,illu/ration3 ,fri$rick ,s*ill] ,ae/hetical & ,philosophical ,essays ,,introduc+ ,,! ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! 8,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,spiritual ,,man40 ,,by ,,fri$rick ,,s*ill] ,libr>y ,edition ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,! ,publi%]s ,plate ,r5t+ ,co4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,lett]s ,,on ,,! ,,/hetical ,,education ,,( ,,man #cc ,,/hetical ,,essays3-- ,,! ,,moral ,,utility ,,( ,,/hetic ,,mann]s #abf ,,on ,,! ,,sublime #ace ,,! ,,pa!tic #adi ,,on ,,grace ,,& ,,dignity #age ,,on ,,dignity #baa ,,on ,,! ,,necess>y ,,limitations ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,=m #bcj ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,vulg> ,,& ,,l[ ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,works ,,( ,,art #bed ,,deta*$ ,,reflections ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,que/ions ,,( ,,/hetics #bfa ,,on ,,simple ,,& ,,s5tim5tal ,,poetry #bfi ,,! ,,/age ,,z ,a ,,moral ,,in/itution #cci ,,on ,,! ,,tragic ,,art #cdf ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,pleasure ,,we ,,d]ive ,,f ,,tragic ,,objects #cfg ,,s*ill]',s ,,philosophical ,,lett]s3-- ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks #cgi ,,!osophy ,,( ,,julius #chg ,,on ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,spiritual ,,nature ,,9 ,,man #djf ,,physical ,,connection #djh ,,philosophical ,,connection #dae ,,introduction4 ,! special subject ( ! great] "p ( ! lett]s & essays ( ,s*ill] conta9$ 9 ?is volume is /hetics2 & be=e pass+ to any rem>ks on 8 treatm5t ( ! subject x w be useful to (f] a few obs]vations on ! nature ( ?is topic1 & on its treatm5t by ! philosophical _s ( diff]5t ages4 ,fir/1 !n1 /hetics has = its object ! va/ realm ( ! beautiful1 & x may be mo/ adequately def9$ z ! philosophy ( art or ( ! f9e arts4 ,to "s ! def9ition may seem arbitr>y1 z exclud+ ! beautiful 9 nature2 b x w cease to appe> s if x is rem>k$ t ! beauty :i* is ! "w ( art is high] ?an natural beauty1 because x is ! (fspr+ ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 if1 9 con=mity ) a c]ta9 s*ool ( mod]n philosophy1 ! m9d be view$ z ! true be+1 includ+ all 9 itself1 x mu/ be admitt$ t beauty is only truly beautiful :5 x %>es 9 ! nature ( m9d1 & is m9d's (fspr+4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! beauty ( nature is only a reflection ( ! beauty ( ! m9d1 only an imp]fect beauty1 :i* z to its ess5ce is includ$ 9 t ( ! m9d4 ,nor has x ev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( any ?9k] to develop ! beautiful 9 natural objects1 s z to conv]t x into a sci5ce & a sy/em4 ,! field ( natural beauty is too unc]ta9 & too fluctuat+ = ?is purpose4 ,moreov]1 ! relation ( beauty 9 nature & beauty 9 art =ms a "p ( ! sci5ce ( /hetics1 & f9ds aga9 its prop] place4 ,b x may be urg$ t art is n wor?y ( a sci5tific treatm5t4 ,art is no d\bt an ornam5t ( our life & a *>m to ! fancy2 b has x a m s]i\s side8 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! absorb+ necessities ( human exi/5ce1 x might seem a luxury1 a sup]fluity1 calculat$ to enfeeble ! he>t by ! assidu\s wor%ip ( beauty1 & ?us to be actually prejudicial to ! true int]e/ ( practical life4 ,?is view seems to be l>gely c\nt5anc$ by a dom9ant p>ty 9 mod]n times1 & practical m51 z !y are /yl$1 are only too ready to take ?is sup]ficial view ( ! (fice ( art4 ,_m h inde$ und]tak5 to def5d art on ?is score1 & to %[ t1 f> f be+ a m]e luxury1 x has s]i\s & solid advantages4 ,x has be5 ev5 app>5tly exagg]at$ 9 ?is respect1 & repres5t$ z a k9d ( m$iator betwe5 reason & s5se1 betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 hav+ z its mission ! "w ( reconcil+ ! conflict+ elem5ts 9 ! human he>t4 ,a /rong trace ( ?is view w be f\nd 9 ,s*ill]1 especially 9 all t he says ab\t ! play in/9ct 9 8 8/hetical ,lett]s40 ,nev]!less1 art is wor?y ( sci5ce2 /hetics is a true sci5ce1 & ! (fice ( art is z high z t assign$ to x 9 ! pages ( ,s*ill]4 ,we admit t art view$ only z an ornam5t & a *>m is no long] free1 b a slave4 ,b ?is is a p]v]sion ( its prop] end4 ,sci5ce has to be consid]$ z free 9 its aim & 9 its means1 & x is only free :5 lib]at$ f all o!r consid]ations2 x rises up to tru?1 :i* is its only real object1 & c alone fully satisfy x4 ,art 9 l mann] is alone truly art :5 x is free & indep5d5t1 :5 x solves ! problem ( its high de/9ation--t problem :e!r x has to be plac$ beside religion & philosophy z be+ no?+ else ?an a p>ticul> mode or a special =m ( reveal+ ,god to consci\sness1 & ( express+ ! deepe/ int]e/s ( human nature & ! wide/ tru?s ( ! human m9d4 ,= x is 9 _! works ( art t ! nations h impr9t$ _! favorite ?\ghts & _! ri*e/ intuitions1 & n unfrequ5tly ! f9e arts are ! only means by :i* we c p5etrate into ! secrets ( _! wisdom & ! my/]ies ( _! religion4 ,x is made a reproa* to art t x produces its effects by appe>ance & illusion2 b c x be e/abli%$ t appe>ance is objectionable8 ,! ph5om5a ( nature & ! acts ( human life are no?+ m ?an appe>ances1 & are yet look$ ^u z con/itut+ a true reality2 = ?is reality mu/ be s\ght = beyond ! objects p]ceiv$ imm$iately by ! s5se1 ! sub/ance & spee* & pr9ciple und]ly+ all ?+s manife/+ itself 9 "t & space ?r\gh ^! real exi/5ces1 b pres]v+ its absolute exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,n[1 ! v special object & aim ( art is to repres5t ! action & developm5t ( ?is univ]sal =ce4 ,9 nature ?is =ce or pr9ciple appe>s conf\nd$ ) p>ticul> int]e/s & transitory circum/ances1 mix$ up ) :at is arbitr>y 9 ! passions & 9 individual wills4 ,art sets ! tru? free f ! illusory & m5daci\s =ms ( ?is co>se1 imp]fect _w1 & clo!s x 9 a nobl]1 pur] =m creat$ by ! m9d itself4 ,?us ! =ms ( art1 f> f be+ m]e appe>ances1 p]fectly illusory1 conta9 m reality & tru? ?an ! ph5om5al exi/5ces ( ! real _w4 ,! _w ( art is tru] ?an t ( hi/ory or nature4 ,nor is ?is all3 ! repres5tations ( art are m expressive & transp>5t ?an ! ph5om5a ( ! real _w or ! ev5ts ( hi/ory4 ,! m9d f9ds x h>d] to pi]ce ?r\gh ! h>d envelop ( nature & common life ?an to p5etrate into works ( art4 ,two m reflections appe> completely to meet ! objection t art or /hetics is n entitl$ to ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,x w be g5]ally admitt$ t ! m9d ( man has ! p[] ( consid]+ itself1 ( mak+ itself its own object & all t issues f its activity2 = ?\ght con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d4 ,n[ art & its "w1 z creations ( ! m9d1 are !mselves ( a spiritual nature4 ,9 ?is respect art is mu* ne>] to ! m9d ?an nature4 ,9 /udy+ ! works ( art ! m9d has to d ) itself1 ) :at proce$s f itself1 & is itself4 ,?us art f9ds its highe/ confirmation 9 sci5ce4 ,nor does art refuse a philosophical treatm5t because x is dep5d5t on caprice1 & subject to no law4 ,if its highe/ aim be to reveal to ! human consci\sness ! highe/ int]e/ ( ! m9d1 x is evid5t t ! sub/ance or cont5ts ( ! repres5tations are n giv5 up to ! control ( a wild & irregul> imag9ation4 ,x is /rictly det]m9$ by ! ideas t conc]n our intellig5ce & by ! laws ( _! developm5t1 :atev] may be ! inexhau/ible v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,nor are ^! =ms arbitr>y1 = e =m is n fitt$ to express e idea4 ,! =m is det]m9$ by ! sub/ance :i* x has to suit4 ,a fur!r consid]ation ( ! true nature ( beauty1 & !re=e ( ! vocation ( ! arti/1 w aid u /ill m 9 our endeavor to %[ ! high dignity ( art & ( /hetics4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy pres5ts u ) _m !ories on ! nature ( ! beautiful2 b z x w\ld lead u too f> to exam9e !m all1 we %all only consid] ! mo/ important among !m4 ,! co>se/ ( ^! !ories def9es ! beautiful z t :i* pleases ! s5ses4 ,?is !ory1 issu+ f ! philosophy ( s5sation ( ! s*ool ( ,locke & ,condillac1 only expla9s ! idea & ! feel+ ( ! beautiful by disfigur+ x4 ,x is entirely contradict$ by facts4 ,= x conv]ts x into desire1 b desire is egoti/ical & insatiable1 :ile admiration is respectful1 & is its own satisfaction )\t seek+ possession4 ,o!rs h ?\ght ! beautiful consi/s 9 proportion1 & no d\bt ?is is "o ( ! conditions ( beauty1 b only "o4 ,an ill-proportion$ object _c be beautiful1 b ! exact correspond5ce ( p>ts1 z 9 geometrical figures1 does n con/itute beauty4 ,a not$ anci5t !ory makes beauty consi/ 9 ! p]fect suitabl5ess ( means to _! end4 ,9 ?is case ! beautiful is n ! useful1 x is ! suitable2 & ! latt] idea is m ak9 to t ( beauty4 ,b x has n ! true "* ( ! beautiful4 ,aga91 ord] is a less ma!matical idea ?an proportion1 b x does n expla9 :at is free & fl[+ 9 c]ta9 beauties4 ,! mo/ plausible !ory ( beauty is t :i* makes x consi/ 9 two contr>y & equally necess>y elem5ts--unity & v>iety4 ,a beautiful fl[] has all ! elem5ts we h nam$2 x has unity1 symmetry1 & v>iety ( %ades ( color4 ,!re is no beauty )\t life1 & life is movem5t1 div]sity4 ,^! elem5ts are f\nd 9 beautiful & also 9 sublime objects4 ,a beautiful object is complete1 f9i%$1 limit$ ) symmetrical p>ts4 ,a sublime object ^: =ms1 ?\gh n out ( proportion1 are less det]m9$1 ev] awak5s 9 u ! feel+ ( ! inf9ite4 ,9 objects ( s5se all qualities t c produce ! feel+ ( ! beautiful come "u "o class call$ physical beauty4 ,b above & beyond ?is 9 ! region ( m9d we h fir/ intellectual beauty1 includ+ ! laws t gov]n intellig5ce & ! creative g5ius ( ! arti/1 ! poet1 & ! philosoph]4 ,aga91 ! moral _w has beauty 9 its ideas ( lib]ty1 ( virtue1 ( devotion1 ! ju/ice ( ,ari/ides1 ! h]oism ( ,leonidas4 ,we h n[ asc]ta9$ t !re is beauty & sublimity 9 nature1 9 ideas1 9 feel+s1 & 9 actions4 ,aft] all ?is x might be suppos$ t a unity c\ld be f\nd amid/ ^! diff]5t k9ds ( beauty4 ,! sight ( a /atue1 z ! ,apollo ( ,belv$]e1 ( a man1 ( ,socrates expir+1 are adduc$ z produc+ impressions ( ! beautiful2 b ! =m _c be a =m by itself1 x mu/ be ! =m ( some?+4 ,physical beauty is ! sign ( an int]ior beauty1 a spiritual & moral beauty :i* is ! basis1 ! pr9ciple1 & ! unity ( ! beautiful4 ,physical beauty is an envelop to intellectual & to moral beauty4 ,intellectual beauty1 ! spl5dor ( ! true1 c only h = pr9ciple t ( all tru?4 ,moral beauty compreh5ds two di/9ct elem5ts1 equally beautiful1 ju/ice & *>ity4 ,?us ,god is ! pr9ciple ( ! ?ree ord]s ( beauty1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral4 ,he also con/rues ! two great p[]s di/ribut$ ov] ! ?ree ord]s1 ! beautiful & ! sublime4 ,god is beauty p> excell5ce2 ,he is !re=e p]fectly beautiful2 ,he is equally sublime4 ,he is to u ! type & s5se ( ! two great =ms ( beauty4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,absolute ,be+ z absolute unity & absolute v>iety is necess>ily ! ultimate pr9ciple1 ! extreme basis1 ! f9i%$ ideal ( all beauty4 ,?is 0 ! m>vell\s beauty :i* ,diotimus _h se51 & :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,banquet ( ,socrates4 ,x is our purpose aft] ! previ\s discussion to attempt to elucidate /ill fur!r ! idea ( art by foll[+ its hi/oric developm5t4 ,_m que/ions be>+ on art & relat+ to ! beautiful _h be5 prop\nd$ be=e1 se5 z f> back z ,plot9us1 ,plato1 & ,socrates2 b rec5t times h be5 ! real cradle ( /hetics z a sci5ce4 ,mod]n philosophy 0 ! fir/ to recognize t beauty 9 art is "o ( ! means by :i* ! contradictions c be remov$ betwe5 m9d consid]$ 9 its ab/ract & absolute exi/5ce & nature con/itut+ ! _w ( s5se1 br++ back ^! two factors to unity4 ,kant 0 ! fir/ :o felt ! want ( ?is union & express$ x1 b )\t det]m9+ its conditions or express+ x sci5tifically4 ,he 0 imp$$ 9 8 ef=ts to effect ?is union by ! opposition betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective1 by 8 plac+ practical reason above !oretical reason1 & he set up ! opposition f\nd 9 ! moral sph]e z ! highe/ pr9ciple ( morality4 ,r$uc$ to ?is difficulty1 all t ,kant c\ld d 0 to express ! union "u ! =m ( ! subjective ideas ( reason1 or z po/ulates to be d$uc$ f ! practical reason1 )\t _! ess5tial "* be+ kn[n1 & repres5t+ _! realization z no?+ m ?an a simple y ought1 or imp]ative 8,du soll/40 ,9 8 teleological judgm5t appli$ to liv+ be+s1 ,kant comes1 on ! contr>y1 to consid] ! liv+ organism 9 su* wise t1 ! g5]al includ+ ! p>ticul>1 & det]m9+ x z an end1 consequ5tly ! idea also det]m9es ! ext]nal1 ! comp\nd ( ! organs1 n by an act spr++ f )\t b issu+ f )94 ,9 ?is way ! end & ! means1 ! int]ior & ext]ior1 ! g5]al & p>ticul>1 are conf\nd$ 9 unity4 ,b ?is judgm5t only expresses a subjective act ( reflection1 & does n ?r[ any light on ! object 9 itself4 ,kant has ! same view ( ! /hetic judgm5t4 ,accord+ to him ! judgm5t does n proce$ ei!r f reason1 z ! faculty ( g5]al ideas1 or f s5su\s p]ception1 b f ! free play ( ! reason & ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?is analysis ( ! cognitive faculty1 ! object only exi/s relatively to ! subject & to ! feel+ ( pleasure or ! enjoym5t t x exp]i5ces4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! beautiful are1 accord+ to ,kant3-- #a4 ,! pleasure x procures is free f int]e/4 #b4 ,beauty appe>s to u z an object ( g5]al enjoym5t1 )\t awak5+ 9 u ! consci\sness ( an ab/ract idea & ( a category ( reason to :i* we might ref] our judgm5t4 #c4 ,beauty ought to embrace 9 itself ! relation ( con=mity to its end1 b 9 su* a way t ?is con=mity may be grasp$ )\t ! idea ( ! end be+ (f]$ to our m9d4 #d4 ,?\gh x be n accompani$ by an ab/ract idea1 beauty ought be to ackn[l$g$ z ! object ( a necess>y enjoym5t4 ,a special feature ( all ?is sy/em is ! indissoluble unity ( :at is suppos$ to be sep>at$ 9 consci\sness4 ,?is di/9ction disappe>s 9 ! beautiful1 because 9 x ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>1 ! end & ! means1 ! idea & ! object1 m5tally p5etrate ea* o!r completely4 ,! p>ticul> 9 itself1 :e!r x be oppos$ to itself or to :at is g5]al1 is some?+ accid5tal4 ,b "h :at may be consid]$ z an accid5tal =m is s intimately connect$ ) ! g5]al t x is conf\nd$ & id5tifi$ ) x4 ,by ?is means ! beautiful 9 art pres5ts ?\ght to u z inc>nate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 matt]1 nature1 ! s5su\s z !mselves possess+ measure1 end1 & h>mony1 are rais$ to ! dignity ( _s & %>e 9 its g5]al "*4 ,?\ght n only ab&ons its ho/ility aga9/ nature1 b smiles 9 h]4 ,s5sation & enjoym5t are ju/ifi$ & sanctifi$1 s t nature & lib]ty1 s5se & ideas1 f9d _! ju/ification & _! sanctification 9 ?is union4 ,nev]!less ?is reconciliation1 ?\gh seem+ly p]fect1 is /rick5 ) ! "* ( subjectiv5ess4 ,x _c con/itute ! absolutely true & real4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! pr9cipal results ( ,kant's criticism1 & ,hegel passes high praise on ! pr(\ndly philosophic m9d ( ,s*ill]1 :o dem&$ ! union & reconciliation ( ! two pr9ciples1 & :o tri$ to give a sci5tific explanation ( x be=e ! problem _h be5 solv$ by philosophy4 ,9 8 8,lett]s on /hetic ,education10 ,s*ill] admits t man c>ries 9 himself ! g]m ( ! ideal man :i* is realiz$ & repres5t$ by ! /ate4 ,!re are two ways = ! individual man to approa* ! ideal man2 fir/1 :5 ! /ate1 consid]$ z morality1 ju/ice1 & g5]al reason1 absorbs ! individualities 9 its unity2 secondly1 :5 ! individual rises to ! ideal ( 8 species by ! p]fect+ ( himself4 ,reason dem&s unity1 con=mity to ! species2 nature1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s plurality & individuality2 & man is at once solicit$ by two contr>y laws4 ,9 ?is conflict1 /hetic education mu/ come 9 to effect ! reconciliation ( ! two pr9ciples2 =1 accord+ to ,s*ill]1 x has z its end to fa%ion & poli% ! incl9ations & passions s t !y may become reasonable1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 reason & fre$om may issue f _! ab/ract "*1 may unite ) nature1 may spiritualize x1 become inc>nate1 & take a body 9 x4 ,beauty is ?us giv5 z ! simultane\s developm5t ( ! rational & ( ! s5su\s1 fus$ toge!r1 & int]p5etrat$ "o by ! o!r1 an union t con/itutes 9 fact true reality4 ,?is unity ( ! g5]al & ( ! p>ticul>1 ( lib]ty & necessity ( ! spiritual & mat]ial1 :i* ,s*ill] und]/ood sci5tifically z ! _s ( art1 & :i* he tri$ to make appe> 9 real life by /hetic art & education1 0 aft]w>ds put =w>d "u ! "n ( idea z ! pr9ciple ( all k & exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is way1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,s*ell+1 sci5ce rais$ itself to an absolute po9t ( view4 ,x 0 ?us t art began to claim its prop] nature & dignity4 ,f t "t its prop] place 0 f9ally m>k$ out = x 9 sci5ce1 ?\gh ! mode ( view+ x /ill labor$ "u c]ta9 defects4 ,its high & true di/9ction 7 at l5g? und]/ood4 ,9 view+ ! high] position to :i* rec5t philosophical sy/ems h rais$ ! !ory ( art 9 ,g]many1 we mu/ n ov]look ! advantages contribut$ by ! /udy ( ! ideal ( ! anci5ts by su* m5 z ,w9ckelmann1 :o1 by a k9d ( inspiration1 rais$ art criticism f a c>p+ ab\t petty details to seek ! true _s ( great works ( art1 & _! true ideas1 by a /udy ( ! _s ( ! orig9als4 ,x has appe>$ exp$i5t to conclude ?is introduction ) a summ>y ( ! late/ & highe/ !ory ( art & /hetics issu+ f ,kant & ,s*ill]1 & develop$ 9 ! lat] philosophy ( ,hegel4 ,our space only all[s u to give a glance1 fir/1 at ! metaphysics ( ! beautiful z develop$ by ,hegel 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 #8,ae/hetik1' & !n at ! lat] developm5t ( ! same sy/em 9 rec5t writ]s issu+ f 8 s*ool4 ,hegel consid]s1 fir/1 ! ab/ract idea ( ! beautiful2 secondly1 beauty 9 nature2 ?irdly1 beauty 9 art or ! ideal2 & he w9ds up ) an exam9ation ( ! qualities ( ! arti/4 ,8 prelim9>y rem>ks are direct$ to %[ ! relations ( art to religion & philosophy1 & he %[s t man's de/9ation is an inf9ite developm5t4 ,9 real life he only satisfies 8 long+ p>tially & imp]fectly by limit$ enjoym5ts4 ,9 sci5ce he f9ds a nobl] pleasure1 & civil life op5s a c>e] = 8 activity2 b he only f9ds an imp]fect pleasure 9 ^! pursuits4 ,he _c !n f9d ! ideal aft] :i* he sighs4 ,!n he rises to a high] sph]e1 :]e all contradictions are effac$ & ! ideas ( good & happ9ess are realiz$ 9 p]fect accord & 9 con/ant h>mony4 ,?is deep want ( ! s\l is satisfi$ 9 ?ree ways3 9 art1 9 religion1 & 9 philosophy4 ,art is int5d$ to make u contemplate ! true & ! inf9ite 9 =ms ( s5se4 ,yet ev5 art does n fully satisfy ! deepe/ ne$ ( ! s\l4 ,! s\l wants to contemplate tru? 9 its inmo/ consci\sness4 ,religion is plac$ above ! dom9ion ( art4 ,fir/1 z to idea ( ! beautiful1 ,hegel beg9s by giv+ its *>act]i/ics4 ,x is inf9ite1 & x is free2 ! contemplation ( ! beautiful suffices to itself1 x awak5s no desire4 ,! s\l exp]i5ces some?+ l a godlike felicity & is transport$ into a sph]e remote f ! mis]ies ( life4 ,?is !ory ( ! beautiful comes v ne> t ( ,plato4 ,secondly1 z to beauty 9 nature4 ,physical beauty1 consid]$ ext]nally1 pres5ts itself successively "u ! aspects ( regul>ity & ( symmetry1 ( con=mity ) a law1 & ( h>mony1 also ( purity & simplicity ( matt]4 ,?irdly1 beauty 9 art or ! ideal is beauty 9 a high] degree ( p]fection ?an real beauty4 ,! ideal 9 art is n contr>y to ! real1 b ! real idealiz$1 purifi$1 & p]fectly express$4 ,! ideal is also ! s\l arriv$ at ! consci\sness ( itself1 free & fully enjoy+ its faculties2 x is life1 b spiritual life & _s4 ,nor is ! ideal a cold ab/raction1 x is ! spiritual pr9ciple "u ! =m ( a liv+ individuality fre$ f ! laws ( ! f9ite4 ,! ideal 9 its highe/ =m is ! div9e1 z express$ 9 ! ,greek div9ities2 ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 z express$ 9 all its highe/ purity 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,virg94 ,its ess5tial features are calm1 maje/y1 s]5ity4 ,at a l[] degree ! ideal is 9 man ! victory ( ! et]nal pr9ciples t fill ! human he>t1 ! triumph ( ! nobl] "p ( ! s\l1 ! moral & div9e pr9ciple4 ,b ! ideal manife/$ 9 ! _w becomes action1 & action implies a =m ( society1 a det]m9ate situation ) collision1 & an action prop]ly s call$4 ,! h]oic age is ! be/ society = ! ideal 9 action2 9 its det]m9ate situation ! ideal 9 action mu/ appe> z ! manife/ation ( moral p[]1 & 9 action1 prop]ly s call$1 x mu/ conta9 ?ree po9ts 9 ! ideal3 fir/1 g5]al pr9ciples2 secondly1 p]sonages2 ?irdly1 _! "* & _! passions4 ,hegel w9ds up by consid]+ ! qualities necess>y 9 an arti/3 imag9ation1 g5ius1 inspiration1 orig9ality1 etc4 ,a rec5t expon5t ( ,hegel's /hetical ideas fur!r develop$ expresses himself ?us on ! nature ( beauty3-- 8,aft] ! bitt]ness ( ! _w1 ! sweetness ( art soo!s & refre%es u4 ,?is is ! high value ( ! beautiful--t x solves ! contradiction ( m9d & matt]1 ( ! moral & s5su\s _w1 9 h>mony4 ,?us ! beautiful & its repres5tation 9 art procures = intuition :at philosophy gives to ! cognitive insight & religion to ! believ+ frame ( m9d4 ,h5ce ! delight ) :i* ,s*ill]'s wond]ful poem on ! ,bell celebrates ! accord ( ! inn] & out] life1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! long+ & dem&s ( ! s\l by ! ev5ts 9 nature4 ,! ext]nality ( ph5om5a is remov$ 9 ! beautiful2 x is rais$ into ! circle ( ideal exi/5ce2 = x is recogniz$ z ! revelation ( ! ideal1 & ?us transfigur$ x gives to ! latt] additional spl5dor4 8,?us ! beautiful is active1 liv+ unity1 full exi/5ce )\t defect1 z ,plato & ,s*ell+ h said1 or z rec5t writ]s describe x2 ! idea t is q pres5t 9 ! appe>ance1 ! appe>ance :i* is q =m$ & p5etrat$ by ! idea40 8,beauty is ! _w secret t invites u 9 image & ^w10 is ! poetical expression ( ,plato2 & we may add1 because x is reveal$ 9 bo?4 ,we feel 9 x ! h>mony ( ! _w2 x breaks =? 9 a beauty1 9 a lovely accord1 9 a radiant po9t1 & />t+ !nce we p5etrate fur!r & yet fur!r1 & f9d z ! gr\nd ( all exi/5ce ! same *>m :i* _h refre%$ u 9 individual =ms4 ,?us ,*ri/ po9t$ to ! lilies ( ! field to knit ,8 foll[]s' reliance on ,provid5ce ) ! ph5om5a ( nature3 & c\ld !y jet =? 9 royal beauty1 exce$+ t ( ,solomon1 if ! inn] gr\nd ( nature 7 n beauty8 ,we may also "n beauty 9 a c]ta9 s5se a my/]y1 z x m$iates to u 9 a s5su\s sign a heav5ly gift ( grace1 t x op5s to u a view into ! ,et]nal ,be+1 tea*+ u to "k nature 9 ,god & ,god 9 nature1 t x br+s ! div9e ev5 to ! p]ception ( s5se1 & e/abli%es ! en]gy ( love & fre$om z ! gr\nd1 ! bond1 & ! end ( ! _w4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! temporal ! et]nal is made palpable & pres5t to u 9 ! beautiful1 & (f]s itself to our enjoym5t4 ,! sep>ation is suppress$1 & ! orig9al unity1 z x is 9 ,god1 appe>s z ! fir/1 z :at holds toge!r ev5 ! pa/ 9 ! univ]se1 & :at con/itutes ! aim ( ! developm5t 9 a f9ite accord4 ,! beautiful n only pres5ts itself to u z m$iator ( a =eign excell5ce or ( a remote div9ity1 b ! ideal & ! godlike are pres5t 9 x4 ,h5ce /hetics requires z its basis ! sy/em 9 :i* ,god is kn[n z indwell+ 9 ! _w1 t ,he is n f> di/ant f any "o ( u1 b t ,he animates u1 & t we live 9 ,him4 /hetics requires ! k t m9d is ! creative =ce & unity ( all t is ext5d$ & develop$ 9 "t & space4 ,! beautiful is ?us1 accord+ to ^! lat] ?9k]s1 ! revelation ( ,god to ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses2 x is ! appe>ance ( ! idea4 ,9 ! beautiful _s reveals itself to _s ?r\gh matt] & ! s5ses2 ?us ! entire man feels himself rais$ & satisfi$ by x4 ,by ! unity ( ! beautiful ) u we exp]i5ce ) delight t ?\ght & ! mat]ial _w are pres5t = our individuality1 t !y utt] tones & %9e =? 9 x1 t bo? p5etrate ea* o!r & bl5d 9 x & ?us become "o ) x4 ,we feel "o ) !m & "o 9 !m4 ,?is lat] view 0 to a great ext5t express$ by ,s*ill] 9 8 8/hetical ,lett]s40 ,b art & /hetics1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! t]ms are us$ & und]/ood by ,g]man philosophical writ]s1 su* z ,s*ill]1 embrace a wid] field ?an ! l9e arts4 ,less+1 9 8 8,laocoon10 _h already %[n ! po9t ( contra/ betwe5 pa9t+ & poetry2 & /hetics1 be+ def9$ z ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful1 mu/ ( necessity embrace poetry4 ,accord+ly ,s*ill]'s essays on tragic art1 pa?os1 & s5tim5tal poetry1 conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 are ju/ly class$ "u 8 /hetical writ+s4 ,?is be+ s1 x is important to e/imate briefly ! transitions ( ,g]man poetry be=e ,s*ill]1 & ! position t he occupi$ 9 its hi/oric developm5t4 ,! fir/ classical p]iod ( ,g]man poetry & lit]ature 0 conta9$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aaij & #acjj4 ,x exhibits ! intimate bl5d+ ( ! ,g]man & ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 & _! full developm5t 9 spl5did productions1 = ?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! ,g]man national epos1 ! 8,nibelung5li$10 & ( ! 8,m9negesang40 ,?is 0 a p]iod :i* has no?+ to comp>e ) x 9 po9t ( art & poetry1 save p]haps1 & t imp]fectly1 ! h]oic & po/-,hom]ic age ( e>ly ,greece4 ,! poetical ef=ts ( t e>ly age may be gr\p$ "u--7#a7 national epos3 ! 8,nibelung5li$20 7#b7 art epos3 ! 8,rol&sli$10 8,p]cival10 etc42 7#c7 ! introduction ( antique leg5ds3 ,veldeck's 8neide10 & ,konrad's 8,w> ( ,troy20 7#d7 ,*ri/ian leg5ds3 8,b>laam10 8,sylve/]10 8,pilatus10 c42 7#e7 poetical n>ratives3 8,cresc5tia10 8,graf ,rudolf10 etc42 7#f7 animal leg5ds2 8,re9ecke ,vos20 7#g7 didactic poems3 8,d] ,r5n]20 7#h7 ! ,m9ne-poetry1 & prose4 ,! f\r? gr\p1 ?\gh introduc$ f a =eign s\rce1 gives ! special "* & mu* ( ! *>m ( ! p]iod we consid]4 ,?is is ! sph]e ( leg5ds d]iv$ f ecclesia/ical gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! be/ ,g]man writ]s on ! hi/ory ( ,g]man lit]ature rem>ks3 8,if ! aim & nature ( all poetry is to let y\rself be fill$ by a subject & to become p5etrat$ ) x2 if ! simple repres5tation ( un>tificial1 true1 & gl[+ feel+s belongs to its mo/ beautiful adornm5ts2 if ! fai?ful direction ( ! he>t to ! invisible & et]nal is ! gr\nd on :i* at all times ! mo/ lovely fl[]s ( poetry h spr\t$ =?1 ^! leg5d>y poems ( e>ly ,g]many1 9 _! lovely he>t9ess1 9 _! unambiti\s limitation1 & _! pi\s s5se1 des]ve a fri5dly ackn[l$gm5t4 ,:at man has consid]$ ! pi\s images 9 ! pray]-books ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! unadorn$ innoc5ce1 ! piety & purity1 ! pati5ce ( ! m>tyrs1 ! calm1 heav5ly transp>5cy ( ! figures ( ! holy angels1 )\t1 be+ attract$ by ! simple innoc5ce & humility ( ^! =ms1 ! creation ( pi\s arti/s' h&s8 ,:o has beheld !m )\t tranquil joy at ! s(t spl5dor p\r$ ov] !m1 )\t deep sympa?y1 nay1 )\t a c]ta9 emotion & t5d]ness8 ,& ! same _s t creat$ ^! images also produc$ ^? poetical effusions1 ! same _s ( pi\s belief1 ( deep devotion1 ( heav5ly long+4 ,if we make a pres5t reality ( ! h]oic songs ( ! e>ly ,g]man popul> poetry1 & ! *ivalr\s epics ( ! art poetry1 ! milit>y exp$itions & dress ( ! ,crusades1 ?is leg5d>y poetry appe>s z ! inv5tion ( humble pilgrims1 :o w&] sl[ly on ! we>y way to ,j]usalem1 ) scollop & pilgrim's /aff1 engag$ 9 quiet pray]1 till !y are all to kneel at ! ,savi\r's sepul*re2 & ?us cont5t$1 aft] t\*+ ! holy e>? ) _! lips1 !y return1 poor z !y 71 b full ( holy com=t1 to _! di/ant home4 8,:ile ! knightly poetry is ! poetry ( ! spl5did secul> life1 full ( *e]ful joy1 full ( h>p-tones & song1 full ( t\rnam5ts & joy\s fe/ivals1 ! poetry ( ! e>?ly love = ! e>?ly bride1 ! poetry ( ! leg5ds is t ( ! spontane\s life ( pov]ty1 ! poetry ( ! solit>y cloi/] cell1 ( ! quiet1 well-wall$ conv5t g>d51 ! poetry ( heav5ly brides1 :o )\t lam5t+ ! joys ( ! _w1 :i* !y ne$ n1 h _! joy 9 _! ,savi\r 9 tranquil piety & dev\t resignation--:o att5d at ! esp\sals ( ,anna & ,joa*im1 s+ ! ,magnificat ) ! ,holy ,"m ( ,god1 /& weep+ b5ea? ! cross1 to be pi]c$ also by ! sword1 :o he> ! angel h>p ) ,/4 ,cecilia1 & walk ) ,/4 ,!resa 9 ! glades ( ,p>adise4 ,:ile ! ,m9ne-poetry 0 ! t5d] homage (f]$ to ! beauty1 ! g5tl5ess1 ! grace1 & *>m ( noble wom5 ( ?is _w1 leg5d>y poetry 0 ! homage giv5 to ! ,virg9 ,"m1 ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 transfigur+ e>?ly love into a heav5ly & et]nal love4 8,= ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 ! "t ( woman cultus1 su* z has nev] be5 be=e or s9ce se52 x is also ! "t ( ! deepe/ & simple/ & true/1 mo/ en?usia/ic & fai?ful v5]ation ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,if we1 by a c]ta9 ef=t1 manage to place ourselves back on ! /&po9t ( *ildlike poetic fai? ( t "t1 & set aside 9 ?\ght ! mat]ializ+ & exagg]ation ( ! hagiology & ,m>iolatry produc$ by lat] c5turies1 r5d]+ ! reaction ( ! ,re=mation unavoidable--if n[ 9 our age1 turn$ exclusively to logical ideas & a negative dialectic1 we live aga9 by ?\ght 9 ^? ages ( feel+ & poetry--if we ackn[l$ge all ^! ?+s to be some?+ m ?an h>mless play ( words & fancy1 & z ! true lifelike cont5ts ( ! p]iod1 !n we c prop]ly appreciate ?is leg5d>y poetry z a necess>y l9k 9 ! cr[n ( pe>ls ( our anci5t poetry40 ,9 %ort1 ! fir/ classical p]iod ( ,g]man lit]ature 0 a "t ( y\?ful fre%ness1 ( pure h>mony1 plung$ 9 v]se & song1 full ( ! ri*e/ tones & ! noble/ rhy?m1 s t rhyme & song alone mu/ be look$ = z ! =m ( poetic creations4 ,accord+ly x _h no prop] prose4 ,l our own y\?1 x 0 a happy1 free1 & true y\?1 x knew no prose2 l u x dream$ to spee*less songs2 & z we express$ our y\?ful language & hopes1 woes & joys1 9 rhyme & song1 ?us a :ole p & age _h its beautiful y\? full ( song & v]se tones4 ,! life 0 poetry & poetry 0 ! life4 ,!n came deg5]acy & artifice2 aft] t ! great %ock ( ! ,re=mation2 subsequ5tly a s]vile & p$antic /udy ( classical =ms )\t imbib+ _! _s1 b prep>+ ! way = a tru] art _s1 extract$ f _! /udy by ! ma/]ly criticism ( ,w9ckelmann & ,less+1 till ! second classical p]iod ( ,g]man lit]ature & poetry bloom$ =? 9 full beauty1 bl5d+ ! national & leg5d>y elem5ts s well express$ by ,h]d] ) ! highe/ effusions ( dramatic poetry1 p>tly creative & p>tly imitative ( ! ,greek models1 9 ,s*ill] & ,goe!4 ,mod]n ,g]man lit]ature pres5ts a v rem>kable spectacle1 ?\gh f> f unique 9 hi/ory1 = !re we see criticism begett+ g5ius4 ,less+1 ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n ,g]man drama1 s\ght to bani% all pomp f ! !atre1 & 9 do+ s "s critics h ?\ght t he bani%$ ! ideal & fell into affectation4 ,at any rate1 8 8,dramaturgy0 is full ( orig9al ideas1 & :5 he drew out ! sph]e ( poetry contra/$ ) t ( pa9t+ 9 8 8,laocoon10 all ,g]many res\nd$ ) 8 praise4 8,) t delight10 says ,goe!1 8we salut$ ?is lum9\s ray :i* a ?9k] ( ! fir/ ord] caus$ to break =? f its cl\ds4 ,x is necess>y to h all ! fire ( y\? to conceive ! effect produc$ on u by ! #8,laocoon' ( ,less+40 ,ano!r great contempor>y1 ^: "n is imp]i%able z t ( art1 /ruck a mortal bl[ at a false ta/e 9 ! /udy ( ! antique4 ,w9ckelmann que/ion$ ! works ( ! ,greek *isel ) an intellig5ce full ( love1 & initiat$ 8 c\ntrym5 into poetry by a feel+ = sculpture6 ,:at an en?usiasm he display$ = classical beauty6 :at a wor%ip ( ! =m6 :at a f]vor ( paganism is f\nd 9 its eloqu5t pages :5 he also comm5ts on ! admirable gr\p ( ! ,laocoon1 or ! /ill pur] ma/]piece ( ! ,apollo ( ,belv$]e4 ,^! m5 7 ! vangu>d ( ! great ,g]manic army2 ,s*ill] & ,goe! alone =m$ its ma9 column4 ,9 !m ,g]man poetry %[s itself 9 its p]fection1 & completely realizes ! ideal design$ = x by ! critic4 ,e factiti\s precept & conv5tional law 0 n[ ov]?r[n2 ^! poetical ,prote/ants broke away entirely f ! yoke ( tradition4 ,yet _! g5ius 0 n )\t a rule4 ,e "w be>s 9 itself ! organic laws ( its developm5t4 ,?us1 al?\gh !y laugh at ! fam\s precept ( ! ?ree unities1 x is because !y dig /ill deep] d[n to ! root ( ?+s1 to grasp ! true pr9ciple f :i* ! precept issu$4 8,m5 h n und]/ood10 said ,goe!1 8! basis ( ?is law4 ,! law ( ! compreh5sive--#8das ,fassli*e'--is ! pr9ciple2 & ! ?ree unities h only value z f> z !y atta9 x4 ,:5 !y become an ob/acle to ! compreh5sion x is madness to wi% to obs]ve !m4 ,! ,greeks !mselves1 f :om ! rule is d]iv$1 did n always foll[ x4 ,9 ! #8,phaeton' ( ,euripides1 & 9 o!r pieces1 !re 0 *ange1 place2 accord+ly !y pref] to give a p]fect exposition ( _! subject1 r ?an bl9dly respect a law nev] v ess5tial 9 itself4 ,! pieces ( ,%akspe>e violate 9 ! highe/ degree ! unity ( "t & ( place2 b !y are full ( compreh5siv5ess2 no?+ is easi] to grasp1 & = t reason !y w\ld h f\nd favor ) ! ,greeks4 ,! ,fr5* poets tri$ to obey exactly ! law ( ! ?ree unities2 b !y violate ! law ( compreh5siv5ess1 z !y d n exp\nd dramatic subjects by dramas b by recitals40 ,poetical creation 0 !re=e view$ z free1 b at ! same "t responsible4 ,imm$iately1 z if fecundity 7 ! rew>d ( correctness1 ! ,g]man !atre became fill$ ) true & liv+ *>act]s4 ,! /age wid5s "u _! /eps t !y may h room to move4 ,hi/ory ) its great proportions & its t]rible lessons1 is n[ able to take place on ! /age4 ,! :ole ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> passes be=e u 9 8,wall5/e940 ,we he> ! tumult ( camps1 ! disord] ( a fanatical & undiscipl9$ army1 peasants1 recruits1 sutl]s1 soldi]s4 ,! illusion is complete1 & en?usiasm breaks out among ! spectators4 ,simil> m]its atta* to _m o!r ( ,s*ill]'s plays4 ,?is new drama1 :i* seem$ to give all to ! natural sph]e1 conc$es /ill m to ! ideal4 ,an able critic has said ! details :i* are ! tru? ( hi/ory are also its poetry4 ,"h ! ,g]man s*ool pr(esses a pr9ciple ( ! highe/ le>n+1 & "o t seems to be borr[$ f its pr(\nde/ philosoph]s2 x is t ( ! univ]sal beauty ( life1 ( ! id5tity ( beauty & exi/5ce4 8,our /hetics10 says ,goe!1 8speak a great deal ( poetical or antipoetical subjects2 fundam5tally !re is no subject t has n its poetry2 x is = ! poet to f9d x !re40 ,s*ill] & ,goe! divide ! empire ov] mod]n ,g]man poetry1 & repres5t its two pr9cipal p[]s2 ! "o1 ,s*ill]1 impassion$ & lyrical1 p\rs 8 s\l ov] all ! subjects he t\*es2 9 him e composition1 ode1 or drama is always "o ( 8 noble ideas1 borr[+ its dress & ornam5t f ! ext]nal _w4 ,he is a poet especially ?r\gh ! he>t1 by ! =ce ) :i* he ru%es 9 & c>ries y ) him4 ,goe! is especially an epic2 no d\bt he pa9ts ! passions ) admirable tru?1 b he comm&s !m2 l ! god ( ! seas 9 ,virgil1 he raises above ! angry waves 8 calm & sublime =ehead4 ,aft] ?is glance at ! position & *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,s*ill]1 x may be useful to (f] a few rem>ks on ^? ( ! pr9cipal works 9 ?is volume1 8 /hetical ,lett]s & ,essays4 ,s*ill]1 9 8 /hetical ,essays1 did n *oose ! pure ab/ract me?od ( d$uction & conception l ,kant1 nor ! hi/orical l ,h]d]1 :o /rove ?us to acc\nt = ! g5esis ( our ideas ( beauty & art4 ,he /ruck out a middle pa?1 :i* pres5ts c]ta9 defici5cies to ! advocates ( ei!r ( ^! two sy/ems4 ,he leans ^u ,kantian ideas1 b )\t s*ola/ic con/ra9t4 ,pure speculation1 :i* seeks to set free ! =m f all cont5ts & matt]1 0 remote f 8 creative g5ius1 to :i* ! _w ( matt] & s5se 0 no h9d]ance1 b a necess>y envelop = 8 =ms4 ,8 removal to ,j5a 9 #agia1 & acqua9tance ) ,re9hold1 famili>iz$ him ) ! ,kantian philosophy1 b he only appreciat$ x by halves4 ,! b>e & bald deal+ ) fundam5tal pr9ciples 0 at ?is "t equally repulsive to ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 ! man ( ! _w & ! man ( life4 ,b ,s*ill] did n f9d any:]e at t "t ju/ice done to ! dignity ( art1 or honor to ! sub/antial value ( beauty4 ,! /hetical ,essays 9 ?is volume appe>$ = ! mo/ "p s9ce #agib1 9 ! 8,?alia0 & ! 8,h\rs0 p]iodicals4 ,! fir/1 8,on ! ,gr\nd ( our ,pleasure 9 ,tragic ,subjects0 7#agib71 applies ,kantian pr9ciples ( ! sublime to trag$y1 & %[s ,s*ill]'s l(ty e/imate ( ?is class ( poetry4 ,) ,kant he %[s t ! s\rce ( all pleasure is suitabl5ess2 ! t\*+ & sublime elicit ?is feel+1 imply+ ! exi/5ce ( unsuitabl5ess4 ,9 ?is article he makes ! aim & s\rce ( art to consi/ 9 giv+ enjoym5t1 9 pleas+4 ,to nature pleasure is a m$iate object1 to art its ma9 object4 ,! same proposition appe>s 9 ,s*ill]'s pap] on ,tragic ,art 7#agib71 closely connect$ ) ! =m]4 ,?is article conta9s views ( ! affection ( pity t seem to approximate ! ,ari/otelian propositions ab\t trag$y4 ,8 views on ! sublime are express$ 9 two pap]s1 8,! ,sublime0 & 8,! ,pa!tic10 9 :i* we trace consid]able influ5ce ( ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann4 ,he is l$ especially to /rong antagonism aga9/ ! ,fr5* trag$y1 & he indulges 9 a l5g?y consid]ation ( ! passage ( ,virgil on ,laocoon1 %[+ ! necessity ( suff]+ & ! pa!tic 9 connection ) moral adaptations to int]e/ u deeply4 ,all ^! essays bespeak ! poet :o has tri$ 8 h& at trag$y1 b 9 8 next pap]1 8,on ,grace & ,dignity10 we trace m ( ! morali/4 ,^? passages :]e he takes up a m$ium position betwe5 s5se & reason1 betwe5 ,goe! & ,kant1 are specially attractive4 ,! !me ( ?is pap] is ! conception ( grace1 or ! expression ( a beautiful s\l & dignity1 or t ( a l(ty m9d4 ,! idea ( grace has be5 develop$ m deeply & truly by ,s*ill] ?an by ,wiel& or ,w9ckelmann1 b ! special value ( ! pap] is its con/antly po9t+ to ! ideal ( a high] humanity4 ,9 x he does full ju/ice to ! s5su\s & to ! moral1 & comm5c+ ) ! beautiful nature ( ! ,greeks1 to :om s5se 0 nev] m]e s5se1 nor reason m]e reason1 he concludes ) an image ( p]fect$ humanity 9 :i* grace & dignity are unit$1 ! =m] by ar*itectonic beauty 7/ructure71 ! la/ support$ by p[]4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #agie1 appe>$ 8 mo/ important contribution to /hetics1 9 8 /hetical ,lett]s4 ,9 ^! lett]s he rem>ks t beauty is ! "w ( free contemplation1 & we ent] ) x into ! _w ( ideas1 b )\t leav+ ! _w ( s5se4 ,beauty is to u an object1 & yet at ! same "t a /ate ( our subjectivity1 because ! feel+ ( ! conditional is "u t :i* we h ( x4 ,beauty is a =m because we consid] x1 & life because we feel x2 9 a ^w1 x is at once our /ate & our art4 ,& exactly because x is bo? x s]ves u z a triumphant pro( t suff]+ does n exclude activity1 nor matt] =m1 nor limitation ! inf9ite1 = 9 ! enjoym5t ( beauty bo? natures are unit$1 & by ?is is prov$ ! capacity ( ! inf9ite to be develop$ 9 ! f9ite1 & accord+ly ! possibility ( ! sublime/ humanity4 ,! free play ( ! faculty ( cognition :i* _h be5 det]m9$ by ,kant is also develop$ by ,s*ill]4 ,8 repres5tation ( ?is matt] is ?is3 ,man1 z a _s1 is reason & w1 self-active1 det]m9+1 =m-giv+2 ?is is describ$ by ,s*ill] z ! =m-in/9ct2 man1 z a s5su\s be+1 is det]m9able1 receptive1 t]m$ to matt]2 ,s*ill] describes ?is z ! mat]ial in/9ct1 8,/(ftrieb40 ,9 ! mid/ betwe5 ^! two is situat$ ! beautiful1 9 :i* reason & ! s5su\s p5etrate ea* o!r1 & _! enjoyable product is designat$ by ,s*ill] ! play in/9ct4 ,?is expression is n happily *os54 ,s*ill] means to describe by x ! free play ( ! =ces1 activity accord+ to nature1 :i* is at once a joy & a happ9ess2 he rem9ds u ( ! life ( ,olympus1 & adds3 8,man is only q a man :5 he plays40 ,p]sonality is t :i* la/s1 ! /ate ( feel+ is ! *angeable 9 man2 he is ! fix$ unity rema9+ et]nally himself 9 ! floods ( *ange4 ,man 9 contact ) ! _w is to take x up 9 himself1 b to unite ) x ! highe/ fre$om & indep5d5ce1 &1 in/ead ( be+ lo/ 9 ! _w1 to subject x to 8 reason4 ,x is only by 8 be+ indep5d5t t !re is reality out ( him2 only by be+ susceptible ( feel+ t !re is reality 9 him4 ,! object ( s5su\s in/9ct is life2 t ( ! pur] in/9ct figure2 liv+ figure or beauty is ! object ( ! play in/9ct4 ,only inasmu* z life is =m$ 9 ! und]/&+ & =m 9 feel+ does life w9 a =m & =m w9 life1 & only ?us does beauty arise4 ,by beauty ! s5su\s man is l$ up to reason1 ! "o-sid$ t5sion ( special =ce is /rung to h>mony1 & man made a complete :ole4 ,s*ill] adds t beauty knits toge!r ?\ght & feel+2 ! fulle/ unity ( _s & matt]4 ,its fre$om is n lack1 b h>mony1 ( laws2 its conditions are n exclusions1 inclusion ( all inf9ity det]m9$ 9 itself4 ,a true "w ( art g5]ates l(ty s]5ity & fre$om ( m9d4 ,?us ! /hetic disposition be/[s on u ! highe/ ( all gifts1 t ( a disposition to humanity1 & we may call beauty our second creator4 ,9 ^! lett]s ,s*ill] spoke out ! milde/ & highe/ s5tim5ts on art1 & 9 8 pap] on ,simple & ,s5tim5tal ,poetry 7#agie7 he con/ructs ! ideal ( ! p]fect poet4 ,?is is by f> ! mo/ fruitful ( ,s*ill]'s essays 9 its results4 ,x has mu* t is practically applicable1 & conta9s a v able e/imate ( ,g]man poetry4 ,! writ+ is also v po9t$ & tell+1 because x is bas$ ^u actual p]ceptions1 & x is int]e/+ because ! contra/ drawn out ?r\gh\t x betwe5 ! simple & ! s5tim5tal has be5 ref]r$ to 8 own contra/ ) ,goe!4 ,he also wi%$ to v9dicate mod]n poetry1 :i* ,goe! seem$ to wi% to sacrifice to ! antique4 ,! s5tim5tal poetry is ! fruit ( quiet & retirem5t2 simple poetry ! *ild ( life4 ,"o is a favor ( nature2 ! s5tim5tal dep5ds on itself1 ! simple on ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,! s5tim5tal is 9 dang] ( ext5d+ ! limits ( human nature too f>1 ( be+ too ideal1 too my/ical4 ,nei!r "* exhau/s ! ideal ( humanity1 b ! intimate union ( bo?4 ,bo? are f\nd$ 9 human nature2 ! contradictions ly+ at _! basis1 :5 cle>$ 9 ?\ght f ! poetical faculty1 are realism & idealism4 ,^! also are sides ( human nature1 :i*1 :5 unconnect$1 br+ =? disa/r\s results4 ,_! opposition is z old z ! beg9n+ ( culture1 & till its end c h>dly be set aside1 save 9 ! individual4 ,! ideali/ is a nobl] b a f> less p]fect be+2 ! reali/ appe>s f> less noble1 b is m p]fect1 = ! noble lies 9 ! pro( ( a great capacity1 b ! p]fect 9 ! g5]al attitude ( ! :ole & 9 ! real facts4 ,on ! :ole x may be said1 tak+ a survey ( ^! labors1 t if ,s*ill] _h develop$ 8 ideas sy/ematically & ! unity ( 8 intuition ( ! _w1 :i* 7 pres5t 9 8 feel+s1 & if he _h bas$ !m sci5tifically1 a new epo* 9 philosophy might h be5 anticipat$4 ,= he _h obta9$ a view ( su* a future field ( ?\ght ) ! deep clairvoyance ( 8 g5ius4 ,a few words may be desirable on ,s*ill]'s religi\s /&po9t1 especially 9 connection ) 8 philosophical lett]s4 ,s*ill] came up t5 ye>s lat] ?an ,goe!1 & conclud$ ! cyclus ( g5ius t ,goe! _h inaugurat$4 ,b z he 0 ! la/ arrival ( t productive p]iod ( tempe/u\s agitation1 he reta9$ m ( its elem5ts 9 8 lat] life & poetry ?an any o!rs :o _h pass$ ?r\gh e>li] agitations1 su* z ,goe!4 ,= ,goe! ca/ himself free 9 a great measure f ! e>ly intoxication ( 8 y\?ful imag9ation1 devot+ himself p>tly to nobl] matt] & p>tly to pur] =ms4 ,s*ill] d]iv$ f ! /ormy times ( 8 y\? 8 direction to ! ideal1 to ! ho/ility aga9/ ! n>r[ _s ( civil relations1 & to all giv5 conditions ( society 9 g5]al4 ,he d]iv$ f x 8 disposition1 n to let himself be m\ld$ by matt]1 b to place 8 own creative & det]m9+ impress on matt]1 n s mu* to grasp reality poetically & repres5t x poetically z to ca/ ideas into reality1 a disposition = lively repres5tation & /rong oratorical color+4 ,all ?is he d]iv$ f ! g5ial p]iod1 ?\gh lat] on some:at modifi$1 & c>ri$ x ov] into 8 :ole life & poetry2 & = ?is v reason he is n only toge!r ) ,goe!1 b be=e ,goe!1 ! favorite poet ( ! nation1 & especially ) t "p ( ! nation :i* sympa?izes ) him 9 ! *oice ( poetic mat]ial & 9 8 mode ( feel+4 ,g]v9us rem>ks t ,s*ill] _h at ,weim> long fall5 (f f ,*ri/ianity1 & occupi$ 8 m9d tranquilly = a "t ) ! views ( ,sp9oza 7reali/ic pan!ism74 ,l ,h]d] & ,goe!1 he view$ life 9 its great entirety1 & sacrific$ ! individual to ! species4 ,accord+ly1 ?r\gh ! gods ( ,greece1 he fell out ) /rict1 or?odox ,*ri/ians4 ,b ,s*ill] _h deeply religi\s & ev5 ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 z became a ,g]man & a ,kantian4 ,he receives ! ,godhead 9 ,8 w1 & ,he desc5ds f ,8 ?rone1 ,he dwells 9 8 s\l2 ! poet sees div9e revelations1 & z a se] ann\nces !m to man4 ,he is a moral educator ( 8 p1 :o utt]s ! tones ( life 9 8 poetry f y\? upw>ds4 ,philosophy 0 n disclos$ to ,plato 9 ! highe/ & pure/ ?\ght1 nor is poetry to ,s*ill] m]ely an artificial edifice 9 ! h>mony ( spee*2 philosophy & poetry are to bo? a vibration ( love 9 ! s\l upw>ds to ,god1 a lib]ation f ! bonds ( s5se1 a purification ( man1 a moral art4 ,on ?is reposes ! religi\s consecration ( ! ,platonic _s & ( t ( ,s*ill]4 ,issu+ f ! philosophical s*ool ( ,kant1 & imbu$ ) ! antagonism ( ! age aga9/ con/itut$ au?orities1 x is natural t ,s*ill] %\ld be a rationali/ 9 8 religi\s views4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said ( him t :ile ,goe!'s sy/em 0 an apo!osis ( nature ,s*ill]'s 0 an apo!osis ( man4 ,hi/orically he 0 n prep>$ en\gh to te/ & se>* ! "q ( evid5ce z appli$ to div9e ?+s h&$ d[n by te/imony1 & 8 ,kantian color+ naturally dispos$ him to include all religions )9 ! limits ( pure reason1 & to seek x r 9 ! subject ?an 9 any?+ objective4 ,9 conclusion1 we may attempt to classify & give ,s*ill] 8 place 9 ! progress ( ! _w's lit]>y hi/ory4 ,progress is no d\bt a law ( ! individual1 ( nations1 & ( ! :ole race4 ,to gr[ 9 p]fection1 to exi/ 9 "s sort at a high] degree1 is ! task impos$ by ,god on man1 ! cont9uation ( ! v "w ( ,god1 ! complem5t ( creation4 ,b ?is moral gr[?1 ?is ne$ ( increase1 may1 l all ! =ces ( nature1 yield to a great] =ce2 x is an impulsion r ?an a necessity2 x solicits & does n con/ra94 ,a ?\s& ob/acles /ay its developm5t 9 individuals & 9 societies2 moral lib]ty may ret>d or accel]ate its effects4 ,progress is !re=e a law :i* _c be abrogat$1 b :i* is n inv>iably obey$4 ,nev]!less1 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! mass ( individuals1 ! caprices ( *ance & ( lib]ty neutralize ea* o!r to all[ ! provid5tial action t presides ov] our de/9ies to prevail4 ,look+ at ! same total ( ! life ( ! _w1 humanity und\bt$ly advances3 !re are 9 our "t few] moral mis]ies1 few] physical mis]ies1 ?an 7 kn[n 9 ! pa/4 ,consequ5tly art & lit]ature1 :i* express ! diff]5t /ates ( society1 mu/ %>e 9 "s degree 9 ?is progressive m>*4 ,b !re are two ?+s 9 lit]>y "w3 on ! "o h& ! ideas & social mann]s :i* x expresses1 on ! o!r ! intellig5ce1 ! feel+1 ! imag9ation ( ! writ] :o becomes its int]pret]4 ,:ile ! =m] ( ^! elem5ts t5ds incessantly to a great] p]fection1 ! latt] is subject to all ! haz>ds ( individual g5ius4 ,accord+ly ! progressive lit]ature is only 9 ! inspiration1 & s to speak 9 ! matt]2 x may & mu/ !re=e n be cont9u\s 9 =m4 ,b m ?an ?is3 9 v advanc$ societies ! v gr&eur ( ideas1 ! abundance ( models1 ! satiety ( ! public r5d] ! task ( ! arti/ m & m difficult4 ,! arti/ himself has no long] ! en?usiasm ( ! fir/ ages1 ! y\? ( imag9ation & ( ! he>t2 he is an old man ^: ri*es h increas$1 b :o enjoys 8 weal? less4 ,if all ! epo*s ( lit]ature are consid]$ z a :ole x w be se5 t !y succe$ ea* o!r 9 a con/ant ord]4 ,aft] ! p]iod :5 ! idea & ! =m comb9$ 9 a h>moni\s mann] comes ano!r :]e ! social idea is sup]abundant1 & de/roys ! lit]>y =m ( ! prec$+ epo*4 ,! middle ages introduc$ spiritualism 9 art2 be=e ?is new idea ! smil+ untru?s ( ,greek poetry fl$ away fright5$4 ,! classical =m s beautiful1 s pure1 _c conta9 high ,ca?olic ?\ght4 ,a new art is =m$2 on ?is side ! ,alps x does n rea* ! maturity t produces ma/]pieces4 ,b at t "t all ,europe 0 "o fa!rl&2 ,italy completes :at is lack+ 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,! r5aissance introduces new ideas into civilization2 x resuscitates ! traditions ( antique sci5ce & seeks to unite !m to ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! art ( ! middle ages1 z a vessel ( too limit$ capacity1 is brok5 by ! new flood p\r$ into x4 ,^! diff]5t ideas are /irr$ up & 9 conflict 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 !y became co-ord9ate & atta9 to an admirable expression 9 ! foll[+ age4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re is a new invasion ( ideas2 all is exam9$ & que/ion$2 religion1 gov]nm5t1 society1 all becomes a matt] ( discussion = ! s*ool call$ philosophical4 ,poetry appe>$ dy+ out1 hi/ory dry+ up1 till a tru] _s 0 brea!d into ! lit]>y atmosph]e by ! criticism ( ,less+1 ! philosophy ( ,kant1 & ! poetry ( ,klop/ock4 ,x 0 at ?is transition p]iod t ,s*ill] appe>$1 reta9+ ?r\gh\t 8 lit]>y c>e] mu* ( ! revolution>y & convulsive _s ( 8 e>ly days1 & fai?fully reflect+ mu* ( ! dom9ant ,g]man philosophy ( 8 "t4 ,"p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury seems to take 9 h& ! task ( recon/ruct+ ! moral edifice & ( giv+ back to ?\ght a l>g] =m4 ,! lit]>y result ( its effects is ! r5aissance ( lyrical poetry ) an admirable developm5t 9 hi/ory4 ,s*ill]'s mo/ brilliant works 7 9 ! =m] walk1 8 hi/ories h inf]ior m]it1 & 8 philosophical writ+s bespeak a deep ?9k+ nature ) great orig9ality ( conception1 su* z naturally results f a comb9ation ( high poetic inspiration ) mu* intellectual p[]4 ,s*ill]1 l all great m5 ( g5ius1 0 a repres5tative man ( 8 c\ntry & ( 8 age4 ,a ,g]man1 a ,prote/ant free-?9k]1 a wor%ipp] ( ! classical1 he 0 ! expression ( ^! aspects ( national & g5]al ?\ght4 ,! religi\s re=mation 0 ! "w ( ! ,nor?4 ,! in/9ct ( races came 9 x to complicate ! que/ions ( dogmas4 ,! awak5+ ( individual nationalities 0 "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! epo*4 ,! nations compress$ 9 ! sev]e unity ( ! ,middle ,ages escap$ 9 ! ,re=mation f ! uni=m m\ld t _h long envelop$ !m1 & t5d$ to t o!r unity1 /ill v di/ant1 :i* mu/ spr+ f ! spontane\s view ( ! same tru? by all m51 result f ! free & orig9al developm5t ( ea* nation1 &1 z 9 a va/ conc]t1 unite h>moni\s dissonances4 ,europe1 )\t be+ consci\s ( its aim1 seiz$ gre$ily at ! means--insurrection2 ! only ?\ght 0 to ov]?r[1 )\t yet ?9k+ ( a recon/ruction4 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 ! vangu>d ( ! eighte5?4 ,at all times ! ,nor? _h frett$ "u ! antipa!tic yoke ( ! ,s\?4 ,"u ! ,romans1 ,g]many1 ?\gh frequ5tly conqu]$1 _h nev] be5 subdu$4 ,%e _h invad$ ! ,empire & det]m9$ its fall4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! /ruggle _h cont9u$2 n only in/9cts1 b ideas1 7 9 conflict2 =ce & _s1 viol5ce & polity1 feudalism & ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y1 h]$it>y & elective =ms1 repres5t$ ! opposition ( two races4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! s*ism long anticipat$ took place4 ,! ,ca?olic dogma _h hi!rto triumph$ ov] all outbreaks--ov] ,arnaldo ( ,brescia1 ! ,wald5ses1 & ,wickliffe4 ,b ,lu!r appe>$1 & ! "w 0 accompli%$3 ,ca?olic unity 0 brok54 ,& ?is break+ ) au?ority w5t on f]m5t+ 9 ! nations till its la/ great outbur/ at ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 & ,s*ill] 0 born at ?is convulsive p]iod1 & be>s /rong traces ( 8 p>5tage 9 8 anti-dogmatic _s4 ,yet !re is ano!r side to ,g]manism :i* is prone to ! ideal & ! my/ical1 & be>s /ill ! trace ( ^? lovely leg5ds ( m$ival gr[? to :i* we h adv]t$4 ,= ,*ri/ianity 0 n a =eign & antagoni/ic importation 9 ,g]many2 r1 ! ,g]man "* obta9$ its complet5ess ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,g]man f\nd himself aga9 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 only rais$1 transfigur$1 & sanctifi$4 ,! apo/olic repres5tation ( ! ,*ur* z ! bride ( ,*ri/ has f\nd its fulle/ & true/ correspond5ce 9 t ( ,g]many4 ,h5ce :5 ! ,g]man _s 0 ?or\ghly esp\s$ to ! ,*ri/ian _s1 we f9d t "* ( love1 t5d]ness1 & dep? s *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly classics ( ,g]man poetry1 & reappe>+ 9 glori\s aft]gl[ 9 ! second classics1 9 ,klop/ock1 ,h]d]1 &1 above all1 ,s*ill]4 ,x is ?is special in/9ct = ! ideal & my/ical 9 ,g]man nature t has enabl$ spirits born ( negation & revolution1 l ,s*ill]1 to unite ) ^? elem5ts ! mo/ g5ial & creative inspirations ( poetry4 ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,t]m9ology4 ,absolute1 ,!4 ,a conception1 or1 m /rictly1 9 ,kantian language2 an idea ( ! pure reason1 embrac+ ! fundam5tal & necess>y yet free gr\nd ( all ?+s4 ,ant9omy4 ,! conflict ( ! laws ( pure reason2 z 9 ! "q ( free w & necessity4 ,autonomy 7autonom\s74 ,gov]n+ itself by ! spontane\s action ( free w4 /hetics4 ,! sci5ce ( beauty2 z e?ics ( duty4 ,cognition 7k2 ,g]manic1 8,erk5ntniss07 is ei!r an intuition or a conception4 ,! =m] has an imm$iate relation to ! object1 & is s+ul> & individual2 ! latt] has b a m$iate relation1 by means ( a *>act]i/ic m>k1 :i* may be common to sev]al ?+s4 ,cognition is an objective p]ception4 ,conception4 ,a conception is ei!r empirical or pure4 ,a pure conception1 9 s f> z x has its orig9 9 ! und]/&+ alone1 & is n ! conception ( a pure s5su\s image1 is call$ notio4 ,conceptions are di/+ui%$ on ! "o h& f s5sation & p]ception1 & on ! o!r h& f ! intuitions ( pure reason or ideas4 ,!y are di/9ctly ! product ( ?\ght & ( ! und]/&+1 except :5 q free f empirical elem5ts4 ,feel+ 7,gefhl74 ,t "p ( our nature :i* relates to passion & in/9ct4 ,feel+s are connect$ bo? ) our s5su\s nature1 our imag9ation1 & ! pure reason4 ,=m4 ,see ,matt]4 ,ideas4 ,! product ( ! pure reason 7,v]nunft7 or intuitive faculty4 ,:]ev] ! absolute is introduc$ 9 ?\ght we h ideas4 ,p]fection 9 all its aspects is an idea1 virtue & wisdom 9 _! p]fect purity & ideas4 ,kant rem>ks 78,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 ,meiklejohn's translation1 p4 #bef73 8,x is f ! und]/&+ alone t pure & transc5d5tal conceptions take _! orig92 ! reason does n prop]ly give bir? to any conception1 b only frees ! conception ( ! und]/&+ f ! unavoidable limitation ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,a conception =m$ f notions :i* transc5d ! possibility ( exp]i5ce is an idea or a conception ( reason40 ,intuition 7,ans*anung7 z us$ by ,kant1 is ext]nal or int]nal4 ,ext]nal1 s5su\s intuition is id5tical ) p]ception2 int]nal intuition gives bir? to ideas4 ,matt] & ,=m4 8,^! two conceptions are at ! f\ndation ( all o!r reflection1 be+ insep>ably connect$ ) e mode ( ex]cis+ ! und]/&+4 ,by ! =m] is impli$ t :i* c be det]m9$ 9 g5]al2 ! second implies its det]m9ation1 bo? 9 a transc5d5tal s5se1 ab/raction be+ made ( any diff]5ce 9 t :i* is giv51 & ( ! mode 9 :i* x is det]m9$4 ,t :i* 9 ! ph5om5on corresponds to ! s5sation1 ,i t]m its matt]2 b t :i* effects t ! cont5t ( ! ph5om5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1 ,i call its =m40--,kant1 8,critique10 op4 cit4 ,objective4 ,:at is inh]5t or relative to an object1 or n ,myself1 except 9 ! case :5 ,i reflect on myself1 9 :i* case my /ates ( m9d are objective to my ?\ghts4 ,9 a popul> s5se objective means ext]nal1 z contra/$ ) ! subjective or int]nal4 ,p]ception1 if x relates only to ! subject z a modification ( its /ate1 is a s5sation4 ,an objective p]ception is a cognition 7,erk5ntniss74 ,ph5om5a 7,ers*e9ung574 ,! undet]m9$ object ( an empirical intuition is call$ ph5om5on4 ,reason 7pure2 ,g]manic1 8,v]nunft074 ,! s\rce ( ideas ( moral feel+s & ( conceptions free f all elem5ts tak5 up f exp]i5ce4 ,repres5tation 7,vor/ellung74 ,all ! products ( ! m9d are /yl$ repres5tations 7except emotions & m]e s5sations7 & ! t]m is appli$ to ! :ole g5us4 ,repres5tation ) consci\sness is p]ceptio4 ,s5sation4 ,! capacity ( receiv+ repres5tations ?r\gh ! mode 9 :i* we are affect$ by objects is call$ s5sibility4 ,by means ( s5sibility objects are giv5 to u1 & x alone furni%es ) int5tions mean+ s5su\s intuitions4 ,by ! und]/&+ !y are ?\ght1 & f x arise conceptions4 ,subjective4 ,:at has its s\rce 9 & relation to ! p]sonality1 to ,myself1 ,i1 or ! ,ego2 oppos$ to ! objective1 or :at is inh]5t 9 & relative to ! object4 ,n myself1 except 9 ! case :5 my /ates ( m9d are ! object ( my own reflection4 ,sup]-s5su\s4 ,contra/$ ) & oppos$ to ! s5su\s4 ,:at is exclusively relat$ to s5se or imp>t$ ?r\gh ! s5su\s ideas is sup]-s5su\s4 ,see ,transc5d5tal4 ,transc5d5tal4 ,:at exce$s ! limits ( s5se & empirical obs]vation4 8,i apply ! t]m transc5d5tal to all k :i* is n s mu* occupi$ ) objects z ) ! mode ( our cognition ( ^! objects1 s f> z ?is mode ( cognition is possible priori40 ,kant's 8,critique10 op4 cit4 p4 #af4 ,und]/&+ 7,v]/&74 ,! ?\ght ( faculty1 ! s\rce ( conceptions & notions 7,begriffe7 ( ! laws ( logic1 ! categories1 & judgm5t4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,! ,,/hetical ,,education ,,( ,,man4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,by y\r p]mission ,i lay be=e y1 9 a s]ies ( lett]s1 ! results ( my rese>*es ^u beauty & art4 ,i am ke5ly s5sible ( ! importance z well z ( ! *>m & dignity ( ?is und]tak+4 ,i %all treat a subject :i* is closely connect$ ) ! bett] portion ( our happ9ess & n f> remov$ f ! moral nobility ( human nature4 ,i %all plead ?is cause ( ! beautiful be=e a he>t by :i* h] :ole p[] is felt & ex]cis$1 & :i* w take ^u itself ! mo/ difficult "p ( my task 9 an inve/igation :]e "o is compell$ to appeal z frequ5tly to feel+s z to pr9ciples4 ,t :i* ,i w\ld beg ( y z a favor1 y g5]\sly impose ^u me z a duty2 &1 :5 ,i solely consult my incl9ation1 y impute to me a s]vice4 ,! lib]ty ( action y prescribe is r a necessity = me ?an a con/ra9t4 ,little ex]cis$ 9 =mal rules1 ,i %all sc>cely incur ! risk ( s9n+ aga9/ good ta/e by any undue use ( !m2 my ideas1 drawn r f )9 ?an f read+ or f an intimate exp]i5ce ) ! _w1 w n dis[n _! orig92 !y w\ld r incur any reproa* ?an t ( a sect>ian bias1 & w\ld pref] to succumb by _! innate feebl5ess ?an su/a9 !mselves by borr[$ au?ority & =eign support4 ,9 tru?1 ,i w n keep back f y t ! ass]tions :i* foll[ re/ *iefly ^u ,kantian pr9ciples2 b if 9 ! c\rse ( ^! rese>*es y %\ld be rem9d$ ( any special s*ool ( philosophy1 ascribe x to my incapacity1 n to ^? pr9ciples4 ,no2 y\r lib]ty ( m9d %all be sacr$ to me2 & ! facts ^u :i* ,i build w be furni%$ by y\r own s5tim5ts2 y\r own unfett]$ ?\ght w dictate ! laws accord+ to :i* we h to proce$4 ,) reg>d to ! ideas :i* pr$om9ate 9 ! practical "p ( ,kant's sy/em1 philosoph]s only disagree1 :il/ mank9d1 ,i am confid5t ( prov+1 h nev] done s4 ,if /ripp$ ( _! te*nical %ape1 !y w appe> z ! v]dict ( reason pron\nc$ f "t immemorial by common cons5t1 & z facts ( ! moral in/9ct :i* nature1 9 h] wisdom1 has giv5 to man 9 ord] to s]ve z guide & tea*] until 8 enlight5$ intellig5ce gives him maturity4 ,b ?is v te*nical %ape :i* r5d]s tru? visible to ! und]/&+ conceals x f ! feel+s2 =1 unhappily1 und]/&+ beg9s by de/roy+ ! object ( ! inn] s5se be=e x c appropriate ! object4 ,l ! *emi/1 ! philosoph] f9ds syn!sis only by analysis1 or ! spontane\s "w ( nature only ?r\gh ! torture ( art4 ,?us1 9 ord] to deta9 ! fleet+ app>ition1 he mu/ en*a9 x 9 ! fett]s ( rule1 dissect its fair proportions into ab/ract notions1 & pres]ve its liv+ _s 9 a fle%less skeleton ( words4 ,is x surpris+ t natural feel+ %\ld n recognize itself 9 su* a copy1 & if 9 ! report ( ! analy/ ! tru? appe>s z p>adox8 ,p]mit me !re=e to crave y\r indulg5ce if ! foll[+ rese>*es %\ld remove _! object f ! sph]e ( s5se :ile endeavor+ to draw x t[>ds ! und]/&+4 ,t :i* ,i be=e said ( moral exp]i5ce c be appli$ ) great] tru? to ! manife/ation ( 8! beautiful40 ,x is ! my/]y :i* en*ants1 & its be+ is ext+ui%$ ) ! ext9ction ( ! necess>y comb9ation ( its elem5ts4 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,b ,i might p]haps make a bett] use ( ! op5+ y af=d me if ,i 7 to direct y\r m9d to a l(ti] !me ?an t ( art4 ,x w\ld appe> to be unseasonable to g 9 se>* ( a code = ! /hetic _w1 :5 ! moral _w (f]s matt] ( s mu* high] int]e/1 & :5 ! _s ( philosophical inquiry is s /r+5tly *all5g$ by ! circum/ances ( our times to occupy itself ) ! mo/ p]fect ( all works ( art--! e/abli%m5t & /ructure ( a true political fre$om4 ,x is unsatisfactory to live out ( y\r own age & to "w = o!r times4 ,x is equally incumb5t on u to be good memb]s ( our own age z ( our own /ate or c\ntry4 ,if x is conceiv$ to be unseemly & ev5 unlawful = a man to segregate himself f ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! circle 9 :i* he lives1 x w\ld be inconsi/5t n to see t x is equally 8 duty to grant a prop] %>e ( influ5ce to ! voice ( 8 own epo*1 to its ta/e & its requirem5ts1 9 ! op]ations 9 :i* he engages4 ,b ! voice ( our age seems by no means favorable to art1 at all ev5ts to t k9d ( art to :i* my inquiry is direct$4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts has giv5 a direction to ! g5ius ( ! "t t ?reat5s to remove x cont9ually fur!r f ! ideal ( art4 ,= art has to leave reality1 x has to raise itself boldly above necessity & ne$9ess2 = art is ! daught] ( fre$om1 & x requires its prescriptions & rules to be furni%$ by ! necessity ( spirits & n by t ( matt]4 ,b 9 our day x is necessity1 ne$9ess1 t prevails1 & l5ds a degrad$ humanity "u its iron yoke4 ,utility is ! great idol ( ! "t1 to :i* all p[]s d homage & all subjects are subs]vi5t4 ,9 ?is great balance on utility1 ! spiritual s]vice ( art has no weight1 &1 depriv$ ( all enc\ragem5t1 x vani%es f ! noisy ,vanity ,fair ( our "t4 ,! v _s ( philosophical inquiry itself robs ! imag9ation ( "o promise aft] ano!r1 & ! fronti]s ( art are n>r[$ 9 proportion z ! limits ( sci5ce are enl>g$4 ,! eyes ( ! philosoph] z well z ( ! man ( ! _w are anxi\sly turn$ to ! !atre ( political ev5ts1 :]e x is presum$ ! great de/9y ( man is to be play$ out4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem to betray a culpable indiff]5ce to ! welf>e ( society if we did n %>e ?is g5]al int]e/4 ,= ?is great comm]ce 9 social & moral pr9ciples is ( necessity a matt] ( ! greate/ conc]n to e human be+1 on ! gr\nd bo? ( its subject & ( its results4 ,x mu/ accord+ly be ( deepe/ mom5t to e man to ?9k = himself4 ,x w\ld seem t n[ at l5g? a "q t =m]ly 0 only settl$ by ! law ( ! /rong] is to be det]m9$ by ! calm judgm5t ( ! reason1 & e man :o is capable ( plac+ himself 9 a c5tral position1 & rais+ 8 individuality into t ( 8 species1 c look ^u himself z 9 possession ( ?is judicial faculty ( reason2 be+ moreov]1 z man & memb] ( ! human family1 a p>ty 9 ! case "u trial & involv$ m or less 9 its decisions4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ?is great political process is n only engag$ ) 8 individual case1 x has also to pron\nce enactm5ts1 :i* he z a rational _s is capable ( enunciat+ & entitl$ to pron\nce4 ,x is evid5t t x w\ld h be5 mo/ attractive to me to inquire into an object su* z ?is1 to decide su* a "q 9 conjunction ) a ?9k] ( p[]ful m9d1 a man ( lib]al sympa?ies1 & a he>t imbu$ ) a noble en?usiasm = ! weal ( humanity4 ,?\gh s widely sep>at$ by worldly position1 x w\ld h be5 a delightful surprise to h f\nd y\r unprejudic$ m9d arriv+ at ! same result z my own 9 ! field ( ideas4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k ,i c n only excuse1 b ev5 ju/ify by solid gr\nds1 my /ep 9 resi/+ ?is attractive purpose & 9 pref]r+ beauty to fre$om4 ,i hope t ,i %all succe$ 9 conv9c+ y t ?is matt] ( art is less =eign to ! ne$s ?an to ! ta/es ( our age2 nay1 t1 to arrive at a solution ev5 9 ! political problem1 ! road ( /hetics mu/ be pursu$1 because x is ?r\gh beauty t we arrive at fre$om4 ,b ,i _c c>ry out ?is pro( )\t my br++ to y\r remembrance ! pr9ciples by :i* ! reason is guid$ 9 political legislation4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,man is n bett] treat$ by nature 9 8 fir/ />t ?an h] o!r works are2 s long z he is unable to act = himself z an indep5d5t intellig5ce %e acts = him4 ,b ! v fact t con/itutes him a man is t he does n rema9 /ation>y1 :]e nature has plac$ him1 t he c pass ) 8 reason1 retrac+ ! /eps nature _h made him anticipate1 t he c conv]t ! "w ( necessity into "o ( free solution1 & elevate physical necessity into a moral law4 ,:5 man is rais$ f 8 slumb] 9 ! s5ses he feels t he is a man2 he surveys 8 surr\nd+s & f9ds t he is 9 a /ate4 ,he 0 introduc$ into ?is /ate by ! p[] ( circum/ances1 be=e he c\ld freely select 8 own position4 ,b z a moral be+ he _c possibly re/ satisfi$ ) a political condition =c$ ^u him by necessity1 & only calculat$ = t condition2 & x w\ld be un=tunate if ?is did satisfy him4 ,9 _m cases man %akes (f ?is bl9d law ( necessity1 by 8 free spontane\s action1 ( :i* among _m o!rs we h an in/ance1 9 8 ennobl+ by beauty & suppress+ by moral influ5ce ! p[]ful impulse implant$ 9 him by nature 9 ! passion ( love4 ,?us1 :5 arriv$ at maturity1 he recov]s 8 *ildhood by an artificial process1 he f\nds a /ate ( nature 9 8 ideas1 n giv5 him by any exp]i5ce1 b e/abli%$ by ! necess>y laws & conditions ( 8 reason1 & he attributes to ?is ideal condition an object1 an aim1 ( :i* he 0 n cognizant 9 ! actual reality ( nature4 ,he gives himself a *oice ( :i* he 0 n capable be=e1 & sets to "w j z if he 7 beg9n+ anew1 & 7 ex*ang+ 8 orig9al /ate ( bondage = "o ( complete indep5d5ce1 do+ ?is ) complete insight & ( 8 free decision4 ,he is ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ?is "w ( political ?raldom z non-exi/+ ?\gh a wild & arbitr>y caprice may h f\nd$ its "w v artfully2 ?\gh x may /rive to ma9ta9 x ) great arrogance & encompass x ) a halo ( v5]ation4 ,= ! "w ( bl9d p[]s possesses no au?ority be=e :i* fre$om ne$ b[1 & all mu/ be made to adapt itself to ! highe/ end :i* reason has set up 9 8 p]sonality4 ,x is 9 ?is wise t a p 9 a /ate ( manhood is ju/ifi$ 9 ex*ang+ a condition ( ?raldom = "o ( moral fre$om4 ,n[ ! t]m natural condition c be appli$ to e political body :i* owes its e/abli%m5t orig9ally to =ces & n to laws1 & su* a /ate contradicts ! moral nature ( man1 because lawfulness c alone h au?ority ov] ?is4 ,at ! same "t ?is natural condition is q suffici5t = ! physical man1 :o only gives himself laws 9 ord] to get rid ( brute =ce4 ,moreov]1 ! physical man is a reality1 & ! moral man problematical4 ,!re=e :5 ! reason suppresses ! natural condition1 z %e mu/ if %e wi%es to sub/itute h] own1 %e weighs ! real physical man aga9/ ! problematical moral man1 %e weighs ! exi/5ce ( society aga9/ a possible1 ?\gh morally necess>y1 ideal ( society4 ,%e takes f man some?+ :i* he really possesses1 & )\t :i* he possesses no?+1 & ref]s him z a sub/itute to some?+ t he ought to possess & might possess2 & if reason _h reli$ too exclusively on him %e might1 9 ord] to secure him a /ate ( humanity 9 :i* he is want+ & c want )\t injury to 8 life1 h robb$ him ev5 ( ! means ( animal exi/5ce1 :i* is ! fir/ necess>y condition ( 8 be+ a man4 ,be=e he _h opportunity to hold firm to ! law ) 8 w1 reason w\ld h )drawn f 8 feet ! ladd] ( nature4 ,! great po9t is1 !re=e1 to reconcile ^! two consid]ations1 to prev5t physical society f ceas+ = a mom5t 9 "t1 :ile ! moral society is be+ =m$ 9 ! idea2 9 o!r words1 to prev5t its exi/5ce f be+ plac$ 9 jeop>dy = ! sake ( ! moral dignity ( man4 ,:5 ! me*anic has to m5d a wat* he lets ! :eels run out2 b ! liv+ wat*works ( ! /ate h to be repair$ :ile !y act1 & a :eel has to be ex*ang$ = ano!r dur+ its revolutions4 ,accord+ly props mu/ be s\ght = to support society & keep x go+ :ile x is made indep5d5t ( ! natural condition f :i* x is s\ght to emancipate x4 ,?is prop is n f\nd 9 ! natural "* ( man1 :o1 be+ selfi% & viol5t1 directs 8 en]gies r to ! de/ruction ?an to ! pres]vation ( society4 ,nor is x f\nd 9 8 moral "*1 :i* has to be =m$1 :i* c nev] be work$ ^u or calculat$ on by ! lawgiv]1 because x is free & nev] appe>s4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ano!r measure mu/ be adopt$4 ,x w\ld seem t ! physical "* ( ! arbitr>y mu/ be sep>at$ f moral fre$om2 t x is incumb5t to make ! =m] h>monize ) ! laws & ! latt] dep5d5t on impressions2 x w\ld be exp$i5t to remove ! =m] /ill f>!r f matt] & to br+ ! latt] some:at m ne> to x2 9 %ort1 to produce a ?ird "* relat$ to bo? ! o!rs--! physical & ! moral--pav+ ! way to a transition f ! sway ( m]e =ce to t ( law1 )\t prev5t+ ! prop] developm5t ( ! moral "*1 b s]v+ r z a pl$ge 9 ! s5su\s sph]e ( a morality 9 ! unse54 ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,?us mu* is c]ta94 ,x is only :5 a ?ird "*1 z previ\sly sugge/$1 has prepond]ance t a revolution 9 a /ate accord+ to moral pr9ciples c be free f injuri\s consequ5ces2 nor c any?+ else secure its endurance4 ,9 propos+ or sett+ up a moral /ate1 ! moral law is reli$ ^u z a real p[]1 & free w is drawn into ! realm ( causes1 :]e all hangs toge!r mutually ) /r+5t necessity & rigidity4 ,b we "k t ! condition ( ! human w always rema9s cont+5t1 & t only 9 ! ,absolute ,be+ physical coexi/s ) moral necessity4 ,accord+ly1 if x is wi%$ to dep5d on ! moral conduct ( man z on natural results1 ?is conduct mu/ become nature1 & he mu/ be l$ by natural impulse to su* a c\rse ( action z c only & inv>iably h moral results4 ,b ! w ( man is p]fectly free betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 & no physical necessity ought to ent] z a %>] 9 ?is magi/]ial p]sonality4 ,if1 !re=e1 he is to reta9 ?is p[] ( solution1 & yet become a reliable l9k 9 ! causal concat5ation ( =ces1 ?is c only be effect$ :5 ! op]ations ( bo? ^! impulses are pres5t$ q equally 9 ! _w ( appe>ances4 ,x is only possible :51 ) e diff]5ce ( =m1 ! matt] ( man's volition rema9s ! same1 :5 all 8 impulses agree+ ) 8 reason are suffici5t to h ! value ( a univ]sal legislation4 ,x may be urg$ t e individual man c>ries )9 himself1 at lea/ 9 8 adaptation & de/9ation1 a purely ideal man4 ,! great problem ( 8 exi/5ce is to br+ all ! incessant *anges ( 8 out] life into con=mity ) ! un*ang+ unity ( ?is ideal4 ,?is pure ideal man1 :i* makes itself kn[n m or less cle>ly 9 e subject1 is repres5t$ by ! /ate1 :i* is ! objective1 &1 s to speak1 canonical =m 9 :i* ! manifold diff]5ces ( ! subjects /rive to unite4 ,n[ two ways pres5t !mselves to ! ?\ght 9 :i* ! man ( "t c agree ) ! man ( idea1 & !re are also two ways 9 :i* ! /ate c ma9ta9 itself 9 individuals4 ,"o ( ^! ways is :5 ! pure ideal man subdues ! empirical man1 & ! /ate suppresses ! individual1 or aga9 :5 ! individual becomes ! /ate1 & ! man ( "t is ennobl$ to ! man ( idea4 ,i admit t 9 a "o-sid$ e/imate f ! po9t ( view ( morality ?is diff]5ce vani%es1 = ! reason is satisfi$ if h] law prevails unconditionally4 ,b :5 ! survey tak5 is complete & embraces ! :ole man 7an?ropology71 :]e ! =m is consid]$ toge!r ) ! sub/ance1 & a liv+ feel+ has a voice1 ! diff]5ce w become f> m evid5t4 ,no d\bt ! reason dem&s unity1 & nature v>iety1 & bo? legislations take man 9 h&4 ,! law ( ! =m] is /amp$ ^u him by an incorruptible consci\sness1 t ( ! latt] by an in]adicable feel+4 ,consequ5tly education w always appe> defici5t :5 ! moral feel+ c only be ma9ta9$ ) ! sacrifice ( :at is natural2 & a political adm9i/ration w always be v imp]fect :5 x is only able to br+ ab\t unity by suppress+ v>iety4 ,! /ate ought n only to respect ! objective & g5]ic1 b also ! subjective & specific 9 individuals2 & :ile diffus+ ! unse5 _w ( morals1 x mu/ n depopulate ! k+dom ( appe>ance1 ! ext]nal _w ( matt]4 ,:5 ! me*anical arti/ places 8 h& on ! =mless block1 to give x a =m accord+ to 8 int5tion1 he has n any scruples 9 do+ viol5ce to x4 ,= ! nature on :i* he works does n des]ve any respect 9 itself1 & he does n value ! :ole = its p>ts1 b ! p>ts on acc\nt ( ! :ole4 ,:5 ! *ild ( ! f9e arts sets 8 h& to ! same block1 he has no scruples ei!r 9 do+ viol5ce to x1 he only avoids %[+ ?is viol5ce4 ,he does n respect ! matt] 9 :i* he works any m ?an ! me*anical arti/2 b he seeks by an app>5t consid]ation = x to deceive ! eye :i* takes ?is matt] "u its protection4 ,! political & educat+ arti/ foll[s a v diff]5t c\rse1 :ile mak+ man at once 8 mat]ial & 8 end4 ,9 ?is case ! aim or end meets 9 ! mat]ial1 & x is only because ! :ole s]ves ! p>ts t ! p>ts adapt !mselves to ! end4 ,! political arti/ has to treat 8 mat]ial--man--) a v diff]5t k9d ( respect ?an t %[n by ! arti/ ( f9e art to 8 "w4 ,he mu/ sp>e man's peculi>ity & p]sonality1 n to produce a defective effect on ! s5ses1 b objectively & out ( consid]ation = 8 inn] be+4 ,b ! /ate is an organization :i* fa%ions itself ?r\gh itself & = itself1 & = ?is reason x c only be realiz$ :5 ! p>ts h be5 accord$ to ! idea ( ! :ole4 ,! /ate s]ves ! purpose ( a repres5tative1 bo? to pure ideal & to objective humanity1 9 ! brea/ ( its citiz5s1 accord+ly x w h to obs]ve ! same relation to its citiz5s 9 :i* !y are plac$ to x2 & x w only respect _! subjective humanity 9 ! same degree t x is ennobl$ to an objective exi/5ce4 ,if ! int]nal man is "o ) himself he w be able to rescue 8 peculi>ity1 ev5 9 ! greate/ g5]alization ( 8 conduct1 & ! /ate w only become ! expon5t ( 8 f9e in/9ct1 ! cle>] =mula ( 8 int]nal legislation4 ,b if ! subjective man is 9 conflict ) ! objective1 & contradicts him 9 ! "* ( a p1 s t only ! oppression ( ! =m] c give victory to ! latt]1 !n ! /ate w take up ! sev]e aspect ( ! law aga9/ ! citiz51 & 9 ord] n to fall a sacrifice1 x w h to cru% "u foot su* a ho/ile individuality )\t any compromise4 ,n[ man c be oppos$ to himself 9 a tw(old mann]2 ei!r z a savage1 :5 8 feel+s rule ov] 8 pr9ciples2 or z a b>b>ian1 :5 8 pr9ciples de/roy 8 feel+s4 ,! savage despises art1 & ackn[l$ges nature z 8 despotic rul]2 ! b>b>ian laughs at nature1 & di%onors x1 b he (t5 proce$s 9 a m contemptible way ?an ! savage to be ! slave ( 8 s5ses4 ,! cultivat$ man makes ( nature 8 fri5d1 & honors its fri5d%ip1 :ile only bridl+ its caprice4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 reason br+s h] moral unity into physical society1 %e mu/ n injure ! manifold 9 nature4 ,:5 nature /rives to ma9ta9 h] manifold "* 9 ! moral /ructure ( society1 ?is mu/ n create any brea* 9 moral unity2 ! victori\s =m is equally remote f uni=mity & confusion4 ,!re=e1 totality ( "* mu/ be f\nd 9 ! p :i* is capable & wor?y to ex*ange ! /ate ( necessity = t ( fre$om4 ,,lett] ,v4 ,does ! pres5t age1 d pass+ ev5ts1 pres5t ?is "*8 ,i direct my att5tion at once to ! mo/ prom95t object 9 ?is va/ /ructure4 ,x is true t ! consid]ation ( op9ion is fall52 caprice is unn]v$1 &1 al?\gh /ill arm$ ) p[]1 receives no long] any respect4 ,man has awak5$ f 8 long le?>gy & self-deception1 & he dem&s ) impressive unanimity to be re/or$ to 8 imp]i%able rights4 ,b he does n only dem& !m2 he rises on all sides to seize =ce :at1 9 8 op9ion1 has be5 unju/ly wre/$ f him4 ,! edifice ( ! natural /ate is tott]+1 its f\ndations %ake1 & a physical possibility seems at l5g? grant$ to place law on ! ?rone1 to honor man at l5g? z an end1 & to make true fre$om ! basis ( political union4 ,va9 hope6 ,! moral possibility is want+1 & ! g5]\s occasion f9ds an unsusceptible rule4 ,man pa9ts himself 9 8 actions1 & :at is ! =m depict$ 9 ! drama ( ! pres5t "t8 ,on ! "o h&1 he is se5 runn+ wild1 on ! o!r1 9 a /ate ( le?>gy2 ! two extreme/ /ages ( human deg5]acy1 & bo? se5 9 "o & ! same p]iod4 ,9 ! l[] l>g] masses1 co>se1 lawless impulses come to view1 break+ loose :5 ! bonds ( civil ord] are bur/ asund]1 & ha/5+ ) unbridl$ fury to satisfy _! savage in/9ct4 ,objective humanity may h _h cause to compla9 ( ! /ate2 yet subjective man mu/ honor its in/itutions4 ,ought he to be blam$ because he lo/ sight ( ! dignity ( human nature1 s long z he 0 conc]n$ 9 pres]v+ 8 exi/5ce8 ,c we blame him t he proce$$ to sep>ate by ! =ce ( gravity1 to fa/5 by ! =ce ( cohesion1 at a "t :5 !re c\ld be no ?\ght ( build+ or rais+ up8 ,! ext9ction ( ! /ate conta9s its ju/ification4 ,society set free1 in/ead ( ha/5+ upw>d into organic life1 collapses into its elem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! civiliz$ classes give u ! /ill m repulsive sight ( le?>gy1 & ( a depravity ( "* :i* is ! m revolt+ because x roots 9 culture4 ,i =get :o ( ! old] or m rec5t philosoph]s makes ! rem>k1 t :at is m noble is ! m revolt+ 9 its de/ruction4 ,! rem>k applies ) tru? to ! _w ( morals4 ,! *ild ( nature1 :5 he breaks loose1 becomes a madman2 b ! art s*ol>1 :5 he breaks loose1 becomes a debas$ "*4 ,! enlight5m5t ( ! und]/&+1 on :i* ! m ref9$ classes pride !mselves ) "s gr\nd1 %[s on ! :ole s little ( an ennobl+ influ5ce on ! m9d t x seems r to confirm corruption by its maxims4 ,we d5y nature on h] legitimate field & feel h] tyranny 9 ! moral sph]e1 & :ile resi/+ h] impressions1 we receive our pr9ciples f h]4 ,:ile ! affect$ dec5cy ( our mann]s does n ev5 grant to nature a p>donable influ5ce 9 ! initial /age1 our mat]iali/ic sy/em ( morals all[s h] ! ca/+ vote 9 ! la/ & ess5tial /age4 ,egotism has f\nd$ its sy/em 9 ! v bosom ( a ref9$ society1 & )\t develop+ ev5 a sociable "*1 we feel all ! contagions & mis]ies ( society4 ,we subject our free judgm5t to its despotic op9ions1 our feel+s to its biz>re cu/oms1 & our w to its s$uctions4 ,we only ma9ta9 our caprice aga9/ h] holy rights4 ,! man ( ! _w has 8 he>t contract$ by a pr\d self-complac5cy1 :ile t ( ! man ( nature (t5 beats 9 sympa?y2 & e man seeks = no?+ m ?an to save 8 wret*$ prop]ty f ! g5]al de/ruction1 z x 7 f "s great conflagration4 ,x is conceiv$ t ! only way to f9d a %elt] aga9/ ! ab]rations ( s5tim5t is by completely =ego+ its indulg5ce1 & mock]y1 :i* is (t5 a useful *a/5] ( my/icism1 sl&]s 9 ! same brea? ! noble/ aspirations4 ,culture1 f> f giv+ u fre$om1 only develops1 z x advances1 new necessities2 ! fett]s ( ! physical close m tightly ar\nd u1 s t ! fe> ( loss qu5*es ev5 ! ard5t impulse t[>d improvem5t1 & ! maxims ( passive ob$i5ce are held to be ! highe/ wisdom ( life4 ,?us ! _s ( ! "t is se5 to wav] betwe5 p]v]sion & savagism1 betwe5 :at is unnatural & m]e nature1 betwe5 sup]/ition & moral unbelief1 & x is (t5 no?+ b ! equilibrium ( evils t sets b\nds to x4 ,,lett] ,,vi4 ,h ,i gone too f> 9 ?is portraiture ( our times8 ,i d n anticipate ?is /ricture1 b r ano!r--t ,i h prov$ too mu* by x4 ,y w tell me t ! picture ,i h pres5t$ resembles ! humanity ( our day1 b x also bodies =? all nations engag$ 9 ! same degree ( culture1 because all1 )\t exception1 h fall5 (f f nature by ! abuse ( reason1 be=e !y c return to x ?r\gh reason4 ,b if we be/[ "s s]i\s att5tion to ! "* ( our times1 we %all be a/oni%$ at ! contra/ betwe5 ! pres5t & ! previ\s =m ( humanity1 especially t ( ,greece4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ ! reputation ( culture & ref9em5t1 :5 contra/$ ) a purely natural /ate ( society1 b n s comp>+ ourselves ) ! ,grecian nature4 ,= ! latt] 0 comb9$ ) all ! *>ms ( art & ) all ! dignity ( wisdom1 )\t1 h[ev]1 z ) u1 becom+ a victim to ^! influ5ces4 ,! ,greeks h put u to %ame n only by _! simplicity1 :i* is =eign to our age2 !y are at ! same "t our rivals1 nay1 frequ5tly our models1 9 ^? v po9ts ( sup]iority f :i* we seek com=t :5 regrett+ ! unnatural "* ( our mann]s4 ,we see t rem>kable p unit+ at once fulness ( =m & fulness ( sub/ance1 bo? philosophiz+ & creat+1 bo? t5d] & en]getic1 unit+ a y\?ful fancy to ! virility ( reason 9 a glori\s humanity4 ,at ! p]iod ( ,greek culture1 :i* 0 an awak5+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 ! s5ses & ! _s _h no di/9ctly sep>at$ prop]ty2 no division _h yet torn !m asund]1 lead+ !m to p>tition 9 a ho/ile attitude1 & to m>k (f _! limits ) precision4 ,poetry _h n z yet become ! adv]s>y ( wit1 nor _h speculation abus$ itself by pass+ into quibbl+4 ,9 cases ( necessity bo? poetry & wit c\ld ex*ange p>ts1 because !y bo? honor$ tru? only 9 _! special way4 ,h[ev] high might be ! flight ( reason1 x drew matt] 9 a lov+ _s aft] x1 & :ile %>ply & /iffly def9+ x1 nev] mutilat$ :at x t\*$4 ,x is true ! ,greek m9d displac$ humanity1 & reca/ x on a magnifi$ scale 9 ! glori\s circle ( its gods2 b x did ?is n by dissect+ human nature1 b by giv+ x fre% comb9ations1 = ! :ole ( human nature 0 repres5t$ 9 ea* ( ! gods4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! c\rse foll[$ by u mod]ns6 ,we also displace & magnify individuals to =m ! image ( ! species1 b we d ?is 9 a fragm5t>y way1 n by alt]$ comb9ations1 s t x is necess>y to ga!r up f diff]5t individuals ! elem5ts t =m ! species 9 its totality4 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> z if ! p[]s ( m9d express !mselves ) u 9 real life or empirically z sep>ately z ! psy*ologi/ di/+ui%es !m 9 ! repres5tation4 ,= we see n only individual subjects1 b :ole classes ( m51 uphold _! capacities only 9 "p1 :ile ! re/ ( _! faculties sc>cely %[ a g]m ( activity1 z 9 ! case ( ! /unt$ gr[? ( plants4 ,i d n ov]look ! advantages to :i* ! pres5t race1 reg>d$ z a unity & 9 ! balance ( ! und]/&+1 may lay claim ov] :at is be/ 9 ! anci5t _w2 b x is oblig$ to engage 9 ! conte/ z a compact mass1 & measure itself z a :ole aga9/ a :ole4 ,:o among ! mod]ns c\ld /ep =?1 man aga9/ man1 & /rive ) an ,a!nian = ! prize ( high] humanity4 ,:5ce comes ?is disadvantage\s relation ( individuals c\pl$ ) great advantages ( ! race8 ,:y c\ld ! individual ,greek be qualifi$ z ! type ( 8 "t2 & :y c no mod]n d>e to (f] himself z su*8 ,because all-unit+ nature imp>t$ its =ms to ! ,greek1 & an all-divid+ und]/&+ gives our =ms to u4 ,x 0 culture itself t gave ^! w\nds to mod]n humanity4 ,! inn] union ( human nature 0 brok51 & a de/ructive conte/ divid$ its h>moni\s =ces directly2 on ! "o h&1 an enl>g$ exp]i5ce & a m di/9ct ?9k+ necessitat$ a %>p] sep>ation ( ! sci5ces1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m complicat$ ma*9]y ( /ates necessitat$ a /rict] sund]+ ( ranks & occupations4 ,intuitive & speculative und]/&+ took up a ho/ile attitude 9 opposite fields1 ^: bord]s 7 gu>d$ ) jeal\sy & di/ru/2 & by limit+ its op]ation to a n>r[ sph]e1 m5 h made unto !mselves a ma/] :o is wont n unfrequ5tly to end by subdu+ & oppress+ all ! o!r faculties4 ,:il/ on ! "o h& a luxuriant imag9ation creates ravages 9 ! plantations t h co/ ! intellig5ce s mu* labor2 on ! o!r h&1 a _s ( ab/raction suffocates ! fire t might h w>m$ ! he>t & inflam$ ! imag9ation4 ,?is subv]sion1 comm5c$ by art & le>n+ 9 ! inn] man1 0 c>ri$ out to fulness & f9i%$ by ! _s ( innovation 9 gov]nm5t4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 reasonable to expect t ! simple organization ( ! primitive republics %\ld survive ! qua9tness ( primitive mann]s & ( ! relations ( antiquity4 ,b1 in/ead ( ris+ to a high] & nobl] degree ( animal life1 ?is organization deg5]at$ into a common & co>se me*anism4 ,! zoophyte condition ( ! ,grecian /ates1 :]e ea* individual enjoy$ an indep5d5t life1 & c\ld1 9 cases ( necessity1 become a sep>ate :ole & unit 9 himself1 gave way to an +5i\s me*anism1 :51 f ! splitt+ up into numb]less p>ts1 !re results a me*anical life 9 ! comb9ation4 ,!n !re 0 a rupture betwe5 ! /ate & ! *ur*1 betwe5 laws & cu/oms2 enjoym5t 0 sep>at$ f labor1 ! means f ! end1 ! ef=t f ! rew>d4 ,man himself1 et]nally *a9$ d[n to a little fragm5t ( ! :ole1 only =ms a k9d ( fragm5t2 hav+ no?+ 9 8 e>s b ! monoton\s s\nd ( ! p]petually revolv+ :eel1 he nev] develops ! h>mony ( 8 be+1 & in/ead ( impr9t+ ! seal ( humanity on 8 be+1 he ends by be+ no?+ m ?an ! liv+ impress ( ! craft to :i* he devotes himself1 ( ! sci5ce t he cultivates4 ,?is v p>tial & paltry relation1 l9k+ ! isolat$ memb]s to ! :ole1 does n dep5d on =ms t are giv5 spontane\sly2 = h[ c\ld a complicat$ ma*9e1 :i* %uns ! light1 confide itself to ! free w ( man8 ,?is relation is r dictat$1 ) a rigor\s /rictness1 by a =mul>y 9 :i* ! free intellig5ce ( man is *a9$ d[n4 ,! dead lett] takes ! place ( a liv+ mean+1 & a practis$ memory becomes a saf] guide ?an g5ius & feel+4 ,if ! community or /ate measures man by 8 function1 only ask+ ( its citiz5s memory1 or ! intellig5ce ( a craftsman1 or me*anical skill1 we _c be surpris$ t ! o!r faculties ( ! m9d are neglect$ = ! exclusive culture ( ! "o t br+s 9 honor & pr(it4 ,su* is ! necess>y result ( an organization t is indiff]5t ab\t "*1 only look+ to acquirem5ts1 :il/ 9 o!r cases x tol]ates ! ?icke/ d>kness1 to favor a _s ( law & ord]2 x mu/ result if x wi%es t individuals 9 ! ex]cise ( special aptitudes %\ld ga9 9 dep? :at !y are p]mitt$ to lose 9 ext5sion4 ,we are aw>e1 no d\bt1 t a p[]ful g5ius does n %ut up its activity )9 ! limits ( its functions2 b m$iocre tal5ts consume 9 ! craft fall5 to _! lot ! :ole ( _! feeble en]gy2 & if "s ( _! en]gy is res]v$ = matt]s ( pref]5ce1 )\t prejudice to its functions1 su* a /ate ( ?+s at once bespeaks a _s so>+ above ! vulg>4 ,moreov]1 x is r>ely a recomm5dation 9 ! eye ( a /ate to h a capacity sup]ior to y\r employm5t1 or "o ( ^? noble intellectual crav+s ( a man ( tal5t :i* cont5d 9 rivalry ) ! duties ( (fice4 ,! /ate is s jeal\s ( ! exclusive possession ( its s]vants t x w\ld pref]--nor c x be blam$ 9 ?is--= function>ies to %[ _! p[]s ) ! ,v5us ( ,cy!rea r ?an ! ,uranian ,v5us4 ,x is ?us t concrete individual life is ext+ui%$1 9 ord] t ! ab/ract :ole may cont9ue its mis]able life1 & ! /ate rema9s =ev] a /rang] to its citiz5s1 because feel+ does n discov] x any:]e4 ,! gov]n+ au?orities f9d !mselves compell$ to classify1 & !reby simplify ! multiplicity ( citiz5s1 & only to "k humanity 9 a repres5tative =m & at second-h&4 ,accord+ly !y end by entirely los+ sight ( humanity1 & by conf\nd+ x ) a simple artificial creation ( ! und]/&+1 :il/ on _! "p ! subject-classes _c help receiv+ coldly laws t address !mselves s little to _! p]sonality4 ,at l5g?1 society1 we>y ( hav+ a burd5 t ! /ate takes s little tr\ble to light51 falls to pieces & is brok5 up--a de/9y t has long s9ce att5d$ mo/ ,european /ates4 ,!y are dissolv$ 9 :at may be call$ a /ate ( moral nature1 9 :i* public au?ority is only "o function m1 hat$ & deceiv$ by ^? :o ?9k x necess>y1 respect$ only by ^? :o c d )\t x4 ,?us compress$ betwe5 two =ces1 )9 & )\t1 c\ld humanity foll[ any o!r c\rse ?an t :i* x has tak58 ,! speculative m9d1 pursu+ imprescriptible goods & rights 9 ! sph]e ( ideas1 mu/ ne$s h become a /rang] to ! _w ( s5se1 & lose sight ( matt] = ! sake ( =m4 ,on its "p1 ! _w ( public affairs1 %ut up 9 a monoton\s circle ( objects1 & ev5 !re re/rict$ by =mulas1 0 l$ to lose sight ( ! life & lib]ty ( ! :ole1 :ile becom+ impov]i%$ at ! same "t 9 its own sph]e4 ,j z ! speculative m9d 0 tempt$ to model ! real aft] ! intelligible1 & to raise ! subjective laws ( its imag9ation into laws con/itut+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 s ! /ate _s ru%$ into ! opposite extreme1 wi%$ to make a p>ticul> & fragm5t>y exp]i5ce ! measure ( all obs]vation1 & to apply )\t exception to all affairs ! rules ( its own p>ticul> craft4 ,! speculative m9d _h necess>ily to become ! prey ( a va9 subtlety1 ! /ate _s ( a n>r[ p$antry2 = ! =m] 0 plac$ too high to see ! individual1 & ! latt] too l[ to survey ! :ole4 ,b ! disadvantage ( ?is direction ( m9d 0 n conf9$ to k & m5tal production2 x ext5d$ to action & feel+4 ,we "k t ! s5sibility ( ! m9d dep5ds1 z to degree1 on ! livel9ess1 & = ext5t on ! ri*ness ( ! imag9ation4 ,n[ ! pr$om9ance ( ! faculty ( analysis mu/ necess>ily deprive ! imag9ation ( its w>m? & en]gy1 & a re/rict$ sph]e ( objects mu/ dim9i% its weal?4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ab/ract ?9k] has v (t5 a cold he>t1 because he analyzes impressions1 :i* only move ! m9d by _! comb9ation or totality2 on ! o!r h&1 ! man ( bus9ess1 ! /atesman1 has v (t5 a n>r[ he>t1 because1 %ut up 9 ! n>r[ circle ( 8 employm5t1 8 imag9ation c nei!r exp& nor adapt itself to ano!r mann] ( view+ ?+s4 ,my subject has l$ me naturally to place 9 relief ! di/ress+ t5d5cy ( ! "* ( our own times & to %[ ! s\rces ( ! evil1 )\t its be+ my prov9ce to po9t out ! comp5sations (f]$ by nature4 ,i w readily admit to y t1 al?\gh ?is splitt+ up ( _! be+ 0 unfavorable = individuals1 x 0 ! only op5 road = ! progress ( ! race4 ,! po9t at :i* we see humanity arriv$ among ! ,greeks 0 und\bt$ly a maximum2 x c\ld nei!r /op !re nor rise high]4 ,x c\ld n /op !re1 = ! sum ( notions acquir$ =c$ infallibly ! intellig5ce to break ) feel+ & intuition1 & to lead to cle>ness ( k4 ,nor c\ld x rise any high]2 = x is only 9 a det]m9ate measure t cle>ness c be reconcil$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( abundance & ( w>m?4 ,! ,greeks _h atta9$ ?is measure1 & to cont9ue _! progress 9 culture1 !y1 z we1 7 oblig$ to r5\nce ! totality ( _! be+1 & to foll[ diff]5t & sep>ate roads 9 ord] to seek aft] tru?4 ,!re 0 no o!r way to develop ! manifold aptitudes ( man ?an to br+ !m 9 opposition ) "o ano!r4 ,?is antagonism ( =ces is ! great in/rum5t ( culture1 b x is only an in/rum5t3 = z long z ?is antagonism la/s man is only on ! road to culture4 ,x is only because ^! special =ces are isolat$ 9 man1 & because !y take on !mselves to impose an exclusive legislation1 t !y ent] into /rife ) ! tru? ( ?+s1 & oblige common s5se1 :i* g5]ally adh]es imp]turbably to ext]nal ph5om5a1 to dive into ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,:ile pure und]/&+ usurps au?ority 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & empiricism attempts to subject ?is intellect to ! conditions ( exp]i5ce1 ^! two rival directions arrive at ! highe/ possible developm5t1 & exhau/ ! :ole ext5t ( _! sph]e4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 imag9ation1 by its tyranny1 v5tures to de/roy ! ord] ( ! _w1 x =ces reason1 on ! o!r side1 to rise up to ! supreme s\rces ( k1 & to invoke aga9/ ?is pr$om9ance ( fancy ! help ( ! law ( necessity4 ,by an exclusive _s 9 ! case ( 8 faculties1 ! individual is fatally l$ to error2 b ! species is l$ to tru?4 ,x is only by ga!r+ up all ! en]gy ( our m9d 9 a s+le focus1 & conc5trat+ a s+le =ce 9 our be+1 t we give 9 "s sort w+s to ?is isolat$ =ce1 & t we draw x on artificially f> beyond ! limits t nature seems to h impos$ ^u x4 ,if x be c]ta9 t all human individuals tak5 toge!r w\ld nev] h arriv$1 ) ! visual p[] giv5 !m by nature1 to see a satellite ( ,jupit]1 discov]$ by ! telescope ( ! a/ronom]1 x is j z well e/abli%$ t nev] w\ld ! human und]/&+ h produc$ ! analysis ( ! inf9ite1 or ! critique ( pure reason1 if 9 p>ticul> bran*es1 de/9$ = ?is mission1 reason _h n appli$ itself to special rese>*es1 & x1 aft] hav+1 z x 71 fre$ itself f all matt]1 x _h n1 by ! mo/ p[]ful ab/raction giv5 to ! spiritual eye ( man ! =ce necess>y1 9 ord] to look into ! absolute4 ,b ! "q is1 if a _s ?us absorb$ 9 pure reason & intuition w be able to emancipate itself f ! rigor\s fett]s ( logic1 to take ! free action ( poetry1 & seize ! individuality ( ?+s ) a fai?ful & *a/e s5se8 ,"h nature imposes ev5 on ! mo/ univ]sal g5ius a limit x _c pass1 & tru? w make m>tyrs z long z philosophy w be r$uc$ to make its pr9cipal occupation ! se>* = arms aga9/ errors4 ,b :atev] may be ! f9al pr(it = ! totality ( ! _w1 ( ?is di/9ct & special p]fect+ ( ! human faculties1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is f9al aim ( ! univ]se1 :i* devotes !m to ?is k9d ( culture1 is a cause ( suff]+1 & a k9d ( mal$iction = individuals4 ,i admit t ! ex]cises ( ! gymnasium =m a?letic bodies2 b beauty is only develop$ by ! free & equal play ( ! limbs4 ,9 ! same way ! t5sion ( ! isolat$ spiritual =ces may make extraord9>y m52 b x is only ! well-temp]$ equilibrium ( ^! =ces t c produce happy & accompli%$ m54 ,& 9 :at relation %\ld we be plac$ ) pa/ & future ages if ! p]fect+ ( human nature made su* a sacrifice indisp5sable8 ,9 t case we %\ld h be5 ! slaves ( humanity1 we %\ld h consum$ our =ces 9 s]vile "w = x dur+ "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & we %\ld h /amp$ on our humiliat$1 mutilat$ nature ! %ameful br& ( ?is slav]y--all ?is 9 ord] t future g5]ations1 9 a happy leisure1 might consecrate !mselves to ! cure ( _! moral heal?1 & develop ! :ole ( human nature by _! free culture4 ,b c x be true t man has to neglect himself = any end :atev]8 ,c nature snat* f u1 = any end :atev]1 ! p]fection :i* is prescrib$ to u by ! aim ( reason8 ,x mu/ be false t ! p]fect+ ( p>ticul> faculties r5d]s ! sacrifice ( _! totality necess>y2 & ev5 if ! law ( nature _h imp]i\sly ?is t5d5cy1 we mu/ h ! p[] to re=m by a sup]ior art ?is totality ( our be+1 :i* art has de/roy$4 ,,lett] ,,vii4 ,c ?is effect ( h>mony be atta9$ by ! /ate8 ,t is n possible1 = ! /ate1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 has giv5 occasion to evil1 & ! /ate z conceiv$ 9 ! idea1 in/ead ( be+ able to e/abli% ?is m p]fect humanity1 ought to be bas$ ^u x4 ,?us ! rese>*es 9 :i* ,i h indulg$ w\ld h br\ght me back to ! same po9t f :i* !y _h call$ me (f = a "t4 ,! pres5t age1 f> f (f]+ u ?is =m ( humanity1 :i* we h ackn[l$g$ z a necess>y condition ( an improvem5t ( ! /ate1 %[s u r ! diametrically opposite =m4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pr9ciples ,i h laid d[n are correct1 & if exp]i5ce confirms ! picture ,i h trac$ ( ! pres5t "t1 x w\ld be necess>y to qualify z unseasonable e attempt to effect a simil> *ange 9 ! /ate1 & all hope z *im]ical t w\ld be bas$ on su* an attempt1 until ! division ( ! inn] man ceases1 & nature has be5 suffici5tly develop$ to become h]self ! in/rum5t ( ?is great *ange & secure ! reality ( ! political creation ( reason4 ,9 ! physical creation1 nature %[s u ! road t we h to foll[ 9 ! moral creation4 ,only :5 ! /ruggle ( elem5t>y =ces has ceas$ 9 inf]ior organizations1 nature rises to ! noble =m ( ! physical man4 ,9 l mann]1 ! conflict ( ! elem5ts ( ! moral man & t ( bl9d in/9cts mu/ h ceas$1 & a co>se antagonism 9 himself1 be=e ! attempt c be haz>d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! indep5d5ce ( man's "* mu/ be secur$1 & 8 submission to despotic =ms mu/ h giv5 place to a suitable lib]ty1 be=e ! v>iety 9 8 con/itution c be made subord9ate to ! unity ( ! ideal4 ,:5 ! man ( nature /ill makes su* an an>*ial abuse ( 8 w1 8 lib]ty ought h>dly to be disclos$ to him4 ,& :5 ! man fa%ion$ by culture makes s little use ( 8 fre$om1 8 free w ought n to be tak5 f him4 ,! concession ( lib]al pr9ciples becomes a treason to social ord] :5 x is associat$ ) a =ce /ill 9 f]m5tation1 & increases ! already exub]ant en]gy ( its nature4 ,aga91 ! law ( con=mity "u "o level becomes tyranny to ! individual :5 x is alli$ to a weakness already hold+ sway & to natural ob/acles1 & :5 x comes to ext+ui% ! la/ sp>k ( spontaneity & ( orig9ality4 ,! tone ( ! age mu/ !re=e rise f its pr(\nd moral degradation2 on ! "o h& x mu/ emancipate itself f ! bl9d s]vice ( nature1 & on ! o!r x mu/ rev]t to its simplicity1 its tru?1 & its fruitful sap2 a suffici5t task = m ?an a c5tury4 ,h[ev]1 ,i admit readily1 m ?an "o special ef=t may meet ) success1 b no improvem5t ( ! :ole w result f x1 & contradictions 9 action w be a cont9ual prote/ aga9/ ! unity ( maxims4 ,x w be q possible1 !n1 t 9 remote corn]s ( ! _w humanity may be honor$ 9 ! p]son ( ! negro1 :ile 9 ,europe x may be degrad$ 9 ! p]son ( ! ?9k]4 ,! old pr9ciples w rema91 b !y w adopt ! dress ( ! age1 & philosophy w l5d its "n to an oppression t 0 =m]ly au?oriz$ by ! *ur*4 ,9 "o place1 al>m$ at ! lib]ty :i* 9 its op5+ ef=ts always %[s itself an enemy1 x w ca/ itself into ! arms ( a conv5i5t s]vitude4 ,9 ano!r place1 r$uc$ to despair by a p$antic tutelage1 x w be driv5 into ! savage lic5se ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,usurpation w invoke ! weakness ( human nature1 & insurrection w invoke its dignity1 till at l5g? ! great sov]eign ( all human ?+s1 bl9d =ce1 %all come 9 & decide1 l a vulg> pugili/1 ?is pret5d$ conte/ ( pr9ciples4 ,,lett] ,,viii4 ,mu/ philosophy !re=e retire f ?is field1 disappo9t$ 9 its hopes8 ,:il/ 9 all o!r directions ! dom9ion ( =ms is ext5d$1 mu/ ?is ! mo/ preci\s ( all gifts be ab&on$ to a =mless *ance8 ,mu/ ! conte/ ( bl9d =ces la/ et]nally 9 ! political _w1 & is social law nev] to triumph ov] a hat+ egotism8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,x is true t reason h]self w nev] attempt directly a /ruggle ) ?is brutal =ce :i* resi/s h] arms1 & %e w be z f> z ! son ( ,saturn 9 ! 8,iliad0 f desc5d+ into ! dismal field ( battle1 to fight !m 9 p]son4 ,b %e *ooses ! mo/ des]v+ among ! combatants1 clo!s him ) div9e arms z ,jupit] gave !m to 8 son-9-law1 & by h] triumph+ =ce %e f9ally decides ! victory4 ,reason has done all t %e c\ld 9 f9d+ ! law & promulgat+ x2 x is = ! en]gy ( ! w & ! ardor ( feel+ to c>ry x out4 ,to issue victori\sly f h] conte/ ) =ce1 tru? h]self mu/ fir/ become a =ce1 & turn "o ( ! in/9cts ( man into h] *ampion 9 ! empire ( ph5om5a4 ,= in/9cts are ! only motive =ces 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,if hi!rto tru? has s little manife/$ h] victori\s p[]1 ?is has n dep5d$ on ! und]/&+1 :i* c\ld n h unveil$ x1 b on ! he>t :i* rema9$ clos$ to x & on in/9ct :i* did n act ) x4 ,:5ce1 9 fact1 proce$s ?is g5]al sway ( prejudices2 ?is might ( ! und]/&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! light dissem9at$ by philosophy & exp]i5ce8 ,! age is enlight5$1 t is to say1 t k1 obta9$ & vulg>iz$1 suffices to set "r at lea/ our practical pr9ciples4 ,! _s ( free inquiry has dissipat$ ! errone\s op9ions :i* long b>r$ ! access to tru?1 & has und]m9$ ! gr\nd on :i* fanaticism & deception _h erect$ _! ?rone4 ,reason has purifi$ itself f ! illusions ( ! s5ses & f a m5daci\s sophi/ry1 & philosophy h]self raises h] voice & exhorts u to return to ! bosom ( nature1 to :i* %e _h fir/ made u unfai?ful4 ,:5ce !n is x t we rema9 /ill b>b>ians8 ,!re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! _s ( man--z x is n 9 ! objects !mselves--:i* prev5ts u f receiv+ ! tru?1 not)/&+ ! brilliant light %e diffuses1 & f accept+ h]1 :atev] may be h] /r5g? = produc+ conviction4 ,?is some?+ 0 p]ceiv$ & express$ by an anci5t sage 9 ?is v significant maxim3 sap]e aude4#a ,d>e to be wise6 ,a spirit$ c\rage is requir$ to triumph ov] ! imp$im5ts t ! indol5ce ( nature z well z ! c[>dice ( ! he>t oppose to our in/ruction4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ! anci5t ,my?os made ,m9]va issue fully arm$ f ! head ( ,jupit]1 = x is ) w>f>e t ?is in/ruction comm5ces4 ,f its v outset x has to su/a9 a h>d fight aga9/ ! s5ses1 :i* d n l to be r\s$ f _! easy slumb]4 ,! great] "p ( m5 are mu* too exhau/$ & en]vat$ by _! /ruggle ) want to be able to engage 9 a new & sev]e conte/ ) error4 ,satisfi$ if !y !mselves c escape f ! h>d labor ( ?\ght1 !y will+ly ab&on to o!rs ! gu>dian%ip ( _! ?\ghts4 ,& if x happ5s t nobl] necessities agitate _! s\l1 !y cl+ ) a gre$y fai? to ! =mula t ! /ate & ! *ur* hold 9 res]ve = su* cases4 ,if ^! unhappy m5 des]ve our compassion1 ^? o!rs des]ve our j contempt1 :o1 ?\gh set free f ^? necessities by m =tunate circum/ances1 yet will+ly b5d to _! yoke4 ,^! latt] p]sons pref] ?is twilight ( obscure ideas1 :]e ! feel+s h m int5sity1 & ! imag9ation c at w create conv5i5t *im]as1 to ! rays ( tru? :i* put to flight ! pleasant illusions ( _! dreams4 ,!y h f\nd$ ! :ole /ructure ( _! happ9ess on ^! v illusions1 :i* ought to be combat$ & dissipat$ by ! light ( k1 & !y w\ld ?9k !y 7 pay+ too de>ly = a tru? :i* beg9s by robb+ !m ( all t has value 9 _! sight4 ,x w\ld be necess>y t !y %\ld be already sages to love wisdom3 a tru? t 0 felt at once by him to :om philosophy owes its "n4#b ,x is !re=e n go+ f> en\gh to say t ! light ( ! und]/&+ only des]ves respect :5 x reacts on ! "*2 to a c]ta9 ext5t x is f ! "* t ?is light proce$s2 = ! road t t]m9ates 9 ! head mu/ pass ?r\gh ! he>t4 ,accord+ly1 ! mo/ press+ ne$ ( ! pres5t "t is to educate ! s5sibility1 because x is ! means1 n only to r5d] efficaci\s 9 practice ! improvem5t ( ideas1 b to call ?is improvem5t into exi/5ce4 ,,lett] ,,ix4 ,b p]haps !re is a vici\s circle 9 our previ\s reason+6 ,!oretical culture mu/ x seems br+ along ) x practical culture1 & yet ! latt] mu/ be ! condition ( ! =m]4 ,all improvem5t 9 ! political sph]e mu/ proce$ f ! ennobl+ ( ! "*4 ,b1 subject to ! influ5ce ( a social con/itution /ill b>b>\s1 h[ c "* become ennobl$8 ,x w\ld !n be necess>y to seek = ?is end an in/rum5t t ! /ate does n furni%1 & to op5 s\rces t w\ld h pres]v$ !mselves pure 9 ! mid/ ( political corruption4 ,i h n[ rea*$ ! po9t to :i* all ! consid]ations t5d$ t h engag$ me up to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is in/rum5t is ! art ( ! beautiful2 ^! s\rces are op5 to u 9 its immortal models4 ,art1 l sci5ce1 is emancipat$ f all t is positive1 & all t is humanly conv5tional2 bo? are completely indep5d5t ( ! arbitr>y w ( man4 ,! political legislator may place _! empire "u an int]dict1 b he _c reign !re4 ,he c proscribe ! fri5d ( tru?1 b tru? subsi/s2 he c degrade ! arti/1 b he _c *ange art4 ,no d\bt1 no?+ is m common ?an to see sci5ce & art b5d be=e ! _s ( ! age1 & creative ta/e receive its law f critical ta/e4 ,:5 ! "* becomes /iff & h>d5s itself1 we see sci5ce sev]ely keep+ h] limits1 & art subject to ! h>% re/ra9t ( rules2 :5 ! "* is relax$ & s(t5$1 sci5ce endeavors to please & art to rejoice4 ,= :ole ages philosoph]s z well z arti/s %[ !mselves occupi$ 9 lett+ d[n tru? & beauty to ! dep?s ( vulg> humanity4 ,!y !mselves are swall[$ up 9 x2 b1 ?anks to _! ess5tial vigor & inde/ructible life1 ! true & ! beautiful make a victori\s fight1 & issue triumphant f ! abyss4 ,no d\bt ! arti/ is ! *ild ( 8 "t1 b unhappy = him if he is its disciple or ev5 its favorite6 ,let a b5efic5t deity c>ry (f 9 good "t ! suckl+ f ! brea/ ( its "m1 let x n\ri% him on ! milk ( a bett] age1 & suff] him to gr[ up & arrive at virility "u ! di/ant sky ( ,greece4 ,:5 he has atta9$ manhood1 let him come back1 pres5t+ a face /range to 8 own age2 let him come1 n to delight x ) 8 app>ition1 b r to purify x1 t]rible z ! son ( ,agamemnon4 ,he w1 inde$1 receive 8 matt] f ! pres5t "t1 b he w borr[ ! =m f a nobl] "t & ev5 beyond all "t1 f ! ess5tial1 absolute1 immutable unity4 ,!re1 issu+ f ! pure e!r ( its heav5ly nature1 fl[s ! s\rce ( all beauty1 :i* 0 nev] ta9t$ by ! corruptions ( g5]ations or ( ages1 :i* roll along f> b5ea? x 9 d>k eddies4 ,its matt] may be di%onor$ z well z ennobl$ by fancy1 b ! ev]-*a/e =m escapes f ! caprices ( imag9ation4 ,! ,roman _h already b5t 8 knee = long ye>s to ! div9ity ( ! emp]ors1 & yet ! /atues ( ! gods /ood erect2 ! temples reta9$ _! sanctity = ! eye long aft] ! gods _h become a !me = mock]y1 & ! noble ar*itecture ( ! palaces t %ield$ ! infamies ( ,n]o & ( ,commodus 7 a prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,humanity has lo/ its dignity1 b art has sav$ x1 & pres]ves x 9 m>bles full ( mean+2 tru? cont9ues to live 9 illusion1 & ! copy w s]ve to re-e/abli% ! model4 ,if ! nobility ( art has surviv$ ! nobility ( nature1 x also goes be=e x l an inspir+ g5ius1 =m+ & awak5+ m9ds4 ,be=e tru? causes h] triumphant light to p5etrate into ! dep?s ( ! he>t1 poetry int]cepts h] rays1 & ! summits ( humanity %9e 9 a bright light1 :ile a d>k & humid night /ill hangs ov] ! valleys4 ,b h[ w ! arti/ avoid ! corruption ( 8 "t :i* encloses him on all h&s8 ,let him raise 8 eyes to 8 own dignity1 & to law2 let him n l[] !m to necessity & =tune4 ,equally exempt f a va9 activity :i* w\ld impr9t its trace on ! fugitive mom5t1 & f ! dreams ( an impati5t en?usiasm :i* applies ! measure ( ! absolute to ! paltry productions ( "t1 let ! arti/ ab&on ! real to ! und]/&+1 = t is its prop] field2 ,b let ! arti/ endeavor to give bir? to ! ideal by ! union ( ! possible & ( ! necess>y4 ,let him /amp illusion & tru? ) ! effigy ( ?is ideal2 let him apply x to ! play ( 8 imag9ation & 8 mo/ s]i\s actions1 9 %ort1 to all s5su\s & spiritual =ms2 !n let him quietly laun* 8 "w into inf9ite "t4 ,b ! m9ds set on fire by ?is ideal h n all receiv$ an equal %>e ( calm f ! creative g5ius--t great & pati5t temp] :i* is requir$ to impress ! ideal on ! dumb m>ble1 or to spread x ov] a page ( cold1 sob] lett]s1 & !n intru/ x to ! fai?ful h&s ( "t4 ,?is div9e in/9ct1 & creative =ce1 mu* too ard5t to foll[ ?is peaceful walk1 (t5 ?r[s itself imm$iately on ! pres5t1 on active life1 & /rives to trans=m ! %apeless matt] ( ! moral _w4 ,! mis=tune ( 8 bro!rs1 ( ! :ole species1 appeals l\dly to ! he>t ( ! man ( feel+2 _! abasem5t appeals /ill l\d]3 en?usiasm is inflam$1 & 9 s\ls end[$ ) en]gy ! burn+ desire aspires impati5tly to action & facts4 ,b has ?is innovator exam9$ himself to see if ^! disord]s ( ! moral _w w\nd 8 reason1 or if !y d n r w\nd 8 self-love8 ,if he does n det]m9e ?is po9t at once1 he w f9d x f ! impulsiv5ess ) :i* he pursues a prompt & def9ite end4 ,a pure1 moral motive has = its end ! absolute2 "t does n exi/ = x1 & ! future becomes ! pres5t to x directly2 by a necess>y developm5t1 x has to issue f ! pres5t4 ,to a reason hav+ no limits ! direction t[>ds an end becomes conf\nd$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end1 & to ent] on a c\rse is to h f9i%$ x4 ,if1 !n1 a "y fri5d ( ! true & ( ! beautiful 7 to ask me h[1 not)/&+ ! resi/ance ( ! times1 he c satisfy ! noble long+ ( 8 he>t1 ,i %\ld reply3 ,direct ! _w on :i* y act t[>ds t :i* is good1 & ! measur$ & peaceful c\rse ( "t w br+ ab\t ! results4 ,y h giv5 x ?is direction if by y\r tea*+ y raise its ?