,,the ,,irish ,,ecclesiastical ,,record4 ,,september1 #ahfe4 ,,dr4 ,,colenso ,,and ,,the ,,old ,,testament4 ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,who is there amongst our readers that has not at some time in his life stood upon the sea-shore to watch the rising tide8 ,two mighty powers meet1 as it were in conflict1 and each in its turn seems for a time to prevail4 ,wave rolls after wave1 but each again recedes as if baffled in the struggle and exhausted by the effort4 ,at one moment the waters gain upon the land2 then in the next the land wins back all that it had lost2 and sometimes even more besides4 ,it is only when some prominent landmark is reached1 which a little while ago stood high and dry upon the beach1 that we can no longer entertain a doubt of the sure and steady progress of the advancing flood4 ,such1 as it seems to us1 is the conflict which it is the lot of our age to witness between the flood-tide of infidelity and the ,established ,church in these countries4 ,the one is aggressive1 the other is struggling hard to hold its own4 ,on both sides the contest is carried on with energy and power4 ,to a casual observer it might perhaps seem that the fortunes of each are almost equal1 and the victory uncertain4 ,but to one who extends the range of his vision and takes in the distant landmarks1 it is plainly evident that one by one they are fast disappearing1 and that the waves of infidelity are sweeping1 slowly indeed1 but irresistibly1 over the face of the ,established ,church4 ,in the person of ,dr4 ,colenso they have reached at length the episcopal bench4 ,his brethren1 it is true1 have taken the alarm1 and have made a show of resistance1 but they only demonstrate their own weakness4 ,like ,canute of old1 they command the waters to advance no further1 but their command is vain and fruitless4 ,the great flood is still coming in1 and they who but yesterday were considered1 from their high position1 far removed from danger1 are to-day surrounded by the waves4 ,in this perilous crisis the ,catholic ,church alone affords a home of undisturbed tranquillity to its children1 a safe refuge to the stranger4 ,it stands indeed in the midst of the danger1 but its walls are too strong to be shaken1 its foundation too solid to be undermined4 ,it has been built by its ,divine ,founder on a rock1 and the rain may descend1 and the floods come1 and the winds blow and beat upon that ,church1 but it falleth not4 ,we have the promise of ,god1 that her enemies shall not prevail against her2 and therefore we may look out from our impregnable fortress upon the surging billows with the same calm sense of security as ,noah had when he looked out from the window of the ark on the waters of the deluge4 ,but though ,god had resolved that ,noah should be saved from destruction whilst all around were perishing1 yet ,noah was not saved without the toil and labour of his own hands4 ,and so1 too1 though by a decree of ,god1 error cannot prevail against ,his ,church1 yet has he ordained that the true faith should be ever defended by human skill and industry4 ,we hope1 therefore1 our readers will pardon us if we return once again to the charges which ,dr4 ,colenso has brought against the truth of the ,bible4 ,the increase of the children of ,israel in ,egypt1 as represented in the ,mosaic narrative1 is ,dr4 ,colenso's favourite objection4 ,it is dressed out with the most elaborate ingenuity and care4 ,it is set forth with even more than his usual confidence4 ,it is held up as1 in itself1 sufficient to destroy the historical character of the whole narrative4 ,by this objection1 therefore1 we may fairly suppose that he is willing to stand or fall4 ,we have already pointed out two fundamental errors in the data from which it is deduced2 many others yet remain1 which we now proceed to expose4 ,,iii4 ,there are two suppositions which would contribute very much to account for the rapid increase of the ,israelites in ,egypt2 first1 intermarriage with the ,egyptians2 secondly1 the practice of polygamy4 ,for the purpose of our defence it is quite sufficient that these two customs were possible4 ,upon ,dr4 ,colenso it devolves to prove that they did not prevail in point of fact4 ,we may observe1 however1 that the ,pentateuch indicates clearly enough the existence of such practices4 ,judah married a woman of ,canaan 7,gen41 xxxiii4 #b72 so did ,simeon 7xlvi4 #aj72 ,joseph married an ,egyptian 7,gen41 xli4 #be74 ,why then may we not suppose that their children intermarried with foreign nations8 ,was it impossible for them to imitate the example of their fathers8 ,we must bear in mind1 too1 that for #ajj years at least1 the ,hebrew people were high in favour at the court of ,pharaoh4 ,during the years of famine they were supported at the royal expense 7,gen41 xlv4 #aa2 xlvi4 #ab7 while the ,egyptians had to part with their money1 their cattle1 and even their land1 to pay for food 7,gen41 xlvii4 #ac-bf73 they had 8the best of the land0 for their dwelling 7,gen41 xlvii4 #f1 #aa73 above all1 they had for their patron and friend1 their kinsman1 ,joseph who was 8lord of all the house of ,pharaoh1 and ruler throughout all the land of ,egypt0 7,gen41 xlv4 #h74 ,an alliance with a race so wealthy and so favoured must have been eagerly courted by the ,egyptians3 and1 on the other hand1 the ,israelites would not have been disposed to decline a connection which would have strengthened their position in the country and increased their influence4 ,it does not appear that intermarriage with the ,egyptians was forbidden or even discouraged4 ,on the contrary1 an intimate social intercourse seems to have existed between the two nations4 ,even at the very time of the ,exodus1 we find that it was not unusual for the ,hebrews to receive the ,egyptians as guests or tenants into their houses4#a ,it is not an improbable supposition that such close domestic relations might in many instances lead to marriage4 ,but we have positive evidence that marriages of this kind actually did take place1 and are in no way reprehended4 ,thus we find mention made incidentally of 8the son of an ,israelitish woman01 whose father was an ,egyptian 7,lev41 xxiv4 #aj74 ,he was condemned to death for blasphemy when the ,israelites were encamped under ,mount ,sinai3 he must1 therefore1 have been born during the sojourn in ,egypt4 ,again we are told of an ,israelite who gave his daughter in marriage to an ,egyptian servant 7,i4 ,paralip41 ii4 #cd1 #ce74 ,this occurred certainly after the ,exodus4 ,but if the two nations sometimes intermarried when they lived in different countries1 may we not suppose that they frequently intermarried whilst they were living in the same country8 ,hence we conclude 7#a7 that the mutual relations which subsisted between the ,egyptians and the ,hebrews1 would naturally lead to frequent intermarriage2 7#b7 that there is not a particle of evidence to make such a supposition improbable2 7#c7 that there is positive testimony in its favour4 ,as regards the plurality of wives or concubines1#b the ,israelites had before them the example of ,abraham1 who had at least three 7,gen41 xvi4 #a1 #c2 xxv4 #a1 #f71 and of ,jacob1 who had four 7,gen41 xxix4 #bj1 #cj2 xxx4 #d1 #i74 ,the practice of polygamy1 therefore1 had the highest and the holiest sanction in the eyes of the ,hebrew people4 ,it cannot be objected that1 during the sojourn in ,egypt1 there is no explicit mention of polygamy in the ,mosaic narrative4 ,moses did not undertake to write a history of the period4 ,a single chapter in the beginning of ,exodus1 contains all that he records of what took place from the death of ,jacob to the birth of ,moses4 ,neither could we expect much information on this point from the genealogies which are given elsewhere in the ,bible4 ,every one knows that it was not the ordinary custom of the ,jews to mention the mothers of those whose pedigree was traced1 but only the fathers4 ,yet we are not left altogether without distinct testimony to the practice of polygamy among the ,hebrew people in ,egypt4 ,in one family alone of the tribe of ,judah we find the following examples3 ,hezron1 the son of ,pharez1 had two wives1 ,abiah1 and the daughter of ,machir 7,i4 ,paralip41 ii4 #ba1 #bd74 ,caleb1 the son of ,hezron1 had three1 ,azuba1 ,jerioth1 and ,ephrath 7,i4 ,paralip41 ii4 #ah1 #ai74c ,jerameel1 another son of ,hezron1 had two1 one whose name is not given1 and another called ,atarah 7,i4 ,paralip41 ii4 #be1 #bf74 ,ashur1 likewise a son of ,hezron1 had also two1 ,helah and ,naarah 7,i4 ,paralip41 iv4 #e74 ,lastly1 we find that ,moses himself clearly recognizes this custom as prevalent4 ,he makes laws regarding it1 to prevent abuses1 but he does not forbid it1 nor does he even censure it4 8,if a man have two wives1 one beloved and another hated1 and they have borne him children1 both the beloved and the hated2 and if the first-born son be hers that was hated1''' he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the first-born1 by giving him a double portion of all that he hath0 7,deut41 xxiv4 #ae1 #ag74 ,with these facts before us1 we may judge what weight is to be attached to the authority of ,dr4 ,colenso when he states3 8,there is no indication that polygamy did prevail among the ,hebrews of those days0 7p4 #abj74 ,,iv4 ,another very probable source of the rapid increase in population was the accession of fresh servants from without4 ,the early history of ,jacob affords a remarkable illustration of such an increase4 ,he went into a foreign country without an invitation 7,gen41 xviii4 #a-e73 he served in it for twenty years 7,gen41 xxxi4 #da73 and yet at the end of that time he tells us1 8,with my staff passed over this ,jordan1 and now ,i am become as two camps0 7,gen41 xxxii4 #aj74 ,the ,israelites during the first half of the sojourn in ,egypt1 were much more favourably circumstanced4 ,we have seen that1 immediately upon their descent into ,egypt1 they received an enormous increase both in wealth and importance4 ,this change in their fortunes would naturally prompt them to add largely to the number of their servants4 ,on the other hand1 the inhabitants of ,egypt and ,canaan were sore pressed with famine4 ,they were obliged to give up first their money1 then their cattle1 then their land1 in exchange for bread 7,gen41 xlvii4 #ac-bj74 ,many must thus have been reduced to extreme necessity1 and nothing would seem to have remained for them but to accept of service in the households of their rich and prosperous neighbours4 ,these dependants1 according to the command of ,god1 should have been circumcised1 and thus have been made sharers in the covenant of which that rite was a token4 ,their posterity would1 therefore1 be reckoned among the #fjj1jjj who followed ,moses into the desert4 ,to the increase by servants we may add a further increase by proselytes4 ,it would seem that every facility was offered to those who wished to become incorporated with the ,hebrew people4 ,even in the celebration of the ,passover1 all were freely to be admitted if they would submit to the rite of circumcision4 8,and if a stranger sojourn with thee1 and will keep the ,passover to the ,lord1 let every male of his be circumcised1 and then let him come near and keep it2 and he shall be as one that is born in the land0 7,ex41 xii4 #dh74 ,it is manifest that ,moses thought it likely1 even after a century of bondage and persecution1 that many would still be found to join the fortunes of this oppressed people4 ,is it unreasonable1 then1 to suppose that such converts were more numerous in the days of their prosperity8 ,v4 ,the average number of children in each family1 according to the calculation of ,dr4 ,colenso1 was #d1 or1 at the outside1 #fc sons and #c daughters4 ,the manner in which he arrives at this conclusion is singularly characteristic4 ,he prepares the way by assuring us that 8we have no reason whatever1 from the data furnished by the sacred books themselves1 to assume that they had families materially larger than those of the present day0 7p4 #ajb74 ,if1 however1 we turn from the pages of ,dr4 ,colenso to the pages of the sacred books themselves1 we are told a very different story4 8,and ,god spake unto ,israel in the visions of the night1''' and he said3 ,i am ,god1 the ,god of thy father2 fear not to go down into ,egypt2 for ,i will make of thee a great nation0 7,gen41 xlvii4 #b1 #c74 ,such was the promise of ,god2 here is the fulfilment3 8,and ,israel dwelt in the land of ,egypt1 in the country of ,goshen2 and they held possession of it1 and they grew and multiplied exceedingly0 7,gen41 xlvii4 #bg74 8,and the children of ,israel were fruitful1 and increased abundantly1 and multiplied1 and waxed exceeding mighty2 and the land was filled with them'''4 ,the more they afflicted them1 the more they multiplied and grew0 7,ex41 i4 #g-ab74 ,these words clearly imply that the people of ,israel increased beyond the usual rate at that time and in that country4 ,we are told1 however1 by several ancient writers that the people of ,egypt were wont to increase with extraordinary rapidity4#d ,and yet1 in the face of all this1 ,dr4 ,colenso asserts that 8we have no reason whatever1 from the data furnished by the ,sacred ,books themselves1 to assume that they had families materially larger than those of the present day04 ,he next proceeds to establish his average4 ,the twelve sons of ,jacob had between them #ed children1 which gives on an average #d to each4 ,it is worthy of note that in making this estimate1 he studiously excludes the family of ,jacob himself1 who had twelve sons4 ,if this family had been added to the others1 the average would have been considerably increased4 ,but there is yet a more radical defect in his argument4 ,the #ab sons of ,jacob had #ed children before the descent into ,egypt2 how many had they after8 ,dr4 ,colenso assumes that they had none4 ,his assumption is not only without proof2 it is contrary to every probability4 ,these men were at the time in the full vigour of life4 ,reuben the eldest1 if we take ,dr4 ,colenso's own computation1 was about #df2 ,joseph was but #ci2 ,benjamin younger still4 ,it is1 therefore1 most reasonable to suppose that several of them1 if not all1 had children born to them during the sojourn in ,egypt4 ,this will be the more evident when we remember that ,jacob1 their father1 had #ab sons born to him after he had reached the age of #hj2 and that ,isaac1 their grandfather1 was #fj when ,jacob and ,esau were born4 ,moreover we can produce a distinct statement with regard to ,joseph1 that he had children born to him after the descent1 8,and ,jacob said unto ,joseph3 ''' ,thy two sons ,ephraim and ,manasseh1 who were born unto thee in the land of ,egypt1 before ,i came unto the land of ,egypt1 are mine2 ,ephraim and ,manasseh1 as ,reuben and ,simeon shall be mine4 ,and thy issue which thou begettest after them1 shall be thine1 and shall be called after the name of their brethren in their inheritance0 7,gen41 xlviii4 #c1 #e1 #f74 ,it may be objected that in the twenty-sixth chapter of ,numbers1 where the grandsons of ,jacob are enumerated1 no mention is made but of those born before the descent4 ,we answer1 that in that chapter those only are enumerated who gave their names to families2 and it would seem that the grandsons of ,jacob born after the descent1 did not give their names to families1 but1 like the younger sons of ,joseph1 were 8called after the name of their brethren in their inheritance04 ,we may observe that this oversight of our author has drawn him into a twofold error4 ,first1 it has led him to underestimate the average number of children in each family2 secondly1 it has led him to underestimate the number of males in the first generation1 since all the grandsons of ,jacob1 according to his argument1 belonged to the first generation4 ,dr4 ,colenso refers1 however1 to the genealogies in the sixth chapter of ,exodus 7verses #ad-be71 and elsewhere1 to show that the families during the sojourn in ,egypt were not remarkably large4 ,this argument is of no value if he do not prove that these genealogies give complete lists of all the sons in each family4 ,it appears to us that there is no evidence to this effect4 ,the genealogies were generally introduced for some specific purpose1 as for instance1 to trace the pedigree of the most remarkable men2 and for this purpose it was quite unnecessary that all the members of each family should be distinctly enumerated4 ,a striking illustration occurs in a passage already quoted3 8,and the sons of ,pallu2 ,eliab4 ,and the sons of ,eliab2 ,nemuel and ,dathan1 and ,abiram0 7,num41 xxvi4 #h1 #i74e ,it is here explicitly stated that ,pallu had sons2 and yet only one is named4 ,eliab is probably selected from the rest as he was the father of ,dathan and ,abiram2 for of them it is immediately added that they were 8famous in the congregation01 and that 8they strove against ,moses and against ,aaron0 in the rebellion of ,korah4 ,enough1 we think1 has been said to satisfy our readers that ,dr4 ,colenso has completely failed in his