,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,h]cules ,,"s ,,borzoi ,,text ,,books ,,sociology ,,& ,,political ,,!ory ,h>ry ,e4 ,b>nes ,,! ,,oral ,,/udy ,,( ,,lit]ature ,alg]non ,tass9 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,social ,,!ory ,alb]t ,g4 ,a4 ,balz ,,essays ,,9 ,,economic ,,!ory ,simon ,nelson ,patt5 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,j\rnalism ,nelson ,a4 ,craw=d ,,! ,,tr5d ,,( ,,economics ,v>i\s ,writ]s ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,writ+ ,h>old ,p4 ,scott ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,h]cules ,a ,/udy ( ,man's ,body z ! ,sole ,det]m9ant ( ,e?ical ,values ,,by ,,rob]t ,,*5ault ,,givl]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,tufts ,college ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,new ,,york ,,alfr$ ,a ,,knopf ,,mcmxxiv ,,copyright1 #aibd1 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,a4 ,,knopf1 ,,inc4 ,publi%$1 ,m>*1 #aibd ,set up1 electrotyp$1 & pr9t$ by ! ,vail-,ball\ ,press1 ,inc41 ,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pap] furni%$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,e!r+ton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,b\nd by ,h4 ,wolff ,e/ate1 ,new ,york4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,?\s& ,,m5 ,,( ,,my ,,g5]ation ,,^: ,,?\ght ,i ,,h ,,! ,,honor ,,( ,,mak+ ,,articulate4 8,wa/e n free en]gy2 treasure x & make ! be/ use ( x40 ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald1 8,! ,imp]ative ( ,en]getics40 ,,preface ,?is book deals ) e?ics z a /rictly natural sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly z a bran* ( me*ani/ic psy*ology4 ,x reg>ds ! realm ( e?ics z cot]m9\s ) ! ar5a ( human activity1 & holds t ! problems ( conduct1 be+ exclusively man's problems1 are to be solv$ by ! me?ods ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 s9ce human conduct is 9 ! la/ analysis dep5d5t ^u ! po/ures & manuvres ( our muscle-fabric1 he :o w\ld und]/& e?ics mu/ fir/ compreh5d some?+ ( ! me*anics ( ! human organism4 ,inde$1 ?is book attempts to %[1 n only t e?ics & physiology c no long] be /udi$ ap>t f "o ano!r1 b also t x is ! /ructure & functions ( ! human body :i* h det]m9$ j :at our e?ical values are4 ,su* a program is n /rictly orig9al1 = ! /ud5t ( philosophy w readily f9d its antec$5ts4 ,nev]!less1 :ile _m e?ical writ]s h h]et(ore giv5 num]\s intimations ( a me*ani/ic s*eme 9 e?ics1 yet usually z !y proce$ to discuss :at are call$ high] ?+s1 !y seem to =get t x is ! human body :i* p]=ms e human action1 ev5 ^? de$s :i* move u mo/ pr(\ndly4 ,no su* falt]+1 we tru/1 w be f\nd 9 ^! pages4 ,inde$1 x may be /at$ at ! outset t "o ( ! fundam5tal conceptions f :i* ?is book orig9at$ is t ! well-be+ ( ! physiological organism is ! f9al crit]ion ( :atev] is e?ically valuable4 ,! title1 8,! ,e?ics ( ,h]cules10 is d\bly symbolical4 ,^? :o h he>d ( ?is anci5t h]o w imm$iately recognize ! emphasis :i* is plac$ ^u t type ( p]sonality :o ) /r5g?1 skill1 & p]si/5ce works out ! problem t lies ne>e/ at h&4 ,moreov]1 ,h]cules ! valiant1 ! ?or\ghbr$ :o nev] once %irk$ f 8 task1 is "h contra/$ ) ,c9d]ella1 ! patron goddess ( all ^? ineffectual dream]s1 :o1 in/ead ( balanc+ _! e?ical books day by day1 :imp] aft] ! sup]natural1 & cultivate an inn] life ( subt]fuge & disord]4 ,we hold "h t no man c h fre$om giv5 to him1 b t he mu/ e>n x by positively con/ructive1 hone/ ef=ts to adju/ himself to & ga9 control ( 8 environm5t4 ,! motto ( ,c9d]ella is1 8,:]e y are n1 !re is happ9ess10 :ile ! motto ( ,h]cules is1 8,fri5ds lo/1 some?+ lo/2 honor lo/1 mu* lo/2 pluck lo/1 all lo/40 ,! realization t 9 all sci5ce _m false />ts are made be=e a s+le true "o is a*iev$1 makes = caution & vigilance4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t ! tr5d ( e?ical ?\ght has be5 cont9ually gr[+ m & m me*ani/ic1 x seems n unlikely t we are at ! beg9n+ r ?an at ! end ( a *apt] 9 ! empirical sci5ce ( human nature4 ,if ?is book utt]s no m ?an ! fir/ s5t5ce ( t *apt]1 ! ef=t w n h be5 9 va94 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introduction #c ,,ii4 ,a ,,physiological ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,antagonism ,,betwe5 ,,all ,,su* ,,words ,,z 8,,good0 ,,& 8,,bad10 ,,& 8,,"r0 ,,& 8,,wrong0 #ab ,,iii4 ,,! ,,biological ,,signification ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,good0 #cf ,,iv4 ,,! ,,action-,,patt]ns ,,impli$ ,,by ,,! ,,^w 8,,bad10 ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,physiology ,,( 8,,evil0 #eh ,v4 8,,"r0 ,,z ,a ,,ge/ural ,,sign #ge ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,wrong0 #aaf ,,vii4 8,,virtue0 ,,& 8,,vice0 ,,z ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,organism #abg ,,viii4 ,,is ,,consci5ce ,,always ,a ,,pa?ological ,,ph5om5on8 #aee ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mitigation ,,( ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,obligation #age ,x4 ,,! ,,acquisition ,,( ,,an ,,e?ical ,,te*nique #ahi ,,index #bjc ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,h]cules ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,x w\ld be an imp]t95ce = an amateur 9 physiological sci5ce to ass]t t ! significance ( e?ical values c be und]/ood only ?r\gh a /udy ( ! me*anics ( ! human body1 7 n ! e?ical implications ( physiology s num]\s1 s compell+1 & s pla9ly app>5t4 ,ev] s9ce anatomi/s & physiologi/s fir/ began to demon/rate t all ! vital functions ( man 7 dep5d5t ^u 8 intimate /ructure2 & m rec5tly t conduct & ?\ght are 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m functions ( man's fle%1 !y h be5 lay+ ! f\ndations1--ev5 if unconsci\sly1--( a scrupul\sly natural sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to attempt ! =mulation ( su* a sci5ce4 ,!re is little ne$ to /ate t any proposal to deal ) e?ics 9 a ?or\ghly naturali/ic mann] w be met ) consid]able resi/ance4 ,al?\gh x has be5 ev]la/+ly recogniz$ t human conduct is ! direct product ( human bodies1 especially z is evid5c$ by our be/[al ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts on individually specifi$ p]sons1 nev]!less1 ! op9ion /ill widely prevails t a man & 8 actions are two su* diff]5t ?+s t ! =m] _c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! latt]4 ,aga9/ ?is naturali/ic or me*ani/ic view1--t a man is :at he does1--sev]al classes ( p t5aci\sly hold contradictory op9ions4 ,!re are1 = example1 ^? :o consid] e?ics z ! humble h&maid ( :at is curi\sly t]m$ 8reveal$ religion10 & :o consequ5tly hold t all ! k necess>y = ! conduct ( life has long ago be5 v\*saf$ u by ,infallible ,wisdom4 ,to su* p]sons x is ( no importance t human nature has actually alt]$ to su* an ext5t z to make x necess>y to f9d new solutions ev5 = anci5t problems2 nor does x seem to occur to !m t ! homage devot$ to ! pa/ may (t5 be simply a pleasant way ( escape f ! intellectual responsibilities ( ! pres5t4 ,a me*ani/ic e?ics plans to und]m9e ! notion t ! e?ical tru? ( "o g5]ation is necess>ily suffici5t = ! problems ( ! g5]ation t succe$s x1 & aims to sup]s$e x ) ! view t man's progress is dep5d5t1 n ^u 8 ability to escape f 8 problems1 b r ^u 8 ability to analyse & solve !m4 ,aga91 !re are ^? :o reg>d e?ics solely z a subject = philosophical discussion on ! basis ( an ideal nev] illu/rat$ by any "o man1 b only conceiv$ 9 ab/ract t]ms4 8,h[ %\ld ! ideal man behave80 is ! sole burd5 ( _! discussion4 ,ev5 ! me*ani/ hesitates to condemn ?is e/hetic attitude t[>d conduct too sev]ely4 ,= x is well kn[n t ?9k+ may involve prep>ation = action1 & t consequ5tly he :o ?9ks out ! be/ c\rse ( conduct 9 advance may be m likely to act accord+ly :5 a real problem is to be solv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! human body & bra9 are s con/ruct$ t all fanciful romanc+ is necess>ily t+$ ) delusion to su* an ext5t t he :o conceives an ideal ap>t f ! actual is b\nd to lose 8 ori5tation4 ,& ! sequel ( ?is loss is ev]y:]e manife/ 9 purely philosophical discussions ab\t e?ics4 ,9 ! ef=t to extricate !mselves f ! v]balism 9 :i* !y are entangl$1 e?ical !ori/s h inv>iably ei!r reject$ ! _w z evil1 or else !y h dug !mselves 9 "u a m\nta9 ( mean+less words4 ,to all su* p]sons a me*ani/ic e?ics seeks to re/ore a glimpse ( ! reality !y h s\ght 9 va91 by %[+ t ! highe/ ideals ne$ n be 9 any way fictiti\s4 ,resi/ance to a naturali/ic e?ics may also be expect$ f ^? biologi/s & physiologi/s :o reg>d ! human body ess5tially z a corpse animat$ by a psy*e4 ,^! p are kn[n z vitali/s1 & _! numb] is v great4 ,! cu/om>y gloom ( ^! m5 is d\btless d]iv$ f _! attitude t[>d ! human body1 :i* !y "k be/ ei!r 9 ! =m ( specim5s pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 or microscopic slides ( slaught]$ tissue4 ,n[1 to be sure1 su* objects ( int5se /udy d n ( !mselves yield an adequate picture ( a liv+1 ?9k+ man4 ,b ^! morphologically-m9d$ p]sons1 in/ead ( p]t9aci\sly rememb]+ :at mann] ( organism !y h sla9 = rese>*1 & in/ead ( keep+ ev] 9 m9d t all human tissues actually die :ile p]=m+ _! normal functions1 deem x someh[ necess>y to po/ulate a vital1 t is1 an immortal pr9ciple1 :i* makes ! organism g4 ,a m p]v]se logic does n arise ev5 9 ! realms ( !ology4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! conv]sation ( ^! m5 is n s happy z _! metaphysic might indicate4 8,no1 no10 !y w repeat 9 a pla9tive outcry1 8y c nev] f9d ! secret ( life40 ,! s5tim5t und]ly+ su* a rem>k is n difficult = ev5 a casual /ud5t ( psy*ology to detect4 ,moreov]1 logicians "k t :5 a man /ates a problem 9 t]ms ( a my/]y1 & seeks !reby to h9d] ! se>* = its solution1 he commits an error :i* has be5 call$ 8! fallacy ( initial pr$ication40#a ,obvi\sly1 inde$1 we h already f\nd out fully a ?\s& ( ! secrets ( liv+ matt]1--= in/ance1 its pr9cipal *emical +r$i5ts1 its dep5d5ce ^u oxyg51 its optimal temp]ature1 its rate ( dy+ ) diff]5t vital organs remov$1 & ! l1--& s :5 a vitali/ speaks ( 8! ,secret ( ,life10 he simply %[s t he is /ill a wor%ipp] ( magic4 ,al?\gh ! way ( intellectual progress lies 9 ano!r direction1 yet1 s9ce ! majority ( mank9d c\rt my/]y z a way ( escape f ! 8despotism ( fact10 ! vitali/ c be expect$ to lead a voluble resi/ance aga9/ a me*ani/ic e?ics4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 he c p]haps be induc$ to recognize t al?\gh ,psy*e does seem to regulate ,homo1 yet x is always ! /ructure ( ,homo t det]m9es :at mann] ( function he %all manife/4 ,& if ! me*ani/ c elicit ?is admission f ! vitali/1 he c at lea/ ma9ta9 8 *ief cont5tion4 ,o!rwise1 see+ t ! me*ani/s are on ! :ole y\ng] m5 ?an ! vitali/s1 nature's own sl[ processes w h to s(t5 ! asp]ities ( ?is conflict4 ,hav+ ?us begun our outl9e ( a me*ani/ic e?ics by /at+ ! *ief po9ts ( its disagreem5t ) c]ta9 traditional ways ( ?9k+1 let u n[ proce$ to e/abli% )\t int]ruptions ! f\ndations ^u :i* ?is sci5ce ( human conduct is to be built4 ,& fir/ a ^w z to its antec$5ts4 ,all mod]n sci5tific ?9k+1 :i* is ess5tially a p]t9acity ( att5tion1--a dogg$ foll[+ ^u a clue sagaci\sly intuit$1--is our h]itage f anci5t ,greek ?\ght1 & p>ticul>ly f ,socrates4 ,& x is q a significant1 ?\gh (t-=gott5 fact1 t :ile almo/ all our sci5tific inquiry has be5 direct$ t[>d ! conque/ ( physical nature1 ,socrates himself scorn$ to devote 8 p[]s to any b ! subjects ( e?ics & ! !ory ( k4 ,x is1 !n1 some?+ l a return to ! *ief int]e/ ( ,greek life to employ ! me?ods ( g5]al sci5ce 9 ! analysis ( ! e?ical problem4 8,"k ?yself0 0 ! well-kn[n motto ( ,socrates2 b x has requir$ an inf9itude ( o!r k be=e we c\ld see cle>ly en\gh to "k ourselves4 ,nev]!less1 we may n[ say t 9 ?us employ+ mod]n sci5ce /rictly 9 ! int]e/ ( e?ics1 ! homage to ,socrates is no less pr(\nd ?an ! impli$ confid5ce 9 ! tr5d ( t civilization :i* orig9at$ 9 8 brilliant m9d4 ,! antec$5ts ( a naturali/ic e?ics1 h[ev]1 are n all locat$ 9 "o man4 ,) v>y+ emphases1 we f9d simil> t5d5cies appe>+ 9 ,ari/otle1 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 ,hobbes1 9 ,sp9oza1 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & 9 _m o!r wise & k9d m54 ,today ?is same influ5ce is m aggressive & exp&+ ?an ev] be=e4 ,luci5 ,levy ,brhl1 ,edw9 ,holt1 ,john ,dewey1 ,william ,morris ,davis1 ,george ,cl>ke ,cox1 & ,roy ,wood ,sell>s are typical repres5tatives ( ! movem5t devot$ to mak+ e?ics z objective z ! sci5ce ( me*anics4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld seem t ! attempt we %all make "h to def9e e?ical values 9 t]ms ( man's biological functions is n a =lorn hope1 ei!r hi/orically un=ese51 or lack+ contempor>y sympa?iz]s4 ,:at1 !n1 is impli$ by ! /atem5t t e?ical values are to be def9$ 9 t]ms ( man's biological functions8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we imply t j z man's body1 by means ( bra91 s5se organ1 muscle & gl&1 makes1 ^u /imulation1 all ! m9d x ev] manife/s1 s likewise t same body ( man1 ?r\gh ! me*anisms j enum]at$1 creates e?ical notions4 ,t is to say1 ! realm ( e?ics is co9cid5t ) ! realm ( human behavior 9 s f> z t behavior is judg$ to be good or bad1 "r or wrong1 virtu\s or vici\s4 ,n[ ! body ( man p]=ms _m & v>i\s functions1 "s ( :i* are call$ physical1 "s *emical1 "s m5tal1 & "s e?ical2 & any /ructure ( man's body1 su* z an arm or a leg1 c be %[n to p]=m all ^! f\r types ( function at ! same "t4 ,su* a /atem5t w cause no surprise to ^? :o h foll[$ ! tr5d ( psy*ological & e?ical !ory 9 ! la/ decade4 ,& :ile x is obvi\sly impossible to prove any !ory to ! negatively sugge/ible ob/ructioni/1 x is a v hopeful sign t today great numb]s ( ev5 untutor$ m5 are disbeliev+ 9 ! transc5d5ce ( m5tal & e?ical qualities1 & are relocat+ !m among ! natural ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,h]eaft]1 !n1 we %all also und]/& e?ical values to be a*ievem5ts ( man's m9d1 :i* is a function ( 8 protoplasm1 :i* is a function ( ! sun4 ,a second implication ( our basic ass]tion is t s9ce our k ( man has1 aft] a hundr$ false />ts1 j rec5tly become 9 any way accurate1 s mu/ our views on e?ical que/ions be reg>d$ z /ill 9 ! infancy ( _! tru?4 ,moreov]1 j z sci5tific inquiry 9 e o!r field is subject to revision ^u ea* new discov]y ( signal importance1 s mu/ e?ical sci5ce1 dur+ ! p]iod ( its infancy1 be subject c\ntless times to an equally sweep+ revision4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sci5tific attitude t[>d e?ics =e/alls any attempt or wi% to draw on "s phantom bank acc\nt to eke out ! e?ical res\rces ( mank9d1 insuffici5t ?\gh su* res\rces may at times appe> to be4 ,he :o1 l ! me*ani/1 believes t virtue is a /rictly natural ph5om5on1 mu/ n c>ry a-priori /&>ds into 8 "w1 b mu/ believe t an accurate description ( human nature w furni% all ! necess>y data = an appli$ sci5ce ( human conduct4 ,to be sure1 s9ce man is a creature :o likes & dislikes1 :o pref]s & rejects1 ?is v fact precludes an e?ics )\t any m5tion ( ideals ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 x is our p>ticul> bus9ess "h n to e/abli% or insi/ on any set ( ideals 9 advance ( an empirical /udy ( human conduct1 = x may well be t :at we call our highe/ ideals are1 9 ! light ( sci5ce1 9 ne$ ( consid]able revision4 ,) ?is by way ( introduction1 we %all at once proce$ ) ! "w already propos$4 ,& j z a new proprietor ( an old bus9ess beg9s by tak+ inv5tory1 s %all we at once take /ock ( ! e?ical res\rces ( man4 ,our me?od = ! "t be+ w be ! me?od ( ! /ati/ician4 ,foll[+ ! arrangem5t ( our data z we f9d !m1 we %all fir/ seek to answ] t mo/ int]e/+ &1 inde$1 fundam5tal "q1 namely1 ,:y d our e?ical judgm5ts always occur 9 pairs ( antonyms8 ,?is enquiry w br+ u to ! v c5t] ( ! e?ical problem4 ,next we %all ask j :at our t5 pr9cipal e?ical concepts really mean1 & %all seek to discov] _! relation%ips to "o ano!r4 ,f9ally1 we %all endeavor to %[ h[ ! k ?us d]iv$1 :5 comb9$ ) insight into ! me*anics ( body & m9d1 furni%es u ) an e?ical te*nique :i* transc5ds bo? 9 scope & effectiv5ess all t we h hi!rto possess$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 8,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies10 p4 #abg4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,physiological ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,antagonism ,,betwe5 ,,all ,,su* ,,words ,,z 8,,good0 ,,& 8,,bad10 ,,& 8,,"r0 ,,& 8,,wrong0 8,a ^w is ! %ad[ ( an act40 ,,democritus4 ,x is a fact ( ! greate/ significance t ! words by :i* we convey our ideas ( value always occur 9 pairs1 "o ( :i* is ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,9 e/hetics ! beautiful is contra/$ ) ! ugly1 & ! *>m+ ) ! disgu/+2 9 logic ! true cla%es ) ! false1 & 9 philosophy ! real ) ! unreal2 9 matt]s ( public & private economy ! *eap is anti!tical to ! exp5sive1 & ! g5]\s to ! mis]ly2 :ile 9 e?ics we con/antly he> ! words good & bad1 "r & wrong1 virtu\s & vici\s employ$ to d5ote ! opposition & contradiction ( human int]e/s & ideals4 ,:at is ! ultimate reason :y we ?us employ su* pairs ( antonyms 9 our judgm5ts ( praise or blame1 our expressions ( desire or av]sion1 & 9 our e/imations ( m]it or defect8 ,?is mod]n "q1 ^u :i* ! f\nd+ ( a true sci5ce ( e?ics dep5ds1 _c be answ]$ by any appeal to ! speculative metaphysics ( bygone g5]ations4 ,we h pass$ out ( t p]iod 9 :i* m5 7 cont5t ) an explanation bas$ on ! ,zoroa/rian hypo!sis ( a _w divid$ betwe5 ! w>r+ =ces ( light & d>kness1 :ile our e>s are n[ equally unresponsive to ! bi-pol> pr9ciples ( love & hate :i* ,emp$ocles prop\nd$4 ,ev5 our rec5t ,em]son's 8,law ( ,comp5sation10 born ?\gh x 0 ( canny1 sci5tific ?9k+1 is n m>k$ by ! lea/ sign ( t f9ality :i* ! answ] we seek %\ld possess4 ,x is1 inde$1 our conviction t ! pres5ce ( antonyms 9 human spee* is n to be acc\nt$ = by ! assumption ( a !ory conc]n+ ! _w z a :ole1 b r by an exam9ation ( "s ( ! balde/ facts ( our ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,nay m1 x is our decl>$ purpose to %[ t ! metaphysical & !ological notions ( ,emp$ocles & ,zoroa/] are !mselves to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! physics & ! physiology ( man1--9 t]ms ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! human body4 ,b be=e we c compreh5d ! significance ( su* a !sis1 x is fir/ necess>y to und]/& "s ( ! physiological me*anisms und]ly+ ?\ght & spee*4 ,! ,rise ( ,me*ani/ic ,psy*ology ,ev] s9ce ,william ,james employ$ ! phrase 8! /ream ( ?\ght0 to describe m5tal ph5om5a1 ! :ole tr5d ( psy*ology has be5 alt]$4 ,n only did ! wide-spread use ( t phrase result 9 ! giv+ up ( _m traditional beliefs 9 reg>d to ?+s m5tal1 b x also /imulat$ ! mo/ pr(itable inve/igations 9 psy*ological sci5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! beliefs :i* x demoli%$ 0 ! belief 9 ,ideas z et]nal1 ext]nal1 & immutable4 ,accord+ to ! notion ( a /ream ( consci\sness 7itself a v>iable conception71 ideas are s5sory images :i* %[ individual v>iations1 :i* nev] are exactly repeat$1 & :i* h mean+ only :5 !y ref] or lead to "s concrete reality4 ,?is view1 :i* f9ally replac$ ! anci5t ,platonic conception1 is n[ held by practically all psy*ologi/s4 ,moreov]1 ! influ5ce ( ,james' tea*+ 0 su* z to %[ t w1 intellect1 feel+1 & ! l 7 n sep>able p>ts ( a m9d 7i4 e41 faculties7 :i* 7 capable ( act+ indep5d5tly1 b 7 m]ely h&y words to indicate ! v>i\s qualities ( ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,! /ream fl[s swiftly1--call t impulsiv5ess2 x fl[s aga9 broadly & deeply ) _m glanc+ eddies1--call t delib]ation2 x fl[s once m ) swift desc5t & foam1--call t /rong feel+4 ,nev]!less1 ! /ream ( ?\ght is "o /ream1 & m5tal ph5om5a "o & all specify its labile & fluid consi/5cy4 ,& n[ let u see to :at fur!r developm5ts ?is /rik+ conception has l$4 ,obvi\sly1 ! a/ute1 enquir+ p]son at once asks1 8,:at makes ?is /ream ( ?\ght8 ,to :at is its fl[+ "* due80 ,at fir/ x might seem t "o mu/ despair ( any satisfactory reply4 ,"o feels z did ,william ,h>vey1 almo/ hopeless 9 8 que/ aft] ! secret ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,b j z ,h>vey boldly exp]im5t$ ) 8 eye on ! critical features ( 8 problem1 s h a multitude ( ke5 inve/igators devis$ te/ aft] te/ to discov] ! laws ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,& :ile we _c yet say t 8,sci5ce has laid h] doomful h&0 ^u all ( ! intricate secrets ( m9d1 nev]!less1 x is becom+ m & m c]ta9 t ! /ream ( ?\ght is j z mu* a bodily function z is ! brea?-/ream & ! blood-/ream4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is conception is n br&-new4 ,x 0 ,ari/otle :o said1 8,if ! eye 7 an organism1 vision w\ld be its s\l40 ,simil> ?9k+ is reveal$ 9 our mod]n view t m9d is a function ( ! body1 & t x dep5ds ^u ! body = its exi/5ce4 ,x 8is g5]at$ by ! body z ! result ( its imm$iate contacts ) ! environm5t1 9 mu* ! same way z electricity may be g5]at$ by a turb9e t has be5 plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a tumbl+ wat]fall40 ,moreov]1 ! /ream-l "* ( ?\ght1 ! play ( feel+1 ! l+] & /ra9 ( delib]ation & expectation are due to ! mann] 9 :i* ! /orage batt]y ( ! bra9 releases en]gy1 & to ! way 9 :i* ! muscles & gl&s trans=m x4 ,william ,james wrote 9 #ahij1 8,all consci\sness is motor10 t is1 x is dep5d5t ^u ! expression me*anisms ( ! body2 & today we h demon/rat$ ! fundam5tal rle ( ! muscles & gl&s ( ! body 9 8! trans=mation ( ! common en]gies ( nature into ! special en]gies ( m9d40 ,x c be se5 at once t su* a philosophy ( m9d furni%es ! mo/ /rik+ & f>-rea*+ e?ical implications4 ,if :at we call our m5tal life turns out ^u close inspection to be dep5d5t ^u bodily functions1 x foll[s t conduct & ?\ght diff] only 9 ! degree to :i* ! body is excit$ to activity 7mol> motion74 ,9 a ^w1 conduct is ov]t 7visible71 :ile ?\ght is cov]t 7invisible71 behavior4 ,edw9 ,holt1 9 ! 8,freudian ,wi%10 speaks ( ?\ght 7#8wi%' z he t]ms x !re7 z 8a c\rse ( action :i* ! liv+ body executes or is prep>$ to execute ) reg>d to "s object or "s fact ( ! environm5t40 7pp4 #ef-g47 ,john ,dewey voices a simil> t5d5cy 9 8 8,human ,nature & ,conduct0 :5 he says t bodily habits d our ?9k+4 7,italics m9e47 8,! habit ( walk+ is express$ 9 :at a man sees :5 he keeps /ill1 ev5 9 dreams40 7p4 #cg47 ,?us ! old idols are tumbl$ to ! gr\nd4 ,ov] ! doorway ( ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,h>v>d is ! inscription3 8,es i/ d] ,gei/ d] si* d5 ,ko]p] baut40 ,complete rev]sal ( su* an animi/ic & subjectivi/ic s5tim5t is propos$ by ,dewey :5 he decl>es t a man /&s erect1 n because he wills to1 b because he c4 ,8 will+ is ! result1 & n ! cause1 ( ! muscul> contractions :i* elevate ! *e/ & keep x convex4 ,! old dualism ( m9d & body1 & ! old] sup]/ition t m9d rules matt]1 h bo? receiv$ _! dea?-bl[s4 ,9 _! place a complete me*ani/ic philosophy is n[ securely en?ron$4 ,x w\ld ?us seem likely t a natural hi/ory ( virtue w n long h5ce be writt54 ,( all ! vex$ que/ions :i* psy*ologi/s h _h to answ]1 p]haps none is m difficult ?an ! "q z to ! place ( language 9 ! m5tal economy4 ,:at is language =8 ,h[ did x orig9ate8 ,:at is its relation to ?9k+8 ,to ov]t activity8 ,x is at once app>5t t ! answ]s to ^! que/ions are highly important to e?ics1 s9ce ! words good & bad1 "r & wrong1 & ! l1 play su* a prom95t rle 9 our judgm5ts ^u our fell[-m54 ,nei!r does x seem possible to und]/& :y we employ ^! pairs ( antonyms until we "k :at ! s+le t]ms ( ! pairs signify4 ,& :ile x w require sev]al ( ! foll[+ *apt]s to give a satisfactory answ] to "s ( ! above que/ions1 x is readily agre$ t our judgm5ts ( value are employ$ pr9cipally = two purposes3--7#a7 to sort out "s ( ! objects ( ! environm5t1 e4 g41 by call+ ^! good & ^? bad1 etc41 & 7#b7 to indicate to o!r p]sons :at k9d ( behavior is to be expect$ ( u ) reg>d to ! objects ?us designat$4 ,t is our common exp]i5ce4 ,if a man calls a %op a good %op1 8 future behavior t[>d x c be pr$ict$4 ,if he calls 8 neighbor vici\s he c be expect$ n to leave 8 :eelb>r[ or 8 lawn-m[] out at night4 ,moreov]1 if we "k :at sort ( ?+s a man calls bad1 virtu\s1 or "r1 8 :ole social philosophy c be plott$ f ! data provid$ by ^! p>ticul> judgm5ts4 ,to /ate x briefly1 spee* becomes an in/rum5t = ! transmission ( mean+s4 ,be=e we proce$ fur!r1 let u see j :at ?is involves 9 t]ms ( bodily me*anisms4 ,a ,me*ani/ic ,int]pretation ( ! ,mean+ ( ,words ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v] ( a man :o decl>es t some?+ is *eap1 or beautiful1 or good1 ! sight ( 8 lips mov+ & ! s\nd ( ! words z !y are produc$ might appe> to be ! :ole ph5om5on4 ,nev]!less1 if anyone 7 to look c>efully beh9d ! sc5es ( ?is p]=mance1 "o w\ld f9d a mu* m elaborate play be+ enact$ ?an is app>5t on ! surface4 ,j z we "k n[ f ! f9d+s ( ! physiologi/ t :5 ! eye sees1 f> m /ructures ?an ! ret9a are affect$1 & j z we are n[ c]ta9 t :5 ! e> he>s1 _m m organs ?an ! e>-drum & co*lea take "p 9 ! response to ! /imulus1 s we are conv9c$ t :5 ! words we speak h a mean+1 a neuro-muscul> drama ( a v elaborate "* is be+ sil5tly p]=m$ )9 our sk94 ,noveli/s & /ory-tell]s ( all ages seem to h intuit$ ?is tru? 9 _! portrayal ( human emotions4 ,!y speak ( 8p5t-up ang]10 ( 8/ifl$ sorr[10 & !y describe (t5 9 m9ute detail ! c\rse ( a passion t 9 seek+ to get adequate expression causes ! face to flu%1 ! h& to cl5*1 or ! body z a :ole to be viol5tly agitat$4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ab\nd 9 descriptions ( ?is sort1 & e noveli/ s9ce ! days ( ,hom] has felt ! ne$ ( su* portrayals 9 ord] to make 8 *>act]s und]/ood4 ,inde$1 ! cultivation ( ?is te*nique is ! ess5ce ( dramatic art4 ,b m>k1 t su* emotions are ar\s$ n only :5 a p]son is confront$ by ! physical facts ( battle1 murd]1 or sudd5 dea?1 = example1 b also by ! b>e m5tion ( ! words or phrases :i* appropriately describe su* cata/rophes4 ,! m c>efully su* a p]son is obs]v$1 ! pla9] w x become t ! agitation :i* 8 body is cov]tly manife/+ w\ld1 if x 7 unh9d]$ 9 its free expression1 result 9 an elaborate pantom9e appropriate to ! ev5ts describ$ by ! /ory-tell]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! emotions :i* a ?rill+ n>rative ar\ses are sub/itutes = ! ov]t activity :i* ! auditor might be expect$ to manife/ 7 he actually a p>ticipant 9 ! sc5e describ$4 ,:51 !n1 we say t a dramatic situation moves u1 ! description is absolutely accurate4 ,inde$1 f ! mo/ cr$ible sci5tific evid5ce we possess1 ! emotions :i* are ?us ar\s$ are *>act]iz$ by all ! organic /resses & /ra9s :i* are pres5t 9 ! mo/ viol5t ov]t activity ( :i* we are capable4 ,we inw>dly wri! & tussle1 we half-/>t "o k9d ( positive behavior1 only to f9d x *eck$ by ! initiation ( its opposite1--9 a ^w1 we display on a small scale all ! conduct appropriate to ! situation4 ,& ?is elaborate ar\sal to activity is1 we und]take to say1 precisely :at gives e dramatic sc5e or n>rative its mean+4 ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,crile has co9$ ! appropriate phrase 8action-patt]n0 to describe ! me*anism involv$ 9 ! cases j cit$4 ,crile's 8action-patt]n0 is1 inde$1 practically id5tical ) ,holt's 8specific response10 & ) ,tit*5]'s 8motor set10 ( :i* phrases ! latt] two are today famili> to mo/ /ud5ts ( psy*ology4 ,briefly1 ?is action-patt]n is simply a m or less fix$ way 9 :i* "s "p ( ! body produces a movem5t4 ,x dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! physical /ructure ( ! "p1 z well z ^u its muscle & n]ve supply1 & secondly ^u ! habits ( movem5t :i* ext]nal /imuli h repeat$ly produc$ 9 x4 ,?us e heal?y leg has acquir$ ! action-patt]ns ( walk+ & runn+1 & "s legs h 9 addition ! patt]ns ( kick+1 or ( 8/epp+ on ! gas0 9 op5 level c\ntry4 ,:at we call ! mo/ skilful p>ts ( ! body are ^? :i* h ! greate/ numb] ( action-patt]ns4 ,! h&s1 lips1 eyes1 & tongue c\ld on ?is po9t be prop]ly call$ ! res]voirs ( intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! evolution ( man !y h play$ ! /rategical "p4 ,moreov]1 x is suppos$ly ^! action-patt]ns1 ^! habits ( movem5t1 :i* are ar\s$ :5ev] we are said to rememb] or imag9e1 to cogitate or pond]2 & ?is is1 ,i take x1 :at ,dewey implies :5 he says t bodily habits d our ?9k+4 ,i h else:]e %[n#b h[ "o action-patt]n ( ! human h& p]=ms yeoman s]vice 9 ?is respect1 & x w\ld n be difficult to demon/rate t e action-patt]n is capable ( g5]at+ a multitude ( ?\ghts4 ,:51 !n1 we say t a noveli/ or poet has portray$ a mov+1 tragic sc5e1 we %all n[ und]/& t he has re-ar\s$ 9 u bodily habits :i* we />t$ to acquire :5 we fir/ became acqua9t$ ) grief4 ,:ile we d n claim t all cases ( mean+ involve su* wide-spread & imp]ative bodily di/urbances z ^? :i* occur 9 connection ) tragic or erotic situations1 x is nev]!less a valid inf]5ce t words :i* /imulate u to no activity :atsoev] mean no?+ to u4 ,c]ta9 x is1 at lea/1 t ! m mean+ful or significant any ^w is1 ! m does x /ir up lat5t t5d5cies to action ?r\gh\t our :ole organism4 ,political & religi\s slogans are tell+ examples ( ?is4 8,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians60 8,rememb] ! ,ma9e60 & 8,= ,god1 = ,c\ntry1 & = ,yale60 h be5 = "s p]sons phrases ( ! maximal philosophic cont5t4 ,moreov]1 ! same ^w may ar\se diff]5t mean+s 7or action-patt]ns7 9 diff]5t p1 dep5d+ n only on h[ ! ^w is spok51 b also on ! mood ( ! auditor4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t ! %\t ( 8,fire60 calls =? by no means ! same responses f an insur$ l&lord z x evokes f an un9sur$ t5ant1 :ile ! m5tion ( wat] w /imulate "o sort ( reflex action 9 a ?ir/y man1 & q ano!r sort 9 a man :o has j be5 rescu$ f dr[n+4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t if physiological sci5ce has a*iev$ ! lea/ light ^u ! problems ( psy*ology1 ! mean+ :i* any ^w or phrase possesses is n some?+ t ! s\nd ( ! ^w or its writt5 symbol is end[$ )1 or some?+ t filt]s ?r\gh f any ,platonic realm ( ideas1 b ! mean+ ( any ^w is giv5 to x by ! p]son :o speaks or he>s x4 ,moreov]1 ?is end[m5t ( mean+ is implicit 9 ! ar\sal ( action t5d5cies at ! "t :5 ! ^w is spok5 or he>d4 ,9 ! example rec5tly cit$1 ! ^w 8fire0 _h a diff]5t mean+ = ! insur$ l&lord f :at x _h = ! un9sur$ t5ant because ! habits ( precaution :i* ! =m] _h acquir$ e/abli%$ a diff]5t motor attitude t[>d fire ?an did ! procra/9ation ( ! latt]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! %\t+ & ! conflagration 7 /imuli 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ! l&lord c\ld be calm1 :ile ! t5ant c\ld n4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! dep5d5ce ( mean+ ^u action-patt]ns ext5ds1 h[ev]1 to o!r situations ?an ^? 9 :i* emotional riots are obs]vable4 ,inde$1 we und]take to say t ev5 su* pla91 concrete words z basket1 horse1 & riv] h a mean+ because !y ar\se u to motor activities ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,x may well be1 ( c\rse1 t we />t to ?9k ( a basket 9 t]ms ( its color1 or %ape1 or its co/2 & ( a horse 9 l t]ms2 :ile we ?9k ( a riv] only 9 connection ) its height dur+ seasons ( dr\ght or flood3 b ev5tually ! basket w1 by imply+ receptacle1 lead 9 our imag9ation to ! acts ( fill+ & empty+2 :ile ! horse w be f9ally pull+ our loads or c>ry+ our weight on 8 back2 & ! riv] w be ei!r wad$ or swum by u1 or become relat$ to our necessities or pa/imes 7our habits7 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,& :5 we ?us develop a specific action-patt]n t[>d su* an object1 we are said to "k :at x means4 ,x has long be5 a maxim 9 education t n until we "k h[ to use & control our environm5t1 d we become fully intellig5t t[>ds x4 ,! !ory & ! fact ( action-patt]ns gives unusual support to ?is p>ticul>ly pr(itable maxim4 ,sp9oza laid d[n ! pr9ciple t ! w & ! intellect are "o & ! same1 & ?is pr9ciple too has complete v]ification f me*ani/ic psy*ology4 ,?\ght is dep5d5t ^u bodily activity1 & x does n matt] = our pres5t purpose :e!r t activity be ov]t or subtly conceal$4 ,! "q n[ arises3 ,does ! mean+ ( ab/ract t]ms1 ( ! t]ms we use 9 our judgm5ts ( value1 consi/ 9 ! same k9d ( motor t5d5cies z ^? :i* are ar\s$ by concrete t]ms8 ,f ! foll[+ consid]ations ,i believe we c say t x does4 ,to beg9 )1 ab/ract t]ms are "o & all ! result ( ! process ( ab/raction4 ,?is process consi/s 9 our pick+ out "s common feature or quality f a great v>iety ( objects1 & giv+ x a "n 9 ord] to fix x 9 our memory4 ,= example1 fire1 ! inside ( ripe wat]melon1 & ! outside ( ripe *]ries may all be call$ r$4 ,! concept1 or ab/ract t]m1 8r$0 c !reaft] be us$ on occasion z a ge/ural sign = all ^! v>i\s objects :5 _! color is be+ signifi$4 ,moreov]1 ! process ( ab/ract+ ^! common qualities is itself a motor process4 ,x is1 physiologically speak+1 ! same sort ( activity z collect+ po/age /amps or beetles' w+s4 ,inde$1 ! simple/ p]ception ( any concrete object1 any r$ object1 = example1 involves motor activity ( a highly elaborate "*4 ,:5 we look at su* an object1 n only is ! ret9a ( ! eye /imulat$1 b v>i\s muscles & gl&s are simultane\sly activat$ to an elaborate trans=mation ( en]gy4 ,likewise1 :5 we he>1 ta/e1 smell1 or h any o!r p]ception1 o!r *>act]i/ic trans=mations ( en]gy are tak+ place ?r\gh ! ar\sal ( action-patt]ns4 ,n[ we h j /at$ t ab/ract t]ms are d]iv$ f ! multif>i\s p]ception ( concrete objects4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does ! mean+ ( ab/ract t]ms consi/8 ,x consi/s 9 _! function ( recall+ "s ( ! p>ticul> exp]i5ces f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,su* an ab/ract ^w z 8r$0 has1 !n1 a mean+ = u simply because x ar\ses 9 any ( its phases t p>ticul> action-patt]n :i* all sorts ( r$ ?