\ghts t[>ds ! necess>y & ! et]nal2 if1 by y\r acts or y\r creations1 y make ! necess>y & ! et]nal ! object ( y\r lean+s4 ,! /ructure ( error & ( all t is arbitr>y mu/ fall1 & x has already fall51 z soon z y are sure t x is tott]+4 ,b x is important t x %\ld n only tott] 9 ! ext]nal b also 9 ! int]nal man4 ,*]i% triumphant tru? 9 ! mode/ sanctu>y ( our he>t2 give x an inc>nate =m ?r\gh beauty1 t x may n only be 9 ! und]/&+ t does homage to x1 b t feel+ may lov+ly grasp its appe>ance4 ,& t y may n by any *ance take f ext]nal reality ! model :i* y y\rself ought to furni%1 d n v5ture into its dang]\s society be=e y are assur$ 9 y\r own he>t t y h a good escort furni%$ by ideal nature4 ,live ) y\r age1 b be n its creation2 labor = y\r contempor>ies1 b d = !m :at !y ne$1 & n :at !y praise4 ,)\t hav+ %>$ _! faults1 %>e _! puni%m5t ) a noble resignation1 & b5d "u ! yoke :i* !y f9d x z pa9ful to disp5se ) z to be>4 ,by ! con/ancy ) :i* y w despise _! good =tune1 y w prove to !m t x is n ?r\gh c[>dice t y submit to _! suff]+s4 ,see !m 9 ?\ght su* z !y ought to be :5 y mu/ act ^u !m2 b see !m z !y are :5 y are tempt$ to act = !m4 ,seek to owe _! suffrage to _! dignity2 b to make !m happy keep an acc\nt ( _! unwor?9ess3 ?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! nobl5ess ( y\r he>t w k9dle !irs1 &1 on ! o!r1 y\r end w n be r$uc$ to no?+ness by _! unwor?9ess4 ,! gravity ( y\r pr9ciples w keep !m (f f y1 b 9 play !y w /ill endure !m4 ,_! ta/e is pur] ?an _! he>t1 & x is by _! ta/e y mu/ lay hold ( ?is suspici\s fugitive4 ,9 va9 w y combat _! maxims1 9 va9 w y condemn _! actions2 b y c try y\r m\ld+ h& on _! leisure4 ,drive away caprice1 frivolity1 & co>s5ess f _! pleasures1 & y w bani% !m imp]ceptibly f _! acts1 & at l5g? f _! feel+s4 ,ev]y:]e t y meet !m1 surr\nd !m ) great1 noble1 & +5i\s =ms2 multiply ar\nd !m ! symbols ( p]fection1 till appe>ance triumphs ov] reality1 & art ov] nature4 ,,lett] ,x4 ,conv9c$ by my prec$+ lett]s1 y agree ) me on ?is po9t1 t man c dep>t f 8 de/9ation by two opposite roads1 t our epo* is actually mov+ on ^! two false roads1 & t x has become ! prey1 9 "o case1 ( co>s5ess1 & else:]e ( exhau/ion & depravity4 ,x is ! beautiful t mu/ br+ x back f ?is tw(old dep>ture4 ,b h[ c ! cultivation ( ! f9e arts rem$y1 at ! same "t1 ^! opposite defects1 & unite 9 itself two contradictory qualities8 ,c x b9d nature 9 ! savage1 & set x free 9 ! b>b>ian8 ,c x at once tight5 a spr+ & loose x2 & if x _c produce ?is d\ble effect1 h[ w x be reasonable to expect f x s important a result z ! education ( man8 ,x may be urg$ t x is almo/ a prov]bial adage t ! feel+ develop$ by ! beautiful ref9es mann]s1 & any new pro( (f]$ on ! subject w\ld appe> sup]flu\s4 ,m5 base ?is maxim on daily exp]i5ce1 :i* %[s u almo/ always cle>ness ( intellect1 delicacy ( feel+1 lib]ality & ev5 dignity ( conduct1 associat$ ) a cultivat$ ta/e1 :ile an uncultivat$ ta/e is almo/ always accompani$ by ! opposite qualities4 ,) consid]able assurance1 ! mo/ civiliz$ nation ( antiquity is cit$ z an evid5ce ( ?is1 ! ,greeks1 among :om ! p]ception ( ! beautiful atta9$ its highe/ developm5t1 &1 z a contra/1 x is usual to po9t to nations 9 a p>tial savage /ate1 & p>tly b>b>\s1 :o expiate _! ins5sibility to ! beautiful by a co>se1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a h>d1 au/]e "*4 ,nev]!less1 "s ?9k]s are tempt$ occasionally to d5y ei!r ! fact itself or to dispute ! legitimacy ( ! consequ5ces t are d]iv$ f x4 ,!y d n ent]ta9 s unfavorable an op9ion ( t savage co>s5ess :i* is made a reproa* 9 ! case ( c]ta9 nations2 nor d !y =m s advantage\s an op9ion ( ! ref9em5t s highly laud$ 9 ! case ( cultivat$ nations4 ,ev5 z f> back z 9 antiquity !re 7 m5 :o by no means reg>d$ ! culture ( ! lib]al arts z a b5efit1 & :o 7 consequ5tly l$ to =bid ! entrance ( _! republic to imag9ation4 ,i d n speak ( ^? :o calumniate art because !y h nev] be5 favor$ by x4 ,^! p]sons only appreciate a possession by ! tr\ble x takes to acquire x1 & by ! pr(it x br+s3 & h[ c\ld !y prop]ly appreciate ! sil5t labor ( ta/e 9 ! ext]ior & int]ior man8 ,h[ evid5t x is t ! accid5tal disadvantages att5d+ lib]al culture w\ld make !m lose sight ( its ess5tial advantages8 ,! man defici5t 9 =m despises ! grace ( diction z a means ( corruption1 c\rtesy 9 ! social relations z dissimulation1 delicacy & g5]osity 9 conduct z an affect$ exagg]ation4 ,he _c =give ! favorite ( ! ,graces = hav+ enliv5$ all assemblies z a man ( ! _w1 ( hav+ direct$ all m5 to 8 views l a /atesman1 & ( giv+ 8 impress to ! :ole c5tury z a writ]3 :ile he1 ! victim ( labor1 c only obta9 ) all 8 le>n+1 ! lea/ att5tion or ov]come ! lea/ difficulty4 ,z he _c le>n f 8 =tunate rival ! secret ( pleas+1 ! only c\rse op5 to him is to deplore ! corruption ( human nature1 :i* adores r ! appe>ance ?an ! reality4 ,b !re are also op9ions des]v+ respect1 t pron\nce !mselves adv]se to ! effects ( ! beautiful1 & f9d =midable arms 9 exp]i5ce1 ) :i* to wage w> aga9/ x4 8,we are free to admit0--su* is _! language--8t ! *>ms ( ! beautiful c fur!r honorable ends 9 pure h&s2 b x is n repugnant to its nature to produce1 9 impure h&s1 a directly contr>y effect1 & to employ 9 ! s]vice ( inju/ice & error ! p[] t ?r[s ! s\l ( man into *a9s4 ,x is exactly because ta/e only att5ds to ! =m & nev] to ! sub/ance2 x ends by plac+ ! s\l on ! dang]\s incl9e1 lead+ x to neglect all reality & to sacrifice tru? & morality to an attractive envelope4 ,all ! real diff]5ce ( ?+s vani%es1 & x is only ! appe>ance t det]m9es ! value6 ,h[ _m m5 ( tal5t0--?us ^! argu]s proce$--8h be5 turn$ aside f all ef=t by ! s$uctive p[] ( ! beautiful1 or h be5 l$ away f all s]i\s ex]cise ( _! activity1 or h be5 induc$ to use x v feebly8 ,h[ _m weak m9ds h be5 impell$ to qu>rel ) ! organizations ( society1 simply because x has pleas$ ! imag9ation ( poets to pres5t ! image ( a _w con/itut$ diff]5tly1 :]e no propriety *a9s d[n op9ion & no artifice holds nature 9 ?raldom8 ,:at a dang]\s logic ( ! passions !y h le>n$ s9ce ! poets h pa9t$ !m 9 _! pictures 9 ! mo/ brilliant colors1 & s9ce1 9 ! conte/ ) law & duty1 !y h commonly rema9$ ma/]s ( ! battle-field4 ,:at has society ga9$ by ! relations ( society1 =m]ly "u ! sway ( tru?1 be+ n[ subject to ! laws ( ! beautiful1 or by ! ext]nal impression decid+ ! e/imation 9 :i* m]it is to be held8 ,we admit t all virtues ^: appe>ance produces an agreeable effect are n[ se5 to fl\ri%1 & ^? :i*1 9 society1 give a value to ! man :o possesses !m4 ,b1 z a comp5sation1 all k9ds ( excesses are se5 to prevail1 & all vices are 9 vogue t c be reconcil$ ) a graceful ext]ior40 ,x is c]ta9ly a matt] entitl$ to reflection t1 at almo/ all ! p]iods ( hi/ory :5 art fl\ri%$ & ta/e held sway1 humanity is f\nd 9 a /ate ( decl9e2 nor c a s+le in/ance be cit$ ( ! union ( a l>ge diffusion ( /hetic culture ) political lib]ty & social virtue1 ( f9e mann]s associat$ ) good morals1 & ( polit5ess frat]niz+ ) tru? & loyalty ( "* & life4 ,z long z ,a!ns & ,sp>ta pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce1 & z long z _! in/itutions 7 bas$ on respect = ! laws1 ta/e did n rea* its maturity1 art rema9$ 9 its infancy1 & beauty 0 f> f ex]cis+ h] empire ov] m9ds4 ,no d\bt1 poetry _h already tak5 a sublime flight1 b x 0 on ! w+s ( g5ius1 & we "k t g5ius bord]s v closely on savage co>s5ess1 t x is a light :i* %9es readily 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness1 & :i* !re=e (t5 argues aga9/ r ?an 9 favor ( ! ta/e ( "t4 ,:5 ! gold5 age ( art appe>s "u ,p]icles & ,alex&]1 & ! sway ( ta/e becomes m g5]al1 /r5g? & lib]ty h ab&on$ ,greece2 eloqu5ce corrupts ! tru?1 wisdom (f5ds x on ! lips ( ,socrates1 & virtue 9 ! life ( ,phocion4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,romans _h to exhau/ _! en]gies 9 civil w>s1 &1 corrupt$ by ,ori5tal luxury1 to b[ _! heads "u ! yoke ( a =tunate despot1 be=e ,grecian art triumph$ ov] ! /iffness ( _! "*4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! ,arabs3 civilization only dawn$ ^u !m :5 ! vigor ( _! milit>y _s became s(t5$ "u ! sceptre ( ! ,abbassides4 ,art did n appe> 9 mod]n ,italy till ! glori\s ,lomb>d ,league 0 dissolv$1 ,flor5ce submitt+ to ! ,m$ici2 & all ^? brave cities gave up ! _s ( indep5d5ce = an +lori\s resignation4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to call to m9d ! example ( mod]n nations1 ) :om ref9em5t has increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! decl9e ( _! lib]ties4 ,:]ev] we direct our eyes 9 pa/ times1 we see ta/e & fre$om mutually avoid+ ea* o!r4 ,ev]y:]e we see t ! beautiful only f\nds its sway on ! ru9s ( h]oic virtues4 ,& yet ?is /r5g? ( "*1 :i* is commonly sacrific$ to e/abli% /hetic culture1 is ! mo/ p[]ful spr+ ( all t is great & excell5t 9 man1 & no o!r advantage1 h[ev] great1 c make up = x4 ,accord+ly1 if we only keep to ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 z to ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful1 we _c c]ta9ly be mu* enc\rag$ 9 develop+ feel+s s dang]\s to ! real culture ( man4 ,at ! risk ( be+ h>d & co>se1 x w seem pref]able to disp5se ) ?is dissolv+ =ce ( ! beautiful r ?an see human nature a prey to its en]vat+ influ5ce1 not)/&+ all its ref9+ advantages4 ,h[ev]1 exp]i5ce is p]haps n ! prop] tribunal at :i* to decide su* a "q2 be=e giv+ s mu* weight to its te/imony1 x w\ld be well to inquire if ! beauty we h be5 discuss+ is ! p[] t is condemn$ by ! previ\s examples4 ,& ! beauty we are discuss+ seems to assume an idea ( ! beautiful d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f exp]i5ce1 = x is ?is high] notion ( ! beautiful :i* has to decide if :at is call$ beauty by exp]i5ce is entitl$ to ! "n4 ,?is pure & rational idea ( ! beautiful--suppos+ x c be plac$ 9 evid5ce--_c be tak5 f any real & special case1 & mu/1 on ! contr>y1 direct & give sanction to our judgm5t 9 ea* special case4 ,x mu/ !re=e be s\ght = by a process ( ab/raction1 & x ought to be d$uc$ f ! simple possibility ( a nature bo? s5su\s & rational2 9 %ort1 beauty ought to pres5t itself z a necess>y condition ( humanity4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t we %\ld rise to ! pure idea ( humanity1 & z exp]i5ce %[s u no?+ b individuals1 9 p>ticul> cases1 & nev] humanity at l>ge1 we mu/ endeavor to f9d 9 _! individual & v>iable mode ( be+ ! absolute & ! p]man5t1 & to grasp ! necess>y conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 suppress+ all accid5tal limits4 ,no d\bt ?is transc5d5tal proc$ure w remove u = "s "t f ! famili> circle ( ph5om5a1 & ! liv+ pres5ce ( objects1 to keep u on ! unproductive gr\nd ( ab/ract idea2 b we are engag$ 9 ! se>* aft] a pr9ciple ( k solid en\gh n to be %ak5 by any?+1 & ! man :o does n d>e to rise above reality w nev] conqu] ?is tru?4 ,,lett] ,,xi4 ,if ab/raction rises to z great an elevation z possible1 x arrives at two prim>y ideas1 be=e :i* x is oblig$ to /op & to recognize its limits4 ,x di/+ui%es 9 man some?+ t cont9ues1 & some?+ t *anges incessantly4 ,t :i* cont9ues x names 8 p]son2 t :i* *anges 8 position1 8 condition4 ,! p]son & ! condition1 ,i & my det]m9ations1 :i* we repres5t z "o & ! same ?+ 9 ! necess>y be+1 are et]nally di/9ct 9 ! f9ite be+4 ,not)/&+ all cont9uance 9 ! p]son1 ! condition *anges2 9 spite ( all *ange ( condition ! p]son rema9s4 ,we pass f re/ to activity1 f emotion to indiff]5ce1 f ass5t to contradiction1 b we are always we ourselves1 & :at imm$iately spr+s f ourselves rema9s4 ,x is only 9 ! absolute subject t all 8 det]m9ations cont9ue ) 8 p]sonality4 ,all t ,div9ity is1 x is because x is s2 consequ5tly x is et]nally :at x is1 because x is et]nal4 ,z ! p]son & ! condition are di/9ct 9 man1 because he is a f9ite be+1 ! condition _c be f\nd$ on ! p]son1 nor ! p]son on ! condition4 ,admitt+ ! second case1 ! p]son w\ld h to *ange2 & 9 ! =m] case1 ! condition w\ld h to cont9ue4 ,?us 9 ei!r supposition1 ei!r ! p]sonality or ! quality ( a f9ite be+ w\ld necess>ily cease4 ,x is n because we ?9k1 feel1 & w t we are2 x is n because we are t we ?9k1 feel1 & w4 ,we are because we are4 ,we feel1 ?9k1 & w because !re is out ( u some?+ t is n ourselves4 ,consequ5tly ! p]son mu/ h its pr9ciple ( exi/5ce 9 itself1 because ! p]man5t _c be d]iv$ f ! *angeable1 & ?us we %\ld be at once 9 possession ( ! idea ( ! absolute be+1 f\nd$ on itself2 t is to say1 ( ! idea ( fre$om4 ,! condition mu/ h a f\ndation1 & z x is n ?r\gh ! p]son1 & is n !re=e absolute1 x mu/ be a sequ5ce & a result2 & ?us1 9 ! second place1 we %\ld h arriv$ at ! condition ( e indep5d5t be+1 ( ev]y?+ 9 ! process ( becom+ some?+ else3 t is1 ( ! idea ( "t4 8,"t is ! necess>y condition ( all processes1 ( becom+ 7,w]d5720 ?is is an id5tical proposition1 = x says no?+ b ?is3 8,t some?+ may foll[1 !re mu/ be a succession40 ,! p]son :i* manife/$ itself 9 ! et]nally cont9u+ ,ego1 or ,i myself1 & only 9 him1 _c become some?+ or beg9 9 "t1 because x is mu* r "t t mu/ beg9 ) him1 because ! p]man5t mu/ s]ve z basis to ! *angeable4 ,t *ange may take place1 some?+ mu/ *ange2 ?is some?+ _c !re=e be ! *ange itself4 ,:5 we say ! fl[] op5s & fades1 we make ( ?is fl[] a p]man5t be+ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is trans=mation2 we l5d x1 9 "s sort1 a p]sonality1 9 :i* ^! two conditions are manife/$4 ,x _c be object$ t man is born1 & becomes some?+2 = man is n only a p]son simply1 b he is a p]son f9d+ himself 9 a det]m9ate condition4 ,n[ our det]m9ate /ate ( condition spr+s up 9 "t1 & x is ?us t man1 z a ph5om5on or appe>ance1 mu/ h a beg9n+1 ?\gh 9 him pure intellig5ce is et]nal4 ,)\t "t1 t is1 )\t a becom+1 he w\ld n be a det]m9ate be+2 8 p]sonality w\ld exi/ virtually no d\bt1 b n 9 action4 ,x is n by ! succession ( its p]ceptions t ! immutable ,ego or p]son manife/s himself to himself4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! matt] ( activity1 or reality1 t ! supreme intellig5ce draws f its own be+1 mu/ be receiv$ by man2 & he does1 9 fact1 receive x1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p]ception1 z some?+ :i* is outside him 9 space1 & :i* *anges 9 him 9 "t4 ,?is matt] :i* *anges 9 him is always accompani$ by ! ,ego1 ! p]sonality1 t nev] *anges2 & ! rule prescrib$ = man by 8 rational nature is to rema9 immutably himself 9 ! mid/ ( *ange1 to ref] all p]ceptions to exp]i5ce1 t is1 to ! unity ( k1 & to make ( ea* ( its manife/ations ( its modes 9 "t ! law ( all "t4 ,! matt] only exi/s 9 z f> z x *anges3 he1 8 p]sonality1 only exi/s 9 z f> z he does n *ange4 ,consequ5tly1 repres5t$ 9 8 p]fection1 man w\ld be ! p]man5t unity1 :i* rema9s always ! same1 among ! waves ( *ange4 ,n[1 al?\gh an inf9ite be+1 a div9ity c\ld n become 7or be subject to "t71 /ill a t5d5cy ought to be nam$ div9e :i* has = its inf9ite end ! mo/ *>act]i/ic attribute ( ! div9ity2 ! absolute manife/ation ( p[]--! reality ( all ! possible--& ! absolute unity ( ! manife/ation 7! necessity ( all reality74 ,x _c be disput$ t man be>s )9 himself1 9 8 p]sonality1 a pr$isposition = div9ity4 ,! way to div9ity--if ! ^w 8way0 c be appli$ to :at nev] leads to its end--is op5 to him 9 e direction4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 & indep5d5tly ( all s5su\s matt]1 8 p]sonality is no?+ b ! pure virtuality ( a possible inf9ite manife/ation2 & s long z !re is nei!r intuition nor feel+1 x is no?+ m ?an a =m1 an empty p[]4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 & indep5d5tly ( all spontane\s activity ( ! m9d1 s5su\sness c only make a mat]ial man2 )\t x1 x is a pure =m2 b x _c 9 any way e/abli% a union betwe5 matt] & x4 ,s long z he only feels1 wi%es1 & acts "u ! influ5ce ( desire1 he is no?+ m ?an ! _w1 if by ?is ^w we po9t out only ! =mless cont5ts ( "t4 ,)\t d\bt1 x is only 8 s5su\sness t makes 8 /r5g? pass into efficaci\s acts1 b x is 8 p]sonality alone t makes ?is activity 8 own4 ,?us1 t he may n only be a _w1 he mu/ give =m to matt]1 & 9 ord] n to be a m]e =m1 he mu/ give reality to ! virtuality t he be>s 9 him4 ,he gives matt] to =m by creat+ "t1 & by oppos+ ! immutable to *ange1 ! div]sity ( ! _w to ! et]nal unity ( ! ,ego4 ,he gives a =m to matt] by aga9 suppress+ "t1 by ma9ta9+ p]man5ce 9 *ange1 & by plac+ ! div]sity ( ! _w "u ! unity ( ! ,ego4 ,n[ f ?is s\rce issue = man two opposite exig5cies1 ! two fundam5tal laws ( s5su\s-rational nature4 ,! fir/ has = its object absolute reality2 x mu/ make a _w ( :at is only =m1 manife/ all t 9 x is only a =ce4 ,! second law has = its object absolute =mality2 x mu/ de/roy 9 him all t is only _w1 & c>ry out h>mony 9 all *anges4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 he mu/ manife/ all t is int]nal1 & give =m to all t is ext]nal4 ,consid]$ 9 its mo/ l(ty accompli%m5t1 ?is tw(old labor br+s back to ! idea ( humanity1 :i* 0 my />t+-po9t4 ,,lett] ,,xii4 ,?is tw(old labor or task1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ! necess>y pass into reality 9 u & 9 mak+ out ( u reality subject to ! law ( necessity1 is urg$ ^u u z a duty by two oppos+ =ces1 :i* are ju/ly /yl$ impulsions or in/9cts1 because !y impel u to realize _! object4 ,! fir/ ( ^! impulsions1 :i* ,i %all call ! s5su\s in/9ct1 issues f ! physical exi/5ce ( man1 or f s5su\s nature2 & x is ?is in/9ct :i* t5ds to enclose him 9 ! limits ( "t1 & to make ( him a mat]ial be+2 ,i d n say to give him matt]1 = to d t a c]ta9 free activity ( ! p]sonality w\ld be necess>y1 :i*1 receiv+ matt]1 di/+ui%es x f ! ,ego1 or :at is p]man5t4 ,by matt] ,i only und]/& 9 ?is place ! *ange or reality t fills "t4 ,consequ5tly ! in/9ct requires t !re %\ld be *ange1 & t "t %\ld conta9 some?+4 ,?is simply fill$ /ate ( "t is nam$ s5sation1 & x is only 9 ?is /ate t physical exi/5ce manife/s itself4 ,z all t is 9 "t is successive1 x foll[s by t fact alone t some?+ is3 all ! rema9d] is exclud$4 ,:5 "o note on an in/rum5t is t\*$1 among all ^? t x virtually (f]s1 ?is note alone is real4 ,:5 man is actually modifi$1 ! inf9ite possibility ( all 8 modifications is limit$ to ?is s+le mode ( exi/5ce4 ,?us1 !n1 ! exclusive action ( s5su\s impulsion has = its necess>y consequ5ce ! n>r[e/ limitation4 ,9 ?is /ate man is only a unity ( magnitude1 a complete mom5t 9 "t2 or1 to speak m correctly1 he is n1 = 8 p]sonality is suppress$ z long z s5sation holds sway ov] him & c>ries "t along ) x4 ,?is in/9ct ext5ds its doma9s ov] ! entire sph]e ( ! f9ite 9 man1 & z =m is only reveal$ 9 matt]1 & ! absolute by means ( its limits1 ! total manife/ation ( human nature is connect$ on a close analysis ) ! s5su\s in/9ct4 ,b ?\gh x is only ?is in/9ct t awak5s & develops :at exi/s virtually 9 man1 x is nev]!less ?is v in/9ct :i* r5d]s 8 p]fection impossible4 ,x b9ds d[n to ! _w ( s5se by inde/ructible ties ! _s t t5ds high]1 & x calls back to ! limits ( ! pres5t1 ab/raction :i* _h its free developm5t 9 ! sph]e ( ! inf9ite4 ,no d\bt1 ?\ght c escape x = a mom5t1 & a firm w victori\sly resi/ its exig5cies3 b soon compress$ nature resumes h] rights to give an imp]i\s reality to our exi/5ce1 to give x cont5ts1 sub/ance1 k1 & an aim = our activity4 ,! second impulsion1 :i* may be nam$ ! =mal in/9ct1 issues f ! absolute exi/5ce ( man1 or f 8 rational nature1 & t5ds to set free1 & br+ h>mony into ! div]sity ( its manife/ations1 & to ma9ta9 p]sonality not)/&+ all ! *anges ( /ate4 ,z ?is p]sonality1 be+ an absolute & indivisible unity1 c nev] be 9 contradiction ) itself1 z we are ourselves =ev]1 ?is impulsion1 :i* t5ds to ma9ta9 p]sonality1 c nev] exact 9 "o "t any?+ b :at x exacts & requires =ev]4 ,x !re=e decides = always :at x decides n[1 & ord]s n[ :at x ord]s =ev]4 ,h5ce x embraces ! :ole s]ies ( times1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 x suppresses "t & *ange4 ,x wi%es ! real to be necess>y & et]nal1 & x wi%es ! et]nal & ! necess>y to be real2 9 o!r t]ms1 x t5ds to tru? & ju/ice4 ,if ! s5su\s in/9ct only produces accid5ts1 ! =mal in/9ct gives laws1 laws = e judgm5t :5 x is a "q ( k1 laws = e w :5 x is a "q ( action4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we recognize an object or conceive an objective value to a /ate ( ! subject1 :e!r we act 9 virtue ( k or make ( ! objective ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( our /ate2 9 bo? cases we )draw ?is /ate f ! jurisdiction ( "t1 & we attribute to x reality = all m5 & = all "t1 t is1 univ]sality & necessity4 ,feel+ c only say3 8,t is true = ?is subject & at ?is mom5t10 & !re may come ano!r mom5t1 ano!r subject1 :i* )draws ! affirmation f ! actual feel+4 ,b :5 once ?\ght pron\nces & says3 8,t is10 x decides =ev] & ev]1 & ! validity ( its decision is gu>ante$ by ! p]sonality itself1 :i* defies all *ange4 ,incl9ation c only say3 8,t is good = y\r individuality & pres5t necessity02 b ! *ang+ curr5t ( affairs w sweep !m away1 & :at y ard5tly desire to-day w =m ! object ( y\r av]sion to-morr[4 ,b :5 ! moral feel+ says3 8,t ought to be10 x decides =ev]4 ,if y confess ! tru? because x is ! tru?1 & if y practise ju/ice because x is ju/ice1 y h made ( a p>ticul> case ! law ( all possible cases1 & treat$ "o mom5t ( y\r life z et]nity4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! =mal impulse holds sway & ! pure object acts 9 u1 ! be+ atta9s its highe/ expansion1 all b>ri]s disappe>1 & f ! unity ( magnitude 9 :i* man 0 enclos$ by a n>r[ s5su\sness1 he rises to ! unity ( idea1 :i* embraces & keeps subject ! entire sph]e ( ph5om5a4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation we are no long] 9 "t1 b "t is 9 u ) its inf9ite succession4 ,we are no long] individuals b a species2 ! judgm5t ( all spirits is express$ by our own1 & ! *oice ( all he>ts is repres5t$ by our own act4 ,,lett] ,,xiii4 ,on a fir/ survey1 no?+ appe>s m oppos$ ?an ^! two impulsions2 "o hav+ = its object *ange1 ! o!r immutability1 & yet x is ^! two notions t exhau/ ! notion ( humanity1 & a ?ird fundam5tal impulsion1 hold+ a m$ium betwe5 !m1 is q inconceivable4 ,h[ !n %all we re-e/abli% ! unity ( human nature1 a unity t appe>s completely de/roy$ by ?is primitive & radical opposition8 ,i admit ^! two t5d5cies are contradictory1 b x %\ld be notic$ t !y are n s 9 ! same objects4 ,b ?+s t d n meet _c come into collision4 ,no d\bt ! s5su\s impulsion desires *ange2 b x does n wi% t x %\ld ext5d to p]sonality & its field1 nor t !re %\ld be a *ange ( pr9ciples4 ,! =mal impulsion seeks unity & p]man5ce1 b x does n wi% ! condition to rema9 fix$ ) ! p]son1 t !re %\ld be id5tity ( feel+4 ,!re=e ^! two impulsions are n divid$ by nature1 & if1 nev]!less1 !y appe> s1 x is because !y h become divid$ by transgress+ nature freely1 by ignor+ !mselves1 & by conf\nd+ _! sph]es4 ,! (fice ( culture is to wat* ov] !m & to secure to ea* "o its prop] limits2 !re=e culture has to give equal ju/ice to bo?1 & to def5d n only ! rational impulsion aga9/ ! s5su\s1 b also ! latt] aga9/ ! =m]4 ,h5ce %e has to act a tw(old "p3 fir/1 to protect s5se aga9/ ! attacks ( fre$om2 secondly1 to secure p]sonality aga9/ ! p[] ( s5sations4 ,"o ( ^! ends is atta9$ by ! cultivation ( ! s5su\s1 ! o!r by t ( reason4 ,s9ce ! _w is develop$ 9 "t1 or *ange1 ! p]fection ( ! faculty t places m5 9 relation ) ! _w w necess>ily be ! greate/ possible mutability & ext5siv5ess4 ,s9ce p]sonality is p]man5ce 9 *ange1 ! p]fection ( ?is faculty1 :i* mu/ be oppos$ to *ange1 w be ! greate/ possible fre$om ( action 7autonomy7 & int5sity4 ,! m ! receptivity is develop$ "u manifold aspects1 ! m x is movable & ott]s surfaces to ph5om5a1 ! l>g] is ! "p ( ! _w seiz$ ^u by man1 & ! m virtualities he develops 9 himself4 ,aga91 9 proportion z man ga9s /r5g? & dep?1 & dep? & reason ga9 9 fre$om1 9 t proportion man takes 9 a l>g] %>e ( ! _w1 & ?r[s out =ms outside himself4 ,!re=e 8 culture w consi/1 fir/1 9 plac+ 8 receptivity 9 contact ) ! _w 9 ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts possible1 & 9 rais+ passivity1 to ! highe/ expon5t on ! side ( feel+2 secondly1 9 procur+ = ! det]m9+ faculty ! greate/ possible am\nt ( indep5d5ce1 9 relation to ! receptive p[]1 & 9 rais+ activity to ! highe/ degree on ! side ( reason4 ,by ! union ( ^! two qualities man w associate ! highe/ degree ( self-spontaneity 7autonomy7 & ( fre$om ) ! fulle/ pl5itude ( exi/5ce1 & in/ead ( ab&on+ himself to ! _w s z to get lo/ 9 x1 he w r absorb x 9 himself1 ) all ! inf9itude ( its ph5om5a1 & subject x to ! unity ( 8 reason4 ,b man c inv]t ?is relation1 & ?us fail 9 atta9+ 8 de/9ation 9 two ways4 ,he c h& ov] to ! passive =ce ! int5sity dem&$ by ! active =ce2 he c encroa* by mat]ial impulsion on ! =mal impulsion1 & conv]t ! receptive into ! det]m9+ p[]4 ,he c attribute to ! active =ce ! ext5siv5ess belong+ to ! passive =ce1 he c encroa* by ! =mal impulsion on ! mat]ial impulsion1 & sub/itute ! det]m9+ = ! receptive p[]4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he w nev] be an ,ego1 a p]sonality2 9 ! second case1 he w nev] be a ,non-,ego1 & h5ce 9 bo? cases he w be nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 consequ5tly he w be no?+4 ,9 fact1 if ! s5su\s impulsion becomes det]m9+1 if ! s5ses become lawgiv]s1 & if ! _w /ifles p]sonality1 he loses z object :at he ga9s 9 =ce4 ,x may be said ( man t :5 he is only ! cont5ts ( "t1 he is n & consequ5tly he has no o!r cont5ts4 ,8 condition is de/roy$ at ! same "t z 8 p]sonality1 because ^! are two correlative ideas1 because *ange presupposes p]man5ce1 & a limit$ reality implies an inf9ite reality4 ,if ! =mal impulsion becomes receptive1 t is1 if ?\ght anticipates s5sation1 & ! p]son sub/itutes itself 9 ! place ( ! _w1 x loses z a subject & autonom\s =ce :at x ga9s z object1 because immutability implies *ange1 & t to manife/ itself also absolute reality requires limits4 ,z soon z man is only =m1 he has no =m1 & ! p]sonality vani%es ) ! condition4 ,9 a ^w1 x is only inasmu* z he is spontane\s1 autonom\s1 t !re is reality out ( him1 t he is also receptive2 & x is only inasmu* z he is receptive t !re is reality 9 him1 t he is a ?9k+ =ce4 ,consequ5tly ^! two impulsions require limits1 & look$ ^u z =ces1 !y ne$ temp]+2 ! =m] t x may n encroa* on ! field ( legislation1 ! latt] t x may n invade ! gr\nd ( feel+4 ,b ?is temp]+ & mod]at+ ! s5su\s impulsion ought n to be ! effect ( physical impot5ce or ( a blunt+ ( s5sations1 :i* is always a matt] = contempt4 ,x mu/ be a free act1 an activity ( ! p]son1 :i* by its moral int5sity mod]ates ! s5su\s int5sity1 & by ! sway ( impressions takes f !m 9 dep? :at x gives !m 9 surface or bread?4 ,! "* mu/ place limits to temp]am5t1 = ! s5ses h only ! "r to lose elem5ts if x be to ! advantage ( ! m9d4 ,9 its turn1 ! temp]+ ( ! =mal impulsion mu/ n result f moral impot5ce1 f a relaxation ( ?\ght & w1 :i* w\ld degrade humanity4 ,x is necess>y t ! glori\s s\rce ( ?is second temp]+ %\ld be ! fulness ( s5sations2 x is necess>y t s5su\sness itself %\ld def5d its field ) a victori\s arm & resi/ ! viol5ce t ! invad+ activity ( ! m9d w\ld d to x4 ,9 a ^w1 x is necess>y t ! mat]ial impulsion %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! limits ( propriety by p]sonality1 & ! =mal impulsion by receptivity or nature4 ,,lett] ,,xiv4 ,we h be5 br\ght to ! idea ( su* a correlation betwe5 ! two impulsions t ! action ( ! "o e/abli%es & limits at ! same "t ! action ( ! o!r1 & t ea* ( !m1 tak5 9 isolation1 does arrive at its highe/ manife/ation j because ! o!r is active4 ,no d\bt ?is correlation ( ! two impulsions is simply a problem advanc$ by reason1 & :i* man w only be able to solve 9 ! p]fection ( 8 be+4 ,x is 9 ! /ricte/ signification ( ! t]m3 ! idea ( 8 humanity2 accord+ly1 x is an inf9ite to :i* he c approa* ne>] & ne>] 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b )\t ev] rea*+ x4 8,he ought n to aim at =m to ! injury ( reality1 nor to reality to ! detrim5t ( ! =m4 ,he mu/ r seek ! absolute be+ by means ( a det]m9ate be+1 & ! det]m9ate be+ by means ( an inf9ite be+4 ,he mu/ set ! _w be=e him because he is a p]son1 & he mu/ be a p]son because he has ! _w be=e him4 ,he mu/ feel because he has a consci\sness ( himself1 & he mu/ h a consci\sness ( himself because he feels40 ,x is only 9 con=mity ) ?is idea t he is a man 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w2 b he _c be conv9c$ ( ?is s long z he gives himself up exclusively to "o ( ^! two impulsions1 or only satisfies !m "o aft] ! o!r4 ,= z long z he only feels1 8 absolute p]sonality & exi/5ce rema9 a my/]y to him1 & z long z he only ?9ks1 8 condition or exi/5ce 9 "t escapes him4 ,b if !re 7 cases 9 :i* he c\ld h at once ?is tw(old exp]i5ce 9 :i* he w\ld h ! consci\sness ( 8 fre$om & ! feel+ ( 8 exi/5ce toge!r 9 :i* he w\ld simultane\sly feel z matt] & "k himself z _s1 9 su* cases1 & 9 su* only1 w\ld he h a complete intuition ( 8 humanity1 & ! object t w\ld procure him ?is intuition w\ld be a symbol ( 8 accompli%$ de/9y & consequ5tly s]ve to express ! inf9ite to him--s9ce ?is de/9ation c only be fulfill$ 9 ! fulness ( "t4 ,presum+ t cases ( ?is k9d c\ld pres5t !mselves 9 exp]i5ce1 !y w\ld awake 9 him a new impulsion1 :i*1 precisely because ! o!r two impulsions w\ld co-op]ate 9 x1 w\ld be oppos$ to ea* ( !m tak5 9 isolation1 & might1 ) good gr\nds1 be tak5 = a new impulsion4 ,! s5su\s impulsion requires t !re %\ld be *ange1 t "t %\ld h cont5ts2 ! =mal impulsion requires t "t %\ld be suppress$1 t !re %\ld be no *ange4 ,consequ5tly1 ! impulsion 9 :i* bo? ( ! o!rs act 9 conc]t--all[ me to call x ! in/9ct ( play1 till ,i expla9 ! t]m--! in/9ct ( play w\ld h z its object to suppress "t 9 "t1 to conciliate ! /ate ( transition or becom+ ) ! absolute be+1 *ange ) id5tity4 ,! s5su\s in/9ct wi%es to be det]m9$1 x wi%es to receive an object3 ! =mal in/9ct wi%es to det]m9e itself1 x wi%es to produce an object4 ,!re=e ! in/9ct ( play w endeavor to receive z x w\ld itself h produc$1 & to produce z x aspires to receive4 ,! s5su\s impulsion excludes f its subject all autonomy & fre$om2 ! =mal impulsion excludes all dep5d5ce & passivity4 ,b ! exclusion ( fre$om is physical necessity2 ! exclusion ( passivity is moral necessity4 ,?us ! two impulsions subdue ! m9d3 ! =m] to ! laws ( nature1 ! latt] to ! laws ( reason4 ,x results f ?is t ! in/9ct ( play1 :i* unites ! d\ble action ( ! two o!r in/9cts1 w cont5t ! m9d at once morally & physically4 ,h5ce1 z x suppresses all t is cont+5t1 x w also suppress all co]cion1 & w set man free physically & morally4 ,:5 we welcome ) effusion "s "o :o des]ves our contempt1 we feel pa9fully t nature is con/ra9$4 ,:5 we h a ho/ile feel+ aga9/ a p]son :o comm&s our e/eem1 we feel pa9fully ! con/ra9t ( reason4 ,b if ?is p]son inspires u ) int]e/1 & also w9s our e/eem1 ! con/ra9t ( feel+ vani%es toge!r ) ! con/ra9t ( reason1 & we beg9 to love him1 t is to say1 to play1 to take recreation1 at once ) our incl9ation & our e/eem4 ,moreov]1 z ! s5su\s impulsion controls u physically1 & ! =mal impulsion morally1 ! =m] makes our =mal con/itution cont+5t1 & ! latt] makes our mat]ial con/itution cont+5t1 t is to say1 !re is cont+5ce 9 ! agreem5t ( our happ9ess ) our p]fection1 & reciprocally4 ,! in/9ct ( play1 9 :i* bo? act 9 conc]t1 w r5d] bo? our =mal & our mat]ial con/itution cont+5t2 accord+ly1 our p]fection & our happ9ess 9 l mann]4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 exactly because x makes bo? ( !m cont+5t1 & because ! cont+5t disappe>s ) necessity1 x w suppress ?is cont+5ce 9 bo?1 & w ?us give =m to matt] & reality to =m4 ,9 proportion t x w less5 ! dynamic influ5ce ( feel+ & passion1 x w place !m 9 h>mony ) rational ideas1 & by tak+ f ! laws ( reason _! moral con/ra9t1 x w reconcile !m ) ! int]e/ ( ! s5ses4 ,,lett] ,,xv4 ,i approa* cont9ually ne>] to ! end to :i* ,i lead y1 by a pa? (f]+ few attractions4 ,be pleas$ to foll[ me a few /eps fur!r1 & a l>ge horizon w op5 up to y1 & a delightful prospect w rew>d y = ! labor ( ! way4 ,! object ( ! s5su\s in/9ct1 express$ 9 a univ]sal conception1 is nam$ ,life 9 ! wide/ acceptation2 a conception t expresses all mat]ial exi/5ce & all t is imm$iately pres5t 9 ! s5ses4 ,! object ( ! =mal in/9ct1 express$ 9 a univ]sal conception1 is call$ %ape or =m1 z well 9 an exact z 9 an inexact acceptation2 a conception t embraces all =mal qualities ( ?+s & all relations ( ! same to ! ?9k+ p[]s4 ,! object ( ! play in/9ct1 repres5t$ 9 a g5]al /atem5t1 may !re=e be> ! "n ( liv+ =m2 a t]m t s]ves to describe all /hetic qualities ( ph5om5a1 & :at p /yle1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 beauty4 ,beauty is nei!r ext5d$ to ! :ole field ( all liv+ ?+s nor m]ely enclos$ 9 ?is field4 ,a m>ble block1 ?\gh x is & rema9s lifeless1 c nev]!less become a liv+ =m by ! ar*itect & sculptor2 a man1 ?\gh he lives & has a =m1 is f> f be+ a liv+ =m on t acc\nt4 ,= ?is to be ! case1 x is necess>y t 8 =m %\ld be life1 & t 8 life %\ld be a =m4 ,z long z we only ?9k ( 8 =m1 x is lifeless1 a m]e ab/raction2 z long z we only feel 8 life1 x is )\t =m1 a m]e impression4 ,x is only :5 8 =m lives 9 our feel+1 & 8 life 9 our und]/&+1 he is ! liv+ =m1 & ?is w ev]y:]e be ! case :]e we judge him to be beautiful4 ,b ! g5esis ( beauty is by no means decl>$ because we "k h[ to po9t out ! compon5t p>ts1 :i* 9 _! comb9ation produce beauty4 ,= to ?is end x w\ld be necess>y to compreh5d t comb9ation itself1 :i* cont9ues to defy our exploration1 z well z all mutual op]ation betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,! reason1 on transc5d5tal gr\nds1 makes ! foll[+ dem&3 ,!re %all be a communion betwe5 ! =mal impulse & ! mat]ial impulse--t is1 !re %all be a play in/9ct--because x is only ! unity ( reality ) ! =m1 ( ! accid5tal ) ! necess>y1 ( ! passive /ate ) fre$om1 t ! conception ( humanity is complet$4 ,reason is oblig$ to make ?is dem&1 because h] nature impels h] to complet5ess & to ! removal ( all b\nds2 :ile e exclusive activity ( "o or ! o!r impulse leaves human nature incomplete & places a limit 9 x4 ,accord+ly1 z soon z reason issues ! m&ate1 8a humanity %all exi/10 x proclaims at ! same "t ! law1 8!re %all be a beauty40 ,exp]i5ce c answ] u if !re is a beauty1 & we %all "k x z soon z %e has taught u if a humanity c exi/4 ,b nei!r reason nor exp]i5ce c tell u h[ beauty c be & h[ a humanity is possible4 ,we "k t man is nei!r exclusively matt] nor exclusively _s4 ,accord+ly1 beauty z ! consummation ( humanity1 c nei!r be exclusively m]e life1 z has be5 ass]t$ by %>p-sight$ obs]v]s1 :o kept too close to ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 & to :i* ! ta/e ( ! "t w\ld gladly degrade x2 ,nor c beauty be m]ely =m1 z has be5 judg$ by speculative sophi/s1 :o dep>t$ too f> f exp]i5ce1 & by philosophic arti/s1 :o 7 l$ too mu* by ! necessity ( art 9 expla9+ beauty2 x is r ! common object ( bo? impulses1 t is ( ! play in/9ct4 ,! use ( language completely ju/ifies ?is "n1 z x is wont to qualify ) ! ^w play :at is nei!r subjectively nor objectively accid5tal1 & yet does n impose necessity ei!r ext]nally or int]nally4 ,z ! m9d 9 ! intuition ( ! beautiful f9ds itself 9 a happy m$ium betwe5 law & necessity1 x is1 because x divides itself betwe5 bo?1 emancipat$ f ! pressure ( bo?4 ,! =mal impulse & ! mat]ial impulse are equally e>ne/ 9 _! dem&s1 because "o relates 9 its cognition to ?+s 9 _! reality & ! o!r to _! necessity2 because 9 action ! fir/ is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( life1 ! second to ! pres]vation ( dignity1 & !re=e bo? to tru? & p]fection4 ,b life becomes m indiff]5t :5 dignity is mix$ up ) x1 & duty no long] co]ces :5 incl9ation attracts4 ,9 l mann] ! m9d takes 9 ! reality ( ?+s1 mat]ial tru?1 m freely & tranquilly z soon z x enc\nt]s =mal tru?1 ! law ( necessity2 nor does ! m9d f9d itself /rung by ab/raction z soon z imm$iate intuition c accompany x4 ,9 "o ^w1 :5 ! m9d comes into communion ) ideas1 all reality loses its s]i\s value because x becomes small2 & z x comes 9 contact ) feel+1 necessity p>ts also ) its s]i\s value because x is easy4 ,b p]haps ! objection has = "s "t occurr$ to y1 ,is n ! beautiful degrad$ by ?is1 t x is made a m]e play8 & is x n r$uc$ to ! level ( frivol\s objects :i* h = ages pass$ "u t "n8 ,does x n contradict ! conception ( ! reason & ! dignity ( beauty1 :i* is nev]!less reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( culture1 to conf9e x to ! "w ( be+ a m]e play8 & does x n contradict ! empirical conception ( play1 :i* c co-exi/ ) ! exclusion ( all ta/e1 to conf9e x m]ely to beauty8 ,b :at is meant by a m]e play1 :5 we "k t 9 all conditions ( humanity t v ?+ is play1 & only t is play :i* makes man complete & develops simultane\sly 8 tw(old nature8 ,:at y /yle limitation1 accord+ to y\r repres5tation ( ! matt]1 accord+ to my views1 :i* ,i h ju/ifi$ by pro(s4 ,i "n enl>gem5t4 ,consequ5tly ,i %\ld h said exactly ! rev]se3 man is s]i\s only ) ! agreeable1 ) ! good1 & ) ! p]fect1 b he plays ) beauty4 ,9 say+ ?is we mu/ n inde$ ?9k ( ! plays t are 9 vogue 9 real life1 & :i* commonly ref] only to 8 mat]ial /ate4 ,b 9 real life we %\ld also seek 9 va9 = ! beauty ( :i* we are "h speak+4 ,! actually pres5t beauty is wor?y ( ! really1 ( ! actually pres5t play-impulse2 b by ! ideal ( beauty1 :i* is set up by ! reason1 an ideal ( ! play in/9ct is also pres5t$1 :i* man ought to h be=e 8 eyes 9 all 8 plays4 ,!re=e1 no error w ev] be incurr$ if we seek ! ideal ( beauty on ! same road on :i* we satisfy our play-impulse4 ,we c imm$iately und]/& :y ! ideal =m ( a ,v5us1 ( a ,juno1 & ( an ,apollo1 is to be s\ght n at ,rome1 b 9 ,greece1 if we contra/ ! ,greek population1 delight+ 9 ! bloodless a?letic conte/s ( box+1 rac+1 & intellectual rivalry at ,olympia1 ) ! ,roman p gloat+ ov] ! agony ( a gladiator4 ,n[ ! reason pron\nces t ! beautiful mu/ n only be life & =m1 b a liv+ =m1 t is1 beauty1 inasmu* z x dictates to man ! tw(old law ( absolute =mality & absolute reality4 ,reason also utt]s ! decision t man %all only play ) beauty1 & he %all only play ) beauty4 ,=1 to speak out once = all1 man only plays :5 9 ! full mean+ ( ! ^w he is a man1 & he is only completely a man :5 he plays4 ,?is proposition1 :i* at ?is mom5t p]haps appe>s p>adoxical1 w receive a great & deep mean+ if we h advanc$ f> en\gh to apply x to ! tw(old s]i\sness ( duty & ( de/9y4 ,i promise y t ! :ole edifice ( /hetic art & ! /ill m difficult art ( life w be support$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,b ?is proposition is only unexpect$ 9 sci5ce2 long ago x liv$ & work$ 9 art & 9 ! feel+ ( ! ,greeks1 h] mo/ accompli%$ ma/]s2 only !y remov$ to ,olympus :at ought to h be5 pres]v$ on e>?4 ,influ5c$ by ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 !y effac$ f ! br[ ( _! gods ! e>ne/ness & labor :i* furr[ ! *eeks ( mortals1 & also ! holl[ lu/ t smoo!s ! empty face4 ,!y set free ! ev] s]5e f ! *a9s ( e purpose1 ( e duty1 ( e c>e1 & !y made indol5ce & indiff]5ce ! envi$ condition ( ! godlike race2 m]ely human appellations = ! free/ & highe/ m9d4 ,z well ! mat]ial pressure ( natural laws z ! spiritual pressure ( moral laws lo/ itself 9 its high] idea ( necessity1 :i* embrac$ at ! same "t bo? worlds1 & out ( ! union ( ^! two necessities issu$ true fre$om4 ,inspir$ by ?is _s ! ,greeks also effac$ f ! features ( _! ideal1 toge!r ) desire or incl9ation1 all traces ( volition1 or1 bett] /ill1 !y made bo? unrecognizable1 because !y knew h[ to w$ !m bo? 9 ! close/ alliance4 ,x is nei!r *>m1 nor is x dignity1 :i* speaks f ! glori\s face ( ,juno ,ludovici2 x is nei!r ( ^!1 = x is bo? at once4 ,:ile ! female god *all5ges our v5]ation1 ! godlike woman at ! same "t k9dles our love4 ,b :ile 9 ec/acy we give ourselves up to ! heav5ly beauty1 ! heav5ly self-repose awes u back4 ,! :ole =m re/s & dwells 9 itself--a fully complete creation 9 itself--& z if %e 7 out ( space1 )\t advance or resi/ance2 x %[s no =ce cont5d+ ) =ce1 no op5+ ?r\gh :i* "t c\ld break 94 ,irresi/ibly c>ri$ away & attract$ by h] womanly *>m1 kept (f at a di/ance by h] godly dignity1 we also f9d ourselves at l5g? 9 ! /ate ( ! greate/ repose1 & ! result is a wond]ful impression = :i* ! und]/&+ has no idea & language no "n4 ,,lett] ,,xvi4 ,f ! antagonism ( ! two impulsions1 & f ! association ( two opposite pr9ciples1 we h se5 beauty to result1 ( :i* ! highe/ ideal mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! mo/ p]fect union & equilibrium possible ( ! reality & ( ! =m4 ,b ?is equilibrium rema9s always an idea t reality c nev] completely rea*4 ,9 reality1 !re w always rema9 a prepond]ance ( "o ( ^! elem5ts ov] ! o!r1 & ! highe/ po9t to :i* exp]i5ce c rea* w consi/ 9 an oscillation betwe5 two pr9ciples1 :5 sometimes reality & at o!rs =m w h ! advantage4 ,ideal beauty is !re=e et]nally "o & indivisible1 because !re c only be "o s+le equilibrium2 on ! contr>y1 exp]im5tal beauty w be et]nally d\ble1 because 9 ! oscillation ! equilibrium may be de/roy$ 9 two ways--?is side & t4 ,i h call$ att5tion 9 ! =ego+ lett]s to a fact t c also be rigor\sly d$uc$1 f ! consid]ations t h engag$ our att5tion to ! pres5t po9t2 ?is fact is t an excit+ & also a mod]at+ action may be expect$ f ! beautiful4 ,! temp]+ action is direct$ to keep )9 prop] limits ! s5su\s & ! =mal impulsions2 ! excit+1 to ma9ta9 bo? ( !m 9 _! full =ce4 ,b ^! two modes ( action ( beauty ought to be completely id5tifi$ 9 ! idea4 ,! beautiful ought to temp] :ile uni=mly excit+ ! two natures1 & x ought also to excite :ile uni=mly mod]at+ !m4 ,?is result fl[s at once f ! idea ( a correlation1 9 virtue ( :i* ! two t]ms mutually imply ea* o!r1 & are ! reciprocal condition "o ( ! o!r1 a correlation ( :i* ! pure/ product is beauty4 ,b exp]i5ce does n (f] an example ( s p]fect a correlation4 ,9 ! field ( exp]i5ce x w always happ5 m or less t excess on ! "o side w give rise to defici5cy on ! o!r1 & defici5cy w give bir? to excess4 ,x results f ?is t :at 9 ! beau-ideal is only di/9ct 9 ! idea is diff]5t 9 reality 9 empirical beauty4 ,! beau-ideal1 ?\gh simple & indivisible1 discloses1 :5 view$ 9 two diff]5t aspects1 on ! "o h&1 a prop]ty ( g5tl5ess & grace1 & on ! o!r1 an en]getic prop]ty2 9 exp]i5ce !re is a g5tle & graceful beauty & !re is an en]getic beauty4 ,x is s1 & x w be always s1 s long z ! absolute is enclos$ 9 ! limits ( "t1 & ! ideas ( reason h to be realiz$ 9 humanity4 ,= example1 ! intellectual man has ! ideal ( virtue1 ( tru?1 & ( happ9ess2 b ! active man w only practise virtues1 w only grasp tru?s1 & enjoy happy days4 ,! bus9ess ( physical & moral education is to br+ back ?is multiplicity to unity1 to put morality 9 ! place ( mann]s1 sci5ce 9 ! place ( k2 ! bus9ess ( /hetic education is to make out ( beauties ! beautiful4 ,en]getic beauty c no m pres]ve a man f a c]ta9 residue ( savage viol5ce & h>%ness ?an graceful beauty c secure him aga9/ a c]ta9 degree ( effem9acy & weakness4 ,z x is ! effect ( ! en]getic beauty to elevate ! m9d 9 a physical & moral po9t ( view & to augm5t its mom5tum1 x only too (t5 happ5s t ! resi/ance ( ! temp]am5t & ( ! "* dim9i%es ! aptitude to receive impressions1 t ! delicate "p ( humanity suff]s an oppression :i* ought only to affect its gross] "p1 & t ?is co>se nature p>ticipates 9 an increase ( =ce t ought only to turn to ! acc\nt ( free p]sonality4 ,x is = ?is reason t1 at ! p]iods :5 we f9d mu* /r5g? & abundant sap 9 humanity1 true greatness ( ?\ght is se5 associat$ ) :at is gigantic & extravagant1 & ! sublime/ feel+ is f\nd c\pl$ ) ! mo/ horrible excess ( passion4 ,x is also ! reason :y1 9 ! p]iods di/+ui%$ = regul>ity & =m1 nature is z (t5 oppress$ z x is gov]n$1 z (t5 outrag$ z x is surpass$4 ,& z ! action ( g5tle & graceful beauty is to relax ! m9d 9 ! moral sph]e z well z ! physical1 x happ5s q z easily t ! en]gy ( feel+s is ext+ui%$ ) ! viol5ce ( desires1 & t "* %>es 9 ! loss ( /r5g? :i* ought only to affect ! passions4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 9 ages assum$ to be ref9$1 x is n a r>e ?+ to see g5tl5ess deg5]ate into effem9acy1 polit5ess into platitude1 correctness into empty /]ility1 lib]al ways into arbitr>y caprice1 ease into frivolity1 calm into apa?y1 &1 la/ly1 a mo/ mis]able c>icature treads on ! heels ( ! noble/1 ! mo/ beautiful type ( humanity4 ,g5tle & graceful beauty is !re=e a want to ! man :o suff]s ! con/ra9t ( mann] & ( =ms1 = he is mov$ by gr&eur & /r5g? long be=e he becomes s5sible to h>mony & grace4 ,en]getic beauty is a necessity to ! man :o is "u ! indulg5t sway ( ta/e1 = 9 8 /ate ( ref9em5t he is only too mu* dispos$ to make light ( ! /r5g? t he reta9$ 9 8 /ate ( rude savagism4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ answ]$ & also cle>$ up ! contradiction commonly met 9 ! judgm5ts ( m5 respect+ ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful1 & ! appreciation ( /hetic culture4 ,?is contradiction is expla9$ directly we rememb] t !re are two sorts ( exp]im5tal beauty1 & t on bo? h&s an affirmation is ext5d$ to ! entire race1 :5 x c only be prov$ ( "o ( ! species4 ,?is contradiction disappe>s ! mom5t we di/+ui% a tw(old want 9 humanity to :i* two k9ds ( beauty correspond4 ,x is !re=e probable t bo? sides w\ld make good _! claims if !y come to an und]/&+ respect+ ! k9d ( beauty & ! =m ( humanity t !y h 9 view4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! sequel ( my rese>*es ,i %all adopt ! c\rse t nature h]self foll[s ) man consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( /hetics1 & sett+ out f ! two k9ds ( beauty1 ,i %all rise to ! idea ( ! g5us4 ,i %all exam9e ! effects produc$ on man by ! g5tle & graceful beauty :5 its spr+s ( action are 9 full play1 & also ^? produc$ by en]getic beauty :5 !y are relax$4 ,i %all d ?is to conf\nd ^! two sorts ( beauty 9 ! unity ( ! beau-ideal1 9 ! same way t ! two opposite =ms & modes ( be+ ( humanity are absorb$ 9 ! unity ( ! ideal man4 ,,lett] ,,xvii4 ,:ile we 7 only engag$ 9 d$uc+ ! univ]sal idea ( beauty f ! conception ( human nature 9 g5]al1 we _h only to consid] 9 ! latt] ! limits e/abli%$ ess5tially 9 itself1 & insep>able f ! notion ( ! f9ite4 ,)\t att5d+ to ! cont+5t re/rictions t human nature may und]go 9 ! real _w ( ph5om5a1 we h drawn ! conception ( ?is nature directly f reason1 z a s\rce ( e necessity1 & ! ideal ( beauty has be5 giv5 u at ! same "t ) ! ideal ( humanity4 ,b n[ we are com+ d[n f ! region ( ideas to ! sc5e ( reality1 to f9d man 9 a det]m9ate /ate1 & consequ5tly 9 limits :i* are n d]iv$ f ! pure conception ( humanity1 b f ext]nal circum/ances & f an accid5tal use ( 8 fre$om4 ,b1 al?\gh ! limitation ( ! idea ( humanity may be v manifold 9 ! individual1 ! cont5ts ( ?is idea suffice to tea* u t we c only dep>t f x by two opposite roads4 ,= if ! p]fection ( man consi/ 9 ! h>moni\s en]gy ( 8 s5su\s & spiritual =ces1 he c only lack ?is p]fection ?r\gh ! want ( h>mony & ! want ( en]gy4 ,?us1 !n1 be=e hav+ receiv$ on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 reason suffices to assure u t we %all f9d ! real & consequ5tly limit$ man 9 a /ate ( t5sion or relaxation accord+ z ! exclusive activity ( isolat$ =ces tr\bles ! h>mony ( 8 be+1 or z ! unity ( 8 nature is bas$ on ! uni=m relaxation ( 8 physical & spiritual =ces4 ,^! opposite limits are1 z we h n[ to prove1 suppress$ by ! beautiful1 :i* re-e/abli%es h>mony 9 man :5 excit$1 & en]gy 9 man :5 relax$2 & :i*1 9 ?is way1 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ! beautiful1 re/ores ! /ate ( limitation to an absolute /ate1 & makes ( man a :ole1 complete 9 himself4 ,?us ! beautiful by no means belies 9 reality ! idea :i* we h made ( x 9 speculation2 only its action is mu* less free 9 x ?an 9 ! field ( !ory1 :]e we 7 able to apply x to ! pure conception ( humanity4 ,9 man1 z exp]i5ce %[s him to u1 ! beautiful f9ds a matt]1 already damag$ & resi/+1 :i* robs him 9 ideal p]fection ( :at x communicates to him ( its individual mode ( be+4 ,accord+ly 9 reality ! beautiful w always appe> a peculi> & limit$ species1 & n z ! pure g5us2 9 excit$ m9ds 9 a /ate ( t5sion x w lose its fre$om & v>iety2 9 relax$ m9ds1 x w lose its vivify+ =ce3 b we1 :o h become famili> ) ! true "* ( ?is contradictory ph5om5on1 _c be l$ a/ray by x4 ,we %all n foll[ ! great cr[d ( critics1 9 det]m9+ _! conception by sep>ate exp]i5ces1 & to make !m answ]able = ! defici5cies :i* man %[s "u _! influ5ce4 ,we "k r t x is man :o transf]s ! imp]fections ( 8 individuality ov] to !m1 :o /&s p]petually 9 ! way ( _! p]fection by 8 subjective limitation1 & l[]s _! absolute ideal to two limit$ =ms ( ph5om5a4 ,x 0 advanc$ t s(t beauty is = an un/rung m9d1 & ! en]getic beauty = ! tightly /rung m9d4 ,b ,i apply ! t]m un/rung to a man :5 he is r "u ! pressure ( feel+s ?an "u ! pressure ( conceptions4 ,e exclusive sway ( "o ( 8 two fundam5tal impulses is = man a /ate ( compulsion & viol5ce1 & fre$om only exi/s 9 ! co-op]ation ( 8 two natures4 ,accord+ly1 ! man gov]n$ prepond]ately by feel+s1 or s5su\sly un/rung1 is emancipat$ & set free by matt]4 ,! s(t & graceful beauty1 to satisfy ?is tw(old problem1 mu/ !re=e %[ h]self "u two aspects--9 two di/9ct =ms4 ,fir/1 z a =m 9 repose1 %e w tone d[n savage life1 & pave ! way f feel+ to ?\ght4 ,%e w1 secondly1 z a liv+ image1 equip ! ab/ract =m ) s5su\s p[]1 & lead back ! conception to intuition & law to feel+4 ,! =m] s]vice %e does to ! man ( nature1 ! second to ! man ( art4 ,b because %e does n 9 bo? cases hold complete sway ov] h] matt]1 b dep5ds on t :i* is furni%$ ei!r by =mless nature or unnatural art1 %e w 9 bo? cases be> traces ( h] orig91 & lose h]self 9 "o place 9 mat]ial life & 9 ano!r 9 m]e ab/ract =m4 ,to be able to arrive at a conception h[ beauty c become a means to remove ?is tw(old relaxation1 we mu/ explore its s\rce 9 ! human m9d4 ,accord+ly1 make up y\r m9d to dwell a little long] 9 ! region ( speculation1 9 ord] !n to leave x =ev]1 & to advance ) secur] foot+ on ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,,lett] ,,xviii4 ,by beauty ! s5su\s man is l$ to =m & to ?\ght2 by beauty ! spiritual man is br\ght back to matt] & re/or$ to ! _w ( s5se4 ,f ?is /atem5t x w\ld appe> to foll[ t betwe5 matt] & =m1 betwe5 passivity & activity1 !re mu/ be a middle /ate1 & t beauty plants u 9 ?is /ate4 ,x actually happ5s t ! great] "p ( mank9d really =m ?is conception ( beauty z soon z !y beg9 to reflect on its op]ations1 & all exp]i5ce seems to po9t to ?is conclusion4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is m unw>rantable & contradictory ?an su* a conception1 because ! av]sion ( matt] & =m1 ! passive & ! active1 feel+ & ?\ght1 is et]nal1 & _c be m$iat$ 9 any way4 ,h[ c we remove ?is contradiction8 ,beauty w$s ! two oppos$ conditions ( feel+ & ?9k+1 & yet !re is absolutely no m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,! =m] is imm$iately c]ta9 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! reason4 ,?is is ! po9t to :i* ! :ole "q ( beauty leads1 & if we succe$ 9 settl+ ?is po9t 9 a satisfactory way1 we h at l5g? f\nd ! clue t w conduct u ?r\gh ! :ole labyr9? ( /hetics4 ,b ?is requires two v diff]5t op]ations1 :i* mu/ necess>ily support ea* o!r 9 ?is inquiry4 ,beauty1 x is said1 w$s two conditions ) "o ano!r :i* are opposite to ea* o!r1 & c nev] be "o4 ,we mu/ />t f ?is opposition2 we mu/ grasp & recognize !m 9 _! entire purity & /rictness1 s t bo? conditions are sep>at$ 9 ! mo/ def9ite mann]2 o!rwise we mix1 b we d n unite !m4 ,secondly1 x is usual to say1 beauty unites ^? two oppos$ conditions1 & !re=e removes ! opposition4 ,b because bo? conditions rema9 et]nally oppos$ to "o ano!r1 !y _c be unit$ 9 any o!r way ?an by be+ suppress$4 ,our second bus9ess is !re=e to make ?is connection p]fect1 to c>ry !m out ) su* purity & p]fection t bo? conditions disappe> entirely 9 a ?ird "o1 & no trace ( sep>ation rema9s 9 ! :ole2 o!rwise we segregate1 b d n unite4 ,all ! disputes t h ev] prevail$ & /ill prevail 9 ! philosophical _w respect+ ! conception ( beauty h no o!r orig9 ?an _! comm5c+ )\t a suffici5tly /rict di/9ction1 or t x is n c>ri$ out fully to a pure union4 ,^? philosoph]s :o bl9dly foll[ _! feel+ 9 reflect+ on ?is topic c obta9 no o!r conception ( beauty1 because !y di/+ui% no?+ sep>ate 9 ! totality ( ! s5su\s impression4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 :o take ! und]/&+ z _! exclusive guide1 c nev] obta9 a conception ( beauty1 because !y nev] see any?+ else 9 ! :ole ?an ! p>ts2 & _s & matt] rema9 et]nally sep>ate1 ev5 9 _! mo/ p]fect unity4 ,! fir/ fe> to suppress beauty dynamically1 t is1 z a work+ p[]1 if !y mu/ sep>ate :at is unit$ 9 ! feel+4 ,! o!rs fe> to suppress beauty logically1 t is1 z a conception1 :5 !y h to hold toge!r :at 9 ! und]/&+ is sep>ate4 ,! =m] wi% to ?9k ( beauty z x works2 ! latt] wi% x to "w z x is ?\ght4 ,bo? !re=e mu/ miss ! tru?2 ! =m]1 because !y try to foll[ inf9ite nature ) _! limit$ ?9k+ p[]2 ! o!rs1 because !y wi% to limit unlimit$ nature accord+ to _! laws ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ fe> to rob beauty ( its fre$om by a too /rict dissection1 ! o!rs fe> to de/roy ! di/9ctness ( ! conception by a too viol5t union4 ,b ! =m] d n reflect t ! fre$om 9 :i* !y v prop]ly place ! ess5ce ( beauty is n lawlessness1 b h>mony ( law's2 n caprice1 b ! highe/ int]nal necessity4 ,! o!rs d n rememb] t di/9ctness1 :i* !y ) equal "r dem& f beauty1 does n consi/ 9 ! exclusion ( c]ta9 realities1 b ! absolute includ+ ( all2 t is n !re=e limitation b inf9itude4 ,we %all avoid ! quicks&s on :i* bo? h made %ipwreck if we beg9 f ! two elem5ts 9 :i* beauty divides itself be=e ! und]/&+1 b !n aft]w>ds rise to a pure /hetic unity by :i* x works on feel+1 & 9 :i* bo? ^? conditions completely disappe>4 ,,lett] ,,xix4 ,two pr9cipal & diff]5t /ates ( passive & active capacity ( be+ det]m9$#c c be di/+ui%$ 9 man2 9 l mann] two /ates ( passive & active det]m9ation4#d ,! explanation ( ?is proposition leads u mo/ readily to our end4 ,! condition ( ! /ate ( man be=e de/9ation or direction is giv5 him by ! impression ( ! s5ses is an unlimit$ capacity ( be+ det]m9$4 ,! inf9ite ( "t & space is giv5 to 8 imag9ation = its free use2 &1 because no?+ is settl$ 9 ?is k+dom ( ! possible1 & !re=e no?+ is exclud$ f x1 ?is /ate ( abs5ce ( det]m9ation c be nam$ an empty inf9it5ess1 :i* mu/ n by any means be conf\nd$ ) an inf9ite void4 ,n[ x is necess>y t 8 s5su\s nature %\ld be modifi$1 & t 9 ! indef9ite s]ies ( possible det]m9ations "o alone %\ld become real4 ,"o p]ception mu/ spr+ up 9 x4 ,t :i*1 9 ! previ\s /ate ( det]m9abl5ess1 0 only an empty pot5cy becomes n[ an active =ce1 & receives cont5ts2 b1 at ! same "t1 z an active =ce x receives a limit1 aft] hav+ be51 z a simple p[]1 unlimit$4 ,reality exi/s n[1 b ! inf9ite has disappe>$4 ,to describe a figure 9 space1 we are oblig$ to limit inf9ite space2 to repres5t to ourselves a *ange 9 "t1 we are oblig$ to divide ! totality ( "t4 ,?us we only arrive at reality by limitation1 at ! positive1 at a real position1 by negation or exclusion2 to det]m9ation1 by ! suppression ( our free det]m9abl5ess4 ,b m]e exclusion w\ld nev] beget a reality1 nor w\ld a m]e s5su\s impression ev] give bir? to a p]ception1 if !re 7 n some?+ f :i* x 0 exclud$1 if by an absolute act ( ! m9d ! negation 7 n ref]r$ to some?+ positive1 & if opposition did n issue out ( non-position4 ,?is act ( ! m9d is /yl$ judg+ or ?9k+1 & ! result is nam$ ?\ght4 ,be=e we det]m9e a place 9 space1 !re is no space = u2 b )\t absolute space we c\ld nev] det]m9e a place4 ,! same is ! case ) "t4 ,be=e we h an in/ant1 !re is no "t to u3 b )\t inf9ite "t--et]nity--we %\ld nev] h a repres5tation ( ! in/ant4 ,?us1 !re=e1 we c only arrive at ! :ole by ! "p1 to ! unlimit$ ?r\gh limitation2 b reciprocally we only arrive at ! "p ?r\gh ! :ole1 at limitation ?r\gh ! unlimit$4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t :5 x is affirm$ ( beauty t x m$iates = man1 ! transition f feel+ to ?\ght1 ?is mu/ n be und]/ood to mean t beauty c fill up ! gap t sep>ates feel+ f ?\ght1 ! passive f ! active4 ,?is gap is inf9ite2 &1 )\t ! int]position ( a new & indep5d5t faculty1 x is impossible = ! g5]al to issue f ! individual1 ! necess>y f ! cont+5t4 ,?\ght is ! imm$iate act ( ?is absolute p[]1 :i*1 ,i admit1 c only be manife/$ 9 connection ) s5su\s impressions1 b :i* 9 ?is manife/ation dep5ds s little on ! s5su\s t x reveals itself specially 9 an opposition to x4 ,! spontaneity or autonomy ) :i* x acts excludes e =eign influ5ce2 & x is n 9 z f> z x helps ?\ght--:i* compreh5ds a manife/ contradiction--b only 9 z f> z x procures = ! intellectual faculties ! fre$om to manife/ !mselves 9 con=mity ) _! prop] laws4 ,x does x only because ! beautiful c become a means ( lead+ man f matt] to =m1 f feel+ to laws1 f a limit$ exi/5ce to an absolute exi/5ce4 ,b ?is assumes t ! fre$om ( ! intellectual faculties c be balk$1 :i* appe>s contradictory to ! conception ( an autonom\s p[]4 ,= a p[] :i* only receives ! matt] ( its activity f )\t c only be h9d]$ 9 its action by ! privation ( ?is matt]1 & consequ5tly by way ( negation2 x is !re=e a misconception ( ! nature ( ! m9d to attribute to ! s5su\s passions ! p[] ( oppress+ positively ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,exp]i5ce does inde$ pres5t num]\s examples :]e ! rational =ces appe> compress$ 9 proportion to ! viol5ce ( ! s5su\s =ces4 ,b in/ead ( d$uc+ ?is spiritual weakness f ! en]gy ( passion1 ?is passionate en]gy mu/ r be expla9$ by ! weakness ( ! human m9d4 ,= ! s5se c only h a sway su* z ?is ov] man :5 ! m9d has spontane\sly neglect$ to ass]t its p[]4 ,yet 9 try+ by ^! explanations to move "o objection1 ,i appe> to h expos$ myself to ano!r1 & ,i h only sav$ ! autonomy ( ! m9d at ! co/ ( its unity4 ,= h[ c ! m9d d]ive at ! same "t f itself ! pr9ciples ( inactivity & ( activity1 if x is n itself divid$1 & if x is n 9 opposition ) itself8 ,"h we mu/ rememb] t we h be=e u1 n ! inf9ite m9d1 b ! f9ite4 ,! f9ite m9d is t :i* only becomes active ?r\gh ! passive1 only arrives at ! absolute ?r\gh limitation1 & only acts & fa%ions 9 z f> z x receives matt]4 ,accord+ly1 a m9d ( ?is nature mu/ associate ) ! impulse t[>ds =m or ! absolute1 an impulse t[>ds matt] or limitation1 conditions )\t :i* x c\ld n h ! =m] impulse nor satisfy x4 ,h[ c two su* opposite t5d5cies exi/ toge!r 9 ! same be+8 ,?is is a problem t c no d\bt emb>rass ! metaphysician1 b n ! transc5d5tal philosoph]4 ,! latt] does n presume to expla9 ! possibility ( ?+s1 b he is satisfi$ ) giv+ a solid basis to ! k t makes u und]/& ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,& z exp]i5ce w\ld be equally impossible )\t ?is autonomy 9 ! m9d1 & )\t ! absolute unity ( ! m9d1 x lays d[n ^! two conceptions z two conditions ( exp]i5ce equals necess>y )\t tr\bl+ itself any m to reconcile !m4 ,moreov]1 ?is imman5ce ( two fundam5tal impulses does n 9 any degree contradict ! absolute unity ( ! m9d1 z soon z ! m9d itself1 its selfhood1 is di/+ui%$ f ^? two motors4 ,no d\bt1 ^! two impulses exi/ & act 9 x1 b itself is nei!r matt] nor =m1 nor ! s5su\s nor reason1 & ?is is a po9t t does n seem always to h occurr$ to ^? :o only look ^u ! m9d z itself act+ :5 its acts are 9 h>mony ) reason1 & :o decl>e x passive :5 its acts contradict reason4 ,arriv$ at its developm5t1 ea* ( ^! two fundam5tal impulsions t5ds ( necessity & by its nature to satisfy itself2 b precisely because ea* ( !m has a necess>y t5d5cy1 & bo? nev]!less h an opposite t5d5cy1 ?is tw(old con/ra9t mutually de/roys itself1 & ! w pres]ves an entire fre$om betwe5 !m bo?4 ,x is !re=e ! w t conducts itself l a p[]--z ! basis ( reality--) respect to bo? ^! impulses2 b nei!r ( !m c by itself act z a p[] ) respect to ! o!r4 ,a viol5t man1 by 8 positive t5d5cy to ju/ice1 :i* nev] fails 9 him1 is turn$ away f inju/ice2 nor c a temptation ( pleasure1 h[ev] /rong1 make a /rong "* violate its pr9ciples4 ,!re is 9 man no o!r p[] ?an 8 w2 & dea? alone1 :i* de/roys man1 or "s privation ( self-consci\sness1 is ! only ?+ t c rob man ( 8 int]nal fre$om4 ,an ext]nal necessity det]m9es our condition1 our exi/5ce 9 "t1 by means ( ! s5su\s4 ,! latt] is q involunt>y1 & directly x is produc$ 9 u we are necess>ily passive4 ,9 ! same mann] an int]nal necessity awak5s our p]sonality 9 connection ) s5sations1 & by its antagonism ) !m2 = consci\sness _c dep5d on ! w1 :i* presupposes x4 ,?is primitive manife/ation ( p]sonality is no m a m]it to u ?an its privation is a defect 9 u4 ,reason c only be requir$ 9 a be+ :o is self-consci\s1 = reason is an absolute consecutiv5ess & univ]sality ( consci\sness2 be=e ?is is ! case he is n a man1 nor c any act ( humanity be expect$ f him4 ,! metaphysician c no m expla9 ! limitation impos$ by s5sation on a free & autonom\s m9d ?an ! natural philosoph] c und]/& ! inf9ite1 :i* is reveal$ 9 consci\sness 9 connection ) ^! limits4 ,nei!r ab/raction nor exp]i5ce c br+ u back to ! s\rce :5ce issue our ideas ( necessity & ( univ]sality3 ?is s\rce is conceal$ 9 its orig9 9 "t f ! obs]v]1 & its sup]-s5su\s orig9 f ! rese>*es ( ! metaphysician4 ,b1 to sum up 9 a few words1 consci\sness is !re1 &1 toge!r ) its immutable unity1 ! law ( all t is = man is e/abli%$1 z well z ( all t is to be by man1 = 8 und]/&+ & 8 activity4 ,! ideas ( tru? & ( "r pres5t !mselves inevitable1 incorruptible1 immeasurable1 ev5 9 ! age ( s5su\sness2 & )\t our be+ able to say :y or h[1 we see et]nity 9 "t1 ! necess>y foll[+ ! cont+5t4 ,x is ?us t1 )\t any %>e on ! "p ( ! subject1 ! s5sation & self-consci\sness arise1 & ! orig9 ( bo? is beyond our volition1 z x is out ( ! sph]e ( our k4 ,b z soon z ^! two faculties h pass$ into action1 & man has v]ifi$ by 8 exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5sation1 a det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( consci\sness its absolute exi/5ce1 ! two fundam5tal impulses ex]t _! influ5ce directly _! object is giv54 ,! s5su\s impulse is awak5$ ) ! exp]i5ce ( life--) ! beg9n+ ( ! individual2 ! rational impulsion ) ! exp]i5ce ( law--) ! beg9n+ ( 8 p]sonality2 & x is only :5 ^! two incl9ations h come into exi/5ce t ! human type is realiz$4 ,up to t "t1 ev]y?+ takes place 9 man accord+ to ! law ( necessity2 b n[ ! h& ( nature lets him g1 & x is = him to keep upright humanity1 :i* nature places z a g]m 9 8 he>t4 ,& ?us we see t directly ! two opposite & fundam5tal impulses ex]cise _! influ5ce 9 him1 bo? lose _! con/ra9t1 & ! autonomy ( two necessities gives bir? to fre$om4 ,,lett] ,,xx4 ,t fre$om is an active & n a passive pr9ciple results f its v conception2 b t lib]ty itself %\ld be an effect ( nature 7tak+ ?is ^w 9 its wide/ s5se71 & n ! "w ( man1 & !re=e t x c be favor$ or ?w>t$ by natural means1 is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( t :i* prec$es4 ,x beg9s only :5 man is complete1 & :5 ^! two fundam5tal impulsions h be5 develop$4 ,x w !n be want+ :il/ he is incomplete1 & :ile "o ( ^! impulsions is exclud$1 & x w be re-e/abli%$ by all t gives back to man 8 integrity4 ,?us x is possible1 bo? ) reg>d to ! entire species z to ! individual1 to rem>k ! mom5t :5 man is yet incomplete1 & :5 "o ( ! two exclusions acts solely 9 him4 ,we "k t man comm5ces by life simply1 to end by =m2 t he is m ( an individual ?an a p]son1 & t he />ts f ! limit$ or f9ite to approa* ! inf9ite4 ,! s5su\s impulsion comes into play !re=e be=e ! rational impulsion1 because s5sation prec$es consci\sness2 & 9 ?is priority ( s5su\s impulsion we f9d ! key ( ! hi/ory ( ! :ole ( human lib]ty4 ,!re is a mom5t1 9 fact1 :5 ! in/9ct ( life1 n yet oppos$ to ! in/9ct ( =m1 acts z nature & z necessity2 :5 ! s5su\s is a p[] because man has n begun2 = ev5 9 man !re c be no o!r p[] ?an 8 w4 ,b :5 man %all h atta9$ to ! p[] ( ?\ght1 reason1 on ! contr>y1 w be a p[]1 & moral or logical necessity w take ! place ( physical necessity4 ,s5su\s p[] mu/ !n be annihilat$ be=e ! law :i* mu/ gov]n x c be e/abli%$4 ,x is n en\gh t some?+ %all beg9 :i* z yet 0 n2 previ\sly some?+ mu/ end :i* _h begun4 ,man _c pass imm$iately f s5su\sness to ?\ght4 ,he mu/ /ep backw>ds1 = x is only :5 "o det]m9ation is suppress$ t ! contr>y det]m9ation c take place4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to ex*ange passive aga9/ active lib]ty1 a passive det]m9ation aga9/ an active1 he mu/ be mom5t>ily free f all det]m9ation1 & mu/ trav]se a /ate ( pure det]m9ability4 ,he has !n to return 9 "s degree to t /ate ( pure negative indet]m9ation 9 :i* he 0 be=e 8 s5ses 7 affect$ by any?+4 ,b ?is /ate 0 absolutely empty ( all cont5ts1 & n[ ! "q is to reconcile an equal det]m9ation & a det]m9ability equally )\t limit1 ) ! greate/ possible fulness1 because f ?is situation some?+ positive mu/ imm$iately foll[4 ,! det]m9ation :i* man receiv$ by s5sation mu/ be pres]v$1 because he %\ld n lose ! reality2 b at ! same "t1 9 s f> z f9ite1 x %\ld be suppress$1 because a det]m9ability )\t limit w\ld take place4 ,! problem consi/s !n 9 annihilat+ ! det]m9ation ( ! mode ( exi/5ce1 & yet at ! same "t 9 pres]v+ x1 :i* is only possible 9 "o way3 9 oppos+ to x ano!r4 ,! two sides ( a balance are 9 equilibrium :5 empty2 !y are also 9 equilibrium :5 _! cont5ts are ( equal weight4 ,?us1 to pass f s5sation to ?\ght1 ! s\l trav]ses a m$ium position1 9 :i* s5sibility & reason are at ! same "t active1 & ?us !y mutually de/roy _! det]m9ant p[]1 & by _! antagonism produce a negation4 ,?is m$ium situation 9 :i* ! s\l is nei!r physically nor morally con/ra9$1 & yet is 9 bo? ways active1 m]its ess5tially ! "n ( a free situation2 & if we call ! /ate ( s5su\s det]m9ation physical1 & ! /ate ( rational det]m9ation logical or moral1 t /ate ( real & active det]m9ation %\ld be call$ ! /hetic4 ,,lett] ,,xxi4 ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! =ego+ lett] t !re is a tw(old condition ( det]m9abl5ess & a tw(old condition ( det]m9ation4 ,& n[ ,i c cle> up ?is proposition4 ,! m9d c be det]m9$--is det]m9able--only 9 z f> z x is n det]m9$2 x is1 h[ev]1 det]m9able also1 9 z f> z x is n exclusively det]m9$2 t is1 if x is n conf9$ 9 its det]m9ation4 ,! =m] is only a want ( det]m9ation--x is )\t limits1 because x is )\t reality2 b ! latt]1 ! /hetic det]m9abl5ess1 has no limits1 because x unites all reality4 ,! m9d is det]m9$1 inasmu* z x is only limit$2 b x is also det]m9$ because x limits itself ( its own absolute capacity4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! =m] position :5 x feels1 9 ! second :5 x ?9ks4 ,accord+ly ! /hetic con/itution is 9 relation to det]m9abl5ess :at ?\ght is 9 relation to det]m9ation4 ,! latt] is a negative f int]nal & inf9ite complet5ess1 ! =m] a limitation f int]nal inf9ite p[]4 ,feel+ & ?\ght come into contact 9 "o s+le po9t1 ! m9d is det]m9$ 9 bo? conditions1 ! man becomes some?+ & exi/s--ei!r z individual or p]son--by exclusion2 9 o!r cases ^! two faculties /& inf9itely ap>t4 ,j 9 ! same mann] ! /hetic det]m9abl5ess comes 9 contact ) ! m]e want ( det]m9ation 9 a s+le po9t1 by bo? exclud+ e di/9ct det]m9$ exi/5ce1 by ?us be+ 9 all o!r po9ts no?+ & all1 & h5ce by be+ inf9itely diff]5t4 ,!re=e if ! latt]1 9 ! abs5ce ( det]m9ation f defici5cy1 is repres5t$ z an empty inf9it5ess1 ! /hetic fre$om ( det]m9ation1 :i* =ms ! prop] c\nt]p>t to ! =m]1 c be consid]$ z a complet$ inf9it5ess2 a repres5tation :i* exactly agrees ) ! tea*+s ( ! previ\s inve/igations4 ,man is !re=e no?+ 9 ! /hetic /ate1 if att5tion is giv5 to ! s+le result1 & n to ! :ole faculty1 & if we reg>d only ! abs5ce or want ( e special det]m9ation4 ,we mu/ !re=e d ju/ice to ^? :o pron\nce ! beautiful1 & ! disposition 9 :i* x places ! m9d1 z entirely indiff]5t & unpr(itable1 9 relation to k & feel+4 ,!y are p]fectly "r2 = x is c]ta9 t beauty gives no sep>ate1 s+le result1 ei!r = ! und]/&+ or = ! w2 x does n c>ry out a s+le intellectual or moral object2 x discov]s no tru?1 does n help u to fulfil a s+le duty1 &1 9 "o ^w1 is equally unfit to f\nd ! "* or to cle> ! head4 ,accord+ly1 ! p]sonal wor? ( a man1 or 8 dignity1 z f> z ?is c only dep5d on himself1 rema9s entirety undet]m9$ by /hetic culture1 & no?+ fur!r is atta9$ ?an t1 on ! "p ( nature1 x is made pr(itable = him to make ( himself :at he w2 t ! fre$om to be :at he ought to be is re/or$ p]fectly to him4 ,b by ?is some?+ inf9ite is atta9$4 ,b z soon z we rememb] t fre$om is tak5 f man by ! "o-sid$ compulsion ( nature 9 feel+1 & by ! exclusive legislation ( ! reason 9 ?9k+1 we mu/ consid] ! capacity re/or$ to him by ! /hetical disposition1 z ! highe/ ( all gifts1 z ! gift ( humanity4 ,i admit t he possesses ?is capacity = humanity1 be=e e def9ite det]m9ation 9 :i* he may be plac$4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 he loses x ) e det]m9$ condition into :i* he may come2 & if he is to pass ov] to an opposite condition1 humanity mu/ be 9 e case re/or$ to him by ! /hetic life4 ,x is !re=e n only a poetical lic5se1 b also philosophically correct1 :5 beauty is nam$ our second creator4 ,nor is ?is inconsi/5t ) ! fact t %e only makes x possible = u to atta9 & realize humanity1 leav+ ?is to our free w4 ,= 9 ?is %e acts 9 common ) our orig9al creator1 nature1 :i* has imp>t$ to u no?+ fur!r ?an ?is capacity = humanity1 b leaves ! use ( x to our own det]m9ation ( w4 ,,lett] ,,xxii4 ,accord+ly1 if ! /hetic disposition ( ! m9d mu/ be look$ ^u 9 "o respect z no?+--t is1 :5 we conf9e our view to sep>ate & det]m9$ op]ations--x mu/ be look$ ^u 9 ano!r respect z a /ate ( ! highe/ reality1 9 z f> z we att5d to ! abs5ce ( all limits & ! sum ( p[]s :i* are commonly active 9 x4 ,accord+ly we _c pron\nce !m1 aga91 to be wrong :o describe ! /hetic /ate to be ! mo/ productive 9 relation to k & morality4 ,!y are p]fectly "r1 = a /ate ( m9d :i* comprises ! :ole ( humanity 9 itself mu/ ( necessity include 9 itself also--necess>ily & pot5tially--e sep>ate expression ( x4 ,aga91 a disposition ( m9d t removes all limitation f ! totality ( human nature mu/ also remove x f e special expression ( ! same4 ,exactly because its 8/hetic disposition0 does n exclusively %elt] any sep>ate function ( humanity1 x is favorable to all )\t di/9ction2 nor does x favor any p>ticul> functions1 precisely because x is ! f\ndation ( ! possibility ( all4 ,all o!r ex]cises give to ! m9d "s special aptitude1 b = t v reason give x "s def9ite limits2 only ! /hetical leads him to ! unlimit$4 ,e o!r condition 9 :i* we c live ref]s u to a previ\s condition1 & requires = its solution a foll[+ condition2 only ! /hetic is a complete :ole 9 itself1 = x unites 9 itself all conditions ( its s\rce & ( its duration4 ,"h alone we feel ourselves swept out ( "t1 & our humanity expresses itself ) purity & integrity z if x _h n yet receiv$ any impression or int]ruption f ! op]ation ( ext]nal p[]s4 ,t :i* flatt]s our s5ses 9 imm$iate s5sation op5s our wreak & volatile _s to e impression1 b makes u 9 ! same degree less apt = ex]tion4 ,t :i* /ret*es our ?9k+ p[] & invites to ab/ract conceptions /r5g!ns our m9d = e k9d ( resi/ance1 b h>d5s x also 9 ! same proportion1 & deprives u ( susceptibility 9 ! same ratio t x helps u to great] m5tal activity4 ,= ?is v reason1 "o z well z ! o!r br+s u at l5g? to exhau/ion1 because matt] _c long d )\t ! %ap+1 con/ructive =ce1 & ! =ce _c d )\t ! con/ructible mat]ial4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if we h resign$ ourselves to ! enjoym5t ( g5u9e beauty1 we are at su* a mom5t ( our passive & active p[]s 9 ! same degree ma/]1 & we %all turn ) ease f grave to gay1 f re/ to movem5t1 f submission to resi/ance1 to ab/ract ?9k+ & intuition4 ,?is high indiff]5ce & fre$om ( m9d1 unit$ ) p[] & ela/icity1 is ! disposition 9 :i* a true "w ( art ought to dismiss u1 & !re is no bett] te/ ( true /hetic excell5ce4 ,if aft] an enjoym5t ( ?is k9d we f9d ourselves specialty impell$ to a p>ticul> mode ( feel+ or action1 & unfit = o!r modes1 ?is s]ves z an infallible pro( t we h n exp]i5c$ any pure /hetic effect1 :e!r ?is is ow+ to ! object1 to our own mode ( feel+--z g5]ally happ5s--or to bo? toge!r4 ,z 9 reality no purely /hetical effect c be met )--= man c nev] leave 8 dep5d5ce on mat]ial =ces--! excell5ce ( a "w ( art c only consi/ 9 its great] approximation to its ideal ( /hetic purity1 & h[ev] high we may raise ! fre$om ( ?is effect1 we %all always leave x ) a p>ticul> disposition & a p>ticul> bias4 ,any class ( productions or sep>ate "w 9 ! _w ( art is noble & excell5t 9 proportion to ! univ]sality ( ! disposition & ! unlimit$ "* ( ! bias !reby pres5t$ to our m9d4 ,?is tru? c be appli$ to works 9 v>i\s bran*es ( art1 & also to diff]5t works 9 ! same bran*4 ,we leave a gr& musical p]=mance ) our feel+s excit$1 ! read+ ( a noble poem ) a quick5$ imag9ation1 a beautiful /atue or build+ ) an awak5$ und]/&+2 b a man w\ld n *oose an opportune mom5t :o attempt$ to invite u to ab/ract ?9k+ aft] a high musical enjoym5t1 or to att5d to a prosaic affair ( common life aft] a high poetical enjoym5t1 or to k9dle our imag9ation & a/oni% our feel+s directly aft] inspect+ a f9e /atue or edifice4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t music1 by its matt]1 ev5 :5 mo/ spiritual1 pres5ts a great] aff9ity ) ! s5ses ?an is p]mitt$ by /hetic lib]ty2 x is because ev5 ! mo/ happy poetry1 hav+ = its m$ium ! arbitr>y & cont+5t play ( ! imag9ation1 always %>es 9 x m ?an ! intimate necessity ( ! really beautiful all[s2 x is because ! be/ sculpture t\*es on sev]e sci5ce by :at is det]m9ate 9 its conception4 ,h[ev]1 ^! p>ticul> aff9ities are lo/ 9 proportion z ! works ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( art rise to a great] elevation1 & x is a natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( _! p]fection1 t1 )\t conf\nd+ _! objective limits1 ! diff]5t arts come to resemble ea* o!r m & m1 9 ! action :i* !y ex]cise on ! m9d4 ,at its highe/ degree ( ennobl+1 music ought to become a =m1 & act on u ) ! calm p[] ( an antique /atue2 9 its mo/ elevat$ p]fection1 ! pla/ic art ought to become music & move u by ! imm$iate action ex]cis$ on ! m9d by ! s5ses2 9 its mo/ complete developm5t1 poetry ought bo? to /ir u p[]fully l music & l pla/ic art to surr\nd u ) a peaceful light4 ,9 ea* art1 ! p]fect /yle consi/s exactly 9 kn[+ h[ to remove specific limits1 :ile sacrific+ at ! same "t ! p>ticul> advantages ( ! art1 & to give x by a wise use ( :at belongs to x specially a m g5]al "*4 ,nor is x only ! limits inh]5t 9 ! specific "* ( ea* k9d ( art t ! arti/ ought to ov] /ep 9 putt+ 8 h& to ! "w2 he mu/ also triumph ov] ^? :i* are inh]5t 9 ! p>ticul> subject ( :i* he treats4 ,9 a really beautiful "w ( art1 ! sub/ance ought to be inop]ative1 ! =m %\ld d ev]y?+2 = by ! =m ! :ole man is act$ on2 ! sub/ance acts on no?+ b isolat$ =ces4 ,?us1 h[ev] va/ & sublime x may be1 ! sub/ance always ex]cises a re/rictive action on ! m9d1 & true /hetic lib]ty c only be expect$ f ! =m4 ,consequ5tly ! true se>* ( ! matt] consi/s 9 de/roy+ matt] by ! =m2 & ! triumph ( art is great 9 proportion z x ov]comes matt] & ma9ta9s its sway ov] ^? :o enjoy its "w4 ,x is great p>ticul>ly 9 de/roy+ matt] :5 mo/ impos+1 ambiti\s1 & attractive1 :5 !re=e matt] has mo/ p[] to produce ! effect prop] to x1 or1 aga91 :5 x leads ^? :o consid] x m closely to ent] directly into relation ) x4 ,! m9d ( ! spectator & ( ! he>] mu/ rema9 p]fectly free & intact2 x mu/ issue pure & entire f ! magic circle ( ! arti/1 z f ! h&s ( ! ,creator4 ,! mo/ frivol\s subject ought to be treat$ 9 su* a way t we pres]ve ! faculty to ex*ange x imm$iately = ! mo/ s]i\s "w4 ,! arts :i* h passion = _! object1 z a trag$y = example1 d n pres5t a difficulty "h2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^! arts are n entirely free1 because !y are 9 ! s]vice ( a p>ticul> end 7! pa!tic71 & !n no connoisseur w d5y t ev5 9 ?is class a "w is p]fect 9 proportion z amid/ ! mo/ viol5t /orms ( passion x respects ! lib]ty ( ! s\l4 ,!re is a f9e art ( passion1 b an impassion$ f9e art is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 = ! infallible effect ( ! beautiful is emancipation f ! passions4 ,! idea ( an in/ructive f9e art 7didactic art7 or improv+ 7moral7 art is no less contradictory1 = no?+ agrees less ) ! idea ( ! beautiful ?an to give a det]m9ate t5d5cy to ! m9d4 ,h[ev]1 f ! fact t a "w produces effects only by its sub/ance1 x mu/ n always be inf]r$ t !re is a want ( =m 9 ?is "w2 ?is conclusion may q z well te/ify to a want ( =m 9 ! obs]v]4 ,if 8 m9d is too /ret*$ or too relax$1 if x is only accu/om$ to receive ?+s ei!r by ! s5ses or ! intellig5ce1 ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect comb9ation1 x w only /op to look at ! p>ts1 & x w only see matt] 9 ! mo/ beautiful =m4 ,only s5sible ( ! co>se elem5ts1 he mu/ fir/ de/roy ! /hetic organization ( a "w to f9d enjoym5t 9 x1 & c>efully dis9t] ! details :i* g5ius has caus$ to vani%1 ) inf9ite art1 9 ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,! int]e/ he takes 9 ! "w is ei!r solely moral or exclusively physical2 ! only ?+ want+ to x is to be exactly :at x ought to be--/hetical4 ,! read]s ( ?is class enjoy a s]i\s & pa!tic poem z !y d a s]mon3 a simple & playful "w1 z an inebriat+ draught2 & if on ! "o h& !y h s little ta/e z to dem& edification f a trag$y or f an epos1 ev5 su* z ! 8,messias10 on ! o!r h& !y w be infallibly sc&aliz$ by a piece aft] ! fa%ion ( ,anacreon & ,catullus4 ,,lett] ,,xxiii4 ,i take up ! ?read ( my rese>*es1 :i* ,i broke (f only to apply ! pr9ciples ,i laid d[n to practical art & ! appreciation ( its works4 ,! transition f ! passivity ( s5su\sness to ! activity ( ?\ght & ( w c be effect$ only by ! int]m$i>y /ate ( /hetic lib]ty2 & ?\gh 9 itself ?is /ate decides no?+ respect+ our op9ions & our s5tim5ts1 & !re=e x leaves our intellectual & moral value entirely problematical1 x is1 h[ev]1 ! necess>y condition )\t :i* we %\ld nev] atta9 to an op9ion or a s5tim5t4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no o!r way to make a reasonable be+ out ( a s5su\s man ?an by mak+ him fir/ /hetic4 ,b1 y might object3 ,is ?is m$iation absolutely indisp5sable8 ,c\ld n tru? & duty1 "o or ! o!r1 9 !mselves & by !mselves1 f9d access to ! s5su\s man8 ,to ?is ,i reply3 ,n only is x possible b x is absolutely necess>y t !y owe solely to !mselves _! det]m9+ =ce1 & no?+ w\ld be m contradictory to our prec$+ affirmations ?an to appe> to def5d ! contr>y op9ion4 ,x has be5 expressly prov$ t ! beautiful furni%es no result1 ei!r = ! compreh5sion or = ! w2 t x m+les ) no op]ations1 ei!r ( ?\ght or ( resolution2 & t x conf]s ?is d\ble p[] )\t det]m9+ any?+ ) reg>d to ! real ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 ,"h all =eign help disappe>s1 & ! pure logical =m1 ! idea1 w\ld speak imm$iately to ! intellig5ce1 z ! pure moral =m1 ! law1 imm$iately to ! w4 ,b t ! pure =m %\ld be capable ( x1 & t !re is 9 g5]al a pure =m = s5su\s man1 is t1 ,i ma9ta91 :i* %\ld be r5d]$ possible by ! /hetic disposition ( ! s\l4 ,tru? is n a ?+ :i* c be receiv$ f )\t l reality or ! visible exi/5ce ( objects4 ,x is ! ?9k+ =ce1 9 8 own lib]ty & activity1 :i* produces x1 & x is j ?is lib]ty prop] to x1 ?is lib]ty :i* we seek 9 va9 9 s5su\s man4 ,! s5su\s man is already det]m9$ physically1 & !nce=? he has no long] 8 free det]m9ability2 he mu/ necess>ily fir/ ent] into possession ( ?is lo/ det]m9ability be=e he c ex*ange ! passive aga9/ an active det]m9ation4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to recov] x1 he mu/ ei!r lose ! passive det]m9ation t he _h1 or he %\ld enclose already 9 himself ! active det]m9ation to :i* he %\ld pass4 ,if he conf9$ himself to lose passive det]m9ation1 he w\ld at ! same "t lose ) x ! possibility ( an active det]m9ation1 because ?\ght ne$s a body1 & =m c only be realiz$ ?r\gh matt]4 ,he mu/ !re=e conta9 already 9 himself ! active det]m9ation1 t he may be at once bo? actively & passively det]m9$1 t is to say1 he becomes necess>ily /hetic4 ,consequ5tly1 by ! /hetic disposition ( ! s\l ! prop] activity ( reason is already reveal$ 9 ! sph]e ( s5su\sness1 ! p[] ( s5se is already brok5 )9 its own b\nd>ies1 & ! ennobl+ ( physical man c>ri$ f> en\gh1 = spiritual man has only to develop himself accord+ to ! laws ( lib]ty4 ,! transition f an /hetic /ate to a logical & moral /ate 7f ! beautiful to tru? & duty7 is !n inf9itely m easy ?an ! transition f ! physical /ate to ! /hetic /ate 7f life pure & bl9d to =m74 ,?is transition man c effectuate alone by 8 lib]ty1 :i/ he has only to ent] into possession ( himself n to give x himself2 b to sep>ate ! elem5ts ( 8 nature1 & n to enl>ge x4 ,hav+ atta9$ to ! /hetic disposition1 man w give to 8 judgm5ts & to 8 actions a univ]sal value z soon z he desires x4 ,?is passage f brute nature to beauty1 9 :i* an entirely new faculty w\ld awak5 9 him1 nature w\ld r5d] easi]1 & 8 w has no p[] ov] a disposition :i*1 we "k1 itself gives bir? to ! w4 ,to br+ ! /hetic man to pr(\nd views1 to elevat$ s5tim5ts1 he requires no?+ m ?an important occasions3 to obta9 ! same ?+ f ! s5su\s man1 8 nature mu/ at fir/ be *ang$4 ,to make ( ! =m] a h]o1 a sage1 x is (t5 only necess>y to meet ) a sublime situation1 :i* ex]cises ^u ! faculty ( ! w ! m imm$iate action2 = ! second1 x mu/ fir/ be transplant$ "u ano!r sky4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( culture1 !n1 is to submit man to =m1 ev5 9 a purely physical life1 & to r5d] x /hetic z f> z ! doma9 ( ! beautiful c be ext5d$1 = x is alone 9 ! /hetic /ate1 & n 9 ! physical /ate1 t ! moral /ate c be develop$4 ,if 9 ea* p>ticul> case man ought to possess ! p[] to make 8 judgm5t & 8 w ! judgm5t ( ! entire species2 if he ought to f9d 9 ea* limit$ exi/5ce ! transition to an inf9ite exi/5ce2 if1 la/ly1 he ought f e dep5d5t situation to take 8 flight to rise to autonomy & to lib]ty1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t at no mom5t he is only individual & solely obeys ! laws ( nature4 ,to be apt & ready to raise himself f ! n>r[ circle ( ! ends ( nature1 to rational ends1 9 ! sph]e ( ! =m] he mu/ already h ex]cis$ himself 9 ! second2 he mu/ already h realiz$ 8 physical de/9y ) a c]ta9 lib]ty t belongs only to spiritual nature1 t is to say accord+ to ! laws ( ! beautiful4 ,& t he c effect )\t ?w>t+ 9 ! lea/ degree 8 physical aim4 ,! exig5cies ( nature ) reg>d to him turn only ^u :at he does--^u ! sub/ance ( 8 acts2 b ! ends ( nature 9 no degree det]m9e ! way 9 :i* he acts1 ! =m ( 8 actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! exig5cies ( reason h rigor\sly ! =m ( 8 activity = its object4 ,?us1 s mu* z x is necess>y = ! moral de/9ation ( man1 t he be purely moral1 t he %[s an absolute p]sonal activity1 s mu* is he indiff]5t t 8 physical de/9ation be entirely physical1 t he acts 9 a mann] entirely passive4 ,h5ce=? ) reg>d to ?is la/ de/9ation1 x entirely dep5ds on him to fulfil x solely z a s5su\s be+ & natural =ce 7z a =ce :i* acts only z x dim9i%es7 or1 at ! same "t1 z absolute =ce1 z a rational be+4 ,to :i* ( ^! does 8 dignity be/ respond8 ,( ?is !re c be no "q4 ,x is z disgraceful & contemptible = him to d "u s5su\s impulsion t :i* he ought to h det]m9$ m]ely by ! motive ( duty1 z x is noble & honorable = him to incl9e t[>ds con=mity ) laws1 h>mony1 indep5d5ce2 !re ev5 :]e ! vulg> man only satisfies a legitimate want4 ,9 a ^w1 9 ! doma9 ( tru? & morality1 s5su\sness mu/ h no?+ to det]m9e2 b 9 ! sph]e ( happ9ess1 =m may f9d a place1 & ! in/9ct ( play prevail4 ,?us !n1 9 ! indiff]5t sph]e ( physical life1 man ought to already comm5ce 8 moral life2 8 own prop] activity ought already to make way 9 passivity1 & 8 rational lib]ty beyond ! limits ( s5se2 he ought already to impose ! law ( 8 w ^u 8 incl9ations2 he ought--if y w p]mit me ! expression--to c>ry into ! doma9 ( matt] ! w> aga9/ matt]1 9 ord] to be disp5s$ f combatt+ ?is r$\btable enemy ^u ! sacr$ field ( lib]ty2 he ought to le>n to h nobl] desires1 n to be =c$ to h sublime volitions4 ,?is is ! fruit ( /hetic culture1 :i* submits to ! laws ( ! beautiful1 9 :i* nei!r ! laws ( nature nor ^? ( reason suff]1 :i* does n =ce ! w ( man1 & :i* by ! =m x gives to ext]ior life already op5s int]nal life4 ,,lett] ,,xxiv4 ,accord+ly ?ree diff]5t mom5ts or /ages ( developm5t c be di/+ui%$1 :i* ! individual man1 z well z ! :ole race1 mu/ ( necessity trav]se 9 a det]m9ate ord] if !y are to fulfil ! circle ( _! det]m9ation4 ,no d\bt1 ! sep>ate p]iods c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 ?r\gh accid5tal causes :i* are inh]5t ei!r 9 ! influ5ce ( ext]nal ?+s or "u ! free caprice ( m53 b nei!r ( !m c be ov]/epp$1 & ! ord] ( _! sequ5ce _c be inv]t$ ei!r by nature or by ! w4 ,man1 9 8 physical condition1 suff]s only ! p[] ( nature2 he gets rid ( ?is p[] 9 ! /hetical condition1 & he rules !m 9 ! moral /ate4 ,:at is man be=e beauty lib]ates him f free pleasure1 & ! s]5ity ( =m tames d[n ! savag5ess ( life8 ,et]nally uni=m 9 8 aims1 et]nally *ang+ 9 8 judgm5ts1 self-seek+ )\t be+ himself1 unfett]$ )\t be+ free1 a slave )\t s]v+ any rule4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! _w is to him only de/9y1 n yet an object2 all has exi/5ce = him only 9 z f> z x procures exi/5ce to him2 a ?+ t nei!r seeks f nor gives to him is non-exi/5t4 ,e ph5om5on /&s out be=e him sep>ate & cut (f1 z he f9ds himself 9 ! s]ies ( be+s4 ,all t is1 is to him ?r\gh ! bias ( ! mom5t2 e *ange is to him an entirely fre% creation1 because ) ! necess>y 9 him1 ! necess>y out ( him is want+1 :i* b9ds toge!r all ! *ang+ =ms 9 ! univ]se1 & :i* holds fa/ ! law on ! !atre ( 8 action1 :ile ! individual dep>ts4 ,x is 9 va9 t nature lets ! ri* v>iety ( h] =ms pass be=e him2 he sees 9 h] glori\s fulness no?+ b 8 prey1 9 h] p[] & greatness no?+ b 8 enemy4 ,ei!r he enc\nt]s objects1 & wi%es to draw !m to himself 9 desire1 or ! objects press 9 a de/ructive mann] ^u him1 & he ?ru/s !m away 9 dismay & t]ror4 ,9 bo? cases 8 relation to ! _w ( s5se is imm$iate contact2 & p]petually anxi\s ?r\gh its pressure1 re/less & plagu$ by imp]i\s wants1 he n[h]e f9ds re/ except 9 en]vation1 & n[h]e limits save 9 exhau/$ desire4 8,true1 8 is ! p[]ful brea/1 & ! mighty h& ( ! ,titans4444 ,a c]ta9 inh]itance2 yet ! god weld$ ,r\nd 8 =ehead a braz5 b&2 ,advice1 mod]ation1 wisdom1 & pati5ce1-- ,hid x f 8 %y1 s9i/] look4 ,e desire is ) him a rage1 ,& 8 rage pr[ls ar\nd limitless40--,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris4 ,ignorant ( 8 own human dignity1 he is f> remov$ f honor+ x 9 o!rs1 & consci\s ( 8 own savage gre$1 he fe>s x 9 e creature t he sees l himself4 ,he nev] sees o!rs 9 himself1 only himself 9 o!rs1 & human society1 in/ead ( enl>g+ him to ! race1 only %uts him up cont9ually clos] 9 8 individuality4 ,?us limit$1 he w&]s ?r\gh 8 sunless life1 till favor+ nature rolls away ! load ( matt] f 8 d>k5$ s5ses1 reflection sep>ates him f ?+s1 & objects %[ !mselves at l5g? 9 ! aft]gl[ ( ! consci\sness4 ,x is true we _c po9t out ?is /ate ( rude nature z we h "h portray$ x 9 any def9ite p & age4 ,x is only an idea1 b an idea ) :i* exp]i5ce agrees mo/ closely 9 special features4 ,x may be said t man 0 nev] 9 ?is animal condition1 b he has n1 on ! o!r h&1 ev] entirely escap$ f x4 ,ev5 9 ! rude/ subjects1 unmi/akable traces ( rational fre$om c be f\nd1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ cultivat$1 features are n want+ t rem9d u ( t dismal natural condition4 ,x is possible = man1 at "o & ! same "t1 to unite ! highe/ & ! l[e/ 9 8 nature2 & if 8 dignity dep5ds on a /rict sep>ation ( "o f ! o!r1 8 happ9ess dep5ds on a skilful removal ( ?is sep>ation4 ,! culture :i* is to br+ 8 dignity into agreem5t ) 8 happ9ess w !re=e h to provide = ! greate/ purity ( ^! two pr9ciples 9 _! mo/ intimate comb9ation4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ appe>ance ( reason 9 man is n ! beg9n+ ( humanity4 ,?is is fir/ decid$ by 8 fre$om1 & reason beg9s fir/ by mak+ 8 s5su\s dep5d5ce b\ndless2 a ph5om5on t does n appe> to me to h be5 suffici5tly elucidat$1 consid]+ its importance & univ]sality4 ,we "k t ! reason makes itself kn[n to man by ! dem& = ! absolute--! self-dep5d5t & necess>y4 ,b z ?is want ( ! reason _c be satisfi$ 9 any sep>ate or s+le /ate ( 8 physical life1 he is oblig$ to leave ! physical entirely & to rise f a limit$ reality to ideas4 ,b al?\gh ! true mean+ ( t dem& ( ! reason is to )draw him f ! limits ( "t & to lead him f ! _w ( s5se to an ideal _w1 yet ?is same dem& ( reason1 by misapplication--sc>cely to be avoid$ 9 ?is life1 prone to s5su\sness--c direct him to physical life1 &1 in/ead ( mak+ man free1 plunge him 9 ! mo/ t]rible slav]y4 ,facts v]ify ?is supposition4 ,man rais$ on ! w+s ( imag9ation leaves ! n>r[ limits ( ! pres5t1 9 :i* m]e animality is enclos$1 9 ord] to /rive on to an unlimit$ future4 ,b :ile ! limitless is unfold$ to 8 daz$ imag9ation1 8 he>t has n ceas$ to live 9 ! sep>ate1 & to s]ve ! mom5t4 ,! impulse t[>ds ! absolute seizes him sudd5ly 9 ! mid/ ( 8 animality1 & z 9 ?is cloddi% condition all 8 ef=ts aim only at ! mat]ial & temporal1 & are limit$ by 8 individuality1 he is only l$ by t dem& ( ! reason to ext5d 8 individuality into ! inf9ite1 in/ead ( to ab/ract f x4 ,he w be l$ to seek in/ead ( =m an inexhau/ible matt]1 in/ead ( ! un*angeable an ev]la/+ *ange & an absolute secur+ ( 8 temporal exi/5ce4 ,! same impulse :i*1 direct$ to 8 ?\ght & action1 ought to lead to tru? & morality1 n[ direct$ to 8 passion & emotional /ate1 produces no?+ b an unlimit$ desire & an absolute want4 ,! fir/ fruits1 !re=e1 t he reaps 9 ! _w ( spirits are c>es & fe>--bo? op]ations ( ! reason2 n ( s5su\sness1 b ( a reason t mi/akes its object & applies its categorical imp]ative to matt]4 ,all unconditional sy/ems ( happ9ess are fruits ( ?is tree1 :e!r !y h = _! object ! pres5t day or ! :ole ( life1 or :at does n make !m any m respectable1 ! :ole ( et]nity1 = _! object4 ,an unlimit$ duration ( exi/5ce & ( well-be+ is only an ideal ( ! desires2 h5ce a dem& :i* c only be put =? by an animality /riv+ up to ! absolute4 ,man1 !re=e1 )\t ga9+ any?+ = 8 humanity by a rational expression ( ?is sort1 loses ! happy limitation ( ! animal1 ov] :i* he n[ only possesses ! un5viable sup]iority ( los+ ! pres5t = an endeavor aft] :at is remote1 yet )\t seek+ 9 ! limitless future any?+ b ! pres5t4 ,b ev5 if ! reason does n g a/ray 9 its object1 or err 9 ! "q1 s5su\sness w cont9ue to falsify ! answ] = a long "t4 ,z soon z man has begun to use 8 und]/&+ & to knit toge!r ph5om5a 9 cause & effect1 ! reason1 accord+ to its conception1 presses on to an absolute knitt+ toge!r & to an unconditional basis4 ,9 ord]1 m]ely1 to be able to put =w>d ?is dem&1 man mu/ already h /epp$ beyond ! s5su\s1 b ! s5su\s uses ?is v dem& to br+ back ! fugitive4 ,9 fact1 x is n[ t he ought to ab&on entirely ! _w ( s5se 9 ord] to take 8 flight into ! realm ( ideas2 = ! intellig5ce rema9s et]nally %ut up 9 ! f9ite & 9 ! cont+5t1 & does n cease putt+ que/ions )\t rea*+ ! la/ l9k ( ! *a94 ,b z ! man ) :om we are engag$ is n yet capable ( su* an ab/raction1 & does n f9d x 9 ! sph]e ( s5su\s k1 & because he does n look = x 9 pure reason1 he w seek = x bel[ 9 ! region ( s5tim5t1 & w appe> to f9d x4 ,no d\bt ! s5su\s %[s him no?+ t has its f\ndation 9 itself1 & t legislates = itself1 b x %[s him some?+ t does n c>e = f\ndation or law2 !re=e1 ?us n be+ able to quiet ! intellig5ce by %[+ x a f9al cause1 he r$uces x to sil5ce by ! conception :i* desires no cause2 & be+ incapable ( und]/&+ ! sublime necessity ( reason1 he keeps to ! bl9d con/ra9t ( matt]4 ,z s5su\sness kn[s no o!r end ?an its int]e/1 & is det]m9$ by no?+ except bl9d *ance1 x makes ! =m] ! motive ( its actions1 & ! latt] ! ma/] ( ! _w4 ,ev5 ! div9e "p 9 man1 ! moral law1 9 its fir/ manife/ation 9 ! s5su\s _c avoid ?is p]v]sion4 ,z ?is moral law is only prohibit$1 & combats 9 man ! int]e/ ( s5su\s egotism1 x mu/ appe> to him z some?+ /range until he has come to consid] ?is self-love z ! /rang]1 & ! voice ( reason z 8 true self4 ,!re=e he conf9es himself to feel+ ! fett]s :i* ! latt] imposes on him1 )\t hav+ ! consci\sness ( ! inf9ite emancipation :i* x procures = him4 ,)\t suspect+ 9 himself ! dignity ( lawgiv]1 he only exp]i5ces ! con/ra9t & ! impot5t revolt ( a subject frett+ "u ! yoke1 because 9 ?is exp]i5ce ! s5su\s impulsion prec$es ! moral impulsion1 he gives to ! law ( necessity a beg9n+ 9 him1 a positive orig91 & by ! mo/ un=tunate ( all mi/akes he conv]ts ! immutable & ! et]nal 9 himself into a transitory accid5t4 ,he makes up 8 m9d to consid] ! notions ( ! j & ! unju/ z /atutes :i* h be5 introduc$ by a w1 & n z hav+ 9 !mselves an et]nal value4 ,j z 9 ! explanation ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a he goes beyond nature & seeks out ( h] :at c only be f\nd 9 h]1 9 h] own laws2 s also 9 ! explanation ( moral ph5om5a he goes beyond reason & makes light ( 8 humanity1 seek+ a god 9 ?is way4 ,x is n wond]ful t a religion :i* he has pur*as$ at ! co/ ( 8 humanity %[s itself wor?y ( ?is orig91 & t he only consid]s z absolute & et]nally b9d+ laws t h nev] be5 b9d+ f all et]nity4 ,he has plac$ himself 9 relation )1 n a holy be+1 b a p[]ful4 ,!re=e ! _s ( 8 religion1 ( ! homage t he gives to ,god1 is a fe> t abases him1 & n a v5]ation t elevates him 9 8 own e/eem4 ,?\gh ^! diff]5t ab]rations by :i* man dep>ts f ! ideal ( 8 de/9ation _c all take place at ! same "t1 because sev]al degrees h to be pass$ ov] 9 ! transition f ! obscure ( ?\ght to error1 & f ! obscure ( w to ! corruption ( ! w2 ^! degrees are all1 )\t exception1 ! consequ5ce ( 8 physical /ate1 because 9 all ! vital impulsion sways ! =mal impulsion4 ,n[1 two cases may happ53 ei!r reason may n yet h spok5 9 man1 & ! physical may reign ov] him ) a bl9d necessity1 or reason may n be suffici5tly purifi$ f s5su\s impressions1 & ! moral may /ill be subject to ! physical2 9 bo? cases ! only pr9ciple t has a real p[] ov] him is a mat]ial pr9ciple1 & man1 at lea/ z reg>ds 8 ultimate t5d5cy1 is a s5su\s be+4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! =m] case he is an animal )\t reason1 & 9 ! second case a rational animal4 ,b he ought to be nei!r "o nor ! o!r3 he ought to be a man4 ,nature ought n to rule him exclusively2 nor reason conditionally4 ,! two legislations ought to be completely indep5d5t1 & yet mutually complem5t>y4 ,,lett] ,,xxv4 ,:il/ man1 9 8 fir/ physical condition1 is only passively affect$ by ! _w ( s5se1 he is /ill entirely id5tifi$ ) x2 & = ?is reason ! ext]nal _w1 z yet1 has no objective exi/5ce = him4 ,:5 he beg9s 9 8 /hetic /ate ( m9d to reg>d ! _w objectively1 !n only is 8 p]sonality sev]$ f x1 & ! _w appe>s to him an objective reality1 = ! simple reason t he has ceas$ to =m an id5tical portion ( x4 ,t :i* fir/ connects man ) ! surr\nd+ univ]se is ! p[] ( reflective contemplation4 ,:]eas desire seizes at once its object1 reflection removes x to a di/ance & r5d]s x inali5ably h] own by sav+ x f ! gre$ ( passion4 ,! necessity ( s5se :i* he obey$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m]e s5sations1 less5s dur+ ! p]iod ( reflection2 ! s5ses are = ! "t 9 abeyance2 ev5 ev]-fleet+ "t /&s /ill :il/ ! scatt]$ rays ( consci\sness are ga!r+ & %ape !mselves2 an image ( ! inf9ite is reflect$ ^u ! p]i%able gr\nd4 ,z soon z light dawns 9 man1 !re is no long] night outside ( him2 z soon z !re is peace )9 him ! /orm lulls ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & ! cont5d+ =ces ( nature f9d re/ )9 prescrib$ limits4 ,h5ce we _c wond] if anci5t traditions allude to ^! great *anges 9 ! inn] man z to a revolution 9 surr\nd+ nature1 & symbolize ?\ght triumph+ ov] ! laws ( "t1 by ! figure ( ,zeus1 :i* t]m9ates ! reign ( ,saturn4 ,z long z man d]ives s5sations f a contact ) nature1 he is h] slave2 b z soon z he beg9s to reflect ^u h] objects & laws he becomes h] lawgiv]4 ,nature1 :i* previ\sly rul$ him z a p[]1 n[ exp&s be=e him z an object4 ,:at is objective to him c h no p[] ov] him1 = 9 ord] to become objective x has to exp]i5ce 8 own p[]4 ,z f> & z long z he impresses a =m ^u matt]1 he _c be injur$ by its effect2 = a _s c only be injur$ by t :i* deprives x ( its fre$om4 ,:]eas he proves 8 own fre$om by giv+ a =m to ! =mless2 :]e ! mass rules heavily & )\t %ape1 & its undef9$ outl9es are = ev] fluctuat+ betwe5 unc]ta9 b\nd>ies1 fe> takes up its abode2 b man rises above any natural t]ror z soon z he kn[s h[ to m\ld x1 & trans=m x into an object ( 8 art4 ,z soon z he upholds 8 indep5d5ce t[>ds ph5om5al natures he ma9ta9s 8 dignity t[>d h] z a ?+ ( p[]1 & ) a noble fre$om he rises aga9/ 8 gods4 ,!y ?r[ aside ! mask ) :i* !y _h kept him 9 awe dur+ 8 infancy1 & to 8 surprise 8 m9d p]ceives ! reflection ( 8 own image4 ,! div9e mon/] ( ! ,ori5tal1 :i* roams ab\t *ang+ ! _w ) ! bl9d =ce ( a bea/ ( prey1 dw9dles to ! *>m+ outl9e ( humanity 9 ,greek fable2 ! empire ( ! ,titans is cru%$1 & b\ndless =ce is tam$ by inf9ite =m4 ,b :il/ ,i h be5 m]ely se>*+ = an issue f ! mat]ial _w1 & a passage into ! _w ( m9d1 ! bold flight ( my imag9ation has already tak5 me into ! v mid/ ( ! latt] _w4 ,! beauty ( :i* we are 9 se>* we h left beh9d by pass+ f ! life ( m]e s5sations to ! pure =m & to ! pure object4 ,su* a leap exce$s ! condition ( human nature2 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! latt] we mu/ return to ! _w ( s5se4 ,beauty is inde$ ! sph]e ( unfett]$ contemplation & reflection2 beauty conducts u into ! _w ( ideas1 )\t h[ev] tak+ u f ! _w ( s5se1 z occurs :5 a tru? is p]ceiv$ & ackn[l$g$4 ,?is is ! pure product ( a process ( ab/raction f ev]y?+ mat]ial & accid5tal1 a pure object free f e subjective b>ri]1 a pure /ate ( self-activity )\t any admixture ( passive s5sations4 ,!re is inde$ a way back to s5sation f ! highe/ ab/raction2 = ?\ght tea*es ! inn] s5sation1 & ! idea ( logical or moral unity passes into a s5sation ( s5sual accord4 ,b if we delight 9 k we sep>ate v accurately our own conceptions f our s5sations2 we look ^u ! latt] z some?+ accid5tal1 :i* might h be5 omitt$ )\t ! k be+ impair$ !reby1 )\t tru? be+ less true4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a va9 attempt to suppress ?is connection ( ! faculty ( feel+ ) ! idea ( beauty1 consequ5tly1 we %all n succe$ 9 repres5t+ to ourselves "o z ! effect ( ! o!r1 b we mu/ look ^u !m bo? toge!r & reciprocally z cause & effect4 ,9 ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f k we readily di/+ui% ! passage f ! active to ! passive /ate1 & we cle>ly p]ceive t ! fir/ ends :5 ! second beg9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! pleasure :i* we take 9 beauty1 ?is transition f ! active to ! passive is n p]ceivable1 & reflection is s intimately bl5d$ ) feel+ t we believe we feel ! =m imm$iately4 ,beauty is !n an object to u1 x is true1 because reflection is ! condition ( ! feel+ :i* we h ( x2 b x is also a /ate ( our p]sonality 7our ,ego7 because ! feel+ is ! condition ( ! idea we conceive ( x3 beauty is !re=e d\btless =m1 because we contemplate x1 b x is equally life because we feel x4 ,9 a ^w1 x is at once our /ate & our act4 ,& precisely because x is at ! same "t bo? a /ate & an act1 x triumphantly proves to u t ! passive does n exclude ! active1 nei!r matt] nor =m1 nei!r ! f9ite nor ! inf9ite2 & t consequ5tly ! physical dep5d5ce to :i* man is necess>ily devot$ does n 9 any way de/roy 8 moral lib]ty4 ,?is is ! pro( ( beauty1 & ,i ought to add t ?is alone c prove x4 ,9 fact1 z 9 ! possession ( tru? or ( logical unity1 feel+ is n necess>ily "o ) ! ?\ght1 b foll[s x accid5tally2 x is a fact :i* only proves t a s5sitive nature c succe$ a rational nature1 & vice v]sa2 n t !y co-exi/1 t !y ex]cise a reciprocal action "o ov] ! o!r2 &1 la/ly1 t !y ought to be unit$ 9 an absolute & necess>y mann]4 ,f ?is exclusion ( feel+ z long z !re is ?\ght1 & ( ?\ght s long z !re is feel+1 we %\ld on ! contr>y conclude t ! two natures are incompatible1 s t 9 ord] to demon/rate t pure reason is to be realiz$ 9 humanity1 ! be/ pro( giv5 by ! analysis is t ?is realization is dem&$4 ,b1 z 9 ! realization ( beauty or ( /hetic unity1 !re is a real union1 mutual sub/itution ( matt] & ( =m1 ( passive & ( active1 by ?is alone is prov$ ! compatibility ( ! two natures1 ! possible realization ( ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 & consequ5tly also ! possibility ( ! mo/ sublime humanity4 ,h5ce=? we ne$ no long] be emb>rass$ to f9d a transition f dep5d5t feel+ to moral lib]ty1 because beauty reveals to u ! fact t !y c p]fectly co-exi/1 & t to %[ himself a _s1 man ne$ n escape f matt]4 ,b if on "o side he is free1 ev5 9 8 relation ) a visible _w1 z ! fact ( beauty tea*es1 & if on ! o!r side fre$om is some?+ absolute & sup]-s5su\s1 z its idea necess>ily implies1 ! "q is no long] h[ man succe$s 9 rais+ himself f ! f9ite to ! absolute1 & oppos+ himself 9 8 ?\ght & w to s5suality1 z ?is has already be5 produc$ 9 ! fact ( beauty4 ,9 a ^w1 we h no long] to ask h[ he passes f virtue to tru? :i* is already includ$ 9 ! =m]1 b h[ he op5s a way = himself f vulg> reality to /hetic reality1 & f ! ord9>y feel+s ( life to ! p]ception ( ! beautiful4 ,,lett] ,,xxvi4 ,i h %[n 9 ! previ\s lett]s t x is only ! /hetic disposition ( ! s\l t gives bir? to lib]ty1 x _c !re=e be d]iv$ f lib]ty nor h a moral orig94 ,x mu/ be a gift ( nature2 ! favor ( *ance alone c break ! bonds ( ! physical /ate & br+ ! savage to duty4 ,! g]m ( ! beautiful w f9d an equal difficulty 9 develop+ itself 9 c\ntries :]e a sev]e nature =bids man to enjoy himself1 & 9 ^? :]e a prodigal nature disp5ses him f all ef=t2 :]e ! blunt$ s5ses exp]i5ce no want1 & :]e viol5t desire c nev] be satisfi$4 ,! delightful fl[] ( ! beautiful w nev] unfold itself 9 ! case ( ! ,troglodyte hid 9 8 cav]n always alone1 & nev] f9d+ humanity outside himself2 nor among nomads1 :o1 travell+ 9 great troops1 only consi/ ( a multitude1 & h no individual humanity4 ,x w only fl\ri% 9 places :]e man conv]ses peacefully ) himself 9 8 cottage1 & ) ! :ole race :5 he issues f x4 ,9 ^? climates :]e a limpid e!r op5s ! s5ses to ! lighte/ impression1 :il/ a life-giv+ w>m? develops a luxuriant nature1 :]e ev5 9 ! inanimate creation ! sway ( in]t matt] is ov]?r[n1 & ! victori\s =m ennobles ev5 ! mo/ abject natures2 9 ?is joyful /ate & =tunate zone1 :]e activity alone leads to enjoym5t1 & enjoym5t to activity1 f life itself issues a holy h>mony1 & ! laws ( ord] develop life1 a diff]5t result takes place4 ,:5 imag9ation incessantly escapes f reality1 & does n ab&on ! simplicity ( nature 9 its w&]+s3 !n & !re only ! m9d & ! s5ses1 ! receptive =ce & ! pla/ic =ce1 are develop$ 9 t happy equilibrium :i* is ! s\l ( ! beautiful & ! condition ( humanity4 ,:at ph5om5on accompanies ! initiation ( ! savage into humanity8 ,h[ev] f> we look back into hi/ory ! ph5om5on is id5tical among all p :o h %ak5 (f ! slav]y ( ! animal /ate3 ! love ( appe>ance1 ! incl9ation = dress & = games4 ,extreme /upidity & extreme intellig5ce h a c]ta9 aff9ity 9 only seek+ ! real & be+ completely ins5sible to m]e appe>ance4 ,! =m] is only drawn =? by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( an object 9 ! s5ses1 & ! second is r$uc$ to a quiesc5t /ate only by ref]r+ conceptions to ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 /upidity _c rise above reality1 nor ! intellig5ce desc5d bel[ tru?4 ,?us1 9 z f> z ! want ( reality & atta*m5t to ! real are only ! consequ5ce ( a want & a defect1 indiff]5ce to ! real & an int]e/ tak5 9 appe>ances are a real enl>gem5t ( humanity & a decisive /ep t[>ds culture4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ! pro( ( an ext]ior lib]ty1 = z long z necessity comm&s & want solicits1 ! fancy is /rictly *a9$ d[n to ! real3 x is only :5 want is satisfi$ t x develops )\t h9d]ance4 ,b x is also ! pro( ( an int]nal lib]ty1 because x reveals to u a =ce :i*1 indep5d5t ( an ext]nal sub/ratum1 sets itself 9 motion1 & has suffici5t en]gy to remove f itself ! solicitations ( nature4 ,! reality ( ?+s is effect$ by ?+s1 ! appe>ance ( ?