,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,the ,table of ,contents was created by the ,transcriber and is placed in the public domain4 ,the tables in this book are best viewed using a monospace font4 ,many tables in this book were very wide1 and have been split into two or more parts4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,republic ,,of ,,costa ,,rica ,illustration3 7,seal of the ,philadelphia ,museum47 ,,by ,,gustavo ,,niederlein ,,chief ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,department ,,the ,,philadelphia ,,commercial ,,museum ,,the ,,philadelphia ,,museums1 ,established by ,ordinance of ,city ,councils1 #ahid4 #bcc ,south ,fourth ,street4 ,,board ,,of ,,trustees4 ,ex-,officio4 ,,hon4 ,,daniel ,h4 ,,hastings1 ,governor of ,pennsylvania4 ,,hon4 ,,charles ,f4 ,,warwick1 ,mayor of the ,city of ,philadelphia4 ,,james ,l4 ,,miles1 ,president of ,select ,council4 ,,wencel ,,hartman1 ,president of ,common ,council4 ,,samuel ,b4 ,,huey1 ,president of the ,board of ,public ,education4 ,,dr4 ,,edward ,,brooks1 ,superintendent of ,public ,schools4 ,,nathan ,c4 ,,schaeffer1 ,state ,superintendent of ,public ,schools4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,rothrock1 ,b4 ,s41 ,m4 ,d41 ,state ,forestry ,commissioner4 ,permanent ,trustees1 ,,william ,,pepper1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,charles ,h4 ,,cramp1 ,,thomas ,,dolan1 ,,george ,f4 ,,edmunds1 ,,william ,m4 ,,elkins1 ,,mrs4 ,,cornelius ,,stevenson1 ,sc4,d41 ,,simon ,,gratz1 ,,thomas ,,meehan1 ,,daniel ,,baugh1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,foulkrod1 ,,frank ,,thomson1 ,,john ,,wanamaker1 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,widener1 ,,syndey ,l4 ,,wright4 ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,trustees4 ,,wm4 ,,pepper1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,president4 ,,charles ,h4 ,,cramp1 ,vice-,president4 ,,sydney ,l4 ,,wright1 ,treasurer4 ,,william ,m4 ,,watts1 ,secretary4 ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,museum4 ,,william ,p4 ,,wilson1 ,sc4,d41 ,director4 ,,william ,,harper1 ,chief of the ,bureau of ,information4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,green1 ,assistant ,chief of the ,bureau of ,information4 ,,wilfred ,h4 ,,schoff1 ,foreign ,secretary of the ,bureau of ,information4 ,,gustave ,,niederlein1 ,chief of the ,scientific ,department4 ,,wm4 ,b4 ,,marshall1 ,curator of ,natural ,products4 ,,louis ,j4 ,,matos1 ,chief of ,laboratories4 ,,contents ,page ,introduction #e ,chapter ,i4 ,,topography1 ,,geology ,,and ,,mineral ,,wealth4 #g ,chapter ,,ii4 ,,climate ,,of ,,costa ,,rica4 #be ,chapter ,,iii4 ,,character ,,of ,,vegetation4 #cb ,chapter ,,iv4 ,,fauna4 #dc ,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,aboriginal ,,inhabitants4 #df ,chapter ,,vi4 ,,population4 #ea ,chapter ,,vii4 ,,immigration ,,and ,,colonies4 #gd ,chapter ,,viii4 ,,public ,,instruction4 #gg ,chapter ,,ix4 ,,transportation1 ,,post ,,and ,,telegraph4 #ha ,chapter ,x4 ,,agriculture ,,and ,,live ,,stock4 #ij ,chapter ,,xi4 ,,commerce ,,and ,,industry4 #if ,chapter ,,xii4 ,,finance ,,and ,,banking4 #ajh ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,political ,,organization4 #aba ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,history4 #abe ,map of ,central ,america end of book 7#abh7 ,proposed line of ,nicaragua ,canal end of book 7#abh7 ,reverse side of ,map end of book 7#abi7 ,introduction4 ,this monograph treats of the topography1 geology1 mineral wealth and soils of ,costa ,rica2 it describes its climate and presents the details of its flora and fauna with reference to their economic value2 it displays the distribution of population according to race1 wealth1 communities and social conditions2 it examines the agricultural development of the ,republic1 including its live stock and forests2 and1 finally1 it recounts the most important features of its commerce1 industry1 finance1 and of its economic and political conditions4 ,it is made up of observations and studies pursued in #ahig and #ahih1 during seven and a half months of economic and scientific explorations in ,central ,america1 and of facts garnered with great care from authoritative manuscripts1 books and official documents and publications4 ,respect has been shown to the work of men of originality in research and thought1 and care has been taken to adhere closely to the original text when either quoting or translating4 ,i am especially indebted to ,professor ,h4 ,pittier1 whose great qualifications for a scientific exploration of ,costa ,rica cannot be overestimated2 to ,mr4 ,anastasio ,alfaro1 the ,director of the ,national ,museum2 to ,mr4 ,manuel ,aragon1 the ,director ,general of the ,national ,statistical ,department2 to ,dr4 ,juan ,ullua1 the ,minister of ,fomento2 to ,joaquin ,b4 ,calvo1 ,minister ,resident in ,washington2 and ,mr4 ,rafael ,iglesias1 the able ,president of the ,republic of ,costa ,rica4 ,the ,state of ,costa ,rica4 ,i4 ,,topography1 ,,geology ,,and ,,mineral ,,wealth4 ,costa ,rica1 the southernmost ,republic of ,central ,america1 is advantageously situated within the ,north tropical zone1 adjoining ,colombia1 the most northern state of ,south ,america4 ,it is between the two great oceans1 having also the prospect of one inter-oceanic ship-canal at one extremity and another ship-canal near the other4 ,costa ,rica is between #h and #aa #af ,n4 latitude and #ha #ce and #he #dj ,w4 longitude from ,greenwich4 ,its area is between #ed1jgj and #ei1egj sq4 kilometers1 the difference arising from the boundary line unsettled with ,colombia4 ,we follow here ,colonel ,george ,earl ,church's paper in the ,london ,geographical ,journal of ,july1 #ahig1 which gives in a condensed form all important results of extensive explorations by ,professor ,h4 ,pittier as well as well-written abstracts of important publications of the 8,instituto fisico geografico ,nacional0 and of the 8,museo ,nacional0 of ,costa ,rica4 ,the mountains of ,costa ,rica are not a continuous ,cordillera1 although in general they extend from the frontier of ,colombia to within a few miles of ,brito4 ,the entire country may properly be divided into two distinctive groups by a natural line running between the mouths of the ,reventazon and ,rio ,grande de ,pirris2 groups which can be called 8volcanic mountains0 or 8mountains of the northwest10 and 8,talamanca mountains0 or 8mountains of the southeast40 ,it is clear that the ,caribbean ,sea once joined the ,pacific ,ocean through this valley of the river ,reventazon in which the ,costa ,rica ,railway now climbs to reach ,cartago4 ,in weighing existing data there seems to be no room for doubt that the highlands of ,costa ,rica once formed part of a vast archipelago extending from ,panama to ,tehuantepec4 ,the lowest inter-oceanic depressions between the ,arctic ,ocean and the ,straits of ,magellan are the divide between the two oceans at ,panama which is #bhf feet above the sea-level1 and the narrow strip of land separating ,lake ,nicaragua from the ,pacific1 which has only about #aej feet elevation4 ,the 8volcanic mountains0 or 8the mountains of the northwest0 can again be divided into two sections4 ,the first comprises the part situated between the ,rio ,reventazon and a depression which connects ,san ,ramon with the water-shed of ,san ,carlos1 including the groups of the volcanoes ,turialba 7#aa1jjj feet71 ,iraz 7#aa1bjj feet71 ,barba 7#icce feet7 and ,poas 7#hfge feet74 ,the second section comprises the part which extends from the ,barranca ,river to the ,lake of ,nicaragua with the groups of ,tilaran1 ,miravalles1 ,la ,vieja and ,orosi4 ,the first section may be called 8,cordillera ,central0 or 8,cordillera del ,iraz0 and the second 8,cordillera del ,miravalles40 ,the three masses which form the volcanic ,cordillera of ,iraz are separated by two depressions3 first by that of ,la ,palma1 #aejj meters above the sea1 between ,iraz and ,barba1 and second by that of ,desengao1 #ahjj meters above the sea1 between ,barba and ,poas4 ,the basis of the two western masses seems to be formed of basaltic rocks1 while the trachytes dominate in the eastern mass4 ,iraz and ,turialba1 which is part of the same mass1 seem to have ejected lavas in a compact state4 ,the height of volcanoes diminishes towards the west4 ,the three orographic groups which dominate the northern central plateau do not show the regular conical form which usually characterizes a volcano4 ,the general line of the southern slopes ascends in an imperceptible manner towards the summit1 notwithstanding that they are composed of a succession of terrace plains4 ,on the ,iraz1 for instance1 eight such terraces are observable from ,cartago to the summit4 ,the northern declivity is more precipitous1 being over #fj on the ,iraz4 ,the peak of the ,iraz is a point from which go various spurs and secondary mountains in opposite directions1 one to the west and one to the east1 the latter terminating in a crater where the ,parismina ,river takes its origin4 ,the western mountains trend first in a westerly direction to the ,cerro ,pelon1 where they divide1 one part descending south to the pass of ,ochomogo1 #aedj meters above sea-level2 the other1 after taking a northwesterly direction1 terminating in the plain of ,la ,palma1 which is a part of the water-shed of the two oceans4 ,on the south various mountains follow the rivers ,pirris and ,turialba4 ,the ,iraz has various craters1 formed successively1 each one contributing to the gradual rising of the mass4 ,the ,iraz1 which had eruptions in #agbc1 #agbf1 #ahba and #ahdg1 has now an altitude of #cdad m4 7#aa1bjj feet71 and from its summit both oceans are visible1 and also the great valleys of ,san ,juan and of ,lake ,nicaragua1 as well as the mountains of ,pico ,blanco1 ,chirripo1 ,buena ,vista and ,las ,vueltas4 ,turialba had a famous eruption of sand and ashes which began on the #agth of ,august1 #ahfd1 and lasted to ,march1 #ahfe4 ,its heaviest ejected matter fell to the west1 and ,seebach classifies it as andesite4 ,another eruption1 occurring on ,february #f1 #ahff1 was accompanied by heavy earthquakes and sent its ashes as far as ,puntarenas4 ,the ,cordillera del ,miravalles commences with the volcano ,orosi1 situated near the southwest extremity of ,lake ,nicaragua4 ,in its southeast trend it recedes more and more from the lake and the ,san ,juan ,river4 ,it is an irregular1 broad and volcano-dotted chain1 about sixty geographical miles long1 breaking down gradually on the northwest from ,orosi to the ,sapoa ,river1 one of the southern boundaries of ,nicaragua4 ,in this short distance are found the ,cerro de la ,vieja 7#fejh feet71 the ,montemuerto 7#hjjj feet71 the beautiful volcano ,tenorio 7#fgjj feet71 the volcanoes ,miravalles 7#dffe feet71 the ,rincon 7#ddih feet71 and the ,orosi 7#eaie feet74 ,these mountains1 as far as they have been examined1 are found to be of eruptive origin1 basalts and trachytes predominating1 but extensive sedimentary rock formations are also found upon their slopes1 as well as vast deposits of boulders1 clay1 earth and volcanic material4 ,the peninsula of ,nicoya1 forming a part of ,guanacaste1 is partly an elevated plain and partly consists of hills and mountain ridges seldom attaining a greater elevation than #aejj feet4 ,it is also composed of eruptive rocks and sedimentary formations1 the latter being especially visible in the valley of ,tempisque4 ,between the northern volcanic section and the more regular ,talamanca range is the notable 8,ochomogo0 ,pass1 about twenty miles broad1 and a little more than #ejjj feet above the sea-level at the water parting4 ,to the eastward through this gap1 and in a broad1 deeply eroded valley1 runs the tumultuous ,reventazon ,river1 and to the westward the ,rio ,grande de ,pirris4 ,on the south of this depression the ,chirripo ,grande mountain mass sends off east and west two immense flanking ranges4 ,a part of the western range1 lying between ,san ,marcos and ,santa ,maria1 for a length of about six miles1 is known as the ,dota ridge1 to which former explorers gave great importance4 ,this lofty1 transverse and precipitous mountain system almost forbids communication between the northern and southern halves of the ,republic1 and1 as ,colonel ,church says1 must at all times have had a marked influence on the movement of races in this part of ,central ,america4 ,both the northern and ,talamanca sections present mountains in masses instead of sierrated like many ,andean chains of ,north ,america4 ,those of the ,talamanca section are ,rovalo 7#gjej feet71 ,pico ,blanco 7#ifej feet74 ,chirripo ,grande 7#aa1hej feet7 and ,buena ,vista 7#aj1hbj feet74 ,there are no signs of recent volcanic activity in the ,talamanca range4 ,the ,talamanca mountains have narrow crests and are very precipitous on the ,atlantic side1 with evidences of extensive denudations and erosions caused by the ceaseless rain-laden trade-winds4 ,professor ,william ,m4 ,gabb1 in his geological sketch of ,talamanca1 observes that the geological structure of the entire region is very simple4 ,the greatest expanse is occupied by recent sedimentary rocks raised and nearly entirely metamorphosed by the action of volcanic masses4 ,at several points along the ,atlantic coast1 there are found masses of rocks of still later date4 ,professor ,gabb maintains that the nucleus of the great ,cordillera of the interior is formed by granites and syenites1 which1 like the sediment that covers them1 are broken through here and there by dikes of volcanic origin identical with the eruptive material found on a greater scale in the northern part of ,costa ,rica4 ,the syenites are intrusive and have their culminating point and greatest development in the ,pico ,blanco or ,kamuk1 a mountain of great altitude1 unusual ruggedness and scarred with deep and precipitous caons4 ,all these dikes are of more modern formation and are porphyritic4 ,professor ,gabb also notes a thick deposit of conglomerates and sandstones1 schists and limestones1 the schists being the most abundant2 although the conglomerates1 found all over the region1 indicate the previous existence of an older sedimentary formation4 ,the pebbles which form the conglomerates are composed of metamorphic clay1 having a character distinct from all the other rocks found in the country4 ,the cement is also clay or sand4 ,the absence of crystalline rocks in the conglomerates is irrefutable proof that1 when these were deposited1 the syenites and granites had not yet appeared from the interior of the earth4 ,the limestone and sandstone represent a less developed geographical horizon of the sedimentary group1 the latter appearing occasionally in layers1 interstratified with conglomerates or more recent schists4 ,in no place in ,talamanca have fossils been found in these sandstones1 although the same rocks are very fossiliferous near ,zapote on the ,river ,reventazon4 ,in regard to fossils1 ,professor ,gabb saw at ,las ,lomas ,station1 about seven hundred feet above the sea1 in the ,bonilla ,cliffs cutting1 shark's teeth1 compact masses of sea shells1 fish1 etc41 and at an elevation of #bejj feet large deposits of compact shell limestone4 ,the schists have a fine1 leaf-like texture1 and are easily decomposed and reduced to a black mud1 if they have not been metamorphosed4 ,in this rock fossils have been found which belong to a ,miocene age4 ,along the ,talamanca coast calcareous deposits are found in horizontal layers1 and are probably elevated coral reefs1 a rock which ,professor ,gabb calls 8antillite10 and which is developed in the entire ,caribbean region4 ,it belongs to the post-,pliocene formation1 the last of the ,tertiary series4 ,in the interior valleys a thick deposit of pebbles and clays of recent origin is observed4 ,the limit between the syenites of the high mountains and the metamorphosed ,miocene formation is found in proximity to the ,depuk ,river4 ,in the slopes of the hills the schists are usually decomposed and covered with red clay1 a sub-soil above which is found a small cap of fertile vegetable mold4 ,in the valley of ,tsuku the schists are profoundly altered and transformed in a magnesic or semi-talcous rock4 ,the schists are more silicified in coming near to the limits of the syenites4 ,higher up1 the granitic rocks extend in the direction of the ,pico ,blanco without interruption4 ,the ,pico ,blanco itself is of granite4 ,three hundred feet below the summit porphyry is observed1 while the summit itself shows a greenish-brown trachyte with black spots4 ,in regard to the ,pacific side of this ,talamanca section1 ,professor ,h4 ,pittier says1 8,the southern coast ,cordillera1 as a whole1 is formed of a nucleus of basaltic or syenitic rocks1 above which are found successively limestone in very deep banks and sometimes fossiliferous3 then argillaceous and marly schists2 again1 sandstone and conglomerates1 the latter forming generally the crests of the hills and giving way very easily to atmospheric action1 which produces its decomposition and is the cause of sterile lands characterized by savannas and the absence of forests on the upper parts of the mountains1 as well as in certain lower and denuded parts4 ,the conglomerates are made up of heterogeneous elements whose resistance to erosion is variable4 ,some disintegrate as soon as they are exposed to erosion1 while others remain unaltered for a long time4 ,for this reason the savannas are in many places covered with stones of varied sizes40 ,the lower valley of the ,pirris presents a cap of impervious red clay1 and1 as the waters do not readily drain off they become stagnant and make an unhealthy district4 ,dr4 ,frantzius1 referring to the same region1 speaks of diorites and syenites1 also of calcareous deposits of the ,miocene age covered with sandstone formations containing useful lignites4 ,in his opinion the mountain of ,dota is formed almost entirely of dioritic rocks with some syenitic nucleus4 ,the same scientist says further that the high plains of ,caos ,gordas are formed of conglomerates of ashes ejected by the volcano of ,chiriqui and brought there by the trade-winds which prevail in ,central ,america4 ,the ,pacific slope1 which comes boldly to the water's edge1 is margined almost throughout by headlands and lofty hills1 and has fewer evidences of extensive denudations and erosions than the ,atlantic coast4 ,there is also a notable difference between the outlines of the two coasts4 ,the eastern is regular and slightly concave to the southwest1 while the western is indented with large and small bays and gulfs4 ,the most northern of these bays is the ,salinas1 belonging partly to ,nicaragua and partly to ,costa ,rica4 ,it is a spacious deep-water harbor1 overlooked by the volcanic peak of ,orosi4 ,it is separated from the adjoining bay1 the ,santa ,elena1 by ,sacate ,point4 ,continuing south1 we come1 south of ,cacique ,point1 to ,port ,culebra1 which is a mile wide1 with a depth of eighteen fathoms4 ,at the outlet of this harbor lies ,cocos ,bay1 capacious enough for a thousand ships to anchor in the roadstead4 ,the coast line south of ,cocos ,bay1 bordered by numerous and lofty hills and cut into gorges by small impetuous water courses1 presents no harbor as far as ,cape ,blanco1 which is at the western entrance of the extensive ,gulf of ,nicoya4 ,the gulf extends fifty miles to the northwest and is a magnificent sheet of water1 surrounded by green scenery1 rivaling1 if not surpassing1 that of the ,bay of ,naples1 the ,bosphorus1 or the harbor of ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,some twenty islands1 large and small1 nearly all bold1 rocky and covered with vegetation1 contribute to its beauty1 while many small rivers1 draining the slopes of the ,miravalles and ,tilaran sierras and the mountains of the peninsula of ,nicoya1 flow into it and diversify the scenery4 ,the principal river1 the ,tempisque1 enters at the head of the gulf1 and with numerous small branches irrigates much of the province of ,guanacaste4 ,all of the streams have bars at their mouths1 composed generally of mud and broken shells1 and but few of them are navigable even for a short distance inland1 and then by very small craft4 ,the whole eastern part of the peninsula of ,nicoya is broken into hills and low mountains1 wild and rarely cultivated1 although there are many beautiful and fertile valleys4 ,the west side of the gulf is full of reefs1 rocks1 violent currents1 eddies that run from one to three and a half miles an hour1 and is subject to violent squalls coming from the northwestern sierras4 ,the eastern shore is less beset by obstructions1 and small craft go along it with ease1 and at high tide penetrate a few of its many rivers4 ,it rises rapidly a short distance inland1 but is at times bordered by mangrove swamps4 ,near the mouth of the river ,aranjuez1 on a sand spit three miles long1 stands ,puntarenas1 the only port of entry of ,costa ,rica on the ,pacific coast1 and which had1 from #ahad until recently1 nearly the entire foreign trade of the country4 ,ocean vessels anchor from one to two miles off in the roadstead4 ,there is an iron pier for loading and discharging4 ,from ,puntarenas southward to the unnavigable ,barranca ,river there is a broad beach lying at the foot of the high escarpment of ,caldera4 ,the ,rio ,grande de ,tarcoles1 which enters the gulf south of the ,barranca1 has a dangerous bar1 but once inside it may be navigated a few miles4 ,its upper waters irrigate the table-land of ,san ,jos1 ,alajuela and ,heredia4 ,in the neighborhood of these towns is garnered nearly the entire coffee crop of ,costa ,rica4 ,the coast line south is rocky and precipitous until near ,punta ,mala1 or ,judas1 at the southeastern mouth of the gulf1 and is low and surrounded by reefs and rocks4 ,from ,point ,judas1 low and covered with mangrove swamps1 the coast trends southeast in a long angular curve for about one hundred marine miles to ,point ,llorena4 ,it is dominated by lofty hills1 cut through at intervals by short impetuous streams and a few estuaries4 ,the only safe and excellent anchorage in this one hundred miles is ,uvita ,bay1 behind a rocky reef4 ,from the precipitous headline1 called ,punta ,llorena1 to ,burica ,point1 the southern limit of ,costa ,rica1 the coast is abrupt1 soon rising into ridges and peaks from #cjj to #gjj meters high 7#ihe to #bcjj feet74 ,these give birth to a few short turbulent streams4 ,about half way between these two points the great ,golfo ,dulce1 having a main width of six miles1 penetrates inland northwest about twenty-eight miles4 ,it has an average depth of one hundred fathoms4 ,cape ,matapalo1 which marks its western entrance1 is deep and forest-covered1 but ,banco ,point1 opposite to it1 is low4 ,at the head of the gulf is found the little ,bay of ,rincon4 ,from here to the ,esquinas ,river1 at the northeast angle of the gulf1 the shore is hilly1 and thence to the harbor of ,golfito1 which is surrounded by high hills1 the country rises rapidly inland1 but between ,golfito and the entrance to the gulf it is lower and less broken1 and thence to ,platanal ,point and ,burica ,point1 the coast is bold1 the country descending gradually from the northeast4 ,from ,point ,llorena to ,point ,burica the coast is wild and almost uninhabited4 ,the coasts of ,golfo ,dulce have but a few hundred half-breeds as their sole occupants4 ,there are but two rivers in the long coast line from the ,gulf of ,nicoya to the ,golfo ,dulce1 the ,rio ,grande de ,pirris1 and the ,rio ,grande de ,terraba1 the head waters of the former flowing through deep canyons with steep sides1 which are almost bare of vegetation until the region of ,guaitil is reached1 where dense forests are encountered4 ,the valley of the ,rio ,grande de ,terraba is one of the most beautiful1 extensive and fertile of ,costa ,rica1 but is occupied by only a few families4 ,formerly it was the home of a large indigenous population4 ,in the angle made by the ,river ,buena ,vista and ,chirripo there is a vast ancient cemetery1 the graves of which contain many ornaments of gold1 principally eagles4 ,an ancient road runs by near this place4 ,turning to the hydrographic basin of the ,san ,juan ,river and ,lake ,nicaragua1 the northeastern slope of the ,miravalles range is found to send off several small streams to the lake4 ,between ,cuajiniquil1 two and one-fourth miles east of ,rio ,sapoa1 and ,tortuga1 six miles further east1 are the little streams1 ,lapita1 ,el ,cangrejo1 ,puente de ,piedra1 ,la ,vivora1 ,guabo1 ,genizaro and ,tortuga1 the latter the greatest in volume1 being about one hundred and sixty feet wide at its mouth and navigable4 ,in the further distance of seventeen miles going east1 we cross the rivers ,zavalos1 ,caitas1 ,quesera1 ,mena1 ,mico1 ,sapotillo1 ,quijada1 ,quijadita1 ,santa ,barbara1 ,sardinia1 ,barreal1 ,caas1 ,perrito and1 finally1 ,las ,haciendas which is navigable by small boats4 ,from here to ,san ,carlos1 at the outlet of ,lake ,nicaragua1 the distance is sixty-four kilometers1 and the principal rivers which cross this tract are ,el ,pizote1 ,papalusco1 ,guacolito1 ,zapote1 ,cao ,negro and ,rio ,frio4 ,the ,rio ,frio is of considerable magnitude1 and with its many branches drains a large area of the territory lying on the slopes of the volcanoes of ,miravalles and ,tenorio4 ,it pours much sedimentary matter into ,lake ,nicaragua1 and has thrown an extensive mudbank across the lake entrance to the ,river ,san ,juan4 ,for three or four miles above the mouth of the ,river ,frio the lands are low and swampy4 ,several of its branches can be reached and navigated by canoe1 and even a small river steamer can ascend a few miles from the lake4 ,the ,san ,carlos ,river joins the ,san ,juan sixty-five miles from ,lake ,nicaragua4 ,the depth of its mouth1 which is obstructed by a sand-bar1 varies from eight to twenty feet1 according to the season4 ,the ,san ,carlos has numerous affluents which at times have a volume of water altogether disproportionate to their lengths4 ,the distance up to the first rapid of the ,san ,carlos ,river1 which is at ,el ,muelle de ,san ,rafael where there are from four to six feet of water is roughly fixed at sixty-two miles by the course of the river4 ,small steamers could reach this point1 although with difficulty on account of many snags4 ,the floods sometimes rise to their full height in twenty-four hours and carry with them a great number of trees and much sand1 from which floating islands are formed4 ,should the plans of ,engineer ,menocal for the ,nicaragua ,canal be realized1 the waters of the upper ,san ,juan and the lower ,san ,carlos would be impounded and form an arm of ,lake ,nicaragua1 which would flood a large area in ,costa ,rica4 ,the interval between the ,san ,carlos and the ,river ,frio is an extensive forest1 covering an undulating plain with occasional low hills and watered by numerous little streams4 ,this territory is fertile and beautiful4 ,the next great river1 the ,sarapiqui1 reaches the ,san ,juan about twenty miles east of ,san ,carlos4 ,it is #fjj feet wide at its mouth1 and has numerous affluents from the sides of the volcanoes ,poas1 ,barba and ,iraz1 the principal ones being the ,toro ,amarilla and ,sardinal from the west1 and the ,river ,sucio from the east4 ,the river is navigable for large canoes up to its confluence with the ,puerto ,viejo4 ,its banks as high up as to the ,river ,sucio are low4 ,the lands are extremely fertile4 ,el ,muelle ,nuevo is the head of navigation1 forty-five miles from the ,river ,san ,juan and sixty-six miles by the road across the mountains from ,san ,jos4 ,from the ,sarapiqui ,river to the ,river ,colorado1 a branch or bayou of the ,san ,juan1 the banks of the latter in ,costa ,rica are but slightly elevated4 ,the lands are low and swampy1 but occasionally a hill is found from fifteen to eighteen feet high4 ,below the ,machuca ,rapids the ,san ,juan ,river is broad and deep as far as the junction with its ,colorado outlet1 about seventeen miles from the sea4 ,here it turns about nine-tenths of its volume of water into the ,colorado4 ,it is navigable for river steamers at all seasons1 but has a dangerous bar at its mouth where the sea breaks heavily1 and on which there are only from eight to nine feet of water4 ,from the ,colorado ,junction to ,greytown1 some twenty miles distant1 the ,san ,juan averages about three hundred feet in width for sixteen miles and #ajj feet for the remaining four1 with a depth at high water of from six to eight feet4 ,the ,colorado has several islands in its course1 but has excellent anchorage at its mouth4 ,this river forms several lagoons which communicate with each other by caos or bayous perfectly navigable1 the principal being the ,agua ,dulce1 a short distance from the sea1 eleven miles in length1 #hjj feet in width and from ten to forty feet in depth4 ,passing from the difficult ,cao de la ,palma in the midst of swamps1 the ,cao de ,tortuguero is reached1 the entrance to which from the sea is called ,cuatro ,esquinas4 ,it is approximately thirty-eight miles long1 about one thousand feet in width1 with a depth of from fifty to sixty feet4 ,the rivers ,palacio and ,penetencia1 navigable for boats1 empty into this cao4 ,the ,river ,tortuguero1 which gives name to the plains watered by its affluents1 is formed from several of these caos1 as the ,cao ,desenredo1 ,cao ,agua ,fria and ,cao de la ,lomas4 ,the ,cao de ,tortuguero communicates with the ,parismina by the caos ,california and ,francisco ,moria ,soto1 which are also navigable4 ,the margins of the ,parismina are swampy4 ,it has as its affluents the ,guasimo1 ,camaron1 ,novillos and the ,destierro4 ,the lower district drained by the ,tortuguero is raised but little above the ocean1 and in flood time the river communicates by