,,e9/e9 ,,! ,,se>*] ,,8 ,,"w ,,expla9$ ,,f ,,dialogues ,,) ,,e9/e9 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,moszk[ski ,,translat$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,l4 ,,brose ,,me?u5 ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,w4,c4 ,,london ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,! book :i* is h]e) pres5t$ to ! public has few contempor>ies ( a l nature2 x des]ves special att5tion inasmu* z x is illum9at$ by ! "n ,alb]t ,e9/e91 & deals ) a p]sonality ^: a*ievem5ts m>k a turn+-po9t 9 ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,e inve/igator1 :o enl>ges our vision by "s p]man5t discov]y1 becomes a mile/one on ! road to k1 & great w\ld be ! array ( ^? :o h def9$ ! /ages ( ! long av5ue ( rese>*4 ,"o might endeav\r1 !n1 to decide to :om mank9d owes ! great] debt1 to ,euclid or to ,ar*im$es1 to ,plato or to ,ari/otle1 to ,desc>tes or to ,pascal1 to ,lagrange or to ,gauss1 to ,kepl] or to ,cop]nicus4 ,"o w\ld h to inve/igate--z f> z ?is is possible--9 h[ f> ea* out/&+ p]sonality 0 9 advance ( 8 "t1 :e!r "s contempor>y might n h _h ! equal good =tune to /umble on ! same discov]y1 & :e!r1 inde$1 ! "t _h n come :5 x mu/ inevitably h be5 reveal$4 ,if we !n fur!r select$ only ^? :o saw f> beyond _! own age into ! inimitable future ( k1 ?is great numb] ( celebrities w\ld be consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,we %\ld glance away f ! mile/ones1 & fix our gaze on ! l>g] signs t d5ote ! l9es ( dem>cation ( ! sci5ces1 & among !m we %\ld f9d ! "n ( ,alb]t ,e9/e94 ,we may f9d x necess>y to proce$ to a /ill m rigor\s classification2 ,sci5ce1 h]self1 may re>range h] *ronological table lat]1 & reckon ! "t at :i* ,e9/e9's doctr9e fir/ appe>$ z ! beg9n+ ( an important era4 ,?is w\ld 9 itself ju/ify--nay1 r5d] imp]ative--! writ+ ( a book ab\t ,e9/e94 ,b ?is ne$ has already be5 satisfi$ on sev]al occasions1 & !re is ev5 n[ a consid]able am\nt ( lit]ature ab\t him4 ,at ! end ( ?is g5]ation we %all possess a volum9\s libr>y compos$ entirely ( books ab\t ,e9/e94 ,! pres5t book w diff] f mo/ ( ^!1 9 t ,e9/e9 "h occurs n only objectively b also subjectively4 ,we %all1 ( c\rse1 speak ( him "h too1 b we %all also he> him speak himself1 & !re c be no d\bt t all :o are devot$ to ! _w ?\ght c b ga9 by li/5+ to him4 ,! title agrees ) ! circum/ance to :i* ?is book owes its bir?4 ,& 9 und]tak+ to address itself to ! circle ( read]s z to an audi5ce1 x promises mu* eloqu5ce t came f ,e9/e9's own lips1 dur+ h\rs ( social int]c\rse1 f> remov$ f academic purposes & n bas$ on any def9ite s*eme int5d$ = in/ruction4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be nei!r a c\rse ( lectures nor any?+ simil> aim+ at a sy/ematic ord] & developm5t4 ,nor is x a m]e phonographic record1 = ?is is made impossible if = no o!r reason ?an t :oev] has ! good =tune to conv]se ) ?is man1 f9ds e m9ute f> too preci\s to wa/e x 9 snat*+ mom5ts to take %or?& notes4 ,:at he has he>d & discuss$ cry/allizes itself 9 subsequ5t notes1 & to "s ext5t he relies on 8 memory1 :i* w\ld h to be extraord9>ily lax if x manag$ to =get ! ess5tials ( su* conv]sations4 ,b ^! ess5tials c\ld n be atta9$ by cl++ closely to ! exact t]ms ( utt]ance4 ,?is w\ld be a ga9 nei!r = ! s*eme ( ! book nor = ! read] :o wi%es to foll[ a great ?9k] 9 all ! ramifications ( 8 ideas4 ,x mu/ be reit]at$ t ?is book is int5d$ nei!r z a textbook nor z a guide lead+ to a complete sy/em ( ?\ght2 nor1 above all1 is x 9 any way due to ,e9/e91 nor desir$ by him4 ,any value & attraction ( ! book is r to be s\ght 9 its kaleidoscopic nature1 its loose connexion1 :i* expresses a g5]al mean+ )\t be+ n>r[$ to p$antic limits by a re/riction to lit]al repetition4 ,x is j ?is abs5ce ( ! me?od t is rightly dem&$ ( a textbook1 :i* may enable ^! conv]sations to pass on to ! _w a little ( ! pleasure :i* !y orig9ally gave me4 ,p]haps !y w ev5 be suffici5t to furni% ! read] ) a picture ( ! em95t sci5ti/1 suffici5t to give him a glimpse ( 8 p]sonality1 )\t dem&+ a detail$ /udy to secure ?is end4 ,ev5 "h ,i %\ld l to /ate t ! range ( ,e9/e9's g5ius ext5ds mu* fur!r ?an is g5]ally surmis$ by ^? :o h busi$ !mselves only ) ! actual physical !ory4 ,x s5ds out rays 9 all directions1 & br+s into view wond]ful cosmic features "u 8 /imulus--features :i* are1 ( c\rse1 emb$d$ 9 ! v refractory ma!matical %ell ( 8 physics :i* embraces ! :ole _w4 ,b only m9ds ( ! di/ant future1 p]haps1 w be 9 a position to realize t all our m5tal k is illum9at$ by ! light ( 8 doctr9e4 ,e9/e9's mission is t ( a k+ :o is pursu+ build+ op]ations on a l>ge scale2 c>t]s & workm51 ea* 9 _! own l9e1 receive employm5t = decades ahead4 ,b ap>t f ! te*nical "w1 !re may /ill be room = non-te*nical acc\nt1 :i*1 )\t foll[+ a def9ite programme1 yet pursues a def9ite object1 to (f] ,e9/e9iana 9 an easily intelligible & ev]-*ang+ =m1 to repres5t him1 z x 71 w&]+ ov] fields & mead[s1 & e n[ & !n /oop+ to pluck "s problem 9 ! guise ( a fl[]4 ,see+ t he grant$ me ! pleasure ( accompany+ him on ^! excursions1 x 0 n )9 my sph]e to expect 9 addition t he w\ld direct 8 /eps accord+ to a preconceiv$ plan4 ,(t5 en\gh ! goal vani%$1 & !re rema9$ no?+ b ! pleasure ( ! rambles !mselves ) ! consci\sness ( _! purpose4 ,z ,s*op5hau] rem>ks1 "o :o walks = leisure c nev] be said to be mak+ det\rs2 & ?is holds true indep5d5tly ( ! nature ( ! c\ntry t happ5s to be trav]s$ at ! mom5t4 ,if ,i j n[ m5tion$ walks on mead[y slopes1 ?is is n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,9 ,e9/e9's company "o enc\nt]s f mom5t to mom5t q sudd5ly "s adv5ture :i* de/roys our comp>ison ) idyllic rambles4 ,abysmal dep?s appe>1 & "o has to pass along dang]\s pa?ways4 ,x is at ^! mom5ts t unexpect$ views pres5t !mselves1 & _m /rips ( l&scape t1 accord+ to our previ\s e/imate1 appe>$ to be situat$ on high] slopes1 are n[ discov]$ repos+ f> bel[4 ,we are famili> ) ! ,w&]] ,fantasie ( ,s*ub]t2 its tonal disposition is reali/ic1 con=m+ to ,nature1 yet its g5]al expression is transc5d5tal3 s is a ramble ) ,e9/e92 he rema9s firmly implant$ 9 reality1 b ! di/ant views t he po9ts out /ret* into transc5d5tal regions4 ,he seems to me to be ess5tially z mu* an arti/ z a discov]]1 & if "s s5se ( ?is heav5-s5t comb9ation ( gifts %\ld be inspir$ by ?is book1 x alone w\ld ju/ify ! publication ( ^! talks4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,,x is sc>cely necess>y to enl>ge on ! scope & design ( ! pres5t book1 :i* manife/ !mselves at a glance4 ,! au?or m]its our ?anks = mak+ accessible to u mat]ial ab\t ,e9/e9 :i*1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 w\ld ev] rema9 unkn[n4 ,an acc\nt ( ,e9/e9's "w w\ld be incomplete )\t a sket* ( 8 p]sonality4 ,mr4 ,moszk[ski invites u to ramble ) ,e9/e9 into realms n conf9$ to pure physics4 ,_m subjects t h a peculi> int]e/ at ! pres5t critical /age ( ! _w's hi/ory receive illum9at+ att5tion4 ,x is hop$ t ! appe>ance ( ! book 9 ,engli% w /imulate fur!r int]e/ 9 ! ?\ght-_w ( a great sci5ti/4 ,w>m ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,raymond ,k]%aw1 ,b4,a41 & to my si/]1 ,miss ,hilda ,brose1 = help 9 read+ ! manuscript & ! pro(s4 ,,h5ry ,l4 ,,brose ,,ox=d1 #aiba ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,ph5om5a 9 ! ,heav5s ,,ii4 ,beyond our ,p[] ,,iii4 ,valhalla ,,iv4 ,education ,v4 ,! ,discov]] ,,vi4 ,( ,diff]5t ,worlds ,,vii4 ,problems ,,viii4 ,highways & ,by-ways ,,ix4 ,an ,exp]im5tal ,analogy ,x4 ,disconnect$ ,sugge/ions ,,xi4 ,e9/e9's ,life & ,p]sonality ,,index ,,e9/e9 ,,! ,,se>*] ,,*apt] ,i ,,ph5om5a ,,9 ,,! ,,heav5s ,proclamation ( ! ,new ,me*anics4--,v]ification ( ,!oretical ,results4--,p>allels ) ,lev]ri]4--,neptune & ,m]cury4--,te/+ ! ,!ory ( ,relativity4--,! ,sol> ,eclipse ( #aiai4--,! ,programme ( an ,exp$ition4--,! ,curv$ ,ray ( ,light4--,ref9em5t ( ,calculation & ,measurem5t4--,/ell> ,photography4--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce4--,! ,sun ,my?4 ,,on ! #ac? ,octob] #aiaj a memorable ev5t took place 9 ! ,b]l9 ,sci5tific ,association3 ,h5ri ,po9c>1 ! em95t physici/ & ma!matician1 _h be5 ann\nc$ to give a lecture 9 ! rooms ( ! in/itute ,urania2 an audi5ce ( r meagre dim5sions assembl$4 ,i /ill see him be=e me 9 my m9d's eye1 a s*ol> :o 0 snat*$ away 9 ! prime ( 8 creative p]iod1 a man ^: ext]nal appe>ance did n sugge/ ! light ( g5ius1 & ^: c>efully trimm$ be>d rem9d$ "o r ( ! type ( a practis+ b>ri/]4 ,he walk$ up & d[n ! plat=m1 accompany+ 8 spee* ) ge/ures m>k$ by an easy elegance4 ,!re 0 no sign ( an attempt to =ce a doctr9e4 ,he develop$ 8 !sis1 9 spite ( ! =eign language1 9 flu5t & readily intelligible t]ms4 ,x 0 at ?is lecture t we he>d ! "n ,alb]t ,e9/e9 pron\nc$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,po9c>'s address 0 on ! ,new ,me*anics1 & 0 int5d$ to make u acqua9t$ ) ! beg9n+ ( a t5d5cy :i*1 he himself confess$1 _h viol5tly di/urb$ ! equilibrium ( 8 =m] fundam5tal views4 ,he repeat$ly broke ! usually ev5 fl[ ( 8 voice to indicate1 ) an emphatic ge/ure1 t we _h p]haps arriv$ at a critical1 nay epo*al1 po9t m>k+ ! comm5cem5t ( a new era ( ?\ght4 ,p]haps 0 a ^w he nev] fail$ to emphasize4 ,he p]si/5tly laid /ress on 8 d\bts1 diff]5tiat$ betwe5 h>d5$ facts & hypo!ses1 /ill cl++ to ! hope t ! new doctr9e he 0 exp\nd+ w\ld yet admit ( an av5ue lead+ back to ! old] views4 ,?is revolution1 s he said1 seem$ to ?reat5 ?+s 9 sci5ce :i* a %ort :ile ago 7 look$ ^u z absolutely c]ta91 namely1 fundam5tal !orems ( classical me*anics1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! g5ius ( ,newton4 ,= ! pres5t ?is revolution is ( c\rse only a ?reat5+ spectre1 = x is q possible t1 soon] or lat]1 ! old e/abli%$ dynamical pr9ciples ( ,newton w em]ge victori\sly4 ,lat] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 lecture he decl>$ repeat$ly t he felt a diffid5ce ak9 to fe> at ! sight ( ! accumulat+ numb] ( hypo!ses1 & t x seem$ to bord] on ! impossible to attempt to arrange !m into a sy/em4 ,x is a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce h[ ! revelations ( ,po9c> affect$ u individually2 if ,i may inf] f my own case1 !re is only "o ^w to express x--/agg]+6 ,oblivi\s ( ! d\bts ( ! lectur]1 ,i 0 swept along "u ! impetus ( ?is new & mighty curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,?is awak5$ two wi%es 9 me3 to become acqua9t$ ) ,e9/e9's rese>*es z f> z lay )9 my p[]1 &1 if possible1 to see him once 9 p]son4 ,9 me ! ab/ract _h become insep>able f ! concrete p]sonal elem5t4 ,! pres5tim5t ( ! happy mom5t 9 ! future hov]$ be=e my vision1 :isp]+ t ,i %\ld he> 8 doctr9e f 8 own lips4 ,sev]al ye>s lat] ,e9/e9 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ) ! "r ( lectur+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,?is br\ght my p]sonal wi% )9 rea*4 ,tru/+ to good =tune1 ,i set ab\t mat]ializ+ x4 ,9 conjunction ) a colleague ,i wrote him a lett] ask+ him to hon\r ) 8 pres5ce "o ( ! in=mal ev5+s in/itut$ by our ,lit]>y ,society at ! ,htel ,bri/ol4 ,"h he 0 my neighb\r at table1 & *att$ ) me = "s h\rs4 ,n[adays 8 appe>ance is kn[n to e "o ?r\gh ! innum]able photos :i* h appe>$ 9 ! pap]s4 ,at t "t ,i _h nev] se5 8 c\nt5ance be=e1 & ,i became absorb$ 9 /udy+ 8 features1 :i* /ruck me z be+ ^? ( a k9dly1 arti/ically incl9$1 be+1 9 n[ise sugge/+ a pr(essor4 ,he seem$ vivaci\s & unre/ra9$ 9 conv]sation1 &1 9 response to our reque/1 will+ly t\*$ ^u 8 own subject z f> z ! place & occasion all[$1 exemplify+ ,horace's say+1 ,omne tulit punctum1 qui miscuit utile dulci1 tironem delect&o p>it]que mon5do4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly mo/ delightful4 ,yet at mom5ts ,i 0 rem9d$ ( a male sph9x1 sugge/$ by 8 highly expressive enigmatic =ehead4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] a w>m acqua9tance%ip /ret*+ ov] ye>s1 ,i _c %ake (f ?is impression4 ,x (t5 ov]comes me 9 ! mid/ ( a pleasant conv]sation int]sp]s$ ) je/s :il/ enjoy+ a cig> aft] tea2 ,i sudd5ly feel ! my/]i\s sway ( a subtle intellect :i* captivates & yet baffles ! m9d4 ,at t "t1 e>ly 9 #aiaf1 only a few memb]s ( ! ,lit]>y ,society div9$ :o x 0 t 0 enjoy+ _! hospitality4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,b]l91 ,e9/e9's /> 0 beg9n+ its upw>d c\rse1 b 0 /ill too ne> ! horizon to be visible g5]ally4 ,my own vision1 %>p5$ by ! ,fr5* lecture & by a fri5d :o 0 a physici/1 anticipat$ ev5ts1 & already saw ,e9/e9's /> at its z5i?1 al?\gh ,i 0 n ev5 aw>e at t "t t ,po9c> _h 9 ! meantime ov]come 8 d\bts & _h fully recogniz$ ! la/+ importance ( ,e9/e9's rese>*es4 ,i _h ! in/9ctive feel+ t ,i 0 sitt+ next to a ,galilei4 ,! fanf>es s\nd$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>s z a sign ( appreciation by 8 contempor>ies 7 only a full] in/rum5tation ( ! music ( de/9y :i* _h vibrat$ 9 my e>s ev] s9ce t "t4 ,i recollect "o little incid5t3 "o ( ^! lov]s ( lit]ature1 :o 01 h[ev]1 totally ignorant ( natural sci5ce1 _h accid5tally se5 sev]al le>n$ articles deal+ ) ,e9/e9's ,reports = ! ,academy1 & _h pres]v$ ! cutt+s 9 8 pocket-book4 ,he consid]$ ?is a fitt+ opportunity = enlight5m5t4 ,surely a brief "q w\ld suffice to guide "o ?r\gh ^! intricate *annels4 ,pr(essor1 w y k9dly tell me ! mean+ ( pot5tial1 inv>iant1 contrav>iant1 en]gy-t5sor1 scal>1 relativity-po/ulate1 hyp]-,euclidean1 & in]tial sy/em8 ,c y expla9 !m to me 9 a few words8--,c]ta9ly1 said ,e9/e91 ^? are m]ely te*nical expressions6 ,t 0 ! end ( ! little lesson4 ,f> into ! night ?ree ( u sat 9 a caf :ile ,e9/e9 g5tly lift$ ! veil f 8 newe/ discov]y = ! b5efit ( my j\rnali/ fri5d & myself4 ,we ga!r$ f 8 rem>ks t a ,special ,!ory ( ,relativity =m$ a prelude to a g5]al !ory :i* embrac$ ! problem ( gravitation 9 its wide/ s5se1 & h5ce also ! physical con/itution ( ! _w4 ,:at int]e/$ me ap>t f ?is !me1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 only t\*$ ^u lightly1 0 ! p]sonal "q 9 its psy*ological aspect4 ,pr(essor1 said ,i1 su* inve/igations mu/ involve enorm\s m5tal excitem5t4 ,i imag9e t !re lurks beh9d e solv$ problem ev] & aga9 "s new problem ) a ?reat5+ or a fasc9at+ aspect1 z ! case may be1 ea* "o call+ up a tumult ( emotion 9 its au?or4 ,h[ d y succe$ 9 ma/]+ ?is difficulty8 ,are y n cont9ually torm5t$ by re/less ?\ghts t noisily invade y\r dreams8 ,d y ev] succe$ at all 9 enjoy+ undi/urb$ slumb]8 ,! v tone 9 :i* ! answ] 0 giv5 %[$ cle>ly h[ free he felt himself ( su* n]v\s tr\bles :i* usually oppress ev5 ! m$iocre ?9k]4 ,x is =tunate t su* affections d n p5etrate to 8 high level4 ,i break (f :5ev] ,i wi%1 he said1 & bani% all difficulties :5 ! h\r = sleep arrives4 ,?9k+ dur+ dreams1 z 9 ! case ( arti/s1 su* z poets & compos]s1 by :i* !y weave ! ?read ( day on into ! night1 is q =eign to me4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ confess t at ! v beg9n+1 :5 ! special !ory ( relativity began to g]m9ate 9 me1 ,i 0 visit$ by all sorts ( n]v\s conflicts4 ,:5 "y ,i us$ to g away = weeks 9 a /ate ( confusion1 z "o :o at t "t _h yet to ov]come ! /age ( /upefaction 9 8 fir/ enc\nt] ) su* que/ions4 ,?+s h *ang$ s9ce !n1 & ,i c assure y t !re is no ne$ to worry ab\t my re/4 ,not)/&+1 ,i answ]$1 cases may arise 9 :i* a c]ta9 result is to be v]ifi$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,?is might easily give rise to n]ve-rack+ exp]i5ces4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a !ory leads to a calculation :i* does n agree ) reality1 ! prop\nd] mu/ surely feel consid]ably oppress$ by ?is m]e possibility4 ,let u take a p>ticul> ev5t4 ,i h he>d t y h made a new calculation ( ! pa? ( ! planet ,m]cury on ! basis ( y\r doctr9e4 ,?is mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 a labori\s & involv$ piece ( "w4 ,y 7 firmly conv9c$ ( ! !ory1 p]haps y alone4 ,x _h n yet be5 v]ifi$ by an actual fact4 ,9 su* cases conditions ( great psy*ological t5sion mu/ surely ass]t !mselves4 ,:at 9 ,heav5's "n w happ5 if ! expect$ result does n appe>8 ,:at if x contradicts ! !ory8 ,! effect on ! f\nd] ( ! !ory _c ev5 be imag9$6 ,su* que/ions1 said ,e9/e91 did n lie 9 my pa?4 ,t result c\ld n be o!rwise ?an "r4 ,i 0 only conc]n$ 9 putt+ ! result into a lucid =m4 ,i did n = "o second d\bt t x w\ld agree ) obs]vation4 ,!re 0 no s5se 9 gett+ excit$ ab\t :at 0 self-evid5t4 ,let u n[ consid] sev]al facts ( natural sci5ce1 ap>t f ?is *at1 b sugge/$ by x1 :i* caus$ ,e9/e9 little excitem5t1 b ! :ole _w g5]ally1 s mu* ! m4 ,by way ( illu/ration we %all l9k !m up ) ! result ( a =]unn] :o1 l ,e9/e91 fix$ on pap] :at %\ld happ5 9 ! heav5s4 ,=m]ly1 :5ev] "o wi%$ to play a p>ticul>ly effective trump c>d 9 fav\r ( rese>* "w x 0 cu/om>y to quote ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,lev]ri] :o1 p5 9 h&1 e/abli%$ ! mat]ial exi/5ce ( a planet at t "t q unkn[n & unnotic$4 ,c]ta9 di/urbances 9 ! orbit ( ! planet ,uranus1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z be+ ! mo/ di/ant ( ! w&]+ />s1 at t "t _h caus$ him to believe 9 ! c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce ( a /ill m di/ant planet1 & by us+ m]ely ! !oretical me?ods ( cele/ial me*anics 9 connexion ) ! problem ( ?ree bodies he succe$$ 9 reveal+ :at 0 hidd5 beh9d ! visible con/ellations4 ,he report$ ! result ( 8 calculations to ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 z x 0 at t "t 9 possession ( ! be/ in/rum5ts4 ,x 0 !n t ! amaz+ ev5t happ5$3 on ! v same ev5+ an obs]v] 9 ,b]l91 ,gottfri$ ,galle1 discov]$ ! pr$ict$ new /> almo/ exactly at ! po9t ( ! heav5s = :i* x 0 prophesi$1 only half ! moon's diamet] f x4 ,! new planet ,neptune1 ! f>!/ outpo/ ( our sol> sy/em1 repos$ z a prison] 9 8 telescope2 ! seem+ly undiscov]able /> _h capitulat$ 9 ! face ( m5tal ef=ts ( a ma!matical s*ol>1 :o1 9 reason+ m$itation1 _h sket*$ 8 curves 9 ! quiet atmosph]e ( 8 /udy4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly bewild]+ en\gh1 b nev]!less ?is incr$ible result :i* /irr$ ! imag9ation s /rongly 0 directly root$ 9 reality1 lay on ! pa? ( rese>*1 foll[$ ( necessity f ! laws ( motion kn[n at t "t1 & disclos$ itself z a new pro( ( ! doctr9es ( a/ronomy :i* _h long be5 recogniz$ z supreme & inconte/able4 ,lev]ri] _h n creat$ ^!1 b _h f\nd !m ready2 he appli$ !m ) ! m9d ( g5ius4 ,anyone :o n[adays is suffici5tly tra9$ to "w ?r\gh ! highly complicat$ calculation ( ,lev]ri] has e reason to m>vel at a "w :i* is entirely ma!matical ?r\gh\t4 ,our own times h be5 m>k$ by an ev5t ( /ill great] significance4 ,irregul>ities _h %[n !mselves 9 obs]vation ( ! heav5s t c\ld n be expla9$ or grasp$ by ! accept$ me?ods ( classical me*anics4 ,to int]pret !m1 ideas ( a revolution>y nature 7 necess>y4 ,man's view ( ! plan accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is mapp$ out _h to be radically re=m$ to br+ )9 compreh5sion ! problems t pres5t$ !mselves 9 macroscopic z well z 9 microscopic regions1 9 ! c\rses ( ! />s z well z 9 ! motions ( ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( ! atom ( mat]ial bodies1 incapable ( be+ directly obs]v$4 ,! goal consi/$ 9 br++ ^? doctr9es 9 :i* tru? _h be5 proclaim$ 9 its ess5tial features1 b n exhau/ively1 by ! g5ius ( ,cop]nicus1 ,galilei1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton1 to _! conclusion by p5etrat+ z f> z possible into ! my/]ies ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is :]e ,e9/e9 comes =w>d4 ,:]eas ! out]mo/ planet ,neptune _h b[$ to ! accept$ laws1 by m]ely disclos+ 8 pres5ce1 ,m]cury1 ! inn]mo/ planet1 pres]v$ an ob/9ate attitude ev5 9 ! face ( ! mo/ ref9$ calculations4 ,^! always l$ to an unacc\ntable rema9d]1 a disagreem5t1 :i* seem$ v small :5 express$ 9 numb]s & words1 & yet enclos$ a deep secret4 ,:]e9 did ?is disagreem5t consi/8 ,9 a diff]5ce ( arc :i* _h likewise be5 discov]$ by ,lev]ri] & :i* defi$ explanation4 ,x 0 only a matt] ( ab\t =ty-five insignificant quantities1 seconds ( arc1 :i* seem$ vani%+ly small s9ce ?is deviation did n occur )9 a mon? or a ye>1 b 0 spread ov] a :ole c5tury4 ,by j s mu*1 or r s little1 ! rotation ( ,m]cury's orbit diff]$ f :at might be t]m$ ! all[able a/ronomical value4 ,obs]vation 0 exact1 calculation 0 exact2 :y1 !n1 ! discrepancy8 ,x 0 ?us inf]r$ t !re 0 /ill "s hidd5 unexplor$ factor :i* _h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( cele/ial me*anics4 ,! =m]ly invisible ,neptune confirm$ ! old rule by appe>+4 ,m]cury1 :i* 0 visible1 oppos$ ! rule4 ,9 #aiaj ,po9c> _h t\*$ ^u ?is emb>rass+ "q1 m5tion+ t "h 0 a possibility ( te/+ ! new me*anics4 ,he decl9$ ! sugge/ion ( "s a/ronom]s t ?is 0 aga9 a ,lev]ri] problem & t !re mu/ exi/ ano!r undiscov]$ planet /ill ne>] ! sun & di/urb+ ,m]cury's orbit4 ,he also refus$ to accept ! assumption t ! di/urbance might be caus$ by a r+ ( cosmic matt] di/ribut$ r\nd ! sun4 ,po9c> div9$ t ! new me*anics c\ld supply ! key to ! enigma1 b1 obvi\sly to be q consci5ti\s1 he express$ 8 pres5tim5t 9 v cauti\s t]ms4 ,on t occasion he said t "s special cause _h yet to be f\nd to expla9 ! anomaly ( ,m]cury's behavi\r2 till t 0 discov]$ "o c\ld only say t ! new doctr9e c\ld n be reg>d$ z 9 contradiction to a/ronomical facts4 ,b ! true explanation 0 gradually draw+ ne>4 ,five ye>s lat]1 on #ah? ,novemb] #aiae1 ,alb]t ,e9/e9 pres5t$ to ! ,prussian ,academy ( ,sci5ces a pap] :i* solv$ ?is riddle :i*1 express$ 9 seconds1 seem$ s insignificant & yet 0 ( su* enorm\s importance 9 its be>+ on fundam5tal que/ions4 ,he prov$ ! problem 0 solv$ q accurately if ! g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity he _h f\nd$ 0 accept$ z ! only valid basis = ! ph5om5a ( cosmic motions4 ,_m w\ld at ?is po9t express a wi% to h ! ess5ce ( ! doctr9e ( relativity expla9$ 9 an easily intelligible mann]4 ,inde$1 "s w\ld g ev5 fur!r 9 _! desire1 & w\ld ask = a simple description 9 a few succ9ct s5t5ces4 ,?is1 measur$ 9 t]ms ( difficulty & possibility1 w\ld be ab\t equival5t to wi%+ to le>n ! hi/ory ( ! _w by read+ sev]al qu>to pages ( manuscript or a novelette4 ,b ev5 if we />t at long range & use elaborate mat]ials = our description1 we %\ld h to give up ! idea t ?is k may be ga9$ ) playful ease4 ,= ?is doctr9e1 inasmu* z x discloses ! relation%ip betwe5 ma!matical & physical ev5ts1 em]ges out ( ma!matics1 :i* ?us limits ! mode ( its repres5tation4 ,:oev] und]takes to pres5t x 9 a =m 9 :i* x is easily intelligible1 t is q unma!matical & yet complete1 is engag$ 9 an impossible v5ture2 he is l "o :o w\ld :i/le ,kepl]'s ,laws on ! flute or w\ld elucidate ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason by means ( col\r$ illu/rations4 ,9 all frankness we mu/ confess once & = all t :5ev] popul> acc\nts are attempt$ !y c be only 9 ! nature ( vague sugge/ions remov$ f ! doma9 ( ma!matics4 ,b ev5 su* indications h a fruitful result if !y succe$ 9 focus+ ! att5tion ( ! read] or ! he>] s t ! connexions1 ! ,leitmotivs1 s to speak1 ( ! doctr9e1 are at lea/ sugge/$4 ,x mu/ !re=e suffice if we place ! conception ( approximation 9 ! =egr\nd "h z 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is book4 ,till q rec5tly ,newton's ,equations ( ,motion 7 us$ z a f\ndation = v]ify+ a/ronomical occurr5ces4 ,^! are symbolical repres5tations express$ z =mul t conta9 9 an exce$+ly simple =m ! law ( mass attraction4 ,!y express ! compreh5sive pr9ciple t ! attraction is directly proportional to ! mass & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 s t ! mov+ =ce is d\bl$ :5 ! mass is d\bl$1 :]eas if ! di/ance is d\ble1 ! =ce is only a qu>t] z great1 if ! di/ance is trebl$1 ! =ce becomes "o-n9? z great4 ,accord+ to ! ,!ory ( ,relativity ?is fundam5tal law is n wrong or invalid1 b no long] holds fully if pursu$ to its la/ inf]5ces4 ,9 apply+ corrections to x1 new factors occur1 su* z ! ratio ( giv5 velocities to ! velocity ( light1 & ! new geometry :i* op]ates ) _w-l9es 9 space :i*1 amalgamat$ ) ! dim5sion ( "t1 is reg>d$ z a quadruply ext5d$ cont9uum4 ,e9/e9 has actually supplem5t$ ^! fundam5tal equations = ! motion ( masses s t ! orig9al =m /ates ! true condition ( affairs only approximately1 :]eas ,e9/e9's equations give ! motion ) v great accuracy4 ,! above-m5tion$ essay ( ,e9/e9 is c>ri$ out z if ! /ructure bequea!d to u by ,newton requir$ ! addition ( a f9al1 v delicate p9nacle4 ,= ! ma!matician ?is p9nacle is giv5 z a comb9ation ( signs1 repres5t+ a s-call$ ,elliptic ,int]val4 ,su* an int]val is a v weird con/ruction1 & ! man :o w make x appreh5d$ by ! g5]al read] is yet to be born4 ,:5 ,"l ,byron said3 ,& ,col]idge1 too1 has lately tak5 w+4 ,b l a hawk encumb]$ ) 8 hood1-- ,expla9+ ,metaphysics to ! nation-- ,i wi% he w\ld expla9 8 ,explanation4 7,d$ication to ,don ,juan47 he _h /ill a sure foot+ 9 intelligibility1 comp>$ ) ! non-ma!matician1 :o dem&s an explanation = su* a con/ruction4 ,& :at a complex ( ma!matical dang]s mu/ be ov]come ev5 be=e ! "q ( ! mean+ ( ?is integral is cry/alliz$ out6 ,b n[ ! explanation _h arriv$ & c\ld be evaluat$1 if only approximately4 ,be=e we give ! result1 let u j describe at lea/ "o te*nical t]m1 namely1 ,p]ihelion4 ,x is t po9t ( a planet>y orbit :i* lies ne>e/ ! sun4 ,?is orbit is an ellipse1 t is1 an elongat$ curv$ f9e 9 ! int]ior ( :i* "o di/+ui%es a major axis 9 ! direction ( elongation1 & a m9or axis p]p5dicul> to ! =m] at its middle po9t4 ,! p]ihelion ( a planet>y orbit is at "o ( ! end po9ts ( ! major axis4 ,9 "t ! p]ihelion alt]s its position 9 space1 advanc+ 9 ! same s5se z ! orbit is trav]s$4 ,x w\ld naturally be assum$ t ! am\nt ( ?is advance z measur$ a/ronomically w\ld agree ) ! calculation result+ f ,newton's !ory4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,an unacc\ntable rema9d] 0 left ov]1 :i* a/ronom]s asc]ta9$ to be #de seconds 7( arc7 p] #ajj ye>s1 ) a possible fluctuation ( plus or m9us #e seconds4 ,?us1 if ! new result 7 f\nd to be betwe5 #dj & #ej seconds1 ! new !ory w\ld h5ce=? h to be reg>d$ z ! only valid "o4 ,x happ5$ j z ,e9/e9 pr$ict$3 calculation accord+ to 8 !ory %[s t = ! planet ,m]cury ! p]ihelion %\ld advance #dc seconds p] #ajj ye>s4 ,?is signifies full agreem5t ) obs]vation & fully removes ! =m] app>5t difficulty4 ,:]eas ,lev]ri] 9 8 "t _h po9t$ out a new planet1 ,e9/e9 br\ght to view some?+ f> m important3 a new tru?4 ,x 0 a te/ ( accuracy s dazzl+ t x alone w\ld h suffic$ to prove ! correctness ( ,e9/e9's ,pr9ciples4 ,yet1 a second te/1 fraught ) grav] & m f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 pres5t$ itself--a te/ :i* c\ld be appli$ only sev]al ye>s lat]1 & :i* develop$ into a sci5tific ev5t ( ! highe/ importance4 ,= at ! same "t t ,e9/e9 solv$ ! problem ( ,m]cury1 he _h inve/igat$ ! pa? ( light-rays accord+ to 8 revolution>y me?od1 & _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t e ray "u ! influ5ce ( a gravitational field1 z1 = example1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun1 mu/ become curv$4 ,?is d>+ ann\ncem5t gave a new possibility ( putt+ ! !ory to a practical te/ dur+ ! total eclipse ( ! sun on #bi? ,may #aiai4 ,=1 :5 ! disc ( ! sun is obscur$1 ! />s t are close/ to x become visible 7ev5 to ! nak$ eye74 ,!y may be photograph$1 & ! di/ances ( ! po9ts ( light on ! negative all[ u to detect :e!r ! rays f ! />s 9 pass+ ! massive body ( ! sun h actually be5 deflect$ by ! am\nt prophesi$ by ,e9/e94 ,once aga9 curr5t ?\ght enc\nt]$ a %>p corn]1 & common s5se1 :i* furni%es its own c]tificate ( m]it1 ?reat5$ to become rebelli\s4 ,h[ n[8 ,a ray f a /> c\ld be curv$8 ,does n ?is contradict ! elem5t>y conception ( ! /raight l9es1 t is1 ! %orte/ l9es1 = :i* we h no bett] picture ?an j ^! rays8 ,did n ,leon>do da ,v9ci def9e ! /raight l9e by means ( ! t]m l9ea radiosa4 ,b su* suppos$ly self-evid5t facts h no long] a place 9 ! space-"t _w4 ,! po9t 0 to te/ :e!r a physical anomaly :i* _h be5 pr$ict$ actually exi/$4 ,if ! deflection ( ! rays really happ5$1 x %\ld manife/ itself 9 ! di/ances betwe5 ! />s on ! photographic plate be+ great] ?an "o w\ld expect f _! actual position4 ,= ! curvature has its concave side t[>ds ! sun1 z is easy to see1 once ! ph5om5on is reg>d$ z possible4 ,x is z if ! ray 7 directly subject to gravitation4 ,let u take two />s1 "o on ea* side ( ! sun4 ,on acc\nt ( ! concavities ! eye receives rays f !m "u a great] visual angle ?an if ! rays 7 /raight1 & int]prets ?is angle z d5ot+ a great] di/ance betwe5 ! s\rces ( light1 t is1 x sees ! two />s f>!r ap>t ?an 9 ! case ( rectil9e> propagation4 ,by h[ mu* f>!r ap>t8 ,! prec$+ calculation & ! subsequ5t direct obs]vation dem&$ incr$ible delicacy ( measurem5t4 ,if we suppose ! :ole arc ( ! heav5s divid$ into easily picturable units su* z degrees1 !n ! app>5t wid? ( ! moon is ab\t half a degree4 ,we may /ill easily imag9e ! ?irtie? "p ( ?is1 namely1 a m9ute ( arc4 ,b ! sixtie? "p ( ! latt]1 ! second ( arc1 vani%es almo/ out ( ! range ( s5se-p]ception4 ,& x 0 j ?is m9ute measure t came into "q1 = ! !ory :i* _h be5 develop$ f pure ?\ght pr$ict$ a deflection ( seconds ( arc4 ,?is corresponds to ab\t a hairbread? :5 se5 at a di/ance ( #ag y>ds1 or to ! ?ickness ( a mat* at a di/ance ( ov] half a mile4 ,"o ( ! greate/ problems ( ! mo/ compreh5sive sci5ce dep5d$ on ?is un?9kably small measure4 ,9 no s5se did ,e9/e9 himself ent]ta9 a possibility ( d\bt4 ,on repeat$ occasions be=e ,may #aiai ,i _h opportunities ( que/ion+ him on ?is po9t4 ,!re 0 no %ad[ ( a scruple1 no om9\s fe>s cl\d$ 8 anticipations4 ,yet great ?+s 7 at /ake4 ,obs]vation 0 to %[ ! correctness ( ,e9/e9's _w sy/em by a fact cle>ly intelligible to ! :ole _w1 "o dep5d+ on a v s5sitive te/ ( less ?an two seconds ( arc4 ,b1 ,pr(essor1 said ,i1 on v>i\s occasions1 :at if x turns out to be m or less8 ,^! ?+s are dep5d5t on app>atus t may be faulty1 or on un=ese5 imp]fections ( obs]vation4 ,a smile 0 ,e9/e9's only answ]1 & ?is smile express$ 8 un%akeable fai? 9 ! in/rum5ts & ! obs]v]s to :om ?is duty 0 to be entru/$4 ,moreov]1 x is to be rem>k$ t no great l5g?s ( "t 7 available = com=table exp]im5tation 9 tak+ ?is photographic record4 ,= ! greate/ possible duration ( a total eclipse ( ! sun view$ at a def9ite place am\nts to less ?an eight m9utes1 s t !re 0 no room = mi%aps 9 ?is %ort space ( "t1 nor mu/ any int]v5+ cl\d appe>4 ,! k9dly co-op]ation ( ! heav5s 0 indisp5sable--& 0 n refus$4 ,! sun1 9 ?is case ! d>k5$ sun1 br\ght ?is fact to light4 ,two ,engli% exp$itions _h be5 equipp$ = ! special occasion ( ! eclipse--"o to proce$ to ,sobral & ! o!r to ! ,isl& ( ,pr9cipe1 (f ,portuguese ,africa2 !y 7 s5t (ficially ) equipm5t provid$ 9 ! ma9 by ! "t-hon\r$ ,royal ,society4 ,consid]+ ! times1 x 0 reg>d$ z ! fir/ symptom ( ! revival ( int]national sci5ce1 a praisewor?y und]tak+4 ,a huge app>atus 0 set into motion = a purely sci5tific object ) n ! slighte/ relation to any purpose useful 9 practical life4 ,x 0 a highly te*nical inve/igation ^: real significance c\ld be grasp$ by only v few m9ds4 ,yet int]e/ 0 excit$ 9 circles rea*+ f> beyond t ( ! pr(essional sci5ti/4 ,z ! sol> eclipse approa*$1 ! consci\sness ( amateurs became /irr$ ) indef9ite ideas ( cosmic ph5om5a4 ,& j z ! navigator gazes at ! ,pol> ,/>1 s m5 direct$ _! att5tion to ! con/ellation ( ,e9/e91 :i* 0 n yet depict$ 9 /ell> maps1 b1 f :i* some?+ uncompreh5d$1 b und\bt$ly v important1 0 to blaze =?4 ,9 ,june x 0 ann\nc$ t ! /> photographs _h be5 successful 9 mo/ cases1 yet = weeks1 nay = mon?s1 we _h to ex]cise pati5ce4 ,= ! photographs1 al?\gh !y requir$ little "t to be tak51 took mu* long] to develop &1 above all1 to be measur$2 9 view ( ! ord] ( smallness ( ! di/ances to be comp>$1 ?is 0 a difficult & tr\blesome task1 = ! po9ts ( light on ! plate did n answ] imm$iately ) ,yes or ,no1 b only aft] me*anical devices ( extreme delicacy _h be5 c>efully appli$4 ,at ! end ( ,septemb] !y proclaim$ _! message4 ,x 0 9 ! affirmative1 & ?is ,yes out ( f>-di/ant transc5d5tal regions call$ =? a res\nd+ e*o 9 ! _w ( ev]yday life4 ,g5u9ely & truly ! seconds ( arc _h come out1 correct to ! decimal po9t4 ,^! po9ts repres5t+ ciph]s1 z x 71 _h *ant$ ( ! h>mony ( ! sph]es 9 _! ,py?agorean tongue4 ,! transmission ( ?is message seem$ to be accompani$ by ! e*o+ words ( ,goe!'s ,ariel3 ,) a cra% ! ,light draws ne>6 ,peal+ rays & trumpet-blazes1-- ,eye is bl9d$1 e> amazes4 ,nev] be=e _h any?+ l ?is happ5$4 ,a wave ( amazem5t swept ov] ! cont95ts4 ,?\s&s ( p :o _h nev] 9 _! lives tr\bl$ ab\t vibrations ( light & gravitation 7 seiz$ by ?is wave & c>ri$ on high1 imm]s$ 9 ! wi% = k al?\gh incapable ( grasp+ x4 ,?is mu* all und]/ood1 t f ! quiet /udy ( a s*ol> an illum9at+ gospel = explor+ ! univ]se _h be5 irradiat$4 ,dur+ t "t no "n 0 quot$ s (t5 z t ( ?is man4 ,ev]y?+ sank away 9 face ( ?is univ]sal !me :i* _h tak5 possession ( humanity4 ,! conv]se ( educat$ p circl$ ab\t ?is pole1 c\ld n escape f x1 cont9ually rev]t$ to ! same !me :5 press$ aside by necessity or accid5t4 ,newspap]s ent]$ on a *ase = contributors :o c\ld furni% !m ) %ort or long1 te*nical or non-te*nical1 notices ab\t ,e9/e9's !ory4 ,9 all nooks & corn]s social ev5+s ( in/ruction sprang up1 & w&]+ univ]sities appe>$ ) errant pr(essors t l$ p out ! ?ree-dim5sional mis]y ( daily life into ! m hospitable ,elysian fields ( f\r-dim5sionality4 ,wom5 lo/ sight ( dome/ic worries & discuss$ co-ord9ate sy/ems1 ! pr9ciple ( simultaneity1 & negatively-*>g$ electrons4 ,all contempor>y que/ions _h ga9$ a fix$ c5tre f :i* ?reads c\ld be spun to ea*4 ,relativity _h become ! sov]eign password4 ,9 spite ( "s grotesque results t foll[$ on ?is /ate ( affairs x c\ld n fail to be recogniz$ t we 7 wat*+ symptoms ( m5tal hung] n less imp]ative 9 its dem&s ?an bodily hung]1 & x 0 no long] to be appeas$ by ! =m] books by writ]s on popul> sci5ce & by misguid$ ideali/s4 ,& :il/ lead]s ( ! p1 /atesm51 & m9i/]s made va9 ef=ts to /e] 9 ! fog1 to arrive at results s]viceable to ! nation1 ! multitude f\nd :at 0 exp$i5t = x1 :at 0 uplift+1 :at s\nd$ l ! di/ant hamm]+ ( recon/ruction4 ,"h 0 a man :o _h /ret*$ 8 h&s t[>ds ! />s2 to =get e>?ly pa9s "o _h b to imm]se oneself 9 8 doctr9e4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t = ages t a *ord vibrat$ ?r\gh ! _w invok+ all eyes t[>ds some?+ :i*1 l music or religion1 lay outside political or mat]ial int]e/s4 ,! m]e ?\ght t a liv+ ,cop]nicus 0 mov+ 9 our mid/ elevat$ our feel+s4 ,:oev] paid him homage _h a s5sation ( so>+ above ,space & ,"t1 & ?is homage 0 a happy augury 9 an epo* s b>e ( brightness z ! pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,z already rem>k$1 !re 0 no lack ( r>e fruits among ! newspap] articles1 & a *ronicl] w\ld d\btless h be5 able to make an attractive album ( !m4 ,i br\ght ,e9/e9 sev]al =eign pap]s ) l>ge illu/rations :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h co/ ! au?ors & publi%]s mu* ef=t & money4 ,among o!rs !re 7 full-page beautifully col\r$ pictures int5d$ to give ! read] an idea ( ! pa?s pursu$ by ! rays f ! />s dur+ ! total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,^! af=d$ ,e9/e9 mu* amusem5t1 namely1 e contr>io1 = f ! physical po9t ( view ^! pages conta9$ utt] nons5se4 ,!y %[$ ! exact opposite ( ! actual c\rse ( ! rays inasmu* z ! au?or ( ! diagrams _h turn$ ! convex side ( ! deflect$ ray t[>ds ! sun4 ,he _h n ev5 a vague idea ( ! "* ( ! deflection1 = 8 rays proce$$ 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! univ]se until !y rea*$ ! sun1 :]e !y und]w5t a sudd5 *ange ( direction rem9isc5t ( a /ork's legs4 ,! d9 ( j\rnali/ic homage 0 n unmix$ ) scatt]$ voices ( diss5t1 ev5 ( ho/ility4 ,e9/e9 combat$ ^! n only )\t ang] b ) a c]ta9 satisfaction4 ,= inde$ ! s]ies ( unbrok5 ovations became discomfit+1 & 8 feel+s took up arms aga9/ :at seem$ to be develop+ into a />-arti/ cult4 ,x 0 l a brea? ( fre% air :5 "s column ( a *ance newspap] 0 devot$ to a polemic aga9/ 8 !ory1 no matt] h[ unf\nd$ or unreason$ x may h be51 m]ely because a dissonant tone broke ! unceas+ *orus ( praise4 ,on "o occasion he ev5 said ( a %rill disputant1 ,! man is q "r6 ,& ^! words 7 utt]$ 9 ! mo/ natural mann] possible4 ,"o mu/ "k him p]sonally if "o is to und]/& ^! excesses ( tol]ation4 ,s did ,socrates def5d 8 oppon5ts4 ,9 our conv]sation we return$ to ! orig9al "q1 & ,i ask$ :e!r !re 0 no means ( mak+ ! deflection ( ! ray intelligible to an av]age p]son4 ,e9/e9 repli$3 ,9 a v sup]ficial mann] ?is is c]ta9ly possible4 ,& ) a few /rokes on ! pap]1 :i* ,i %all "h try to describe 9 words1 he gave 8 explanation 9 t]ms some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,?is squ>e is to d5ote ! cross-section ( a clos$ box :i* we imag9e to be situat$ some:]e 9 ! univ]se4 ,inside x !re lives a physici/ :o makes obs]vations & draws inf]5ces f !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t he p]ceives1 :at is famili> to all ( u1 t e body n support$ & left to itself1 = example1 a /one t is releas$1 drops to ! floor ) uni=m accel]ation1 t is1 ) a /eady increase ( velocity 9 go+ d[nw>ds4 ,!re are two ways op5 to him to expla9 ?is ph5om5on4 ,fir/ly1 he might suspect--& ?is suspicion w\ld be mo/ likely to occur to him--t 8 box 0 re/+ on "s body 9 ! heav5s4 ,= if inde$ ! box 7 a cave 9 "s "p ( ! _w1 ! fall+ ( ! /one w\ld sugge/ no?+ unusual2 x w\ld be q self-evid5t to e occupant1 & q explicable to ! physici/ accord+ to ,galilei's 7or ,newton's7 ,laws = ,fall+ ,bodies4 ,he ne$ n necess>ily re/rict himself to ! ,e>?1 = if ! box happ5$ to be on "s o!r />1 ?is ph5om5on ( fall+ w\ld likewise occur1 ) great] or less spe$1 & ! body w\ld c]ta9ly fall ) uni=m accel]ation4 ,?us ! physici/ c\ld say3 ?is is an effect ( gravitation1 exhibit+ ! prop]ty ( weight :i* ,i expla9 to myself z usual1 z due to ! attraction ( a heav5ly body4 ,secondly1 ano!r idea might /rike him4 ,= we /ipulat$ no?+ ab\t ! position ( ! box1 & assum$ only t x 0 to exi/ some:]e 9 ! univ]se4 ,! physici/ 9 ! box might reason z foll[s3 ,suppos+ ,i am sep>at$ by incalculable di/ances f e attract+ heav5ly body1 & suppos+ gravitation exi/$ nei!r = me nor = ! /one :i* ,i release f my h&1 !n x w\ld /ill be possible = me to give a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a ,i obs]ve4 ,i %\ld only h to assume t ! body is mov+ ) uni=m accel]ation upw>ds4 ,! motion previ\sly int]pret$ by me z a fall+ d[nw>ds ne$ n take place at all4 ,! /one1 z an in]t body1 c\ld p]si/ 9 its position 7relative to ! box or ! obs]v]71 & w\ld1 9 spite ( ?is1 %[ exactly ! same behavi\r :5 ! box moves ) accel]ation upw>ds z if x 7 fall+ ) increas+ velocity d[nw>ds4 ,n[ s9ce our physici/ has no sy/em :i* might s]ve = ref]5ce & ori5tation1 & s9ce 9 8 box :i* is %ut (f f ! univ]se he has no means at 8 disposal ( det]m9+ :e!r he is 9 ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( an attract+ heav5ly body or n1 bo? ! above explanations are feasible = him & bo? are equally valid1 & x is impossible = him to come to a decision 9 8 *oice4 ,he c int]pret ! accel]ation 9 ei!r way1 z be+ upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 connect$ to "o ano!r by relativity2 a fundam5tal reason = pref]r+ "o int]pretation to ! o!r _c be furni%$1 s9ce ! ph5om5on ( fall+ is repres5t$ un*ang$ :e!r he assumes ! /one to be fall+ & ! box to be at re/1 or vice v]sa4 ,?is may be g5]aliz$ 9 ^! words3 ,at e po9t ( ! _w ! obs]v$ accel]ation ( a body left to itself may be int]pret$ ei!r z a gravitational or z an in]tial effect--t is1 f ! po9t ( view ( physics we may ass]t ) equal "r t ! sy/em 7! box1 ! complex def9+ ! ori5tation7 f :i* ,i obs]ve ! ev5t is accel]at$1 or t ! ev5t takes place 9 a gravitational field4 ,! equal "r to ^! two views is call$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce by ,e9/e94 ,x ass]ts ! equival5ce or ! id5tity ( in]tial & gravitational mass4 ,if we famili>ize ourselves ) ?is id5tity1 an exce$+ly important road to k is op5$ up to our consci\sness4 ,we arrive at ! inevitable conclusion t e in]tial effect t we p]ceive 9 bodies1 ! mo/ ess5tial quality ( x1 itself s to speak 9 its p]si/5t nature1 is to be trac$ back to ! influ5ce to :i* x is subject$ by o!r bodies4 ,:5 ?is has become cle> to u1 we feel impell$ to inquire h[ a ray ( light w\ld behave "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation4 ,h5ce we return to our physici/ 9 ! box1 & we n[ "k t z a consequ5ce ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce we are free to assume ei!r t an attract+ heav5ly body1 su* z ! sun1 is situat$ some:]e bel[ ! box1 or to ref] ! ph5om5a to ! box reg>d$ z be+ accel]at$ upw>ds4 ,9 ! box we di/+ui% ! floor1 ! ceil+1 f\r walls1 & among ^! aga91 accord+ to ! position we take up1 ! wall on ! left & its opposite "o on ! "r4 ,we n[ imag9e a m>ksman to be outside ! box & hav+ no connexion ) u1 be+ pois$ freely 9 space1 & suppose him to fire out ( a horizontal gun at ! box s t ! bullet pi]ces bo? ! wall on ! left & ! wall on ! "r4 ,n[1 if ev]y?+ else 7 to rema9 at re/1 ! holes 9 bo? walls w\ld be equally di/ant f ! floor1 & ! bullet w\ld move 9 a /raight l9e p>allel to ! floor & to ! ceil+4 ,b1 z we h se51 all ev5ts happ5 z if ! box itself mov$ ) con/ant accel]ation4 ,! bullet t requires "t to pass f "o wall to ! o!r ?us f9ds t :5 x rea*es ! wall on ! "r ! latt] has advanc$ a little1 s t ! result+ hole is a little l[] ?an t on ! left wall4 ,?is means t ! flight ( ! bullet1 accord+ to our obs]vation 9 ! int]ior ( ! box1 is no long] rectil9e>4 ,9 fact1 if we trace ! bullet f po9t to po9t1 we %\ld f9d t = u1 situat$ 9 ! box1 x w\ld describe a l9e b5t d[nw>ds1 ) its concave side to ! floor4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s ) a ray ( light :i* is emitt$ by a s\rce outside 9 a horizontal direction & :i* trav]ses ! space betwe5 ! walls 7suppos$ transp>5t74 ,only ! velocity w\ld be diff]5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its flight ! ray w\ld move l a projectile t is :izz+ along at ! rate ( #ahj1jjj miles p] second4 ,b provid$ suffici5tly delicate means ( measurem5t are appli$1 x %\ld /ill be possible to prove ! exi/5ce ( an inf9itesimal deflection f ! rectil9e> horizontal pa?1 an insignificant concavity t[>ds ! floor4 ,consequ5tly ?is curvature ( ! light-ray 7say1 f a />7 mu/ also be p]ceptible 9 places :]e x is subject to ! influ5ce ( a gravitational field4 ,if we drop our imag9>y picture ( ! box1 ! argum5t is 9 n[ise alt]$4 ,a ray f a /> :i* passes close by ! sun seems to our p]ception to be b5t 9 t[>ds ! sun1 & ! ord] ( ?is deflection c be det]m9$ if suffici5tly delicate in/rum5ts be us$4 ,z above rem>k$1 x is a "q ( detect+ a diff]5ce ( #a4g seconds ( arc1 :i* is to be manife/$ z a di/ance on ! photographic plate1 & is actually f\nd to be pres5t4 ,! fact t sci5ti/s are able to detect ?is appe>s 9 itself a m>vel ( te*nical precision f> 9 advance ( splitt+ hairs1 = 9 comp>ison a s+le hair is1 9 ?is case1 to be remov$ to a consid]able di/ance if we are to use x to give an idea ( ! size ( angle "u consid]ation4 ,=tunately /ell> photography has be5 develop$ s wond]fully t 9 e s+le case extraord9>ily accurate results are got ev5 f prelim9>y measurem5ts4 ,9 ord9>y a/ronomical practice x is usually f\nd t a millimetre 9 l9e> measure on ! plate corresponds to a m9ute ( arc4 ,?is means t ! sun's disc itself has a diamet] ( #c c5timetres on ! photograph4 ,! />s appe> z t9y dots1 :i* may be %>ply diff]5tiat$ 9 an enl>gem5t4 ,/>s ( ! f\rte5? ord] ( magnitude & beyond x become visible1 :]eas ! nak$ eye _c see ^? ( ord] high] ?an ! six?4 ,a grat+ ^: l9es are millimetre wide is copi$ on to ! plate to make ! measurem5t m accurate1 s t ! positions ( objects c be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty to )9 a few t5?s ( a second ( arc4 ,?us ! problem :i* 0 to be solv$ by ! sol> eclipse ( #aiai lay )9 ! realm ( possibility z reg>ds our means ( measurem5t4 ,a copy ( ?is photograph _h be5 s5t to ,e9/e9 f ,engl&1 & he told me ( x ) evid5t pleasure4 ,he cont9ually rev]t$ to ! delightful little picture ( ! heav5s1 q fasc9at$ by ! ?+ itself1 )\t ! slighte/ manife/ation ( a p]sonal int]e/ 9 8 own success4 ,inde$1 ,i may g fur!r & am c]ta9ly n mi/ak5 9 say+ 8 new me*anics did n ev5 ent] 8 head1 nor ! v]ification ( x by ! plate2 on ! contr>y1 he display$ t disposition ( ! m9d :i* 9 ! case ( g5ius z well z 9 t ( *ildr5 %[s itself z navet4 ,! prett9ess ( ! photograph *>m$ him1 & ! ?\ght t ! heav5s _h be5 drawn up z = p>ade to be a model = x4 ,all ?+s are repeat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( life4 ,9 ^! happ5+s1 :i* m>k ! #bi? ,may #aiai z a r$-lett] day 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 we recognize a revival ( ! ,sun ,my?1 unp]ceiv$ by ! individual1 b z an expression ( ! univ]sal consci\sness1 j z :5 ,cop]nicus conv]t$ ! geoc5tric picture ( ! univ]se into a helioc5tric "o1 ! ,sun ,my? aga9 sprang into life2 ! symbolization ( fai? 9 ! light-giv+ & heat-giv+ />4 ,?is "t x has aris51 purifi$ ( all dross1 sc>cely p]ceptible to our s5ses1 l an aureole spun ab\t ! sun by f>-di/ant s\rces ( light1 9 hon\r ( a pr9ciple1 & ev5 if mo/ ( u d n yet "k :at a sy/em ( ref]5ce means1 yet = _m su* a sy/em has unconsci\sly evolv$1 a ?\ght-sy/em s]v+ z a ref]5ce = ! developm5t ( _! k :5 !y ?\ght or spoke ( ,e9/e94 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,beyond ,,our ,,p[] ,useful & ,lat5t ,=ces4--,connexion betwe5 ,mass1 ,en]gy1 & ,velocity ( ,light4--,d]iv+ ,p[] by ,combu/ion4--,"o ,gramme ( ,coal4--,unobta9able ,calories4--,economics ( ,coal4--,hopes & ,fe>s4--,dissociat$ ,atoms4 #bi? ,m>* #aibj ,,we spoke ( ! =ces t are available = man & :i* he d]ives f ,nature z be+ necess>y = 8 exi/5ce & = ! developm5t ( life4 ,:at =ces are at our disposal8 ,:at hopes h we ( elaborat+ our supply ( ^! =ces8 ,e9/e9 fir/ expla9$ ! conception ( en]gy1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! conception ( mass itself4 ,e am\nt ( sub/ance 7,i am p>aphras+ 8 words71 ! greate/ z well z ! smalle/1 may be reg>d$ z a /ore ( p[]1 inde$1 x is ess5tially id5tical ) en]gy4 ,all t appe>s to our s5ses & our ord9>y und]/&+ z ! visible1 tangible mass1 z ! objective body correspond+ to :i* we1 9 virtue ( our individual bodies1 ab/ract ! conceptual outl9es1 & become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite copy is1 f ! physical po9t ( view1 a complex ( en]gies4 ,^! 9 "p act directly1 9 "p exi/ 9 a lat5t =m z /ra9s :i*1 = u1 beg9 to act only :5 we release !m f _! /ate ( /ra9 by "s me*anical or *emical process1 t is1 :5 we succe$ 9 conv]t+ ! pot5tial en]gy into k9etic en]gy4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t we h "h a physical picture ( :at ,kant call$ ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,?+s z !y appe> 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce are compos$ ( ! sum ( our direct s5sations2 ea* ?+ acts on u ?r\gh its outl9e1 col\r1 tone1 pressure1 impact1 temp]ature1 motion1 *emical behavi\r1 :]eas ! ?+ 9 itself is ! sum-total ( its en]gy1 9 :i* !re is an enorm\s pr$om9ance ( ^? en]gies :i* rema9 lat5t & are q inaccessible 9 practice4 ,b ?is ?+ 9 itself1 to :i* we %all h occasion to ref] (t5 ) a c]ta9 reg>d to its metaphysical significance1 may be calculat$4 ,! fact t x is possible to calculate x takes its orig91 l _m o!r ?+s :i* _h 9 no wise be5 suspect$1 9 ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,q objectively & )\t betray+ 9 ! slighte/ degree t an a/oni%+ _w-problem 0 be+ discuss$1 ,e9/e9 express$ himself ?us3 ,accord+ to ! ,!ory ( ,relativity !re is a calculable relation betwe5 mass1 en]gy1 & ! velocity ( light4 ,! velocity ( light 7d5ot$ by c1 z usual7 is equal to #c4ajaj cm4 p] second4 ,accord+ly ! squ>e ( c is equal to #i times #ajbj cm4 p] second1 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ajba cm4 p] second4 ,?is c#b plays an ess5tial "p if we introduce into ! calculation ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 t is1 ! ratio ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy to ! heat !oretically d]ivable f x2 we get = ea* gramme #bj4ajab1 t is1 #bj billion calories4 ,we %all h to expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is brief physical /atem5t 9 its be>+ on our practical lifes4 ,x op]ates ) only a small array ( symbols1 & yet encloses a :ole univ]se1 wid5+ our p]spective to a _w-wide range6 ,to simplify ! reason+ & make x m evid5t we %all n ?9k ( ! conception ( sub/ance z an illimitable :ole1 b %all fix our ideas on a def9ite sub/ance1 say coal4 ,!re seems little t may /rike u :5 we set d[n ! words3 ,"o ,gramme ( ,coal4 ,we %all soon see :at ?is "o gramme ( coal conveys :5 we translate ! above-m5tion$ numb]s into a language to :i* a mean+ may be atta*$ 9 ord9>y life4 ,i endeav\r$ to d ?is dur+ ! above conv]sation1 & 0 grateful to ,e9/e9 = agree+ to simplify 8 argum5t by conf9+ 8 att5tion to ! mo/ valuable fuel 9 our economic life4 ,once :il/ ,i 0 att5d+ a /ud5ts' meet+1 pay+ homage to ,wilhelm ,dove1 ! celebrat$ discov]] took u aback ) ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,:5 a man succe$s 9 climb+ ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ,europe he p]=ms a task :i*1 judg$ f 8 p]sonal po9t ( view1 repres5ts some?+ /up5d\s4 ,! physici/ smiles & says q simply1 ,two p\nds ( coal4 ,he means to say t by burn+ #b lb4 ( coal we ga9 suffici5t en]gy to lift a man f ! sea-level to ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,x is assum$1 ( c\rse1 t an ideal ma*9e is us$1 :i* conv]ts ! heat ( combu/ion )\t loss into "w4 ,su* a ma*9e does n exi/1 b may easily be imag9$ by suppos+ ! imp]fections ( ma*9es made by human h&s to be elim9at$4 ,su* effective heat is usually express$ 9 calories4 ,a calorie is ! am\nt ( heat t is necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( a gramme ( wat] by "o degree c5tigrade4 ,n[ ! !orem ( ! ,me*anical ,equival5t1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! inve/igations ( ,c>not1 ,rob]t ,may]1 & ,clausius1 /ates t f "o calorie we may obta9 suffici5t en]gy to lift a p\nd weight ab\t #c feet4 ,s9ce #b lb4 ( coal may be made to yield #h million calories1 !y w enable u to lift a p\nd weight ?r\gh #bd million feet1 !oretically1 or1 :at comes to ! same approximately1 to lift a #ag-/one man ?r\gh #ajj1jjj feet1 t is1 ne>ly #ai miles3 ?is is ne>ly sev5 times ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,at ! "t :5 ,dove 0 lectur+1 ,e9/e9 _h n yet be5 born1 & :5 ,e9/e9 0 work+ out 8 ,!ory ( ,relativity1 ,dove _h long pass$ away1 & ) him !re vani%$ ! idea ( ! small value ( ! en]gy /or$ 9 sub/ance to give way to a v mu* great] value ( :i* we c sc>ce =m an e/imate4 ,we %\ld feel dumbf\nd$ if ! new calculation 7 to be a matt] ( millions1 b actually we are to imag9e a magnification to ! ext5t ( billions4 ,?is s\nds almo/ l a fable :5 express$ 9 words4 ,b a million is relat$ to a billion 9 ab\t ! same way z a fairly wide city /reet to ! wid? ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,our ,mont ,blanc s9ks to insignificance4 ,9 ! above calculation x w\ld h to be replac$ by a m\nta9 #ej million miles high4 ,s9ce ?is w\ld lead f> out into space1 we may say t ! en]gy conta9$ 9 a kilogramme ( coal is suffici5t to project a man s f> t he w nev] return1 conv]t+ him into a human comet4 ,b = ! pres5t ?is is only a !oretical /ore ( en]gy :i* _c yet be utiliz$ 9 practice4 ,nev]!less1 we _c avoid x 9 our calculations j z we _c avoid t rem>kable quantity c1 ! velocity ( light t plays its "p 9 ! t9y portion ( sub/ance z x does 9 ev]y?+1 ass]t+ itself z a regulative factor 9 all _w ph5om5a4 ,x is a natural con/ant t pres]ves itself un*ang$ z #ahj1jjj miles p] second "u all conditions1 & :i* truly repres5ts :at appe>$ to ,goe! z ! immovable rock 9 ! surg+ sea ( ph5om5a1 z a phantasm beyond ! rea* ( inve/igators4 ,x is difficult = "o :o has n be5 soak$ 9 all ! elem5ts ( physical ?\ght to get an idea ( :at a natural con/ant means2 s mu* ! m :5 he feels himself impell$ to picture ! con/ant1 s to speak1 z ! rigid axis ( a _w con/ruct$ on relativity4 ,ev]y?+1 )\t exception1 is to be subject$ n only to cont9ual *ange 7& ?is 0 :at ,h]aclitus assum$ z a fundam5tal tru? 9 8 ass]tion panta rhei1 ev]y?+ fl[s71 b e l5g?-measurem5t & "t-measurem5t1 e motion1 e =m & figure are dep5d5t on & *ange ) ! position ( ! obs]v]1 s t ! la/ ve/ige ( ! absolute vani%es f :atev] comes into ! realm ( obs]vation4 ,nev]!less1 !re is an absolute despot1 :o pres]ves 8 id5tity inflexibly among all ph5om5a--! velocity ( light1 c1 ( incalculable influ5ce 9 practice & yet capable ( measurem5t4 ,its nature has be5 *>act]iz$ 9 "o ( ! ma9 propositions ( ,e9/e9 /at$ 9 #aije3 ,e ray ( light is propagat$ 9 a sy/em at re/ ) a def9ite1 con/ant velocity indep5d5t ( :e!r ! ray is emitt$ by a body at re/ or 9 motion4 ,b ?is con/ancy ( ! omnipot5t c is n only 9 accordance ) _w relativity3 x is actually ! ma9 pill> :i* supports ! :ole doctr9e2 ! fur!r "o p5etrates into ! !ory1 ! m cle>ly does "o feel t x is j ?is c :i* is responsible = ! unity1 connectivity1 & inv9cibility ( ,e9/e9's _w sy/em4 ,9 our example ( ! coal1 f :i* we />t$1 c occurs z a squ>e1 & x is z a result ( multiply+ #cjj1jjj by itself 7t is1 =m+ c#b7 t we arrive at ! ?\s&s ( milli>ds ( en]gy units :i* we associat$ above ) su* a comp>atively insignificant mass4 ,let u picture ?is a/\nd+ circum/ance 9 ano!r way1 al?\gh we %all soon see t ,e9/e9 clips ! w+s ( our so>+ imag9ation4 ,! huge ocean l9] ,imp]ator1 :i* c develop a great] horsep[] ?an c\ld ! :ole ( ! ,prussian cavalry be=e ! w>1 us$ to require = "o day's travel ! cont5ts ( two v long s]ies ( coal-trucks 7ea* s]ies be+ z long z x takes ! /ronge/ locomotive to pull74 ,we n[ "k t !re is en\gh en]gy 9 two p\nds ( coal to enable ?is boat to d ! :ole trip f ,hamburg to ,new ,york at its maximum spe$4 ,i quot$ ?is fact1 :i*1 al?\gh x s\nds s incr$ibly fanta/ic1 is q true1 to ,e9/e9 ) ! int5tion ( ju/ify+ ! op9ion t x conta9$ ! key to a developm5t :i* w\ld initiate a new epo* 9 hi/ory & w\ld be ! panacea ( all human woe4 ,i drew an en?usia/ic picture ( a dazzl+ ,utopia1 an orgy ( hopeful dreams1 b imm$iately notic$ t ,i receiv$ no support f ,e9/e9 = ^! vision>y aspirations4 ,to my disappo9tm5t1 inde$1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,e9/e9 did n ev5 %[ a special int]e/ 9 ?is circum/ance :i* sprang f 8 own !ory1 & :i* promis$ su* b\ntiful gifts4 ,& to /ate ! conclusion ( ! /ory /raight away ,i mu/ confess t 8 objections 7 /rong en\gh n only to weak5 my ris+ hopes1 b to annihilate !m completely4 ,e9/e9 comm5c$ by say+3 ,at pres5t !re is n ! slighte/ indication ( :5 ?is en]gy w be obta9able1 or :e!r x w be obta9able at all4 ,= x w\ld presuppose a dis9tegration ( ! atom effect$ at w--a %att]+ ( ! atom4 ,& up to ! pres5t !re is sc>cely a sign t ?is w be possible4 ,we obs]ve atomic dis9tegration only :]e ,nature h]self pres5ts x1 z 9 ! case ( radium1 ! activity ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! cont9ual explosive decomposition ( its atom4 ,nev]!less1 we c only e/abli% ! pres5ce ( ?is process1 b _c produce x2 ,sci5ce 9 its pres5t /ate makes x appe> almo/ impossible t we %all ev] succe$ 9 s do+4 ,! fact t we are able to ab/ract a c]ta9 numb] ( calories f coal & put !m to practical use comes ab\t ow+ to ! circum/ance t combu/ion is only a molecul> process1 a *ange ( configuration1 :i* leaves fully intact ! atoms ( :i* ! molecules are compos$4 ,:5 c>bon & oxyg5 comb9e1 ! elem5t>y con/itu5t1 ! atom1 rema9s q unimpair$4 ,! above calculation1 mass multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( light2 w\ld h a te*nical significance only if we 7 able to attack ! int]ior ( ! atom2 & ( ?is !re seems1 z rem>k$1 n ! remote/ hope4 ,out ( ! hi/ory ( te*nical sci5ce x might seem possible to draw on examples contradictory to ?is fir/ argum5t :i* is soon to be foll[$ by o!rs equally important4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 rigor\s sci5ce has (t5 decl>$ to be impossible :at 0 lat] discov]$ to be )9 ! rea* ( te*nical atta9m5t--?+s t seem to u n[adays to be ord9>y & self-evid5t4 ,w]n] ,siem5s consid]$ x impossible to fly by means ( ma*9es heavi] ?an air1 & ,helmholtz prov$ ma!matically t x 0 impossible4 ,antec$5t to ! discov]y ( ! locomotive ! impossible ( ! academicians play$ an important "p2 ,/eph5son z well z ,rigg5ba* 7! inv5tors ( ! locomotive7 _h no easy task to e/abli% _! inv5tions 9 ! face ( ! g5]al reproa* ( craz9ess hurl$ at !m4 ,! em95t physici/ ,bab9et appli$ 8 ma!matical artill]y to demoli% ! ideas ( ! advocates ( a telegraphic cable betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,philipp ,reis1 ! =]unn] ( ! telephone1 fail$ only z a result ( ! impossible ( ! le>n$ physici/ ,pogg5dorff2 & ev5 :5 ! practical telephone ( ,graham ,bell 7#ahgf7 _h be5 f\nd to "w 9 ,bo/on1 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic !re 0 /ill a hubbub ( impossible ow+ to sci5tific reasons4 ,to ^! illu/rations is to be add$ ,rob]t ,may]'s me*anical equival5t ( heat1 a det]m9+ factor 9 our above calculations ( billions2 x likewise _h to ov]come v /rong opposition on ! "p ( lead+ sci5ti/s4 ,let u imag9e ! /ate ( mank9d be=e ! adv5t ( ma*9es & be=e coal _h be5 made available z a s\rce ( p[]4 ,ev5 at t "t a f>-see+ inve/igator w\ld h be5 able to discov] f !oretical gr\nds ! #hjjj calories m5tion$ e>li] & also _! trans=mation into useful =ces4 ,he w\ld h express$ x 9 ano!r way & w\ld h got diff]5t figures1 b he w\ld h arriv$ at ! conclusion3 ,"h is a virtual possibility :i* mu/ un=tunately rema9 virtual1 z we h no ma*9e 9 :i* x c be us$4 ,& h[ev] f>-sight$ he may h be51 ! idea (1 say1 a mod]n dynamo or a turb9e-/eam] w\ld h be5 utt]ly inconceivable to him4 ,he w\ld n h dream$ su* a ?+4 ,nay1 we may ev5 imag9e a human be+ ( ! mi/y dawn ( prehi/oric ages1 ( ! diluvial p]iod1 :o _h sudd5ly _h a pres5tim5t ( ! connexion betwe5 a log ( wood & ! sun's heat1 b :o 0 yet unaw>e ( ! uses ( fire2 he w\ld argue f 8 primordial logic t x 0 n possible & nev] w\ld be possible to d]ive f ! piece ( wood some?+ :i* s5ds out w>m? l ! sun4 ,i believe n[1 inde$1 t we h gr\nds = consid]+ ourselves able to m>k (f ! limits ( possibility m cle>ly ?an ! pres5t position ( sci5ce w\ld seem to w>rant4 ,!re is ! same relation betwe5 su* possibilities & absolute impossibilities z !re is betwe5 ,leibniz's vrits de fait & ! vrits t]nelles4 ,! fact t we %all nev] succe$ 9 con/ruct+ a plane isosceles triangle ) unequal base angles is a vrit t]nelle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is only a vrit de fait t sci5ce is preclud$ f giv+ mortal man et]nal life4 ,?is is only improbable 9 ! highe/ degree1 = ! fact t1 up to ! pres5t1 all our ance/ors h di$ is only a f9ite pro(4 ,! well-kn[n ,cajus ( our logic books ne$ n die2 ! *ances ( 8 dy+ are only nn#a1 :]e we d5ote ! total ( all p]sons t h pass$ away up to ?is mom5t by n4 ,if ,i ask a pres5t-day au?ority 9 biology or m$ic9e :at evid5ce !re is t x w be possible to pres]ve an individual p]son p]man5tly f dea?1 he w\ld confess3 n ! slighte/4 ,nev]!less1 ,helmholtz decl>$3 ,to a p]son :o tells me t by us+ c]ta9 means ! life ( a p]son may be prolong$ indef9itely ,i c oppose my extreme disbelief1 b ,i _c contradict him absolutely4 ,e9/e9 himself once po9t$ out to me su* v remote possibilities2 x 0 9 connexion ) ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,x is q impossible = a mov+ body ev] to atta9 a velocity great] ?an t ( light1 because x is sci5tifically inconceivable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is conceivable1 & !re=e )9 ! range ( possibility1 t man may yet fly to ! mo/ di/ant con/ellations4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no absolute contradiction to ! notion ( mak+ available = te*nical purposes ! billions ( calories t occurr$ 9 our problem4 ,z soon z we admit x z possible = discussion1 we f9d ourselves inquir+ :at ! solution ( ! problem c\ld signify4 ,9 our int]c\rse we actually arriv$ at ?is "q1 & discov]$ ! mo/ radical answ] 9 a diss]tation :i* ,fri$ri* ,siem5s has writt5 ab\t coal 9 g5]al )\t t\*+ 9 ! slighte/ on ^! possibilities ( ! future4 ,i imag9e t ?is diss]tation 0 a big trump 9 my h&1 b _h soon to le>n f ! reason$ contradiction ( ,e9/e9 t ! po9t at issue 0 n to be decid$ 9 ?is way4 ,nev]!less1 x w repay u to consid] ^! argum5ts = a mom5t4 ,fri$ri* ,siem5s />ts f two premises :i* he seem+ly bases on sci5tific reason+1 ?us claim+ _! validity g5]ally4 ,!y are3 ,coal is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,! price ( e product repres5ts1 directly or indirectly1 ! value ( ! coal conta9$ 9 x4 ,z all economic values 9 ov]-populat$ c\ntries are ! result ( "w1 & z "w presupposes coal1 capital is synonym\s ) coal4 ,! economic value ( ea* object is ! sum-total ( ! coal t _h to be us$ to manufacture ! object 9 "q4 ,9 ov]-populat$ /ates ea* wage is ! value ( ! coal t is necess>y to make ?is extra life possible4 ,if !re is a sc>city ( coal1 ! wages g d[n 9 value2 if !re is no coal1 ! wages are ( no value at all1 no matt] h[ mu* pap] money be issu$4 ,z soon z agriculture requires coal 7?is occurs :5 x is practis$ int5sively & necessitates ! use ( railways1 ma*9es1 artificial manures71 coal becomes involv$ ) food-/uffs4 ,?anks to indu/rialism1 coal is involv$ 9 clo?