+s is ! "w ( man1 & a s\l t takes pleasure 9 appe>ance does n take pleasure 9 :at x receives b 9 :at x makes4 ,x is self-evid5t t ,i am speak+ ( /hetical evid5ce diff]5t f reality & tru?1 & n ( logical appe>ance id5tical ) !m4 ,!re=e if x is lik$ x is because x is an appe>ance1 & n because x is held to be some?+ bett] ?an x is3 ! fir/ pr9ciple alone is a play1 :il/ ! second is a deception4 ,to give a value to ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ k9d c nev] injure tru?1 because x is nev] to be fe>$ t x w supplant x--! only way 9 :i* tru? c be injur$4 ,to despise ?is appe>ance is to despise 9 g5]al all ! f9e arts ( :i* x is ! ess5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x happ5s sometimes t ! und]/&+ c>ries its zeal = reality z f> z ?is intol]ance1 & /rikes ) a s5t5ce ( o/racism all ! arts relat+ to beauty 9 appe>ance1 because x is only an appe>ance4 ,h[ev]1 ! intellig5ce only %[s ?is vigor\s _s :5 x calls to m9d ! aff9ity po9t$ out fur!r back4 ,i %all f9d "s day ! occasion to treat specially ( ! limits ( beauty 9 its appe>ance4 ,x is nature h]self :i* raises man f reality to appe>ance by end[+ him ) two s5ses :i* only lead him to ! k ( ! real ?r\gh appe>ance4 ,9 ! eye & ! e> ! organs ( ! s5ses are already fre$ f ! p]secutions ( nature1 & ! object ) :i* we are imm$iately 9 contact ?r\gh ! animal s5ses is remot] f u4 ,:at we see by ! eye diff]s f :at we feel2 = ! und]/&+ to rea* objects ov]leaps ! light :i* sep>ates u f !m4 ,9 tru?1 we are passive to an object3 9 sight & he>+ ! object is a =m we create4 ,:ile /ill a savage1 man only enjoys ?r\gh t\* m]ely aid$ by sight & s\nd4 ,he ei!r does n rise to p]ception ?r\gh sight1 or does n re/ !re4 ,z soon z he beg9s to enjoy ?r\gh sight1 vision has an indep5d5t value1 he is /hetically free1 & ! in/9ct ( play is develop$4 ,! in/9ct ( play likes appe>ance1 & directly x is awak5$ x is foll[$ by ! =mal imitative in/9ct :i* treats appe>ance z an indep5d5t ?+4 ,directly man has come to di/+ui% ! appe>ance f ! reality1 ! =m f ! body1 he c sep>ate1 9 fact he has already done s4 ,?us ! faculty ( ! art ( imitation is giv5 ) ! faculty ( =m 9 g5]al4 ,! incl9ation t draws u to x reposes on ano!r t5d5cy ,i h n to notice "h4 ,! exact p]iod :5 ! /hetic in/9ct1 or t ( art1 develops1 dep5ds entirely on ! attraction t m]e appe>ance has = m54 ,z e real exi/5ce proce$s f nature z a =eign p[]1 :il/ e appe>ance comes 9 ! fir/ place f man z a p]cipi5t subject1 he only uses 8 absolute sight 9 sep>at+ semblance f ess5ce1 & arrang+ accord+ to subjective law4 ,) an unbridl$ lib]ty he c unite :at nature has sev]$1 provid$ he c imag9e 8 union1 & he c sep>ate :at nature has unit$1 provid$ ?is sep>ation c take place 9 8 intellig5ce4 ,"h no?+ c be sacr$ to him b 8 own law3 ! only condition impos$ ^u him is to respect ! bord] :i* sep>ates 8 own sph]e f ! exi/5ce ( ?+s or f ! realm ( nature4 ,?is human "r ( rul+ is ex]cis$ by man 9 ! art ( appe>ance2 & 8 success 9 ext5d+ ! empire ( ! beautiful1 & gu>d+ ! fronti]s ( tru?1 w be 9 proportion ) ! /rictness ) :i* he sep>ates =m f sub/ance3 = if he frees appe>ance f reality1 he mu/ also d ! conv]se4 ,b man possesses sov]eign p[] only 9 ! _w ( appe>ance1 9 ! unsub/antial realm ( imag9ation1 only by ab/a9+ f giv+ be+ to appe>ance 9 !ory1 & by giv+ x be+ 9 practice4 ,x foll[s t ! poet transgresses 8 prop] limits :5 he attributes be+ to 8 ideal1 & :5 he gives ?is ideal aim z a det]m9$ exi/5ce4 ,= he c only rea* ?is result by exce$+ 8 "r z a poet1 t ( encroa*+ by ! ideal on ! field ( exp]i5ce1 & by pret5d+ to det]m9e real exi/5ce 9 virtue ( a simple possibility1 or else he r5\nces 8 "r z a poet by lett+ exp]i5ce encroa* on ! sph]e ( ! ideal1 & by re/rict+ possibility to ! conditions ( reality4 ,x is only by be+ frank or disclaim+ all reality1 & by be+ indep5d5t or do+ )\t reality1 t ! appe>ance is /hetical4 ,directly x apes reality or ne$s reality = effect1 x is no?+ m ?an a vile in/rum5t = mat]ial ends1 & c prove no?+ = ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 ! object 9 :i* we f9d beauty ne$ n be unreal if our judgm5t disreg>ds ?is reality2 = if x reg>ds ?is ! judgm5t is no long] /hetical4 ,a beautiful woman1 if liv+1 w\ld no d\bt please u z mu* & r m ?an an equally beautiful woman se5 9 pa9t+2 b :at makes ! =m] please m5 is n h] be+ an indep5d5t appe>ance2 %e no long] pleases ! pure /hetic feel+4 ,9 ! pa9t+1 life mu/ only attract z an appe>ance1 & reality z an idea4 ,b x is c]ta9 t to feel 9 a liv+ object only ! pure appe>ance requires a greatly high] /hetic culture ?an to d )\t life 9 ! appe>ance4 ,:5 ! frank & indep5d5t appe>ance is f\nd 9 man sep>ately1 or 9 a :ole p1 x may be inf]r$ !y h m9d1 ta/e1 & all pr]ogatives connect$ ) !m4 ,9 ?is case ! ideal w be se5 to gov]n real life1 honor triumph+ ov] =tune1 ?\ght ov] enjoym5t1 ! dream ( immortality ov] a transitory exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is case public op9ion w no long] be fe>$1 & an olive cr[n w be m valu$ ?an a purple mantle4 ,impot5ce & p]v]sity alone h rec\rse to false & paltry semblance1 & individuals z well z nations :o l5d to reality ! support ( appe>ance1 or to ! /hetic appe>ance ! support ( reality1 %[ _! moral unwor?9ess & _! /hetical impot5ce4 ,!re=e1 a %ort & conclusive answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q--h[ f> w appe>ance be p]mitt$ 9 ! moral _w8 ,x w run ?us 9 proportion z ?is appe>ance w be /hetical1 t is1 an appe>ance t does n try to make up = reality1 nor requires to be made up = by x4 ,! /hetical appe>ance c nev] endang] ! tru? ( morals3 :]ev] x seems to d s ! appe>ance is n /hetical4 ,only a /rang] to ! fa%ionable _w c take ! polite assurances1 :i* are only a =m1 = pro(s ( affection1 & say he has be5 deceiv$2 b only a clumsy fell[ 9 good society calls 9 ! aid ( duplicity & flatt]s to become amiable4 ,! =m] lacks ! pure s5se = indep5d5t appe>ance2 !re=e he c only give a value to appe>ance by tru?4 ,! second lacks reality1 & wi%es to replace x by appe>ance4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to he> depreciators ( ! times utt] ^! paltry compla9ts--t all solidity has disappe>$ f ! _w1 & t ess5ce is neglect$ = semblance4 ,?\gh ,i feel by no means call$ ^u to def5d ?is age aga9/ ^! reproa*es1 ,i mu/ say t ! wide application ( ^! criticisms %[s t !y atta* blame to ! age1 n only on ! score ( ! false1 b also ( ! frank appe>ance4 ,& ev5 ! exceptions !y admit 9 favor ( ! beautiful h = _! object less ! indep5d5t appe>ance ?an ! ne$y appe>ance4 ,n only d !y attack ! artificial color+ t hides tru? & replaces reality1 b also ! b5efic5t appe>ance t fills a vacuum & clo!s pov]ty2 & !y ev5 attack ! ideal appe>ance t ennobles a vulg> reality4 ,_! /rict s5se ( tru? is rightly (f5d$ by ! falsity ( mann]s2 un=tunately1 !y class polit5ess 9 ?is category4 ,x displeases !m t ! noisy & %[y s (t5 eclipse true m]it1 b !y are no less %ock$ t appe>ance is also dem&$ f m]it1 & t a real sub/ance does n disp5se ) an agreeable =m4 ,!y regret ! cordiality1 ! en]gy1 & solidity ( anci5t times2 !y w\ld re/ore ) !m anci5t co>s5ess1 heav9ess1 & ! old ,go?ic pr(usion4 ,by judgm5ts ( ?is k9d !y %[ an e/eem = ! matt] itself unwor?y ( humanity1 :i* ought only to value ! matt] inasmu* z x c receive a =m & enl>ge ! empire ( ideas4 ,accord+ly1 ! ta/e ( ! age ne$ n mu* fe> ^! criticisms if x c cle> itself be=e bett] judges4 ,our defect is n to grant a value to /hetic appe>ance 7we d n d ?is en\gh73 a sev]e judge ( ! beautiful might r reproa* u ) n hav+ arriv$ at pure appe>ance1 ) n hav+ sep>at$ cle>ly en\gh exi/5ce f ! ph5om5on1 & ?us e/abli%$ _! limits4 ,we %all des]ve ?is reproa* s long z we _c enjoy ! beautiful 9 liv+ nature )\t desir+ x2 z long z we _c admire ! beautiful 9 ! imitative arts )\t hav+ an end 9 view2 z long z we d n grant to imag9ation an absolute legislation ( its own2 & z long z we d n inspire x ) c>e = its dignity by ! e/eem we te/ify = its works4 ,,lett] ,,xxvii4 ,d n fe> = reality & tru?4 ,ev5 if ! elevat$ idea ( /hetic appe>ance become g5]al1 x w\ld n become s1 z long z man rema9s s little cultivat$ z to abuse x2 & if x became g5]al1 ?is w\ld result f a culture t w\ld prev5t all abuse ( x4 ,! pursuit ( indep5d5t appe>ance requires m p[] ( ab/raction1 fre$om ( he>t1 & en]gy ( w ?an man requires to %ut himself up 9 reality2 & he mu/ h left ! latt] beh9d him if he wi%es to atta9 to /hetic appe>ance4 ,!re=e1 a man w\ld calculate v badly :o took ! road ( ! ideal to save himself t ( reality4 ,?us reality w\ld n h mu* to fe> f appe>ance1 z we und]/& x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>ance w\ld h m to fe> f reality4 ,*a9$ to matt]1 man uses appe>ance = 8 purposes be=e he all[s x a prop] p]sonality 9 ! art ( ! ideal3 to come to t po9t a complete revolution mu/ take place 9 8 mode ( feel+1 o!rwise he w\ld n be ev5 on ! way to ! ideal4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we f9d 9 man ! signs ( a pure & dis9t]e/$ e/eem1 we c inf] t ?is revolution has tak5 place 9 8 nature1 & t humanity has really begun 9 him4 ,signs ( ?is k9d are f\nd ev5 9 ! fir/ & rude attempts t he makes to embelli% 8 exi/5ce1 ev5 at ! risk ( mak+ x worse 9 its mat]ial conditions4 ,z soon z he beg9s to pref] =m to sub/ance & to risk reality = appe>ance 7kn[n by him to be su*71 ! b>ri]s ( animal life fall1 & he f9ds himself on a track t has no end4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! ne$s ( nature1 he dem&s ! sup]flu\s4 ,fir/1 only ! sup]flu\s ( matt]1 to secure 8 enjoym5t beyond ! pres5t necessity2 b aft]w>ds he wi%es a sup]abundance 9 matt]1 an /hetical supplem5t to satisfy ! impulse = ! =mal1 to ext5d enjoym5t beyond necessity4 ,by pil+ up provisions simply = a future use1 & anticipat+ _! enjoym5t 9 ! imag9ation1 he out/eps ! limits ( ! pres5t mom5t1 b n ^? ( "t 9 g5]al4 ,he enjoys m2 he does n enjoy diff]5tly4 ,b z soon z he makes =m ent] into 8 enjoym5t1 & he keeps 9 view ! =ms ( ! objects :i* satisfy 8 desires1 he has n only increas$ 8 pleasure 9 ext5t & int5sity1 b he has also ennobl$ x 9 mode & species4 ,no d\bt nature has giv5 m ?an is necess>y to unreason+ be+s2 %e has caus$ a gleam ( fre$om to %9e ev5 9 ! d>kness ( animal life4 ,:5 ! lion is n torm5t$ by hung]1 & :5 no wild bea/ *all5ges him to fight1 8 unemploy$ en]gy creates an object = himself2 full ( ardor1 he fills ! re-e*o+ des]t ) 8 t]rible ro>s1 & 8 exub]ant =ce rejoices 9 itself1 %[+ itself )\t an object4 ,! insect flits ab\t rejoic+ 9 life 9 ! sunlight1 & x is c]ta9ly n ! cry ( want t makes itself he>d 9 ! melodi\s song ( ! bird2 !re is und5iably fre$om 9 ^! movem5ts1 ?\gh x is n emancipation f want 9 g5]al1 b f a det]m9ate ext]nal necessity4 ,! animal works1 :5 a privation is ! motor ( its activity1 & x plays :5 ! pl5itude ( =ce is ?is motor1 :5 an exub]ant life is excit$ to action4 ,ev5 9 inanimate nature a luxury ( /r5g? & a latitude ( det]m9ation are %[n1 :i* 9 ?is mat]ial s5se might be /yl$ play4 ,! tree produces numb]less g]ms t are abortive )\t develop+1 & x s5ds =? m roots1 bran*es1 & leaves1 organs ( nutrition1 ?an are us$ = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,:atev] ?is tree re/ores to ! elem5ts ( its exub]ant life1 )\t us+ x or enjoy+ x1 may be exp5d$ by life 9 free & joyful movem5ts4 ,x is ?us t nature (f]s 9 h] mat]ial sph]e a sort ( prelude to ! limitless1 & t ev5 !re %e suppresses p>tially ! *a9s f :i* %e w be completely emancipat$ 9 ! realm ( =m4 ,! con/ra9t ( sup]abundance or physical play answ]s z a transition f ! con/ra9t ( necessity1 or ( physical s]i\sness1 to /hetical play2 & be=e %ak+ (f1 9 ! supreme fre$om ( ! beautiful1 ! yoke ( any special aim1 nature already approa*es1 at lea/ remotely1 ?is indep5d5ce1 by ! free movem5t :i* is itself its own end & means4 ,! imag9ation1 l ! bodily organs1 has 9 man its free movem5t & its mat]ial play1 a play 9 :i*1 )\t any ref]5ce to =m1 x simply takes pleasure 9 its arbitr>y p[] & 9 ! abs5ce ( all h9d]ance4 ,^! plays ( fancy1 inasmu* z =m is n mix$ up ) !m1 & because a free succession ( images makes all _! *>m1 ?\gh conf9$ to man1 belong exclusively to animal life1 & only prove "o ?+--t he is deliv]$ f all ext]nal s5su\s con/ra9t--)\t our be+ entitl$ to inf] t !re is 9 x an indep5d5t pla/ic =ce4 ,f ?is play ( free association ( ideas1 :i* is /ill q mat]ial 9 nature & is expla9$ by simple natural laws1 ! imag9ation1 by mak+ ! attempt ( creat+ a free =m1 passes at l5g? at a jump to ! /hetic play3 ,i say at "o leap1 = q a new =ce ent]s into action "h2 = "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! legislative m9d is mix$ ) ! acts ( a bl9d in/9ct1 subjects ! arbitr>y m>* ( ! imag9ation to its et]nal & immutable unity1 causes its indep5d5t p]man5ce to ent] 9 t :i* is transitory1 & its inf9ity 9 ! s5su\s4 ,nev]!less1 z long z rude nature1 :i* kn[s ( no o!r law ?an runn+ incessantly f *ange to *ange1 w yet reta9 too mu* /r5g?1 x w oppose itself by its diff]5t caprices to ?is necessity2 by its agitation to ?is p]man5ce2 by its manifold ne$s to ?is indep5d5ce1 & by its insatiability to ?is sublime simplicity4 ,x w be also tr\blesome to recognize ! in/9ct ( play 9 its fir/ trials1 see+ t ! s5su\s impulsion1 ) its caprici\s humor & its viol5t appetites1 con/antly crosses4 ,x is on t acc\nt t we see ! ta/e1 /ill co>se1 seize t :i* is new & />tl+1 ! disord]$1 ! adv5tur\s & ! /range1 ! viol5t & ! savage1 & fly f no?+ s mu* z f calm & simplicity4 ,x inv5ts grotesque figures1 x likes rapid transitions1 luxuri\s =ms1 %>ply-m>k$ *anges1 acute tones1 a pa!tic song4 ,t :i* man calls beautiful at ?is "t is t :i* excites him1 t :i* gives him matt]2 b t :i* excites him to give 8 p]sonality to ! object1 t :i* gives matt] to a possible pla/ic op]ation1 = o!rwise x w\ld n be ! beautiful = him4 ,a rem>kable *ange has !re=e tak5 place 9 ! =m ( 8 judgm5ts2 he se>*es = ^! objects1 n because !y affect him1 b because !y furni% him ) ! occasion ( act+2 !y please him1 n because !y answ] to a want1 b because !y satisfy a law :i* speaks 9 8 brea/1 al?\gh q l[ z yet4 ,soon x w n be suffici5t = ?+s to please him2 he w wi% to please3 9 ! fir/ place1 x is true1 only by t :i* belongs to him2 aft]w>ds by t :i* he is4 ,t :i* he possesses1 t :i* he produces1 ought n m]ely to be> any m ! traces ( s]vitude1 nor to m>k out ! end1 simply & scrupul\sly1 by ! =m4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! use to :i* x is de/9$1 ! object ought also to reflect ! enlight5$ intellig5ce :i* imag9es x1 ! h& :i* %ap$ x ) affection1 ! m9d free & s]5e :i* *ose x & expos$ x to view4 ,n[1 ! anci5t ,g]man se>*es = m magnific5t furs1 = m spl5did antl]s ( ! /ag1 = m elegant dr9k+-horns2 & ! ,cal$onian *ooses ! prettie/ %ells = 8 fe/ivals4 ,! arms !mselves ought to be no long] only objects ( t]ror1 b also ( pleasure2 & ! skilfully-work$ scabb>d w n attract less att5tion ?an ! homicidal edge ( ! sword4 ,! in/9ct ( play1 n satisfi$ ) br++ into ! sph]e ( ! necess>y an /hetic sup]abundance = ! future m free1 is at la/ completely emancipat$ f ! bonds ( duty1 & ! beautiful becomes ( itself an object ( man's ex]tions4 ,he adorns himself4 ,! free pleasure comes to take a place among 8 wants1 & ! useless soon becomes ! be/ "p ( 8 joys4 ,=m1 :i* f ! outside gradually approa*es him1 9 8 dwell+1 8 furniture1 8 clo?+1 beg9s at la/ to take possession ( ! man himself1 to trans=m him1 at fir/ ext]iorly1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! int]ior4 ,! disord]$ leaps ( joy become ! dance1 ! =mless ge/ure is *ang$ into an amiable & h>moni\s pantomime1 ! confus$ acc5ts ( feel+ are develop$1 & beg9 to obey measures & adapt !mselves to song4 ,:51 l ! flight ( cranes1 ! ,trojan army ru%es on to ! field ( battle ) ?rill+ cries1 ! ,greek army approa*es 9 sil5ce & ) a noble & measur$ /ep4 ,on ! "o side we see b ! exub]ance ( a bl9d =ce1 on ! o!r ! triumph ( =m1 & ! simple maje/y ( law4 ,n[1 a nobl] necessity b9ds ! two sexes mutually1 & ! int]e/s ( ! he>t contribute 9 r5d]+ durable an alliance :i* 0 at fir/ caprici\s & *ang+ l ! desire t knits x4 ,deliv]$ f ! heavy fett]s ( desire1 ! eye1 n[ calm]1 att5ds to ! =m1 ! s\l contemplates ! s\l1 & ! int]e/$ ex*ange ( pleasure becomes a g5]\s ex*ange ( mutual incl9ation4 ,desire enl>ges & rises to love1 9 proportion z x sees humanity dawn 9 its object2 &1 despis+ ! vile triumphs ga9$ by ! s5ses1 man tries to w9 a nobl] victory ov] ! w4 ,! necessity ( pleas+ subjects ! p[]ful nature to ! g5tle laws ( ta/e2 pleasure may be /ol51 b love mu/ be a gift4 ,to obta9 ?is high] recomp5se1 x is only ?r\gh ! =m & n ?r\gh matt] t x c c>ry on ! conte/4 ,x mu/ cease to act on feel+ z a =ce1 to appe> 9 ! intellig5ce z a simple ph5om5on2 x mu/ respect lib]ty1 z x is lib]ty x wi%es to please4 ,! beautiful reconciles ! contra/ ( diff]5t natures 9 its simple/ & pure/ expression4 ,x also reconciles ! et]nal contra/ ( ! two sexes 9 ! :ole complex framework ( society1 or at all ev5ts x seeks to d s2 &1 tak+ z its model ! free alliance x has knit betwe5 manly /r5g? & womanly g5tl5ess1 x /rives to place 9 h>mony1 9 ! moral _w1 all ! elem5ts ( g5tl5ess & ( viol5ce4 ,n[1 at l5g?1 weakness becomes sacr$1 & an unbridl$ /r5g? disgraces2 ! inju/ice ( nature is correct$ by ! g5]osity ( *ivalr\s mann]s4 ,! be+ :om no p[] c make tremble1 is dis>m$ by ! amiable blu% ( mode/y1 & te>s ext+ui% a v5geance t blood c\ld n h qu5*$4 ,hatr$ itself he>s ! delicate voice ( honor1 ! conqu]or's sword sp>es ! dis>m$ enemy1 & a hospitable he>? smokes = ! /rang] on ! dread$ hillside :]e murd] alone await$ him be=e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! =midable realm ( =ces1 & ( ! sacr$ empire ( laws1 ! /hetic impulse ( =m creates by degrees a ?ird & a joy\s realm1 t ( play & ( ! appe>ance1 :]e %e emancipates man f fett]s1 9 all 8 relations1 & f all t is nam$ con/ra9t1 :e!r physical or moral4 ,if 9 ! dynamic /ate ( rights m5 mutually move & come into collision z =ces1 9 ! moral 7e?ical7 /ate ( duties1 man opposes to man ! maje/y ( ! laws1 & *a9s d[n 8 w4 ,9 ?is realm ( ! beautiful or ! /hetic /ate1 man ought to appe> to man only z a =m1 & an object ( free play4 ,to give fre$om ?r\gh fre$om is ! fundam5tal law ( ?is realm4 ,! dynamic /ate c only make society simple possibly by subdu+ nature ?r\gh nature2 ! moral 7e?ical7 /ate c only make x morally necess>y by submitt+ ! w ( ! individual to ! g5]al w4 ,! /hetic /ate alone c make x real1 because x c>ries out ! w ( all ?r\gh ! nature ( ! individual4 ,if necessity alone =ces man to ent] into society1 & if 8 reason engraves on 8 s\l social pr9ciples1 x is beauty only t c give him a social "*2 ta/e alone br+s h>mony into society1 because x creates h>mony 9 ! individual4 ,all o!r =ms ( p]ception divide ! man1 because !y are bas$ exclusively ei!r 9 ! s5su\s or 9 ! spiritual "p ( 8 be+4 ,x is only ! p]ception ( beauty t makes ( him an entirety1 because x dem&s ! co-op]ation ( 8 two natures4 ,all o!r =ms ( communication divide society1 because !y apply exclusively ei!r to ! receptivity or to ! private activity ( its memb]s1 & !re=e to :at di/+ui%es m5 "o f ! o!r4 ,! /hetic communication alone unites society because x applies to :at is common to all its memb]s4 ,we only enjoy ! pleasures ( s5se z individuals1 )\t ! nature ( ! race 9 u %>+ 9 x2 accord+ly1 we _c g5]alize our individual pleasures1 because we _c g5]alize our individuality4 ,we enjoy ! pleasures ( k z a race1 dropp+ ! individual 9 our judgm5t2 b we _c g5]alize ! pleasures ( ! und]/&+1 because we _c elim9ate individuality f ! judgm5ts ( o!rs z we d f our own4 ,beauty alone c we enjoy bo? z individuals & z a race1 t is1 z repres5t+ a race4 ,good app]ta9+ to s5se c only make "o p]son happy1 because x is f\nd$ on incl9ation1 :i* is always exclusive2 & x c only make a man p>tially happy1 because 8 real p]sonality does n %>e 9 x4 ,absolute good c only r5d] a man happy conditionally1 = tru? is only ! rew>d ( abnegation1 & a pure he>t alone has fai? 9 a pure w4 ,beauty alone conf]s happ9ess on all1 & "u its influ5ce e be+ =gets t he is limit$4 ,ta/e does n suff] any sup]ior or absolute au?ority1 & ! sway ( beauty is ext5d$ ov] appe>ance4 ,x ext5ds up to ! seat ( reason's supremacy1 suppress+ all t is mat]ial4 ,x ext5ds d[n to :]e s5su\s impulse rules ) bl9d compulsion1 & =m is undevelop$4 ,ta/e ev] ma9ta9s its p[] on ^! remote bord]s1 :]e legislation is tak5 f x4 ,p>ticul> desires mu/ r5\nce _! egotism1 & ! agreeable1 o!rwise tempt+ ! s5ses1 mu/ 9 matt]s ( ta/e adorn ! m9d ) ! attractions ( grace4 ,duty & /]n necessity mu/ *ange _! =bidd+ tone1 only excus$ by resi/ance1 & d homage to nature by a nobl] tru/ 9 h]4 ,ta/e leads our k f ! my/]ies ( sci5ce into ! op5 expanse ( common s5se1 & *anges a n>r[ s*ola/icism into ! common prop]ty ( ! human race4 ,"h ! highe/ g5ius mu/ leave its p>ticul> elevation1 & make itself famili> to ! compreh5sion ev5 ( a *ild4 ,/r5g? mu/ let ! ,graces b9d x1 & ! arbitr>y lion mu/ yield to ! re9s ( love4 ,= ?is purpose ta/e ?r[s a veil ov] physical necessity1 (f5d+ a free m9d by its co>se nudity1 & dissimulat+ our degrad+ p>5tage ) matt] by a delightful illusion ( fre$om4 ,m]c5>y art itself rises f ! du/2 & ! bondage ( ! bodily1 at its magic t\*1 falls (f f ! inanimate & animate4 ,9 ! /hetic /ate ! mo/ slavi% tool is a free citiz51 hav+ ! same rights z ! noble/2 & ! intellect :i* %apes ! mass to its int5t mu/ consult x conc]n+ its de/9ation4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! realm ( /hetic appe>ance1 ! idea ( equality is realiz$1 :i* ! political zealot w\ld gladly see c>ri$ out socially4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t p]fect polit5ess is only f\nd ne> a ?rone4 ,if ?us re/rict$ 9 ! mat]ial1 man has1 z else:]e appe>s1 to f9d comp5sation 9 ! ideal _w4 ,does su* a /ate ( beauty 9 appe>ance exi/1 & :]e8 ,x mu/ be 9 e f9ely-h>moniz$ s\l2 b z a fact1 only 9 select circles1 l ! pure ideal ( ! *ur* & /ate--9 circles :]e mann]s are n =m$ by ! empty imitations ( ! =eign1 b by ! v beauty ( nature2 :]e man passes ?r\gh all sorts ( complications 9 all simplicity & innoc5ce1 nei!r =c$ to tr5* on ano!r's fre$om to pres]ve 8 own1 nor to %[ grace at ! co/ ( dignity4 ,,/hetical ,,essays4 ,,! ,,moral ,,utility ,,( ,,/hetic ,,mann]s4 ,! au?or ( ! article :i* appe>$ 9 ! elev5? numb] ( 8,! ,h\rs10 ( #agie1 ^u 8,! ,dang] ( /hetic ,mann]s10 0 "r to hold z d\btful a morality f\nd$ only on a feel+ = ! beautiful1 & :i* has no o!r w>rant ?an ta/e2 b x is evid5t t a /rong & pure feel+ = ! beautiful ought to ex]cise a salut>y influ5ce ^u ! moral life2 & ?is is ! "q ( :i* ,i am ab\t to treat4 ,:5 ,i attribute to ta/e ! m]it ( contribut+ to moral progress1 x is n 9 ! lea/ my int5tion to pret5d t ! int]e/ t good ta/e takes 9 an action suffices to make an action moral2 morality c\ld nev] h any o!r f\ndation ?an h] own4 ,ta/e c be favorable to morality 9 ! conduct1 z ,i hope to po9t out 9 ! pres5t essay2 b alone1 & by its unaid$ influ5ce1 x c\ld nev] produce any?+ moral4 ,x is absolutely ! same ) respect to int]nal lib]ty z ) ext]nal physical lib]ty4 ,i act freely 9 a physical s5se only :51 indep5d5tly ( all ext]nal influ5ce1 ,i simply obey my w4 ,b = ! possibility ( ?us obey+ )\t h9d]ance my own w1 x is probable1 ultimately1 t ,i am indebt$ to a pr9ciple beyond or di/9ct f myself imm$iately x is admitt$ t ?is pr9ciple w\ld hamp] my w4 ,! same also ) reg>d to ! possibility ( accompli%+ su* action 9 con=mity ) duty--x may be t ,i owe x1 ultimately1 to a pr9ciple di/9ct f my reason2 t is possible1 ! mom5t ! idea ( ?is pr9ciple is recogniz$ z a =ce :i* c\ld h con/ra9$ my indep5d5ce4 ,?us ! same z we c say ( a man1 t he holds 8 lib]ty f ano!r man1 al?\gh lib]ty 9 its prop] s5se consi/s 9 n be+ =c$ to be regulat$ by ano!r--9 l mann] we c also say t ta/e "h obeys virtue1 al?\gh virtue h]self expressly c>ries ?is idea1 t 9 ! practice ( virtue %e makes use ( no o!r =eign help4 ,an action does n 9 any degree cease to be free1 because he :o c\ld hamp] its accompli%m5t %\ld =tunately ab/a9 f putt+ any ob/acle 9 ! way2 x suffices to "k t ?is ag5t has be5 mov$ by 8 own w )\t any consid]ation ( ano!r w4 ,9 ! same way1 an action ( ! moral ord] does n lose its "r to be qualifi$ z a moral action1 because ! temptations :i* might h turn$ x 9 ano!r direction did n pres5t !mselves2 x suffices to admit t ! ag5t obey$ solely ! decree ( 8 reason to ! exclusion ( all =eign spr+s ( action4 ,! lib]ty ( an ext]nal act is e/abli%$ z soon z x directly proce$s f ! w ( a p]son2 ! morality ( an int]ior action is e/abli%$ f ! mom5t t ! w ( ! ag5t is at once det]m9$ to x by ! laws ( reason4 ,x may be r5d]$ easi] or m difficult to act z free m5 accord+ z we meet or n 9 our pa? =ces adv]se to our w t mu/ be ov]come4 ,9 ?is s5se lib]ty is m or less susceptible4 ,x is great]1 or at lea/ m visible1 :5 we enable x to prevail ov] ! oppos+ =ces1 h[ev] en]getic _! opposition2 b x is n susp5d$ because our w %\ld h met ) no resi/ance1 or t a =eign succor com+ to our aid %\ld h de/roy$ ?is resi/ance1 )\t any help f ourselves4 ,! same ) respect to morality2 we might h m or less resi/ance to (f] 9 ord] on ! in/ant to obey our reason1 accord+ z x awak5s or n 9 u ^? in/9cts :i* /ruggle aga9/ its precepts1 & :i* mu/ be put aside4 ,9 ?is s5se morality is susceptible ( m or ( less4 ,our morality is great]1 or at lea/ m 9 relief1 :5 we imm$iately obey reason1 h[ev] p[]ful ! in/9cts are :i* pu% u 9 a contr>y direction2 b x is n susp5d$ because we h _h no temptation to disobey1 or t ?is =ce _h be5 p>alyz$ by "s o!r =ce o!r ?an our w4 ,we are incit$ to an action solely because x is moral1 )\t previ\sly ask+ ourselves if x is ! mo/ agreeable4 ,x is en\gh t su* an action is morally good1 & x w\ld pres]ve ?is "* ev5 if !re 7 cause to believe t we %\ld h act$ diff]5tly if ! action _h co/ u any tr\ble1 or _h depriv$ u ( a pleasure4 ,x c be admitt$1 = ! honor ( humanity1 t no man c\ld fall s l[ z to pref] evil solely because x is evil1 b r t e man1 )\t exception1 w\ld pref] ! good because x is ! good1 if by "s accid5tal circum/ance ! good did n exclude ! agreeable1 or did n entail tr\ble4 ,?us 9 reality all moral action seems to h no o!r pr9ciple ?an a conflict betwe5 ! good & ! agreeable2 or1 t :i* comes to ! same ?+1 betwe5 desire & reason2 ! =ce ( our s5su\s in/9cts on "o side1 &1 on ! o!r side1 ! feebl5ess ( w1 ! moral faculty3 su* app>5tly is ! s\rce ( all our faults4 ,!re may be1 !re=e1 two diff]5t ways ( favor+ morality1 ! same z !re are two k9ds ( ob/acles :i* ?w>t x3 ei!r we mu/ /r5g!n ! side ( reason1 & ! p[] ( ! good w1 s t no temptation c ov]come x2 or we mu/ break ! =ce ( temptation1 9 ord] t ! reason & ! w1 al?\gh feebl]1 %\ld yet be 9 a /ate to surm\nt x4 ,x might be said1 )\t d\bt1 t true morality ga9s little by ?is second proce$+1 because x happ5s )\t any modification ( ! w1 & yet t x is ! nature ( ! w t alone give to actions _! moral "*4 ,b ,i say also1 9 ! case 9 "q1 a *ange ( w is n at all necess>y2 because we d n suppose a bad w :i* %\ld require to be *ang$1 b only a w turn$ to good1 b :i* is feeble4 ,!re=e1 ?is w1 incl9$ to good1 b too feeble1 does n fail to atta9 by ?is r\te to good actions1 :i* might n h happ5$ if a /rong] impulsion _h drawn x 9 a contr>y s5se4 ,b e "t t a /rong w t[>ds good becomes ! pr9ciple ( an action1 we are really 9 pres5ce ( a moral action4 ,i h !re=e no scruple 9 advanc+ ?is proposition--t all :i* neutralizes ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! law ( duty really favors morality4 ,morality has )9 u a natural enemy1 ! s5su\s in/9ct2 ?is1 z soon z "s object solicits its desires1 aspires at once to gratify x1 &1 z soon z reason requires f x any?+ repugnant1 x does n fail to rebel aga9/ its precepts4 ,?is s5su\s in/9ct is con/antly occupi$ 9 ga9+ ! w on its side4 ,! w is nev]!less "u ! jurisdiction ( ! moral law1 & x is "u an obligation nev] to be 9 contradiction ) t :i* reason dem&s4 ,b ! s5su\s in/9ct does n recognize ! moral law2 x wi%es to enjoy its object & to induce ! w to realize x also1 not)/&+ :at ! reason may advance4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! faculty ( our appetites1 ( imm$iately direct+ ! w )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t sup]ior laws1 is p]petually 9 conflict ) our moral de/9ation1 & x is ! mo/ p[]ful adv]s>y t man has to combat 9 8 moral conduct4 ,! co>se s\l1 )\t ei!r moral or /hetic education1 receives directly ! law ( appetite1 & acts only accord+ to ! good pleasure ( ! s5ses4 ,! moral s\l1 b :i* wants /hetic culture1 receives 9 a direct mann] ! law ( reason1 & x is only out ( respect = duty t x triumphs ov] temptation4 ,9 ! purifi$ /hetic s\l1 !re is moreov] ano!r motive1 ano!r =ce1 :i* frequ5tly takes ! place ( virtue :5 virtue is abs5t1 & :i* r5d]s x easi] :5 x is pres5t--t is1 ta/e4 ,ta/e dem&s ( u mod]ation & dignity2 x has a horror ( ev]y?+ %>p1 h>d & viol5t2 x likes all t %apes itself ) ease & h>mony4 ,to li/5 to ! voice ( reason amid/ ! tempe/ ( ! s5ses1 & to "k :]e to place a limit to nature 9 its mo/ brutifi$ explosions1 is1 z we are aw>e1 requir$ by good bre$+1 :i* is no o!r ?an an /hetic law2 ?is is requir$ ( e civiliz$ man4 ,well1 !n1 ?is con/ra9t impos$ ^u civiliz$ man 9 ! expression ( 8 feel+s1 conf]s ^u him already a c]ta9 degree ( au?ority ov] !m1 or at lea/ develops 9 him a c]ta9 aptitude to rise above ! purely passive /ate ( ! s\l1 to int]rupt ?is /ate by an initiative act1 & to /op by reflection ! petulance ( ! feel+s1 ev] ready to pass f affections to acts4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ t int]rupts ! bl9d impetuosity ( ^! movem5ts ( ! affections does n z yet1 h[ev]1 produce1 ,i own1 a virtue 7= virtue ought nev] to h any o!r active pr9ciple ?an itself71 b t at lea/ op5s ! road to ! w1 9 ord] to turn x on ! side ( virtue4 ,/ill1 ?is victory ( ta/e ov] bruti% affections is by no means a moral action1 & ! fre$om :i* ! w acquires by ! int]v5tion ( ta/e is z yet 9 no way a moral lib]ty4 ,ta/e deliv]s ! s\l f ! yoke ( in/9ct1 only to impose ^u x *a9s ( its own2 & 9 disc]n+ ! fir/ enemy1 ! decl>$ enemy ( moral lib]ty1 x rema9s itself1 too (t51 z a second enemy1 p]haps ev5 ! m dang]\s z x assumes ! aspect ( a fri5d4 ,ta/e effectively gov]ns ! s\l itself only by ! attraction ( pleasure2 x is true ( a nobl] type1 because its pr9ciple is reason1 b /ill z long z ! w is det]m9$ by pleasure !re is n yet morality4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 a great po9t is ga9$ already by ! int]v5tion ( ta/e 9 ! op]ations ( ! w4 ,all ^? mat]ial incl9ations & brutal appetites1 :i* oppose ) s mu* ob/9acy & vehem5ce ! practice ( good1 ! s\l is fre$ f ?r\gh ! /hetic ta/e2 & 9 _! place1 x implants 9 u nobl] & g5tl] incl9ations1 :i* draw ne>] to ord]1 to h>mony1 & to p]fection2 & al?\gh ^! incl9ations are n by !mselves virtues1 !y h at lea/ some?+ 9 common ) virtue2 x is _! object4 ,!nce=?1 if x is ! appetite t speaks1 x w h to und]go a rigor\s control be=e ! s5se ( ! beautiful3 if x is ! reason :i* speaks1 & :i* comm&s 9 its acts con=mity ) ord]1 h>mony1 & p]fection1 n only w x no long] meet ) an adv]s>y on ! side ( incl9ation1 b x w f9d ! mo/ active competition4 ,if we survey all ! =ms "u :i* morality c be produc$1 we %all see t all ^! =ms c be r$uc$ to two2 ei!r x is s5su\s nature :i* moves ! s\l ei!r to d ?is ?+ or n to d ! o!r1 & ! w f9ally decides aft] ! law ( ! reason2 or x is ! reason itself :i* impels ! motion1 & ! w obeys x )\t seek+ c\nsel ( ! s5ses4 ,! ,greek pr9cess1 ,anna ,comn5a1 speaks ( a rebel prison]1 :om h] fa!r ,alexis1 !n a simple g5]al ( 8 pr$ecessor1 _h be5 *>g$ to conduct to ,con/ant9ople4 ,dur+ ! j\rney1 z !y 7 rid+ side by side1 ,alexis desir$ to halt "u ! %ade ( a tree to refre% himself dur+ ! great heat ( ! day4 ,x 0 n long be=e he fell asleep1 :il/ 8 companion1 :o felt no incl9ation to repose ) ! fe> ( dea? await+ him be=e 8 eyes1 rema9$ awake4 ,alexis slumb]$ pr(\ndly1 ) 8 sword hang+ ^u a bran* above 8 head2 ! prison] p]ceiv$ ! sword1 & imm$iately conceiv$ ! idea ( kill+ 8 gu>dian & ?us ( rega9+ 8 fre$om4 ,anna ,comn5a gives u to und]/& t %e kn[s n :at might h be5 ! result _h n ,alexis =tunately awoke at t in/ant4 ,9 ?is !re is a moral ( ! highe/ k9d1 9 :i* ! s5su\s in/9ct fir/ rais$ its voice1 & ( :i* ! reason _h only aft]w>ds tak5 cognizance 9 quality ( judge4 ,b suppose t ! prison] _h triumph$ ov] ! temptation only out ( respect = ju/ice1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ! action w\ld h be5 a moral action4 ,:5 ! late ,duke ,leopold ( ,brunswick1 /&+ ^u ! banks ( ! rag+ wat]s ( ! ,od]1 ask$ himself if at ! p]il ( 8 life he ought to v5ture into ! impetu\s flood 9 ord] to save "s un=tunates :o )\t 8 aid 7 sure to p]i%2 & :5--,i suppose a case--simply "u ! influ5ce ( duty1 he ?r[s himself into ! boat into :i* none o!r d>es to ent]1 no "o w conte/ d\btless t he act$ morally4 ,! duke 0 "h 9 a contr>y position to t ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,! idea ( duty1 9 ?is circum/ance1 0 ! fir/ :i* pres5t$ itself1 & aft]w>ds only ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 0 r\s$ to oppose itself to t prescrib$ by reason4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! w act$ 9 ! same way2 x obey$ unhesitat+ly ! reason1 yet bo? ( !m are moral actions4 ,b w\ld ! action h cont9u$ moral 9 bo? cases1 if we suppose ! /hetic ta/e to h tak5 "p 9 x8 ,= example1 suppose t ! fir/1 :o 0 tempt$ to commit a bad action1 & :o gave x up f respect = ju/ice1 _h ! ta/e suffici5tly cultivat$ to feel an inv9cible horror ar\s$ 9 him aga9/ all disgraceful or viol5t action1 ! /hetic s5se alone w suffice to turn him f x2 !re is no long] any delib]ation be=e ! moral tribunal1 be=e ! consci5ce2 ano!r motive1 ano!r jurisdiction has already pron\nc$4 ,b ! /hetic s5se gov]ns ! w by ! feel+ & n by laws4 ,?us ?is man refuses to enjoy ! agreeable s5sation ( a life sav$1 because he _c support 8 odi\s feel+s ( hav+ committ$ a bas5ess4 ,!re=e all1 9 ?is1 took place be=e ! feel+s alone1 & ! conduct ( ?is man1 al?\gh 9 con=mity ) ! law1 is morally indiff]5t2 x is simply a f9e effect ( nature4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! second1 he to :om 8 reason prescrib$ to d a ?+ aga9/ :i* natural in/9ct prote/$2 suppose t ?is man _h to ! same ext5t a susceptibility = ! beautiful1 s t all :i* is great & p]fect enraptur$ him2 at ! same mom5t1 :5 reason gave ! ord]1 ! feel+s w\ld place !mselves on ! same side1 & he w\ld d will+ly t :i* )\t ! incl9ation = ! beautiful he w\ld h _h to d contr>y to incl9ation4 ,b w\ld ?is be a reason = u to f9d x less p]fect8 ,assur$ly n1 because 9 pr9ciple x acts out ( pure respect = ! prescriptions ( reason2 & if x foll[s ^! injunctions ) joy1 t c take no?+ away f ! moral purity ( ! act4 ,?us1 ?is man w be q z p]fect 9 ! moral s5se2 &1 on ! contr>y1 he w be incomp>ably m p]fect 9 ! physical s5se1 because he is inf9itely m capable ( mak+ a virtu\s subject4 ,?us1 ta/e gives a direction to ! s\l :i* disposes x to virtue1 9 keep+ away su* incl9ations z are contr>y to x1 & 9 r\s+ ^? :i* are favorable4 ,ta/e c\ld n injure true virtue1 al?\gh 9 e case :]e natural in/9ct speaks fir/1 ta/e comm5ces by decid+ = its *ief t :i* consci5ce o!rwise ought to h kn[n2 9 consequ5ce x is ! cause t1 among/ ! actions ( ^? :om x gov]ns1 !re are _m m actions morally indiff]5t ?an actions truly moral4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! excell5cy ( ! man does n consi/ 9 ! lea/ degree 9 produc+ a l>g] sum ( vigor\sly moral p>ticul> actions1 b by ev9c+ z a :ole a great] con=mity ( all 8 natural dispositions ) ! moral law2 & x is n a ?+ to give p a v high idea ( _! c\ntry or ( _! age to he> morality s (t5 spok5 ( & p>ticul> acts boa/$ ( z traits ( virtue4 ,let u hope t ! day :5 civilization %all h consummat$ its "w 7if we c realize ?is t]m 9 ! m9d7 !re w no long] be any "q ( ?is4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 ta/e c become ( possible utility to true virtue1 9 all cases :51 ! fir/ in/igations issu+ f reason1 its voice incurs ! risk ( be+ /ifl$ by ! m p[]ful solicitations ( natural in/9ct4 ,?us1 ta/e det]m9es our feel+s to take ! "p ( duty1 & 9 ?is mann] r5d]s a m$iocre moral =ce ( w suffici5t = ! practice ( virtue4 ,9 ?is light1 if ! ta/e nev] injures true morality1 & if 9 _m cases x is ( evid5t use--& ?is circum/ance is v important--!n x is supremely favorable to ! legality ( our conduct4 ,suppose t /hetic education contributes 9 no degree to ! improvem5t ( our feel+s1 at lea/ x r5d]s u bett] able to act1 al?\gh )\t true moral disposition1 z we %\ld h act$ if our s\l _h be5 truly moral4 ,!re=e1 x is q true t1 be=e ! tribunal ( ! consci5ce1 our acts h absolutely no importance b z ! expression ( our feel+s3 b x is precisely ! contr>y 9 ! physical ord] & 9 ! plan ( nature3 !re x is no long] our s5tim5ts t are ( importance2 !y are only important s f> z !y give occasion to acts :i* conduce to ! aims ( nature4 ,b ! physical ord] :i* is gov]n$ by =ces1 & ! moral ord] :i* gov]ns itself by laws1 are s exactly made "o = ! o!r1 & are s intimately bl5d$1 t ! actions :i* are by _! =m morally suitable1 necess>ily conta9 also a physical suitability2 & z ! entire edifice ( nature seems to exi/ only to r5d] possible ! highe/ ( all aims1 :i* is ! good1 9 ! same mann] ! good c 9 its turn be employ$ z ! means ( pres]v+ ! edifice4 ,?us1 ! natural ord] has be5 r5d]$ dep5d5t ^u ! morality ( our s\ls1 & we _c g aga9/ ! moral laws ( ! _w )\t at ! same "t provok+ a p]turbation 9 ! physical _w4 ,if1 !n1 x is impossible to expect t human nature1 z long z x is only human nature1 %\ld act )\t int]ruption or feebl5ess1 uni=mly & con/antly z pure reason1 & t x nev] (f5d ! laws ( moral ord]2 if fully p]suad$1 z we are1 bo? ( ! necessity & ! possibility ( pure virtue1 we are =c$ to av[ h[ subject to accid5t is ! ex]cise ( x1 & h[ little we ought to reckon ^u ! /eadfa/ness ( our be/ pr9ciples2 if ) ?is conviction ( human fragility we be> 9 m9d t ea* ( ! infractions ( ! moral law attacks ! edifice ( nature1 if we recall all ^! consid]ations to our memory1 x w\ld be assur$ly ! mo/ crim9al boldness to place ! int]e/s ( ! entire _w at ! m]cy ( ! unc]ta9ty ( our virtue4 ,let u r draw f x ! foll[+ conclusion1 t x is = u an obligation to satisfy at ! v lea/ ! physical ord] by ! object ( our acts1 ev5 :5 we d n satisfy ! exig5cies ( ! moral ord] by ! =m ( ^! acts2 to pay1 at lea/1 z p]fect in/rum5ts ! aims ( nature1 t :i* we owe z imp]fect p]sons to reason1 9 ord] n to appe> %amefac$ be=e bo? tribunals4 ,= if we refus$ to make any ef=t to con=m our acts to x because simple legality is )\t moral m]it1 ! ord] ( ! _w might 9 ! mean:ile be dissolv$1 & be=e we _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ our pr9ciples all ! l9ks ( society might be brok5 ,no1 ! m our morality is subject$ to *ance1 ! m is x necess>y to take measures 9 ord] to assure its legality2 to neglect1 ei!r f levity or pride1 ?is legality is a fault = :i* we %all h to answ] be=e morality4 ,:5 a maniac believes himself ?reat5$ ) a fit ( madness1 he leaves no knife )9 rea* ( 8 h&s1 & he puts himself "u con/ra9t1 9 ord] to avoid responsibility 9 a /ate ( sanity = ! crimes :i* 8 tr\bl$ bra9 might lead him to commit4 ,9 a simil> mann] x is an obligation = u to seek ! salut>y bonds :i* religion & ! /hetic laws pres5t to u1 9 ord] t dur+ ! crisis :5 our passion is dom9ant x %all n injure ! physical ord]4 ,x is n un9t5tionally t ,i h plac$ religion & ta/e 9 "o & ! same class2 ! reason is t bo? "o & ! o!r h ! m]it1 simil> 9 effect1 al?\gh dissimil> 9 pr9ciple & 9 value1 to take ! place ( virtue prop]ly s call$1 & to assure legality :]e !re is no possibility to hope = morality4 ,d\btless t w\ld hold an inconte/ably high] rank 9 ! ord] ( pure spirits1 z !y w\ld ne$ nei!r ! attraction ( ! beautiful nor ! p]spective ( et]nal life1 to con=m on e occasion to ! dem&s ( reason2 b we "k man is %ort-sight$1 & 8 feebl5ess =ces ! mo/ rigid morali/ to temp] 9 "s degree ! rigidity ( 8 sy/em 9 practice1 al?\gh he w yield no?+ 9 !ory2 x obliges him1 9 ord] to insure ! welf>e ( ! human race1 :i* w\ld be ill protect$ by a virtue subject$ to *ance1 to h fur!r rec\rse to two /rong an*ors--^? ( religion & ta/e4 ,,on ,,! ,,sublime4 8,man is nev] oblig$ to say1 ,i mu/--mu/0 says ! ,jew ,na?an#e to ! d]vi%2 & ?is expression is true 9 a wid] s5se ?an man might be tempt$ to suppose4 ,! w is ! specific "* ( man1 & reason itself is only ! et]nal rule ( 8 w4 ,all nature acts reasonably2 all our pr]ogative is to act reasonably1 ) consci\sness & ) w4 ,all o!r objects obey necessity2 man is ! be+ :o wills4 ,x is exactly = ?is reason t !re is no?+ m inconsi/5t ) ! dignity ( man ?an to suff] viol5ce1 = viol5ce effaces him4 ,he :o does viol5ce to u disputes no?+ less ?an our humanity2 he :o submits 9 a c[>dly _s to ! viol5ce abdicates 8 quality ( man4 ,b ?is pret5sion to rema9 absolutely free f all t is viol5ce seems to imply a be+ 9 possession ( a =ce suffici5tly great to keep (f all o!r =ces4 ,b if ?is pret5sion is f\nd 9 a be+ :o1 9 ! ord] ( =ces1 _c claim ! fir/ rank1 ! result is an un=tunate contradiction betwe5 8 in/9ct & 8 p[]4 ,man is precisely 9 ?is case4 ,surr\nd$ by numb]less =ces1 :i* are all sup]ior to him & hold sway ov] him1 he aspires by 8 nature n to h to suff] any injury at _! h&s4 ,x is true t by 8 intellig5ce he adds artificially to 8 natural =ces1 & t up to a c]ta9 po9t he actually succe$s 9 reign+ physically ov] ev]y?+ t is physical4 ,! prov]b says1 8!re is a rem$y = ev]y?+ except dea?20 b ?is exception1 if x is "o 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 w\ld suffice to entirely ru9 ! v idea ( our nature4 ,nev] w man be ! cause t wills1 if !re is a case1 a s+le case1 9 :i*1 ) or )\t 8 cons5t1 he is =c$ to :at he does n wi%4 ,?is s+le t]rible exception1 to be or to d :at is necess>y & n :at he wi%es1 ?is idea w pursue him z a phantom2 & z we see 9 fact among ! great] "p ( m51 x w give him up a prey to ! bl9d t]rors ( imag9ation4 ,8 boa/$ lib]ty is no?+1 if !re is a s+le po9t :]e he is "u con/ra9t & b\nd4 ,x is education t mu/ give back lib]ty to man1 & help him to complete ! :ole idea ( 8 nature4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to make him capable ( mak+ 8 w prevail1 =1 ,i repeat x1 man is ! be+ :o wills4 ,x is possible to rea* ?is end 9 two ways3 ei!r really1 by oppos+ =ce to =ce1 by comm&+ nature1 z nature y\rself2 or by ! idea1 issu+ f nature1 & by ?us de/roy+ 9 relation to self ! v idea ( viol5ce4 ,all t helps man really to hold sway ov] nature is :at is /yl$ physical education4 ,man cultivates 8 und]/&+ & develops 8 physical =ce1 ei!r to conv]t ! =ces ( nature1 accord+ to _! prop] laws1 into ! in/rum5ts ( 8 w1 or to secure himself aga9/ _! effects :5 he _c direct !m4 ,b ! =ces ( nature c only be direct$ or turn$ aside up to a c]ta9 po9t2 beyond t po9t !y )draw f ! influ5ce ( man & place him "u !irs4 ,?us beyond ! po9t 9 "q 8 fre$om w\ld be lo/1 7 he only susceptible ( physical education4 ,b he mu/ be man 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 & consequ5tly he mu/ h no?+ to endure1 9 any case1 contr>y to 8 w4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he c no long] oppose to ! physical =ces any proportional physical =ce1 only "o res\rce rema9s to him to avoid suff]+ any viol5ce3 t is1 to cause to cease entirely t relation :i* is s fatal to him4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to annihilate z an idea ! viol5ce he is oblig$ to suff] 9 fact4 ,! education t fits man = ?is is call$ moral education4 ,! man fa%ion$ by moral education1 & he only1 is entirely free4 ,he is ei!r sup]ior to nature z a p[]1 or he is 9 h>mony ) h]4 ,none ( ! actions t %e br+s to be> ^u him is viol5ce1 = be=e rea*+ him x has become an act ( 8 own w1 & dynamic nature c\ld nev] t\* him1 because he spontane\sly keeps away f all to :i* %e c rea*4 ,b to atta9 to ?is /ate ( m9d1 :i* morality designates z resignation to necess>y ?+s1 & religion /yles absolute submission to ! c\nsels ( ,provid5ce1 to rea* ?is by an ef=t ( 8 free w & ) reflection1 a c]ta9 cle>ness is requir$ 9 ?\ght1 & a c]ta9 en]gy 9 ! w1 sup]ior to :at man commonly possesses 9 active life4 ,happily = him1 man f9ds "h n only 9 8 rational nature a moral aptitude t c be develop$ by ! und]/&+1 b also 9 8 reasonable & s5sible nature--t is1 9 8 human nature--an /hetic t5d5cy :i* seems to h be5 plac$ !re expressly3 a faculty awak5s ( itself 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 s5su\s objects1 & :i*1 aft] our feel+s are purifi$1 c be cultivat$ to su* a po9t z to become a p[]ful ideal developm5t4 ,?is aptitude1 ,i grant1 is ideali/ic 9 its pr9ciple & 9 its ess5ce1 b "o :i* ev5 ! reali/ all[s to be se5 cle>ly en\gh 9 8 conduct1 ?\gh he does n ackn[l$ge ?is 9 !ory4 ,i am n[ ab\t to discuss ?is faculty4 ,i admit t ! s5se ( ! beautiful1 :5 x is develop$ by culture1 suffices ( itself ev5 to make u1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 indep5d5t ( nature z f> z x is a =ce4 ,a m9d t has ennobl$ itself suffici5tly to be m s5sible ( ! =m ?an ( ! matt] ( ?+s1 conta9s 9 itself a pl5itude ( exi/5ce t no?+ c\ld make x lose1 especially z x does n tr\ble itself ab\t ! possession ( ! ?+s 9 "q1 & f9ds a v lib]al pleasure 9 ! m]e contemplation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,z ?is m9d has no want to appropriate ! objects 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x lives1 x has no fe> ( be+ depriv$ ( !m4 ,b x is nev]!less necess>y t ^! ph5om5a %\ld h a body1 ?r\gh :i* !y manife/ !mselves2 &1 consequ5tly1 z long z we feel ! want ev5 only ( f9d+ a beautiful appe>ance or a beautiful ph5om5on1 ?is want implies t ( ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 objects2 & x foll[s t our satisfaction /ill dep5ds on nature1 consid]$ z a =ce1 because x is nature :o disposes ( all exi/5ce 9 a sov]eign mann]4 ,x is a diff]5t ?+1 9 fact1 to feel 9 y\rself ! want ( objects end[$ ) beauty & goodness1 or simply to require t ! objects :i* surr\nd u are good & beautiful4 ,?is la/ desire is compatible ) ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( ! s\l2 b x is n s ) ! o!r4 ,we are entitl$ to require t ! object be=e u %\ld be beautiful & good1 b we c only wi% t ! beautiful & ! good %\ld be realiz$ objectively be=e u4 ,n[ ! disposition ( m9d is1 p> excell5ce1 call$ gr& & sublime1 9 :i* no att5tion is giv5 to ! "q ( kn[+ if ! beautiful1 ! good1 & ! p]fect exi/2 b :5 x is rigor\sly requir$ t t :i* exi/s %\ld be good1 beautiful & p]fect1 ?is "* ( m9d is call$ sublime1 because x conta9s 9 x positively all ! *>act]i/ics ( a f9e m9d )\t %>+ its negative features4 ,a sign by :i* beautiful & good m9ds1 b hav+ weaknesses1 are recogniz$1 is ! aspir+ always to f9d _! moral ideal realiz$ 9 ! _w ( facts1 & _! be+ pa9fully affect$ by all t places an ob/acle to x4 ,a m9d ?us con/itut$ is r$uc$ to a sad /ate ( dep5d5ce 9 relation to *ance1 & x may always be pr$ict$ ( x1 )\t fe> ( deception1 t x w give too l>ge a %>e to ! matt] 9 moral & /hetical ?+s1 & t x w n su/a9 ! m critical trials ( "* & ta/e4 ,moral imp]fections ought n to be to u a cause ( suff]+ & ( pa93 suff]+ & pa9 bespeak r an ungratifi$ wi% ?an an unsatisfi$ moral want4 ,an unsatisfi$ moral want ought to be accompani$ by a m manly feel+1 & =tify our m9d & confirm x 9 its en]gy r ?an make u unhappy & pusillanim\s4 ,nature has giv5 to u two g5ii z companions 9 our life 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,! "o1 amiable & ( good companion%ip1 %ort5s ! tr\bles ( ! j\rney by ! gayety ( its plays4 ,x makes ! *a9s ( necessity light to u1 & leads u amid/ joy & laught]1 to ! mo/ p]il\s spots1 :]e we mu/ act z pure spirits & /rip ourselves ( all t is body1 on ! k ( ! true & ! practice ( duty4 ,once :5 we are !re1 x ab&ons u1 = its realm is limit$ to ! _w ( s5se2 its e>?ly w+s c\ld n c>ry x beyond4 ,b at ?is mom5t ! o!r companion /eps ^u ! /age1 sil5t & grave1 & ) 8 p[]ful arm c>ries u beyond ! precipice t made u giddy4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! g5ii we recognize ! feel+ ( ! beautiful1 9 ! o!r ! feel+ ( ! sublime4 ,no d\bt ! beautiful itself is already an expression ( lib]ty4 ,?is lib]ty is n ! k9d t raises u above ! p[] ( nature1 & t sets u free f all bodily influ5ce1 b x is only ! lib]ty :i* we enjoy z m51 )\t issu+ f ! limits ( nature4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( beauty we feel ourselves free1 because ! s5su\s in/9cts are 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( reason4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! sublime we feel ourselves sublime1 because ! s5su\s in/9cts h no influ5ce ov] ! jurisdiction ( reason1 because x is !n ! pure _s t acts 9 u z if x 7 n absolutely subject to any o!r laws ?an its own4 ,! feel+ ( ! sublime is a mix$ feel+4 ,x is at once a pa9ful /ate1 :i* 9 its p>oxysm is manife/$ by a k9d ( %udd]1 & a joy\s /ate1 t may rise to rapture1 & :i*1 )\t be+ prop]ty a pleasure1 is greatly pref]r$ to e k9d ( pleasure by delicate s\ls4 ,?is union ( two contr>y s5sations 9 "o & ! same feel+ proves 9 a p]emptory mann] our moral indep5d5ce4 ,= z x is absolutely impossible t ! same object %\ld be ) u 9 two opposite relations1 x foll[s t x is we ourselves :o su/a9 two diff]5t relations ) ! object4 ,x foll[s t ^! two oppos$ natures %\ld be unit$ 9 u1 :i*1 on ! idea ( ?is object1 are br\ght into play 9 two p]fectly opposite ways4 ,?us we exp]i5ce by ! feel+ ( ! beautiful t ! /ate ( our spiritual nature is n necess>ily det]m9$ by ! /ate ( our s5su\s nature2 t ! laws ( nature are n necess>ily our laws2 & t !re is 9 u an autonom\s pr9ciple indep5d5t ( all s5su\s impressions4 ,! sublime object may be consid]$ 9 two lights4 ,we ei!r repres5t x to our compreh5sion1 & we try 9 va9 to make an image or idea ( x1 or we ref] x to our vital =ce1 & we consid] x z a p[] be=e :i* ours is no?+4 ,b ?\gh 9 bo? cases we exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ?is object ! pa9ful feel+ ( our limits1 yet we d n seek to avoid x2 on ! contr>y we are attract$ to x by an irresi/ible =ce4 ,c\ld ?is be ! case if ! limits ( our imag9ation 7 at ! same "t ^? ( our compreh5sion8 ,%\ld we be will+ly call$ back to ! feel+ ( ! omnipot5ce ( ! =ces ( nature if we _h n 9 u some?+ t _c be a prey ( ^! =ces4 ,we are pleas$ ) ! spectacle ( ! s5su\s inf9ite1 because we are able to atta9 by ?\ght :at ! s5ses c no long] embrace & :at ! und]/&+ _c grasp4 ,! sight ( a t]rible object transports u ) en?usiasm1 because we are capable ( will+ :at ! in/9cts reject ) horror1 & ( reject+ :at !y desire4 ,we will+ly all[ our imag9ation to f9d some?+ 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a t passes beyond x2 because1 aft] all1 x is only "o s5su\s =ce t triumphs ov] ano!r s5su\s =ce1 b nature1 not)/&+ all h] inf9ity1 _c atta9 to ! absolute gr&eur :i* is 9 ourselves4 ,we submit will+ly to physical necessity bo? our well-be+ & our exi/5ce4 ,?is is because ! v p[] rem9ds u t !re are 9 u pr9ciples t escape its empire4 ,man is 9 ! h&s ( nature1 b ! w ( man is 9 8 own h&s4 ,nature h]self has actually us$ a s5su\s means to tea* u t we are some?+ m ?an m]e s5su\s natures4 ,%e has ev5 kn[n h[ to make use ( our s5sations to put u on ! track ( ?is discov]y--t we are by no means subject z slaves to ! viol5ce ( ! s5sations4 ,& ?is is q a diff]5t effect f t :i* c be produc$ by ! beautiful2 ,i mean ! beautiful ( ! real _w1 = ! sublime itself is surpass$ by ! ideal4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( beauty1 reason & s5se are 9 h>mony1 & x is only on acc\nt ( ?is h>mony t ! beautiful has attraction = u4 ,consequ5tly1 beauty alone c\ld nev] tea* u t our de/9ation is to act z pure intellig5ces1 & t we are capable ( %[+ ourselves su*4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! sublime1 on ! contr>y1 reason & ! s5su\s are n 9 h>mony1 & x is precisely ?is contradiction betwe5 ! two :i* makes ! *>m ( ! sublime1--its irresi/ible action on our m9ds4 ,"h ! physical man & ! moral man sep>ate 9 ! mo/ m>k$ mann]2 = x is exactly 9 ! pres5ce ( objects t make u feel at once h[ limit$ ! =m] is t ! o!r makes ! exp]i5ce ( its =ce4 ,! v ?+ t l[]s "o to ! e>? is precisely t :i* raises ! o!r to ! inf9ite4 ,let u imag9e a man end[$ ) all ! virtues ( :i* ! union con/itutes a f9e "*4 ,let u suppose a man :o f9ds 8 delight 9 practis+ ju/ice1 b5efic5ce1 mod]ation1 con/ant1 & good fai?4 ,all ! duties ^: accompli%m5t is prescrib$ to him by circum/ances are only a play to him1 & ,i admit t =tune favors him 9 su* wise t none ( ! actions :i* 8 good he>t may dem& ( him w be h>d to him4 ,:o w\ld n be *>m$ ) su* a delightful h>mony betwe5 ! in/9cts ( nature & ! prescriptions ( reason8 & :o c\ld help admir+ su* a man8 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh he may inspire u ) affection1 are we q sure t he is really virtu\s8 or 9 g5]al t he has any?+ t corresponds to ! idea ( virtue8 ,if ?is man _h only 9 view to obta9 agreeable s5sations1 unless he 7 mad he c\ld n act 9 ano!r possible way2 & he w\ld h to be 8 own enemy to wi% to be vici\s4 ,p]haps ! pr9ciple ( 8 actions is pure1 b ?is is a "q to be discuss$ betwe5 himself & 8 consci5ce4 ,= our "p1 we see no?+ ( x2 we d n see him d any?+ m ?an a simply clev] man w\ld d :o _h no o!r god ?an pleasure4 ,?us all 8 virtue is a ph5om5on t is expla9$ by reasons d]iv$ f ! s5su\s ord]1 & we are by no means driv5 to seek = reasons beyond ! _w ( s5se4 ,let u suppose t ?is same man falls sudd5ly "u mis=tune4 ,he is depriv$ ( 8 possessions3 8 reputation is de/roy$2 he is *a9$ to 8 b$ by sickness & suff]+2 he is robb$ by dea? ( all ^? he loves2 he is =sak5 9 8 di/ress by all 9 :om he _h tru/$4 ,let u "u ^! circum/ances aga9 seek him1 & dem& ! practice ( ! same virtues "u trial z he =m]ly _h practis$ dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 prosp]ity4 ,if he is f\nd to be absolutely ! same z be=e1 if 8 pov]ty has n det]iorat$ 8 b5evol5ce1 or +ratitude 8 k9dly (fices ( good w1 or bodily suff]+ 8 equanimity1 or adv]sity 8 joy 9 ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 if 8 *ange ( =tune is p]ceptible 9 ext]nals1 b n 9 8 habits1 9 ! matt]1 b n 9 ! =m ( 8 conduct2 !n1 d\btless1 8 virtue c\ld n be expla9$ by any reason drawn f ! physical ord]2 ! idea ( nature--:i* always necess>ily supposes t actual ph5om5a re/ ^u "s ant]ior ph5om5on1 z effects ^u cause--?is idea no long] suffices to enable u to compreh5d ?is man2 because !re is no?+ m contradictory ?an to admit t effect c rema9 ! same :5 ! cause has *ang$ to its contr>y4 ,we mu/ !n give up all natural explanation or ?\ght ( f9d+ ! reason ( 8 acts 9 8 condition2 we mu/ ( necessity g beyond ! physical ord]1 & seek ! pr9ciple ( 8 conduct 9 q ano!r _w1 to :i* ! reason c inde$ raise itself ) its ideas1 b :i* ! und]/&+ _c grasp by its conceptions4 ,x is ?is revelation ( ! absolute moral p[] :i* is subject$ to no condition ( nature1 x is ?is :i* gives to ! melan*oly feel+ t seizes our he>t at ! sight ( su* a man t peculi>1 inexpressible *>m1 :i* no delight ( ! s5ses1 h[ev] ref9$1 c\ld ar\se 9 u to ! same ext5t z ! sublime4 ,?us ! sublime op5s to u a road to ov]/ep ! limits ( ! _w ( s5se1 9 :i* ! feel+ ( ! beautiful w\ld =ev] imprison u4 ,x is n little by little 7= betwe5 absolute dep5d5ce & absolute lib]ty !re is no possible transition71 x is sudd5ly & by a %ock t ! sublime wr5*es our spiritual & indep5d5t nature away f ! net :i* feel+ has spun r\nd u1 & :i* en*a9s ! s\l ! m tightly because ( its subtle texture4 ,:atev] may be ! ext5t to :i* feel+ has ga9$ a ma/]y ov] m5 by ! lat5t influ5ce ( a s(t5+ ta/e1 :5 ev5 x %\ld h succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ into ! mo/ secret recesses ( moral jurisdiction "u ! deceptive envelope ( spiritual beauty1 & !re poison+ ! hol9ess ( pr9ciple at its s\rce--"o s+le sublime emotion (t5 suffices to break all ?is tissue ( impo/ure1 at "o bl[ to give fre$om to ! fett]$ ela/icity ( spiritual nature1 to reveal its true de/9ation1 & to oblige x to conceive1 = "o in/ant at lea/1 ! feel+ ( its lib]ty4 ,beauty1 "u ! %ape ( ! div9e ,calypso1 bewit*$ ! virtu\s son ( ,ulysses1 & ! p[] ( h] *>ms held him long a prison] 9 h] isl&4 ,= long he believ$ he 0 obey+ an immortal div9ity1 :il/ he 0 only ! slave ( s5se2 b sudd5ly an impression ( ! sublime 9 ! =m ( ,m5tor seizes him2 he rememb]s t he is call$ to a high] de/9y--he ?r[s himself into ! waves1 & is free4 ,! sublime1 l ! beautiful1 is spread pr(usely ?r\gh\t nature1 & ! faculty to feel bo? "o & ! o!r has be5 giv5 to all m52 b ! g]m does n develop equally2 x is necess>y t art %\ld l5d its aid4 ,! aim ( nature supposes already t we ought spontane\sly to advance t[>ds ! beautiful1 al?\gh we /ill avoid ! sublime3 = ! beautiful is l ! nurse ( our *ildhood1 & x is = h] to ref9e our s\l 9 )draw+ x f ! rude /ate ( nature4 ,b ?\gh %e is our fir/ affection1 & our faculty ( feel+ is fir/ develop$ = h]1 nature has s provid$1 nev]!less1 t ?is faculty rip5s sl[ly & awaits its full developm5t until ! und]/&+ & ! he>t are =m$4 ,if ta/e atta9s its full maturity be=e tru? & morality h be5 e/abli%$ 9 our he>t by a bett] road ?an t :i* ta/e w\ld take1 ! s5su\s _w w\ld rema9 ! limit ( our aspirations4 ,we %\ld n "k1 ei!r 9 our ideas or 9 our feel+s1 h[ to pass beyond ! _w ( s5se1 & all t imag9ation fail$ to repres5t w\ld be )\t reality to u4 ,b happily x ent]s into ! plan ( nature1 t ta/e1 al?\gh x fir/ comes into bloom1 is ! la/ to rip5 ( all ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 man has "t to /ore up 9 8 m9d a provision ( ideas1 a treasure ( pr9ciples 9 8 he>t1 & !n to develop especially1 9 draw+ f reason1 8 feel+ = ! great & ! sublime4 ,z long z man 0 only ! slave ( physical necessity1 :ile he _h f\nd no issue to escape f ! n>r[ circle ( 8 appetites1 & :ile he z yet felt none ( t sup]ior lib]ty :i* connects him ) ! angels1 nature1 s f> z %e is incompreh5sible1 c\ld n fail to impress him ) ! insuffici5cy ( 8 imag9ation1 & aga91 z f> z %e is a de/ructive =ce1 to recall 8 physical p[]lessness4 ,he is =c$ !n to pass timidly t[>ds "o1 & to turn away ) affright f ! o!r4 ,b sc>cely has free contemplation assur$ him aga9/ ! bl9d oppression ( ! =ces ( nature--sc>cely has he recogniz$ amid/ ! tide ( ph5om5a some?+ p]man5t 9 8 own be+--?an at once ! co>se agglom]ation ( nature t surr\nds him beg9s to speak 9 ano!r language to 8 he>t1 & ! relative gr&eur :i* is )\t becomes = him a mirror 9 :i* he contemplates ! absolute greatness :i* is )9 himself4 ,he approa*es )\t fe>1 & ) a ?rill ( pleasure1 ^? pictures :i* t]rifi$ 8 imag9ation1 & int5tionally makes an appeal to ! :ole /r5g? ( t faculty by :i* we repres5t ! inf9ite p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 9 ord] if %e fails 9 ?is attempt1 to feel all ! m vividly h[ mu* ^! ideas are sup]ior to all t ! highe/ s5su\s faculty c give4 ,! sight ( a di/ant inf9ity--( heights beyond vision1 ?is va/ ocean :i* is at 8 feet1 t o!r ocean /ill m va/ :i* /ret*es above 8 head1 transport & ravi% 8 m9d beyond ! n>r[ circle ( ! real1 beyond ?is n>r[ & oppressive prison ( physical life4 ,! simple maje/y ( nature (f]s him a less circumscrib$ measure = e/imat+ its gr&eur1 &1 surr\nd$ by ! gr& outl9es :i* x pres5ts to him1 he c no long] be> any?+ mean 9 8 way ( ?9k+4 ,:o c tell h[ _m lum9\s ideas1 h[ _m h]oic resolutions1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 conceiv$ 9 ! d>k /udy ( ! imprison$ man ( sci5ce1 nor 9 ! saloons :]e ! p ( society elb[ ea* o!r1 h be5 inspir$ on a sudd5 dur+ a walk1 only by ! contact & ! g5]\s /ruggle ( ! s\l ) ! great _s ( nature8 ,:o kn[s if x is n ow+ to a less frequ5t int]c\rse ) ?is sublime _s t we mu/ p>tially attribute ! n>r[ness ( m9d s common to ! dwell]s 9 t[ns1 always b5t "u ! m9uti :i* dw>f & )] _! s\l1 :il/ ! s\l ( ! nomad rema9s op5 & free z ! firmam5t b5ea? :i* he pit*es 8 t5t8 ,b x is n only ! unimag9able or ! sublime 9 quantity1 x is also ! incompreh5sible1 t :i* escapes ! und]/&+ & t :i* tr\bles x1 :i* c s]ve to give u an idea ( ! sup]-s5su\s inf9ity4 ,z soon z ?is elem5t atta9s ! gr&iose & ann\nces itself to u z ! "w ( nature 7= o!rwise x is only despicable71 x !n aids ! s\l to repres5t to itself ! ideal1 & impr9ts ^u x a noble developm5t4 ,:o does n love ! eloqu5t disord] ( natural sc5]y to ! insipid regul>ity ( a ,fr5* g>d58 ,:o does n admire 9 ! pla9s ( ,sicily ! m>vell\s combat ( nature ) h]self--( h] creative =ce & h] de/ructive p[]8 ,:o does n pref] to fea/ 8 eyes ^u ! wild /reams & wat]falls ( ,scotl&1 ^u its mi/y m\nta9s1 ^u t romantic nature f :i* ,ossian drew 8 inspiration--r ?an to gr[ en?usia/ic 9 ?is /iff ,holl&1 be=e ! labori\s triumph ( pati5ce ov] ! mo/ /ubborn ( elem5ts8 ,no "o w d5y t 9 ! ri* graz+-gr\nds ( ,holl&1 ?+s are n bett] ord]$ = ! wants ( physical man ?an ^u ! p]fid crat] ( ,vesuvius1 & t ! und]/&+ :i* likes to compreh5d & arrange all ?+s1 does n f9d its requirem5ts r 9 ! regul>ly plant$ f>m-g>d5 ?an 9 ! uncultivat$ beauty ( natural sc5]y4 ,b man has requirem5ts :i* g beyond ^? ( natural life & com=t or well-be+2 he has ano!r de/9y ?an m]ely to compreh5d ! ph5om5a :i* surr\nd him4 ,9 ! same mann] z = ! obs]vant travell]1 ! /range wildness ( nature is s attractive 9 physical nature--?us1 & = ! same reason1 e s\l capable ( en?usiasm f9ds ev5 9 ! regretable an>*y f\nd 9 ! moral _w a s\rce ( s+ul> pleasure4 ,)\t d\bt he :o sees ! gr& economy ( nature only f ! impov]i%$ light ( ! und]/&+2 he :o has nev] any o!r ?\ght ?an to re=m its defiant disord] & to sub/itute h>mony1 su* a "o c\ld n f9d pleasure 9 a _w :i* seems giv5 up to ! caprice ( *ance r ?an gov]n$ accord+ to a wise ord9ation1 & :]e m]it & =tune are = ! mo/ "p 9 opposition4 ,he desires t ! :ole _w ?r\gh\t its va/ space %\ld be rul$ l a h\se well regulat$2 & :5 ?is mu*-desir$ regul>ity is n f\nd1 he has no o!r res\rce ?an to def] to a future life1 & to ano!r & bett] nature1 ! satisfaction :i* is 8 due1 b :i* nei!r ! pres5t nor ! pa/ af=d him4 ,on ! contr>y1 he r5\nces will+ly ! pret5sion ( re/or+ ?is *aos ( ph5om5a to "o s+le notion2 he rega9s on ano!r side1 & ) int]e/1 :at he loses on ?is side4 ,j ?is want ( connection1 ?is an>*y1 9 ! ph5om5a1 mak+ !m useless to ! und]/&+1 is :at makes !m valuable to reason4 ,! m !y are disord]ly ! m !y repres5t ! fre$om ( nature4 ,9 a s5se1 if y suppress all connection1 y h indep5d5ce4 ,?us1 "u ! idea ( lib]ty1 reason br+s back to unity ( ?\ght t :i* ! und]/&+ c\ld n br+ to unity ( notion4 ,x ?us %[s its sup]iority ov] ! und]/&+1 z a faculty subject to ! conditions ( a s5su\s ord]4 ,:5 we consid] ( :at value x is to a rational be+ to be indep5d5t ( natural laws1 we see h[ mu* man f9ds 9 ! lib]ty ( sublime objects z a set-(f aga9/ ! *ecks ( 8 cognitive faculty4 ,lib]ty1 ) all its drawbacks1 is ev]y:]e va/ly m attractive to a noble s\l ?an good social ord] )\t x--?an society l a flock ( %eep1 or a ma*9e work+ l a wat*4 ,?is me*anism makes ( man only a product2 lib]ty makes him ! citiz5 ( a bett] _w4 ,x is only ?us view$ t hi/ory is sublime to me4 ,! _w1 z a hi/oric object1 is only ! /rife ( natural =ces2 ) "o ano!r & ) man's fre$om4 ,hi/ory regi/]s m actions ref]able to nature ?an to free w2 x is only 9 a few cases1 l ,cato & ,phocion1 t reason has made its p[] felt4 ,if we expect a treasury ( k 9 hi/ory h[ we are deceiv$6 ,all attempts ( philosophy to reconcile :at ! moral _w dem&s ) :at ! real _w gives is beli$ by exp]i5ce1 & nature seems z illogical 9 hi/ory z %e is logical 9 ! organic k+doms4 ,b if we give up explanation x is diff]5t4 ,nature1 9 be+ caprici\s & defy+ logic1 9 pull+ d[n great & little1 9 cru%+ ! noble/ works ( man1 tak+ c5turies to =m--nature1 by deviat+ f intellectual laws1 proves t y _c expla9 nature by nature's laws !mselves1 & ?is sight drives ! m9d to ! _w ( ideas1 to ! absolute4 ,b ?\gh nature z a s5su\s activity drives u to ! ideal1 x ?r[s u /ill m into ! _w ( ideas by ! t]rible4 ,our highe/ aspiration is to be 9 good relations ) physical nature1 )\t violat+ morality4 ,b x is n always conv5i5t to s]ve two ma/]s2 & ?\gh duty & ! appetites %\ld nev] be at /rife1 physical necessity is p]emptory1 & no?+ c save m5 f evil de/9y4 ,happy is he :o le>ns to be> :at he _c *ange6 ,!re are cases :]e fate ov]p[]s all ramp>ts1 & :]e ! only resi/ance is1 l a pure _s1 to ?r[ freely (f all int]e/ ( s5se1 & /rip y\rself ( y\r body4 ,n[ ?is =ce comes f sublime emotions1 & a frequ5t comm]ce ) de/ructive nature4 ,pa?os is a sort ( artificial mis=tune1 & br+s u to ! spiritual law t comm&s our s\l4 ,real mis=tune does n always *oose its "t opportunely1 :ile pa?os f9ds u arm$ at all po9ts4 ,by frequ5tly r5ew+ ?is ex]cise ( its own activity ! m9d controls ! s5su\s1 s t :5 real mis=tune comes1 x c treat x z an artificial suff]+1 & make x a sublime emotion4 ,?us pa?os takes away "s ( ! malignity ( de/9y1 & w>ds (f its bl[s4 ,away !n ) t false !ory :i* supposes falsely a h>mony b9d+ well-be+ & well do+4 ,let evil de/9y %[ its face4 ,our safety is n 9 bl9dness1 b 9 fac+ our dang]s4 ,:at c d s bett] ?an famili>ity ) ! spl5did & t]rible evolution ( ev5ts1 or ?an pictures %[+ man 9 conflict ) *ance2 evil triumphant1 security deceiv$--pictures %[n u ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 & plac$ be=e u by trag$y8 ,:oev] passes 9 review ! t]rible fate ( ,mi?ridates1 ( ,syracuse1 & ,c>?age1 _c help keep+ 8 appetite 9 *eck1 at lea/ = a "t1 &1 see+ ! vanity ( ?+s1 /rive aft] t :i* is p]man5t4 ,! capacity ( ! sublime is "o ( ! noble/ aptitudes ( man4 ,beauty is useful1 b does n g beyond man4 ,! sublime applies to ! pure _s4 ,! sublime mu/ be jo9$ to ! beautiful to complete ! /hetic education1 & to enl>ge man's he>t beyond ! s5su\s _w4 ,)\t ! beautiful !re w\ld be an et]nal /rife betwe5 our natural & rational de/9y4 ,if we only ?\ght ( our vocation z spirits we %\ld be /rang]s to ?is sph]e ( life4 ,)\t ! sublime1 beauty w\ld make u =get our dignity4 ,en]vat$--w$d$ to ?is transi5t /ate1 we %\ld lose sight ( our true c\ntry4 ,we are only p]fect citiz5s ( nature :5 ! sublime is w$d$ to ! beautiful4 ,_m ?+s 9 nature (f] man ! beautiful & sublime4 ,b "h aga9 he is bett] s]v$ at second-h&4 ,he pref]s to h !m ready-made 9 art r ?an seek !m pa9fully 9 nature4 ,?is in/9ct = imitation 9 art has ! advantage ( be+ able to make ^? po9ts ess5tial t nature has made second>y4 ,:ile nature suff]s viol5ce 9 ! organic _w1 or ex]cises viol5ce1 work+ ) p[] ^u man1 ?\gh %e c only be /hetical z an object ( pure contemplation1 art1 pla/ic art1 is fully free1 because x ?r[s (f all accid5tal re/rictions & leaves ! m9d free1 because x imitates ! appe>ance1 n ! reality ( objects4 ,z all sublimity & beauty consi/s 9 ! appe>ance1 & n 9 ! value ( ! object1 x foll[s t art has all ! advantages ( nature )\t h] %ackles4 ,,! ,,pa!tic4 ,! depict+ ( suff]+1 9 ! %ape ( simple suff]+1 is nev] ! end ( art1 b x is ( ! greate/ importance z a means ( atta9+ its end4 ,! highe/ aim ( art is to repres5t ! sup]-s5su\s1 & ?is is effect$ 9 p>ticul> by tragic art1 because x repres5ts by s5sible m>ks ! moral man1 ma9ta9+ himself 9 a /ate ( passion1 indep5d5tly ( ! laws ( nature4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om 9 man becomes consci\s ( itself only by ! resi/ance x (f]s to ! viol5ce ( ! feel+s4 ,n[ ! resi/ance c only be measur$ by ! /r5g? ( ! attack4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ! intellig5ce may reveal itself 9 man z a =ce indep5d5t ( nature1 x is necess>y t nature %\ld h fir/ display$ all h] p[] be=e our eyes4 ,! s5su\s be+ mu/ be pr(\ndly & /rongly affect$1 passion mu/ be 9 play1 t ! reasonable be+ may be able to te/ify 8 indep5d5ce & manife/ himself 9 action4 ,x is impossible to "k if ! empire :i* man has ov] 8 affections is ! effect ( a moral =ce1 till we h acquir$ ! c]ta9ty t x is n an effect ( ins5sibility ,!re is no m]it 9 ma/]+ ! feel+s :i* only lightly & transitorily skim ov] ! surface ( ! s\l4 ,b to resi/ a tempe/ :i* /irs up ! :ole ( s5su\s nature1 & to pres]ve 9 x ! fre$om ( ! s\l1 a faculty ( resi/ance is requir$ inf9itely sup]ior to ! act ( natural =ce4 ,accord+ly x w n be possible to repres5t moral fre$om1 except by express+ passion1 or suff]+ nature1 ) ! greate/ vividness2 & ! h]o ( trag$y mu/ fir/ h ju/ifi$ 8 claim to be a s5su\s be+ be=e aspir+ to our homage z a reasonable be+1 & mak+ u believe 9 8 /r5g? ( m9d4 ,!re=e ! pa!tic is ! fir/ condition requir$ mo/ /rictly 9 a tragic au?or1 & he is all[$ to c>ry 8 description ( suff]+ z f> z possible1 )\t prejudice to ! highe/ end ( 8 art1 t is1 )\t moral fre$om be+ oppress$ by x4 ,he mu/ give 9 "s sort to 8 h]o1 z to 8 read]1 _! full load ( suff]+1 )\t :i* ! "q w always be put :e!r ! resi/ance oppos$ to suff]+ is an act ( ! s\l1 some?+ positive1 or :e!r x is n r a purely negative ?+1 a simple defici5cy4 ,! latt] case is (f]$ 9 ! pur] ,fr5* trag$y1 :]e x is v r>e1 or p]haps unexampl$1 = ! au?or to place be=e ! read] suff]+ nature1 & :]e g5]ally1 on ! contr>y1 x is only ! poet :o w>ms up & declaims1 or ! com$ian :o /ruts ab\t on /ilts4 ,! icy tone ( declamation ext+ui%es all nature "h1 & ! ,fr5* trag$ians1 ) _! sup]/iti\s wor%ip ( decorum1 make x q impossible = !m to pa9t human nature truly4 ,decorum1 :]ev] x is1 ev5 9 its prop] place1 always falsifies ! expression ( nature1 & yet ?is expression is rigor\sly requir$ by art4 ,9 a ,fr5* trag$y1 x is difficult = u to believe t ! h]o ev] suff]s1 = he expla9s ! /ate ( 8 s\l1 z ! coole/ man w\ld d1 & always ?9k+ ( ! effect he is mak+ on o!rs1 he nev] lets nature p\r =? freely4 ,! k+s1 ! pr9cesses1 & ! h]oes ( ,corneille or ,voltaire nev] =get _! rank ev5 9 ! mo/ viol5t excess ( passion2 & !y "p ) _! humanity mu* soon] ?an ) _! dignity4 ,!y are l ^? k+s & emp]ors ( our old picturebooks1 :o g to b$ ) _! cr[ns on4 ,:at a diff]5ce f ! ,greeks & ^? ( ! mod]ns :o h be5 inspir$ ) _! _s1 9 poetry6 ,nev] does ! ,greek poet blu% at nature2 he leaves to ! s5su\s all its rights1 & yet he is q c]ta9 nev] to be subdu$ by x4 ,he has too mu* dep? & too mu* rectitude 9 8 m9d n to di/+ui% ! accid5tal1 :i* is ! pr9cipal po9t ) false ta/e1 f ! really necess>y2 b all t is n humanity itself is accid5tal 9 man4 ,! ,greek arti/ :o has to repres5t a ,laocoon1 a ,niobe1 & a ,philoctetes1 does n c>e = ! k+1 ! pr9cess1 or ! k+'s son2 he keeps to ! man4 ,accord+ly ! skilful /atu>y sets aside ! drap]y1 & %[s u nude figures1 ?\gh he kn[s q well x is n s 9 real life4 ,?is is because drap]y is to him an accid5tal ?+1 & because ! necess>y ought nev] to be sacrific$ to ! accid5tal4 ,x is also because1 if dec5cy & physical necessities h _! laws1 ^! laws are n ^? ( art4 ,! /atu>y ought to %[ u1 & wi%es to %[ u1 ! man himself2 drap]y conceals him1 !re=e he sets t aside1 & ) reason4 ,! ,greek sculptor rejects drap]y z a useless & emb>rass+ load1 to make way = human nature2 & 9 l mann] ! ,greek poet emancipates ! human p]sonages he br+s =w>d f ! equally useless con/ra9t ( decorum1 & all ^? icy laws ( propriety1 :i* put no?+ b :at is artificial 9 man1 & conceal nature 9 x4 ,take ,hom] & ! trag$ians2 suff]+ nature speaks ! language ( tru? & +5u\sness 9 _! pages1 & 9 a way to p5etrate to ! dep?s ( our he>ts4 ,all ! passions play _! "p freely1 nor d ! rules ( propriety compress any feel+ ) ! ,greeks4 ,! h]oes are j z mu* "u ! influ5ce ( suff]+ z o!r m51 & :at makes !m h]oes is ! v fact t !y feel suff]+ /rongly & deeply1 )\t suff]+ ov]com+ !m4 ,!y love life z ard5tly z o!rs2 b !y are n s rul$ by ?is feel+ z to be unable to give up life :5 ! duties ( honor or humanity call on !m to d s4 ,philoctetes fill$ ! ,greek /age ) 8 lam5tations2 ,h]cules himself1 :5 9 fury1 does n keep "u 8 grief4 ,iphig5ia1 on ! po9t ( be+ sacrific$1 confesses ) a t\*+ +5u\sness t %e grieves to "p ) ! light ( ! sun4 ,nev] does ! ,greek place 8 glory 9 be+ ins5sible or indiff]5t to suff]+1 b r 9 support+ x1 ?\gh feel+ x 9 its fulness4 ,! v gods ( ! ,greeks mu/ pay _! tribute to nature1 :5 ! poet wi%es to make !m approximate to humanity4 ,m>s1 :5 w\nd$1 ro>s l t5 ?\s& m5 toge!r1 & ,v5us1 scrat*$ by an iron lance1 m\nts aga9 to ,olympus1 weep+1 & curs+ all battles4 ,?is lively susceptibility on ! score ( suff]+1 ?is w>m1 +5u\s nature1 %[+ itself uncov]$ & 9 all tru? 9 ! monum5ts ( ,greek art1 & fill+ u ) su* deep & lively emotions--?is is a model pres5t$ = ! imitation ( all arti/s2 x is a law :i* ,greek g5ius has laid d[n = ! f9e arts4 ,x is always & et]nally nature :i* has ! fir/ rights ov] man2 %e ought nev] to be fett]$1 because man1 be=e be+ any?+ else1 is a s5su\s creature4 ,aft] ! rights ( nature come ^? ( reason1 because man is a rational1 s5su\s be+1 a moral p]son1 & because x is a duty = ?is p]son n to let himself be rul$ by nature1 b to rule h]4 ,x is only aft] satisfaction has be5 giv5 9 ! fir/ place to nature1 & aft] reason 9 ! second place has made its rights ackn[l$g$1 t x is p]mitt$ = decorum 9 ! ?ird place to make good its claims1 to impose on man1 9 ! expression ( 8 moral feel+s & ( 8 s5sations1 consid]ations t[>ds society1 & to %[ 9 x ! social be+1 ! civiliz$ man4 ,! fir/ law ( ! tragic art 0 to repres5t suff]+ nature4 ,! second law is to repres5t ! resi/ance ( morality oppos$ to suff]+4 ,affection1 z affection1 is an unimportant ?+2 & ! portraiture ( affection1 consid]$1 9 itself1 w\ld be )\t /hetic value2 =1 ,i repeat x1 no?+ t only int]e/s s5su\s nature is wor?y ( be+ repres5t$ by art4 ,?us n only ! affections t d no?+ b en]vate & s(t5 man1 b 9 g5]al all affections1 ev5 ^? t are exalt$1 ec/atic1 :atev] may be _! nature1 are b5ea? ! dignity ( tragic art4 ,! s(t emotions1 only produc+ t5d]ness1 are ( ! nature ( ! agreeable1 ) :i* ! f9e arts are n conc]n$4 ,!y only c>ess ! s5ses1 :ile relax+ & creat+ languidness1 & only relate to ext]nal nature1 n at all to ! inn] nature ( man4 ,a good numb] ( our romances & ( our trag$ies1 p>ticul>ly ^? t be> ! "n ( dramas--a sort ( compromise betwe5 trag$y & com$y--a good numb] also ( ^? highly-appreciat$ family portraits1 belong to ?is class4 ,! only effect ( ^! works is to empty ! la*rymal duct1 & soo! ! ov]fl[+ feel+s2 b ! m9d comes back f !m empty1 & ! moral be+1 ! noble/ "p ( our nature1 ga!rs no new /r5g? :atev] f !m1 8,x is ?us10 says ,kant1 8t _m p]sons feel !mselves edifi$ by a s]mon t has no?+ edify+ 9 x40 ,x seems also t mod]n music only aims at int]e/+ ! s5su\s1 & 9 ?is x flatt]s ! ta/e ( ! day1 :i* seeks to be agreeably tickl$1 b n to be />tl$1 nor /rongly mov$ & elevat$4 ,accord+ly we see music pref] all t is t5d]2 & :atev] be ! noise 9 a conc]t-room1 sil5ce is imm$iately re/or$1 & e "o is all e>s directly a s5tim5tal passage is p]=m$4 ,!n an expression ( s5sibility common to animalism %[s itself commonly on all faces2 ! eyes are swimm+ ) intoxication1 ! op5 m\? is all desire1 a voluptu\s trembl+ takes hold ( ! entire body1 ! brea? is quick & full1 9 %ort1 all ! symptoms ( intoxication appe>4 ,?is is an evid5t pro( t ! s5ses swim 9 delight1 b t ! m9d or ! pr9ciple ( fre$om 9 man has become a prey to ! viol5ce ( ! s5su\s impression4 ,real ta/e1 t ( noble & manly m9ds1 rejects all ^! emotions z unwor?y ( art1 because !y only please ! s5ses1 ) :i* art has no?+ 9 common4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 real ta/e excludes all extreme affections1 :i* only put s5su\sness to ! torture1 )\t giv+ ! m9d any comp5sation4 ,^! affections oppress moral lib]ty by pa91 z ! o!rs by voluptu\sness2 consequ5tly !y c excite av]sion1 & n ! emotion t w\ld alone be wor?y ( art4 ,art ought to *>m ! m9d & give satisfaction to ! feel+ ( moral fre$om4 ,?is man :o is a prey to 8 pa9 is to me simply a tortur$ animate be+1 & n a man tri$ by suff]+4 ,= a moral resi/ance to pa9ful affections is already requir$ ( man--a resi/ance :i* c alone all[ ! pr9ciple ( moral fre$om1 ! intellig5ce1 to make itself kn[n 9 x4 ,if x is s1 ! poets & ! arti/s are poor adepts 9 _! art :5 !y seek to rea* ! pa!tic only by ! s5su\s =ce ( affection & by repres5t+ suff]+ 9 ! mo/ vivid mann]4 ,!y =get t suff]+ 9 itself c nev] be ! la/ end ( imitation1 nor ! imm$iate s\rce ( ! pleasure we exp]i5ce 9 trag$y4 ,! pa!tic only has /hetic value 9 z f> z x is sublime4 ,n[1 effects t only all[ u to inf] a purely s5su\s cause1 & t are f\nd$ only on ! affection exp]i5c$ by ! faculty ( s5se1 are nev] sublime1 :atev] en]gy !y may display1 = ev]y?+ sublime proce$s exclusively f ! reason4 ,i imply by passion ! affections ( pleasure z well z ! pa9ful affections1 & to repres5t passion only1 )\t c\pl+ ) x ! expression ( ! sup]-s5su\s faculty :i* resi/s x1 is to fall into :at is prop]ly call$ vulg>ity2 & ! opposite is call$ nobility4 ,vulg>ity & nobility are two ideas :i*1 :]ev] !y are appli$1 h m or less relation ) ! sup]-s5su\s %>e a man takes 9 a "w4 ,!re is no?+ noble b :at has its s\rce 9 ! reason2 all t issues f s5su\sness alone is vulg> or common4 ,we say ( a man t he acts 9 a vulg> mann] :5 he is satisfi$ ) obey+ ! sugge/ions ( 8 s5su\s in/9ct2 t he acts suitably :5 he only obeys 8 in/9ct 9 con=mity ) ! laws2 t he acts nobly :5 he obeys reason only1 )\t hav+ reg>d to 8 in/9cts4 ,we say ( a physiognomy t x is common :5 x does n %[ any trace ( ! spiritual man1 ! intellig5ce2 we say x has expression :5 x is ! m9d :i* has det]m9$ its features3 & t x is noble :5 a pure _s has det]m9$ !m4 ,if an ar*itectural "w is 9 "q we qualify x z common if x aims at no?+ b a physical end2 we "n x noble if1 indep5d5tly ( all physical aim1 we f9d 9 x at ! same "t ! expression ( a conception4 ,accord+ly1 ,i repeat x1 correct ta/e disall[s all pa9t+ ( ! affections1 h[ev] en]getic1 :i* re/s satisfi$ ) express+ physical suff]+ & ! physical resi/ance oppos$ to x by ! subject1 )\t mak+ visible at ! same "t ! sup]ior pr9ciple ( ! nature ( man1 ! pres5ce ( a sup]-s5su\s faculty4 ,x does ?is 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple develop$ f>!r back1 namely1 t x is n suff]+ 9 itself1 b only ! resi/ance oppos$ to suff]+1 t is pa!tic & des]v+ ( be+ repres5t$4 ,x is = ?is reason t all ! absolutely extreme degrees ( ! affections are =bidd5 to ! arti/ z well z to ! poet4 ,all ( ^!1 9 fact1 oppress ! =ce t resi/s f )93 or r1 all betray ( !mselves1 & )\t any necessity ( o!r symptoms1 ! oppression ( ?is =ce1 because no affection c rea* ?is la/ degree ( int5sity z long z ! intellig5ce 9 man makes any resi/ance4 ,!n ano!r "q pres5ts itself4 ,h[ is ?is pr9ciple ( resi/ance1 ?is sup]-s5su\s =ce1 manife/$ 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! affections8 ,only 9 "o way1 by ma/]+ or1 m commonly1 by combat+ affection4 ,i say affection1 = s5su\sness c also fight1 b ?is combat ( s5su\sness is n c>ri$ on ) ! affection1 b ) ! cause t produces x2 a conte/ :i* has no moral "*1 b is all physical1 ! same combat t ! e>?worm1 trodd5 "u foot1 & ! w\nd$ bull engage 91 )\t !reby excit+ ! pa!tic4 ,:5 suff]+ man seeks to give an expression to 8 feel+s1 to remove 8 enemy1 to %elt] ! suff]+ limb1 he does all ?is 9 common ) ! animals1 & in/9ct alone takes ! initiative "h1 )\t ! w be+ appli$ to4 ,!re=e1 ?is is n an act t emanates f ! man himself1 nor does x %[ him z an intellig5ce4 ,s5su\s nature w always fight ! enemy t makes x suff]1 b x w nev] fight aga9/ itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conte/ ) affection is a conte/ ) s5su\sness1 & consequ5tly presupposes some?+ t is di/9ct f s5su\s nature4 ,man c def5d himself ) ! help ( common s5se & 8 muscul> /r5g? aga9/ ! object t makes him suff]2 aga9/ suff]+ itself he has no o!r arms ?an ^? ( reason4 ,^! ideas mu/ pres5t !mselves to ! eye 9 ! portraiture ( ! affections1 or be awak5$ by ?is portraiture 9 ord] t ! pa!tic may exi/4 ,b x is impossible to repres5t ideas1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 & positively1 z no?+ corresponds to pure ideas 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,b !y c be always repres5t$ negatively & 9 an indirect way if ! s5su\s ph5om5on by :i* !y are manife/$ has "s "* ( :i* y w\ld seek 9 va9 ! conditions 9 physical nature4 ,all ph5om5a ( :i* ! ultimate pr9ciple _c be d]iv$ f ! _w ( s5se are an indirect repres5tation ( ! upp]-s5su\s elem5t4 ,& h[ does "o succe$ 9 repres5t+ some?+ t is above nature )\t hav+ rec\rse to sup]natural means8 ,:at c ?is ph5om5on be :i* is accompli%$ by natural =ces--o!rwise x w\ld n be a ph5om5on--& yet :i* _c be d]iv$ f physical causes )\t a contradiction8 ,?is is ! problem2 h[ c ! arti/ solve x8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 a man 9 a /ate ( passion are ( two k9ds4 ,!y are ei!r ph5om5a connect$ simply ) animal nature1 & :i*1 !re=e1 only obey ! physical law1 )\t ! w be+ able to ma/] !m1 or ! indep5d5t =ce 9 him be+ able to ex]cise an imm$iate influ5ce ov] !m4 ,x is ! in/9ct :i* imm$iately produces ^! ph5om5a1 & !y obey bl9dly ! laws ( in/9ct4 ,to ?is k9d belong1 = example1 ! organs ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 ( respiration1 & all ! surface ( ! sk94 ,b1 moreov]1 ! o!r organs1 & ^? subject to ! w1 d n always await ! decision ( ! w2 & (t5 in/9ct itself sets !m imm$iately1 9 play1 especially :5 ! physical /ate is ?reat5$ ) pa9 or ) dang]4 ,?us1 ! movem5ts ( my arm dep5d1 x is true1 on my w2 b if ,i place my h&1 )\t kn[+ x1 on a burn+ body1 ! movem5t by :i* ,i draw x back is c]ta9ly n a volunt>y act1 b a purely in/9ctive ph5om5on4 ,nay m1 spee* is assur$ly subject to ! empire ( ! w1 & yet in/9ct c also dispose ( ?is organ accord+ to its :im1 & ev5 ( ?is & ( ! m9d1 )\t consult+ be=eh& ! w1 directly a %>p pa91 or ev5 an en]getic affection1 takes u by surprise4 ,take ! mo/ impassible /oic & make him see sudd5ly some?+ v wond]ful1 or a t]rible & unexpect$ object4 ,fancy him1 = example1 pres5t :5 a man slips & falls to ! bottom ( an abyss4 ,a %\t1 a res\nd+ cry1 & n only in>ticulate1 b a di/9ct ^w w escape 8 lips1 & nature w h act$ 9 him be=e ! w3 a c]ta9 pro( t !re are 9 man ph5om5a :i* _c be ref]r$ to 8 p]son z an intellig5ce1 b only to 8 in/9ct z a natural =ce4 ,b !re is also 9 man a second ord] ( ph5om5a1 :i* are subject to ! influ5ce & empire ( ! w1 or :i* may be consid]$ at all ev5ts z be+ ( su* a k9d t w might always h prev5t$ !m1 consequ5tly ph5om5a = :i* ! p]son & n in/9ct is responsible4 ,x is ! (fice ( in/9ct to wat* ) a bl9d zeal ov] ! int]e/s ( ! s5ses2 b x is ! (fice ( ! p]son to hold in/9ct 9 prop] b\nds1 out ( respect = ! moral law4 ,in/9ct 9 itself does n hold acc\nt ( any law2 b ! p]son ought to wat* t in/9ct may n infr+e 9 any way on ! decrees ( reason4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t x is n = in/9ct alone to det]m9e unconditionally all ! ph5om5a t take place 9 man 9 ! /ate ( affection1 & t on ! contr>y ! w ( man c place limits to in/9ct4 ,:5 in/9ct only det]m9es all ph5om5a 9 man1 !re is no?+ m t c recall ! p]son2 !re is only a physical creature be=e y1 & consequ5tly an animal2 = e physical creature subject to ! sway ( in/9ct is no?+ else4 ,!re=e1 if y wi% to repres5t ! p]son itself1 y mu/ propose to y\rself 9 man c]ta9 ph5om5a t h be5 det]m9$ 9 opposition to in/9ct1 or at lea/ t h n be5 det]m9$ by in/9ct4 ,t !y h n be5 det]m9$ by in/9ct is suffici5t to ref] !m to a high] s\rce1 ! mom5t we see t in/9ct w\ld no d\bt h det]m9$ !m 9 ano!r way if its =ce _h n be5 brok5 by "s ob/acle4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to po9t out 9 :at way ! sup]-s5su\s elem5t1 ! moral & indep5d5t =ce ( man1 8 ,ego 9 %ort1 c be repres5t$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! affections4 ,i und]/& t ?is is possible if ! p>ts :i* only obey physical nature1 ^? :]e w ei!r disposes no?+ at all1 or only "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 betray ! pres5ce ( suff]+2 & if ^?1 on ! contr>y1 t escape ! bl9d sway ( in/9ct1 t only obey physical nature1 %[ no trace1 or only a v feeble trace1 ( suff]+1 & consequ5tly appe> to h a c]ta9 degree ( fre$om4 ,n[ ?is want ( h>mony betwe5 ! features impr9t$ on animal nature 9 virtue ( ! laws ( physical necessity1 & ^? det]m9$ ) ! spiritual & indep5d5t faculty ( man1 is precisely ! po9t by :i* t sup]-s5su\s pr9ciple is discov]$ 9 man capable ( plac+ limits to ! effects produc$ by physical nature1 & !re=e di/9ct f ! latt]4 ,! purely animal "p ( man obeys ! physical law1 & consequ5tly may %[ itself oppress$ by ! affection4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ?is "p t all ! /r5g? ( passion %[s itself1 & x answ]s 9 "s degree z a measure to e/imate ! resi/ance--t is to say1 ( ! en]gy ( ! moral faculty 9 man--:i* c only be judg$ accord+ to ! =ce ( ! attack4 ,?us 9 proportion z ! affection manife/s itself ) decision & viol5ce 9 ! field ( animal nature1 )\t be+ able to ex]cise ! same p[] 9 ! field ( human nature1 s 9 proportion ! latt] makes itself manife/ly kn[n--9 ! same proportion ! moral indep5d5ce ( man %[s itself glori\sly3 ! portraiture becomes pa!tic & ! pa!tic sublime4 ,! /atues ( ! anci5ts make ?is pr9ciple ( /hetics s5sible to u2 b x is difficult to r$uce to conceptions & express 9 words :at ! v inspection ( anci5t /atues makes ! s5ses feel 9 s lively a mann]4 ,! gr\p ( ,laocoon & 8 *ildr5 c give to a great ext5t ! measure ( :at ! pla/ic art ( ! anci5ts 0 capable ( produc+ 9 ! matt] ( pa?os4 ,w9ckelmann1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,art10 says3 8,laocoon is nature seiz$ 9 ! highe/ degree ( suff]+1 "u ! features ( a man :o seeks to ga!r up aga9/ pa9 all ! /r5g? ( :i* ! m9d is consci\s4 ,h5ce :ile 8 suff]+ swells 8 muscles & /ret*es 8 n]ves1 ! m9d1 arm$ ) an int]ior =ce %[s itself on 8 contract$ br[1 & ! brea/ rises1 because ! brea?+ is brok51 & because !re is an int]nal /ruggle to keep 9 ! expression ( pa91 & press x back into 8 he>t4 ,! sigh ( angui% he wi%es to keep 91 8 v brea? :i* he smo!rs1 exhau/ ! l[] "p ( 8 trunk1 & works into 8 flanks1 :i* make u judge 9 "s degree ( ! palpitations ( 8 visc]al organs4 ,b 8 own suff]+ appe>s to occasion less angui% ?an ! pa9 ( 8 *ildr51 :o turn _! faces t[>d _! fa!r1 & implore him1 cry+ = help4 ,8 fa!r's he>t %[s itself 9 8 eyes1 full ( sadness1 & :]e pity seems to swim 9 a tr\bl$ cl\d4 ,8 face expresses lam5t1 b he does n cry2 8 eyes are turn$ to heav51 & implore help f on high4 ,8 m\? also m>ks a supreme sadness1 :i* depresses ! l[] lip & seems to weigh ^u x1 :ile ! upp] lip1 contract$ f ! top to ! bottom1 expresses at once bo? physical suff]+ & t ( ! s\l4 ,"u ! m\? !re is an expression ( indignation t seems to prote/ aga9/ an undes]v$ suff]+1 & is reveal$ 9 ! no/rils1 :i* swell out & enl>ge & draw upw>ds4 ,"u ! =ehead1 ! /ruggle betwe5 pa9 & moral /r5g?1 unit$ z x 7 9 a s+le po9t1 is repres5t$ ) great tru?1 =1 :ile pa9 contracts & raises ! eyebr[s1 ! ef=t oppos$ to x by ! w draws d[n t[>ds ! upp] eyelid all ! muscles above x1 s t ! eyelid is almo/ cov]$ by !m4 ,! arti/1 n be+ able to embelli% nature1 has s\ght at lea/ to develop its means1 to increase its effect & p[]4 ,:]e is ! greate/ am\nt ( pa9 is also ! highe/ beauty4 ,! left side1 :i* ! s]p5t besets ) 8 furi\s bites1 & :]e he in/ils 8 poison1 is t :i* appe>s to suff] ! mo/ int5sely1 because s5sation is !re ne>e/ to ! he>t4 ,! legs /rive to raise !mselves z if to %un ! evil2 ! :ole body is no?+ b movem5t1 & ev5 ! traces ( ! *isel contribute to ! illusion2 we seem to see ! %udd]+ & icy-cold sk940 ,h[ great is ! tru? & acut5ess ( ?is analysis6 ,9 :at a sup]ior /yle is ?is /ruggle betwe5 _s & ! suff]+ ( nature develop$6 ,h[ correctly ! au?or has seiz$ ea* ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i* ! animal elem5t & ! human elem5t manife/ !mselves1 ! con/ra9t ( nature & ! indep5d5ce ( reason6 ,x is well kn[n t ,virgil has describ$ ?is same sc5e 9 8 8neid10 b x did n ent] into ! plan ( ! epic poet to pause z ! sculptor did1 & describe ! moral nature ( ,laocoon2 = ?is recital is 9 ,virgil only an episode2 & ! object he proposes is suffici5tly atta9$ by ! simple description ( ! physical ph5om5on1 )\t ! necessity on 8 "p ( look+ into ! s\l ( ! unhappy suff]]1 z 8 aim is less to inspire u ) pity ?an to fill u ) t]ror4 ,! duty ( ! poet f ?is po9t ( view 0 purely negative2 ,i mean he _h only to avoid c>ry+ ! picture ( physical suff]+ to su* a degree t all expression ( human dignity or ( moral resi/ance w\ld cease1 = if he _h done ?is indignation & disgu/ w\ld c]ta9ly be felt4 ,he1 !re=e1 pref]r$ to conf9e himself to ! repres5tation ( ! lea/ ( ! suff]+1 & he f\nd x advisable to dwell at l5g? on ! =midable nature ( ! two s]p5ts1 & on ! rage ) :i* !y attack _! victims1 r ?an on ! feel+s ( ,laocoon4 ,he only skims ov] ^? feel+s1 because 8 fir/ object 0 to repres5t a *a/isem5t s5t by ! gods1 & to produce an impression ( t]ror t no?+ c\ld dim9i%4 ,if he _h1 on ! contr>y1 deta9$ our looks on ! p]son ( ,laocoon himself ) z mu* p]sev]ance z ! /atu>y1 in/ead ( on ! *a/iz+ deity1 ! suff]+ man w\ld h become ! h]o ( ! sc5e1 & ! episode w\ld h lo/ its propriety 9 connection ) ! :ole piece4 ,! n>rative ( ,virgil is well kn[n ?r\gh ! excell5t comm5t>y ( ,less+4 ,b ,less+ only propos$ to make evid5t by ?is example ! limits t sep>ate p>tial description f pa9t+1 & n to make ! notion ( ! pa!tic issue f x4 ,yet ! passage ( ,virgil does n appe> to me less valuable = ?is latt] object1 & ,i crave p]mission to br+ x =w>d aga9 "u ?is po9t ( view3-- ,ecce aut]m gem9i ,t5$o tranquilla p] alta 7,horresco ref]5s7 imm5sis orbibus angues ,incumbunt pelago1 p>it]que ad litora t5dunt2 ,pectora quorum int] fluctus arrecta jubque ,sangu9 exsup]ant undas2 p>s ct]a pontum ,pone legit1 s9uatque imm5sa volum9e t]ga4 ,fit sonitus spumante salo1 jamque arva t5ebant1 ,ard5tes oculos suffecti sangu9e et igni1 ,sibila lambebant l+uis vibrantibus ora6 neid1 ii4 #bjc-baa4 ,we f9d "h realiz$ ! fir/ ( ! ?ree conditions ( ! sublime t h be5 m5tion$ fur!r back1--a v p[]ful natural =ce1 arm$ = de/ruction1 & ridicul+ all resi/ance4 ,b t ?is /rong elem5t may at ! same "t be t]rible1 & !reby sublime1 two di/9ct op]ations ( ! m9d are want$2 ,i mean two repres5tations t we produce 9 ourselves by our own activity4 ,fir/1 we recognize ?is irresi/ible natural =ce z t]rible by comp>+ x ) ! weakness ( ! faculty ( resi/ance t ! physical man c oppose to x2 &1 secondly1 x is by ref]r+ x to our w1 & recall+ to our consci\sness t ! w is absolutely indep5d5t ( all influ5ce ( physical nature1 t ?is =ce becomes to u a sublime object4 ,b x is we ourselves :o repres5t ^! two relations2 ! poet has only giv5 u an object arm$ ) a great =ce seek+ to manife/ itself4 ,if ?is object makes u tremble1 x is only because we 9 ?\ght suppose ourselves1 or "s "o l u1 engag$ ) ?is =ce4 ,& if trembl+ 9 ?is way1 we exp]i5ce ! feel+ ( ! sublime1 x is because our consci\sness tells u t1 if we are ! victims ( ?is =ce1 we %\ld h no?+ to fe>1 f ! fre$om ( our ,ego1 = ! autonomy ( ! det]m9ations ( our w4 ,9 %ort ! description up to "h is sublime1 b q a contemplative1 intuitive sublimity3-- ,diffugimus visu exsangues1 illi agm9e c]to ,laocoonta petunt4444--neid1 ii4 #bab-bac4 ,"h ! =ce is pres5t$ to u z t]rible also2 & contemplative sublimity passes into ! pa!tic4 ,we see t =ce ent] really into /rife ) man's impot5ce4 ,:e!r x conc]ns ,laocoon or ourselves is only a "q ( degree4 ,! in/9ct ( sympa?y excites & fright5s 9 u ! in/9ct ( pres]vation3 !re are ! mon/]s1 !y are d>t+--on ourselves2 !re is no m safety1 flight is va94 ,x is no m 9 our p[] to measure ?is =ce ) ours1 & to ref] x or n to our own exi/5ce4 ,?is happ5s )\t our co-op]ation1 & is giv5 u by ! object itself4 ,accord+ly our fe> has n1 z 9 ! prec$+ mom5t1 a purely subjective gr\nd1 resid+ 9 our s\l2 x has an objective gr\nd1 resid+ 9 ! object4 ,=1 ev5 if we recognize 9 ?is entire sc5e a simple fiction ( ! imag9ation1 we nev]!less di/+ui% 9 ?is fiction a conception communicat$ to u f )\t1 f ano!r conception t we produce spontane\sly 9 ourselves4 ,?us ! m9d loses a "p ( h] fre$om1 inasmu* z %e receives n[ f )\t t :i* %e produc$ be=e h] own activity4 ,! idea ( dang] puts on an appe>ance ( objective reality1 & affection becomes n[ a s]i\s affair4 ,if we 7 only s5su\s creatures1 obey+ no o!r in/9ct ?an t ( self-pres]vation1 we %\ld /op "h1 & we %\ld rema9 9 a /ate ( m]e & pure affection4 ,b !re is some?+ 9 u :i* takes no "p 9 ! affections ( s5su\s nature1 & ^: activity is n direct$ accord+ to physical conditions4 ,accord+1 !n1 z ?is indep5d5tly act+ pr9ciple 7! disposition1 ! moral faculty7 has become to a degree develop$ 9 ! s\l1 !re is left m or less space = passive nature1 & !re rema9s m or less ( ! indep5d5t pr9ciple 9 ! affection4 ,9 ! truly moral s\l ! t]rible trial 7( ! imag9ation7 passes quickly & readily into ! sublime4 ,9 proportion z imag9ation loses its lib]ty1 reason makes its own prevail1 & ! s\l ceases n to enl>ge )9 :5 x ?us f9ds outw>d limits4 ,driv5 f all ! intr5*m5ts :i* w\ld give physical protection to s5su\s creatures1 we seek refuge 9 ! /ronghold ( our moral lib]ty1 & we arrive by t means at an absolute & unlimit$ safety1 at ! v mom5t :5 we seem to be depriv$ 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a ( a relative & prec>i\s ramp>t4 ,b precisely because x 0 necess>y to h arriv$ at ! physical oppression be=e hav+ rec\rse to ! assi/ance ( our moral nature1 we c only buy ?is high s5tim5t ( our lib]ty ?r\gh suff]+4 ,an ord9>y s\l conf9es itself entirely to ?is suff]+1 & nev] compreh5ds 9 ! sublime or ! pa!tic any?+ beyond ! t]rible4 ,an indep5d5t s\l1 on ! contr>y1 precisely seizes ?is occasion to rise to ! feel+ ( 8 moral =ce1 9 all t is mo/ magnific5t 9 ?is =ce1 & f e t]rible object kn[s h[ to draw out ! sublime4 ,! moral man 7! fa!r#f7 is "h attack$ be=e ! physical man1 & t has a gr& effect4 ,all ! affections become m /hetic :5 we receive !m second-h&2 !re is no /rong] sympa?y ?an t we feel = sympa?y4 #g ,! mom5t _h arriv$ :5 ! h]o himself _h to be recomm5d$ to our respect z a moral p]sonage1 & ! poet seiz$ ^u t mom5t4 ,we already "k by 8 description all ! =ce1 all ! rage ( ! two mon/]s :o m5ace ,laocoon1 & we "k h[ all resi/ance w\ld be 9 va94 ,if ,laocoon 7 only a common man he w\ld bett] und]/& 8 own int]e/s1 &1 l ! re/ ( ! ,trojans1 he w\ld f9d safety 9 rapid flight4 ,b !re is a he>t 9 t brea/2 ! dang] to 8 *ildr5 holds him back1 & decides him to meet 8 fate4 ,?is trait alone r5d]s him wor?y ( our pity4 ,at :atev] mom5t ! s]p5ts _h assail$ him1 we %\ld h always be5 t\*$ & tr\bl$4 ,b because x happ5s j at ! mom5t :5 z fa!r he %[s himself s wor?y ( respect1 8 fate appe>s to u z ! result ( hav+ fulfill$ 8 duty z p>5t1 ( 8 t5d] disquietude = 8 *ildr54 ,x is ?is :i* calls =? our sympa?y 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 z if he delib]ately devot$ himself to de/ruction1 & 8 dea? becomes an act ( ! w4 ,?us !re are two conditions 9 e k9d ( ! pa!tic3 #a/4 ,suff]+1 to int]e/ our s5su\s nature2 #b;d4 ,moral lib]ty1 to int]e/ our spiritual nature4 ,all portraiture 9 :i* ! expression ( suff]+ nature is want+ rema9s )\t /hetic action1 & our he>t is unt\*$4 ,all portraiture 9 :i* ! expression ( moral aptitude is want+1 ev5 did x possess all ! s5su\s =ce possible1 c\ld n atta9 to ! pa!tic1 & w\ld infallibly revolt our feel+s4 ,?r\gh\t moral lib]ty we require ! human be+ :o suff]s2 ?r\gh\t all ! suff]+s ( human nature we always desire to p]ceive ! indep5d5t _s1 or ! capacity = indep5d5ce4 ,b ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual be+ 9 ! /ate ( suff]+ c manife/ itself 9 two ways4 ,ei!r negatively1 :5 ! moral man does n receive ! law f ! physical man1 & 8 /ate ex]cises no influ5ce ov] 8 mann] ( feel+2 or positively1 :5 ! moral man is a rul] ov] ! physical be+1 & 8 mann] ( feel+ ex]cises an influ5ce ^u 8 /ate4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is ! sublime ( disposition2 9 ! second1 x is ! sublime ( action4 ,! sublime ( disposition is se5 9 all "* indep5d5t ( ! accid5ts ( fate4 8,a noble he>t /ruggl+ aga9/ adv]sity10 says ,s5eca1 8is a spectacle full ( attraction ev5 = ! gods40 ,su* = example is t :i* ! ,roman ,s5ate (f]$ aft] ! disa/] ( ,cann4 ,lucif] ev51 9 ,milton1 :5 = ! fir/ "t he contemplates hell--:i* is to be 8 future abode--p5etrates u ) a s5tim5t ( admiration by ! =ce ( s\l he displays3-- 8,hail1 horrors1 hail4 ,inf]nal _w1 & ?\1 pr(\nde/ ,hell2 ,receive ?y new possessor6--"o :o br+s ,a m9d n to be *ang$ by place or "t2 ,! m9d is its own place1 & 9 itself ,c make a ,heav5 ( ,hell4444 ,"h at lea/ ,we %all be free10 c4 ,! reply ( ,m$ea 9 ! trag$y belongs also to ?is ord] ( ! sublime4 ,! sublime ( disposition makes itself se51 x is visible to ! spectator1 because x re/s ^u co-exi/5ce1 ! simultane\s2 ! sublime action1 on ! contr>y1 is conceiv$ only by ! ?\ght1 because ! impression & ! act are successive1 & ! int]v5tion ( ! m9d is necess>y to inf] f a free det]m9ation ! idea ( previ\s suff]+4 ,x foll[s t ! fir/ alone c be express$ by ! pla/ic arts1 because ^! arts give b t :i* is simultane\s2 b ! poet c ext5d 8 doma9 ov] "o & ! o!r4 ,ev5 m2 :5 ! pla/ic art has to repres5t a sublime action1 x mu/ necess>ily br+ x back to sublimity4 ,9 ord] t ! sublimity ( action %\ld take place1 n only mu/ ! suff]+ ( man h no influ5ce ^u ! moral con/itution1 b r ! opposite mu/ be ! case4 ,! affection is ! "w ( 8 moral "*4 ,?is c happ5 9 two ways3 ei!r m$iately1 or accord+ to ! law ( lib]ty1 :5 out ( respect = su* & su* a duty x decides f free *oice to suff]--9 ?is case1 ! idea ( duty det]m9es z a motive1 & its suff]+ is a volunt>y act--or imm$iately1 & accord+ to ! necessity ( nature1 :5 he expiates by a moral suff]+ ! violation ( duty2 9 ?is second case1 ! idea ( duty det]m9es him z a =ce1 & 8 suff]+ is no long] an effect4 ,regulus (f]s u an example ( ! fir/ k9d1 :51 to keep 8 ^w1 he gives himself up to ! v5geance ( ! ,c>?ag9ians2 & he w\ld s]ve z an example ( ! second class1 if1 hav+ betray$ 8 tru/1 ! consci\sness ( ?is crime w\ld h made him mis]able4 ,9 bo? cases suff]+ has a moral c\rse1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t on ! "o "p ,regulus %[s u its moral "*1 & t1 on ! o!r1 he only %[s u t he 0 made to h su* a "*4 ,9 ! fir/ case he is 9 our eyes a morally great p]son2 9 ! second he is only /hetically great4 ,?is la/ di/9ction is important = ! tragic art2 x consequ5tly des]ves to be exam9$ m closely4 ,man is already a sublime object1 b only 9 ! /hetic s5se1 :5 ! /ate 9 :i* he is gives u an idea ( 8 human de/9ation1 ev5 ?\gh we might n f9d ?is de/9ation realiz$ 9 8 p]son4 ,he only becomes sublime to u 9 a moral po9t ( view1 :5 he acts1 moreov]1 z a p]son1 9 a mann] con=mable ) ?is de/9ation2 if our respect be>s n only on 8 moral faculty1 b on ! use he makes ( ?is faculty2 if dignity1 9 8 case1 is due1 n only to 8 moral aptitude1 b to ! real morality ( 8 conduct4 ,x is q a diff]5t ?+ to direct our judgm5t & att5tion to ! moral faculty g5]ally1 & to ! possibility ( a w absolutely free1 & to be direct+ x to ! use ( ?is faculty1 & to ! reality ( ?is absolute fre$om ( will+4 ,x is1 ,i repeat1 q a diff]5t ?+2 & ?is diff]5ce is connect$ n only ) ! objects to :i* we may h to direct our judgm5t1 b to ! v crit]ion ( our judgm5t4 ,! same object c displease u if we appreciate x 9 a moral po9t ( view1 & be v attractive to u 9 ! /hetical po9t ( view4 ,b ev5 if ! moral judgm5t & ! /hetical judgm5t 7 bo? satisfi$1 ?is object w\ld produce ?is effect on "o & ! o!r 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,x is n morally satisfactory because x has an /hetical value1 nor has x an /hetical value because x satisfies u morally4 ,let u take1 z example1 ,leonidas & 8 devotion at ,!rmopyl4 ,judg$ f ! moral po9t ( view1 ?is action repres5ts to me ! moral law c>ri$ out not)/&+ all ! repugnance ( in/9ct4 ,judg$ f ! /hetic po9t ( view1 x gives me ! idea ( ! moral faculty1 indep5d5t ( e con/ra9t ( in/9ct4 ,! act ( ,leonidas satisfies ! moral s5se1 ! reason2 x enraptures ! /hetical s5se1 ! imag9ation4 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5ce 9 ! feel+s 9 connection ) ! same object8 ,i acc\nt = x ?us3-- ,9 ! same way t our be+ consi/s ( two pr9ciples & natures1 s also & consequ5tly our feel+s are divid$ into two k9ds1 entirely diff]5t4 ,z reasonable be+s we exp]i5ce a feel+ ( approbation or ( disapprobation2 z s5su\s creatures we exp]i5ce pleasure or displeasure4 ,! two feel+s1 approbation & pleasure1 repose on satisfaction3 "o on a satisfaction giv5 to a requirem5t ( reason--reason has only requirem5ts1 & n wants4 ,! o!r dep5ds on a satisfaction giv5 to a s5su\s want--s5se only kn[s ( wants1 & _c prescribe any?+4 ,^! two t]ms--requirem5ts ( reason1 wants ( ! s5ses--are mutually relat$1 z absolute necessity & ! necessity ( nature4 ,accord+ly1 bo? are includ$ 9 ! idea ( necessity1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! necessity ( reason is unconditional1 & ! necessity ( s5se only takes place "u conditions4 ,b1 = bo?1 satisfaction is a purely cont+5t ?+4 ,accord+ly e feel+1 :e!r ( pleasure or approbation1 re/s def9itively on an agreem5t betwe5 ! cont+5t & ! necess>y4 ,if ! necess>y has ?us an imp]ative "*1 ! feel+ exp]i5c$ w be t ( approbation4 ,if necessity has ! "* ( a want1 ! feel+ exp]i5c$ w be t ( pleasure1 & bo? w be /rong 9 proportion z ! satisfaction w be cont+5t4 ,n[1 und]ly+ e moral judgm5t !re is a requirem5t ( reason :i* requires u to act con=mably ) ! moral law1 & x is an absolute necessity t we %\ld wi% :at is good4 ,b z ! w is free1 x is physically an accid5tal ?+ t we %\ld d 9 fact :at is good4 ,if we actually d x1 ?is agreem5t betwe5 ! cont+5t 9 ! use ( free w & ! imp]ative dem& ( reason gives rise to our ass5t or approbation1 :i* w be great] 9 proportion z ! resi/ance ( ! incl9ations made ?is use t we make ( our free w m accid5tal & m d\btful4 ,e /hetic judgm5t1 on ! contr>y1 ref]s ! object to ! necessity :i* _c help will+ imp]atively1 b only desires t !re %\ld be an agreem5t betwe5 ! accid5tal & its own int]e/4 ,n[ :at is ! int]e/ ( imag9ation8 ,x is to emancipate itself f all laws1 & to play its "p freely4 ,! obligation impos$ on ! w by ! moral law1 :i* prescribes its object 9 ! /ricte/ mann]1 is by no means favorable to ?is ne$ ( indep5d5ce4 ,& z ! moral obligation ( ! w is ! object ( ! moral judgm5t1 x is cle> t 9 ?is mode ( judg+1 ! imag9ation c\ld n f9d its int]e/4 ,b a moral obligation impos$ on ! w _c be conceiv$1 except by suppos+ ?is same w absolutely indep5d5t ( ! moral in/9cts & f _! con/ra9t4 ,accord+ly ! possibility ( ! moral act requires lib]ty1 & !re=e agrees "h 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] ) ! int]e/ ( imag9ation4 ,b z imag9ation1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its wants1 _c give ord]s to ! w ( ! individual1 z reason does by its imp]ative "*1 x foll[s t ! faculty ( fre$om1 9 relation to imag9ation1 is some?