argument4 ,he has failed to show 8beyond a doubt1 that it is quite impossible that there should have been such a number of the people of ,israel in ,egypt1 at the time of the ,exodus1 as to have furnished #fjj1jjj warriors in the prime of life1 if we will take the data to be derived from the ,pentateuch itself0 7p4 #aja74 ,on the contrary1 we have proved that there are many circumstances overlooked1 misstated1 or denied1 by ,dr4 ,colenso1 which are quite sufficient to explain what he regards as impossible4 ,more than this we cannot do4 ,how far each circumstance in particular contributed to swell the number of the people1 must for ever remain uncertain4 ,while the sacred narrative is silent on the subject1 it would be unreasonable to ask such a question1 and absurd to undertake to answer it4 ,if we wished to imitate the example of ,dr4 ,colenso1 we might easily form conjectures1 and set them down as facts4 ,but we believe that such a course would be injurious to the cause of truth1 which we defend4 ,it is much better candidly to admit that we cannot determine with accuracy the number of servants that accompanied ,jacob into ,egypt1 or the number of servants and proselytes that afterwards became incorporated with the ,hebrew people2 that we cannot ascertain the precise number of generations in each family1 or the average number for the entire nation2 lastly1 that we cannot estimate how far polygamy and intermarriage with the ,egyptians may have conduced to the wonderful increase of population4 ,but1 though we are unable to say how the population did increase in point of fact1 we can easily show how it may have increased4 ,for this purpose we venture to lay before our readers a calculation by which we account for the fact in a manner perfectly conformable to all the 8data of the ,pentateuch04 ,first1 as regards the number of generations4 ,since a generation is descent from father to son1 the length of time to be allowed for a generation will be determined in each particular case by the age of the father when the son is born4 ,this of course will vary for different families1 and even for different members of the same family4 ,we may1 however1 fairly suppose that1 among the ,hebrew people in ,egypt1 taking one family with another1 every man on an average had children born to him at the age of #cb4 ,thus #cb years would be the average length of each generation4 ,the males of the first generation1 as we have before seen1 were all living at least three years before the descent into ,egypt1 or #bah years before the ,exodus4 ,for each succeeding period of #cb years we must add1 according to our calculation1 one generation more4 ,in #bah years there are just six periods of #cb years each1 and #bf years over4 ,therefore the whole of the seventh generation must have been living #bf years before the ,exodus4 ,next we may estimate the number of males in the first generation at a hundred and twenty-five4 ,to this generation would belong all those1 who1 at the time of the descent1 were above the age of three1 and under the age of thirty-five4 ,those who were three1 or less than three1 should not be counted1 since they belonged to the second generation3 those above thirty-five should be excluded1 because when the first generation was completed1 they had already reached the age of thirty-two2 therefore1 according to our calculation1 they must at that time have had children who would belong to the first generation2 they could not then belong to it themselves4 ,now we may suppose that1 amongst the followers of ,jacob1 there were at least sixty males of various ages between these two extremes4 ,this estimate will appear moderate indeed1 when we remember that ,abraham had been able to lead forth an army of #cah trained servants1 born in his house 7,gen41 xiv4 #ad74 ,it will not be unreasonable to compute the accession of extra servants and proselytes at #ae4 ,if to these #ge we add #ej as the number of males within the prescribed limits1 in ,jacob's own family1 we shall have attained our estimated figure1 #abe4 ,lastly1 our readers will find little difficulty in admitting an average of four sons in each family4 ,from these data we obtain the following results3 ,number of males in the all years before first generation1 #abe living #bah the ,exodus4 second #ejj #ahf third #b1jjj #aed fourth #h1jjj #abb fifth #cb1jjj #ij sixth #abh1jjj #eh seventh #eab1jjj #bf ,it is certain that a large number of the sixth1 and probably a few of the fifth generation were still living at the time of the ,exodus4 ,moreover1 since the eighth had been coming into existence during the last period of twenty-six years1 many of that generation must have already attained the age of twenty4 ,if to all these we add the entire of the seventh generation1 we shall have no difficulty in making up #fjj1jjj men of twenty years old and upward4 ,now we admit that all this calculation is founded on conjectures2 and that it is very likely these conjectures do not in every respect represent what actually took place4 ,but we maintain that they are at least possible in themselves1 and perfectly consistent with the narrative of the ,pentateuch4 ,consequently1 the number of the ,israelites at the time of the ,exodus does not involve any contradiction1 and the thesis of ,dr4 ,colenso is false4 ,there is another process of calculation by which we may arrive at the same conclusion4 ,scientific men have been able to throw some light on the principles which conduce to a rapid increase of population4 ,with much research they have collected statistical tables1 which afford results very applicable to our present inquiry4 ,they have conducted their studies on purely scientific grounds1 and without any special reference to the ,bible narrative4 ,we may1 therefore1 avail ourselves of their conclusions as representing the unbiassed opinion of competent and impartial judges4 8,it has been constantly remarked01 says ,malthus1#f 8that all new colonies1 settled in healthy countries1 where room and food were abundant1 have constantly made a rapid progress in population4 ,many of the colonies from ancient ,greece1 in the course of one or two centuries1 appear to have rivalled1 and even surpassed their mother cities04 ,he gives examples also from the colonies that first settled in ,north ,america4 ,without any fresh immigrants1 the population was doubled sometimes in twenty-five years1 sometimes in twenty-two1 sometimes even in fifteen4#g ,from a table given by ,euler1 it appears that a population may double itself in #ab years2 and the author does not hesitate to say that this 8is not only a possible supposition1 but has actually occurred for short periods in more countries than one04 ,now the circumstances of the ,israelites in ,egypt were peculiarly favourable to an unusually rapid increase4 ,to say nothing of the special blessing of ,god which attended them1 they were dwelling in a country of which the inhabitants were noted for a remarkable fecundity2 the climate was genial2 the land fertile2 the means of living abundant4 ,let us then take a medium between the extreme figures mentioned above1 and suppose that during the whole period of the sojourn in ,egypt1 the population was doubled every eighteen years4 ,this supposition may or may not be true2 but it is certainly not less in harmony with the repeated declarations of the ,pentateuch1 than it is with the cold calculations of science4 ,if our former estimate be accepted1 the total population at the commencement of the sojourn in ,egypt would be about #ejj2 that is to say1 four times the number of males between the ages of three and thirty-five3#abedejj4 ,upon this foundation we may construct the following table3 year of ,total number of the the ,sojourn4 ,hebrew people1 #ast #ejj #ahth #a1jjj #cfth #b1jjj #edth #d1jjj #gbnd #h1jjj #ijth #af1jjj #ajhth #cb1jjj #abfth #fd1jjj #addth #abh1jjj #afbnd #bef1jjj #ahjth #eab1jjj #aihth #a1jbd1jjj #bafth #b1jdh1jjj ,thus it would appear that1 if we hearken to the authority of scientific men1 who have made the principles of population the subject of their special study1 we may still further confirm the accuracy of those figures which to the mind of ,dr4 ,colenso present nothing but 8multiplied impossibilities04 ,we have led our readers a long and weary journey4 ,we have conducted them through a bewildering labyrinth of names and numbers1 of intricate genealogies and complicated calculations4 ,our way indeed lay through the midst of a beautiful country2 and as we passed along1 we now and then caught a glimpse1 as it were1 from a distance1 of some sublime or touching scene which has many a time inspired the genius of the poet1 the painter1 or the sculptor4 ,but we had an end in view which forbade us to turn aside from our rugged and toilsome path1 even though it were to enjoy the varied charms of the most ancient1 the most simple1 the most sacred of histories4 ,like the soldiers of ,saul1 we might not even put forth our hand to taste of the honey that was dropping from the trees around us4 ,if1 however1 like them1 we have gained the victory and driven the enemy from his stronghold1 our labours have been richly rewarded1 and our readers have not toiled after us in vain4 ,,erratum4,we beg to call attention to an error which occurs in the last article on ,colenso1 page #eag4 ,the passage to which we refer is printed thus38,according to the ,mosaic1 etc4''' #ii1ihi families04 ,our readers will observe that the number of families in the case supposed would be #bjj1jjj instead of #ajj1jjj4 ,by this alteration the character of the argument remains unchanged1 but its force is considerably increased4 ,,the ,,bishops ,,of ,,ossory4 ,when illustrating the lives of the ,irish ,bishops1 ,ware and ,harris1 as well as our modern annalists1 seem to have devoted special care to the ,see of ,ossory1 and hence its series of bishops is one of the most complete and unbroken that we find in the history of our ,church4 ,it is in the latter half of the fourteenth century that the first great difficulty occurs4 ,in #acfg a parliament was held in ,kilkenny1 and the famous ,act was passed commonly styled1 ,the ,statute of ,kilkenny1 which1 amongst other signatures1 presents that of 8,william1 ,bishop of ,ossory04#h ,its accuracy in all the other signatures1 and in several minor details1 leaves no doubt as to the genuineness of the prelate's name1 who at that time ruled the ,see of ,st4 ,canice4 ,nevertheless1 such a ,bishop finds no room in the series of episcopal names given by ,ware and succeeding writers4 ,john of ,tatenal1 they say1 was appointed to the see in #acfj2 and his death did not take place till #acgj3 thus the above ,william is altogether excluded from the episcopal succession4 ,the chroniclers of the ,augustinian order1 however1 enable us to solve this difficulty4 ,john de ,tatenal1 or as he is sometimes called de ,tayenal1 was a member of that distinguished religious body1 and was appointed to the ,see of ,ossory in #acgj1 the same year which saw him carried to the tomb4 ,there was1 indeed1 another ,bishop ,john appointed in #acfa4 ,on the #bjth of ,november that year1 he promised to pay to the 8,camera ,apostolica0 the diocesan tax of #bjj florins1 equal to #dj2 and it is remarked that this is a proof of the decay of the revenues of ,ossory1 since only forty years before1 on the appointment of ,bishop ,richard1 the tax amounted to #gjj florins4 ,on the #ith of ,january #acfa_/b permission was granted to this bishop to return to his see1 and from the brief published in ,monumenta ,vaticana1 pag4 #cai1 we learn that he had been consecrated some time before1 by ,raymond1 ,bishop of ,praeneste1 then resident with the ,papal court in ,avignon4 ,in #acfd ,urban ,v4 7xii4 ,kal4 ,aprilis1 an4 #b7 granted to him special faculties and privileges1 but no mention is made of him in the following years4 ,thus we have full room for ,bishop ,william1 appointed before #acfg1 and deceased about #acfi4 ,dr4 ,john ,tatenal1 as we have seen1 was appointed in #acgj1 and died before ,christmas the same year4 ,alexander ,petit alias de ,balscot1 canon of the ,cathedral of ,kilkenny1 a man of great learning and wisdom 7as ,ware writes71 was elected by the chapter to fill the vacant see2 and though this election was irregular and invalid1 ,gregory ,,xi4 confirmed him as ,bishop of ,ossory by ,brief of #ajth ,february1 #acga4 ,he subsequently was appointed by the crown to some of the highest offices of the kingdom1 and having held the see for fifteen years1 was translated to ,meath in #achf4 ,richard ,northalis1 a ,carmelite1 was next appointed to the ,see4 ,his promise to pay the usual tax of #bjj florins to the 8,camera ,apostolica0 is dated #agth ,feb4 #achf_/g4 ,he was translated to ,dublin in #acie1 not in #acif1 as ,ware supposed4 ,his successor ,thomas1 a ,carmelite1 surnamed ,peverell1#i signed the usual obligation a few days after his appointment on the #crd of ,november1 #acie1 and after an episcopate of three years1 was translated to ,leighlin1 on #bcrd ,january1 #acih_/i1 whence on the #bnd ,july following he was again translated to ,llandaff1 in ,wales 7,biblioth4 ,carmelit474 ,he was succeeded in ,ossory by ,john ,wultham 7sometimes written ,wulcan or ,vulcan71 who was probably appointed on the very day of ,dr4 ,peverell's translation to ,leighlin1 and on #ast of ,february1 #acih_/i1 signed an obligation to pay the usual tax of #bjj florins for himself1 and in addition #bjj florins for his predecessor ,thomas1 who had not been as yet able to satisfy his obligation4 ,this bishop belonged to the order of ,st4 ,augustine1 and was translated to ,dromore before the month of ,july1 #acii4 ,dr4 ,john ,griffin1 ,bishop of ,leighlin1 was soon after translated to our ,see by brief of 8#fto ,nonas ,julii1 #acii01 and on the #abth of ,july1 he signed an obligation 8to pay #ahe florins and #dd solidos as portion of the tax unpaid by his predecessor ,john1 and in addition #ajj florins still due from the time of ,dr4 ,thomas ,peverell04 ,it is added that no tax was imposed upon himself1 as his appointment was the second one which had been made within the term of twelve months4 ,early in the following year ,dr4 ,griffin was summoned to his reward1 and in ,may1 #adjj1 another ,bishop ,john was appointed to the ,see of ,ossory4 ,this bishop is only known to us from the lists of the ,apostolic ,chamber4 ,on the #adth of ,may1 an4 ,dom4 #adjj1 he signed his own individual obligation for the sum of #bjj florins1 and moreover promised to pay #ha florins and #dg solidos 8pro residuis ,domini ,johannis prae-antecessoris sui04 ,on the #bfth of ,september1 the same year 7#adjj71 ,pope ,boniface ,,ix4 advanced ,roger de ,appleby to the vacant see1#aj and on the #bhth of the same month1 it is entered in the books of the ,apostolic chamber1 that he 8ratas habuit obligationes1 tum ,johannis sui praedecessoris immediati tum alterius ,johannis in ,floren4 #ha et solid4 #dg3 pro se autem nihil obligavit quia fuit facta promotio bis in anno04 ,the successor of ,bishop ,rogers was according to ,ware1 the ,john ,vulcan1 whom we have already seen appointed to this see in #acih_/i1 and the year #adjd is assigned as the probable date of his accession4 ,here again the list of taxes paid to the ,camera comes to our aid4 ,it tells us that1 on #agth ,november1 #adjb1 8,johannes ,walteri01 ,bishop elect of ,ossory1 promised the usual sum of #bjj florins1 and also the residue of the former debt of his predecessor ,john1 viz41 flor4 #ha1 and solid4 #dg4 ,it was1 probably1 the similarity of name that induced the learned writer to transplace ,dr4 ,wultham1 and make him successor of ,roger ,appleby in the see of ,st4 ,canice4 ,thomas ,snell1 ,archdeacon of ,glendalough1 who had held the see of ,waterford and ,lismore since #acii1 was next appointed to this see4 ,ware1 indeed1 dates his appointment to ,ossory in #adje1 but the lists to which we have already so often appealed in this paper1 attest that he signed the usual obligation on being appointed to this see on the #aath ,march1 #adjg_/h4 ,this bishop bequeathed to his successors a mitre adorned with precious stones1 and presented to his church some richly ornamented vestments4 ,rev4 ,william ,purcell appeared in the ,council of ,constance in the beginning of #adaf1 as proxy of our bishop1 as we learn from ,martene1 ,veter4 ,monument41 tom4 vii4 col4 #abbb4 ,patrick ,ragged on the death of ,bishop ,thomas1 was translated from the see of ,cork to ,ossory1 by brief of #aeth of ,december1 #adag4 ,an ancient writer gives him the character of 8a prelate who governed his flock with justice and piety1 and instructed them both by word and example40 ,he was appointed agent of the ,camera ,apostolica in ,ireland on the #aath ,january1 #adag_/h2 and he died1 not on the #bjth of ,august1 as ,ware arbitrarily asserts1 but in the first month of #adba4 ,dionysius ,o',dea was appointed to the see vacant per obitum ,patritii1 by ,pope ,martin ,v41 in the beginning of ,august1 #adba1 and on the #fth of the same month signed his obligation for the usual tax