+ & h\s+1 too4 ,s9ce money is equival5t to coal1 prop] adm9i/ration ( f9ance is equival5t to a prop] adm9i/ration ( coal res\rces1 & our /&>d ( curr5cy is 9 ! la/ in/ance a coal-curr5cy4 ,gold z money is n[ conc5trat$ coal4 ,! mo/ advanc$ p is t :i* d]ives f "o kilogramme ( coal ! greate/ possibilities conducive to life4 ,wise /atesman%ip mu/ resolve itself into wise adm9i/ration ( coal4 ,or1 z x has be5 express$ 9 o!r words else:]e3 ,we mu/ ?9k 9 t]ms ( coal4 ,^! fundam5tal ideas 7 discuss$1 & ! result 0 t ,e9/e9 admitt$ ! premises 9 ! ma91 b fail$ to see ! conclusiv5ess ( ! inf]5ces4 ,he prov$ to me1 /ep by /ep1 t ,siem5s' l9e ( ?\ght foll[$ a vici\s circle1 &1 by begg+ ! "q1 arriv$ at a false conclusion4 ,! ess5tial factor1 he said1 is man-p[]1 & s x w rema92 x is ?is t we h to reg>d z ! prim>y factor4 ,j s mu* c be sav$ to advantage z !re is man-p[] available = purposes o!r ?an = ! production ( coal f :i* !y are n[ releas$4 ,if we succe$ 9 gett+ great] use out ( a kilogramme ( coal by bett] managem5t1 !n ?is is measurable 9 man-p[]1 ) :i* "o may disp5se = ! m9+ ( coal1 & :i* may be appli$ to o!r purposes4 ,if ! ass]tion3 ,coal is ! measure ( all ?+s1 7 g5]ally valid1 x %\ld /& e te/4 ,we ne$ only try x 9 a few in/ances to see t ! !sis does n apply4 ,= example1 said ,e9/e93 ,h[ev] mu* coal we may use1 & h[ev] clev]ly we may dispose ( x1 x w n produce cotton4 ,c]ta9ly ! freightage ( cotton-wool c\ld be r$uc$ 9 price1 b ! value-factor repres5t$ by man-p[] c nev] disappe> f ! price ( ! cotton4 ,! mo/ t c be admitt$ is t an increase ( ! am\nt ( p[] obta9$ f coal w\ld make x possible = m p to exi/ ?an is possible at pres5t1 t is1 t ! m>g9 ( ov]-population w\ld become ext5d$4 ,b we mu/ n conclude t ?is w\ld be a boon to mank9d4 ,a maximum is n an optimum4 ,he :o proclaims ! maximum )\t qualification z ! greate/ measure ( good is l "o :o /udies ! v>i\s gases 9 ! atmosph]e to asc]ta9 _! good or bad effect on our brea?+1 & arrives at ! conclusion3 ! nitrog5 9 ! air is h>mful1 s we mu/ d\ble ! proportion ( oxyg5 to c\nt]act x2 ?is w conf] a great b5efit on humanity6 #a99;,arm$ ) ?is /rik+ analogy1 we c n[ subject ! f\ndation ( ,siem5s' !ory to a new scrut9y1 & we %all !n discov] t ev5 ! premises conta9 a trace ( ! petitio pr9cipii t f9ally receives expression 9 ! radical & "o-sid$ expression3 ,coal is ev]y?+4 ,footnote #a3 ,! p>ts includ$ betwe5 9944499 are to be reg>d$ z supplem5t>y portions int5d$ to elucidate ! argum5ts involv$ 9 ! dialogue4 ,9 _m po9ts !y are f\nd$ on utt]ances ( ,e9/e91 b also conta9 reflections drawn f o!r s\rces1 z well z op9ions & inf]5ces :i* fall to ! acc\nt ( ! au?or1 z already rem>k$ 9 ! preface4 ,"o w n get f> by judg+ ^! /atem5ts z "r or wrong1 = ev5 ! debatable view may prove itself to be exp$iti\s & sugge/ive 9 ! p]spective ( ^! conv]sations4 ,:]ev] x 0 possible1 )\t ! connexion be+ brok51 ,i h call$ att5tion to ! p>ts :i* ,e9/e9 correct$ or disapprov$ (4 ,9 o!r places ,i refra9$ f ?is1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! subject "u discussion dem&$ an ev5 fl[ ( argum5t4 ,x w\ld h di/urb$ ! exposition if ,i _h made m5tion ( e c\nt]-argum5t ( ! oppos+ side 9 all su* cases :ile ! explanation 0 proce$+ along broad l9es4 ,z if built on solid f\ndations ?is fir/ /atem5t looms be=e u3 ,coal is sol> en]gy4 ,?is is s f> indisputable4 ,= all ! coal deposits t are /ill slumb]+ 9 ! e>? 7 once /ately plants1 d5se woods ( f]n1 :i*1 be>+ ! burd5 ( millions ( ye>s1 h sav$ up = u :at !y _h once extract$ z nutrition f ! sun's rays4 ,we may let ! p>allel idea pass )\t cont5tion3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 n ! ,^w1 nor ! ,de$1 b1 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,sun4 ,! en]gy s5t out by ! sun to ! e>? = mank9d is ! only necess>y & inevitable condition = de$s4 ,de$s mean "w1 & "w necessitates life4 ,b we imm$iately become involv$ 9 an unju/ifiable subdivision ( ! idea1 = ! prop\nd] ( ! !ory says next3 444 ,coal is sol> en]gy1 !re=e coal is necess>y if we are to "w 444 & ?is has already ?ru/ u f ! pa?s ( logic2 ! prematurely victori\s ergo breaks d[n4 ,=1 ap>t f ! sol> en]gy conv]t$ into coal1 ! w>m? ( our "m planet radiates on u1 & furni%es u ) ! possibility ( "w4 ,siem5s' conclusion1 f ! po9t ( view ( logic1 is tantam\nt to2 ,graphite is sol> en]gy2 h5ce graphite is necess>y1 if we are to be able to "w4 ,! true expression ( ! /ate ( affairs is3 ,coal is1 = our pres5t conditions ( life1 ! mo/ important1 if n ! exclusive1 prelim9>y = human "w4 ,& :5 we le>n f political economy t 9 a social /ate only ! necess>y human lab\r & ! dem& = p[]-in/allations :i* require coal1 & h5ce aga9 lab\r = _! production1 come into "q1 ?is 9 no way implies ! ass]tion1 z ,siem5s appe>s to assume1 t coal c be made out ( lab\r4 ,b x does signify t "w f\nd$ on ! sun's en]gy ne$ n necess>ily be r$ucible to coal4 ,& ?is probably co9cides ) ,e9/e9's op9ion1 :i* is s mu* ! m significant1 z 8 own doctr9e po9ts to ! highe/ measure ( effect 9 =ces1 ev5 if only !oretically499 ,nev]!less1 x is a fact t e increase 9 ! quantity ( p[] d]iv$1 :5 express$ p] kilo1 d5otes a mitigation ( life's burd5s2 x is only a "q ( ! limits involv$4 ,fir/ly1 is te*nical sci5ce ) its possibilities1 z f> z !y c be judg$ at pres5t1 /ill able to gu>antee ! future = u8 ,c x spread out ! effective "w s f> t we may rely peacefully on ! treasures ( coal slumb]+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?8 ,evid5tly n4 ,= 9 ?is case we are deal+ ) quantities t may be approximately e/imat$4 ,& ev5 if we get ?ree times1 nay t5 times1 z _m useful calories z be=e1 !re is a p>allel calculation ( evil om5 t in=ms u3 !re w be an end to ?is fea/ ( en]gy4 ,9 spite ( all ! emb>rassm5ts due to ! pres5t %ortage ( coal we h /ill always be5 able to console ourselves ) ! ?\ght t !re is really a suffici5cy1 & t x is only a "q ( ov]com+ /oppages4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t f ! "t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,g]man ,empire to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w ,w> coal production _h be5 ris+ /eadily1 & x 0 possible to calculate t 9 spite ( ! /up5d\s quantities t 7 be+ remov$ f ! black caves ( ,g]many1 !re rema9$ at lea/ #bjjj milli>ds ( m>ks 9 value 7tak5 at ! nom9al rate1 t is1 #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj74 ,nev]!less1 geologi/s & m9+ exp]ts tell u t our :ole supply w n la/ long] ?an #bjjj ye>s1 9 ! case ( ,engl& #ejj ye>s1 & 9 t ( ,france #bjj ye>s4 ,ev5 if we all[ amply = ! op5+ up ( new coal-fields 9 o!r cont95ts1 we _c get ov] ! fact t 9 ! prehi/oric f]n =e/s ! sun has /or$ up only a f9ite1 exhau/ible am\nt ( en]gy1 & t )9 a few hundr$ ye>s humanity w be fac$ ) a coal fam9e4 ,n[1 if coal 7 really ! measure ( all ?+s1 & if ! possibility ( life dep5d$ only on ! coal supply1 !n our di/ant desc5dants w\ld n only relapse into b>b>ity1 b !y w\ld h to expect ! absolute z]o ( exi/5ce4 ,we %\ld n ne$ to worry at all ab\t ! entropy dea? ( ! univ]se1 z our own ext9ction on ?is e>?ly planet beckons to u f an incomp>ably ne>] po9t ( "t4 ,at ?is /age ( ! discussion ,e9/e9 reveal$ prospects :i* 7 entirely 9 accordance ) 8 conviction t ! :ole argum5t bas$ on ! coal assumption 0 unt5able4 ,he /at$ t x 0 by no means a ,utopian idea t te*nical sci5ce w yet discov] totally new ways ( sett+ free =ces1 su* z us+ ! sun's radiation1 or wat] p[]1 or ! movem5t ( ! tides1 or p[] res]voirs ( ,nature1 among :i* ! pres5t coal supply d5otes only "o bran*4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( coal extraction we h liv$ only on ! rema9s ( a prehi/oric capital t has la9 9 ! treasure-*e/s ( ! e>?4 ,x is to be conjectur$ t ! int]e/ on ! actual capital ( =ce w be v mu* 9 excess ( :at we c fet* out ( ! depositories ( =m] ages4 ,to =m an e/imate ( ?is actual capital1 entirely indep5d5t ( coal1 we may pres5t "s figures4 ,let u consid] a t9y wat] canal1 a m]e no?+ 9 ! wat]y network ( ! e>?1 ! ,rh9e-falls at ,s*affhaus51 t may appe> mighty to ! behold]1 b only because he applies 8 t\ri/'s measure in/ead ( a planet>y "o4 ,b ev5 ?is bagatelle 9 ! h\sehold ( ,nature repres5ts v consid]able effectual values = u3 #bjj cubic metres spread ov] a t]race #bj metres high yield #fg1jjj horse-p[]1 equival5t to #ej1jjj kil[atts4 ,?is cascade alone w\ld suffice to keep illum9at$ to _! full int5sity #a1jjj1jjj gl[lamps1 ea* ( #ej c&le-p[]1 & accord+ to our pres5t t>iff we %\ld h to pay at lea/ #gj1jjj m>ks 7#cejj nom9ally7 p] h\r4 ,! coal-wor%ipp] w be m impress$ by a diff]5t calculation4 ,! ,rh9e-falls at ,s*affhaus5 is equival5t 9 value to a m9e t yields e day #ade tons ( ! f9e/ br[n coal4 ,if we took ! ,niag>a ,falls z an illu/ration1 ^! figures w\ld h to be multipli$ by ab\t #hj4 ,& by :at factor w\ld we h to multiply !m1 if we wi%$ to get only an approximate e/imate ( ! en]gy t ! brea?+ e>? rolls ab\t 9 ! =m ( ! tides8 ,! a/ronom] ,bessel & ! philosoph]-physici/ ,fe*n] once endeav\r$ to get at "s comp>ative picture ( ^! ev5ts4 ,x requir$ #cfj1jjj m5 tw5ty ye>s to build ! greate/ ,egyptian pyramid1 & yet its cubical cont5ts are only ab\t ! million? ( a cubic mile1 & p]haps if we sum up ev]y?+ t m5 & ma*9]y h mov$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ,flood till n[1 a cubic mile w\ld n yet h be5 complet$4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 ! e>? 9 its tidal motion moves #bjj cubic miles ( wat] f "o quadrant ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce to ano!r 9 e qu>t] ( a day4 ,f ?is we see at once t all ! coal-m9es 9 ! _w w\ld mean no?+ to u if we c\ld once succe$ 9 mak+ ev5 a fraction ( ! pulse-beat ( ! e>? available = purposes ( indu/ry4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we %\ld be compell$ to dep5d on coal1 our imag9ations cl+ s mu* m closely to t enorm\s quantity giv5 by ! expression mc#b1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! !ory ( relativity4 ,! #bj billion calories t are conta9$ 9 ea* gramme ( coal ex]cise a fasc9ation on our m9ds4 ,& al?\gh ,e9/e9 /ates t !re is n ! slighte/ indication t we %all get at ?is supply1 we get c>ri$ along by an irresi/ible impulse to picture :at x w\ld mean if we %\ld actually succe$ 9 tapp+ x4 ,! transition f ! gold5 to ! iron age1 z pictur$ 9 ,hesiod1 ,aratus1 & ,ovid1 takes %ape be=e our eyes1 & foll[+ our b5t ( cont9u+ ?is cyclically1 we take pleasure 9 fancy+ ourselves be+ rescu$ f ! s]fdom ( ! iron & ( ! coal age to a new gold5 age4 ,a supply1 su* z is pil$ up 9 an av]age city /or+-place1 w\ld be suffici5t to supply ! :ole _w ) en]gy = an immeasurable "t4 ,all ! tr\bles & mis]ies aris+ f ! runn+ ( ma*9es1 ! me*anical production ( w>es1 h\se-fires w\ld vani%1 & all ! human lab\r at pres5t occupi$ 9 m9+ coal w\ld become free to cultivate ! l&1 all railways & boats w\ld run almo/ )\t exp5se1 an inconceivable wave ( happ9ess w\ld sweep ov] mank9d4 ,x w\ld mean an end ( coal-1 freight-1 & food-%ortage6 ,we %\ld at la/ be able to escape out ( ! h>d%ips ( ! day1 :i* is brok5 up by /r5u\s "w1 & so> upw>ds to bright] sph]es :]e we w\ld be welcom$ by ! true values ( life4 ,h[ allur+ is ! song ( ,sir5s *ant$ by our physics ) its high ,c1 ! velocity ( light to ! second p[]1 :i* we h got to "k z a factor 9 ?is secret /ore ( en]gy4 ,b ^! dreams are futile4 ,= ,e9/e91 to :om we owe ?is =mula s promis+ ( wond]s1 n only d5ies t x c be appli$ practically1 b also br+s =w>d ano!r argum5t t ca/s u d[n to e>? aga94 ,suppos+1 he expla9$1 x 7 possible to set free ?is enorm\s /ore ( en]gy1 !n we %\ld only arrive at an age1 comp>$ ) :i* ! pres5t coal age w\ld h to be call$ gold54 ,&1 un=tunately1 we f9d ourselves oblig$ to fall 9 ) ?is view1 :i* is bas$ 9 ! wise old saw 1 ne quid nimis1 no?+ 9 excess4 ,appli$ to our case1 ?is means t :5 su* a measure ( p[] is set free1 x does n s]ve a useful purpose1 b leads to de/ruction4 ,! process ( burn+1 :i* we us$ z an illu/ration1 calls up ! picture ( an ov5 9 :i* we c imag9e ?is :olesale production ( en]gy1 & exp]i5ce tells u t we %\ld n heat an ov5 ) dynamite4 ,if te*nical developm5ts ( ?is k9d 7 to come ab\t1 ! en]gy supply w\ld probably n be capable ( regulation at all4 ,x makes no diff]5ce if we say t we only want a "p ( ^? #bj billion calories1 & t we %\ld be glad to be able to multiply ! #hjjj calories requir$ to-day by #ajj4 ,t is n possible1 = if we %\ld succe$ 9 dis9tegrat+ ! atom1 x seems t we %\ld h ! billions ( calories ru%+ un*eck$ on u1 & we %\ld f9d ourselves unable to cope ) !m1 nay1 p]haps ev5 ! solid gr\nd1 on :i* we move1 c\ld n )/& !m4 ,no discov]y rema9s a monopoly ( only a few p4 ,if a v c>eful sci5ti/ %\ld really succe$ 9 produc+ a practical heat+ or driv+ effect f ! atom1 !n any untra9$ p]son w\ld be able to bl[ up a :ole t[n by means ( only a m9ute quantity ( sub/ance4 ,& any suicidal maniac :o hat$ 8 fell[s & wi%$ to pulv]ize all habitations )9 a wide range w\ld only h to conceive ! plan to c>ry x out at a mom5t's notice4 ,all ! bomb>dm5ts t h tak5 place ev] s9ce fire-arms 7 inv5t$ w\ld be m]e *ild's play comp>$ ) ! de/ruction t c\ld be caus$ by two buckets ( coal4 ,at int]vals we see />s light up 9 ! heav5s1 & !n become ext+ui%$ aga92 f ^! we inf] t _w cata/rophes h occurr$4 ,we d n "k :e!r x is due to ! explosion ( hydrog5 ) o!r gases1 or to collisions betwe5 two /ell> bodies4 ,!re is /ill room = ! assumption t1 immeasurably f> away 9 yond] regions ( cele/ial space1 some?+ is happ5+ :i* a malevol5t inhabitant ( our e>?1 :o has discov]$ ! secret ( sma%+ ! atom1 might "h repeat4 ,& ev5 if our imag9ations c be /ret*$ to pa9t ! bless+s ( ?is release ( en]gy1 !y c]ta9ly fail to conjure up visions ( ! disa/r\s effects :i* w\ld result4 ,e9/e9 turn$ to a page 9 a le>n$ "w ( ! ma!matical physici/ ,weyl ( ,zri*1 & po9t$ out a "p t dealt ) su* an appall+ lib]ation ( en]gy4 ,x seem$ to me to be ( ! nature ( a f]v5t pray] t ,heav5 pres]ve u f su* explosive =ces ev] be+ let loose on mank9d6 ,subject to pres5t impossibility1 x is possible to weave _m p>allel in/ances4 ,x is conceivable t by "s yet undiscov]$ process alcohol may be prep>$ z pl5tifully & z *eaply z ord9>y wat]4 ,?is w\ld end ! %ortage ( alcohol1 & w\ld assure delirium trem5s = hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! evil w\ld f> outweigh ! good1 al?\gh x might be avoidable1 = "o c1 ev5 if ) great difficulty1 imag9e precaution>y measures4 ,w> te*nique might lead to ! use ( weapons ( great range1 :i* w\ld enable a small numb] ( adv5tur]s to conqu] a ,great ,p[]4 ,x w be object$3 ?is w hold vice v]sa1 too4 ,nev]!less1 ?is w\ld n alt] ! fact t su* long-range weapons w\ld probably lead to ! de/ruction ( civilization4 ,our la/ hope ( an escape w\ld be 9 a sup]ior moral outlook ( future g5]ations1 :i* ! optimi/ may imag9e to himself z ! =ce majeure4 ,!re are app>5tly only two inv5tions1 9 !mselves triumphs ( intellect1 aga9/ :i* "o w\ld h no def5ce4 ,! fir/ w\ld be ?\ght-read+ made applicable to all1 & ) :i* ,kant has dealt "u ! t]m ?9k+ al\d4 ,:at is n[adays a r>e & v imp]fect telepa?ic turn may yet be g5]aliz$ & p]fect$ 9 a mann] :i* ,kant suppos$ n impossible on "s di/ant planet4 ,! association & conv]se ( man ) 8 fell[s w\ld n /& ! te/ ( ?is inv5tion1 & we %\ld h to be angels to survive x ev5 = a day4 ,! second inv5tion w\ld be ! solution ( ?is mc#b-problem1 :i* ,i call a problem only because ,i fail to discov] a prop] t]m1 :]eas s f> 0 x f be+ a problem = ,e9/e9 t x 0 only 9 my pres5ce he began to reckon x out 9 figures f ! symbolic =mula4 ,to u av]age be+s a ,utopia may disclose itself1 a %ort fr5zy ( joy foll[$ by a cold d\*e3 ,e9/e9 /&s above x z ! pure se>*]1 :o is int]e/$ only 9 ! sci5tific fact1 & :o1 ev5 at ! fir/ k ( x1 pres]ves its ess5tially !oretical importance f attempts to apply x practically4 ,if1 !n1 ano!r wi%es to hamm] out into a fanta/ic gold-leaf :at he has produc$ z a little p>ticle ( gold 9 8 physical inve/igations1 he (f]s no opposition to su* ?\ght-exp]im5ts1 = "o ( ! deepe/ traits ( 8 nature is tol]ance4 ,a4 ,pflg]1 "o ( ! be/ qualifi$ h]alds ( ! new doctr9e1 has t\*$ on ! above matt] 9 8 essay1 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity4 ,e9/e9 prais$ ?is pamphlet2 ,i m5tion$ t ! au?or took a view diff]5t f t ( ,e9/e91 ( ! possibility ( mak+ accessible ! mc#b4 ,9 discuss+ ! practical significance ( ?is ev5tuality1 ,pflg] says3 ,x w be "t to talk ( ?is po9t aga9 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,?is seems a %ort "t-limit1 ev5 if none ( u w live to be pres5t at ! discussion4 ,e9/e9 smil$ at ?is pause ( a hundr$ ye>s1 & m]ely repeat$1 ,a v good essay6 ,x is n = me to (f] contradictions2 &1 z f> z ! impli$ progno/ication is conc]n$1 x w be be/ = mank9d if x %\ld prove to be false4 ,if ! optimum is unatta9able1 at lea/ we %all be sp>$ ! wor/1 :i* is :at ! realization ( ?is prophecy w\ld inflict on u4 ,"s mon?s aft] ! above discussion _h fir/ be5 put to pap]1 ! _w 0 confront$ by a new sci5tific ev5t4 ,! ,engli% physici/ ,ru!r=d _h1 ) delib]ate int5tion1 actually succe$$ 9 splitt+ up ! atom4 ,:5 ,i que/ion$ ,e9/e9 on ! possible consequ5ces ( ?is exp]im5tal a*ievem5t1 he decl>$ ) 8 usual frankness1 "o ( ! treasures ( 8 "*1 t he _h n[ occasion to modify some:at ! op9ion he _h %ortly be=e express$4 ,?is is n to mean t he n[ consid]$ ! practical goal ( gett+ unlimit$ supply ( en]gy z hav+ be5 br\ght )9 ! realm ( possibility4 ,he gave x z 8 view t we are n[ ent]+ on a new /age ( developm5t1 :i* may p]haps disclose fre% op5+s = te*nical sci5ce4 ,! sci5tific importance ( ^! new exp]im5ts ) ! atom 0 c]ta9ly to be consid]$ v great4 ,9 ,ru!r=d's op]ations ! atom is treat$ z if he 7 deal+ ) a =tress3 he subjects x to a bomb>dm5t & !n seeks to fire into ! brea*4 ,! =tress is /ill c]ta9ly f> f capitulat+1 b signs ( disruption h become obs]vable4 ,a hail ( bullets caus$ holes1 te>s1 & spl9t]+s4 ,! projectiles hurl$ by ,ru!r=d are alpha-p>ticles %ot out by radium1 & _! velocity approa*es two-?irds t ( light4 ,ow+ to ! extreme viol5ce ( ! impact1 !y succe$$ 9 do+ damage to c]ta9 atoms enclos$ 9 evacuat$ glass tubes4 ,x 0 %[n t atoms ( nitrog5 _h be5 disrupt$4 ,x is /ill unkn[n :at quantities ( en]gy are releas$ 9 ?is process4 ,?is splitt+ up ( ! atom c>ri$ out ) int5tion c1 inde$1 be detect$ only by ! mo/ c>eful inve/igations4 ,z f> z practical applications are conc]n$1 !n1 we h got no fur!r1 al?\gh we h r5ew$ gr\nds = hope4 ,! unit ( measure1 z x 71 is /ill out ( proportion to ! mat]ial to be cut4 ,= ! =ces :i* ,ru!r=d _h to use to atta9 ?is result are relatively v consid]able4 ,he d]iv$ !m f a gramme ( radium1 :i* is able to lib]ate sev]al milli>d calories1 :]eas ! net practical result 9 ,ru!r=d's exp]im5t is /ill immeasurably small4 ,nev]!less1 x is sci5tifically e/abli%$ t x is possible to split up atoms ( "o's own free w1 & ?us ! fundam5tal objection rais$ above falls to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is also ano!r reason = increas$ hope4 ,x seems feasible t1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,nature w\ld automatically cont9ue ! disruption ( ! atom1 aft] a human be+ _h int5tionally />t$ x1 z 9 ! analog\s case ( a conflagration :i* ext5ds1 al?\gh x may h />t$ f a m]e sp>k4 ,a by-product ( future rese>* might lead to ! transmutation ( lead into gold4 ,! possibility ( ?is trans=mation ( elem5ts is subject to ! same argum5ts z ^? above ab\t ! splitt+ up ( ! atom & ! release ( great quantities ( en]gy4 ,! pa? ( decay f radium to lead lies cle>ly expos$ ev5 n[1 b x is v que/ionable :e!r mank9d w f9ally h cause to (f] up hymns ( ?anksgiv+ if ?is l9e f lead on to ! preci\s metals %\ld be cont9u$1 = x w\ld cause our conception ( ! latt] to be %att]$4 ,gold made f lead w\ld n give rise to an increase 9 ! value ( ! mean] metal1 b to ! utt] depreciation ( gold1 & h5ce ! loss ( ! /&>d ( value t has be5 valid s9ce ! beg9n+ ( our civilization4 ,no economi/ w\ld be possess$ ( a suffici5tly f>-sight$ vision to be able to measure ! consequ5ces on ! _w's m>ket ( su* a revolution 9 values4 ,! *ief product w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! ga9 9 en]gy1 & we mu/ be> ?is 9 m9d :5 we give ourselves up to our speculations1 h[ev] optimi/ic or cata/rophic !y may be4 ,! imp5etrable b>ri] impossible no long] exi/s4 ,e9/e9's wond]ful ,op5 ,sesame1 mass times ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( light1 is ?und]+ at ! portals4 ,& mank9d f9ds a new mean+ 9 ! old saw3 ,"o %\ld nev] say nev]6 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,valhalla ,ord] ( ,di/9ction & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,great ,discov]]s4--,galilei & ,newton4--,=]unn]s & ,priority4--,sci5ce & ,religion4--,inh]itance ( ,tal5t4--,a ,dyna/y ( ,s*ol>s4--,alex&] von ,humboldt & ,goe!4--,leon>do da ,v9ci4--,helmholtz4--,rob]t ,may] & ,dhr+4--,gauss & ,riemann4--,max ,planck4--,maxwell & ,f>aday4 ,i ,,_h made up my m9d to "q ,e9/e9 ab\t a numb] ( fam\s m51 n conc]n+ m]e facts ( _! lives & works1 = ^! details 7 also procurable else:]e1 &1 moreov]1 ,i 0 n ignorant ( !m1 b :at attract$ me p>ticul>ly 0 to try to discov] h[ ! greatness ( "o might be comp>$ ) t ( ano!r4 ,?is sometimes helps u to see a p]sonality 9 a diff]5t light & f a new p]spective1 :i* leads u to assign to him a new position 9 ! s]ies ( ord]s ( m]it4 ,i _h really sket*$ out a li/ = ?is purpose1 includ+ a great numb] ( glori\s names f ! annals ( physics & regions j beyond3 a table1 z x 71 f :i* "o might set up a directory = ,valhalla6 ,x seem$ to me a pleas+ ?\ght to roam ?r\gh ?is hall ( celebrities 9 company ) ,e9/e91 & to pause at ! p$e/al ( ! bu/s ( ! great1 :o1 9 spite ( _! numb]1 are /ill too few1 f> too few1 9 comp>ison ) ! f> too _m :o populate ! e>? l s _m factory-produc$ articles4 ,if we set to "w to draw up a li/ ( ?is sort1 we soon f9d t !re is no end to ^! h]oes ( ,valhalla1 & we are rem9d$ ( ! hall ( fame ( ! ,nor!rn ,saga1 ( ! my?ological ,valhalla1 ^: ceil+ 0 s high t ! gable 0 invisible1 & ^: ext5t 0 s great t anyone wi%+ to ent] c\ld *oose f five hundr$ & =ty entrances4 ,9 reality our little excursion 0 f> f tak+ ^! dim5sions1 ! *ief reason be+ probably t we _h begun at ,newton4 ,h[ev] attractive x may be to he> ,e9/e9 talk ( ,newton1 a disadvantage arises 9 t we f9d x h>d to take leave ( 8 bu/ situat$ at ! ma9 portal1 & t we cont9ually rev]t to x ev5 :5 we call to m9d ! rema9+ pa?s free = our *oice & /ret*+ out ( sight4 ,reality1 ev5 figuratively1 (f]$ a picture :i* diff]$ consid]ably f ! measures ( greatness apportion$ by leg5d>y acc\nts4 ,9 ,e9/e9's workroom1 c]ta9ly1 a visitor enc\nt]s portraits1 n bu/s1 & x w\ld be ra% to speak ( ?is little collection ( portraits z ( a m9iature museum4 ,no1 x is c]ta9ly n t1 = its catalogue numb]s only to ?ree4 ,b "h !y act z a tr9ity ) a special significance "u ! gaze ( ,e9/e91 :o looks up to !m ) rev]5ce4 ,to him _! contribution ( ?\ght is immeasurable2 ,f>aday1 ,maxwell ) 8 ri* coils ( hair1 & betwe5 !m1 ,newton ) 8 fl[+ wig1 repres5t$ 9 an excell5t ,engli% engrav+1 ^: bord] consi/s ( symbolic insignias encircl+ 8 di/+ui%$-look+ c\nt5ance4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 ! measure ( rev]5ce t "o c feel is a measure ( "o's own intr9sic value4 ,tell me h[ mu* respect y c feel1 & ,i %all tell y :at is y\r wor?4 ,x is c]ta9ly n necess>y to emphasize ?is quality specially 9 ! case ( ,e9/e91 = !re are o!r po9ts ( vantage f :i* we may =m an e/imate ( 8 excell5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,i make special m5tion ( ! circum/ance to give an indication ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a revolution>y discov]] & revolution>y pione]s 9 o!r fields4 ,x is p>ticul>ly noticeable t inborn respect is seldom f\nd 9 mod]ni/s ( ,art4 ,! only means ( propag&a kn[n to !m consi/s 9 a passionate d5unciation ( :at has be5 develop$ hi/orically by gradual & pati5t ef=t2 _! retrospect consi/s ( unmitigat$ contempt2 !y pr(ess to be disciples only ( :at is mo/ rec5t1 rema9+ conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ circle surr\nd+ _! own ego4 ,! horizon ( ! discov]] has a diff]5t radius4 ,he takes ov] responsibility = ! future by nev] ceas+ 8 (f]+s at ! alt> ( ! ,pa/4 ,!re is probably no discov]] :o is devoid ( ?is *>act]i/ic1 b ,i %\ld l to emphasize t1 among all ! sci5ti/s ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1 no "o recognizes ! m]it ( o!rs s w>mly z ,e9/e94 ,he becomes c>ri$ away ) en?usiasm :5 he talks ( great m51 or ( su* z appe> great to him4 ,8 ,valhalla is n1 ( c\rse1 ! same z t fav\r$ by ,encyclopdias1 & _m a "o :om we rank z a ,sirius among m5 is to be f\nd l[] ?an ! six? ord] ( magnitude 9 ,e9/e9's li/4 ,nev]!less1 ! numb] ( selection ( con/ellations is no mean "o1 & ! rev]5ce t 0 orig9ally inspir$ by reason$ ?\ght has become infus$ 9 8 temp]am5t & become a "p ( 8 emotional self4 ,"o ne$ only m5tion ! "n ( ,newton--& ev5 ?is is sc>cely necess>y1 = ,newton seems always ne> at h&2 if ,i happ5 to />t ) ,desc>tes or ,pascal1 x does n take long be=e we arrive at ,newton1 6 ,once we began ) ,laplace2 & x seem$ almo/ z if ! ,trait de la m*anique cle/e 0 to become ! subject ( discussion4 ,b ,e9/e9 left 8 seat1 &1 tak+ up a position 9 front ( 8 s]ies ( portraits on ! wall1 he m$itatively pass$ 8 h& ?r\gh 8 hair1 & decl>$3 ,9 my op9ion ! greate/ creative g5iuses are ,galilei & ,newton1 :om ,i reg>d 9 a c]ta9 s5se z =m+ a unity4 ,& 9 ?is unity ,newton is he :o has a*iev$ ! mo/ impos+ feat 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,^! two 7 ! fir/ to create a sy/em ( me*anics f\nd$ on a few laws & giv+ a g5]al !ory ( motions1 ! totality ( :i* repres5ts ! ev5ts ( our _w4 ,int]rupt+ 8 rem>ks1 ,i ask$3 ,c ,galilei's fundam5tal law ( in]tia 7,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion7 be said to be a law d$uc$ f exp]i5ce8 ,my reason = ask+ is t ! :ole ( natural sci5ce is a sci5ce ( exp]i5ce1 & n m]ely some?+ bas$ on speculation4 ,x might easily sugge/ itself to "o t an elem5t>y law l t ( ,galilei or ,newton c\ld be d]iv$ f our ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,b1 if ?is is ! case1 h[ is x t sci5ce _h to wait s long be=e ?is simple fact 0 discov]$8 ,exp]i5ce is z old z ! hills2 :y did ! law ( in]tia n make its appe>ance at ! v beg9n+1 :5 ,nature 0 fir/ subject$ to inquiry8 ,by no means6 repli$ ,e9/e94 ,! discov]y ( ! law ( rectil9e> motion ( a body "u no ext]nal influ5ces is n at all a result ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,a circle1 too1 is a simple l9e ( motion1 & has (t5 be5 proclaim$ z su* by pr$ecessors ( ,newton1 = example1 by ,ari/oteles4 ,x requir$ ! enorm\s p[] ( ab/raction possess$ only by a giant ( reason to /abilize rectil9e> motion z ! fundam5tal =m4 ,to ?is may be add$ t be=e & ev5 aft] ! "t ( ,galilei1 n only ! circle b also o!r non-rectil9e> l9es h be5 reg>d$ ev5 by s]i\s ?9k]s z ! prim>y l9es giv5 by ,nature2 ^! ?9k]s ev5 d>$ to apply _! curvil9e> views to expla9+ _w ph5om5a t c\ld be made cle> only aft] ,galilei's ab/raction _h be5 accept$4 ,i ask$ :e!r ! !ory ( gravitation 0 already implicitly conta9$ 9 ,galilei's ,laws ( ,fall+ ,bodies4 ,e9/e9's answ] 0 9 ! negative3 ! gravitational !ory falls entirely to ! cr$it ( ,newton1 & ! greatness ( ?is intellectual a*ievem5t rema9s unimpair$ ev5 if ! ef=ts ( c]ta9 =]unn]s are recogniz$4 ,he m5tion$ ,rob]t ,hooke1 :om1 among o!rs1 ,s*op5hau] sets up aga9/ ,newton1 ) absolute inju/ice & f petty feel+s ( antipa?y1 :i* takes its orig9 f ,s*op5hau]'s unma!matical type ( m9d4 ,! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ,hooke's prelim9>y attempts at expla9+ gravitation1 & ,newton's monum5tal /ructure1 0 beyond 8 p[] ( disc]nm5t4 99,s*op5hau] 7vol4 ,,ii4 ( ! ,p>]ga7 uses two argum5ts to discr$it ,newton4 ,fir/ly1 he ref]s to two orig9al works1 bo? ( :i* he mis9t]prets2 secondly1 he und]takes a psy*ological analysis ( ,newton4 ,he uses psy*ological means1 :i* w\ld be ab\t equally reasonable z apply+ ! ,integral ,calculus to prov+ facts ( ,e?ical ,psy*ology1 & he arrives at ! conclusion t priority 9 discov]+ ! law ( gravitation is due to "s "o else2 ,hooke is pictur$ z hav+ be5 treat$ l ,columbus3 we n[ he> ( ,am]ica1 & likewise ,newton's ,gravitational ,sy/em6 ,s*op5hau] has1 h[ev]1 q =gott5 t he himself1 "s pages e>li]1 trumpet$ =? ,newton's imp]i%able fame ) ! words3 ,to =m an e/imate ( ! great value ( ! gravitational sy/em :i* 0 at lea/ complet$ & firmly e/abli%$ by ,newton1 we mu/ rem9d ourselves h[ entirely nonpluss$ ab\t ! orig9 ( ! motion ( cele/ial bodies ?9k]s _h previ\sly be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,t be>s ! r+ ( tru?4 ,newton's greatness c be grasp$ only if ?\s&s ( ye>s are us$ z a measure4 ,:]eas ,s*op5hau] argu$ f gr\nds drawn f psy*ology & ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal k1 8 antagoni/ ,hegel1 :o 0 /ill m vague 9 ^! fields1 s\ght to disp5se ) bo? ,newton & ,kepl] by call+ to 8 aid ! s-call$ pure intuition ( ! curv$ l9e4 ,9 an exposition ( truly comical prolixity1 su* z w\ld h delight$ ! he>ts ( s*olia/s1 he proves t ! ellipse mu/ repres5t ! fundam5tal type ( planet>y motion1 ?is be+ q indep5d5t ( ,newton's laws1 ,kepl]'s obs]vations1 & result+ ma!matical relation%ips4 ,& ,hegel actually succe$s1 ) a nebul\s v]bosity almo/ /ultify+ 9 its unmean+ness1 9 p>aphras+ ,kepl]'s second law 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,x reads l an extract f "s c>nival publication issu$ by sci5ti/s 9 a bibul\s mood to make fun ( !mselves4 ,b ^! extravagances1 too1 s]ve to add lu/re to ,newton1 = 8 g5ius %9es out mo/ brilliantly :5 x is a "q ( express+ cle>ly1 & )\t assumptions1 a ph5om5on ( cosmic motion4 ,"h !re are no =]unn]s1 n ev5 ) reg>d to 8 own law ( gravitation4 ,newton %[$ ) truly triumphant logic t ,kepl]'s second law belongs to ^? ?+s t are really self-evid5t4 ,?is law1 tak5 alone1 (f]s consid]able difficulties to anyone :o le>ns ( x = ! fir/ "t4 ,e planet describes an ellipse2 t is accept$ )\t demur4 ,b ! un9itiat$ w possibly or ev5 probably d$uce f ?is t ! planet w pass ov] equal l5g?s ( arc 9 equal times4 ,by no means1 says ,kepl]2 ! arcs trav]s$ 9 equal times are unequal4 ,b if we connect e po9t ( ! elliptic pa? ) a def9ite po9t )9 ! curve 7! focus ( ! ellipse7 by means ( /raight l9es1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a radius vector1 we get t ! areas swept out by ! radius vector 9 equal times 7& n ! arcs7 are equally great4 ,:y is ?is s8 ,?is _c be und]/ood a priori4 ,b "o might argue t s9ce ! attraction ( ! sun is ! gov]n+ =ce1 ?is w probably h some?+ to d ) ,newton's law ( gravitation1 9 p>ticul> ) ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,& "o might fur!r inf] t1 if a diff]5t pr9ciple ( gravitation exi/$1 ,kepl]'s law w\ld assume a new =m4 ,a fact amaz+ 9 its simplicity "h comes to light4 ,newton /ates ! proposition3 ,accord+ to :atev] law an accel]at+ =ce acts f a c5tre on a body mov+ freely1 ! radius vector w always sweep out equal areas 9 equal l5g?s ( "t4 ,no?+ is assum$ except ! law ( in]tia & a little elem5t>y ma!matics1 namely1 ! !orem t triangles on ! same base & ( ! same altitude are equal 9 area4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?is !orem occurs 9 ,newton's simple draw+ is c]ta9ly a/oni%+4 ,"o feels t !re 9 a few /rokes a cosmic problem is solv$2 ! impression is ineffaceable4 ,?is !orem toge!r ) its pro( is conta9$ 9 ,newton's *ief "w1 ,philosophi naturalis pr9cipia ma!matica4 ,! int]fusion ( philosophy & ma!matics furni%$ him ) ! natural pr9ciples ( k499 ,e9/e9 made "s illum9at+ rem>ks ab\t ,newton's fam\s phrase3 ,hypo!ses non f+o4 ,i _h said t ,newton mu/ h be5 aw>e t x is impossible to build up a sci5ce entirely free f hypo!ses4 ,ev5 geometry itself has arriv$ at t critical /age at :i* ,gauss & ,riemann discov]$ its hypo!tical f\ndations4 ,e9/e9 repli$3 ,acc5tuate ! words correctly & ! true s5se w reveal itself6 ,x is ! la/ ^w t is to be /ress$ & n ! fir/4 ,newton did n want to feel himself free f hypo!ses1 b r f ! assumption t he inv5t$ !m1 except :5 ?is 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,newton1 !n1 wi%$ to express t he did n g fur!r back 9 8 analysis ( causes ?an 0 absolutely inevitable4 ,p]haps1 ,i all[$ myself to int]ject1 a m viol5t suspicion aga9/ ! ^w hypo!ses 0 preval5t ) s*ol>s 9 ,newton's "t ?an n[4 ,newton's emphatic def5ce w\ld !n appe> a %ade m intelligible4 ,or did he *]i% ! belief t 8 _w-law 0 ! only possible "o 9 ,nature8 ,e9/e9 aga9 ref]r$ to ! univ]sality ( ,newton's g5ius1 say+ t ,newton 0 d\btless aw>e ( ! range )9 :i* 8 law 0 valid3 ?is law applies to ! realm ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 b is n giv5 a priori1 no m ?an ,galilei's ,law ( ,in]tia4 ,x is c]ta9ly conceivable t beyond ! doma9 ( human exp]i5ce !re may be an undiscov]able univ]se 9 :i* a diff]5t fundam5tal law holds1 & "o :i*1 nev]!less1 does n contradict ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,! anti!sis3 ,simplicity--,complexity1 l$ ! conv]sation into a %ort bypa?2 x arose out ( an example :i* ,i quot$ & t ,i %all repeat "h ev5 if x may seem irrelevant4 ,"o might well expect t j z = attraction !re mu/ be a g5]al law = resi/ance or repulsion4 ,& if attraction occurs accord+ to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 !n x w\ld be an extremely int]e/+ p>allel if a simil> law 7 to hold = repulsion except t ! proportionality 7 direct in/ead ( inv]se4 ,!re h actually be5 physici/s :o h proclaim$ a direct squ>e law ( repulsion2 ,i h he>d x 9 lectures myself4 ,! action ( a resi/+ m$ium1 z1 = example1 ! resi/ance ( ! air to ! flight ( a cannon-ball1 is /at$ to be proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! projectile4 ,?is !orem is wrong4 ,if x 7 correct1 & v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 we %\ld h to reg>d x z be+ presumably ! only possible & directly evid5t =m ( ! law ( repulsion or resi/ance4 ,!re w\ld1 at lea/1 be no logical reason = contradict+ x4 ,b "h we h a mix$ relation%ip1 z ,e9/e9 calls x--t is1 we are unable to express an exact connexion betwe5 ! velocity ( a body 9 flight & ! air resi/ance4 ,?is fallaci\s assumption by no means proce$$ f illogical reason+1 & x seem$ to re/ on a s\nd physical basis4 ,=1 s x 0 argu$1 if ! velocity is d\bl$1 !re is twice z mu* air to be displac$1 s t ! resi/ance w be f\r times z great4 ,b ?is 0 contradict$ outright by exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,"o _c ev5 call x an approximate law1 except = v l[ spe$s4 ,= great] spe$s we f9d1 in/ead ( a quadratic relation1 a cubical "o1 or "o ( a m complex nature4 ,photographs h demon/rat$ t ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by a projectile 9 flight is due to ! excitation ( a p[]ful c5tral wave1 to ! friction betwe5 ! air & ! surface ( ! projectile1 & to eddies produc$ beh9d ! projectile--t is1 to v>i\s conjo9$ factors1 ea* ( :i* foll[s a diff]5t law1 & su* t ! comb9$ effect _c be express$ by a simple =mula at all4 ,?is ph5om5on is ?us v complicat$ & (f]s almo/ insup]able difficulties to analysis4 ,a beautiful rem>k 0 once made1 :i* *>act]izes su* ev5ts 9 ,nature4 ,dur+ a conv]sation ) ,laplace1 ,fresnel said t ,nature does n worry ab\t analytical difficulties4 ,!re is no?+ simpl] ?an ,newton's ,law 9 spite ( ! complicat$ nature ( planet>y motions4 ,nature "h despises our analytical difficulties1 said ,fresnel2 %e applies simple means1 & !n by comb9+ !m produces an almo/ inextricable net ( confusion4 ,simplicity lies conceal$ 9 ?is *aos1 & x is only = u to discov] x6 ,b ?is simplicity :5 x is discov]$ is n always f\nd to be expressible 9 simple =mulae1 n mu/ x be =gott5 t ev5 ! ultimate discov]able simplicity po9ts to c]ta9 hypo!tical assumptions4 ,hypo!ses non f+o6 ,?is phrase ( ,newton's rema9s true1 if we ma9ta9 ,e9/e9's int]pretation3 ,he did n wi% to g fur!r back 9 8 analysis ( causes ?an 0 absolutely inevitable4 ,x int]e/$ me to pursue ?is l9e ( ?\ght sugge/$ by ,e9/e9 /ill fur!r1 & ,i discov]$ t ^! words ( ,newton _h actually be5 falsely acc5tuat$ & h5ce mis9t]pret$ by _m au?orities on sci5ce4 ,ev5 ,mill & ! great s*ol>1 ,william ,:ewell1 succumb$ to ?is misund]/&+4 ,cr$it mu/ be giv5 to a m mod]n s*ol>1 ,pr(essor ,vaih+] ( ,halle1 = be+ suffici5tly ke5 ( he>+ to detect ! true acc5tuation2 & n[ t ,e9/e9 has corroborat$ fully ?is explanation1 d\bts z to ! true s5se ( ! words are no long] to be fe>$4 ,! tr5d ( our talk br\ght u to a discussion ( ! conception1 law ( nature4 ,e9/e9 recall$ ,ma*'s rem>ks1 & indicat$ t ! po9t 0 to det]m9e h[ mu* we read out ( ,nature2 & ^! obs]vations made at lea/ "o ?+ cle>1 namely1 t e law signifies "s limitation2 9 ! case ( human laws1 express$ 9 ! civil & p5al code1 ! limitation affects ! w1 & possible actions1 :]eas natural laws signify ! limitations :i* we1 taught by exp]i5ce1 prescribe to our expectations4 ,nev]!less1 ! conception rema9s ela/ic1 = ! "q w always intrude itself3 ,:at does prescription mean8 ,:o prescribes8 ,kant has assign$ to ,man ! =emo/ position inasmu* z x is he :o is reg>d$ by ,kant z prescrib+ laws to ,nature4 ,bacon ( ,v]ulam emphasizes ! ambigu\s po9t ( view by ass]t+3 ,natura non v9citur nisi p>5do1 ,man conqu]s ,nature only by obey+ h]1 t is1 by con=m+ to h] imman5t norms4 ,?us ! laws exi/ )\t u1 & we h only to discov] !m4 ,:5 !y h be5 f\nd1 ,man c react by apply+ !m to subdue ,nature4 ,man becomes ! dictator & dictates to ,nature ! laws accord+ to :i* %e = h] "p has to subjugate mank9d4 ,:e!r we adopt ! "o view or ! o!r1 !re is a vici\s circle1 f :i* !re is no escape4 ,a law is a creation ( intellect1 & ,mephi/o's words rema9 true3 ,9 ! end we dep5d on ! creatures ( our own mak+6 ,9 ,newton's s\l ob$i5ce & ! wi% to obey mu/ h be5 pre-em95t traits4 ,is he n reput$ to h be5 pi\s & /rong ( fai?8 ,e9/e9 confirm$ ?is1 &1 rais+ 8 voice1 he g5]aliz$ f x1 say+3 ,9 e true se>*] ( ,nature !re is a k9d ( religi\s rev]5ce2 = he f9ds x impossible to imag9e t he is ! fir/ to h ?\ght out ! exce$+ly delicate ?reads t connect 8 p]ceptions4 ,! aspect ( k :i* has n yet be5 laid b>e gives ! inve/igator a feel+ ak9 to t exp]i5c$ by a *ild :o seeks to grasp ! ma/]ly way 9 :i* eld]s manipulate ?+s4 ,?is explanation impli$ a p]sonal confession4 ,= he _h spok5 ( ! *ildlike long+ felt by all1 & _h int]pret$ ! subtle intricacies ( ! sci5ti/'s ideas 9 p>ticul> z spr++ f a religi\s s\rce4 ,n all h confess$ ?is2 we "k1 inde$1 t ! convictions ( _m a "o 7 n s4 ,let u cl+ to ! fact t ! greate/ 9 ! realm ( sci5ce--,newton1 ,desc>tes1 ,gauss1 & ,helmholtz--7 pi\s1 al?\gh _! fai? v>i$ 9 degree4 ,& let u n =get t ! mo/ bitt] oppon5t ( ?is attitude ( m9d1 ! orig9ator ( ,ecrasez l'infame1 f9ally _h a temple built be>+ ! inscription3 ,deo erexit ,voltaire4 ,9 ,newton positivism f\nd its mo/ fai?ful disciple1 & 8 rese>* 0 directly affect$ by 8 religi\s attitude4 ,he1 himself1 0 ! au?or ( t beautiful ?\ght3 ,a limit$ measure ( k takes u away f ,god2 an increas$ measure ( k takes u back to ,him4 ,x 0 he :o consid]$ t ! _w-ma*9e t he _h disclos$ 0 n suffici5tly /abiliz$ by 8 ma!matical law1 & s he enli/$ ! int]mitt5t help ( an assi/ant = ! ,creator1 ,concursus ,dei1 to att5d to ! function+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,f9ally1 he slipp$ f ! pa? ( nave fai? on to !ological bypa?s & wrote dev\t essays on apocalyptic matt]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,desc>tes' piety1 :i* 0 g5u9e at root1 exhibit$ suspici\s (f%oots1 & "o _c %ake (f ! feel+ t he 0 smil+ up 8 sleeve :5 he 0 mak+ "s ( 8 solemn decl>ations4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( compromise1 & gave due expression to its _s1 :i* ,f4 ,a4 ,lange bluntly /at$ 0 m]ely a veil = ,c[>dice t[>ds ! ,*ur*4 ,voltaire1 an apo/le ( ,newton's sy/em ( natural philosophy1 w5t s f> 9 8 condemnation ( ,desc>tes' confession ( fai? t he affirm$3 ,! ,c>tesian doctr9e has be5 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 p]suad+ _m n to recognize a ,god4 ,z ,e9/e9 _h call$ special att5tion to ! *ildlike nature ( ! sci5ti/'s root-impulse1 ,i quot$ a rem>k ( ,newton t seem$ to me at ! mom5t to be a confirmation ( ,e9/e9's attitude3 ,i d n "k :at ,i may appe> to ! _w1 b to myself ,i seem to h be5 only l a boy play+ on ! sea%ore1 & div]t+ myself 9 n[ & !n f9d+ a smoo!r pebble or a pretti] %ell ?an ord9>y1 :il/ ! great ocean ( tru? lay all undiscov]$ be=e me4 ,are we n to reg>d ?is analogy ( ,newton's z be+ int5d$ to convey a religi\s mean+8 ,!re is no objection to ?is1 said ,e9/e91 al?\gh x seems to me m probable t1 9 say+ ?is1 ,newton set d[n ! view only ( ! pure inve/igator4 ,! ess5tial purpose ( 8 rem>ks 0 to express h[ small is ! range ( ! atta9able comp>$ ) ! inf9ite expanse (f]$ = rese>*4 ,?r\gh "s unexpect$ phrase t 0 dropp$1 ! conv]sation took a new turn at ?is po9t1 :i* ,i %\ld n l to )hold1 inasmu* z x gave rise to a notewor?y obs]vation ( ,e9/e9 ab\t ! nature ( g5ius4 ,we 7 talk+ ab\t ! possibility ( g5ius = sci5ce be+ inh]it$ & ab\t ! comp>ative r>5ess ) :i* x occurs4 ,!re seems to h be5 only "o case ( a real dyna/y ( great m9ds1 t ( ! t5 ,b]n\llis :o 7 desc5d$ ( a l9e ( ma!maticians1 & all ( !m a*iev$ important results1 "s ( !m mak+ extraord9>y discov]ies4 ,:y is ?is exception unique8 ,9 o!r examples we d n get beyond ?ree or f\r names 9 ! same family1 ev5 if we take ,sci5ce & ,art conjo9tly4 ,!re 7 two ,pl9ys1 two ,galileis1 two ,h]s*els1 two ,humboldts1 two ,lippis1 two ,dumas1 sev]al ,ba*s1 ,pisanos1 ,robbias1 & ,holbe9s--! net result is v poor1 ev5 if we c\nt simil> names1 disreg>d+ ! fact ( relation%ip2 !re is no recognizable dyna/y except 9 ! case ( ! t5 ,b]n\llis4#b ,& s1 ,i cont9u$1 ! conclusion seems ju/ifi$ t ,nature has no?+ to d ) a g5ealogy ( tal5ts1 & t1 if we happ5 to notice manife/ations ( tal5t 9 "o & ! same family1 ?is is a m]e play ( *ance4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,roman family ,cosmati 7( ! ?irte5? c5tury71 :i* gave u sev5 spl5did repres5tatives ( ar*itecture & mosaic "w1 h>dly comes into consid]ation1 s9ce n "o ( !m is reg>d$ 9 ! hi/ory ( art z a real g5ius4 ,e9/e91 h[ev]1 contradict$ ?is emphatically3 ,inh]it$ tal5t c]ta9ly occurs 9 _m cases1 :]e we d n obs]ve x1 = g5ius 9 itself & ! possibility ( g5ius be+ appreh5d$ are c]ta9ly f> f always appe>+ 9 conjunction4 ,!re are only insignificant diff]5ces betwe5 ! g5ius t expresses itself 9 rem>kable a*ievem5ts & ! g5ius t is lat5t4 ,at a c]ta9 in/ant1 p]haps1 only "s impulse 0 want+ = ! lat5t g5ius to bur/ =? ) all cle>ness & brilliance2 or1 p]haps1 x requir$ only an unusual situation 9 ! developm5t ( sci5ce to call into action 8 special tal5ts1 & ?us x rema9$ dormant1 :]eas a v slight *ange ( circum/ances w\ld h caus$ !m to ass]t !mselves 9 def9ite results4 ,9 pass+ ,i %\ld l to rem>k t y j n[ m5tion$ ! two ,humboldts2 x seems to me t ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 at lea/1 is n to be c\nt$ z a g5ius4 ,x has /ruck me repeat$ly t y pron\nc$ 8 "n ) p>ticul> rev]5ce---- ,& ,i h obs]v$ equally (t51 ,pr(essor1 t y made a sign ( disapproval4 ,= ?is reason slight d\bts h gradually be5 ris+ 9 me4 ,b x is difficult to get free f ! ord]s ( greatness t "o has recogniz$ = decades4 ,9 my y\? p spoke ( 'a ,humboldt' j z we speak ( 'a ,cs>' or 'a ,mi*elangelo1' to d5ote "s p9nacle ( unrivall$ height4 ,to me at t "t ,humboldt's ,kosmos 0 ! ,bible ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 & probably su* memories h a c]ta9 aft]-effect4 ,t is easy to und]/&1 said ,e9/e94 ,b we mu/ make x cle> to ourselves t = u ( ! pres5t day ,humboldt sc>cely comes into consid]ation :5 we direct our gaze on to ! great se]s4 ,or1 let u say m cle>ly1 he does n belong to ?is category4 ,i c]ta9ly grant him 8 imm5se k & 8 admirable faculty ( gett+ into t\* ) ! unity ( ,nature1 :i* rem9ds u ( ,goe!4 ,yes2 ?is feel+ = ! uni=mity ( ! cosmos _h probably p]suad$ me 9 8 fav\r1 ,i answ]$1 & ,i am glad t y draw a p>allel ) ,goe! 9 ?is respect4 ,x rem9ds me ( ,he9e's /ory3 ,if ,god _h creat$ ! :ole _w1 except ! trees & ! birds1 & _h said to ,goe!3 ',my de> ,goe!1 ,i leave x to y to complete ?is "w1' ,goe! w\ld h solv$ ! problem correctly & 9 a god-l mann]--t is1 he w\ld h pa9t$ ! trees gre5 & giv5 ! birds fea!rs4 ,humboldt c\ld equally well h be5 entru/$ ) ?is task4 ,b v>i\s objections may be rais$ aga9/ su* reflections ( a playful poetic "* 444 "o objection be+ t ,goe!'s own k ( orni?ology 0 exce$+ly limit$4 ,ev5 :5 ne>ly eighty he c\ld n di/+ui% a l>k f a yell[-hamm] or a sp>r[6 ,is t a fact8 ,fully confirm$3 ,eck]mann gives a detail$ report ( x 9 a conv]sation :i* took place 9 #ahbg4 ,z ,i happ5$ to come across ! passage only ye/]day1 ,i c quote ! exact words if y w all[ me3 ',great & good man1' ?\ght ,eck]mann1 ':o ha/ explor$ ,nature z few h ev] done1 9 orni?ology ?\ seeme/ /ill a *ild6' ,= a speculative philosoph]1 x may "h be int]pos$1 ?is might well s]ve z ! />t+-po9t ( an attractive inve/igation4 ,goe!1 on ! "o h&1 _c recognize a l>k1 b w\ld h be5 able to grasp ! ,platonic idea ( ! fea!r$ species1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no su* ?+s z birds3 ,humboldt1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld p]haps h be5 able to create ! revolv+ planets1 if ,heav5 _h comm&$ x2 b he w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 becom+ ! au?or ( :at we call an a/ronomical a*ievem5t1 su* z t ( ,cop]nicus or ( ,kepl]4 ,& ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 o!r m5 ,i elicit$ f ,e9/e9 utt]ances t r$uc$ some:at my e/imate ( _! importance4 ,we 7 speak+ ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 omitt+ all ref]5ce to 8 significance 9 ! _w ( ,art--t is1 only ( ,leon>do ! ,s*ol> & ! ,se>*]4 ,e9/e9 is f> f disput+ 8 place 9 ! ,valhalla ( great m9ds1 b x 0 cle> t he wi%$ to recomm5d a re-numb]+ ( my li/1 s t ! ,italian ma/] w\ld n occupy a position 9 j ! fir/ rank4 ,! problem ( ,leon>do excit$ great int]e/ 9 me1 & x des]ves ! consid]ation ( e "o4 ,! fur!r ! exam9ation ( 8 writ+s advances1 ! m does ?is problem resolve itself into ! "q3 ,h[ mu* altoge!r does mod]n sci5ce owe to ,leon>do8 ,n[adays x is decl>$ 9 all e>ne/ness t he 0 a pa9t] & a sculptor only by ! way1 t 8 *ief pr(ession 0 t ( an eng9e]1 & t he 0 ! greate/ eng9e] ( all times4 ,?is has 9 turn giv5 rise to ! op9ion t1 z a sci5ti/1 he is ! light ( all ages1 & 9 ! abundance ( 8 discov]ies he has nev] be5 surpass$ be=e or aft] 8 own "t4 ,z ?is "q _h aris5 once be=e1 ,i _h come equipp$ ) a little table ( facts1 ha/ily drawn f special works to :i* ,i _h access4 ,accord+ to my s*eme1 ,leon>do 0 ! true discov]] & au?or ( ! foll[+ ?+s3 ,law ( ,cons]vation ( ,mom5tum4 ,law ( ,virtual ,velocities 7be=e ,ubaldi & ,galilei74 ,wave ,!ory 7be=e ,newton74 ,discov]y ( ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood 7be=e ,h>vey74 ,laws ( ,friction 7be=e ,c\lomb74 ,law ( ,pressure = connect$ ,tubes conta9+ ,fluid 7be=e ,pascal74 ,action ( ,pressure on ,fluids 7be=e ,/ev9 & ,galilei74 ,laws ( ,fall+ ,bodies 7be=e ,galilei74 ,true int]pretation ( ! tw9kl+ ( />s 7be=e ,kepl]1 :o1 moreov]1 did n succe$ 9 f9d+ ! real explanation74 ,explanation ( ! reflect$ light ( ! moon 7be=e ,kepl]74 ,pr9ciple ( ,lea/ ,action 7be=e ,galilei74 ,introduction ( ! plus & ! m9us signs into calculations4 ,def9ition ( k9etic en]gy f mass & velocity4 ,!ory ( ,combu/ion 7be=e ,bacon74 ,explanation ( ! motion ( ! sea 7be=e ,maury74 ,explanation ( ! asc5t ( fluids 9 plants 7be=e ,hales74 ,!ory ( ,fossilization 7be=e ,palissy74 ,add$ to ^! !re are a great numb] ( inv5tions1 9 p>ticul> ^? connect$ ) problems ( aviation1 su* z ! p>a*ute 7be=e ,l5orm&71 & s =?4 ,?is fi/ ar\s$ great di/ru/ 9 ,e9/e93 he reg>d$ x z ! outcome ( an inquisitive se>* = s\rces1 excusable hi/orically1 b lead+ to misrepres5tation4 ,we are falsely l$ to reg>d slightly relat$ beg9n+s1 vague tracks1 hazy indications1 :i* are f\nd1 z evid5ces ( a real insight1 :i* disposes u to elevate "o above all o!rs4 ,h5ce a my?ological process results1 comp>able to t :i*1 9 =m] times1 ?ru/ all conceivable feats ( /r5g? on to "o ,h]cules4 ,i le>n$ t rec5tly a /rong reaction has ass]t$ itself 9 sci5tific circles aga9/ ?is "o-sid$ h]o-wor%ip2 its purpose is to r$uce ,leon>do's m]its to _! prop] measure4 ,e9/e9 made x q cle> t he 0 c]ta9ly n to be f\nd on ! side ( ! ultra-,leon>di/s4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! latt] h valuable argum5ts to support _! case1 & t ^! argum5ts become multipli$ 9 proportion z ! publication ( ,leon>do's writ+s 79 ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 etc471 :i* are s difficult to deciph]1 proce$s4 ,! p>tisans ( ,leon>do d]ive consid]able support 9 _m po9ts f recogniz$ au?orities1 z 9 ! case ( ,cantor1 ! au?or ( ! monum5tal hi/ory ( ma!matics4 ,we !re read3 ,! greate/ ,italian pa9t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 n less great z a sci5ti/4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce 8 "n is fam\s & 8 a*ievem5ts are extoll$1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* give him a claim to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,optics4 ,he is plac$ on a level ) ,regiomantus z "o ( ! *ief build]s ( ma!matics ( t "t4 ,nev]!less1 ,cantor raises c]ta9 d\bts by rem>k+ t ! results ( inve/igations made up to ! pres5t d n prove ,leon>do to be a great ma!matician4 ,on ano!r page he is proclaim$ simultane\sly ) ,ar*im$es & ,pappus z a pione] ( ! doctr9es ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,) reg>d to ! ma9 po9ts1 ,leon>do's priority 9 ! case ( ! ,laws ( ,fall+ ,bodies1 ! ,!ory ( ,wave-motion1 & ! o!r fundam5tal pr9ciples ( physics1 ,e9/e9 has ! conviction t ! p>tisans ( ,leon>do are ei!r mi/ak5 9 ! facts or t !y ov]look =]unn]s4 ,9 ! case ( ^! pr9ciples1 above all1 !re is always "s pr$ecessor1 & x is almo/ impossible to trace ! l9e ( discov]ies back to ! fir/ s\rce4 ,j z writ]s h wi%$ to deprive ,galilei1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton ( _! laurels 9 fav\r ( ,leon>do1 s ! same might be done ) ,cop]nicus4 ,?is has actually be5 attempt$4 ,! real ,cop]nicus1 s "o reads1 0 ,hipp>*us ( ,nica1 & if we g back /ill fur!r1 a hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 we f9d t ,ari/>*us ( ,samos taught t ! _w rotat$ ab\t its own axis & revolv$ r\nd ! sun4 ,& we ne$ n ev5 /op !re1 9 ,e9/e9's op9ion4 ,= x is op5 to conjecture t ,ari/>*us 9 8 turn has drawn on ,egyptian s\rces4 ,?is retrogressive inve/igation may excite ! int]e/ ( ar*ologi/s1 & 9 p>ticul> cases p]haps lead to ! discov]y ( a prim>y claim to au?or%ip1 b x _c fail to excite suspicion aga9/ ! consci\s int5tion ( conf]r+ all ! hon\rs ( sci5ce on an individual discov]]4 ,leon>do's sup]lative con/ructive g5ius is n attack$ 9 ^! rem>ks1 & !re seems no reason = object+ if anyone wi%es to call him ! mo/ +5i\s eng9e] ( all times4 ,all ! pressures & t5sions occurr+ 9 ,nature seem$ to be repeat$ 9 him z inn] virtues1 an expression borr[$ f ,helmholtz1 :o us$ x ) ref]5ce to himself4 ,?is analogy might be ext5d$ by say+ t1 9 ! works ( bo?1 ,man himself ) 8 organic functions & requirem5ts plays an important rle4 ,= !m ! ab/ract 0 a means ( arriv+ at :at 0 p]ceptual1 physiologically useful1 & /imulat+ 9 its effect on life4 ,leon>do />t$ out f ,art1 & ?r\gh\t ! realm ( me*anics & ma*9es he rema9$ an arti/ 9 me?od4 ,helmholtz set out f ! m$ical side ( physiology & transf]r$ ! valuations ( beauty d]iv$ f ! s5ses to 8 pictures ( me*anical relation%ips4 ,! life-"w ( ea* has an /hetic col\r+1 ,leon>do's be+ ( a gloomy hue1 t ( ,helmholtz exhibit+ bright] & happi] t9ts4 ,common to bo? is an almo/ inconceivable v]satility & an inexhau/ible productivity4 ,:5ev] ,e9/e9 talks ( ,helmholtz he beg9s 9 w>m t]ms ( appreciation1 :i* t5d to become cool] 9 ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation4 ,i _c quote 8 exact words1 & z ,i _c ?us give a complete acc\nt = :i* full responsibility may be tak51 x may be all[able to (f] a few important fragm5ts t ,i h ga!r$4 ,judg$ by ! av]age ( 8 accompli%m5ts1 ,helmholtz is reg>d$ by ,e9/e9 z an impos+ figure ^: fame 9 lat] times is assur$2 ,helmholtz himself ta/$ ( ?is immortality :ile /ill alive4 ,b :5 ef=ts are made to rank him ) great ?9k]s ( ! calibre ( ,newton1 ,e9/e9 consid]s t ?is e/imate _c be fully borne out4 ,9 spite ( all ! excell5ce1 subtlety1 & effectiv5ess ( ,helmholtz's a/\nd+ly v>i$ inspirations1 ,e9/e9 seems to fail to discov] 9 him ! s\rce ( a really great intellectual a*ievem5t4 ,at a ,sci5ce ,congress held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfg1 at :i* ,helmholtz 0 pres5t1 a colleague ( 8 0 greet$ ) unanim\s applause :5 he toa/$ him ) ! words3 ,l'oph?almologie tait dans les tnbres1--,dieu p>la1 que ,helmholtz naqut--,et la lumire tait faite6 ,x 0 an almo/ exact p>aphrase ( ! homage :i* ,pope once address$ to ,newton4 ,at t "t ! words ( ! toa/ 7 re-e*o$ ?r\gh\t ! _w2 oph?almology 0 enl>g$ to sci5ce g5]ally1 & ! apo!osis 0 appli$ univ]sally4 ,du ,bois-,reymond decl>$ t no o!r nation _h 9 its sci5tific lit]ature a book t c\ld be comp>$ ) ,helmholtz's works on ,physiological ,optics & on ,s5sations ( ,tone4 ,helmholtz 0 reg>d$ z a god1 & !re are n a few to :om he /ill appe>s cr[n$ ) ?is div9e halo4 ,a %rill voice pi]c$ ! s]5e atmosph]e1 attack+ "o ( 8 ma9 a*ievem5ts4 ,! diss5ti5t 0 ,eug5 ,dhr+1 to ^: essay on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anics a covet$ prize 0 aw>d$1 a fact :i* seem$ to /amp him z be+ specially au?oriz$ to be a judge ( pre-em95t a*ievem5ts 9 ?is sph]e4 ,dhr+'s aim 0 to dislodge "o ( ! fundam5tal supports ( ,helmholtz's reputation by attack+ 8 ,law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,if ?is assault prov$ successful1 ! god w\ld lie %att]$ at 8 own p$e/al4 ,dhr+1 inde$1 us$ e means to bespatt] 8 fair "n 9 sci5ce2 & x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ,e9/e9 abhors ?is k9d ( polemic4 ,:at is m1 he reg>ds x z a pa?ological symptom1 & has only a smile ( disda9 = _m ( ,dhr+'s pi?y say+s4 ,he reg>ds !m z docum5ts ( unconsci\s hum\r to be pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( sci5ce z w>n+s aga9/ future repetitions ( su* me?ods4 ,dhr+ belong$ also to ^? :o wi%$ to exalt "o above all o!rs4 ,he rais$ an alt> to ,rob]t ,may]1 & (f]$ up sangu9>y sacrifices4 ,accu/om$ to do+ 8 "w ?or\ghly1 he did n /op at ,helmholtz 9 *oos+ 8 victims4 ,no hecatomb seem$ to him too great to d hon\r to ! discov]] ( ! ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat1 & s 8 next prey 0 ,gauss & ,riemann4 ,gauss & ,riemann6 ,ea* 0 a giant 9 ,e9/e9's op9ion4 ,he knew well t ?is rag+ ,ajax _h also made an assault aga9/ !m1 b he _h no long] a cle> recollection ( ! detail$ circum/ances2 z ! ref]5ces 7 ne> at h&1 he all[$ me to repeat a few l9es ( ?is tragi-com$y4 ,helmholtz1 accord+ to ,dhr+ 7:o also calls him ,helmklotz71 has done no m ?an di/ort ,may]'s fundam5tal me*anical idea1 & int]pret x falsely4 ,by philosophiz+ ov] x1 he has completely spoilt x1 & r5d]$ x absurd4 ,x 0 ! greate/ ( all humiliations practis$ on ,may] t 8 "n _h be5 c\pl$ ) t ( "o :om he _h easily out-di/anc$1 & ^: clumsy attempts at be+ a physici/ 7 ev5 worse ?an ^? by :i* he s\ght to e/abli% himself z a philosoph]4 ,! (f5ces ( ,gauss & ,riemann aga9/ ,may] are %r\d$ 9 d>kness4 ,b !re 0 ano!r w\ld-be sci5ti/1 ,ju/us von ,liebig1 :o1 be+ oppos$ to ,may]1 ar\s$ ! suspicions ( ,dhr+1 p>ticul>ly z he _h us$ 8 braz5-tongue to def5d ! two r5[n$ ma!maticians4 ,aft] he1 & ,clausius too1 _h be5 br\ght to e>?1 ,dhr+ laun*$ out aga9/ ! giants ( ,gtt+54 ,9 ! *apt] on ,gauss & ,gauss-wor%ip1 we read3 ,8 megalomania r5d]$ x impossible = him to take exception to any tricks t ! defici5t p>ts ( 8 own bra9 play$ on him1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! realm ( geometry4 ,?us he arriv$ at a pret5ti\sly my/ical d5ial ( ,euclid's axioms & !orems1 & proce$$ to set up ! f\ndations ( an apocalyptic geometry n only ( nons5se b ( absolute /upidity4444 ,!y are abortive products ( ! d]ang$ m9d ( a ma!matical pr(essor1 ^: mania = greatness proclaims !m z new & sup]human tru?s6444 ,! ma!matical delusions & d]ang$ ideas 9 "q are ! fruits ( a v]itable p>anoia geometrica4 ,aft] ,h]o/ratus _h burnt to a%es ! consecrat$ temple1 ! ,ionian cities issu$ a proclamation t 8 "n 0 to be condemn$ to p]petual oblivion6 ,! iconocla/ ,dhr+ is immortaliz$1 =1 ap>t f ! *>ge ( arson1 he is notable 9 himself4 ,9 8 case we f\nd ourselves confront$ ) unfa?omable problems ( a s*ol>'s complex nature1 problems :i* ev5 a se>*] l ,e9/e9 fail$ to solve4 ,! simple/ solution w\ld be to turn ! tables & to apply ! t]m p>anoia z a criticism to ! book on ,rob]t ,may]1 & ?us demoli% x4 ,b ?is w n d1 = if we m]ely pass ov] ! pages ( di/ort$ ?\ght1 we are /ill left ) a consid]able quantity ( valuable mat]ial4 ,does ,dhr+1 aft] all1 himself des]ve a place 9 our ,valhalla8 ,! "q seems mon/r\s1 & yet _c be directly answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,! individual is to be judg$ accord+ to 8 greate/ a*ievem5t1 & n accord+ to 8 ab]rations4 ,! works ( ,ari/otle teem ) nons5sical utt]ances1 & ,leon>do's ,be/i>ius is an orgy ( ab/ruse concoctions4 ,if ,dhr+ _h writt5 no?+ beyond 8 /udies ( p]sonalities rang+ f ,ar*im$es to ,lagrange1 ! portals w\ld yet h be5 op5 to him4 ,ev5 9 8 eulogy ( ,rob]t ,may]1 :i* is besmir*$ ) unseemly rem>ks1 he displays at lea/ ! c\rage ( 8 convictions4 ,! attempt at a comp>ison betwe5 ,rob]t ,may] & ,helmholtz is doom$ to failure ev5 :5 consid]$ dispassionately1 inasmu* z ! di/urb+ factor ( priority "h intrudes itself4 ,! def9ite fix+ ( ! ,law ( ,en]gy is c]ta9ly to ! cr$it ( ,helmholtz1 b p]haps he w\ld h ga9$ by lay+ m /ress on ! discov]y ( x five ye>s e>li] by ! doctor 9 ,heilbronn4 ,& aga91 ?is w\ld n h be5 f9al1 = ! inv>iance ( ! sum ( en]gy dur+ me*anical actions 0 kn[n ev5 by ,huygh5s4 ,! ,heilbronn doctor p]=m$ "o act ( g5ius 9 8 life1 :]eas ,helmholtz dur+ 8 :ole life mov$ asymptotically to ! f9e ( g5ius )\t ev] rea*+ x4 ,if my int]pretation ( ,e9/e9's op9ion is correct1 ,helmholtz is to be cr$it$ ) hav+ ! spl5d\r ( an ov]p[]+ gift = rese>* pr$om9ant 9 8 nature1 b is n necess>ily to be giv5 a seat among ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( 8 bran* ( sci5ce4 ,e9/e9 wi%es to pres]ve a c]ta9 l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ?is type & n only ! ,titans ( ! pa/1 b also ^? ( ! pres5t4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! latt]1 8 tone becomes w>m]4 ,he does n ne$ circuit\s expressions1 ea* syllable r+s ) praise4 ,he has 9 m9d1 above all1 ,h5drik ,antoon ,lor5tz 9 ,leyd51 ,max ,planck1 & ,niels ,bohr2 we !n see t he feels ,valhalla ab\t him4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! reason t ,i h tri$ to ma9ta9 ! metaphor ( a ,temple ( ,fame is due to an e*o ( ,e9/e9's own words at a celebration held 9 hon\r ( ! sixtie? bir?day ( ! physici/ ,planck 9 ! ,may ( #aiah4 ,?is spee* creat$ ! impression ( a happy h>mony result+ f a fusion ( two melodies1 "o spr++ f ! intellect1 ! o!r ris+ f ! he>t4 ,we 7 /&+ z at ! ,propylons ) a new ,h]aclitus utt]+ ! cry3 ,introite1 nam et hic dii sunt6 ,i %\ld l to give ! gi/ ( ?is beautiful address 9 an extract un9t]rupt$ by comm5t>ies4 ,! ,temple ( ,sci5ce--s ,e9/e9 began--is a complex /ructure ( _m p>ts4 ,n only are ! inmates div]se 9 nature1 b s also are ! inn] =ces t !y h introduc$ into ! temple4 ,_m a "o among !m is engag$ 9 ,sci5ce ) a happy feel+ ( a sup]ior m9d1 & f9ds ,sci5ce ! sport :i* is cong5ial to him1 & :i* is to give him an outlet = 8 /rong life-=ces1 & to br+ him ! realization ( 8 ambitions4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m1 too1 :o (f] up _! sacrifice ( bra9-matt] only 9 ! cause ( useful a*ievem5ts4 ,if n[ an angel ( heav5 7 to come & expel all f ! temple :o belong$ to ^! two categories1 a consid]able r$uction w\ld result1 b !re w\ld /ill rema9 )9 ! temple m5 ( pres5t & =m] times3 among ^! we c\nt our ,planck1 & t is :y he has our w>m affection4 ,i "k full well t1 9 do+ ?is1 we h light-he>t$ly caus$ _m to be driv5 out :o contribut$ mu* to ! build+ ( ! temple2 9 _m cases our angel w\ld f9d a decision difficult4444 ,b let u fix our gaze on ^? :o f9d full fav\r ) him6 ,mo/ ( !m are peculi>1 res]v$1 & lonely m51 :o1 9 spite ( :at !y h 9 common1 are really less alike ?an ^? :o h be5 expell$4 ,:at l$ !m into ! temple8444 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i agree ) ,s*op5hau] t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful motives t attract p to ,sci5ce & ,art is ! long+ to escape f ev]yday life ) its pa9ful co>s5ess & unconsol+ b>r5ness1 & to break ! fett]s ( _! own ev]-*ang+ desires4 ,x drives ^? ( ke5] s5sibility out ( _! p]sonal exi/5ce into ! _w ( objective p]ception & und]/&+4 ,?is motive =ce is simil> to ! long+ :i* makes ! city-dwell] leave 8 noisy1 confus$ surr\nd+s & draws him ) irresi/ible =ce to re/ful ,alp9e heights1 :]e 8 gaze cov]s ! wide expanse ly+ peacefully be=e him on all sides1 & s(tly passes ov] ! motionless outl9es t seem creat$ = all et]nity4 ,associat$ ) ?is negative motive is a positive "o1 by virtue ( :i* ,man seeks to =m a simplifi$ synoptical view ( ! _w 9 a mann] con=mable to 8 own nature1 9 ord] to ov]come ! _w ( exp]i5ce by replac+ x1 to a c]ta9 degree1 by ?is picture4 ,?is is :at ! pa9t] does1 z also ! poet1 ! speculative philosoph]1 & ! rese>* sci5ti/1 ea* 9 8 own way4 ,he transf]s ! c5tre ( 8 emotional exi/5ce into ?is picture1 9 ord] to f9d a sure hav5 ( peace1 "o su* z is n (f]$ 9 ! n>r[ limits ( turbul5t p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,:at position does ! _w-picture ( ! !oretical physici/ occupy among all ^? t are possible8 ,he dem&s ! greate/ rig\r & accuracy 9 8 repres5tation1 su* z c be ga9$ only by us+ ! language ( ma!matics4 ,b = ?is v reason ! physici/ has to be m mode/ ?an o!rs 9 8 *oice ( mat]ial1 & mu/ conf9e himself to ! simple/ ev5ts ( ! empirical _w1 s9ce all ! m complex ev5ts _c be trac$ by ! human m9d ) t ref9$ exactness & logical sequ5ce :i* ! physici/ dem&s4444 ,is ! result ( su* a re/rict$ ef=t wor?y ( ! pr\d "n '_w-picture'8 ,i believe ?is di/9ction is well des]v$1 = ! mo/ g5]al laws on :i* ! sy/em ( ideas set up by !oretical physics is f\nd$ claim to be valid = e k9d ( natural ph5om5on4 ,f !m x %\ld be possible by means ( pure d$uction to f9d ! picture1 t is1 ! !ory1 ( e natural process1 includ+ ^? ( liv+ organism1 provid$ t ?is process ( d$uction does n exce$ ! p[]s ( human ?