+ accid5tal1 & consequ5tly t ! agreem5t betwe5 ! accid5tal & ! necess>y 7conditionally necess>y7 mu/ excite pleasure4 ,!re=e1 if we br+ to be> a moral judgm5t on ?is act ( ,leonidas1 we %all consid] x f a po9t ( view :]e its accid5tal "* /rikes ! eye less ?an its necess>y side4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we apply ! /hetical judgm5t to x1 ?is is ano!r po9t ( view1 :]e its "* ( necessity /rikes u less =cibly ?an its accid5tal "*4 ,x is a duty = e w to act ?us1 directly x is a free w2 b ! fact t !re is a free w t makes ?is act possible is a favor ( nature 9 reg>d to ?is faculty1 to :i* fre$om is a necessity4 ,?us an act ( virtue judg$ by ! moral s5se--by reason--w give u z its only satisfaction ! feel+ ( approbation1 because reason c nev] f9d m1 & seldom f9ds z mu* z x requires4 ,?is same act1 judg$1 on ! contr>y1 by ! /hetic s5se--by imag9ation--w give u a positive pleasure1 because ! imag9ation1 nev] requir+ ! end to agree ) ! dem&1 mu/ be surpris$1 enraptur$1 at ! real satisfaction ( ?is dem& z at a happy *ance4 ,our reason w m]ely approve1 & only approve1 ( ,leonidas actually tak+ ?is h]oic resolution2 b t he c\ld take ?is resolution is :at delights & enraptures u4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two sorts ( judgm5ts becomes m evid5t /ill1 if we take an example :]e ! moral s5se & ! /hetic s5se pron\nce a diff]5t v]dict4 ,suppose we take ! act ( ,p]egr9us ,proteus burn+ himself at ,olympia4 ,judg+ ?is act morally1 ,i _c give x my approbation1 inasmu* z ,i see x det]m9$ by impure motives1 to :i* ,proteus sacrifices ! duty ( respect+ 8 own exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! /hetic judgm5t ?is same act delights me2 x delights me precisely because x te/ifies to a p[] ( w capable ( resi/+ ev5 ! mo/ pot5t ( in/9cts1 t ( self-pres]vation4 ,0 x a moral feel+1 or only a m p[]ful s5su\s attraction1 t sil5c$ ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 9 ?is en?usia/4 ,x matt]s little1 :5 ,i appreciate ! act f an /hetic po9t ( view4 ,i !n drop ! individual1 ,i take away ! relation ( 8 w to ! law t ought to gov]n him2 ,i ?9k ( human w 9 g5]al1 consid]$ z a common faculty ( ! race1 & ,i reg>d x 9 connection ) all ! =ces ( nature4 ,we h se5 t 9 a moral po9t ( view1 ! pres]vation ( our be+ seem$ to u a duty1 & !re=e we 7 (f5d$ at see+ ,proteus violate ?is duty4 ,9 an /hetic po9t ( view ! self-pres]vation only appe>s z an int]e/1 & !re=e ! sacrifice ( ?is int]e/ pleases u4 ,?us ! op]ation t we p]=m 9 ! judgm5ts ( ! second k9d is precisely ! inv]se ( t :i* we p]=m 9 ^? ( ! fir/4 ,9 ! =m] we oppose ! individual1 a s5su\s & limit$ be+1 & 8 p]sonal w1 :i* c be effect$ pa?ologically1 to ! absolute law ( ! w 9 g5]al1 & ( unconditional duty :i* b9ds e spiritual be+2 9 ! second case1 on ! contr>y1 we oppose ! faculty ( will+1 absolute volition1 & ! spiritual =ce z an inf9ite ?+1 to ! solicitations ( nature & ! imp$im5ts ( s5se4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! /hetical judgm5t leaves u free1 & delights & enraptures u4 ,x is because ! m]e conception ( ?is faculty ( will+ 9 an absolute mann]1 ! m]e idea ( ?is moral aptitude1 gives u 9 itself a consci\sness ( a manife/ advantage ov] ! s5su\s4 ,x is because ! m]e possibility ( emancipat+ ourselves f ! imp$im5ts ( nature is 9 itself a satisfaction t flatt]s our ?ir/ = fre$om4 ,?is is ! reason :y moral judgm5t1 on ! contr>y1 makes u exp]i5ce a feel+ ( con/ra9t t humbles u4 ,x is because 9 connection ) ea* volunt>y act we appreciate 9 ?is mann]1 we feel1 z reg>ds ! absolute law t ought to rule ! w 9 g5]al1 9 a position ( inf]iority m or less decid$1 & because ! con/ra9t ( ! w ?us limit$ to a s+le det]m9ation1 :i* duty requires ( x at all co/s1 contradicts ! in/9ct ( fre$om :i* is ! prop]ty ( imag9ation4 ,9 ! =m] case we so>$ f ! real to ! possible1 & f ! individual to ! species2 9 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 we desc5d f ! possible to ! real1 & we %ut up ! species 9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! individual4 ,we _c !re=e be surpris$ if ! /hetical judgm5t enl>ges ! he>t1 :ile ! moral judgm5t con/ra9s & /rait5s x4 ,x results1 !re=e1 f all t :i* prec$es1 t ! moral judgm5t & ! /hetic1 f> f mutually corroborat+ ea* o!r1 imp$e & h9d] ea* o!r1 because !y impress on ! s\l two directions entirely opposite4 ,9 fact1 ?is obs]vance ( rule :i* reason requires ( u z moral judge is incompatible ) ! indep5d5ce :i* ! imag9ation calls = z /hetic judge4 ,x foll[s t an object w h s mu* ! less /hetic value ! m x has ! "* ( a moral object1 & if ! poet 7 oblig$ not)/&+ t to *oose x1 he w\ld d well 9 treat+ ( x1 n to call ! att5tion ( our reason to ! rule ( ! w1 b t ( our imag9ation to ! p[] ( ! w4 ,9 8 own int]e/ x is necess>y = ! poet to ent] on ?is pa?1 = ) our lib]ty 8 empire f9i%es4 ,we belong to him only inasmu* z we look beyond ourselves2 we escape f him ! mom5t we re-ent] into our inn]mo/ selves1 & t is :at infallibly takes place ! mom5t an object ceases to be a ph5om5on 9 our consid]ation1 & takes ! "* ( a law :i* judges u4 ,ev5 9 ! manife/ation ( ! mo/ sublime virtue1 ! poet c only employ = 8 own views t :i* 9 ^? acts belongs to =ce4 ,z to ! direction ( ! =ce1 he has no reason to be anxi\s4 ,! poet1 ev5 :5 he places be=e our eyes ! mo/ p]fect models ( morality1 has n1 & ought n to h1 any o!r end ?an t ( rejoic+ our s\l by ! contemplation ( ?is spectacle4 ,moreov]1 no?+ c rejoice our s\l except t :i* improves our p]sonality1 & no?+ c give u a spiritual joy except t :i* elevates ! spiritual faculty4 ,b 9 :at way c ! morality ( ano!r improve our own p]sonality1 & raise our spiritual =ce8 ,t ?is o!r "o accompli%es really 8 duty results f an accid5tal use :i* he makes ( 8 lib]ty1 & :i* = t v reason c prove no?+ to u4 ,we only h 9 common ) him ! faculty to con=m ourselves equally to duty2 ! moral p[] :i* he exhibits rem9ds u also ( our own1 & t is :y we !n feel some?+ :i* upraises our spiritual =ce4 ,?us x is only ! idea ( ! possibility ( an absolutely free w :i* makes ! real ex]cise ( ?is w 9 u *>m+ to ! /hetic feel+4 ,we %all be /ill m conv9c$ :5 we ?9k h[ little ! poetic =ce ( impression :i* is awak5$ 9 u by an act or a moral "* is dep5d5t on _! hi/oric reality4 ,! pleasure :i* we take 9 consid]+ an ideal "* w 9 no way be less5$ :5 we come to ?9k t ?is "* is no?+ m ?an a poetic fiction2 = x is on ! poetic tru?1 & n on hi/oric tru?1 t e /hetic impression ( ! feel+s re/4 ,moreov]1 poetic tru? does n consi/ 9 t ?is or t ?+ has effectually tak5 place1 b 9 t x may h happ5$1 t is to say1 t ! ?+ is 9 itself possible4 ,?us ! /hetic =ce is necess>ily oblig$ to re/ 9 ! fir/ place 9 ! idea ( possibility4 ,ev5 9 real subjects1 = :i* ! actors are borr[$ f hi/ory1 x is n ! reality ( ! simple possibility ( ! fact1 b t :i* is gu>ante$ to u by its v reality :i* con/itutes ! poetic elem5t4 ,t ^! p]sonages h inde$ exi/$1 & t ^! ev5ts h 9 tru? tak5 place1 is a circum/ance :i* c1 x is true1 9 _m cases add to our pleasure1 b t :i* x adds to x is l a =eign addition1 mu* r unfavorable ?an advantage\s to ! poetical impression4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t a great s]vice 0 r5d]$ to ,g]man poetry by recomm5d+ ,g]man poets to treat ( national !mes4 ,:y1 x 0 ask$1 did ,greek poetry h s mu* p[] ov] ! m9d8 ,because x br\ght =w>d national ev5ts & immortaliz$ dome/ic exploits4 ,no d\bt ! poetry ( ! anci5ts may h be5 indebt$ to ?is circum/ance = c]ta9 effects ( :i* mod]n poetry _c boa/2 b d ^! effects belong to art & ! poet8 ,x is small glory = ! ,greek g5ius if x _h only ?is accid5tal advantage ov] mod]n g5ius2 /ill m if x 7 necess>y = ! poets1 9 ord] to ga9 ?is advantage1 to obta9 x by ?is con=mity ( _! inv5tion ) real hi/ory6 ,x is only a b>b>\s ta/e t requires ?is /imulant ( a national int]e/ to be captivat$ by beautiful ?+s2 & x is only a scribbl] :o borr[s f matt] a =ce to :i* he despairs ( giv+ a =m4 ,poetry ought n to take its c\rse ?r\gh ! frigid region ( memory2 x ought nev] to conv]t le>n+ into its int]pret]1 nor private int]e/ its advocate ) ! popul> m9d4 ,x ought to g /raight to ! he>t1 because x has come f ! he>t2 & aim at ! man 9 ! citiz51 n ! citiz5 9 ! man4 ,happily1 true g5ius does n make mu* acc\nt ( all ^! c\nsels t p are s anxi\s to give h] ) bett] int5tions ?an compet5ce4 ,o!rwise1 ,sulz] & 8 s*ool might h made ,g]man poetry adopt a v equivocal /yle4 ,x is no d\bt a v honorable aim 9 a poet to moralize ! man1 & excite ! patriotism ( ! citiz51 & ! ,muses "k bett] ?an any "o h[ well ! arts ( ! sublime & ( ! beautiful are adapt$ to ex]cise ?is influ5ce4 ,b t :i* poetry obta9s excell5tly by indirect means x w\ld accompli% v badly z an imm$iate end4 ,poetry is n made to s]ve 9 man = ! accompli%m5t ( a p>ticul> matt]1 nor c\ld any in/rum5t be select$ less fitt$ to cause a p>ticul> object to succe$1 or to c>ry out special projects & details4 ,poetry acts on ! :ole ( human nature1 & x is only by its g5]al influ5ce on ! "* ( a man t x c influ5ce p>ticul> acts4 ,poetry c be = man :at love is = ! h]o4 ,x c nei!r c\nsel him1 nor /rike = him1 nor d any?+ = him 9 %ort2 b x c =m a h]o 9 him1 call him to great de$s1 & arm him ) a /r5g? to be all t he ought to be4 ,?us ! degree ( /hetical en]gy ) :i* sublime feel+s & sublime acts take possession ( our s\ls1 does n re/ at all on ! int]e/ ( reason1 :i* requires e action to be really con=mable ) ! idea ( good4 ,b x re/s on ! int]e/ ( ! imag9ation1 :i* requires con=mity ) good %\ld be possible1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 t no feel+1 h[ev] /rong1 %\ld oppress ! fre$om ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ?is possibility is f\nd 9 e act t te/ifies ) en]gy to lib]ty1 & to ! =ce ( ! w2 & if ! poet meets ) an action ( ?is k9d1 x matt]s little :]e1 he has a subject suitable = 8 art4 ,to him1 & to ! int]e/ we h 9 him1 x is q ! same1 to take 8 h]o 9 "o class ( *>act]s or 9 ano!r1 among ! good or ! wick$1 z x (t5 requires z mu* /r5g? ( "* to d evil consci5ti\sly & p]si/5tly z to d good4 ,if a pro( be requir$ t 9 our /hetic judgm5ts we att5d m to ! =ce ?an to its direction1 to its fre$om ?an to its lawfulness1 ?is is suffici5t = our evid5ce4 ,we pref] to see =ce & fre$om manife/ !mselves at ! co/ ( moral regul>ity1 r ?an regul>ity at ! co/ ( fre$om & /r5g?4 ,= directly "o ( ^? cases (f]s itself1 9 :i* ! g5]al law agrees ) ! in/9cts :i* by _! /r5g? ?reat5 to c>ry away ! w1 ! /hetic value ( ! "* is increas$1 if he be capable ( resi/+ ^! in/9cts4 ,a vici\s p]son beg9s to int]e/ u z soon z he mu/ risk 8 happ9ess & life to c>ry out 8 p]v]se designs2 on ! contr>y1 a virtu\s p]son loses 9 proportion z he f9ds x useful to be virtu\s4 ,v5geance1 = in/ance1 is c]ta9ly an ignoble & a vile affection1 b ?is does n prev5t x f becom+ /hetical1 if to satisfy x we mu/ endure pa9ful sacrifice4 ,m$ea slay+ h] *ildr5 aims at ! he>t ( ,jason1 b at ! same "t %e /rikes a heavy bl[ at h] own he>t1 & h] v5geance /hetically becomes sublime directly we see 9 h] a t5d] "m4 ,9 ?is s5se ! /hetic judgm5t has m ( tru? ?an is ord9>ily believ$4 ,! vices :i* %[ a great =ce ( w evid5tly ann\nce a great] aptitude = real moral lib]ty ?an d virtues :i* borr[ support f incl9ation2 see+ t x only requires ( ! man :o p]si/5tly does evil to ga9 a s+le victory ov] himself1 "o simple upset ( 8 maxims1 to ga9 ev] aft] to ! s]vice ( virtue 8 :ole plan ( life1 & all ! =ce ( w :i* he lavi%$ on evil4 ,& :y is x we receive ) dislike m$ium *>act]s1 :il/ we at times foll[ ) trembl+ admiration "o :i* is altoge!r wick$8 ,x is evid5t1 t ) reg>d to ! =m]1 we r5\nce all hope1 we _c ev5 conceive ! possibility ( f9d+ absolute lib]ty ( ! w2 :il/ ) ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 ea* "t he displays 8 faculties1 we feel t "o s+le act ( ! w w\ld suffice to raise him up to ! fulle/ height ( human dignity4 ,?us1 9 ! /hetic judgm5t1 t :i* excites our int]e/ is n morality itself1 b lib]ty alone2 & moral purity c only please our imag9ation :5 x places 9 relief ! =ces ( ! w4 ,x is !n manife/ly to conf\nd two v di/9ct ord]s ( ideas1 to require 9 /hetic ?+s s exact a morality1 &1 9 ord] to /ret* ! doma9 ( reason1 to exclude ! imag9ation f its own legitimate sph]e4 ,ei!r x w\ld be necess>y to subject x entirely1 !n !re w\ld be an end to all /hetic effect2 or x w\ld %>e ! realm ( reason1 !n morality w\ld n ga9 mu*4 ,= if we pret5d to pursue at ! same "t two diff]5t ends1 !re w\ld be risk ( miss+ bo? "o & ! o!r4 ,! lib]ty ( ! imag9ation w\ld be fett]$ by too great respect = ! moral law2 & viol5ce w\ld be done to ! "* ( necessity :i* is 9 ! reason1 9 miss+ ! lib]ty :i* belongs to ! imag9ation4 ,,on ,,grace ,,& ,,dignity4 ,! ,greek fable attributes to ! goddess ( beauty a wond]ful girdle :i* has ! quality ( l5d+ grace & ( ga9+ he>ts 9 all :o we> x4 ,?is same div9ity is accompani$ by ! ,graces1 or goddesses ( grace4 ,f ?is we see t ! ,greeks di/+ui%$ f beauty grace & ! div9ities /yl$ ! ,graces1 z !y express$ ! ideas by prop] attributes1 sep>able f ! goddess ( beauty4 ,all t is graceful is beautiful1 = ! girdle ( love w9n+ attractions is ! prop]ty ( ! goddess ( ,cnidus2 b all beauty is n ( necessity grace1 = ,v5us1 ev5 )\t ?is girdle1 does n cease to be :at %e is4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ?is allegory1 ! goddess ( beauty is ! only "o :o we>s & :o l5ds to o!rs ! girdle ( attractions4 ,juno1 ! p[]ful que5 ( ,olympus1 mu/ beg9 by borr[+ ?is girdle f ,v5us1 :5 %e seeks to *>m ,jupit] on ,m\nt ,ida4#h ,?us greatness1 ev5 clo!d ) a c]ta9 degree ( beauty1 :i* is by no means disput$ 9 ! sp\se ( ,jupit]1 is nev] sure ( pleas+ )\t ! grace1 s9ce ! augu/ que5 ( ! gods1 to subdue ! he>t ( h] consort1 expects ! victory n f h] own *>ms b f ! girdle ( ,v5us4 ,b we see1 moreov]1 t ! goddess ( beauty c "p ) ?is girdle1 & grant x1 ) its quality & effects1 to a be+ less end[$ ) beauty4 ,?us grace is n ! exclusive privilege ( ! beautiful2 x c also be h&$ ov]1 b only by beauty1 to an object less beautiful1 or ev5 to an object depriv$ ( beauty4 ,if ^! same ,greeks saw a man gift$ 9 o!r respects ) all ! advantages ( m9d1 b lack+ grace1 !y advis$ him to sacrifice to ! ,graces4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y conceiv$ ^! deities z =m+ an escort to ! beauty ( ! o!r sex1 !y also ?\ght t !y w\ld be favorable to man1 & t to please he absolutely requir$ _! help4 ,b :at !n is grace1 if x be true t x pref]s to unite ) beauty1 yet n 9 an exclusive mann]8 ,:at is grace if x proce$s f beauty1 b yet produces ! effects ( beauty1 ev5 :5 beauty is abs5t4 ,:at is x1 if beauty c exi/ inde$ )\t x1 & yet has no attraction except ) x8 ,! delicate feel+ ( ! ,greek p _h m>k$ at an e>ly date ?is di/9ction betwe5 grace & beauty1 :]e( ! reason 0 n !n able to give an acc\nt2 &1 seek+ ! means to express x1 x borr[$ images f ! imag9ation1 because ! und]/&+ c\ld n (f] notions to ?is end4 ,on ?is score1 ! my? ( ! girdle des]ves to fix ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]1 :o1 h[ev]1 ought to be satisfi$ to seek ideas correspond+ ) ^! pictures :5 ! pure in/9ctive feel+ ?r[s out its discov]ies1 or1 9 o!r words1 ) expla9+ ! hi]oglyphs ( s5sation4 ,if we /rip (f its allegorical veil f ?is conception ( ! ,greeks1 ! foll[+ appe>s ! only mean+ x admits4 ,grace is a k9d ( movable beauty1 ,i mean a beauty :i* does n belong ess5tially to its subject1 b :i* may be produc$ accid5tally 9 x1 z x may also disappe> f x4 ,x is 9 ?is t grace is di/+ui%$ f beauty prop]ly s call$1 or fix$ beauty1 :i* is necess>ily inh]5t 9 ! subject itself4 ,v5us c no d\bt take (f h] girdle & give x up = ! mom5t to ,juno1 b %e c\ld only give up h] beauty ) h] v p]son4 ,v5us1 )\t a girdle1 is no long] ! *>m+ ,v5us1 )\t beauty %e is no long] ,v5us4 ,b ?is girdle z a symbol ( movable beauty has ?is p>ticul> feature1 t ! p]son adorn$ ) x n only appe>s m graceful1 b actually becomes s4 ,! girdle communicates objectively ?is prop]ty ( grace1 9 ?is contra/+ ) o!r articles ( dress1 :i* h only subjective effects1 & )\t modify+ ! p]son h]self1 only modify ! impression produc$ on ! imag9ation ( o!rs4 ,su* is ! express mean+ ( ! ,greek my?2 grace becomes ! prop]ty ( ! p]son :o puts on ?is girdle2 %e does m ?an appe> amiable1 x is s 9 fact4 ,no d\bt x may be ?\ght t a girdle1 :i* aft] all is only an outw>d1 artificial ornam5t1 does n prove a p]fectly correct emblem to express grace z a p]sonal quality4 ,b a p]sonal quality t is conceiv$ at ! same "t z sep>able f ! subject1 c\ld only be repres5t$ to ! s5ses by an accid5tal ornam5t :i* c be deta*$ f ! p]son1 )\t ! ess5ce ( ! latt] be+ affect$ by x4 ,?us ! girdle ( *>ms op]ates n by a natural effect 7= !n x w\ld n *ange any?+ 9 ! p]son itself7 b by a magical effect2 t is to say1 its virtue ext5ds beyond all natural conditions4 ,by ?is means1 :i* is no?+ m1 ,i admit1 ?an an exp$i5t1 x has be5 attempt$ to avoid ! contradiction to :i* ! m9d1 z reg>ds its repres5tative faculty1 is unavoidably r$uc$1 e "t x asks an expression f nature h]self1 = an object =eign to nature & :i* belongs to ! free field ( ! ideal4 ,if ?is magic girdle is ! symbol ( an objective prop]ty :i* c be sep>at$ f its subject )\t modify+ 9 any degree its nature1 ?is my? c only express "o ?+--! beauty ( movem5t1 because movem5t is ! only modification t c affect an object )\t *ang+ its id5tity4 ,! beauty ( movem5t is an idea t satisfies ! two conditions conta9$ 9 ! my? :i* n[ occupies u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is an objective beauty1 n entirely dep5d+ ^u ! impression t we receive f ! object1 b belong+ to ! object itself4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is beauty has 9 itself some?+ accid5tal1 & ! object rema9s id5tical ev5 :5 we conceive x to be depriv$ ( ?is prop]ty4 ,! girdle ( attractions does n lose its magic virtue 9 pass+ to an object ( less beauty1 or ev5 to t :i* is )\t beauty2 t is to say1 t a be+ less beautiful1 or ev5 "o :i* is n beautiful1 may also lay claim to ! beauty ( movem5t4 ,! my? tells u t grace is some?+ accid5tal 9 ! subject 9 :i* we suppose x to be4 ,x foll[s t we c attribute ?is prop]ty only to accid5tal movem5ts4 ,9 an ideal ( beauty ! necess>y movem5ts mu/ be beautiful1 because inasmu* z necess>y !y =m an integral "p ( its nature2 ! idea ( ,v5us once giv51 ! idea ( ?is beauty ( necess>y movem5ts is t implicitly compris$ 9 x2 b x is n ! same ) ! beauty ( accid5tal movem5ts2 ?is is an ext5sion ( ! =m]2 !re c be a grace 9 ! voice1 !re is none 9 respiration4 ,b all ?is beauty 9 accid5tal movem5ts--is x necess>ily grace8 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to notice t ! ,greek fable attributes grace exclusively to humanity4 ,x goes /ill fur!r1 = ev5 ! beauty ( =m x re/ricts )9 ! limits ( ! human species1 9 :i*1 z we "k1 ! ,greeks includ$ also _! gods4 ,b if grace is ! exclusive privilege ( ! human =m1 none ( ! movem5ts :i* are common to man ) ! re/ ( nature c evid5tly pret5d to x4 ,?us1 = example1 if x 7 admitt$ t ! r+lets ( hair on a beautiful head undulate ) grace1 !re w\ld also be no reason to d5y a grace ( movem5t to ! bran*es ( trees1 to ! waves ( ! /ream1 to ! e>s ( a field ( corn1 or to ! limbs ( animals4 ,no1 ! goddess ( ,cnidus repres5ts exclusively ! human species2 !re=e1 z soon z y see only a physical creature 9 man1 a purely s5su\s object1 %e is no long] conc]n$ ) him4 ,?us1 grace c only be met ) 9 volunt>y movem5ts1 & !n 9 ^? only :i* express "s s5tim5t ( ! moral ord]4 ,^? :i* h z pr9ciple only animal s5su\sness belong only1 h[ev] volunt>y we may suppose !m to be1 to physical nature1 :i* nev] rea*es ( itself to grace4 ,if x 7 possible to h grace 9 ! manife/ations ( ! physical appetites & in/9cts1 grace w\ld no long] be ei!r capable or wor?y to s]ve z ! expression ( humanity4 ,yet x is humanity alone :i* to ! ,greek conta9s all ! idea ( beauty & ( p]fection4 ,he nev] cons5ts to see sep>at$ f ! s\l ! purely s5su\s "p1 & su* is ) him t :i* might be call$ man's s5su\s nature1 :i* x is equally impossible = him to isolate ei!r f 8 l[] nature or f 8 intellig5ce4 ,9 ! same way t no idea pres5ts itself to 8 m9d )\t tak+ at once a visible =m1 & )\t 8 endeavor+ to give a bodily envelope ev5 to 8 intellectual conceptions1 s he desires 9 man t all 8 in/9ctive acts %\ld express at ! same "t 8 moral de/9ation4 ,nev] = ! ,greek is nature purely physical nature1 & = t reason he does n blu% to honor x2 nev] = him is reason purely reason1 & = t reason he has n to tremble 9 submitt+ to its rule4 ,! physical nature & moral s5tim5ts1 matt] & m9d1 e>? & heav51 melt toge!r ) a m>vell\s beauty 9 8 poetry4 ,free activity1 :i* is truly at home only 9 ,olympus1 0 introduc$ by him ev5 into ! doma9 ( s5se1 & x is a fur!r reason = n atta*+ blame to him if reciprocally he transport$ ! affections ( ! s5se into ,olympus4 ,?us1 ?is delicate s5se ( ! ,greeks1 :i* nev] suff]$ ! mat]ial elem5t unless accompani$ by ! spiritual pr9ciple1 recognizes 9 man no volunt>y movem5t belong+ only to s5se :i* did n at ! same "t manife/ ! moral s5tim5t ( ! s\l4 ,x foll[s t = !m grace is "o ( ! manife/ations ( ! s\l1 reveal$ ?r\gh beauty 9 volunt>y movem5ts2 !re=e1 :]ev] !re is grace1 x is ! s\l :i* is ! mobile1 & x is 9 h] t beauty ( movem5t has its pr9ciple4 ,! my?ological allegory ?us expresses ! ?\ght1 8,grace is a beauty n giv5 by nature1 b produc$ by ! subject itself40 ,up to ! pres5t "t ,i h conf9$ myself to unfold+ ! idea ( grace f ! ,greek my?1 & ,i hope ,i h n =c$ ! s5se3 may ,i n[ be p]mitt$ to try to :at result a philosophical inve/igation on ?is po9t w lead u1 & to see if ?is subject1 z s _m o!rs1 w confirm ?is tru?1 t ! _s ( philosophy c h>dly flatt] itself t x c discov] any?+ :i* has n already be5 vaguely p]ceiv$ by s5tim5t & reveal$ 9 poetry8 ,)\t h] girdle1 & )\t ! ,graces1 ,v5us repres5ts ! ideal ( beauty1 su* z %e c\ld h come =? f ! h&s ( nature1 & su* z %e is made )\t ! int]v5tion ( m9d end[$ ) s5tim5t & by ! virtue alone ( pla/ic =ces4 ,x is n )\t reason t ! fable creat$ a p>ticul> div9ity to repres5t ?is sort ( beauty1 because x suffices to see & to feel 9 ord] to di/+ui% x v di/9ctly f ! o!r1 f t :i* d]ives its orig9 f ! influ5ce ( a m9d end[$ ) s5tim5ts4 ,?is fir/ beauty1 ?us =m$ by nature solely & 9 virtue ( ! laws ( necessity1 ,i %all di/+ui% f t :i* is regulat$ ^u conditions ( lib]ty1 9 call+ x1 if all[$1 beauty ( /ructure 7ar*itectonic beauty74 ,x is agre$1 !re=e1 to designate "u ?is "n t portion ( human beauty :i* n only has z effici5t pr9ciple ! =ces & ag5ts ( physical nature 7= we c say z mu* = e ph5om5on71 b :i* also is det]m9$1 s f> z x is beauty solely1 by ! =ces ( ?is nature4 ,well-proportion$ limbs1 r\nd$ cont\rs1 an agreeable complexion1 delicacy ( sk91 an easy & graceful figure1 a h>moni\s tone ( voice1 etc41 are advantages :i* are gifts ( nature & =tune3 ( nature1 :i* pr$ispos$ to ?is1 & develop$ x h]self2 ( =tune1 :i* protects aga9/ all influ5ce adv]se to ! "w ( nature4 ,v5us came =? p]fect & complete f ! foam ( ! sea4 ,:y p]fect8 because %e is ! f9i%$ & exactly det]m9$ "w ( necessity1 & on t acc\nt %e is nei!r susceptible ( v>iety nor ( progress4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 z %e is only a beautiful repres5tation ( ! v>i\s ends :i* nature _h 9 view 9 =m+ man1 & !nce ea* ( h] prop]ties is p]fectly det]m9$ by ! idea t %e realizes2 h5ce x foll[s t we c consid] h] z def9itive & det]m9$ 7) reg>d to its connection ) ! fir/ conception7 al?\gh ?is conception is subject1 9 its developm5t1 to ! conditions ( "t4 ,! ar*itectonic beauty ( ! human =m & its te*nical p]fection are two ideas1 :i* we mu/ take good c>e n to conf\nd4 ,by ! latt]1 ! ensemble ( p>ticul> ends mu/ be und]/ood1 su* z !y co-ord9ate betwe5 !mselves t[>ds a g5]al & high] end2 by ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 a "* suit$ to ! repres5tation ( ^! ends1 z f> z ^! are reveal$1 "u a visible =m1 to our faculty ( see+ & obs]v+4 ,:51 !n1 we speak ( beauty1 we nei!r take into consid]ation ! ju/ness ( ! aims ( nature 9 !mselves1 nor =mally1 ! degree ( adaptation to ! pr9ciples ( art :i* _! comb9ation c\ld (f]4 ,our contemplative faculties hold to ! mann] 9 :i* ! object appe>s to !m1 )\t tak+ he$ to its logical con/itution4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! ar*itectonic beauty1 9 ! /ructure ( man1 be det]m9$ by ! idea :i* has presid$ at ?is /ructure1 & by ! ends t nature proposes = x1 ! /hetic judgm5t1 mak+ ab/raction ( ^! ends1 consid]s ?is beauty 9 itself2 & 9 ! idea :i* we =m ( x1 no?+ ent]s :i* does n imm$iately & prop]ly belong to ! ext]ior appe>ance4 ,we are1 !n1 n oblig$ to say t ! dignity ( man & ( 8 condition height5s ! beauty ( 8 /ructure4 ,! idea we h ( 8 dignity may influ5ce1 x is true1 ! judgm5t t we =m on ! beauty ( 8 /ructure2 b !n ?is judgm5t ceases to be purely /hetic4 ,d\btless1 ! te*nical con/itution ( ! human =m is an expression ( its de/9y1 &1 z su*1 x ought to excite our admiration2 b ?is te*nical con/itution is repres5t$ to ! und]/&+ & n to s5se2 x is a conception & n a ph5om5on4 ,! ar*itectonic beauty1 on ! contr>y1 c\ld nev] be an expression ( ! de/9y ( man1 because x addresses itself to q a diff]5t faculty f t to :i* x belongs to pron\nce ^u 8 de/9y4 ,if1 !n1 man is1 among/ all ! te*nical =ces creat$ by nature1 t to :om m especially we attribute beauty1 ?is is exact & true only "u "o condition1 :i* is1 t at once & ^u ! simple appe>ance he ju/ifies ?is sup]iority1 )\t ! necessity1 9 ord] to appreciate x1 t we br+ to m9d 8 humanity4 ,=1 to recall ?is1 we mu/ pass ?r\gh a conception2 & !n x w\ld no long] be ! s5se1 b ! und]/&+1 t w\ld become ! judge ( beauty1 :i* w\ld imply contradiction4 ,man1 !re=e1 _c put =w>d ! dignity ( 8 moral de/9y1 nor give prom95ce to 8 sup]iority z intellig5ce1 to increase ! price ( 8 beauty4 ,man1 "h1 is b a be+ ?r[n l o!rs into space--a ph5om5on among/ o!r ph5om5a4 ,9 ! _w ( s5se no acc\nt is made ( ! rank he holds 9 ! _w ( ideas2 & if he desires 9 t to hold ! fir/ place1 he c only owe x to t 9 him :i* belongs to ! physical ord]4 ,b 8 physical nature is det]m9$1 we "k1 by ! idea ( 8 humanity2 f :i* x foll[s t 8 ar*itectonic beauty is s also m$iately4 ,if1 !n he is di/+ui%$ by sup]ior beauty f all o!r creatures ( ! s5su\s _w1 x is inconte/able t he owes ?is advantage to 8 de/9y z man1 because x is 9 x t ! reason is ( ! diff]5ces :i* 9 g5]al sep>ate him f ! re/ ( ! s5su\s _w4 ,b ! beauty ( ! human =m is n due to its be+ ! expression ( ?is sup]ior de/9y1 = if x 7 s1 ?is =m w\ld necess>ily cease to be beautiful1 f ! mom5t x began to express a less high de/9y1 & ! contr>y to ?is =m w\ld be beautiful z soon z x c\ld be admitt$ t x expresses ?is high] de/9ation4 ,h[ev]1 suppose t at ! sight ( a f9e human face we c\ld completely =get t :i* x expresses1 & put 9 its place1 )\t *ang+ any?+ ( its outside1 ! savage in/9cts ( ! tig]1 ! judgm5t ( ! eyesight w\ld rema9 absolutely ! same1 & ! tig] w\ld be = x ! *ef-d'uvre ( ! ,creator4 ,! de/9y ( man z intellig5ce contributes1 !n1 to ! beauty ( 8 /ructure only s f> z ! =m t repres5ts ?is de/9y1 ! expression t makes x felt1 satisfies at ! same "t ! conditions :i* are prescrib$ 9 ! _w ( s5se to ! manife/ations ( ! beautiful2 :i* signifies t beauty ought always to rema9 a pure effect ( physical nature1 & t ! rational conception :i* _h det]m9$ ! te*nical utility ( ! human /ructure _c conf] beauty1 b simply be compatible ) beauty4 ,x c\ld be object$1 x is true1 t 9 g5]al all :i* is manife/$ by a s5su\s repres5tation is produc$ by ! =ces ( nature1 & t consequ5tly ?is "* _c be exclusively an indication ( ! beautiful4 ,c]ta9ly1 & )\t d\bt1 all te*nical creations are ! "w ( nature2 b x is n by ! fact ( nature t !y are te*nical1 or at lea/ t !y are s judg$ to be4 ,!y are te*nical only ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 & ?us _! te*nical p]fection has already its exi/5ce 9 ! und]/&+1 be=e pass+ into ! _w ( s5se1 & becom+ a s5sible ph5om5on4 ,beauty1 on ! contr>y1 has ! peculi>ity1 t ! s5su\s _w is n only its !atre1 b ! fir/ s\rce f :5ce x d]ives its bir?1 & t x owes to nature n only its expression1 b also its creation4 ,beauty is absolutely b a prop]ty ( ! _w ( s5se2 & ! arti/1 :o has ! beautiful 9 view1 w\ld n atta9 to x b inasmu* z he ent]ta9s ?is illusion1 t 8 "w is ! "w ( nature4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! te*nical p]fection ( ! human body1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! ends to :i* x is appropriat$2 ?is be+ q unnecess>y = ! appreciation ( its beauty4 ,"h ! s5ses require no aid1 & ( !mselves judge ) full compet5ce2 h[ev] !y w\ld n be compet5t judges ( ! beautiful1 if ! _w ( s5se 7! s5ses h no o!r object7 did n conta9 all ! conditions ( beauty & 0 !re=e compet5t to produce x4 ,! beauty ( man1 x is true1 has = m$iate reason ! idea ( 8 humanity1 because all 8 physical nature is f\nd$ on ?is idea2 b ! s5ses1 we "k1 hold to imm$iate ph5om5a1 & = !m x is exactly ! same z if ?is beauty 7 a simple effect ( nature1 p]fectly indep5d5t4 ,f :at we h said1 up to ! pres5t "t1 x w\ld appe> t ! beautiful c (f] absolutely no int]e/ to ! und]/&+1 because its pr9ciple belongs solely to ! _w ( s5se1 & among/ all our faculties ( k x addresses itself only to our s5ses4 ,& 9 fact1 ! mom5t t we sev] f ! idea ( ! beautiful1 z a =eign elem5t1 all t is mix$ ) ! idea ( te*nical p]fection1 almo/ inevitably1 9 ! judgm5t ( beauty1 x appe>s t no?+ rema9s to x by :i* x c become ! object ( an intellectual pleasure4 ,& nev]!less1 x is q z inconte/able t ! beautiful pleases ! und]/&+1 z x is beyond d\bt t ! beautiful re/s ^u no prop]ty ( ! object t c\ld n be discov]$ b by ! und]/&+4 ,to solve ?is app>5t contradiction1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ph5om5a c 9 two diff]5t ways pass to ! /ate ( objects ( ! und]/&+ & express ideas4 ,x is n always necess>y t ! und]/&+ draws ^! ideas f ph5om5a2 x c also put !m into !m4 ,9 ! two cases1 ! ph5om5a w be adequate to a rational conception1 ) ?is simple diff]5ce1 t1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! und]/&+ f9ds x objectively giv51 & to a c]ta9 ext5t only receives x f ! object because x is necess>y t ! idea %\ld be giv5 to expla9 ! nature & (t5 ev5 ! possibility ( ! object2 :il/ 9 ! second case1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! und]/&+ :i* ( itself int]prets1 9 a mann] to make ( x ! expression ( its idea1 t :i* ! ph5om5on (f]s u1 )\t any connection ) ?is idea1 & ?us treats by a metaphysical process t :i* 9 reality is purely physical4 ,!re1 !n1 9 ! association ( ! idea ) ! object !re is an objective necessity3 "h1 on ! contr>y1 a subjective necessity at ! utmo/4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t1 9 my m9d1 ! fir/ ( ^! two connections ought to be und]/ood ( te*nical p]fection1 ! second1 ( ! beautiful4 ,z !n 9 ! second case x is a ?+ q cont+5t = ! s5su\s object t !re %\ld or %\ld n be outside ( x an object :i* p]ceives x--an und]/&+ t associates "o ( its own ideas ) x1 consequ5tly1 ! ensemble ( ^! objective prop]ties ought to be consid]$ z fully indep5d5t ( ?is idea2 we h p]fectly ! "r to r$uce ! beautiful1 objectively1 to ! simple conditions ( physical nature1 & to see no?+ m 9 beauty ?an effect belong+ purely to ! _w ( s5se4 ,b z1 on ! o!r side1 ! und]/&+ makes ( ?is simple fact ( ! _w ( s5se a transc5d5t usage1 & 9 l5d+ x a high] signification inasmu* z he m>ks x1 z x 71 ) 8 image1 we h equally ! "r to transport ! beautiful1 subjectively1 into ! _w ( intellig5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t beauty belongs at ! same "t to ! two worlds--to "o by ! "r ( bir?1 to ! o!r by adoption2 x takes its be+ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 x acquires ! rights ( citiz5%ip 9 ! _w ( und]/&+4 ,x is t :i* expla9s h[ x c be t ta/e1 z ! faculty = appreciat+ ! beautiful1 holds at once ! spiritual elem5t & t ( s5se2 & t ^! two natures1 incompatible "o ) ! o!r1 approa* 9 ord] to =m 9 x a happy union4 ,x is ?is t expla9s h[ ta/e c conciliate respect = ! und]/&+ ) ! mat]ial elem5t1 & ) ! rational pr9ciple ! favor & ! sympa?y ( ! s5ses1 h[ x c ennoble ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses s z to make ideas ( !m1 &1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 trans=m ! physical _w itself into a doma9 ( ! ideal4 ,at all ev5ts1 if x is accid5tal ) reg>d to ! object1 t ! und]/&+ associates1 at ! repres5tation ( ?is object1 "o ( its own ideas ) x1 x is n ! less necess>y = ! subject :i* repres5ts x to atta* to su* a repres5tation su* an idea4 ,?is idea1 & ! s5su\s indication :i* corresponds to x 9 ! object1 ought to be "o ) ! o!r 9 su* relation1 t ! und]/&+ be =c$ to ?is association by its own immutable laws2 ! und]/&+ !n mu/ h 9 itself ! reason :i* leads x to associate exclusively a c]ta9 ph5om5on ) a c]ta9 det]m9$ idea1 &1 reciprocally1 ! object %\ld h 9 itself ! reason = :i* x exclusively provokes t idea & n ano!r4 ,z to kn[+ :at ! idea c be :i* ! und]/&+ c>ries into ! beautiful1 & by :at objective prop]ty ! object gift$ ) beauty c be capable ( s]v+ z symbol to ?is idea1 is !n a "q mu* too grave to be solv$ "h 9 pass+1 & ,i res]ve ?is exam9ation = an analytical !ory ( ! beautiful4 ,! ar*itectonic beauty ( man is !n1 9 ! way ,i h expla9$ x1 ! visible expression ( a rational conception1 b x is s only 9 ! same s5se & ! same title z are 9 g5]al all ! beautiful creations ( nature4 ,z to ! degree1 ,i agree t x surpasses all ! o!r beauties2 b ) reg>d to k9d1 x is ^u ! same rank z !y are1 because x also manife/s t :i* alone is p]ceptible ( its subject1 & x is only :5 we repres5t x to ourselves t x receives a sup]-s5su\s value4 ,if ! ends ( creation are m>k$ 9 man ) m ( success & ( beauty ?an 9 ! organic be+s1 x is to "s ext5t a favor :i* ! intellig5ce1 inasmu* z x dictat$ ! laws ( ! human /ructure1 has %[n to nature *>g$ to execute ^? laws4 ,! intellig5ce1 x is true1 pursues its end 9 ! te*nique ( man ) a rigor\s necessity1 b happily its exig5cies meet & accord ) ! necess>y laws ( nature s well1 t "o executes ! ord] ( ! o!r :il/ act+ accord+ to its own incl9ation4 ,b ?is c only be true respect+ ! ar*itectonic beauty ( man1 :]e ! necess>y laws ( physical nature are su/a9$ by ano!r necessity1 t ( ! teleological pr9ciple :i* det]m9es !m4 ,x is "h only t ! beautiful c\ld be calculat$ by relation to ! te*nique ( ! /ructure1 :i* c no long] take place :5 ! necessity is on "o side alone1 & ! sup]-s5su\s cause :i* det]m9es ! ph5om5on takes a cont+5t "*4 ,?us1 x is nature alone :o takes ^u h]self ! ar*itectonic beauty ( man1 because "h1 f ! fir/ design1 %e _h be5 *>g$ once = all by ! creat+ intellig5ce ) ! execution ( all t man ne$s 9 ord] to arrive at ! ends = :i* he is de/9$1 & %e has 9 consequ5ce no *ange to fe> 9 ?is organic "w :i* %e accompli%es4 ,b man is moreov] a p]son--t is to say1 a be+ ^: diff]5t /ates c h _! cause 9 himself1 & absolutely _! la/ cause2 a be+ :o c be modifi$ by reason t he draws f himself4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he appe>s 9 ! _w ( s5se dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* he feels & wills1 &1 consequ5tly1 ^u c]ta9 /ates :i* are freely det]m9$ by himself1 & n fatally by nature4 ,if man 7 only a physical creature1 nature1 at ! same "t t %e e/abli%es ! g5]al laws ( 8 be+1 w\ld det]m9e also ! v>i\s cases ( application4 ,b "h %e divides h] empire ) free arbitration2 &1 al?\gh its laws are fix$1 x is ! m9d t pron\nces ^u p>ticul> cases4 ,! doma9 ( m9d ext5ds z f> z liv+ nature goes1 & x f9i%es only at ! po9t at :i* organic life loses itself 9 un=m$ matt]1 at ! po9t at :i* ! animal =ces cease to act4 ,x is kn[n t all ! motive =ces 9 man are connect$ "o ) ! o!r1 & ?is makes u und]/& h[ ! m9d1 ev5 consid]$ z pr9ciple ( volunt>y movem5t1 c propagate its action ?r\gh all organisms4 ,x is n only ! in/rum5ts ( ! w1 b ! organs !mselves ^u :i* ! w does n imm$iately ex]cise its empire1 t und]go1 indirectly at lea/1 ! influ5ce ( m9d2 ! m9d det]m9es !m1 n only design$ly :5 x acts1 b aga91 )\t design1 :5 x feels4 ,f nature 9 h]self 7?is result is cle>ly p]ceiv$ f :at prec$es7 we mu/ ask no?+ b a fix$ beauty1 t ( ! ph5om5a t %e alone has det]m9$ accord+ to ! law ( necessity4 ,b ) free arbitration1 *ance 7! accid5tal71 int]f]es 9 ! "w ( nature1 & ! modifications t affect x ?us "u ! empire ( free w are no long]1 al?\gh all behave accord+ to its own laws1 det]m9$ by ^! laws4 ,f !nce x is to ! m9d to decide ! use x w make ( its in/rum5ts1 & ) reg>d to t "p ( beauty :i* dep5ds on ?is use1 nature has no?+ fur!r to comm&1 nor1 consequ5tly1 to incur any responsibility4 ,& ?us man by reason t1 mak+ use ( 8 lib]ty1 he raises himself into ! sph]e ( pure intellig5ces1 w\ld f9d himself 9 dang] ( s9k+1 inasmu* z he is a creature ( s5se1 & ( los+ 9 ! judgm5t ( ta/e t :i* he ga9s at ! tribunal ( reason4 ,?is moral de/9y1 !re=e1 accompli%$ by ! moral action ( man1 w\ld co/ him a privilege :i* 0 assur$ to him by ?is same moral de/9y :5 only indicat$ 9 8 /ructure2 a purely s5su\s privilege1 x is true1 b "o :i* receives1 z we h se51 a signification & a high] value f ! und]/&+4 ,no2 nature is too mu* enamor$ ) h>mony to be guilty ( s gross a contradiction1 & t :i* is h>moni\s 9 ! _w ( ! und]/&+ c\ld n be r5d]$ by a discord 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,z soon1 !n1 z 9 man ! p]son1 ! moral & free ag5t1 takes ^u himself to det]m9e ! play ( ph5om5a1 & by 8 int]v5tion takes f nature ! p[] to protect ! beauty ( h] "w1 he !n1 z x 71 sub/itutes himself = nature1 & assumes 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ) ! rights ( nature1 a "p ( ! obligations incumb5t on h]4 ,:5 ! m9d1 tak+ possession ( ! s5su\s matt] subs]vi5t to x1 implicates x 9 8 de/9y & makes x dep5d on its own modifications1 x trans=ms itself to a c]ta9 po9t into a s5su\s ph5om5on1 &1 z su*1 is oblig$ to recognize ! law :i* regulates 9 g5]al all ! ph5om5a4 ,9 its own int]e/ x engages to p]mit t nature 9 its s]vice1 plac$ "u its dep5d5ce1 %all /ill pres]ve its "* ( nature1 & nev] act 9 a mann] contr>y to its ant]ior obligations4 ,i call ! beautiful an obligation ( ph5om5a1 because ! want :i* corresponds to x 9 ! subject has its reason 9 ! und]/&+ itself1 & ?us x is consequ5tly univ]sal & necess>y4 ,i call x an ant]ior obligation because ! s5ses1 9 ! matt] ( beauty1 h giv5 _! judgm5t be=e ! und]/&+ comm5ces to p]=m its (fice4 ,?us x is n[ free arbitration :i* rules ! beautiful4 ,if nature has furni%$ ! ar*itectonic beauty1 ! s\l 9 its turn det]m9es ! beauty ( ! play1 & n[ also we "k :at we mu/ und]/& by *>m & grace4 ,grace is ! beauty ( ! =m "u ! influ5ce ( free w2 x is ! beauty ( ?is k9d ( ph5om5a t ! p]son himself det]m9es4 ,! ar*itectonic beauty does honor to ! au?or ( nature2 grace does honor to him :o possesses x4 ,t is a gift1 ?is is a p]sonal m]it4 ,grace c be f\nd only 9 movem5t1 = a modification :i* takes place 9 ! s\l c only be manife/$ 9 ! s5su\s _w z movem5t4 ,b ?is does n prev5t features fix$ & 9 repose also f possess+ grace4 ,!re immobility is1 9 its orig91 movem5t :i*1 f be+ frequ5tly repeat$1 at l5g? becomes habitual1 leav+ durable traces4 ,b all ! movem5ts ( man are n capable ( grace4 ,grace is nev] o!rwise ?an beauty ( =m animat$ into movem5t by free w2 & ! movem5ts :i* belong only to physical nature c\ld n m]it ! "n4 ,x is true t an intellectual man1 if he be ke51 ends by r5d]+ himself ma/] ( almo/ all ! movem5ts ( ! body2 b :5 ! *a9 :i* l9ks a f9e l9eam5t to a moral s5tim5t l5g!ns mu*1 ?is l9eam5t becomes ! prop]ty ( ! /ructure1 & c no long] be c\nt$ z a grace4 ,x happ5s1 ultimately1 t ! m9d m\lds ! body1 & t ! /ructure is =c$ to modify itself accord+ to ! play t ! s\l impr9ts ^u ! organs1 s entirely1 t grace f9ally is trans=m$--& ! examples are n r>e--into ar*itectonic beauty4 ,z at "o "t an antagoni/ic m9d :i* is ill at ease ) itself alt]s & de/roys ! mo/ p]fect beauty ( /ructure1 until at la/ x becomes impossible to recognize ?is magnific5t *ef-d'uvre ( nature 9 ! /ate to :i* x is r$uc$ "u ! unwor?y h&s ( free w1 s at o!r times ! s]5ity & p]fect h>mony ( ! s\l come to ! aid ( ! hamp]$ te*nique1 unloose nature & develop ) div9e spl5dor ! beauty ( =m1 envelop$ until !n1 & oppress$4 ,! pla/ic nature ( man has 9 x an inf9ity ( res\rces to retrieve ! neglig5cies & repair ! faults t %e may h committ$4 ,to ?is end x is suffici5t t ! m9d1 ! moral ag5t1 su/a9 x1 or ev5 )hold f tr\bl+ x 9 ! labor ( rebuild+4 ,s9ce ! movem5ts become fix$ 7ge/ures pass to a /ate ( l9eam5t71 are !mselves capable ( grace1 x w\ld p]haps appe> to be rational to compreh5d equally "u ?is idea ( beauty "s app>5t or imitative movem5ts 7! flamboyant l9es = example1 undulations74 ,x is ?is :i* ,m5delssohn upholds4 ,b !n ! idea ( grace w\ld be conf\nd$ ) ! ideal ( beauty 9 g5]al1 = all beauty is def9itively b a prop]ty ( true or app>5t movem5t 7objective or subjective71 z ,i hope to demon/rate 9 an analysis ( beauty4 ,) reg>d to grace1 ! only movem5ts :i* c (f] any are ^? :i* respond at ! same "t to a s5tim5t4 ,! p]son 7x is kn[n :at ,i mean by ! expression7 prescribes ! movem5ts ( ! body1 ei!r ?r\gh ! w1 :5 he desires to realize 9 ! _w ( s5se an effect ( :i* he has propos$ ! idea1 & 9 t case ! movem5ts are said to be volunt>y or int5tional2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y take place )\t its w tak+ any "p 9 x--9 virtue ( a fatal law ( ! organism--b on ! occasion ( a s5tim5t1 9 ! latt] case1 ,i say t ! movem5ts are sympa!tic4 ,! sympa!tic movem5t1 ?\gh x may be involunt>y & provok$ by a s5tim5t1 ought n to be conf\nd$ ) ^? purely in/9ctive movem5ts t proce$ f physical s5sibility4 ,physical in/9ct is n a free ag5t1 & t :i* x executes is n an act ( ! p]son2 ,i und]/& !n "h exclusively1 by sympa!tic movem5ts1 ^? :i* accompany a s5tim5t1 a disposition ( ! moral ord]4 ,! "q t n[ pres5ts itself is ?is3 ,( ^! two k9ds ( movem5t1 hav+ _! pr9ciple 9 ! p]son1 :i* is capable ( grace8 ,t :i* we are rigor\sly =c$ to di/+ui% 9 philosophic analysis is n always sep>at$ also 9 ! real4 ,?us x is r>e t we meet int5tional movem5ts )\t sympa!tic movem5ts1 because ! w det]m9es ! int5tional movem5ts only aft] be+ decid$ itself by ! moral s5tim5ts :i* are ! pr9ciple ( ! sympa!tic movem5ts4 ,:5 a p]son speaks1 we see 8 looks1 8 l9eam5ts1 8 h&s1 (t5 ! :ole p]son all toge!r speaks to u2 & x is n r>e t ?is mimic "p ( ! disc\rse is ! mo/ eloqu5t4 ,/ill m !re are cases :]e an int5tional movem5t c be consid]$ at ! same "t z sympa!tic2 & x is t :i* happ5s :5 some?+ involunt>y m+les ) ! volunt>y act :i* det]m9es ?is movem5t4 ,i w expla93 ! mode1 ! mann] 9 :i* a volunt>y movem5t is execut$1 is n a ?+ s exactly det]m9$ by ! int5tion :i* is propos$ by x t x _c be execut$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,well1 !n1 t :i* ! w or int5tion leaves undet]m9$ c be sympa!tically det]m9$ by ! /ate ( moral s5sibility 9 :i* ! p]son is f\nd to be1 & consequ5tly c express ?is /ate4 ,:5 ,i ext5d ! arm to seize an object1 ,i execute1 9 tru?1 an int5tion1 & ! movem5t ,i make is det]m9$ 9 g5]al by ! end t ,i h 9 view2 b 9 :at way does my arm approa* ! object8 h[ f> d ! o!r p>ts ( my body foll[ ?is impulsion8 ,:at w be ! degree ( sl[ness or ( ! rapidity ( ! movem5t8 ,:at am\nt ( =ce %all ,i employ8 ,?is is a calculation ( :i* my w1 at ! in/ant1 takes no acc\nt1 & 9 consequ5ce !re is a some?+ left to ! discretion ( nature4 ,b nev]!less1 ?\gh t "p ( ! movem5t is n det]m9$ by ! int5tion itself1 x mu/ be decid$ at l5g? 9 "o way or ! o!r1 & ! reason is t ! mann] 9 :i* my moral s5sibility is affect$ c h "h decisive influ5ce3 x is ?is :i* w give ! tone1 & :i* ?us det]m9es ! mode & ! mann] ( ! movem5t4 ,!re=e ?is influ5ce1 :i* ex]cises ^u ! volunt>y movem5t ! /ate ( moral s5sibility 9 :i* ! subject is f\nd1 repres5ts precisely ! involunt>y "p ( ?is movem5t1 & x is !re !n t we mu/ seek = grace4 ,a volunt>y movem5t1 if x is n l9k$ to any sympa!tic movem5t--or t :i* comes to ! same ?+1 if !re is no?+ involunt>y mix$ up ) x hav+ = pr9ciple ! moral /ate ( s5sibility 9 :i* ! subject happ5s to be--c\ld n 9 any mann] pres5t grace1 = grace always supposes z a cause a disposition ( ! s\l4 ,volunt>y movem5t is produc$ aft] an op]ation ( ! s\l1 :i* 9 consequ5ce is already complet$ at ! mom5t 9 :i* ! movem5t takes place4 ,! sympa!tic movem5t1 on ! contr>y1 accompanies ?is op]ation ( ! s\l1 & ! moral /ate ( s5sibility :i* decides x to ?is op]ation4 ,s t ?is movem5t ought to be consid]$ z simultane\s ) reg>d to bo? "o & ! o!r4 ,f t alone x results t volunt>y movem5t n proce$+ imm$iately f ! disposition ( ! subject c\ld n be an expression ( ?is disposition also4 ,= betwe5 ! disposition & ! movem5t itself ! volition has int]v5$1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is some?+ p]fectly indiff]5t4 ,?is movem5t is ! "w ( ! volition1 x is det]m9$ by ! aim t is propos$2 x is n ! "w ( ! p]son1 nor ! product ( ! s5tim5ts t affect x4 ,! volunt>y movem5t is unit$ b accid5tally ) ! disposition :i* prec$es x2 ! concomitant movem5t1 on ! contr>y1 is necess>ily l9k$ to x4 ,! fir/ is to ! s\l t :i* ! conv5tional signs ( spee* are to ! ?\ghts :i* !y express4 ,! second1 on ! contr>y1 ! sympa!tic movem5t or concomitant1 is to ! s\l t :i* ! cry ( passion is to ! passion itself4 ,! involunt>y movem5t is1 !n1 an expression ( ! m9d1 n by its nature1 b only by its use4 ,& 9 consequ5ce we are n au?oriz$ to say t ! m9d is reveal$ 9 a volunt>y movem5t2 ?is movem5t nev] expresses m ?an ! sub/ance ( ! w 7! aim71 & n ! =m ( ! w 7! disposition74 ,! disposition c only manife/ itself to u by concomitant movem5ts4 ,x foll[s t we c inf] f ! words ( a man ! k9d ( "* he desires to h attribut$ to him2 b if we desire to "k :at is 9 reality 8 "* we mu/ seek to div9e x 9 ! mimic expression :i* accompanies 8 words1 & 9 8 ge/ures1 t is to say1 9 ! movem5ts :i* he did n desire4 ,if we p]ceive t ?is man wills ev5 ! expression ( 8 features1 f ! in/ant we h made ?is discov]y we cease to believe 9 8 physiognomy & to see 9 x an indication ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,x is true t a man1 by d9t ( art & ( /udy1 c at la/ arrive at ?is result1 to subdue to 8 w ev5 ! concomitant movem5ts2 &1 l a clev] juggl]1 to %ape accord+ to 8 pleasure su* or su* a physiognomy ^u ! mirror f :i* 8 s\l is reflect$ ?r\gh mimic action4 ,b !n1 ) su* a man all is dissembl+1 & art entirely absorbs nature4 ,! true grace1 on ! contr>y1 ought always to be pure nature1 t is to say1 involunt>y 7or at lea/ appe> to be s71 to be graceful4 ,! subject ev5 ought n to appe> to "k t x possesses grace4 ,by :i* we c also see incid5tally :at we mu/ ?9k ( grace1 ei!r imitat$ or le>n$ 7,i w\ld will+ly call x !atrical grace1 or ! grace ( ! danc+-ma/]74 ,x is ! p5dant ( t sort ( beauty :i* a woman seeks f h] toilet-table1 re9=c$ ) r\ge1 :ite pa9t1 false r+lets1 pads1 & :alebone4 ,imittative grace is to true grace :at beauty ( toilet is to ar*itectonic beauty4 ,"o & ! o!r c\ld act 9 absolutely ! same mann] ^u ! s5ses badly ex]cis$1 z ! orig9al ( :i* !y wi% to be ! imitation2 & at times ev51 if mu* art is put into x1 !y might create an illusion to ! connoisseur4 ,b !re w be always "s indication ?r\gh :i* ! int5tion & con/ra9t w betray x 9 ! end1 & ?is discov]y w lead inevitably to indiff]5ce1 if n ev5 to contempt & disgu/4 ,if we are w>n$ t ! ar*itectonic beauty is factiti\s1 at once1 ! m x has borr[$ f a nature :i* is n its own1 ! m x loses 9 our eyes ( t :i* belongs to humanity 7s f> z x is ph5om5al71 & !n we1 :o =bid ! r5unciation lightly ( an accid5tal advantage1 h[ c we see ) pleasure or ev5 ) indiff]5ce an ex*ange ?r\gh :i* man sacrifices a "p ( 8 prop] nature 9 ord] to sub/itute elem5ts tak5 f inf]ior nature8 ,h[1 ev5 suppos+ we c\ld =give ! illusion produc$1 h[ c\ld we avoid despis+ ! deception8 ,if we are told t grace is artificial1 our he>t at once closes2 our s\l1 :i* at fir/ advanc$ ) s mu* vivacity to meet ! graceful object1 %r9ks back4 ,t :i* 0 m9d has sudd5ly become matt]4 ,juno & h] cele/ial beauty has vani%$1 & 9 h] place !re is no?+ b a phantom ( vapor4 ,al?\gh grace ought to be1 or at lea/ ought to appe>1 some?+ involunt>y1 /ill we seek x only 9 ! movem5ts t dep5d m or less on ! w4 ,i "k also t grace is attribut$ to a c]ta9 mimic language1 & we say a pleas+ smile1 a *>m+ blu%1 ?\gh ! smile & ! blu% are sympa!tic movem5ts1 n det]m9$ by ! w1 b by moral s5sibility4 ,b besides t1 ! fir/ ( ^! movem5ts is1 aft] all1 9 our p[]1 & t x is n %[n t 9 ! second !re is1 prop]ly speak+1 any grace1 x is "r to say1 9 g5]al1 t mo/ frequ5tly :5 grace appe>s x is on ! occasion ( a volunt>y movem5t4 ,grace is desir$ bo? 9 language & 9 song2 x is ask$ = 9 ! play ( ! eyes & ( ! m\?1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! h&s & ! arms :5ev] ^! movem5ts are free & volunt>y2 x is requir$ 9 ! walk1 9 ! be>+1 & attitude1 9 a ^w1 9 all ext]ior demon/rations ( man1 s f> z !y dep5d on 8 w4 ,z to ! movem5ts :i* ! in/9ct ( nature produces 9 u1 or :i* an ov]p[]+ affection excites1 or1 s to speak1 is "l ov]2 t :i* we ask ( ^! movem5ts1 9 orig9 purely physical1 is1 z we %all see pres5tly1 q ano!r ?+ ?an grace4 ,^! k9ds ( movem5ts belong to nature1 & n to ! p]son2 b x is f ! p]son alone1 z we h se51 t all grace issues4 ,if1 !n1 grace is a prop]ty t we dem& only f volunt>y movem5ts1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 all volunt>y elem5t %\ld be rigor\sly exclud$ f grace1 we h no long] to seek x b 9 t portion ( ! int5tional movem5ts to :i* ! int5tion ( ! subject is unkn[n1 b :i*1 h[ev]1 does n cease to answ] 9 ! s\l to a moral cause4 ,we n[ "k 9 :at k9d ( movem5ts he mu/ ask = grace2 b we "k no?+ m1 & a movem5t c h ^! diff]5t *>act]s1 )\t on t acc\nt be+ graceful2 x is z yet only speak+ 7or mimic74 ,i call speak+ 79 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w7 e physical ph5om5on :i* accompanies & expresses a c]ta9 /ate ( ! s\l2 ?us1 9 ?is acceptation1 all ! sympa!tic movem5ts are speak+1 includ+ ^? :i* accompany ! simple affections ( ! animal s5sibility4 ,! aspect1 ev51 "u :i* ! animals pres5t !mselves1 c be speak+1 z soon z !y outw>dly %[ _! inw>d dispositions4 ,b1 ) !m1 x is nature alone :i* speaks1 & ,,n ,,lib]ty4 ,by ! p]man5t configuration ( animals ?r\gh _! fix$ & ar*itectonic features1 nature expresses ! aim %e propos$ 9 creat+ !m2 by _! mimic traits %e expresses ! want awak5$ & ! want satisfi$4 ,necessity reigns 9 ! animal z well z 9 ! plant1 )\t meet+ ! ob/acle ( a p]son4 ,! animals h no individuality f>!r ?an ea* ( !m is a specim5 by itself ( a g5]al type ( nature1 & ! aspect "u :i* !y pres5t !mselves at su* or su* an in/ant ( _! duration is only a p>ticul> example ( ! accompli%m5t ( ! views ( nature "u det]m9$ natural conditions4 ,to take ! ^w 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 ! configuration ( man alone is speak+1 & x is itself s only 9 ^? ( ! ph5om5a t accompany & express ! /ate ( its moral s5sibility4 ,i say x is only 9 ?is sort ( ph5om5a2 =1 9 all ! o!rs1 man is 9 ! same rank z ! re/ ( s5sible be+s4 ,by ! p]man5t configuration ( man1 by 8 ar*itectonic features1 nature only expresses1 j z 9 ! animals & o!r organic be+s1 h] own int5tion4 ,x is true ! int5tion ( nature may g "h mu* fur!r1 & ! means %e employs to rea* h] end may (f] 9 _! comb9ation m ( art & complication2 b all t ought to be plac$ solely to ! acc\nt ( nature1 & c conf] no advantage on man himself4 ,9 ! animal1 & 9 ! plant1 nature gives n only ! de/9ation2 %e acts h]self & acts alone 9 ! accompli%m5t ( h] ends4 ,9 man1 nature limits h]self 9 m>k+ h] views2 %e leaves to himself _! accompli%m5t1 x is ?is alone t makes ( him a man4 ,alone ( all kn[n be+s--man1 9 8 quality ( p]son1 has ! privilege to break ! *a9 ( necessity by 8 w1 & to det]m9e 9 himself an entire s]ies ( fre% spontane\s ph5om5a4 ,! act by :i* he ?us det]m9es himself is prop]ly t :i* we call an action1 & ! ?+s t result f ?is sort ( action are :at we exclusively "n 8 acts4 ,?us man c only %[ 8 p]sonality by 8 own acts4 ,! configuration ( ! animal n only expresses ! idea ( 8 de/9ation1 b also ! relation ( 8 pres5t /ate ) ?is de/9ation4 ,& z 9 ! animal x is nature :i* det]m9es & at ! same "t accompli%es its de/9y1 ! configuration ( ! animal c nev] express any?+ else ?an ! "w ( nature4 ,if !n nature1 :il/ det]m9+ ! de/9y ( man1 ab&ons to ! w ( man himself ! c>e to accompli% x1 ! relation ( 8 pres5t /ate ) 8 de/9y _c be a "w ( nature1 b ought to be ! "w ( ! p]son2 x foll[s1 t all 9 ! configuration :i* expresses ?is relation w belong1 n to nature1 b to ! p]son1 t is to say1 w be consid]$ z a p]sonal expression2 if !n1 ! ar*itectonic "p ( 8 configuration tells u ! views t nature propos$ to h]self 9 creat+ him1 ! mimic "p ( 8 face reveals :at he has himself done = ! accompli%m5t ( ^! views4 ,x is n !n en\gh = u1 :5 !re is "q ( ! =m ( man1 to f9d 9 x ! expression ( humanity 9 g5]al1 or ev5 ( t :i* nature has h]self contribut$ to ! individual 9 p>ticul>1 9 ord] to realize ! human type 9 x2 = he w\ld h t 9 common ) e k9d ( te*nical configuration4 ,we expect some?+ m ( 8 face2 we desire t x reveal to u at ! same "t1 up to :at po9t man himself1 9 8 lib]ty1 has contribut$ t[>ds ! aim ( nature2 9 o!r words1 we desire t 8 face be> witness to 8 "*4 ,9 ! fir/ case we see t nature propos$ to create 9 him a man2 b x is 9 ! second case only t we c judge if he has become s 9 reality4 ,?us1 ! face ( a man is truly 8 own only inasmu* z 8 face is mimic2 b also all t is mimic 9 8 face is entirely 8 own4 ,=1 if we suppose ! case 9 :i* ! greate/ "p1 & ev5 ! totality1 ( ^! mimic features express no?+ m ?an animal s5sations or in/9cts1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 w\ld %[ no?+ m ?an ! animal 9 him1 x w\ld /ill rema9 t x 0 9 8 de/9y & 9 8 p[] to limit1 by 8 lib]ty1 8 s5su\s nature4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! k9ds ( traits cle>ly witness t he has n made use ( ?is faculty4 ,we see by t he has n accompli%$ 8 de/9y1 & 9 ?is s5se 8 face is speak+2 x is /ill a moral expression1 ! same z ! non-accompli%m5t ( an act comm&$ by duty is likewise a sort ( action4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% f ^! speak+ features :i*1 are always an expression ( ! s\l1 ! features nonspeak+ or dumb1 :i* are exclusively ! "w ( pla/ic nature1 & :i* x impresses on ! human face :5 x acts indep5d5tly ( all influ5ce ( ! s\l4 ,i call !m dumb1 because1 l incompreh5sible figures put !re by nature1 !y are sil5t ^u ! "*4 ,!y m>k only di/9ctive prop]ties attribut$ by nature to all ! k9d2 & if at times !y are suffici5t to di/+ui% ! individual1 !y at lea/ nev] express any?+ ( ! p]son4 ,^! features are by no means devoid ( signification = ! physiognomi/1 because ! physiognomi/ n only /udies t :i* man has made ( 8 be+1 b also t :i* nature has done = him & aga9/ him4 ,x is n also easy to det]m9e ) precision :]e ! dumb traits or features end1 :]e ! speak+ traits comm5ce4 ,! pla/ic =ces on "o side1 ) _! uni=m action1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! affections :i* dep5d on no law1 dispute incessantly ! gr\nd2 & t :i* nature1 9 its dumb & indefatigable activity1 has succe$$ 9 rais+ up1 (t5 is ov]turn$ by lib]ty1 z a riv] t ov]fl[s & spreads ov] its banks3 ! m9d :5 x is gift$ ) vivacity acquires influ5ce ov] all ! movem5ts ( ! body1 & arrives at la/ indirectly to modify by =ce ! sympa!tic play z f> z ! ar*itectonic & fix$ =ms ( nature1 ^u :i* ! w has no hold4 ,9 a man ?us con/itut$ x becomes at la/ *>act]i/ic2 & x is t :i* we c (t5 obs]ve ^u c]ta9 heads :i* a long life1 /range accid5ts1 & an active m9d h m\ld$ & work$4 ,9 ^! k9ds ( faces !re is only ! g5]ic "* :i* belongs to pla/ic nature2 all :i* "h =ms individuality is ! act ( ! p]son himself1 & x is ?is :i* causes x to be said1 ) mu* reason1 t ^? faces are all s\l4 ,look at t man1 on ! contr>y1 :o has made = himself a me*anical exi/5ce1 ^? disciples ( ! rule4 ,! rule c well calm ! s5su\s nature1 b n awak5 human nature1 ! sup]ior faculties3 look at ^? flat & inexpressive physiognomies2 ! f+] ( nature has alone left !re its impression2 a s\l inhabits ^! bodies1 b x is a sluggi% s\l1 a discreet gue/1 &1 z a peaceful & sil5t neighbor :o does n di/urb ! pla/ic =ce at its "w1 left to itself4 ,nev] a ?\ght :i* requires an ef=t1 nev] a movem5t ( passion1 hurries ! calm cad5ce ( physical life4 ,!re is no dang] t ! ar*itectonic features ev] become *ang$ by ! play ( volunt>y movem5ts1 & nev] w\ld lib]ty tr\ble ! functions ( vegetative life4 ,z ! pr(\nd calm ( ! m9d does n br+ ab\t a notable deg5]acy ( =ces1 ! exp5se w\ld nev] surpass ! receipts2 x is r ! animal economy :i* w\ld always be 9 excess4 ,9 ex*ange = a c]ta9 sum ( well-be+ :i* x ?r[s z bait1 ! m9d makes itself ! s]vant1 ! punctual major-domo ( physical nature1 & places all 8 glory 9 keep+ 8 books 9 ord]4 ,?us w be accompli%$ t :i* organic nature c accompli%2 ?us w ! "w ( nutrition & ( reproduction prosp]4 ,s happy a concord betwe5 animal nature & ! w _c b be favorable to ar*itectonic beauty1 & x is !re t we c obs]ve ?is beauty 9 all its purity4 ,b ! g5]al =ces ( nature1 z e "o kn[s1 are et]nally at w>f>e ) ! p>ticul> or organic =ces1 &1 h[ev] clev]ly balanc$ is ! te*nique ( a body1 ! cohesion & ! weight end always by gett+ ! upp] h&4 ,also ar*itectonic beauty1 s f> z x is a simple production ( nature1 has its fix$ p]iods1 its blossom+1 its maturity1 & its decl9e--p]iods ! revolution ( :i* c easily be accel]at$1 b n ret>d$ 9 any case1 by ! play ( ! w1 & ?is is ! way 9 :i* x mo/ frequ5tly f9i%es2 little by little matt] takes ! upp] h& ov] =m1 & ! pla/ic pr9ciple1 :i* vivifi$ ! be+1 prep>es = itself its tomb "u ! accumulation ( matt]4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh no dumb trait1 consid]$ 9 an isolat$ po9t ( view1 c be an expression ( ! m9d1 a face compos$ entirely ( ^! k9ds ( features c be *>act]iz$ 9 its entir5ess by precisely ! same reason z a face :i* is speak+ only z an expression ( s5su\s nature c be nev]!less *>act]i/ic4 ,i mean to say t ! m9d is oblig$ to ex]cise its activity & to feel con=mably to its moral nature1 & x accuses itself & betrays its fault :5 ! face :i* x animates %[s no trace ( ?is moral activity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pure & beautiful expression ( ! de/9ation ( man1 :i* is m>k$ 9 8 ar*itectonic /ructure1 p5etrates u ) satisfaction & respect = ! sov]eign1 reason1 :o is ! au?or ( x1 at all ev5ts ^! two s5tim5ts w n be = u )\t mixture b 9 z f> z we see 9 man a simple creation ( nature4 ,b if we consid] 9 him ! moral p]son1 we h a "r to dem& ( 8 face an expression ( ! p]son1 & if ?is expectation is deceiv$ contempt w infallibly foll[4 ,simply organic be+s h a "r to our respect z creatures2 man _c pret5d to x b 9 ! capacity ( creator1 t is to say1 z be+ himself ! det]m9] ( 8 own condition4 ,he ought n only1 z ! o!r s5su\s creatures1 to reflect ! rays ( a =eign intellig5ce1 7 x ev5 ! div9e intellig5ce2 man ought1 z a sun1 to %9e by 8 own light4 ,?us we require ( man a speak+ expression z soon z he becomes consci\s ( 8 moral de/9y2 b we desire at ! same "t t ?is expression speak to 8 advantage1 t is to say1 x m>ks 9 him s5tim5ts con=mable to 8 moral de/9y1 & a sup]ior moral aptitude4 ,?is is :at reason requires 9 ! human face4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 man1 z f> z he is a ph5om5on1 is an object ( s5se2 !re1 :]e ! moral s5tim5t is satisfi$1 ! /hetic s5tim5t does n und]/& its be+ made a sacrifice1 & ! concomity ) an idea ought n to less5 ! beauty ( ! ph5om5on4 ,?us1 z mu* z reason requires an expression ( ! morality ( ! subject 9 ! human face1 s mu*1 & ) no less rigor1 does ! eye dem& beauty4 ,z ^! two requirem5ts1 al?\gh com+ f ! pr9ciples ( ! appreciation ( diff]5t degrees1 address !mselves to ! same object1 also bo? "o & ! o!r mu/ be giv5 satisfaction by "o & ! same cause4 ,! disposition ( ! s\l :i* places man 9 ! be/ /ate = accompli%+ 8 moral de/9y ought to give place to an expression t w be at ! same "t ! mo/ advantage\s to 8 beauty z ph5om5on2 9 o!r t]ms1 8 moral ex]cise ought to be reveal$ by grace4 ,b a great difficulty n[ pres5ts itself f ! idea alone ( ! expressive movem5ts :i* be> witness to ! morality ( ! subject3 x appe>s t ! cause ( ^! movem5ts is necess>ily a moral cause1 a pr9ciple :i* resides beyond ! _w ( s5se2 & f ! sole idea ( beauty x is n less evid5t t its pr9ciple is purely s5su\s1 & t x ought to be a simple effect ( nature1 or at ! lea/ appe> to be su*4 ,b if ! ultimate reason ( ! movem5ts :i* (f] a moral expression is necess>ily )\t1 & ! ultimate reason ( ! beautiful necess>ily )91 ! s5su\s _w1 x appe>s t grace1 :i* ought to unite bo? ( !m1 conta9s a manife/ contradiction4 ,to avoid ?is contradiction we mu/ admit t ! moral cause1 :i* 9 our s\l is ! f\ndation ( grace1 br+s1 9 a necess>y mann]1 9 ! s5sibility :i* dep5ds on t cause1 precisely t /ate :i* conta9s 9 itself ! natural conditions ( beauty4 ,i w expla94 ,! beautiful1 z ea* s5su\s ph5om5on1 supposes c]ta9 conditions1 &1 9 z f> z x is beautiful1 ^! are purely conditions ( ! s5ses2 well1 !n1 9 t ! m9d 79 virtue ( a law t we _c fa?om71 f ! /ate 9 :i* x is1 itself prescribes to physical nature :i* accompanies x1 its own /ate1 & 9 t ! /ate ( moral p]fection is precisely 9 x ! mo/ favorable = ! accompli%m5t ( ! physical conditions ( beauty1 x foll[s t x is ! m9d :i* r5d]s beauty possible2 & !re its action ends4 ,b :e!r real beauty comes =? f x1 t dep5ds ^u ! physical conditions allud$ to1 & is consequ5tly a free effect ( nature4 ,!re=e1 z x _c be said t nature is prop]ly free 9 ! volunt>y movem5ts1 9 :i* x is employ$ b z a means to atta9 an end1 & z1 on ! o!r side1 x _c be said t x is free 9 its involunt>y movem5ts1 :i* express ! moral1 ! lib]ty ) :i* x manife/s itself1 dep5d5t z x is on ! w ( ! subject1 mu/ be a concession t ! m9d makes to nature2 &1 consequ5tly1 x c be said t grace is a favor 9 :i* ! moral has desir$ to gratify ! s5su\s elem5t2 ! same z ! ar*itectonic beauty may be consid]$ z nature acquiesc+ to ! te*nical =m4 ,may ,i be p]mitt$ a comp>ison to cle> up ?is po9t8 ,let u suppose a mon>*ical /ate adm9i/]$ 9 su* a way t1 al?\gh all goes on accord+ to ! w ( "o p]son1 ea* citiz5 c\ld p]suade himself t he gov]ns & obeys only 8 own incl9ation1 we %\ld call t gov]nm5t a lib]al gov]nm5t4 ,b we %\ld look twice be=e we %\ld ?us qualify a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! *ief makes 8 w outweigh ! wi%es ( ! citiz5s1 or a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! w ( ! citiz5s outweighs t ( ! *ief4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! gov]nm5t w\ld be no m lib]al2 9 ! second1 x w\ld n be a gov]nm5t at all4 ,x is n difficult to make application ( ^! examples to :at ! human face c\ld be "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! m9d4 ,if ! m9d is manife/$ 9 su* a way ?r\gh ! s5su\s nature subject to its empire t x executes its behe/s ) ! mo/ fai?ful exactitude1 or expresses its s5tim5ts 9 ! mo/ p]fectly speak+ mann]1 )\t go+ 9 ! lea/ aga9/ t :i* ! /hetic s5se dem&s f x z a ph5om5on1 !n we %all see produc$ t :i* we call grace4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ grace1 if m9d is manife/$ 9 a con/ra9$ mann] by ! s5su\s nature1 or if s5su\s nature act+ alone 9 all lib]ty ! expression ( moral nature 0 abs5t4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re w\ld n be beauty2 9 ! second ! beauty w\ld be devoid ( play4 ,! sup]-s5su\s cause1 !re=e1 ! cause ( :i* ! pr9ciple is 9 ! s\l1 c alone r5d] grace speak+1 & x is ! purely s5su\s cause hav+ its pr9ciple 9 nature :i* alone c r5d] x beautiful4 ,we are n m au?oriz$ 9 ass]t+ t m9d eng5d]s beauty ?an we %\ld be1 9 ! =m] example1 9 ma9ta9+ t ! *ief ( ! /ate produces lib]ty2 because we c inde$ leave a man 9 8 lib]ty1 b n give x to him4 ,b j z :5 a p feels itself free "u ! con/ra9t ( a =eign w1 x is 9 a great degree due to ! s5tim5ts animat+ ! pr9ce2 & z ?is lib]ty w\ld run great risks if ! pr9ce took opposite s5tim5ts1 s also x is 9 ! moral dispositions ( ! m9d :i* sugge/s !m t we mu/ seek ! beauty ( free movem5ts4 ,& n[ ! "q :i* is pres5t$ is ?is "o3 ,:at !n are ! conditions ( p]sonal morality :i* assure ! utmo/ am\nt ( lib]ty to ! s5su\s in/rum5ts ( ! w8 & :at are ! moral s5tim5ts :i* agree ! be/ 9 _! expression ) ! beautiful8 ,t :i* is evid5t is t nei!r ! w1 9 ! int5tional movem5t1 nor ! passion1 9 ! sympa!tic movem5t1 ought to act z a =ce ) reg>d to ! physical nature :i* is subject to x1 9 ord] t ?is1 9 obey+ x1 may h beauty4 ,9 tru?1 )\t go+ fur!r1 common s5se consid]s ease to be ! fir/ requisite ( grace4 ,x is n less evid5t t1 on ano!r side1 nature ought n to act z a =ce ) reg>d to m9d1 9 ord] to give occasion = a f9e moral expression2 = !re1 :]e physical nature comm&s alone1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! "* ( ! man %\ld vani%4 ,we c conceive ?ree sorts ( relation ( man ) himself3 ,i mean ! s5su\s "p ( man ) ! reasonable "p4 ,f ^! ?ree relations we h to seek :i* is t "o :i* be/ suits him 9 ! s5su\s _w1 & ! expression ( :i* con/itutes ! beautiful4 ,ei!r man en=ces sil5ce ^u ! exig5cies ( 8 s5su\s nature1 to gov]n himself con=mably ) ! sup]ior exig5cies ( 8 reasonable nature2 or else1 on ! contr>y1 he subjects ! reasonable portion ( 8 be+ to ! s5su\s "p1 r$uc+ himself ?us to obey only ! impulses :i* ! necessity ( nature impr9ts ^u him1 z well z ^u ! o!r ph5om5a2 or la/ly1 h>mony is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! impulsions ( ! "o & ! laws ( ! o!r1 & man is 9 p]fect accord ) himself4 ,if he has ! consci\sness ( 8 spiritual p]son1 ( 8 pure autonomy1 man rejects all t is s5su\s1 & x is only :5 ?us isolat$ f matt] t he feels to ! full 8 moral lib]ty4 ,b = t1 z 8 s5su\s nature opposes an ob/9ate & vigor\s resi/ance to him1 he mu/1 on 8 side1 ex]cise ^u x a notable pressure & a /rong ef=t1 )\t :i* he c\ld nei!r put aside ! appetites nor r$uce to sil5ce ! en]getic voice ( in/9ct4 ,a m9d ( ?is quality makes ! physical nature :i* dep5ds on him feel t x has a ma/] 9 him1 :e!r x fulfils ! ord]s ( ! w or endeavors to anticipate !m4 ,"u its /]n discipl9e s5su\sness appe>s !n repress$1 & int]ior resi/ance w betray itself ext]iorly by ! con/ra9t4 ,?is moral /ate _c1 !n1 be favorable to beauty1 because nature _c produce ! beautiful b z f> z x is free1 & consequ5tly t :i* betrays to u ! /ruggles ( moral lib]ty aga9/ matt] _c ei!r be grace4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 subdu$ by its wants1 man all[s himself to be gov]n$ )\t res]ve by ! in/9ct ( nature1 x is 8 int]ior autonomy t vani%es1 & ) x all trace ( ?is autonomy is ext]iorly effac$4 ,! animal nature is alone visible ^u 8 visage2 ! eye is wat]y & langui%+1 ! m\? rapaci\sly op51 ! voice trembl+ & muffl$1 ! brea?+ %ort & rapid1 ! limbs trembl+ ) n]v\s agitation3 ! :ole body by its languor betrays its moral degradation4 ,moral =ce has r5\nc$ all resi/ance1 & physical nature1 ) su* a man1 is plac$ 9 full lib]ty4 ,b precisely ?is complete ab&onm5t ( moral indep5d5ce1 :i* occurs ord9>ily at ! mom5t ( s5su\s desire1 & m /ill at ! mom5t ( enjoym5t1 sets sudd5ly brute matt] at lib]ty :i* until !n _h be5 kept 9 equilibrium by ! active & passive =ces4 ,! in]t =ces ( nature comm5ce f !nce to ga9 ! upp] h& ov] ! liv+ =ces ( ! organism2 ! =m is oppress$ by matt]1 humanity by common nature4 ,! eye1 9 :i* ! s\l %one =?1 becomes dull1 or x protrudes f its socket ) ,i "k n :at glassy hagg>dness2 ! delicate p9k ( ! *eeks ?ick5s1 & spreads z a co>se pigm5t 9 uni=m lay]s4 ,! m\? is no long] any?+ b a simple op5+1 because its =m no long] dep5ds ^u ! action ( =ces1 b on _! non-resi/ance2 ! gasp+ voice & brea?+ are no m ?an an ef=t to ease ! labori\s & oppress$ lungs1 & :i* %[ a simple me*anical want1 ) no?+ t reveals a s\l4 ,9 a ^w1 9 t /ate ( lib]ty :i* physical nature arrogates to itself f its *ief1 we mu/ n ?9k ( beauty4 ,"u ! empire ( ! moral ag5t1 ! lib]ty ( =m 0 only re/ra9$1 "h x is cru%$ by brutal matt]1 :i* ga9s z mu* gr\nd z is ab/ract$ f ! w4 ,man 9 ?is /ate n only revolts ! moral s5se1 :i* incessantly claims ( ! face an expression ( human dignity1 b ! /hetic s5se1 :i* is n cont5t ) simple matt]1 & :i* f9ds 9 ! =m an unfett]$ pleasure--! /hetic s5se w turn away ) disgu/ f su* a spectacle1 :]e concupisc5ce c\ld alone f9d its gratification4 ,( ^! two relations betwe5 ! moral nature ( man & 8 physical nature1 ! fir/ makes u ?9k ( a mon>*y1 :]e /rict surveillance ( ! pr9ce holds 9 h& all free movem5t2 ! second is an o*locracy1 :]e ! citiz51 9 refus+ to obey 8 legitimate sov]eign1 f9ds he has lib]ty q z little z ! human face has beauty :5 ! moral autonomy is oppress$2 nay1 on ! contr>y1 j z ! citiz5s are giv5 ov] to ! brutal despotism ( ! l[e/ classes1 s ! =m is giv5 ov] "h to ! despotism ( matt]4 ,j z lib]ty f9ds itself betwe5 ! two extremes ( legal oppression & an>*y1 s also we %all f9d ! beautiful betwe5 two extremes1 betwe5 ! expression ( dignity :i* be>s witness to ! dom9ation ex]cis$ by ! m9d1 & ! voluptu\s expression :i* reveals ! dom9ation ex]cis$ by in/9ct4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 if ! beauty ( expression is incompatible ) ! absolute gov]nm5t ( reason ov] s5su\s nature1 & ) ! gov]nm5t ( s5su\s nature ov] ! reason1 x foll[s t ! ?ird /ate 7= "o c\ld n conceive a f\r?7--t 9 :i* ! reason & ! s5ses1 duty & incl9ation1 are 9 h>mony--w be t 9 :i* ! beauty ( play is produc$4 ,9 ord] t ob$i5ce to reason may become an object ( incl9ation1 x mu/ repres5t = u ! pr9ciple ( pleasure2 = pleasure & pa9 are ! only spr+s :i* set ! in/9cts 9 motion4 ,x is true t 9 life x is ! rev]se t takes place1 & pleasure is ord9>ily ! motive = :i* we act accord+ to reason4 ,if morality itself has at la/ ceas$ to hold ?is language1 x is to ! immortal au?or ( ! 8,critique0 to :om we mu/ (f] our ?anks2 x is to him to :om ! glory is due ( hav+ re/or$ ! heal?y reason 9 sep>at+ x f all sy/ems4 ,b 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ?is philosoph] are ord9>ily express$ by himself & also by o!rs1 x appe>s t ! incl9ation c nev] be = ! moral s5se o!rwise ?an a v suspici\s companion1 & pleasure a dang]\s auxili>y = moral det]m9ations4 ,9 admitt+ t ! in/9ct ( happ9ess does n ex]cise a bl9d dom9ation ov] man1 x does n ! less desire to int]f]e 9 ! moral actions :i* dep5d on free arbitration1 & by t x *anges ! pure action ( ! w1 :i* ought always to obey ! law alone1 nev] ! in/9ct4 ,?us1 to be altoge!r sure t ! incl9ation has n int]f]$ ) ! demon/rations ( ! w1 we pref] to see x 9 opposition r ?an 9 accord ) ! law ( reason2 because x may happ5 too easily1 :5 ! incl9ation speaks 9 favor ( duty1 t duty draws f ! recomm5dation all its cr$it ov] ! w4 ,& 9 fact1 z 9 practical morals1 x is n ! con=mity ( ! acts ) ! law1 b only ! con=mity ( ! s5tim5ts ) duty1 :i* is important4 ,we d n atta*1 & ) reason1 any value to ?is consid]ation1 t x is ord9>ily m favorable to ! con=mity ( acts ) ! law t incl9ation is on ! side ( duty4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ?is mu* appe>s evid5t3 t ! ass5t ( s5se1 if x does n r5d] suspici\s ! con=mity ( ! w ) duty1 at lea/ does n gu>antee x4 ,?us ! s5su\s expression ( ?is ass5t1 expression t grace (f]s to u1 c\ld nev] be> a suffici5t available witness to ! morality ( ! act 9 :i* x is met2 & x is n f t :i* an action or a s5tim5t manife/s to ! eyes by graceful expression t we mu/ judge ( ! moral m]it ( t s5tim5t or ( t action4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ,i believe ,i h be5 9 p]fect accord ) ! rigori/s 9 morals4 ,i %all n become1 ,i hope1 a relax$ morali/ 9 endeavor+ to ma9ta9 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a & 9 ! real fulfilm5t ( ! law ( duty ^? rights ( s5su\s nature :i*1 ^u ! gr\nd ( pure reason & 9 ! jurisdiction ( ! moral law1 are completely set aside & exclud$4 ,i w expla94 ,conv9c$ z ,i am1 & precisely because ,i am conv9c$1 t ! incl9ation 9 associat+ itself to an act ( ! w (f]s no witness to ! pure con=mity ( ?is act ) ! duty1 ,i believe t we are able to inf] f ?is t ! moral p]fection ( man _c %9e =? except f ?is v association ( 8 incl9ation ) 8 moral conduct4 ,9 fact1 ! de/9y ( man is n to accompli% isolat$ moral acts1 b to be a moral be+4 ,t :i* is prescrib$ to him does n consi/ ( virtues1 b ( virtue1 & virtue is n any?+ else 8?an an incl9ation = duty40 ,:atev]1 !n1 9 ! objective s5se1 may be ! opposition :i* sep>ates ! acts sugge/$ by ! incl9ation f ^? :i* duty det]m9es1 we _c say x is ! same 9 ! subjective s5se2 & n only is x p]mitt$ to man to accord duty ) pleasure1 b he ought to e/abli% betwe5 !m ?is accord1 he ought to obey 8 reason ) a s5tim5t ( joy4 ,x is n to ?r[ x (f z a burd51 nor to ca/ x (f z a too co>se sk94 ,no1 x is to unite x1 by a union ! mo/ intimate1 ) 8 ,ego1 ) ! mo/ noble "p ( 8 be+1 t a s5su\s nature has be5 associat$ 9 him to 8 purely spiritual nature4 ,by ! fact t nature has made ( him a be+ bo? at once reasonable & s5su\s1 t is to say1 a man1 x has prescrib$ to him ! obligation n to sep>ate t :i* %e has unit$2 n to sacrifice 9 him ! s5su\s be+1 7 x 9 ! mo/ pure manife/ations ( ! div9e "p2 & nev] to f\nd ! triumph ( "o ov] ! oppression & ! ru9 ( ! o!r4 ,x is only :5 he ga!rs1 s to speak1 8 entire humanity toge!r1 & 8 way ( ?9k+ 9 morals becomes ! result ( ! unit$ action ( ! two pr9ciples1 :5 morality has become to him a second nature1 x is !n only t x is secure2 =1 z f> z ! m9d & ! duty are oblig$ to employ viol5ce1 x is necess>y t ! in/9ct %all h =ce to resi/ !m4 ,! enemy :i* only is ov]turn$ c rise up aga91 b ! enemy reconcil$ is truly vanqui%$4 ,9 ! moral philosophy ( ,kant ! idea ( duty is propos$ ) a h>%ness en\gh to ruffle ! ,graces1 & "o :i* c\ld easily tempt a feeble m9d to seek = moral p]fection 9 ! sombre pa?s ( an ascetic & mona/ic life4 ,:atev] precautions ! great philosoph] has be5 able to take 9 ord] to %elt] himself aga9/ ?is false int]pretation1 :i* mu/ be repugnant m ?an all else to ! s]5ity ( ! free m9d1 he has l5t x a /rong impulse1 x seems to me1 9 oppos+ to ea* o!r by a h>% contra/ ! two pr9ciples :i* act ^u ! human w4 ,p]haps x 0 h>dly possible1 f ! po9t ( view 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 to avoid ?is mi/ake2 b he has expos$ himself s]i\sly to x4 ,^u ! basis ( ! "q !re is no long]1 aft] ! demon/ration he has giv51 any discussion possible1 at lea/ = ! heads :i* ?9k & :i* are q will+ to be p]suad$2 & ,i am n at all sure if x w\ld n be bett] to r5\nce at once all ! attributes ( ! human be+ ?an to be will+ to rea* on ?is po9t1 by reason1 a diff]5t result4 ,b al?\gh he began to "w )\t any prejudice :5 he se>*$ = ! tru?1 & ?\gh all is "h expla9$ by purely objective reasons1 x appe>s t :5 he put =w>d ! tru? once f\nd he _h be5 guid$ by a m subjective maxim1 :i* is n difficult1 ,i believe1 to be acc\nt$ = by ! "t & circum/ances4 ,:at1 9 fact1 0 ! moral ( 8 "t1 ei!r 9 !ory or 9 its application8 ,on "o side1 a gross mat]ialism1 ( :i* ! %ameless maxims w\ld revolt 8 s\l2 impure re/+-places (f]$ to ! ba/>d *>act]s ( a c5tury by ! unwor?y complac5cy ( philosoph]s2 on ! o!r side1 a pret5d$ sy/em ( p]fectibility1 n less suspici\s1 :i*1 to realize ! *im]a ( a g5]al p]fection common to ! :ole univ]se1 w\ld n be emb>rass$ = a *oice ( means4 ,?is is :at w\ld meet 8 att5tion4 ,s he c>ri$ !re1 :]e ! mo/ press+ dang] lay & re=m 0 ! mo/ urg5t1 ! /ronge/ =ces ( 8 pr9ciples1 & made x a law to pursue s5sualism )\t pity1 :e!r x walks ) a bold face1 impud5tly insult+ morality1 or dissimulates "u ! impos+ veil ( a moral1 praisewor?y end1 "u :i* a c]ta9 fanatical k9d ( ord] "k h[ to disguise x4 ,he _h n to disguise ignorance1 b to re=m p]v]sion2 = su* a cure a viol5t bl[1 & n p]suasion or flatt]y1 0 necess>y2 & ! m ! contra/ w\ld be viol5t betwe5 ! true pr9ciples & ! dom9ant maxims1 ! m he w\ld hope to provoke reflection ^u ?is po9t4 ,he 0 ! ,draco ( 8 "t1 because 8 "t seem$ to him z yet unwor?y to possess a ,solon1 nei!r capable ( receiv+ him4 ,f ! sanctu>y ( pure reason he drew =? ! moral law1 unkn[n !n1 & yet1 9 ano!r way1 s kn[n2 he made x appe> 9 all its sa9tl9ess be=e a degrad$ c5tury1 & tr\bl$ himself little to "k :e!r !re 7 eyes too enfeebl$ to be> ! brightness4 ,b :at _h ! *ildr5 ( ! h\se done = him to h occupi$ himself only ) ! valets8 ,because /rongly impure incl9ations (t5 usurp ! "n ( virtue1 0 x a reason = dis9t]e/$ incl9ations 9 ! noble/ he>t to be also r5d]$ suspici\s8 ,because ! moral epicurean _h will+ly relax$ ! law ( reason1 9 ord] to fit x z a play?+ to 8 cu/oms1 0 x a reason to ?us exagg]ate h>%ness1 & to make ! fulfilm5t ( duty1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful manife/ation ( moral fre$om1 ano!r k9d ( decorat$ s]vitude ( a m speci\s "n8 ,&1 9 fact1 betwe5 ! e/eem & ! contempt ( himself has ! truly moral man a m free *oice ?an ! slave ( s5se betwe5 pleasure & pa98 ,is !re less ( con/ra9t !re = a pure w ?an "h = a deprav$ w8 ,mu/ "o1 by ?is imp]ative =m giv5 to ! moral law1 accuse man & humble him1 & make ( ?is law1 :i* is ! mo/ sublime witness ( our gr&eur1 ! mo/ cru%+ argum5t = our fragility8 ,0 x possible ) ?is imp]ative =ce to avoid t a prescription :i* man imposes on himself1 z a reasonable be+1 & :i* is obligatory only = him on t acc\nt1 & :i* is conciliatory ) ! s5tim5t ( 8 lib]ty only--t ?is prescription1 say ,i1 took ! appe>ance ( a =eign law1 a positive law1 an appe>ance :i* c\ld h>dly less5 ! radical t5d5cy :i* we impute to man to react aga9/ ! law8 ,x is c]ta9ly n an advantage = moral tru? to h aga9/ itself s5tim5ts :i* man c av[ )\t %ame4 ,?us1 h[ c ! s5tim5t ( ! beautiful1 ! s5tim5t ( lib]ty1 accord ) ! au/]e m9d ( a legislation :i* gov]ns man r ?r\gh fe> ?an tru/1 :i* t5ds con/antly to sep>ate t :i* nature has unit$1 & :i* is r$uc$ to hold u 9 defiance aga9/ a "p ( our be+1 to assure its empire ov] ! re/8 ,human nature =ms a :ole m unit$ 9 reality ?an x is p]mitt$ to ! philosoph]1 :o c only analyze1 to all[ x to appe>4 ,! reason c nev] reject z unwor?y ( x ! affections :i* ! he>t recognizes ) joy2 & !re1 :]e man w\ld be morally fall51 he c h>dly rise 9 8 own e/eem4 ,if 9 ! moral ord] ! s5su\s nature 7 only ! oppress$ p>ty & n an ally1 h[ c\ld x associate ) all ! ardor ( its s5tim5ts 9 a triumph :i* w\ld be celebrat$ only ov] itself8 h[ c\ld x be s ke5 a p>ticipator 9 ! satisfaction ( a pure _s hav+ consci\sness ( itself1 if 9 ! end x c\ld n atta* itself to ! pure _s ) su* clos5ess t x is n possible ev5 to intellectual analysis to sep>ate x )\t viol5ce4 ,! w1 besides1 is 9 m imm$iate relation ) ! faculty ( feel+ ?an ) ! cognitive faculties1 & x w\ld be regrettable 9 _m circum/ances if x 7 oblig$1 9 ord] to guide itself1 to take advice ( pure reason4 ,i prejudge no?+ good ( a man :o d>es s little tru/ to ! voice ( in/9ct t he is oblig$ ea* "t to make x appe> fir/ be=e ! moral law2 he is mu* m e/imable :o ab&ons himself ) a c]ta9 security to incl9ation1 )\t hav+ to fe> be+ l$ a/ray by h]4 ,t proves 9 fact t ) him ! two pr9ciples are already 9 h>mony--9 t h>mony :i* places a seat ^u ! p]fection ( ! human be+1 & :i* con/itutes t :i* we und]/& by a noble s\l4 ,x is said ( a man t he has a great s\l :5 ! moral s5se has f9i%$ assur+ itself ( all ! affections1 to ! ext5t ( ab&on+ )\t fe> ! direction ( ! s5ses to ! w1 & nev] incurr+ ! risk ( f9d+ himself 9 discord ) its decisions4 ,x foll[s t 9 a noble s\l x is n ?is or t p>ticul> action1 x is ! entire "* :i* is moral4 ,?us we c make a m]it ( none ( its actions because ! satisfaction ( an in/9ct c\ld n be m]itori\s4 ,a noble s\l has no o!r m]it ?an to be a noble s\l4 ,) z great a facility z if ! in/9ct alone 7 act+1 x accompli%es ! mo/ pa9ful duties ( humanity1 & ! mo/ h]oic sacrifice t %e obta9s ov] ! in/9ct ( nature seems ! effect ( ! free action ( ! in/9ct itself4 ,also1 x has no idea ( ! beauty ( its act1 & x nev] occurs to x t any o!r way ( act+ c\ld be possible2 on ! contr>y1 ! morali/ =m$ by ! s*ool & by rule1 is always ready at ! fir/ "q ( ! ma/] to give an acc\nt ) ! mo/ rigor\s precision ( ! con=mity ( its acts ) ! moral law4 ,! life ( ?is "o is l a draw+ :]e ! p5cil has indicat$ by h>% & /iff l9es all t ! rule dem&s1 & :i* c\ld1 if necess>y1 s]ve = a /ud5t to le>n ! elem5ts ( art4 ,! life ( a noble s\l1 on ! contr>y1 is l a pa9t+ ( ,titian2 all ! h>% outl9es are effac$1 :i* does n prev5t ! :ole face be+ m true1 lifelike & h>moni\s4 ,x is !n 9 a noble s\l t is f\nd ! true h>mony betwe5 reason & s5se1 betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 & grace is ! expression ( ?is h>mony 9 ! s5su\s _w4 ,x is only 9 ! s]vice ( a noble s\l t nature c at ! same "t be 9 possession ( its lib]ty1 & pres]ve f all alt]ation ! beauty ( its =ms2 = ! "o1 its lib]ty w\ld be compromis$ "u ! tyranny ( an au/]e s\l1 ! o!r1 "u ! an>*ical regim5 ( s5su\sness4 ,a noble s\l spreads ev5 ov] a face 9 :i* ! ar*itectonic beauty is want+ an irresi/ible grace1 & (t5 ev5 triumphs ov] ! natural disfavor4 ,all ! movem5ts :i* proce$ f a noble s\l are easy1 sweet1 & yet animat$4 ,! eye beams ) s]5ity z ) lib]ty1 & ) ! brightness ( s5tim5t2 g5tl5ess ( he>t w\ld naturally give to ! m\? a grace t no affectation1 no art1 c\ld atta94 ,y trace !re no ef=t 9 ! v>i$ play ( ! physiognomy1 no con/ra9t 9 ! volunt>y movem5ts--a noble s\l kn[s n con/ra9t2 ! voice becomes music1 & ! limpid /ream ( its modulations t\*es ! he>t4 ,! beauty ( /ructure c excite pleasure1 admiration1 a/oni%m5t2 grace alone c *>m4 ,beauty has its ador]s2 grace alone has its lov]s3 = we pay our homage to ! ,creator1 & we love man4 ,z a :ole1 grace w\ld be met ) especially among/ wom52 beauty1 on ! contr>y1 is met ) m frequ5tly 9 man1 & we ne$ n g f> )\t f9d+ ! reason4 ,= grace we require ! union ( bodily /ructure1 z well z t ( "*3 ! body1 by its suppl5ess1 by its promptitude to receive impressions & to br+ !m into action2 ! "*1 by ! moral h>mony ( ! s5tim5ts4 ,^u ^! two po9ts nature has be5 m favorable to ! woman ?an to man4 ,! m delicate /ructure ( ! woman receives m rapid ea* impression & all[s x to escape z rapidly4 ,x requires a /orm to %ake a /rong con/itution1 & :5 vigor\s muscles beg9 to move we %\ld n f9d ! ease :i* is "o ( ! conditions ( grace4 ,t :i* ^u ! face ( woman is /ill a beautiful s5sation w\ld express suff]+ already ^u ! face ( man4 ,woman has ! m t5d] n]ves2 x is a re$ :i* b5ds "u ! g5tle/ brea? ( passion4 ,! s\l glides 9 s(t & amiable ripples ^u h] expressive face1 :i* soon rega9s ! calm & smoo? surface ( ! mirror4 ,! same also = ! "*3 = t necess>y union ( ! s\l ) grace ! woman is m happily gift$ ?an man4 ,! "* ( woman rises r>ely to ! supreme ideal ( moral purity1 & w\ld r>ely g beyond acts ( affection2 h] "* w\ld (t5 resi/ s5su\sness ) h]oic =ce4 ,precisely because ! moral nature ( woman is g5]ally on ! side ( incl9ation1 ! effect becomes ! same1 9 t :i* t\*es ! s5su\s expression ( ?is moral /ate1 z if ! incl9ation 7 on ! side ( duty4 ,?us grace w\ld be ! expression ( fem99e virtue1 & ?is expression w\ld (t5 be want+ 9 manly virtue4 ,,on ,,dignity4 ,z grace is ! expression ( a noble s\l1 s is dignity ! expression ( elevat$ feel+4 ,x has be5 prescrib$ to man1 x is true1 to e/abli% betwe5 8 two natures a unison1 to =m always an h>moni\s :ole1 & to act z 9 union ) 8 entire humanity4 ,b ?is beauty ( "*1 ?is la/ fruit ( human maturity1 is b an ideal to :i* he ought to =ce 8 con=mity ) a con/ant vigilance1 b to :i*1 ) all 8 ef=ts1 he c nev] atta94 ,he _c atta9 to x because 8 nature is ?us made & x w n *ange2 ! physical conditions ( 8 exi/5ce !mselves are oppos$ to x4 ,9 fact1 8 exi/5ce1 s f> z he is a s5su\s creature1 dep5ds on c]ta9 physical conditions2 & 9 ord] to insure ?is exi/5ce man ought--because1 9 8 quality ( a free be+1 capable ( det]m9+ 8 modifications by 8 own w--to wat* ov] 8 own pres]vation himself4 ,man ought to be made capable ( c]ta9 acts 9 ord] to fulfil ^! physical conditions ( 8 exi/5ce1 & :5 ^! conditions are out ( ord] to re-e/abli% !m4 ,b al?\gh nature _h to give up to him ?is c>e :i* %e res]ves exclusively to h]self 9 ^? creatures :i* h only a vegetative life1 /ill x 0 necess>y t ! satisfaction ( s ess5tial a want1 9 :i* ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual & ( ! species is int]e/$1 %\ld n be absolutely left to ! discretion ( man1 & 8 d\btful =esight4 ,x has !n provid$ = ?is int]e/1 :i* 9 ! f\ndation conc]ns x1 & x has also int]f]$ ) reg>d to ! =m 9 plac+ 9 ! det]m9ation ( free arbitration a pr9ciple ( necessity4 ,f t arises natural in/9ct1 :i* is no?+ else ?an a pr9ciple ( physical necessity :i* acts ^u free arbitration by ! means ( s5sation4 ,! natural in/9ct solicits ! s5su\s faculty ?r\gh ! comb9$ =ce ( pa9 & ( pleasure3 by pa9 :5 x asks satisfaction1 & by pleasure :5 x has f\nd :at x asks4 ,z !re is no b>ga9+ possible ) physical necessity1 man mu/ also1 9 spite ( 8 lib]ty1 feel :at nature desires him to feel4 ,accord+ z x awak5s 9 him a pa9ful or an agreeable s5sation1 !re w infallibly result 9 him ei!r av]sion or desire4 ,^u ?is po9t man q resembles ! brute2 & ! /oic1 :atev] 8 p[] ( s\l1 is n less s5sible ( hung]1 & has no less av]sion to x1 ?an ! worm t crawls at 8 feet4 ,b "h beg9s ! great diff]5ce3 ) ! l[] creature action succe$s to desire or av]sion q z ( necessity1 z ! desire to ! s5sation1 & ! expression to ! ext]nal impression4 ,x is "h a p]petual circle1 a *a91 ! l9ks ( :i* necess>ily jo9 "o to ! o!r4 ,) man !re is "o m =ce--! w1 :i*1 z a sup]-s5su\s faculty1 is n s subject to ! law ( nature1 nor t ( reason1 t he rema9s )\t fre$om to *oose1 & to guide himself accord+ to ?is or to t4 ,! animal _c d o!rwise ?an seek to free itself f pa92 man c decide to suff]4 ,! w ( man is a privilege1 a sublime idea1 ev5 :5 we d n consid] ! moral use t he c make ( x4 ,b fir/ly1 ! animal nature mu/ be 9 abeyance be=e approa*+ ! o!r1 & f t cause x is always a consid]able /ep t[>ds rea*+ ! moral emancipation ( ! w to h conqu]$ 9 u ! necessity ( nature1 ev5 9 indiff]5t ?+s1 by ! ex]cise 9 u ( ! simple w4 ,! jurisdiction ( nature ext5ds z f> z ! w1 b !re x /ops1 & ! empire ( reason comm5ces4 ,plac$ betwe5 ^! two jurisdictions1 ! w is absolutely free to receive ! law f "o & ! o!r2 b x is n 9 ! same relation ) "o & ! o!r4 ,inasmu* z x is a natural =ce x is equally free ) reg>d to nature & ) respect to reason2 ,i mean to say x is n =c$ to pass ei!r on ! side ( "o or ( ! o!r3 b z f> z x is a moral faculty x is n free2 ,i mean t x ought to *oose ! law ( reason4 ,x is n *a9$ to "o or ! o!r1 b x is oblig$ t[>ds ! law ( reason4 ,! w really !n makes use ( its lib]ty ev5 :il/ x acts contr>y to reason3 b x makes use ( x unwor?ily1 because1 not)/&+ its lib]ty1 x is no less "u ! jurisdiction ( nature1 & adds no real action to ! op]ation ( pure in/9ct2 = to w by virtue ( desire is only to desire 9 a diff]5t way4 ,!re may be conflict betwe5 ! law ( nature1 :i* works 9 u ?r\gh ! in/9ct1 & ! law ( reason1 :i* comes out ( pr9ciples1 :5 ! in/9ct1 to satisfy itself1 dem&s ( u an action :i* disgu/s our moral s5se4 ,x is1 !n1 ! duty ( ! w to make ! exig5cies ( ! in/9ct give way to reason4 ,:il/ ! laws ( nature oblige ! w only conditionally1 ! laws ( reason oblige absolutely & )\t conditions4 ,b nature ob/9ately ma9ta9s h] rights1 & z x is nev] by ! result ( free *oice t %e solicits u1 %e also does n )draw any ( h] exig5cies z long z %e has n be5 satisfi$4 ,s9ce1 f ! fir/ cause :i* gave ! impulsion to ! ?re%old ( ! w :]e its jurisdiction ends1 all 9 h] is rigor\sly necess>y1 consequ5tly %e c nei!r give way nor g back1 b mu/ always g =w>d & press m & m ! w on :i* dep5ds ! satisfaction ( h] wants4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 we c\ld say t nature %ort5s h] road & acts imm$iately z a cause = ! satisfaction ( h] ne$s )\t hav+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance c>ri$ h] reque/ be=e ! w4 ,9 su* a case1 t is to say1 if man n simply all[$ in/9ct to foll[ a free c\rse1 b if in/9ct took ?is c\rse ( itself1 man w\ld be no m ?an ! brute4 ,b x is v d\btful :e!r ?is case w\ld ev] pres5t itself1 & if ev] x 7 really pres5t$ x w\ld rema9 to be se5 :e!r we %\ld n blame ! w itself = ?is bl9d p[] :i* ! in/9ct w\ld h usurp$4 ,?us ! appetitive faculty claims ) p]si/5ce ! satisfaction ( its wants1 & ! w is solicit$ to procure x2 b ! w %\ld receive f ! reason ! motives by :i* %e det]m9es4 ,:at does ! reason p]mit8 ,:at does %e prescribe8 ,?is is :at ! w %\ld decide ^u4 ,well1 !n1 if ! w turns t[>ds ! reason be=e cons5t+ to ! reque/ ( ! in/9ct1 x is prop]ly a moral act2 b if x imm$iately decides1 )\t consult+ ! reason1 x is a physical act4 ,e "t1 !n1 t nature manife/s an exig5ce & seeks to draw ! w along ) x by ! bl9d viol5ce ( affective movem5t1 x is ! duty ( ! w to ord] nature to halt until reason has pron\nc$4 ,! s5t5ce :i* reason pron\nces1 w x be favorable or ! contr>y to ! int]e/ ( s5su\sness8 ,?is is1 up to ! pres5t "t1 :at ! w does n "k4 ,also x %\ld obs]ve ?is conduct = all ! affective movem5ts )\t exception1 & :5 x is nature :i* has spok5 ! fir/1 nev] all[ x to act z an imm$iate cause4 ,man w\ld te/ify only by t to 8 indep5d5ce4 ,x is :51 by an act ( 8 w1 he breaks ! viol5ce ( 8 desires1 :i* ha/5 t[>ds ! object :i* %\ld satisfy !m1 & w\ld disp5se entirely ) ! co-op]ation ( ! w1--x is only !n t he reveals himself 9 quality ( a moral be+1 t is to say1 z a free ag5t1 :i* does n only all[ itself to exp]i5ce ei!r av]sion or desire1 out :i* at all times mu/ w 8 av]sions & 8 desires4 ,b ?is act ( tak+ previ\sly ! advice ( reason is already an attempt aga9/ nature1 :o is a compet5t judge 9 h] own cause1 & :o w n all[ h] s5t5ces to be submitt$ to a new & /range jurisdiction2 ?is act ( ! w :i* ?us br+s ! appetitive faculty be=e ! tribunal ( reason is !n1 9 ! prop] acceptation ( ! ^w1 an act aga9/ nature1 9 t x r5d]s accid5tal t :i* is necess>y1 9 t x attributes to ! laws ( reason ! "r to decide 9 a cause :]e ! laws ( nature c alone pron\nce1 & :]e !y h pron\nc$ effectively4 ,j1 9 fact1 z ! reason 9 ! ex]cise ( its moral jurisdiction is little tr\bl$ to "k if ! decisions x c come to w satisfy or n ! s5su\s nature1 s ! s5su\s 9 ! ex]cise ( ! "r :i* is prop] to x does n tr\ble itself :e!r its decisions w\ld satisfy pure reason or n4 ,ea* is equally necess>y1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 necessity1 & ?is "* ( necessity w\ld be de/roy$ if x 7 p]mitt$ = "o to modify arbitr>ily ! decisions ( ! o!r4 ,?is is :y ! man :o has ! mo/ moral en]gy _c1 :atev] resi/ance he opposes to in/9ct1 free himself f s5su\sness1 or /ifle desire1 b c only d5y x an influ5ce ^u ! decisions ( 8 w2 he c dis>m in/9ct by moral means1 b he _c appease x b by natural means4 ,by 8 indep5d5t =ce he may prev5t ! laws ( nature f ex]cis+ any con/ra9t ov] 8 w1 b he c absolutely *ange no?+ ( ! laws !mselves4 ,?us 9 ! affective movem5ts 9 :i* nature 7in/9ct7 acts ! fir/ & seeks to d )\t ! w1 or to draw x viol5tly to its side1 ! morality ( "* _c manife/ itself b by its resi/ance1 & !re is b "o means ( prev5t+ ! in/9ct f re/ra9+ ! lib]ty ( ! w3 x is to re/ra9 ! in/9ct itself4 ,?us we c only h agreem5t betwe5 ! law ( reason & ! affective ph5om5a1 "u ! condition ( putt+ bo? 9 discord ) ! exig5cies ( in/9ct4 ,& z nature nev] gives way to moral reasons1 & recalls h] claims1 & z on h] side1 consequ5tly1 all rema9s 9 ! same /ate1 9 :atev] mann] ! w acts t[>ds h]1 x results t !re is no possible accord betwe5 ! incl9ation & duty1 betwe5 reason & s5se2 & t "h man _c act at ! same "t ) all 8 be+ & ) all ! h>mony ( 8 nature1 b exclusive ) 8 reasonable nature4 ,?us 9 ^! sorts ( actions we c\ld n f9d moral beauty1 because an action is morally good only z f> z incl9ation has tak5 "p 9 x1 & "h ! incl9ation prote/s aga9/ mu* m ?an x concurs ) x4 ,b ^! actions h moral gr&eur1 because all t te/ifies to a prepond]at+ au?ority ex]cis$ ov] ! s5su\s nature has gr&eur1 & gr&eur is f\nd only !re4 ,x is1 !n1 9 ! affective movem5ts t ?is great s\l ( :i* we speak trans=ms itself & becomes sublime2 & x is ! t\*/one to di/+ui% ! s\l truly great f :at is call$ a good he>t1 or f ! virtue ( temp]am5t4 ,:5 9 man ! incl9ation is rang$ on ! side ( morality only because moral itself is happily on ! side ( incl9ation1 x w happ5 t ! in/9ct ( nature 9 ! affective movem5ts w ex]cise ^u ! w a full empire1 & if a sacrifice is necess>y x is ! moral nature1 & n ! s5su\s nature1 t w make x4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is reason itself :i* has made ! incl9ation pass to ! side ( duty 7:i* is ! case 9 ! f9e "*71 & :i* has only confid$ ! rudd] to ! s5su\s nature1 x w be always able to retake x z soon z ! in/9ct %\ld misuse its full p[]s4 ,?us ! virtue ( temp]am5t 9 ! affective movem5ts falls back to ! /ate ( simple production ( nature1 :il/ ! noble s\l passes to h]oism & rises to ! rank ( pure intellig5ce4 ,! rule ov] ! in/9cts by moral =ce is ! emancipation ( m9d1 & ! expression by :i* ?is indep5d5ce pres5ts itself to ! eyes 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a is :at is call$ dignity4 ,to consid] ?is rigor\sly3 ! moral =ce 9 man is susceptible ( no repres5tation1 = ! sup]-s5su\s c\ld n expla9 itself by a ph5om5on t falls "u ! s5se2 b x c be repres5t$ indirectly to ! m9d by s5su\s signs1 & ?is is actually ! case ) dignity 9 ! configuration ( man4 ,:5 ! in/9ct ( nature is excit$1 x is accompani$ j z ! he>t 9 its moral emotions is1 by c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! body1 :i* sometimes g be=e ! w1 sometimes1 ev5 z movem5ts purely sympa!tic1 escape altoge!r its empire4 ,9 fact1 z nei!r s5sation1 nor ! desire1 nor av]sion1 are subject to ! free arbitration ( man1 man has no "r ov] ! physical movem5ts :i* imm$iately dep5d on x4 ,b ! in/9ct does n conf9e itself to simple desire2 x presses1 x advances1 x endeavors to realize its object2 & if x does n meet 9 ! autonomy ( ! m9d an en]getic resi/ance1 x w ev5 anticipate x1 x w itself take ! initiative ( ^? sorts ( acts ov] :i* ! w alone has ! "r to pron\nce4 ,= ! in/9ct ( cons]vation t5ds )\t ceas+ to usurp ! legislative p[]s 9 ! doma9 ( ! w1 & its ef=ts g to ex]cise ov] man a dom9ation z absolute z ov] ! bea/4 ,!re are1 !n1 two sorts ( di/9ct movem5ts1 :i*1 9 !mselves & by _! orig91 9 ea* affective ph5om5on1 arise 9 man by ! in/9ct ( cons]vation3 ^? fir/ly :i* imm$iately proce$ f s5sation1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 are q involunt>y2 !n ^? :i* 9 pr9ciple c\ld & w\ld be volunt>y1 b f :i* ! bl9d in/9ct ( nature takes all fre$om4 ,! fir/ ref] to ! affection itself1 & are unit$ necess>ily ) x2 ! o!rs respond r to ! cause & to ! object ( ! affections1 & are ?us accid5tal & susceptible ( modification1 & _c be mi/ak5 = infallible signs ( ! affective ph5om5a4 ,b z bo? "o & ! o!r1 :5 once ! object is det]m9$1 are equally necess>y to ! in/9ct ( nature1 s !y assi/1 bo? "o & ! o!r1 ! expression ( affective ph5om5a2 a necess>y competition1 9 ord] t ! expression %\ld be complete & =m a h>moni\s :ole4 ,if1 !n1 ! w is suffici5tly indep5d5t to repress ! aggressions ( in/9ct & to ma9ta9 its rights aga9/ ?is bl9d =ce1 all ! ph5om5a :i* ! in/9ct ( nature1 once excit$1 produce1 9 its prop] doma91 w pres]ve1 x is true1 _! =ce2 b ^? ( ! second k9d1 ^? :i* came out ( a =eign jurisdiction1 & :i* x pret5d$ to subject arbitr>ily to its p[]1 ^! ph5om5a w\ld n take place4 ,?us ! ph5om5a are no long] 9 h>mony2 b x is precisely 9 _! opposition t consi/s ! expression ( ! moral =ce4 ,suppose t we see a man a prey to ! mo/ poignant affection1 manife/$ by movem5ts ( ! fir/ k9d1 by q involunt>y movem5ts4 ,8 ve9s swell1 8 muscles contract convulsively1 8 voice is /ifl$1 8 *e/ is rais$ & projects1 :il/ ! l[] portion ( ! torso is sunk5 & compress$2 b at ! same "t ! volunt>y movem5ts are s(t1 ! features ( ! face free1 & s]5ity beams =? f ! br[ & 9 ! look4 ,if man 7 only a physical be+1 all 8 traits1 be+ det]m9$ only by "o & ! same pr9ciple1 w\ld be 9 unison "o ) ! o!r1 & w\ld h a simil> expression4 ,"h1 = example1 !y w\ld unite 9 express+ exclusively suff]+2 b z ^? traits :i* express calmness are mix$ up ) ^? :i* express suff]+1 & z simil> causes d n produce opposite effects1 we mu/ recognize 9 ?is contra/ ! pres5ce & ! action ( a moral =ce1 indep5d5t ( ! passive affections1 & sup]ior to ! impressions b5ea? :i* we see s5su\s nature give way4 ,& ?is is :y calmness "u suff]+1 9 :i* prop]ly consi/s dignity1 becomes--indirectly1 x is true1 & by means ( reason+--a repres5tation ( ! pure intellig5ce :i* is 9 man1 & an expression ( 8 moral lib]ty4 ,b x is n only "u suff]+1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x m>ks only ! pa9ful affections1 b g5]ally 9 all ! cases 9 :i* ! appetitive faculty is /rongly int]e/$1 t m9d ought to %[ its lib]ty1 & t dignity ought to be ! dom9ant expression4 ,dignity is n less requir$ 9 ! agreeable affections ?an 9 ! pa9ful affections1 because 9 bo? cases nature w\ld will+ly play ! "p ( ma/]1 & has to be held 9 *eck by ! w4 ,dignity relates to ! =m & n to ! nature ( ! affection1 & ?is is :y x c be possible t (t5 an affection1 praisewor?y 9 ! ma91 b "o to :i* we bl9dly commit ourselves1 deg5]ates1 f ! want ( dignity1 into vulg>ity & bas5ess2 &1 on ! contr>y1 a condemnable affection1 z soon z x te/ifies by its =m to ! empire ( ! m9d ov] ! s5ses1 *anges (t5 its "* & approa*es ev5 t[>ds ! sublime4 ,?us 9 dignity ! m9d reigns ov] ! body & be>s itself z rul]3 "h x has its indep5d5ce to def5d aga9/ imp]i\s impulse1 always ready to d )\t x1 to act & %ake (f its yoke4 ,b 9 grace1 on ! contr>y1 ! m9d gov]ns ) a lib]al gov]nm5t1 = "h ! m9d itself causes s5su\s nature to act1 & x f9ds no resi/ance to ov]come4 ,b ob$i5ce only m]its =be>ance1 & sev]ity is only ju/ifiable :5 provok$ by opposition4 ,?us grace is no?+ else ?an ! lib]ty ( volunt>y movem5ts1 & dignity consi/s 9 ma/]+ involunt>y movem5ts4 ,grace leaves to s5su\s nature1 :]e x obeys ! ord]s ( ! m9d1 a c]ta9 air ( indep5d5ce3 dignity1 on ! contr>y1 submits ! s5su\s nature to m9d :]e x w\ld make ! pret5sions to rule2 :]ev] in/9ct takes ! initiative & all[s itself to trespass ^u ! attributes ( ! w1 ! w mu/ %[ x no indulg5ce1 b x mu/ te/ify to its own indep5d5ce 7autonomy71 9 oppos+ to x ! mo/ en]getic resi/ance4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! w t comm5ces1 & if in/9ct does b foll[ x1 ! free arbitration has no long] to display any rigor1 n[ x mu/ %[ indulg5ce4 ,su* is 9 a few words ! law :i* ought to regulate ! relation ( ! two natures ( man 9 :at reg>ds ! expression ( ?is relation 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,x foll[s t dignity is requir$1 & is se5 p>ticul>ly 9 passive affection1 :il/ grace is %[n 9 ! conduct1 = x is only 9 suff]+ t ! lib]ty ( ! s\l c be manife/$1 & only 9 action t ! lib]ty ( ! body c be display$4 ,if dignity is an expression ( resi/ance oppos$ to in/9ct by moral lib]ty1 & if ! in/9ct consequ5tly ought to be consid]$ z a =ce t r5d]s resi/ance necess>y1 x foll[s t dignity is ridicul\s :]e y h no =ce ( ?is k9d to resi/1 & contemptible :]e !re ought n to be any su* =ce to combat4 ,we laugh at a com$ian1 :atev] rank or condition he may occupy1 :o ev5 9 indiff]5t actions affects dignity4 ,we despise ^? small s\ls :o1 = hav+ accompli%$ an ord9>y action1 & (t5 = hav+ simply ab/a9$ f a base "o1 plume !mselves on _! dignity4 ,g5]ally1 :at is dem&$ ( virtue is n prop]ly speak+ dignity1 b grace4 ,dignity is implicitly conta9$ 9 ! idea ( virtue1 :i* ev5 by its nature supposes already ! rule ( man ov] 8 in/9cts4 ,x is r s5su\s nature t1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( moral duties1 is f\nd 9 a /ate ( oppression & con/ra9t1 p>ticul>ly :5 x consummates 9 a pa9ful sacrifice4 ,b z ! ideal ( p]fection 9 man does n require a /ruggle1 b h>mony betwe5 ! moral & physical nature1 ?is ideal is little compatible ) dignity1 :i* is only ! expression ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! two natures1 & z su* r5d]s visible ei!r ! p>ticul> impot5ce ( ! individual1 or ! impot5ce common to ! species4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :5 ! want ( h>mony betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 ) reg>d to a moral act1 belongs to ! p>ticul> p[]lessness ( ! subject1 ! act w\ld always lose its moral value1 9 z f> z t combat is necess>y1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 proportionally z !re w\ld be dignity 9 ! ext]ior expression ( ?is act2 = our moral judgm5t connects ea* individual ) ! common measure ( ! species1 & we d n all[ man to be /opp$ by o!r limits ?an ^? ( human nature4 ,9 ! second case1 :5 ! action comm&$ by duty _c be plac$ 9 h>mony ) ! exig5cies ( in/9ct )\t go+ aga9/ ! idea ( human nature1 ! resi/ance ( ! incl9ation is necess>y1 & !n only ! sight ( ! combat c conv9ce u ( ! possibility ( victory4 ,?us we ask "h ( ! features & attitudes an expression ( ?is int]ior /ruggle1 n be+ able to take ^u ourselves to believe 9 virtue :]e !re is no trace ( humanity4 ,:]e !n ! moral law comm&s ( u an action :i* necess>ily makes ! s5su\s nature suff]1 !re ! matt] is s]i\s1 & ought n to be treat$ z play2 ease & lightness 9 accompli%+ ?is act w\ld be mu* m likely to revolt u ?an to satisfy u2 & ?us1 9 consequ5ce1 expression is no long] grace1 b dignity4 ,9 g5]al1 ! law :i* prevails "h is1 t man ought to accompli% ) grace all ! acts t he c execute 9 ! sph]e ( human nature2 & ) dignity all ^? = ! accompli%m5t ( :i* he is oblig$ to g beyond 8 nature4 ,9 l mann] z we ask ( virtue to h grace1 we ask ( incl9ation to h dignity4 ,grace is n less natural to incl9ation ?an dignity to virtue1 & t is evid5t f ! idea ( grace1 :i* is all s5su\s & favorable to ! lib]ty ( physical nature1 & :i* is repugnant to all idea ( con/ra9t4 ,! man )\t cultivation lacks n by himself a c]ta9 degree ( grace1 :5 love or any o!r affection ( ?is k9d animates him2 & :]e d we f9d m grace ?an 9 *ildr51 :o are nev]!less entirely "u ! direction ( in/9ct4 ,! dang] is r t incl9ation %\ld end by mak+ ! /ate ( passion ! dom9ant "o1 /ifl+ ! indep5d5ce ( m9d1 & br++ ab\t a g5]al relaxation4 ,!re=e 9 ord] to conciliate ! e/eem ( a noble s5tim5t--e/eem c only be inspir$ by t :i* proce$s f a moral s\rce--! incl9ation mu/ always be accompani$ by dignity4 ,x is = t reason a p]son 9 love desires to f9d dignity 9 ! object ( ?is passion4 ,dignity alone is ! w>rant t x is n ne$ :i* has =c$1 b free *oice :i* has *os51 t he is n desir$ z a ?+1 b e/eem$ z a p]son4 ,we require grace ( him :o obliges1 dignity ( ! p]son oblig$3 ! fir/1 to set aside an advantage :i* he has ov] ! o!r1 & :i* might w\nd1 ought to give to 8 actions1 ?\gh 8 decision may h be5 dis9t]e/$1 ! "* ( an affective movem5t1 t ?us1 f ! "p :i* he all[s incl9ation to take1 he may h ! appe>ance ( be+ ! "o :o ga9s ! mo/3 ! second1 n to compromise by ! dep5d5ce 9 :i* he put himself ! honor ( humanity1 ( :i* lib]ty is ! sa9tly palladium1 ought to raise :at is only a pure movem5t ( in/9ct to ! height ( an act ( ! w1 & 9 ?is mann]1 at ! mom5t :5 he receives a favor1 return 9 a c]ta9 s5se ano!r favor4 ,we mu/ c5sure ) grace1 & own our faults ) dignity3 to put dignity into our remon/rances is to h ! air ( a man too p5etrat$ by 8 own advantage3 to put grace into our confessions is to =get ! inf]iority 9 :i* our fault has plac$ u4 ,d ! p[]ful desire to conciliate affection8 ,_! sup]iority mu/ be temp]$ by grace4 ,! feeble1 d !y desire to conciliate e/eem8 ,!y mu/ ?r\gh dignity rise above _! p[]lessness4 ,g5]ally x is ?\ght t dignity is suitable to ! ?rone1 & e "o kn[s t ^? seat$ ^u x desire to f9d 9 _! c\ncillors1 _! confessors1 & 9 _! p>liam5ts--grace4 ,b t :i* may be good & praisewor?y 9 a k+dom is n s always 9 ! doma9 ( ta/e4 ,! pr9ce himself ent]s into ?is doma9 z soon z he desc5ds f 8 ?rone 7= ?rones h _! privileges71 & ! cr\*+ c\rti] places himself "u ! sa9tly & free probation ( ?is law z soon z he /&s erect & becomes aga9 a man4 ,! fir/ we w\ld c\nsel to supplem5t f ! sup]fluity ( ! second t :i* he himself ne$s1 & to give him z mu* ( 8 dignity z he requires to borr[ grace f him4 ,al?