 7a little more or less1 according to the quality of the ,horses and the ,carriage71 per ,month1 7reckoning #bh ,days71 about #bf4 ,the usual sum for the ,hire of a ,coach or ,chariot and ,harness1 is1 according to the condition thereof1 from #e4 to #g4 per ,month3--if you hire them of a ,coachmaker1 you will have more choice1 and may get a better ,carriage4 ,a ,glass ,coach1 or ,chariot and ,horses1 not to travel beyond eight miles from ,town1 may be hired1 per ,day1 for from #a4 #as4 to #a4 #es4 ,the ,coachman's ,fee is #es4 ,if he is employed all ,day1 especially if you go into the ,country1 it is usual to give the ,driver his ,dinner4 ,for a distance exceeding eight miles from the place of letting1 the charge is #as4 #f;d4 per ,mile out1 and half that sum in returning4 ,for ,three or ,four ,hours in the middle of the ,day1 #ahs4 ,the ,coachman will expect about ,half-a-,crown4 ,from ,four till ,twelve in the ,evening1 to take you out to ,dinner1 and to bring you ,home1 #aes4--,coachman1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,in either of the above cases1 if you find the ,carriage1 the charge will be from #cs4 to #es4 less4 ,we subjoin a ,list of the charges for these things in ,ireland4 ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,coach ,,proprietors ,,and ,,post-,,masters ,,of ,,dublin4 ,the ,job ,coach ,proprietors and ,post-,masters respectfully beg leave to inform the ,nobility1 ,gentry1 their ,friends1 and the ,public1 that at a ,meeting of their ,trade1 held on ,tuesday1 the #beth of ,july1 #ahbf1 it was ,resolved--,that in order to meet the exigency of the ,times1 the change of ,currency1 and the advanced price of every article necessary for their ,trade1 particularly forage1 that from and after the #ast of ,august next1 the prices of ,posting and ,job ,carriages will be as follow1 in ,british ,currency4 ,,posting4 s4 d4 ,british4 ,chaise and ,pair1 with one or two passengers #a #a per ,mile4 ,chaise and ,pair1 with three passengers #a #d ditto4 ,chaise and ,four #b #b ditto4 ,coach and ,four #b #f ditto4 ,pair of ,horses to ,gentlemen's ,chaise1 one or two passengers #a #d ditto4 ,ditto1 with three passengers #a #f ditto4 ,ditto ,gentleman's ,coach #a #f ditto4 ,four ,horses to ditto #b #f ditto4 ,four ,horses to ,chaise #b #b ditto4 ,,job ,,carriages4 ,carriage and ,pair for ,town1 from ten until five1 evening #ab #j ,ditto1 ditto1 until twelve at night #ag #j ,ditto1 from six in the evening until twelve at night #ab #j ,pair of ,horses to ,gentlemen's ,carriages1 same rates4 ,resolved--,that the sum of ,ten ,pence1 demanded by ,messengers sent to us for ,carriages1 be discontinued4 ,resolved--,that we will not hire or employ any ,coachman who has not a written recommendation from his last employer to produce4 ,resolved--,that the foregoing ,list of ,prices1 together with the ,resolutions1 be published in ,the ,dublin ,evening ,mail1 c4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,,viii4 ,,jobbing ,,horses4 ,we think that it is quite as ,cheap1 and are sure it is by far the most ,comfortable plan1 to ,job ,horses3--if one of them falls sick or lame1 the ,hackneyman immediately furnishes you with another--and you avoid a vast deal of ,inconvenience and ,anxiety4 ,this begins to be so generally understood now1 that not only ,coach1 but ,cart and ,waggon ,horses are ,jobbed by the ,year1--and ,carts and ,waggons also4 ,to ,job ,horses1 is particularly recommended to persons who are ambitious of having an elegant ,equipage2--a pair of fine ,horses that match exactly are always expensive to purchase2 and if one of them dies1 it is sometimes1 to a private ,gentleman1 extremely difficult to find a fellow to it4 ,horses cannot work equally1 nor at ease to themselves1 if they are not nearly of the same ,size1 of the same ,temper1 and of the same ,strength1 and have the same ,pace1 and ,step well together4 ,a ,hackneyman or ,horsedealer1 who is in an extensive way of business1 has so many opportunities of seeing ,horses1 that he can match a ,horse with much less ,expense1 and more exactly1 than any ,gentleman or any ,groom may hope to do3 therefore1 those who are particular about the match of their ,horses1 will find it not merely more expensive1 but much more troublesome1 to ,buy than it is to ,job4 ,job ,masters1 in general1 ,sell1 as well as ,let ,horses2--therefore1 stipulate in your ,agreement1 that you shall1 be supplied with various ,horses till you are suited to your satisfaction2 and then1 that neither of them shall be changed without your consent3--for this1 a ,hackneyman may demand1 and deserves1 a little larger price2 but it is ,money paid for the purchase of ,comfort1--is the only way to be well served1 and prevents all disputes4 ,if you do not make such an ,agreement1 and your ,hackneyman happens to be offered a good price for one of your ,horses1 he may take it2 and ,your's1 like many other ,carriages in ,london1 will be little better than a ,break3--nothing is more disagreeable1 nay1 dangerous1 than to be continually drawn by strange ,horses4 ,while the ,job is travelling in the ,country1 the ,hackneyman is allowed what is called ,night1 or ,hay ,money1 i4 e4 an addition of #as4 #f;d4 per ,night for each ,horse1 every ,night the ,horses are out4 ,this is considered as a compensation for the increased price charged for ,corn at ,inns1 which is much more than it costs the ,hackneyman at ,home4 ,,mem4--,make some previous agreement in ,writing about all these things4 ,some people who wish their ,horses to be in high condition1 yet desire to avoid all ,risk and ,trouble1 c4 hire ,horses1 and find them in ,corn1 c4 themselves4 ,a good ,pair of ,horses1 without keep1 are charged about #gj4 per ,annum4 ,the ,old ,proverb tells us1 that 8,the ,eye#h of the ,master makes the ,horse ,fat40 8,the next care a man should take1 after he has found a ,horse to his mind1 and purchased him1 should be to provide a ,stable so situated1 with respect to his house1 that he may see him very frequently1 and to have his ,stall so contrived1 that it may be as difficult a task to steal his ,horse's provender out of the ,manger1 as to take his own victuals out of the ,larder40--,from ,zenophon's ,treatise on ,horsemanship1 translated in ,berenger's ,entertaining and ,instructive ,book upon ,horsemanship1 #dto4 #agga4 p4 #bca4 ,if you have valuable ,nags1 do not think it time lost1 occasionally to visit the ,stable1 and see that they are comfortably taken care of1 have their proper allowance of ,corn1 and are well bedded1 c41 and see that the ,corn be not brewed4--,a smart ,son of the ,whip says1 that 8some ,hostlers are so clever1 that they can turn ,oats into ,ale40 ,the ,word ,hostler1 ,i find in the most learned ,lexicon in our ,language1 which explains some thousands of words more than ,johnson1 is written ,oat-stealer--which this learned lexicographer says it must be allowed appears to be the true word4 ,the ,dictionary above alluded to is a very deep work3--instead of its containing more words by thousands than are in ,johnson1--,johnson does not give us ten words that are in it--nor does it contain much above ten words that are in ,johnson3 this admirable and elegant ,dictionary is entitled 8,a ,classical ,dictionary of the ,vulgar ,tongue1 by ,f4 ,grose1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 c40 ,some people fancy that they have made a capital ,bargain1 by stipulating that the ,hackneyman shall let their ,carriage and ,horses stand in his ,livery ,yard1 and so save part of the charge of a private ,coach-house and ,stable3--if ,hackneymen have plenty of ,room1 they have sometimes no objection to this2 however1 you must take into the reckoning1 that your ,carriage1 while standing in an open ,coach-house1 and even while being cleaned in a ,public ,yard1 is unavoidably exposed to continual danger from being carelessly run against by other ,carriages passing to and fro3 moreover1 it is often injured by the dirty ,mops and ,cloths1 and by the careless manner in which it is cleaned4 ,if you wish your ,carriage to be turned out in nice condition1 you must have your own ,coach-house and ,stable2 it is much more advisable1 not only for your own ,advantage1 but for the ,comfort of your ,coachman1 which you will consider also1 if you expect him to consider your ,interest4 ,it is extremely desirable to have ,stables1 c4 adjoining your ,house2 because a ,coachman1 when your ,carriage is not wanted1 has many spare hours in which he may be very useful in carrying ,messages1 c4 ,,estimate ,no4 ,,ix4 ,,description ,,of ,,and ,,estimate ,,for ,a ,,handsome ,,town ,,chariot4 ,a ,chariot built with the very best ,materials and of the best ,workmanship1--the ,body made with convex sides1 lined with fine cloth and silk lace1 and lace ,footman's holders1 ,morocco head ,cushions and ,squabs1 colour of ,lace ,cloth and ,morocco1 c4 to choice3 handsome ,venetian ,blinds1 best lute-string ,spring ,curtains1 double folding steps trimmed with black ,spanish ,leather1 lined with ,cloth1 and concealed in ,doors2 best ,brussels ,carpet to the bottom of ,body1 and ,steps and ,oak seat box4 ,the ,body hung on a ,carriage with compass perch1 best ,town-made ,springs and ,iron work2 the ,wood work of ,carriage beaded and carved2 ,axle-trees turned and case hardened with solid pipe boxes2 ,wheels with the best seasoned ,ash felleys1 and ,patent hoop-tire rivetted3 ,barouche ,dickey ,coach ,box set on a ,boot and attached to the ,carriage by handsome ,iron ,work1 and made to take off in case of travelling2 trimmed with the best patent ,leather borders1 and lined with ,cloth2 large splashing ,iron in front of ,body1 covered with double patent leather2 ,mail ,lamps2 brass moulding to ,body2 ,swage ,door handles2 the ,body1 ,carriage1 and ,wheels painted to fancy2 ,arms painted in ornamented shields on ,doors2 and the best plate ,glasses to ,windows2 the whole made of the best materials1 and finished in the most complete manner1 4 s4 d4 #bdj #j #j ,if the following ,extras are required3-- ,handsome ,c springs with carved blocks1 stays1 c4 c4 #aj #j #j ,handsome carved hind ,standards #aj #j #j ,under-,springs #be #j #j ,collinge's ,patent ,axle-trees #bj #j #j ,new ,pair of very ,handsome ,harness1 with ,patent ,leather ,water decks complete #cf #ae #j ----------- #cda #ae #j ----------- ,the ,coachmaker will keep the above ,carriage and ,harness in ,repair1 and find ,wheels1 c4 for four ,years1 for #aj4 per ,annum3 this1 at the end of that time1 would make its expense #cha4 #aes41 and it might then be worth about #ajj42 so that if you purchase1 it will cost at least #gj4 per ,annum1 besides the ,interest of the ,money advanced3 moreover1 you will have more than common luck1 if you get #ajj4 for it at the end of ,four ,years4 ,if such a ,chariot1 with its appendages and ,harness1 as explained in the above ,estimate1 be taken on a ,job1 7the longer the period you hire it for1 the less will be the annual charge17 for ,four ,years1 the charge is about #hd4 per ,annum4 ,it is not advisable to agree to take a ,carriage for a longer period than it will look well without being repainted1 c4 ,after three or four ,years1 ,carriages that are in continual use require to go into ,dock for a thorough repair4 ,a ,landaulett or a ,landau is charged #aj4 per ,annum more4 ,a ,landau is a ,carriage in the form of a ,coach1 the upper part of which may be opened for the advantage of air and prospect in ,summer time1 and is principally intended for ,country use1 and is the most convenient ,carriage of any1 as so many persons may be accommodated with the pleasure of an ,open and a ,close ,carriage in one1 without the care of ,driving1 as in other ,open ,carriages1 or the expense and incumbrance of keeping ,two4 ,a ,landau or ,landaulett is not only more expensive to build1 but more troublesome to keep nicely clean2 and its ,leather ,roof much sooner wears shabby1 than the ,japanned ,roof of a ,coach or ,chariot4 ,,nota ,,bene4 ,it is customary for the ,builder to warrant his ,work for the first ,twelvemonths1 and to undertake to make good all failures happening within that time1 which arise from the ,timber or ,iron work's breaking1 but not those decays which necessarily follow from reasonable use and wear1 or damages by ,accident4 ,however1 to prevent all ,misunderstanding1 insert the following lines in your ,contract for ,building3--also1 that 8after the ,carriage has been out about two or three months1 and the ,varnish has got thoroughly dry1 the ,builder shall ,polish it free of further expense40 ,this process can be performed much better after a few months have elapsed1 than it can when the carriage first comes out1 as the ,varnish is not then sufficiently hardened4--,see ,cautions on ,building ,carriages1 at p4 #fe et seq4 of this ,work4 ,,to ,,job ,,or ,,hire ,a ,,carriage ,is the most convenient and cheapest way of proceeding4 ,carriages are usually hired for such a time as they may be expected to last in ,fashion1 that is for about four or five years4 ,a ,one ,horse ,chaise with ,two ,wheels may be jobbed for #bj4 to #dj4 per ,annum4 ,a ,four ,wheel ,chaise from #cj4 to #ej4 ,the present charge for the hire of a ,coach or ,chariot1 7see ,estimate ,no4 ,,ix471 ,landau or ,landaulett1 and ,harness1 per ,annum1 is from #fj4 to #ajj4 ,one year of which is paid in advance4 ,coachmakers will build a ,new ,carriage for this purpose1 and finish it to your own fancy2 exactly the same as if you were to purchase it1 and will paint it at the end of two or three years1 if you hire it for a longer period4 ,persons who constantly require the use of a ,carriage will do wisely to ,hire1 and not for a longer period than ,three or ,four ,years4 ,the frequent ,repairs which are constantly wanting to ,older ,carriages1 occasion many ,inconveniences1 although the expenses of them are avoided by ,hiring4 ,carriages are never better built than those which are made expressly to be let on a ,job4 ,a ,coachmaker takes care to choose materials and workmen of the best kind for his own sake1 to avoid those subsequent charges1 which1 as has been observed before1 constitute the evil of inferior ,carriages4 ,,mem4 ,in the ,agreement for ,hiring1 stipulate for the option of purchasing the ,carriage at the end of the ,first ,year1 at a certain ,sum1 i4 e4 if the original price was #cjj41 and you paid #hj4 per ,annum1 for #bbj4 ,after a ,year's wear1 you will be able to see pretty clearly what kind of a ,carriage you have got1 and whether it is worth purchasing4 ,harness is usually engaged with the ,carriage1 which is kept in ,wheels and all ,repairs1 excepting those which are required from ,accidents4 ,when ,carriages are let by the ,year1 the following engagement is usually entered into by the contracting ,parties3-- ,,copy ,,of ,,agreement4 ,articles of ,agreement made and entered into this #acth ,day of ,april1 #ahbf1 between ,a4 ,b41 ,gent41 of ------- in the county of ------- on the one part1 and ,c4 ,d41 ,coachmaker1 of ------- in the county of ------- on the other2 and this certifies that the said ,c4 ,d4 doth agree to build1 and preserve in good and substantial repair1 a ,carriage with ,harness for the use of the said ,a4 ,b4 until the full expiration of ,four ,years1 from the date hereof1 after the following manner3--7here is to be inserted the manner in which the ,carriage is to be built1 see ,estimate ,no4 ,,ix41 with all the particulars of keeping the same in repair1 the time of ,new ,painting1 ,new ,green silk ,blinds1 ,hammerclothing1 c473--to furnish ,new ,wheels when the said ,a4 ,b4 desires them1 and to supply him with a good ,chariot while this is repairing--and that ,a4 ,b4 shall have the option of purchasing the said ,carriage and ,harness at the end of the first ,year for the sum of -------4 ,in consideration whereof the said ,a4 ,b4 doth agree to pay1 or cause to be paid1 to the said ,c4 ,d4 the sum of ------- annually2 the ,first ,year's payment on the receipt of the said ,carriage and ,harness1 the ,second on the commencement of the ,second ,year1 and each ,year's hire to be paid in advance2 and at the expiration of the ,four ,years1 the said ,carriage with ,harness to be returned to the said ,c4 ,d4 with ,glasses whole1 and every part of the said ,carriage and ,harness complete and whole1 excepting such deficiencies as may be expected from reasonable use and wear1 provided always1 and on condition1 that if the said ,a4 ,b4 shall1 during the said term of four ,years1 pay the said ,c4 ,d4 the sum of thirty ,guineas1 and give up the said ,chariot and ,harness complete1 then this ,agreement shall be void1 any thing to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,in witness hereof1 each party hath set their hands and ,seals this day of ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,witness1 ,f4 ,g4 ,this agreement must be on a ,stamp1 or ,stamped within fourteen days2 or if a question arise1 and it should come into ,court1 the ,stamping then would cost #bj4 ,,carriages4 ,the ,art of ,coachmaking within these last ,thirty ,years1 has been improved greatly in ,beauty1 ,strength1 and ,convenience2 and a ,carriage is now considered as a distinguishing mark of the taste of its ,proprietor4 ,there are few works of ,art which require the aid of so many different ,artists as the constructing of a ,carriage2 there are ,wheel-wrights1--,spring1--,axle-tree1-- ,step1--and ,tire1--,black and ,white ,smiths1--,brass ,founders1--,engravers1--,painters1 --,carvers1--,carpenters1--,joiners1--,t rimmers1--,lace ,makers1--,lamp ,makers1 --,curriers1--,collar ,makers1--,harness ,makers1 c4 c42 and upon the quality of the ,materials1 and the capacity of these ,workmen to execute their respective parts in a perfect manner1 and upon the taste and skill of the ,coachmaker in combining them1 depends the ,beauty and the ,durability of the ,carriage4 ,,on ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,carriages4 ,the best time to bring out a ,new ,carriage1 is about ,april or ,may1 before the extreme heat comes on2 moreover1 the ,taxes are reckoned from one #eth of ,april to another3 and if you enter a ,carriage on the #eth of ,march1 you will have to pay for a whole ,year1 for only one ,month's use of it4 ,if you have any thing peculiar about a ,carriage1 it will require much more time in building1 than if you are contented with merely ordering 8a fashionable ,vehicle40 ,in the former case1 do not hope to get it under ,three1 nor be surprised if you wait ,four ,months for it4 ,however1 if you have no particular desire to be disappointed1 summon to your assistance the aid of those powerful refreshers of a perfunctory ,memory1 the ,goose1 the ,calf1 and the ,bee2#i i4 e4 take ,mr4 ,jervis's advice1 and bind the ,builder in a written contract1 made by your ,attorney1 and duly ,stamped1 ,signed1 ,sealed1 and ,witnessed1 c41 to deliver the ,carriage1 ,harness1 c4 completely finished on a certain day--or that he shall forfeit1 and that day shall pay to ,you1 ,one ,hundred ,pounds1 and keep his ,carriage himself4 ,be careful that your ,contract contains a full and very particular description of every part2 for ,,mem4--,if you order the least ,alteration or ,addition afterwards1 it will be charged ,extra1 unless you discreetly insert a sweeping clause1 that the ,whole shall be completed to your entire satisfaction1 for the ,money1 and at the ,time agreed upon4 ,an ,honest ,man will have no more objection to sign a written ,agreement than to make a ,verbal ,promise1 and a ,prudent ,man will never take the latter when he can get the former3--the ,expense of a written ,agreement is ,money expended in preventing ,anxiety1 which is like sacrificing a ,pebble to preserve a ,diamond3--those who wish to avoid disappointments and litigation1 will not stir one step without a ,written ,agreement--'tis a pretty bit of ,paper1 that makes men ,honest1 and keeps them so4 ,after you have settled what is to be the price of the ,new ,carriage--then1 before you sign the ,agreement respecting it1 make your ,bargain as to what ,sum the ,builder shall allow you for your ,old ,one1 provided you do not previously otherwise dispose of it4 ,the ,money allowed for an ,old ,carriage1 is less than a ,novice will expect4 ,i sold one ,chariot1 which ,i had in use only ,five years1 for only #ae41 nor could ,i get more for it1 although ,i kept it for several ,weeks4 ,i sold another ,chariot1 which had been in wear about the same time1 for #cj41--;and it is not often that a ,builder will allow much more for a ,carriage that has been in use for five or six ,years3--by that time1 the shape of the ,body is out of ,fashion1 the ,lining is shabby1 and before it can be sold again to a particular person1 it must be thoroughly repaired1 which will cost a considerable ,sum4 ,the following is an ,estimate which was given to the ,gentleman who bought my last ,chariot4 ,,an ,,estimate ,,of ,,repairing ,a ,,chariot 4 s4 d4 ,and putting in all ,new wood work1 neatly carved--fresh fitting1 filing1 and fixing the old ,iron ,work with new bolts--taking the ,springs to pieces--fresh fitting the plates1 and re-fixing ,springs with new rivets and bolts--altering the ,iron work of the ,barouche seat--putting a ,new ,foot-board and fresh hanging it and the ,body #bf #j #j ,handsome new ,patent ,lamps #b #h #j ,repairing braces1 pole-pieces1 c41 new covering roller1 bolts1 and pole with ,new ,leather #a #ad #j ,altering and re-fixing the frame of ,dash ,iron1 and covering it with ,new ,leather #d #ab #j ,covering the whole of the inside with new cotton false lining #e #aj #j ,new ,carpets to the ,bottom and the ,steps #a #h #j ,new ,plating the ,commode ,handles and rivetting the ,door ,handles #a #f #j ,new pair of ,web ,holders #j #ad #j ,new ,painting the ,body of a ,chariot #ad #j #j ,new ,wheels #ae #j #j ,new ,lining #ce #j #j ,fresh ,stringing and ,painting ,blinds #a #ae #j ,new covering ,glass ,frames #a #ae #j ,new ,silk to ,green ,curtains #a #e #j ,under-,springs #be #j #j ------------- #acg #g #j ------------- ,now1 if the ,body had not been a beautiful piece of ,work1 it would not have been worth while to have bestowed this large sum in renewing the ,carriage part3 but the whole of the exterior of the ,old ,body1 although it had been built some ,years1 was more sound and unwarped1 than most new ,bodies are on the first day they are turned out2 it was elegantly formed1 and the ,interior so admirably constructed for ,comfort1 that from it ,i learned the dimensions1 c4 which ,i have given in the following description of what ,i think a ,chariot ought to be4 ,coachmakers sometimes shew ,drawings of ,carriages for their ,customers to choose from1--it is more satisfactory1 not only to see1 but to take a ride in a pattern ,carriage2 this your ,coachmaker can take you to see1 or1 if you see a ,carriage which pleases your ,eye1 your ,coachman can easily learn where it is put up2 go with your ,coachmaker and see it1 and have a written ,particular of all its peculiarities1 an exact ,measurement of its dimensions1 and an ,estimate in ,writing of the cost thereof1 similar to the one given in ,,chap4 ,i4 ,estimate ,no4 #i4 ,,of ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,a ,,chariot4 ,the ,novice in these things may think that the following description is unnecessarily minute1 and that he need only go to a ,coachmaker and order 8a ,chariot10 and that ,word will procure him all he wishes4 ,the form of ,carriages is as absurdly at the mercy of ,fashion1 as the ,cut of a ,coat is2--however1 if the ,reader is willing to let the ,builder please himself with the form of the ,exterior1 he will perhaps not be quite so polite as to submit the construction of the ,interior entirely to the caprice of his ,coachmaker4--,if 8as easy as an old ,coat0 be a true ,aphorism1 8as easy as an ,old ,carriage0 is equally so3--by riding three or four ,years in one1 you become so used to it1 that any change is extremely unpleasant--and if the ,elbows or the ,seat are too high1 or too low1 or too narrow1 or too wide1 c4 when the ,body is built1 it is always difficult1 and often impossible1 to alter it2 therefore1 if you like your ,old ,body1 measure it1 and order your ,new one accordingly4 ,if you build a ,body1 pay a visit to your ,coachmaker while it is in progress1 especially just before it is put into the hands of the ,painter4 ,all ,coachmakers1 do not1 always1 go to the expense of covering the ,roof1 ,back1 and ,sides with one piece of ,leather1 as they ought to do2--the common practice is to cover the ,roof only with ,leather1 and leave the ,upper sides and back of pannel board1 with a groove run in the ,roof where the ,leather is nailed in covering the nails and filling up the groove with ,putty1 which the ,summer's ,sun and ,winter's ,rain will soon crack1 and the ,water entering will soil the ,lining1 and the ,inside of the ,body will become damp3--the whole of the upper part of a ,body should be enveloped in one large hide of strong ,leather1 and neatly worked in1 so that it is one solid surface of ,leather to paint on1 which neither ,heat nor ,wet can affect for many ,years4 ,the ,breadth of a ,body1 to contain three persons comfortably1 should not be less than #d feet #c inches4 ,from ,back to ,front1 #d feet are enough4 ,the ,height of the ,seat from the bottom1 about #a foot4 ,from the ,seat to the ,roof1 not less than #c feet #f inches2 the ,cushions1 which are commonly about three inches in thickness1 not included4 ,a few ,inches in ,width and ,breadth add but a few ,pounds to the ,weight1 but contribute greatly to the ,convenience of a ,carriage1 especially to well-grown and full-fed persons4 ,the little thoroughly-ugly humpty-dumpty ,chariot1 which looked something like a ,champion ,potatoe set on wheels1 but which was the grand rage with ,children of the ,largest ,growth about #cj ,years ago1 would not admit a small person to sit with his hat on1 nor a tall one with his ,hat off3--these foolish little wee ,vehicles weighed only a few pounds less than the large commodious ,chariots1 in which the ,lords and ,ladies of the ,creation transport themselves in at the present day4 ,the ,elbows should not be more than #f inches above the ,cushion1 and should be so entirely in recess1 that you may lean comfortably against the side of the ,carriage3--in some ill-contrived modern bodies1 they are placed too high1 and project out1 and as often as you loll towards them1 remind you that you should not1 and force you back into your perpendicular1 by giving you a ,punch in your ,side4 ,in a ,chariot ,body of the size just described1 there should be a ,front ,seat about #aj inches in width1 which will occasionally carry ,two persons3--this addition is especially desirable in a ,travelling ,chariot1 as by sitting in one corner of the ,carriage1 you may put your ,legs upon it1 and take a ,nap very comfortably4 ,this ,front ,seat is doubly better than the old fashioned ,bodkin ,seat which drew out from the centre2 and when you have ,two fellow ,travellers1 in order to induce one of them to sit upon this accommodation seat1 you may tell them that they will sit three times as comfortably there as on the front seat2 for if they sit on that1 they will be crowded themselves1 and crowd two other persons also2 but if one sits on the other seat1 all may ride comfortably enough3--it should be fixed on with ,slip-,hinges1 so that it may be taken off at pleasure4 ,the ,door ,lights or ,windows are sometimes contracted on the ,seat side about #d inches2 however1 some people like them as large as possible1 and besides1 have the back of the ,carriage stuffed eight or ten inches deep1 which is exceedingly convenient for those who are anxious to exhibit themselves like ,articles for sale in a ,shew ,glass4 ,take care that the ,glasses are of the best ,quality1 well ,polished1 ,white1 and as free as possible from ,specs and ,veins4 ,these ,glasses are commonly bound with ,cloth of the same ,colour that the ,carriage is lined with1 or with ,black ,velvet1 which wears better1 and works in the grooves more pleasantly than any binding3--the most elegant binding is ,lace like that of the ,glass-holders1 or in which the ,crest or ,arms are woven4 ,the present fashion of ,stuffing is preposterous2 it reduces a ,large ,body to the size of a small ,one3 however1 if you like to ride about for the benefit of public inspection1 as your friends1 my ,lady ,look-about1--the ,widow ,will-be-seen1--and ,sir ,simon ,stare1 do1 pray study ,geoffrey ,gambado on the ,art of sitting politely in ,carriages with the most becoming attitudes1 c4 and choose wide ,door ,lights and full ,squabbing2--if you wish to go about peaceably and quietly1 like ,sir ,solomon ,snug1 and are contented with seeing without being seen1 adopt the contracted ,lights and common ,stuffing1 which1 among others1 have this great advantage1 that when you sit back1 you may have the side ,windows down1 and a thorough ,air passing through the ,carriage1 without its blowing in directly upon you3 this1 to ,invalids who easily catch ,cold1 is very important4 ,the ,back ,light must not be more than #bg inches from the surface of the ,cushions1 or it will be too high for a person to look through it without rising up--it is convenient to have this made to ,open1 as it affords an easy opportunity of giving directions to the person behind the ,carriage1 and is a desirable aperture for admitting ,air in very hot weather3--tell the ,builder to give you a fine clear plate for this purpose1 and not to glaze it with a semidiaphanous 8,old ,accident10--a technical term for those 8,odds and ,ends0 of broken ,coach ,glasses which are sometimes used for this purpose1 and which having been continually cleaned every day for thirty or forty years1 have become so scratched1 that you can hardly see through them4 ,i recommend the ,lining to be ,green1 with ,lace to correspond1 and the ,green silk ,sun shades of the same ,colour--,green is pleasant to the ,eye1 and ,superfine ,cloth or ,tabinet1 is1 during nine months out of the twelve1 much more comfortable in this ,cold climate1 than the chilling ,leather which has lately been the fashion3 in ,summer this may be covered with what is commonly called a ,false ,lining1 which is generally made of ,gingham1 and is equally useful to preserve a ,new or hide an ,old ,trimming3--it should only be applied to the back and those parts of the sides that are leaned against2 the ,front1 ,roof1 and ,doors1 should be left uncovered4 ,the ,elegance of the ,interior of a ,carriage depends much upon the pattern and breadth of the ,lace with which the ,lining is bordered1 of which there are a great variety4--,lace-making is a distinct branch of ,manufactory2 and as 8every ,eye makes its own ,beauty10 the person who builds a ,carriage should desire his ,coachmaker to furnish him with some patterns to choose from3--there are several ,coach ,lace-makers in ,long ,acre4 ,some ,carriages are fitted up with ,squabs1 i4 e4 ,cushions stuffed with ,wool and covered on one side with ,cloth1 and on the other with ,silk1 ,linen1 or ,leather2 the former side for ,winter1 the latter for ,summer use4 ,the ,seat ,cushions should be covered on one side with ,leather1 and on the other with ,cloth4 ,let the ,stuffing at the ,back be no thicker than necessary to make it easy1 i4 e4 about #b inches in thickness4 ,have the ,lid of the ,sword ,case to fall down with the back attached1 instead of lifting up1 being much easier to put in a parcel without troubling the passengers to rise4 ,the ,seats1 which are usually boarded1 ,i would recommend to be1 on one side1 ,caned or ,girt-webbed1 for ease in ,sitting--the other half may be fitted up with a ,case for containing ,grog and ,prog1 c4 for a ,rusticating ,party3--they should be about #bb inches deep--not more1 or ,short people cannot sit upon them comfortably3--they will be much easier if made on a bevil1 and about an inch lower behind than they are before3 if not originally so constructed1 the stuffing of the ,cushions may be easily adjusted so as to produce that effect4 ,the ,green ,silk ,spring ,sun ,shades should be fixed upon the ,doors2 this saves the trouble of putting them up every time you open the ,door1 which must be done when they are fixed to the ,body2--if the ,blinds are fixed on the ,door1 take care to shut it when you get out of the ,carriage in ,wet ,weather1 or they will be spoiled3--when the ,silk becomes faded1 if it is turned upside down1 the part most in sight will look almost as well as new4 ,if the ,ground ,colour of the ,body is good1 ,new ,varnishing will sometimes do almost as well as ,new ,painting4 ,i am told that the best ,colour for ,wear is ,midgley's ,chrome ,yellow4 ,in consequence of the vivid brilliancy of this pigment1 in all the variety of its shades1 from the pale ,lemon colour to the full ,orange1 it has of late come into general use4 ,when properly prepared1 it possesses all the desiderata of perfect ,colours1 ,smoothness1 ,body1 ,extensibility1 and ready ,mixture with ,oil or ,water1 and dries well and blends well4 ,venetian ,blinds are delightful shades in warm ,weather1 as they admit the ,air while they exclude the ,sun2 and when closed1 serve as a shutter to prevent dust from soiling the ,carriage while it is standing by4 ,they should be painted on the ,inside1 of a ,verdigrise ,green1 and on the ,outside of the same ,colour as the ,carriage4 ,if these are not made of extremely well-seasoned ,wood1 they rattle very much in ,dry1 and swell in ,damp weather4 ,these ,blinds should have ,bolts affixed to them1 which1 when fastened within1 if you have ,locks on the ,carriage ,doors1 enable you to fasten up the interior of your ,carriage completely4 ,there is a great deal of ,rain falls during the warmest months in this ,country1 and our ,chariots very much want an ,exterior ,blind 7a ,hood as it were7 in the front1 which would exclude ,rain1 while it would admit ,air3--many of our ,wet days are so warm1 that our ,carriages are a shower ,bath if the ,windows are open1 and a ,vapour ,bath if they are ,shut6 ,the ,handle of the ,door ,latch should be double--that is1 it should have an additional ,handle within side1 the position of which will afford you the satisfaction of seeing that the ,door is properly fastened1 and also the power of easily opening it in case of an ,accident1 c4 ,it is a very great convenience to have the power of opening the ,door from the inside4 ,this ,handle should be made to turn towards the ,door1 so as to be within the ,door when the ,door is opened1 it will then be out of the way of being struck against the ,body in shutting2 which1 if it turns to the ,right1 will sometimes happen when the ,door is shut by perfunctorious persons4 ,the spindles of these ,handles during the first ,year1 till time has worn them a little1 will occasionally