\ght4 ,?us !re is no fundam5tal reason :y ! physical picture ( ! _w %\ld fall %ort ( p]fection4444 ,evolution has %[n t among all conceivable !oretical con/ructions !re is at ea* p]iod "o :i* %[s itself to be sup]ior to all o!rs1 & t ! _w ( p]ception det]m9es 9 practice ! !oretical sy/em1 al?\gh !re is no logical road f p]ception to ! axioms ( ! !ory1 b r t we are l$ t[>ds ! latt] by our intuition1 :i* e/abli%es contact ) exp]i5ce4444 ,! long+ to discov] ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony recogniz$ by ,leibniz is ! s\rce ( ! inexhau/ible pati5ce ) :i* we see ,planck devot+ himself to ! g5]al problems ( our sci5ce1 refus+ to all[ himself to be di/ract$ by m grateful & m easily atta9able objects4444 ,! emotional condition :i* fits him = 8 task is ak9 to t ( a devotee or a lov]2 8 daily /riv+ is n ! result ( a def9ite purpose or a programme ( action1 b ( a direct ne$4444 ,may 8 love = ,sci5ce grace 8 future c\rse ( life1 & lead him to a solution ( t all-important problem ( ! day :i* he himself prop\nd$1 & to an und]/&+ ( :i* he has contribut$ s mu*6 ,may he succe$ 9 comb9+ ! ,quantum ,!ory ) ,electrodynamics & ,me*anics 9 a logically complete sy/em6 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at grips me mo/ 9 y\r address1 ,i said1 is t x simultane\sly surveys ! :ole horizon ( sci5ce 9 e direction1 & traces back ! long+ = k to its root 9 emotion4 ,:5 y\r spee* 0 conclud$1 ,i regrett$ only "o ?+--t x _h end$ s soon4 ,=tunate is he :o may /udy ! text4 ,d y atta* any importance to x8 ask$ ,e9/e92 !n accept ?is manuscript4 ,x is due to ?is act ( g5]osity t ,i h be5 able to adorn ! =ego+ description ( ! excursion into ,valhalla ) su* a valuable supplem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! conv]sation _h begun ) ! brilliant con/ellation ,galilei-,newton1 & ne> ! end incl9$ aga9 t[>ds ! consid]ation ( a d\ble-/>3 ! names ( ,f>aday & ,maxwell pres5t$ !mselves4 ,bo? pairs1 ,e9/e9 decl>$1 are ( ! same magnitude4 ,i reg>d !m z fundam5tally equal 9 _! s]vices 9 ! onw>d m>* ( k4 ,%\ld we n h to add ,he9ri* ,h]tz z a ?ird 9 ?is bond8 ,?is assi/ant ( ,helmholtz is surely reg>d$ z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,electromagnetic ,!ory ( ,light1 & we (t5 he> _! names c\pl$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,maxwell-,h]tz equations4 ,d\btless1 repli$ ,e9/e91 ,h]tz1 :o is (t5 m5tion$ toge!r ) ,maxwell1 has an important rank & mu/ be plac$ v high 9 ! _w ( exp]im5tal physics1 yet1 z reg>ds ! influ5ce ( 8 sci5tific p]sonality1 he _c be class$ ) ! o!rs we h nam$4 ,let u1 !n1 conf9e ourselves to ! tw9 g5iuses ,f>aday & ,maxwell1 ^: intellectual a*ievem5t may be summ>iz$ 9 a few words4 ,classical me*anics ref]r$ all ph5om5a1 electrical z well z me*anical1 to ! direct action ( p>ticles on "o ano!r1 irrespective ( _! di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,! simple/ law ( ?is k9d is ,newton's expression3 ',attraction equals ,mass times ,mass divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4' ,9 contradi/9ction to ?is1 ,f>aday & ,maxwell h introduc$ an entirely new k9d ( physical realities1 namely1 fields ( =ce4 ,! introduction ( ^! new realities gives u ! enorm\s advantage t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! conception ( action at a di/ance1 :i* is contr>y to our ev]yday exp]i5ce1 is made unnecess>y1 inasmu* z ! fields are sup]impos$ 9 space f po9t to po9t )\t a break2 9 ! second place1 ! laws = ! field1 especially 9 ! case ( electricity1 assume a mu* simpl] =m ?an if no field be assum$1 & only masses & motions be reg>d$ z realities4 ,he enl>g$ /ill fur!r on ! subject ( fields1 & :ile he 0 describ+ ! te*nical details1 ,i saw him metaphorically envelop$ 9 a magnetic field ( =ce4 ,"h1 too1 an influ5ce1 transmitt$ ?r\gh space f po9t to po9t1 made itself felt1 & !re c\ld be no "q ( action at a di/ance inasmu* z ! effective s\rce 0 s ne> at h&4 ,8 gaze1 z if drawn magnetically1 pass$ along ! wall ( ! room & fix$ affectionately on ,maxwell & ,f>aday4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,education ,s*ool ,curricula & ,re=m ( ,tea*+4--,value ( ,language ,/udy4--,economy ( ,"t4--,practice 9 ,manual ,"w4--,picturesque ,illu/rations4--,art ( ,lectur+4--,selection ( ,tal5ts by ,means ( ,exam9ations4--,wom5 ,/ud5ts4--,social ,difficulties4--,necessity z ,in/ructress4 ,,our conv]sation turn$ t[>ds a s]ies ( pdagogic que/ions1 9 :i* ,e9/e9 is deeply int]e/$4 ,= he himself is actively engag$ 9 tea*+1 & nev] disguises ! pleasure :i* he d]ives f imp>t+ in/ruction4 ,)\t d\bt he has a gift ( mak+ 8 spok5 words react on wide circles anxi\s to be in/ruct$1 compos$ n only ( ,univ]sity /ud5ts1 b ( _m o!rs q outside ?is category4 ,:51 rec5tly1 popul> lectures on a l>ge scale 7 in/itut$1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to (f] 8 s]vices 9 ?is s\nd und]tak+4 ,he lectur$ to p ( ! work+ class1 :o c\ld n be assum$ to h any prelim9>y in=mation on ! subject1 & he succe$$ 9 pres5t+ 8 lectures s t ev5 ! less tra9$ m9ds c\ld easily foll[ 8 argum5t4 ,8 attitude t[>ds g5]al que/ions ( s*ool education is1 ( c\rse1 condition$ by 8 own p]sonality & 8 own "w 9 ! pa/4 ,8 fir/ c>e is t a "y p]son %\ld get an insight into ! relation%ip und]ly+ natural ph5om5a1 t is1 t ! curricula %\ld be mapp$ out s t a k ( facts is ! pr$om9at+ aim4 ,my wi%1 ,e9/e9 decl>$ to me1 is f> remov$ f ! desire to elim9ate altoge!r ! fundam5tal features ( ! old gramm> s*ools1 ) _! pref]5ce = ,lat91 by mak+ ov]-ha/y re=ms1 b ,i am j z little incl9$ to wax en?usia/ic ab\t ! s-call$ humani/ic s*ools4 ,c]ta9 recollections ( my own s*ool life suffice to prev5t ?is1 & /ill m1 a c]ta9 pres5tim5t ( ! educational problems ( ! future4--,to speak q c&idly1 he said1 9 my op9ion ! educative value ( languages is1 9 g5]al1 mu* ov]-e/imat$4 ,i took ! lib]ty ( quot+ a say+ t is /ill reg>d$ z irrefutable by c]ta9 s*ol>s4 ,x 0 ,*>les ,v :o said3 ,ea* additional acquir$ language repres5ts an additional p]sonality2 & to sugge/ ! root ( language =mation he said x 9 ,lat93 ,quot l+uas quis callet1 tot hom9es valet4 ,?is say+ has be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! ages 9 ,g]man 9 ! =m3 ,soviel ,spra*51 soviel ,s9n5 7,an add$ language means an add$ s5se74 ,e9/e9 repli$3 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is aphorism is g5]ally valid1 = ,i believe t x w\ld at no "t h /ood a real te/4 ,all exp]i5ce contradicts x4 ,o!rwise we %\ld be compell$ to assign ! highe/ positions among intellectual be+s to l+ui/ic a?letes l ,mi?ridates1 ,mezz(anti1 & simil> p]sons4 ,! exact opposite1 inde$1 may be prov$1 namely1 t 9 ! case ( ! /ronge/ p]sonalities1 & ( ^? :o h contribut$ mo/ to progress1 ! multiplicity ( _! s5ses 9 no wise dep5d$ on a compreh5sive k ( languages1 b r t !y avoid$ burd5+ _! m9ds ) ?+s t made excessive claims on _! memories4 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,i1 x may be admitt$ t ?is gives rise to exagg]ation 9 "s cases1 & t ! l+ui/ic sort ( sport practis$ by _m a s*ol> deg5]ates to a m]e display ( k4 ,an intellectual a*ievem5t ( la/+ m]it has v r>ely or nev] be5 ! result ( a sup]abundance ( acquir$ l+ui/ic k4 ,an in/ance occurs to me at ?is mom5t4 ,nietzs*e became a philosoph] ( f>-rea*+ influ5ce only aft] he _h pass$ ! /age ( ! philologi/4 ,z f> z our pres5t discussion is conc]n$1 ! "q is n>r[$ d[n consid]ably3 x r$uces itself to inquir+ :e!r we d suffici5t1 too little1 or too mu* ,greek & ,lat94 ,i mu/ rem>k at ! v outset t1 =m]ly1 s*ool requirem5ts w5t mu* fur!r 9 ?is respect ?an n[adays1 :5 we sc>cely meet ) a s*ol> ev5 9 ! upp] classes :o kn[s ,lat9 & ,greek p]fectly4 ,x is j ?is fact t ,e9/e9 reg>ds z a sign ( improvem5t & a result ( exam9+ ! true aims ( a s*ool4 ,he cont9u$3 ,man mu/ be educat$ to 'react delicately'2 he is to acquire & develop 'intellectual muscles'6 ,& ! me?ods ( language drill are mu* less suit$ to ?is purpose ?an ^? ( a m g5]al tra9+ t gives greate/ weight to a %>p5+ ( "o's own p[]s ( reflection4 ,naturally1 ! incl9ation ( ! pupil = a p>ticul> pr(ession mu/ n be neglect$1 especially 9 view ( ! circum/ance t su* incl9ation usually ass]ts itself at an e>ly age1 be+ occasion$ by p]sonal gifts1 by examples ( o!r memb]s ( ! family1 & by v>i\s circum/ances t affect ! *oice ( 8 future life-"w4 ,t is :y ,i support ! introduction into s*ools1 p>ticul>ly s*ools devot$ to classics1 ( a division into two bran*es at1 say1 ! f\r? =m1 s t at ?is /age ! "y pupil has to decide 9 fav\r ( "o or o!r ( ! c\rses4 ,! elem5t>y f\ndation to ! f\r? =m may be made uni=m = all1 z !y are conc]n$ ) factors on education t are sc>cely op5 to ! dang] ( be+ exagg]at$ 9 any "o direction4 ,if ! pupil f9ds t he has a special int]e/ 9 :at are call$ humaniora by ! educationi/1 let him by all means cont9ue along ! road ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 &1 inde$1 )\t be+ burd5$ by tasks t1 ow+ to 8 disposition1 oppress or al>m him4 ,y are ref]r+1 ,i int]pos$1 to ! di/ress :i* pupils feel 9 ! "t allott$ to ma!matics4 ,!re are actually p ( consid]able intellig5ce :o seem to be smitt5 ) absolute /upidity :5 confront$ ) ma!matics1 & ^: s*ool-life becomes poison$ ow+ to ! torm5t caus$ by ?is subject4 ,!re are _m cases ( liv+ surgeons1 lawy]s1 hi/orians1 & litt]ateurs1 :o1 till late 9 life1 are visit$ by dreams ( _! e>li] ma!matical ordeals4 ,_! horror has a v real f\ndation1 =1 :]eas ! pupil :o is bad at ,lat9 yet manages to get an idea ( ! language1 & he :o is weak 9 hi/ory has at lea/ a notion ( :at is be+ discuss$1 ! "o :o is unma!matical by nature has to worry 8 way ?r\gh numb]less lessons 9 a subject :i* is entirely incompreh5sible to him1 z if belong+ to ano!r _w & be+ pres5t$ to him 9 a totally /range tongue4 ,he is expect$ to answ] que/ions1 ! s5se ( :i* he _c ev5 guess1 & to solve problems1 e ^w & e figure ( :i* gl>es at him l a sph9x ( evil om54 ,sitt+ on ea* side ( him are pupils to :om ?is is m]ely play1 & "s ( :om c\ld complete ! :ole ( s*ool ma!matics )9 a few mon?s at express rate4 ,?is leads to a contra/ betwe5 ! pupils1 :i* may press ) tragical =ce on ! un=tunate memb] ?r\gh\t 8 :ole s*ool exi/5ce4 ,t is :y a re=m is to be welcom$ t sifts out 9 "t ^? :o %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/1 & :i* adapts ! s*ool curriculum z closely z possible to individual tal5ts4 ,e9/e9 call$ my att5tion to ! fact t ?is division _h already be5 made 9 _m s*ools 9 =eign c\ntries1 z 9 ,france & 9 ,d5m>k1 al?\gh n s exclusively z sugge/$ by him4 ,moreov]1 he add$1 ,i am by no means decid$ :e!r ! torm5ts t y m5tion$ are f\nd$ prim>ily on abs5ce ( tal5t 9 ! pupil4 ,i feel mu* m incl9$ to ?r[ ! responsibility 9 mo/ cases on ! abs5ce ( tal5t 9 ! tea*]4 ,mo/ tea*]s wa/e _! "t by ask+ que/ions :i* are int5d$ to discov] :at a pupil does n "k1 :]eas ! true art ( que/ion+ has = its purpose to discov] :at ! pupil kn[s or is capable ( kn[+4 ,:5ev] s9s ( ?is sort are committ$--& !y occur 9 all bran*es ( k--! p]sonality ( ! tea*] is mo/ly at fault4 ,! results ( ! class furni% an index = ! quality ( ! preceptor4 ,all ?+s be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 ! av]age ( ability 9 ! class moves1 ) only slight fluctuations1 ab\t mean values1 ) :i* tol]ably satisfactory results may be obta9$4 ,if ! progress ( ! class is n up to ?is /&>d1 we mu/ n speak ( a bad ye> b r ( an ineffici5t in/ructor4 ,x may be assum$ t1 z a rule1 ! tea*] und]/&s ! subject ) :i* he is entru/$1 & has ma/]$ its cont5t1 b n t he kn[s h[ to imp>t 8 in=mation 9 an int]e/+ mann]4 ,?is is almo/ always ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble4 ,if ! tea*] g5]ates an atmosph]e ( bor$om1 ! progress is /unt$ 9 ! suffocat+ surr\nd+s4 ,to "k h[ to tea* is to be able to make ! subject ( in/ruction int]e/+1 to pres5t x1 ev5 if x happ5s to be ab/ract1 s t ! s\l ( ! pupil resonates 9 sympa?y ) t ( 8 in/ructor1 & s t ! curiosity ( ! pupil is nev] all[$ to wane4 ,t is 9 itself an ideal po/ulate4 ,if we assume x to be fulfill$1 h[ d y wi% to see ! subjects di/ribut$ 9 ! curriculum8 ,we mu/ leave ! detail$ discussion ( ?is "q = ano!r occasion4 ,"o ( ! ma9 po9ts w\ld be ! economy ( "t2 all t is sup]flu\s1 vexati\s1 & only int5d$ z a drill mu/ be dropp$4 ,at pres5t ! aim ( ! :ole c\rse is ! leav+ c]tificate4 ,?is te/ mu/ be giv5 up6 ,is t s]i\s4 ,pr(essor8 ,d y wi% to d away ) ! exam9ation = matriculation8 ,exactly4 ,= x is l "s fe>ful mon/] gu>d+ our exit f s*ool1 ?r[+ its %ad[ f> ahead1 & compell+ tea*] & pupil to "w incessantly t[>ds an artificial %[ ( k4 ,?is exam9ation has be5 elevat$ by =cible means to a level :i* ! viol5tly drill$ c&idates c keep only = a few h\rs1 & is !n lo/ to sight = ev]4 ,if x is elim9at$1 x w c>ry away ) x ?is pa9ful drill+ ( ! memory2 x w no long] be necess>y to hamm] 9 = ye>s :at w be entirely =gott5 )9 a few mon?s1 & :at des]ves to be =gott54 ,let u return to ,nature1 :i* upholds ! pr9ciple ( gett+ ! maximum am\nt ( effect f ! m9imum ( ef=t1 :]eas ! matriculation te/ does exactly ! opposite4 ,yes1 b :o is !n to be all[$ to ent] ! univ]sity8 ,e "o :o has %[n himself to be capable n only 9 a crucial te/ ( an accid5tal k9d1 b 9 8 :ole behavi\r4 ,! tea*] w be ! judge ( ?is1 & if he does n "k :o is qualifi$1 he aga9 is to be blam$4 ,he w f9d x s mu* ! easi] to decide :o is suffici5tly advanc$ to obta9 a leav+ c]tificate1 9 proportion z ! curriculum has weigh$ less on ! m9ds ( ! "y p4 ,six h\rs a day %\ld be ample--f\r at s*ool & two = home-"w2 t %\ld be ! maximum4 ,if ?is %\ld appe> too little to y1 ,i mu/ ask y to be> 9 m9d t a "y m9d is be+ subject$ to /ra9 ev5 9 leisure h\rs1 z x has to receive a :ole _w ( p]ceptions4 ,& if y ask h[ ! /eadily increas+ curriculum is to be cov]$ 9 ?is v mod]ate numb] ( h\rs1 my answ] is3 ,?r[ all t is unnecess>y ov]bo>d6 ,i c\nt z unnecess>y ! major "p ( ! subject t is call$ ',univ]sal ,hi/ory1' & :i* is1 z a rule1 no?+ m ?an a blurr$ mass ( hi/ory compress$ into dry tables ( names & dates4 ,?is subject %\ld be br\ght )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits1 & %\ld be pres5t$ only 9 broad outl9e1 )\t dates hav+ to be cramm$4 ,leave z _m gaps z y l1 especially 9 anci5t hi/ory2 !y w n make !mselves felt 9 our ord9>y exi/5ces4 ,9 n[ise c ,i reg>d x z a mis=tune if ! pupil le>ns no?+ ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ( ! doz5s ( o!r conqu]ors ^: docum5t>y rema9s burd5 8 memory l s mu* useless balla/4 ,if he is to get a glimpse ( ! grey dawn ( "t1 let him be sp>$ f ,cyrus1 ,artax]xes1 & ,v]c+etorix1 b r tell him some?+ ( ! pione]s ( civilization1 ,ar*im$es1 ,ptolemy1 ,h]o1 ,appolonius1 & ( inv5tors & discov]]s1 s t ! c\rse does n resolve into a s]ies ( adv5tures & massacres4 ,w\ld x n be exp$i5t1 ,i int]rupt$1 to take "s ( ! hi/ory "t to bran* (f into an elem5t>y treatm5t ( ! real evolution ( ! /ate1 includ+ sociology & ! legal code8 ,e9/e9 does n consid] ?is desirable1 al?\gh he himself is deeply int]e/$ 9 all manife/ations ( public life4 ,he does n fav\r an elem5t>y political tra9+ receiv$ at s*ool1 presumably above all ow+ to ! fact t 9 ?is bran* ! in/ruction _c be remov$ f (ficial influ5ces1 & because political que/ions require ! att5tion ( a mature m9d4 ,8 picture ( h[ a y\? is to meet ! requirem5ts ( mod]n life is some?+ q diff]5t1 f> remov$ f all !ories4 ,8 :ole ef=ts are direct$ at f9d+ a means ( c\nt]act+ ! t5d5cy to ov]burd5 "o side ( ! y\?ful m9d4 ,i %\ld dem& ! introduction ( compulsory practical "w4 ,e pupil mu/ le>n "s h&icraft4 ,he %\ld be able to *oose = himself :i* x is to be1 b ,i %\ld all[ no "o to gr[ up )\t hav+ ga9$ "s te*nique1 ei!r z a jo9]1 bookb9d]1 locksmi?1 or memb] ( any o!r trade1 & )\t hav+ deliv]$ "s useful product ( 8 trade4 ,d y atta* great] importance to ! te*nique itself or to ! feel+ ( social relation%ip ) ! broad masses ( ! p :i* x eng5d]s8 ,bo? factors are equally important to me1 said ,e9/e91 & o!rs become add$ to ^! :i* help to ju/ify my wi% 9 ?is respect4 ,! h&iwork ne$ n be us$ z a means ( e>n+ money by ! pupil ( ! second>y s*ool1 b x w enl>ge & make m solid ! f\ndation on :i* he w re/ z an e?ical be+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool is n to produce future (ficials1 s*ol>s1 lectur]s1 b>ri/]s1 & au?ors1 b human be+s1 n m]ely m5tal ma*9es4 ,prome!us did n beg9 8 education ( mank9d ) a/ronomy1 b by tea*+ ! prop]ties ( fire & its practical uses4444 ,?is br+s to my m9d ano!r analogy1 ,i cont9u$1 namely1 t ( ! old ,mei/]s+]1 :o 71 all ( !m1 exp]t smi?s1 t9k]s1 or %oemak]s1 & yet succe$$ 9 build+ a bridge to ! arts4 ,& at bottom1 ! sci5ces1 too1 belong to ! category ( free arts4 ,yet1 a difficulty seems to me to arise4 ,9 dem&+ a compulsory h&icraft1 y lay /ress on practical use1 :]eas 9 y\r o!r rem>ks y decl>$ sci5ce 9 itself z be+ utt]ly indep5d5t ( practice4 ,i d ?is1 repli$ ,e9/e91 only :5 ,i speak ( ! ultimate aims ( pure rese>*1 t is1 ( aims t are visible to only a vani%+ m9ority4 ,x w\ld be a complete misconception ( life to uphold ?is po9t ( view & to expect its regulative effectiv5ess 9 cases 9 :i* we are deal+ only ) ! prelim9>ies ( sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ma9ta9 t sci5ce c be taught mu* m practically at s*ools ?an x is at pres5t :5 bookwork has ! upp] h&4 ,= example1 to return to ! "q ( ma!matical tea*+3 x seems to me to be almo/ univ]sally at fault1 if only = ! reason t x is n built up on :at is practically int]e/+1 :at appeals directly to ! s5ses1 & :at c be seiz$ intuitively4 ,*ild-m9ds are f$ ) def9itions in/ead ( be+ pres5t$ ) :at !y c grasp1 & !y are expect$ to be able to und]/& purely conceptual ?+s1 al?\gh !y h _h no opportunity giv5 !m ( arriv+ at ! ab/ract by way ( concrete ?+s4 ,x is v easy to d ! latt]4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s %\ld n be taught 9 ! s*oolroom at all1 b 9 op5 ,nature4 ,a boy %\ld be %[n h[ a mead[ is measur$ & comp>$ ) ano!r4 ,8 att5tion mu/ be direct$ to ! height ( a t[]1 to ! l5g? ( 8 %ad[ at v>i\s times1 to ! correspond+ altitude ( ! sun2 by ?is means he w grasp ! ma!matical relation%ips mu* m rapidly1 m surely1 & ) great] zeal1 ?an if words & *alk-m>ks are us$ to in/il into him ! conceptions ( dim5sions1 ( angles1 or p]*ance ( "s trigonometrical function4 ,:at is ! actual orig9 ( su* bran*es ( sci5ce8 ,!y are d]iv$ f practice1 z1 = example1 :5 ,?ales fir/ measur$ ! height ( ! pyramids ) ! help ( a %ort rod1 :i* he set up at ! ultimate po9t ( ! pyramid's %ad[4 ,place a /ick 9 ! boy's h& & lead him on to make exp]im5ts ) x by way ( a game1 & if he is n q devoid ( s5se1 he w discov] ! ?+ = himself4 ,x w please him to h discov]$ ! height ( ! t[] )\t hav+ climb$ x1 & ?is is ! fir/ ?rill ( ! pleasure :i* he feels lat] :5 he le>ns ! geometry ( simil> triangles & ! proportionality ( _! sides4 ,9 ! matt] ( physics1 pursu$ ,e9/e91 ! fir/ lessons %\ld conta9 no?+ b :at is exp]im5tal & int]e/+ to see4 ,a pretty exp]im5t is 9 itself (t5 m valuable ?an tw5ty =mul extract$ f our m9ds2 x is p>ticul>ly important t a "y m9d t has yet to f9d its way ab\t 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a %\ld be sp>$ f =mul altoge!r4 ,9 8 physics !y play exactly ! same weird & fe>ful "p z ! figures ( dates 9 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,if ! exp]im5t] is +5i\s & exp]t1 ?is subject may be begun z e>ly z 9 ! middle =ms1 & "o may !n c\nt on a responsiv5ess t is r>ely obs]vable dur+ ! h\rs ( ex]cise 9 ,lat9 gramm>4 ,?is leads me1 said ,e9/e91 to speak 9 ?is connexion ( a means ( education t has s f> be5 us$ only by way ( trial 9 class-tea*+1 b f an improv$ application ( :i* ,i expect fruitful results lat]4 ,i mean ! s*ool c9ema4 ,! triumphal m>* ( ! c9ematograph w be cont9u$ into p$agogic regions1 & "h x w h a *ance to make good its wrongs 9 ?\s&s ( picture %[s 9 %[+ absurd1 immoral1 & melodramatic subjects4 ,by means ( ! s*ool-film1 supplem5t$ by a simple app>atus = projection1 x w\ld be possible fir/ly to infuse into c]ta9 subjects1 su* z geography1 :i* is at pres5t w\nd (f organ-l 9 ! =m ( dead descriptions1 ! pulsat+ life ( a metropolis4 ,& ! l9es on a map w ga9 an entirely new complexion 9 ! eyes ( ! pupil1 if he le>ns1 z if dur+ a voyage1 :at !y actually include1 & :at is to be read betwe5 !m4 ,an abundance ( in=mation is imp>t$ by ! film1 too1 if x gives an accel]at$ or ret>d$ view ( su* ?+s z a plant gr[+1 an animal's he>t beat+1 or ! w+ ( an insect mov+4 ,! c9ema seems to me to h a /ill m important function 9 giv+ pupils an insight into ! mo/ important bran*es ( te*nical indu/ry1 a k ( :i* %\ld become common prop]ty4 ,v few h\rs w\ld suffice to impress p]man5tly on ! s*oolboy's m9d h[ a p[]-/ation1 a locomotive1 a newspap]1 a book1 or a col\r$ illu/ration is produc$1 or :at takes place 9 an electrical plant1 a glass factory1 or a gasworks4 ,&1 to return to natural sci5ce1 _m ( ! r difficult exp]im5ts t _c be %[n by means ( s*ool app>atus may be %[n ) almo/ z great cle>ness on a film4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! r$eem+ ^w 9 s*ool-tea*+ is1 = me3 an increas$ appeal to ! s5ses4 ,:]ev] x is possible1 le>n+ mu/ become liv+1 & ?is pr9ciple w pr$om9ate 9 future re=ms ( s*ool-tea*+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,univ]sity /udy 0 only t\*$ on lightly dur+ ?is talk4 ,x has become kn[n t ,e9/e9 is a v /rong support] ( ! pr9ciple ( free le>n+1 & t he w\ld pref] to disp5se entirely ) ! regul> docum5ts ( admission :i* qualify hold]s to att5d lecture c\rses4 ,?is is to be int]pret$ z mean+ t z soon z anyone desir\s ( fur!r+ 8 /udies has demon/rat$ 8 fitness to foll[ ! lectur]'s reason+ by %[+ 8 ability 9 class ex]cises or 9 ! laboratory1 he %\ld be admitt$ imm$iately4 ,e9/e9 w\ld n dem& ! usual c]tificate ( g5]al education1 b only ( fitness = ! special subject1 p>ticul>ly z1 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 he has frequ5tly f\nd ! clev]e/ p & ^? ) ! mo/ def9ite aims to be prone to "o-sid$ness4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ev5 ! int]m$iate s*ools %\ld be au?oriz$ to be/[ a c]tificate ( fitness to ent] on a c\rse 9 a s+le def9ite subject z soon z ! pupil has prov$ himself to h ! necess>y ability4 ,if he e>li] spoke 9 fav\r ( aboli%+ ! matriculation exam9ation1 ?is is only an indication ( 8 ef=t to bur/ op5 ! portals ( high] education = e "o4 ,nev]!less1 ,i rem>k$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( univ]sity "w itself1 he is n 9 fav\r ( giv+ up all regulation conc]n+ ! ability ( ! /ud5t--at lea/1 n 9 ! case ( ^? :o int5d to devote !mselves to in/ruction lat]4 ,he does n desire an int]m$iate exam9ation 79 ! nature ( ! t5tam5 physicum ( doctors71 b he consid]s x pr(itable = ! future s*oolma/] to h an opportunity e>ly 9 8 c\rse to prove 8 fitness = tea*+4 ,9 ?is matt]1 too1 ,e9/e9 reveals 8 affectionate int]e/ 9 ! y\ng] g5]ation1 ^: developm5t is ?reat5$ by no?+ s mu* z by incapable tea*]s3 ! sum ( ^! consid]ations is t ! pupil is exam9$ z little z possible1 b ! tea*] s mu* ! m closely4 ,a c&idate = ! tea*+ pr(ession1 :o 9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 academic c>e] fails to %[ 8 fitness1 8 individual facultas doc5di1 %\ld be remov$ f ! univ]sity4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ,e9/e9 has a claim to be he>d z an au?ority on ^! que/ions4 ,!re are few 9 ! realm ( ! le>n$ 9 ^: faces x is s cle>ly manife/ t !y are call$ to excite a desire = k by means ( ! liv+ ^w1 & to satisfy ?is desire4 ,if great audi5ces assemble ar\nd him1 if s _m =eign academies op5 _! arms to him to make him _! own1 ^! are n only signs ( a magnetic influ5ce t emanates f ! fam\s discov]]1 b !y are indications t he is f> fam$ z a tea*] ) a captivat+ p]sonality4 ,let u consid] :at ?is signifies 9 8 pr(ession4 ,philosoph]s1 hi/orians1 lawy]s1 doctors1 & !ologians h at _! disposal innum]able words :i* !y m]ely ne$ to pron\nce to get into imm$iate contact ) _! audi5ces4 ,9 ,e9/e9's pr(ession1 !oretical physics1 man disappe>s2 x leaves no scope = ! play ( emotion2 its implem5t ma!matics--& :at an in/rum5t x is6--bri/les ) =mal difficulties1 :i* c be ov]come only by means ( symbols & by us+ a language :i* has no means ( display+ eloqu5ce1 be+ devoid ( expression1 emotion1 & regul> p]iods4 ,yet "h we h a physici/1 a ma!matician1 ^: fir/ ^w ?r[s a *>m ov] a great cr[d ( p1 & :o extracts f _! m9ds1 s to speak1 :at1 9 reality1 he alone works out be=e !m4 ,he does n adh]e closely to writt5 pages1 nor to a s*eme :i* has be5 prep>$ be=eh& 9 all its details2 he develops 8 subject freely1 )\t ! slighte/ attempt at rhetoric1 b ) an effect :i* comes ( itself :5 ! audi5ce feels itself swept along by ! curr5t4 ,he does n ne$ to deliv] 8 words passionately1 z 8 passion = tea*+ is s manife/4 ,ev5 9 regions ( ?\ght 9 :i* usually only =mul1 l glaci]s1 give an indication ( ! height1 he discov]s similes & illu/rations ) a human appeal1 by ! aid ( :i* he helps _m a "o to conqu] ! m\nta9 sickness ( ma!matics4 ,8 lectures betray two factors t are r>ely f\nd pres5t 9 inve/igators ( ab/ract subjects2 !y are temp]am5t & g5iality4 ,he nev] talks z if 9 a monologue or z if address+ empty space4 ,he always speaks l "o :o is weav+ ?reads ( "s idea1 & ^! become spun out 9 a fasc9at+ way t robs ! audi5ce ( ! s5se ( "t4 ,we all "k t no iron curta9 m>ks ! close ( ,e9/e9's lecture2 anyone :o is torm5t$ by "s difficulty or d\bt1 or :o desires illum9ation on "s po9t1 or has miss$ "s "p ( ! argum5t1 is at lib]ty to "q him4 ,moreov]1 ,e9/e9 /&s firm ?r\gh ! /orm ( all que/ions4 ,on ! v day on :i* ! above conv]sation took place he _h come /raight f a lecture on f\r-dim5sional space1 at ! conclusion ( :i* a tempe/ ( que/ions _h rag$ ab\t him4 ,he spoke ( x n z ( an ordeal t he _h surviv$1 b z ( a refre%+ %[]4 ,& su* delights ab\nd 9 8 tea*+ c>e]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 ! la/ lecture be=e 8 dep>ture = ,leyd5 79 ,may #aibj71 :]e ! fam\s faculty ( sci5ce1 "u ! auspices ( ! great physici/ ,lor5tz1 _h invit$ him to accept an honor>y pr(essor%ip4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ invitation ( ?is k9d1 & w n be ! la/1 = di/9ctions are be+ %[]$ on him f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is true t ! univ]sities :o conf] a degree on him honoris causa are conf]r+ a di/9ction on !mselves1 b ,e9/e9 frankly ackn[l$ges ! value ( ^! hon\rs1 :i* he reg>ds z ref]r+ only to ! "q 9 h&1 & n ! p]son4 ,x gives him pleasure on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciple involv$ be+ recogniz$1 & he reg>ds himself ess5tially only z "o :om fate has orda9$ z ! p]sonal expon5t ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,:at ?is life ( hu/le & bu/le ab\t a sci5ti/ signifies is p]haps m app>5t to me1 :o h a mode/ %>e 9 ^! conv]sations1 ?an to ,e9/e9 himself1 = ,i am an old man :o--un=tunately--h to ?9k back a long way to my /ud5t days1 & c set up comp>isons :i* are out ( rea* ( ,e9/e94 ,=m]ly1 _m ye>s ago1 b 9 my own "t1 !re 0 an auditorium maximum :i* only "o man c\ld manage to fill ) an audi5ce1 namely1 ,eug5 ,dhr+1 ! not$ s*ol>1 :o 0 doom$ to rema9 a lectur] inasmu* z he w5t "u 9 8 qu>rels ) confrres ( a high] rank4 ,b be=e he made 8 onslaught aga9/ ,helmholtz1 he 0 reg>d$ z a man ( unrivall$ magnetic p[]1 = 8 philosophical & economical lectures ga!r$ toge!r ov] ?ree hundr$ he>]s1 a record numb] 9 ^? times4 ,n[adays1 9 ! case ( ,e9/e91 f\r times ?is numb] has be5 surpass$1 a fact :i* has br\ght into circulation ! playful say+3 ,"o c nev] miss 8 auditorium2 :i!r all are ha/5+1 t is ! goal6 ,to make j comp>isons1 we mu/ take acc\nt ( ! fai?fulness ( ! assembl$ cr[d1 z well z its numb]4 ,_m an em95t s*ol> has 9 e>li] times _h reason to decl>e1 l ,fau/3 ,i _h ! p[] to attract y1 yet _h no p[] to hold y4 ,helmholtz began regul>ly e t]m ) a cr[d$ lecture-hall1 b 9 a %ort "t he f\nd himself des]t$1 & he himself 0 well aw>e t no magnetic tea*+ influ5ce emanat$ f him4 ,!re is yet ano!r case 9 univ]sity hi/ory ( a brilliant p]sonality :o1 f simil> flights ( ec/asy1 0 doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,i mu/ m5tion 8 "n1 :i*1 9 ?is connexion1 w probably cause great surprise1 namely1 ,s*ill]6 ,he _h fix$ 8 fir/ lecture 9 hi/ory at ,j5a1 to :i* he 0 appo9t$1 & _h prep>$ = an audi5ce ( ab\t a hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,b cr[d ^u cr[d hu/l$ along1 & ,s*ill]1 :o saw ! oncom+ /ream f 8 w9d[1 0 ov]come ) ! impression t !re 0 no end to x4 ,! :ole /reet took al>m1 = at fir/ x 0 imag9$ t a fire _h brok5 out1 & at ! palace ! wat* 0 call$ out--yet1 a little lat] 9 ! c\rse1 !re 0 a depress+ ebb ( ! tide1 aft] ! fir/ curiosity _h be5 appeas$2 ! audi5ce gradually vani%$ into ?9 air1 a pro( ( ! fact t ! nimbus ( a "n does n suffice to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ betwe5 ! lectur]'s desk & ! audi5ce4 ,i m5tion$ ?is example at ! "t :5 ,e9/e9's gift = tea*+ _h gradually increas$ ! numb] ( 8 he>]s to ! record figure ( #abjj1 yet ,i did n on ?is occasion detect any inord9ate joy 9 him ab\t 8 success4 ,i ga9$ ! impression t he _h /ra9$ 8 voice 9 ! va/ hall4 ,8 mood betray$ 9 consequ5ce a slight und]curr5t ( irritation4 ,9 an access ( scepticism he murmur$ ! words1 ,a m]e matt] ( fa%ion4 ,i _c imag9e t he 0 entirely 9 e>ne/4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ,i prote/$ aga9/ ! expression4 ,b1 ev5 if !re 7 a p>ticle ( tru? 9 x1 we might well be pleas$ to f9d su* a fa%ion 9 intellectual matt]s1 "o t p]si/s s long & promises to la/4 ,! _w w\ld recov] its normal heal?y /ate if fa%ions ( ?is k9d 7 to come into full sw+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to und]/& on psy*ological gr\nds t ,e9/e9 himself takes up a sort ( def5sive position aga9/ 8 own r5[n1 & t he occasionally tries to attack x by means ( s>casm1 see+ t he _c f9d s]i\s argum5ts to oppose x4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:e!r ,e9/e9's ideas & proposals conc]n+ educational re=m w be capable ( realization ?r\gh\t is a "q t "t alone c answ]4 ,we mu/ make x cle> to ourselves t1 if c>ri$ out along free-?9k+ l9es1 !y w dem& c]ta9 sacrifices1 & x dep5ds on ! apportionm5t ( ^! sacrifices z to :at ! next1 or ! foll[+1 g5]ation w h to exhibit 9 ! way ( m5tal tra9+4 ,an appreciable re/riction w h to be impos$ on ! "t giv5 to languages4 ,x is a matt] ( decid+ h[ f> ?is w affect ! f\ndations t1 "u ! collective t]m humaniora1 h support$ ! :ole sy/em ( classical s*ools = c5turies4 ,! fundam5tal ideas ( re=m1 :i*1 ow+ to ! r$ivision ( s*ool-h\rs & ! economy ( "w1 no long] claim prec$5ce = languages1 indicate t n mu* w be left ( ! orig9al ,lat9 & ,greek basis4 ,we h notic$ above t ,e9/e91 al?\gh he does n1 9 pr9ciple1 oppose ! old classicism1 no long] expects mu* good ( x4 ,b n[adays ! /ate ( affairs is su* t x is h>dly a "q ( support+ or oppos+ its ret5tion 9 fragm5t>y =m4 ,:oev] does n support x ) all 8 p[] /r5g!ns indirectly ! mighty *orus ( ^? :o are radically antagoni/ic to x4 ,& x is a rem>kable fact t ?is *orus includes _m w\ld-be au?orities on languages :o h influ5ce among u because !y are *ampions ( ! cause ( reta9+ languages4 ,!y d n wi% to rescue languages z su*1 b only ! ,g]man tongue2 !y po9t to ! humaniora ( classical s*ools1 or to ,humani/]ei1 z !y call x1 z ! enemy & corrupt] ( _! language4 ,9 :at s5se !y mean ?is is obvi\s f _! articles ( fai?1 ( :i* ,i %\ld l to cite a few 9 ! orig9al words ( "o ( _! p>ty-lead]s3 ,up to ! "t ( ! haz>d\s ent]prise ( ,?omasius 7:o fir/ ann\nc$ lectures 9 ! ,g]man language 9 #afhg7 ,g]man s*ol>s z a body 7 ! wor/ enemies ( _! own tongue4--,lu!r did n take 8 models = writ+ ,g]man f ! humani/ic mimics :o ap$ ! old ,lat9s4 ,9 ! case ( _m1 includ+ ,less+ & ,goe!1 we obs]ve !m mak+ a def9ite attempt to %ake !mselves free f ! *aos ( humani/ic influ5ces 9 ,g]many--,! inh]itance ( pseudo-le>n$ concoctions ( words /ret*es back to pret5ti\s humanism z d mo/ ( ess5tial vices ( le>n$ /yles4--,! f>-rea*+ & la/+ corruption ( ! ,g]man language by ?is poison\s ,lat9 has its beg9n+s 9 ! humanism ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,&1 q logically1 ^! h]alds ext5d _! attacks along ! :ole academic front4 ,=1 accord+ to _! po9t ( view1 ! :ole army ( pr(essors is deeply imm]s$ 9 ! language slime ( ! traditional humanism ( ! ,greeks & ,lat9s4 ,! :ole language evil ( our times1 s ^! lead]s say1 is at bottom due to sci5ti/s1 :o1 9 ! op9ionat$ guise ( a language ca/e1 & )\t enri*+ our conceptions 9 ! slighte/1 seek by t9kl+ empty words to give u ! illusion ( a new & p>ticul>ly my/]i\s occult sci5ce1 an impression :i* is un=tunately (t5 produc$ on ignorant m9ds4444 ,h[ev] _m muddy outlets (ficial in/itutions & language associations may purge & block up1 dit*-wat] f ev] new quagmires & dra9s p\rs unceas+ly into ! /ately /ream ( our language4 ,?us ! attack on ! ,lat9 & ,greek language f\ndation 9 s*ools id5tifies itself ) ! /ruggle aga9/ ! academic _w z a :ole1 & a s*ol> :o does def5d ! classical sy/em ( education ) all 8 might f9ds himself unconsci\sly drift+ into ! ranks ( ! bro!rhood :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance is seek+ 8 own ext]m9ation4 ,?is dang] mu/ n be "u-e/imat$4 ,x is j ?is p]il1 s ?reat5+ to our civilization1 t moves me to %[ my col\rs frankly "h4 ,i am n a support] ( bookworm drudg]y 9 s*ools1 b ,i feel myself impell$ to use e ef=t 9 spee* & writ+ to combat ! anti-humani/s ^: password1 ,= our language1 at root signifies ,enemies ( ,sci5ce6 ,we mu/ put no weapons into _! h&s1 & ! only means to avoid ?is is1 9 my op9ion1 to /ate our cre$ emphatically & op5ly aft] ! mann] ( almo/ all our classical writ]s4 ,?is cre$1 bo? z reg>ds language & sub/ance1 is to be und]/ood z be+ bas$ on ! efficacy ( ! old classical languages4 ,x is ! lum9\s c5tre ( ! life & "w ( ! m5 :o caus$ ,bulw] to proclaim our c\ntry ! c\ntry ( poets & ?9k]s4 ,! sup]abundance ( ^! is s excessive t x is sc>cely fair to m5tion only a few names su* z ,goe!1 ,less+1 ,s*ill]1 ,wiel&1 ,kant1 & ,s*op5hau]4 ,our lit]ature w\ld be ( a prov9cial /&>d & n a _w possession if ?is cre$ _h n ass]t$ its sway at all times4 ,if ! "q is rais$ z to :]e our y\? is to f9d "t = le>n+ anci5t languages "u ! pres5t conditions ( cr[d$ subjects1 ! answ] is to be furni%$ by improv$ me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,my p]sonal po9t ( view is t ev5 ! old] me?ods 7 n s bad4 ,goe! f\nd himself 9 no wise emb>rass$ ?r\gh lack ( "t 9 acquir+ all sorts ( k & m5tal equipm5t1 al?\gh ev5 z a boy ( eight ye>s he c\ld write 9 ,lat9 9 a way :i*1 comp>$ ) ! bungl+ ef=ts ( ! mod]n six?-=m boy1 seems ,cic]onian4 ,montaigne c\ld express himself e>li] 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 ,fr5*1 & if he _h n _h ?is ,lat9 poison inject$ into 8 blood he w\ld nev] h become ,montaigne4 ,x seems to me by no means impossible t ! cultur$ _w w "o day 9 ! di/ant future return to ! once self-evid5t view ( classical languages1 & inde$ j = reasons ( economy ( "t1 unless ! univ]sal language s ard5tly desir$ by ,hebbel--n to be confus$ ) ! artificial pat*work call$ ,esp]anto--%\ld become a reality4 ,b ev5 ?is language1 at pres5t ,utopian1 b "o :i* w help to l9k toge!r ! nations1 w disclose ! model ( ! anci5t languages 9 its /ructure4 ,sci5tific language ( ! pres5t day %[s :]e ! r\te lies2 & ?is r\te w be made passable 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( ,teutonic language sa9ts & assass9s ( humanism to block x4 ,! work+ out ( ideas by rese>* sci5ti/s leads to enri*m5t ( language4 ,& s9ce1 z is q natural1 !y draw copi\sly on antique =ms ( expression1 !y are really ! tru/ees ( an in/ruction t makes ^! expressions intelligible n m]ely z compon5ts ( an artificial language l ,volapk b z organic gr[?s4 ,t is h[ !y proce$ :5 !y c>ry on _! rese>*1 or describe x & lecture on _! own subject4 ,b if !y are to decide h[ ! s*ool is to map out its c\rse 9 actual practice1 ! problem ( "t aga9 becomes _! *ief consid]ation--t is1 !y feel 9 duty b\nd to give pref]5ce to :at is mo/ important4 ,h5ce !re results ! wi% to r$uce ! h\rs apportion$ to ! language subjects z mu* z possible4 ,on ?is matt] we h a detail$ essay by ! di/+ui%$ ,ern/ ,ma* m5tion$ e>li]1 :o exposes ! actual dilemma ) ! greate/ cle>ness4 ,he treats ?is exce$+ly important "q 9 all its phases1 & arrives at almo/ ! same conclusion z ,e9/e94 ,at ! outset he c]ta9ly *ants a ,lat9 psalm almo/ 9 ! mann] ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,its l[] tones repres5t an elegy lam5t+ t ,lat9 is no long] ! univ]sal language among educat$ p1 z x 0 f ! fifte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,its fitness = ?is purpose is q indisputable1 = x c be adapt$ to express e conception h[ev] mod]n or subtle x may be4 ,:at a pr(usion ( new conceptions 0 introduc$ into sci5ce by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 to all ( :i* he succe$$ 9 giv+ correct & precise ,lat9 names6 ,! natural inf]5ce sugge/s itself to u t "y p %\ld le>n ! anci5t classical tongues--& yet a diff]5t result is com+ ab\t2 ! mod]n *ild is to be cont5t ) und]/&+ words ) a _w-wide curr5cy1 )\t kn[+ _! philological orig94 ,x is n necess>y to be a s*oolma/] to feel ! inadequacy ( ?is proce$+4 ,x is true t )\t kn[+ ,arabic we c grasp ! s5se & mean+ ( ! ^w ,algebra1 & 9 ! same way we c extract ! ess5ce ( a numb] ( ,greek & ,lat9 expressions )\t digg+ at _! etymological roots4 ,b ^! expressions are to be c\nt$ 9 hundr$s & ?\s&s1 & are increas+ daily1 s t we are put be=e ! "q :e!r1 m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( "t1 x is practicable to le>n !m z individual =eign t]ms or z natural products ( a root language ) :i* we h once & = all become famili>4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y = me to po9t out t ,e9/e9 himself is n sp>+ 9 ! use ( ^! te*nical expressions1 ev5 :5 he is us+ popul> language4 ,he assumes or introduces t]ms ( :i* ! foll[+ are a few examples3 cont9uum1 co-ord9ate sy/em1 dim5sional1 electrodynamics1 k9etic !ory1 trans=mation1 cov>iant1 heuri/ic1 p>abola1 translation1 pr9ciple ( equival5ce1 & he is q ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t e "o is fully acqua9t$ ) su* g5]ally accept$ expressions z3 gravitation1 spectral analysis1 balli/ic1 phoronomy1 inf9itesimal1 diagonal1 compon5t1 p]iph]y1 hydro/atics1 c5trifugal1 & numb]less o!rs :i* are diffus$ ?r\gh educat$ popul> language 9 all directions4 ,tak5 all toge!r ^! repres5t a =eign realm 9 :i* ! entrant c always succe$ 9 ori5tat+ himself :5 he receives explanations1 examples1 or translations1 :]eas ) a little prelim9>y k ( ! anci5t languages he imm$iately feels himself at home ) !m2 9 ?is we h n ev5 tak5 into consid]ation ! g5]al cultural value ( ?is tra9+ 9 view ( ! access x gives to ! old lit]ature & to ,hell5ic culture4 ,p]haps ,i am go+ too f> 9 adopt+ ! attitude ( a laudator temporis acti t[>ds ,e9/e9's v advanc$ op9ion4 ,we are "h deal+ ) a "q 9 :i* no?+ c be prov$1 & 9 :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds on disposition & p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,9 my own case ?is exp]i5ce includes ! fact t at a v e>ly age1 9 spite ( ! v disc\rag+ s*ool me?ods1 ,i enjoy$ ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 & t ,i le>n$ ,horatian odes by he>t1 n because ,i _h to1 b because !y appeal$ to me1 & f9ally t ,hom] op5$ up a new _w to me4 ,:5 ,e9/e9 expresses 8 abhorr5ce ( drill1 ,i agree ) him2 b ^! languages ne$ n be taught z if we are on p>ade4 ,we see ?us t x is a "q ( me?od & n ( ! subject involv$4 ,e9/e9 gives ! subject its due by recomm5d+ a d\ble s]ies ( classes4 ,he all[s ! pa?s to div]ge1 giv+ 8 special bless+ to ! gr\p along ! "o )\t sett+ up ob/acles to prev5t ! o!r pilgrims f atta9+ happ9ess 9 _! own way4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,we spoke ( high] education = wom51 & ,e9/e9 express$ 8 views :i*1 z 0 to be expect$1 7 tol]ant1 & yet did n sugge/ ^? ( a *ampion ( ! cause4 ,x 0 impossible to ov]look ! fact t 9 spite ( 8 approval he _h c]ta9 res]vations ( a !oretical nature4 ,z 9 all o!r directions1 he said1 s 9 t ( sci5ce ! way %\ld be made easy = wom54 ,yet x mu/ n be tak5 amiss if ,i reg>d ! possible results ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( scepticism4 ,i am ref]r+ to c]ta9 ob/acles 9 woman's organization :i* we mu/ reg>d z giv5 by ,nature1 & :i* =bid u f apply+ ! same /&>d ( expectation to wom5 z to m54 ,y believe1 !n1 ,pr(essor1 t high a*ievem5ts _c be accompli%$ by wom58 ,to keep our att5tion on sci5ce1 c "o n quote ,madame ,curie z a pro( to ! contr>y8 ,surely only z "o pro( ( brilliant exceptions1 m ( :i* may occur )\t refut+ ! /atute ( sexual organization4 ,p]haps ?is w be possible aft] all if a suffici5t "t = developm5t be all[$4 ,!re may be mu* few] g5iuses among ! o!r sex1 b !re has c]ta9ly be5 a conc5tration ( tal5t4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 totally ignorant wom5 h become mu* r>]4 ,y1 ,pr(essor1 are =tunate 9 n be+ 9 a position to comp>e "y wom5 ( to-day ) ^? ( =ty or m ye>s ago4 ,?is ,i c d1 & j z once ,i f\nd x natural t !re %\ld be sw>ms ( little geese & peacocks1 ,i nev] recov] f my a/oni%m5t n[adays at ! am\nt ( k acquir$ by "y womanhood4 ,x requires a consid]able ef=t on my "p v (t5 to avoid be+ completely ov]%ad[$ by a p>tn] at d9n]4 ,! m ?is /ratum ( tal5t increases1 ! m we h reason to expect a great] numb] ( g5iuses f !m 9 ! future4 ,y are giv5 to progno/ication1 said ,e9/e91 & calculate ) probabilities :i* sometimes are lack+ 9 f\ndation4 ,increas$ education & ev5 an increase ( tal5ts are quantitative assumptions t make an inf]5ce reg>d+ high] quality rea*+ to g5ius appe> v bold4--,a pass+ look ( om9\s port5t fla%$ ov] 8 face1 & ,i notic$ t he 0 prep>+ to laun* a s>ca/ic aphorism4 ,s x 01 = ! next words 73 ,x is conceivable t ,nature may h creat$ a sex )\t bra9s6 ,i grasp$ ! s5se ( ?is grotesque rem>k1 :i* 0 9 no way to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,x 0 int5d$ z an amus+ exagg]ation ( :at he _h e>li] call$ ! reason = 8 fail+ expectation3 ! organic diff]5ce :i*1 be+ root$ 9 ! physical con/itution1 _h some:]e to express itself on ! m5tal plane1 too4 ,! s\l ( woman /rong 9 impulse %[s a ref9em5t ( feel+ ( :i* we m5 are n susceptible1 :]eas ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( reason probably dep5d on a prepond]ance ( bra9 sub/ance4 ,x is ?is plus beyond ! normal am\nt t gives promise ( great discov]ies1 inv5tions1 & creations4 ,we c j z little imag9e a female ,galilei1 ,kepl]1 & ,desc>tes1 z a female ,mi*elangelo or ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( ^! extreme cases1 let u also recall ! balance on ! o!r side3 al?\gh a woman c\ld n create ! diff]5tial calculus1 x 0 %e t creat$ ,leibniz2 simil>ly %e produc$ ,kant if n ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,woman1 z ! au?or ( all great m9ds1 has at lea/ a "r ( access to all means ( education & to all advancem5t t is pr(f]$ by univ]sities4 ,& 9 ?is connexion ,e9/e9 express$ 8 wi% cle>ly en\gh4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ discuss$ !mes 9 matt]s t\*+ s*ool education is at ! pres5t "t3 ! selection ( gift$ pupils4 ,x has develop$ into a pr9ciple t is g5]ally recogniz$ by ! great majority1 ! only po9t ( disagreem5t be+ 9 respect to ! numb] t is to be select$4 ,! idea runn+ ?r\gh x is t d]iv$ f ,d>w9's !ory ( selection3 man completes ! me?od ( selection practis$ by ,nature4 ,he sifts & *ooses1 & all[s ^? t are m tal5t$ to come to ! =e m rapidly & m decid$ly2 he fav\rs _! advancem5t & makes easy _! asc5t4 ,?is pr9ciple has really always be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,x />t$ ) ! di/ribution ( prizes 9 anci5t ,olympia & rea*es to ! pres5t-day exam9ations t are cle>ly int5d$ z a means ( select+ tal5ts4 ,a great] discrim9ation bas$ on a sy/ematic se>* = tal5ts 0 res]v$ = our own day4 ,x 0 sc>cely a matt] ( d\bt to me :at attitude ,e9/e9 w\ld take up t[>ds ?is matt]4 ,i _h already he>d him say h>d words ab\t ! sy/em ( exam9ations1 & knew 8 lean+ t[>ds all[+ ea* m9d to develop its p[] freely & naturally4 ,9 effect1 ,e9/e9 decl>$ to me t he w\ld he> no?+ ( a bre$+ ( tal5ts 9 a sort ( sport+ way4 ,! dang]s ( ! me?ods ( sport w\ld creep 9 & lead to results t _h only ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,f ! results s f> obta9$ x 0 impossible to come to a f9al decision ab\t x4 ,yet x 0 conceivable t a selective process conduct$ along reasonable l9es w\ld 9 g5]al prove ( advantage 9 education1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! respect t _m a tal5t t w\ld ord9>ily become /unt$ ow+ to its be+ kept 9 d>kness w\ld n[ h an opportunity ( com+ to light4 ,?is resolv$ itself into a talk be>+ on _m que/ions1 & ( :i* ,i %\ld l to /ate ! ma9 issue "h4 ,x 0 specially int5d$ to make cle> ! gambl+ me?od t ,e9/e9 repudiates1 & ! dang] ( :i* seems /ill m ?reat5+ to me ?an to him4 ,if c]ta9 p$agogues1 ^: cre$ is =ce1 7 to h _! way1 ! mo/ gift$ pupils w\ld be able1 or w\ld be compell$1 to ru% ?r\gh s*ool at hurricane spe$1 &1 at an age at :i* _! fell[s 7 /ill sp5d+ we>y h\rs at _! desks1 !y w\ld h to clamb] to ! topmo/ bran*es ( ! academic tree4 ,all ?+s are possible1 & hi/ory ev5 furni%es cases ( su* =c$ m>*es4 ,lu!r's fri5d ,melan*?on qualifi$ at ! age ( ?irte5 to ent] ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 & at ! age ( sev5te5 he became a pr(essor at ,tb+51 :]e he gave lectures on ! mo/ difficult problems ( philosophy1 z well on ! ,roman & ,greek writ]s ( classical antiquity4 ,?is s+le in/ance ne$ only be g5]aliz$1 & we h ! new ideal ris+ up be=e our a/oni%$ gaze3 a race ( pr(essorial /ripl+s ^: upp] lips are sc>cely d>k5$ ) ! d[n ( y\?6 ,x is a m]e matt] ( mak+ an e>ly discov]y ( ! mo/ gift$1 & !n rais+ ! scaffold+ up :i* ! precoci\s "k-alls c climb z easily z possible4 ,int]pos$ qu]y3 ,:]e are ^! discov]]s ( tal5t1 & h[ d !y prove _! own tal5t8 ,!re 0 a good opportunity = !m 9 a case :i* ,i mu/ "h m5tion4 ,e9/e9 told me 9 ano!r connexion t1 z e>ly z #aijg1 t is1 :5 he 0 /ill v "y 9 ye>s1 he _h n only succe$$ 9 successfully repres5t+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce1 "o ( ! ma9 supports ( ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity1 b _h ev5 publi%$ x2 yet x made n ! slighte/ impression on ! le>n$ _w4 ,no "o suspect$ ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 & no "o po9t$ out ?is flam+ up ( a new tal5t ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,& j z ?is 0 able to rema9 conceal$ f ! le>n$ ,areopagus ( ! _w at t "t1 s a simil> lack ( und]/&+ may easily be possible on a small] scale at s*ool4 ,we "k actually t among ! recogniz$ great m5 ( sci5ce1 !re 7 _m :o did only mod]ately well at s*ool2 z1 = example1 ,humphry ,davy1 ,rob]t ,may]1 ,ju/us ,liebig1 & _m o!rs4 ,wilhelm ,o/wald goes s f> z to affirm3 ,boys orda9$ to be discov]]s lat] 9 life h1 almo/ )\t exception1 be5 bad at s*ool6 ,x is j ! mo/ gift$ "y p :o h resi/$ mo/ /rongly ! =m ( intellectual developm5t prescrib$ by ! s*ool6 ,s*ools nev] cease to %[ !mselves to be ! bitt]1 unrel5t+ enemies ( g5ius6--9 spite ( all ef=ts at selection :i* h always be5 9 vogue 9 ! guise ( advancem5t into high] =ms4 ,b ! new mode ( selection is int5d$ to prev5t mi/akes & ov]sights4 ,is ?is possible8 ,d n ! traces ( previ\s attempts inspire di/ru/8 ,!re 0 once a v ideal selection t _h to /& ! te/ ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t bodies 9 exi/5ce1 ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,its duty 0 to discov] g5iuses on an incomp>ably high] plane4 ,x1 h[ev]1 repudiat$ or ov]look$3 ,molire1 ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 ,did]ot1 ! two ,r\sseaus1 ,beaum>*ais1 ,balzac1 ,brang]1 ! ,gonc\rts1 ,daudet1 ,emile ,zola1 & _m o!r extremely gift$ p1 :om x %\ld really h be5 able to f9d4 ,! only true1 & at ! same "t necess>y z well z suffici5t1 bre$+ is c>ri$ out by ,nature h]self 9 conjunction ) social conv5tions1 :i* promise ! m success ! less !y assume ! "* ( incubators & bre$+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,if y wi% to apply te/s to discov] pupils ( g5ius 9 any class1 exam9e z mu* z y l1 excite int]e/ & ambition1 di/ribute prizes ev51 b n = ! purpose ( sep>at+ at %ort int]vals ! %rewd & ne$le-witt$ heads f ! re/2 & d n lose sight ( ! fact t among ^? :o appe> z ! %eep z a result ( ^! sy/ematiz$ te/s to discov] +5uity !re are _m :o1 t5 or tw5ty ye>s lat]1 w take up _! positions z m5 ( em95t tal5t4 ,!re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! =c$ promotion ( su* pupils & ! bre$+ ( sup]-m5 accord+ to ,nietzs*e's recipe z exemplifi$ by 8 ,z>a?u/ra4 ,assum+ t sup]-m5 are ju/ifi$ 9 exi/+ at all1 !y w come ab\t ( !mselves1 b _c simply be manufactur$4 ,workm51 tak5 z a class1 repres5t sup]-m5 m def9itely ?an an individual su* z ,napoleon or ,cs> ,borgia4 ,s ! sup]-s*ol> exi/s p]haps already to-day1 n z an individual ph5om5on1 b z a :ole1 repres5t+ 8 class4 ,:oev] has _h exp]i5ce 9 ^! ?+s w "k t n[adays !re are difficult subjects 9 :i* x is possible to apply to pupils ( fifte5 ye>s ( age te/s t are f> above ! plane ( compreh5sion ( pupils ( ! same age 9 =m] times1 provid$ t ! av]age is consid]$1 t no accid5tal or artificial sep>ation has occurr$1 t no pret5ti\sly witty que/ions h _h to be answ]$1 & t !re has be5 no sy/ematic & inquisitive se>* = tal5t4 ,let u re/ satisfi$ if we f9d t ! sum-total ( tal5t is cont9ually on ! increase4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is by no means prov$ t we are do+ civilization a s]vice by p]si/+ 9 ! impossible project ( aboli%+ f ! _w ! /ruggle = exi/5ce prescrib$ by ,nature4 ,x is an elem5t>y fact1 & "o t is easy to und]/&1 t _m tal5ts p]i% unnotic$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 obs]ve ! long li/ ( em95t m5 :o f\ght _! way upw>ds out ( ! l[e/ /ages ( exi/5ce only to recognize t ! difficulties t h be5 ov]come are mo/ly necess>y accompanim5ts ( tal5t1 t is1 t ,nature's way ( selection is to oppose ob/acles & raise difficulties 9 ord] to te/ _! p[]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! poor l5s-gr9d] ,sp9oza & _m o!rs rang+ to ,brang]1 :o 0 a wait]1 :at a *a9 ( desp]ate exp]i5ces1 yet :at triumphs6 ,h]s*el1 ! a/ronom]1 0 too poor to buy a refract+ telescope1 & x 0 j ?is disp5sation ( pov]ty t made him succe$ 9 con/ruct+ a reflect+ type compos$ ( a mirror4 ,f>aday1 ! son ( a blacksmi? )\t means1 made 8 way = ye>s z a bookb9d]'s appr5tice4 ,j\le1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 />t$ z a be]-brew]4 ,kepl]1 ! discov]] ( ! planet>y laws1 0 desc5d$ f a pov]ty-/rick5 innkeep]4 ,( ! memb]s 9 ,goe!'s circle1 ,jung-,/ill+1 ( :om ,nietzs*e 0 s fond1 0 a tailor's appr5tice2 ,eck]mann1 ,goe!'s intimate associate1 0 a sw9e-h]d1 & ,zelt] 0 a mason4 ,we c\ld add _m rec5t names to ?is li/1 & v _m m if we cont9ue ! l9e backw>ds to ,euripides1 ^: fa!r 0 a publican & ^: "m 0 a v5dor ( vegetables4 ,?is might s]ve z a basis = _m reflections ab\t ! upw>d c\rse ( ! tal5t$1 & ab\t its less fav\rable rev]se side4 ,= "o might put ! app>5tly p>adoxical "q :e!r a so>+ c>e] = _m or all tal5ts is a necessity = our civilization1 or :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to h a sub/ratum int]sp]s$ ) tal5t1 to cultivate a mossy und]gr[? :i* is to s]ve z n\ri%m5t = ! bloom+ plants ( ! upp] lay]4 ,maximum is n equival5t to optimum1 & we le>n$ else:]e t ,e9/e9 is f> remov$ f id5tify+ !m4 ,9 ! previ\s case x 0 a "q ( ! problem ( population2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion he m5tion$ t we are subject to an old error ( calculation :5 we reg>d x z a desirable aim to h a maximum numb] ( human be+s on ! e>?4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t ?is false conclusion is already 9 process ( be+ correct$4 ,a beg9n+ is be+ made ) new & v active organizations & unions ^: programme is to r$uce ! numb] s t an optimum may be atta9able by ^? left4 ,if we ext5d ?is l9e ( reason+ /ill fur!r1 we arrive at ! depress+ "q :e!r too mu* might n be done = tal5t1 n only z reg>ds bre$+ x1 b also 9 fav\r+ ! greate/ numb]4 ,x is q possible t 9 do+ s1 we might ov]look1 or take insuffici5t acc\nt ( ! h>m t might be done to ! l[] /ratum1 9 t we %\ld be depriv+ x ( =ces :i*1 accord+ to ! economy ( ,nature1 %\ld rema9 & act 9 concealm5t4 ,?is fe>1 z "h express$1 is n %>$ by ,e9/e94 ,h[ev] brusquely he repudiates bre$+1 he speaks 9 fav\r ( smoo?+ ! way = tal5t4 ,i believe1 he said1 t a s5sible fo/]+ ( gifts is ( advantage to humanity g5]ally & prev5ts inju/ice be+ done to ! individual4 ,9 great cities :i* give su* lavi% opportunities ( education1 ?is inju/ice manife/s itself less (t52 b x occurs s mu* ! m 9 rural di/ricts1 :]e !re are c]ta9ly _m cases ( gift$ y\?s :o1 if recogniz$ z su* at ! "r age1 w\ld atta9 to an important position1 b :o1 toge!r ) _! gifts1 become /unt$1 nay1 g to ru91 if ! pr9ciple ( selection does n p5etrate to _! circle4 ,?is br+s u to ! mo/ difficult & mo/ dang]\s po9t4 ,! spectre ( responsibility is rapp+ at ! portals ( society1 & is rem9d+ u insi/5tly t x is our duty to see t no inju/ice be done to any tal5t t may be among u4 ,& ?is duty is b little remov$ f ! dem& t x %\ld be disburd5$ ( ! worries ( daily life1 =1 s ! moral argum5t runs1 tal5t w rip5 ! m surely ! less x has to combat ^! ceaseless di/urbances ( ord9>y life4 ,b ?is !sis1 s evid5t on moral gr\nds1 w nev] be prov$ empirically4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h good reason to suppose t necessity1 ! "m ( inv5tion on ! broad] scale1 w (t5 9 ! case ( ! individual tal5t prove to be ! "m ( its be/ results4 ,goe! requir$ = 8 developm5t an un*all5g$ life ( ease1 :]eas ,s*ill]1 :o nev] em]g$ f 8 life ( mis]y1 & :o1 up to ! "t :5 he wrote ,don ,c>los1 _h n be5 able to e>n suffici5t ) 8 p5 to buy a writ+-desk1 requir$ di/ress to make 8 g5ius bur/ into fl[]4 ,jean ,paul recogniz$ ?is bless+ ( gloomy circum/ances :5 he glorifi$ pov]ty 9 8 novels4 ,hebbel foll[$ him along ?is pa? by say+ t x is m fruitful to refuse ! mo/ tal5t$ p]son ! necessities ( life ?an to grant !m to ! lea/ gift$4 ,= among a hundr$ :o h be5 *os5 by ! me?od ( sift+1 !re w be only "o on ! av]age :o w receive ! c]tificate ( excell5ce 9 ! te/ ( future g5]ations1 = ! latt] use entirely diff]5t me?ods ( sift+ f t practis$ by a committee ( exam9]s :o expect ready answ]s to prep>$ que/ions4 ,?is projects u on to ! horns ( a sev]e dilemma t sc>cely all[s ( escape4 ,! consci\sness ( duty t[>ds ! optimum expresses itself only 9 a maximum ( assi/ance1 & ov]he>s ! :isp]$ objection ( reason t ,nature has also co>s] means at h] disposal to atta9 h] ends2 9 h] own cruelty ( selection %e (t5 en\gh proves ! tru? ( ,m5&]'s say+1 :i*1 freely translat$1 says3 to be torm5t$ is also "p ( man's education4 ,! fact t ,e9/e9--) c]ta9 res]vations--fav\rs ! giv+ ( help to ! select$ few1 x is = me a pro(1 among _m o!rs1 ( 8 love t[>ds 8 fell[-m51 :i* fills 8 he>t absolutely1 all que/ions ( relativity not)/&+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,discov]] ,relation ( ,discov]y & ,philosophy 9 ,hi/ory4--,! ,absolute & ! ,relative4--,! ,creative ,act4--,value ( ,intuition4--,con/ructive ,activity4--,inv5tion4--,! ,arti/ z ,discov]]4--,!ory & ,pro(4--,classical ,exp]im5ts4--,physics 9 ,primitive ,ages4--,exp]im5tum ,crucis4--,spectral ,analysis & ,p]iodic ,sy/em4--,! ,rle ( ,*ance4--,disappo9t$ ,expectations4--,! ,mi*elson-,morley ,exp]im5t & ! ,new ,conception ( ,"t4 ,,next "t--s "o ( our talks end$--next "t1 z y insi/ on x1 we %all talk ( discov]y 9 g5]al4 ,?is1 0 a promise ( special import = me1 = x meant t ,i 0 to draw ne> to a f\nta9-head ( in/ruction1 & to h an opportunity ( he>+ ! pron\ncem5ts ( "o ^: au?ority c\ld sc>cely be transc5d$4 ,we are preclud$ f que/ion+ ,galilei p]sonally ab\t ! f\ndations ( ,me*anics1 or ,columbus ab\t ! inn] feel+s ( a navigator :o discov]s new l&s1 or ,seba/ian ,ba* ab\t ! m]its ( ,c\nt]po9t1 b a great discov]] lives among our contempor>ies :o is to give u a clue to ! nature ( discov]y4 ,0 x n natural t ,i %\ld feel ! importance ( 8 acceptance ( my proposal8 ,be=e meet+ him aga9 ,i 0 ov]:elm$ ) ideas t arose 9 me at ! slighte/ e*o ( ! ^w discov]y 9 my m9d4 ,no?+1 x seem$ to me1 c\ld be high]3 man's position 9 ! sph]e ( creation & ! sum ( 8 k c be d$uc$ f ! sum ( 8 discov]ies :i* f9d _! climax 9 ! conceptions civilization & philosophy1 j z !y are p>tly condition$ by ! philosophy ( ! "t4 ,we might be tempt$ to ask3 :i* ( ^! two prec$es1 & :i* foll[s8 ,& p]haps ! ambigu\s nature ( ?is "q w\ld furni% u ) ! key to ! answ]4 ,=1 ultimately1 ^! two elem5ts _c at all be resolv$ into ! relation%ip ( cause & effect1 antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,nei!r is prim>y1 & nei!r second>y3 !y are intimately int]wov5 ) "o ano!r1 & are only diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same process4 ,at ! root ( ?is process is our axiomatic belief t ! _w c be compreh5d$1 & ! indomitable w ( all ?9k+ m51 act+ z an elem5t>y in/9ct1 to br+ ! p]ceptual ev5ts 9 ! univ]se into h>mony ) ! inn] processes ( ?\ght4 ,?is impulse is et]nal2 x is only ! =m ( ^! attempts to make ! _w fully intelligible t alt]s & is subject to ! *ange ( "t4 ,?is =m f9ds expression 9 ! curr5t philosophy :i* br+s ea* discov]y to fruition1 j z philosophy be>s 9 itself con/itu5ts ( ! ripe discov]y4 ,x seem$ to me t ev5 at ?is /age ( my reflections ,i 0 some:]e ne> int]pret+ ,e9/e9's intellectual a*ievem5t4 ,= 8 pr9ciple ( relativity is tantam\nt to a regulative _w-pr9ciple t has left a mighty m>k 9 ! ?\ght ( our times4 ,we h liv$ to see ! dea? ( absolutism2 ! relativity ( ! con/itu5ts ( political p[]1 & _! mutability accord+ to view-po9t & curr5t t5d5cies1 become manife/ to u ) a cle>ness unapproa*$ by any exp]i5ce ( e>li] hi/orical epo*s4 ,! _w 0 f> en\gh advanc$ 9 its views = a f9al a*ievem5t ( ?\ght :i* w\ld demoli% ! absolute also f ! ma!matico-physical aspect4 ,?is is h[ ,e9/e9's discov]y appe>$ z inevitable4 ,yet a %ad[ ( d\bt cross$ my m9d4 ,e9/e9's discov]ies came to light 9 ! ye> #aije--t is1 at a "t :5 h>dly a cl\d 0 visible to =ew>n u ( ! /orms :i* 7 to uproot absolutism 9 ! _w4 ,b :at if a diff]5t k9d ( necessity _h impos$ itself on _w-hi/ory1 & h5ce on ! _w-view8 ,n[adays we "k f au!ntic acc\nts1 :i* no "o d\bts1 t all t we h exp]i5c$ dur+ ! w> & ! revolution has hung ^u ! activities ( "o frail human be+ ( q insignificant ext]ior1 a bureaucrat ( ! ,wilhelm-,/rasse1 a *ol]ic ecc5tric :o succe$$ 9 fru/rat+ ! ,anglo-,g]man alliance :i* 0 unceas+ly be+ press$ ^u u = six long ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,amid ! noisy progress ( univ]sal evolution ! secret & insignificant nibbl+ ( a mole _c be reg>d$ z ( mom5t\s importance = hi/ory1 & yet if we elim9ate x f ! complete picture ( ev5ts we f9d z a result t all our exp]i5ces h be5 inv]t$4 ,absolutism w\ld n h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 b w\ld probably h kept ! helm ) great] ma/]y ?an ev] z ! expon5t ( an ,anglo-,g]man hegemony ( ! _w1 & a political outlook fundam5tally diff]5t 9 t5d5cy w\ld n[ h be5 prevail+ on ! e>?4 ,b ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity w\ld n h tak5 ! slighte/ he$ ( ?is4 ,x w\ld h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ! curr5t =ms ( political conceptions1 simply because we _h rea*$ t po9t 9 our intellectual developm5t & because ,e9/e9 0 liv+ & sp9n+ 8 webs ( ?\ght4 ,& ! "q :e!r 8 !ory w also h cru%$ absolutism = ! non-physici/ _c be answ]$4 ,x may inde$ be d\bt$ :e!r its "t _h already come4 ,9 ! case ( _m important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght _! mom5t ( bir? c be fix$ to )9 ab\t t5 ye>s1 z = example ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 :i* _h be5 conceiv$ 9 sev]al m9ds at ! same "t & _h ( necessity to come to life 9 "o ( !m1 ev5 if x _h fail$ 9 ! case ( ! o!rs4 ,i v5ture to say t )\t ,e9/e91 ! ,!ory ( ,relativity 9 its wide/ s5se1 t is1 includ+ ! new doctr9e ( gravitation1 w\ld p]haps h _h to wait ano!r two hundr$ ye>s be=e be+ born4 ,?is contradiction is cle>$ up if we use suffici5tly great "t int]vals4 ,hi/ory does n adapt itself to ! "t measures ( politics & ( j\rnalism1 & philosophies are n to be calculat$ 9 t]ms ( days4 ,! philosophy ( ,ari/otle held sway "r ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & t ( ,epicurus w ga9 its full =ce only 9 ! com+ g5]ation4 ,b if we make our unit a hundr$ ye>s ! connexion betwe5 philosophies & great discov]ies rema9s true4 ,:oev] und]takes to explore ! necessity ( ?is connexion _c evade ! fact t ! l9es ( ! result _h be5 m>k$ out 9 ! region ( pure ?