\gh dignity & grace h ea* _! prop] doma9 9 :i* !y are manife/1 !y d n exclude ea* o!r4 ,!y c be met ) 9 ! same p]son1 & ev5 9 ! same /ate ( t p]son4 ,fur!r1 x is grace alone :i* gu>antees & accr$its dignity1 & dignity alone c give value to grace4 ,dignity alone1 :]ev] met )1 te/ifies t ! desires & incl9ations are re/ra9$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,b :at we take = a =ce :i* mod]ates & rules1 may x n be r an oblit]ation ( ! faculty ( feel+ 7h>dness78 ,is x really ! moral autonomy1 & may x n be r ! prepond]ance ( ano!r affection1 & 9 consequ5ce a volunt>y int]e/$ ef=t t re/ra9s ! outbur/ ( ! pres5t affection8 ,?is is :at grace alone c put out ( d\bt 9 jo9+ itself to dignity4 ,x is grace1 ,i mean to say1 t te/ifies to a peaceful s\l 9 h>mony ) itself & a feel+ he>t4 ,9 l mann] grace by itself %[s a c]ta9 susceptibility ( ! feel+ faculty1 & a c]ta9 h>mony ( s5tim5t4 ,b may ?is n be a c]ta9 relaxation ( ! m9d :i* all[s s mu* lib]ty to s5su\s nature & :i* op5s ! he>t to all impressions8 ,is x inde$ ! moral :i* has e/abli%$ ?is h>mony betwe5 ! s5tim5ts8 ,x is dignity alone :i* c 9 its turn gu>antee ?is to u 9 jo9+ itself to grace2 ,i mean x is dignity alone :i* atte/s 9 ! subject an indep5d5t =ce1 & at ! mom5t :5 ! w represses ! lic5se ( involunt>y movem5t1 x is by dignity t x makes kn[n t ! lib]ty ( volunt>y movem5ts is a simple concession on its "p4 ,if grace & dignity1 /ill support$1 ! "o by ar*itectonic beauty & ! o!r by =ce1 7 unit$ 9 ! same p]son1 ! expression ( human nature w\ld be accompli%$ 9 him3 su* a p]son w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 ! spiritual _w & set at lib]ty 9 ! s5su\s _w4 ,"h ! two doma9s t\* s closely t _! units are indi/+ui%able4 ,! smile t plays on ! lips2 ?is sweetly animat$ look2 t s]5ity spread ov] ! br[--x is ! lib]ty ( ! reason :i* gleams =? 9 a s(t5$ light4 ,?is noble maje/y impress$ on ! face is ! sublime adieu ( ! necessity ( nature1 :i* disappe>s be=e ! m9d4 ,su* is ! ideal ( human beauty accord+ to :i* ! antique conceptions 7 =m$1 & we see x 9 ! div9e =ms ( a ,niobe1 ( ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 9 ! w+$ ,g5ius ( ! ,borghese1 & 9 ! ,muse ( ! ,b>b]9i palace4 ,!re1 :]e grace & dignity are unit$1 we exp]i5ce by turns attraction & repulsion2 attraction z spiritual creatures1 & repulsion z be+ s5su\s creatures4 ,dignity (f]s to u an example ( subord9ation ( s5su\s nature to moral nature--an example :i* we are b\nd to imitate1 b :i* at ! same "t goes beyond ! measure ( our s5su\s faculty4 ,?is opposition betwe5 ! in/9cts ( nature & ! exig5cies ( ! moral law1 exig5cies1 h[ev]1 t we recognize z legitimate1 br+s our feel+s into play & awak5s a s5tim5t t we "n e/eem1 :i* is insep>able f dignity4 ,) grace1 on ! contr>y1 z ) beauty 9 g5]al1 reason f9ds its dem&s satisfi$ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & sees ) surprise "o ( its own ideas pres5t$ to x1 realiz$ 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,?is unexpect$ enc\nt] betwe5 ! accid5t ( nature & ! necessity ( reason awak5s 9 u a s5tim5t ( joy\s approval 7cont5tm5t7 :i* calms ! s5ses1 b :i* animates & occupies ! m9d1 & x results necess>ily t we are attract$ by a *>m t[>ds ! s5su\s object4 ,x is ?is attraction :i* we call k9dl9ess1 or love--a s5tim5t insep>able f grace & beauty4 ,! attraction--,i mean ! attraction 7/imulus7 n ( love b ( voluptu\sness--proposes to ! s5ses a s5su\s object t promises to ^! ! satisfaction ( a want1 t is to say a pleasure2 ! s5ses are consequ5tly solicit$ t[>ds ?is s5su\s object1 & f t spr+s desire1 a s5tim5t :i* increases & excites ! s5su\s nature1 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 relaxes ! spiritual nature4 ,we c say ( e/eem t x incl9es t[>ds its object2 ( love1 t x approa*es ) incl9ation t[>ds its object2 ( desire1 t x precipitates itself ^u its object2 ) e/eem1 ! object is reason1 & ! subject is s5su\s nature2 ) love1 ! object is s5su\s1 & ! subject is moral nature2 ) desire1 ! object & ! subject are purely s5su\s4 ,) love alone is s5tim5t free1 because x is pure 9 its pr9ciple1 & because x draws its s\rce f ! seat ( lib]ty1 f ! brea/ ( our div9e nature4 ,"h1 x is n ! weak & base "p ( our nature t measures itself ) ! great] & m noble "p2 x is n ! s5sibility1 a prey to v]tigo1 :i* gazes up at ! law ( reason4 ,x is absolute greatness :i* is reflect$ 9 beauty & 9 grace1 & satisfi$ 9 morality2 x becomes ! legislator ev51 ! god 9 u :o plays ) 8 own image 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,?us love consoles & dilates ! he>t1 :il/ e/eem /ra9s x2 because "h !re is no?+ :i* c\ld limit ! he>t & compress its impulses1 !re be+ no?+ high] ?an absolute greatness2 & s5sibility1 f :i* alone h9d]ance c\ld come1 is reconcil$1 9 ! brea/ ( beauty & ( grace1 ) ! ideas ev5 ( ! m9d4 ,love has b to desc5d2 e/eem aspires ) ef=t t[>ds an object plac$ above x4 ,?is is ! reason t ! wick$ love no?+1 ?\gh !y are oblig$ to e/eem _m ?+s4 ,?is is :y ! well-dispos$ man c h>dly e/eem )\t at once feel+ love = ! object4 ,pure _s c only love1 b n e/eem2 ! s5ses "k only e/eem1 b n love4 ,! culpable man is p]petually a prey to fe>1 t he may meet 9 ! _w ( s5se ! legislator )9 himself2 & sees an enemy 9 all t be>s ! /amp ( greatness1 ( beauty1 & ( p]fection3 ! man1 on ! contr>y1 9 :om a noble s\l brea!s1 kn[s no great] pleasure ?an to meet out ( himself ! image or realization ( ! div9e t is 9 him2 & to embrace 9 ! _w ( s5se a symbol ( ! immortal fri5d he loves4 ,love is at ! same "t ! mo/ g5]\s & ! mo/ egoti/ical ?+ 9 nature2 ! mo/ g5]\s1 because x receives no?+ & gives all--pure m9d be+ only able to give & n receive2 ! mo/ egoti/ical1 = t :i* he seeks 9 ! subject1 t :i* he enjoys 9 x1 is himself & nev] any?+ else4 ,b precisely because he :o loves receives f ! belov$ object no?+ b t :i* he has himself giv51 x (t5 happ5s t he gives m ?an he has receiv$4 ,! ext]ior s5ses believe to h discov]$ 9 ! object t :i* ! int]nal s5se alone contemplates 9 x1 9 ! end believ+ :at is desir$ ) ardor1 & ! ri*es belong+ to ! "o :o loves hide ! pov]ty ( ! object lov$4 ,?is is ! reason :y love is subject to illusion1 :il/ e/eem & desire are nev] deceiv$4 ,z long z ! sup]-excitem5t ( ! int]nal s5ses ov]comes ! int]nal s5ses1 ! s\l rema9s "u ! *>m ( ?is ,platonic love1 :i* gives place only 9 duration to ! delights enjoy$ by ! immortals4 ,b z soon z int]nal s5se ceases to %>e its visions ) ! ext]ior s5se1 ^! take possession ( _! rights & imp]i\sly dem& t :i* is its due--matt]4 ,x is ! t]re/rial ,v5us :o pr(its by ! fire k9dl$ by ! cele/ial ,v5us1 & x is n r>e to f9d ! physical in/9ct1 s long sacrific$1 rev5ge itself by a rule all ! m absolute4 ,z ext]nal s5se is nev] a dupe to illusion1 x makes ?is advantage felt ) a brutal insol5ce ov] its noble rival2 & x possesses audacity to ! po9t ( ass]t+ t x has settl$ an acc\nt t ! spiritual nature _h left "u suff]ance4 ,dignity prev5ts love f deg5]at+ into desire1 & grace1 f e/eem turn+ into fe>4 ,true beauty1 true grace1 ought nev] to cause desire4 ,:]e desire is m+l$1 ei!r ! object wants dignity1 or he :o consid]s x wants morality 9 8 s5tim5ts4 ,true greatness ought nev] to cause fe>4 ,if fe> f9ds a place1 y may hold = c]ta9 ei!r t ! object is want+ 9 ta/e & grace1 or t he :o consid]s x is n at peace ) 8 consci5ce4 ,attraction1 *>m1 grace3 words commonly employ$ z synonyms1 b :i* are n1 or ought n to be s1 ! idea !y express be+ capable ( _m det]m9ations1 requir+ diff]5t designations4 ,!re is a k9d ( grace :i* animates1 & ano!r :i* calms ! he>t4 ,"o t\*es ne>ly ! sph]e ( ! s5ses1 & ! pleasure :i* is f\nd 9 ^!1 if n re/ra9$ by dignity1 w\ld easily deg5]ate into concupisc5ce2 we may use ! ^w attraction ,reiz to designate ?is grace4 ,a man ) :om ! feel+s h little ela/icity does n f9d 9 himself ! necess>y =ce to awak5 8 affections3 he ne$s to borr[ x f )\t & to seek f impressions :i* easily ex]cise ! phantasy1 by rapid transition f s5tim5t to action1 9 ord] to e/abli% 9 himself ! ela/icity he _h lo/4 ,x is ! advantage t he w f9d 9 ! society ( an attractive p]son1 :o by conv]sation & look w\ld /ir 8 imag9ation & agitate ?is /agnant wat]4 ,! calm+ grace approa*es m ne>ly to dignity1 inasmu* z x manife/s itself ?r\gh ! mod]ation :i* x imposes ^u ! impetuosity ( ! movem5ts4 ,x is to ?is ! man addresses himself ^: imag9ation is ov]-excit$2 x is 9 ?is peaceful atmosph]e t ! he>t seeks repose aft] ! viol5ce ( ! /orm4 ,x is to ?is t ,i res]ve especially ! appellation ( grace4 ,attraction is n incompatible ) laught]1 je/1 or ! /+ ( raill]y2 grace agrees only ) sympa?y & love4 ,dignity has also its degrees & its %ades4 ,if x approa*es grace & beauty1 x takes ! "n ( nobl5ess2 if1 on ! contr>y1 x incl9es t[>ds ! side ( fe>1 x becomes haught9ess4 ,! utmo/ degree ( grace is ravi%+ *>m4 ,dignity1 9 its highe/ =m1 is call$ maje/y4 ,9 ! ravi%+ we love our ,ego1 & we feel our be+ fus$ ) ! object4 ,lib]ty 9 its pl5itude & 9 its highe/ enjoym5t t5ds to ! complete de/ruction ( lib]ty1 & ! excitem5t ( ! m9d to ! delirium ( ! voluptu\sness ( ! s5ses4 ,maje/y1 on ! contr>y1 proposes to u a law1 a moral ideal1 :i* con/ra9s u to turn back our looks ^u ourselves4 ,god is !re1 & ! s5tim5t we h ( ,8 pres5ce makes u b5d our eyes ^u ! gr\nd4 ,we =get all t is )\t ourselves1 & we feel b ! heavy burd5 ( our own exi/5ce4 ,maje/y belongs to :at is holy4 ,a man capable ( giv+ u an idea ( hol9ess possesses maje/y1 & if we d n g s f> z to kneel1 our m9d at lea/ pro/rates itself be=e him4 ,b ! m9d recoils at once ^u ! slighte/ trace ( human imp]fection :i* he discov]s 9 ! object ( 8 adoration1 because t :i* is only comp>atively great _c subdue ! he>t4 ,p[] alone1 h[ev] t]rible or )\t limit we may suppose x to be1 c nev] conf] maje/y4 ,p[] imposes only ^u ! s5su\s be+2 maje/y %\ld act ^u ! m9d itself1 & rob x ( its lib]ty4 ,a man :o c pron\nce ^u me a s5t5ce ( dea? has nei!r m nor less ( maje/y = me ! mom5t ,i am :at ,i ought to be4 ,8 advantage ov] me ceases z soon z ,i insi/ on x4 ,b he :o (f]s to me 9 8 p]son ! image ( pure w1 be=e him ,i w\ld pro/rate myself1 if x is possible1 = all et]nity4 ,grace & dignity are too high 9 value = vanity & /upidity n to be excit$ to appropriate !m by imitation4 ,!re is only "o means ( atta9+ ?is3 x is to imitate ! moral /ate ( :i* !y are ! expression4 ,all o!r imitation is b to ape !m1 & w\ld be recogniz$ directly ?r\gh exagg]ation4 ,j z exagg]ation ( ! sublime leads to inflation1 & affectation ( nobl5ess to preciosity1 9 ! same mann] affectation ( grace ends 9 coquetry1 & t ( dignity to /iff solemnity1 false gravity4 ,!re :]e true grace simply us$ ease & prv5ance1 affect$ grace becomes effem9acy4 ,"o is cont5t to use discreetly ! volunt>y movem5ts1 & n ?w>t unnecess>ily ! lib]ty ( nature2 ! o!r has n ev5 ! he>t to use prop]ly ! organs ( w1 &1 n to fall into h>dness & heav9ess1 x pref]s to sacrifice some?+ ( ! aim ( movem5t1 or else x seeks to rea* x by cross ways & indirect means4 ,an awkw>d & /iff danc] exp5ds z mu* =ce z if he _h to "w a w9dmill2 ) 8 feet & arms he describes l9es z angul> z if he 7 trac+ figures ) geometrical precision2 ! affect$ danc]1 on ! o!r h&1 glides ) an excess ( delicacy1 z if he fe>$ to injure himself on com+ 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & 8 feet & h&s describe only l9es 9 s9u\s curves4 ,! o!r sex1 :i* is ess5tially 9 possession ( true grace1 is also t "o :i* is m frequ5tly culpable ( affect$ grace1 b ?is affectation is nev] m di/a/eful ?an :5 us$ z a bait to desire4 ,! smile ( true grace ?us gives place to ! mo/ repulsive grimace2 ! f9e play ( look1 s ravi%+ :5 x displays a true s5tim5t1 is only contortion2 ! melodi\s inflections ( ! voice1 an irresi/ible attraction f c&id lips1 are only a va9 cad5ce1 a tremul\sness :i* savors ( /udy3 9 a ^w1 all ! h>moni\s *>ms ( woman become only deception1 an artifice ( ! toilet4 ,if we h _m occasions to obs]ve ! affect$ grace 9 ! !atre & 9 ! ball-room1 !re is also (t5 occasion ( /udy+ ! affect$ dignity 9 ! cab9et ( m9i/]s & 9 ! /udy-rooms ( m5 ( sci5ce 7notably at univ]sities74 ,true dignity is cont5t to prev5t ! dom9ation ( ! affections1 to keep ! in/9ct )9 j limits1 b !re only :]e x pret5ds to be ma/] 9 ! involunt>y movem5ts2 false dignity regulates ) an iron sceptre ev5 ! volunt>y movem5ts1 x oppresses ! moral movem5ts1 :i* 7 sacr$ to true dignity z well z ! s5sual movem5ts1 & de/roys all ! mimic play ( ! features by :i* ! s\l gleams =? ^u ! face4 ,x arms itself n only aga9/ rebel nature1 b aga9/ submissive nature1 & ridicul\sly seeks its greatness 9 subject+ nature to its yoke1 or1 if ?is does n succe$1 9 hid+ x4 ,z if x _h v[$ hatr$ to all t is call$ nature1 x swa!s ! body 9 long1 heavy-plait$ g>m5ts1 :i* hide ! human /ructure2 x p>alyzes ! limbs 9 sur*>g+ !m ) va9 ornam5ts1 & goes ev5 ! l5g? ( cutt+ ! hair to replace ?is gift ( nature by an artificial production4 ,true dignity does n blu% = nature1 b only = brute nature2 x always has an op5 & frank air2 feel+ gleams 9 its look2 calm & s]5ity ( m9d is legible ^u ! br[ 9 eloqu5t traits4 ,false gravity1 on ! contr>y1 places its dignity 9 ! l9es ( its visage2 x is close1 my/]i\s1 & gu>ds its features ) ! c>e ( an actor2 all ! muscles ( its face are torm5t$1 all natural & true expression disappe>s1 & ! entire man is l a seal$ lett]4 ,b false dignity is n always wrong to keep ! mimic play ( its features "u %>p discipl9e1 because x might betray m ?an w\ld be desir$1 a precaution true dignity has n to consid]4 ,true dignity wi%es only to rule1 n to conceal nature2 9 false dignity1 on ! contr>y1 nature rules ! m p[]fully )9 because x is controll$ outw>dly4#i ,,on ,,! ,,necess>y ,,limitations ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,beauty ,,( ,,=m4 ,! abuse ( ! beautiful & ! encroa*m5ts ( imag9ation1 :51 hav+ only ! ca/+ vote1 x seeks to grasp ! law-giv+ sceptre1 has done great injury alike 9 life & 9 sci5ce4 ,x is !re=e highly exp$i5t to exam9e v closely ! b\nds t h be5 assign$ to ! use ( beautiful =ms4 ,^! limits are embodi$ 9 ! v nature ( ! beautiful1 & we h only to call to m9d h[ ta/e expresses its influ5ce to be able to det]m9e h[ f> x ought to ext5d x4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal op]ations ( ta/e2 to br+ ! s5su\s & spiritual p[]s ( man into h>mony1 & to unite !m 9 a close alliance4 ,consequ5tly1 :5ev] su* an intimate alliance betwe5 reason & ! s5ses is suitable & legitimate1 ta/e may be all[$ influ5ce4 ,b ta/e rea*es ! b\nds :i* x is n p]mitt$ to pass )\t defeat+ its end or remov+ u f our duty1 9 all cases :]e ! bond betwe5 m9d & matt] is giv5 up = a "t1 :]e we mu/ act = ! "t z purely creatures ( reason1 :e!r x be to atta9 an end or to p]=m a duty4 ,cases ( ?is k9d d really occur1 & !y are ev5 incumb5t on u 9 c>ry+ out our de/9y4 ,= we are de/9$ to obta9 k & to act f k4 ,9 bo? cases a c]ta9 read9ess is requir$ to exclude ! s5ses f t :i* ! _s does1 because feel+s mu/ be ab/ract$ f k1 & passion or desire f e moral act ( ! w4 ,:5 we "k1 we take up an active attitude1 & our att5tion is direct$ to an object1 to a relation betwe5 diff]5t repres5tations4 ,:5 we feel1 we h a passive attitude1 & our att5tion--if we may call t s1 :i* is no consci\s op]ation ( ! m9d--is only direct$ to our own condition1 z f> z x is modifi$ by ! impression receiv$4 ,n[1 z we only feel & d n "k ! beautiful1 we d n di/+ui% any relation betwe5 x & o!r objects1 we d n ref] its repres5tation to o!r repres5tations1 b to ourselves :o h exp]i5c$ ! impression4 ,we le>n or exp]i5ce no?+ 9 ! beautiful object1 b we p]ceive a *ange occasion$ by x 9 our own condition1 ( :i* ! impression produc$ is ! expression4 ,accord+ly our k is n enl>g$ by judgm5ts ( ta/e1 & no k1 n ev5 t ( beauty1 is obta9$ by ! feel+ ( beauty4 ,!re=e1 :5 k is ! object1 ta/e c give u no help1 at lea/ directly & imm$iately2 on ! contr>y1 k is %ut out z long z we are occupi$ ) beauty4 ,b x may be object$1 ,:at is ! use !n ( a graceful embodim5t ( conceptions1 if ! object ( ! discussion or treatise1 :i* is simply & solely to produce k1 is r h9d]$ ?an b5efit$ by ornam5t8 ,to conv9ce ! und]/&+ ?is gracefulness ( clo?+ c c]ta9ly avail z little z ! ta/eful arrangem5t ( a banquet c satisfy ! appetite ( ! gue/s1 or ! outw>d elegance ( a p]son c give a clue to 8 intr9sic wor?4 ,b j z ! appetite is excit$ by ! beautiful arrangem5t ( ! table1 & att5tion is direct$ to ! elegant p]son 9 "q1 by ! attractiv5ess ( ! ext]ior1 s also we are plac$ 9 a favorable attitude to receive tru? by ! *>m+ repres5tation giv5 ( x2 we are l$ to op5 our s\ls to its reception1 & ! ob/acles are remov$ f our m9ds :i* w\ld h o!rwise oppos$ ! difficult pursuit ( a long & /rict concat5ation ( ?\ght4 ,x is nev] ! cont5ts1 ! sub/ance1 t ga9s by ! beauty ( =m2 nor is x ! und]/&+ t is help$ by ta/e 9 ! act ( kn[+4 ,! sub/ance1 ! cont5ts1 mu/ comm5d !mselves to ! und]/&+ directly1 ( !mselves2 :il/ ! beautiful =m speaks to ! imag9ation1 & flatt]s x ) an appe>ance ( fre$om4 ,b ev5 fur!r limitations are necess>y 9 ?is innoc5t subs]vi5cy to ! s5ses1 :i* is only all[$ 9 ! =m1 )\t *ang+ any?+ 9 ! sub/ance4 ,great mod]ation mu/ be always us$1 & sometimes ! end 9 view may be completely defeat$ accord+ to ! k9d ( k & degree ( conviction aim$ at 9 imp>t+ our views to o!rs4 ,!re is a sci5tific k1 :i* is bas$ on cle> conceptions & kn[n pr9ciples2 & a popul> k1 :i* is f\nd$ on feel+s m or less develop$4 ,:at may be v useful to ! latt] is q possibly adv]se to ! =m]4 ,:5 ! object 9 view is to produce a /rict conviction on pr9ciples1 x is n suffici5t to pres5t ! tru? only 9 respect to its cont5ts or subject2 ! te/ ( ! tru? mu/ at ! same "t be conta9$ 9 ! mann] ( its pres5tation4 ,b ?is c mean no?+ else ?an t n only ! cont5ts1 b also ! mode ( /at+ !m1 mu/ be accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,!y mu/ be connect$ 9 ! pres5tation ) ! same /rict logical sequ5ce ) :i* !y are *a9$ toge!r 9 ! reason+s ( ! und]/&+2 ! /ability ( ! repres5tation mu/ gu>antee t ( ! ideas4 ,b ! /rict necessity ) :i* ! und]/&+ l9ks toge!r reason+s & conclusions1 is q antagoni/ic to ! fre$om grant$ to imag9ation 9 matt]s ( k4 ,by its v nature1 ! imag9ation /rives aft] p]ceptions1 t is1 aft] complete & completely det]m9ate repres5tations1 & is indefatigably active to repres5t ! univ]sal 9 "o s+le case1 to limit x 9 "t & space1 to make ( e conception an individual1 & to give a body to ab/ractions4 ,moreov]1 ! imag9ation likes fre$om 9 its comb9ations1 & admits no o!r law 9 !m ?an ! accid5tal connection ) "t & space2 = ?is is ! only connection t rema9s to our repres5tations1 if we sep>ate f !m 9 ?\ght all t is conception1 all t b9ds !m int]nally & sub/antially toge!r4 ,! und]/&+1 foll[+ a diametrically opposite c\rse1 only occupies itself ) "p repres5tations or conceptions1 & its ef=t is direct$ to di/+ui% features 9 ! liv+ unity ( a p]ception4 ,! und]/&+ proce$s on ! same pr9ciples 9 putt+ toge!r & tak+ to pieces1 b x c only comb9e ?+s by "p repres5tations1 j z x c sep>ate !m2 = x only unites1 accord+ to _! inn] relations1 ?+s t fir/ disclos$ !mselves 9 _! sep>ation4 ,! und]/&+ obs]ves a /rict necessity & con=mity ) laws 9 its comb9ations1 & x is only ! consi/5t connection ( ideas t satisfies x4 ,b ?is connection is de/roy$ z (t5 z ! imag9ation ins9uates entire repres5tations 7individual cases7 9 ?is *a9 ( ab/ractions1 & mixes up ! accid5ts ( "t ) ! /rict necessity ( a *a9 ( circum/ances4 ,accord+ly1 9 e case :]e x is ess5tial to c>ry out a rigidly accurate sequ5ce ( reason+1 imag9ation mu/ =ego its caprici\s "*2 & its endeavor to obta9 all possible s5su\sness 9 conceptions1 & all fre$om 9 _! comb9ation1 mu/ be made subord9ate & sacrific$ to ! necessity ( ! und]/&+4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! exposition mu/ be s fa%ion$ z to ov]?r[ ?is ef=t ( ! imag9ation by ! exclusion ( all t is individual & s5su\s4 ,! poetic impulse ( imag9ation mu/ be curb$ by di/9ctness ( expression1 & its caprici\s t5d5cy to comb9e mu/ be limit$ by a /rictly legitimate c\rse ( proc$ure4 ,i grant t x w n b5d to ?is yoke )\t resi/ance2 b 9 ?is matt] reliance is prop]ly plac$ on a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-d5ial1 & on an e>ne/ det]m9ation ( ! he>] or read] n to be det]r$ by ! difficulties accompany+ ! =m1 = ! sake ( ! subject-matt]4 ,b 9 all cases :]e no suffici5t dep5d5ce c be plac$ on ?is self-d5ial1 or :]e ! int]e/ felt 9 ! subject-matt] is insuffici5t to inspire c\rage = su* an am\nt ( ex]tion1 x is necess>y to resign ! idea ( imp>t+ /rictly sci5tific k2 & to ga9 in/ead great] latitude 9 ! =m ( its pres5tation4 ,9 su* a case x is exp$i5t to ab&on ! =m ( sci5ce1 :i* ex]cises too great viol5ce ov] ! imag9ation1 & c only be made acceptable ?r\gh ! importance ( ! object 9 view4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 x is prop] to *oose ! =m ( beauty1 :i*1 indep5d5t ( ! cont5ts or subject1 recomm5ds itself by its v appe>ance4 ,z ! matt] _c excuse ! =m 9 ?is case1 ! =m mu/ trespass on ! matt]4 ,popul> in/ruction is compatible ) ?is fre$om4 ,by ! t]m popul> speak]s or popul> writ]s ,i imply all ^? :o d n direct _! rem>ks exclusively to ! le>n$4 ,n[1 z ^! p]sons d n address any c>efully tra9$ body ( he>]s or read]s1 b take !m z !y f9d !m1 !y mu/ only assume ! exi/5ce ( ! g5]al conditions ( ?\ght1 only ! univ]sal impulses t call att5tion1 b no special gift ( ?9k+1 no acqua9tance ) di/9ct conceptions1 nor any int]e/ 9 special subjects4 ,^! lectur]s & au?ors mu/ n be too p>ticul> z to :e!r _! audi5ce or read]s assign by _! imag9ation a prop] mean+ to _! ab/ractions1 or :e!r !y w furni% a prop] subject-matt] = ! univ]sal conceptions to :i* ! sci5tific disc\rse is limit$4 ,9 ord] to pursue a saf]1 easi] c\rse1 ^! p]sons w pres5t along ) _! ideas ! p]ceptions & sep>ate cases to :i* !y relate1 & !y leave x to ! und]/&+ ( ! read] to =m a prop] conception impromptu4 ,accord+ly1 ! faculty ( imag9ation is mu* m mix$ up ) a popul> disc\rse1 b only to reproduce1 to r5ew previ\sly receiv$ repres5tations1 & n to produce1 to express its own self-creat+ p[]4 ,^? special cases or p]ceptions are mu* too c]ta9ly calculat$ = ! object on h&1 & mu* too closely appli$ to ! use t is to be made ( !m1 to all[ ! imag9ation ev] to =get t x only acts 9 ! s]vice ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is true t a disc\rse ( ?is popul> k9d holds some:at clos] to life & ! _w ( s5se1 b x does n become lo/ 9 x4 ,! mode ( pres5t+ ! subject is /ill didactic2 = 9 ord] to be beautiful x is /ill want+ 9 ! two mo/ di/+ui%$ features ( beauty1 s5su\sness ( expression & fre$om ( movem5t4 ,! mode ( pres5t+ a !me may be call$ free :5 ! und]/&+1 :ile det]m9+ ! connection ( ideas1 does s ) s little prom95ce t ! imag9ation appe>s to act q caprici\sly 9 ! matt]1 & to foll[ only ! accid5t ( "t4 ,! pres5tation ( a subject becomes s5su\s :5 x conceals ! g5]al 9 ! p>ticul>1 & :5 ! fancy gives ! liv+ image 7! :ole repres5tation71 :]e att5tion is m]ely conc]n$ ) ! conception 7! "p repres5tation74 ,accord+ly1 s5su\s pres5tation is view$ 9 "o aspect1 ri*1 = 9 cases :]e only "o condition is desir$1 a complete picture1 an entirety ( conditions1 an individual is (f]$4 ,b view$ 9 ano!r aspect x is limit$ & poor1 because x only conf9es to a s+le individual & a s+le case :at ought to be und]/ood ( a :ole sph]e4 ,x !re=e curtails ! und]/&+ 9 ! same proportion t x grants prepond]ance to ! imag9ation2 = ! complet] a repres5tation is 9 sub/ance1 ! small] x is 9 compass4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( ! imag9ation to *ange objects accord+ to its caprice2 ! int]e/ ( ! und]/&+ is to unite its repres5tations ) /rict logical necessity4 ,to satisfy ! imag9ation1 a disc\rse mu/ h a mat]ial "p1 a body2 & ^! are =m$ by ! p]ceptions1 f :i* ! und]/&+ sep>ates di/9ct features or conceptions4 ,= ?\gh we may attempt to obta9 ! highe/ pit* ( ab/raction1 some?+ s5su\s always lies at ! gr\nd ( ! ?\ght4 ,b imag9ation /rives to pass unfett]$ & lawless f "o conception to ano!r conception1 & seeks n to be b\nd by any o!r connection ?an t ( "t4 ,s :5 ! p]ceptions t con/itute ! bodily "p ( a disc\rse h no concat5ation z ?+s1 :5 !y appe> r to /& ap>t z indep5d5t limbs & sep>ate unities1 :5 !y betray ! utt] disord] ( a sportive imag9ation1 ob$i5t to itself alone1 !n ! clo?+ has /hetic fre$om & ! wants ( ! fancy are satisfi$4 ,a mode ( pres5tation su* z ?is might be /yl$ an organic product1 9 :i* n only ! :ole lives1 b also ea* "p has its individual life4 ,a m]ely sci5tific pres5tation is a me*anical "w1 :5 ! p>ts1 lifeless 9 !mselves1 imp>t by _! connection an artificial life to ! :ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a disc\rse1 9 ord] to satisfy ! und]/&+ & to produce k1 mu/ h a spiritual "p1 x mu/ h significance1 & x receives ?is ?r\gh ! conceptions1 by means ( :i* ^? p]ceptions are ref]r$ to "o ano!r & unit$ into a :ole4 ,! problem ( satisfy+ ! und]/&+ by con=mity ) law1 :ile ! imag9ation is flatt]$ by be+ set free f re/rictions1 is solv$ ?us3 by obta9+ ! close/ connection betwe5 ! conceptions =m+ ! spiritual "p ( ! disc\rse1 :ile ! p]ceptions1 correspond+ to !m & =m+ ! s5su\s "p ( ! disc\rse1 appe> to coh]e m]ely ?r\gh an arbitr>y play ( ! fancy4 ,if an inquiry be in/itut$ into ! magic influ5ce ( a beautiful diction1 x w always be f\nd t x consi/s 9 ?is happy relation betwe5 ext]nal fre$om & int]nal necessity4 ,! pr9cipal features t contribute to ?is fre$om ( ! imag9ation are ! individualiz+ ( objects & ! figurative or inexact expression ( a ?+2 ! =m] employ$ to give =ce to its s5su\sness1 ! latt] to produce x :]e x does n exi/4 ,:5 we express a species or k9d by an individual1 & portray a conception 9 a s+le case1 we remove f fancy ! *a9s :i* ! und]/&+ has plac$ ^u h] & give h] ! p[] to act z a creator4 ,always grasp+ at completely det]m9ate images1 ! imag9ation obta9s & ex]cises ! "r to complete accord+ to h] wi% ! image af=d$ to h]1 to animate x1 to fa%ion x1 to foll[ x 9 all ! associations & trans=mations ( :i* x is capable4 ,%e may =get = a mom5t h] subord9ate position1 & act z an indep5d5t p[]1 only self-direct+1 because ! /rictness ( ! inn] concat5ation has suffici5tly gu>d$ aga9/ h] break+ loose f ! control ( ! und]/&+4 ,an inexact or figurative expression adds to ! lib]ty1 by associat+ ideas :i* 9 _! nature diff] ess5tially f "o ano!r1 b :i* unite 9 subord9ation to ! high] idea4 ,! imag9ation adh]es to ! concrete object1 ! und]/&+ to ?is high] idea1 & ?us ! =m] f9ds movem5t & v>iety ev5 :]e ! o!r v]ifies a mo/ p]fect cont9uity4 ,! conceptions are develop$ accord+ to ! law ( necessity1 b !y pass be=e ! imag9ation accord+ to ! law ( lib]ty4 ,?\ght rema9s ! same2 ! m$ium t repres5ts x is ! only ?+ t *anges4 ,x is ?us t an eloqu5t writ] kn[s h[ to extract ! mo/ spl5did ord] f ! v c5tre ( an>*y1 & t he succe$s 9 erect+ a solid /ructure on a con/antly mov+ gr\nd1 on ! v torr5t ( imag9ation4 ,if we comp>e toge!r sci5tific /atem5t or address1 popul> address1 & f9e language1 x is se5 directly t all ?ree express ! idea ) an equal fai?fulness z reg>ds ! matt]1 & consequ5tly t all ?ree help u to acquire k1 b t z reg>ds ! mode & degree ( ?is k a v m>k$ diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,! writ] :o uses ! language ( ! beautiful r repres5ts ! matt] ( :i* he treats z possible & desirable ?an indulges 9 attempts to conv9ce u ( its reality1 & /ill less ( its necessity4 ,8 ?\ght does 9 fact only pres5t itself z an arbitr>y creation ( ! imag9ation1 :i* is nev] qualifi$1 9 itself1 to gu>antee ! reality ( :at x repres5ts4 ,no d\bt ! popul> writ] leads u to believe t ! matt] really is z he describes x1 b does n require any?+ m firm2 =1 ?\gh he may make ! tru? ( a proposition cr$ible to our feel+s1 he does n make x absolutely c]ta94 ,n[1 feel+ may always tea* u :at is1 b n :at mu/ be4 ,! philosophical writ] raises ?is belief to a conviction1 = he proves by und5iable reasons t ! matt] is necess>ily s4 ,/>t+ f ! pr9ciple t we h j e/abli%$1 x w n be difficult to assign its prop] "p & sph]e to ea* ( ! ?ree =ms ( diction4 ,g5]ally x may be laid d[n z a rule t pref]5ce ought to be giv5 to ! sci5tific /yle :5ev] ! *ief consid]ation is n only ! result1 b also ! pro(s4 ,b :5 ! result m]ely is ( ! mo/ ess5tial importance ! advantage mu/ be giv5 to popul> elocution & f9e language4 ,b x may be ask$ 9 :at cases ought popul> elocution to rise to a f9e1 a noble /yle8 ,?is dep5ds on ! degree ( int]e/ 9 ! read]1 or :i* y wi% to excite 9 8 m9d4 ,! purely sci5tific /atem5t may incl9e ei!r to popul> disc\rse or to philosophic language1 & accord+ to ?is bias x places u m or less 9 possession ( "s bran* ( k4 ,all t popul> elocution does is to l5d u ?is k = a mom5t>y pleasure or enjoym5t4 ,! fir/1 if ,i may be all[$ ! comp>ison1 gives u a tree ) its roots1 ?\gh ) ! condition t we wait pati5tly = x to blossom & be> fruit4 ,! o!r1 or f9e diction1 is satisfi$ ) ga!r+ its fl[]s & fruits1 b ! tree t bore !m does n become our prop]ty1 & :5 once ! fl[]s are fad$ & ! fruit is consum$ our ri*es dep>t4 ,x w\ld !re=e be equally unreasonable to give only ! fl[] & fruit to a man :o wi%es ! :ole tree to be transplant$ into 8 g>d51 & to (f] ! :ole tree ) its fruit 9 ! g]m to a man :o only looks = ! ripe fruit4 ,! application ( ! comp>ison is self-evid5t1 & ,i n[ only rem>k t a f9e ornate /yle is z little suit$ to ! pr(essor's *air z ! s*ola/ic /yle to a draw+-room1 ! pulpit1 or ! b>4 ,! /ud5t accumulates 9 view ( an ult]ior end & = a future use2 accord+ly ! pr(essor ought to endeavor to transmit ! full & entire prop]ty ( ! k t he communicates to him4 ,n[1 no?+ belongs to u z our own b :at has be5 communicat$ to ! und]/&+4 ,! orator1 on ! o!r h&1 has 9 view an imm$iate end1 & 8 voice mu/ correspond ) an imm$iate want ( ! public4 ,8 int]e/ is to make 8 k practically available z soon z possible2 & ! sure/ way is to h& x ov] to ! s5ses1 & to prep>e x = ! use ( s5sation4 ,! pr(essor1 :o only admits he>]s on c]ta9 conditions1 & :o is entitl$ to suppose 9 8 he>]s ! dispositions ( m9d 9 :i* a man ought to be to receive ! tru?1 has only 9 view 9 8 lecture ! object ( :i* he is treat+2 :ile ! orator1 :o _c make any conditions ) 8 audi5ce1 & :o ne$s above ev]y?+ sympa?y1 to secure x on 8 side1 mu/ regulate 8 action & treatm5t accord+ to ! subjects on :i* he turns 8 disc\rse4 ,! he>]s ( ! pr(essor h already att5d$ 8 lectures1 & w att5d !m aga92 !y only want fragm5ts t w =m a :ole aft] hav+ be5 l9k$ to ! prec$+ lectures4 ,! audi5ce ( ! orator is cont9ually r5ew$2 x comes unprep>$1 & p]haps w n return2 accord+ly 9 e address ! orator mu/ f9i% :at he wi%es to d2 ea* ( 8 h>angues mu/ =m a :ole & conta9 expressly & entirely 8 conclusion4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ t a dogmatic composition or address1 h[ev] solid1 %\ld n h any success ei!r 9 conv]sation or 9 ! pulpit1 nor t a f9e diction1 :atev] wit x may conta91 %\ld n be> fruit 9 a pr(essor's *air4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! fa%ionable _w %\ld n read writ+s t /& out 9 relief 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & t ! s*ol> & ! man ( sci5ce are ignorant ( works belong+ to ! s*ool ( worldly p t are dev\r$ gre$ily by all lov]s ( ! beautiful4 ,ea* ( ^! works may be entitl$ to admiration 9 ! circle to :i* x belongs2 & m ?an ?is1 bo?1 fundam5tally1 may be q ( equal value2 b x w\ld be requir+ an impossibility to expect t ! "w :i* dem&s all ! application ( ! ?9k] %\ld at ! same "t (f] an easy recreation to ! man :o is only a f9e wit4 ,= ! same reason ,i consid] t x is hurtful to *oose = ! in/ruction ( y\? books 9 :i* sci5tific matt]s are clo!d 9 an attractive /yle4 ,i d n speak "h ( ^? 9 :i* ! sub/ance is sacrific$ to ! =m1 b ( c]ta9 writ+s really excell5t1 :i* are suffici5tly well dige/$ to /& ! /ricte/ exam9ation1 b :i* d n (f] _! pro(s by _! v =m4 ,no d\bt books ( ?is k9d atta9 _! end1 !y are read2 b ?is is always at ! co/ ( a m important end1 ! end = :i* !y ought to be read4 ,9 ?is sort ( read+ ! und]/&+ is nev] ex]cis$ save 9 z f> z x agrees ) ! fancy2 x does n le>n to di/+ui% ! =m f ! sub/ance1 nor to act alone z pure und]/&+4 ,& yet ! ex]cise ( ! pure und]/&+ is 9 itself an ess5tial & capital po9t 9 ! in/ruction ( y\?2 & v (t5 ! ex]cise itself ( ?\ght is mu* m important ?an ! object on :i* x is ex]cis$4 ,if y wi% = a matt] to be done s]i\sly1 be v c>eful n to ann\nce x z a div]sion4 ,x is pref]able1 on ! contr>y1 to secure att5tion & ef=t by ! v =m t is employ$1 & to use a k9d ( viol5ce to draw m9ds ov] f ! passive to an active /ate4 ,! pr(essor ought nev] to hide f 8 pupil ! exact regul>ity ( ! me?od2 he ought r to fix 8 att5tion on x1 & if possible to make him desire ?is /rictness4 ,! /ud5t ought to le>n to pursue an end1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( t end to put up ) a difficult process4 ,he ought e>ly to aspire to t l(ti] satisfaction :i* is ! rew>d ( ex]tion4 ,9 a sci5tific lecture ! s5ses are altoge!r set aside2 9 an /hetic address x is wi%$ to int]e/ !m4 ,:at is ! result8 ,a writ+ or conv]sation ( ! /hetic class is dev\r$ ) int]e/2 b que/ions are put z to its conclusions2 ! he>] is sc>cely able to give an answ]4 ,& ?is is q natural1 z "h ! conceptions rea* ! m9d only 9 entire masses1 & ! und]/&+ only kn[s :at x analyzes4 ,! m9d dur+ a lecture ( ?is k9d is m passive ?an active1 & ! intellect only possesses :at x has produc$ by its own activity4 ,h[ev]1 all ?is applies only to ! vulg>ly beautiful1 & to a vulg> fa%ion ( p]ceiv+ beauty4 ,true beauty reposes on ! /ricte/ limitation1 on ! mo/ exact def9ition1 on ! highe/ & mo/ intimate necessity4 ,only ?is limitation ought r to let itself be s\ght = ?an be impos$ viol5tly4 ,x requires ! mo/ p]fect con=mity to law1 b ?is mu/ appe> q natural4 ,a product t unites ^! conditions w fully satisfy ! und]/&+ z soon z /udy is made ( x4 ,b exactly because ?is result is really beautiful1 its con=mity is n express$2 x does n take ! und]/&+ ap>t to address x exclusively2 x is a h>moni\s unity :i* addresses ! entire man--all 8 faculties toge!r2 x is nature speak+ to nature4 ,a vulg> criticism may p]haps f9d x empty1 paltry1 & too little det]m9$4 ,he :o has no o!r k ?an t ( di/+ui%+1 & no o!r s5se ?an t = ! p>ticul>1 is actually pa9$ by :at is precisely ! triumph ( art1 ?is h>moni\s unity :]e ! p>ts are bl5d$ 9 a pure entirety4 ,no d\bt x is necess>y1 9 a philosophical disc\rse1 t ! und]/&+1 z a faculty ( analysis1 f9d :at w satisfy x2 x mu/ obta9 s+le concrete results2 ?is is ! ess5tial t mu/ n by any means be lo/ sight (4 ,b if ! writ]1 :ile giv+ all possible precision to ! sub/ance ( 8 conceptions1 has tak5 ! necess>y measures to enable ! und]/&+1 z soon z x w take ! tr\ble1 to f9d ( necessity ^! tru?s1 ,i d n see t he is a less good writ] because he has approa*$ m to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,nature always acts z a h>moni\s unity1 & :5 %e loses ?is 9 h] ef=ts aft] ab/raction1 no?+ appe>s m urg5t to h] ?an to re-e/abli% x1 & ! writ] we are speak+ ( is n less comm5dable if he obeys nature by atta*+ to ! und]/&+ :at _h be5 sep>at$ by ab/raction1 & :51 by appeal+ at ! same "t to ! s5su\s & to ! spiritual faculties1 he addresses altoge!r ! entire man4 ,no d\bt ! vulg> critic w give v scant ?anks to ?is writ] = hav+ giv5 him a d\ble task4 ,= vulg> criticism has n ! feel+ = ?is h>mony1 x only runs aft] details1 & ev5 9 ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,pet] w\ld exclusively att5d to ! pill>s on :i* ! e!real edifice reposes4 ,! fact is t ?is critic mu/ beg9 by translat+ x to und]/& x--9 ! same way t ! pure und]/&+1 left to itself1 if x meets beauty & h>mony1 ei!r 9 nature or 9 art1 mu/ beg9 by transf]r+ !m into its own language--& by decompos+ x1 by do+ 9 fact :at ! pupil does :o spells be=e read+4 ,b x is n f ! n>r[ m9d ( 8 read]s t ! writ] :o express 8 conceptions 9 ! language ( ! beautiful receives 8 laws4 ,! ideal :i* he c>ries 9 himself is ! goal at :i* he aims )\t tr\bl+ himself z to :o foll[s & :o rema9s beh9d4 ,_m w /ay beh9d2 = if x be a r>e ?+ to f9d read]s simply capable ( ?9k+1 x is inf9itely m r>e to meet any :o c ?9k ) imag9ation4 ,?us our writ]1 by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 w fall out1 on ! "o h&1 ) ^? :o h only intuitive ideas & feel+s1 = he imposes on !m a pa9ful task by =c+ !m to ?9k2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he aggravates ^? :o only "k h[ to ?9k1 = he asks ( !m :at is absolutely impossible--to give a liv+1 animat$ =m to conception4 ,b z bo? only repres5t true humanity v imp]fectly--t normal humanity :i* requires ! absolute h>mony ( ^! two op]ations--_! contradictory objections h no weight1 & if _! judgm5ts prove any?+1 x is r t ! au?or has succe$$ 9 atta9+ 8 end4 ,! ab/ract ?9k] f9ds t ! sub/ance ( ! "w is solidly ?\ght2 ! read] ( intuitive ideas f9ds 8 /yle lively & animat$2 bo? consequ5tly f9d & approve 9 him :at !y are able to und]/&1 & t alone is want+ :i* exce$s _! capacity4 ,b precisely = ?is v reason a writ] ( ?is class is n adapt$ to make kn[n to an ignorant read] ! object ( :at he treats1 or1 9 ! mo/ prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 to tea*4 ,happily also1 he is n requir$ = t1 = means w n be want+ = ! tea*+ ( s*ol>s4 ,! pr(essor 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation is oblig$ to b9d himself to ! ne$s ( 8 s*ol>s2 ! fir/ ?+ he has to presuppose is ! ignorance ( ^? :o li/5 to him2 ! o!r1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s a c]ta9 maturity & culture 9 8 read] or audi5ce4 ,nor is 8 (fice conf9$ to imp>t to !m dead ideas2 he grasps ! liv+ object ) a liv+ en]gy1 & seizes at once on ! entire man--8 und]/&+1 8 he>t1 & 8 w4 ,we h f\nd t x is dang]\s = ! s\ndness ( k to give free scope to ! exig5cies ( ta/e 9 tea*+1 prop]ly s call$4 ,b ?is does n mean by any means t ! culture ( ?is faculty 9 ! /ud5t is a premature ?+4 ,he mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be enc\rag$ to apply ! k t he has appropriat$ 9 ! s*ool to ! field ( liv+ developm5t4 ,:5 once ! fir/ po9t has be5 obs]v$1 & ! k acquir$1 ! o!r po9t1 ! ex]cise ( ta/e1 c only h useful results4 ,x is c]ta9 t x is necess>y to be q ! ma/] ( a tru? to ab&on )\t dang] ! =m 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd2 a great /r5g? ( und]/&+ is requir$ n to lose sight ( y\r object :ile giv+ free play to ! imag9ation4 ,he :o transmits 8 k "u a s*ola/ic =m p]suades me1 ,i admit1 t he has grasp$ ^! tru?s prop]ly & t he kn[s h[ to support !m4 ,b he :o besides ?is is 9 a condition to communicate !m to me 9 a beautiful =m n only proves t he is adapt$ to promulgate !m1 he %[s moreov] t he has assimilat$ !m & t he is able to make _! image pass into 8 productions & into 8 acts4 ,!re is = ! results ( ?\ght only "o way by :i* !y c p5etrate into ! w & pass into life2 t is1 by spontane\s imag9ation1 only :at 9 ourselves 0 already a liv+ act c become s out ( u2 & ! same ?+ happ5s ) ! creations ( ! m9d z ) ^? ( organic nature1 t ! fruit issues only f ! fl[]4 ,if we consid] h[ _m tru?s 7 liv+ & active z int]ior intuitions be=e philosophy %[$ _! exi/5ce1 & h[ _m tru?s mo/ firmly secur$ by pro(s (t5 rema9 inactive on ! w & ! feel+s1 x w be se5 h[ important x is = practical life to foll[ 9 ?is ! indications ( nature1 & :5 we h acquir$ a k sci5tifically to br+ x back aga9 to ! /ate ( a liv+ intuition4 ,x is ! only way to enable ^? ^: nature has =bidd5 !m to foll[ ! artificial pa? ( sci5ce to %>e 9 ! treasures ( wisdom4 ,! beautiful r5d]s u "h 9 relation ) k :at1 9 morals1 x does 9 relation ) conduct2 x places m5 9 h>mony on results1 & on ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 :o w\ld nev] h agre$ on ! =m & pr9ciples4 ,! o!r sex1 by its v nature & fair de/9y1 _c & ought n to rival ours 9 sci5tific k2 b x c %>e tru? ) u by ! reproduction ( ?+s4 ,man agrees to h 8 ta/e (f5d$1 provid$ comp5sation be giv5 to 8 und]/&+ by ! increas$ value ( its possessions4 ,b wom5 d n =give neglig5ce 9 =m1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! conception2 & ! inn] /ructure ( all _! be+ gives !m ! "r to %[ a /rict sev]ity on ?is po9t4 ,! fair sex1 ev5 if x did n rule by beauty1 w\ld /ill be entitl$ to its "n because x is rul$ by beauty1 & makes all objects pres5t$ to x appe> be=e ! tribunal ( feel+1 & all t does n speak to feel+ or belies x is lo/ 9 ! op9ion ( wom54 ,no d\bt ?r\gh ?is m$ium no?+ c be made to rea* ! m9d ( woman save ! matt] ( tru?1 & n tru? itself1 :i* is insep>able f its pro(s4 ,b happily woman only ne$s ! matt] ( tru? to rea* h] highe/ p]fection1 & ! few exceptions hi!rto se5 are n ( a nature to make u wi% t ! exception %\ld become ! rule4 ,z1 !re=e1 nature has n only disp5s$ b cut (f ! o!r sex f ?is task1 man mu/ give a d\ble att5tion to x if he wi%es to vie ) woman & be equal to h] 9 :at is ( great int]e/ 9 human life4 ,consequ5tly he w try to transf] all t he c f ! field ( ab/raction1 :]e he is ma/]1 to t ( imag9ation1 ( feel+1 :]e woman is at once a model & a judge4 ,! m9d ( woman be+ a gr\nd t does n admit ( durable cultivation1 he w try to make 8 own gr\nd yield z _m fl[]s & z mu* fruit z possible1 s z to r5ew z (t5 z possible ! quick-fad+ produce on ! o!r gr\nd1 & to keep up a sort ( artificial h>ve/ :]e natural h>ve/s c\ld n rip54 ,ta/e corrects or hides ! natural diff]5ces ( ! two sexes4 ,x n\ri%es & adorns ! m9d ( woman ) ! productions ( t ( man1 & all[s ! fair sex to feel )\t be+ previ\sly fatigu$ by ?\ght1 & to enjoy pleasures )\t hav+ b\ght !m ) labors4 ,?us1 save ! re/rictions ,i h nam$1 x is to ! ta/e t is intru/$ ! c>e ( =m 9 e /atem5t by :i* k is communicat$1 b "u ! express condition t x w n encroa* on ! sub/ance ( ?+s4 ,ta/e mu/ nev] =get t x c>ries out an ord] emanat+ else:]e1 & t x is n its own affairs x is treat+ (4 ,all its p>ts mu/ be limit$ to place our m9ds 9 a condition favorable to k2 ov] all t conc]ns k itself x has no "r to any au?ority4 ,= x exce$s its mission1 x betrays x1 x disfigures ! object t x ought fai?fully to transmit1 x lays claim to au?ority out ( its prop] prov9ce2 if x tries to c>ry out !re1 too1 its own law1 :i* is no?+ b t ( pleas+ ! imag9ation & mak+ itself agreeable to ! intuitive faculties2 if x applies ?is law n only to ! op]ation1 b also to ! matt] itself2 if x foll[s ?is rule n only to arrange ! mat]ials1 b also to *oose !m4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! fir/ consid]ation is n ! ?+s !mselves1 b ! be/ mode ( pres5t+ !m s z to recomm5d !m to ! s5ses4 ,! logical sequ5ce ( conceptions ( :i* only ! /rictness %\ld h be5 hidd5 f u is reject$ z a disagreeable imp$im5t4 ,p]fection is sacrific$ to ornam5t1 ! tru? ( ! p>ts to ! beauty ( ! :ole1 ! inmo/ nature ( ?+s to ! ext]ior impression4 ,n[1 directly ! sub/ance is subord9at$ to =m1 prop]ly speak+ x ceases to exi/2 ! /atem5t is empty1 & in/ead ( hav+ ext5d$ our k we h only indulg$ 9 an amus+ game4 ,! writ]s :o h m wit ?an und]/&+ & m ta/e ?an sci5ce1 are too (t5 guilty ( ?is deception2 & read]s m accu/om$ to feel ?an to ?9k are only too incl9$ to =give !m4 ,9 g5]al x is unsafe to give to ! /hetical s5se all its culture be=e hav+ ex]cis$ ! und]/&+ z ! pure ?9k+ faculty1 & be=e hav+ enri*$ ! head ) conceptions2 = z ta/e always looks at ! c>ry+ out & n at ! basis ( ?+s1 :]ev] x becomes ! only arbit]1 !re is an end ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s4 ,m5 become indiff]5t to reality1 & !y f9i% by giv+ value to =m & appe>ance only4 ,h5ce arises t sup]ficial & frivol\s bel esprit t we (t5 see hold sway 9 social conditions & 9 circles :]e m5 pride !mselves1 & n unreasonably1 on ! f9e/ culture4 ,x is a fatal ?+ to introduce a "y man into assemblies :]e ! ,graces hold sway be=e ! ,muses h dismiss$ him & own$ 8 majority4 ,moreov]1 x c h>dly be prev5t$ t :at completes ! ext]nal education ( a "y man ^: m9d is ripe turns him :o is n rip5$ by /udy into a fool4 ,i admit t to h a fund ( conceptions1 & n =m1 is only a half possession4 ,= ! mo/ spl5did k 9 a head incapable ( giv+ !m =m is l a treasure buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,b =m )\t sub/ance is a %ad[ ( ri*es1 & all possible clev]ness 9 expression is ( no use to him :o has no?+ to express4 ,?us1 to avoid ! graces ( education lead+ u 9 a wrong road1 ta/e mu/ be conf9$ to regulat+ ! ext]nal =m1 :ile reason & exp]i5ce det]m9e ! sub/ance & ! ess5ce ( conceptions4 ,if ! impression made on ! s5ses is conv]t$ into a supreme crit]ion1 & if ?+s are exclusively ref]r$ to s5sation1 man w nev] cease to be 9 ! s]vice ( matt]2 he w nev] cle> a way = 8 intellig5ce2 9 %ort1 reason w lose 9 fre$om 9 proportion z x all[s imag9ation to usurp undue influ5ce4 ,! beautiful produces its effect by m]e intuition2 ! tru? dem&s /udy4 ,accord+ly1 ! man :o among all 8 faculties has only ex]cis$ ! s5se ( ! beautiful is satisfi$ ev5 :5 /udy is absolutely requir$1 ) a sup]ficial view ( ?+s2 & he fancies he c make a m]e play ( wit ( t :i* dem&s a s]i\s ef=t4 ,b m]e intuition _c give any result4 ,to produce some?+ great x is necess>y to ent] into ! fundam5tal nature ( ?+s1 to di/+ui% !m /rictly1 to associate !m 9 diff]5t mann]s1 & /udy !m ) a /eady att5tion4 ,ev5 ! arti/ & ! poet1 ?\gh bo? ( !m labor to procure u only ! pleasure ( intuition1 c only by mo/ labori\s & engross+ /udy succe$ 9 giv+ u a delightful recreation by _! works4 ,i believe ?is to be ! te/ to di/+ui% ! m]e dilettante f ! arti/ ( real g5ius4 ,! s$uctive *>m ex]cis$ by ! sublime & ! beautiful1 ! fire :i* !y k9dle 9 ! "y imag9ation1 ! app>5t ease ) :i* !y place ! s5ses "u an illusion1 h (t5 p]suad$ inexp]i5c$ m9ds to take 9 h& ! palette or ! h>p1 & to trans=m into figures or to p\r out 9 melody :at !y felt liv+ 9 _! he>t4 ,mi/y ideas circulate 9 _! heads1 l a _w 9 =mation1 & make !m believe t !y are inspir$4 ,!y take obscurity = dep?1 savage vehem5ce = /r5g?1 ! undet]m9$ = ! inf9ite1 :at has n s5ses = ! sup]-s5su\s4 ,& h[ !y revel 9 ^! creations ( _! bra96 ,b ! judgm5t ( ! connoisseur does n confirm ?is te/imony ( an excit$ self-love4 ,) 8 pitiless criticism he dissipates all ! pre/ige ( ! imag9ation & ( its dreams1 & c>ry+ ! tor* be=e ^! novices he leads !m into ! my/]i\s dep?s ( sci5ce & life1 :]e1 f> f pr(ane eyes1 ! s\rce ( all true beauty fl[s ev] t[>ds him :o is initiat$4 ,if n[ a true g5ius slumb]s 9 ! "y aspirant1 no d\bt 8 mode/y w at fir/ receive a %ock2 b soon ! consci\sness ( real tal5t w embold5 him = ! trial4 ,if nature has end[$ him ) gifts = pla/ic art1 he w /udy ! /ructure ( man ) ! scalpel ( ! anatomi/2 he w desc5d into ! l[e/ dep?s to be true 9 repres5t+ surfaces1 & he w "q ! :ole race 9 ord] to be j to ! individual4 ,if he is born to be a poet1 he exam9es humanity 9 8 own he>t to und]/& ! inf9ite v>iety ( sc5es 9 :i* x acts on ! va/ !atre ( ! _w4 ,he subjects imag9ation & its exub]ant fruitfulness to ! discipl9e ( ta/e1 & *>ges ! und]/&+ to m>k out 9 its cool wisdom ! banks t %\ld conf9e ! rag+ wat]s ( inspiration4 ,he kn[s full well t ! great is only =m$ ( ! little--f ! imp]ceptible4 ,he piles up1 gra9 by gra91 ! mat]ials ( ! wond]ful /ructure1 :i*1 sudd5ly disclos$ to our eyes1 produces a />tl+ effect & turns our head4 ,b if nature has only int5d$ him = a dilettante1 difficulties damp 8 impot5t zeal1 & "o ( two ?+s happ5s3 ei!r he ab&ons1 if he is mode/1 t to :i* he 0 div]t$ by a mi/ak5 notion ( 8 vocation2 or1 if he has no mode/y1 he br+s back ! ideal to ! n>r[ limits ( 8 faculties1 = want ( be+ able to enl>ge 8 faculties to ! va/ proportions ( ! ideal4 ,?us ! true g5ius ( ! arti/ w be always recogniz$ by ?is sign--t :5 mo/ en?usia/ic = ! :ole1 he pres]ves a coolness1 a pati5ce defy+ all ob/acles1 z reg>ds details4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] n to d any injury to p]fection1 he w\ld r r5\nce ! enjoym5t giv5 by ! completion4 ,= ! simple amateur1 x is ! difficulty ( means t disgu/s him & turns him f 8 aim2 8 dreams w\ld be to h no m tr\ble 9 produc+ ?an he _h 9 conception & intuition4 ,i h spok5 hi!rto ( ! dang]s to :i* we are expos$ by an exagg]at$ s5su\sness & susceptibility to ! beautiful 9 ! =m1 & f too ext5sive /hetical requirem5ts2 & ,i h consid]$ ^! dang]s 9 relation to ! faculty ( ?9k+ & kn[+4 ,:at1 !n1 w be ! result :5 ^! pret5sions ( ! /hetical ta/e be> on ! w8 ,x is "o ?+ to be /opp$ 9 y\r sci5tific progress by too great a love ( ! beautiful1 ano!r to see ?is incl9ation become a cause ( deg5]acy 9 "* itself1 & make u violate ! law ( duty4 ,9 matt]s ( ?\ght ! caprices ( 8ta/e0 are no d\bt an evil1 & !y mu/ ( necessity d>k5 ! intellig5ce2 b ^! same caprices appli$ to ! maxims ( ! w become really p]nici\s & infallibly deprave ! he>t4 ,yet ?is is ! dang]\s extreme to :i* too ref9$ an /hetic culture br+s u directly we ab&on ourselves exclusively to ! feel+s = ! beautiful1 & directly we raise ta/e to ! "p ( absolute lawgiv] ov] our w4 ,! moral de/9ation ( man requires t ! w %\ld be completely indep5d5t ( all influ5ce ( s5su\s in/9cts1 & we "k t ta/e labors incessantly at mak+ ! l9k betwe5 reason & ! s5ses cont9ually clos]4 ,n[ ?is ef=t has c]ta9ly z its result ! ennobl+ ( ! appetites1 & to make !m m con=mable ) ! requirem5ts ( reason2 b ?is v po9t may be a s]i\s dang] = morality4 ,i proce$ to expla9 my mean+4 ,a v ref9$ /hetical education accu/oms ! imag9ation to direct itself accord+ to laws1 ev5 9 its free ex]cise1 & leads ! s5su\s n to h any enjoym5ts )\t ! concurr5ce ( reason2 b x soon foll[s t reason1 9 its turn1 is requir$ to be direct$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ s]i\s op]ations ( its legislative p[]1 accord+ to ! int]e/s ( imag9ation1 & to give no m ord]s to ! w )\t ! cons5t ( ! s5su\s in/9cts4 ,! moral obligation ( ! w1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 an absolute & unconditional law1 takes unp]ceiv$ ! "* ( a simple contract1 :i* only b9ds ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties :5 ! o!r fulfils its engagem5t4 ,! purely accid5tal agreem5t ( duty ) incl9ation ends by be+ consid]$ a necess>y condition1 & ?us ! pr9ciple ( all morality is qu5*$ 9 its s\rce4 ,h[ does ! "* become ?us gradually deprav$8 ,! process may be expla9$ ?us3 ,s long z man is only a savage1 & 8 in/9cts only be> on mat]ial ?+s & a co>se egotism det]m9es 8 actions1 s5su\sness c only become a dang] to morality by its bl9d /r5g?1 & does n oppose reason except z a =ce4 ,! voice ( ju/ice1 mod]ation1 & humanity is /ifl$ by ! appetites1 :i* make a /rong] appeal4 ,man is !n t]rible 9 8 v5geance1 because he is t]ribly s5sitive to insults4 ,he robs1 he kills1 because 8 desires are /ill too p[]ful = ! feeble guidance ( reason4 ,he is t[>ds o!rs l a wild bea/1 because ! in/9ct ( nature /ill rules him aft] ! fa%ion ( animals4 ,b :5 to ! savage /ate1 to t ( nature1 succe$s civilization2 :5 ta/e ennobles ! in/9cts1 & holds out to !m m wor?y objects tak5 f ! moral ord]2 :5 culture mod]ates ! brutal outbur/s ( ! appetites & br+s !m back "u ! discipl9e ( ! beautiful1 x may happ5 t ^! same in/9cts1 :i* 7 only dang]\s be=e by _! bl9d p[]1 com+ to assume an air ( dignity & a c]ta9 assum$ au?ority1 may become m dang]\s ?an be=e to ! morality ( ! "*2 & t1 "u ! guise ( innoc5ce1 nobl5ess1 & purity1 !y may ex]cise ov] ! w a tyranny a hundr$ times worse ?an ! o!r4 ,! man ( ta/e will+ly escapes ! gross ?raldom ( ! appetites4 ,he submits to reason ! in/9ct :i* impels him to pleasure1 & he is will+ to take c\nsel f 8 spiritual & ?9k+ nature = ! *oice ( ! objects he ought to desire4 ,n[1 reason is v apt to mi/ake a spiritualiz$ in/9ct = "o ( its own in/9cts1 & at l5g? to give up to x ! guidance ( ! w1 & ?is 9 proportion z moral judgm5t & /hetic judgm5t1 ! s5se ( ! good & ! s5se ( ! beautiful1 meet 9 ! same object & 9 ! same decision4 ,s long z x rema9s possible = incl9ation & duty to meet 9 ! same object & 9 a common desire1 ?is repres5tation ( ! moral s5se by ! /hetic s5se may n draw aft] x positively evil consequ5ces1 ?\gh1 if ! matt] be /rictly consid]$1 ! morality ( p>ticul> actions does n ga9 by ?is agreem5t4 ,b ! consequ5ces w be q diff]5t :5 s5su\sness & reason h ea* ( !m a diff]5t int]e/4 ,if1 = example1 duty comm&s u to p]=m an action t revolts our ta/e1 or if ta/e feels itself drawn t[>ds an object :i* reason z a moral judge is oblig$ to condemn1 !n1 9 fact1 we sudd5ly enc\nt] ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( ! moral s5se & ^? ( ! /hetic s5se1 :i* s long an agreem5t _h almo/ conf\nd$ to su* a degree t !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$4 ,we mu/ n[ det]m9e _! reciprocal rights1 & f9d :i* ( !m is ! real ma/] 9 our s\l4 ,b su* a long repres5tation ( ! moral s5se by ! s5se ( ! beautiful has made u =get ?is ma/]4 ,:5 we h s long practis$ ?is rule ( obey+ at once ! sugge/ions ( ta/e1 & :5 we h f\nd ! result always satisfactory1 ta/e ends by assum+ a k9d ( appe>ance ( "r4 ,z ta/e has %[n itself irreproa*able 9 ! vigilant wat* x has kept ov] ! w1 we necess>ily come to grant a c]ta9 e/eem to its decisions2 & x is precisely to ?is e/eem t incl9ation1 ) capti\s logic1 gives weight aga9/ ! duties ( consci5ce4 ,e/eem is a feel+ t c only be felt = law1 & :at corresponds to x4 ,:atev] is entitl$ to e/eem lays claim to an unconditional homage4 ,! ennobl$ incl9ation :i* has succe$$ 9 captivat+ our e/eem w1 !re=e1 no long] be satisfi$ ) be+ subord9ate to reason2 x aspires to rank alongside x4 ,x does n wi% to be tak5 = a fai?less subject 9 revolt aga9/ 8 sov]eign2 x wi%es to be reg>d$ z a que52 &1 treat+ reason z its pe]1 to dictate1 l reason1 laws to ! consci5ce4 ,?us1 if we li/5 to h]1 %e w\ld weigh by "r equally 9 ! scale2 & !n h we n good reason to fe> t int]e/ w decide8 ,( all ! incl9ations t are decid$ f ! feel+ = ! beautiful & t are special to ref9$ m9ds1 none comm5ds itself s mu* to ! moral s5se z ! ennobl$ in/9ct ( love2 none is s fruitful 9 impressions :i* correspond to ! true dignity ( man4 ,to :at an elevation does x raise human nature6 & (t5 :at div9e sp>ks does x k9dle 9 ! common s\l6 ,x is a sacr$ fire t consumes e egoti/ical incl9ation1 & ! v pr9ciples ( morality are sc>cely a great] safegu>d ( ! s\l's *a/ity ?an love is = ! nobility ( ! he>t4 ,h[ (t5 x happ5s :ile ! moral pr9ciples are /ill /ruggl+ t love prevails 9 _! favor1 & ha/5s by its irresi/ible p[] ! resolutions t duty alone w\ld h va9ly dem&$ f weak human nature6 ,:o1 !n1 w\ld di/ru/ an affection t protects s p[]fully :at is mo/ excell5t 9 human nature1 & :i* fights s victori\sly aga9/ ! moral foe ( all morality1 egotism8 ,b d n foll[ ?is guide till y h secur$ a bett]4 ,suppose a lov$ object be met t is unhappy1 & unhappy because ( y1 & t x dep5ds only on y to make x happy by sacrific+ a few moral scruples4 ,y may be dispos$ to say1 8,%all ,i let ?is lov$ be+ suff] = ! pleasure ( keep+ our consci5ce pure8 ,is ?is resi/ance requir$ by ?is g5]\s1 devot$ affection1 always ready to =get itself = its object8 ,i grant x is go+ aga9/ consci5ce to h rec\rse to ?is immoral means to solace ! be+ we love2 b c we be said to love if 9 pres5ce ( ?is be+ & ( its sorr[ we cont9ue to ?9k ( ourselves8 ,are we n m tak5 up ) ourselves ?an ) x1 s9ce we pref] to see x unhappy r ?an cons5t to be s ourselves by ! reproa*es ( our consci5ce80 ,^! are ! sophisms t ! passion ( love sets aga9/ consci5ce 7^: voice ?w>ts its int]e/s71 mak+ its utt]ances despicable z sugge/ions ( selfi%ness1 & repres5t+ our moral dignity z "o ( ! compon5ts ( our happ9ess t we are free to ali5ate4 ,!n1 if ! morality ( our "* is n /rongly back$ by good pr9ciples1 we %all surr5d]1 :atev] may be ! impetus ( our exalt$ imag9ation1 to disgraceful acts2 & we %all ?9k t we ga9 a glori\s victory ov] our self-love1 :ile we are only ! despicable victims ( ?is in/9ct4 ,a well-kn[n ,fr5* romance1 8,les ,liaisons ,dang]euses10 gives u a /rik+ example ( ?is delusion1 by :i* love betrays a s\l o!rwise pure & beautiful4 ,! ,presid5te de ,t\rvel errs by surprise1 & seeks to calm h] remorse by ! idea t %e has sacrific$ h] virtue to h] g5]osity4 ,second>y & imp]fect duties1 z !y are /yl$1 are ^? t ! feel+ = ! beautiful takes mo/ will+ly "u its patronage1 & :i* x all[s to prevail on _m occasions ov] p]fect duties4 ,z !y assign a mu* l>g] place to ! arbitr>y option ( ! subject1 & at ! same "t z !y h ! appe>ance ( m]it1 :i* gives !m lu/re1 !y comm5d !mselves f> m to ! /hetic ta/e ?an p]fect or necess>y duties1 :i* oblige u /rictly & unconditionally4 ,h[ _m p all[ !mselves to be unju/ t !y may be g5]\s6 ,h[ _m fail 9 _! duties to society t !y may d good to an individual1 & reciprocally6 ,h[ _m p =give a lie soon] ?an a rud5ess1 a crime aga9/ humanity r ?an an insult to honor6 ,h[ _m debase _! bodies to ha/5 ! p]fection ( _! m9ds1 & degrade _! "* to adorn _! und]/&+6 ,h[ _m d n scruple to commit a crime :5 !y h a laudable end 9 view1 pursue an ideal ( political happ9ess ?r\gh all ! t]rors ( an>*y1 tread "u foot exi/+ laws to make way = bett] ones1 & d n scruple to devote ! pres5t g5]ation to mis]y to secure at ?is co/ ! happ9ess ( future g5]ations6 ,! app>5t unselfi%ness ( c]ta9 virtues gives !m a v>ni% ( purity1 :i* makes !m ra% en\gh to break & run c\nt] to ! moral law2 & _m p are ! dupes ( ?is /range illusion1 to rise high] ?an morality & to endeavor to be m reasonable ?an reason4 ,! man ( a ref9$ ta/e is susceptible1 9 ?is respect1 ( a moral corruption1 f :i* ! rude *ild ( nature is pres]v$ by 8 v co>s5ess4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! opposite ( ! dem&s ( s5se & ! decrees ( ! moral law is s /rongly m>k$ & s manife/1 & ! spiritual elem5t has s small a %>e 9 8 desires1 t al?\gh ! appetites ex]cise a despotic sway ov] him1 !y _c wre/ 8 e/eem f him4 ,?us1 :5 ! savage1 yield+ to ! sup]ior attraction ( s5se1 gives way to ! committal ( an unju/ action1 he may yield to temptation1 b he w n hide f himself t he is committ+ a fault1 & he w d homage to reason ev5 :ile he violates its m&ates4 ,! *ild ( civilization1 on ! contr>y1 ! man ( ref9em5t1 w n admit t he commits a fault1 & to soo! 8 consci5ce he pref]s to impose on x by a sophism4 ,no d\bt he wi%es to obey 8 appetite1 b at ! same "t )\t fall+ 9 8 own e/eem4 ,h[ does he manage ?is8 ,he beg9s by ov]?r[+ ! sup]ior au?ority t ?w>ts 8 incl9ation1 & be=e transgress+ ! law he calls 9 "q ! compet5ce ( ! lawgiv]4 ,c\ld x be expect$ t a corrupt w %\ld s corrupt ! intellig5ce8 ,! only dignity t an incl9ation c assume accrues to x f its agreem5t ) reason2 yet we f9d t incl9ation1 indep5d5t z well z bl9d1 aspires1 at ! v mom5t %e ent]s into conte/ ) reason1 to keep ?is dignity :i* %e owes to reason alone4 ,nay1 incl9ation ev5 aspires to use ?is dignity %e owes to reason aga9/ reason itself4 ,^! are ! dang]s t ?reat5 ! morality ( ! "* :5 too intimate an association is attempt$ betwe5 s5su\s in/9cts & moral in/9cts1 :i* c nev] p]fectly agree 9 real life1 b only 9 ! ideal4 ,i admit t ! s5su\s risks no?+ 9 ?is association1 because x possesses no?+ except :at x mu/ give up directly duty speaks & reason dem&s ! sacrifice4 ,b reason1 z ! arbit] ( ! moral law1 w run ! m risk f ?is union if x receives z a gift f incl9ation :at x might en=ce2 =1 "u ! appe>ance ( fre$om1 ! feel+ ( obligation may be easily lo/1 & :at reason accepts z a favor may q well be refus$ x :5 ! s5su\s f9ds x pa9ful to grant x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 inf9itely saf] = ! morality ( ! "* to susp5d1 at lea/ = a "t1 ?is misrepres5tation ( ! moral s5se by ! s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,x is be/ ( all t reason %\ld comm& by itself )\t m$iation1 & t x %\ld %[ to ! w its true ma/]4 ,! rem>k is1 !re=e1 q ju/ifi$1 t true morality only kn[s itself 9 ! s*ool ( adv]sity1 & t a cont9ual prosp]ity becomes easily a rock ( (f5ce to virtue4 ,i mean "h by prosp]ity ! /ate ( a man :o1 to enjoy ! goods ( life1 ne$ n commit inju/ice1 & :o to con=m to ju/ice ne$ n r5\nce any ( ! goods ( life4 ,! man :o enjoys a cont9ual prosp]ity nev] sees moral duty face to face1 because 8 incl9ations1 naturally regul> & mod]ate1 always anticipate ! m&ate ( reason1 & because no temptation to violate ! law recalls to 8 m9d ! idea ( law4 ,entirely guid$ by ! s5se ( ! beautiful1 :i* repres5ts reason 9 ! _w ( s5se1 he w rea* ! tomb )\t hav+ kn[n by exp]i5ce ! dignity ( 8 de/9y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! un=tunate man1 if he be at ! same "t a virtu\s man1 enjoys ! sublime privilege ( be+ 9 imm$iate int]c\rse ) ! div9e maje/y ( ! moral law2 & z 8 virtue is n second$ by any incl9ation1 he be>s witness 9 ?is l[] _w1 & z a human be+1 ( ! fre$om ( pure spirits6 ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,vulg> ,,& ,,l[ ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,works ,,( ,,art4 ,i call vulg> 7common7 all t does n speak to ! m9d1 ( :i* all ! int]e/ is address$ only to ! s5ses4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s vulg> 9 !mselves f _! mat]ial & subject4 ,b z ! vulg>ity ( ! mat]ial c always be ennobl$ by ! treatm5t1 9 respect ( art ! only "q is t relat+ to ! vulg>ity 9 =m4 ,a vulg> m9d w di%onor ! mo/ noble matt] by treat+ x 9 a common mann]4 ,a great & noble m9d1 on ! contr>y1 w ennoble ev5 a common matt]1 & x w d s by sup]add+ to x some?+ spiritual & discov]+ 9 x "s aspect 9 :i* ?is matt] has greatness4 ,?us1 = example1 a vulg> hi/orian w relate to u ! mo/ insignificant actions ( a h]o ) a scrupul\sness z great z t be/[$ on 8 sublime/ exploit1 & w dwell z l5g?ily on 8 p$igree1 8 co/ume1 & 8 h\sehold z on 8 projects & 8 ent]prises4 ,he w relate ^? ( 8 actions t h ! mo/ gr&eur 9 su* wise t no "o w p]ceive t "* 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 a hi/orian ( g5ius1 himself end[$ ) nobl5ess ( m9d1 w give ev5 to ! private life & ! lea/ consid]able actions ( 8 h]o an int]e/ & a value t w make !m consid]able4 ,?us1 aga91 9 ! matt] ( ! pla/ic arts1 ! ,dut* & ,flemi% pa9t]s h giv5 pro( ( a vulg> ta/e2 ! ,italians1 & /ill m ! anci5t ,greeks1 ( a gr& & noble ta/e4 ,! ,greeks always w5t to ! ideal2 !y reject$ e vulg> feature1 & *ose no common subject4 ,a portrait pa9t] c repres5t 8 model 9 a common mann] or ) gr&eur2 9 a common mann] if he reproduce ! m]ely accid5tal details ) ! same c>e z ! ess5tial features1 if he neglect ! great to c>ry out ! m9uti curi\sly4 ,he does x gr&ly if he "k h[ to f9d out & place 9 relief :at is mo/ int]e/+1 & di/+ui% ! accid5tal f ! necess>y2 if he be satisfi$ ) indicat+ :at is paltry1 res]v+ all ! f9i% ( ! execution = :at is great4 ,& ! only ?+ t is great is ! expression ( ! s\l itself1 manife/+ itself by actions1 ge/ures1 or attitudes4 ,! poet treats 8 subject 9 a common mann] :5 9 ! execution ( 8 !me he dwells on valueless facts & only skims rapidly ov] ^? t are important4 ,he treats 8 !me ) gr&eur :5 he associates ) x :at is great4 ,= example1 ,hom] treat$ ! %ield ( ,a*illes gr&ly1 ?\gh ! mak+ ( a %ield1 look+ m]ely at ! matt]1 is a v commonplace affair4 ,"o degree bel[ ! common or ! vulg> is ! elem5t ( ! base or gross1 :i* diff]s f ! common 9 be+ n only some?+ negative1 a simple lack ( inspiration or nobl5ess1 b some?+ positive1 m>k+ co>se feel+s1 bad morals1 & contemptible mann]s4 ,vulg>ity only te/ifies t an advantage is want+1 :]e( ! abs5ce is a matt] ( regret2 bas5ess indicates ! want ( a quality :i* we are au?oriz$ to require 9 all4 ,?us1 = example1 rev5ge1 consid]$ 9 itself1 9 :atev] place or way x manife/s itself1 is some?+ vulg>1 because x is ! pro( ( a lack ( g5]osity4 ,b !re is1 moreov]1 a base v5geance1 :5 ! man1 to satisfy x1 employs means expos$ to contempt4 ,! base always implies some?+ gross1 or rem9ds "o ( ! mob1 :ile ! common c be f\nd 9 a well-born & well-br$ man1 :o may ?9k & act 9 a common mann] if he has only m$iocre faculties4 ,a man acts 9 a common mann] :5 he is only tak5 up ) 8 own int]e/1 & x is 9 ?is t he is 9 opposition ) ! really noble man1 :o1 :5 necess>y1 kn[s h[ to =get himself to procure "s enjoym5t = o!rs4 ,b ! same man w\ld act 9 a base mann] if he consult$ 8 int]e/s at ! co/ ( 8 honor1 & if 9 su* a case he did n ev5 take ^u himself to respect ! laws ( dec5cy4 ,?us ! common is only ! contr>y ( ! noble2 ! base is ! contr>y bo? ( ! noble & ! seemly4 ,to give y\rself up1 unresi/+1 to all y\r passions1 to satisfy all y\r impulses1 )\t be+ *eck$ ev5 by ! rules ( propriety1 /ill less by ^? ( morality1 is to conduct y\rself basely1 & to betray bas5ess ( ! s\l4 ,! arti/ also may fall into a l[ /yle1 n only by *oos+ ignoble subjects1 (f5sive to dec5cy & good ta/e1 b moreov] by treat+ !m 9 a base mann]4 ,x is to treat a subject 9 a base mann] if ^? sides are made prom95t :i* propriety directs u to conceal1 or if x is express$ 9 a mann] t incid5tally awak5s l[ ideas4 ,! lives ( ! great] "p ( m5 c pres5t p>ticul>s ( a l[ k9d1 b x is only a l[ imag9ation t w pick out ^! = repres5tation4 ,!re are pictures describ+ sacr$ hi/ory 9 :i* ! ,apo/les1 ! ,virg91 & ev5 ! ,*ri/1 are depict$ 9 su* wise t !y might be suppos$ to be tak5 f ! dregs ( ! populace4 ,?is /yle ( execution always betrays a l[ ta/e1 & might ju/ly lead to ! inf]5ce t ! arti/ himself ?9ks co>sely & l ! mob4 ,no d\bt !re are cases :]e art itself may be all[$ to produce base images3 = example1 :5 ! aim is to provoke laught]4 ,a man ( poli%$ mann]s may also sometimes1 & )\t betray+ a corrupt ta/e1 be amus$ by c]ta9 features :5 nature expresses h]self crudely b ) tru?1 & he may enjoy ! contra/ betwe5 ! mann]s ( poli%$ society & ^? ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,a man ( position appe>+ intoxicat$ w always make a disagreeable impression on u2 b a drunk5 driv]1 sailor1 or c>t] w only be a risible object4 ,je/s t w\ld be insuff]able 9 a man ( education amuse u 9 ! m\? ( ! p4 ,( ?is k9d are _m ( ! sc5es ( ,ari/ophanes1 :o unhappily sometimes exce$s ?is limit1 & becomes absolutely condemnable4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 ! s\rce ( ! pleasure we take 9 p>odies1 :5 ! feel+s1 ! language1 & ! mode ( action ( ! common p are fictiti\sly l5t to ! same p]sonages :om ! poet has treat$ ) all possible dignity & dec5cy4 ,z soon z ! poet means only to je/1 & seeks only to amuse1 we c ov]look traits ( a l[ k9d1 provid$ he nev] /irs up indignation or disgu/4 ,he /irs up indignation :5 he places bas5ess :]e x is q unp>donable1 t is 9 ! case ( m5 :o are expect$ to %[ f9e moral s5se4 ,9 attribut+ bas5ess to !m he w ei!r outrage tru?1 = we pref] to ?9k him a li> ?an to believe t well-tra9$ m5 c act 9 a base mann]2 or 8 p]sonages w (f5d our moral s5se1 &1 :at is worse1 excite our imag9ation4 ,i d n mean by ?is to condemn f>ces2 a f>ce implies betwe5 ! poet & ! spectator a tacit cons5t t no tru? is to be expect$ 9 ! piece4 ,9 a f>ce we exempt ! poet f all fai?fulness 9 8 pictures2 he has a k9d ( privilege to tell u untru?s4 ,"h1 9 fact1 all ! comic consi/s exactly 9 its contra/ ) ! tru?1 & s x _c possibly be true4 ,?is is n all3 ev5 9 ! s]i\s & ! tragic !re are c]ta9 places :]e ! l[ elem5t c be br\ght into play4 ,b 9 ?is case ! affair mu/ pass into ! t]rible1 & ! mom5t>y violation ( our good ta/e mu/ be mask$ by a /rong impression1 :i* br+s our passion into play4 ,9 o!r words1 ! l[ impression mu/ be absorb$ by a sup]ior tragic impression4 ,!ft1 = example1 is a ?+ absolutely base1 & :atev] argum5ts our he>t may sugge/ to excuse ! ?ief1 :atev] ! pressure ( circum/ances t l$ him to ! !ft1 x is always an indelible br& /amp$ ^u him1 &1 /hetically speak+1 he w always rema9 a base object4 ,on ?is po9t ta/e is ev5 less =giv+ ?an morality1 & its tribunal is m sev]e2 because an /hetical object is responsible ev5 = ! accessory ideas t are awak5$ 9 u by su* an object1 :ile moral judgm5t elim9ates all t is m]ely accid5tal4 ,accord+ to ?is view a man :o robs w\ld always be an object to be reject$ by ! poet :o wi%es to pres5t s]i\s pictures4 ,b suppose ?is man is at ! same "t a murd]]1 he is ev5 m to be condemn$ ?an be=e by ! moral law4 ,b 9 ! /hetic judgm5t he is rais$ "o degree high] & made bett] adapt$ to figure 9 a "w ( art4 ,cont9u+ to judge him f ! /hetic po9t ( view1 x may be add$ t he :o abases himself by a vile action c to a c]ta9 ext5t be rais$ by a crime1 & c be ?us re9/at$ 9 our /hetic e/imation4 ,?is contradiction betwe5 ! moral judgm5t & ! /hetical judgm5t is a fact entitl$ to att5tion & consid]ation4 ,x may be expla9$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,fir/1 ,i h already said t1 z ! /hetic judgm5t dep5ds on ! imag9ation1 all ! accessory ideas awak5$ 9 u by an object & naturally associat$ ) x1 mu/ !mselves influ5ce ?is judgm5t4 ,n[1 if ^! accessory ideas are base1 !y infallibly /amp ?is "* on ! pr9cipal object4 ,9 ! second place1 :at we look = 9 ! /hetic judgm5t is /r5g?2 :il/ 9 a judgm5t pron\nc$ 9 ! "n ( ! moral s5se we consid] lawfulness4 ,! lack ( /r5g? is some?+ contemptible1 & e action f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! ag5t lacks /r5g? is1 by t v fact1 a contemptible action4 ,e c[>dly & und]h& action is repugnant to u1 because x is a pro( ( impot5ce2 &1 on ! contr>y1 a devili% wick$ness c1 /hetically speak+1 flatt] our ta/e1 z soon z x m>ks /r5g?4 ,n[1 a !ft te/ifies to a vile & grovell+ m9d3 a murd] has at lea/ on its side ! appe>ance ( /r5g?2 ! int]e/ we take 9 x /hetically is 9 proportion to ! /r5g? t is manife/$ 9 x4 ,a ?ird reason is1 because 9 pres5ce ( a deep & horrible crime we no long] ?9k ( ! quality b ! awful consequ5ces ( ! action4 ,! /rong] emotion cov]s & /ifles ! weak] "o4 ,we d n look back into ! m9d ( ! ag5t3 we look onw>d into 8 de/9y1 we ?9k ( ! effects ( 8 action4 ,n[1 directly we beg9 to tremble all ! delicacies ( ta/e are r$uc$ to sil5ce4 ,! pr9cipal impression entirely fills our m9d3 ! accessory & accid5tal ideas1 9 :i* *iefly dwell all impressions ( bas5ess1 are effac$ f x4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! !ft committ$ by "y ,ruhb]g1 9 ! 8,crime ?r\gh ,ambition10#aj f> f displeas+ on ! /age1 is a real tragic effect4 ,! poet ) great skill has manag$ ! circum/ances 9 su* wise t we are c>ri$ away2 we are left almo/ brea?less4 ,! frightful mis]y ( ! family1 & especially ! grief ( ! fa!r1 are objects t attract our att5tion1 turn x aside1 f ! p]son ( ! ag5t1 t[>ds ! consequ5ces ( 8 act4 ,we are too mu* mov$ to t>ry long 9 repres5t+ to our m9ds ! /amp ( infamy ) :i* ! !ft is m>k$4 ,9 a ^w1 ! base elem5t disappe>s 9 ! t]rible4 ,x is s+ul> t ?is !ft1 really accompli%$ by "y ,ruhb]g1 inspires u ) less repugnance ?an1 9 ano!r piece1 ! m]e suspicion ( a !ft1 a suspicion :i* is actually )\t f\ndation4 ,9 ! latt] case x is a "y (fic] :o is accus$ )\t gr\nds ( hav+ ab/ract$ a silv] spoon1 :i* is recov]$ lat] on4 ,?us ! base elem5t is r$uc$ 9 ?is case to a purely imag9>y ?+1 a m]e suspicion1 & ?is suffices nev]!less to d an irrep>able injury1 9 our /hetical appreciation1 to ! h]o ( ! piece1 9 spite ( 8 innoc5ce4 ,?is is because a man :o is suppos$ capable ( a base action did n app>5tly enjoy a v solid reputation = morality1 = ! laws ( propriety require t a man %\ld be held to be a man ( honor z long z he does n %[ ! opposite4 ,if !re=e any?+ contemptible is imput$ to him1 x seems t by "s "p ( 8 pa/ conduct he has giv5 rise to a suspicion ( ?is k9d1 & ?is does him injury1 ?\gh all ! odi\s & ! base 9 an undes]v$ suspicion are on ! side ( him :o accuses4 ,a po9t t does /ill great] injury to ! h]o ( ! piece ( :i* ,i am speak+ is ! fact t he is an (fic]1 & ! lov] ( a lady ( condition br\ght up 9 a mann] suitable to h] rank4 ,) ^! two titles1 t ( ?ief makes q a revolt+ contra/1 & x is impossible = u1 :5 we see him ne> 8 lady1 n to ?9k t p]haps at t v mom5t he _h ! silv] spoon 9 8 pocket4 ,la/ly1 ! mo/ un=tunate "p ( ! bus9ess is1 t he has no idea ( ! suspicion weigh+ ov] him1 = if he _h a k ( x1 9 8 "* ( (fic]1 he w\ld exact a sangu9>y rep>ation4 ,9 ?is case ! consequ5ces ( ! suspicion w\ld *ange to ! t]rible1 & all t is base 9 ! situation w\ld disappe>4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 moreov]1 betwe5 ! bas5ess ( feel+ & t :i* is connect$ ) ! mode ( treatm5t & circum/ance4 ,! =m] 9 all respects is bel[ /hetic dignity2 ! second 9 _m cases may p]fectly agree ) x4 ,slav]y1 = example1 is a base ?+2 b a s]vile m9d 9 a free man is contemptible4 ,! labors ( ! slave1 on ! contr>y1 are n s :5 8 feel+s are n s]vile4 ,f> f ?is1 a base condition1 :5 jo9$ to elevat$ feel+s1 c become a s\rce ( ! sublime4 ,! ma/] ( ,epictetus1 :o beat him1 act$ basely1 & ! slave beat5 by him %[$ a sublime s\l4 ,true greatness1 :5 x is met 9 a base condition1 is only ! m brilliant & spl5did on t acc\nt3 & ! arti/ mu/ n fe> to %[ u 8 h]oes ev5 "u a contemptible ext]ior z soon z he is sure ( be+ able to give !m1 :5 he wi%es1 ! expression ( moral dignity4 ,b :at c be grant$ to ! poet is n always all[$ 9 ! arti/4 ,! poet only addresses ! imag9ation2 ! pa9t] addresses ! s5ses directly4 ,x foll[s n only t ! impression ( ! picture is m lively ?an t ( ! poem1 b also t ! pa9t]1 if he employ only 8 natural signs1 _c make ! m9ds ( 8 p]sonages z visible z ! poet c ) ! arbitr>y signs at 8 comm&3 yet x is only ! sight ( ! m9d t c reconcile u to c]ta9 ext]iors4 ,:5 ,hom] causes 8 ,ulysses to appe> 9 ! rags ( a begg>1#aa we are at lib]ty to repres5t 8 image to our m9d m or less fully1 & to dwell on x z long z we l4 ,b 9 no case w x be suffici5tly vivid to excite our repugnance or disgu/4 ,b if a pa9t]1 or ev5 a trag$ian1 try to reproduce fai?fully ! ,ulysses ( ,hom]1 we turn away f ! picture ) repugnance4 ,x is because 9 ?is case ! great] or less vividness ( ! impression no long] dep5ds on our w3 we _c help see+ :at ! pa9t] places "u our eyes2 & x is n easy = u to remove ! accessory repugnant ideas :i* ! picture recalls to our m9d4 ,,deta*$ ,,reflections ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,que/ions ,,( ,,/hetics4 ,all ! prop]ties by :i* an object c become /hetic1 c be ref]r$ to f\r classes1 :i*1 z well accord+ to _! objective diff]5ces z accord+ to _! diff]5t relation ) ! subject1 produce on our passive & active faculties pleasures unequal n only 9 int5sity b also 9 wor?2 classes :i* also are ( an unequal use = ! end ( ! f9e arts3 !y are ! agreeable1 ! good1 ! sublime1 & ! beautiful4 ,( ^! f\r categories1 ! sublime & ! beautiful only belong prop]ly to art4 ,! agreeable is n wor?y ( art1 & ! good is at lea/ n its end2 = ! aim ( art is to please1 & ! good1 :e!r we consid] x 9 !ory or 9 practice1 nei!r c nor ought to s]ve z a means ( satisfy+ ! wants ( s5su\sness4 ,! agreeable only satisfies ! s5ses1 & is di/+ui%$ !reby f ! good1 :i* only pleases ! reason4 ,! agreeable only pleases by its matt]1 = x is only matt] t c affect ! s5ses1 & all t is =m c only please ! reason4 ,x is true t ! beautiful only pleases ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! good2 b x pleases reason1 on acc\nt ( its =m1 by :i* x is ess5tially di/+ui%$ f ! agreeable4 ,x might be said t ! good pleases only by its =m be+ 9 h>mony ) reason2 ! beautiful by its =m hav+ "s relation ( resemblance ) reason1 & t ! agreeable absolutely does n please by its =m4 ,! good is p]ceiv$ by ?\ght1 ! beautiful by intuition1 & ! agreeable only by ! s5ses4 ,! fir/ pleases by ! conception1 ! second by ! idea1 & ! ?ird by mat]ial s5sation4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! good & ! agreeable is t :i* /rikes ! eyes ! mo/4 ,! good wid5s our und]/&+1 because x procures & supposes an idea ( its object2 ! pleasure :i* x makes u p]ceive re/s on an objective f\ndation1 ev5 :5 ?is pleasure itself is b a c]ta9 /ate 9 :i* we are situat$4 ,! agreeable1 on ! contr>y1 produces no notion ( its object1 &1 inde$1 reposes on no objective f\ndation4 ,x is agreeable only inasmu* z x is felt by ! subject1 & ! idea ( x completely vani%es ! mom5t an ob/ruction is plac$ on ! affectibility ( ! s5ses1 or only :5 x is modifi$4 ,= a man :o feels ! cold ! agreeable w\ld be a w>m air2 b ?is same man1 9 ! heat ( summ]1 w\ld seek ! %ade & coolness2 b we mu/ agree t 9 bo? cases he has judg$ well4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* is objective is altoge!r indep5d5t ( u1 & t :i* to-day appe>s to u true1 useful1 reasonable1 ought yet 7if ?is judgm5t ( to-day be admitt$ z j7 to seem to u ! same tw5ty ye>s h5ce4 ,b our judgm5t ( ! agreeable *anges z soon z our /ate1 ) reg>d to its object1 has *ang$4 ,! agreeable is !re=e n a prop]ty ( ! object2 x spr+s entirely f ! relations ( su* an object ) our s5ses1 = ! con/itution ( our s5ses is a necess>y condition !re(4 ,! good1 on ! contr>y1 is good 9 itself1 be=e be+ repres5t$ to u1 & be=e be+ felt4 ,! prop]ty by :i* x pleases exi/s fully 9 itself )\t be+ 9 want ( our subject1 al?\gh ! pleasure :i* we take 9 x re/s on an aptitude = feel+ t :i* is 9 u4 ,?us we c say t ! agreeable exi/s only because x is exp]i5c$1 & t ! good1 on ! contr>y1 is exp]i5c$ because x exi/s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! beautiful & ! agreeable1 great z x is1 moreov]1 /rikes ! eye less4 ,! beautiful approa*es ! agreeable 9 ?is--t x mu/ always be propos$ to ! s5ses1 inasmu* z x pleases only z a ph5om5on4 ,x comes ne> to x aga9 9 z f> z x nei!r procures nor supposes any notion ( its object4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is widely sep>at$ f ! agreeable1 because x pleases by ! =m "u :i* x is produc$1 & n by ! fact ( ! mat]ial s5sation4 ,no d\bt x only pleases ! reasonable subject 9 s f> z x is also a s5su\s subject2 b also x pleases ! s5su\s subject only inasmu* z x is at ! same "t a reasonable subject4 ,! beautiful is n only pleas+ to ! individual b to ! :ole species2 & al?\gh x draws its exi/5ce b f its relation ) creatures at ! same "t reasonable & s5su\s1 x is n less indep5d5t ( all empirical limitations ( s5su\sness1 & x rema9s id5tical ev5 :5 ! p>ticul> con/itution ( ! individual is modifi$4 ,! beautiful has exactly 9 common ) ! good t by :i* x diff]s f ! agreeable1 & x diff]s f ! good exactly 9 t 9 :i* x approximates to ! agreeable4 ,by ! good we mu/ und]/& t 9 :i* reason recognizes a con=mity ) h] !oretical & practical laws4 ,b ! same object c be p]fectly con=mable to ! !oretical reason1 & n be ! less 9 contradiction 9 ! highe/ degree ) ! practical reason4 ,we c disapprove ( ! end ( an ent]prise1 & yet admire ! skill ( ! means & _! relation ) ! end 9 view4 ,we c despise ! pleasures :i* ! voluptu\s man makes ! end ( 8 life1 & nev]!less praise ! skill :i* he exhibits 9 ! *oice ( 8 means1 & ! logical result ) :i* he c>ries out 8 pr9ciples4 ,t :i* pleases u only by its =m is good1 absolutely good1 & )\t any conditions1 :5 its =m is at ! same "t its matt]4 ,! good is also an object ( s5su\sness1 b n ( an imm$iate s5su\sness1 z ! agreeable1 nor moreov] ( a mix$ s5su\sness1 z ! beautiful4 ,x does n excite desire z ! fir/1 nor incl9ation z ! second4 ,! simple idea ( ! good inspires only e/eem4 ,! diff]5ce sep>at+ ! agreeable1 ! good1 & ! beautiful be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x is evid5t t ! same object c be ugly1 defective1 ev5 to be morally reject$1 & nev]!less be agreeable & pleas+ to ! s5ses2 t an object c revolt ! s5ses1 & yet be good1 i4e41 please ! reason2 t an object c f its inmo/ nature revolt ! moral s5ses1 & yet please ! imag9ation :i* contemplates x1 & /ill be beautiful4 ,x is because ea* "o ( ^! ideas int]e/s diff]5t faculties1 & int]e/s diff]5tly4 ,b h we exhau/$ ! classification ( ! /hetic attributes8 ,no1 !re are objects at ! same "t ugly1 revolt+1 & horrify+ to ! s5ses1 :i* d n please ! und]/&+1 & ( no acc\nt to ! moral judgm5t1 & ^! objects d n fail to please2 c]ta9ly to please to su* a degree1 t we w\ld will+ly sacrifice ! pleasure ( ^! s5ses & t ( ! und]/&+ to procure = u ! enjoym5t ( ^! objects4 ,!re is no?+ m attractive 9 nature ?an a beautiful l&scape1 illum9at$ by ! purple light ( ev5+4 ,! ri* v>iety ( ! objects1 ! mell[ outl9es1 ! play ( lights inf9itely v>y+ ! aspect1 ! light vapors :i* envelop di/ant objects1--all comb9e 9 *>m+ ! s5ses2 & add to x1 to increase our pleasure1 ! s(t murmur ( a cascade1 ! song ( ! night+ales1 an agreeable music4 ,we give ourselves up to a s(t s5sation ( repose1 & :il/ our s5ses1 t\*$ by ! h>mony ( ! colors1 ! =ms1 & ! s\nds1 exp]i5ce ! agreeable 9 ! highe/1 ! m9d is rejoic$ by ! easy & ri* fl[ ( ! ideas1 ! he>t by ! s5tim5ts :i* ov]fl[ 9 x l a torr5t4 ,all at once a /orm spr+s up1 d>k5+ ! sky & all ! l&scape1 surpass+ & sil5c+ all o!r noises1 & sudd5ly tak+ f u all our pleasures4 ,black cl\ds encircle ! horizon2 ! ?und] falls ) a deaf5+ noise4 ,fla% succe$s fla%4 ,our sight & he>+ is affect$ 9 ! mo/ revolt+ mann]4 ,! lightn+ only appe>s to r5d] to u m visible ! horrors ( ! night3 we see ! electric fluid /rike1 nay1 we beg9 to fe> le/ x may /rike u4 ,well1 t does n prev5t u f believ+ t we h ga9$ m ?an lo/ by ! *ange2 ,i except1 ( c\rse1 ^? :om fe> has b]eft ( all lib]ty ( judgm5t4 ,we are1 on ! "o h&1 =cibly drawn t[>ds ?is t]rible spectacle1 :i* on ! o!r w\nds & repulses our s5ses1 & we pause be=e x ) a feel+ :i* we _c prop]ly call a pleasure1 b "o :i* we (t5 l mu* m ?an pleasure4 ,b /ill1 ! spectacle t nature !n (f]s to u is 9 itself r de/ructive ?an good 7at all ev5ts we 9 no way ne$ to ?9k ( ! utility ( a /orm to take pleasure 9 ?is ph5om5on71 is 9 itself r ugly ?an beautiful1 = ! d>kness1 hid+ f u all ! images :i* light af=ds1 _c be 9 itself a pleasant ?+2 & ^? sudd5 cra%es ) :i* ! ?und] %akes ! atmosph]e1 ^? sudd5 fla%es :5 ! lightn+ r5ds ! cl\d--all is contr>y to "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( ! beautiful1 :i* c>ries ) x no?+ abrupt1 no?+ viol5t4 ,& moreov] ?is ph5om5on1 if we consid] only our s5ses1 is r pa9ful ?an agreeable1 = ! n]ves ( our sight & ^? ( our he>+ are ea* 9 _! turn pa9fully /ra9$1 !n n less viol5tly relax$1 by ! alt]nations ( light & d>kness1 ( ! explosion ( ! ?und]1 & sil5ce4 ,& 9 spite ( all ^! causes ( displeasure1 a /orm is an attractive ph5om5on = :omsoev] is n afraid ( x4 ,ano!r example4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a gre5 & smil+ pla9 !re rises a nak$ & b>r5 hillock1 :i* hides f ! sight a "p ( ! view4 ,ea* "o w\ld wi% t ?is hillock 7 remov$ :i* disfigures ! beauty ( all ! l&scape4 ,well1 let u imag9e ?is hillock ris+1 ris+ /ill1 )\t inde$ *ang+ at all its %ape1 & pres]v+1 al?\gh on a great] scale1 ! same proportions betwe5 its wid? & height4 ,to beg9 )1 our impression ( displeasure w b increase ) ! hillock itself1 :i* w ! m /rike ! sight1 & :i* w be ! m repulsive4 ,b cont9ue2 raise x up twice z high z a t[]1 & ins5sibly ! displeasure w efface itself to make way = q ano!r feel+4 ,! hill has at la/ become a m\nta91 s high a m\nta9 t x is q impossible = our eyes to take x 9 at "o look4 ,!re is an object m precoci\s ?an all ?is smil+ pla9 :i* surr\nds x1 & ! impression t x makes on u is ( su* a nature t we %\ld regret to ex*ange x = any o!r impression1 h[ev] beautiful x might be4 ,n[1 suppose ?is m\nta9 to be lean+1 & ( su* an incl9ation t we c\ld expect x e m9ute to cra% d[n1 ! previ\s impression w be complicat$ ) ano!r impression3 t]ror w be jo9$ to x3 ! object itself w be b /ill m attractive4 ,b suppose x 7 possible to prop up ?is lean+ m\nta9 ) ano!r m\nta91 ! t]ror w\ld disappe>1 & ) x a good "p ( ! pleasure we exp]i5c$4 ,suppose t !re 7 beside ?is m\nta9 f\r or five o!r m\nta9s1 ( :i* ea* "o 0 a f\r? or a fif? "p l[] ?an ! "o :i* came imm$iately aft]2 ! fir/ impression ) :i* ! height ( "o m\nta9 inspir$ u w be notably weak5$4 ,some?+ some:at analog\s w\ld take place if ! m\nta9 itself 7 cut into t5 or twelve t]races1 uni=mly dim9i%+2 or aga9 if x 7 artificially decorat$ ) plantations4 ,we h at fir/ subject$ "o m\nta9 to no o!r op]ation ?an t ( increas+ its size1 leav+ x o!rwise j z x 01 & )\t alt]+ its =m2 & ?is simple circum/ance has suffic$ to make an indiff]5t or ev5 disagreeable object satisfy+ to ! eyes4 ,by ! second op]ation1 ?is enl>g$ object has become at ! same "t an object ( t]ror2 & ! pleasure :i* we h f\nd 9 contemplat+ x has b be5 ! great]4 ,f9ally1 by ! la/ op]ation :i* we h made1 we h dim9i%$ ! t]ror :i* its sight occasion$1 & ! pleasure has dim9i%$ z mu*4 ,we h dim9i%$ subjectively ! idea ( its height1 :e!r by divid+ ! att5tion ( ! spectator betwe5 sev]al objects1 or 9 giv+ to ! eyes1 by means ( ^! small] m\nta9s1 plac$ ne> to ! l>ge "o1 a measure by :i* to ma/] ! height ( ! m\nta9 all ! m easily4 ,! great & ! t]rible c !re=e be ( !mselves 9 c]ta9 cases a s\rce ( /hetic pleasure4 ,!re is n 9 ! ,greek my?ology a m t]rible1 & at ! same "t m hide\s1 picture ?an ! ,furies1 or ,er9yes1 quitt+ ! inf]nal regions to ?r[ !mselves 9 ! pursuit ( a crim9al4 ,_! faces frightfully contract$ & grimac+1 _! fle%less bodies1 _! heads cov]$ ) s]p5ts 9 ! place ( hair--revolt our s5ses z mu* z !y (f5d our ta/e4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ^! mon/]s are repres5t$ to u 9 ! pursuit ( ,ore/es1 ! murd]] ( 8 "m1 :5 !y are %[n to u br&i%+ ! tor*es 9 _! h&s1 & *as+ _! prey1 )\t peace or truce1 f c\ntry to c\ntry1 until at la/1 ! ang] ( ju/ice be+ appeas$1 !y engulf !mselves 9 ! abyss ( ! inf]nal regions2 !n we pause be=e ! picture ) a horror mix$ ) pleasure4 ,b n only ! remorse ( a crim9al :i* is p]sonifi$ by ! ,furies1 ev5 8 unrighte\s acts3 nay1 ! real p]petration ( a crime1 are able to please u 9 a "w ( art4 ,m$ea1 9 ! ,greek trag$y2 ,clytemne/ra1 :o takes ! life ( h] husb&2 ,ore/es1 :o kills 8 "m1 fill our s\l ) horror & ) pleasure4 ,ev5 9 real life1 indiff]5t & ev5 repulsive or frightful objects beg9 to int]e/ u ! mom5t t !y approa* ! mon/r\s or ! t]rible4 ,an altoge!r vulg> & insignificant man w beg9 to please u ! mom5t t a viol5t passion1 :i* inde$ 9 no way upraises 8 p]sonal value1 makes him an object ( fe> & t]ror1 9 ! same way t a vulg>1 mean+less object becomes to u ! s\rce ( /hetic pleasure ! in/ant we h enl>g$ x to ! po9t :]e x ?reat5s to ov]/ep our compreh5sion4 ,an ugly man is made /ill m ugly by passion1 & nev]!less x is 9 bur/s ( ?is passion1 provid$ t x turns to ! t]rible & n to ! ridicul\s1 t ?is man w be to u ( ! mo/ int]e/4 ,?is rem>k ext5ds ev5 to animals4 ,an ox at ! pl[1 a horse be=e a c>riage1 a dog1 are common objects2 b excite ?is bull to ! combat1 enrage ?is horse :o is s peaceable1 or repres5t to y\rself ?is dog a prey to madness2 in/antly ^! animals are rais$ to ! rank ( /hetic objects1 & we beg9 to reg>d !m ) a feel+ :i* bord]s on pleasure & e/eem4 ,! incl9ation to ! pa!tic--an incl9ation common to all m5--! /r5g? ( ! sympa!tic s5tim5t--?is =ce :i* 9 nature makes u wi% to see suff]+1 t]ror1 dismay1 :i* has s _m attractions = u 9 art1 :i* makes u hurry to ! !atre1 :i* makes u take s mu* pleasure 9 ! pictur+ ( great mis=tune1--all ?is be>s te/imony to a f\r? s\rce ( /hetic pleasure1 :i* nei!r ! agreeable1 nor ! good1 nor ! beautiful are 9 a /ate to produce4 ,all ! examples t ,i h alleg$ up to ! pres5t h ?is 9 common--t ! feel+ !y excite 9 u re/s on some?+ objective4 ,9 all ^! ph5om5a we receive ! idea ( some?+ 8:i* ov]/eps1 or :i* ?reat5s to ov]/ep1 ! p[] ( compreh5sion ( our s5ses1 or _! p[] ( resi/ance02 b n1 h[ev]1 go+ s f> z to p>alyze ^! two p[]s1 or s f> z to r5d] u incapable ( /riv+1 ei!r to "k ! object1 or to resi/ ! impression x makes on u4 ,!re is 9 ! ph5om5a a complexity :i* we _c retrace to unity )\t driv+ ! intuitive faculty to its fur!/ limits4 ,we h ! idea ( a =ce 9 comp>ison ) :i* our own vani%es1 & :i* we are nev]!less compell$ to comp>e ) our own4 ,ei!r x is an object :i* at ! same "t pres5ts & hides itself f our faculty ( intuition1 & :i* urges u to /rive to repres5t x to ourselves1 )\t leav+ room to hope t ?is aspiration w be satisfi$2 or else x is an object :i* appe>s to upraise itself z an enemy1 ev5 aga9/ our exi/5ce--:i* provokes u1 s to say1 to combat1 & makes u anxi\s z to ! issue4 ,9 all ! alleg$ examples !re is visible 9 ! same way ! same action on ! faculty ( feel+4 ,all ?r[ our s\ls into an anxi\s agitation & /ra9 its spr+s4 ,a c]ta9 gravity :i* c ev5 raise itself to a solemn rejoic+ takes possession ( our s\l1 & :il/ our organs betray evid5t signs ( int]nal anxiety1 our m9d falls back on itself by reflection1 & appe>s to f9d a support 9 a high] consci\sness ( its indep5d5t /r5g? & dignity4 ,?is consci\sness ( ourselves mu/ always dom9ate 9 ord] t ! great & ! horrible may h = u an /hetic value4 ,x is because ! s\l be=e su* sights z ^! feels itself inspir$ & lift$ above itself t !y are designat$ "u ! "n ( sublime1 al?\gh ! ?+s !mselves are objectively 9 no way sublime2 & consequ5tly x w\ld be m j to say t !y are elevat+ ?an to call !m 9 !mselves elevat$ or sublime4 ,= an object to be call$ sublime x mu/ be 9 opposition ) our s5su\sness4 ,9 g5]al x is possible to conceive b two diff]5t relations betwe5 ! objects & our s5su\sness1 & consequ5tly !re ought to be two k9ds ( resi/ance4 ,!y ought ei!r to be consid]$ z objects f :i* we wi% to draw a k1 or else !y %\ld be reg>d$ z a =ce ) :i* we comp>e our own4 ,accord+ to ?is division !re are two k9ds ( ! sublime1 ! sublime ( k & ! sublime ( =ce4 ,moreov]1 ! s5su\s faculties contribute to k only 9 grasp+ a giv5 matt]1 & putt+ "o by ! o!r its complexity 9 "t & 9 space4 ,z to dissect+ ?is complex prop]ty & assort+ x1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! und]/&+ & n ( ! imag9ation4 ,x is = ! und]/&+ alone t ! div]sity exi/s3 = ! imag9ation 7consid]$ simply z a s5su\s faculty7 !re is b an uni=mity1 & consequ5tly x is b ! numb] ( ! uni=m ?+s 7! quantity & n ! quality7 :i* c give orig9 to any diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5su\s p]ception ( ph5om5a4 ,?us1 9 ord] t ! faculty ( pictur+ ?+s s5su\sly may be r$uc$ to impot5ce be=e an object1 necess>ily x is imp]ative t ?is object exce$s 9 its quantity ! capacity ( our imag9ation4 ,,on ,,simple ,,& ,,s5tim5tal ,,poetry4 ,!re are mom5ts 9 life :5 nature inspires u ) a sort ( love & respectful emotion1 n because %e is pleas+ to our s5ses1 or because %e satisfies our m9d or our ta/e 7x is (t5 ! v opposite t happ5s71 b m]ely because %e is nature4 ,?is feel+ is (t5 elicit$ :5 nature is consid]$ 9 h] plants1 9 h] m9]al k+dom1 9 rural di/ricts2 also 9 ! case ( human nature1 9 ! case ( *ildr51 & 9 ! mann]s ( c\ntry p & ( ! primitive races4 ,e man ( ref9$ feel+1 provid$ he has a s\l1 exp]i5ces ?is feel+ :5 he walks out "u ! op5 sky1 :5 he lives 9 ! c\ntry1 or :5 he /ops to contemplate ! monum5ts ( e>ly ages2 9 %ort1 :5 escap+ f factiti\s situations & relations1 he f9ds himself sudd5ly face to face ) nature4 ,?is int]e/1 :i* is (t5 exalt$ 9 u s z to become a want1 is ! explanation ( _m ( our fancies = fl[]s & = animals1 our pref]5ce = g>d5s laid out 9 ! natural /yle1 our love ( walks1 ( ! c\ntry & ^? :o live !re1 ( a great numb] ( objects proce$+ f a remote antiquity1 etc4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t no affectation exi/s 9 ! matt]1 & moreov] t no accid5tal int]e/ comes into play4 ,b ?is sort ( int]e/ :i* we take 9 nature is only possible "u two conditions4 ,fir/ ! object t inspires u ) ?is feel+ mu/ be really nature1 or some?+ we take = nature2 secondly ?is object mu/ be 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w simple1 t is1 pres5t+ ! entire contra/ ( nature ) art1 all ! advantage rema9+ on ! side ( nature4 ,directly ?is second condition is unit$ to ! fir/1 b no soon]1 nature assumes ! "* ( simplicity4 ,consid]$ ?us1 nature is = u no?+ b exi/5ce 9 all its fre$om2 x is ! con/itution ( ?+s tak5 9 !mselves2 x is exi/5ce itself accord+ to its prop] & immutable laws4 ,x is /rictly necess>y t we %\ld h ?is idea ( nature to take an int]e/ 9 ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,if we conceive an artificial fl[] s p]fectly imitat$ t x has all ! appe>ance ( nature & w\ld produce ! mo/ complete illusion1 or if we imag9e ! imitation ( simplicity c>ri$ out to ! extreme/ degree1 ! in/ant we discov] x is only an imitation1 ! feel+ ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ is completely de/roy$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q evid5t t ?is k9d ( satisfaction :i* nature causes u to feel is n a satisfaction ( ! /hetical ta/e1 b a satisfaction ( ! moral s5se2 = x is produc$ by means ( a conception & n imm$iately by ! s+le fact ( intuition3 accord+ly x is by no means det]m9$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( beauty 9 =ms4 ,=1 aft] all1 is !re any?+ s specially *>m+ 9 a fl[] ( common appe>ance1 9 a spr+1 a moss-cov]$ /one1 ! w>bl+ ( birds1 or ! buzz+ ( bees1 etc48 ,:at is t c give ^! objects a claim to our love8 ,x is n ^! objects 9 !mselves2 x is an idea repres5t$ by !m t we love 9 !m4 ,we love 9 !m life & its lat5t action1 ! effects peacefully produc$ by be+s ( !mselves1 exi/5ce "u its prop] laws1 ! inmo/ necessity ( ?+s1 ! et]nal unity ( _! nature4 ,^! objects :i* captivate u are :at we 71 :at we mu/ be aga9 "s day4 ,we 7 nature z !y are2 & culture1 foll[+ ! way ( reason & ( lib]ty1 mu/ br+ u back to nature4 ,accord+ly1 ^! objects are an image ( our infancy irrevocably pa/--( our infancy :i* w rema9 et]nally v de> to u1 & ?us !y infuse a c]ta9 melan*oly into u2 !y are also ! image ( our highe/ p]fection 9 ! ideal _w1 :5ce !y excite a sublime emotion 9 u4 ,b ! p]fection ( ^! objects is n a m]it t belongs to !m1 because x is n ! effect ( _! free *oice4 ,accord+ly !y procure q a peculi> pleasure = u1 by be+ our models )\t hav+ any ?+ humiliat+ = u4 ,x is l a con/ant manife/ation ( ! div9ity surr\nd+ u1 :i* refre%es )\t dazzl+ u4 ,! v feature t con/itutes _! "* is precisely :at is lack+ 9 ours to make x complete2 & :at di/+ui%es u f !m is precisely :at !y lack to be div9e4 ,we are free & !y are necess>y2 we *ange & !y rema9 id5tical4 ,n[ x is only :5 ^! two conditions are unit$1 :5 ! w submits freely to ! laws ( necessity1 & :51 9 ! mid/ ( all ! *anges ( :i* ! imag9ation is susceptible1 reason ma9ta9s its rule--x is only !n t ! div9e or ! ideal is manife/$4 ,?us we p]ceive et]nally 9 !m t :i* we h n1 b :i* we are cont9ually =c$ to /rive aft]2 t :i* we c nev] rea*1 b :i* we c hope to approa* by cont9ual progress4 ,& we p]ceive 9 ourselves an advantage :i* !y lack1 b 9 :i* "s ( !m--! be+s depriv$ ( reason--_c absolutely %>e1 & 9 :i* ! o!rs1 su* z *ildr51 c only "o day h a %>e by foll[+ our way4 ,accord+ly1 !y procure u ! mo/ delici\s feel+ ( our human nature1 z an idea1 ?\gh 9 relation to ea* det]m9ate /ate ( our nature !y _c fail to humble u4 ,z ?is int]e/ 9 nature is bas$ on an idea1 x c only manife/ itself 9 a s\l capable ( ideas1 t is1 9 a moral s\l4 ,= ! imm5se majority x is no?+ m ?an pure affectation2 & ?is ta/e ( s5tim5tality s widely diffus$ 9 our day1 manife/+ itself1 especially s9ce ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 books1 by s5tim5tal excursions & j\rneys1 by s5tim5tal g>d5s1 & o!r fancies ak9 to ^!--?is ta/e by no means proves t true ref9em5t ( s5se has become g5]al4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t nature w always produce some?+ ( ?is impression1 ev5 on ! mo/ ins5sible he>ts1 because all t is requir$ = ?is is ! moral disposition or aptitude1 :i* is common to all m54 ,= all m51 h[ev] contr>y _! acts may be to simplicity & to ! tru? ( nature1 are br\ght back to x 9 _! ideas4 ,?is s5sibility 9 connection ) nature is specially & mo/ /rongly manife/$1 9 ! great] "p ( p]sons1 9 connection ) ^? sorts ( objects :i* are closely relat$ to u1 & :i*1 caus+ u to look clos] into ourselves1 %[ u m cle>ly :at 9 u dep>ts f nature2 = example1 9 connection ) *ildr51 or ) nations 9 a /ate ( infancy4 ,x is an error to suppose t x is only ! idea ( _! weakness t1 9 c]ta9 mom5ts1 makes u dwell ) our eyes on *ildr5 ) s mu* emotion4 ,?is may be true ) ^? :o1 9 ! pres5ce ( a feeble be+1 are us$ to feel no?+ b _! own sup]iority4 ,b ! feel+ ( :i* ,i speak is only exp]i5c$ 9 a v peculi> moral disposition1 nor mu/ x be conf\nd$ ) ! feel+ awak5$ 9 u by ! joy\s activity ( *ildr54 ,! feel+ ( :i* ,i speak is calculat$ r to humble ?an to flatt] our self-love2 & if x gives u ! idea ( "s advantage1 ?is advantage is at all ev5ts n on our side4 ,we are mov$ 9 ! pres5ce ( *ildhood1 b x is n because f ! height ( our /r5g? & ( our p]fection we drop a look ( pity on x2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 because f ! dep?s ( our impot5ce1 ( :i* ! feel+ is insep>able f t ( ! real & det]m9ate /ate to :i* we h arriv$1 we raise our eyes to ! *ild's det]m9abl5ess & pure innoc5ce4 ,! feel+ we !n exp]i5ce is too evid5tly m+l$ ) sadness = u to mi/ake its s\rce4 ,9 ! *ild1 all is disposition & de/9ation2 9 u1 all is 9 ! /ate ( a complet$1 f9i%$ ?+1 & ! completion always rema9s inf9itely bel[ ! de/9ation4 ,x foll[s t ! *ild is to u l ! repres5tation ( ! ideal2 n1 inde$1 ( ! ideal z we h realiz$ x1 b su* z our de/9ation admitt$2 &1 consequ5tly1 x is n at all ! idea ( its indig5ce1 ( its h9d]ances1 t makes u exp]i5ce emotion 9 ! *ild's pres5ce2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! idea ( its pure & free =ce1 ( ! integrity1 ! inf9ity ( its be+4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 9 ! sight ( e moral & s5sible man1 ! *ild w always be a sacr$ ?+2 ,i mean an object :i*1 by ! gr&eur ( an idea1 r$uces to no?+ness all gr&eur realiz$ by exp]i5ce2 an object :i*1 9 spite ( all x may lose 9 ! judgm5t ( ! und]/&+1 rega9s l>gely ! advantage be=e ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,n[ x is precisely ?is contradiction betwe5 ! judgm5t ( reason & t ( ! und]/&+ :i* produces 9 u ?is q special ph5om5on1 ?is mix$ feel+1 call$ =? 9 u by ! sight ( ! simple--,i mean ! simple 9 ! mann] ( ?9k+4 ,x is at once ! idea ( a *ildlike simplicity & ( a *ildi% simplicity4 ,by :at x has ( *ildi% simplicity x exposes a weak side to ! und]/&+1 & provokes 9 u t smile by :i* we te/ify our sup]iority 7an entirely speculative sup]iority74 ,b directly we h reason to ?9k t *ildi% simplicity is at ! same "t a *ildlike simplicity--t x is n consequ5tly a want ( intellig5ce1 an infirmity 9 a !oretical po9t ( view1 b a sup]ior =ce 7practically71 a he>t-full ( tru? & innoc5ce1 :i* is its s\rce1 a he>t t has despis$ ! help ( art because x 0 consci\s ( its real & int]nal greatness--directly ?is is und]/ood1 ! und]/&+ no long] seeks to triumph4 ,!n raill]y1 :i* 0 direct$ aga9/ simpl5ess1 makes way = ! admiration inspir$ by noble simplicity4 ,we feel ourselves oblig$ to e/eem ?is object1 :i* at fir/ made u smile1 & direct+ our eyes to ourselves1 to feel ourselves unhappy 9 n resembl+ x4 ,?us is produc$ t v special ph5om5on ( a feel+ 9 :i* good-natur$ raill]y1 respect1 & sadness are conf\nd$4 ,x is ! condition ( ! simple t nature %\ld triumph ov] art1 ei!r unconsci\sly to ! individual & aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 or ) 8 full & entire cognizance4 ,9 ! =m] case x is simplicity z a surprise1 & ! impression result+ f x is "o ( gayety2 9 ! second case1 x is simplicity ( feel+1 & we are mov$4 ,) reg>d to simplicity z a surprise1 ! p]son mu/ be morally capable ( d5y+ nature4 ,9 simplicity ( feel+ ! p]son may be morally incapable ( ?is1 b we mu/ n ?9k him physically incapable1 9 ord] t x may make ^u u ! impression ( ! simple4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! acts & words ( *ildr5 only produce ! impression ( simplicity ^u u :5 we =get t !y are physically incapable ( artifice1 & 9 g5]al only :5 we are exclusively impress$ by ! contra/ betwe5 _! natural "* & :at is artificial 9 u4 ,simplicity is a *ildlike +5u\sness :i* is enc\nt]$ :5 x is n expect$2 & x is = ?is v reason t1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 simplicity c\ld n be attribut$ to *ildhood prop]ly speak+4 ,b 9 bo? cases1 9 simplicity z a surprise & simplicity z a feel+1 nature mu/ always h ! upp] h&1 & art succumb to h]4 ,until we h e/abli%$ ?is di/9ction we c only =m an incomplete idea ( simplicity4 ,! affections are also some?+ natural1 & ! rules ( dec5cy are artificial2 yet ! triumph ( ! affections ov] dec5cy is any?+ b simple4 ,b :5 affection triumphs ov] artifice1 ov] false dec5cy1 ov] dissimulation1 we %all h no difficulty 9 apply+ ! ^w simple to ?is4 ,nature mu/ !re=e triumph ov] art1 n by its bl9d & brutal =ce z a dynamical p[]1 b 9 virtue ( its =m z a moral magnitude2 9 a ^w1 n z a want1 b z an int]nal necessity4 ,x mu/ n be insuffici5cy1 b ! inopportune "* ( ! latt] t gives nature h] victory2 = insuffici5cy is only a want & a defect1 & no?+ t results f a want or defect c\ld produce e/eem4 ,no d\bt 9 ! simplicity result+ f surprise1 x is always ! pr$om9ance ( affection & a want ( reflection t causes u to appe> natural4 ,b ?is want & ?is pr$om9ance d n by any means suffice to con/itute simplicity2 !y m]ely give occasion to nature to obey )\t let or h9d]ance h] moral con/itution1 t is1 ! law ( h>mony4 ,! simplicity result+ f surprise c only be enc\nt]$ 9 man & t only 9 z f> z at ! mom5t he ceases to be a pure & innoc5t nature4 ,?is sort ( simplicity implies a w t is n 9 h>mony ) t :i* nature does ( h] own accord4 ,a p]son simple aft] ?is fa%ion1 :5 recall$ to himself1 w be ! fir/ to be al>m$ at :at he is2 on ! o!r h&1 a p]son 9 :om simplicity is f\nd z a feel+1 w only wond] at "o ?+1 t is1 at ! way 9 :i* m5 feel a/oni%m5t4 ,z x is n ! moral subject z a p]son1 b only 8 natural "* set free by affection1 t confesses ! tru?1 x foll[s f ?is t we %all n attribute ?is s9c]ity to man z a m]it1 & t we %all be entitl$ to laugh at x1 our raill]y n be+ held 9 *eck by any p]sonal e/eem = 8 "*4 ,nev]!less1 z x is /ill ! s9c]ity ( nature :i*1 ev5 9 ! simplicity caus$ by surprise1 pi]ces sudd5ly ?r\gh ! veil ( dissimulation1 a satisfaction ( a sup]ior ord] is mix$ ) ! mis*iev\s joy we feel 9 hav+ caught any "o 9 ! act4 ,?is is because nature1 oppos$ to affectation1 & tru?1 oppos$ to deception1 mu/ 9 e case inspire u ) e/eem4 ,?us we exp]i5ce1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( simplicity orig9at+ 9 surprise1 a really moral pleasure1 ?\gh x be n 9 connection ) a moral object4 ,i admit t 9 simplicity proce$+ f surprise we always exp]i5ce a feel+ ( e/eem = nature1 because we mu/ e/eem tru?2 :]eas 9 ! simplicity ( feel+ we e/eem ! p]son himself1 enjoy+ 9 ?is way n only a moral satisfaction1 b also a satisfaction ( :i* ! object is moral4 ,9 bo? cases nature is "r1 s9ce %e speaks ! tru?2 b 9 ! second case n only is nature "r1 b !re is also an act t does honor to ! p]son4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! s9c]ity ( nature always puts ! p]son to ! blu%1 because x is involunt>y2 9 ! second x is always a m]it :i* mu/ be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! p]son1 ev5 :5 :at he confesses is ( a nature to cause a blu%4 ,we attribute simplicity ( feel+ to a man1 :51 9 ! judgm5ts he pron\nces on ?+s1 he passes1 )\t see+ !m1 ov] all ! factiti\s & artificial sides ( an object1 to keep exclusively to simple nature4 ,we require ( him all ! judgm5ts t c be =m$ ( ?+s )\t dep>t+ f a s\nd nature2 & we only hold him entirely free 9 :at presupposes a dep>ture f nature 9 8 mode ( ?9k+ or feel+4 ,if a fa!r relates to 8 son t su* & su* a p]son is dy+ ( hung]1 & if ! *ild goes & c>ries ! purse ( 8 fa!r to ?is un=tunate be+1 ?is is a simple action4 ,x is 9 fact a heal?y nature t acts 9 ! *ild2 & 9 a _w :]e heal?y nature w\ld be ! law1 he w\ld be p]fectly "r to act s4 ,he only sees ! mis]y ( 8 neighbor & ! spe$ie/ means ( reliev+ him4 ,! ext5sion giv5 to ! "r ( prop]ty1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* "p ( ! human race might p]i%1 is n bas$ on m]e nature4 ,?us ! act ( ?is *ild puts to %ame real society1 & ?is is ackn[l$g$ by our he>t 9 ! pleasure x exp]i5ces f ?is action4 ,if a good-he>t$ man1 inexp]i5c$ 9 ! ways ( ! _w1 confides 8 secrets to ano!r1 :o deceives him1 b :o is skilful 9 disguis+ 8 p]fidy1 & if by 8 v s9c]ity he furni%es him ) ! means ( do+ him injury1 we f9d 8 conduct simple4 ,we laugh at him1 yet we _c avoid e/eem+ him1 precisely on acc\nt ( 8 simplicity4 ,?is is because 8 tru/ 9 o!rs proce$s f ! rectitude ( 8 own he>t2 at all ev5ts1 !re is simplicity "h only z f> z ?is is ! case4 ,simplicity 9 ! mode ( ?9k+ _c !n ev] be ! act ( a deprav$ man2 ?is quality only belongs to *ildr51 & to m5 :o are *ildr5 9 he>t4 ,x (t5 happ5s to ^! 