+s h /imulat$ 9 u4 ,?is same pr9ciple may n[ be appli$ to %[ h[ ev5 ! mean+ :i* atta*es to ! words we employ to convey judgm5ts ( value may be expla9$ 9 physiological t]ms4 ,= ! highly ab/ract "* :i* ! words *eap1 beautiful1 & good seem at times to possess is simply due to ! fact t at ! m5tion ( any su* ^w we are simultane\sly /imulat$ to s great a v>iety ( actions t we are unable to foll[ any "o ( !m ?r\gh to its conclusion4 ,:5 su* a condition p]si/s1 ! mean+ is said to be vague4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n to be =gott5 t e "t we use a ^w1 :e!r we read x1 speak x1 or he> x1 ! mean+ x ar\ses is traceable to ! fact t firm bonds h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! eye1 e>1 & ?roat me*anisms on ! "o h&1 & relat$ p>ts ( ! body :i* are involv$ on ! o!r4 ,?is union ( ! read+-reflexes ) ! somatic-reflexes is provid$ = by a v simple me*anism call$ ! condition$ reflex4 ,by su* a device1 any two reflexes :i* h be5 ar\s$ toge!r frequ5tly en\gh by ext]nal /imuli w ev] !reaft] t5d to ar\se ea* o!r4 ,t is :y ! ^w 8fire0 :i* we all 7 taught to use to indicate a c]ta9 k9d ( object1 w1 ev5 if spok5 9 a wild]ness ( sn[1 make u feel "s ( ! effects :i* flame once produc$ ^u u4 ,contr>iwise1 ! bl9dfold$ man w1 by no o!r cue ?an ! t\* ( 8 f+]s1 "n su* objects z c>pet1 lea!r1 s&pap]1 & nails4 ,& f :at we h already said ab\t ! s\rce ( ! mean+ ( ab/ract t]ms be+ traceable to concrete exp]i5ces1 we may n[ say t su* words z *eap1 beautiful1 & good1 "o & all owe _! significance to ! fact t !y too exhibit ! law ( ! condition$ reflex bo? 9 _! orig9 & 9 _! maturity4 ,h[ ! 8,all-or-none0 ,pr9ciple ,helps to ,disclose an ,amaz+ ,secret ,x be+ ?us app>5t t words possess mean+ because !y ar\se motor t5d5cies 9 u1 let u n[ see :at ju/ification !re is = ! ass]tion previ\sly made t ^! motor t5d5cies ne$ n be at all visible z ov]t actions 9 ord] to p]=m _! epi/emological function4 ,?is ju/ification is f\nd 9 ! all-or-none pr9ciple ( n]v\s & muscul> activity1--a pr9ciple hav+ ! mo/ f>-rea*+ consequ5ces = bo? psy*ology & e?ics4 ,we are all famili> ) ! fact t less "w is involv$ 9 lift+ ! arm leisurely to a horizontal position ?an 9 mov+ x ?r\gh ! same radius ) a heavy weight held 9 ! h&4 ,h[ev]1 we are n all famili> ) ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! leisurely movem5t only a few ( ! myriad n]ve & muscle fib]s ( ! arm are be+ inn]vat$1 ! re/ be+ completely passive1 :ile 9 ! case ( lift+ ! heavy weight1 ! proportion ( fully active & in]tly passive fib]s is j ! opposite4 ,b ?is is exactly ! case4 ,accord+ to ! all-or-none pr9ciple discov]$ by ,lucas & ,adrian1#c :5ev] a s+le n]ve fib] functions at all1 x acts 9 its maximum capacity4 ,nev] is su* a fib] p>tially activat$2 9 its all-or-none function+ x is z uncompromis+ z gravity4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 ?\gh ! arm may feel uni=mly flabby :5 x is indol5tly mov$ ab\t1 "s few ( its n]ve & muscle fib]s are work+ to _! limit4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is readily app>5t t ! v>i\s qualities ( muscul> movem5t1--languid1 int5tional1 un9t5tional1 or delib]ate1--h "o & all a /rictly quantitative basis4 ,if a man's smile spreads out into a gr91 ?is *ange 9 ! quality ( 8 c\nt5ance is caus$ by ! simple addition ( fully function+ neuro-muscul> units "u ! sk9 ( 8 face4 ,if ! gr9 dw9dles to ! smile1 & t aga9 vani%es into a look only fa9tly rem9isc5t ( pleasure1 ! opposite process ( subtraction is !n tak+ place4 ,consid] n[ ! fur!r implications ( ?is law ( ,lucas & ,adrian4 ,= ! logical inf]5ce is t :5 we m]ely ?9k ( lift+ our arm1 b d n lift x visibly1 an ess5tial "p ( ! arm-lift+ me*anism has be5 nev]!less specifically /imulat$ to activity2 x is only because n en\gh muscle fib]s h be5 inn]vat$ to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! limb t ! arm does n rise4 ,t is1 inde$1 our common exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we lie ab$ on a cold w9t] morn+ & speculate on ! "q ( gett+ up1 our imag9ation ( ! h]oic de$ is p]fectly ( a piece ) ! real bus9ess ( %iv]+ on ! drafty floor4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ! all-or-none pr9ciple1 s9ce ev5 ! slighte/ neuro-muscul> activity is positive1 ! t]ms 8ov]t0 or 8cov]t0 z appli$ to action ref] m]ely to :at an obs]v] c or _c readily p]ceive4 ,?is pr9ciple c be ju/ly appli$ to ! problem ( ! mean+ ( words4 ,! implication is s\nd t ev5 ?\gh ! action-patt]ns :i* are ar\s$ by words are unfelt by u or invisible to an onlook]1 ^! motor t5d5cies are j z truly positive physiological ev5ts1 s f> z !y g1 z are ! mo/ viol5t ef=ts we op5ly manife/4 ,= ! patt]n ( action is ! same2 ! only diff]5ce is 9 ! numb] ( n]ve & muscle fib]s involv$4 ,x 0 a motto ( ,jesus t 8,z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t1 s is he40 ,al?\gh ! p>ticul> phrase1 89 8 he>t10 is n[ reg>d$ z too wild a hyp]bole to be ju/ifi$ by ! facts1 yet ! all-or-none pr9ciple furni%es an unsuspect$ sub/antiation ( ! ess5tial tru? ( ?is motto ) respect to c]ta9 individuals4 ,we h long kn[n t ?9k+ did someh[ lead to action1--t bo? ! rogue & ! philan?ropi/1 ! sl&]] & ! coquette (t5 s*em$ & plann$ secretly = ye>s )\t giv+ any outw>d h9t ( :at _! future behavior 0 to be4 ,hi/ory is full ( ! tr\ble caus$ = ^? :o _h 8no art to read ! m9d's con/ruction 9 ! face0 ( him :o c\ld 8smile & smile & be a villa940 ,& n[ ! secret is out :y = s _m c5turies x 0 believ$ t ?\ght produc$ action & m9d rul$ matt]4 ,?\ght is action1 b action ( s elusive a "* z to be totally beyond ! unaid$ eye to detect2 & ?\ght 8leads0 to action = ! same reason t a sp>k c produce a conflagration & a hole 9 a dyke produce a flood4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! great] effect is due to ! magnification ( ! excit+ cause4 ,! anci5ts held t m9d rul$ ! body = ! reason t1 be+ ignorant ( ! fact ( cov]t muscul> responses1 !y assum$ an incorporeal cause = a s]ies ( ev5ts ^: end-t]m alone !y 7 able to disc]n z embodi$ 9 ! movem5ts ( matt]4 ,x is ?us f9ally app>5t h[ by means ( ! law ( ! condition$ reflex & ! all-or-none pr9ciple1 bo? concrete & ab/ract t]ms s]ve n only z ge/ural signs1 b also s]ve to imply & pr$ict human activities4 ,we h %[n t e ^w :i* has a mean+ ipso facto implies action4 ,x matt]s n :e!r t action be sudd5 or viol5t1 or m]ely "o t is c>ri$ out on 8l[ ge>10 s to speak1 by ! neuro-muscul> me*anisms ( ! body4 ,nei!r does x matt] :e!r t action be precise or grop+1 specific or diffuse2 if ! ^w has a mean+ x w be accompani$ by an action-t5d5cy1 & t t5d5cy w be add$ to ! k9etic pot5tialities1--! "*1--( ! individual4 ,= if x is ! case t by ! law ( ! condition$ reflex1 words get mean+1 x is equally to be ass]t$ t by virtue ( ! all-or-none pr9ciple1 !y keep x4 ,moreov]1 ,holt to ! contr>y not)/&+1 x is su* demon/rable physiological pr9ciples z ^!1 & n ! my/]i\s ,freudian categories1 :i* are ! keys :]eby ! secrets ( m9d w be unlock$4 ,hav+ ?us dealt ) ! problem ( h[ ! neuro-muscul> me*anisms ( ! body g5]ate & ma9ta9 ! mean+s ( words1 let u n[ return to ! orig9al "q ( ?is *apt]1 namely1 ,:at is ! ultimate reason :y we employ su* pairs ( antonyms z 8good0 & 8bad0 9 our judgm5ts ( praise or blame1 our expressions ( desire or av]sion1 & 9 our e/imations ( m]it or defect8 ,our answ] is t ! felt opposition & contradiction ( antonyms is due to ! conflict ( motor t5d5cies1 & 9 support ( ?is !ory we cite a well-recogniz$ physiological pr9ciple1--! law ( reciprocal inn]vation4 ,! ,physiological ,explanation ( ! ,opposition ( ,antonyms ,e freely mov+ "p ( ! body1 su* z ! leg1 ! arm1 & ! head1 is equipp$ pr9cipally ) two sets ( muscles1 call$1 f _! functions1 ! flexors & ! ext5sors4 ,! flexors are ^? muscles :i* = example1 ^u contract+1 draw ! legs & ! arms t[>d ! body & fold !m close to x1 & :i* l[] ! head ^u ! *e/2 :ile ! ext5sors /ret* out ! arms & legs1 op5 wide ! h&s1 & raise ! head to an erect po/ure4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! body are simil>ly equipp$ = produc+ motions ( an opposite "* 9 ! skeletal sy/em4#d ,! eyeballs are l[]$ by ! use ( a diff]5t muscle ?an t by :i* !y are elevat$2 ! muscle :i* depresses ! w+s ( ! nose is a direct antagoni/ ( ! o!r muscles :i* control ! movem5ts ( ?is organ1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( our movable bodily /ructures4 ,moreov]1 :5 "o su* pair ( muscles is contract$1 ! oppos$ memb] is normally relax$1 & vice v]sa2 or1 z ! physiologi/ w\ld say1 ! two muscles are reciprocally inn]vat$4#e ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be und]/ood t ?is law ref]s only to ! visible contractions ( ! muscles :i* produce ! ov]t behavior ( a man1 = x equally expla9s ! case :]e a v small numb] ( n]ve & muscle fib]s are activat$4 ,t is to say1 ! law ( all-or-none & ! law ( reciprocal inn]vation c bo? op]ate 9 ! face or ! h& at ! same "t4 ,inde$1 we mu/ n neglect to consid] t all ( ! myriad fib]s ( our l>ge/ muscles are nev] simultane\sly contract$2 r is x ! rule t ^! fib]s contract 9 relays1#f !reby automatically sav+ u f ! fatigue & exhau/ion :i* w\ld o!rwise ensue4 ,moreov]1 ! m intellig5t & skilful we become1 or1 z we sometimes say1 ! m our head saves our heels1 ! few] muscle fib]s are requir$ to g5]ate & ma9ta9 any specific action-t5d5cy4 ,consequ5tly1 !n1 ! law ( reciprocal inn]vation c be exhibit$ 9 ! antagonism ( extremely small muscul> units1 su* z we h po/ulat$ to be involv$ 9 c]ta9 cases ( mean+ provid$ !y be anatomically situat$ 9 ! correct position = produc+ antagoni/ic /ra9s4 ,n[ ! exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! law ( dynamog5esis at ! h&s ( ,ri*et1 ,*>cot1 etc41 reveal$ t j su* slight movem5ts ( an oppos$ "* are produc$ :5 we m]ely 8?9k0 ( up & d[n1 "r & left1 9 & out1 & ! l4 ,9 e case ( ?is sort1 "s "p ( ! movable1 skeletal sy/em p]=ms ov]tly or cov]tly ! appropriate movem5t1 !reby giv+ mean+ to ! ^w4 ,we may !re=e1 unless we read all signs incorrectly1 safely affirm t :atev] be ! action-patt]n :i* any ab/ract t]m ar\ses 9 u1 ! antonym ( t t]m1 if inde$ x be its logical & physiological antonym1 ar\ses action-patt]ns ( an opposite "*4 ,our physiological explanation ( ! mean+ ( words & ! contradiction ( antonyms is n[ complete4 ,= if1 z we h previ\sly %[n1 ev5 ab/ract t]ms acquire & keep _! mean+ by virtue ( ! reflex t5d5cies :i* !y ar\se1 x is likewise app>5t t ! basis ( logical opposition & contradiction is to be f\nd by an exam9ation ( ! balde/ facts ( ! physics & physiology ( ! human body4 ,9 brief1 !n1 antonyms are ^? words ^: utt]ance /imulates u s to react z to illu/rate ! law ( reciprocal inn]vation4 ,& ?is1 moreov]1 is ! only reason :y *eap is ! opposite ( exp5sive1 true ! contradictory ( false1 & good ! anti!sis ( bad4 ,two words m1 h[ev]1 rema9 to be said4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t ! numb] ( pairs ( antonyms we h 9 our vocabul>y signifies h[ _m diff]5t pairs ( antagoni/ic motor t5d5cies or action-patt]ns we c\ld1 7 we fully ar\s$1 ov]tly manife/4 ,s9ce ?\ght is ei!r a rehe>sal =1 or a rum9ation ^u1 action1 x is ess5tially a process :i* employs ! same /ructures ( ! body z ^? :i* are activat$ 9 our buy+ & sell+1 our giv+ & tak+1 our toil & our play4 ,! second ^w is1 t if x be due /rictly to our muscul> ar*itecture t antonyms occur 9 human spee*1 we c n[ safely affirm t any philosophy or religion :i* con/rues ! univ]se z divid$ betwe5 ! w>r+ =ces ( light & d>kness1 or z ev]y:]e illu/rat+ ! bi-pol> pr9ciples ( love & hate1 is likewise bas$ ^u ! law ( ! reciprocal inn]vation ( antagoni/ic muscles4 ,su* philosophies are1 inde$1 pr(\nd1 s9ce !y attempt to inscribe on ! firmam5t ! drama ( man's limitations4 ,) ?is by way ( introduction1 we are n[ prep>$ to exam9e ! v>i\s t]ms by :i* we are wont to convey our ideas ( e?ical value1 9 ord] to see j :at ! words 8good10 8bad10 8"r10 8wrong10 & ! l really mean4 ,& :ile ! difficulties ( su* a task are admitt$ly great1 yet ! presumption is entirely 9 favor ( ! me?ods ( me*ani/ic psy*ology to give a /rictly sci5tific int]pretation to ! subject matt] ( e?ics4 ,,footnotes3 #b 8,! ,intellectual ,significance ( ! ,grasp+ ,reflex10 ,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #bc1 pp4 #fag-fbh4 #c ,see 8,j\rnal ( ,physiology0 7#aiji71 #ch1 #aac-acc2 ibid4 7#aiad71 #dg1 #dfj-dgd2 also ,bayliss1 ,w4 ,m41 8,pr9ciples ( ,g5]al ,physiology10 #chc-d2 ,/>l+1 ,e4 ,h41 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,physiology10 #bje-f4 #d ,m>k c>efully1 t accord+ to ?is1 s-call$ 8volunt>y0 movem5t 7or w7 is simply movem5t produc$ by "o memb] ( any pair ( antagoni/ic muscles4 ,?is physical equipm5t is ( p>am\nt importance to ! function ( will+4 ,note also1 t 8free w0 always did mean ! *oice ( two alt]natives6 #e ,see ,bayliss1 op4 cit41 pp4 #did-h2 ,/>l+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cce-f4 #f ,?is is especially obs]vable 9 all free-h& or free-arm movem5ts1 z1 = example1 :5 "o tries to ?r[ missiles 9 quick succession at a t>get4 ,9 spite ( "o's own v]bal sugge/ions1 bo? spe$ & accuracy v>y ) e %ot4 ,?is peculi> prop]ty ( muscle %\ld h5ce=? factor into our def9itions ( *ance & luck4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,biological ,,signification ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,good0 8444 ,! majority att5d to words r ?an to ?+s2 & ?us v frequ5tly ass5t to t]ms )\t atta*+ to !m any mean+1 ei!r because !y ?9k !y once und]/ood !m1 or imag9e !y receiv$ !m f o!rs by :om !y 7 correctly und]/ood4444 ,:]e=e1 if we w\ld philosophize 9 e>ne/1 & give ourselves to ! se>* aft] all tru?s we are capable ( kn[+1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 lay aside our prejudices2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ take c>e scrupul\sly to )hold our ass5t f ! op9ions we h =m]ly admitt$1 until ^u new exam9ation we discov] t !y are true40 ,,desc>tes1 8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy10 ,,lxxiv1 ,,lxxv4 ,:at d we mean by ! ^w 8good08 ,t is to say1 h[ %all we describe ! action-patt]n :i* ! /imulus ( ?is ^w ar\ses 9 u8 ,:at does x mean :5 we use x1 & :at does x mean to u :5 o!rs employ x 9 _! spee*8 ,be=e we c answ] ^! que/ions1 x is fir/ ess5tial to scan ! li/ ( ?+s to :i* ?is ^w is appli$1 = only by s do+ c we id5tify ! t]m good ) "s specific function ( ! human organism4#g ,al?\gh su* a task is a difficult "o1 ! difficulty does n appe> to be insurm\ntable4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ne>ly eighty significations are possess$ by ?is ^w1 !y w1 nev]!less1 if pond]$ long en\gh1 reveal "s common core ( mean+4 ,& if we n[ be> 9 m9d t e su* synonym implies a motor me*anism t is develop+ a specific attitude t[>d ! environm5t1 we %all hope to f9d a true solution to ! problem ( ! mean+ ( ! concept 8good04 ,! t]m good is us$ z an adjective1 n\n1 & adv]b1 & occasionally 7,ex4 #ae7 z a v]b2 9 addition1 x has sometimes an idiomatic significance1 9 :i* case its exact /atus z a "p ( spee* is d\btful4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 ne$ n conc]n u "h4 ,good has orig9ally an adjectival signification1 & by d]ivation implies fitt+ or suitable4 ,?is is highly important1 = s9ce fitt+ & suitable exclusively describe ?+s :i* help u realize our purposes1 we may consid] ! relation%ip betwe5 good & human behavior to be insep>able4 ,! type ( action-patt]n impli$ by ?is ^w may also be fa9tly =ese54 ,we h n[ ! canvas /ret*$ on :i* our picture ( good may be del9eat$4 ,let u proce$ to sket* 9 ! fir/ fa9t l9es ( ! picture4 ,9 ! ,new ,ox=d ,diction>y x is /at$ t good is ! 8mo/ g5]al adjective ( comm5dation1 imply+ ! exi/5ce 9 a high1 or at lea/ satisfactory degree ( *>act]i/ic qualities1 :i* are ei!r admirable 9 !mselves sic6 or useful = "s purpose40 ,?is def9ition succe$s f> bett] 9 comb9+ ! !ory ( ! ,epicureans 7good is :at y l71 ( ! ,platoni/s 7! good is ! typical71 & ( ! ,b5?amites 7! good is ! useful71 ?an x succe$s 9 ?r[+ a cle> light ^u ! "q we are "h attempt+ to answ]1 namely1 :at sort ( responses does ! human organism make t[>d ^? objects & p]sons :i* x calls 8good08 ,f ,palm]'s def9ition ( good z 8good =0 78,! ,nature ( ,goodness10 p4 #ac71 we are able to d]ive ev5 less assi/ance1 especially s9ce x avoids ! ma9 issue 9 conta9+ ! v ^w to be def9$4 ,let u n[ attack ?is problem by a new me?od4 ,a survey ( all ! ?+s :i* ?is ^w good indicates reveals n only t x d5otes 7or simply po9ts out7 a ho/ ( di/+ui%able objects & prop]ties1 b t x also connotes 7or implies7 an exce$+ly num]\s array ( human activities4 ,& :ile ! sum total ( all ^! d5otations & connotations appe>s at fir/ to be an unwieldy mass1 x c1 ,i ?9k1 be suitably dealt ) "u ! foll[+ five classes3-- ,a4 ,t :i* is useful1 fit1 s]viceable1 & ! l1 = any purpose :atsoev]4 ,) su* primitive use ( ! t]m1 ! purpose involv$ is nei!r prais$ nor blam$4 ,! burgl>'s jimmy is z 8good0 = 8 purpose z is an ov]coat to keep out ! cold4 ,"s e?ical writ]s ref] to ?is z imm$iate1 z oppos$ to remote or m$iate good1 or z non-moral z oppos$ to moral good4 ,x is 8good =10 )\t any limitations z to :at ! 8=0 implies4 ,william ,james might h call$ x 8dec]ebrate good40 ,b4 ,t :i* is useful1 fit1 or s]viceable 9 ! s5se ( be+ cont9u\sly or cont9ually s4 ,an ext5d$ "t be+ "h introduc$1 good n[ becomes almo/ synonym\s ) dep5dable4 ,our concept "h may ref] to any?+ t su/a9s life1 or br+s peace & cont5tm5t 9 society1 & h5ce at "o mom5t x emphasizes intellig5ce & skill1 :ile at ano!r x po9ts directly to b5evol5t1 spiritual1 & e/hetic ag5cies4 ,moreov]1 x n only d5otes prop]ty 7,ex4 #bh1 8goods071 b also frequ5tly connotes an emotional en?usiasm 9 ! possessor ( x4 ,c4 ,t :i* fulfils expectation4 ,?is signification is sometimes equival5t to 8normal0 or 8typical10 :i* t]ms are also frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! connotation ( 8useful0 & 8dep5dable40 ,b "h a di/9ctly new factor ent]s into ! use ( ?is concept1 namely1 ! tone ( voice by :i* ! ^w 8good0 is utt]$1 = all colors & %ades ( emotion & s5tim5t may be regi/]$ by ?is means4 ,h5ce ! concept 8good0 may be us$ to imply t :i* j passably fulfils expectation1 or-- ,d4 ,x may be us$ to indicate t expectation has be5 greatly & ev5 sudd5ly exce$$1 9 :i* case x sometimes d5otes ! pres5ce ( some?+ :i* is rat$ f> above ! normal1 ! imm$iately useful1 or ! mildly b5efic5t 7!reby id5tify+ itself ) "s ( ! significations exhibit$ 9 ,class ,b71 or-- ,e4 ,x may be m]ely expletive4 ,"h ! use ( ! t]m 8good0 rapidly becomes exotic4 ,x signifies only surprise1 %ock1 or spasm4 8,good0 z an expletive also becomes closely alli$ ) 8good0 z an adv]b1 9 :i* case its significance z a t]m by :i* to express a judgm5t ( value rapidly evaporates4 ,! ,results ( an ,exp]im5t to ,det]m9e ,:i* ( ,^! ,five ,classes ,are ,impli$ by ! ,sev5ty-,n9e ,significations ( ! ,^w 8,good0 ,! *oice ( ^! five classes 0 ! result ( a te/ c>ri$ out ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s4 ,ea* "o ( ! sev5ty-n9e significations 0 pr9t$ on a sep>ate slip ( pap]1 & !n1 fir/ *oos+ "o ( !m at r&om1 & employ+ x z a t5tative /&>d1 ! po9ts ( simil>ity & diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! rema9+ significations 7 det]m9$ & record$4 ,f ?is proc$ure !re gradually arose1 by diff]5tiation & cond5sation1 ! five classes we h j indicat$1 :i*1 z may be obs]v$1 are def9$ s z to include z _m & to exclude z few ( ! uses ( 8good0 z possible4 ,_h our classes be5 def9$ ) too great emphasis ^u ! mean+ ( any s+le t]m ( our array1 ! :ole idea ( a classification w\ld h _h to be ab&on$4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ ^u ^! five classes z repres5tative & significant1 "o hundr$ college /ud5ts 7 ask$ to pond] ^! classes 9 connection ) ! subjo9$ array ( ! common uses ( ! ^w 8good10 to *oose "o ( ! classes z ! "o mo/ appropriate 9 ea* case1 & !n to *oose z _m o!r ( ^! classes z seem$ to be involv$1 & to rank !m 9 ord] ( _! importance4 ,= example1 !y 7 %[n ! fir/ two t]ms ( ! array1--7#a7 8,good food2 fit to eat1 unta9t$10 & 7#b7 8,good food2 nutriti\s1 palatable10 & 7 ask$ :e!r !y belong$ 9 ,class ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 or ,e4 ,x 0 at once se5 t memb]%ip 9 m ?an "o class 0 impli$ 9 bo? cases1 b x 0 also admitt$ t nutriti\s & palatable food 7,no4 #b7 0 a m dep5dable 8good0 ?an 0 ! food specifi$ by example ,no4 #a4 ,fir/ *oices 7 consequ5tly indicat$ on ?is basis4 ,aft] t1 second1 ?ird1 & succe$+ *oices 7 made = ,nos4 #a & #b2 foll[+ :i*1 ! rema9d] ( ! array 0 treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! av]age ( ! results d]iv$ f ?is exp]im5t indicates t ,class ,b 7dep5dable 8good07 has a majority ( votes1 x be+ giv5 fir/ place #di times1 & a subsidi>y place #ge times4 ,class ,c 0 giv5 fir/ place #bj times1 & a second>y ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,%[+ ! di/ribution ( ! #gi significations ( ! ^w 8,good40 7,explanation 9 text47 ,key ,fir/ ,*oice4 ,second ,*oice4 ,?ird ,*oice4 ,f\r? ,*oice4 ,n ,*os54 ,classes ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e place #fe times4 ,class ,a 0 ! fir/ to be implicat$ 9 #e uses ( ! ^w 8good10 & 0 m5tion$ z a lat] *oice #bf o!r times4 ,class ,d 0 vot$ to be ! "o mo/ obvi\sly impli$ only #b times1 b 0 m5tion$ 9 an associative relation%ip #ei times1 :ile ,class ,e1 :i* receiv$ only "o vote1 got t = fir/ place4 ,! importance ( ,class ,b is ?us cle>ly app>5t4 ,h[ev]1 an almo/ equally significant fact seems to be t !re 7 only five cases 9 :i* "o class alone 0 implicat$1 :]eas two classes 7 us$ 9 #ah cases1 ?ree classes 7 us$ 9 #cd cases1 & f\r classes 7 simultane\sly implicat$ by #bj t]ms ( ?is array4 ,! app5d$ *>t r5d]s ?is di/ribution & ov]lapp+ m obvi\s4 ,f all ?is1 moreov]1 we seem to be w>rant$ 9 inf]r+ t1 ) all ! unlik5ess !re is betwe5 ^! v>i\s synonyms = 8good0 :5 tak5 "o at a "t1 :5 tak5 all toge!r 7sub specie aet]nitatis1 z ,sp9oza w\ld say7 !re is m ( a common core ( mean+ 9 !m ?an "o might navely expect4 ,consequ5tly1 we may safely presume t if we c satisfactorily def9e any "o ( ! prec$+ five classes ( 8good0 9 physiological t]ms1 we %all at ! same "t h h9t$ ! def9itions ( all ! rema9+ classes4 ,9 ?is connection "o important ?+ mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,:i* is1 t 9 attempt+ to rea* our f9al def9ition ( 8good0 we ne$ only to ab/ract ! common *>act]i/ic1--9 ma!matical p>lance1--! greate/ common divisor ( all ! p>ticul> uses = :i* ?is ^w is employ$4 ,consequ5tly ! def9ition we are se>*+ = _c be expect$ to h any bias t[>d private or prov9cial conceptions ( ! t]m 8good40 ,x mu/ be ca?olic & unp>tisan4 ,! ,action-,patt]ns ,impli$ by ! ,use ( ! ,^w 8,good0 ,we are n[ prep>$ to answ] ! "q prop\nd$ at ! op5+ ( ?is *apt]3 8,:at d we mean by ! ^w #8good'8 ,t is to say1 h[ %all we describe ! action-patt]n :i* ! /imulus ( ?is ^w ar\ses 9 u80 ,= if we c f9d out 8:at ! organism is do+0 :5 its vocal organs are utt]+ ?is concept1 we %all be able to discov] :at ! ^w 8good0 means4 ,x does n appe> especially difficult to f9d :at we are n[ seek+4 ,we h j giv5 ! total array ( uses to :i* ?is ^w is put1 & we h also r$uc$ t array to "s measure ( coh]5ce by means ( our five classes4 ,is x n1 inde$1 a matt] ( ! commone/ obs]vation j :at conduct human be+s manife/ :5 !y use ! t]m 8good0 & signify !reby :at is includ$ 9 ,class ,a8 ,x w be recall$ t ?is class includes 8t :i* is useful1 fit1 s]viceable1 & ! l1 = any purpose :atsoev]40 ,keep+ our eye ^u ! specific behavior patt]ns impli$ by ?is class ( 8good10 we may n[ v5ture ! foll[+ me*ani/ic int]pretation3 ,:5 a man is ready to p]=m any action1 he calls any?+ ,,good :i* assi/s or fur!rs t p>ticul> action-t5d5cy4 ,or1 ! same ?+ may be convey$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,any /imulus t evokes a response we are ready to make we are wont to call good4 ,any picture ( ! human race t "o may draw furni%es evid5ce ( ! cog5cy ( ?is def9ition4 ,! *ild calls c&y 8good10 n because he kn[s t sug> is muscle food1 b simply because he craves x1 & sucks x 9 8 m\? ) avidity4 ,?is mode ( spee* he got long ago f 8 p>5ts4 ,8 want+ ! c&y makes x 8good0 to him :5 he gets x1 because ! c&y is a /imulus t evokes a response he 0 ready to make4 ,! boy ( t5 wants a top t w sp9 l ^? :i* ! o!r boys h1 & he calls 8 a 8good0 top1 :5 x satisfies ! action-patt]n :i* he has be5 develop+4 ,! r\gh y\? ( sev5te5 gives 8 bully+ *um a 8good0 pun* 9 ! eye1 by :i* he aga9 means t ! action-t5d5cy he 0 cov]tly develop+ t[>d him has be5 provid$ a *ance to exp& into a full excitation4 ,! college man ( tw5ty-two calls a dance tune a 8good0 "o1 :51 by its rhy?mic effects x induces him to cap] & relax1 & satisfy 8 semi-sexual t5d5cies 9 public4 ,& ! old man ( sixty-five (t5 speaks ( 8 wife z a 8good0 woman1 because %e has always _h 8 d9n] ready = him pip+ hot :51 ^u com+ home1 8 :ole alim5t>y sy/em 0 key$ up to p]=m elaborate acts ( *ew+ & swall[+4 ,^! & c\ntless o!r cases1 tak5 f e h\r ( ! day & night1 fully support ! me*ani/ic int]pretation :i* we h j giv54 ,b m>k1 t no "q is 9 place "h z to :e!r all su* p]sons ought to use ! ^w 8good0 9 su* connections4 ,! fact t !y d use x is1 = ! pres5t1 ! only ess5tial item to be consid]$ 9 an empirical sci5ce ( human conduct4 ,j z :5 we enquir$ into ! basic nature ( antonyms1 we c>ri$ our inve/igation a little bel[ ! surface ( ! organism1 s may we "h c>ry on a simil> /udy to advantage4 ,x is obvi\s t ! read9ess ) :i* we respond to ! objects call$ 8good0 is necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! integrity ( c]ta9 int]nal me*anisms1 :i*1 ?\gh nev] obs]v$ 9 _! un9t]rupt$ work+1 h nev]!less be5 d$uc$ f a multitude ( sci5tific inve/igations4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 discov]$ t e response we make is *iefly a function ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems ( ! body4 ,h[1 inde$1 w\ld a *ild rea* out = c&y unless 8 arm 7 an ext5sible h+e1 & h[ c\ld x be ext5d$ unless some?+1 namely1 8 triceps muscle1 pull$ on ! radial bone1 & h[ also c\ld ! muscle contract1 unless a motor n]ve f ! sp9al cord 7 /imulat$ to p]=m ?is specific activity8 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 specify t ! def9ition ( 8good0 be re/rict$ to imply only ?is p>ticul> set ( facts1 b on ! o!r h& we /ipulate t ?is significant me*anism be n lo/ sight ( by him :o seeks )\t prejudice to und]/& h[ e?ical concepts orig9ate4 ,ev5 m specific in=mation ?an ?is is n[ available4 ,any muscle t is ready to contract 7or1 z ! vitali/ w\ld say1 to d ,psy*e's bidd+ 9 atta9+ ,homo's good7 is said to be 9 a condition ( tonus or ela/ic t5sion4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! muscles are conc]n$1 ! 8good0 ( ,class ,a implies a normal muscul> tonus1 :i* c1 "u ! prop] conditions1 be develop$ into a full contraction4 ,physicians "k t 9 bo? ( ! abnormal conditions ( tetanus & contractur$ tonus1 ! organism _c obta9 "s ( ! ?+s :i* are ess5tial = its adaptation ( ! _w ab\t x4 ,! possession ( a normal muscul> tonus is1 !n1 an e?ical desid]atum ( no mean importance4 ,e su* muscul> contraction z we h j describ$ is br\ght ab\t by means ( a n]v\s impulse1 orig9at+ at a receptor organ1 ei!r ext]nal or int]nal1 :i* impulse proce$s t[>d a muscle or a gr\p ( muscles4 ,h[ev]1 ?is impulse 7:i* 9 a s5se may be ?\ght ( z a desire on its way to fulfilm5t71 is (t5 subject to a r ev5tful hi/ory ( int]ruptions be=e x f9ally produces muscul> action4 ,betwe5 ! individual n]v\s /r&s along ! pa?way ( its motion ! impulse may enc\nt] blockades1 unless electrically *>g$ p>ticles 7call$ ions7 are pres5t at ! v>i\s gaps 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,"h aga91 !n1 we rea* a fur!r ref9em5t 9 our und]/&+ ( :at "o class ( 8good0 means4 ,! 8p]meability ( ! synapses0 7to use a phrase descriptive ( ! above situation71 ?us becomes a l>ge det]m9ant 9 human action4 ,& if "o ( ! classes ( our concept is def9able 9 t]ms ( actions t are facilitat$1 ! light :i* neurology ?r[s ^u e?ics is n to be despis$4 ,our next adv5ture is ! se>* = ! v>i\s implications ( ! t]m 8good0 z employ$ ) respect to ,class ,b4 ,?is class1 z previ\sly /at$1 involves ! g5]al notion ( dep5dability4 ,?+s ( ?is class are nom9ally useful1 fit1 or s]viceable1 n m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! desire ( ! mom5t1 b also & m p>ticul>ly !y are useful = ! future also4 ,nev]!less1 ?is phrase1 8useful = ! future10 mu/ be tak5 to mean 8imag9$ z cont9u\sly or cont9ually useful10 = al?\gh we commonly reg>d tomorr[ z a sort ( package t is com+ to u 9 ! mail1 x is /rictly some?+ n yet exi/+ & consequ5tly unreal4 ,j z ,william ,james said1 8,! feel+ ( pa/ "t is a pres5t feel+10 s is ! feel+ ( dep5dability "h to be int]pret$ n z a prop]ty ( objects1 b z a condition ( ! organism4 ,&1 :ile no incontrov]tible evid5ce ( ! nature ( su* a condition has yet be5 br\ght to light1 x is directly 9 l9e ) ! facts z we "k !m to ass]t t ! 8good0 includ$ 9 ,class ,b implies bo? a ma9t5ance ( muscul> tone & a /eady p]meability ( ! synaptic membranes involv$ 9 ! action-patt]ns ar\s$ by ! ?+s we keep call+ 8good40 ,to :i* we might also safely add1 t ! receptor organ requisite = initiat+ su* an en]gy trans=mation has also become s attun$ to receiv+ ! /imulus z to %[ :at ! psy*ologi/s call a l[]$ ?re%old4 ,suppose we n[ cond5se ?is :ole acc\nt1 & /ate x m po9t$ly by say+ t ,class ,b ref]s to ^? objects t produce ! responses = :i* ! organism has mobiliz$ its maximum available en]gies4 ,"s ( ^! dep5dable 8goods0 may ?us imply habitual responses1 :ile o!rs may simply imply a crav+ long d5i$ its ov]t satisfaction4 ,& ,i d\bt n t betwe5 ^! two extremes e man c f9d 8 own 8highe/ good40 ,9 pass+1 x might be p]t95t to rem>k t ! 8good0 impli$ by ,class ,b is always life-enhanc+1 7 x n = ! fact t ?is obtrudes a /&>d n w>rant$ by all us]s ( ?is t]m4 ,= ! snap judgm5t 7or ev5 ! pond]$ conclusion7 ( an exce$+ly great numb] ( p makes money ! *ief dep5dable 8good10 t ( o!rs puts fri5ds & companions 9 ?is category1 :ile ) few] /ill k is s reg>d$4 ,"s ( ^! ?+s d n always turn out to be life-enhanc+1--"t1 place1 circum/ance1 & ! ductless gl&s alt] ! assum$ value ( any su* hypo!sis4 ,h5ce 8good0 has be5 "h def9$ simply 9 t]ms ( :at ! organism is do+1 & n 9 t]ms ( any spuri\s teleological pr9ciple4 ,empirical sci5ce has no books to balance4 ,he :o wat*es a little closely w see t z f> z conduct reveals x 7:i* is1 inde$1 v f>71 all sorts ( ?+s t are n p>ticul>ly life-enhanc+ are *os5 h\rly z ! 8highe/ goods0 9 ! s5se ( be+ gre$ily & furi\sly pursu$4 ,sexual excitem5t1 drug-tak+1 g\rm&iz+1 idl+1 & ! late/ /yles 9 clo?+ vie ) any & all ( ^! sob]] values = fir/ place 9 ! att5tion ( numb]less p4 ,& :ile _m a man may *oose = himself1 yet none c *oose = all4 ,class ,b includes skilful & k9d p]sons z objects to :i* ! t]m 8good0 is cu/om>ily appli$4 ,no new difficulties confront our attempt to pron\nce ! physiological implications ( our concept z ?us employ$1 ev5 if we are oblig$ to alt] to "s slight ext5t our previ\s po9t ( view4 ,! skilful man is call$ 8good0 simply because he does or c mobilize 8 en]gy to produce some?+ :i* is reg>d$ z useful1 fit1 or s]viceable4 ,likewise1 ! skilful or k9d p]son is "o :o may be c\nt$ on to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+1 re/or+1 or increas+ any /ate ( ?+s t is reg>d$ z desirable4 ,& we :o employ ! concept 8good0 to praise or enc\rage su* a man ins9uate t ! same mobilization ( en]gy is go+ on )9 u4 ,inde$1 z c\ld be readily %[n1 all p]ceptions ( p]sons involve an imitative or empa?ic response4 ,t is :y skill & virtuosity ( all sorts are agreeable to behold4 ,!y furni% num]\s outlets = subconsci\s action-t5d5cies4 ,z reg>ds ,class ,c1 ! concept 8good0 po9ts to 8t :i* fulfils expectation10 t is1 ! normal or typical ?+4 ,^! words 8normal0 & 8typical0 78imply+ ! exi/5ce ( *>act]i/ic qualities07 are relat$ to ! ^w 8good0 by means ( ! condition$ reflex4 ,our exp]i5ce ) all su* ?+s z motor-c>s1 = example1 involves n only cognition1 b ev5tually discrim9ation & comp>ison z well4 ,!reaft]1 :5 we he> ( a good motor-c>1 we ?9k ( su* a "o z we h be5 tra9$ to reg>d z capable ( a c]ta9 k9d ( p]=mance4 ,! same ?+ holds ) respect to all o!r objects & p]sons conc]n+ :om we h become discrim9ative4 8,good10 ?us employ$1 seems to imply t en]gy is be+ mobiliz$ to p]=m selective activity1 & also t ! s5se organs h become specially attun$ to receive a specific /imulus4 ,! 8good0 cat is n any old bea/ ( ! back alley1 b a m\s] ) a c]ta9 numb] ( cat*es to h] cr$it4 ,! 8good0 groc] 7t is1 suppos$ly normal7 is "o :o gives full weight & makes prompt deliv]ies4 ,moreov]1 !re is implicit 9 all su* uses ( ?is value pr$icate "s ref]5ce to t dep5dability :i* 0 discuss$ 9 connection ) ,class ,b4 ,"h1 !n1 we may /ate t ,class ,c implies ! mobilization ( en]gy = ! p]=mance ( su* action z w ma9ta9 our physical or m5tal equilibrium4 ,& ?is1 physiologically speak+1 is ultimately a matt] ( ! progressive coord9ation ( reflexes & ! ma9t5ance ( muscul> tone4 ,! objects ref]r$ to by class ,d are ^? :i* greatly or ev5 sudd5ly exce$ expectation1 :5ce1 z has be5 h9t$ be=e1 ! signification ( our concept frequ5tly approa*es t ( an expletive4 ,let u see :at physiological me*anisms provide ?is %ade ( mean+4 ,x is g5]ally realiz$ t n only d our successes & failures1 our disappo9tm5ts & satisfactions attune our neuro-muscul> me*anism to respond to ! typical or normal ?