\ght1 z c be prov$1 be=e ev5 ! great discov]y or inv5tion 0 able to pres5t x 9 a fully intelligible =m4 ,ev5 ! a*ievem5t ( ,cop]nicus w\ld foll[ ?is g5]al rule ( developm5t3 x 0 ! la/ consequ5ce ( ! belief 9 ! ,sun ,my? :i* _h nev] be5 =sak5 by man 9 spite ( ! viol5t ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* & ( man himself to =ce ! geoc5tric view4 ,cop]nicus conc5trat$ :at _h surviv$ ( ! wisdom ( ! e>lie/ prie/s--:i* includes also ! g]m ( our mod]n ideas ( en]gy & electricity--( ! tea*+s ( ,anaxagoras & ! ,eleatics :i* _h rema9$ lat5t 9 our consci\sness3 8 discov]y 0 ! trans=mation ( a my? into sci5ce4 ,mank9d1 ^: w&]+ fancy fir/ feels pres5tim5ts1 !n ?9ks & wi%es to "k1 is a l>ge edition ( ! individual ?9k]4 ,! latt] sees fur!r only because he1 s to speak1 /&s on ! %\ld]s ( a sum-total ( be+s ) a _w-view4 ,let u turn our att5tion to an example f ! mo/ rec5t hi/ory ( philosophy & discov]y4 ,! absolute cont9uity ( ev5ts 0 "o ( ! g5]ally accept$ canons ( ?\ght1 & is ev5 n[adays taught by s]i\s philosoph]s z an incontrov]tible elem5t 9 our k4 ,! old quotation ,natura non facit saltus1 popul>iz$ by ,l9n1 is "o ( ! =mulae ( ?is app>5tly inv9cible tru?4 ,b deep d[n 9 ! consci\sness ( man !re has always be5 an opposition to x1 & :5 ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,h5ri ,b]gson set out to break up ?is l9e ( cont9uity by metaphysical means 9 ascrib+ to human k an int]mitt5t1 c9ematographic "*1 he 0 proclaim+ 9 an audible & eloqu5t =m only :at _h la9 lat5t 9 a new b z yet incomplete philosophy4 ,b]gson made no new discov]y1 he felt 8 way intuitively into a new field ( k & recogniz$ t ! "t 0 ripe = ! real discov]y4 ,?is 0 actually pres5t$ to u 9 our day by ! em95t physici/ ,max ,planck1 ! w9n] ( ! ,nobel ,prize = ,physics 9 #aiai1 9 ! =m ( 8 ,quantum ,!ory4 ,?is is n to be tak5 z mean+ t a revolution>y philosophy & a triumph ( sci5tific rese>* n[ become co9cid5t1 b only t a discont9u\s1 int]mitt5t sequ5ce1 an atomi/ic /ructure1 0 prov$ by means ( ! weapons ( exact sci5ce1 to be true ( en]gies :i*1 accord+ to curr5t belief1 7 expect$ to be radiat$ regul>ly & connect$ly4 ,?is 0 probably n a case ( ! accid5tal co9cid5ce ( a new philosophical view ) ! results ( reason+ f physical gr\nds1 b a dem& ( "t1 exact+ t ! claims ( a new pr9ciple ( ?\ght be recogniz$4 ,z above sugge/$1 x is m difficult to f9d a l9k betwe5 ,e9/e9's discov]ies & antec$5t pres5tim5ts ( relativity4 ,= a m]e ref]5ce to ! d[nfall ( absolutism 9 ! _w ( human ev5ts w n suffice4 ,9 ! case ( ,e9/e91 we see su* a trem5d\s ru% ( ?\ght 9 "o be+ t we almo/ feel compell$ to recognize an analogy ) ! ,quantum ,!ory & believe 9 a discont9uity 9 ! c\rse ( intellectual hi/ory4 ,yet !re are c]ta9ly ?reads t connect ,e9/e9's a*ievem5t ) a prophetic insight4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we mu/ spread out ov] c5turies :at 9 ! case ( o!r discov]ies ext5ds1 9 comp>ison1 only ov] decades4 ,t d\bt ( ,fau/1 :i* tr\bles ! _s ( e ?9k]3 :e!r 9 yond] sph]es !re is also an ,above & a ,bel[1 & :i* goes back z f> z ,pyrrhon & ,protagoras1 is itself relativi/ic2 x expresses d\bt :e!r ! co-ord9ate sy/em pass+ ?r\gh our own lifes z c5tres is valid4 ,x is ultimately a matt] ( po9t ( view1 & ! ma!matico-physical consequ5ces ( ! endless s]ies ( que/ions1 & ! relation1 :i* arises f ! c\ple1 ,above-,bel[1 probably leads to a new mode ( compreh5d+ ! con/itution ( ! _w1 = :i* ,e9/e9's creative "w f\nd ! adequate expression 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,& f ?is po9t onw>ds1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( reciprocal action1 a new /ream ( k w p\r itself into ! hazy /ret*es ( philosophy4 ,a fundam5tal & radical re=m ( our philosophy seems inevitable1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to our conceptions ( ,space & ,"t1 p]haps1 too1 ev5 ) respect to ,inf9ity & ,causality4 ,mu* dross w h to be sift$ out ( our old categories ( ?\ght & out ( our _w wisdom1 :i* once s]v$ z mat]ial = f9e /ructures4 ,:at w ! f9] ones look l t are to take _! places 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( physics8 ,:o w\ld c>e to take x ^u himself to =m an e/imate8 ,mu* w be uproot$1 & x is possible t ev5 ! defiant ignorabimus1 ! antipole ( ! se>* = tru? f ,pyrrhon to ,dubois1 w aga9 take up ! cudgel4 ,= 9 ! face ( despair+ unc]ta9ty !re is ! "o c]ta9ty3 :at _c be compreh5d$ is be+ encircl$ m & m by ! great discov]]s6 ,& ev5 if ! absolute po9t ( conv]g5ce c nev] be rea*$1 !re is )9 our rea* at lea/ ano!r po9t :i* is a hav5 ( re/ 9 ! pass+ /ream ( philosophies1 namely1 a moral c5tre ar\nd :i* eddies ( happ9ess circle4 ,at ! he>t ( ?is _w-view !re is ! uplift+ belief 9 an advance ( k 9 spite ( all1 & a belief 9 ! vani%+ ( age-long problems & difficulties "u ! flood ( discov]ies4 ,& ev5 if aft]w>ds & concurr5tly ev] new problems & difficulties arise1 ^! d n suppress our feel+ ( triumph4 ,e a*ievem5t 9 ?is field gives u a s5se ( enfran*isem5t f prejudices1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is n>r[ness ( national outlook4 ,n only d discov]]s con/ruct bridges ( ?\ght t /ret* to a/ronomical di/ances1 b1 :at is m difficult1 !y build bridges = our feel+s1 t surm\nt political ob/acles4 ,e ?9k+ be+ :o plays a "p 9 ! mak+ ( "s great discov]y & :o1 ) deep5$ vision1 b[s be=e a new a*ievem5t ( m9d1 gradually becomes a disciple ( ! religion ( univ]sal politics1 ! cre$ ( :i* is fai? 9 ! bro!rhood ( ?\ght4 ,! nucleus ( a philosophy t belongs to ! future is ! recognition t diff]+ national view mu/ be comp\nd$ into a unity1 & t e great discov]y means a /ep t[>ds atta9+ ?is end4 ,ev5 if we accept ,pascal's wond]ful dictum t human k is repres5t$ by a sph]e :i* is cont9ually gr[+ & increas+ its po9ts ( contact ) ! unkn[n1 we mu/ n int]pret x z a sign ( despair4 ,x is n ! enl>gem5t ( ! unkn[n1 b only t ( k t /irs our feel+s ) e?ical =ces4 ,! positive calls up 9 u a liv+ =ce by inspir+ 9 u ! feel+ t ! sph]e ( k is de/9$ to gr[1 & t !re c be no high] duty = all ! en]gies ( m9d ?an to obey ! call = comb9$ action t[>ds ?is gr[? :i* w br+ ! _w into h>mony4 ,full ( su* reflections ,i ent]$ ! home ( ! great discov]]1 ^: activities unceas+ly hov]$ be=e my vision z ideal examples ( creative ef=t4 ,i discov]$ him1 z almo/ always1 seat$ be=e loose %eets ( pap] :i* 8 h& _h cov]$ ) ma!matical symbols1 ) hi]oglyphics ( t univ]sal language 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,galilei1 ! great book ( ,nature is writt54 ,:at a v diff]5t picture _m an outsid] draws ( ! mann] 9 :i* a seek] 9 ! heav5s works6 ,he is imag9$ l ,ty*o ,brahe to be surr\nd$ by unusual pieces ( app>atus1 spy+ ?r\gh ! ocul> ( a long range refractor into ! univ]se1 seek+ to unravel its ultimate secrets4 ,! true picture does n correspond to ?is fancy 9 ! slighte/4 ,no?+ 9 ! make-up ( ! room rem9ds "o ( sup]-e>?ly sublimity1 no abundance ( in/rum5ts or books is to be se51 & "o soon becomes aw>e t "h a ?9k] reigns ^: only requirem5t = 8 "w1 :i* encompasses ! _w1 is 8 own m9d1 plus a %eet ( pap] & a p5cil4 ,all t acts on ! obs]vatories outside1 t gives rise to great sci5tific exp$itions1 t1 inde$1 ultimately regulates ! relation%ip ( mank9d to ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 ! revolution 9 ! k ( ?+s connect+ heav5 & e>?1 all ?is is "h conc5trat$ 9 ! simple figure ( a /ill y\?ful s*ol>1 :o sp9s out endless ?reads f ! fabric ( 8 m9d3 ! words ( a poet are recall$ to our memory1 :i*1 address$ to all ( u1 h be5 fulfill$ to ! la/ degree by "o liv+ among u3-- ,:]eso ?\ roame/ 9 space1 ?y ,z5i? & ,nadir unite !e-- ,?is to ! heav5ly height1 t to ! pole ( ! _w1-- ,:atsoev] ?\ d1 let ?y w m\nt up into ,heav5-- ,b let ! pole ( ! _w /ill o'er ?9e actions preside4 7,s*ill]3 ,translation by ,m]ivale47 ,& ?is "o help$ to fulfil ?is aim & ,i mu/ break (f 8 ?read ( ?\ght to put ! "q3 ,:at is ,discov]y1 & :at does x signify8 ,x is a purely ab/ract "q t may appe> to _m to be devoid ( cont5t4 ,su* w repeat to !mselves1 z be/ !y c1 ! li/ ( discov]ies & ?9k a man makes a discov]y :5 he f9ds out some?+ important1 su* z ! ,laws ( ,fall+ ,bodies1 ! =mation ( ,ra9b[s1 or ! ,orig9 ( ,species3 a g5]al d5om9ation may be f\nd = x p]haps only by ascrib+ to ,discov]y some?+ requir+ a p[]ful m9d1 a creative g5ius4 ,at fir/ x /agg]$ me to he> ,e9/e9 say3 ,! use ( ! ^w ',discov]y' 9 itself is to be deprecat$4 ,= discov]y is equival5t to becom+ aw>e ( a ?+ :i* is already =m$2 ?is l9ks up ) pro(1 :i* no long] be>s ! "* ( 'discov]y' b1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 ( ! means t leads to discov]y4 ,he !n /at$ at fir/ 9 blunt t]ms1 :i* he aft]w>ds elaborat$ by giv+ detail$ illu/rations3 ,discov]y is really n a creative act6 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ?is view fla%$ ?r\gh my m9d1 & ,i ?\ght involunt>ily ( a great ma/] ( music :o1 :5 he 0 ask$3 ,:at is ,g5ius8 answ]$3 ,a g5ius is "o to :om ideas occur4 ,?is p>allel might be c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 = ,i h repeat$ly he>d ,e9/e9 call ideas :at we w\ld reg>d z wond]ful ?\ghts4 ,does n ! philosoph] ,fritz ,mau?n] speak ( ! discov]y ( gravitation z be+ an ap]u ( ,newton2 yes1 9 ! s5se ( ap]u z appli$ 9 anci5t ,greek philosophy1 & :i* includ$ almo/ ev]y?+ t 0 left by ,py?agoras1 ,h]aclitus1 etc41 z a tok5 ( _! g5ius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are all possess$ ( ! desire to diff]5tiate cle>ly betwe5 an idea & a creative act ( ?\ght1 z occurs 9 ,grillp>z]'s aphorism3 ,an idea is n a ?\ght2 a ?\ght kn[s its b\nds1 :]eas ! idea leaps ov] !m & succe$s 9 accompli%+ no?+6 ,"h1 !n1 we mu/ revise our view4 ,we "k1 = example1 h[ mu* ,e9/e9's ideas1 felt by him to be su* & nam$ s accord+ly1 accompli%$4 ,let u he> h[ he *>act]izes 9 a few words 8 own idea :i* %ook ! _w3 ,! und]ly+ ?\ght ( relativity1 he said1 9 connexion ) ?is "q1 is t !re is physically no unique 7specially fav\r$7 /ate ( motion4 ,or1 m exactly1 among all /ates ( motion !re is none t is fav\r$ 9 ! s5se t1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!rs1 x may be said to be a /ate ( re/4 ,re/ & ,motion are n only by =mal def9ition b also by _! intr9sic physical mean+ relative conceptions4 ,well1 !n1 ,i int]pos$1 surely ?is 0 a creative act6 ,?is fir/ fla%$ across y\r m9d1 ,pr(essor2 x repres5ts y\r discov]y1 s t we may well let ! ^w reta9 ! mean+ usually associat$ ) x6 ,by no means1 answ]$ ,e9/e91 = x is n true t ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple occurr$ to me z ! prim>y ?\ght4 ,if ?is _h be5 s p]haps x w\ld be ju/ifiable to call x a discov]y4 ,b ! sudd5ness ) :i* y assume x to h occurr$ to me mu/ be d5i$4 ,actually1 ,i 0 lead to x by /eps aris+ f ! individual laws d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,e9/e9 supplem5t$ ?is by emphasiz+ ! conception inv5tion1 & ascrib$ a consid]able importance to x3 ,inv5tion occurs "h z a con/ructive act4 ,?is does n1 !re=e1 con/itute :at is ess5tially orig9al 9 ! matt]1 b ! creation ( a me?od ( ?\ght to arrive at a logically coh]5t sy/em 444 ! really valuable factor is intuition6 ,i _h ?\ght1 long & int5tly1 ab\t ^! !ses to discov] z ne>ly z possible :at di/+ui%$ _! cont5t f ! usual view4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ces sugge/ an abundance ( ideas ^: importance gr[s 9 value z we apply !m to v>i\s cases z illu/rations4 ,& ,i feel conv9c$ t we %all yet h to occupy ourselves ) ^! words ( ,e9/e91 :i* pres5t !mselves z a confession1 z ) ! fam\s hypo!ses non f+o t ,newton set up z ! idea und]ly+ 8 "w4 ,! latt] z well z ! =m] implies some?+ negative3 x d5ies some?+4 ,9 ,e9/e9's words !re is app>5tly a repudiation ( ! really creative act 9 discov]y2 he lays /ress on ! gradual1 me?odical con/ructive factors1 n omitt+ to emphasize intuition4 ,!re is no o!r c\rse op5 to u b to seek indirectly a syn!sis ( ^! conceptions1 & to elim9ate :at is app>5tly contradictory 9 !m4 ,i consid] ?is possible if we decide to subdivide ! discov]y into a s]ies ( individual acts 9 :i* succession takes ! place ( in/antane\s sudd5ness ,! creative factor may !n rema9 intact2 inde$1 x atta9s a /ill high] degree ( importance if we imag9e to ourselves t a s]ies ( creative ideas mu/ be f9k$ toge!r to make possible a s+le important discov]y4 ,! orig9al idea nev] spr+s fully equipp$ & arm$ l ,m9]va out ( ! head ( its creator4 ,& x is wise to be> 9 m9d t ev5 ,jupit] _h to suff] 9 8 head a p]iod ( pregnancy accompani$ ) great pa94 ,x is only 9 ! aft]-picture t ,pallas ,a!ne appe>s ) ! attribute ( sudd5ness4 ,x is ! nature ( our my?-build+ imag9ation to leap ov] ! actual act ( bir? s z to give a m brilliant =m to ! f9i%$ creation4 ,we feel great satisfaction :5 we le>n t ,gauss1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,ma!maticians1 decl>$ 9 "o ( 8 valuable fla%es ( insight3 ,i h ! result1 only ,i d n yet "k h[ to get to x4 ,= 9 ?is utt]ance we see above all t he emphasizes a lightn+-l intuition4 ,he has possession ( a ?+1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n yet 8 own1 & :i* c only become 8 own :5 he has f\nd ! way to x4 ,is ?is contradictory8 ,f ! po9t ( view ( elem5t>y logic1 c]ta9ly2 b me?odologically1 by no means4 ,"h x is a "q (3 ,erwirb es um es zu besitz56 ,?is makes necess>y a s]ies ( fur!r intuitions along ! road ( inv5tion1 & ( con/ruction4 ,?is is1 !n1 :]e t phase comm5ces1 :i* ,e9/e9 d5otes by ! ^w gradual1 or by /eps4 ,! fir/ intuition mu/ be pres5t2 its pres5ce z a rule usually gu>antees t fur!r intuition w foll[ 9 logical sequ5ce4 ,?is does n always happ54 ,9 pass+1 we discuss$ sev]al special cases f :i* p>ticul> inf]5ces may be drawn4 ,! p[]ful ma!matician ,pi]re ,f]mat has pres5t$ ! _w ) a !orem ( extremely simple =m :i* he discov]$1 a pro( ( :i* is be+ s\ght ev5 n[adays1 two & a half c5turies aft] he /at$ x4 ,9 easy language1 x is ?is3 ! sum ( two squ>es may aga9 be a squ>e1 = example1 #eb #abb #acb1 s9ce #be #add #afi2 b ! sum ( two cubes c nev] be a cube1 &1 m g5]ally1 z soon z ! expon5t1 ! p[] index n1 is great] ?an #b1 ! equation xn yn zn c nev] be satisfi$ by :ole numb] values = x1 y1 & z2 x is impossible to f9d ?ree :ole numb]s = x1 y1 & z1 :i*1 :5 sub/itut$ 9 ! equation1 give a correct result4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true2 x is an intuitive discov]y4 ,b ,f]mat's ass]tion t he possess$ a wond]ful pro(1 is = v good reasons op5 to contradiction4 ,no "o d\bts ! absolute tru? ( ! !orem4 ,b ! lat] inspiration1 ! next /ep aft] ! intuition1 has occurr$ nei!r to ,f]mat nor to anyone else4 ,x _c be e/abli%$ :e!r 8 rem>k ab\t ! pro( 0 due to a subjective error1 or 0 baseless4 ,9 any case x seems probable t ,f]mat _h arriv$ at ! result p] intuitionem )\t kn[+ ! way to x4 ,8 creative act /opp$ %ort2 x 0 only a fir/ fl>e ( a conflagration1 & did n fulfil ! condition t ,e9/e9 associates ) ! conception ( a logically complete me?od4 ,we may1 inde$1 pursue ?is case ( ,f]mat /ill fur!r4 ,he _h enunciat$ ano!r !orem1 aga9 p] intuitionem1 namely1 t x 0 possible to con/ruct prime numb]s ( any magnitude by a =mula he gave4 ,eul] lat] %[$ by a def9ite example t ! !orem 0 false4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 a lett] to ,pascal writt5 9 #afed 9 ! words3 ! result ( squ>+ #b cont9u\sly & !n add+ #a mu/ 9 ea* case be a prime numb]1 t is1 #b7bk7 #a mu/ always be a prime no matt] :at value k may h4 ,f]mat add$3 ,?is is a prop]ty = ! tru? ( :i* ,i answ]4 ,eul] *anc$ to try k #e1 & f\nd t #bcb #a #d1bid1ifg1big1 :i* may be repres5t$ z ! product ( #fda & #f1gjj1dag1 & h5ce is n a prime4 ,x is conceivable t no ,eul] might h liv$1 & t no "o else might h discov]$ ?is contradiction4 ,:at w\ld !n h be5 ! position ( ?is discov]y ( ,f]mat8 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly n h disput$ its creative "*1 = we %\ld h said t x corresponds to a fact :i* is fully =m$1 b _c be prov$4 ,b n[ t we "k t ! fact does n exi/ at all1 ! til+ assumes a diff]5t col\r4 ,x 0 n a discov]y at all1 b an errone\s conjecture4 ,b "o w\ld nev] be able to arrive at an errone\s conclusion ( ?is sort )\t be+ a ma!matical g5ius1 & hav+ ! inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,& f ?is aga9 x foll[s t to make a discov]y 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w ! intuition ( ! mom5t does n suffice1 b mu/ be support$ by a s]ies ( intuitions1 & ?is is ! condition t x become a p]man5t compon5t ( univ]sal tru?4 ,! fact t ,e9/e9 ref]s to ! action ( inv5t+ 9 8 explanation1 gives support1 x seems to me1 to ! view t1 /rictly speak+1 discov]+ & inv5t+ are nev] to be reg>d$ z be+ sep>able4 ,9 discov]+1 :at has to be con/ruct$ p]si/s1 & 9 inv5t+1 x is a "q ( f9d+ ! pa? along :i* !re is ! promise ( success1 be x by a me?od1 a pro(1 or by "s g5]al "w4 ,we spoke ( works ( art1 & ,i 0 delight$ to see t ,e9/e9 0 by no means dis9cl9$ to claim c]ta9 works ( pure ?\ght1 :i* are usually plac$ 9 ! category ( sci5tific discov]y1 z works ( art4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! pure process ( inv5tion plays ! prom95t "p1 = 9 !m some?+ is repres5t$ t did n exi/ at all be=e2 ?is has repeat$ly l$ to ! arti/'s a*ievem5t be+ giv5 ! high] rank1 z be+ prop]ly & exclusively creative4 ,! argum5t runs some:at along ^! l9es3 ! inf9itesimal calculus w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 discov]$ ev5 if !re _h be5 no ,newton & no ,leibniz1 b )\t ,bee?ov5 we %\ld nev] h _h a ,c ,m9or ,symphony1 & nev] 9 ! future w\ld x h appe>$1 = x 0 a subjective1 absolutely p]sonal1 & unique product ( its creator4 ,i believe ?is may be admitt$1 & t we may nev]!less reta9 ! view t 9 ! "w ( art1 too1 ! act ( discov]+ is to be f\nd4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! elem5t>y sub/ance ( ! fir/ movem5t ( ?is fif? symphony1 a colossal movem5t ( #ejj b>s1 :i* expresses itself q def9itely 9 f\r notes1 ( :i* "o is repeat$ ?ree times4 ,?us ,de/9y ?und]s at ! gates is ,bee?ov5's motto = ?is section2 x is express$ tonally 9 a succession ( notes :i* ?r\gh all et]nity exi/$ among ! possible p]mutative arrangem5ts ( ^! s\nds4 ,bee?ov51 s x is express$1 inv5t$ x4 ,b x is j z correct to say--9 ,e9/e9's words--he became aw>e ( :at 0 already =m$--t is1 he discov]$ ! fundam5tal !me1 & aft]w>ds prov$ x 9 t]ms ( musical logic unhe>d-( beauty 9 a me?odical elaboration4 ,we may1 inde$1 g fur!r /ill4 ,?is motif ( f\r tones 0 n only extant z an ab/ractum1 z a possible ma!matical arrangem5t1 b also z some?+ natural4 ,cz]ny1 a pupil ( ,bee?ov51 to :om ! ma/] confid$ _m a rem>k ab\t ! orig9 ( 8 compositions1 reports t a bird1 ! yell[-hamm]1 _h sung ?is !me to ,bee?ov5 9 ! woods4 ,b nei!r ! bird nor any o!r liv+ creature _h inv5t$ x2 r :at c\ld n be creat$1 because x _h always be5 9 exi/5ce1 became objectifi$ 9 ! m$ium ( s\nd4 ,bee?ov5 f\nd x2 x 0 res nullius :5 he f\nd x & :5 he discov]$ simultane\sly ) ! succession ( tones t !y 7 appropriate = a p[]ful musical repres5tation ( sombre ,de/9y4 ,e !me1 be x ( ,bee?ov51 ,ba*1 ,wagn]1 or anyone else1 may be repres5t$ graphically by a curve 79 ! case ( ,ba*'s fugal !mes ?is has1 9 fact1 be5 done = special purposes71 & j z x is c]ta9 t e elliptic-arc exi/$ be=e all geometry1 s x may be affirm$ ) equal c]ta9ty t ev]y?+ musical 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ! adv5t ( composition1 & 0 m]ely wait+ = a discov]] :om we designate ! inv5tor1 ! creative organ4 ,b may n "s ( ?is glory be reflect$ on to sci5tific discov]y8 ,:5 we are 9 an ec/asy ( admiration1 we talk ( a creative act z ( some?+ div9e2 may we n also grant to ! sci5ti/ ?is tribute :i*1 ow+ to a slight confusion ( conceptions1 we %[] on ! arti/s8 ,& ,i believe t ,e9/e9's def9ition does n set up an insup]able b>ri] 9 ?is respect to our admiration1 :i* ex]ts e ef=t to pass beyond1 refuses to come to a /&/ill be=e ! rigid fact t ! discov]] reveals only :at is pre=m$2 our emotions prove to be /rong] ?an our m9ds ) _! objective valuation4 ,9 ! la/ in/ance1 we op9e1 ! sci5tific discov]]1 too1 creates some?+ new1 namely1 a piece ( k t 0 previ\sly n 9 exi/5ce4 ,& we obey ! impulse ( h]o-wor%ip1 :5 we call a def9ite fir/ discov]] a creator4 ,?is sil5ces opposition c]ta9ly only = a "t1 )\t vanqui%+ x4 ,= ?is k1 too1 lay ready be=e ! fir/ discov]] appe>$3 he did n create x1 b m]ely drew back ! veil t envelop$ x4 ,s t1 ultimately1 we get back to intuition 9 its lit]al s5se1 a becom+ aw>e ( ?+s1 an exact consid]ation ( ?+s1 /ates1 & relation%ips2 & ?is int5sive consid]ation1 full ( wond]m5t1 has always be5 a privilege ( a v few *os5 m54 ,x might be ask$3 ,0 !re any k ( ,py?agoras' ,!orems be=e ,py?agoras gave u 8 pro(8 ,we %\ld h to answ]3 ,x 0 9 exi/5ce at lea/ 9 ! /ill d>k field ( vision ( ,py?agoras1 :i* became illum9$ "o day :5 he took su* a view ( ! numb]-ratios #c--d--e t an exact intuition c\ld actually come ab\t4 ,x is errone\s to assume t a creative act sudd5ly call$ up be=e 8 s\l z if by magic ! figure ) ! ?ree squ>es drawn ext]nally on ! sides ( a triangle4 ,r1 he took 8 /ride 7z we "k f ,vitruvius7 by consid]+ a triangle ^: sides 7 ( a def9ite l5g?2 & ! well-kn[n pro(1 :i* is l9k$ indissolubly 9 our m9ds ) 8 "w1 is n 8 at all1 b ,euclid's4 ,yet our annals gr[ mu/y1 c5turies pass by1 & ! cr$it ( be+ ! creator re/s ) ! man :o fir/ succe$$ 9 gett+ a cle> picture ( su* a triangle4 ,x seems natural to te/ discov]ies by exp]im5ts4 ,! fir/ result ( do+ ?is is a v rem>kable increase 9 ! rate at :i* ! intuitive process has develop$4 ,9 anci5t times1 intuition1 x seems1 sc>cely felt ! ne$ ( prov+ ?+s by exp]im5t2 all t 0 discov]$ by ,ar*im$es 9 me*anics1 by ! ,py?agoreans 9 ac\/ics1 by ,euclid 9 optics1 may be r$uc$ practically to ! =mula heureka1 & x is probably sc>cely an exagg]ation to say t m & m fruitful exp]im5ts are p]=m$ 9 "o week n[adays ?an 9 ! :ole ( ! classical age tak5 toge!r4#c ,footnote #c3 ,rec5tly c]ta9 precisians 9 def9ition h be5 seek+ to e/abli% a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 physici/s ( reality1 exp]im5tal physici/s1 & blackbo>d-physici/s4 ,! la/ t]m is giv5 je]+ly to !oretical physici/s because !y1 9 ! op9ion ( ^! critics1 wi% to f\nd ,nature entirely on =mul argu$ out on ! blackbo>d4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce does recognize ?is di/9ction1 al?\gh x is1 ( c\rse1 q possible = a physici/ to arrive at important discov]ies )\t mak+ any exp]im5ts4 ,"o might be m ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! great !ori/ ne$ n necess>ily be a great exp]im5t] & vice v]sa4 ,b ,i c quote no example ( a physici/ :o conf9$ himself ob/9ately to blackbo>d discussion1 & on pr9ciple dis[n$ all exp]im5tal "w4 ,i mu/ add t ,e9/e9 himself is fond ( exp]im5t+1 & has _h mu* success 9 exp]im5tal "w4 ,! am\nt ( advice & enc\ragem5t t he has giv51 & /ill gives1 to _m work]s 9 ?is field is v consid]able4 ,b he does n practise exp]im5tal "w regul>ly1 & rem>k$ t he is oblig$ to appeal to outside help = c]ta9 practical te/s4 ,!re are specific exp]im5tal g5iuses1 ^: activity assumes ! happie/ & mo/ fruitful =m :5 x supplem5ts t ( ! !ori/ & f]tilizes x4 ,exp]im5ts h become1 if n ! sole1 yet ! mo/ def9ite1 te/ ( intuition4 ,i ne$ only recall ! obs]vations ( ! sol> eclipse ( #aiai1 :i* 7 ( an exp]im5tal "* inasmu* z !y us$ app>atus to "q ,nature4 ,to ! _w g5]ally1 !y gave ! irrefutable confirmation ( ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,gravitation1 b n to ,e9/e9 himself1 ^: intuition felt itself s c]ta9 t ! confirmation 0 a m]e matt] ( c\rse4 ,b ?is is n ! av]age case2 9 _m cases ! intuition ( ! discov]] appeals to exp]im5t z a judge ( great au?ority1 :o is to confirm1 reject1 or correct4 ,let u take "s examples ( cases 9 :i* ! int5sity & ! value ( intuition 7 measur$ by ! exp]im5tal results4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's ,kite ,exp]im5t may be tak5 z a classical in/ance4 ,"h is a man 9 ^: head ! idea takes root t lightn+ & electricity are "o & ! same ?+4 ,innum]able p]sons be=e & aft] 8 "t might h hit on ! same idea1 :i* is n[ ! common k ( *ildr54 ,yet1 a s+le man _h to appe> :o became aw>e ( ?is pre-=m$ fact & :o simultane\sly ?\ght out a me?od ( putt+ x to pro(4 ,9 #ageb he con/ruct$ a kite1 s5t x up into ! cl\ds dur+ a /orm1 & caught up sp>ks on ! gr\nd by a metallic contrivance1 &1 z d',alemb]t s aptly describ$ x to ! ,fr5* ,academy3 ,eripuit coelo fulm5 444 ,he wre/$ ! lightn+ f ! heav5s4 ,jupit] ,tonans illum9at$ a great discov]y1 a mighty intuition :i* _h ent]$ l a lightn+ /roke into ! bra9 ( a discov]]4 ,?is case w\ld be classical1 7 x n t n9e-t5?s ( x is bas$ on leg5d4 ,frankl9 0 by no means ! fir/ :o _h ?is intuition1 & 8 exp]im5tal te/ 0 s full ( faults t x 0 )9 an ace ( fail+4 ,frankl9 us$ a dry ?read ( hemp1 :i* he ?\ght to be a conductor1 b :i* became a conductor only aft] x _h be5 made wet by ra94 ,till t mom5t ! exhibition ( sp>ks on ! gr\nd _h be5 poor en\gh1 & little 0 want+ = ,frankl9 to give up 8 attempt & confess t he _h be5 inspir$1 n ) an intuition1 b ) a halluc9ation4 ,b to :om !n is ! glory ( ?is discov]y due8 ,?is is a difficult po9t to decide4 ,z e>ly z #agdf1 t is1 six ye>s be=e ,frankl9's kite made its asc5t 9 ,philadelphia1 ,pr(essor ,w9kl] ( ,leipzig _h ass]t$ 9 a diss]tation t ! two ph5om5a 7 id5tical1 & _h prov$ ?is !oretically2 & ?ree ye>s e>li] /ill ,abb ,nollet _h decl>$ ! /orm cl\ds to be ! conductors ( an electrical induction ma*9e4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ,frankl91 ,dalib>d1 ,delor1 ,buffon1 ,le ,monni]1 ,canton1 ,bevis1 & ,wilson made exp]im5ts on an elaborate scale1 :i* f> exce$$ t ( ,frankl9 9 _! results4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ t ! exp]im5t 0 conduct$ ) evid5t success only 9 #agec1 :5 de ,romas ( ,n]ac 9 ,s\? ,france wove a real conductor ( ?9 anneal$ wire into ! kite-/r+1 & succe$$ 9 br++ d[n a regul> ?und]/orm ) fla%es ( lightn+ t5 feet long1 accompani$ by a deaf5+ upro>4 ,x 0 only !n t ! track ( ! inspiration 0 trac$ back ?r\gh "t to ! ,roman ,k+s1 ,numa ,pompilius & ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 z ! fir/ exp]im5t]s ) lightn+4 ,& !n ! physici/ ,li*t5b]g s\ght to furni% a pro( t ! old ,hebrew ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 toge!r ) ! tab]nacle1 7 no?+ o!r ?an great pieces ( electrical app>atus highly *>g$ ) electricity d]iv$ f ! air2 ?us ! fir/ intuition1 & ! priority ( discov]y1 w\ld h to be ascrib$ to ,moses or ,a>on6 ,& connect$ ) ?is 0 ! fact1 support$ by sub/antial pro(1 t ! ,temple ( ,solomon 0 protect$ by lightn+-conductors4 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t ,e9/e9 reg>ds ?is :ole *a9 ( pro(s /ret*+ back to e>ly times z by no means e/abli%$1 al?\gh besides ,li*t5b]g1 o!r important s*ol>s1 su* z ,b5david 9 ,b]l9 & ,mi*aelis 9 ,gtt+51 h v\*$ = _! tru?4 ,& z x is a matt] ( electrical relation%ips1 ,e9/e9's d\bts _c be pass$ ov]4 ,z f> z ,i recollect1 !y 7 n direct$ aga9/ ! r\gh facts 9 !mselves1 b aga9/ ! s5se t is con/ru$ into !m--t is to say1 9 ! case ( bo? ! anci5t ,roman & ! ,biblical data1 ! conception ( discov]y mu/ be exclud$1 & mu/ be aw>d$ r to ^? intellectual ef=ts :i* h l$ to ! creation ( a me?od ( ?\ght4 ,none ! less1 we may uphold our /atem5t t 9 ?is case1 presum$ to be classical1 nei!r ,frankl9 nor anyone else is to be claim$ z ! discov]] or z ! c5tral figure 9 a creative act4 ,! exp]im5tal case ( spectral analysis is incomp>ably simpl] & less op5 to dispute4 ,x is )\t d\bt a discov]y ( fundam5tal importance be>+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( orig9ality1 = no pr$ecessors are disc]nible4 ,i h always felt a little dissatisfi$ ) ! fact t x requir$ two m5 to ?9k x out1 t a duo ( m9ds 0 necess>y = "o act ( ?\ght :i* appe>s q uni=m1 elem5t>y & insep>able f ! intuition ( a s+le m9d4 ,b x seems possible t tradition has n h&$ ! facts d[n to u fai?fully1 & t ! two m51 ) a unanimity aris+ f _! p>tn]%ip 9 "w1 comb9$ _! results1 :i* 7 n1 at ! beg9n+1 ( a dual "*4 ,?is possibility became cle> to me f a rem>k ( ,e9/e9 :i* made x pla9 to me t ! conjunction ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 is to be tak5 z d5ot+ ,kir*h(f & !n1 aft] a pause1 ,buns5 9 ! next brea?6 ,b if we disc>d ?is "q ( unity or duality1 we are left ) ! fact t ! idea ( a spectral analysis occurr$ to "s "o 7z a result ( prec$+ optical exp]im5ts ) ,fraunh(] l9es71 & 0 fully confirm$ by lat] exp]im5ts4 ,only fully confirm$8 ,no1 ! classic rank ( ?is case manife/$ itself 9 a mu* m triumphant mann]1 = x is impossible t ! intuition ( ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 c\ld h grasp$ ! :ole significance & range ( _! discov]y ev5 aft] !y _h made x _! own4 ,e discov]y encloses a g]m ( hope4 ,h[ev] great ?is may h be5 9 ! case ( ,kir*h(f1 x c\ld n by any /ret* ( imag9ation approa* ! degree ( its fulfilm5t4 ,! fundam5tal !oretical idea t a vap\r absorbs f ! ray-complex ( :ite light only ^? wave-l5g?s :i* x c emit gave rise to a process1 ! +5uity1 delicacy1 & c]ta9ty ( :i* is almo/ inconceivable4 ,:5 rays ( light emitt$ by inc&esc5t vap\r 7 sep>at$ by a prism1 !re 7 discov]$ f9e col\r$ l9es t betray$ "s unkn[n my/]y4 ,! spectroscopic exp]im5ts prov$1 9 a succession ( results1 t ! au?or ( ! above idea _h made n only "o discov]y1 b a :ole ho/ ( !m4 ,= example1 x 0 obs]v$ t1 9 burn+ m9ute residues obta9$ by evaporat+ c]ta9 m9]al wat]s1 a r$ l9e & a blue l9e t _h nev] be5 se5 be=e appe>$ 9 ! spectrum4 ,"o knew imm$iately t an elem5t1 hi!rto undiscov]$1 0 proclaim+ its pres5ce4 ,9 ?is way 9 quick succession ! elem5t ,csium 0 discov]$1 !n ,rubidium1 ,?allium1 ,indium1 ,argon1 ,helium1 ,neon1 ,krypton1 ,x5on--c]ta9ly ?+s t 7 already pre-=m$ 9 ,nature1 j z ! idea ( a bridge f ,optics to ,*emi/ry lay all ready 9 ! he>t ( ,nature2 b no blame c be giv5 to ! a/oni%$ contempor>ies :o reg>d$ ?is fundam5tal discov]y ( spectroscopic analysis z a creative a*ievem5t ( ! intellect4 ,?is ray ( hope gave a glimpse ( ! degree ( accuracy atta9able4 ,9 ?is connexion ! exp]im5t confirm$ inf9itely m ?an ! bolde/ imag9ation c\ld ev] h dream$4 ,a yell[ l9e 0 detect$ 9 ! spectrum ( sodium4 ,& x 0 f\nd exp]im5tally t ! ?ree-million? "p ( a ?\s&? ( a gramme ( a sodium salt is suffici5t to produce ?is sodium l9e 9 ! spectrum ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,!re comm5c$ a dizzy+ passage 9 ! ,calculus ( ,probabilities =1 s9ce x 0 f\nd t 9 ! sun's atmosph]e hydrog51 c>bon1 iron1 alum9ium1 calcium1 sodium1 nickel1 *romium1 z9c1 & copp] 7 pres5t1 ! "q arose z to h[ great 0 ! possibility ( an error 9 ?is obs]vation4 ,kir*h(f calculat$ x z a *ance ( a trillion to "o t ^! sub/ances are actually pres5t 9 ! sun6 ,nev] be=e _h an exp]im5t v]ifi$ to su* an extreme degree a discov]]'s idea4 ,x seems appropriate at ?is /age to deal ) a doctr9e :i* seeks to %$ light into ! deepe/ recesses ( ! connexion betwe5 exp]im5t & discov]y4 ,x tea*es t an exp]im5tum crucis1 an exp]im5t t v]ifies absolutely1 is impossible 9 physics4 ,t is to say1 e idea ( a discov]] involves a hypo!sis1 &1 h[ev] ! exp]im5t t foll[s may turn out1 !re /ill rema9s ! possibility t ?is hypo!sis 0 false1 & may lat] h to make way = ano!r ess5tially contradictory hypo!sis :i* w be valid aga9 only = a limit$ "t4 ,! *ief expon5t ( ?is !ory is ! em95t s*ol>1 ,pi]re ,duhem1 ,membre de l',in/itut4 ,he draws a p>allel betwe5 exp]im5t & ma!matical pro(1 p>ticul>ly ) ! indirect1 apagogic =m :i* has be5 s successfully appli$ 9 ,euclidean geometry4 ,9 ?is me?od x is assum$ t a c]ta9 /atem5t is errone\s2 x is !n %[n t x leads to an obvi\s contradiction2 consequ5tly ! /atem5t 0 correct provid$ t a c]ta9 d\bt be exclud$4 ,?us 9 ! doma9 ( ma!matics we h a real exp]im5tum crucis4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,duhem te/s ! validity ( two physical !ories1 bo? ( :i* 7 put =w>d & claim$ z discov]ies4 ,newton _h discov]$ ! nature ( light to consi/ 9 emission2 to him1 z well z to ,laplace & ,biot1 light consi/s ( projectiles t are emitt$ ) v great velocity4 ,! discov]y ( ,huygh5s1 support$ by ,"y & ,fresnel1 sub/itutes wave-motion 9 place ( corpuscul> emission4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,duhem1 we h1 or we _h1 "h two hypo!ses :i* appe> to be ! only ones possible4 ,exp]im5t 0 to pron\nce a judgm5t1 & at fir/ x decid$ irrefutably 9 fav\r ( ! wave-!ory4 ,!re=e1 ! discov]y ( ,huygh5s is alone true1 & t ( ,newton is %[n to be an error2 !re is no ?ird outlet1 & s we h q c]ta9ly an exp]im5tum crucis be=e u4 ,! t]m itself orig9ates 9 ,bacon's ,novum ,organum4 ,contr>y to ,duhem's assumption1 x does n ref] to a signpo/ at cross-roads giv+ v>i\s r\tes1 nor is x connect$ ) croix ou pile1 heads or tails4 ,exp]im5tum crucis d5otes r a div9e judgm5t at ! cross1 t is a te/ t is absolutely decisive & beyond fur!r appeal4 ,b no6 adds ,duhem1 !re is no room = a ?ird judgm5t 9 ! case ( two contradictory /atem5ts 9 geometry1 b !re is betwe5 two contradictory /atem5ts 9 physics4 ,&1 9 fact1 ?is ?ird possibility has manife/$ itself 9 ! discov]y ( ,maxwell1 :o has %[n t ! nature ( light is f\nd$ on a process ( p]iodic electromagnetic di/urbances4 ,h5ce1 s concludes ,duhem1 exp]im5t c nev] decide :e!r a c]ta9 !ory is alone valid4 ,! physici/ is nev] c]ta9 t he has exhau/$ all conceivable possibilities1 ( ?\ght4 ,! tru? ( a physical /atem5t1 ! validity ( a discov]y1 _c be confirm$ by any exp]im5tum crucis4 ,accord+ to ?is argum5t1 !re=e1 x is also possible t ! sci5tific gr\nds ( spectral analysis d n con=m to tru?4 ,a contradictory hypo!sis may1 inde$1 be set up1 ) ! result t ! same exp]im5ts t _h l$ ,kir*h(f's discov]y f "o triumph to ano!r w\ld h to be int]pret$ 9 a totally diff]5t s5se4 ,i mu/ frankly confess t ,i _c subscribe to su* an extreme ev5tuality1 s9ce1 9 my op9ion1 ,duhem's analogy ) ma!matics excludes ?is possibility4 ,= if a c]ta9 probability is express$ by a trillion to "o1 !n ,i v5ture to /ate t ev5 9 ! case ( ma!matical tru?s c]ta9ty rea*es no high] degree ( probability4 ,f ! hi/ory ( ma!matics we "k ( !orems :i* 7 enunciat$ & provid$ ) complete pro(s1 & yet did n succe$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves2 h5ce we see t1 h[ev] evid5t a ma!matical !orem may be1 x is /ill only a matt] ( v great probability4 ,if1 foll[+ our usual habits ( ?\ght1 we take ?is = absolute c]ta9ty1 !n we may also consid] ! sum-total ( exp]im5ts 9 ! realm ( spectral analysis to be a great exp]im5tum crucis = ! correctness ( ! !ory itself4 ,f> remov$ f x1 & yet connect$ ) x1 !re is ! ,p]iodic ,sy/em ( ! ,elem5ts1 ! discov]y ( ,m5delejew & ,lo?> ,mey]4 ,x1 too1 (f]$ prophetic glances into ! future1 =etold ! unkn[n1 h9t$ at ?+s t 7 pres5t only 9 imag9ation 9 a s*eme ( ?\ght t assign$ def9ite places ( exi/5ce to undiscov]$ ?+s4 ,! ,p]iodic ,sy/em is repres5t$ by a table conta9+ v]tical & horizontal r[s1 9 ! squ>es ( :i* ! elem5ts are ent]$ accord+ to c]ta9 rules dep5d+ on _! atomic weights4 ,! discov]y consi/$ !oretically 9 /at+ t ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ea* elem5t is ! ari?metic mean betwe5 ! prop]ties ( its horizontal & v]tical neighb\rs4 ,?is gave rise to pr$ictions conc]n+ ! unoccupi$ squ>es4 ,^! gaps1 ^! blank spaces 9 ! table1 seem to say prophetically3 ,!re are elem5ts miss+ "h t mu/ be discov]able4 ,! neighb\rs w betray !m1 & ! empty space itself %[s by :at means !y are to be f\nd4 ,) ! %rewdness ( a detective1 ,m5delejew 0 able to say3 ,!re mu/ be elem5ts ( ! atomic weights #dd1 #gj1 & #gb2 we d n "k !m yet1 b we are 9 a position to det]m9e ! prop]ties ( ^! f\ndl+s ( ! future1 &1 :at is m1 ! prop]ties ( _! comp\nds ) o!r elem5ts4 ,lat] rese>*es1 :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! elem5ts4 ,sc&ium1 ,gallium1 & ,g]manium1 h actually confirm$ all ^! pr$ict$ prop]ties4 ,! metal ,gallium 0 discov]$ 9 #ahge by spectroscopic means4 ,its prop]ties are ! mean ( ^? ( ,alum9ium & ,indium1 & ?is places x 9 a position :i* _h already be5 assign$ to x 9 ! p]iodic table be=e its discov]y2 =1 ow+ to a gap 9 ! sy/em1 ,m5delejew _h ass]t$ its exi/5ce five ye>s previ\sly1 al?\gh he !n knew no?+ ( its *>act]i/ic spectral signs1 namely1 two beautiful violet l9es4 ,radium1 too1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #aijj & 0 f\nd to h ! atomic weight #bbf1 completely satisfi$ ?is te/ & fitt$ exactly into ! place :i* ?is numb] res]v$ = x 9 ! table4 ,?us pr$iction & confirmatory discov]y 7 fully congru5t 9 ?is case2 ! exp]im5t foll[$ on ! vision>y insight j z a ,euclidean pro( foll[s on a ma!matical ass]tion1 & we h e reason to say t ! sy/em ( ,m5delejew & ,lo?> ,mey] has /ood ! crucial te/4 ,future hypo!ses w p]haps supplem5t ! sy/em or enl>ge our k ( x1 b w c]ta9ly n r$uce x ad absurdum4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,ap>t f ^! cases1 !re are a*ievem5ts by m5 :o may be call$ lucky discov]]s1 al?\gh !y display$ no g5ius = f9d+ nor = creat+4 ,! philosoph]-physici/1 ,ern/ ,ma*1 has devot$ a lecture to su* intellects1 :i* seems to me v valuable1 if only = ! reason t he traces back ! conceptions ( discov]y & inv5tion to "o common root ( k1 & expla9s _! diff]5ce z be+ due only to a diff]5ce 9 ! application ( ?is discov]y4 ,b :5 ,ern/ ,ma* 9 ?is lecture1 ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,accid5tal ,circum/ances on ! ,developm5t ( ,inv5tions & ,discov]ies1 ext5ds ! influ5ce ( *ance to include accid5tal circum/ances t c only ent] :5 ! discov]] is closely att5tive1 x seems to me t c]ta9 limitations are advisable4 ,o!rwise1 if we pursue ,ma*'s l9e ( ?\ght to its extreme1 we c\ld decl>e e discov]y to be due to *ance1 & ?is w\ld be ! end ( ! intuitive-creative idea4 ,?is ass]tion w\ld ultimately mean t g5ius owes its a*ievem5ts to ! accid5tal arrangem5t ( ! molecules 9 ! bra9-cells ( its associat$ body4 ,?is w\ld be j z wrong z say+ t *ess is a game ( *ance because we lose a game :51 by *ance1 we come up aga9/ a bett] play]4 ,huygh5s1 ! great discov]] & inv5tor1 says1 9 8 ,dioptrica1 t he w\ld h to consid] anyone :o inv5t$ ! telescope )\t ! fav\rable int]v5tion ( *ance to be a sup]human g5ius4 ,:y %\ld he *oose j ! telescope8 ,to _m ! inv5tion ( ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus w appe> gr&] & due to a high] degree ( +5uity4 ,& s9ce x 0 produc$ q me?odically1 & s9ce *ance 0 exclud$1 we may foll[ ,huygh5s & ) good reason proclaim its au?ors sup]human g5iuses4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m a true inspiration is dep5d5t on "s impulse f )\t4 ,:o discov]$ ,electromagnetism8 ,! _w-e*o answ]s1 ,o]/$1 ) ! same confid5ce t x c\ples toge!r ! names ,am]ica & ,columbus4 ,?is %[s h[ enorm\sly important 0 ! a*ievem5t4 ,next to /eam-p[] no?+ has ex]t$ su* a revolution>y influ5ce 9 all bran*es z electromagnetism4 ,)\t x1 ! _w ( to-day w\ld pres5t a totally diff]5t aspect4 ,)\t x1 we %\ld h no dynamos1 no electric trams1 no telegraphy1 no electric-p[] /ations1 all ( :i* are due to ! "w ( ,arago1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,ampre1 ,f>aday1 ,gramme1 & ,siem5s4 ,)\t x1 !re w\ld be none ( ! abundance ( brilliant discov]ies t are associat$ ) ! names ( ,maxwell1 ,h]tz1 & ,e9/e94 ,! fact t physics us$ to be divid$ into ?ree p>ts--,me*anics1 ,optics1 ,electrodynamics--& t1 s9ce !n1 ! coh]5t unity ( ! physical picture ( ! _w has be5 develop$1 %[s u a picture 9 ! backgr\nd ( :i* we see ! illum9at+ figure ( ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$4 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( 8 great discov]y1 too1 *ance play$ a def9ite "p4 ,x occurr$ "o day :5 ,o]/$ 0 hold+ a lecture 9 ! w9t] ( #ahai-bj2 a magnetic ne$le situat$ ne> 8 ,volta-batt]y began to vibrate irregul>ly4 ,?is app>5tly unimportant trembl+ ( ! metal po9ts conta9$ ! key to a fact1 ! :ole consequ5ces ( :i* c\ld 9 no conceivable way h ent]$ ! m9d ( ?is obs]v] ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 spite ( ! g5ius ( ! ,dani% sci5ti/1 :i* is docum5t$ 9 ! classical & f>-fam$ diss]tation1 ,exp]im5ta circa effectum conflictus electrici 9 ,acum magneticam1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,july #ahbj4 ,x cle>$ ! way = intuitions t 7 equally z fruitful = !ory z = practice4 ,?irte5 ye>s aft] ?is initial discov]y ! _w saw ! fir/ v important consequ5ce 9 ,gauss' & ,web]'s electric telegraph1 & a little lat] ! em95t discov]] ,fe*n]1 9 ,leipzig1 proclaim$ x z 8 conviction t1 )9 two ye>s1 electromagnetism w\ld entirely re=m ! _w ( ma*9es1 & w\ld entirely sup]s$e /eam- & wat]-p[]4 ,( c\rse1 8 "t e/imate fell f> %ort ( ! m>k4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = ! pres5t g5]ation to realize t we live 9 an electromagnetic _w1 & t we h1 !oretically & practically1 to sp5d our life electromagnetically4 ,! fir/ indication ( ?is k hung ^u ! quiv]+ po9t ( a magnetic ne$le1 & f x !re evolv$ ! electromagnetic ideas t we are s fond ( pictur+ z our h&maids1 b :i*1 9 reality1 are sov]eign ov] u all4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a great deal ( ! hi/ory ( discov]y mu/ be revis$ & correct$4 ,! ,spiral ( ,ar*im$es is n due to ,ar*im$es1 nor ,m>riotte's ,law to ,m>riotte1 nor ,c>dan's =mula to ,c>dan1 nor ,crookes' ,tube to ,crookes1 & ,galvanism is only relat$ to ,galvani by ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,x arose f an accid5tal exp]i5ce ( ,madame ,galvani 9 ! kit*53 a half-sk9n$ frog t 0 to be fri$ = ! ev5+ meal happ5$ to re/ betwe5 a scalpel & a t9 plate1 :i* br\ght x into metallic contact ) an accid5tal dis*>ge ( electricity2 ! frog twit*$2 ! head ( ! h\se gave a v nave int]pretation to ! ph5om5on2 & x 0 "u su* auspices t ,galvanism made its entry into ! _w4 ,x w\ld be a futile task to endeav\r to trace ! connexion betwe5 exp]im5t & ! und]ly+ idea1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 fir/ came to life 9 ,alex&] ,volta4 ,:at w\ld h rema9$ a m]e frog-dance if left to ,galvani n[ acquir$ ! rank ( a discov]y ?r\gh ! "w ( a ?9k+ physici/1 :o set up a ,voltaic s]ies2 ?is discov]y !n assum$ p[] & dignity 9 ! h&s ( ,ni*olson1 ,davy1 ,?omson1 ,helmholtz1 & ,n]n/4 ,! words ,galvanic ,electricity %\ld be made to give way entirely to ,voltaic ,electricity1#d z 9 ! case ( _m ano!r expression = :i* *ance & insuffici5t ?\ght h /ood sponsor4 ,footnote #d3 ,! usual t]m 9 ,engl& is ,voltaic ,electricity1 or1 simply1 ,curr5t ,electricity4--,h4 ,l4 ,b4 ,x (t5 happ5s t exp]im5t acts z a corrective ( ! und]ly+ idea1 nei!r confirm+ nor contradict+1 b nurs+ x1 z x 71 /r5g!n+1 & purg+ x ( errors4 ,su* exp]im5ts1 p>tly 9 conjunction ) *ance1 play an important1 sometimes a decisive1 rle 9 ! works ( ,dufay1 ,bradley1 ,f\cault1 ,fresnel1 ,fraunh(]1 & ,rntg54 ,f>aday1 :o 0 incapable ( obs]v+ o!rwise ?an int5sively1 f\nd himself compell$1 :il/ /udy+ induction ph5om5a1 to alt] 8 initial view1 & x is j ?is correction by exp]im5t t con/itutes ,f>aday's real discov]y4 ,9 _m cases ! initial idea is correct$1 nay surpass$1 by ! result4 ,columbus work$ me?odically :5 he set out to rea* ! ,ea/ ,indies by travell+ we/w>ds2 b :at he discov]$ 0 n a confirmation ( 8 nautical idea only1 b some?+ mu* great]1 :i* c]ta9ly did n lie 9 8 calculation4 ,?us he became ! ar*etype ( all se>*]s1 :o _h ?\ght out & anticipat$ ess5tially diff]5t conditions f ^? t 7 aft]w>ds discov]$ to be preval5t4 ,among ^! are to be c\nt$ ,prie/ley & ,cav5di%1 :o clung to ! errone\s notion ( phlogi/on1 ev5 :5 !y _h ! evid5ce to ! contr>y 9 ! elem5ts !y _h !mselves discov]$1 namely1 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,graham ,bell1 ! inv5tor1 0 seek+ some?+ q diff]5t f :at he lat] hit on3 z a tea*] ( ! deaf & dumb he 0 try+ to give a visual picture ( s\nds1 9 ord] to make cle> ! =mation ( s\nds to 8 pupils2 ?is l$ him to con/ruct an electrical app>atus1 :i* f9ally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! telephone4 ,! true/ & %>pe/ contra/ ) ! exp]im5tum crucis is furni%$ by exp]im5t :5 x %[s ! exact opposite ( :at ! explor] 0 expect+4 ,b s9ce an absolute ,no entails a v decisive ,yes--namely1 9 ?is case1 ! affirmation ( a relation%ip t 0 previ\sly held to be impossible--a negative exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 :5 x occurs1 w be foll[$ by mom5t\s consequ5ces2 ^! w be ! m important 9 proportion z ! "q1 ! affirmation ( :i* 0 expect$ by ! physici/1 is ( a fundam5tal "*4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mi*elson & ,morley1 direct$ at prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r1 are to be reg>d$ z ! true classical in/ances ( ^! exp]im5ts answ]+ ) an ov]:elm+ negative4 ,_! fir/ effect 0 to produce a s5se ( helplessness1 a *eck to ?\ght1 a void 9 ! *amb] ( ideas4 ,& to fill ?is void !re arose new views ( ! _w 9 :i* we n[adays recognize ! true ?\ght-pictures ( ! univ]se4 ,! great names--,lor5tz1 ,m9k[ski1 ,alb]t ,e9/e9--%one out6 ,z !re are =]unn]s = almo/ e ,important ev5t1 s also 9 ! case ( ! exp]im5tum crucis ( ,mi*elson & ,morley4 ,h5ri ,po9c>1 ! fam\s ma!matician1 :il/ /ill a /ud5t ( ! cole ,polyte*nique1 _h initiat$ exp]im5ts ) 8 fell[-/ud5t ,fav1 :i* foll[$ ! same object4 ,! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t 0 at lea/ a hundr$ times m accurate4 ,9 ea* case ! conclusion 0 t ! laws ( optics are n di/urb$ by a motion ( translation1 su* z t ( ! e>? ?r\gh space ?is is1 h[ev]1 contr>y to :at ! old physical ideas lead u to expect4 ,if we assume ! exi/5ce ( a space-fill+ e!r1 ! e>?1 ow+ to its own velocity ( n9ete5 miles p] second1 w\ld h to pass ?r\gh a hurricane j z 9 ! case ( travell]s sitt+ 9 an op5 tra9 ru%+ along at v great spe$4 ,if we s5d out light rays 9 all directions simultane\sly f any po9t on ! e>?'s surface1 "s w travel 9 ! tee? ( ! e!r-/orm1 o!rs w exp]i5ce only a "p ( ! /orm's p[]2 s t ( two light-rays travell+ 9 exactly opposite directions ! ret>dation ( ! "o %\ld be equal to ! accel]ation ( ! o!r2 & yet !y are n q equal1 = a simple calculation %[s t 9 e case ! ret>dation is slightly m ?an ! accel]ation4 ,?is may be made cle> by means ( a model ( easy con/ruction1 or1 bett] /ill1 by consid]+ a %ip t is subject to a con/ant curr5t &1 simultane\sly1 to a pressure ( ! w9d4 ,! "t tak5 by ! boat 9 mak+ a trip up & d[n /ream c nev] be ! same = ! cases :5 ! w9d is 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ! case ( ! ray ( light1 :i* is s5t backw>ds & =w>ds by means ( a contrivance ( mirrors1 ?is fact %\ld be cle>ly demon/rat$ by means ( ! int]f]5ce-fr+es1 :i* are able to %[ mu* small] effects ?an ! exp]im5t dem&s4 ,! exp]im5tal oracle 0 to speak1 b x rema9$ sil5t4 ,?is port5t\s sil5ce signifi$3 no int]f]5ce-effect1 no action ( ! e!r-curr5t1 no influ5ce due to translation--no?+6 ,?is no?+ compell$ a decision ( a v />tl+ k9d1 = ! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 9 direct contradiction to ano!r fam\s exp]im5t4 ,fizeau _h prov$ t ! e!r is practically rigid & rema9s fix$ 9 int]/ell> space4 ,a decision _h to be tak5 9 fav\r ( ,fizeau or ,mi*elson & ,morley4 ,yet ?is 0 impossible1 = bo? _h op]at$ ) unsurpassable accuracy4 ,x 0 impossible to reconcile bo? views z !y 7 diametrically oppos$4 ,?is contradiction rema9s1 ev5 if we assume a diff]5t hypo!sis1 n involv+ ! e!r1 = ,fizeau's exp]im5t4 ,a solution 0 impossible )\t und]tak+ revolution>y *anges 9 ! :ole ( physical ?\ght4 ,?is radical *ange 0 effect$ by ,e9/e92 & ?is my/]i\s contradiction disappe>$ 9 ! result+ revolution ( ?\ght4 ,e9/e9 supplant$ ! absolute "t-conception by a new relative conception1 & ?us ! p]plex+ problem disappe>$4 ,two great pr9ciples arose z regulative factors 9 ?\ght1 & :]ev] ^! 7 appli$1 !y a*iev$ wond]s3 "o 0 ! new conception ( "t t depriv$ ! e>? ( h] unique position z ! sov]eign ( "t by ! introduction ( ! pr9ciple t ! rate at :i* "t elapses is diff]5t 9 m$ia mov+ at diff]5t spe$s2 ! o!r is ! pr9ciple ( ! con/ancy ( ! velocity ( light4 ,"o feels a temptation to apply a my?ical allegory3 j z ! _w1 accord+ to ! ,biblical /ory1 orig9at$ f no?+1 s !re arose f ! no?+ ( ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t a new _w1 a _w ( k1 a cosmos ( ?\ght1 9 :i* p]fect h>mony reigns4 ,its tru? 0 conta9$ 9 itself be=e ! exp]im5tal pro( 0 furni%$4 ,& ?is realization ( tru? has become a fact 9 ! exp]im5tum crucis = :i* ! sun & />s =m$ ! mat]ial4 ,?is w be discuss$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! book4 ,! really important factor is ultimately intuition1 ,e9/e9 _h said to me4 ,x made me ?9k ( ,huygh5s' rem>k ab\t ! g5ius :o w\ld h be5 able to create ! telescope )\t ! help ( *ance4 ,0 n ?is intellect1 imag9$ by ,huygh5s1 sitt+ opposite me at t mom5t8 ,an inn] voice answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 = ,e9/e9's ?\ght-complex seem$ to me at t mom5t a k9d ( telescope = ! human m9d1 a telescope t _h aris5 out ( pure intuition1 & ^: range /ret*$ to ! limits ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,worlds ,imag9>y ,exp]im5t ) ,lum54--,impossibilities4--,a ,de/roy$ ,illusion4--,is ! ,_w ,inf9ite8--,surface ,creatures & ,%ad[ ,rambles4--,:at is ! ,beyond8--,action at a ,di/ance4--,ideas ( ,multi-dim5sional ,regions4--,hypnotism4--,recollections ( ,zlln]4--,sci5ce & ,dogma4--,! ,trial ( ,galilei4 ,,conv]sation held dur+ ,april #aibj de/roy$ an illusion :i* _h become de> to me4 ,x conc]n$ ! fanta/ic figure1 ,lum51 conceiv$ z an actual human be+1 imag9$ z end[$ ) an extraord9>y p[] ( motion & ke5ness ( sight4 ,mr4 ,lum5 is suppos$ to be ! inv5tion ( ! a/ronom] ,flamm>ion1 :o produc$ him 9 ! retort ( fancy1 z ,fau/ produc$ ,homunculus1 to use him to prove ! possibility ( v rem>kable happ5+s1 9 p>ticul>1 ! rev]sal ( ,"t4 ,e9/e9 decl>$ outright3 ,fir/ly1 ,lum5 is n due to ,flamm>ion1 :o has d]iv$ him f o!r s\rces2 & secondly4 ,lum5 c 9 no way be us$ z a means ( prov+ ?+s4 ,,moszk[ski3 ,x is at lea/ v int]e/+ to op]ate ) him4 ,lum5 is suppos$ to h a velocity great] ?an t ( light4 ,let u assume ?is z giv51 !n ! re/ foll[s q logically4 ,if1 = example1 he leaves ! e>? on ! day ( a great ev5t1 su* z ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 &---- ,may ,i trace out ?is example1 at ! risk ( tir+ y8 ,,e9/e93 ,d repeat x1 & act z if y 7 tell+ some?+ entirely new4 ,x is cle> t ! ,lum5-/ory gives y great amusem5t1 s please talk q freely4 ,b ,i _c =go ! privilege ( %[+ lat] h[ ! :ole adv5ture & its consequ5ces mu/ be demoli%$4 ,m43 ,well !n1 ! p]son1 ,lum51 sets (f at ! end ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo to make an excursion into space ) a spe$ ( #bej1jjj miles p] second4 ,he ?us cat*es up all ! light-rays t left ! field ( battle & mov$ 9 8 direction4 ,aft] an h\r he w already h atta9$ a lead ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is lead w be gradually increas$1 s t at ! end ( ! second day he w no long] be see+ ! end ( ! battle1 b ! beg9n+4 ,:at has ,lum5 be5 see+ 9 ! meantime8 ,cle>ly he has be5 obs]v+ ev5ts happ5+ 9 ! rev]se direction1 z 9 ! case ( a c9ematograph :i* is exhibit+ pictures backw>ds4 ,he saw ! projectiles leav+ ! objects !y _h /ruck1 & return+ into ! m\?s ( ! cannon4 ,he saw ! dead come to life1 arise1 & arrange !mselves into battalion ord]4 ,he w\ld ?us arrive at an exactly opposite view ( ! pass+ ( "t1 = :at he obs]ves is z mu* 8 exp]i5ce z :at we obs]ve is ours4 ,if he _h se5 all ! battles ( hi/ory &1 9 fact1 all ev5ts happ5+ 9 ! rev]se ord]1 !n 9 8 m9d be=e & aft] w\ld be int]*ang$4 ,t is1 he w\ld exp]i5ce "t backw>ds2 :at are causes to u w\ld be effects to him1 & our effects w\ld be 8 causes2 antec$5ts & consequ5ts w\ld *ange places1 & he w\ld arrive at a causality diametrically opposite to our own4 ,he w\ld be q z ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ 8 view ( ! happ5+ ( ?+s1 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ces1 & ( ! causal nexus z x appe>s to him1 z we are ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ours4 ,,e9/e93 ,& ! :ole /ory is m]e humbug1 absurd1 & bas$ on false premises1 lead+ to entirely false conclusions4 ,m43 ,b x is only to be tak5 z an imag9>y exp]im5t t plays ) fanta/ic impossibilities to direct our ideas on to ! relativity ( "t by a /rik+ illu/ration4 ,did n ,h5ri ,po9c> adduce ?is extreme example to discuss ! rev]sal ( "t8 ,,e9/e93 ,y may re/ assur$ t ,po9c>1 ev5 if he us$ ?is example z an ent]ta9+ digression 9 8 lectures1 took ! same view ( ,lum5 z ,i d4 ,x is n an imag9>y exp]im5t3 x is a f>ce1 or1 to express x m bluntly1 x is a m]e sw9dle6 ,^! exp]i5ces & topsy-turvy p]ceptions h j z little to d ) ! relativity ( "t1 su* z x is taught by ! new me*anics1 z h ! p]sonal s5sations ( a man1 to :om "t seems long or %ort accord+ z he exp]i5ces pa9 or pleasure1 amusem5t or bor$om4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 at lea/ ! subjective s5sation is a reality1 :]eas ,lum5 _c h reality because 8 exi/5ce is bas$ on nons5se4 ,lum5 is to h a spe$ great] ?an t ( light4 ,?is is n only an impossible1 b a fooli% assumption1 because ! !ory ( relativity has %[n t ! velocity ( light _c be exce$$4 ,h[ev] great ! accel]at+ =ce may be1 & = h[ev] long x may act1 x _c cause ?is limit to be transc5d$4 ,lum5 is suppos$ to be equipp$ ) ! organ ( sight1 t is1 he is suppos$ to h a corporal exi/5ce4 ,b ! mass ( a body becomes inf9itely great :5 x rea*es ! velocity ( light1 s t x is q absurd to g beyond ?is /age4 ,x is admissible to op]ate ) impossibilities 9 imag9ation1 t is1 ) ?+s t contradict our practical exp]i5ce1 b n ) absolute nons5se4 ,t is :y ! o!r adv5ture ( ,lum51 9 :i* he jumps to ! moon1 is also an absurdity4 ,9 ?is1 he is suppos$ to leap ) a spe$ great] ?an light1 &1 :5 he rea*es ! moon1 to turn r\nd in/antane\sly1 ) ! result t he sees himself jump+ f ! moon to ! e>? backw>ds6 ,?is jump is logically mean+less2 & if we try to make d$uctions ( an optical nature f su* a nons5sical assumption1 we deceive ourselves4 ,m43 ,nev]!less1 ,i %\ld claim ext5uat+ circum/ances = ?is case on ! gr\nd t ,i am enli/+ ! help ( ! conception ( impossibility4 ,a j\rney ev5 at a spe$ ( only #ajjj miles p] second is impossible = a man or a homunculus4 ,,e9/e93 ,yes1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 if we measure x aga9/ facts4 ,we _c /ate def9itely t a j\rney into ! univ]se at an enorm\s yet limit$ velocity is absolutely impossible4 ,)9 ! indicat$ b\nds e play ( ?\ght t is argu$ correctly is all[able4 ,m43 ,n[1 suppose t ,i /rip ,lum5 ( all bodily organs & take him z be+ a pure creature ( ?\ght1 entirely )\t sub/ance4 ,a velocity great] ?an t ( light c be imag9$1 ev5 if x _c be realiz$ physically4 ,if1 = example1 we ?9k ( a ligh?\se ) a revolv+ light1 & consid] a beam ( light ab\t #fjj miles long1 :i* rotates #bjj times p] second4 ,!n we c\ld repres5t to ourselves t ! light at ! circumf]5ce ( ?is beam travels ) a spe$ ( ne>ly #gfj1jjj miles p] second4 ,,e9/e93 ,z = t1 ,i c give y a mu* bett] example ( ! same ?+4 ,we ne$ only imag9e t ! e>? is pois$ 9 space1 motionless1 & non-rotat+4 ,?is is physically admissible4 ,!n ! mo/ di/ant />s1 z judg$ by u1 w\ld describe _! pa?s ) almo/ unlimit$ velocities4 ,b ?is projects u "r out ( ! _w ( reality into a pure fiction ( ?\ght1 :i*1 if foll[$ to its conclusion1 leads to ! mo/ deg5]ate =m ( imag9ation1 namely1 to pa?ological individualism4 ,x is 9 ^! realms ( ?\ght t su* p]v]sities z ! rev]sal ( "t & causality occur4 ,m43 ,dreams1 too1 are conf9$ to ! individual4 ,reality con/ra9s all human be+s to exi/ 9 "o & ! same _w1 :]eas1 9 dreams1 ea* "o has 8 own _w ) a diff]5t k9d ( causality4 ,nev]!less1 dreams are a positive exp]i5ce1 & signify a reality = ! dream]4 ,ev5 = wak+ reality x w\ld be easy to con/ruct cases 9 :i* ! causal relation%ip is %att]$4 ,suppose a p]son :o has gr[n up 9 a conf9$ retreat1 su* z ,kasp> ,haus]1 looks 9 a mirror = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life4 ,z he kn[s no?+ ( ! ph5om5a ( optical reflexion1 he sees 9 x a new1 objective _w t gives a %ock to1 or ev5 subv]ts1 8 own idea ( causality 9 s f> z x may h become develop$ 9 him4 ,lum5 sees himself jump backw>ds1 :]eas ,kasp> ,haus] sees himself p]=m+ ge/ures on ! wrong side ( 8 body2 %\ld x n be possible to draw a reasonable p>allel betwe5 ^! two cases8 ,,e9/e93 ,q impossible4 ,h[ev] y set ab\t x1 y\r ,lum5 w inevitably come to grief on ! conception ( "t4 ,"t1 d5ot$ 9 physical expressions by ! symbol t1 may1 inde$1 be giv5 a negative value 9 ^! equations1 s t an ev5t may be calculat$ 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,b !n we are deal+ ) pure matt]s ( calculation1 & 9 ?is case we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be drawn into ! errone\s belief t "t itself may travel negatively1 t is1 retrogressively4 ,?is is ! root ( ! misappreh5sion3 t :at is all[able & inde$ necess>y 9 calculations is confus$ ) :at may be ?\ght possible 9 ,reality4#e ,:oev] seeks to d]ive new k f ! excursions ( a creature l ,lum5 into space1 confuses ! "t ( an exp]i5ce ) ! "t ( ! objective ev5t2 b ! =m] c h a def9ite mean+ only if x is f\nd$ on a prop] causal relation ( space & "t4 ,9 ! above imag9>y exp]im5t ! ord] ( ! exp]i5ces 9 "t is ! rev]se ( t ( ! ev5ts4 ,& z f> z causality is conc]n$1 x is a sci5tific conception t relates only to ev5ts ord]$ 9 space & "t1 & n to exp]i5ces4 ,9 brief1 ! exp]im5ts ) ,lum5 are sw9dles4 ,footnote #e3 ,p]haps an analogy w s]ve to make ?is cle>4 ,suppose t a c]ta9 quantity ( "s food/uff is consum$ by head ( population4 ,! false inf]5ce w\ld be t a population is possible :i* has heads6 ,9 ! same way ! /ati/ics may be q correct 9 arriv+ at ! figure suicides1 b if we leave ! realms ( calculation1 !n ! suicide loses its mean+ entirely4 ,m43 ,i mu/ resign myself to giv+ up ^! illusions4 ,i mu/ frankly confess t ,i d s ) a c]ta9 sadness1 = su* bold flights ( con/ructive fancy ex]t a p[]ful attraction on me4 ,at "o "t ,i 0 ne> outdo+ ,lum5 by assum+ a ,sup]-,lum51 :o 0 to trav]se all worlds at once ) inf9ite velocity4 ,he w\ld !n be 9 a position to take a survey ( ! :ole ( univ]sal hi/ory at a s+le glance4 ,f ! ne>e/ />1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 he w\ld see ! e>? z x 0 f\r ye>s ago2 f ! ,pole ,/>1 z x 0 =ty ye>s ago2 & f ! b\nd>y ( ! ,milky ,way1 z x 0 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,at ! same mom5t he c\ld *oose a po9t ( obs]vation t w\ld enable him to see ! ,fir/ ,crusade1 ! ,siege ( ,troy1 ! ,flood1 & also ! ev5ts ( ! pres5t day simultane\sly4 ,,e9/e93 ,& ?is flight ( ?\ght1 :i*1 by ! way1 has be5 indulg$ 9 repeat$ly by o!rs too1 has mu* m s5se 9 x ?an ! =m] "o1 because y may make an ab/raction :i* disreg>ds spe$ altoge!r4 ,x is only a limit+ case ( reflection4 ,m43 ,i %\ld l to t\* on o!r limit+ cases1 9 p>ticul> two t ,i f9d x impossible to int]pret4 ,lotze m5tions !m 9 8 ,logic4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! inf9itely long lev] ^: fulcrum1 or turn+-po9t1 is at ! conf9es ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,lev]s1 a mass ( magnitude z]o w suffice to keep 9 equilibrium at ! end ( ! o!r lev]-arm any weight1 no matt] :e!r x is a million times heavi] ?an ! e>?4 ,our imag9ations _c ev5 picture ?is4 ,yet ,i _c feel satisfi$ ) ! m]e explanation t x is an exceptional case1 an ext5sion ( a g5]al law to a case 9 :i* x is no long] applicable4 ,! second example is /ill m p]plex+ because x does n require a j\rney into o!r worlds1 b leads u into inconceivable consequ5ces ev5 if we rema9 on ! e>?4 ,lotze consid]s ?is second limit+ case easi]2 to me x seems m difficult4 ,x is ?is3 ,! =ce t a w$ge ex]ts is inv]sely proportional to its ?ickness4 ,if x is inf9itely ?91 ?is =mula gives an inf9itely great result1 :]eas1 actually1 ! =ce ex]t$ is nil4 ,?is v ?9 w$ge1 trans=m$ f9ally into a geometrical plane1 %\ld be able to split 9 twa9 any wood5 or ev5 /eel block4 ,& n[1 consid] a special arrangem5t ( ?is w$ge 9 :i* x is re/+ ) its extremely %>p edge v]tically d[nw>ds1 :]eas at ! top x broad5s to a little l$ge :i* supports a weight4 ,we !n get ! incr$ible result t ?is w$ge1 :i* c be imag9$ concretely1 %\ld be able to cut ?r\gh ! :ole e>? ) its extremely f9e edge1 if plac$ on "s base4 ,:]e is ! fallacy 9 ?is case8 ,,e9/e93 ,! me*anical facts h n be5 tak5 suffici5tly into consid]ation4--,he illu/rat$ 8 fur!r rem>ks by draw+ a few /rokes ) 8 p51 & prov$ f 8 diagram t a w$ge ( ?is sort w\ld be able to p]=m :at ,i assum$1 only if ! base on :i* x is plac$ is compos$ ( sep>ate lam9ae4 ,o!rwise ! assumption t ! =ce is inf9itely great w\ld be errone\s4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ?is digression to a limit+ case on ! e>? we return$ to m g5]al problems1 & ! "q ( ! f9itude or inf9itude ( ! univ]se4 ,%ortly be=e1 ,e9/e9 _h giv5 an address to ! ,b]l9 ,academy on ?is po9t1 involv+ difficult calculations1 & ,i hop$ to he> f him an easy explanation at lea/ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,x is "o ( ! ultimate problems4 ,:oev] talks ( ! limits ( ! _w endeav\rs also to m>k (f ! b\nds ( ! und]/&+4 ,! av]age p]son1 at fir/ sight1 almo/ always decides 9 fav\r ( an inf9ite univ]se1 on ! gr\nd t a f9ite _w is inconceivable4 ,he argues t1 if x 7 consid]$ f9ite1 we %\ld imm$iately be confront$ ) ! "q3 ,:at lies beyond ! f9ite b\nd>y8 ,some?