9 ! mid/ ( ! artificial relations ( ! great _w to act or to ?9k 9 a simple mann]4 ,be+ !mselves ( a truly good & humane nature1 !y =get t !y h to d ) a deprav$ _w2 & !y act1 ev5 9 ! c\rts ( k+s1 ) an +5u\sness & an innoc5ce t are only f\nd 9 ! _w ( pa/oral idyls4 ,nor is x always su* an easy matt] to di/+ui% exactly *ildi% c&or f *ildlike c&or1 = !re are actions t are on ! skirts ( bo?4 ,is a c]ta9 act fooli%ly simple1 & mu/ we laugh at x8 or is x nobly simple1 & mu/ we e/eem ! actors ! high] on t acc\nt8 ,x is difficult to "k :i* side to take 9 "s cases4 ,a v rem>kable example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,pope ,adrian ,,vi41 relat$ by ,mr4 ,s*rckh ) all ! solidity & ! _s ( practical tru? :i* di/+ui% him4 ,adrian1 a ,ne!rl&] by bir?1 ex]t$ ! pontifical sway at "o ( ! mo/ critical mom5ts = ! hi]>*y--at a "t :5 an exasp]at$ p>ty laid b>e )\t any scruple all ! weak sides ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :ile ! opposite p>ty 0 int]e/$ 9 ! highe/ degree 9 cov]+ !m ov]4 ,i d n ent]ta9 ! "q h[ a man ( a truly simple "* ought to act 9 su* a case1 if su* a "* 7 plac$ 9 ! papal *air4 ,b1 we ask1 h[ c\ld ?is simplicity ( feel+ be compatible ) ! "p ( a pope8 ,?is "q gave inde$ v little emb>rassm5t to ! pr$ecessors & successors ( ,adrian4 ,!y foll[$ uni=mly ! sy/em adopt$ once = all by ! c\rt ( ,rome1 n to make any concessions any:]e4 ,b ,adrian _h pres]v$ ! upright "* ( 8 nation & ! innoc5ce ( 8 previ\s condition4 ,issu+ f ! humble sph]e ( lit]>y m5 to rise to ?is em95t position1 he did n belie at t elevation ! primitive simplicity ( 8 "*4 ,he 0 mov$ by ! abuses ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & he 0 mu* too s9c]e to dissimulate publicly :at he confess$ privately4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is mann] ( ?9k+ t1 9 8 in/ruction to 8 legate 9 ,g]many1 he all[$ himself to be drawn into av[als hi!rto unhe>d ( 9 a sov]eign pontiff1 & diametrically contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( t c\rt3 8,we "k well10 he said1 among o!r ?+s1 8t = _m ye>s _m abom9able ?+s h tak5 place 9 ?is holy *air2 x is n !re=e a/oni%+ t ! evil has be5 propagat$ f ! head to ! memb]s1 f ! pope to ! prelates4 ,we h all gone a/ray f ! good road1 & = a long "t !re is none ( u1 n "o1 :o has done any?+ good40 ,else:]e he ord]s 8 legate to decl>e 9 8 "n 8t he1 ,adrian1 _c be blam$ = :at o!r popes h done be=e him2 t he himself1 :5 he occupi$ a comp>atively m$iocre position1 _h always condemn$ ^! excesses40 ,x may easily be conceiv$ h[ su* simplicity 9 a pope mu/ h be5 receiv$ by ! ,roman cl]gy4 ,! smalle/ crime ( :i* he 0 accus$ 0 t ( betray+ ! *ur* & deliv]+ x ov] to h]etics4 ,n[ ?is proce$+1 supremely imprud5t 9 a pope1 w\ld yet des]ve our e/eem & admiration if we c\ld believe x 0 real simplicity2 t is1 t ,adrian1 )\t fe> ( consequ5ces1 _h made su* an av[al1 mov$ by 8 natural s9c]ity1 & t he w\ld h p]si/$ 9 act+ ?us1 ?\gh he _h und]/ood all ! drift ( 8 clums9ess4 ,unhappily we h "s reason to believe t he did n consid] 8 conduct z altoge!r impolitic1 & t 9 8 c&or he w5t s f> z to flatt] himself t he _h s]v$ v usefully ! int]e/s ( 8 *ur* by 8 indulg5ce to 8 adv]s>ies4 ,he did n ev5 imag9e t he ought to act ?us 9 8 quality z an hone/ man2 he ?\ght also z a pope to be able to ju/ify himself1 & =gett+ t ! mo/ artificial ( /ructures c\ld only be support$ by cont9u+ to d5y ! tru?1 he committ$ ! unp>donable fault ( hav+ rec\rse to means ( safety1 excell5t p]haps1 9 a natural situation1 b "h appli$ to entirely contr>y circum/ances4 ,?is necess>ily modifies our judgm5t v mu*1 & al?\gh we _c refuse our e/eem = ! hone/y ( he>t 9 :i* ! act orig9ates1 ?is e/eem is greatly less5$ :5 we reflect t nature on ?is occasion 0 too easily mi/ress ( art1 & t ! he>t too easily ov]rul$ ! head4 ,true g5ius is ( necessity simple1 or x is n g5ius4 ,simplicity alone gives x ?is "*1 & x _c belie 9 ! moral ord] :at x is 9 ! intellectual & /hetical ord]4 ,x does n "k ^? rules1 ! crut*es ( feebl5ess1 ^? p$agogues :i* prop up slipp]y spirits2 x is only guid$ by nature & in/9ct1 its gu>dian angel2 x walks ) a firm1 calm /ep across all ! sn>es ( false ta/e1 sn>es 9 :i* ! man )\t g5ius1 if he h n ! prud5ce to avoid !m ! mom5t he detects !m1 rema9s infallibly imb$d$4 ,x is !re=e ! "p only ( g5ius to issue f ! kn[n )\t ceas+ to be at home1 or to enl>ge ! circle ( nature )\t ov]/epp+ x4 ,x does inde$ sometimes happ5 t a great g5ius ov]/eps x2 b only because g5iuses h _! mom5ts ( fr5zy1 :5 nature1 _! protector1 ab&ons !m1 because ! =ce ( example impels !m1 or because ! corrupt ta/e ( _! age leads !m a/ray4 ,! mo/ intricate problems mu/ be solv$ by g5ius ) simplicity1 )\t pret5sion1 ) ease2 ! egg ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus is ! emblem ( all ! discov]ies ( g5ius4 ,x only ju/ifies its "* z g5ius by triumph+ ?r\gh simplicity ov] all ! complications ( art4 ,x does n proce$ accord+ to kn[n pr9ciples1 b by feel+s & inspiration2 ! sallies ( g5ius are ! inspirations ( a ,god 7all t heal?y nature produces is div9e72 its feel+s are law's = all "t1 = all human g5]ations4 ,?is *ildlike "* impr9t$ by g5ius on its works is also %[n by x 9 its private life & mann]s4 ,x is mode/1 because nature is always s2 b x is n dec5t1 because corruption alone is dec5t4 ,x is intellig5t1 because nature _c lack intellig5ce2 b x is n cunn+1 because art only c be cunn+4 ,x is fai?ful to its "* & incl9ations1 b ?is is n s mu* because x has pr9ciples z because nature1 not)/&+ all its oscillations1 always returns to its equilibrium1 & br+s back ! same wants4 ,x is mode/ & ev5 timid1 because g5ius rema9s always a secret to itself2 b x is n anxi\s1 because x does n "k ! dang]s ( ! road 9 :i* x walks4 ,we "k little ( ! private life ( ! greate/ g5iuses2 b ! little t we "k ( x--:at tradition has pres]v$1 = example1 ( ,sophocles1 ( ,ar*im$es1 ( ,hippocrates1 & 9 mod]n times ( ,ario/o1 ( ,dante1 ( ,tasso1 ( ,raphael1 ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 ( ,c]vantes1 ( ,%akespe>e1 ( ,field+1 ( ,/]ne1 etc4--confirms ?is ass]tion4 ,nay1 m2 ?\gh ?is admission seems m difficult to support1 ev5 ! greate/ philosoph]s & great comm&]s1 if great by _! g5ius1 h simplicity 9 _! "*4 ,among ! anci5ts ,i ne$ only "n ,julius ,cs> & ,epam9ondas2 among ! mod]ns ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 ,france1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus 9 ,sw$51 & ! ,cz> ,pet] ! ,great4 ,! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 ,tur5ne1 & ,v5dme all pres5t ?is "*4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r sex1 nature proposes to x simplicity ( "* z ! supreme p]fection to :i* x %\ld rea*4 ,accord+ly1 ! love ( pleas+ 9 wom5 /rives aft] no?+ s mu* z ! appe>ance ( simplicity2 a suffici5t pro(1 if x 7 ! only "o1 t ! greate/ p[] ( ! sex reposes 9 ?is quality4 ,b1 z ! pr9ciples t prevail 9 ! education ( wom5 are p]petually /ruggl+ ) ?is "*1 x is z difficult = !m 9 ! moral ord] to reconcile ?is magnific5t gift ( nature ) ! advantages ( a good education z x is difficult = m5 to pres]ve !m un*ang$ 9 ! intellectual ord]3 & ! woman :o kn[s h[ to jo9 a k ( ! _w to ?is sort ( simplicity 9 mann]s is z des]v+ ( respect z a s*ol> :o jo9s to ! /rictness ( s*ola/ic rules ! fre$om & orig9ality ( ?\ght4 ,simplicity 9 our mode ( ?9k+ br+s ) x ( necessity simplicity 9 our mode ( expression1 simplicity 9 t]ms z well z movem5t2 & x is 9 ?is t grace especially consi/s4 ,g5ius expresses its mo/ sublime & its deepe/ ?\ghts ) ?is simple grace2 !y are ! div9e oracles t issue f ! lips ( a *ild2 :ile ! s*ola/ic _s1 always anxi\s to avoid error1 tortures all its words1 all its ideas1 & makes !m pass ?r\gh ! crucible ( gramm> & logic1 h>d & rigid1 9 ord] to keep f vagu5ess1 & uses few words 9 ord] n to say too mu*1 en]vates & blunts ?\ght 9 ord] n to w\nd ! read] :o is n on 8 gu>d--g5ius gives to its expression1 ) a s+le & happy /roke ( ! bru%1 a precise1 firm1 & yet p]fectly free =m4 ,9 ! case ( gramm> & logic1 ! sign & ! ?+ signifi$ are always het]og5e\s & /rang]s to ea* o!r3 ) g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 ! expression gu%es =? spontane\sly f ! idea1 ! language & ! ?\ght are "o & ! same2 s t ev5 ?\gh ! expression ?us gives x a body ! _s appe>s z if disclos$ 9 a nude /ate4 ,?is fa%ion ( expression1 :5 ! sign disappe>s entirely 9 ! ?+ signifi$1 :5 ! tongue1 s to speak1 leaves ! ?\ght x translates nak$1 :il/ ! o!r mode ( expression _c repres5t ?\ght )\t veil+ x at ! same "t3 ?is is :at is call$ orig9ality & inspiration 9 /yle4 ,?is fre$om1 ?is natural mode by :i* g5ius expresses itself 9 works ( intellect1 is also ! expression ( ! innoc5ce ( he>t 9 ! int]c\rse ( life4 ,e "o kn[s t 9 ! _w m5 h dep>t$ f simplicity1 f ! rigor\s v]acity ( language1 9 ! same proportion z !y h lo/ ! simplicity ( feel+s4 ,! guilty consci5ce easily w\nd$1 ! imag9ation easily s$uc$1 made an anxi\s dec5cy necess>y4 ,)\t tell+ :at is false1 p (t5 speak diff]5tly f :at !y ?9k2 we are oblig$ to make circumlocutions to say c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* h[ev]1 c nev] afflict any b a sickly self-love1 & t h no dang] except = a deprav$ imag9ation4 ,! ignorance ( ^! laws ( propriety 7conv5tional laws71 c\pl$ ) a natural s9c]ity :i* despises all k9ds ( bias & all appe>ance ( falsity 7s9c]ity ,i mean1 n co>s5ess1 = co>s5ess disp5ses ) =ms because x is hamp]$71 gives rise 9 ! int]c\rse ( life to a simplicity ( expression t consi/s 9 nam+ ?+s by _! prop] "n )\t circumlocution4 ,?is is done because we d n v5ture to designate !m z !y are1 or only to d s by artificial means4 ,! ord9>y expressions ( *ildr5 are ( ?is k9d4 ,!y make u smile because !y are 9 opposition to receiv$ mann]s2 b m5 w\ld always agree 9 ! bottom ( _! he>ts t ! *ild is "r4 ,x is true t simplicity ( feel+ _c prop]ly be attribut$ to ! *ild any m ?an to ! man1--t is1 to a be+ n absolutely subject to nature1 ?\gh !re is /ill no simplicity1 except on ! condition t x is pure nature t acts ?r\gh him4 ,b by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 :i* likes to poetise ?+s1 we (t5 c>ry ov] ^! attributes ( a rational be+ to be+s de/itute ( reason4 ,x is ?us t1 on see+ an animal1 a l&scape1 a build+1 & nature 9 g5]al1 f opposition to :at is arbitr>y & fanta/ic 9 ! conceptions ( man1 we (t5 attribute to !m a simple "*4 ,b t implies always t 9 our ?\ght we attribute a w to ^! ?+s t h none1 & t we are /ruck to see x direct$ rigor\sly accord+ to ! laws ( necessity4 ,discont5t$ z we are t we h ill employ$ our own moral fre$om1 & t we no long] f9d moral h>mony 9 our conduct1 we are easily l$ to a c]ta9 disposition ( m9d1 9 :i* we will+ly address ourselves to a be+ de/itute ( reason1 z if x 7 a p]son4 ,& we readily view x z if x _h really _h to /ruggle aga9/ ! temptation ( act+ o!rwise1 & proce$ to make a m]it ( its et]nal uni=mity1 & to envy its peaceable con/ancy4 ,we are q dispos$ to consid] 9 ^? mom5ts reason1 ?is pr]ogative ( ! human race1 z a p]nici\s gift & z an evil2 we feel s vividly all t is imp]fect 9 our conduct t we =get to be j to our de/9y & to our aptitudes4 ,we see1 !n1 9 nature1 de/itute ( reason1 only a si/] :o1 m =tunate ?an ourselves1 has rema9$ "u ! mat]nal ro(1 :ile 9 ! intoxication ( our fre$om we h fl$ f x to ?r[ ourselves into a /rang] _w4 ,we regret ?is place ( safety1 we e>ne/ly long to come back to x z soon z we h begun to feel ! bitt] side ( civilization1 & 9 ! totally artificial life 9 :i* we are exil$ we he> 9 deep emotion ! voice ( our "m4 ,:ile we 7 /ill only *ildr5 ( nature we 7 happy1 we 7 p]fect3 we h become free1 & we h lo/ bo? advantages4 ,h5ce a tw(old & v unequal long+ = nature3 ! long+ = happ9ess & ! long+ = ! p]fection t prevails !re4 ,man1 z a s5su\s be+1 deplores s5sibly ! loss ( ! =m] ( ^! goods2 x is only ! moral man :o c be afflict$ at ! loss ( ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 let ! man ) a s5sible he>t & a lov+ nature "q himself closely4 ,is x y\r indol5ce t longs = its repose1 or y\r w\nd$ moral s5se t longs = its h>mony8 ,ask y\rself well1 :51 disgu/$ ) ! artifices1 (f5d$ by ! abuses t y discov] 9 social life1 y feel y\rself attract$ t[>ds inanimate nature1 9 ! mid/ ( solitude ask y\rself :at impels y to fly ! _w4 ,is x ! privation f :i* y suff]1 its loads1 its tr\bles8 or is x ! moral an>*y1 ! caprice1 ! disord] t prevail !re8 ,y\r he>t ought to plunge into ^! tr\bles ) joy1 & to f9d 9 !m ! comp5sation 9 ! lib]ty ( :i* !y are ! consequ5ce4 ,y c1 ,i admit1 propose z y\r aim1 9 a di/ant future1 ! calm & ! happ9ess ( nature2 b only t sort ( happ9ess :i* is ! rew>d ( y\r dignity4 ,?us1 !n1 let !re be no m compla9t ab\t ! loads ( life1 ! inequality ( conditions1 or ! hamp]+ ( social relations1 or ! unc]ta9ty ( possession1 +ratitude1 oppression1 & p]secution4 ,y mu/ submit to all ^! evils ( civilization ) a free resignation2 x is ! natural condition ( good1 p> excell5ce1 ( ! only good1 & y ought to respect x "u ?is head4 ,9 all ^! evils y ought only to deplore :at is morally evil 9 !m1 & y mu/ d s n ) c[>dly te>s only4 ,r wat* to rema9 pure y\rself 9 ! mid/ ( ^! impurities1 free amid/ ?is slav]y1 con/ant ) y\rself 9 ! mid/ ( ^! caprici\s *anges1 a fai?ful obs]v] ( ! law amid/ ?is an>*y4 ,be n fright5$ at ! disord] t is )\t y1 b at ! disord] :i* is )92 aspire aft] unity1 b seek x n 9 uni=mity2 aspire aft] repose1 b ?r\gh equilibrium1 & n by susp5d+ ! action ( y\r faculties4 ,?is nature :i* y envy 9 ! be+ de/itute ( reason des]ves no e/eem3 x is n wor? a wi%4 ,y h pass$ beyond x2 x ought to rema9 = ev] beh9d y4 ,! ladd] t c>ri$ y hav+ giv5 way "u y\r foot1 ! only ?+ = y to d is to seize aga9 on ! moral law freely1 ) a free consci\sness1 a free w1 or else to roll d[n1 hopeless ( safety1 into a bottomless abyss4 ,b :5 y h consol$ y\rself = hav+ lo/ ! happ9ess ( nature1 let its p]fection be a model to y\r he>t4 ,if y c issue f ! circle 9 :i* art keeps y enclos$ & f9d nature aga91 if x %[s itself to y 9 its greatness & 9 its calm1 9 its simple beauty1 9 its *ildlike innoc5ce & simplicity1 oh6 !n pause be=e its image1 cultivate ?is feel+ lov+ly4 ,x is wor?y ( y1 & ( :at is noble/ 9 man4 ,let x no m come into y\r m9d to *ange ) x2 r embrace x1 absorb x into y\r be+1 & try to associate ! inf9ite advantage x has ov] y ) t inf9ite pr]ogative t is peculi> to y1 & let ! div9e issue f ?is sublime union4 ,let nature brea! ar\nd y l a lovely idyl1 :]e f> f artifice & its w&]+s y may always f9d y\rself aga91 :]e y may g to draw fre% c\rage1 a new confid5ce1 to resume y\r c\rse1 & k9dle aga9 9 y\r he>t ! flame ( ! ideal1 s readily ext+ui%$ amid/ ! tempe/s ( life4 ,if we ?9k ( t beautiful nature :i* surr\nd$ ! anci5t ,greeks1 if we rememb] h[ intimately t p1 "u its bless$ sky1 c\ld live ) t free nature2 h[ _! mode ( imag9+1 & ( feel+1 & _! mann]s1 approa*$ f> ne>] ?an ours to ! simplicity ( nature1 h[ fai?fully ! works ( _! poets express ?is2 we mu/ necess>ily rem>k1 z a /range fact1 t s few traces are met among !m ( t s5tim5tal int]e/ t we mod]ns ev] take 9 ! sc5es ( nature & 9 natural *>act]s4 ,i admit t ! ,greeks are sup]iorly exact & fai?ful 9 _! descriptions ( nature4 ,!y reproduce _! details ) c>e1 b we see t !y take no m int]e/ 9 !m & m he>t 9 !m ?an 9 describ+ a ve/m5t1 a %ield1 armor1 a piece ( furniture1 or any production ( ! me*anical arts4 ,9 _! love = ! object x seems t !y make no diff]5ce betwe5 :at exi/s 9 itself & :at owes its exi/5ce to art1 to ! human w4 ,x seems t nature int]e/s _! m9ds & _! curiosity m ?an moral feel+4 ,!y d n atta* !mselves to x ) t dep? ( feel+1 ) t g5tle melan*oly1 t *>act]ize ! mod]ns4 ,nay1 m1 by p]sonify+ nature 9 its p>ticul> ph5om5a1 by deify+ x1 by repres5t+ its effects z ! acts ( free be+1 !y take f x t "* ( calm necessity :i* is precisely :at makes x s attractive to u4 ,_! impati5t imag9ation only trav]ses nature to pass beyond x to ! drama ( human life4 ,x only takes pleasure 9 ! spectacle ( :at is liv+ & free2 x requires *>act]s1 acts1 ! accid5ts ( =tune & ( mann]s2 & :il/ x happ5s ) u1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 moral dispositions1 to curse our pr]ogative1 ?is free w1 :i* exposes u to s _m combats ) ourselves1 to s _m anxieties & errors1 & to wi% to ex*ange x = ! condition ( be+s de/itute ( reason1 = t fatal exi/5ce t no long] admits ( any *oice1 b :i* is s calm 9 its uni=mity2--:ile we d ?is1 ! ,greeks1 on ! contr>y1 only h _! imag9ation occupi$ 9 retrac+ human nature 9 ! inanimate _w1 & 9 giv+ to ! w an influ5ce :]e bl9d necessity rules4 ,:5ce c arise ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( ! anci5ts & ! mod]n _s8 ,h[ comes x t1 be+1 = all t relates to nature1 incomp>ably bel[ ! anci5ts1 we are sup]ior to !m precisely on ?is po9t1 t we r5d] a m complete homage to nature2 t we h a clos] atta*m5t to x2 & t we are capable ( embrac+ ev5 ! inanimate _w ) ! mo/ ard5t s5sibility4 ,x is because nature1 9 our "t1 is no long] 9 man1 & t we no long] enc\nt] x 9 its primitive tru?1 except out ( humanity1 9 ! inanimate _w4 ,x is n because we are m con=mable to nature--q ! contr>y2 x is because 9 our social relations1 9 our mode ( exi/5ce1 9 our mann]s1 we are 9 opposition ) nature4 ,?is is :at leads u1 :5 ! in/9ct ( tru? & ( simplicity is awak5$--?is in/9ct :i*1 l ! moral aptitude f :i* x proce$s1 lives incorruptible & indelible 9 e human he>t--to procure = x 9 ! physical _w ! satisfaction :i* !re is no hope ( f9d+ 9 ! moral ord]4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! feel+ t atta*es u to nature is connect$ s closely ) t :i* makes u regret our infancy1 =ev] fl[n1 & our primitive innoc5ce4 ,our *ildhood is all t rema9s ( nature 9 humanity1 su* z civilization has made x1 ( unt\*$1 unmutilat$ nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n wond]ful1 :5 we meet out ( u ! impress ( nature1 t we are always br\ght back to ! idea ( our *ildhood4 ,x 0 q diff]5t ) ! ,greeks 9 antiquity4 ,civilization ) !m did n deg5]ate1 nor 0 x c>ri$ to su* an excess t x 0 necess>y to break ) nature4 ,! entire /ructure ( _! social life repos$ on feel+s1 & n on a factiti\s conception1 on a "w ( art4 ,_! v !ology 0 ! inspiration ( a simple _s1 ! fruit ( a joy\s imag9ation1 & n l ! ecclesia/ical dogmas ( mod]n nations1 subtle comb9ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! ,greeks _h n lo/ sight ( nature 9 humanity1 !y _h no reason1 :5 meet+ x out ( man1 to be surpris$ at _! discov]y1 & !y w\ld n feel v imp]i\sly ! ne$ ( objects 9 :i* nature c\ld be retrac$4 ,9 accord ) !mselves1 happy 9 feel+ !mselves m51 !y w\ld ( necessity keep to humanity z to :at 0 greate/ to !m1 & !y mu/ ne$s try to make all ! re/ approa* x2 :ile we1 :o are n 9 accord ) ourselves--we :o are discont5t$ ) ! exp]i5ce we h made ( our humanity--h no m press+ int]e/ ?an to fly out ( x & to remove f our sight a s ill-fa%ion$ =m4 ,! feel+ ( :i* we are treat+ "h is1 !re=e1 n t :i* 0 kn[n by ! anci5ts2 x approa*es f> m ne>ly t :i* we ourselves exp]i5ce = ! anci5ts4 ,! anci5ts felt naturally2 we1 on our "p1 feel :at is natural4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a v diff]5t inspiration t fill$ ! s\l ( ,hom]1 :5 he depict$ 8 div9e c[h]d#ab giv+ hospitality to ,ulysses1 f t :i* agitat$ ! s\l ( ! "y ,w]!r at ! mom5t :5 he read ! 8,odyssey0#ac on issu+ f an assembly 9 :i* he _h only f\nd t$ium4 ,! feel+ we exp]i5ce = nature resembles t ( a sick man = heal?4 ,z soon z nature gradually vani%es f human life--t is1 9 proportion z x ceases to be exp]i5c$ z a subject 7active & passive7--we see x dawn & increase 9 ! poetical _w 9 ! guise ( an idea & z an object4 ,! p :o h c>ri$ f>!/ ! want ( nature1 & at ! same "t ! reflections on t matt]1 mu/ ne$s h be5 ! p :o at ! same "t 7 mo/ /ruck ) ?is ph5om5on ( ! simple1 & gave x a "n4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ?is p 0 ! ,fr5*4 ,b ! feel+ ( ! simple1 & ! int]e/ we take 9 x1 mu/ naturally g mu* f>!r back1 & x dates f ! "t :5 ! moral s5se & ! /hetical s5se began to be corrupt4 ,?is modification 9 ! mann] ( feel+ is exce$+ly /rik+ 9 ,euripides1 = example1 if comp>$ ) 8 pr$ecessors1 especially s*ylus2 & yet ,euripides 0 ! favorite poet ( 8 "t4 ,! same revolution is p]ceptible 9 ! anci5t hi/orians4 ,horace1 ! poet ( a cultivat$ & corrupt epo*1 praises1 "u ! %ady groves ( ,tibur1 ! calm & happ9ess ( ! c\ntry1 & he might be t]m$ ! true f\nd] ( ?is s5tim5tal poetry1 ( :i* he has rema9$ ! unsurpass$ model4 ,9 ,prop]tius1 ,virgil1 & o!rs1 we f9d also traces ( ?is mode ( feel+2 less ( x is f\nd 9 ,ovid1 :o w\ld h requir$ = t m abundance ( he>t1 & :o 9 8 exile at ,tomes sorr[fully regrets ! happ9ess t ,horace s readily disp5s$ ) 9 8 villa at ,tibur4 ,x is 9 ! fundam5tal idea ( poetry t ! poet is ev]y:]e ! gu>dian ( nature4 ,:5 he c no long] entirely fill ?is "p1 & has already 9 himself suff]$ ! delet]i\s influ5ce ( arbitr>y & factiti\s =ms1 or has _h to /ruggle aga9/ ?is influ5ce1 he pres5ts himself z ! witness ( nature & z its av5g]4 ,! poet w1 !re=e1 be ! expression ( nature itself1 or 8 "p w be to seek x1 if m5 h lo/ sight ( x4 ,h5ce arise two k9ds ( poetry1 :i* embrace & exhau/ ! entire field ( poetry4 ,all poets--,i mean ^? :o are really s--w belong1 accord+ to ! "t :5 !y fl\ri%1 accord+ to ! accid5tal circum/ances t h influ5c$ _! education g5]ally1 & ! diff]5t dispositions ( m9d ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 w belong1 ,i say1 to ! ord] ( ! s5tim5tal poetry or to simple poetry4 ,! poet ( a "y _w1 simple & inspir$1 z also ! poet :o at an epo* ( artificial civilization approa*es ne>e/ to ! primitive b>ds1 is au/]e & prudi%1 l ! virg9al ,diana 9 h] =e/s4 ,:olly unconfid+1 he hides himself f ! he>t t seeks him1 f ! desire t wi%es to embrace him4 ,x is n r>e = ! dry tru? ) :i* he treats 8 subject to resemble ins5sibility4 ,! :ole object possesses him1 & to rea* 8 he>t x does n suffice1 z ) metals ( little value1 to /ir up ! surface2 z ) pure gold1 y mu/ g d[n to ! l[e/ dep?s4 ,l ! ,deity beh9d ?is univ]se1 ! simple poet hides himself beh9d 8 "w2 he is himself 8 "w1 & 8 "w is himself4 ,a man mu/ be no long] wor?y ( ! "w1 nor und]/& x1 or be tir$ ( x1 to be ev5 anxi\s to le>n :o is its au?or4 ,su* appe>s to u1 = in/ance1 ,hom] 9 antiquity1 & ,%akespe>e among mod]ns3 two natures inf9itely diff]5t & sep>at$ 9 "t by an abyss1 b p]fectly id5tical z to ?is trait ( "*4 ,:51 at a v y\?ful age1 ,i became fir/ acqua9t$ ) ,%akespe>e1 ,i 0 displeas$ ) 8 coldness1 ) 8 ins5sibility1 :i* all[s him to je/ ev5 9 ! mo/ pa!tic mom5ts1 to di/urb ! impression ( ! mo/ h>r[+ sc5es 9 8,hamlet10 9 8,k+ ,le>10 & 9 8,macbe?10 etc41 by mix+ ) !m ! buffoon]ies ( a madman4 ,i 0 revolt$ by 8 ins5sibility1 :i* all[$ him to pause sometimes at places :]e my s5sibility w\ld bid me ha/5 & be> me along1 & :i* sometimes c>ri$ him away ) indiff]5ce :5 my he>t w\ld be s happy to pause4 ,?\gh ,i 0 accu/om$1 by ! practice ( mod]n poets1 to seek at once ! poet 9 8 works1 to meet 8 he>t1 to reflect ) him 9 8 !me--9 a ^w1 to see ! object 9 ! subject--,i c\ld n be> t ! poet c\ld 9 ,%akespe>e nev] be seiz$1 t he w\ld nev] give me an acc\nt ( himself4 ,= "s ye>s ,%akespe>e _h be5 ! object ( my /udy & ( all my respect be=e ,i _h le>n$ to love 8 p]sonality4 ,i 0 n yet able to compreh5d nature at fir/ h&4 ,all t my eyes c\ld be> 0 its image only1 reflect$ by ! und]/&+ & arrang$ by rules3 & on ?is score ! s5tim5tal poetry ( ! ,fr5*1 or t ( ! ,g]mans ( #agej to #aghj1 0 :at suit$ me be/4 ,= ! re/1 ,i d n blu% at ?is *ildi% judgm5t3 adult critics pron\nc$ 9 t day 9 ! same way1 & c>ri$ _! simplicity s f> z to publi% _! decisions to ! _w4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ to me 9 ! case ( ,hom]1 ) :om ,i made acqua9tance at a lat] date4 ,i rememb] n[ t rem>kable passage ( ! six? book ( ! 8,iliad10 :]e ,glaucus & ,diom$ meet ea* o!r 9 ! /rife1 & !n1 recogniz+ ea* o!r z ho/ & gue/1 ex*ange pres5ts4 ,) ?is t\*+ picture ( ! piety ) :i* ! laws ( hospitality 7 obs]v$ ev5 9 w>1 may be comp>$ a picture ( *ivalr\s g5]osity 9 ,ario/o4 ,! knights1 rivals 9 love1 ,f]ragus & ,r9aldo--! =m] a ,s>ac51 ! latt] a ,*ri/ian--aft] hav+ f\ght to extremity1 all cov]$ ) w\nds1 make peace toge!r1 & m\nt ! same horse to g & seek ! fugitive ,angelica4 ,^! two examples1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 o!r respects1 are v simil> ) reg>d to ! impression produc$ on our he>t3 bo? repres5t ! noble victory ( moral feel+ ov] passion1 & t\* u by ! simplicity ( feel+ display$ 9 !m4 ,b :at a diff]5ce 9 ! way 9 :i* ! two poets g to "w to describe two su* analog\s sc5es6 ,ario/o1 :o belongs to an advanc$ epo*1 to a _w :]e simplicity ( mann]s no long] exi/$1 9 relat+ ?is trait1 _c conceal ! a/oni%m5t1 ! admiration1 he feels at x4 ,he measures ! di/ance f ^? mann]s to ! mann]s ( 8 own age1 & ?is feel+ ( a/oni%m5t is too /rong = him4 ,he ab&ons sudd5ly ! pa9t+ ( ! object1 & comes himself on ! sc5e 9 p]son4 ,?is beautiful /anza is well kn[n1 & has be5 always specially admir$ at all times3-- 8,oh nobl5ess1 oh g5]osity ( ! anci5t mann]s ( *ivalry6 ,^! 7 rivals1 sep>at$ by _! fai?1 suff]+ bitt] pa9 ?r\gh\t _! frames 9 consequ5ce ( a desp]ate combat2 &1 )\t any suspicion1 behold !m rid+ 9 company along d>k & w9d+ pa?s4 ,/imulat$ by f\r spurs1 ! horse ha/5s 8 pace till !y arrive at ! place :]e ! road divides40#ad ,n[ let u turn to old ,hom]4 ,sc>cely has ,diom$ le>n$ by ! /ory ( ,glaucus1 8 adv]s>y1 t ! latt] has be51 f ! "t ( _! fa!rs1 ! ho/ & fri5d ( 8 family1 :5 he drives 8 lance into ! & fri5d ( 8 family1 :5 he drives 8 lance into ! gr\nd1 conv]ses famili>ly ) him1 & bo? agree h5ce=? to avoid ea* o!r 9 ! /rife4 ,b let u he> ,hom] himself3-- 8,?us1 !n1 ,i am = !e a fai?ful ho/ 9 ,argos1 & ?\ to me 9 ,lycia1 :5 ,i %all visit t c\ntry4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 avoid our lances meet+ 9 ! /rife4 ,are !re n = me o!r ,trojans or brave allies to kill :5 a god %all (f] !m to me & my /eps %all rea* !m8 ,& = !e1 ,glaucus1 are !re n en\gh ,a*ans1 t ?\ maye/ immolate :om ?\ wi%e/8 ,b let u ex*ange our arms1 9 ord] t o!rs may also see t we boa/ ( hav+ be5 ho/s & gue/s at ! "t ( our fa!rs40 ,?us !y spoke1 &1 ru%+ f _! *>iots1 !y seiz$ ea* o!r's h&s1 & swore fri5d%ip ! "o to ! o!r4#ae ,x w\ld h be5 difficult = a mod]n poet 7at lea/ to "o :o w\ld be mod]n 9 ! moral s5se ( ! t]m7 ev5 to wait z long z ?is be=e express+ 8 joy 9 ! pres5ce ( su* an action4 ,we %\ld p>don ?is 9 him ! m easily1 because we also1 9 read+ x1 feel t our he>t makes a pause "h1 & readily turns aside f ! object to br+ back its ?\ghts on itself4 ,b !re is n ! lea/ trace ( ?is 9 ,hom]4 ,z if he _h be5 relat+ some?+ t is se5 e day--nay1 m1 z if he _h no he>t beat+ 9 8 brea/--he cont9ues1 ) 8 dry tru?fulness3-- 8,!n ! son ( ,saturn bl9d$ ,glaucus1 :o1 ex*ang+ 8 armor ) ,diom$1 gave him gold5 arms ( ! value ( "o hecatomb1 = brass arms only wor? n9e beeves40#af ,! poets ( ?is ord]1--! g5u9ely simple poets1 are sc>cely any long] 9 _! place 9 ?is artificial age4 ,accord+ly !y are sc>cely possible 9 x1 or at lea/ !y are only possible on ! condition ( trav]s+ _! age1 l sc>$ p]sons1 at a runn+ pace1 & ( be+ pres]v$ by a happy /> f ! influ5ce ( _! age1 :i* w\ld mutilate _! g5ius4 ,nev]1 = ay & =ev]1 w society produce ^! poets2 b out ( society !y /ill appe> sometimes at int]vals1 r1 ,i admit1 z /rang]s1 :o excite wond]1 or z ill-tra9$ *ildr5 ( nature1 :o give (f5ce4 ,^! app>itions1 s v com=t+ = ! arti/ :o /udies !m1 & = ! real connoisseur1 :o kn[s h[ to appreciate !m1 are1 z a g5]al conclusion1 9 ! age :5 !y are begott51 to a v small degree prepo/]\s4 ,! seal ( empire is /amp$ on _! br[1 & we1--we ask ! ,muses to cradle u1 to c>ry u 9 _! arms4 ,! critics1 z regul> con/ables ( art1 dete/ ^! poets z di/urb]s ( rules or ( limits4 ,hom] himself may h be5 only indebt$ to ! te/imony ( t5 c5turies = ! rew>d ^! ari/>*s are k9dly will+ to conc$e him4 ,moreov]1 !y f9d x a h>d matt] to ma9ta9 _! rules aga9/ 8 example1 or 8 au?ority aga9/ _! rules4 ,,s5tim5tal ,,poetry4 ,i h previ\sly rem>k$ t ! poet is nature1 or he seeks nature4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he is a simple poet1 9 ! second case1 a s5tim5tal poet4 ,! poetic _s is immortal1 nor c x disappe> f humanity2 x c only disappe> ) humanity itself1 or ) ! aptitude to be a man1 a human be+4 ,& actually1 ?\gh man by ! fre$om ( 8 imag9ation & ( 8 und]/&+ dep>ts f simplicity1 f tru?1 f ! necessity ( nature1 n only a road always rema9s op5 to him to return to x1 b1 moreov]1 a p[]ful & inde/ructible in/9ct1 ! moral in/9ct1 br+s him incessantly back to nature2 & x is precisely ! poetical faculty t is unit$ to ?is in/9ct by ! ties ( ! close/ relation%ip4 ,?us man does n lose ! poetic faculty directly he p>ts ) ! simplicity ( nature2 only ?is faculty acts out ( him 9 ano!r direction4 ,ev5 at pres5t nature is ! only flame t k9dles & w>ms ! poetic s\l4 ,f nature alone x obta9s all its =ce2 to nature alone x speaks 9 ! artificial culture-seek+ man4 ,any o!r =m ( display+ its activity is remote f ! poetic _s4 ,accord+ly x may be rem>k$ t x is incorrect to apply ! expression poetic to any ( ! s-/yl$ productions ( wit1 ?\gh ! high cr$it giv5 to ,fr5* lit]ature has l$ p = a long p]iod to class !m 9 t category4 ,i repeat t at pres5t1 ev5 9 ! exi/+ phase ( culture1 x is /ill nature t p[]fully /irs up ! poetic _s1 only its pres5t relation to nature is ( a diff]5t ord] f =m]ly4 ,z long z man dwells 9 a /ate ( pure nature 7,i mean pure & n co>se nature71 all 8 be+ acts at once l a simple s5su\s unity1 l a h>moni\s :ole4 ,! s5ses & reason1 ! receptive faculty & ! spontane\sly active faculty1 h n be5 z yet sep>at$ 9 _! respective functions3 =tiori !y are n yet 9 contradiction ) ea* o!r4 ,!n ! feel+s ( man are n ! =mless play ( *ance2 nor are 8 ?\ghts an empty play ( ! imag9ation1 )\t any value4 ,8 feel+s proce$ f ! law ( necessity2 8 ?\ghts f reality4 ,b :5 man ent]s ! /ate ( civilization1 & art has fa%ion$ him1 ?is s5su\s h>mony :i* 0 9 him disappe>s1 & h5ce=? he c only manife/ himself z a moral unity1 t is1 z aspir+ to unity4 ,! h>mony t exi/$ z a fact 9 ! =m] /ate1 ! h>mony ( feel+ & ?\ght1 only exi/s n[ 9 an ideal /ate4 ,x is no long] 9 him1 b out ( him2 x is a conception ( ?\ght :i* he mu/ beg9 by realiz+ 9 himself2 x is no long] a fact1 a reality ( 8 life4 ,well1 n[ let u take ! idea ( poetry1 :i* is no?+ else ?an express+ humanity z completely z possible1 & let u apply ?is idea to ^! two /ates4 ,we %all be br\ght to inf] t1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! /ate ( natural simplicity1 :5 all ! faculties ( man are ex]t$ toge!r1 8 be+ /ill manife/s itself 9 a h>moni\s unity1 :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! totality ( 8 nature expresses itself 9 reality itself1 ! "p ( ! poet is necess>ily to imitate ! real z completely z is possible4 ,9 ! /ate ( civilization1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ?is h>moni\s competition ( ! :ole ( human nature is no long] any?+ b an idea1 ! "p ( ! poet is necess>ily to raise reality to ! ideal1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 to repres5t ! ideal4 ,&1 actually1 ^! are ! only two ways 9 :i*1 9 g5]al1 ! poetic g5ius c manife/ itself4 ,_! great diff]5ce is q evid5t1 b ?\gh !re be great opposition betwe5 !m1 a high] idea exi/s t embraces bo?1 & !re is no cause to be a/oni%$ if ?is idea co9cides ) ! v idea ( humanity4 ,?is is n ! place to pursue ?is ?\ght any fur!r1 z x w\ld require a sep>ate discussion to place x 9 its full light4 ,b if we only comp>e ! mod]n & anci5t poets toge!r1 n accord+ to ! accid5tal =ms :i* !y may h employ$1 b accord+ to _! _s1 we %all be easily conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is ?\ght4 ,! ?+ t t\*es u 9 ! anci5t poets is nature2 x is ! tru? ( s5se1 x is a pres5t & a liv+ reality3 mod]n poets t\* u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ideas4 ,! pa? foll[$ by mod]n poets is moreov] t necess>ily foll[$ by man g5]ally1 individuals z well z ! species4 ,nature reconciles man ) himself2 art divides & disunites him2 ! ideal br+s him back to unity4 ,n[1 ! ideal be+ an inf9ite t he nev] succe$s 9 rea*+1 x foll[s t civiliz$ man c nev] become p]fect 9 8 k9d1 :ile ! man ( nature c become s 9 84 ,accord+ly 9 relation to p]fection "o w\ld be inf9itely bel[ ! o!r1 if we only consid]$ ! relation 9 :i* !y are bo? to _! own k9d & to _! maximum4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! k9ds t are comp>$ toge!r1 x is asc]ta9$ t ! end to :i* man t5ds by civilization is inf9itely sup]ior to t :i* he rea*es ?r\gh nature4 ,?us "o has 8 rew>d1 because hav+ = object a f9ite magnitude1 he completely rea*es ?is object2 ! m]it ( ! o!r is to approa* an object t is ( inf9ite magnitude4 ,n[1 z !re are only degrees1 & z !re is only progress 9 ! second ( ^! evolutions1 x foll[s t ! relative m]it ( ! man engag$ 9 ! ways ( civilization is nev] det]m9able 9 g5]al1 ?\gh ?is man1 tak+ ! individuals sep>ately1 is necess>ily at a disadvantage1 comp>$ ) ! man 9 :om nature acts 9 all its p]fection4 ,b we "k also t humanity _c rea* its f9al end except by progress1 & t ! man ( nature _c make progress save ?r\gh culture1 & consequ5tly by pass+ himself ?r\gh ! way ( civilization4 ,accord+ly !re is no occasion to ask ) :i* ( ! two ! advantage mu/ rema91 consid]+ ?is la/ end4 ,all t we say "h ( ! diff]5t =ms ( humanity may be appli$ equally to ! two ord]s ( poets :o correspond to !m4 ,accord+ly x w\ld h be5 desirable n to comp>e at all ! anci5t & ! mod]n poets1 ! simple & ! s5tim5tal poets1 or only to comp>e !m by ref]r+ !m to a high] idea 7s9ce !re is really only "o7 :i* embraces bo?4 ,=1 soo? to say1 if we beg9 by =m+ a specific idea ( poetry1 m]ely f ! anci5t poets1 no?+ is easi]1 b also no?+ is m vulg>1 ?an to depreciate ! mod]ns by ?is comp>ison4 ,if p]sons wi% to conf9e ! "n ( poetry to t :i* has 9 all times produc$ ! same impression 9 simple nature1 ?is places !m 9 ! necessity ( conte/+ ! title ( poet 9 ! mod]ns precisely 9 t :i* con/itutes _! highe/ beauties1 _! greate/ orig9ality & sublimity2 = precisely 9 ! po9ts :]e !y excel ! mo/1 x is ! *ild ( civilization :om !y address1 & !y h no?+ to say to ! simple *ild ( nature4 ,to ! man :o is n dispos$ be=eh& to issue f reality 9 ord] to ent] ! field ( ! ideal1 ! ri*e/ & mo/ sub/antial poetry is an empty appe>ance1 & ! sublime/ flights ( poetic inspiration are an exagg]ation4 ,nev] w a reasonable man ?9k ( plac+ alongside ,hom]1 9 8 gr&e/ episodes1 any ( our mod]n poets2 & x has a discordant & ridicul\s effect to he> ,milton or ,klop/ock honor$ ) ! "n ( a 8new ,hom]40 ,b take 9 mod]n poets :at *>act]izes !m1 :at makes _! special m]it1 & try to comp>e any anci5t poet ) !m 9 ?is po9t1 !y w n be able to support ! comp>ison any bett]1 & ,hom] less ?an any o!r4 ,i %\ld express x ?us3 ! p[] ( ! anci5ts consi/s 9 compress+ objects into ! f9ite1 & ! mod]ns excel 9 ! art ( ! inf9ite4 ,:at we h said "h may be ext5d$ to ! f9e arts 9 g5]al1 except c]ta9 re/rictions t are self-evid5t4 ,if1 !n1 ! /r5g? ( ! arti/s ( antiquity consi/s 9 det]m9+ & limit+ objects1 we mu/ no long] wond] t 9 ! field ( ! pla/ic arts ! anci5ts rema9 s f> sup]ior to ! mod]ns1 nor especially t poetry & ! pla/ic arts ) ! mod]ns1 comp>$ respectively ) :at !y 7 among ! anci5ts1 d n (f] ! same relative value4 ,?is is because an object t addresses itself to ! eyes is only p]fect 9 proportion z ! object is cle>ly limit$ 9 x2 :il/ a "w t is address$ to ! imag9ation c also rea* ! p]fection :i* is prop] to x by means ( ! ideal & ! inf9ite4 ,?is is :y ! sup]iority ( ! mod]ns 9 :at relates to ideas is n ( great aid to !m 9 ! pla/ic arts1 :]e x is necess>y = !m to det]m9e 9 space1 ) ! greate/ precision1 ! image :i* _! imag9ation has conceiv$1 & :]e !y mu/ !re=e measure !mselves ) ! anci5t arti/ j on a po9t :]e 8 sup]iority _c be conte/$4 ,9 ! matt] ( poetry x is ano!r affair1 & if ! advantage is /ill ) ! anci5ts on t gr\nd1 z respects ! simplicity ( =ms--all t c be repres5t$ by s5su\s features1 all t is some?+ bodily--yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mod]ns h ! advantage ov] ! anci5ts z reg>ds fundam5tal weal?1 & all t c nei!r be repres5t$ nor translat$ by s5su\s signs1 9 %ort1 = all t is call$ m9d & idea 9 ! works ( art4 ,f ! mom5t t ! simple poet is cont5t to foll[ simple nature & feel+1 t he is cont5t$ ) ! imitation ( ! real _w1 he c only be plac$1 ) reg>d to 8 subject1 9 a s+le relation4 ,& 9 ?is respect he has no *oice z to ! mann] ( treat+ x4 ,if simple poetry produces diff]5t impressions--,i d n1 ( c\rse1 speak ( ! impressions t are connect$ ) ! nature ( ! subject1 b only ( ^? t are dep5d5t on poetic execution--! :ole diff]5ce is 9 ! degree2 !re is only "o way ( feel+1 :i* v>ies f m to less2 ev5 ! div]sity ( ext]nal =ms *anges no?+ 9 ! quality ( /hetic impressions4 ,:e!r ! =m be lyric or epic1 dramatic or descriptive1 we c receive an impression ei!r /rong] or weak]1 b if we remove :at is connect$ ) ! nature ( ! subject1 we %all always be affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,! feel+ we exp]i5ce is absolutely id5tical2 x proce$s entirety f "o s+le & ! same elem5t to su* a degree t we are unable to make any di/9ction4 ,! v diff]5ce ( tongues & t ( times does n "h occasion any div]sity1 = _! /rict unity ( orig9 & ( effect is precisely a *>act]i/ic ( simple poetry4 ,x is q diff]5t ) s5tim5tal poetry4 ,! s5tim5tal poet reflects on ! impression produc$ on him by objects2 & x is only on ?is reflection t 8 poetic =ce is bas$4 ,x foll[s t ! s5tim5tal poet is always conc]n$ ) two opposite =ces1 has two modes ( repres5t+ objects to himself1 & ( feel+ !m2 ^! are1 ! real or limit$1 & ! ideal or inf9ite2 & ! mix$ feel+ t he w awak5 w always te/ify to ?is duality ( orig94 ,s5tim5tal poetry ?us admitt+ m ?an "o pr9ciple1 x rema9s to "k :i* ( ! two w be pr$om9ant 9 ! poet1 bo? 9 8 fa%ion ( feel+ & 9 t ( repres5t+ ! object2 & consequ5tly a diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( treat+ x is possible4 ,"h1 !n1 a new subject is pres5t$3 %all ! poet atta* himself to ! real or ! ideal8 to ! real z an object ( av]sion & ( disgu/1 or to ! ideal z an object ( incl9ation8 ,! poet w !re=e be able to treat ! same subject ei!r 9 its satirical aspect or 9 its elegiac aspect1--tak+ ^! words 9 a l>g] s5se1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! sequel3 e s5tim5tal poet w ( necessity become atta*$ to "o or ! o!r ( ^! two modes ( feel+4 ,,satirical ,,poetry4 ,! poet is a satiri/ :5 he takes z subject ! di/ance at :i* ?+s are f nature1 & ! contra/ betwe5 reality & ! ideal3 z reg>ds ! impression receiv$ by ! s\l1 ^! two subjects bl5d into ! same4 ,9 ! execution1 he may place e>ne/ness & passion1 or je/s & levity1 accord+ z he takes pleasure 9 ! doma9 ( ! w or 9 t ( ! und]/&+4 ,9 ! =m] case x is av5g+ & pa!tic satire2 9 ! second case x is sportive1 humor\s1 & mir?ful satire4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! object ( poetry is n compatible ei!r ) ! tone ( puni%m5t or t ( amusem5t4 ,! =m] is too grave = play1 :i* %\ld be ! ma9 feature ( poetry2 ! latt] is too trifl+ = s]i\sness1 :i* %\ld =m ! basis ( all poetic play4 ,our m9d is necess>ily int]e/$ 9 moral contradictions1 & ^! deprive ! m9d ( its lib]ty4 ,nev]!less1 all p]sonal int]e/1 & ref]5ce to a p]sonal necessity1 %\ld be bani%$ f poetic feel+4 ,b m5tal contradictions d n t\* ! he>t1 nev]!less ! poet deals ) ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! he>t--nature & ! ideal4 ,accord+ly x is a h>d matt] = him n to violate ! poetic =m 9 pa!tic satire1 because ?is =m consi/s 9 ! lib]ty ( movem5t2 & 9 sportive satire he is v apt to miss ! true _s ( poetry1 :i* ought to be ! inf9ite4 ,! problem c only be solv$ 9 "o way3 by ! pa!tic satire assum+ ! "* ( ! sublime1 & ! playful satire acquir+ poetic sub/ance by envelop+ ! !me 9 beauty4 ,9 satire1 ! real z imp]fection is oppos$ to ! ideal1 consid]$ z ! highe/ reality4 ,9 o!r respects x is by no means ess5tial t ! ideal %\ld be expressly repres5t$1 provid$ ! poet kn[s h[ to awak5 x 9 our s\ls1 b he mu/ 9 all cases awak5 x1 o!rwise he w ex]t absolutely no poetic action4 ,?us reality is "h a necess>y object ( av]sion2 b x is also necess>y1 = ! :ole "q c5tres "h1 t ?is av]sion %\ld come necess>ily f ! ideal1 :i* is oppos$ to reality4 ,to make ?is cle>--?is av]sion might proce$ f a purely s5su\s s\rce1 & repose only on a want ( :i* ! satisfaction f9ds ob/acles 9 ! real4 ,h[ (t51 9 fact1 we ?9k we feel aga9/ society a moral discont5t1 :ile we are simply s\r$ by ! ob/acles t x opposes to our incl9ation4 ,x is ?is entirely mat]ial int]e/ t ! vulg> satiri/ br+s into play2 & z by ?is road he nev] fails to call =? 9 u movem5ts connect$ ) ! affections1 he fancies t he holds our he>t 9 8 h&1 & ?9ks he has graduat$ 9 ! pa!tic4 ,b all pa?os d]iv$ f ?is s\rce is unwor?y ( poetry1 :i* ought only to move u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ideas1 & rea* our he>t only by pass+ ?r\gh ! reason4 ,moreov]1 ?is impure & mat]ial pa?os w nev] h its effect on m9ds1 except by ov]-excit+ ! affective faculties & by occupy+ our he>ts ) pa9ful feel+s3 9 ?is x diff]s entirely f ! truly poetic pa?os1 :i* raises 9 u ! feel+ ( moral indep5d5ce1 & :i* is recogniz$ by ! fre$om ( our m9d p]si/+ 9 x ev5 :ile x is 9 ! /ate ( affection4 ,&1 9 fact1 :5 ! emotion emanates f ! ideal oppos$ to ! real1 ! sublime beauty ( ! ideal corrects all impression ( re/ra9t2 & ! gr&eur ( ! idea ) :i* we are imbu$ raises u above all ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us 9 ! repres5tation ( "s revolt+ reality1 ! ess5tial ?+ is t ! necess>y be ! f\ndation on :i* ! poet or ! n>rator places ! real3 t he "k h[ to dispose our m9d = ideas4 ,provid$ ! po9t f :i* we see & judge be elevat$1 x matt]s little if ! object be l[ & f> b5ea? u4 ,:5 ! hi/orian ,tacitus depicts ! pr(\nd decad5ce ( ! ,romans ( ! fir/ c5tury1 x is a great s\l :i* f a l(ti] position lets 8 looks drop d[n on a l[ object2 & ! disposition 9 :i* he places u is truly poetic1 because x is ! height :]e he is himself plac$1 & :]e he has succe$$ 9 rais+ u1 :i* alone r5d]s s p]ceptible ! bas5ess ( ! object4 ,accord+ly ! satire ( pa?os mu/ always issue f a m9d deeply imbu$ ) ! ideal4 ,x is no?+ b an impulsion t[>ds h>mony t c give rise to t deep feel+ ( moral opposition & t ard5t indignation aga9/ moral obliquity :i* am\nt$ to ! fulness ( en?usiasm 9 ,juv5al1 ,swift1 ,r\sseau1 ,hall]1 & o!rs4 ,^! same poets w\ld h succe$$ equally well 9 =ms ( poetry relat+ to all t is t5d] & t\*+ 9 feel+1 & x 0 only ! accid5ts ( life 9 _! e>ly days t div]t$ _! m9ds into o!r walks4 ,nay1 "s among/ !m actually tri$ _! h& successfully 9 ^! o!r bran*es ( poetry4 ,! poets ^: names h be5 j m5tion$ liv$ ei!r at a p]iod ( deg5]acy1 & _h sc5es ( pa9ful moral obliquity pres5t$ to _! view1 or p]sonal tr\bles _h comb9$ to fill _! s\ls ) bitt] feel+s4 ,! /rictly au/]e _s 9 :i* ,r\sseau1 ,hall]1 & o!rs pa9t reality is a natural result1 moreov]1 ( ! philosophical m9d1 :5 ) rigid adh]5ce to laws ( ?\ght x sep>ates ! m]e ph5om5on f ! sub/ance ( ?+s4 ,yet ^! out] & cont+5t influ5ces1 :i* always put re/ra9t on ! m9d1 %\ld nev] be all[$ to d m ?an decide ! direction tak5 by en?usiasm1 nor %\ld !y ev] give ! mat]ial = x4 ,! sub/ance ought always to rema9 un*ang$1 emancipat$ f all ext]nal motion or /imulus1 & x ought to issue f an ard5t impulsion t[>ds ! ideal1 :i* =ms ! only true motive t c be put =? = satirical poetry1 & inde$ = all s5tim5tal poetry4 ,:ile ! satire ( pa?os is only adapt$ to elevat$ m9ds1 playful satire c only be adequately repres5t$ by a he>t imbu$ ) beauty4 ,! =m] is pres]v$ f triviality by ! s]i\s nature ( ! !me2 b ! latt]1 ^: prop] sph]e is conf9$ to ! treatm5t ( subjects ( morally unimportant nature1 w\ld infallibly adopt ! =m ( frivolity1 & be depriv$ ( all poetic dignity1 7 x n t ! sub/ance is ennobl$ by ! =m1 & did n ! p]sonal dignity ( ! poet comp5sate = ! insignificance ( ! subject4 ,n[1 x is only giv5 to m9d imbu$ ) beauty to impress its "*1 its entire image1 on ea* ( its manife/ations1 indep5d5tly ( ! object ( its manife/ations4 ,a sublime s\l c only make itself kn[n z su* by s+le victories ov] ! rebellion ( ! s5ses1 only 9 c]ta9 mom5ts ( exaltation1 & by ef=ts ( %ort duration4 ,9 a m9d imbu$ ) beauty1 on ! contr>y1 ! ideal acts 9 ! same mann] z nature1 & !re=e cont9u\sly2 accord+ly x c manife/ itself 9 x 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,! deep sea nev] appe>s m sublime ?an :5 x is agitat$2 ! true beauty ( a cle> /ream is 9 its peaceful c\rse4 ,! "q has (t5 be5 rais$ z to ! comp>ative pref]5ce to be aw>d$ to trag$y or com$y4 ,if ! "q is conf9$ m]ely to _! respective !mes1 x is c]ta9 t trag$y has ! advantage4 ,b if our inquiry be direct$ to asc]ta9 :i* has ! m important p]sonality1 x is probable t a decision may be giv5 9 favor ( com$y4 ,9 trag$y ! !me 9 itself does great ?+s2 9 com$y ! object does no?+ & ! poet all4 ,n[1 z 9 ! judgm5ts ( ta/e no acc\nt mu/ be kept ( ! matt] treat$ (1 x foll[s naturally t ! /hetic value ( ^! two k9ds w be 9 an inv]se ratio to ! prop] importance ( _! !mes4 ,! tragic poet is support$ by ! !me1 :ile ! comic poet1 on ! contr>y1 has to keep up ! /hetic "* ( 8 !me by 8 own individual influ5ce4 ,! =m] may so>1 :i* is n a v difficult matt]1 b ! latt] has to rema9 "o & ! same 9 tone2 he has to be 9 ! elevat$ region ( art1 :]e he mu/ be at home1 b :]e ! tragic poet has to be project$ & elevat$ by a b\nd4 ,& ?is is precisely :at di/+ui%es a s\l ( beauty f a sublime s\l4 ,a s\l ( beauty be>s 9 itself by anticipation all great ideas2 !y fl[ )\t con/ra9t & )\t difficulty f its v nature--an inf9ite nature1 at lea/ 9 pot5cy1 at :atev] po9t ( its c>e] y seize x4 ,a sublime s\l c rise to all k9ds ( greatness1 b by an ef=t2 x c te> itself f all bondage1 to all t limits & con/ra9s x1 b only by /r5g? ( w4 ,consequ5tly ! sublime s\l is only free by brok5 ef=ts2 ! o!r ) ease & always4 ,! noble task ( com$y is to produce & keep up 9 u ?is fre$om ( m9d1 j z ! end ( trag$y is to re-e/abli% 9 u ?is fre$om ( m9d by /hetic ways1 :5 x has be5 viol5tly susp5d$ by passion4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y t 9 trag$y ! poet1 z if he made an exp]im5t1 %\ld artificially susp5d our fre$om ( m9d1 s9ce trag$y %[s its poetic virtue by re-e/abli%+ x2 9 com$y1 on ! o!r h&1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?+s nev] rea* ?is susp5sion ( fre$om4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! tragic poet inv>iably treats 8 !me 9 a practical mann]1 & ! comic poet 9 a !oretic mann]1 ev5 :5 ! =m]1 z happ5$ ) ,less+ 9 8 8,na?an10 %\ld h ! curi\s fancy to select a !oretical1 & ! latt] %\ld h t ( *oos+ a practical subject4 ,a piece is con/itut$ a trag$y or a com$y n by ! sph]e f :i* ! !me is tak51 b by ! tribunal be=e :i* x is judg$4 ,a tragic poet ought nev] to indulge 9 tranquil reason+1 & ought always to ga9 ! int]e/ ( ! he>t2 b ! comic poet ought to %un ! pa!tic & br+ into play ! und]/&+4 ,! =m] displays 8 art by creat+ cont9ual excitem5t1 ! latt] by p]petually subdu+ 8 passion2 & x is natural t ! art 9 bo? cases %\ld acquire magnitude & /r5g? 9 proportion z ! !me ( "o poet is ab/ract & t ( ! o!r pa!tic 9 "*4 ,accord+ly1 if trag$y sets out f a m exalt$ place1 x mu/ be all[$1 on ! o!r h&1 t com$y aims at a m important end2 & if ?is end c\ld be actually atta9$ x w\ld make all trag$y n only unnecess>y1 b impossible4 ,! aim t com$y has 9 view is ! same z t ( ! highe/ de/9y ( man1 & ?is consi/s 9 lib]at+ himself f ! influ5ce ( viol5t passions1 & tak+ a calm & lucid survey ( all t surr\nds him1 & also ( 8 own be+1 & ( see+ ev]y:]e occurr5ce r ?an fate or haz>d1 & ultimately r smil+ at ! absurdities ?an %$d+ te>s & feel+ ang] at sight ( ! wick$ness ( man4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s 9 human life t facility ( imag9ation1 agreeable tal5ts1 a good-natur$ mir?fulness are tak5 = ornam5ts ( ! m9d4 ,! same fact is disc]n$ 9 ! case ( poetical displays4 ,n[1 public ta/e sc>cely if ev] so>s above ! sph]e ( ! agreeable1 & au?ors gift$ ) ?is sort ( elegance ( m9d & /yle d n f9d x a difficult matt] to usurp a glory :i* is or ought to be ! rew>d ( s mu* real labor4 ,nev]!less1 an infallible text exi/s to enable u to discrim9ate a natural facility ( mann] f ideal g5tl5ess1 & qualities t consi/ 9 no?+ m ?an natural virtue f g5u9e moral wor? ( "*4 ,?is te/ is pres5t$ by trials su* z ^? pres5t$ by difficulty & ev5ts (f]+ great opportunities4 ,plac$ 9 positions ( ?is k9d1 ! g5ius ^: ess5ce is elegance is sure infallibly to fall into platitudes1 & t virtue :i* only results f natural causes drops d[n to a mat]ial sph]e4 ,b a m9d imbu$ ) true & spiritual beauty is 9 cases ( ! k9d we h suppos$ sure to be elevat$ to ! highe/ sph]e ( "* & ( feel+4 ,s long z ,lucian m]ely furni%es absurdity1 z 9 8 8,wi%es10 9 ! 8,lapi?as10 9 8,jupit] ,tragdus10 etc41 he is only a humori/1 & gratifies u by 8 sportive humor2 b he *anges "* 9 _m passages 9 8 8,nigr9us10 8 8,timon10 & 8 8,alex&]10 :5 8 satire directs its %afts aga9/ moral depravity4 ,?us he beg9s 9 8 8,nigr9us0 8 picture ( ! degrad$ corruption ( ,rome at t "t 9 ?is way3 8,wret*1 :y did/ ?\ quit ,greece1 ! sunlight1 & t free & happy life8 ,:y did/ ?\ come "h into ?is turmoil ( spl5did slav]y1 ( s]vice & fe/ivals1 ( sycophants1 flatt]]s1 poison]s1 orphan-robb]s1 & false fri5ds80 ,x is on su* occasions t ! poet ought to %[ ! l(ty e>ne/ness ( s\l :i* has to =m ! basis ( all plays1 if a poetical "* is to be obta9$ by !m4 ,a s]i\s int5tion may ev5 be detect$ "u ! malici\s je/s ) :i* ,lucian & ,ari/ophanes pursue ,socrates4 ,_! purpose is to av5ge tru? aga9/ sophi/ry1 & to d combat = an ideal :i* is n always prom95tly put =w>d4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,lucian has ju/ifi$ ?is "* 9 8 ,diog5es & ,demonax4 ,aga91 among mod]n writ]s1 h[ grave & beautiful is ! "* depict$ on all occasions by ,c]vantes 9 8 ,don ,quixote6 ,h[ spl5did mu/ h be5 ! ideal t fill$ ! m9d ( a poet :o creat$ a ,tom ,jones & a ,sophonisba6 ,h[ deeply & /rongly our he>ts are mov$ by ! je/s ( ,yorick :5 he pleases6 ,i detect ?is s]i\sness also 9 our own ,wiel&3 ev5 ! wanton sportiv5ess ( 8 humor is elevat$ & imp$$ by ! goodness ( 8 he>t2 x has an influ5ce ev5 on 8 rhy?m2 nor does he ev] lack ela/ic p[]1 :5 x is 8 wi%1 to raise u up to ! mo/ elevat$ planes ( beauty & ( ?\ght4 ,! same judgm5t _c be pron\nc$ on ! satire ( ,voltaire4 ,no d\bt1 also1 9 8 case1 x is ! tru? & simplicity ( nature :i* "h & !re makes u exp]i5ce poetic emotions1 :e!r he really enc\nt]s nature & depicts x 9 a simple "*1 z _m times 9 8 8,+nu20 or :e!r he seeks x & av5ges x z 9 8 8,c&ide0 & else:]e4 ,b :5 nei!r "o nor ! o!r takes place1 he c d\btless amuse u ) 8 f9e wit1 b he assur$ly nev] t\*es u z a poet4 ,!re is always r too little ( ! s]i\s "u 8 raill]y1 & ?is is :at makes 8 vocation z poet ju/ly suspici\s4 ,y always meet 8 intellig5ce only2 nev] 8 feel+s4 ,no ideal c be detect$ "u ?is light gauze envelope2 sc>cely c any?+ absolutely fix$ be f\nd "u ?is p]petual movem5t4 ,8 prodigi\s div]sity ( ext]nals & =ms1 f> f prov+ any?+ 9 favor ( ! inn] fulness ( 8 inspiration1 r te/ifies to ! contr>y2 = he has exhau/$ all =ms )\t f9d+ a s+le "o on :i* he has succe$$ 9 impress+ 8 he>t4 ,we are almo/ driv5 to fe> t 9 ! case ( 8 ri* tal5t ! pov]ty ( he>t alone det]m9$ 8 *oice ( satire4 ,& h[ c\ld we o!rwise expla9 ! fact t he c\ld pursue s long a road )\t ev] issu+ f its n>r[ rut8 ,:atev] may be ! v>iety ( matt] & ( ext]nal =ms1 we see ! inn] =m return ev]y:]e ) its /]ile & et]nal uni=mity1 & 9 spite ( 8 s productive c>e]1 he nev] accompli%$ 9 himself ! circle ( humanity1 t circle :i* we see joyfully trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by ! satiri/s previ\sly nam$4 ,,elegiac ,,poetry4 ,:5 ! poet opposes nature to art1 & ! ideal to ! real1 s t nature & ! ideal =m ! pr9cipal object ( 8 pictures1 & t ! pleasure we take 9 !m is ! dom9ant impression1 ,i call him an elegiac poet4 ,9 ?is k9d1 z well z 9 satire1 ,i di/+ui% two classes4 ,ei!r nature & ! ideal are objects ( sadness1 :5 "o is repres5t$ z lo/ to man & ! o!r z unatta9$2 or bo? are objects ( joy1 be+ repres5t$ to u z reality4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is elegy 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! t]m2 9 ! second case x is ! idyl 9 its mo/ ext5d$ acceptation4 ,indignation 9 ! pa!tic & ridicule 9 mir?ful satire are occasion$ by an en?usiasm :i* ! ideal has excit$2 & ?us also sadness %\ld issue f ! same s\rce 9 elegy4 ,x is ?is1 & ?is only1 t gives poetic value to elegy1 & any o!r orig9 = ?is description ( poetical effusion is entirely b5ea? ! dignity ( poetry4 ,! elegiac poet seeks aft] nature1 b he /rives to f9d h] 9 h] beauty1 & n only 9 h] mir?2 9 h] agreem5t ) conception1 & n m]ely 9 h] facile disposition t[>ds ! requirem5ts & dem&s ( s5se4 ,melan*oly at ! privation ( joys1 compla9ts at ! disappe>ance ( ! _w's gold5 age1 or at ! vani%$ happ9ess ( y\?1 affection1 etc41 c only become ! prop] !mes = elegiac poetry if ^? conditions imply+ peace & calm 9 ! sph]e ( ! s5ses c moreov] be portray$ z /ates ( moral h>mony4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i _c br+ myself to reg>d z poetry ! compla9ts ( ,ovid1 :i* he transmitt$ f 8 place ( exile by ! ,black ,sea2 nor w\ld !y appe> s to me h[ev] t\*+ & h[ev] full ( passages ( ! highe/ poetry !y might be4 ,8 suff]+ is too devoid ( _s1 & nobl5ess4 ,8 lam5tations display a want ( /r5g? & en?usiasm2 ?\gh !y may n reflect ! traces ( a vulg> s\l1 !y display a l[ & s5su\s condition ( a noble _s t has be5 trampl$ into ! du/ by its h>d de/9y4 ,if1 inde$1 we call to m9d t 8 regrets are direct$ to ,rome1 9 ! ,augu/an age1 we =give him ! pa9 he suff]s2 b ev5 ,rome 9 all its spl5dor1 except x be transfigur$ by ! imag9ation1 is a limit$ greatness1 & !re=e a subject unwor?y ( poetry1 :i*1 rais$ above e trace ( ! actual1 ought only to m\rn ov] :at is inf9ite4 ,?us ! object ( poetic compla9t ought nev] to be an ext]nal object1 b only an int]nal & ideal object2 ev5 :5 x deplores a real loss1 x mu/ beg9 by mak+ x an ideal loss4 ,! prop] "w ( ! poet consi/s 9 br++ back ! f9ite object to ! proportions ( ! inf9ite4 ,consequ5tly ! ext]nal matt] ( elegy1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is always indiff]5t1 s9ce poetry c nev] employ x z x f9ds x1 & because x is only by :at x makes ( x t x conf]s on x a poetic dignity4 ,! elegiac poet seeks nature1 b nature z an idea1 & 9 a degree ( p]fection t x has nev] rea*$ 9 reality1 al?\gh he weeps ov] ?is p]fection z some?+ t has exi/$ & is n[ lo/4 ,:5 ,ossian speaks to u ( ! days t are no m1 & ( ! h]oes t h disappe>$1 8 imag9ation has long s9ce trans=m$ ^! pictures repres5t$ to him by 8 memory into a pure ideal1 & *ang$ ^! h]oes into gods4 ,! diff]5t exp]i5ces ( su* or su* a life 9 p>ticul> h become ext5d$ & conf\nd$ 9 ! univ]sal idea ( transitor9ess1 & ! b>d1 deeply mov$1 pursu$ by ! increase ( ru9 ev]y:]e pres5t1 takes 8 flight t[>ds heav51 to f9d !re 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun an emblem ( :at does n pass away4 ,i turn n[ to ! elegiac poets ( mod]n times4 ,r\sseau1 :e!r consid]$ z a poet or a philosoph]1 always obeys ! same t5d5cy2 to seek nature or to av5ge x by art4 ,accord+ to ! /ate ( 8 he>t1 :e!r he pref]s to seek nature or to av5ge x1 we see him at "o "t r\s$ by elegiac feel+s1 at o!rs %[+ ! tone ( ! satire ( ,juneval2 & aga91 z 9 8 ,julia1 delight+ 9 ! sph]e ( ! idyl4 ,8 compositions h und\bt$ly a poetic value1 s9ce _! object is ideal2 only he does n "k h[ to treat x 9 a poetic fa%ion4 ,no d\bt 8 s]i\s "* prev5ts him f fall+ into frivolity2 b ?is s]i\sness also does n all[ him to rise to poetic play4 ,sometimes absorb$ by passion1 at o!rs by ab/ractions1 he seldom if ev] rea*es /hetic fre$om1 :i* ! poet ought to ma9ta9 9 spite ( 8 mat]ial be=e 8 object1 & 9 :i* he ought to make ! read] %>e4 ,ei!r he is gov]n$ by 8 sickly s5sibility & 8 impressions become a torture1 or ! =ce ( ?\ght *a9s d[n 8 imag9ation & de/roys by its /rictness ( reason+ all ! grace ( 8 pictures4 ,^! two faculties1 ^: reciprocal influ5ce & intimate union are :at prop]ly make ! poet1 are f\nd 9 ?is writ] 9 an uncommon degree1 & he only lacks "o ?+--x is t ! two qualities %\ld manife/ !mselves actually unit$2 x is t ! prop] activity ( ?\ght %\ld %[ itself mix$ m ) feel+1 & ! s5su\s m ) ?\ght4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 9 ! ideal :i* he has made ( human nature1 he is too mu* tak5 up ) ! limits ( ?is nature1 & n en\gh ) its capabilities2 he always betrays a want ( physical repose r ?an want ( moral h>mony4 ,8 passionate s5su\sness mu/ be blam$ :51 to f9i% z quickly z possible t /ruggle 9 humanity :i* (f5ds him1 he pref]s to c>ry man back to ! un9tellig5t uni=mity ( 8 primitive condition1 r ?an see t /ruggle c>ri$ out 9 ! intellectual h>mony ( p]fect cultivation1 :51 r ?an await ! fulfilm5t ( art he pref]s n to let x beg92 9 %ort1 :5 he pref]s to place ! aim ne>] ! e>?1 & to l[] ! ideal 9 ord] to rea* x ! soon] & ! saf]4 ,among ! poets ( ,g]many :o belong to ?is class1 ,i %all only m5tion "h ,hall]1 ,klei/1 & ,klop/ock4 ,! "* ( _! poetry is s5tim5tal2 x is by ! ideal t !y t\* u1 n by s5su\s reality2 & t n s mu* because !y are !mselves nature1 z because !y "k h[ to fill u ) en?usiasm = nature4 ,h[ev]1 :at is true 9 g5]al1 z well ( ^! ?ree poets z ( e s5tim5tal poet1 does n evid5tly exclude ! faculty ( mov+ u1 9 p>ticul>1 by beauties ( ! simple g5us2 )\t ?is !y w\ld n be poets4 ,i only mean t x is n _! prop] & dom9ant *>act]i/ic to receive ! impression ( objects ) a calm feel+1 simple1 easy1 & to give =? 9 l mann] ! impression receiv$4 ,involunt>ily ! imag9ation 9 !m anticipates intuition1 & reflection is 9 play be=e ! s5su\s nature has done its function2 !y %ut _! eyes & /op _! e>s to plunge into int]nal m$itations4 ,_! s\ls c\ld n be t\*$ by any impression )\t obs]v+ imm$iately _! own movem5ts1 )\t plac+ be=e _! eyes & outside !mselves :at takes place 9 !m4 ,x foll[s f ?is t we nev] see ! object itself1 b :at ! intellig5ce & reflection ( ! poet h made ( ! object2 & ev5 if ?is object be ! p]son itself ( ! poet1 ev5 :5 he wi%es to repres5t to u 8 own feel+s1 we are n in=m$ ( 8 /ate imm$iately or at fir/ h&2 we only see h[ ?is /ate is reflect$ 9 8 m9d & :at he has ?\ght ( x 9 ! capacity ( spectator ( himself4 ,:5 ,hall] deplores ! dea? ( 8 wife--e "o kn[s ?is beautiful elegy--& beg9s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8,if ,i mu/ ne$s s+ ( ?y dea?1 ,o ,m>ian1 :at a song x w\ld be6 ,:5 sighs /rive aga9/ words1 ,& idea foll[s fa/ on idea10 etc41 we feel t ?is description is /rictly true1 b we feel also t ! poet does n communicate to u1 prop]ly speak+1 8 feel+s1 b ! ?\ghts t !y sugge/ to him4 ,accord+ly1 ! emotion we feel on he>+ him is mu* less vivid6 p rem>k t ! poet's m9d mu/ h be5 s+ul>ly cool$ d[n to become ?us a spectator ( 8 own emotion4 ,hall] sc>cely treat$ any subjects b ! sup]-s5su\s1 & "p ( ! poems ( ,klop/ock are also ( ?is nature3 ?is *oice itself excludes !m f ! simple k9d4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] to treat ^! sup]-s5su\s !mes 9 a poetic fa%ion1 z no body c\ld be giv5 to !m1 & !y c\ld n be made ! objects ( s5su\s intuition1 x 0 necess>y to make !m pass f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite1 & raise !m to ! /ate ( objects ( spiritual intuition4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said1 t x is only 9 ?is s5se t a didactic poetry c be conceiv$ )\t involv+ contradiction2 =1 repeat+ aga9 :at has be5 s (t5 said1 poetry has only two fields1 ! _w ( s5se & ! ideal _w1 s9ce 9 ! sph]e ( conceptions1 9 ! _w ( ! und]/&+1 x _c absolutely ?rive4 ,i confess t ,i d n "k z yet any didactic poem1 ei!r among ! anci5ts or among ! mod]ns1 :]e ! subject is completely br\ght d[n to ! individual1 or purely & completely rais$ to ! ideal4 ,! mo/ common case1 9 ! mo/ happy essays1 is :]e ! two pr9ciples are us$ toge!r2 ! ab/ract idea pr$om9ates1 & ! imag9ation1 :i* ought to reign ov] ! :ole doma9 ( poetry1 has m]ely ! p]mission to s]ve ! und]/&+4 ,a didactic poem 9 :i* ?\ght itself w\ld be poetic1 & w\ld rema9 s1 is a ?+ :i* we mu/ /ill wait to see4 ,:at we say "h ( didactic poems 9 g5]al is true 9 p>ticul> ( ! poems ( ,hall]4 ,! ?\ght itself ( ^! poems is n poetical1 b ! execution becomes s sometimes1 occasionally by ! use ( images1 at o!r times by a flight t[>ds ! ideal4 ,x is f ?is la/ quality only t ! poems ( ,hall] belong to ?is class4 ,en]gy1 dep?1 a pa!tic e>ne/ness--^! are ! traits t di/+ui% ?is poet4 ,he has 9 8 s\l an ideal t enk9dles x1 & 8 ard5t love ( tru? seeks 9 ! peaceful valleys ( ! ,alps t innoc5ce ( ! fir/ ages t ! _w no long] kn[s4 ,8 compla9t is deeply t\*+2 he retraces 9 an en]getic & almo/ bitt] satire ! w&]+s ( ! m9d & ( ! he>t1 & he lov+ly portrays ! beautiful simplicity ( nature4 ,only1 9 8 pictures z well z 9 8 s\l1 ab/raction prevails too mu*1 & ! s5su\s is ov]weight$ by ! intellectual4 ,he con/antly tea*es r ?an pa9ts2 & ev5 9 8 pa9t+s 8 bru% is m en]getic ?an lovable4 ,he is great1 bold1 full ( fire1 sublime2 b he r>ely & p]haps nev] atta9s to beauty4 ,= ! solidity & dep? ( ideas1 ,klei/ is f> inf]ior to ,hall]2 9 po9t ( grace1 p]haps1 he w\ld h ! advantage--if1 z happ5s occasionally1 we did n impute to him z a m]it1 on ! "o side1 t :i* really is a want on ! o!r4 ,! s5su\s s\l ( ,klei/ takes especial delight at ! sight ( c\ntry sc5es & mann]s2 he )draws gladly f ! va9 j+le & rattle ( society1 & f9ds 9 ! he>t ( inanimate nature ! h>mony & peace t are n (f]$ to him by ! moral _w4 ,h[ t\*+ is 8 8,aspiration aft] ,repose06 h[ mu* tru? & feel+ !re is 9 ^! v]ses6-- 8,o _w1 ?\ art ! tomb ( true life6 ,(t5 a g5]\s in/9ct attracts me to virtue2 ,my he>t is sad1 a torr5t ( te>s ba!s my *eeks ,b example conqu]s1 & ?\1 ,o fire ( y\?6 ,soon y dry ^! noble te>s4 ,a true man mu/ live f> f m560 ,b if ! poetic in/9ct ( ,klei/ leads him ?us f> away f ! n>r[ circle ( social relations1 9 solitude & among ! fruitful inspirations ( nature1 ! image ( social life & ( its angui% pursues him1 & also1 alas6 its *a9s4 ,:at he flees f he c>ries 9 himself1 & :at he seeks rema9s entirely outside him3 nev] c he triumph ov] ! fatal influ5ce ( 8 "t4 ,9 va9 does he f9d suffici5t flame 9 8 he>t & en\gh en]gy 9 8 imag9ation to animate by pa9t+ ! cold conceptions ( ! und]/&+2 cold ?\ght ea* "t kills ! liv+ creations ( fancy1 & reflection de/roys ! secret "w ( ! s5su\s nature4 ,8 poetry1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is ( z brilliant color & z v>iegat$ z ! spr+ he celebrat$ 9 v]se2 8 imag9ation is vivid & active2 b x might be said t x is m v>iable ?an ri*1 t x sports r ?an creates1 t x always goes =w>d ) a *angeful gait1 r ?an /ops to accumulate & m\ld ?+s into %ape4 ,traits succe$ ea* o!r rapidly1 ) exub]ance1 b )\t conc5trat+ to =m an individual1 )\t complet+ ea* o!r to make a liv+ :ole1 )\t r\nd+ to a =m1 a figure4 ,:il/ he rema9s 9 purely lyrical poetry1 & pauses amid/ 8 l&scapes ( c\ntry life1 on ! "o h& ! great] fre$om ( ! lyrical =m1 & on ! o!r ! m arbitr>y nature ( ! subject1 prev5t u f be+ /ruck ) ?is defect2 9 ^! sorts ( works x is 9 g5]al r ! feel+s ( ! poet1 ?an ! object 9 itself1 ( :i* we expect ! portraiture4 ,b ?is defect becomes too app>5t :5 he und]takes1 z 9 ,cisseis & ,pa*es1 or 9 8 ,s5eca1 to repres5t m5 & human actions2 because "h ! imag9ation sees itself kept 9 )9 c]ta9 fix$ & necess>y limits1 & because "h ! effect c only be d]iv$ f ! object itself4 ,klei/ becomes poor1 tiresome1 jejune1 & insupportably frigid2 an example full ( lessons = ^? :o1 )\t hav+ an inn] vocation1 aspire to issue f musical poetry1 to rise to ! regions ( pla/ic poetry4 ,a _s ( ?is family1 ,?omson1 has paid ! same p5alty to human infirmity4 ,9 ! s5tim5tal k9d1 & especially 9 t "p ( ! s5tim5tal k9d :i* we "n elegiac1 !re are b few mod]n poets1 & /ill few] anci5t ones1 :o c be comp>$ to our ,klop/ock4 ,musical poetry has produc$ 9 ?is poet all t c be atta9$ out ( ! limits ( ! liv+ =m1 & out ( ! sph]e ( individuality1 9 ! region ( ideas4 ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be do+ him a great inju/ice to dispute entirely 9 8 case t individual tru? & t feel+ ( life ) :i* ! simple poet describes 8 pictures4 ,_m ( 8 odes1 _m sep>ate traits 9 8 dramas1 & 9 8 8,messiah10 repres5t ! object ) a /rik+ tru?1 & m>k ! outl9e admirably2 especially1 :5 ! object is 8 own he>t1 he has giv5 evid5ce on _m occasions ( a great natural disposition & ( a *>m+ simplicity4 ,i mean only t x is n 9 ?is t ! prop] =ce ( ,klop/ock consi/s1 & t x w\ld n p]haps be "r to seek = ?is ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,view$ z a production ( musical poetry1 ! 8,messiah0 is a magnific5t "w2 b 9 ! light ( pla/ic poetry1 :]e we look = det]m9$ =ms & =ms det]m9$ = ! intuition1 ! 8,messiah0 leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,p]haps 9 ?is poem ! figures are suffici5tly det]m9$1 b !y are n s ) intuition 9 view4 ,x is ab/raction alone t creat$ !m1 & ab/raction alone c disc]n !m4 ,!y are excell5t types to express ideas1 b !y are n individuals nor liv+ figures4 ,) reg>d to ! imag9ation1 :i* ! poet ought to address1 & :i* he ought to comm& by putt+ be=e x always p]fectly det]m9ate =ms1 x is left "h mu* too free to repres5t z x wi%es ^! m5 & ^! angels1 ^! div9ities & demons1 ?is p>adise & ?is hell4 ,we see q well ! vague outl9es 9 :i* ! und]/&+ mu/ be kept to conceive ^! p]sonages2 b we d n f9d ! limit cle>ly trac$ 9 :i* ! imag9ation mu/ be enclos$ to repres5t !m4 ,& :at ,i say "h ( *>act]s mu/ apply to all t 9 ?is poem is1 or ought to be1 action & life1 & n only 9 ?is epopia1 b also 9 ! dramatic poetry ( ,klop/ock4 ,= ! und]/&+ all is p]fectly det]m9$ & b\nd$ 9 !m--,i ne$ only "h recall 8 ,judas1 8 ,pilate1 8 ,philo1 8 ,solomon 9 ! trag$y t be>s t "n--b = ! imag9ation all ?is wants =m too mu*1 & ,i mu/ readily confess ,i d n f9d t our poet is at all 9 8 sph]e "h4 ,8 sph]e is always ! realm ( ideas2 & he kn[s h[ to raise all he t\*es to ! inf9ite4 ,x might be said t he /rips away _! bodily envelope1 to spiritualize !m f all ! objects ) :i* he is occupi$1 9 ! same way t o!r poets clo! all t is spiritual ) a body4 ,! pleasure occasion$ by 8 poems mu/ almo/ always be obta9$ by an ex]cise ( ! faculty ( reflection2 ! feel+s he awak5s 9 u1 & t s deeply & en]getically1 fl[ always f sup]-s5su\s s\rces4 ,h5ce ! e>ne/ness1 ! /r5g?1 ! ela/icity1 ! dep?1 t *>act]ize all t comes f him2 b f t also issues t p]petual t5sion ( m9d 9 :i* we are kept :5 read+ him4 ,no poet--except p]haps ,"y1 :o 9 ?is respect exacts ev5 m ?an ,klop/ock1 )\t giv+ u s mu* comp5sation--no poet c\ld be less adapt$ ?an ,klop/ock to play ! "p ( favorite au?or & guide 9 life1 because he nev] does any?+ else ?an lead u out ( life1 because he nev] calls to arms any?+ save _s1 )\t giv+ recreation & refre%m5t to s5su\s nature by ! calm pres5ce ( any object4 ,8 muse is *a/e1 x has no?+ ( ! e>?ly1 x is immat]ial & holy z 8 religion2 & we are =c$ to admit ) admiration t if he w&]s sometimes on ^! high places1 x nev] happ5$ to him to fall f !m4 ,b precisely = ?is reason1 ,i confess 9 all +5u\sness1 t ,i am n free f anxiety = ! common s5se ( ^? :o q s]i\sly & unaffect$ly make ,klop/ock ! favorite book1 ! book 9 :i* we f9d s5tim5ts fitt+ all situations1 or to :i* we may rev]t at all times3 p]haps ev5--& ,i suspect x--,g]many has se5 en\gh results ( 8 dang]\s influ5ce4 ,x is only 9 c]ta9 dispositions ( ! m9d1 & 9 h\rs ( exaltation1 t rec\rse c be _h to ,klop/ock1 & t he c be felt4 ,x is = ?is reason t he is ! idol ( y\?1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ by any means ! happie/ *oice t !y c\ld make4 ,y\?1 :i* always aspires to some?+ beyond real life1 :i* avoids all /iffness ( =m1 & f9ds all limits too n>r[1 lets itself be c>ri$ away ) love1 ) delight1 into ! inf9ite spaces op5$ up to !m by ?is poet4 ,b wait till ! y\? has become a man1 & till1 f ! doma9 ( ideas1 he comes back to ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 !n y w see ?is en?usia/ic love ( ,klop/ock decrease greatly1 )\t1 h[ev]1 a rip] age *ang+ at all ! e/eem due to ?is unique ph5om5on1 to ?is s extraord9>y g5ius1 to ^! noble s5tim5ts--! e/eem t ,g]many 9 p>ticul> owes to 8 high m]it4 ,i h said t ?is poet 0 great specially 9 ! elegiac /yle1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to confirm ?is judgm5t by ent]+ into p>ticul>s4 ,capable ( ex]cis+ all k9ds ( action on ! he>t1 & hav+ graduat$ z ma/] 9 all t relates to s5tim5tal poetry1 he c sometimes %ake ! s\l by ! mo/ sublime pa?os1 at o!rs cradle x ) sweet & heav5ly s5sations4 ,yet 8 he>t pref]s to foll[ ! direction ( a l(ty spiritual melan*oly2 &1 h[ev] sublime be ! tones ( 8 h>p & ( 8 lyre1 !y are always ! t5d] notes ( 8 lute t res\nd ) mo/ tru? & ! deepe/ emotion4 ,i take z witnesses all ^? ^: nature is pure & s5su\s3 w\ld !y n be ready to give all ! passages :]e ,klop/ock is /rong1 & bold2 all ^? fictions1 all ! magnific5t descriptions1 all ! models ( eloqu5ce :i* ab\nd 9 ! 8,messiah10 all ^? dazzl+ comp>isons 9 :i* our poet excels1--w\ld !y n ex*ange !m = ! pages brea?+ t5d]ness1 ! 8,elegy to ,eb]t0 = example1 or t admirable poem entitl$ 8,b>dalus10 or aga91 ! 8,tombs ,op5$ be=e ! ,h\r10 ! 8,summ]'s ,night10 ! 8,lake ( ,zuri*10 & _m o!r pieces ( ?is k9d8 ,9 ! same way ! 8,messiah0 is de> to me z a treasure ( elegiac feel+s & ( ideal pa9t+s1 ?\gh ,i am n mu* satisfi$ ) x z ! recital ( an action & z an epic4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 be=e quitt+ ?is dep>tm5t1 to recall ! m]its 9 ?is /yle ( ,uz1 ,d5is1 ,gessn]--9 ! 8,dea? ( ,abel0--,jacobi1 ,g]/5b]g1 ,hlty1 ,de ,gck+k1 & sev]al o!rs1 :o all knew h[ to t\* by ideas1 & ^: poems belong to ! s5tim5tal k9d 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we h agre$ to und]/& ! ^w4 ,b my object is n "h to write a hi/ory ( ,g]man poetry2 ,i only wi%$ to cle> up :at ,i said fur!r back by "s examples f our lit]ature4 ,i wi%$ to %[ t ! anci5t & ! mod]n poets1 ! au?ors ( simple poetry & ( s5tim5tal poetry1 foll[ ess5tially diff]5t pa?s to arrive at ! same end3 t ! =m] move by nature1 individuality1 a v vivid s5su\s elem5t2 :ile ! latt] d x by means ( ideas & a high spirituality1 ex]cis+ ov] our m9ds an equally p[]ful ?\gh less ext5sive influ5ce4 ,x has be5 se51 by ! examples :i* prec$e1 h[ s5tim5tal poetry conceives & treats subjects tak5 f nature2 p]haps ! read] may be curi\s to "k h[ also simple poetry treats a subject ( ! s5tim5tal ord]4 ,?is is1 z x seems1 an entirely new "q1 & "o ( special difficulty2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 has a subject ( ! s5tim5tal ord] ev] be5 pres5t$ 9 primitive & simple p]iods8 ,& 9 mod]n times1 :]e is ! simple poet ) :om we c\ld make ?is exp]im5t8 ,?is has n1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ g5ius f sett+ ?is problem1 & solv+ x 9 a wond]fully happy way4 ,a poet 9 ^: m9d nature works ) a pur] & m fai?ful activity ?an 9 any o!r1 & :o is p]haps ( all mod]n poets ! "o :o dep>ts ! lea/ f ! s5su\s tru? ( ?+s1 has propos$ ?is problem to himself 9 8 conception ( a m9d1 & ( ! dang]\s extreme ( ! s5tim5tal "*4 ,?is m9d & ?is "* h be5 portray$ by ! mod]n poet we speak (1 a "* :i* ) a burn+ s5su\sness embraces ! ideal & flies ! real1 to so> up to an inf9ite devoid ( be+1 always occupi$ 9 seek+ out ( himself :at he incessantly de/roys 9 himself2 a m9d t only f9ds reality 9 8 dreams1 & to :om ! realities ( life are only limits & ob/acles2 9 %ort1 a m9d t sees only 9 its own exi/5ce a b>ri]1 & goes on1 z x 71 logically to break d[n ?is b>ri] 9 ord] to p5etrate to true reality4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ) :at a happy in/9ct all t is ( a nature to fe$ ! s5tim5tal m9d is ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,w]!r3 a dreamy & unhappy love1 a v vivid feel+ = nature1 ! religi\s s5se c\pl$ ) ! _s ( philosophic contemplation1 & la/ly1 to omit no?+1 ! _w ( ,ossian1 d>k1 =mless1 melan*oly4 ,add to ?is ! aspect "u :i* reality is pres5t$1 all is depict$ :i* is lea/ adapt$ to make x lovable1 or r all t is mo/ fit to make x hat$2 see h[ all ext]nal circum/ances unite to drive back ! unhappy man into 8 ideal _w2 & n[ we und]/& t x 0 q impossible = a "* ?us con/itut$ to save itself1 & issue f ! circle 9 :i* x 0 enclos$4 ,! same contra/ reappe>s 9 ! 8,torquato ,tasso0 ( ! same poet1 ?\gh ! *>act]s are v diff]5t4 ,ev5 8 la/ romance pres5ts1 l 8 fir/1 ?is opposition betwe5 ! poetic m9d & ! common s5se ( practical m51 betwe5 ! ideal & ! real1 betwe5 ! subjective mode & ! objective mode ( see+ & repres5t+ ?+s2 x is ! same opposition1 ,i say1 b ) :at a div]sity6 ,ev5 9 8,fau/0 we /ill f9d ?is contra/1 r5d]$1 ,i admit--z ! subject requir$--mu* m co>sely on bo? h&s1 & mat]ializ$4 ,x w\ld be q wor? :ile if a psy*ological explanation 7 attempt$ ( ?is "*1 p]sonifi$ & specifi$ 9 f\r su* diff]5t ways4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ fur!r back t a m]e disposition to frivolity ( m9d1 to a m]ry humor1 if a c]ta9 fund ( ! ideal is n jo9$ to x1 does n suffice to con/itute ! vocation ( a satirical poet1 ?\gh ?is mi/ake is frequ5tly made4 ,9 ! same way a m]e disposition = t5d] s5tim5ts1 s(tness ( he>t1 & melan*oly d n suffice to con/itute a vocation = elegy4 ,i _c detect ! true poetical tal5t1 ei!r on "o side or ! o!r2 x wants ! ess5tial1 ,i mean ! en]getic & fruitful pr9ciple t ought to enliv5 ! subject1 & produce true beauty4 ,accord+ly ! productions ( ?is latt] nature1 ( ! t5d] nature1 d no?+ b en]vate u2 & )\t refre%+ ! he>t1 )\t occupy+ ! m9d1 !y are only able to flatt] 9 u ! s5su\s nature4 ,a con/ant disposition to ?is mode ( feel+ ends necess>ily1 9 ! long run1 by weak5+ ! "*1 & makes x fall into a /ate ( passivity f :i* no?+ real c issue1 ei!r = ext]nal or = int]nal life4 ,p h1 !re=e1 be5 q "r to p]secute by pitiless raill]y ?is fatal mania ( s5tim5tality & ( te>ful melan*oly :i* possess$ ,g]many eighte5 ye>s s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 excell5t works t 7 ill und]/ood & indiscreetly imitat$4 ,p h be5 "r1 ,i say1 to combat ?is p]v]sity1 ?\gh ! indulg5ce ) :i* m5 are dispos$ to receive ! p>odies ( ^! elegiac c>icatures--t are v little bett] !mselves--! complaisance %[n to bad wit1 to he>tless satire & spiritless mir?1 %[ cle>ly en\gh t ?is zeal aga9/ false s5tim5talism does n issue f q a pure s\rce4 ,9 ! balance ( true ta/e "o _c weigh m ?an ! o!r1 consid]+ t bo? "h & !re is want+ t :i* =ms ! /hetic value ( a "w ( art1 ! intimate union ( _s ) matt]1 & ! tw(old relation ( ! "w ) ! faculty ( p]ception z well z ) ! faculty ( ! ideal4 ,p h turn$ ,siegw>t#ag & 8 conv5t /ory into ridicule1 & yet ! 8,travels into ! ,s\? ( ,france0 are admir$2 yet bo? works h an equal claim to be e/eem$ 9 c]ta9 respects1 & z little to be unres]v$ly prais$ 9 o!rs4 ,a true1 ?\gh excessive1 s5su\sness gives value to ! =m] ( ^! two romances2 a lively & sportive humor1 a f9e wit1 recomm5ds ! o!r3 b "o totally lacks all sobriety ( m9d t w\ld befit x1 ! o!r lacks all /hetic dignity4 ,if y consult exp]i5ce1 "o is r ridicul\s2 if y ?9k ( ! ideal1 ! o!r is almo/ contemptible4 ,n[1 z true beauty mu/ ( necessity accord bo? ) nature & ) ! ideal1 x is cle> t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r ( ^! two romances c\ld pret5d to pass = a f9e "w4 ,& not)/&+ all ?is1 x is natural1 z ,i "k x by my own exp]i5ce1 t ! romance ( ,?ummel %\ld be read ) mu* pleasure4 ,z a fact x only w\nds ^? requirem5ts :i* h _! pr9ciple 9 ! ideal1 & :i* consequ5tly d n exi/ = ! great] "p ( read]s2 requirem5ts t1 ev5 9 p]sons ( mo/ delicate feel+1 d n make !mselves felt at ! mom5ts :5 we read romances4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r ne$s ( ! m9d1 & especially to ^? ( ! s5ses1 ?is book1 on ! o!r h&1 af=ds unusual satisfaction4 ,accord+ly1 x mu/ be1 & w be s1 t ?is book w rema9 ju/ly "o ( ! favorite works ( our age1 & ( all epo*s :5 m5 only write /hetic works to please1 & p only read to get pleasure4 ,b does n poetical lit]ature also (f]1 ev5 9 its classical monum5ts1 "s analog\s examples ( injuries inflict$ or attempt$ aga9/ ! ideal & its sup]ior purity8 ,are !re n "s :o1 by ! gross1 s5su\s nature ( _! subject1 seem to dep>t /rangely f ! spiritualism ,i "h dem& ( all works ( art8 ,if ?is is p]mitt$ to ! poet1 ! *a/e nursl+ ( ! muses1 ought x n to be conc$$ to ! noveli/1 :o is only ! half-bro!r ( ! poet1 & :o /ill t\*es by s _m po9ts8 ,i c ! less avoid ?is "q because !re are ma/]pieces1 bo? 9 ! elegiac & 9 ! satirical k9d1 :]e ! au?ors seek & prea* up a nature q diff]5t f t ,i am discuss+ 9 ?is essay1 & :]e !y seem to def5d x1 n s mu* aga9/ bad z aga9/ good morals4 ,! natural conclusion w\ld be ei!r t ?is sort ( poem ought to be reject$1 or t1 9 trac+ "h ! idea ( elegiac poetry1 we h grant$ f> too mu* to :at is arbitr>y4 ,! "q ,i ask$ 01 :e!r :at 0 p]mitt$ by ! poet might n be tol]at$ 9 a prose n>rator too8 ,! answ] is conta9$ 9 ! "q4 ,:at is all[$ 9 ! poet proves no?+ ab\t :at mu/ be all[$ 9 "o :o is n a poet4 ,?is tol]ancy 9 fact reposes on ! v idea :i* we ought to make to ourselves ( ! poet1 & only on ?is idea2 :at 9 8 case is legitimate fre$om1 is only a lic5se wor?y ( contempt z soon z x no long] takes its s\rce 9 ! ideal1 9 ^? high & noble inspirations :i* make ! poet4 ,! laws ( dec5cy are /rang]s to innoc5t nature2 ! exp]i5ce ( corruption alone has giv5 bir? to !m4 ,b :5 once ?is exp]i5ce has be5 made1 & natural innoc5ce has disappe>$ f mann]s1 ^! laws are h5ce=? sacr$ laws t man1 :o has a moral s5se1 ought n to infr+e ^u4 ,!y reign 9 an artificial _w ) ! same "r t ! laws ( nature reign 9 ! innoc5ce ( primitive ages4 ,b by :at *>act]i/ic is ! poet recogniz$8 ,precisely by 8 sil5c+ 9 8 s\l all t recalls an artificial _w1 & by caus+ nature h]self to revive 9 him ) h] primitive simplicity4 ,! mom5t he has done ?is he is emancipat$ by ?is alone f all ! laws by :i* a deprav$ he>t secures itself aga9/ itself4 ,he is pure1 he is innoc5t1 & all t is p]mitt$ to innoc5t nature is equally p]mitt$ to him4 ,b y :o read him or li/5 to him1 if y h lo/ y\r innoc5ce1 & if y are incapable ( f9d+ x aga91 ev5 = a mom5t1 9 a purify+ contact ) ! poet1 x is y\r own fault1 & n 83 :y d n y leave him alone8 x is n = y t he has sung6 ,"h foll[s1 !re=e1 9 :at relates to ^! k9ds ( fre$oms1 ! rules t we c lay d[n4 ,let u rem>k 9 ! fir/ place t nature only c ju/ify ^! lic5ses2 :5ce x foll[s t y c\ld n legitimately take !m up ( y\r own *oice1 nor ) a det]m9ation ( imitat+ !m2 ! w1 9 fact1 ought always to be direct$ accord+ to ! laws ( morality1 & on its "p all condesc5d+ to ! s5su\s is absolutely unp>donable4 ,^! lic5ses mu/1 !re=e1 above all1 be simplicity4 ,b h[ c we be conv9c$ t !y are actually simple8 ,we %all hold !m to be s if we see !m accompani$ & support$ by all ! o!r circum/ances :i* also h _! spr+ ( action 9 nature2 = nature c only be recogniz$ by ! close & /rict consi/5cy1 by ! unity & uni=mity ( its effects4 ,x is only a s\l t has on all occasions a horror ( all k9ds ( artifice1 & :i* consequ5tly rejects !m ev5 :]e !y w\ld be useful--x is only t s\l :i* we p]mit to be emancipat$ f !m :5 ! artificial conv5tionalities hamp] & h9d] x4 ,a he>t t submits to all ! obligations ( nature has alone ! "r to pr(it also by ! lib]ties :i* x au?orizes4 ,all ! o!r feel+s ( t he>t ought consequ5tly to be> ! /amp ( nature3 x w be true1 simple1 free1 frank1 s5sible1 & /raight=w>d2 all disguise1 all cunn+1 all arbitr>y fancy1 all egoti/ical pett9ess1 w be bani%$ f 8 "*1 & y w see no trace ( !m 9 8 writ+s4 ,second rule3 beautiful nature alone c ju/ify fre$oms ( ?is k9d2 :5ce x foll[s t !y ought n to be a m]e outbreak ( ! appetites2 = all t proce$s exclusively f ! wants ( s5su\s nature is contemptible4 ,x is1 !re=e1 f ! totality & ! fullness ( human nature t ^! vivid manife/ations mu/ also issue4 ,we mu/ f9d humanity 9 !m4 ,b h[ c we judge t !y proce$ 9 fact f our :ole nature1 & n only f an exclusive & vulg> want ( ! s5su\s nature8 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y t we %\ld see--t !y %\ld repres5t to u--?is :ole ( :i* !y =m a p>ticul> feature4 ,?is disposition ( ! m9d to exp]i5ce ! impressions ( ! s5su\s is 9 itself an innoc5t & an indiff]5t ?+4 ,x does n sit well on a man only because ( its be+ common to animals ) him2 x augurs 9 him ! lack ( true & p]fect humanity4 ,x only %ocks u 9 ! poem because su* a "w hav+ ! pret5sion to please u1 ! au?or consequ5tly seems to ?9k u capable1 u also1 ( ?is moral infirmity4 ,b :5 we see 9 ! man :o has let himself be drawn into x by surprise all ! o!r *>act]i/ics t human nature 9 g5]al embraces2 :5 we f9d 9 ! "w :]e ^! lib]ties h be5 tak5 ! expression ( all ! realities ( human nature1 ?is motive ( discont5t disappe>s1 & we c enjoy1 )\t any?+ *ang+ our joy1 ?is simple expression ( a true & beautiful nature4 ,consequ5tly ?is same poet :o v5tures to all[ himself to associate u ) feel+s s basely human1 ought to "k1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ to raise u to all t is gr&1 beautiful1 & sublime 9 our nature4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 h f\nd !re a measure to :i* we c\ld subject ! poet ) confid5ce1 :5 he trespasses on ! gr\nd ( dec5cy1 & :5 he does n fe> to p5etrate z f> z t 9 ord] freely to pa9t nature4 ,8 "w is common1 base1 absolutely inexcusable1 f ! mom5t x is frigid1 & f ! mom5t x is empty1 because t %[s a prejudice1 a vulg> necessity1 an unheal?y appeal to our appetites4 ,8 "w1 on ! o!r h&1 is beautiful & noble1 & we ought to applaud x )\t any consid]ation = all ! objections ( frigid dec5cy1 z soon z we recognize 9 x simplicity1 ! alliance ( spiritual nature & ( ! he>t4 ,p]haps ,i %all be told t if we adopt ?is crit]ion1 mo/ ( ! recitals ( ?is k9d compos$ by ! ,fr5*1 & ! be/ imitations made ( !m 9 ,g]many1 w\ld n p]haps f9d _! int]e/ 9 x2 & t x might be ! same1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ) _m ( ! productions ( our mo/ intellectual & amiable poets1 )\t ev5 except+ 8 ma/]pieces4 ,i %\ld h no?+ to reply to ?is4 ,! s5t5ce aft] all is any?+ b new1 & ,i am only ju/ify+ ! judgm5t pron\nc$ long s9ce on ?is matt] by all m5 ( delicate p]ceptions4 ,b ^! same pr9ciples :i*1 appli$ to ! works ( :i* ,i h j spok51 seem p]haps 9 too /rict a _s1 might also be f\nd too indulg5t :5 appli$ to "s o!r works4 ,i d n d5y1 9 fact1 t ! same reasons :i* make me hold to be q inexcusable ! dang]\s pictures drawn by ! ,roman ,ovid & ! ,g]man ,ovid1 ^? ( ,crebillon1 ( ,voltaire1 ( ,m>montel1 :o pret5ds to write moral tales6--( ,lacroix1 & ( _m o!rs--t ^! same reasons1 ,i say1 reconcile me ) ! elegies ( ! ,roman ,prop]tius & ( ! ,g]man ,prop]tius1 & ev5 ) "s ( ! decri$ productions ( ,did]ot4 ,?is is because ! =m] ( ^? works are only witty1 prosaic1 & voluptu\s1 :ile ! o!rs are poetic1 human1 & simple4 ,,idyl4 ,x rema9s = me to say a few words ab\t ?is ?ird k9d ( s5tim5tal poetry--"s few words & no m1 = ,i propose to speak ( x at ano!r "t ) ! developm5ts p>ticul>ly dem&$ by ! !me4 ,?is k9d ( poetry g5]ally pres5ts ! idea & description ( an innoc5t & happy humanity4 ,?is innoc5ce & bliss seem+ remote f ! artificial ref9em5ts ( fa%ionable society1 poets h remov$ ! sc5e ( ! idyl f cr[ds ( worldly life to ! simple %eph]d's cot1 & h giv5 x a place 9 ! infancy ( humanity be=e ! beg9n+ ( culture4 ,^! limitations are evid5tly accid5tal2 !y d n =m ! object ( ! idyl1 b are only to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ natural means to atta9 ?is end4 ,! end is ev]y:]e to portray man 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce3 :i* means a /ate ( h>mony & peace ) himself & ! ext]nal _w4 ,b a /ate su* z ?is is n m]ely met ) be=e ! dawn ( civilization2 x is also ! /ate to :i* civilization aspires1 z to its la/ end1 if only x obeys a det]m9$ t5d5cy 9 its progress4 ,! idea ( a simil> /ate1 & ! belief ( ! possible reality ( ?is /ate1 is ! only ?+ t c reconcile man ) all ! evils to :i* he is expos$ 9 ! pa? ( civilization2 & if ?is idea 7 only a *im]a1 ! compla9ts ( ^? :o accuse civil life & ! culture ( ! intellig5ce z an evil = :i* !re is no comp5sation1 & :o repres5t ?is primitive /ate ( nature t we h r5\nc$ z ! real end ( humanity--_! compla9ts1 ,i say1 w\ld h a p]fectly j f\ndation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( inf9ite importance = ! man engag$ 9 ! pa? ( civilization to see confirm$ 9 a s5su\s mann] ! belief t ?is idea c be accompli%$ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 t ?is /ate ( innoc5ce c be realiz$ 9 x2 & z real exp]i5ce1 f> f keep+ up ?is belief1 is r made incessantly to contradict x1 poetry comes "h1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 9 aid ( reason1 to cause ?is idea to pass into ! condition ( an intuitive idea1 & to realize x 9 a p>ticul> fact4 ,no d\bt ?is innoc5ce ( pa/oral life is also a poetic idea1 & ! imag9ation mu/ already h %[n its creative p[] 9 t4 ,b ! problem1 ) ?is datum1 becomes inf9itely simpl] & easi] to solve2 & we mu/ n =get t ! elem5ts ( ^! pictures already exi/$ 9 real life1 & t x 0 only requisite to ga!r up ! sep>ate traits to =m a :ole4 ,"u a f9e sky1 9 a primitive society1 :5 all ! relations are /ill simple1 :5 sci5ce is limit$ to s little1 nature is easily satisfi$1 & man only turns to savag]y :5 he is tortur$ by want4 ,all nations t h a hi/ory h a p>adise1 an age ( innoc5ce1 a gold5 age4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 e man has 8 p>adise1 8 gold5 age1 :i* he rememb]s ) m or less en?usiasm1 accord+ z he is m or less poetical4 ,?us exp]i5ce itself furni%es suffici5t traits to ?is picture :i* ! pa/oral idyl executes4 ,b ?is does n prev5t ! pa/oral idyl f rema9+ always a beautiful & an enc\rag+ fiction2 & poetic g5ius1 9 retrac+ ^! pictures1 has really work$ 9 favor ( ! ideal4 ,=1 to ! man :o has once dep>t$ f simple nature1 & :o has be5 ab&on$ to ! dang]\s guidance ( 8 reason1 x is ( ! greate/ importance to f9d ! laws ( nature express$ 9 a fai?ful copy1 to see _! image 9 a cle> mirror1 & to reject all ! /a9s ( artificial life4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a circum/ance :i* rem>kably less5s ! /hetic value ( ^! sorts ( poetry4 ,by ! v fact t ! idyl is transport$ to ! "t t prec$es civilization1 x also loses ! advantages !re(2 & by its nature f9ds itself 9 opposition to itself4 ,?us1 9 a !oretical s5se1 x takes u back at ! same "t t 9 a practical s5se x leads u on & ennobles u4 ,unhappily x places beh9d u ! end t[>ds :i* x ought to lead u1 & consequ5tly x c only inspire u ) ! sad feel+ ( a loss1 & n ! joy\s feel+ ( a hope4 ,z ^! poems c only atta9 _! end by disp5s+ ) all art1 & by simplify+ human nature1 !y h ! highe/ value = ! he>t1 b !y are also f> too poor = :at conc]ns ! m9d1 & _! uni=m circle is too quickly trav]s$4 ,accord+ly we c only seek !m & love !m 9 mom5ts 9 :i* we ne$ calm1 & n :5 our faculties aspire aft] movem5t & ex]cise4 ,a morbid m9d w f9d its cure 9 !m1 a s\nd s\l w n f9d its food 9 !m4 ,!y _c vivify1 !y c only s(t54 ,?is defect1 gr\nd$ 9 ! ess5ce ( ! pa/oral idyll1 has n be5 rem$i$ by ! :ole art ( poets4 ,i "k t ?is k9d ( poem is n )\t admir]s1 & t !re are read]s en\gh :o pref] an ,amyntus & a ,daphnis to ! mo/ spl5did ma/]pieces ( ! epic or ! dramatic muse2 b 9 !m x is less ! /hetical ta/e ?an ! feel+ ( an individual want t pron\nces on works ( art2 & _! judgm5t1 by t v fact1 c\ld n be tak5 into consid]ation "h4 ,! read] :o judges ) 8 m9d1 & ^: he>t is s5su\s )\t be+ bl9d to ! m]it ( ^! poems1 w confess t he is r>ely affect$ by !m1 & t !y tire him mo/ quickly4 ,b !y act ) s mu* ! m effect 9 ! exact mom5t ( ne$4 ,b mu/ ! truly beautiful be r$uc$ to await our h\rs ( ne$8 & is x n r its (fice to awak5 9 our s\l ! want t x is go+ to satisfy8 ,! reproa*es ,i "h level aga9/ ! bucolic idyl _c be und]/ood ( ! s5tim5tal4 ,! simple pa/oral1 9 fact1 _c be depriv$ ( /hetic value1 s9ce ?is value is already f\nd 9 ! m]e =m4 ,to expla9 myself3 e k9d ( poetry is b\nd to possess an inf9ite ideal value1 :i* alone con/itutes x a true poetry2 b x c satisfy ?is condition 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,x c give u ! feel+ ( ! inf9ite z to =m1 by repres5t+ ! object altoge!r limit$ & individualiz+ x2 x c awak5 9 u ! feel+ ( ! inf9ite z to matt]1 9 free+ its object f all limits 9 :i* x is enclos$1 by idealiz+ ?is object2 !re=e x c h an ideal value ei!r by an absolute repres5tation or by ! repres5tation ( an absolute4 ,simple poetry takes ! =m] road1 ! o!r is t ( s5tim5tal poetry4 ,accord+ly ! simple poet is n expos$ to failure 9 value s long z he keeps fai?fully to nature1 :i* is always completely circumscrib$1 t is1 is inf9ite z reg>ds =m4 ,! s5tim5tal poet1 on ! contr>y1 by t v fact1 t nature only (f]s him completely circumscrib$ objects1 f9ds 9 x an ob/ruction :5 he wi%es to give an absolute value to a p>ticul> object4 ,?us ! s5tim5tal poet und]/&s 8 int]e/s badly :5 he goes along ! trail ( ! simple poet1 & borr[s 8 objects f him--objects :i* by !mselves are p]fectly indiff]5t1 & :i* only become poetical by ! way 9 :i* !y are treat$4 ,by ?is he imposes on himself )\t any necessity ! same limits t conf9e ! field ( ! simple poet1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able to c>ry out ! limitation prop]ly1 or to vie ) 8 rival 9 absolute def9it5ess ( repres5tation4 ,he ought r1 !re=e1 to dep>t f ! simple poet1 j 9 ! *oice ( object2 because1 ! latt] hav+ ! advantage ( him on ! score ( =m1 x is only by ! nature ( ! objects t he c resume ! upp] h&4 ,apply+ ?is to ! pa/oral idylls ( ! s5tim5tal poet1 we see :y ^! poems1 :atev] am\nt ( art & g5ius be display$ 9 !m1 d n fully satisfy ! he>t or ! m9d4 ,an ideal is propos$ 9 x1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! writ] keeps to ?is n>r[ & poor m$ium ( pa/oral life4 ,w\ld x n h be5 bett]1 on ! contr>y1 to *oose = ! ideal ano!r frame1 or = ! pa/oral _w ano!r k9d ( picture8 ,^! pictures are j ideal en\gh = pa9t+ to lose its individual tru? 9 !m1 &1 aga91 j individual en\gh = ! ideal 9 !m to suff] !refrom4 ,= example1 a %eph]d ( ,gessn] c nei!r *>m by ! illusion ( nature nor by ! beauty ( imitation2 he is too ideal a be+ = t1 b he does n satisfy u any m z an ideal by ! inf9ity ( ! ?\ght2 he is a f> too limit$ creature to give u ?is satisfaction4 ,he w1 !re=e1 please up to a c]ta9 po9t all classes ( read]s1 )\t exception1 because he seeks to unite ! simple ) ! s5tim5tal1 & he ?us gives a comm5cem5t ( satisfaction to ! two opposite exig5cies t may be br\ght to be> on any p>ticul> "p ( a poem2 b ! au?or1 9 try+ to unite ! two po9ts1 does n fully satisfy ei!r "o or ! o!r exig5cy1 z y d n f9d 9 him ei!r pure nature or ! pure ideal2 he _c rank himself z entirely up to ! m>k ( a /r+5t critical ta/e1 = ta/e does n accept any?+ equivocal or incomplete 9 /hetical matt]s4 ,x is a /range ?+ t1 9 ! poet :om ,i h nam$1 ?is equivocal "* ext5ds to ! language1 :i* floats undecid$ betwe5 poetry & prose1 z if he fe>$ ei!r to dep>t too f> f nature1 by speak+ rhy?mical language1 or if he completely fre$ himself f rhy?m1 to lose all poetic flight4 ,milton gives a high] satisfaction to ! m9d1 9 ! magnific5t picture ( ! fir/ human pair1 & ( ! /ate ( innoc5ce 9 p>adise2--! mo/ beautiful idyl ,i "k ( ! s5tim5tal k9d4 ,"h nature is noble1 inspir$1 simple1 full ( bread?1 &1 at ! same "t1 ( dep?2 x is humanity 9 its highe/ moral value1 clo!d 9 ! mo/ graceful =m4 ,?us1 ev5 9 respect to ! idyl1 z well z to all k9ds ( poetry1 we mu/ once = all decl>e ei!r = individuality or ideality2 = to aspire to give satisfaction to bo? exig5cies is ! sure/ means1 unless y h rea*$ ! t]m9us ( p]fection1 to miss bo? ends4 ,if ! mod]n poet ?9ks he feels en\gh ( ! ,greeks' m9d to vie ) !m1 not)/&+ all ! indocility ( 8 matt]1 on _! own gr\nd1 namely t ( simple poetry1 let him d x exclusively1 & place himself ap>t f all ! requirem5ts ( ! s5tim5tal ta/e ( 8 age4 ,no d\bt x is v d\btful if he come up to 8 models2 betwe5 ! orig9al & ! happie/ imitation !re w always rema9 a notable di/ance2 b1 by tak+ ?is road1 he is at all ev5ts secure ( produc+ a really poetic "w4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he feels himself c>ri$ to ! ideal by ! in/9ct ( s5tim5tal poetry1 let him decide to pursue ?is end fully2 let him seek ! ideal 9 its purity1 & let him n pause till he has rea*$ ! highe/ regions )\t look+ beh9d him to "k if ! real foll[s him1 & does n leave him by ! way4 ,let him n l[] himself to ?is wret*$ exp$i5t ( spoil+ ! ideal to accommodate himself to ! wants ( human weakness1 & to turn out m9d 9 ord] to play m easily ) ! he>t4 ,let him n take u back to our infancy1 to make u buy1 at ! co/ ( ! mo/ preci\s acquisitions ( ! und]/&+1 a repose t c only la/ z long z ! slumb] ( our spiritual faculties2 b let him lead u on to emancipation1 & give u ?is feel+ ( high] h>mony :i* comp5sates = all 8 tr\bles & secures ! happ9ess ( ! victor6 ,let him prep>e z 8 task an idyl t realizes ! pa/oral innoc5ce1 ev5 9 ! *ildr5 ( civilization1 & 9 all ! conditions ( ! mo/ militant & excit$ life2 ( ?\ght enl>g$ by culture2 ( ! mo/ ref9$ art2 ( ! mo/ delicate social conv5tionalities--an idyl1 9 %ort1 t is made1 n to br+ back man to ,arcadia1 b to lead him to ,elysium4 ,?is idyl1 z ,i conceive x1 is ! idea ( humanity def9itely reconcil$ ) itself1 9 ! individual z well z 9 ! :ole ( society2 x is union freely re-e/abli%$ betwe5 incl9ation & duty2 x is nature purifi$1 rais$ to its highe/ moral dignity2 9 %ort1 x is no less ?an ! ideal ( beauty appli$ to real life4 ,?us1 ! "* ( ?is idyl is to reconcile p]fectly all ! contradictions betwe5 ! real & ! ideal1 :i* =m$ ! matt] ( satirical & elegiac poetry1 &1 sett+ aside _! contradictions1 to put an end to all conflict betwe5 ! feel+s ( ! s\l4 ,?us1 ! dom9ant expression ( ?is k9d ( poetry w\ld be calm2 b ! calm t foll[s ! accompli%m5t1 & n t ( indol5ce--! calm t comes f ! equilibrium re-e/abli%$ betwe5 ! faculties1 & n f ! susp5d+ ( _! ex]cise2 f ! fulness ( our /r5g?1 & n f our infirmity2 ! calm1 9 %ort1 :i* is accompani$ 9 ! s\l by ! feel+ ( an inf9ite p[]4 ,b precisely because idyl ?us conceiv$ removes all idea ( /ruggle1 x w be inf9itely m difficult ?an x 0 9 two previ\sly-nam$ k9ds ( poetry to express movem5t2 yet ?is is an indisp5sable condition1 )\t :i* poetry c nev] act on m5's s\ls4 ,! mo/ p]fect unity is requir$1 b unity ought n to wrong v>iety2 ! he>t mu/ be satisfi$1 b )\t ! inspiration ceas+ on t acc\nt4 ,! solution ( ?is problem is prop]ly :at ought to be giv5 u by ! !ory ( ! idyl4 ,n[1 :at are ! relations ( ! two poetries to "o ano!r1 & _! relations to ! poetic ideal8 ,"h are ! pr9ciples we h e/abli%$4 ,nature has grant$ ?is favor to ! simple poet1 to act always z an indivisible unity1 to be at all times id5tical & p]fect1 & to repres5t1 9 ! real _w1 humanity at its highe/ value4 ,9 opposition1 x has giv5 a p[]ful faculty to ! s5tim5tal poet1 or1 r1 x has impr9t$ an ard5t feel+ on him2 ?is is to replace out ( himself ?is fir/ unity t ab/raction has de/roy$ 9 him1 to complete humanity 9 8 p]son1 & to pass f a limit$ /ate to an inf9ite /ate4 ,!y bo? propose to repres5t human nature fully1 or !y w\ld n be poets2 b ! simple poet has always ! advantage ( s5su\s reality ov] ! s5tim5tal poet1 by sett+ =? z a real fact :at ! o!r aspires only to rea*4 ,e "o exp]i5ces ?is 9 ! pleasure he takes 9 simple poetry4 ,we !re feel t ! human faculties are br\ght into play2 no vacuum is felt2 we h ! feel+ ( unity1 )\t di/+ui%+ any?+ ( :at we exp]i5ce2 we enjoy bo? our spiritual activity & also ! fulness ( physical life4 ,v diff]5t is ! disposition ( m9d elicit$ by ! s5tim5tal poet4 ,"h we feel only a vivid aspiration to produce 9 u ?is h>mony ( :i* we _h 9 ! o!r case ! consci\sness & reality2 to make ( ourselves a s+le & same totality2 to realize 9 ourselves ! idea ( humanity z a complete expression4 ,h5ce x comes t ! m9d is "h all 9 movem5t1 /ret*$1 hesitat+ betwe5 contr>y feel+s2 :]eas x 0 be=e calm & at re/1 9 h>mony ) itself1 & fully satisfi$4 ,b if ! simple poet has ! advantage ov] ! s5tim5tal poet on ! score ( reality2 if he causes really to live t ( :i* ! o!r c only elicit a vivid in/9ct1 ! s5tim5tal poet1 9 comp5sation1 has ?is great advantage ov] ! simple poet3 to be 9 a position to (f] to ?is in/9ct a great] object ?an t giv5 by 8 rival1 & ! only "o he c\ld give4 ,all reality1 we "k1 is bel[ ! ideal2 all t exi/s has limits1 b ?\ght is inf9ite4 ,?is limitation1 to :i* ev]y?+ is subject 9 s5su\s reality1 is1 !re=e1 a disadvantage = ! simple poet1 :ile ! absolute1 unconditional fre$om ( ! ideal pr(its ! s5tim5tal poet4 ,no d\bt ! =m] accompli%es 8 object1 b ?is object is limit$2 ! second1 ,i admit1 does n entirely accompli% 81 b 8 object is inf9ite4 ,"h ,i appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,we pass pleasantly to real life & ?+s f ! frame ( m9d 9 :i* ! simple poet has plac$ u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s5tim5tal poet w always disgu/ u1 = a "t1 ) real life4 ,?is is because ! inf9ite "* has1 9 a mann]1 enl>g$ our m9d beyond its natural measure1 s t no?+ x f9ds 9 ! _w ( s5se c fill its capacity4 ,we pref] to fall back 9 contemplation on ourselves1 :]e we f9d food = ?is awak5$ impulse t[>ds ! ideal _w2 :ile1 9 ! simple poet1 we only /rive to issue out ( ourselves1 9 se>* ( s5su\s objects4 ,s5tim5tal poetry is ! (fspr+ ( retirem5t & sci5ce1 & invites to x2 simple poetry is inspir$ by ! spectacle ( life1 & br+s back life4 ,i h /yl$ simple poetry a gift ( nature to %[ t ?\ght has no %>e 9 x4 ,x is a fir/ jet1 a happy inspiration1 t ne$s no correction1 :5 x turns out well1 & :i* _c be rectifi$ if ill turn$ out4 ,! entire "w ( ! simple g5ius is accompli%$ by feel+2 9 t is its /r5g?1 & 9 x are its limits4 ,if1 !n1 he has n felt at once 9 a poetic mann]--t is1 9 a p]fectly human mann]--no art 9 ! _w c rem$y ?is defect4 ,criticism may help him to see ! defect1 b c place no beauty 9 its /ead4 ,simple g5ius mu/ draw all f nature2 x c d no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 by its w2 & x w fulfil ! idea ( ?is k9d ( poetry provid$ nature acts 9 x by an inn] necessity4 ,n[1 x is true t all :i* happ5s by nature is necess>y1 & all ! productions1 happy or n1 ( ! simple g5ius1 :i* is disassociat$ f no?+ s mu* z f arbitr>y w1 are also impr9t$ ) ?is "* ( necessity2 mom5t>y con/ra9t is "o ?+1 & ! int]nal necessity dep5d5t on ! totality ( ?+s ano!r4 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 nature is indep5d5t & inf9ite2 9 isolat$ op]ations x is poor & limit$4 ,! same di/9ction holds good 9 respect to ! nature ( ! poet4 ,! v mom5t :5 he is mo/ happily inspir$ dep5ds on a prec$+ in/ant1 & consequ5tly only a conditional necessity c be attribut$ to him4 ,b n[ ! problem t ! poet ought to solve is to make an individual /ate simil> to ! human :ole1 & consequ5tly to base x 9 an absolute & necess>y mann] on itself4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t at ! mom5t ( inspiration e trace ( a temporal ne$ %\ld be bani%$1 & t ! object itself1 h[ev] limit$1 %\ld n limit ! flight ( ! poet4 ,b x may be conceiv$ t ?is is only possible 9 s f> z ! poet br+s to ! object an absolute fre$om1 an absolute fulness ( faculties1 & 9 s f> z he is prep>$ by an ant]ior ex]cise to embrace all ?+s ) all 8 humanity4 ,n[ he _c acquire ?is ex]cise except by ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 & ( :i* he receives ! impressions imm$iately4 ,?us simple g5ius is 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce ) reg>d to exp]i5ce1 :ile ! s5tim5tal g5ius is =c$ f x4 ,we "k t ! s5tim5tal g5ius beg9s its op]ation at ! place :]e ! o!r f9i%es its own3 its virtue is to complete by ! elem5ts :i* x d]ives f itself a defective object1 & to transport itself by its own /r5g? f a limit$ /ate to "o ( absolute fre$om4 ,?us ! simple poet ne$s a help f )\t1 :ile ! s5tim5tal poet fe$s 8 g5ius f 8 own fund1 & purifies himself by himself4 ,! =m] requires a picturesque nature1 a poetical _w1 a simple humanity :i* ca/s its eyes ar\nd2 = he ought to d 8 "w )\t issu+ f ! s5su\s sph]e4 ,if ext]nal aid fails him1 if he be surr\nd$ by matt] n speak+ to m9d1 "o ( two ?+s w happ53 ei!r1 if ! g5]al "* ( ! poet-race is :at prevails 9 him1 he issues f ! p>ticul> class to :i* he belongs z a poet1 & becomes s5tim5tal to be at any rate poetic2 or1 if 8 p>ticul> "* z simple poet has ! upp] h&1 he leaves 8 species & becomes a common nature1 9 ord] to rema9 at any rate natural4 ,! =m] ( ^! two alt]natives might repres5t ! case ( ! pr9cipal poets ( ! s5tim5tal k9d 9 ,roman antiquity & 9 mod]n times4 ,born at ano!r p]iod ( ! _w1 transplant$ "u ano!r sky1 ^! poets :o /ir u n[ by ideas1 w\ld h *>m$ u by individual tru? & simple beauty4 ,! o!r alt]native is ! almo/ unavoidable quicks& = a poet :o1 ?r[n into a vulg> _w1 _c resolve to lose sight ( nature4 ,i mean1 to lose sight ( actual nature2 b ! greate/ c>e mu/ be giv5 to di/+ui% actual nature f true nature1 :i* is ! subject ( simple poetry4 ,actual nature exi/s ev]y:]e2 b true nature is s mu* ! m r>e because x requires an int]nal necessity t det]m9es its exi/5ce4 ,e eruption ( passion1 h[ev] vulg>1 is real--x may be ev5 true nature2 b x is n true human nature1 = true human nature requires t ! self-direct+ faculty 9 u %\ld h a %>e 9 ! manife/ation1 & ! expression ( ?is faculty is always dignifi$4 ,all moral bas5ess is an actual human ph5om5on1 b ,i hope n real human nature1 :i* is always noble4 ,all ! faults ( ta/e _c be survey$ t h be5 occasion$ 9 criticism or ! practice ( art by ?is confusion betwe5 actual human nature & true human nature4 ,! greate/ trivialities are tol]at$ & applaud$ "u ! pretext t !y are real nature4 ,c>icatures n to be tol]at$ 9 ! real _w are c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! poetic _w & reproduc$ accord+ to nature6 ,! poet c c]ta9ly imitate a l[] nature1 & x ent]s into ! v def9ition ( a satirical poet3 b !n a beauty by its own nature mu/ su/a9 & raise ! object1 & ! vulg>ity ( ! subject mu/ n l[] ! imitator too mu*4 ,if at ! mom5t he pa9ts he is true human nature himself1 ! object ( 8 pa9t+s is indiff]5t2 b x is only on ?is condition we c tol]ate a fai?ful reproduction ( reality4 ,unhappy = u read]s :5 ! rod ( satire falls into h&s t nature meant to h&le ano!r in/rum5t1 & :51 devoid ( all poetic tal5t1 ) no?+ b ! ape's mimicry1 !y ex]cise x brutally at ! exp5se ( our ta/e6 ,b vulg> nature has ev5 its dang]s = ! simple poet2 = ! simple poet is =m$ by ?is f9e h>mony ( ! feel+ & ?9k+ faculty1 :i* yet is only an idea1 nev] actually realiz$4 ,ev5 9 ! happie/ g5iuses ( ?is class1 receptivity w always m or less c>ry ! day ov] spontane\s activity4 ,b receptivity is always m or less subord9ate to ext]nal impressions1 & no?+ b a p]petual activity ( ! creative faculty c\ld prev5t matt] f ex]cis+ a bl9d viol5ce ov] ?is quality4 ,n[1 e "t ?is happ5s ! feel+ becomes vulg> in/ead ( poetical4 ,no g5ius ( ! simple class1 f ,hom] d[n to ,bodm]1 has entirely /e]$ cle> ( ?is quicks&4 ,x is evid5t t x is mo/ p]il\s to ^? :o h to /ruggle aga9/ ext]nal vulg>ity1 or :o h p>t$ ) _! ref9em5t ow+ to a want ( prop] re/ra9t4 ,! fir/-nam$ difficulty is ! reason :y ev5 au?ors ( high cultivation are n always emancipat$ f platitudes--a fact :i* has prev5t$ _m spl5did tal5ts f occupy+ ! place to :i* !y 7 summon$ by nature4 ,= ?is reason1 a comic poet ^: g5ius has *iefly to deal ) sc5es ( real life1 is m liable to ! dang] ( acquir+ vulg> habits ( /yle & expression--a fact evid5c$ 9 ! case ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,plautus1 & all ! poets :o h foll[$ 9 _! track4 ,ev5 ,%akspe>e1 ) all 8 sublimity1 suff]s u to fall v l[ n[ & !n4 ,aga91 ,lope ,de ,vega1 ,molire1 ,regn>d1 ,goldoni worry u ) frequ5t trifl+4 ,holb]g drags u d[n into ! mire4 ,s*legel1 a ,g]man poet1 among ! mo/ rem>kable = intellectual tal5t1 ) g5ius to raise him to a place among poets ( ! fir/ ord]2 ,gell]t1 a truly simple poet1 ,rab5]1 & ,less+ himself1 if ,i am w>rant$ to introduce 8 "n 9 ?is category--?is highly-cultivat$ s*ol> ( criticism & vigilant exam9] ( 8 own g5ius--all ^! suff] 9 diff]5t degrees f ! platitudes & un9spir$ movem5ts ( ! natures !y *ose z ! !me ( _! satire4 ,) reg>d to m rec5t au?ors ( ?is class1 ,i avoid nam+ any ( !m1 z ,i c make no exceptions 9 _! case4 ,b n only is simple g5ius expos$ to ! dang] ( com+ too ne> to vulg> reality2 ! ease ( expression1 ev5 ?is too close approximation to reality1 enc\rages vulg> imitators to try _! h& 9 poetry4 ,s5tim5tal poetry1 ?