of #bjj florins assigned for his see4 ,thomas ,barry1 or as he is styled in the ,roman lists1 ,thomas ,baury1 made the usual declaration on the #eth of ,april1 #aebg1 having been appointed some days previous ,bishop of ,ossory4 ,during his episcopate1 a famous controversy was carried on before the tribunal of ,pope ,nicholas ,v41 regarding the parochial church of ,callan1 which is described as alias ,kilbride1 that is1 dedicated to ,st4 ,brigid4 ,this controversy was not decided till the pontificate of ,pope ,paul ,,ii41 some years after the death of our ,prelate4 ,david ,hacket1 prior of the ,augustinian monastery of ,ahassel1 dedicated to ,,ss4 ,edmund and ,martin1 and situated in the diocese of ,cashel1 was advanced to our see by ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 and was consecrated in curia ,romana in the year #adfj4 ,when signing his usual obligation on #adth ,july1 #adfj1 he is still styled ,episcopus ,ossoriensis electus4 ,he died1 according to ,ware1 on the #bdth ,october1 #adgh4aa ,john ,o',hadian1 who is styled ,hedayn in the ,consistorial ,acts1 received from the ,holy ,see the ,archdeaconries of ,cashel and ,ossory on the #hth of ,january #adei_/fj 7,monument4 ,vatic41 pag4 #dbd71 and on the #aeth ,january1 #adgi1 was proclaimed in consistory ,bishop of ,ossory4 ,it is added in the record of his appointment that1 8die #ba ,februarii sequentis consecratus fuit in ecclesia ,s4 ,tryphonis de ,urbe a ,benedicto ,archiepo4 ,mitilenensi1 assistentibus sibi ,stephano ,archiepo4 ,antibarensi et ,stephano ,sagiensi ,epo04 ,he was appointed collector of the ,apostolic taxes in ,ireland in #adhb1 and his death is recorded on #fth of ,january1 #adhf_/g4 ,oliver ,cantwell1 who1 in various entries of the ,vatican archives1 receives the names ,cantnel and ,wertell1 was advanced to the episcopate in consistory of the #bfth ,march1 #adhg1 the see being described as vacant per obitum ,joannis extra curiam4 ,this illustrious bishop belonged to the order of ,st4 ,dominick1 and ,de ,burgo1 in ,hib4 ,dominic41 pag4 #dgh1 gives a letter of ,innocent ,,viii41 dated #bgth ,march1 #adhg1 authorizing him to be consecrated by any bishop holding communion with the ,holy ,see4 ,the first years of his episcopate were disturbed by the rebellion of ,lambert ,simnel and its accompanying disorders1 and we find published by ,rymer a letter of the above-named ,pontiff1 ,innocent ,,viii41 exhorting the ,bishop of ,ossory and the other ,prelates of the ,irish ,church to use their influence in quelling the rebellious excitement which prevailed throughout our island4 ,dr4 ,cantwell governed the diocese for almost forty years1 and in a very advanced age he passed to his eternal crown on the #ith of ,january1 #aebf_/g4 ,milo ,fitzgerald1 better known by the family surname of ,baron1 belonged to the order of ,st4 ,augustine1 and was prior of the famous monastery of ,inistiogue4 ,on the death of the aged ,bishop ,cantwell1 ,dr4 ,fitzgerald was advanced to the vacant see1 whilst at the same time he received an apostolic dispensation permitting him to retain his former priory4 ,he is commemorated in the papers of the ,camera ,apostolica as having paid a portion of the diocesan tax on #ajth ,july1 #aebh2 and from other sources we learn that he presented to his church a marble altar1 and bequeathed to his successors a pastoral staff of silver4 ,by one of the usual voluntary surrenders of the #cast year of ,henry ,,viii4 7#aedj71 this good bishop was compelled to hand over his priory to the agents of the crown4 ,the first to enjoy its spoils was ,sir ,richard ,butler1 but on #bjth ,december1 #aeea1 an order was issued by the ,lords of the ,council in ,england1 commanding it to be given to ,edward ,seyntloo for twenty-one years1 8in consideration of his painful and diligent services in the late wars in ,ireland0 7,morrin1 i4 #bee74 ,nevertheless1 in #aefg ,queen ,elizabeth ordered it to be again leased to ,sir ,edmond ,butler1 together with the monastery of ,connall and the greater part of the possessions of the ,abbey of ,baltinglass1 and thus were the offerings of the piety of our fathers sacrilegiously plundered in order to gratify the vanity and the pleasures of the retainers of the crown4 ,bishop ,milo ruled the see of ,ossory till his death in #aeej4 ,from several letters written by the ,lord ,deputy immediately after his demise1 we learn what little progress had been made by the so-called reformation in ,ossory at this period4 ,for instance1 he thus writes on the #eth of ,december1 #aeej3 8,and now as touching the bishoprick void 7of ,ossory71 it shall be well done some honest man be placed therein for the advancement of religion1 which1 although it hath been here much talked of these two or three years past1 yet hath it been smally set forth in deed1 and perchance if the disposition of men here were thoroughly known1 it would be thought a thing not easy to be brought to pass04 7,shirley1 ,original ,letters1 pag4 #df74 ,it is not easy to understand how this important see was allowed to remain vacant for more than two years4 ,as yet no record has been discovered of a canonically appointed successor till the accession of ,queen ,mary4 ,but we feel persuaded that1 at this time1 according to the unvarying custom of the ,holy ,see1 such a successor was appointed by ,rome4 ,even the king's letter appointing ,john ,bale to the see1 is only dated #bbnd of ,october1 #aeeb 7,morrin1 i4 #bfg74 ,in this letter the king commands the lord deputy to receive the new bishop as one highly commended2 and yet the order for his consecration was not issued till the #ast of ,february following4 ,dr4 ,bale was one of the first founders of the ,establishment in our island3 in fact he was for awhile the great pillar of that state institution1 and hence has found many eulogists amongst those who succeeded him in the enjoyment of its temporalities and rich benefices4 ,thus ,dr4 ,mant devotes several pages of his ,history of the ,irish ,church 7i4 #bbj1 seqq47 to commend 8the zeal1 assiduity1 activity1 and devotion to the reformed faith in opposition to the ,romish errors01 displayed by this apostle of the ,established ,church4 ,it will not1 therefore1 be uninteresting to inquire a little into ,dr4 ,bale's true character1 although we do not reckon him amongst the bishops of this see1 that thus1 whilst we await the historical grounds on which ,mr4 ,whiteside promises to justify that most monstrous institution which ever provoked a nation's anathema1 we may supply one faithful sketch at least for the consideration of our readers4 ,he was born in ,suffolk in #adie1 and having embraced a religious life1 passed through the various scientific grades in ,norwich and ,cambridge4 ,notwithstanding his solemn vows1 he availed himself of the libertinism which prevailed in #aecj1 to take a wife1 and adopt the new tenets of the ,reformers4 ,he himself avowed that a temporal lord was the instrument of his 8conversion01 and ,nicholson1 in his ,historical ,library1 adds1 8that in truth his wife ,dorothy had as great a hand in that happy work as the ,lord04 ,more than once he was threatened with imprisonment1 but he always escaped through the protection of ,lord ,cromwell1 on whose death he fled from the kingdom and took refuge in ,germany4 ,on the accession of ,edward ,,vi41 he returned to ,england1 and happening to be presented to the king in ,southampton1 received at once a promise of the vacant bishopric4 ,bale first arrived from ,england at ,waterford1 and he himself attests that 8he was forcibly impressed by the appearance of the old idolatry02#ab that is1 he found there a fine devoted ,catholic people1 true to the faith of their fathers4 ,his consecration in ,dublin met with great opposition 8from the popishly inclined clergy01 and even the two ,irish assistant bishops protested against the use of the ,english liturgy on the occasion4#ac ,during the six months that he held the temporalities1 he tells us that he 8enjoyed great peace01 but at the same time both clergy and people remained devotedly attached to the ,catholic faith3 8helpers01 he says1 8,i found none among my prebendaries and clergy1 but adversaries a great number04 ,on the accession of ,queen ,mary1 his episcopal career was quickly brought to a close in ,ossory4 8,on the #bjth day of ,august01 he writes1 8was the lady ,mary with us at ,kilkenny proclaimed queen of ,england1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 with the greatest solemnity that could be devised of processions1 musters1 and disguisings1 all the noble captains and gentlemen thereabout being present4 ,what ado ,i had that day with the prebendaries and priests about wearing the cope1 crosier1 and mitre in procession1 it were too much to write04 ,on ,thursday1 the #cast of ,august1 the clergy and people of that ,catholic city assembled to proclaim their faith3 as yet no statute or proclamation had been made1 but they could not brook any longer delay3 8,they rang all the bells in that cathedral1 minster1 and parish churches01 7writes ,bale71 8they flung up their caps to the battlements of the great temple2 they brought forth their copes1 candlesticks1 holy water stocks1 crosses1 and censers2 they mustered forth in general procession most gorgeously all the town over1 with ,sancta ,maria1 ora pro nobis1 and the rest of the ,latin litany04 ,even here1 however1 the trials of ,dr4 ,bale were not terminated4 ,a party of the citizens1 having at their head an individual named ,barnaby ,bolger1 surrounded his house1 threatening him with death1 unless he ceased to defile by his presence their ,catholic county4 ,it was only by the interposition of the mayor with four hundred soldiers1 that the commotion was partially quelled2 at night ,bale made his escape to ,dublin4 ,instead of protection1 he found that new dangers awaited him in that capital of our island2 in the disguise of a sailor he was again obliged to seek safety by flight2 sailing for ,zealand1 as ,harris tells us1 he was taken prisoner at sea1 and tried for treason in ,cornwall2 escaping thence he sailed for the ,continent1 but was once more seized by pirates1 and sold as a slave2#ad having paid his ransom1 he lived during the following years at ,basle and ,geneva4 ,on the accession of ,elizabeth he returned to ,england1 but never sought to be restored to the ,see of ,ossory4 ,the writings of ,bale acquired some celebrity on the continent1 where they were nearly all composed4 ,they are full1 however1 of the vilest calumnies against the religious orders and the ,holy ,see1 and are written with characteristic acrimony of style4 ,hence ,fuller1 in his ,catalogue of ,english ,writers1 says3 8,bale knew not how to moderate his passions1 and hence deservedly received the agnomen ,biliosus ,balaeus04 ,montacutus also 7in ,apparat41 #hc7 styles him1 8impotentis linguae et calami scriptor04 ,pitseus is still more severe1 for he thus epitomizes ,bale's character1 8omnia foedissimus scurra mendaciis et calumniis replevit04 ,andrew ,valery1 in his preface to the ,bibliotheca ,belgica1 writes1 8,joannes ,balaeus homo impius quidem1 nominari tamen hoc loco vel ideo potuit ut quis e sordibus gemmas legat02 and in fine1 ,gerrard ,vossius condemns his bad faith in treating of the early writers1 8unum scio in priorum saeculorum scriptoribus non raro ,balaei fidem claudicare0 7,de ,historicis ,latinis1 lib4 i4 cap4 #cb1 pag4 #agj74 ,such was the character of this boasted champion of the established church in our island6 ,but it is time to return to the successors of saint ,canice4 ,john ,thonery1 a native of ,kilkenny1 was nominated to this see by ,queen ,mary4 ,the following is the letter of the queen to the lord-deputy1 dated ,october the #adth1 an4 #a 7i4 e4 an4 #aeec73 8,whereas we perceive the bishoprick of ,ossory to be void1 we have thought good1 for the learning and integrity of life which we understand to be in ,john ,thonery1 bachelor of divinity1 to nominate and appoint him to the same bishoprick3 these shall be therefore to will and command you to make letters-patent under our great seal to the said ,john1 of the bishoprick1 and to give further order for his consecration and installation1 according to the order of our said realm04 ,the cong d'elire to the dean and chapter of the cathedral of ,st4 ,canice was issued on ,december #bfth1 and the mandate for his consecration was given on #cast ,december1 the same year1 7,morrin1 i4 #cjf74 ,this prelate is described as a benefactor to his see1 and he is especially commended for taking care 8to have the antient charters of his church1 which otherwise would have perished1 transcribed and sealed with his seal0 7,ware1 pag4 #dah74 ,though summoned to ,parliament as bishop of ,ossory in the first year of ,elizabeth1 and receiving commissions from the crown even in ,elizabeth's reign 7,morrin1 i4 #cgj1 #dab71 the government found him inflexible in maintaining the ,catholic faith1 and consequently declared that his election from the beginning was void1 and that his acts as bishop could not be valid1 since the heretical ,bishop ,bale was still living4#ae ,in this1 however1 the government fathers of the ,establishment only gave another proof of their inconsistency1 for a few years before1 they declared that the fact of the flight of ,dr4 ,dowdall rendered vacant the see of ,armagh1 and they actually proceeded to the consecration of ,goodacre for that see1 though ,dowdall was still living4 ,there is one great advantage1 however1 which we derive from the hostile course pursued by the agents of ,elizabeth in regard to ,dr4 ,thonery2 it supplies us with the clearest proof we could desire of his unflinching devotedness to the ,church of his fathers2 and when we find ,sir ,w4 ,cecil1 on the #dth ,july1 #aefe1 conveying instructions to the lord deputy1 that1 8,her majesty understanding that the archbishoprick of ,cashel and the bishoprick of ,ossory have been long void1 whereby hath grown lack to the ecclesiastical government there01 would wish to have the sees united1 and one bishop appointed 8who might serve as counsellor there0 7,shirley1 ,orig4 ,lett41 #bjg71 we are more than justified in concluding that our ,catholic bishop was faithful to his trust1 and successfully guarded the flock entrusted to his care against all the inroads of heresy4 ,he passed to the crown of his zeal and labours about the year #aefg4 ,the next bishop was ,thomas ,strange 7or ,strong71 appointed in consistory of #bhth ,march1 #aehb4 ,the following is the consistorial entry3 8,die #bh ,martii1 #aehb4 8,sua ,sanctitas referente ,card4 ,senonensi providit ecclesiae ,ossorien4 in ,prov4 ,dubliniensi1 a pluribus annis vacanti per obitum ,joannis ,o',thonery1 in dicta dioecesi defuncti1 per ,thomam ,strong1 ,presbyterum ,waterfordiensem1 ,doctorem ,theologiae1 in curia praesentem04 ,in the ,vatican list of the ,irish clergy in #aegi1 ,dr4 ,strong is twice commemorated1 first1 under the heading of those who were pursuing their studies on the ,continent we find him described as 8,thomas ,strongius1 ,parisiis1 annorum #cb02 and again1 under the heading3 8,qui sunt in ,hibernia fideles operarii vel certe facile eo transmitti possunt01 we find him thus mentioned in the fourth place3 8,d4 ,thomas ,strong1 ,waterfordiensis3 hic tenet utramque linguam ,anglicanam et ,hibernicam sed melius ,anglicam0 7,ex ,archiv4 ,vatic47 ,immediately after his consecration he set out for the theatre of his missionary labours2 but it was only 8in ruffling apparel with gilt rapier and dagger01#af that a bishop could then visit his flock1 and so vigilant were the agents of ,elizabeth in his pursuit1 that he was soon compelled to seek refuge in ,spain4 ,it is thus the bishop of ,killaloe writes on #bith ,october1 #aehd3 8,thomas ,ossoriensis episcopus mansit in ,hibernia aliquot mensibus in habitu saeculari1 tandem contulit se ex ,hibernia ad ,hispaniam04 ,we cannot say with certainty whether ,dr4 ,strange was able at any time subsequently to return to his see4 ,whilst in ,spain he devoted himself to the sacred ministry as assistant of the bishop of ,compostella1 and he died there 7according to the new computation7 on #bjth ,january1 #afjb4 ,the contemporary1 ,malachy ,hartry1 in his ,triumphalia ,sanctae ,crucis1 thus briefly sketches his career3 8,dum in hac sua patria degisset1 ,catholicae fidei caus et ecclesiae permulta et gravissima a persecutoribus sustulit et in ,hispaniam ire cogitur2 ,compostellae in ,gallicia1 demum anno ,domini #afja4 ,januarii die #bj obiit atque in claustro ,cathedralis ,ecclesiae ,d4 ,jacobo consecratae1 sub marmoreo lapide1 uti vidi cum ,strangorum stemmate inciso1 terrae traditur04 ,,peter ,,francis ,,xavier ,,de ,,ram4 ,the great question of the present day is the question of education4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 as the infallible teacher of men1 claims for herself the right to control human thought1 and exercises that right by sitting in judgment on each newfangled system as it appears4 ,this claim is peremptorily rejected by the civil power1 which1 on its part1 