+ by call+ x 8good10 b ^! same successes & failures may also :et our appetite = ?+s :i*1 by exce$+ ! av]age1 %all make up = ^? exp]i5ces :i* h be5 especially disappo9t+4 ,all normal protoplasm is insatiable = ! maximum success4 ,& hung] ( any sort1 physiologically speak+1 may be describ$ z a condition 9 :i* ! motor me*anism is activat$ to great] ef=ts ?an usual 9 ord] to relieve ! condition ( want4 ,consequ5tly1 ! physiological implications ( ! concept 8good0 may be made z precise ) respect to ,class ,d z ) any ( ! prec$+ classes4 ,! action-patt]ns impli$ by ?is class are ^? :i* are exhibit$ by anyone :51 aft] long privation1 ! t5sions he has accumulat$ are sudd5ly reliev$ by ! appe>ance ( ! desir$ /imulus4 ,inde$1 su* action-patt]ns may sometimes be describ$ z rapacity1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( our cry+ out 8,good60 :5 "s mis=tune has befall5 a p>ticul>ly annoy+ prig4 ,! physiological implications ( ! t]m 8good0 z reg>ds ,class ,e h already be5 suffici5tly h9t$ 9 our del9eation ( t class4 ,moreov]1 ! surprise1 %ock1 & spasm :i* x connotes prev5t its hav+ an important rle to play 9 our judgm5ts ( value4 ,let u n[ sum up & cond5se ^! sev]al po9ts4 ,f ! =ego+ x appe>s t he :o uses ! ^w 8good0 is at ! same "t exhibit+ a c]ta9 specific motor attitude t[>d ! environm5t :i* gives ?is ^w its mean+4 ,z we h already %[n1 ! action-patt]n involves ! foll[+ physiological conditions3--7#a7 ! pres5ce1 ma9t5ance1 or ev5 height5+ ( muscul> tone1 7#b7 ! p]meability ( ! synaptic membranes1 especially ( ^? along ! motor pa?ways1 7#c7 selective activity & selective excitability1 & 7#d7 normally1 ! nice coord9ation ( ! motor responses involv$ 9 ov]t action4 ,?is positively responsive condition ( ! organism may n[ be express$ 9 simpl] words by say+ t ! ^w 8good0 is ! sign ( an outgo+ reaction4 ,t is to say1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ?+s we call 8good0 release ! en]gy t is ready to be dis*>g$2 9 ! second place1 we p>ticipate m fully 9 t environm5t :i* conta9s a 8good0 ?an 9 "o t does n2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( cont9u\sly 8good0 /imuli is to r5d] u m & m responsive1 & to provide a wide m>g9 ( resili5cy = our organic int]ior4 ,our def9ition ( good 9 physiological t]ms has n[ be5 a*iev$4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,! foll[+ li/ ( uses ( ! ^w 8good0 has be5 tak5 f ,murray's ,new ,ox=d ,diction>y1 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y & ,encyclop$ia1 ,web/]'s1 & ! ,/&>d ,diction>y4 ,f ! same s\rces also 7 d]iv$ ! li/s giv5 9 ! foll[+ five *apt]s4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be well not$ t ! lexicograph] r>ely attempts su* an analytical def9ition ( words z we are 9 se>* ( "h4 ,he conf9es himself *iefly to ! etymology ( a ^w & its synonyms1 & to cit+ quotations :i* illu/rate ! accept$ usage ( words4 ,z a result1 ! man :o looks into a diction>y w increase 8 range ( associations long be=e he w be /imulat$ to p]=m t mo/ fruitful ( all m5tal activities1--critical analysis4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,good0 #a4 ,good food2 fit to eat1 unta9t$4 #b4 ,good food2 nutriti\s1 palatable4 #c4 ,good m$ic9e2 useful z a rem$y4 #d4 ,good soil2 f]tile1 arable4 #e4 ,good ice2 easy to skate on4 #f4 ,good ice2 fit to dissolve 9 dr9k+ wat]4 #g4 ,good %ip2 capable1 or "u sail1 or express+ pride 9 ! own]1 or z an expression ( well-wi%+4 #h4 ,good cat2 able m\s]1 h\se-brok51 etc4 #i4 ,good *ild2 quiet1 ob$i5t1 n tr\blesome4 #aj4 ,good p]son =3 capable1 ?or\gh1 skilful1 compet5t1 clev] at1 9 concord )4 #aa4 8,to c no good10 7colloq472 to be untra9$4 #ab4 ,good = a p]iod ( "t2 well able to accompli%4 #ac4 ,9 good e>ne/2 vigor\sly & effectively4 #ad4 ,good k+2 "o :o fulfils 8 function1 or is belov$ by 8 subjects4 #ae4 ,to good2 to improve l& by manur+ x4 #af4 ,good space or "t =2 available = ! purpose4 #ag4 ,good op9ion2 favorable or approv+1 laudatory4 #ah4 ,good cry2 b5efic5t1 pr(itable1 salut>y1 :olesome4 #ai4 ,good spirits2 n depress$ or deject$1 indicative ( resili5ce or ambition4 #bj4 ,good (fices2 fri5dly use ( p[]4 #ba4 ,good man2 k9d1 b5evol5t1 g5tle1 graci\s1 fri5dly1 favorably dispos$1 virtu\s1 skilful1 comm5dable1 pi\s1 dev\t1 or religi\sly approv$4 #bb4 ,good season2 holy days4 #bc4 ,! good book2 8t5d+ to spiritual edification40 #bd4 ,! good ,god2 8connot+ p]fection or b5evol5ce40 #be4 ,highe/ good2 conv5tional phrase ( philosoph]s4 #bf4 8,antonio is a good man02 reliable1 safe1 able to fulfil 8 engagem5ts1 f9ancially s\nd4 #bg4 8,a man ( good02 ( prop]ty1 /&+1 rank4 #bh4 ,goods2 prop]ty1 m]*&ise1 w>es1 live-/ock1 cattle1 etc4 #bi4 8,a great good02 a l>ge sum ( money4 #cj4 ,to yield a good product or result2 to turn to a p]son's advantage4 #ca4 ,to ! good2 balance on ! cr$it side1 excess ( assets ov] liabilities4 #cb4 8,good =s02 colloquial 9 ,s\? ,africa = promissory notes1 drafts1 8,i4,o4,u4's10 etc4 #cc4 ,good w9d2 favorable1 n too weak or too /rong4 #cd4 ,good heal?2 conducive to peace ( m9d & longevity4 #ce4 ,good ord]2 /able1 satisfy+4 #cf4 ,good complexion2 gratify+1 favorable1 advantage\s1 etc4 #cg4 ,good face2 fair or smoo?1 or indicat+ intellectual ability or tru/wor?9ess ( "*4 #ch4 ,good play2 agreeable1 amus+1 skilful4 #ci4 ,good fame2 honorable1 n sulli$4 #dj4 ,to h a good night ( x2 to sleep undi/urb$ly & to be refre%$ by s do+4 #da4 ,to h a good "t ( x2 p]iod ( enjoym5t4 #db4 ,good w2 b5evol5ce4 #dc4 8,good morn+02 elliptical = well wi%+4 #dd4 8,good bye02 elliptical = well wi%+ at dep>ture4 #de4 ,to take 9 good "p2 to be some:at pleas$1 or at lea/ n displeas$4 #df4 8,good to ov]come02 easy to ov]come4 #dg4 ,to appe> or seem good2 imply+ v>i\s degrees ( comm5dation1 dep5d+1 h[ev]1 ^u ! acc5t ( ! speak]4 #dh4 ,a good deal2 an am\nt great] ?an expect$4 #di4 ,a good deal2 adequate1 abundant1 ample1 suffici5t4 #ej4 ,z good z2 practically or to all int5ts & purposes ! same4 #ea4 ,to be z good z "o's ^w2 to act up to ! full s5se ( ! lett] or ! mean+4 #eb4 ,to make good2 to succe$1 fulfil1 or p]=m1 c>ry out or succe$ 9 p]=m+4 #ec4 ,to make good2 to fill up ev5 or level4 #ed4 ,to make good2 to repair or re/ore1 to comp5sate =1 to supply a defici5cy1 to pay a debt4 #ee4 ,to make good2 to secure prison]s = ! night4 #ef4 ,to make good2 to prove to be true or valid1 to demon/rate or sub/antiate a /atem5t4 #eg4 ,good = a c]ta9 am\nt2 spok5 ( a p]son expect$ to pay or contribute4 #eh4 ,good debts2 ^? :i* are expect$ to be paid 9 full4 #ei4 ,to make "o's "p good2 to make a successful resi/ance4 #fj4 ,to become good =2 to fulfil expectation4 #fa4 ,to come to good2 spok5 ( a dream t comes true4 #fb4 ,good bir?2 av]age or above ! av]age1 n humble or mean4 #fc4 ,good co92 g5u9e1 n c\nt]feit4 #fd4 ,good purpose or conduct2 comm5dable1 acceptable1 up to /&>d1 n caus+ tr\ble4 #fe4 ,good je/2 sm>t1 witty1 typical1 or ev5 exceptional4 #ff4 ,good "r1 claim1 reason1 plea1 proposition2 valid1 s\nd4 #fg4 ,good legal decision1 or contract2 valid1 effectual1 n vitiat$ by any flaw4 #fh4 ,to h a good m9d to2 to be ready to act1 to h a matur$ int5tion4 #fi4 8,our good wi%es g ) y02 expectation ( happ9ess or prosp]ity4 #gj4 ,= good & all2 valid conclusion1 f9ally4 #ga4 8,good my "l02 c\rte\s address1 def]5tial attitude1 expectation ( favor or e/eem4 #gb4 ,good life insurance risk2 likely to live a long "t4 #gc4 8,good m5 & true02 spok5 ( a jury t is expect$ to r5d] a fair v]dict4 #gd4 ,good old2 possibly a t]m ( praise1 or m]ely mean+ v old4 #ge4 8,good words602 equival5t to 8d n speak s fi]cely10 or 8,i expect$ k9d words f y40 #gf4 8,! good p02 palliatory ) ref]5ce to ! fairies or wit*es4 #gg4 ,good graci\s6 good ,pet]6 good ,god62 exclamatory1 possibly signify+ ! pres5ce ( some?+ t is unexpect$1 :i* may be ei!r welcome or o!rwise4 #gh4 ,good folk2 us$ 9 a jocul> or depreciatory s5se4 #gi4 ,goody good2 mildly depreciatory ( tru/ful simplicity4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,action-,,patt]ns ,,impli$ ,,by ,,! ,,^w 8,,bad10 ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,physiology ,,( 8,,evil0 8,x is notewor?y t !re has nev] be5 a problem ( good1 b always a problem ( evil4 ,man takes ! good 9 8 life = grant$1 :ile he bewails ! pres5ce ( evil 9 all its =ms4 ,may n reality be ( su* a "* t evil is z natural z good80 ,r4 ,w4 ,,sell>s1 8,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,religion10 pp4 #aec-e4 ,good & bad1 or good & evil1 h f ! mo/ anci5t times be5 held to be diametrical & ?or\ghgo+ opposites ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,zoroa/] ?is anti!sis is metaphorically project$ into ! remote/ heav5s1 :]e ,mazda1 ! ,god ( ,light1 ^: de$s 7 goodness itself1 endlessly /rove to annihilate ,angra1 ! tireless p]petrator ( deceit4 ,! ,*ri/ian my?ologi/s1 9 a *>act]i/ic imitation ( pagan cre$s1 lov$ to imag9e a f9al ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 ! mild1 spotless foll[]s ( ! ,lamb 7 to be rew>d$ by an et]nal sep>ation f ! sooty h5*m5 ( ,satan4 ,simil> conceptions1 ?\gh none ( !m ne>ly s poetic1 h t+$ ! ?\ght ( e subsequ5t era4 ,mo/ ( u are famili> ) ,milton's fabul\s v]sion ( ! !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 :i* ,god ! ,fa!r is depict$ z /ruggl+ aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 n1 h[ev]1 by s5d+ irresi/ible cohorts to besiege & conqu] ,hell1 b r by c\nt]act+ _! insidi\s propag&a 9 ! playgr\nd ( ,adam's ,ed54 ,inde$1 "o has b to le>n to read ! simple/ lit]ature 9 any language to realize h[ mu* ( :at is call$ ?9k+ consi/s simply 9 devis+ contra/s & anti!ses4 ,x is ! orator's *ief t\r de =ce1 ! hi/orian's commonplace1 ! dramati/'s all-important me?od ( produc+ a plot1 &1 9 fact1 )\t x1 no lit]ature w\ld seem to give an adequate picture ( ! realities ( human life4 ,small wond] !n1 t 9 ! philosophy ( ,emp$ocles1 ! _w-view ( ,zoroa/]1 & ! !ology ( ,*ri/5dom1 ?is /]eotyp$ way ( ?9k+1 orig9at+ 9 & g5]at$ by ! physics & physiology ( man's musculature1 %\ld be manife/2 or t ! common man %\ld s readily & p]si/5tly hold to ! diametrical opposition betwe5 good & bad1 & "r & wrong4 ,! law ( reciprocal inn]vation1 be+ implicit 9 ! body's ar*itecture1 is necess>ily a basic =mula = man's ?\ght4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is be admitt$1 x guides u only a little ways ?r\gh ! tangle ( e?ical problems4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no su* dramatic portrayal z1 = example1 t ( ,zoroa/]1--:atev] !atrical agonies x might provoke1--has ei!r r$uc$ ! sum ( ! _w's di/resses1 or furni%$ ! lea/ insight into ! nature ( ! suppos$ opposites ( goodness4 ,= t matt]1 inde$1 v little k ( ?is "* has aris5 out ( e?ical debate or speculation4 ,! assumptions h be5 _m1 ! facts few2 & usually1 :5ev] ?is discrepancy has be5 realiz$1 ov]drafts h be5 writt5 on ! phantom bank ( !ory ) ! va9 hope t by ?is means e?ical solv5cy c\ld be atta9$4 ,9 ! second place1 x has sc>cely occurr$ to any "o to ask :e!r !re 0 n "s o!r way ( look+ at ! e?ical problem ?an 9 ?is duplex mann]1 = if an irreconcilable opposition 9 ! field ( e?ics is assum$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 no?+ b an et]nal deadlock c result 9 ! conclusion4 ,n[ ! empirical fact is t man's muscles 7! functions ( :i* det]m9e 8 ?\ghts71 c d o!r ?+s ?an oppose & c\nt]act ea* o!r1 = e day ( our lives we see ^! o!r motor activities manife/$4 ,h[ev]1 our traditional e?ical !ory w\ld h x t ! dilemma is inescapable1--t ?+s are ei!r good or bad1 or actions ei!r "r or wrong1 & p ei!r virtu\s or vici\s1 & t !re is no middle gr\nd1 or possibility ( reconciliation4 ,m>k1 h[ev]1 t only 9 s]i\s pa?ological cases d we obs]ve a complete rigidity ( ! body due to *ronic muscul> antagonisms4 ,is x n !re=e a valid inf]5ce t ! m5tal rigidity ( mo/ adh]5ts to ! bi-pol> !ory 9 e?ics is likewise a pa?ological sign1 &1 if s1 are we n driv5 to ! conclusion t man's traditional e?ical notions are symptoms ( physiological malfunction+8 ,important z all ?is is1 h[ev]1 x _c turn u aside f our int]e/ 9 f9d+ out j to :at an ext5t ! ^w 8bad0 is a real antonym to ! ^w 8good10 especially s9ce k ( ?is sort is fir/ necess>y be=e we c employ ! me?od ( sci5ce 9 ! s]vice ( ! problems ( human conduct4 ,let u1 !n1 resume our orig9al se>*4 ,! t]m 8bad0 is a ge/ural sign :i* we employ 9 two diff]5t s5ses1--to po9t out a defici5cy or lack1 7t is1 to indicate m]ely ! abs5ce ( good71 & 9 a positive s5se1 to h9t ! pres5ce ( some?+ def9itely antagoni/ic to good4 ,by an analogy1 if money is a good1 we %\ld call x 8bad0 9 ! privative s5se ( ! t]m = "o to be )\t x2 :ile x is 8bad0 9 ! positive s5se = "o to be deeply 9 debt4 ,b ev5 :ile we pond] ^! two behavior situations1 !y t5d1 at lea/ p>tly1 to coalesce1 v mu* inde$ z ,classes ,a & ,b ( 8good0 m]g$ at times imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r4 ,= if ! man :o is )\t money1 b n 9 debt1 passionately desires to pur*ase & sp5d1 he w imm$iately place himself 9 ! class ( debtors1 & exp]i5ce !re) ! positive =m ( 8badness10 at lea/ s f> z 8 feel+s ( inhibition are conc]n$4 ,h[ev]1 j to :at an ext5t ^! two categories ( 8bad0 may be id5tifi$ _c be %[n until we h fir/ review$ ! sep>ate uses to :i* ?is t]m is put1#h & h also d$uc$ ! action-patt]ns :i* x implies4 ,x c be div9$ at once f a c>eful p]usal ( ?is brief array1 h]e) subjo9$1 t ! concept 8bad0 is1 on ! :ole1 a f> less v>iegat$ symbol ?an is ! concept 8good40 ,its use is m re/rict$1 its connotation is less ri* 9 v>iety1 &1 z c be already pr$ict$1 ! numb] ( sep>ate classes into :i* our array may be di/ribut$ is few] ?an 0 ! case ) ! t]m 8good40 ,= :ile we h "h h9ts ( ?ree classes :i* are1 r\ghly speak+1 negatives ( ,classes ,a1 ,b1 & ,c ( 8good10 we h no?+ at all comp>able to ! negatives ( ,classes ,d & ,e4 ,to wit3-- ,class ,a4 ,t :i* is useless1 unfit1 uns]viceable1 & ! l1 = any purpose :atev]4 ,class ,b4 ,t :i* br+s pa91 discom=t1 loss1 or dea?4 ,9 "s respects ?is class is ! negative ( ,class ,b ( 8good10 hav+ ! g5]al mean+ ( undep5dable4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ! negative ( e %ade ( mean+ impli$ by t class1 z c at once be se5 :5 we consid] t !re are no 8bads0 :i* are ! anti!ses ( goods1 t is1 prop]ty4 ,=1 z we h already obs]v$1 ev5 "s debts are good debts4 ,class ,c4 ,t :i* disappo9ts expectation4#i ,"h also ! negation is limit$1 = :ile ) ,class ,c ( 8good0 ! tone ( ! voice c\ld convey an imm5se v>iety ( mean+s1 "h no su* great array ( nuances is f\nd4 ,9 consid]ation1 !n1 ( :at has j prec$$1 we may emphatically d5y t 8bad0 is a true antonym ( ! ^w 8good40 ,n only is ?is to be in/antly d$uc$ f ! array ( uses to :i* ^! t]ms are put1 b also f ! cont5ts ( ! five classes ( 8good0 & ! ?ree classes ( 8bad40 ,we %all pres5tly discov] :e!r 8evil10 z an adjunct ( ! concept 8bad10 makes up ?is discrepancy4 ,resum+1 !n1 our ma9 !me1 h[ %all we proce$ to def9e privative & positive 8bad0 9 physiological t]ms1 & by :at means %all we discov] ! action-patt]ns :i* are impli$ by ! ?ree classes ( 8bad0 :i* we h j delimit$8 ,9 g5]al1 & f ! read]'s own exp]i5ce1 8bad0 means ?w>t+1 inhibition1 opposition1 ! int]ruption ( action1 ! durable dissatisfactions ( life4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 to come at ! matt] a little m closely4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we saw t :5 we are ready to act1 ! /imulus t elicits ! reaction = :i* we are key$ up is call$ 8good40 ,employ+ ! me?ods ( inductive sci5ce1 ) our eye on ! behavior possibilities ( ! human organism1 we f9d ! foll[+ /imulus-response situations adequate to reveal ! orig9 ( ! ^w 8bad40 #a4 ,:5 we are ready to act 9 "s precise mann]1 b no /imulus1 t is1 opportunity1 is af=d$ = su* action1 ! t]m 8bad0 adequately describes ! situation4 ,"h x becomes a ge/ural sign :i* may po9t ei!r to ! environm5t or to ! organism4 ,x is = ?is reason t a man 9 debt1 hungry1 & 9 want is said to be 89 a bad way02 :ile 9 8 pr$icam5t c\nt]feit money & ta9t$ food w\ld be unequivocally bad4 #b4 ,:5 we are ready to act1 b are prev5t$ f releas+ ! en]gy we h mobiliz$ because ! /imulus is inadequate1 & does n call =? ! exact response :i* we h be5 prep>+ to make1 ! situation may aga9 be describ$ z 8bad40 8,t's too bad10 we sometimes say ( a suit ( clo!s :i*1 :ile adequately keep+ out ! w9t]'s cold1 does n q fit ! %\ld]s4 #c4 ,:5 we are unready1 to act 9 a c]ta9 way1 b are summ>ily call$ ^u to mobilize our en]gy = ?is purpose1 ! situation is aga9 (t5 describ$ z 8bad40 ,unexpect$1 excess taxes always produce an emotional situation specifically relat$ to ?is value pr$icate4 #d4 ,any inadequate response1 9 o!r words1 "o t is faulty1 errone\s1 & ! l1 may be call$ 8bad40 ,sometimes1 also1 ! p]son mak+ su* a response is describ$ by ! same t]m4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! g5]al mean+ ( 8bad0 is )9 ! scope ( our discov]y4 ,n only is ?is d$ucible f our previ\s id5tification ( ?is concept ) ! useless1 ! indep5dable1 & ) t :i* disappo9ts1 b x is also pla9ly =e%ad[$ by ! f\r behavior situations we h j describ$4 8,bad0 seems to imply t action1 int]e/1 purpose1 & ! l1 h be5 ?w>t$2 t ! organism has become a c5t] ( inhibitions1 & is 9 discom=t ei!r because ! en]gy :i* x has mobiliz$ _c be releas$ into action1 or because dem&s = su* release _c be met4 ,su* a physiological condition is be/ describ$ z incoord9ate4 ,& ?is t]m cov]s all ?ree ( our classes ( 8bad40 ,moreov]1 by p>tial contra/ ) good1 8bad0 implies a )draw+ reaction1 ) ei!r a slump 9 muscul> tone 79 :i* case we h privative 8bad071 or else a sudd5 onset ( unreliev$ t5sions--7positive 8bad074 ,accompany+ su* a condition1 we may safely po/ulate synaptic imp]meability & inhibition1 toge!r ) v>y+ degrees ( unpleasant /ra9 s5sations4 ,b m>k1 t we d n say t ! 8bad0 is always equival5t to ! pa9ful4 ,7 physiological sci5ce suffici5tly advanc$1 x w\ld be possible = u to complete our def9ition ( badness 9 t]ms ( ! mal-function+ ( su* int]nal sy/ems z ! alim5t>y canal1 ! c>diac1 respiratory1 & excretory me*anisms1 & ! endocr9e gl&s4 ,our common exp]i5ce indubitably indicates t all =ms ( ?w>t+ & inhibition :i* prompt our exclamations1 react viol5tly ^u ! int]nal ma*9]y4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to claim t bo? ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal types ( behavior :i* are impli$ by ! t]ms 8good0 & 8bad0 respectively j z (t5 z n h _! s\rce 9 ! po/ures & manuvres ( our organic int]ior4 ,t is1 brief to say1 :y ! heal?y man & ! dyspeptic1 ! optimi/ & ! pessimi/1 w give precisely opposite acc\nts ( ! same ext]nal _w4 ,we rem>k$ be=e t spee* n only po9ts out & di/+ui%es objects = u1 b also implies & pr$icts human activities4 ,our analysis ( good & bad =tifies ?is !sis beyond contradiction1 & %[s t any value pr$icate t has a specific ref]5ce to ! environm5t has specific implications = ! organism z well4 ,! ,physiology ( 8,evil0 ,9 "s m9ds ! t]m 8evil0 has prim>ily :at is call$ a moral signification1 & implies fir/ & =emo/ any?+ 8contr>y to an accept$ /&>d ( righte\sness10 or any?+ 8inconsi/5t ) or violat+ ! moral law02 & consequ5tly1 x is equival5t to ! t]ms 8s9ful0 & 8wick$40 ,let u n meet su* m9ds too intimately4 ,speak+ 9 ?is fa%ion is n only vague1 b mislead+ z well4 ,= :5 duly exam9$1 almo/ e s-call$ 8/&>d ( righte\sness0 becomes a totally unspecific category ( behavior1 :ile ! t]m 8moral law0 is n law 9 any dep5dable s5se ( ! t]m at all4 ,c]ta9ly x is n a law ( nature1--( human nature1--= x does n adequately describe any typical behavior situations4 ,nei!r is x law to a juri/1 s9ce !re is no organiz$ =ce t c be br\ght to be> ^u human be+s to compel !m to obey x 9 _! actions1 mu* less 9 _! ?9k+4 ,moreov]1 ! t]ms 8s9ful0 & 8wick$0 are s n>r[ & prov9cial & s exclusively employ$ by religioni/s 8to pelt _! adv]s>ies )10 t _! equival5ce to 8evil0 z a t]m ( value 9 ! broade/ e?ical s5se is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 problematical4 ,:e!r un=tunately or n1 none ( ! purely moral categories are fundam5tal = an und]/&+ ( ! actual behavior ( human be+s4 ,inde$1 z a usual ?+1 !y h9t uncritical & disord]ly ?9k+ 9 him :o uses !m1 r ?an specify any intellig5t & sympa!tic appreciation ( human int]e/s1 or any analytical insight into ! environm5t :i* n[ ?w>ts & n[ fur!rs su* int]e/s4 ,& n[ to our analysis4 ,! t]m 8evil0 is mu* m ass]tive ?an is ! ^w 8bad10 & m =ceful ?an all b a few significations ( ! ^w 8good40 ,x orig9ally _h ! adv]bial =ce ( up or ov]1 two words ^: empa?ic significance is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,today ! t]m 8evil0 signifies ei!r 7a7 8t :i* exce$s due measure10 or 7b7 8t :i* ov]/eps prop] limits40 ,"h1 !n1 we notice at ! outset t 8evil10 unlike ei!r good or bad1 always c>ries ) x ! presumption ( /&>ds or rules4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ! place 9 ! language =m]ly occupi$ by ! t]m 8evil0 is n[ held by ! t]m 8bad40 ,) ! reasons = ?is *ange we are n especially conc]n$ "h1 al?\gh x may be appropriate to po9t out t ! popul>ity ( any t]m t has be5 us$ almo/ exclusively by religioni/s = purposes ( ana!ma is doom$4 ,besides1 ! ^w 8evil0 calls up lit]>y associations :i* condemn x to mod]n m9ds4 ,su* expressions z 8,! ,evil ,"o0 7t is1 ! ,devil ( ! ,middle ,ages71 ! 8evil eye0 7ano!r outworn sup]/ition71 ! 8,k+'s ,evil10 & a doz5 o!r equally obsolete t]ms h fall5 into su* l[ repute t !y h weak5$1 s to speak1 ! ge/ural significance ( ! remnants ( ?is concept4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is f> m dramatic vocal quality atta*+ to ! t]m 8evil0 ?an to ei!r ( ! words 8good0 or 8bad40 ,few words 9 ! language provide su* an opportunity z does ?is "o = ! simultane\s display ( eye-1 lip-1 & jaw-ge/ures1 ^: comb9$ effects are none ! less /rik+1 no matt] h[ empa?ically unpleasant !y h become4 ,we invite y to /& be=e ! mirror1 & say ! ^w 8evil0 ) cl5*$ tee? & can9es %[+1 & v]ify ?is rem>k4 ,:ile ! t]m 8evil0 is employ$ z an adjective1 a n\n1 & an adv]b1 we d n ne$ to /op "h to catalogue its uses "u ^! ?ree head+s4 ,all we ne$ to consid] is t 8evil0 is an int5sification ( 8bad0 9 ! positive s5se ( t t]m4#aj ,x is also a =ceful negative ( ,class ,b ( good1 9 ! s5se t x implies t :i* actively op]ates to produce incoord9ation1 mal-adju/m5t1 discom=t1 & ! l4 ,x w be recall$ t ,class ,b ( 8good0 includ$ :atev] conduc$ to life1 heal?1 pleasure1 & /ability4 ,on ! contr>y1 8evil0 is a ge/ural sign t indicates any & all processes ( dis9tegration1 disruption1 & confusion4 ,x at once implies some?+ :i* is en]getically antagoni/ic to our purposes4 ,! def9ition ( evil 9 me*ani/ic t]ms is n[ )9 our rea*4 ,we h said be=e t 8evil0 is an int5sification ( ! t]m 8bad10 :i* latt] t]m 0 us$ to describe an incoord9ate condition ( ! organism br\ght ab\t because its wi%es1 int]e/s1 & purposes1--9 a ^w1 its action-patt]ns1--_h be5 ?w>t$4 ,j :at m ?an ?is does 8evil0 imply8 ,x implies t our wi%es h be5 ?w>t$ to su* an ext5t z to call =? f u ! mo/ en]getic1 antagoni/ic reactions ( :i* we are capable4 8,good0 signifies an outgo+ reaction1 8bad0 signifies a )draw+ reaction1 :ile 8evil0 means t )9 ! organism "s ( ! available en]gies are be+ ha/ily mobiliz$ to comp5sate = an outgo+ reaction t has be5 ?w>t$4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m p]sons :o nev] attempt any comp5sation ( su* a con/ructive "* z to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ! same evil situation1 ei!r because !y are physically unfit1 or are poor 9 _s1 b 9 su* cases ! ^w 8evil0 is us$ )\t v mu* mean+4 ,our def9ition ( ?is concept w1 ,i ?9k1 s]ve to provide a new int]pretation ( ! /atem5t made previ\sly1 namely1 t 8evil always c>ries ) x ! presumption ( /&>ds or rules40 ,:at1 precisely1 does ?is /atem5t mean8 ,x means t :5ev] we h lo/ our organic equilibrium 9 ! pres5ce ( a situation describ$ z evil1 :atev] we d to recov] x ipso facto at t mom5t def9es n only ! /&>d & rule by :i* our conduct is regulat$1 b su* behavior also reveals to o!rs j :at ! 8problem ( evil0 really means to u4 ,= example1 if we are vex$ & become pr(ane1 pr(anity is pat5tly an integral factor 9 our philosophy ( comp5sation4 ,if we lose our money1 & /eal ano!r's to make good our loss1 !ft is a c>d9al pr9ciple 9 our doctr9e ( equalization4 ,we may1 to be sure1 imm$iately !reaft] lam5t ! outbur/ by :i* we attempt$ to 8set ?+s to rights10 b we _c retrieve ! action by :i* we def9$ & exhibit$ our practical e?ical philosophy4 ,our rec5t ,em]son _h ?is sci5tific tru? 9 m9d :5 he said1 8,:at y are speaks s l\d1 ,i _c he> :at y say40 ,examples ( ano!r sort are equally illum9at+4 ,if ,socrates is condemn$ to dea? = corrupt+ ! ,a!nian y\?1 & calmly dr9ks ! hemlock 9 ord] to rema9 a law-abid+ citiz5 to ! end1 ?is de$ ( probity def9es ! dom9ant action-patt]n 9 8 philosophy ( retaliation4 ,if ,jesus is crucifi$ = blasphemy & incit+ to insurrection1 & manife/s an attitude ( non-resi/ance & equanimity1 ^! action-patt]ns once m exhibit 8 me?od ( deal+ ) ! problem ( evil4 ,9 e su* case ! bodily habits :i* h long accumulat$ are automatically releas$ by ! appropriate /imulus into ov]t behavior4 ,9 physiological t]ms1 :at a man does 9 response to evil1 %[s :at sort ( reciprocal inn]vations 8 body has acquir$4 ,& :ile su* a me*ani/ic int]pretation ( an e?ical /&>d may seem a/oni%+1 yet su* a modus ag5di is1 unless we are greatly deceiv$1 ! "o :i* human be+s actually employ1 & consequ5tly x is ! only "o :i* has any place 9 an empirical sci5ce ( conduct4 ,a ,fur!r ,rem>k on ! ,opposites ( 8,good0 ,f our def9ition ( 8evil0 z an int5sification ( 8bad0 9 ! positive s5se ( t t]m1 x c at once be not$ t ^! two words d n ev5 toge!r supply a ?or\ghgo+ antonym to ! ^w 8good40 ,= !y d n /rictly imply action-patt]ns :i* 9 ! m9ute & f9e are oppos$ to ^? und]ly+ all ! valid uses ( ! ^w 8good40 ,x is n to ! po9t t 89 g5]al0 7:i* c only mean "h vaguely7 ^! words are anti!tical to ea* o!r2 our analysis has produc$ k t h5ce=? disc\nts all su* rem>ks4 ,&1 if anyone says t = ! purposes ( morality1 ! traditional anti!sis is /ill valid1 ! answ] is t morality1 aft] all1 is only cu/om1 :ile e?ics is prim>ily a critical insight into t reality :i* ! morali/ has always s\ght to make obscure4 ,a m important conclusion1 h[ev]1 is /ill to be drawn f ! =ego+ analysis4 ,:i* is1 t 8evil0 is n1 z has usually be5 conclud$1 an opposite ( 8good40 ,inde$1 if we h describ$ ! situation fairly1 :5 we say t #8evil d5otes t our wi%es h be5 ?w>t$ to su* an ext5t z to call =? f u ! mo/ en]getic1 antagoni/ic reactions ( :i* we are capable1' we c only d$uce f ?is t ! antagoni/ic reactions are ar\s$ = ! purpose ( replac+ some?+ t is 8bad0 by some?+ t is 8good40 ,b if ?is be ! case1 !n ! emphatic quality atta*+ to ! ^w 8evil0 is really a sign t we h already />t$ an outgo+ reaction t %all furni% ! desir$ comp5sation4 ,?is two-fold mean+ ( ! ^w 8evil0 is wor?y ( m ?an a pass+ rem>k1 b suffice x to say t 9 ! light ( :at has gone be=e1 ! 8problem ( evil0 n[ becomes ! problem ( educat+ a man h[ to replace ! 8bad0 ) ! 8good10 r ?an a problem ov] :i* ! metaphysician may dawdle or ! morali/ mope4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,bad0 ,i4 ,! ,privative ,significations ( ! ,^w 8,bad40 #a4 ,bad air2 vitiat$1 :i* _c su/a9 heal?y respiration4 #b4 ,bad co92 debas$1 c\nt]feit4 #c4 ,bad food2 defici5t 9 n\ri%m5t4 #d4 ,bad food2 repugnant on acc\nt ( its smell or ta/e1 :e!r defici5t 9 n\ri%m5t or n4 #e4 ,bad %ot or guess2 incorrect1 faulty1 bel[ /&>d or p>4 #f4 ,bad debts2 ^? :i* _c or are n expect$ to be paid4 #g4 ,to g bad2 to decay4 #h4 ,bad workman%ip2 defective1 bel[ p>1 sometimes call$ poor or wor?less4 #i4 ,9 a bad way2 9 a wret*$ or mis]able /ate1 un=tunate1 unfavorable4 #aj4 ,) a bad grace2 unwill+ly4 ,,ii4 ,! ,positive ,significations ( ! ,^w 8,bad40 #a4 ,bad air2 noxi\s1 poison\s4 #b4 ,bad food or wat]2 injuri\s to heal?1 hurtful1 dang]\s1 p]nici\s4 #c4 ,bad company2 deprav$1 wick$1 vici\s4 #d4 ,bad fit 7z ( a %oe72 caus+ inconv5i5ce1 displeasure1 or pa94 #e4 ,bad smell2 unpleasant1 (f5sive1 disagreeable1 tr\blesome1 pa9ful4 #f4 8,bad blood02 h>%1 angry feel+4 #g4 ,9 bad heal?2 suff]+ f disease or injury1 79 pa974 #h4 8,to ! bad02 to ru91 9 deficit4 #i4 8,9 bad0 7slang72 spok5 ( a man :o has made tr\ble = himself & o!rs4 #i ,9 pass+1 x might be p]t95t to consid] ! "q z to :e!r ! ^w 8bad0 is synonym\s ) #8t :i* disappo9ts expectation4' ,"o might ask1 = example1 8,d n *ronic pessimi/s lit]ally expect cata/rophe80 ,"h1 z else:]e1 we mu/ n be deceiv$ by a trick ( spee*4 ,= he :o says1 8,i expect disa/]10 is unwitt+ly mak+ an equivocal /atem5t4 ,! man :o makes su* a rem>k _c be imply+ t 8 :ole body1 ) its num]\s action-patt]ns1 is completely set to receive ! /imulus t w demoli% 8 equilibrium4 ,r %\ld we inf] f ?is utt]ance t he is at lea/ p>tly prep>$ to resi/ x1 p>tly to rejoice at ! incid5t discomfiture to o!rs1 ) ! hope !reby ( mak+ 8 own tr\bles dw9dle by comp>ison1 & p]haps also p>tly anticipat+ ! relief t w come :5 ! susp5se ( wait+ is ov]4 ,none ( ^! int]pretations disall[ ! =mulation ( any ( ! above classes ( 8bad40 ,to be sure1 !re are c]ta9 abnormal types1 l ! sadi/ & ! maso*i/1 to :om pa9 is an erotic /imulus1 b ev5 s1 _! expectations are always direct$ to t p>ticul> elem5t ( ! situation :i*1 by af=d+ an outgo+ reaction1 is = !m a 8good40 #aj ,,! ,,significations ,,( ,,! ,,t]m 8,,evil0 #a4 ,t :i* causes or increases h>m1 injury1 mis=tune1 or disease4 #b4 ,su* advice z is mislead+1 mis*iev\s1 or disa/r\s4 #c4 ,any wi% ^: fulfilm5t w\ld lead to calamity1 tr\ble1 or dea?4 #d4 ,any abusive1 malici\s1 or sl&]\s /atem5t1 7comp>e 8evil tongue074 #e4 ,any p]iod ( "t *>act]iz$ by mis=tune or suff]+4 #f4 ,! t]m 8evil0 is also us$ 9 special s5ses1 su* z 9 ! expression 8social evil0 7t is1 pro/itution74 ,b su* a use ( ?is ^w1 be+ special & m or less prov9cial1 %\ld n be ov]-emphasiz$ 9 our def9ition4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 _m o!r social evils ?an pro/itution1 & "s produc+ f> m e?ical disa/]4 ,,*apt] ,v 8,,"r0 ,,z ,a ,,ge/ural ,,sign 8,f e po9t ( view1 ! ov]:elm+ & port5t\s "* ascrib$ to univ]sal conceptions is surpris+4 ,:y1 f ,plato & ,ari/otle d[nw>ds1 philosoph]s %\ld h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 scorn ( ! k ( ! p>ticul>1 & 9 adoration ( t ( ! g5]al1 is h>d to und]/&1 see+ t ! m adorable k ought to be t ( ! m adorable ?+s1 & t ! ?+s ( wor? are all concretes & s+ul>s4 ,! only value ( univ]sal *>act]s is t !y help u1 by reason+1 to "k new tru?s ab\t individual ?+s4444 ,9 sum1 !re=e1 ! traditional univ]sal-wor%ip c only be call$ a bit ( p]v]se s5tim5talism1 a philosophic #8idol ( ! tribe4'0 ,w4 ,,james1 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,,xii1 pp4 #dgi-hj4 ,!re _h be5 a murd] 9 ! ,m>itime ,prov9ces1 & two m51 a juri/ & a layman1 7 discuss+ x4 ,! murd]$ man1 x appe>$1 _h f "t to "t miss$ "s ( 8 %eep1 & "o day1 ^u he>+ a %ot fir$1 ran d[n into 8 pa/ure1 & came ^u two boys1 "o ( :om 0 c>ry+ a gun1 & ! o!r a bag ^: cont\rs pla9ly reveal$ t x conta9$ ! body ( a %eep4 ,! f>m] ord]$ ! boys to foll[ him to t[n to give an acc\nt ( _! misbehavior2 & ?is !y proce$$ to d )\t any %[ ( resi/ance or ^w ( objection4 ,b sudd5ly1 & )\t any w>n+1 ! boy :o c>ri$ ! gun %ot ! f>m] 9 ! back ( ! head1 kill+ him in/antly4 ,! murd]] 0 lat] appreh5d$1 & put into ! c\nty jail1 await+ trial4 8,& w\ld !y hang a boy ( sev5te5 9 ,canada80 ask$ ! layman4 8,:y n80 enquir$ ! juri/1 8,!y c hang anyone "h :o has rea*$ ! age ( discretion1 & :o kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong40 8,& w y tell me10 p>ri$ ! layman1 8j :at t age is1 & exactly :at t diff]5ce is80 ,! juri/ ey$ 8 inquisitor = a mom5t1 & bur/ into a laugh4 8,only a fool w\ld ask su* a "q60 he retort$1 & turn$ away4 ,all ( :i* goes to %[ t a man may be pr(ici5t 9 legal te*nique1 & yet be an ignoramus 9 e?ics4 ,k ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8"r0 is bo? possible & pr(itable1 & x is h>dly too mu* to suppose t su* k1 :5 dissem9at$1 might ev5 produce a salut>y effect ^u legal !ory & legal practice4 ,anyone :o endeavors to m>%al ! array ( all ! uses to :i* ! ^w 8"r0 is put1 w be a/oni%$ to f9d out h[ ext5sive ! li/ is4 ,9 po9t ( ! ri*ness ( its d5otation & connotation1 ?is concept exce$s ! t]m 8good40 ,& :ile x resembles t ^w 9 be+ us$ z a n\n1 a v]b1 an adjective1 & an adv]b1 x significantly diff]s f ! t]m 8good0 9 t x is employ$ to ref] pr9cipally to ! relations & functions ( ?