\gh (f]+ dang] en\gh1 has ?is advantage1 to keep ?is cr[d at a di/ance1 = x is n = ! fir/ com] to rise to ! ideal2 b simple poetry makes !m believe t1 ) feel+ & humor1 y ne$ only imitate real nature to claim ! title ( poet4 ,n[ no?+ is m revolt+ ?an platitude :5 x tries to be simple & amiable1 in/ead ( hid+ its repulsive nature "u ! veil ( art4 ,?is occasions ! incr$ible trivialities lov$ by ! ,g]mans "u ! "n ( simple & faceti\s songs1 & :i* give !m endless amusem5t r\nd a well-g>ni%$ table4 ,"u ! pretext ( good humor & ( s5tim5t p tol]ate ^! pov]ties3 b ?is good humor & ?is s5tim5t ought to be c>efully proscrib$4 ,! ,muses ( ! ,pleisse1 9 p>ticul>1 are s+ul>ly pitiful2 & o!r ,muses respond to !m1 f ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 & ! ,elbe4 ,if ^! pleasantries are flat1 ! passion he>d on our tragic /age is equally pitiful1 =1 in/ead ( imitat+ true nature1 x is only an insipid & ignoble expression ( ! actual4 ,?us1 aft] %$d+ torr5ts ( te>s1 y feel z y w\ld aft] visit+ a hospital or read+ ! 8,human ,mis]y0 ( ,saltzmann4 ,b ! evil is worse 9 satirical poetry & comic romance1 k9ds :i* t\* closely on ev]yday life1 & :i* consequ5tly1 z all fronti] po/s1 ought to be 9 saf] h&s4 ,9 tru?1 he less ?an any o!r is call$ on to become ! pa9t] ( 8 c5tury1 :o is himself ! *ild & c>icature ( 8 c5tury4 ,b z1 aft] all1 no?+ is easi] ?an to take 9 h&1 among our acqua9tances1 a comic "*--a big1 fat man--& draw a co>se lik5ess ( him on pap]1 ! sworn enemies ( poetic inspiration are (t5 l$ to blot "s pap] 9 ?is way to amuse a circle ( fri5ds4 ,x is true t a pure he>t1 a well-made m9d1 w nev] conf\nd ^! vulg> productions ) ! inspirations ( simple g5ius4 ,b purity ( feel+ is ! v ?+ t is want+1 & 9 mo/ cases no?+ is ?\ght ( b satisfy+ a want ( s5se1 )\t spiritual nature hav+ any %>e4 ,a fundam5tally j idea1 ill und]/ood1 t works ( bel esprit s]ve to recreate ! m9d1 contributes to keep up ?is indulg5ce1 if indulg5ce x may be call$ :5 no?+ high] occupies ! m9d1 & read] z well z writ] f9d _! *ief int]e/ !re94 ,?is is because vulg> natures1 if ov]/ra9$1 c only be refre%$ by vacuity2 & ev5 a high] intellig5ce1 :5 n su/a9$ by a proportional culture1 c only re/ f its "w amid/ s5su\s enjoym5ts1 f :i* spiritual nature is abs5t4 ,poetic g5ius ought to h /r5g? en\gh to rise ) a free & innate activity above all ! accid5tal h9d]ances :i* are insep>able f e conf9$ condition1 to arrive at a repres5tation ( humanity 9 ! absolute pl5itude ( its p[]s2 x is n1 h[ev]1 p]mitt$1 on ! o!r h&1 to emancipate itself f ! necess>y limits impli$ by ! v idea ( human nature3 = ! absolute only 9 ! circle ( humanity is its true problem4 ,simple g5ius is n expos$ to ov]/ep ?is sph]e1 b r n to fill x entirely1 giv+ too mu* scope to ext]nal necessity1 to accid5tal wants1 at ! exp5se ( ! inn] necessity4 ,! dang] = ! s5tim5tal g5ius is1 on ! o!r h&1 by try+ to remove all limits1 ( nullify+ human nature absolutely1 & n only ris+1 z is its "r & duty1 beyond f9ite & det]m9ate reality1 z f> z absolute possibility1 or 9 o!r t]ms to idealize2 b ( pass+ ev5 beyond possibility1 or1 9 o!r words1 dream+4 ,?is fault--ov]/ra9+--is precisely dep5d5t on ! specific prop]ty ( ! s5tim5tal process1 z ! opposite defect1 in]tia1 dep5ds on ! peculi> op]ation ( ! simple g5ius4 ,! simple g5ius lets nature dom9ate1 )\t re/rict+ x2 & z nature 9 h] p>ticul> ph5om5a is always subject to "s want1 x foll[s t ! simple s5tim5t w n be always exalt$ en\gh to resi/ ! accid5tal limitations ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,! s5tim5tal g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 leaves aside ! real _w1 to rise to ! ideal & to comm& its matt] ) free spontaneity4 ,b :ile reason1 accord+ to law1 aspires always to ! unconditional1 s ! s5tim5tal g5ius w n always rema9 calm en\gh to re/ra9 itself uni=mly & )\t int]ruption )9 ! conditions impli$ by ! idea ( human nature1 & to :i* reason mu/ always1 ev5 9 its free/ acts1 rema9 atta*$4 ,he c\ld only conf9e himself 9 ^! conditions by help ( a receptivity proportion$ to 8 free activity2 b mo/ commonly ! activity pr$om9ates ov] receptivity 9 ! s5tim5tal poet1 z mu* z receptivity ov] activity 9 ! simple poet4 ,h5ce1 9 ! productions ( simple g5ius1 if sometimes inspiration is want+1 s also 9 works ( s5tim5tal poetry ! object is (t5 miss$4 ,?us1 ?\gh !y proce$ 9 opposite ways1 !y w bo? fall into a vacuum1 = be=e ! /hetic judgm5t an object )\t inspiration1 & inspiration )\t an object1 are bo? negations4 ,! poets :o borr[ _! matt] too mu* f ?\ght1 & r conceive poetic pictures by ! int]nal abundance ( ideas ?an by ! sugge/ions ( feel+1 are m or less likely to be addict$ to g ?us a/ray4 ,9 _! creations reason makes too little ( ! limits ( ! s5su\s _w1 & ?\ght is always c>ri$ too f> = exp]i5ce to foll[ x4 ,n[1 :5 ! idea is c>ri$ s f> t n only no exp]i5ce corresponds to x--z is ! case 9 ! beau ideal--b also t x is repugnant to ! conditions ( all possible exp]i5ce1 s t1 9 ord] to realize x1 "o mu/ leave human nature altoge!r1 x is no long] a poetic b an exagg]at$ ?\ght2 t is1 suppos+ x claims to be repres5table & poetical1 = o!rwise x is en\gh if x is n self-contradictory4 ,if ?\ght is contradictory x is n exagg]ation1 b nons5se2 = :at does n exi/ _c exce$4 ,b :5 ! ?\ght is n an object propos$ to ! fancy1 we are j z little ju/ifi$ 9 call+ x exagg]at$4 ,= simple ?\ght is inf9ite1 & :at is limitless also _c exce$4 ,exagg]ation1 !re=e1 is only t :i* w\nds1 n logical tru?1 b s5su\s tru?1 & :at pret5ds to be s5su\s tru?4 ,consequ5tly1 if a poet has ! unhappy *ance to *oose = 8 picture c]ta9 natures t are m]ely sup]human & _c possibly be repres5t$1 he c only avoid exagg]ation by ceas+ to be a poet1 & n tru/+ ! !me to 8 imag9ation4 ,o!rwise "o ( two ?+s w\ld happ53 ei!r imag9ation1 apply+ its limits to ! object1 w\ld make a limit$ & m]ely human object ( an absolute object--:i* happ5$ ) ! gods ( ,greece--or ! object w\ld take away limits f fancy1 t is1 w\ld r5d] x null & void1 & ?is is precisely exagg]ation4 ,extravagance ( feel+ %\ld be di/+ui%$ f extravagance ( portraiture2 we are speak+ ( ! =m]4 ,! object ( ! feel+ may be unnatural1 b ! feel+ itself is natural1 & ought accord+ly to be %ad[$ =? 9 ! language ( nature4 ,:ile extravagant feel+s may issue f a w>m he>t & a really poetic nature1 extravagance ( portraiture always displays a cold he>t1 & v (t5 a want ( poetic capacity4 ,!re=e ?is is n a dang] = ! s5tim5tal poet1 b only = ! imitator1 :o has no vocation2 x is !re=e (t5 f\nd ) platitude1 insipidity1 & ev5 bas5ess4 ,exagg]ation ( s5tim5t is n )\t tru?1 & mu/ h a real object2 z nature inspires x1 x admits ( simplicity ( expression & com+ f ! he>t x goes to ! he>t4 ,z its object1 h[ev]1 is n 9 nature1 b artificially produc$ by ! und]/&+1 x has only a logical reality1 & ! feel+ is n purely human4 ,x 0 n an illusion t ,heloise _h = ,abel>d1 ,petr>* = ,laura1 ,sa9t ,preux = 8 ,julia1 ,w]!r = 8 ,*>lotte2 ,aga?on1 ,phanias1 & ,p]egr9us--9 ,wiel&--= ! object ( _! dreams3 ! feel+ is true1 only ! object is factiti\s & outside nature4 ,if _! ?\ght _h kept to simple s5su\s tru?1 x c\ld n h tak5 ?is flight2 b on ! o!r h& a m]e play ( fancy1 )\t inn] value1 c\ld n h /irr$ ! he>t3 ?is is only /irr$ by reason4 ,?us ?is sort ( exagg]ation mu/ be call$ to ord]1 b x is n contemptible3 & ^? :o ridicule x w\ld d well to f9d out if ! wisdom on :i* !y pride !mselves is n want ( he>t1 & if x is n ?r\gh want ( reason t !y are s acute4 ,! exagg]at$ delicacy 9 gallantry & honor :i* *>act]izes ! *ivalr\s romances1 especially ( ,spa91 is ( ?is k9d2 also ! ref9$ & ev5 ridicul\s t5d]ness ( ,fr5* & ,engli% s5tim5tal romances ( ! be/ k9d4 ,^! s5tim5ts are n only subjectively true1 b also objectively !y are n )\t value2 !y are s\nd s5tim5ts issu+ f a moral s\rce1 only repreh5sible z ov]/epp+ ! limits ( human tru?4 ,)\t ?is moral reality h[ c\ld !y /ir & t\* s p[]fully8 ,! same rem>k applies to moral & religi\s fanaticism1 patriotism1 & ! love ( fre$om :5 c>ri$ up to exaltation4 ,z ! object ( ^! s5tim5ts is always a pure idea1 & n an ext]nal exp]i5ce1 imag9ation ) its prop] activity has "h a dang]\s lib]ty1 & _c1 z else:]e1 be call$ back to b\nds by ! pres5ce ( a visible object4 ,b nei!r ! man nor ! poet c )draw f ! law ( nature1 except to submit to t ( reason4 ,he c only ab&on reality = ! ideal2 = lib]ty mu/ hold to "o or ! o!r ( ^! an*ors4 ,b x is f> f ! real to ! ideal2 & betwe5 ! two is f\nd fancy1 ) its arbitr>y conceits & its unbridl$ fre$om4 ,x mu/ ne$s be1 !re=e1 t man 9 g5]al1 & ! poet 9 p>ticul>1 :5 he )draws by lib]ty ( 8 und]/&+ f ! dom9ion ( feel+1 )\t be+ mov$ to x by ! laws ( reason--t is1 :5 he ab&ons nature ?r\gh pure lib]ty--he f9ds himself fre$ f all law1 & !re=e a prey to ! illusions ( phantasy4 ,x is te/ifi$ by exp]i5ce t entire nations1 z well z individual m51 :o h p>t$ ) ! safe direction ( nature1 are actually 9 ?is condition2 & poets h gone a/ray 9 ! same mann]4 ,! true g5ius ( s5tim5tal poetry1 if its aim is to raise itself to ! rank ( ! ideal1 mu/ ov]/ep ! limits ( ! exi/+ nature2 b false g5ius ov]/eps all b\nd>ies )\t any discrim9ation1 flatt]+ itself ) ! belief t ! wild sport ( ! imag9ation is poetic inspiration4 ,a true poetical g5ius c nev] fall into ?is error1 because x only ab&ons ! real = ! sake ( ! ideal1 or1 at all ev5ts1 x c only d s at c]ta9 mom5ts :5 ! poet =gets himself2 b 8 ma9 t5d5cies may dispose him to extravagance )9 ! sph]e ( ! s5ses4 ,8 example may also drive o!rs into a *ase ( wild conceptions1 because read]s ( lively fancy & weak und]/&+ only rem>k ! fre$om :i* he takes ) exi/+ nature1 & are unable to foll[ him 9 copy+ ! elevat$ necessities ( 8 inn] be+4 ,! same difficulties beset ! pa? ( ! s5tim5tal g5ius 9 ?is respect1 z ^? :i* afflict ! c>e] ( a g5ius ( ! simple ord]4 ,if a g5ius ( ?is class c>ries out e "w1 ob$i5t to ! free & spontane\s impulses ( 8 nature1 ! man devoid ( g5ius :o seeks to imitate him is n will+ to consid] 8 own nature a worse guide ?an t ( ! great poet4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t ma/]pieces ( simple poetry are commonly foll[$ by a ho/ ( /ale & unpr(itable works 9 pr9t1 & ma/]pieces ( ! s5tim5tal class by wild & fanciful effusions1--a fact t may be easily v]ifi$ on que/ion+ ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,two maxims are preval5t 9 relation to poetry1 bo? ( !m q correct 9 !mselves1 b mutually de/ructive 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are g5]ally conceiv$4 ,! fir/ is1 t 8poetry s]ves z a means ( amusem5t & recreation10 & we h previ\sly obs]v$ t ?is maxim is highly favorable to aridity & platitudes 9 poetical fictions4 ,! o!r maxim1 t 8poetry is conducive to ! moral progress ( humanity10 takes "u its %elt] !ories & views ( ! mo/ wild & extravagant "*4 ,x may be pr(itable to exam9e m att5tively ^! two maxims1 ( :i* s mu* is he>d1 & :i* are s (t5 imp]fectly und]/ood & falsely appli$4 ,we say t a ?+ amuses u :5 x makes u pass f a =c$ /ate to ! /ate t is natural to u4 ,! :ole "q "h is to "k 9 :at our natural /ate ought to consi/1 & :at a =c$ /ate means4 ,if our natural /ate is made to consi/ m]ely 9 ! free developm5t ( all our physical p[]s1 9 emancipation f all con/ra9t1 x foll[s t e act ( reason by resi/+ :at is s5su\s1 is a viol5ce we und]go1 & re/ ( m9d comb9$ ) physical movem5t w be a recreation p> excell5ce4 ,b if we make our natural /ate consi/ 9 a limitless p[] ( human expression & ( freely dispos+ ( all our /r5g?1 all t divides ^! =ces w be a =c$ /ate1 & recreation w be :at br+s all our nature to h>mony4 ,?us1 ! fir/ ( ^! ideal recreations is simply det]m9$ by ! wants ( our s5su\s nature2 ! second1 by ! autonom\s activity ( human nature4 ,:i* ( ^! two k9ds ( recreation c be dem&$ ( ! poet8 ,!oretically1 ! "q is inadmissible1 z no "o w\ld put ! human ideal b5ea? ! brutal4 ,b 9 practice ! requirem5ts ( a poet h be5 especially direct$ to ! s5su\s ideal1 & = ! mo/ "p favor1 ?\gh n ! e/eem1 = ^! sorts ( works is regulat$ !reby4 ,m5's m9ds are mo/ly engag$ 9 a labor t exhau/s !m1 or an enjoym5t t sets !m asleep4 ,n[ labor makes re/ a s5sible want1 mu* m imp]i\s ?an t ( ! moral nature2 = physical nature mu/ be satisfi$ be=e ! m9d c %[ its requirem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 enjoym5t p>alyzes ! moral in/9ct4 ,h5ce ^! two dispositions common 9 m5 are v injuri\s to ! feel+ = true beauty1 & ?us v few ev5 ( ! be/ judge s\ndly 9 /hetics4 ,beauty results f ! h>mony betwe5 _s & s5se2 x addresses all ! faculties ( man1 & c only be appreciat$ if a man employs fully all 8 /r5g?4 ,he mu/ br+ to x an op5 s5se1 a broad he>t1 a _s full ( fre%ness4 ,all a man's nature mu/ be on ! al]t1 & ?is is n ! case ) ^? divid$ by ab/raction1 n>r[$ by =mulas1 en]vat$ by application4 ,!y dem&1 no d\bt1 a mat]ial = ! s5ses2 b n to quick51 only to susp5d1 ?\ght4 ,!y ask to be fre$ f :at8 ,f a load t oppress$ _! indol5ce1 & n a re9 t curb$ _! activity4 ,aft] ?is c "o wond] at ! success ( m$iocre tal5ts 9 /hetics8 or at ! bitt] ang] ( small m9ds aga9/ true en]getic beauty8 ,!y reckon on f9d+ !re9 a cong5ial recreation1 & regret to discov] t a display ( /r5g? is requir$ to :i* !y are unequal4 ,) m$iocrity !y are always welcome2 h[ev] little m9d !y br+1 !y want /ill less to exhau/ ! au?or's inspiration4 ,!y are reliev$ ( ! load ( ?\ght2 & _! nature c lull itself 9 beatific no?+s on ! s(t pill[ ( platitude4 ,9 ! temple ( ,?alia & ,melpom5e--at lea/1 s x is ) u--! /upid savant & ! exhau/$ man ( bus9ess are receiv$ on ! broad bosom ( ! goddess1 :]e _! intellig5ce is wrapp$ 9 a magnetic sleep1 :ile _! sluggi% s5ses are w>m$1 & _! imag9ation ) g5tle motions rock$4 ,vulg> p may be excus$ :at happ5s to ! be/ capacities4 ,^? mom5ts ( repose dem&$ by nature aft] l5g?y labor are n favorable to /hetic judgm5t1 & h5ce 9 ! busy classes few c pron\nce safely on matt]s ( ta/e4 ,no?+ is m common ?an = s*ol>s to make a ridicul\s figure1 9 reg>d to a "q ( beauty1 besides cultur$ m5 ( ! _w2 & te*nical critics are especially ! laugh+-/ock ( connoisseurs4 ,_! op9ion1 f exagg]ation1 crud5ess1 or c>elessness guides !m g5]ally q awry1 & !y c only devise a te*nical judgm5t1 & n an /hetical "o1 embrac+ ! :ole "w1 9 :i* feel+ %\ld decide4 ,if !y w\ld k9dly keep to te*nicalities !y might /ill be useful1 = ! poet 9 mom5ts ( inspiration & read]s "u 8 spell are little incl9$ to consid] details4 ,b ! spectacle :i* !y af=d u is only ! m ridicul\s inasmu* z we see ^! crude natures--) :om all labor & tr\ble only develop at ! mo/ a p>ticul> aptitude1--:5 we see !m set up _! paltry individualities z ! repres5tation ( univ]sal & complete feel+1 & 9 ! sweat ( _! br[ pron\nce judgm5t on beauty4 ,we h j se5 t ! k9d ( recreation poetry ought to af=d is g5]ally conceiv$ 9 too re/rict$ a mann]1 & only ref]r$ to a simple s5su\s want4 ,too mu* scope1 h[ev]1 is also giv5 to ! o!r idea1 ! moral ennobl+ ! poet %\ld h 9 view1 inasmu* z too purely an ideal aim is assign$4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to ! pure ideal1 ! ennobl+ goes on to inf9ity1 because reason is n re/rict$ to any s5su\s limits1 & only f9ds re/ 9 absolute p]fection4 ,no?+ c satisfy :il/ a sup]ior ?+ c be conceiv$2 x judges /rictly & admits no excuses ( infirmity & f9ite nature4 ,x only admits = limits ^? ( ?\ght1 :i* transc5ds "t & space4 ,h5ce ! poet c\ld no m propose to himself su* an ideal ( ennobl+ 7trac$ = him by pure 7didactic7 reason7 any m ?an ! co>se ideal ( recreation ( s5su\s nature4 ,! aim is to free human nature f accid5tal h9d]ances1 )\t de/roy+ ! ess5tial ideal ( our humanity1 or displac+ its limits4 ,all beyond ?is is exagg]ation1 & a quicks& 9 :i* ! poet too easily suff]s %ipwreck if he mi/akes ! idea ( nobl5ess4 ,b1 un=tunately1 he _c rise to ! true ideal ( ennobl$ human nature )\t go+ "s /eps beyond x4 ,to rise s high he mu/ ab&on ! _w ( reality1 =1 l e ideal1 x is only to be drawn f its inn] moral s\rce4 ,he does n f9d x 9 ! turmoil ( worldly life1 b only 9 8 he>t1 & t only 9 calm m$itation4 ,b 9 ?is sep>ation f real life he is likely to lose sight ( all ! limits ( human nature1 & seek+ pure =m he may easily lose himself 9 arbitr>y & baseless conceptions4 ,reason w ab/ract itself too mu* f exp]i5ce1 & ! practical man w n be able to c>ry out1 9 ! cru% ( real life1 :at ! contemplative m9d has discov]$ on ! peaceful pa? ( ?\ght4 ,?us1 :at makes a dreamy man is ! v ?+ t alone c\ld h made him a sage2 & ! advantage = ! latt] is n t he has nev] be5 a dream]1 b r t he has n rema9$ "o4 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 all[ ! work]s to det]m9e recreation accord+ to _! wants1 nor ?9k]s t ( nobl5ess accord+ to _! speculations1 = fe> ( ei!r a too l[ physical poetry1 or a poetry too giv5 to hyp]physical exagg]ation4 ,& z ^! two ideas direct mo/ m5's judgm5ts on poetry1 we mu/ seek a class ( m9d at once active1 b n slavi%ly s1 & idealiz+1 b n dreamy2 unit+ ! reality ( life )9 z few limits z possible1 obey+ ! curr5t ( human affairs1 b n enslav$ by !m4 ,su* a class ( m5 c alone pres]ve ! beautiful unity ( human nature1 t h>mony :i* all "w = a mom5t di/urbs1 & a life ( "w de/roys2 su* alone c1 9 all t is purely human1 give by its feel+s univ]sal rules ( judgm5t4 ,:e!r su* a class exi/s1 or :e!r ! class n[ exi/+ 9 l conditions answ]s to ?is ideal conception1 ,i am n conc]n$ to inquire4 ,if x does n respond to ! ideal x has only itself to blame4 ,9 su* a class--"h reg>d$ z a m]e ideal--! simple & s5tim5tal w\ld keep ea* o!r f extremes ( extravagance & relaxation4 ,= ! idea ( a beautiful humanity is n exhau/$ by ei!r1 b c only be pres5t$ 9 ! union ( bo?4 ,,! ,,/age ,,z ,a ,,moral ,,in/itution4 ,sulz] has rem>k$ t ! /age has aris5 f an irresi/ible long+ = ! new & extraord9>y4 ,man1 oppress$ by divid$ c>es1 & satiat$ ) s5sual1 pleasure1 felt an empt9ess or want4 ,man1 nei!r altoge!r satisfi$ ) ! s5ses1 nor =ev] capable ( ?\ght1 want$ a middle /ate1 a bridge betwe5 ! two /ates1 br++ !m into h>mony4 ,beauty & /hetics suppli$ t = him4 ,b a good lawgiv] is n satisfi$ ) discov]+ ! b5t ( 8 p--he turns x to acc\nt z an in/rum5t = high] use2 & h5ce he *ose ! /age1 z giv+ n\ri%m5t to ! s\l1 )\t /ra9+ x1 & unit+ ! noble/ education ( ! head & he>t4 ,! man :o fir/ pron\nc$ religion to be ! /ronge/ pill> ( ! /ate1 unconsci\sly def5d$ ! /age1 :5 he said s1 9 its noble/ aspect4 ,! unc]ta9 nature ( political ev5ts1 r5d]+ religion a necessity1 also dem&s ! /age z a moral =ce4 ,laws only prev5t di/urbances ( social life2 religion prescribes positive ord]s su/a9+ social ord]4 ,law only gov]ns actions2 religion controls ! he>t & foll[s ?\ght to ! s\rce4 ,laws are flexible & caprici\s2 religion b9ds =ev]4 ,if religion has ?is great sway ov] man's he>t1 c x also complete 8 culture8 ,sep>at+ ! political f ! div9e elem5t 9 x1 religion acts mo/ly on ! s5ses2 %e loses h] sway if ! s5ses are gone4 ,by :at *annel does ! /age op]ate8 ,to mo/ m5 religion vani%es ) ! loss ( h] symbols1 images1 & problems2 & yet !y are only pictures ( ! imag9ation1 & insolvable problems4 ,bo? laws & religion are /r5g!n$ by a union ) ! /age1 :]e virtue & vice1 joy & sorr[1 are ?or\ghly display$ 9 a tru?ful & popul> way2 :]e a v>iety ( provid5tial problems are solv$2 :]e all secrets are unmask$1 all artifice ends1 & tru? alone is ! judge1 z incorruptible z ,rhadaman?us4 ,:]e ! influ5ce ( civil laws ends t ( ! /age beg9s4 ,:]e v5ality & corruption bl9d & bias ju/ice & judgm5t1 & intimidation p]v]ts its ends1 ! /age seizes ! sword & scales & pron\nces a t]rible v]dict on vice4 ,! fields ( fancy & ( hi/ory are op5 to ! /age2 great crim9als ( ! pa/ live ov] aga9 9 ! drama1 & ?us b5efit an indignant po/]ity4 ,!y pass be=e u z empty %ad[s ( _! age1 & we heap curses on _! memory :ile we enjoy on ! /age ! v horror ( _! crimes4 ,:5 morality is no m taught1 religion no long] receiv$1 or laws exi/1 ,m$ea w\ld /ill t]rify u ) h] infanticide4 ,! sight ( ,lady ,macbe?1 :ile x makes u %udd]1 w also make u rejoice 9 a good consci5ce1 :5 we see h]1 ! sleep-walk]1 wa%+ h] h&s & seek+ to de/roy ! awful smell ( murd]4 ,sight is always m p[]ful to man ?an description2 h5ce ! /age acts m p[]fully ?an morality or law4 ,b 9 ?is ! /age only aids ju/ice4 ,a f> wid] field is really op5 to x4 ,!re are a ?\s& vices unnotic$ by human ju/ice1 b condemn$ by ! /age2 s1 also1 a ?\s& virtues ov]look$ by man's laws are honor$ on ! /age4 ,x is ?us ! h&maid ( religion & philosophy4 ,f ^! pure s\rces x draws its high pr9ciples & ! exalt$ tea*+s1 & pres5ts !m 9 a lovely =m4 ,! s\l swells ) noble/ emotions :5 a div9e ideal is plac$ be=e x4 ,:5 ,augu/us (f]s 8 =giv+ h& to ,c9na1 ! conspirator1 & says to him3 8,let u be fri5ds1 ,c9na60 :at man at ! mom5t does n feel t he c\ld d ! same4 ,aga91 :5 ,francis von ,sick+51 proce$+ to puni% a pr9ce & r$ress a /rang]1 on turn+ sees ! h\se1 :]e 8 wife & *ildr5 are1 9 flames1 & yet goes on = ! sake ( 8 ^w--h[ great humanity appe>s1 h[ small ! /]n p[] ( fate6 ,vice is portray$ on ! /age 9 an equally tell+ mann]4 ,?us1 :5 old ,le>1 bl9d1 helpless1 *ildless1 is se5 knock+ 9 va9 at 8 daught]s' doors1 & 9 tempe/ & night he rec\nts by tell+ 8 woes to ! elem5ts1 & ends by say+3 8,i h giv5 y all10--h[ /rongly impress$ we feel at ! value ( filial piety1 & h[ hateful +ratitude seems to u6 ,! /age does ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,x cultivates ! gr\nd :]e religion & law d n ?9k x dignifi$ to /op4 ,folly (t5 tr\bles ! _w z mu* z crime2 & x has be5 ju/ly said t ! heavie/ loads (t5 hang susp5d$ by ! slighte/ ?reads4 ,trac+ actions to _! s\rces1 ! li/ ( crim9als dim9i%1 & we laugh at ! long catalogue ( fools4 ,9 our sex all =ms ( evil emanate almo/ entirely f "o s\rce1 & all our excesses are only v>i$ & high] =ms ( "o quality1 & t a quality :i* 9 ! end we smile at & love2 & :y %\ld n nature h foll[$ ?is c\rse 9 ! opposite sex too8 ,9 man !re is only "o secret to gu>d aga9/ depravity2 t is1 to protect 8 he>t aga9/ wick$ness4 ,mu* ( all ?is is %[n up on ! /age4 ,x is a mirror to reflect fools & _! ?\s& =ms ( folly1 :i* are !re turn$ to ridicule4 ,x curbs vice by t]ror1 & folly /ill m effectually by satire & je/4 ,if a comp>ison be made betwe5 trag$y & com$y1 guid$ by exp]i5ce1 we %\ld probably give ! palm to ! latt] z to effects produc$4 ,hatr$ does n w\nd ! consci5ce s mu* z mock]y does ! pride ( man4 ,we are expos$ specially to ! /+ ( satire by ! v c[>dice t %uns t]rors4 ,f s9s we are gu>d$ by law & consci5ce1 b ! ludicr\s is specially puni%$ on ! /age4 ,:]e we all[ a fri5d to correct our morals1 we r>ely =give a laugh4 ,we may be> heavy judgm5t on our transgressions1 b our weaknesses & vulg>ities mu/ n be criticis$ by a witness4 ,! /age alone c d ?is ) impunity1 *a/is+ u z ! anonym\s fool4 ,we c be> ?is rebuke )\t a blu%1 & ev5 gratefully4 ,b ! /age does ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,x is a great s*ool ( practical wisdom1 a guide = civil life1 & a key to ! m9d 9 all its s9uosities4 ,x does n1 ( c\rse1 remove egoism & /ubbornness 9 evil ways2 = a ?\s& vices hold up _! heads 9 spite ( ! /age1 & a ?\s& virtues make no impression on cold-he>t$ spectators4 ,?us1 probably1 ,molire's ,h>pagon nev] alt]$ a usur]'s he>t1 nor did ! suicide 9 ,bev]ley save any "o f ! gam+-table4 ,nor1 aga91 is x likely t ! high roads w be saf] ?r\gh ,k>l ,moor's untimely end4 ,b1 admitt+ ?is1 & m ?an ?is1 /ill h[ great is ! influ5ce ( ! /age6 ,x has %[n u ! vices & virtues ( m5 ) :om we h to live4 ,we are n surpris$ at _! weaknesses1 we are prep>$ = !m4 ,! /age po9ts !m out to u1 & _! rem$y4 ,x drags (f ! mask f ! hypocrite1 & betrays ! me%es ( intrigue4 ,duplicity & cunn+ h be5 =c$ by x to %[ _! hide\s features 9 ! light ( day4 ,p]haps ! dy+ ,s>ah may n det] a s+le debau*ee1 nor all ! pictures ( av5g$ s$uction /op ! evil2 yet ungu>d$ innoc5ce has be5 %[n ! sn>es ( ! corrupt]1 & taught to di/ru/ 8 oa?s4 ,! /age also tea*es m5 to be> ! /rokes ( =tune4 ,*ance & design h equal sway ov] life4 ,we h to b[ to ! =m]1 b we control ! latt]4 ,x is a great advantage if inexorable facts d n f9d u unprep>$ & unex]cis$1 & if our brea/ has be5 /eel$ to be> adv]sity4 ,mu* human woe is plac$ be=e u on ! /age4 ,x gives u mom5t>y pa9 9 ! te>s we %$ = /rang]s' tr\bles1 b z a comp5sation x fills u ) a gr& new /ock ( c\rage & endurance4 ,we are l$ by x1 ) ! ab&on$ ,ariadne1 ?r\gh ! ,isle ( ,naxos1 & we desc5d ! ,t[] ( ,/>vation 9 ,ugol9o2 we asc5d ! t]rible scaffold1 & we are pres5t at ! awful mom5t ( execution4 ,?+s remotely pres5t 9 ?\ght become palpable realities n[4 ,we see ! deceiv$ favorite ab&on$ by ! que54 ,:5 ab\t to die1 ! p]fidi\s ,moor is ab&on$ by 8 own sophi/ry4 ,et]nity reveals ! secrets ( ! unkn[n ?r\gh ! dead1 & ! hateful wret* loses all scre5 ( guilt :5 ! tomb op5s to condemn him4 ,!n ! /age tea*es u to be m consid]ate to ! un=tunate1 & to judge g5tly4 ,we c only pron\nce on a man :5 we "k 8 :ole be+ & circum/ances4 ,!ft is a base crime1 b te>s m+le ) our condemnation1 :5 we read :at oblig$ ,edw>d ,ruhb]g to d ! horrid de$4 ,suicide is %ock+2 b ! condemnation ( an enrag$ fa!r1 h] love1 & ! fe> ( a conv5t1 lead ,m>ianne to dr9k ! cup1 & few w\ld d>e to condemn ! victim ( a dreadful tyranny4 ,humanity & tol]ance h begun to prevail 9 our "t at c\rts ( pr9ces & 9 c\rts ( law4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ?is may be due to ! influ5ce ( ! /age 9 %[+ man & 8 secret motives4 ,! great ( ! _w ought to be especially grateful to ! /age1 = x is "h alone t !y he> ! tru?4 ,n only man's m9d1 b also 8 intellectual culture1 has be5 promot$ by ! high] drama4 ,! l(ty m9d & ! ard5t patriot h (t5 us$ ! /age to spread enlight5m5t4 ,consid]+ nations & ages1 ! ?9k] sees ! masses en*a9$ by op9ion & cut (f by adv]sity f happ9ess2 tru? only lights up a few m9ds1 :o p]haps h to acquire x by ! trials ( a lifetime4 ,h[ c ! wise rul] put ^! )9 ! rea* ( 8 nation4 ,! ?\ghtful & ! wor?i] section ( ! p diffuse ! light ( wisdom ov] ! masses ?r\gh ! /age4 ,pur] & bett] pr9ciples & motives issue f ! /age & circulate ?r\gh society2 ! night ( b>b>ism & sup]/ition vani%es4 ,i w\ld m5tion two glori\s fruits ( ! high] class ( dramas4 ,religi\s tol]ation has latt]ly become univ]sal4 ,be=e ,na?an ! ,jew & ,salad9 ! ,s>ac5 put u to %ame1 & %[$ t resignation to ,god's w did n dep5d on a fanci$ belief ( ,8 nature--ev5 be=e ,joseph ,,ii4 cont5d$ ) ! hatr$ ( a n>r[ piety--! /age _h s[n se$s ( humanity & g5tl5ess3 pictures ( fanaticism _h taught a hatr$ ( intol]ance1 & ,*ri/ianity1 see+ itself 9 ?is awful mirror1 wa%$ (f its /a9s4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! /age w equally combat mi/ak5 sy/ems ( education4 ,?is is a subject ( ! fir/ political importance1 & yet none is s left to private :ims & caprice4 ,! /age might give /irr+ examples ( mi/ak5 education1 & lead p>5ts to ju/]1 bett] views ( ! subject4 ,_m tea*]s are l$ a/ray by false views1 & me?ods are (t5 artificial & fatal4 ,op9ions ab\t gov]nm5ts & classes might be re=m$ by ! /age4 ,legislation c\ld ?us ju/ify itself by =eign symbols1 & sil5ce d\btful asp]sions )\t (f5ce4 ,n[1 if poets w\ld be patriotic !y c\ld d mu* on ! /age to =w>d inv5tion & indu/ry4 ,a /&+ !atre w\ld be a mat]ial advantage to a nation4 ,x w\ld h a great influ5ce on ! national temp] & m9d by help+ ! nation to agree 9 op9ions & incl9ations4 ,! /age alone c d ?is1 because x comm&s all human k1 exhau/s all positions1 illum9es all he>ts1 unites all classes1 & makes its way to ! he>t & und]/&+ by ! mo/ popul> *annels4 ,if "o feature *>act]iz$ all dramas2 if ! poets 7 alli$ 9 aim--t is1 if !y select$ well & f national topics--!re w\ld be a national /age1 & we %\ld become a nation4 ,x 0 ?is t knit ! ,greeks s /rongly toge!r1 & ?is gave to !m ! all-absorb+ int]e/ 9 ! republic & ! advancem5t ( humanity4 ,ano!r advantage belongs to ! /age2 "o :i* seems to h become ackn[l$g$ ev5 by its c5sur]s4 ,its influ5ce on intellectual & moral culture1 :i* we h till n[ be5 advocat+1 may be d\bt$2 b its v enemies h admitt$ t x has ga9$ ! palm ov] all o!r means ( amusem5t4 ,x has be5 ( mu* high] s]vice "h ?an p are (t5 ready to all[4 ,human nature _c be> to be always on ! rack ( bus9ess1 & ! *>ms ( s5se die out ) _! gratification4 ,man1 oppress$ by appetites1 we>y ( long ex]tion1 ?ir/s = ref9$ pleasure1 or ru%es into dissipations t ha/5 8 fall & ru91 & di/urb social ord]4 ,bac*anal joys1 gambl+1 follies ( all sorts to di/urb ennui1 are unavoidable if ! lawgiv] produces no?+ bett]4 ,a man ( public bus9ess1 :o has made noble sacrifices to ! /ate1 is apt to pay = !m ) melan*oly1 ! s*ol> to become a p$ant1 & ! p bruti%1 )\t ! /age4 ,! /age is an in/itution comb9+ amusem5t ) in/ruction1 re/ ) ex]tion1 :]e no faculty ( ! m9d is ov]/ra9$1 no pleasure enjoy$ at ! co/ ( ! :ole4 ,:5 melan*oly gnaws ! he>t1 :5 tr\ble poisons our solitude1 :5 we are disgu/$ ) ! _w1 & a ?\s& worries oppress u1 or :5 our en]gies are de/roy$ by ov]-ex]cise1 ! /age revives u1 we dream ( ano!r sph]e1 we recov] ourselves1 our torpid nature is r\s$ by noble passions1 our blood circulates m heal?ily4 ,! unhappy man =gets 8 te>s 9 weep+ = ano!r4 ,! happy man is calm$1 ! secure made provid5t4 ,effem9ate natures are /eel$1 savages made man1 &1 z ! supreme triumph ( nature1 m5 ( all ranks1 zones1 & conditions1 emancipat$ f ! *a9s ( conv5tionality & fa%ion1 frat]nize "h 9 a univ]sal sympa?y1 =get ! _w1 & come ne>] to _! heav5ly de/9ation4 ,! individual %>es 9 ! g5]al ec/acy1 & 8 brea/ has n[ only space = an emotion3 he is a man4 ,,on ,,! ,,tragic ,,art4 ,! /ate ( passion 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! good or bad influ5ce ( its object on our morality1 has some?+ 9 x t *>ms u4 ,we aspire to transport ourselves into t /ate1 ev5 if x co/s u "s sacrifices4 ,y w f9d ?is in/9ct at ! bottom ( all our mo/ habitual pleasures4 ,z to ! nature itself ( ! affection1 :e!r x be "o ( av]sion or desire1 agreeable or pa9ful1 ?is is :at we take little into consid]ation4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t pa9ful affections are ^? :i* h ! mo/ attraction = u1 & ?us t ! pleasure we take 9 an affection is precisely 9 an inv]se ratio to its nature4 ,x is a ph5om5on common to all m51 t sad1 frightful ?+s1 ev5 ! horrible1 ex]cise ov] u an irresi/ible s$uction1 & t 9 pres5ce ( a sc5e ( desolation & ( t]ror we feel at once repell$ & attract$ by two equal =ces4 ,suppose ! case be an assass9ation4 ,!n e "o cr[ds r\nd ! n>rator & %[s a m>k$ att5tion4 ,any gho/ /ory1 h[ev] embelli%$ by romantic circum/ances1 is gre$ily dev\r$ by u1 & ! m readily 9 proportion z ! /ory is calculat$ to make our hair /& on end4 ,?is disposition is develop$ 9 a m lively mann] :5 ! objects !mselves are plac$ be=e our eyes4 ,a tempe/ t w\ld swall[ up an entire fleet w\ld be1 se5 f %ore1 a spectacle z attractive to our imag9ation z x w\ld be %ock+ to our he>t4 ,x w\ld be difficult to believe ) ,lucretius t ?is natural pleasure results f a comp>ison betwe5 our own safety & ! dang] ( :i* we are witnesses4 ,see :at a cr[d accompanies a crim9al to ! sc5e ( 8 puni%m5t6 ,?is ph5om5on _c be expla9$ ei!r by ! pleasure ( satisfy+ our love ( ju/ice1 nor ! ignoble joy ( v5geance4 ,p]haps ! unhappy man may f9d excuses 9 ! he>ts ( ^? pres5t2 p]haps ! s9c]e/ pity takes an int]e/ 9 8 reprieve3 ?is does n prev5t a lively curiosity 9 ! spectators to wat* 8 expressions ( pa9 ) eye & e>4 ,if an exception seems to exi/ "h 9 ! case ( a well-br$ man1 end[$ ) a delicate s5se1 ?is does n imply t he is a complete /rang] to ?is in/9ct2 b 9 8 case ! pa9ful /r5g? ( compassion c>ries ! day ov] ?is in/9ct1 or x is kept "u by ! laws ( dec5cy4 ,! man ( nature1 :o is n *a9$ d[n by any feel+ ( human delicacy1 ab&ons himself )\t any s5se ( %ame to ?is p[]ful in/9ct4 ,?is attraction mu/1 !re=e1 h its spr+ ( action 9 an orig9al disposition1 & x mu/ be expla9$ by a psy*ological law common to ! :ole species4 ,b if x seems to u t ^! brutal in/9cts ( nature are incompatible ) ! dignity ( man1 & if we hesitate1 = ?is reason1 to e/abli% on ?is fact a law common to ! :ole species1 yet no exp]i5ces are requir$ to prove1 ) ! complete/ evid5ce1 t ! pleasure we take 9 pa9ful emotions is real1 & t x is g5]al4 ,! pa9ful /ruggle ( a he>t drawn asund] betwe5 its incl9ations or contr>y duties1 a /ruggle :i* is a cause ( mis]y to him :o exp]i5ces x1 delights ! p]son :o is a m]e spectator4 ,we foll[ ) always height5+ pleasure ! progress ( a passion to ! abyss into :i* x hurries its unhappy victim4 ,! same delicate feel+ t makes u turn our eyes aside f ! sight ( physical suff]+1 or ev5 f ! physical expression ( a purely moral pa91 makes u exp]i5ce a pleasure height5$ 9 sweetness1 9 ! sympa?y = a purely moral pa94 ,! int]e/ ) :i* we /op to look at ! pa9t+ ( ^! k9ds ( objects is a g5]al ph5om5on4 ,( c\rse ?is c only be und]/ood ( sympa!tic affections1 or ^? felt z a second>y effect aft] _! fir/ impression2 = commonly direct & p]sonal affections imm$iately call into life 9 u ! in/9ct ( our own happ9ess1 !y take up all our ?\ghts1 & seize hold ( u too p[]fully to all[ any room = ! feel+ ( pleasure t accompanies !m1 :5 ! affection is fre$ f all p]sonal relation4 ,?us1 9 ! m9d t is really a prey to pa9ful passion1 ! feel+ ( pa9 comm&s all o!rs not)/&+ all ! *>m t ! pa9t+ ( its moral /ate may (f] to ! he>]s & ! spectators4 ,& yet ! pa9ful affection is n depriv$ ( all pleasure1 ev5 = him :o exp]i5ces x directly2 only ?is pleasure diff]s 9 degree accord+ to ! nature ( ea* p]son's m9d4 ,! sports ( *ance w\ld n h half s mu* attraction = u 7 !re n a k9d ( enjoym5t 9 anxiety1 9 d\bt1 & 9 fe>2 dang] w\ld n be enc\nt]$ f m]e foolh>d9ess2 & ! v sympa?y :i* int]e/s u 9 ! tr\ble ( ano!r w\ld n be to u t pleasure :i* is nev] m lively ?an at ! v mom5t :5 ! illusion is /ronge/1 & :5 we sub/itute ourselves mo/ entirely 9 ! place ( ! p]son :o suff]s4 ,b ?is does n imply t disagreeable affections cause pleasure ( !mselves1 nor d ,i ?9k any "o w uphold ?is view2 x suffices t ^! /ates ( ! m9d are ! conditions t alone make possible = u c]ta9 k9ds ( pleasure4 ,?us ! he>ts p>ticul>ly s5sitive to ?is k9d ( pleasure1 & mo/ gre$y ( !m1 w be m easily l$ to %>e ^! disagreeable affections1 :i* are ! condition ( ! =m]2 & ev5 9 ! mo/ viol5t /orms ( passion !y w always pres]ve "s rema9s ( _! fre$om4 ,! displeasure we feel 9 disagreeable affections comes f ! relation ( our s5su\s faculty or ( our moral faculty ) _! object4 ,9 l mann]1 ! pleasure we exp]i5ce 9 agreeable affections proce$s f ! v same s\rce4 ,! degree ( lib]ty t may prevail 9 ! affections dep5ds on ! proportion betwe5 ! moral nature & ! s5su\s nature ( a man4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t 9 ! moral ord] !re is no?+ arbitr>y = u1 t1 on ! contr>y1 ! s5su\s in/9ct is subject to ! laws ( reason & consequ5tly dep5ds m or less on our w4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t we c keep our lib]ty full & entire 9 all ^? affections t are conc]n$ ) ! in/9ct ( self-love1 & t we are ! ma/]s to det]m9e ! degree :i* !y ought to atta94 ,?is degree w be less 9 proportion z ! moral s5se 9 a man w prevail ov] ! in/9ct ( happ9ess1 & z by obey+ ! univ]sal laws ( reason he w h fre$ himself f ! selfi% requirem5ts ( 8 individuality1 8 ,ego4 ,a man ( ?is k9d mu/ !re=e1 9 a /ate ( passion1 feel mu* less vividly ! relation ( an object ) 8 own in/9ct ( happ9ess1 & consequ5tly he w be mu* less s5sible ( ! displeasure t arises f ?is relation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w be p]petually m att5tive to ! relation ( ?is same object ) 8 moral nature1 & = ?is v reason he w be m s5sible to ! pleasure :i* ! relation ( ! object ) morality (t5 m+les ) ! mo/ pa9ful affections4 ,a m9d ?us con/itut$ is bett] fitt$ ?an all o!rs to enjoy ! pleasure atta*+ to compassion1 & ev5 to reg>d a p]sonal affection z an object ( simple compassion4 ,h5ce ! ine/imable value ( a moral philosophy1 :i*1 by rais+ our eyes con/antly t[>ds g5]al laws1 weak5s 9 u ! feel+ ( our individuality1 tea*es u to plunge our paltry p]sonality 9 some?+ great1 & enables u ?us to act to ourselves z to /rang]s4 ,?is sublime /ate ( ! m9d is ! lot ( /rong philosophic m9ds1 :i* by work+ assidu\sly on !mselves h le>n$ to bridle ! egoti/ical in/9ct4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cruel loss does n drive !m beyond a c]ta9 degree ( sadness1 ) :i* an appreciable sum ( pleasure c always be reconcil$4 ,^! s\ls1 :i* are alone capable ( sep>at+ !mselves f !mselves1 alone enjoy ! privilege ( sympa?iz+ ) !mselves & ( receiv+ ( _! own suff]+s only a reflex1 s(t5$ by sympa?y4 ,! indications conta9$ 9 :at prec$es w suffice to direct our att5tion to ! s\rces ( ! pleasure t ! affection 9 itself causes1 m p>ticul>ly ! sad affection4 ,we h se5 t ?is pleasure is m en]getic 9 moral s\ls1 & x acts ) great] fre$om 9 proportion z ! s\l is m indep5d5t ( ! egoti/ical in/9ct4 ,?is pleasure is1 moreov]1 m vivid & /rong] 9 sad affections1 :5 self-love is pa9fully disquiet$1 ?an 9 gay affections1 :i* imply a satisfaction ( self-love4 ,accord+ly ?is pleasure increases :5 ! egoti/ical in/9ct is w\nd$1 & dim9i%es :5 t in/9ct is flatt]$4 ,n[ we only "k ( two s\rces ( pleasure--! satisfaction ( ! in/9ct ( happ9ess1 & ! accompli%m5t ( ! moral laws4 ,!re=e1 :5 x is %[n t a p>ticul> pleasure does n emanate f ! =m] s\rce1 x mu/ ( necessity issue f ! second4 ,x is !re=e f our moral nature t issues ! *>m ( ! pa9ful affections %>$ by sympa?y1 & ! pleasure t we sometimes feel ev5 :]e ! pa9ful affection directly affects ourselves4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ! pleasure ( pity1 b mo/ ( ^! solutions _h little *ance ( meet+ ! problem1 because ! pr9ciple ( ?is ph5om5on 0 s\ght = r 9 ! accompany+ circum/ances ?an 9 ! nature ( ! affection itself4 ,to _m p]sons ! pleasure ( pity is simply ! pleasure tak5 by ! m9d 9 ex]cis+ its own s5sibility4 ,to o!rs x is ! pleasure ( occupy+ _! =ces en]getically1 ( ex]cis+ ! social faculty vividly--9 %ort1 ( satisfy+ ! in/9ct ( re/lessness4 ,o!rs aga9 make x d]iv$ f ! discov]y ( morally f9e features ( "*1 plac$ 9 a cle> light by ! /ruggle aga9/ adv]sity or aga9/ ! passions4 ,b !re is /ill ! difficulty to expla9 :y x %\ld be exactly ! v feel+ ( pa91--suff]+ prop]ly s call$1--t 9 objects ( pity attracts u ) ! greate/ =ce1 :ile1 accord+ to ^? elucidations1 a less degree ( suff]+ ought evid5tly to be m favorable to ^? causes to :i* ! s\rce ( ! emotion is trac$4 ,v>i\s matt]s may1 no d\bt1 increase ! pleasure ( ! emotion )\t occasion+ x4 ,( ?is nature are3 ! vividness & =ce ( ! ideas awak5$ 9 our imag9ation1 ! moral excell5ce ( ! suff]+ p]sons1 ! ref]5ce to himself ( ! p]son feel+ pity4 ,i admit t ! suff]+ ( a weak s\l1 & ! pa9 ( a wick$ "*1 d n procure u ?is enjoym5t4 ,b ?is is because !y d n excite our pity to ! same degree z ! h]o :o suff]s1 or ! virtu\s man :o /ruggles4 ,?us we are con/antly br\ght back to ! fir/ "q3 :y is x precisely ! degree ( suff]+ t det]m9es ! degree ( sympa!tic pleasure :i* we take 9 an emotion8 & "o answ] only is possible2 x is because ! attack made on our s5sibility is precisely ! condition necess>y to set 9 motion t quality ( m9d ( :i* ! activity produces ! pleasure we feel 9 sympa!tic affections4 ,n[ ?is faculty is no o!r ?an ! reason2 & because ! free ex]cise ( reason1 z an absolutely indep5d5t activity1 des]ves p> excell5ce ! "n ( activity2 z1 moreov]1 ! he>t ( man only feels itself p]fectly free & indep5d5t 9 its moral acts1 x foll[s t ! *>m ( tragic emotions is really dep5d5t on ! fact t ?is in/9ct ( activity f9ds its gratification 9 !m4 ,b1 ev5 admitt+ ?is1 x is nei!r ! great numb] nor ! vivacity ( ! ideas t are awak5$ !n 9 our imag9ation1 nor 9 g5]al ! ex]cise ( ! social faculty1 b a c]ta9 k9d ( ideas & a c]ta9 activity ( ! social faculty br\ght into play by reason1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ?is pleasure4 ,?us ! sympa!tic affections 9 g5]al are = u a s\rce ( pleasure because !y give satisfaction to our in/9ct ( activity1 & ! sad affections produce ?is effect ) m vividness because !y give m satisfaction to ?is in/9ct4 ,! m9d only reveals all its activity :5 x is 9 full possession ( its lib]ty1 :5 x has a p]fect consci\sness ( its rational nature1 because x is only !n t x displays a =ce sup]ior to all resi/ance4 ,h5ce ! /ate ( m9d :i* all[s mo/ effectually ! manife/ation ( ?is =ce1 & awak5s mo/ successfully its activity1 is t /ate :i* is mo/ suitable to a rational be+1 & :i* be/ satisfies our in/9cts ( activity3 :5ce x foll[s t a great] am\nt ( pleasure mu/ be atta*$ necess>ily to ?is /ate4 ,n[ x is ! tragic /ates t place our s\l 9 ?is /ate1 & ! pleasure f\nd 9 !m is necess>ily high] ?an ! *>m produc$ by gay affections1 9 ! same degree t moral p[] 9 u is sup]ior to ! p[] ( ! s5ses4 ,po9ts t are only subord9ate & p>tial 9 a sy/em ( f9al causes may be consid]$ by art indep5d5tly ( t relation ) ! re/1 & may be conv]t$ into pr9cipal objects4 ,x is "r t 9 ! designs ( nature pleasure %\ld only be a m$iate end1 or a means2 b = art x is ! highe/ end4 ,x is !re=e ess5tially important = art n to neglect ?is high enjoym5t atta*+ to ! tragic emotion4 ,n[1 tragic art1 tak+ ?is t]m 9 its wide/ acceptation1 is t among ! f9e arts :i* proposes z its pr9cipal object ! pleasure ( pity4 ,art atta9s its end by ! imitation ( nature1 by satisfy+ ! conditions :i* make pleasure possible 9 reality1 & by comb9+1 accord+ to a plan trac$ by ! intellig5ce1 ! scatt]$ elem5ts furni%$ by nature1 s z to atta9 z a pr9cipal end to t :i*1 = nature1 0 only an accessory end4 ,?us tragic art ought to imitate nature 9 ^? k9ds ( actions t are specially adapt$ to awak5 pity4 ,x foll[s t1 9 ord] to det]m9e g5]ally ! sy/em to be foll[$ by tragic art1 x is necess>y be=e all ?+s to "k on :at conditions 9 real life ! pleasure ( ! emotion is commonly produc$ 9 ! sure/ & ! /ronge/ mann]2 b x is necess>y at ! same "t to pay att5tion to ! circum/ances t re/rict or absolutely ext+ui% ?is pleasure4 ,aft] :at we h e/abli%$ 9 our essay 8,on ! ,cause ( ! ,pleasure we d]ive f ,tragic ,objects10 x is kn[n t 9 e tragic emotion !re is an idea ( incongruity1 :i*1 ?\gh ! emotion may be att5d$ ) *>m1 mu/ always lead on to ! conception ( a high] consi/5cy4 ,n[ x is ! relation t ^! two opposite conceptions mutually be> :i* det]m9es 9 an emotion if ! prevail+ impression %all be pleasurable or ! rev]se4 ,if ! conception ( incongruity be m vivid ?an t ( ! contr>y1 or if ! end sacrific$ is m important ?an ! end ga9$1 ! prevail+ impression w always be displeasure1 :e!r ?is be und]/ood objectively ( ! human race 9 g5]al1 or only subjectively ( c]ta9 individuals4 ,if ! cause t has produc$ a mis=tune gives u too mu* displeasure1 our compassion = ! victim is dim9i%$ !reby4 ,! he>t _c feel simultane\sly1 9 a high degree1 two absolutely contr>y affections4 ,indignation aga9/ ! p]son :o is ! prim>y cause ( ! suff]+ becomes ! prevail+ affection1 & all o!r feel+ has to yield to x4 ,?us our int]e/ is always enfeebl$ :5 ! unhappy man :om x w\ld be desirable to pity _h ca/ himself into ru9 by a p]sonal & an inexcusable fault2 or if1 be+ able to save himself1 he did n d s1 ei!r ?r\gh feebl5ess ( m9d or pusillanimity4 ,! int]e/ we take 9 unhappy ,k+ ,le>1 ill-treat$ by two ungrateful daught]s1 is s5sibly less5$ by ! circum/ance t ?is ag$ man1 9 8 second *ildhood1 s weakly gave up 8 cr[n1 & divid$ 8 love among 8 daught]s ) s little disc]nm5t4 ,9 ! trag$y ( ,kronegk1 8,ol9da & ,sophronia10 ! mo/ t]rible suff]+ to :i* we see ^! m>tyrs to _! fai? expos$ only excites our pity feebly1 & all _! h]oism only /irs our admiration mod]ately1 because madness alone c sugge/ ! act by :i* ,ol9da has plac$ himself & all 8 p on ! br9k ( ! precipice4 ,our pity is equally less5$ :5 ! prim>y cause ( a mis=tune1 ^: innoc5t victim ought to inspire u ) compassion1 fills our m9d ) horror4 ,:5 ! tragic poet _c cle> himself ( 8 plot )\t introduc+ a wret*1 & :5 he is r$uc$ to d]ive ! greatness ( suff]+ f ! greatness ( wick$ness1 ! supreme beauty ( 8 "w mu/ always be s]i\sly injur$4 ,iago & ,lady ,macbe? 9 ,%akspe>e1 ,cleopatra 9 ! trag$y ( 8,rodogune10 or ,franz ,moor 9 8,! ,robb]s10 are s _m pro(s 9 support ( ?is ass]tion4 ,a poet :o und]/&s 8 real int]e/ w n br+ ab\t ! cata/rophe ?r\gh a malici\s w :i* proposes mis=tune z its end2 nor1 & /ill less1 by want ( und]/&+3 b r ?r\gh ! imp]i\s =ce ( circum/ances4 ,if ?is cata/rophe does n come f moral s\rces1 b f outw>d ?+s1 :i* h no volition & are n subject to any w1 ! pity we exp]i5ce is m pure1 or at all ev5ts x is n weak5$ by any idea ( moral incongruity4 ,b !n ! spectator _c be sp>$ ! disagreeable feel+ ( an incongruity 9 ! ord] ( nature1 :i* c alone save 9 su* a case moral propriety4 ,pity is f> m excit$ :5 x has = its object bo? him :o suff]s & him :o is ! prim>y cause ( ! suff]+4 ,?is c only happ5 :5 ! latt] has nei!r elicit$ our contempt nor our hatr$1 b :5 he has be5 br\ght aga9/ 8 incl9ation to become ! cause ( ?is mis=tune4 ,x is a s+ul> beauty ( ! ,g]man play ( 8,iphig5ia0 t ! ,k+ ( ,tauris1 ! only ob/acle :o ?w>ts ! wi%es ( ,ore/es & ( 8 si/]1 nev] loses our e/eem1 & t we love him to ! end4 ,!re is some?+ sup]ior ev5 to ?is k9d ( emotion2 ?is is ! case :5 ! cause ( ! mis=tune n only is 9 no way repugnant to morality1 b only becomes possible ?r\gh morality1 & :5 ! reciprocal suff]+ comes simply f ! idea t a fell[-creature has be5 made to suff]4 ,?is is ! situation ( ,*im5e & ,rodrigue 9 8,! ,cid0 ( ,pi]re ,corneille1 :i* is und5iably 9 po9t ( intrigue ! ma/]piece ( ! tragic /age4 ,honor & filial love arm ! h& ( ,rodrigue aga9/ ! fa!r ( h] :om he loves1 & 8 valor gives him ! victory4 ,honor & filial love r\se up aga9/ him1 9 ! p]son ( ,*im5e1 ! daught] ( 8 victim1 an accus] & a =midable p]secutor4 ,bo? act 9 opposition to _! incl9ation1 & !y tremble ) angui% at ! ?\ght ( ! mis=tune ( ! object aga9/ :i* !y arm !mselves1 9 proportion z zeal inspires !m = _! duty to inflict ?is mis=tune4 ,accord+ly bo? conciliate our e/eem 9 ! highe/ s5se1 z !y accompli% a moral duty at ! co/ ( incl9ation2 bo? inflame our pity 9 ! highe/ degree1 because !y suff] spontane\sly = a motive t r5d]s !m 9 ! highe/ degree to be respect$4 ,x results f ?is t our pity is 9 ?is case s little modifi$ by any opposite feel+ t x burns r ) a d\ble flame2 only ! impossibility ( reconcil+ ! idea ( mis=tune ) ! idea ( a morality s des]v+ ( happ9ess might /ill di/urb our sympa!tic pleasure1 & spread a %ade ( sadness ov] x4 ,x is besides a great po9t1 no d\bt1 t ! discont5t giv5 u by ?is contradiction does n be> ^u our moral be+1 b is turn$ aside to a h>mless place1 to necessity only2 b ?is bl9d subjection to de/9y is always afflict+ & humiliat+ = free be+s1 :o det]m9e !mselves4 ,?is is ! cause t always leaves some?+ to be wi%$ = ev5 9 ! be/ ,greek pieces4 ,9 all ^! pieces1 at ! bottom ( ! plot x is always fatality t is appeal$ to1 & 9 ?is !re is a knot t _c be unravell$ by our reason1 :i* wi%es to solve ev]y?+4 ,b ev5 ?is knot is unti$1 & ) x vani%es e %ade ( displeasure1 at ! highe/ & la/ /ep to :i* man p]fect$ by morality rises1 & at ! highe/ po9t1 :i* is atta9$ by ! art :i* moves ! feel+s4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! v discont5t ) de/9y becomes effac$1 & is resolv$ 9 a pres5tim5t or r a cle> consci\sness ( a teleological concat5ation ( ?+s1 ( a sublime ord]1 ( a b5efic5t w4 ,!n1 to ! pleasure occasion$ 9 u by moral consi/5cy is jo9$ ! invigorat+ idea ( ! mo/ p]fect suitability 9 ! great :ole ( nature4 ,9 ?is case ! ?+ t seem$ to militate aga9/ ?is ord]1 & t caus$ u pa91 9 a p>ticul> case1 is only a spur t /imulates our reason to seek 9 g5]al laws = ! ju/ification ( ?is p>ticul> case1 & to solve ! problem ( ?is sep>ate discord 9 ! c5tre ( ! g5]al h>mony4 ,greek art nev] rose to ?is supreme s]5ity ( tragic emotion1 because nei!r ! national religion1 nor ev5 ! philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 light$ _! /ep on ?is advanc$ road4 ,x 0 res]v$ = mod]n art1 :i* enjoys ! privilege ( f9d+ a pur] matt] 9 a pur] philosophy1 to satisfy also ?is exalt$ want1 & ?us to display all ! moral dignity ( art4 ,if we mod]ns mu/ resign ourselves nev] to reproduce ,greek art because ! philosophic g5ius ( our age1 & mod]n civilization 9 g5]al are n favorable to poetry1 ^! influ5ces are at all ev5ts less hurtful to tragic art1 :i* is bas$ r on ! moral elem5t4 ,p]haps x is 9 ! case ( ?is art only t our civilization repairs ! injury t x has caus$ to art 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! tragic emotion is weak5$ by ! admixture ( conflict+ ideas & feel+s1 & ! *>m atta*+ to x is ?us dim9i%$1 s ?is emotion c also1 on ! contr>y1 by approa*+ ! excess ( direct & p]sonal affection1 become exagg]at$ to ! po9t :]e pa9 c>ries ! day ov] pleasure4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t displeasure1 9 ! affections1 comes f ! relation ( _! object ) our s5ses1 9 ! same way z ! pleasure felt 9 !m comes f ! relation ( ! affection itself to our moral faculty4 ,?is implies1 !n1 betwe5 our s5ses & our moral faculty a det]m9$ relation1 :i* decides z reg>ds ! relation betwe5 pleasure & displeasure 9 tragic emotions4 ,nor c\ld ?is relation be modifi$ or ov]?r[n )\t ov]?r[+ at ! same "t ! feel+s ( pleasure & displeasure :i* we f9d 9 ! emotions1 or ev5 )\t *ang+ !m into _! opposites4 ,9 ! same ratio t ! s5ses are vividly r\s$ 9 u1 ! influ5ce ( morality w be proportionately dim9i%$2 & reciprocally1 z ! s5su\s loses1 morality ga9s gr\nd4 ,!re=e t :i* 9 our he>ts gives a prepond]ance to ! s5su\s faculty1 mu/ ( necessity1 by plac+ re/rictions on ! moral faculty1 dim9i% ! pleasure t we take 9 tragic emotions1 a pleasure :i* emanates exclusively f ?is moral faculty4 ,9 l mann]1 all t 9 our he>t impresses an impetus on ?is latt] faculty1 mu/ blunt ! /imulus ( pa9 ev5 9 direct & p]sonal affections4 ,n[ our s5su\s nature actually acquires ?is prepond]ance1 :5 ! ideas ( suff]+ rise to a degree ( vividness t no long] all[s u to di/+ui% a sympa!tic affection f a p]sonal affection1 or our own prop] ,ego f ! subject t suff]s1--reality1 9 %ort1 f poetry4 ,! s5su\s also ga9s ! upp] h& :5 x f9ds an alim5t 9 ! great numb] ( its objects1 & 9 t dazzl+ light :i* an ov]-excit$ imag9ation diffuses ov] x4 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is m fit to r$uce ! s5su\s to its prop] b\nds ?an to place alongside x sup]-s5su\s ideas1 moral ideas1 to :i* reason1 oppress$ j be=e1 cl+s z to a k9d ( spiritual props1 to "r & raise itself above ! fogs ( ! s5su\s to a s]5] atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! great *>m :i* g5]al tru?s or moral s5t5ces1 scatt]$ opportunely ov] dramatic dialogue1 h = all cultivat$ nations1 & ! almo/ excessive use t ! ,greeks made ( !m4 ,no?+ is m agreeable to a moral s\l ?an to h ! p[]1 aft] a purely passive /ate t has la/$ too long1 ( escap+ f ! subjection ( ! s5ses1 & ( be+ recall$ to its spontane\s activity1 & re/or$ to ! possession ( its lib]ty4 ,^! are ! rem>ks ,i _h to make respect+ ! causes t re/rict our pity & place an ob/acle to our pleasure 9 tragic emotions4 ,i h next to %[ on :at conditions pity is solicit$ & ! pleasure ( ! emotion excit$ 9 ! mo/ infallible & en]getic mann]4 ,e feel+ ( pity implies ! idea ( suff]+1 & ! degree ( pity is regulat$ accord+ to ! degree m or less ( vividness1 ( tru?1 ( int5sity1 & ( duration ( ?is idea4 #a/4 ,! moral faculty is provok$ to reaction 9 proportion to ! vividness ( ideas 9 ! s\l1 :i* incites x to activity & solicits its s5su\s faculty4 ,n[ ! ideas ( suff]+ are conceiv$ 9 two diff]5t mann]s1 :i* are n equally favorable to ! vividness ( ! impression4 ,! suff]+s t we witness affect u incomp>ably m ?an ^? t we h ?r\gh a description or a n>rative4 ,! =m] susp5d 9 u ! free play ( ! fancy1 & /rik+ our s5ses imm$iately p5etrate by ! %orte/ road to our he>t4 ,9 ! n>rative1 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ticul> is fir/ rais$ to ! g5]al1 & x is f ?is t ! k ( ! special case is aft]w>ds d]iv$2 accord+ly1 m]ely by ?is necess>y op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 ! impression already loses greatly 9 /r5g?4 ,n[ a weak impression _c take complete possession ( our m9d1 & x w all[ o!r ideas to di/urb its action & to dissipate ! att5tion4 ,v frequ5tly1 moreov]1 ! n>rative acc\nt transports u f ! moral disposition1 9 :i* ! act+ p]son is plac$1 to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! n>rator himself1 :i* breaks up ! illusion s necess>y = pity4 ,9 e case1 :5 ! n>rator 9 p]son puts himself =w>d1 a c]ta9 /oppage takes place 9 ! action1 &1 z an unavoidable result1 9 our sympa!tic affection4 ,?is is :at happ5s ev5 :5 ! dramatic poet =gets himself 9 ! dialogue1 & puts 9 ! m\? ( 8 dramatic p]sons reflections t c\ld only ent] ! m9d ( a dis9t]e/$ spectator4 ,x w\ld be difficult to m5tion a s+le "o ( our mod]n trag$ies q free f ?is defect2 b ! ,fr5* alone h made a rule ( x4 ,let u inf]1 !n1 t ! imm$iate vivid & s5su\s pres5ce ( ! object is necess>y to give to ! ideas impress$ on u by suff]+ t /r5g? )\t :i* ! emotion c\ld n rise to a high degree4 #b;d4 ,b we c receive ! mo/ vivid impressions ( ! idea ( suff]+ )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ l$ to a rem>kable degree ( pity1 if ^! impressions lack tru?4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld =m ( suff]+ an idea ( su* a nature t we are oblig$ to %>e & take "p 9 x4 ,to ?is end !re mu/ be a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 ?is suff]+ & some?+ t w8e h already 9 u4 ,9 o!r words1 pity is only possible inasmu* z we c prove or suppose a resemblance betwe5 ourselves & ! subject t suff]s4 ,ev]y:]e :]e ?is resemblance makes itself kn[n1 pity is necess>y2 :]e ?is resemblance is lack+1 pity is impossible4 ,! m visible & ! great] is ! resemblance1 ! m vivid is our pity2 & !y mutually slack5 9 dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] t we may feel ! affections ( ano!r aft] him1 all ! int]nal conditions dem&$ by ?is affection mu/ be f\nd be=eh& 9 u1 9 ord] t ! ext]nal cause :i*1 by meet+ ) ! int]nal conditions1 has giv5 bir? to ! affection1 may also produce on u a l effect4 ,x is necess>y t1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ourselves1 we %\ld be able to ex*ange p]sons ) ano!r1 & transport our ,ego by an in/antane\s sub/itution 9 ! /ate ( ! subject4 ,n[1 h[ is x possible to feel 9 u ! /ate ( ano!r1 if we h n be=eh& recogniz$ ourselves 9 ?is o!r4 ,?is resemblance be>s on ! totality ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 9 z f> z t is necess>y & univ]sal4 ,n[1 ?is "* ( necessity & ( univ]sality belongs especially to our moral nature4 ,! faculty ( feel+ c be det]m9$ diff]5tly by accid5tal causes3 our cognitive faculties !mselves dep5d on v>iable conditions3 ! moral faculty only has its pr9ciple 9 itself1 & by t v fact x c be/ give u a g5]al measure & a c]ta9 crit]ion ( ?is resemblance4 ,?us an idea :i* we f9d 9 accord ) our mode ( ?9k+ & ( feel+1 :i* (f]s at once a c]ta9 relation%ip ) ! tra9 ( our own ideas1 :i* is easily grasp$ by our he>t & our m9d1 we call a true idea4 ,if ?is relation%ip be>s on :at is peculi> to our he>t1 on ! private det]m9ations t modify 9 u ! common fundam5tals ( humanity1 & :i* may be )drawn )\t alt]+ ?is g5]al "*1 ?is idea is !n simply true = u4 ,if x be>s on ! g5]al & necess>y =m t we suppose 9 ! :ole species1 ! tru? ( ?is idea ought to be held to be equal to objective tru?4 ,= ! ,roman1 ! s5t5ce ( ! fir/ ,brutus & ! suicide ( ,cato are ( subjective tru?4 ,! ideas & ! feel+s t h inspir$ ! actions ( ^! two m5 are n an imm$iate consequ5ce ( human nature 9 g5]al1 b ! m$iate consequ5ce ( a human nature det]m9$ by p>ticul> modifications4 ,to %>e ) !m ^! feel+s we mu/ h a ,roman s\l1 or at lea/ be capable ( assum+ = a mom5t a ,roman s\l4 ,x suffices1 on ! o!r h&1 to be a man 9 g5]al1 to be vividly t\*$ by ! h]oic sacrifice ( ,leonidas1 by ! quiet resignation ( ,ari/ides1 by ! volunt>y dea? ( ,socrates1 & to be mov$ to te>s by ! t]rible *anges 9 ! =tunes ( ,d>ius4 ,we attribute to ^! k9ds ( ideas1 9 opposition to ! prec$+ ones1 an objective tru? because !y agree ) ! nature ( all human subjects1 :i* gives !m a "* ( univ]sality & ( necessity z /rict z if !y 7 indep5d5t ( e subjective condition4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! subjectively true description is bas$ on accid5tal det]m9ations1 ?is is no reason = conf\nd+ x ) an arbitr>y description4 ,aft] all1 ! subjectively true emanates also f ! g5]al con/itution ( ! human s\l1 modifi$ only 9 p>ticul> directions by special circum/ances2 & ! two k9ds ( tru? are equally necess>y conditions ( ! human m9d4 ,if ! resolution ( ,cato 7 9 contradiction ) ! g5]al laws ( human nature1 x c\ld n be true1 ev5 subjectively4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! ideas ( ! second k9d are enclos$ 9 a n>r[] sph]e ( action2 because !y imply1 besides ! g5]al modes ( ! human m9d1 o!r special det]m9ations4 ,trag$y c make use ( x ) a v int5se effect1 if x w r5\nce ! ext5sive effect2 /ill ! unconditionally true1 :at is purely human 9 human relations1 w be always ! ri*e/ matt] = ! tragic poet1 because ?is gr\nd is ! only "o on :i* trag$y1 )\t ceas+ to aspire to /r5g? ( expression c be c]ta9 ( ! g5]ality ( ?is impression4 #c;d4 ,besides ! vividness & ! tru? ( tragic pictures1 !re mu/ also be complet5ess4 ,none ( ! ext]nal data t are necess>y to give to ! s\l ! desir$ movem5t ought to be omitt$ 9 ! repres5tation4 ,9 ord] t ! spectator1 h[ev] ,roman 8 s5tim5ts may be1 may und]/& ! moral /ate ( ,cato--t he may make 8 own ! high resolution ( ! republican1 ?is resolution mu/ h its pr9ciple1 n only 9 ! m9d ( ! ,roman1 b also 9 ! circum/ances ( ! action4 ,8 ext]nal situation z well z 8 int]nal situation mu/ be be=e our eyes 9 all _! consequ5ces & ext5t3 & we mu/1 la/ly1 h unroll$ be=e u1 )\t omitt+ a s+le l9k1 ! :ole *a9 ( det]m9ations to :i* are atta*$ ! high resolution ( ! ,roman z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al t )\t ?is ?ird condition1 ev5 ! tru? ( a pa9t+ _c be recogniz$2 = ! simil>ity ( circum/ances1 :i* ought to be fully evid5t1 c alone ju/ify our judgm5t on ! simil>ity ( ! feel+s1 s9ce x is only f ! competition ( ext]nal conditions & ( int]nal conditions t ! affective ph5om5on results4 ,to decide if we %\ld h act$ l ,cato1 we mu/ be=e all ?+s transport ourselves 9 ?\ght to ! ext]nal situation 9 :i* ,cato 0 plac$1 & !n only we are entitl$ to place our feel+s alongside 81 to pron\nce if !re is or is n lik5ess1 & to give a v]dict on ! tru? ( ^! feel+s4 ,a complete picture1 z ,i und]/& x1 is only possible by ! concat5ation ( sev]al sep>ate ideas1 & ( sev]al sep>ate feel+s1 :i* are connect$ toge!r z cause & effect1 & :i*1 9 _! sum total1 =m "o s+le :ole = our cognitive faculty4 ,all ^! ideas1 9 ord] to affect u closely1 mu/ make an imm$iate impression on our s5ses2 &1 z ! n>rative =m always weak5s ?is impression1 !y mu/ be produc$ by a pres5t action4 ,?us1 9 ord] t a tragic picture may be complete1 a :ole s]ies is requir$ ( p>ticul> actions1 r5d]$ s5su\s & connect$ ) ! tragic action z to "o :ole4 #d?4 ,x is necess>y1 la/ly1 t ! ideas we receive ( suff]+ %\ld act on u 9 a durable mann]1 to excite 9 u a high degree ( emotion4 ,! affection creat$ 9 u by ! suff]+ ( ano!r is to u a con/ra9$ /ate1 f :i* we ha/5 to get free2 & ! illusion s necess>y = pity easily disappe>s 9 ?is case4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a necessity to fa/5 ! m9d closely to ^! ideas1 & n to leave x ! fre$om to get rid too soon ( ! illusion4 ,! vividness ( sudd5 ideas & ! en]gy ( sudd5 impressions1 :i* 9 rapid succession affect our s5ses1 w\ld n suffice = ?is end4 ,= ! p[] ( reaction 9 ! m9d is manife/$ 9 direct proportion to ! =ce ) :i* ! receptive faculty is solicit$1 & x is manife/$ to triumph ov] ?is impression4 ,n[1 ! poet :o wi%es to move u ought n to weak5 ?is indep5d5t p[] 9 u1 = x is exactly 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 x & ! suff]+ ( our s5su\s nature t ! high] *>m ( tragic emotions lies4 ,9 ord] t ! he>t1 9 spite ( t spontane\s =ce :i* reacts aga9/ s5su\s affections1 may rema9 atta*$ to ! impressions ( suff]+s1 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y t ^! impressions %\ld be clev]ly susp5d$ at int]vals1 or ev5 int]rupt$ & int]cept$ by contr>y impressions1 to return aga9 ) tw(old en]gy & r5ew m frequ5tly ! vividness ( ! fir/ impression4 ,aga9/ ! exhau/ion & languor t result f habit1 ! mo/ effectual rem$y is to propose new objects to ! s5ses2 ?is v>iety retemp]s !m1 & ! gradation ( impressions calls =? ! innate faculty1 & makes x employ a proportionately /rong] resi/ance4 ,?is faculty ought to be incessantly occupi$ 9 ma9ta9+ its indep5d5ce aga9/ ! attacks ( ! s5ses1 b x mu/ n triumph be=e ! end1 /ill less mu/ x succumb 9 ! /ruggle4 ,o!rwise1 9 ! =m] case1 suff]+1 &1 9 ! latt]1 moral activity is set aside2 :ile x is ! union ( ^! two t c alone elicit emotion4 ,! great secret ( ! tragic art consi/s precisely 9 manag+ ?is /ruggle well2 x is 9 ?is t x %[s itself 9 ! mo/ brilliant light4 ,= ?is1 a succession ( alt]nate ideas is requir$2 !re=e a suitable comb9ation is want$ ( sev]al p>ticul> actions correspond+ ) ^! diff]5t ideas2 actions r\nd :i* ! pr9cipal action & ! tragic impression :i* x is wi%$ to produce ?r\gh x unroll !mselves l ! y>n f ! di/aff1 & end by enlac+ our s\ls 9 nets1 ?r\gh :i* !y _c break4 ,let me be p]mitt$ to make use ( a simile1 by say+ t ! arti/ ought to beg9 by ga!r+ up ) p>simoni\s c>e all ! sep>ate rays t issue f ! object by aid ( :i* he seeks to produce ! tragic effect t he has 9 view1 & ^! rays1 9 8 h&s1 become a lightn+ fla%1 sett+ ! he>ts ( all on fire4 ,! tyro ca/s sudd5ly & va9ly all ! ?und]bolts ( horror & fe> into ! s\l2 ! arti/1 on ! contr>y1 advances /ep by /ep to 8 end2 he only /rikes ) measur$ /rokes1 b he p5etrates to ! dep? ( our s\l1 precisely because he has only /irr$ x by degrees4 ,if we n[ =m ! prop] d$uctions f ! previ\s inve/igation1 ! foll[+ w be ! conditions t =m bases ( ! tragic art4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! object ( our pity %\ld belong to our own species--,i mean belong 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m--& t ! action 9 :i* x is s\ght to int]e/ u be a moral action2 t is1 an action compreh5d$ 9 ! field ( free w4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ! second place1 t suff]+1 its s\rces1 its degrees1 %\ld be completely communicat$ by a s]ies ( ev5ts *a9$ toge!r4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! object ( ! passion be r5d]$ pres5t to our s5ses1 n 9 a m$iate way & by description1 b imm$iately & 9 action4 ,9 trag$y art unites all ^! conditions & satisfies !m4 ,accord+ to ^! pr9ciples trag$y might be def9$ z ! poetic imitation ( a coh]5t s]ies ( p>ticul> ev5ts 7=m+ a complete action73 an imitation :i* %[s u man 9 a /ate ( suff]+1 & :i* has = its end to excite our pity4 ,i say fir/ t x is ! imitation ( an action2 & ?is idea ( imitation already di/+ui%es trag$y f ! o!r k9ds ( poetry1 :i* only n>rate or describe4 ,9 trag$y p>ticul> ev5ts are pres5t$ to our imag9ation or to our s5ses at ! v "t ( _! accompli%m5t2 !y are pres5t1 we see !m imm$iately1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a ?ird p]son4 ,! epos1 ! romance1 simple n>rative1 ev5 9 _! =m1 )draw action to a di/ance1 caus+ ! n>rator to come betwe5 ! act+ p]son & ! read]4 ,n[ :at is di/ant & pa/ always weak5s1 z we "k1 ! impressions & ! sympa!tic affection2 :at is pres5t makes !m /rong]4 ,all n>rative =ms make ( ! pres5t some?+ pa/2 all dramatic =m makes ( ! pa/ a pres5t4 ,secondly1 ,i say t trag$y is ! imitation ( a succession ( ev5ts1 ( an action4 ,trag$y has n only to repres5t by imitation ! feel+s & ! affections ( tragic p]sons1 b also ! ev5ts t h produc$ ^! feel+s1 & ! occasion on :i* ^! affections are manife/$4 ,?is di/+ui%es x f lyric poetry1 & f its diff]5t =ms1 :i* no d\bt (f]1 l trag$y1 ! poetic imitation ( c]ta9 /ates ( ! m9d1 b n ! poetic imitation ( c]ta9 actions4 ,an elegy1 a song1 an ode1 c place be=e our eyes1 by imitation1 ! moral /ate 9 :i* ! poet actually is--:e!r he speaks 9 8 own "n1 or 9 t ( an ideal p]son--a /ate det]m9$ by p>ticul> circum/ances2 & up to ?is po9t ^! lyric =ms seem c]ta9ly to be incorporat$ 9 ! idea ( trag$y2 b !y d n complete t idea1 because !y are conf9$ to repres5t+ our feel+s4 ,!re are /ill m ess5tial diff]5ces1 if ! end ( ^! lyrical =ms & t ( trag$y are kept 9 view4 ,i say1 9 ! ?ird place1 t trag$y is ! imitation ( a complete action4 ,a sep>ate ev5t1 ?\gh x be ev] s tragic1 does n 9 itself con/itute a trag$y4 ,to d ?is1 sev]al ev5ts are requir$1 bas$ "o on ! o!r1 l cause & effect1 & suitably connect$ s z to =m a :ole2 )\t :i* ! tru? ( ! feel+ repres5t$1 ( ! "*1 etc4--t is1 _! con=mity ) ! nature ( our m9d1 a con=mity :i* alone det]m9es our sympa?y--w n be recogniz$4 ,if we d n feel t we ourselves 9 simil> circum/ances %\ld h exp]i5c$ ! same feel+s & act$ 9 ! same way1 our pity w\ld n be awak5$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 important t we %\ld be able to foll[ 9 all its concat5ation ! action t is repres5t$ to u1 t we %\ld see x issue f ! m9d ( ! ag5t by a natural gradation1 "u ! influ5ce & ) ! concurr5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x is ?us t we see spr+ up1 gr[1 & come to maturity "u our eyes1 ! curiosity ( dipus & ! jeal\sy ( ,iago4 ,x is also ! only way to fill up ! great gap t exi/s betwe5 ! joy ( an innoc5t s\l & ! torm5ts ( a guilty consci5ce1 betwe5 ! pr\d s]5ity ( ! happy man & 8 t]rible cata/rophe2 9 %ort1 betwe5 ! /ate ( calm1 9 :i* ! read] is at ! beg9n+1 & ! viol5t agitation he ought to exp]i5ce at ! end4 ,a s]ies ( sev]al connect$ incid5ts is requir$ to produce 9 our s\ls a succession ( diff]5t movem5ts :i* arre/ ! att5tion1 :i*1 appeal+ to all ! faculties ( our m9ds1 enliv5 our in/9ct ( activity :5 x is exhau/$1 & :i*1 by delay+ ! satisfaction ( ?is in/9ct1 d n k9dle x ! less4 ,aga9/ ! suff]+ ( s5su\s nature ! human he>t has only rec\rse to its moral nature z c\nt]poise4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y1 9 ord] to /imulate ?is 9 a m press+ mann]1 = ! tragic poet to prolong ! torm5ts ( s5se1 b he mu/ also give a glimpse to ! latt] ( ! satisfaction ( its wants1 s z to r5d] ! victory ( ! moral s5se s mu* ! m difficult & glori\s4 ,?is tw(old end c only be atta9$ by a succession ( actions judici\sly *os5 & comb9$ to ?is end4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ,i say t trag$y is ! poetic imitation ( an action des]v+ ( pity1 &1 !re=e1 tragic imitation is oppos$ to hi/oric imitation4 ,x w\ld only be a hi/oric imitation if x propos$ a hi/oric end1 if its pr9cipal object 7 to tea* u t a ?+ has tak5 place1 & h[ x took place4 ,on ?is hypo!sis x ought to keep rigor\sly to hi/oric accuracy1 = x w\ld only atta9 its end by repres5t+ fai?fully t :i* really took place4 ,b trag$y has a poetic end1 t is to say1 x repres5ts an action to move u1 & to *>m our s\ls by ! m$ium ( ?is emotion4 ,if1 !re=e1 a matt] be+ giv51 trag$y treats x con=mably ) ?is poetic end1 :i* is prop] to x1 x becomes1 by t v ?+1 free 9 its imitation4 ,x is a "r--nay1 m1 x is an obligation--= trag$y to subject hi/oric tru? to ! laws ( poetry2 & to treat its matt] 9 con=mity ) requirem5ts ( ?is art4 ,b z x _c atta9 its end1 :i* is emotion1 except on ! condition ( a p]fect con=mity ) ! laws ( nature1 trag$y is1 not)/&+ its fre$om 9 reg>d to hi/ory1 /rictly subject to ! laws ( natural tru?1 :i*1 9 opposition to ! tru? ( hi/ory1 takes ! "n ( poetic tru?4 ,x may ?us be und]/ood h[ mu* poetic tru? may lose1 9 _m cases by a /rict obs]vance ( hi/oric tru?1 &1 reciprocally1 h[ mu* x may ga9 by ev5 a v s]i\s alt]ation ( tru? accord+ to hi/ory4 ,z ! tragic poet1 l poets 9 g5]al1 is only subject to ! laws ( poetic tru?1 ! mo/ consci5ti\s obs]vance ( hi/oric tru? c\ld nev] disp5se him f 8 duties z poet1 & c\ld nev] excuse 9 him any infraction ( poetic tru? or lack ( int]e/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 betray+ v n>r[ ideas on tragic art1 or r on poetry 9 g5]al1 to drag ! tragic poet be=e ! tribunal ( hi/ory1 & to require in/ruction ( ! man :o by 8 v title is only b\nd to move & *>m y4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! poet1 by a scrupul\s submission to hi/oric tru?1 _h /ripp$ himself ( 8 privilege ( arti/1 & t he _h tacitly ackn[l$g$ 9 hi/ory a jurisdiction ov] 8 "w1 art reta9s all h] rights to summon him be=e its b>2 & pieces su* z 8,! ,dea? ( ,h]mann10 8,m9ona10 8,fu/ ( ,/romb]g10 if !y c\ld n /& ! te/ on ?is side1 w\ld only be trag$ies ( m$iocre value1 not)/&+ all ! m9ut5ess ( co/ume--( national co/ume--& ( ! mann]s ( ! "t4 ,fif?ly1 trag$y is ! imitation ( an action t lets u see man suff]+4 ,! ^w man is ess5tial to m>k ! limits ( trag$y4 ,only ! suff]+ ( a be+ l ourselves c move our pity4 ,?us1 evil g5ii1 demons--or ev5 m5 l !m1 )\t morals--& aga9 pure spirits1 )\t our weaknesses1 are unfit = trag$y4 ,! v idea ( suff]+ implies a man 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,a pure _s _c suff]1 & a man approa*+ "o w nev] awak5 a high degree ( sympa?y4 ,a purely s5su\s be+ c inde$ h t]rible suff]+2 b )\t moral s5se x is a prey to x1 & a suff]+ ) reason inactive is a disgu/+ spectacle4 ,! trag$ian is "r to pref] mix$ *>act]s1 & to place ! ideal ( 8 h]o half way betwe5 utt] p]v]sity & entire p]fection4 ,la/ly1 trag$y unites all ^! requisites to excite pity4 ,_m means ! tragic poet takes might s]ve ano!r object2 b he frees himself f all requirem5ts n relat+ to ?is end1 & is !reby oblig$ to direct himself ) a view to ?is supreme object4 ,! f9al aim to :i* all ! laws t5d is call$ ! end ( any /yle ( poetry4 ,! means by :i* x atta9s ?is are its =m4 ,! end & =m are1 !re=e1 closely relat$4 ,! =m is det]m9$ by ! end1 & :5 ! =m is well obs]v$ ! end is g5]ally atta9$4 ,ea* k9d ( poetry hav+ a special end mu/ h a di/+ui%+ =m4 ,:at x exclusively produces x does 9 virtue ( ?is special nature x possesses4 ,! end ( trag$y is emotion2 its =m is ! imitation ( an action t leads to suff]+4 ,_m k9ds may h ! same object z trag$y1 ( emotion1 ?\gh x be n _! pr9cipal end4 ,!re=e1 :at di/+ui%es trag$y is ! relation ( its =m to its end1 ! way 9 :i* x atta9s its end by means ( its subject4 ,if ! end ( trag$y is to awak5 sympa?y1 & its =m is ! means ( atta9+ x1 ! imitation ( an action fit to move mu/ h all t favors sympa?y4 ,su* is ! =m ( trag$y4 ,! production ( a k9d ( poetry is p]fect :5 ! =m peculi> to its k9d has be5 us$ 9 ! be/ way4 ,?us1 a p]fect trag$y is t :]e ! =m is be/ us$ to awak5 sympa?y4 ,?us1 ! be/ trag$y is t :]e ! pity excit$ results m f ! treatm5t ( ! poet ?an ! !me4 ,su* is ! ideal ( a trag$y4 ,a good numb] ( trag$ies1 ?\gh f9e z poems1 are bad z dramas1 because !y d n seek _! end by ! be/ use ( tragic =m4 ,o!rs1 because !y use ! =m to atta9 an end diff]5t f trag$y4 ,"s v popul> ones only t\* u on acc\nt ( ! subject1 & we are bl9d en\gh to make ?is a m]it 9 ! poet4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :i* we seem to h q =gott5 ! object ( ! poet1 &1 cont5t$ ) pretty plays ( fancy & wit1 we issue ) our he>ts cold f ! !atre4 ,mu/ art1 s holy & v5]able1 def5d its cause by su* *ampions be=e su* judges8 ,! indulg5ce ( ! public only embold5s m$iocrity3 x causes g5ius to blu%1 & disc\rages x4 ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,pleasure ,,we ,,d]ive ,,f ,,tragic ,,objects4 ,:atev] pa9s "s mod]n /hetics give !mselves to e/abli%1 contr>y to g5]al belief1 t ! arts ( imag9ation & ( feel+ h n pleasure = _! object1 & to def5d !m aga9/ ?is degrad+ accusation1 ?is belief w n cease3 x reposes ^u a solid f\ndation1 & ! f9e arts w\ld r5\nce ) a bad grace ! b5efic5t mission :i* has 9 all times be5 assign$ to !m1 to accept ! new employm5t to :i* x is g5]\sly propos$ to raise !m4 ,)\t tr\bl+ !mselves :e!r !y l[] !mselves 9 propos+ our pleasure z object1 !y become r pr\d ( ! advantages ( rea*+ imm$iately an aim nev] atta9$ except m$iately 9 o!r r\tes foll[$ by ! activity ( ! human m9d4 ,t ! aim ( nature1 ) relation to man1 is ! happ9ess ( man1--al?\gh he ought ( himself1 9 8 moral conduct1 to take no notice ( ?is aim1 --is :at1 ,i ?9k1 _c be d\bt$ 9 g5]al by any "o :o admits t nature has an aim4 ,?us ! f9e arts h ! same aim z nature1 or r z ! ,au?or ( nature1 namely1 to spread pleasure & r5d] p happy4 ,x procures = u 9 play :at at o!r m au/]e s\rces ( good to man we extract only ) difficulty4 ,x lavi%es z a pure gift t :i* else:]e is ! price ( _m h>d ef=ts4 ,) :at labor1 :at application1 d we n pay = ! pleasures ( ! und]/&+2 ) :at pa9ful sacrifices ! approbation ( reason2 ) :at h>d privations ! joys ( s5se6 ,& if we abuse ^! pleasures1 ) :at a succession ( evils d we expiate excess6 ,art alone supplies an enjoym5t :i* requires no appreciable ef=t1 :i* co/s no sacrifice1 & :i* we ne$ n repay ) rep5tance4 ,b :o c\ld class ! m]it ( *>m+ 9 ?is mann] ) ! poor m]it ( amus+8 :o w\ld v5ture to d5y ! =m] ( ^! two aims ( ! f9e arts solely because !y h a t5d5cy high] ?an ! latt]4 ,! praisewor?y object ( pursu+ ev]y:]e moral good z ! supreme aim1 :i* has already br\ght =? 9 art s mu* m$iocrity1 has caus$ also 9 !ory a simil> prejudice4 ,to assign to ! f9e arts a really elevat$ position1 to conciliate = !m ! favor ( ! ,/ate1 ! v5]ation ( all m51 !y are pu%$ beyond _! true doma91 & a vocation is impos$ ^u !m contr>y to _! nature4 ,x is suppos$ t a great s]vice is aw>d$ !m by sub/itut+ = a frivol\s aim--t ( *>m+--a moral aim2 & _! influ5ce ^u morality1 :i* is s app>5t1 necess>ily militates 9 favor ( ?is pret5sion4 ,x is f\nd illogical t ! art :i* contributes 9 s great a measure to ! developm5t ( all t is mo/ elevat$ 9 man1 %\ld produce b accessorily ?is effect1 & make its *ief object an aim s vulg> z we imag9e pleasure to be4 ,b ?is app>5t contradiction x w\ld be v easy to conciliate if we _h a good !ory ( pleasure1 & a complete sy/em ( /hetic philosophy4 ,x w\ld result f ?is !ory t a free pleasure1 z t :i* ! f9e arts procure = u1 re/s :olly ^u moral conditions1 & all ! moral faculties ( man are ex]cis$ 9 x4 ,x w\ld fur!r result t ?is pleasure is an aim :i* c nev] be atta9$ b by moral means1 & consequ5tly t art1 to t5d & p]fectly atta9 to pleasure1 z to a real aim1 mu/ foll[ ! road ( heal?y morals4 ,?us x is p]fectly indiff]5t = ! dignity ( art :e!r its aim %\ld be a moral aim1 or :e!r x %\ld rea* only ?r\gh moral means2 = 9 bo? cases x has always to d ) ! morality1 & mu/ be rigor\sly 9 unison ) ! s5tim5t ( duty2 b = ! p]fection ( art1 x is by no means indiff]5t :i* ( ! two %\ld be ! aim & :i* ! means4 ,if x is ! aim t is moral1 art loses all t by :i* x is p[]ful1--,i mean its fre$om1 & t :i* gives x s mu* influ5ce ov] u--! *>m ( pleasure4 ,! play :i* recreates is *ang$ into s]i\s occupation1 & yet x is precisely 9 recreat+ u t art c ! bett] complete ! great affair--! moral "w4 ,x _c h a salut>y influ5ce ^u ! morals b 9 ex]cis+ its highe/ /hetic action1 & x c only produce ! /hetic effect 9 its highe/ degree 9 fully ex]cis+ its lib]ty4 ,x is c]ta91 besides1 t all pleasure1 ! mom5t x fl[s f a moral s\rce1 r5d]s man morally bett]1 & !n ! effect 9 its turn becomes cause4 ,! pleasure we f9d 9 :at is beautiful1 or t\*+1 or sublime1 /r5g!ns our moral s5tim5ts1 z ! pleasure we f9d 9 k9dness1 9 love1 etc41 /r5g!ns ^! incl9ations4 ,& j z cont5tm5t ( m9d is ! sure lot ( ! morally excell5t man1 s moral excell5ce will+ly accompanies satisfaction ( he>t4 ,?us ! moral efficacy ( art is1 n only because x employs moral means 9 ord] to *>m u1 b also because ev5 ! pleasure :i* x procures u is a means ( morality4 ,!re are z _m means by :i* art c atta9 its aim z !re are 9 g5]al s\rces f :i* a free pleasure = ! m9d c fl[4 ,i call a free pleasure t :i* br+s into play ! spiritual =ces--reason & imag9ation--& :i* awak5s 9 u a s5tim5t by ! repres5tation ( an idea1 9 contradi/9ction to physical or s5su\s pleasure1 :i* places our s\l "u ! dep5d5ce ( ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 & :]e s5sation is imm$iately awak5$ 9 u by a physical cause4 ,s5sual pleasure is ! only "o exclud$ f ! doma9 ( ! f9e arts2 & ! tal5t ( excit+ ?is k9d ( pleasure c\ld nev] raise itself to ! dignity ( an art1 except 9 ! case :]e ! s5sual impressions are ord]$1 re9=c$ or mod]at$1 aft] a plan :i* is ! production ( art1 & :i* is recogniz$ by repres5tation4 ,b1 9 ?is case ev51 t alone "h c m]it ! "n ( art :i* is ! object ( a free pleasure--,i mean good ta/e 9 ! regulation1 :i* pleases our und]/&+1 & n physical *>ms !mselves1 :i* alone flatt] our s5sibility4 ,! g5]al s\rce ( all pleasure1 ev5 ( s5sual pleasure1 is propriety1 ! con=mity ) ! aim4 ,pleasure is s5sual :5 ?is propriety is manife/$ by means ( "s necess>y law ( nature :i* has = physical result ! s5sation ( pleasure4 ,?us ! movem5t ( ! blood1 & ( ! animal life1 :5 9 con=mity ) ! aim ( nature1 produces 9 c]ta9 organs1 or 9 ! entire organism1 corporeal pleasure ) all its v>ieties & all its modes4 ,we feel ?is con=mity by ! means ( agreeable s5sation1 b we arrive at no repres5tation ( x1 ei!r cle> or confus$4 ,pleasure is free :5 we repres5t to ourselves ! con=mability1 & :5 ! s5sation t accompanies ?is repres5tation is agreeable4 ,?us all ! repres5tations by :i* we h notice t !re is propriety & h>mony betwe5 ! end & ! means1 are = u ! s\rces ( free pleasure1 & consequ5tly c be employ$ to ?is end by ! f9e arts4 ,?us1 all ! repres5tations c be plac$ "u "o ( ^! heads3 ! good1 ! true1 ! p]fect1 ! beautiful1 ! t\*+1 ! sublime4 ,! good especially occupies our reason2 ! true & p]fect1 our intellig5ce2 ! beautiful int]e/s bo? ! intellig5ce & ! imag9ation2 ! t\*+ & ! sublime1 ! reason & ! imag9ation4 ,x is true t we also take pleasure 9 ! *>m 7,reiz7 or ! p[] call$ out by action f play1 b art uses *>m only to accompany ! high] enjoym5ts :i* ! idea ( propriety gives to u4 ,consid]$ 9 itself ! *>m or attraction is lo/ amid ! s5sations ( life1 & art disda9s x toge!r ) all m]ely s5sual pleasures4 ,we c\ld n e/abli% a classification ( ! f9e arts only ^u ! diff]5ce ( ! s\rces f :i* ea* ( !m draws ! pleasure :i* x af=ds u2 = 9 ! same class ( ! f9e arts _m sorts ( pleasures may ent]1 & (t5 all toge!r4 ,b 9 z f> z a c]ta9 sort ( pleasure is pursu$ z a pr9cipal aim1 we c make ( x1 if n a specific "* ( a class prop]ly s call$1 at lea/ ! pr9ciple & ! t5d5cy ( a class 9 ! works ( art4 ,?us1 = example1 we c\ld take ! arts :i*1 above all1 satisfy ! intellig5ce & imag9ation--consequ5tly ^? :i* h z *ief object ! true1 ! p]fect1 & ! beautiful--& unite !m "u ! "n ( f9e arts 7arts ( ta/e1 arts ( intellig5ce72 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* especially occupy ! imag9ation & ! reason1 & :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 h = pr9cipal object ! good1 ! sublime1 & ! t\*+1 c\ld be limit$ 9 a p>ticul> class "u ! d5om9ation ( t\*+ arts 7arts ( s5tim5t1 arts ( ! he>t74 ,)\t d\bt x is impossible to sep>ate absolutely ! t\*+ f ! beautiful1 b ! beautiful c p]fectly subsi/ )\t ! t\*+4 ,?us1 al?\gh we are n au?oriz$ to base ^u ?is diff]5ce ( pr9ciple a rigor\s classification ( ! lib]al arts1 x c at lea/ s]ve to det]m9e ) m ( precision ! crit]ion1 & prev5t ! confusion 9 :i* we are inevitably involv$1 :51 draw+ up laws ( /hetic ?+s1 we conf\nd two absolutely diff]5t doma9s1 z t ( ! t\*+ & t ( ! beautiful4 ,! t\*+ & ! sublime resemble 9 ?is po9t1 t bo? "o & ! o!r produce a pleasure by a feel+ at fir/ ( displeasure1 & t consequ5tly 7pleasure proce$+ f suitability1 & displeasure f ! contr>y7 !y give u a feel+ ( suitability :i* presupposes an unsuitability4 ,! feel+ ( ! sublime is compos$ 9 "p ( ! feel+ ( our feebl5ess1 ( our impot5ce to embrace an object2 &1 on ! o!r side1 ( ! feel+ ( our moral p[]--( ?is sup]ior faculty :i* fe>s no ob/acle1 no limit1 & :i* subdues spiritually t ev5 to :i* our physical =ces give way4 ,! object ( ! sublime ?w>ts1 !n1 our physical p[]2 & ?is contr>iety 7impropriety7 mu/ necess>ily excite a displeasure 9 u4 ,b x is1 at ! same "t1 an occasion to recall to our consci5ce ano!r faculty :i* is 9 u--a faculty :i* is ev5 sup]ior to ! objects be=e :i* our imag9ation yields4 ,9 consequ5ce1 a sublime object1 precisely because x ?w>ts ! s5ses1 is suitable ) relation to reason1 & x gives to u a joy by means ( a high] faculty1 at ! same "t t x w\nds u 9 an int]ior "o4 ,! t\*+1 9 its prop] s5se1 designates ?is mix$ s5sation1 into :i* ent]s at ! same "t suff]+ & ! pleasure t we f9d 9 suff]+4 ,?us we c only feel ?is k9d ( emotion 9 ! case ( a p]sonal mis=tune1 only :5 ! grief t we feel is suffici5tly temp]$ to leave "s place = t impression ( pleasure t w\ld be felt by a compassionate spectator4 ,! loss ( a great good pro/rates = ! "t1 & ! remembrance itself ( ! grief w make u exp]i5ce emotion aft] a ye>4 ,! feeble man is always ! prey ( 8 grief2 ! h]o & ! sage1 :atev] ! mis=tune t /rikes !m1 nev] exp]i5ce m ?an emotion4 ,emotion1 l ! s5tim5t ( ! sublime1 is compos$ ( two affections--grief & pleasure4 ,!re is1 !n1 at ! bottom a propriety1 "h z well z !re1 & "u ?is propriety a contradiction4 ,?us x seems t x is a contradiction 9 nature t man1 :o is n born to suff]1 is nev]!less a prey to suff]+1 & ?is contradiction hurts u4 ,b ! evil :i* ?is contradiction does u is a propriety ) reg>d to our reasonable nature 9 g5]al1 insomu* z ?is evil solicits u to act3 x is a propriety also ) reg>d to human society2 consequ5tly1 ev5 displeasure1 :i* excites 9 u ?is contradiction1 ought necess>ily to make u exp]i5ce a s5tim5t ( pleasure1 because ?is displeasure is a propriety4 ,to det]m9e 9 an emotion if x is pleasure or displeasure :i* triumphs1 we mu/ ask ourselves if x is ! idea ( impropriety or t ( propriety :i* affects u ! m deeply4 ,t c dep5d ei!r on ! numb] ( ! aims rea*$ or abortive1 or on _! connection ) ! f9al aim ( all4 ,! suff]+ ( ! virtu\s man moves u m pa9fully ?an t ( ! p]v]se man1 because 9 ! fir/ case !re is contradiction n only to ! g5]al de/9y ( man1 :i* is happ9ess1 b also to ?is o!r p>ticul> pr9ciple1 viz41 t virtue r5d]s happy2 :il/ 9 ! second case !re is contradiction only ) reg>d to ! end ( man 9 g5]al4 ,reciprocally1 ! happ9ess ( ! wick$ also (f5ds u mu* m ?an ! mis=tune ( ! good man1 because we f9d 9 x a d\ble contradiction3 9 ! fir/ place vice itself1 & 9 ! second place1 ! recomp5se ( vice4 ,!re ,is also ?is o!r consid]ation1 t virtue is mu* m able to recomp5se itself ?an vice1 :5 x triumphs1 is to puni% itself2 & x is precisely = ?is t ! virtu\s man 9 mis=tune w\ld mu* m rema9 fai?ful to ! cultus ( virtue ?an ! p]v]se man w\ld dream ( conv]t+ himself 9 prosp]ity4 ,b :at is above all important 9 det]m9+ 9 ! emotions ! relation ( pleasure & displeasure1 is to comp>e ! two ends--t :i* has be5 fulfill$ & t :i* has be5 ignor$--& to see :i* is ! mo/ consid]able4 ,!re is no propriety :i* t\*es u s ne>ly z moral propriety1 & no sup]ior pleasure to t :i* we feel f x4 ,physical propriety c\ld well be a problem1 & a problem =ev] unsolvable4 ,moral propriety is already demon/rat$4 ,x alone is f\nd$ ^u our reasonable nature & ^u int]nal necessity4 ,x is our ne>e/ int]e/1 ! mo/ consid]able1 & at ! same "t1 ! mo/ easily recogniz$1 because x is n det]m9$ by any ext]nal elem5t b by an int]nal pr9ciple ( our reason3 x is ! palladium ( our lib]ty4 ,?is moral propriety is nev] m vividly recogniz$ ?an :5 x is f\nd 9 conflict ) ano!r propriety1 & /ill keeps ! upp] h&2 !n only ! moral law awak5s 9 full p[]1 :5 we f9d x /ruggl+ aga9/ all ! o!r =ces ( nature1 & :5 all ^? =ces lose 9 its pres5ce _! empire ov] a human s\l4 ,by ^! words1 8! o!r =ces ( nature10 we mu/ und]/& all t is n moral =ce1 all t is n subject to ! supreme legislation ( reason3 t is to say1 feel+s1 affections1 in/9cts1 passions1 z well z physical necessity & de/9y4 ,! m r$\btable ! adv]s>y1 ! m glori\s ! victory2 resi/ance alone br+s out ! /r5g? ( ! =ce & r5d]s x visible4 ,x foll[s t ! highe/ degree ( moral consci\sness c only exi/ 9 /rife1 & ! highe/ moral pleasure is always accompani$ by pa94 ,consequ5tly1 ! k9d ( poetry :i* secures u a high degree ( moral pleasure1 mu/ employ mix$ feel+s1 & please u ?r\gh pa9 or di/ress1--?is is :at trag$y does specially2 & h] realm embraces all t sacrifices a physical propriety to a moral "o2 or "o moral propriety to a high] "o4 ,x might be possible1 p]haps1 to =m a measure ( moral pleasure1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ degree1 & to det]m9e by ?is pr9ciple ( propriety ! degree ( pa9 or pleasure exp]i5c$4 ,diff]5t ord]s ( trag$y might be classifi$ on ! same pr9ciple1 s z to =m a complete exhau/ive tabulation ( !m4 ,?us1 a trag$y be+ giv51 its place c\ld be fix$1 & its g5us det]m9$4 ,( ?is subject m w be said sep>ately 9 its prop] place4 ,a few examples w %[ h[ f> moral propriety comm&s physical propriety 9 our s\ls4 ,!ron & ,am&a are bo? ti$ to ! /ake z m>tyrs1 & free to *oose life or dea? by ! t]rible ordeal ( fire--!y select ! latt]4 ,:at is x :i* gives su* pleasure to u 9 ?is sc5e8 ,_! position s conflict+ ) ! smil+ de/9y !y reject1 ! rew>d ( mis]y giv5 to virtue--all "h awak5s 9 u ! feel+ ( impropriety3 x ought to fill u ) great di/ress4 ,:at is nature1 & :at are h] ends & laws1 if all ?is impropriety %[s u moral propriety 9 its full light4 ,we "h see ! triumph ( ! moral law1 s sublime an exp]i5ce = u t we might ev5 hail ! calamity :i* elicits x4 ,= h>mony 9 ! _w ( moral fre$om gives u inf9itely m pleasure ?an all ! discords 9 nature give u pa94 ,:5 ,coriolanus1 ob$i5t to duty z husb&1 son1 & citiz51 raises ! siege ( ,rome1 !n almo/ conqu]$1 )draw+ 8 army1 & sil5c+ 8 v5geance1 he commits a v contradictory act evid5tly4 ,he loses all ! fruit ( previ\s victories1 he runs spontane\sly to 8 ru92 yet :at moral excell5ce & gr&eur he (f]s6 ,h[ noble to pref] any impropriety r ?an w\nd moral s5se2 to violate natural int]e/s & prud5ce 9 ord] to be 9 h>mony ) ! high] moral law6 ,e sacrifice ( a life is a contradiction1 = life is ! condition ( all good2 b 9 ! light ( morality ! sacrifice ( life is 9 a high degree prop]1 because life is n great 9 itself1 b only z a means ( accompli%+ ! moral law4 ,if !n ! sacrifice ( life be ! way to d ?is1 life mu/ g4 8,x is n necess>y = me to live1 b x is necess>y = ,rome to be sav$ f fam9e10 said ,pompey1 :5 ! ,romans emb>k$ = ,africa1 & 8 fri5ds begg$ him to def] 8 dep>ture till ! gale 0 ov]4 ,b ! suff]+s ( a crim9al are z *>m+ to u tragically z ^? ( a virtu\s man2 yet "h is ! idea ( moral impropriety4 ,! antagonism ( 8 conduct to moral law1 & ! moral imp]fection :i* su* conduct presupposes1 ought to fill u ) pa94 ,"h !re is no satisfaction 9 ! morality ( 8 p]son1 no?+ to comp5sate = 8 misconduct4 ,yet bo? supply a valuable object = art2 ?is ph5om5on c easily be made to agree ) :at has be5 said4 ,we f9d pleasure n only 9 ob$i5ce to morality1 b 9 ! puni%m5t giv5 to its infraction4 ,! pa9 result+ f moral imp]fection agrees ) its opposite1 ! satisfaction at con=mity ) ! law4 ,rep5tance1 ev5 despair1 h nobl5ess morally1 & c only exi/ if an incorruptible s5se ( ju/ice exi/s at ! bottom ( ! crim9al he>t1 & if consci5ce ma9ta9s its gr\nd aga9/ self-love4 ,rep5tance comes by comp>+ our acts ) ! moral law1 h5ce 9 ! mom5t ( rep5t+ ! moral law speaks l\dly 9 man4 ,its p[] mu/ be great] ?an ! ga9 result+ f ! crime z ! infraction poisons ! enjoym5t4 ,n[1 a /ate ( m9d :]e duty is sov]eign is morale prop]1 & !re=e a s\rce ( moral pleasure4 ,:at1 !n1 sublim] ?an ! h]oic despair t tramples ev5 life und]foot1 because x _c be> ! judgm5t )98 ,a good man sacrific+ 8 life to con=m to ! moral law1 or a crim9al tak+ 8 own life because ( ! morality he has violat$3 9 bo? cases our respect = ! moral law is rais$ to ! highe/ p[]4 ,if !re be any advantage x is 9 ! case ( ! latt]2 = ! good man may h be5 enc\rag$ 9 8 sacrifice by an approv+ consci5ce1 ?us detract+ f 8 m]it4 ,rep5tance & regret at pa/ crimes %[ u "s ( ! sublime/ pictures ( morality 9 active condition4 ,a man :o violates morality comes back to ! moral law by rep5tance4 ,b moral pleasure is sometimes obta9$ only at ! co/ ( moral pa94 ,?us "o duty may cla% ) ano!r4 ,let u suppose ,coriolanus encamp$ ) a ,roman army be=e ,antium or ,corioli1 & 8 "m a ,volscian2 if h] pray]s move him to desi/1 we n[ no long] admire him4 ,8 ob$i5ce to 8 "m w\ld be at /rife ) a high] duty1 t ( a citiz54 ,! gov]nor to :om ! alt]native is propos$1 ei!r ( giv+ up ! t[n or ( see+ 8 son /abb$1 decides at once on ! latt]1 8 duty z fa!r be+ b5ea? t ( citiz54 ,at fir/ our he>t revolts at ?is conduct 9 a fa!r1 b we soon pass to admiration t moral in/9ct1 ev5 comb9$ ) incl9ation1 c\ld n lead reason a/ray 9 ! empire :]e x comm&s4 ,:5 ,timoleon ( ,cor9? puts to dea? 8 belov$ b ambiti\s bro!r1 ,timophanes1 he does x because 8 idea ( duty to 8 c\ntry bids him to d s4 ,! act "h inspires horror & repulsion z aga9/ nature & ! moral s5se1 b ?is feel+ is soon succe$$ by ! highe/ admiration = 8 h]oic virtue1 pron\nc+1 9 a tumultu\s conflict ( emotions1 freely & calmly1 ) p]fect rectitude4 ,if we diff] ) ,timoleon ab\t 8 duty z a republican1 ?is does n *ange our view4 ,nay1 9 ^? cases1 :]e our und]/&+ judges diff]5tly1 we see all ! m cle>ly h[ high we put moral propriety above all o!r4 ,b ! judgm5ts ( m5 on ?is moral ph5om5on are exce$+ly v>i\s1 & ! reason ( x is cle>4 ,moral s5se is common to all m51 b diff]s 9 /r5g?4 ,to mo/ m5 x suffices t an act be p>tially con=mable ) ! moral law to make !m obey x2 & to make !m condemn an action x mu/ gl>+ly violate ! law4 ,b to det]m9e ! relation ( moral duties ) ! highe/ pr9ciple ( morals requires an enlight5$ intellig5ce & an emancipat$ reason4 ,?us an action :i* to a few w be a supreme propriety1 w seem to ! cr[d a revolt+ impropriety1 ?\gh bo? judge morally2 an h5ce ! emotion felt at su* actions is by no means uni=m4 ,to ! mass ! sublime/ & highe/ is only exagg]ation1 because sublimity is p]ceiv$ by reason1 & all m5 h n ! same %>e ( x4 ,a vulg> s\l is oppress$ or ov]/ret*$ by ^? sublime ideas1 & ! cr[d sees dreadful disord] :]e a ?9k+ m9d sees ! highe/ ord]4 ,?is is en\gh ab\t moral propriety z a pr9ciple ( tragic emotion1 & ! pleasure x elicits4 ,x mu/ be add$ t !re are cases :]e natural propriety also seems to *>m our m9d ev5 at ! co/ ( morality4 ,?us we are always pleas$ by ! sequ5ce ( ma*9ations ( a p]v]se man1 ?\gh 8 means & end are immoral4 ,su* a man deeply int]e/s u1 & we tremble le/ 8 plan fail1 ?\gh we ought to wi% x to d s4 ,b ?is fact does n contradict :at has be5 advanc$ ab\t moral propriety1 & ! pleasure result+ f x4 ,propriety1 ! ref]5ce ( means to an end1 is to u1 9 all cases1 a s\rce ( pleasure2 ev5 disconnect$ ) morality4 ,we exp]i5ce ?is pleasure unmix$1 s long z we d n ?9k ( any moral end :i* disall[s action be=e u4 ,animal in/9cts give u pleasure--z ! indu/ry ( bees--)\t ref]5ce to morals2 & 9 l mann] human actions are a pleasure to u :5 we consid] 9 !m only ! relation ( means to ends4 ,b if a moral pr9ciple be add$ to ^!1 & impropriety be discov]$1 if ! idea ( moral ag5t comes 91 a deep indignation succe$s our pleasure1 :i* no intellectual propriety c rem$y4 ,we mu/ n call to m9d too vividly t ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,iago1 & ,lovelace are m52 o!rwise our sympa?y = !m infallibly turns into an opposite feel+4 ,b1 z daily exp]i5ce tea*es1 we h ! p[] to direct our att5tion to diff]5t sides ( ?+s2 & pleasure1 only possible ?r\gh ?is ab/raction1 invites u to ex]cise x1 & to prolong its ex]cise4 ,yet x is n r>e = intellig5t p]v]sity to secure our favor by be+ ! means ( procur+ u ! pleasure ( moral propriety4 ,! triumph ( moral propriety w be great 9 proportion z ! sn>es set by ,lovelace = ! virtue ( ,cl>issa are =midable1 & z ! trials ( an innoc5t victim by a cruel tyrant are sev]e4 ,x is a pleasure to see ! craft ( a s$uc] foil$ by ! omnipot5ce ( ! moral s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we reckon z a sort ( m]it ! victory ( a malefactor ov] 8 moral s5se1 because x is ! pro( ( a c]ta9 /r5g? ( m9d & intellectual propriety4 ,yet ?is propriety 9 vice c nev] be ! s\rce ( a p]fect pleasure1 except :5 x is humiliat$ by morality4 ,9 t case x is an ess5tial "p ( our pleasure1 because x br+s moral s5se into /rong] relief4 ,! la/ impression left on u by ! au?or ( ,cl>issa is a pro( ( ?is4 ,! intellectual propriety 9 ! plan ( ,lovelace is greatly surpass$ by ! rational propriety ( ,cl>issa4 ,?is all[s u to feel 9 full ! satisfaction caus$ by bo?4 ,:5 ! tragic poet has = object to awak5 9 u ! feel+ ( moral propriety1 & *ooses 8 means skilfully = t end1 he is sure to *>m d\bly ! connoisseur1 by moral & by natural propriety4 ,! fir/ satisfies ! he>t1 ! second ! m9d4 ,! cr[d is impress$ ?r\gh ! he>t )\t kn[+ ! cause ( ! magic impression4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a class ( connoisseurs on :om t :i* affects ! he>t is entirely lo/1 & :o c only be ga9$ by ! appropriat5ess ( ! means2 a /range contradiction result+ f ov]-ref9$ ta/e1 especially :5 moral culture rema9s beh9d intellectual4 ,?is class ( connoisseurs seek only ! intellectual side 9 t\*+ & sublime !mes4 ,!y appreciate ?is 9 ! ju/e/ mann]1 b y mu/ bew>e h[ y appeal to _! he>t6 ,! ov]-culture ( ! age leads to ?is %oal1 & no?+ becomes ! cultivat$ man s mu* z to escape by a happy victory ?is tw(old & p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,( all o!r ,european nations1 our neighbors1 ! ,fr5*1 lean mo/ to ?is extreme1 & we1 z 9 all ?+s1 /ra9 e n]ve to imitate ?is model4 ,,s*ill]',s ,,philosophical ,,lett]s4 ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks4 ,! reason passes1 l ! he>t1 ?r\gh c]ta9 epo*s & transitions1 b its developm5t is n s (t5 portray$4 ,m5 seem to h be5 satisfi$ ) unfold+ ! passions 9 _! extremes1 _! ab]ration1 & _! results1 )\t consid]+ h[ closely !y are b\nd up ) ! intellectual con/itution ( ! individual4 ,deg5]acy 9 morals roots 9 a "o-sid$ & wav]+ philosophy1 d\bly dang]\s1 because x bl9ds ! becl\d$ intellect ) an appe>ance ( correctness1 tru?1 & conviction1 :i* places x less "u ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( man's in/9ctive moral s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an enlight5$ und]/&+ ennobles ! feel+s1--! he>t mu/ be =m$ by ! head4 ,! pres5t age has witness$ an extraord9>y increase ( a ?9k+ public1 by ! facilities af=d$ to ! diffusion ( read+2 ! =m] happy resignation to ignorance beg9s to make way = a /ate ( half-enlight5m5t1 & few p]sons are will+ to rema9 9 ! condition 9 :i* _! bir? has plac$ !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x may n be unpr(itable to call att5tion to c]ta9 p]iods ( ! awak5+ & progress ( ! reason1 to place 9 _! prop] light c]ta9 tru?s & errors1 closely connect$ ) morals1 & calculat$ to be a s\rce ( happ9ess or mis]y1 &1 at all ev5ts1 to po9t out ! hidd5 %oals on :i* ! reason ( man has s (t5 suff]$ %ipwreck4 ,r>ely d we arrive at ! summit ( tru? )\t runn+ into extremes2 we h frequ5tly to exhau/ ! "p ( error1 & ev5 ( folly1 be=e we "w our way up to ! noble goal ( tranquil wisdom4 ,"s fri5ds1 inspir$ by an equal love ( tru? & moral beauty1 :o h arriv$ at ! same conviction by diff]5t roads1 & :o view ) s]5] eye ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y h travell$1 h ?\ght t x might be pr(itable to pres5t a few ( ^! resolutions & epo*s ( ?\ght4 ,!y propose to repres5t ^! & c]ta9 excesses ( ! inquir+ reason 9 ! =m ( two "y m51 ( unequal "*1 engag$ 9 epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,! foll[+ lett]s are ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay4 ,! op9ions t are (f]$ 9 ^! lett]s c only be true & false relatively1 & 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! _w is mirror$ 9 ! s\l ( ! correspond5t1 & ( him only4 ,b ! c\rse ( ! correspond5ce w %[ t ! "o-sid$1 (t5 exagg]at$ & contradictory op9ions at l5g? issue 9 a g5]al1 purifi$1 & well-e/abli%$ tru?4 ,scepticism & free-?9k+ are ! fev]i% p>oxysms ( ! human m9d1 & mu/ ne$s at l5g? confirm ! heal? ( well-organiz$ s\ls by ! unnatural convulsion :i* !y occasion4 ,9 proportion to ! dazzl+ & s$uc+ nature ( error w be ! greatness ( ! triumphs ( tru?3 ! dem& = conviction & firm belief w be /rong & press+ 9 proportion to ! torm5t occasion$ by ! pangs ( d\bt4 ,b d\bt 0 necess>y to elicit ^! errors2 ! k ( ! disease _h to prec$e its cure4 ,tru? suff]s no loss if a vehem5t y\? fails 9 f9d+ x1 9 ! same way t virtue & religion suff] no detrim5t if a crim9al d5ies !m4 ,x 0 necess>y to (f] ^! prefatory rem>ks to ?r[ a prop] light on ! po9t ( view f :i* ! foll[+ correspond5ce has to be read & judg$4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,julius to ,raphael4 ,octob]4 ,y are gone1 ,raphael1--& ! beauty ( nature dep>ts3 ! s]e & yell[ leaves fall f ! trees1 :ile a ?ick autumn fog hangs susp5d$ l a bi] ov] ! lifeless fields4 ,solit>y1 ,i w&] ?r\gh ! melan*oly c\ntry4 ,i call al\d y\r "n1 & am irritat$ t my ,raphael does n answ] me4 ,i _h receiv$ y\r la/ embrace4 ,! m\rnful s\nd ( ! c>riage :eels t bore y away _h at l5g? di$ ^u my e>4 ,9 happi] mom5ts ,i _h j succe$$ 9 rais+ a tumulus ov] ! joys ( ! pa/1 b n[ aga9 y /& up be=e me1 z y\r dep>t$ _s1 9 ^! regions1 & y accompany me to ea* favorite haunt & pleasant walk4 ,^! rocks ,i h climb$ by y\r side3 by y\r side h my eyes w&]$ ov] ?is imm5se l&scape4 ,9 ! d>k sanctu>y ( ?is bee*-grove we fir/ conceiv$ ! bold ideal ( our fri5d%ip4 ,x 0 "h t we unfold$ ! g5ealogical tree ( ! s\l1 & t we f\nd t ,julius 0 s closely relat$ to ,raphael4 ,n a spr+1 n a ?icket1 or a hill exi/s 9 ?is region :]e "s memory ( dep>t$ happ9ess does n come to de/roy my repose4 ,all ?+s comb9e to prev5t my recov]y4 ,:]ev] ,i g1 ,i repeat ! pa9ful sc5e ( our sep>ation4 ,:at h y done to me1 ,raphael8 ,:at am ,i become8 ,man ( dang]\s p[]6 w\ld t ,i _h nev] kn[n or nev] lo/ y6 ,ha/5 back2 come on ! w+s ( fri5d%ip1 or ! t5d] plant1 y\r nursl+1 %all h p]i%$4 ,h[ c\ld y1 end[$ ) su* t5d] feel+s1 v5ture to leave ! "w y _h begun1 b /ill s incomplete4 ,! f\ndations t y\r pr\d wisdom tri$ to e/abli% 9 my bra9 & he>t are tott]+2 all ! spl5did palaces :i* y erect$ are crumbl+1 & ! worm cru%$ to e>? is wri?+ "u ! ru9s4 ,happy1 heav5ly "t1 :5 ,i grop$ ?r\gh life1 ) b&ag$ eyes1 l a drunk5 man1--:5 all my k & my wi%es 7 conf9$ to ! n>r[ horizon ( my *ildhood's tea*+s6 ,bless$ "t1 :5 a *e]ful sunset rais$ no high] aspiration 9 my s\l ?an ! wi% ( a f9e day on ! morr[2 :5 no?+ rem9d$ me ( ! _w save ! newspap]2 no?+ spoke ( et]nity save ! pass+ bell2 only gho/-/ories br\ght to m9d ! ?\ght ( dea? & judgm5t2 :5 ,i trembl$ at ! ?\ght ( ! devil1 & 0 proportionately drawn to ! ,godhead6 ,i felt & 0 happy4 ,raphael has taught me to ?9k ,i am on ! way to regret t ,i 0 ev] creat$4 ,creation8 ,no1 t is only a s\nd lack+ all mean+1 :i* my reason _c receive4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,i knew no?+1 :5 no "o knew me3 accord+ly1 x is usual to say1 ,i 0 n4 ,t "t is pa/3 !re=e x is usual to say t ,i 0 creat$4 ,b also ( ! millions :o exi/$ c5turies ago no?+ m is n[ kn[n1 & yet m5 are wont to say1 !y are4 ,on :at d we f\nd ! "r to grant ! beg9n+ & to d5y ! end8 ,x is assum$ t ! cessation ( ?9k+ be+s contradicts ,inf9ite ,goodness4 ,did1 !n1 ,inf9ite ,goodness come fir/ into be+ at ! creation ( ! _w8 ,if !re 0 a p]iod :5 !re 7 no spirits1 ,inf9ite ,goodness mu/ h be5 imp]ative = a :ole et]nity4 ,if ! fabric ( ! univ]se is a p]fection ( ! ,creator1 ,he1 !re=e1 lack$ a p]fection be=e ! creation ( ! _w4 ,b an assumption l ?is contradicts ! idea ( p]fect goodness1 !re=e !re is no creation4 ,to :at h ,i arriv$1 ,raphael8 ,t]rible fallacy ( my conclusions6 ,i give up ! ,creator z soon z ,i believe 9 a ,god4 ,:]e=e d ,i require a ,god1 if ,i suffice )\t ! ,creator8 ,y h robb$ me ( ! ?\ght t gave me peace4 ,y h taught me to despise :]e ,i pray$ be=e4 ,a ?\s& ?+s 7 v5]able 9 my sight till y\r dismal wisdom /ripp$ (f ! veil f !m4 ,i saw a cr[d ( p /ream+ to *ur*1 ,i he>d _! en?usia/ic devotion p\r$ =? 9 a common act ( pray] & praise2 twice did ,i /& beside a dea?b$1 & saw--wond]ful p[] ( religion6--! hope ( heav5 triumphant ov] ! t]ror ( annihilation1 & ! s]5e light ( joy beam+ f ! eyes ( ^? dep>t+4 8,surely t doctr9e mu/ be div9e10 ,i exclaim$1 8:i* is ackn[l$g$ by ! be/ among m51 :i* triumphs & com=ts s wondr\sly60 ,y\r coldblood$ wisdom ext+ui%$ my en?usiasm4 ,y affirm$ t an equal numb] ( devotees /ream$ =m]ly r\nd ! ,irm5sule & to ,jupit]'s temple2 an equal numb] ( vot>ies1 ) l exultation1 asc5d$ ! /ake k9dl$ 9 honor ( ,brahma4 8,c ! v feel+10 y add$1 8:i* y f\nd s dete/able 9 hea!nism prove ! tru? ( y\r doctr9e80 ,y proce$$ to say3 8,tru/ no?+ b y\r own reason4 ,!re is no?+ holy1 save tru?40 ,i h obey$ y3 ,i h sacrific$ all my op9ions1 ,i h set fire to all my %ips :5 ,i l&$ on ?is isl&1 & ,i h de/roy$ all my hopes ( return4 ,nev] c ,i become reconcil$ to a doctr9e :i* ,i joyfully welcom$ once4 ,my reason is n[ all to me--my only w>rant = ,god1 virtue1 & immortality4 ,woe to me if ,i cat* ?is1 my only witness1 9 a contradiction6 if my e/eem = its conclusions dim9i%es6 if a brok5 vessel 9 my bra9 div]ts its action6 ,my happ9ess is h5ce=? intru/$ to ! h>moni\s action ( my s5sorium3 woe to me if ! /r+s ( ?is in/rum5t give a false note 9 ! critical mom5ts ( my life--if my convictions v>y ) my pulsations6 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,julius to ,raphael4 ,y\r doctr9e has flatt]$ my pride4 ,i 0 a prison]3 y h l$ me out into ! daylight2 ! gold5 %imm] & ! measureless vault h enraptur$ my eye4 ,=m]ly1 ,i 0 satisfi$ ) ! mode/ reputation ( be+ a good son ( my fa!r's h\se1 a fri5d ( my fri5ds1 a useful memb] ( society4 ,y h *ang$ me into a citiz5 ( ! univ]se4 ,at t "t my wi%es _h n aspir$ to infr+e on ! rights ( ! great3 ,i tol]at$ ^! =tunate p because begg>s tol]at$ me4 ,i did n blu% to envy a "p ( ! human race1 because !re 0 a /ill l>g] "p ( humanity t ,i 0 oblig$ to pity4 ,meet+ y1 ,i le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t my claims on enjoym5t 7 z well f\nd$ z ^? ( my bre?r54 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,i le>n$ t1 rais$ "o /ratum above ?is atmosph]e1 ,i weigh$ j z mu* & z little z ! rul]s ( ?is _w4 ,raphael sev]$ all bonds ( agreem5t & ( op9ion4 ,i felt myself q free2 = reason1 z ,raphael decl>$1 is ! only mon>*y 9 ! _w ( spirits1 & ,i c>ri$ my imp]ial ?rone 9 my bra94 ,all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? h no value1 no e/imation1 except t :i* my reason grants !m4 ,! :ole creation is m9e1 = ,i possess an irresi/ible omnipot5ce1 & am emp[]$ to enjoy x fully4 ,all spirits--"o degree bel[ ! mo/ p]fect ,_s--are my bre?r51 because we all obey "o rule1 & d homage to "o supremacy4 ,h[ magnific5t & sublime ?is ann\ncem5t s\nds6 ,:at a field = my ?ir/ ( k6 ,b--unlucky contradiction ( nature--?is free & so>+ _s is wov5 toge!r ) ! rigid1 immovable clockwork ( a mortal body1 mix$ up ) its little necessities1 & yok$ to its fate--?is god is bani%$ into a _w ( worms4 ,! imm5se space ( nature is op5$ to 8 rese>*1 b he _c ?9k two ideas at ! same "t4 ,) 8 eyes he rea*es up to ! sunny focus ( ! ,godhead1 b he himself is oblig$ to creep aft] ,him sl[ly & we>ily ?r\gh ! elem5ts ( "t4 ,to absorb "o enjoym5t he mu/ give up all o!rs3 two unlimit$ desires are too great = 8 little he>t4 ,e fre% joy co/s him ! sum ( all previ\s joys4 ,! pres5t mom5t is ! sepul*re ( all t w5t be=e x4 ,an idyllic h\r ( love is an int]mitt5t pulsation ( fri5d%ip4 ,:]ev] ,i look1 ,raphael1 h[ limit$ man appe>s6 ,h[ great ! di/ance betwe5 8 aims & _! fulfilm5t6--yet d n begrudge him 8 soo?