several caos with the ,matina and with the delta of the ,colorado1 as well as with the lagoon of ,caiman1 lying south of the ,colorado4 ,its numerous upper streams rise in the spurs of ,iraz and ,turialba4 ,the ,sierpe and ,parismina rivers flow into the sea south of ,tortuguero4 ,the former is short1 but the ,parismina with its several branches is a child of ,iraz4 ,its lower course is sometimes considered to be a part of the ,river ,reventazon1 which however has its confluence with the former a few miles from the sea4 ,the ,reventazon ,river has carved its way to a profound depth around the south and southeastern bases of ,iraz and ,turialba1 and1 flanking the latter volcano1 it turns northward to join the ,parismina4 ,it receives many tributaries from the northern slope of the ,talamanca range1 and interweaves its head waters with those of the ,rio ,grande de ,tarcolles and the ,rio ,grande de ,pirris1 which flow into the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the ,pacuare ,river1 once known as ,suerre1 enters the sea about half way between the mouth of the ,reventazon and that of the ,matina4 ,its waters1 in #afcj1 instead of flowing to the sea1 joined the ,reventazon1 closing the port of ,suerre1 but in #afea ,governor ,salinas closed the northern channel1 deflecting its waters and restoring the port4 ,the ,matina ,river is a short stream with a large volume of water1 which enters the sea just north of ,port ,limon near the roadstead of ,moin1 where1 up to #ahhj1 ocean craft anchored4 ,the ,river ,matina is navigable by small steamers over the bar and by large ones above the bar to the point where it receives its principal affluents1 the ,chirripo1 ,barbilla and ,zent4 ,it yearly overflows its lower valley1 depositing an inch or two of exceedingly fertile mud highly appreciated by the banana planters4 ,the entire mainland of the coast1 from the ,river ,colorado to the ,matina1 is separated from the ,caribbean ,sea by a continuous narrow sand bank1 between which and the mainland is a lagoon1 said to be navigable the whole distance by boats4 ,the intermediate rivers pour into this narrow lagoon1 driving their currents across it1 and1 cutting through the sand bank1 enter the sea4 ,sometimes a violent gale closes one of the openings1 which are all shallow1 but the river again forces an exit to the ocean through the obstruction4 ,this whole coast for sixty-five miles1 is forbidding and dangerous1 and has but little depth of water within a mile of the shore1 upon which a monotonous1 heavy surf breaks during the entire year4 ,it is only frequented from ,april until ,august by fishermen1 who find their way to the ,river ,san ,juan through the intricate system of rivers and caos described4 ,port ,limon1 in latitude #aj north and longitude #hc #c #ac west from ,greenwich1 is the only port of entry of ,costa ,rica on the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,the first house was built there in #ahga4 ,the harbor faces the south1 and is formed by a little peninsula on which ,limon is situated4 ,it is behind a narrow coral reef4 ,the site1 which now has perhaps #cejj to #djjj population1 is being raised with earth about four feet1 and its port will become one of the smoothest of the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,a small island1 called ,uvita1 lies east at a distance of #cffj feet from the town4 ,port ,limon has a wooden pier #icj feet long1 accommodating two sea-going ships1 but an iron pier is about to replace it1 which will berth four large ones of deep draught4 ,the ,talamanca coast lying south of ,limon is low1 flat and swampy1 except where it is broken by hills4 ,the little ,river ,banana is the first one met with going south1 and its valleys produce large quantities of timber and bananas4 ,next comes the ,estrella1 also a short stream2 then follows the ,teliri1 called in its lower course the ,sicsola4 ,it is the largest stream in ,costa ,rica south of ,port ,limon4 ,it runs along the southern base of the great eastern mountains of the ,talamanca range1 through a spacious1 undulating1 wooded valley of #ajj to #aej square miles area1 partly low grounds in some places dry and in others swampy4 ,it has several branches1 like the ,uren coming from the slopes of the ,pico ,blanco1 the ,supurio and others4 ,at the entry of the high valleys of the ,teliri and ,coen rivers1 the pyramid-like mountains of ,nefomin and ,nenfiobete appear1 at the foot of which the interior plain of ,talamanca1 fifteen kilometers in length and eight kilometers in width1 extends from southwest to northeast1 and so uniformly that the water courses run indifferently and frequently change their beds4 ,southward of ,sicsola is the ,tilorio or ,changuinola1 which makes a turbulent way to the sea from the ,talamanca mountains4 ,along its lower margin mud flats spread to a great width1 and1 from its mouth towards the northwest1 cover a region which surrounds also the lagoon of ,sansan1 and extends up the rivers ,zhorquin and ,sicsola4 ,behind the muddy zone the lands rise rapidly into hills1 which in a few miles reach an altitude of several thousand feet1 at times intermingling with the ,cordillera4 ,along the entire sea margin of ,talamanca runs a narrow sand-belt of firm land1 at times not a hundred feet wide1 like that described between the ,matina and ,san ,juan rivers4 ,within this sand-belt are long1 narrow1 deep lagoons filled with half-stagnant water from the mud flats4 ,these lagoons usually open into the rivers which descend from the mountains4 ,between the ,sicsola and the ,tilorio lies the already mentioned1 crooked and deep lagoon called the ,laguna de ,sansan4 ,at ,limon1 ,cahuita and ,puerto ,viejo1 the hills1 which are connected by spurs with the more elevated country of the interior1 extend to the ocean coast4 ,between them1 in plains extending from one to five miles inland1 are forest-covered swamps1 overflowed with not less than ten feet of water in the rainy season and only traversable in the dry4 ,costa ,rica claims sovereignty on the ,atlantic side southeast as far as the ,island of ,escudo de ,veragua1 including the ancient ,ducado de ,veragua1 whose frontier follows the coast of ,chiriqui ,viejo to the crest of the ,cordillera1 and crosses it to the head waters of the ,river ,calobebora1 then down this stream to the ,escudo de ,veragua4 ,since their independence ,colombia and ,costa ,rica have been in dispute in regard to their boundary line4 ,colombia has never ceased to claim jurisdiction over the entire ,caribbean coast of ,costa ,rica1 and even over that of ,nicaragua as far north as ,cape ,gracias ,dios4 ,in ,november1 #ahif1 both governments signed a convention submitting their dispute to the arbitration of the ,president of the ,french ,republic1 or1 in the event of his failure to act1 to the ,president of ,mexico or of the ,swiss ,confederation4 ,the principal lakes of ,costa ,rica are the ,laguna ,manat1 northwest from the ,sarapiqui ,river2 the ,lagunas de ,poas and de ,barba1 each on a volcano bearing its name2 ,lagunas de ,sansan and ,samay1 towards the east and near the ,sicsola ,river1 in ,talamanca2 ,laguna ,tenoria1 in ,guanacaste2 ,laguna ,san ,carlos1 in the plains of ,san ,carlos2 ,laguna de ,arenal1 between ,las ,caas and ,san ,carlos1 and ,laguna de ,sierpe1 in the south1 northward from the ,golfo ,dulce4 ,far away from ,costa ,rica1 in the ,pacific ,ocean1 lies the ,cocos ,island1 about two hundred and sixty-six miles to the southwest of the ,golfo ,dulce1 in ,n4 latitude #e #cb #eg and longitude #hf #eh #be ,w4 of ,greenwich4 ,its highest point reaches #bbej feet1 whence the descent is gradual to a bold1 steep coast1 which has many irregularities and rocks and a surf-beaten shore4 ,chatham ,bay is its best harbor1 having room for a dozen ships4 ,the interior is broken into numerous fertile valleys1 but there is probably not a square kilometer of level ground in the entire island4 ,other islands are ,chira1 ,venado1 ,san ,lucas1 ,cao1 etc4 ,mineral ,wealth4--,in regard to the mineral wealth of ,costa ,rica1 petroleum has been discovered near ,uruchiko on the ,talamanca coast1 and coal in certain sandstone formations on both the ,atlantic and ,pacific sides of the ,talamanca section4 ,in the province of ,alajuela1 a little to the north of the cart-road which runs from ,san ,jos to ,puentarenas1 is ,monte ,aguacate1 part of an old mountain range which extends far to the northwest1 and not very distant from the ,gulf of ,nicoya4 ,in general1 it is of metamorphic formation1 principally of diorite and porphyry4 ,here1 in a good climate1 at #bjjj feet elevation1 are found auriferous veins of great richness4 ,they are of quartz mixed with decomposed feldspathic rocks1 and have yielded very lucrative bonanzas4 ,the first mine was ,guapinol1 one bonanza of which produced #a1jjj1jjj4 ,several other mines were worked1 from one of which 7,los ,castros7 #b1jjj1jjj were taken in a few years4 ,it is estimated1 from the best data obtainable1 that about #a1jjj1jjj have been taken from ,monte ,aguacate4 ,several of these veins are from six to seven feet wide1 but that called the ,quebrada ,honda is sixteen feet wide4 ,most of the ore is of a high grade and of refractory character4 ,it is probable that the whole southwestern slope of the ,guatusos and ,miravalles ranges of mountains is auriferous4 ,the rocks in the northwestern extension of this district consist principally of feldspar1 porphyry1 basalt and dolorite4 ,the gold veins nearly all ran northeast and southwest1 and are encased in feldspar1 sometimes in porphyry1 and occasionally in basalt4 ,they consist1 in great part1 of crystalline quartz1 and are from two to forty feet wide4 ,professor ,pittier also found gold in the slopes of the ,buena ,vista mountain4 ,gold is further found in the ,talamanca mountains1 especially in the placer grounds of the ,duedi ,river1 and on the inferior hills between the ,lari and ,coen rivers4 ,along the latter1 and near ,akbeta1 also on the shore of ,puerto ,viejo1 iron exists4 ,copper and silver1 ,professor ,pittier says1 have been discovered in ,diquis1 between ,paso ,real and ,lagarto1 and native copper in ,puriscal4 ,other mines are included in the following table3 ,the ,principal ,mines ,registered in #ahib4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,name of ,mine4 ,canton4 ,location4 ,product4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,la ,trinidad ,esparza ,rio ,ciruelitas ,gold and silver ores4 ,la ,union ,puntarenas,shores of ,rio ,seco 0 0 ,sacrafamilia ,alajuela ,monte de ,aguacate 0 0 ,la ,minita 0 0 0 0 0 ,mina de los ,castros 0 ,corralillo 0 0 ,san ,rafael 0 0 0 0 ,mina de los ,oreamuno 0 0 0 0 ,quebrada ,honda 0 ,quebrada ,honda 0 0 ,machuca 0 ,corralillo 0 0 ,trinidad de ,aguacate 0 0 0 0 ,pea ,grande ,san ,ramon ,cerro de ,san ,ramon 0 0 ,mina de ,acosta 0 ,shores of ,rio ,jesus 0 0 ,palmares 0 ,cordillera de ,aguacate,gold1 silver and lead ores4 ,las ,concavas ,cartago ,rio de ,agua ,caliente ,copper ore4 ,mancuerna ,sardinal ,sardinal 0 ,mata ,palo 0 0 0 ,puerta de ,palacio 0 0 0 ,hoja ,chiques 0 0 0 ,chapernal 0 0 0 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,it should be stated that1 with the exception of gold and some silver1 little is mined4 ,the deposits of coal1 petroleum1 copper and silver have thus far yielded1 under present methods of management1 outputs of no commercial value4 ,however1 anthracite is found at ,santa ,maria ,dota1 ,department of ,puriscal4 ,a specimen of it1 analyzed by ,dr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,mtos1 chief of the laboratories of the ,philadelphia ,commercial ,museum1 gave these results3 ,it is a good quality of anthracite coal and compares very favorably with the best grades that are mined in ,pennsylvania4 ,color1 black2 slight tendency to show iridescence2 fracture1 conchoidal1 brittle2 analysis1 specific gravity1 #a1cdc2 weight per cubic foot1 #hc4ic pounds4 ,proximate composition3 ,moisture #b4fj per cent4 ,volatile matter #c4ef 0 ,fixed carbon #hh4bj 0 ,ash #e4fd 0 ------ ,total #ajj 0 ,sulphur 4#dcai 0 ,coke #ic4hd 0 ,coke per ton of coal #bjjb4ja pounds4 ,fuel value #i4ad 0 ,fuel ratio #a3bd4gg ,there are to be mentioned also some mineral waters1 as1 for instance1 those near the mouth of the ,isqui ,river1 on the ,talamanca coast2 those in ,agua ,caliente1 about five miles from the ,city of ,cartago and belonging to the ,bella ,vista ,company2 those of ,orosi and ,salitral1 of ,poas1 ,miravalles1 ,ausoles1 ,bagaces1 ,san ,carlos1 ,liberia1 ,san ,roque1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,,climate ,,of ,,costa ,,rica4 ,the climate of ,costa ,rica depends on its situation in the tropics1 on the position of the sun at different times of the year1 and on the topography1 but1 owing to the narrowness of the country and its situation between the two great oceans1 it is well-tempered by the alisios 7northeast trades7 and other winds4 ,i begin this chapter with the following table which gives the ,meteorological ,conditions in ,san ,jos ,during the ,year #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,temperature in ,c4 ,evaporation4,humidity4,atm'sph'ic ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,max4 ,min4 ,average4 ,average4 ,average4 ,average in mm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,per cent4 ,january #bh4e #aj4h #ah4fj #bf4ig #gh #ffe4hf ,february #ca4h #aj4e #ai4bd #cc4ig #gd #ffe4ci ,march #cb4d #ab4b #ai4hd #db4gg #gj #ffe4ch ,april #bh4d #ad4h #bj4ac #ai4fe #hd #ffd4hg ,may #bi4b #ae4h #bj4aj #ai4hd #hc #ffe4cb ,june #bh4h #ad4i #bj4cb #ah4fg #hd #ffe4ji ,july #bi4b #ae4h #bj4aj #ai4hd #hc #ffe4cb ,august #bi4b #ad4g #bj4ag #bb4ha #hb #ffd4ch ,september #bf4f #ad4d #ai4ig #ag4hg #he #ffd4hc ,october #bh4d #ad4h #bj4ac #ai4fe #hd #ffd4hg ,november #bi4j #ad4b #ai4gh #ai4ic #hd #ffd4gj ,december #bg4g #aa4i #ai4cj #be4bi #hj #ffe4cf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,average #bh4ga #ac4gc #ai4ha #bc4id #ha #ffe4ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,first ,half of #ahig4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,temperature in ,c4 ,evaporation4,humidity4,atm'sph'ic ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,max4 ,min4 ,average4 ,average4 ,average4 ,average in mm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,per cent4 ,january #bi4e #ac4a #ai4be #cj4gg #gh #ffe4ec ,february #ca4i #h4b #ai4gh #dd4hi #gj #fff4eb ,march #ca4g #aj4i #bj4ea #cf4fh #gb #ffe4gj ,april #cb4g #ab4b #ba4jb #cf4hj #gd #ffe4ei ,may #cj4c #ad4j #bj4eb #bd4bi #hb #ffe4eb ,june #bi4c #ae4e #bj4dj #af4dj #he #ffe4cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the average atmospheric pressure of ,san ,jos1 the capital of the country1 is #ffe4ba mm4 ,the maximum occurs regularly during the months from ,october to ,march inclusive1 at nine o'clock a4 m41 and during the rest of the year at eleven o'clock p4 m4 ,the minimum occurs always in the afternoon at four o'clock during the first eight months of the year1 and at three o'clock during the last four months4 ,the prevailing wind is from the northeast1 or1 better1 north-northeast and east4 ,during ,august1 ,september and ,october an increase of the northwest winds causes the heavy rains of that season4 ,west-northwest and northwest winds blow also from ,may to ,august4 ,the daily variation of winds is generally as follows3 ,at seven a4 m4 the most frequent winds blow from ,s4 ,e41 to ,n4 ,e42 at ten o'clock a4 m4 from ,e4 to ,n4 ,n4 ,e2 at one o'clock and at four o'clock p4 m4 from ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 to ,n42 from seven o'clock p4 m4 the movement is retrograde4 ,the velocity is least from seven to ten o'clock a4 m41 and most from one to four o'clock p4 m4 ,in #ahhi1 during the time of observations at ,san ,jos1 there were noted #ac hours of north winds1 #ahf ,n4 ,n4 ,e41 #ega ,n4 ,e41 #bbg ,e4 ,n4 ,e41 #ic ,e41 #eh ,e4 ,s4 ,e41 #be ,s4 ,e41 #f ,s4 ,s4 ,e41 ,s4 none1 ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 none1 #a ,s4 ,w41 #c ,w4 ,s4 ,w41 #d ,w41 #hc ,w4 ,n4 ,w4 ,the number of calms is small4 ,the wind is nearly always moderate1 but during the dry season the dust whirled up in the cities is very disagreeable4 ,the climate of the uplands is an eternal spring4 ,the coldest month is ,january2 ,december and ,february are relatively cold4 ,the hottest months are ,may and ,june4 ,the heat is1 at all times1 moderate and agreeable4 ,the course of the temperature has all the characters of an insular climate1 without having so much humidity4 ,the oscillation of the average temperature is greatest in ,march and during the dry season1 as at that time the sky is clear and the soil exposed to uninterrupted insolation during the day1 while the earth's radiation of heat during the night is rapid4 ,also the daily oscillation is considerable during the dry season1 and continues during the first month of the rainy season1 according to the condition of the sky4 ,in #ahij the sun shone in ,san ,jos #aiaa hours1 that is an average of five hours and fourteen minutes per day4 ,february is the month of most sunshine and least nebulosity4 ,the hour of most sunshine during the year is that between eight and nine a4 m41 and that of the least is in the afternoon4 ,the oscillation of the temperature of the soil is1 at a depth of one meter1 #b1 #ac ,c41 per year4 ,at a depth of three meters1 the temperature of the soil is lowest in ,february and ,march1 when it is #bj1 #dh ,c41 and highest in ,august1 when it is #bj1 #ge ,c4 ,the daily variation is almost nothing during the first three months of the year1 and the sky is relatively clear1 while1 from ,may to ,october1 not one day is clear4 ,during the hottest hours of the day the sky begins regularly to be darkened by clouds1 due to ascending atmospheric currents4 ,in ,san ,jos the sky is ordinarily clear between midnight and noon1 even during the most rainy months1 and cloudy the rest of the twenty-four hours4 ,although the rainfalls are abundant here from ,may to ,october1 with rare exceptions they do not last more than a few hours each day4 ,the mornings are generally splendid and the air very pure1 and nearly every day the sunset can be clearly observed4 ,from ,may to ,november there are about two hours of copious rain daily between one and four o'clock in the afternoon1 averaging1 with great regularity1 from ten to twelve inches a month1 and from seventy to eighty inches during the year4 ,towards the end of ,june there is a short dry period called 8,veranillo de ,san ,juan40 ,through the ,desengao and ,palma ,passes the northern rains penetrate a short distance every day1 and the northern descent of the ,palma towards ,carillo is probably the most rainy district of the ,republic4 ,at ,tres ,rios1 having an elevation of #dadj feet1 six miles east of ,san ,jos1 at the western foot of the ,ochomogo ,pass1 the rain record for #abf days out of ten months showed a fall of #ajj inches1 while at ,san ,jos1 during the same period of ten months there were #adg rainy days1 with a fall of eighty-four inches4 ,in the month of ,may ,professor ,pittier1 to whom we owe these excellent data1 measured nine inches in rainfall in one and one-half hours4 ,rainfall in #ahif at ,stations of ,costa ,rica of ,different ,altitudes1 by ,days and ,precipitation in ,mm4 7,part #a of #c7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,altitude ,jan4 ,feb4 ,mch4 ,april4 in ------------------------------------ meters ,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,boca del ,rio ,banana #c #ae #bib #af #ahd #ag #adj #bd #ajcj ,port ,limon #c 8 #bbd 8 #baj 8 8 8 8 ,gute ,hoffnung #dj -- -- #ah #ddc #ad #acb #bd #ajfe ,la ,colombiana #bej -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,juan ,vias #aadj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,aragon 7,turialba7 #fjj #ba #cec #ab #di #ab #fe #bb #fbi ,tuis #fej #ba #bia #ab #aei #ad #dd #bb #djc ,san ,rafael de ,cartago #adgf #ae #ajf #ab #gb #f #bj #af #ada ,san ,diego de la ,union #acjj #g #di #c #f #a #a #ab #bbg ,la ,palma #adjj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,san ,fransisco ,guadelupe #abjj #aj #ee #j #j -- #a #ab #ach ,san ,jos #aafj #f #ed -- -- #a #a #ab #acb ,la ,verbena #aadj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,nuestro ,amo #hej -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7,part #b of #c7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,altitude ,may4 ,june4 ,july4 ,aug4 in ------------------------------------ meters ,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,boca del ,rio ,banana #c #ai #acb #ac #bgb #bd #dje #bc #dgg ,port ,limon #c 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ,gute ,hoffnung #dj #ai #cjb #aa #ahb #bd #cii #be #dad ,la ,colombiana #bej -- -- -- -- #bh #bfi #bc #cgh ,juan ,vias #aadj -- -- -- -- #ai #bje #aa #ahc ,aragon 7,turialba7 #fjj #bc #bcg #ag #bfg #be #beg #bj #cbg ,tuis #fej #ai #bgj #ai #bbc #ba #bfg #bc #bjd ,san ,rafael de ,cartago #adgf #ad #abc #af #aec #ag #acb #af #gb ,san ,diego de la ,union #acjj #af #aij #ab #bci #aa #aaj #i #df ,la ,palma #adjj -- -- -- -- #cj #cgj #cj #bgb ,san ,fransisco ,guadelupe #abjj #ai #agc #af #ahb #ba #bcb #ag #abg ,san ,jos #aafj #aa #afg #ai #afe #ai #bji #ag #abd ,la ,verbena #aadj -- -- -- -- #af #aef #aj #hf ,nuestro ,amo #hej -- -- -- -- #ac #acf #h #adc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7,part #c of #c7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,year4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4,days4 mm4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,boca del ,rio ,banana #ad #aji #ae #bfb #ag #cce #bc #dha #bbj #daai ,port ,limon 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ,gute ,hoffnung #ad #ie #aa #ajf #af #cah #bc #efi -- -- ,la ,colombiana #ab #abi #aa #aad #af #bhj #bb #efd -- -- ,juan ,vias #ad #aid #aa #aba #ai #bdg #af #eae -- -- ,aragon 7,turialba7 #ad #bih #be #adb #ai #baj #ae #dge #bbe #ccaj ,tuis #ba #bed #bj #acd #ai #bag #bg #cff #bch #bhca ,san ,rafael de ,cartago #ah #ig #i #abe #af #ace #ag #afd #agb #acci ,san ,diego de la ,union #ai #cgg #ag #bci #af #agi #h #ff #aca #agbh ,la ,palma #ba #bbi #bd #bda #be #cfj #bi #hce -- -- ,san ,fransisco ,guadelupe #ba #aij #ba #bda #ai #cjd #aa #gh #aeg #agba ,san ,jos #bc #bjg #bj #bjj #ah #cjj #h #gg #aed #afdb ,la ,verbena #bd #bch #af #aag #ai #bfj #e #da -- -- ,nuestro ,amo #ba #cgf #i #bab 8 8 8 8 -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,the daily curve of rainfall shows a minimum very accentuated in the first half of the day4 ,rain begins to fall about eleven o'clock1 and continues to augment rapidly from hour to hour until it reaches its maximum between four and five o'clock p4 m42 from this time on it diminishes gradually until morning4 ,the daily maximum of rain is reached about sunset1 although in ,january the heaviest rainfalls are observed between one and two o'clock p4 m4 ,the most probable hour of rain is between four and five o'clock p4 m4 ,it seldom rains between three and four o'clock1 and very seldom during the morning hours4 ,thunderstorms reach their maximum in ,may4 ,the relative humidity of the air is such that the climate can be considered a favored one4 ,its annual curve shows three minima and three maxima4 ,the minima are observed between ,february and ,march1 in ,july1 and between ,november and ,december2 the maxima in ,june1 ,september and ,december4 ,these lines1 of course1 are parallel with those indicating the distribution of rain4 ,the maximum is noted at sunrise1 the minimum at two o'clock p4 m41 with an average oscillation of twenty-four per cent4 ,from #ahff to #ahhj1 the rain gauge record kept by ,mason at ,san ,jos shows a yearly average precipitation of sixty-four and one-fourth inches1 or #afca millimeters4 ,it is as follows3 ,the ,rainfall in ,san ,jos from #ahff to #ahhj in ,mm4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,j ,f ,m ,a4 ,m ,j ,j ,a ,s ,o ,n ,d ,t a e a p a u u u e c o e o n4 b4 r4 r y4 n l g4 p t4 v4 c4 t i e4 y4 t4 a l4 l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahff #cc #g -- #bi #aci #abc #cbj #aef #bgd #bej #aga #abb #afai #ahfg #ih #ef #g #ih #bji #bjf #bad #aij #cad #bac #bdd #ad #acig #ahfh -- -- #aha #ac #hc #aej #ajb #acj #bbd #cic #add #ag #adcf #ahfi #g -- #g #bh #bjb #bah #aej #acb #cic #bha #gh #ajb #aefb #ahgj #a #f #ca #ag #ccc #bgf #bdj #bhd #bdj #bfb #ahd #cc #aije #ahga #bh #c #h #ac #bij #bjc #cfd #cjg #bde #ccc #aad #aa #aibe #ahgb #c #c #ae #ej #bdd #bee #aib #cgh #cig #ejd #adb #ba #baig #ahgc #fd -- #c #ga #fd #bje #ade #he #chg #bfb #aba #aa #adah #ahgd #df #a #bj #fj #ccf #afg #afb #aha #cai #aia #db #bj #aedc #ahge -- -- -- #bh #beb #ahj #ic #bid #bgi #cci #ba #cb #adib #ahgf #ad -- #aa #f #bdg #bcg #aec #aib #bjf #aag #gj #bh #abhb #ahgg #ad -- -- -- #bdj #afg #bbc #aei #bei #ie #aba #gi #aceg #ahgh -- -- #ch #ej #adb #ahg #bje #adi #cbi #bch #bbc #bj #aehj #ahgi #ac -- #de #aib #bbj #ccj #dfj #bhc #cea #bca #fa #h #baic #ahhj #h -- -- #ae #bed #baj #ajd #dcf #afe #bgh #ib -- #aefb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,average #bb #e #bd #dd #bag #bjh #bjh #bbb #bii #bff #abb #ce #afca ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,there is every year a number of slight earthquakes in ,san ,jos1 generally undulating from west to west-northwest1 and occurring mostly between eleven p4 m4 and six a4 m4 ,the greatest number are observed at the beginning of the rainy season4 ,the rainy season on the ,caribbean slope of the country does not correspond to that of the ,pacific4 ,in fact there are no continuously dry months1 and on the northern declivities of the volcanoes of ,turialba1 ,iraz1 ,barba and ,poas1 it rains more or less during the entire year2 also near ,lake ,nicaragua it rains nearly continuously1 and the mountains of the ,guatuso country and the surroundings of the volcano of ,orosi are seldom without clouds4 ,at times there are cloud-bursts of tremendous power1 broadening rivers for miles4 ,port ,limon is said to have an annual rainfall of eighty-nine inches1 but it is greatly exceeded by that of ,colon1 which averages #abj inches4 ,the mean rainfall at ,greytown for #ahij1 #ahia1 #ahib1 was #bfg inches yearly4 ,the late ,united ,states ,commission estimated the average at ,lake ,nicaragua at eighty inches1 and in the basin of the ,san ,juan ,river at #aej inches4 ,the climate of ,talamanca is for the same reason very unhealthy in the proximity of the coast1 and also in the lower course of the rivers a similarly deadly climate prevails4 ,in normal years there are two dry and two wet seasons4 ,the rains commence regularly in ,may or ,june and last until the end of ,july4 ,the months of ,august and ,september are more or less dry4 ,in ,october there are some heavy showers1 and extensive rains begin which characterize the months of ,november1 ,december and ,january4 ,the driest months are ,february1 ,march and ,april4 ,the high region is extremely humid1 giving rise to fogs and rains4 ,the mosses which almost completely envelop the stems of the trees are constantly dropping water1 and the rivers in this section are almost impassable4 ,the climate of the great valley of the ,rio ,grande de ,terraba is similar to that described for the terrace lands4 ,both regions have distinctly marked characters4 ,rains begin in ,april1 grow heavier towards ,september1 and cease about the end of ,november4 ,during the rest of the year dry weather prevails1 although sometimes heavy showers relieve this arid condition4 ,in the lower zone pronounced radiation causes a heavy dew and extensive fogs1 and both are characteristic of this section4 ,the excessive heat felt on the lowlands diminishes gradually with the rising of the land towards the high mountains1 but at times a height of #aejj feet will be found cooler than one of #cjjj feet4 ,in the ,santa ,clara district1 for instance1 it is cooler at #ejj feet elevation than it is in the ,reventazon valley at #aejj feet4 ,in general1 the torrid lands of the country1 ranging from the sea to #aej feet above it1 and1 if not clear and well-drained1 even up to #djj and #ejj feet1 abound in malarial fevers2 but as high ground1 having an elevation of from #aejj to #cjjj feet is reached1 the fevers are of light type and not dangerous1 while from #cjjj to #ejjj feet the diseases are those of the temperate zone1 and are due less to local conditions of soil and climate than to personal neglect4 ,there were no epidemic diseases in #ahig4 ,in ,october #cj1 #ahid1 sixteen medical districts were established by law1 and so were a number of hospitals and quarantine stations in the ports of the ,republic4 ,,iii4 ,,character ,,of ,,vegetation4 ,this chapter ,i begin with a phyto-geographical classification given by ,dr4 ,carl ,hoffman and published in ,bonplandia in #aheh4 ,he distinguishes3 ,first4--,coast regions 7sea shores and salt swamps74 ,second4--,regions of tropical forests and savannas1 stretching from the coast regions to a height of #ijj meters4 ,third4--,regions of high plains1 lying between #ijj to #aejj meters of elevation4 ,fourth4--,region of upper tropical forests1 situated between #aejj to #baej meters of altitude4 ,fifth4--,region of oaks1 from #baej to #bgej meters in height4 ,sixth4--,region of chaparrales1 from #bgej to #cjej meters up4 ,seventh4--,region of subalpine or subandine flora1 from #cjej meters up to the tops of the high mountains4 ,dr4 ,polakowsky enumerates cultivated lands1 virgin forests1 open forests and savannas4 ,another division is given by ,dr4 ,moritz ,wagner4 ,he mentions a littoral 7as appears on next page7 zone1 a tropical forest zone and a zone of savannas4 ,he also distinguishes on the volcano of ,chiriqui the following successive regions3 ,first4--,regions of evergreen forest trees and palms1 bananas1 ,arace1 etc41 to a height of #eej meters1 with an average temperature of #bf to #bd ,c4 ,second4--,region of tree ferns and mountain orchids1 from #eej to #abbj meters1 with an average temperature of #bc to #ah ,c4 ,third4--,region of ,rosace1 ,senecionode1 ,gramine and ,agave americana1 from #abbj to #aehe meters4 ,fourth4--,region of ,cupulifer and ,betulace1 mostly oaks and alders1 from #aehe to #cjej meters4 ,fifth4--,higher region above #cjej meters4 ,dr4 ,wagner calls special attention to a noted uniformity of the flora on the coasts of both oceans1 and ,professor ,pittier affirms that the vegetation between ,colon and ,greytown on one side1 and between ,panama and ,san ,juan del ,sur on the other side1 is remarkably uniform4 ,the littoral zone has a width of about four maritime miles4 ,the predominating flora is composed of ,rhizophora mangle1 ,hippomane mancinella1 ,cocos nucifera1 ,chrysobalanus icaco1 ,crescentia cujete1 ,acacia spadicigera1 ,csalpinia bonducella and other ,leguminos2 ,acrostichum aureum1 ,ipoma pescapr1 ,avicennia nitida1 ,uniola ,pittierii and also ,euphorbiace1 etc4 ,the zone of tropical forests shows1 especially on the ,atlantic side behind the coast region1 a strip of from twenty to twenty-two miles in width1 with lofty trees of ,rubiace1 ,myrtace1 ,melastomace1 ,sterculiace1 ,euphorbiace1 ,meliace1 ,urticace1 ,morace1 ,anacardiac1 ,sapindace1 ,leguminos and ,palm4 ,it is relatively free from ligneous undergrowth1 having more monocotyledonous plants1 such as ,cycade1 ,scitamine1 ,cannace1 ,marantace1 ,cyperace1 ,filices and ,bromeliace1 underneath4 ,the latter orders figure1 also with ,orchide and ,loranthace among the epiphytes and parasites which cover the trees4 ,among the most characteristic plants of this region we name the coyol palm 7,acrocomia71 corozo 7,attalea cohune71 biscoyol 7,bactris horrida71 palmiche 7,elis melanococca7 and ,raphia nicaraguensis which forms almost forests along the ,river ,san ,juan2 further1 ,tecoma pentaphylla1 ,bombax ceiba1 ,eriodendron1 ,spondias1 ,croton gossypifolius1 ,hymena courbaril1 rubber trees 7,castilloa costaricencis and ,c4 elastica71 ,geoffra superba1 ,simaba cedron1 species of ,enterolobium1 ,csalpinia1 ,liquidambar1 ,copaifera1 ,cedrela1 ,swietenia1 ,sapota1 ,pithecolobium1 ,palicourea1 ,cinchona1 ,piper1 ,ficus1 ,cecropia2 still further1 smilax1 vanilla1 etc4 ,many of these characteristic plants are largely social1 such as the piper1 ferns1 palms and others4 ,moritz ,wagner states that all along the southern limits of ,costa ,rica a likeness of climatic and geological conditions gives to the vegetation a nearly uniform character1 while further northward a notable contrast is observed between the ,atlantic and ,pacific slopes of the mountain groups and on the interior terrace lands4 ,the ,atlantic slope1 with more constant humidity of air1 is characterized by vast1 dense1 evergreen1 virgin forests1 while the ,pacific lands1 with a relatively dry climate and rainless summer1 present more open forests and savannas1 with many deciduous trees and shrubs4 ,however1 deep river valleys and some slopes near the water-shed have dense1 evergreen forests1 and their vegetation does not differ much from that of the ,atlantic slope4 ,the flora of the high terrace lands has been so altered by thorough cultivation as to have almost lost its original character4 ,the ,atlantic virgin forests1 as well as those in the region of the ,san ,juan ,river and of ,lake ,nicaragua1 which comprise two-thirds of ,costa ,rican territory1 show such a dense vegetation that its interior can be penetrated almost only by way of the rivers1 and its general character and its enormous extension be studied only from high mountains4 ,owing to the very mountainous character of the country1 over half of its area lies between #ijj and #bajj meters above the sea1 and is almost wholly covered with virgin forest4 ,this forest here and there ascends still higher1 reaching the upper limit of the oak region about #bgjj meters above the sea4 ,dr4 ,polakowsky1 in an interesting publication entitled 8,flora of ,costa ,rica10 calls the forest region of the ,san ,juan ,river1 in view of its luxuriant character1 8,the ,central ,american ,hyla10 and this name ,professor ,pittier applies also to the entire ,atlantic region1 attributing to it a distinctly ,south ,american character4 ,the zone of the open forests and savannas1 which has park-like features1 is rarely found away from the ,pacific side1 where it forms a belt from sixteen to eighteen miles in width1 interspersed with more densely forested river valleys1 islands of higher and thicker virgin forests1 isolated trees or groups of trees1 sometimes also with catingas and meadows flecked with shrubs and matorrales4 ,the savannas and open forests spread to a considerable extent over ,guanacaste1 where they are a continuation of those of ,rivas in ,nicaragua2 also over the plains of ,terraba1 especially in the region of ,buenos ,aires and ,terraba2 and over the coast-lands of ,golfo ,dulce4 ,there are some small similar tracts near ,alajuela1 ,turialba1 ,santa ,clara and at some other points1 as well as catingas and paramos in the high mountain ridges of the south4 ,the paramos are found on poor soil and have a vegetation more herbaceous than ligneous1 which1 when moist1 takes on the character of turf4 ,the trees of the savannas are generally of little height1 excepting the ,enterolobium cyclocarpum 7the guanacaste71 the pochote and ceiba4 ,the grass lands are almost wholly composed of ,gramine and ,cyperace1 especially in the savannas of ,guanacaste4 ,the most characteristic plants are ,digitaria marginata and ,paspalum notatum1 besides species of ,setaria1 ,panicum1 ,eragrostis1 ,andropogon1 ,isolepis1 ,cyperus1 ,rhynchospora and ,scleria1 as well as of ferns 7,pteris aquilina7 and ,schiza occidentalis4 ,other abundant plants in the open forests and savannas are ,composit 7,zemenia1 ,pectis1 ,spilanthes72 ,rubiace 7,spermacoce72 ,polygalace2 ,iridace2 ,morace 7,maclura1 ,ficus72 ,melastomace 7,miconia1 ,clidemia1 ,conostegia1 ,leandra72 ,cyperace2 ,convolvulace2 ,euphorbiace2 ,bombacace2 ,sauvagesia4 ,further1 ,myrtace 7,psidium1 ,alibertia edulis72 ,curatella americana 7chamico72 ,roupala 7danto hedliondo72 ,byrsonima crassifolia 7nance72 ,miconia argentea ,,dc4 7santa maria72 guacimo macho 7,luhea71 guacimo de ternero 7,guazuma ulmifolia72 burio 7,bombax apeiba72 ambar 7,cocobola72 ,davilla lucida2 ,duranta ,plumieri2 ,proteace2 and ,acacia scleroxyla ,lonchocarpus atropurpureus1 ,dalbergia and many other ,leguminos1 especially ,mimosa pudica1 which gives large tracts in many places a special character1 and still more so as1 being often very abundant and the plants tangled together1 a general movement all around is caused when one is touched4 ,among the epiphytes and parasites may be mentioned small ferns1 ,peperomia1 ,epidendrum1 ,loranthus1 ,aroide1 ,tillandsia and other ,bromeliace1 mosses1 lichens1 etc4 ,professor ,pittier attributes to this flora of the ,pacific slope a more northern origin4 ,during the dry season the vegetation of the savannas almost disappears1 the greater part of the trees and bushes shed their leaves and herbs become dry and brittle4 ,only along the rivers is some freshness observable4 ,toward the border of ,nicaragua cacti appear1 mostly species of ,cereus1 ,opuntia1 ,phypsalis and ,mammilaria4 ,professor ,pittier also mentions an oak forest of ,quercus citrifolia between ,liberia and the ,rio de los ,ahogados1 at a height of about one hundred meters above the sea4 ,the peninsula of ,nicoya is noted for a large lumber industry among its different cedars 7,cedro dulce1 ,c4 amargo1 ,c4 real1 etc471 mora and other trees4 ,towards the upper limits of the ,atlantic tropical forests1 below the oak region1 ,chamdorea1 ,geonoma1 ,bactris1 ,euterpe longepetiolata and other palms of the same groups1 as well as ,gulielma utilis 7the pijivalle palm7 and ,carludovica microphylla are seen in great abundance1 mixed with tree ferns like ,alsophylla pruinata1 ,hemitelia horrida1 ,hemitelia grandifolia1 etc4 ,higher up appears the region of oaks1 principally ,quercus retusa1 ,quercus granulata1 ,quercus citrifolia and ,quercus costaricensis1 with ,buddleia alpina1 ,rubus1 ,lupinus1 etc4 ,here is also the region of the common potato4 ,this oak region slopes gradually down from east to west4 ,the vegetation on the summits of the high mountains of ,costa ,rica is of a marked subalpine character1 having a great number of northern genera1 as ,vaccinium1 ,pernettya1 ,alchemilla1 ,cardamine1 ,calceolaria1 ,spira1 etc4 ,certain types of vegetation are often more due to the sterile nature of the soil than to elevation4 ,although a northern flora is frequent on the high terraces of ,san ,jos and ,cartago1 that character is not general because of the introduction of cultivated tropical and other plants peculiar to ,costa ,rica4 ,on the southern high mountains two species of ,podocarpus 7,p4 taxifolia and ,p4 salicifolia71 one of ,alnus 7,alnus ,mirbelii ,spach47 and one of ,weinmannia occur quite generally among the oak forests4 ,other distinct floral groups are represented by the vegetation along roads and fences1 on potreros1 in cultivated regions and along river shores4 ,the latter especially are rich in herbaceous plants1 grasses1 bushes and woods of ,bignoniace1 ,myrtace1 ,euphorbiace1 ,mimose1 etc4 ,the potreros are characterized by ,tagetes1 ,sida1 ,hyptis1 olanum1 ,salvia1 ,mimosa pudica and ,m4 sensitiva1 etc4 ,along fences there grow nearly everywhere ,erythrina corallodendron1 ,yucca aloifolia1 ,bromelia pinguin1 ,agave americana1 ,cereus1 ,spondias1 ,bursera1 ,cestrum1 etc4 ,prominent characteristic plants1 besides the already mentioned species and genera1 are the ,piperace and ,melastomace2 further1 species of ,iriartea1 ,bactris and ,raphia of the palm order1 and ,alsophylla1 ,schiza occidentalis and ,pteris aquilina of the ferns2 still further ,castilloa costaricana1 ,gunnera insignis1 ,ochroma lagopus1 ,gliciridia1 ,inga edulis1 ,chusquea maurofernandeziana1 ,erythrina corallodendron1 ,drymis ,winterii ,forst41 ,acacia ,farnesiana1 etc4 ,the passage from one flora to another is one of insensible gradations4 ,cultivated lands1 as already stated1 do not show any longer the original vegetation4 ,the plants which are now mostly cultivated are3 ,coffea arabica 7coffee71 ,saccharum officinarum 7sugar cane71 ,zea mays 7corn71 ,musa paradisiaca and ,musa sapientium 7bananas71 ,phaseolus 7beans71 ,oryza sativa 7rice71 ,solanum tuberosum 7potato71 ,nicotiana tabacum 7tobacco71 ,batatas dulcis 7sweet potato71 ,lycopersicum esculentum and ,lycopersicum ,humboldtii 7tomatoes71 ,capsicum annuum 7chile71 ,ananas sativa 7pine-apple71 ,carica papaya 7papaya71 ,persea gratissima 7aguacate71 ,anona cherimolia 7cherimoya71 ,manihot aipi and ,manihot utilissima 7yucca or mandioca71 ,indigofera anil 7indigo71 ,gossypium barbadense 7cotton71 ,cichorium ,intyous 7chicory71 ,asparagus officinalis 7asparagus71 ,psidium guava 7guayaba71 ,mammea americana 7mamey71 ,theobroma cacao 7cacao71 etc4 ,before giving the lists of the woods1 tannings1 dyeings1 gums1 balsams1 resins1 rubber1 waxes1 textile and medicinal plants1 oils and oil seeds1 etc41 of ,costa ,rica1 it is advantageous to research to name those collectors and scientists who1 having traveled through ,costa ,rica or established themselves there1 have especially contributed to the knowledge of the natural resources of the country4 ,they are ,professor ,h4 ,pittier1 ,a4 ,s4 ,oersted1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,hoffmann1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,polakowsky1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,wagner1 ,captain ,j4 ,donnel ,smith1 ,c4 ,warszewicz1 ,neudland1 ,a4 ,tonduz1 ,p4 ,biolley1 ,dr4 ,a4 von ,frantzius1 ,dr4 ,franc ,kuntze1 ,professor ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb1 ,jos ,c4 ,zeledn1 ,anastasio ,alfaro1 ,juan ,j4 ,cooper1 and ,bishop ,bernardo ,augusto ,thiel1 ,d4 ,d4 ,native ,names of the ,woods of ,costa ,rica4 ,acacia1 ,aceituno1 ,aceituno blanco1 ,aguacate blanco1 ,aguacatillo1 ,aguilla1 ,algarroba1 ,almendro1 ,alvahaquilla1 ,amapola1 ,amarillo1 ,anona colorado1 ,anonilla1 ,anono1 ,arco1 ,arbol colorado1 ,arbol de la leche1 ,aromo1 ,arrayan1 ,asca1 ,avellano1 ,aya1 ,aya blanco1 ,aya colorado1 ,azaharillo1 ,azulillo4 ,balsa1 ,balsamito1 ,balsamo1 ,balsamo negro1 ,barillo1 ,bateo1 ,berenjena1 ,brasil moral1 ,brasil negro1 ,brazil1 ,brazil de clavo1 ,brazil nacar1 ,burio1 ,burillo4 ,cachimbo1 ,cacique1 ,cacique amarillo1 ,cacique pardo1 ,caimito1 ,camibar1 ,campana1 ,campanilla1 ,caafistola1 ,canasto1 ,canela or ,canelon1 ,canjura1 ,cantarillo1 ,caobana1 ,copalillo1 ,capulin1 ,caragua1 ,carao macho1 ,carao silvestre1 ,carboncillo1 ,carbon fino1 ,carne1 ,caroto1 ,cas1 ,cascarillo1 ,casco-cafe1 ,castao1 ,castorcillo1 ,cedro amargo1 ,cedro blanco1 ,cedro caoba leon1 ,cedro cirrus1 ,cedro claro1 ,cedro cubano1 ,cedro dulce1 ,cedro dulce claro1 ,cedro dulce-ondulado1 ,cedro jaspeado1 ,cedro macho1 ,cedron1 ,cedro naranjea1 ,cedro ondulado1 ,cedro pochote1 ,ceiba1 ,cerillo1 ,cerro1 ,chancho1 ,chaparro1 ,cherre1 ,chaperno1 ,chaperno amarillo1 ,chaperno blanco1 ,chaperno veteado1 ,chavecho1 ,chicha1 ,chilamate1 ,chile1 ,chilillo1 ,chirraca1 ,cirri1 ,clavellina1 ,cobola1 ,cocobola1 ,cocobola ambar1 ,cocora1 ,colloso1 ,comenegro de monte1 ,conchudo1 ,copal1 ,copalchi1 ,copalite verde1 ,copulchin1 ,copulchin blanco1 ,coquito1 ,corazon1 ,corazon de leon1 ,cordoncillo1 ,carnezuelo1 ,corteza1 ,corteza amarilla1 ,corteza blanca1 ,corteza de venado1 ,corteza negra1 ,cristal1 ,cristobal1 ,cuajiniquil1 ,cuascua1 ,cucaracho1 ,culebra1 ,cura1 ,curacha4 ,damas1 ,dantisco1 ,danto1 ,danto amarillo1 ,danto barcino1 ,danto blanco1 ,danto hedliondo4 ,encino roble1 ,escoba1 ,escobillo1 ,escobo1 ,esparei1 ,espavel1 ,espino blanco4 ,flor blanca1 ,flor de aroma1 ,frijolillo1 ,fruta de pava1 ,fubus1 ,furru1 ,fustete4 ,gavilan colorado1 ,gavilan1 ,gavilancillo1 ,gallinazo1 ,genizaro1 ,golondrino1 ,guachazo negro1 ,guachipilin1 ,guachipilin claro1 ,guachipilin oscuro1 ,guachi raton1 ,guacimo1 ,guacimo amarillo1 ,guacimo blanco1 ,guacimo macho1 ,guacimo monillo1 ,guacimo ternero1 ,guanacaste1 ,guapinol1 ,guapinol tierno1 ,guatil or ,jagua1 ,guavo1 ,guavo silvestre1 ,guayabillo1 ,guayabito1 ,guayacan1 ,guayacan amarillo1 ,guayacan de costa1 ,guayacan oscuro1 ,guayavo1 ,gitite4 ,habilla1 ,haya1 ,higuera1 ,hormigo1 ,huesillo1 ,hule4 ,ira1 ,ira amarillo1 ,ira blanco1 ,ira bofo1 ,ira colorado1 ,ira mangle1 ,ira1 rosa4 ,jaboncillo1 ,jamaico1 ,jaul1 ,jicaro1 ,jiocuave1 ,jobo1 ,jorobado1 ,juaquiniquil4 ,lagartillo1 ,lagarto1 ,lagarto amarillo1 ,lagarto negro1 ,landal1 ,lentisco1 ,lentisco oscuro1 ,laurel barcino1 ,laurel claro1 ,laurel espino1 ,laurel negro1 ,laurel oscuro1 ,laurel pardo1 ,laurel veteado1 ,llema de huevo1 ,lliguatil1 ,lloro1 ,lloron1 ,lloron puire1 ,lope1 ,lorito4 ,madera de hierro1 ,madera negra1 ,maderon1 ,madroo blanca1 ,madroo corteza1 ,madroo de comer1 ,makenge1 ,malacahuite1 ,malacahuite blanca1 ,mangle1 ,mangle morigite1 ,manglero1 ,mango1 ,mano1 ,manzana rosa1 ,manzanillo1 ,maraon1 ,maria1 ,mario1 ,mastate1 ,mastatillo1 ,mayo1 ,melon1 ,molenillo1 ,mora decipina1 ,moral blanco1 ,moral leonado1 ,moral listado1 ,moral negro1 ,morante1 ,mora punteado1 ,morate1 ,mora tinta1 ,mueco1 ,mueco macho1 ,murta4 ambar negro1 ,nance1 ,nance tricore1 ,nancite1 ,nancite colorado1 ,naranjillo1 ,naranjito1 ,nispero amarillo1 ,nispero colorado1 ,nispero espino1 ,nispero negro4 ,ocotillo1 ,ojoche1 ,olmo4 ,pacaya1 ,pacaya baton1 ,palanco amarillo1 ,palanco nudoso1 ,palma1 ,palma de mano1 ,palma real1 ,palmiche1 ,palo azul1 ,palo de sal1 ,palo frio1 ,palo jabon1 ,papaturro blanco1 ,papaturro negro1 ,papayo almendro1 ,papelillo1 ,paraiso1 ,pastora1 ,pava1 ,pava macho1 ,pavilla veteado1 ,peine de mico1 ,pejivalle1 ,piedrilla1 ,pipa or ,mora blanco1 ,plomillo1 ,pocara1 ,pochote1 ,poro cerrado1 ,poroporo1 ,pure4 ,quajiniquil1 ,quiebracha colorado1 ,quiebra hacha1 ,quina1 ,quita calzon1 ,quitirri1 ,quizarra amarillo1 ,quizarra baboso1 ,quizarra bofo1 ,quizarracillo1 ,quizarra clara1 ,quizarra barcii1 ,quizarra ira1 ,quizarra negro1 ,quizarra quina1 ,quizarra zopilote4 ,ramal1 ,raspaguacal1 ,raton1 ,raton blanco1 ,ratoncillo1 ,resino1 ,roble1 ,roble angular1 ,roble de la laguna1 ,roble de sabana1 ,roble encino1 ,ronron1 ,ronron veteado4 ,sabino1 ,sandalo1 ,sangre de toro1 ,sangre de drago1 ,san ,juan1 ,san ,juan dulce1 ,san ,juanillo1 ,sierrillo1 ,siete cueros1 ,siete cueros machos1 ,simaruba1 ,sirri1 ,siva1 ,sota caballo4 ,tamarindo1 ,targua1 ,ticuarri1 ,tirra1 ,torco1 ,tres huevos1 ,tuiquisirrie4 ,uiscoyol or ,viscoyol1 ,uruca or ,teregre4 ,varablanca1 ,viscoyol 7palm74 ,yabo1 ,yabo blanco1 ,yas1 ,yocote iguana1 ,yos4 ,zapote mico1 ,zapotillo1 ,zapotillo danto1 ,zenicero1 ,zenicero-ocre1 ,zorillo4 ,native ,names of the ,medicinal ,plants of ,costa ,rica4 ,acedera1 ,agra1 ,ajo1 ,alcornoque1 ,albahaca1 ,alcotan1 ,algabia1 ,algabia or ,abelmoscus1 ,almendro 7,papayo colorado71 ,almendrillo aromatico1 ,alucema1 ,amapola1 ,anisillo1 ,anona1 ,anonillo1 ,apasote1 ,apasote de mexico1 ,artemisa4 ,balsamito1 ,balsamo copal1 ,balsamo negro1 ,barbasco1 ,barbas ilote 7,cabello de maiz71 ,borraja4 ,cacao gigante1 ,camibar1 ,campanilla blanca1 ,canchalagua1 ,canchillo1 ,candelillo1 ,canela1 ,caa gigantea1 ,caa agria1 ,caa fistula1 ,capitana1 ,capitaneja1 ,carao1 ,cardo santo amarillo1 ,cardo santo blanco1 ,chamomila1 ,cola de alacran1 ,contrayerba1 ,copal1 ,copalchi1 ,copalchi guisarra1 ,copey1 ,cordoncillo1 ,cornezuelo1 ,croton1 ,cucanillo1 ,culantrillo4 ,doradilla4 ,eneldo1 ,escoba blanca1 ,escorzonera1 ,esparto4 ,fierrito1 ,frutas de cornezuela4 ,guacamayo1 ,guachara1 ,guacimo negro1 ,guaco1 ,guaco redondo 7vine71 ,guas molenillo1 ,guanacaste1 ,guapinol1 ,guayacan amarillo1 ,guarumo1 ,guizaro4 ,higuerilla1 ,hanojo1 ,hojasen1 ,hombre grande4 ,inga carao1 ,ipecacuanha4 ,jabillo1 ,jabon vegetal1 ,jinote terebinto1 ,jobo amarillo1 ,jiquaitil1 ,juanilama4 ,laurel real1 ,lechuguilla or ,carraja1 ,lengua de ciervo1 ,lengua de vaca1 ,liquidambar1 ,llanten1 ,lombricero4 ,majaguilla1 ,malva1 ,manzanilla1 ,marango1 ,maraon1 ,matasano1 ,mejorana1 ,meloncillo1 ,michoacan1 ,mozote de caballo4 ,naranja1 ,naranja agria1 ,nuez moscada4 ,ojoche macho1 ,ojoche rojo1 ,oregomo1 ,orosus1 ,ortiga4 ,palo leche1 ,paraiso1 ,petrona1 ,peine de mico1 ,pichichio solano1 ,pie de venado1 ,platanillo1 ,pochoche macho1 ,polipodio4 ,quina1 ,quina colorado1 ,quassia hombre grande4 ,raiz de toro1 ,reina de la noche1 ,romero1 ,ruda1 ,ruibarbo4 ,sacaguacal1 ,sacate limon1 ,sagu1 ,salvia1 ,samo1 ,sangre de drago colorado1 ,sangre de toro1 ,sarsaparilla1 ,sanco1 ,sensitiva1 ,simaba cedron1 ,simaruba1 ,suelda con suelda4 ,tamarindo1 ,tapate1 ,tarsana1 ,tiguilote1 ,tuete4 ,ua de gato4 ,valeriana1 ,vainilla1 ,velvet1 ,venado1 ,verbena1 ,vetiver1 ,viborana4 ,yerba buena1 ,yerba culebra1 ,yerba mora1 ,yerba t1 ,yerba tora4 ,zacate de limon1 ,zacate de olor1 ,zarza1 ,zarzon1 ,zenizero1 ,zarzaparilla1 ,zorrillo4 ,native ,names of ,costa ,rican ,tanning and ,dyeing ,plants4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,name4 ,commercial ,use4 ,part4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,achiote ,seed ,dyeing4 ,aguacate ,seed ,tanning4 ,ail ,extract ,dyeing4 ,brazil ,wood 0 ,catazin ,wood 0 ,encino blanco ,bark ,tanning4 ,encino colorado ,bark 0 ,gavilan ,bark 0 ,guanacaste ,bark 0 ,guanacaste ,fruit ,dyeing and tanning4 ,mangle ,bark 0 0 0 ,mora ,wood ,dyeing4 ,nacascolo ,fruit ,dyeing and tanning4 ,nancite ,bark 0 0 0 ,ojo de venado ,seed ,dyeing4 ,ratoncillo ,bark ,tanning4 ,sacatinta ,plant ,dyeing4 ,sangre de drago ,sap 0 ,yuquilla ,root 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,native ,names of ,costa ,rican ,gums1 ,resins1 ,rubber1 ,etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,name4 ,character4 ,name4 ,character4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,acacia ,gum4 ,gallinazo ,gum4 ,arrayan ,wax4 ,guapinol ,resin4 ,aroma ,gum4 ,hule ,rubber4 ,balsamo negro ,balsam4 ,incienso ,resin4 ,barillo ,resin4 ,jinote ,gum-resin4 ,copal1 fossil amber 0 ,jocote ,gum4 ,copal 0 ,jobo 0 ,camibar ,balsam4 ,jenizaro ,gum-resin4 ,caraa ,resin4 ,mangle ,gum4 ,copaiba ,balsam4 ,mastate ,milk4 ,cedro ,gum4 ,nispero ,chewing gum4 ,cera vegetal ,wax4 ,ojoche colorado ,milk4 ,cerillo 0 ,ojoche macho 0 ,chilamate ,milk4 ,pochote ,gum4 ,chirraca ,balsam4 ,quiebracha 0 ,espino blanco ,gum4 ,sangre de drago ,sap4 ,guanacaste 0 ,tuno macho ,chewing gum4 ,guayacan ,resin4 ,palo de vaca ,milk4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,native ,names of ,costa ,rican ,oilseeds4 ,almendro1 ,algodon1 ,ajonjoli1 ,biscoyol1 ,coco1 ,colza1 ,coyol1 ,coquito1 ,corozo1 ,cacahuete1 ,higuerilla1 ,lino4 ,native ,names of ,costa ,rican ,textile ,plants4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,name4 ,product4 ,name4 ,product4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,algodon ,cotton4 ,limon montes ,bast4 ,balsa ,silk-cotton4 ,luffa ,fruit4 ,banana ,leaves4 ,majagua ,bast4 ,barrigona ,silk-cotton and ,maguey ,leaves4 bast4 ,burio ,bast4 ,mastate ,bast4 ,cabuya ,leaves4 ,palma ,leaves4 ,ceiba ,silk-cotton4 ,peine de mico ,bast4 ,corteza blanca ,bast4 ,pie de venado ,bast4 ,coco ,fruit fibre4 ,pia ,leaves4 ,cucanilla ,bast4 ,piuela ,leaves4 ,guarumo ,bast4 ,pochote ,bast and silk-cotton4 ,itavo ,leaves4 ,pita ,leaves4 ,juco ,bast4 ,ramio ,bast4 ,junco ,leaves4 ,soncollo ,bast4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,iv4 ,,fauna4 ,in regard to the fauna1 there are in ,costa ,rica about one hundred and twenty-one species of mammalia1 of which ten are domesticated and four of ,mus introduced1 leaving #ajg as indigenous to ,costa ,rica4 ,there are only a few species peculiar to ,costa ,rica1 and also but a small number peculiar to ,central ,america1 among which are the ,tapirus dowi alston and three species of monkeys4 ,about one-fifth of the total number also belong to ,south ,america and one-seventh to ,north ,america4 ,the rest are found as well in ,north as in ,south ,america4 ,with respect to the avifauna1 there are #gbe known species4 ,this great variety of the avifauna is due to especial climatic conditions1 to the very rich flora1 to the geographical position between two oceans and to the vicinity of so many islands of the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,it is composed of #fg ,neoarctic species1 which are also found in the north of ,mexico2 of #bdg ,neotropical or ,south ,american species1 of #bfj autochthonous or exclusively ,central ,american species1 and #abh newly described species which live as well in the northern as in the southern continent4 ,the rest1 comprising #bc species1 have a doubtful origin4 ,the best singing birds are the ,gilguero1 ,yigerro1 ,toledo1 ,mozotillo1 ,cacique1 ,mongita1 ,comemaiz1 ,setillero and ,agillo4 ,there are over #acj species of ,reptilia and ,batrachia in ,costa ,rica4 ,those known and described are #cf ,batrachia1 #bh ,lacertilia1 #fj ,ophidia and #f ,testudinata4 ,poisonous snakes are the ,toboba1 ,bocarac1 ,oropel1 ,terciopelo and ,cascabel4 ,costa ,rica is also very rich in ,fishes4 ,those in the ,pacific are almost entirely different from those of the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,also its tributary waters have more varied species than those of the ,atlantic slope4 ,in correspondence with the varied topographical1 climatological1 and botanical conditions of ,costa ,rica is also the invertebrate fauna4 ,and here the ,national ,museum1 under ,mr4 ,anastasio ,alfaro1 and the 8,instituto fisico geografico ,nacional40 under ,professor ,h4 ,pittier1 are doing equally excellent work in bringing them to our knowledge1 as they have done like service in other branches of ,natural ,history4 ,the most interesting species of the fauna in ,costa ,rica among the mammalia are the monkeys 7,mycetes palliatus1 ,ateles geoffroyi1 and ,cebus hypoleucus71 the tigre 7,felis onca71 marrigordo 7,felis pardalis71 puma 7,felis concolor71 the coyote 7,canis latrans71 tigrillo 7,urocyon cinereo71 pisote 7,nasua narica71 martilla 7,cercoleptes caudivolvulus71 comadreja 7,mustela brasiliensis71 chulomuco or tolumuco 7,galictis barbara71 ,zorro hediondo 7,conepatus mapurito71 nutria or perro de agua 7,lutra felina71 manati or vaca marina 7,trichecus australis71 danta 7,elasmognathus bairdii and ,e4 ,dowi71 salimo 7,dicotyles tajac7 cari blanco 7,dicotyles labiatus71 venado 7,dorcelophus clavatus71 cabro de monte 7,mazama temama71 ardillas 7,sciurus hypopyrrhus1 ,sc4 stuans hoffmanni1 ,sc4 ,alfari71 puerco espino 7,synetheres mexicanus71 guatusa 7,dasyprocta isthmica1 ,d4 punctata71 tepeizcuintle 7,coelogenys paca71 conejo 7,lepus graysoni1 ,l4 gabbi71 perico ligero 7,bradypus castaneiceps71 perezoso 7,choloepus hoffmanni71 armado de zopilote 7,dasypus gymnurus71 armadillo 7,tatusia novemcincta71 oso hormiguero 7,myrmecophaga jubata71 oso colmeno or tejon 7,myrmecophaga tetradactyla71 serafin de platanar 7,cyclothorus didactylus71 zorro pelon 7,didelphis marsupialis aurita71 zorro isi 7,marmosa cinerea7 and zorrito de platanar 7,marmosa murina74 ,among the birds the following may be mentioned1 following the enumeration of ,jos ,c4 ,zeledn3 ,the sensontle 7,mimus gilous71 the jilguero 7,melanops71 the yigerro 7,turdus grayi71 the picudos 7,creba cyanea and ,c4 lucida71 the rualdo 7,chlorophonia callophrys71 the caciquita 7,euphonia elegantissima71 the monjita fina 7,euphonia affinis71 and other species of ,euphonia2 further pipra mentalis1 la viuda 7,tanagra cana71 el cardenal 7,pyranga leucoptera and ,p4 rubra71 cyanospiza1 sps41 alcalde mayor 7,rhamphoclus7 the oropndula 7,ocyalus waglieri and ,o4 montezum71 the choltote or trupial 7,icterus pectoralis and ,i4 giraudi71 the rajon 7,cotinga amabilis71 colibris or gorriones 7,trochilid71 the quetzal 7,pharomacrus costaricensis71 resplandor 7,muscivora mexicana71 the curr 7,ramphastus carinatus71 the quioro 7,r4 tocard71 the curr verde 7,aulacorhamphus cruleigularis71 carpintero 7,campephilus guatemalensis and ,centurus hoffmanni71 the lapas rojas and lapas verdes 7,ara militaris and ,chryosotis diademata1 ,c4 guatemal and ,c4 auripalliata71 the periquitos 7,conurus petzii and ,brotogerys tovi74 ,further mention is made of the aguila 7,trastus harpyia71 camaleon 7,falco sparverius71 carga-hueso 7,polyborus cheriway71 the rey de zopilote 7,gyparchus papa71 the zopilote 7,catharista atrata7 and the zonchiche 7,cathartes aura74 ,to these may be added the tortolita 7,columbigallina passerina71 the pavon 7,crax globicera71 the pava 7,penelope cristata71 pava negra 7,champetes unicolor71 the codorniz 7,ortyx leylaudi7 and chirraxua 7,denitortyx leucophrys72 still further1 the martin pea 7,ardea virescens7 and other garza 7,tigrisoma cabanisi1 ,nycticorax americanus1 ,gallina aquatica1 ,eurypyga major71 zarzetas 7,numenius and ,totanus72 also the pijijes 7,totanus flavipes and ,charadrius vociferus71 the patillo 7,colymbus dominicus71 the piche 7,dendrocigna autumnalis71 pelicanos and alcatraz 7,pelecanus71 etc4 ,we have further to mention the great turtles from both oceans1 the 7,nacar de perlas7 or pearl shells from ,golfos ,dulce and ,nicoya1 the oysters from ,puntarenas1 the purple snail 7,murex71 also sponges1 corals1 etc4 ,v4 ,,the ,,aboriginal ,,inhabitants4 ,colonel ,george ,earl ,church says in regard to the ,indians3 8,there are many indications that ,costa ,rica was once the debatable ground between the powerful ,mexican invader and the warlike ,caribs of northern ,south ,america40 8,the ,caribs were a tall1 muscular1 copper colored race who1 when the ,new ,world was discovered1 occupied the coast from the mouth of the ,river ,orinoco to that of the ,river ,amazon1 and stretched inland over all the half-drowned districts and far up the valley of the ,orinoco4 ,their nomadic spirit led them to the conquest of many of the ,windward ,islands1 and1 ,i am disposed to believe1 urged them to invade all the countries bordering the ,caribbean ,sea and ,gulf of ,mexico having estuaries and rivers which could be penetrated by their war canoes4 ,these carried from twenty-five to one hundred men each and were of sufficient size to make long voyages40 ,along all the ,caribbean coast districts of ,yucatan1 ,honduras1 ,nicaragua1 ,costa ,rica and ,chiriqui1 and throughout the province of ,panam1 the ,carib has left traces of his presence4 ,it is evident that an offshoot of the highland ,mexican race pressed south and east from ,chiapas1 ,mexico1 into and through the long strip of the ,pacific coast occupied by the ,chorotegas or ,mangues1 followed the ,pacific slope of the ,cordilleras and the narrow space between ,lake ,nicaragua and the ,ocean1 penetrated into northwestern ,costa ,rica1 settled and helped the ,mangues to develop a considerable civilization in the district of ,guanacaste and ,nicoya1 and in part subdued all the volcanic region lying north and west of the valley of the ,river ,reventazon4 ,it is notable that inhabitants of volcanic countries crowd around the slopes of its volcanoes1 due probably to the fertilizing quality of the ejected ash4 ,the ,mexicans have left abundant traces of their language in ,costa ,rica1 especially throughout its northern half4 ,many of their words are now in common use and incorporated into the ,spanish spoken there4 ,notably such words occur in the names of plants1 animals and geographical localities4 ,in #aefi the ,adelantado ,perfan de ,rivera made an elaborate detailed enumeration of the ,indians and found their total number to be #be1jjj4 ,mr4 ,m4 de ,peralta says the ,nahuas 7,aztecs7 and ,mangues 7,chorotegas71 ,getares1 ,viceitas1 ,trrabas1 ,changuenes1 ,guaymies1 ,quepos1 ,cotos and ,borucas were the principal people