+s1 & h>dly ev] to objects ( ! physical environm5t4 ,no man's span ( p]ception is l>ge en\gh1 or 8 span ( att5tion long en\gh1 to surr\nd ! complete array ( ! uses ( ! ^w 8"r0 unless ?is array be divid$ into classes4 ,su* division w pres5tly appe>4 ,& ,i ?9k x c be %[n t no matt] h[ little 9 common "s ( ! t]ms ( ?is array seem1 to a casual obs]v]1 to possess1 :5 !y are ?us gr\p$ into classes1 !y w be subtly l9k$ toge!r by adequate bonds4 ,let u !n introduce3 ,,class ,a ,! ,^w 8,"r0 z a ,t]m t is ,descriptive ( ,c]ta9 ,ma!matical ,relation%ips & ,physical ,functions4#aa ,! orig9al signification ( our concept 0 /raight1 a ^w1 be x not$1 t is usually def9$ 9 ! negative4 7,see ,ex4 #a1 p4 #gf47 ,:y we h a negative def9ition = a ^w t seems to h a positive mean+1 especially to ma!maticians & draughtsm51 is n at fir/ q obvi\s4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ?is ph5om5on is duly exam9$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! me*anics ( man's locomotor app>atus1 its secret is no long] hidd54 ,all ( ! movem5ts naturally produc$ by ! app5dages ( ! body are curvil9e>3 ! arm be+ a lev]1 or radius vector1 x always draws arcs 9 space or on pap]2 s does ! h& z a :ole1 & s d ! f+]s4 8,"r0 signify+ /raight1 !re=e1 is def9$ negatively simply because /raight l9es are ali5 to ! physics & me*anics ( man's orig9al nature4 ,:]e1 !n1 did man get ! notion ( /raightness1 & :at has ?is fir/ class ( ! uses ( 8"r0 to d ) e?ics8 ,man got ! notion ( /raightness1 we surmise1 f su* ?+s z freely fall+ bodies1 :i* give n only ! idea ( p]p5dicul>1 b also & at ! same "t ! ideas ( direct & imm$iately2 f ! sunbeams :i* drew = him imag9>y l9es among ! cl\ds & ?r\gh ! foliage ( ! =e/2 f 8 ne$ ( tak+ ! %orte/ c\rse across ! fields 9 pursuit ( wild animals = ! supply ( 8 l>d]2 & f 8 rem9isc5t pond]+s ( ! comp>ative m]its ( less & less curv$ & crook$ arr[s us$ 9 ! *ase4 ,moreov]1 man walks ) ! greate/ safety & pursues 8 game ) ! greate/ *ances ( success :5 8 feet g )\t hesitation on a level or /raight surface4 ,"u ^! conditions he c atta9 8 ends directly & imm$iately2 z ! say+ is1 8,?+s w !n come out all "r40 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 ! /raight l9e has e?ical implications3 ! spe$ ) :i* "s actions are p]=m$ & ! "t requir$ to cov] ! di/ance betwe5 man & 8 objective are v (t5 ! *ief consid]ations 9 ! atta9m5t ( a good or ! avoidance ( an evil ?+4 ,& ?is br+s u by a v slight transition to ,class ,b 8,"r0 z ,descriptive ( ! ,me?od 7or ,object7 by ,:i* ! ,desir$ ,end ,c be ,obta9$4 ,"h ! purpose involv$1 or ! end s\ght1 is nei!r prais$ nor blam$4 ,nor h we inde$ z yet rea*$ any basis by :i* a crit]ion ( purposes & ends c be e/abli%$4 ,s f> z we h gone1 8"r0 implies te*nique1 & no?+ m4 ,! memb]s ( ?is class are z foll[s3 #ac4 ,! 8"r0 in=mation4 #ad4 8,"r0 :ale2 ! "o to capture 9 ord] to get :alebone4 #ae4 8,rub y\r s>snet well1 ! "r way ( ! s>snet40 #af4 8,let x be a con/ant rule to scrub ! bo>ds ! "r way ( ! gra91 t is1 l5g?wise40 #ag4 8,! %ip ceas$ roll+ & right$ h]self40 7,comp>e ?is signification ) p]p5dicul>1 previ\sly giv547 #ah4 8,/& x upright1 or x w fall40 #ai4 8,^: inhabitants 7 "r %oot]s 7at an haires bread? & faile n740 #bj4 8,swe>s he w %oot no m1 b play ) sp>r[s1 ,& be a boy "r out40 #ba4 8,i am "r ( m9e old ma/]'s hum\r = t40 ,,class ,c 8,"r0 z ,descriptive ( any ,/atem5t ,:i* ,reports ! ,facts2 ( any ,op9ion or ,judgm5t t is ,correct2 & ( any ,p]son ,:o ,judges1 ,?9ks1 or ,acts 9 ,accordance ) ! ,facts or ! ,tru? ab\t a ,matt]4#ab ,x w be obs]v$ t ! significations 9 ?is class are all symptomatic ( a slight *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! concept 8"r40 ,! emphasis "h is ^u true op9ions & judgm5ts 9 contra/ to false ones4 ,moreov]1 ! range ( behavior cov]$ by ,class ,c is some:at broad] ?an t d5ot$ by ! two prec$+ classes4 ,he :o n[ uses ?is ^w 8"r0 becomes judicial1 & makes /atem5ts he is will+ to def5d4 ,m ?an ?is we _c say4 ,we assume _m a "t1 no d\bt1 t ! /atem5ts we call true are back$ by some?+ n ourselves2 & :ile 9 "s cases nature's laws are 9 a s5se 8beh9d0 our /atem5ts1 yet unless ?is is ! case1 !re is no?+ :atev] to fall back ^u4 ,?us1 :ile a man may demon/rate t dynamite is1 z he says1 truly explosive1 yet 9 cases ( ! equitable adju/m5t ( social frictions1 :]e bo? p>ties p\r out a tumult ( exagg]ations1 no simil> tru? ( op9ion is obta9able4 ,x w\ld !re=e be illogical to assume t we h rea*$ any absolute crit]ion 9 pass+ f ,class ,b to ,class ,c ( 8"r40 ,he :o uses ?is concept 9 ?is connection has1 inde$1 v5tur$ m ?an he :o uses x only to imply ! prec$+ two classes1 b he is n !reby gift$ ) sup]ior p[]s ( discretion4 ,all we c say is t he :o und]takes to make a judgm5t ) all ! available in=mation be=e him is m likely to be *os5 z a ref]ee aga94 ,he w at lea/ h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t if he makes mi/akes1 !y w probably be "s t he has nev] made be=e4 ,& ?is way mu* ( human progress lies4 ,,class ,d 8,"r0 z ! ,di/9ctive ,epi!t ( ! ,h& ,:i* is ,normally ! ,/rong]4#ac ,! use ( our concept 9 ?is connection is firmly b\nd to its use 9 ! prec$+ classes4 ,= x is no accid5t t 9 ! me*ani/ic process call$ evolution human aims & purposes h come to be fur!r$ & a*iev$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! p[] & skill ( ! arm & h&4 ,! 8"r0 arm & h& po9t reasonably /raight1 ?r[ missiles 9 a fairly direct mann]1 & _! p[]ful %ots br+ d[n ! qu>ry imm$iately4 7,class ,a47 ,^! p>ts ( ! body are also among ! mo/ educible & skilful 9 ! te*nique requisite = br++ ab\t a desir$ end4 ,_! action-patt]ns are inde$ (t5 ! v me?od by :i* ambitions are a*iev$4 7,class ,b47 ,& :5 we h rea*$ a judgm5t t is deem$ to be true or 9 accordance ) ! facts ( ! matt] 7,class ,c471 x is our 8"r0 h& t is ready to be motivat$ 9 its def5ce4 ,ev5 ! art ( writ+1 9 ! orig9al s5se ( cutt+1 te>+1 or scrat*+ to produce a record or a design1 is n at all di/antly relat$ to ! functions ( ?is "p ( ! body4 ,) ?is cle>ly und]/ood1 ! transition is easy to make to ,,class ,e ,legal 8,rights02 t is1 ,^? ,claims & ,int]e/s ! ,e/abli%m5t & ,protection ( ,:i* ,may ,be ,secur$ by ,=ce & ev5 ,viol5ce4#ad ,z us$ 9 ?is connection1 8"r0 is p>tially equival5t to might1 s9ce our concept "h connotes an organiz$ =ce1--a physical p[]1--:i*1 "u giv5 conditions1 c be employ$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ claims & protect+ int]e/s4 ,?is organiz$ =ce is popul>ly ref]r$ to z 8! ,law10 especially by ^? :o indulge 9 back-y>d alt]cations & cry out3 8,if y d t aga91 ,i'll h ! ,law on y60 ,& ! ord9>y man1 ^: six or sev5 ye>s ( public s*ool+ h implant$ 9 him ! fix$ habit ( reify+ all ab/ractions1 und]/&s ! law z equival5t to a transc5d5tal =ce ( "s k9d :i* makes 8 ?reats effective4 ,z befits ! m5tal calibre ( su* a man1 ! law frequ5tly becomes synonym\s ) ! functions ( ! police1 :o are navely suppos$ to "k :5 & h[ to protect ev]ybody's legal rights4 ,?is is an error4 ,n only are ! police extremely ignorant p]sons1 b !y h sc>cely any legal /atus :atev]4 ,!y are 8! tol]at$ remnant ( ! autocratic p[] :i* absolute mon>*s once ex]cis$ ov] _! subjects40 ,law & legal rights are functions ( ! c\rts1 :ile ! police are simply unatta*$ huskies hir$ to br+ into c\rt ^? :o d n come !re ( _! own initiative4 ,we mu/ look else:]e = ! s\rce ( ! might :i* legal rights are said & felt to possess1 namely1 9 ! orig9 & function ( law itself4 ,briefly /at$1 law orig9at$ z a means to protect m5 aga9/ loss ( prop]ty1 aga9/ bodily h>m1 & aga9/ damage to _! p]sonality ?r\gh ! actions ( _! fell[s4 ,x did n orig9ate z a means to prev5t or repair ! damage to life or prop]ty caus$ by cl\dbur/s or lightn+1 or ! loss ( income br\ght ab\t by avalan*es1 laz9ess1 or disease2 x _h only to d ) actions = :i* "s man c\ld be held responsible4 ,n[ ! actions :i* produce ! loss ( prop]ty1 bodily h>m1 & damage to p]sonality are usually actions aris+ f1 z well z lead+ to1 emotional di/urbances4 ,!ft1 murd]1 & libel1 = example1 are ab\t ! mo/ pot5t /imuli to viol5t retaliation t c be provid$4 ,nev]!less1 x is s\nd psy*ology t mo/ emotions quickly cool if ! /imulus be )drawn1 t wra? has to be nurs$ if x is to be kept w>m1 & t abs5ce does n make ! he>t gr[ fond]4 ,"h is :]e ! law p]=ms its *ief function4 ,= ! law is simply an +5i\s device to get a judgm5t on ! conflict ( human int]e/s :i* %all n be t+$ ) ! passions t provok$ ! conflict4 ,& :ile legal proc$ure may n always be fair1 especially 9 ! eyes ( ! los]1 its me?ods c]tify t x %all n be precipit\s or rancor\s 9 r5d]+ a decision4 ,legal rights1 !re=e1 are n equival5t to ! capacity = rev5ge1 b r consi/ 9 ! ability to get old qu>rels look$ at by new & unbias$ eyes4 ,h]e9 consi/s mu* ( ! pre/ige ( ! law1 & s9ce pre/ige has always be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( p[]1 m5 are n sl[ to employ x 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( _! claims & ! protection ( _! int]e/s4 ,law1 h[ev]1 is frequ5tly mis9t]pret$ :5 its function is ?\ght to be prev5tative ( discord1 r ?an judicial & equitable4 ,law is no gu>dian angel4 ,no law c prev5t ! unobs]v$ ,ri*>d ,roe f murd]+ ! def5celess ,john ,doe2 nor c x h9d] ! murd]] 7/ill unobs]v$7 f alt]+ ,doe's w to 8 own mat]ial advantage2 nei!r c x be gu>ante$ to =e/all ! murd]] f mak+ ! false plea t ,doe 0 ab\t to assault 8 daught]4 ,! law did n make man 9 its own image2 accord+ to scripture x 0 ,god :o did t4 ,law does n set out to protect ! c>eless or ! poor 9 _s4 ,its ma*9]y is normally put into op]ation only = ^? ) en\gh initiative to look out = _! own int]e/s4 ,if a pat5tee kn[+ly all[s "o infr+em5t ( 8 pat5t rights1 he might z well donate 8 inv5tion to ! public4 ,! law does n hunt = tr\ble1 or c>ry on a bureau = ! ex*ange ( expressions ( malcont5t4 ,x does n ev5 dem& t a cle>ly kn[n (f5d] ( society1 & "o consci\s ( 8 (f5ce1 ent] a plea ( guilty4 ,actually1 ! function ( law is simply to pres]ve & to re/ore ord] & peace 9 society1 & n to def9e :at t ord] & peace %all be4 ,7 n9ety p] c5t ( ! p 9 ! _w sudd5ly to become /ubbornly devot$ to ?iev+1 ! public peace w\ld h to be r$ef9$ 9 t]ms ( _! attitude t[>d prop]ty4 ,moreov]1 z x is n[1 ! law m]ely attempts to imitate ! security :i* is provid$ by 8g5tlem5's agreem5ts10 :i* security is l>gely ma9ta9$ )\t ! help ( ! c\rts4 ,= x is v pla9 t millions keep ! peace1 :ile only a few hundr$s "k ! law4 ,law1 !n1 may be fairly *>act]iz$ z an imp]sonal ref]ee1 ^: bus9ess x is to p]suade & oblige ! di/urb]s ( ! social equilibrium to employ ! me?ods & /&>ds ( conduct :i* h always m>k$ free m54 ,) ?is by way ( introduction1 x is n difficult to und]/& :y 8"r0 9 ! legal s5se ( ! ^w is s closely relat$ to might4 ,= ! t]m 8legal rights0 ref]s n only to ^? claims & int]e/s :i* may be e/abli%$ & protect$1 b also & r to ^? :i* h long be5 secur$ by =ce4 ,9 o!r words1 "s ( !m h ! advantage ( ! mom5tum ( cu/om & tradition4 ,n[ cu/om & tradition1 :atev] else !y may be1 are c]ta9ly action-patt]ns :i* are g5]at$ & ma9ta9$ by ! bodies ( human be+s4 ,!y are habits1 bo? ( ov]t action & cov]t ?\ght1--response processes ( ! neuro-muscul> app>atus4 ,! t5acity ( ^! habits1 moreov]1 is due to ! comb9$ action ( two well-kn[n physiological me*anisms1--! condition$ reflex & ! circul> reflex4 ,! condition$ reflex1 :i* is dep5d5t ^u ! repetition ( /imuli1 is p>ticul>ly preval5t :]e day by day ! same p]sons1 ! same k9ds ( prop]ty1 & ! same pr$icam5ts ( liv+ are met )2 & s we may say t cu/oms & traditions 7& ) !m ! inevitable claims & int]e/s7 are creat$ by ! environm5t z mu* z by ! organism4 ,! circul> reflex1 or proprio-ceptive re9=cem5t ( any action-t5d5cy1 gov]ns mu* ( our behavior1 ev5 ?\gh we little suspect x4 ,x und]lies occupational po/ures1 idiosyncracies ( gait & ( facial expression1 & inde$1 )\t circul> reflexes we %\ld n h ei!r t5acity ( purpose or ! ability to hold a grudge4 ,its function 9 ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( ^? action-patt]ns on :i* tradition dep5ds is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,& s9ce ^! two reflexes are l>gely responsible = ! difficulty ) :i* habits ( action & ?\ght are brok51 ! support :i* !y give to ma9ta9+ ! tradition ( legal rights is h>dly to be ov]e/imat$4 ,?us1 f ! me*ani/ic po9t ( view1 ! homage :i* we give to legal rights is aft] all simply equival5t to ! exp5diture ( en]gy 9 our bodies = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ p>ticul> habits ( action4 ,inde$1 9 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! public peace1 all ! en]gy :i* goes into actions :i* promote ! ord] ( society is lit]ally sp5t to uphold legal rights ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,x is ?is en]gy1 ?is physical p[]1 :i* we ref]r$ to rec5tly :5 we said t 8"r0 is p>tially equival5t to might4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ! app>5tly great am\nt ( muscle p[] t is1 s to speak1 beh9d all legal rights1 f ! logical po9t ( view1 ! use & effectiv5ess ( ?is p[] is altoge!r cont+5t ^u ! exact nature ( ! claim & int]e/ :i* "o desires to be secur$4 ,! logical /atem5t ( ! situation "h involv$ w\ld take ! =m ( a hypo!tical proposition1 namely1 ,if ! claim or int]e/ is ( a c]ta9 k9d1 !n & !n only may x be e/abli%$ & protect$4 ,& :ile ?is might seem at fir/ to indicate t legal rights 7 s]i\sly lack+ 9 po9t ( au?ority1 yet ?is is n ! case1 = ! /ronge/ possible ass]tions t c be made are always c\*$ 9 ! =m ( hypo!tical propositions4 ,z ,c\t]at /ates 9 8 8,algebra ( ,logic10 8,e proposition :i* implies ano!r is /rong] ?an ! latt]1 & ! latt] is weak] ?an ! "o :i* implies x40 ,! blunt categorical proposition is f> less p[]ful1 s9ce by itself x implies no?+ :atev]1 :]eas hypo!ticals leave no d\bt z to ! necess>y consequ5ces4 ,all ! laws ( nature1 :i*1 by ! way1 _c be brok51 are /at$ 9 hypo!tical =m4 ,moreov]1 s9ce x is ! antec$5t1 & n ! consequ5t1 ( a hypo!tical proposition :i* gives x /r5g?1 x is easy to see t any p>ticul> claim & int]e/ is r5d]$ all ! m likely ( be+ e/abli%$ & protect$ if simil> claims & int]e/s h long be5 recogniz$ 9 ! law z valid4 ,9 practice we f9d ?is to be ! case3 ! common law :i* is ! olde/ code is also ! "o to :i* new claims to legal "r are inv>iably ref]r$4 ,hav+ look$ at ! picture ( legal rights f "o angle1 let u n[ look at x f ano!r4 ,:ile 9 /rict logic ! /atem5t ( ^! rights 9 ! =m ( a hypo!tical imp]ative gives !m an und5iable /r5g?1 x mu/ n[ be admitt$ t f ! pragmatic po9t ( view x signifies at times a disc\rag+ weakness4 ,= x has (t5 be5 ! case t ! e/abli%m5t ( claims & ! protection ( int]e/s has 9 practice dep5d$ ^u su* vexati\s v>iables z ! pet !ories ( exp]ts 7e4 g41 ali5i/s71 ! hung]1 fatigue1 & /ubbornness ( jurym51 ! int]nal secretions ( judges1 a cr[d$ or empty condition ( ! jails1 curr5t sociological !ory1 & ev5 su* a/oni%+ ?+s z "o's affiliation ) secret societies1 or "o's political 8pulls10 n to m5tion1 except by a pass+ rem>k1 ! det]m9ation ( a litigant to c>ry 8 case to ! high] c\rts cle> beyond ! ability ( 8 antagoni/'s purse to foll[ him !re4 ,s t if we ask :e!r "s p>ticul> claim or int]e/ c & w be e/abli%$ or protect$1 ! real answ] 9 a l>ge numb] ( bord]-l9e cases is1 8,nobody kn[s40 ,ju/ice1 :o c>ries 9 h] h& a balance :]eby to weigh ! evid5ce fairly1 has also h] eyes bl9dfold$ aga9/ see+ :at mann] ( weights are put into ei!r pan4 ,?is defect ( law1 h[ev]1 is n to be wond]$ at :5 we rememb] t legal !ory _c anticipate all ( ! innum]able claims & int]e/s :i* ei!r hone/ or knavi% p]sons are likely to support z valid4 ,if ! !ory ( law _h be5 z complicat$ z human society has become1 x c\ld n h accompli%$ ! half ( :at x has already a*iev$4 ,f all ?is x c be se5 t ! ass]tion ( a legal "r is n always equival5t to its sub/antiation4 ,times *ange1 br++ ) !m new faces & o!r m9ds1 new problems & new int]pretations4 ,nor1 = t matt]1 are all commonly accept$ rights "u ! law equally to be support$ by physical =ce4 ,/rictly speak+1 only ^? rights :i* imply a correlative duty are truly legal rights4 ,reciprocity ( action is ess5tial4 ,= example1 if ,bak] has a legally recogniz$ or sub/antiat$ "r to d1 receive1 or enjoy some?+1 x is ! duty ( ,atk9s & o!rs n to infr+e or nullify t "r4 ,m>k also1 t bo? duty & "r "h imply t physical =ce may be direct$ aga9/ "s specifi$ p]son1 or aga9/ all p]sons g5]ally 9 case ( ne$1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! claim & protect ! int]e/ involv$4 ,h[ev]1 z may be already suspect$1 n ev]y?+ t is legally sanction$ or :i* ent]s into legal ma*9]y has ! same =ce beh9d x z 9 ! case we h j cit$4 ,! "r ( own]%ip1 = example1 :i* to ! layman seems to be a unit "r1 involves five di/9ct ?+s1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ! jus dispon5di1 or "r to give away1 7#b7 ! jus ut5di1 or "r to use1 7#c7 ! jus abut5di1 or ! "r to abuse1 7#d7 ! jus prohib5di1 ! "r to keep o!rs away1 & 7#e7 ! jus possid5di1 or ! "r to recov] ! prop]ty4 ,b only "o ( ^! is1 /rictly speak+1 a "r 9 ! s5se t x involves a correlative duty1 namely1 ! jus prohib5di4 ,= ! jus dispon5di is simply a p[]1 & n a "r at all3 & ! jus ut5di is :olly negative 9 ! legal s5se1 imply+ non-int]f]5ce 9 ! ex]cise ( a natural p[]2 :]eas ! jus abut5di is a lib]ty 7nei!r a "r nor a p[]7 ^: ex]cise is nom9ally unre/rict$3 :ile ! jus possid5di is simply ! legal capacity to get back t :i* "o is said to own4 ,?is ends our acc\nt ( legal rights4 ,we n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( ! o!r uses ( ?is mo/ compreh5sive e?ical concept4 ,some:at by way ( contra/ to t :i* has j prec$$1 let u at once consid] ,,class ,f1 "u :i* are compris$ :at are popul>ly kn[n z 8moral0 rights4#ae ,a casual glance at ! app5d$ li/ ( ! memb]s ( ?is class might lead "o to consid] !m simply z a cont9uation ( legal rights1 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,albeit moral rights are id5tical ) legal rights 9 s f> z !y imply a multitude ( human claims & int]e/s1 !y are nev]!less emphatically diff]5t f !m on a mu* m important po9t4 ,moral rights lack all implications ( an organiz$ physical =ce to compel _! recognition4 ,! only compulsions t c be said to assi/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! claims & ! protection ( ! int]e/s compris$ "u ! scope ( moral rights are ! approval & disapproval ( ! gr\p :i* und]takes to recognize & support !m4 ,9 f9e1 ^! compulsions am\nt to ! =ce ( public op9ion4 ,& :ile ?is =ce is at times provocative ( *anges 9 ! me?od or cont5t ( ! law :i* may lat] be recogniz$ z good1 on ! :ole1 public op9ion is usually s unspecific & incon/ant z to be :olly negligible z a p[] to en=ce any dem&s4 ,c]ta9ly no juri/ reg>ds moral "r z obligatory4 ,on /ill ano!r c\nt moral rights %[ a s]i\s defect4 ,= :5 we say t ! en=cem5t ( ! claims & int]e/s compris$ )9 ! scope ( moral rights dep5ds ^u ! approval ( ! gr\p1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! actions ( any gr\p & ! actions :i* x approves are necess>ily "o & ! same4 ,?is is a s\r p>adox1 b its appropriat5ess _c be successfully d5i$4 ,! /&>d ( conduct :i* any gr\p subscribes to "u pressure1 ei!r 9 writ+1 or be=e an audi5ce1 is s+ul>ly diff]5t f ! behavior ( ! gr\p "u easi] circum/ances4 ,moreov]1 x is ! exception1 & n ! rule1 = ^? :o dom9ate a gr\p1--:e!r su* ma/]s be p>5ts1 political bosses1 or any o!r =m ( lordl+1--to hold _! *>ges to a /rict] acc\ntability ?an !y !mselves1 remov$ f correlative re/ra9ts1 recognize z imp]ative4 ,d\btless1 9 ! execution ( ! law1 _m a "t privileges are grant$ to p ( weal? & pre/ige :i* are d5i$ to ! humbl] petition]s at ! b>2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 legal & moral practice is significantly ?is3 t 9 legal practice evasions are no integral "p ( ! ma*9]y4 ,?is does n am\nt to a condemnation ( moral rights3 x is m]ely hold+ up ! mirror to man1 9 ord] t he may see himself cle>ly4 ,all 9 all1 consi/5cy may be z impracticable z x has be5 uns\ght = 9 ! daily affairs ( m54 ,h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! unusual claims made 9 behalf ( moral rights1 !re are valid exceptions to be tak5 to !m4 ,= :ile 9 ! /rict legal s5se1 moral "r is impot5t1 yet accord+ to ! express$ op9ion ( ! untutor$ majority1 moral "r is f> mighti] ?an legal "r4 ,let u see :y ?is is s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 n all human claims & int]e/s are or c be protect$ by law4 ,x is n ! purpose ( law to be rigid4 ,h[ev] _m /atutes1 = example1 are enact$ ye> by ye>1 ! int]e/s !y are suppos$ to protect increase too rapidly to be cov]$ by su* /atutes4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ! case ) ! "r ( own]%ip1 _m p[]s & privileges are grant$1 ! exact enjoym5t or ex]cise ( :i* no law c\ld ei!r pr$ict or circumscribe4 ,h5ce !re always rema9s a residue ( int]e/ t is n compris$ )9 ! scope ( matur$ legal tradition4 ,b x is j ^! new] int]e/s = :i* "s p]sons dem& mo/ emphatically ! "r to be satisfi$4 ,we live n 9 ! pa/1 b on ! =emo/ edge ( "t1 & we are prone to dem& z mu* support = our y\nge/ claims z = ^? :i* h a ?\s& ye>s ( legal recognition beh9d !m4 ,n[1 und\bt$ly1 _m claims are insuffici5tly recogniz$ by law4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 ! pause be=e ?is recognition is secur$1 p beg9 to claim = su* int]e/s a 8sup]ior0 moral "r to be satisfi$1 & 9 comp>ison to t 8sup]ior0 "r ass]t t legal rights are m]ely unf\nd$ prejudices1 ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy c be level$ directly aga9/ !m4 ,ignorance ( ! function & scope ( ! law is no excuse = hold+ x up to ridicule4 ,inde$1 x is n at all c]ta9 t ! law c\ld include ! satisfaction ( e human claim & int]e/ :atev] )\t becom+ itself de/roy$ by ?is inclusion4 ,9 ! second place1 !re are "s p]sons 9 :om ! law's delays1 z well z _! exp]i5ce ) ! unev5h&$ness ( ju/ice1 has provok$ a deep-seat$ prejudice aga9/ p>ticul> lawy]s & juri/s1 :i* prejudice1 by means ( ! fallacy ( composition1 !y readily transmute into a scorn = :atev] is expressly d5om9at$ z legal4 ,"u su* conditions ! p5*ant = moral rights may be (t5 no?+ b ! product ( a m9d t has become malcont5t ) ?+s z !y are2 ) ! result t solace is s\ght 9 ! fiction ( a set ( moral rights :i* are reg>d$ z possess+ a 8high]0 or f9al au?ority4 ,f su* a p]son come ,examples ,nos4 #ei & #gf1 rec5tly cit$4 ,two comm5ts c be made ^u su* a case z ?is4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t x is q c]ta9 t no man :o has become s pessimi/ic w see 8 way cle> to ! solution ( ! problem t has giv5 him s mu* tragic conc]n4 ,z ,sp9oza says1 8,! w & ! intellect are "o & ! same10 b z ,sp9oza also h9t$1 ! intellect & ! emotions are n4 ,moreov]1 su* malcont5t$ness is relatively easy to annul3 let anyone :o curses ! law beg9 to make use ( x to 8 advantage1 & 8 8suppress$ complex10 z ! ,freudians w\ld say1 rapidly evaporates4 ,a ?ird & f9al reason :y moral rights & ! s-call$ moral law are sometimes reg>d$ z sup]ior to all ?+s legal is t among s _m p]sons ! curi\s conviction obta9s t !y are individually ! pets ( ,provid5ce1 & t consequ5tly :e!r !y /ir !mselves or n1 become sagaci\s or rema9 meek z lambs1 _! affairs w be satisfactorily adju/$ )\t _! ex]tions4 ,"u su* illusions _m p]sons take refuge ?r\gh\t _! lives1 =gett+ curi\sly en\gh t ! ord] ( nature has n suppli$ !m ) b5evol5t gu>dians1 tutors1 & manag]s4 ,! result is t to su* p "r is synonym\s m]ely ) :at ought to be1 r ?an ) ev5 a small "p ( :at already is4 ,b :5 !y ?us employ ! t]m "r1 x is debas$4 ,"o (t5 he>s su* p say ) reg>d to a cata/rophe3 8,oh1 well1 ,i suppose we %all h to make ! be/ ( x10--a rem>k t is r>ely prophetic ( any?+ m ?an cont9u$ brood+4 ,if x prophesi$ ! accumulation ( te*nique = a cont9u\s1 con/ructive ef=t1 _! moral rights w\ld n be s b]eft ( reality4 ,,class ,g ,"h ! ^w 8"r0 signifies c]ta9 unspecifi$ & unre/rict$ lib]ties & privileges sanction$ 9 ! mann] ( cu/oms1 ! only au?ority beh9d :i* is ! ?reat ( social o/racism %\ld !y be disreg>d$4#af ,z w be obs]v$ at once1 "s ( ! memb]s ( ?is class might1 if "o pref]s1 be includ$ 9 "s ( ! o!r classes ( 8"r40 ,,class ,h ,t :i* is mo/ conv5i5t1 desirable1 or favorable2 con=m+ to "o's wi% or desire2 to be pref]r$2 =tunate2 lucky1 etc4#ag ,"s ( ^! examples1 l ^? 9 ! prec$+ class1 may 9 ! eyes ( "s judges be m appropriately classifi$ 9 ano!r place4 ,if s1 let ! *ange be made4 ,!re is und\bt$ly an e*o ( ,class ,b & ( ,class ,f 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,b a m important item seems to be t "h are unmi/akable h9ts ( an adv]bial or expletive signification = our concept4 ,?is h9t is fully c>ri$ out 9 ! f9al division1 ,,class ,i 9 :i* ! t]m 8"r0 signifies 8v10 89 a great degree10 z 9 c]ta9 titles3 7#aaa7 8,"r rev]5d10 7#aab7 8,"r honorable10 z well z 9 ! expressions3 7#aac7 8,"r truly may x be said10 & 7#aad7 8,! ^w #8cootie' is "r old ,scotti%40 ,h[ev]1 z ?is use ( ! concept "r is (t5 to be int]pret$ z signify+ 8ju/ly entitl$ to ! "n (10 or 8hav+ ! true "* (10 ,class ,i may be reg>d$ z a footnote to ,classes ,c & ,g4 ,?is completes our se>* = ! significations ( ! ^w 8"r40 ,nev]!less1 all ?is is m]ely a prelim9>y /ep t[>d ! ma9 bus9ess ( our inve/igation1 namely1 ! discov]y ( ! action-patt]ns :i* are impli$ by ^! n9e classes we h j delimit$4 ,we h se5 t ^! classes are all subtly connect$1 & ?is leads u to hope t "s greate/ common d5om9ator w be f\nd t w factor into all ( !m4 ,x is also app>5t t z we pass f ,class ,a to ,class ,e1 we rea* a climax1 aft] :i* we decl9e2 t up to ! climax !re is ord] & dignity1 & t f ,class ,f onw>ds our array consi/s mo/ly ( scraps & debris4 ,our problem1 !n1 is to exhibit n only ! motor attitude :i* ea* class implies1 b also ! procession ( su* attitudes ?r\gh\t ! :ole n9e classes4 ,= only by s do+ %all we be able to compreh5d ! mean+ ( ?is important e?ical concept4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,^w 8,"r0 #a4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,a4 ,x w be recall$ t ?is class signifies /raight 7n curv$ or crook$ 9 any way71 direct 7by ! %orte/ c\rse71 & imm$iately 79 ! quicke/ "t74 ,^! words1 moreov]1 ref] n only to ev5ts 9 nature1 b also & m p>ticul>ly1 to human activities4 ,x has also be5 po9t$ out t :5 a man c proce$ 9 a /raight l9e t[>d 8 objective1 he w proce$ directly1 & arrive !re 9 ! quicke/ possible "t4 ,su* behavior is1 )9 ! limits hi!rto def9$1 describ$ z "r4 ,n[ :at does all ?is involve 9 ! way ( action-patt]ns8 ,x involves1 fir/1 p]ception ( ! goal1 second1 ability to keep ! goal 9 m9d1 & ?ird1 en]gy suffici5t to atta9 x4 ,accord+ to ,max ,mey]1 "o ( ! in/9cts manife/$ by a hungry organism is 8to proce$ =w>d 9 a /raight l9e0 767 ,& :e!r ?is be truly in/9ctive or n1 ! example illu/rates our po9t v nicely4 ,= any organism vex$ ) hung] ( any sort :atsoev] 7& !re are1 accord+ to ! poets1 _m k9ds71 w d 8"r0 9 foll[+ ,max ,mey]'s advice4 ,! action-patt]n impli$ 9 all ?is is n difficult to det]m9e4 ,x is ! coord9ation ( motor activities requisite = ! movem5t ( ! :ole body spe$ily ?r\gh space1 unwav]+ly t[>d its objective4 ,! complete analysis ( ! me*anisms by :i* su* behavior is accompli%$ w\ld be bo? too difficult & too exhau/ive to be und]tak5 "h4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 po9t out "s few ( ! sali5t factors involv$4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 s f> z ,class ,a is conc]n$1 to d "r is to proce$ directly & imm$iately1 & along a /raight l9e1 if possible1 to ! desir$ object4 ,su* behavior requires bo? /r5g? & skill2 f :i* x also foll[s t a feeble1 untra9$ body w be unable to d 8"r0 9 a great _m cases1 simply because x _c rea* its goal 9 ! face ( ob/acles4 ,?is is our common obs]vation4 ,be=e a baby le>ns to walk1 x _c proce$ directly or imm$iately across a floor4 ,nei!r c an exhau/$ man1 unable to use ! sun = a compass1 f9d 8 way to safety out ( a tropical =e/4 ,= a p]son 9 8 pr$icam5t1 ?+s are n likely to come out 8"r40 ,fur!rmore1 9 a great _m cases ( ! same sort1 skill & /r5g? are bo? requir$2 nei!r "o alone is suffici5t to atta9 ! desir$ end4 ,let n[ ! psy*ologi/ tell ! /ory ( h[ ! atta9m5t ( skill dep5ds ^u a /&>d equipm5t ( s5se organs1 a s\nd & complete bra91 & muscles f :i* s5sory /imuli elicit precise responses4 ,let also ! physiologi/ relate "h h[ bodily vigor likewise dep5ds ^u ! int]relation ( int]nal functions3 h[ ! he>t1 lungs1 bra91 muscles1 ?yroid1 liv]1 & adr5als all "w toge!r to make any ef=t successful & complete4 ,:5 ?is has be5 said1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8"r0 z def9$ 9 ,class ,a w h be5 m fully reveal$4 #b4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,b4 ,"h ! ^w 8"r0 is us$ to describe ! me?od or object by :i* any desire may be realiz$4 ,! requirem5ts = memb]%ip 9 ?is class appe> at fir/ to be less rigid ?an 0 ! case ) ,class ,a4 ,! spe$ ( motion t 0 /ress$ 9 ! =m] class is iness5tial "h1 z well z ! necessity ( proce$+ by ! %orte/ c\rse4 ,"h also a beefy body is n z imp]ative z are skill & sagacity4 ,b let u n make a favorite ( ei!r class be=e we h he>d ! :ole /ory4 ,& fir/ let u ask1 :at is ! typical action-patt]n impli$ by ,class ,b8 ,! answ] is n difficult to give4 ,!re is a phrase1 8selective excitability10 :i* psy*ologi/s h long appli$ to ! situation :]e a s5sori-motor me*anism is attun$ by practice to respond to "o specific /imulus1 & to be entirely unresponsive to o!rs4 ,we exhibit ?is selective excitability e "t we take 8our0 hat f ! cr[d$ coat-room1 *oose 8our0 favorite cig> f a case full ( attractive ,havanas1 or fumble ?\ghtfully 9 8our0 pocket = a c5t to give to ! cr\*+ begg>4 ,9 e su* case1 we are said to employ ! 8"r0 object & p]=m ! 8"r0 action4 ,actions ( ?is sort involve *oice1 :i* z we h already h9t$ 7,see footnote1 p4 #cb1 ,*ap4 ,,ii471 involves ! use ( "o memb] ( a pair ( antagoni/ic muscles4 ,consequ5tly1 we may describe ! action-patt]n und]ly+ ! use ( 8"r0 9 ,class ,b z any sort ( behavior :i* involves selective excitability & selective activity4 ,s t :atev] ,class ,b lacks 9 g5]ality z comp>$ ) ,class ,a1 is comp5sat$ = by an increase 9 precision &1 :at is equally important1 by an economy ( human en]gy 9 ! pursuit ( ! desir$ object4 ,! importance ( ?is la/ factor has already be5 suffici5tly h9t$ at 9 ! quotation t appe>s on ! title-page ( ?is book4 #c4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,c4 ,! *ange f ,class ,a to ,class ,b involv$ an increase 9 :at is kn[n z intellig5ce1 t is1 ! ability to solve new problems4 ,! *ange to ,class ,c may be reg>d$ z involv+ a cont9u$ advance ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,b ?is *ange involves some?+ m4 ,=1 z we h already /at$1 8"r0 n[ becomes 8descriptive ( any /atem5t :i* reports ! facts3 ( any op9ion or judgm5t t is correct3 & ( any p]son :o judges1 ?9ks1 or acts 9 accordance ) ! facts or tru? ( a matt]40 ,two *anges 9 emphasis are consequ5tly to be not$ "h4 ,fir/1 ! ^w 8"r0 is appli$ to utt]ances r ?an to de$s alone2 & second1 a metonomy is introduc$ 9 ! application ( our concept to p]sons :o make correct /atem5ts4 ,?is %ift ( emphasis f an action to ! description ( x1 & f ! description to ! describ] ne$ n cause u any difficulty1 ev5 ?\gh x envisages = u a million ye>s ( ! education ( ! human race4 ,! success ( our se>* = ! mean+ ( our concept is "h dep5d5t ^u ! function ( spee* to imply & pr$ict action1--a function :i* we h already comm5t$ ^u 9 our second *apt]4 ,words1 l ?\ghts1 are ei!r rem9isc5t ( ov]t action1 or else !y assi/ 9 prep>+ u = x4 ,:51 !n1 a man uses ! ^w 8"r0 to comm5d ei!r /atem5ts or p]sons1 x is ! same z if he 7 to say3 8,ei!r !re 71 or !re are1 or !re may be1 objects & ev5ts z y describe1 & ,i ?9k z y d ab\t !m40 ,! action-patt]n "h implicat$ is pla9ly t ( belief4 ,x involves a l[]$ ?re%old ) respect to ! p]son or /atem5t call$ 8"r10 & a correspond+ly high] ?re%old t[>d ^? p]sons or /atem5ts :i* contradict :at is accept$4 ,& z 0 ! case ) ,class ,b1 ?is action-patt]n involves ! use ( "o ( ! halves ( a sy/em ( antagoni/ic muscles1 s9ce ! 8emphasis "h is ^u true op9ions & judgm5ts 9 contra/ to false ones40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all t c be said ^u ?is po9t4 ,= e case ( belief is a case ( con/itutional read9ess s to respond4 ,& :ile we d n exactly "k h[ ! body provides su* pr$et]m9ations1 if ! !ory ( action-patt]ns is s\nd1 ! conjecture is n unf\nd$ t belief is a function ( *ronic po/ures ma9ta9$ 9 ! muscles ( ! volunt>y sy/em4 ,evid5ces 9 favor ( ?is conjecture are readily suppli$ f our ev]yday scrut9y ( ! faces ( our fell[-m54 ,! begg>'s h& is actually a diff]5t h& ?an ! h& ( ! donor2 z he sits on ! sidewalk1 8 pr$et]m9ation to receive alms is pat5t 9 ! *ronic po/ure ( ev5 8 palm & f+]s4 ,! c\rtesan n only manife/s h] will+ness to ex*ange smiles by ! *ronic po/ures 9 h] eyelids & m\?1 b ) a fitness t a ,de ,maupassant might celebrate1 %e also acquires a c>riage t betok5s h] p>ticul> vocation4 ,contr>iwise1 ! g5]\s1 affable man gives evid5ce t 8 traits are at lea/ muscle-deep2 :ile e actor w confess t if he gets into ! adequate po/ure1 ! "* he is depict+ is automatically portray$4 ,^? :o pray also confess t !re are c]ta9 bodily attitudes :i* h9d]1 & o!rs :i* assi/1 ! fl[ ( s5tim5t :i* !y desire4 ,photographic evid5ces su* z ^!1 h[ev]1 are n ! only pro(s we possess ( po/ural pr$et]m9ations ( action & ?\ght1 = x is s\nd physiology t 9 ! multif>i\sly complex musculature ( ! body1 !re are unnotic$ po/ural t5sions be+ g5]at$ & ma9ta9$ all ! :ile4 ,& s9ce1 accord+ to ! all-or-none pr9ciple ( n]v\s & muscul> activity1 e motor t5d5cy is a truly positive physiological ev5t1 :5ev] we manife/ belief1 "s "p ( ! body is prep>+ to execute a movem5t appropriate to ! ass]tion impli$4 ,inde$1 we may safely po/ulate t a l>ge portion ( :at we call our individuality is a function ( ^? *ronic po/ures :i* our habits h hi!rto e/abli%$ 9 our motor me*anism1--:i* po/ures ev] !reaft] det]m9e :at we %all d1 say1 & believe4 #d4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,d4 ,"h ! ^w 8"r0 is us$ to signify 8! h& :i* is normally ! /rong]10 :5ce1 by association1 x ref]s to a v>iety ( relat$ ?