+ mu/ be pres5t1 ev5 if x is only empty space4 ,?is br+s u into an inevitable conflict ) ! fir/ ( ,kant's ant9omies1 ) ! !sis & anti!sis1 f :i* !re is no escape4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! fact t ! appreh5sive und]/&+ seeks refuge 9 ,inf9ity8 ,x signifies t he gets entangl$ 9 ! folds ( a negative conception1 t furni%es him ) no explanation at all1 & expresses m]ely t 8 fir/ assumption ( f9itude _c be ?\ght out to its conclusion4 ,besides ?is1 a second di/urb+ "q arises4 ,is !re a f9ite or inf9ite numb] ( /ell> bodies8 ,if ?is "q ref]s to an assum$ inf9ite space1 ev5 if su* space is inconceivable1 !n !re are two possible answ]s4 ,= x w\ld be possible to imag9e a f9ite numb] ( />s ev5 if no limit c\ld be f\nd = space4 ,:]eas ! g5]al "q ( space 9 ! univ]se belongs exclusively to speculative philosophy1 ! />-"q is n purely metaphysical1 b is physical1 too1 & has accord+ly be5 treat$ by physici/s4 ,! great a/ronom] ,h]s*el imag9$ he c\ld solve x by means ( optical pr9ciples1 & he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! numb] ( heav5ly bodies mu/ be f9ite1 z o!rwise ! aspect ( ! />ry firmam5t1 f ! po9t ( view ( illum9ation1 w\ld be entirely diff]5t4 ,b ?is pro( did n e/abli% itself among sci5ti/s1 = ! numb] ( />s ( ! type ( ! sun might be f9ite1 :il/ !re 0 an inf9ite numb] ( d>k />s4 ,a fur!r "q pres5t$ itself3 ,w\ld x be possible = a def9ite "p ( ! heav5s 7say1 t nor? ( ! ecliptic7 to conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( />s1 :il/ o!r p>ts conta9$ only a f9ite numb]8 ,at fir/ ?is s\nds v extraord9>y1 b x is by no means unreasonable1 z a concrete example w %[3 ,if1 on a scale ( temp]ature1 we c\nt ! degrees ( heat f a c]ta9 po9t1 !n !y /ret* app>5tly to inf9ity 9 "o direction1 :]eas !y ext5d only to -#bgc 7,c5tigrade7 9 ! o!r direction1 t is1 to ! absolute z]o4 ,?us we c imag9e an arrangem5t :i* /ret*es to inf9ity only 9 "o direction4 ,to get an insight into ! discussion by ,e9/e9 :i* is ab\t to foll[1 we mu/ fir/ dispose ( a c]ta9 arbitr>9ess ( language1 ly+ 9 ! cu/om>y indiscrim9ate use ( ! t]ms1 inf9ite1 immeasurable1 & unb\nd$4 ,suppose we h a globe ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 ! surface ( :i* is inhabit$ by extremely small1 ultramicroscopic creatures t c move ab\t freely & c ?9k4 ,! surface ( ! sph]e con/itutes ! _w ( ! micro-m51 & he has a v good reason = consid]+ x inf9ite1 =1 h[ev] f> & 9 :atev] direction he may move1 he nev] enc\nt]s a b\nd>y4 ,b we1 :o live 9 our space1 look on to ?is sph]ical surface1 & recognize t 8 judgm5t is errone\s4 ,to u 8 sph]ical _w seems decid$ly f9ite & q measurable1 al?\gh x has no det]m9able beg9n+ & no end1 & ?us mu/ appe> unb\nd$ to ! micro-man4 ,9 fact1 we ourselves may reg>d x z b\ndless1 if we c succe$ 9 =m+ an ab/raction t leaves out ( acc\nt its limitations 9 our own space4 ,n[1 x might occur to a p>ticul>ly intellig5t micro-be+ to und]take a voyage = ! purpose ( mak+ measurem5ts4 ,he c>efully m>ks 8 po9t ( dep>ture1 walks ,/raight ahead 9 a c]ta9 direction1 describ+ a circle on 8 sph]e--a circle :i* he w necess>ily reg>d z a /raight l9e4 ,he cont9ues ev] onw>ds 9 ! firm conviction t he is gett+ f>!r & f>!r away f 8 />t+-po9t4 ,sudd5ly1 he discov]s t he has rea*$ x aga94 ,he discov]s1 by ! m>k he made1 t he has n be5 describ+ a /raight l9e1 b a l9e t m]ges into itself4 ,! micro-pr(essor w\ld be compell$ to decl>e3 ,our _w1 ! only "o kn[n to me1 is n inf9ite1 al?\gh 9 a c]ta9 s5se b\ndless4 ,moreov]1 x is n immeasurable1 s9ce x c be measur$ 9 at lea/ "o direction by ! numb] ( /eps ,i h walk$4 ,f ?is we may inf] t our =m] geometrical view 0 ei!r wrong or incomplete1 & t1 9 ord] to und]/& our _w prop]ly1 we mu/ build up a new geometry4 ,we may assume t ! majority ( ! rema9+ micro-inhabitants w\ld at fir/ prote/ /rongly aga9/ ?is decision4 ,! idea t a l9e1 :i* appe>s to !m to be po9t+ always 9 ! same direction1 is curv$1 seems to !m inconceivable & absurd4 ,!y w\ld only gradually ov]come _! scruples ( ?\ght by gett+ an insight into a newly develop$ geometry t makes cle> to !m = ! fir/ "t ! conception ( a sph]e4 ,9 our _w ( space1 :i* includes all />s1 we are ! micro-inhabitants4 ,we h be5 born )1 or h inh]it$1 ! idea ( a /raight & ev]-advanc+ pa? 9 space1 & we become fill$ ) ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t if "s "o asks u to believe t if we und]take a voyage 9 "o direction out into ! univ]se1 beyond ,sirius & a million times f>!r1 we %\ld f9ally arrive at our />t+-po9t aga91 al?\gh we _h n *ang$ our direction4 ,b ! macro-be+1 :o belongs to a univ]se ( high] dim5sions & :o looks on our _w z we look$ on ! above sph]ical _w "o foot 9 diamet]1 sees ! n>r[ness ( our view4 ,we1 too1 are 9 a position to rise above ?is n>r[ view by means ( a !ory f\nd$ on our exp]i5ce1 :i* w lead u to an ext5d$ _w-geometry1 j z ! micro-pr(essor us$ 8 exp]i5ce to ext5d 8 !ory ( ! circle to include ! conception ( a sph]e4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks we %all endeav\r to get an insight into ,e9/e9's reason+1 n 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally pres5t$ 79 ! ,report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( #h? ,febru>y #aiag71 b 9 a v easy description :i* 0 giv5 to me dur+ a conv]sation4 ,"h1 too1 ,i %all try to pres]ve ! s5se ( ,e9/e9's rem>ks )\t b9d+ myself /rictly to 8 words4 ,= al?\gh ,i am indebt$ to him = 8 ef=ts to avoid difficult po9ts1 yet ! aim ( ?is book is1 if possible1 to make ! explanation /ill easi]4 ,any lack ( accuracy aris+ f ?is la/ simplification is to be debit$ to me4 ,! new =m ( repres5t+ ! argum5t1 :i* is z important z x is fasc9at+1 is1 ( c\rse1 due to ,e9/e94 ,! f9al result /at$ by ,e9/e9 03 ,! univ]se1 bo? z reg>ds ext5t & mass1 has f9ite limits & c be measur$4 ,if anyone asks :e!r ?is c be pictur$1 ,i %all n deprive him ( ! hope4 ,all t is requir$ is a p[] ( imag9ation t is great en\gh to foll[ a pictorial description & t c take up ! "r attitude t[>ds a sort ( figurative repres5tation4 ,let u aga9 imag9e a sph]e ( mode/ dim5sions ) its two-dim5sional surface4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ! latt]1 & n ) ! cubical cont5t4 ,! sph]e is to be consid]$ z re/+ on an absolutely plane :ite table ( unlimit$ ext5t 9 all directions4 ,! sph]e t\*es ! table at a s+le po9t :i* we %all call its ,s\? ,pole2 on ! top side directly opposite1 we h ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,to simplify matt]s we may make a sket* on pap] ( a v]tical section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,?is pr(ile-picture w %[ u ! sph]e z a circle1 & ! :ite table z a /raight l9e2 ! l9e jo9+ ! two poles is ! axis ( ! globe1 & ! sectional circle is a m]idian4 ,let u fur!r suppose a creature 7resembl+1 say1 a ladybird 9 %ape7 hav+ l5g? & bread?1 b no ?ickness1 to crawl along ?is m]idian4 ,al?\gh x has no ?ickness1 we %all imag9e x to h "o prop]ty ( a solid body1 t ( be+ opaque1 s t x c ?r[ a %ad[ if prop]ly illum9at$4 ,we assume ! globe itself to be transp>5t4 ,at ! ,nor? ,pole we suppose a v /rong po9t-s\rce ( light1 a little electric lamp1 t s5ds out rays freely 9 all directions4 ,! insect beg9s its j\rney at ! ,s\? ,pole & sets out along ! m]idian to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,x is illum9at$ by ! lamp all ! way1 s t x cont9ually ?r[s a %ad[ on ! :ite table4 ,! %ad[ moves along ! table f>!r & f>!r f ! ,s\? ,pole1 9 proportion z ! insect moves up ! m]idian1 ) ! diff]5ce t :ile ! insect is describ+ an arc ( a circle1 its %ad[ moves along a /raight l9e4 ,! position ( ! %ad[ c be det]m9$ at any mom5t by draw+ ! /raight l9e connect+ ! lamp to ! insect1 & produc+ x to meet ! :ite surface ( ! table2 ! po9t ( int]section is ! projection ( ! insect on ! plane4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! excursion ! %ad[ is exactly z l>ge z ! flat insect itself1 if we assume t its dim5sions are negligible comp>$ ) ! surface ( ! sph]e1 = x w !n co9cide ) its own %ad[4 ,b :5 ! insect crawls upw>ds1 its %ad[ w increase1 because ( ! %ort5$ di/ance betwe5 ! insect & ! lamp1 & because ! po9ts ( projection on ! table sep>ate m & m z _! di/ances f _! correspond+ po9ts on ! sph]e become great]4 ,!re is ?us a tw(old increase4 ,! %ad[s move away m & m rapidly1 & at ! same "t increase 9 size4 ,:5 ! insect gets v ne> ! ,nor? ,pole1 its %ad[1 n[ ( enorm\s dim5sions1 has mov$ to a v great di/ance2 & :5 f9ally x rea*es ! ,pole1 its %ad[ becomes inf9itely great & ?us /ret*es to inf9ity4 ,b let ! insect w&] on along ! m]idian1 pa/ ! ,nor? ,pole1 d[n t[>ds ! ,s\?4 ,at ! mom5t :5 x passes ! upp] ,pole its %ad[ jumps f ! "r side to ! left4 ,its %ad[ n[ em]ges f an inf9ite di/ance to ! left1 &1 in/ead ( be+ inf9ite size1 aga9 becomes f9ite 9 dim5sions z x approa*es4 ,x contracts z x approa*es1 &1 9 %ort1 ! same process z occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! j\rney n[ occurs 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,if we fix on ! critical mom5t ( ! jump f ! "r to ! left1 t is1 f plus inf9ity to m9us inf9ity1 we may enc\nt] difficulties4 ,= ! surface-creature pursues its way )\t int]ruption & cont9u\sly1 & we exp]i5ce a wi% to ascribe to x a %ad[-pa? t is also unbrok5 & cont9u\s4 ,?is is possible only if we assume ! two po9ts at inf9ity to be connect$1 t is1 if we consid] !m id5tical4 ,?is assumption w seem m natural if we reason z foll[s4 ,9 ! pr(ile-picture ! table is repres5t$ z a /raight l9e1 & x is along ?is l9e t ! %ad[ travels4 ,we may reg>d ?is l9e z an inf9itely great circle1 = an inf9itely great circle has z]o curvature1 j z ! /raight l9e1 f :i* x is !re=e indi/+ui%able4 ,! inf9itely great circle has1 h[ev]1 only "o po9t situat$ at an inf9ite di/ance1 t is1 x associates toge!r ! two app>5t po9ts at inf9ity ( ! /raight l9e ) :i* we id5tify x4 ,accord+ly1 we pres]ve ! cont9uity ( ! %ad[-j\rney1 too4 ,e9/e9 consid]s x all[able to say t ! "r & ! left portion ea* repres5t a half ( ! inf9ite projection1 :i* becomes complete only :5 ! two ends are jo9$4 ,n[ we mu/ be prep>$ = an ef=t ( ?\ght :i* w ne$ consid]able help f our imag9ations4 ,fir/ly1 in/ead ( "o surface-creature1 we %all suppose sev]al crawl+ ab\t on diff]5t m]idians1 s t a s]ies ( %ad[s w be mov+ ab\t along /raight l9es radiat+ f ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,next1 let u imag9e ! :ole picture to h its dim5sions increas$ by "o1 t is1 we trans=m ! plane-picture into a space model4 ,! ph5om5a are to rema9 ! same1 except t !y are to be /r5g!n$ by "o dim5sion1 surface conditions becom+ space conditions1 & surfaces becom+ solids4 ,:at we n[ see are actual insects ) r\nd bodies 7if we reta9 our orig9al type ( creatures71 or1 s9ce !re is no re/riction z to _! size--! %ad[s h assum$ all possible sizes--we may assume any solid bodies :atsoev]1 />s or ev5 />-sy/ems4 ,_! motions take place 9 exactly ! same way z ^? ( ! %ad[s previ\sly ?r[n by ! flat bodies4 ,?is means t1 if a /ell> body moves1 its size increases until x rea*es ! sph]ical b\nd>y ( space1 :]e x becomes inf9itely great1 &1 at ! same mom5t1 passes f plus inf9ity to m9us inf9ity1 t is1 x ent]s ! univ]se f ! opposite direction2 !n1 if x cont9ues mov+ 9 its orig9al direction 7z x has be5 do+ all along71 x gradually becomes small] 9 size until1 f9ally1 x rea*es its orig9al position & its orig9al size4 ,if we suppose ! body to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( s5sation1 x w\ld n be able to obs]ve its own *anges ( size1 s9ce all its scale-measures w\ld be alt]$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,?is :ole complex ( ph5om5a w\ld /ill be tak+ place 9 an inf9ite _w ( space1 b1 accord+ to ! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity1 ! geometry t is valid 9 ?is _w w\ld no long] be t ( ,euclid2 x is replac$ by a sy/em ( laws t arise f physics z a geometric necessity4 ,9 ?is new geometry1 a circle describ$ ) unit radius is a little small] ?an x w\ld be 9 ,euclidean geometry1 ) ! result t ! greate/ conceivable circle 9 ?is _w _c assume an inf9ite size4 ,?us we h to imag9e t our solid bodies1 say />s1 arrive at a po9t 9 _! travels :i* we may t]m only enorm\sly di/ant4 ,if we call ! directions "r & left in/ead ( positive & negative1 !n ! process r$uces itself to ?is3 ! mov+ body rea*es ! po9t1 :i* is enorm\sly di/ant on ! "r1 & :i* is id5tical ) ! po9t enorm\sly di/ant on ! left2 ?is means t ! body nev] moves out ( ! space cont9uum ( ?is _w1 b returns to its initial po9t ( dep>ture ev5 :5 x moves ev] onw>d 9 :at is app>5tly a /raight l9e4 ,x moves 9 a w>p$ space4 ,e9/e9 has succe$$ 9 f9d+ an approximate value = ?is non-inf9ite univ]se1 f ! fact t !re is a det]m9able gravitational con/ant4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se x d5otes ! same = ! mass-relation%ips ( ! e>? z ! gravitational con/ant ( ! e>? d5otes = u1 namely1 ! quantity f :i* we c calculate ! f9al velocity atta9$ by a freely fall+ body dur+ a unit ( "t4 ,he also assumes a probable av]age = ! d5sity ( di/ribution ( matt] 9 ! univ]se1 by suppos+ t x is ab\t ! same z t ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,on ?is basis ,e9/e9 has arriv$ at ! foll[+ result by calculation3 ,! :ole univ]se has a diamet] ( #ajj million light-ye>s1 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,t am\nts to ab\t #gjj trillion miles4 ,m43 ,does ?is foll[ f ! discussion y ent]$ on j n[8 ,,e9/e93 ,x foll[s f ! ma!matical calculations :i* ,i pres5t$ 9 ,cosmological ,consid]ations aris+ f ! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity1 9 :i* ! figure ,i h j quot$ is n giv54 ,! exact figure is a m9or "q4 ,:at is important is to recognize t ! univ]se may be reg>d$ z a clos$ cont9uum z f> z di/ance-measurem5ts are conc]n$4 ,ano!r po9t1 too1 mu/ n be =gott54 ,if1 9 def]5ce to y\r wi%1 ,i us$ an easy illu/ration1 ?is mu/ n be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an z an improvis$ bridge to assi/ ! imag9ation4 ,m43 ,nev]!less1 x w be v welcome to _m1 :o are unable to grasp ! difficult ,cosmological ,consid]ations4 ,! numb] t y m5tion is ov]:elm+ 9 ! extreme4 ,inde$1 x seems to me t a diamet] ( #ajj million light-ye>s sugge/s an inf9itely great di/ance m ?an ! ^w inf9ity itself1 m5tion$ p] def9itionem1 :i* conveys no?+ to ! ord9>y m9d4 ,x calls up a regul> c>nival ( numb]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? to :om ! imm5se numb] alone gives a c]ta9 pleasure4 ,b y 7 go+ to give me ! numb] express+ ! mass1 too8 ,& !n ,i le>n$ t ! weight ( ! :ole univ]se1 express$ 9 grammes1 0 #aj multipli$ by itself #ed times1 t is #ajed 7#dec grammes #a lb41 r\ghly74 ,?is seems r disappo9t+ at fir/1 b assumes a diff]5t aspect :5 we repres5t to ourselves :at ?is figure signifies4 ,x means t ! weight ( ! univ]se 9 kilogrammes is high 9 ! octillions4 ,! e>? itself weighs six quadrillion kilogrammes1 h5ce ! weight ( ! ,e9/e9 univ]se be>s ! same relation to ! weight ( ! :ole e>? z ! latt] be>s to a kilogramme4 ,aga91 ! e>?'s weight to t ( ! sun is z #a is to #cbd1jjj4 ,h5ce we %\ld h to take at lea/ a trillion1 t is1 a milli>d times a milli>d1 suns to get ! weight ( ! univ]se4 ,& z f> z ! l9e> ext5t is conc]n$1 let u consid] ! mo/ di/ant />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* are at an inconceivable di/ance1 expressible only 9 light-ye>s4 ,if we place #aj1jjj su* ,milky ,ways end to end we %all arrive at ?is diamet] ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 accord+ly1 w h a cubical cont5t a ?\s& milli>d times great] ?an ! region accessible to a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,?us we h a v spaci\s univ]se4 ,yet x is n spaci\s en\gh to satisfy all ! dem&s t a ma!matician int]e/$ 9 p]mutations & comb9ations might make4 ,"o ( su* comb9ations is exemplifi$ 9 ! s-call$ ,univ]sal ,book1 t orig9at$ 9 an imag9>y exp]im5t ( ,leibniz4 ,if we picture to ourselves ! sum-total ( all books t c be pr9t$ by mak+ all possible arrangem5ts & successions ( our lett]s1 ea* book diff]+ f any o!r ev5 if only 9 "o symbol1 !n1 toge!r1 !y mu/ conta9 all t c be express$ 9 s5se & nons5se1 & ev]y?+ t is ev] realizable actually or 9 dreams4 ,h5ce1 among o!r ?+s1 !y w\ld include all _w-hi/ory1 all lit]ature1 & all sci5ce1 ev5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ! end4 ,if we agree to ! conv5tion ( op]at+ ) #ajj diff]5t pr9t$ signs 7lett]s1 figures1 /ops1 spac+s1 etc471 & ( all[+ ea* su* book a million paces = signs1 s t ea* book w /ill be ( a h&y size1 !n ! numb] ( ^! books w\ld am\nt to exactly #aj to ! two-million? p[]1 or1 9 figures1 i4e4 #ajb1jjj1jjj4 ,?is fully exhau/ive univ]sal libr>y conta9+ all wisdom w\ld consi/ ( s _m volumes t x c\ld n be conta9$ 9 a case ( ! size ( ! entire /ell> univ]se4 ,&1 unhappily1 x mu/ be add$ t ! clos$ univ]se1 j describ$ by ,e9/e9 & hav+ a diamet] ( a hundr$ million light-ye>s w\ld be mu* too small to conta9 ?is libr>y4 ,nev]!less1 said ,i1 y\r univ]se pictures some?+ inconceivably great2 "o might call x an inf9ity express$ 9 figures4 ,= 9 y\r _w !re /ill rema9s "o prop]ty ( inf9ity1 namely1 t x imposes no limitations on motion ( any k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! figures proclaim a limit$ measure 9 ! ma!matical s5se1 h[ev] great ?is measure may be4 ,?is calls up ! old re/lessness ( m9d1 due to ! p]si/5t "q3 ,:at lies beyond8 ,! absolute ,no?+8 ,or is x a some?+ :i* yet does n occupy space8 ,desc>tes & _m o!r great ?9k]s h nev] ov]come ?is difficulty1 & h always affirm$ t a clos$ _w is impossible4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! av]age p]son to reconcile himself ) ! dim5sions y h e/abli%$8 ,e9/e9 gave an answ] :i*1 x seem$ to me1 (f]$ a la/ escape to appreh5sive m9ds4 ,x is possible1 s he said1 t o!r univ]ses exi/ indep5d5tly ( our own4 ,t is to say1 x w nev] be possible to trace a connexion betwe5 !m4 ,ev5 aft] an et]nity ( obs]vation1 calculation1 & !oretical inve/igation1 no glimpse or k ( any ( ^! ultra-worlds w ev] ent] our consci\sness4 ,imag9e human creatures to be two-dim5sional surface-creatures1 he add$1 & t !y five on a plane ( indef9ite ext5t4 ,suppose t !y h organs1 in/rum5ts1 & m5tal attitude adapt$ /rictly to ?is two-dim5sional exi/5ce4 ,!n1 at mo/1 !y w\ld be able to f9d out all ! ph5om5a & relation%ips t objectify !mselves 9 ?is plane4 ,!y w\ld !n h an absolutely p]fect sci5ce ( two dim5sions1 ! fulle/ k ( _! cosmos4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is1 !re might be ano!r cosmic plane ) o!r ph5om5a & relation%ips1 t is1 a second analog\s univ]se4 ,!re w\ld !n be no means ( con/ruct+ a connexion betwe5 ^! two worlds1 or ev5 ( suspect+ su* a connexion4 ,we are 9 j ! same position z ^! plane-inhabitants except t we h "o dim5sion m4 ,x is possible1 9 fact1 to a c]ta9 degree probable1 t we %all by means ( a/ronomy discov] new worlds f> beyond ! limits ( ! region s f> inve/igat$1 b no discov]y c ev] lead u beyond ! cont9uum describ$ above1 j z little z a discov]] ( ! plane-_w w\ld ev] succe$ 9 mak+ discov]ies beyond 8 own _w4 ,?us we mu/ reckon ) ! f9itude ( our univ]se1 & ! "q ( regions beyond x c be discuss$ no fur!r1 = x leads only to imag9>y possibilities = :i* sci5ce has n ! slighte/ use4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,e9/e9 left me = a :ile to ! tumult ( ideas t he _h r\s$ up 9 me4 ,aft] ,i _h ov]come ! fir/ %ock1 ,i s\ght to ga9 a hav5 9 ! idea t arose out ( ! fir/ %ad[-argum5t1 9 :i* ! sph]ical bodies occurr$ t seek to escape t[>ds inf9ity on ! "r b reappe>1 in/ead1 at enorm\s di/ances on ! left4 ,has anyone ev] _h pres5tim5ts ( ?is k9d ( _w8 ,p]haps some?+ ( ! sort is to be f\nd 9 e>li] books ( sci5ce8 ,if s1 !y h escap$ my notice4 ,yet1 a passage ( a poet occurs to me4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 a volume by ,he9ri* von ,klei/2 x is a volume deal+ only ) e>?ly matt] & b>e ( a/ronomical ideas4 ,imag9e a book ! subject ( :i* is a puppet-%[1 conta9+1 9 ! middle ( x1 a section =e%ad[+ ,e9/e9's univ]se6 ,q by *ance ,klei/ comes to speak ( ! int]section ( two l9es :i*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh inf9ity1 sudd5ly appe> on ! o!r side1 l a picture 9 a concave mirror1 :i* moves away to inf9ity & sudd5ly returns aga9 & is q close1 &1 q 9 accordance ) our new cosmology1 he decl>es3 ,p>adise is lock$ & b>r$1 & ! *]ub is beh9d u2 we mu/ make a voyage r\nd ! _w1 & see :e!r we _c discov] an exit else:]e at ! o!r end p]haps4 ,p]haps poets ( ! future w busy !mselves ) ?is univ]se2 n lyrical poets1 b desc5dants ( ,hesiod1 ,lucretius1 or ,rck]t4 ,!y w express 9 v]se t ,e9/e9's _w (f]s a s\rce ( consolation to torm5t$ spirits :i* h sick5$ ( ,kant's ant9omies4 ,= 9 ?is /ill almo/ immeasurable _w ! fateful conception inf9ite has be5 made be>able = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 a c]ta9 way x relieves u f :at is q inconceivable1 yet into :i* we are usually driv51 & =ms a bridge betwe5 ! !sis f9ite & ! anti!sis inf9ite4 ,we are br\ght to a common /ream1 9 :i* bo? conceptions peacefully fl[ toge!r4 ,!re 0 no m5tion ( ?is 9 our talk1 & ,i _h good reason = be+ cauti\s ab\t foll[+ out ! !me along ^! l9es4 ,i mu/ n all[ any d\bts to arise on ?is po9t3 ,e9/e91 himself1 cl+s ) un]r+ logic to ! /rict ma!matically def9$ conception ( inf9ity1 & all[s no compromise ) ! non-inf9ite4 ,:5 ,i1 on "s previ\s occasion1 s\ght to lead him on to a compromise1 involv+ a transition-b\nd>y1 x avail$ me no?+ t ,i quot$ ,helmholtz to support ! possibility ( su* an op]ation3 my ef=t came to an abrupt end4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 pursu+ ^! consid]ations ab\t ! univ]se1 we arriv$ at ?+s :i*1 9 ord9>y language1 are usually call$ occult4 ,9 connexion ) ?is1 ^! rem>ks ensu$3 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 f> f try+ to trace out a connexion betwe5 ! f\r-dim5sionality t y e/abli%1 ,pr(essor1 & ! f\r-dim5sionality ( c]ta9 spiriti/ic pseudo-philosoph]s1 yet x sugge/s itself to me t 9 su* occult circles ef=ts w be made to d]ive advantage f ! fact t ! same ^w is us$ 9 bo? cases4 ,?is is m ?an a conjecture1 inde$1 = !re are no misgiv+s among ! ignorant1 & s we actually f9d ! "n ,e9/e9 quot$ 9 connexion ) m$iumi/ic exp]im5ts t are flav\r$ ) f\r-dim5sionality4 ,x w n be expect$ ( me1 said ,e9/e91 to ent] into discussion ) ignoramuses & mis9t]pret$4 ,disc>d+ !m1 !n1 let u conf9e ourselves to a brief consid]ation ( ! conception 'occult1' z ?is has play$ a "p 9 s]i\s sci5ce4 ,! *ief example ( ?is 9 hi/ory is gravitation4 ,huygh5s & ,leibniz refus$ to accept gravitation1 =1 s !y said1 accord+ to ,newton's view1 x is an action at a di/ance & h5ce belongs to ! realm ( ! occult4 ,l ev]y?+ occult1 x contradicts ! causal ord] 9 ,nature4 ,we mu/ n reg>d ,huygh5s' & ,leibniz's contradiction z be+ due to lack ( p]spicacity2 r1 !y object$ on gr\nds :i*1 z inve/igators1 !y _h e "r to uphold4 ,=1 z f> z our ev]yday exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 e mutual influ5ce ( ?+s 9 ,nature occurs only by direct contact1 z by pressure or impact1 or by *emical action1 z :5 a flame is lit4 ,! fact t s\nd & light app>5tly =m exceptions is n usually felt z a contradiction to ! po/ulate ( contact4 ,! case ( a magnet appe>s mu* m /rik+ because its effect ass]ts itself z a direct manife/ation ( =ce4 ,i mu/ m5tion t :5 ,i1 z a *ild1 made my fir/ acqua9tance ) a compass--& ?is 0 be=e ,i _h ev] se5 a magnet--x creat$ a s5sation 9 me1 :i* ,i consid] to h be5 a dom9ant factor 9 my life up to ! v pres5t4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 pressure & impact on ! "o h&1 & :at we he> & see on ! o!r1 ev5 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! case ( light & s\nd1 some?+ mu/ be 'happ5+' cont9ually1 if ! effect is to occur & cont9ue4444 ,yet ano!r diff]5ce seems to ent] "h1 ,i int]pos$4 ,is x possible to give a full explanation ( gravitation by us+ only ! conceptions pressure & impact8 ,p]haps 'pressure at a di/ance' w\ld n h seem$ to contempor>ies ( ,newton z un9telligible z a 't5sion or pull at a di/ance4' ,x seems to me t x is p>ticul>ly difficult to imag9e a pull or an attraction t[>ds a di/ant object4 ,e9/e9 does n consid] ?is diff]5ce consid]able1 & reg>ds x z possible to ov]come x ev5 9 a mann] :i* c be directly pictur$4 ,if ! =ce is ex]t$ by a corpuscul> transmission1 he expla9$1 we may imag9e a '=ce-%ad[' into :i* ! bomb>d+ corpuscles _c p5etrate4 ,?us if an ob/acle1 :i* produces su* a %ad[1 becomes int]pos$ betwe5 a body ,a & a body ,b1 !n !re w be a less] pressure on ! side ( ,b fac+ ,a1 & h5ce ,b w exp]i5ce a great] corpuscul> pressure on ! o!r side1 ) ! result t ,b w be =c$ 9 ! direction ( ,a1 & ! obs]v] w\ld ga9 ! impression ( a pull f ,b to ,a4 ,n[adays1 :5 ! !ory ( 'fields ( =ce' dom9ates our physical views1 we ne$ tr\ble j z little ab\t us+ corpuscul> pressures & impacts z ab\t ! vortices :i* ,desc>tes once consid]$ z ! ultimate causes ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ef=ts ( c]ta9 re=m]s to re9troduce ^! vortices & :irlpools z explanations mu/ be reg>d$ z futile4 ,nev]!less1 ,i answ]$1 x seems admissible to say t1 ultimately1 !re is always an occult elem5t 9 e physical explanation1 an absolutely f9al & elem5t>y some?+ :i* we recognize z a pr9ciple1 )\t conceal+ f ourselves t we h rea*$ ! limit ( explanation1 & our k avails no fur!r4 ,?is br+s me to ano!r "q ! discussion ( :i*1 z ,i cle>ly p]ceive1 leads u on to dang]\s gr\nd4 ,,e9/e93 ,don't hesitate to say :at is tr\bl+ y4 ,i _c yet see :at y are aim+ at4 ,m43 ,i am ref]r+ to c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* are also call$ occult--) ! object ( discr$it+ !m4 ,!y may at times deg5]ate to hocus-pocus & fall into ! category ( dubi\s arts4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t sci5ti/s h n always drawn ! l9e ) suffici5t c>e1 & t !y h be5 dispos$ to reject z humbug1 )\t exam9ation1 ev]y?+ inexplicable t d>es to pres5t itself 9 ! =m ( op5 display4 ,,e9/e93 ,9 g5]al1 !y w be 9 ! "r1 = inve/igators _c be expect$ to occupy !mselves ) ?+s bol/]$ up by adv]tisem5t1 & :i* are suppos$ to be connect$ ) "s fabul\s1 occult regions4 ,m43 ,nev]!less1 9 my op9ion ev5 among su* displays !re sometimes occur ph5om5a :i* sci5ti/s %\ld n pass ov] ) contempt4 ,i1 myself1 h exp]i5c$ su* cases1 & h said to myself3 ,!re are /rang] happ5+s "h---- ,,e9/e93--?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy1 y 7 ab\t to say8 ,m43 ,exactly4 ,^! are ?+s t 9 ! guise ( s5sationalism (t5 hide a physical tru? well wor?y ( /udy4 ,,e9/e93 ,b y mu/ n ov]look ! fact t 9 su* cases y h mo/ly play$ ! "p ( an onlook]1 & h5ce 7 expos$ to all possible mann] ( deception4 ,y are baffl$ on all sides by undiscov]able tricks & by o!r p]sons1 ^: collusion y d n suspect4 ,?is r5d]s an objective criticism impossible4 ,m43 ,?is presumes t ! p]=m+ arti/ is n entirely isolat$4 ,x is possible to br+ ab\t conditions t positively elim9ate all tricks f ! v outset4 ,,e9/e93 ,if y h exp]i5c$ any su* cases1 relate !m by all means4 ,m43 ,i %all be brief1 & %all /ate only facts4444 ,,e9/e93 ,or1 express$ m accurately1 only ?+s :i* seem to h be5 facts z f> z y c tru/ to memory4 ,well !n1 y ?9k t y h gr\nds = say+ t y caught a glimpse ( a my/]i\s _w at t "t4 ,m43 ,x is c]ta9ly long ago1 m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,hans51 ! freak1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( 8 pr(ession1 0 %[+ hypnotic & telepa?ic exp]im5ts t 7 p>tly id5tical ) exp]im5ts t ! celebrat$ sci5ti/ ,*>cot at ,p>is 0 p]=m+ = purposes ( pa?ology4 ,,e9/e93 ,well1 !n1 :y did y hesitate be=e8 ,^! exp]im5ts come "u ! head ( sci5ce1 & require no occult veil to appe> 9 ! op54 ,m43 ,?is t\*es ! ma9 issue4 ,hans5 did n "w 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 b wi%$1 above all1 to e>n money4 ,nev]!less he _h 9 8 own way produc$ m>vell\s results t 7 us$ lat] = sci5tific "w4 ,un=tunately 9 8 case1 ow+ to ! fact t he cloak$ x 9 occultism at ! outset1 he 0 brusquely repudiat$ by sci5ti/s4 ,! result 0 t ,hans5 0 condemn$ to a long p]iod ( imprisonm5t 9 ,dresd51 ?anks to ! recomm5dation ( sci5ti/s :o decl>$ t ! exp]im5ts 7 only possible if deception 0 practis$1 & h5ce t ,hans5 0 an impo/or :o %\ld be made h>mless by be+ inc>c]at$4 ,,e9/e93 ,& h[ did y y\rself seek to discov] :e!r 8 exp]im5ts 7 g5u9e8 ,m43 ,v easily & ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,"o ( my acqua9tances1 ! weal?y race-horse own]1 von ,oels*lg]1 _h induc$ him by means ( a high fee to exp]im5t at 8 c\ntry h\se1 at "s di/ance f ,b]l91 9 ! pres5ce ( p]sons1 n "o ( :om ,hans5 knew1 & 9 ! case ( :om !re c\ld be no "q ( secret collaboration4 ,i c assure y t ev]y?+ succe$$ )\t exception4 ,a s+le second 0 suffici5t = him to communicate 8 w to ea* subject ( exp]im5t4 ,he op]at$ l a sup]natural be+ on ^? pres5t4 ,,e9/e93 ,i %\ld l to he> examples4 ,m43 ,h]r von ,oels*lg] introduc$ f\r jockeys1 & sugge/$ a race 9 ! great salon4 ,hans5 plac$ !m a/ride ov] *airs1 hypnotiz$ !m on ! spot1 describ$ ! %ape ( ! c\rse1 giv+ di/ances 9 kilometres1 curves1 & ev5 ! value ( ! prizes4 ,he !n gave ! signal = />t+4 ,! jockeys imm$iately began treat+ _! *airs z race-horses1 exhibit+ all ! signs ( extreme /ra9 :i* accompany ! actual ride4 ,,e9/e93 ,?is is n yet a positive pro(4 ,! subjects ( exp]im5t may h become cognizant ( ! fact t !y 7 to s]ve "s ecc5tric display4 ,_! acquiesc5ce 9 a prescrib$ "p ne$ by no means signify t !y 7 subjectively conv9c$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! affair4 ,m43 ,!re c\ld be n ! slighte/ d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,aft] a few seconds p]spiration 0 /ream+ ov] _! faces z a result ( ! ex]tion1 a symptom t exhibits itself only :5 ! p>ticipants are conv9c$ ( ! absolute e>ne/ness ( _! und]tak+4 ,all t gaz$ on ?is baffl+ ride made ! acqua9tance ( a grotesque reality1 & 7 look+ into a /range _w ( dreams1 :i* trans=m$ wood5 *airs into liv+ ?or\ghbr$s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 foll[+ exp]im5ts 9 ! transf]5ce ( 8 w-p[]1 ,hans5 exp]im5t$ ) an actress :o 0 fam\s at t "t1 & ) :om he _h no m acqua9tance ?an ) ! o!rs4 ,he aga9 produc$ deep hypnosis1 & gave ! ord]3 ,i %all ask y v>i\s que/ions1 all ( :i* y w be able to answ] correctly1 ) "o exception3 y w h =gott5 y\r "n4 ,& s x happ5$4 ,9 h] trance ! actress gave correct answ]s1 until1 :5 ! "q1 ,:at is y\r "n8 0 ask$1 h] own "n1 ,hel5e ,odilon1 _h vani%$ f h] memory4 ,& imm$iately aft]w>ds1 %e told me h]self t1 9 spite ( h] /ate ( coma1 %e _h reta9$ full consci\sness1 _h und]/ood ev]y?+1 & _h be5 possess$ ( h] memory until x came to ! critical mom5t :51 9 spite ( extreme ef=ts1 %e c\ld n recollect ! words ,hel5e ,odilon4 ,b ,hans5 did n /op at dictat+ 8 ?\ghts to o!rs1 he also trans=m$ corporate ?+s4 ,by a s+le motion ( 8 h& he conv]t$ a /able-boy into a rigid block1 devoid ( s5sation4 ,nev] w\ld ,i h ?\ght su* an int5se /ate ( cramp possible4 ,he plac$ ! boy ) 8 feet & head alone re/+ on two supports1 s t ! body itself 0 pois$ 9 space4 ,he !n /ood on ! body ) 8 :ole weight1 )\t ! rigid body ( ! boy b5d+ ev5 an in*4 ,,e9/e93 ,h[ did he1 9 all ^! cases1 re/ore ! normal /ate8 ,m43 ,always by a s+le ge/ure1 :i*1 l ev]y?+ t he did1 work$ at lightn+ spe$4 ,i mu/ admit t 8 display became a little monoton\s aft] a :ile1 & t 8 programme did n seem capable ( mu* v>iation4 ,?+s 7 diff]5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( a man :o1 "s ye>s previ\sly1 _h t\r$ ! _w z an expon5t ( occult ph5om5a1 & to :om sci5ti/s w "s "t 9 ! future look back ) regret4 ,:5 he appe>$1 mo/ academicians took only suffici5t notice ( him to reject him )\t hav+ giv5 him a trial4 ,x 0 ,h5ry ,slade1 ! ,am]ican1 :o is n to be confus$ ) o!r ,slades :o appropriat$ 8 "n 9 ord] to dupe p ^: insatiable curiosity 0 ar\s$4 ,,e9/e93 ,"o might almo/ suppose t y\r g5u9e ,h5ry ,slade s]v$ z a model = !m4 ,m43 ,= c]ta9 reasons ,i reg>d ?is z out ( ! "q1 ma9ly because ! true ,slade gave demon/rations only occasionally1 8 *ief object be+ to int]e/ sci5ti/s4 ,he1 himself1 repeat$ly ass]t$ t he did n und]/& 8 own a*ievem5ts1 & he unceas+ly reque/$ ! sup]vision ( pr(essional physici/s & physiologi/s1 to :om ! unusual phases 9 8 nature 7 to s]ve z objects ( /udy4 ,! result 0 t p l ,dubois-,reymond1 ,helmholtz1 & ,vir*[ refus$ to see him1 n to m5tion exp]im5t ) him4 ,,e9/e93 ,^! m5 _c be reproa*$ = act+ 9 ?is way4 ,slade 0 reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( a f\r-dim5sional _w 9 ! spiriti/ic s5se2 s]i\s sci5ti/s mu/ avoid all humbug ( ?is sort1 s9ce ev5 slight int]e/ 9 x c easily be mis9t]pret$ by ! ignorant public4 ,m43 ,n e "o 0 afraid ( compromis+ himself4 ,aft] clos$ doors _h greet$ ,slade 9 ,b]l91 he w5t to ,leipzig1 :]e he became an object ( /udy = "o important sci5ti/4 ,,e9/e93 ,y are ref]r+ to ,fri$ri* ,zlln]1 :o und\bt$ly _h a reputation z an a/rophysici/ to pres]ve4 ,b he w\ld h s]v$ 8 reputation bett] if he _h n ent]$ into ?is adv5ture ) ! ,am]ican spiriti/4 ,m43 ,p]haps !re w "s day be cause = a revision ( op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! docum5ts are extant1 ev5 if1 half =gott51 !y are repos+ 9 v>i\s libr>ies4 ,a r5ew$ inve/igation ( ,zlln]s ,sci5tific ,diss]tations1 dat+ f #ahgh to #ahia1 might lead to ! judgm5t t 8 gho/ly int]pretations are to be reg>d$ z occult 9 ! wor/ s5se1 & yet "o w\ld m>vel t a great sci5ti/1 su* z he 01 %\ld h felt himself at a complete loss ) 8 k1 s t he 0 =c$ to resort to ab/ruse me?ods 9 ord] to escape f ! m5tal confusion into :i* ,slade _h plung$ him4 ,,e9/e93 ,t m]ely %[s t ,slade1 z a cunn+ practician1 surpass$ him1 & t ,zlln] did n succe$ 9 see+ ?r\gh 8 ma*9ations4 ,m43 ,?is w\ld lead "o to assume t ,slade knew m physics ?an ! ,leipzig pr(essor4 ,= 9 a great numb] ( exp]im5ts ,zlln] himself _h prescrib$ ! conditions1 includ+ all contrivances :i* made deception s mu* ! m unlikely1 s9ce ,slade himself c\ld n "k :at ,zlln]'s int5tions 74 ,x 0 a "q ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,optics includ+ prep>$ conditions ( pol>ization1 involv$ ,me*anics1 9 %ort1 ?+s t ,zlln] z a pr(essional physici/ und]/ood ?or\ghly1 & :i*1 moreov]1 7 controll$ by o!rs ( 8 pr(ession4 ,among ! latt] 0 ! celebrat$ pr(essor ( ,electricity1 ,wilhelm ,web]1 :o1 l ,zlln]1 f\nd himself fac$ by ph5om5a t 7 utt]ly incompreh5sible to him4 ,x w\ld be a pr(itable und]tak+ to br+ ^! diss]tations to light aga91 & x w\ld easily be recogniz$ t ! ?+s describ$ actually deal ) sci5tific problems & h n ! remote/ connexion ) tricks ( magic4 ,= example1 !re is an acc\nt ( an incr$ible anatomical feat4 ,on fl\r :i* _h be5 plac$ c>efully 9 a di% be=eh&1 !re sudd5ly appe>$ ! impr9t ( a nak$ human foot1 :il/ ,slade 0 pres5t at a c]ta9 di/ance1 be+ fully clo!d & subject to c>eful scrut9y4 ,! footpr9t %[$ all ! surface-details ( ! sk91 z 0 confirm$ by au?orities1 j z only a left foot c\ld produce !m1 b n an artificial copy4 ,,e9/e93 ,& f ?is ,zlln] inf]r$ ! int]v5tion ( sup]natural be+s8 ,he w\ld h done bett] to measure ! dim5sions ( ! foot4 ,m43 ,s he did--at once4 ,a diff]5ce ( f\r c5timetres betwe5 ! l5g? ( ,slade's foot & ! copy 0 disclos$4 ,?is riddle1 l s _m o!rs1 rema9$ unexpla9$4 ,i mu/ repeat t ,i am n 9 ! slighte/ degree dispos$ to ass]t t occult ph5om5a really occur1 b am int]e/$ only 9 see+ t !y are inve/igat$ c>efully by qualifi$ p]sons4 ,,e9/e93 ,y\r rem>ks %[ t ,leipzig sci5ti/s did s at t "t ) no bett] result ?an t ,zlln]s m5tal confusion became /ill great]4 ,m43 ,! conjecture rema9s t ! ,leipzig exp]im5ts1 abundant z !y 71 did n suffice4 ,all[ me to ask a direct "q1 ,pr(essor4 ,suppos+ ano!r su* ag5t ( miracles %\ld appe>1 w\ld y y\rself feel impell$ to te/ him exp]im5tally8 ,,e9/e93 ,y\r "q is misdirect$4 ,i expla9$ above t ,i %>e ! po9t ( view tak5 up by ,dubois-,reymond & 8 colleagues4 ,m43 ,! foll[+ case may be conceiv$4 ,a c]ta9 man1 ,x1 might sudd5ly appe>1 :o has control ( a c]ta9 natural =ce t has nev] be=e be5 inve/igat$2 l "o :o knew h[ to use electricity at a "t :5 p _h nev] exp]i5c$ any electrical ph5om5on4 ,he w\ld be able to give hundr$s ( demon/rations1 all ( :i* we %\ld relegate to ! realm ( inexplicable magic4 ,we %\ld1 = in/ance1 be mu* a/oni%$ if he 7 to draw sp>ks f a liv+ p]son4 ,n[1 suppose two pr(essors express an op9ion4 ,pr(essor ,a decl>es ! :ole ?+ to be a f>ce1 & refuses to look into x at all4 ,pr(essor ,b is ready to inve/igate ! a*ievem5ts ( ,x only if ! latt] subjects himself f ! beg9n+ to all ! physical conditions t are to be det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,& suppose ! pr(essor arranges 8 conditions s t !y make impossible ! occurr5ce ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,if1 n[1 all sci5ti/s 7 to behave l ,a & ,b1 ! consequ5ces w\ld be v depress+4 ,= "h 0 an important field ( inve/igation1 :i* is cut (f ow+ to ! di/ru/ or ob/9acy ( sci5ti/s1 :o %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to op5 x up4 ,x is q irrelevant :e!r ,x _h ! "* ( a *>latan or n1 = beh9d 8 *>latanism !re 7 facts :i* clam\r$ = inve/igation4 ,,e9/e93 ,! mo/ t ,i c grant is t y\r imag9$ case does n lie outside ! scope ( possibility4 ,yet ! *ance t !re is su* a natural =ce hi!rto undiscov]$ by ,man1 t is1 "o t is a secret =ce z f> z we are conc]n$1 is s vani%+ly small t x may be set d[n z equal to impossible4 ,i %\ld refuse to take "p 9 any su* practices1 s]v$ up 9 ! =m ( s5sation1 = "o reason t ,i %\ld regret ! wa/e ( "t1 z !re are bett] ?+s to d4 ,x is a diff]5t matt] if ! mood takes me to visit a v>iety ent]ta9m5t1 9 ord] to d]ive amusem5t f su* my/ifications4 ,= example1 only ye/]day ,i 0 9 a little !atre1 9 :i*1 among div]se items1 a ?\ght-read+ woman 0 p]=m+4 ,%e correctly guess$ ! numb]s #fa & #ei t ,i _h 9 my m9d4 ,b let no "o m5tion ?is z a case ( telepa?ic actions at a di/ance or wireless communication betwe5 m9ds1 = an int]m$iate p]son1 ! manag]1 0 pres5t1 & ,i _h to :isp] ! numb]s to him4 ,! di/ance to ! /age 0 c]ta9ly too great to all[ ! s\nd to be convey$ directly to an audible degree4 ,h5ce !re mu/ h be5 a diff]5t1 v cunn+ly arrang$ code ( signals1 :i* elud$ ! notice ( p 9 ! /alls4 ,! process consi/s actually 9 an extraord9>y ref9em5t ( obs]vation1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 seem to me any m wond]ful ?an ! tra9+ ( a reckon] :o extracts cubic roots m5tally1 or ?an ! practis$ muscles ( a juggl] all work+ 9 unison to enable him to p]=m feats ) twelve plates simultane\sly4 ,m43 ,x gives me en\gh satisfaction1 ,pr(essor1 t y conc$$ me be=e a c]ta9 limit$ *ance ( f9d+ a la/ refuge 9 occultism4 ,& ev5 if y1 y\rself1 z a repres5tative ( ! mo/ rigor\s rese>* ( physical reality1 refuse to consid] x1 yet ! fact t _m o!rs are drawn irresi/ibly t[>ds my/]i\s ph5om5a _c be d5i$4 ,%\ld "o feel %ame on ?is acc\nt8 ,i believe t1 9 ?is matt]1 we are t\*+ on inn] confessions t are q indep5d5t ( ! /&>d ( ! m9d 9 :i* !y are emb$d$4 ,newton consid]$ ! key ( ! univ]se to be a p]sonal ,god1 :]eas ,laplace proclaim$3 ,dieu--je n'avais pas beso9 de cette hypo?se3 ?is contra/ all[s no inf]5ce to be drawn z to _! relative ke5ness ( m9d4 ,& probably ! same may be said ( ! "q :e!r !re are o!r hidd5 univ]ses besides ! "o 9 :i* we live4 ,9 any case1 ^? :o feel en?usiasm = su* que/ions c quote 9 _! support good names f ! le>n$ _w4 ,immanuel ,kant occupi$ himself s]i\sly & int5sively ) ! wond]s ( ,sw$5borg1 ,kepl] practis$ ,a/rology1 9 :i* he _h a firm belief1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,c>danus1 ,agrippa1 ,no/radamus1 van ,helmont1 ,pascal1 &1 among ! mod]n1 ,fe*n]1 ,wallace1 ,crookes1 are to be c\nt$ among ! my/ics4 ,no matt] :e!r ! views !y held 7 !osophical1 occult1 f\r-dim5sional 9 ! spiriti/ic s5se1 or col\r$ by any o!r sup]/ition2 !y proclaim$ t ?+s t c\ld be rigor\sly prov$ 71 alone1 insuffici5t = !m4 ,out ( pres5tim5t & conjecture !y con/ruct$ w+s ) :i* to fly into regions extra naturam4 ,?is is h[ x happ5$ t1 z ! common folk c\ld n f9d a place 9 sci5ce = _m extraord9>y a*ievem5ts1 !y assign$ _! au?ors to ! realm ( magicians1 z 9 ! case ( ,p>acelsus1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,raimundus ,lullus1 ,sylve/] ,,ii1 :o 7 reg>d$ z sorc]]s4 ,& ?is co9 is /ill curr5t3 to ,edison1 ( our times1 ! t]m1 sorc]] ( ,m5lo-,p>k1 has become atta*$4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! populace discov]y & inv5tion1 works ( g5ius & sup]natural ph5om5a1 become confus$ & indi/+ui%able2 x may ev5 happ5 to y4 ,pr(essor1 t y\r works w become inve/$ ) leg5d4 ,i %\ld n l to conjure up :at y\r fate w\ld h be5 if y\r !ory ( relativity _h orig9at$ at ! "t ( ! ,inquisition4 ,= ! views put =w>d by ,giordano ,bruno are m]e *ild's play comp>$ ) y\r !ory ( ! univ]se z a quasi-sph]ical clos$ space ( hyp]-,euclidean "*4 ,! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition w\ld n h und]/ood y\r diff]5tial equation1 gravitational pot5tials1 t5sors1 & equival5ce !ory2 !y w\ld abruptly h decl>$ ! :ole !ory to be a magical =mula or a manife/ation ( ! devil1 & w\ld h hon\r$ x & y ) a fun]al pyre4 ,,e9/e93 ,?is is cle>ly a slight exagg]ation4 ,ma!matico-physical & a/ronomical works h nev] be5 attack$ by ! ,papal c\rts1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h be5 mu* enc\rag$ by !m d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,?is is abundantly cle> f ! fact t we c set up a :ole li/ ( ,bro!rs ( ,ord]s1 p>ticul>ly ,jesuits1 :o h made em95t discov]ies 9 natural sci5ce4 ,f my p]sonal k ( y1 ,i =esee t y w "o day sket* a fanta/ic trial1 9 :i* ! new _w-sy/em w h to def5d itself aga9/ ! ,sanctum ,(ficium4 ,m43 ,?is w\ld be a v grateful task1 judg$ f ! lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,:at a spl5did col\r+ c\ld be obta9$ by br++ ^! two worlds ( ?\ght into conflict ) "o ano!r1 ! ,relative aga9/ ! ,absolute1 :i* has be5 e/abli%$ 9 tradition & dogma4 ,b we ne$ n ev5 call ! hi/orical fancy into action1 =1 actually1 ! !ory ( ! /ructure ( ! _w is ev5 n[ /ill at v>iance ) traditional ideas1 t act ) dogmatic viol5ce4 ,!re is no ne$ to d5y ! fact t e p]son ( education1 :o makes ! acqua9tance ( ,lor5tz's1 ,m9k[ski's1 ,e9/e9's ideas = ! fir/ "t1 feels excit$ to (f] contradictions1 & becomes involv$ 9 a tumult ( pros & cons1 & ea* "o exp]i5ces 9 himself ! excitem5t ( an inquisitorial tribunal4 ,! triumph ( ! new !ory passes ov] ! corpses ( conceptions t lie at ! cross-roads ( ?\ght &1 long aft]1 reta9 a gho/ly exi/5ce4 ,only v few ( u are aw>e ( ! fur!r inn] revolution t awaits u along ! l9e ( developm5t ( ,e9/e9ian ideas2 we h only vague pres5tim5ts t :isp] to u t ! end ( =ms ( ?\ght once consid]$ z irrefragable is draw+ nigh4 ,:5 once ! pr9ciple ( causality has be5 set on a relative base1 & all prop]ties h be5 resolv$ into occurr5ce1 & all t is ?ree-dim5sional has come to be recogniz$ z an ab/raction f ! f\r-dim5sional _w t is alone valid1 !n ! "t w h come to arrange =1 ! dea? procession ( all ! philosophies t once s]v$ z ! ma9 pill>s ( ?\ght4 ,a retrospect ( ! trials ( ,giordano ,bruno & ( ,galileo ,galilei (f]s c]ta9 p>allels o!r ?an ^? usually discov]$ by s*ol>s4 ,& if1 to-day1 we proclaim ,e9/e9 z ! ,galilei ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 x mu/ be add$ t 9 "* he is =tunately a ,bruno & n a ,galilei4 ,= x is n true t ! latt] came out ( ! p]secution z a moral victor ) an eppur si muove1 r1 9 spite ( ! protection ( influ5tial prelates & dignit>ies1 ev5 ( ! ent\rage ( ! ,pope1 he lack$ c\rage & b[$ 8 head1 betray+ 8 sci5ce & d5y+ himself z well z ,cop]nicus4 ,are we to picture h[ ,e9/e9 w\ld h act$ "u simil> circum/ances1 ev5 if !y _c recur aga98 ,:oev] has ev5 an inkl+ ( 8 "* w ent]ta9 no d\bts4 ,at t "t1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! mat]ials = a magnific5t sc5e1 "o _w v]sus ! o!r1 lay ready4 ,only "o condition 0 want+1 ! moral c\rage ( ! h]o4 ,! lack ( ?is "o factor spoilt ! f9al act = ! hi/ory ( t "t4 ,! f9e e?ical feel+s ( lat] g5]ations h _h to be propitiat$ by improvis+ a leg5d iridesc5t ) beautiful col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,problems ,que/ions ( ! ,future4--,problem ( ,?ree ,bodies4--,conception ( ,approximation4--,object ( ,me*anics4--,simplicity ( ,description4--,limits ( ,pro(4--,reflections ab\t ! ,circle4--,f ! ,hi/ory ( ,errors4--,causalities4--,relativity on a ,physiological ,basis4--,physici/s z ,philosoph]s4 ,,we spoke ( ! objects & problems ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & t\*$ on c]ta9 recurr5t que/ions ) :i* reput$ m5 ( sci5ce are confront$ f "t to "t1 s t we may asc]ta9 _! op9ions ab\t imm$iate z well z m remote aims1 & ab\t wor?y objects & ^? )9 rea*4 ,su* /imuli1 said ,e9/e91 may be q int]e/+ inasmu* z !y %>p5 ! appetite ( ! public = ! works ( inve/igators1 & give ! latt] ! opportunity ( mak+ wid] circles acqua9t$ ) _! plans4 ,yet ! value ( _! sugge/ions mu/ n be ov]rat$1 :5 !y are direct$ at giv+ tru/wor?y in=mation ab\t ! future l9es ( developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,e sci5ti/1 9 work+ out 8 own rese>*1 gravitates to p>ticul> po9ts on ! b\nd>y :i* sep>ates ! kn[n f ! unkn[n1 & becomes incl9$ to take 8 p>ticul> p]spective f ^! po9ts4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be expect$ t ^! individual aspects w =m a complete picture1 & w indicate ! only pa?s along :i* sci5ce c or w advance4 ,may ,i sugge/1 ,pr(essor1 ,i answ]$1 t we select c]ta9 answ]s t h be5 giv5 to ^! recurr5t que/ions = discussion8 ,i h br\ght along a :ole s]ies ( !m2 x w\ld be ( value to "k :at attitude y take up t[>ds "s ( ! /atem5ts t h be5 made ab\t future possibilities4 ,e9/e9 acquiesc$1 & s ,i read out a numb] ( expressions ( op9ion1 giv5 by em95t au?orities1 p>ticul>ly 9 natural sci5ce & ma!matics4 ,!y came "u ! head+1 ,! ,future ,revolution ( ,sci5ce4 ,at ! outset we enc\nt]$ argum5ts by ,bailhaud1 ! director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory2 he dealt ) ! s-call$ ,problem ( ,?ree ,bodies1 & ) ,! ,f9itude or ,inf9itude ( ! ,univ]se4 ,e9/e9 elucidat$ ^! que/ions z foll[s4 ,! celebrat$ ,problem ( ,?ree ,bodies is a special case ( ! g5]al problem ( ,_m ,bodies1 ! object ( :i* is to discov] ! exact pa?s ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,if we suppose t ! planets & ! comets are subject only to ! attraction ( ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 !n _! pa?s w\ld be exactly ^? giv5 by ,kepl]'s ,laws--t is1 !y w\ld move ab\t ! c5tral body1 or1 m precisely1 ab\t ! common c5tre ( gravity 9 p]fectly elliptical orbits4 ,! same result w\ld happ5 if we reg>d ! orbit ( a moon to dep5d solely on its p>5t planet4 ,b ?is assumption is n 9 agreem5t ) reality1 s9ce all ! bodies ( our sy/em are also subject to _! mutual attraction dep5d+ on _! masses & di/ances4 ,consequ5tly we h ! s-call$ di/urbances1 p]turbations1 & div]g5ces f ! ideal pa?s2 & ! problem ( asc]ta9+ ^! di/urbances is ess5tially id5tical ) ! ,problem ( ,?ree ,bodies4 ,reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( pure me*anics1 ?is problem may be consid]$ solv$ 9 s f> z we are able to write d[n ! equations ( motion4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is purely me*anical process1 !re is a ma!matical problem :i* has n be5 completely solv$--t is to say1 ! integral expressions t occur 9 x c be calculat$ only approximately4 ,?is makes no diff]5ce to ! practical calculation1 s9ce ! degree ( approximation1 accord+ to ! pres5t me?ods1 may be c>ri$ z f> z we wi%4 ,! error may be r$uc$ to any desirable ext5t1 s t x is probably wrong to expect new revelations on ?is po9t f future upheavals 9 physics4 ,we read on & discov]$ t sev]al ( ! sci5ti/s m5tion$ did n /op at expect+ all advances ( ! future f pure !ory4 ,!y _h visions ( an optimum ( happ9ess1 to ga9 :i* ! increase ( k alone did n suffice4 ,?us ! celebrat$ ,sw$i% a/rophysici/ ,svante ,arrh5ius _h summ>iz$ 8 judgm5t 9 a few l9es3 ,aft] ! /up5d\s progress t has be5 made 9 ! physical & *emical sci5ces 9 rec5t times1 x seems to me t ! mom5t has come = attack+ ! mo/ important problems ( mank9d ) full success1 namely1 ^? ( biology1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! art ( heal+1 ) ! weapons t are furni%$ by ! ars5al ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,& ! ma!matician1 ,emile ,pic>d1 ,membre de l',acadmie1 express$ himself 9 /ill m hopeful t]ms3 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! discov]ies :i* ! human race is await+ ) impati5ce are ^? t are seek+ to elim9ate sickness & ! decrepitude ( old age4 ,injections giv+ immunity aga9/ all diseases1 an elixir ( life 7une eau de ,j\v5ce7 = p]sons ( advanc+ age--^! are ! discov]ies t are long$ = by e "o4 ,!re are also sci5ces t are to be t]m$ 'moral1' f :i* we are impati5tly expect+ t guidance :i* w dim9i% ! hate :i* seems to be increas+ f day to day among ! nations4 ,t w\ld be a spl5did discov]y4 ,^! are1 inde$1 noble & inspir+ words1 said ,i4 ,x %[s h[ deeply root$ is ! dem& = e?ical values 9 human nature1 :5 ev5 a ma!matician1 ^: intellectual int]e/s are direct$ prim>ily t[>ds exact results1 ranks ! discov]ies ( e?ics above all o!rs4 ,e9/e9 answ]$3 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 :at we wi% = 9 g5]al & :at we h to inve/igate z belong+ to ! _w ( k4 ,! "q "u consid]ation is n "o ( wi%es & feel+s1 b 0 unmi/akably aim$ at ! advances & revolutions 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,x does n come )9 ! scope ( sci5ce at all to make moral discov]ies6 ,its "o aim is r ! ,tru?4 ,e?ics is a sci5ce ab\t moral values1 b n a sci5ce to discov] moral 'tru?s4' ,e?ics1 conceiv$ z a sci5ce 9 ! usual way1 c !re=e s]ve to discov] or to promote tru? only indirectly4 ,to illu/rate my po9t ( view ,i %all quote an example tak5 f a totally diff]5t field2 x is m]ely to s]ve z an analogy4 ,let u consid] ! game ( *ess4 ,its value & its mean+ is n to be s\ght 9 sci5tific factors1 b 9 some?+ entirely diff]5t1 9 a /ruggle :i* takes place accord+ to def9ite rules4 ,b ev5 *ess1 inasmu* z x %>p5s ! intellect1 may exhibit an indirect value = promot+ tru?4 ,x may1 = in/ance1 sugge/ examples 9 p]mutations1 :i* may conta9 ma!matical1 t is1 purely sci5tific1 tru?s4 ,i c]ta9ly d n d5y t !re is an e?ical factor 9 all g5u9e sci5ces4 ,= be+ occupi$ ) ?+s = ! sake ( tru? alone emancipates & ennobles ! m9d4 ,?is ennobl+ effect1 ,i int]pos$1 %\ld surely %[ itself 9 a mod]ation ( ! passions :i* 7 m5tion$ 9 ! above expression ( op9ion4 ,) ,pic>d we %\ld expect above all ?+s to see a dim9ution 9 ! feel+s ( hate betwe5 peoples1 ! tragic consequ5ces ( :i* we h exp]i5c$4 ,e9/e9 smil$1 &1 ) a t\* ( s>casm1 said1 ,hate is presumably a privilege ( ! 'cultur$1' :o h ! "t & ! en]gy = x1 & :o are n ! slaves ( c>e4 ,8 tone indicat$ cle>ly t he us$ ! g5]ic t]m cultur$ to d5ote ! ,phili/9es ( culture1 its snobbi% satellites1 b n ^? ^: int5sive "w aim$ at increas+ & deep5+ ! fields ( culture4 ,9 g5]al he ma9ta9$ 8 view t x is an illusion to expect discov]ies 9 ! realm ( e?ics1 s9ce e real discov]y belong$ alone to ! sph]e ( tru? 9 :i* ! division only into "r & wrong1 n t into good & evil1 holds good4 ,?is l$ u to ! old "q ( ,pilate3 ,:at is ,tru?8 ,9 seek+ an answ] to ?is "q ,e9/e9 fir/ call$ special att5tion to ! conception ( approximation1 :i* plays a great "p 9 ! actual se>* = tru?1 inasmu* z e physical tru?1 express$ 9 measures & numb]s1 always leaves "s rema9d]1 t m>ks its di/ance f ! unatta9able tru? ( reality4 ,?is conception1 :i* manife/s itself s prom95tly 9 ! relation ( ,e9/e9's own rese>*es to ! old]1 s-call$ classical1 me*anics1 w be develop$ "h accord+ to 8 l9e ( ?\ght z f> z ,i c recollect f a numb] ( conv]sations4 ,let u suppose t we ov]he> two p argu+ ab\t ! %ape ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! "o affirms t x is an unlimit$ plane1 :il/ ! o!r ma9ta9s t x is a sph]e4 ,we %\ld n hesitate a mom5t to say t ! fir/ is 9 error1 & t ! second gives ! true answ]4 ,z long z ! "q 0 to be decid$ 9 fav\r ( a ,plane or a ,sph]e1 ! sph]e w\ld repres5t ! absolute tru?4 ,yet x w\ld be only relative1 = ^! two /atem5ts are contradictory only betwe5 !mselves1 b w no long] be s if a ?ird ass]tion is made :i* opposes a new alt]native to sph]e4 ,if ?is alt]native objection is actually rais$1 ! ?ird p]son w\ld be q ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! sph]e explanation is wrong4 ,= ! conception sph]e requires t all diamet]s be equal1 :]eas we "k t !y are n s1 s9ce ! di/ance f pole to pole has be5 prov$ to be small] ?an t betwe5 opposite po9ts on ! equator4 ,! e>? is an ellipsoid ( rotation1 & ?is tru? is absolute 9 ! face ( ! errors :i* are express$ by ! t]ms1 plane & sph]e4 ,x w\ld aga9 h to be add$ t ?is absolut5ess w\ld /& only z long z ?is contradiction is reg>d$ z be+ "o betwe5 a def9ite sph]e & a def9ite ellipsoid4 ,if1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>?1 !re are q diff]5t diamet]s 9 ! equatorial & ! diametral planes1 !n !re is complete contradiction betwe5 ! two /atem5ts1 & z ! support] ( ! ellipsoid is "r1 ! "o :o support$ ! sph]e mu/ n[ give 91 al?\gh he previ\sly triumph$ ov] 8 fir/ oppon5t4 ,8 /atem5t 0 true comp>$ ) ! latt]1 b %[$ itself to be an error :5 comp>$ ) ! /atem5t ( ! ?ird p]son4 ,?is does n run c\nt] to ! laws ( elem5t>y logic4 ,"o ( ^!1 some:at inadequately call$ ! ,law ( ,contradiction1 /ates t two directly contr>y /atem5ts--e4g4 ?is figure is a circle1 & ?is figure is n a circle--_c bo? be true simultane\sly4 ,! tru? ( ! "o implies necess>ily ! fals5ess ( ! o!r4 ,z ?is _c be disput$1 x foll[s 9 our case t we _c h be5 confront$ ) contradictory judgm5ts at all conc]n+ ! figure ( ! e>?4 ,?is is to be und]/ood 9 a geometrical s5se4 ,! sph]e does n entirely contradict ! ellipsoid1 s9ce x is a limit+ case ( ! latt]3 & ! plane is likewise a limit+ case ( ! sph]e1 z well z ( ! surface ( ellipsoids4 ,b we are n conc]n$ ) purely geometrical consid]ations1 = ! e>? is a def9ite body1 & n a limit+ configuration d]iv$ f ab/raction4 ,we are "h deal+ ) measurable quantities1 ^: diff]5ce c be prov$1 & h5ce we mu/ h "o ( ! disputants proclaim+ ! absolute tru?1 :il/ ! o!r proclaims an absolute error4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 aga9 is incompatible ) our result t ! second p]son is "r 9 ! "o case & wrong 9 ! o!r4 ,! logical ,law ( ,contradiction ov]comes ! dilemma 9 ! simple/ way4 ,none ( ^! ass]tions conta9s ! tru?1 h5ce none ( ^! judgm5ts all[s ! fals5ess ( ! o!rs to be d$uc$4 ,only ?is may be said1 t !re is a fraction ( tru? 9 ea* judgm5t4 ,! true %ape ( ! e>? is giv5 by ! plane to a fir/1 ! sph]e to a second1 ! ellipsoid ( rotation to a ?ird1 degree ( approximation3 we res]ve ! "r ( fur!r approximations1 ea* ( :i* 9 succession approa*es a high] degree ( correctness1 b none atta9s ! absolute tru?4 ,?is reflection on a p>ticul> case may be g5]aliz$1 & rema9s :5 we ext5d x to our attempts at grasp+ ! /ates1 *anges1 & occurr5ces ( ,nature4 ,:5ev] we talk ( physical laws1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) human processes ( ?\ght1 t are subject$ to a succession ( judgm5ts1 c\rts ( appeal1 z x 71 exclud+1 h[ev]1 a f9al c\rt beyond :i* no appeal is possible4 ,ea* new exp]i5ce 9 ! c\rse ( natural ph5om5a may r5d] necess>y a new trial be=e a high] c\rt1 ^: duty is !n to give a m def9ite or diff]5t =m to ! law =mulat$ by u1 s z to atta9 a /ill high] degree ( approximation to ! tru?4 ,if we call to m9d "s ( ! mo/ valuable /atem5ts made by mod]n inve/igators ab\t ! nature ( natural laws1 we recognize t !y are all connect$ by a s+le ?read ( ?\ght1 namely1 t ev5 9 ! mo/ c]ta9 law !re is left a rema9d] t has n be5 acc\nt$ =1 & t obliges u to consid] a great] approximation to ! tru? z possible1 ev5 if a f9al /age is n atta9able4 ,me*anics furni%es u ) ! expression ( its laws 9 equations1 ^: importance ,rob]t ,kir*h(f expla9$ 9 #ahgd by a def9ition t has be5 consid]$ conclusive by sci5ti/s4 ,accord+ to him1 x is ! object ( me*anics to describe completely 7& n to expla97 9 ! simple/ mann] ! motions t occur 9 ,nature4 ,! po/ulate ( simplicity is d]iv$ f ! fundam5tal view ( sci5ce z an economy ( ?\ght4 ,x expresses ! w ( man's m9d to arrive at a maximum ( result by us+ a m9imum ( ef=t1 & to express ! greate/ sum ( exp]i5ce by us+ ! smalle/ numb] ( symbols4 ,let u consid] two simple examples quot$ by ,ma*4 ,no human bra9 is capable ( grasp+ all ! possible circum/ances ( bodies fall+ freely1 & x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 a sup]natural m9d l t imag9$ by ,laplace c\ld succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,b if we take note ( ,galilei's ,law = ,fall+ ,bodies & ! value ( ! accel]ation due to gravity1 :i* is q an easy matt]1 we are equipp$ = all cases1 & h a comp5di\s =mula1 accessible to any ord9>y m9d1 t all[s u to picture to ourselves all possible motions ( fall+ bodies4 ,9 ! same way no memory 9 ! _w c\ld reta9 all ! diff]5t cases ( ! refraction ( light4 ,in/ead ( try+ to d ! impossible task ( grasp+ ?is inf9ite abundance1 we simply take note ( ! s9e law1 & ! indices ( refraction ( ! two m$ia 9 "q2 ?is enables u to picture any possible case ( refraction1 or to complete x1 s9ce we are free to relieve our memories entirely by hav+ ! con/ants 9 a book4 ,?us we h "h natural laws t give u a compreh5sive yet abbreviat$ /atem5t ( facts1 & satisfy ! po/ulate ( simplicity to a high degree4 ,b ^! facts are built up on exp]i5ces1 & x is n impossible t "s new unexpect$ exp]i5ce w reveal a new fact1 :i* is n suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! law4 ,?is w\ld compel u to correct ! expression = ! law1 & to seek a clos] approximation = ! enl>g$ numb] ( facts4 ,! ,law ( ,in]tia1 accord+ to our human /&>d1 seems unsurpassable 9 simplicity & complet5ess2 x seems to u fundam5tal4 ,b ?is law1 :i* prescribes uni=m rectil9e> motion to a body subject to no ext]nal =ces1 selects only "o possibility out ( an inf9ite numb] z be+ valid = u4 ,x does n seem evid5t to a *ild1 & x is easy to imag9e a good s*ol> 9 "s bran* ( k o!r ?an physics1 to :om x w\ld likewise n seem evid5t4 ,= x is by no means necess>y a priori t a body w move at all :5 all =ces are abs5t4 ,if ! law 7 self-evid5t1 x w\ld n ne$ to h be5 discov]$ by ,galilei 9 #afch4 ,nev]!less1 x appe>s to u1 n[1 to be absolutely self-evid5t1 & we c sc>cely imag9e t x c ev] be o!rwise4 ,?is is simply because we are b\nd to ! curr5t set ( ideas t _c ext5d beyond ! sum ( s5se-data & exp]i5ces t h be5 inculcat$ into u by h]$ity & environm5t4 ,at a v di/ant date 9 ! future ! av]age m9d may surpass t ( ,galilei to ! same ext5t z ,galilei's surpasses t ( a *ild1 or ( a ,papuan native4 ,& ( all ! inf9ite possibilities "o may occur to a ,galilei ( ! di/ant future1 :i*1 :5 =mulat$ z a law1 may s]ve to describe motions ( a body subject to no =ces bett] ?an ! law ( in]tia1 propos$ 9 #afch4 ,^! reflections are n m]e halluc9ations1 b h to d ) sci5tific occurr5ces t we h obs]v$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,newton's equation t gives ! ,law ( ,attraction is beyond d\bt a model ( simplicity1 & x w\ld h occurr$ to no ?9k+ p]son ( ev5 ! la/ g5]ation to d\bt its accuracy4 ,! easily grasp$ expression k 7m4m#ar#b7 app>5tly expresses tru? 9 a law :i* is valid = all et]nity4 ,9 ?is expression1 he d5otes a gravitational con/ant1 t is1 a quantity :i* is inv>iable 9 ! :ole univ]se2 m & m#a are two masses t act attractively on "o ano!r2 & r is ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,b ,newton has be5 foll[$ by ,e9/e91 :o has prov$ t ?is expression repres5ts only an approximate value1 t leaves a small rema9d] z an error t may be detect$ if ! greate/ ref9em5t be made 9 our me?ods ( obs]vation4 ,! equations t h be5 set up by ,e9/e9 repres5t ! approximation t is to be consid]$ f9al = ! pres5t1 & t may rema9 valid = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,!y are c]ta9ly v complicat$1 be+ includ$ 9 a sy/em ( diff]5tial equations ( awe-inspir+ l5g?1 & we may feel tempt$ to object ) ! "q3 h[ d !y agree ) ,kir*h(f's po/ulate t ! simple/ description ( ! motions mu/ be s\ght8 ,b ?is objection falls to ! gr\nd if we look c>efully into ! "q4 ,= simplicity consi/s n m]ely 9 be+ brief or 9 exclud+ difficulty f a =mula1 b r 9 ass]t+ ! simple/ relation to ! univ]se z a :ole1 :i* is indep5d5t ( all sy/ems ( ref]5ce4 ,:5 ?is indep5d5ce is prov$--& 9 ,e9/e9's case x is s--! complicat$ aspect ( ! =mula disappe>s entirely 9 ! light ( ! high] simplicity & unity ( ! _w-sy/em t pres5ts itself--a _w-sy/em t is direct$ 9 con=mity ) ! "o fundam5tal law ( g5]al relativity z well 9 ! motion ( ! electrons z 9 motion ( ! mo/ di/ant />s4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r po/ulate1 t ( complet5ess1 i4e4 absolute accuracy1 we h be5 furni%$ ) pro(s t h rightly excit$ ! wond] ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b are we !n to recognize ! ,pr9ciple ( ,approximation 9 e direction8 ,is !re !n no?