move too stiffly3 the remedy for this is a drop of ,oil4 ,never permit officious ,strangers to shut your ,carriage ,door2 in order to save their own time and trouble1 and to accomplish this at once1 some idle and ignorant people will bang it so furiously1 one almost fancies that they are trying to upset the ,carriage1 the pannels of which are frequently injured by such rude violence2 therefore1 desire your ,coachman to be on the watch1 and the moment he sees any one prepare to touch your ,door1 to say loudly and imperatively 8,don't meddle with the ,door60 ,have ,locks to the ,doors--they are very necessary when travelling1 or when your ,carriage is waiting for you at ,night3 a ,latch inside that will fasten the ,door so that it cannot be opened on the outside1 is also desirable1 especially in ,travelling ,chariots4 ,in ,landaulets the door opening without the window frame1 particular directions to the ,footman are necessary that he observe the ,glass is entirely down before he attempts to open the ,door1 or the pane will be infallibly broken4 ,when the glass is quite up there is no danger1 for in rising it releases a ,spring which fastens the ,door2 the blind does the same2 so that if the ,servant keep the blinds up while the ,carriage is waiting1 a lock may be dispensed with4 ,i would recommend the addition of this contrivance to ,coaches and ,chariots4 ,a ,town ,carriage should not be more than three feet from the ,ground1 so as to require only ,one ,step2 to which should be fixed a ,strap1 by which any person within the ,carriage may very easily pull it up1 and with the help of the ,inside ,handle1 may1 with equal facility1 finish the ,footman's ,work1 and fasten the ,door4 ,the above is an invaluable contrivance1 and well deserves to be called 8a ,dumb ,footman20 it entirely prevents the necessity of the ,coachman's leaving his ,box2 from which rash act1 many lives have been lost1 and many ,carriages destroyed by the ,horses running away#aj3--;,all will adopt it1 excepting those persons who are so unfortunate1 as to be more ,proud than ,prudent4 ,mr4 ,jervis was extremely earnest in recommending these excellent appendages2 and to impress the importance of them upon the imagination of the ,editor as strongly as possible1 he closed his arguments by averring1 that for a ,coachman to leave his ,reins would be as desperate an act of rashness as for a ,cook to leave her ,kitchen while her ,spit was going round1 and equally likely to produce the most tremendous and irreparable ,evils6 ,if such a plan be adopted1 the ,body must not be hung further than twenty-two inches from the ,dickey1 i4 e4 near enough to the ,coach ,box to allow the ,coachman to put his hand on the top of the ,door when it is opened1 and hold it so while the ,passengers get in and out4 ,till the ,hinges are worn a little1 they will occasionally get rusty and move too stiffly1 and require a little ,oil4 ,the present fashionable ,door ,handle is too big by half1 and is also extremely inconvenient on account of the ,hinge in it1 which requires an additional action1 which in the course of a little wear becomes ricketty and rattles1 and you can hardly tell to a certainty whether it fastens the ,door completely or not4 ,the simple ,handle without a ,hinge1 which was in vogue some years ago1 is infinitely more convenient and safe1 because its single action is more certain4 ,the ,crest or ,arms in the ,centre1 is an elegant ornament for the ,head of the ,handle4 ,a ,boot or ,budget fixed on the fore ,carriage between the front ,springs is useful to carry ,horse ,cloths1 ,luggage1 c4 ,hind ,standards are very useful for town work1 to keep the ,horses and ,pole of other ,carriages from injuring your ,hind ,pannels2 but as they are a heavy weight1 they should be made to take off for the country4 ,a ,dickey ,coach ,box is the most convenient2 it is less impediment to the view of those who are inside the ,carriage1 and more comfortable to the ,coachman4 ,they should be fixed on the ,boot1 and entirely detached from the ,body4 ,let it be large enough to contain ,two persons4 ,it is not quite so easy as the ,body2 but for those who love ,air and ,exercise1 and a view of the ,country1 it is in ,summer the pleasantest place4 ,the ,seat thereof to hold ,two persons1 should be thirty ,inches wide and twenty ,inches deep1 inside measurement4 ,the ,cushion should be of equal thickness1 and not higher on the ,driving side1 as it is in a ,gig1 because when only the ,coachman is on the ,box1 he should sit in the middle of it4 ,there should be a ,pocket on each side in the lining1 for putting ,tickets in4 ,this kind of ,coach ,box may be so made as to take off1 and fix on behind the ,carriage4 ,under the ,seat1 for the ,coachman1 should drop in a ,box to serve as a ,tool ,budget1 and contain a few spare ,bolts1 ,nuts1 ,linch-,pins1 ,nails1 a ,wrench1 a ,winch that will fit your axle1 ,hammer1 ,chisel1 a ,pair of ,pincers1 c42 by help of which1 a trifling accident on the ,road may be remedied without delay4 ,take care that your ,coach ,box is strongly and properly fixed on1 and frequently examine the state of the ,bolts and ,nuts1 c4 ,for want of sufficient strength1 or of the efficient state of the supports to it1 many dreadful accidents have happened2 one of which we relate as a warning3-- 8,on ,tuesday morning last1 while the ,coachman and the ,footman1 in the service of ,f4 ,p4 ,ripley1 ,esq41 #ab1 ,woburn ,place1 ,russell ,square1 were driving their ,master's carriage along ,tavistock ,place1 ,tavistock ,square1 the box on which they were sitting broke down1 and precipitated them to the ground4 ,the carriage wheels passed over the right leg of the ,coachman and the left breast of the ,footman4 ,they were conveyed to their master's with the greatest alacrity1 where they received such treatment as their situations required4 ,the coachman's leg is bruised and lacerated extremely4 ,the footman1 on being raised from the ground1 was excessively convulsed4 ,we are sorry to add there are no hopes of his recovery40--,times1 ,june #b1 #ahbf4 ,spikes to fix on the ,hind ,standards4 ,these spikes may be so contrived as to be put on and off very easily1 with ,three ,nuts1 in as few minutes2--the ,footman's ,step should be fixed on in the same manner4 ,do not permit ,strangers to place themselves behind your ,carriage at any time1 or under any pretence whatever4 ,there are innumerable instances of ,carriages having been disabled from proceeding1 and ,travellers robbed and finished1 by allowing such accommodation4 ,the ,collectors of ,check ,braces1 and ,footmen's ,holders1 assume all kind of ,characters1 and are so expert1 that they will take these articles off in half the time that your ,coachman can put them on2 and will rob you of what you cannot replace for a ,pound1 though they cannot sell them for a ,shilling4 ,therefore1 ,spikes are indispensable when you have not a ,footman2 otherwise1 you will be perpetually loaded with idle people1 i4 e4 unless you think that two or three outside passengers are ornamental or convenient1 or you like to have your ,carriage continually surrounded by ,crowds of ,children1 incessantly screaming1 8,cut6 ,cut behind60 ,why do not the ,street ,keepers prevent this ,nuisance8 ,these officers should be stationed in ,sentry ,boxes1 as they are in the ,parish of ,bloomsbury1 i4 e4 the same as the ,watchmen are at ,night2 where1 when not going their ,rounds1 they should remain4 ,the multitude of ,strayed ,dogs which are perpetually prowling and howling1 and barking and biting at ,horses' heels1 and making them start1 and those which are carried about in ,carts1 also frequently frighten ,horses and occasion ,accidents1 and are barbarous and dangerous ,public ,nuisances1 which 8the ,street ,keepers0 should suppress4 ,let it be enacted--that all ,dogs1 ,fowls1 and any other ,beasts and ,birds1 found in the ,streets1 not having a ,collar on1 on which is engraven the ,name and place of abode of the ,owner thereof1 shall henceforth be seizeable by any ,constable1 or ,street ,keeper1 or ,watchman1 or any person who finds them2 which they shall have power to dispose of as their own property2 and those with a ,collar also1 unless their owners immediately pay a fine of five shillings2 one moiety of which shall be to the person finding them1 the other to the ,poor of the ,parish4 ,for want of such salutary ,regulations1 some of the ,streets of ,london are like a ,dog ,kennel or a ,poultry ,yard4 ,these ,beasts and ,birds are seldom kept except by petty ,housekeepers1 who are perpetually applying to be excused paying ,taxes4 ,surely such persons should not be permitted to annoy their neighbours1 who by duly paying ,parish rates1 in fact1 contribute to their maintenance4 ,dogs out of ,doors are horribly noisy1 especially on ,moon-light ,nights1 when they will turn up their ,noses1 and 8,bay the ,moon with hideous howl10 for an hour together4 ,they seldom give ,tongue when inside of a ,house1 except when shut in by themselves in an ,empty house4 ,there are certain ,manufacturers who having more cunning than conscience1 to evade paying the ,taxes upon their ,warehouse1 instead of letting somebody sleep in it1 which would subject them to the ,taxes1 turn in a ,dog as a ,watchman1 who barks and howls incessantly all night long4 ,surely such shirking ,gentry are not entitled to the privilege of annoying a score or two of quiet ,neighbours1 who honestly pay the ,taxes imposed by their ,country6 ,they and their ,cur-,watchman should be indicted and amerced sans crmonie4 ,fowls1 ,parrots1 ,dogs1 or any other of those ,beasts or ,birds1 which 7because they make most ,noise7 are vulgarly called ,dumb ,animals1 bleating1 barking1 bellowing1 in the ,front ,area or back ,garden of a ,house1 c4 are an offence against the ,public ,peace--are an ,indictable ,nuisance2 and on the complaint of a ,neighbouring ,housekeeper1 are as cognizable by ,constables1 ,street ,keepers1 ,watchmen1 c4 surely as justly as the ,owners of such ,animals would be1 were they to hoot and bellow there1--for which they would1 in the first instance1 be taken to a ,watchhouse1 and in the second ,indicted and fined or sent to the ,tread ,mill4 ,,qy4 ,what difference does it make whether the ,peace is broken1 and ,sleep destroyed1 by an 8,animal plumis1 vel implumis et bipes10 i4 e4 whether it wears ready-made ,clothes1 or employs a ,tailor8 ,surely it will not be allowed in this ,age of ,refinement1 that the former is entitled to more consideration than the latter4 ,they manage these things better in ,france4 ,all ,dogs1 ,fowls1 c4 found in the ,streets of ,paris1 are finished forthwith by the ,gens d',armes4 ,it cannot be too generally known1 that by ,the ,metropolis ,street ,act of the #egth ,geo4 ,,iii4 cap4 #bd4 in #fg4 8,the ,commissioners of the ,parochial ,paving ,boards are empowered to order the removal of any matter or thing which they consider a ,nuisance1 on the complaint of any ,inhabitant40 ,such controlling power is but too needful--there is no lack of people who love their dear 8,dumb ,animals10 as they call their ,dogs and ,parrots1 c4 not a little better than they do their ,neighbours1--aye1 who love them as well as ,simon ,suck-eggs does his ,fowls6 who would not willingly sacrifice the penny profit he makes by the oviparous faculty of his ,poultry1 however much1 or however many people may be annoyed by it4 ,if ,persons who are offended by any of the above nuisances1 apply to the ,clerk of the ,commissioners of the ,paving1 and beg him to lay their complaint before the ,board1 they will issue a mandate ordering their immediate abatement as a ,public ,nuisance3 and thus1 the evil is removed1 without any of that unpleasant feeling which might arise from one ,neighbour complaining of another4 ,the ,author is now framing 8a ,sleep ,act10 which will shew the importance of ,sleep to ,health1 the causes which so often and so cruelly disturb 8the ,business of the ,night10 on the due performance of which1 depends our power of performing 8the ,business of the ,day10 and the remedies which the ,legislature may easily apply for its preservation4 ,one of their most beneficial acts would be to abolish a ,vulgar and ,barbarous ,custom which prevails among common ,workmen1 when they first come to work in the ,morning1 to make as much ,noise as they possibly can2 thus1 if you live near any ,manufactory1 c41 or if a house is building or repairing near you--from ,six in the ,morning till half-past1 they will raise such a horrible din of ,hammering1 c4 that all within ,ear shot of them are presently awoke2 and indeed they seem to do it for that sole purpose1 for the following hours they are often quiet enough4 ,those who are so outrageously active so early in the day are technically termed ,powters1 i4 e4 such extraordinary industry being very often a mere manuvre to deceive their ,neighbours1 which they artfully affect to gain ,credit1 and which1 like setting up a shewy ,shop ,front1 is one of the usual tokens of approaching ,bankruptcy4 ,let it be enacted1 that all ,manufacturers do perform the ,noisy part of their processes during the middle of the ,day3--this might be easily managed in most trades without any interruption of their business6 ,what can be easier1 than for the work which makes such a ,noise during the first half hour in the ,morning to be done in the last half hour in the ,evening8 ,let the ,,dog ,,tax be levied without exception1 7but as far as regards only those which lead ,blind ,men17 and let due ,rewards be given to those who inform against persons who evade it1 of whom there are not a few1 the only way of preventing which is to ,,let ,,all ,,dogs ,,wear ,a ,,collar1 on which is engraved the ,name and the place of ,abode of the ,owner2--,he who by ,fraud avoids a ,tax1 which by the ,laws of his ,country he is commanded to pay1 is a ,traitor1 who commits a greater ,crime1 and deserves as great a ,punishment1 as he who1 by ,force1 breaks into the ,treasury1 and takes so much ,money out666 ,it is notorious1 that the majority of these useless and offensive ,animals are maintained by paupers who have hardly the means of maintaining ,themselves6--these are the ,dogs which1 from spare and bad food1 are most frequently mischievous--most apt to run ,mad--and are most annoying and disturbing to the ,public4 8,as many ,beggars1 as many ,dogs10 is one of our true ,old ,sayings1 and of an ,old ,song1 to which in the next page we have had engraved as it was performed by 8,betsy1 ,billy1 and ,bow ,wow40 ,when the ,author first learned the ,song between this and the next page1 which is now nearly half a ,century ago1 he was a good deal surprised at the last line of it1 and thought that it savoured more of ,rhyme than of ,reason1 notwithstanding his ,grandma' told him that 8,time the ,teacher0 would soon shew him1 that ,opulence and ,independence1 and ,wit and ,wisdom1 are not always inseparable2--that he would frequently find ,integrity dwelling with ,poverty1 8in ,tags and ,rags20--as often meet with ,nobleness of ,mind among the ,humble in ,fortune1 as with those who are by courtesy called ,noble1 and who are ,poor enough in principle1 who wear a ,,velvet ,,gown4 ,the fact is1 that the ,poor are1 very naturally1 as fond of flattery as the ,rich3--now nothing in nature ,flatters more fascinatingly than the ,eye of a ,dog6 ,if his master speak to him in any tone lower than that of ,anger1 his ,eye is ever ready to ogle obsequious ,approbation3--and if he scold him1 the rudest expression it ever offers is seeming to say1 with the most subtle submission1 8,as you are ,great6 be ,merciful60 ,music ,illustration3 ,a ,,trio as performed by ,,betsy1 ,,billy1 and ,,bow ,,wow1 ,engraved on ,copper1 by ,sidy4 ,hall1 ,bury ,strt4 ,bloomsby4 ,hark1 ,,bough1 ,,wough1 ,hark1 how the ,dogs bark6 how the ,dogs bark6 ,,wough ,,wough ,,wough ,how the ,dogs bark6 ,then the ,beggars are coming1 the ,beggars are coming1 the ,beggars are coming to ,town1 ,there's some in ,tags1 some in ,rags1 some in ,rags1 some in ,tags1 ,and there's some in a ,,velvet ,gown aye6 aye6 aye1 aye1 aye1 aye6 some in ,,velvet6 in ,,velvet8 in ,,velvet aye1 aye1 some in ,,velvet1 some in ,,velvet1 some in a ,,velvet ,gown4 ,in future1 instead of the trite ,old ,adage1 8,as ,faithful10 it might more properly be said1 8,as ,flattering as a ,dog30--like other ,flatterers1 8they are ,faithless as they are ,flattering40 ,every one knows that when ,men go ,mad1 they always hate most those that they loved best when they were in their ,senses3 and it is a frightful ,truth1 that 8,a ,mad ,dog is always apt to bite his ,master first40 ,there have been many arguments pro and con1 concerning the dreadful ,disease their bite produces2--it is enough to know1 that ,multitudes of ,men1 ,women1 and ,children1 have died in consequence of being bitten by ,dogs4--,what does it matter whether they were the ,victims of ,bodily ,disease or ,mental ,irritation8 ,the ,life of the most humble ,human ,being is of more value than all the ,dogs in the ,world--dare the most brutal ,cynic say otherwise8 ,semi-drowning in the ,sea1 and all the pretended ,specifics1 are mere delusions1 and there is no real remedy but cutting the part out immediately4 ,if the bite be near a large ,blood vessel1 that cannot always be done1 nor when done1 nor however soon done1 or however well done1 will it always prevent the miserable ,victim from dying the most dreadful of ,deaths666 ,well might ,,st4 ,,paul desire us to 8,beware of ,dogs40 ,first ,epistle to ,phillipians1 chap4 iii4 verse #b4 ,,the ,,axle-,,trees ,are formed of wrought ,iron1 and are the chief support of ,the ,carriage#aa4 ,four ,wheeled ,carriages are divided into two parts1 the ,upper and ,under ,carriage4 ,the ,upper is the main one1 on which the ,body is hung4 ,the ,under ,carriage is the conductor1 and is turned by means of the ,pole which acts on a centre-pin1 called the ,perch ,bolt1 which goes through the fore ,axle-tree bed and fore transom1 and secures the fore or under ,carriage to the ,upper one4 ,the ,hind ,wheels are placed on the ,upper1 the ,fore ,wheels on the ,under ,carriage4 ,the utmost care should be taken to have every part made of good ,town made ,iron ,work well wrought1 and sound ,wood well seasoned1 and of sufficient strength1 rather going to the extreme in thickness1 than risking the lives of the ,passengers by the oversetting of the ,carriage1 which often happens when an ,axle-tree or a ,perch1 c4 breaks4 ,the ,common ,axle-tree is that which is in general use1 it being much the cheapest1 a pair of the best case hardened costing only #i4 #is4 ,collinge's ,axles have many advantages1 which more than compensate the higher first charge for them1 which is #bh4 #gs41 but they wear so much longer1 and the silent and steady motion they preserve to the ,wheels1 and the convenience of retaining ,oil enough to travel a ,journey of #cj ,miles a day for #i ,months1 that is1 above #g1ejj ,miles1 7i4 e4 if the ,carriage does travel every day7 without replenishing with ,oil3 the ,common ,axle will hardly travel #ajj ,miles without requiring the ,wheels to be taken off and greased4 ,in the ordinary ,town ,work--say1 on an average1 about #aj ,miles a day1 ,oiling twice a ,year is enough3 ,,mr4 ,,collinge sends a person to do this1 and charges #bs4 for each ,wheel2 if a new ,leather ,washer is wanted1 #as4 #f;d4 is charged for each3 these are rarely required oftener than once in nine months4 ,moreover1 the ,wheels are much better secured1 and the draught of the ,carriage is very much lessened4 ,keep the ,winch which fastens on the axle-cap in your own possession1 or some curious or clumsy person may unscrew it1 and let out the ,oil4 8,,collinge',s ,,axles are much more safe and secure1 for they have ,two ,collars and ,two ,nuts1 which screw different ways1 and a linch-,pin1 and a ,cap which screws on over all40--,a4 ,e4 ,a person who was formerly employed in ,mr4 ,collinge's ,manufactory1 told me1 that with all the evident advantages of these ,axle-trees1 they were not such general favourites with some ,coachmen as might be expected1 which1 for a long time1 he could not any how account for--till the unaccountable cause was accidentally discovered in the two following instances4 ,a ,coachman to a ,gentleman who had ,collinge's ,axles1 was continually abusing them1 and at length got himself discharged3--the workman met him some time after1 and said1 8,well1 my ,friend1 ,i cannot imagine why you were such a determined enemy to our ,axles1 which save you a vast deal of ,trouble1 for they don't need ,oiling more than twice a ,year2 and ,i cannot conceive why you preferred your ,common ,axles1 which required taking to pieces and greasing1 c4 once or twice in a ,week6 ,now1 as you have left your place1 and it cannot injure ,you1 and may very greatly serve ,me1 pray be so good as to tell me1 why you so furiously opposed our ,axles80 8,why1 sir10 replied ,mr4 ,coachman1 8the fact is1 that what you have stated as so great an advantage in your ,axles1 was a great ,dis-advantage to me3 you know that my late ,master1 ,mr4 ,rusticate1 used every week to go to his ,country ,house1 which is #cj miles from ,town3 this gave me an opportunity of charging him #as4 #f;d4 for extra ,grease1 which did not cost me #b;d42 therefore1 your ,axles were a dead loss of #d4 a year to me6660 ,he informed me that another unconquerable opponent was the servant of a ,gentleman who had a new ,carriage every five years1 and who gave the ,old one to his ,coachman3--now1 as ,collinge's ,axles will wear out three or four ,carriages1 they were taken away from the ,old ,carriage and put to the ,new one1--which made it a less valuable perquisite to the ,coachman in the direct ratio of the worth of a set of ,common ,axles4 8,when you ,build a ,carriage1 have ,collinge's ,axles20--but remember1 it is not sufficient that you order the ,builder to put in ,patent ,axles1 for some of the imitations of ,collinge's ,axles are called ,patent ,axles2 and as they are got up cheap1 some ,coachmakers1 unless you positively desire them to go to ,collinge's ,manufactory1 7near the ,marsh-gate ,turnpike1 in the ,westminster ,bridge ,road71 will1 to put a pound in their own pocket1 recommend the ,sham ,patents4 ,mr4 ,jervis says1 that he has actually seen them put down in the ,bill under the ,appellation of1 and charged at the ,price of1 8,collinge's ,patent ,axles40 ,,the ,,wheels4 ,the ,work of a ,carriage is proved by the wear of the ,wheels2--if it runs upon an average #aj miles per day in ,town1 and #ae in the ,country1 ,well-made ,hoop-rimmed ,wheels1 the ,tire of which should not be less than five-eighths of an inch in thickness1 and for a ,travelling ,carriage three-fourths of an inch1 will not be worn out in less than #ab ,months1 i4 e4 they will run at least #c1fej ,miles in ,town1 and it is reckoned that they will last twice or thrice as long on a smooth ,road1 as they will on rough ,pavement4 ,it is said that the ,macadamising of the ,streets1 if kept in perfect ,repair1 would make the ,wheels last a deal longer than they did on the ,pavement3--this operation is performed at present in a very clumsy manner2 instead of stopping up half the ,street with a ,wooden ,hoard1 and breaking the ,stones on the ,spot1 the materials should be brought there ready broken2 ,one ,twentieth part of the ,time now taken would then be more than enough entirely to finish a ,road4 ,the ,flag ,foot ,pavement should also be brought ready chipped and fitted2--by working the ,stones in the ,streets1 the ,eyes of the ,passengers are in no small danger4 ,by the ,metropolis ,street ,act of the #egth ,geo4 ,,iii4 cap4 xxix4 sec4 lxiii4 ,every ,occupier of any ,house1 ,warehouse1 c4 during the continuance of ,frost1 or after or during the ,fall of ,snow1 shall once in every day1 before #aj of the clock in the forenoon1 cause the ,footway1 all along the ,front1 ,side1 or ,back walls of such ,house1 c4 to be swept and cleansed2--for each neglect of doing so1 to forfeit #ajs4 ,this order for keeping the ,footway swept should be extended to all ,times and ,seasons2--there is sometimes an accumulation of greasy dirt on the pavement1 which is as slippery as if it was soaped1 and is as dangerous as ,ice itself3--might not this cleansing be done by poor from the ,workhouse8 ,in ,walking the ,streets of a ,slippery ,morning1 you may guess where the good-natured people live1 by ,sand or ,ashes being thrown on the ,ice before their ,doors4 ,how far the change of the permanent and easily kept clean ,granite ,pavement1 for the ,mud and ,dust of the present ,roads1 may be considered an improvement by the ,eyes1 the ,legs1 and the ,lungs of our good ,londoners1 the ,editor has not studied the subject sufficiently to venture a conjecture3 the ,quiet with which ,carriages pass along is certainly extremely desirable to the ,ears of the ,inhabitants of the ,houses which border the ,streets so altered4 ,our ,granite ,pavement has shared the fate of every thing in this ,world1 where nothing remains long at rest3 as soon as it had arrived at as high a degree of perfection as it appeared capable of1 it was pulled up1 and hammered into pieces3--so much for the ,constancy and permanency of ,human ,ways6 ,some persons use their ,carriage so little1 and go so gently1 that a set of ,strong ,wheels will last them three or four ,years3 ,others will be whirled along at such a furious rate1 that they wear them out in ten or twelve ,months4 ,when ,new ,wheels are put on to ,old ,carriages1 and the ,old ,wheels are taken in exchange1 the usual allowance for them is about two ,guineas per ,set3 but they are the perquisite of the ,coachman if he has been in your ,service as long as the ,wheels have4 ,from the beginning to the end1 it will take not less than five ,weeks to finish a set of ,wheels properly2--they should be made a fortnight before they are painted1 and they should not be put on for use till a fortnight after they have been painted2 therefore1 order a set of ,wheels a couple of ,months before they will be wanted4 ,the ,price of ,four ,new ,chariot ,wheels with prime ,ash felleys1 and patent hoop tires1 all of the very best workmanship1 including every charge of ,painting and ,boxing1 c4 is about #ae4 ,a set of ,wheels may be purchased for #ab4 #abs43 in the early part of my ,apprenticeship to ,carriage-,keeping1 ,i paid as high as #af4 #afs4 ,watch the ,tires4--,when the ,irons are getting thin1 have them taken off1 before they become too weak to protect the ,wood-work3--the best plan is1 when the ,irons are half worn out1 and before the joints in the ,wood-work get loose1 as they wear most on the outer edge1 to have them taken off and turned2--if the ,wood-work is sound1 they will run then half as long as they did at first2 then1 if the ,wood-work continues sound1 have new ,irons put on2--the ,ringing is about one-third the price of ,new ,wheels1 say #f4 #fs41 and if the ,spokes and ,naves are good1 they will then run nearly as long as ,new ,wheels4 ,,the ,,ornaments ,,of ,,carriages1 ,if for common use1 cannot be too simple and plain3 ,expense is saved in the purchase1 and ,time in the cleaning2--it is not so much the ,quantity of furniture about the ,carriage and ,harness that makes it appear to advantage1 as the having what there is1 kept nicely ,clean and ,bright4 ,i would not advise any ,brass or ,plated ,beading on the ,body of a ,carriage1 as in the rubbing it bright1 you are very apt to rub off the ,varnish and ,paint contiguous to the moulding--which1 for this reason1 had better be painted black1 or of the same colour as the ,body4 ,the ,key-hole of the ,lock on the ,carriage ,door is sometimes of ,brass1 or ,plated1 and covered with a ,plate2 but it is much neater to have it ,black2--as we have already observed1 of all ,ornaments attached to the ,body1 as often as they are cleaned1 some of the ,varnish and ,paint is carried away1 and in the same proportion that those ,metallic additions are kept bright1 the ,body becomes blemished4 ,for this reason1 we recommend the ,accommodation ,handles1 if any are fixed1 7the ,body looks infinitely more elegant without71 to be ,black4 ,those ,buckles1 c4 are best formed for wear that have fewest sharp edges2--,round moulded furniture is also the cheapest4 ,nothing varies in quality more than the ,plated ,furniture for ,horses and ,carriages--the inferior kind of ,plating is cheaper than ,brass1 but at first looks as well as the best strong plating1 which costs twice as much1 although it will not wear half so long4 ,the making of ,lamps for ,carriages is a distinct branch of business--and those who are desirous of choosing for themselves1 should ask their ,coachmaker to attend them to his ,lamp ,maker1 where they may see the various patterns which are in vogue4 ,the same with regard to the ,door ,handles4 ,there are several ,shops for both these ,articles in ,long ,acre4 ,the present fashion for ,lamps is preposterous--many are made so large and so heavy1 that they are evidently too great a ,load on the ,front ,pillar of the ,carriage4 ,have ,square ,lamps1 about six inches square3--these are sufficiently large to hold air enough to feed the ,lamp or ,candle1 and the less they are1 the lighter they are1 and the less injury they do to the ,carriage ,pillars3--,two sides of this ,lamp are to be of ,glass1 and the others furnished with ,reflectors1 which will increase the light on the ,road1 and exclude it from the interior of the ,carriage4 ,circular ,lamps are the most elegant2 but if your ,carriage is much used in ,travelling1 we must recommend the ,square sort2 because if a ,square ,glass is broken1 it can be replaced easily1 and costs not one-half so much as a ,circular one1 which it is also difficult to find1 except at the place where the ,lamp was bought2 moreover1 they seldom fit so nicely and so closely as the ,square ones1 and the ,air rushing in1 your ,candles are quickly consumed1 without any additional light being given4 ,lamps are generally lighted by ,wax ,candles1 which weigh each a quarter of a ,pound1 and cost about #as4 each3 if the ,lamp is well made and well glazed1 and no air gets in except where the air-holes are1 they will burn about five hours3 such ,candles will burn about #g ,hours when still in a ,room2 but the motion of the ,carriage1 and the current of ,air in the ,lamp1 so greatly accelerates their consumption1 that they will sometimes flare away in three or four hours4 ,lamps with two ,flat ,wicks will burn for the same time as a quarter of a pound ,wax ,candle1 at one-fourth part the expense4 ,however1 ,candles are most commonly used1 because they remain ready for immediate use for half a year together1 without being injured in quality1 but will burn as brightly as if only put in the day before3--,oil soon loses its spirit by remaining in ,lamps2 and in a little time it will hardly burn at all1 therefore can only be recommended to those who use their ,lamps and trim them carefully every day4 ,the ,best ,lamps are those which give plenty of light around the ,carriage1 but do not throw any into it1--unless the ,passengers think there is an absolute necessity for letting those without see who are within4 ,now the ,streets are so well lighted1 ,lamps are useful in ,london only in ,foggy ,weather3 the lighting them in ,london at any other time--is an act of ,puerile ,pomposity4 ,,springs should be made of the best ,steel--the longer they are1 ceteris paribus1 the easier they are4 ,improvements in the mechanism of ,modern ,carriages1 by which they are made to convey a person from place to place almost without giving him a sense of motion1 may be one of the circumstances that have contributed to the increased prevalence of ,nervous and ,bilious ,complaints1 which originate in a great degree from an indulgence in ,lassitude and ,languor4 ,the notion of taking ,exercise upon ,springs of such construction1 is scarcely less absurd1 than that of taking an ,airing with all the windows closed6 ,valetudinarians who wish to derive all the good effects from the ,exercise of riding in a ,carriage1 must not be super-curious about having it suspended on extremely elastic ,springs4 ,the ,jolting of strong ,springs is a salutary concussion1 which is extremely convenient to ,nervous1 ,indolent1 and ,infirm persons who do not take other ,exercise1 and must be classed among the most agreeable of ,anti-bilious remedies4 ,the ,coachmaker's usual phrase of commendation--that such a ,carriage 8is as easy as a ,boat10 should be a prohibition to ,invalids against purchasing it2 who should prefer a ,carriage with ,strong ,springs1 that will give them as good a shaking as ,equestrian ,agitation4 ,,to ,,determine ,,the ,,relative ,,advantages ,,of ,,long ,,and ,,short ,,carriages1 8,a weight of twenty-eight pounds was placed in the middle of a ,perch one foot six inches long1 and it was drawn at the rate of five miles and a half an hour by twelve pounds4 8,when the same load was placed upon a perch three feet long1 that is to say1 twice as long as the former perch1 it required precisely the same weight of twelve pounds to draw it4 8,this experiment was repeated a number of times with the same result1 so that it may be relied upon4 ,this is contrary to the opinion of drivers of all descriptions1 from the waggoner in his smock-frock1 to the high-bred ,coachman3 consequently1 there must be some reason for this universal prejudice4 ,the reason that seems to have given rise to this opinion1 is1 that carriages whose fore and hind wheels are near each other1 extricate themselves more readily from ruts1 change quarter more easily1 turn in a shorter compass1 and thus make their way in crowded ,streets with more facility than longer ,carriages40--,r4 ,l4 ,edgeworth on ,roads and ,carriages1 #hvo4 p4 #abj4 #ahag4 ,however1 ,short ,carriages are considered as of easiest draught2 and1 to use the language of the ,stable1 almost every ,coachman and ,coachmaker insists upon it1 that they follow better1 and that a ,long ,carriage will tire a pair of ,horses more in ,three1 than a ,short one will in ,five hours' ,travelling4 ,that if the ,body is hung higher behind than it is before1 so that it leans forward1 it will push on the fore ,wheels1 is a foolish ,vulgar ,error4 ,you often see ,hackney ,chariots so hung3--such a position is uneasy to the ,passengers1 and of no advantage to the ,horses4 ,in a ,chariot1 it adds to the elegance of its appearance1 and the ease of the passengers1 if the ,body is hung rather lower behind than it is before2 but not in a ,coach1 because what is gained on the front is lost on the back ,seat4 ,,cautions ,,against ,,purchasing ,,of ,,cheap ,,second-,,hand ,,carriages4 8,caveat ,emptor40 8,beware of ,putty and ,paint10 ,mr4 ,,jervis told me must be the ,motto for this ,chapter1 and that 8,he who ,buys1 ,had need have an ,hundred ,eyes40 ,old ,proverb4 ,those who purchase ,second-,hand ,carriages ought to be extremely circumspect indeed4 ,inexperienced ,people are apt to imagine1 that if the ,price charged for a ,carriage is only one-half of what a respectable ,coachmaker has told them that he must charge them for a ,new ,one1 that it must be a ,cheap ,bargain2 when it is most likely not actually worth one quarter of that sum4 8,experto ,crede40 ,let no person venture to purchase without the advice of a ,coachmaker4 ,it is easy enough to make an old worn-out ,carriage appear fresh and fair by the help of ,paint and ,putty1 while at the same time1 it may be more fit to be broken up than to be made use of4 ,to promote the ,sale of a ,carriage1 it is not seldom pretended1 that it belongs to ,sir ,richard ,whimmy1 or to some other ,gentleman of fashion1 7who only parts with it merely because he happens to have it17 or that the ,proprietor is gone abroad2 to which is generally added1 it has been only lately built1 and has hardly worn the ,nails of its ,first ,wheels666 c4 ,first observe the ,fashion of the ,body1 keeping in mind the time when such a shape was in vogue2 examine the materials1 especially the timbers of the ,carriage2 for however cunningly a clever ,coach-,cobbler may have puttied and painted them1 yet1 in some parts1 the infirmities and chinks which time has made1 will be visible enough to ,eyes accustomed to examine them4 ,if ,old1 the ,futchells#ab in the chaps at the ,pole ,bolt hole1 and at the top where the ,gib is placed1 are rough and patched with ,leather2 the ,pole#ac if the original one1 on the sides and top which go into the ,futchells1 is likewise worn1 and patched with a tin covering4 ,look to the ,transom ,plates1 if they are flat1 thick1 and clean1 and that if by pushing against the ,coach ,box1 or ,springs1 the ,upper ,carriage does not rock on them2--see that the ,fore ,axle-tree ,bed1 and transom at the middle where the ,perch ,bolt is placed1 are sound1 and that about the ,perch ,bolt hole there is not much patching with ,leather--that the ends of the ,transom where the ,springs and ,coach ,box is placed look clean and sound2--the ,splinter ,bar1 if much worn1 has the moulding towards the end nearly effaced2--the ,sway ,bar#ad and that part of the bottom plate of the perch against which it wears1 after much use is gulled1 and the defect is made up with ,leather patched on it2--the ends of the hind ,axle-tree ,bed where the ,spring stays rest1 if much indented1 is old3--the hind ,foot board-ledge being worn hollow1 is another proof of the ,carriage having been much used4 ,as to the ,body part1 examine principally the ,bottom sides1 at the end where the loops are placed2 and in the corners of the rabbits under the ,door bottoms where the standing ,pillars are framed1 if very old they will be rotten and appear rough2 the mortices of the ,door ,locks1 if gulled1 and the ,bolts of the ,lock if loose in the ,spindles1 are proofs of their being old2 and so it is if the ,leather which covers the ,roof of the ,quarters and ,boot1 appear to have been mended at the welts1 or if it has drawn from the sewings or nailing4 ,the ,braces#ae should be supple and clean1 free from patches and cracks at the bearings2--the ,steps1 if ricketty at the ,joints1 and when down1 if the tread drops under1 and the leather with which they are trimmed is dingy and torn at the joint knuckles2 this shews them to have been much used3 the leather also which covers the bottom sides at the entrance of the ,doors1 if ,old1 is rough1 and has the grain worn or torn on the outside4 ,the ,mahogany or ,venetian ,blind ,frames1 when old1 have their colour discharged by the weather1 and look of a dingy brown2--the ,glass frames1 particularly the front ones1 are1 when old1 loose at the corners1 the sides of the grooves loosened1 and held together only by the ,cloth which covers them4 ,nothing is a better proof than the mouldings of the framings1 and the ,scroll ends or finishings of the timber2 for if much filled with ,paint1 or defaced1 it is a certain ,proof of the ,carriage having been often painted1 and of course old2 the paint will1 with a slight knock1 if not newly done1 fly off in scales1 particularly from the ,iron work4 ,examine well those places in the ,body round the edges1 if the framing where the wet has been likely to lodge has not been rotten1 and the surface is not made up with ,putty1 or has been cased on the outside with new pieces of ,wood moulding4 ,examine the ,cloth of the ,lining1 observe the sides and back against which the ,shoulders rub1 that the cloth is not threadbare1 and that it is free from ,moth-holes in every part4 ,the ,hand ,holders and pasting ,lace1 particularly the small ,lace which is round the ,lights or ,windows4 ,if the ,carriage has a ,coach ,box1 examine the condition of the ,seat under the ,hammercloth at the ends and corners on the inside2 if it has been much used1 it will be ragged and worn through in many places4 ,in examining the ,wheels1 look not only to the outside edge of the ,iron which covers them1 but also to the ,spokes at the ,nave1 that they are not started1 and that the ,wheels are firm on the ,axle-trees4--,these are the ,general ,rules to be observed when examining a ,second-,hand ,carriage4 ,never buy without advice from some skilful and disinterested person4 ,,harness4 ,from decayed ,harness1 almost as much danger is to be dreaded as from a faulty ,carriage4 ,however skilful the ,coachman1 if your ,harness fails1 how can he manage his ,horses8 ,that ,harness may not be used so long as to become expensive and troublesome in the repair1 we will endeavour to give some guide as to how long it may be expected to last3 this1 however1 depends much on the ,quality of the ,leather and the ,goodness of the ,workmanship1 the ,weather it is exposed to1 and the care that is taken of it4 ,harness perishes with hanging by2 and however moderately it may be used1 after five or six years is seldom fit for further service1 unless very extraordinary care has been taken to preserve it4 ,it may be said to wear in proportion to the ,work done with it3 this is ascertained by the number of ,wheels worn out1 and we calculate that it will last in ,london1 at least1 as long as ,four ,sets of ,wheels4 ,harness for common work should not be encumbered with superfluous ,ornaments1 c43 the plainer it is the better4 ,the less the ,horse is burdened with trappings1 the more easily he can do his ,work2--the less ,time is required to keep it clean2--and the less ,money it costs4 ,those who are nice about the look of their ,harness1 must keep a set of ,old ,harness for ,wet ,weather and ,night ,work2 which is a plan to be recommended to all ,persons who make much use of their ,carriage4 ,a ,handsome set of ,chariot ,harness1 of the very best ,workmanship1 with patent ,leather ,waterdecks1 according to ,estimate 7,no4 #i71 costs from about #cj4 to #cf4 ,,second-,,hand ,,harness4 ,observe the condition of the ,leather2 if it is soft and pliable1 it is good3--if dry and stiff1 it is bad4 ,this is also the case if the ,grain is cracked1 or if the ,sewings are gummed up with grease1 and the veined marks on the edges are effaced4 ,see that all the ,leathers at the buckling and looped parts are whole and perfect2--the trace ends1 the collars1 the cruppers1 the belly bands1 and billets1 shew best at the buckling parts how much the ,harness has been used4 ,the ,furniture 7except the ,ornaments7 usually remains longer perfect than the ,leather does1 but look to the corners of the ,buckles and ,rings of the ,territs through which the ,reins pass1 and to the ,ornaments2 likewise the inside ,winker-pieces and the head chains2 these are the likeliest parts to look to for a proof of the ,furniture1 but the ,leather is the best guide1 for if the pipes and ley of the ,collars1 traces at the points1 and the breeching at the straps1 are perfect1 the ,harness is likely to be a good one1 though a ,second-,hand ,harness seldom proves 7after the expense of alterations and changing the ,ornaments1 which necessarily must be done before it can be used7 to be so ,cheap1 in the long run1 as a ,new one4 ,,travelling ,,carriages ,should not be hung higher than ,three feet from the ground1 should have strong well-seasoned ,springs1 which should be corded1 and every part of it should be much stronger than a ,town ,carriage4 ,bolts inside should be attached to the ,doors1 to prevent their being opened on the outside4 ,the ,dickey ,box should have ,pistol ,holsters on each side1 covered with black fur tops4 ,a front ,budget attached to the ,body1 or fixed on the beds of ,carriage4 ,a hind ,rumble for two servants1 with knee boot attached to the ,body4 ,cap ,case to front of ,body4 ,trunks for ,travelling must be very strong1 and strengthened at the corners with ,iron ,plates1 and should have ,inside ,straps and ,laths2 these are conveniences to confine what the trunk contains from shifting about2 they are made with four or five laths covered with cloth or paper1 which are nailed1 at a small distance from each other1 to three pieces of girth web1 and lie at the top of the parcels within the trunk2 on the bottom of the trunks straps are nailed1 which buckle round the laths and keep all tight4 ,,trunk ,,covers are made to fit the outside of the trunks1 to cover and preserve them from the weather2 they are usually made of thick painted cloth1 with holes at the sides1 for the handles of the trunk to be got at4 ,,imperials1 are large flat cases made to the form of the whole or part of the ,roof or ,body2 they are conveniences to carry light articles safe1 mostly designed for wearing ,apparel2 they are made of thin boards1 covered with ,leather1 and lined with tow and baize3 to prevent its rubbing the roof1 if intended to cover the whole of the roof1 they are most convenient to remove1 if divided into1 two parts2 and as the half is often sufficient for use1 it saves unnecessary luggage4 ,they are fixed on the ,roof by means of straps and staples4 ,,drag ,,chain1 ,,shoe1 ,,and ,,staff1 are necessary to every ,travelling ,carriage3 the ,chain is to lock the ,wheels1 and to prevent the going too fast downhill2 the ,staff is to stop the ,carriage1 and give rest to the ,horses1 when ascending a hill2 the chain is fixed to a hook about the middle of the perch or crane1 with a hook or shoe at the end for the ,wheels4 ,the ,hook is most handy for use1 but the shoe is preferable1 as it preserves the ,iron of the ,wheel from ,injury when dragging on hard stony ground4 ,the ,chain being covered with ,leather prevents it from rattling4 ,,oil-,,skin ,,covers ,,to ,,the ,,body preserve the ,paint from the injury of the ,road dirt1 or ,boughs1 while ,travelling3 these covers are frequently used1 and are so made that the ,doors may be opened and shut with them on4 ,every part of the ,body except the ,windows and bottom is covered2 it is looped on to the ,body by small buttons1 and is put on and off with the utmost facility3 they are made of common oiled linen1 lined with soft baize4 ,,spring ,,cording4 ,springs are corded to prevent danger and delay1 if by accident a plate should break1 and also to strengthen them1 especially when ,carriages are loaded with heavy ,imperials and much ,luggage3 it is done by placing a thin piece of ash or a length of cord along the back1 and afterwards twisting a small but strong cord round1 and fastening it well at the top4 ,,safety ,,braces are fixed by strong ,braces attached to the ,c springs1 passing directly under the bottom of the ,body1 7and prevent any stopping on the road by the springs breaking or body-loops giving way71 the expense of which1 with the fixing and check-loops1 is #e ,guineas2 the length varying from nine to twelve feet1 according to the length of the ,carriage4 ,england is celebrated for the construction of ,carriages of peculiar ,elegance and convenience2 but the completest machine we have seen was ,,buonaparte',s ,,travelling ,,chariot1 of which the following description may furnish hints to those who wish to have a convenient ,carriage4 ,the very curious and convenient ,chariot of the late ,emperor of ,france1 which ,i examined when it was exhibited at the ,london ,museum1 ,piccadilly1 in #ahaf1 was built by ,symons of ,brussels1 for the ,russian ,campaign1 and was adapted to the various purposes of a ,pantry and of a ,kitchen2 for it had places for holding and preparing refreshments1 which1 by the aid of a ,lamp1 could be heated in the ,carriage2 it served also for a ,bed ,room1 a ,dressing ,room1 an ,office1 c42--there was a separation rising about six inches1 dividing the ,seat4 ,the exterior of this ingenious vehicle was of the form and dimensions of our large ,modern ,english ,travelling ,chariot--only that it had a projection in front of about two feet1 the right-hand half of which was open to the inside to receive the feet1 and thus formed a ,bed--the left-hand contained a store of various useful things4 ,beyond the projection in front1 and nearer to the ,horses1 was the seat for the ,coachman1 ingeniously contrived so as to prevent the ,driver from viewing the interior of the ,carriage1 and yet so placed as to afford those within a clear sight of the ,horses and of the surrounding ,country3--beneath this seat was a receptacle for a ,box1 about #b feet in length and #d inches square1 which contained a ,bedstead of polished ,steel1 which could be fitted up in a couple of minutes4 ,over the ,front ,windows was a ,roller ,blind of strong painted ,canvass1 which1 when pulled out1 excluded ,rain1 while it admitted ,air3 we wonder this is not an universal appendage to every ,chariot in this ,country4 ,on the ,ceiling of the ,carriage was a ,net work for carrying small travelling requisites3 in a recess there was a ,scrtaire #aj inches square by #ah inches in length1 which contained nearly an hundred articles presented to ,napoleon by ,maria ,louisa1 under whose care it was fitted up with every luxury and convenience that could be imagined1 and contained1 besides the usual requisites for a ,dressing-,box1 most of which were of solid ,gold1--a magnificent ,breakfast service1 with ,plates--,candlesticks--,knives--,forks- -,spoons--a spirit ,lamp1 for making ,breakfast in the ,carriage--,gold ,case for ,napoleons--,gold ,wash-hand ,basin--variety of ,essence ,bottles1 ,perfumes--and an almost infinite variety of minute articles1 down to ,pins1 ,needles1 ,thread1 and ,silk4 ,each of these were fitted into recesses1 most ingeniously contrived1 and made in the solid ,wood1 in which they packed close together1 and many within each other1 in so small a compass1 that1 on seeing them arranged1 it appeared impossible for them ever to be put in so small a compass3--at the bottom of this ,toilette ,box1 in divided recesses1 were found ,two ,thousand ,gold ,napoleons2--on the ,top1 ,writing ,materials1 ,looking ,glass1 ,combs1 c4--a ,liqueur ,case which had ,two ,bottles1 one with ,malaga ,wine1 the other ,rum1--a silver ,sandwich ,box1 containing a ,plate1 ,knives1 ,spoons1 ,pepper and ,salt ,boxes1 ,mustard ,pot1 ,decanter1 ,glasses1 c4--a ,wardrobe1 ,writing-,desk1 ,maps1 ,telescopes1 ,arms1 c4--a large silver ,chronometer1 by which the ,watches of the ,army were regulated1 two ,merino ,mattresses1 a ,green ,velvet ,travelling ,cap--also a diamond ,headdress 7tiara71 ,hat1 ,sword1 ,uniform1 and an ,imperial ,mantle1 c4 c4 c4 ,,duties ,,payable ,,on ,,male ,,servants4 ,per ,servant4 ,total per ,year4 ,no4 #a4 #a #d #j #a #d #j #b4 #a #aa #j #c #b #j #c4 #a #ah #j #e #ad #j #d4 #b #c #f #h #ad #j ,,duties ,,on ,,horses4 ,per ,horse4 ,total per ,year4 ,no4 #a4 #a #h #j #a #h #j #b4 #b #g #c #d #ad #f #c4 #b #ab #c #g #af #i #d4 #b #ae #j #aa #j #j ,,duty ,,on ,,carriages4 ,with ,two ,wheels #c #e #j ,with ,four ,ditto #f #j #j ,the ,duties on ,servants1 ,carriages1 and ,horses1 are collected by the same ,officers that collect the ,house and ,window ,taxes2 and are reckoned from one fifth of ,april to another2 and if you keep a ,horse or ,carriage for a ,single week1 you must pay the ,tax thereon for a whole ,year4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,managing ,,coachmen4 ,the ,christian precept of 8,do as you would be done by10 is in few instances more difficult to observe1 than it is towards a ,coachman1 who is1 in fact1 paid to endure those ,inconveniences from which the ,carriage protects his ,employer4 ,however1 the ,good ,master will 8do as he would be done by10 and make his ,servant as ,comfortable as the peculiar nature of his place permits4 ,merciful ,masters1 who use their ,carriage in ,wet ,weather#af1 provide their ,coachman ,two ,box ,coats3--a ,second-hand ,coat may be bought for about #b4 #ajs4--a slight increase to their ,expense1 a great addition to his ,comfort3 for when a ,box ,coat gets thoroughly ,wet1 it will take forty-eight hours before it becomes thoroughly ,dry2 for it must not be dried otherwise than gradually and in the ,air4 ,mr4 ,jarvis says1 that 8the best way of drying a ,box ,coat on these occasions1 is to put it round a ,truss of ,straw40 ,the ,hardy habits of ,coachmen enable them to brave the inclemencies of the ,sky1 and to set the ,cold and ,rain at defiance1 when encompassed in their seven-fold ,cape1 and a comfortable ,dry ,coat2--but1 my fair-weather friend1 can you imagine a more awfully dangerous envelope than a ,wet ,blanket8 ,whatever ,olympic ,wits or ,whips might think1 there are few modern ,jockies who will agree with ,pindarus1 that ,water is the best thing1 at least for the lining of the ,inner or the ,outer ,coat of the ,stomach4 ,damp ,clothes are the cause of ,coachmen being so often and so severely afflicted with ,rheumatism2 therefore we insert the following1 which has frequently proved an efficacious remedy in old and inveterate attacks of this complaint4 ,anti-,rheumatic ,embrocation4 ,sal ,volatile1 an ounce and a half2 ,laudanum1 half an ounce2 ,mix--rub the part afflicted ,night and ,morning1 and in the ,middle of the ,day4 ,the ,reader may have observed1 that the ,coach ,box of the ,carriages of many ,medical ,men is furnished with a ,knee ,boot1 i4 e4 an ,apron like that of a ,gig3--this is a comfortable1 and1 indeed1 a needful defence to the ,legs and ,feet4 ,the ,author advises the general adoption thereof to those who use their ,carriage much in ,cold ,wet ,weather1 and especially recommends it to those ,genteel#ag people1 who courageously keep their ,servants and ,horses in waiting half the ,night1 in bitter cold weather1 while they are indulging themselves in the opposite extreme of temperature in ,crowded ,assemblies4 ,no ,entertainments 7as those ,midnight ,inflictions are by courtesy termed71 afford so little satisfaction as ,,evening ,,parties4 ,all who know you1 that are not invited1 will take umbrage1 and half of those who are1 receive the intended ,compliment only as their due1 and not seldom return it by ridiculing their ,host1 who1 if he is prudent1 they will censure for his ,parsimony2 if he be generous1 will rate as a ,prodigal4 ,these 7foolish1 if they are poor1 but if ,rich1 wicked17 8,fly-by-,nights10 8,who ,sleep till ,noon1 and hardly live till ,night10 who are unhappy except when in a ,crowd1 and fancy that they are entitled to pass for folks of exquisite ,fashion1 in proportion to the degree of fondness that they pretend to exhibit for being ,stewed in foul ,air#ah4 ,as ,sir ,exquisite ,irritable says1 8,nothing can be less ,nice than the ,re-respiration of ,respired ,air1 every whif of which has just popped out of the ,mouth of another6 ,to ,drink out of the same ,cup1 is comparatively an act of delectable ,refinement6660 ,what is to be said ,,for the ,absurdity of not going out to an ,evening ,party1 until ,you ought to be going into ,your ,bed8 ,every ,body has enough to say ,,against it6 ,but1 nevertheless1 the very persons who exclaim loudest against this foolish ,fashion1 are frequently found among the foremost of those who follow it4--,how comes this8 why1 this is quite inconceivable6--,no1 indeed1--,no6--pray pardon me--with the utmost submission1 it is among the strange things which are very easily accounted for--it is ,fashionable6 it is extremely ,genteel66 ,however1 these ,midnight ,meetings1 under the inviting appellation of ,,genteel ,evening ,parties1 are1 in fact1 a ,barbarous ,invention of the ,idle and ,imbecile1 to undermine the ,constitution1 and annihilate the ,independence of the ,industrious and the ,healthful4 8,though bold these ,truths1 my ,book with ,truths like these ,will none offend1 whom 'tis a praise to please40 ,dr4 ,young4 ,the noisy announcement of the arrival of the ,visitors at these ,nocturnal ,assemblies1 by the absurd custom of a ,thundering ,rapping at the ,door1 which is already open1 is one of the most ridiculous customs of modern times1 and should be entirely abolished4--,if a parcel of silly people are permitted to meet together at ,midnight1 they ought not to be permitted to murder the ,sleep of their surrounding neighbours1 from ,ten at ,night till ,three in the ,morning6 ,it is as disorderly an offence against the public peace as can be mentioned2 and if it happened at the house of a poor person1 it would be immediately indicted as ,disorderly4 ,good ,nature may find some ,excuse for the ,poor and ,dependent1 who 7perhaps very unwillingly7 are obliged to follow a ,foolish ,fashion2 but what apology can ,good ,sense invent for the ,opulent and the ,independent1 who are the ,makers of ,manners1 and who set a ,foolish ,example#ai4 ,tom ,thrifty's maxim for ,evening ,parties1 was 8,,come before ,seven1 ,,go before ,eleven40 ,have you in your ,visiting ,book the name of one ,good ,mother1 whom you have not heard heartily lament the ,late ,hours of the ,fashionable ,world as the principal cause of the predominance of the ,lily in the complexion of her ,children8 8,late sitting up has turn'd their ,roses white3 ,why went they not to ,bed8--because 'twas ,night40 ,is it not astonishing1 then1 that ,somebody will not be ,wise enough1 and ,kind enough1 to invite us to return to ,reasonable ,hours8--,but1 as the saying is1 8,what is ,every ,body's ,business1 is ,nobody's ,business10 and 8,plain ,dealing is ,dead1 and ,died without ,issue40 8,doubly distrest1 what author shall we find1 ,discreetly daring1 and severely kind1 ,the courtly ,roman's shining path to tread1 ,and sharply smile prevailing ,folly dead40 ,dr4 ,young4 ,the ,writer does not presume further1 than humbly to advise those who wish to enjoy any of their faculties in perfection1 not willingly to refrain from wearing their ,,night ,,cap1 ,later than ,eleven o',clock at ,night4 8,,one ,hour's ,sleep before ,twelve o',clock is worth ,,two after40 ,do you recollect1 ,gentle ,reader1 to have ever learned any thing worth remembering ,,after ,,eleven ,o',,clock ,,at ,,night8 ,i don't3--nor1 indeed1 for a full ,hour before that time1--those persons whose bodies or minds have been industriously employed during the day1 are arrived at that degree of exhaustion1 that their faculties are become obtuse2--if you ask them any thing1 8they don't know20--and if you tell them any thing1 8they don't care40 ,midnight ,conversation cannot be any thing more than a mere 8caput mortuum10 and the vapid draining of ,brains collapsed by the continued cogitations of the #ad or #ae preceding ,hours6--or the unwholesome effervescence of the 8hot and rebellious liquors0 which have been taken to revive the flagging spirits4 ,the ,machinery of ,man1 like the wheels of a ,watch1 after a certain time wants winding up1 or it will go down--when this time comes1 till your ,gentleman is wound up by ,food and ,rest1 he cannot talk1 any better than that can tick1 till that is wound up again4 ,to the person who is intrusted with so important a concern as the management of your ,carriage and ,horses you will do wisely to give proper encouragement3 on his ,honesty and ,judgment greatly depend the safety of the ,rider and the ,expense of the ,equipage--therefore1 it is as much your ,interest to be kind1 as it is his ,duty to be ,careful4 ,it will be well1 therefore1 to put your ,coachman beyond any petty temptations from ,hackneymen1 ,horsedealers1 ,farriers1 ,coachmakers1 et id genus omne1 and pay him cheerfully all such reasonable ,perquisites as will make it ,his ,interest to take care of ,yours4 ,people are often biassed by their ,coachman in what is to be done in the ,repair or alteration of their ,carriage and ,horses1 and from interested motives1 or capricious whims1 the ,knights of the ,whip1 it is said1 sometimes have gone to extravagant lengths1 and the ,carriage has become rather the ,property of the ,coachman and ,coachmaker1 than of the ,proprietor4 ,a careful ,coachman is a valuable ,servant4 8,a ,coachman10 says the ,sieur ,soleysell1 8should be skilful1 ,nimble1 ,hardy1 and ,honest1 should love ,horses1 and have a desire to perform all his work well3--when a ,master findeth a ,lad with these qualities1 he should not easily part with him2 for this ,merchandise1 although ,clownish1 is hard enough to be found40--,see his ,complete ,horseman1 folio1 p4 #ade1 #agag4 ,to the above ,qualifications1 must be added1 that of ,reading and ,writing2 and if you reside in ,london1 that of 8knowing ,town well10 i4 e4 be well acquainted with the situation1 the distance1 and the best ,roads1 7as they may now be called7 to the various parts of that amazing ,labyrinth of ,lanes called ,london4 ,before you permit him to mount the ,box--ask him how far it is to half a dozen different places in opposite directions1 and which ,way he would go1 and how ,long he would be in driving you thither4 ,the best ,age for a ,coachman is between #cj and #dj--;before the former1 they are perfunctory1 and soon after the latter1 they lack ,activity4 ,the following maxim1 which ,i gave for hiring a ,cook1 applies as aptly to engaging ,coachmen4 ,before the age of ,,thirty1 however comfortable you may endeavour to make them1 their want of experience1 and the ,hope of something still better1 prevents their being content with their present state4 ,after they have had the benefit of ,experience1 if they are tolerably comfortable1 they will endeavour to deserve the approbation of even a moderately kind ,master1 for ,fear they may change for the worse4 8,the ,good that they wish for1 mayn't match what they've got2 ,and therefore they'd best be content with their lot40 ,life is divided into the ,seasons of ,,hope1 and ,,fear4 ,in ,,youth we hope that every thing may be right2--,in ,,age1 we fear that every thing will be wrong4 ,whether you have your own ,horses1 or ,hire of a ,hackneyman3--,mr4 ,jarvis begs you to be very careful in choosing a ,coachman1 or you may get for a ,charioteer1 an ignorant1 careless creature1 who hardly knows 8,come may thur wut0 from 8,come may thur woo-ee40 ,the best ,person to apply to1 to recommend a ,coachman1 is the ,hackneyman of whom you ,hire your ,horses2 it is his own ,interest to recommend a ,servant who is capable and careful3 or by looking in the ,daily papers1 you will find many who are in want of places3--,the shortest way1 is to advertise for one--this will bring plenty of applicants presently--direct them to call on your ,hackneyman1 or to some person on whom you can depend1 and let him select and send to you only such as he thinks likely to suit3 this will save you much time and trouble3 moreover1 it is desirable that a ,coachman should be in some degree dependant upon the person of whom you hire ,horses1 that he may be accountable to him for the proper treatment of them1 and you will thus be better served4 ,accept of no ,written ,character when any other can be obtained2 and it is the most satisfactory plan for all ,parties1 to ,give1 and ,receive the ,character of a ,servant in the presence of such ,servant4 ,the common custom1 is for the ,coachman to come for ,,orders at a certain hour4 ,very well1--tell him 8to stay at ,home1 and be ready to attend to your ,business10 adding1 however1 7if you expect him to do so7 that 8whenever you wish for a ,half1 or a whole ,holiday for your own ,business10--for every one has ,business and ,desires1 such as they are1--8ask me for it1 and ,i will not ,dissappoint you1 even though your ,absence may be ,inconvenient--,mark6--,mind my ,business1 and ,i promise you1 that ,i will never prevent your having every reasonable opportunity of minding ,your own30--make an agreement with him1 that he shall have certain ,hours in certain ,days for such business as the ,horses1 ,carriage1 c4 require4 8,leave is ,light20 and warn him that if you find him out without leave1 at any other time--you will immediately give him leave of ,absence from your service for ever after1 and that it will become your ,duty1 to state the reason why you do so1 to any person who may apply for his ,character4 ,desire him1 ,five minutes before he brings the ,carriage round1 to open the ,windows and ventilate it3 even in ,winter1 ,cold ,air is not so offensive as ,confined ,air--desire him to bring the ,carriage with the ,glasses and ,blinds1 c4 in the position in which you generally use them2 and when you tell him at what ,time to come1 tell him which ,way to bring his ,horses' heads to the ,door1 i4e4 ,east or ,west1 so that he may start at once1 without the disagreeable trouble of turning about--give him similar directions when you stop any where1 and apprise him1 that when you get in again1 if you don't immediately direct him otherwise1 he is always to take you towards ,home4 ,finally1 let his ,general ,business be given to him in ,writing2 i4 e4 at what ,hours you most usually want the ,carriage--how ,long at a time you are generally out--what ,pace you wish to go--and what ,roads to particular places1 c4 ,give him a ,map of ,london1 on which1 mark with ,red ,ink the way you wish to be taken to those places to which you are most frequently going--and tell him1 if you order him to take you to any place1 the way to which he is not well acquainted with1 always to say so plainly1 and you will direct him4 ,some ,good ,masters never 7unless in a case of necessity7 take their ,carriage out on a ,sunday4 ,in well-governed ,families1 every ,servant has the liberty every ,sunday of going once to ,church2 which if they neglect1 and fail in their duty to their ,maker1 they may well be suspected of failing in their duty to their master3--,a ,person who goes regularly to ,church1 will be ,,well spoken of1 though he may have no other merit to recommend him3 ,he who neglects that ,duty is ,,ill spoken of1 if he has no other ,fault1 and has every other ,virtue4 ,whenever you find it necessary to give any ,directions1 or to reprove him for ,neglect1 c41 never send any ,message to him by another ,servant1--mention it yourself2 ,you may do this with much more effect than you can by any deputy1 who1 through ,mistake or ,ill-nature1 may likely enough either say more or less than you told him4 ,never reprove ,servants unless you are quite in a ,good ,temper2 the best way to ensure which1 is1--,never to ,lecture them1 till at least ,,one ,,day ,,after they have offended you4 ,never forget to ,commend them when they are ,right2 nothing can cherish the desire of pleasing in ,them so effectually1 as to shew them that you are pleased3--it is a much pleasanter1 and a more effectual mode of proceeding1 to ,praise them into good conduct1 than to ,scold them out of bad4 ,there is a ,perversity in poor human nature which sets itself against ,correction1 and is restive to reproof1 but is pliant and yielding to the least expression of ,kindness4 ,pride is like the ,rust that seizes and stiffens the ,spring of an ,engine1 and checks its motion1 so that no force can set it to work2 but ,kindness is like ,oil1 which smooths the machinery in such a manner that the parts move almost of themselves4 ,this ,gentle method of dealing with our fellow-creatures is ,,god',s own method of dealing with mankind1 who 8delighteth not in the ,death of a ,sinner1 but rather that he should turn from his ,wickedness and ,live20 and chooses rather to lead us to ,repentance by his ,goodness1 than to drive us to it by his ,wrath4 ,,punctuality ,in a ,coachman is indispensable1--if he has #ae or #bj ,minutes' notice that he will be wanted1 there is no excuse for his not being ready by that time2 for a regular ,coachman gets his ,harness and ,carriage clean and ready to put to1 early in the day4 ,in establishments where it is not known at what hour a ,carriage will be wanted1 but when it is1 is wanted at a minute's notice1 the ,horses are kept ready ,harnessed4 ,desire him always to be at your ,door1 ,five ,minutes before the time he is ordered1 especially when ordered at an unusual hour2--when you are going out 8on actual ,service10 his being ready at the desired moment1 is infinitely more important than when you are going out at the usual hour merely for ,amusement4 ,one ,minute of ,your ,time1 is often worth an ,hour of ,his4 ,tell your ,coachman1 that 8,,the ,,oracle has declared that--,he who sometimes comes ,before the time he is ordered1 manifests respect for his ,employers and a laudable ,anxiety to obey ,orders4 8,he who never comes till the ,last ,moment1 presents presumptive evidence that he is disposed to do no more work than he is obliged to do4 8,he who comes ,after the ,time1 would not come then1 unless ,fear flogged him3 8,encourage the ,first1 8,endure the ,second1 8,do as you like with the ,last40 ,one ,friend informed me that he cured an excellent ,coachman of his neglect of being punctual 7which was the only fault he had7--by hiring a ,hackney ,coach1 whenever his own ,carriage was not at the ,door to a minute1 and deducting the charge thereof from his ,wages4 ,another makes it part of the ,agreement1 in hiring a ,coachman1 that he shall forfeit a ,shilling for every ,minute he comes after the time he is ordered4 ,remember ,tom ,thrifty's account of that excellent ,disciplinarian1 old ,admiral ,,everready4 8,the first time ,i received ,orders to attend his ,honour on a ,cruise1--#8,tom ,thrifty1' 7said the gallant ,veteran17 #8be sure1 have ,every ,thing ready for ,action to-,morrow ,morning before ,eight o',clock4 ,getting out well is half the ,battle4' #8,i will take care1 your ,honour1 not to be later than ,eight4' 8#8,not later1 ,sir6--,pipe all hands a ,quarter ,before1 if you please1 ,sir66--a ,quarter ,before1 ,sir666--to that ,quarter of an ,hour ,i owe all my success in ,life666--,do you think that ,old ,,everready would have won every ,battle he has fought1 if he had not always had a ,broadside ready to pour into the ,enemy1 ,before it was expected that any ,engagement could possibly take place6--,oh6 that precious ,quarter of an ,hour6--it has been1 as a body may say1 the ,guardian ,spirit which has gained