+s1 z hi!rto indicat$4 ,we h previ\sly not$ t ! concept 8"r0 is a t]m we (t5 use :5 ! atta9m5t ( a purpose is "u consid]ation1 & "h we aga9 see ! same motif display$4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ! 8"r0 h& is important 9 ! acquisition ( skill ( all sorts1 & 9 gett+ 9 t\* ) ! ?+s we call 8good40 ,evid5ces ( ! p>am\nt usefulness ( ! 8"r0 h& to c>ry out ov]t actions are ubiquit\s4 ,moreov]1 lev]s1 pli]s1 & a hundr$ o!r tools are simply ext5sions ( its functions & magnifications ( its p[]s4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! action-patt]ns sugge/$ by ?is use ( our concept8 ,! answ] is extremely simple4 ,! action-patt]ns we seek are ! innum]able activities ( ! "r h& itself4 ,=1 z we h previ\sly %[n1 ev5 to ?9k ( ! h& involves neuro-muscul> activity 9 x4 ,:at ! "r h& does1 is :at ! concept 8"r10 z appli$ to ! h&1 means4 ,& if1 = any reason1 ! 8"r0 h& is incapacitat$ or miss+1 "s o!r "p ( ! body executes ! appropriate ge/ure or manuvre4 #e4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,e4 ,! transition f ,class ,d to ,class ,e is made on ! basis ( a common elem5t t is %>$ by bo?4 ,we h j se5 t ! 8"r0 h& is ! /rong] & ! m adroit1 & t consequ5tly x is ! "o m adequately equipp$ to turn our wi%es into wills4 ,no logician1 !n1 is requir$ to conv9ce u t legal 8"r10 9 ! s5se ( be+ equival5t to might1 connotes ! same sort ( /r5g? & =ce z are involv$ 9 ! grasp & tug ( ! h&4 ,7 ! policeman ! pure embodim5t ( legal 8rights10 ! action-patt]ns impli$ by ,class ,e w\ld be easy to det]m9e1 s9ce !y w\ld be simply ! total behavior ( t function>y :ile on 8 beat4 ,! problem be=e u is1 to be sure1 n q s easy ( solution z ref]5ce to ! policeman w\ld make x1 b nev]!less1 our previ\s discussion ( legal 8"r0 has h9t$ j :at t solution is to be4 ,= legal 8rights0 are "o & all conc]n$ ) ! security ( :atev] ?+s a man calls 81 toge!r ) ! adju/m5t ( conflict+ claims reg>d+ !m4 ,to enum]ate 9 detail all ! action-patt]ns "h impli$ w\ld be equival5t to mak+ an inv5tory ( all ! de$s t _h ev] be5 p]=m$ to pres]ve prop]ty1 life1 & p]sonality1 & to ma9ta9 & re/ore peace & ord] 9 society4 ,let ! hi/orian op5 8 books & %[ u ! panorama ( ^! a*ievem5ts4 ,& :ile we %\ld see ^u _m ( 8 pages portrayals ( torpid cons]vatism1 ru?less dom9e]+1 & magnific5t cunn+1 we %\ld also behold examples ( t imp]sonal ref]ee ( :om we h already spok51 ^: bus9ess x is to p]suade & oblige ! di/urb]s ( ! social equilibrium to employ ! me?ods & /&>ds ( conduct :i* h always m>k$ free m54 ,he :o w\ld cle>ly compreh5d su* a panorama mu/ ne$s give x m ?an a fugitive glance2 = z x requir$ "t to be creat$1 s does x require "t 9 :i* to be appreciat$4 #f4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,f4 ,moral 8rights0 are all ^? unsecur$ claims & inexactly specifi$ int]e/s ^: only protection is ! approval & disapproval ( ! community1 re9=c$ at times by an appeal to a sup]-human protagoni/4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! motor-attitudes impli$ by ,class ,e & ,class ,f reveals sev]al important diff]5ces4 ,juri/ic ?9k+1 :i* we may = conv5i5ce *>act]ize z ! attitude impli$ by ,class ,e1 is on ! :ole logically coh]5t2 morali/ic ?9k+1 on ! contr>y1 commits e kn[n logical fallacy4 ,aga91 juri/ic ?9k+ is cont5t to reg>d human problems capable ( solution at ! h&s ( human be+s1 & to consid] t ! v]dicts ( unruffl$ m5 & ( m5 exp]t 9 _! l9es is f9al2 :ile morali/ic ?9k+ is ev] prone to employ me?ods :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! prov9cialism & importunity1 d n /& analysis at ! h&s ( unbias$ inve/igators4 ,f9ally1 ! 8high] judge0 :i* morali/s ass]t /&s beh9d ! claims !y make1 is simply a mis9t]pretation ( ! mean+ ( long unreliev$ t5sions :i* h accumulat$ 9 _! skeletal muscles4 ,= :ile we d n decl>e t all claims unsecur$ by law are e?ically invalid1 we d nev]!less ass]t t ! typical morali/'s attitude t[>d all su* unsecur$ claims is n "o t is suit$ to bridge ! gap betwe5 our liquid matt] & its good4 ,nev]!less1 we may say )\t equivocation t beh9d e decl>ation ( moral rights !re is an anxiety le/ "s dep5dable good be lo/1 & ?is motor attitude we conceive to be ! greate/ common divisor ( all ! significations includ$ "u ,class ,f4 #g4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,g4 ,al?\gh ?is class resembles ! prec$+ "o 9 t x ref]s to cu/oms ^: ma9t5ance dep5ds ^u ! approval & disapproval ( ! gr\p1 ,class ,g lacks all ( ! fi]cely ,/oical & ,puritanical elem5ts f\nd 9 ,class ,f1 j z x lacks ! logical rigor p]ta9+ to ,class ,e4 ,! action-patt]ns impli$ by ?is pres5t class are r ^? ( a c\rte\s g5tleman1 :o p]suades :5ev] he c by a ge/ure1 b :o does n try twice to p]suade ^? :o w n yield to t k9d ( a sugge/ion4 #h4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,h4 ,s9ce 8"r0 "h signifies t :i* is conv5i5t1 desirable1 favorable1 etc41 ! action-patt]ns :i* x implies are practically id5tical ) ^? ( ! fir/ ?ree classes ( 8good40 ,c]ta9ly e example previ\sly cit$ "u ?is class po9ts to an outgo+ reaction4 #i4 ,z d$uc$ f ,class ,i4 ,! adv]bial use ( our concept "h implies m]ely a ge/ure ( positive emphasis t may be add$ to any o!r action-patt]n4 ,hav+ previ\sly sort$ ! manifold significations ( ! ^w 8"r0 among ^! n9e classes1 & hav+ subsequ5tly %[n :at ! organism 0 do+ :5 x employ$ ?is ^w ) respect to ea* ( ^! classes1 x n[ rema9s to discov] :e!r any "o action-t5d5cy is commonly h9t$ by ea* & all ( ^! n9e classes4 ,if su* a common t5d5cy c be discov]$1 ! ^w 8"r0 may !n inde$ be said to possess all ^! v>i\s significations indicat$ 9 our array2 o!rwise1 we %all err 9 consid]+ x to be "o & ! same ^w 9 all ! examples previ\sly cit$4 ,9 attempt+ to discov] & c]tify su* a common t5d5cy1 moreov]1 we %all employ ! same me?od sugge/$ = ! summ>iz+ ( ! mean+s ( ! ^w 8good40 ,we recognize t 9 ! title by :i* ea* class ( 8"r0 is d5ot$1 !re is no presumption t su* a title does m ?an indicate ! g5]al tr5d ( t class2 logically1 ! titles m]ely imply ! greate/ common divisors ( ! _m phrases includ$ 9 ! classes4 ,s t :5 we n[ attempt to def9e ! common t5d5cy 9 all ! action-patt]ns we h j d$uc$ f ^! n9e classes1 we are to consid] only _! simil>ities1 :ile disc>d+ _! diff]5ces4 ,!re is no?+ novel 9 ?is me?od2 x is simply ! way 9 :i* all concepts h be5 unconsci\sly d]iv$4 ,su* a common t5d5cy is n difficult to discov]4 ,ea* class z we def9$ x 9 behaviori/ic t]ms turn$ out to imply an action-t5d5cy t play$ an important "p 9 ! behavior ( human be+s :ile 9 ! pursuit ( ! objects !y desire1 or 9 ! atta9m5t ( _! ends1 h[ev] v>i\sly conceiv$ or project$4 ,let u1 !n1 br+ ! :ole matt] to a focus by say+ t :5ev] we describe a behavior situation 9 :i* ! dom9ant feature is ! controll+ & direct+ ( human en]gies1 ! employm5t ( te*nique to fur!r man's purposes1 or ! atta9+ ( any good :atsoev]1 ! critical ^w is 8"r40 ,?is is1 inde$1 :at our concept1 z we h analys$ x1 f9ally means4 ,fur!r ?an ?is a /rictly sci5tific e?ics does n g1 &1 moreov]1 fur!r ?an ?is no intellectually hone/ man w g4 ,"r simply means :at p use ! ^w to signify1--employ+ x ei!r z a ge/ure to po9t out "s object or relation%ip 9 ! environm5t1 or else z an index ( :at sort ( behavior may be expect$ ( !m 9 ! future4 ,accord+ly1 all insi/5ce on a 8high] & immutable "r0 z ! "o real mean+ ( ! t]m is ei!r a sign ( mal-obs]vation or ( logorrhea4 ,& if anyone /ill insi/s on kn[+ h[ "o det]m9es :at is "r1 we ref] su* a p]son to our array ( #aad t]ms1 :]e 9 ea* case ! basis = su* det]m9ation c be inf]r$4 ,b if su* a p]son /ill dem&s an ultimate & irrefutable crit]ion1 ! only ?+ left = him to d is to attempt to be ,god2 b x is sugge/$ 9 advance t ! role ( deity might1 "u ! circum/ances1 be ev5 m difficult to play ?an ! m famili> rle ( man4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,class ,a is divid$ into ! foll[+ sub-classes3 ,i4 ,/raight4 #a4 ,t :i* is n b5t1 curv$1 or crook$ 9 any way2 = example1 a /raight l9e4 #b4 ,t :i* is =m$ by1 or ) ref]5ce to1 a l9e drawn to ano!r l9e or surface by ! %orte/ c\rse 7i4 e41 a p]p5dicul>71 z1 = example1 "r l9e1 "r angle1 "r asc5sion1 etc4 #c4 ,us$ to describe solid figures hav+ ! ends or base at an angle ( #ij degrees ) ! axis1 e4 g41 "r solid1 "r sph]e1 "r cone1 "r helicoid1 etc4 #d4 ,"r circle2 9 ! /]eographic projection1 a circle repres5t$ by a /raight l9e4 #e4 ,"r l9e p52 "o t is adapt$ especially = rul+ l9es4 ,,ii4 ,direct4 #f4 ,! %orte/ c\rse2 t :i* keeps "o & ! same direction ?r\gh\t4 #g4 ,t :i* goes /raight to its de/9ation4 ,comp>e3 8,"r across ! track40 ,,iii4 ,imm$iately4 7,comp>e 8directly407 #h4 ,sudd5ly1 at once2 e4 g41 8,he w5t "r home40 8,"r up ! m\nta940 8,let ?9e eyes look "r on40 8,he w5t "r (f40 #i4 ,"r away1 "r "h1 "r n[1 "r d[n 7,cf4 d[nright74 8,^! /rata fall+1 ! :ole tract s9ks d[n #8to rights' 9 ! abyss40 ,,iv4 ,idiomatic uses d]iv$ f ! =ego+4 #aj4 ,9 hunt+1 ! sc5t or track ( ! game4 8,! dogs h got ! "r40 #aa4 8,"r ! helm10 t is1 put x 9 l9e ) ! keel4 #ab4 8,"r aft10 t is1 9 direct l9e ) ! axis & /]n ( ! %ip4 #ab ,?is class includes3 #bb4 8,y say n "r1 old man40 #bc4 8,a "r description ( our sport1 my ,"l40 #bd4 8,!re ha? be5 a t]rible to-d1 ,i c\ld n possibly le>n ! v "r ( x40 #be4 8,y are c]ta9ly 9 ! "r40 #bf4 8,to put ! saddle on ! "r horse40 7,t is1 to impute blame :]e x is des]v$47 #bg4 8,! clock t /&s /ill po9ts "r twice 9 ! f\r & tw5ty h\rs2 :ile o!rs may keep go+ cont9ually & be cont9ually go+ wrong40 #bh4 8,a fool mu/ n[ & !n be "r by *ance40 #bi4 8,& ?is wise _w ( ours is ma9ly "r40 #cj4 8,"s praise at morn+ :at !y blame at night1 ,b always ?9k ! la/ op9ion "r40 ,idiomatic & ar*aic uses1 signify+ true1 real1 actual1 g5u9e1 correct4 #ca4 8,if !y be n "r ,granado silk40 #cb4 8,a p\nd ( o9tm5t ( "r spik5>d40 #cc4 8,a "r pipe ( ,tr9idad40 #cd4 8,my ryghte doght]1 tres\re ( myn h]te40 #ce4 8,! ,poet is inde$ ! "r ,popul> ,philosoph]1 :]e( ,esops tales giue good pro(e40 #cf4 8,be sure y're "r1 !n g ahead40 #cg4 ,"r6 ,"r-,o6 ,"r y are6 7,slang47 #ac ,?is class includes3 #ch4 ,t side ( ! body :i* is on ! ea/ :5 ! face is t[>d ! nor?1 its limbs1 _! clo?+1 etc41 z1 = example1 "r arm1 *eek1 leg1 e>1 coat-sleeve1 & s on4 #ci4 ,motions 9 ! direction impli$ 9 ! prec$+ example3 8,g to ! "r40 8,"r ab\t40 #dj4 ,any?+1 usually "o memb] ( a pair1 %ap$ or o!rwise adapt$ = a "r-h& position or use1 e4 g41 gloves1 %oes1 etc4 #da4 ,a "r-side tool4 ,a "r-h& ?read on a ma*9e screw4 #db4 ,"r camphor2 8,! camphor produc$ f ! ,lauraceae :i* gives a "r pol>ization to light4 #dc4 ,"r b[]2 9 eu*re ! knave ( trumps1 :i* is ! highe/ c>d next to ! jok]4 ,?is c>d has a place 9 our /udy ( 8"r0 if = no o!r reason ?an t x signifies p[] ( a*ievem5t 9 t play] :o f9ds x 9 8 h&4 #dd4 ,! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 ,?is expression d5otes a cu/om ( v anci5t orig91 practis$ 9 treaties by ! ,p]sians & ,p>?ians1 n only z an inviolable pl$ge ( fidelity 78,9 union !re is /r5g?4071 b also z a pro( t no club or o!r weapon 0 conceal$ 9 ! h&4 #de4 ,9 ! politics ( cont95tal ,europe1--t p>ty :i* occupies ! position to ! "r ( ! presid5t 9 ! legislative assembly4 #df4 ,by metonomy 7condition$ reflex7 ! cons]vative political p>ty4 #dg4 ,by selective association1 ! p>ty or p>ty pr9ciples :i* "o approves4 #ad ,z a p>tial li/ ( ! significations includ$ 9 ?is class1 may be cit$3 #dh4 ,9 ! legal s5se1 t :i* ju/ly accrues or falls to anyone1 t :i* "o may prop]ly claim1 "o's due1 e4 g41 t]ritory1 e/ate1 dom9ion4 #di4 ,p>ticul> cases ( ! prec$+3 ,"r ( em95t doma91 ,con/itutional rights1 ,corporeal rights1 ,in*oate "r ( d[]1 ,innom9ate rights1 etc4 #ej4 ,idiomatic expressions3 8,to be 9 ! "r10 8,to h ! "r10 8,) "r10 8,by "r or rights10 8,( "r10 8,to h due "r10 etc4 #ea4 ,jo9t rights2 a title or claim to some?+ prop]ly possess$ by two or m p]sons4 #eb4 ,a docum5t sub/antiat+ a legally recogniz$ claim or title4 #ec4 ,legally j or equitable treatm5t4 #ed4 8,"r drawn sword10 drawn 9 a j cause4 #ee4 ,! p]son1 p>ty1 or cause :i* is su/a9$ 9 a controv]sy4 7,comp>e ,ex4 #dg1 ,class ,d47 #ef4 ,to d "o "r2 to d "o ju/ice4 #eg4 8,"r money02 money paid z ! condition or consid]ation ( acquir+ a 8"r0 to ! pur*ase ( l&4 #eh4 ,! title or claim to ! enjoym5t ( privileges or indemnities4 7,a relatively unemphatic use ( ! t]m 8legal "r407 #ae ,! significations includ$ 9 ?is class are num]\s & v>i\s4 ,z foll[s3 #ei4 8,9 con=mity ) ! moral law2 p]mitt$ by ! pr9ciple :i* ought to regulate conduct2 9 accordance ) tru?1 ju/ice1 duty1 or ! w ( ,god2 e?ically good1 equitable1 j40 #fj4 8,a poor man has no legal "r to relief1 b x is morally "r t he %\ld h x4 ,a ri* man has a legal "r to de/roy ! h>ve/ ( 8 fields1 b to d s w\ld n be morally "r40 #fa4 8,goodness 9 actions is l unto /raightness2 :]e=e t :i* is done well we t]m "r40 #fb4 8,c\s9 ( ,h]e=d1 z ?y cause is "r1 ,s be ?y =tune 9 ?is royal fight40 #fc4 8,he ,:o n[ is ,sovran c dispose & bid ,:at %all be "r40 #fd4 8,t :i* is consonant ) equity1 or ! light ( nature2 t :i* is morally j or due40 #fe4 8,"r conduct2 a j & good act1 or c\rse ( action2 any?+ :i* ju/ly may or %\ld be done40 #ff4 8,wre/ once ! law to y\r au?ority2 ,to d a great "r1 d a little wrong40 #fg4 8,too fond ( ! "r to d ! exp$i5t40 #fh4 8,) firmness 9 ! "r z ,god gives u to see ! "r40 #fi4 ,! "r2 ! cause ( tru? & ju/ice4 #gj4 ,t :i* is prop] = or incumb5t on "o to d3 "o's duty4 7,obsolete47 #ga4 ,! /&>d ( p]mitt$ & =bidd5 action )9 a c]ta9 sph]e4 7,obsolete47 #gb4 8,ob$i5ce to or h>mony ) ! rules ( morality1 ju/ice1 tru?1 & propriety40 #gc4 8,act+ 9 accordance ) ! highe/ moral /&>d2 free f guilt or blame40 #gd4 8,a ,god ( tru? & )\t iniquity1 j & "r is 8 "n40 #ge4 8,i h made him j & "r1 ,suffici5t to h /ood1 ?\gh free to fall40 #gf4 8,"r reason3 t :i* recomm5ds itself to enlight5$ intellig5ce3 "s inw>d intimation = :i* great respect is felt & :i* is suppos$ to be common to ! mass ( mank9d40 #gg4 ,to be 9 ! "r2 8to h ju/ice1 fact1 or reason ^u "o's side40 #gh4 ,9 prepositional phrases1 )1 by1 ( "r2 prop]ly1 ) reason1 ju/ice1 etc4 #gi4 ,to h a "r4 ,to h reason or cause2 h5ce1 to come ne>1 h a n>r[ escape f 7sic672 e4 g41 8,i'd a good "r to be run ov] by ! tra9 ?is morn+40 7,colloquial47 #hj4 8,div9e "r ( k+s40 #ha4 8,"r way2 ! way ( moral excell5ce or spiritual salvation40 8,b y are a presbyt]ian44480 8,i am1 sir2 prais$ be ! light t %ew$ me ! "r way60 #hb4 ,( p]sons & dispositions2 dispos$ to d :at is j4 #hc4 ,( belief2 or?odox1 true4 ,t :i* ought to be accept$ or foll[$4 #hd4 ,to d ju/ice to2 to relieve f di/ress2 to v9dicate2 (t5 us$ reflexively4 8,s j is ,god1 to "r ! innoc5t40 #he4 ,to d "r2 to act accord+ to ! 8law or w ( ,god40 #hf4 ,to feel "r t[>d a p]son2 to be ei!r k9d1 or sympa!tic1 or to coop]ate ) him4 #af ,we cite "h3 #hg4 8,! fir/ place is y\rs1 ,timo?y1 9 "r ( y\r gray hairs40 #hh4 8,i h a p]fect "r to grieve ov] him40 #hi4 8,%e has a "r to be admir$1 = %e is beautiful40 #ij4 8,n only is %e a pe]ess1 b %e has f\rte5 ?\s& a ye> 9 h] own "r40 #ia4 8,put y\r bonnet to ! "r use2 'tis = ! head40 #ib4 8,:y d y twi/ words out ( _! "r use80 #ic4 8,mr4 ,"r0 8,mrs4 ,"r10 ! de/9$ husb& or wife4 #id4 8,t "p ( ! qu>ry giv5 to ! h\nds z _! %>e or due40 #ie4 8,a /ag's full complem5t ( antl]s1 consi/+ ( ! br[1 ! bay1 & ! tray40 #if4 8,to d "o "r0 to pl$ge "o 9 a toa/4 7,comp>e3 8faire raison 407 #ig4 8,! "r ^w is always a p[]1 & communicates its def9it5ess to our actions40 #ag ,= example3 #ih4 8,i %\ld h be5 a woman by "r40 #ii4 8,! lady has be5 disappo9t$ on ! "r side40 #ajj4 8,if he %\ld (f] to *oose1 & *oose ! "r casket1 y %\ld refuse to p]=m y\r fa!r's w44440 #aja4 ,idiomatic colloquial phrases express+ satisfaction or approval3 z 8,y\r conduct & dress are all "r40 8,he has done x all "r40 8,are y ready8 ,all "r1 g ahead40 #ajb4 ,to set "r2 to adju/ or correct some?+ out ( ord]4 8,y\r "m's h& %all "r y\r "m's wrong40 #ajc4 ,9 a satisfactory or prop] /ate or ord]3 8,x's a snug little isl&1 a "r little1 tight little isl&40 #ajd4 ,skilfully p]=m$1 correctly done3 8,! sum is n "r40 8,! draw+ is n "r40 8,no?+ goes "r40 #aje4 8,to rights10 prop]ly1 fitt+ly1 z1 = example1 8,%e put ! room to rights40 #ajf4 8,i put him "r on ! matt]10 t is1 correct$ or direct$ him1 or bo?4 #ajg4 ,! safe1 advantage\s1 appropriate1 or desirable side ( any?+1 z1 8,a wid[ on ! "r side ( ?irty40 #ajh4 ,fitt+1 prop]1 appropriate1 exactly accord+ to :at is requir$ or suitable1 z1 8,?+s ( ! "r size40 #aji4 ,! outw>d1 front1 or mo/ f9i%$ surface ( any?+1 z1 8,! "r side ( a piece ( clo?40 #aaj4 ,9 good heal? or spirits1 s\nd1 com=table1 or sane1 z3 8,an old uncle ( m9e :o isn't exactly "r40 8,he is n 9 8 "r m9d2 he is talk+ nons5se & is />k mad40 8,! he>t's aye ! "p aye ,t makes u "r or wrang40 8#8,oh1' said ,mr4 ,w9kle ! eld]1 #8,i hope y are well1 sir4' #8,"r z a trivet1 sir1' repli$ ,bob ,sawy]40 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,wrong0 8,! human m9d is capable ( hav+ v _m p]ceptions1 & ! m capable1 ! great] ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* its body c be dispos$40 ,,sp9oza1 8,e?ics10 ,"p ,,ii1 ,prop4 #ad4 ,lexicograph]s are wont to /ate t 8wrong0 is ! opposite ( 8"r0 9 all ( its pr9ciple s5ses1 b z c be se5 at a glance f ! app5d$ array1#ah ?is /atem5t _c be tak5 to imply t any su* ext5sive li/ ( significations z we exhibit$ 9 our analysis ( 8"r0 c be reproduc$ "h4 ,inde$1 9 :at respect 8wrong0 is ! antonym ( 8"r10 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ f> ?is pair ( t]ms illu/rates ! law ( reciprocal inn]vation1 c be se5 only f a detail$ comp>ison ( ! two1 z foll[s3-- ,,"r ,,wrong ,class ,a4 ,! ^w 8"r0 z descriptive ( c]ta9 ma!matical relation%ips & physical functions4 ,sub-class ,i4 8,/raight10 7a ^w 9 curr5t usage7 negat$ by 8,crook$10 ,ex4 ,i1 7obsolete74 ,sub-class ,,ii4 8,direct0 ,no antonym ,,footnotes3 #ah ,z foll[s3 #a4 ,crook$1 twi/$1 or wry4 7,obsolete7 #b4 ,disord]$1 n prop]ly adju/$1 z 9 ! expression3 8,i've he]d my aunt say z %e f\nd out summat 0 wrong wi' ,nancy z soon z ! milk turn$ b+y40 #c4 ,incorrect1 or uncorrect$2 t is1 n accord+ to requirem5t1 int5tion1 purpose1 or desire1 z wrong ideas1 wrong c\rses1 ! wrong font ( type1 etc4 #d4 ,e/hetically undesirable or unsuitable1 z1--8,y h put ! wrong side ( ! clo? out]mo/40 #e4 ,errone\s or mi/ak5 belief or ass]tion4 #f4 8,9 ! wrong box0 7slang71 9 an awkw>d situation1 mi/ak54 #g4 ,p]v]se1 wilfully mi/ak5 or errone\s4 7,cf4 8evil407 #h4 ,unju/ action2 violation ( obligation or propriety2 a tort4 #i4 ,h>m or 8evil0 inflict$2 damage or detrim5t suff]$2 an injury1 mis*ief1 or hurt2 pa9 imp>t$ or receiv$4 #aj4 ,to be 89 ! wrong02 to be mi/ak51 to act or ?9k incorrectly or unju/ly4 #aa4 8,to h wrong02 to be mi/ak52 to act errone\sly or unju/ly4 #ab4 8,to h wrong02 to suff] injury2 e4 g41 8,cs> has _h great wrong40 #ac4 8,to put 9 ! wrong02 to repres5t errone\sly4 #ad4 8,to g wrong02 n to run smoo?ly1 z ( ma*9]y4 #ae4 8,to g wrong02 to g a/ray f ! int5d$ direction4 #af4 8,to g wrong02 to d 8evil40 #ag4 ,to 8wrong02 to treat unfairly1 unju/ly1 or h>mfully2 to oppress1 (f5d1 or injure4 #ah4 8,to wrong02 9 an old nautical s5se1 to take ! w9d f ! sails ( a %ip :i* is sail+ 9 l9e ) ano!r to w9dw>d4 ,sub-class ,,iii4 8,imm$iately0 ,no antonym ,class ,b4 8,"r0 z descriptive ( ! me?od 7or object7 by :i* ! desir$ end c be obta9$ negat$ by ,examples #c & #e2 b only if we ov]ride ! objection t 8"r0 "h usually ref]s to "o specific me?od or object1 :ile 8wrong0 c ref] to any "o ( a numb] ( unspecifi$ ?+s4 ,class ,c4 8,"r0 z descriptive ( any /atem5t t reports ! facts2 ( any op9ion or judgm5t t is correct2 & ( any p]son :o judges1 ?9ks1 or acts 9 accordance ) ! facts or ! tru? ab\t a matt] negat$ by ,examples #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 except = ! diff]5ce j previ\sly m5tion$1 & omitt+ examples #ca-ce inclusive on p4 #hj4 ,class ,d4 8,"r0 z ! di/9ctive epi!t ( ! h& :i* is normally ! /rong] ,no antonym ,class ,e4 ,legal 8rights02 ^? claims & int]e/s ! e/abli%m5t & protection ( :i* may be secur$ by =ce & ev5 viol5ce negat$ only ) respect to "s p>ticul> cases ( 8"r0 by ,examples #h1 #i1 & #ag4 ,class ,f4 ,moral 8rights0 negat$ by ,examples #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #af1 & #ag2 b only 9 ! same way t moral 8"r0 is incompatible ) legal 8"r40 ,class ,g4 ,unspecifi$ & unre/rict$ lib]ties & privileges negat$ re/rictively by ! s+le example ( ,no4 #ah4 ,class ,h4 ,t :i* is mo/ conv5i5t1 desirable1 or favorable2 con=m+ to "o's wi% or desire2 to be pref]r$1 etc41 negat$ by ,examples #b1 #d1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 & #ae4 ,class ,i4 8,"r0 signify+ v1 9 great degree ,no antonym ,?is comp>ison obvi\sly reveals no basis = ! /atem5t t 8wrong0 & 8"r0 are complete anti!ses to ea* o!r1 at lea/ 9 ! f9e s5se t up is ! opposite ( d[n1 9 ( out1 or ea/ ( we/4 ,s t1 if we accept ! ^w 8"r0 z descriptive ( a behavior situation 9 :i* ! dom9ant feature is ! controll+ & direct+ ( human en]gies1 ! employm5t ( te*nique to fur!r man's purposes1 or ! atta9m5t ( any 8good0 :atsoev]1 ! ^w 8wrong0 _c1--ei!r accord+ to ! detail$ li/ ( its uses j pres5t$1 or accord+ to ! above s*eme ( its logical relation%ip to 8"r10--be said to be ! true antonym ( t ^w4 ,! law ( reciprocal inn]vation does n1 9 its integrity1 apply "h4 ,h[ !n %all we expla9 ! fact t p s habitually say & feel t 8wrong0 is ! opposite ( 8"r10 if x _c be admitt$ t antagoni/ic muscles are always employ$ 9 ! ?\ghts & ! acts to :i* ^! two words ref]8 ,p]haps ! foll[+ int]pretation w answ]4 ,logicians are accu/om$ to say t any univ]sal proposition1 any sweep+ /atem5t1 su* z1 8,e swan is :ite10 or 8,no ali5s ne$ apply10 is contradict$ by ! admission t "o s+le exception is to be all[$4 ,b obvi\sly1 su* logical contradiction1 su* admission ( a lone b effective exception1 is n equival5t to grant+ t 8,no swans are :ite10 or t 8,e ali5 is reque/$ to apply40 ,nev]!less1 ! tradition among logicians is t ) ! grant+ ( "o su* exception1 ! sweep+ /atem5t orig9ally made is held to be untrue1 & h5ce1 false4 ,9 physiological t]ms 7?an :i* !re are none m fundam5tal71 contradiction is = ! logician equival5t to a p>tial b effective inhibition ( any fully develop$ action-t5d5cy4 ,:5 ,plato w\ld say1 8,y may all n[ come 9 to d9n]10 b is det]r$ by see+ ,diog5es muddy+ 8 feet 9 ord] to tread ! m scornfully on ! clean banquet floor1 ,plato's action-patt]n ( :olesale1 cordial invitation is sudd5ly int]rupt$4 ,&1 s f> z ,plato's emotions are conc]n$1 ! ne$ to make "o important exception 9 8 invitation1 is v mu* l hav+ to turn ! :ole company out ( doors4 ,?is t5d5cy = an emotional repugnance to blot out all s5se ( proportion is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 c]ta9 (t-repeat$ fables4 ,! /ory ( ! involunt>y gue/ :o _h n on a w$d+ g>m5t1 ( ! n9ety & n9e %eep1 & ( ! ri* "y man are cases 9 po9t4 ,simil> examples may be f\nd 9 ! behavior ( any h\sehold4 ,! vex$ ho/ess is he>d compla9+ t "o little faux pas on ! "p ( h] s]v+-girl 8completely spoil$ ! :ole ev5+40 ,! sweet "y ?+ ^: lov] arrives a qu>t] ( an h\r lat] ?an 8 appo9tm5t accuses him ( be+ else:]e enam\r$ to /ay4 ,! wife ^: husb& =gets only "o ( h] tw5ty bir?days s9ce _! m>riage (t5 f9ds x impossible to ov]look ! s+le1 unhabitual fault4 ,x is n t su* p crave or dote on p]fection2 !y d no?+ ( ! sort3 x is only t _! behavior me*anisms are unable to readju/ quickly to ano!r /imulus ?an ! "o :i* !y h expect$1 & ?is failure to readju/ releases en]gies by way ( ! visc]a in/ead ( along o!r & m pacific pa?ways4 ,all ?is has an important be>+ on ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8wrong40 ,we saw t ?is ^w has only #ah significations1 z comp>$ ) ! #aad significations ( 8"r40 ,we also saw t x is only p>tially antagoni/ic to ! concept to :i* x is commonly oppos$4 ,& x has fur!r be5 reveal$ t our cu/om>y logic makes a s+le exception ! gr\nds = an assumption ( contradiction4 ,on ! basis ( ^! obs]vations1 !n1 we may decl>e t 8wrong0 ref]s to "s v special behavior situations :]e human en]gies _c be controll$ & direct$ z desir$1 :]e ! employm5t ( te*nique to fur!r man's purposes has be5 h9d]$1 & :]e 8good0 _c be obta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n equival5t to say+ t 8wrong0 is ! antonym1 ! unqualifi$ contradictory1 ( 8"r10 any m ?an r$ is ! opposite ( blue1 or c(fee ! opposite ( tea4 ,a ,physiological ,w>rant = ,e?ical ,optimism ,a "q ( consid]able importance bo? 9 physiology & 9 e?ics arises :5 we ask :y ! concepts 8"r0 & 8good0 h s _m m significations ?an d 8wrong10 8evil10 & 8bad40 ,we h already emphasiz$ ! relation betwe5 spee* & conduct suffici5tly to indicate t ^u ! answ] to su* a "q some?+ ess5tial = a te*nique 9 e?ics dep5ds4 ,a ^w c h a great numb] ( significations only by its be+ employ$ 9 a great v>iety ( situations1 & ?is means t v _m diff]5t specific responses are implicit 9 ! use ( our mo/ compreh5sive concepts4 ,contr>iwise1 ) a ^w ( few] significations1 few] su* responses are impli$4 ,n[ we h already cit$ ! fact t 8good0 & 8"r0 ref] prim>ily to outgo+ 7ext5sor7 reactions1 & t 8wrong10 8evil10 & 8bad0 signify )draw+ 7flexor7 reactions4 ,are we1 !n1 summ>ily to conclude1 )\t any fur!r k ( ! body's me*anisms1 t s9ce we seem to use our ext5sor sy/em 9 a m div]sifi$ mann] ?an our flexor sy/em1 ! muscul> equipm5t ( ! =m] is sup]ior to t ( ! latt]8 ,if we d s conclude1 we %all be 9 error4 ,x is ! opposite t is ne>] ! tru?4 ,bo? l>g] & /rong]1 &1 on ! :ole1 m easily educat$ muscles exi/ 9 ! flexor ?an 9 ! ext5sor sy/em4 ,! innum]able capacities ( ! half-clos$ h& are repres5tative ( ?is sup]iority4 ,/ill m important1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ! flexor sy/em is practically ! dom9ant sy/em 9 ! human body4 ,! h+es ( ! knee1 hip1 %\ld]1 elb[1 wri/1 & jaw are m (t51 m /rongly1 & m readily clos$ maximally ?an !y are exp&$ to ! full4 ,besides1 occupational po/ures are almo/ univ]sally cry/alliz$ )draw+ responses4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all we look = ! answ] to our "q8 ,we %all look directly at ! behavior ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,:ile x is admitt$ t flexor actions are /rong]1 m num]\s1 & m univ]sal ?an are ext5sor reactions1 yet :5 we consid] h[ ! flexor reactions dispose ! body t[>d its environm5t1 we %all at once h light on ?is curi\s problem4 ,= ! effect ( su* reactions is to cut (f ! body f a l>ge "p ( ! environm5t1 & consequ5tly to r$uce ! possibility ( effective contact ) x4 ,/oop+1 cr\*+1 b[+ ! head1 & l[]+ ! eye are significant examples ( flexor responses :i* r$uce ! span ( p]ception1 :ile e man kn[s t activities ( ! opposite "* all[ a great] numb] ( /imuli to come 9 contact ) 8 eyes & 8 e>s4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 ?\gh flexor actions w always be 9 ! majority1 ext5sor actions h ! advantage ( provid+ ! conditions "u :i* a great] v>iety ( /imuli c be pres5t$ to ! organism4 ,?is is ! same z say+ t ! op5-m9d$ p]son necess>ily becomes discrim9ative & exploratory1 :ile ! opposite type is left to /ew 9 8 own juice4 ,! flexor type ( man is1 inde$1 9 ! end r$uc$ to contacts ) 8 own body1 :ile to ! ext5sor type ( man 8 body is only "o ( ! _m s\rces ( motivation1 ! re/ be+ 9 ! ext]nal environm5t4 ,x seems ?us to be prim>ily due to ! v me*anics ( ! organism t ! words 8"r0 & 8good0 h a great] v>iety ( significations ?an h ! words 8bad10 8evil10 & 8wrong40 ,"o additional ^w1 h[ev]1 c /ill be said4 ,z we h already indicat$1 ^! ?ree s-call$ negative e?ical concepts are all descriptive ( behavior situations 9 :i* ?w>t+ & inhibition are dom9ant symptoms4 ,h5ce=?1 h[ev]1 ?w>t+ & inhibition w be und]/ood z tempor>y int]ruptions ( an outgo+ reaction :i* w\ld h ev5tuat$ _h ! environm5t conta9$ ! /imulus to :i* ! organism 0 attun$ to respond4 ,z we say 9 common spee*1 a desire is n satisfi$ by be+ d5i$1 & f our e-day exp]i5ce we "k t great aggravations produce z mu* s*em+ z d our easie/ successes4 ,he :o ca/s 8 eye ov] ! num]\s significations ( our two positive e?ical concepts w n[ realize :]e mu* ( ! adroitness & sagacity :i* *>act]izes !m orig9ates4 ,9 ^! two simple facts1 namely1 t ext5sor actions br+ m ( ! _w ( action )9 our range1 & t ev5 ! ?w>t$ man imag9atively explores ! environm5t to f9d sub/itute /imuli to release 8 en]gy ^u1 we f9d ! reason :y man has m uses = ! words 8"r0 & 8good0 ?an he has = ! words 8bad10 8evil10 & 8wrong40 ,& ) ?is we a*ieve by a purely empirical & anti-sup]naturali/ic me?od a physiological w>rant = e?ical optimism4 ,if anyone is look+ = a 8high]0 tru?1 let him pond] ?is "o4 ,,*apt] ,,vii 8,,virtue0 ,,& 8,,vice0 ,,z ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,organism 8,9 ne>ly all ^! philosophic discussions ( e?ics "o has someh[ ! haunt+ s5se ( a wrongness ( direction4 ,virtue is someh[ impos$ f above1 x is desc5d+ ^u u4 ,& ! un=tunate "p ( ?is is t x has to desc5d v l[ inde$ be=e x rea*es u2 & :5 !re1 x has lo/ ! buoyancy :]e) to lift u up40 ,,edw9 ,,holt1 8,! ,freudian ,wi%40 ,9 ! =ego+ analysis ( ! five mo/ frequ5tly us$ e?ical concepts we h _h to feel our way r c>efully1 inasmu* z a completely new pa? 0 be+ cut ?r\gh ! tangle ( human exp]i5ce2 h5ce=?1 h[ev]1 our task w be some:at easi]1 s9ce we %all n[ be able to apply ! tru? we h already discov]$ 9 ! rema9d] ( our inve/igations4 ,directly1 !n1 we %all proce$ to ask :at ano!r pair ( e?ical antonyms1 namely1 virtue & vice1 signify 9 t]ms ( our physiological functions4 ,x w be recall$ t our fir/ five e?ical concepts 7 r l>gely employ$ to po9t out objects & relation%ips 9 ! ext]nal environm5t4 ,x is common to speak ( good & bad automobile tires1 ( ! "r golf club to use ne> a bunk]1 ( ! wrong side ( a %eet ( draw+ pap]1 & ( ! evil t m5 d :i* lives aft] !m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we take up ! /udy1 fir/ ( 8virtue0 & 8vice10 & lat] on1 t ( 8consci5ce10 8duty10 & 8fre$om10 we are no long] to be prim>ily conc]n$ ) ?+s outside ( ! organism1 b r ) processes go+ on )9 x4 ,significantly en\gh1 ?is deep5+ ( our absorption into ! field ( e?ics involves a fur!r p5etration into ! realm ( physiology4 ,?us 9 a curi\s & un=ese5 way our fundam5tal !sis ) reg>d to ! close relation%ip betwe5 physiology & e?ics obta9s additional support4 ,consequ5tly1 we are n to turn sudd5ly f objective to subjective e?ics1 z has usually be5 ! case :5 ! five concepts we are =?) to analyse h be5 discuss$2 on ! contr>y1 j z we began by def9+ e?ical values 9 t]ms ( human activities1 s %all we cont9ue until we h made an end4 ,& al?\gh x is commonly ass]t$ t ! deepe/ mean+s are inn] mean+s1 yet 9 a univ]se t has nei!r an inside1 nor an outside1 nor an edge1 su* a figure ( spee* simply betok5s an introv]sive t5d5cy on ! "p ( him :o uses x4 ,h]e)1 also1 ! ne$ to combat ano!r equally /ultify+ t5d5cy is manife/4 ,i ref] to ! proclivity ( all second-rate m9ds to reify ab/ract t]ms4 8,virtue0 & 8vice0 h be5 s reifi$1 z h likewise 8consci5ce10 8duty10 & 8fre$om0 to su* an ext5t z to make x almo/ impossible to get a fair he>+ = any "o :o wi%es to discov] ! s\rces f :i* ^! concepts h be5 d]iv$4 ,x is admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t ! evolution ( man has be5 greatly ha/5$ by 8 ability to make & use ab/ract t]ms2 b :5 a man uses an ab/ract t]m )\t kn[+ or c>+ f :at s\rces x has be5 d]iv$1 he is manife/+ little m ?an a desire to escape f reality4#ai ,inde$1 x might be said t unless ! use ( ab/ractions assi/s u 9 deal+ m effectively ) concrete p]sons & ?