wishes to make of education a department of government4 ,the science of the age sides on the whole with the civil power as against the ,church4 ,towards the ecclesiastical authorities it assumes at times an air of pity1 as towards men whose otherwise estimable qualities are warped by a religious bigotry which is eminently unscientific2 at times it exhibits irritation and distrust2 at times again it is in open and undisguised antagonism4 ,in the face of a jealous government1 to urge1 and to urge successfully1 the inalienable rights of the ,church1 requires no ordinary tact2 in the face of the contempt1 or distrust1 or antagonism of the intellect of a country1 to take every understanding captive unto ,christ1 demands no ordinary courage and ability4 ,and yet this is what is meant by founding a ,catholic ,university2 and this has been achieved in the nineteenth century in ,belgium1 under ,god1 through the instrumentality of one priest1 ,monsignor ,peter ,francis ,xavier ,de ,ram1 the late ,rector of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain4 ,a life such as his is a model which all may study with great profit4 ,it is only with his spirit and through his principles that we may hope to obtain for ,ireland what he obtained for ,belgiumthe full liberty of ,catholic education4 ,de ,ram's great work1 but not his only work1 was the foundation of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain4 ,at the time when he was called by the bishops of ,belgium to form and direct the new institution1 he was diligently engaged in promoting the spread of good books1 in illustrating the antiquities of his country1 and especially in publishing the lives of the saints and other distinguished men who have shed glory on his native land4 ,almost in his infancy he imbibed a special predilection for the study of the lives of the saints from a holy aunt1 a religious of the ,premonstratensian ,order1 who lived in his father's house1 having been driven from her convent at the time of the first ,french ,revolution4 ,even before he had completed his clerical studies1 this taste made him publish1 as author or editor1 several works bearing on the lives of the saints1 and before he was twenty-five years of age he undertook a new edition in the ,flemish language of the great works on this subject by ,alban ,butler and ,godescard4 ,this taste he preserved through life1 and to it when fully developed we are indebted for his other great works1 the ,collections of ,belgian ,synods1 the ,synodicum ,belgicum1 the ,synodicum ,antverpiense1 and ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,belgium1 ,belgica ,sacra1 of which he published the plan in #ahcj1 for which since then he has been collecting most abundant materials1 but which1 alas6 he has not lived to finish4 ,later on1 we find him labouring strenuously and successfully to obtain for the ,jesuit ,fathers a state subsidy to enable them to continue the stupendous undertaking of the old ,bollandists1 the ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,thanks in great measure to this help1 the noble work is now making progress to the great glory of ,god1 to the advantage of religion1 and the honour of ,belgium4 ,and among the first eulogists of the departed prelate1 we have the great ,jesuit ,father de ,buck1 the head of the present ,bollandists in ,brussels1 to whose notice on ,mgr4 de ,ram we are indebted for much that appears in this sketch4 ,in fine1 this same taste for historical research1 especially in the history of his native land1 made him take a most distinguished place in the ,royal ,academy of ,belgium1 of which he was for thirty-one years one of the chief members1 and especially in the ,royal ,commission of ,history1 founded precisely for the promotion of the study of the national annals4 ,indefatigable in his labours1 never-failing in his attendance at the meetings of the ,commission1 bringing to them the rich treasures of his learning1 joined to the affability and conciliatory tone which always characterised him1 we are told by one who knew him there1 that never during that long period was there between him and his associates in that great work the least shadow of a difference4 ,true to the end to his work for religion and his country1 one of his last public acts1 two days before his death1 was to assist at a meeting of the ,academy2 and he leaves unfinished three works undertaken in the same holy cause3 the ,chartulary of the ,abbey of ,cambron1 the preparation of materials for a general and diplomatic history of the ,university of ,louvain1 and the collection and arrangement of the short ,flemish chronicles scattered in manuscript through the ,belgian libraries1 with a view to their forming a compendium to the great chronicle of ,de ,dynter4 ,but it is not with ,de ,ram's historical labours1 great as they were1 that we are chiefly interested4 ,his great work for us has been the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain4 ,that university was proposed by his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 as the model which our bishops were to have in view in founding the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland4 ,over it ,de ,ram presided for more than thirty years1 in fact since its foundation2 the difficulties1 seemingly insuperable1 with which he had to contend1 were almost identical with those that press our ,irish institution2 the means for overcoming these difficulties in the two countries were very similar1 and we may hope that the ,catholic ,university of ,belgium is but the harbinger of the success of the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland4 ,the ,university of ,louvain was called into existence to meet a condition of things1 the parallel of which existed in ,ireland in #ahej1 and to cope with dangers similar to those which1 at that period1 impended over the ,catholics of this empire4 ,in its working it has wedded together interests which the sophistry of the day makes it fashionable to represent as antagonistic4 ,it is eminently national1 eminently scientific1 eminently ,catholic4 ,it cultivates literature with a zeal which does not interfere with its devotion to theology and other sacred studies1 and pursues even the highest investigations of science in such a way as to prove that nowhere can freedom of scientific research find a more congenial home than in a ,catholic university4 ,these sentiments were eloquently expressed by one of the students of the university4 ,m4 ,van ,tomme1 as he stood by the bier of ,mgr4 ,de ,ram1 spoke as follows1 in the name of his fellow students who stood around him3 8,the great work founded by the ,belgian episcopacy has grown under the shadow of our political and religious independence1 and1 as our rector himself expressed it1 #8,the university is not only a ,catholic institution1 but also a national institution'4 ,guided by this noble motto1 he directed for thirty-one years the ,catholic ,university1 strengthening each day in our hearts the love of religion and of liberty1 that two-fold foundation on which rests the glory of our past history1 and which guarantees the future of our country4 ,the care of our souls1 the cultivation of our minds1 these were the objects most dear to his heart as a priest2 his love for us made him find in us his reward1 his joy1 his blessing4 ,how can ,i express his fatherly tenderness1 his boundless devotedness to our interests1 his delicate management of our national spirit of independence8 ,these were the principles with which he ruled over this laborious and difficult work'''4 ,you know the blessed fruits produced in the education of our country by these gifts of mind and heart4 ,educational liberty1 rescued bleeding from stranger hands1 first took refuge in the bosom of our ,university1 where ,mgr4 ,de ,ram stretched out his arms to welcome it1 and from that day forward watched over it with zealous care4 ,our ,university1 the heiress of a glorious name1 the offspring of liberty and of faith1 under ,mgr4 ,de ,ram's presidency1 has nobly bound up together the past and the present4 ,those great works urged on with such ardour1 the serried phalanx of youths who have gone forth from this ,institution1 the eminent men whom this ,university has given to our country and to the ,church1 all proclaim1 that his devoted labours have not been vain1 and point out to us unmistakeably the greatness of the loss sustained on this day by ,catholic youth04 ,but we are anticipating the course of events1 and we must take up from the commencement the history of this great man's connection with ,louvain4 ,we must even go back a little2 for1 as ,father de ,buck remarks1 it is only thus we can correct some erroneous ideas1 which have been freely circulated1 and form some notion of the enormous difficulties which surrounded the foundation of the ,catholic ,university of ,belgium4 ,some of these erroneous ideas were thus expressed by ,sir ,robert ,kane1 ,president of the ,queen's ,college1 ,cork1 in his inaugural address at the opening of that establishment1 on the #gth ,november1 #ahdi3 8,after the revolution1 which rendered ,belgium an independent kingdom1 the question of university education occupied the attention of its government as one of the greatest moment4 ,the heads of the ,belgian ,church were fully consulted1 and they surely deserved to be1 from their right to coperate in every measure of public welfare4 ,the result has been the institution of three great colleges3 one at ,louvain1 formed in the buildings of the old university1 and hence popularly called by the name of the #8,university of ,louvain'2 the second college situated at ,liege2 and the third in ,ghent4 ,students follow their studies in any of these colleges1 but they do not there get their degrees4 ,what course did the ,belgian authorities take1 when1 after the ,revolution1 they had in their own hands the power of giving to all those colleges a code of securities for faith and morals which might have served us here as a model8 ,they demanded to have ,louvain absolutely and exclusively under their own control1 and consented to leave the colleges of ,liege and ,ghent in the hands of government absolutely1 without any provision for moral discipline or religious instruction4 ,what is the practical result8 ,the ,college of ,louvain contains only the university faculties1 conducted on medieval models1 and educating after the forms of old established universities4 ,the ,colleges of ,ghent and ,liege contain the practical branches1 to which the majority of the young men attach themselves4 ,the schools of mines and engineering are at ,liege4 ,the schools of mechanics and of practical chemistry are at ,ghent4 ,there are great schools of medicine at both colleges4 ,hence the practical education is conducted at those colleges where there is no religion and no discipline4 ,in ,belgium there are three colleges1 one with ultra-ecclesiastical discipline1 attended generally by ,catholic foreigners1 whom the traditional fame of the medieval university brings to ,louvain4 ,the other two are colleges without religion1 to which the majority of ,belgian students are drawn for practical education0 7,inaugural ,address1 pages #bc1 #bd74 ,in the course of the notice we shall see how many misstatements or mistakes are contained in these few sentences4 ,in this place suffice it to say1 that in the year #ahfd alone1 #cbe students of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain took secular ,degrees1 viz41 #aag in ,law1 #abe in ,medicine1 #db in ,philosophy and ,letters1 and #da in science2 and since #ahcf1 the large number of #f1hha took ,degrees in those ,faculties1 viz41 #b1jbh in ,law1 the same number in ,medicine1 #a1hch in ,philosophy and ,letters1 and #ihg in ,science4 ,we have taken these figures from the official publication1 l',annuaire1 or ,university ,calendar1 for #ahfe1 and from it we also learn1 that of #gfh students1 the total number in the university in the ,session #ahfc-fd1 only #aba were ,students of ,theology4 ,there were in the ,faculty of ,law #bjd1 in that of ,medicine #bcj1 in that of ,philosophy and ,letters #ajb1 and in that of ,science #aaa4 ,the true history of the circumstances1 which preceded and accompanied the foundation of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain1 may be briefly told1 as follows3 ,by the treaty of ,vienna in #ahae1 the ,catholic and ,protestant ,netherlands1 ,belgium and ,holland1 were united under one king1 ,william ,i4 of the ,house of ,orange4 ,immediately on his accession this monarch proposed for the acceptance of his whole kingdom a constitution which had been originally intended for ,protestant ,holland only4 ,this constitution was condemned as anti-,catholic by the ordinaries of all the dioceses of ,belgium4 ,it was also rejected by the nobles or other chief men of the state4 ,but it is worthy of remark1 that1 notwithstanding its condemnation by the bishops1 only #abf voters out of #acbe alleged the attacks on the ,church as the motive of their rejection of the constitution2 and although #gff opposed it1 #ebg were found to support this most obnoxious portion of it4 ,from this fact we see the great strength of uncatholic opinion in ,belgium fifty years ago1 since in so large a number of the chief men of the nation1 so few were found to follow the teachings of their bishops4 ,the ten years which followed were spent by the king1 ,william ,i41 in endeavouring to undermine and still more weaken the ,catholic and national feeling in ,belgiumto mould that country and ,holland into one nationality1 which would be animated by one spirit1 and that spirit ,dutch1 and consequently ,protestant4 ,for this purpose ,dutch was made the official language for all administrative purposes and in all the courts of law and other legal transactions4 ,the immediate result of this measure was to throw the education of the greater part of the ,belgian youth into the hands of ,dutchmen1 and ,dutchmen were also placed in every post of honour and emolument throughout the kingdom4 ,at length1 on the #adth of ,june1 #ahbe1 two royal decrees were published1 by which it was sought to transfer to the hands of the ,protestant ,government of ,holland the education of the whole of the youth of all classes in ,catholic ,belgium4 ,the chief provisions of the first of these decrees were as follow3 8,whereas many schools and institutions for the teaching of the ,latin and ,greek languages2 and for the training of youth for the ecclesiastical state1 as well as for other professions1 have been established without our consent2 and whereas ,article #bbf of the ,fundamental ,law#ag has given us the charge of public instruction ''' desiring at the same time to facilitate and favour every arrangement by which young men may be fitted to become well educated ecclesiastics for the ,roman ,catholic ,church1''' we have decreed and do hereby decree'''4 8,art4 #b4 ,no ,latin school1 college1 or athenaeum1 shall be established without the express authorisation of the ,department of the ,interior4 8,art4 #c4 ,no one shall teach the ,latin and ,greek languages to the children of more than one family at once1 either in primary schools or in private houses1 without having first obtained in one of the universities of the kingdom the degree of candidat or of ,docteur en ,lettres4 8,art4 #d4 ,all colleges1 athenaeums1 or ,latin schools1 are placed under the control of the ,department of the ,interior4 8,all colleges1 athenaeums1 or ,latin schools1 named in ,art4 #a1 which at the date of this decree have not been approved as such by former decrees1 shall be closed at the end of the month of ,september1 #ahbe1 unless sanctioned before that time04 ,by the second royal decree a 8,philosophical ,college0 was established in ,louvain for aspirants to the priesthood4 8,whereas some of the heads of the clergy have represented to us that the preparatory education given to young men intended for the ecclesiastical state is insufficient1 and whereas we are desirous of providing means to form able ecclesiastics for the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 8,art4 #a4 ,an establishment for the preparatory education of young ,roman ,catholics aspiring to the ecclesiastical state1 shall be provisorily erected at one of the universities in the northern provinces of the kingdom4 ,this establishment1 under the title of #8,philosophical ,college'1 shall be installed in a suitable building'''4 ,the students shall be received therein1 with permission to wear the ecclesiastical habit4 8,art4 #ad1 ,after the space of two years1 to be counted from the opening of the #8,philosophical ,college'1 no philosophical lectures shall be given in the episcopal seminaries'''4 ,after the same time no student shall be admitted into the seminaries who shall not have duly completed his course of studies in the #8,philosophical ,college'4 ,each student of the same college must spend therein two years at least04 ,thus did the ,protestant ,king of the ,netherlands think he had secured the undisputed control of the education1 