me all my ,laurels4 ,now1 my ,boy1 let me heave a bit of advice to ,you2 if you wish to keep clear of the shoals of ,disappointment1 take ,preparation for your ,purser1 and ,punctuality for your ,pilot--they will put you into the track of ,preferment2 and if you mind that your vessel is well ballasted with ,integrity1 you may carry almost what ,sail you will with safety1 and soon hope to cast anchor for ,life in the ,bay of ,independence4'0 ,when you order your ,coachman to call for you1 tell him to send you notice of his arrival as soon as he comes1 and that within ,two minutes after you hear of it1 you will either come or send to him--if you do not1 to conclude that you have not been told1 and desire him peremptorily to order that you may be informed of it1 for some people are ,rude enough to desire their ,servants not to tell their ,guests that their ,carriage is come1 until just such time as they wish them gone4 ,the surest plan of protecting yourself from the tricks of such folks1 and of knowing when your ,carriage is come1 is to give your ,coachman a ,,letter directed to you1 on which is written 8,an ,immediate ,answer is desired40 ,direct him to deliver this wherever you are1 with a special request that it may be given to you directly1 as it requires an ,immediate ,answer3 this may also serve the purpose of furnishing you with an excellent excuse to get away as early as you please4 ,do not order your ,carriage till you actually want it2 and enter it the moment it comes to the ,door1 especially in ,cold and ,wet ,weather4 ,have a ,good going ,clock placed where it may be easily seen by all the ,members of your ,household2 by which let them set their ,watches4 ,desire your ,coachman1 when he comes for ,orders1 to set his by this ,clock2 and then1 if he is a steady fellow1 by referring to your own1 you will see when he comes for you4 ,let his ,watch be so regulated1 that it may rather gain than lose4 ,if it be not a very good one1 if it is set every morning by a good clock1 it will answer almost all the purposes of a ,good one4 ,keep it five minutes too ,fast1 and tell him to keep all appointments by its ,dial1 as if it shewed the ,true time4 ,before you start from home1 give your ,coachman distinct directions when to come for you2 and do this yourself3 if you do it by deputy1 or when you get out of your ,carriage1 and probably in a hurry1 a mistake is easily enough made4 ,when he is to call for you at any place with which you are not quite certain that he is acquainted1 let the plainest possible ,direction thereto be given him in ,writing4 ,an experienced ,driver can always calculate how long he will be in going2 and when you tell him to come for you1 you may be certain that he need never be more than five minutes after the time you order him3 thus1 you will be independent of any information from the ,servants at the ,house where you visit4 8,punctual ,masters make ,punctual ,servants40 ,if you go out to ,dinner in ,london1 a distance exceeding ,three ,miles1 it is more advisable to put up your ,horses1 than to send them ,home1 as the wear of the ,carriage in doing the double work of going home and coming again for you1 will cost as much as you will be charged for ,hay at a ,livery ,stable1 which will not be more than ,two ,shillings 7including #f;d4 to the ,hostler74 ,moreover1 it is convenient to have the power of returning home sooner or later1 as you like1 without danger of your ,servants and ,horses catching ,cold in waiting for you4 ,it is customary to allow the ,coachman some refreshment when your ,horses are put up1 while you are at ,dinner4 ,whatever you choose to give1 give in ,money4 ,if you go out to ,dinner in the ,country1 your ,nags will like to ,dine too1 and have half a peck of ,corn and some ,hay also4 ,different ,inns vary in their charges from #bs4 #f;d4 7including #f;d4 to the ,hostler7 to #cs4 #f;d4 ,when you go out to ,dinner in the ,environs of ,town1 where you have not been before1 and are unacquainted with the ,topography of the ,country1 start at least a quarter of an hour earlier than you may think is absolutely necessary1 that you may have time to find the ,house1 which is not always very easy1 especially if your friend has only lately resided there4 ,those who dwell in ,suburban ,villas1 have 7or ought to have7 engraved on the back of their ,cards1 a ,map of the ,road from the ,stones' end to their ,house4 ,this would save their ,visitors a vast deal of trouble1 and they would not have their ,dinner spoiled quite so often1 by their ,guests not arriving in time1 from not knowing the way4 ,persons dwelling four or five ,miles from ,town1 and those who invite ,friends from the ,country to dine with them1 should ,dine1 and have all such ,parties at least an ,hour or two earlier than the fashionable town time1 so that their ,guests may get home at their usual hour of retiring to ,rest4 ,for people who live half a ,dozen ,miles from the ,standard in ,cornhill1 to invite you1 or you to invite them1 to a ,dinner ,party later than ,four o'clock1 or an ,evening ,party later than ,seven1 is one of the most ridiculous affectations imaginable6 ,courteous ,reader1 summon resolution enough to set a ,good ,example3--surely this cannot require more ,courage than it does to follow a ,bad ,example4 8,and leave the folly of ,night ,dinners ,to ,fools1 and ,dandies1 and old ,sinners40 ,desire your ,coachman to give you notice a day or two before the ,horses will want ,,shoeing1 that you may appoint a convenient time for that purpose4 ,see ,obs4 on ,shoeing1 in the ,chapter on ,horses4 ,if you think that you may want your ,carriage earlier than your usual time of going out in the ,morning1 give your ,coachman notice over ,night2 or when you send in the ,morning1 expect 7and don't be uselessly angry if you get7 for an answer1 8,john is gone to the ,blacksmith's10 or 8to the ,coachmaker's10 or 8to the ,hay ,market10 or to any other ,market that the person who serves ,fudge for him1 happens to think of first4 ,if any such ,answer be given1 desire that as soon as he returns1 he will come for ,orders2 you will then know how long he has been absent4 ,,lending ,,your ,,carriage4 ,as soon as you set up a ,carriage1 lots of ,idle and ,impertinent ,people1 and all the various branches of 8the ,skin ,flint's10 and 8the ,save ,all's10 are up early on the alert1 setting all kinds of ,traps to ride at your cost4 ,caution those ,friends to whom you may give such accommodation1 not to mention it3 if they trot about1 telling every one that they and you know1 that 8,mr4 ,benevolus was so good as to lend us his ,carriage1 and we had such a nice ride all round here and there1 and c40 ,if any of the numerous members of the 8,free and ,easy10 or 8the ,save ,all0 families1 who happen to have the slightest acquaintance with you1 hear that you have given this accommodation to some very old and excellent ,friend1 who may have honestly earned every attention that you can possibly offer3--,i should not wonder1 if they were to ,whisper to one another1 8,oh1 oh6 is it so8--well1--,i have really a vast respect for ,mr4 ,b4--hav'nt you8 ,and if he is so exceedingly fond of ,lending his ,leathern convenience1 don't you think that we ought to do him the favour to ,borrow it8--it will be so exceedingly convenient when we go to our ,uncle ,makefeasts--for we can't hire a ,glass ,coach to take us ,ten ,miles and back under ,thirty ,shillings1 you know60 ,if you have any regard for ,punctuality1 take care who you carry with you1 especially when going out to ,dinner6 ,if you undertake to carry people to one place1 some unreasonable selfish beings are1 not seldom1 so pleased at an opportunity of shewing off 8en carrosse10 that they will plague you with perpetual solicitations to stop at almost every ,door they pass2--,aye1 and act as if they fancied that they were jumping in 8an ,errand ,cart40 ,tell such ,free and ,easy folks very plainly1 that you must be at a certain ,place at a certain ,time1 and have not a moment to spare4 ,if you have any ,mercy for your ,horses1 lend them not to others1 unless you limit the ,time they are to be out1 and the ,distance and ,pace they are to go2 say not exceeding ten ,miles4 ,consider1 you may be called upon to go a long ,journey to-morrow1 and if your ,horses are over-worked to-day1 how are you to get on8 ,this caution to your ,coachman is quite necessary1 my good ,reader2 for those who borrow ,horses and ,carriages have been found willing enough to work them hard enough6 ,if those who borrow it ask the ,coachman to do any more work than you have directed him1 tell him if he does it1 it is at the peril of losing his place1 and desire him to say plainly1 8,such are my ,master's orders2 if ,i disobey them he will discharge me the moment ,i return home40 ,forbid your ,coachman receiving any present from those he carries4 ,give him yourself1 before he goes1 the same perquisite that you would give another person's ,servant who had driven you as far as he is going to drive your ,friends1 who will be ,shabby companions indeed1 if they do not offer him something1 and who will tell you if he refuses to take it4--,if they are not furiously anxious to acquaint you with your ,servant's ,integrity1 they1 most likely1 may have ,self-,love enough to wish to prove to you their own liberal intentions4--,on such occasions1 tell your ,servants to say gently and respectfully1 8,i am much obliged to you1 ,sir--,i am equally obliged to you1 but my ,master has already paid me extra for attending upon you40 8,edmund ,burke brought with him and retained the hospitable customs of his ,country4 ,i knew an old ,school-fellow of his1 who used almost annually to go to ,london from ,ireland1 frequently with some of his ,family3 they used to lodge at his house4 ,mr4 ,burke sent his ,servants and ,carriage with them to a considerable distance from ,town1 when the ,guests1 on parting with the ,footman1 expressed their obligations for the attention shewn them1 and put a piece of ,gold into the ,coachman's hand4 #8,i cannot receive this1 ,sir3 it would displease ,mr4 ,burke exceedingly4' #8,but ,i don't intend ever to let him know any thing about it4' #8,sir1 ,i should use my ,master extremely ill were ,i to consent3 for he gives me extra ,wages1 on the express condition of my not receiving any thing from those who visit him4' #8,thou art right1 and ,i will report thy ,integrity to thy ,master4'0--,dr4 ,walker's ,fragments1 #hvo4 p4 #aah4 #ahjb4 8,many are the tricks of ,coachmen10 says the sagacious ,,dean ,,swift4 8,if they are not in the humour to ,drive1 they will tell their ,master that the ,horses have caught ,cold--are off their ,feed--want ,shoeing--the ,harness is out of order--,wet ,weather roughens their ,coats3 and if any body takes a liking to one of your ,nags1 and they can get a ,guinea by selling it1 will persuade you to part with it1 by telling you that he is beginning to be touched in his ,wind1 or ,foundered1 or is so ,vicious that it has become dangerous to drive him40 ,,fifteen ,,things ,,which 7,,mr4 ,,jarvis ,,says7 ,a ,,good ,,coachman ,,won',t ,,do4 #a4 ,he will not gratify a greedy ,innkeeper1 ,hackneyman1 ,hay ,farmer1 ,coachmaker1 ,sadler1 or other ,tradesman1 at the expense of his ,employer2 but1 in laying out his ,master's ,money1 will be as careful as if it was his own4 #b4 ,he will not leave his ,master to the care of the ,waiter and his ,horses to the ,hostler1 and think only of ,himself2 but take care and attend to both1 and be particularly careful that his ,horses are well dressed1 well fed#bj1 and well littered1 and that their ,shoes1 ,saddles1 c4 are in proper condition to continue their ,journey4 #c4 ,he will not1 in disagreeable weather1 urge the ,hostler to say the ,roads are bad1 in order to detain him till the weather is better1 or to go round a particular way4 #d4 ,he will not recommend ,strong ,beer to his ,horses1 or ,brandy to their ,heels1 in order to gratify a thirsty palate1 at the expense of his own ,head1 and his ,master's ,pocket4 #e4 ,he will not contrive to have a ,horse's ,shoe loose1 or drive in a ,stone to make him halt1 in order to shorten or delay a day's ,journey2 or advise his ,master to stop under pretence of the ,horses being faint and weak4 #f4 ,he will not recommend particular ,inns out of favour to the ,landlord or the ,hostler1 or with a view of getting an extraordinary ,dram for such recommendation4 #g4 ,he will not1 if he is employed to purchase ,hay or ,straw1 c41 trot up and down the ,market till he has found the ,cheapest1 and then charge it to his ,master as the ,dearest4 #h4 ,he will not1 when leading his ,master's ,horse from one part of the country to another1 suffer it to be hard ridden1 either to oblige an old acquaintance1 or to put half-a-crown into his own ,pocket4 #i4 ,he will not1 when sent alone to any distance1 go round or out of his way to see an old friend1 and then1 to fetch up the time1 gallop his ,horse till he can scarce stand upon his ,legs4 #aj4 ,he will not1 when ,airing his ,horses1 play tricks with them1 gallop them against other ,horses for a ,pint and a ,pipe1 or leap them over places that may stake them or spoil them4 #aa4 ,he will not1 to save his attendance in the ,stable1 fill the rack to the top with ,hay1 and the ,manger to the brim with ,oats1 so as to occasion either being wasted2 nor1 to save his trouble1 let the dirty litter stand under a ,horse the whole day4 #ab4 ,he will not1 when he is to carry his ,master's ,great ,coat in a strap behind him1 wrap his own ,coat up in it1 or leave his ,master's ,coat outwards to get ,wet1 in case it should ,rain4 #ac4 ,he will not1 when he comes to an ,inn1 after a hard day's ,journey1 in cold and dirty weather1 leave his ,horses to a ,stable ,boy1 to splash them up to their bellies1 in ,water1 in order to wash them2 suffer them to drink their fill1 and then gallop them full speed a mile to warm them1 whilst he is indulging himself with ,purl and ,hot ,pot by the ,kitchen ,fire1 although 8,some ,grooms are quite as curious in providing good ,cheer for ,themselves as they are for their ,horses10 says the ,sieur ,sollysell1 in his ,compleat ,horseman1 fol4 p4 #aaj4 #agag4 #ad4 ,he will not1 if his ,horse drops a ,shoe1 gallop him as hard as he can to the next ,smith1 to the danger of his feet1 but will travel on gently4 #ae4 ,he will not1 if he wants to spend an hour at an ,ale-house1 go out with an old ,girth or ,stirrup ,leather in his hands1 under pretence of getting it mended4 99 99 99 99 99 ,coachmen have generally some spare hours1 and would do wisely to learn a business at which they could work during such leisure2--such provident diligence would1 in a few years1 enable them to ride ,inside instead of ,outside of a ,coach3--perhaps the most useful ,trade they could take to would be that of a ,sadler1 a ,shoemaker1 or a ,carpenter4 ,,coachman',s ,,tools4 ,our friend ,mr4 ,jarvis assures us1 that an experienced ,coachman1 who understands the care of a ,carriage1 can do many little ,jobs1 just as well as a ,coachmaker1 and can soon save his ,employer not only the cost of the following things1 but rectify several trifling derangements1 which1 if adjusted immediately1 will prevent many heavy ,repairs4--,the shaking of the ,carriage frequently loosens ,bolts1 ,nuts1 c41 which1 if not immediately attended to1 the ,wood and ,iron work soon suffers great injury2 therefore1 desire your ,coachman to tell you the moment that he discovers any ,repair to be wanting1 or there appears any probability that any part is likely soon to break4 ,,requisite ,,implements4 ,a ,setter ,prop #a #j #j ,ditto1 for an ,underspring ,carriage #b #j #j ,screw ,wrench #j #g #j ,pair of ,pincers #j #b #f ,hammer #j #b #f ,water ,brush #j #c #j ,spoke ,brush #j #b #f ,lining ,brush #j #c #j ,horse ,brush #j #c #j ,rag ,mop #j #a #i ,yard of ,stout ,leather for ,washing and for stopping ,rattling1 c4 #j #c #j ------- #d #h #c ------- ,to ensure ,punctuality in your ,visits1 which1 ,civility says1 ought to be returned with as much ,celerity as ,convenience will permit1 give your ,coachman a ,list of the ,places he is to take you to1 and the ,time you are to be there3 the various branches of the ,gad-abouts1 who delight in the laborious ,idleness of paying ,morning ,visits1 and wish to pay as many as possible1 in as little time as possible1 and spend their time in being ,driven to ,doors1 where they anxiously desire--not to be admitted1 will find the above hint very valuable4 ,when you go about paying ,visits1 7especially in ,cold ,weather71 desire your ,coachman not to drive faster than ,five miles an ,hour3--,nothing destroys more ,coach ,horses1 than the practice1 so common in ,london1 of driving them fast till they are ,hot1 and then keeping them standing still in the ,cold4 ,buildings have now spread themselves over such an immense extent of ,terra ,nova et ,incognita1 that a modern ,,map ,,of ,,london and the ,environs is as needful an ,article in a ,carriage1 as a ,compass in a ,ship4 ,the size of this said ,town of ,london is strangely changed since ,mr4 ,sorbiere wrote his ,journey to ,london1 #hvo4 #afih1 in p4 #e of which he says1 8,but that which makes the dwelling in the ,city of ,london most delightfully diverting1 is the extremely pleasant facility of walking out into the ,fields6660 8,happy were the ,days then1 ,to what they is now40 ,old ,bawlit4 ,now1 instead of the ,fields being come-atable with extremely pleasant facility6 before you can put your ,foot upon a blade of ,verdant ,grass1 7there is ,black ,grass enough in the ,squares71 you must drag your ,legs through a ,grove of ,houses of at least two or three ,miles in length6 ,the ,new ,road from ,paddington to ,islington was1 till lately1 the ,boundary line for limiting the ruinous rage for ,building on the ,north side of the ,town4--,there is a ,ground ,plan of the ,new ,road1 from ,islington to the ,edgeware ,road1 shewing the then state of the ,ground1 7and the names of the ,proprietors thereof7 between ,oxford ,street and the ,new ,road1 in the ,supplement to the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #agee4 ,a ,stop ought to be put to the practice of constructing irregular groups of ,houses4 8,the ,,act ,,of ,,parliament for forming the ,new ,road1 which was made in #agee1 directs that no building be erected within ,fifty feet#ba of the ,new ,road40 8,the present mean appearance of the backs of the ,houses and ,hovels have rendered this approach to the ,capital a scene of confusion and deformity1 extremely unbecoming the character of a ,great and ,opulent ,city40--,gwynn's ,london ,improved1 #dto4 p4 #aa4 ,mr4 ,gwynn's remarks apply very aptly to that ,quarter of a ,mile of the ,new ,road which is between ,westgate ,turnpike at the crossing of ,gower ,street ,north1 and the ,east ,entrance to the ,regent's ,park4 ,the ,southern and ,western avenues to ,,the ,,regent',s ,,park are as they ought to be3 the ,roads are wide1 and the space between the ,houses and the ,road is laid out in ,gardens1 as ,,the ,,act directs--very different is the approach from the ,city along the ,eastern ,road from the point above mentioned1 which is narrow1 and is perpetually obstructed by the ,waggons1 c4 that are unloading at the ,timber and ,stone ,yards1 c42 occupying the ground which the ,act of ,parliament has ordered shall be used only for ,gardens4 ,the intention of this judicious clause was1 no doubt1 to preserve the ,light1 ,air1 and ,cheerfulness1 so highly necessary to a great leading ,thoroughfare--such it has hitherto been1 and with increasing respectability1 excepting at the one point ,i am about to mention--many great ,improvements have taken place--such as the ,regent's ,park and ,crescent--,the ,new ,pancras ,church and ,euston ,square1 c4 c4 ,with these useful and even splendid works upon the same line of ,road1 it becomes a matter of ,surprise1 that the distance between ,westgate turnpike1 at the crossing of ,gower ,street ,north1 up to the ,regent's ,park1 should not only remain without any reformation1 but that buildings1--workmen's huts1--sheds1--smoky chimneys1 and all manner of nuisances1 should be allowed not only to continue1 but to increase daily close to the ,road4 ,in proceeding from the ,city ,westward1 a fine line of road1 and noble footpaths on each side1 are found1 until on arriving near ,tottenham ,court ,road both appear to terminate abruptly1 and the ,road is faced1 and its regularity destroyed by the projection of a range of low buildings and hovels1 converted1 or now converting1 into small ,houses1 close to the ,highway1 which1 strange to say1 is much narrowed1 at a point where1 from the increased traffic caused by the crossing of the ,road to ,hampstead1 a considerable increase of width is doubly requisite4 ,but here the ,houses project about ,ten feet1 and nearly close up the footpath2 and this being one of the stations for the ,paddington ,coaches to stop at1 it becomes a service of no small danger to drive through the very small opening that is left for the public to pass through4 ,a few yards further1 on both sides of the ,road1 are ranges of ,stone ,yards1 with the incessant music of ,sawing1 ,chipping1 and ,hacking stone1 grinding ,chisels1 and sharpening of ,saws4 ,cow yards1 picturesque stacks of ,timber1 building materials1 and dead walls4 ,another angle turned1 and the ,traveller emerges again from the region of smoke1 stone dust1 and mud1 and traversing some hazardous passages1 pounces at once into the magnificent ,crescent of the ,,regent',s ,,park1 wondering at the utter lack of ,public ,taste1 which could allow such a combination of ,nuisances to exist1 and even increase1 in the immediate neighbourhood of this great ,public ,improvement1 and along the only ,road leading to it from the ,city of ,london4 ,can the blame attach to the ,commissioners of ,mary-le-bone ,roads ,trust8--or is it caused by the contending ,interests of the #ba ,paving ,boards of the ,parish of ,st4 ,pancras1 that the footpath on the ,south side of that quarter of a mile of ,road is neither ,paved nor ,watched4 ,without venturing to propose a ,circus1 or large open space1 at the crossing of the ,new ,road and ,tottenham ,court ,road1 with an ,,obelisk in the centre1 like that in ,st4 ,george's ,fields1 where there is not half the traffic there is at this point--at which1 for want of space1 ,accidents happen almost daily2 and which accommodation to the ,public1 in this age of ,improvement1 is not to be considered impossible--it may not be impertinent to suggest1 that the few houses which project into the ,road on both sides1 as well as the ,sheds1 which are1 by continual additions1 gradually converting into ,houses1 should be immediately removed2 some of them are at this present time undergoing additions1--the longer this measure is delayed1 the more expensive will the purchase become2--at present1 ,money might be easily raised for amply remunerating the occupiers of the premises alluded to1 and a great public ,benefit produced without any injury to ,individuals4 ,if the ,clause in the ,act of ,parliament1 alluded to above1 had been kept in due force1 the ,evils would not have arisen4 ,it is hoped that the ,,new ,,commissioners ,,of ,,the ,,roads1 who have the power1 will have also the inclination1 to remedy these ,evils without delay1 and that ,,the ,,parish1 and the ,,commissioners ,,who ,,have ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,regent',s ,,park will unite their endeavours for the same purpose4 ,in other quarters of the ,town1 our ,economical ,ancestors appear to have considered him as the most ingenious ,architect1 who could build up the greatest number of ,houses in a given ,space--the ,palladios of the present day1 are as prodigal of ,space1 as their frugal ,forefathers were parsimonious1 and seem to fancy1 that he is the cleverest fellow who pulls most ,houses down in a given time4 ,it must be granted1 that the ,town is improved by the ,widening of the ,streets2 but while it is the ,fashion1 for the ,idle ,children of the ,largest ,growth1 to all run together1 into one ,street1 at ,one ,hour2 it avails little how wide it may be2 nor can it counteract the sad inconvenience which arises from the extending of the ,buildings1 making it impossible for two-thirds of the ,inhabitants of ,london ever to enjoy the animating influence of a walk in the fresh and fragrant ,air of the ,country--a blessing which was within their reach1 when they had only to cross the ,new ,road to be in the ,mary-le-bone ,fields2#bb on which1 read the following remarks1 which we copied from 8the ,examiner0 of ,sunday1 the #bb;d of ,october1 #ahbf3-- 8,to call the enclosure of these ,fields ,a ,,park1 is1 with all submission1 a little bit of a ,misnomer2 at least1 it is no ,park at present for the ,public1 who are excluded from all but the gravelled ,roads1 which are ornamented with about ,,fifteen ,,benches 7without backs71 in a circle of ,three ,miles in circumference6 the nearest of which to the ,new ,road1 on the ,west side1 is more than a ,mile from it66 ,surely the ,managers of this concern might afford to give us as comfortable ,seats1 and as plenty of them1 as those which have been lately so liberally and so properly placed in #8,hyde ,park4' 8,many ,valetudinarians1 and ,persons advanced in ,life1 who stand most in need of the invigorating influence of pure ,air1 cannot ,walk more than a ,mile without ,resting--such persons are tired by the time they get to the ,park2 but if there were ,benches placed along the ,walks opposite ,park ,square1 ,york ,terrace1 c41 the weak and the weary might rest themselves1 and then toddle on and treat their ,lungs with a little fresh ,air40 ,it is said1 that the ,reason given for excluding the ,people from the ,park1 is1 that the ,trees are so young that they might be easily torn up--so may those on the ,north side of ,hyde ,park1 for they are no older3 but softly1 is not this presuming that ,mr4 ,,bull is a greater ,brute1 than the ,beasts which are grazing where he ought to be walking8 ,the ,persons who keep this ground from the ,public1 charity commands us to hope1 do so1 for reasons which appear to them to be good and sufficient2 perhaps they think that it is most profitably1 if not most properly1 employed in being let out1 as it appears to be1 to ,gardeners and ,graziers6--at the same time gradually cutting it up into sites for ,buildings as fast as they can find persons to speculate in it4 ,to effect this without incurring the notice and consequent indignation of the ,public1 the encroachments upon their expected ,playground have generally been commenced in the ,winter ,season1 at a time when there are few ,people to observe them2 and are so far advanced before the arrival of ,fine weather1 that it is useless to complain--,the ,ground is gone1 for #ii years666 8,our gracious ,,king gave this ground to the ,public1--surely a part of it at least might be open to that ,public4 ,is it not a pity to see it wholly occupied by ,market ,gardeners1 and ,horses1 and ,cows1 and ,calves1 to the total exclusion of ,mr4 ,,bull himself60 8,when and ,what ,part of the ,park is to be opened80 ,the ,public should certainly be informed of this1 as it would guide them in the choice of ,residences3 some will like to live opposite to the lively scene which will be in the ,part which is thrown open1--others1 the quiet of that part that is opposite to the ,slip of ground which is appropriated to the occupiers of the houses in the ,park1 and ,persons who pay for ,keys4 ,a certain portion1 opposite to ,portland ,place1 from which there is no ,view and no ,variety1 has been recently decorated with ,rows of ,trees4 ,surely this is not all that is to be saved from the ,villa builders4 ,who would propose to build ,villas upon the highest and best ground in ,hyde ,park8 and why should a difference be made8 ,are these ,parks not equally the property of the ,public8 ,and the site of the ,regent's ,park1 if left unoccupied by buildings1 would be more generally valuable to the ,public as an ,airing ,ground1 as it is more centrically situated than the other4 ,,driving4 ,to know how to ,drive1 so as to preserve the ,carriage from the injury which it would otherwise receive by violent ,jolts1 ,twists1 c41 is a ,merit of no small ,value4 ,if a ,carriage is driven on uneven ground1 it requires great ,attention1 or it will receive more injury during a journey of a ,mile1 than it would by a ,month's moderate use on an even ,road2 therefore1 ,the ,pace in ,driving should be accommodated to the roughness of the ,road4 ,the ,turnings should be regulated by the ,room4 ,if a ,carriage is not wheeled fairly across a channel1 the ,perch is twisted according to the descent1 as the one ,wheel falls1 in proportion as the other at the opposite angle rises2 and frequently by such a wrench the main or ,perch ,bolt is broken1 and every part strained1 especially when going fast4 ,desire your ,coachman to avoid all short sharp ,turnings2 it is much wiser to go on a few poles further1 where another ,street will allow plenty of room4 ,,hard-,,driving1 especially on the ,stones1 exposes a ,carriage to many mischiefs1 either by running against other ,vehicles1 or breaking by the violence of its own motion4 ,some fidgety ,coachmen are continually whipping1 or1 as it is technically termed1 8fanning0 their ,horses--this frets the poor creatures1 and puts them into a state of irritation extremely injurious to them1 and your ,carriage moves in a 8hop1 skip1 and jump0 style3--,forbid all use of the ,whip1 but in cases of inevitable necessity4 ,tell your ,coachman that your motto for ,drivers is 8,slow and ,sure20 that the ,first time he presumes to attempt to display his ,dexterity in any place by what is termed driving to an ,inch1 shall be the last time that you will trouble him to wear your ,livery4--,five ,miles in an ,hour is quite fast enough for ,crowded ,streets2 especially when turning ,corners1 and in ,streets which have many other ,streets leading into them1 as ,oxford ,street1 ,cheapside1 c4--,better wait ,five minutes quietly1 or follow a ,hackney ,coach for ,ten paces1 than cut and dash along at the risk of your ,wheels1 your ,pannels1 and your ,neck1 c43 however1 you must give him a license to drive a little 8ad libitum0 in some situations2 a rapid movement is sometimes really requisite1 in order to escape out of the way of ,carts and ,waggons1 c4 ,an experienced ,whip1 who has a sharp sight1 may calculate pretty nearly what space will be sufficient to pass between two bodies which are at rest--but as he will unavoidably meet many ,carriages1 guided by inexperienced1 and often drunken ,drivers1 which do not for half a minute together move in a precisely direct line1 and his good ,coachmanship cannot protect him against such ,blunderers1 unless he proceeds with extreme care1 and allows them plenty of room4 ,a cautious ,coachman is ever unremittingly upon the look out1 keeping both his ,eyes open2 employing ,one to guide his own ,horses1 and the ,other to watch how those who are coming guide theirs2 or1 as a ,wag might say1 an ,accomplis'd ,coachman ought to ,squint6 ,he depends entirely upon his own ,attention to keep so completely out of their way1 that it may be next to impossible for them to run against him4 ,the most ,crowded places are not always the most ,dangerous3 ,accidents most frequently happen from empty ,one ,horse ,carts1 in which the ,driver rides1 instead of walking by the side of the ,horse4 ,these vehicles are frequently conducted at such a furious rate by ,carmen1 in order to make up for the time they have wasted1 in tippling1 that they often run against inexperienced ,coachmen4 ,they abound most in ,tottenham ,court ,road and ,holborn1 and the outlets from ,town4 ,every ,cart that approaches1 a wary ,coachman watches with the most anxious care1 and gives all the room it appears to require4 ,a ,fine of at least #ajs4 should be levied upon all persons driving ,carts in such a manner1 payable to any person who may demand it4 ,in the event of their occasioning an ,accident1 let them not only be fined but punished severely4 ,if your ,coachman drives leisurely1 you will escape many ,dangers1 and your ,carriage last much longer2--by such gentle use 7excepting as to the ,wheels7 it is worn almost as little as if it remained in the ,coach-house4 ,in ,crowded ,streets1 never permit any person to ride on the ,coach ,box3--,conversation diverts the attention of the ,driver from his ,business1 and accidents frequently ensue4 ,never go into the ,city through the ,strand1 ,fleet ,street1 and ,cheapside1 if you can avoid it1 after twelve o'clock3 from that hour until five o'clock1 they are crowded with ,carriages and ,carts4 ,in these great ,thoroughfares ,hackney ,coach ,stands should not be permitted4 ,at present the centre of ,cheapside1 c4 is sometimes filled with a ,stand of ,hackney ,coaches all the way from ,st4 ,paul's to the ,poultry3 let these be removed from all ,crowded ,streets into the ,cross ,streets adjoining1 as is ordered in ,bond ,street4 ,if the ,hackney ,coach ,stands are removed from the ,strand1 ,fleet ,street1 c41 the ,public will no longer have to complain of the tedious ,stoppages which are now so frequent between two and four o'clock of the ,day1 especially on ,mondays1 ,fridays1 and ,saturdays4 ,if you go into the ,city on ,mondays and ,fridays you will have to encounter the most ,,barbarous ,,nuisance that disgraces the ,british ,capital--droves of ,oxen passing through its principal ,streets in the middle of the ,day4 ,that this is still suffered to continue in these times of universal improvement appears to us as wonderful as it is offensive4 ,to know to a ,nicety at what ,time you must start to arrive at a certain ,place at a certain ,hour1 you have nothing to do but to ascertain the ,distance1 and direct the ,pace of travelling4 #d ,miles an ,hour is #a ,mile in #ae ,minutes4 #e ,ditto ,ditto #ab #f ,ditto ,ditto #aj #g ,ditto ,ditto #h #h ,ditto ,ditto #g #i ,ditto ,ditto #f #aj ,ditto ,ditto #f ,when you wish to go ,faster or ,slower1 do not say simply 8,faster10 or 8,slower10 but say 8,four10 8,six10 or 8,eight10 according to the number of ,miles you wish to be driven in an ,hour4 ,in traversing the main ,streets of ,london1 always allow at least five minutes in every half hour for ,stoppages4 ,desire your ,coachman to choose the ,pleasantest1 rather than the ,nearest way4 ,some inconsiderate charioteers1 to save the tenth part of a ,mile1 will drive you through all the nasty narrow ,lanes they can find1 as if they were trying to make you sick with foul air4 ,moreover1 such ,bye-ways are generally so badly ,paved1 that you will be longer going over them than on a good road that is a little longer4 ,persons who have not an expert ,coachman1 who has