+s1 x is "t to regret t language has be5 univ]sally acquir$4 ,! t]ms 8virtue0 & 8vice10 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z ab/ract entities :i* exi/$ ev5 prior to man's adv5t on ! planet1 & :i* w survive 8 leave-tak+ ( x1 w be "h reg>d$ simply z words by :i* a man describes ! behavior ( himself & ( 8 fell[s4 ,&1 z 0 ! case five times previ\sly1 our def9itions ( ^! p>ticul> concepts w be ! result ( a se>* = ! greate/ common divisors ( all ! p>ticul> virtues & vices respectively4 ,/rangely en\gh1 h[ev]1 no complete catalogue ( ei!r ! virtues or ! vices exi/s4 ,moreov]1 e li/ :i* ! diff]5t philosophies & religions furni% reflects a diff]5t bias or det]m9+ t5d5cy4 ,"o ne$ only to scan ! ,platonic1 ! ,ari/otelian1 & ! ,*ri/ian inv5tories#bj 9 ord] to v]ify ?is rem>k4 ,! det]m9+ t5d5cy ?us reveal$ turns out ^u analysis to conta9 two elem5ts3--fir/1 ! desire to r$uce ! ess5tial virtues to ! smalle/ numb] possible1 & second1 ! incl9ation to rank !m f ! highe/1 or supreme virtue1 to ! l[e/4 ,su* a proc$ure z ! latt]1--t ( build+ ! edifice ( virtue d[n f ! top1--is1 9 our e/imation1 no "p ( a sci5tific me?od 9 e?ics4 ,nei!r does x tell u :at a virtue is4 ,besides1 z might be expect$ f su* bias$ & prov9cial sy/em-mak+1 :at "o philosophy or religion calls a virtue1 may be classifi$ by ano!r z a vice4 ,witness ! ambigu\s /atus ( humility z treat$ n[ by ! foll[]s ( ,nietzs*e1 & aga9 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 su* ambiguities may be trac$ to ! fact t ! t]m 8vice0 is ( unc]ta9 etymology1 :ile no su* p]plexity arises conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ^w 8virtue40 ,?is lack ( unanimity or complet5ess 9 ! v>i\s invoices ( virtue is n 9 any way fatal to our purpose4 ,9 spite ( special emphases philosophies & religions may exhibit or insi/ ^u1 e p>ticul> virtue is und5iably "s quality1 trait1 or p]=mance :i* is admir$ or e/eem$4 ,tak+ ?is description z our po9t ( dep>ture1 let u fir/ consid] :at sort ( traits & p]=mances h be5 ?us comm5d$1 aft] :i* we %all be able to discov] to :at an ext5t virtue & vice are contradictory4 ,= x is by no means obvi\s at ! />t t !y are true antonyms4 ,let x be recogniz$1 !n1 t ! orig9al signification ( virtue ref]s to ! s-call$ manly or noble qualities ( brav]y1 valor1 d>+1 c\rage1 & ! l4 ,f ?is x is inf]able t j z might & "r 7 f\nd to h mu* 9 common1 s d virtue & physical p[]4 ,p]haps ! biologi/ w\ld call ?is phase ( virtue a manife/ation ( positive ?igmotaxis1 t is1 ! t5d5cy to face & fight aga9/ physical ob/acles4 ,we might also call ^! manly or noble qualities ! spectacul> virtues1 s9ce he :o displays !m is always subject-matt] = ! dramati/1 :e!r a man exhibit 8 valor 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d on ,broadway1 or alone 9 ! fa/nesses ( ! ,yukon4 ,h[ f> ?is sort ( virtue c be attribut$ to ! dumb animals has n yet become "p ( e?ical inquiry4 ,9 ,plato's ,dialogue 8,la*es0 ,socrates argues t ! virtue t is /r5g?1 9 s f> z x p]ta9s to human be+s1 conta9s an intellectual elem5t t is want+ 9 ! l[] animals1 h[ev] pluckily !y may def5d _! "y aga9/ an intrud]4 ,nev]!less1 sympa!tic & c>eful obs]v]s ( animal behavior are becom+ m & m conv9c$ t ! def5ce :i* su* a bird z ! p5gu9 makes aga9/ ! egg-eat+ skua-gulls is j z c\rage\s an act1 & !re) j z virtu\s1 z t ( a weak nation aga9/ a mighty invad]4 ,r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 e act ( brav]y is ! same3 x is only ! int]e/s involv$ :i* make ! sacrifices ( ,regulus & ,&reas ,h(] seem fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? ( dumb animals at bay be=e ! m]ciless hunt]4 ,b evid5ces ( a gr[+ d\bt on ?is po9t are manife/ today 9 ! fact ( our aw>d+ h]o-m$als to dogs & horses 9 ! same mann] z we aw>d !m to m54 ,a second class ( traits :i* h be5 traditionally comm5d$ includes su* ?+s z caution1 probity1 temp]ance1 sobriety1 hone/y1 & ! l4 ,^! virtues are at once se5 to lack ! !atrical or spectacul> quality :i* atta*es to displays ( physical c\rage or intrepidity4 ,!y might1 !re=e1 p]haps be call$ ! unobtrusive virtues4 ,x is n to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! unobtrusive virtues require any less physical en]gy ?an d ^? ) :i* !y h j be5 contra/$4 ,to be sure1 ! en]gy exp5d$ is on ! :ole less sudd5ly releas$1 = x may involve f> m "w to acquire ! habitual trait ( hone/y ?an to be gallant = an h\r or s on ! field ( battle4 ,p]haps x is due to ! recognition ( ?is fact t today raw physical =titude is n ! fir/ association :i* ! m5tion ( 8virtue0 calls up 9 our m9ds4 ,a ?ird use ( ! t]m 8virtue0 signifies any inh]5t prop]ty capable ( produc+ c]ta9 effects1 9 :i* connection x p>ticul>ly ref]s to ! m$ic9al efficacy ( drugs di/ill$ f plants4 ,?is sort ( virtue is good = some?+1 & is usually reg>d$ z life-enhanc+4 ,f9ally1 ?is concept appe>s 9 c]ta9 famili> phrases1 su* z 8by virtue (10 89 virtue (10 & ! l1 :]e x usually connotes /r5g?1 or efficacy1 or ev5 reason1 & "r4 ,?us we see t ! ^w 8virtue10 l ! o!r e?ical concepts we h analys$1 loses almo/ all ( its specificity :5 x ent]s into idiomatic phrases4 ,^! f\r classes exhau/ ! uses to :i* ?is concept has be5 put4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we decl>e to be ! common elem5t 9 !m :i* we may call ! ess5ce ( virtue ) respect to human be+s8 ,9 giv+ our answ]1 x is necess>y to call att5tion to ! fact t our ?ird use ( ! ^w 8virtue0 7signify+ ! m$ic9al efficacy ( drugs7 w occupy a m9or1 or ev5 negligible place 9 our def9ition4 ,z = ! re/1 see+ t ! virtues are "o & all traits :i* are comm5d$ or prais$1 !y may be consid]$ z action-patt]ns or action-t5d5cies :i* human be+s manife/4 ,we c also g fur!r ?an ?is4 ,employ+ ! physiological pr9ciples hi!rto us$ 9 def9+ e?ical concepts1 x appe>s at once t ! ^w 8virtue0 means t en]gy is ei!r be+ mobiliz$ or exp5d$ to obta9 :at ! organism consid]s to be a dep5dable good4 ,?is c also be /at$ 9 ano!r way1 by say+ t ^? human traits :i* h be5 expressly d5om9at$ virtues are "s ( ! attributes ( :at is commonly call$ a 8good0 man4 7,see ,ex4 #ba1 p4 #ch47 ,9 ?is re/rict$ s5se1 fur!rmore1 ! virtu\s1 or good1 man is ! "o ^: acts are call$ "r4 ,& ?is leads u at once to a v important "q4 ,:y is x1 we ask1 t s few ( ! innum]able human traits t are comm5d$ e day--n only by words ( praise1 b also by t subtl] & m emphatic sign ( unconsci\s imitation--h be5 *os5 z virtues1 :ile s _m o!rs h be5 left out ( ! li/8 ,! f\r c>d9al virtues1--c\rage1 prud5ce1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice1--exemplify ?is high degree ( selectiv5ess1 :ile ?is inv5tory omits all m5tion ( human skill 9 any =m1 9 spite ( ! fact t :5 ! li/ 0 made by ,plato1 human skill 9 ! f9e arts _h rea*$ "o ( its limits ( excell5ce4 ,! answ] "h s\ght is highly significant z a comm5t ^u e?ical speculation 9 a pre-sci5tific age4 ,! li/ ( c>d9al virtues is m]ely an index ( ! bias ( its mak] ) reg>d to ! out/&+ problems ( 8 own "t4 ,^! f\r traits :i* ,plato elevat$ to ! top ( 8 sy/em are n1 !n1 to be tak5 z an indication ( :at ,plato saw mo/ frequ5tly exhibit$ by ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns1 b1 if any?+1 j ! contr>y4 ,anyone :o has read ,plato's 8,republic0 w recall t 8 aim 0 to describe an ideal1 t is1 a n-yet-exi/+ /ate1 & t ^! f\r virtues 7 laud$1 n because !y _h be5 f\nd 9 actual life to be ei!r suffici5t or practicable1 b r because !y seem$ to ,plato to fit into 8 ideal s*eme4 ,n[ x is seldom d5i$ t c\rage\s m51 prud5t m51 temp]ate m51 & j m5 are to be s\ndly comm5d$1 or d we 9 any s5se d5y x "h4 ,our only "q is1 ,%\ld ^! f\r traits be call$ ! c>d9al or supreme virtues be=e ! :ole li/ ( comm5dable traits has be5 scrut9iz$8 ,! answ] :i* ! sci5tifically tra9$ m9d gives is 9 ! negative4 ,some?+ else1 h[ev]1 is ev5 m important = ! f\ndation ( an empirical e?ics1 namely1 ! "q3 ,are ^? traits :i* we op5ly praise to be reg>d$1 9 ! /udy ( actual conduct1 ( prior importance to ^? :i*1 by be+ unconsci\sly imitat$1 receive our sil5t1 & !re) m significant approval8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! same z ask+ :e!r man has ev] d>$ to face ) c\rage & s9c]ity ! real e?ical problem4 ,a glance at ano!r well-kn[n li/ ( select$ virtues reveals ev5 less ( a t5d5cy t[>d ! /ati/ical me?od 9 e?ics ?an ev5 ,plato %[$4 ,we ref] to ^? significantly unobtrusive virtues :i* *>act]iz$ ! e?ics ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* 7 d\btless d]iv$ f ! ,beatitudes4 ,read]s ( ! ,engli% ,bible may recall t ! epi!t 8bless$0 0 employ$ by ,jesus to describe 7#a7 ^? :o 7 poor 9 _s1 7#b7 ^? :o m\rn1 7#c7 ! meek1 7#d7 ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness1 7#e7 ! m]ciful1 7#f7 ! pure 9 he>t1 7#g7 ! peacemak]s1 7#h7 ^? :o h be5 p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake1 7#i7 ^? falsely reproa*$1 7#aj7 ! poor1 & 7#aa7 ^? :o weep1 :i* p]sons1 9 ! av]age1 are an entirely diff]5t class ( organisms f ^? :om ,plato w\ld h call$ 8bless$10 t is1 comm5dable4#ba ,!re is evid5ce to believe t ?is novel emphasis ^u a c]ta9 type ( p]son1--a type hi!rto op5ly unprais$ 9 ! e?ical ?\ght ( man1--gave rise to ! t5d5cy to elevate su* traits z humility1 k9dl9ess1 self-d5ial1 meekness1 pati5ce1 & ! l1 to a supreme position 9 ! m9ds ( primitive ,*ri/ians4 ,h[ev]1 ?is class ( virtues is aga9 n to be consid]$ z indicative ( ! only traits :i* p comm5d1 ei!r op5ly1 or by m subtle & significant signs4 ,x is ev5 safe to say t no gr\p ( ,*ri/ians1 be x ei!r small or l>ge1 exi/+ 9 a remote or a mod]n g5]ation1 7 ev] navely satisfi$1 or br\ght by d9t ( tra9+1 to act on ! pr9ciple t ^! unobtrusive traits 7 ! *ief virtues4 ,! reason = ?is pla9ly lies 9 ! "o-sid$ness ( su* traits4 ,pauls51 9 8 8,sy/em ( ,e?ics10 po9ts out t :]eas ! ,greeks f\nd positive values 9 7#a7 sci5tific k1 7#b7 e/hetic & o!r pleasures1 7#c7 temp]ance1 7#d7 c\rage1 7#e7 ju/ice1 7#f7 honor & high-m9d$ness1 7#g7 bodily cultivation1 7#h7 economic solv5cy1 7#i7 family life1 & 7#aj7 ! /ate1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians consid]$ almo/ none ( ^! ?+s to be wor? _! :ile4 ,& :]eas x w\ld be m or less insult+ to ! memory ( ,jesus to call ! doctr9es ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians an ext5sion ( 8 tea*+s1 yet we c say t ! unobtrusive virtues :i* e>ly (ficial ,*ri/ianity s\ght to emphasize1 are "o & all )draw+ reactions1 & z su* mu/ be reject$ z ! sole basis ( a sci5tific e?ics4 ,we reject !m because !y are n bas$ ^u a suffici5t consid]ation ( ! total ne$s ( man's body1--t on :i* 8 life & m9d dep5d4 ,man has n only a flexor sy/em1 b an ext5sor sy/em ( muscles z well1 & x mu/ be pla9 f ! discussions 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s t bo? ( ^! sy/ems are e?ical me*anisms4 ,h[ev]1 (ficial ,*ri/ianity has (t5 se5 fit1 by its exclusive emphasis ^u ^? virtues :i* involve )draw+ reactions1 lit]ally to decl>e t ! ext5sor sy/em %all be d5i$ a /imulus4 ,! ,greeks 7 f> wis]2 = ev5 ?\gh !y may h fail$ to a*ieve a conception ( virtue :i* took into consid]ation ! :olesome balance betwe5 flexor & ext5sor activities1 !y nev]!less did n err 9 prop\nd+ a doctr9e t ignor$ ! simple/ pr9ciples ( human behavior4 ,z a matt] ( hi/orical record1 primitive ,*ri/ians did n succe$1 by ! exhibition ( ^! unobtrusive virtues1 9 mak+ !mselves ei!r inconspicu\s or immune to _! p]secutors4 ,if any?+1 inde$1 !y 7 all ! m actively h\nd$ because ( _! que] traits4 ,& :y8 ,= ! simple reason t ! typical ,*ri/ian virtues1 be+ )draw+ reactions1 & consequ5tly alli$ to & confus$ ) ! attitudes ( secretiv5ess & dissimulation1 l$ ! ,roman (ficials q reasonably to suspect t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 dang]\s to ! /ate4 ,& x c be sub/antiat$ t primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 f> f be+ a patriotic movem5t4 ,9 ^? days1 at lea/1 ! man :o did n retaliate a bl[ 0 reg>d$ fir/ ) amazem5t1 !n ) contempt1 !n fe>1 & f9ally ) ! mo/ diabolical hatr$4 ,su* a sil5t man might "k some?+ v important1 might h k ( a _w-wide insurrection ready to break tonight4 ,te> him to pieces1 !n2 he %all at lea/ n ma9ta9 t exasp]at+ smile6 ,h[ is su* a meek man 8bless$08 ,x may be true t our s5tim5ts c p>tially apologize = a sy/em ( e?ics bas$ ^u ! functions ( ! flexor sy/em alone1 yet ! s5se ( proportion :i* we inh]it f ! ,greeks dem&s t we /rike out on new pa?s :i* are n litt]$ ) ! blund]s ( ! pa/4 ,we mu/ n =get to say1 h[ev]1 t "o reason :y ^! unobtrusive virtues h be5 giv5 a *ief place1 n only 9 (ficial ,*ri/ianity1 b also 9 ,mohamm$anism & ,buddhism1 is because ( ! simple1 ev5 ?\gh disquiet+1 fact t ! flexor sy/em is by nature /rong] ?an ! ext5sor sy/em4 ,man1 !n1 is by end[m5t m incl9$ to be humble & secretive ?an to be bold & frank1 s9ce ! l>g] & /rong] & m (t5 activat$ muscles ( 8 body are ^? :i* produce )draw+ reactions4 ,t is also :y man is prone to introspection1 & to cultivate an inn] life1 & :y also1 to borr[ a phrase ( ,dr4 ,morton ,pr9ce1 he is frequ5tly m int]e/$ 9 8 own 8m5tal mud-puddle0 ?an 9 ! ext]nal environm5t4 ,aga91 ?is physiological fact is responsible = ea* man hav+ 8 own h\se1 8 ne/1 into :i* he retreats to escape f ! novelties he c no long] adju/ to1 & :]e he may 8ba! 8 receptors 9 com=t-giv+ /imuli40 ,& s1 "o is f9ally tempt$ to say t ! unobtrusive virtues h obta9$ su* a vogue because !y are ! only ones :i* ov] sixty p] c5t ( mank9d c appreciate & w ev] really attempt to a*ieve4 ,p]haps1 also1 x is = ! same reason t today ! ^w 8virtue0 signifies almo/ exclusively *a/ity1 a trait ( "* & an action-patt]n :i* any physician w tell y is dep5d5t = its exi/5ce & ma9t5ance ^u ! contractions ( v p[]ful flexor muscles4 ,! up%ot ( all ?is discussion is t f ! /udy ( man's body z an e?ical ma*9e1 x appe>s t he :o w\ld =mulate a li/ ( ! *iefly desirable traits or virtues %\ld fir/ c>efully consid] ! total ne$s ( ! organism4 ,?is new catalogue ( virtues w be bas$ ^u ! realization t man possesses bo? a flexor & an ext5sor me*anism4 ,we "k already t _m ailm5ts ( ! body are traceable to a lop-sid$ use ( x1 by :i* is usually meant ! acquisition ( *ronic fatigue-po/ures 9 ! flexor muscles4 ,inde$1 *ronic po/ures are recogniz$ to be ( su* p>am\nt importance1 t exp]ts h be5 employ$ to devise adequate /ret*+ ex]cises 7actuat+ ! disus$ ext5sor sy/em7 9 ord] to re/ore ! organic balance ( a nation4 ,moreov]1 j z ! hygi5e ( ! body dep5ds ^u a lib]al use ( all ( its muscles1 s likewise ! e?ical balance ( ! organism c be ma9ta9$ only by ! cultivation & comm5dation ( a suffici5t v>iety ( traits to provide an outlet = all ! action-t5d5cies :i* man naturally possesses4 ,virtue1 !n1 we may h5ce=? reg>d z be+ bas$ directly ^u our physiological ne$s1 & n ^u ! assumption1 s frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! pa/1 t ideals mu/ be unatta9able 9 ord] to be respectable4 ,moreov]1 a /rictly natural sci5ce ( e?ics w h a reg>d = ! fact ( individual diff]5ces among m51 &1 recogniz+ t blood-pressure1 metabolism1 tal5ts1 & capacities diff] s widely z to make x impossible = any "o trait to be ! 8highe/0 virtue = all p]sons1 x w place ! emphasis solely ^u ! ne$s ( ! individual case4 ,already ?is developm5t has become wide-spread4 ,! juv5ile c\rts1 ! ,society = ,m5tal ,hygi5e1 ! ,national ,*ild ,welf>e ,association are all examples ( an e?ical te*nique bas$ entirely ^u ! sci5ces ( physiology1 psy*ology1 & m$ic9e4 ,?is emancipation ( e?ics f (ficial religion is "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,& f9ally1 we may say t x is "t to recognize t s9ce ea* "o ( ! 8sev5 ages ( man0 has its own p>ticul> m5tal & physical *>act]i/ics1 s likewise does ea* ( ^! ages h its own p>ticul> virtues4 ,too long h p>5ts :isp]$ !mselves into ! belief t ! *ild ought to /rive to copy ! man1 = ! result ( ?is unconsci\s egotism has only =c$ su* p>5ts to discov] t :5 _! *ild has gr[n up1 !y imm$iately want$ him to be an infant aga96 ,b x is becom+ recogniz$ among ^? :o le>n to look at ! _w )\t su* an exagg]at$ self-pref]5ce1 t e phase ( life1--infancy1 pub]ty1 y\?1 manhood1 middle-age1 maturity1 & s5esc5ce1--br+s ) x ev] new e?ical opportunities 9 ! appe>ance ( traits peculi> to ea* phase1 & t x is 9 ! developm5t ( ^! v>i\s pot5tialities into _! own natural end-product t ! ultimate e?ical values consi/4 ,is ,vice ! ,opposite ( ,virtue8 ,x n[ rema9s to be se5 :at ! ^w 8vice0 means1 fir/ by scann+ ! uses to :i* x is popul>ly put1 & second1 by ref]5ce to its physiological implications4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 we f9d ! foll[+ g5]al classes ( ?+s call$ vices4 ,any fault1 mi/ake1 or error may be call$ a vice1 z1 = in/ance1 a 8vice ( me?od40 ,?is signification is practically id5tical ) "o use ( ! t]m 8bad40 7,e4 g41 bad workman%ip1 defective1 bel[ p>2 sometimes call$ poor or wor?less47 ,likewise1 any imp]fection1 defect1 or blemi% falls "u ?is category1 z 8a vice ( con=mation10 8a vice ( lit]>y /yle40 ,"h aga9 ?is use ( ! concept may be id5tifi$ ) "s ( ! significations ( 8bad0 & 8wrong40 ,^! fir/ two classes ( vice may be relat$ to "o ano!r 9 ! s5se t ! fir/ is ! cause1 & ! latt] ! effect1--! errone\s 7vici\s7 me?od produc+ ! blemi% 7vice7 9 ! product4 ,9 our ?ird class are f\nd ! significations mo/ commonly impli$ by ?is concept today1 namely1 ^? habits or actions contr>y to public policy1 & especially ^? :i* ar\se viol5t c5sure4 ,su* are gluttony1 indol5ce1 m5dacity1 drunk5ness1 debau*]y1 & ! l1 :i* might also be includ$ 9 any complete li/ ( ! ?+s :i* are call$ 8bad10 8evil10 & 8wrong40 ,! peculi>ly specific elem5t :i* ent]s "h1 h[ev]1 is ! damage to ! organism :i* ^! vices entail4 ,sometimes1 also1 ?is concept is us$ 9 ! expression1 8an age ( vice10 a phrase :i* d5otes a p]iod ( "t 9 :i* ^! c5sur$ practices are extremely preval5t1 or giv5 p>ticul> notice4 ,! t]m 8vice0 is also us$ 9 describ+ animals n ?or\ghly tra9$1 z :5 x is said3 8,t bird-dog has ! vice ( m\?+ ! qu>ry10 or 8,i mu/ break ?is horse ( 8 vice ( cribb+40 ,=m]ly1 inde$1 "s inh]it$ bodily defects 7 spok5 ( z 8con/itutional vices10 b ?is use ( ! t]m is n[ r>e4 ,x c be se5 at once t :ile virtue & vice are popul>ly reg>d$ z opposites1 no am\nt ( /ret*+ appli$ to ei!r ( ^! concepts w make x ! true antonym ( ! o!r4 ,x is idle = anyone to rem>k t !y ought nev]!less to be reg>d$ z diametrically oppos$2 empirically !y are n1 z ! foll[+ analytical table pla9ly %[s3-- ,,virtues ,,vices ,valor1 c\rage1 intrepidity1 ,no antonym1 except 9 ! 7/r5g?74 ,! spectacul> r>e cases :]e c[>dice virtues4 may be reg>d$ z vici\s4 ,caution1 probity1 temp]ance1 ,negat$ by m5dacity1 sobriety 7& ! unobtrusive drunk5ness1 & debau*]y1 ,*ri/ian virtues74 b n precisely2 nor popul>ly by gluttony & indol5ce4 ,m$ic9al efficacy ( drugs4 ,no antonym4 ,! phrases1 8by virtue (10 ,no antonym4 89 virtue (10 etc4 ,no antonym4 ,fault mi/ake1 error4 ,no antonym4 ,imp]fection1 defect1 or blemi%4 ,no antonym4 ,! faults ( untra9$ animals4 ,no antonym4 ,con/itutional vices4 ,h[1 n[1 %all we proce$ to con/ruct our def9ition ( ! e?ical concept 8vice08 ,x w be recall$ t we us$ ! t]m virtue to describe a situation 9 :i* en]gy 0 be+ ei!r mobiliz$ or exp5d$ to obta9 :at ! organism consid]$ to be a dep5dable good4 ,does vice imply ! opposite ( ?is8 ,h>dly1 = x mu/ be admitt$ by ! unc5sori\s obs]v] t _m ( ev5 ! mo/ viol5tly condemn$ actions c\ld be describ$ z "p ( somebody's program to atta9 a durable satisfaction4 ,! glutton1 rememb]+ once m h[ com=table a full belly makes him feel1 may gorge himself )\t /9t2 & ev5 if he has be5 w>n$ t diabetes & g\t are likely to be ! f9al results ( su* p]si/5t devotion to ! pa/ry & ! roa/1 he may /ill pursue ^! foods ) avidity1 *e]fully & hopefully mak+ himself an exception to ! g5]al rule ( imp5d+ disa/]4 ,9 ! same way1 ! lu/y pursu] ( sex enjoym5ts may be dispassionately reg>d$ z plann+ & a*iev+ 8 own type ( satisfaction1 & :ile he may (t5 89 a cool h\r0 be aw>e ( ! likelihood ( entangl+ alliances1 yet ev5 8 self-c5sure is n gu>ante$ to keep him f mobiliz+ 8 en]gy = ! atta9m5t ( 8 *os51 private 8good40 ,once m1 !n1 we realize t 8virtue0 & 8vice0 are n true antonyms4 ,we saw ?is to be ! case ) 8good0 & 8bad10 & likewise ) 8"r0 & 8wrong40 ,x is only :5 ^! pairs ( t]ms are us$ ) ! mo/ sev]ely re/rict$ d5otation1 t is1 ) a prov9cial bias1 t _! opposition & contradiction appe>s4 ,su* bias is also %[n1 :5 x is said t ! glutton & ! debau* 8really "k t !y %\ldn't0 indulge !mselves z !y d1 a /atem5t :i* signifies some?+ l ?is3 ,if ^! m5 :o d :at ,i call 8wrong0 7 only to act z ,i direct1 !y w\ld n be c5sur$4 ,obvi\sly s1 b :at a ho/ ( fallible assumptions ?is involves6 ,x is m]ely ignor+ ! problem1 & su* a treatm5t furni%es no h9t z to its solution4 ,"o beg9s to d\bt ! validity ( all praise & blame z pr(itable e?ical in/rum5ts4 ,besides1 ! appeal to self-c5sure1 z employ$ 9 ! above case1 is1 9 ! end1 relatively inefficaci\s 9 actual practice1 & is h5ce illogical z a basic pr9ciple 9 e?ical !ory4 ,inde$1 x is idle to say t we all "k :at we %\ld d2 if we _h t mu* in=mation1 we w\ld act ^u x1 = ! w & ! intellect1 z ,sp9oza rem>k$1 are "o & ! same4 ,! great ne$ 9 e?ics is to get "r d[n to ! empirical facts ( conduct & to let !m tea* u1 r ?an to hide ! facts beh9d a scre5 ( pi\s ins9c]ity4 ,importunate *id+ may be a traditional tool ( morality1 b x does n contribute any?+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( an e?ical sci5ce4 ,consequ5tly we %all h to reject any def9ition ( ! vices :i* goes no fur!r ?an to describe !m z ^? actions :i* "s obs]v] reg>ds z unpr(itable4 ,x may be t su* a def9ition sup]ficially fits a great _m cases1 b great dang] lies 9 accept+ x )\t scrut9y1 s9ce x t5ds to imply t e?ics is m]ely a /udy ( op9ions ab\t conduct1 & n ( conduct itself4 ,n[1 no o!r sci5ce is a /udy ( op9ions1 n ev5 ! normative sci5ces ( bridge-build+ or l&scape g>d5+2 & e?ics is no exception to ?is g5]al rule4 ,moreov]1 s9ce we d n "k ( any absolutely wise obs]v] to ^: op9ion we c appeal 9 e d\btful case1 a true def9ition ( vice has n yet be5 a*iev$4 ,h[ev]1 if we be> 9 m9d t praise & blame1 or comm5dation & c5sure are always relative to c]ta9 environm5tal conditions1 & if1 fur!rmore1 we c discov] :at !y really imply1 we %all d\btless be able to arrive at a conception ( virtue & vice t w squ>e ) ! obs]vable facts ( human conduct4 ,& ! fir/ po9t to be emphasiz$ is t :5ev] ^! concepts are us$1 "s /&>d seems to be impli$4 ,:at is ?is seem+ly hidd5 /&>d1 ?is presuppos$ l9e1 :i*1 especially 9 ! case ( ! vices1 "o is =bidd5 to cross "u pa9 ( c5sure8 ,sometimes x seems to be a l9e drawn )9 a family1 sometimes )9 a neighborhood1 :ile (t5 x is conf9$ to a class or pr(ession1 & aga9 x is delimit$ by a national culture4 ,w\ld x n seem t e su* tacitly assum$ /&>d is creat$ by ! relatively unconsci\s judgm5t ( ! gr\p 9 ! v ef=t to h a gr\p1 ! memb]s ( :i* recognize ea* o!r z belong+ to x8 ,9 o!r words1 are n all su* /&>ds a function ( ! desire ( ! gr\p to employ ! pron\ns 8we0 & 8u0 significantly8 ,?is is n ov]simplify+ ! matt]1 s9ce ! use ( su* pron\ns implies mu* m ?an is commonly realiz$4 ,inde$1 :5 man says 8we0 in/ead ( 8,i10 he indicates t a po9t 9 evolution has be5 rea*$ :]e a simil>ity ( pr$icam5ts has produc$ a simil>ity ( aims4 ,to fight a common foe1 to till a common l&1 & to keep a common eye ^u /rang]s are "o & all actions implicit 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( gr\p /&>ds4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ^! /&>ds are (t5 ill-def9$1 & frequ5tly neglect$ by c]ta9 individuals )9 ! gr\p1 nev]!less !y rema9 z a backgr\nd ( ref]5ce 79 /rict me*ani/ic t]ms1 z an old habit-po/ure71 :5ev] !re is any dang] felt le/ ! ^w 8we0 %\ld become mean+less4 ,dang] felt by :om8 ,p>ticul>ly1 we are oblig$ to say1 by ! mo/ cons]vative memb]s ( ! gr\p1 = be x rememb]$ t praise & blame1 & rew>d & puni%m5t are insi/$ ^u mo/ viol5tly by undiscrim9at+ p]sons4 ,su* p]sons1 x seems1 are mo/ s5sitive to ! wax+ & wan+ ( c]ta9 b5efits :i* o!rs h a*iev$ = !m1 & :i* !y reg>d z valuable to reta9 & dang]\s to lose4 ,if anyone wi%es to "k :at su* b5efits are he has only to recall :at traits 8 own gr\p calls virtues & vices1 & to ask 9 e case j :at !y imply 9 t]ms ( ! ne$s ( ! gr\p :i* sanctions or condemns !m4 ,= example1 valor1 c\rage1 & intrepidity1 toge!r ) ! o!r spectacul> virtues1 h c]ta9ly be5 comm5d$ because !y supply two v obvi\s & well-nigh univ]sal gr\p ne$s4 ,! fir/ is a common1 /alw>t def5ce1 & ! second is a heal?y prog5y4 ,cripples & de=m$ p]sons h nev] be5 objects ( admiration or praise4 ,z = ! unobtrusive virtues1 _m ( ^! h likewise be5 comm5d$ by su* a gr\p z feels itself beset or insecure on acc\nt ( its inability to compete ) ! /rong on _! own t]ms1 & ?is gr\p has adopt$ !m 9 a semi-p>adoxical attempt to acquire solid>ity4 ,to turn at once to ! o!r side ( ! picture1 we f9d t ! vices ( gluttony1 drunk5ness1 & le*]y h be5 condemn$ n only because !y effem9ate & debilitate1 & !reby und]m9e ! def5ce-p[] ( ! gr\p1 b also because !y t5d to r$uce ! capacity ( ! gr\p to create a s\nd & f]tile (fspr+4 ,?is is d\btless :y c]ta9 cong5ital abnormalities 7 =m]ly spok5 ( z 8con/itutional vices40 ,z = ! ^w 8vice0 be+ sometimes appli$ to bot*y "w1 incorrect me?ods1 & ! faults ( untra9$ animals1 we c see h[ 9 special in/ances a gr\p might reg>d ^! ?+s z peculi>ly detrim5tal to its solid>ity4 ,contr>iwise1 ! 8virtue0 ( a m$ic9al plant might1 "u ! h>ass+ circum/ances ( a plague or an epidemic1 be ! *ief cause ( ev5 a nation's conc]n4 ,9 ?us def9+ virtue & vice 9 t]ms ( ! assets & liabilities ( ! gr\p1 :at becomes ( our previ\s attempt to def9e virtue 9 individuali/ic t]ms8 ,! answ] is t ?is previ\s conception rema9s z a necess>y complem5t to1 & *eck ^u1 gr\p intol]ance4 ,= :ile ! desires ( ! gr\p & ^? ( ! individual may sometimes cla%1 !y d n ne$ to be consid]$ z basically or ess5tially oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,! hi/orical fact is (t5 manife/ t :5 gr\p solid>ity t5ds to produce m$iocrity1 !re is a sudd5 ov]t demon/ration ( individualism4 ,our own g5]ation %[s an example ( ?is type ( reaction4 ,:51 aga91 extreme individualism fails to yield gr\p assets1 ! cons]vative t5d5cies beg9 to reass]t !mselves m p[]fully once m4 ,yet x is d\btful :e!r exactly ! same type ( cons]vatism is ev] repeat$1 s9ce ! individualism :i* x seeks to c\nt]act is1 9 succe$+ g5]ations1 diff]5t f ! type :i* prec$$ x4 ,is ,virtue ,its ,own ,rew>d8 ,f ! =ego+ x is app>5t t ! e?ical concept 8virtue0 has two alt]native int]pretations4 ,"o ( ^! involves ! comm5dation ( ! gr\p on ! basis ( :at its memb]s feel to be requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( its traditions4 ,! o!r int]pretation is bas$ ^u :at ! individual mobilizes & exp5ds 8 en]gy to obta94 ,:i* ( ^! is sup]ior to ! o!r1 t is1 :i* w\ld survive 9 case ( mutual conflict1 only ! la/ volume ( record$ hi/ory w relate4 ,:at is m ( a real problem to u is ! "q1 commonly ask$1 ,is virtue its own rew>d8 ,?is curi\s "q involves ! philosophical !ory ( int]nal relations1--a !ory ( v d\btful validity4 ,! /atem5t t virtue is its own rew>d is equival5t to ! ass]tion t virtue is valuable 9 & = itself4 ,b if s1 !n virtue is unique1 & ?is aga9 is d\btful1 = :e!r we obs]ve ! individual devot+ 8 en]gies to ! atta9m5t ( "s dep5dable good1 or ! gr\p comm5d+ him = x1 x appe>s at once t virtu\s actions are nev] und]tak5 )\t "s hope ( rew>d ei!r 9 ! %ape ( praise or ( tangible results4 ,^u he>+ ?is1 "s w groan1 claim+ t a good man %\ld act ev] & only on pr9ciple1 & leave ! re/ to ! gods4 ,& yet nobody ev] did s4 ,moreov]1 x is pla9 t ! truly virtu\s man1 :e!r act+ )9 ! taboos ( 8 clan1 or /rik+ out on entirely new pa?s aft] a 8good0 t he c\ld dep5d securely ^u1 receiv$ a ?ree-fold rew>d ( a v sub/antial nature4 ,he a*iev$ p[]1 he atta9$ wisdom1 & he secur$ peace2 & ^! rew>ds1 moreov]1 9 ! degree to :i* !y 7 ga9$1 automatically !reaft] became ! measure by :i* ! dep5dability ( any good c\ld be e/imat$4 ,& we also v5ture to say t ! same crit]ion c\ld be employ$ 9 det]m9+ to :at ext5t any p>ticul> trait ( "* 0 a vice4 ,ev5 m ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 c n[ be said4 ,= su* a crit]ion z is "h sugge/$ has significant implications = ! human body1--t ^u :i* life & m9d ultimately dep5d4 ,exp]im5ts 9 psy*ology & psy*iatry h reveal$ t traits ( "* are m ?an sk9-deep & bra9-deep2 inde$1 !y are m ?an muscle-deep3 !y are z deep z ! vital organs !mselves4 ,ev5 m ?an ?is is app>5t1 = ^! same sci5ces h demon/rat$ t n only is su* a trait z anxiety j ano!r "n = a *ronic muscul> t5sion1 b also t _m diseases are1 if n caus$1 at lea/ abett$ by :at we ?9k1 h[ we act1 & :at feel+s we cultivate4 ,9 m precise t]ms1 ! me*anisms ( ?\ght & action1 be+ p>tly id5tical ) ! me*anisms ( locomotion & metabolism1 c produce ei!r a hygi5ic or an unhygi5ic effect ^u ! :ole /ructure ( man's organism4 ,& 9 ?is fact1 ,i ?9k1 we c f9d an acceptable basis1 ev5 if a new "o1 = ! di/9ction betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,?is basis we propose is n altoge!r a novelty to ke5 /ud5ts ( human nature4 ,we "k t ! normal1 heal?y & successfully adapt$ human individual is *>act]iz$ by a relax$ & resili5t condition1 n only ( 8 sup]ficial or locomotor muscles1 b also ( ! muscles ( 8 alim5t>y tract4 ,bo? 8 volunt>y & involunt>y sy/ems are con/antly 9 a /ate ( read9ess to p]=m _! necess>y functions1 & !y also return to ?is condition aft] any s]ies ( actions has be5 p]=m$4 ,su* a man possesses aplomb1 & is an example ( ! heal?y ,greek ideal ( a sane m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to su* a normal1 resili5t /ate1 !re are frequ5tly f\nd two o!r organic conditions :i* are readily del9eat$4 ,! "o is call$ muscul> flabb9ess1 *>act]iz$ by a p[]less or a-tonic /ate ( ! muscles ( ei!r ! volunt>y 7or tea*able7 & ! involunt>y 7or untea*able7 sy/ems1 or bo?4 ,a man 9 ?is a-tonic plight is incapable ( vigor\s1 coord9ate action1 & 8 muscles d n manife/ a normal read9ess to respond to successive /imulations4 ,! o!r abnormal condition1 at ! opposite pole f ?is "o1 is ! "o involv+ *ronic muscul> t5sions1 a condition :i* may be comp>$ to ! /ate ( a /eel spr+ :i* is always kept "u sev]e /ra91 & :i* is nev] releas$ f> en\gh to give ! metal a *ance to recov] f ! /resses x und]goes4 ,high/rung1 ov]-anxi\s1 jeal\s1 irascible p illu/rate ?is type ( organism ) exactness4 ,! e?ical implications ( ! =ego+ mu/ h already be5 guess$4 ,is x n possible to def9e ! virtu\s man z ! relax$1 resili5t1 coord9ate individual1 & ! vici\s man z ei!r ! muscul>ly flabby1 & !re) ! lazy1 sp9eless1 procra/9at+1 le*]\s man2 or else z ! abnormally hyp]tonic organism1 ^: muscles con/antly pay divid5ds ( wra?1 & ^: grudges & malice are c>ri$ ev5 ?r\gh 8 slumb]8 ,if s1 !re %\ld be no p>adox impli$ 9 speak+ ( virtue & vice z functions ( ! human organism4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,comp>e ! expression1 8,& n[ abide? fai?1 hope1 & *>ity0 ) 8,& n[ !re are fai?ful m51 hopeful m51 & *>itable m540 ,only ! latt] ( ^! /atem5ts has any real mean+4 #bj ,plato's li/ is v brief1 & 8 virtues correspond to ! ?ree p>ts ( ! s\l z he conceiv$ x4 ,self-control1 c\rage1 & wisdom are ! ?ree virtues :i* *>act]ize ! desire1 ! w1 & ! reason respectively1 :ile ! supreme virtue is a h>mony or heal? ( ! s\l4 ,= ,ari/otle1 virtue is f\nd 9 a mod]ation betwe5 extremes4 ,= example1 ! virtue ( c\rage is a mean betwe5 c[>dl9ess & ra%ness4 ,o!rs ( 8 virtues likewise d]iv$ are3 temp]ance1 lib]ality1 high-m9d$ness1 mildness1 fri5dl9ess1 c&or1 urbanity1 & ju/ice4 ,! ,*ri/ian virtues1 :ile nev] /at$ 9 sy/ematic =m1 are typically repres5t$ by humility1 k9dl9ess1 self-d5ial1 meekness1 pati5ce1 temp]ance1 &1 p]haps1 o!r-worldl9ess4 ,comp>atively few e?ical writ]s attempt to give a li/ or scale ( virtues & vices1 & "s ( !m ignore ! "q completely4 ,m>t9eau1 9 a some:at successful attempt to free himself f an irreconcilable dualism 9 e?ics1 pres5ts a scale ( traits beg9n+1 presumably1 ) vices 7e4 g41 c5sori\sness1 v9dictiv5ess1 suspici\sness71 & end+ ) virtues 7compassion1 rev]5ce1 & v]acity74 ,9 ! application ( ?is sy/em1 ! *ief "q is1 n :at is bad or :at is good1 b simply1 :i* trait is bett] & :i* worse ?an ano!r4 #ba ,x is to be obs]v$ t ,jesus 0 mu* m specific & empirical ?an ei!r ,plato or ,/4 ,paul1 s9ce 9 8 treatm5t ( ?is phase ( ! problem ( conduct1 ,jesus (t5 describ$ ! situation concretely1 e4 g41 8^? p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake10 r ?an by employ+1 z did ,plato & ,/4 ,paul1 ab/ract n\ns1 su* z 8c\rage10 8*>ity10 & ! l4 ,b x mu/ also n be =gott5 t ( all ! e?ical tea*]s ( antiquity1 ,socrates alone consi/5tly /uck to ! concrete realities ( e?ics & con/antly admitt$ ! size & difficulties ( ! problems involv$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,is ,,consci5ce ,,always ,a ,,pa?ological ,,ph5om5on8 8,:5 ! rook]y is pretty well fill$1 & ! ne/-build+ is 9 full sw+1 ! birds h a busy & anxi\s "t4 ,to get en\gh ( suitable small /ones is a matt] ( difficulty1 & may involve long j\rneys = ea* s+le /one4 ,! temptation is too /rong = "s ( !m1 & !y become habitual ?ieves4 ,! majority rema9 /upidly hone/4 ,amus+ complications result4 ,! be>+ ( ! ?ief cle>ly %[s t he kn[s he is do+ wrong4 ,he has a consci5ce1 at lea/ a human consci5ce1 i4 e41 ! fe> ( be+ f\nd out4 ,v diff]5t is ! furtive look ( ! ?ief1 long aft] he is out ( dang] ( pursuit1 f ! expression ( ! hone/ p5gu9 com+ home ) a h>d-e>n$ /one4 8,an hone/ "o 0 br++ /ones f a long di/ance4 ,ea* /one 0 remov$ by a ?ief z soon z ! own]'s back 0 turn$4 ,! hone/ "o look$ greatly tr\bl$ z he f\nd t 8 heap didn't gr[1 b he seem$ incapable ( suspect+ ! cause4 8,a ?ief1 sitt+ on 8 own ne/1 0 /eal+ f an adjac5t ne/1 ^: hone/ own] 0 also at home1 b look+ unsuspect+ly 9 ano!r direction4 ,casually he turn$ 8 head & caught ! ?ief 9 ! act4 ,! ?ief dropp$ ! /one & pret5d$ to be busy pick+ up an inf9itesimal crumb f ! neutral gr\nd40 8,! ,he>t ( ! ,ant>ctic10 ,,sir ,,erne/ ,,%ackleton1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bec 7,section on ! ,adelie ,p5gu91 by ,james ,murray1 ,biologi/ ( ! ,exp$ition74 ,! ^w 8consci5ce0 0 p]haps orig9ally synonym\s ) consci\sness1 b x gradually came to mean self-consci\sness ( a v special type1 namely1 ! sil5t comm5dation or c5sure :i* a man may be/[ ^u 8 actions or 8 projects4 ,?is ^w 8consci5ce0 replac$ ! ,middle ,engli% t]m inwit1--a t]m made fam\s 9 ! title ( a book 7circa #acdj7 call$ ! 8,ay5bite ( ,inwit0 7t is1 ! 8,aga9-bite or ,remorse ( ,consci5ce074 ,! concept ( consci5ce has play$ an important "p 9 mod]n e?ical !ory1 & x is suppos$ by _m p]sons to be ! f\ndation ( all morality4 ,:at place x des]ves to hold 9 a con/ructive1 me*ani/ic e?ics c be det]m9$1 h[ev]1 only by c>eful analysis4 ,s _m extravagant claims h be5 advanc$ 9 its behalf z to make "o suspect t none ( !m are true4 ,?