who occupied the territory of ,costa ,rica at the time of the conquest4 ,the ,nahuas came from the north1 and if the ,mangues did not go from ,chiapas1 it is necessary to infer that from the ,gulf of ,nicoya and the shores of the lakes of ,nicaragua and ,managua they extended to the south of ,mexico1 where1 up to a few years ago1 their language was spoken at ,acal4 ,the ,mangues1 or ,chorotegas1 at the time of the ,mexican invasion1 occupied the peninsula of ,nicoya and all the lands surrounding the gulf of that name4 ,they were then1 no doubt1 the most powerful and advanced people in ,costa ,rica1 and carried some of their arts1 such as pottery1 sculpture1 weaving1 and tilling the ground1 to greater perfection than any people occupying the region between their territory and that of the ,chibcas on the table-land of ,colombia4 ,in their graves are found gold ornaments and specimens of the ceramic art showing taste in design superior to any that the present civilized ,costa ,rican ,indian can manufacture4 ,these graves also contain beautiful specimens of obsidian1 greenstone and even finely wrought jade tools and jade ornaments1 knives1 axes1 arrowheads1 amulets1 rings and a multitude of stone idols1 seats1 etc4 ,the ,mangues appear to have manufactured gold extensively into jewelry4 ,the ,getares made their homes on the slopes of the ,turialba4 ,iraz and ,barba to the southeast of the ,mexicans and ,chorotegas1 and1 in a less degree1 they shared in the skill and advancement of the latter1 but their pottery was inferior in artistic method and quality of material and workmanship1 judging from collections in the ,national ,museum of ,costa ,rica4 ,peralta says1 8,the ,nahuas and ,mangues of the regions of ,nicoya have completely disappeared1 although the first still survive in ,mexico1 and the latter are represented here and there by a descendant in ,masava 7,nicaragua7 and in ,acal 7,chiapas740 ,the ,nahuas 7,aztecs7 left notable monuments of their material civilization and of their scientific attainments1 and a language that served as the instrument of a cultivated and thoughtful race4 ,during the colonial period the ,spaniards1 in several efforts to explore the ,river ,frio1 were driven back by the ,guatuso ,indians1 who still occupy the greater part of its valley and the slopes of the volcanic mountains4 ,it was not until #ahef that a small expedition penetrated across the country to the ,rio ,frio from the mouth of the ,river ,arenal1 a branch of the ,san ,carlos4 ,they reported fertile1 hilly slopes in its upper reaches1 and beautiful plains for most of the distance traversed to its mouth4 ,the rubber collectors of ,nicaragua for many years have ascended the ,rio ,frio and other rivers in canoes and plundered the settlements1 plantations and property of the ,indians1 forcing them to retire further up the river4 ,the ,guatusos live in palenques 7stockades71 and their houses are similar to the maloccas among ,amazon tribes4 ,each palenque shelters several families1 who cook their food at separate fires built on the ground4 ,they live principally on plantains1 yucca1 maize1 sugar cane1 cacao1 game and fish1 the latter being abundant in the ,rio ,frio4 ,they also cultivate and smoke tobacco4 ,their weapons are bows1 arrows1 stone axes1 and wooden knives4 ,they drink chicha1 made by fermenting roasted green plantains1 and also chicha mascada de maiz4 ,as the bishop of ,costa ,rica1 ,dr4 ,bernardo ,a4 ,thiel1 a very noted ethnologist and archologist1 says3 8,the ,guatuso country is probably one of the most delightful portions of ,costa ,rica4 ,every tropical product can be grown there in abundance1 for the lands are immeasurably rich and the climate one of the best in the tropical belt40 ,the last census of the ,guatuso ,indians is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,palenques4 ,men4 ,women4 ,children4 ,total4 ,graves4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,on the river ,tojifo3 ,tojifo #bf #ab #i #dg #be ,margarita #bd #ac #ag #ed #fj ,pedro ,joaquin #ae #aa #ac #ci #aja ,sabara #h #e #g #bj #ah ,culolo #i #h #d #ba #bc ,napoleon #h #e #c #af #cf ,on the river ,cucaracha3 ,juana #h #e #d #ag #bf ,on the river ,la ,muerte3 ,congo #aj #c #c #af #i ,la ,muerte #h #c #a #ab -- ,on the river ,pataste3 ,san ,juan #e #a #a #h -- ,grecia #aa #d #b #ag -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #acb #gj #fd #bff #bih ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,of the ,talamanca ,indians1 ,professor ,h4 ,pittier distinguishes two tribes1 the ,brilio and ,cabcar4 ,the first live in the valleys and mountains of ,urn and ,arari and along the lower course of the ,coen ,river1 while the ,cabcars dwell in the upper parts of the ,coen4 ,other ,indians1 probably of the ,tiribi tribe1 live in the upper part of the ,teliri valley4 ,the ,talamanca ,indians have a higher grade of civilization than the neighboring ,boruca or ,brunca and ,trraba ,indians4 ,the ,bribris have good traditions and numerous legends of their past4 ,the census of the ,talamanca ,indians is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- - ,male4 ,female4 ,total4 ,married4 ---------------------------------------- - ,lari #bfc #bfi #ecb ,coen #agb #agf #cdh -- ,teliri #fg #ga #ach #b ,urn #dbd #cic #hag #dd ---------------------------------------- - ,total #ibf #iji #ahce #ej ---------------------------------------- - ,the ,trrabas and ,bruncas or ,boruca ,indians are located on the ,pacific slope of the ,talamanca mountains1 and especially in the great valley of the ,diquis or ,rio ,grande de ,trraba1 although there are also a few ,indian palenques in the neighborhood of the ,chirripo4 ,the ,borucas or ,bruncas are dolichocephalic4 ,the men are large1 the women short and plump4 ,they are more intelligent and active than the ,tishbi of ,trraba4 ,professor ,pittier counted in the ,boruca valley and at ,palma1 ,punta ,mala and ,la ,uvita #fe to #ge ranchos scattered around1 with about #chi inhabitants1 while he found #ej to #fj ranchos with about #bej inhabitants in the town of ,trraba and #be to #cj ranchos with about #cjj inhabitants in the town of ,buenos ,aires4 ,there are also some ,indians near the ,golfo ,dulce4 ,taken in all1 about #djjj uncivilized ,indians are estimated to remain in ,costa ,rica4 ,,vi4 ,,population4 ,the population of ,costa ,rica is nearly all white and mostly descendants of ,spaniards from ,galicia4 ,the ,indians are not numerous and are completely distinct from the civilized race4 ,the ,negroes and mixed breeds live almost exclusively on the coast-lands4 ,the ,costa ,ricans are a well formed1 robust and healthy people with regular features4 ,the women are gracious1 have splendid eyes and abundance of hair1 and appear affable in manner4 ,the men are intelligent1 industrious1 economical1 honest and peaceable1 as well as polite1 truthful and generous4 ,they respect order and property1 love to work1 and are proud of their wealth and of the independence of their nation4 ,every ,costa ,rican owns property of some kind4 ,the better class of women follow in their dress the fashions of ,europe2 the lower classes have gowns of muslin or calico1 and wear petticoats1 rebozos and very often panama hats4 ,some adorn themselves with earrings and other jewelry and some wear shoes4 ,the men dress in ,european style4 ,the lower class1 consisting of hard-working farmers1 owners of small coffee plantations and ox-carts and oxen for internal traffic1 wear coarse cloth coats1 drill or cotton trousers1 and straw or felt hats4 ,most of these people go barefooted4 ,the houses of the wealthy have all modern conveniences4 ,those of the poorer classes are nearly comfortless4 ,they are mostly low and built of adobes1 with a roof of tiles1 and are arranged in regular streets crossing each other at right angles4 ,the public buildings are spacious and ornamental4 ,among the principal buildings in ,san ,jos are the ,new ,national ,theatre1 in which about #a1jjj1jjj pesos were invested2 the ,national ,palace2 the ,palace of ,justice2 the ,executive ,mansion2 the ,episcopal ,palace2 the ,national ,distillery2 the ,market2 the ,university2 the ,high ,school for ,young ,ladies2 the ,high ,school for ,young ,men2 the ,custom ,house2 the ,mint1 etc4 ,the city possesses charitable institutions1 such as hospitals1 orphan asylums1 insane asylums1 etc41 all under the management of corporations and associations constantly laboring for their improvement4 ,the cemeteries are under the supervision of charitable associations4 ,there are several parks1 a ,museum1 a ,public ,library and scientific1 legal1 medical1 literary and musical societies1 an ,international ,club and a ,german ,club1 etc4 ,the streets are mostly macadamized or paved with stones and lighted by electricity4 ,nearly every city is well-supplied with water conducted through pipes4 ,the food of the poor comprises meat1 beans1 corn1 rice1 tortillas and plantains4 ,saturday is the especial market day of the cities1 and from sunrise till noon the market-places are crowded with sellers and buyers4 ,here can be found all kind of vegetables and fruits1 potatoes1 corn1 beans1 coffee1 tobacco1 sugar1 cheese1 meat and other food1 besides earthenware1 hammocks1 hats1 rebozos1 charcoal1 etc4 ,the population of ,costa ,rica in #ahig was calculated to be #bhh1gfi1 as follows3 #ij1idj inhabitants in the ,province of ,san ,jos4 #fg1igb 0 0 0 ,alajuela4 #de1afa 0 0 0 ,cartago4 #cg1fjc 0 0 0 ,heredia4 #bc1gfi 0 0 0 ,guanacaste4 #h1ibe 0 0 ,comarca de ,limon4 #ad1cii 0 0 0 ,puntarenas4 ,the last census1 that of #ahib1 gave #bdc1bje as the entire population of the ,republic4 ,the following table shows the population of the different 8cantones0 in #ahib and #ahig3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,san ,jos #ci1aab #df1daj ,escaz #f1ebb #g1gce ,desamparados #f1dga #g1faf ,puriscal #f1hde #h1jib ,aserri #f1jcj #g1adj ,mora #e1had #f1ijb ,tamaz #b1ehc #c1jgj ,goicoechea #c1cda #c1ige ----------------------------- ,total #gf1gah #ij1idj ----------------------------- ,province of ,alajuela4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,alajuela #ai1cjj #bb1ifg ,san ,ramon #i1ibh #aa1gha ,grecia #h1gig #aj1dgb ,atenas #f1bjh #g1cgc ,san ,mateo #c1cec #c1ihf ,naranjo #f1hdg #h1jib ,palmares #b1ggj #c1bif ----------------------------- ,total #eg1bjc #fg1ifg ----------------------------- ,province of ,cartago4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,cartago #be1hih #cj1hba ,paraiso #g1hai #i1bhb ,la ,union #d1bef #e1jeh ----------------------------- ,total #cg1igc #de1afa ----------------------------- ,province of ,heredia4 ------------------------------ ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ------------------------------ ,heredia #af1dhj #ai1fce ,barba #b1ifd #c1ebb ,santo ,domingo #e1aah #f1jfi ,santa ,barbara #b1hde #c1cgi ,san ,rafael #d1bjd #d1iih ------------------------------ ,total #ca1faa #cg1fjc ------------------------------ ,province of ,guanacaste4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,liberia #e1hhc #g1jba ,caas #b1afe #b1egj ,bagaces #a1dgf #a1gdi ,santa ,cruz #e1idh #g1jba ,nicoya #d1egg #e1dch ----------------------------- ,total #bj1jdi #bc1gii ----------------------------- ,comarca de ,limon4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,limon #g1dhd #h1ibe ----------------------------- ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 ----------------------------- ,canton4 #ahib4 #ahig4 ----------------------------- ,puntarenas #h1hfi #aj1dgb ,esparta #c1bih #c1ibg ----------------------------- ,total #ab1afg #ad1cii ----------------------------- ,the following table shows the constant natural increase of the population1 beginning with the year of #ahfh3 #ahfh #aca1eaj #ahfi #acd1daf #ahgj #acg1chg #ga #adj1dbc #gb #adc1ebe #gc #adf1fif #gd #adi1icg #ge #aec1bej #gf #aef1fcf #gg #afj1jig #ahgh #afc1fcc #ahgi #afg1bdh #ahhj #agj1idc #ahha #agd1gbj #ahhb #agh1eha #ahhc #ahb1ebh #ahhd #ahh1hie #ahhe #aie1dhc #ahhf #bjb1big #ahhg #bji1ceg #ahhh #baf1fej #ahhi #bbd1bej #ahij #bcb1jcd #ahia #bdj1abf #ahib #bdh1ejj #ahic #beg1aee #ahid #bff1abb #ahie #bge1djj #ahif #bhe1jjc #ahig #bhh1gii ,the population of ,costa ,rica prior to #ahfh was as follows3 #ahfd #abj1dii #ahdd #gi1ihb #ahce #gd1efe #ahbf #fa1hdf #aggh #bd1ecf ,costa ,rica being a country of immense resources1 with great opportunities for success in industrial1 agricultural and commercial enterprises1 it may be interesting to know its smaller subdivisions1 called barrios or districts1 as presented in the following table1 taken from the latest census1 that of #ahib3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 ,canton de ,san ,jos4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,ciudad ,distrito del ,carmen #a1ida #b1bdc or 0 ,la ,merced #b1gac #i1bfe #b1edd #aj1jfa #ai1cbf ,capital de 0 ,catedral #a1geh #b1jie ,san ,jos4 0 ,hospital #b1hec #c1agi ,barrio de ,san ,pedro #a1bgc #a1dah #b1fia 0 de ,san ,juan #a1jfa #a1bcf #b1big 0 de ,curridabat #ieg #igc #a1icj 0 de ,zapote #dhe #eji #iid 0 de ,san ,isidro #igd #iig #a1iga 0 de ,san ,vicente #gig #hfg #a1ffd 0 de ,alajuelita #a1dbh #a1daf #b1hdd 0 de ,san ,francisco #bhf #bgf #efb 0 de ,uruca #fge #gcg #a1dab 0 de ,san ,jeronimo #ahg #afi #cef 0 de ,mata ,redonda #def #dhf #idb 0 de ,hortillo #aid #ahj #cgd 0 de ,san ,sebastian #cfa #dcd #gie 0 de ,las ,pavas #dgj #dhd #ied ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,total #ah1hfi #bj1bdc #ci1aab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,canton de ,escaz4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,villa de ,escas 7,centro7 #ddj #eba #ifa ,barrio de ,san ,antonio #gda #geg #a1dih 0 de ,san ,rafael #hce #hgj #a1gje 0 de ,santa ,ana #gfa #fii #a1dfj 0 de ,salitral #dge #dbc #hih ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total #c1beb #c1bgj #f1ebb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,canton de ,desamparados4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,desamparados 7,centro7 #eef #fea #a1bjg ,barrio de ,san ,juan de ,dios #dhf #eab #iih 0 de ,san ,miguel #dgi #eae #iid 0 de ,san ,cristobal #aia #bch #dbi 0 de ,san ,rafael #chd #cia #gge 0 de ,rosario #bbf #bje #dca 0 de ,patarra #bbe #bji #dcd 0 de ,los ,frailes #ahf #bae #dja 0 de ,san ,antonio #che #dag #hjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1aah #c1cec #f1dga ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,goicoechea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,guadalupe 7,centro7 #ffg #gjb #a1cfi ,barrio de ,san ,francisco #afa #ahb #cdc 0 de ,ipsis y ,purral #bfj #bih #eeh 0 de ,blancos y ,san ,gabriel #bgg #cjc #ehj 0 del ,charco y ,rancho ,redondo #adf #aag #bfc 0 de ,mata de ,platano #ajc #abe #bbh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #a1fad #a1gbg #c1cda ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,puriscal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa del ,puriscal 7,centro7 #eig #fjd #a1bja ,barrio de ,san ,rafael #cih #cgc #gga 0 de ,san ,pablo #cga #cai #fij 0 de ,barbacoas #bde #bbd #dfi 0 de ,desamparaditos #bcd #beg #dia 0 de ,san ,antonio #bii #bii #eih 0 de ,san ,juan #bcd #baa #dde 0 de ,grifo ,alto #baf #bab #dbh 0 de ,grifo ,bajo #agf #ahc #cei 0 de ,mercedes #ceh #caf #fgd 0 de ,candelarita #cff #cec #gai ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1did #c1cea #f1hde ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,aserri4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,aserri 7,centro7 #ehg #feb #a1bci ,barrio de ,monte ,redondo #bfe #beh #ebc 0 de ,pirris #di #eb #aja 0 de ,san ,ignacio #dbh #cii #hbg 0 de ,la ,legua #ahi #acb #cba 0 de ,sabanillas #cbj #bgj #eij 0 de ,cangrejal #agf #agj #cdf 0 de ,tarbaca #aie #aga #cff 0 de ,cacao #aih #aii #cig 0 de ,la ,ceiba #ig #gh #age 0 de ,ococa #aje #ij #aie 0 de ,poas #abd #abe #bdi 0 de ,guaitil #bea #bbc #dgd 0 de ,palmichal #aad #aac #bbg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1jih #b1icb #f1jcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,mora4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,pacaca 7,centro7 #dce #def #hia ,barrio de ,los ,altos y ,tienfres #cfi #ccb #gja 0 de ,jateo #aff #afd #ccj 0 de ,brasil #ach #adj #bgh 0 de ,guajabo y ,jaris #daf #deb #hfh 0 de ,rodeo #ec #ec #ajf 0 de ,morado #bhc #bie #egh 0 de ,tabarcia #bfa #bch #dii 0 de ,picagres #aij #aih #chh 0 de ,piedra ,blanca #bjf #bja #djg 0 de ,piedras ,negras #chh #chj #gfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #b1ije #b1iji #e1had ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,tarraz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,san ,marcos 7,centro7 #dcg #cgh #hae ,barrio de ,san ,pablo #bda #bcj #dga 0 de ,san ,andrs #aaa #ic #bjd 0 del ,general #adi #ace #bhd 0 de ,santa ,maria #dcb #cgg #hji ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #a1cgj #a1bac #b1ehc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,province of ,alajuela4 ,canton de ,alajuela4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ciudad de ,alajuela 7,centro7 #a1gej #b1jgh #c1hbh ,barrio de ,san ,pedro #gig #gid #a1eia 0 de ,san ,rafael #fcb #gcc #a1cfe 0 de ,san ,jos #gda #gih #a1eci 0 de ,santiago ,este #ebh #ech #a1jff 0 0 0 ,oeste #dhc #ejg #iij 0 de ,concepcion #gee #ghd #a1eci 0 de ,sabanilla #gcd #gbb #a1def 0 de ,san ,antonio #fha #gbj #a1dja 0 de ,turrcares #dbj #chh #hjh 0 de ,desamparados #dcf #dee #hia 0 de ,tuetal #bdi #bfa #eaj 0 de ,garita #bdi #bed #ejc 0 de ,san ,isidro #ccj #ccc #ffc 0 de ,itiquis #bgi #bij #efi 0 de ,sarapiqui #ajf #fa #afg 0 de ,carrillos #aif #bah #dad ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #i1cff #i1icd #ai1cjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,palmares4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,palmares 7,centro7 #cbd #dag #gda ,barrio de ,esquipulas #bhj #bff #edf 0 de ,buenos ,aires #bga #bid #efe 0 de ,zaragoza #bhi #bgc #efb 0 de ,la ,granja #aij #aff #cef ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #a1ced #a1daf #b1ggj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,san ,ramon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,san ,ramon 7,centro7 #iab #a1jgg #a1ihi ,barrio de ,santiago ,norte #bfa #bdi #eaj 0 0 0 ,sur #fba #fae #a1bcf 0 de ,concepcion #bha #bfh #edi 0 de ,piedades ,norte #ejb #dhf #ihh 0 0 0 ,sur #edd #ecf #a1jhj 0 de ,san ,juan #gbi #gcc #a1dfb 0 de ,san ,isidro #cdf #cfa #gjg 0 de ,san ,rafael #eie #fbb #a1bag 0 de ,los ,angeles #aab #gh #aij ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #d1ijc #e1jbe #i1ibh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,grecia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,grecia 7,centro7 #ffc #gaf #a1cgi ,barrio de ,san ,isidro #chh #dje #gic 0 de ,sarchi ,norte #ebc #eji #a1jcb 0 de ,sarchi ,sur #bia #bfg #eeh 0 de ,sirri #chc #cgb #gee 0 de ,puente ,piedra #bic #ccd #fbg 0 de ,san ,jeronimo #bgi #beb #eca 0 de ,san ,roque #big #bii #eif 0 de ,san ,pedro de la ,union #aij #aia #cha 0 de ,san ,jos #cic #cff #gei 0 de ,tacares #bfe #bci #ejd 0 de ,los ,angeles #bae #aih #dac 0 de ,san ,juan #aif #ahf #chb 0 de ,guatuso #gg #aj #hg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #d1dec #d1cdd #h1gig ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,atenas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,atenas 7,centro7 #chh #dbc #haa ,barrio de ,jesus #eha #edd #a1abe 0 de ,mercedes #dcb #ddf #hgh 0 de ,santiago #bed #bfh #ebb 0 de ,concepcion #cfd #cfe #gbi 0 de ,san ,isidro #bee #bcb #dhg 0 de ,candelaria #aif #bji #dje 0 de ,san ,jos #bfe #bdh #eac 0 de ,los ,angeles #agg #aij #cfg 0 de ,santa ,eulalia #ahh #ahc #cga ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #c1ajj #c1ajh #f1bjh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,san ,mateo4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,barrios etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,villa ,san ,mateo 7,centro7 #cdj #cfa #gja ,barrio de ,santo ,domingo #chd #ceg #gda 0 de ,desmonte #bdd #bag #dfa 0 de ,ramadas #aih #ahf #chd 0 de ,mastate #bic #bbf #eai 0 de ,jesus ,maria #adf #abe #bga 0 de ,maderal #ada #ace #bgf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #a1gdf #a1fjg #c1cec ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,naranjo4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4,females4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,villa del ,naranjo 7,centro7 #ggg #hcj #a1fjg ,barrio de ,san ,juanillo #ddd #edf #iij 0 de ,zarcero #cgd #ccd #gjh 0 de ,san ,miguel #cib #dac #hje 0 de ,candelaria #bha #bhc #efd 0 de ,buena ,vista y ,tapesco #bia #bfg #eeh 0 de ,barranca #bhj #bai #dii 0 de ,concepcion #bei #bdf #eje 0 de ,san ,carlos #ahi #aab #cja 0 de ,laguna #afa #adi #caj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #c1ddh #c1cii #f1hdg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,province of ,cartago4 ,canton de ,cartago4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ciudad de ,cartago 7,centro7 #a1fch #a1hec #c1dia ,barrio de ,san ,nicolas #a1ceg #a1djg #b1gfd 0 de ,los ,angeles #a1aib #a1cch #b1ecj 0 de ,san ,francisco #a1acd #a1bjc #b1ccg 0 de ,carmen #ihh #a1jff #b1jed 0 de ,san ,rafael #hib #iie #a1hhg 0 de ,la ,concepcion #hia #ibj #a1haa 0 de ,guadalupe #ifa #a1jge #b1jcf 0 de ,pascon y ,pacayas #ghf #gad #a1ejj 0 de ,santa ,cruz y ,capelladas #ffg #eej #a1bag 0 de ,corralillo #cej #cab #ffb 0 de ,san ,juan de ,tobosi #bgj #bgh #edh 0 de ,quebradilla y ,bermejo #bja #aid #cie 0 de ,tabln #agj #aga #cda ,pueblo de ,cot #cii #dah #hag 0 de ,tobosi #cie #cfj #gee ,aldea de ,cervantes #cig #cef #gec ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ab1fhh #ac1baj #be1hih ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,canton de ,paraiso4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,villa del ,paraiso 7,centro7 #icb #ifg #a1hii ,barrio de ,juan ,vias y ,turialba #a1bic #hgj #b1afc 0 de ,la ,flor #cff #cca #fig ,pueblo de ,orosi #eij #eif #a1ahf 0 de ,tucurrique #cdg #bib #fci 0 de ,chirripo #aeh #abb #bhj ,aldea de ,cachi #bgh #bch #eaf 0 de ,palomo y ,ujarrs #bbg #bab #dci ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #d1aia #c1fbh #g1hai ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,canton de la ,union4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,villa de la ,union #ecj #edg #a1jgg ,barrio de ,san ,diego #cid #djh #hjb 0 de ,san ,rafael #ccc #cbh #ffa 0 de ,concepcion #bic #bei #eeb 0 de ,dulce ,nombre #ahe #ahb #cfg 0 de ,san ,juan #bdc #bch #dha 0 de ,san ,ramon #afg #adi #caf ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total #b1ade #b1aaa #d1bef ---------------------------------------- -------- ,province of ,heredia4 ,canton de ,heredia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ciudad de ,heredia 7,centro7 #b1hgc #c1agd #f1jdg ,barrio de ,san ,pablo #hia #ijd #a1gie 0 de ,san ,joaquin #hae #hbf #a1fda 0 de ,san ,isidro #igj #a1jjc #a1igc 0 de ,mercedes #edg #ehh #a1ace 0 de ,san ,antonio #eei #fdh #a1bjg 0 de ,el ,barreal #cef #cdg #gjc 0 de ,sarapiqui #cjg #afd #dga 0 de ,la ,rivera #bib #ccj #fbb 0 de ,san ,francisco #dcj #def #hhf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #h1jdj #h1ddj #af1dhj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,barba4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,barba 7,centro7 #dai #dic #iab ,barrio de ,san ,pedro #dij #dif #ihf 0 de ,san ,pablo #bea #bfb #eac 0 de ,santa ,lucia #abb #acj #beb 0 de ,san ,roque #afa #adj #cja ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #a1ddc #a1eba #b1ifd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,santa ,barbara4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,santa ,barbara 7,centro7 #cbf #cfb #fhh ,barrio de ,san ,pedro #bij #bgh #efh 0 de ,san ,juan #bid #cjb #eif 0 de ,santo ,domingo #afg #acf #cjc 0 de ,jesus #cae #cge #fij ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #a1cib #a1dec #b1hde ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,santo ,domingo4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,santo ,domingo 7,centro7 #idh #a1jcb #a1ihj ,barrio de ,san ,miguel #eaf #dgg #ifc 0 de ,santo ,tomas #cic #dag #haj 0 de ,santa ,rosa #cei #cie #ged 0 de ,san ,vicente #agg #bad #cia 0 de ,paraisito #ie #ie #aij ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #b1dhh #b1fcj #e1aah ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,san ,rafael4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,villa de ,san ,rafael 7,centro7 #hjh #hjd #a1fab ,barrio de ,san ,jos #dha #did #ige 0 de ,los ,angeles #bgg #beg #ecd 0 de ,santiago #cda #chc #gbd 0 de ,concepcion #agb #ahg #cei ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #b1jgi #b1abe #d1bjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,province of ,guanacaste4 ,canton de ,liberia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ciudad de ,liberia 7,centro7 #a1jie #a1aca #b1bbf ,barrio de ,sardinal #efg #edj #a1ajg 0 de ,filadelfia #chh #cij #ggh 0 de ,caas ,dulces #dfc #cce #gih 0 de ,palmira #bif #beg #eec 0 de ,buenos ,aires #bed #afg #dba ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #c1jfc #b1hbj #e1hhc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,canton de ,caas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,caas 7,centro7 #agi #bbb #dja ,barrio de ,colorado #dcd #bjg #fda 0 de ,sandillal #adg #acd #bha 0 de ,hotel #abd #acb #bef 0 de ,santa ,rosa #ia #fe #aef 0 de ,buenaventura #id #hj #agd 0 de ,bebedero #ajb #fa #afc 0 de ,javia #df #dg #ic ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #a1bag #idh #b1afe ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,bagaces4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,bagaces 7,centro7 #ahj #bci #dai ,barrio de ,bebedero #aab #gg #ahi 0 de ,agua ,caliente #eb #dh #ajj 0 de ,tamarindo #he #cg #abb 0 de ,monte ,negro #ea #ef #ajg 0 de ,montaa #fh #ei #abg 0 de ,pijij #fh #ed #abb 0 de ,rio ,blanco #fc #dh #aaa 0 de ,salitial #cb #be #eg 0 de ,joreo #bf #ah #dd 0 de ,cofradia #ch #dj #gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #gge #gja #a1dgf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,santa ,cruz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,santa ,cruz 7,centro7 #cdf #chf #gcb ,barrio de ,belen #cfh #cii #gfg 0 de ,veintisiete de ,abril #ceb #chb #gcd 0 de ,santa ,rosa #bif #cjj #eif 0 de ,limon #bbj #bbc #ddc 0 de ,tempate y ,arenal #big #bid #eia 0 de ,lagunilla #afj #agd #ccd 0 de ,san ,juan #aej #aci #bhi 0 de ,porte ,golpe #aea #afb #cac 0 de ,arado #add #acg #bha 0 de ,santa ,barbara #bdd #bfc #ejg 0 de ,bolsn #age #ahf #cfa ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #b1ijc #c1jde #e1idh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,nicoya4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,villa de ,nicoya 7,centro7 #cgf #dbh #hjd ,barrio de ,corralillo #bbb #ahf #djh 0 de ,matina #aha #age #cef 0 de ,san ,antonio #afa #afg #cbh 0 de ,santa ,rita #afg #acj #big 0 de ,matamb #aeh #aec #caa 0 de ,dulce ,nombre #abg #acd #bfa 0 de ,sabana grande #agf #agb #cdh 0 de ,humo #aah #aba #bci 0 de ,santa ,ana #hg #ajb #ahi 0 de ,san ,joaquin #he #ic #agh 0 de ,san ,lazaro #fj #fb #abb 0 de ,san ,pablo #ch #ea #hi 0 de ,san ,vicente #ga #gj #ada 0 de ,zapote #abf #ach #bfd 0 de ,pueblo ,viejo #acb #aaj #bdb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #b1bhe #b1bib #d1egg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 ,canton de ,puntarenas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ciudad de ,puntarenas 7,centro7 #a1ahh #a1cej #b1ech ,barrio de los ,quemados #gjd #efg #a1bga 0 de ,pitahaya #adh #ajj #bdh 0 de ,lagartos #he #fg #aeb 0 de ,abangares #ha #eg #ach 0 de ,rio ,grande #ha #fb #adc 0 de ,paquera #adf #acj #bgf 0 de ,chomes #aij #acb #cbb 0 de ,ciruelitas #abj #hc #bjc 0 de ,puerto ,alto #ih #fj #aeh 0 de ,cabo ,blanco #aje #ajf #baa 0 de ,corosal #abh #ajf #bcd 0 de ,barranca #acf #ajj #bcf 0 de ,jicaral #ff #dg #aac 0 de ,chacarita #gg #ee #acb 0 de ,lepanto #ge #fc #ach 0 de ,chira #ea #de #if 0 de ,san ,miguel #ee #dc #ih 0 de ,jigaute #eb #ec #aje 0 de ,morales #eg #de #ajb 0 de ,tambar #ec #cf #hi 0 de ,las ,agujas #he #eh #adc 0 de ,cur #bi #cf #fe 0 de ,presidio de ,san ,lucas #aec -- #aec 0 de ,golfo ,dulce 7,centro7 #cjc #bbj #ebc 0 de ,cabagra #dc #dj #hc 0 de ,buenos ,aires #abe #aed #bgi ,pueblo de ,terraba #ajg #abd #bca 0 de ,baruca #age #bad #chi ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #d1gaf #d1aec #h1hfi ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,canton de ,esparza4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ciudad de ,esparza 7,centro7 #fjg #fch #a1bde ,barrio de ,san ,jernimo #aei #adj #bii 0 de ,san ,rafael #bge #bcb #ejg 0 de ,san ,juan ,grande #hi #hc #agb 0 de ,san ,juan ,chiquito #ec #ej #ajc 0 de ,macacona #aca #aac #bdd 0 de ,los ,nances #aah #hg #bje 0 el ,barn #eb #dj #ib 0 de ,paires #ia #hf #agg 0 de ,maraonal #fi #ff #ace 0 de ,juanilama #hj #ci #aai ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #a1gbd #a1egd #c1bih ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,comarca de ,limon4 ,canton de ,limon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,barrios1 etc4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ciudad de ,limon 7,centro7 #a1eag #fbg #b1add ,barrio de ,reventazon #fef #aai #gge 0 de ,matina #ecj #ajc #fcc 0 de ,jimenez #hgi #ajf #ihe 0 de ,hospital in #ab millas #cdj #aga #eaa 0 de ,tortuguero #abd #dh #agb 0 de ,estrella1 ,cieneguita1 #bfi #afj #dbi 0 de ,bananito y ,cahuita 0 de ,talamanca #ibf #iji #a1hce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #e1bda #b1bdc #g1dhd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,costa ,rica had in #ahib1 taking this census as a basis1 #cac communities distributed as follows3 #gf in the province of ,san ,jos with #gf1gah inhabitants #bjc1eje #gc 0 0 ,alajuela 0 #eg1bjc 0 inhabitants #cb 0 