ecclesiastical and lay1 of his ,belgian subjects2 but a very short time sufficed to convince him of his mistake4 ,in vain was the short delay of two years allowed by these decrees of ,june #adth1 refused by a subsequent enactment of the #aath ,july1 which strictly forbade any student to be received from that day forward into any episcopal seminary in ,belgium1 unless he had completed his preparatory studies in the ,philosophical ,college4 ,in vain1 by another decree of the #adth of ,august following1 the youth of ,belgium were forbidden to seek abroad the free ,catholic education denied to them at home1 and unless educated in one of the state institutions1 declared incapable of holding any public office in the gift of the government1 or exercising any ecclesiastical function within the kingdom4 ,in vain1 by a decree of the #bjth ,november1 were the superiors of the diocesan seminaries ordered to dismiss forthwith all youths received since the previous #aath of ,july2 and the young men themselves also commanded to withdraw4 ,on the other hand1 in vain was all the influence of the government used to induce the bishops to approve1 or at least tolerate1 the new system4 ,in vain was it sought to convince the ,common ,father of the ,faithful that the ,philosophical ,college was unexceptionable1 by sending to ,his ,holiness' own seminary in ,rome some youths of exemplary life1 who might1 by their good conduct1 belie the condemnation pronounced against the institution where they had made their early studies4 ,the episcopacy of ,belgium continued firm in its opposition1 and the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pope ,leo ,,xii41 directed his internuncio at the ,hague to explain that it was impossible for the head of the ,catholic ,church to assent to measures destructive to the liberties of ,catholics1 or even to abstain from condemning them and protesting against them4 ,the ,belgian youths would not go to the ,philosophical ,college2 the few who went would not be admitted to ,holy ,orders by the bishops2 and four years passed slowly along in passive opposition to the inroads of the government on ,catholic education4 ,at last1 on the #bjth of ,june1 #ahbi1 the ,dutch ,government had to acknowledge itself vanquished4 ,a decree was published abrogating so much of the legislation of #ahbe as rendered attendance at the ,philosophical ,college obligatory4 ,but along with this concession1 and perhaps as it were to neutralize it1 came new attacks in other ways on the liberties of ,catholic ,belgium4 ,the royal message to the ,states-,general at the beginning of #ahcj1 recommended measures tending to a further unification of ,belgium with ,holland4 ,event followed event1 and before the end of ,august a revolution broke out1 and five of the best men in ,belgium were installed at ,brussels as a provisional government1 under the presidency of the ,baron de ,gerlache1 now head of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and president also of the recent ,catholic congresses at ,mechlin4 ,when the revolution broke out in #ahcj1 the wisest members of the clergy said1 as ,father de ,buck tells us1 8,fieri non debuit1 sed factum valet01 and the whole of the priesthood made common cause with the people4 ,but1 although the great masses of the country people remained faithful to ,catholic principles1 and although the nobility was returning to the practices of religion2 although the persecution of the clergy by the ,dutch ,government had aroused the spirit of the nation1 and several even of the infidel party began to lay aside their prejudices1 and to express sympathy for the faithful priesthood of their common country1 still the religious position of ,belgium at that moment was most unsatisfactory4 ,mgr4 ,van ,bommel1 ,bishop of ,liege1 tells us1 that 8in #ahch there were in ,belgium about #ajj1jjj pseudo-liberals1 deadly enemies of the ,catholic ,church1 and most powerful04 8,and it is not hard01 continues the learned prelate1 8to explain the fact4 ,for more than forty years all who are destined to occupy positions of importance were1 in general1 brought up without religious principles4 ,under the late government the religious element had no part in university teaching2 a part of this teaching had even been entrusted to men known to profess anti-religious principles4 ,the wicked passions of men1 dangerous occasions1 bad example1 an immoral theatre1 and above all1 a literature steeped in wickedness or hostile to ,catholic principles2in fine1 the repeated declarations of men who1 for party purposes1 told the rising generation that to it alone should henceforth belong the rights of governmentall resulted in raising this young generation to such a pitch of pride1 independence1 and licentiousness1 that the sweet yoke of faith and the practices of religion became insupportable4 ,thus was there formed1 outside of the masses1 who remained faithful1 a multitude of men of position and of influence1 who know the religion of their fathers only from the bad books where it is attacked1 from the stage where it is insulted1 from the assemblies where its sacred ministers are ridiculed1 from the newspapers where it is calumniated04 ,such was the religious position of ,belgium when the ,belgian episcopacy determined to found the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain4 ,public functionaries1 barristers1 physicians1 merchants1 manufacturers1 nearly all the men of influence in the country1 were infected with that false liberalism which1 as ,mgr4 de ,ram himself declared in ,november1 #ahcj1 made many who cried out most loudly for liberty1 intend to use it only for self-aggrandisement and at the expense of ,catholicity4 ,the prospect was uninviting2 but the bishops were not to be daunted1 although in ,february1 #ahcd1 on their publishing their decree establishing the university1 there were disturbances in ,brussels and in nearly all the episcopal cities4 ,in ,december1 #ahcc1 they had obtained from ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 the sanction of their project and an apostolic brief for erecting the new university2 and in ,june1 #ahcd1 they published in another meeting the general statutes for its government4 ,on the same occasion the assembled prelates decided that the youthful ,m4 de ,ramhe had not yet completed his thirtieth year1 and was then a canon of the ,metropolitan ,church of ,mechlin1 and professor of canon law and church history in the seminary of that dioceseshould occupy a distinguished place in the new institution4 ,he was formally appointed1 within the next few months1 head of the ,catholic ,university of ,belgium1 with the title which in past ages appertained to that office,rector ,magnificus1 and in that capacity assisted at the solemn inauguration of the university in the ,cathedral of ,mechlin1 on the #dth of ,november of the same year1 #ahcd4 ,no sooner was he appointed to his high office than he set about finding professors for the faculties of theology1 of science1 and of philosophy and letters1 which alone were to be opened the first year in the temporary home of the university in ,mechlin4 ,all the priests he selected were ,belgians4 ,of the lay professors one was a ,belgian1 the rest were ,dutch1 ,french1 ,germans1 and ,danes4 ,the following year the university was transferred to ,louvain1 and we have the formal act of agreement entered into in ,october1 #ahce1 between ,monsignor de ,ram and the burgomaster of the city of ,louvain1 and afterwards solemnly approved by the bishops and municipality1 by which on the one hand the bishops undertake to establish a full university course1 and on the other hand the town council 8undertakes to give gratuitously to the ,university the free use of the buildings des ,halles 7the great university lecture halls and other public buildings7 du ,collge du ,pape1 du ,collge des ,vtrans1 du ,collge du ,roi1 du ,collge des ,prmontres1 du ,collge de ,saint ,esprit1 et du ,thetre ,anatomique04 ,mgr4 de ,ram had now to organise the faculties of law and of medicine1 and here his difficulties increased4 ,where was he to find professors in whom faith and true ,catholic principles were united with that profound and varied learning which would fit them to occupy chairs in the new university8 ,when we consider the deplorable state of ,catholic education among the cultivated classes in ,belgium at the time we speak of1 these difficulties can be better imagined than expressed2 and from these difficulties we may form a judgment of the great prudence and consummate wisdom through which ,monsignor de ,ram raised the institution to that proud eminence which is now enjoyed by her professors among the learned bodies of ,europe4 ,in all her faculties there are among the professors not only men of extraordinary learning1 who unite clearness and method with depth and extent of knowledge1 but also models of every ,christian virtue2 so that with good reason does ,f4 de ,buck conclude this portion of his notice of the illustrious prelate by exclaiming3 8,yes1 the professorial staff brought together by ,mgr4 de ,ram1 and which can henceforth be easily recruited from amongst the students of the university itself1 is the chief glory1 the undying crown of his rectorship04 ,but to understand the relations of ,mgr4 de ,ram with the professorial staff of the university1 we should read the funeral discourses which he pronounced at the obsequies of those who preceded him in death4 ,they are published in the ,university ,calendars from #ahch to this time1 and clearly prove the esteem and affection he bore to all who were united with him in the great work of his life1 the care with which he selected them1 the zeal with which he promoted the honour and happiness of each1 and the sincere joy with which he was filled when well-merited success crowned their literary or scientific labours4 ,his devotedness to the students of the ,university was not less than his affectionate esteem for the professors4 ,by every means in his power he sought to promote their spiritual1 their intellectual1 and even their temporal interests4 ,and this anxiety for the welfare of the youth entrusted to him was not confined to the time they spent in the university2 it followed them into after life4 8,his fatherly solicitude01 says ,m4 ,prosper ,staes1 of the ,brussels bar1 formerly a student of the university1 8his fatherly solicitude was not limited to the youths who gathered round him each year for the purposes of study4 ,it followed the students in their several careers through life4 ,his old students always found in their rector one to encourage them1 to counsel them1 to gather them about him1 as a father gathers his children1 to rejoice in their successin a word1 to make them his joy and his delight04 ,his feelings towards the students1 and theirs to him1 as well as the sentiments with which he unceasingly sought to fill their minds1 can well be gathered from the touching words pronounced over his lifeless remains by one of the law students of the university1 ,m4 ,van ,tomme3 8,to-day on this solemn occasion1 the remembrance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of our university1 fills us with sentiments of deep emotion4 ,surrounded by the multitude of your students whom you loved so much1 happy in being one heart and one soul with them1 you then said3 ,ever remember our watch-word3 ,god and our country2 this word epitomizes our duties and our principles4 ,yes2 we have taken to ourselves this word as our inheritance4 ,it will be our comfort in this moment of sorrow1 as in those days of joy it excited our enthusiasm4 ,wherever our students are called by duty1 this noble thought will always be their motto1 as it is to-day their hope4 8,,god1 the knowledge of whom you have imparted to us so well1 to whom your life of merit1 hidden to men's eyes1 is manifest for your recompense4 8,and ,,our ,,country1 which in the persons of these numbers of youths whom you have educated for her1 and filled with your spirit1 will ever bear upon her the impress of the works you have achieved1 and veneration for your memory04 ,we are told1 that in his government of the students1 he knew how to follow the via media between severity and too great indulgence4 ,he was sometimes blamed for excess in the latter direction2 but those who make this accusation seem to forget that he had to do with the direction1 not of an ecclesiastical seminary1 nor even of a school or college1 but of an university1 where young men were to be prepared1 not for the service of the sanctuary1 but for the busy scenes of life1 and where opening manhood1 freed from the restraints of boyhood1 was to be gently led rather than forced1 to love the beautiful paths of wisdom on account of their beauty1 and to walk steadily in them1 because of the goal to which they lead4 ,if he did not hinder everything that is evil1 he is not to be blamed2 for no legislator can ever aim at this2 and we are told by the ,incarnate ,wisdom ,himself1 that the cockle must at times be permitted to grow with the wheat1 lest in plucking it up1 the good grain should be injured4 ,but that his work produced blessed fruits1 and that those fruits are likely to remain1 is evident to every one who compares the state of religious education among ,belgian ,catholics when it was founded1 with its state at present4 ,he did everything in his power to preserve and strengthen the spirit and practice of religion among the students4 ,he established a regular course of religious instruction1 at which all the students of philosophy are obliged to assist1 and to which the other students are invited2 twice each year he brought the most distinguished preachers to ,louvain to deliver religious conferences1 which might serve as a preparation for the ,paschal communion2 he assisted in establishing in the ,university branches1 or conferences of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and to the utmost of his power encouraged the ,sodality or ,congregation of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which was founded by the ,jesuit ,fathers in the chapel of their residence1 and numbers over two hundred members1 all lay students of the ,catholic ,university4 ,what have been the results8 ,at the beginning of this article we saw the deplorable state of educated ,catholics in ,belgium in #ahcj1 with respect to ,catholic feelings and principles4 ,at that time the number of ,catholic barristers and physicians who practised their religion was extremely small4 ,now1 in ,brussels1 ,liege1 and ,ghent1 the greater part of the young bar1 if not of the whole bar practising in the chief courts of law1 which are situated in these three cities1 are thoroughly devoted to the ,catholic ,church4 ,without doubt1 several of these young lawyers did not study in ,louvain2 they owe the preservation of their faith to the good education received in the bosom of their families1 in the ,jesuit ,colleges1 and in other ,catholic institutions2 but a large number has studied in the ,catholic ,university1 and all of them must be greatly confirmed in their religious feelings and principles1 and must derive new strength and courage to declare them openly1 from the public spirit redolent of ,catholicity which proceeds from ,louvain4 ,we are told that one of the most interesting features of the great ,catholic ,congress of ,malines in #ahfc1 was the presence of eight hundred students of the ,university of ,louvain1 youths as distinguished for learning as for the truly ,catholic spirit by which they were animated on that most interesting occasion4 ,we are also told1 that in all the great cities1 and some of the smaller towns of ,belgium1 literary societies are springing up1 which publicly proclaim the ,catholic principles on which they are founded2 and that the class in ,belgium most devoted to the interests of religion1 is precisely the educated ,catholic youth of the country4 ,what wonder1 then1 that the immense influence for good exercised by the ,university of ,louvain1 under the presidency of its distinguished rector1 should be acknowledged in ,belgium by enemies as well as friends1 and that on more occasions than one the ,holy ,see itself should have exhorted the bishops of other countries1 as well as of ,ireland1 to imitate their brethren of ,belgium by founding a ,catholic ,university like that of ,louvain6 ,while labouring to make the youth of the ,university good ,christians1 ,mgr4 de ,ram laboured also with indefatigable zeal to make them learned men and good citizens4 ,,faith1 ,,learning1 ,,liberty1 were the words which he loved to unite in his discourses4 ,every one knows the results of his inculcating those principles without ceasing on the young ,belgians entrusted to him by his ,catholic country1 which had just recovered its liberty from ,protestant ,holland2 and the numerous and high distinctions won by the students of ,louvain1 in the public examinations to which the whole youth of ,belgium is admissible1 attest the excellence of the literary and scientific teaching of the ,university1 while the elevated positions