+s :i* p h 8always he>d laud$ & nev] discuss$0 are only ) difficulty sav$ f oblivion :5 intellectual revolutions h alt]$ ! emphasis :i* man puts on ! values ( life4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! ^w 8s\l10 & ) ! ^w 8immortality10 & x is likely to be ! same ) ! ^w 8consci5ce40 ,at lea/ x w be an advantage to look at ! philosophical p$igree ( ?is once mighty %ibbole?4 ,x may be surpris+ to le>n t z f> z e?ical !ory is conc]n$1 ! doctr9e ( an infallible consci5ce is ! product ( no less rec5t a "t ?an ! ,,xviii c5tury4 ,! ,consci5ce-!ory is ! philosophical prop]ty ( su* m5 z ,butl]1 ,cl>ke1 ,kant1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,reid1 r ?an ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,?omas ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi71 :o f\nd$ critical ,engli% e?ics1 flatly refus$ to give to ! !n immature concept ( consci5ce any recognition2 inde$1 he decl>$ x to be no?+ less ?an a 8disease0 ( ! /ate1 & "o 8( ^? ?+s t weak5 or t5d to ! dissolution ( a commonweal?40 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxix ( ! 8,levia?an10 he /ates ! curr5t notions ( consci5ce3 7#a7 8,t e private man is judge ( good & evil actions10 & 7#b7 8,t :atsoev] a man does aga9/ 8 consci5ce is s940 ,bo? ( ^! notions ,hobbes condemns4 8,=10 he obs]ves ) *>act]i/ic sagacity1 8a man's consci5ce & 8 judgm5t is ! same ?+1 & z ! judgm5t s also ! consci5ce may be errone\s40 ,?is emphasis :i* ,hobbes plac$ ^u ! untru/wor?9ess ( private e?ical judgm5ts 0 fatal to 8 purpose4 ,8 successors began /raightway to reanimate t :i* he _h s\ght to bury once & = all1 &1 :e!r on acc\nt ( _! temp]am5tal antipa?y to ! intellectualism ( ,hobbes1 or because !y 7 hone/ly seek+ = "s valid e?ical pr9ciple1 !y ass]t$1 fir/ timidly1 & lat] ) a surpris+ boldness ! v ?+ :i* ,hobbes _h s\ght especially to efface f ! docket ( e?ical discussion4 ,we f9d ?is reaction beg9n+ 9 ,%aftesbury 7#afga-agac74 ,albeit ?is au?or gives a m9or place 9 8 e?ical !ory to ! notion ( a 8moral s5se10 or rational1 reflex affection :i* approves only socially b5eficial actions1 yet ! positive emphasis :i* he puts ^u x is nev]!less significant4 ,! affirmation prov$ to be contagi\s1 = ^? :o foll[$ ,%aftesbury imm$iately elevat$ consci5ce to a c5tral position 9 _! sy/ems4 ,we ref] "h to ,butl]1 ,cl>ke1 ,kant1 & ,reid1 :o are kn[n z intuitioni/s4 ,accord+ to ,butl] 7#afib-ageb71 consci5ce is a 8pr9ciple ( reflection0 & n a m]e feel+4 ,& ?is pr9ciple ( reflection is = him a natural or inh]5t prop]ty ( man's m9d4 ,x is ! pr9ciple by :i* a man 8approves or disapproves 8 he>t1 temp]1 & actions02 x is a faculty :i* 8t5ds to re/ra9 m5 f do+ mis*ief to ea* o!r1 & leads !m to d good40 ,be x not$ "h t ,butl] says no?+ ab\t ! s-call$ infallibility ( consci5ce1 nor does he argue t x mu/ be ! same = all p]sons4 ,moreov]1 he gives a some:at analytical def9ition ( x1 & is will+ to grant t its function is utilit>ian4 ,! old belief 9 ! c]ta9ty ( consci5ce n[ beg9s to reappe>4 ,x 0 ,cl>ke 7#afge--agbi7 :o attempt$ to def5d x by ! use ( a ma!matical analogy4 ,we are all famili> ) ! axiom 7or truism7 t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r4 ,if n[ we keep ! g5]al =m1 b alt] ! sub/ance ( ?is axiom1 s t x reads3 8,:atev] ,i judge reasonable or unreasonable = ano!r to d = me1 t by ! same judgm5t ,i decl>e reasonable or unreasonable t ,i 9 ! l case %\ld d = him10 we h ,cl>ke's ,law ( ,equity4 ,to an arm-*air philosoph] su* a /atem5t s\nds fairly cog5t1 b its empirical value is n !reby gu>ante$4 ,z e /ud5t ( psy*ology kn[s1 individual diff]5ces1 individual pref]5ces1 & ! capacity ( individuals by ?is me?od ( give-&-take are completely ignor$ 9 ! =mulation ( ?is law4 ,besides1 ,cl>ke's conception ( consci5ce may be said to conta9 a h9t ( e?ical solipsism1 or ! !ory t oneself is ! only accurate au?ority on social ju/ice4 ,we ne$ n pause long] ov] ! insup]able difficulties ( su* a po9t ( view4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! writ+s ( ,kant & ,reid t ! consci5ce-!ory atta9s its mod]n1 s5tim5tal =m4 ,9 8 8,metaphysic ( ,morality0 ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd7 makes ! foll[+ /raddl+ ass]tion3 8,no?+ 9 ! :ole _w1 or ev5 outside ( ! _w sic6 c possibly be reg>d$ z good )\t limitation except a good w40 ,b ?is is n ! full ext5t to :i* ?is philosoph] presses 8 claims4 ,= he cont9ues1 8,a man's w is good1 n because ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f x are good1 nor because x is capable ( atta9+ ! ends :i* x seeks1 b x is good 9 itself1 or because x wills ! good4 ,its intr9sic value is 9 no way increas$ by success or less5$ by failure40 ,f all ( :i* ,kant concludes t 8,z ! w mu/ n be mov$ to act f any desire = ! results expect$ to foll[ f ob$i5ce to a c]ta9 law1 ! only pr9ciple ( ! w :i* rema9s is t ( ! con=mity ( actions to univ]sal law4 ,9 all cases ,i mu/ act 9 su* a way t ,i c at ! same "t w t my maxim %\ld become a univ]sal law40 ,?is la/ /atem5t is ! fam\s categorical imp]ative4 ,at fir/ glance ?is appe>s to h pr(undity1 b x turns out ev5 ^u ! slighte/ analysis to be q ! opposite4 ,= example1 ! fir/ passage quot$ 78,no?+ 444 c be reg>d$ z good )\t limitation except a good w07 conta9s ass]tions t nobody c "k en\gh to make4 ,x is rituali/ic philosophy4 ,moreov]1 ! expression 8good w0 actually does 7,kant to ! contr>y1 not)/&+7 put a logical limitation ^u ! concept good1 j z 8good0 cat1 or 8good0 razor does4 ,besides1 ! t]m 8w0 or volition always ref]s to a ph5om5on :i* is /rictly dep5d5t ^u circum/ances1 = a man wills only :5 !re is some?+ to be possess$4 ,^! are n all ! errors :i* ,kant "h commits4 ,8 attempt to expla9 :y ! good w is good 7itself a /atem5t exhibit+ ! fallacy ( ambiguity7 reveals t ,kant 0 a v poorly equipp$ psy*ologi/4 ,i ask y1 h[ _m p]sons is x possible to f9d1--inde$1 is x possible to f9d "o s+le man except among ! psy*opa?ic cases1--:o w\ld ev] be /imulat$ to live1--mu* less to subscribe to ,kant's !ory1--if 8 successes or failures _h no effect :atev] ^u 8 future volitions8 ,we d n imply by ?is rhetorical "q t e man is1 or c be1 or %\ld be immod]ately egoi/ical1 b only t ,kant _h no insight :atev] into ! psy*ological problems involv$ 9 e?ics4 ,consequ5tly1 ! categorical imp]ative z a d$uction f ,kant's fir/ pr9ciples is to be reg>d$ z completely errone\s4 ,h[1 inde$1 c a man act 9 su* a way z to make ! maxim ( 8 action a univ]sal law8 ,suppose we (f] a simple example4 ,:5 ,i am hungry1 & food is be=e me1 ,i eat x4 ,does ?is imply t my w to eat becomes a univ]sal law1 namely1 t all ! hungry %\ld eat8 ,b :5 ,i le>n ( ! _m hungry :o are unable to eat1 my w to eat illu/rates n a univ]sal law1 b an extremely p>ticul> law1 t is to say1 ! law t if ,i am hungry1 & if food is suppli$1 &1 fur!rmore1 if ,i am will+ to risk t food1 !n1 b only !n1 d ,i eat x4 ,!re seems to be no way to e/abli% ! validity ( ,kant's imp]ative1 reg>dless ( ! direction "o's ?\ght takes4 ,to cite a diff]5t example entirely1 let u imag9e a hungry man :o1 hav+ corn]$ all ! food ( 8 tribe1 eats x on ! assumption t e o!r man w\ld d ! same ?+ if he 7 simil>ly =tunate4 ,"h ! categorical imp]ative appe>s 9 su* a light z to %ock its au?or pr(\ndly4 ,& yet 9 /rict logic1 ?is int]pretation is a valid "o = an intuitioni/ e?ics4 ,d we wond] t ,levy-,brhl speaks ( 8! ambigu\s & ba/>d concept ( ! moral law10 :5 !y :o attempt to /ate su* a law h nei!r compreh5sion nor pati5ce en\gh to discov] ! simple/ pr9ciples ( human conduct8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! 8,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man10 by ,?omas ,reid 7#agaj-agif7 t ! commonplace notion ( consci5ce receives its pr9cipal philosophical support4 ,conc]n+ ?is 8moral s5se10 z ,reid calls x 9 rem9isc5ce ( ,%aftesbury1 ! foll[+ =midable ass]tions are made4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8,x is )\t d\bt f> sup]ior to e o!r p[] ( ! m9d40 ,9 ! second place1 8,! te/imony ( ?is moral s5se10 l t ( ! re/ ( ! s5ses1 8is ! te/imony ( nature1 & we h ! same reason to rely ^u x40 ,9 addition1 j z ! s5se ( vision is fundam5tal = space p]ception1 s 8,! tru?s imm$iately te/ifi$ by our moral faculty are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all moral reason+40 ,reid w\ld also h u note t ?is reason+ is n inductive1 b d$uctive1 = he says1 8,! fir/ pr9ciples ( morals are ! imm$iate dictates ( ! moral faculty40 ,! out/&+ fault ( su* a !ory is t x assumes t e "n we *oose to manufacture has a reality correspond+ to x4 ,?is is ! fallacy ( hypo/atization1 to :i* all ideali/ic philosoph]s are addict$4 ,grant$ t x is true1 z ,butl] says1 t we approve & disapprove ( "s ( our actions1 yet ?is does n imply t !re is a transc5d5t faculty )9 u :i* we are at lib]ty to sub/antialize z ,consci5ce or a ,moral ,s5se4 ,su* language is m]ely n\n-wor%ip4 ,x is grant$ t ! words 8moral0 & 8s5se0 h ea* sep>ately a mean+1 b x does n foll[ t ! comp\nd t]m 8moral-s5se0 mu/ !re=e h "o4 ,moreov]1 all ( ^! intuitioni/s are wilful & unp]spicu\s rationali/s1 dem&+ a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 e?ics be=e !y h employ$ any induction or exp]im5tation t might help !m to frame su* a pr9ciple correctly4 ,!y are will+ to d no h>d "w1 & to p]=m no crucial te/s 9 ord] to see :e!r _! guesses are facts or fictions4 ,to complete our criticism1 we mu/ n omit to /ate t ,reid's elevation ( consci5ce to a place among ! s5ses m]ely reveals ! ext5t to :i* he 0 will+ to g 9 8 def5ce ( ! te/imony ( ! s5ses 9 g5]al aga9/ ! ideali/s ( 8 age4 ,8 use ( ! 8moral s5se0 0 a debat]'s trick4 ,! high e/eem 9 :i* consci5ce 0 held by 8 antagoni/s tempt$ him to turn "o ( _! own weapons aga9/ !m4 ,we c n[ bett] und]/& ! /atem5t previ\sly made t ! p]sonification ( consci5ce 0 ! peculi> artifice1 ! 8useful dodge10 ( a c]ta9 s*ool ( e?ical ?9k]s 9 ! ,,xviii c5tury4 ,consequ5tly x is errone\s to suppose t ! commonplace view ( ?is ph5om5on has always held undisput$ sway ov] !oretical e?ics4 ,x _h no place :atev] 9 ! m9ds ( ,greek e?ical writ]s4 ,plato1 ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 & _! contempor>ies f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( e?ics )\t ev5 dream+ t !re 0 a consci5ce4 ,epictetus1 ,epicurus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius %[$ no pov]ty ( con/ructive ?\ght = ! lack ( x4 ,ev5 ,helvetius1 a contempor>y ( ! intuitioni/s1 reject$ x z spuri\s :5 he wrote3 8,he :o w w>rant 8 virtue 9 e situation is ei!r an impo/or or a fool2 *>act]s equally to be mi/ru/$40 ,mo/ p :o h he>d ! "n ( ,john ,locke w recall 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! assumptions ( ! moral intuitioni/s 9 ^? passages :]e he combats ! !ory ( innate moral ideas4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 all su* ideas w\ld h to be 7#a7 indep5d5t ( geographical location & climate1 7#b7 indep5d5t ( ! age ( ! p]son & ( 8 tra9+1 & 7#c7 recogniz$ by all p]sons z fundam5tal4 ,b none ( ^! conditions are f\nd to be satisfi$ by anyone :o makes ! %orte/ pilgrimage ?r\gh ! _w 9 ! se>* = ^! /ati/ics4 ,& consequ5tly ! intellectually hone/ ,locke rejects ! philosophical !ory ( consci5ce1 indep5d5tly ( 8 recognition ( ! facts ( self-approval & self-disapproval4 ,x rema9$1 h[ev]1 = ,john ,/u>t ,mill to =e%ad[ ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ?is fanta/ic !ory ( ! moral faculty 9 ,*apt] ,,iii ( 8 8,utilit>ianism40 ,he writes3-- 8,! int]nal sanction ( duty1 :atev] our /&>d ( duty may be1 is "o & ! same--a feel+ 9 our own m9d2 a pa91 m or less int5se1 att5dant on violation ( duty1 :i* 9 prop]ly cultivat$ moral natures rises1 9 m s]i\s cases1 into %r9k+ f x z an impossibility4 ,?is feel+ 444 is ! ess5ce ( ,consci5ce2 ?\gh 9 t complex ph5om5on z x actually exi/s1 ! simple fact is 9 g5]al all encru/$ ov] ) collat]al associations1 d]iv$ f sympa?y1 f love1 & /ill m f fe>2 f all ! =ms ( religi\s feel+2 f ! recollections ( *ildhood & ( all our pa/ life2 f self-e/eem1 desire ( ! e/eem ( o!rs1 & occasionally ev5 self-abasem5t40 ,?is analysis ( ,mill's reveals t :at ! intuitioni/s loosely t]m$ consci5ce is a f> m complex ph5om5on ?an !y _h suspect$1 & ) ?is revelation ! :ole logical /ructure ( intuitionism breaks d[n4 ,= if consci5ce is n ! simple1 innate1 infallible pr9ciple or faculty :i* ! intuitioni/s po/ulat$ x to be1 ! d$uctions !y made f ?is hypo!sis become m & m unt5able ! long] !y are scrut9iz$4 ,mill's analysis ( ! psy*ological factors 9 consci5ce1 toge!r ) ,locke's discov]y ( ! cultural & geographical limitations ( any moral s5se make x necess>y to def9e ?is e?ical ph5om5on 9 purely empirical t]ms4 ,su* a def9ition z we seek1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be obta9$ by secur+ an elaborate c5sus ( cases 9 :i* ! words 8consci5ce0 or 8moral s5se0 7 us$4 ,! c5sus-tak] w\ld h to roam ov] ! :ole e>?1 ask que/ions all day long1 & ev5 become an eavesdropp] at night1 9 ord] to ga9 ! in=mation he desir$4 ,ev5 ?is me?od w\ld h>dly be exhau/ive1 s9ce p]haps f> m 8pangs ( consci5ce0 are felt ?an are ev] express$ 9 language2 & s our c5sus-tak]1 7 he z ?or\gh z we might desire him to be1 w\ld h to be equipp$ ) a sort ( ultra-/e?oscope1--"o t c\ld elevate a blu% into an audible ph5om5on1--9 ord] to return ) a full & complete report4 ,! lack ( su* exhau/ive /ati/ics mu/1 ( c\rse1 be p]man5t2 n only = want ( c5sus-tak]s1 & = want ( accuracy & s9c]ity on ! "p ( ^? giv+ _! introspection1 b also because ! concept ( consci5ce may be sl[ly evolv+1 s t ! end ( ! c5sus might n h>monize ) its beg9n+4 ,grant+1 inde$1 t su* an evolution exi/s1 x does n n[ appe> to be ei!r uni=m or univ]sal4 ,= :ile1 z we h rec5tly %[n1 ! concept ( consci5ce fir/ atta9$ a philosophic importance 9 ! ,,xviii c5tury1 & 0 !reaft] v>i\sly modifi$ & develop$1 yet ! popul> notion ( a moral s5se1--( 8?is deity )9 my bosom10 z "s h ev5 express$ x1--has actually deg5]at$ into some?+ unwor?y ( a place among ! positive e?ical values4 ,our quotation f ,james ,murray's acc\nt ( ! behavior ( ! ,adelie p5gu9 is extremely p]t95t "h4 8,! fe> ( be+ f\nd out0 is1 we v5ture to say1 ! v nucleus & core ( ! consci5ces ( ! majority ( m54 ,& :ile )\t d\bt "s =ms ( fe> are well-gr\nd$1 z1 = example1 ! f>m]'s fe> le/ ! oncom+ /orm wa% out 8 se$l+s1 yet :5 fe> t5ds to limit prud5ce1 or take ! place ( prevision1 ! organism 9 :i* t fe> arises is sub-normal & uns\nd4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 9 s f> z x is id5tical ) ?is degrad+ emotion ( fe>1 & 9 s f> z x beg9s & ends 9 a )draw+ reaction1 is no?+ b a blight4 ,yet some?+ m rema9s to be said ab\t ! popul> conception ( ! ^w 8consci5ce40 ,?is ^w1 z commonly us$1 d5otes an emotional /ate :i*1 f> f be+ 9 h>mony ) ! ideals ( ! gr\p1 (t5 d5otes ! v opposite condition4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ! fe> ( be+ f\nd out does n imply loyalty to ! gr\p any m ?an x implies ! recognition ( t :i* makes = p[]1 wisdom1 & peace 9 ! individual4 ,inde$1 consci5ce z popul>ly exp]i5c$1 involv+ z x does anxiety1 trepidation1 self-abasem5t1 & a ho/ ( o!r introv]sive t5d5cies1 is an e?ical liability1 bo? to ! gr\p & to ! individual4 ,! man :o has transgress$ ! w ( ! gr\p is surely n a bit bett] (f because ( 8 fe> ( be+ caught1 nor c he reg>d 8 fe>1 ev5 ?\gh he has already be5 tortur$ by x1 z giv+ him any "r to a mitigation ( ! p5alty4 ,z = himself1 ! consci5ce-/rick5 individual may h s long squ&]$ 8 en]gy 9 8 ef=t to conceal 8 (f5ce z to br+ him v close to e?ical bankruptcy4 ,! picture we draw is n extreme1--x c be duplicat$ 9 e neighborhood1 if n 9 e family on ! globe4 ,= consci5ce1 z x is usually exp]i5c$1 is a pa9ful1 )draw+ reaction1 imply+ negation r ?an affirmation1 incoord9ation r ?an skilful prevision1 & morbidity in/ead ( frank1 ov]t1 con/ructive action4 ,accurate inde$ is ! phrase1 8,! pangs ( consci5ce10 z a description ( ! organic turmoil incid5t to ?is condition ( mal-adju/m5t4 ,c x n1 !n1 be tru?fully said1 t 9 ! cases j describ$ consci5ce is a pa?ological ph5om5on8 ,?us to discov] t ! popul> =m ( consci5ce implies a vice r ?an a virtue is n1 h[ev]1 en\gh4 ,we wi% also to "k h[ & :y ?is =m ( consci5ce has atta9$ s great a vogue4 ,& "h aga9 we t\* ^u matt]s ( ! greate/ importance = a me*ani/ic e?ics4 ,consci5ce z a =m ( fe> is s /rong & s wide-spread = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is already famili> to u1 & is briefly repeat$4 ,x is t ! flexor sy/em is orig9ally /rong] ?an ! ext5sor sy/em4 ,& s 9 ! great majority ( m5 ^: natures are less evolv$1 fe> is almo/ a daily exp]i5ce1--n only ! fe> ( nature & ( ! unkn[n1 b also ! fe> ( ! gr\p by ^: tol]ance !y exi/4 ,moreov]1 s5tim5t & n k is ! great gr\p asset1 by :i* we imply no su* educat$ s5tim5ts z are d]iv$ f analytical inquiry1 or f an op5 se>* aft] ! facts1 b r t k9d ( s5tim5t :i* passively b>s & actively h9d]s ! enl>gem5t ( ! und]/&+4 ,! gr\p really nev] expla9s4 ,:5 (f5d$1 x simply becomes suspici\s1 & its gossips freely translate ?is suspicion into rumor & inu5do4 ,x is small wond]1 !n1 t ! consci5ce-/rick5 individual1 z a product ( 8 gr\p1 has z 8 fir/1 & sometimes 8 only reaction1 ! t5d5cy to %r9k & become unresili5t :5 he realizes t 8 acts1 or worse /ill1 8 ?\ghts1 h transgress$ ! taboos ( 8 tribe4 ,x is a case ( l ma/]1 l man2 ! gr\p does n usually "k :at its purposes are1 mu* less does x ask to h ^? purposes exam9$ & reveal$2 & s ! consci5ce-/rick5 individual1--! s5tim5tal *ild ( ! gr\p1--reacts to 8 realization ( e/rangem5t f ! gr\p 9 a mann] t makes 8 la/ /ate worse ?an 8 fir/4 ,?is _c be tak5 to imply t x is a sign ( intellectual maturity to transgress all ! taboos ( ! gr\p4 ,yet ! argum5t /ill holds t ! influ5ces produc$ by ! exclusive use ( ?is negative =m ( consci5ce are baleful4 ,v e>ly 9 ! life ( ! av]age *ild ! expressions3 8,don't10 8,if y d>e to d t aga91 ,i'll :ip y10 8,:at w\ld p say80 & a score ( o!r negations are employ$ by 8 p>5ts & tea*]s on ! pr9ciple t e?ical guidance is a*iev$ by su* means4 ,z a result1 says ,edw9 ,holt1 8,! p>5t has set a b>ri] betwe5 ! *ild & a portion ( reality2 & =ev] aft] ! *ild w be 9 "s measure imp$$ 9 its deal+s0 ) ^? ?+s :i* h become taboo1 always fir/ feel+ ! prohibition1 r ?an ! urg5cy to act discrim9atively ^u a k :i* a close contact ) ! reality %\ld produce4 ,su* a p>5t has n 8tru/$ ! tru?10 & ! f9al result is t ! *ild has actually become 8a second-rate m9d1 n 9 h>mony ) itself10 s9ce n 9 creative t\* ) ! environm5t4 ,ev5 m po9t$ly ,john ,dewey writes 9 8 criticism ( ! doctr9e ( self-d5ial4 8,morals is a matt] ( direction1 n ( suppression4 ,! urg5cy ( desires _c be got rid (2 nature _c be expell$4 ,if ! ne$ ( happ9ess1 ( satisfaction ( capacity1 is *eck$ 9 "o direction1 x w manife/ itself 9 ano!r4 ,if ! direction :i* is *eck$ is an unconsci\s & :olesome "o1 ! "o :i* is tak5 w be likely to be morbid & p]v]se4 ,! "o :o is consci\s ( cont9ually d5y+ himself _c rid himself ( ! idea t x ought to be #8made up' to him2 t a comp5sat+ happ9ess is due him = :at he has sacrific$1 some:at increas$1 if any?+1 on acc\nt ( ! unnatural virtue he has display$4 ,to be self-sacrific+ is to #8lay up' m]it1 & ?is a*ievem5t mu/ surely be rew>d$ ) happ9ess--if n n[1 !n lat]4 ,^? :o habitually live on ! basis ( consci\s self-d5ial are likely to be exorbitant 9 ! dem&s :i* !y make on "s "o ne> !m1 "s memb] ( _! family or "s fri5d2 likely to blame o!rs if _! own #8virtue' does n secure = itself an exact+ att5tion :i* r$uces o!rs to ! plane ( s]vility4 ,(t5 ! doctr9e ( self-sacrifice leads to an inv]t$ h$onism2 we are to be good--t is1 =ego pleasure--n[1 t we may h a great] measure ( enjoym5t 9 "s future p>adise ( bliss4 ,or1 ! individual :o has tak5 v[s ( r5unciation is entitl$ by t v fact to repres5t spiritual au?ority on e>? & to "l x ov] o!rs40 ,!y :o wi% ev5 a m /rik+ picture ( ! ext5t to :i* ! negative type ( consci5ce degrades ! intellect1 h only to consult ,alfr$ ,adl]'s 8,! ,neurotic ,con/itution40 ,if ,dr4 ,adl] correctly depicts ! sali5t traits ( ! neurotic1 _m intuitioni/s !mselves are by implication introv]ts1 & consequ5tly =feit _! claims to e?ical lead]%ip4 ,! neurotic is describ$ z 8a p]son possess+ anxiety10 8! self-sacrific+ virtue10 8a m>k$ s5sitiv5ess10 8an irritable debility10 8an e/rangem5t f reality10 z well z 8a p]son ) a /rong t5d5cy to symbolization10 & a p5*ant = 8guid+ fictions0 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( comp5sat+ him = 8 feel+ ( inf]iority at hav+ lo/ solid contacts ) reality4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! success :i* ! consci5ce-!ory has met ) at ! h&s ( sci5tific exp]ts1--ke5 & sympa!tic obs]v]s ( ! ways ( m54 ,su* an acc\nt ( ! deg5]ation ( consci5ce into a self-annihilat+ s5tim5t is1 h[ev]1 only "o *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is concept4 ,& :ile ! li/ ( uses to :i* ! ^w 8consci5ce0 has be5 put does n furni% z solid a basis ^u :i* to build a con/ructive e?ical te*nique z did ! uses ( 8good10 8"r10 & 8virtue10 we c nev]!less /ill f9d a positive e?ical value = ?is t]m4 ,h[1 !n1 w ?is value be discov]$8 ,x w be f\nd by a /udy ( ^? p]sons :o h atta9$ ! p[] to view ! _w 9 a purely objective & empirical mann]2 ( ^? p]sons :o treat _! own & o!r peoples' actions z exp]im5ts 9 ! great laboratory ( "t1 r ?an z timid v5tures to be apologiz$ = on ! slighte/ provocation2 ( ^? p]sons :o h evolv$ to t po9t :]e _! k det]m9es _! s5tim5ts1 & n _! s5tim5ts _! k2 & ( ^? :o1 hav+ by ?is means *os5 _! dep5dable goods1 le>n ! "r me?ods to atta9 !m1 & !reaft] employ pla9 judgm5ts ( fact 9 e/imat+ ! success :i* !y acquire & ! quality ( ! virtue :i* !y a*ieve4 ,9 su* p]sons ! positive1 con/ructive1 lib]aliz+ type ( consci5ce exi/s1--a consci5ce :i*1 ?r\gh be+ built up ( objectively te/$ judgm5ts1 becomes ! out/&+ e?ical asset ( ! p]sonality4 ,?is type ( consci5ce is n a my?1 = x may be acquir$ 9 ! same way z any o!r skill is acquir$4 ,! objective k :i* x presupposes c be ga9$ :]e e natural curiosity ( a *ild or an adult is develop$ into a frank acqua9tance ) ! object ( curiosity2 :]e fe> is turn$ into intrepidity by a bold analysis ( its cause & by a frontal attack ^u ! excit+ /imulus2 :]e "o le>ns t e?ical problems are always solv$ by =m+ s]viceable habits & nev] by ! cultivation ( p]man5t anxieties2 & :]e1 f9ally1 all ! entangl+ alliances =c$ ^u "o by unpr(itable acqua9tances are boldly1 b politely1 annihilat$4 ,ev5 ?\gh _m /rongly entr5*$ traditions & in/itutions ( ! _w w\ld decay 7 ! type ( consci5ce we "h describe to become wide-spread1 yet ?is _c det] ! wise man f mak+ x 8 life "w to add z _m new names to ! li/ ( ^? possess+ e?ical insight z x is )9 8 p[] to d4 ,inde$1 :5ev] ?is li/ becomes s l>ge z to be g5]ally reg>d$ by autocrats z dang]\s1 we %all h come to t place 9 ! c\rse ( civilization :]e ! fir/ real e?ical advance is to be made4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,mitigation ,,( ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,obligation 8,!re is a phrase #8lib]ty ( consci5ce' :i* well expresses ! mod]n conception ( moral obligation4 ,x recognizes t duty 9 ! la/ analysis is impos$ ^u ! individual nei!r by society nor ev5 by ,god1 b by himself2 t !re is no au?ority 9 moral matt]s m ultimate ?an a man's own rational conviction ( :at is be/40 ,r4 ,b4 ,,p]ry1 8,! ,moral ,economy10 p4 #cd4 8,"o c\ld sc>cely con/ruct a m errone\s view ?an t e human be+ is end[$ at bir? ) ! same #8lump sum' ( fre$om1 :i* rema9s an inali5able possession ?r\gh\t life4 ,our fre$om is n complete1 x is 9 ! mak+4444 ,! process by :i* fre$om is won is ! process ( enlight5m5t4 ,x is ! tru? t sets m5 free1 ! cle> p]ception ( moral relations & moral laws1 ! und]/&+ ( human nature & its true ne$s40 ,w4 ,g4 ,,ev]ett1 8,moral ,values10 pp4 #ceh-i4 ,"o ( ! mo/ revolution>y *anges :i* ! sci5tific /udy ( psy*ology has wr\ght consi/s 9 ! demolition ( all ! b>ri]s :i* =m]ly divid$ ! body f ! m9d4 ,! intellect1 once securely en?ron$ z ! highe/ faculty 9 ! m5tal hi]>*y2 ! reason1 er/:ile religi\sly devot$ to ! contemplation ( pure tru?2 & ! w1 :i* =m]ly complet$ ?is trio ( sublime1 unit>y faculties1 h1 9 ! unbias$ & c>eful scrut9y ( laboratory sci5ce1 be5 %[n to be n only highly complicat$ processes1 b products ( exp]i5ce z well2 & n only products ( exp]i5ce1 b functions ( bra9 & gl&4 ,fur!rmore1 !y h be5 reveal$ to be n solely functions ( a biological me*anism controll$ by ext]nal /imuli1 b also 9 a l>g] s5se !y are n[ reg>d$ z means by :i* ! body ( a man adju/s itself to & ga9s control ( its physical & social environm5ts4 ,no long] d we ask ! old "q3 8,:y has ! m9d a body80 b r1 8,:y does ! body h a m9d80 ,& ! answ] is3 ,! body has a m9d to enable ! body to exp]im5t ) its environm5t s t :5 x gets :at x seems to want1 x c "k t x has really want$ :at x has gott54 ,"s results ( ?is highly recon/ructive iconoclasm ^u e?ical ?\ght h already be5 depict$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,"h we are soon to see :at effect su* a doctr9e has ^u ! la/ two e?ical concepts we %all analyze1 namely1 duty & fre$om4 ,z may h already be5 div9$1 a me*ani/ic e?ics on its con/ructive side does n ma9ta9 a p5sion li/ = ! outworn conceptions ( an e>li] day4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is place we %all n ask :at us$ to be ?\ght ( ! 8,fre$om ( ! ,w10 nor %all we quote ,wordswor?'s 8,ode to ,duty0 z a prologue to our !me4 ,= :ile only a hundr$ ye>s ago no e?ical tea*] c\ld h safely omitt$ giv+ great emphasis to ! !ological sett+ ( ^! two concepts1 today su* a treatm5t w\ld n ar\se ! slighte/ 8problematic ?rill40 ,:at us$ to be call$ 8! ,w0 is n[ an obsolete expression2--inde$1 ev] s9ce ,sp9oza wrote1 x has be5 reg>d$ z a my?4 ,9 its /ead1 we speak ( ! individual or p>ticul> volitions ( m51 & we discuss _! value 9 r$uc+ ! gap betwe5 our liquid matt] & its good4 ,likewise1 :at 0 once call$ ! lump-sum ( our ,duty has n[ become sep>at$ & analyz$ into claims1 int]e/s1 o!r-reg>d+ s5tim5ts1 & ! l1 ea* "o ( :i* has a hi/ory & a real mean+ = our fle%-&-blood p]sonality4 ,all su* *anges1 :ile p]haps highly disconc]t+ to ^? p]sons :o feel t !y _c get along )\t _! 8guid+ fictions10 are really signs ( a salut>y advance along e?ical l9es4 ,once x is realiz$ t :at is popul>ly t]m$ 8w-p[]0 is aft] all only skill-p[]1 & t 8moral obligation0 %\ld be translat$ into pragmatic urg5cy1 x w be pla9 t only cle>ly-previs$ action-t5d5cies c prop]ly be call$ ei!r "r or virtu\s4 ,x may be true t _m a successful action has be5 p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( a feti*i/ic belief1 b :o w d\bt t an ev5 m pr(itable action c\ld h be5 motivat$ ) less wa/e ( ! body's en]gies1 _h !re be5 correct insight & a frank fac+ ( ! facts4 ,z long z p are afraid ( life1 s long are !y b\nd to allege "s false cause ( _! actions4 ,conv]sely1 z soon z !y realize t !y are :at !y d1 & :5ev] !y le>n t _! e?ical books _c be balanc$ by draw+ on a phantom bank acc\nt1 !y beg9 to pile up e?ical assets1 & to r$uce _! e?ical liabilities4 ,f our e>li] rem>k t ! sci5ce ( e?ics is prim>ily conc]n$ ) :at is r ?an :at ought to be1 x may be difficult to imag9e :at place ! concept ( human fre$om c h 9 a me*ani/ic treatm5t ( ! problems ( conduct4 ,x might seem easi] to =e%ad[ :at w be ! fate ( ! concept ( obligation1 especially :5 we realize t ought+ is always hypo!tical1 r ?an categorical4 ,= e obligation is specific & p>ticul>1--x dep5ds ^u conditions1 places1 times1 & p]sons1 j z does e signification ( good & bad1 & "r & wrong4 ,!re is no g5]al ,ought1 z our rec5t discussion ( ,kant's categorical imp]ative cle>ly impli$4 ,:51 !n1 we ask f :om or f :at obligation arises1 :at answ] does a me*ani/ic e?ics provide8 ,"s may expect u to make ! traditional answ]1 namely1 t x comes f ! gr\p1 & t ! feel+ ( obligation is a v>iation ( ! elem5tal type ( consci5ce4 ,?is sort ( an answ] is n to be giv5 "h4 ,al?\gh ! gr\p l>gely det]m9es h[ we %all feel ) reg>d to :at ought to be done1 yet ! f9al education ( an e?ically adult p]son leaves him ) a diff]5t m9d on ?is po9t4 ,inde$1 x is our purpose "h n only to %[ t ! concept ( e?ical fre$om is a valid concept = a me*ani/ic e?ics1 b also & m p>ticul>ly t a true conception ( e?ical obligation dep5ds ^u ! discov]y ( :at e?ical fre$om implies4 ,t ?is involves no p>adox w be und]/ood z soon z we compreh5d :at x means to say t a man is free4 ,h]e) we %all /ate five conditions "u :i* fre$om ( action is gu>ante$4 ,! fir/ mean+ ( free action is action t is physically possible4 ,i am n n[1 ,i nev] 01 & ,i nev] %all be free 7t is1 able7 to walk backw>d & =w>d at ! same "t1 or to be 9 ,bo/on & ,new ,york simultane\sly4 ,nei!r c ,i1 :ile kiss+ ,j5nie at h] fireside1 be also kiss+ ,kate at h] doorway a mile f ,j5nie's h\se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o is s\nd ( limb1 s5sorially acute1 & o!rwise end[$ ) natural capacities1 c be said to be free to employ ^! capacities :5ev] & :]ev] ! conditions provide ! opportunity4 ,"r "h we ask :e!r ?is fir/ mean+ ( fre$om does n h an important be>+ on ! "q ( e?ical obligation4 ,is x1 inde$1 n pla9 t j z we _c d :at is physically impossible1 s !re is no valid obligation "u ^! conditions8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is some?+ :i* ! intuitioni/s & ! ideali/s h p]si/5tly ignor$1 reg>d+ x (t5 z someh[ ! v acme ( virtue to decl>e z an ideal ( conduct some?+ :i* is totally impossible ( realization1 & !reby fo/]+ ! neurotic temp]am5t in/ead ( e?ical enlight5m5t4 ,yet x is pla9 t if1 :ile be+ unable to d ! impossible1 ,i /ill am pa?ologically anxi\s ab\t x1 ,i %all succe$ only 9 accumulat+ impati5ce & turmoil1 & be =c$ to get :at s\r consolation ,i c f ,s*op5hau]1 or else to 8gnaw ! file0 9 "s o!r fa%ion4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to a me*ani/ic e?ics1 ,i am an evil p]son z long z ,i wa/e en]gy 9 ?is fa%ion1 or 9 dem&+ consolation = my errone\s s5tim5t4 ,n only am ,i b\nd to fail1 & !reby to create discord r ?an relieve x1 b ,i am also los+ "t & en]gy :i* might h gone into m pr(itable pursuits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile we d n yet say t we are "u obligation to p]=m e physically possible action1 yet e valid urg5cy /ill lies 9 t direction4 ,! second mean+ ( ! ^w 8fre$om0 is abs5ce ( ext]nal re/ra9ts impos$ by physical ob/acles or g5]at$ by human be+s4 ,no man is free to act :5 ext]nal h9drances are too great = him to ov]come4 ,?us :ile x is possible = a s\nd man to walk ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 he _c keep on walk+ 9 a /raight l9e if 8 pa? is int]cept$ by ! %e] wall ( a hundr$-foot cliff1 or if "s "o /rong] ?an himself ob/ructs 8 go+4 ,excell5t examples ( su* ?w>t+ occur 9 ! ,greek my?ology ( ,hades4 ,tantalus 0 =ev] h9d]$ by ! gu/s ( w9d f pluck+ ! fruit f ! tree2 ,sisyphus c\ld n =ce ! /one ov] ! br[ ( ! hill2 & ! daught]s ( ,danaus lo/ all ! wat] !y c>ri$ 9 _! sieves4 ,!y 7 n1 !re=e1 free to p]=m ^! actions4 ,!y may1 x is true1 h ev]la/+ly wi%$ !m1 b !y c\ld n w !m4 ,nev]!less1 :ile _m simil> h9drances to human action exi/1 su* z ! friction-h9drance to p]petual motion1 & ! wall :i* kept ,pyramus f ,?isbe1 yet1 on ! :ole1 mo/ ( ! s-call$ ext]nal re/ra9ts are f> less s]i\s b>ri]s to fre$om ?an we realize4 ,?is is n only atte/$ by ! magnific5t conque/s ( nature rec5tly made by appli$ sci5ce1 b x might also be d$uc$ f ! prop]ties ( man's protoplasm z modifi$ 9 8 muscul> ar*itecture4 ,= protoplasm is liquid1 & liquids fl[2 & man's /ream ( ?\ght z a d]ivative ( 8 liquid protoplasm acquires its labile "* z a sort ( natural "r4 ,j z a liquid "u pressure transmits t pressure 9 all directions1 s a man :o is made ( good protoplasm t5ds1 :5 confront$ by su* ob/acles z we h j describ$1 to ?9k1 & plan1 & exp]im5t1 t is1 ,,to ,,fl[1 out ( ! difficulty4 ,8 neuro-muscul> equipm5t also s+ul>ly facilitates ! turn+ ( 8 wi% into a w4 ,our muscles d n only contract & relax to produce lev] movem5ts 9 "o plane1 b !y also comb9e _! movem5ts into pronation1 sup9ation1 & rotation1 & ^! syn]gic actions enable u to explore ! ob/acle & almo/ lit]ally to fl[ ar\nd x4 ,?is is also ! me*anism by :i* we puzzle out any problem4 ,! all-or-none pr9ciple makes m5tal analysis always possible & (t5 accurate4 ,appli$ to ,pyramus1 ?is means t ! wall t sep>ates him f ,?isbe /imulates him ) h] aid s v>i\sly t he n only rebels & lam5ts1 b also />ts to explore its surface & its possibilities1 ) ! f9al result t he vaults x & desc5ds 8until he c come at ,?isbe's lips m directly40 ,!re has always be5 an abundance ( old saws to enc\rage ! bold & ! fa9t-he>t$ to reg>d ob/acles z m]ely /epp+-/ones to future success1 b ! physiological basis ( su* maxims we are only beg9n+ to compreh5d4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 :5 we speak ( a p]man5t ob/acle to our actions1 we mean x only 9 s f> z we d n also imply "s s]i\s defici5cy 9 ! quality ( our protoplasm4 ,! relation betwe5 ?is second type ( fre$om & obligation is v obvi\sly h9t$ at by ! popul> maxims on ! !me ( p]sev]ance4 ,moreov]1 x is hi/orically demon/rable t pragmatic urg5cy usually increases 9 direct ratio to ! ease ) :i* ext]nal re/ra9ts c be surm\nt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is gradually becom+ recogniz$ t 8!re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( human be+s :o c by no possibility ev] d :at is expect$ ( !m by society4 ,society mu/ give ov] expect+ su* ?