been accustomed to cut his way through ,crowded ,streets1 should desire their ,driver to avoid the great ,thoroughfares1 and to pass along the widest ,streets which run parallel to them4 ,this can generally be done without danger by a very young ,coachman4 ,,when ,,you ,,stop ,,in ,a ,,public ,,street1 caution your ,coachman always to avoid stopping where there is any other ,carriage stopping near1 either on the same1 or on the other side of the way2 and when he can1 to choose the widest part of the ,street1 and to draw up his ,fore ,wheels close to the ,curb1 and his ,hinder ,wheels quite square with them4 ,most of the ,accidents which happen to ,carriages1 while stopping in ,crowded ,streets1 are owing to want of attention to this situation of the ,hinder ,wheels4 ,whenever you get out of your ,carriage1 ,always ,shut the ,door4 ,if you only stop ,two ,minutes1 it may be necessary for the ,coachman to move from his station to prevent injury from other ,carriages2 and if the ,door is open it will swing about1 and the ,hinges will be strained1 and the ,pannels may also get a violent blow against a ,post1 c4 ,never keep your ,carriage standing in a great ,thoroughfare1 through which crowds of ,coaches1 ,carts1 c4 are passing2 in so doing1 you are a source of great inconvenience to others1 by occasioning stoppages2 and your own ,pannels are every moment in danger of being defaced1 c41 which cannot be repaired without fresh ,painting the whole of the ,body3 this tedious process will deprive you of the use of your ,carriage for at least ,three ,weeks2 therefore1 let it wait for you round the corner of some quiet neighbouring ,street4 ,remember the judicious ,advice given by that arch adept in 8the ,art of ,shopping10 ,lady ,betty ,buybargain1 to her ,niece1 ,miss ,k4 ,cutadash4 ,the fair ,kitty was ever and anon irritably anxious to be whirled to the ,door of every 8,magazin des ,modes0 that her caprice called her to1 in her ,aunt's shewy ,carriage2 saying1 8,i assure you1 that if you go in your ,carriage1 my ,dear ,aunt1 the people are infinitely politer than they are to their ,walking ,customers40 8,aye6 ,aye60 replied the discreet ,dowager1 8what you say may be ,true enough1 ,dear1 and their ,politeness would be pleasant enough1 ,love1 ,if1 as my poor dear ,sir ,benjamin ,buybargain always used to say1 ,if they did'nt ,book it1 ,kitty6--but they charge for it1 my ,child2 they charge for it1 ,dear6--as ,sir ,benjamin used to say1 #8they put those ,bows down in ,their ,bills666'0 ,however1 there is nothing in which more ,people are more extremely mistaken1 than in the general idea that keeping a ,carriage always is 7as it ought to be7 infallible evidence of superfluous ,wealth4 ,many pompous persons1 in order to provide the means of indulging in this expensive ,luxury1 are miserably penurious in all other matters2 and many ,fine ,liveries1 c4 have been purchased with the ,money that ought to have been spent in ,food1 ,fire1 c42 and to cut a dash at ,vanity ,fair1 and keep up an external glitter1 the ,comfort of ,home is entirely sacrificed3--as ,sir ,spendthrift says1 8,they must have a ,carriage1 if they are obliged to save it a ,thousand ways40 ,,never ,,break ,,the ,,ranks1 either in ,crowded ,streets or when setting down at ,public ,places3 by attempting thus impatiently 7and unfairly7 to save a few minutes1 many ,carriages have been destroyed1 and many ,lives have been lost4 ,in admitting others into the ,rank1 7which you have often an opportunity of doing17 8,do as you would be ,done by40 ,,the ,,wisest ,,plan ,,when ,,going ,,to ,,theatres1 or other extremely ,crowded places1 is1 when the weather permits1 to be put down a little before you get to them4 ,this1 however1 is hardly ever necessary when going1 when it is both more safe and more desirable1 for many reasons1 to be set down at the ,door4 ,when your ,carriage is brought to take you ,home1 desire your ,coachman to select1 for this purpose1 a situation where there is least danger of being blockaded in by other ,carriages1 rather than that which may be nearest and most convenient to get in1--it is to little purpose that you can get ,into your ,carriage1 if that cannot get ,out4 ,observe this particularly at the ,play1 or other ,public places4 ,if the weather is at all favourable1 you can get to your ,carriage in a tenth part of the time1 and at half the risk1 it can get to you2 and even delicate ,ladies will suffer less by skipping a few yards along the ,pavement1 than by waiting half an hour or more in the dangerous draughts of a cold ,lobby or perishing ,ante-room4 ,as soon as the ,play or the ,party is over1 most people are in desperate haste to get ,home2 however1 as ,tom ,thrifty says1 8,nothing is done well that is done in a ,hurry1 except catching of ,fleas40 ,the frightful ,confusion created in the immediate vicinity of crowded ,assemblies1 will be carefully avoided by all persons who wish to preserve their ,carriage from damage1 and their ,persons from risk3 even at a large party1 in a private house1 to get up to the ,door is sometimes a service of both difficulty and danger4 ,when you pull the ,check ,string1 and do not at the same time direct the ,coachman to stop at any particular ,house1 tell him to take care not to stop before the ,door of any ,house1 but in the middle between ,houses1 so as not to give any persons the needless trouble to come to their ,door1 from an idea that you are coming to their ,house4 ,and desire him never to drive up to a ,door in the furious manner which vulgar ,coachmen seem to imagine is very stylish1 but to go at his usual quiet pace4 ,during what is termed an ,airing1 get as much pure ,air as you can without risk of taking ,cold3 rather put down the ,front than the ,side ,windows2 the former are convenient for giving directions to the ,coachman3 by merely uttering the word 8,left0 or 8,right10 you may direct his track wherever you wish4 ,in ,cold weather1 you may do this1 by telling him to look round just before he comes to a ,turning1 by putting your hand to the ,right hand front ,glass when he is to go to the ,right1 and to the ,left hand when he is to go to the ,left3 or you may arrange1 that one smart pull of the ,check ,string means 8to turn to the ,right20 a double one1 8to the ,left20 and a continued one1 8to stop where he is40 ,when you call out ,,stop6 without saying or pointing to where1 tell him you mean that he should instantly ,stop1 i4 e4 as quickly1 and as nearly as possible where he then is1 even if that be in the middle of a muddy ,street4 ,one of the many and great advantages of having a ,coachman a long time in your service1 is1 that a single word will direct him where to drive you3 you have merely to say the name of the ,street1 or the ,person to which you wish him to carry you4 ,one ,word does it2 therefore1 if you love your ,lungs1 beware of changing your ,coachman4 ,,sir ,,john ,,fielding1 the famous ,police ,magistrate1 who was blind1 had a pipe fixed from the ,carriage to the ,coach ,box1 through which he could converse with the ,coachman1 without being heard by others4 ,when his ,chariot was stopped by any obstruction in the ,streets1 he inquired of the ,coachman what kind of ,carriage1 c4 occasioned it2 and it was his humour then to put out his head1 and shout out in his usual peremptory tone1 8,take that ,cart out of the way60 or1 8,you ,sir1 in that ,chaise1 drive on60 ,this occasioned great astonishment1 how he1 who was blind1 could perceive the cause of the stoppage1 and was a source of great amusement to ,sir ,john4 ,desire your ,coachman never to dispute with1 or return any ,uncivil language to any ,coachman1 ,carman1 c43 if your ,carriage is obstructed or offended by any disorderly persons1 take out your ,pocket ,book1 and let them see you are setting down their ,number1 and then coolly tell them you will summon them if they do not immediately clear the way4 ,by the #ast ,geo4 ,i4 c4 #eg1 8,drivers of ,hackney ,coaches are to give way to ,gentlemen's ,carriages1 under a penalty of #ajs40 ,if your ,carriage be injured by another running against it1 ascertain whose ,carriage has done the mischief1 and let your ,coachmaker give an ,estimate of what he will charge for repairing it2 then1 before you have the repair done1 let the person who injured it see the mischief and pay the sum charged for amending it4 ,mr4 ,jarvis says1 that the custom is for the ,repair to be done by the ,coachmaker of the ,party who committed the ,injury4 ,if curious ,children ask 8,whose ,carriage is this80 tell your ,coachman to ,stare full in their face1 and ,say ,nothing3 if they have the ,impudence to repeat the ,question1 he may reply1 8it belongs to ,mr4 ,,pry40 ,if equivocation be ever allowable1 it is to such ,impertinents4 ,those who may admire the ,carriage and want to know who built it1 will find the ,coachmaker's name on the ,axle-tree ,caps4 ,if any of your ,coachman's own acquaintance speak to him while he is either driving or waiting for ,you1 he must answer them only by a civil movement of his ,head or ,whip hand4 ,nothing is more disrespectful and disorderly than ,gossiping while on ,duty4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,carriage4 ,have an exact ,inventory of the ,harness1 ,working ,utensils1 and every thing appertaining to your ,carriage2 give a ,copy of this to your ,coachman1 and once in ,three months examine the state of the various articles4 ,a ,carriage 7especially when newly ,painted7 should be cleaned as soon as possible after it has been used4 ,a conscientious ,coachman1 who has any regard either for your ,carriage or his own ,character1 will never permit any body to touch it but himself4 ,if in your ,visits to the ,stable1 you frequently find him out1 or observe any persons lurking about there1 who are meddling with either your ,horses or your ,carriage1 be sure that he is ,idle and worthless1 or has ,business of his ,own1 which he likes better than ,yours3--then let him follow it4 ,the sooner you give such a ,gentleman notice to quit1 the better4 ,never permit a ,coachman to keep either ,fowls1 ,pigeons1 ,dogs1 ,goats1 ,pigs1 c4 which will not only eat your ,corn1 but be a public ,nuisance to your ,neighbours2 for which offence you will be ,indicted4 ,see page #hg4 ,if a ,carriage cannot be cleaned till the dirt is dry1 let it be well sluiced1 and let the water have time to loosen it3--by rubbing it when dry1 the sand and gravel in the ,dirt will inevitably scratch off the ,varnish and deface the ,paint4 ,when the ,pannels have been heated by the ,sun1 they should not be washed till they become cool4 ,while the ,pannels are wet they must not be exposed to the ,sun1 which ought to be avoided at all times as much as possible1 as nothing injures the ,varnish more4 ,the ,iron work must be wiped quite dry1 particularly the ,springs3 if the wet gets between the ,plates they will rust4 ,a ,regular ,coachman will get his ,carriage and ,horses cleaned and dressed as early in the morning as he can1 and not wait lounging about to know when he will be wanted4 ,an active ,stable-,man will begin his work by ,six in the ,morning3 to set his ,stable to rights1 and ,dress a pair of ,horses1 will take from an ,hour and a ,half to ,two ,hours4 ,washing and ,cleaning the ,carriage and ,harness will take from ,two to ,three ,hours1 according to the work on the ,harness1 c43 including his time for ,breakfast1 c41 he will be ready by ,eleven4 ,however late he comes home1 a good ,groom will oil and wipe the ,bits1 wash his ,horses' feet1 give them a whisp down1 c4--to shake their ,beds down1 and give them ,water and ,corn1 and to rack them up for the ,night2 if he has a ,carriage1 he will also dish-clout the ,body of it1 will take about from an ,hour1 to an ,hour and a ,half3 therefore1 when a ,coachman is required to wait at ,table1 let him be ,home a full ,hour and a ,half before he is so wanted4 ,,the ,,hammercloth4 ,when ,coaches were first introduced1 our frugal ancestors used to load the ,carriage with provisions for the family when they came to ,london4 ,the hamper1 covered with a cloth1 was a convenient repository1 and a seat for the ,coachman4 ,this was afterwards converted into a ,box4 ,hammercloth is therefore very probably a corruption of ,hamper-cloth3 it is now one of the principal ,ornaments to a ,carriage3--according to the fulness of the plaiting of the ,cloth1 its depth1 and the quantity of ,trimming thereon1 is the cost thereof1 which varies from #aj4 to #dj4 ,after a dusty ,journey1 let it be well brushed3 if it is not1 and it gets wetted1 it will be spoiled2 the ,lace and ,fringe cuddle dust greedily1 and ought to be diligently disturbed4 ,,screwing ,,the ,,bolts4 ,the shaking of the ,carriage frequently loosens the ,bolts and ,nuts#bc2 and if these are not attended to immediately1 the ,timber1 ,iron work1 c4 will suffer material injury4--,a ,coachman may attend to this as well as a ,coachmaker4 ,a ,careful ,coachman will gently try the ,nuts about once a fortnight2 but1 in screwing them up1 use no violence1 and take care not to injure the ,paint with the ,wrench4 ,,rattling is very disagreeable1 and is a sign of something being loose about the ,carriage1 which requires to be tightened or lined with ,leather2 where ,iron works upon ,iron1 if a thin piece of ,leather can be introduced between1 the ,rattling will be stopped4 ,the ,squeaking of any part is to be cured by a little ,oil or ,grease3 this frequently happens in the ,bolts of the ,springs1 or in the shackles where the wet has got in and rusted them2 it often proceeds from some loose ,nut or ,bolt4 ,a ,carriage1 when first ,painted1 requires great care to prevent it from being spotted with ,dirt--the ,colour and ,varnish take a considerable time to harden before they can entirely resist the action of ,wet1 c4 ,if ,dirt be allowed to dry and remain on the ,carriage1 some ,colours 7especially a bright ,green7 will be marked with ,spots1 which are not removed without considerable difficulty4 ,therefore1 the moment a ,newly-painted ,carriage returns from ,work1 sluice the ,pannels well1 and with a wet ,sponge wipe them clean all over4 ,if dusty with ,road dust1 take it off as gently as possible with a ,soft ,brush--wiping it with a ,cloth will scratch it4 ,stains will also appear where the ,rain has run for any length of time2 to remove which1 rub the pannels with a little sweet ,oil on a bit of soft baize1 so as just to damp them2 rub the stained places with a little more strength than the other parts of the pannels2 dry them off with another piece of baize1 then with a third piece1 and a little flour2 wipe or rub the pannels very dry2 and if the stain has not then disappeared1 rub it hard with the palm of a dry soft hand1 drawing it smartly down1 till the friction elicits a sharp squeaking sound4 ,this will probably clear the ,stains2 if not1 after a short interval repeat the same process3 if then it cannot be cleared1 the ,colour or ,paint beneath the ,varnish is injured1 and nothing but time will effect a change4 ,rubbing common ,varnished ,bodies rather strong with a soft ,skin1 and drying them with another1 helps to increase the lustre of the ,varnish--a common ,varnished body1 well kept and often cleaned1 frequently improves in its lustre4 ,,highly ,,varnished ,,pannels4 ,the clear brightness of this polished surface shews every little blemish2 and though likely to be stained from the same causes as the other1 yet the colour is not so apt to be affected1 as it is much more thickly coated with ,varnish1 and the resistance stronger--to clear them1 use the means before mentioned4 ,,to ,,restore ,,the ,,lustre ,,of ,,varnish4 ,the ,varnish looking dull1 striking in1 or cracking1 as often arises from the badness of its own quality1 as from any improper treatment in the ,cleaning1 or effect of the ,weather3 the high ,varnish in particular1 on account of the extra quantity1 which1 if not good1 produces a change much sooner that the common ,varnish1 the latter being much thinner4 ,when ,varnish ,cracks1 it can only be remedied by the ,painter1 who should be immediately applied to2 but if ,varnish strikes in1 and looks dull1 as is sometimes the case in very damp weather1 use the following means3--,get a quarter of a pound of ,rotten ,stone or ,tripoly ,powder from a ,colour ,shop1 which must be ground with water1 and used of the consistency of paste1 in the following manner3--,double a piece of woollen cloth1 and with the flat part rub each pannel with a gentle force for about a quarter of an hour1 taking care to rub it equally all over2 wash off the substance1 and with a hand free from corns1 and damped with a soft leather1 rub it smartly downwards1 till by the friction it makes a shrieking noise3 if this does not sufficiently polish1 the rubbing with the ,rotten ,stone and the hand should be repeated4 ,much depends upon the hand rubbing clean off the pannels and mouldings as before directed with soft baize1 oil1 and flour4 ,if well managed1 the ,body will look nearly as well as if new ,painted1 particularly a common ,varnished ,body1 especially if it has never gone through the process before4 ,thus1 with one or two days' trouble1 and at the expense of about one ,shilling1 ,new ,painting may sometimes be saved4 ,let the ,carpet at the ,bottom of the ,carriage be often cleaned and reversed1 so that the wear may not always be in one place2 for ,winter use and for dirty ,weather1 one of the ,dressed ,sheep's ,skins is the best foot warmer for the floor of a ,carriage4 ,,doors4 ,these1 in ,new ,carriages1 will shrink in ,dry1 and swell in ,damp ,weather1 however well seasoned the ,wood may be--their tightness may often be cured by rubbing the edges with a little ,soap3--be cautious not to touch either ,door or ,door ,post with the ,knife while damp weather continues2 for sometimes they will shrink in ,dry as much as they swell in ,damp weather2 and when ,summer returns1 you will find you have irremediably injured your ,doors4 ,,hinges4 ,if these move stiffly1 a few drops of ,sweet ,oil will generally make them easy enough4 ,,glasses ,,and ,,shutters4 ,if these do not slide easy enough1 rub the grooves in which they slide with a little ,soap--long exposure to wet will sometimes make them move stiffly2 but after a few fine dry days1 they will return to their proper dimensions4 ,,steps4 ,if the ,joints are stiff1 drop a little ,sweet ,oil upon them1 and work them well up and down4 ,,spare ,,paint4 ,lastly2 a little of the same ,colour as that with which the ,carriage is painted1 should be kept in reserve to repair ,accidents3--,colours can seldom be exactly matched2 you will find that it is very convenient for touching the ,mouldings occasionally2--as much of each ,colour as will fill a pint pot will be sufficient2 keep it in a pan under water4 ,the ,brushes must be kept under ,water2--but with all possible skill and care4 ,new and ,old ,colours seldom match nearly enough for repairing any accident or bruise happening to a ,pannel1 which had generally as well be left as it is until you repaint the ,carriage4 ,let your ,coachman have some 8,black ,japan10 to retouch those parts of the ,carriage which are blacked1 but which are frequently defaced by use3 this will contribute greatly to the neat appearance of it4 ,,repairs4 ,the ,expense of ,keeping a ,carriage in ,repair is regulated very much by the original quality thereof--by the ,work it has done--the ,work it does1 and the ,care taken of it4 ,the ,work it does may1 in some measure1 be computed by the wear of its ,wheels1 and its ,appearance4 ,it is in a ,carriage as in many other mechanical structures1 that1 in order to ,repair it1 it must be taken to pieces2 and the taking to pieces and putting together again1 costs more than the ,repair itself1 and thus the charges for trifling things appear enormous4 ,the expense of unhanging1 taking to pieces1 putting together1 and re-hanging1 is the same in small as in large ,repairs3 some ,coachmakers copiously mention in their bills every circumstance of the ,job1 almost to the number of turns of the screws1 or blows of the hammer1 with a constant repetition of driving out--driving in--taking off--putting on--unscrewing--screwing--nailing--unnai ling--unhanging and re-hanging1 c4 c4 c41 which sometimes seems to be done only to confound the charge for the ,job with so many different matters as to make it perfectly incomprehensible4 ,to the above we have actually seen added1 when the ,carriage was taken to the ,coachmaker's to have any little ,job done1 8,to ,washing and ,cleaning1 #cs4 #f;d40--although the ,coachman assured us that the ,carriage was clean when he took it1 and that he found it dirty when he went to fetch it home4 ,we refer the ,reader to the ,,cautions ,,on ,,repairing ,,carriages1 which are given in page #fj of this ,work4 ,a ,carriage cannot be taken to pieces and put together1 by the most careful and skilful ,workman1 without in some degree diminishing both the ,beauty and ,strength of the ,machinery2 therefore1 when it is asunder1 order that every part that appears defective be made good1 that the repetition of such separation may occur as seldom as possible1 not only to avoid ,expense1 but the ,inconvenience of being without your ,carriage while the ,repairs are going on1 which take longer time than people expect1 who do not consider that ,new ,timbers1 ,iron work1 c4 require ,painting and ,varnishing1 which must have at some seasons of the ,year a considerable time to dry thoroughly hard4 ,when any of the main ,timbers begin to decay1 the greater part may be supposed to be in a similar state2 failures then become frequent1 and it is prudent to have the whole that is decayed renewed at once--which will not only be ,safest1 but will save much ,expense and ,trouble4 ,,mem4 ,be extremely cautious of altering any part of a ,carriage--if you alter one part1 it often becomes necessary to alter many other parts1 and a trifling ,expense becomes a very heavy one4 ,,mem4 ,the ,carriages commonly lent by common ,coachmakers while they are repairing a ,carriage1 are sometimes so extremely old and ricketty1 that it is not only disagreeable1 but dangerous to ride in them2--insist upon having a good effective ,vehicle1 or go to another ,coachmaker2 therefore1 before you send a ,carriage to be repaired1 desire the ,coachmaker to let you see the ,carriage which he intends to lend you during the time your own is repairing3 this accommodation he ought to give you1 if you are a constant customer1 without making any charge for the use thereof4 ,have an ,estimate in ,writing1 particularly specifying every thing that is to be done1 and the whole ,expense for which he will undertake to make perfect every ,repair that is wanting1 without any subsequent extra charge1 and the ,time in which he will do so4 ,i again repeat1 that it is the cheapest and best plan ,to ,,job a ,carriage as well as ,horses4 ,see ,estimates1 ,no4 #d and ,no4 #i4 ,desire your ,coachman to be continually on the ,watch1 and to immediately acquaint you of the least injury which the ,carriage may sustain2 for the immediate repair thereof1 is equally advisable1 both for your ,economy1 and for his own ,safety4 ,the chief parts that wear1 are the ,timber works of the ,carriage part1 and these fail more frequently than you may expect--either from decay1 faulty wood1 or being too light made1 and sometimes from ,accident or ,violence1 which may be judged of when they are taken asunder4 ,the ,body requires ,repair much less frequently than the ,carriage1 because it is placed on ,springs in as easy a manner as possible1 and therefore not shook about so violently as the ,carriage part2 but the best plan is to have ,springs under the ,carriage fixed on the ,axle-tree3 ,carriages so mounted last three times as long as those on the old construction1 and are extremely desirable from so seldom requiring separation4 ,,under ,,springs ,are strongly recommended4 ,they afford the following advantages3--there is no occasion for the ,coachman's seat to be attached to the ,body1 nor extra ,springs for the same1 which are a nuisance from their ,noise and continually requiring ,repairs3--the ,coachman's seat1 to an ,underspring ,carriage1 is bolted on a ,budget1 and fixed to the ,carriage on a pair of ,carved ,blocks1 the ,body hanging free3--the additional expense is from #bj4 to #cj42 but we have been told they save full an hundred and fifty pounds in the wear of a ,carriage2--but remember1 that although ,under ,springs are easy to the ,carriage1 they are not so to the ,carried1 especially those whose top half is a ,dummy1 i4 e4 made of wood1 which is used for cheapness4 ,my last ,chariot1 which has such ,springs1 jerks and jumps about as much as a rough ,trotting ,horse1 affording fine ,anti-bilious ,exercise for those in tolerable ,health1 but is intolerably agitating to an ,invalid66 ,,on ,,horses4 ,to define a perfect ,horse is almost1 and to find one1 quite impossible4--,camerarius says1 that this useful and beautiful creature is an assemblage of ,excellencies--8,he should possess ,two of the ,beauties of a ,woman2 the ,breast must be plump1 and the ,hips round4--,in three things he should resemble a ,lion2 in ferocity of countenance1 in fortitude1 and irresistible impetuosity4 ,he must have three things appertaining to a ,sheep2--the nose1 gentleness1 and patience2--three of a ,mule1 strength1 perseverance1 and sureness of foot2--three of a ,deer1 head1 legs1 and skin2--three of a ,wolf1 throat1 neck1 and ears2--two of a ,fox1 tail and trot2--three of a ,serpent1 memory1 sight1 and flexibility2--and lastly1 three of a ,hare1 running1 walking1 and perseverance4 8,round hoofed1 short jointed1 ,fetlock shag and long4 8,broad ,breast1 full ,eyes1 small ,head1 and ,nostrils wide4 8,high ,crest1 short ,ears1 strait ,legs1 and passing ,strong4 8,thin ,mane1 thick ,tail1 broad ,buttocks1 tender ,hide40--,shakespeare's ,horse of ,adonis4 ,no man who has witnessed the performance of ,mr4 ,ducrow's stud in 8the ,battle of ,waterloo0 at ,astley's1 will deny1 that our ,poet ,pope's epithet of 8half-reasoning0 is not quite as justly due to the sagacity of the ,horse1 as it is to the ,elephant4 ,it would be ,injustice not to add1 that the energetic and natural acting of ,mr4 ,gomersal in his personation of 8,buonaparte10 is as perfect a performance as the ,english stage can exhibit4 ,the whole of this ,drama is a very extraordinary effort1 and does great credit to the ingenious author of it1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,amherst4 ,the figure and symmetry of the ,horse is no where more perfectly displayed1 than in the ,equestrian ,statue of ,charles the ,first1 at ,charing ,cross1 which is said to be the most finished piece of workmanship of its kind ever produced3 that of ,marcus ,aurelius1 or the two ,horses on the ,monte ,cavallo1 or ,quirino at ,rome1 not excepted4 ,continually1 however1 in our sight1 this 8,chef d'uvre0 is not only disregarded1 but neglected4 ,english ,horses1 are equally remarkable for their ,strength and for their ,speed4 8,each seeming want compensated of course1-- ,here with degrees of ,swiftness1 there of ,force40 ,pack ,horses in ,yorkshire carry1 not unusually1 loads of #dbj ,pounds4 ,a ,london ,dray ,horse has been known to move1 on a plane surface for a short space1 the weight of ,three ,tons1 and to draw half that weight a considerable distance4 ,on the ,turnpike road1 one ,ton per horse is the ,weight usually allowed for a ,journey4 ,the famous ,childers moved #hb ,feet in one second of time1 which is nearly at the rate of a ,mile in a ,minute2 for he ran round a course at ,newmarket 7little less than four miles7 in six minutes and forty seconds2 a degree of ,velocity1 which no horse has been known to exceed4 ,another account avers that he ran over another course at ,newmarket 7which is #chj yards more than ,four ,english ,miles7 in #g ,minutes4 ,in general1 the ,racers run round the ,four ,mile course in about seven minutes and forty seconds1 or eight minutes1 which gives ,forty-four feet six inches in one second of time1 and twenty-four ,english feet at each stretch4 ,the late ,duke of ,queensberry1 on the #bith of ,august1 #agej1 won his wager1 that he would produce a machine1 with four wheels1 which should pass over #ai miles in six minutes4 ,the ,carriage was made by ,wright1 of ,long ,acre1 and was constructed partly of ,wood and partly of ,whalebone2 and for the ,harness1 ,silk was substituted for ,leather4 ,the match was run at ,newmarket1 and four blood ,horses rushing on with a velocity almost rivalling the progress of sound1 darted within the appointed time to the ,goal4--,see an ,engraving and particular ,account of this ,carriage in the ,gents4 ,mag4 for #agef1 p4 #ddj4 ,it would be happy if a ,law were passed to prevent the furious spirit of ,gaming which prevails at ,horse ,races3--this amusement might also be rendered useful1 which it is not at present1 for ,horses of most ,speed1 are generally of least ,use4 ,if ,premiums were allotted to those who brought to the field the strongest and most beautiful ,horses of the best paces for the ,saddle1 ,coach1 or ,cart1 the ,breed of these useful ,animals might be really improved4 ,as managed at present1 ,horse ,racing is but one remove from the barbarous practice of 8,bear-baiting10 and 8,bull-baiting10 against which that excellent practical philosopher1 ,montaigne1 has protested his honest ,indignation1 that 8,few people are pleased to see ,beasts caress1 or play together2 but many seem delighted to see them lacerate and worry one another40 ,,hints ,,to ,,purchasers ,,of ,,horses4 ,to decide by the first appearance of a ,horse1 as to what he may prove on continual ,exercise1 is a perfection of ,judgment which not even ,experience itself can confer4 ,those erudite ,equestrians1 ,will ,whipcord and ,sam ,spur1 candidly assured us1 that ,,horses ,,which ,,are ,,for ,,sale are usually so pampered and highly fed1 and have the interstices of their ,muscles so filled with ,fat1 that their real shape1 ,i4 ,e4 their form when in full ,exercise1 and with their ordinary ,food1 cannot be imagined4 ,if ,dealers meet with a ,horse that is unable to stand to the work they require of him1 they let his ,business be so light1 that it may be merely ,play to him--and so keep him in ,condition till they can dispose of him4 ,appearances are so deceitful1 that the above-named skilful ,jockeys confessed to me that they frequently found themselves mistaken4 ,in the selection of a ,horse1 we rarely seek for latent good qualities1 when the ,eye is disgusted by deformity4 ,a ,horse of true proportions strikes the fancy of every beholder2 we immediately assent to the beauty of the object1 and take it for granted that ,symmetry must be accompanied with either ,strength or ,swiftness4 ,true ,judgment is displayed in selecting a ,horse possessing great powers1 under the cover of an ill-favoured outward appearance1 and discriminating from among those of a pleasing form such as are devoid of them4 ,many who have written on ,horses have attributed much to the influence of ,colour on the ,constitutions of ,horses2 but we fancy that ,colour is often suffered to bias the decision on a ,horse's ,goodness1 when it should be considered merely as it relates to his ,beauty4 ,many will not buy a ,horse which has a ,white ,leg2 but ,white ,legs are as likely to fly as ,black ,legs4 ,mr4 ,mennill1 of ,leicestershire's1 famous hunter1 8,whitestockings10 had four ,white ,legs2 and a better hunter never leaped a ,gate4 ,childers had ,white ,legs4 ,a ,horse of symmetry and good action should not be undervalued from any peculiarity of ,colour4 ,good ,judges of ,horses are very indifferent to the irregularity of ,marks1 c4 ,thus much1 however1 is certain1 that some colours denote ,strength and ,hardiness more than others1 and are also more ,beautiful2 as the ,dappled ,grey1--,bays1 particularly the ,dappled1 ,golden1 and ,blood ,bays1 with the ,legs1 muzzle1 tails1 and list down the back black1 ,nutmeg ,greys1 ,dark ,duns1 with mane1 muzzle1 tail1 and legs1 ,black4 ,a mealy ,bay and light ,chesnut1 or what is commonly called ,sorrel1 are for the most part delicate in ,constitution4 ,the latter is also often of a hot and choleric disposition4 ,as the ,proverb says1 8,a ,good ,horse cannot be of a ,bad ,colour40 ,few things are more difficult to find than ,horses that are exactly what you wish4 8,it is a cruel thing to say1 but a very true one1 that amongst the present breed of ,horses in this nation1 a man of any tolerable judgment can hardly find ,one in ,fifty for his purpose1 whether designed to ,draw or ,ride40--,wm4 ,osmer on ,horses1 #hvo4 p4 #ei4 ,many of the ,defects of ,horses cannot be discovered till they have been in your possession some days4 ,as that experienced ,equestrian1 ,mr4 ,geoffrey ,gambado1 said1 some ,horsedealers1 like some other ,merchants1 are 8not a bit honester than they ought to be40 ,mr4 ,hanway observes1 that 8,if the ,gentleman#bd seldom treats his ,friend1 7and hardly ever an indifferent person17 with strict honour in selling a ,horse6--what are we to expect of those who have been bred among ,horses80--,hanway's ,travels1 #hvo4 #ageg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 ,the only safe1 and indeed the only satisfactory plan1 both to the ,seller and to the ,buyer of a ,horse1 is to 8,try1 ,before you ,buy10 as ,capt4 ,bindon cautions you1 8,don't fall in ,love with him before you ,ride him40 ,in his ,gentleman's ,pocket ,farrier1 printed at ,edinburgh in #agca1 of which most of the works with a similar title are incorrect copies1 with merely another name to them4 ,deal with a respectable ,man1 to whom you have been well recommended1 and stipulate1 that if after a ,trial for a day or two1 you do not like your purchase1 that upon paying a certain ,sum you may return it4 ,this sort of ,agreement will not always be acceded to1 unless you are known to the ,dealer1 and are a constant ,customer4 ,if you have a ,pair of ,horses on trial1 the usual charge for them1 you finding provender1 is about ,two ,guineas per ,week3--,try them by driving them two or three times seven or eight ,miles into the ,country1 where there is a good ,hill to go up1 such as ,highgate or ,hampstead ,hill1 you will soon find out what kind of ,temper they are of3--if they have any lameness1 or defects1 c4--and if they work equally1 and step well together1 which is extremely important2--if they are not of equal ,courage and equal ,pace1 your ,coachman will be obliged to be continually whipping one of them1 in order to keep him to his ,collar2 and he cannot flog the ,idle horse without hurting the feelings of his ,industrious companion1 and also those of the ,persons he is driving1 who1 if they have any humanity1 will not bear to see the willing suffer for the