now occupied by many of its ancient alumni prove beyond gainsaying1 that its educational fruits remain1 and will be an abundant source of intellectual1 social1 and political blessings to ,belgium4 ,such is the institution which has just lost its first rector1 we may say its founder4 ,such the work which ,mgr4 de ,ram directed with consummate wisdom for thirty-one years4 ,such the ,catholic ,university of which ,belgium1 nay ,christendom1 may well be proud4 ,it is a great lesson to us all to see that even in these days of mere material progress1 without faith1 without ,christian lovewhen men would fain persuade us that learning1 to be a blessing1 need not be referred to ,god or religionwhen the apostle's words3 8,scientia inflat1 charitas vero aedificat01 are held to be not over true4 ,an ,university founded and governed by a ,catholic episcopacy1 by the aid of their ,catholic people only1 established on purely ,catholic principles1 without any of those helps which men of the world value most1 already in its infancy rivals the great seats of learning of the middle ages4 ,and all this is due in a great measure to one man1 who at thirty years of age was called by the ,belgian ,episcopacy to rule over it1 and who1 with untiring energy1 consummate wisdom1 and gentle perseverance1 moulded every part into perfect symmetry1 so that schismatical ,russia came to study the model1 and the ,holy ,see could say to ,ireland1 as well as to any other country wishing for a ,catholic ,university3 8,inspice1 et fac secundum exemplar04 ,with no more fitting words can we conclude this brief notice1 than with those spoken by the ,vice-,rector of the ,university at his funeral3 8,the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain was indebted to ,god and to the bishops of ,belgium for her ,rector3 to her ,rector she owes everything else04#ah ,,liturgical ,,questions4 ,a reverend correspondent has taken occasion from our remarks in the last number of the ,record1 to ask a question about the custom prevalent in ,ireland of reciting the ,de profundis after mass4 ,we will quote his own words3 8,in reading the liturgical questions in your last number of the ,record1 it occurred to me to inquire on what authority is founded the practice of reciting the ,de profundis after mass1 whether it can be omitted ad libitum1 secluso scandalo1 and whether it should be said at the altar1 or when the priest descends1 or when going into the sacristy04 ,the practice of reciting the ,de ,profundis after each low mass1 we believe1 exists in all ,ireland1 without any exception of diocese or district1 and has existed for a long period4 ,it is the opinion of many well versed in ,irish ecclesiastical matters1 that it was introduced and authorised by the ,holy ,see as a substitute for the numerous masses and suffrages for which innumerable endowments were founded by the piety of the faithful in former times1 and which were taken away from the ,catholic ,church at the time of the ,reformation4 ,it is more than probable that a rescript from the ,holy ,see authorised this practice1 in order that the pious intentions of the founders of such endowments might not altogether be frustrated by the rapacity of the reformers4 ,it is difficult to understand how1 under other circumstances1 the practice could have become so universal in ,ireland4 ,indeed we have heard it remarked1 that possibly a rescript of an old date bearing on this subject might be found2 and if any of our readers could aid us in getting authentic documents on the matter1 we need scarcely say how anxious we would be to insert them or any information connected with this subject in the ,record4 ,while writing these lines we have been informed that in the ,irish ,college1 ,paris1 there is a rescript authorising the recital of the ,de profundis after the community mass in the college4 ,apart1 however1 from this consideration we may reply that the recital of the ,de profundis cannot be omitted ad libitum4 ,whatever may have been its origin1 it has become a usage with the force of law1 against which no individual is at liberty to act4 ,even if the ,holy ,see did not authorise the practice in the commencement1 it must necessarily have been introduced by the bishops of the day1 and its continuance for so long a period throughout the entire ,irish ,church without any reclamation from ecclesiastical authority1 would be quite sufficient to show that all should conform to such a practice1 which in itself is so holy and useful1 and calculated to confer such advantages on the suffering souls in ,purgatory4 ,we are therefore clearly of opinion that no priest can on principle omit the ,de profundis1 and we would take the liberty of reminding him of the munificent endowments established in former ages of the ,irish ,church for the exclusive object of having ,requiem ,masses said1 and securing the suffrages of the faithful in aid of the suffering souls in ,purgatory4 ,we would refer our readers1 for information on this point1 to ,dr4 ,lanigan's ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,ireland1 vol4 iii4 chap4 #ba4 ,with regard to the proper time for saying the ,de profundis1 we think that the practice of saying it at the foot of the altar is the most correct4 ,we know this to be the course adopted by many priests1 who descend from the altar1 make a genuflexion or a reverence to the altar1 and then standing recite the ,de profundis4 ,by this plan it is made manifest that the ,de profundis is a thing quite distinct from the ,mass1 and not appertaining to it4 ,however1 it is right to say that nothing decisive can be laid down as to the place and time of reciting it4 ,there is a decree of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites given by ,merati in his ,series ,decretorum1 p4 #dcf1 which is as follows3 8,quando adest legatum quod sacerdos antequam discedat ab altari1 recitet aliquod ,evangelium1 ,psalmum1 seu orationem post terminatam missam1 debet oneri sibi injuncto satisfacere post finem missae exutis vestibus sacerdotalibus et cum sola cotta in altari vel in sacristia et sic legatum adimplere ,s4 ,r4 ,c41 #ca ,augusti1 #affi1 in ,conversanen04 ,these words would appear to imply that in our case the sacred vestments should be taken off4 ,however1 on referring to the decree itself in ,gardellini1 we find its terms are not so comprehensive as the interpretation of ,merati would make them4 ,the following are the words3 8#bcci4 ,conversan4 ,capitulum ,collegiatae ,rosigliani ,dioecesis ,conversanensis exposuit in ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,nicolaum ,franciscium in ejus sub quo decessit testamento1 reliquisse ejus bona dicto capitulo cum onere celebrandi ,missam quotidianam et singulis diebus veneris de ,passione et cum onere1 terminata missa post ,evangelium in principio erat verbum1 etc41 recitandi ipsam ,passionem secundum ,johannem4 ,et proinde cum dicta dispositio sit contra ,ritus ,ecclesiasticos supplicavit pro declaratione4 ,an dicta passio recitanda sit post dictum ,evangelium alibi per celebrantem8 8,et ,s4 eadem ,c4 censuit3 ,recitandam esse post finem missae exutis vestibus sacerdotalibus et cum sola cotta in altari vel in sacristia4 ,hac die #ca ,augusti1 #affi04 ,the words of this decree do not refer to a psalm or prayer1 but simply to the passion of ,st4 ,john1 and hence1 as far as our question is concerned1 no conclusion can be clearly established except by analogy1 and by whatever weight may attach to the authority of ,merati1 who manifestly thus extends the meaning of the decree4 ,after writing these lines1 we have learned from a distinguished ecclesiastic1 that there exists a ,rescript of the ,holy ,see about the recital of the ,de profundis in ,ireland after ,mass4 ,he has kindly promised to procure it for a future number of the ,record1 when we shall gladly insert it4 ,the same reverend correspondent calls our attention to another matter which indeed is of very great importance1 and on which we shall make a few remarks4 ,our correspondent says1 that the altar bread used in this country is of a very inferior kind1 and not elegant1 and that it leaves on the corporal many fragments4 ,if this be the case in some parts of the country1 it is unnecessary to say that it is a matter of such importance that immediate attention should be called to it by the parish priests or the superiors of the different churches4 ,as far as we are aware1 we have no grounds for complaint on this head1 as generally speaking the breads are made in this city with care and neatness and very few fragments fall from them4 ,it is quite possible1 however1 that in some districts sufficient care may not be bestowed on this matter1 and the breads may not be made with that care which the majesty of the great ,sacrifice demands4 ,we have heard from persons competent to give an opinion on the subject1 that in some districts abuses have crept in2 for instance1 when the superior of a church1 personally responsible for the due observance of the rubrics concerning the ,holy ,sacrifice1 leaves to a servant the making and cutting of the breads for the use of the altar4 ,in such cases there is great danger that through carelessness or negligence they will not be properly made4 ,the cutters or the machines for making them in the course of time will become impaired and quite unfit for their purpose1 and a mere servant may not try to remedy the evil4 ,for this reason1 we would strongly recommend all concerned to engage some community of nuns or others well versed in such matters1 and who at the same time fully understand the importance of what they are engaged in1 to make the altar breads4 ,we have ourselves examined the altar breads made by various communities1 and seldom had we any reason to find fault1 except in some instances when the large altar breads appeared to us to be too thick4 ,this suggestion1 we think1 will meet our reverend correspondent's question as to the improvements that may be made in connection with this matter4 ,he then proceeds3 8,it may be observed here that the cutters too are of no regular size4 ,they are generally over small4 ,i have seen breads no larger than a sixpence intended for communicating the faithful4 ,in the distribution of such very small particles there is evidently danger of irreverence04 ,no one can question the truth of what our correspondent states2 but we must say that we have generally found the breads sufficiently large when made by the convents or others duly charged with so important a matter1 and we may also remark that the cutters will not be made too small if there be no demand for them on the part of the clergy4 ,the small breads ought to be considerably larger than a shilling and very little under a two-shilling piece4 ,we are much obliged to our reverend correspondent for calling our attention to this matter1 and we hope the observations which we have taken the liberty of making1 will have the effect of correcting any abuses that may exist1 and inducing all persons concerned to provide themselves with cutters of a proper size1 or what would be still better1 to secure the services of a religious community1 or of others duly authorized to prepare the breads for the use of the altar4 ,we shall close these observations by giving some extracts on the present subject1 from a very useful book published at ,louvain1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,f4 ,de ,herdt1 entitled ,sacrae ,liturgiae ,praxis1 which is very highly esteemed4 ,i4 ,qualis debet esse ,hostia1 ut valide et licite sit consecrabilis8 ,r4 ,ut valide consecretur1 debet esse confecta ex tritico cum aqua1 saltem in majori quantitate1 et esse non corrupta3 ut licite consecretur1 debet esse #a sine admixtione aliorum granorum et liquorum praetor triticum et aquarm naturalem2 #b panis azymus2 #c recenter confecta 7,vide p4 #b4 n4 #cj4 ad4 ,,iii472 #d rotunda1 integra et non fracta2 #e candida et non maculata2 #f tenuis2 #g ordinariae magnitudinis2 #h cum imagine ,crucifixi1 quam ei impressam esse convenit3 in eo tamen servandam esse consuetudinem respondit4 ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 #bf4 ,ap4 #ahcd4 n4 #degd4 ,vid4 ,quarti quaest4 proaem4 s4 #e4 puncto #d4 dub4 #c4 ,hinc hi duo versus4 ,candida1 triticea1 ac tenuis1 non magna1 rotunda4 ,expers fermenti1 non falsa1 sit hostia ,christi4 ,,ii4 ,quoad confectionem ,hostiarum notanda sunt sequentia3 8,conveniret a ,sacerdotibus1 ,clericis aut ,religiosis hostias in ,missa usurpandas confici1 ut omni errori1 praesertim admixtionis liquoris vel grani alterius obviaretur1 et cum majori nitore et reverentia tractarentur3 passim enim venales satis incurie tractantur et sordide1 quod est indecens in materia tanti tamque puri ,sacrificii'''4 ,ut autem hostiae purissime sine ulla admixtione1 nec non honestissime fiant2 haec erunt singulariter observanda3 imprimis triticum1 si fieri potest1 magno studio granatim eligatur2 electum in sacculo mundo et de bono panno ad hoc opus tantum facto ponatur1 atque a famulo boni studii ad molendinum deferatur4 ,quo delato1 famulus aliud frumentum in ipso molendino moli prius faciat1 ut illud1 unde hostiae fieri debent1 sine aliqua sorde moli postea valeat4 ,reportata farina1 ,clerici antequam incipiant1 manus lavent1 ipsamque cribrent4 ,deinde unus super tabulam mundissimam ipsam farinam aqua conspergat1 et manibus fortiter compingat1 atque maceret4 ,postea in ferrum1 in quo coquuntur1 ponat et coquat1 advertens ut imago sacra ,crucifixi1 et non alia tam majoribus1 quam minoribus sit impressa4 ,nec non ut nitide et studiose fiant1 eas forcipibus ad id tantum paratis1 vel alio simili instrumento tondeat04 ,vinitor p4 #c4 tit4 #c4 annot4 #aa4 ,,documents4 ,i4 ,,dubia ,,circa ,,missarum ,,iterationem1 ,,applicationem ,,missae ,,pro ,,populo1 ,,et ,,receptionem ,,eleemosynae4 ,ex ,s4 ,congregatione ,concilii ,tridentini ,interpretum4 ,,visitationis ,,ss4 ,,liminum4#ai ,compendium ,facti4,episcopus ,a in relatione status suae ,dioecesis ad ,s4 ,sedem transmissa1 haec exposuit3 8,ducentae circiter ,paroeciae1 in hac ,dioecesi extant1 quae aliam filialem sibi adnexam habent1 in qua ,parochus diebus dominicis et festis per annum1 secundam ,missam celebrat3 et circa hanc consuetudinem1 diversa dubia1 suboriuntur super quibus declarationem necessariam a ,s4 ,congregatione humiliter expostulo4 ,et primum animadvertere debeo1 quod fidelium numerus iuxta has ecclesias commorantium1 valde varius est3 in aliquibus sunt quinque vel decem1 in aliis ducenti1 imo et sexcenti4 ,distantia a matrice1 modo ad milliarium non attingit1 modo sunt duo1 tria1 aut quatuor milliaria4 ,valde difficile foret etiam post exquisitam investigationem definire utrum hae ecclesiae nunc filiales1 fuerint aliquando ecclesiae matrices1 seu verae paroeciae04 ,quatuor proinde dubia proponebat ,s4 ,concilii ,congregationi1 quae antequam solverentur1 rogatus est ,episcopus1 ut magis praecise referret de omnimoda deficientia ,sacerdotum1 ac mediorum quibus per alium celebrari posset in filialibus ecclesiis2 et utrum ecclesiae modo filiales nuncupatae1 dotem aliquam seu congruam1 distinctam a matrice haberent1 perquisitis actis ,curiae1 ac ,,ss4 ,visitationum4 ,at1 quae relata sunt1 sufficientia non erant ad integram quaestionem singillatim definiendam1 quae ingentem paroeciarum numerum complectebatur4 ,relatum enim est de magna et generica presbiterorum deficientia1 eorumque redituum paupertate1 qui dum prius ex decimis alebantur2 deinde1 his subtractis1 assignata est pro quolibet parocho1 certa pensio1 independenter omnino a populorum numero1 vel parochiarum quas quilibet regit4 ,concinnata itaque hac ratione fuerunt proposita ab ,episcopo dubia4 ,i4 8,utrum haec consuetudo secundam ,missam celebrandi1 toleranda sit in omnibus praedictis ecclesiis adnexis1 ubi hic mos ita invaluit1 ut populus etiam ius ad illam exigendam existimet se habere04 ,,ii4 8,utrum ,parochus necessario debeat illam secundam ,missam applicare pro ,populo sicuti primam1 vel liberam retineat illius applicationem cum stipendio04 ,,iii4 8,utrum licentiam dare queat ,episcopus ad illam secundam ,missam celebrandam in casibus similibus1 et in locis ubi talis consuetudo usque adhuc non invaluit04 ,,iv4 8,utrum praesertim praedictam licentiam concedere possit tempore collectionis messium1 cum plurimi operarii in uno praedio seu villa concurrant1 qui certe missam non audirent1 nisi ,parochus secundam in eo loco diceret1 ex eo quod alius ,sacerdos ad illam dicendam haberi non possit04 ,,disceptatio ,,synoptica4 ,quoad missae iterationem4,ex officio1 haec praecipua capita iuris proponebantur ,s4 ,congregationi4 ,praemissa nempe notione historica disciplinae quae successive hanc missarum iterationem moderata est1 allegabatur caput #c de celebrat4 missar4 in quo ita sanxit ,innocentius ,,iii4 8,excepto die ,nativitatis ,dominicae nisi causa necessitatis suadeat1 sufficit ,sacerdoti semel in die unam ,missam solummodo celebrare04 ,ubi verbum sufficit1 non convenientiam aliquam commendat1 sed veram praeceptum continet1 ceu etiam docuit ,benedict4 ,,xiv4 in ,const4 ,declarasti