+s40#bb ,^? :o h no p[] to plan1 s*eme1 or sup]vise1 are consequ5tly n educat$ en\gh to appreciate ! obligations :i* su* abilities involve4 ,we may n[ consid] a ?ird mean+ ( ! concept 8fre$om40 ,x is exhibit$ 9 ^? actions :i* we h be5 s well tra9$ to p]=m t !y occur )\t any consci\s ef=t :atev]4 ,accord+ly1 ! man ) tra9+ & skill is m free ?an ! man :o lacks ^! abilities4 ,if ! oboi/ ( a symphony or*e/ra is too sick to play1 only ano!r oboi/ is free to sit z a sub/itute at 8 desk4 ,a plumb] w n d4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ at once t _m sorts ( skill1 ev5 ?\gh !y be ! exclusive possession ( "o p]son1 may yet be turn$ to ! equal advantage ( a great numb] ( p1 mak+ !m all co-%>]s 9 8 fre$om4 ,by us+ ! skill ( ! sub/itute oboi/1 = example1 bo? ! manag]s & ! patrons ( ! conc]t are free to c>ry out _! wi%es4 ,! enorm\s social advantages ( mo/ =ms ( skilful te*nique require only a pass+ comm5t4 ,inde$1 :at we call bus9ess & trade are ultimately ! b>ga9s we make = ea* o!r's skill4 ,& "h aga9 ! pragmatic urg5cy implicat$ by ?is =m ( fre$om is app>5t1 n only 9 ! %>+ ( socially pr(itable skill1 b also 9 ! acquisition ( x4 ,a f\r? empirical *>act]ization ( fre$om may n[ be consid]$4 ,= free actions1 9 addition to ^? :i* are physically possible1 ext]nally unh9d]$1 & )9 ! range ( our skill1 are especially ^? :i* "s me*anism ( ! body actually c>ries out 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally set to d x4 ,9 popul> spee* ?is =m ( fre$om is exemplifi$ by su* expressions z1 8,i 0 successful10 8,i 0 det]m9$ to d x1 & ,i did x10 or1 8,! cl]k tri$ to palm (f a sub/itute1 b ,i p]sev]$ 9 gett+ ! orig9al40 ,su* fre$om emphatically implies a cont9uity 9 behavior :i* is abs5t 9 cases :]e ! desire is ?w>t$ or suppress$4 ,! physiological processes :i* gu>antee ?is =m ( fre$om are int]e/+ to contemplate4 ,z ! wi% passes ov] into w1 n only are m & m muscle fib]s involv$ 9 ! action-s*eme /imulat$ to _! maximum contraction1 b also wid] & wid] syn]gies ( muscul> gr\ps are br\ght into play1 until all ! available k9etic en]gy ( ! body is releas$ along ! *annel ( "o f9al common motor pa?way4 ,moreov]1 ea* & e muscle involv$ 9 su* an action-s*eme /imulates1 ^u its contraction1 a receptor n]ve emb$d$ )9 x1 & ^! circul> reflex /imulations automatically re9=ce ! contractions already begun4 ,?is is nature's own contribution to ! unification ( our p]sonality 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is type ( free activity4 ,! :ole neuro-muscul> ar*itecture involv$ 9 su* behavior becomes an automatic me*anism = re9=c+ ! c5trifugal bodily po/ure1 & = provid+ aga9/ ! wilt+ ( any motor dis*>ge 9 any s+le muscle due to its prolong$ contraction4 ,su* actions1 !n1 :i* involve ! /eady & un9hibit$ output ( en]gy t we h describ$ we call free4 ,!y are equally manife/$ by ! cat :o spr+s ^u & cat*es ! m\se %e has be5 w>ily wat*+1 & by ! violoncello virtuoso :o scurries safely ?r\gh ! cad5za & arrives at ! tutti )\t hav+ ei!r produc$ a 8wolf tone0 or dropp$ 8 b[4 ,x is su* action :i* is connot$ by ! popul> phrase 8free w40 ,! f9al t\* to our del9eation ( fre$om may be add$ by say+ t only :5 a man's actions result 9 enl>g+ 8 environm5t1 & 9 provid+ him ) increas+ opportunities = turn+ 8 wi%es into wills1 is he 9 ! highe/ s5se e?ically free4 ,! prec$+ *>act]izations ( ! free man 7 d]iv$ f simply wat*+ him 9 ! mid/ ( any ( a ?\s& activities4 ,?is la/ "p ( ! picture is obta9$ by reckon+ ! p]man5t e?ical assets :i* 8 ef=ts h provid$4 ,^! assets are1 moreov]1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( a cont9u+ fre$om4 ,= :ile we are all 9 a s5se free to d any?+ )9 our ability1 & = :i* !re is ! "t1 ! place1 & ! opportunity1 yet only "u c]ta9 conditions c we foll[ su* an action ) ano!r ( our own *oos+4 ,! li>1 ! ?ief1 & ! sl&]] "k v well to :at an ext5t _! putative fre$oms produce antagoni/s ( _! own mak+ ) :om !y mu/ ev] !reaft] wage a dismal conflict4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man ( frankness & a tru?ful tongue1 ! man :o makes fair b>ga9s ) ! univ]se1 & ! man :o c solve 8 problems )\t ! loss ( 8 own temp] or ! respect ( o!r p]sons1 is ipso facto equipp$ ) ! ability to syn]gize 8 muscles repeat$ly into freely will$ activities4 ,moreov]1 :ile ?is fif? type ( fre$om is dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( ! o!r f\r1 its effect ^u !m is reflexively b5eficial1 9 mak+ m actions physically possible1 r$uc+ ! ext]nal h9drances to !m1 increas+ ! skill by :i* !y are p]=m$1 & insur+ ! cont9uity ) :i* !y are c>ri$ out4 ,inde$1 we may n[ id5tify virtue ) ! atta9m5t ( ?is la/ type ( fre$om1 & vice ) its loss or decl9e4 ,su* activity is also "r1 & its /imulus is a dep5dable good4 ,9 ?us def9+ ! conditions "u :i* human fre$om exi/s1 we h1 ,i surmise1 also discov]$ ! secret ( e?ical obligation1 ( pragmatic urg5cy4 ,t is to say1 :5ev] an action is possible1 :5 x is n oppos$ by re/ra9ts beyond a man's p[] to ov]come1 :5 he has ! skill ) :i* to p]=m x1 & :5 he c w x z well z wi% x1 & :5 also ! p]=mance ( ?is action increases ! range ( 8 effectiv5ess1 !n1 b n till !n1 c x be said t he ought to p]=m x4 ,! expressions1 8,i ought10 or 8,i %\ld10 h5ce=? mean3 8,i imag9e t !re w\ld be great] fre$om if ?is c\rse ( action :i* ,i contemplate 7 to be c>ri$ out40 ,"u ?is new conception ( pragmatic urg5cy1 ought+ is nei!r a vis a t]go1 nor a vis a fronte1 nor yet ,somebody's fiat sup]add$ to ! data ( e?ics1 b x is simply ! logical resultant ( ! conditions ( su* human activity z produces dep5dable goods4 ,we recognize no valid obligations impos$ ^u m5 f above2 obligations are r implicit 9 any activity :i* employs a man's skill to satisfy 8 ne$s at ! same "t t x educates 8 desires4 ,x is ?us pla9 t !re is no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 e?ics & any o!r sci5ce4 ,j z ! bus9ess ( physical sci5ce is to describe ! conditions "u :i* any ph5om5on occurs1 s ! bus9ess ( e?ical sci5ce is to asc]ta91 by a /udy ( ! me*anisms ( human behavior1 ! conditions :i* und]lie all ( our e?ical values4 ,wisely inde$ did ,protagoras rem>k t 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 b x 0 n until _m c5turies aft] ?is /atem5t _h be5 made t a positively con/ructive int]pretation1 c\ld be put ^u x4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,george ,cl>ke ,cox1 8,! ,public ,consci5ce10 p4 #be4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,acquisition ,,( ,,an ,,e?ical ,,te*nique 8,"o ( ! reasons :y pan!i/ic rev]y has be5 s popul> is t x seems to (f] a pa9less sub/itute = g5u9e spiritual ef=t4444 ,:5 pu%$ to a c]ta9 po9t ! nature cult always t5ds t[>ds %am spirituality4 #8,oh _w z ,god has made x ,all is beauty1 ,& kn[+ ?is is love1 & ,love is duty1 ,:at fur!r c be s\ght = or desir$8' ,x seems to foll[ f ^! l9es ( ,br[n+1 p]haps ! mo/ flaccid spiritually 9 ! ,engli% language1 t to g out & mix oneself up ) ! l&scape is ! same z do+ "o's duty4 ,z a me?od ( salvation ?is is ev5 easi] & m /hetic ?an t ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 is reliev$ ( ! burd5 ( 8 transgression by admir+ ! color ( wat]-snakes60 ,,irv+ ,,babbitt1 8,r\sseau & ,romanticism40 8,objection3 ,w n ?is end 9 e?ical scepticism8 ,answ]3 ,no?+ is fur!r f scepticism ?an ! conception ( a reality subject to laws1 & ( a rational action bas$ on ! k ( ^? laws40 ,l4 ,,levy-,,br,,hl1 8,e?ics & ,moral ,sci5ce10 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 p4 xi4 8,9 ! prec$+ pages we h no d\bt (t5 hurt--b we h hurt to heal4 ,! good surgeon probes deeply 9 ord] t he may n h ! op]ation to p]=m aga94 ,ev5 a m9ute am\nt ( diseas$ tissues left beh9d c prev5t ! return ( vigor\s & creative heal?4 ,?us :at may seem to ! anxi\s pati5t unnecess>y cruelty may be ! greate/ k9dness4 ,a s5tim5tal compromise is nev] welcom$ by ! mature judgm5t ( ! brave man4 ,& 9 ?is day :5 s _m h will+ly giv5 _! lives = ! sake ( a human ideal1 is x j & "r to fl9* 9 ! spiritual w>f>e :i* confronts our g5]ation8 ,we are seek+ no?+ less ?an a r5aissance 9 :i* m5's en]gies w be wisely & loyally direct$ to :at is greatly human & humanly great4 ,9 su* a s]vice we mu/ w to be h>d on ourselves & on o!rs40 ,,roy ,,wood ,,sell>s1 8,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,religion10 p4 #baa4 ,little did ,desc>tes dream t 8 attempt to f9d tru? by ! me?od ( c&id d\bt+ 0 a sign t human evolution _h 8turn$ a corn]10 or t ! me?od he employ$ 0 to be ! precursor ( an e?ical r5aissance4 ,yet ! introduction ( ?is "o =m ( psy*ological te/ z a philosophic in/rum5t 0 an ent]+ w$ge ( su* p[] t :]e great d>kness _h be51 mu* light 0 %$2 & :]e ! /olid in]tia ( _m c5turies _h exi/$1 movem5t & life & enlight5m5t began to appe>4 ,b nature is sl[1 & always takes pl5ty ( "t to play its elaborate game2 inde$1 (t5 nature seems to u to proce$ by circuit\s pa?s :]e we w\ld make an op5 "r ( way4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 sev]al c5turies aft] ,desc>tes be=e ! fir/ psy*ological laboratory 0 f\nd$1 ! developm5t ( ?\ght t[>d ! recognition & use ( ! psy*ological me?od 0 nev]!less /eadily proce$+4 ,today !re is no ^w we are m wont to conjure ) ?an ! ^w psy*ology4 ,& ev5 if ! fooli% always use x ) d]ision1 yet ^? :o are wise "k well to :at an ext5t x is symbolical ( a new era ( human developm5t1 on ! ?re%old ( :i* era we n[ confid5tly /&4 ,:at is ?is psy*ological me?od :i* has s sil5tly become e/abli%$1 & :at has x to d ) ! acquisition ( an e?ical te*nique8 ,x is ! me?od ( analysis1 exp]im5t1 & con/ructive scepticism1 :i* treats all ph5om5a objectively1 t is1 by leav+ out ! p]sonal equation1 & by ask+ n h[ d we preconceive t ?+s %\ld appe>1 b only h[ d !y appe> ) our p]sonal bias 9 abeyance4 ,su* a me?od1 :i*1 by ! way1 is ! ess5ce ( psy*ological sci5ce1 is v difficult to a*ieve4 ,inde$1 = _m x is con/itutionally impossible4 ,! hi/ory ( physical sci5ce records h[ great 7 ! /ruggles ( m5 to become objectively-m9d$ ev5 t[>d _! ext]nal environm5t1 /ruggles :i* h only rec5tly become successful4 ,witness ! fact t = _m c5turies ! al*emi/s s\ght = ! philosoph]'s /one1 a m9]al :i* !y falsely preconceiv$ to h ! p[] ( transmut+ lead into gold2 witness ! fact t ! sci5ce ( anatomy 0 = g5]ations d5i$ its bir? on acc\nt ( pi\s prejudice & taboo2 & witness ev5 today t _m physical objects are said to be bewit*$ :5 !y fail to op]ate z expect$1 & t luck at c>ds is /ill /\tly affirm$ by o!rwise e/imable p4 ,inde$1 !re are ?\s&s ( f>m]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o appeal to ! me?ods ( div9ation 9 plant+ _! crops & %+l+ _! h\ses4 ,consequ5tly1 x is pla9 t if ! p[] to become objectively-m9d$ t[>d ! physical _w is s r>ely atta9$1 x is ev5 m difficult to become deta*$ & un-self-consci\s t[>d ! m5tal & social behavior ( our fell[-m54 ,nev]!less1 ?is me?od ( deta*m5t1 ( look+ at old ?+s ) new eyes1 is j :at hundr$s ( tea*]s ( psy*ology are tra9+ ?\s&s ( /ud5ts e ye> to employ2 & its salut>y effects are be+ felt 9 e corn] ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,to "s p]sons all ?is may come z a surprise1 s9ce ! criticism has already be5 publicly utt]$ t ! /udy ( psy*ology t5ds to make "o incurably introspective4 ,on ^! gr\nds alone ! self-/yl$ h>d-head$ bus9ess man (t5 ha/ily classifies psy*ology among ! foibles ( wom5 & poets4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is simply ano!r error due to ho/ile preconceptions4 ,= ev5 ?\gh "s psy*ologi/s h fall5 into ! practice ( cultivat+ ,psy*e = h] own sake1 yet _! me?od orig9at$ f di/9ctly o!r motives4 ,psy*ology1 x is true1 :5 cultivat$ by p]sons con/itutionally possess$ ( an introv]sive bias1 may n always eradicate t bias1 any m ?an w ! putt+ ( an army rifle into ! h&s ( a timid man make him =?right into a model top-s]geant4 ,9 ano!r /ra91 x is sometimes alleg$ t psy*ology is simply a new head set ^u ! body ( anci5t ,roman /oicism4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! deta*m5t :i* ! ,/oics cultivat$ lack$ all ! elem5ts ( a sci5tific inquisitiv5ess4 ,x 0 m>k$ *iefly by a sweet indiff]5ce & unconc]n1 traits :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! belief t ,reason :i* rul$ ! _w 0 int]e/$ only 9 ! headl9es ( univ]sal news4 ,! psy*ologi/1 f> f be+ indiff]5t to ! mo/ transi5t ph5om5a ( human exp]i5ce1 reg>ds !m mo/ /eadfa/ly4 ,nev]!less1 he endeavors to ma9ta9 an equality ( int]e/ 9 all human affairs1 kn[+ full well t z soon z he takes sides1 he loses 8 s5se ( ! proportions ( ! :ole4 ,unlike ! ,/oic1 he admits ! reality & inevitabl5ess ( pa9 & angui%2 yet :ile he /udies ^! ph5om5a1 he keeps a %>p look\t le/ 8 p]sonal equation obtrude itself 9 ! %ape ( sympa!tic sorr[s1--^! he /eadfa/ly refuses to add to 8 report ( ! objective facts4 ,nev]!less1 x is conceivable t _h n ! elem5ts ( /oic indiff]5ce be5 a basic capacity ( human protoplasm1 ! psy*ological attitude might n h be5 evolv$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 psy*ology has be5 bo? def5d$ & attack$ on ! basis ( its suppos$ k9%ip ) c]ta9 doctr9es ( ,jesus1 z1 = example1 ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,no psy*ologi/ is greatly int]e/$ 9 any debate c>ri$ out on ^! l9es4 ,:5 ,edw9 ,holt's 8,! ,freudian ,wi%0 fir/ appe>$ a few ye>s ago1 "s cau/ic review] accus$ its au?or ( 8hav+ gott5 religion 9 ! =m ( ,freud40 ,x is d\btful :e!r anyone1 be he ,*ri/ian or non-,*ri/ian1 w\ld reg>d su* a rem>k ei!r z a help or a h9drance to ! acceptance ( psy*ology z a contribution to ! te*nique ( e?ics4 ,z f> z ! ,gold5 ,rule is conc]n$1 its relations to sci5tific me?od may be briefly indicat$ by say+ t :ile ?is maxim c be int]pret$ to imply a k9d ( o!r-reg>d :i* seems to possess ! elem5ts ( sci5tific deta*m5t1 yet o!r ?+s mu/ also be consid]$ be=e f9al judgm5t is pass$4 ,= ?is hypo!tical imp]ative1--8,:atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 d ye ev5 s unto !m10--is only possible ( application among equals ( intellect or ( s5tim5t1 & x c be us$ !n only by a =eh&$ & judici\s p]son1 "o ) discrim9ative sympa?ies1 & able to mature 8 wi%es into wills4 ,psy*ology v5tures to make no univ]sal rules ( conduct1 especially s9ce x mu/ fir/ take an inv5tory ( human nature 9 ord] to f9d out :at rules !re are to :i* man w give 8 unco]c$ & unconsci\s loyalty4 ,let x n be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ! psy*ologi/ urges an e?ical moratorium :ile he is pursu+ 8 se>* into ! secret places ( human nature4 ,! me?od ( sci5tific deta*m5t has itself provid$ su* an insight into ! problems ( conduct z to make any su* assumption absurd4 ,he :o cat*es a glimpse ( :at x means to und]/& 8 fell[-m51 r ?an to reg>d !m prim>ily z creatures to be classifi$ z ei!r good or bad1 virtu\s or vici\s1 beg9s to gr[ into an e?ically adult p]son4 ,he at once loses t anci5t1 cl&e/9e1 /ultify+ t5d5cy to obtrude 8 own bias into 8 social environm5t1 & he no long] f9ds 8 *ief com=t 9 ador+ ^? :o are mo/ l unto himself1 or 9 m5tally lyn*+ 9 advance ^? :o rub 8 ego ! wrong way4 ,sci5tific neutrality ha? also its victories4 ,! application ( ! psy*ological me?od to prison re=m1 :]e ! crim9al is reg>d$ z an effect z well z a cause ( social mal-adju/m5ts1 has already be5 ackn[l$g$ z humanly great4 ,is x n possible t we see 9 su* ph5om5a ! pass+ ( an age 9 :i* maxims 7 necess>y1 & ! bir? ( an era :]e ! educative me?ods ( wise & k9d m5 w take _! places8 ,! fur!r drift ( ?is w\ld be h>d1 inde$1 to conceal4 ,e?ics z a bran* ( psy*ology is inevitably b\nd up ) ! abolition ( praise & blame1 & ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 z ! *ief !mes 9 ! judgm5ts we pass ^u our fell[-m54 ,! t5d5cy to make su* bi-pol> judgm5ts usually implies a prejudice inh]it$ f a pre-sci5tific age4 ,) ?is *ange1 ( c\rse1 _m ( ! traditional moral categories w be replac$ by ! true categories ( ! und]/&+1--categories d]iv$ f psy*ological insight into ! e?ical pot5tialities ( ! natural man4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 su* a replacem5t is 9 progress1 ! results ( :i* are nei!r small nor unimportant4 ,we ref] "h to ! wide-spread use ( trait analyses1 bo? 9 bus9ess & 9 education1 by :i* a man is e/imat$ on ! basis ( 8 t5d5cies1 capacities1 & p[]s4 ,8 body is measur$ = its /r5g? & resili5cy1 & :]e defects are discov]$1 a regim5 lead+ to ! re-education ( 8 physique is prescrib$4 ,8 m5tal developm5ts are te/$1 & ! common attributes ( ! human m9d1 su* z s5sory acuity1 ret5tion1 discrim9ation1 & ! l1 are e/imat$ & record$4 ,! special tal5ts he possesses are reveal$ by p]=mance te/s1 & 8 hi!rto undevelop$ pot5tialities are induc$ to betray !mselves4 ,! emotions f :i* he ei!r pr(its or suff]s are discov]$ by me?ods adroitly devis$ = ! purpose4 ,likewise1 ! individual's sociability1--:e!r x be m]ely gang-atta*m5t1 or a ze/ = coop]ative endeavors1--is made a matt] ( sympa!tic /udy2 :ile /ill o!r bases ^u :i* a man may be e/imat$ are employ$ 9 ! attempt to help him f9d out j :at mann] ( man he is4 ,:ile x is admitt$ t physical & m5tal te/s are (t5 /upidly devis$ & bigot$ly inflict$ on ! te/ee1 yet x seems likely t we h giv5 "h a me?od :i* c be employ$ to ! greate/ advantage ev5 9 e-day e?ics4 ,= ! psy*ological me?od1 9 t x tea*es "o fir/ to become analytical & discrim9ative1 replaces ! old1 unf\nd$ prejudice t m5 are unequivocally ei!r good or bad1 virtu\s or vici\s1 sa9ts or s9n]s1 by a desire to "k j :at c be done ) & = !m4 ,& :ile ! me?ods ( psy*ology w probably always rank m5 on a scale f l[ to high1 & w always employ opposite poles 9 its judgm5ts1 yet 9 ! multitude ( su* antonyms !re is safety4 ,sci5tific judgm5ts are1 by be+ unemotional1 devoid bo? ( t extreme congratulation & %>p c5sure :i* atta* to purely moral e/imates1 :ile ! wide range ( obs]vation ^u :i* !y are made provides = ! greate/ numb] ( human contacts & ( educative measures possible4 ,to extol a man is (t5 n mu* diff]5t 9 effect ?an to blame him1 & bo? praise & blame c equally h9d] 8 p[] to acquire an e?ical te*nique4 ,m5 diff] too v>i\sly to be fitt$ to any "o ,procru/ean b$2 ! human m9d has inf9itely m ?an two dim5sions4 ,moreov]1 ! morali/'s use ( bi-pol> judgm5ts t5ds inevitably to sep>ate m51 r ?an to unite !m1 or to tea* !m to coop]ate ) "o ano!r4 ,& :5 we consid] t f n[ on1 at lea/1 ! pr$icam5ts ( ?is planet w be common liabilities ( ! :ole human race1 ! pragmatic urg5cy to employ ! me?ods ( psy*ology 9 atta9+ social h>mony are undisguis$ly pat5t4 ,! b5efits d]iv$ f employ+ ! psy*ological me?od 9 e?ics are1 h[ev]1 by no means exclusively social4 ,! use ( ?is me?od reacts directly ^u ! us] 9 sev]al significant ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! man :o employs ev5 z few z tw5ty-five ( ! new] categories 9 mak+ a trait analysis ( 8 fell[s1 soon becomes aw>e ( ! fact t 8 =m] analysis ( himself is 9 ne$ ( revision4 ,exagg]at$ self-pref]5ce is ?us brok5 d[n1 & replac$1 n by its opposite1--self-abasem5t1--b by an e/imate :i* arises f comp>isons & contra/s result+ f ! use ( an objective /&>d4 ,aga91 ! us] ( ?is me?od le>ns t human behavior is n ! product ( "s my/]i\s m5tal elem5t call$ 8"*10 b t "* itself is ! product ( traits1 &1 fur!rmore1 t e trait has _h a developm5tal hi/ory1 :i* is at e po9t a record ( ! effect ( environm5tal /imulus ^u orig9al nature4 ,8 own "* !reaft] becomes subject to sci5tific scrut9y1 & he realizes1 = example1 t 8 previ\s emotional repugnances 7 n always signs ( incorruptibility1 b v frequ5tly1 inde$1 signs ( ! ext5t to :i* 8 own desires _h be5 prev5t$ f rea*+ _! maturity4 ,&1 only to m5tion "o m ( ! _m b5efits ( su* new sci5tific insight1 ! use ( ?is me?od reveals t times out ( numb] purely moral judgm5ts are employ$ to qu5*1 r ?an to quick5 ?\ght1 & are utt]$ n s mu* to indicate t discrim9ative sympa?ies are be+ acquir$1 z to %[ t !y h long s9ce ceas$ to g]m9ate4 ,h5ce=? ! employm5t ( ! psy*ological me?od goes h& 9 h& ) ! urg5cy to prev5t z _m "y m9ds z possible f suff]+ on acc\nt ( a ret>d$ developm5t4 ,su* a *ange ( emphasis f traditional morals to sci5tific me?ods implies unequivocally t ! problems ( e?ics are h5ce=? to be solv$ by exp]ts4 ,already ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( su* a *ange is evid5t 9 ! reliance t is be+ plac$ ^u psy*iatri/s & o!r m$ical m5 to assi/ 9 ! cure ( ^? :o are maladju/$ to _! environm5t4 ,heal?-cl9ics likewise are be+ bo? promot$ & att5d$ by ^? :o realize t ! virtues g z deep z ! visc]a1 & t (t5 su* ?+s z ignorance ( ! %ape ( "o's /oma* h be5 ! s\rce ( _m a lapse f normality4 ,?is reliance ^u tra9$ exp]ts is1 moreov]1 a sign ( /ill fur!r *anges 9 our occid5tal philosophy ( life4 ,x means t we are acquir+ ! conviction t con/ructive criticism is bett] ?an ritual1 & analysis m efficaci\s ?an pray]4 ,= we h begun to see t progress mu/ come by hone/1 pa9/ak+ ef=ts 9 ! "h & n[1 r ?an by presum+ ^u ! p]fection ( a univ]se :i* we h only begun to und]/&4 ,x is inde$ ! well-born s5tim5t ( _m ?\s&s ( p today t sci5ce wisely employ$ = ! b5efit & use ( m5 is ! only true ^w ( ,god4 ,h]e)1 also1 ! "q ( :at sort ( ideals an appli$ me*ani/ic psy*ology ( conduct provides may h an answ]4 ,on ?is po9t we ne$ n be dumb1 nor c we make a 8s5tim5tal compromise40 ,:5 ! me*ani/ ass]ts t we are :at we d1 he does n !reby d5\nce ideals2 on ! contr>y1 he ?us only affirms 8 purpose to take ! :ole "q ( ideals s]i\sly1 m s]i\sly1 9 fact1 ?an x 0 ev] tak5 be=e4 ,h]e9 also he decl>es = ! ,e?ics ( ,h]cules r ?an ! 8,e?ics ( ,c9d]ella40 ,= :ile he mu/ admit t !re is1 accord+ly1 no class ( p :o c be tru?fully said to be 8! pure 9 he>t10--ow+ to ! fatigue ( att5tion incid5t to all o!r-worldly contemplation1--yet he also ass]ts t ! man :o kn[s 8 capacities & p[]s z ! result ( an objective analysis1 is by t means equipp$ to advance to m inclusive levels ( conduct ?an he :o m]ely cultivates an inn] life ( private my/]y4 ,! me*ani/ w\ld !re=e let new /&>ds gr[ out ( ! developm5t ( natural human capacities1 out ( ! /ruggle to educate m5 s t _! desires & abilities mature simultane\sly1 & out ( ! fre$om :i* c ?us be a*iev$ by ^? able to a*ieve x4 8,great love comes f great k10 said ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ! advance ( sci5ce today 9 all its bran*es corroborates ?is ass]tion4 ,al?\gh at ! pres5t h\r x does n seem cle> j :at ! univ]se is do+1 yet !y :o recognize ev5 9 seem+ly disa/r\s tumults ! /ruggles ( man to enl>ge 8 p[] to ?9k1 w see t ev5 if nature's way appe>s to be circuit\s & ev5 at times crude1 x is nev]!less nature's inevitable way4 ,mu* lam5tation is he>d today ov] ! *anges :i* evolution has br\ght to ?is planet1 & ! outcry is ev5 rais$ t sci5ce has tak5 away our s\ls4 ,is x necess>y to reply t a fai? 9 /agnation is cle>ly out ( jo9t ) ! creative functions ( "t1 or t ! loss ( an anci5t belief may be ! sign ( a truly e?ical advance8 ,inde$1 we c well be assur$ t ! type ( s\l :i* is compos$ ( self-/ifl$ desires1 ( re/less s5tim5ts due to an ignoble retreat f reality1 ( ! fe> ( ultimate annihilation1 n only w die1 b x also ought to die4 ,!re is ano!r & a bett] k9d ( s\l1--! "o creat$ out ( sagacity1 skill1 & k9dness1 :i* g5]ates p[]1 wisdom1 & peace1--& ?is type ( s\l1 z long z ! sun rema9s hot1 & ! e>?'s cru/ keeps fl[]+ into m51 w h its immortality gu>ante$4 ,?is is ! me*ani/'s religion1--a consequ5ce (1 r ?an an apology =1 8 e?ics4 ,= religion1 ?\gh x be a ^w made base by ^? :o claim to h an endless copyright on tru?1 & a retroactive monopoly on ! deep] human emotions1 means to a me*ani/ some?+ m closely alli$ to its orig9al signification4 ,x means a reliance on t mu* ( nature1 & a support f t mu* ( humanity1 z contributes to ! developm5t ( a man's tal5ts1 to ! fre$om ( 8 actions1 & to 8 peace ( m9d4 ,! new labors ( ,h]cules w consi/ 9 mak+ ?is true = ! :ole human race4 ,,index ,ab/ract t]ms1 #bd ,action-patt]n1 #bj ,adl]1 ,a41 #aga ,adrian1 ,e4 ,d41 #bg ,&reas ,h(]1 #acb ,all-or-none pr9ciple1 #bg-cj1 #aji ,ari/otle1 #h1 #ae ,babbitt1 ,irv+1 #ahi ,bayliss1 ,w4 ,m4 #bg1 n2 #cb-n4 ,buddhism1 #aci ,butl]1 ,joseph1 #aeg-h ,*>cot1 ,j4 ,m41 #cc ,circul> reflex1 #hi1 #ahe ,cl>ke1 ,samuel1 #aeh-i ,composition1 fallacy (1 #ih ,condition$ reflex1 #bf1 #ed1 #hi ,c\t]at1 ,l41 #ij ,cox1 ,c4 ,g41 #h ,crile1 ,g4 ,w41 #bj ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 #h ,democritus1 #ab ,desc>tes1 #cf1 #aij ,dewey1 ,i41 #h1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #agj-aga ,diog5es1 #aba ,dynamog5esis1 law (1 #cc ,em]son1 #ac1 #gb ,emp$ocles1 #ac1 #ei ,ev]ett1 ,w4 ,g41 #age ,gold5 ,rule1 #aid ,h>vey1 ,william1 #ae ,helvetius1 #afd ,hobbes1 #h1 #aeg ,holt1 ,e4 ,b41 #h1 #af1 #bj1 #ca1 #abg1 #agj ,hom]1 #ai ,hypo/atization1 fallacy (1 #afc ,initial pr$ication1 fallacy (1 #f ,james1 ,w41 #ac1 #ea1 #ge ,jesus1 #bi1 #gb1 #acf ,language1 functions (1 #ag-ah ,law1 8moral10 #fh1 #afb ,legal rights1 #hd-id ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #h1 #bja ,levy-,brhl1 ,l41 #h1 #afb1 #ahi ,locke1 ,j41 #afd-e ,lucas1 ,kei?1 #bg ,mahomm$anism1 #aci ,mean+1 #ba-bd ,mey]1 ,max1 #ajd ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #h1 #afe ,milton1 #ei ,morality n ! same z e?ics1 #gc 8,moral0 rights1 #id-ajj 8,motor set10 #bj ,murray1 ,james1 #aef ,outgo+ reaction1 #ef ,pauls51 ,f41 #acg ,p]ry1 ,r4 ,b41 #f1 n2 #age ,plato1 #aba1 #acj ,pr9ce1 ,morton1 #adj ,protagoras1 #ahg ,reciprocal inn]vation1 law (1 #cb-ce1 #ei ,regulus1 #acb ,reid1 ,t41 #afb-c ,ri*et1 ,c41 #cc 8,secret ( ,life10 #e ,sell>s1 ,r4 ,w41 #h1 #eh1 #aij ,%aftesbury1 #aeh ,socrates1 #g-h1 #gb1 #acb 8,specific response10 #bj ,sp5c]1 ,h41 #h ,sp9oza1 #h1 #ii ,/>l+1 ,e4 ,h41 #bh1 n2 #cb1 n4 ,/oics1 #aic 8,/ream ( ?\ght10 #ad ,?igmotaxis1 #aca ,tit*5]1 ,e4 ,b41 #bj ,vitali/1 #e-g ,vague1 mean+ (1 #bf ,)draw+ reaction1 #ff ,zoroa/]1 #ac1 #eh-i ,a ,,p>tial ,,li/ ,,( ,,borzoi ,,texts ,,e>ly ,,civilization3 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,an?ropology ,by ,alex&] ,a4 ,gold5weis]1 ,lectur] on ,an?ropology & ,sociology at ! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*1 ,new ,york ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,,xxiv #dbd pages ,:ile (f]+ an elem5t>y text = ! beg9n] 9 an?ropology1 ?is volume is ma9ly design$ z a s\rce book ( in=mation & sugge/ion = /ud5ts ( sociology :o may wi% to amplify _! famili>ity ) mod]n social ph5om5a by an inquiry into ! nature ( e>ly civilization & ! work+s ( ! primitive m9d4 ,,secret ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,occupation ,,( ,,egypt ,by ,wilfrid ,scaw5 ,blunt ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 #dej pages ,?is book makes cle> ! v>y+ motives--imp]iali/ic1 economic1 & p]sonal--:i* br\ght ab\t ! ,engli% occupation ( ,egypt4 ,bas$ on p]sonal records & contempor>y docum5ts1 its /atem5ts & conclusions h a pr(\nd int]e/ & importance = /ud5ts ( hi/ory 9 g5]al & ( ,engli% hi/ory 9 p>ticul>4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,con/itution ,by ,r5 ,brunet1 ,pr(essor ( ,con/itutional ,law at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ca5 7translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,joseph ,gollomb1 ) an ,introduction by ,*>les ,a4 ,be>d7 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,,xiv #cci pages ,?is is a critical discussion ( ! new ,g]man ,con/itution1 ! actual text ( :i* is includ$1 9 ,engli%1 z an app5dix4 ,x gives a lucid & unbias$ acc\nt ( ! ,g]man ,revolution1 describes ! conflict ( =ces :i* end$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,republic1 & concludes ) a sy/ematic analysis ( ! new plan ( gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,social ,,sci5ce ,by ,james ,mickel ,williams1 ,pr(essor ( ,economics & ,sociology 9 ,hob>t ,college ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,,xvi #did pages ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! psy*ological aspects ( ! social sci5ces4 ,x treats ( ! relation ( social psy*ology to political sci5ce1 jurisprud5ce1 economics1 hi/ory & sociology1 analyz+ ! psy*ological assumptions und]ly+ ! behavior ( m5 liv+ 9 social relations4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,social ,,psy*ology ,by ,james ,mickel ,williams1 ,pr(essor ( ,economics & ,sociology 9 ,hob>t ,college ,l>ge #hvo ,clo?1 ,,xii #dei pages ,?is book repres5ts ! fir/ attempt t has be5 made to expla9 society concretely 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,x describes ! ess5tial processes t ext5d ?ru\t ! social organization1 analyz+ ! conflict ( ! diff]5t types ( behavior 9 all human relations4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,social ,,developm5t ,by ,franz ,c>l ,mll]-,ly] 7translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,e4 ,c4 & ,h4 ,w4 ,lake1 ) ,introductions by ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se & ,e4 ,j4 ,urwick7 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cfb pages ,?is volume is ma9ly design$ z a text = beg9n]s 9 social /udies4 ,x surveys broadly ! v>i\s phases ( man's orig9 & progress1 co-ord9at+ ! g5]al facts ( social evolution f ! e>lie/ times & indicat+ ! probable tr5d ( future developm5ts4 ,,human ,,nature ,,9 ,,politics ,by ,graham ,wallas1 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,sci5ce 9 ,london ,univ]sity #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cbj pages ,?is is a slightly revis$ edition1 ) a new ,preface1 ( ,pr(essor ,wallas' fam\s "w fir/ publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 9 #aijh1 & = "s "t out ( pr9t4 ,x (f]s a cle> & =ceful analysis ( ! psy*ological processes :i* und]lie political ?\ght & action1 lay+ special emphasis ^u ! application ( social psy*ology to politics4 ,,h[ ,,engl& ,,is ,,gov]n$ ,by ,rt4 ,hon4 ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,ma/]man #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,,xvi #bic pages ,an introductory /udy ( ! work+ ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 writt5 f ! /&po9t ( "o :o has _h actual exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( ! political ma*9]y ( ,engl&4 ,/ud5ts ( politics & gov]nm5t w f9d 9 ?is volume a mo/ int]e/+ & valuable s\rce ( in=mation4 ,,fac+ ,,old ,,age ,by ,abraham ,ep/e91 ,=m]ly ,director ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,commission to ,inve/igate ,old ,age ,p5sions #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,,xvi #ceb pages ,?is book (f]s a sci5tific exam9ation ( ! social & economic problems pres5t$ by ! ag$4 ,frankly a plea = social action1 x pres5ts 9 a mo/ ?oro & lucid mann] ! late/ available data be>+ ^u ?is int]e/+ & important "q4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #bhj pages ,,our ,,w> ,,) ,,g]many ,by ,john ,sp5c] ,bassett1 ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ,smi? ,college ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cih pages ,?is is a compact b complete acc\nt ( ! "p play$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,x is 9 no s5se a m]e record ( milit>y ev5ts1 b an analytical acc\nt ( ! political1 economic & milit>y ev5ts t m>k$ ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,,consum]s' ,,coop]ative ,,societies ,by ,*>les ,gide1 ,pr(essor ( ,economics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7translation f ! ,fr5*1 edit$ by ,c$ric ,long7 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cjj pages ,?is translation ( ,pr(essor ,gide's fam\s "w is int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( ,am]ican /ud5ts ( ,di/ributive ,co-op]ation4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s are devot$ to an elucidation ( ! mean+ & hi/ory ( ! co-op]ative movem5t1 :ile ! bulk ( ! volume deals ) ! practical problems ( organization1 adm9i/ration & developm5t ( consum]s' societies !mselves4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,h]cules ,by ,rob]t ,*5ault ,givl] #abmo1 ,clo? #baj pages ,a /rictly behaviori/ic treatm5t ( e?ical values4 ,n only is human conduct ! result ( ext]nal & int]nal /imuli ^u ! human body1 b ev5 our notions ( "r & wrong are d]iv$ f ! reactions ( our n]ves & muscles to ! v>i\s /imuli :i* excite !m4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,j\rnalism ,by ,nelson ,antrim ,craw=d #hvo1 ,clo? #bgj pages ,a cle>-cut1 objective exposition & analysis ( contempor>y j\rnali/ic practice ) ref]5ce to adv]tis+1 news1 & editorial1 c>efully docum5t$4 ,"h is a pione] book on a subject :i* is attract+ ke5 att5tion especially among practic+ & prospective j\rnali/s4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,social ,,!ory ,by ,adam ,g4 ,a4 ,balz1 ) ! collaboration ( ,william ,s4 ,a4 ,pott #abmo1 ,clo? #bec pages ,! writ]s ( ?is book take ! position t a sci5ce ( ,human ,nature is requisite = ! progress ( all ! social sci5ces1 t ,social ,psy*ology is fail+ to accompli% its fundam5tal purpose ( cl>ify+ ! unc]ta9ties & ambiguities conc]n+ ! nature ( social facts & causes4 ,,! ,,tr5d ,,( ,,economics ,by ,v>i\s ,writ]s 7edit$ by ,rex=d ,g4 ,tugwell7 #hvo1 ,clo? #eej pages ,a s]ies ( monographs contribut$ by ?irte5 out/&+ ,am]ican economi/s ( ! y\ng] g5]ation design$ to set =? ! pres5t t5d5cies ( economic ?\ght & inquiry 9 ! light ( _! hi/orical developm5t4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #cj ,*ang$3 if ! ^w h a mean+ to3 if ! ^w has a mean+ pg #eb ,*ang$3 ,class ,b is always life-en*anc+ to3 ,class ,b is always life-enhanc+ pg #adi ,*ang$3 adopt$ !m 9 a semi-p>odoxical to3 adopt$ !m 9 a semi-p>adoxical