sluggishness of the ,lazy4 ,moreover1 every time the ,whip is used the ,horses spring forward1 and the ,carriage goes in a ,hop1 ,step1 and a ,jump kind of style1 which is extremely disagreeable4 ,sluggish ,horses are good for ,nought1 but to drag a ,cart4 ,your own ,arms will be almost as soon tired in making them move their ,legs1 as if you had travelled as far on your own ,feet4 ,the following paragraphs are from 8,the ,new ,method of ,managing ,horses1 by the ,thrice ,noble1 ,high and ,puissant ,,william ,,cavendishe1 ,duke1 ,marquess1 and ,earl of ,newcastle10 fol4 #affg3-- 8,be not afraid of a ,horse who shews ,strength1 ,spirit1 and ,stomach3 a ,horse having them cannot choose but be made a ,ready ,horse1 if he be under the ,discipline of an ,understanding ,hand and ,knowing ,heels4 8,when a ,horse doth not ,rebel it shews ,weakness and faintness of ,spirit1 and no ,courage4 ,where ,nature is much ,wanting1 it is hard for ,art to supply it40--,p4 #aii4 8,,trying is the only way to ,,know ,,horses40 8,i told you that ,marks1 ,colours1 and ,elements1 are nothing at all to know a ,horse by2 they are but ,philosophical ,mountebanks that talk of such ,toyes4 ,nay1 ,shape is nothing to know the ,goodness of a ,horse--the best ,philosophy is to ,try him2 and you may be deceived then1 if he be a ,young ,horse2--,colts alter extremely both in ,spirits and ,strength4 ,what ,judgment can one give of a ,little ,boy1 what ,kind of ,man he will prove8 ,no more can one give a ,judgment of a ,colt1 what ,kind of ,horse he will prove4 ,ride him and ,try him2 that is the best ,philosophy to know him by40--,p4 #ajd4 8,a ,young ,horse of ,three ,years ,old is but a ,gristle10 saith his ,grace of ,newcastle1 in p4 #bjb of his ,book4 8,for any ,man that would have a ,horse of ,use in his ordinary occasions1 or for ,journeys1 or ,hunting1 ,i would never buy a ,horse till the ,mark be out of his ,mouth1 i4 e4 till he be ,,seven years old2 and if he be sound ,wind1 ,limb1 and ,sight1 he will then last you ,eight or ,nine ,years4 8,a ,young ,horse will have as many ,diseases as a ,young ,child1 and you will have to leave him with your ,host at some ,inn1 and hire another ,horse for your ,occasion2 and have your ,host's ,bill1 and the ,farrier's1 which will come to more than your ,horse is ,worth2 and there's your ,young ,horse2 but your hearty ,old ,horse shall never ,fail you40 ,there is more ,trouble in looking after ,one ,young ,horse than in taking care of ,two old ones4 ,let the ,horse you select for trial be stripped--let your own ,servant 7who being a stranger to him will not know how to humour defects or conceal any dispositions he may have to vice1 c47 walk and trot him in a strait line1 on a paved piece of ,road1 such as is used for this purpose at the ,veterinary ,college at ,saint ,pancras2 while you stand alternately before and behind him2 observe well if he has any inequality in his motions--see if he steps firmly on the ground--stop him often--put him on again--observe whether in setting off he has a partiality for either ,leg1 beyond that which seems to be natural to ,horses in every part of the ,world1 of taking off with the ,left4 ,if a ,horse is ,lame with one ,leg1 it is sometimes disguised by putting in a ,stone between the ,shoe and the sole of the other foot1 which is so judiciously contrived as to make him pick them both up alike4 ,the best way to discover ,lameness is to have the horse rode so as to be heated2 let him then be put into the stable till he get cool1 when take him out for another trot1 and examine again4 ,they sometimes bring ,horses for trial1 heated1 by which many bad qualities and defects are concealed2 dull ,horses are animated1 while the vicious pass as mere mettlesome2 with many other disadvantages to the ,purchasers1 endless to mention4 ,the best way is to get to the ,dealer's early in the ,morning1 before you are expected1 and you will so find out more defects than any other way4 ,if the ,horse be heated1 let him be turned into the ,stable till he gets cool2 go up to him by yourself--examine him--observe his general manners1 and1 above all1 to judge of his ,temper watch his ,eye3--a ,horse never plays a vicious trick1 or thinks of one1 without shewing his intention to do so by his ,eye2--study the ,eye of a ,horse during the usual operations of the ,stable1 and you will be enabled to form some opinion of his ,temper and ,disposition4 ,the following account was given to me by a friend who has had great experience in ,horses3 8,there can be no doubt that a vicious ,horse is to be known by his ,eye3--,i took a ,horse to ,mr4 ,professor ,colman1 at the ,veterinary ,college1 ,st4 ,pancras1 to be examined previous to purchasing2--he had on a water-deck1 the ,day being ,wet2 the wind caused it to flap against his sides1 and he reared and plunged most violently4 ,mr4 ,,colman1 whose ,judgment respecting ,horses ,i had previously repeatedly consulted with the greatest advantage1 after looking at him for a few minutes1 decidedly pronounced him to be a ,vicious ,horse4 ,i begged ,mr4 ,c4 to tell me whether he judged so from his plunging occasioned by what is mentioned3 he said ,no1 from his ,eye2 he was constantly trying to look back3--however1 ,i bought the ,horse2 and sure enough the ,professor's prognostic was perfectly true--he was decidedly vicious6 the very next day he attempted a grand go at kicking and plunging1 and did great damage to my ,carriage40 ,for the following ,advice1 we are indebted to as ,honest a ,man as any that deals in ,horse-,flesh4 8,i have found many persons who have purchased ,horses of me1 very inquisitive and troublesome about their ,eyes2 indeed1 as much so as if their ,eyes were any way concerned in the action of the ,animal4 ,as ,i know they are not1 ,i give myself very little trouble about them3--if a ,rider is in full possession of his own1 what his ,horse has is perfectly immaterial4 8,be sure to buy a ,broken-knee'd ,horse1 whenever he falls in your way3 the best bit of flesh that ever was crossed will certainly come down one day or another2 whereas1 one that has fallen1 7and sacrificed himself pretty much17 never will fall again1 if he can help it4 8,buy any thing but a ,threatener4 ,by the ,threatener1 ,man himself1 the ,lord of the ,creation1 who subdues all the ,animals that range the ,forest1 is himself kept in fear and trepidation6--,this ingenious ,animal has the sagacity1 at every step1 to threaten the fracture of his ,rider's neck1 probably with a view to abolish the practice of ,riding2 but has1 at the same time1 the good sense not to fall quite down1 lest he should accidentally break his own4 ,as amongst ,pigeons1 so amongst ,horses1 there are ,tumblers3 the feat is1 however1 performed differently1 and varies a little in its effects on the performers3 the ,pigeon executes it without any thing on its back2 the ,horse seldom achieves it without somebody upon his4 ,to the latter1 therefore1 we must give the greatest share of merit1 who ventures to perform upon a hard ,road what the other does only in the ,air1 without even a cloud to brush against4 ,the one seeming to prefer the ,milky1 and the other the ,highway40--,see the ,duke of ,newcastle on ,horses2 ,lord ,pembroke on ,breaking ,horses1 c4 #abmo4 #agfa2 ,mr4 ,berenger's ,art of ,horsemanship2 and ,dr4 ,bracken and ,mr4 ,gibson's ,books4 ,see a ,comprehensive ,abstract of the various ,acts of ,parliament relative to 8,stealing ,horses10 8,buying ,stolen ,horses10 8,killing or ,maiming ,horses10 c4 in p4 #ajdf of the ,second ,volume of ,sir ,george ,chetwynd's comprehensive ,edition of ,dr4 ,burn's ,justice1 #hvo4 #ahbe4 ,,to ,,preserve ,,the ,,health ,,of ,,horses4 ,the methods of treating and keeping ,horses are as various1 and1 for the generality1 as inconsistent with reason as those of ,shoeing are2 but a little consideration would1 in most common cases1 direct people right in both4 ,one pampers his ,cattle1 with a view of strengthening them2 and afterwards1 by way of correction1 pours down ,drugs into them without thought or measure3--,another lets no ,air at all into his ,stable2 and his ,horses inevitably catch cold when they stir out of it1 and get ,fevers if they stay in it1 by corrupted ,air3--a ,third1 equally wise1 leaves his ,stable open1 and his ,cattle exposed to the wind and weather at all times1 whether his horses or the weather be hot or cold1 and frequently even in wind drafts1 while they are in a sweat4 ,all these practices are alike attended with destruction to ,horses2 as also are the many extravagances that prevail in the same contradictory extremes1 with regard to ,coverings4 ,but in answer to all these foolish systems1 reason plainly suggests to us1 that proper wholesome ,food1 a well tempered circulation of sweet ,air1 moderate and constant ,exercise1 with due care and suitable clothing1 as weather and occasions may require1 will never fail to preserve ,horses sound and in health4 ,no ,vulgar ,error is more common1 than that ,horses cannot continue well1 unless they are periodically ,bled1 ,purged1 and crammed with ,cordial ,balls1 c4 ,after a very ,hard day's ,work1 give him a couple of ,gallons of ,gruel1 made by putting a ,quart of ,oatmeal into a pail1 stir it together with a little cold water1 then add the proper quantity of boiling water1 half a ,gallon of good ,strong ,ale1 and two ,wine-glasses of ,brandy3 this the old ,fox-hunter will tell you is better than all the ,cordial ,balls that were ever composed4 ,in cases of ,emergency1 when a ,horse is distressed1 a ,quart of ,mulled ,beer2 or1 in an extreme ,case1 a ,bottle of ,wine1 will refresh him like a charm4 ,the following is ,squire ,tallyho's advice respecting ,physic3-- ,the ,day after a hard ,run1 on inquiring how his ,horses were1 his ,groom replied1 8,they are pretty well2 but ,i think1 ,sir1 that a little ,physic would do them good40--8,why10 said the ,squire1 8would you give them ,physic8 ,do they ,eat well1 and ,drink ,well1 and ,sleep well80--8,yes1 ,sir40--8,well then1 what good do you expect to do by giving them ,physic8 ,you don't take ,physic yourself when you are ,well1 do you1 ,tom80--8,no1 ,sir40--8,then why give it to a ,horse80 ,to prevent ,diseases and preserve the ,health of ,horses1 there is seldom occasion for ,bleeding1 ,purging1 or any other ,physicking1 c41 if a proper attention be paid to procure them1 #ast4 ,sufficiently spacious and well-aired ,stables3 at the bottom of each ,stall there should be1 rather beyond the centre1 a ,grating1 so that the ,stable may always be dry2 the ,litter will last longer1 and the ,stable be sweet and wholesome4 8,in ,russia1 and other ,northern ,countries1 ,horses lie on boards without inconvenience1 from which it would appear a great saving might be made if our own stalls were provided with frames for ,horses to lie on without a litter4 ,they may be constructed in the following manner3--,suppose the stall to be #f feet wide and #i feet long1 then eight deal boards eight inches wide1 nailed one inch apart to three or more ledges about two or three inches deep should be prepared for each stall4 ,the ,horse will lie dry1 what falls must be swept off1 and the frame turned up by day4 ,thus all the litter will be saved1 and the straw1 reed1 or fern1 be given for food4 ,the frame will1 probably1 not cost more than the straw used for litter in a season4 ,the boards will be very little injured1 and may afterwards be applied to common purposes4 8,,henry ,,penneck1 ,m4,d4 ,a4,l4,s4 8,penzance1 ,july #cj1 #ahbf40 7,from the ,dublin ,courier47 ,cleanliness in a ,stable is extremely important3 let the ,mangers be well washed once a ,week1 and wipe down the ,stalls1 and whitewash it once a year4 ,let the ,horse ,cloths be scoured at the same time--it preserves the ,cloths1 and prevents the ,moths getting into them4 ,when it is considered that ,saddle or ,coach-horses1 on an average1 pass at least #bj out of every #bd hours1 or full five-sixths of their time in the ,stable3 the importance of keeping that as clean as possible1 is evident enough without further ,argument4 ,the ,stalls should not be less than six feet in the clear width4 #b;d4 ,allow them plenty of wholesome ,food and ,drink1 in proportion to the ,work required of them1 due ,exercise when they are not at ,work1 and good ,rubbing and ,dressing twice or thrice every day--8,it is regular ,feeding and ,dressing which maketh ,horses fat and ,healthy1 not the mere great abundance and rest alone which maketh plump4 ,a man need not much trouble himself to inquire after ,physic for this purpose3 upon my word1 there is no other ,secret to perform this1 but to observe a methodical manner of ,feeding and ,dressing40--,sollysell's ,compleat ,horseman1 fol4 page #ach4 #agag4 ,the last thing at ,night1 give to those ,horses that are very ,lean1 about a couple of ,quarts of ,wetted ,bran1 over and above their ordinary allowance of ,oats1 c4--a double handful of ,cinquefoil1 cut into ,chaff1 is given by an experienced ,stable-man1 who was consulted in forming this work4 ,in ,exercising ,horses1 the farther they are carried from home the better2 i4 e4 take them four or five miles out and back1 and never go twice one road if you can avoid it3 a ,horse will perform his work more cheerfully1 and it breaks his temper to go different roads4 ,have them out by ,six in the ,morning1 and give them two hours' ,exercise2 walk them till you get to a nice bit of even ground1 and then give them a good trot or a ,canter for a quarter of an hour1 but never gallop them hard4 ,never gallop ,horses that you are training for ,hunting--their ,master can always take enough out of their ,legs when they are in the ,field4 ,never let a ,horse be hard ridden when he has just had his belly-full of meat or water2 but let him move in his own way3 he will mend his pace by degrees4 ,,dressing ,,or ,,grooming4 ,there are three ,intentions answered by ,dressing ,horses2 it cleans them from dust and dirt2 it counteracts the artificial state of inactivity they are occasionally under by their confinement1 by exciting the ,circulation2 and lastly1 it gives a sleekness to their ,coat4 ,grooms usually consider only the latter intention2 and as ,dressing requires some labour1 they idly resort to such means as produce a smooth coat without ,exertion2 and this1 ,experience tells them1 is best effected by ,hot ,stables3 ,idleness is the origin of this deviation from ,nature2 but to make their masters allow these ,hot-,house ,stables1 ,grooms tell them that they improve the ,health of the ,horse4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,have ,a ,,fine ,,coat4 ,from the ,duke of ,newcastle's ,book1 fol4 p4 #abc4 #afgg4 8,there are but these ,four things2 viz4 ,feeding ,well1 ,clothing ,warmly1 ,many ,sweats1 and ,dressing ,well4 8,for ,dressing1 there are these ,things3 the ,curry ,comb1 which fetches out ,dust2 the ,dusting ,cloth1 that takes away the ,loose ,dust2 the ,hard ,wisp1 a little moistened1 that takes out ,more ,dust yet from him2 and the ,felt1 a little moistened1 that takes out ,more ,dust from him afterwards2 but the ,wett ,hand1 which should be last1 takes not only ,more ,dust1 but a great deal of ,loose ,hair1 which is much better than any of the ,former3--after this1 a ,linen ,cloth to wipe them over1 and then a ,woollen ,cloth1 and so cloathe him up4 8,but the ,best of all is the ,knife of ,heat1 which is the ,scraper2 for when he is ,hot1 ,scraping of him gets all the ,sweat and ,moysture out of him1 so that he is ,dry presently after1 and all that ,wett would turn to ,dust1 so there is so much ,labour saved4 ,besides1 it gets abundance of ,hair from him1 which the rest doth not2 so that it is the most ,excellent thing ,i know1 both to ,cool a ,horse1 and to give him a ,good ,coat40 8,if a fine ,coat is wanted1 it may be easily enough procured by proper ,dressing40--,dr4 ,blaine on ,horses1 #abmo4 p4 #adb4 #ahjc4 8,much rubbing 7saith ,old ,g4 ,markham7 is comfortable1 and cheereth every member40--,g4 ,markham's ,way to ,wealth1 #dto4 p4 #aj4 #afch4 8,when a ,horse is well ,drest1 his ,sweat1 when he is ,warm1 will come from him clear as ,water2 but the first time he be well ,drest1 it will take near ,three hours to do it thoroughly--afterwards one hour a day may be sufficient40 ,,mem4 ,it is as necessary to rub their ,backs as it is to fill their ,bellies4 ,,on ,,the ,,food ,,of ,,horses4 ,horses must be ,fed in proportion to their ,work--they must not be kept to certain regular ,feeds1 unless they are kept to certain regular ,work1 or ,disease will soon overtake them1 and ,death end them full ,gallop4 ,our ,english ,cavalry1 the labour of which is about equal to that of a ,coach ,horse in a ,private ,carriage1 are allowed #ad lb4 of ,hay1 and #aj lb4 of ,oats per ,day4 ,government contracts for ,oats to weigh #dj lb4 to the ,bushel1 so that it is a ,peck per ,day4 ,to the ,french ,cavalry in ,garrison1 they distribute the ,allowance1 and fix the hours of ,feeding in the following manner3 ,at ,five o',clock in the ,morning1 a third part of ,hay4 ,at ,eight o',clock1 a half allowance of ,oats1 and afterwards a third of ,straw4 ,at ,mid-day1 a third of ,hay4 ,at ,three o',clock1 a half allowance of ,oats1 and afterwards a third of ,straw4 ,at ,seven o',clock in the ,evening1 a third of ,hay1 and a third of ,straw4 8,horses are ,watered half an hour before receiving the ,oats2 consequently1 twice a day during the hot weather1 and their ,thirst quenched again in the ,evening40--,from p4 #acb and #acc of ,mr4 ,r4 de ,rochefort's ,promenades ,cheval4 ,paris1 #afmo4 #ahbf4 ,blundevill1 in his ,order of ,dieting ,horses1 #dto4 #afji1 p4 #aj1 says1 8that half a ,peck of ,oates1 or as much as a ,man can easily take up at six times with both his hands together1 is enough to give a ,horse at once40 ,for ,carriage ,horses employed in the usual ,town work1 sixteen to twenty pounds of sound meadow ,hay1 with from three quarters to a ,peck of good full ,oats1 per ,day1 will be sufficient3--should ,frost1 or other circumstances1 lessen their labour1 their ,food should be lessened also1 and a small proportion of ,bran substituted2 on the other hand1 when their ,exercise is severe1 the allowance of ,corn should be increased2 to which1 when they are worked very hard1 a few ,beans are an invigorating addition2 a great quantity of ,hay is not good1 except for ,cart ,horses1 who are meant for no other use but to roll on slowly1 with a fat fellow full of ,beer swaggering beside them4 ,lord ,pembroke's plan of feeding ,horses1 especially ,old ones1 with bruised ,corn1 and ,chaff1 is to be recommended--8,every grain then goes to nourishment1 and ,three feeds go further1 than ,four1 as commonly given40 ,although a horse has but a short ,stomach1 he has ,long ,bowels3--,dr4 ,bracken tells us1 that 8the length of the ,alimentary ,canal of a ,horse is seldom less than #ce ,yards3 ,he must1 therefore1 feed a little at a time2 and as we know that when our own ,stomach is empty1 we feel languid1 so does the ,horse--and as a small ,stomach must be soon emptied1 it requires to be frequently replenished40 ,a ,horse should have ,four feeds in a ,day1 the first about ,six in the ,morning1 the next at ,eleven1 again at ,four1 and the last thing at ,night3--of these1 ,supper and ,breakfast should be the ,best2 the intermediate ,eating should be at about ,noon1 and four or five hours after3 in the intervening time1 let his ,rack and ,manger be empty1 then when he comes to his meal he will eat with an appetite whatever you give him4 ,make it a ,rule1 to give your ,horses their ,food two hours before you put them to ,work--that the first act of the restorative process of ,digestion may be finished before they are disturbed4 ,young ,horses1 that have not done growing1 have strong ,appetites1 and require to be more fully fed than those that have come to ,maturity1 but not so much ,corn2--,bran1 and ,clover ,hay4 ,chaff damped1 will occasionally do for them better--,young ,horses1 like ,young ,children1 require their ,food in ,quantity rather than ,quality1 and the lighter it is the better4 ,,soft ,,water is to be preferred2 the condition of a ,horse's ,coat depends much on the quality of the ,water that he drinks--very cold and hard water will break his ,coat directly4 ,a ,cavalry ,officer informed me1 that1 observing ,one ,troop in his ,regiment in much finer condition than the rest1 he found1 on inquiry1 that it was occasioned by the ,horses of that ,troop drinking ,soft water1 while the others had ,hard water4 ,,hay ,varies quite as much in ,quality1 as it does in ,price--,clover grass is1 by some1 considered to be the best2 whence the ,proverb1 8to ,live in ,clover40 ,the ,nose is your best guide in the choice of ,hay4 ,good hard ,hay has a quick and agreeable smell3--it is of great importance that ,hay be good2 if it is not1 let a ,horse eat as much as he will of it1 he will be low and poor4 ,i am told that there is a great deception practised in ,hay ,markets3 they take care that those ,trusses in the ,cart which are likely to be examined are good2 but the main bulk of the ,load is not always of equally good quality4 ,the ,reader is recommended to deal regularly with the same ,farmer1 as the best security against the deceptions which it is said are sometimes practised in ,markets4 ,when a ,buyer endeavours to bate a ,seller down below the regular market price1 it may tempt a ,seller to make himself amends1 by putting up some ,trusses of inferior ,quality1 if not of short ,weight also4--,say to your ,hay-salesman1 8,now mind1 ,i buy this as a load of ,good ,hay1 and ,i shall not pay for it till ,i have unloaded it and found it all right40 ,the fresher ,hay is cut from the ,stack the better3 it soon turns soft and musty in a damp ,hayloft1 and in the course of a few weeks loses all its best ,qualities4 ,never lay ,trusses of ,hay upon each other3 the best way to keep ,hay from ,damp and ,moulding1 is to set it up on its edge--so that a current of ,air may circulate round it4 ,go to ,market in good time2--if you wait till your ,stock is quite out1 you must buy what you can4 ,,beans are only needful when ,horses have a great deal of hard work1 and in ,wet weather4 ,,briefly1 ,,as ,,to ,,horse-,,meat4 ,hay is ,horse-,bread4 ,corn--,horse-,mutton4 ,beans--,horse-,beef3 ,and the most strengthening substance that can be given them4 ,good ,bran is a useful article in a ,horse's diet1 and when ,scalded1 with a handful of ,salt to it1 is occasionally as good a ,mash for a ,horse as a ,mess of ,gruel is for a ,man4 ,a ,truss of ,hay should weigh #ef lbs4 ,a ,truss of ,straw1 #cf lbs4 ,a ,truss of ,new ,hay1 #fj lbs4 ,a ,ton and a ,load of ,hay are nearly the same4 ,if you send a ,servant to purchase ,provisions1 c4 for your ,horses1 at least choose the ,purveyor yourself1 and tell your ,servant previously to bring you the ,price1 7in writing71 with the ,samples of the various things4 ,desire each ,tradesman to send home with each ,article1 whether you pay ,ready ,money for it1 or otherwise1 8,a ,ticket of the ,quantity and the ,price of it10 of which carefully ascertain the correctness4 ,cast up every ,bill1 ,pay every ,account ,yourself1 and ,take care of your ,receipts4 ,these are your only effective protections against those ruinous ,impositions which perfunctory ,persons continually suffer1 from combinations between their ,servants and their ,purveyors4 ,,on ,,sending ,,horses ,,to ,,grass4 ,delicate ,horses who have been treated over tenderly1 and have long stood warmly clothed in a hot ,stable1 must not be all at once turned out to ,grass in cold ,weather4 ,a ,horse must have 8the ,constitution of a ,horse0 indeed1 who can stand such a shock2 for which1 he should be gradually prepared by diminishing his ,clothing1 and gradually accustoming him to the ,open ,air2 8for one ,extreme1 ,ne'er without ,danger meets its own reverse40 ,let him be well fed till the day that he is turned out1 on which give him nothing2 then he will graze the greatest part of the ,night2--if you turn him out with a full ,belly1 he will lay down1 and most likely catch a mischievous ,cold4 ,when ,horses are sent to ,straw-,yard or to ,grass1 let their ,shoes be removed1 and their ,feet set at liberty--,toe-pieces are sometimes put on4 ,early ,spring ,grass1 for five weeks in ,may and ,june1 is not only excellent ,food1 but admirable ,physic for ,horses2--,dr4 ,green cures most of the ,disorders that ,horses are subject to1 sooner than any4 ,strong ,horses frequently fall a sacrifice to ,diseases1 by being kept continually upon hard dry food1 which feeding on soft ,green herbage for a few weeks would frequently cure sooner than any ,physic4 ,it is recommended1 that ,horses in the ,stable should occasionally have ,green ,meat1 viz4 ,rye1 or ,tares1 c4 which are carried about ,london in ,carts during the ,spring1 c4 ,a ,horse will get fresher1 by having a ,run in a ,salt ,marsh for ,one ,month1 such as at ,plaistow1 or the ,isle of ,dogs1 c4 than he will in ,two ,months on ,upland ,grass4 8,i have been told that it is no unusual thing to take up ,horses from the ,marshes1 and send them on a long ,journey directly1 without any preparation2 and am the more ready to believe this1 because ,i have several times known ,horses taken off the dry ,commons in ,winter1 and perform very well on the ,road3--it is quite otherwise with those that go on common ,pastures1 either in cold clay grounds1 or where the ,grass is forced with ,dung3 many of these require a good deal of management before they are fit to be put on hard service40 ,fields which lie near to ,great ,towns1 and are much manured1 do not afford half such wholesome ,hay or ,pasture as those that are further in the ,country1 and are not so forced4 ,mr4 ,jarvis says that he would not thank ye for the ,hay that is made within #aj miles of ,london4 ,the loads of ,dung may make the ,ground yield a more plentiful crop1 but it is always of an inferior1 and often of injurious ,quality4 ,send your ,horses to ,grass where the ,pasture is fine without being forced1 where the ,water is good1 and there is comfortable ,shelter for them to run to in ,wet ,weather3 they should always have ,hay to go to1 especially in ,winter4 ,you may be charged a trifle per ,week more for this2 but it is ,money well spent1 if you value your ,horse4 ,when a ,horse returns from ,grass1 although he may be free from ,disease1 he is not fittest for ,work2 but will require a ,week's hard ,food1 and must have ,hay and ,corn1 and be gradually ,exercised for several days before he be put to ,hard ,work1 or he will be apt to empty himself too often1 and is no ,horse for a long ,journey--unless you wish to make a ,skeleton of him4 ,,colds4 ,young ,horses are much more liable to ,colds than those that are full grown4 ,the most common cause of ,colds is riding or driving ,horses till they are ,hot1 and then suffering them to stand still where the ,air is cold and chilling4--,another very usual cause of ,colds is removing a ,horse out of a ,hot ,stable to a ,cold one3--a ,cold taken this way will be more violent1 in the degree that a ,horse has been highly fed and hotly clothed3 this is the reason why many ,horses catch such very severe ,colds soon after they come out of a ,dealer's hands4--,new-built ,stables1 before they have been well aired and seasoned1 and even ,old ,stables1 when they have stood long empty and grown damp1 are dangerous to tender ,horses1 that have been kept warm4 ,,when ,a ,,horse ,,has ,,caught ,a ,,cold1 for his ,diet let him have the sweetest and best ,hay1 and scalded ,bran and ,water1 with the chill taken off2--for his ,physic1 the following prescription3 let him be prepared for it 7if his ,disorder permits7 the two preceding days by some feeds of scalded ,bran1 which will render its operation not only more easy1 but more effective3--for those ,horses that have a narrow swallow1 or that take ,balls reluctantly1 let the ,ball be dissolved in a pint of ,ale or ,gruel1 made just milk-warm4 ,,horse ,,balls should be made into an ,oval shape1 and not exceed the size of a pullet's ,egg2 when the dose is large1 they may be made into two3 they should be dipped in ,oil1 that they may slip down with ease2 for striving much in thrusting down ,balls1 greatly increases a ,horse's antipathy to such things1 and renders it troublesome to administer them4 ,,purging ,,ball4 ,take ,soccotrine ,aloes1 six drachms2 ,castile ,soap1 three drachms2 ,grated ,ginger1 one drachm2 ,oil of ,caraway1 twenty drops2 ,syrup sufficient to make it into a ,ball1 which may be rolled in ,flour4 ,this will answer all the purpose of ,physic for ,horses whose intestines are not extremely idle1 for whom a drachm of ,jalap may be added1 which will seldom fail operating effectually4 ,the best time to give a ,horse ,physic1 is about #e or #f o',clock in the ,evening3 it will then begin to operate about ,noon the next day1 and sometimes it will move the ,bowels in the ,morning4 ,about three or four hours after1 a ,horse should have a feed of scalded ,bran3 when he has eaten that up1 he should have a small portion of ,sweet ,hay let down into his ,rack4 ,he may have one or two more feeds of scalded ,bran the same day2 and if he refuses to eat warm meat1 which some ,horses will loathe that have been cloyed with it before1 he may be allowed raw ,bran1 which1 if he drink sufficiently with it1 will do the business perfectly well4 ,let his drink be made milk-warm1 with a handful of ,bran squeezed in it2 but if he refuse to drink white water freely1 let him have it without the ,bran1 for his ,physic will always work the more1 the more kindly he drinks1 which let him do of warm water as much as he will4 ,early the next morning1 he may have another small feed of scalded ,bran2 but if he does not choose to ,eat1 which sometimes happens before the ,physic has begun to work1 while his stomach is squeamish1 let him ,drink as much water as he cares for1 with the ,chill taken off1 and ride him gently1 beginning with a ,walk1 and afterwards a gentle trot1 which will help the operation of his ,medicine4--,gibson on ,horses1 #dto4 p4 #abi4 #agea4 ,,for ,,cracked ,,or ,,sore ,,heels4 ,to cure these1 there is nothing better than the ,zinc ,ointment of the last ,pharmacopia of the ,london ,college of ,physicians4 ,at night wash the ,heels clean first1 and then rub in a little of the ,ointment with your fingers1 and tie a bit of linen rag round it4 ,take it off when he goes out4 ,on his return home1 wash his ,heels1 and repeat the above application4 ,in ten days or a fortnight it will effect a complete cure1 if your ,horse be in good ,health4 ,for ,cracked ,heels1 the following is recommended3-- ,take ,soap ,liniment1 an ounce and a half2 ,camphorated ,spirit1 an ounce2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 half an ounce4 ,mix4 ,,diuretic ,,balls ,,for ,,swelled ,,heels1 ,,etc4 ,take ,yellow ,resin1 one pound2 ,yellow ,soap1 and ,nitre1 in powder1 each twelve ounces2 ,ginger1 in powder1 four ounces2 ,oil of ,juniper1 a quarter of an ounce4 ,melt the ,resin and ,soap in a pan over a slow fire3 when dissolved1 stir in the other articles4 ,one ounce and a half for a ,dose1 to be given about twice a ,week4 ,london ,carriage ,horses frequently fail in their ,health about ,october and ,november1 which the administration of this medicine will speedily restore4 ,,stables4 ,there are few instances of the ,ornamental triumphing over the ,useful in a more ridiculous degree1 even in this ,age of ,eye-,architecture1#be than in the usual management of ,horses1 which some people seem to suppose are as fond of ,heat as ,crickets4 ,i have almost wondered that ,stables have not been furnished with ,stoves to keep them of a regular ,pine ,apple heat3 this might improve the appearance of a ,horse's ,coat3 the fineness and smoothness of which seems to be the grand desideratum4 ,providence has protected the ,horse with a coat of ,hair sufficient to defend him from the inclemencies of the severest ,climate1 which ,providentially begins to grow thicker about the month of ,october1 and increases in thickness as the ,cold to which he is exposed increases4 ,but it is the ,fashion at present to fancy that his ,stable and ,clothing cannot be too close3 in fact1 many ,horses are treated like ,hot-house ,plants1 and thereby rendered so delicate and tender1 that they are morbidly susceptible of all that vast train of complaints which are caused by what is called 8,,catching ,,cold40 ,the ,door is generally the only entrance for ,air1 and that only when it is occasionally open3 the very threshhold of the ,door is frequently stopped up with ,dung1 and the ,key-hole filled with ,straw4 ,in the ,morning1 when the ,door has been shut all ,night1 especially in ,summer1 the heat is intolerable1 and the ,air absolutely unfit to breathe4 ,it is surprising that these poor creatures are not oftener found stifled by the steams from their own bodies3--added to this1 they are perhaps muffled up in thick and tight ,body ,clothes4 8,in ,summer a single ,sheet is fully sufficient for a ,horse ,cloth1 and in ,winter1 one ,woollen ,cloth is all that is requisite4 ,neither ,hacks nor ,hunters should have ,head ,cloths or ,breast ,cloths1 which1 though ornamental1 are something worse than useless1 for they keep a part1 while at rest1 warm1 which1 as soon as the ,horse gets out1 is the part that most meets the ,cold ,air1 and is most exposed40 ,hot-,house ,horses suffer severe ,rheumatisms1 c4 upon every trifling occasion3--a change of ,stable--a ,shower of ,rain--standing still for a little while in the open air1 produce a variety of ,disorders1 ,lameness1 ,stiffness in their ,joints1 c4 c43 in attempting to remove which1 after they have been tormented by cramping ,shoes and ,pailsful of ,physic1 c41 the poor creatures are pronounced incurable1 and given over as 8,foundered in the ,chest10 or 8,shook in the ,shoulders10 or some such equally unintelligible ,jargon4 8,till at last1 having labour'd1 drudg'd1 early and late1 ,bow'd down by degrees1 he bends on to his fate2 ,blind1 old1 lean1 and feeble1 he tugs round a ,mill1 ,or draws sand till the sand of his hour ,glass stands still40 ,dibdin's ,race ,horse4 ,to cover a ,horse with heavy ,clothes while he is in a hot ,stable1 and to strip him stark naked when he goes out into the ,cold ,air1 is1 ,i think1 as absurd a custom as can easily be imagined6--,gentle ,reader1 how would ,you like to have your ,great ,coat put on while sitting by your ,fire-side in your ,snug ,parlour1 which is of the comfortable temperature of #fj1 and have it pulled off when you went out1 and were obliged to stand two or three hours with a cold wind blowing upon you of a chilling temperature of #dj1 and perhaps ,raining hard into the bargain8 ,such treatment is as uncomfortable to a ,horse as it