nobis4 ,quaenam porro debeat esse necessitas ab ,innocentio indicata1 licet disputaverint de ea ,doctores1 hodie1 praesertim post hanc ,benedicti ,,xiv4 ,constitutionem1 illa est 7subiungebatur7 qua reperitur presbiter qui duas habeat paroecias1 et in alterutram nequeat ,populus convenire1 nec alius habeatur presbiter praeter ,parochum1 qui missam possit celebrare4 ,et similis reputatur etiam casus quo ,parochus etsi non praesit duabus paroeciis1 tamen vel duos regat inter se dissitos populos1 quorum unus ob magnam locorum distantiam1 assistere non possit ,parocho celebranti1 vel etiam si una sit ,ecclesia1 quae universum ,populum simul capere non possit4 ,extra huiusmodi necessitatis casus1 neque consuetudo1 etsi vetustissima suffragari potest ,missarum iterationi1 ut ,s4 ,c4 ,c4 in ,dertusen #bj ,augusti #agfh1 et alibi censuit4 ,adnotabatur vero in facto quod licet haberetur generica presbiterorum deficientia1 tamen ex ea argui non poterat vera necessitas in qualibet paroecia4 ,caeterum observabatur1 distantiam ,ecclesiarum quae filiales nuncupabantur1 a ,parochiali ,ecclesia1 ab uno circiter lapide1 usque ad tria et quatuor passuum millia protendi3 et fideles in multis ,ecclesiis usque ad biscentum et sexcentum ascendere1 quamvis in nonnullis1 non nisi quinque vel decem tantum1 reperiantur4 ,ob quas peculiares circumstantias1 exponebatur responsio ,s4 ,c4 in casu non absimili1 proposito per ,summaria precum die #ab ,ianuarii #ahdg in ,lingonen4 ,in eo enim pariter agebatur ,i4 de consuetudine qua nonnulli animarum ,pastores1 ,missam iterabant eodem die2 et aderat ,,ii4 quaedam ,communitas1 uno circiter lapide1 a ,parochiali ,ecclesia separata1 constans viginti circiter personis4 ,et ,s4 ,c4 respondit3 8,scribatur ,episcopo ut concedat bis ,missam celebrandi licentiam1 quatenus eae circumstantiae1 et praecisae necessitatis casus concurrant1 quos ,benedict4 ,,xiv4 in sua ,const4 ,declarasti nobis requirit2 in casu vero quem idem orator proponit1 7seu in secundo casu7 licentiam esse concedendam04 ,quando applicanda non est secunda missa pro populo4,quod attinet vero ad applicationem secundae ,missae pro populo1 afferebatur ,resolutio ,s4 ,c4 ,c4 in ,lucen4 applicationis ,missarum #ab ,martii #aggd in qua proposito dubio3 8,an ,parochi duabus ,ecclesiis parochialibus praepositi1 teneantur ,dominicis1 aliisque ,festis diebus1 ,missam in unaquaque ,ecclesia sive per se sive per alios applicare pro populo in casu0 responsum prodiit3 ,affirmative1 exceptis tantum parochiis unitis1 unione plenaria et extinctiva1 et scribatur ,episcopo iuxta instructionem4 ,instructio vero continebat3 ,s4 ,congregationem nunquam dubitasse1 quod ,parochi teneantur applicationi supradictae ,missae pro populo singulis diebus ,dominicis1 et ,festis in unaquaque ex ,ecclesiis ,parochialibus quae vel aeque principaliter1 vel subiective coniunctae sunt1 atque incorporatae2 cum applicatio unius tantummodo ,missae pro populo1 locum habeat in iis parochialibus quae invicem adeo unitae et coniunctae atque incorporatae sunt1 ut ex duabus una prorsus cum extinctione tituli alterius evaserit4 ,in praesenti autem facto quamvis ex deductis non poterat certo determinari natura unionis1 animadvertebatur tamen1 non deesse indicia quae videbantur excludere plenariam et extinctivam unionem4 ,caeterum1 subinagebatur1 si ,parochi iterare ,missam deberent1 non ratione duplicis ,paroeciae1 sed solummodo ratione necessitatis1 quamvis secundam ,missam ad libitum applicare possent1 nullam tamen pro hac celebratione recipere possunt eleemosynam2 quod dici etiam debet de quolibet ,sacerdote qui nullam habeat animarum curam1 ceu omissis ceteris1 definitum fuit in ,cameracen4 ,missae pro ,populo #be ,septemb4 #aheh1 cuius resoluta dubia videbis inferius4 ,resolutio ,dubiorum4,sacra ,congregatio ,concilii die #bb ,februarii #ahfb respondere censuit3 ad ,i4 et ,,iii4 affirmative iudicio ,episcopi1 nulla habita ratione consuetudinis1 et quatenus in unoquoque casu concurrant circumstantiae necessitatis ad formam ,constitutionis ,benedectinae et ,declarationis sacrae ,congregationis diei #ad ,octobris #ahdc relatae in ,cameracen4 ,missae pro ,populo #be ,septembris #aheh4 ,ad ,,ii4 dentur resolutiones in ,cameracen4 diei #be ,sept4 #aheh4 ,ad ,,iv4 provisum in praecedentibus4 ,haec porro est indicata declaratio1 ipsis verbis quibus in citata ,cameracen4 reperitur4 8,de adiunctis ,amplitudinis tuae precibus cum ad ,s,smum4 ,dominum ,nostrum relatum fuerit placuit cidem ,sanctitati ,suae1 eadem et tibi dare responsa quae ad alios quoque ,antistites1 per hanc ,sacram ,congregationem ,concilii transmissa sunt4 ,ordinariorum scilicet esse de re cognoscere et perpendere1 num revera necessitas urgeat ut ,sacerdos duas ,missas celebrare cogatur1 nec aliter utendum concessa hac iteratione1 quam iuxta conditiones ab ipsis apponendas1 habita locorum1 populorum1 et paucitatis ,sacerdotum1 ac proinde verae necessitatis ratione de qua legatur ,benedicti ,,xiv4 ,constitutio ,declarasti ''' ad ,episcopum ,oscensem anni #agdf1 et in eius apere ,de sacrificio ,missae lib4 #c cap4 #e1 et #f4 ,ipsorum vero conscientia oneratur stricte1 nec permissio concedatur generaliter1 quasi privilegium alicui ,sacerdoti2 sed ob peculiares casus1 et necessitatis causa1 ab ipso examinata1 qui praeterea moneat ,parochos quibus facultatem iterum1 eadem die1 secundam ,missam celebrandi concesserit1 ne eleemosynam vel stipendium a quovis et sub quocumque pretextu1 pro ea percipiant1 iuxta decreta alias edita a ,s4 ,congregatione1 sed eam pro populo sibi commisso gratis applicent04 ,resolutiones vero quae in ,cameracen4 reperiuntur quibus ,s4 ,c4 ,c4 censuit ad secundum propositum superius dubium respondere1 sunt sequentes4 ,cum in ,cameracen4 quaereretur4 ,i4 8,an ,parochus qui duas ,parochias regit et ideo bis in die celebrat1 utrique ,parochiae suam missam applicare teneatur non obstante redituum exiguitate04 ,,ii4 8,an ,parochus1 qui in una eademque ,parochia1 bis eadem die celebrat1 utramque ,missam populo sibi commisso1 gratis applicare omnino teneatur04 ,,iii4 8,an ,vicarii aut alii ,sacerdotes curam animarum non habentes1 si quando1 bis in die celebrant ut fit quandoque1 seu ut numero sufficienti1 ,missae in ,ecclesia ,parochiali celebrentur1 seu ut ,hospitalia1 ,carceres1 sanctimonialium ,conventus1 ,missa non careant1 secundum et ipsi ,missam pro populo gratis applicare teneantur04 8,et quatenus affirmative ad ,i4 ,,ii4 et ,,iii404 ,,iv4 8,an et quomodo concedendum sit ,parochis1 qui diebus dominicis aliisque festis bis celebrant1 ut unius ,missae liberam habeant applicationem1 et stipendium pro ea recipere valeant in casu04 ,v4 8,an et quomodo concedendum sit ,sacerdotibus curam animarum non habentibus1 quoad utramque ,missam in casu04 ,sacra ,congregatio ,concilii die praedicta respondit3 ,ad ,i4 ,affirmative4 ,ad ,,ii4 ,negative firma prohibitione recipiendi eleemosynam pro secunda ,missa4 ,ad ,,iii4 ,negative quatenus curam animarum non habeant1 firma semper prohibitione recipiendi eleemosynam pro secunda ,missa4 ,ad ,,iv4 ,negative1 et ,episcopus provideat ad formam ,constitutionis ,benedicti ,,xiv4 8,cum semper oblatas 4 #h04 ,ad ,v4 provisum in tertio4 ,,ex ,,quibus ,,omnibus ,,breviter ,,colliges3 ,i4 ,extra verae necessitatis casus1 ,missam iterare non licere4#bj ,,ii4 ,huius necessitatis existentiam agnoscendam esse ab ,episcopo singulis in casibus1 prae oculis habito criterio seu norma1 quam tradit ,benedictus ,,xiv4 in ,constit4 ,declarasti1 et in eius opere de ,sacrificio ,missae lib4 #c4 cc4 #e et #f4ba ,,iii4 ,qua necessitate cognita ,episcopum permittere debere hanc ,missae iterationem1 non quidem generaliter et ad instar privilegii1 sed secundum cognitam necessitatem1 appositis etiam conditionibus opportunis1 a ,sacerdotibus omnino servandis4 ,,iv4 ,neque allegari posse consuetudinem1 quamvis immemorialem1 veluti titulum ad ,missam legitime iterandam quae consuetudo ex se sola1 dicenda est potius corruptela4 ,v4 ,colliges insuper1 nunquam recipi posse eleemosynam pro secunda ,missa celebranda1 quicumque sit qui eam celebret1 neque ad hanc eleemosynam recipiendam1 allegari posse titulum egestatis1 seu defectus redituum4#bb ,,vi4 ,imo ,parochum teneri secundam ,pro populo1 sicut primam1 gratis1 diebus festis applicare1 in parochiis unitis1 excepto casu in quo ,parochiarum unio talis sit1 ex qua unica prorsus parochia exurgat4 ,,ii4 ,,letter ,,from ,,prof4 ,,ubaghs ,,to ,,the ,,cardinal ,,archbishop ,,of ,,malines4 ,,minence ,r,v,,rendissime1 ,je viens avant tout confirmer par crit la dclaration1 que j'ai eu l'honneur de vous faire oralement1 de ma soumission entire et absolue aux dcrets de la ,s4 ,congrgation de4 l',index#bc de #ahdc et #ahdd et celui de ,leurs ,eminences les ,cardinaux de l',index et du ,saint-,office1 runis le #ba septembre #ahfd1 avec la promesse formelle de me conformer exactement ces trois dcrets4 ,ensuite1 sans vouloir restreindre ou affaiblir en rien cette soumission complte1 j'ai l'honneur de trasmettre ,votre ,eminence les explications que j'ai demand de pouvoir ,lui prsenter1 afin de justifier ma bonne foi et de montrer que1 si pendant vingt ans je n'ai pas satisfait aux dcrets de la ,s4 ,congregation de l',index1 ce n'est point par manque de respect et de soumission aux jugements des ,congrgations romaines1 mais uniquement parce que1 jusqu'au moment o le dcret du #ba ,septembre #ahfd m'a t notifi1 je croyais trs-sincrement m'y tre conform4 ,je dclare tout d'abord et d'une manire bien nette qu'en cela je me suis tromp2 les deux ,congrgations runies ayant dcid que je n'avais pas satisfait1 il ne saurait plus y avoir de doute cet gard2 aussi n'y en a-t-il aucun dans ma propre pense ni dans ma conviction intime4 ,mes explications ont donc pour but unique de montrer que pendant vingt ans j'ai t dans une erreur absolument involontaire1 et que jamais je n'ai prouv la moindre hsitation dans mes sentiments de respectueuse et entire soumission aux ordres1 aux conseils et aux dsirs du ,saint-,sige1 soumission que je considre comme le premier devoir de tout catholique4 ,pour qu'on puisse juger de ma bonne foi1 ,votre ,eminence me permettra de rappeler quelques faits et de citer quelques documents4 ,au mois de ,septembre #ahdc1 mon ami1 ,m4 le comte ,van der ,vrecken1 qui pendant l't avait fait un voyage ,rome1 m'apprit1 dans une conversation particulire1 que mes ouvrages taient dfrs la ,s4 ,congrgation de l',index4 ,craignant que mes principes n'eussent t mal exposs1 je fis des dmarches pour obtenir que les chefs d'accusation me fussent communiqus et qu'ainsi je pusse fournir des explications4 ,deux mois plus tard1 je reus de la part du secrtaire d',etat1 ,s4 ,em4 le cardinal ,lambruschini1 par l'intermdiaire de ,son ,excellence le ,nonce apostolique et ,votre ,eminence ,rvrendissime1 les cinq propositions contenues dans le dcret du #bc juin #ahdc4 ,la pice qui me fut communique ne renfermait point les mots3 8,observationes ,s4 ,indicis ,congregationis diei #bc junii #ahdc4 ,rev4 ,d4 ,ubaghs in sua ,theodicea1 et interdum etiam in ,logica1 subsequentes propositiones docet1 quas ,s4 ,congregatio ,indici praeposita emendandas esse judicat04 ,elle ne contenait pas non plus les mots suivants3 8,hae sunt praecipuae sententiae quae in praedicto libro corrigendae videntur4 ,monet igitur ,s4 ,congregatio ,rev4 ,auctorem1 ut nova aliqua editione librum suum emendandum curet1 atque interim in scholasticis suis lectionibus ab iis sententiis dicendis abstinere velit04 ,la pice qui me fut remise porte simplement3 8,docet auctor in ,theodicea et interdum etiam in ,logica seqq4 propositiones01 avec les cinq propositions4 ,en recevant cette communication1 j'ai compris que je devais fournir des explications et des claircissements au sujet de ces cinq propositions4 ,je croyais que la ,s4 ,congrgation de l',index1 ayant gard ma position de professeur l',universit catholique de ,louvain1 avait daign m'appliquer le #aj de la constitution de ,benoit ,,xiv1 ,sollicita ac provida1 et n'avait pas voulu porter de jugement dfinitif avant de m'avoir entendu4 ,c'est dans cette persuasion que je m'empressai de rdiger un ,mmoire explicatif et justificatif1 que votre ,eminence a bien voulu transmettre ,rome4 ,un tel mmoire1 en prsence d'un jugement que j'aurais considr comme dfinitif1 aurait t de ma part un manque de respect4 ,ce n'est pas ainsi que la ,s4 ,congrgation l'a apprci4 ,elle a daign accueillir mes explications avec bienveillance comme en tmoigne une lettre de ,monseigneur ,pecci1 ,nonce apostolique ,bruxelles3 cette lettre accompagnait la communication du dcret de #ahdd1 et celle me fut transmise par ,votre ,eminence4 ,en voici la teneur3 8,bruxelles1 ,nonciature ,apostolique1 ,n #bbg4 8,,minence ,r,v,,rendissime1 8,j'ai reu de ,rome la rponse qu'on attendait avec impatience en gard de l'ouvrage du professeur ,ubaghs4,quoique les explications que celui-ci avait remises aient t hautement apprcies1 on a cru nanmoins qu'il serait prudent et ncessaire d'introduire dans la nouvelle rimpression les corrections qui sont marques dans la feuille qui m'a t envoye par le ,secrtaire d',etat1 et que j'ai l'honneur de remettre ci-jointe ,son ,eminence ,votre ,rvrendissime1 afin qu'elle daigne de la faire parvenir au susdit ,professeur avec injonction de vouloir bien dans sa nouvelle publication se conformer aux dsirs qui par la ,s4 ,congrgation ont t manifests1 de manire qu'elle soit rgle par les principes de sa religion et de sa probit1 surtout quand il doit parler de ce qui est trs-essentiel1 c'est--dire de l'existence de ,dieu4 8,en portant la connaissance de ,s4 ,e4 ,votre ,r le rsultat de cette affaire1 je suis charg de la part de ,s4 ,eminence le ,secrtaire d',etat de dclarer que 'a t prcisment en egard de l'empressement et des recommandations trs-respectables de ,v4 ,eminence qu'on a tch que le jugement attendu fut au plutt prononc pour en donner ensuite sans retardement la communication ncessaire4 8,en m'acquittant ainsi des ordres qui m'ont t donnes1 j'ai l'honneur1 etc41 etc4 8,bruxelles1 #bc septembre #ahdd4 87,signe7 ,j4 ,archevque de ,damiette1 ,nonce ,apostolique4 ,ds que j'eus reu le dcret de #ahdd1 que cette lettre accompagnait1 je me htai de prparer une nouvelle dition de la ,logique et de la ,thodice1 en y introduisant les corrections que j'estimais ncessaires pour rpondere aux dsirs de la ,s4 ,congrgation de l',index4 ,ces corrections n'ont pas t suffisantes4 ,c'est un point qui est aujourd'hui dfinitivement jug4 ,mais jusqu'au moment o j'ai eu connaissance du decret du #ba septembre #ahfd1 j'ai cru tres-sincrement qu'elles l'taient4 ,je prie ,votre ,eminence de me permettre d'entrer ici dans quelques details4 ,les faits que j'ai rappels tablissent comment j'ai t amen considerr le dcret de #ahdd comm tant le seul dcret dfinitif rendu mon gard4 ,quant ce decret1 il renferme1 entre autres1 les expressions suivantes3 8,pauca quaedam loca in opere quod a cl4 viro ,g4 ,c4 ,ubaghs anno #ahdd ,lovanii editum est et inscribitur ,theodiceae seu ,theologiae naturalis elementa adnotanda esse videntur1 ut doctissimus auctor1 additis quibusdam illustrationibus1 obortas circa eiusdem operis intelligentiam difficultates e medio tollere possit''''''8,in his omnibus mens doctissimi auctoris paulo clarius explicanda videtur1 ne quis inde occasionem sumat vim elevandi argumentorum quae ,dei existentiam demonstrant'''''',plura alia eiusdem generis ibi obvia sunt quae contra mentem auctoris forte in alienos sensus torqueri possent04,ces termes me firent supposer que la ,s4 ,congrgation n'avait pas voulu me signaler des erreurs de doctrine corriger1 ni des principes faux abandonner1 mais qu'elle me demandait seulement des claircissements et des explications propres faire mieux comprendre ma pense4 ,c'est l ce qui explique le langage que j'ai tenu dans la prface de ma ,logique en #ahdd et dans une lettre rcente ,son ,eminence le ,cardinal ,altieri1 ,prf4 de la ,s4 ,congrgation de l',index4 ,en #ahde je remis ,monseigneur ,pecci1 ,nonce ,apostolique1 deux exemplaires de la nouvelle dition de la ,logique et de la ,thodice1 en priant ,son ,excellence de vouloir bien les faire parvenir ,rome1 afin que la ,s4 ,congrgation pt juger si les additions et les changements introduits rpondaient entirement aux voeux exprims par elle4 ,a plusieurs reprises je reus des assurances qui me persuadrent que j'avais fait ce qui m'tait demand4 ,les documents dont je veux parler n'ayant pas t approuvs par la ,s4 ,congrgation ni surtout par le ,souverain-,pontife1 ils n'ont de valeur que pour justifier ma bonne foi2 aussi c'est ce titre seul que je les invoque4 ,parmi ces documents qu'il me soit permis de transcrire ici la lettre que m'addressa1 en #ahdf1 le ,t4 ,r4 ,p4 ,degola1 secrtaire de la ,congrgation de l',index4 ,la voici3 ,,reverende ,,domine1 ,quamquam scio id ,tibi ab aliis iam nuntiatum1 quod ego his litteris dicturus sum1 attamen ut postulationi tuae1 nec non ,em4 ,card4 praefecti mandato morem geram1 libenter significo1 declarationes illas atque varietates1 quas monente ,s4 ,congregatione in novissima tuorum operum ,logicae ac ,theodiceae