+ t c be prov$ rigor\sly1 no?+ t is unconditionally valid 9 ! =m ( k t corresponds exactly to tru?8 ,we are l$ to ?9k ( ma!matical !orems1 :i*1 :5 !y h once be5 prov$1 are evid5t to ! same degree z ! axioms f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$1 by virtue ( logic :i* _c be disput$ s9ce a contradiction leads to absurdity4 ,x has be5 said t ma!matics e/ sci5tia eorum1 qui p] se cl>a sunt1 t is1 is ! sci5ce ( :at is self-evid5t4 ,b "h aga9 d\bts arise4 ,if we %\ld get to "k only a s+le case1 9 :i* ! self-evid5t came to grief1 ! road to fur!r d\bts becomes op54 ,su* a case w n[ be quot$4 ,z we "k1 a tang5t is a /raight l9e1 :i* makes contact ) a curve at two co9cid5t 7or inf9itely ne>7 po9ts )\t actually cutt+ ! curve4 ,! simple/ case ( ?is is ! p]p5dicul> at ! extremity ( a radius ( a circle4 ,& x agrees fully ) :at our feel+ leads u to expect :5 x is /at$ t e curv$ l9e t is cont9u\s1 t is1 :i* discloses no break & no sudd5 b5d1 has a tang5t at e po9t4 ,analysis1 :i* treats plane curves z equations 9 two v>iables1 gives ! direction ( ! tang5t 9 t]ms ( ! diff]5tial coeffici5t1 & decl>es accord+ly t e cont9u\s function has a diff]5tial coeffici5t1 t is1 may be diff]5tiat$1 at e po9t4 ,! "o /atem5t am\nts to ! same z ! o!r1 s9ce !re mu/ be an equival5t graphical picture correspond+ to e functional expression4 ,b ?is app>5tly rudim5t>y !orem involves an error1 :i* 0 n discov]$ be=e ! ye> #ahge4 ,! !ory ( curves has be5 9 exi/5ce = c5turies1 b x occurr$ to no "o to d\bt ! g5]al validity ( ?is !orem ( tang5ts4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z self-evid5t1 z a ma!matical intuition4 ,& c]ta9ly nei!r ,newton1 nor ,leibniz1 nor ,b]n\lli1 n to m5tion ! ma!maticians ( old5 times1 ev5 dream$ t a cont9u\s curve )\t a tang5t1 or a cont9u\s function )\t a diff]5tial coeffici5t1 0 possible4 ,moreov]1 a pro( ( ! !orem _h be5 accept$4 ,x appe>$ 9 text-books1 & 0 (t5 to be he>d 9 lecture rooms2 nor 0 a %ad[ ( a d\bt sugge/$4 ,= x 0 n m]ely a demon/ratio ad oculos1 b x appe>$ directly to our s5se ( intuition4 ,& we may safely say t up to ! pres5t day no "o has ev] be5 able to imag9e a cont9u\sly curv$ l9e :i* has no tang5t2 no "o has be5 able to picture ev5 "o po9t ( su* a curve at :i* no tang5t c\ld be drawn4 ,nev]!less1 sci5ti/s appe>$ :o began to ent]ta9 d\bts4 ,9 ! case ( ,riemann & ,s*w>z ^! d\bts assum$ a concrete =m1 9 t !y prov$ t c]ta9 functions are refractory at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,b ,wei]/rass 0 ! fir/ to make a real brea* 9 ! old belief t 0 s firmly root$4 ,he set up a function t is cont9u\s at e po9t1 b diff]5tiable at no po9t4 ,! graphical picture w\ld ?us h to be a cont9u\s curve hav+ no tang5t at all4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( su* a configuration8 ,we d n "k1 nor %all we presumably ev] get to "k4 ,dur+ a conv]sation 9 :i* ?is problem ( ,wei]/rass arose1 ,e9/e9 said t su* a curve lay beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t1 al?\gh ! ma!matical expression ( ! ,wei]/rass function is n exactly simple1 x is n inord9ately complex4 ,moreov]1 see+ t "o su* function 7or curve7 exi/s1 o!rs w soon be add$ to x 7,po9c> m5tions t ,d>b\x actually gave o!r examples ev5 9 ! same ye> t ! fir/ 0 discov]$72 !re w1 inde$1 be f\nd an inf9ite numb] ( !m4 ,we may g /ill fur!r1 & say t1 correspond+ to ea* curve t has tang5ts1 !re are an inf9ite numb] t h no tang5ts1 s t ! =m] =m ! exception & n ! rule4 ,?is is an ov]:elm+ confession t %akes ! f\ndations ( our ma!matical convictions1 yet !re is no escape4 ,h[ may we apply ! pr9ciple ( approximation to ^! consid]ations8 ,may we say t ! !orem t 0 believ$ e>li] is an approximation to a ma!matical tru?8 ,?is is possible only conditionally1 9 a c]ta9 extremely limit$ s5se1 namely1 if we picture to ourselves t po9t 9 ! developm5t ( sci5ce at :i* ! conception & prop]ties ( tang5ts fir/ began to be inve/igat$4 ,comp>$ ) ?is /age ( sci5ce1 ! above !orem d5otes a fir/ approximation to ! tru?1 9 spite ( its incorrectness2 = x makes u acqua9t$ ) a great abundance ( curves t are v important = u & t exhibit tang5ts at e po9t4 ,?is k br+s u a /ep ne>] to ! m approximate tru? giv5 by ,wei]/rass's example4 ,9 ! di/ant future1 ! e>ne/ /ud5t w le>n ?is !orem only z a curi\s anecdote1 j z we he> ( c]ta9 a/rological & al*emi/ic fallacies4 ,he w le>n1 9 addition1 o!r !orems t are look$ on z prov$ by u ( ! pres5t day1 al?\gh actually !y 7 prov$ only approximately4 ,= :at does x mean :5 ,gauss1 = example1 repudiat$ c]ta9 pro(s ( e>li] algebrai/s z be+ n suffici5tly rigor\s1 & replac$ !m by m rigor\s pro(s8 ,x signifies no m ?an t1 9 ma!matics1 too1 :at appe>s to "o inve/igator z flawless1 /rict1 & evid5t1 is f\nd by ano!r to h gaps & weaknesses4 ,absolute correctness belongs only to id5tities1 tautologies1 t are absolutely true 9 !mselves1 b _c be> fruit4 ,?us at ! f\ndation ( e !orem & ( e pro( !re is an incomm5surable elem5t ( dogma1 & 9 all ( !m tak5 toge!r !re is ! dogma ( infallibility t c nev] be prov$ nor disprov$4 ,x mu/ appe> extremely int]e/+ t1 at fir/ sight1 ?is example ( ! tang5t has its equival5t 9 ,nature h]self1 namely1 9 molecul> motions ! inve/igation ( :i* is aga9 l>gely due to ,e9/e94 ,jean ,p]r91 ! au?or ( ! fam\s book1 ,atoms1 describes1 9 ! introduction1 ! connexion betwe5 ?is my/]i\s ma!matical fact & results t are visible & may be %[n by exp]im5t1 to :i* we h be5 l$ by ! /udy ( c]ta9 milky-look+ 7colloidal7 liquids4 ,if1 = example1 we look at "o ( ^? :ite flakes1 :i* we get by mix+ soap solution ) common salt1 we at fir/ see its surface %>ply outl9$1 b ! ne>] we approa* to x1 ! m indi/9ct ! outl9e becomes4 ,! eye gradually f9ds x impossible to draw a tang5t to a po9t ( ! surface2 a /raight l9e :i*1 view$ sup]ficially1 seems to run tang5tially1 is f\nd on clos] exam9ation to be oblique or ev5 p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,no microscope succe$s 9 dispell+ ?is unc]ta9ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ! magnification is increas$1 new unev5nesses seem to appe>1 & we nev] succe$ 9 arriv+ at a cont9u\s picture4 ,su* a flake furni%es u ) a model = ! g5]al conception ( a function :i* has no diff]5tial coeffici5t4 ,:51 ) ! help ( ! microscope1 we obs]ve ! s-call$ ,br[nian movem5t1 :i* is molecul> by nature1 we h a p>allel to ! curve :i* has no tang5t1 & ! obs]v] is left only ) ! idea ( a function devoid ( a diff]5tial coeffici5t4444 ,we f9d ourselves oblig$1 ultimately1 to give up ! hope ( discov]+ homog5eity at all 9 /udy+ matt]4 ,! f>!r we p5etrate into its secrets1 ! m we see t x1 matt]1 is spongy by nature & inf9itely complex2 all indications t5d to %[ t clos] exam9ation w reveal only m discont9uities4 ,i h n yet _h an opportunity ( see+ ^! ,br[nian movem5ts "u ! microscope1 b ,i mu/ m5tion t ,e9/e9 has repeat$ly spok5 to me ( !m ) great en?usiasm1 ( an objective k9d1 z x 71 = he betray$ nei!r by ^w nor by look t he himself has done rese>* lead+ to def9ite laws t h a recogniz$ place 9 ! hi/ory ( molecul> !ory4 ,z soon z we approa* ! "q ( molecul> irregul>ities we recognize t1 :5 we e>li] spoke ( ! figure ( ! e>? 9 discuss+ ! pr9ciple ( approximation1 we 7 /ill v f> f ! limit t may be imag9$4 ,we _h set up ! ?ree /ages3 plane--sph]e--ellipsoid ( revolution1 z relative geometrical /eps1 beyond :i* !re mu/ be /ill fur!r geometrical approximations4 ,if we imag9e all diff]5ces ( level due to m\nta9s & valleys to be elim9at$1 = example1 & if we suppose ! e>?'s surface to consi/ entirely ( liquid1 undi/urb$ by ! slighte/ brea? ( w9d1 ev5 !n1 ! ellipsoid is by no means ! f9al description4 ,= n[ ! discont9uities f molecule to molecule beg91 ! inf9ite numb] ( configurations )\t tang5ts1 ! macroscopic p>allels ( :at ! :ite flake soap solution %[$ z microscopically1 & no conceivable geometry w\ld ev] be adequate to grasp ^! ph5om5a4 ,we arrive at a nev]-to-be-complet$ li/ ( functions :i* c nev] be describ$ ei!r 9 words or 9 symbolic expressions ( analysis4 ,b ev5 if ! ultimate geometrical tru? is hidd5 beh9d ! veils ( ,maya1#f we are yet left ) ! consolation t ! me?od ( approximation1 ev5 :5 appli$ to a relatively mode/ degree1 produces rem>kable results 9 ! realm ( numb]s4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t 9 ! simple figure ( a circle ! ratio betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! radius4 ,footnote #f3 ,maya appe>ance4 ,z we "k1 ?is ratio is con/ant1 & is call$ 9 hon\r ( ! man :o fir/ gave a tru/wor?y value = x1 ,ludolf's numb]1 namely1 7pi74 ,?us x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we consid] a circle z small z a w$d+-r+1 or z l>ge z a circus ar5a1 or ev5 "o ! radius ( :i* is z great z ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,& x makes j z little diff]5ce :at happ5s to ! circle :il/ x is be+ measur$2 ! above ratio mu/ rema9 con/ant4 ,b "h1 too1 a contradiction makes itself he>d1 issu+ f "o section ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,x calls to m9d ! say+ ( ,dove t :5 pr(essors are n q sure ab\t a ?+ !y always preface _! rem>ks ) ! phrase3 x is well kn[n t 444 ,we %\ld be well advis$ 9 avoid+ ?is me?od ( expression altoge!r1 = ev5 :5 we feel q sure1 ! gho/ ( ! unkn[n lurks beh9d :at we fa9 w\ld call well kn[n4 ,! !orem t all circles )\t exception are subject to ! same measure-relation belongs a priori to ! syn!tic judgm5ts4 ,b fields ( ?\ght h be5 discov]$ 9 :i* ! a priori has lo/ its p[]4 ,ma!matics--once a qu9tess5ce ( syn!tic /atem5ts a priori--is n[ reg>d$ z be+ dep5d5t on physical conditions4 ,physical conditions1 h[ev]1 are empirical & subject to *ange4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! a priori is n subject to *ange1 we enc\nt] a discrepancy4 ,x leads to ! "q3 ,is ! ,euclidean geometry ) :i* we are famili> ! only possible geometry8 ,or1 9 p>ticul>3 ,is ! only possible measure-relation8 ,e9/e9 replies 9 ! negative4 ,he n only %[s h[ ano!r geometry is possible1 b he also discloses :at once seem$ inconceivable1 namely1 t if we wi% to describe ! c\rse ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature exactly by means ( ! simple/ laws1 x is n only impossible to d s ) ! help ( ,euclidean geometry alone1 b t we h to use a diff]5t geometry at e po9t ( ! _w1 dep5d5t on ! physical condition at t po9t4 ,f ! comp>atively simple example ( two sy/ems rotat+ relatively to "o ano!r1 ,e9/e9 %[s t ! p]iph]al measurem5t ( a rotat+ circle1 z view$ f ! o!r sy/em1 exhibits a peculi>ity :i* does n accompany ! radial measurem5t4 ,=1 accord+ to ! !ory ( relativity1 ! l5g? ( a measur+ rod is to be reg>d$ z be+ dep5d5t on its ori5tation4 ,9 ! case quot$1 ! rod und]goes a relative contraction only :5 appli$ along ! circumf]5ce1 s t we c\nt m /eps ?an :5 we measure ! circumf]5ce ( ! same circle at re/1 t is1 9 non-rotation4 ,s9ce ! radius rema9s con/ant 9 ea* case1 we get a relatively great] value = 1 :i* %[s t we are no long] us+ ,euclidean geometry4 ,yet1 =m]ly1 be=e su* consid]ations c\ld ev5 be conceiv$ 9 dreams1 ?is 0 reg>d$ z absolutely e/abli%$ & immutable2 & obs]v]s us$ e possible means ( det]m9+ its value z accurately z possible4 ,9 ,byzantium !re liv$ dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies a le>n$ s*ol>1 ,mi*ael ,psellus1 ^: fame z ! ,=emo/ ( ,philosoph]s /ret*$ f> & wide1 & ^: ma!matical rese>*es 7 reg>d$ z wor?y ( great admiration4 ,?is gr& ma/] _h discov]$ by analytical & syn!tical means t a circle is to be reg>d$ z ! geometric mean betwe5 ! circumscrib$ & ! inscrib$ squ>e1 :i* gives to ! above quantity1 z may easily be calculat$1 ! value #h1 t is1 #b4hbhdbga4444 ,9 o!r words1 ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce is n ev5 ?ree times t ( ! radius4 ,we h ! *oice ( reg>d+ ! result ( ,psellus z an approximation1 or z m]e nons5se4 ,e s*oolboy :o1 9 a _s ( fun1 measures a circul> object1 say a top1 ) a piece ( /r+1 arrives at a bett] result1 b ! contempor>ies ( ,psellus accept$ ?is entirely wrong figure ) cr$ul\s rev]5ce1 & cont9u$ to burn inc5se at ! feet ( ! fam\s ma/]4 ,x is all v well = u ( ! pres5t to call him a donkey4 ,we h j z mu* "r 9 say+ t ma!maticians diff]1 n 9 _! natures1 b only 9 ! ord] ( _! bra9 functions4 ,if a man l ,psellus miss$ ! m>k by s mu*1 x is possible t m5 l ,f]mat or ,lagrange may also h err$ occasionally or ev5 consi/5tly4 ,no heav5ly p[] w give u a def9ite assurance to ! contr>y1 & all ( u may be j z false 9 our judgm5t ( accept$ celebrities z 7 ! ,byzant9es eight hundr$ ye>s ago 9 _! e/imate ( ,psellus4 ,:]eas ! latt] _h obta9$ a value less ?an #c1 !re are le>n$ docum5ts ( ab\t ! same date t h be5 pres]v$1 accord+ to :i* ! value ( comes out z exactly #d4 ,comp>$ ) ?is gr&iose bungl+1 ev5 ! obs]vations m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are models ( ref9em5t4 ,=1 z e>ly z ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 x is /at$ ( ! mighty bas9 9 ! temple ( ,solomon 7,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 *apt] ,,vii473 ,& he made a molt5 sea1 t5 cubits f ! "o brim to ! o!r3 x 0 r\nd all ab\t1 & 8 height 0 five cubits2 & a l9e ( ?irty cubits did compass x r\nd ab\t4 ,?us "h appe>s z #c1 an approximation :i* no long] satisfi$ lat] g5]ations4 ,! wise m5 ( ! ,talmud w5t a /ep fur!r1 9 say+ #c plus a little m2 & ?is agrees r\ghly ) ! actual value4 ,! view became m & m deeply root$ t ?is 0 a ma9 pill> ( ma!matical ?\ght & calculation4 ,! m ! problem ( ! quadrature ( ! circle seiz$ on m5's m9ds1 ! great] 7 ! ef=ts made to f9d ! exact value ( ?is little m ( ! ,talmud4 ,s9ce #aggj we "k t ?is is n possible1 = is n rational1 t is1 x c be repres5t$ only z an inf9ite & irregul> 7t is1 non-repeat+7 decimal expression4 ,x occupies1 fur!r1 a special rank z a transc5d5tal quantity2 ?is fact 0 prov$ by ,l9demann z late z #ahhb = ! fir/ "t4 ,yet1 ev5 n[adays1 !re are incorrigible devotees ( quadrature1 :o are /ill hunt+ a solution because !y _c rid !mselves ( ! halluc9ation t su* a simple figure z ! circle mu/ submit ultimately to a con/ructive process4 ,! correct way 0 to c>ry out an ev5 m accurate det]m9ation ( ! decimal figures4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,ludolf van ,ceul5 got z f> z ! #ce? place ( decimals2 at ! turn ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! #ajj? decimal place 0 rea*$4 ,s9ce #ahdd1 ?anks to ! lightn+ calculator ,dase1 we h its value to ! #bjj? decimal place1 & ?is %\ld satisfy ev5 ! mo/ extravagant dem&s4 ,?is numb]1 associat$ ) ! circle1 is a classical example ( h[ an approximation t is expressible 9 figures ( v small value gives an ord] ( accuracy t c be describ$ only by us+ fanta/ic illu/rations4 ,if we take a circle ( ! size ( ! equator1 & also multiply ! value ( ! diamet] ( ! e>? by 1 we "k t ! latt] result w n be exactly equal to ! =m]1 & t !re w always be a small rema9d]4 ,if ?is discrepancy 7 less ?an a metre1 ! ord] ( exactness w\ld be extraord9>ily high1 = a metre is practically insignificant comp>$ ) a mighty circle ( ! dim5sions ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,let u /ipulate /ill great] accuracy4 ,we dem& t ! error is to be less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! ?9ne/ human hair4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t we mu/ take = at mo/ #ae places ( decimals4 ,?us1 if we use #c4adaeibfecehigc1 we are apply+ a means ( calculation t r$uces ! possible error 9 all measurem5ts ( circles on ! e>? to a degree beyond ! limits ( human p]ception4 ,if we pass beyond ! _w out into cele/ial space1 & consid] circles ( ! dim5sions ( a planet>y orbit1 nay1 fur!r1 if we pass on to ! ,milky ,way or ev5 to ! limit ( visible />s1 to f9d space = our circle1 & if 9 ?is case we /ill r$uce ! discrepancy s z to be less ?an any l5g? t is obs]vable "u a microscope1 !n ! la/ giv5 value ( /ill suffices4 ,yet we mu/ n =get ! proviso3 semp] aliquid ha]et1 some?+ unsolv$ /ill cl+s to ! problem4 ,su* num]ical approximations1 h[ev] in/ructive !y may be1 nev]!less reta9 a comp>atively playful "*1 & furni% only a sup]ficial analogy to ! mo/ important approximations t are conta9$ 9 our natural laws !mselves4 ,x is ^!1 above all1 t manife/ !mselves s cle>ly 9 ,e9/e9's life-"w1 & !y be> ! same relation to ! =m] z tru? be>s to correctness4 ,tru? comprises ! greate/ conceivable circle ( ideas & passes f> beyond ! sph]e ( correctness1 :i* deals only ) measure-relations1 & n ) ! ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,if ,e9/e91 z we le>n1 emphatically decl>es tru? to be ! only object ( sci5ce1 he means ! /rictly objective tru? t is to be d]iv$ f ,nature1 ! true relation%ip ( ph5om5a & occurr5ces1 indep5d5tly ( :e!r re/less philosophy assigns a "q m>k to ?is ultimate objectivity4 ,a great discov]] 9 ! realm ( ,nature _c & d>e n proce$ o!rwise4 ,= him !re is beh9d ! veil ( ,maya n a phantom t f9ally vani%es1 b some?+ kn[able1 t becomes ev] cle>] & m real z he deta*es ea* successive veil 9 8 process ( approximation4 ,dur+ ?is conv]sation1 :5 we 7 talk+ ( ! ,future ( ! ,sci5ces1 ,e9/e9 gave 8 ideas free re91 %oot+ f> ahead ( ! views & progno/ications ( ! above-m5tion$ sci5ti/s3 ,hi!rto we h reg>d$ physical laws only f ! po9t ( view ( ,causality1 inasmu* z we always />t f a condition kn[n at a def9ite cross-section ( "t1 t is1 by tak+ a "t-section ( ph5om5a 9 ! univ]se1 z1 = example1 a section correspond+ to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,b1 ,i believe1 he add$1 ) e>ne/ emphasis1 t ! laws ( ,nature1 ! processes ( ,nature1 exhibit a mu* high] degree ( uni=mity ( connexion ?an is conta9$ 9 our "t-causality6 ,?is possibility sugge/s itself to me p>ticul>ly z ! result ( c]ta9 reflections conc]n+ ,planck's ,quantum ,!ory4 ,! foll[+ may be conceiv$3 ,:at belongs to a def9ite cross-section ( "t may 9 itself be entirely devoid ( /ructure1 t is1 x might conta9 ev]y?+ t is physically conceivable1 ev5 su* ?+s 7s ,i und]/ood him to say7 z1 9 our ord9>y physical ?\ght1 we consid] impossible ( realization1 = example1 electrons ( arbitr>y size1 & hav+ an arbitr>y *>ge1 iron ( any specific gravity1 etc4 ,by our causality we h adju/$ our ?\ght to a l[] ord] ( /ructural limitations ?an seems realiz$ 9 ,nature4 ,real ,nature is mu* m limit$ ?an our laws imply4 ,to use an allegory1 if we reg>d ,nature z a poem1 we are l *ildr5 :o discov] ! rhyme b n ! prosody & ! rhy?m4 ,i int]pret ?is z mean+ t *ildr5 d n suspect ! re/rictions to :i* ! =m ( ! poem is subject1 & j z little d we1 ) our causality1 div9e ! re/rictions :i* ,nature imposes on occurr5ces & conditions ev5 :5 we reg>d !m z gov]n$ by ! natural laws we h f\nd4 ,?us a lead+ problem ( sci5ce 9 ! future w be to discov] ! re/rictions ( ,nature z comp>$ ) ! app>5t causality impli$ 9 physical laws4 ,we h 9 ?is an example ( ! transc5d5tal p]spectives t are op5$ up :5 we accompany ,e9/e9 on "o ( 8 excursions ( ?\ght4 ,9 ?is case x is actually a "q ( ultimate ?+s1 ( a region ( discov]y ( :i* we _c yet =m a conception1 & x appe>s d\btful :e!r ! problems lat5t 9 x are to be treat$ by mak+ inve/igations into physical nature1 or :e!r !y are to be allott$ to speculative philosophy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,e9/e9's rem>k seems to aim at no?+ less ?an a revision ( ! conception ( causality4 ,h[ev] mu* has be5 done to purify ?is conception & to make x cle>1 we h "h1 p]haps1 a new possibility ( ref9+ x by mak+ a syn!sis ( sci5tific & ab/ract philosophical views4 ,we %all j t\* v lightly & sup]ficially on ! possibility ( a syn!sis giv+ u an av5ue to tru?4 ,:oev] has he>d ^! words ( ,e9/e91 feels ! ne$ ( gett+ on to firm gr\nd to rescue himself out ( ! turmoil ( ideas into :i* he has be5 plung$4 ,:at is ,causality8 ,a physiological answ] may be giv5 by say+ t x is ! irrepressible animal in/9ct1 root$ 9 our bra9-cells1 t compels u to connect toge!r ?+s t we h exp]i5c$ & imag9$4 ,poets h def9$ ,hung] & ,love z ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( our social lifes2 we ne$ only add ! ?ir/ = causality to ?is to complete ! li/ ( prim>y in/9cts4 ,= ?is m5tal ?ir/ is n less int5se ?an our bodily hung]1 & is ev5 great] 9 t x nev] =sakes u = a mom5t4 ,x is easi] = ! body to *eck brea?+ ?an = ! s\l to /ill ! "q ( ! :y & :]e=e1 ( ! cause & effect1 ( ! antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,?is ceaseless se>* = a connexion betwe5 occurr5ces has become organiz$ into a fix$ & immovable =m ( ?\ght1 :i* rema9s my/]i\s ev5 :5 we imag9e t we h elim9at$ all ! my/]y f x4 ,! relations t we seek & t we reg>d z be+ ( an elem5t>y "* are totally =eign to ,nature h]self4 ,david ,hume1 ! fir/ real1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ p5etrat+1 explor] into ?is =m ( ?\ght1 said t1 9 ! :ole ( ,nature n a s+le case ( connexion is disclos$ :i* we are able to grasp4 ,all happ5+s appe>1 9 reality1 disconnect$ & sep>ate4 ,"o foll[s on ano!r1 b we c nev] detect a connexion betwe5 !m4 ,!y appe> co-jo9$1 b nev] connect$4 ,& s9ce we c =m no idea ( :at has nev] pres5t$ itself to our out] or inn] p]ception1 ! necess>y conclusion seems to be t we h absolutely no idea ( causal connexions or causative =ces1 & t ^! expressions are q devoid ( mean+1 h[ev] mu* !y may be us$ 9 philosophical discussions or 9 ord9>y life4 ,?is ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ) its atmosph]e ( resignation1 has be5 elaborat$ 9 manifold ways1 p>ticul>ly by ,kant & ! ,kantians2 = x is impossible to take up a philosophic ?read )\t ent]+ on an exam9ation ( ! fundam5tal "q conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a causality :i* lies outside our in/9ct = causality4 ,x is also inevitable t1 :5ev] we />t out 9 ?is direction1 we enc\nt] ! fur!r "q3 ,:at is ,"t8 ,= causality directs itself to ! problem ( succession1 bo? ( s5sations & ph5om5a1 consequ5tly ! two que/ions are n only intimately connect$1 b are really only diff]5t expressions ( "o & ! same "q4 ,"t1 :i* accord+ to ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza is a modus cogit&i1 n an affectio r]um1 &1 accord+ to ,kant1 is an a priori =m ( ?\ght1 dom9ates our intellig5ce ) ! same sov]eign p[]1 z ! imag9$ c\rse ( ?+s3 :at we p]ceive 9 ! correspond+ act ( ?\ght is reg>d$ z temporal & causal1 & impossible ( fur!r analysis4 ,n[1 ! conception ( "t has be5 entirely revolutioniz$ by ,e9/e9 himself2 & x may be expect$ t ! conception ( causality1 too--:i*1 9 accordance ) cu/om1 we /ill end[ ) a sep>ate exi/5ce--w also be affect$ by ?is revolution4 ,we ?us approa* a relativization ( causality1 & we may advance a /ep fur!r 9 ?is direction1 if we call to m9d ! diff]5ces ( "t-p]ception t ,nature h]self leaves op5 to u4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t we are n deal+ at pres5t ) ! !oretical "t ( physics1 9 ! s5se ( ,e9/e9's !ory1 b ) some?+ physiological t ultimately1 h[ev]1 resolves itself into a relativization ( "t1 & h5ce also ( ! causal connexions 9 "t4 ,to d ?is1 we h to foll[ ! l9es ( reason+ develop$ by ! celebrat$ ,/4 ,pet]sburg academician1 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 & we ne$ ext5d x only v little to get at ! he>t ( causality1 if we />t f 8 address ( #ahfj3 ,:i* ,view ( ,liv+ ,nature is correct8 ,= ! human bra9 is a "p ( liv+ nature1 & h5ce ! processes ( ?\ght may also be conceiv$ z expressions ( life4 ,! />t+-po9t is a figm5t1 ! fictiti\s "* ( :i* vani%es z soon z we approa* its results4 ,! bridge ( ?\ght may be de/roy$ lat]2 x suffices to c>ry u tempor>ily1 z long z x l&s u 9 safety on ! o!r side4 ,! rapidity ( p]ception1 ( ! arbitr>y motions1 ( intellectual life seems 9 ! case ( v>i\s animals to be proportional approximately to ! rapidity ( _! pulse-beats4 ,s9ce1 = example1 ! pulse ( a rabbit beats f\r times z quickly z t ( a bull1 x w1 9 ! same int]val ( "t1 also p]ceive f\r times z quickly1 & w be able to execute f\r times z _m acts ( w1 & w exp]i5ce f\r times z mu* z ! bull4 ,9 ! same a/ronomical l5g? ( "t ! inn] life & p]ceptual _w1 9 ! case ( v>i\s animals1 includ+ ,man1 w take place at diff]5t specific rates1 & x is on ^! rates t ea* ( ^! liv+ creatures bases its subjective measure ( "t4 ,only :5 comp>$ ) our own measure ( "t does an organic individual1 say1 a plant1 appe> z some?+ p]man5t 9 size & %ape1 at lea/ )9 a %ort int]val4 ,= we may look at x a hundr$ times & m 9 a m9ute1 & yet notice no ext]nal *ange 9 x4 ,n[1 if we suppose ! pulse-beat1 ! rate ( p]ception1 ! ext]nal c\rse ( life1 & ! m5tal process ( ,man1 v consid]ably accel]at$ or ret>d$1 ! /ate ( affairs becomes greatly *ang$1 & ph5om5a !n occur1 :i* we1 fett]$ by our physiological /ructure1 %\ld h to reject z be+ fanta/ic & sup]natural1 al?\gh1 on ! supposition ( a new /ructure !y w\ld be q logical & necess>y4 ,if we suppose human life f *ildhood to old age to be compress$ into a ?\s&? "p ( its pres5t duration1 say1 into a mon?1 s t ! pulse beats a ?\s& times m quickly ?an occurs 9 our own exp]i5ce1 we %\ld be able to foll[ ! c\rse ( a dis*>g$ bullet v exactly f po9t to po9t ) our eyes1 m easily ?an we c at pres5t obs]ve ! flight ( a butt]fly4 ,= n[ ! motion ( ! bullet 9 a second w be di/ribut$ among at lea/ #ajjj pulse-beats1 & w induce at lea/ #ajjj p]ceptions1 & accord+ly1 9 comp>ison ) our ev]yday p]ception1 x w appe> #ajjj times sl[]4 ,if ! duration ( our life 7 aga9 to be r$uc$ to a ?\s&? ( its fir/ r$uc$ value1 t is1 %ort5$ to ab\t =ty m9utes1 !n our fl[]s & h]bs w\ld seem j z motionless & immutable z rocks & m\nta9s1 9 :i* we only inf] ! *anges )\t hav+ directly obs]v$ !m4 ,we w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( our lifes see little m ( ! gr[? & decay ( a bud & a fl[] 9 full bloom ?an we at pres5t see ( ! geological *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! acts ( animals w\ld be mu* too sl[ to be se52 at mo/1 we c\ld inf] !m z we d ! motions ( ! />s at pres5t4 ,if life 7 %ort5$ /ill fur!r 9 ! same way1 light w\ld cease to be an optical occurr5ce to u4 ,in/ead ( see+ ! ?+s on :i* light falls1 we %\ld become aw>e ( !m z be+ audible1 & :at we at pres5t call tones & noises w\ld long h ceas$ to h an effect on ! e>4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we let our fancy roam 9 ! opposite direction1 t is1 if1 in/ead ( compress+ ! duration ( human life1 we exp& x enorm\sly1 :at a diff]5t picture ( ! _w w\ld pres5t itself6 ,if1 = example1 ! pulse-beat1 & h5ce ! rate ( p]ception1 7 to be made a ?\s& times sl[]1 s t ! av]age human life w\ld be spread out ov]1 say1 #hj1jjj ye>s1 & t we %\ld exp]i5ce 9 "o :ole ye> only z mu* z we n[ exp]i5ce 9 a ?ird ( a day1 !n1 9 e f\r h\rs w9t] or any o!r season w\ld pass by1 vegetation w\ld spr+ up & z rapidly die4 ,_m a gr[? w\ld n be p]ceptible1 on acc\nt ( its relative rapidity comp>$ ) ! rate ( ! pulse-beat4 ,= example1 a mu%room w\ld sudd5ly come into exi/5ce1 l a newly =m$ spr+4 ,day & night w\ld alt]nate z a light & a d>k m9ute2 & ! sun w\ld appe> to fly ov] ! heav5s l a fi]y projectile4 ,if we 7 aga9 to make ! duration ( human life a ?\s& times long] /ill1 & h5ce ! rate ( life a ?\s& times sl[] /ill1 we %\ld1 dur+ ! :ole ( an ord9>y ye>1 be able to h only #aij di/9ct p]ceptions1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 day & night w\ld vani% entirely1 & ! sun's pa? w\ld be a gl[+ circul> b& 9 ! heav5s1 & all *anges ( =m t seem to u to happ5 quietly & regul>ly1 & to pres]ve a c]ta9 p]man5cy1 w\ld melt toge!r 9 ! wild /ream ( happ5+1 engulf$ 9 its onw>d ru%4 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ to ?is relative p]ception ( "t our own "t1 :i* is some?+ specific & dep5d5t on our con/itution z human be+s8 ,%\ld we n r adopt ! view t ?is specific "t1 adapt$ to our p>ticul> pulse-beat1 gives only a v limit$ picture ( ! _w1 :i* is condition$ & det]m9$ by ! limitations ( our own def9ite intellig5ce8 ,is x1 p]haps1 only a di/ort$ picture1 a c>icature1 ( actual occurr5ces8 ,an intellig5ce inf9itely sup]ior to our own w\ld no long] be dep5d5t on ! sep>ate s5sations su* z are pres5t$ to u ) ! rhy?m ( ! pulse4 ,= su* a m9d !re w\ld be no metronomic f\ndation 9 ! sequ5ce ( occurr5ces1 beyond :at repres5ts itself z "t to our und]/&+4 ,he w\ld be situat$ outside ( "t 9 :at ,?omas ,aqu9as call$ ! nunc /ans1 9 ! /ation>y pres5t1 )\t a retrospect ( ! pa/ & )\t expectation ( a future4 ,)\t ! ,be=e & ! ,aft]1 ! occurr5ces ( ! _w w\ld acquire ! cle>e/ & simple/ mean+1 l t giv5 by an equation ( id5tity4 ,:at pres5ts itself to u z a succession ( ev5ts w\ld m]ge toge!r into "o :ole1 j z a succession ( num]ical calculations become summ>iz$ 9 a rule ( calculation1 or z a s]ies ( logical op]ations resolves into a logical self-evid5t tru?4 ,if ! m9d conceiv$ by ,laplace actually exi/$1 x w\ld /& above ! necessity ( introduc+ "t z a quantity into its _w-equations1 = "t is a purely an?ropomorphic quantity1 produc$ by our p]ception1 & regulat$ by our own *>act]i/ic pulses4 ,accord+ly1 ! conception ( causality1 too1 :i* is indissolubly connect$ ) "t1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an?ropomorphic1 z some?+ t we read into1 & n out ( ,nature4 ,we %\ld at lea/ h to recognize t if !re is a causality outside ourselves1 !n we c le>n only a m9imum ab\t x1 & ev5 ?is only 9 a _w displac$ or di/ort$ by ! accid5tal rate ( our pulse-beat4 ,let u n[ repeat ,e9/e9's ass]tion t ! laws ( ,nature1 ! processes ( ,nature1 exhibit a mu* high] degree ( uni=mity ( connexion ?an is conta9$ 9 our "t-causality6 ,x is possible t :at belongs to a def9ite cross-section ( "t may 9 itself be entirely devoid ( /ructure1 t is1 x might conta9 ev]y?+ t is physically conceivable1 ev5 su* ?+s z1 9 our ord9>y physical ?\ght1 we consid] impossible ( realization1 = example1 iron ( any arbitr>y specific gravity4 ,x seems to me t ! non-physici/ w1 p]haps1 ga9 a cle>] insight into ^! highly significant words ( ,e9/e91 n[ t he has receiv$ ! assi/ance ( ^! physiological consid]ations4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t ! philosophic gr\nds ( ,e9/e9 are q diff]5t & lie mu* deep] ?an ^? ( von ,ba]1 :o />ts f organic functions & ends by arriv+ at a my/]i\s relativity t is yet consi/5t 9 itself4 ,nev]!less1 !re is "o po9t ( contact1 inasmu* z 9 ea* case possibilities t lie app>5tly extra naturam are sugge/$4 ,e9/e9 says3 ,hi!rto we h reg>d$ physical laws only f ! po9t ( view ( causality1 inasmu* z we always />t f a condition kn[n at a def9ite cross-section ( "t1 z1 = example1 a section correspond+ to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,at our own risk an easy p>aphrase ( 8 words w be attempt$3 ,! "t-section ( ! pres5t conta9s = u ! sum ( all previ\s exp]i5ces1 out ( :i* ! necess>y c\rse ( our ?\ght sifts out ! category ( causality4 ,:at is n pres5t 9 exp]i5ce _c appe> 9 our causality4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ,hume's example ( ! ,indian :o has nev] kn[n ice4 ,)\t be+ told1 & if he is dep5d5t only on 8 own s5sations1 he w\ld nev] le>n t wat] freezes 9 cold climates4 ,! influ5ce ( cold on wat] is n gradual1 correspond+ to an increase ( cold1 & n "o t may be anticipat$ 9 all its consequ5ces1 b at ! freez+-po9t wat]1 :i* a mom5t be=e 0 a v mobile liquid1 passes into a v rigid solid4 ,! causality ( ! ,indian _c acc\nt = ?is4 ,if we tell him ( ?is ph5om5on1 he has two c\rses op5 to him4 ,ei!r he refuses to believe x--& ?is w\ld be q natural1 s9ce rigid wat] is to him z mean+less z is a squ>e circle to u4 ,or else he believes ! /ory1 & !n 8 li/ ( categories incurs a break1 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( causality4 ,he has !n to reconcile himself to ! assumption t some?+ t is mean+less to him & t /&s outside ! connexion ( cause & effect is possible ( realization4 ,up to t mom5t1 9 8 "t-section ( ! pres5t1 !re 0 no room = x 9 8 causality4 ,to ,torricelli ! conception ( liquid air1 :i* we h be5 able to prep>e only s9ce #ahhc1 w\ld h appe>$ impossible & incompatible ) 8 causality4 ,s !re is no room 9 our causality = ! idea ( iron ) ! specific gravity ( air1 or ) "o sev]al times t ( gold4 ,=1 reason+ along ! l9es ( our causality1 we %\ld conclude t a sub/ance t is s light or s heavy may1 inde$1 exhibit *emical relation%ip ) iron1 b x w\ld n itself be suffici5tly def9$ by ! t]m iron4 ,n[ ,e9/e9 also said3 ,real ,nature is mu* m limit$ 7or b\nd7 ?an our laws imply4 ,a sceptic might be dispos$ to take ^! /atem5ts sep>ately 9 ord] to con/rue a contradiction out ( !m4 ,=1 if !re are limit+ conditions 9 ,nature1 :i* are =eign to ! views express$ 9 our laws1 h[ w\ld x !n be possible = ph5om5a1 :i* _c be imag9$1 to become realiz$8 ,if ,nature c d ?is1 surely %e mu/ h m lib]ty ?an we seek to impose on h]4 ,?is app>5t contradiction vani%es if we treat ! conception ( /ructural design or uni=mity z some?+ di/9ct f ! measure ( all exp]i5ce up to ! pres5t4 ,?is w\ld give u ! foll[+ int]pretation3 ,out ( ! manifold ( occurr5ces t are possible 9 me*anical ,nature1 real ,nature selects a v closely def9$ manifold4 ,?us ! true laws imply a mu* great] degree ( limitation ?an ^? kn[n to u4 ,= example1 ! laws kn[n to u at pres5t w\ld n be affect$ if we %\ld discov] electrons ( arbitr>y size or iron ( arbitr>y specific weight4 ,b ,nature realizes only electrons ( a q def9ite size & iron ( a def9ite specific weight4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u be> 9 m9d t 9 aim+ at ultimate tru?s we h no f9al c\rts ( appeal4 ,nor are ! latt] to be assum$ ev5 :51 9 pursu+ a !ory1 we enc\nt] a difficulty1 :i* at fir/ exhibits all ! signs ( a direct conceptual contradiction4 ,x %\ld r be realiz$ t a fiction conta9+ an initial b only provisional contradiction s]ves z a />t+-po9t = j ^? inve/igations t are mo/ subtle & t h f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,we %\ld h no ,inf9itesimal ,calculus1 no ,algebra1 no ,atomic ,!ory1 no ,!ory ( ,gravitation if1 to avoid all initial contradictions1 we surr5d] ! fiction ( diff]5tials1 ( imag9>y quantities1 ( ! atom1 ( action at a di/ance4 ,9 %ort1 x may1 inde$1 be said t n only k1 b also life1 ! hold+ toge!r ( p by conv5tion1 law1 & duty1 w\ld become impossible if we did n accept ! fiction ( free w1 :i* directly contradicts ! det]m9ate "* ( all happ5+1 includ+ actions & motives1 :i*1 physically1 alone seems recognizable4 ,fiction 7n to be confus$ ) hypo!sis7 & an?ropomorphism1 9 spite ( _! inn] inconsi/5cy1 are ! two poles ab\t :i* our ?\ghts & our lives revolve4 ,& no doctr9e w ev] so> to su* heights t x w be able to d5y completely its orig9 f ^! roots ( all ?\ght4 ,! ,ar*im$ean ?\ght-c5tre ( ! univ]se1 :i* w\ld enable u to lift ! _w out ( its h+es1 is unatta9able1 because x does n exi/ at all4 ,is ?is also to apply to ! new physics1 ^: results are to be reg>d$ z ! la/ ^w 9 sci5tific k8 ,_m a hyp]critical ?9k] might be l$ away by ! curr5t ( ! prec$+ /atem5t1 & feel dispos$ to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 7 x n t1 "h too1 a contradiction intrudes itself4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! fact t n "o ( ! pres5t-day philosoph]s is 9 a position to pursue ! ?reads ( ?is !oretical fabric to _! hidd5 ends4 ,?us we arrive at a p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,:oev] aims at becom+ ?or\ghly famili> ) ,e9/e9's new _w-sy/em f9ds t ! /udy ( ! !ory claims s mu* att5tion t !re is sc>cely a possibility left ( proce$+ to an ultimate philosophical analysis4 ,& :oev] is absorb$ only by ! desire ( mak+ philosophic inve/igations soon en\gh arrives at bord]-l9es ( ?\ght1 at :i* 8 consci5ce w>ns him to bew>e ( insuffici5t sci5tific k4 ,he w be attack$ by d\bts z to :e!r he has prop]ly und]/ood ! !ory4 ,& he w be confront$ ) ! "q :e!r he is ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ultimate philosophical conclusions be=e he has ma/]$ all ! ma!matical details4 ,z f> z c be judg$ at pres5t1 only "o ?9k] has1 s f>1 _h suffici5tly wide k to enable him to correlate ! physical !ory me?odically ) ! !ory ( k4 ,i mean ,pr(essor ,moritz ,s*lick ( ,ro/ock1 :o has set out 8 ideas sy/ematically 9 8 book ,erk5ntnislehre1 :i* is extraord9>y 9 itself & 9 its great scope2 x takes u beyond ,kant4 ,9 ,s*lick's op9ion ,e9/e9's !ory furni%es u ) ! key to new & unexpect$ *amb]s ( ?\ght2 x is a wond]ful in/rum5t = op5+ up new av5ues1 & w\ld appe> m wond]ful /ill if we c\ld use ?is in/rum5t )\t hav+ rec\rse to an?ropomorphism4 ,?is limitation may lead to a ,utopia1 or may entail a circulus vitiosus4 ,b we h "o philosophy n[adays :i* applies to :at _c be fulfill$ ,,z ,,if x really is capable ( fulfilm5t4 ,among ! disciples ( ,vaih+]1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,z-,if-doctr9e ( ?\ght1 we1 h[ev]1 notice ! t5d5cy to foll[ an?ropomorphic & fictiti\s pa?s also 9 8 field ( ?\ght4 ,f num]\s utt]ances ( ,e9/e91 ,i h ga!r$ t he himself does hot give 8 unqualifi$ approval to all attempts at unravell+ ! ultimate problems by means ( philosophy1 t is1 by us+ metaphysics alone4 ,he does n deprecate ^! endeav\rs1 b ev5 expresses admiration = "s ( ! new] works1 z = t ( ,s*lick1 yet he sees c]ta9 ob/acles 9 ! purely philosophical me?ods1 t at lea/ re/ra9 him f tak+ a sy/ematic int]e/ 9 !m4 ,?is reluctant acceptance (1 & d\bt 91 ! processes ( philosophy1 t has nev] =sak5 ! exact inve/igator1 ?is suspici\s attitude :i* sc5ts traces ( sophi/ic & s*ola/ic ma*9ations 9 all metaphysical argum5ts1 also ass]ts itself 9 him 9 a noticeable =m4 ,he feels ! abs5ce ( rig\r & ( consi/5cy ( direction1 :i* is a gu>antee ( progress 9 pass+ f "o result to ano!r1 9 ! me?od ( ?\ght ( ^? :o are pure philosoph]s3 & he deplores ! spongy & murky appe>ance ( c]ta9 expressions ( ?\ght1 :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 =m a poor contra/ to ! complet5ess & ! cry/al cle>ness ( ma!matico-physical reason+4 ,!re 0 an inscription on ! portals ( ! ,a!nian ,academy :i* /at$ t entrance 0 =bidd5 to all :o _h _h no ma!matical tra9+2 we may imag9e next to x an academy ( pure transc5d5tal philosophy1 be>+ ! inscription3 ,no exact rese>* all[$6 ,i believe t ?is cle>-cut di/9ction w\ld tally ) ,e9/e9's view4 ,9 ! case ( ! great ,ern/ ,ma*1 = :om ,e9/e9 has int5se admiration1 we obs]ve a simil> attitude1 or we may say t1 9 ! language ( allegory1 he sang op5ly ! same refra9 9 ano!r key4 ,he nev] ceas$ reit]at+ t he 0 prop]ly no philosoph] at all1 b only an inve/igator ( ,nature4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! introduction to "o ( 8 works we read 8 confession3 ,)\t 9 ! slighte/ degree be+ a philosoph]1 or ev5 wi%+ to be "o 4442 & "s l9es fur!r on he calls himself s>ca/ically a m]e amateur sportsman 9 philosophical regions4 ,yet1 ,ma*'s initial rem>k is foll[$ by a rem>kable result1 = ! book 9 "q1 ,k & ,error 7,erk5ntnis und ,irrtum71 is to be reckon$ among ! mo/ important works 9 philosophical lit]ature2 & he himself1 ! amateur sportsman1 :o did n ev5 desire to be call$ a philosoph]1 accept$ 9 #ahie ! po/ ( ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,vi5na ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 m]ely 8 timidity 9 ! face ( ! philosophical frat]nity t _h made him emphasize repeat$ly ! di/9ction betwe5 8 own "w & t ( ! philosoph]s1 :]eas 9 8 he>t he _h n\ri%$ a passion = ,philosophy1 ! fir/ "m ( ,sci5ce4 ,& 9 my op9ion su* a mom5t may arrive = ev5 ! mo/ rigor\s inve/igator :5 he succumbs to ! sir5 /ra9s f ! %ores ( philosophy4 ,z f> z ,e9/e9 himself is conc]n$1 ,i _c v5ture on a progno/ication4 ,ev5 ?\gh he belongs to ! category & rank ( ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 d',alemb]t1 & ,leibniz1 9 :om ,ma!matics & speculative ,philosophy are int]m+l$1 he is yet *>act]iz$ by su* a pron\nc$ individuality1 t x is q inadmissible to draw conclusions ab\t him f o!rs4 ,he has no ne$ to exp]i5ce a day ( ,damascus1 = he c>ries ! gospel ( salvation 9 himself1 & x radiates f him4 ,"o ?+ seems possible1 9 my op9ion1 namely1 t ,e9/e9 w occasionally roam into ! neighb\r+ realm m]ely f /hetic motives4 ,al?\gh ! means ( philosophy are nebul\s & m indef9ite ?an ^? ( exact sci5ce1 :i* are almo/ gl>+ly di/9ct1 philosophy itself = ?is reason is ! m closely relat$ to ,art4 ,& a !ory t applies to ! :ole univ]se mu/ assur$ly conta9 _m g]ms t may come to life if subject$ to ! me?ods ( ,art4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,kant & ,s*ill] %[s 9 :at s5se ?is is to be und]/ood4 ,ev5 at pres5t !re are indications 9 ,art :i* t5d to %[ t x is ready to e/abli% po9ts ( contact ) ,k4 ,9 ,france symphonic poems 7 writt5 on ! measure relations ( ! circle1 & on log>i?ms3 ^! are at pres5t only curiosities1 b may 9 future become models4 ,at a mu* lat] date1 p]haps1 ! f\r-dim5sional univ]se may become ripe = treatm5t by su* me?ods ( ,art4 ,on ! way to ?is goal !re is ! treatm5t ) ! symbolic1 non-rigor\s1 & semi-poetic means ( expression us$ by ,philosophy4 ,_m w use _! ef=ts to a*ieve ?is1 & p]haps !y w come )9 clos] range ( success1 if ,e9/e9 himself l5ds a help+ h&4 ,x w n be possible to arrive at new physical tru?s by foll[+ ?is pa?1 b ^? t are actually kn[n w be trac$ m readily to ! great ma9/ream ( philosophy4 ,to fa?om ! secrets ( ! _w is ! "w ( a recluse1 b to make x compreh5sible to a wide circle1 a prea*] is necess>y1 :o uses ! beautiful me?ods ( philosophical rhetoric4 ,cosmos d5otes ! ,_w & its ,ornam5tation2 its creator1 ,demiurge1 is a ma/] :o fa%ions 8 =ms along ! l9es ( ,art4 ,?us we h le>n$ :at ,e9/e9 reg>ds z ! sole purpose ( ,sci5ce1 namely1 ! se>* aft] ,tru?4 ,= him1 ! latt] is some?+ absolute 9 itself1 & ! possibility ( gett+ ne>] to x is z great z ! impossibility ( d]iv+ results ( sci5tific use f1 say1 e?ical discov]ies4 ,= e?ics is a field :i* is haunt$ by ! conceptual gho/s1 & ! mann] ( treatm5t1 ord9e geometrico1 t ,sp9oza wi%$ to apply to x1 is res]v$ = physics4 ,e9/e9 leaves ! inv]se philosophical qu]y3 ,is n ,tru? 9 itself only some?+ t we h con/ruct$ 9 imag9ation8 to ^? :o f9d pleasure 9 saunt]+ along pa?s ( ?\ght t are totally unconnect$1 :]eas he himself advances 9 a /raight l9e ) ! consci\sness t ev5 if ! goal is unatta9able1 he w at lea/ n lose ! "r direction6 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,highways ,,& ,,by-,,ways ,practical ,aims ( ,sci5ce4--,pure ,se>* = ,tru?4--,retrospective ,consid]ations4--,! ,practical ,side ( ,kepl]4--,a ,say+ ( ,kant4--,ma!matics z a ,crit]ion ( ,tru?4--,d$uctive & ,inductive ,me?ods4--,conceptual & ,p]ceptual ,k4--,happ9ess & ! ,pleasures ( ,!ory4--,a*ievem5ts ( ,sci5ce & ,works ( ,art4--,e?ical ,results4--,m9or ,que/ions4 ,,aga9 we *anc$ to ref] to ! great subject3 ,c or %\ld !oretical sci5ce also pursue practical aims8 ,x is impossible to ov]rate ! importance ( ?is "q4 ,x haunts u daily & (t5 en\gh looms up ?reat5+ly on ! horizon ( mank9d4 ,obs]ve :at =m ! discussions ( educat$ p take :5 ! f9e/ & mo/ sublime a*ievem5ts ( m9d are be+ debat$3 "o talks ( ! wond]s ( rese>* 9 ! remote/ corn]s ( a/ronomy :]e ! /ructures ( _w-wide />-sy/ems are be+ inve/igat$2 we he> obs]vations ab\t ! !ories t aim at trac+ ! cosmogonic developm5t ( univ]ses f ! orig9al *aos ( c\ntless ages ago4 ,we he> m5tion ( exalt$ sci5ces1 ! ,!ory ( ,functions & ,numb]s1 ^: f\nd]s & repres5tatives are j z rem>kable 9 prop\nd+ problems z 9 solv+ !m1 & inevitably ! foll[+ "q obtrudes itself3 ,( :at use is x1 ultimately8 ,:at c "o d ) x8 ,c x be admitt$ t !oretical sci5ce has an object ( its own1 or h we at lea/ ! "r to ma9ta9 ! hope t1 soon] or lat]1 x w br+ u a real ,utility expressible 9 practical t]ms8 ,& j z ! devotees ( pure art h fram$ ! expression1 ,l'art p\r l'art1 s ,e9/e9 proclaims t sci5ce is its own object1 ,sci5ce = its own sake6 ,x c>ries its aims absolutely 9 itself & mu/ n1 ?r\gh aim+ at o!r purposes1 /ray f its own highways4 ,x is my inn] conviction1 said he1 t ! developm5t ( sci5ce itself seeks 9 ! ma9 to satisfy ! long+ = pure k1 :i*1 psy*ologically1 ass]ts itself z religi\s feel+4 ,to y\rself1 ,pr(essor1 ! practical aspect seems comp>atively insignificant8 ,i did n say t1 & x 0 n impli$ 9 ! "q4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( our premises4 ,z long z ,i am int]e/$ 9 work+ along l9es ( rese>*--?is 0 ! assumption--! practical aspect1 t is1 e practical result t is f\nd simultane\sly or arises out ( x lat]1 is a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce to me4 ,f> be x f me1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 to wi% to "q ?is confession ( fai?1 p>ticul>ly z ! fact t x comes f a se>*] ( ! tru? gives x ! m weight4 ,yet a c]ta9 uneas9ess has crept ov] me because voices h rec5tly made !mselves he>d t dem& = sci5ce a totally diff]5t t5d5cy4 ,!y arise n only f ! public at l>ge1 b also f academic circles4 ,j a %ort "t ago ,i read an exposition by a well-kn[n sci5ti/1 ,w4 ,wi51 9 :i* he indulg$ 9 a viol5t polemic aga9/ ! view t purely sci5tific objects are alone valid4 ,pr(essor ,wi5 address$ himself p>ticul>ly to ,g]man physici/s1 reproa*+ !m ) und]e/imat+ te*nical sci5ce1 & ) reg>d+ x z a l[]+ ( /atus :5 a physici/ ent]s into practical life4 ,to ?is ,e9/e9 rem>k$3 ,i d n "k at :om ?is reproa* is aim$1 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t my own attitude c nev] h giv5 rise to an attack ( ?is k9d4 ,= ,i make no divisions ( rank1 & recognize no high] & no l[] /atus4 ,i affirm only :at is ! nature ( sci5ce h]self1 & ! objects accord+ to :i* %e1 objectively1 has to direct h] gaze4 ,:atev] fur!r ori5tation individual inve/igators may seek = !mselves dep5ds on ! det]m9+ conditions ( life ( ea*1 al?\gh ^! conditions d n s]ve z a means = d$uc+ ! ma9 l9es ( rese>*4 ,! accusation t ,i am unw>rant$ 9 putt+ =w>d ?is view w1 ,i hope1 n be levell$ at me1 = my connexions ) practice are manifold en\gh1 & up to ! pres5t mom5t ,i h (t5 collaborat$ ) practical physici/s4444 ,z ,i h regretfully obs]v$ :5 y 7 oblig$ to int]rupt a conv]sation ) me to give an audi5ce to impati5t p]sons seek+ advice 9 te*nical matt]s6 ,my own associations ) ! _w ( practice are n1 inde$1 ( rec5t date4 ,my own p>5ts orig9ally want$ me to become a te*nical sci5ti/1 & ,i 0 expect$ to *oose ?is pr(ession to e>n my livelihood4 ,i 0 n1 h[ev]1 sympa!tically incl9$ to x1 = ev5 at an e>ly age ^! practical aims 7 to me1 on ! :ole1 indiff]5t & depress+4 ,my idea ( human culture did n co9cide ) ! curr5t view1 t cultural developm5t is to be measur$ 9 t]ms ( te*nical progress4 ,d\bts1 inde$1 arose 9 me z to :e!r te*nical improvem5ts & advances w\ld actually contribute to ! well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,i mu/ add t1 lat]1 :5 ,i came into actual t\* ) te*nical sci5ce1 my op9ion became some:at modifi$1 = ! reason t1 "h too1 pleasures ( !ory (t5 visit$ me4 ,! true position is probably t ! te*nical work] :o does n m]ely ?9k out improvem5ts = ma*9es1 b occupies himself ) inv5tions on a high] plane1 nev] ceases to feel himself a !ori/1 s9ce 8 a*ievem5ts are dep5d5t = _! inspiration on ! fruits ( !ory4 ,! practical results ( to-day are root$ 9 ! !oretical results ( decades ago1 & :at is n[adays reg>d$ z an idea ( pure rese>* may 9 lat] decades acquire practical value4 ,:e!r x actually becomes ( value1 or n1 is ( little acc\nt 9 judg+ ! idea4 ,at any rate exp]i5ce has %[n t ! beg9n+ ( !oretical inve/igations h>dly ev] gives u ! *ance ( mak+ progno/ications4 ,we spoke ( ! discov]ies ( ,volta1 ,ampre1 & ,f>aday4 ,:5 ^! 7 fir/ kn[n1 ! _w might h ask$3 ,:y h !y be5 disclos$8 ,to :at c !y be appli$8 ,( :at use are !y8 ,n[adays we "k ! answ]s t /ill lay hidd5 at t "t1 & we pr\dly po9t to mod]n dynamos4 ,b does a dynamo really repres5t ! significance ( ^! discov]ies8 ,w\ld ! importance & rank ( ,volta1 ,ampre1 & ,f>aday be less if ! dynamo _h n come into exi/5ce8 ,only an out-&-out mat]iali/ w\ld affirm ?is1 &1 /rictly speak+1 ! "q %\ld n ev5 be rais$4 ,= x is 9 a s5se equival5t to wi%+ to judge ( ! importance & significance ( ! ,pol> ,/> f its usefulness to ! navigator on ! e>?'s surface 9 f9d+ 8 be>+s4 ,we may put ! "q 7al?\gh only 9 ! _s ( psy*ological curiosity1 & )\t expect+ mu* elucidation73 ,w\ld ^! discov]]s h be5 p>ticul>ly happy if !y _h div9$ ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( _! "w8 ,did !y1 inde$1 9 ! c\rse ( _! ab/ract rese>*es1 h a pre-vision ( ! future dom9at$ by ! dynamo8 ,e9/e9 refus$ to answ] ?is 9 ! decisive negative4 ,he left room1 if ev] s little1 = d\bts--t is1 he consid]$ t1 9 all probability1 ^! ?ree discov]]s _h no pres5tim5t ( ^! consequ5ces1 & ev5 if !y _h 9 a dream caught a glimpse ( our pres5t electrical age1 _! ze/ = discov]y1 _! pleasure 9 !ory1 c\ld sc>cely h be5 increas$2 = !y 7 discov]]s by nature1 :o1 swept along by _! own spirits1 did n ne$ to wait to satisfy ! desires ( practical application4 ,9 ,e9/e9's op9ion1 ! pres5tim5t t a discov]y may h practical applications 9 ! future may react on pure rese>*4 ,he quot$ bact]iology z a pro( ( ?is4 ,9 ! s]ies ( em95t bact]iologi/s1 rang+ f ,spallanzani to ,s*wann & ,pa/eur1 !re 7 c]ta9ly "s ^: desire = k 0 direct$ prim>ily t[>ds discov]+ purely sci5tific relation%ips4 ,pa/eur himself />t$ f ! !oretical "q ( ! creation ( life1 t is1 f ! problem ( ! orig9 ( organic creatures f inorganic matt] )\t ! m$ium ( p>5t organisms4 ,z a pan-sp]mi/ he took up a negative attitude1 t is1 he tri$ to prove t x is impossible to discov] a bridge betwe5 organic & inorganic matt]4 ,yet he d\btless knew t 8 !oretical ef=ts /ret*$ out into practical regions1 & he may easily h =ese5 t !y w\ld ex]t a v important influ5ce on ,m$ic9e & ,hygi5e1 al?\gh he c\ld n measure its full ext5t4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 we _c fail to recognize t a c]ta9 connexion betwe5 ! desire = pure k & ! impulse to apply x practically is possible1 s]viceable1 & ju/ifi$ 9 itself4 ,an influ5ce 9 ! opposite direction is also possible1 & :51 dur+ ! c\rse ( our conv]sation1 we w5t 9 se>* ( examples1 we came across "o ( great int]e/4 ,x %[s u t a "q may arise out ( ord9>y practice t may op5 up an imm5se field ( pure k1 nay1 x may lead to a sci5ce ( v wide scope4 ,z ?is example is n well kn[n1 ,i %all m5tion x "h2 ,i d s ) additional pleasure z ! sci5ti/ involv$ is "o ( ^? :om ,e9/e9 quotes mo/ frequ5tly & = :om he has ! greate/ admiration1 namely1 ,johannes ,kepl]4 ,fir/ we h ! surpris+ fact t ,kepl]1 :o1 ev5 :5 at ! height ( 8 fame1 0 n free f c>e1 0 once ! possessor ( "s money4 ,9 ! ye> #afae1 8 bless$ ye> ( =tune1 ! great a/ronom] own$ a com=table home 9 ,l9z1 & ev5 d>$ to conceive ! idea ( plac+ "s well-fill$ casks 9 8 cell>2 nay1 m1 he 0 9 a position to publi% a new sci5tific "w at 8 own exp5se1 & ?us appe> z 8 own publi%]4 ,?is production ( ,kepl] & 8 casks ( w9e are directly connect$1 z we see cle>ly f ! title3 ,doliometrie1 lit]ally1 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,casks4 ,b ! title ( ! "w gives n ! slighte/ h9t ( its importance4 ,= ^! inve/igations relat+ to w9e-casks actually became ! f\ndation ( a sci5ce ( sov]eign p[]1 ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus4 ,:at 0 ,kepl]'s aim8 ,x 0 some?+ entirely practical1 & direct$ to a def9ite purpose1 q indep5d5t ( pleasures ( !ory1 to repeat ,e9/e9's expression4 ,8 problem 0 a "q ( economy1 ( us+ mat]ial sp>+ly & appropriately1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! c>eful head ( a h\se4 ,h[ mu/ su* a cask be con/ruct$ f a m9imum ( wood to give ! greate/ cubical cont5t8 ,8 delib]ations began by reg>d+ w9e z ! preci\s cont5t enclos$ by a figure 9 space1 & !n conceiv+ ! cask z repres5t+ a p>ticul> class ( bodies ( revolution1 t is1 ( figures 9 space t may be reg>d$ z produc$ by ! revolution ( a curv$ l9e ab\t an axis4 ,at ?is po9t he at fir/ endeav\r$ to ga9 a complete survey ( ! "q4 ,he v>i$ ! bo>ds along ! sides1 ! /aves1 & =m$ successively n9ety-two su* bodies ( revolution1 "s ( :i* he nam$ aft] ! fruits :i* !y resembl$ 9 %ape1 z1 = example1 apple-%ap$1 lemon-%ap$1 olive-%ap$ bodies4 ,he />t$ out by measur+ casks1 & ! f9al result 0 t 8 "w1 ,doliometrie1 became ! s\rce ( all future cubatures or measurem5ts ( volume4 ,n[ we come to ! decid+ po9t4 ,:at conditions has ! limit+ surface ( su* a cask-l body ( revolution to fulfil1 if ! body is to h a maximum volume8 ,an epo*al discov]y "h came to light4 ,! practical head ( ! h\se so>s up into ! sublime realms ( ! !ory ( magnitudes4 ,kepl] discov]$ ! conception ( *anges 9 functions1 & _! peculi>ities at ! maximum po9t4 7,he did n1 ( c\rse1 use ^! mod]n t]ms47 ,by ?is means1 long be=e ,newton & ,leibniz1 he laid ! f\ndations ( ,inf9itesimal ,calculus1 :i* lat] became ! he>t & s\l ( ma!matics1 ( a/ronomy1 ( !oretical physics1 & ( te*nical sci5ce1 9 s f> z x is f\nd$ 9 me*anical relations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,e9/e9 :o n[1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 has set up 8 diff]5tial equations1 &1 ) !m1 a new _w-sy/em1 /&s be=e u z a pure discov]]1 devoid ( practical aims4 ,b 9 ^! equations !re are elem5ts ( analysis t once came to light 9 a happy idyll4 ,?is ev5t did n come out ( ! grey obscurity ( ab/raction1 b out ( a region ( e>?ly happ9ess1 :5 a ray ( light f\nd its way into ,kepl]'s gloomy exi/5ce4 ,no poet has yet express$ ?is curi\s complex ( ev5ts 9 a ballad1 tell+ h[ ,tru?1 ! only object ( ,sci5ce1 0 press$ out ( ! grape1 & h[ ,practice1 inspir$ by ! inquiry ( a coop]1 f\nd its way to a ,!ory t /ret*es to ! conf9es ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,ii ,! conv]sation t\*$ on fam\s expressions1 words c>v$ 9 /one1 9 p>ticul> a say+ ( ,kant :i* seeks to fix ! f\ndation & ! limits ( k4 ,e sci5ce ( ,nature1 ! great philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g _h said1 conta9s j z mu* ,tru? z x conta9s ma!matics4 ,& s9ce1 ultimately4 ,nature includes ev]y?+--= a dem>cation betwe5 physical & m5tal sci5ce no long] seems possible--!n1 if we foll[ ,kant1 we %\ld h to reg>d ma!matics z ! sole measure ( sci5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly n yet possible to ent] into a discussion on ?is po9t ) hi/orians1 m$ical or legal practition]s4 ,!y w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ x1 s9ce1 9 _! subjects1 tru? is n ! sole factor1 & because we _c see at pres5t h[ ! conception ( a compreh5sive ma!matical tru? is to f9d a place 9 !m4 ,b :5 we "q a physici/ on ?is po9t1 :o unceas+ly uses ma!matics z 8 *ief in/rum5t1 we %\ld surely expect him to answ] ) an unconditional affirmative4 ,at lea/1 ,i %\ld n h be5 surpris$ if ,e9/e9 _h answ]$ 9 ?is way1 & if he _h inde$ claim$ its validity = e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,b ,e9/e9 consid]$ ?is quotation to be true only conditionally1 9 t he accept$ x z a pr9ciple1 b did n reg>d x z univ]sal4 ,t is1 he does n recognize ma!matics z ! only te/ ( tru?4 ,! sov]eignty ( ma!matics1 said ,e9/e91 is bas$ on v simple assumptions2 x is root$ 9 ! conception ( magnitude itself4 ,its dom9ant position is due to ! fact t x gives u mu* m delicate means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 inf9itely v>i$ possibilities ?an any o!r me?od ( ?\ght t expresses itself 9 language & is re/rict$ to ! use ( words4 ,! great] ! field tak5 into consid]ation1 ! cle>] does ?is become2 b ev5 9 su* a n>r[ range z #a to #ajj1 an e/imate su* z #bg is incomp>ably m exact ?an c be express$ 9 words 9 any o!r way4 ,if we ?9k ( a s]ies ( s5sations1 rang+ f pleasure to pa91 or f sweet to bitt]1 we f9d t words leave u 9 an unc]ta91 confus$ /ate1 & we d n succe$ 9 fix+ on a po9t ( ! s]ies ) ! same precision z we above fix$ on ! #bg out ( ! #ajj4 ,b :5 ! !ory ( magnitude plays a "p 9 ! "q1 z1 = example1 9 a s]ies ( tones1 ^: vibrations exhibit a ma!matical sequ5ce1 we imm$iately atta9 a mu* high] ord] ( precision by us+ numb]s4444 ,t is :y !re is a sort ( sci5tific pleasure 9 ! sequ5ce ( tones1 s my ?\ghts ran on4 ,leibniz rem>ks t ,music is ! pleasure ( ! human s\l1 :i* arises f c\nt+ )\t kn[+ t x is c\nt+4 ,"h ,py?agoras' ,numb] is ! ess5ce ( all ?+s is v]ifi$4 ,z soon z we arrive at ! /age at :i* we feel ! psy*ological ess5ce ( numb]1 we fall into a sort ( ec/asy1 because1 9 our subconsci\s m9ds1 we exp]i5ce n only ! pleasure ( s5se b also ! und]ly+ tru?4 ,e9/e9 resum$3 ,kant's rem>k is correct 9 ! s5se t x sets up two ?+s 9 cle> contradiction to "o ano!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 he has 9 view ! fruits ( k ( ord9>y life1 9 :i* our ord9>y p]ceptions & exp]i5ces are int]m+l$ & _c be dis5tangl$ by inductive me?ods & d$uctive consid]ations4 ,oppos$ to ^!1 & to be reg>d$ ( high] rank1 are ! prop]ly sci5tific con/ructions--t is1 su* 9 :i* we f9d a neat diff]5tiation ( connect$ ?\ghts t are bas$ on regul> f\ndations & t =m ! l9ks ( a *a9 ( d$uction4 ,:5ev] our sci5ce succe$s 9 deta*+ ?is logically ord]$ k f its s5se-s\rces1 x has a ma!matical "*1 & ! am\nt ( tru? conta9$ 9 x w accord+ly be det]m9$ by ,kant's crit]ion4 ,b ,kant dem&s too mu* :5 he asks u to apply ?is scale to all atta9able k ( sci5ce4 ,x w\ld seem advisable to draw limitations if 8 rem>k is to s]ve z a regulative measure4 ,a great "p ( biological sci5ce w 9 future /ill be oblig$ to make its way indep5d5tly ( purely ma!matical consid]ations4 ,y\r reflections1 ,pr(essor1 w\ld !n also apply to ! say+ ( ,galilei3 ,! book ( ,nature lies op5 be=e u1 b is writt5 9 lett]s o!r ?an ^? ( our alphabet2 its *>act]s are compos$ ( triangles1 quadrilat]als1 circles1 & sph]es4 ,) all due hon\r to ! beauty ( ?is obs]vation1 ,i _c refra9 f d\bt+ its univ]sal validity4 ,if we 7 to accept x unconditionally we %\ld h to reg>d ! pa?s ( all rese>* z purely ma!matical1 & ?is w\ld exclude c]ta9 v important possibilities1 above all1 c]ta9 =ms ( intuition t h %[n !mselves to be extremely fruitful4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,galilei's int]pretation1 ! book ( ,nature w\ld h be5 illegible = ,goe!1 = 8 _s 0 entirely non-ma!matical1 inde$ anti-ma!matical4 ,b he possess$ a p>ticul> =m ( intuition t express$ itself z a feel+ :i* put him into direct contact ) ,nature1 ) ! result t he obta9$ a cle>] vision ?an _m an exact inve/igator4 ,d y !n consid] intuitive gifts to be sep>able at all 9 =m & 9 k9d8 ,x w\ld be p$antic to seek to e/abli% a fundam5tal diff]5ce1 ev5 if we may reg>d ! non-ma!matical intuition ( ,goe! z a v /rik+ case4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h (t5 emphasiz$1 all great a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce />t f intuitive k1 namely1 9 axioms1 f :i* d$uctions are !n made4 ,x is possible to arrive at su* axioms only if we ga9 a true survey ( ?\ght-complexes t are n yet logically ord]$2 s t1 9 g5]al1 intuition is ! necess>y condition = ! discov]y ( su* axioms4 ,& x _c be d5i$ t1 9 ! great majority ( m9ds ) a ma!matical t5d5cy1 ?is intuition exhibits itself z a *>act]i/ic ( _! creative p[]4 ,f ^! rem>ks x w\ld appe> t y value d$uction consid]ably high] ?an induction4 ,p]haps 9 us+ ^! cat*words ,i am express+ myself a little vaguely2 x seems to me t great ?+s h be5 a*iev$1 too1 by us+ inductive processes4 ,let u fir/ def9e :at ea* ( ^! t]ms means4 ,d$uction is ! d]ivation ( ! p>ticul> f ! g5]al1 :]eas induction is ! process ( d]iv+ ! g5]al f ! p>ticul> case4 ,n[1 quote any example ( a brilliant a*ievem5t1 :i* y feel illu/rates ! p[] ( ! inductive me?od4 ,( :atev] k9d y\r example may be1 y w soon become aw>e ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! significance ( ! two processes4 ,= me ! mo/ p]fect example ( induction is giv5 by c]ta9 reason+ ( ,euclid4 ,! "q 0 :e!r !re is a f9ite or an inf9ite numb] ( primes 7t is1 numb]s t _c be divid$ )\t leav+ a rema9d] except by unity74 ,euclid f\nd an elegant pro( t ! total numb] is inf9ite by ! foll[+ /rictly inductive reason+4 ,if ! total numb] 7 f9ite !re w\ld h to be a greate/ prime4 ,let u call x n1 & !n =m ! product ( all primes up to n & includ+ x1 f9ally add+ "o1 ?us3 #b x #c x #e x #g x #aa x #ac 444 n1 plus #a4 ,?is new numb]1 say ,y1 is c]ta9ly great] ?an n1 & n[ !re are two possibilities1 ei!r n is prime or x is n prime4 ,if x is n prime1 x mu/ be divisible by "s exi/+ prime4 ,b ! primes up to & includ+ n _c divide exactly into ,y1 z !re is always a rema9d]1 namely1 #a4 ,h5ce ,y mu/ be divisible by an exi/+ prime ,x great] ?an n4 ,?is contradicts ! assumption t n is ! greate/ prime1 = ,x is %[n to be great] ?an n4 ,secondly1 if ,y is a prime1 x imm$iately foll[s t n _c be ! greate/ prime1 = ,y is great] ?an n4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] great may be any prime t we may assume1 !re w always be "o t is great]1 & ev5 if we d n succe$ 9 express+ x 9 figures1 we see t x mu/ c]ta9ly exi/4 ,?us by /udy+ c>efully a p>ticul> case--! prime n1 :i* 0 assum$ to be ! greate/ possible "o--we h arriv$ at a g5]al !orem :i* /ates t !re is no limit to ! numb] ( primes4 ,is n t1 too1 a triumph ( intuition8 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,e9/e94 ,b y mu/ n ov]look ! fact t a !orem ( ?is k9d _c be rank$ ) a !orem ( a fundam5tally axiomatic "*4 ,! "o y h discuss$ has be5 d]iv$ by a clev] process ( reason+1 b x does n exhibit ! *>act]i/ic ( a mom5t\s discov]y4 ,?is !orem ( ,euclid c be imag9$ abs5t f sci5ce )\t ! cont5t ( tru? 9 sci5ce be+ ess5tially effect$4 ,comp>e ) x a !orem ( axiomatic significance1 su* z ,galilei's ,law ( ,in]tia1 or ,newton's ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,!orems su* z ! latt] are *>act]iz$ by be+ />t+-po9ts ( k t are inexhau/ible 9 ! consequ5ces t may be d$uc$ f !m4 ,y\r "q1 e>li]1 z to :e!r ,i consid] ! d$uctive me?od sup]ior to ! inductive1 0 n =mulat$ 9 correct t]ms4 ,to ?is ,i answ]$ above t ! inductive me?od z a means ( discov]+ g5]al tru?s usually appe>s ov]-e/imat$4 ,! prop] =m ( ! "q is3 ,:i* tru?s are ( ! high] ord]1 ^? t are f\nd inductively1 or ^? t lead to fur!r d$uction8 ,!re c sc>cely be d\bt ab\t ! answ]4 ,no1 t is c]ta9ly true4 ,if ,i und]/& y\r mean+ rightly1 ! answ] may be express$ by an allegory4 ,intuition ( ! highe/ ord] creates treasure-m9es1 ^? ( less] degree individual articles ( value t are significant 9 !mselves1 al?