would be to a ,man2 and is the cause of the otherwise unaccountable premature mortality of these valuable animals1 especially of our ,london ,carriage ,horses1 which are often kept standing still exposed to the open air in cold and damp weather for hours together6 ,when ,carriage ,horses are taken out in ,wet ,weather1 they should have ,water ,decks over their ,loins1 and be kept moving about every ten minutes4 ,where the ceiling of a ,stable is low1 and there is no window1 the best way to ventilate it is by a funnel passing up through the ,stable ,ceiling1 and through that of the ,loft above4 ,stables should be aired every day by keeping the ,doors and ,windows open during the absence of the ,horses4 ,experience teaches us how agreeable1 and indeed how indispensable fresh ,air is in our own ,apartments3 it is equally so to ,horses2 and one would almost suppose that ,persons who neglect to give it them never enjoyed the benefit of fresh ,air themselves4 ,as good ,master ,george ,markham tells us1 in his ,way to ,wealth1 #dto41 #afch1 p4 #i1 8,coach ,horses1 by reason of their many occasions to stand still1 must be inured to all ,hardnesse40 ,never let ,carriage ,horses be clothed while in the ,stable1 but desire your ,coachman to carry their ,body ,clothes with him1 and put them on when they have a waiting ,job1 as he does his own ,box ,coat2--the former will be as comfortable to his ,horses1 as the latter is to himself4 ,a ,coachman should make it a ,rule 7especially when he finds it cold enough to put on his ,great ,coat7 every quarter of an hour to move his ,horses about a little1 and to draw round some ,corner1 so as to get out of the ,wind4 ,it is not so much their being long out of ,doors1 but their long standing quite still in a current of ,cold ,air1 that injures ,horses4 ,see more on this subject in the ,chapter on ,coachmen4 ,,management ,,of ,,horses ,,in ,,case ,,of ,,fire4 ,when a ,fire happens1 such is the natural dread of the horse1 that he cannot be prevailed on to move out of danger1 but remains to his certain destruction4 ,in this alarming case1 it has been recommended1 and practised with success1 7the opportunity of a few minutes offering17 to blind the horses with any cloths which can be suddenly laid hold on1 and a ,bridle or ,halter also being put on1 to back them out2 for when these animals see or smell fire1 they obstinately refuse to move forwards1 but may be forced backward4 ,,hints ,,to ,,horsemen4 ,if you do not wish your ,horse to catch cold1 ,mount him the moment he comes out of the ,stable4 8,the ,stirrups10 says ,lord ,pembroke1 in his ,essay on ,horses1 #abmo4 #agfa1 pp4 #ah and #ai1 8must be of just such length1 that when the ,rider1 being well placed1 puts his feet into them 7about one-third of each foot from the point of it7 the point may be about two or three inches higher than the heel when the ,rider places himself upon the ,saddle strait1 even1 upright and well with his ,legs hanging down1 and the stirrups likewise2 and when he is in this position1 take up the stirrup1 till the bottom of it comes just under the ,ankle bone4 ,the ,rider must not bear upon his ,stirrups1 but only let the natural weight of his legs rest upon them40 ,always ride a hole or two shorter across the ,country1 than you do on the ,road4 ,ride with a ,snaffle1 and use your ,curb only occasionally4 ,choose your ,snaffle full and thick in the middle1 especially at the ends to which the reins are fastened4 ,most of them are made too small and long1 and cut the ,horse's mouth1 and bend back over the bars of his jaw1 working like pincers4 ,if you ride with a ,curb1 make it a rule to hook on the chain yourself2 the quietest ,horse may bring his rider into danger1 should the curb hurt him4 ,if in fixing the curb you turn the chain to the right1 the links will unfold themselves1 and then oppose a further turning4 ,put on the chain loose enough to hang down on the ,horse's under lip1 so that it may not rise and press his jaw till the reins of the ,bridle are moderately pulled4 ,observe that your ,horse is furnished with a ,bit proper for him1 and by no means too heavy1 which may incline him to carry low1 or to rest upon the hand when he grows weary1 which ,horsemen call 8,making use of a ,fifth ,leg40 ,always endeavour to avoid a ,quarrel with your ,horse3--if he is apt to ,start1 you will find occasions enough to exercise his obedience when what he starts at lies directly in his way1 and you must make him pass3 if he is not subject to start1 do not contend with him about a trifle4 ,the notion of the necessity of making a ,horse go immediately up to every thing he is afraid of1 and not suffer him to become master of his rider1 seems to be generally carried too far4 ,it is an approved method to conquer a ,horse's fear of the sound of a ,drum1 by beating one near to him at the time of feeding him3 this not only familiarises the noise to him1 but makes it pleasant1 as a forerunner of his ,meat2 whereas1 if he was whipped up to it1 he might perhaps start at it as long as he lived4 ,might not this be applied to his starting at other things1 and shew that it would be better to suffer him 7provided he does not turn back7 to go a little from1 and partly avoid an object he has a dislike to1 and to accustom him to it by degrees1 convincing him1 as it were1 that it will not hurt him1 than to punish him1 quarrel with him1 and perhaps submit to his will at last1 while you insist on his overcoming his fear in an instant8 ,if he sees a like object again1 it is probable he will recollect his dread1 and arm himself to be disobedient4 8,now of ,corrections1 the most principal is the ,spur1 which must not at anytime be given triflingly or itchingly1 but soundly and sharply1 as oft as just occasion shall require3 then1 the ,rod1 which upon disorder1 sloth1 or miscarriage1 of the members1 must be given also soundly3 then1 the ,voice1 which being delivered sharply and roughly1 as ,ha1 ,villaine6--,carrikra6--,diablo6--and such like threatenings1 terrifieth the ,horse1 and maketh him afraide to disobey3 and lastly1 the ,bridle which now and then stricken with a hard chocke in his mouth1 reformeth many vices and distemperatures of his head3 yet this last must be done seldome1 and with great discretion1 for to make a custom thereof is the ready way to spoil a ,horse's mouth40 8,now of ,cherishings there are generally in use but three2 as first1 the voice1 which being delivered smoothly and lovingly1 as crying ,holla--,so1 boy--,there1 ,boy1 ,there--and such like1 gives the ,horse both a cheerfulnesse of ,spirit and a knowledge that he hath done well3 then the hand1 by clapping him gently on the necke or buttocke1 or giving him ,grasse or other foode to eate after he hath pleased you3 and lastly1 the big ende of the rod1 by rubbing him therewith upon the withers or maine1 which is very pleasing and delightful to the horse40--,markham's ,way to ,wealth1 #dto4 #afch4 p4 #af4 8,the ,hope of ,reward1 and the ,fear of ,punishment1 governs the whole ,world1 not only ,men1 but ,horses2 for it is impossible that you can well manage your ,horse until he fear you1 and out of that fear1 ,love and ,obey you2 for it is ,fear maketh every body obey both ,man and ,beast4 ,love is not so sure a ,hold1 for there you depend upon his ,will2 but when he ,fears you1 he depends upon yours40--,soleysell's ,horsemanship1 fol4 #agag4 p4 #bgb4 ,old ,blundevill1 in his #bdth ,chapter of his ,book on ,horses1 #dto4 #afji4 p4 #bb1 gives the following advice3-- 8,but because few keepers can correct with discretion1 ,i would wish him rather to use no correction at all1 but only to winne him by gentle meanes1 by faire speaking1 and by often clawing him and feeding him by hand1 and in ,summer season1 by wiping away ,flies1#bf ,nats1 or other things that doth annoy him3 so shall the ,horse be alwayes glad of him1 and rejoice in his presence1 and in time become so familiar1 as he will play with him like a dog2 for1 truely1 unless there be mutual ,lore betwixt the keeper and the horse1 the horse seldom or never battleth2 for if the keeper love not his horse1 he will never meat him thoroughly nor delight to dresse him1 nor will the horse be delighted with his dressing4 ,and1 therefore1 the chiefest point of a horsekeeper is to love his horse and to seeke to be loved againe of him2 so shall he profit the ,horse and pleasure his ,maister40 ,before you mount your ,horse1 if you are only going to take an ,airing1 examine whether the ,bridle1 ,girths1 and ,straps1 c4 are all good and well fixed1 and that he is properly ,shod4 8,for want of a ,nail the ,shoe is lost1 ,for want of a ,shoe the ,horse is lost40 ,direct that neither the ,heel nor ,frog be pared more than merely to take off what is ragged and broken4 ,it is still more safe to do that yourself1 or direct your ,coachman to do it1 than to trust it to a ,farrier or ,shoemaker1 notwithstanding the ,gentleman may have written over his ,door1 8,here ,horses are shod agreeable to ,nature and according to ,art40 ,fit the ,shoe to the ,foot1 and not the ,foot to the ,shoe4 ,,on ,,the ,,rough-,,shodding ,,of ,,horses ,,in ,,frosty ,,weather4 ,it is manifest1 that a considerable increase of pressure on the ,heels naturally follows--so that ,lameness frequently attends the practice of ,frosting even for a short time4 ,the ordinary method of ,frosting is by taking a ,shoe off1 heating it1 and turning up the ,heel and ,toe2 but this being ,iron only1 it lasts1 for any efficient purpose1 but a short time2 and if hard worked1 the same process must be repeated almost daily1 as long as the ,frost continues4 ,it is evident that the ,hoof must suffer most severely by such a continued and repeated perforation with the ,nails2 so that if a ,frost should happen to last a ,month or two1 it is probable there would be scarcely horn enough left to nail a ,shoe on with safety4 ,when ,frosting is required1 ,i have found that by ,steeling the ,heels1 and if a ,draft ,horse1 the ,toes also1 that they will last considerably longer1 and consequently diminish the frequency of ,driving ,nails4 ,a much shorter ,rough will answer1 and the usual head will not need to be so much altered4--,goodwin on ,shoeing ,horses1 #hvo4 p4 #bhj4 #ahbd4 ,the usual charge for ,roughing the ,shoes of ,coach ,horses1 is #bs4 #h;d4 per ,horse4 ,to perform the operation so sensibly recommended by ,mr4 ,goodwin1 will cost but little more1 and the ,shoes will certainly last much longer4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,clark recommends the following plan3-- 8,when the ,roads1 c4 are covered with ,ice1 it becomes necessary to have the ,heels of the ,shoes turned up1 and frequently sharpened1 in order to prevent ,horses from slipping and falling4 ,as this cannot be done without the frequent moving of the ,shoes1 which breaks and destroys the crusts of the ,hoofs where the ,nails are drove1 to prevent this1 ,i have always recommended to those who were willing to be at the expense1 to have ,steel ,points screwed into the ,heels or quarters of each ,shoe1 which might be taken out and put in as required4 8,the method of doing this properly1 is first to have the ,shoes fitted to the shape of the ,hoof2 then to make a small round ,hole in the extremity of each heel1 or in the quarters1 about three-eighths of an inch in diameter or more1 in proportion to the breadth and size of the ,shoe3 in each of these holes a screw is to be made3 the ,steel points are likewise to have a screw on them exactly fitted to that in the ,shoes4 ,care must be taken that the ,screw on the points is no longer when they are screwed into the ,shoe than the thickness of the latter4 ,the ,steel points are to be made sharp2 they may either be made square or triangular4 ,the height of the point above the ,shoe should not exceed half an inch for a ,saddle ,horse3 they may be made higher for a ,coach ,horse4 8,the ,key or ,handle that is necessary to screw them in and out occasionally1 is made in the shape of the ,capital letter ,t1 and of a sufficient size and strength3 at the bottom of the handle there is a socket or cavity1 properly adapted to the shape of the ,steel point1 and so deep as to receive the whole point that is above the ,shoe4 ,in order to prevent the screw from breaking at the neck1 it will be necessary to make it of a gradual taper3 the same is likewise to be observed of the female screw that receives it2 that is1 the hole must be wider on the upper part of the ,shoe than the under part3 the sharp points may be tempered or hardened1 in order to prevent them growing too soon blunt2 but when they become blunt1 they may be sharpened as at first4 ,these points should be unscrewed when the ,horse is put into the ,stable1 as the ,stones will do them more injury in a few minutes there1 than a day's riding on ,ice4 ,a ,draught ,horse should have one point on the ,toe of each ,shoe1 as that gives him firmer footing in drawing on ice2 but for a ,saddle ,horse1 when they are put there1 they are apt to make them trip and stumble40 ,,of ,,the ,,comparative ,,expense ,,and ,,advantage ,,of ,,hiring ,a ,,hackney ,,coach4 ,,keeping ,a ,,private ,,carriage4 #a4 ,a ,hackney ,coach1 for #a4 ,a ,private ,carriage the business of the moment1 costs 7see ,estimate ,no4 ,,iv47 to rest your ,legs1 or shelter #cde ,,per ,,annum1 i4 e4 you from the ,weather1 may #fijj shillings a ,year4 be had for the th part of the ,annual ,expense of a ,private ,carriage4 ,think o' that1 ye ,lame and ye ,languid6 for ye are the ,grand ,patrons of ,ponies1 ,perches1 ,whips1 and ,wheels--,bless your ,stars that you are in a ,country where1 although it costs ,three ,thousand ,four ,hundred and ,fifty ,shillings to keep a ,coach for ,half a ,year1 that you can ,hire one for ,half an ,hour1 for ,twelve ,pence6 which you may command in all respects as absolutely as if it was your own4 #b4 ,a ,hackney ,coach is #b4 ,your own ,horses and almost always to be had in ,carriage cannot be brought a few ,minutes1 except in the round in less than #be minutes lamentable instance of a after you order pelting shower4 it3 even if it and the ,harness are all clean and ready1 an active ,coachman cannot dress himself and put to in less time1--and ,your ,own ,coachman may be ,ill1--or not ready for ,action1--,your ,horses may be ,sick1--or your ,carriage may be broken3--moreover1 if that prime minister of the machinery of ,locomotion has not previous notice that you will want the ,wheels to go round1 if he is not a marvellously steady ,man1 it is an even chance1 that1 making sure you will not require his services1 he will imagine he may emigrate from his ,hay-,loft with impunity1 and be frisking about after his own ,affairs4 #c4 ,the ,hackney-,coachman's #c4 ,gentlemen's ,equipages ,motto is the same as are generally ,fair-weather ,,madam ,,hecate',s1 ,play-things4--,if 8,fair is ,foul1 and ,foul is ,fair40 you have your ,carriage out in ,wet ,weather1 and are ,he is well pleased to wait obliged to keep it waiting in for you1 at all ,hours1 and in the ,rain--if you have a all ,weathers1 ,cold or ,coachman1 a ,coach ,horse1 ,windy1 ,hot or ,rainy1 as or a ,carriage1 either one of long as you are pleased to which are ,good for any wish him2--when you have thing--if you are ,good for kept him long in the ,rain1 any thing ,yourself1 you will if you give the poor fellow not feel quite contented1 ,six or ,twelve pence extra however comfortably sheltered when you discharge him1 by a good ,roof1 or however 7can you lay them out better87 agreeably you are surrounded it will make him as well satisfied by good ,company1 whilst with waiting in the they are exposed to the ,wet for you1 as your own inclemency of the ,sky4 ,servant would1 in a similar situation1 be ill satisfied6 ,,mem4--,a ,waiting ,job1 in cold rainy weather1 may cost you not merely a pair of ,horses worth a ,hundred ,pounds6 but the ,life of an useful ,servant into the ,bargain66 ,for ,one ,london ,coachman or ,coach horse that dies from over-work1 an ,hundred are destroyed by standing still in ,cold and ,wet ,weather4 #d4 ,persons who keep a #d4 ,in the ,estimate 7,no4 ,carriage in ,london1 on an ,,iv47 you have the ,service average seldom go above of the ,coachman occasionally1 #h or #aj ,miles per day1 or when he is not busy with have their ,carriage out more his ,horses and ,carriage--and than #c ,hours in the #bd3--to if you keep a sharp lookout hire a ,hackney ,coach to do that your ,carriage is kept such work every day in the in a good state of ,repair1 ,year1 will cost #ajs4 per ,day1 you will very rarely be or #ahb4 #ajs4 per ,annum4 liable to those ,accidents ,the ,expense of keeping a which sometimes happen to ,carriage1 as per ,estimate the infirm ,constitution of a ,no4 ,,iv4 ,hackney ,coach3 moreover1 you will be moved about #cde #j #j not merely with more ,safety and more ,celerity1 but with ,charge for keeping a more ,comfort1 from knowing ,hackney ,coach to do that you have a ,pilot whom the same work #ahb #aj #j you may depend upon3--the ------------- latter is an extremely i4 e4 #afb #aj #j important consideration to those whose business calls saved by not keeping a them to places which are ,carriage4 crowded with ,carriages4 ,it appears1 therefore1 that ,when you wish your ,mind it is more convenient and to be active1 and to do its much ,cheaper1 even if you best1 it should have nothing employ it as often as you before it except the single would your own ,carriage1 to object under its consideration2 hire a ,hackney ,coach1 than and the ,body should it is to keep a ,private ,carriage2 also be at ,ease3--this1 and and if you only hire the saving of time in passing a ,hackney ,coach when you from one place to another1 are really want it1 if your ,ten-toed the chief benefits a ,carriage machinery is in tolerable affords to ,men of ,business4 condition1 instead of your ,again3 it is a ,rule with ,hackney ,coach hire costing ,hackney-coachmen to take you #ahb4 #ajs41 you may the shortest route2 the have as much riding as your consequence is1 that as they ,business really requires1 for naturally desire to perform #ajj4 a ,year3 moreover1 their task as soon as possible1 your ,health will be better if they think half a dozen preserved than if you walked yards are to be saved by less and rode more2 the additional it1 unless specially directed1 ,exercise will ensure they will bring you through the more perfect performance all the nasty1 narrow1 badly of those interesting ventilated and badly paved 8,opera ,minora ,vit10 ,lanes1 c4 which they can 8,eating1 ,drinking1 and find1 and which1 if you ,sleeping60 understand the value of ,fresh ,air1 you would studiously 8,weariness avoid4 ,can snore upon the ,flint1 when nesty ,sloth ,these vehicles are often ,finds the down pillow hard40 used to convey sick people ,shakespeare4 to ,hospitals1 especially ,coaches3 ,chariots are ,if you keep a ,carriage1 more easily ventilated1 on you will often be as much account of their ,front windows4 tempted to ,ride1 merely because ,never get into a you can ride for nothing1 ,hackney ,coach that has the as from any actual ,windows shut up1 if there is want you feel of the assistance one on the ,stand of which of the ,wheel-work4 the ,windows are open2--stagnant ,air is always ,offensive1 ,walking is the natural and and often ,infectious4 the best ,exercise that ,man can take2 and1 however those who walk may occasionally envy those who ,ride1 the ,gentleman in the ,coach would often gladly give more than it costs him to keep it1 to have the power of using his own ,legs4--,dr4 ,franklin advised a friend to burn his ,carriage1 that he might get heat out of it at least once in his ,life4 ,,an ,,easy ,,plan ,,of ,,ascertaining ,,every ,,fare ,,of ,a ,,hackney ,,coach4 ,get an accurate ,map of ,london1 on a ,scale of not less than #f ,inches to a ,mile2 set a pair of ,compasses 7or rather1 what ,i believe are called ,dividers1 which have a screw that fixes them firmly to any distance at which you wish to keep them separate17 to a ,furlong1 and with them you may easily measure any distance--allow for ,turnings1 and keep your reckoning short by at least half a ,furlong1 that is1 #bj ,poles1 i4 e4 #ccj feet in each ,mile3 as some ,guide to guess this1 ,houses in ,london being1 on an ,average1 not more than #bj feet in front1 stop within at least #af houses of what you consider to be the full ,mile4 ,a ,map of the ,metropolis1 laid down from actual measurement on a scale of an ,inch to a ,furlong1 i4 e4 of #h ,inches to a ,mile1 is much wanted2--with it and a pair of ,compasses1 all ,hackney ,coach ,fares might be settled with the utmost ease1 and with sufficient exactness1 to satisfy ,all1 except litigious triflers1 who are more ,nice than ,wise4 ,i read the foregoing paragraph to ,mr4 ,cary1 the ,map-maker1 of ,st4 ,james's ,street1 who replied1 8,i have had thoughts of publishing a ,map on the scale you mention2 on such a plan1 that by merely looking at it1 the distances might be determined within ,twenty ,poles1 i4 e4 within the th part of a ,mile40 ,such a ,map would be a very great acquisition1 and ,i hope ,mr4 ,c4 will meet with encouragement sufficient to induce him to put his design into execution speedily1 as it would form a certain standard by which all questions respecting distances might be immediately adjusted1 to the satisfaction of both parties4 ,let ,measure ,stones be placed at the ends of our ,streets1 or at least of the principal ,streets1 as ,mile ,stones are on our ,roads2 or let their length be written under the ,names on the ,boards which are fixed up at the ends of ,streets4 ,to make an actual ,measurement of every ,street with a ,measuring ,wheel1 would not cost more than #ejj42 to affix the ,distances under the ,names of the ,street1 not so much3 the ,expense might in part be defrayed by the ,sale of a ,map of ,london1 on the scale of one ,inch to a ,furlong1 laid down accurately from such an exact survey1 and a ,volume like ,cary's ,guide for ,ascertaining ,hackney ,coach ,fares2 of which very curious and useful ,work1 see a specimen at the end of this ,chapter4 ,the length of ,mile4 ,furl4 ,poles4 ,oxford ,street 7the longest in ,london7 is #a #b #ai ,piccadilly #j #g #bh ,bond ,street #j #d #af ,holborn #j #g #a ,tottenham ,court ,road #j #e #ad ,the ,strand #j #f #i ,fleet ,street #j #b #c ,make a list of ,fares1 ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 and ,west1 from your ,house1 of #as41 #as4 #f;d41 and #bs41 taking care to add thereto the distance from the ,stand1 or ,place whence the ,coach is called4 ,to acquire a general idea of ,distances1 draw on a ,map1 of the scale before mentioned1 ,circles around your ,house of two ,miles1 of three ,miles1 and of four ,miles in diameter1 the ,semi-diameter of which will give the distance from your residence of a ,mile1 a ,mile and a half1 and ,two ,miles1 i4 e4 of ,shilling1 ,eighteen-penny1 and ,two ,shilling ,fares4 ,hackney ,coaches travel1 on an average1 about #e miles an hour1 seldom more than #f1 nor less than #d3--therefore1 riding at the rate of #e miles in an hour1 costs about ,a ,penny a ,minute2 and when you have been carried for #ab minutes1 7look at your ,watch when you enter the ,carriage1 and make allowance for stoppages17 you may reckon that you have #ab ,pence to pay3--above #bd minutes1 the ,fares increase in a higher ratio1 as above ,two ,miles is #cs4 ,the advantage of such ,calculation is1 if you are set down a few ,poles within ,two miles1 you save1 first1 ,sixpence on the ,ground1 and secondly1 the extra ,sixpence to which the ,coachman is entitled on exceeding every ,two miles2 making the difference of a ,shilling for perhaps a single ,yard4 ,before you get into a ,hackney ,coach1 take the ,number3 it is especially advisable to do so1 when you hire a ,coach to carry home ,ladies1 and then do it in such a way1 that the ,driver may observe that you have taken his ,number2 and to complete your ,care1 ask the ,coachman what his ,fare is1 which1 if your ,gallantry is as great as your ,circumspection1 you may perhaps do yourself the pleasure of ,paying4 ,if the ,coachman conducts himself improperly1 or if any thing is left in the ,carriage1 apply to your friend ,mr4 ,quaife#bg3 by summoning the ,coachman to the ,hackney ,coach ,office1 at the bottom of ,essex ,street in the ,strand1 or to one of the ,police ,offices1 you will most probably recover it4 ,avoid any dispute with a ,hackney ,coachman--pay what he demands1 although you know it to be more than his ,fare1 and seek redress at the ,office in ,essex ,street4 ,the ,driver of a ,hackney ,coach has the option of charging#bh either for the ,time he is detained1 or for the ,distance3--,time is rated at less than half what is charged for ,travelling4 ,when you intend to be charged according to the ,time you keep the ,coach1 in order to prevent any dispute when you discharge it1 tell the ,coachman the time when he first arrived1 making allowance for the minutes that he has been coming from the ,stand whence he was called4 ,the ,machine used to measure the distances at the ,hackney ,coach ,office is called 8a ,perambulator10 or 8,surveying ,wheel40--,this consists of a ,wheel which is #h ,feet #c ,inches1 i4 e4 half a ,pole1 in circumference2 so in two revolutions it measures one pole1 or #af feet4 ,one revolution of this ,wheel turns a single-threaded worm once round2 the worm takes into a ,wheel of #hj teeth1 and turns it once round in #hj revolutions3 on the socket of this wheel is fixed an index1 which makes one revolution in #dj ,poles1 or one ,furlong2 on the axis of this worm is fixed another worm with a single thread1 turning about a wheel of #afj teeth1 whose socket carries an index that makes one revolution in #hj ,furlongs1 or #aj ,miles3 on the dial plate there are three graduated circles2 the outermost is divided into #bbj parts1 or the ,yards in a ,furlong2 the next into #dj parts1 the number of ,poles in a ,furlong2 the third into #hj parts1 the number of ,furlongs in ten ,miles1 every ,mile being distinguished by its proper ,roman figure4 ,the above ,apparatus1 ,,mr4 ,,harris1 ,mathematical ,instrument maker1 ,no4 #ej1 ,high ,holborn1 makes for #ab4 #abs43 it may be attached to the wheel of a ,carriage1 and the ,dial will shew the progress made in ,travelling1 and then is called a ,way-wiser4 ,this ,machine may be applied to any kind of ,chaise or ,carriage1 and may be put on and off at pleasure1 without any injury to either4 ,it will accurately register the number of ,miles the ,vehicle travels over1 to any distance4 ,it is fixed so as to be of no possible detriment to the ,carriage1 and can be ornamented as elegantly as fancy may desire4 ,a ,time-piece may be attached to it1 by which may be seen the ,distance travelled per ,hour4 ,i can think of only ,one way of infallibly preventing all disputes about ,distance1 between the ,riders in and the ,drivers of ,hackney ,coaches4 ,to ,regulate all the fares by ,time1 according to the present charge for ,time1 #bs4 for the first hour1 and #cs4 for every hour after3 as the ,pace in ,travelling seldom exceeds five ,miles in an ,hour1 about double the sum is charged while the ,coach is in motion that is charged while it is in waiting4 ,let after the rate of ,five or ,six ,shillings per hour be paid while the ,wheels are going round2--this could be much easier reckoned than the ,distance they have gone over1 and would put an end to all ,disputes on the subject4 ,to determine exactly between an extremely long ,twelve1 and an extremely short ,eighteen-penny fare1 is not a very easy task to the most ,experienced3 it is1 in fact1 determining whether you have proceeded #agfj or #agfa ,yards6 ,a friend of mine informs me1 that he puzzled himself and the ,hackney ,coachman too on one occasion1 by pulling him up so that the ,horses had exceeded the ,shilling fare1 and the ,coach had not4 ,this deserves to be referred to a full bench of ,justices4 ,they might1 at the same time1 decide how it would be1 if the ,coach had been stopped1 so that the two fore ,wheels were in the above predicament of the ,horses1 and the other two in that of the ,coach4 ,perhaps then it would make the difference of #f;d4 on which side the passengers sat4 ,,query4 ,can persons who can afford to ride in a ,hackney ,coach lay out ,sixpence more to their own advantage than in spending it to prevent their being put out of ,temper8--,if they are going out to ,dinner1 any disagreeable irritation of the ,animal ,spirits will destroy their ,appetite2--if they are returning ,home1 it will as inevitably invite an ,indigestion4 ,surely no man who is worth a ,shilling1 would encounter either of these tremendous evils for the sake of ,sixpence6 unless the ,gentleman 7to use the nomenclature of the ,hero of a certain popular ,drama7 be a regular ,jarvy-,teaser4 ,but who grudges these ,poor ,fellows their full ,fare8 except a few ,washerwomen1 ,milliners1 and ,tailors1 and ,coffin-makers1 and ,grave-makers1 who may like them as little as ,link ,boys love the ,moon1 who1 for their outrageous antipathy to 8,the silver ,queen of ,night10 are denominated in ,mr4 ,grose's ,classical ,dictionary1 8,moon-,cursers40 ,how many pretty ,bonnets and smart ,dresses would have been spoiled the first day of wearing1 but for a ,shilling ,fare8--,how many ,colds caught8--,how many ,lives lost8--but for these convenient ,rests to ,weariness and ,shelters from ,rain2 a shower of which sometimes does as much mischief to ,man's person as it does good to his ,potatoes1 often produces the most dangerous ,diseases1 and even ,death itself6 ,in a note in the ,prolegomena of ,malone's supplement to ,johnson and ,steevens's ,shakespeare1 we have the following account of ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,hackney ,,coaches4 8,i cannot 7says ,mr4 ,garrard7 omit to mention any new thing that comes up amongst us1 though never so trivial4 ,here is one ,captain ,bailey1 he hath been a ,sea ,captain1 but now lives on the land1 about this city1 where he tries experiments4 ,he hath erected1 according to his ability1 some four ,hackney ,coaches1 put his men in livery1 and appointed them to stand at the ,maypole in the ,strand2 gives them instructions at what rates to carry men into the several parts of the ,town1 where all day they may be had4 ,other ,hackneymen seeing this1 flocked to the same place1 and performed their journey at the same rate1 so that sometimes there are twenty of them together1 which disperse up and down1 that they and others are to be had every where1 as watermen are to be had by the water-side4 ,every body is much pleased with it4 ,for whereas1 before1 coaches could not be had but at great rates2 now a man may have one much cheaper40 ,this ,letter is dated ,april #a1 #afcd4--,see ,gents4 ,mag4 for #aghj1 p4 #cge4 ,the ,rules given in the preceding pages will protect the ,rider from extortion on the part of the ,driver1 beyond ,sixpence2 and for that1 is it worth contending8 ,however the furious ,economist1 and ,penny wise and ,pound foolish ,boys may differ from us1 we say again1 it is too great a trifle for the ,wise to be nice about4 ,a man who has ,twelve-pennyworth of ,sense will have no ,sixpenny ,sorrows4 8,there is a ,time for all ,things40 ,ecclesiastes1 chap4 iii4 verse #a4 8,there is a ,time to ,save1 in order to ,spend0--and so is there also 8a ,time to ,spend1 in order to ,save40 ,the ,price of ,labour is usually in proportion to the degree of ,skill or ,strength requisite to perform any operation1 or to the ,disagreeableness of the work1 or to the ,detriment it occasions to ,health3--few situations are more disagreeable1 or more destructive to ,health1 than the exposure at all ,hours to extreme ,heat in ,summer1 and intense ,cold in ,winter1 and continual ,wet in the ,rainy ,season3--neither are ,,the ,,profits ,,of ,a ,,hackney ,,coachman so large as his hard service seems to indicate that they ought to be--though the ,outfit does not cost much4 ,a ,coach may be purchased for about #cj4 or #dj4--;a ,chariot for about #bj4--the ,horses may be had from #h4 to #bj4 each3--but1 as the old saying is1 8,they ,eat o' ,nights40 ,bad ,horses have as good an appetite as the best3 ay1 sometimes a better1 7if ,goodness be measured by ,greatness17 in the same way that bad land wants more manure than good4 ,it may be said1 that the inferior ,provender provided for these poor hard-worked ,hacks1 is not so dear as that which is purchased for the pampered animal1 whose sleek coat is his ,master's pride3 but it must be taken into the account1 that if their ,food be somewhat cheaper1 their ,stomachs are so constantly stimulated by those strongest excitements to good ,appetite1 ,air and ,exercise1 that they are ever and aye1 8as ,hungry as a ,hunter10 and eat nearly double what those ,horses do who pass their days indolently in an over-heated ,stable3 indeed1 we think that to be 8as ,hungry as a ,hackney ,coach ,horse0 must be a few degrees beyond being as ,hungry as a ,hunter2 or one degree nearer to that state which is considered by the ,grand ,gourmand as the most enviable in ,existence4 ,it is told of a certain worthy and wealthy ,citizen1 who has acquired the reputation of being a considerable ,consumer of the good things of the ,table1 and has been 8widened at the expense of the ,corporation10 that on coming out of a ,tavern1 after a ,turtle ,feast1 a poor ,boy begged ,charity of him--8,for ,mercy's sake1 ,sir1 ,i am so very ,hungry60 8,hungry6--,hungry6--hey6--what6--compla in of being ,hungry6--why ,i never heard the like6--complain of being ,hungry66--,prodigious666--why ,i'd give a ,guinea to be ,hungry666--why1 a ,hungry ,man 7with a good ,dinner before him7 is the ,happiest fellow in the world6--,there1 7giving the ,boy ,half-a-,crown17 there1 ,i don't want you to take my word for it3 run along1 my fine fellow1 and make the experiment ,yourself40 ,it appears1 from the following ,estimate1 that a ,hackneyman must every day earn ,thirteen ,shillings for the maintenance of his ,machinery1 before he will receive any ,profit4 4 s4 d4 ,the ,keep of ,three ,horses1 7a ,hackney ,coach cannot be well worked every day with fewer of such crazy cattle as they are often obliged to be content with7 at #ca4 #ajs4 per ,annum for each1 7see ,estimate ,no4 #d7 #id #aj #j ,coachman's ,wages1 at #is4 per ,week #bc #h #j ,board1 ditto1 at #ads4 ditto #cf #aj #j ,coach-house and ,stables1 and ,tax thereon #bj #j #j ,tax on ,coach and ,horses1 #b4 per ,month1 per ,annum #bd #j #j ,interest of the ,purchase money of the ,carriage and ,horses1 and the wear and tear thereof1 and ,new ,wheels annually #dj #j #j ------------- #bch #h #j ------------- ,the above ,estimate1 however considerable it may appear1 will not be considered as too high1 when it is recollected that the ,carriage is in continual use1 