0 ,cartago 0 #cg1igc 0 in tierra #ca 0 0 ,heredia 0 #ca1faa 0 templada or temperate zone4 #ec 0 0 ,guanacaste 0 #bj1jdi 0 #ci1gjj #dj 0 comarca de ,puntarenas 0 #ab1afg 0 inhabitants #h 0 0 ,limon 0 #g1dhd 0 in tierra caliente or warm zone4 ,as may have been observed1 there is a great repetition of names in ,costa ,rica1 especially of places named in honor of saints1 which for commercial convenience will probably be changed4 ,of communities there are not less than ,key to column headings3 ,a3 ,in the ,department of ,san ,jos4 ,b3 ,in the ,department of ,alajuela4 ,c3 ,in the ,department of ,cartago4 ,d3 ,in the ,department of ,heredia4 ,e3 ,in the ,department of ,guanacaste4 ,f3 ,in the ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f #aj named ,san ,rafael #c #b #c #a #a #a #g 0 ,san ,juan #b #b #a #a #a - #g 0 ,san ,isidro #a #d #a #a - - #g 0 ,concepcion - #d #b #a - - #f 0 ,san ,antonio #c #a - #a #a - #e 0 ,san ,pedro #a #b - #b - - #e 0 ,san ,francisco #b - #a #a #a - #e 0 ,los ,angeles - #c #a #a - - #e 0 ,san ,jos #a #c - #a - - #e 0 ,san ,pablo #b - - #b #a - #d 0 ,san ,miguel #a #a - #a - #a #d 0 ,santiago #a #a #a #a - - #c 0 ,san ,vicente #a - - #a #a - #c 0 ,san ,jernimo #a #a - - #a - #c 0 ,mercedes #a #a - #a - - #c 0 ,buenos ,aires - #a - - #a #a #c 0 ,santa ,rosa - - - #a #b - #b 0 ,santa ,ana #a - - - #a - #b 0 ,san ,ramon - #a #a - - - #b 0 ,san ,roque - #a - #a - - #b 0 ,jesus - #a - #a - - #b 0 ,san ,joaquin - - - #a #a - #b 0 ,santa ,barbara - - - #a #a - ,of these #cac communities1 distributed in #e provinces with #bh cantones and in #b comarcas with #c cantones1 the following table gives their relative importance3 ,in the ,in the ,centers4 ,inhabitants4 warm zone4 temperate zone4 #a had #dd #a -- #ab had from #ej to #ajj #aa #a #ea 0 #ajj 0 #bej #dj #aa #gi 0 #bej 0 #ejj #be #ed #aji 0 #ejj 0 #a1jjj #ag #ib #bg 0 #a1jjj 0 #a1ejj #c #bd #ah 0 #a1ejj 0 #b1jjj #a #ag #g 0 #b1jjj 0 #b1ejj #b #e #e 0 #b1ejj 0 #c1jjj #a #d #b 0 #c1jjj 0 #d1jjj - #b #a 0 #f1jjj 0 #g1jjj - #a #a 0 #bj1jjj 0 #be1jjj - #a --- --- --- #cac #aja #bab ,in order to give an idea of the density of the population1 there is roundly presented in the following table the area of each province and comarca1 its total population and its population per square kilometer3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,surface ,total ,population in square ,popula- in square km4 tion4 km4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,province of ,san ,jos #d1jjj #hj1jjj #bj4jj 0 ,alajuela #aa1jjj #fj1jjj #e4de ,temperate 0 ,cartago #c1ejj #dj1jjj #aa4dc zone4 0 ,heredia #a1ejj #cj1jjj #bj4jj 0 ,guanacaste #aj1jjj #bj1jjj #b4jj ,comarca de ,puntarenas #aa1jjj #ab1jjj #a4ji ,warm zone4 0 ,limon #ac1jjj #h1jjj #j4fa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in regard to the age of the population1 the census of #ahib shows that there were3 ,males4 ,females4 ,years4 #d1hbj #d1cdh of less than #a #ae1aec #ad1dch from #a to #e #af1gjf #af1fhh 0 #e 0 #aj #ad1hdi #ac1hfe 0 #aj 0 #ae #aa1hgf #ab1dej 0 #ae 0 #bj #aa1dab #aa1gfd 0 #bj 0 #be #aa1afj #aj1hch 0 #be 0 #cj #i1feb #i1ebj 0 #cj 0 #ce #f1hfh #f1bhc 0 #ce 0 #dj #e1hbd #e1hgh 0 #dj 0 #de #c1ibi #c1hag 0 #de 0 #ej #c1idi #d1jcb 0 #ej 0 #ee #b1jcg #b1jhd 0 #ee 0 #fj #b1jhe #b1ade 0 #fj 0 #fe #iac #ieb 0 #fe 0 #gj #eic #gee 0 #gj 0 #ge #cdg #dbf 0 #ge 0 #hj #adg #bha 0 #hj 0 #he #he #aaj 0 #he 0 #ij #dc #eh 0 #ij 0 #ie #cb #dc 0 #ie to over #ajj ,the military census gives the following figures of able-bodied men in the different cantones1 provinces and comarcas3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 ,total4 ,san ,jos #c1cde from #ah to #ce years #a1bah from #cf to #ej years1 #d1efc ,escas #gjb 0 0 #bda 0 0 #idc ,desamparados #a1aba 0 0 #cgb 0 0 #a1dic ,puriscal #ica 0 0 #bhi 0 0 #a1bbj ,aserri #fbc 0 0 #aig 0 0 #hbj ,mora #gfg 0 0 #bce 0 0 #a1jjb ,tarraz #bii 0 0 #hh 0 0 #chg ,goicoechea #cfb 0 0 #ach 0 0 #ejj ----- ----- ------ #h1aej 0 0 #b1ggh 0 0 #aj1ibh ,province of ,alajuela4 ,alajuela #b1abe from #ah to #ce years #gcb from #cf to #ej years1 #b1heg ,san ,ramon #a1aia 0 0 #dji 0 0 #a1fjj ,grecia #a1aba 0 0 #chg 0 0 #a1ejh ,atenas #idc 0 0 #aea 0 0 #a1jid ,san ,mateo #dbh 0 0 #adb 0 0 #egj ,naranjo #fig 0 0 #bbi 0 0 #ibf ,palmares #ddb 0 0 #aeg 0 0 #eii ----- ----- ----- #f1idg 0 0 #b1bjg 0 0 #i1aed ,province of ,cartago4 ,cartago #b1eab from #ah to #ce years #hfi from #cf to #ej years1 #c1chg ,paraiso #ibc 0 0 #cbg 0 0 #a1bej ,la ,union #cha 0 0 #afc 0 0 #edd ----- ----- ----- #c1haf 0 0 #a1cei 0 0 #e1age ,province of ,heredia4 ,heredia #a1ibi from #ah to #ce years #gch from #cf to #ej years1 #b1ffg ,barba #cda 0 0 #abb 0 0 #dfc ,santo ,domingo #fbc 0 0 #bja 0 0 #hbd ,santa ,barbara #bih 0 0 #aji 0 0 #djg ,san ,rafael #dgh 0 0 #acf 0 0 #fad ----- ----- ----- #c1ffi 0 0 #a1cjf 0 0 #d1ige ,province of ,guanacaste4 ,liberia #gcb from #ah to #ce years #beg from #cf to #ej years1 #ihi ,caas #abb 0 0 #dj 0 0 #afb ,bagaces #adf 0 0 #ea 0 0 #aig ,santa ,cruz #egh 0 0 #ahe 0 0 #gfc ,nicoya #dia 0 0 #aci 0 0 #fcj ----- --- ----- #b1jfi 0 0 #fgb 0 0 #b1gda ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 #iac from #ah to #ce years #bgj from #cf to #ej years1 #a1ahc ,comarca de ,limon4 #gh from #ah to #ce years #ci from #cf to #ej years1 #aag ------ ----- ------ ,total ,costa ,rica #be1fdb 0 0 #h1fca 0 0 #cd1bgc ,the movement of the population in regard to births1 deaths and increase was in #ahib as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,province or ,comarca4 ,births4 ,deaths4 ,increase4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,san ,jos #c1deh #a1ffe #a1gic ,alajuela #b1fcc #a1aei #a1dgd ,cartago #a1faf #hjb #had ,heredia #a1dab #hce #egg ,guanacaste #gag #bhd #dcc ,puntarenas #dfd #bfd #bjj ,limon #fb #eh #d ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #aj1cfb #e1jfg #e1bie ---------------------------------------- ------ ,during the first half of #ahig there were in the capitals of the same provinces or comarcas the following births and deaths3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,births4 ,deaths4 -------------------- -------------------- ,illegi-,legiti- ,males4,females4 timate4 mate4 ,total4 ,males4,females4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,san ,jos #agi #dbh #fjg #bdg #bji #def ,alajuela #hb #bij #cgb #aag #aae #bcb ,cartago #fc #ceg #dbj #acc #aag #bej ,heredia #ac #gf #hi #hbe #gie #he #ib #agg ,liberia #cd #ac #dg #ac #ad #bg ,puntarenas #ce #ae #ej #dd #ce #gi ,limon #bh #g #ce #ch #bd #fb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total #dcd #a1ahf #a1fbj #hbe #gie #fgg #fjf #a1bhc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,deaths by ,ages4 ,from #a to #e years #gji ,from #f to #bj years #fe ,from #ba to #ej years #cag ,from #ea and upward #aib ---- ,total #abhc ,these data show in favor of births over deaths an increase of #ccg1 of whom #adh were males and #ahi females4 ,the causes of death in each #ajjj cases were as follows3 ,fever #bbj ,cholera infantum #aab ,diarrhea #eb ,dysentery and colic #gg ,typhoid fever #bf ,bronchitis and pneumonia #ia ,phthisis #db ,influenza #ag ,dropsy #ca ,heart failure #ca ,apoplexy and paralysis #ha ,indigestion #ab ,gastro-enteritis #ae ,enteritis #bh ,inflammation #ce ,cancer #af ,blood-poison #ag ,syphilis #e ,in regard to social conditions1 the population of ,costa ,rica was distributed in #ahib1 by percentages1 as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,province or ,single ,single ,comarca4 ,married4 ,divorced4 ,widowers4 ,widows4 ,male4 ,female4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,san ,jos #bg4eb #j4ch #j4hi #b4ih #cc4gg #cd4df ,alajuela #bh4ga #j4aa #j4hg #c4ag #cd4af #cb4ih ,cartago #bf4gf #j4jh #a4af #c4ih #cd4hb #cc4bj ,heredia #bh4cc #j4jg #a4jf #c4bb #cb4id #cd4ch ,guanacaste #bb4hb #j4fd #a4fj #c4ei #cg4ec #cc4hb ,puntarenas #ah4ag #j4cj #a4ag #c4ea #dj4jg #cf4gh ,limon #e4je #j4af #j4ci #j4gj #fi4ah #bd4eb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,with respect to instruction there were #bh1bjh individuals who could read1 and #dh1bae persons who could read and write1 leaving #aff1ghb illiterates1 or #fh4eh per cent of the entire population who could not read or write4 ,it will be interesting for the economist to know the percentage of the population capable of reading1 or writing and reading4 ,it is as follows3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 ------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 ------------------------------- ,san ,jos #bj4jj #ch4ih ,escas #h4jh #i4eb ,desamparados #ae4dj #bj4ja ,puriscal #i4af #aa4hb ,aserri #e4cb #f4ee ,mora #f4je #f4ba ,tarraz #i4ji #aj4ie ,goicoechea #ab4hc #ba4fd ------------------------------- #ad4gb #be4fi ------------------------------- ,province of ,alajuela4 ------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 ------------------------------- ,alajuela #aj4ji #bj4ag ,san ,ramon #h4dh #aj4jb ,grecia #h4cb #aa4bb ,atenas #e4ea #i4de ,san ,mateo #g4hd #ab4ee ,naranjo #aj4jf #ab4ih ,palmares #f4jf #ae4de ------------------------------- #h4ga #ad4cc ------------------------------- ,province of ,cartago4 ------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 ------------------------------- ,cartago #aa4ej #af4hc ,paraiso #f4db #h4ib ,la ,union #aj4hc #ag4aj ------------------------------- #aj4ch #ae4bc ------------------------------- ,province of ,heredia4 --------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 --------------------------------- ,heredia #ae4db #bg4ha ,barba #ab4gb #bj4bg ,santo ,domingo #ad4af #ai4ej ,santa ,barbara #aa4ec #ag4dj ,san ,rafael #i4jh #ad4ha --------------------------------- #ac4gg #bb4de --------------------------------- ,province of ,guanacaste4 --------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 --------------------------------- ,liberia #ad4fe #ai4jh ,caas #g4ga #aj4he ,bagaces #h4id #ah4fc ,santa ,cruz #aj4dg #ac4ad ,nicoya #aa4hd #ae4je --------------------------------- #aa4fj #ae4dh --------------------------------- ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 ----------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 ----------------------------------- ,puntarenas #g4je #af4ee ,esparza #g4dc #aa4gf ----------------------------------- #g4ae #ae4be ----------------------------------- ,comarca de ,limon4 ----------------------------------- ,readers ,readers4 and writers4 ----------------------------------- ,limon #e4gf #ca4be ,total ,costa ,rica #aa4fj #ai4hb ----------------------------------- ,the total literates were #gf1dbc persons1 or #ca4db per cent of the population4 ,in the capitals of the different provinces and comarcas the proportion was as follows3 ,readers4 ,readers and ,writers4 ,san ,jos #be4cg per cent4 #dd4fb per cent4 ,alajuela #af4ib 0 #ca4eh 0 ,cartago #ai4ii 0 #cg4hc 0 ,heredia #ae4ff 0 #cf4ca 0 ,liberia #i4ch 0 #ba4if 0 ,puntarenas #ag4be 0 #bf4bd 0 ,limon #ac4dg 0 #ci4ee 0 ----- ----- #bj4ec 0 #ch4gg 0 ,for these cities the total literates were #bc1dhh persons or #ei4e per cent4 of their population4 ,there were1 out of the total number1 #ag1dhc school children1 who were taught by #dea teachers in public schools4 ,there were also #fbhi foreigners in the country1 of which #b1eaf were in the ,province of ,san ,jos4 #cie 0 0 0 ,alajuela4 #cfb 0 0 0 ,cartago4 #ach 0 0 0 ,heredia4 #fcd 0 0 0 ,guanacaste4 #a1bic 0 ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 #a1jea 0 0 0 ,limon4 ,these foreigners were distributed by nationalities as follows3 #a1cjb ,nicaraguans1 #hca ,spaniards1 #hab ,colombians1 #fcd ,jamaicans1 #fbb ,italians1 #cdb ,germans1 #bdf ,englishmen1 #bjd ,americans1 #aie ,salvadorans1 #ahi ,frenchmen1 #afj ,guatemalans1 #aef ,cubans1 #age ,chinamen1 #acb ,hondurans4 ,with respect to occupations1 there were in ,costa ,rica in #ahib3 #hif ,cattle-farmers1 #h1cad ,agriculturists1 male1 #aid ,agriculturists1 female1 #bb1aij ,laborers1 #cdi ,servants1 male1 #b1cdh 0 female1 #dj ,cooks1 male1 #c1hja 0 female1 #d1eda ,seamstresses1 #a1jca ,laundry ironers1 #e1hgc ,laundry cleaners1 #cff ,tailors1 #cgh ,shoemakers1 #ihj ,carpenters1 #b1ajb ,carmen1 #if ,mule drivers1 #efe ,masons1 #bgi ,butchers1 #ijj ,merchants1 #iaa ,clerks1 #ib ,lawyers1 #df ,surveyors1 #aca ,barbers1 #iac ,government employes1 #eda ,cigarmakers1 #bfe ,hat makers1 #aaa ,bakers1 #ed ,pharmacists1 #aa ,commission merchants1 #cf ,watchmen1 #hb ,blacksmiths1 #hh ,hotel keepers1 #db ,physicians1 #bdc ,musicians1 #af ,engineers1 #ab ,mechanics1 #f ,miners1 #da ,painters1 #bj ,silversmiths1 #ae ,watchmakers1 #bg ,saddlers1 #di ,tanners1 #ab ,dyers1 #gg ,printers1 #hd ,sailors1 #bh ,carpet makers4 ,a distribution of the people by their principal occupations in the different cantones was as follows3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,san ,jos #a1jia #aej #e1dcb #ebd #aih #efh ,escas #dji #ai #ggb #ci #f #h ,desamparados #eih #cj #gfc #eb #ae #ab ,puriscal #che #bc #dab --#afbj #d #e ,aserri #dig #h #dge #db #d #e ,mora #dic #af #hih #cc #c #c ,tarraz #ddb #aj #beg #ag #b #d ,goicoechea #bbf #bj #bhf #ac #i #g ---------------------------------------- ------ 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,san ,jos #caf #bca #aif #dbc ,escas #afh -- #a #i ,desamparados #ajg #b #e #ci ,puriscal #di -- #a #ebaafibbbdfc ,aserri #hi -- #a #ab ,mora #he -- #b #h ,tarraz #ce -- #b #c ,goicoechea #bg #a #e #h ---------------------------------------- ------- ,province of ,alajuela4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ,alajuela #fhg #hf #b1jcg #baa #ib #cb ,san ,ramon #bah #cj #hia #aci #ca #h ,grecia #bhb #cb #gha #ii #bi #ab ,atenas #ei #f #cgb #bdgjd #ae #g ,san ,mateo #id #i #bgh #fi #aj #h ,naranjo #aej #ba #iga #fa #ab #aj ,palmares #abd #bf #cbh #ci #i #i ---------------------------------------- 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,alajuela #bjc #aa #ai #eb ,san ,ramon #ig #f #f #bc ,grecia #ib #d #d #cf ,atenas #cb #c #c #abaf--acaaah ,san ,mateo #ba #c #b #e ,naranjo #ea #b #b #ah ,palmares #ac #b #b #ac ---------------------------------------- -- ,province of ,cartago4 7,part #a of #b7 ------------------------------------ ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ------------------------------------ ,cartago #eaj #hd #a1ebg #aef #gb #cb ,paraiso #bfa #ba #dec #fadbb #aj #f ,la ,union #aib #ae #adh #fa #ah #ab ------------------------------------ 7,part #b of #b7 -------------------------------------- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 -------------------------------------- ,cartago #bjc #ag #be #dg ,paraiso #bj #b #b #ajajbbccajc ,la ,union #da #c #c #ah -------------------------------------- ,province of ,heredia4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- -- ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,heredia #eda #hh #a1bdg #bci #gi #eb ,barba #bja #ba #cgh #eh #ac #e ,santo ,domingo #bgf #cd #eja #hdfeg #bh #ab ,santa ,barbara #afa #af #bfa #fc #ad #d ,san ,rafael #id #ba #bej #cb #h #e ---------------------------------------- -- 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,heredia #bja #ca #db #ajb ,barba #ea #e #e #ab ,santo ,domingo #hf #d #c #acadeidjhe ,santa ,barbara #ch -- #b #g ,san ,rafael #ba #a #b #ac ---------------------------------------- ---- ,province of ,guanacaste4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ,liberia #hb #be #fjh #aac #eg #ag ,caas #ca #c #ig #bd #f #e ,bagaces #hg #c #ach #ffbfg #g #c ,santa ,cruz #abf #g #ddb #eb #ai #e ,nicoya #eb #f #cib #db #e #d ---------------------------------------- 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,liberia -- #ab #ac #bc ,caas #i #a #a #c ,bagaces #aj -- #a #d #ajabfbej ,santa ,cruz #ac #e #d #i ,nicoya -- #b #e #ag ---------------------------------------- --- ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ,puntarenas #ba #i #cga #ic #bag #gf #bh ,esparza #hc #ab #aih #cd #ab #e ---------------------------------------- 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- - ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- - ,puntarenas #ae #i #h #ab #hccjee ,esparza #i #b #e #i ---------------------------------------- - ,comarca de ,limon4 7,part #a of #b7 ----------------------------------- ,c a t t l e ,m ,l ,s e ,f f a e r a a b r c ,c r r o v ,c h l m m r a o a e e e e n o n r r r r t k t k s s s s s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ----------------------------------- ,limon #ce #ah #bgf #aeg #ga #cg #ah ----------------------------------- 7,part #b of #b7 -------------------------------------- ,c ,b i ,s ,c l ,h g ,g h a a a a o o r c t r v e ,t e p k e m ,c a m e s m m r p a i a n m a a n l r l k t i k k m o m o e e t e e e y e r r r h r r n e n s s s s s s t s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 -------------------------------------- ,limon -- #g #f #ae #c -- -- #ci -------------------------------------- ,the criminal statistics of ,costa ,rica for #ahif were as follows3 ,there were #djbb delinquencies punished by the police courts1 namely3 #a1bie in ,san ,jos1 #fbf in ,alajuela1 #fgh in ,cartago1 #ebj in ,heredia1 #bjj in ,liberia1 #dbd in ,puntarenas and #bgi in ,port ,limon4 ,of these there were convictions of #afhf for drunkenness and disorder4 #hfa for slight misdemeanors4 #cdj for fighting1 domestic scandals and inflicting slight injuries4 #bgd for violations of sanitary and moral ordinances4 #bhj for vagrancy4 #hj for carrying arms4 #fe for petty larceny4 #f for larceny4 ,there were also #ihi criminal sentences recorded in the ,court of ,second ,instance1 together with #abd criminal and civil judgments in the ,court of ,cassation4 ,the national 8,presidio de ,san ,lucas0 contained at the same time #agj prisoners4 ,costa ,rica in #ahif had #agdd prostitutes1 mostly between sixteen and twenty-five years of age1 under supervision4 ,nearly half of this number were in ,san ,jos1 the rest in the ports and in ,heredia1 ,alajuela and ,cartago4 ,nearly #cjj women were in the hospitals being treated for venereal diseases1 while #ejb individuals were registered in the 8,department de profilaxis venerea40 ,there were during the same year thirteen commercial insolvencies1 two cases of absolute and three of partial divorce4 ,the different courts of the country1 during the year of #ahif1 entered #edag civil and testamentary judgments1 including a number concerning mining and national land claims4 ,the people of ,costa ,rica must be considered as standing high above those of the neighboring countries in regard to morals and civilization4 ,the mass of the people is industrious1 honest1 sober1 clean1 comparatively well-clothed1 economical1 obedient to the authorities and respectful of the laws4 ,,vii4 ,,immigration ,,and ,,colonies4 ,immigration to ,costa ,rica has been small4 ,during the first half of #ahig there entered #aecc individuals by ,port ,limon and #chi by the ,port of ,puntarenas2 but during the same time #aaej persons left ,costa ,rica through ,port ,limon and #cdd through ,puntarenas4 ,the result is a gain of only #dbh persons in favor of the country4 ,in #ahif1 the excess of registered immigrants over emigrants was #aaab persons1 there having entered #cihj and departed #bhfh persons4 ,several times attempts have unsuccessfully been made by foreigners to establish colonies4 ,still there is a colony in the ,department of ,guanacaste1 called 8,colonia de ,nicoya10 which was commenced by ,cubans1 headed by ,maceo1 the late ,cuban revolutionist chief4 ,this colony possesses a sugar factory and five trapiches1 producing #gbj quintals of sugar and about #cjjj quintals of mascabado4 ,only five colonists still cultivate tobacco4 ,the colony has a school for boys and another for girls1 the latter attended by thirty and the other by forty pupils4 ,besides there is here postal service and a telegraph office4 ,a second colony located in the ,san ,carlos district is known as 8,colonia de ,aguas ,zarcas10 and has #ejj lots1 but it does not progress for lack of roads and markets easy to reach4 ,a third colony was established in ,santa ,clara1 on a branch of the ,atlantic ,railroad4 ,but there are actually there only eight families with about seventy hectares of cultivated land1 one trapiche and a saw-mill4 ,another colony was started by the ,river ,plate ,trust1 ,loan and ,agency ,company1 ,limited1 in ,turialba1 near the railroad between ,limon and ,san ,jos4 ,there were #ejj acres sold for #ae pesos each1 #bjga4i acres for #bj pesos each1 #gej acres for #be pesos each1 and #acha4a acres for #cj pesos each1 the land being situated on the ,tuis ,river and ,cabeza de ,buey4 ,besides a contract was made with ,w4 ,c4 ,beal from ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 for the sale of #ad1jjj acres on condition of procuring each year for seven years the settlement of a number of families to cultivate these lands4 ,in order to give easy access to the markets1 a cart-road is in process of construction1 which will connect the colony with the nearest railroad station4 ,the ,government of ,costa ,rica is now preparing new laws in regard to immigration1 colonization and sale of national lands4 ,the former laws have been suspended1 the ,government being convinced that the lands appropriated in former years are more than sufficient to respond to the requirements of the next twenty years4 ,the ,government also thinks it to be preferable to promote by restrictive laws the subdivision of these lands and their cultivation than to consent to new grants under the former statutes4 ,exceptions are to be made for colonization companies and enterprises adapted to the economic development of the country4 ,in former years the ,government of ,costa ,rica has often offered inducements in the way of land-grants for ,european immigration4 ,in #ahdi a grant of land of twenty leagues in length by twelve in breadth was made to a ,french company for #ajjj colonists4 ,the conditions of the contract were not carried out1 though a considerable number of immigrants formed under it an establishment4 ,a similar grant was made on the ,atlantic coast to a ,british company1 which had no result4 ,still another concession was made1 ,may #g1 #aheb1 to a ,german company organized at ,berlin with ,baron von ,blow as ,director4 ,this enterprise died with its manager in #ahef4 ,a further attempt was made in #aheb1 by ,crisanto ,medina1 to whom a large grant of land was made for colonization purposes at ,miravalles1 about #bejj feet above the sea1 but this project too was abandoned after settling about thirty-seven ,germans on the grant4 ,in #ahef1 some ,french immigrants came1 and in #aheh another colonization law was passed1 and ever since the ,government has persisted in the policy of augmenting the population by offering inducements to foreigners to settle in ,costa ,rica4 ,all these ,government proffers have1 however1 proved ineffectual4 ,,viii4 ,,public ,,instruction4 ,elementary instruction of both sexes is compulsory and at the expense of the ,government4 ,the following data are obtained from the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 ,licentiate ,ricardo ,pacheco4 ,in #ahif ,costa ,rica had #cbg primary schools with #ba1iac enrolled pupils1 or #ec per cent4 of all the children of school age1 as can be seen in the following table3 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,number ,,of ,,number ,,of ,,pupils4 ,,official ,,schools ----------------------------------- ,g ,m ,t ,g ,t ,b i i o ,b i o o r x t o r t y l e a y l a s s d l s s l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,san ,jos #dc #dc #f #ib #c1gff #c1gff #g1aah ,alajuela #df #de #afajg #c1jbh #b1hfb #e1hij ,cartago #be #bd #a #ej #a1hag #a1dge #c1bib ,heredia #bj #bj #g #dg #b1acb #a1gbh #c1hhj ,guanacaste #aa #i #a #ba #fdi #eac #a1afb ,puntarenas #e #d -- #i #big #aii #dif ,limon -- -- #a #a #cj #de #ge ---------------------------------------- ------ #aej #ade #cbcbg #aa1gai #aj1aid #ba1iac ---------------------------------------- ------ 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,number ,,of ,,pupils4 ---------------------------------- ,for each ,per ,per ,per #ajj #ajj school4teacher4 ,inhab- children itants4 of school age4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,san ,jos #gh4de #bh4ha #i4bg #ed4eg ,alajuela #ee4jd #cb4cf #aj4bi #fj4eg ,cartago #fe4hd #bd4ge #h4ff #ea4jg ,heredia #hb4ef #bf4gf #ab4bg #gb4ai ,guanacaste #ee4cc #ba4ib #e4gi #cd4ji ,puntarenas #ee4aa #bb4ei #d4jg #bc4ih ,limon #ge4jj #cg4ej #a4jj #eh4if ---------------------------------------- ----- #fg4ja #bg4id #i4ja #ec4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,this great number shows a marked predisposition of the people in favor of education4 ,it is also a fact that ,costa ,rica holds the first place of all ,latin ,american nations in regard to public instruction4 ,the number of school buildings is #bae1 besides #bi in process of construction and #ej projected4 ,these #bae buildings are the property of the 8,juntas de ,educacion40 ,besides these1 #ajg buildings are rented and #f loaned4 ,there are #ib schools in #dh different localities in the ,department of ,san ,jos4 #ajg 0 #fg 0 0 0 ,alajuela4 #ej 0 #bg 0 0 0 ,cartago4 #dg 0 #bi 0 0 0 ,heredia4 #ba 0 #bb 0 0 0 ,guanacaste4 #i 0 #h 0 0 0 ,puntarenas4 #a 0 #a 0 0 0 ,limon4 --- -- #cbg schools in #bjb different localities4 ,costa ,rica has more teachers than soldiers4 ,the number of the former reaches the figure of #ghd1 of whom #ccg are men and #ddg women1 distributed in the following way3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,costa ,yearly ,men4 ,women4 ,total4 ,ricans4 ,salaries in ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,san ,jos #ih #adi #bdg #bba #abh1edj ,alajuela #hj #ajb #ahb #afg #gi1ibj ,cartago #ei #gd #acc #abf #eh1jbj ,heredia #fc #hb #ade #acg #fa1bfj ,guanacaste #cj #bc #ec #de #be1fhj ,puntarenas #g #ae #bb #ac #aa1gjj ,limon -- #b #b #b #b1ajj ---------------------------------------- --------- #ccg #ddg #ghd #gaa #cfg1jbj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,among the foreign teachers are3 #ch ,spaniards1 #ab ,colombians1 #i ,nicaraguans1 #b ,guatemalans1 #b ,salvadorans1 #b ,germans1 #a ,honduran1 #a ,mexican1 #a ,venezuelan1 #a ,frenchman1 #a ,englishman1 #a ,italian4 ,the average monthly salary is #de pesos4 ,there are over #bej 8,juntas de ,educacion0 in the different ,departments1 ,cantones and ,districts4 ,the ,national ,government aided them with #ie1ehg4ei pesos1 in the following manner3 #af1egb4ii pesos to the ,juntas of the ,department of ,san ,jos4 #ad1fhf4aj 0 0 0 0 ,alajuela4 #b1ajj4jj 0 0 0 0 ,cartago4 #ca1gfh4ej 0 0 0 0 ,heredia4 #cj1ajj4jj 0 0 0 0 ,guanacaste4 #cfj4jj 0 0 0 0 ,puntarenas4 ,to aid these ,juntas a special school-loan has been made2 besides the taxes on slaughtering are turned over to them4 ,higher education is given in the ,liceo de ,costa ,rica1 with #bjf enrolled students1 and in the ,colegio ,superior de ,seoritas1 with #bbc students1 both in ,san ,jos2 also in the provincial ,institutes of ,cartago1 ,alajuela and ,heredia4 ,there is in addition a school for medicine and pharmacy in ,san ,jos with seventeen students1 and a law-school dependent on the 8college of lawyers40 ,for other higher studies the ,government pays the expenses of ten ,costa ,ricans in ,european universities and high schools4 ,further1 the ,government of ,chile allows six ,costa ,ricans to study at its expense in the pedagogical ,institute of ,santiago4 ,another very important national institution is the 8,instituto fisico-geogrfico10 under the direction of the very competent ,professor ,h4 ,pittier1 with three sections2 a geographical section for topographical study and a construction of maps1 also a meteorological and a botanical section4 ,their excellent publications have proved the great usefulness of this institution1 and it is to be wished that its able and learned director will get adequate aid to carry out his promising studies of the physical features of ,costa ,rica4 ,another useful institution is the 8,national ,museum10 under the intelligent direction of a young ,costa ,rican scientist4 ,mr4 ,anastasio ,alfaro4 ,it has an interesting section of archology and ethnography1 and a section of zoology1 already rich in cabinets1 to which is attached a small zoological garden4 ,a third useful institution is the 8,national ,library0 with #aj1bdb catalogued books and about #e1jjj more ready to be registered and incorporated4 ,the first steps towards the organization of educational institutions were taken in #ahbd1 under the administration of ,don ,juan ,mora ,fernandez4 ,then public instruction was declared an obligatory duty of the ,state4 ,the institution1 which afterward became the ,university of ,santo ,tomas1 was founded in #ahdd1 at the instigation of ,dr4 ,castilo4 ,the efforts of ,costa ,rica to advance education have been great and sustained1 and it is to be remarked that those in office have constantly shown laudable interest in the matter4 ,in #ahfi the ,normal ,school was opened and a system adopted in harmony with modern standards4 ,as related to the subject of public education1 the following list enumerates the names of the principal daily and weekly papers1 periodicals and annual publications3 ,the principal newspapers are3 ,dailies3 ,la ,gaceta oficial1 ,diario de ,costa ,rica1 ,la ,repblica1 ,el ,heraldo1 ,el ,fgaro1 ,la ,prensa libre1 ,el ,diarito1 ,el ,imparcial1 ,el ,pabellon ,liberal1 ,la ,union ,catlica4 ,weekly publications are3 ,la ,abeja mdica1 ,boletin de las ,escuelas ,primarias1 ,la ,gaceta mdica1 ,el ,latiguillo1 ,el ,sancho ,panzo1 ,el ,bocaccio1 ,la ,voz del ,pueblo4 ,annual publications are3 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 ,anales del ,instituto fisico-geogrfico1 ,anuario estadstico1 ,anuario de la ,inspeccion general de enseanza1 ,memorias de los ,ministerios4 ,,ix4 ,,transportation1 ,,post ,,and ,,telegraph4 ,port ,limon on the ,atlantic and ,puntarenas on the ,pacific ,ocean are first in importance among the means of communication of ,costa ,rica4 ,in #ahid there entered the ,port of ,limon #bid vessels 7#bga steamers1 #bj barks and #c goletas71 with a tonnage of #cdh1cee tons4 ,of these1 #af vessels bore the national flag1 #adb the ,english1 #ab the ,french1 #bf the ,german1 #bg the ,swedish-,norwegian1 #dg that of the ,united ,states1 #aa the ,nicaraguan1 and #c the ,colombian flag4 ,during the same year there entered the ,port of ,puntarenas #aeh vessels 7#abe steamers1 #bd barks1 #e paileboats #d launches71 having a tonnage of #aee1hfi tons4 ,of these1 #ad carried the national flag1 #cd the ,english1 #a the ,italian1 #bc the ,german1 #c the ,swedish-,norwegian1 #d the ,danish1 #gd that of the ,united ,states1 and #e the ,colombian flag4 ,in #ahie there entered the ,port of ,limon #caa vessels1 with a tonnage of #bha1cfa1 while in the ,port of ,puntarenas there entered #adg vessels1 with a tonnage of #adf1cac4 ,in #ahif there entered the ,port of ,limon #beh steamers and #da sailing vessels1 while #aeb vessels entered ,puntarenas1 of which #gc were steamers of the ,pacific ,mail ,steamship ,company1 #bh steamers of an ,english cattle transporting company1 #h ,german steamers of the ,cosmos and ,kirsten lines1 #i ,colombian paileboats1 #af ,german barks1 #aa ,norwegian barks1 #c ,english barks1 #b ,italian barks1 and #a ,french bark4 ,the agents of the different steamship lines in the capital1 ,san ,jos1 are1 for the ,port of ,limon3 ,mr4 ,juan ,knhr for the ,hamburg ,american ,steamship ,company2 ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,keith for the ,atlas ,line2 ,mr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,sasso for the ,italian ,line1 ,la ,veloce2 ,messrs4 ,lyon ,co4 for the ,royal ,mail ,line2 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,field ,co4 for the ,prince ,line2 ,mr4 ,minor ,c4 ,keith for the ,spanish ,transatlantic ,line2 ,messrs4 ,alvarado ,co4 for the ,french ,transatlantic ,line2 ,mr4 ,minor ,c4 ,keith for the ,new ,orleans lines2 while ,messrs4 ,rohrmoser ,co4 are the agents for the ,port of ,puntarenas of the ,hamburg ,pacific ,steamship ,company1 the ,kosmos ,line and the ,pacific ,mail ,steamship ,company4 ,there are two important railroads1 the ,atlantic and the ,pacific ,railroads4 ,the ,atlantic ,railroad goes from the ,port of ,limon westerly to ,alajuela1 a distance of #aij kilometers4 ,the stations on the line are ,limon1 ,moin1 ,s4 ,mouth1 ,matina1 ,siquirres1 ,la ,junta1 ,pascua1 ,torito1 ,turialba1 ,las ,pavas1 ,tucurique1 ,juan ,vias1 ,santiago1 ,paraiso1 ,cartago1 ,tres ,rios1 ,curridabat1 ,san ,pedro1 ,san ,jos1 ,san ,juan1 ,santo ,domingo1 ,heredia1 ,san ,joaquin1 ,rio ,segundo1 ,alajuela4 ,a branch of this road starts from ,la ,junta1 a point about thirty-four kilometers west of ,port ,limon1 and runs first northward and then westward until it reaches ,guapiles1 a recently founded colony on the plains of ,santa ,clara4 ,it was originally intended to lay the track to ,carrillo and through the ,la ,palma ,pass to ,san ,jos1 but this plan has not been carried out4 ,another branch goes from ,port ,limon to the ,banana ,river1 a distance of about five kilometers4 ,the gross earnings of this road were3 ,in #ahia-ahib #a1dji1eih pesos4 0 #ahib-ahic #a1igc1icf 0 0 #ahic-ahid #b1bej1igi 0 0 #ahid-ahie #b1ddf1gja 0 0 ,second half of #ahie #hib1icb 0 0 #ahif #b1fah1aac 0 ,the net earnings were as follows3 ,in #ahia-ahib #cfb1jff pesos4 0 #ahib-ahic #fig1dgi 0 0 #ahic-ahid #fgd1deb 0 0 #ahid-ahie #a1jcj1afj 0 0 ,second half of #ahie #fgg1ihf 0 0 #ahif #a1aad1bij 0 ,it moved during the fiscal year of #ahif3 #egd1gbc passengers4 #aj1cae tons of goods for export4 #bc1bde 0 imported goods4 #cd1eeh 0 local freight4 #eb1cce tons or #a1egj1jfj bunches of bananas4 #c1hja animals4 ,this road has a number of good station-buildings1 and a pier at ,port ,limon with all facilities for the quick handling of freight1 especially of bananas4 ,the freight rates are relatively very high4 ,the ,pacific ,railroad1 about fourteen miles 7or twenty-two kilometers7 in length1 belongs to the ,government1 and runs from ,puntarenas east to ,esparta1 about seven hundred feet above the sea4 ,it received in #ahif1 #ah1dhf4fj pesos from freights and #ai1cib4hj pesos from passengers4 ,during the same time the ,government expended #bd1bhh4ca pesos in improvements4 ,another railroad1 on ,government account1 is under construction to connect ,san ,jos with the ,pacific coast1 and a million pesos are annually set aside for the work4 ,it is to be about ninety kilometers long and to run most of the way through the valley of the ,rio ,grande4 ,the western end for about twenty-four kilometers will cross a roughly broken country in order to reach the roadstead of ,tvives4 ,an important line of railway is projected to run from ,jimenez1 on the ,guapiles branch of the ,costa ,rica ,railway1 fifty-six miles from ,port ,limon1 to the mouth of the ,rio ,frio1 near its entrance into the ,lake of ,nicaragua4 ,it is to cross the ,river ,san ,carlos near ,el ,muelle1 from which point it is proposed to extend the line through a low pass of the ,miravalles mountains1 about two thousand feet above sea-level1 to ,culebra ,bay on the ,pacific4 ,such a railway would contribute enormously to the development of northern ,costa ,rica4 ,the region traversed by the line is highly fertile4 ,a connection of the ,costa ,rica ,railway with ,lake ,nicaragua would also give to the ,state of ,nicaragua a much needed convenient access to the ,atlantic ,ocean for nearly its entire trade4 ,another important project ,president ,iglesias contemplates4 ,it is a ship-canal along the coast line from ,matina to the ,colorado ,river1 and even on to the mouth of the ,san ,juan1 a total distance of over sixty-five miles4 ,this coast consists of a continuous narrow sand bank between which and the mainland there is an inlet or arm of the sea1 said to be navigable now for the whole distance4 ,this ship-canal would open an extensive banana region as well as excellent lands for the cultivation of cacao and rubber trees and many other tropical plants4 ,with respect to other internal communications1 there exists a fairly good cart-road1 opened about sixty years ago1 from ,cartago via ,san ,jos to ,puntarenas4 ,over this road nearly all export and import traffic was done until the ,atlantic ,railroad was opened in #ahia4 ,another cart-road runs across ,guanacaste to ,nicaragua4 ,besides these roads there is a small number of shorter and more local roads1 not counting a well-paved one1 about twenty-five miles long1 now partly abandoned4 ,it goes through the ,la ,palma ,pass towards ,carrillo1 ,santa ,clara and the ,atlantic coast4 ,there is a tramway in ,cartago1 connecting the city with its suburbs and ,aguacaliente4 ,in ,san ,jos a trolley line is soon to be established4 ,away from the conveniences now enumerated the people are wont to ride on horse or mule trails4 ,the ,government1 however1 takes care to increase and improve the cart-roads and other means of communications4 ,during the last fiscal year over one hundred and ninety-four thousand pesos were spent on roads and bridges1 and there is no doubt that ,costa ,rica1 in this respect1 too1 is far ahead of the other ,central ,american countries4 ,most of the ,government expenditure named was spent on the national cart-road1 the roads to ,san ,carlos1 ,puriscal1 ,tablazo and ,sarapiqui and on bridges over the ,rio ,grande1 ,reventazon1 ,bagaces1 etc4 ,in each district there is a 8,junta ,itineraria0 for the conservation and improvement of roads1 every proprietor participating in proportion to his property4 ,the following itinerary of roads and water routes1 their distances and character1 is reproduced from ,mr4 ,richard ,villafranca's 8,costa ,rica30 ,distances from ,san ,jos1 the capital of ,costa ,rica4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,distance ,towns4 in miles4 ,character4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,alajuela #ac ,rail1 cart road4 ,atenas #bd ,cart road4 ,aguacaliente #ae ,tramway1 cart road4 ,aserri #f ,cart road4 ,alajuelita #c 0 ,boca de ,toro #afj ,navigation from ,limon4 ,bustamante #ba ,saddle road4 ,boruca #abj 0 ,buenos ,aires #abj 0 ,buena ,vista #dh ,cart road4 ,boca de ,san ,carlos #abc ,navigation4 ,boca del ,rio ,frio #acb 0 ,bebedero #acb 0 ,baguces #adg ,cart road4 ,belen #ahc 0 ,chile #ah 0 ,candelarita #cj ,saddle road4 ,curridabat #c ,railroad1 cart road4 ,carrillo #be ,cart road4 ,cartago #ab ,railroad1 cart road4 ,cangrejal #abc ,cart road4 ,chirripo #db ,saddle road4 ,cot #ah ,cart road4 ,carrizal #ab 0 ,chilamate #fj ,saddle road4 ,desamparados #c ,cart road4 ,escas #d 0 ,estero ,grande #gh ,navigation4 ,esparta #dg ,cart road4 ,filadelfia #agg 0 ,grecia #bd 0 ,guatuzo #be 0 ,guaitil #ah ,saddle road4 ,guadalupe #c ,cart road4 ,heredia #f ,railroad1 cart road4 ,hacienda ,vieja #gb ,navigation4 ,juan ,vias #bg ,railroad1 cart road4 ,la ,vibora #bg ,saddle road4 ,la ,palma #ab ,cart road4 ,la ,laguna #ae ,cart road4 ,la ,boca del ,infierno #ah 0 ,limon #ih ,railroad4 ,los ,frailes #ah ,saddle road4 ,las ,cruces #ah 0 ,la ,laguna de ,aserri #aj 0 ,la ,virgen #ed 0 ,los ,ojos de ,agua #ah ,cart road4 ,los ,angeles #bg 0 ,la ,barranca #be 0 ,la ,cuesta ,vieja #ed 0 ,las ,caas #aci 0 ,liberia #afe 0 ,la ,cruz #bja ,saddle road4 ,muelle de ,san ,carlos #fi 0 ,muelle de ,sarapiqui #ff 0 ,nueva ,santa ,maria #fj 0 ,naranjo #cc ,cart road4 ,nicoya #bac 0 ,orosi #ah 0 ,palmira #ahj 0 ,puntarenas #fj ,railroad1 cart road4 ,peje #fj ,cart road4 ,paraiso #af ,railroad1 cart road4 ,pirris de ,aserri #cj ,saddle road4 ,paquita #ge 0 ,pacaca #ad ,cart road4 ,rosario #ab ,saddle road4 ,santa ,rosa #bbj ,cart road4 ,santa ,cruz #aih 0 ,santo ,domingo #ci 0 ,san ,mateo #cf 0 ,salimos #db 0 ,sarchi #cj 0 ,sapotal #bg ,saddle road4 ,santiago de ,puriscal #bd ,cart road4 ,sarcero #dj 0 ,san ,jernimo #cj 0 ,san ,roque #bg 0 ,san ,rafael #ai 0 ,sabanilla #ah 0 ,san ,pedro de la ,calabaza #ah 0 ,san ,ramon #ea ,saddle road4 ,san ,miguel #db 0 ,san ,joaquin #i ,railroad1 cart road4 ,santo ,domingo #c 0 ,san ,cristobal #bd ,cart road4 ,san ,miguel #bg ,saddle road4 ,sabanilla de ,aserri #bd ,saddle road4 ,san ,ignacio #ab 0 ,santa ,maria #cf ,cart road4 ,san ,marcos #cj 0 ,san ,pablo ,dota #bg 0 ,san ,cristobal #ab 0 ,san ,miguel #d 0 ,san ,jernimo #g 0 ,san ,isidro #f 0 ,san ,vicente #c 0 ,san ,pablo #cj ,saddle road4 ,santa ,ana #g ,cart road4 ,tres ,rios #g ,railroad1 cart road4 ,tabarcia #i ,cart road4 ,tucurrique #cf 0 ,turialba #cc ,railroad1 cart road4 ,tambor #ae ,cart road4 ,tapezco #dc 0 ,tempate #bac 0 #bf de ,abril #bji 0 ,villa ,santa ,barbara #ab 0 ,villa ,barba #i 0 ,varablanca #cj 0 ,zapote #de 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,the postal service is performed by seventy local post-offices4 ,correspondence is dispatched twenty-six times per month to foreign countries by steamers1 and four times per month overland to the neighboring countries4 ,from the port of ,limon the mail goes to ,europe1 via ,hamburg1 twice a month1 the #abth and #bith2 by the ,royal ,mail on the #ith day of each month2 and via ,marseilles on the #abth of each month2 to ,europe and the ,united ,states via ,new ,york every ,friday1 and to ,europe1 the ,united ,states and ,mexico via ,new ,orleans every ,monday4 ,from the ,port of ,puntarenas the mail goes to the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america1 via ,panam1 three times a month1 and as often also to the ,states of ,central ,america4 ,overland to ,nicaragua the mail is sent1 via ,liberia1 every ,thursday4 ,in the ,gulf of ,nicoya are three steamers in the postal service1 namely the 8,puntarenas10 8,fernandez0 and 8,dr4 ,castro40 ,the principal post-offices in ,costa ,rica are these3 ,alajuela1 ,aserri1 ,atenas1 ,barba1 ,bagres1 ,ballena1 ,boruca1 ,bebedero1 ,cartago1 ,carrillo1 ,curridabat1 ,desamparados1 ,desmonte1 ,escas1 ,esparta1 ,guaitil1 ,guadalupe1 ,grecia1 ,heredia1 ,humo1 ,jimenez1 ,juan ,vias1 ,limon1 ,liberia1 ,las ,caas1 ,la ,union1 ,la ,cruz1 ,mojon1 ,matina1 ,naranjo1 ,nicoya1 ,old ,harbor1 ,pacaca1 ,puriscal1 ,puntarenas1 ,palmares1 ,paraiso1 ,quemadas1 ,reventazon1 ,san ,isidro1 ,santo ,domingo1 ,santa ,barbara1 ,san ,rafael1 ,san ,antonio1 ,san ,pedro1 ,san ,lucas1 ,san ,marcos1 ,santa ,ana1 ,san ,juan1 ,san ,vicente1 ,san ,ramon1 ,san ,carlos1 ,sardinal1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,san ,bernardo1 ,santa ,maria ,dota1 ,siquirres1 ,san ,mateo1 ,san ,joaquin1 ,trraba4 ,in #ahif there were received from ,pieces4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america #ahi1iff ,great ,britain #fd1gfc ,germany #de1ijj ,france #dc1bgf ,salvador #cg1dbe ,spain #bi1iff ,guatemala #bg1jjj ,colombia #bj1jfc ,the ,antilles #ac1cda ,honduras #aj1fig ,italy #aa1igj ,nicaragua #h1hce ,during the same year there were sent out to ,pieces4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america #de1edg ,guatemala #be1jbj ,spain #bc1bcj ,salvador #bj1aid ,france #bb1gch ,italy #h1ccc ,great ,britain #bj1dbe ,germany #ag1eei ,nicaragua #ad1egg ,colombia #ad1egg ,the ,antilles #aj1adh ,honduras #i1aei ,argentina #f1ced ,the entire postal service comprised the movement of #c1did1eae pieces1 #bc1hdc money orders and #fiai parcels4 ,the receipts of the postal department were #dh1cah4fi pesos4 ,on postal money orders there were paid #ceh1bhj4gf pesos4 ,there are #aaij kilometers 7#gdd miles7 of telegraph lines connecting the following #fe offices3 ,limon1 ,matina1 ,juan ,vias1 ,cachi1 ,escas1 ,santa ,ana1 ,pacaca1 ,puriscal1 ,naranjo1 ,san ,carlos1 ,zarcera1 ,san ,ramon1 ,nicoya1 ,ballena1 ,bolsn1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,paraiso1 ,cartago1 ,la ,union1 ,san ,isidro1 ,san ,vicente1 ,guadalupe1 ,curridabat1 ,santa ,maria1 ,san ,marcos1 ,aserri1 ,desamparados1 ,san ,jos1 ,central1 ,santo ,domingo1 ,heredia1 ,san ,isidro1 ,san ,rafael1 ,barba1 ,santa ,barbara1 ,san ,joaquin1 ,san ,antonio1 ,alajuela1 ,sabanilla1 ,san ,pedro1 ,grecia1 ,sarchi1 ,palmares1 ,atenas1 ,desmonte1 ,san ,mateo1 ,esparta1 ,puntarenas1 ,quemados1 ,guacimal1 ,la ,junta1 ,la ,palma1 ,caas1 ,bebedero1 ,colonia ,cubana1 ,filadelfia1 ,sardinal1 ,bagaces1 ,liberia1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,la ,cruz1 ,turialba1 ,san ,ignacio1 ,buena ,vista1 ,san ,jernimo4 ,the number of private telegrams dispatched in #ahif to the interior was #bgj1bhd2 of official messages to the interior was #fi1agb2 official telegrams transmitted to ,central ,america1 #ajhf2 private telegrams to ,central ,america1 #feed2 telegrams received from ,central ,america1 #edac2 cablegrams received1 #bf1gfb2 cablegrams transmitted1 #bhde4 ,the total receipts from the telegraph service amounted in #ahif to #ahc1gia4ge pesos1 and the rates are very cheap4 ,the nearest cable station is ,san ,juan del ,sur in ,nicaragua4 ,there are also #bjc miles of telephonic wire between ,san ,jos and other communities and plantations1 with about #bejj daily calls4 ,x4 ,,agriculture ,,and ,,live ,,stock4 ,agricultural enterprise in ,costa ,rica is chiefly devoted to coffee4 ,the proper coffee zone lies between #hjj to #adjj meters of elevation on both ocean slopes4 ,experiments have proved that the coffee-tree can also be successfully cultivated at a height of #fjj meters1 and still lower down1 by moderating the glare of the sun with adequate shades and by pruning to correct excessive growth and fructification4 8,coffee was introduced into the country from ,havana in #agif by ,francisco ,javier ,navarro1 as were also the mango and the cinnamon4 ,the first seeds were sown in ,cartago4 ,much credit for the propagation of coffee culture in ,costa ,rica is due to ,padre ,velarde1 under the government of ,don ,tomas de ,acosta1 who took great interest in agriculture4 8,during the administration of ,don ,juan ,rafael ,mora 7#ahdi-aheg7 farming received a remarkable development1 for it was much promoted by the construction of important roads4 ,the cultivation of coffee and sugar cane then absorbed the attention of the country to such an extent that1 in #ahfa1 #ajj1jjj quintals were exported40 7,j4 ,b4 ,calvo's book on ,costa ,rica74 ,the census of #ahib supplies the following figures concerning coffee3 ,province of ,san ,jos4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,number ,number ,crop ,crop ,value of of in in in plantations4 trees4 quintals4 kilogr4 pesos4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,san ,jos #a1fbh #g1cba1gjh #ie1idb #d1dac1gcb #b1fdh1bci ,escas #big #iac1gab #ae1cbh #gje1jhh #dej1hdj ,desamparados #cac #b1aae1abc #bh1fde #a1cag1fgj #hei1bij ,puriscal #ahc #he1gja #bed #aa1fhd #g1fbj ,aserri #bbc #bgb1hji #gja #cb1bdf #ba1jcj ,mora #acg #db1cab #aia #h1ghf #e1gcj ,tarraz #hc #bh1aba #aab #e1aeb #c1cfj ,goicoechea #hi #cjb1adc #aj1dcb #dgi1hgb #afg1iee ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #b1iec #aa1jha1fbi #aea1fje #f1igd1bcj #d1afd1jfd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,province of ,alajuela4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,number ,number ,crop ,crop ,value of of in in in plantations4 trees4 quintals4 kilogr4 pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,alajuela #edg #b1bdg1hji #bf1edf #a1baa1aaf #gif1chj ,san ,ramon #bad #gae1eib #e1ebg #bed1bdb #afe1haj ,grecia #dig #iag1bja #aj1iig #eje1hfb #cbi1iaj ,atenas #ej #aaj1eii #a1jbg #dg1bdb #cj1haj ,san ,mateo #bj #bc1hhc #ahi #h1fid #e1fgj ,naranjo #aga #bii1hbi #dj1cba #a1hed1gff #a1bji1fcj ,palmares #djb #a1cfh1fhi #bb1iih #a1jeg1ijh #fhi1idj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #a1ija #e1fhc1fjb #ajg1fje #d1ici1hcj #c1bbh1aej ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,province of ,cartago4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,number ,number ,crop ,crop ,value of of in in in plantations4 trees4 quintals4 kilogr4 pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cartago #eje #gbg1hic #h1ebi #cib1ccd #bdi1hgj ,paraiso #ia #fcc1iie #d1ihe #bbi1caj #adi1eej ,la ,union #chg #a1ffg1hji #af1bie #gdi1egj #dhh1hej ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #ihc #c1jbi1fig #bi1hji #a1cga1bad #hhh1bgj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,province of ,heredia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,number ,number ,crop ,crop ,value of of in in in plantations4 trees4 quintals4 kilogr4 pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,heredia #a1cga #c1bdi1ija #cf1hic #a1fig1jgh #a1ajf1gij ,barba #bdg #hhe1hia #aa1gib #edb1dcb #cea1hgj ,santo ,domingo #cia #b1adg1hbd #cb1haj #a1eji1bfj #ihd1cjj ,santa ,barbara #cii #dif1hji #c1bja #adg1bdf #if1jcj ,san ,rafael #aba #cce1gbe #d1eji #bjg1dad #ace1bgj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #b1ebi #g1aaf1aej #hi1bje #d1ajc1dcj #b1fgd1bfj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,altogether ,costa ,rica1 in #ahib1 had #hcff coffee-fincas with #bf1iaa1jgh coffee-trees1 and a crop of #cgh1bbd quintals or #ag1chh1gjd kilograms1 valued at #aj1ied1gdd pesos4 ,it may be interesting to learn the amount of the coffee crops since #ahhc1 given in sacks of fifty-nine or sixty kilograms each4 ,sacks4 #ahhc #aec1cgi #ahhd #bgg1aeh #ahhe #aeg1eae #ahhf #aej1fah #ahhg #bah1jcb #ahhh #aga1hih #ahhi #bae1gic #ahij #bef1egf #ahia #bce1gjc #ahib #agi1igj #ahic #aij1gjj #ahid #agi1fac #ahie #ahd1hbe #ahif #aie1bfc #ahig #bbg1ehb ,another important agricultural product of ,costa ,rica is the banana4 ,its cultivation was begun on the ,atlantic coast in #ahgi1 and the first #cfj bunches were shipped1 ,february #g4 #ahhj1 by steamer 8,earnholm0 from ,port ,limon to ,new ,york4 ,in #ahhd there were #cej farms1 comprising over four thousand acres of land1 containing #egj1jjj banana plants1 from which1 in that year1 #dbj1jjj bunches were obtained4 ,before #ahgi banana plants were set out in coffee plantations to shade the young trees and shelter their berries4 ,the bananas were used to feed pigs4 ,the laboring classes kept a few plants1 using the fruit boiled with salt1 or roasted on hot coals instead of bread4 ,the following table shows the banana export figures since #ahhc3 ,bundles4 ,tons4 #ahhc #aaj1hja #c1fic #ahhd #dbj1jjj #ad1jjj #ahhe #dja1ahc #ac1cgc #ahhf #eie1igj #ai1hff #ahhg #hhi1eag #bi1fea #ahhh #hed1ehh #bh1dhf #ahhi #iij1hih #cc1jcj #ahij #a1jcd1gfe #cd1dib #ahia #a1acc1gag #cg1gia #ahib #a1agh1hab #ci1bid #ahic #a1bgh1fdg #db1fba #ahid #a1cgd1ihf #de1hcc #ahie #a1ehe1hag #eb1hfa #ahif #a1fib1ajb #ef1djj ,sugar cane is used largely in ,costa ,rica as fodder and in the manufacture of aguardiente2 also to produce the raw sugar or dulce1 which is consumed entirely by country people4 ,in #ahhi sugar cane by provinces was raised on the following number of acres3 ,in ,san ,jos on #dhai acres2 in ,alajuela on #ejgf acres2 in ,cartago on #adff acres2 in ,heredia on #aaad acres2 in ,guanacaste on #gai acres2 in ,puntarenas on #adga1 and in ,limon on #abb acres4 ,the aggregates were #ad1ghg acres1 and a production of #a1cfh1jjj pounds of sugar and #ah1ded1jjj pounds of dulce4 ,cacao culture has received but little attention in ,costa ,rica1 because the more profitable coffee plantations absorb all the time and capital4 ,the number of plantations regularly established up to #ahhh was #aih1 having in all #ef1dbf trees that yielded in the same year #cca1ijj pounds valued at #afe1ggj pesos4 ,most of the cacao was cultivated in ,aserri1 ,atenas1 ,naranjo1 ,heredia1 ,paraiso1 ,guanacaste and ,limon4 ,cacao was exported from #ahhd to #ahhi as follows3 ,years4 ,pounds4 ,value in ,dollars4 #ahhd #i1ibg #c1bbg #ahhe #af1bga #d1jhd #ahhf #e1ggf #b1bbc #ahhg #aj1ijf #d1gjh #ahhh #ah1daj #c1egf #ahhi #bh1hcj #ab1chf ------ ------- ,total #ij1abj #cj1bjd ,excellent cacao was grown during ,spanish colonial days around ,matina1 but none is exported now4 ,with respect to wheat1 up to #ahfj there was sufficient for the consumption of the country4 ,it was so intelligently cultivated that the finer grades were produced4 ,the rise in the price of coffee and the competition with the flour of the ,united ,states and ,chile drove out the native wheat almost entirely1 and to-day the cultivation of this grain is badly neglected4 ,to-day the only flour-mill in this country grinds imported wheat4 ,tobacco was a monopoly for many years1 and only recently has the culture been taken up by the people4 ,other important agricultural products are rice1 beans1 corn and potatoes4 ,the cultivation of rice in ,costa ,rica demands very little care and no irrigation to produce two crops a year of a very superior quality4 ,beans and corn are successfully grown everywhere in the country1 while the raising of potatoes is almost wholly confined to the hillsides of ,cartago and ,alajuela1 where they acquire an extremely fine quality4 ,according to the census of #ahib1 the average annual production of these crops for that and the two preceding years was in liters as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,corn4 ,beans4 ,rice4 ,potatoes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,san ,jos #h1cid1ebg #a1hdb1ebg #bcf1edc #g1iae ,alajuela #f1hih1edi #iii1feb #hfg1ebh 44 ,cartago #g1hgd1fdb #a1gbd1fbh 44 #a1gde1gbe ,heredia #b1idi1fib #acb1hdb 44 44 ,guanacaste #a1hfb1eih #ib1cba #aba1cdb 44 ,puntarenas #cib1gba #ba1cbe #acb1hde 44 ,limon #ah1ebe #b1hbb 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #bh1cia1bed #d1haf1aag #a1ceh1beh #a1gec1fdj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,important agricultural districts are1 besides the ,central ,highlands about one hundred and fifty kilometers in length by sixty kilometers in width1 the great valleys of ,talamanca1 ,santa ,clara1 ,tortuguero1 ,san ,carlos and ,rio ,frio4 ,along the ,pacific the great valley of ,trraba and the plains of ,golfo ,dulce and ,guanacaste are fertile regions1 which1 if properly tilled1 would offer advantages equal to the ,central ,highlands1 where nearly the entire population of ,costa ,rica is concentrated4 ,plants characterizing fertile lands1 rich in humus1 on the ,atlantic slope1 are ,piper1 especially that with large leaves1 ,loase1 and certain ,acanthace4 ,on the ,pacific side such characteristic plants are ,piper1 with smaller leaves1 the ,pacaya ,palm1 and some ferns4 ,especially are the ,aspidium and ,polypodium found in large quantities4 ,considering the future of ,costa ,rica1 the question of farm labor is of vital importance4 ,there are only a few ,indians1 and they are rapidly decreasing4 ,it looks as though the fertile lowlands on the ,atlantic and ,pacific sides1 as well as those in the extensive and fruitful ,san ,juan valley1 must be turned over to the ,negro race as the only one capable of enduring so inhospitable a climate4 ,these regions are the richest of all and could sustain a large population4 ,the live stock of ,costa ,rica1 though in general superior to that of the rest of ,central ,america1 is not yet sufficiently large to supply the local demand4 ,although there has been recent improvement in breeding cattle and horses1 yet the high grade animals1 which could be easily introduced into a country of so many natural advantages1 are still lacking4 ,at different times the development of this industry has been attempted4 ,costa ,rica has vast pasture lands splendidly adapted to cattle4 ,it has very nutritious forage plants1 like arrocillo1 cola de venado1 zacate de guinea1 zacate de castilla1 zacate par1 zacate ancho1 grama1 guate1 caa de azucar1 gamalote1 sabanilla1 teosinte1 lengua de vaca1 gucimo1 jengibrillo1 platanillo1 etc4 ,the live stock of ,costa ,rica in #ahib was distributed as follows3 ,cattle4 ,horses4 ,sheep4 ,swine4 ,san ,jos #ea1hhd #ag1edb #a1ech #bc1fbh ,alajuela #fb1daj #af1ggd #aei #af1ahe ,cartago #dh1eee #i1ijj #gae #e1aji ,heredia #ce1cia #f1chj #eg #ac1bda ,guanacaste #acd1efg #bd1deh #bif #b1ahj ,puntarenas #i1ffg #a1gba -- #a1abh ,limon #c1aia #bfh -- #heg ------- ------ ----- ------ ,total #cde1ffe #gg1jdc #b1gfe #fb1cbh ,the consumption of cattle in ,costa ,rica is exhibited by the following data3 ,first half of #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 #ahig4 ,san ,jos #ab1hea #ab1hbd #ac1dfg #f1idb ,alajuela #g1djb #g1ahd #g1ahj #c1dic ,cartago #e1bjg #d1hha #e1big #b1ejf ,heredia #d1hfd #d1idb #d1bdi #b1dch ,guanacaste #b1gja #a1iij #a1ibh #hhb ,puntarenas #a1dgb #a1dga #a1cjb #ggj ,limon #hjd #ghi #gih #dhh ------ ------ ------ ------ ,total #ce1cja #cd1jha #cd1bba #ag1eai ,further official reports disclose that in the capital the consumption of meat is quite uniform during the entire year1 while in the country it is greater from ,august to ,january than from ,february to ,july4 ,the total value of the natural1 agricultural and live stock products of the country has been calculated at #ai1jjj1jjj pesos4 ,,xi4 ,,commerce ,,and ,,industry4 ,joaquin ,bernardo ,calvo1 in his work on ,costa ,rica published in #ahij1 observes that 8at the beginning of the ,colonial ,government the ,port of ,suerre1 on the ,atlantic coast1 had some commercial importance1 but that the ,port of ,rivera on the west coast of the ,gulf of ,nicoya was greater1 as were also ,coronado del ,norte on the ,island of ,cao and the ,golfo de ,ossa1 now ,golfo ,dulce4 8,all the ships then plying on the ,pacific between ,mexico1 ,panama1 ,per and intermediate ports were wont to ride at anchor at the ,island of ,cao4 ,the most important centre of commerce in those times was the ,city of ,santiago de ,talamanca1 now extinct1 whence cargoes were sent in three days' time to ,porto ,bello4 ,the exports of that age were cacao1 potatoes1 honey1 wax1 sarsaparilla and hemp4 ,when the city was destroyed its traffic was dispersed4 8,in #afch the opening of the ,matina road was the beginning of a new era4 ,the cacao haciendas in the valley of that name acquired a new importance4 ,at the same time the ,gulf of ,nicoya became a centre of traffic4 ,costa ,rica was then in a flourishing condition and would have prospered finely but for the pirates and ,mosquito ,indians1 who constantly menaced its welfare and whose vandalism ravaged the coast settlements4 8,after that period ,costa ,rica was reduced to woeful misery1 carrying on an insignificant commerce overland with ,panama by mules and sending a few unimportant articles to ,nicaragua4 ,thus more than a century passed4 8,in the present century 7#ahac7 the ,captaincy ,general imposed severe restrictions on the commerce of the ,province4 ,at the time of declaring independence the situation of ,costa ,rica was wretched4 8,just beginning an independent career1 struggling to inaugurate a system of government wholly new and opposed to the preceding one1 contending with poverty1 in a state of complete upheaval1 the work undertaken by the forefathers of the present ,costa ,ricans was full of difficulties4 8,coffee culture gave a new impulse and importance to ,costa ,rica4 ,at the close of the first half of the ,nineteenth ,century commerce was carried on with the north through ,matina and ,sarapiqui1 and through ,caldera on the ,pacific4 8,the greater facilities available on the ,pacific coast1 however1 especially when a line of steamers connecting with the ,panama ,railroad opened a new way to the ,atlantic1 turned the course of business to ,puntarenas1 a new port which soon became the sole commercial route4 8,this state of things1 unnecessarily adding to the expense of importations1 continued for years4 ,when the ,port of ,limon was opened to commerce the competition of two routes and the new facilities of a railroad and a wagon road to the ,atlantic greatly promoted traffic and contributed to the general wealth40 ,in #ahdh seventy vessels entered ,puntarenas1 having a registration of #gahj tons4 ,in #ahhd this number had increased to #aac1 having #acg1cfh tons registration1 and in the same year there entered ,port ,limon #aba vessels of #abf1hge aggregate tonnage4 ,in #ahid there entered #aeh vessels with #aee1hfi tons at ,puntarenas1 and #bid vessels with #cdh1cee tons at ,port ,limon4 ,the freight in #aheh on coffee to ,panama by steamer alone was five-eighths of a cent per pound4 ,in #ahgj the ,west ,india and ,pacific ,company's steamers received as freights from ,puntarenas to ,liverpool1 #e #ajs4 #j;d4 per ton2 from ,puntarenas to ,london1 #f #bs4 #f;d4 per ton4 ,in #ahhh freights from ,puntarenas to ,european ports were #d per ton1 and from ,port ,limon #b4 ,to-day the freight rates are cheaper still4 ,the present tariff is in many ways inequitable4 ,it is based on no principle1 and1 with the exception of some later laws especially enacted1 it does not correspond with the economic condition and commerce of the country4 ,yet on a great number of articles the tariff is less than in ,mexico1 ,guatemala1 ,salvador1 ,peru1 ,bolivia and ,uruguay4 ,the custom-duties are collected on gross weight1 and generally amount to from twenty to twenty-five per cent4 on the valuation of imports4 ,they are paid one-half down and one-half within three months' time4 ,all goods for ,costa ,rica have to come accompanied by corresponding consular invoices4 ,the principal importations are silk1 wool1 linen1 cotton1 machinery1 implements and tools for agriculture and other industries1 furniture1 glassware1 tinware1 hardware and haberdashery1 ornaments1 articles of luxury1 mercury and perfumery1 beer1 wines1 liquors1 soap1 coffee-sacks1 flour1 sugar1 shoes1 saddles1 harnesses1 butter1 etc4 ,table of ,exports and ,imports of ,costa ,rica ,since #ahhd4 ,exportations4 ,importations4 #ahhd #c1gde1djj gold4 #c1eba1ijj gold4 #ahhe #b1ece1ejj 0 #c1ffj1ijj 0 #ahhf #b1beg1fjj 0 #c1ecg1fjj 0 #ahhg #d1fhi1ajj 0 #e1fja1bjj 0 #ahhh #d1jeb1cjj 0 #e1bja1ijj 0 #ahhi #d1fab1hjj 0 #f1cjf1djj 0 #ahij #f1ffd1gjj 0 #f1fae1djj 0 #ahia #f1aaf1hjj 0 #h1cea1jjj 0 #ahib #d1gbe1ijj 0 #e1chi1gjj 0 #ahic #d1bid1bjj 0 #e1hdi1ejj 0 #ahid #e1jec1aac 0 #d1jid1hec 0 #ab1dhh1bfc silver4 #ahie #e1ibb1bjd gold4 #c1hea1dfj 0 #ad1eji1ddj silver4 #ahif #e1eig1gbg gold4 #d1gdh1hah 0 ,imports and ,exports by ,countries4 #ahib4 ,imports in gold4 ,exports in silver4 ,great ,britain #a1gjb1ade #d1iaf1bhg ,germany #idg1fdg #chf1gcg ,france #ebf1chb #gj1jjd ,spain #ahi1fbc -- ,italy #cb1dab -- ,belgium #g1bhj -- ,united ,states #a1bie1fhb #c1fdb1hif ,mexico #ah1gbe -- ,colombia #hb1cbf #bj1iab ,ecuador #abe1daf #hjj ,peru #c1hij #ejb ,cuba #abc1iba -- ,jamaica #ha1fji -- ,central ,america #beb1fia #ge1haj #ahic4 ,imports in gold4 ,great ,britain #a1fig1idd ,germany #a1abc1hcf ,france #hjg1gfa ,spain #aib1jbf ,italy #ci1hbi ,united ,states #a1cii1fae ,mexico #aa1iic ,colombia #bbh1jcf ,ecuador #id1chg ,cuba #dj1jbc ,jamaica #be1ici ,central ,america #adc1dcg ---------- ,total #e1hjd1ibf #ahid4 ,imports in gold4 ,great ,britain #ijg1dfb ,germany #eff1cfg ,france #bbc1dgi ,spain 7,cuba7 #ajc1bgf ,italy #dj1bae ,united ,states #idj1fdj ,colombia #cb1ach ,ecuador #cf1iag ,belgium #g1jhb ,commodities ,imported in #ahid4 ,gold4 ,pesos4 ,general merchandise #b1heg1ehj #ef #g1jfb1bbd #fj ,merchandise not dutiable #idd1hce #ji #b1cce1jfe #dd ,coined money #d1ahc #df #aj1cci #jj ,silver bars #hi1jah #cg #bbj1jjj #jj ,animals #cj1ibi #hd #gf1ddj #jj ,animals coming overland #ia1jda #eb #bbe1jjj #jj ,lumber #ae1iaa #bg #ci1cbc #ab ,passengers' baggage #f1ceb #de #ae1fii #de ,merchandise from custom houses #e1jjj #jj #ab1ceg #jj ,merchandise by post #ej1jjj #jj #abc1egj #jj ------------- ------------- ,total #d1jid1heb #ef #aj1abj1jah #fa ,total ,exports for #ahid4 ,gold4 ,pesos4 ,coffee #d1aih1beb #jh #aj1cge1efj #ai ,bananas #ddc1cae #cg #a1jie1fji #fj ,coined money #eh1faa #gh #add1heb #ie ,gold1 not coined #bc1ejj #jj #eh1jgh #aj ,woods #add1ehd #ff #ceg1cbf #ec ,various products #aae1bca #fh #bhd1ghc #eh ,unspecified products #fi1fag #eg #agb1jeb #hf ------------- ------------- ,total #e1jec1aac #ad #ab1dhh1bfc #ha #ahie4 ,imports by ,countries4 ,gold4 ,great ,britain #hea1hdi ,germany #fhd1aah ,france #bfa1ecd ,spain 7,cuba7 #bbc1dda ,italy #cc1jhh ,belgium #e1igh ,united ,states #a1agi1edf ,central ,america #bfc ,south ,america #fe1fcc #ahif4 ,gold4 ,great ,britain #a1bfd1hef #cc ,germany #hic1haf #ff ,france #cgh1ijf #ce ,spain 7,cuba7 #afb1hbe #ed ,italy #ga1gfi #eb ,belgium #c1jhi #dh ,denmark #ajc #je ,portugal #bd #jj ,united ,states #a1dja1jgd #be ,central ,america #hac #ge ,colombia #af1iea #dh ,ecuador #ch1che #bg ,peru #ae1gia #ce ,commodities ,imported in #ahif4 ,gold4 ,merchandise entered at custom houses #d1bbf1ibe #je ,merchandise sent by post #fa1fbb #ic ,baggage of marine passengers #f1jie #hd ,baggage of overland passengers #e1jjj #jj ,woods #ba1dha #ih ,animals #dbc1jfi #bc ,coined money #d1fbc #ei ------------- ,total #d1gdh1hah #fb ,total ,exports for #ahif4 ,gold4 ,coffee1 #aa1jhi1ebc kgs41 valued at #d1cah1bhe #ij ,bananas1 #a1fib1ajb bunches1 valued at #fgj1jgb #dj ,woods1 valued at #dhe1fie #ce ,coined and other metal1 valued at #bi1dei #ej ,re-exports and provisions1 valued at #aa1cbh #ei ,various commodities #hb1hhe #bg ------------ ,total #e1eig1gbg #ja ,imports by ,countries for ,first ,half of #ahig4 ,gold4 ,great ,britain #eah1hcc #cg ,germany #ceg1feb #jb ,france #afg1cjc #gg ,spain #ee1aed #dh ,cuba #bj1edc #gh ,italy #hc1jgj #ej ,belgium #d1hic #ej ,united ,states #hga1fdf #ia ,south ,america #id1ega #ij ,santo ,tomas #dde #jj ,nicaragua #aj1gci #ij ,guatemala #bhh #jf ,salvador #ba1ccd #ej ,postal packages #dd1iii #cj ,merchandise in passengers goods #a1dic #dj ------------- #b1beb1igj #ci ,additional for #chaf animals1 valued at #gd1gdc #fj -------------- ,total #b1cbg1gac #ii ,the following list1 which ,i owe to the amiability of the highly competent ,director ,general of the ,national ,department of ,statistics1 ,hon4 ,manuel ,aragon1 shows the principal articles of import and their value in gold pesos by countries since #ahic3 7,part #a of #d7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,united ,states4 ---------------------------- #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wheat flour #bhi1dahaci1dbaaia1dghbcd1ebh ,wheat #ba1dah #bg1gfh #ca1ced #ce1ibe ,corn #db1hah #ej1dhf #b1jja #b1jci ,beans #bi1daf #i1jef #c1hah #h1ggg ,rice #eg1dbi #d1efa #cd1ahb #db1bcc ,tobacco #f1dcg 44 44 #a1dgb ,butter1 lard #gh1dafaad1hffabj1bhc #fe1ecj ,beer #bj1dcf #ac1cec #ba1ebj #bj1jae ,wine #ad1cah #eda #f1iae #ah1ehd ,drugs and medicines #cg1dfi #bf1ahg #h1ajg #ab1gah ,perfumes #e1fic #a1aif #hfb #a1jfd ,oil paints 44 #a1cbf #b1hih #b1hhf ,fence wire #bh1daf #ac1bfd #ah1cgh #cc1jfe ,sacks for coffee 44 #a1jje #a1dei #b1jfc ,furniture #f1dji #aa1cei #ba1cbh #ae1caj ,shoes #i1daf #ad1jhd #f1iah #g1dfj ,hardware #cj1bfh #bg1aaf #ica #aei ,cashmeres 44 44 #b1bfc #a1hjc ,implements #f1cbf #a1ggi 44 #ab1gbj ,machinery #ai1haf #ai1jhf #de1bcg #eb1ceb ,mercury #cb1daf 44 44 #a1gbj ,cloth 44 44 44 #bjb ,cotton goods #bi1dia #dfa #c1cad #bg1ehb ,mixed cotton and woolen 44 44 44 44 ,prints #ca1hif #bj1hba #ah1eef #ca1jig ,fancy articles #bc1dah 44 44 44 ,sugar #bi1dcg #d1efa 44 44 ,cotton shirts 44 #a1hei #c1jjg 44 ,preserv4 meats #h1baa 44 #h1jfb 44 ,coal #bc1daf #g1jfe #b1hah 44 ,ready-made ,clothing 44 #a1dcd 44 44 ,cognac #b1hif #acg #bdf 44 ,cotton drills 44 #a1eaf #b1ehe 44 ,preserv4 ,fruits #ac1bbh 44 44 44 ,railroad material #gg1bfb 44 #d1jbc 44 ,galvan4 iron 44 #bfc #c1dih 44 ,ordinary soap 44 #a1jfd #b1fbg 44 ,fine jewelry #a1jbh #cba #aae 44 ,cotton shirting 44 #chj #a1jfa 44 ,chinaware 44 #eba #bef 44 ,machetes 44 #d1dgb #f1ebe 44 ,manta-cruda #ai1daf #af1icb #da1dcg 44 ,sewing machines #ba1fdj #f1cgi #i1aef 44 ,cotton handkerchiefs 44 44 44 44 ,sardines 44 44 44 44 ,candles 44 #a1ife #ibc 44 ,matches 44 44 44 44 ,cigars 44 #bjf 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,part #b of #d7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,great ,britain4 ---------------------------- #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wheat flour 44 44 44 44 ,wheat 44 44 44 44 ,corn 44 44 44 44 ,beans 44 44 44 44 ,rice 44 #c1aji #a1ghe 44 ,tobacco 44 44 #ej 44 ,butter1 lard 44 44 #ff 44 ,beer #f1eic #e1cji #ggj 44 ,wine #df1dca #a1feg #d1ffe 44 ,drugs and medicines #eb1cie #ah1iaf #g1iaj 44 ,perfumes #e1che #dfb #ccb 44 ,oil paints #i1cec #a1hch #b1gfj 44 ,fence wire #dg1gfi #bde #idh 44 ,sacks for coffee #dc1fbh #bg1dgf #cg1ada 44 ,furniture #f1hbc #a1fja #b1igg 44 ,shoes #ad1dba #f1hcf #b1geh #b1bej ,hardware #bc1dfb 44 #g1dfa #ifg ,cashmeres #bh1gia #ah1gfj #cf1bdb #eh1dag ,implements #c1bdf #aic 44 #a1agf ,machinery #di1gfb #f1bbf #ifa #ac1ieb ,mercury #ca1ide 44 44 #ifh ,cloth #cg1fbf #i1afa #f1fjf #g1dji ,cotton goods #gb1daf 44 #e1hbc #fj1cfi ,mixed cotton and woolen #ab1aai 44 #ac1jji #gb1cce ,prints #ahb1abi #ib1dihaaj1bbdada1fei ,fancy articles #d1bcf 44 44 44 ,sugar #f1abh #ajc 44 44 ,cotton shirts #a1jid #ag1efc #ah1adc 44 ,preserv4 meats #c1dig #a1fgc #f1adg 44 ,coal #gh1edc #bc1hbh #ac1acf 44 ,ready-made ,clothing 44 #a1fef 44 44 ,cognac #i1dfa #bai 44 44 ,cotton drills #dc1hig #ae1hjc #ad1agh 44 ,preserv4 ,fruits #h1igf 44 44 44 ,railroad material #aee1cdf 44 #h1ejb 44 ,galvan4 iron #i1hif #cc1gdj #db1gja 44 ,ordinary soap #ac1dah #c1jeh #c1aib 44 ,fine jewelry #cb1dff 44 44 44 ,cotton shirting #ge1dag #ae1hdd #cg1aeh 44 ,chinaware #h1dbc #b1dcf #a1feg 44 ,machetes #e1bjb #f1jfi #f1jbi 44 ,manta-cruda #ad1fag #bj1ejh #ae1jih 44 ,sewing machines #c1bja #ajb #hea 44 ,cotton handkerchiefs #ab1hai #bd1gba #bj1ggh 44 ,sardines #h1fai #a1bfc 44 44 ,candles #ce1gji #bi1ifc #bc1hia 44 ,matches 44 44 44 44 ,cigars 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,part #c of #d7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,germany4 ---------------------------- #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wheat ,flour 44 44 44 44 ,wheat 44 44 44 44 ,corn 44 44 44 44 ,beans 44 44 44 44 ,rice #g1abh #bi1iih #ad1fbb 44 ,tobacco 44 44 44 44 ,butter1 ,lard 44 44 44 44 ,beer #eh1icd #df1ahi #fc1jcd 44 ,wine #be1dah #c1ebg #g1gcj 44 ,drugs and medicines #de1fca #d1iic #af1dba 44 ,perfumes #g1hbf #adc #a1hdj 44 ,oil paints #ae1hba #c1ijd #d1ahh 44 ,fence wire #cj1dah #af1did #i1eab 44 ,sacks for coffee #ag1fbj #i1dad #aj1jdi 44 ,furniture #ab1cde #d1gib #ag1geb 44 ,shoes #ab1dbg #aa1gic #e1eih #e1ajf ,hardware #ad1daf #b1gfd #e1jea 44 ,cashmeres #ib1daf #bh1jbg #eh1ijb #di1fcb ,implements #ag1gba #cfc 44 #a1dgh ,machinery #b1chi #a1hce #a1beb #dig ,mercury #ch1hic #c1ajc 44 #c1ggg ,cloth #i1fha #b1jge #b1bcf #dah ,cotton goods #ab1dja #aj1bcj #e1cgd #dg1jgj ,mixed cotton and woolen #h1dai #d1cfh 44 44 ,prints #aca1daf #a1ihc #h1jce #i1iab ,fancy articles #ajh1dab 44 44 44 ,sugar #g1abh 44 44 44 ,cotton shirts 44 44 44 44 ,preserv4 meats 44 44 44 44 ,coal 44 44 44 44 ,ready-made ,clothing #bj1deg #a1bbc 44 44 ,cognac #ac1dai #b1acg #b1fgf 44 ,cotton drills #bi1fag #cg1bff #df1cbb 44 ,preserv4 ,fruits 44 44 44 44 ,railroad material 44 44 #d1ahe 44 ,galvan4 iron 44 #d1hcg #i1gie 44 ,ordinary soap #g1chb #d1jhj #d1hif 44 ,fine jewelry #c1gbf 44 44 44 ,cotton shirting #af1hic #hg 44 44 ,chinaware #g1eba #aj1fgg #ab1acj 44 ,machetes #d1bhi #e1fbj #f1eci 44 ,manta-cruda 44 44 44 44 ,sewing machines #e1jbh 44 44 44 ,cotton handkerchiefs 44 #f1cac #h1ghj 44 ,sardines #e1bfb #e1fge #g1bda 44 ,candles #h1fde #ac1gai #g1cdh 44 ,matches #ad1ebg #ab1cce #ag1igj 44 ,cigars #ad1dbg #d1ife #h1bdh 44 ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,part #d of #d7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,france4 ---------------------------- #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wheat ,flour 44 44 44 44 ,wheat 44 44 44 44 ,corn 44 44 44 44 ,beans 44 44 44 44 ,rice 44 44 #bh 44 ,tobacco 44 44 44 44 ,butter1 ,lard 44 44 44 44 ,beer #h1aja 44 44 44 ,wine #gc1fdh #ba1agd #bd1gib 44 ,drugs and medicines #ce1hda #d1cdc #b1fhg 44 ,perfumes #aj1idb #c1cja #g1dej 44 ,oil paints 44 44 44 44 ,fence wire 44 44 44 44 ,sacks for coffee 44 44 44 44 ,furniture 44 44 #c1aag 44 ,shoes #h1dib #a1djc #b1edf #b1bij ,hardware #e1hib 44 #ec 44 ,cashmeres #aci1hah #ab1fjj #h1bhf #aj1cah ,implements 44 44 44 #bfg ,machinery #a1ibf #bj 44 #cfj ,mercury #dg1cbh #f1dci 44 #c1ffa ,cloth #ah1dce 44 #d1jfj #dhf ,cotton goods #g1bha #dfd 44 #b1eij ,mixed cotton and woolen #a1jdi 44 44 #bjb ,prints #cb1gfh 44 #gdc #ide ,fancy articles #ge1dag 44 44 44 ,sugar 44 44 44 44 ,cotton shirts 44 #aea #geb 44 ,preserv4 meats #a1gie #c1adg #f1hgj 44 ,coal 44 44 44 44 ,ready-made ,clothing #ad1dca 44 44 44 ,cognac #hg1dfh #ad1igc #bc1hja 44 ,cotton drills #e1gab 44 #agf 44 ,preserv4 ,fruits #g1fbf 44 44 44 ,railroad material 44 44 44 44 ,galvan4 iron 44 44 44 44 ,ordinary soap 44 #aed 44 44 ,fine jewelry #g1hic 44 #c1jba 44 ,cotton shirting 44 44 #abf 44 ,chinaware 44 44 #hf 44 ,machetes 44 44 44 44 ,manta-cruda 44 44 44 44 ,sewing machines 44 44 44 44 ,cotton handkerchiefs 44 44 #ah 44 ,sardines #e1ajb 44 #b1cgh 44 ,candles 44 #bdc #gdf 44 ,matches 44 44 44 44 ,cigars 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,among other countries ,spain1 including ,cuba1 imported in #ahic1 alcohol 7#bf1cdf71 cigarettes 7#aa1dah71 cognac 7#higf71 liquors 7#ad1gai71 cotton cloth 7#ai1daf71 and wines 7#abf1dag72 in #ahid1 alcohol 7#ae1ejj71 cigarettes 7#ggec71 wines 7#cj1dcf72 in #ahie1 alcohol 7#ha1jjj71 cigarettes 7#aj1hjj71 tobacco 7#fbhh71 wines 7#df1ieg74 ,colombia imported in #ahic1 alcohol 7#gghc71 cacao 7#dbbi71 cattle 7#aae1hdg72 in #ahid1 cacao 7#igaj72 in #ahie1 cacao 7#aa1gbj71 tobacco 7#fiei74 ,italy imported in #ahic1 marble 7#dfbc71 wines 7#ad1gia72 in #ahid1 wine 7#cdia72 in #ahie1 butter 7#bbji71 hats 7#abdj71 cotton cloth 7#aefh71 and wines 7#ficc74 ,central ,america imported in #ahic1 tobacco 7#aab1dah71 sugar 7#ihie71 cacao 7#bhdf71 maize 7#fhia71 butter 7#bhic71 cigars 7#gfbf74 ,the exportation during the first six months of #ahig was as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,port of ,limon4 ,port of ,puntarenas4 ,total value4---------------------------------- ---------- ,kilos4 ,value4 ,kilos4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gold4 ,coffee1 in pargement #ech1dfb #bj #a1gid1hgd #ech1dfb #bj 44 44 ,coffee1 in oro#d1abg1fih #jeaj1aci1hgic1edh1ieg #fea1fec1eddegh1gdj #dj ,bananas #bbe1bfg #ejbg1djj1iff #bbe1bfg #ej 44 44 ,silver4 ,cedar wood #ebe1jdb #ji 44 44 #fef1dea #ebe1jdb #ji ,mora wood #fg1hca #af 44 44 #c1cbb1dce #fg1hca #af ,hides #da1ddc #ei #abe1cig #cg1ffe #hj #g1ide #c1ggg #gi ,rubber #ac1ifa #ie #g1ehg #aa1jie #ge #b1aid #b1hff #bj ,gold1 in bars #g1bjj #jj #ab #g1bjj #jj 44 44 ,gold1 coined #f1aag #ag #f #f1aag #ag 44 44 ,skins #e1igg #ei #di #fj #jj #f1eeg #e1iag #ei ,cacao #b1hih #ae #a1bid #a1edh #dj #fei #a1cdi #ge ,guaygacum wood #b1hji #if 44 44 #ach1jjj #b1hji #if ,potatoes #a1eij #ad #eig #aab #jj #aa1ece #a1dgh #ad ,plants1 alive #a1dhg #jj #a1hdf #a1dhg #jj 44 44 ,blue thread #a1fgi #jj 44 44 #acd #a1fgi #jj ,hule or rubber #a1gfg #jj #a1cej #a1gfg #jj 44 44 ,soap #gjj #jj 44 44 #a1hij #gjj #jj ,cocobola wood #fdj #fg 44 44 #ca1dfe #fdj #fg ,dulce 7mas cabado7 #fjf #jd #age #eb #jj #c1efe #eed #jd ,zarzaparrilla #cgg #ae #dfh #cfj #ij #bi #af #be ,cedron #adc #ge 44 44 #bfd #adc #ge ,sugar #bbc #jb 44 44 #gcb #bbc #jb ,pita-hats #fh #jj 44 44 #gj #fh #jj ,caoba 7mahogany7 #cgd #cb 44 44 #aaa #cgd #cb ,pearl shell #cej #jj 44 44 #b1bda #dgh #jj ,turtles1 alive #bjj #jj #b1jjj #bjj #jj 44 44 ,turtle shell 7carey7 #aej #jj #af #aej #jj 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total #e1bja1iff #ehci1dia1jcc #d1cdh1abce1bca1hcehec1hdc #bg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,in regard to coffee there were exported from ,october #a1 #ahif1 to ,june #cj1 #ahig1 #bca1ijd sacks 7#ac1hdc1jhh kilos71 of which #hd4fg per cent41 or #aif1cdc sacks1 in oro1 and #ae4cc per cent41 or #ce1efa sacks1 in pargement4 ,from this amount #hg4ic per cent41 or #bjc1iac sacks 7#ab1ahd1jbg kilos71 went through ,port ,limon and #ab4jg per cent41 or #bg1iia sacks 7#a1fei1jfa kilos71 through ,puntarenas4 ,from ,limon #fa4cbi per cent4 was transported by the ,atlas ,line1 #cb4cjj per cent4 by the ,british ,royal ,mail1 #b4bga per cent4 by the ,french ,steamship line1 #c4bii per cent4 by the ,german ,line1 ,o4#hja per cent4 by other lines4 ,it will be interesting to know the places to which this large amount of coffee is shipped4 ,these particulars are found in the following list3 ,sacks4 ,kilogr4 ,london #acc1fgf #g1ijc1dej ,san ,francisco #ai1idf #a1ahc1ihj ,new ,york #cc1hhg #b1jgb1bhi ,hamburg #bd1hcc #a1ejb1caa ,bordeaux #e1hbg #cdf1hbb ,paris #bjf #ab1ebd ,bremen #ab1cgc ,montreal #cg ,antwerp #caj ,lockport #a ,chicago #a ,malaga #a #hba1gab ,geneva #dci ,trieste #bed ,valparaiso #ej ,panama #fb ,barcelona #a -------- ----------- ,total #bca1ijd #ac1hdc1jjh ,in connection with the coffee trade there are here given interesting statistics concerning the average annual consumption of coffee per capita of the population of different countries3 ,pounds4 ,holland #ba4jj ,denmark #ac4hi ,belgium #ac4dh ,norway #i4hj ,switzerland #g4jc ,united ,states #g4fa ,sweden #f4aa ,germany #c4id ,france #b4gc ,austria #b4ac ,greece #a4bd ,italy #a4jj ,great ,britain #a4jj ,european ,russia #j4ai ,industries4--,the scarcity of working people and the absence of capital were formerly the greatest barriers to the progress of industry1 while at the same time the abundance and relative cheapness of imported articles rendered useless all attempts at home production4 ,in regard to industrial and manufacturing establishments and workshops1 there were in #ahib3 #hdb in the ,province of ,san ,jos4 #gjj 0 0 ,alajuela4 #aic 0 0 ,cartago4 #bgb 0 0 ,heredia4 #ahg 0 0 ,guanacaste4 #hi 0 ,comarca de ,puntarenas4 #bj 0 0 ,limon4 ---- #bcjc ,distribution of industrial and manufacturing establishments in ,costa ,rica4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,g ,p u u ,s ,a a n a l ,c ,h n t n a a e a a j r r c r ,l ,t ,j u t e a e i o o e a d s n m t s l g i t a o a a o a e s n l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,iron foundries #b 44 #a 44 44 44 #a #d ,blacksmith-shops #be #aa #e #g #i #i #b #fh ,gunsmith-shops #c #a 44 44 #a #b 44 #g ,flour-mills #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a ,soap factories #e 44 #a #a 44 44 44 #g ,breweries #c 44 #a 44 44 44 44 #d ,ice ,factories #b 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #c ,distilleries #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a ,brick and tile factories #bb #bi #cd #d #ah #b 44 #aji ,fine brick-yards #b 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b ,lime-kilns #g #ab #aj #a #c #a 44 #cd ,cartridge factories #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a ,sugar factories #a #f #b 44 44 44 44 #i ,sawmills #af #ce #i #f #d #a #c #gd ,coffee-mills #hj #ge #af #he 44 44 44 #bef ,iron sugar-mills #bje #aed #cb #df #aj #b 44 #ddi ,wooden sugar-mills #bdh #beh #ba #ac #hb #ag 44 #fci ,marble yards #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a ,stone-cutting yards #a #a #a 44 44 44 44 #c ,carpenter-shops #ca #bh #h #cg #ai #ae #c #ada ,cabinet-shops #e #b #c #a 44 #b 44 #ac ,tailor-shops #be #ac #aj #ag #ad #g #c #hi ,tanneries #i #e #c #e #af 44 #a #ci ,shoemaker-shops #ch #ag #i #af #ab #h #c #ajc ,barber-shops #ag #i #c #ab #d #f #b #ec ,saddleries #aa #h #e #a #d 44 44 #bi ,bakeries #bb #g #c #c #b #g #a #de ,confectioners #e #a 44 #a 44 44 44 #g ,drug stores #ae #af #h #i #d #e #a #eh ,dyeing establishments #e #e 44 #b #a #a 44 #ad ,photograph galleries #c 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,printing establishments #i #a 44 44 44 44 44 #aj ,lithographers #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a ,book binderies #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d ,watchmakers #g #a #d #c 44 44 44 #ae ,silversmiths #d #e #d #b #d #c 44 #bb ,candle factories #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #hdb #gjj #aic #bgb #bjg #hi #bj #bcbc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,there are in ,san ,jos the ,san ,jos ,foundry and the ,national ,workshop1 which contributed greatly to the progress of mechanical arts1 iron manufactures1 cabinet work1 machinery1 implements1 farming utensils1 tools1 etc4 ,there also exist a silk and cotton factory1 manufacturing fine articles like shawls1 scarfs1 wraps1 in the favorite colors of the people2 also an ice factory1 a shoe factory and a flour-mill4 ,among the miscellaneous companies we have to mention the ,agency ,company for unloading and loading vessels1 capital #bjj1jjj pesos2 ,san ,jos ,market ,company1 capital #bae1jjj pesos2 ,cartago ,market ,company1 capital #ajj1jjj pesos2 ,heredia ,market ,company1 capital #ajj1jjj pesos2 ,monte de ,aguacate ,mining ,company1 capital #ejj1jjj pesos2 ,la ,trinidad ,mining ,company1 capital #bej1jjj pesos2 ,costa ,rica ,house ,construction ,company1 capital #bej1jjj pesos2 ,costa ,rica ,pacific ,gold ,mining ,company1 ,limited2 ,electric ,light ,company4 ,,xii4 ,,finance ,,and ,,banking4 ,the revenue of the ,government of ,costa ,rica is derived from custom-house duties1 revenue stamps and stamped paper1 liquor monopoly1 tobacco revenue1 coffee tax1 sale of public lands1 tax for registering property1 tax on slaughtering live stock1 etc4 ,the national revenue for #ahif was as follows3 ,pesos4 ,revenues proper #f1fhe1agh #hg ,public service 7post1 etc47 #bcc1ebi #hi ,various sources #hi1jgi #ad ,funds in administration 7postal-money orders1 etc47 #cie1ajd #hh ,public credit #cb1gah #jj ------------ ,total #g1dce1faj #gh ,to this sum ,pesos4 ,the main custom-house in ,san ,jos contributed #a1icj1gdf #eh ,the custom-house in ,puntarenas 0 #dgd1adh #bg 0 0 0 ,limon 0 #djd1ddd #be 0 national liquor business 0 #b1bdb1agd #if ,tobacco revenue #ggh1baa #ge ,coffee tax #fa1dae #jj ,lumber tax #ae1jdd #bf ,stamped paper #gj1afd #cj ,revenue stamps #ci1dfi #ch ,expenditures during the fiscal year ending in #ahif amounted to #f1fig1cbf4ea pesos1 distributed in the following manner3 ,ordinary ,disbursements for ,administration4 ,pesos4 ,department of ,gobernacion #fff1dbi #ee 0 ,police #afc1jea #hd 0 ,fomento #fbh1cej #ih 0 ,foreign ,office #aja1agj #gd 0 ,justice #bgd1efh #hc 0 ,public ,instruction #fcj1fbg #da 0 ,cultus #bd1aja #jj 0 ,war #dcb1idc #ji 0 ,military police #bce1aeb #ef 0 ,navy #dg1eei #ea 0 ,finance #big1dad #fb ,various services #a1bbi1hbc #hf ------------ #d1gca1aic #ii ,various ,services4 ,pesos4 ,department of ,beneficence #aja1bac #dd ,various other services #aae1ijd #fa ---------- #bag1aah #je ,monopoly ,services4 ,pesos4 ,buying tobacco1 sugar1 etc41 freights #bgg1abf #cd ,contract of ,odilon ,jimenez #ah1cgb #eb ,contract of ,robato ,beguiristain #a1hdj #ec ---------- #big1cci #ci ,funds in ,administration4 ,pesos4 ,billets of ,instruction #ai1hhc #ig ,postal orders #cdg1ecj #ha ---------- #cfg1dad #gh ,interior ,debt4 ,pesos4 ,bills payable #dge1die #ee ,interest and discounts #ae1iia #ae ,private deposits #ci1eeh #jj ,amortization of national notes #cdj1hhh #eb ,hospital of ,alajuela #ad1bae #ec ,bank of ,costa ,rica1 contract of ,june #bj1 #ahid #ace1jfh #hb ,deposits in favor of pupils of ,barroeta #f1eeh #jf ------------ #a1jbg1gge #fc ,consolidates4 ,pesos4 ,hospital of ,san ,juan de ,dios #ac1fdj #jj ,ecclesiastical funds #f1ccg #ej ,legate of ,barroeta #ae1cjj #jj ,hospital of ,cartago #i1fch #jj --------- #dd1iae #ej ,various ,accounts4 ,pesos4 ,flint ,co4 #d1fhd #fg ,municipality of ,cartago1 notes and interest #f1hhd #ej --------- #aa1efi #ag ,total #f1fig1cbf #ea ,the foreign debt contracted in #ahga and #ahgb1 in ,england1 against the will of the nation1 has been disastrous to it4 ,it amounts to #b1jjj1jjj in five per cent4 debentures4 ,lately an arrangement was made under which the amortization of this debt will begin in #aiag1 instead of #ahih1 and with #aj1jjj per year1 instead of #bj1jjj4 ,the government is also authorized to buy in its own bonds for their immediate liquidation4 ,the floating debt chiefly consists of private deposits1 of the school-loan1 amortization of which is made annually1 of paper money which is received in very limited amounts1 and of bills payable1 mostly given for sugar and syrups to the 8,national ,liquor ,distillery0 and drawn on thirty days' sight4 ,the rest of the floating debt scarcely amounts to #ej1jjj pesos4 ,in figures the interior debt of ,costa ,rica may be represented as follows3 #gi1aee4ge pesos in notes of war emission2 #a1jcg1fbh4dc pesos for various accounts1 private deposits1 cash orders1 municipal fund1 ecclesiastical fund1 etc41 making a total of #a1aaf1ghd4ah pesos4 ,another important factor in the commercial and economic life of ,costa ,rica is the money in circulation4 ,including every kind of emission1 notes of the ,costa ,rica bank1 national paper money1 war-emission paper money1 silver and gold coin1 the money in circulation amounted in ,pesos4 #ahhb-hc #d1cie1jhi #ahhc-hd #d1abi1eah #ahhd-he #c1gjg1dcd #ahhe-hf #c1fai1bfa #ahhf-hg #c1hii1ige #ahhg-hh #d1baj1gcc #ahhh-hi #d1gfb1hhe #ahhi-ij #e1fjc1eab #ahij-ia #e1ida1idg #ahia-ib #e1hjf1geb #ahib-ic #e1fcj1daf #ahic-id #e1ejg1cdc #ahid-ie #e1fff1bjg #ahie-if #e1gba1hcg ,there were in circulation1 in #ahie-if1 currency valued in pesos as follows3 #c1hbj1djd of ,costa ,rica bank notes1 #bgfd national paper money1 #ih1ffi war-emission paper money1 #a1ejj1jjj coined silver money1 #cjj1jjj coined gold money1 total #e1gba1hcg2 or #bj4jh pesos per capita of the population of ,costa ,rica4 ,as above indicated1 the ,government of ,costa ,rica is beginning to displace the notes of the ,banco de ,costa ,rica by others issued by the government1 maintained at par and guaranteed by a gold reserve or by gold certificates4 ,this monetary question is of such interest and importance1 that the following translation is given from such parts of the reports of the ,minister of ,finance as relate thereto4 8,the emission of gold certificates is necessary1 as it would be impossible to keep the gold coins in circulation so long as the quantity of paper money issued by the bank1 is far greater4 ,again1 in order to avoid the difficulties which would arise from the constant retirement of this paper money1 the gold certificates must be issued to furnish an adequate supply of currency4 ,in this way also the ,government has the advantage of utilizing the quantities of gold in deposit1 and of acquiring by means of those certificates resources for fresh coinage of gold pieces40 8,in order to avoid embarrassment in the commercial and economic life of the country it has been agreed with the ,banco de ,costa ,rica to maintain parity between these certificates and its notes4 ,by the monetary law of ,october #bd1 #ahif1 also parity with the actual silver peso was established4 ,it was further agreed that the #8colon de oro1' the new gold coin1 should correspond in intrinsic value with this standard of ratios40 8,for these purposes1 there had to be taken into consideration3 ,first1 the actual state of the national wealth1 estimated in the already established credit circulating medium2 second1 the average range of international exchange during a number of years1 and third1 the average ratio of silver to gold during the same period4 ,there had further to be considered the outstanding obligations of the interior and of the exterior debt1 as well as pending negotiations as to exportable products1 and the relation of the intrinsic value between gold and silver40 8,in this way the following conclusion was reached3 ,that the #8colon de oro' should contain #gjj milligrams of fine gold1 in order not to complicate the situation created by the circulating notes of the ,bank of ,costa ,rica1 and in order to include an average exchange of #aaj per cent4 with respect to the pound sterling1 and of #aae per cent4 with respect to the ,american gold1 as well as to create a relation of #a to #bf between silver and gold4 ,in consequence of this and for the purpose of giving to the #8colon de oro' the same fineness as has been given to the ,american gold coin1 and as has been adopted by the ,union ,latina1 it was established that the #8colon de oro' should have #ggh milligrams of gold of #ijj-ajjj fineness4 ,its relation to the gold coins of either nations is as follows3 #a ,american gold dollar ,colones #b4adie #d shillings sterling1 gold 0 #b4jiba #e francs1 gold 0 #b4jgcg #d marks1 gold 0 #b4jdha 8,in the contract with the ,banco de ,costa ,rica1 it was agreed that the ,government should coin gold periodically4 ,there are already #fjj1jjj #8colones de oro' in pieces of #aj colones in ,costa ,rica1 and the ,government ordered furthermore a second emission of #djj1jjj colones in pieces of #bj colones each1 which will soon be issued4 ,it is further willing to coin half a million more in the near future4 ,the ,costa ,rican ,bank1 on the other hand1 is obliged to retire a corresponding amount of its notes from circulation1 and later1 as soon as sufficient gold can be put in circulation1 the exchange of bills is to be made by this bank in gold instead of silver40 ,there are sufficient reasons for believing that the ,costa ,rican ,government will succeed in the realization of this highly important economic change without difficulty4 ,as the ,costa ,rican ,bank no longer has the exclusive privilege of issuing paper money1 new banks must be established1 with authority to issue circulating notes4 ,as these banks will have to keep a reserve of national gold coins for the redemption of their paper money1 there will be an abundance of currency of a fixed value4 ,as the fineness of the #8colon de oro' constitutes the best type of international exchange1 there will in the future be slight fluctuations1 and this