\gh !y _c be comp>$ ) ! ine/imable value ( ! m9es4 ,! fact t ! highe/ intuition is f\nd 9 m9ds ) a ma!matical tr5d makes x appe> possible t ,kant's rem>k may ga9 m & m cr$5ce 9 ! future4 ,x already applies 9 a measure to subjects to :i* x seem$ inapplicable dur+ ,kant's lifetime1 = example1 9 ,psy*ology1 9 :i* ! relations betwe5 /imulus & response h be5 e/abli%$ ma!matically only s9ce ! ,web]-,fe*n] ,law 0 set up2 & also1 s9ce ! "t ( ,quetelet1 9 ,moral ,sci5ce & ,sociology1 we le>n f ma!matical me?ods ( /ati/ics & probability t ev5 ,man z an active be+ is subject$ to me*anical causality4 ,at any rate x seems manife/ t ,kant's rem>k1 t 9 e sci5ce !re is j z mu* tru? z !re is ma!matics1 has receiv$ additional support 9 rec5t times4 ,t may be admitt$1 conclud$ ,e9/e91 )\t recogniz+ 8 rem>k z an axiom4 ,x is /ill f> remov$ f mak+ possible unassailable d$uctions1 & w nev] q succe$ 9 do+ s2 yet x may claim equal significance z a beautifully express$ idea ) t ( ,py?agoras1 :i* ass]ts numb] to be ! nature ( all ?+s4 ,,iii ,! l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 'conceptual k' 7,erk5n57 & 'p]ceptual k' 7,k5n57 are be+ drawn m & m closely n[adays4 ,! =m] is reg>d$ z be+ ! exclusive possession ( ! highly develop$ human m9d1 & ! latt] z be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] intellig5ce ( o!r liv+ creatures4 ,is ?is n a pron\nc$ case ( an?ropomorphism1 & does x n mislead u to =m op9ions t we %\ld at once dis[n if we succe$ 9 /epp+ out ( our human frames ev5 = a mom5t8 ,we h to re/ satisfi$ ) an?ropomorphism once & = all1 answ]$ ,e9/e91 & !re is no s5se 9 wi%+ to escape f x1 = ! argum5ts ab\t an?ropomorphism are necess>ily also diffus$ ) x1 itself4 ,we are ?us mov+ 9 a circle if we imag9e we c d$uce some?+ outside ( human k4 ,z soon z we h argu$ ar\nd ! circle1 we f9d ourselves aga9 at ! />t+-po9t1 & s we are compell$ to m>k cle> l9es ( division betwe5 in/9ctive k1 d]iv$ directly by p]ception1 f conceptual k1 d]iv$ by processes ( ab/raction & reflection2 9 ?is way we aw>d ! palm ( supremacy to ! human m9d4 ,b :at if ! foll[+ contradiction 7 to ass]t itself8 ,suppose t ! logical 'circle' is n a circle at all1 b a spiral1 s t ! f9al po9t ( ! argum5t lies j a trifle above ! initial po9t4 ,i feel in/9ctively t su* app>5tly fruitless circuit\s argum5ts might f9ally lead to a def9ite piece ( k4 ,= example1 a c]ta9 insect1 ! i*neumon-fly1 al?\gh devoid ( a k ( sci5ce 9 our s5se1 infallibly plants its /+ 9 a def9ite po9t 9 ! r+s ( a cat]pill>1 at j ! po9t t s]ves its purpose ( p>alys+ ! cat]pill> )\t kill+ x4 ,x acts in/9ctively1 & x is op5 to me to int]pret ?is occurr5ce 9 o!r words4 ,! fly discloses t x 'kn[s' ! anatomy ( ! =eign creature1 al?\gh x has no conceptual k ( x 9 our s5se4 ,b x imm$iately foll[s f ?is analogy t1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! fly1 its p]ceptual intellig5ce /&s high] ?an our conceptual intellig5ce--t is1 by *ang+ ! p]spective1 ,i am l$ to decl>e ! anatomical k ( ! fly to be ( high] rank ?an ! analog\s k ( ! mo/ le>n$ anatomi/4 ,9 ! same way ,i might p]suade myself t ! ma!matics ( a bird ( passage /&s above ! c>tographic k ( any human explor]4 ,! migratory bird t flies f ! int]ior ( ,africa 9 a /raight f9e to its ne/ 9 ,meckl5burg mu/ h some?+ 9 ! nature ( a co-ord9ate sy/em 9 its organism4 ,! real reason t we assign a high] position to our conceptual k is t we are equally pr\d ( our intellig5ce z ( our sci5ce2 ?is is p]haps a deception dep5d+ on "s compromise1 a sort ( illicit deal 9 :i* ! m9d draws bills ( ex*ange on sci5ce1 &1 z a return1 sci5ce meets its obligations by pay+ 9 *eques drawn on ! m9d6 ,i mu/ confess t ^! haz>d\s sugge/ions receiv$ no welcome f ,e9/e91 & 7 n ev5 met ) ! fri5dly smile ) :i* he usually accompanies 8 refutations4 ,nor d ,i disguise f myself t ! "q ( conceptual or p]ceptual k c 9 no way s]ve z a basis ( pro(2 we may at mo/ base c]ta9 conjectures on ! diff]5ce ( ^! types ( k1 conjectures t sugge/ 9 words :at eludes our cle> compreh5sion4 ,e9/e9's refusal to all[ ?is possibility c]ta9ly re/s on mu* firm] gr\nd ?an ! some:at ,b]gsonian views t ,i tri$ to pres5t4 ,p]haps !y are ( a hair-splitt+ nature1 & deal ) ?+s ly+ on diff]5t planes2 & are d$uc$ by unju/ifiably alt]+ ! p]spective ) a sort ( sophi/ic som]sault2 p]haps ,i may be reproa*$ ) seek+1 l ,mn*haus51 to rea* a high] /&po9t )\t hav+ a support f :i* to />t4 ,yet h[ is x t ,i f9d x impossible to free myself f ?is *a9 ( ?\ght8 ,no reason is =?com+1 = x is a purely metaphysical "q1 & !re has nev] yet be5 a cle> sy/em ( metaphysics free f ambiguities & sophism4 ,let u r conf9e ourselves to ! conceptual intellig5ce *>act]i/ic ( human be+s1 ) :i*1 accord+ to ,e9/e91 s _m pleasures ( !ory are available4 ,i ask$ him :e!r he w\ld recognize diff]5ces ( degree 9 ^! pleasures1 dep5d5t on _! int5sities4 ,al?\gh ,i rightly felt t he w\ld answ] 9 ! affirmative1 8 answ] took a totally diff]5t turn f :at ,i _h expect$4 ,x 01 inde$1 a great surprise1 = 9 ! matt] ( happ9ess ( _s he express$ a view1 accord+ to :i* he--a great discov]]6--does n reg>d ,sci5ce z ! deepe/ s\rce ( happ9ess6 ,p]sonally1 said ,e9/e91 ,i exp]i5ce ! greate/ degree ( pleasure 9 gett+ contact ) works ( ,art4 ,!y furni% me ) happy feel+s ( an int5sity su* z ,i _c d]ive f o!r realms4 ,?is is inde$ a rem>kable revelation1 ,pr(essor6 ,i exclaim$4 ,n t ,i h ev] d\bt$ y\r receptivity = products ( art1 = ,i h (t5 en\gh obs]v$ h[ y are affect$ by good music1 & ) :at int]e/ y y\rself practise music4 ,b ev5 at su* mom5ts :5 y gave y\rself up to ! pleasures ( ! ,muses1 & 7 so>+ 9 regions f> remov$ f ! e>?1 ,i us$ to say to myself3 ,?is is a delightful arabesque 9 ,e9/e9's exi/5ce2 b ,i %\ld nev] h surmis$ t y reg>d ?is decorative side-issue z ! greate/ s\rce ( happ9ess4 ,b y\r confession seems to g fur!r1 p]haps ev5 beyond music8 ,at ! mom5t ,i 0 ?9k+ p>ticul>ly ( lit]ature4 ,d y mean lit]ature 9 g5]al8 ,or _h y a def9ite writ] 9 m9d1 :5 y 7 speak+ ( ! felicit\s effect ( works ( art8 ,i meant x g5]ally1 b if y ask 9 :om ,i am mo/ int]e/$ at pres5t1 ,i mu/ answ]3 ,do/ojewski6 ,he repeat$ ! "n sev]al times ) increas+ emphasis4 ,&1 z if to deal a mortal bl[ at e conceivable objection1 he add$3 ,do/ojewski gives me m ?an any sci5ti/1 m ?an ,gauss6 ,if1 ,pr(essor1 said ,i1 aft] a pause t may easily be acc\nt$ =--if y m5tion 9 ! same brea? ! names ( two su* p[]ful b ess5tially diff]5t intellects1 y op5 ! way to a discussion t _c be settl$ by a m]e positive ass]tion4 ,x is possible to admire int5sely ,do/ojewski z "o :o m\lds p]sonalities & :o analyses ! inn] /ruggles ( ! s\l1 & yet to d5y him p]petual fame4 ,?is dep5ds on individual judgm5t1 &1 z = my own1 ,i believe t ,do/ojewski1 9 spite ( 8 direct arti/ic appeal1 w n h 8 "n p]petuat$ ?r\gh ! c5turies l t ( _m ano!r memb] ( ,p>nassus4 ,x seems to me to be a m important matt] :e!r a common measure c be f\nd = ,art & ,discov]y at all4 ,p]haps ! te/ ( h[ f> a "w c be replac$ may be reg>d$ z valid = ea*4 ,:5 y say t ,do/ojewski gives y m ?an ,gauss1 ?is probably corresponds ) ! feel+ t )\t ,do/ojewski y w\ld h no ',k>amas(fs' & h5ce w\ld lack a c]ta9 life-value t _c be replac$4 ,b if ,gauss _h fail$ to produce "o ( 8 fundam5tal !orems ( ,algebra1 probably "s o!r ,gauss w\ld h appe>$1 :o w\ld h a*iev$ ?is result4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !n1 our in/9ct increases ! value ( a "w ( art1 z we feel t we are dep5d5t on "o be+ alone = its creation4 ,b ?is is only to be admitt$ conditionally1 said ,e9/e91 = ! be/ t ,gauss has giv5 u 0 likewise an exclusive production4 ,if he _h n creat$ 8 geometry ( surfaces1 :i* s]v$ ,riemann z a basis1 x is sc>cely conceivable t anyone else w\ld h discov]$ x4 ,i d n hesitate to confess t to a c]ta9 ext5t a simil> pleasure may be f\nd by absorb+ ourselves 9 que/ions ( pure geometry4 ,p]haps we may use a diff]5t *>act]i/ic z a means ( comp>ison1 ,i sugge/$1 namely1 ! p]man5cy ( ! impression produc$ on ! subject receiv+ x4 ,= example1 a f9e piece ( music nev] loses its influ5ce4 ,we c li/5 to ! fir/ movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony a hundr$ times1 &1 al?\gh we "k at e beat :at w foll[1 ! /ate ( pleasure cont9ues unweak5$2 inde$1 x might r be said t ! expectation ( pleasure increases f "o he>+ to ! next4 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 too1 answ]$ ,e9/e91 _c be claim$ z ! exclusive prop]ty ( works ( art4 ,its exi/5ce _c be d\bt$1 inasmu* z x belongs to e em95t example ( art4 ,yet we enc\nt] x outside ! realm ( art1 too1 9 great advances ( sci5ce1 ) :i* we nev] cease occupy+ ourselves1 & yet ! impression cont9ues unweak5$4 ,d y include among !m ! impressions t a discov]] exp]i5ces :5 he reviews 9 8 m9d ! progress due to 8 own ef=ts8 ,naturally1 & ^!1 inde$1 q p>ticul>ly2 & if ?is "q 7 put to me directly1 ,i %\ld answ] unhesitat+ly t ,i f9d pleasure 9 reflect+ on my own discov]ies1 & nev] exp]i5ce feel+s ( we>9ess 9 pass+ ov] !m aga94 ,s t1 to return to our orig9al !sis1 we mu/ adopt a new basis ( value if we wi% to acc\nt = ! fact t ! greate/ degree ( happ9ess is to be expect$ ( a "w ( art4 ,x is ! moral impression1 ! feel+ ( elevation1 t takes hold ( me :5 ! "w ( art is pres5t$4 ,& ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ^! e?ical factors :5 ,i gave pref]5ce to ,do/ojewskis works4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to c>ry out a lit]>y analysis1 nor to ent] on a se>* = psy*ological subtleties1 = all inve/igations ( ?is k9d fail to p5etrate to ! he>t ( a "w su* z ,! ,k>amas(fs4 ,?is c be grasp$ only by means ( ! feel+s1 t f9d satisfaction 9 pass+ ?r\gh try+ & difficult circum/ances1 & t become int5sifi$ to exultation :5 ! au?or (f]s ! read] e?ical satisfaction4 ,yes1 t is ! "r expression1 'e?ical satisfaction'6 ,i c f9d no o!r words = x4 ,8 :ole face lit up1 & ,i 0 deeply t\*$ by 8 expression4 ,at t mom5t x seem$ to me t he _h drawn ! la/ veil f 8 s\l to all[ me to %>e 9 8 ec/asy4 ,0 t ! same physici/ :o int]prets ! ev5ts ( ! _w 9 t]ms ( ma!matics1 & ^: equations encompass ph5om5a f electrons to univ]ses8 ,if s1 x 0 a diff]5t s\l2 "o :i* gave utt]ance1 l t ( ,fau/1 to ! words3 ,& :5 9 ! feel+ :olly ble/ ?\ art1 ,call x !n :at ?\ wilt4 ,call x ,bliss6 ,he>t6 ,love6 ,god6 ,i h no "n = x6 ,feel+ is all 9 all6 ,"n is b s\nd & reek1 ,a mi/ r\nd ! gl[ ( heav56 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 ! book ne$ n h be5 "o ( ,do/ojewski's to excite ?is feel+ 9 him4 ,he *ose ! latt] to give expression to a mood t may *ange accord+ to :at he reads1 b und]goes no fluctuations 9 its e?ical f\ndation4 ,f o!r occasions we "k h[ little e?ics1 t is conduct$ along sy/ematic l9es1 signifies to him1 & t he does n ev5 include x 9 ! sci5ces4 ,b at ! same "t we see n[ t 8 inn] life is dom9at$ entirely by ! e?ical pr9ciple4 ,8 deep love ( ,art is *>act]iz$ by x1 & receives full satisfaction f ! s\rce ( e?ical joy ( :i* ,art is ! c5tre4 ,,iv ,dur+ ! autumn ( #aiah ,e9/e9 0 feel+ indispos$1 &1 on ! advice ( 8 doctor1 did n leave 8 b$4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ 8 room1 ,i saw at once t !re 0 no reason = al>m1 = pieces ( pap] cov]$ ) my/]i\s symbols 7 ly+ ab\t1 & he 0 absorb$ 9 mak+ additions to "s ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 ,i consid]$ x my duty to treat him z a pati5t "u m$ical c>e1 & did n conceal my int5tion ( leav+ him aft] hav+ inquir$ ab\t 8 condition4 ,b he w\ld n accept my visit z a m]e call to asc]ta9 8 progress t[>ds recov]y1 & insi/$ t ,i %\ld rema9 ) him a :ile1 to conv]se ab\t amus+ little problems z usual4 ,i po9t$ out to him t !re 7 two objections to ?is1 ! fir/ be+ t he 0 unwell1 & ! second t ,i 0 intrud+ on 8 "w4 ,h[ illogical6 he answ]$4 ,if ,i int]rupt my "w to *at ) y1 ,i am putt+ aside exactly :at ! doctor w\ld d5y me if ,i 7 to all[ him4 ,s1 let u make a />t4 ,y h probably "s conundrum weigh+ on y\r m9d4 ,t may n be f> wrong4 ,i h be5 tr\bl$ by some?+ 9 connexion ) ,kepl]'s second law4 ,x almo/ robb$ me ( my night's sleep4 ,my ?\ghts kept return+ to a c]ta9 "q1 & ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r !re is any s5se 9 ! "q itself at all4 ,let u he> x6 ,! law 9 "q /ates t e planet 9 describ+ its elliptic pa?1 sweeps out ) its radius vector equal sectorial areas 9 equal int]vals ( "t4 ,b ?is seems only half a law1 = ! radius vectors are only consid]$ drawn f ! "o focus ( ! ellipse1 namely1 ! gravitational c5tre4 ,n[1 ano!r focus exi/s1 t may be situat$ 9 space some:]e1 p]haps f> away 9 totally empty regions1 if we assume ! orbit to be v ecc5tric4 ,my "q is3 ,:at =m does ?is law take if ! radius vectors are drawn f ?is second focus & if ! correspond+ sectorial areas are consid]$1 in/ead ( ^! quantities be+ ref]r$ to ! fir/ focus exclusively8 ,?is "q is n devoid ( s5se1 b x s]ves no useful purpose4 ,x may be solv$ analytically1 b w\ld probably lead to v complicat$ expressions1 t w\ld be ( no int]e/ = cele/ial me*anics4 ,= ! second focus is only a con/ructive addition1 t has no?+ real 9 space correspond+ to x4 ,:at else is tr\bl+ y8 ,my next difficulty is a little problem t s\nds q simple & yet is suffici5tly awkw>d to make "o rack "o's bra9s4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me by an eng9e] :o c]ta9ly has a ke5 m9d = su* ?+s1 & yet1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 he did n get a solution = x4 ,x conc]ns ! position ( ! h&s ( a clock4 ,y surely are n ref]r+ to ! *ildr5's puzzle ( h[ (t5 & :5 bo? h&s co9cide 9 position8 ,by no means4 ,z ,i said j n[1 x is really q p]plex+4 ,let u assume ! position ( ! h&s at twelve o'clock1 :5 bo? h&s co9cide4 ,if !y are n[ int]*ang$1 we /ill h a possible position ( ! h&s1 giv+ an actual "t4 ,b1 9 ano!r case1 say1 exactly six o'clock1 we get a false position ( ! h&s1 if we int]*ange !m1 = on a normal clock x is impossible = ! l>ge h& to be on ! six :il/ ! small h& is on ! twelve4 ,! "q is n[3 ,:5 & h[ (t5 are ! two h&s situat$ s t :5 !y are int]*ang$1 ! new position gives a possible "t on ! clock8 ,!re1 y see1 said ,e9/e91 t is j ! "r k9d ( di/raction = an invalid4 ,x is q int]e/+1 & n too easy4 ,b ,i am afraid ! pleasure w n be ( great duration1 = ,i already see a way to solve x4 ,support+ himself on 8 elb[1 he sket*$ a diagram on a %eet ( pap] t gave a cle> picture ( ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,i c no long] recollect h[ he arriv$ at ! t]ms ( 8 equation4 ,at any rate1 ! result soon came to h& 9 a "t n mu* long] ?an ,i _h tak5 to enunciate ! problem to him4 ,x 0 a s-call$ indet]m9ate 7,diophantic7 equation betwe5 two unkn[ns1 t 0 to be satisfi$ by simple integ]s only4 ,he %[$ t ! desir$ position ( ! h&s 0 possible #adc times 9 #ab h\rs1 an equal int]val sep>at+ ea* successive position2 t is1 />t+ f twelve o'clock1 ! two h&s may be int]*ang$ e #e m9utes seconds1 & yet give a possible "t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,i m5tion ?is little episode1 :i* is insignificant 9 itself1 m]ely to give an example ( h[ a great discov]]1 too1 f9ds amusem5t 9 su* di/ractions4 ,9 ,e9/e9's case ?is t5d5cy to practise 8 +5uity on unimportant trifles is s mu* ! m pron\nc$ f ! fact t he requires an outlet = 8 virtuosity 9 calculation1 & gratefully welcomes e sugge/ion t helps him to relieve 8 m5tal t5sion4 ,simil> *>act]i/ics are report$ ( ! great ,eul]1 z well z ( ,f]mat1 :]eas _m ano!r em95t ma!matician feels decid$ly unhappy if he drifts )9 rea* ( ! realm ( actual num]ical calculation4 ,9 my m9d's eye ,i /ill see ,ern/ ,kumm]1 ! spl5did savant 7:o1 9 8 "t1 conf]r$ di/9ction on ,b]l9 ,univ]sity by 8 v pres5ce71 suff]+ agonies :5ev] ord9>y ari?metical tables ?reat5$ to appe> 9 ! work+-out ( 8 =mulae4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! two ?+s1 a ma/]y ov] ma!matics & a tal5t = +5i\s calculation1 are to be consid]$ z q indep5d5t1 ev5 if we n[ & !n f9d !m pres5t 9 ! same p]son4 ,9 ! case ( ,e9/e9 ?is t5d5cy is a symptom ( an incr$ible univ]sality ( _s4 ,x moreov] pres5ts itself 9 ! pleasante/ =ms1 & a "*-sket* ( ,e9/e9 w\ld be incomplete if ?is trait 7 n m5tion$4 ,e problem :i* is 9 any way amus+ excites 9 him a will+ int]e/ & en?usiasm4 ,i once direct$ our conv]sation to ! s-call$ ,s*]5s*nitte4 ,^! are made f long /rips ( pap] or canvas1 ! ends ( :i* are caus$ to ov]lap a little & !n pa/$ toge!r1 b in/ead ( be+ fix$ s t a flat :eel results1 :i* rolls on "o side ( ! /rip1 ! /rip is twi/$ "o or m times be=e ! ends are fa/5$ toge!r4 ,if n[ ! /rip is cut l5g?wise "r along its c5tre1 v>i\s unexpect$ results occur1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( twi/s t h be5 made be=e pa/+4 ,"s v complex geometrical difficulties are involv$ 9 ^! problems4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t le>n$ ma!maticians h writt5 ext5sive disquisitions on ^! curi\s con/ructions 7= example1 ,dr4 ,d+eldey's book1 publi%$ by ,teubn]1 ,leipzig74 ,e9/e9 _h nev] tak5 notice ( ^! wond]s ( ! scissors1 b :5 ,i began to =m ^! /rips1 to pa/e !m1 & to cut !m1 he imm$iately became int]e/$ 9 ! und]ly+ problem1 & pr$ict$ 9 a fla% :at puzzl+ *a9 con/ructions w\ld result 9 ea* case1 ) a c]ta9ty t w\ld lead "o to imag9e t he _h sp5t days at x4 ,on ano!r occasion a space-problem deal+ ) dress came up = discussion3 ,c a prop]ly dress$ man dive/ himself ( 8 wai/coat )\t fir/ tak+ (f 8 coat8 ,"o w\ld n h d>$ to confront ,cop]nicus or ,laplace ) su* a problem4 ,e9/e9 at once attack$ x ) en?usiasm1 z if x 7 an ex]cise 9 me*anics1 ! body be+ ! object2 he solv$ x 9 a trice1 practically1 ) a little en]getic manipulation1 mu* to ! amazem5t & joy ( ! behold]1 :o ask$ himself3 ,is ?is ! same ,e9/e9 :o develop$ ! "w ( ,cop]nicus & ,newton8 ,a little lat]1 p]haps1 ! conv]sation c5tres ar\nd "s s]i\s po9t drawn f politics1 political economy1 sociology1 or jurisprud5ce4 ,:atev] x may be1 he kn[s h[ to sp9 out ! sugge/$ ?read1 to e/abli% contact ) 8 p>tn] 9 conv]sation1 to op5 up 8 own p]spectives )\t ev] insi/+ on 8 po9t ( view1 always /imulat+ & %[+ a ready sympa?y = ! subject ( discussion & = all ! ideas :i* x cry/allizes1 ! prototype ( ! sci5ti/1 9 ! m\? ( :om ,t]5ce put ! words3 ,i am a human be+2 no?+ t is human is ali5 to me6 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,analogy ,=ms ( ,physical ,laws4--,aids to ,und]/&+4--,popul> ,descriptions4--,optical ,signals4--,simultaneity4--,exp]im5ts 9 ,similes4 ,i ,,wi% to ask y4 ,pr(essor1 to help me ov] a difficulty & to treat me z ! spokesman ( a great numb] :o are simil>ly tr\bl$4 ,9 mo/ acc\nts ( y\r !ory ( relativity1 !re is a de>? ( def9ite1 concrete1 illu/rative examples on :i* we c fix our m9ds :5ev] ! !orem is to be appli$ g5]ally )\t limitation4 ,let me express ?is m precisely3 ,y\r simplifi$ picture ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se is a*iev$ 9 ! !ory ( relativity by emancipat+ all obs]vations f fix$ co-ord9ate sy/ems1 & by proclaim+ ! equival5ce ( all sy/ems ( ref]5ce4 ,"o ( y\r e>lie/ !orems /ates t physical laws describ+ h[ ! /ates ( physical sy/ems alt]1 rema9 ! same1 no matt] to :i* ( two co-ord9ate sy/ems ^! /ates are ref]r$1 provid$ t ! co-ord9ate sy/ems are mov+ rectil9e>ly & uni=mly relatively to "o ano!r4 ,?is !orem entails ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,if we--errone\sly--adopt a non-relativi/ic view1 we %all come to ! conclusion t physical laws dep5d on ! p>ticul> sy/em ( ref]5ce *os51 & w ?us assume a diff]5t =m = ea* diff]5t sy/em4 ,at ?is po9t we exp]i5ce a desire to he> def9ite examples4 ,:at v>y+ =ms may a c]ta9 giv5 physical law1 kn[n "u a def9ite =m1 assume1 & h[ c we use ?is law to %[ t x mu/ adapt itself to ! po/ulate ( relativity8 ,e9/e9 expla9$ t su* examples _c be giv5 9 special cases1 b only 9 v g5]al t]ms4 ,if we 7 to sugge/ ! elliptic orbits ( ! planets 7at :i* ,i _h h9t$ 9 my rem>ks71 we %\ld fall into error1 = ! law ( elliptic orbits is no su* law4 ,=1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! elliptic pa?s ( ! planets might be drawn out into wavy l9es1 or into spirals1 & !y w\ld rema9 ellipses only z long z ! l9es ( motion are ref]r$ to ! c5tral attract+ body4 ,b ! con/ancy ( ! velocity ( light is su* a law1 z also is ! law ( in]tia1 accord+ to :i* a body t is left to itself moves uni=mly 9 a /raight l9e4 ,i confess$ to him t ?is limitation to a few v g5]al laws w\ld be a pa9ful matt] = _m an en?usia/ ( av]age atta9m5ts1 :o has great difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! laws t are g5]ally valid f ^? t hold only )9 circumscrib$ limits4 ,b if ?is 7 n s1 we %\ld h to alt] our conception ( :at is convey$ by a popul> exposition4 ,= x is call$ popul>1 n because x n[ & !n uses ! patroniz+ words de> read]1 b because x anticipates ! que/ions & d\bts ( ! man ( av]age s5se1 & exam9es !m1 prov+ "s to be unju/ifi$ & o!rs to be reasonable or unreasonable1 z ! case may be4 ,!n !re is a fur!r matt] t tr\bles me1 ,i cont9u$4 ,let u suppose an ord9>y read] ( su* a popul> acc\nt to get a fir/ insight into ! new conception ( ,"t4 ,he is glad to feel ! ideas dawn+ 9 him1 &1 to get a m la/+ view ( ! idea1 he repeats ! argum5ts ?r\gh :i* he has j ?read$ 8 way1 &1 9 do+ s1 aga9 enc\nt]s ! phrase 'uni=m motion4' ,at ! fir/ read+ he imag9$ t he und]/ood ! expression q well1 b ! second "t he pauses & consid]s4 ,= n[ t he kn[s h[ mu* dep5ds on x1 he is anxi\s to f9d out ! exact mean+ ( a 'uni=m motion4' ,he looks = a def9ition1 & if he _c f9d "o 9 ! book he is p]us+1 he endeav\rs to reason x out = himself4 ,) good luck he arrives at ! usual /atem5t3 a body moves ) 'uni=m motion' if x trav]ses equal di/ances 9 equal int]vals ( "t4 ,b equal int]vals ( "t are cle>ly ^? dur+ :i* a body 9 uni=m motion trav]ses equal di/ances4 ,9 o!r words1 he expla9s ,a by means ( ,b1 & ,b by means ( ,a1 s t he has involv$ himself 9 a vici\s circle f :i* he _c escape4 ,?is is 8 h\r ( ne$1 due to ! difficulty ( '"t4' ,he hopes t fur!r /udy w remove ?is ob/acle4 ,he meets ) ! conception ( 'simultaneity1' :i* is def9$ = him anew1 & is disclos$ z be+ 'relative4' ,he manuvres fur!r t[>ds ! fundam5tal !orem t e body ( ref]5ce has its own p>ticul> "t4 ,8 popul> booklet makes ?is cle> to him by quot+ ! example ( a fly+-ma*9e1 or1 bett] /ill1 a railway tra9 t is ru%+ along an embankm5t at a v great spe$1 & t c>ries a pass5g]4 ,two /rokes ( lightn+ ,i & ,,ii are to take place at two widely di/ant po9ts on ! embankm5t4 ,! "q is !n3 ,:5 are ^! two fla%es ( lightn+ to be consid]$ 'simultane\s'8 ,:at conditions mu/ be fulfill$ to ensure ?is8 ,x is f\nd--incontrov]tibly--t ! light-rays />t+ out f ! two /rokes ( lightn+ mu/ meet at ! mid-po9t ( ! embankm5t4 ,x n[ foll[s f a %ort *a9 ( argum5t t ! obs]v] 9 ! tra9 w see fla% ,,ii e>li] ?an fla% ,i1 if !y rea* ! obs]v]1 :o is at re/1 at ! same mom5t4 ,t is1 two ev5ts t are simultane\s ) respect to ! embankm5t are n simultane\s = a mov+ sy/em 7su* z a tra9 or a fly+-ma*9e72 ! conv]se is1 ( c\rse1 also true4 ,"h1 aga91 ! eag] layman enc\nt]s difficulty1 = he asks himself3 ,:y %\ld ! two ev5ts be *>act]iz$ or def9$ by lightn+-fla%es 9 p>ticul>8 ,if ac\/ic signals 7 us$ in/ead1 no?+ w\ld be alt]$ 9 ! fundam5tal det]m9ation1 = ! s\nd rays 7s\nd-waves7 w\ld likewise meet at ! mid-po9t ( ! l9e jo9+ ! s\rces ( di/urbance4 ,:at is ! reason t ! relativity ( "t arises only :5 ph5om5a are reg>d$ optically1 & t rays ( light play ! decid+ "p 9 all lat] developm5ts8 ,& ?is p>ticul> qu]y is foll[$ by "o :i* is m g5]al3 ,:y does ! popul> pamphlet n read ?is "q 9 my m9d8 ,i "k t ! au?or ( x is m skill$ 9 ^! matt]s ?an ,i1 b j ?is sup]iority %\ld help him to div9e :at is pass+ 9 my m9d :5 ,i make ef=ts to foll[ 8 reason+4 ,e9/e9 _h li/5$ to me pati5tly1 & !n he expla9$ to me at consid]able l5g? :y 9 ?is case optical signals _c be replac$ by s\nd signals3 light is ! only mode ( motion t %[s itself to be entirely indep5d5t ( ! c>ri] ( ! motion1 ( ! transmitt+ m$ium4 ,?us ! con/ancy ( velocity is assum$ 9 ! above argum5t1 & z ?is con/ancy is an exclusive prop]ty ( light1 e o!r me?od mu/ be disc>d$ z unall[able = inve/igat+ ! conception simultaneity4 ,fur!rmore1 he %[$ me h[1 on ! basis ( relativity1 />t+ f ! embankm5t-exp]im5t1 we may arrive at a p]fectly consi/5t repres5tation ( ! conception ( ,"t4 ,he c]ta9ly did ?is by apply+ subtle physical argum5ts t exce$ ! scope ( ! pres5t book4#g ,he add$1 9 sub/ance1 t x 0 futile & impossible to discuss 9 detail all ! conceivable objections t might arise 9 ! m9d ( "o read+ a popul> "w ( ?is k9d3 x 0 a futile und]tak+1 because ! true purpose 0 defeat$1 inasmu* z a cle> developm5t ( ! fundam5tal ?\ght w\ld be almo/ impossible "u ! cross-fire ( s _m r&om que/ions4 ,footnote #g3 ,9 ^! argum5ts1 arrangem5ts ( syn*ron\s clocks occur1 :i* are fix$ into ! co-ord9ate sy/ems1 ! positions ( _! h&s be+ comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! "t ( an ev5t is !n def9$ z ! position ( ! h&s ( a clock imm$iately adjac5t to ! sc5e ( ! ev5t4 ,?us1 9 ?is matt]1 ,e9/e9 takes ! same /& z ,s*op5hau] 9 ! preface ( 8 *ief "w1 9 :i* he says3 ,to und]/& ?is "w no bett] way c be advis$ ?an to read x twice 7at lea/71 inasmu* z ! beg9n+ assumes ! end1 almo/ z mu* z ! end assumes ! beg9n+2 ! smalle/ "p _c be und]/ood if ! :ole has n already be5 und]/ood4 ,:oev] accepts & foll[s ?is advice w f9d t ! int]m$iate objections w gradually balance & cancel "o ano!r1 & t x is n necess>y t !y %\ld int]rupt ! /eady & consi/5t l9e ( developm5t4 ,! position w\ld be diff]5t if a disciple ( ! new !ory %\ld resolve to disp5se ) /rictly sci5tific reason+ altoge!r1 & %\ld wi% to meet ! wi%es ( 8 read]s or he>]s by disc>d+ accuracy entirely4 ,su* a programme seems q feasible4 ,?is w\ld be m]ely foll[+ ! sket*y me?od ( a magaz9e1 ,e9/e9 rem>k$1 b y d n s]i\sly ?9k t x w\ld lead to any?+8 ,x w\ld n be a true explanation1 :i* is res]v$ = te*nical productions4 ,b ,i c imag9e t x w\ld n be unpr(itable to help "o :o is entirely ignorant on ^! que/ions by us+ make%ifts1 9 ! =m ( allegories or analogies1 :i* w s]ve z supports if he %\ld take fright dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 e>li] /udies4 ,^! %ocks are b\nd to occur1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he le>ns t a mov+ rigid rod und]goes contraction 9 ! direction ( motion4 ,b ?is is prov$ to him6 ,nev]!less1 he does n easily accept x4 ,= ! g5]al read] w say to himself3 ',a sup]human ef=t is impos$ on my m9d4 ,a rigid rod is ! mo/ con/ant ( all ?+s1 & nev] be=e has "o be5 compell$ to reg>d some?+ t is con/ant z v>iable4' ,if he does n grasp x1 no analogy w tea* him4 ,b p]haps x is possible4 ,! analogy is to %[ him t ! ef=t is n sup]human1 & t ?9k+ ,man has already _h occasion to become famili> ) su* trans=mations f con/ant to v>iable factors4 ,i am afraid y\r analogy w prove a failure4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view ?is is probably true1 inasmu* z all comp>isons are imp]fect1 b ! analogy may yet be ( s]vice z a la/ resort4 ,= example1 ,i %\ld say to my g5]al read]3 ',picture to y\rself a savant ( ! ,middle ,ages :o reflects on ! con/itution ( animals & plants4 ,"o fact seems to him to be irrevocably true1 namely1 t ! species are un*angeable6 ,a palm tree is a palm tree1 a horse is a horse1 a worm a worm1 & :at is once a reptile rema9s a reptile4 ,a species 9 itself d5otes some?+ absolutely inv>iant4' ,! expression is wrong :5 tak5 9 ?is connexion2 y mean inv>iable4 ,a little inaccuracy m or less does n affect ! analogy4 ,= ! sake ( my picture ,i %\ld l to reta9 ! conception-c\ple1 v>iable & inv>iant4 ,well1 !n1 ! species give our savant ! impression ( inv>iance1 z 9 ! view t 0 held by ,l9n & ,cuvi]4 ,?is view necess>ily has its c\nt]p>t 9 8 ?\ght4 ,he argues t e species has its own orig9al root1 & t1 9 ?is s5se1 !re is v ext5sive v>iation4 ,! fundam5tal roots are extremely manifold2 ,nature has produc$ innum]able v>iations 9 h] individual acts ( creation4 ,b n[ ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ( ,lam>ck1 ,goe!1 ,ok51 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ent]s ! field & produces a complete inv]sion ( ^! two elem5ts2 ! two p>ts ( ! e>li] po9t ( view *ange places4 ,our savant has to revise 8 :ole _w ( ?\ght4 ,n[ all organisms are to be trac$ back to a s+le orig9al root3 ! latt]1 :i* 0 v>iable be=e1 becomes an inv>iable unicellul> primitive organism1 b ! app>5tly un*angeable species n[ becomes v>iable1 9 ! wide/ possible s5se4 ,& ev5 if ?is savant %\ld exclaim3 ',h[ am ,i to reconcile myself to ?is view8' 8 desc5dants lat] f9d no difficulty 9 accept+ ! idea t ! organic roots are uni=m1 & t x is ! species t are subject to all mann] ( v>iation z a comp5sat+ feature4 ,e9/e9 express$ himself v little pleas$ ) ?is attempt at an analogy1 & f\nd t x 0 s f> fet*$ t x c\ld n be consid]$ admissible4 ,!n ,i mu/ ask y\r p]mission to cont9ue my attempt2 p]haps some?+ useful may yet result f x4 ,i n[ picture to myself a human be+ :o liv$ 9 classical times & :o1 foll[+ ,ovid & ! great majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 reg>ds ! e>? z a disc4 ,on ?is disc1 ea* inhabitant ( ! e>? has 8 own p>ticul> position1 = ! disc has a c5tre ) ref]5ce to :i* ! position ( a p]son c be specifi$ if 8 di/ance & 8 angul> displacem5t f a giv5 initial radius is specifi$4 ,?us1 !re is a v>iation ( position if v>i\s p]sons are consid]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,above & ! ,bel[ is absolutely inv>iable = all p]sons1 = ! l9es runn+ betwe5 ,above & ,bel[ are all p>allel = !m1 s9ce !y all h uni=mly ! same disc "u _! feet & ! same heav5 above _! heads4 ,ovid w\ld !re=e h refus$ to ent]ta9 = a mom5t ! sugge/ion t ,above-,bel[ is a v>iable4 ,b 8 di/ant desc5dants accept$ ! view t ! e>? is sph]ical & t !re are antipodes z self-evid5t1 & !y f\nd n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 consid]+ ! l9e ,above-,bel[ to v>y ) _! own position1 mak+ all possible angles ) an initial l9e ext5d+ to direct opposit5ess4 ,ref]r$ to ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 all p h n[ an 'inv>iant' position1 :]eas1 9 comp5sation1 ! ,above-,bel[ is subject to e conceivable v>iation4 ,& n[ ,i aga9 address myself to ! av]age read]1 & say t ! mean+ ( ^! analogies is t e doctr9e t leads to a great uni=mity conv]ts :at 0 =m]ly inv>iant into a v>iable quantity1 & vice v]sa4 ,! !ory ( relativity makes all consid]ations ab\t ! physical _w indep5d5t ( all co-ord9ate sy/ems2 x e/abli%es completely inv>iable uni=mity1 remov$ f all *anges due to v>y+ po9ts ( view4 ,h5ce :at 0 previ\sly inv>iable--su* z a rigid measur+-rod--w n[ become v>iable4 ,x is n surpris+ t ?is requires a new me?od ( ?\ght1 a revision ( our mode ( reason+1 = ! above analogies %[ t ^! radical adju/m5ts are *>act]i/ically necess>y 9 ! case ( compreh5sive !ories1 & t su* !ories are able to ov]come app>5tly firmly e/abli%$ ideas4 ,! p>allels t ,i drew above w at lea/ inspire ! av]age read] ) a c]ta9 confid5ce1 = !y %[ him h[ results ( reason+ t 7 once consid]$ incr$ible 7 reg>d$ z self-evid5t by lat] g5]ations4 ,i h already emphasiz$ suffici5tly t ,e9/e9 reg>ds z inadequate ^! auxili>y pictures t h pres5t$ !mselves to me4 ,yet 9 ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation ,i ga9$ ! impression t 8 judgm5t grew some:at mild]1 & t1 ) c]ta9 res]vations1 he 0 dispos$ to let !m pass z tol]ably useful helps--& !y are n int5d$ to be m ?an ?is4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ,i am n act+ c\nt] to 8 wi%es 9 cit+ ^! allegorical examples "h1 p>ticul>ly z !y arose 9 ! c\rse ( our talks4 ,s9ce !n1 ,i h _h _m opportunities ( te/+ ^! examples on c]ta9 p]sons1 & may m5tion t !y prov$ q useful4 ,analogies ( ?is k9d may (f] a fri5dly help 9 mom5ts :5 ! un9itiat$ feel !mselves 9 p]il1 & enc\nt] a difficulty :i* !y imag9e to be insurm\ntable4 ,!y d n remove ! difficulty1 b !y imp>t a c]ta9 p[] ( expansion to ! intellect & enc\rage a cont9uation ( ef=t1 :i* w\ld probably o!rwise be relax$ at ! fir/ sign ( some?+ :i* is imag9$ to be inconceivable4 ,!re is ?us no room 9 textbooks = su* helps1 b !y may ju/ifiably f9d a place 9 a book t dep>ts f ! me?odical r\te1 & hopes to discov] 9 by-ways ?+s t are sugge/ive & in/ructive4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,disconnect$ ,,sugge/ions ,conditionality & ,unconditionality ( ,physical ,laws4--,conception ( ,temp]ature4--,gra9 ( ,s& & ,univ]se4--,are ,laws unalt]able8--,p>adoxes ( ,sci5ce4--,rejuv5ation by ,motion4--,ga9 ( a ,second4--,de=m$ ,worlds4--,atomic ,model4--,rese>*es ( ,ru!r=d & ,niels ,bohr4--,microcosmos & ,macrocosmos4--,brief ,/atem5t ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity4--,sci5ce ) r$uc$ ,s5se-,organs4--,et]nal ,repetition4--,high] ,types ( ,culture4 ,,9 all bran*es ( reason+1 no ^w & no conception has play$ a m important "p ?an t ( law4 ,physical laws d5ote ! b>ri] t sep>ates /rictly *ance & arbitr>9ess f necessity1 & x seems to u t ! region ( ! latt] mu/ ev] ext5d s t f9ally no?+ w be left ( ! =m]1 :i* w h become amalgamat$ ) necessity4 ,we %all be con/ra9$ to believe m & m 9 a supreme law t w be a complete expression ( all ! p>tial laws :i* sci5ce pres5ts to u z m or less p]man5t results ( individual rese>*es4 ,our conv]sation 0 c5tr$ ab\t ^! individual laws1 su* z ^? t are taught 9 ! !ory ( gases1 optics1 etc41 & t are associat$ ) ! names1 ,boyle1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,dalton1 ,m>riotte1 ,huygh5s1 ,fresnel1 ,kir*h(f1 ,boltzmann1 & o!rs4 ,9 connexion ) ^! ,i ask$ ,e9/e9 :e!r he reg>d$ ! laws z ?+s uncondition$ 9 !mselves1 & capable ( pro( "u e set ( circum/ances2 & :e!r absolutely valid laws exi/$ or c\ld exi/4 ,e9/e9's answ] 0 ess5tially 9 ! negative4 ,a law _c be f9al1 if only = ! reason t ! conceptions1 :i* we use to =mulate x1 %[ !mselves to be imp]fect or insuffici5t z sci5ce progresses4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 an elem5t>y law su* z ,newton's ,law ( ,=ce4 ,f our m rec5t po9t ( view we f9d ! conception ( direct action at a di/ance to be inexact 9 ,nature4 ,= x has be5 %[n t action at a di/ance is n an ultimate factor1 b mu/ be resolv$ into a multiplicity ( actions betwe5 imm$iately neighb\r+ po9ts 7,! ,!ory ( ,action by ,contact or ,contigu\s ,action74 ,ano!r example is provid$ by ! conception ,temp]ature4 ,?is conception becomes mean+less if we endeav\r to apply x to molecules3 x leads to no result if we try to impose x on ! smalle/ p>ts ( matt] z su*4 ,! reason is t ! /ate1 ! velocity1 & ! inn] en]gy ( ! individual molecules fluctuates betwe5 v wide limits4 ,! conception 'temp]ature' is applicable only to a configuration compos$ ( _m molecules1 & ev5 !n x is n applicable q g5]ally4 ,= let u picture to ourselves an extremely r>efi$ gas conta9$ 9 a clos$ receiv]4 ,two opposite walls are to be at diff]5t temp]atures1 ! "o be+ cold & ! o!r be+ hot ,9 a gas at su* v l[ pressure ! molecules come into collision s seldom t1 practically1 we h to take into acc\nt only ! collisions ( ! molecules ) ! conf9+ walls4 ,! molecules t reb\nd f ! hot wall h great] velocities ?an ^? com+ f ! cold] wall1 & h5ce ! conception ( temp]ature becomes unt5able = ?is gas4 ,w\ld ! temp]ature-scale on ! !rmomet] !n d5ote no?+8 ,i ask$4 ,! great] or less] degree ( w>m? ( a body1 9 ?is case ( ! mass ( gas1 dep5ds on ! m rapid or less rapid motion ( its smalle/ p>ts4 ,! motions are 9 any case pres5t1 s :at w\ld a !rmomet] indicate8 ,x w\ld betray only t x _h no?+ to indicate4 ,if a !rmomet] t is black5$ on "o side 7 ins]t$ into ! vessel conta9+ ! gas1 !n diff]5t temp]atures w\ld be record$ if ! !rmomet] 7 gradually turn$ ab\t its own axis2 & ?is signifies t ! conception ( temp]ature has become mean+less = ?is configuration ( molecules4 ,& pass+ beyond ! quot$ examples1 ,i %\ld ma9ta9 t all our conceptions1 h[ev] subtly !y may h be5 ?\ght out1 are %[n 9 ! c\rse ( progressive k to be too r\gh hewn1 t is1 too little diff]5tiat$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,we spoke ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,?+s1 & ( ! degree to :i* ^! prop]ties c\ld be inve/igat$4 ,z an extreme ?\ght1 ! foll[+ "q 0 propos$3 ,suppos+ x 7 possible to discov] all ! prop]ties ( a gra9 ( s&1 w\ld we !n h ga9$ a complete k ( ! :ole univ]se8 ,w\ld !re !n rema9 no unsolv$ compon5t ( our compreh5sion ( ! univ]se8 ,e9/e9 decl>$ t ?is "q 0 to be answ]$ ) an unconditional affirmative4 ,= if we _h completely & 9 a sci5tific s5se le>n$ ! processes 9 ! gra9 ( s&1 ?is w\ld h be5 possible only on ! basis ( an exact k ( ! laws ( me*anical ev5ts 9 "t & space4 ,^! laws1 diff]5tial equations1 w\ld be ! mo/ g5]al laws ( ! univ]se1 f :i* ! qu9tess5ce ( all o!r ev5ts w\ld h to be d$ucible4 ,?is ?\ght may be spun out 9 yet ano!r direction4 ,e piece ( rese>*1 h[ev] specializ$ x may appe> & ( :atev] m9or importance x may be1 reta9s a relation%ip ) rese>*es into ! univ]se1 & may prove to be valuable = ?is latt] task4 ,if we accept ! view t sci5ce is capable ( realiz+ p]fection1 !n e contribution to k1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 is ess5tially indisp5sable = atta9+ ?is goal4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,c a physical law alt] ) "t8 ,9 m precise language1 c "t1 z su*1 ent] explicitly into laws1 s t1 = example1 an exp]im5t t is c>ri$ out at diff]5t times leads to diff]5t results8 ,?is "q has be5 treat$ sev]al times1 among o!rs1 by ,po9c>1 :o answ]$ x ) an emphatic ,no6 b also by o!rs to :om ! inv>iability ( physical laws did n seem to hold = all et]nity4 ,if my memory does n play me false1 ,helmholtz once express$ fa9t d\bts ab\t ! con/ancy ( laws4 ,e9/e9 answ]$ ?is "q ) a decid$ negative4 ,= a law ( physical nature is1 by def9ition1 a rule to :i* ev5ts con=m :]ev] & :5ev] !y take place4 ,?us1 if we 7 to be compell$ z a result ( exp]i5ce to make a law dep5d5t on "t1 x w\ld be a necess>y /ep to seek a law indep5d5t ( "t1 :i* w\ld include 9 itself ! law dep5d5t on ! "t z a special case4 ,! latt] w\ld be exclud$ f ! category ( physical laws1 & w\ld h5ce=w>d play ! "p only ( a result d$uc$ f ! law :i* is indep5d5t ( ! "t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at attitude %\ld we adopt if1 9 /udy+ a sci5tific doctr9e1 we enc\nt] p>adoxical results ev5 ?\gh ! inf]5ces h be5 drawn correctly--t is1 if we meet ) a d$uction to :i* our reason+ p[]s object1 al?\gh no fallacy is discov]able 9 ! argum5t8 ,be=e we deal ) cases :i* seem to me1 p]sonally1 to be int]e/+1 let u he> :at is ,e9/e9's attitude 9 g5]al4 ,z soon z a p>adox pres5ts itself1 we may1 z a rule1 inf] t inaccurate reason+ is ! cause1 & %\ld ?us exam9e 9 ea* p>ticul> case :e!r an error ( logic is discov]able1 or :e!r ! p>adoxical result d5otes only a viol5t contra/ ) our pres5t views4 ,let u fir/ take examples f an entirely mod]n sci5ce1 f ! ,!ory ( ,aggregates f\nd$ by ,georg ,cantor ( ,halle4 ,we %all foll[ ! argum5t by ! only possible me?od = ?is book1 namely1 by r\gh indications t w s]ve our purpose & d n claim to be accurate 9 expression or 9 s5se4 ,if we take an aggregate ( ?ree objects1 = example1 an apple1 a pe>1 & a plum1 we may1 by def9ition1 =m six p>tial aggregates1 namely3 ! apple ! pe> ! plum ! apple & ! pe> ! apple & ! plum ! pe> & ! plum4 ,! aggregate ( ! p>tial aggregates1 :i* conta9s six elem5ts1 is ?us great] ?an 7actually twice z great z7 ! orig9al aggregate1 9 :i* only ?ree elem5ts occur4 ,if ! orig9al aggregate conta9s an additional elem5t1 = example1 a nut1 ! foll[+ p>tial aggregates may be =m$3 ! apple ! pe> ! plum ! nut ! apple & ! pe> ! apple & ! plum ! apple & ! nut ! pe> & ! plum ! pe> & ! nut ! plum & ! nut ! apple1 ! pe>1 & ! plum ! apple1 ! pe>1 & ! nut ! apple1 ! plum1 & ! nut ! pe>1 ! plum1 & ! nut4 ,?us1 9 ?is case1 ! aggregate ( ! p>tial aggregates is already consid]ably great] ?an ! orig9al aggregate4 ,?is num]ical excess increases rapidly ) ea* successive increase 9 ! orig9al aggregate1 s t if we apply ! same reason+ to an inf9ite aggregate1 ! aggregate ( p>tial aggregates becomes an inf9ity ( a high] ord]4 ,?is is express$ by say+ t ! inf9ite aggregate ( p>tial aggregates has a great] pot5tiality ?an ! inf9ity ( ! elem5ts ( ! orig9al aggregate4 ,s we see t ! "o inf9ity is1 9 popul> language1 mu* m compreh5sive1 m p[]ful ?an ! o!r4 ,our m9ds d n f9d x impossible to grasp ?is4 ,b 9 a def9ite imag9>y exp]im5t x is f\nd t ?is !orem ( progression n only fails 9 its application1 b leads to flagrant contradiction4 ,= if we />t f ! prim>y aggregate ( all conceivable ?+s1 its inf9ity c c]ta9ly n be transc5d$ by any o!r inf9ity4 ,b accord+ to ! above !orem ! aggregate ( all p>tial aggregates w\ld h a great] pot5tiality1 al?\gh x itself _c ext5d fur!r ?an to ! conception ( ! maximum ( all conceivable ?+s4 ,we ?us arrive at an insoluble p>adox1 a typical example ( h[1 9 ! sy/em ( conceptions involv$1 some?+ is insuffici5t or n 9 con=mity ) logical ?\ght4 ,& ?is sceptical view receives support f v>i\s rem>ks ( ,desc>tes1 ,locke1 ,leibniz1 & p>ticul>ly ,gauss1 :o1 long be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,!ory ( ,aggregates1 rais$ a prote/ aga9/ inexact def9itions ( inf9ity4 ,9 ano!r case1 h[ev]1 ! same !ory seems to arise by p]fectly logical processes1 al?\gh x aga9 leads to a /atem5t t does n seem correct to common s5se4 ,= x %[s by a v subtle & +5i\s me?od t all ! surface-po9ts ( a surface inf9itely ext5d$ 9 all directions may be br\ght to correspond 9 a rev]sible s+le mann] to ! l9e> po9ts ( a l9e1 h[ev] small2 s t to e po9t ( ! unlimit$ plane !re corresponds a def9ite po9t ( ! l9e1 & vice v]sa4 ,! same !orem may be ext5d$ to ?ree-dim5sional space1 ) ! result t we h to reconcile ourselves ) ! incr$ible fact t1 express$ 9 popul> language1 a /raight l9e ( h[ev] small l5g? exhibits ! same pot5tiality ) reg>d to ! numb] ( its po9ts1 z all ! po9ts 9 ! univ]se4 ,= my own "p1 ,i mu/ confess t no means sugge/s itself to me to make ?is p>adox intelligible4 ,b ! sacrificium intellectus comes )9 dang]\s proximity4 ,e9/e91 :o values & m>vels at ! !ory ( aggregates z a sci5ce1 or p]haps m z a "w ( art built up f ! mat]ials ( sci5ce1 gives :ole-he>t$ support to ! pro(4 ,he refuses to accept ! notion ( a p>adox--t is1 he recognizes a contradiction n 9 our process ( reason+1 b only 9 a habit ( ?\ght t is op5 to correction4 ,i %\ld give mu* to discov] ! means ( correction6 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ?ird example arises out ( ! special !ory ( relativity4 ,x has a my/]i\s p>adoxical "* t vani%es :5 a cle> view ( ! relation%ips involv$ has be5 obta9$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! rate at :i* ev5ts happ5 alt]s accord+ to ! /ate ( motion ( ! sy/em "u consid]ation4 ,let u n[ consid] two tw9s ,a & ,b1 t1 al?\gh born at "o place on ! e>?1 are imm$iately sep>at$1 ,b rema9+ at re/1 :il/ ,a ru%es out into space at an enorm\s rate1 describ+ :at1 view$ f ! e>?1 is an inconceivably great circle4 ,9 ?is way ! rate ( happ5+ ( all ev5ts is r$uc$ v consid]ably = ,a 9 a mann] t may be calculat$4 ,if ,a !n returns to ,b1 x may happ5 t ! tw9 :o /ay$ at home is n[ sixty ye>s old1 :]eas ! w&]] is only fifte5 ye>s ( age1 or is p]haps only an infant /ill4 ,! fir/ introduction to ?is flight ( imag9ation naturally causes pr(\nd p]plexity4 ,nev]!less1 we are deal+ n ) a realm ( miracles1 b ) some?+ t is )9 ! range ( compreh5sion4 ,9 ! case ( ^! two tw9s1 ,e9/e9 decl>$1 we h m]ely a p>adox ( feel+4 ,x w\ld be a p>adox ( ?\ght only if no suffici5t gr\nd c\ld be sugge/$ = ! behavi\r ( ^! two creatures4 ,?is gr\nd1 :i* acc\nts = ! comp>ative y\? ( ,a1 is giv51 f ! po9t ( view ( ! special !ory ( relativity1 by ! fact t ! creature 9 "q1 & only ?is creature1 has be5 subject to accel]ations4 ,a prop] grasp ( ! reason is furni%$ only :5 we adopt ! g5]al !ory ( relativity1 :i* tell u t1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,a1 a c5trifugal field exi/s1 :]eas x is abs5t f ! po9t ( view ( ,b4 ,?is field ex]ts an influ5ce on ! relative rate ( happ5+ ( ! ev5ts ( life4 ,x c]ta9ly requires a prodigi\s me*anism to all[ ! mov+ tw9 to ga9 ev5 only "o second ( "t4 ,if he 7 to sp5d a ye> 9 a m]ry-g-r\nd ^: circumf]5ce 7 ab\t #ai milli>d miles 9 l5g?1 he w\ld h to travel 9 x at ! rate ( ov] #fjj miles p] second if he is to ga9 a second on 8 bro!r4 ,?is inevitable result t is imm$iately app>5t to a tra9$ sci5tific m9d ?r[s light on ! nature ( common s5se1 ! validity ( :i*1 z an ultimate crit]ion1 ,kant too has refus$ to recognize1 9 s f> z ?is common s5se is incapable ( pass+ beyond ! examples (f]$ 9 its own exp]i5ce4 ,x circulates1 z ,e9/e9 says1 9 ! realms ( feel+ & analogy4 ,x f9ds no analogy = a ph5om5on l t describ$ above1 & s9ce x c apply rules only concretely1 _m ?+s appe> to x p>adoxical t1 9 ! light ( int5sifi$ ab/raction1 appe> logical & necess>y4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u speculate on ! foll[+ "q4 ,if all ?+s 9 ! univ]se %\ld increase or decrease enorm\sly 9 dim5sions1 & if1 at ! same "t1 9 a mann] totally conceal$ f u1 c]ta9 physical conditions %\ld become *ang$1 we %\ld lack all means ( discov]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s be=e & aft] ! *ange4 ,= s9ce all measur+-rods1 includ+ ^? furni%$ by our s5ses1 w\ld h become *ang$ 9 ! same proportion1 ! two conditions c\ld n be diff]5tiat$ f "o ano!r4 ,x may easily be %[n t ?is w\ld necess>ily occur1 if an extramundane p[] 7 non-uni=mly to displace1 de=m1 compress1 or b5d all ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 provid$ t our in/rum5ts & s5ses p>ticipat$ 9 ?is trans=mation4 ,accord+ly x is p]missible also to reg>d ! univ]se kn[n to u z "o t is de=m$1 & "o t is d]iv$ f ano!r1 ! orig9al =m ( :i* w ev] rema9 a secret to u4 ,is !re any connexion betwe5 ?is grotesque speculation & ! !ory ( relativity8 ,we c e/abli% only "o t is negative & t arises e contr>io4 ,^! de=mations1 said ,e9/e91 are 9 !mselves ab/ractions t are physically mean+less4 ,only relations betwe5 bodies h a physical mean+1 = example1 ! relation betwe5 measur+-rods & ! objects !y measure4 ,!re=e1 x is reasonable to talk ( de=mations only :5 we are deal+ ) ! de=mations ( two or m bodies ) respect to "o ano!r1 :]eas ! conception ( de=mation has no s5se1 unless a real object is specifi$1 to :i* x is ref]r$4 ,! philosophical m]it ( ! g5]al !ory ( relativity1 z comp>$ ) previ\s views ( physics1 consi/s 9 ! fact t ! =m] avoids entirely ^! mean+less ab/ractions ) respect to space & "t4 ,accord+ to ?is1 x is n purposeless to ent] on ^! grotesque tra9s ( ?\ght1 ev5 if !y are unt5able physically4 ,= s9ce ! new physics tea*es u to avoid ^! false tracks1 x seems ( value to "k :at x is t is to be avoid$4 ,j z we mu/ /udy s*ola/ic ?\ght if we wi% to grasp ?or\ghly ! philosophy :i* sprang up aft] ! s*ola/ic fett]s 7 bur/4 ,moreov]1 ^! reflections on conceal$ univ]ses are n )\t a c]ta9 attraction1 rem9isc5t ( ! sorc]]'s w&1 if !y pursu$ any o!r goal ?an t ( mak+ univ]ses di/ort$4 ,x is true t !y hold out lat5t temptations t may 9 "s cases lead u on to dang]\s gr\nd1 9 enc\rag+ u to v5ture on analogies beyond ! scope ( geometry & physics4 ,w\ld x be possible to ent] sudd5ly into a _w t is di/ort$ & de=m$ ) respect to its e?ics1 its culture1 & its reason+ intellects1 )\t our obs]v+ ! diff]5ce8 ,are we ourselves p]haps liv+ "u su* d]ang$ conditions1 ( :i* we _c become aw>e1 because our p]ceptual organs h likewise become de=m$8 ,i mu/ frankly confess t ,i d n reg>d x z q inconceivable t ?is argum5t ( de=mation may be spun out 9 ?is direction1 b ,i mu/ add t ,e9/e9 rejects absolutely all su* ext5sions1 s9ce1 z he emphasizes1 !y lead to regions t are m]ely fields = ! exhibition ( v]bal gymna/ics4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q :e!r ,nature makes leaps or n is v old4 ,9 ! !ory ( desc5t x =ms ! f\ndation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 revolutioni/s & ! evolutioni/s1 :o uphold ! axiom natura non facit saltus1 ) all its consequ5ces4 ,rec5tly attempts h be5 made1 p>ticul>ly by psy*ologi/s1 to prop\nd & ju/ify a natural pr9ciple ( discont9uity4 ,!y ass]t t our own p]ceptions & s5sations are discont9u\s 9 !mselves1 & t ! me*anism ( e p]ception is ak9 to t ( a c9ematograph ) its extremely rapid int]ruptions4 ,if ?is %\ld actually be ! case1 we %\ld sc>cely h a means ( solv+ def9itely ! "q :e!r cont9uity reigns1 or n1 9 ,nature4 ,e9/e9 does n recognize ! possibility ( ?is alt]native = a mom5t4 ,if a d\bt _h ev] aris51 ! rese>*es ( ,maxwell w\ld 9 !mselves h be5 suffici5t to dispel x4 ,our univ]se t is to be describ$ 9 t]ms ( diff]5tial equations is absolutely cont9u\s4 ,b1 ,i int]ject$1 does n mod]n physics (f] a c]ta9 support to ! assumption ( a discont9uity8 ,does n ! ,quantum ,!ory po9t to an atomi/ic /ructure ( en]gy1 & h5ce also ( ev5ts t are to be imag9$ z happ5+ 9 j]ks & z involv+ relations expressible 9 :ole numb]s8 ,e9/e9 gave an answ] ( epigrammatic brevity & flav\r4 ,! fact t ^! ph5om5a are expressible 9 :ole numb]s mu/ n be con/ru$ into an argum5t aga9/ cont9u\s happ5+4 ,j imag9e to y\rself = a mom5t t be] is sold only 9 :ole litres2 w\ld y !n inf] t be]1 z su*1 is discont9u\s8 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at a*ievem5ts are to be expect$ ( a/ronomy 9 ! pres5t era8 ,?is "q w\ld h a special mean+ if x 7 assum$ t ! a/ronom] :o works 9 obs]vatories is surr\nd$ by solv$ problems1 & c no long] hope to solve problems hav+ ! univ]sal significance ( ^? ( ,cop]nicus or ,kepl]4 ,?is assumption1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be 9 agreem5t ) ! actual /ate ( affairs4 ,e9/e9 indicat$ to me a numb] ( fundam5tal problems t pres5t !mselves to mod]n a/ronomy1 & ! solution ( :i* he expect$ ( future times4 ,above all1 ! geometrical & physical con/itution ( ! /ell> sy/ems w1 9 ! ma91 become reveal$4 ,at pres5t we d n yet "k :e!r ,newton's ,law ( ,attraction holds1 at lea/ approximately1 = configurations ( ! type ( ! ,milky ,way & ( ! sph]ical clu/]s ( />s--t is1 9 ext5ts ( space 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( space-curvature w\ld become appreciable4 ,! rapid progress ( rec5t a/ronomy ju/ifies our great hopes t ! solution ( ?is univ]sal problem w be f\nd )9 ! com+ decades4 ,9 di/ant connexion ) ?is we also t\*$ on ! "q ( ! habitability ( o!r worlds4 ,?is !me ( ,font5elle1 la pluralit des mondes habits1 :i* has aga9 become a c5tre ( public int]e/1 ow+ to inve/igations ( ,m>s1 has evok$ a /orm ( discussion4 ,we he> ! noisy w>-cries ( geoc5tric sci5ti/s :o wi% to rega9 = ! e>? h] %att]$ supremacy 9 a/ronomy1 & :o claim ! exi/5ce ( organic =ms z ! sole pr]ogative ( our planet4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t ,e9/e9 rejects ! motives ( ^! human & all-too-human individuals z small-m9d$ & %ort-sight$4 ,creatures 9 di/ant worlds are d]iv$ f1 & are subject to1 conditions ( organic nature1 ( :i* we c =m no idea by d$uctions f ! _w :i* we inhabit4 ,b to d5y _! exi/5ce on numb]less con/ellations1 or to dem& an ocul> pro( ( _! pres5ce1 is no bett] ?an to assume ! po9t ( view ( an infusoria to :om !re is no life o!r ?an t 9 a dirty drop ( dit*-wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! idea ( ! atom z ! ultimate /ructural elem5t involves a philological z well z a conceptual contradiction4 ,= atomos signifies ! indivisible1 ! no-fur!r-divisible1 :]eas ! idea ( a body1 h[ev] small1 an elem5t ( /ructure diff]+ f z]o1 dem&s1 at lea/ geometrically1 fur!r divisibility4 ,ev5 ! orig9al f\nd]s ( ! !ory ( atoms1 ,leukippus1 ,epicurus1 & ,democritus1 assign$ def9ite =ms to ! ultimate compon5ts1 & we may read 9 ! spl5did "w ( ,lucretius h[ he inf]s f ! nature ( sub/ance t ! ultimate p>ticles are smoo?1 r\nd1 or r\gh1 or h ! %apes ( hooks & eyes4 ,! fur!r analysis press$ =w>d1 ! m ! simplicity ( ! orig9al idea vani%$4 ,microcosms came to be reg>d$ z copies ( macrocosms1 & ! atoms ( pres5t-day sci5ce actually exact f u t we %\ld reg>d !m z worlds 9 !mselves4 ,e9/e9 acc$$ to my reque/ t he might give a sket* ( ! late/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce suffici5t to provide an approximate idea ( ! atomic model4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,ru!r=d & ,niels ,bohr1 we are to picture x z a planet>y sy/em4 ,! c5tral body ( ?is sy/em is repres5t$ by a positively *>g$ nucleus1 :i* con/itutes almo/ ! :ole mass ( ! atom1 surr\nd$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( electrons1 negative *>ges1 t move 9 uni=m circul> or elliptic orbits ab\t ! nucleus4 ,!re is ?us a c]ta9 analogy t all[s u to reg>d ! nucleus z ! sun1 & ! electrons z ! planets ( ?is sy/em4 ,! numb] ( ^! electrons v>ies betwe5 ! limits #a & #ib1 accord+ to ! *emical con/itution ( ! elem5t4 ,! smalle/ numb] occurs 9 ! case ( helium 79 :i* !re are two71 & ( ! hydrog5 atom1 9 :i* only "o electron-planet describes its circul> pa? ab\t ! nucleus4 ,9 o!r atoms !re are probably m complicat$ orbits1 al?\gh !y are m or less approximately circul>4 ,accord+ to ?is /ill v new !ory1 :i* is support$ by v conv9c+ facts1 ! electrons are to be imag9$ z arrang$ 9 conc5tric %ells 7l ! lay]s ( an onion71 among :i* ! inn]mo/ %ell plays a di/9ctive "p inasmu* z ! numb] ( ! electrons arrang$ 9 x decides ! *emical "* ( ! atom 9 "q4 ,x sometimes occurs t electrons spr+1 "u ext]nal influ5ce1 f "o orbit to ano!r2 :5 ! electron jumps back to ! orig9al orbit1 light is emitt$4 ,an ess5tial fact is to be not$3 ,:]eas any arbitr>y orbits ( any arbitr>y radius may occur 9 a planet>y sy/em ( ! cele/ial regions1 ! manifold ( ^! orbits 9 ! case ( ! electrons is re/rict$1 9 t only c]ta9 orbits are possible1 namely1 ^? t are det]m9$ ma!matically by ! quantum condition4 ,p]haps1 ,i int]rupt$1 ! :ole analogy may be inv]t$4 ,if ! atom is consid]$ analog\s to a planet>y sy/em 9 ! model1 x %\ld be admissible to reg>d our true planet>y sy/em z a cosmic atom4 ,& !n1 long aft] we h become accu/om$ to reg>d our e>? z play+ ! "p ( a gra9 ( s&1 ! sov]eignty ( ! sun1 too1 w\ld be pa/4 ,! :ole maje/y ( ! sol> sy/em z f> z ! orbit ( ,neptune w\ld !n %r9k to a configuration comp>$ ) :i* ! _w ( a gra9 ( s& w\ld be inf9itely complex4 ,?is fanta/ic inv]sion is p]missible up to a c]ta9 ext5t1 said ,e9/e91 b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t !re is a c>d9al diff]5ce4 ,if we disreg>d ! enorm\s disp>ity 9 dim5sions1 ! analogy is f> f exact ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! atom is only an elem5t ( /ructure1 :]eas ! true planet>y sy/em is an extraord9>ily complex /ructure 9 itself4 ,?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 a simple ?+ & "o t is v highly complex /ill rema9s4 ,b1 ,pr(essor1 may n a simil> complexity yet be discov]$ 9 ! atom8 ,x may be m]ely a diff]5ce ( philosophical view f ! prim>y idea to t ( reg>d+ ! electrons z circulat+ l planets4 ,may we n conjecture t 9 ea* successive /ep we are m]ely c>ry+ out a true regressus 9 inf9itum8 ,t seems highly improbable1 he repli$1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 /ructural inve/igations c nev] cease4 ,at fir/ !y are direct$ at ! m remote object ( f9d+ out :y c]ta9 atoms are radioactive1 t is1 exhibit a t5d5cy to dis9tegrate4 ,x has already be5 e/abli%$ t ?is t5d5cy is a prop]ty ( ! positive nucleus1 ( :i* little is z yet kn[n4 ,?is means t ! nucleus is n simple1 yet x does n op5 up ! possibility ( an un5d+ regression4 ,our aim mu/ be to get a cle> insight into ! con/itution ( ! nucleus1 z reg>ds ! positive & negative *>ges1 & x is my op9ion1 he conclud$1 t beyond ?is !re w be no fur!r subdivision ( matt]4 ,:5 ,goe! writes ( ! immovable pole 9 ! flux ( ph5om5a1 we recognize t 8 beautiful rem>k pron\nces an elegy to ! possibility ( atta9+ ultimate simplicity4 ,e9/e9's utt]ance1 if ,i und]/& him aright1 conv]ts ?is elegy into a song ( hope4 ,if ! subdivision ( matt] actually has an end some:]e1 !n we are n[ on ! ?re%old ( ultimate ?+s1 we are ne> ! immovable pole1 :i* we are capable ( rea*+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,e new tru? ( sci5ce mu/ be su* t1 9 ord9>y writ+1 x may be communicat$ completely )9 ! space ( a qu>to leaf4 ,kir*h(f made ?is rem>k1 & gave a suffici5t1 if n lit]al1 demon/ration ( its tru?4 ,:5 ,buns5 & he publi%$ ! fir/ notice ab\t spectral analysis1 !y compress$ _! publication into ! small space ( ?ree pr9t$ pages4 ,b :at is to happ5 if ! new tru? %\ld be built up ( v compreh5sive mat]ials1 :5 x requires _m l9ks1 ( :i* none c be omitt$ if ! tru? is to be made intelligible8 ,w\ld ,kir*h(fs qu>to page /ill be suffici5t8 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,e9/e91 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t x is address$ to a read] :o has already ma/]$ :at w5t be=e--t is1 to "o :o is s f> acqua9t$ ) ! old] facts t he has to le>n only ! really new "p ( ! new tru?4 ,t s\nds v hopeful1 ,i rem>k$1 = !n x %\ld also be possible to describe v briefly ! !ory ( relativity4 ,let u r say its ess5tials--! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,well1 !n1 get y\r ,kir*h(f page ready4 ,we %all see :e!r we c set out on x ! special !ory ( relativity4 ,! totality ( our exp]i5ce compels u to assume t light travels ) a con/ant velocity 9 empty space4 ,likewise1 our :ole exp]i5ce 9 optics compels u to recognize t all in]tial sy/ems are equival5t2 ^! are sy/ems t are produc$ f an all[able "o by means ( a uni=m translation4 ,an all[able sy/em is "o 9 :i* ,galilei's & ,newton's ,law ( ,in]tia holds4 7,?is law /ates t a mov+ body t is left to itself reta9s its direction & velocity p]man5tly47 ,n[1 ! law ( ! con/ancy ( light propagation seems to conflict ) ! classical pr9ciple ( relativity1 accord+ to :i* ! velocity ( a ray ( light assumes diff]5t values 9 ! mov+ sy/em accord+ to ! direction ( ! ray4 ,?is app>5t incompatibility arises f ! foll[+ unprov$ assumptions3 7a7 ,if two ev5ts are simultane\s ) reg>d to "o in]tial sy/em1 !y are also simultane\s ) reg>d to any o!r in]tial sy/em4 7b7 ,! l5g? ( a measur+-rod1 ! %ape & size ( a rigid body1 & ! rate ( a clock are indep5d5t ( _! motion ) respect to ! sy/em ( ref]5ce us$1 provid$ ?is motion is rectil9e> & non-rotational4 ,^! assumptions mu/ be disc>d$ if ?is disagreem5t is to be elim9at$4 ,if we sub/itute = !m ! assumption t all in]tial sy/ems are equival5t & t ! velocity ( light 9 vacuo is con/ant1 we get3 7#a7 ,t ! dim5sions ( bodies & ! rate ( clocks h a functional relation to ! motion4 7#b7 ,t ! equations ( motion ( ,newton require to be modifi$2 ?is modification leads to results t1 = rapid motions1 diff] appreciably f ^? ( ,newton4 ,?is is1 9 a v compress$ =m1 ! mean+ ( ! special !ory ( relativity4 ,z !re is /ill "s space left on our qu>to page1 we may add a rem>k t1 x is hop$1 w make a little cle>] ! above-m5tion$ discrepancy4 ,let u *oose z our sy/em ( ref]5ce an express tra9 #ah miles long4 ,!re are two pass5g]s--,mr4 ,front1 "r at ! front ( ! tra91 & ,mr4 ,back1 at ! extreme end ( ! tra91 s t a rigid di/ance ( #ah miles sep>ates ! two pass5g]s4 ,! c>riages are transp>5t1 s t ! two pass5g]s c signal to "o ano!r4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 furni%$ ) ideal clocks t run at exactly ! same rate4 ,fir/1 suppose t ! tra9 is at re/4 ,back is j opposite mile/one #ajj1 :il/ ,front is opposite mile/one #aah4 ,by means ( a fla%1 ,back signals to ,front 8 "t1 exactly #ab o'clock4 ,x takes light v ne>ly second to trav]se ! l5g? ( ! tra9--#ah miles2 h5ce ! fla% w rea* ,front at #ab o'clock second4 ,exactly ! same result w\ld h come ab\t if ,front _h signall$ 8 "t to ,back4 ,light makes no diff]5ce 9 travell+ =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,if ! tra9 moves at a great spe$1 ! two travell]s c conduct ! same exp]im5t z :5 ! tra9 0 at re/4 ,!y w !n set ! "t t light takes to travel f ,back to ,front equal to ! "t t x takes to trav]se ! same way 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,b ?is ph5om5on w assume a diff]5t aspect if view$ f ! railway embankm5t4 ,an obs]v] on ! latt] w\ld affirm t light does n take ! same "t 9 travell+ ! l5g? ( ! tra9 9 "o direction z x does :5 travell+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,= ! ray ( light mov+ 9 ! =w>d direction has to trav]se n only ! di/ance betwe5 ,back & ,front1 b also ! v %ort di/ance t ,front has mov$ =w>d dur+ ! int]val t ! light has be5 mov+2 :]eas1 inv]sely1 ! fla% s5t out by ,front to ,back w trav]se a di/ance t is correspond+ly less ?an t betwe5 ! pass5g]s1 s9ce ,back is mov+ t[>ds ! signal4 ,?us ! duration ( ! two ph5om5a ( light propagation is ! same or diff]5t1 respectively1 accord+ z x is judg$ f ! tra9 or f ! embankm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! judgm5t ( ! l5g? ( "t dep5ds on ! /ate ( motion ( ! obs]v]4 ,all fur!r pron\ncem5ts ( ! special !ory ( relativity are bas$ on ! prec$+ argum5ts ( ! relativity ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,w\ld ,man be able to con/ruct a ,sci5ce if he possess$ "o s5se less ?an at pres5t--= example1 if he 7 depriv$ ( sight8 ,let u apply ?is to a def9ite case4 ,9 ! new physics ! velocity ( light plays a decisive "p z a _w-con/ant4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> impossible = u to det]m9e x & recognize its importance1 if we _h n at our disposal "s organ :i* enabl$ u to become aw>e ( optical ph5om5a4 ,b1 z ,e9/e9 expla9$ to me1 ev5 "u su* difficult circum/ances1 x w\ld be possible to build up a sci5ce1 = ! reason t ph5om5a1 z f> z !y are p]ceptible1 may be trans=m$ s t !y become manife/ to o!r s5ses if "o s5se %\ld be abs5t4 ,= example1 ! electrical conductivity ( sel5ium is /rongly influ5c$ by ! am\nt ( illum9ation t falls on x4 ,?us light acts on a sel5ium cell1 caus+ *anges ( curr5t int5sity1 :i* 9 _! turn may be p]ceiv$ by feel+1 or by *emical action on ! muc\s fluid ( ! tongue4 ,ultimately we are conc]n$ only ) a diff]5tiation t enables u to ref] id5tical exp]i5ces to id5tical ev5ts4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly enc\nt] enorm\s difficulties 9 endeav\r+ to =m a physical picture ( our surr\nd+ _w if ! numb] ( our s5ses %\ld become less ?an ! organs ) :i* we actually op]ate4 ,yet1 9 pr9ciple1 we %\ld be able to ov]come all difficulties by means ( mu* l5g!n$ & complicat$ l9es ( rese>*1 ev5 if we %\ld h only a s+le s5se left1 or if we _h only "o at ! v outset4 ,! con/ruction ( a ,sci5ce w\ld !n be possible1 & w\ld give ! same results1 al?