that the ,horses are exposed to all weathers1 and are often ,over-worked and ,under-fed4 ,hackney ,coachmen get upon the ,stands about nine in the ,morning1 and are often out till past twelve at ,night1 except those who work double1 who take out one ,coach and ,horses ,early in the ,morning1 bring them home at about six or seven in the ,evening1 and then take out another pair for ,night-work4 ,it appears from ,mr4 ,jervis's ,journal1 which account ,i believe to be 8quite correct10 that the ,harvest of a ,hackney ,coachman1 like the ,hay-farmer's1 is in the ,sultry ,summer ,months4 ,we can defend ourselves from ,cold and ,rain much more easily than we can from the fatigue brought on by walking in ,hot ,weather4 8,careful ,observers can foretell the hour1 ,by sure prognostics1 when to dread a shower4 ,if you are ,wise1 then go not far to ,dine1 ,you'll spend in ,coach hire more than save in ,wine40 ,the ,vauxhall season is another source of considerable profit to the proprietors of the ,leathern ,conveniences4 ,the least productive ,months are ,february1 ,march1 and ,april3 this may be partly accounted for1 by the ,economy which is so inevitably submitted to during those months1 occasioned by ,people's pockets being drained by ,christmas ,bills and ,christmas ,gambols4 ,on an average of ,forty weeks1 it seemed1 that the most productive ,days are ,wednesdays and ,thursdays4 ,this may1 in some measure1 be accounted for1 by the greater number of ,dinner parties1 c4 which are given on those days4 ,one of the most frequent uses of these accommodating ,vehicles1 is to carry ,people out to ,dinner4 ,the following hint1 every one who is equally a true lover of polite ,punctuality and of a ,hot ,dinner1 will think ,good ,advice4 ,an ,excuse1 which is as foolish as it is common1 but which a furious ,economist seems to fancy is a sufficient plea for spoiling the best ,feast1 is1 8there was not a ,coach to be had40 ,uncalculating and ,improvident6 not to send for one till the very last moment4 ,you save nothing by it6--you spoil your ,friend's ,dinner6 and excite the displeasure of his ,guests66--and all this--to save your dear1 dear self1 ,sixpence666 7or as ,i found it in ,mr4 ,jervis's ,,ms4 8a little white farthing407 ,as such a ,mite would have prevented it1 although your ,polite host may pretend not to notice your ,rudeness1 no ,apology that you may make can cancel such a confirmed certificate of your ,selfish ,impertinence2 therefore be not so silly as to fancy that it will4 ,remember the ,english ,proverb1 8,hunger and ,anger are nearly allied20 and the ,scotch saying1 that 8,hungry people are aye ,angry40 ,,when ,,to ,,call ,a ,,coach4 ,suppose you have a ,mile and a half to go1 the fare is ,eighteen-pence1 you will seldom be less than #ae1 or1 if you meet with ,stoppages on the way1 more than #bj minutes1 in going3--for ,eighteen-pence you may keep a ,coach #de ,minutes2 therefore1 call a ,coach a ,quarter of an ,hour before you want it1 i4 e4--if you do not wish to be ,too ,late4 ,,how ,,to ,,call ,a ,,coach4 ,having settled ,when--by your leave1 we will tell you ,how to call a ,coach3-- 8,go--call a ,coach2 and let a ,coach be called3 ,let him that calls the ,coach1 be called the ,caller6 ,and in his calling1 let him nothing call1 ,but ,,coach6 ,,coach66 ,,coach6660 ,chrononhotonthologos4 ,equity requires that you ought to take the first ,coach on the ,stand1 however little you may like the appearance of the ,driver1 the ,carriage1 or the ,horses2 because the occupier of that place having obtained it by being the longest in waiting1 has therefore a fair claim to a preference1 which it is apparently unjust not to grant3 ,however1 we have heard persons give the following advice--,if you are in haste1 take the ,coach1 the ,driver of which is on the ,box1 the ,horses bitted1 and who stand with their faces towards the way you wish to go3--if not in a hurry1 ,open your ,eyes1 and choose that ,vehicle to which the tidy appearance of it and its ,driver attract you1 and present ocular demonstration that the ,carriage is clean1 and the ,coachman careful4 ,the ,servants of ,industry are known by their ,livery1 which is always whole and wholesome--the ,slaves of ,idleness are slovenly and loathsome3--the former1 generally prove ,civil and honest1--the latter1 ,impertinent and imposing4 ,when going out to ,dinner1 ,beware of indulging your ,benevolence by conferring the silly ,sixpenny ,civility of taking up every person that is bound to the same house3 such mighty good kind of ,gentry are commonly too late4 ,however1 since ,colonel ,,bosville established the right laudable custom of locking out all those who come after the appointed hour1 this caution has become almost needless2 as now the rudeness of those who come too late1 by such a prudent order to your ,porter1 very properly recoils upon ,themselves3--,good ,dinner-,giver1 let such perfunctory persons be locked out6 ,let those who wish to ensure ,punctuality1 have their ,letter of ,invitation expressed in the following manner1 and affix thereto the ,seal of the ,committee of ,taste1 the motto on which is1 8,,better ,,never1 ,,than ,,late40 ,messrs4 ,champaigne and ,turtle request the honour of ,messrs4 ,thirst and ,hunger's company at ,dinner on ,thursday the #ith ,nov41 five minutes before ,five o'clock4 ,,nota ,,bene4--,messrs4 ,c4 and ,t4 have directed1 that as soon as the ,first ,course is served1 the ,table shall be garnished with the ,key of the ,street ,door1 where it shall remain among the ,dormant decorations till the ,second ,course is removed4 ,a prudent ,general always provides for a ,retreat4 ,the ,best way of securing a ,coach to bring you ,home1 if it is a long distance1 is to keep the ,coach in waiting--or tell the ,driver to call and take you home at a certain hour2 or fee the ,waterman at the nearest ,stand1 to send one at the hour you wish4 ,a ,facetious ,friend of the ,editor's1 on a very ,wet ,night1 after several ,messengers1 whom he had despatched for a ,coach1 had returned without obtaining one3 at last1 at 8past one o'clock1 and a ,rainy ,morning10 the ,wag walked himself to the next ,coach-stand1 and politely advised the ,waterman to mend his ,inside lining with a ,pint of ,beer1 and go home to bed2 for1 said he1 8there will be nothing for you to do to-,night1--,i'll lay you a ,shilling that there's not a ,coach out40--8,why1 will you1 your ,honour8 then1 done10 cried ,mr4 ,waterman2 8but are you really serious1 'cause1 if so be as ,you be1 ,i must make haste and go and get one40 ,being assured he would certainly touch the ,twelve-penny if he did1 ,he trotted off on his 8,nag a ten toes10 and in ,ten minutes returned with a ,leathern ,convenience4--,bonaparte used to say1 8,in some cases1 there is nothing like a ,subsidy40 ,we make no remarks on the newly introduced ,,cabriolets1 further than to observe1 that they are entitled to only two-thirds of the ,fare of a ,hackney ,coach4 ,mr4 ,,jervis says that a ,carriage with only ,two ,wheels1 however well piloted by the most expert charioteer1 is an extremely dangerous ,vehicle in a paved and crowded street--especially1 at the rapid rate at which some perfunctory people require them to keep moving4 ,if the ,horse be ever so sure-footed1 and the ,driver ever so skilful and steady1 they are frightfully dangerous ,vehicles for town work1 and will only be used by those who are rash enough to sacrifice safety to ,celerity1 and ,comfort to ,cheapness4 ,,hackney ,,coach ,,and ,,chariot ,,fares2 ,commencing ,june #bc1 #ahjh1 #dh ,geo4 ,,iii4 cap4 #hg4 ,,fares ,,according ,,to ,,distance4 ,not exceeding s4 d4 ,one mile #a #j ,one mile and a half #a #f ,two miles #b #j ,two miles and a half #c #j ,three miles #c #f ,three miles and a half #d #j ,four miles #d #f ,four miles and a half #e #f ,five miles #f #j ,five miles and a half #f #f ,six miles #g #j ,six miles and a half #h #j ,seven miles #h #f ,seven miles and a half #i #j ,eight miles #i #f ,eight miles and a half #aj #f ,nine miles #aa #j ,nine miles and a half #aa #f ,ten miles #ab #j ,ten miles and a half #ac #j ,eleven miles #ac #f ,twelve miles #ae #j ,and so on1 at the rate of #f;d4 for every half mile1 and an additional #f;d4 for every two miles completed4 ,,fares ,,according ,,to ,,time4 ,not exceeding s4 d4 ,thirty minutes #a #j ,forty-five minutes #a #f ,one hour #b #j ,one hour and #bj minutes #c #j ,one hour and #dj minutes #d #j ,two hours #e #f ,two hours and #bj minutes #f #j ,two hours and #dj minutes #g #j ,three hours #h #j ,three hours and #bj minutes #i #j ,three hours and #dj minutes #aj #f ,four hours #aa #j ,and so on1 at the rate of #f;d4 for any fifteen minutes further time4 ,cabriolets are entitled to two-thirds of the ,coach fares4 ,,mem4--,a ,coachman may contract to drive you to a certain ,place for a certain ,sum1 and if it exceeds the distance which you are entitled to be carried for such ,sum--he cannot demand more4 ,the fares are to be taken by the ,hour or ,mile only1 and not by the ,day4 ,coaches discharged after ,sun-set hours 7viz4 after #h between ,lady ,day and ,michaelmas1 and after #e between ,michaelmas and ,lady ,day17 between the carriage-way pavement1 or if hired at a stand beyond the same1 may demand the full fare back to such extremity or standing4 ,for ,coaches hired to go into the country in the day-time1 and there discharged1 additional fares are to be taken for their return to the pavement or next stand where hired1 as follow3 for #aj miles1 #es42 #h miles1 #ds42 #f miles1 #cs42 and #d miles1 #bs4 ,if under #d miles1 nothing4 ,coachmen are not compellable to take more than four1 nor ,chariots more than three1 adult persons inside1 and a servant out3 but if they agree to take more1 then #as41 in addition to the fare1 must be paid for each extra person2 and if the coach be hired for the country1 and to return1 #as4 for each extra person going1 and #as4 for his returning4 ,abusive ,language4--,the ,drivers behaving rudely1 or using abusive ,language1 are to forfeit not more than #aj1--;in default of payment1 are sent to the ,house of ,correction for any time the ,magistrate may please1 not exceeding two months4 ,extortion4--,coachmen refusing to go on1 or extorting more than their fare1 are to forfeit not more than #cl4 nor less than #ajs4 ,not only the ,commissioners in ,essex ,street1 ,strand1 but also the ,magistrates at the ,police-offices1 determine such ,offences1 and inflict ,punishments4 ,obligation to go on4--,if a ,coach be drawn off the ,stand to the side of the pavement1 it is equally as liable to be hired as if it stood on the ,stand1 and the ,coachman may be made to go with you1 if not hired--if he refuses1 he is liable to be fined4 ,they are compellable1 if plying for hire1 at any hour of the ,day or the ,night1 to go upon all ,turnpike roads1 any where within ,two miles and a half from the end of the ,carriage-way pavement4 ,articles left in a ,hackney ,coach are 7by a late ,act7 to be taken to the ,hackney ,coach ,office1 ,essex ,street1 ,strand1 on pain of paying #bjl42 to be recovered on application to the ,commissioners1 or a ,justice of the ,peace4 ,the ,coachman is to take the shortest way1 and to charge accordingly3 but if he1 from choice or ignorance1 does otherwise1 he can make no extra charge4 ,he may refuse to take ,heavy ,luggage1 unless he is paid something more than the fare2 but he must object to it before it be put into the ,coach3 he cannot1 however1 object to take a small ,parcel that may be carried in the hand4 ,when a ,coachman is desired to wait1 he may demand a sum in hand beyond his previous fare1 and is accountable for such sum when you discharge him4 ,he is not bound to wait without such a detainer1 nor longer than it will pay for the time4 ,see a comprehensive ,abstract of the #ah ,acts of ,parliament relating to ,hackney ,coaches1 in p4 #gfe of ,vol4 ,,ii4 of ,sir ,george ,chetwynd's edition of ,dr4 ,burn's ,justice1 #hvo4 #ahbe4 ,those who wish to ascertain distance very exactly1 ,i advise to purchase ,mr4 ,,quaife',s ,,hackney ,,coach ,,directory1 which is sold only at the ,hackney ,coach ,office in ,essex ,street1 ,strand1 and contains nearly ,eighteen ,thousand ,fares from actual ,measurements1 and ,,cary',s ,,new ,,guide ,,for ,,ascertaining ,,hackney ,,coach ,,fares1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,this elaborate work gives an actual admeasurement of every ,street in the ,metropolis1 and affords the means of ascertaining the ,length of any ,route1 however indirect4 ,we subjoin1 as a ,specimen1 the ,two first pages of this ,work4 ,the first and second ,column contain the ,distance of one ,street from the other as they occur in the ,route2 the third1 fourth1 and fifth1 the total or full ,length from the ,commencement4--,m4 signifies ,mile--,f4 ,furlong--,p4 ,pole4 ,,piccadilly4 ,hyde ,park ,turnpike to ,leadenhall ,street4 ,streets1 c4 passed through3--,piccadilly1 ,haymarket1 ,cockspur ,street1 ,charing ,cross1 ,strand1 ,fleet ,street1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,ludgate ,street1 ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 ,cheapside1 ,poultry1 ,mansion ,house ,street1 ,cornhill1 ,leadenhall ,street1 ,aldgate ,street1 ,aldgate1 ,aldgate ,high ,street1 ,whitechapel1 and ,mile ,end ,old ,town4 ,f4,p4,m4,f4,p4 ,piccadilly4 ---------- ,to ,hamilton ,street #ce ,park ,lane #af #aaa ,down ,street #bd #ace ,engine ,street #ah #bac ,white ,horse ,street #bj #bcc ,half ,moon ,street #ad #c #g ,clarges ,street #i #caf ,bolton ,street #aa #cbg ,stratton ,street #aj #ccg ,berkley ,street #ae #dab ,arlington and ,dover ,streets #ac #dbe ,st4 ,james and ,albemarle ,streets #ab #dcg ,bond ,street #aj #e #g ,duke ,street #ai #ebf ,sackville ,street #ah #f #d ,swallow ,street #h #fab ,air ,street #ai #fca ,eagle ,street #b #fcc ,the ,haymarket #ce #gbh #g 44 #bh ,enter ,haymarket4 ---------- ,to ,norris and ,panton ,streets #bf #a #ad ,james ,street #aa #a #be ,theatre #f #a #ca ,suffolk ,street and ,opera ,house #aa #a #a #b ,pall ,mall #aa #a #aac #a 44 #be ,enter ,cockspur ,street4 ---------- ,suffolk ,street #ad #a #abg ,whitcomb ,street #aj #a #acg ,spring ,gardens #e #a #b #b #j 44 #bi ,enter ,charing ,cross4 ,statue ,of ,king ,charles #ai #a #bba ,st4 ,martin's ,lane #ae #a #bcf #j 44 #cd ,enter ,strand4 ,northumberland ,street #b #a #bch ,hungerford ,street #ae #a #cac ,villiers ,street #ab #a #cbe ,buckingham ,street #i #a #ccd ,bedford ,street #ba #a #dae ,adam ,street #ac #a #dbh ,salisbury ,street #ac #a #e #a ,cecil ,street #g #a #e #h ,southampton ,street #e #a #eac ,beaufort ,buildings #g #a #ebj ,burleigh ,street #ae #a #ece ,catherine ,street #be #a #fbj ,somerset ,place #ad #a #fcd ,new ,church and ,little ,drury ,lane #af #a #gaj ,newcastle ,street #c #a #g #c ,surry ,street #aa #a #gbd ,norfolk ,street #aj #a #gcd ,arundel ,street #i #b #c ,essex ,street #ah #b #ba ,temple ,bar #bd #b #a #e #f 44 #i ---------- ,enter ,fleet ,street4 ,to ,chancery ,lane #ac #b #aah ,fetter ,lane #bc #b #bba ,serjeants' ,inn #f #b #b #g ,bouverie ,street #aa #b #bah ,water ,lane #aa #b #bbi ,salisbury ,court #ag #b #c #f ,shoe ,lane #a #b #c #g ,fleet ,market #bi #b #ccf #b 44 #ca ,enter ,ludgate ,hill4 ,old ,bailey #bi #b #dbe ,st4 ,martin's ,ludgate ,church #ah #b #e #c #a 44 #g ,enter ,ludgate ,street4 ,creed and ,ave ,maria ,lanes #h #b #eaa ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard #h #b #eai #j 44 #af ,enter ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,paul's ,chain #ah #b #ecg ,watling ,street #be #b #fbb ,cheapside #bh #b #gac #a 44 #ca ,enter ,cheapside4 ,old ,change #e #b #gae ,foster ,lane #c #b #gah ,gutter ,lane #ac #b #gca ,friday ,street #f #b #gcg ,wood ,street #e #c #b ,bread ,street #e #c #g ,milk ,street #b #c #i ,bow ,churchyard #aa #c #bj ,bow ,lane #d #c #bd ,lawrence ,lane #g #c #ca ,king and ,queen ,streets #e #c #cf ,ironmonger ,lane #d #c #a ,bucklersbury #i #c #a #i #a 44 #ci ,enter ,poultry4 ,to ,old ,jewry #d #c #aac ,charlotte ,row #bd #c #acg #j 44 #bh ,enter ,mansion ,house ,street4 ,mansion ,house #e #c #b #b ,bank ,buildings #bj #c #b #bb #j 44 #be ,enter ,cornhill4 ,royal ,exchange #i #c #bca ,freeman's ,court #ab #c #c #c ,birchin ,lane #c #c #c #f ,finch ,lane #a #c #c #g ,gracechurch and ,bishopsgate ,streets #bg #c #ccd #a 44 #ab ,,footnotes3 #a ,the ,expense of ,king ,george the ,third's ,state ,coach which was made in the year #agfb1 was-- s4 d4 ,coachmaker #a1fcg #ae #j ,carver #b1ejj #j #j ,gilder #ice #ad #j ,painter #cae #j #j ,laceman #gcg #aj #g ,chaser #ffe #d #f ,harness ,maker #che #ae #j ,mercer #bjb #e #aj ,belt ,maker #ii #f #f ,milliner #ca #c #d ,sadler #aj #af #f ,woollen ,draper #d #c #f ,cover ,maker #c #i #f #g1efb #d #c #b ,there are #cf ,trusses in a ,load of ,hay1 and the same in a ,load of ,straw2 #dj ,trusses of each1 #a ,ton4 #c ,these were by ,chief ,justice ,mansfield called 8,bankrupt ,carts10 because they were1 and are1 frequently driven by those who could neither afford the ,money to support them1 nor the ,time spent in using them1 the want of which1 in their ,business1 brought them to ,bankruptcy4 #d ,do not give unusually high standing ,wages4 ,these should neither exceed nor fall short of the ,rates which ,custom has established2 or1 in the former case1 you will make your own servants idle and extravagant1 and those of your neighbours unhappy and discontented4 ,if you do not pay the customary compensation for the service you receive1 you will excite a continually rankling discontent in the minds of your ,domestics1 and will be harassed with those continual changes in your establishment1 which will soon render ,good ,servants shy of engaging in it4 ,the best way to encourage ,servants is to give them 8,occasional ,presents and ,indulgences40 ,these ,i would not bestow in ,money1 but give him a pair of ,good ,boots or ,shoes1 or an ,umbrella1 or a ,watch1 according to his ,diligence and ,long ,service3 confer these ,rewards1 rather as given for general ,good ,conduct1 than as for any particular occurrence1 or they may be received as merited payment for an insulated piece of service4 #e ,the price charged by ,mr4 ,williams1 ,button ,manufacturer1 ,no4 #ajc1 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 for a pair of ,button ,dies1 is #b4 #bs4 ,buttons are not always stamped so carefully as they ought to be3--caution your ,button ,maker1 that you will not take any impressions that are imperfect3 you may be charged a trifle more per ,dozen1 if you will have every ,button as perfect as the ,proof ,specimen4 ,let the ,letters of the ,motto1 which is generally put round the ,crest1 be large enough to be legible--they are generally too small4 #f s4 d4 ,letting the ,horses wash their ,mouths1 which is comfortable to them in very hot weather4 ,if you are ,travelling a long ,journey1 it will refresh them much more1 if you at the same time give them a little bit of ,hay2 for these you are generally charged1 for a ,pair of ,horses #j #f ,for a ,short ,bait1 i4 e4 if you go out for ,ten ,miles1 and the ,horses are put up for an hour or two1 a feed1 a ,quartern of ,corn each1 including #f;d4 to the ,hostler1 is about #a #f ,see more of the ,estimates of ,expenses in ,travelling1 in ,part ,i4 of the 8,traveller's ,oracle40 #g ,the ,strap for pulling up the ,step1 and the ,inside ,handle1 are great conveniences to those who do not take a ,footman out with them4 ,see 8,dumb ,footman10 in the ,index4 #h ,the ,ancient ,equestrian who read the ,,ms4 of this ,work1 wrote the following note3-- 8,those who keep ,horses should occasionally look into the ,mews early in the morning2 and if a man is there with a ,sack1 or ,donkey and ,panniers1 immediately think of their ,corn and ,hay1 c40--,a4 ,e4 #i ,pens1 ,parchment1 and ,wax4 #aj ,cook's ,patent ,life ,preserver for ,carriages may be viewed at the ,manufactory1 ,no4 #abg1 ,long ,acre4 ,its object is to stop horses when running away3 the contrivance is extremely simple1 and a ,lady may1 with the greatest facility1 apply its force against the power of the horses1 thereby gradually but irresistibly arresting their progress4 ,should the coachman leave the box1 this invention will enable him to prevent the possibility of the horses starting off in his absence2 or should he be thrown from his seat1 or fall off in a fit1 or from any other cause1 an infirm person or even a ,child in the carriage1 has the power of stopping a pair1 or four horses1 with ease and certainty4 #aa ,carriage1 in the usual meaning of the word among ,coachmakers1 signifies the lower system1 on which the ,body containing the ,passengers is suspended1 and to which the ,wheels are attached3 though speaking generally of ,coaches1 ,chariots1 c4 they are properly called ,carriages of such descriptions2 but as the word ,carriage will be frequently used in both senses1 when it signifies the lower system only1 it will be printed in ,italics3 when used in the general meaning of the word1 in common letters4 #ab ,the ,timbers of the ,under ,carriage1 in which the ,pole is placed4 #ac ,the long leaver by which the ,carriage is conducted4 #ad ,a compassed timber1 fixed on the ,futchells1 which keeps the fore ,carriage steady4 #ae ,the ,leathers by which the ,body is hung or checked4 ,the ,main ,braces are what the ,body hangs by4 ,the ,collar ,braces are those which go round the ,perch or crane1 and are buckled through a ,ring fixed to bottom of the ,body1 to check its motion sideways1 and to confine it from striking against the ,wheels4 ,the ,check ,braces are for the purpose of checking the motion of the ,body endways1 and are placed at the four ,corners4 ,the ,braces should be occasionally shifted from their bearing1 as that part on which the weight rests is deprived of the moisture of grease1 which preserves the ,leather1 and the ,brace becomes dry and susceptible of the ,wet1 and soon ,cracks and ,breaks2--therefore1 once in a month let the situation of the ,braces be changed a little1 and they will last three times as long4 #af ,mr4 ,jarvis assures us that none of the plans for rendering ,clothes ,water ,proof have answered his expectations4 #ag ,we were amused1 and perhaps the ,reader may1 with the following definition of the word 8,genteel40 ,q4 ,has any ,body called 7said ,mr4 ,thin7 while ,i have been out8 ,a4 ,yes1 ,sir1 a ,gentleman called1 about ,two o',clock4 ,q4 ,what kind of a ,person8 ,a4 ,a ,genteel ,man1 ,sir--an extremely ,genteel ,man1 ,sir2 for ,i think he was ,taller and ,thinner than ,you666 #ah 8,those who regard ,health will not frequent crowded rooms and assemblies4 ,when ,i was at ,bath1 about to publish an ,essay on the effects of ,noxious ,air1 one of my brethren waggishly said1 #8,let them alone1 ,doctor2 for how else will #bf ,physicians be able to exist here8'0--,dr4 ,adair on ,diet1 c4 #hvo4 p4 #ic4 #ahab4 #ai 8,to what an unfortunate change the present fashions are conforming ,mankind6 ,the ,country-houses of our ,nobility and ,gentry are empty in ,july4 ,thus the ,spring months1 the season of ,joy throughout creation1 pass unobserved by the affluent and gay4 ,the souls of human beings1 in this ,age of ,art1 would seem to wish the ,sun to be darkened2 they find no pleasure but in the light of a ,lamp4--,i feel for the rising generation1 when ,i consider the effects of these overgrown follies upon ,inexperienced minds40--,dr4 ,trotter on the ,nervous ,temperament1 #hvo4 p4 #bde4 #ahjg4 #bj 8,there is an ordinary trick at common ,inns of ,stealing the ,horse's ,oats1 where1 although the ,masters be in good condition and honest1 yet their ,servants rob one another of the ,oats committed to their charge1 and then make a piece of ,gallantry and ,jest of it40--,sollysell's ,compleat ,horseman1 fol4 p4 #ajh4 #agag4 #ba ,it should have been within ,five ,miles6 #bb ,the best ,map we have seen of this ,ground1 as it was in #ahje1 i4 e4 just before the ,improvements1 as it is the fashion to call the ,piles of ,bricks and ,mortar which now stand where we used to walk and enjoy the ,fresh ,air1 was published by ,bowles and ,carver1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 where it may still be had1 and is entitled 8,a ,map of ,london and its ,environs1 ,three ,miles round ,st4 ,paul's1 in #ahje40 #bc ,bolts and ,nuts are the machinery by which the ,timber and ,iron work is fixed together4 #bd ,to tell the ,reader exactly what class of persons was meant to be designated by the word ,gentleman1 in the year #ageg1 would be as difficult a task as to define it now4 ,the last time we heard it1 was on visiting a ,stable to look at a ,horse1 when1 on inquiring for the ,coachman1 his ,stable ,keeper replied1 8,he is just stepped to the ,public ,house along with another ,gentleman40 ,the following is the ,negro's definition of a ,gentleman3--8,massa make de black ,man workee--make de ,horse workee--make de ,ox workee--make every ting workee1 only de ,hog3 he1 de ,hog1 no workee2 he eat1 he drink1 he walk about1 he go to sleep when he please1 he liff like a ,,gentleman40--,european ,mag4 ,january1 #ahaa1 p4 #ag4 ,i have never forgotten ,sir ,richard ,steele's ,observation1 which struck my mind with happy force in my boyish days3--8,a ,christian and a ,gentleman are become inconsistent ,appellations of the same person4 ,you cannot expect ,eternal ,life1 if you do not forgive ,injuries3 the ,weak and the ,wicked will do their utmost to make your ,mortal ,life uncomfortable1 if you are not ready to commit a ,murder in ,resentment for an ,affront40--,from ,no4 #bj of the ,guardian4 ,sir ,richard has very properly applied to the ,duellist what ,dr4 ,south has said of the ,liar3 8,he is a ,coward to ,man1 and a ,bravo to ,,god60 ,the most ridiculous circumstance respecting ,duelling1 is1 that the ,man who has suffered the ,injury must submit himself to the same ,peril with him who inflicted it1 so that the ,punishment is entirely accidental1 and as likely to fall upon the ,innocent as the ,guilty4 #be ,so called by 8,the ,oracle10 from the furious sacrifice of the comfort of the ,interior of our ,modern ,houses to the paltry plaister patchwork of 7what the ,vulgar pronounce7 8a pretty ,elevation40 ,aye6--pretty may be for part of a ,palace--but as inconvenient as it is impertinent for a ,private ,dwelling4 #bf 8,the longer his ,taile be1 hee shall the better defend himself therewith in summer season from the flies2 and therefore ,cameranus doth not a little marvel at those which use to curtail their ,horses40--,blundevill on ,horses1 #afji4 p4 #ac4 #bg ,the attentive and obliging ,surveyor to the ,board of ,hackney ,coaches in ,essex ,street1 ,strand4 ,the ,hackney ,coach ,office is open from #aj till #c o',clock every day2 and no person belonging to the ,office is allowed to make any demand or charge for ,expenses1 or to receive any ,fee or ,gratuity1 under any pretence whatever4 #bh 8,in ,paris1 ,hackney ,coaches are hired either by the course 7 la course71 i4 e4 as often as the vehicle is stopped1 or by the hour 7 l'heure74 ,the fare is #cj sous 7#as4 #c;d47 per course1 whether it be a quarter of a ,mile or three ,miles2 or two francs 7#as4 #h;d47 for the first hour1 and #cj sous 7#as4 #c;d47 per hour afterwards4 8,from midnight to #f o'clock in the morning1 the fare is doubled4 8,these coaches are not obliged to carry more than four persons and a child1 nor to take any heavy luggage4 8,if the ,coach be hired by ,time1 the first hour must be paid for1 whether it is entirely occupied or not2 but it is not necessary to pay for more of the second1 or of any succeeding hour1 than has actually elapsed4 8,if a coach is engaged to go to the ,theatres1 or to any place of public amusement1 it is customary to pay the coachman at the time of starting1 in order to avoid delay at alighting40--,planta's ,picture of ,paris1 #afmo4 #ahbe1 p4 #djh4 ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,ii4 ,abusive ,language1 #cba ,accidents1 #ha ,adviser1 an experienced1 is to be consulted in purchasing a ,carriage1 #aah ,agreement1 form of1 #ba ---- articles of1 #ef ,articles left in a ,hackney ,coach1 #cbb ,axle-trees1 #ic1 #ii ,back-,light of a ,coach1 #gj ,beggars' dogs1 #hi ,box ,coats1 #acc ,blundevill on ,horses1 #bgh ,braces1 the main1 #aaf ,buonaparte's ,travelling ,chariot1 #abg ,burke1 ,right ,hon4 ,edmund1 #afc ,cabriolets1 #cag ,carriage1 private1 its expense compared with the hiring of ,hackney ,coaches1 #bhf-bia ,carriages and ,chariots1 criterion for the price of1 #e ----1 care of1 #bja-bjd ----1 travelling1 #abc ----1 length of1 #aji ,cary1 ,mr41 plan of a new map1 #bic ,character of servants1 #ade ,chariot1 construction of a1 #fe ,cheapest mode of keeping a ,carriage1 #cc ,clock1 advantages of a good1 #aee ,clover for horses1 #bec ,coach1 when to call a1 #cab ----1 how to call a1 #cac ,coach box1 #ace ,coachmaking art of1 #ei ,coachman1 a skilful1 #adc ----'s livery1 #bf-ca ----1 how to give orders to1 #adf ----1 punctuality essential in1 #aea ,coat1 coachman's1 #acd ----1 how to give a horse a fine1 #bdf ,colds of horses1 #bfa-bff ,collinge's axles1 #id ,contracts for building ,carriages1 #ec ,cook's ,life ,preserver for ,carriages1 #gg ,country houses vacant until ,july1 #aci ,cracked heels1 remedy for1 #bfe ,cushions1 seat1 #gb ,dashing ,iron1 the1 #ag ,dickey ,coach box1 #gi ,directions for buying and keeping of an equipage1 #a ---- as to who should examine the linch-pins1 #ag ,directory1 ,quaife's ,hackney ,coach1 #cbc ,diuretic balls for swelled heels1 #bfe ,dogs1 tax on1 should be duly enforced1 #hh ,doors of ,carriages1 #bji ,driving1 on1 #ahd-aia ,dry coat1 importance of a1 #acd ,ducrow's theatrical stud1 #bai ,duelling1 #bbh ,durability of vehicles1 #h ,duties1 assessed1 on men servants1 carriages1 and horses1 #aca ,elbows of a ,carriage1 of the1 #fg ,embrocation1 anti-rheumatic1 #ace ,environs of town1 expedition to dinner in the1 #aeg ,equestrian statue of ,charles ,i41 #bai ,evening parties1 #acf ,examination of a second-hand ,carriage1 #aad ,exercising of horses1 #bdc ,expense of keeping a ,carriage1 #c ---- ---- keeping a ,horse1 #aa ,extortion1 #cba ,extra charges made by a coach-builder for all additions1 #fa ,fares1 ,hackney ,coach1 #bib-cah ,fifteen good points of a coachman1 #afe-afi ,fires1 how to manage horses in case of1 #bgb ,foresight of a physician1 #acg ,form of a ,carriage highly important1 #fe ,genteel man described1 a1 #ace ,gentleman1 defined by a negro1 #bbg ,glass coaches1 #di ,glasses1 coach1 #fi ,gomersal's personification of ,buonaparte1 #bai ,granite ,pavement1 #aja ,grass1 on sending horses to1 #beg ,grooming and dressing of horses1 #bde ,gruel for horses1 #bci ,guineas not obsolete in accounts1 #g ,hackney coaches1 choice of1 #cad ---- ----1 origin of1 #cjc ,hackney coachmen1 #bif1 #cad ----man's charge for jobbing a saddle-horse1 #ad ,hammercloth1 #bjd ,hanway's ,travels1 #bbf ,harness1 #aai ----1 second-hand1 #aba ,hard-,driving1 #ahe ,hats with gold band1 #cj ,hay1 how to select1 #bec ,holsters1 pistol1 to the dickey-box1 #abc ,horses1 choice of1 #bbe ----1 hints to purchasers of1 #bbc ----1 to preserve the health of1 #bch-bdd ----1 food and provender of1 #bdi-bef ----1 of a hackney coach1 #cje1 #cjf ----1 age recommended for carriage1 #ba ,horse1 expense of a saddle1 #aa ---- balls1 #bfb ----dealers1 #de ,horsemen1 advice to1 #bgc ,hostler1 derivation of the word1 #dg ,hours1 early1 #aci ,hydrophobia1 #hc-ib ,imperials1 #abd ,inside handles to ,carriages1 #gg ,inventory1 important1 #bja ,job1 to1 or hire a ,carriage1 #ed ,jobbing ,horses1 #dd ,knee-boot to ,coach box1 #ace ,lamps1 circular1 #ajf ,landau1 or ,landaulet1 #eb ,leather1 condition of the1 #aba ,lining of a ,coach1 its best colour1 #ga ,letter requiring an immediate answer1 when useful1 #aed ,livery1 #bf-ca ---- stables1 #ae ,locks to the doors of a ,carriage1 #gf ,luggage1 heavy1 #cbb ,macadamised streets truly beneficial1 #ii-aja ,map of ,london1 #agb ,markham's way to wealth1 #bgg ,master1 the good1 #acc ,matching of a horse1 #bc ,midnight meetings1 #ach ---- conversation1 #ada ,new road from ,paddington to ,islington1 #agc ,newcastle1 ,duke of1 his directions for the management of horses1 #bcj1 #bdf ,nuisances1 public1 #hc-ib ,oil1 #ajg ,oil-skin covers1 #abe ,old ,carriages and ,chariot1 selling of1 #fb ,one-horse ,carts the cause of accidents1 #ahg ,open ,carriages1 #ci ,ornaments of ,carriages1 #ajd ,paint1 spare1 #baj ,perambulator for measuring distances1 #bih ,pembroke1 ,earl of1 #bea ,plated furniture1 of1 #aje ,posting in ,ireland1 rates of1 #db ,presents to servants1 how rendered advantageous to the donor1 #be ,price of new ,carriages1 of various denominations1 #af ,profits of a ,hackney ,coachman1 #cje ,provender for horses1 #bee ,proverb1 useful old1 #df ,punctuality indispensable in a ,coachman1 #aea ,quaife1 ,mr41 ,surveyor to the ,board of ,hackney ,coaches1 #bif ,rattling of the ,coach1 #bje ,reason for ,coachmen not liking ,collinge's axle-trees1 #if ,regent's ,park1 the1 #agd ,repairs of ,carriages1 #bab ,roads1 the commissioners of the1 #agh ,rochefort1 ,monsieur ,r4 de1 #bej ,rough-shodding in frosts1 #bh ,royal anecdote1 #f ,safety braces1 #abf ,screwing the bolts1 #bjd ,shades1 green silk spring sun1 #gc ,shafts for a single horse occasionally applied to a ,chariot1 #bj ,shakspeare1 quotations from1 #bf ,shoeing1 #aei ,soft water preferable for a horse's drink1 #beb ,spikes to fix on the hind standards1 #hb ,sleep disturbed by workmen purposely noisy at an early hour1 #hg ,sorbire's description of ,london1 #agb ,springs of ,carriages1 how best constructed1 #ajh ----1 cording of1 #abf ,stable1 the1 #bff ,stands1 ,hackney ,coach1 #ahh ,state ,coach of ,george ,,iii41 #d ,steps of a ,carriage1 #baj ,strangers behind a ,carriage dangerous1 #hb ,straw-yard1 #aa ,street ,act of the ,metropolis1 #hf ,streets1 care of ,carriage in the public1 #aia ,street-keepers1 #hc ,stuffing of a ,carriage preposterous1 #fi ,swift1 ,dean1 quotation from1 #afd ,symmetry of the ,horse1 true1 #bai ,time1 best1 to bring out a new ,carriage1 #fj ,tires of the wheels should be watched1 #ajb ,tom ,thrifty's maxim1 #aec ,tools1 a ,coachman's1 #agj ,trunk covers1 #abd ,turnpikes1 #ca ,valetudinarians1 kind of springs for ,carriages most beneficial to1 #afi ,value of well-matched ,coach-horses1 #bc ,varnished panels1 #bjg ,varnish1 how to remedy cracks in the1 #bjh ,visits1 paying of1 #aga ,vulgar ,tongue1 ,francis ,grose's ,dictionary of the1 #dh ,under-springs1 #bag ,wager1 ,duke of ,queensberry's1 #bba ,wages1 #be ,washing and cleaning the ,carriage and harness1 #bjc ,wax candles1 #ajf ,wheels1 of1 #ii ,wheels1 tiring of1 #ag ,wicks1 lamps with two flat1 #ajg ,winch for the axle-trees1 by whom best kept1 #ie ,yellow ,chrome1 the best colour for a ,chariot1 #gc ,zinc1 ointment for sore heels1 #bfd ,,the ,,end4 ,j4 ,,moyes1 ,,took',s ,,court1 ,,chancery ,,lane4