editione fideliter abundanterque effecisti1 voto ac sententiae eiusdem ,s4 ,congregationis prorsus respondisse4 ,quam ob rem docilitati tuae1 prout par est1 gratulor1 et ut de sacris humanisque doctrinis1 pro tuo excellenti ingenio et religioni1 bene mereri pergas1 plurimum opto4 ,vale4 ,romae kal4 ,septembris #ahdf4 ,humill4 devotis4 servus ,,fr4 ,,th4 ,,antoninus ,,degola1 ,o4 ,p4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4 ,secret4 ,finalement1 je le dclare de nouveau1 j'aurai le plus grand soin de me conformer scrupuleusement aux dcrets manes du ,saint-,sige1 et je m'empresserai de corriger1 le plus tt possible1 mes ouvrages selon les prescriptions de ces dcrets4 ,j'ai la confiance1 ,eminence ,rvrendissime1 que les explications dans les quelles je viens d'entrer suffiront pour montrer que je n'ai jamais vari dans mes sentiments de soumission absolue aux dcrets du ,sige apostolique1 l'oracle de la vrit4 ,comme ,votre ,eminence a t charge de me communiquer les susdits dcrets1 je serais heureux qu',elle daignt aussi me servir d'intermdiaire pour faire parvenir aux pieds du ,vicaire de ,jsus-,christ l'expression de ma soumission la plus respectueuse et la plus complte4 ,vuillez agrer1 ,monseigneur1 l'hommage des sentiments de profond respect avec lesquels j'ai l'honneur d'tre4 ,louvain1 le #ad ,november1 #ahfd4 ,de ,votre ,eminence le trs-humble et trs-obissant serviteur1 7,sign7 ,g4 ,c4 ,,ubaghs4 ,,notices ,,of ,,books4 ,i4 ,acta ex iis decerpta quae apud ,sanctam ,sedem geruntur1 in compendium opportune redacta et illustrata4 ,romae3 ,typis ,polyglottae officinae ,s4 ,c4 ,de ,propaganda ,fide1 ,eq4 ,petro ,marietti1 ejusdem ,s4 ,c4 ,socio administro edente1 #ahfe4 #hvo4 pagg4 #bf4 ,a brilliant writer has left a well-known sketch of the life and bustle of the ,appian ,way in the days when pagan ,rome was ruler of the world4 ,that great highwayleading from the capital to the ,eastern provinceswas ever thronged by a ceaseless crowd of men1 engaged in the varied business1 and swayed by the various interests1 that centre in the seat of a mighty government4 ,through the chair of ,st4 ,peter1 ,christian ,rome has been made the seat of an empire surpassing that of pagan ,rome1 by as much as the power of religion surpasses that of the sword4 ,each line of the network of railways and telegraphs with which modern progress has girded the globe1 is in itself a new ,appian ,way1 by which some distant country communicate1 on its spiritual concerns with ,rome2 and there is this difference between the pagan and the ,christian governors1 that1 whereas the acts of the former were of but passing interest1 those of the latter are laws forever2 and while the former concerned only individual powers or states1 the latter become directing principles for the entire ,christian world4 ,the acts of the several congregations which assist the ,holy ,father in the ecclesiastical government of the world1 are of great importance to the ,church1 and a knowledge of these acts must be of the utmost value to those who govern dioceses or parishes4 ,hence1 all will hail with pleasure the appearance of the first number of the monthly periodical we have now before us4 ,the title declares that it is not intended to publish in it a full report of all the ecclesiastical business transacted at ,rome4 ,a very large share of that business1 of its very nature1 demands secrecy from its close connection with matters of conscience2 many other cases are of no interest except to the parties immediately concerned2 but1 after these exceptions1 there still remains an ample supply of decisions which throw light upon the practice of the ,church in many things1 and show how the laws of the ,church are applied to novel cases that occur as time goes on and events progress4 ,the ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record has aimed at keeping its readers acquainted with new decisions of this kind4 ,the work before us proposes to effect this for all1 and to effect it fully and completely4 ,it will do even more than this4 ,besides a brief1 yet clear statement of the facts of each case1 it will furnish the heads of the arguments adduced pro and contra before the ,congregation1 either ex officio by the secretary of the ,congregation1 or by the advocates engaged upon the case2 and finally1 it will give the authentic decision of the ,congregation4 ,besides1 it will draw attention to such theoretical or practical principles as may be of use in dealing with similar cases whenever they may occur1 and in explanation of difficult points will add such remarks as may be necessary4 ,such documents as have been directly published by the ,holy ,see will be given in full whenever they regard ,canon ,law2 in those not directly published by the ,holy ,see1 the names of persons and places will be thoroughly suppressed or altered1 and the substance of the fact only will be given in the way in which moral cases are usually proposed4 ,the contents of the first number are as follows4 ,after the preface there is a full discussion of the important practical question touching missarum iterationem1 applicationem missae pro populo1 et receptionem eleemosynae4 ,this discussion1 with the decision of the ,congregation1 etc41 we have given above4 ,next follows3 ,circa nullitatem matrimonii ratione1 raptus4 ,next follows3 ,juris funerandi et restitutionis emolumentorum seu causa orta1 occasione publici coemeterii noviter erecti4 ,next comes an appendix1 quod jus funerandi 7pag4 #bd74 ,we shall have frequent occasion for the future to recur to this valuable collection4 ,,ii4 ,grammar of ,gregorian and ,modern ,music4 ,originally compiled by the ,very ,rev4 ,l4 ,f4 ,renehan1 ,d4,d41 late ,president of ,saint ,patrick's ,college1 ,maynooth4 ,new and enlarged edition1 containing numerous exercises1 the ,gregorian ,chants for ,high ,mass and the ,divine ,office2 ,litanies of the ,blessed ,virgin1 instructions regarding the use of the organ1 etc4 ,by the ,rev4 ,richard ,hackett1 ,professor1 ,saint ,patrick's ,college1 ,maynooth4 ,dublin3 ,james ,duffy4 #ahfe1 xxiv4#big4 #abmo4 ,this useful book is divided into five parts4 ,the first part 7p4 #a-fh7 is a reprint of the ,choir ,manual published by the late ,dr4 ,renehan for the use of the students of ,saint ,patrick's ,college1 ,maynooth1 and republished with additions in #aheh by the accomplished editor1 or rather author1 of the work under notice4 ,this part contains a complete explanation of the theory and notation of ,gregorian music1 with some elementary instructions in modern ,italian music4 ,the remaining four parts and appendix 7p4 #fi-big7 we owe to the ,rev4 ,r4 ,hackett himself4 ,the purpose of his labour has been to supply ecclesiastical students in this country with a complete manual of the principal chants which are sung at ,high ,mass1 ,solemn ,vespers1 ,benediction1 ,mass and ,office for the ,dead1 etc4 ,with this view he has collected into the second part an abundant supply of exercises on the intervals ordinarily in use in ,gregorian music1 together with a selection of easy chants in which these intervals occur4 ,part the third contains the principal chants of the office for the dead1 of the ,mass for the dead1 and instructions on the method of chanting prayers4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that there should exist a difference between the ,roman method of chanting prayers and that in use in some dioceses in ,ireland4 ,we hope that1 as far as ,ireland is concerned1 by help of the judicious selection of ,roman chants given in this work1 we may soon be able to say with ,guidetti 7quoted by our author at page #acd71 though in another sense1 semper et ubique sic cantatur4 ,the present want of uniformity1 appears still more unseemly when we learn 7p4 #aeh7 that the epistle and gospel of the ,mass for the dead are often chanted according to the ,roman method in many dioceses in which the ,irish intonation is used on other occasions4 ,part the fourth contains chants for ,high ,mass4 ,part the fifth sets forth the chants for vespers1 chants for ,holy ,week1 including those used at the blessing of the oils on ,holy ,thursday1 and miscellaneous chants4 ,a great deal of most useful information is condensed in the five short appendixes which complete the work1 respectively headed3 directions for the choir and organist at ,high ,massuse of the organ at solemn vespersplaying of the organ at ,mass and the ,divine ,office1 when prohibiteddirections for chanting the ,divine ,office,office for the ,dead,gregorian and modern musiccharacter of sacred musicinstrumental accompaniments and symphoniesvernacular chants4 ,in drawing up these instructions1 the author has had recourse to the safest guides4 ,his counsels are in exact accordance with the ,caeremoniale ,episcoporum1 the ,constitution ,annus qui nunc of ,benedict ,,xiv41 the decrees of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites1 and the teaching of approved writers4 ,the ,grammar has one other merit to which we wish to draw attention4 ,scattered here and there throughout the work1 wherever the subject requires or permits1 we find passages from the ,milanese ,councils of ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 or from the works of ,cardinal ,wiseman1 or from other sources1 which serve to inspire youthful ecclesiastics with a true estimate of the majesty of the ,liturgy1 and to draw their attention to those treasures of tender grace which it contains4 ,it is pious and wise thus to remind ecclesiastics that it is the ,vox ,sponsae which speaks from their lips in the ,divine ,office4 ,footnotes3 #a ,see ,ex41 iii4 #bb38;,but every woman shall borrow of her neighbour1 and of her that sojourneth in her house1 vessels of silver1 and vessels of gold1 and raiment2 and you shall put them upon your sons and upon your daughters1 and you shall spoil ,egypt04 #b ,it is unnecessary to make any distinction between wives and concubines1 because this distinction cannot in any way affect the present argument4 #c ,the ,hebrew text in v4 #ah seems not quite clear4 ,the interpretation we have given is supported by the ,septuagint and the ,english ,protestant version4 ,according to the ,vulgate1 ,caleb had but two wives1 ,azuba and ,ephrath4 #d ,aristotle1 for example1 says that 8twins are common in ,egypt2 even three or four at a birth1 not rare0 7,hist4 ,anim41 vii4 #d74 ,and ,pliny tells us1 that 8for a woman to have more than three children at a birth is accounted a portent except in ,egypt0 7,hist4 ,nat41 vii4 #d74 #e ,this is the true reading according to the ,hebrew1 the ,septuagint1 and the authorized version4 ,the ,vulgate has1 8,filius ,phallu ,eliab04 ,a similar example however1 occurs1 ,i4 ,paral41 ii4 #h4 8,and the sons of ,ethan1 ,azariah04 ,here the ,vulgate agrees with the other versions4 #f ,an ,essay on the ,principle of ,population4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,vol4 i41 p4 #eag4 #g ,id4 ,ib4 8,throughout all the northern provinces the population was found to double itself in twenty-five years4 ,the original number of persons which had settled in the four provinces of ,new ,england in #afdc1 was #ba1bjj4 ,afterwards it was calculated that more left them than went to them4 ,in the year #agfj they were increased to half a million4 ,they had1 therefore1 all along doubled their number in twenty-five years4 ,in ,new ,jersey the period of doubling appeared to be twenty-two years1 and in ,rhode ,island still less4 ,in the back settlements1 where the inhabitants applied themselves solely to agriculture1 and luxury was not known1 they were supposed to double their number in fifteen years04 ,he adds in a note3 8,speaking of ,rhode ,island1 ,dr4 ,styles says that though the period of doubling for the whole colony is twenty-five years1 yet that it is different in different parts1 and within land is twenty and fifteen years04 p4 #eah4 #h ,see 8,tracts0 of ,i4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 ii1 an4 #ahdc1 pag4 #aai4 #i ,or ,pierevill1 from the place of his birth in ,suffolk4 #aj ,the ,bull appointing him to ,ossory is dated 8,sexto ,kalend4 ,octobris1 #adjj01 and the ,see is described as vacant per obitum ,johannis ,epi4 extra curiam defuncti4 #aa ,bremond1 in ,bullario ,ord4 ,praed4 iii4 #fd1 mentions a 8,richardus ,wichelei1 ,winchelsey1 vel ,wicherlsi01 who was appointed to our see anno circiter #adhj4 ,the ,belgium ,dominicanum fixes the precise date of his appointment as #adgi1 and we see no reason for excluding him from the list of the successors of ,st4 ,canice4 ,he must1 however1 have resigned the same year1 though1 perhaps1 the title may have been continued through courtesy1 even in #adha1 as mentioned by ,de ,burgo1 pag4 #dgf4 ,some1 however1 have supposed that this bishop's see was ,ossonensis1 to which we find ,dominican bishops more than once appointed in the ,bullarium above referred to4 #ab 8,vocacyon0 in ,harl4 ,miscell41 vi4 p4 #dab1 seqq4 #ac ,mant1 ,hist41 i4 #bai4 #ad ,we learn these facts from ,bale himself1 in the preface to his ,centur4 ,script4 ,britt4 ,also from ,harris's ,ware1 pag4 #daf4 #ae ,cox1 i4 #cjj4 #af ,see ,prendergast's ,cromwell's ,settlement of ,ireland1 pag4 #aef 7,london1 #ahfe74 #ag ,the ,constitution of #ahae above mentioned4 #ah ,mgr4 de ,ram died in ,louvain on the evening of ,sunday1 ,may #adth4 ,the funeral obsequies were celebrated on ,thursday the #ahth1 and he was interred on ,friday the #aith1 at ,nylen1 near ,lieure1 where he had his country residence4 ,on the #bhth of ,june there was a second solemn funeral service1 at which the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,malines presided1 and the ,bishop of ,ghent1 and the whole professorial body of the ,university attended4 ,on the #gth of ,july the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland assisted at a solemn ,requiem in the ,university ,church1 ,stephen's ,green1 ,dublin4 ,the ,archbishop of ,dublin presided at the ,mass1 which was celebrated by the ,bishop of ,limerick2 and a funeral discourse in honour of the deceased prelate was read by the ,rector1 ,very ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,woodlock1 at a meeting of the ,university1 on ,sunday1 ,july #ith4 ,among the tokens of sympathy which it received on this sad occasion1 the ,university of ,louvain mentions the address of 8condolence with her elder sister from the ,catholic ,university of ,dublin01 as well as the condescension of our ,holy ,father1 in graciously sending by telegraph his apostolic benediction to the bereaved ,university4 #ai ,hic est titulus quo indicari solent causao seu dubia quae ,s4 ,congregationi ,concilii solvenda1 ab ,episcopis proponuntur quando exhibent relationem status suae ,dioecesis ,s4 ,sedi4 #bj ,excipe festum ,nativitatis diem1 vel ubi privilegium concessum est1 ,missam iterandi1 die commem4 omnium defunct4 #ba ,vid4 append4 ,i4 #bb ,errant itaque auctores illi etiam recentiores1 qui docent extra ,italiam posse recipi eleemosynam pro secunda ,missa1 quando reditus tenues sunt qui assignantur pro implemento proprii officii2 vel ex vi consuetudinis4 ,errant pariter cum docent extra ,italiam1 ,parochos non teneri missas applicare pro ,populo1 vigentibus illis rationibus1 ac cum dissimulant ,const4 ,benedicti ,,xiv4 ,cum semper oblatas1 utpote ad ,italiae ,episcopos directam2 non distinguentes ,constitutiones quae ad aliquam determinatam provinciam ideo diriguntur1 ut in ea peculiare ius statuant2 ab iis quae1 quamvis ad unam provinciam oeconomice dirigantur1 tamen commune ius declarant4 ,et reapse ,s4 ,c4 ,concilii1 in dirimendis dubiis1 circa missam pro ,populo1 extra ,italiam exortis1 secundum hanc ,constitutionem1 constanter iudicavit3 nec non ,s4 ,c4 de ,propaganda ,fide1 in varias orbis partes1 pro opportunitate1 veluti legem servandam hanc constitutionem transmisit4 ,caeterum quilibet in hac repraetextus sublatus est per ,constit4 regnantis ,pontificis quem ,deus incolumem diu servet1 quae incipit ,amantissimi ,redemptoris4 ,aliter est iudicandum1 cum agitur de locis ,missionum1 in quibus paroeciae1 canonice erectae non sunt4 ,de qua re exponemus suo loco1 doctrinam a ,s4 ,congregatione de ,propaganda ,fide1 accurate definitam4 #bc ,see ,i4 ,e4 ,record1 p4 #cdd4 ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling4 ,words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text4 ,these have been left unchanged unless indicated below4 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the book4 ,obvious printing errors1 such as backwards1 upside down1 or partially printed letters1 were corrected4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added4 ,diacriticals omitted or backwards in ,french words were corrected4 ,tables were reformatted to display in handheld devices4 ,the following spelling corrections were made3 incorparated3 ''' incorporated with the ,hebrew ''' that3 ''' than those of the present ''' ,petateuch3 ''' ,pentateuch itself ''' ,,frof3 ''' ,,prof4 ,,ubaghs ''' ,wultam3 ''' ,wultham1 and make him successor ''' ,congrgration3 ''' ,congrgation l'a apprci '''