\gh x might be prop\nd$ only aft] a delay ( p]haps millions ( ye>s4 ,x is naturally assum$ t ! intellect is reta9$1 z ?is is ! necess>y condition = all sci5tific rese>*4 ,s9ce ! degree ( und]/&+ dep5ds on ! s5ses--nihil e/ 9 intellectu1 quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su--we may conjecture t a human be+ ) only "o s5se organ w\ld "w ) a m9imum degree ( und]/&+1 :i* w\ld be insuffici5t = ! acquirem5t ( any k :atsoev]4 ,?is transc5d5tal "q1 :i* lies almo/ beyond ! b\nds ( discussion1 0 n t\*$ on 9 our conv]sation1 z ! subject 0 re/rict$ s t x %\ld n drift into metaphysical regions4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %\ld l to m5tion t a speculation ( ?is k9d is record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,condillac1 9 a /udy teem+ ) ideas1 inve/igates ! behavi\r ( a ,/atue1 t he repres5ts z a human be+1 ) ! assumption t !re is at fir/ no idea 9 ! s\l ( ?is /atue-p]son4 ,?is liv+ creature is enclos$ 9 a m>ble envelope1 ! sole ext]ior organ ( :i* is at fir/ ! organ ( smell4 ,he !n %[s t by means ( ?is s+le s5se all mann] ( s5sations & expressions ( w may develop 9 8 /atue4 ,condillac does n1 h[ev]1 und]take to give a conv9c+ pro( t ?is creature1 re/rict$ to ! organ ( smell1 w\ld be able to discov] physically ! relation%ips t hold 9 physical nature1 & ?us to build up a sci5tific sy/em4 ,?us ,e9/e91 9 8 discussion1 goes consid]ably fur!r ?an ! au?or ( ?is /atue4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,has ! et]nal repetition1 z outl9$ by ,nietzs*e1 any mean+8 ,! sage ( ,sils-,m>ia tells u t ?is revelation came to him midway betwe5 te>s & ec/asy1 z a fantasy ) a real mean+4 ,! crux ( 8 idea is a f9ite _w built up ( a f9ite numb] ( atoms4 ,f ! fact t ! pres5t /ate em]ges out ( ! imm$iately prec$+ "o1 ! latt] f ! "o j be=e1 & s on1 he concludes t ! pres5t /ate exhibits repetition bo? =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,all becom+ recurs & moves 9 a multiple cycle ( absolutely id5tical /ates4 ,let u disc>d = ! mom5t all philosophical objections1 above all ?is1 t ! recurr5ce ( ! same disposition ( atoms may n necess>ily entail ! recurr5ce ( ! same psy*ical /ates4 ,fur!rmore1 let u suppress ! cynical ?\ght t 9 ! return to ! same /ate ! _w w\ld h reason to enjoy extreme happ9ess only = mom5ts1 b to lam5t = aeons4 ,!n we are left ) ! comp>atively simple "q3 ,is ?is repetition1 f ! po9t ( view ( physics1 conceivable & possible8 ,x w\ld be ! dea?-knell ( ,nietzs*e's idea if ! answ] ( a great physical rese>* sci5ti/ 7 entirely 9 ! negative4 ,b ,e9/e9 /ill all[s x a small measure ( life4 ,et]nal repetition1 s he express$ himself1 _c be d5i$ by sci5ce ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! disciples ( ,nietzs*e w h to re/ satisfi$ ) ?is v small concession4 ,= :at1 9 ,nietzs*e's eyes1 is a logical necessity becomes trans=m$ by ,e9/e9's supplem5t>y rem>k into a vague assumption1 ! product ( fantasy4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( physics ! recurr5ce ( ! same condition is to be reg>d$ z enorm\sly improbable4 ,?is /atem5t is f\nd$ *iefly on ! fam\s second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics1 accord+ to :i* ! processes ( ,nature are 9 ! ma9 irrev]sible1 s t a "o-sid$ t5d5cy is express$ 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,! fact t ! c\rse ( ph5om5a is 9 only "o s5se or direction speaks 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! ev5ts ( ! _w are to be reg>d$ z occurr+ only once4 ,s t :5 ,nietzs*e1 9 contradi/9ction to ?is1 vigor\sly support$ ! doctr9e ( repetition1 he contradict$ at lea/ "o important recogniz$ !orem ( physics4 ,! fact t he did n become consci\s ( ?is contradiction1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 he reg>d$ 8 idea z ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! developm5t ( 8 intellect1 may be reg>d$ z an example ( a docta ignorantia4 ,b x is all[able1 too1 t philosophic fantasies t complete ! poetical picture ( ! univ]se %\ld be giv5 expression4 ,& ,nietzs*e w\ld presumably h be5 depriv$ ( a degree ( pleasure if he _h be5 aw>e ( ?is second law4 ,tru? is ! mo/ exp$i5t error2 ?is /atem5t may be trac$ back to a sequ5ce ( ?\ght develop$ by ,nietzs*e4 ,b ! ,et]nal ,repetition is %att]$ by j ?is rem>k1 = judg$ by its consequ5ces x w\ld be a v inexp$i5t error4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,suppos+ we %\ld succe$ 9 ex*ang+ ?\ghts ) ! inhabitants ( di/ant worlds & %\ld1 ?r\gh !m1 acquire ! elem5ts ( a civilization sup]ior to our own1 w\ld ?is k prove a bless+ to u or ! rev]se8 ,! ^w sup]ior mu/1 ( c\rse1 be treat$ circumspectly4 ,x is to d5ote only t1 relatively1 ?is di/ant civilization be>s some:at ! same relation to our civilization ( to-day z our own be>s to t ( an ,au/ralasian negro or an an?ropoid ape4 ,!re are fanatics ( progress ^: wi%es plunge headlong & )\t re/ra9t into ! future1 & to :om no?+ c\ld be m desirable ?an ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a civilization t1 z !y op9e1 w\ld at "o /roke c>ry u =w>d _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b ! view ( ^! magicians ) _! sev5-league boots is unt5able4 ,let me cite a m]e outl9e ( ! _m oppos+ argum5ts 9 a few words ( ,e9/e94 ,e sudd5 *ange 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 ev5 if x occurr$ 9 ! =m ( a high] developm5t1 w\ld come ^u u l a doom1 & w\ld probably annihilate u1 j z ! ,indians succumb to ! civilization t has out/ripp$ !m4 ,! trag$y ( our own highly civiliz$ times is t we _c create ! social organizations t h become necess>y z a consequ5ce ( ! te*nical advances ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! crises1 impasses1 & s5seless competition betwe5 nations1 & to ! impov]i%m5t ( def5celess individuals4 ,^! deplorable conditions w\ld become inconceivably acc5tuat$ if we 7 to be invad$ by extra-mundane te*nical sci5ces ( a high] ord]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,nev]!less1 !re is /ill a possibility t ! sup]ior civilization might conta9 indications ( ! organizations :i* we lack4 ,in/ead ( ent]+ on ! "q ( ?is ,utopia1 we conf9$ ourselves to comp>+ pa/ conditions 9 our _w ) pres5t ones4 ,did we n h ! mo/ promis+ prelim9>ies = an organization t 0 devoid ( friction & t5d$ to r$uce ! competition betwe5 nations 9 ! num]\s int]national in/itutions t drew toge!r a great section ( ! intellectual _w to "w 9 co-op]ation8 ,are !re hopes t ?is int]national coalition w be resum$8 ,e9/e9 express$ himself optimi/ically1 n to d homage to an organization artificially =m$1 b to extol ! _w-wide ma/]y ( intellect4 ,ev5 if int]national congresses 7 to be swept away1 he said1 int]national co-op]ation w\ld n be aboli%$1 z x effects itself automatically4 ,i %\ld v5ture to ass]t t if all ^! congresses 7 to cease1 we %\ld n ev5 h cause to fe> t !re w\ld be an appreciable dim9ution 9 ! comb9$ ef=t ( rese>*4 ,if c]ta9 developm5ts are h9d]$ by political conditions1 x is only due to ! result+ economic h>d%ips affect+ individuals 9 _! "w & robb+ !m ( _! intellectual fre$om4 ,! real fri5ds ( ,tru? h always clung toge!r1 & d s actually n[2 inde$1 _m feel ! tie to be clos] ?an t connect+ !m to _! own c\ntry4 ,9 spite ( all ob/acles & b\nd>ies !y w nev] cease to f9d contact ) "o ano!r6 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,e9/e9',s ,,life ,,& ,,p]sonality ,,we "k f ! biographies ( great ?9k]s t !y seldom p]sonify ! "* ( a dramatic ideal4 ,!y are n h]oes ( fiction :o pass ?r\gh complex exp]i5ces & /ruggle ) my/]i\s problems ( exi/5ce t may unduly excite ! imag9ation ( obs]v]s4 ,:oev] foll[s _! developm5t rem>ks 9 ! majority ( cases ! pr$om9ance ( ! inn] life1 ! c\rse ( :i* is discov]able only by /udy ( _! works1 no clue be+ giv5 9 ! confusion ( ord9>y ext]ior manife/ations4 ,an em95t man ( ?\ght1 ^: en]gies are conc5trat$ on m5tal ef=t1 r>ely f9ds "t to pres5t 9 addition an int]e/+ figure 9 ! epic s5se4 ,! poet :o m\lds 8 =ms f life f9ds little scope 9 him z a model1 & only 9 exceptional cases has he succe$$ 9 idealiz+ ! savant 9 a "w ( art4 ,x w\ld be a fruitless und]tak+ to treat ,e9/e9's life z "o ( ^! exceptional cases4 ,x is possible to trace ! v>i\s phases ( 8 developm5t1 yet nei!r ! writ] nor ! read] mu/ disguise f himself ! fact t su* outl9es give only ! ext]nal picture ( ! man & *ronological ev5ts ( importance4 ,nev]!less1 a book ( :i* he =ms ! !me _c pass ov] ! task ( giv+ 8 curriculum vit4 ,& if x %\ld p>tly appe> aphori/ic & disjo9t$1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is acc\nt orig9at$ f conv]sations & scraps ( conv]sation t t\*$ on v>i\s episodes ( 8 life1 accord+ z !y _h a be>+ on ! subject "u discussion4 ,! /ory ( ,e9/e9's life beg9s at ,ulm1 ! t[n :i* possesses ! highe/ build+ 9 ,g]many4 ,gladly w\ld ,i /& on ! belfry ( ! ,ulm ,ca!dral 9 ord] to obta9 a g5]al survey ( ,e9/e9's y\?4 ,b ! view discloses no?+ beyond ! b>e fact t he 0 born !re 9 ,m>* #ahgi4 ,! detail :i* has already be5 m5tion$ above1 namely1 t x 0 some?+ physical t fir/ arre/$ ! *ild's att5tion1 rema9s to be not$4 ,8 fa!r once %[$ ! infant1 z he lay 9 8 cot1 a compass1 simply ) ! idea ( amus+ him--& 9 ! five-ye>-old boy ! sw++ metal ne$le awak5$ = ! fir/ "t ! greate/ wond]m5t ab\t unkn[n cohesive =ces1 a wond]m5t t 0 an index ( ! rese>* _s t 0 /ill ly+ dormant 9 8 consci\sness4 ,! remembrance ( ?is psy*ical ev5t has a significant mean+ = ! ,e9/e9 ( to-day4 ,9 him all ! impressions ( e>ly *ildhood seem to be /ill vivid1 ! m s z all o!r physical occurr5ces1 su* z ! fall+ ( an unsupport$ body1 left no impression on him4 ,8 att5tion 0 fix$ on ! compass1 & ! compass alone4 ,?is in/rum5t address$ him 9 oracul> language1 indicat+ to him an electromagnetic field t 0 9 lat] ye>s to s]ve him z a doma9 = fruitful rese>*4 ,8 fa!r1 :o _h a sunny1 optimi/ic temp]am5t1 & 0 incl9$ t[>ds a some:at aimless exi/5ce1 at ?is "t mov$ ! seat ( ! family f ,ulm to ,muni*4 ,!y "h liv$ 9 a mode/ h\se 9 an idyllic situation & surr\nd$ by a g>d54 ,! pure joy ( ,nature ent]$ into ! he>t ( ! boy1 a feel+ t is usually =eign to ! y\?ful inhabitants ( cities ( dead /one4 ,nature :isp]$ song to him1 & at ! com+ ( ! spr+-tide infus$ 8 be+ ) joy1 to :i* he resign$ himself 9 happy contemplation4 ,a religi\s und]curr5t ( feel+ made itself manife/ 9 him1 & x 0 /r5g!n$ by ! elem5t>y /imulus ( ! sc5t$ air1 ( buds & bu%es1 to :i* 0 add$ ! educational influ5ce ( home & s*ool4 ,?is 0 n because rituali/ic habits reign$ 9 ! family4 ,b x _h s happ5$ t he le>n$ simultane\sly ! tea*+s ( ! ,jewi% z well z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & he _h extract$ f !m t :i* 0 common & conducive to a /r5g!n+ ( fai?1 & n :at conflict$4 ,y\?ful impetuosity1 :i* 9 boys ( a simil> age usually expresses itself 9 ra% ent]prises & loose tricks1 did n appe> 9 him4 ,8 _s 0 adju/$ to contemplation1 & an inborn fatalism1 diffus$ ) a sup]-s5su\s elem5t app]ta9+ to dreams1 re/ra9$ him f respond+ to ext]nal impulses4 ,he react$ sl[ly & hesitat+ly1 & he int]pret$ :at 8 s5ses (f]$ him & all ! little exp]i5ces ( e>ly days 9 t]ms ( a rev]5ce reflect$ f )94 ,words did n easily rise f 8 lips1 & measur$ by ! ord9>y scale ( rapidity ( le>n+ & read9ess 9 answ]+ que/ions1 he w\ld sc>cely h be5 judg$ to possess unusual gifts4 ,z an infant he _h />t$ to talk s late t 8 p>5ts _h be5 9 "s al>m ab\t ! possibility ( an abnormality 9 _! *ild4 ,at ! age ( eight or n9e ye>s he pres5t$ ! picture ( a %y1 hesitat+1 unsociable boy1 :o pass$ on 8 way alone1 dream+ to himself1 & go+ to & f s*ool )\t feel+ ! ne$ ( a comrade4 ,he 0 nicknam$ ,bi$]mai]1 because he 0 look$ on z hav+ a pa?ological love = tru? & ju/ice4 ,:at at t "t seem$ to be pa?ological1 to-day appe>s z a deeply root$ & irrepressible natural in/9ct4 ,:oev] has got to "k ,e9/e9 z a man & z a sci5ti/ kn[s t ?is fail+ ( 8 boyhood 0 b ! =]unn] ( a v heal?y outlook4 ,signs ( 8 love = music %[$ !mselves v e>ly4 ,he ?\ght out little songs 9 praise ( ,god1 & us$ to s+ !m to himself 9 ! pi\s seclusion t he pres]v$ ev5 ) respect to 8 p>5ts4 ,music1 ,nature1 & ,god became int]m+l$ 9 him 9 a complex ( feel+1 a moral unity1 ! traces ( :i* nev] vani%$1 al?\gh lat] ! religi\s factor became ext5d$ to a g5]al e?ical outlook on ! _w4 ,at fir/ he clung to a fai? free f all d\bt1 z _h be5 infus$ into him by ! private ,jewi% in/ruction at home & ! ,ca?olic in/ruction at s*ool4 ,he read 8 ,bible )\t feel+ ! ne$ ( exam9+ x critically2 he accept$ x z a simple moral tea*+ & f\nd himself little incl9$ to confirm x by rational argum5ts inasmu* z 8 read+ ext5d$ v little beyond its circle4 ,pa9ful inn] conflicts 7 n want+4 ,jewi% *ildr5 =m$ a small m9ority 9 ! s*ool1 & x 0 "h t ! boy ,alb]t felt ! fir/ ripples ( ! anti-semitic wave t1 sweep+ on f )\t1 0 ?reat5+ to ov]:elm ma/] & pupil alike4 ,= ! fir/ "t he felt himself oppress$ by some?+ t 0 n 9 h>mony ) 8 simple temp]am5t4 ,8 mode/y made him a prey to inju/ice1 & 9 def5d+ himself 8 orig9ally g5tle & re/ra9$ nature ga9$ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce & individuality4 ,if "o may speak ( a*ievem5ts at all 9 a prep>atory s*ool1 ^? ( ,alb]t 7 ( ! av]age mode/ level4 ,he 0 c>eful z a pupil1 g5]ally satisfi$ requirem5ts1 b 9 no way betray$ special tal5ts3 inde$1 s mu* ! less1 z he %[$ himself to be possess$ ( a v unc]ta9 memory = words4 ,! me?odic plan ( ! elem5t>y s*ool t he att5d$ to 8 t5? ye> 01 h[ev]1 n o!r ?an ! usual s*eme mapp$ out by drill-ma/]s2 x made up = :at 0 lack+ 9 an und]/&+ ( ! pupils by apply+ dra/ic /rictness4 ,! beautiful s5t5ce ( ,jean ,paul3 ,memory is ! only p>adise f :i* we _c be bani%$1 f9ds no e*o 9 ,e9/e9's s*ool memories1 ( :i* he has (t5 spok5 to me )\t a %ad[ ( regret = a lo/ p>adise4 ,he told me ) bitt] s>casm t 8 tea*]s _h ! "* ( s]geants--^? lat] 9 ! gymnasium 7second>y s*ool7 7 ( ! nature ( lieut5ants4 ,bo? t]ms are us$ 9 ! pre-armi/ice s5se1 & 8 words 7 direct$ aga9/ ! self-op9ionat$ tone & cu/oms ( ^! g>rison-s*ools ( e>li] days4 ,! next /age ( 8 developm5t 0 a c\rse ( /udy at ! ,luitpold-,gymnasium 9 ,muni*1 :i* plac$ him 9 ! second class4 ,9 ,e9/e9's retrospect ( ^! days m fri5dly recollections pres5t !mselves1 connect$1 h[ev]1 only ) p>ticul> p]sons1 & n brea?+ praise 9 g5]al2 on ! contr>y1 f 8 acc\nt1 x is cle> t al?\gh he conceiv$ affection = individual tea*]s1 he felt ! tone ( ! in/itute z a :ole to be r\gh4 ,z we "k1 _m ?+s h be5 *ang$ 9 ^! s*ools s9ce !n1 foll[+ on a revulsion f ! convict atmosph]e t us$ to *>act]ize !m1 & :i* meant suff]+ en\gh = ! pupils4 ,! result 0 t ! s*oolboy ,e9/e9 develop$ a contempt = human in/itutions & assign$ little value to ! subjects ( /udy :i* he 0 oblig$ to absorb 9 s*ematic =m )\t ! application ( 8 own m5tal en]gy4 ,?is gloomy picture is reliev$ at po9ts by ! pres5ce ( sev]al tea*]s1 above all1 "o call$ ,russ1 :o took pa9s 9 expos+ ! beauty ( classical antiquity to ! f\rte5-ye>-old boy4 ,we le>n else:]e t ,e9/e9 at pres5t admits ! humani/ic ideal = ! s*ool ( ! future only "u v re/rict$ limitations4 ,b :5 he ?9ks ( ?is tea*] & 8 influ5ce1 a w>m appreciation ( classical /udy vibrates 9 8 words1 occasionally ris+1 inde$1 to an unb\nd$ en?usiasm = ! treasures ( ,greek hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,8 in/ruction 0 n re/rict$ to ! acquisition ( a p]spective ( ! antique4 ,"u ! direction ( ! same tea*]1 he 0 introduc$ into ! poetic _w ( 8 native c\ntry1 & le>n$ ! magic ( ,goe! 9 8 ,h]mann & ,doro!a2 ?is poem1 z he confesses1 0 expla9$ to him 9 a really model mann]4 ,?us !re 7 "s oases 9 ! des]t ( s*ematic tea*+3 !y s]v$ z refre%+ halts = ! _s ( ! eag] "y se>*] aft] k4 ,we mu/ g back "o or two ye>s to note a weighty exp]i5ce1 :i* occurr$ :5 he made 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) elem5t>y ma!matics2 ?is subject pres5t$ itself to him ) ! int5sity ( a revelation4 ,x did n happ5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( s*ool-"w1 b 0 due to a sort ( wiz>d-l inquir+ inn] _s t pli$ him ) que/ions & t gave him inw>d ?rills ( joy :5 he f\nd a %>p-witt$ solution4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ,alb]t prov$ himself to be a good solv] ( problems1 ev5 be=e he a*iev$ an ari?metical virtuosity1 & be=e he knew ! te*nique ( equations4 ,he help$ himself by means ( little tricks1 exp]im5t$ r\ndab\t inv5tions1 & 0 happily excit$ :5 !y l$ to ! goal4 ,"o day he ask$ 8 uncle1 ,jacob ,e9/e91 an eng9e] :o liv$ 9 ,muni*1 a c]ta9 "q4 ,he _h he>d ! ^w algebra & surmis$ t 8 uncle w\ld be able to expla9 ! t]m to him4 ,uncle ,jacob answ]$3 ,algebra is ! calculus ( indol5ce4 ,if y d n "k a c]ta9 quantity1 y call x x & treat x z if y d "k x1 !n y put d[n ! relation%ip giv51 & det]m9e ?is x lat]4 ,t 0 q suffici5t4 ,! boy receiv$ a book conta9+ algebraic problems t he solv$ all alone 9 accordance ) ?is n exhau/ive b exp$i5t direction4 ,on ano!r occasion ,uncle ,jacob told him ! enunciation ( ,py?agoras' !orem )\t giv+ him a pro(4 ,8 nephew und]/ood ! relation%ip involv$1 & felt t x _h to be f\nd$ on "s reason+4 ,aga9 he set ab\t all alone to furni% :at 0 want+4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n a case = ! calculus ( indol5ce ) an x t 0 to be det]m9$4 ,"h x 0 a "q ( develop+ a facility = geometric argum5t1 su* z v few possess at su* an e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,! boy plung$ himself = ?ree weeks into ! task ( solv+ ! !orem1 us+ all 8 p[] ( ?\ght4 ,he came to consid] simil>ity ( triangles 7by dropp+ a p]p5dicul> f "o v]tex ( ! "r-angl$ triangle on to ! hypot5use71 & 0 ?us l$ to a pro( = :i* he _h s ard5tly long$6 ,& al?\gh x conc]n$ only a v old well-kn[n !orem1 he exp]i5c$ ! fir/ joy ( ! discov]]4 ,! pro( t he _h f\nd prov$ t ! +5uity ( ! worry+ "y m9d 0 awak5+4 ,a new _w 0 op5$ = him :5 he made ! acqua9tance ( ,a4 ,b]n/e9's compreh5sive popul> books on sci5tific subjects4 ,?is "w is look$ on n[adays z be+ some:at antiquat$ &1 9 ! eyes ( _m a pr(essional sci5ti/1 has sunk to ! level ( a pseudo-sci5tific %ock]2 ev5 :5 ,e9/e9 z a boy made explorations 9 x1 !re 7 signs ( ru/ & decay 9 ! "w1 = x orig9at$ 9 ! fifties ( ! previ\s c5tury &1 9 po9t ( subject-matt]1 _h long be5 transc5d$4 ,yet x c\ld be read !n--& ev5 n[--z a /ory conta9+ ?\s&s ( int]sp]s$ physical1 a/ronomical1 & *emical wond]s1 & = ! boy ,e9/e9 x came to be a true book ( ,nature1 :i* pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 gre$y = k1 z mu* z x did to 8 imag9ation4 ,o!r vi/as 7 op5$ up to him by ,b*n]'s ,kraft und ,/(f 7,=ce & ,sub/ance71 a book ! *eapness ( :i* he c\ld n yet disc]n1 b :i* call$ up wond] 9 him )\t r\s+ 8 criticism4 ,9 addition1 8 att5tion 0 *iefly occupi$ by a h&book ( elem5t>y planimetry1 conta9+ an abundance ( geometrical ex]cises1 :i* he fe>lessly attack$ & )9 a v %ort "t solv$ almo/ 9 _! entirety4 ,8 delight grew :5 he v5tur$ into ! difficulties ( analytical geometry & inf9itesimal calculus q ap>t f ! curriculum ( 8 s*ool-"w4 ,lbs5's textbook _h fall5 into 8 h&s1 & ^! directions suffic$ = 8 audaci\s _s4 ,:]eas _m ( 8 s*ool companions 7 /ill /&+ undecid$ly be=e ! pools ( !orems ( congru5ce & repeat+ decimals1 he 0 already disport+ himself freely 9 ! ocean ( inf9itesimals4 ,8 "w did n rema9 conceal$1 & ga9$ appreciation4 ,8 ma!matical tea*] decl>$ t ! fifte5-ye>-old boy 0 ripe = univ]sity /udy4 ,yet he 0 n to f9d a way into ! op5 by matriculat+ v e>ly1 b ?r\gh an ev5t t unexpect$ly ?rew him into new surr\nd+s ( life4 ,9 #ahid 8 p>5ts transf]r$ _! abode to ,italy4 ,! *ronicl] has no?+ to report ( pangs ( sep>ation 9 ,alb]t :5 he left ,bav>ian soil4 ,he 0 glad to get away f ! drill academy1 ,luitpold1 &1 z an inhabitant ( ,milan1 he enjoy$ ! *ange 9 8 exi/5ce1 & 0 n encumb]$ by attacks ( home-sickness4 ,all 9 all1 he _h felt himself 9 an unhappy position "u s*ool compulsion 9 ,muni*1 9 spite ( ! ma!matical delights he _h provid$ = himself1 & 9 spite ( ! raptur\s mom5ts t musical revelations _h creat$ = him s9ce 8 twelf? ye>4 ,defiance & di/ru/ aga9/ outside influ5ces _h rema9$ active 9 him z =ces t did n all[ ! happy disposition prop] to 8 age to ass]t itself4 ,b n[ ! fett]s _h fall5 & ! p5t-up joy ( life bur/ =? z if ?r\gh op5$ sluices4 ,! sun & l&scape ( ! ,s\?1 ,italian mann]s ( life1 art freely display$ 9 ! m>ket-place & on ! /reet1 realiz$ = him dream-pictures t _h appe>$ to him e>li] dur+ ! h\rs ( oppression4 ,:atev] he saw1 felt1 & exp]i5c$ lay outside ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8 life1 awak5$ 8 s5se = natural & human ?+s1 & set 8 _s free f all bonds4 ,!re 0 no "q ( 8 go+ to s*ool 9 ! fir/ six mon?s4 ,he enjoy$ complete fre$om1 occupi$ himself ) lit]ature1 & und]took ext5d$ excursions4 ,/>t+ f ,pavia1 he w&]$ all alone ov] ! ,ap5n9e to ,g5oa4 ,:il/ he 0 be+ intoxicat$ ) ! sublime ,alp9e l&scape1 he came into contact ) ! l[] /ratum ( ! p1 :o ar\s$ 8 deepe/ sympa?y4 ,! t\r took him ov] a %ort /ret* ( ! ,italian ,rivi]a1 ! beauties ( :i*1 z depict$ by ,bckl91 d n seem to h reveal$ !mselves to him4 ,at t "t he 0 probably subject to a feel+ ( upw>d /riv+ su* z possess$ ,z>a?u/ra4 ,) all _! joys & inspirations ! exp]i5ces 9 ,italy rema9$ b a %ort episode4 ,e9/e9 resolv$ on a new t\r1 :i* 0 n )\t a pr(essional purpose4 ,he made a pilgrimage to ,switz]l& ) ! int5tion ( /udy+ ma!matics & physics at ! ,zri* ,polyte*nical ,in/itute4 ,b he 0 n to be successful 9 8 fir/ ef=t to ga9 entrance4 ,! conditions ( entry requir$ a /&>d 9 descriptive sci5ces & mod]n languages t he _h n yet rea*$4 ,s he turn$ to ,a>au1 :]e he 0 all[$ to ext5d 8 k ) ! help ( excell5t me?ods at ! ,canton s*ool4 ,ev5 x ! pres5t day ,e9/e9 talks ) extreme en?usiasm ( ! organization ( ?is model s*ool t corresponds 9 rank approximately to a ,g]man ,realgymnasium 7or an ,engli% ,gramm> ,s*ool74 ,!re 0 no?+ to rem9d him ( ! cont9ual manipulation ( ! sceptre ( au?ority at ! ,luitpold s*ool b>racks2 he easily obta9$ 8 leav+ c]tificate1 & n[ ! portals ( ! ,zri* ,polyte*nicum 7 op5 = him4 ,he himself 0 probably n aw>e t he c>ri$ a m>%al's baton 9 8 own ma!matical equipm5t4 ,b1 9 look+ back1 we come across a/\nd+ ?+s4 ,= x is a fact t ev5 9 ! pupil at ,a>au problems _h tak5 root t already lay 9 ! vangu>d ( rese>* at t "t4 ,he 0 n yet a f9d]1 b :at he s\ght z a sixte5-ye>-old boy 0 already /ret*+ into ! realms ( 8 lat] discov]ies4 ,we h "h simply to regi/] facts1 & to ab/a9 f mak+ an analysis ( 8 developm5t1 = h[ are we to trace out ! int]m$iate /eps1 & to discov] ! sudd5 phases ( ?\ght t lead a v "y ,canton pupil to feel 8 way into a /ill undiscov]$ bran* ( physics8 ,! problem t occupi$ him 0 ! optics ( mov+ bodies1 or1 m exactly1 ! emission ( light f bodies t move relatively to ! e!r4 ,?is conta9s ! fir/ fla% ( ! gr&iose complex ( ideas t 0 lat] to lead to a revision ( our picture ( ! _w4 ,& if a biograph] %\ld /ate t ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! doctr9e ( relativity occurr$ at t "t1 he w\ld n be mak+ an objectively false /atem5t4 ,! ambitions ( ! y\? by no means rea*$ ^! flights ( imag9ation1 = :]eas ! latt] signifi$ ! com+ p[] ( 8 w+s1 he himself set a mode/ goal4 ,he wi%$ to become a s*oolma/]1 & imag9$ t 9 *oos+ ?is c>e] he 0 all[+ 8 hopes to run high4 ,?is 0 9 con=mity ) ! e/eem 9 :i* he held ! /atus ( tea*]s4 ,9 ! ,zri* ,te*nical ,s*ool !re is a section equipp$ z a dep>tm5t = prep>+ tea*]s1 & 9 ?is ,e9/e9 /udi$ f ! age ( sev5te5 to ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! ?\ght ( sitt+1 n on ! pupil's b5*1 b at ! ma/]'s desk1 & ( ex]cis+ a b5eficial if limit$ influ5ce z a preceptor ( ! "y4 ,he 0 /ill "u ! sway ( ! feel+ t he 0 n suffici5tly exp]i5c$ 9 life & t he d>e n v5ture out into ! light = exi/5ce 9 ! great turmoil ( ! _w4 ,he saw 9 ?is /ruggle1 :i* pitt$ man aga9/ man1 l$ to exhibitions ( viol5ce1 & ar\s$ ambition = glitt]+ unrealities1 cause only = disgu/ & ali5ation4 ,! prospect ( p]sonal success did n lure him to try =ce aga9/ =ce4 ,?us1 = ! "t be+1 x 0 8 ideal to lead a v mode/ exi/5ce4 ,f v>i\s qu>t]s he _h be5 giv5 hopes ( a position z assi/ant to "s pr(essor ( physics or ma!matics4 ,b = unkn[n reasons he 0 ev]y:]e refus$4 ,^! app>5tly obscure gr\nds1 x mu/ be said ) regret1 become cle>] :5 we be> 9 m9d 8 confession ( fai?4 ,nor did 8 hopes ( tea*+ at a gymnasium seem ne> fulfilm5t1 z c]ta9 conditions ( bir? rais$ ob/acles4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 n a ,swiss2 9 fact1 s9ce 8 /ay 9 ,milan he 0 )\t a nationality at all 9 ! bureaucratic s5se1 & !n he _h no p]sonal connexions1 )\t :i*1 at lea/ at t "t1 !re 0 no *ance ( progress ev5 = a tal5t$ p]son4 ,yet ! "y /ud5t :o 0 entirely )\t protection ( any sort _h to ov]come ! c>es & satisfy ! ne$s ( daily life4 ,he c\ld n rely on mat]ial help f 8 p>5ts1 :o !mselves liv$ 9 re/rict$ circum/ances1 & ?us we f9d him a little lat] 9 ,s*affhaus5 & ,b]n1 :]e he e>n$ a small pittance z a private tutor4 ,he f\nd consolation 9 ! fact t he pres]v$ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce1 :i* meant ! m to him z 8 in/9ct = fre$om l$ him to discov] ! ess5tial ?+s 9 himself4 ,?us1 e>li]1 too1 dur+ 8 /udies at ,zri* he _h c>ri$ on 8 "w 9 !oretical physics at home1 almo/ entirely ap>t f ! lectures at ! ,polyte*nic1 plung+ himself into ! writ+s ( ,kir*h(f1 ,helmholtz1 ,h]tz1 ,boltzmann1 & ,drude4 ,disreg>d+ *ronological ord]1 we mu/ "h m5tion t he f\nd a p>tn] 9 ^! /udies :o 0 work+ 9 a simil> direction1 a ,s\!rn ,slavonic /ud5t1 :om he m>ri$ 9 ! ye> #aijc4 ,?is union 0 dissolv$ aft] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,lat] he f\nd ! ideal ( dome/ic happ9ess at ! side ( a woman ^: grace is mat*$ by h] intellig5ce1 ,else ,e9/e91 8 c\s91 :om he m>ri$ 9 ,b]l94 ,9 #aija1 aft] liv+ 9 ,switz]l& = five ye>s1 he acquir$ ! citiz5%ip ( ,zri*1 & ?is at la/ gave him ! opportunity ( ris+ above mat]ial c>es4 ,8 ,univ]sity fri5d1 ,m>cel ,grossmann1 l5t him a help+ h& by recomm5d+ him to ! ,swiss ,pat5t ,(fice1 ! director ( :i* 0 8 p]sonal fri5d4 ,e9/e9 occupi$ himself "h f #aijb to #aije z a te*nical exp]t1 t is1 z an exam9] ( applications = pat5ts1 & ?is position gave him ! *ance ( mov+ ab\t 9 absolute fre$om 9 ! realms ( te*nical sci5ce4 ,:oev] has a /rong pr$ilection = discov]y w p]haps feel e/rang$ to f9d ,e9/e9 s long 9 ! sph]e ( inv5tion1 b1 z ,e9/e9 himself emphasizes v /rongly1 bo? regions make great dem&s on cle>ly def9$ & accurate ?\ght4 ,he recognizes a def9ite relation%ip betwe5 ! k t he ga9$ at ! ,pat5t ,(fice & ! !oretical results t appe>$ at ! same "t z products ( int5sive ?\ght4 ,9 #aije1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 "w1 ! /orm broke loose 9 him ) ! sudd5ness ( a hurricane4 ,9 quick succession 8 m9d disburd5$ itself ( ! abundance ( ideas t _h /or$ !mselves up 9 ! "w ( ! prec$+ ye>s1 & ^! ideas signify m to u ?an a def9ite /age 9 ! developm5t ( an individual4 ,:at physici/s h come to reg>d z an elaboration ( ! h]itage ( ,galilei & ,newton _h matur$ 9 him4 ,we m]ely record ! title ( diss]tations1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aije 9 ! ,annal5 d] ,physik3 ,conc]n+ a ,heuri/ic ,/&po9t t[>ds ! ,production & ,trans=mation ( ,light--,conc]n+ ! ,in]tia ( ,en]gy--,! ,law ( ,br[nian ,movem5t4--,!n ! mo/ important contribution3 ,! ,electrodynamics ( ,mov+ ,bodies1 t conta9$ ! revolution>y ideas und]ly+ ! special !ory ( relativity4 ,to ^! is to be add$ a diss]tation = 8 doctorate 9 ! same ye>3 ,a ,new ,det]m9ation ( ,molecul> ,dim5sions4 ,9 all1 ^! repres5t a life-"w t belongs to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly "s consid]able "t be=e 8 "w began its triumphal m>* 9 ! sight ( ! _w1 & x may be add$ t treasures 7 hidd5 9 ^! disquisitions t 7 n und]/ood till long ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,yet ! y\?ful discov]] 0 n pass$ ov] )\t signs ( fri5dly appreciation4 ,he receiv$ a lett]1 c\*$ 9 v w>m t]ms1 f ! celebrat$ physici/1 ,max ,planck1 :o 0 a complete /rang] to him at t "t2 x spoke 9 gl[+ words ( 8 essay1 ,! ,electrodynamics ( ,mov+ ,bodies4 ,?is lett] 0 ! fir/ diploma1 ! =]unn] ( all ! hon\rs t lat] swept ov] him l a tidal wave4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to obta9 a tutorial position at ! ,univ]sity4 ,an appo9tm5t to ,b]n 0 at fir/ aga9 h9d]$ by c]ta9 ob/acles :i* he w\ld probably h ov]come if he _h appli$ himself en]getically to atta9+ 8 goal4 ,he f9ally receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t1 b ex]cis$ 8 duties = only a v %ort "t1 z ,zri* n[ op5$ h] arms to him4 ,9 #aiji he accept$ ! position ( ,pr(essor extraord9>ius !re = !oretical physics1 & soon assembl$ a grateful audi5ce ab\t himself4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( 8 pr(essor%ip he f\nd x difficult to suppress a long+ = ! quiet1 unexcit$ life ( 8 pat5t-(fice "w1 9 :i* he seem$ to h _h a /ill great] degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,9 #aiaa he accept$ a new appo9tm5t z ,pr(essor ,ord9>ius to ,prague1 :i* (f]$ him m fav\rable emolum5ts z an inducem5t4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiab he return$ to ,zri* z a ,pr(essor at ! ,polyte*nic1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiad he 0 drawn into ! /rong magnetic field ( ! nor!rn capital2 he arriv$ at ! ,spree1 & has1 s9ce !n1 liv$ among u4 ,he is n[ a ,swiss by nationality1 a _w citiz5 by conviction1 &1 pr(essionally1 a memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy & atta*$ 9 a lectur+ capacity to ! ,univ]sity4 ,"h he p]fect$ 8 works on relativity1 end+ 9 ! sup]lative elaboration ( ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! beg9n+s ( :i* /ret* back to ! ye> #aijg4 ,he _h sp5t eight ye>s 9 a conc5trat$ ef=t ( sev]e ?\ght to br+ x to completion1 & p]haps c5turies w be necess>y be=e ! _w w ga9 a complete p]spective ( all ! consequ5ces ( 8 !ory4 ,= ! !ory asks u to bru% aside habits ( ?\ght t h claim$ an h]$it>y position 9 pre-em95t m9ds4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ physici/s1 ,h5ri ,po9c>1 _h confess$ z late z #aiaj t x caus$ him ! greate/ ef=t to f9d 8 way into ,e9/e9's new me*anics4 ,ano!r :ole ye> pass$ be=e he gave up 8 la/ d\bts4 ,!n he pass$ ) fly+ col\rs into ,e9/e9's camp1 & recomm5d$ ,e9/e9's appo9tm5t to ! ,pr(essor%ip at ,zri*1 9 conjunction ) ! discov]] ( radium1 ,madame ,curie1 9 an exub]ant lett] :i* may add its note ( appreciation "h3 ,h]r ,e9/e91 s wrote ! great ,po9c>1 is "o ( ! mo/ orig9al m9ds t ,i h ev] met4 ,9 spite ( 8 y\? he already occupies a v hon\rable position among ! =emo/ savants ( 8 "t4 ,:at we m>vel at 9 him1 above all1 is ! ease ) :i* he adju/s himself to new conceptions & draws all possible d$uctions f !m4 ,he does n cl+ tightly to classical pr9ciples1 b sees all conceivable possibilities :5 he is confront$ ) a physical problem4 ,9 8 m9d ?is becomes trans=m$ into an anticipation ( new ph5om5a t may "s day be v]ifi$ 9 actual exp]i5ce4444 ,! future w give m & m pro(s ( ! m]its ( ,h]r ,e9/e91 & ! ,univ]sity t succe$s 9 atta*+ him to itself may be c]ta9 t x w d]ive hon\r f its connexion ) ! "y ma/]4 ,we may be tempt$ to look back & ask :e!r ! crit]ia t ,wilhelm ,o/wald once set up z a te/ ( great m5 are v]ifi$ 9 ,e9/e9's case4 ,he has c]ta9ly n brok5 ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al rule1 ! pr9ciple ( e>ly maturity4 ,?is %[$ itself cle>ly :5 8 impulse t[>ds ma!matical k & discov]y ass]t$ itself1 & :5 he p5etrat$ f> into ! future ) 8 optical problems4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ( art may (f] m /rik+ examples 9 ?is connexion1 b at any rate 9 ,e9/e9's case ! indications are suffici5t to s]ve z a confirmation ( ! rule4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! second te/ ( ,o/wald seems to be valid only conditionally :5 appli$ to ,e9/e94 ,= ,o/wald takes up arms aga9/ a gradual int5sification ( ability1 & proclaims x z an almo/ univ]sal rule t ! exceptional a*ievem5t is ! privilege ( q "y p]sons3 :at he a*ieves lat] is seldom z impressive z 8 fir/ brilliant a*ievem5t4 ,?us1 9 ,e9/e9's case1 ! exception is evid5t4 ,= if we fix on only two *ief discov]ies1 pass+ ov] _m o!rs1 !re is no d\bt t ! second 7! !ory ( gravitation7 surpasses ! fir/ 7special relativity7 9 bo? range & significance4 ,inde$1 we _c escape f ! idea ( a gradual int5sification1 = ! second discov]y c\ld come ab\t only z a result ( ! fir/4 ,moreov]1 x is n yet night1 & !re is no?+ to refute ! assumption t !re w be a fur!r progression4 ,fur!rmore1 ,o/wald takes into consid]ation ! tempo ( ! intellectual pulse ( inspiration to divide ! ma9 types ( great m5 into a classical & a romantic category3 ?is classification _c1 h[ev]1 be appli$ to ,e9/e94 ,he is decid$ly classical1 9 s f> z 8 "w seems calculat$ to s]ve lat] g5]ations z a classical f\ndation = all me*anical inve/igations ( ! macrocosm ( ! heav5s & ! microcosm ( atoms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 v]satility1 ! mobility & res\rce ( 8 highly imag9ative m9d1 /amp him z a romantic _s4 ,8 delight 9 tea*+ w\ld also assign him to ?is category1 = 9 ! case ( _m classical spirits !re is a decid$ av]sion to imp>t+ in/ruction4 ,s t1 al?\gh we might well be able to speak ( a syn!sis ( ^! two =ms1 x seems bett] to e/imate ,e9/e91 n 9 ! light ( a ready s*eme1 b r z a type ( :i* he is ! unique repres5tative4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,j z ! ext]nal cont\r ( 8 life is on ! :ole regul> & unbrok51 s also 8 inn] life is attun$ to simplicity4 ,n[h]e1 x might almo/ be said1 d we obs]ve a break1 a spasmodic turn1 or a sudd5 int5sification4 ,al?\gh he has grasp$ & sugge/$ s _m problems1 he himself pres5ts no psy*ological riddle1 & we meet ) no s+ul>ities 9 analys+ 8 p]sonality4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ sev]al times t ,art plays a "p 9 8 life4 ,:at ,i le>n$ f him himself ab\t 8 affection = music co9cides exactly ) :at obs]vation cle>ly discloses4 ,! expression ( 8 c\nt5ance :5 he is li/5+ to music is a suffici5t indication ( ! resonances induc$ 9 him4 ,he is confess$ly a classici/1 & a s9c]e devotee ( ! revelations ( ,ba*1 ,haydn1 & ,moz>t4 ,:at fasc9ates & enraptures him above all is t :i* is direct$ inw>ds1 :i* is contemplative & erect$ on a religi\s basis4 ,! simple ma/]ful fl[ 9 musical developm5t & inv5tion is all-important = him4 ,! ar*itectonic /ructure t we m>vel at 9 ,ba*1 ! ,go?ic t5d5cy t[>ds heav5ly heights1 p]haps calls up 9 him s5sations t emanate f 8 hidd5 weal? ( con/ructive ma!matical ideas4 ,x seems to me t ?is possibility is n unwor?y ( rem>k4 ,x sugge/s a reason = ! fact t he gives himself up only unwill+ly to ! n]v\s /ra9 ( drama direct$ at emotional upheaval4 ,he does n gladly ov]/ep ! b\nd>y t sep>ates ! simple f ! psy*ologically subtle1 & :5ev] 8 desire to und]/& art requires him to v5ture beyond x1 8 appreciation is n accompani$ by g5u9e pleasure4 ,8 subjectivity does n fix ?is b\nd>y 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y rules ( conc]t /hetics1 :i* are actually n rules at all1 b only *angeable valuations & cry/allizations ( ! feel+s ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( p4 ,he gives himself up quietly & freely to :at is pres5t$1 b makes no special ef=t to assimilate exp]i5ces to :i* 8 be+ does n spontane\sly react4 ,!re w\ld be no mean+ 9 seek+ to m>k (f ! limits ( 8 receptivity 9 accordance ) ?is1 & to tell him t x is too limit$1 & t x %\ld be enl>g$1 & t he %\ld n reg>d z an op9ionat$ exagg]ation :at appe>s to o!rs to be a deep & mighty revelation1 or seems to be possess$ ( div9e sweetness4 ,he w\ld be able to po9t out t ev5 9 ! case ( ma/]s ( ! musical art a *ange ( fai? 0 n a r>e occurr5ce1 & t !y le>n$ anew1 or reject$ :at !y once idoliz$1 & v (t5 f\nd no p]man5t hav5 9 _! own fai?4 ,:oev]1 l ,e9/e91 gives himself up to ! simply contemplative1 & feels no impulse t[>ds s5sationalism1 is sp>$ ! task ( le>n+ afre%1 & f9ds /ill "o _w left = him ev5 if _m o!r worlds are inaccessible4 ,to m5tion only ! ma9 features1 !n1 nei!r ,bee?ov5 z a compos] ( symphonies1 nor ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 d5ote ! p9nacles ( music = him2 he c\ld live )\t ! ,n9? ,symphony1 b n )\t ,bee?ov5's ensemble music4 ,! numb] ( compos]s & compositions :i* are n a necessity ( life = him is v consid]able4 ,x includes ! majority ( romantici/s1 ! erotically incl9$ s*ool ( ,*op9 & ,s*umann1 :i* revels 9 s5sation1 &1 z already m5tion$1 ! neo-,g]man dramatic compos]s4 ,he has mu* objective admiration = !m1 yet he does n conceal ! fact t he also feels lively opposition 9 ! gamut ( 8 s5sations4 ,he reg>ds ! prop]ly mod]n productions z int]e/+ ph5om5a1 & has v>i\s degrees ( disapproval = !m1 ext5d+ to complete av]sion4 ,x co/s him an ef=t to he> an op]a ( ,wagn]1 & :5 he has done s1 he returns home be>+ ) him ! leitmotiv ( ,mei/] ,eckh>d3 ,! lu/ ( creatures is int]m+l$ ) bitt]ness4 ,9 g5]al he seems to take up approximately ! po9t ( view ( ,ross9i4 ,wagn] gives him wond]ful mom5ts1 foll[$1 h[ev]1 by p]iods ( acute emotional di/ress4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t ,i myself1 :o confess to be+ an ultra-,wagn]ite1 nev] /rove 9 my conv]sations ) ,e9/e9 to make my op9ion prevail aga9/ 84 ,= ,i am deeply conv9c$ t 9 ?is matt] !re is no "q ( "r & wrong1 & t e musical valuation repres5ts no m ?an an accid5tal judgm5t dep5d5t on "o's own nature1 entirely egoc5tric & ?us objectively ( no acc\nt4 ,e9/e9 also occupies himself 9 an active s5se ) music1 & has develop$ into a v fair viol9i/1 )\t claim+ high] degrees ( a*ievem5t4 ,among o!r ?+s ,i once he>d him play ! viol9 "p ( a ,brahms ,sonata1 & 8 p]=mance approa*$ conc]t /&>d4 ,he draws a beautiful tone1 infuses expression into 8 r5d]+1 & kn[s h[ to ov]come ! te*nical difficulties4 ,among ! supreme arti/s ( 8 in/rum5t :o h ex]t$ a p]sonal influ5ce on him1 ,joa*im assumes ! fir/ place4 ,e9/e9 /ill speaks ) great en?usiasm ( ,joa*im's p]=mance ( ,bee?ov5's ,t5? ,sonata & ( ,ba*'s ,*aconne4 ,he himself plays ! latt] piece1 = :i* ! purity & accuracy ( 8 d\ble & multiple /opp+ fits him4 ,:oev] *ooses ! "r mom5t--?is good =tune has n yet befall5 me--may ov]he> ,e9/e9 at 8 piani/ic /udies4 ,z he confess$ to me1 improvisation on ! piano is a necessity ( 8 life4 ,e j\rney t takes him away f ! in/rum5t = "s "t excites a home-sickness = 8 piano1 & :5 he returns he long+ly c>esses ! keys to ease himself ( ! burd5 ( ! tone exp]i5ces t h m\nt$ up 9 him1 giv+ !m utt]ance 9 improvisations4 ,! regul> run ( conc]ts 9 :i* displays ( bravura play an important "p f9ds little fav\r ) him2 above all1 he is n a wor%ipp] ( ! or*e/ral conductor1 :om he reg>ds only z an int]pret] & n z a virtuoso on ! or*e/ral in/rum5t4 ,he express$ ?is idea 9 unmi/akable words3 ,! conductor %\ld keep himself 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,i believe t 8 de>e/ wi% w\ld be to brea! 9 ! tones )\t a p]sonal or mat]ial m$ium1 m]ely out ( ! air or out ( space4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i believe t !re is an unfa?omable connexion betwe5 8 musical in/9ct & 8 nature z a rese>* sci5ti/4 ,= ! e>1 z we "k f ,ma*1 is ! true organ t enables u to exp]i5ce space1 & ?us ?+s may occur )9 ! e> ( ! inve/igator ( space t may h a diff]5t significance f t ( music :i* is repres5table 9 tones4 ,i /rongly d\bt :e!r traces ( compositional =m occur 9 ,e9/e9's tone-monologues1 b p]haps !y conta9 examples ( an art = :i* ! /hetics ( a di/ant future may f9d a "n4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,) reg>d to high] lit]ature1 & inde$ all writ+s n connect$ ) sci5ce1 ,e9/e9 has little to say4 ,he himself r>ely directs conv]sation on to ?is topic1 & /ill less r>ely does he give v5t to an en?usia/ic outbur/ t betrays w>m int]e/4 ,he re/ricts himself to mak+ %ort1 aphori/ic comm5ts1 & n[ & !n all[s 8 li/5] to ga!r t he c easily imag9e an exi/5ce )\t lit]ature4 ,! numb] ( accept$ novels1 tales1 & poetic works :i* he has n read is legion1 & all ! pret5ti\sly arti/ic1 hi/orical1 & critical writ+s t are add$ to !m h attract$ only a v mom5t>y int]e/ f him4 ,i h nev] se5 him attract$ 9 any way by ! promis+ aspect ( "s new book int5d$ = div]sion4 ,if su* a "o happ5s to get into 8 h&s1 he m]ely places x among ! o!rs4 ,at times ,i 0 con/ra9$ to ?9k ( ,caliph ,om>'s words3 ,if ! book conta9s :at is already 9 ! ,koran1 x is unnecess>y2 if x conta9s some?+ else1 x is h>mful4 ,x is h>mful at lea/ 9 ! s5se t x robs u ( "t t may be bett] sp5t 9 ano!r way4 ,i am purposely exagg]at+ "h to make x q cle> t ,e9/e9 f9ds full satisfaction 9 a n>r[ circle ( lit]ature1 & t he exp]i5ces no loss if num]\s new works pass by & escape 8 notice4 ,nev]!less1 he speaks ) rev]5ce ( a s]ies ( au?ors1 to :om he owes enri*m5t3 among !m are ! classical writ]s1 :o naturally occupy ! highe/ position1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 :i* he equally naturally wi%es to be tak5 z a p]sonal op9ion & n 9 ! s5se ( a critical valuation4 ,) him ! diff]5ce reveals itself 9 ! intonation f :i* we may read a great] or less] measure ( affection4 ,:5 he says ,%akespe>e1 ! et]nal greatness seems to be inh]5t 9 ! actual s\nd ( ! "n4 ,:5 he says ,goe!1 we notice a slight und]tone ( dissonance1 :i* may be int]pret$ )\t difficulty4 ,he admires him ) ! pa?os ( di/ance1 b no w>m? gl[s ?r\gh ?is pa?os4 ,i _h v5tur$ to d$uce f my k ( 8 nature ! m5 & ! works :i*1 9 my op9ion1 %\ld awak5 /rong e*oes 9 him4 ,a fairly cle>ly def9$ l9e leads to ! true pa?4 ,outside ( any sy/ematic s]ies1 ,i may m5tion ,do/ojewski1 ,c]vantes1 ,hom]1 ,/r9db]g1 ,gottfri$ ,kell] 9 ! positive s5se1 ,emile ,zola & ,ibs5 9 ! negative s5se4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ?is progno/ication does n disagree s]i\sly ) 8 own /atem5t1 except+ t he lays /ill great] emphasis on ,don ,quixote & ! ,bro!rs ,k>amas(f ?an ,i _h surmis$4 ,he express$ himself ) res]ve ab\t ,voltaire4 ,he has no belief 9 ,voltaire's poetic qualities1 & sees 9 him only a subtle-m9d$ & amus+ writ]4 ,p]haps if ,e9/e9 7 to devote himself a little m int5sively to ,voltaire & ,zola1 he w\ld assign a high] value to ^! relat$ spirits4 ,b !re is little hope ( ?is occurr+1 z ! wide range ( ,voltaire's works t5ds to re/ra9 him4 ,"t1 :i* ! physici/ ,e9/e9 has %[n to be relative1 has an absolute value = him :5 measur$ 9 h\rs1 & :oev] seeks to p]suade him to read ?ick volumes is n likely to ga9 8 goodwill4 ,our philosophical lit]ature is n receiv$ ) acclamation by him4 ,if "s "o wi%$ to und]take ! task ( asc]ta9+ ,e9/e9's attitude t[>ds philosophy1 he w\ld be well advis$ to plunge into ,e9/e9's works r ?an to ask him p]sonally4 ,9 !m ! que/ion] w\ld f9d ample h9ts1 po9t+ t[>ds a new !ory ( k1 ! fir/ indications ( :i* are already p]ceptible4 ,a great portion ( philosophic doctr9e w yet h to pass ?r\gh ! ,e9/e9 filt] to be purifi$4 ,he himself1 x seems to me1 leaves ?is process ( filt]+ mo/ly to o!r ?9k]s1 b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ^! o!rs d]ive _! views ( space1 "t1 & causality f ,e9/e9's physics4 ,x is ?us imm$iately evid5t t he does n f9d revelations ab\t ultimate ?+s 9 already extant lit]ature1 = ! simple reason t !y are n to be f\nd !re4 ,= him fam\s works repres5t1 9 ,kant's language1 ,prolegom5a to e future sy/em ( metaphysics :i* c claim to rank z a sci5ce4 ,! acc5t is to be put on ! future t has n yet become ! pres5t4 ,he praises _m1 p>ticul>ly ,locke & ,hume1 b w grant f9ality to none1 n ev5 to ! great ,kant1 n to m5tion ,hegel1 ,s*ell+1 & ,fi*te1 :om he b>ely m5tions 9 ?is connexion4 ,to ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e he assigns a high position z writ]s1 z ma/]s ( language & m\ld]s ( impressive ?\ghts4 ,he values !m = _! lit]>y excell5ce1 b d5ies !m philosophic dep?4 ,z f> z ,nietzs*e is conc]n$1 :om1 by ! way1 he reg>ds z too glitt]+1 ,e9/e9 c]ta9ly exp]i5ces e?ical objections aga9/ ?is prophet ( ! ari/ocratic cult ^: views are s diametrically oppos$ to ,e9/e9's own op9ion ( ! relations betwe5 man & man4 ,e>li] :5 we 7 talk+ ( classical poetry he _h p>ticul>ly emphasiz$ ,sophocles z "o :o 0 de> to him4 ,& ?is "n leads u to ! inn]mo/ s\rce ( ,e9/e9 z a man4 ,i am n "h to hate ) y b to love ) y1 is ! cry ( ,sophocles' ,antigone1 & ?is cry is ! keynote ( ,e9/e9's emotional exi/5ce4 ,i %all n give way to ! temptation to foll[ ^? :o 9 ! turmoil ( ! pres5t day ref] to ,e9/e9 z a political figure4 ,t w\ld lead to a description ( policy & p>ty argum5ts t lie beyond ! scope ( ?is book2 s mu* ! less am ,i incl9$ to d s z ,e9/e9's convictions may be express$ v cle>ly )\t ref]5ce to s*ematic t]ms ( a v ela/ic nature4 ,an individuality su* z 8 _c be compress$ into a p>ty programme4 ,& if anyone %\ld insi/ on plac+ him among ! radicals or on assign+ him f> to ! left1 ,i %\ld sugge/ t x w\ld be bett] to *oose1 in/ead ( ! classification "r & left1 t ( above & bel[4 ,i look up t[>ds 8 idealism1 ^: altitude may p]haps be rea*$ "o day by ! rais+ ( our e?ical /&>ds4 ,b n by means ( p>agraphs ( laws4 ,i h seldom he>d him talk ( su* s*ematic recipes1 b s mu* ! m h ,i not$ utt]ances :i* bore witness to a v int5se & ev]-pres5t sympa?y ) e human creature4 ,8 programme1 :i* is writt5 n 9 ink b 9 he>t's-blood1 proclaims 9 ! simple/ mann] ! categorical imp]ative3 ,fulfil y\r duty to y\r fell[-be+3 (f] help to e "o3 w>d (f e mat]ial oppression4 ,well1 !n1 he is a sociali/1 s ! cry runs4 ,if x is y\r pleasure to call him s1 he w n d5y y x4 ,b to me ?is t]m seems to d5ote too n>r[ limits = him4 ,i see no contradiction 9 apply+ ! t]m1 b !re is no p]fect congru5ce4 ,if "o ^w is necess>y1 ,i %\ld be r m incl9$ to say t he is 9 ! wide/ s5se a democrat ( lib]al tr5d4 ,= him ! ,/ate is n its own aim1 nor does he imag9e himself to be ! possessor ( a panacea4 ,! attitude ( ! individual to socialism1 he said1 is unc]ta9 ow+ to ! fact t we c nev] asc]ta9 cle>ly h[ mu* ( ! iron compulsion & bl9d work+ ( our economic sy/em may be ov]come by appropriate in/itutions4 ,& ,i %\ld l to add t su* in/itutions w\ld sc>cely h a p]man5t result1 b t m may be expect$ f ! e?ical example ( ^? :o h ! p[] ( r5unciation4 ,:oev] realizes ! motto ( ,antigone1 ,i am "h to love ) y1 br+s u ne>] ! goal4 ,all 9 all1 our long+ cont9ually flees f ! confusion ( political consid]ations to simple morality4 ,= ,e9/e9 ?is is ! prim>y elem5t1 t :i* is directly evid5t & n op5 to misrepres5tation4 ,x includes sympa?y1 &1 :at is m important1 joy 9 conjunction ) o!rs4 ,! be/ t life has to (f]1 he once exclaim$1 is a face gl[+ ) happ9ess6 ,?is look is express$ on 8 own face :5 he discusses 8 ideals1 above all ! int]nationality ( all intellectual work]s & ! realization ( et]nal peace among ! nations4 ,to him pacifism is a matt] ( m9d z well z ( he>t1 & he is ( ! op9ion t ! c\rse ( hi/ory s f> is b ! prelude to its realization4 ,! pa/1 ) its blood/a9$ f+]s t rea* into ! pres5t1 does n disc\rage him ,he po9ts to ! endless city w>s ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,italy1 :i* _h f9ally to cease 9 answ] to ! increas+ feel+ ( solid>ity4 ,s he believes 9 ! victory ( peace1 :i* ! unifi$ consci\sness ( all humanity w "o day w9 ov] ! demonic p[]s ( tyranny & conque/4 ,! pacifi/ic goal seems to him to be atta9able )\t ! peculi>ities ( ! v>i\s ,/ates be+ de/roy$4 ,national *>act]i/ics aris+ f tradition & h]$it>y influ5ces d n signify 9 8 eyes a contradiction to ! int]nationalism t embraces ! common intellectual factors ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,?us ! desire = ! pres]vation & c>e ( p>ticul>ities directs him to ! second>y goal ( ,zionism4 ,8 blood ass]ts itself :5 he supports ! f\ndation ( a ,/ate 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* seems to him to be ! only means ( pres]v+ ! national individuality ( 8 race )\t ! fre$om ( ! individual be+ affect$4 ,we _h left ,art to talk ( ! ,/ate1 & !n return$ to ! =m] !me to t\* lightly on ! pictorial arts4 ,pa9t+ 0 all[$ to pass ) m]ely a fleet+ rem>k4 ,x plays no consid]able "p 9 ,e9/e9's exi/5ce1 & he w\ld n suff] great grief if x 7 to vani% f ! plane ( culture1 a consummation to :i* def9ite signs seems to po9t4 ,i h describ$ ^! signs 9 o!r writ+s 7z 9 ,kun/ 9 #ajjj ,jahr571 & ma9ta9 ! po9t ( view t ! late/ bran*es ( pa9t+ z repres5t$ by expressionism & cubi/ic futurism d5ote1 9 ess5ce1 ! la/ convulsions ( a dy+ surface art4 ,& ev5 ! *ief repres5tatives ( =m] fl\ri%+ p]iods are beg9n+ to fade away1 & ,e9/e9 w n be ! only "o :o w relegate ?is art1 z comp>$ ) music1 to a l[] plane among ! inspir$ arts t br+ joy to humanity4 ,he is only m frank ?an o!rs :5 he freely confesses t he _c conv9ce himself t a life )\t ! joys ( pictorial art w\ld be hopelessly impov]i%$4 ,b he b[s 8 head to sculpture1 &1 = him1 ar*itecture is a goddess4 ,x is aga9 8 deeply root$ piety t ass]ts itself :5 memory recalls to him ! ,go?ic dome ) its p9nacles /riv+ t[>ds heav54 ,goe! & ,s*legel h call$ ar*itecture froz5 music1 & ?is picture is pres5t 9 8 m9d :5 he sees ,go?ic ar*itecture z froz5 music ( ,ba*4 ,x is op5 to anyone to analyse ?is specific impression 9 ano!r way by seek+ ! fundam5tal elem5ts1 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! art is to provide support = a weighty /ructure & to ov]come gravitation4 ,= a _s t works ) me*anics & t feels )9 itself ! pressures & t5sions occurr+ 9 ext]nal nature1 ar*itecture is a k9d ( /atics & dynamics trans=m$ into a ?+ ( beauty1 a ravi%+ picture ( 8 own sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,e9/e9 has told me _m a /ory ( 8 travels1 & ^! reports 7 *>act]iz$ by an abs5ce ( def9ite purpose4 ,! conception ( some?+ wor? see+ 9 ! t\ri/s' s5se does n exi/ = him1 & he does n set out 9 eag] pursuit ( ^? ?+s t are m>k$ ) two a/]isks 9 ,ba$ek]4 ,! int5se romanticism ( ,swiss sc5]y1 t lay )9 su* easy rea* = him1 has nev] entic$ him into its magic circle1 & he has no?+ to d ) ! abysmal t]rors ( glaci]s & ! _w ( sn[-peaks4 ,8 en?usiasm = l&scape beauty con=ms ) ! behavi\r ( ! b>omet]3 ! great] ! altitude1 ! l[] ! m]cury4 ,9 simple contact ) ,nature he pref]s ! less] m\nta9s1 ! sea%ore1 & ext5sive pla9s1 :]eas brilliant panoramic cont\rs l ^? ( ! ,vi]wald/ett] ,see d n r\se him into ec/asy4 ,x is unnecess>y to rem>k t he does n arrange 8 liv+ on ! /&>d ( ! ,gr& ,palace ,hotels en r\te4 ,x is ne>] ! tru? to picture him z a vagrant :o tramps along )\t a s5se ( "t & )\t a goal1 9 ! fairy atmosph]e ( a joy\s w&]] :o has unconsci\sly adopt$ ! old rule ( ,phil&]3 ,walk ) a /eady /ep3 make y\r burd5 small3 />t e>ly 9 ! morn1 & leave home all c>e6 ,am ,i to record ! li/ ( pleasures & hobbies t are =eign to him8 ,! li/ w\ld be v long1 & ,i %\ld arrive at my goal m quickly by sett+ 8 sport+ t5d5cies equal to z]o4 ,i once suspect$ him ( be+ giv5 to aquatic sport1 z ,i le>n$ t he _h tak5 "p 9 sev]al ya*t+ excursions4 ,b ,i 0 mi/ak54 ,he sails 9 ! same way z he walks on 8 t\rs1 )\t a set purpose1 dream+1 & un9t]e/$ 9 :at is reg>d$ by memb]s ( sail+ clubs z a feat4 ,9 ! negative li/ ( 8 games we see ev5 *ess1 t usually ex]ts a /rong attraction on natures ) a ma!matical t5d5cy4 ,! p>ticul> types ( comb9ation (f]$ by ?is game h nev] tempt$ him1 & ! _w ( *ess has rema9$ t]ra incognita = him4 ,he is j z little int]e/$ 9 e k9d ( collection1 ev5 t ( books4 ,i h seldom or nev] met a savant :o atta*es s little value to ! p]sonal possession ( num]\s & valuable books4 ,?is /atem5t may be ext5d$ z f> z say+ t he exp]i5ces no pleasure at all 9 possession z su*3 he says s himself1 & 8 :ole mann] ( life proves x4 ,!re seems to me to be an elem5t ( resignation 9 8 amiable h$onism1 a k9d ( monki% asceticism4 ,he nev] rids himself ( ! feel+ t he is only pay+ a visit 9 ?is _w4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,e9/e9 consid]s t 8 life-"w c be complet$ )9 ! span ( ?is visit4 ,at any rate he makes no attempt to extract m out ( ! day by foll[+ a rigid programme ( "w ?an ! day volunt>ily (f]s4 ,he does n compel himself to cov] a def9itely circumscrib$ piece ( gr\nd ) *ronological exactitude4 ,!re are bra9-work]s1 especially arti/s1 :o actually nev] %ake (f ! fett]s ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs day ( "w inasmu* z !y sp9 on ! ?reads ( daily ef=t into ! nightly fabric ( dreams4 ,e9/e9 c make a pause1 int]rupt 8 "w1 or div]t himself into side-*annels at leisure & accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! h\r1 b dreams (f] him no inspiration & d n waylay him ) problems4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 he is waylaid s mu* ! m dur+ ! day by ?+s & p]sons t make an assault on him4 ,?is />ts z soon z ! fir/ po/ arrives1 to see ?r\gh :i* requires a special bureau4 ,9 addition to ! communications ( a pr(essional or (ficial nature !re appe> innum]able lett]s f ev]y:]e & any:]e ask+ him to grant a little ( 8 "t4 ,:atev] ea* individual writ] has ?\ght ab\t ! pr9ciple ( relativity1 all 8 ?\ghts & d\bts1 additions1 &1 above all1 t :i* he has n be5 able to und]/&1 all ?is is to be answ]$ by ,e9/e94 ,has he1 ! *ild ( fame1 ev5 a qu>t] ( an h\r = himself8 ,!re !y wait 9 ! hall1 ! pa9t]1 ! photograph]1 ! sculptor1 & ! int]view]2 ) :atev] p[]s ( p]suasion & argum5tative subtlety 8 att5tive wife may seek to def5d 8 h\rs ( re/1 "s ( ^! visitors w yet succe$ 9 ga9+ ! upp] h&1 & w produce some?+ 9 oil-col\rs1 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 9 black & :ite1 9 wat]-col\rs1 or 9 pr9t4 ,fame1 too1 dem&s h] sacrifices1 & if we talk ( a hunt aft] fame1 !n ,e9/e9 is c]ta9ly n ! hunt]1 b ! hunt$4 ,he sighs "u ! burd5 ( 8 correspond5ce1 n only z ! recipi5t1 b also ) ! s5d]1 ^: lett] has to rema9 unansw]$4 ,yet he is nev] r\s$ to ang] by ! intrud] on 8 "t4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 ! aphorism ( ,cyrus t pati5ce is ! panacea ( all ills w\ld n hold = him1 & h[ w\ld ,i myself o!rwise h d>$ to claim s _m h\rs ( him8 ,a s5se ( guilt falls on me6 ,b ev5 ,e9/e9's pati5ce c come to an end1 & ?is is at ! po9t :]e society beg9s3 ,i mean ! congregation ( p]sons 9 a salon1 society ent]ta9m5ts to :i* "o is invit$ to be se51 & s t "o may claim to h be5 !re4 ,a solemn repres5tation 9 :i* he is to be made ! cynosure ( all eyes is a torture to him4 ,if 9 a v exceptional case he is compell$ to p>ticipate 9 su* a ga!r+1 ! joy ( 8 ho/s w n be entirely unmix$1 = x does n require a ?\ght-read] to recognize ! long+ = solitude impr9t$ on 8 c\nt5ance3 ,c\ld ,i b escape6 ,s mu* ! happi] does he feel himself 9 ! n>r[ circle ( 8 fri5ds1 :o (f] :at means to him mu* m ?an admiration1 namely1 affection1 & an appreciation ( 8 human self4 ,he is :at "o wi%es him to be4 ,he is happy :5 he c =get ! doctor pr(undus1 & c yield himself up to ! atmosph]e ( /imulat+ & uncon/ra9$ conv]se4 ,he is a ma/] 9 ! art ( li/5+1 & is n av]se to contradiction2 :5 possible1 he ev5 emphasizes ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t4 ,audiatur et alt]a p>s6 ,?is is a fur!r manife/ation ( 8 altrui/ic p]sonality1 :i* rejoices :5 he extracts ! true k]nel f ! husk ( ! oppos+ op9ion4 ,"h he also displays a *>act]i/ic :i* "o does n usually expect to f9d among ab/ract ?9k]s1 a s5se ( hum\r t runs ?r\gh ! :ole gamut f a g5tle smile to he>ty laught]1 & t is ! happy s\rce ( _m a /rik+ sally4 ,x may happ5 t ! subject ( conv]sation excites 8 ang]1 especially 9 political debates :5 he calls to m9d milit>i/ic or feudal misgov]nm5t4 ,he !n becomes r\s$1 &1 z a cynical philosoph]1 s>ca/ically attacks p]sonalities & po9ts out ! prim>y s\rce ( p]5nial hate1 imm$iately aft]w>ds so>+ up to happy speculations ( ! future4 ,x is a matt] = regret t ! subjects t he has disc\rs$ on lightly h n be5 fix$ phonographically4 ,su* records w\ld =m an int]e/+ supplem5t to ! conv]sations outl9$ 9 ?is book4 ,x w\ld nev] occur to him to set d[n 9 p]man5t lit]>y =m ! inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,:at he writes emanates f o!r regions1 & is1 to use 8 own expression1 a precipitate ( ?ick ink4 ,?is is obvi\s1 = :at he has to proclaim z a sci5ti/ _c be pres5t$ 9 a ?9 =m4 ,b _m a s-call$ writ] w\ld h reason to congratulate himself1 if s mu* ?9ly fl[+ matt] occurr$ to him 9 writ+ z to ,e9/e9 9 speak+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! record ( ^! conv]sations 0 begun 9 ! summ] ( #aiai1 & complet$ 9 ! autumn ( #aibj4 ,,index ,ari/oteles1 #da ,arrh5ius1 #add ,bab9et1 #be ,ba*1 #hh1 #bce ,bacon1 #df ,ba]1 ,k4 ,e4 von1 #afb ,bailhaud1 #add ,bee?ov51 #ii1 #bcd1 #bce ,bell1 ,graham1 #be1 #aaa ,brang]1 #hd ,b]gson1 #ia ,b]n\lli1 #dh ,b]n/e91 #bbe ,bessel1 #cb ,bohr1 ,niels1 #eg1 #baj ,brahe1 ,ty*o1 #id ,bruno1 ,giordano1 #ada ,b*n]1 #bbe ,bulw]1 #gf ,buns51 #afd ,byron1 #i ,cantor1 #eb1 #bjc ,cav5di%1 #aaa ,ceul51 ,ludolf van1 #aeh ,condillac1 #baf ,cop]nicus1 #f1 #ij ,cosmati1 #dh ,curie1 ,madame1 #gi1 #bca ,cuvi]1 #aif ,d>b\x1 #aeb ,dase1 #aeh ,desc>tes1 #dg1 #acc1 #afb ,d+eldey1 #aij ,do/ojewski1 #ahe1 #ahg ,dove1 #ba1 #aee ,duhem1 #aje1 #ajf ,dhr+1 #ed1 #ef ,eck]mann1 #ej1 #he ,edison1 #adj ,euclid1 #ahj ,eul]1 #ih ,euripides1 #he ,f>aday1 #ci1 #fa1 #hd ,fe*n]1 #aaj1 #ahb ,f]mat1 #ig1 #aij ,fizeau1 #aac ,flamm>ion1 #aae ,frankl91 #ajb ,fresnel1 #de ,galilei1 #f1 #dj1 #aej1 #agi1 #aha ,galle1 #f ,galvani1 #aaj ,gauss1 #ee1 #ahe1 #ahf ,goe!1 #ac1 #bc1 #agi1 #aig1 #bab1 #bcf #bdj ,grillp>z]1 #ie ,grossmann1 #bbi ,hans51 #acd ,hebbel1 #gg1 #hf ,hegel1 #db ,he9e1 #di ,helmholtz1 #be1 #bf1 #ec1 #gc ,h]aclitus1 #bc ,h]s*el1 #hd ,h]tz1 #fj ,hooke1 #da ,horace1 #c ,humboldt1 #di ,hume1 #afa ,huygh5s1 #ef1 #aji1 #acb ,jean ,paul1 #hf1 #bbc ,j\le1 #hd ,jung ,/ill+1 #hd ,kant1 #ce1 #aba1 #agj1 #agg1 #agi1 #bcg ,kepl]1 #f1 #db1 #hd1 #agf1 #agg ,kir*h(f1 #ajd-ajg1 #adh1 #bab ,klei/1 #acj ,kumm]1 #aij ,lam>ck1 #aig ,lange1 #dg ,laplace1 #dj1 #de1 #adj1 #afe ,leibniz1 #bf1 #abh ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aa1 #ej-ed ,lev]ri]1 #f1 #aj ,liebig1 #ee ,l9demann1 #aeh ,l9n1 #aif ,lor5tz1 #eg1 #gb ,lo?> ,mey]1 #ajg ,lucretius1 #baj ,ma*1 #df1 #gg1 #ajh1 #adi1 #afi ,mau?n]1 #ie ,maxwell1 #ci1 #fj ,may]1 ,rob]t1 #be1 #ee1 #ef ,melan*?on1 #hb ,m5&]1 #hf ,m5delejew1 #ajg ,mezz(anti1 #fc ,mi*elangelo1 #di ,mi*elson & ,morley1 #aab ,mill1 #de ,mi?ridates1 #fc ,montaigne1 #gg ,moz>t1 #bcc ,newton1 #b1 #f1 #h1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #if ,nietzs*e1 #fc1 #bag1 #bcg ,nollet1 #ajc ,odilon1 ,hel5e1 #ace ,o]/$1 #aji ,o/wald1 #hc1 #bca1 #bcb ,ovid1 #aig ,pascal1 #ic1 #ih ,pa/eur1 #age ,p]r91 #aed ,pflg]1 #ce ,phil&]1 #bda ,pic>d1 #add ,planck1 #eg1 #ei1 #ia1 #bcj ,po9c>1 #a1 #g1 #aab1 #aaf1 #bca ,pope1 #ed ,prie/ley1 #aaa ,psellus1 #aef ,pyrrhon1 #ib ,py?agoras1 #aja1 #agi ,quetelet1 #ahb ,regiomantus1 #eb ,reis1 #be ,riemann1 #ahf ,rigg5ba*1 #be ,russ1 #bbd ,ru!r=d1 #cf1 #baj ,s*ill]1 #gd1 #id1 #agj ,s*legel1 #bdj ,s*lick1 ,moritz1 #afh ,s*op5hau]1 #da1 #bcg ,s*wann1 #age ,%akespe>e1 #bcf ,siem5s1 #be1 #bg-cj ,slade1 #acf ,sophocles1 #bch ,sp9oza1 #hd1 #afb ,/eph5son1 #be ,t]5ce1 #aia ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #afe ,torricelli1 #aff ,vaih+]1 #dc1 #afi ,vitruvius1 #aja ,volta1 #aaj1 #aaa ,voltaire1 #dg1 #bcg ,wagn]1 #bcd ,web]1 #ahb ,wei]/rass1 #aeb ,weyl1 #cd ,:ewell1 #de ,wi51 #agc ,zelt]1 #hd ,zlln]1 #acg