will prove a most valuable guaranty of the stability of public wealth4 ,the value of the ,national ,government property is estimated at #h1ebb1gad4id pesos4 ,the principal items are3 ,pesos4 ,national distillery #ijj1jjj ,central custom-house #ejj1jjj ,national theatre #ije1hae ,metal-building #bhf1dcb ,national park #bej1jjj ,insane ,asylum #dje1jjj ,pacific ,railway #hdg1ejj ,national ,palace #bjj1jjj ,girls' ,high ,school #cej1jjj ,islands of ,san ,lucas and ,chira #djj1hfe ,island of ,uvita #bjj1jjj ,presidential ,palace #aej1jjj ,artillery armory #age1jjj ,national printing establishment #adj1jjj ,national ,college in ,alajuela #aej1jjj ,national ,museum #dj1jjj ,park of ,morazn #aei1ahe ,liceo of ,costa ,rica #ade1jjj ,main armory #ajj1jjj ,old temple of ,la ,merced #ajj1jjj ,ex-,university #hj1jjj ,house in ,san ,jos #ajj1jjj ,place in front of the ,national distillery #id1agb ,custom-house in ,puntarenas #ajj1jjj ,pier in ,puntarenas #ge1jjj ,national telegraph #chi1icf ,palace of ,justice #hj1jjj ,hospital for lepers #fe1jjj ,penitentiary #fj1jjj ,police ,stations #ej1jjj ,mint #db1jjj ,the private property owners are numerous and the orderly habits of the ,costa ,ricans are marked4 ,costa ,rica being an essentially agricultural country1 the necessity of a mortgage law was apparent to maintain and secure the equities of all4 ,hence an official registry of titles and mortgages was opened in #ahfg4 ,the landed property of the people of ,costa ,rica is registered in the 8,registro ,publico0 in the following way3 ,first ,inscription4 ,pesos4 #ahgj1 #e1bdc fincas valued at #c1cgh1jce #ahge1 #bf1idg 0 0 #ai1jij1eeg #ahhj1 #dc1bha 0 0 #cb1bhe1cci #ahhe1 #ed1edj 0 0 #ci1bbh1efg #ahij1 #fe1heh 0 0 #de1aeb1icf #ahie1 #gi1fea 0 0 #ei1bdd1cbf #ahif1 #hb1fad 0 0 #fb1ifj1bbb #ahig1 #he1gee 0 0 #fg1gaa1cih ,second ,inscription4 ,pesos4 #ahgj1 #edi fincas valued at #ejb1ejc #ahge1 #i1ehj 0 0 #i1gca1hje #ahhj1 #bd1ida 0 0 #be1cci1eid #ahhe1 #da1bhf 0 0 #cg1bea1efg #ahij1 #fc1cca 0 0 #eb1gjb1jea #ahie1 #hi1bgf 0 0 #hd1aje1ahi #ahif1 #id1aaf 0 0 #ij1fed1efi #ahig1 #ii1cji 0 0 #ii1adg1fei ,the following list gives the number of fincas 7properties7 and the amount in pesos for which they were mortgaged4 ----------------------------------- ,fincas ,amount of ,year4 7properties74 mortgage4 ----------------------------------- #ahfh #acj #adg1ica #ahfi #dce #ehj1icf #ahgj #fcb #hbf1agf #ahga #hde #a1aab1jfj #ahgb #a1aff #a1ddj1haj #ahgc #a1efe #a1hhi1ghi #ahgd #b1jjg #b1ffg1efe #ahge #b1dhc #c1dhj1jaa #ahgf #b1iji #d1aje1aig #ahgg #c1dbb #e1cei1aeh #ahgh #c1igb #f1ada1iee #ahgi #d1gdh #f1gjj1ceg #ahhj #e1ebh #g1idd1fda #ahha #f1efc #i1jcc1ccc #ahhb #g1cgc #i1aac1hah #ahhc #h1agg #i1ahh1gcj #ahhd #h1ebc #i1bhc1dae #ahhe #h1ebc #i1cca1ihe #ahhf #h1eac #i1aai1hec #ahhg #h1dge #i1cji1bfa #ahhh #h1chf #i1jbg1fcb #ahhi #h1cif #i1jhh1fgf #ahij #h1dag #i1djc1dhd #ahia #h1ddd #i1ggb1hhe #ahib #h1fcj #aj1hfb1ifa #ahic #h1ifh #ab1acb1bjd #ahid #i1ebh #ad1aaj1eaj #ahie #i1ibh #ae1bca1cjh #ahif #aj1eaa #af1hca1djb #ahig #aa1jee #ag1fhf1hgb ---------------------------------- ,net value of the fincas was3 ,pesos4 #ahgj #b1eea1heh #ahge #ae1faj1edf #ahhj #bd1cdj1fih #ahhe #bi1hif1ehc #ahij #ce1fgi1bec #ahie #dc1cdg1jai #ahif #de1abf1hba #ahig #dh1fdb1hbg ,in the last fiscal year from ,april #a1 #ahif1 to ,march #ca1 #ahig1 the ,public ,register shows the following movement3 ,key to column headings3 ,rur4 ,rural ,properties4 ,val4 ,value in ,pesos4 ,urb4 ,urban ,properties4 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,first ,,inscriptions4 ------------------------------------ ,rur4 ,val4 ,urb4 ,val4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,san ,jos #cdc #fcj1cae4bf #gbh #gcf1ijg4cd ,alajuela #eei #gic1jed4cd #ddj #idg1add4gg ,heredia #if #ejc1ehh4jj #cbb #afj1hcb4he ,cartago #bgb #ebi1jde4cf #bec #aci1bbj4ih ,guanacaste #ae #ac1gec4ej #g #d1bjj4jj ,puntarenas #be #da1eib4fe #bc #aa1feh4ej ,limon #dd #bjf1dhc4ic #ad #bc1cgh4ie ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #aced #b1gbg1hcc4ad #aghg #b1jbc1cdc4ci ---------------------------------------- ------ 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,second ,,inscriptions4 ------------------------------------ ,rur4 ,val4 ,urb4 ,val4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,san ,jos #efe #a1bcf1hbb4aj #aabi #a1ich1hde4hg ,total inscriptions1 ,alajuela #gbc #a1cac1cej4ag #dfh #cdf1jij4ji first1 #cada1 ,heredia #dgg #a1bbg1bjj4ci #gee #gjd1iej4ic #d1gea1agf4dc2 ,cartago #dig #igb1fje4aa #eja #ded1gbf4ji second1 #eaic1 ,guanacaste #aa #gi1jba4jj #i #aj1cgj4jj #h1dic1jij4ji2 ,puntarenas #bc #ge1fgh4ff #i #ae1ide4jj #hcdd fincas1 ,limon #cf #id1hih4cc #aj #bb1ehe4fe valued at #ac1bdd1bff4eb pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #bccb #d1iii1egf4df #bhfa #c1dic1eac4fc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,for the same period the 8,public ,register0 furnishes the following statistics of mortgages on real estate estimated in pesos3 7,part #a of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,distribution of ,mortgages4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,rural ,sum ,urban ,sum ,properties4 ,secured4 ,properties4 ,secured4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,san ,jos #baa #iij1jea4bh #bid #gif1ige4ih ,alajuela #aeb #cdh1hbe4be #fj #ajd1efe4gc ,heredia #fc #aij1hfd4ca #gg #ahg1bjb4je ,cartago #aff #dji1eah4fc #aci #bfc1bfa4af ,guanacaste #ad #hf1bha4jc #c #bj1jjj4jj ,puntarenas #ab #da1hdc4jj #d #dc1jjj4jj ,limon #ea #aii1hic4hd #af #ai1cjj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ffi #b1bfg1bgg4cd #eic #a1dcd1cjd4ib ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,part #b of #b7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cancellations4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,rural ,paid ,off4 ,urban ,paid ,off4 ,properties4 ,properties4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,san ,jos #aaf #bhc1eac4ig #baa #eci1egb4fg ,alajuela #gj #cjd1fgb4cg #cc #ahh1fge4ci ,heredia #ca #aaa1ajg4db #bh #da1gha4ej ,cartago #aaa #cdf1dae4jc #ga #gh1big4fa ,guanacaste 44 44 44 44 ,puntarenas #d #cb1ieb4jj #b #bg1dih4jj ,limon #bh #aci1iag4fa #ac #ie1eje4ce ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cfj #a1bah1egh4dj #ceh #iga1ccj4eb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,partial ,cancellations in ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,rural ,amortized ,urban ,amortized ,properties4 ,debt4 ,properties4 ,debt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,san ,jos #cc #afi1hce4ha #cg #hg1efj4ha ,alajuela #ac #db1dad4jj #b #d1djj4jj ,heredia #b #c1haj4jj #d #g1gjj4jj ,cartago #bb #bch1gdf4gf #ae #ah1cfh4db ,guanacaste 44 44 44 44 ,puntarenas 44 44 44 44 ,limon #ce #ff1jjj4jj #a #ag1cfg4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aje #ebj1hjf4eg #ei #ace1cif4bc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,r,,sum4 ,r,,sum4 ,number of ,total and ,partial ,mortgages4 ,sum ,secured4 ,cancellations4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ,rural #ffi #b1bfg1bgg4cd ,rural #dfe #a1gci1chd4ig ,urban #eic #a1dcd1cjd4ib ,urban #dag #a1ajf1gbf4ge ---- ------------ --- ------------ #abfb #c1gja1ehb4bf #hhb #b1hdf1aaa4gb ,since #ahfe the mortgage law permits this mode of converting real estate2 upon due official registration its value may be divided into shares1 each represented by a cedula or bond1 on which as collateral security money can be raised at any time with perfect safety4 ,this law is included in the ,codizo ,civil of #ahhg and since that time cedulas to following amounts have been issued3 ,pesos4 #ahhh #ab1jjj #ahhi #fj1ejj #ahij #gj1bjj #ahia #agj1ajj #ahib #chj1jjj #ahic #ccf1hjj #ahid #dhb1jjj #ahie #fff1jjj #ahif #a1jjb1jjj #ahig #a1cha1gjj ,the municipal taxes are not high4 ,the owners of real estate are required to pay only the taxes devoted to the maintenance of municipal police1 street lighting and the domestic supply of water4 ,other municipal taxes comprise license fees for commercial business1 for slaughtering cattle and hogs2 for wine houses2 taxes for registering of dogs2 taxes on tanneries1 breweries1 coffee-cleaning establishments1 cemeteries1 etc4 ,other important factors of the economic life of ,costa ,rica are the existing banking establishments4 ,the first bank of ,central ,america was established in #aheg1 in ,costa ,rica1 by ,crisanto ,medina4 ,this institution ceased and1 in #ahfc1 was replaced by the ,banco ,anglo-,costaricense with an authorized capital of #b1jjj1jjj pesos and a paid-up capital of #a1bjj1jjj4 ,this bank still exists1 together with the ,banco de ,costa ,rica established in #ahfg with a paid-up capital of #b1jjj1jjj pesos4 ,it incorporated with itself the former ,banco de la ,union established in #ahgg4 ,the ,bank of ,costa ,rica has had from the ,government the privilege of issuing paper money to the extent of four times its cash on hand4 ,the average circulation of these bank notes since #ahhb has been as follows3 ,pesos4 #ahhb-hc #ce1jjj #ahhc-hd #ef1djj #ahhd-he #afh1hij #ahhe-hf #baj1agj #ahhf-hg #a1jjd1jaj #ahhg-hh #a1eah1bij #ahhh-hi #b1aia1icj #ahhi-ij #b1iaa1dgi #ahij-ia #c1bdi1iad #ahia-ib #c1jcg1afg #ahib-ic #b1hbj1hib #ahic-id #c1jgi1jfg #ahid-ie #c1efe1jda #ahie-if #c1hbj1djd ,this issue privilege was withdrawn in #ahig on the introduction of the #8colon de oro1' and a special arrangement was made with the bank to uphold the contemplated change from a silver to a gold standard4 ,the ,banco de ,costa ,rica1 on ,july #ae1 #ahig1 had a reserve fund of #gde1jjj pesos and a dividend account of #ej1jjj4 ,it has branches in ,heredia1 ,cartago and ,alajuela4 ,the situation of this bank at the same date was in pesos as follows3 ,,assets4 ,,liabilities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cash on hand3 ,coin #a1bfh1fhb4cc ,capital paid up #b1jjj1jjj4jj ,checks against the ,reserve fund #gde1jjj4jj ,anglo-,c4 ,r4 ,bank #aj1jge4dc ,dividend account #ej1jjj4jj ------------ ,discounts #abj1ihd4gj #a1bgh1geg4gf ------------ ,foreign correspondents #aia1jgc4fd #b1iae1ihd4gj ,accounts current #cce1cbd4ci ,notes in ------------- circulation #c1ibi1igb4ej #a1hje1aee4gi ,deposits1 on time or demand #a1ajh1dbd4hb ,bills receivable #e1bgc1cjd4ci ------------ ,branch ,banks #cgc1eie4je #e1jch1cig4cb ,bonds of ,school- loan #dj1fjg4ej ,securities in commission ,various obligations for collection #cid1dbj4gd to collect #bed1aja4ii ,government on account ,immovable property #afg1jeb4ed #8,colones de ,oro' #fjj1jjj4jj ,furniture #aj1jjj4jj ,stamps #a1dcc4jj ,sundry accounts #bi1aca4gf ---------- #f1adi1bbf4bc ------------ #g1ied1chb4jb ,securities in commission for collection #cid1dbj4gd ,deposit of #8,colones de ,oro' #fjj1jjj4jj ------------- ------------ #h1idh1hjb4gf #h1idh1hjb4gf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the bank is ready to retire #edj1jjj pesos of its own notes in correspondence with the first gold deposit of #fjj1jjj pesos4 ,in view of the satisfactory transactions of the ,bank #bj per cent4 was distributed in dividends for the fiscal year ending in #ahig4 ,its manager is ,mr4 ,jos ,andrs ,coronado4 ,its ,board of ,directors include ,messrs4 ,francisco ,peralta1 ,aniceto ,esquivel1 ,fabian ,esquivel1 ,daniel ,nuez and ,manuel ,sandoval4 ,the manager of the ,banco ,anglo-,costaricense is ,mr4 ,percy ,g4 ,harrison1 and its ,board of ,directors is composed of ,messrs4 ,adrian ,collado1 ,simeon ,guzmn1 ,telsforo ,alfaro1 ,gerardo ,jager and ,mariano ,montealegre4 ,the situation of the ,banco ,anglo-,costaricense on ,june #cj1 #ahig1 was in pesos as follows3 7,part #a of #b7 ,,assets4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cash on hand #bha1hfi4be ,securities for collection in ,san ,jos #a1bjh1aib4ed ,mortgages #ecj1gbi4ea ,securities for collection in ,san ,mateo #gci4hc ------------ #a1gci1ffa4hh ,credits current #ahe1fih4ee ,credits in sterling #dhe1ede4cd ,shares of the ,mercado de ,san ,jos 7#afe7 #h1bej4jj ,bonds of the ,guatemalan ,central ,railway #ae1jjj4jj ------------ #b1dcd4aee4gg ,immovable property #bj1jjj4jj ,furniture #a1ejj4jj ------------ #ba1ejj4jj ,debtors abroad #hb1ggh4cg ,remittances due #be1ifi4dh ------------ #ajh1gdg4he ,securities in commission for collection #ahh1jad4aj ,money for expenditure #a1ejj1fdi4gi ,exportation notes #ic1bge4jj ------------ #a1gha1ich4hi ,interest on deposits not due #h1dhd4de ,various debtors #ad1fjb4bd ------------ #d1fea1bih4de 7,part #b of #b7 ,,liabilities4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,capital #a1bjj1jjj4jj ,reserve ,fund #baj1jjj4jj ------------ #a1daj1jjj4jj ,deposits account current #cga1ddc4fj ,deposits on sight #aj1ggh4jj ,deposits on credit #chj1fja4bc ----------- #gfb1hbb4hc ,outside creditors #dcf1djc4hd ,various debts #bb1bjb4ch ------------ #deh1fjf4bb ,securities in commission #ahh1jad4aj ,government of ,costa ,rica1 ,treasury funds #a1ejj1fdi4gi ,government of ,costa ,rica1 exportation notes #ic1bge4jj ------------ #a1gha1ich4hi ,dividends not collected from #ahie-if #gjj4jj ,dividends from #ahif-ig 7#ae per cent7 #ahj1jjj4jj ---------- #ahj1gjj4jj ,discounts on bills payable #ci1ggi4ee ,profits for #ahig-ih #ag1dej4if ---------- #eg1bcj4ea ------------ #d1fea1bih4de ,foreign commercial obligations were settled through these banks on the following terms3 ,drafts at three days' sight on ,paris cost one per cent4 less than on ,london on same time2 those at ninety days' sight on ,paris or ,london cost one per cent4 less than at three days' sight2 those at sixty days' sight1 on ,new ,york1 cost two per cent4 less than on three days' sight4 ,submarine cable transfers of money cost two per cent4 more than by three days' sight drafts with the cost of telegraphing added4 ,until the #bdth of ,march1 #ahig1 the ,bank of ,costa ,rica sold drafts on ,new ,york for five points more than for those on ,london4 ,since the #beth of ,march1 #ahig1 the difference of exchange between those cities has been eight per cent4 ,the rates on ,london1 in ,october and ,november1 #ahig1 were #abg1 and those on ,new ,york were #ace4 ,,xiii4 ,,political ,,organization4 ,costa ,rica is a republic1 the government of which is representative1 the representatives being classified so that one-half retires every two years4 ,since #ahbe ,costa ,rica has had nine constitutions1 the last one having been promulgated in #ahga4 ,the government is administered through three distinct branches2 namely1 the legislative1 executive and judicial4 ,legislative powers are vested in a single house whose members are chosen1 one for every #hjjj inhabitants1 for a term of four years by an electoral college4 ,this body is called the 8,constitutional ,congress0 and assembles every year on ,may #a for a sixty days' session1 which may be extended for thirty days more4 ,the executive power is vested in the ,president of the ,republic who is elected for four years and has the power of naming or removing his four cabinet ministers4 ,annually1 in ,may1 ,congress appoints1 for a term of one year1 three substitutes called 8designados40 ,during the intervals between sessions of ,congress legislative power is represented by a board of five commissioners appointed by ,congress4 ,judicial power is lodged in a ,supreme ,court and in subordinate tribunals as constituted by law4 ,the judiciary is changed every four years4 ,suffrage is restricted to popular conventions which choose a limited number of electors4 ,these meet in a body called the electoral assembly and proceed to choose the ,president of the ,republic and the ,congressmen4 ,the ,republic is divided into five ,provinces and two ,comarcas or ,territories4 ,both are divided into ,cantones1 and the ,cantones are subdivided into districts4 ,the ,territories are represented in ,congress in the same way as the ,provinces4 ,each ,canton has a municipal organization popularly elected and a political chief named by the ,president4 ,in each of the ,provinces or ,territories there is a ,governor1 and a military commandant also named by the ,president1 and a ,judge of ,first ,instance appointed by the ,supreme ,court4 ,costa ,rica1 as soon as she became a member of the ,central ,american ,confederation1 organized a judiciary of her own consisting of a superior court1 several tribunals of first resort in the provinces1 and the alcaldes of towns who were justices of the peace with jurisdiction over petty affairs both civil and criminal4 ,the ,supreme ,court has since undergone many changes4 ,the ,supreme ,court is a ,court of ,law composed of five justices4 ,two ,courts of second instance have three magistrates each4 ,in each of the ,provinces and in the ,comarca of ,puntarenas there are judges having criminal and civil jurisdiction4 ,in the chief towns of each ,canton the alcaldes act in civil cases of minor importance1 and in criminal cases are judges of petty offenses1 and for graver charges are committing magistrates4 ,in the districts the justices of the peace and the police are charged with maintaining the public peace and they act for small misdemeanors in a summary way4 ,for fiscal affairs there are an ,inspector ,general of ,hacienda1 an alcalde of ,hacienda1 and a ,national ,judge of ,hacienda4 ,there is also a special judge of mines residing at ,san ,mateo4 ,punishments are generally neither cruel nor protracted4 ,they comprise confinement in a prison or penitentiary1 transportation1 or a fine4 ,the penitentiary is on the island of ,san ,lucas4 ,in #ahda ,costa ,rica codified its civil and penal jurisprudence1 amending the code materially seventeen years later4 ,this has been the basis of her legal progress and is in force except as modified by subsequent statutes4 ,among the more important amendments are these3 by the ,penal ,code in effect since #ahhj the death penalty is abolished1 as well as humiliating and cruel punishments2 #ahhf there was promulgated a new ,civil ,code1 in which are prominent civil marriages1 the right of divorce and the civil equality of woman4 ,the ,code of ,commerce in force1 founded on ,spanish customs1 was issued in #ahec4 ,the ,fiscal ,code of to-day went into effect in #ahhe4 ,the ,military ,code of #ahga was superseded in #ahhd by another more in accordance with modern institutions4 ,the ,jury ,system in criminal cases has been in force since #ahgc4 ,the ,municipal ,statutes prevailing to-day were issued in #ahfg2 the ,general ,police ,regulations in #ahdi4 ,the 8,ley ,organica0 of tribunals was framed in #ahde and modified slightly in #aheb4 ,in #ahfe there was promulgated the law for a creditor's proceedings2 the mortgage law was passed in #ahfe4 ,higher and professional education was provided for in #ahdc by a law known as the 8,statutes of the ,university of ,santo ,tomas10 and in #ahhf there was enacted a law for common education4 ,the ,registry of property and mortgages was opened in #ahfg1 since which time various reforms have been introduced into the ,mortgage ,law4 ,there are besides many special laws1 like the ,mining ,statutes decreed in #ahcj2 the ,water ,law of #ahhd now in force2 the ,consular ,regulations1 and others4 ,by decree of #bdth of ,november1 #ahfc1 the decimal system for moneys now in use was adopted4 ,by decree of #ajth of ,july1 #ahhd1 the metric system was adopted for weights and measures4 ,all ,costa ,ricans between eighteen and fifty years of age are obliged to do military service according to law4 ,the army is divided into two parts2 the first includes1 under the head of active service1 all soldiers from eighteen to forty years of age2 the second comprises all the rest under the head of 8,reserve40 ,there is a third division1 known as the ,national ,guard1 including all citizens capable of shouldering arms outside of the foregoing4 ,,xiv4 ,,history4 ,until #aedj ,spain reserved for the ,crown that part of the territory of ,veragua lying west of the portion which had been granted to the heirs of ,columbus1 but in that year it was erected into a province called ,costa ,rica4 ,according to the narrative of ,colonel ,g4 ,e4 ,church1 within a period of sixty years from the date of its discovery some ten feeble exploring and colonizing expeditions1 mostly from ,panama1 were fitted out to occupy ,costa ,rica1 but they all proved disastrous1 the only result being the exasperation of the natives whom the ,spaniards plundered1 butchered and treated with signal barbarity4 ,between #aefj and #aegc the limits of ,costa ,rica were defined and confirmed by ,philip ,,ii41 those on the ,atlantic ,coast being the same as to-day1 so far as ,nicaragua is concerned4 ,in #aefb ,juan ,vasquez de ,coronado was named ,alcalde and ,mayor of the ,province of ,costa ,rica and ,veragua4 ,he founded the ,city of ,cartago which remained the capital until #ahbc4 ,up to #afbb fifteen governors succeeded ,vasquez1 but disappointed in their efforts to find gold1 to enslave the ,indian population1 or to make the country prosperous1 they allowed it to lapse into a barbarism far worse than it was at the time of its discovery4 ,barrantes says that in #afbb it had but fifty ,spanish families1 and these were in a condition of extreme poverty4 ,a report1 which the ,king ordered to be made about that time for purposes of taxation1 stated3 8,in ,costa ,rica no mines of any metal are worked2 no gold-washings1 no indigo cultivation1 no sugar-mill exist4 ,the people cultivate only maize and wheat4 ,there is no money4 ,the poverty is such that the flour and biscuits which are not consumed are exchanged for necessary clothing40 ,when ,gregorio de ,sandoval was named ,captain-,general1 in #afcd1 and reached his port from the ,atlantic ,coast1 he noted the importance of having a better port than that then existing at the mouth of the river ,pacuare1 and1 therefore1 in #afci founded that of ,matina1 connecting it by a mule-trail #ajb miles long with ,cartago4 ,from #afff to the end of the century both the ,caribbean and the ,pacific coasts were ravaged by piratical expeditions4 ,in #agah ,diego de la ,haya y ,fernandez was appointed ,captain-,general4 ,the following year he reported to the ,king on the condition of ,costa ,rica1 which he pronounced the 8poorest and most miserable of all ,america4 ,the current money is the cacao seed1 there not being a piece of silver in the entire country4 ,there is not an eatable sold in street or shop4 ,every family has to sow and reap what it consumes or expends during the year4 ,even the ,governor has to do this or perish4 ,meanwhile the inhabitants of the province are contentious1 chimerical and turbulent1 and among the whole of them there are not forty men of medium capacity40 ,in #agig the governorship and military command were conferred on ,tomas de ,acosta1 but after ruling for twelve years he wrote3 8,there is not in the entire monarchy a province so indigent as this1 for some of the inhabitants are clothed with the bark of trees1 and others1 that they may go to church1 hire and borrow from their friends40 ,this may be said to have been the condition of the country when the domination of ,spain ended4 ,the fifty-eight ,governors1 who1 since #aefc1 had followed the ill-fated ,vasquez de ,coronado1 had been little more than managers of a neglected farm1 which scarcely yielded sufficient to enable its laborers to eke out a miserable1 half-starved existence4 ,they had killed off or enslaved the indigenous population4 ,their poverty had precluded the opening of roads or the clearing and cultivation of the lands1 while the exactions of ,spain and its barbarous political and fiscal policy had smothered all commercial interests4 ,in fact1 ,costa ,rica had1 during three centuries of ,spanish domination1 constantly retrograded1 and when the ,spaniard retired from it1 he left it less civilized than when he entered it in #aejb4 ,on ,september #ae1 #ahba1 ,costa ,rica joined ,nicaragua in a decree of independence4 ,on ,january #aj1 #ahbb1 she proclaimed her union with the ,iturbide ,empire of ,mexico under 8the plan of ,iguala10 but in #ahbd she resumed her independence1 declared herself a ,republic1 elected ,juan ,mora as ,president1 who remained in office for eight years1 and became one of the ,united ,provinces of ,central ,america4 ,this weak1 unmanageable union underwent a slow disintegration from #ahch to #ahci4 ,it fell in pieces for want of internal communications1 like the old ,columbian federation of ,new ,granada1 ,venezuela and ,ecuador4 ,among the twenty-four presidents and dictators who have governed ,costa ,rica since #ahbd1 several have been men of marked intelligence and devoted patriotism1 and under their administration the country has slowly emerged from its former depression1 until to-day it may be said to be in a healthy political and commercial condition4 ,costa ,rica is very much indebted to its first ,president1 ,juan ,mora4 ,other successful ,presidents were3 ,juan ,rafael ,mora1 from #ahej to #ahei2 ,general ,tomas ,guardia1 from #ahgb to #ahgf1 and again from #ahgh to #ahhb2 ,bernardo ,soto1 from #ahhe to #ahhi1 and ,rafael ,iglesias1 since #ahid4 ,since its independence there have been but few stirring events to agitate the country4 ,the most important of them was the efficacious aid it gave to ,nicaragua in #aheg in crushing the filibuster ,walker1 whose object was to add ,nicaragua as slave territory to the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,central ,,america ,rand1 ,mc,nally ,co's4 ,indexed ,atlas of the ,world ,map of ,central ,america ,copyright #ahhh1 by ,rand1 ,mc,nally ,co4 ,copyright #ahib1 by ,rand1 ,mc,nally ,co4 ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co41 ,,engravers1 ,,chicago4 ,illustration3 7overlay on lower left portion of above illustration7 ,,map ,,showing ,proposed ,line of ,,nicaragua ,,canal4 ,illustration3 ,,central ,,america4 7reverse side of the ,,central ,,america map7 ,listing of ,provinces1 ,lakes1 ,towns etc4 in each ,central ,american country4 ,,costa ,,rica4--,provinces1 ,lakes1 ,mountains1 ,rivers1 and ,towns4 ,provinces4 ,pop4 ,alajuela1 ,p-#ba #ec1jhg ,cartago1 ,r-#bb #ce1ega ,comarca de ,puntarenas1 ,s-#ba #h1aad ,comarca de ,limon1 ,s-#bd #c1ddg ,guanacaste1 ,q-#ai #ag1aia ,heredia1 ,q-#ba #ca1jhd ,san ,jose1 ,r-#ba #fe1bfa ,total #bac1gde ,lakes4 ,manatu1 ,p-#ba4 ,san ,carlos1 ,p-#ba4 ,sierpe1 ,t-#bc4 ,mountains4 ,aguacate1 ,q-#bj4 ,barba1 ,q-#ba4 ,blanco1 ,s-#bd4 ,cordillera de ,chirique1 ,t-#be4 ,cordillera de ,dota1 ,r-#bb4 ,herradura1 ,s-#ba4 ,irasu1 ,q-#bb4 ,mira ,valles1 ,p-#ai4 ,orosi1 ,p-#ai4 ,poas1 ,q-#ba4 ,rincon de ,la ,viega1 ,p-#ai4 ,rovalo1 ,s-#be4 ,sierra de ,tilaran1 ,q-#bj4 ,tenorio1 ,p-#bj4 ,turialba1 ,r-#bb4 ,ujum1 ,s-#bc4 ,rivers4 ,amarillo1 ,p-#ba4 ,arenal1 ,p-#bj4 ,bananas1 ,t-#be4 ,barr1 ,s-#bb4 ,barros1 ,s-#be4 ,bolson1 ,q-#ai4 ,chirripo1 ,r-#bc4 ,coen1 ,s-#bd4 ,colo1 ,t-#bd4 ,de ,orol1 ,r-#ai4 ,dulce1 ,t-#bc4 ,espino1 ,t-#bc4 ,esquinas1 ,t-#bc4 ,frio1 ,p-#bj4 ,golfito1 ,t-#bd4 ,grande de ,terraba1 ,s-#bc4 ,guapiles1 ,q-#bb4 ,haciendas1 ,q-#ai4 ,higueron1 ,q-#ai4 ,hone1 ,r-#bd4 ,lion1 ,s-#bc4 ,matina1 ,q-#bc4 ,negro1 ,p-#bj4 ,nino1 ,o-#ai4 ,nosara1 ,r-#ai4 ,parismina1 ,q-#bb4 ,paron1 ,t-#bd4 ,pecaare1 ,r-#bb4 ,penas ,blancos1 ,q-#bj4 ,pirris1 ,r-#ba4 ,platanares1 ,p-#bj4 ,rio ,grande1 ,r-#ba4 ,rovalo1 ,t-#be4 ,san ,carlos1 ,p-#ba4 ,sapoa1 ,o-#ai4 ,sarapiqui1 ,p-#bb4 ,sicsola1 ,r-#bd4 ,sierpe1 ,q-#bb4 ,sierpe1 ,t-#bc4 ,teliri1 ,r-#bd4 ,telirio ,sicsola1 ,r-#be4 ,tempisque1 ,q-#ai4 ,toro1 ,q-#ba4 ,tortuguero1 ,q-#bb4 ,tuorio ,changuinola1 ,s-#bd4 ,viejo1 ,p-#ai4 ,waranjo1 ,r-#bb4 ,zapatero1 ,p-#ai4 ,towns4 ,pop4 ,alajuela1 ,r-#ba #ijjj ,aserri1 ,r-#ba ,atenas1 ,r-#ba ,bagaces1 ,q-#ai ,barba1 ,q-#ba ,bebedero1 ,q-#ai ,boruca1 ,s-#bc ,bribri1 ,s-#bd ,canjel1 ,q-#ai ,carrillo1 ,q-#ba ,cartago1 ,r-#bb #abjjj ,castillo ,viejo1 ,p-#ba ,chira1 ,q-#ai ,corralillo1 ,q-#ai ,david1 ,u-#be ,desamparados1 ,r-#ba ,desengano1 ,q-#ba ,desmonte1 ,r-#ba ,dos ,novillos1 ,q-#ba ,echeverria1 ,r-#ba ,escazu1 ,r-#ba ,esparta1 ,r-#bj ,gresca1 ,q-#ba ,hacienda ,animas1 ,o-#ah ,hacienda ,coulebra1 ,p-#ah ,hacienda ,guachiplin1 ,p-#ai4 ,hacienda ,jobo1 ,p-#ai ,hacienda ,miravalles1 ,p-#ai ,hacienda ,orosi1 ,p-#ai ,hacienda ,pelon1 ,p-#ai ,hacienda ,santa ,maria1 ,s-#bc ,hacienda ,tedorio1 ,q-#bj ,heredia1 ,r-#ba #ijjj ,jimenez1 ,q-#bb ,la ,laguna1 ,q-#ba ,la ,palma1 ,q-#ba ,las ,caas1 ,q-#ai ,liberia1 ,p-#ai #efib ,limon1 ,r-#bc #abjj ,mateo1 ,r-#bj ,matina1 ,q-#bc ,muelle1 ,q-#ba ,naranjo1 ,p-#ah ,naranjo1 ,q-#ba ,naranjo1 ,r-#bb ,nicoya1 ,q-#ai #ejjj ,ochoa1 ,p-#ba ,old ,harbor1 ,r-#bd ,obispo1 ,q-#ai ,pacaca1 ,r-#ba ,paraiso1 ,r-#bb4 ,punta ,burica1 ,u-#bd ,puntarenas1 ,r-#bj #ejjj ,puntarenitas1 ,u-#bc ,puriscal1 ,r-#ba ,san ,antonio1 ,r-#ba ,san ,carlitos1 ,q-#ba ,san ,cristobal1 ,r-#bb ,san ,isidro1 ,q-#bb ,san ,joaquin1 ,q-#ba ,san ,jose1 ,r-#ba #bejjj ,san ,jose de ,cabecar1 ,s-#bc ,san ,juanillo1 ,q-#ba ,san ,lucas1 ,r-#bj ,san ,marcos1 ,r-#ba ,san ,ramon1 ,q-#bj ,santa ,barbara1 ,q-#ba ,santa ,cruz1 ,q-#ah #efij ,santa ,maria1 ,r-#bb ,santa ,rosa1 ,p-#ah ,sarcero1 ,q-#ba ,sardinal1 ,q-#ah ,savanilla1 ,r-#ba ,siquires1 ,q-#bb ,tendal1 ,q-#ai ,terraba1 ,s-#bc ,tirives1 ,r-#bj ,tullica1 ,u-#bd ,turealba1 ,r-#bb ,ujarras1 ,q-#bj ,union1 ,r-#ba ,uruchico1 ,s-#bc ,,guatemala4--,departments1 ,lakes1 ,mountains1 ,rivers1 and ,towns4 ,departments4 ,pop4 ,alta ,verapaz1 ,f-#i #ajc1ggi ,amatitlan1 ,i-#h #cd1iag ,baja ,verapaz1 ,g-#i #dh1dbg ,chimaltenango1 ,h-#h #eg1fai ,chiquimula1 ,h-#aa #fb1hgh ,escuintla1 ,i-#g #cj1faj ,guatemala1 ,h-#i #aci1bci ,huehuetenango1 ,f-#f #acj1ded ,izabal1 ,f-#ab #e1jaj ,jalapa1 ,h-#aj #cd1ahe ,jutiapa1 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by #8a littoral 444 zone'4 ,pg #cc3 #8,the litoral zone' replaced by #8,the littoral zone'4 ,pg #ed3 #8de ,uurca' replaced by #8de ,uruca'4 ,pg #hh3 #8,guatamala' replaced by #8,guatemala' 7twice74 ,pg #ii3 #8#abc1egj #jj' replaced by #8#ab1ceg #jj'4