+ slumb]4 ,wake him n6 ,he 0 s happy be=e he began to inquire :i!r he 0 to g & :5ce he came6 ,reason is a tor* 9 a prison4 ,! prison] knew no?+ ( ! light1 b a dream ( fre$om appe>$ ov] him l a fla% 9 ! night :i* leaves ! d>kness deep] ?an be=e4 ,our philosophy is ! unhappy curiosity ( dipus1 :o did n cease to inquire till ! dreadful oracle 0 unravell$4 ,maye/ ?\ nev] le>n :o ?\ art6 ,does y\r wisdom replace :at x has set aside8 ,if y _h no key to op5 heav51 :y did y lead me away f e>?8 ,if y knew be=eh& t ! way to wisdom leads ?r\gh ! frightful abyss ( d\bt1 :y did y v5ture ! innoc5ce ( y\r fri5d ,julius on ?is desp]ate ?r[8-- ,if to ! good1 :i* ,i propose to d1 ,some?+ v bad bord]s f> too ne>1 ,i pref] n to d ?is good4 ,y h pull$ d[n a %elt] t 0 inhabit$1 & f\nd$ a spl5did b lifeless palace on ! spot4 ,raphael1 ,i claim my s\l f y6 ,i am unhappy4 ,my c\rage is gone4 ,i despair ( my own /r5g?4 ,write to me soon6--y\r heal+ h& alone c p\r balm on my burn+ w\nds4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,raphael to ,julius4 ,julius1 happ9ess su* z ours1 if unbrok51 w\ld be too mu* = human lot4 ,?is ?\ght (t5 haunt$ me ev5 9 ! full enjoym5t ( our fri5d%ip4 ,?is ?\ght1 !n d>k5+ our happ9ess1 0 a salut>y =eta/e1 int5d$ to mitigate ! pa9 ( my pres5t position4 ,h>d5$ 9 ! /]n s*ool ( resignation1 ,i am /ill m susceptible ( ! com=t ( see+ 9 our sep>ation a slight sacrifice ^: m]it may w9 f fate ! rew>d ( our future reunion4 ,y did n yet "k :at privation 04 ,y suff] = ! fir/ "t4 ,& yet x is p]haps an advantage = y t ,i h be5 torn f y exactly at ?is "t4 ,y h to endure a malady1 f :i* y c only p]fectly recov] by y\r own en]gy1 s z n to suff] a relapse4 ,! m des]t$ y feel1 ! m y w /ir up all heal+ p[] 9 y\rself1 & 9 proportion z y d]ive little or no b5efit f tempor>y & deceptive palliatives1 ! m c]ta9ly w y succe$ 9 eradicat+ ! evil fundam5tally4 ,i d n rep5t t ,i r\s$ y f y\r dream1 ?\gh y\r pres5t position is pa9ful4 ,i h done no?+ m ?an ha/5 a crisis1 :i* e s\l l y\rs has soon] or lat] to pass ?r\gh1 & :]e ! ess5tial ?+ is1 at :at "t ( life x is endur$4 ,!re are times & seasons :5 x is t]rible to d\bt tru? & virtue4 ,woe to ! man :o has to fight ?r\gh ! quibbles ( a self-suffici5t reason :ile he is imm]s$ 9 ! /orms ( ! passions4 ,i h felt 9 its fulness all t is express$ by ?is1 &1 to pres]ve y f simil> tr\bles ,i c\ld devise no means b to w>d (f ! pe/il5ce by timely inoculation4 ,nor c\ld ,i1 my de> ,julius1 *oose a m propiti\s "t8 ,i met y 9 ! full & glori\s bloom ( y\?ful intellig5ce & bodily vigor2 be=e y _h be5 oppress$ by c>e or en*a9$ by passion2 fully prep>$1 9 y\r fre$om & /r5g?1 to /& ! great fight1 ( :i* a sublime tranquillity1 produc$ by conviction1 is ! prize4 ,tru? & error _h n yet be5 int]wov5 ) y\r int]e/s4 ,y\r enjoym5ts & virtues 7 indep5d5t ( bo?4 ,y requir$ no images ( t]ror to te> y f l[ dissipation4 ,! feel+ = nobl] joys _h made ^! odi\s to y4 ,y 7 good f in/9ct & f unconsecrat$ moral grace4 ,i _h no?+ to fe> = y\r morality1 if a build+ crumbl$ d[n on :i* x 0 n f\nd$4 ,nor d y\r anxieties al>m me1 ?\gh y may conjure up _m d>k anticipations 9 y\r melan*oly mood4 ,i "k y bett]1 ,julius6 ,y are ungrateful1 too6 ,y despise ! reason1 & =get :at joys x has procur$ y4 ,?\gh y might h escap$ ! dang]s ( d\bt all y\r life1 /ill x 0 my duty n to deprive y ( ! pleasures :i* y 7 capable ( enjoy+4 ,! height at :i* y 7 0 n wor?y ( y4 ,! way up :i* y climb$ gave y comp5sation = all ( :i* ,i depriv$ y4 ,i /ill recall ! delight--) :at delight y bless$ ! mom5t :5 ! b&age dropp$ f y\r eyes6 ,! w>m? ) :i* y grasp$ ! tru? possibly may h l$ y\r all-dev\r+ imag9ation to an abyss at sight ( :i* y draw back %udd]+4 ,i mu/ foll[ ! c\rse ( y\r inquiries to discov] ! s\rces ( y\r compla9ts4 ,y h writt5 d[n ! results ( y\r ?\ghts3 s5d me ^! pap]s & !n ,i w answ] y4 ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,julius to ,raphael4 ,i h be5 look+ ov] my pap]s ?is morn+4 ,among !m ,i h f\nd a lo/ memor&um writt5 d[n 9 ^? happy h\rs :5 ,i 0 inspir$ ) a pr\d en?usiasm4 ,b on look+ ov] x h[ diff]5t seem all ! ?+s treat$ (6 ,my =m] views look l ! gloomy bo>d+ ( a playh\se :5 ! lights h be5 remov$4 ,my he>t s\ght a philosophy1 & imag9ation sub/itut$ h] dreams4 ,i took ! w>me/ = ! true/ color+4 ,i seek = ! laws ( spirits--,i so> up to ! inf9ite1 b ,i =get to prove t !y really exi/4 ,a bold attack ( mat]ialism ov]?r[s my creation4 ,y w read ?r\gh ?is fragm5t1 my de> ,raphael4 ,w\ld t y c\ld succe$ 9 k9dl+ once aga9 ! ext9ct flames ( my en?usiasm1 to reconcile me aga9 to my g5ius6 b my pride has sunk s l[ t ev5 ,raphael's fri5dly h& c h>dly raise me up aga94 ,,!osophy ,,( ,,julius4 ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,?9k+ ,,be+4 ,! univ]se is a ?\ght ( ,god4 ,aft] ?is ideal ?\ght-fabric pass$ out into reality1 & ! new-born _w fulfill$ ! plan ( its ,creator--p]mit me to use ?is human simile--! fir/ duty ( all ?9k+ be+s has be5 to retrace ! orig9al design 9 ?is great reality2 to f9d ! pr9ciple 9 ! me*anism1 ! unity 9 ! comp\nd1 ! law 9 ! ph5om5on1 & to pass back f ! /ructure to its primitive f\ndation4 ,accord+ly to me !re is only "o appe>ance 9 nature--! ?9k+ be+4 ,! great comp\nd call$ ! _w is only rem>kable to me because x is pres5t to %ad[ =? symbolically ! manifold expressions ( t be+4 ,all 9 me & out ( me is only ! hi]oglyph ( a p[] :i* is l to me4 ,! laws ( nature are ! cyph]s :i* ! ?9k+ m9d adds on to make itself und]/&able to intellig5ce--! alphabet by means ( :i* all spirits communicate ) ! mo/ p]fect ,_s & ) "o ano!r4 ,h>mony1 tru?1 ord]1 beauty1 excell5ce1 give me joy1 because !y transport me into ! active /ate ( _! au?or1 ( _! possessor1 because !y betray ! pres5ce ( a rational & feel+ ,be+1 & let me p]ceive my relation%ip ) t ,be+4 ,a new exp]i5ce 9 ?is k+dom ( tru?3 gravitation1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! natural sy/em ( ,l9nu1 correspond ess5tially 9 my m9d to ! discov]y ( an antique dug up at ,h]culaneum--!y are bo? only ! reflections ( "o _s1 a r5ew$ acqua9tance ) a be+ l myself4 ,i speak ) ! ,et]nal ?r\gh ! in/rum5t ( nature1--?r\gh ! _w's hi/ory3 ,i read ! s\l ( ! arti/ 9 8 ,apollo4 ,if y wi% to be conv9c$1 my de> ,raphael1 look back4 ,ea* /ate ( ! human m9d has "s p>able 9 ! physical creation by :i* x is %ad[$ =?2 nor is x only arti/s & poets1 b ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract ?9k]s t h drawn f ?is s\rce4 ,lively activity we "n fire2 "t is a /ream t rolls on1 sweep+ all be=e x2 et]nity is a circle2 a my/]y is hid 9 midnight gloom1 & tru? dwells 9 ! sun4 ,nay1 ,i beg9 to believe t ev5 ! future de/9y ( ! human race is prefigur$ 9 ! d>k oracul> utt]ances ( bodily creation4 ,ea* com+ spr+1 =c+ ! spr\ts ( plants out ( ! e>?1 gives me explanations ( ! awful riddle ( dea?1 & contradicts my anxi\s fe>s ab\t an ev]la/+ sleep4 ,! swall[ t we f9d /iff5$ 9 w9t]1 & see wak+ up to life aft]2 ! dead grub com+ to life aga9 z ! butt]fly & ris+ into ! air1--all ^! give excell5t pictures ( our immortality4 ,h[ /range all seems to me n[1 ,raphael6 ,n[ all seems peopl$ r\nd ab\t me4 ,to me !re is no solitude 9 nature4 ,:]ev] ,i see a body ,i anticipate a _s4 ,:]ev] ,i trace movem5t ,i inf] ?\ght4 ,:]e no dead lie buri$1 :]e no resurrection w be1 ,omnipot5ce speaks to me ?is ?r\gh ,8 works1 & ?us ,i und]/& ! doctr9e ( ! omnipres5ce ( ,god4 ,,idea4 ,all spirits are attract$ by p]fection4 ,!re may be deviations1 b !re is no exception to ?is1 = all /rive aft] ! condition ( ! highe/ & free/ ex]cise ( _! p[]s2 all possess ! common in/9ct ( ext5d+ _! sph]e ( action2 ( draw+ all1 & c5tr+ all 9 !mselves2 ( appropriat+ all t is good1 all t is ackn[l$g$ z *>m+ & excell5t4 ,:5 ! beautiful1 ! true1 & ! excell5t are once se51 !y are imm$iately grasp$ at4 ,a condition once p]ceiv$ by u1 we ent] into x imm$iately4 ,at ! mom5t :5 we ?9k ( !m1 we become possessors ( a virtue1 au?ors ( an action1 discov]]s ( a tru?1 possessors ( a happ9ess4 ,we ourselves become ! object p]ceiv$4 ,let no ambigu\s smile f y1 de> ,raphael1 disconc]t me "h1--?is assumption is ! basis on :i* ,i f\nd all t foll[s1 & we mu/ be agre$ be=e ,i take c\rage to complete ! /ructure4 ,8 inn] feel+ or innate consci\sness tells e man almo/ ! same ?+4 ,= example1 :5 we admire an act ( magnanimity1 ( brav]y & wisdom1 does n a secret feel+ spr+ up 9 our he>t t we are capable ( do+ ! same8 ,does n ! ru% ( blood color+ our *eeks on he>+ n>ratives ( ?is k9d proclaim t our mode/y trembles at ! admiration call$ =? by su* acts8 t we are confus$ at ! praise :i* ?is ennobl+ ( our nature mu/ call d[n ^u u8 ,ev5 our body at su* mom5ts agrees ) ! attitude ( ! man1 & %[s cle>ly t our s\l has pass$ into ! /ate we admire4 ,if y 7 ev] pres5t1 ,raphael1 :5 a great ev5t 0 relat$ to a l>ge assembly1 did y n see h[ ! relat] wait$ = ! inc5se ( praise1 h[ he dev\r$ x1 ?\gh x 0 giv5 to ! h]o ( 8 /ory1--& if y 7 ev] a relat] did y n trace h[ y\r he>t 0 subject to ?is pleas+ deception8 ,y h _h examples1 my de> ,raphael1 ( h[ easily ,i c wrangle ) my be/ fri5d respect+ ! read+ al\d ( a pleas+ anecdote or ( a beautiful poem1 & my he>t told me truly on ^! occasions t ,i 0 only displeas$ at y\r c>ry+ (f ! laurels because ^! pass$ f ! head ( au?or to t ( ! read]4 ,a quick & deep arti/ic appreciation ( virtue is ju/ly held to be a great aptitude = virtue1 9 ! same way z x is usual to h no scruple 9 di/ru/+ ! he>t ( a man ^: intellig5ce is sl[ to take 9 moral beauty4 ,y ne$ n advance z an objection t1 frequ5tly1 c\pl$ ) a lively p]ception ( a p]fection1 ! opposite fail+ is f\nd to co-exi/1 t evil-do]s are (t5 possess$ ) /rong en?usiasm = :at is excell5t1 & t ev5 ! weak flame up into en?usiasm ( h]culean gr[?4 ,i "k1 = example1 t our admir$ ,hall]1 :o unmask$ 9 s manly a _s ! sickly no?+ness ( va9 honors2 a man ^: philosophical greatness ,i s highly appreciat$1 t he 0 n great en\gh to despise ! /ill great] vanity ( an ord] ( knigh?ood1 :i* conf]r$ an injury on 8 greatness4 ,i am conv9c$ t 9 ! happy mom5t ( _! ideal conceptions1 ! arti/1 ! philosoph]1 & ! poet are really ! great & good man ^: image !y ?r[ out2 b ) _m ?is ennobl+ ( ! m9d is only an unnatural condition occasion$ by a m active /irr+ ( ! blood1 or a m rapid vibration ( ! fancy3 x is accord+ly v transi5t1 l e o!r en*antm5t1 disappe>+ rapidly & leav+ ! he>t m exhau/$ ?an be=e1 & deliv]$ ov] to ! despotic caprice ( l[ passions4 ,i expressly said m exhau/$ ?an be=e1 = univ]sal exp]i5ce tea*es t a relaps+ crim9al is always ! mo/ furi\s1 & t ! r5egades ( virtue seek additional sweets 9 ! arms ( crime to comp5sate = ! heavy pressure ( rep5tance4 ,i wi%$ to e/abli%1 my ,raphael1 t x is our own condition1 :5 we feel t ( ano!r1 t p]fection becomes ours = ! mom5t dur+ :i* we raise 9 ourselves ! repres5tation ( x2 t ! delight we take 9 tru?1 beauty1 & virtue %[s itself :5 closely analyz$ to be ! consci\sness ( our individual ennobl+ & enri*+2 & ,i ?9k ,i h prov$ ?is4 ,we h ideas ( ! wisdom ( ! highe/ ,be+1 ( ,8 goodness1 ( ,8 ju/ice1 b none ( ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,to describe ,8 omnipot5ce1 we help ourselves by ! graduat$ repres5tation ( ?ree successions3 ,no?+1 ,8 ,w1 & ,some?+4 ,x is wa/e & empty2 ,god calls on light2 & !re is light4 ,if we _h a real idea ( ,8 op]ative omnipot5ce we %\ld be creators1 z ,he4 ,accord+ly1 e p]fection :i* ,i p]ceive becomes my own2 x gives me joy1 because x is my own2 ,i desire x1 because ,i love myself4 ,p]fection 9 nature is no prop]ty ( matt]1 b ( spirits4 ,all spirits are happy ?r\gh _! p]fection4 ,i desire ! happ9ess ( all s\ls1 because ,i love myself4 ,! happ9ess :i* ,i repres5t to myself becomes my happ9ess2 accord+ly ,i am int]e/$ 9 awak5+ ^! repres5tations1 to realize !m1 to exalt !m2 ,i am int]e/$ 9 diffus+ happ9ess ar\nd me4 ,:5ev] ,i produce beauty1 excell5ce1 or enjoym5t beyond myself1 ,i produce myself2 :5 ,i neglect or de/roy any?+1 ,i neglect1 ,i de/roy myself4 ,i desire ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 because ,i desire my own2 & ! desire ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs we call b5evol5ce & love4 ,,love4 ,n[1 my mo/ wor?y ,raphael1 let me look r\nd4 ,! height has be5 asc5d$1 ! mi/ is dissipat$2 ,i /& 9 ! mid/ ( imm5sity1 z 9 ! middle ( a gl[+ l&scape4 ,a pur] ray ( sunlight has cl>ifi$ all my ?\ghts4 ,love is ! noble/ ph5om5on 9 ! _w ( s\ls1 ! all-p[]ful magnet 9 ! spiritual sph]e1 ! s\rce ( devotion & ( ! sublime/ virtue4 ,yet love is only ! reflection ( ?is s+le orig9al p[]1 an attraction ( ! excell5t1 bas$ ^u an in/antane\s p]mutation ( individuality1 an int]*ange ( be+4 ,:5 ,i hate1 ,i take some?+ f myself2 :5 ,i love1 ,i become ri*] by :at ,i love4 ,to p>don is to recov] a prop]ty t has be5 lo/4 ,misan?ropy is a protract$ suicide3 egotism is ! supreme/ pov]ty ( a creat$ be+4 ,:5 ,raphael tore himself f my embrace my s\l 0 r5t 9 twa91 & ,i weep ov] ! loss ( my nobl] half4 ,on t holy ev5+--y mu/ rememb] x--:5 our s\ls fir/ commun$ toge!r 9 ard5t sympa?y1 all y\r great emotions became my own1 & ,i only ent]$ into my unv>y+ "r ( prop]ty ov] y\r excell5ce2 ,i 0 pr\d] to love y ?an to be lov$ by y1 = my own affection _h *ang$ me into ,raphael4 ,0 x n ?is almighty in/9ct ,t =c$ our he>ts to meet ,9 ! et]nal bond ( love8 ,raphael6 enraptur$1 re/+ on y\r arm1 ,i v5ture1 joyful1 ! m>* t[>ds p]fection1 ,t leade? to ! spiritual sun4 ,happy6 happy6 ,i h f\nd !e1 ,h secur$ !e 'mid/ millions1 ,& ( all ?is multitude ?\ art m9e6 ,let ! wild *aos return2 ,let x ca/ adrift ! atoms6 ,=ev] our he>ts fly to meet ea* o!r4 ,mu/ ,i n draw reflections ( my ec/asy ,f ?y radiant1 ard5t eyes8 ,9 !e alone d ,i wond] at myself4 ,! e>? 9 bright] t9ts appe>s1 ,heav5 itself %9es 9 m gl[+ light1 ,se5 ?r\gh ! s\l & action ( my fri5d4 ,sorr[ drops ! load ( te>s2 ,soo!d1 x re/s f passion's /orms1 ,nurs$ ^u ! brea/ ( love4 ,nay1 delight gr[s torm5t1 & seeks ,my ,raphael1 bask+ 9 ?y s\l1 ,sweete/ sepul*re6 impati5tly4 ,if ,i alone /ood 9 ! great ,all ( ?+s1 ,dream$ ,i ( s\ls 9 ! v rocks1 ,&1 embrac+1 ,i w\ld h kiss$ !m4 ,i w\ld h sigh$ my compla9ts into ! air2 ,! *asms w\ld h answ]$ me4 ,o fool6 sweet sympa?y 0 e joy to me4 ,love does n exi/ betwe5 monoton\s s\ls1 giv+ out ! same tone2 x is f\nd betwe5 h>moni\s s\ls4 ,) pleasure ,i f9d aga9 my feel+s 9 ! mirror ( y\rs1 b ) m ard5t long+ ,i dev\r ! high] emotions t are want+ 9 me4 ,fri5d%ip & love are l$ by "o common rule4 ,! g5tle ,desdemona loves ,o!llo = ! dang]s ?r\gh :i* he has pass$2 ! manly ,o!llo loves h] = ! te>s t %e %$ he>+ ( 8 tr\bles4 ,!re are mom5ts 9 life :5 we are impell$ to press to our he>t e fl[]1 e remote />1 ea* worm1 & ! sublime/ _s we c ?9k (4 ,we are impell$ to embrace !m1 & all nature1 9 ! arms ( our affection1 z ?+s mo/ lov$4 ,y und]/& me1 ,raphael4 ,a man :o has advanc$ s f> z to read (f all ! beauty1 greatness1 & excell5ce 9 ! great & small ( nature1 & to f9d ! great unity = ?is manifold v>iety1 has advanc$ mu* ne>] to ! ,div9ity4 ,! great creation fl[s into 8 p]sonality4 ,if ea* man lov$ all m51 ea* individual w\ld possess ! :ole _w4 ,i fe> t ! philosophy ( our "t contradicts ?is doctr9e4 ,_m ( our ?9k+ bra9s h und]tak5 to drive out by mock]y ?is heav5ly in/9ct f ! human s\l1 to efface ! effigy ( ,deity 9 ! s\l1 & to dissolve ?is en]gy1 ?is noble en?usiasm1 9 ! cold1 kill+ brea? ( a pusillanim\s indiff]5ce4 ,"u ! slavi% influ5ce ( _! own unwor?9ess !y h ent]$ into t]ms ) self-int]e/1 ! dang]\s foe ( b5evol5ce2 !y h done ?is to expla9 a ph5om5on :i* 0 too godlike = _! n>r[ he>ts4 ,!y h spun _! com=tless doctr9e out ( a mis]able egotism1 & !y h made _! own limits ! measure ( ! ,creator2 deg5]ate slaves decry+ fre$om amid/ ! rattle ( _! own *a9s4 ,swift1 :o exagg]at$ ! follies ( m5 till he cov]$ ! :ole race ) infamy1 & wrote at l5g? 8 own "n on ! gall[s :i* he _h erect$ = x--ev5 ,swift c\ld n inflict su* deadly w\nds on human nature z ^! dang]\s ?9k]s1 :o1 lay+ great claim to p5etration1 adorn _! sy/em ) all ! speci\s appe>ance ( art1 & /r5g!n x ) all ! argum5ts ( self-int]e/4 ,:y %\ld ! :ole species suff] = ! %ortcom+s ( a few memb]s8 ,i admit freely t ,i believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a dis9t]e/$ love4 ,i am lo/ if ,i d n exi/2 ,i give up ! ,deity1 immortality1 & virtue4 ,i h no rema9+ pro( ( ^! hopes if ,i cease to believe 9 love4 ,a _s t loves itself alone is an atom giv+ out a sp>k 9 ! immeasurable wa/e ( space4 ,,sacrifice4 ,b love has produc$ effects t seem to contradict its nature4 ,x c be conceiv$ t ,i increase my own happ9ess by a sacrifice :i* ,i (f] = ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 b suppose ?is sacrifice is my life8 ,hi/ory has examples ( ?is k9d ( sacrifice1 & ,i feel mo/ vividly t x w\ld co/ me no?+ to die 9 ord] to save ,raphael4 ,h[ is x possible t we c hold dea? to be a means ( increas+ ! sum ( our enjoym5ts8 ,h[ c ! cessation ( my be+ be reconcil$ ) ! enri*+ ( my be+8 ,! assumption ( immortality removes ?is contradiction2 b x also displaces ! supreme gracefulness ( ?is act ( sacrifice4 ,! consid]ation ( a future rew>d excludes love4 ,!re mu/ be a virtue :i* ev5 )\t ! belief 9 immortality1 ev5 at ! p]il ( annihilation1 suffices to c>ry out ?is sacrifice4 ,i grant x is ennobl+ to ! human s\l to sacrifice pres5t enjoym5t = a future et]nal good2 x is ! noble/ degree ( egotism2 b egotism & love sep>ate humanity into two v unlike races1 ^: limits are nev] conf\nd$4 ,egotism erects its c5tre 9 itself2 love places x out ( itself 9 ! axis ( ! univ]sal :ole4 ,love aims at unity1 egotism at solitude4 ,love is ! citiz5 rul] ( a fl\ri%+ republic1 egotism is a despot 9 a deva/at$ creation4 ,egotism s[s = gratitude1 love = ! ungrateful4 ,love gives1 egotism l5ds2 & love does ?is be=e ! ?rone ( judicial tru?1 indiff]5t if = ! enjoym5t ( ! foll[+ mom5t1 or ) ! view to a m>tyr's cr[n--indiff]5t :e!r ! rew>d is 9 ?is life or 9 ! next4 ,?9k1 ,o ,raphael1 ( a tru? t b5efits ! :ole human race to remote ages2 add t ?is tru? condemns its confessor to dea?2 t ?is tru? c only be prov$ & believ$ if he dies4 ,conceive ?is man gift$ ) ! cle> all-embrac+ & illum9+ eye ( g5ius1 ) ! flam+ tor* ( en?usiasm1 ) all ! sublime adaptations = love2 let ! gr& ideal ( ?is great effect be pres5t$ to 8 s\l2 let him h only an obscure anticipation ( all ! happy be+s he w make2 let ! pres5t & future cr[d at ! same "t into 8 s\l2 & !n answ] me1--does ?is man require to be ref]r$ to a future life8 ,! sum ( all ^! emotions w become conf\nd$ ) 8 p]sonality2 w fl[ toge!r 9 8 p]sonal id5tity1 8 ,i or ,ego4 ,! human race he is ?9k+ ( is himself4 ,x is a body1 9 :i* 8 life swims =gott5 l a blood-drop1 =gott51 b ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! economy2 & h[ quickly & readily he w %$ x to secure 8 heal?4 ,,god4 ,all p]fections 9 ! univ]se are unit$ 9 ,god4 ,god & nature are two magnitudes :i* are q alike4 ,! :ole sum ( h>monic activity :i* exi/s toge!r 9 ! div9e sub/ance1 is 9 nature ! antitype ( ?is sub/ance1 unit$ to incalculable degrees1 & measures1 & /eps4 ,if ,i may be all[$ ?is expressive imag]y1 nature is an inf9itely divid$ ,god4 ,j z 9 ! prism a :ite ray ( light is split up into sev5 d>k] %ades ( color1 s ! div9e p]sonality or ,ego has be5 brok5 into c\ntless susceptible sub/ances4 ,z sev5 d>k] %ades melt toge!r 9 "o cle> p5cil ( light1 out ( ! union ( all ^! sub/ances a div9e be+ w\ld issue4 ,! exi/+ =m ( nature's fabric is ! optical glass1 & all ! activities ( spirits are only an endless play ( colors ( t simple div9e ray4 ,if x pleas$ ,omnipot5ce "s day to break up ?is prism1 ! b>ri] betwe5 x & ! _w w\ld fall d[n1 all spirits w\ld be absorb$ 9 "o inf9ite _s1 all accords w\ld fl[ toge!r 9 "o common h>mony1 all /reams w\ld f9d _! end 9 ! ocean4 ,! bodily =m ( nature came to pass ?r\gh ! attractive =ce ( ! elem5ts4 ,! attraction ( spirits1 v>i$ & develop$ inf9itely1 w\ld at l5g? lead to ! cessation ( t sep>ation 7or may ,i v5ture ! expression7 w\ld produce ,god4 ,an attraction ( ?is k9d is love4 ,accord+ly1 my de> ,raphael1 love is ! ladd] by :i* we climb up to lik5ess to ,god4 ,unconsci\sly to ourselves1 )\t lay+ claim to x1 we aim at ?is4 ,lifeless masses are we1 :5 we hate2 ,gods1 :5 we cl+ 9 love to "o ano!r1 ,rejoic+ 9 ! g5tle bond ( love4 ,upw>ds ?is div9e/ impulse holde? sway ,?r\gh ! ?\s&fold degrees ( creation ,( c\ntless spirits :o did n create4 ,arm-9-arm1 high] & /ill high]1 ,f ! savage to ! ,grecian se]1 ,:o is l9k$ to ! la/ s]aph ( ! r+1 ,we turn1 ( "o m9d1 9 ! same magic dance1 ,till measure1 & e'en "t itself1 ,s9k at dea? 9 ! b\ndless1 gl[+ sea4 ,fri5dless 0 ! great _w's ,ma/]2 ,& feel+ ?is1 he made ! _s _w ,bless$ mirrors ( 8 own bless$ness6 ,& ?\gh ! ,highe/ f\nd no equal1 ,yet inf9itude foams upw>d unto ,him ,f ! va/ bas9 ( creation's realm4 ,love is1 ,raphael1 ! great secret t c re/ore ! di%onor$ k+ ( gold f ! flat1 unpr(itable *alk2 t c save ! et]nal f ! temporal & transi5t1 & ! great oracle ( duration f ! consum+ conflagration ( "t4 ,:at does all t has be5 said am\nt to8 ,if we p]ceive excell5ce1 x is ours4 ,let u become intimate ) ! high ideal unity1 & we %all be drawn to "o ano!r 9 bro!rly love4 ,if we plant beauty & joy we %all reap beauty & joy4 ,if we ?9k cle>ly we %all love ard5tly4 8,be ye p]fect1 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect10 says ! ,f\nd] ( our ,fai?4 ,weak human nature turn$ pale at ?is comm&1 !re=e ,he expla9$ himself 9 cle>] t]ms3 8,love "o ano!r60 ,wisdom1 ) ?y sunlike look1 ,awful goddess6 turn !e back1 ,& give way to ,love2 ,:o be=e !e w5t1 ) h]o he>t1 ,up ! /eep & /ormy pa? ,to ! ,godhead's v ?rone2 ,:o1 unveil+ ! ,holie/1 ,%[$ to !e ,elysium ,?r\gh ! vault$ sepul*re4 ,did x n invite u 98 ,c\ld we rea* immortality-- ,or c\ld we seek ! _s ,)\t ,love1 ! _s's ma/]8 ,love1 ,love leade? only to ,nature's ,fa!r1 ,only love ! spirits4 ,i h n[ giv5 y1 ,raphael1 my _s's confession ( fai?--a fly+ outl9e ( ! creation ,i h und]tak54 ,z y may p]ceive1 ! se$ :i* y scatt]$ 9 my s\l took root4 ,mock1 or rejoice1 or blu% at y\r s*ol>1 z y please4 ,c]ta9 x is ?is philosophy has ennobl$ my he>t1 & ext5d$ & beautifi$ ! p]spective ( my life4 ,x is possible1 my excell5t fri5d1 t ! entire /ructure ( my conclusions may h be5 a baseless & vision>y edifice4 ,p]haps ! _w1 z ,i depict$ x1 n[h]e exi/s1 save 9 ! bra9 ( y\r ,julius4 ,p]haps1 aft] ! lapse ( ?\s&s on ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :5 ! wis] ,judge promis$ 9 ! future1 sits on ! judgm5t-seat1 at ! sight ( ! true orig9al1 fill$ ) confusion1 ,i %\ld te> 9 pieces my s*oolboy's design4 ,all ?is may happ5--,i expect x2 & ev5 if n a ve/ige ( reality is f\nd 9 my dream1 ! reality w fill me ) proportionately great] delight & wond]4 ,ought my ideas to be m beautiful ?an ^? ( ! ,creator8 ,h[ s8 ,c\ld we tol]ate t ,8 exalt$ arti/ic /ructure %\ld fall b5ea? ! expectations ( a mortal connoisseur8 ,?is is exactly ! fi]y probation ( ,8 great p]fection1 & ! sweete/ triumph = ! ,exalt$ ,_s1 t false conclusions & deception d n injure ,8 ackn[l$gm5t2 t all tortu\s deviations ( ! w&]+ reason at l5g? /rike into ! /raight road ( ev]la/+ tru?2 t all div]g+ arms & curr5ts ultimately meet 9 ! ma9 /ream4 ,:at an idea1 ,raphael1 ,i =m ( ! ,great ,arti/1 :o1 diff]5tly trave/i$ 9 a ?\s& copies1 /ill reta9s id5tical features 9 all ?is div]sity1 f :i* ev5 ! depreciat+ h& ( a blund]] _c remove admiration4 ,moreov]1 my repres5tation may c]ta9ly be fallaci\s1 :olly an inv5tion1--nay1 ,i am p]suad$ t x mu/ necess>ily be s2 & yet x is possible t all results ( ?is may come to pass4 ,all great sages are agre$ t our :ole k moves on ultimately to a conv5tional deception1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 ! /ricte/ tru? c co-exi/4 ,our pure/ ideas are by no means images ( ?+s1 b only _! signs or symbols det]m9$ by necessity1 & co-exi/+ ) !m4 ,nei!r ,god1 nor ! human s\l1 nor ! _w1 are really :at we consid] !m4 ,our ?\ghts ( ^! are only ! endemic =ms 9 :i* ! planet we inhabit h&s !m to u4 ,our bra9 belongs to ?is planet2 accord+ly1 also1 ! idioms ( our ideas1 :i* are treasur$ up 9 x4 ,b ! p[] ( ! s\l is peculi>1 necess>y1 & always consi/5t3 ! caprici\s nature ( ! mat]ials ?r\gh :i* x f9ds expression *anges no?+ 9 ! et]nal laws1 z long z ?is caprici\sness does n /& 9 contradiction ) itself1 & s long z ! sign rema9s true to ! ?+ x designates4 ,z ! ?9k+ p[] develops ! relations ( ! idioms1 ^! relations ( ?+s mu/ also really be pres5t 9 !m4 ,!re=e1 tru? is no prop]ty ( ! idioms1 b ( ! conclusion2 x is n ! lik5ess ( ! sign ) ! ?+ signifi$1 ( ! conception ) ! object2 b ! agreem5t ( ?is conception ) ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! doctr9e ( quantity makes use ( cyph]s :i* are n[h]e pres5t1 except ^u pap]1 & yet x f9ds ) !m :at is pres5t 9 ! _w ( reality4 ,= example1 :at resemblance is !re betwe5 ! lett]s ,a & ,b1 ! signs3 & 1 1 & -1 & ! fact t has to be asc]ta9$8 ,yet ! comet1 =etold c5turies be=e1 advances f a remote corn] ( ! heav5s1 & ! expect$ planet eclipses ! disk at ! prop] "t4 ,tru/+ to ! infallibility ( 8 calculation1 ! discov]] ,columbus plunges into unkn[n regions ( ! sea to seek ! miss+ o!r half ( ! kn[n hemisph]e--! great isl& ( ,atlantis--to fill up a blank 9 8 geographical map4 ,he f\nd ?is isl& ( 8 pap] calculation1 & 8 calculation 0 "r4 ,w\ld x h be5 less great if a ho/ile /orm _h %att]$ 8 fleet or driv5 x back8 ,! human m9d makes a simil> calculation :5 x measures ! sup]s5sual by means ( ! s5sible1 & :5 ma!matics applies its conclusions to ! hidd5 physics ( ! sup]human4 ,b ! la/ te/ ( its calculations is /ill want+1 = no travell] has come back f t l& to relate 8 discov]y4 ,human nature has its prop] b\nds1 & s also has ! individual4 ,we w give ea* o!r mutual com=t respect+ ! =m]3 ,raphael w conc$e ?is to ! boyi% age ( 8 ,julius4 ,i am poor 9 conceptions1 a /rang] 9 _m bran*es ( k :i* are ?\ght to be ess5tial 9 inquiries ( ?is nature4 ,i h n belong$ to any philosophical s*ool1 nor h ,i read _m pr9t$ books4 ,x may q well be t ,i occasionally sub/itute my fancies 9 ! place ( /rict] logical pro(s1 t ,i mi/ake ! ru% ( my blood or ! hopes ( my he>t = s\nd wisdom2 yet1 my de> fri5d1 y mu/ n grudge me ! mom5ts ,i h ?us lo/4 ,x is a real ga9 = univ]sal p]fection3 x 0 ! provision ( ! ,wise/ ,_s t ! err+ reason %\ld also p ! *aotic _w ( dreams1 & make fruitful ev5 ! b>r5 gr\nd ( contradiction4 ,x is n only ! me*anical arti/ :o poli%es ! r\gh diamond into a brilliant :om we ought to value1 b also t "o :o ennobles m]e ord9>y /ones by giv+ !m ! app>5t dignity ( ! diamond4 ,! indu/ry display$ 9 ! =ms may sometimes make u =get ! massive tru? ( ! sub/ance4 ,is n e ex]cise ( ! ?9k+ p[]1 e %>p5+ ( ! edge ( ! _s1 a little /ep t[>ds its p]fection2 & e p]fection has to obta9 a be+ & sub/antial exi/5ce 9 a complete & p]fect _w4 ,reality is n conf9$ to ! absolutely necess>y2 x also embraces ! conditionally necess>y3 e (fspr+ ( ! bra91 e "w elaborat$ by ! wit1 has an irresi/ible "r ( citiz5%ip 9 ?is wid] acceptation ( creation4 ,9 ! measureless plan ( nature no activity 0 to be left out1 no degree ( enjoym5t 0 to be want+ 9 univ]sal happ9ess4 ,! great ,inv5tive ,_s w\ld n ev5 p]mit error to be wa/$1 nor all[ ?is wide _w ( ?\ght to rema9 empty & *aotic 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,= ! ,great ,rul] ( ,8 _w does n ev5 all[ a /raw to fall )\t use1 leaves no space un9habit$ :]e life may be enjoy$2 = ,he conv]ts ! v poison ( man into ! food ( vip]s2 ,he ev5 raises plants f ! realm ( corruption1 & hospitably grants ! little glimm] ( pleasure t c co-exi/ ) madness4 ,he turns crime & folly into excell5ce1 & weaves out ( ! v vices ( a ,t>qu9 ! great idea ( ! univ]sal mon>*y ( ,rome4 ,e facility ( ! reason1 ev5 9 error1 increases its read9ess to accept tru?4 ,de> fri5d ( my s\l1 suff] me to add my contribution to ! great wo( ( human wisdom4 ,! image ( ! sun is reflect$ diff]5tly 9 ! dewdrop & 9 ! maje/ic mirror ( ! wide-/ret*+ ocean4 ,%ame to ! turbid1 murky swamp1 :i* nev] receives & nev] reflects ?is image6 ,millions ( plants dr9k f ! f\r elem5ts ( nature2 a magaz9e ( supplies is op5 = all3 b !y mix _! sap 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 & return x 9 a ?\s& new =ms4 ,! mo/ beautiful v>iety proclaims a ri* ,"l ( ?is h\se4 ,!re are f\r elem5ts f :i* all spirits draw _! supplies3 _! ,ego or individuality1 ,nature1 ,god1 & ! ,future4 ,all int]m+le 9 millions ( ways & (f] !mselves 9 a million diff]5ces ( result3 b "o tru? rema9s :i*1 l a firm axis1 goes ?r\gh all religions & sy/ems--draw nigh to ! ,godhead ( :om y ?9k6 ,,lett] ,v4 ,raphael to ,julius4 ,x w\ld be v un=tunate1 my de> ,julius1 if !re 7 no o!r way ( quiet+ y ?an by re/or+ ! fir/ fruits ( y\r belief 9 y4 ,i f\nd ) delight ^! ideas1 :i* ,i saw ga9+ 9 y1 writt5 d[n 9 y\r pap]s4 ,!y are wor?y ( a s\l l y\rs1 b y c\ld n rema9 /ation>y 9 !m4 ,!re are joys = e age & enjoym5ts = ea* degree ( spirits4 ,x mu/ h be5 a difficult ?+ = y to sev] y\rself f a sy/em t 0 entirely made to meet ! wants ( y\r he>t4 ,i w\ld wag] t no o!r sy/em w /rike su* deep roots 9 y1 &1 possibly1 if left q to y\r own direction1 y w\ld soon] or lat] become reconcil$ to y\r favorite ideas4 ,y w\ld soon rem>k ! weakness ( ! opposite sy/em1 & !n1 if bo? sy/ems appe>$ equally defici5t 9 pro(1 y w\ld pref] ! mo/ desirable "o1 or1 p]haps1 y w\ld f9d new argum5ts to pres]ve at lea/ ! ess5tial features ( y\r =m] !ory1 ev5 if a few m d\btful po9ts _h to be giv5 up4 ,b all ?is is remote f my plan4 ,y mu/ arrive at a high] fre$om ( m9d1 :]e y no long] require support4 ,i grant t ?is is n ! affair ( a mom5t4 ,! fir/ aim ( ! e>lie/ tea*+ is commonly ! subjugation ( ! m9d1 & among all ! artifices ( ! art ( education ?is g5]ally succe$s ! fir/4 ,ev5 y1 ?\gh end[$ ) great ela/icity ( "*1 yet appe> de/9$ to submit readily to ! sway ( op9ions1 & ev5 m incl9$ to ?is ?an ?\s&s2 & ?is /ate ( infancy might la/ v long ) y1 z y d n readily feel ! oppression ( x4 ,y\r head & he>t are 9 v close connection4 ,a doctr9e is sweet to y on acc\nt ( ! tea*]4 ,y soon succe$$ 9 f9d+ an int]e/+ side 9 ?is doctr9e1 y ennobl$ x accord+ to ! wants ( y\r he>t1 & y suff]$ y\r m9d to be resign$ to o!r po9ts t mu/ ne$s appe> /range to y4 ,y reg>d$ attacks on ?is doctr9e z boyi% rev5ge tak5 by a slavi% s\l aga9/ ! rod ( its tutor4 ,y play$ ) y\r *a9s1 :i* y ?\ght y c>ri$ by y\r own free w4 ,i f\nd y 9 ?is situation1 & ! sight gave me pa9--h[1 9 ! mid/ ( ! enjoym5t ( y\r gl[+ life1 & :ile giv+ expression to y\r noble/ p[]s1 y 7 hemm$ 9 by n>r[ consid]ations4 ,! v logical consi/5cy ) :i* y act$ accord+ to y\r convictions1 & ! /r5g? ( s\l t made e sacrifice light to y1 7 tw(old h9d]ances to y\r activity & to y\r joys4 ,i !n resolv$ to set aside ^! clumsy ef=ts by :i* x _h be5 endeavor$ to cramp a s\l l y\rs 9 ! measure ( ord9>y natures4 ,! result ( y\r fir/ ex]tions favor$ my int5tions4 ,i admit t y\r imag9ation 0 m actively employ$ ^u ! "w ?an 0 y\r p5etration4 ,! loss ( y\r fonde/ convictions 0 m ?an aton$ = by y\r pres5tim5ts1 :i* ga!r$ results mu* m rapidly ?an ! tortoise pace ( cold sci5tific inquiry1 pass+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,y\r k9d ( inspir$ sy/em gave y y\r fir/ enjoym5t 9 ?is new field ( activity1 & ,i 0 v c>eful n to de/roy a welcome en?usiasm :i* 0 v favorable to ! developm5t ( y\r excell5t disposition4 ,! sc5e is n[ *ang$4 ,a return into ! re/rictions ( infancy is clos$ =ev]4 ,y\r way leads onw>ds1 & y require no fur!r precautions4 ,y mu/ n be surpris$ to f9d t a sy/em su* z y\rs _c resi/ ! se>*+ ( a sev]e criticism4 ,all essays ( ?is k9d1 equal 9 bread? & boldness to y\rs1 h _h no o!r fate4 ,x 0 also mo/ natural t y\r philosophical progress began ) y individually1 z ) ! human race 9 g5]al4 ,! fir/ object on :i* man's _s ( inquiry fir/ attempt$ its /r5g? 01 at all times1 ! univ]se4 ,hypo!ses relat+ to ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & ! comb9ation ( its p>ts1 _h occupi$ ! greate/ ?9k]s = ages1 :5 ,socrates call$ d[n ! philosophy ( 8 day f heav5 to e>?4 ,b ! limits ( human wisdom 7 too n>r[ = ! pr\d intellect ( 8 foll[]s4 ,new sy/ems arose on ! ru9s ( ! =m] ones4 ,! p5etrat+ m9d ( subsequ5t ages explor$ ! immeasurable field ( possible answ]s to ^? ev]-recurr+ que/ions1 be>+ on ! my/]i\s int]ior ( nature1 :i* c\ld n be disclos$ by any human intellect4 ,"s1 inde$1 succe$$ 9 giv+ a c]ta9 color+ ( di/9ctness1 complet5ess1 & evid5ce to _! views4 ,!re are _m conjur+ tricks by :i* ! pride ( reason seeks to avoid ! disgrace ( n be+ able to exce$ ! b\nds ( human nature 9 ext5d+ ! circle ( its k4 ,x is a frequ5t conceit ) m5 to believe t !y h discov]$ new tru?s1 :5 !y h dissect$ a conception into ! sep>ate elem5ts out ( :i* x 0 fir/ comp\nd$ by an act ( caprice4 ,n unfrequ5tly an imp]ceptible assumption lies at ! basis ( a *a9 ( consequ5ces1 ^: breaks & defici5cies are cunn+ly conceal$1 :ile ! false conclusions are admir$ z sublime wisdom4 ,9 o!r cases1 p>tial exp]i5ces are accumulat$ to f\nd a hypo!sis1 & all contradictory ph5om5a are ei!r ignor$1 or ! mean+ ( words is *ang$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! reason+4 ,nor is x only ! philosophical quack :o employs ^! conjur+ tricks to deceive ! public2 )\t be+ consci\s ( x1 ! mo/ upright & ! lea/ prejudic$ ?9k] uses analog\s means to satisfy 8 ?ir/ = k directly t he issues f ! only sph]e :]e reason c legitimately enjoy ! fruit ( its activity4 ,aft] :at y h he>d me say on =m] occasions1 ,julius1 ^! expressions mu/ cause y no little a/oni%m5t2 yet !y are n ! product ( a sceptical caprice4 ,i c\ld lay be=e y ! f\ndations on :i* !y re/1 b ?is w\ld require1 z prelude1 a some:at dry exam9ation into ! nature ( human k1--& ,i pref] to res]ve ?is = a "t :5 y w feel ! want ( x4 ,y h n yet arriv$ at t /ate ( m9d :5 humiliat+ tru?s on ! limits ( human k c h any int]e/ = y4 ,make a fir/ essay ) ! sy/em :i* has supplant$ y\r own 9 y\r m9d4 ,exam9e x ) ! same imp>tiality z sev]ity4 ,proce$ 9 ! same mann] ) o!r !ories ) :i* y h rec5tly become acqua9t$2 & if none ( !m c fully satisfy y\r requirem5ts1 y w ask y\rself if1 aft] all1 ^! requirem5ts are reasonable4 ,p]haps y w tell me ?is is a poor consolation4 ,y w inf] t resignation is y\r only refuge aft] s _m brilliant hopes _h be5 rais$4 8,0 x wor? :ile10 y w say1 8to *all5ge me to a full ex]cise ( my reason 9 ord] to set b\nds to x at ! v mom5t :5 x 0 beg9n+ to be> ! noble/ fruit8 ,0 ,i only to become acqua9t$ ) a high] enjoym5t 9 ord] to feel ) a d\ble ke5ness h[ pa9ful x is to be ?us b\nd$80 ,nev]!less1 x is ?is v feel+ ( disc\ragem5t t ,i expressly wi% to bani% f y\r s\l4 ,my aim is ?is3 to remove all t places an ob/acle to ! free enjoym5t ( y\r be+1 to br+ to life 9 y ! g]m ( all l(ty inspiration--! consci\sness ( ! nobility ( y\r s\l4 ,y h be5 awak5$ f ! slumb] 9 :i* y 7 rock$ by ! slav]y ( o!rs' op9ions2 b y w\ld nev] rea* ! degree ( gr&eur to :i* y are call$ if y dissipat$ y\r /r5g? 9 ! pursuit ( an unatta9able end4 ,?is c\rse 0 all prop] up to ! pres5t "t2 x 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( y\r rec5tly acquir$ fre$om4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! ideas :i* _h mo/ engag$ y previ\sly %\ld give ! fir/ impulse to ! activity ( y\r m9d4 ,among all possible directions t y\r m9d c\ld take1 is its pres5t c\rse ! mo/ f]tile 9 results8 ,! answ] w\ld be giv51 soon] or lat]1 by y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,my "p 0 conf9$ to ha/5+1 if possible1 ?is crisis4 ,x is a common prejudice to take z a measure ( ! greatness ( man t matt] on :i* he works1 & n ! mann] ( 8 "w4 ,b x is c]ta9 t a sup]ior ,be+ honors ! /amp ( p]fection ev5 9 ! mo/ limit$ sph]e1 :il/ ,he ca/s an eye ( pity on ! va9 attempts ( ! insect :i* seeks to ov]look ! univ]se4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ,i am especially unwill+ to agree to ! proposition 9 y\r pap]s1 :i* assumes t ! high de/9y ( man is to detect ! _s ( ! ,div9e ,arti/ 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,to express ! activity ( inf9ite p]fection1 ,i admit t ,i d n "k any sublim] image ?an art2 b y appe> to h ov]look$ an important di/9ction4 ,! univ]se is n ! pure expression ( an ideal1 l ! accompli%$ "w ( a human arti/4 ,! latt] gov]ns despotically ! inanimate matt] :i* he uses to give a body to 8 ideas4 ,b 9 ! div9e "w ! prop] value ( ea* "o ( its p>ts is respect$1 & ?is cons]vative respect ) :i* ! ,great ,ar*itect honors e g]m ( activity1 ev5 9 ! l[lie/ creature1 glorifies x z mu* z ! h>mony ( ! immeasurable :ole4 ,life & lib]ty to all possible ext5t are ! seal ( div9e creation2 n[h]e is x m sublime ?an :]e x seems to h dep>t$ mo/ widely f its ideal4 ,b x is precisely ?is highe/ p]fection t prev5ts u f grasp+ ! limits 9 :i* we are at pres5t conf9$4 ,we embrace only too small a "p ( ! univ]se1 & ! explanation ( mo/ ( its discords is inaccessible to our faculties4 ,ea* /ep we climb 9 ! scale ( be+ w make u m susceptible ( ^! enjoym5ts ( art2 b ev5 !n _! only value w be t ( means1 & to excite u to an analog\s ex]cise ( our activity4 ,! idle admiration ( a greatness =eign to ourselves c nev] be a great m]it4 ,a sup]ior man is nev] want+ 9 matt] = 8 activity1 nor 9 ! =ces necess>y to become himself a creator 9 8 sph]e4 ,?is vocation is y\rs also1 ,julius2 :5 y h recogniz$ ?is y w nev] h a ?\ght ( compla9+ ( ! limits t y\r desire ( k _c ov]/ep4 ,:5 y h arriv$ at ?is conviction ,i expect to f9d y :olly reconcil$ to me4 ,y mu/ fir/ "k fully ! ext5t ( y\r /r5g? be=e y c appreciate ! value ( its free/ manife/ation4 ,till !n1 cont9ue to be dissatisfi$ ) me1 b d n despair ( y\rself4 ,,on ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,spiritual ,,nature ,,9 ,,man4 8,x behooves u to cle>ly realize1 z ! broad facts :i* h mo/ wide-rea*+ consequ5ces 9 m5tal physiology & pa?ology1 t all p>ts ( ! body1 ! highe/ & ! l[e/1 h a sympa?y ) "o ano!r m intellig5t ?an consci\s intellig5ce c yet1 or p]haps ev] w1 conceive2 t !re is n an organic motion1 visible or invisible1 s5sible or ins5sible1 m9i/rant to ! noble/ or to ! mo/ humble purposes1 :i* does n "w its appo9t$ effect 9 ! complex recesses ( ! m9d1 & t ! m9d1 z ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( organization1 & ! consummation & outcome ( all its en]gies1 really compreh5ds ! bodily life40--,,mawdesley1 ,body & ,m9d4 8,x is an indisputable tru? t :at we call ! mat]ial _w is only kn[n to u "u ! =ms ( ! ideal _w1 &1 z ,desc>tes tells u1 our k ( ! s\l is m intimate & c]ta9 ?an our k ( ! body40--,,huxley4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,_m philosoph]s h ass]t$ t ! body is1 z x 71 ! prison-h\se ( ! _s1 hold+ x only too firmly to :at is e>?ly1 & *eck+ its s-call$ flight t[>ds p]fection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 held by ano!r philosophic s*ool t k & virtue are n s mu* an end z a means t[>ds happ9ess1 & t ! :ole p]fection ( man culm9ates 9 ! amelioration ( 8 body4 ,bo? op9ions1#ah me?9ks1 are "o-sid$4 ,! latt] sy/em has almo/ entirely disappe>$ f our s*emes ( e?ics & philosophy1 & is1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 n seldom ca/ out ) ov]-fanatical zeal--7no?+ assur$ly is s dang]\s to tru? z :5 "o-sid$ op9ions meet ) "o-sid$ oppon5ts74 ,! =m] sy/em has on ! :ole be5 m pati5tly endur$1 s9ce x has ! greate/ capacity = w>m+ ! he>t t[>ds virtue1 & has already ju/ifi$ its value 9 ! case ( truly great s\ls4 ,:o is !re t does n admire ! /r5g? ( m9d ( a ,cato1 ! l(ty virtue ( a ,brutus & ,aurelius1 ! equanimity ( an ,epictetus & a ,s5eca8 ,b1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ! sy/em 9 "q is no?+ m ?an a beautiful ab]ration ( ! und]/&+1 a real extreme1 :i* 9 its wild en?usiasm und]rates "o "p ( our human nature1 & desires to raise u into ! ord] ( ideal be+s )\t at ! same "t reliev+ u ( our humanity1--a sy/em :i* runs directly contr>y to all t we hi/orically "k or philosophically c expla9 ei!r ( ! evolution ( ! s+le man or ( t ( ! entire race1 & c 9 no way be reconcil$ ) ! limitations ( our human s\l4 ,x is !re=e "h1 z ev]1 ! wise/ plan to hold ! balance betwe5 ! two op9ions1 & ?us rea* ) great] c]ta9ty ! middle l9e ( tru?4 ,b1 inasmu* z a mi/ake has v (t5 be5 committ$ by treat+ ! m5tal p[]s 9 an exclusive way1 t is1 9 s f> z !y c be consid]$ 9 indep5d5ce ( ! body1 & ?r\gh an int5tional subord9ation ( ?is same body1 ! aim ( ?is pres5t essay w be to br+ into a cle>] light ! rem>kable contributions made by ! body to ! work+s ( ! s\l1 & ! great & real influ5ce ( ! animal sy/em ( s5sations ^u ! spiritual4 ,b ?is is z l ! philosophy ( ,epicurus z ! hold+ ( virtue to be ! summum bonum is /oicism4 ,be=e we seek to discov] ^? high] moral ends :i* ! animal nature assi/s u 9 atta9+ to1 we mu/ e/abli% _! physical necessity1 & come to an agreem5t z to "s fundam5tal conceptions4 ,,physical ,,connection4 ,,! ,,animal ,,nature ,,/r5g!ns ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,_s4 #b4--,organism ( ! ,op]ations ( ! ,s\l--( its ,ma9t5ance & ,support--( ,g5]ation4 ,all ^? conditions :i* we accept z requisite to ! p]fection ( man 9 ! moral & mat]ial _w may be includ$ 9 "o fundam5tal s5t5ce3 ,! p]fection ( man consi/s 9 8 ability to ex]cise 8 p[]s 9 ! obs]vation ( ! plan ( ! _w2 & s9ce betwe5 ! measure ( ! p[] & ! end t[>ds :i* x works !re mu/ exi/ ! complete/ h>mony1 p]fection w consi/ 9 ! highe/ possible activity ( 8 p[]s1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 _! mutual subord9ation4 ,b ! action ( ! human s\l is--f a necessity :i* ,i d n und]/&--b\nd fa/ to ! action ( matt]4 ,! *anges 9 ! _w ( matt] mu/ be modifi$ &1 s to speak1 ref9$ by a peculi> class ( second>y p[]s--,i mean ! s5ses--be=e !y c produce 9 me any correspond+ ideas2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a fre% set ( organic p[]s1 ! ag5ts ( volunt>y movem5ts1 mu/ come into play betwe5 ! inn] _s & ! outw>d _w 9 ord] to make ! *anges ( ! =m] tell ^u ! latt]2 ?us mu/ ! op]ations ( ?9k+ & s5sation alike correspond to c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! int]nal s5sorium4 ,all ?is goes to make up ! organism ( ! s\l's activities4 ,b matt] is spoil /ol5 f ! et]nal *ange1 & we>s itself away1 ev5 z x works2 9 its movem5t its v elem5t is driv5 f its grooves1 *as$ away & lo/4 ,because n[1 on ! contr>y1 t simple ess5ce1 ! s\l1 possesses 9 itself p]man5ce & /ability1 & 9 its ess5ce nei!r ga9s nor loses aught1--matt] _c keep /ep ) ! activity ( ! _s1 & !re w\ld ?us soon be an end ( ! organism ( spiritual life1 & !re) ( all action ( ! s\l4 ,to prev5t :i* !re mu/ be add$ to ! fir/ sy/em ( organic p[]s a second "o1 :i* %all make good ! losses su/a9$1 & su/a9 ! decay by a *a9 ( new creations ready to take ! place ( ^? t h gone4 ,?is is ! organism ( ma9t5ance4 ,/ill fur!r4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ( activity1 :5 ! equal balance ( loss & rep>ation is once remov$1 man quits ! /age ( life1 & ! law ( mortality depopulates ! e>?4 ,!re is n room en\gh = ! multitude ( s5ti5t be+s1 :om et]nal love & wisdom seem$ to h call$ to a happy exi/5ce1 to live side by side )9 ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( our _w1 & ! life ( "o g5]ation %uts out ! life ( ano!r4 ,!re=e 0 x necess>y t new m5 %\ld appe>1 to take ! place ( ^? :o _h dep>t$1 & t life %\ld be kept up 9 unbrok5 succession4 ,b ( creation !re is no long] any trace2 :at n[ becomes new becomes s only by developm5t4 ,! developm5t ( man mu/ come to pass ?r\gh man1 if x is to be> a proportion to ! orig9al numb]1 if man is to be cultivat$ into man4 ,on ?is acc\nt a new sy/em ( organic p[]s 0 add$ to ! two t _h prec$$ x1 :i* _h = its object to quick5 & to develop ! se$ ( humanity4 ,?is is ! organism ( g5]ation4 ,^! ?ree organisms1 br\ght into ! mo/ ?or\gh connection1 local & real1 g to =m ! human body4 #c4--,! ,body4 ,! organic p[]s ( ! human body naturally divide !mselves into two pr9cipal classes4 ,! fir/ class embraces ^? :i* no kn[n laws & ph5om5a ( ! physical _w enable u to compreh5d2 & to ^! belong ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves & ! irritability ( ! muscles4 ,inasmu* z x has hi!rto be5 impossible to p5etrate ! economy ( ! invisible1 m5 h s\ght to int]pret ?is unkn[n me*anism ?r\gh t ) :i* !y 7 already famili>1 & h consid]$ ! n]ves z a canal conduct+ an excessively f9e1 volatile1 & active fluid1 :i* 9 rapidity ( motion & f95ess 0 held to excel e!r & ! electric sp>k4 ,?is fluid 0 held to be ! pr9ciple & au?or ( our s5sibility & p[] ( motion1 & h5ce receiv$ ! "n ( ! _s ( life4 ,fur!r1 ! irritability ( ! muscles 0 held to consi/ 9 a c]ta9 ef=t to contract !mselves on ! t\* ( "s ext]nal provocation4 ,^! two pr9ciples g to =m ! specific "* ( animal organism4 ,! second class ( p[]s embraces ^? :i* we c acc\nt = by ! univ]sally-kn[n laws ( physics4 ,among ^! ,i reckon ! me*anism ( motion1 & ! *emi/ry ( ! human body1 ! s\rce ( vegetable life4 ,vegetation1 !n1 & animal me*anism1 ?or\ghly m+l$1 =m ! prop] physical life ( ! human body4 #d4--;,animal ,life4 ,?is is n yet all4 ,s9ce loss or mis=tune1 :5 x occurs1 falls m or less )9 ! w-p[] ( ! _s1 ! _s mu/ be able to make "s comp5sation = x4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! body is subject$ to all ! consequ5ces ( ?is connection1 & 9 ! circle ( circum/ances is expos$ to c\ntless ho/ile =ces1 x mu/ be )9 ! p[] ( ! s\l to protect ! body aga9/ ^! h>mful influ5ces1 & to br+ x into su* relations ) ! physical _w z %all t5d mo/ to its pres]vation4 ,! s\l mu/ !re=e be consci\s ( ! pres5t evil or good /ate ( its organs2 f a bad /ate x mu/ draw dissatisfaction1 f a good /ate satisfaction1 s t x may ei!r reta9 or remove ! condition1 seek x or fly f x4 ,"h !n we h ! organism at once & closely l9k$ to ! s5sational capacity1 & ! s\l drawn into ! s]vice ( ! body4 ,we h n[ some?+ m ?an vegetation1 some?+ m ?an a dead model & ! me*anism ( n]ves & muscles4 ,n[ we h animal life4#ai ,a heal?y condition ( our animal life is1 z we "k1 mo/ important = ! heal?y condition ( our spiritual life2 & we d>e nev] ignore ! animal life s long z we are n quit ( x4 ,x mu/ !re=e possess a firm f\ndation1 n easily mov$2 t is1 ! s\l mu/ be fitt$ & prep>$ = ! actions ( our bodily life by an irresi/ible p[]4 ,7 !n ! s5sations ( our animal loss or well-be+ to become spiritual p]ceptions1 & _h !y to be creat$ by ?\ght1 h[ (t5 w\ld ! s\l be obscur$ by ! ov]:elm+ blaze ( passion2 h[ (t5 /ifl$ by laz9ess & /upidity2 h[ (t5 ov]look$ 9 ! absorptions & di/ractions ( bus9ess6 ,fur!r1 w\ld n1 9 ?is case1 ! mo/ p]fect k ( 8 economy be dem&$ ( ! animal man--w\ld n ! *ild ne$ to be a ma/] 9 a bran* ( k 9 :i*1 aft] fifty ye>s ( inve/igation1 ,h>vey1 ,bo]haave1 & ,hall] 7 only beg9n]s8 ,! s\l c\ld ?us h positively no idea ( ! condition %e 0 call$ ^u to alt]4 ,h[ %all %e become acqua9t$ ) x8 h[ %all %e beg9 to act at all8 #e4--;,animal ,s5sations4 ,s f> we h met ) su* s5sations only z !y take _! rise 9 an antec$5t op]ation ( ! und]/&+2 b we h n[ to deal ) s5sations 9 :i* ! und]/&+ be>s no "p4 ,^! s5sations1 if !y are n exactly ! expression ( ! pres5t /ate ( our organs1 m>k x out specifically1 or1 bett]1 accompany x4 ,^! s5sations h quickly & =cibly to det]m9e ! w to av]sion or desire2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ev] to float on ! surface ( ! s\l1 & nev] to ext5d to ! prov9ce ( ! reason4 ,! "p1 accord+ly1 play$ by ?\ght1 9 ! case ( a m5tal p]ception1 is "h tak5 up by t modification 9 ! animal p>ts ( u :i* ei!r ?reat5s ! de/ruction ( ! s5sation or insures its duration3 t is1 an et]nal law ( wisdom has comb9$ ) t condition ( ! ma*9e :i* confirms its welf>e1 a pleasant emotion ( ! s\l2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ) t condition :i* und]m9es x & ?reat5s ru91 an unpleasant emotion is connect$2 & ?is 9 su* a mann] t ! s5sation itself has n ! fa9te/ resemblance to ! /ate ( ! organs ( :i* x is ! m>k4 ,animal s5sations h1 on ?is %[+1 a d\ble orig93 7#a7 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! ma*9e2 7#b7 9 ! capacity or faculty 7( s5sation74 ,we are n[ able to und]/& h[ x is t ! animal s5sations h ! p[] to drive ! s\l ) an irresi/ible tyranny 9 ! direction ( passionate action1 & n seldom ga9 ! upp] h& 9 a /ruggle ) ^? s5sations :i* are mo/ purely intellectual4 ,= ^! la/ ! s\l has produc$ by means ( ?\ght1 & !re=e !y c by ?\ght be solv$ or ev5 de/roy$4 ,ab/raction & philosophy h ?is p[] ov] ! passions1 ov] op9ions--9 %ort1 ov] all ! situations ( life2 b ! animal s5sations are =c$ ^u ! s\l by a bl9d necessity1 by a /]n me*anical law4 ,! und]/&+1 :i* did n create !m1 likewise _c dissolve !m & make !m z if !y 7 n1 ?\gh by giv+ an opposite direction to our att5tion x c d mu* to weak5 _! p[] & obscure _! pret5sions4 ,! mo/ /ubborn /oic1 ly+ 9 ! agony ( ! /one1 w nev] be able to boa/ t he did n feel its pa92 b1 lo/ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! end ( 8 exi/5ce1 he w be able to divide 8 :ole p[] ( s5sation & p]ception1 & ! prepond]at+ pleasure ( a great a*ievem5t1 :i* c subord9ate ev5 pa9 to ! g5]al welf>e1 w be victori\s ov] ! pres5t discom=t4 ,x 0 nei!r abs5ce ( nor annihilation ( s5sation t enabl$ ,mucius1 :ile he 0 roa/+ 8 h& 9 ! fire1 to gaze ^u ! foe ) ! ,roman look ( pr\d repose1 b ! ?\ght ( great ,rome 9 admiration ( 8 de$4 ,?is x 0 t rul$ 9 8 s\l1 & kept x gr&ly self-possess$1 s t ! t]rible provocation ( ! animal pa9 0 too slight to di/urb ! equal balance ( 8 nature4 ,b n on ?is acc\nt 0 ! pa9 ! ,roman suff]$ less ?an x w\ld h be5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ effem9ate voluptu>y4 ,true en\gh1 ! man :o is accu/om$ to pass 8 days 9 a /ate ( confus$ ideas w be less capable ( manly action1 9 ! critical mom5t ( s5su\s pa91 ?an he :o lives p]si/5tly among ideas di/9ct & cle>2 b1 = all t1 nei!r ! l(tie/ virtue1 nor ! pr(\nde/ philosophy1 nor ev5 div9e religion1 c save a man f ! result ( a necess>y law1 ?\gh religion c bless h] s]vants ev5 at ! /ake1 & make !m happy z ! pile gives way4 ,! wise/ purpose is s]v$ by ! p[] :i* ! animal s5sations possess ov] ! p]ceptive faculty ( ! s\l4 ,! _s once initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( a high] pleasure w\ld look ) disda9 ^u ! motions ( its companion1 & w\ld pay no he$ to ! poor necessities ( physical life1 7 x n t ! animal feel+ compell$ x to d s4 ,! ma!matician1 so>+ 9 ! region ( ! inf9ite1 & dream+ away reality 9 a _w ( ab/ractions1 is r\s$ by ! pang ( hung] f 8 intellectual slumb]2 ! natural philosoph]1 dismemb]+ ! sol> sy/em1 accompany+ ?r\gh immeasurable space ! w&]+s ( ! planets1 is re/or$ by ! prick ( a ne$le to 8 "m e>?2 ! philosoph] :o unfolds ! nature ( ! ,deity1 & fancies himself to h brok5 ?r\gh ! fett]s ( mortality1 returns to himself & ev]yday life :5 ! bleak nor? w9d :i/les ?r\gh 8 crazy hut1 & tea*es him t he /&s midway betwe5 ! bea/ & ! angel4 ,aga9/ an excess ( ! animal s5sations ! sev]e/ m5tal ex]tion 9 ! end possesses no influ5ce2 z !y cont9ue to gr[ /rong]1 reason closes h] e>s1 & ! fett]$ s\l moves b to subs]ve ! purposes ( ! bodily organization4 ,to satisfy hung] or to qu5* ?ir/ man w d de$s at :i* humanity w %udd]3 aga9/ 8 w he turns traitor or murd]]--ev5 cannibal3-- ,tig]6 9 ! bosom ( ?y "m wilt ?\ set ?y tee?8 --s viol5t is ! influ5ce ( ! animal s5sation ov] ! m9d4 ,su* wat*ful c>e has ! ,creator %[n = ! pres]vation ( ! ma*9e t ! pill>s on :i* x re/s are ! firme/1 & exp]i5ce has taught u t x is r ! ov]-abundance ?an ! want ( animal s5sations t has c>ri$ de/ruction ) x4 ,! animal s5sations !re=e may be said to fur!r ! welf>e ( ! animal nature1 j z ! moral & intellectual p]ceptions promote spiritual progress or p]fection4 ,! sy/em ( animal s5sations & motions1 !n1 comprises ! conception ( ! animal nature4 ,?is is ! gr\nd on :i* all ! activities ( ! s\l dep5d1 & ! con=mation ( ?is fabric det]m9es ! duration ( ! spiritual activity itself1 & ! degree ( ease ) :i* x works4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d ourselves 9 possession ( ! fir/ memb] ( ! connection betwe5 ! two natures4 #f4--,objections aga9/ ! ,connection ( ! ,two ,natures1 drawn f ,ideas ( ,morality4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?us mu* w be conc$$2 b ! next rem>k w be3 8,"h ends1 too1 any det]m9+ influ5ce ! body may possess2 beyond ?is po9t ! body is b ! s\l's in]t companion1 ) :om %e mu/ su/a9 a con/ant battle1 att5dance on ^: necessities robs h] ( all leisure1 ^: attacks & int]ruptions break ! ?read ( ! mo/ intricate speculation1 & drive ! _s f ! cle>e/ & pla9e/ conceptions into a *aotic complexity ( ! s5ses1 ^: pleasures remove ! greate/ "p ( our fell[-creatures f> f _! high orig9al1 & r$uce !m to ! level ( ! bea/s1 :i*1 9 a ^w1 entangles !m 9 a slav]y f :i* dea? only c deliv] !m4 ,is x n s5seless & inju/10 our compla9] might g on to say1 8to mix up a be+1 simple1 necess>y1 t has its subsi/5ce 9 itself1 ) ano!r be+ t moves 9 an et]nal :irl1 expos$ to e *ance & *ange1 & becomes ! victim ( ev5 ext]nal necessity80 ,on cool] aft]?\ght we %all p]haps see a great beauty take its rise out ( ?is app>5t confusion & want ( plan4 ,,philosophical ,,connection4 ,,animal ,,impulses ,,awak5 ,,& ,,develop ,,! ,,impulses ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #g4--,! ,me?od ,! sure/ way1 p]haps1 to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is matt] is ! foll[+3 ,let u deta* f man all idea ( :at c be call$ organization1--t is1 let ! body be sep>at$ f ! _s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 depriv+ ! latt] ( ! p[] to atta9 to repres5tations (1 & to produce actions 91 ! corporeal _w2 & let u !n inquire h[ ! _s w\ld set to "w1 w\ld develop its p[]s1 :at /eps x w\ld take t[>ds its p]fection3 ! result ( ?is inve/igation mu/ be f\nd$ ^u facts4 ,! actual culture ( ! individual man is ?us survey$1 :ile we at ! same "t obta9 a view ( ! developm5t ( ! :ole race4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we h ?is ab/ract case3 ! p[] ( repres5tation & w are pres5t1 a sph]e ( action is pres5t1 & a free way op5$ f ! s\l to ! _w1 f ! _w to ! s\l4 ,! "q !n is1 ,h[ w ! _s act8 #h4--,! ,s\l view$ z out ( connection ) ! ,body4 ,we c =m no conception )\t ! antec$5t w to =m x2 no w1 unless by exp]i5ce ( a bett] condition !reby induc$1 )\t "s s5sation2 no s5sation )\t an antec$5t idea 7= along ) ! body we exclud$ bodily s5sations71 !re=e no idea )\t an idea4 ,let u consid] n[ ! case ( a *ild2 t is1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 a _s consci\s 9 itself ( ! p[] to =m ideas1 b :i* = ! fir/ "t is ab\t to ex]cise ?is p[]4 ,:at w det]m9e him to ?9k1 unless x be ! pleasant s5sation !reby aris+1 & :at c h procur$ = him ! exp]i5ce ( ?is pleasurable s5sation8 ,we h j se5 t ?is1 aga91 c\ld be no?+ b ?9k+1 & he is n[ = ! fir/ "t to ?9k4 ,fur!r1 :at %all invite him to a consid]ation ( ! ext]nal _w8 ,no?+ b ! exp]i5ce ( its p]fection 9 s f> z x satisfies 8 in/9ct ( activity1 & z ?is satisfaction af=ds him pleasure4 ,:at1 !n1 c det]m9e him to an ex]cise ( 8 p[]s8 ,no?+ b ! exp]i5ce ( _! exi/5ce2 & all ^! exp]i5ces are n[ to be made = ! fir/ "t4 ,he mu/ !re=e h be5 active f all et]nity--:i* is contr>y to ! case z /at$--or he w to all et]nity be inactive1 j z ! ma*9e )\t a t\* f )\t rema9s idle & motionless4 #i4--,! ,s\l view$ 9 connection ) ! ,body4 ,n[ let ! animal be add$ to ! _s4 ,weave ^! two natures s closely toge!r z !y really are closely wov51 & cause an unkn[n some?+1 born ( ! economy ( ! animal body1 to be assail$ by ! p[] ( s5sation1--let ! s\l be plac$ 9 ! condition ( physical pa94 ,t 0 ! fir/ t\*1 ! fir/ ray to light up ! night ( slumb]+ p[]s1 a t\* z f a gold5 f+] ^u nature's lute4 ,n[ is s5sation !re1 & s5sation only 0 x t be=e we miss$4 ,?is k9d ( s5sation seems to h be5 made on purpose to remove all ^! difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ case none c\ld be produc$ because we 7 n all[$ to presuppose an idea2 "h a modification ( ! bodily organs becomes a sub/itute = ! ideas t 7 lack+1 & ?us does animal s5sation come to ! help ( ! spirits inw>d me*anism1 if ,i may s call x1 & puts ! same 9 motion4 ,! w is active1 & ! action ( a s+le p[] is suffici5t to set all ! re/ to "w4 ,! foll[+ op]ations are self-develop$ & d n belong to ?is *apt]4 #aj4--,out ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,individual4 ,let u foll[ n[ ! gr[? ( ! s\l 9 ! individual man 9 relation to :at ,i am try+ to demon/rate1 & let u obs]ve h[ all 8 spiritual capacities gr[ out ( motive p[]s ( s5se4 a4 ,! *ild4 ,/ill q animal2 or1 r m & at ! same "t less ?an animal--human animal 7= t be+ :i* at "s "t %all be call$ man c at no "t h be5 only animal74 ,m wret*$ ?an an animal1 because he has n ev5 in/9ct--! animal-"m may ) less dang] leave h] "y ?an ! "m ab&on h] *ild4 ,pa9 may =ce f him a cry1 b w nev] direct him to ! s\rce f :i* x comes4 ,! milk may give him pleasure1 b he does n seek x4 ,he is altoge!r passive4 ,8 ?9k+ rises only to s5sation4 ,8 k is b pa91 hung]--& :at b9ds ^! toge!r4 b4 ,! boy4 ,"h we h already reflection1 b only 9 s f> z x be>s ^u ! satisfaction ( ! animal impulse4 8,he le>ns to value10 says ,g>ve1#bj 8! ?+s ( o!rs1 & 8 actions 9 respect ( o!rs1 fir/ ( all ?r\gh ! fact ( _! af=d+ him s5su\s pleasure40 ,a love ( "w1 ! love to 8 p>5ts1 to fri5ds1 yea ev5 love to ,god1 mu/ g along ! pa?way ( physical s5se ,s9nli*keit to rea* 8 s\l4 8,t only is ! sun10 z ,g>ve else:]e obs]ves1 8:i* 9 itself enlight5s & w>ms3 all o!r objects are d>k & cold2 b !y too c be w>m$ & illum9$ :5 !y ent] into su* a connection ) ! same z to become p>tak]s ( its rays40#ba ,! good ?+s ( ! _s possess a value ) ! boy only by transf]5ce--!y are ! spiritual means to an animal end4 c4 ,y\? & man4 ,! frequ5t repetition ( ?is process ( induction at la/ br+s ab\t a read9ess1 & ! transf]5ce beg9s to discov] a beauty 9 :at at fir/ 0 reg>d$ simply z a means4 ,! y\? beg9s to l+] 9 ! process )\t kn[+ :y4 ,)\t obs]v+ x1 he is (t5 attract$ to ?9k ab\t ?is means4 ,n[ is ! "t :5 ! beams ( spiritual beauty 9 itself beg9 to fall ^u 8 op5 s\l2 ! feel+ ( ex]cis+ 8 p[]s delights him1 & infuses an incl9ation to ! object :i*1 up to ?is "t1 0 a means only3 ! fir/ end is =gott54 ,8 enlight5$ m9d & ! ri*] /ore ( 8 ideas at la/ reveal to him ! :ole wor? ( spiritual pleasures--! means has become ! highe/ end4 ,su* is ! tea*+ m or less ( ! hi/ory ( ea* individual man--^: means ( education h be5 fairly good2 & wisdom c\ld h>dly *oose a bett] road along :i* to lead mank9d4 ,is n ! mass ( ! p ev5 to ?is day 9 lead+-/r+s8--mu* l our boy4 ,& has n ! prophet f ,m$9a left u an example ( /rik+ pla9ness h[ to bridle ! rude nature ( ! ,s>ac5s8 ,on ?is subject no?+ m excell5t c be said ?an :at ,g>ve rem>k$ 9 8 translation ( ,f]guson's 8,moral ,philosophy10 9 ! *apt] ^u ! ,natural ,impulses1 & has develop$ z foll[s3 8,! impulse ( self-pres]vation & ! attraction ( s5sual pleasure fir/ br+ bo? man & bea/ to ! po9t ( action3 he fir/ comes to value ! ?+s ( o!rs & 8 own actions 9 ref]5ce to !m accord+ z !y procure him pleasure4 ,9 proportion z ! numb] ( ?+s "u ^: influ5ce he comes increases d 8 desires cov] a wid] circle2 z ! road by :i* he rea*es ! objects ( 8 wi%es l5g!ns1 s d 8 desires become m artificial4 ,"h we come to ! fir/ l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 man & ! m]e animal1 & h]e9 we may ev5 discov] a diff]5ce betwe5 "o species ( animal & ano!r4 ,) few animals does ! act ( fe$+ foll[ imm$iately ^u ! s5sation ( hung]2 ! heat ( ! *ase1 or ! indu/ry ( collection mu/ come fir/4 ,b 9 ! case ( no animal does ! satisfaction ( ?is want foll[ s late ^u ! prep>ations made 9 ref]5ce !reto z 9 ! case ( man2 ) no animal does ! endeavor w9d ?r\gh s long a *a9 ( means & int5tions be=e x arrives at ! la/ l9k4 ,h[ f> remov$ f ?is end1 ?\gh 9 reality !y h no o!r1 are ! labors ( ! artisan or ! pl\ghman4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,:5 ! means ( human subsi/5ce h become ri*] & m v>i\s ?r\gh ! in/itutions ( society2 :5 man beg9s to discov] t )\t a full exp5diture ( "t & labor a surplus rema9s to him2 :5 at ! same "t by ! communication ( ideas he becomes m enlight5$2 !n he beg9s to f9d a la/ end = all 8 actions 9 himself2 he !n rem>ks t1 ev5 :5 8 hung] is ?or\ghly satisfi$1 a good supply ( raim5t1 a ro( above him1 & a suffici5cy ( furniture )9 doors1 !re /ill rema9s some?+ ov] & above = him to d4 ,he goes a /ep fur!r1 he becomes consci\s t 9 ^? v actions by :i* he has procur$ = himself food & com=t--9 s f> z !y h _! orig9 9 c]ta9 p[]s ( a _s1 & 9 s f> z !y ex]cise ^! p[]s--!re lies a high] good ?an 9 ! ext]nal ends :i* !reby are atta9$4 ,f ?is mom5t on he works1 inde$--9 company ) ! re/ ( ! human race1 & along ) ! :ole animal k+dom--to keep himself alive1 & to provide = himself & 8 fri5ds ! necess>ies ( physical exi/5ce2--= :at else c\ld he d8 ,:at o!r sph]e ( action c\ld he create = himself1 if he 7 to leave ?is8 ,b he kn[s n[ t nature has n s mu* awak5$ 9 him ^! v>i\s impulses & desires = ! purpose ( af=d+ s _m p>ticul> pleasures1--b1 & f> m1 places be=e him ! attraction ( ^? pleasures & advantages1 9 ord] t ^! impulses may be put 9 motion--& ) ?is end1 t to a ?9k+ be+ !re may be giv5 matt] = ?\ght1 to a s5sitive _s matt] = s5sations1 to ! b5evol5t means ( b5efic5ce1 & to ! active opportunity = "w4 ,?us does ev]y?+1 liv+ or lifeless1 assume to him a new =m4 ,all ! facts & *anges ( life 7 =m]ly e/imat$ by him only 9 s f> z !y caus$ him pleasure or pa93 n[1 9 s f> z !y (f] occasion = expression ( 8 desire ( p]fection4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ev5ts are n[ good1 n[ bad2 9 ! latt]1 all are equally good4 ,= !re is no *ance or accid5t :i* does n give scope = ! ex]cise ( "s virtue1 or = ! employm5t ( a special faculty4 ,at fir/ he lov$ 8 fell[s because he believ$ t !y c\ld be ( use to him2 he loves !m n[ f> m--because he looks ^u b5evol5ce z ! condition ( ! p]fect m9d40 #aa4--;,f ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity4 ,yet once m1 a glance at ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! :ole human race--f its cradle to ! maturity ( full-gr[n man--& ! tru? ( :at has be5 said up to ?is po9t w /& =? 9 cle>e/ relief4 ,hung] & nak$ness fir/ made ( man a hunt]1 a fi%]1 a c[h]d1 a husb&man1 & a build]4 ,s5sual pleasure f\nd$ families1 & ! def5celessness ( s+le m5 0 ! orig9 ( ! tribe4 ,"h already may ! fir/ roots ( ! social duties be discov]$4 ,! soil w\ld soon become too poor = ! increas+ multitude ( m52 hung] w\ld drive !m to o!r climates & c\ntries t w\ld discov] _! weal? to ! necessity t =c$ m5 to seek x2 9 ! process !y w\ld le>n _m improvem5ts 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil1 & p]haps "s means to escape ! hurtful influ5ce ( _m ?+s !y w\ld necess>ily enc\nt]4 ,^! sep>ate exp]i5ces pass$ f gr&fa!r to gr&son1 & _! numb] 0 always on ! increase4 ,man le>n$ to use ! p[]s ( nature aga9/ h]self2 ^! p[]s 7 br\ght into new relations & ! fir/ inv5tion 0 made4 ,"h we h ! fir/ roots ( ! simple & heal+ arts--always1 we admit1 art & inv5tion = ! beho( ( ! animal1 b /ill an ex]cise ( p[]1 an addition to k2 & at ! v fire 9 ^: emb]s ! savage roa/$ 8 fi%1 ,bo]haave aft]w>ds made 8 inquiries into ! composition ( bodies2 ?r\gh ! v knife :i* ?is wild man us$ to cut up 8 game1 ,lionet inv5t$ :at l$ to 8 discov]y ( ! n]ves ( insects2 ) ! v circle :]e) at fir/ ho(s 7 measur$1 ,newton measures heav5 & e>?4 ,?us did ! body =ce ! m9d to pay att5tion to ! ph5om5a ar\nd x2 ?us 0 ! _w made int]e/+ & important1 ?r\gh be+ made indisp5sable4 ,! inw>d activity ( _! nature1 & ! b>r5ness ( _! native soil1 comb9$ 9 tea*+ our =efa!rs to =m bold] plans1 & inv5t$ = !m a h\se :]e91 "u conduct ( ! />s1 !y c\ld safely move ^u riv]s & seas1 & sail t[>d regions new3-- ,fluctibus ignotis insultav]e c>94 7,_! keels danc$ ^u waves unkn[n47 ,"h aga9 !y met ) new productions ( nature1 new dang]s1 new ne$s t call$ = new ex]tions4 ,! collision ( animal in/9cts drives hordes aga9/ hordes1 =ges a sword out ( ! raw metal1 begets adv5tur]s1 h]oes1 & despots4 ,t[ns are =tifi$1 /ates are f\nd$3 ) ! /ates arise civic duties & rights1 arts1 figures1 codes ( law1 subtle prie/s--& gods4 ,& n[1 :5 necessities h deg5]at$ into luxury1 :at a b\ndless field is op5$ to our eyes6 ,n[ are ! ve9s ( ! e>? burr[$ ?r\gh1 ! foot ( man is plant$ on ! bottom ( ! sea1 comm]ce & travel fl\ri%3-- ,latet sub classibus quor4 7,! sea is hid b5ea? ! fleets47 ,! ,we/ wond]s at ! ,ea/1 ! ,ea/ at ! ,we/2 ! productions ( =eign c\ntries accu/om !mselves to gr[ "u o!r skies1 & ! art ( g>d5+ %[s ! products ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! _w 9 "o g>d54 ,arti/s le>n h] works f nature1 music soo!s ! savage brea/1 beauty & h>mony ennoble ta/e & mann]s1 & art leads ! way to sci5ce & virtue 8,man10 says ,s*lz]1#bb 8?is mighty demigod1 cle>s rocks f 8 pa?1 digs out lakes1 & drives 8 pl\gh :]e once ! sail 0 se54 ,by canals he sep>ates qu>t]s ( ! globe & prov9ces f "o ano!r2 leads "o /ream to ano!r & dis*>ges !m ^u a s&y des]t1 *ang$ !reby into smil+ mead[2 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe he plund]s & transplants !m into a f\r?4 ,ev5 climate1 air1 & wea!r ackn[l$ge 8 sway4 ,:ile he roots out =e/s & dra9s ! swamp1 ! heav5 gr[s cle> above 8 head1 moi/ure & mi/ are lo/1 w9t] becomes mild] & %ort]1 because riv]s are no long] froz5 ov]40 ,& ! m9d ( man is ref9$ ) ! ref9+ ( 8 clime4 ,! /ate occupies ! citiz5 9 ! necessities & com=ts ( life4 ,indu/ry gives ! /ate security & re/ f )\t2 f )91 grant+ to ?9k] & arti/ t fruitful leisure ?r\gh :i* ! age ( ,augu/us came to be call$ ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,! arts n[ take a m d>+ & untrammell$ flight1 sci5ce w9s a light pure & dry1 natural hi/ory & physical sci5ce %att] sup]/ition1 hi/ory ext5ds a mirror ( ! times t 71 & philosophy laughs at ! follies ( mank9d4 ,b :5 luxury gr[s into effem9acy & excess1 :5 ! bones beg9 to a*e1 & ! pe/il5ce to spread & ! air becomes infect$1 man ha/5s 9 8 di/ress f "o realm ( nature to ano!r1 t he may at lea/ f9d means = less5+ 8 pa9s4 ,!n he f9ds ! div9e plant ( ,*9a2 f ! b[els ( ! e>? he digs out ! mightily-work+ m]cury1 & f ! poppy ( ! ,ea/ le>ns to di/il its preci\s juice4 ,! mo/ hidd5 corn]s ( nature are inve/igat$2 *emi/ry sep>ates mat]ial objects into _! ultimate elem5ts1 & creates worlds ( h] own2 al*emi/s enri* ! prov9ce ( physical sci5ce2 ! microscopic glance ( a ,s*wamm]dam surprises nature 9 h] mo/ secret op]ations4 ,man goes /ill fur!r2 necessity or curiosity transc5ds ! b\nd>ies set by sup]/ition3 he seizes ! knife1 takes c\rage1 & ! ma/]piece ( nature is discov]$1 ev5 man4 ,?us did x behoove ! lea/1 ! poore/1 to help u to rea* ! highe/2 disease & dea? mu/ l5d _! aid to man 9 tea*+ him 78,"k ?yself6074 ,! plague produc$ & =m$ our ,hippocrates1 our ,syd5hams1 z w> is ! "m ( g5]als2 & we owe to ! mo/ deva/at+ disease t ev] visit$ humanity an entire re=mation ( our m$ical sy/em4 ,our int5tion 0 to %[ ! influ5ce ^u ! p]fect+ ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! temp]ate enjoym5t ( ! pleasures held out by ! s5ses2 & h[ m>vell\sly has ! matt] *ang$1 ev5 :ile "u our h&s6 ,we f\nd t ev5 excess & abuse 9 ?is direction h fur!r$ ! real dem&s ( humanity2 ! deflections f ! primitive end ( nature--m]*ants1 conqu]ors1 & luxury--h1 und\bt$ly1 t5d$ to ha/5 a progress :i* _h o!rwise be5 m regul>1 b v sl[4 ,let u comp>e ! old _w ) ! new6 ,9 ! fir/1 desire 0 simple1 its satisfaction easy2 b h[ mi/ak51 h[ pa9ful 0 ! judgm5t pass$ on nature & h] laws6 ,n[1 ! road is made m difficult by a ?\s& w9d+s1 b h[ full ! light t has be5 %$ ^u all our conceptions6 ,we may1 !n1 repeat3 ,man ne$$ to be an animal be=e he knew t he 0 a _s2 he ne$$ to crawl 9 ! du/ be=e he v5tur$ on a ,newtonian flight ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,! body1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ spur to action2 s5se ! fir/ /ep on ! ladd] to p]fection4 ,,animal ,,s5sations ,,accompany ,,m5tal ,,s5sations4 #ab4--,law4 ,! und]/&+ ( man is extremely limit$1 &1 !re=e1 all s5sations result+ f its action mu/ ( necessity be also limit$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to give ^! s5sations great] impulse1 & ) r$\bl$ =ce to attract ! w to good & re/ra9 x f evil1 bo? natures1 ! spiritual & ! animal1 are s intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r t _! modifications1 be+ mutually int]*ang$1 imp>t /r5g? to "o ano!r4 ,h5ce arises a fundam5tal law ( mix$ natures1 :i*1 be+ r$uc$ to its prim>y divisions1 runs ?us3 ! activities ( ! body correspond to ! activities ( ! m9d2 t is1 any ov]/ra9+ ( a m5tal activity is necess>ily foll[$ by an ov]/ra9+ ( c]ta9 bodily actions1--j z ! equilibrium1 or h>moni\s action1 ( ! m5tal p[]s is associat$ ) t ( ! bodily p[]s 9 p]fect accord4 ,fur!r3 m5tal indol5ce induces indol5ce 9 ! bodily actions2 m5tal inaction causes !m to cease altoge!r4 ,?us1 z p]fection is ev] accompani$ by pleasure1 imp]fection by ! abs5ce ( pleasure1 ?is law may be ?us express$3 ,m5tal pleasure is inv>iably att5d$ by animal pleasure1 m5tal pa9 by animal pa94#bc #ac4--,m5tal ,pleasure fur!rs ! ,welf>e ( ! ,human ,frame4 ,?us1 a s5sation :i* embraces )9 its range ! :ole spiritual be+ agitates 9 ! same measure ! :ole framework ( ! organic body1--he>t1 ve9s & blood1 muscles & n]ves1 all1 f ^? mighty n]ves t give to ! he>t its liv+ impulse ( motion d[n to ! t9y & unimportant n]ves by :i* hairs are atta*$ to ! sk91 %>e equally its influ5ce4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to a m viol5t motion4 ,if ! s5sation be an agreeable "o1 all ^! p>ts w acquire a high] degree ( h>moni\s activity2 ! he>t's beat w be free1 lively1 uni=m1 ! blood w fl[ un*eck$1 g5tly or ) fi]y spe$1 accord+ z ! affection is ( a g5tle or viol5t description2 dige/ion1 secretion1 & excretion w foll[ _! natural c\rse2 ! excitable membranes w pliantly play 9 a g5tle vapor-ba?1 & excitability z well z s5sitiv5ess w increase4 ,!re=e ! condition ( ! greate/ mom5t>y m5tal pleasure is at ! same "t ! condition ( ! greate/ bodily well-be+4 ,z _m z !re may be ( ^! p>tial activities 7& is n e beat ( ! pulse ! result p]haps ( ?\s&s87 s _m w be ! obscure s5sations cr[d+ ^u ! s\l1 ea* "o ( :i* indicates p]fection4 ,out ( ?is confus$ complexity arises entire s5sation ( ! animal h>monies1 t is1 ! highe/ possible comb9$ s5sation ( animal pleasure1 :i* ranges itself1 z x 71 alongside ( ! orig9al intellectual or moral s5sation1 :i* ?is addition inf9itely increases4 ,?us is e agreeable affection ! s\rce ( c\ntless bodily pleasures4 ,?is is mo/ evid5tly confirm$ by ! examples ( sick p]sons :o h be5 cur$ by joy4 ,let "o :om a t]rible home-sickness has wa/$ to a skeleton be br\ght back to 8 native l&1 & ! bloom ( heal? w soon be 8 aga92 or let u ent] a prison 9 :i* mis]able m5 h = t5 or tw5ty ye>s inhabit$ fil?y dungeons & possess at la/ b>ely /r5g? to move1--& let u tell !m sudd5ly !y are free2 ! s+le ^w ( fre$om w end[ _! limbs ) ! /r5g? ( y\?1 & cause dead eyes to sp>kle ) life4 ,sailors1 :om ?ir/ & fam9e h made _! prey dur+ a long voyage1 are half cur$ by ! /e]sman's cry ( 8,l&60 & he w\ld c]ta9ly greatly err :o ascrib$ ! :ole result to a prospect ( fre% food4 ,! sight ( a de> "o1 :om ! suff]] has long desir$ to see1 su/a9s ! life t 0 ab\t to g1 & imp>ts /r5g? & heal?4 ,x is a fact1 t joy c quick5 ! n]v\s sy/em m effectually ?an all ! cordials ( ! apo!c>y1 & c d wond]s 9 ! case ( invet]ate int]nal disord]s d5i$ to ! action ( rhub>b & ev5 m]cury4 ,:o !n does n p]ceive t ! con/itution ( ! s\l :i* kn[s h[ to d]ive pleasure f e ev5t & c dissipate e a*e 9 ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 mu/ be ! mo/ b5eficial to ! :ole organism8 & ?is con/itution ( ! s\l is--virtue4 #ad4--,m5tal pa9 und]m9es ! ,welf>e ( ! ,:ole ,organisms4 ,9 ! v same way1 ! opposite result is br\ght ab\t by a disagreeable affection ( ! m9d4 ,! ideas :i* rule s int5sely ! angry or t]rifi$ man may1 z rightly z ,plato call$ ! passions a fev] ( ! s\l1 be reg>d$ z convulsions ( ! organ ( ?\ght4 ,^! convulsions quickly ext5d ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 & s di/urb ! vital p[]s t !y lose _! p]fection1 & all organic actions lose _! equilibrium4 ,! he>t beats viol5tly & irregul>ly2 ! blood is s conf9$ to ! lungs t ! fail+ pulse has b>ely en\gh to su/a9 x4 ,! int]nal *emical processes are at cross-purposes2 b5efic5t juices lose _! way & "w h>m 9 o!r prov9ces1 :ile :at is malignant may attack ! v core ( our organism4 ,9 a ^w1 ! condition ( ! greate/ m5tal di/ress becomes ! condition ( ! greate/ bodily sickness4 ,! s\l is in=m$ ( ! ?reat5$ ru9 ( ! organs t %\ld h be5 h] good & will+ s]vants by a ?\s& obscure s5sations1 & is fill$ ) an entire s5sation ( pa91 associat+ itself to ! prim>y m5tal suff]+1 & giv+ to ?is a %>p] /+4 #ae4--;,examples4 ,deep1 *ronic pa9s ( ! s\l1 especially if accompani$ by a /rong ex]tion ( ?\ght--among :i* ,i w\ld give a prom95t place to t l+]+ ang] :i* m5 call indignation--gnaw ! v f\ndations ( physical life1 & dry up ! sap t n\ri% x4 ,suff]]s ( ?is k9d h a worn & pale appe>ance1 & ! inw>d grief betrays itself by ! holl[1 sunk5 eyes4 8,let me10 says ,cs>1 8h m5 ab\t me t are fat03-- ,sleek-head$ m51 & su* z sleep o' nights2 ,yond' ,cassius has a lean & hungry look2 ,he ?9ks too mu*--su* m5 are dang]\s4 ,fe>1 tr\ble1 di/ress ( consci5ce1 despair1 are little less p[]ful 9 _! effects ?an ! mo/ viol5t fev]s4 ,ri*>d1 :5 9 deepe/ anxiety1 f9ds 8 =m] *e]fulness is gone1 & ?9ks to br+ x back ) a glass ( w9e4 ,b x is n m5tal sorr[ only t has bani%$ com=t1 x is a s5sation ( discom=t proce$+ f ! v root ( 8 physical organism1 ! v same s5sation t ann\nces a malignant fev]4 ,! ,moor1 heavily burd5$ ) crimes1 & once crafty en\gh 9 absolv+ all ! s5sations ( humanity--by 8 skeleton-process--into no?+1 n[ rises f a dreadful dream1 pale & brea?less1 ) a cold sweat ^u 8 br[4 ,all ! images ( a future judgm5t :i* he _h p]haps believ$ 9 z a boy1 & blott$ out f 8 remembrance z a man1 assail 8 dream-bewild]$ bra94 ,! s5sations are f> too confus$ = ! sl[] m>* ( reason to ov]take & unravel !m4 ,reason is /ill /ruggl+ ) fancy1 ! _s ) ! horrors ( ! corporeal frame4#bd ,moor4--,no6 ,i am n %ak+4 ,x 0 b a dream4 ,! dead are n beg9n+ to rise4 ,:o says ,i tremble & turn pale8 ,i am q well1 q well4 ,b$4--,y are pale z dea?2 y\r voice is fright5$ & hesitat+4 ,moor4--,i am fev]i%4 ,i w be bl$ to-morr[4 ,say only1 :5 ! prie/ comes1 t ,i h fev]4 ,b$4--,b y are v ill4 ,moor4--,yes truly2 t is all4 ,& sickness di/urbs ! bra9 & bre$s /range mad dreams4 ,dreams mean no?+4 ,fie on womani% c[>dice6 ,dreams mean no?+4 ,i h j _h a pleasant dream4 ,he falls d[n 9 a fa9t4 ,"h we h ! :ole image ( ! dream sudd5ly =c+ itself ^u a man1 & sett+ 9 motion ! entire sy/em ( obscure ideas1 /irr+ up f ! f\ndation ! organ ( ?\ght4 ,f all ^! causes arises an int5se s5sation ( pa9 9 its utmo/ conc5tration1 :i* %att]s ! s\l f its dep?1 & lames p] cons5sum ! :ole /ructure ( ! n]ves4 ,! cold horror t seizes on ! man :o is ab\t to commit "s crime1 or :o has j committ$ "o1 is no?+ else ?an ! horror :i* agitates ! fev]i% man1 & :i* is felt on tak+ nause\s m$ic9es4 ,! nightly toss+s ( ^? :o are tr\bl$ by remorse1 always accompani$ by a high pulse1 are v]itable fev]s1 induc$ by ! connection betwe5 ! physical organism ) ! s\l2 & ,lady ,macbe?1 walk+ 9 h] sleep1 is an in/ance ( bra9 delirium4 ,ev5 ! imitation ( a passion makes ! actor = ! mom5t ill2 & aft] ,g>rick _h play$ ,le> or ,o!llo he sp5t "s h\rs 9 convulsions on 8 b$4 ,ev5 ! illusion ( ! spectator1 ?r\gh sympa?y ) act$ passion1 has br\ght on %iv]+1 g\t1 & fits ( fa9t+4 ,is n he1 !n1 :o is plagu$ ) an evil temp]1 & draws gall & bitt]ness f e situation 9 life3 is n ! vici\s man1 :o lives 9 a *ronic /ate ( hatr$ & malevol5ce2 is n ! envi\s man1 :o f9ds torture 9 e excell5ce ( 8 neighbor1--are n ^!1 all ( !m1 ! greate/ foes to _! own heal?8 ,has vice n en\gh ( ! horrible 9 x1 :5 x de/roys n only happ9ess b heal?4 #af4--;,exceptions4 ,b a pleasant affection has sometimes be5 a fatal "o1 & an unpleasant "o has sometimes work$ a m>vell\s cure4 ,bo? facts re/ ^u exp]i5ce3 %\ld !y remove ! limits ( ! law we h exp\nd$8 ,joy is fatal :5 x rises into ec/acy3 nature _c support ! /ra9 :i* 9 "o mom5t is ?r[n ^u ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,! motion ( ! bra9 is no long] h>mony1 b convulsion1 an extremely sudd5 & mom5t>y =ce :i* soon *anges into ! ru9 ( ! organism1 s9ce x has transgress$ ! b\nd>y l9e ( heal? 7= into ! v idea ( heal? !re ent]s & is ess5tially int]wov5 ! idea ( a c]ta9 mod]ation ( all natural motions74 ,! joy z well z ! grief ( f9ite be+s is limit$1 & d>e n pass beyond a c]ta9 po9t )\t ru94 ,z f> z ! second "p is conc]n$1 we h _m examples ( cure1 ?r\gh a mod]ate fit ( ang]1 ( invet]ate dyspepsia2 & ?r\gh fright--z 9 ! case ( a fire--( rheumatic pa9s & lam5ess app>5tly incurable4 ,b ev5 dys5t]y has sometimes resolv$ an int]nal /oppage1 & ! it* has be5 a cure = melan*oly madness & insanity3 is ! it*1 = ?is1 less a disease8--is dys5t]y !re=e heal?4 #ag4--;,indol5ce ( ,m9d br+s ab\t great] ,indol5ce 9 ! ,organic ,movem5ts4 ,z1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,h]r von ,hall]1 activity ( m9d dur+ ! day t5ds to quick5 ! pulse t[>ds ev5+1 w n indol5ce ( m9d make x m sluggi%1 & absolute inactivity completely /op x8 ,=1 al?\gh ! circulation ( ! blood does n seem to be s v dep5d5t on ! m9d1 is x altoge!r unreasonable to suppose t ! he>t1 :i*1 9 any case1 borr[s f ! bra9 ! l>g] portion ( its /r5g?1 mu/ necess>ily1 :5 ! s\l ceases to ma9ta9 ! action ( ! bra91 suff] !reby a great loss ( p[]8 ,a condition ( phlegm is accompani$ by a sluggi% pulse1 ! blood is ?9 & wat]y1 & ! circulation defective 9 ! abdom54 ,! idiots1 :om ,muzell has describ$ = u1#be brea!d sl[ly & ) difficulty1 _h no incl9ation to eat & dr9k1 nor to ! natural functions2 ! pulse 0 sl[1 all bodily movem5ts slumb]\s & indicative ( we>9ess4 ,! m5tal numbness :i* is ! result ( t]ror or wond] is sometimes accompani$ by a g5]al susp5sion ( all natural physical activity4 ,0 ! m9d ! orig9 ( ?is condition1 or 0 x ! body :i* br\ght ab\t ?is torpid /ate ( m9d8 ,b ^! consid]ations lead to subtleties & intricate que/ions1 &1 besides1 mu/ n be discuss$ 9 ?is place4 #ah4--,second ,law4 ,all t has be5 said ( ! transf]r5ce ( ! m5tal s5sations to ! animal holds true ( ! transf]r5ce ( animal affections to ! m5tal4 ,bodily sickness--= ! mo/ "p ! natural result ( intemp]ance--br+s its puni%m5t 9 ! =m ( bodily pa92 b ! m9d also _c escape a radical attack1 9 ord] t a tw(old pa9 may m p[]fully impress ^u x ! necessity ( re/ra9t 9 ! desires4 ,9 l mann] ! feel+ ( bodily heal? is accompani$ by a m lively consci\sness ( m5tal improvem5t1 & man is ?us ! m spurr$ on to ma9ta9 8 body 9 good condition4 ,we arrive ?us at a second law ( mix$ natures--t1 ) ! free action ( ! bodily organism1 ! s5sations & ideas ga9 a fre] fl[2 & le>n t1 ) a corrupt$ organism1 corruption ( ! ?9k+ faculty & ( ! s5sations inevitably foll[s4 ,or1 m %ortly1 t ! g5]al s5sation ( a h>moni\s animal life is ! f\nta9 ( m5tal pleasure1 & t animal pa9 & sickness is ! f\nta9 ( m5tal pa94 ,9 ^! diff]5t respects1 or f _! consid]ation1 s\l & body may n unaptly be comp>$ ) two /r+$ in/rum5ts tun$ by ! same h&1 & plac$ alongside ( "o ano!r4 ,:5 a /r+ ( "o ( !m is t\*$ & a c]ta9 tone goes =?1 ! correspond+ /r+ ( ! o!r w s\nd ( itself & give ! same tone1 only some:at weak]4 ,&1 us+ ?is comp>ison1 we may say t ! /r+ ( gladness 9 ! body wakes ! glad /r+ 9 ! s\l1 & ! sad /r+ ! /r+ ( sadness4 ,?is is t wond]ful & notewor?y sympa?y :i* unites ! het]og5e\s pr9ciples 9 man s z to =m "o be+4 ,man is n s\l & body--b ! mo/ inw>d & ess5tial bl5d+ ( ! two4 #ai4--,moods ( ,m9d result f ,moods ( ,body4 ,h5ce ! heav9ess1 ! incapacity ( ?\ght1 ! discont5t$ temp]1 :i* are ! consequ5ce ( excess 9 physical indulg5ce2 h5ce ! wond]ful effects ( w9e ^u ^? :o always dr9k 9 mod]ation4 8,:5 y h drunk w9e10 says ,bro!r ,m>t91 8y see ev]y?+ d\ble1 y ?9k d\bly easily1 y are d\bly ready = any und]tak+1 & twice z quickly br+ x to a conclusion40 ,h5ce ! com=t & good humor exp]i5c$ 9 f9e wea!r1 proce$+ p>tly f association ( ideas1 b mo/ly f ! increas$ feel+ ( bodily heal? t goes along ) x1 ext5d+ ov] all ! functions ( our organism4 ,!n x is t p use su* expressions z1 8,i feel t ,i am well10 & at su* a season !y are m dispos$ t[>ds all mann] ( m5tal labor1 & h a he>t m op5 to ! human] feel+s1 & m prompt to ! practice ( moral duties4 ,! same may be se5 9 ! national "* ( diff]5t peoples4 ,^? :o dwell 9 gloomy regions m\rn along ) ! dismal sc5]y3 9 wild & /ormy zones man gr[s wild3 :]e 8 lot is ca/ 9 fri5dly climates he laughs ) ! sky t is bright above him4 ,only "u ! cle> heav5 ( ,greece liv$ a ,hom]1 a ,plato1 a ,phidias2 !re 7 born ! ,muses & ! ,graces1 :ile ! ,lapl& mi/s c h>dly br+ =? m51 & nev] a g5ius4 ,:ile our ,g]many 0 yet a wild =e/ or morass1 ! ,g]man 0 a hunt] z wild z ! bea/ ^: sk9 he slung ab\t 8 %\ld]s4 ,z soon z indu/ry _h *ang$ ! aspect ( 8 c\ntry began ! epo* ( moral progress4 ,i w n ma9ta9 t "* takes its rise 9 climate only1 b x is c]ta9 t t[>ds ! civilization ( a p "o ma9 means is ! improvem5t ( _! skies4 ,! disord]s ( ! body may disord] ! :ole range ( our moral p]ceptions1 & prep>e ! way = an outbur/ ( ! mo/ evil passions4 ,a man ^: con/itution is ru9$ by a c\rse ( dissipation is m easily l$ to extremes ?an "o :o has kept 8 body z x %\ld be kept4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! horrible plan ( ^? :o de/roy our y\?s1 & t fa!r ( robb]s mu/ h kn[n man well1 :o said1 8,we mu/ de/roy bo? body & s\l40 ,catil9e 0 a pr(ligate be=e he became a conspirator1 & ,doria greatly err$ :5 he ?\ght he _h no cause to fe> a voluptu>y l ,fiesco4 ,on ! :ole1 x is v (t5 rem>k$ t an evil _s dwells 9 a sick body4 ,9 diseases ?is sympa?y is /ill m /rik+4 ,all sev]e illnesses1 especially ^? ( malignant nature & aris+ f ! economy ( ! abdom9al regions1 ann\nce !mselves1 m or less1 by a /range revolution 9 ! "*4 ,ev5 :ile ! disease is /ill sil5tly /eal+ ?r\gh ! hidd5 corn]s ( our me*anism1 & und]m9+ ! /r5g? ( n]ve1 ! m9d beg9s to anticipate by d>k =ebod+s ! fall ( h] companion4 ,?is is a ma9 elem5t 9 t condition :i* a great physician describ$ 9 a ma/]ly mann] "u ! "n ( 8,horrores40 ,h5ce _! moros5ess ( disposition1 :i* none c acc\nt =1 _! wav]+ fancies & incl9ations1 _! disgu/ at :at us$ to give !m pleasure4 ,! amiable man gr[s qu>relsome1 ! m]ry man cross1 & he :o us$ to lose himself1 & gladly1 9 ! bu/le ( ! _w1 flies ! face ( man & retires into a gloomy melan*oly4 ,b und]nea? ?is trea*]\s repose ! enemy is mak+ ready = a deadly onslaught4 ,! univ]sal di/urbance ( ! entire me*anism1 :5 ! disease once breaks =?1 is ! mo/ speak+ pro( ( ! wond]ful dep5d5ce ( ! s\l on ! body4 ,! feel+1 spr++ f a ?\s& pa9ful s5sations1 ( ! utt] ru9 ( ! organism1 br+s ab\t a frightful m5tal confusion4 ,! mo/ horrible ideas & fancies rise f _! graves4 ,! villa9 :om no?+ c\ld move yields "u ! dom9ant p[] ( m]e animal t]ror4 ,w9*e/]1 9 dy+1 yells 9 ! angui% ( despair4 ,! s\l is "u a t]rible necessity1 x w\ld seem1 ( snat*+ at :atev] w drag x deep] into d>kness1 & rejects ) ob/9ate madness e ray ( com=t4 ,! /r+1 ! tone ( pa9 is 9 ! asc5dant1 & j z ! spiritual mis]y rose 9 ! bodily disord]1 s n[ x turns & r5d]s ! disord] m univ]sal & m int5se4 #bj4--,limitations ( ! =ego+4 ,b !re are daily examples ( suff]]s :o c\rage\sly lift !mselves above bodily ills3 ( dy+ m5 :o1 amid/ ! di/ressful /ruggles ( ! frame1 ask1 8,:]e is ?y /+1 ,o dea?80 ,%\ld n wisdom1 "o might urge1 avail to combat ! bl9d t]rors ( ! organic nature8 ,nay1 mu* m ?an wisdom1 %\ld religion h s little p[] to protect h] fri5ds aga9/ ! assaults spr++ f ! du/8 ,or1 :at is ! same ?+1 does x n dep5d ^u ! prec$+ condition ( ! s\l1 z to h[ %e accepts ! alt]ations ( ! processes ( life8 ,n[1 ?is is an irrefragable tru?4 ,philosophy1 & /ill m a m9d c\rage\s & elevat$ by religion1 are capable ( completely weak5+ ! influ5ce ( ! animal s5sations :i* assault ! s\l ( "o 9 pa91 & able1 z x 71 to )draw x f all coh]5ce ) ! mat]ial4 ,! ?\ght ( ,god1 :i* is int]wov5 ) dea?1 z ) all ! univ]se1 ! h>mony ( pa/ life1 ! anticipation ( an ev]-happy future1 spread a bright light ov] all its ideas2 :ile night is drawn r\nd ! s\l ( him :o dep>ts 9 folly & 9 unbelief4 ,if ev5 involunt>y pangs =ce !mselves ^u ! ,*ri/ian & wise man 7= is he less a human be+871 yet w he resolve ! s5sations ( 8 dissolv+ frame into happ9ess3-- ,! s\l1 secur$ 9 h] exi/5ce1 smiles ,at ! drawn dagg] & defies its po9t4 ,! />s %all fade away1 ! sun himself ,gr[ dim ) age1 & nature s9k 9 ye>s2 ,b ?\ %alt fl\ri% 9 immortal y\?1 ,unhurt amid/ ! w> ( elem5ts1 ,! wreck ( matt]1 & ! cra% ( worlds4 ,x is precisely ?is unwont$ *e]fulness on ! "p ( ^? :o are mortally sick :i* has (t5 a physical reason at ! basis1 & :i* has ! mo/ express significance = ! practical physician4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 conjunction ) ! mo/ fatal symptoms ( ,hippocrates1 & )\t be+ attributable to any bygone crisis4 ,su* a *e]fulness is ( bad import4 ,! n]ves1 :i* dur+ ! height ( ! fev] h be5 mo/ %>ply assail$1 h n[ lo/ s5sation2 ! inflam$ memb]s1 x is well kn[n1 cease to sm>t z soon z !y are de/roy$2 b x w\ld be a hapless ?\ght to rejoice t ! "t ( burn+ pa9 7 pass$ & gone4 ,/imulus fails be=e ! dead n]ves1 & a dea?ly indol5ce belies future heal+4 ,! s\l f9ds h]self "u ! illusion ( a pleasant s5sation1 because %e is free f a long-endur+ pa9ful "o4 ,%e is free f pa91 n because ! tone ( h] in/rum5t is re/or$1 b because %e no m exp]i5ces ! discord4 ,sympa?y ceases z soon z ! connection is lo/4 #ba4--;,fur!r ,aspects ( ! ,connection4 ,if ,i might n[ beg9 to g deep]--if ,i might speak ( delirium1 ( slumb]1 ( /upor1 ( epilepsy & catalepsy1 & su* l1 :]e9 ! free & rational _s is subject$ to ! despotism ( ! body--if ,i might enl>ge especially on ! wide field ( hy/]ia & hypo*ondria--if x 7 all[$ me to speak ( temp]am5ts1 idiosyncrasies1 & con/itutions1 :i* = physicians & philosoph]s are an abyss--9 "o ^w1 %\ld ,i attempt to demon/rate tru? ( ! =ego+ f ! b$ ( sickness1 :i* is ev] a *ief s*ool ( psy*ology--my matt] w\ld be ext5d$ to an endless l5g?4 ,we h1 x seems to me1 en\gh to prove t ! animal nature is ?r\gh\t m+l$ ) ! spiritual1 & t ?is comb9ation is p]fection4 ,,physical ,,ph5om5a ,,express ,,! ,,emotions ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 #bb4--,physiognomy ( ,s5sations4 ,x is j ?is close correspond5ce betwe5 ! two natures :i* is ! basis ( ! :ole sci5ce ( physiognomy4 ,by means ( ?is n]v\s connection 7:i*1 z we h se51 lies at ! bottom ( ! communication ( feel+s7 ! mo/ secret movem5ts ( ! s\l are reveal$ on ! ext]ior ( ! body1 & passion p5etrates ev5 ?r\gh ! veil ( ! hypocrite4 ,ea* passion has its specific expressions1 its peculi> dialect1 s to speak1 by :i* "o kn[s x4 ,&1 inde$1 x is an admirable law ( ,supreme ,wisdom1 t e passion :i* is noble & g5]\s beautifies ! body1 :ile ^? t are mean & hateful di/ort x into animal =ms4 ,! m ! m9d dep>ts f ! lik5ess ( ! ,deity1 ! ne>] does ! outw>d =m seem to approa* ! animal1 & always t animal :i* has a k9dr$ proclivity4 ,?us1 ! mild expression ( ! philan?ropi/ attracts ! ne$y1 :om ! insol5t look ( ! angry man repels4 ,?is is an indisp5sable guide 9 social life4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at an accordance bodily appe>ance has ) ! passions2 h]oism & fe>lessness p\r life & /r5g? ?r\gh ! ve9s & muscles1 ! eyes sp>kle1 ! brea/ heaves1 all ! limbs arm !mselves alike = combat--! man has ! appe>ance ( a w>-horse4 ,fright & fe> ext+ui% ! fire 9 ! eyes1 ! limbs s9k p[]less & heavy1 ! m>r[ 9 ! bones seems froz51 ! blood falls back on ! he>t l a /one1 a g5]al weakness cripples ! p[]s ( life4 ,a great1 bold1 l(ty ?\ght compels u to /& on tiptoe1 to hold up ! head1 to exp& ! m\? & nose4 ,! feel+ ( et]nity1 ! outlook on a wide op5 horizon1 ! sea1 etc41 make u /ret* out our arms--we w\ld m]ge ourselves into ! et]nal3 ) ! m\nta9s1 we w\ld gr[ t[>ds ! heav5s1 ru% ?i!r on /orms & waves3 yawn+ abysses ?r[ u d[n 9 gidd9ess4 ,9 l mann]1 hate is express$ 9 ! body by a repell+ =ce2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 9 e pressure ( ! h&1 9 e embrace1 our body w m]ge into t ( our fri5d1 9 ! same mann] z ! s\ls are 9 h>moni\s comb9ation4 ,pride makes ! body erect z ! s\l rises2 pett9ess b5ds ! head1 ! limbs hang d[n2 s]vile fe> is express$ 9 ! cr++ walk2 ! ?\ght ( pa9 di/orts our face1 if pleasurable aspects spread a grace ov] ! :ole body2 ang]1 on ! o!r h&1 w break ?r\gh e /rong oppos+ cord1 & ne$ w almo/ ov]come ! impossible4 ,i w\ld n[ ask ?r\gh :at me*anism x happ5s t exactly ^! movem5ts result f ^! feel+s1 t j ^! organs are affect$ by ^! passions8 ,might ,i n j z well want to "k :y a c]ta9 w\nd+ ( ! ligam5t %\ld /iff5 ! l[] jaw8 ,if ! passion :i* sympa!tically awak5$ ^! movem5ts ( ! frame be (t5 r5ew$1 if ?is s5sation ( s\l become habitual1 !n ^! movem5ts ( ! body w become s also4 ,if ?is matur$ passion be ( a la/+ "*1 !n ^! con/itutional features ( ! frame become deeply engrav$3 !y become1 if ,i may borr[ ! pa?ologi/'s ^w1 8deut]opa!tic10 & are at la/ organic4 ,?us1 at la/1 ! firm p]5nial physiognomy ( man is =m$1 s t x is almo/ easi] aft]w>ds to *ange ! s\l ?an ! =m4 ,9 ?is s5se1 "o may also say1 )\t be+ a 8,/ahlian10 t ! s\l =ms ! body2 & p]haps ! e>lie/ ye>s ( y\? decide ! features ( a man = life1 z !y c]ta9ly are ! f\ndation ( 8 moral "*4 ,an in]t & weak s\l1 :i* nev] ov]fl[s 9 passions1 has no physiognomy at all2 & want ( expression is ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! c\nt5ance ( ! imbecile4 ,! orig9al features :i* nature gave him cont9ue unalt]$2 ! face is smoo?1 = no s\l has play$ ^u x2 ! eyebr[s reta9 a p]fect ar*1 = no wild passion has di/ort$ !m2 ! :ole =m reta9s its r\ndness1 = ! fat reposes 9 its cells2 ! face is regul>1 p]haps ev5 beautiful1 b ,i pity ! s\l ( x6 ,a physiognomy ( 7p]fect7 organic p>ts1 e4g41 z to ! =m & size ( ! nose1 eyes1 m\?1 e>s1 etc41 ! color ( ! hair1 ! height ( ! neck1 & su* l1 may p]haps possibly be f\nd1 b c]ta9ly n v easily1 h[ev] mu* ,lavat] %\ld cont9ue to rave ab\t x ?r\gh t5 qu>to volumes4 ,he :o w\ld r$uce to ord] ! caprici\s play ( nature1 & classify ! =ms :i* %e has puni%$ l a /epmo!r1 or end[$ z a "m1 w\ld v5ture m ?an ,l9nu1 & %\ld be v c>eful le/ he become "o ) ! orig9al pres5t$ to him1 ?r\gh its mon/r\s sportive v>iety4 ,yet "o m k9d ( sympa?y des]ves to be notic$1 s9ce x is ( great importance 9 physiology4 ,i mean ! sympa?y ( c]ta9 s5sations = ! organs f :i* !y sprang4 ,a c]ta9 cramp 9 ! /oma* causes a feel+ ( disgu/2 ! reproduction ( ?is s5sation br+s back ! cramp4 ,h[ is ?is8 #bc4--,! ,rema9s ( ! ,animal ,nature is also a ,s\rce ( ,p]fection4 ,al?\gh ! animal "p ( man pres]ves = him ! _m great advantages ( :i* we h already spok51 /ill1 "o may say t1 9 ano!r aspect1 x rema9s always despicable2 viz41 ! s\l ?us dep5ds1 slave-l1 on ! activity ( its tools2 ! p]iodical relaxation ( ^! prescribes to ! s\l an inactive pause & annihilation at p]iods4 ,i mean sleep1 :i*1 "o _c d5y1 robs u at lea/ ( ! ?ird "p ( our life4 ,fur!r1 our m9d is completely dep5d5t on ! laws ( ! body1 s t ! cessation ( ! latt] puts a sudd5 /op to ! cont9uance ( ?\ghts1 ev5 ?\gh we be on ! /raight1 op5 pa? t[>ds tru?4 ,if ! reason h ev] s little fix$ ^u an idea1 :5 ! lazy matt] refuses to c>ry x out1 ! /r+s ( ! ?9k+ organs gr[ we>y1 if !y h be5 b slightly /ra9$2 ! body fails u :]e we ne$ x mo/4 ,:at a/oni%+ /eps1 "o may inf]1 w\ld man make 9 ! use ( 8 p[]s if he c\ld cont9ue to ?9k 9 a /ate ( unbrok5 int5sity6 ,h[ he w\ld unravel e idea to its f9al elem5ts2 h[ he w\ld trace e appe>ance to its mo/ hidd5 s\rces1 if he c\ld keep !m un9t]rupt$ly be=e 8 m9d6 ,b1 alas6 x is n ?us4 ,:y is x n s8 #bd4--,necessity = ,relaxation4 ,! foll[+ w lead u on ! track ( tru?3-- #a4 ,pleasant s5sation 0 necess>y to lead man to p]fection1 & he c only be p]fect :5 he feels com=table4 #b4 ,! nature ( a mortal be+ makes unpleasant feel+ unavoidable4 ,evil does n %ut man out f ! be/ _w1 & ! worldly-wise f9d _! p]fection !re94 #c4 ,?us pa9 & pleasure are necess>y4 ,x seems h>d]1 b x is no less true4 #d4 ,e pa91 z e pleasure1 gr[s accord+ to its nature1 & w\ld cont9ue to d s4 #e4 ,e pa9 & e pleasure ( a mix$ be+ t5d to _! own dissolution4 #be4--;,explanation4 ,x is a well-kn[n law ( ! connection betwe5 ideas t e s5sation1 ( :atev] k9d1 imm$iately seizes ano!r ( its k9d1 & enl>ges itself ?r\gh ?is addition4 ,! l>g] & m manifold x becomes1 s mu* ! m does x awak5 simil> s5sations 9 all directions ?r\gh ! organs ( ?\ght1 until1 by degrees1 x becomes univ]sally pr$om9ant1 & occupies ! :ole s\l4 ,consequ5tly1 e s5sation gr[s ?r\gh itself2 e pres5t condition ( ! feel+ p[] conta9s ! root ( a feel+ to foll[1 simil>1 b m int5se4 ,?is is evid5t4 ,n[1 e m5tal s5sation is1 z we "k1 alli$ to a simil> animal "o2 9 o!r words1 ea* "o is connect$ ) m or less movem5t ( ! n]ves1 :i* take a direction accord+ to ! measure ( _! /r5g? & ext5sion4 ,?us1 z m5tal s5sations gr[1 mu/ ! movem5ts 9 ! n]v\s sy/em increase also4 ,?is is no less cle>4 ,n[1 pa?ology tea*es u t a n]ve nev] suff]s alone3 & to say1 8,"h is a sup]fluity ( /r5g?10 is z mu* z to say1 8,!re is want ( /r5g?40 ,?us1 e n]v\s movem5t gr[s ?r\gh itself4 ,n[1 we h rem>k$ t ! movem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em react ^u ! m9d1 & /r5g!n ! m5tal s5sations2#bf vice v]sa1 ! /r5g!n$ s5sation ( ! m9d increase & /r5g!n ! motions ( ! n]ves4 ,?us we h a circle1 9 :i* s5sation mu/ always increase1 & n]v\s movem5ts e mom5t become m p[]ful & univ]sal4 ,n[1 we "k t ! movem5ts ( ! bodily frame :i* cause ! feel+ ( pa9 run c\nt] to ! h>mony by :i* x w\ld exi/ 9 well-be+2 t is1 t !y are diseas$4 ,b disease _c gr[ unceas+ly1 !re=e !y end 9 ! total de/ruction ( ! frame4 ,9 relation to pa91 x is ?us prov$ t x aims at ! dea? ( ! subject4 ,b1 ! motions ( ! n]ves "u pleasant s5sations be+ s h>moni\s to ! cont9uance ( ! ma*9]y t ! condition ( m9d :i* con/itutes pleasure is t ( ! greate/ bodily well-be+1 %\ld n r1 !n1 pleasant s5sation prolong ! bloom ( ! body et]nally8 ,?is inf]5ce is too ha/y4 ,9 a c]ta9 /age ( mod]ation1 ^! n]v\s motions are :olesome1 & really a sign ( heal?4 ,b if !y outgr[ ?is /age1 !y may be ! highe/ activity1 ! highe/ mom5t>y p]fection2 b1 ?us1 !y are excess ( heal?1 no long] heal? itself4 ,we only call t condition ( ! natural motions heal? 9 :i* ! root ( simil> ones = ! future lies1 viz41 ^? :i* confirm ! p]fection ( succe$+ motions2 ?us1 ! de/9y ( cont9uance is ess5tially conta9$ 9 ! idea ( heal?4 ,?us1 = example1 ! body ( ! mo/ debilitat$ pr(ligate atta9s to its greate/ h>mony at ! mom5t ( excess2 b x is only mom5t>ily1 & a s mu* deep] abatem5t %[s suffici5tly t ov]/ra9+ 0 n heal?4 ,!re=e "o may ju/ly accept t an ov]/ra9$ vigor ( physical action ha/5s dea? z mu* z ! greate/ disord] or ! wor/ illness4 ,bo? pa9 & pleasure draw u t[>ds an unavoidable dea?1 unless some?+ be pres5t :i* limits _! advance4 #bf4--;,excell5ce ( ?is ,abatem5t4 ,x is j ?is 7! limit to _! gr[?7 :i* ! abatem5t ( ! animal nature causes4 ,x mu/ be no o!r ?an ?is limitation ( our fragile frame 7t appe>$ to h l5t to our oppon5ts s /rong a pro( aga9/ its p]fection7 :i* ameliorates all ! evil consequ5ces t ! me*anism o!rwise makes unavoidable4 ,x is exactly ?is s9k+1 ?is lassitude ( ! organs1 ov] :i* t9k]s compla9 s mu*1 t prev5ts our own /r5g? de/roy+ u 9 a %ort "t2 t does n p]mit our positions to be always increas+ t[>ds our de/ruction4 ,?is limitation %[s ea* passion ! p]iod ( its gr[?1 its height & decl9e 7if inde$ ! passion does n die out 9 a total relaxation ( ! body71 :i* leaves ! excit$ spirits "t to resume _! h>mony1 & ! organs to recov]4 ,h5ce1 ! highe/ pit* ( rapture1 ( fe>1 & ( ang]1 are ! same z we>9ess1 weakness1 or fa9t+4 ,b sleep v\*safes m1 = z ,%akspe>e says3-- ,sleep1 t knits up ! ravell$ sleeve ( c>e1 ,! dea? ( ea* day's life1 sore labor's ba?1 ,balm ( hurt m9ds1 great ,nature's sweet re/or]4 --,macbe?4 ,dur+ sleep1 ! vital =ces re/ore !mselves to t heal?y balance :i* ! cont9uance ( our be+ s mu* requires2 all ! cramp$ ideas & feel+s1 ! ov]/ra9$ actions :i* h tr\bl$ u ?r\gh ! day1 are solv$ 9 ! entire relaxation ( ! s5sorium2 ! h>mony ( ! motions ( ! m9d are resum$1 & ! newly-awak5$ man greets ! com+ day m calmly4 ,9 relation to ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole1 also1 we _c suffici5tly admire ! wor? & importance ( ?is limitation4 ,! arrangem5t necess>ily causes _m1 :o %\ld be no less happy1 to be sacrific$ to ! g5]al ord] & to be> ! lot ( oppression4 ,likewise1 _m1 :om we p]haps unju/ly envy1 mu/ exp5d _! m5tal & bodily /r5g? 9 re/less ex]tion1 s t ! repose ( ! :ole be pres]v$4 ,! same ) sick p]sons1 ! same ) unreason+ animals4 ,sleep seals ! eye ( c>e1 takes f ! pr9ce & /atesman ! heavy weight ( gov]n+2 p\rs new =ce into ! ve9s ( ! sick man1 & re/ into 8 h>ass$ s\l2 ! day-labor] no long] he>s ! voice ( ! oppressor1 & ! ill-us$ bea/ escapes f ! tyranny ( man4 ,sleep buries all c>es & tr\bles1 balances ev]y?+1 equips e "o ) new-born p[]s to be> ! joys & sorr[s ( ! next day4 #bg4--,sev]+ ( ! ,connection4 ,at l5g? arriv$ at ! po9t 9 ! circle :]e ! m9d has fulfill$ ! aim ( its be+1 an int]nal1 unacc\ntable me*anism has1 at ! same "t1 made ! body incapable ( be+ any long] its in/rum5t4 ,all c>e = ! well-be+ ( ! bodily /ate seems to rea* b to ?is epo*4 ,x appe>s to me t1 9 ! =mation ( our physical nature1 wisdom has %[n su* p>simony1 t not)/&+ con/ant comp5sations1 decl9e mu/ always keep 9 ! asc5dancy1 s t fre$om misuses ! me*anism1 & dea? is g]m9at$ 9 life z out ( its se$4 ,matt] dissolves aga9 into its la/ elem5ts1 :i* travel ?r\gh ! k+dom ( nature 9 o!r =ms & relations1 to s]ve o!r purposes4 ,! m9d cont9ues to practise its ?9k+ p[]s 9 o!r circles1 & to obs]ve ! univ]se f o!r sides4 ,we may truly say t x has n by any means exhau/$ ?is actual sph]e1 t x might h left ?is sph]e itself m p]fect2 b d we "k t ?is sph]e is lo/ to x8 ,we lay _m a book aside :i* we d n und]/&1 b p]haps 9 a few ye>s we %all und]/& x bett]4 ,,! ,,end ----- ,footnote #a3 ,d>e to be wise4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,greek ^w means1 z is kn[n1 love ( wisdom4 ,footnote #c3 ,be/immb>keit4 ,footnote #d3 ,be/immung4 ,footnote #e3 ,less+'s play1 8,na?an ! ,wise10 act i4 sc5e #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,see 8neid10 ii4 #bac-bae4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid1 #baf-bag4 ,footnote #h3 ,pope's 8,iliad10 ,book ,,xiv4 v4 #bbe4 ,footnote #i3 ,art c make use ( a prop] solemnity4 ,its object is only to prep>e ! m9d = some?+ important4 ,:5 ! poet is anxi\s to produce a great impression he tunes ! m9d to receive x4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a play ( ,iffl&4 ,footnote #aa3 8,odyssey10 book xiii4 v4 #cig4 ,footnote #ab3 1 8,odyssey10 xiv4 #dac1 etc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,w]!r1 ,may #bf1 ,june #ba1 ,augu/ #bh1 ,may #i1 etc4 ,footnote #ad3 8,orl&o ,furioso10 canto i41 /anza #cb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,pope's 8,iliad10 vi4 #bfd-bhg4 ,footnote #af3 8,iliad10 vi4 #bcd-bcf4 ,footnote #ag3 8,siegw>t10 a novel by ,j4 ,mll]1 publi%$ at ,ulm1 #aggf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,huxley1 speak+ ( psy*ology & physiology 7idealism & mat]ialism71 says3 8,our /em divides into two ma9 bran*es1 :i* gr[ 9 opposite ways1 & be> fl[]s :i* look z diff]5t z !y c well be4 ,b ea* bran* is s\nd & heal?y1 & has z mu* life & vigor z ! o!r4 ,if a botani/ f\nd ?is /ate ( ?+s 9 a new plant1 ,i imag9e he might be incl9$ to ?9k t 8 tree 0 monci\s1 t ! fl[]s 7 ( diff]5t sexes1 & t1 s f> f sett+ up a b>ri] betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! tree1 ! only hope ( f]tility lay 9 br++ !m toge!r4 ,?is is my notion ( :at is to be done ) physics & metaphysics4 ,_! diff]5ces are complem5t>y1 n antagoni/ic1 & ?\ght w nev] be completely fruitful until ! "o unites ) ! o!r40--,,huxley1 ,macmillan's ,mag41 ,may #ahgj4 ,desc>tes' me?od 7accord+ to ,huxley7 leads /raight up to ! critical idealism ( 8 great successor1 ,kant1 9 decl>+ t ! ultimate fact ( all k is a consci\sness--& !re=e affirm+ t ! highe/ ( all c]ta9ties1 & inde$ ! only absolute c]ta9ty1 is ! exi/5ce ( m9d4 ,b x /ops %ort ( ,b]keley 9 decl>+ t matt] does n exi/3 8 argum5ts aga9/ its exi/5ce w\ld equally t5d to prove ! non-exi/5ce ( s\l4 ,9 ,desc>tes' sy/em1 ! body is simply a ma*9e1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! rational s\l 7peculi> to man7 is lodg$1 & :i* x directs at its w1 z a skilful eng9e] famili> ) its work+ might d--?r\gh w & ?r\gh affection he c 8increase1 slack51 & alt] _! movem5ts at 8 pleasure40 ,at ! same "t1 he admits1 9 all t reg>ds its m]e animal life--9 active functions1 su* z ^? connect$ ) hung]1 respiration1 sleep1 dige/ion2 9 _m passive ones1 su* z we are accu/om$ to call m5tal1 z 9 memory1 ! p]ception ( color1 s\nd--a purely automatic action ( ! body1 :i* x pursues simply by foll[+ out its own laws1 indep5d5t ( ! s\l's direction or int]f]5ce4 ,footnote #ai3 ,b we h some?+ m ?an ! animal life ( ! animal 7bea/74 ,a bea/ lives an animal life 9 ord] t x may exp]i5ce pleasant s5sations4 ,x exp]i5ces pleasant s5sations t x may pres]ve ! animal life4 ,x lives n[1 !re=e1 9 ord] t x may live aga9 to-morr[4 ,x is happy n[ t x may be happy to-morr[4 ,b x is a simple1 an unc]ta9 happ9ess1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! action ( ! organism1 x is a slave to luck & bl9d *ance2 because x consi/s 9 s5sation only4 ,man1 too1 lives an animal life1--is s5sible ( its pleasures & suff]s its pa9s4 ,b :y8 ,he feels & suff]s t he may pres]ve 8 animal life4 ,he pres]ves 8 animal life t he may long] h ! p[] to live a spiritual "o4 ,"h1 !n1 ! means diff] f ! end2 !re1 end & means seem to co9cide4 ,?is is "o ( ! l9es ( sep>ation betwe5 man & ! animal4 ,footnote #bj3 ,obs]vations on ,f]guson's 8,moral ,philosophy10 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ba3 ,obs]vations on ,f]guson's 8,moral ,philosophy10 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,s*lz]'s ,plan ( 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 #f4 ,footnote #bc3 ,complac5cy & ,displac5cy p]haps m aptly express ! mean+ ( ,lu/ & ,unlu/1 :i* we translate by pleasure & pa94 ,footnote #bd3 8,life ( ,moor10 trag$y ( ,krake4 ,act4 v4 sc4 #a4 ,footnote #be3 ,muzell's 8,m$ical & ,surgical ,consid]ations40 ,footnote #bf3 ,:y1 h[ "o weeps ,:5 "o's too we>y6 ,te>s1 te>s6 :y we weep1 ',tis wor? inquiry3--t we've %am$ a life1 ,or lo/ a love1 or miss$ a _w1 p]haps8 ,by no means4 ,simply1 t we've walk$ too f>1 ,or talk$ too mu*1 or felt ! w9d 9 ! ea/1 etc4 --,aurora ,leigh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4